,,! ,,expositor',s ,,bible4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ea* vol4 ,,fir/ ,,s]ies1 #ahhg-h4 ,colossians4 ,by ,a4 ,,macl>51 ,d4,d4 ,/4 ,m>k4 ,by ,v ,rev4 ! ,dean ( ,armagh4 ,g5esis4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,m>cus ,,dods1 ,d4,d4 #a ,samuel4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,blaikie1 ,d4,d4 #b ,samuel4 ,by ! same ,au?or4 ,hebrews4 ,by ,pr9cipal ,t4 ,c4 ,,edw>ds1 ,d4,d4 ,,second ,,s]ies1 #ahhh-i4 ,galatians4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,g4 ,,f9dlay1 ,b4,a4 ,! ,pa/oral ,epi/les4 ,by ,rev4 ,a4 ,,plumm]1 ,d4,d4 ,isaiah ,i4-,,xxxix4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,smi?1 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,! ,book ( ,revelation4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,,milligan1 ,d4,d4 #a ,cor9?ians4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,m>cus ,,dods1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,john4 ,by ,rt4 ,rev4 ,w4 ,,alex&]1 ,d4,d4 ,,?ird ,,s]ies1 #ahhi-ij4 ,judges & ,ru?4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,watson1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,j]emiah4 ,by ,rev4 ,c4 ,j4 ,,ball1 ,m4,a4 ,isaiah ,,xl4-,,lxvi4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,smi?1 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,,monro ,,gibson1 ,d4,d4 ,exodus4 ,by ,v ,rev4 ! ,dean ( ,armagh4 ,/4 ,luke4 ,by ,rev4 ,h4 ,,burton1 ,m4,a4 ,,f\r? ,,s]ies1 #ahij-a4 ,ecclesia/es4 ,by ,rev4 ,,samuel ,,cox1 ,d4,d4 ,/4 ,james & ,/4 ,jude4 ,by ,rev4 ,a4 ,,plumm]1 ,d4,d4 ,prov]bs4 ,by ,rev4 ,r4 ,f4 ,,horton1 ,d4,d4 ,leviticus4 ,by ,rev4 ,s4 ,h4 ,,kellogg1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john4 ,by ,pr(4 ,m4 ,,dods1 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,/okes1 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,fif? ,,s]ies1 #ahia-b4 ,! ,psalms4 ,by ,a4 ,,macl>51 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,i4 #a & #b ,!ssalonians4 ,by ,,james ,,d5ney1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,book ( ,job4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,watson1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,ephesians4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,g4 ,,f9dlay1 ,b4,a4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john1 ,by ,pr(4 ,m4 ,,dods1 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,/okes1 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,six? ,,s]ies1 #ahib-c4 #a ,k+s4 ,by ,v54 ,ar*deacon ,,f>r>4 ,philippians4 ,by ,pr9cipal ,,ra9y1 ,d4,d4 ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 ,e/h]4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,ad5ey1 ,m4,a4 ,jo%ua4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,blaikie1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,psalms4 ,by ,a4 ,,macl>51 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,rawson ,,lumby1 ,d4,d4 ,,sev5? ,,s]ies1 #ahic-d4 #b ,k+s4 ,by ,v54 ,ar*deacon ,,f>r>4 ,romans4 ,by ,h4 ,c4 ,g4 ,,m\le1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,books ( ,*ronicles4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,b5nett1 ,m4,a4 #b ,cor9?ians4 ,by ,,james ,,d5ney1 ,d4,d4 ,numb]s4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,watson1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,! ,psalms4 ,by ,a4 ,,macl>51 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,eigh? ,,s]ies1 #ahie-f4 ,daniel4 ,by ,v54 ,ar*deacon ,,f>r>4 ,! ,book ( ,j]emiah4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,b5nett1 ,m4,a4 ,deut]onomy4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,&rew ,,h>p]1 ,b4,d4 ,! ,song ( ,solomon & ,lam5tations4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,ad5ey1 ,m4,a4 ,ezekiel4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,john ,,sk9n]1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,m9or ,prophets4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,smi?1 ,d4,d4 ,two ,vols4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,daniel ,,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,f>r>1 ,d4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,late ,,fell[ ,,( ,,tr9ity ,,college1 ,,cambridge2 ,,ar*deacon ,,( ,,we/m9/] ,london ,,hodd] ,,& ,,/\ghton #bg1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[ ,,mdcccxcv ,pr9t$ by ,hazell1 ,watson1 ,v9ey1 ,ld41 ,london & ,aylesbury4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,,! ,,hi/oric ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,! ,,prophet ,,daniel #c ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,g5]al ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,book #ac #a4 ,,! ,,language #ac #b4 ,,unity #bd #c4 ,,g5]al ,,tone #bg #d4 ,,/yle #bi #e4 ,,/&po9t ,,( ,,its ,,au?or #ca #f4 ,,moral ,,elem5t #cd ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,peculi>ities ,,( ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,section #ci ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,g5]al ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,book #fc ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,!ology ,,( ,,! ,,book #fg ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,peculi>ities ,,( ,,! ,,apocalyptic ,,& ,,prophetic ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,book #ga ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,int]nal ,,evid5ce #gh ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,evid5ce ,,9 ,,fav\r ,,( ,,! ,,g5u95ess ,,unc]ta9 ,,& ,,inadequate #hh ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,ext]nal ,,evid5ce ,,& ,,reception ,,into ,,! ,,canon #ih ,,*apt] ,x ,,summ>y ,,& ,,conclusion #aac ,,"p ,,ii ,,comm5t>y ,,on ,,! ,,hi/oric ,,section ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,prelude #abc ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,dream-,,image ,,( ,,ru9$ ,,empires #ada ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,idol ,,( ,,gold1 ,,& ,,! ,,fai?ful ,,?ree #afg ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,babylonian ,,c$>1 ,,& ,,! ,,/rick5 ,,despot #ahd ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,fi]y ,,inscription #bjc ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,/opp+ ,,! ,,m\?s ,,( ,,lions #bah ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,prophetic ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,book ,,*apt] ,i ,,vision ,,( ,,! ,,f\r ,,wild ,,bea/s #bcc ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,ram ,,& ,,! ,,he-,,goat #beb ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,sev5ty ,,weeks #bfh ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,conclud+ ,,vision #bib ,,*apt] ,v ,,an ,,enigmatic ,,prophecy ,,pass+ ,,into ,,details ,,( ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,antio*us ,,epiphanes #bii ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,epilogue #cai ,,app5dix ,,approximate ,,*ronological ,,tables #ccc ,,g5ealogical ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,lagid1 ,,ptolemies1 ,,& ,,seleucid #ccd ,,au?orities ,,consult$ ,,comm5t>ies ,,& ,,treatises ,! *ief ,rabb9ic ,comm5t>ies 7 ^? ( ,ra%i 7 #aaje72 ,abn ,ezra 7 #aafg72 ,kim*i 7 #abdj72 ,abrabanel 7 #aejg74a ,! *ief ,patri/ic ,comm5t>y is t by ,/4 ,j]ome4 ,fragm5ts are pres]v$ ( o!r ,comm5t>ies by ,orig51 ,hippolytus1 ,ephrm ,syrus1 ,julius ,africanus1 ,!odoret1 ,a?anasius1 ,basil1 ,eusebius1 ,poly*ronius1 etc4 7,mai1 ,script4 ,vet4 ,nov4 ,coll41 i474 ,! ,s*ola/ic ,comm5t>y attribut$ to ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as is spuri\s4 ,! *ief ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,re=mation p]iod are ^? by3-- ,lu!r1 ,auslegung d4 ,proph4 ,dan41 #aecj-df 7,opp4 ,g]m41 vi41 ed4 ,wal*47 colampadius1 ,9 ,dan4 libri duo4 ,basle1 #aecj4 ,melanc?on1 ,comm4 9 ,dan4 ,witt5burg1 #aedc4 ,calv91 ,prlect4 9 ,dan4 ,g5eva1 #aefc4 ,mod]n ,comm5t>ies are num]\s2 among !m we may m5tion ^? by3-- ,newton1 ,obs]vations ^u ! ,prophecies4 ,london1 #agcc4 ,b]?oldt1 ,daniel4 ,erlang51 #ahjf-h4 ,ros5mll]1 ,s*olia4 #ahcb4 ,hv]nick4 #ahcb & #ahch4 ,h5g/5b]g4 #ahca4 ,!re are ,comm5t>ies by ,von ,l5g]ke1 #ahce2 ,maur]1 #ahch2 ,hitzig1 #ahej2 ,ewald1 #ahfg2 ,kliefo?1 #ahfh2 ,keil1 #ahfi2 ,krani*feld1 #ahfh2 ,kamphaus51 #ahfh2 ,me9hold 7,kurzgefas/] ,komm5t>71 #ahhi2 ,aub]l51 #aheg2 ,ar*deacon ,rose & ,pr(4 ,j4 ,m4 ,full] 7,speak]'s ,comm5t>y71 #ahgf2 ,rev4 ,h4 ,j4 ,deane 7,bi%op ,ellicott's ,comm5t>y71 #ahhd2 ,zckl] 7,lange's ,bibelw]k71 #ahhi2 ,a4 ,a4 ,bevan 7,cambridge71 #ahic2 ,me9hold1 ,beitrge1 #ahhh4 ,! late/ ,comm5t>y :i* has appe>$ is t by ,hauptpa/or ,behrmann1 9 ! ,h&komm5t> z4 ,alt5 ,te/am5t4 ,gtt+51 #ahid4 ,discussions 9 ! v>i\s ,introductions 7,e9leitung51 etc47 by ,bleek1 ,de ,wette1 ,keil1 ,/hel91 ,reuss1 ,cornely1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,davidson1 ,kle9]t1 ,cornill1 ,knig1 etc4 ,,lives ,,( ,,daniel ,pseudo-,epiphanius1 ,op]a1 ii4 #bdc4 ,h4 ,j4 ,deane1 ,daniel 7,m5 ( ! ,bible74 #ahib4 ,,!re ,,are ,,articles ,,on ,,daniel ,,9 ,w9]'s ,realwrt]bu*1 ,second ,edition4 ,delitzs*1 9 ,h]zog's ,real-,encyclopdie4 ,graf1 9 ,s*5kel's ,bibel-,lexicon1 i4 #efd4 ,bi%op ,we/cott1 9 ,dr4 ,w4 ,smi?'s ,bible ,diction>y1 ,new ,edition4 #ahic4 ,hamburg]1 ,real-,encyclopdie1 ii41 s4v4 ,geheimlehre1 p4 #bfe2 s4vv4 ,daniel1 pp4 #bbc-bbe2 & ,heiliges ,s*rift?um4 ,,treatises ,russel ,m>t9eau1 ,!ological ,review4 #ahfe4 ,pr(4 ,m>goli\?1 ,! ,expositor4 ,april #ahij4 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,m4 ,full]1 ,! ,expositor1 ,?ird ,s]ies1 vols4 i41 ii4 ,t4 ,k4 ,*eyne1 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 vi4 #hjc4 ,pr(4 ,sayce1 ,! ,high] ,criticism & ! ,monum5ts4 #ahid4 ,pr(4 ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1 ,introduction to ! ,lit]ature ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 pp4 #deh-dhc4 #ahia4 ,pr(4 ,s4 ,lea!s1 9 ,book by ,book1 pp4 #bda-bea4 ,c4 von ,orelli1 ,altte/am5tli*e ,weissagung1 p4 #ded4 ,wi51 #ahhb4 ,me9hold1 ,die ,ges*i*tli*5 ,hagiograph5 7,/rack & ,zckl]1 ,kurzgefas/] ,komm5t>1 #ahhi74 ,me9hold1 ,erklrung des ,bu*es ,daniels4 #ahhi4 ,,treatises ,,or ,,discussions ,,by ,dr4 ,pusey1 ,daniel ! ,prophet4 #ahfd4 ,t4 ,r4 ,birks1 ,! ,lat] ,visions ( ,daniel4 #ahdf4 ,ellicott1 ,hor ,apocalyptic4 #ahdd4 ,tregelles1 ,rem>ks on ! ,prophetic ,visions ( ,daniel4 #aheb4 ,hilg5feld1 ,die ,prophet5 ,ezra u4 ,daniel4 #ahfc4 ,baxmann1 ,/ud4 u4 ,krit41 iii4 #dhi ff4 #ahfc4 ,desprez1 ,daniel4 #ahfe4 ,h(mann1 ,weissagung und ,erfllung1 i4 #bgf-caf4 ,ku551 ,prophets & ,prophecy 9 ,israel1 ,e4 ,tr4 #ahgg4 ,ewald1 ,die ,prophet5 des ,alt5 ,bundes1 iii4 #bih4 #ahfh4 ,hilg5feld1 ,die jdis*e ,apokalyptic4 #aheg4 ,l5ormant1 ,la ,div9ation *ez les ,*aldeans4 #ahge4 ,fabre d',envieu1 ,le livre du ,prophte ,daniel4 #ahhh4 ,hebbelyuck1 ,de auctoritate libr4 ,danielis4 #ahhg4 ,khl]1 ,bibl4 ,ges*i*te4 #ahic4 ,,inscriptions ,,& ,,monum5ts ,babylonian1 ,p]sian1 & ,m$ian inscriptions be>+ on ! ,book ( ,daniel are giv5 by3-- ,s*rad]1 ,keil9s*rift5 und d4 ,a4 ,t41 ,e4 ,tr41 #ahhe-hh2 & 9 ,records ( ! ,pa/4 ,see too ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,semitic>um4 ,sayce1 ,! ,high] ,criticism1 pp4 #dig-ecg4 ,^! inscriptions h be5 ref]r$ to also by ,cornill1 ,ne/le1 ,nldeke1 ,lag>de1 etc4 ,,hi/ories ,,& ,,o!r ,,books ,sket*es & fragm5ts ( _m anci5t hi/orians3-- ,josephus1 ,antiquitates ,judaic1 ll4 x41 xi41 xii4 ,! ,books ( ,maccabees4 ,prideaux1 ,connection ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 ed4 ,ox=d4 #ahbh4 ,ewald1 ,ges*4 des ,volkes ,israel4 #ahdc-ej4 ,grtz1 ,ges*4 d] ,jud51 ,second ,edition4 #ahfc4 ,jo/1 ,ges*4 d4 ,jud5?ums und se95 ,sekt51 i4 #ij-aaf4 ,leipzig1 #aheg4 ,h]zfeld1 ,ges*4 des ,volkes ,israel1 ii4 #daf4 #ahfc4 ,van ,oort1 ,bible = ,"y ,p1 ,e4 ,tr4 #ahgg4 ,kittel1 ,ges*4 d4 ,hebrer1 ii4 #ahib4 ,s*r]1 ,ges*4 d4 jdis*5 ,volkes4 ,leipzig1 #ahij4 ,jahn1 ,hebrew ,commonweal?1 ,e4 ,tr4 #ahbh4 ,droys51 ,ges*4 d4 ,hell5ismus1 ii4 #baa4 ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 d4 ,alt]?ums1 i4 ,,special ,,treatises ,delitzs*1 ,messianis*e ,weissagang54 ,leipzig1 #ahij4 ,riehm1 ,die ,messianis*e ,weissagung4 ,go?a1 #ahge4 ,knab5bau]1 ,comm5t 9 ,daniel4 prophet41 ,lam5t41 et ,b>u*4 #ahia4 ,ku551 ,religion ( ,israel1 ,e4 ,tr4 #ahgd4 ,bludau1 ,de ,alex4 int]pe4 ,danielis indole4 #ahia4 ,nldeke1 ,d4 ,altte/4 ,lit]atur4 #ahfh4 ,fraidl1 ,exegese d4 #gj ,wo*5 ,daniels4 #ahhc4 ,m5k51 ,die ,mon>*i5bild4 #ahhg4 ,kamphaus51 ,das ,bu* ,daniel 9 die neu]e ,ges*i*ts=s*ung4 ,leipzig1 #ahic4 ,l5nep1 ,de ,zev5tig ,ja>wek5 van ,daniel4 ,utre*t1 #ahhh4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,jol1 ,notiz5 zum ,bu*e ,daniel4 ,breslau1 #ahgc4 ,d]5b\rg1 ,les ,mots grecs dans le ,livre biblique de ,daniel4 ,mlanges ,graux1 #ahhh4 ,cornill1 ,die ,siebzig ,jahrwo*5 ,daniels4 #ahhi4 ,wolf1 ,die ,siebzig ,wo*5 ,daniels4 #ahei4 ,s&ay1 ,inspiration 7,bampton ,lectures74 #ahid4 ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures4 #ahhg4 ,roszmann1 ,die ,makkabeis*e ,erhebung4 ,j4 ,f4 ,h(fmann1 ,antio*us ,,iv4 7,epiphanes74 #ahgc4 ,speak]'s ,comm5t>y on ,tobit1 #a1 #b ,maccabees1 etc4 #ahhh4 ,,footnote3 #a ,! ,comm5t>y :i* passes z t ( ,saadia ! ,gaon is said to be spuri\s4 ,8 g5u9e ,comm5t>y only exi/s 9 manuscript4 ,,"p ,i ,,introduction 1 4--,,josephus1 ,antt41 ,x4 ii4 #g4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,hi/oric ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,! ,,prophet ,,daniel ,tro! is ! hie/ ?+e a man may kepe4--,,*auc]4 ,we propose 9 ! foll[+ pages to exam9e ! ,book ( ! ,prophet ,daniel by ! same g5]al me?ods :i* h be5 adopt$ 9 o!r volumes ( ! ,expositor's ,bible4 ,x may well happ5 t ! conclusions adopt$ z reg>ds its orig9 & its place 9 ! ,sacr$ ,volume w n comm& ! ass5t ( all our read]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may feel a reasonable confid5ce t1 ev5 if "s are unable to accept ! views at :i* we h arriv$1 & :i* we h "h endeav\r$ to pres5t ) fairness1 !y w /ill read !m ) int]e/1 z op9ions :i* h be5 calmly & consci5ti\sly =m$1 & to :i* ! writ] has be5 l$ by /rong conviction4 ,all ,*ri/ians w ackn[l$ge ! sacr$ & imp]i\s duty ( sacrific+ e o!r consid]ation to ! unbiass$ acceptance ( t :i* we reg>d z tru?4 ,fur!r ?an ?is our read]s w f9d mu* to elucidate ! ,book ( ,daniel *apt] by *apt]1 ap>t f any que/ions :i* affect its au?or%ip or age4 ,b ,i %\ld l to say on ! ?re%old t1 ?\gh ,i am compell$ to reg>d ! ,book ( ,daniel z a "w :i*1 9 its pres5t =m1 fir/ saw ! light 9 ! days ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 & ?\gh ,i believe t its six magnific5t op5+ *apt]s 7 nev] meant to be reg>d$ 9 any o!r light ?an t ( moral & religi\s ,haggado?1 yet no words ( m9e c exagg]ate ! value :i* ,i atta* to ?is "p ( our ,canonical ,scriptures4 ,! ,book1 z we %all see1 has ex]cis$ a p[]ful influ5ce ov] ,*ri/ian conduct & ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,its "r to a place 9 ! ,canon is undisput$ & indisputable1 & !re is sc>cely a s+le book ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* c be made m ri*ly pr(itable = tea*+1 = repro(1 = correction1 = in/ruction 9 righte\sness1 t ! man ( ,god may be complete1 completely furni%$ unto e good "w4 ,su* religi\s lessons are em95tly suitable = ! aims ( ! ,expositor's ,bible4 ,!y are n 9 ! slighte/ degree impair$ by ^? results ( ar*ological discov]y & criticism :i* are n[ almo/ univ]sally accept$ by ! s*ol>s ( ! ,cont95t1 & by _m ( our *ief ,engli% critics4 ,f9ally unfav\rable to ! au!nticity1 !y are yet 9 no way d]ogatory to ! preci\sness ( ?is ,old ,te/am5t ,apocalypse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fir/ "q :i* we mu/ consid] is1 ,:at is kn[n ab\t ! ,prophet ,daniel8 ,i4 ,if we accept z hi/orical ! p>ticul>s n>rat$ ( him 9 ?is ,book1 x is cle> t few ,jews h ev] ris5 to s spl5did an em95ce4 ,"u f\r p[]ful k+s & conqu]ors1 ( ?ree diff]5t nationalities & dyna/ies1 he held a position ( high au?ority among ! haughtie/ ari/ocracies ( ! anci5t _w4 ,at a v e>ly age he 0 n only a satrap1 b ! ,pr9ce & ,prime ,m9i/] ov] all ! satraps 9 ,babylonia & ,p]sia2 n only a ,magian1 b ! ,head ,magian1 & ,*ief ,gov]nor ov] all ! wise m5 ( ,babylon4 ,n ev5 ,joseph1 z ! *ief rul] ov] all ! h\se ( ,ph>aoh1 _h any?+ l ! ext5sive sway ex]cis$ by ! ,daniel ( ?is ,book4 ,he 0 plac$ by ,nebu*adrezz> ov] ! :ole prov9ce ( ,babylon2#b "u ,d>ius he 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,?ree to :om all ! satraps s5t _! acc\nts2#c & he 0 cont9u$ 9 (fice & prosp]ity "u ,cyrus ! ,p]sian4#d ,,ii4 ,x is natural1 !n1 t we %\ld turn to ! monum5ts & inscriptions ( ! ,babylonian1 ,p]sian1 & ,m$ian ,empires to see if any m5tion c be f\nd ( s prom95t a rul]4 ,b hi!rto nei!r has 8 "n be5 discov]$1 nor ! fa9te/ trace ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,,iii4 ,if we next se>* o!r non-,biblical s\rces ( in=mation1 we f9d mu* respect+ him 9 ! ,apocrypha--,! ,song ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr51 ,! ,/ory ( ,susanna1 & ,bel & ! ,dragon4 ,b ^! additions to ! ,canonical ,books are av[$ly valueless = any hi/oric purpose4 ,!y are romances1 9 :i* ! vehicle ( fiction is us$1 9 a mann] :i* at all times 0 popul> 9 ,jewi% lit]ature1 to tea* lessons ( fai? & conduct by ! example ( em95t sages or sa9ts4#e ,! few o!r fictiti\s fragm5ts pres]v$ by ,fabricius h n ! smalle/ importance4#f ,josephus1 beyond m5tion+ t ,daniel & 8 ?ree companions 7 ( ! family ( ,k+ ,z$ekiah1#g adds no?+ appreciable to our in=mation4 ,he n>rates ! /ory ( ! ,book1 & 9 do+ s adopts a some:at apologetic tone1 z ?\gh he specially decl9$ to v\* = its hi/oric exactness4 ,= he says3 ,let no "o blame me = writ+ d[n ev]y?+ ( ?is nature1 z ,i f9d x 9 our anci5t books3 = z to t matt]1 ,i h pla9ly assur$ ^? t ?9k me defective 9 any su* po9t1 or compla9 ( my managem5t1 & h told !m1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is hi/ory1 t ,i int5d$ to d no m ?an to translate ! ,hebrew books into ! ,greek language1 & promis$ !m to expla9 ^! facts1 )\t add+ any?+ to !m ( my own1 or tak+ any?+ away f !m4#h ,,iv4 ,9 ! ,talmud1 aga91 we f9d no?+ hi/orical4 ,daniel is always m5tion$ z a *ampion aga9/ idolatry1 & 8 wisdom is s highly e/eem$1 t1 if all ! wise m5 ( ! hea!n1 we are told1 7 on "o side1 & ,daniel on ! o!r1 ,daniel w\ld /ill prevail4#i ,he is spok5 ( z an example ( ,god's protection ( ! innoc5t1 & 8 ?ree daily pray]s are tak5 z our rule ( life4#aj ,to him are appli$ ! v]ses ( ,lam4 iii4 #ee-eg3 ,i call$ ^u ,?y "n1 ,o ,"l1 out ( ! l[e/ pit4444 ,?\ drewe/ ne> 9 ! day t ,i call$3 ,?\ said/1 ,fe> n4 ,o ,"l1 ,?\ ha/ plead$ ! causes ( my s\l2 ,?\ ha/ r$eem$ my life4 ,we are assur$ t he 0 ( ,davidic desc5t2 obta9$ p]mission = ! return ( ! exiles2 surviv$ till ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple2 liv$ to a great age1 & f9ally di$ 9 ,pale/9e4#aa ,rav ev5 w5t s f> z to say1 ,if !re be any l ! ,messiah among ! liv+1 x is our ,rabbi ! ,holy3 if among ! dead1 x is ,daniel4#ab ,9 ! ,avo? ( ,rabbi ,na?an x is /at$ t ,daniel ex]cis$ himself 9 b5evol5ce by end[+ brides1 foll[+ fun]als1 & giv+ alms4 ,"o ( ! ,apocryphal leg5ds respect+ him has be5 widely spread4 ,x tells u t1 :5 he 0 a second "t ca/ into ! d5 ( lions "u ,cyrus1 & 0 fa/+ f lack ( food1 ! ,prophet ,habakkuk 0 tak5 by a hair ( 8 head & c>ri$ by ! angel ( ! ,"l to ,babylon1 to give to ,daniel ! d9n] :i* he _h prep>$ = 8 reap]s4#ac ,x is ) ref]5ce to ?is ,haggada t 9 ! catacombs ,daniel is repres5t$ 9 ! lions' d5 /&+ nak$ betwe5 two lions--an emblem ( ! s\l betwe5 s9 & dea?--& t a y\? ) a pot ( food is by 8 side4 ,!re is a ,p]sian apocalypse ( ,daniel translat$ by ,m]x 7,ar*iv1 i4 #chg71 & !re are a few wor?less ,mohamm$an leg5ds ab\t him :i* are giv5 9 ,d',h]belot's ,biblio?que ori5tale4 ,!y only s]ve to %[ h[ widely ext5d$ 0 ! reputation :i* became ! nucleus ( /range & miracul\s /ories4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,py?agoras & ,emp$ocles1 !y indicate ! deep rev]5ce :i* ! ideal ( 8 "* inspir$4 ,!y are z ! fanta/ic cl\ds :i* ga!r ab\t ! l(tie/ m\nta9 peaks4 ,9 lat] days he seems to h be5 comp>atively =gott54#ad ,^! ref]5ces w\ld n1 h[ev]1 suffice to prove ,daniel's hi/orical exi/5ce4 ,!y might m]ely result f ! lit]al acceptance ( ! /ory n>rat$ 9 ! ,book4 ,f ! "n ,daniel1 :i* is by no means a common "o1 & means ,judge ( ,god1 no?+ c be le>nt4 ,x is only f\nd 9 ?ree o!r in/ances4#ae ,turn+ to ! ,old ,te/am5t itself1 we h reason = surprise bo? 9 its allusions & its sil5ces4 ,"o only ( ! sacr$ writ]s ref]s to ,daniel1 & t is ,ezekiel4 ,9 "o passage 7xxviii4 #c7 ! ,pr9ce ( ,tyrus is apo/rophis$ 9 ! words1 ,behold1 ?\ art wis] ?an ,daniel2 !re is no secret t !y c hide f !e4 ,9 ! o!r 7xiv4 #ad1 #bj7 ! ^w ( ! ,"l decl>es to ! guilty city1 t ?\gh ^! ?ree m51 ,noah1 ,daniel1 & ,job1 7 9 x1 !y %\ld deliv] b _! own s\ls by _! righte\sness2 !y %all deliv] nei!r son nor daught]4#af ,! la/ words may be reg>d$ z a g5]al allusion1 & !re=e we may pass ov] ! circum/ance t ,daniel--:o 0 und\bt$ly a eunu* 9 ! palace ( ,babylon1 & :o is (t5 po9t$ to z a fulfilm5t ( ! /]n prophecy ( ,isaiah to ,hezekiah#ag--;c\ld nev] h _h ei!r son or daught]4 ,b 9 o!r respects ! allusion is surpris+4 i4 ,x 0 v unusual among ! ,jews to elevate _! contempor>ies to su* a height ( exaltation1 & x is inde$ />tl+ t ,ezekiel %\ld ?us place 8 y\?ful contempor>y on su* a p9nacle z to unite 8 "n to ^? ( ,noah ! ant$iluvian patri>* & ! my/]i\s man ( ,uz4 ii4 ,we might1 ) ,!odoret1 ,j]ome1 & ,kim*i1 acc\nt = ! m5tion ( ,daniel's "n at all 9 ?is connection by ! peculi> circum/ances ( 8 life2#ah b !re is little probability 9 ! sugge/ions ( bewild]$ comm5tators z to ! reason :y 8 "n %\ld be plac$ betwe5 ^? ( ,noah & ,job4 ,x is difficult1 ) ,hv]nick1 to recognise any climax 9 ! ord]2#ai nor c x be reg>d$ z q satisfactory to say1 ) ,delitzs*1 t ! collocation is due to ! fact t z ,noah 0 a righte\s man ( ! old _w1 & ,job ( ! ideal _w1 ,daniel repres5t$ imm$iately ! contemporane\s _w4#bj ,if ,job 0 a purely ideal in/ance ( exempl>y goodness1 :y may n ,daniel h be5 ! same8 ,to "s critics ! allusion has appe>$ s /range t !y h ref]r$ x to an imag9>y ,daniel :o _h liv$ at ! ,c\rt ( ,n9eveh dur+ ! ,assyrian exile2#ba or to "s my?ic h]o :o belong$ to anci5t days--p]haps1 l ,mel*iz$ek1 a contempor>y ( ! ru9 ( ! cities ( ! ,pla94#bb ,ewald tries to urge some?+ = ! =m] conjecture2 yet nei!r = x nor = ! latt] is !re any tittle ( real evid5ce4#bc ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld n be decisive aga9/ ! hypo!sis1 s9ce 9 #a ,k+s iv4 #ca we h ref]5ces to m5 ( pre-em95t wisdom respect+ :om no brea? ( tradition has come d[n to u4#bd iii4 ,b if we accept ! ,book ( ,daniel z lit]al hi/ory1 ! allusion ( ,ezekiel becomes /ill m difficult to expla92 = ,daniel mu/ h be5 n only a contempor>y ( ! prophet ( ! ,exile1 b a v y\?ful "o4 ,we are told--a difficulty to :i* we %all subsequ5tly allude--t ,daniel 0 tak5 captive 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,jehoiakim 7,dan4 i4 #a71 ab\t ! ye> ,b4,c4 #fjf4 ,ignatius says t he 0 twelve ye>s old :5 he foil$ ! eld]s2 & ! n>rative %[s t he c\ld n h be5 mu* old] :5 tak5 captive4#be ,if ,ezekiel's prophecy 0 utt]$ ,b4,c4 #ehd1 ,daniel at t "t c\ld only h be5 tw5ty-two3 if x 0 utt]$ z late z ,b4,c4 #egb1bf ,daniel w\ld /ill h be5 only ?irty-f\r1 & !re=e little m ?an a y\? 9 ,jewi% eyes4 ,x is und\bt$ly surpris+ t among ,ori5tals1 :o reg>d age z ! *ief passport to wisdom1 a liv+ y\? %\ld be ?us canonis$ betwe5 ! ,patri>* ( ! ,deluge & ! ,pr9ce ( ,uz4 iv4 ,admitt+ t ?is p9nacle ( em95ce may h be5 due to ! peculi> spl5d\r ( ,daniel's c>e]1 x becomes ! less easy to acc\nt = ! total sil5ce respect+ him 9 ! o!r books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t--9 ! ,prophets :o 7 contemporane\s ) ! ,exile & its close1 l ,haggai1 ,ze*>iah1 & ,mala*i2 & 9 ! ,books ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 :i* give u ! details ( ! ,return4 ,no po/-exilic prophets seem to "k any?+ ( ! ,book ( ,daniel4#bg ,_! expectations ( ,israel's future are v diff]5t f 84#bh ,! sil5ce ( ,ezra is specially a/oni%+4 ,x has (t5 be5 conjectur$ t x 0 ,daniel :o %[$ to ,cyrus ! prophecies ( ,isaiah4#bi ,c]ta9ly x is /at$ t he held ! v highe/ position 9 ! ,c\rt ( ! ,p]sian ,k+2 yet nei!r does ,ezra m5tion 8 exi/5ce1 nor does ,nehemiah--himself a high function>y 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,artax]xes--ref] to 8 illu/ri\s pr$ecessor4 ,daniel outliv$ ! fir/ return ( ! exiles "u ,z]ubbabel1 & he did n avail himself ( ?is opportunity to revisit ! l& & desolate sanctu>y ( 8 fa!rs :i* he lov$ s well4#cj ,we might h assum$ t patriotism s burn+ z 8 w\ld n h pref]r$ to /ay at ,babylon1 or at ,%u%an1 :5 ! prie/s & pr9ces ( 8 p 7 return+ to ! ,holy ,city4 ,o!rs ( great age fac$ ! p]ils ( ! ,re/oration2 & if he /ay$ beh9d to be ( great] use to 8 c\ntrym51 we _c acc\nt = ! fact t he is n di/antly allud$ to 9 ! record :i* tells h[ ! *ief ( ! fa!rs1 ) all ^? ^: _s ,god _h rais$1 rose up to g to build ! ,h\se ( ! ,"l :i* is 9 ,j]usalem4#ca ,t ! difficulty 0 felt is %[n by ! ,mohamm$an leg5d t ,daniel did return ) ,ezra1#cb & t he receiv$ ! (fice ( ,gov]nor ( ,syria1 f :i* c\ntry he w5t back to ,susa1 :]e 8 tomb is /ill ye>ly visit$ by cr[ds ( ador+ pilgrims4 v4 ,if we turn to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! "n ( ,daniel only occurs 9 ! ref]5ce to ! abom9ation ( desolation1 spok5 ( by ,daniel ! prophet4#cc ,! ,book ( ,revelation does n "n him1 b is pr(\ndly influ5c$ by ! ,book ( ,daniel bo? 9 its =m & 9 ! symbols :i* x adopts4#cd vi4 ,9 ! ,apocrypha ,daniel is pass$ ov] 9 complete sil5ce among ! li/s ( ,hebrew h]oes enum]at$ by ,jesus ! son ( ,sira*4 ,we are ev5 told t nei!r 0 !re a man born l unto ,joseph1 a lead] ( 8 bre?r51 a /ay ( ! p 7,ecclus4 xlix4 #ae74 ,?is is ! m s+ul> because n only are ! a*ievem5ts ( ,daniel "u f\r hea!n pot5tates great] ?an ^? ( ,joseph "u "o ,ph>aoh1 b also sev]al ( ! /ories ( ,daniel at once rem9d u ( ! /ory ( ,joseph1 & ev5 appe> to h be5 writt5 ) sil5t ref]5ce to ! y\?ful ,hebrew & 8 =tunes z an ,egyptian slave :o 0 elevat$ to be gov]nor ( ! l& ( 8 exile4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,dan4 ii4 #dh4 #c ,dan4 v4 #bi1 vi4 #b4 #d ,dan4 vi4 #bh4 ,!re is a ,daniel ( ! sons ( ,i?am> 9 ,ezra viii4 #b1 & among ^? :o seal$ ! cov5ant 9 ,neh4 x4 #f4 #e ,= a full acc\nt ( ! ,agada 7also call$ ,agad?a & ,haggada71 ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to ,hamburg]'s ,real-,encyklopdie fr ,bibel und ,talmud1 ii4 #ai-bg1 #iba-icd4 ,! fir/ two =ms ( ! words are ,aramaic2 ! ?ird 0 a ,hebrew =m 9 use among ! ,jews 9 ,babylonia4 ,! ^w is d]iv$ f 1 to say or expla94 ,hala*a 0 ! rule ( religi\s praxis1 a sort ( ,directorium ,judaicum3 ,haggada 0 ! result ( free religi\s reflection4 ,see fur!r ,/rack1 ,e9l4 9 d5 ,?almud1 iv4 #abb4 #f ,fabricius1 ,cod4 ,pseudepigr4 ,vet4 ,te/41 i4 #aabd4 #g ,jos41 ,antt41 ,x4 xi4 #g4 ,b ,pseudo-,epiphanius 7,de ,vit4 ,dan41 x47 says3 4 ,s too ! ,midra% on ,ru?1 #g4 #h ,jos41 ,antt41 ,x4 x4 #f4 #i ,yoma1 f4 #gg4 #aj ,b]a*?1 f4 #ca4 #aa ,sanh$r91 f4 #ic4 ,midra% ,rabba on ,ru?1 #g1 etc41 quot$ by ,hamburg]1 ,real-,encyclopdie1 i4 #bbe4 #ab ,kiddu%91 f4 #gb1 #f2 ,h]%on1 ,g5esis acc4 to ! ,talmud1 p4 #dga4 #ac ,bel & ! ,dragon1 #cc-ci4 ,x seems to be an old ,midra%ic leg5d4 ,x is quot$ by ,doro!us & ,pseudo-,epiphanius1 & ref]r$ to by "s ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,eusebius supposes ano!r ,habakkuk & ano!r ,daniel2 b ana*ronisms1 lit]>y extravagances1 or leg5d>y "* are obvi\s on ! face ( su* n>ratives4 ,su* faults z ^!1 ?\gh valid aga9/ any pret5sions to ! rank ( au!ntic hi/ory1 d n r5d] ! /ories less effective z pieces ( ,haggadic satire1 or less int]e/+ z pres]v+ ve/iges ( a cycle ( popul> leg5ds relat+ to ,daniel 7,rev4 ,c4 ,j4 ,ball1 ,speak]'s ,comm5t>y1 on ,apocrypha1 ii4 #cej74 #ad ,htt+]1 ,hi/4 ,ori5talis1 p4 #ib4 #ae ,ezra viii4 #b2 ,neh4 x4 #f4 ,9 #a ,*ron4 iii4 #a ,daniel is an alt]native "n = ,david's son ,*ileab--p]haps a cl]ical error4 ,if s1 ! names ,daniel1 ,mi%ael1 ,az>iah1 & ,hananiah are only f\nd 9 ! two po/-exilic books1 :5ce ,kamphaus5 supposes !m to h be5 borr[$ by ! writ]4 #af ,no valid argum5ts c be adduc$ 9 fav\r ( ,w9ckl]'s sugge/ion t ,ezek4 xxviii4 #a-aj1 xiv4 #ad-bj1 are late int]polations4 ,9 ^! passages ! "n is spelt 2 n1 z 9 our ,book1 4 #ag ,isa4 xxxix4 #g4 #ah ,see ,ros5mll]1 ,s*olia1 ad loc4 #ai ,ezek41 p4 #bjg4 #bj ,h]zog1 ,r4 ,e41 s4v4 #ba ,ewald1 ,proph4 d4 ,alt4 ,bund41 ii4 #efj2 ,de ,wette1 ,e9leit41 #bec4 #bb ,s ,von ,l5g]ke1 ,dan41 xciii4 ff42 ,hitzig1 ,dan41 viii4 #bc ,he is foll[$ by ,buns51 ,gott 9 d] ,ges*41 i4 #ead4 #bd ,reuss1 ,heil4 ,s*rift41 p4 #egj4 #be ,ignat41 ,ad ,magnes1 #c 7,long ,revision3 see ,lightfoot1 ii41 ii41 p4 #gdi74 ,s too 9 ,ps4 ,m>4 ad ,ignat41 #c4 ,lightfoot ?9ks t ?is is a transf]5ce f ,solomon 7l4c41 p4 #gbg74 #bf ,see ,ezek4 xxix4 #ag4 #bg ,see ,ze*4 ii4 #f-aj2 ,ezek4 xxxvii4 #i1 etc4 #bh ,see ,hag4 ii4 #f-i1 #bj-bc2 ,ze*4 ii4 #e-ag1 iii4 #h-aj2 ,mal4 iii4 #a4 #bi ,ezra 7i4 #a7 does n m5tion ! /rik+ prophecies ( ! lat] ,isaiah 7xliv4 #bh1 xlv4 #a71 b ref]s to ,j]emiah only 7xxv4 #ab1 xxix4 #aj74 #cj ,dan4 x4 #a-ah1 vi4 #aj4 #ca ,ezra i4 #e4 #cb ,d',h]belot1 l4c4 #cc ,matt4 xxiv4 #ae2 ,m>k xiii4 #ad4 ,!re c be ( c\rse no c]ta9ty t ! spok5 ( by ,daniel ! prophet is n ! comm5t ( ! ,evangeli/4 #cd ,see ,elliott1 ,hor ,apocalyptic1 passim4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,g5]al ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,book #a4 ,,! ,,language ,unable to le>n any?+ fur!r respect+ ! pr(ess$ au?or ( ! ,book ( ,daniel1 we n[ turn to ! ,book itself4 ,9 ?is section ,i %all m]ely give a g5]al sket* ( its ma9 ext]nal ph5om5a1 & %all *iefly pass 9 review ^? *>act]i/ics :i*1 ?\gh !y h be5 us$ z argum5ts respect+ ! age 9 :i* x orig9at$1 are n absolutely irreconcilable ) ! supposition ( any date betwe5 ! t]m9ation ( ! ,exile 7,b4,c4 #ecf7 & ! dea? ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes 7,b4,c4 #afd74 ,i4 ,fir/ we notice ! fact t !re is an int]*ange ( ! fir/ & ?ird p]son4 ,9 *apt]s i4-vi4 ,daniel is ma9ly spok5 ( 9 ! ?ird p]son3 9 *apt]s vii4-xii4 he speaks ma9ly 9 ! fir/4 ,krani*feld tries to acc\nt = ?is by ! supposition t 9 *apt]s i4-vi4 we practically h extracts f ,daniel's di>ies1#ce :]eas 9 ! rema9d] ( ! ,book he describes 8 own visions4 ,! po9t _c be mu* insi/$ ^u1 b ! m5tion ( 8 own high praises 7e4g41 9 su* passages z vi4 #d7 is p]haps h>dly :at we %\ld h expect$4 ,,ii4 ,next we obs]ve t ! ,book ( ,daniel1 l ! ,book ( ,ezra#cf is writt5 p>tly 9 ! sacr$ ,hebrew1 p>tly 9 ! v]nacul> ,aramaic1 :i* is (t51 b errone\sly1 call$ ,*aldee4#cg ,! fir/ section 7i4 #a-;ii4 #d;a7 is 9 ,hebrew4 ,! language *anges to ,aramaic aft] ! words1 ,!n spake ! ,*aldeans to ! k+ 9 ,syriac 7ii4 #d;a72#ch & ?is is cont9u$ to vii4 #bh4 ,! eigh? *apt] beg9s ) ! words1 ,9 ! ?ird ye> ( ! reign ( ,k+ ,bel%azz> a vision appe>$ unto me1 ev5 unto me ,daniel2 & "h ! ,hebrew is resum$1 & is cont9u$ till ! end ( ! ,book4 ,! "q at once arises :y ! two languages 7 us$ 9 ! same ,book4 ,x is easy to und]/& t1 dur+ ! c\rse ( ! sev5ty ye>s' ,exile1 _m ( ! ,jews became practically bil+ual1 & w\ld be able to write ) equal facility 9 "o language or 9 ! o!r4 ,?is circum/ance1 !n1 has no be>+ on ! date ( ! ,book4 ,d[n to ! ,maccabean age "s books cont9u$ to be writt5 9 ,hebrew4 ,^! books mu/ h f\nd read]s4 ,h5ce ! k ( ,hebrew _c h di$ away s completely z has be5 suppos$4 ,! notion t aft] ! return f ! ,exile ,hebrew 0 at once sup]s$$ by ,aramaic is unt5able4 ,hebrew long cont9u$ to be ! language normally spok5 at ,j]usalem 7,neh4 xiii4 #bd71 & ! ,jews did n br+ back ,aramaic ) !m to ,pale/9e1 b f\nd x !re4#ci ,b x is n cle> :y ! l+ui/ic divisions 9 ! ,book 7 adopt$4 ,aub]l5 says t1 aft] ! introduction1 ! section ii4 #d;a-vii4 #bh 0 writt5 9 ,*aldee1 because x describes ! developm5t ( ! p[] ( ! _w f a _w-hi/oric po9t ( view2 & t ! rema9d] ( ! ,book 0 writt5 9 ,hebrew1 because x deals ) ! developm5t ( ! _w-p[]s 9 _! relation to ,israel ! p ( ,god4#dj ,!re is v little to be said 9 fav\r ( a /ructure s little obvi\s & s highly artificial4 ,a simpl] solution ( ! difficulty w\ld be t :i* acc\nts = ! use ( ,*aldee by say+ t x 0 adopt$ 9 ^? p>ts :i* involv$ ! introduction ( ,aramaic docum5ts4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld n acc\nt = its use 9 *ap4 vii41 :i* is a *apt] ( visions 9 :i* ,hebrew might h be5 naturally expect$ z ! vehicle ( prophecy4 ,/rack & ,me9hold ?9k t ! ,aramaic & ,hebrew p>ts are ( diff]5t orig94 ,knig supposes t ! ,aramaic sections 7 meant to indicate special ref]5ce to ! ,syrians & ,antio*us4#da ,"s critics h ?\ght x possible t ! ,aramaic sections 7 once writt5 9 ,hebrew4 ,t ! text ( ,daniel has n be5 v c>efully kept becomes cle> f ! lib]ties to :i* x 0 subject$ by ! ,septuag9t translators4 ,if ! ,hebrew ( ,j]4 x4 #aa 7a v]se :i* only exi/s 9 ,aramaic7 has be5 lo/1 x is n inconceivable t ! same may h happ5$ to ! ,hebrew ( a section ( ,daniel4#db ,! ,talmud ?r[s no light on ! "q4 ,x only says t-- i4 ,! m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue wrote#dc--;by :i* is p]haps meant t !y edit$--! ,book ( ,ezekiel1 ! ,twelve ,m9or ,prophets1 ! ,book ( ,daniel1 & ! ,book ( ,ezra2#dd & t-- ii4 ,! ,*aldee passages 9 ! ,book ( ,ezra & ! ,book ( ,daniel defile ! h&s4#de ,! fir/ ( ^! two passages is m]ely an ass]tion t ! pres]vation1 ! arrangem5t1 & ! admission into ! ,canon ( ! books m5tion$ 0 due to ! body ( scribes & prie/s--a v %ad[y & unhi/orical body--kn[n z ! ,great ,synagogue4#df ,! second passage s\nds />tl+1 b is no?+ m ?an an au?oritative decl>ation t ! ,*aldee sections ( ,daniel & ,ezra are /ill p>ts ( ,holy ,scripture1 ?\gh n writt5 9 ! sacr$ language4 ,x is a /&+ rule ( ! ,talmudi/s t ,all ,holy ,scripture defiles ! h&s--ev5 ! long-disput$ ,books ( ,ecclesia/es & ,canticles4#dg ,le/ any %\ld misd\bt ! sacr$ness ( ! ,*aldee sections1 !y are expressly includ$ 9 ! rule4 ,x seems to h orig9at$ ?us3 ,! eatables ( ! heave (f]+s 7 kept 9 close proximity to ! scroll ( ! ,law1 = bo? 7 consid]$ equally sacr$4 ,if a m\se or rat happ5$ to nibble ei!r1 ! (f]+s & ! books became defil$1 & !re=e defil$ ! h&s t t\*$ !m4#dh ,to gu>d aga9/ ?is hypo!tical defilem5t x 0 decid$ t all h&l+ ( ! ,scriptures %\ld be foll[$ by c]emonial ablutions4 ,to say t ! ,*aldee *apt]s defile ! h&s is ! ,rabb9ic way ( decl>+ _! ,canonicity4 ,p]haps no?+ c]ta9 c be inf]r$ f ! philological exam9ation ei!r ( ! ,hebrew or ( ! ,*aldee portions ( ! ,book2 b !y seem to indicate a date n e>li] ?an ! age ( ,alex&] 7,b4,c4 #ccc74 ,on ?is "p ( ! subject !re has be5 a great deal ( ra% & incompet5t ass]tion4 ,x involves delicate problems on :i* an indep5d5t & a valuable op9ion c only be (f]$ by ! m]e/ h&ful ( liv+ s*ol>s1 & respect+ :i* ev5 ^! s*ol>s sometimes disagree4 ,9 decid+ ^u su* po9ts ord9>y /ud5ts c only weigh ! au?ority & ! argum5ts ( speciali/s :o h devot$ a m9ute & lifelong /udy to ! gramm> & hi/ory ( ! ,semitic languages4 ,i "k no high] contempor>y au?orities on ! date ( ,hebrew writ+s ?an ! late vet]an s*ol> ,f4 ,delitzs* & ,pr(essor ,driv]4 #a4 ,no?+ 0 m beautiful & rem>kable 9 ,pr(essor ,delitzs* ?an ! op5-m9d$ c&\r :i* compell$ him to ! la/ to advance ) advanc+ ?\ght2 to admit all fre% elem5ts ( evid5ce2 to cont9ue 8 education z a ,biblical inquir] to ! late/ days ( 8 life2 & )\t hesitation to correct1 modify1 or ev5 rev]se 8 previ\s conclusions 9 accordance ) ! results ( deep] /udy & fre% discov]ies4 ,he wrote ! article on ,daniel 9 ,h]zog's ,real-,encyclopdie1 & 9 ! fir/ edition ( t "w ma9ta9$ its g5u95ess2 b 9 ! lat] editions 7iii4 #dgj7 8 views approximate m & m to ^? ( ! ,high] ,criticism4 ,( ! ,hebrew ( ,daniel he says t x atta*es itself "h & !re to ,ezekiel1 & also to ,habakkuk2 9 g5]al "* x resembles ! ,hebrew ( ! ,*ronicl] :o wrote %ortly be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,greek p]iod 7,b4,c4 #ccb71 & z comp>$ ei!r ) ! anci5t ,hebrew1 or ) ! ,hebrew ( ! ,mi%nah is full ( s+ul>ities & h>%nesses ( /yle4#di ,s f>1 !n1 x is cle> t1 if ! ,hebrew ma9ly resembles t ( ,b4,c4 #ccb1 x is h>dly likely t x %\ld h be5 writt5 be=e ,b4,c4 #ecf4 ,pr(essor ,driv] says1 ,! ,hebrew ( ,daniel 9 all di/9ctive features resembles1 n ! ,hebrew ( ,ezekiel1 or ev5 ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah1 b t ( ! age subsequ5t to ,nehemiah--^: age =ms ! great turn+-po9t 9 ,hebrew /yle4 ,he proce$s to give a li/ ( l+ui/ic peculi>ities 9 support ( ?is view1 & o!r specim5s ( s5t5ces con/ruct$1 n 9 ! /yle ( classical ,hebrew1 b 9 ! lat] unc\? /yle ( ! ,book ( ,*ronicles4 ,he po9ts out 9 a note t x is no explanation ( ^! peculi>ities to argue t1 dur+ 8 long exile1 ,daniel may h p>tially =gott5 ! language ( 8 y\?2 = ?is w\ld n acc\nt = ! resemblance ( ! new & decad5t idioms to ^? :i* appe>$ 9 ,pale/9e indep5d5tly two hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft]w>ds4#ej ,behrmann1 9 ! late/ comm5t>y on ,daniel1 m5tions1 9 pro( ( ! late "* ( ! ,hebrew3 7#a7 ! introduction ( ,p]sian words :i* c\ld n h be5 us$ 9 ,babylonian be=e ! conque/ ( ,cyrus 7z 9 i4 #c1 #e1 xi4 #de1 etc472 7#b7 _m ,aramaic or ,aramais+ words1 expressions1 & grammatical =ms 7z 9 i4 #e1 #aj1 #ab1 #af1 viii4 #ah1 #bb1 x4 #ag1 #ba1 etc472 7#c7 neglect ( /rict accuracy 9 ! use ( ! ,hebrew t5ses 7z 9 viii4 #ad1 ix4 #c f41 xi4 #d f41 etc472 7#d7 ! borr[+ ( ar*aic expressions f anci5t s\rces 7z 9 viii4 #bf1 ix4 #b1 xi4 #aj1 #dj1 etc472 7#e7 ! use ( te*nical t]ms & p]iphrases common 9 ,jewi% apocalypses 7xi4 #f1 #ac1 #ce1 #dj1 etc474#ea #b4 ,^! views ( ! "* ( ! ,hebrew agree ) ^? ( previ\s s*ol>s4 ,b]?oldt & ,kirms decl>e t its "* diff]s toto g5]e f :at might h be5 expect$ _h ! ,book be5 g5u9e4 ,ges5ius says t ! language is ev5 m corrupt ?an t ( ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 & ,mala*i4 ,pr(essor ,driv] says ! ,p]sian words presuppose a p]iod aft] ! ,p]sian ,empire _h be5 well e/abli%$2 ! ,greek words dem&1 ! ,hebrew supports1 & ! ,aramaic p]mits a date aft] ! conque/ ( ,pale/9e by ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,de ,wette & ,ewald h po9t$ out ! lack ( ! old passionate spontaneity ( e>ly prophecy2 ! abs5ce ( ! num]\s & pr(\nd p>onomasi1 or plays on words1 :i* *>act]is$ ! burn+ oratory ( ! prophets2 & ! peculi>ities ( ! /yle--:i* is sometimes obscure & c>eless1 sometimes pomp\s1 it]ative1 & artificial4#eb #c4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 ?is ,book ! "n ( ! great ,babylonian conqu]or1 ) :om1 9 ! n>rative "p1 ,daniel is ?r[n into su* close connexion1 is inv>iably writt5 9 ! absolutely errone\s =m :i* 8 "n assum$ 9 lat] c5turies--,nebu*adnezz>4 ,a contempor>y1 famili> ) ! ,babylonian language1 c\ld n h be5 ignorant ( ! fact t ! only correct =m ( ! "n is ,nebu*adrezz>--i4e41 ,nebu-kudurri-utsur1 ,nebo protect ! ?rone4#ec #d4 ,b ! errone\s =m ,n$u*adnezz> is n ! only "o :i* entirely militates aga9/ ! notion ( a contempor>y writ]4 ,!re seem to be o!r mi/akes ab\t ,babylonian matt]s into :i* a p]son 9 ,daniel's position c\ld n h fall54 ,?us ! "n ,belte%azz> seems to be connect$ 9 ! writ]'s m9d ) ,bel1 ! fav\rite deity ( ,nebu*adrezz>2 b x c only mean ,balatu-utsur1 8 life protect1 :i* looks l a mutilation4 ,ab$-nego is an a/oni%+ly corrupt =m = ,ab$-nabu1 ! s]vant ( ,nebo4 ,hammelz>1 ,%adra*1 ,me%a*1 ,a%p5az1 are decl>$ by ,assyriologi/s to be out ( keep+ ) ,babylonian sci5ce4 ,9 ii4 #dh signn means a civil rul]2--does n imply ,ar*imagus1 z ! context seems to require1 b1 accord+ to ,l5ormant1 a high civil (fic]4 #e4 ,! ,aramaic ( ,daniel closely resembles t ( ,ezra4 ,nldeke calls x a ,pale/9ian or ,we/]n ,aramaic dialect1 lat] ?an t ( ! ,book ( ,ezra4#ed ,x is ( e>li] type ?an t ( ! ,t>gums ( ,jona?an & ,onkelos2 b t fact has v little be>+ on ! date ( ! ,book1 because ! diff]5ces are slight1 & ! resemblances manifold1 & ! ,t>gums did n appe> till aft] ! ,*ri/ian ,era1 nor assume _! pres5t %ape p]haps be=e ! f\r? c5tury4 ,fur!r1 rec5tly discov]$ inscriptions h %[n t _m ( ! =ms 9 :i* ! ,aramaic ( ,daniel diff]s f t ( ! ,t>gums 7 actually 9 use 9 neighb\r+ c\ntries d[n to ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4#ee #f4 ,two fur!r philological consid]ations be> on ! age ( ! ,book4 i4 ,"o ( ^! is ! exi/5ce ( no less ?an fifte5 ,p]sian words 7accord+ to ,nldeke & o!rs71 especially 9 ! ,aramaic "p4 ,^! words1 :i* w\ld n be surpris+ aft] ! complete e/abli%m5t ( ! ,p]sian ,empire1 are surpris+ 9 passages :i* describe ,babylonian in/itutions be=e ! conque/ ( ,cyrus4#ef ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made to acc\nt = ?is ph5om5on4 ,pr(essor ,full] attempts to %[1 b ) little success1 t "s ( !m may be ,semitic4#eg ,o!rs argue t !y are amply acc\nt$ = by ! ,p]sian trade :i*1 z may be se5 f ! ,records ( ! ,pa/1#eh exi/$ betwe5 ,p]sia & ,babylonia z e>ly z ! days ( ,bel%azz>4 ,to ?is x is repli$ t "s ( ! words are n ( a k9d :i* "o nation w\ld at once borr[ f ano!r1#ei & t no ,p]sian words h hi!rto be5 f\nd 9 ,assyrian or ,babylonian inscriptions prior to ! conque/ ( ,babylon by ,cyrus1 except ! "n ( ! god ,mi?ra4 ii4 ,b ! l+ui/ic evid5ce unfav\rable to ! g5u95ess ( ! ,book ( ,daniel is f> /rong] ?an ?is1 9 ! />tl+ fact t x conta9s at lea/ ?ree ,greek words4 ,aft] giv+ ! fulle/ consid]ation to all t has be5 urg$ 9 refutation ( ! conclusion1 ?is circum/ance has always be5 to me a /rong confirmation ( ! view t ! ,book ( ,daniel 9 its pres5t =m is n old] ?an ! days ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,^? ?ree ,greek words occur 9 ! li/ ( musical in/rum5ts m5tion$ 9 iii4 #e1 #g1 #aj1 #ae4 ,!y are3 1 ki?>os1 1 h>p2 1 psant]n1 1 psalt]y2#fj 1 smpnyh1 1 ,a4,v4 dulcim]1 b p]haps bagpipes4#fa ,be x rememb]$ t ^! musical in/rum5ts are describ$ z hav+ 7,b4,c4 #eej74 ,n[1 ?is is ! date at :i* ,pisi/ratus 0 tyrant at ,a!ns1 9 ! days ( ,py?agoras & ,polycrates1 be=e ,a!ns became a fix$ democracy4 ,x is j conceivable t 9 ^? days ! ,babylonians might h borr[$ f ,greece ! ^w ki?>is4#fb ,x is1 inde$1 supremely unlikely1 because ! h>p _h be5 kn[n 9 ! ,ea/ f ! e>lie/ days2 & x is at lea/ z probable t ,greece1 :i* at ?is "t 0 only beg9n+ to sit z a le>n] at ! feet ( ! immemorial ,ea/1 borr[$ ! idea ( ! in/rum5t f ,asia4 ,let x1 h[ev]1 be admitt$ t su* words z yayn1 w9e 771 lappid1 a tor* 771 & a few o!rs1 may indicate "s e>ly int]c\rse betwe5 ,greece & ! ,ea/1 & t "s comm]cial relations ( a rudim5t>y k9d 7 exi/5t ev5 9 prehi/oric days4#fc ,b :at are we to say ( ! two o!r words8 ,bo? are d]ivatives4 ,psalt]ion does n occur 9 ,greek be=e ,ari/otle 7d4 #cbb72 nor sumphonia be=e ,plato 7d4 #cdg74 ,9 relation to music1 & probably z ! "n ( a musical in/rum5t1 sumphonia is fir/ us$ by ,polybius 7xxvi4 #aj1 #e1 xxxi4 #d1 #h71 & 9 express connexion ) ! fe/ivities ( ! v k+ ) :om ! apocalyptic section ( ,daniel is ma9ly occupi$--,antio*us ,epiphanes4#fd ,! attempts ( ,pr(essor ,full] & o!rs to d]ive ^! words f ,semitic roots are a desp]ate res\rce1 & _c w9 ! ass5t ( a s+le tra9$ philologi/4 ,^! words1 says ,pr(essor ,driv]1 c\ld n h be5 us$ 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel1 unless x _h be5 writt5 aft] ! dissem9ation ( ,greek influ5ce 9 ,asia ?r\gh ! conque/ ( ,alex&] ! ,great4#fe #b4 ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,! ,,book ,! ,unity ( ! ,book ( ,daniel is n[ g5]ally admitt$4 ,no "o ?\ght ( que/ion+ x 9 days be=e ! dawn ( criticism1 b 9 #aggb ,ei*horn & ,corrodi d\bt$ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,book4 ,j4 ,d4 ,mi*aelis endeav\r$ to prove t x 0 a collection ( fugitive pieces1 consi/+ ( six hi/oric pictures1 foll[$ by f\r prophetic visions4#ff ,b]?oldt1 foll[$ ! errone\s t5d5cy ( criticism :i* f\nd a =emo/ expon5t 9 ,ewald1 & imag9$ ! possibility ( detect+ ! "w ( _m diff]5t h&s4 ,he divid$ ! ,book into fragm5ts by n9e diff]5t au?ors4#fg ,zckl]1 9 ,lange's ,bibelw]k1 p]suad$ himself t ! old or?odox views ( ,h5g/5b]g & ,aub]l5 7 "r2 b he c\ld only d ?is by sacrific+ ! au!nticity ( p>ts ( ! ,book1 & assum+ m ?an "o r$action4 ,?us he supposes t xi4 #e-ci are an int]polation by a writ] 9 ! days ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,simil>ly1 ,l5ormant admits int]polations 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ,book4 ,b to conc$e ?is is practically to give up ! ,book ( ,daniel z x n[ /&s4 ,! unity ( ! ,book ( ,daniel is /ill admitt$ or assum$ by mo/ critics4#fh ,x has only be5 rec5tly que/ion$ 9 two directions4 ,me9hold ?9ks t ! ,aramaic & hi/oric sections are old] ?an ! re/ ( ! ,book1 & 7 writt5 ab\t ,b4,c4 #cjj to conv]t ! ,g5tiles to mono!ism4#fi ,he argues t ! apocalyptic section 0 writt5 lat]1 & 0 subsequ5tly incorporat$ ) ! ,book4 ,a some:at simil> view is held by ,zckl]1#gj & "s h ?\ght t ,daniel c\ld nev] h writt5 ( himself 9 su* highly fav\rable t]ms z1 e4g41 9 ,dan4 vi4 #d4ga ,! fir/ *apt]1 :i* is ess5tial z an introduction to ! ,book1 & ! sev5?1 :i* is apocalyptic1 & is yet 9 ,aramaic1 create objections to ! acceptance ( ?is !ory4 ,fur!r1 x is impossible n to obs]ve a c]ta9 unity ( /yle & p>allelism ( treatm5t betwe5 ! two p>ts4 ,?us1 if ! prophetic section is ma9ly devot$ to ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 ! hi/oric section seems to h an allusive be>+ on 8 impi\s madness4 ,9 ii4 #aj1 #aa1 & vi4 #h1 we h descriptions ( d>+ ,pagan edicts1 :i* might be int5d$ to furni% a contra/ ) ! attempts ( ,antio*us to suppress ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,! fea/ ( ,bel%azz> may well be a ref]5ce to ! ,syrian despot's revelries at ,daphne4 ,aga91 9 ii4 #dc--:]e ! mixture ( iron & clay is expla9$ by !y %all m+le !mselves ) ! se$ ( m5--x seems f> f improbable t !re is a ref]5ce to ! unhappy int]m>riages ( ,ptolemies & ,seleucid4 ,b]5ice1 daught] ( ,ptolemy ,,ii4 7,philadelphus71 m>ri$ ,antio*us ,,ii4 7,!os71 & ?is is allud$ to 9 ! vision ( xi4 #f4 ,cleopatra1 daught] ( ,antio*us ,,iii4 7! ,great71 m>ri$ ,ptolemy ,v4 7,epiphanes71 :i* is allud$ to 9 xi4 #ag4gb ,! /yle seems to be /amp$ ?r\gh\t ) ! *>act]i/ics ( an individual m9d1 & ! mo/ cursory glance suffices to %[ t ! hi/oric & prophetic p>ts are unit$ by _m po9ts ( connexion & resemblance4 ,me9hold is q unsuccessful 9 ! attempt to prove a %>p contra/ ( views betwe5 ! sections4 ,! int]*ange ( p]sons--! ?ird p]son be+ ma9ly us$ 9 ! fir/ sev5 *apt]s1 & ! fir/ p]son 9 ! la/ five--may be p>tly due to ! f9al editor2 b 9 any case x may easily be p>allel$1 & is f\nd 9 o!r writ]s1 z 9 ,isaiah 7vii4 #c1 xx4 #b7 & ! ,book ( ,eno* 7xii474 ,b x may be said 9 g5]al t ! au!nticity ( ! ,book is n[ r>ely def5d$ by any compet5t critic1 except at ! co/ ( ab&on+ c]ta9 sections ( x z int]polat$ additions2 & z ,mr4 ,bevan some:at cau/ically rem>ks1 ! def5d]s ( ,daniel h1 dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 be5 employ$ *iefly 9 cutt+ ,daniel to pieces4#gc #c4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,tone ,,( ,,! ,,book ,! g5]al tone ( ! ,book m>ks a new era 9 ! education & progress ( ! ,jews4 ,! lessons ( ! ,exile uplift$ !m f a too n>r[ & absorb+ p>ticul>ism to a wid] int]e/ 9 ! de/9ies ( humanity4 ,!y 7 l$ to recognise t ,god has made ( "o e nation ( m5 = to dwell on all ! face ( ! e>?1 hav+ det]m9$ _! appo9t$ seasons1 & ! b\nds ( _! habitation2 t !y %\ld seek ,god1 if haply !y might feel aft] ,him1 & f9d ,him1 ?\gh ,he is n f> f ea* "o ( u4#gd ,! /&po9t ( ! ,book ( ,daniel is l>g] & m cosmopolitan 9 ?is respect ?an t ( e>li] prophecy4 ,israel _h begun to m+le m closely ) o!r nations1 & to be a %>] 9 _! de/9ies4 ,politically ! ,hebrew race no long] =m$ a small ?\gh indep5d5t k+dom1 b 0 r$uc$ to ! position ( an entirely insignificant sub-prov9ce 9 a mighty empire4 ,! ,messiah is no long] ! ,son ( ,david1 b ! ,son ( ,man2 no long] only ! ,k+ ( ,israel1 b ( ! _w4 ,mank9d--n only ! se$ ( ,jacob--fills ! field ( prophetic vision4 ,amid wid5+ horizons ( ?\ght ! ,jews turn$ _! eyes ^u a great pa/1 ri* 9 ev5ts1 & cr[d$ ) ! figures ( h]oes1 sa9ts1 & sages4 ,at ! same "t ! _w seem$ to be gr[+ old1 & its ev]-deep5+ wick$ness seem$ to call = "s f9al judgm5t4 ,we beg9 to trace 9 ! ,hebrew writ+s ! colossal conceptions1 ! mon/r\s imag]y1 ! d>+ conjectures1 ! m complex religi\s ideas1 ( an exotic fancy4#ge ,! giant =ms ( ,empires on _! way ,to ru91 dim & va/1 beg9 to fl+ _! weird & sombre %ad[s ov] ! page ( sacr$ hi/ory & prophetic anticipation4 #d4 ,,! ,,/yle ,,( ,,! ,,book ,! /yle ( ! ,book ( ,daniel is new1 & has v m>k$ *>act]i/ics1 indicat+ its late position 9 ! ,canon4 ,x is rhetorical r ?an poetic4 ,totum ,danielis librum1 says ,l[?1 e poet>um c5su excludo4#gf ,h[ widely does ! /yle diff] f ! rapt passion & gl[+ picturesqu5ess ( ,isaiah1 f ! elegiac t5d]ness ( ,j]emiah1 f ! lyrical sweetness ( _m ( ! ,psalms6 ,h[ v little does x correspond to ! ?ree great requirem5ts ( poetry1 t x %\ld be1 z ,milton s f9ely said1 simple1 s5su\s1 passionate6 ,a c]ta9 artificiality ( diction1 a s\nd+ oratorical /atel9ess1 enhanc$ by dignifi$ p]iphrases & leisurely repetitions1 mu/ /rike ! mo/ casual read]2 & ?is is sometimes c>ri$ s f> z to make ! movem5t ( ! n>rative heavy & pomp\s4#gg ,?is peculi>ity is n f\nd to ! same ext5t 9 any o!r book ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,canon1 b x recurs 9 ! ,jewi% writ+s ( a lat] age4 ,f ! apocryphal books1 = in/ance1 ! poetical elem5t is ) trifl+ exceptions1 su* z ! ,song ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr51 entirely abs5t1 :ile ! ta/e = rhetorical ornam5tation1 set spee*es1 & dignifi$ elaborat5ess is f\nd 9 _m ( !m4 ,?is evanesc5ce ( ! poetic & impassion$ elem5t sep>ates ,daniel f ! ,prophets1 & m>ks ! place ( ! ,book among ! ,hagiographa1 :]e x 0 plac$ by ! ,jews !mselves4 ,9 all ! great ,hebrew se]s we f9d some?+ ( ! ec/atic transport1 ! fire %ut up )9 ! bones & break+ =? f ! volcanic he>t1 ! burn+ lips t\*$ by ! h&s ( s]aphim ) a liv+ coal f (f ! alt>4 ,! ^w = prophet 7nab1 ,vates7 implies an inspir$ s+] r ?an a soo?say] or se] 7roeh1 *ozeh74 ,x is appli$ to ,deborah & ,miriam#gh because !y p\r$ =? f exultant he>ts ! pan ( victory4 ,h5ce arose ! close connexion betwe5 music & poetry4#gi ,eli%a requir$ ! pres5ce ( a m9/rel to soo! ! agitation ( a he>t ?r[n into tumult by ! ne> pres5ce ( a reveal+ ,p[]4#hj ,j z ! ,greek ^w 1 f 1 implies a sort ( madness1 & recalls ! foam+ lip & /ream+ hair ( ! _s-dilat$ mess5g]1 s ! ,hebrew v]b naba meant1 n only to proclaim ,god's oracles1 b to be inspir$ by ,8 possession z ) a ,div9e fr5zy4#ha ,madman seem$ a natural t]m to apply to ! mess5g] ( ,eli%a4#hb ,x is easy !re=e to see :y ! ,book ( ,daniel 0 n plac$ among ! prophetic rolls4 ,?is v]a passio1 ?is ec/atic elevation ( ?\ght & feel+1 are :olly want+ 9 ?is e>lie/ attempt at a philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,we trace 9 x none ( t bla/+ ) excess ( light1 none ( t %udd]+ s5se ( be+ uplift$ out ( self1 :i* m>ks ! high] & e>li] =ms ( prophetic inspiration4 ,daniel is address$ ?r\gh ! less exalt$ m$ium ( visions1 & 9 8 visions !re is less ( ! faculty ,div9e4 ,! in/9ct--if in/9ct x 7 & n k ( ! real orig9 ( ! ,book--:i* l$ ! ,m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue to place ?is ,book among ! ,ketubhm1 n among ! ,prophets1 0 wise & sure4#hc #e4 ,,! ,,/&po9t ,,( ,,! ,,au?or ,9 ,daniel ffnet si* e9e ganz neue ,welt4--,,ei*horn1 ,e9leit41 iv4 #dgb4 ,! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,daniel seems naturally to place himself on a level l[] ?an t ( ! prophets :o _h gone be=e him4 ,he does n c\nt himself among ! prophets2 on ! contr>y1 he puts !m f> high] ?an himself1 & ref]s to !m z ?\gh !y belong$ to ! dim & di/ant pa/ 7ix4 #b1 #f74 ,9 8 pray] ( p5it5ce he confesses1 ,nei!r h we he>k5$ unto ?y s]vants ! prophets1 :i* spake 9 ,?y ,"n to our k+s1 our pr9ces1 & our fa!rs2 ,nei!r h we obey$ ! voice ( ! ,"l our ,god1 to walk 9 ,8 laws1 :i* ,he set be=e u by ,8 s]vants ! prophets4 ,n once does he use ! mighty =mula ,?us sai? ,jehovah--n once does he assume1 9 ! prophecies1 a tone ( high p]sonal au?ority4 ,he %>es ! view ( ! ,maccabean age t prophecy is dead4#hd ,9 ,dan4 ix4 #b we f9d yet ano!r decisive indication ( ! late age ( ?is writ+4 ,he tells u t he und]/ood by books 7m correctly1 z 9 ! ,a4,v41 by ! books#he7 ! numb] ( ! ye>s :]e( ! ^w ( ! ,"l came to ,j]emiah ! prophet4 ,! writ] "h repres5ts himself z a humble /ud5t ( previ\s prophets1 & ?is necess>ily m>ks a position ( less fre%ness & indep5d5ce4 ,to ! old prophets1 says ,bi%op ,we/cott1 ,daniel /&s 9 "s s5se z a comm5tator4 ,no d\bt ! possession ( ^? liv+ oracles 0 an imm5se bless+1 a ri* inh]itance2 b x involv$ a dang]4 ,tru?s e/abli%$ by writ+s & traditions1 safe-gu>d$ by s*ools & in/itutions1 are too apt to come to m5 only z a p[] f )\t1 & less z a hidd5 & inly burn+ flame4#hf ,by ! books c h>dly be meant any?+ b "s approa* to a def9ite ,canon4 ,if s1 ! ,book ( ,daniel 9 its pres5t =m c only h be5 writt5 subsequ5tly to ! days ( ,ezra4 ,! acc\nt :i* assigns a collection ( books to ,nehemiah 7#b ,macc4 ii4 #ac71 says ,bi%op ,we/cott1 is 9 itself a confirmation ( ! g5]al tru? ( ! gradual =mation ( ! ,canon dur+ ! ,p]sian p]iod4 ,! v>i\s classes ( books 7 complet$ 9 succession2 & ?is view h>monises ) :at mu/ h be5 ! natural developm5t ( ! ,jewi% fai? aft] ! ,return4 ,! p]secution ( ,antio*us 7,b4,c4 #afh7 0 = ! ,old ,te/am5t :at ! p]secution ( ,diocletian 0 = ! ,new--! f9al crisis :i* /amp$ ! sacr$ writ+s ) _! peculi> "*4 ,! k+ s\ght out ! ,books ( ! ,law 7#a ,macc4 i4 #ef7 & burnt !m2 & ! possession ( a ',book ( ! ,cov5ant' 0 a capital crime4 ,accord+ to ! common tradition1 ! proscription ( ! ,law l$ to ! public use ( ! writ+s ( ! prophets4#hg 99 99 99 99 99 ,! :ole me?od ( ,daniel diff]s ev5 f t ( ! lat] & inf]ior prophets ( ! ,exile--,haggai1 ,mala*i1 & ! second ,ze*>iah4 ,! ,book is r an apocalypse ?an a prophecy3 ! eye & n ! e> is ! organ to :i* ! *ief appeal is made4 ,?\gh symbolism 9 ! =m ( visions is n unkn[n to ,ezekiel & ,ze*>iah1 yet ^? prophets are f> f be+ apocalyptic 9 "*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! grotesque & gigantic emblems ( ,daniel--^! animal comb9ations1 ^! int]v5tions ( dazzl+ angels :o float 9 ! air or ov] ! wat]1 ^! descriptions ( hi/orical ev5ts "u ! veil ( mat]ial types se5 9 dreams--are a frequ5t ph5om5on 9 su* late apocryphal writ+s z ! ,second ,book ( ,esdras1 ! ,book ( ,eno*1 & ! pr-,*ri/ian ,sibyll9e oracles1 9 :i* talk+ lions & eagles1 etc41 are frequ5t4 ,inde$1 ?is /yle ( symbolism orig9at$ among ! ,jews f _! contact ) ! grav5 my/]ies & colossal images ( ,babylonian wor%ip4 ,! ,babylonian ,exile =m$ an epo* 9 ! intellectual developm5t ( ,israel fully z important z ! soj\rn 9 ,egypt4 ,x 0 a /age 9 _! moral & religi\s education4 ,x 0 ! psy*ological prep>ation requisite = ! m\ld+ ( ! la/ phase ( revelation--t apocalyptic =m :i* succe$s to !ophany & prophecy1 & embodies ! f9al results ( national religi\s inspiration4 ,t ! apocalyptic me?od ( deal+ ) hi/ory 9 a religi\s & an imag9ative mann] naturally arises t[>ds ! close ( any great cycle ( special revelation is illu/rat$ by ! flood ( apocalypses :i* ov]fl[$ ! e>ly lit]ature ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,b ! ,jews cle>ly saw t1 z a rule1 an apocalypse is inh]5tly inf]ior to a prophecy1 ev5 :5 x is made ! vehicle ( g5u9e pr$iction4 ,9 e/imat+ ! grades ( inspiration ! ,jews plac$ highe/ ! inw>d illum9ation ( ! ,_s1 ! ,reason1 & ! ,und]/&+2 next to ?is !y plac$ dreams & visions2 & l[e/ ( all !y plac$ ! accid5tal auguries d]iv$ f ! ,ba? ,ql4 ,an apocalypse may be ( priceless value1 l ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john2 x may1 l ! ,book ( ,daniel1 ab\nd 9 ! noble/ & mo/ ?rill+ lessons2 b 9 intr9sic dignity & wor? x is always plac$ by ! in/9ct & consci5ce ( mank9d on a l[] grade ?an su* outp\r+s ( ,div9e tea*+s z brea! & burn ?r\gh ! pages ( a ,david & an ,isaiah4 #f4 ,,! ,,moral ,,elem5t ,la/ly1 among ^! sali5t ph5om5a ( ! ,book ( ,daniel we are compell$ to notice ! abs5ce ( ! pr$om9antly moral elem5t f its prophetic portion4 ,! au?or does n write 9 ! tone ( a prea*] ( rep5tance1 or ( "o ^: imm$iate object x is to ameliorate ! moral & spiritual condition ( 8 p4 ,8 aims 7 diff]5t4#hh ,! old] prophets 7 ! m9i/]s ( disp5sations betwe5 ! ,law & ! ,gospel4 ,!y 71 9 ! beautiful language ( ,h]d]1-- ,die ,sait5spiel 9 ,gottes m*tig5 ,hnd54 ,doctr9e1 wor%ip1 & consolation 7 _! prop] sph]e4 ,!y 7 oratores ,legis1 advocati patri4 ,9 !m pr$iction is :olly subord9ate to moral w>n+ & in/ruction4 ,!y d5\nce1 !y inspire3 !y smite to ! du/ ) t]rible invective2 !y uplift once m into gl[+ hope4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ev5ts yet future is ! smalle/ "p ( ! prophet's (fice1 & r its sign ?an its sub/ance4 ,! highe/ mission ( an ,amos or an ,isaiah is n to be a progno/icator1 b to be a religi\s tea*]4 ,he makes 8 appeals to ! consci5ce1 n to ! imag9ation--to ! _s1 n to ! s5se4 ,he deals ) et]nal pr9ciples1 & is almo/ :olly indiff]5t to *ronological v]ifications4 ,to awak5 ! dea?-l slumb] ( s91 to fan ! dy+ emb]s ( fai?fulness1 to smite d[n ! selfi% oppressions ( weal? & p[]1 to />tle ! s5sual apa?y ( gre$1 7 ! ord9>y & ! noble/ aims ( ! great] & ! m9or prophets4 ,x 0 _! task f> r to =?-tell ?an to =e-tell2 & if !y ann\nce1 9 g5]al outl9e & unc]ta9 p]spective1 ?+s :i* %all be h]eaft]1 x is only 9 subord9ation to high e?ical purposes1 or pr(\nd spiritual lessons4 ,s x is also 9 ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john4 ,b 9 ! prophetic "p ( ,daniel x is difficult = ! ke5e/ imag9ation to disc]n any deep moral1 or any special doctr9al significance1 9 all ! details ( ! obscure w>s & petty diplomacy ( ! k+s ( ! ,nor? & ,s\?4 ,9 po9t ( fact ! ,book ( ,daniel1 ev5 z an apocalypse1 suff]s sev]ely by comp>ison ) t late/ canonical ,apocalypse ( ! ,belov$ ,disciple :i* x l>gely influ5c$4 ,x is /range t ,lu!r1 :o spoke s slight+ly ( ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john1 %\ld h plac$ ! ,book ( ,daniel s high 9 8 e/imation4 ,x is inde$ a noble book1 full ( glori\s lessons4 ,yet surely x has b little ( ! sublime & my/]i\s beauty1 little ( ! he>t-%ak+ pa?os1 little ( ! t5d] sweetness ( consolatory p[]1 :i* fill ! clos+ book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,its imag]y is f> less exalt$1 its hope ( immortality f> less di/9ct & unqu5*able4 ,yet ! ,book ( ,daniel1 :ile x is "o ( ! e>lie/1 /ill rema9s "o ( ! greate/ specim5s ( ?is =m ( sacr$ lit]ature4 ,x inaugurat$ ! new epo* ( apocalyptic :i* 9 lat] days 0 usually pseudepigraphic1 & %elt]$ itself "u ! names ( ,eno*1 ,noah1 ,moses1 ,ezra1 & ev5 ! hea!n ,sibyls4 ,^! apocalypses are ( v unequal value4 ,"s1 z ,ku55 says1 /& comp>atively high2 o!rs are f> bel[ m$iocrity4 ,b ! g5us to :i* !y belong has its own peculi> defect4 ,!y are works ( art3 !y are n spontane\s2 !y smell ( ! lamp4 ,a fruitless & an unpractical pe]+ into ! future 0 enc\rag$ by ^! writ+s1 & became pr$om9ant 9 "s ,jewi% circles4 ,b ! ,book ( ,daniel is incomp>ably sup]ior 9 e possible respect to ,b>u*1 or ! ,book ( ,eno*1 or ! ,second ,book ( ,esdras2 & if we place x = a mom5t by ! side ( su* books z ^? conta9$ 9 ! ,codex ,pseudepigraphus ( ,fabricius1 its high wor? & ,canonical au?ority are v9dicat$ ) extraord9>y =ce4 ,h[ l(ty & endur+ are ! lessons to be le>nt alike f its hi/oric & pr$ictive sections we %all h abundant opportunities ( see+ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,s f> f und]valu+ its tea*+1 ,i h always be5 /rongly drawn to ?is ,book ( ,scripture4 ,x has nev] made ! lea/ diff]5ce 9 my rev]5t acceptance ( x t ,i h1 = _m ye>s1 be5 conv9c$ t x _c be reg>d$ z lit]al hi/ory or anci5t pr$iction4 ,read+ x z "o ( ! noble/ specim5s ( ! ,jewi% ,haggada or moral ,e?opia1 ,i f9d x full ( in/ruction 9 righte\sness1 & ri* 9 examples ( life4 ,t ,daniel 0 a real p]son1 t he liv$ 9 ! days ( ! ,exile1 & t 8 life 0 di/+ui%$ by ! spl5d\r ( its fai?fulness ,i hold to be entirely possible4 ,:5 we reg>d ! /ories "h relat$ ( him z moral leg5ds1 possibly bas$ on a gr\ndwork ( real tradition1 we read ! ,book ) a full s5se ( its value1 & feel ! p[] ( ! lessons :i* x 0 design$ to tea*1 )\t be+ p]plex$ by its app>5t improbabilities1 or worri$ by its imm5se hi/oric & o!r difficulties4 ,! ,book is 9 all respects unique1 a writ+ sui g5]is2 = ! _m imitations to :i* x l$ are b imitations4 ,b1 z ! ,jewi% writ] ,dr4 ,jol truly says1 ! unveil+ ( ! secret z to ! real lat5ess ( its date & orig91 s f> f caus+ any loss 9 its beauty & int]e/1 enhance bo? 9 a rem>kable degree4 ,x is ?us se5 to be ! "w ( a brave & gift$ anonym\s au?or ab\t ,b4,c4 #afg1 :o br\ght 8 piety & 8 patriotism to be> on ! tr\bl$ =tunes ( 8 p at an epo* 9 :i* su* piety & patriotism 7 ( priceless value4 ,we h 9 its lat] sections no voice ( enigmatic pr$iction1 =etell+ ! m9ute/ complications ( a di/ant secul> future1 b ma9ly ! review ( contempor>y ev5ts by a wise & an e>ne/ writ] ^: fai? & hope rema9$ unqu5*able 9 ! deepe/ night ( p]secution & apo/asy4#hi ,_m passages ( ! ,book are d>k1 & w rema9 d>k1 ow+ p>tly p]haps to corruptions & unc]ta9ties ( ! text1 & p>tly to imitation ( a /yle :i* _h become ar*aic1 z well z to ! peculi>ities ( ! apocalyptic =m4 ,b ! g5]al idea ( ! ,book has n[ be5 ?or\ghly elucidat$1 & ! int]pretation ( x 9 ! foll[+ pages is accept$ by ! great majority ( e>ne/ & fai?ful /ud5ts ( ! ,scriptures4 ,,footnotes3 #ce ,krani*feld1 ,das ,bu* ,daniel1 p4 #d4 #cf ,see ,ezra iv4 #g1 vi4 #ah1 vii4 #ab-bf4 #cg ,! t]m ',*aldee' = ! ,aramaic ( ei!r ! ,bible or ! ,t>gums is a misnom]1 ! use ( :i* is only a s\rce ( confusion 7,driv]1 p4 #dga74 ,a s+le v]se ( ,j]emiah 7x4 #aa7 is 9 ,aramaic3 ,?us %all ye say unto !m1 ,! gods :o made n heav5 & e>? %all p]i% f ! e>? & f "u heav54 ,p]haps ,j]emiah gave ! v]se to ! ,jews z an answ] to ! hea!n among :om !y 7 7,pusey1 p4 #aa74 #ch 2 ,,lxx41 --i4e41 9 ,aramaic4 ,! ^w may be a gloss1 z x is 9 ,ezra iv4 #g 7,l5ormant74 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,kamphaus51 p4 #ad4 ,we _c "h ent] into m9or po9ts1 su* z t 9 ii4-vi4 we h = see1 & 9 vii4 #b1 #c1 2 :i* ,me9hold takes to prove t ! hi/oric section is e>li] ?an ! prophetic4 #ci ,driv]1 p4 #dga2 ,nldeke1 ,enc4 ,brit41 xxi4 #fdg2 ,wright1 ,gramm>1 p4 #af4 ,ad4 ,m]x has a treatise on ,cur 9 lib4 ,dan4 juxta ,hebr4 ,aramaica sit adhibita dialectus1 #ahfe2 b 8 solution1 ,scriptorem omnia qu rudioribus vulgi +5iis apta vid]5tur ,aramaice prposuisse is :olly unt5able4 #dj ,aub]l51 ,dan41 pp4 #bh1 #bi 7,e4 ,tr474 #da ,e9leit41 #chc4 #db ,*eyne1 ,enc4 ,brit41 s4v4 ,daniel4 #dc 4 ,see #b ,esdras xiv4 #bb-dh3 ,9 =ty days !y wrote two hundr$ & f\r books4 #dd ,baba-,ba?ra1 f4 #ae1 #f3 comp4 ,sanh$r91 f4 #hc1 #f4 #de ,yaddayim1 iv42 ,mi%41 #e4 #df ,see ,rau1 ,de ,synag4 ,magna41 ii4 #ff ff42 ,ku551 ,ov] de ,mann5 d] ,groote ,synagoge1 #ahgf2 ,ewald1 ,hi/4 ( ,israel1 v4 #afh-agj 7,e4 ,tr472 ,we/cott1 s4v4 ,canon 7,smi?'s ,dict41 i4 #ejj74 #dg ,yaddayim1 iii42 ,mi%41 #e2 ,h]%on1 ,treasures ( ! ,talmud1 pp4 #da-dc4 #dh ,h]%on 7l4c47 ref]s to ,%abba?1 f4 #ad1 #a4 #di ,h]zog1 l4c42 s too ,knig1 ,e9leit41 #chg3 ,das ,hebr4 d] ,b4 ,dan4 i/ ni*t blos na*exilis* sond]n au* na**roni/is*4 ,he in/ances ribbo 7,dan4 xi4 #ab7 = rebaba1 myriads 7,ezek4 xvi4 #g72 & tamd1 ! daily burnt (f]+ 7,dan4 viii4 #aa71 z po/-,biblical ,hebrew = 'ola? hatamd 7,neh4 x4 #cd71 etc4 ,m>goli\? 7,expositor1 ,april #ahij7 ?9ks t ! ,hebrew proves a date be=e ,b4,c4 #afh3 on :i* view see ,driv]1 p1 #dhc4 #ej ,lit4 ( ,old ,te/41 pp4 #dgc-dgf4 #ea ,das ,bu* ,dan41 iii4 #eb ,see ,glassius1 ,philol4 ,sacr41 p4 #ica2 ,ewald1 ,die ,proph4 d4 ,a4 ,bundes1 i4 #dh2 ,de ,wette1 ,e9leit41 #cdg4 #ec ,ezekiel always uses ! correct =m 7xxvi4 #g1 xxix4 #ah1 xxx4 #aj74 ,j]emiah uses ! correct =m except 9 passages :i* prop]ly belong to ! ,book ( ,k+s4 #ed ,nldeke1 ,semit4 ,spr41 p4 #cj2 ,driv]1 p4 #dgb2 ,knig1 p4 #chg4 #ee ,driv]1 p4 #dgb1 & ! au?orities !re quot$2 z aga9/ ,mc,gill & ,pusey 7,daniel1 pp4 #de ff41 #fjb ff474 ,dr4 ,pusey's is ! fulle/ rep]tory ( argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! au!nticity ( ,daniel1 _m ( :i* h become m & m obvi\sly unt5able z criticism advances4 ,b he & ,keil add little or no?+ to :at _h be5 +5i\sly elaborat$ by ,h5g/5b]g & ,hv]nick4 ,= a sket* ( ! peculi>ities 9 ! ,aramaic see ,behrmann1 ,daniel1 v4-x4 ,r5an 7,hi/4 ,gn4 des ,langues ,sm41 p4 #bai7 exagg]ates :5 he says1 ,la langue des p>ties *aldnnes e/ beauc\p plus basse que celle des fragm5ts *aldens du ,livre d',esdras1 et s'incl9e beauc\p v]s la langue du ,talmud4 #ef ,me9hold1 ,beitrge1 pp4 #cj-cb2 ,driv]1 p4 #dgj4 #eg ,speak]'s ,comm5t>y1 vi4 #bdf-bej4 #eh ,new ,s]ies1 iii4 #abd4 #ei ,e4g41 1 limb2 1 secret2 1 message4 ,!re are no ,p]sian words 9 ,ezekiel1 ,haggai1 ,ze*>iah1 or ,mala*i2 !y are f\nd 9 ,ezra & ,e/h]1 :i* 7 writt5 long aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,p]sian ,empire4 #fj ,! *ange ( n = l is n uncommon3 comp4 1 1 etc4 #fa ,! ^w 1 ,sab'ka1 also be>s a suspici\s resemblance to 1 b ,a!nu says 7,deipnos41 iv4 #agc7 t ! in/rum5t 0 inv5t$ by ! ,syrians4 ,"s h se5 9 krz 7iii4 #d1 h]ald7 ! ,greek 1 & 9 hamnk1 *a91 ! ,greek 3 b ^! _c be press$4 #fb ,x is true t !re 0 "s small int]c\rse betwe5 ev5 ! ,assyrians & ,ionians 7,ja-am-na-a7 z f> back z ! days ( ,s>gon 7,b4,c4 #gbb-gje72 b n en\gh to acc\nt = su* words4 #fc ,sayce1 ,contemp4 ,rev41 ,decemb] #ahgh4 #fd ,"s argue t 9 ?is passage means a conc]t 7comp4 ,luke xv4 #be72 b ,polybius m5tions x ) a horn 774 ,behrmann 7p4 ix7 connects x ) 1 & makes x mean a pipe4 #fe ,pusey says all he c on ! o!r side 7pp4 #bc-bh71 & has n *ang$ ! op9ion ( s*ol>s 7pp4 #bg-cc74 ,fabre d',envieu 7i4 #aja7 also desp]ately d5ies ! exi/5ce ( any ,greek words4 ,on ! o!r side see ,d]5b\rg1 ,les ,mots grecs dans le ,livre biblique de ,daniel 7,mlanges ,graux1 #ahhd74 #ff ,ori5t4 u4 ,exeg4 ,biblio!k1 #aggb1 p4 #ada4 ,?is view 0 reviv$ by ,lag>de 9 ! ,gtt+5 ,gel4 ,anzeig51 #ahia4 #fg ,daniel neu b]setz4 u4 ,erklrt41 #ahjh2 ,khl]1 ,lehrbu*1 ii4 #egg4 ,! fir/ :o suspect$ ! unity ( ! ,book because ( ! two languages 0 ,sp9oza 7,tract-hi/oricopol1 x4 #acj ff474 ,newton 7,obs]vations ^u ! ,prophecies ( ,daniel & ! ,apocalypse1 i4 #aj7 & ,beausobre 7,rem>ques sur le ,n\v4 ,te/41 i4 #gj7 %>$ ! d\bt because ( ! use ( ! fir/ p]son 9 ! prophetic 7,dan4 vii4-xii47 & ! ?ird 9 ! hi/oric section 7,dan4 i4-vi474 ,mi*aelis1 ,b]?oldt1 & ,reuss consid]$ t its orig9 0 fragm5t>y2 & ,lag>de 7:o dat$ ! sev5? *apt] ,a4,d4 #fi7 calls x a bundle ( flyleaves4 ,me9hold & ,/rack1 l ,ei*horn1 reg>d ! hi/oric section z old] ?an ! prophetic2 & ,cornill ?9ks t ! ,book 0 put toge!r 9 great ha/e4 ,simil>ly1 ,graf 7,d] ,prophet ,j]emia7 reg>ds ! ,aramaic v]se1 ,j]4 x4 #aa1 z a m>g9al gloss4 ,lag>de argues1 f ! sil5ce ( ,josephus ab\t _m po9ts1 t he c\ld n h _h ! pres5t ,book ( ,daniel be=e him 7e4g41 ,dan4 vii4 or ix4-xii472 b ! argum5t is unsafe4 ,josephus seems to h und]/ood ! ,f\r? ,empire to be ! ,roman1 & did n v5ture to write ( its de/ruction4 ,= ?is reason he does n expla9 ! /one ( ,dan4 ii4 #de4 #fh ,by ,de ,wette1 ,s*rad]1 ,hitzig1 ,ewald1 ,ges5ius1 ,bleek1 ,delitzs*1 ,von ,l5g]ke1 ,/hel91 ,kamphaus51 ,wellhaus51 etc4 ,reuss1 h[ev]1 says 7,heil4 ,s*rift41 p4 #ege71 ,man knnte auf die ,vor/ellung komm5 das ,bu* habe mehr als e95 ,v]fass]2 & ,knig ?9ks t ! orig9al =m ( ! book may h end$ ) *ap4 vii4 7,e9leit41 #chd74 #fi ,beitrge1 #ahhh4 ,see too ,krani*feld1 ,das ,bu* ,daniel1 p4 #d4 ,! view is refut$ by ,budde1 ,!ol4 ,lit4 ,zeitung1 #ahhh1 ,no4 #bf4 ,! conjecture has (t5 occurr$ to critics4 ,?us ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 believ+ t ,daniel wrote ! la/ six *apt]s1 ?\ght t ! six fir/ are a collection ( hi/orical pap]s writt5 by o!rs 7,obs]vations1 i4 #aj74 #gj ,e9leit41 p4 #f4 #ga ,o!r critics :o incl9e to "o or o!r modification ( ?is view ( ! two ,daniels are ,?oluck1 d4 ,a4,t4 9 ,n4,t41 #ahgb2 ,c4 v4 ,orelli1 ,altte/4 ,weissag41 #ahhb2 & ,/rack4 #gb ,h5g/5b]g also po9ts to v]bal resemblances betwe5 ii4 #dd & vii4 #ad2 iv4 #e & vii4 #a2 ii4 #ca & vii4 #b2 ii4 #ch & vii4 #ag1 etc4 7,g5u95ess ( ,daniel1 ,e4 ,tr41 pp4 #ahf ff474 #gc ,a ,%ort ,comm5t>y1 p4 #h4 #gd ,acts xvii4 #bf1 #bg4 #ge ,see ,hitzig1 p4 xii2 ,aub]l51 p4 #da4 #gf ,reuss says too sev]ely1 ,die ,s*ild]ung5 all] dies] ,vorgnge ma*5 ke95 gew9n5d5 ,e9druck4444 ,d] ,/il i/ unbeholf51 die ,figur5 grotesk1 die ,f>b5 grell4 ,he admits1 h[ev]1 ! suitabl5ess ( ! ,book = ! ,maccabean epo*1 & ! deep impression x made 7,heil4 ,s*rift4 ,a4 ,t41 p4 #ega74 #gg ,see iii4 #b1 #c1 #e1 #g2 viii4 #a1 #aj1 #ai2 xi4 #ae1 #bb1 #ca1 etc4 #gh ,exod4 xv4 #bj2 ,judg4 iv4 #d4 #gi #a ,sam4 x4 #e2 #a ,*ron4 xxv4 #a1 #b1 #c4 #hj #b ,k+s iii4 #ae4 #ha ,j]4 xxix4 #bf2 #a ,sam4 xviii4 #aj1 xix4 #ba-bd4 #hb #b ,k+s ix4 #aa4 ,see ,expositor's ,bible1 ,second ,book ( ,k+s1 p4 #aac4 #hc ,on ?is subject see ,ewald1 ,proph4 d4 ,a4 ,bundes1 i4 #f2 ,novalis1 ,s*rift51 ii4 #dgb2 ,h]d]1 ,gei/ d] ,ebr4 ,poesie1 ii4 #fa2 ,knobel1 ,prophetismus1 i4 #ajc4 ,ev5 ! ,lat9 poets 7 call$ prophet1 b>ds 7,v>ro1 ,de ,l+4 ,lat41 vi4 #c74 ,epim5ides is call$ a prophet 9 ,tit4 i4 #ab4 ,see ,plato1 ,tim41 #gb1 ,a42 ,phdr41 #bfb1 ,d42 ,p9d41 ,fr41 #aah2 & comp4 ,eph4 iii4 #e1 iv4 #aa4 #hd ,dan4 ix4 #f1 #aj4 ,s consci\s 0 ! ,maccabean age ( ! abs5ce ( prophets1 t1 j z aft] ! ,captivity a "q is po/pon$ till !re %\ld arise a prie/ ) ! ,urim & ,?umm91 s ,judas po/pon$ ! decision ab\t ! /ones ( ! desecrat$ alt> until !re %\ld come a prophet to %[ :at %\ld be done ) !m 7#a ,macc4 iv4 #de1 #df1 ix4 #bg1 xiv4 #da74 ,comp4 ,song ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr51 #ae2 ,psalm lxxiv4 #i2 ,sota1 f4 #dh1 #b4 ,see infra1 ,introd41 *ap4 viii4 #he ,dan4 ix4 #b1 hasseph>m1 4 #hf ,ewald1 ,proph4 d4 ,a4 ,b41 p4 #aj4 ,judas ,maccabu is also said to h re/or$ 77 ! lo/ 77 sacr$ writ+s 7#b ,macc4 ii4 #ad74 #hg ,smi?'s ,dict4 ( ! ,bible1 i4 #eja4 ,! daily lesson f ! ,prophets 0 call$ ! ,hapht>ah 7,hamburg]1 ,real-,encycl41 ii4 #ccd74 #hh ,on ?is subject see ,ku551 ,! ,prophets1 iii4 #ie ff42 ,davison1 ,on ,prophecy1 pp4 #cd-fg2 ,h]d]1 ,hebr4 ,poesie1 ii4 #fd2 ,de ,wette1 ,*ri/l4 ,sitt5lehre1 ii4 #a4 #hi ,jol1 ,notiz51 p4 #g4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,peculi>ities ,,( ,,! ,,hi/oric ,,section ,no "o c h /udi$ ! ,book ( ,daniel )\t see+ t1 alike 9 ! "* ( its miracles & ! m9ut5ess ( its suppos$ pr$ictions1 x makes a m /up5d\s & a less sub/antiat$ claim ^u our cr$5ce ?an any o!r book ( ! ,bible1 & a claim :olly diff]5t 9 "*4 ,x has ov] & ov] aga9 be5 ass]t$ by ! un*>itabl5ess ( a m]ely traditional or?odoxy t inability to accept ! hi/oric v]ity & g5u95ess ( ! ,book arises f secret fai?lessness1 & antagonism to ! admission ( ! sup]natural4 ,no compet5t s*ol> w ?9k x ne$ful to refute su* calumnies4 ,x suffices u to "k be=e ,god t we are actuat$ simply by ! love ( tru?1 by ! abhorr5ce ( any?+ :i* 9 u w\ld be a pusillanim\s _s ( falsity4 ,we h too deep a belief 9 ! ,god ( ! ,am51 ! ,god ( et]nal & ess5tial v]ity1 to (f] to ,him ! unclean sacrifice ( a lie4 ,an error is n sublimat$ into a tru? ev5 :5 t lie has acquir$ a quasi-consecration1 f its suppos$ desirability = purposes ( or?odox controv]sy1 or f its innoc5t acceptance by g5]ations ( ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,*ur*m5 ?r\gh long ages ( uncritical ignorance4 ,s*ol>s1 if !y be ,*ri/ians at all1 c h no possible a-priori objection to belief 9 ! sup]natural4 ,if !y believe1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,inc>nation ( our ,"l & ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/1 !y believe 9 ! mo/ my/]i\s & unsurpassable ( all miracles1 & beside t miracle all m9or que/ions ( ,god's p[] or will+ness to manife/ ,8 imm$iate int]v5tion 9 ! affairs ( m5 s9k at once into absolute insignificance4 ,b our belief 9 ! ,inc>nation1 & 9 ! miracles ( ,*ri/1 re/s on evid5ce :i*1 aft] repeat$ exam9ation1 is to u ov]:elm+4 ,ap>t f all que/ions ( p]sonal v]ification1 or ! ,inw>d ,witness ( ! ,_s1 we c %[ t ?is evid5ce is support$1 n only by ! exi/+ records1 b by myriads ( ext]nal & indep5d5t te/imonies4 ,! v same ,_s :i* makes m5 believe :]e ! demon/ration is decisive1 compels !m to refuse belief to ! lit]al v]ity ( unique miracles & unique pr$ictions :i* come be=e !m )\t any conv9c+ evid5ce4 ,! n>ratives & visions ( ?is ,book pres5t difficulties on e page4 ,!y 7 9 all probability nev] int5d$ = any?+ b :at !y are--,haggado?1 :i*1 l ! p>ables ( ,*ri/1 convey _! own lessons )\t dep5d+ on ! necessity = accordance ) hi/oric fact4 ,_h x be5 any "p ( ! ,div9e w t we %\ld accept ^! /ories z pure hi/ory1 & ^! visions z pr$ictions ( ev5ts :i* 7 n to take place till c5turies aft]w>ds1 we %\ld h be5 provid$ ) "s aids to su* belief4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 :atev] light we exam9e ! ,book ( ,daniel1 ! evid5ce 9 its fav\r is weak1 dubi\s1 hypo!tical1 & a priori2 :ile ! evid5ce aga9/ x acquires increas$ int5sity ) e fre% aspect 9 :i* x is exam9$4 ,! ,book :i* w\ld make ! mo/ extraord9>y dem&s ^u our cr$ulity if x 7 meant = hi/ory1 is ! v ,book ( :i* ! g5u95ess & au!nticity are decisively discr$it$ by e fre% discov]y & by ea* new exam9ation4 ,!re is sc>cely "o le>n$ ,european s*ol> by :om !y are ma9ta9$1 except ) su* concessions to ! ,high] ,criticism z practically involve ! ab&onm5t ( all t is ess5tial 9 ! traditional !ory4 ,& we h come to a "t :5 x w n avail to take refuge 9 su* transf]5ces ( ! discussions 9 alt]am mat]iam1 & su* purely vulg> appeals ad invidiam1 z are involv$ 9 say+1 ,!n ! ,book mu/ be a =g]y1 & an impo/ure1 & a gross lie4 ,to ass]t t to give up ! ,book ( ,daniel is to betray ! cause ( ,*ri/ianity1#ij is a co>se & dang]\s misuse ( ! weapons ( controv]sy4 ,su* talk may /ill h be5 excusable ev5 9 ! days ( ,dr4 ,pusey 7) :om x 0 habitual72 x is no long] excusable n[4 ,n[ x c only prove ! un*>itabl5ess ( ! apologi/1 & ! impot5ce ( a defeat$ cause4 ,yet ev5 ?is ab&onm5t ( ! sph]e ( hon\rable argum5t is only "o degree m pa9ful ?an ! tortu\s subt]fuges & wild ass]tions to :i* su* apologi/s z ,h5g/5b]g1 ,keil1 & _! foll[]s 7 long compell$ to h rec\rse4 ,any?+ c be prov$ ab\t any?+ if we call to our aid indef9ite suppositions ( errors ( transcription1 int]polations1 transpositions1 extraord9>y sil5ces1 /ill m extraord9>y me?ods ( pres5t+ ev5ts1 & 79 g5]al7 ! unconsci\sly dis+5u\s res\rcefulness ( traditional h>monics4 ,to ma9ta9 t ! ,book ( ,daniel1 z x n[ /&s1 0 writt5 by ,daniel 9 ! days ( ! ,exile is to *]i% a belief :i* c only1 at ! utmo/1 be extremely unc]ta91 & :i* mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 defiance ( masses ( oppos+ evid5ce4 ,!re c be little intr9sic value 9 a det]m9ation to believe hi/orical & lit]>y assumptions :i* c no long] be ma9ta9$ except by pref]r+ ! flimsie/ hypo!ses to ! mo/ c]ta9 facts4 ,my own conviction has long be5 t 9 ^! ,haggado?1 9 :i* ,jewi% lit]ature delight$ 9 ! pr-,*ri/ian era1 & :i* cont9u$ to be writt5 ev5 till ! ,middle ,ages1 !re 0 n ! lea/ pret5ce or desire to deceive at all4 ,i believe !m to h be5 put =? z moral leg5ds--z av[$ fiction nobly us$ = ! purposes ( religi\s tea*+ & enc\ragem5t4 ,9 ages ( ignorance1 9 :i* no su* ?+ z lit]>y criticism exi/$1 a popul> ,haggada might soon come to be reg>d$ z hi/orical1 j z ! ,hom]ic lays 7 among ! ,greeks1 or j z ,defoe's /ory ( ! ,plague ( ,london 0 tak5 = lit]al hi/ory by _m read]s ev5 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,+5i\s attempts h be5 made to %[ t ! au?or ( ?is ,book ev9ces an intimate famili>ity ) ! circum/ances ( ! ,babylonian religion1 society1 & hi/ory4 ,9 _m cases ?is is ! rev]se ( ! fact4 ,! in/ances adduc$ 9 fav\r ( any k except ( ! mo/ g5]al description are entirely delusive4 ,x is frivol\s to ma9ta91 ) ,l5ormant1 t an exceptional acqua9tance ) ,babylonian cu/om 0 requir$ to describe ,nebu*adrezz> z consult+ div9]s = ! int]pretation ( a dream6 ,to say no?+ ( ! fact t a simil> cu/om has prevail$ 9 all nations & all ages f ! days ( ,samuel to ^? ( ,lob5gula1 ! writ] _h ! prototype ( ,ph>aoh be=e him1 & has evid5tly be5 influ5c$ by ! /ory ( ,joseph4#ia ,aga91 s f> f %[+ surpris+ acqua9tance ) ! organisation ( ! ca/e ( ,babylonian div9]s1 ! writ] has made a mi/ake 9 _! v "n1 z well z 9 ! /atem5t t a fai?ful ,jew1 l ,daniel1 0 made ! *ief ( _! college6#ib ,nor1 aga91 0 !re any?+ s unusual 9 ! pres5ce ( wom5 at fea/s--also recognis$ 9 ! ,haggada ( ,e/h]--z to r5d] ?is a sign ( extraord9>y in=mation4 ,once m1 is x n futile to adduce ! allusion to puni%m5t by burn+ alive z a pro( ( insight into ,babylonian peculi>ities8 ,?is puni%m5t _h already be5 m5tion$ by ,j]emiah 9 ! case ( ,nebu*adrezz>4 ,!n %all be tak5 up a curse by all ! captivity ( ,judah :i* are 9 ,babylon1 say+1 ,! ,"l make !e l ,z$ekiah & l ,ahab 7two false prophets71 :om ! ,k+ ( ,babylon roa/$ 9 ! fire4#ic ,moreov]1 x occurs 9 ! ,jewi% traditions :i* describ$ a miracul\s escape ( exactly ! same "* 9 ! leg5d ( ,abraham4 ,he1 too1 _h be5 sup]naturally rescu$ f ! burn+ fi]y furnace ( ,nimrod1 to :i* he _h be5 consign$ because he refus$ to wor%ip idols 9 ,ur ( ! ,*aldees4#id ,:5 ! in/ances ma9ly reli$ ^u prove to be s evid5tially valueless1 x w\ld be wa/e ( "t to foll[ ,pr(essor ,full] ?r\gh ! less important & m imag9>y pro(s ( accuracy :i* 8 indu/ry has amass$4 ,mean:ile ! feeble/ reason] w see t :ile a writ] may easily be accurate 9 g5]al facts1 & ev5 9 details1 respect+ an age long previ\s to t 9 :i* he wrote1 ! exi/5ce ( viol5t errors z to matt]s ) :i* a contempor>y mu/ h be5 famili> at once refutes all pret5ce ( hi/oric au!nticity 9 a book pr(ess+ to h be5 writt5 by an au?or 9 ! days & c\ntry :i* he describes4 ,n[ su* mi/akes !re seem to be1 & n a few ( !m1 9 ! pages ( ! ,book ( ,daniel4 ,"o or two ( !m c p]haps be expla9$ away by processes :i* w\ld amply suffice to %[ t yes means no1 or t black is a description ( :ite2 b ea* repetition ( su* processes leaves u m & m incr$ul\s4 ,if errors be treat$ z corruptions ( ! text1 or z lat] int]polations1 su* arbitr>y me?ods ( treat+ ! ,book are practically an admission t1 z x /&s1 x _c be reg>d$ z hi/orical4 ,i4 ,we are1 = in/ance1 met by :at seems to be a rem>kable error 9 ! v fir/ v]se ( ! ,book1 :i* tells u t ,9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,jehoiakim1 ,k+ ( ,judah1 came ,nebu*adnezz>--z 9 lat] days he 0 incorrectly call$--,k+ ( ,babylon1 unto ,j]usalem1 & besieg$ x4 ,x is easy to trace :5ce ! error sprang4 ,its s\rce lies 9 a book :i* is ! late/ 9 ! :ole ,canon1 & 9 _m details difficult to reconcile ) ! ,book ( ,k+s--a book ( :i* ! ,hebrew resembles t ( ,daniel--! ,book ( ,*ronicles4 ,9 #b ,*ron4 xxxvi4 #f we are told t ,nebu*adnezz> came up aga9/ ,jehoiakim1 & b\nd him 9 fett]s to c>ry him to ,babylon2 & also--to :i* ! au?or ( ,daniel directly ref]s--t he c>ri$ (f "s ( ! vessels ( ! ,h\se ( ,god1 to put !m 9 ! treasure-h\se ( 8 god4 ,9 ?is passage x is n said t ?is occurr$ 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,jehoiakim1 :o reign$ elev5 ye>s2 b 9 #b ,k+s xxiv4 #a we are told t 9 8 days ,nebu*adnezz> came up1 & ,jehoiakim became 8 s]vant ?ree ye>s4 ,! passage 9 ,daniel looks l a confus$ rem9isc5ce ( ! ?ree ye>s ) ! ?ird ye> ( ,jehoiakim4 ,! eld] & bett] au?ority 7! ,book ( ,k+s7 is sil5t ab\t any deportation hav+ tak5 place 9 ! reign ( ,jehoiakim1 & s is ! contempor>y ,prophet ,j]emiah4 ,b 9 any case x seems impossible t x %\ld h tak5 place s e>ly z ! ?ird ye> ( ,jehoiakim1 = at t "t he 0 a simple vassal ( ! ,k+ ( ,egypt4 ,if ?is deportation took place 9 ! reign ( ,jehoiakim1 x w\ld c]ta9ly be s+ul> t ,j]emiah1 9 enum]at+ ?ree o!rs1 9 ! sev5?1 eighte5?1 & tw5ty-?ird ye> ( ,nebu*adrezz>1#ie %\ld make no allusion to x4 ,b x is h>d to see h[ x c\ld h tak5 place be=e ,egypt _h be5 defeat$ 9 ! ,battle ( ,c>*emi%1 & t 0 n till ,b4,c4 #eig1 ! f\r? ye> ( ,jehoiakim4#if ,n only does ,j]emiah make no m5tion ( s rem>kable a deportation z ?is1 :i* z ! e>lie/ w\ld h caus$ ! deepe/ angui%1 b1 9 ! f\r? ye> ( ,jehoiakim 7,j]4 xxxvi4 #a71 he writes a roll to ?reat5 evils :i* are /ill future1 & 9 ! fif? ye> proclaims a fa/ 9 ! hope t ! imm95t p]il may ev5 yet be av]t$ 7,j]4 xxxvi4 #f-aj74 ,x is only aft] ! viol5t ob/9acy ( ! k+ t ! de/ructive advance ( ,nebu*adrezz> is f9ally prophesi$ 7,j]4 xxxvi4 #bi7 z some?+ :i* has n yet occurr$4#ig ,,ii4 ,nor are ! names 9 ?is fir/ *apt] free f difficulty4 ,daniel is call$ ,belte%azz>1 & ! rem>k ( ! ,k+ ( ,babylon--^: "n 0 ,belte%azz>1 accord+ to ! "n ( my god--c]ta9ly sugge/s t ! fir/ syllable is 7z ! ,massorets assume7 connect$ ) ! god ,bel4 ,b ! "n has no?+ to d ) ,bel4 ,no contempor>y c\ld h fall5 into su* an error2#ih /ill less a k+ :o spoke ,babylonian4 ,%adra* may be ,%udur-aku1 comm& ( ,aku1 ! moon-god2 b ,me%a* is inexplicable2 & ,ab$-nego is a /range corruption = ! obvi\s & common ,ab$-nebo1 s]vant ( ,nebo4 ,su* a corruption c\ld h>dly h aris5 till ,nebo 0 practically =gott54 ,& :at is ! mean+ ( ! ,melz> 7,dan4 i4 #aa78 ,! ,a4,v4 takes x to be a prop] "n2 ! ,r4,v4 r5d]s x ! /ew>d4 ,b ! title is unique & obscure4#ii ,nor c any?+ be made ( ! "n ( ,a%p5az1 ! pr9ce ( ! eunu*s1 :om1 9 "o manuscript1 ! ,,lxx4 call ,abiesdri4#ajj ,,iii4 ,simil> difficulties & unc]ta9ties meet u at e /ep4 ,?us1 9 ! second *apt] 7ii4 #a71 ! dream ( ,nebu*adrezz> is fix$ 9 ! second ye> ( 8 reign4 ,?is does n seem to be 9 accord ) i4 #c1 #ah1 :i* says t ,daniel & 8 ?ree companions 7 kept "u ! c>e ( ! pr9ce ( ! eunu*s = ?ree ye>s4 ,no?+1 ( c\rse1 is easi] ?an to inv5t h>moni/ic hypo!ses1 su* z t ( ,ra%i1 t ! second ye> ( ! reign ( ,nebu*adrezz> has ! :olly diff]5t mean+ ( ! second ye> aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple2 or z t ( ,h5g/5b]g1 foll[$ by _m mod]n apologi/s1 t ,nebu*adrezz> _h previ\sly be5 associat$ 9 ! k+dom ) ,nabopolass>1 & t ?is 0 ! second ye> ( 8 indep5d5t reign4 ,or1 aga91 we may1 ) ,ewald1 read ! twelf? ye>4 ,b by ^! me?ods we are n tak+ ! ,book z x /&s1 b are suppos+ x to be a network ( textual corruptions & conjectural comb9ations4 ,,iv4 ,9 ii4 #b ! k+ summons f\r classes ( hi]ophants to disclose 8 dream & its int]pretation4 ,!y are ! magicians 7,*>tummm71 ! en*ant]s 7,a%%aphm71 ! sorc]]s 7,me*a%%'phm71 & ! ,*aldeans 7,kasdm74#aja ,! ,*>tummm occur 9 ,g54 xli4 #h 7:i* seems to be 9 ! writ]'s m9d72 & ! ,me*a%%'phm occur 9 ,exod4 vii4 #aa1 xxii4 #ah2 b ! m5tion ( ,kasdm1 ,*aldeans1 is1 s f> z we "k1 an imm5se ana*ronism4 ,9 mu* lat] ages ! "n 0 us$1 z x 0 among ! ,roman writ]s1 = w&]+ a/rolog]s & quacks4#ajb ,b ?is deg5]ate s5se ( ! ^w 01 s f> z we c judge1 :olly unkn[n to ! age ( ,daniel4 ,x nev] once occurs 9 ?is s5se on any ( ! monum5ts4 ,unkn[n to ! ,assyrian-,babylonian language1 & only acquir$ long aft] ! end ( ! ,babylonian ,empire1 su* a usage ( ! ^w is1 z ,s*rad] says1 an indication ( ! po/-exilic composition ( ! ,book4#ajc ,9 ! days ( ,daniel ,*aldeans _h no mean+ resembl+ t ( magicians or a/rolog]s4 ,9 e o!r writ] ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & 9 all contempor>y records1 ,kasdm simply means ! ,*aldean nation1 & nev] a le>n$ ca/e4#ajd ,?is s+le circum/ance has decisive weight 9 prov+ ! late age ( ! ,book ( ,daniel4 ,v4 ,aga91 we f9d 9 ii4 #ad1 ,ario*1 ! *ief ( ! execution]s4 ,s*rad] prec>i\sly d]ives ! "n f ,eri-aku1 s]vant ( ! moon-god2 b1 h[ev] t may be1 we already f9d ! "n z t ( a k+ ,ellas> 9 ,g54 xiv4 #a1 & we f9d x aga9 = a k+ ( ! ,elymans 9 ,judi? i4 #f4 ,9 v]4 #af ,daniel w5t 9 & desir$ ( ! k+ a little respite2 b 9 v]4 #be ,ario* tells ! k+1 z ?\gh x 7 a sudd5 discov]y ( 8 own1 ,i h f\nd a man ( ! captives ( ,judah1 t w make kn[n unto ! k+ ! int]pretation4 ,?is 0 a surpris+ =m ( introduction1 aft] we h be5 told t ! k+ himself _h1 by p]sonal exam9ation1 f\nd t ,daniel & 8 "y companions 7 t5 times bett] ?an all ! magicians & a/rolog]s t 7 9 all 8 realm4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 z if ea* ( ^! *apt]s 0 int5d$ to be recit$ z a sep>ate ,haggada4 ,,vi4 ,9 ii4 #df1 aft] ! int]pretation ( ! dream1 ! ,k+ ,nebu*adnezz> fell ^u 8 face1 & wor%ipp$ ,daniel1 & comm&$ t !y %\ld (f] an oblation & sweet od\rs unto him4 ,?is is ano!r ( ! imm5se surprises ( ! ,book4 ,x is exactly ! k9d ( incid5t 9 :i* ! haughty !ocratic s5tim5t ( ! ,jews f\nd delight1 & we f9d a simil> _s 9 ! _m ,talmudic inv5tions 9 :i* ,roman emp]ors1 or o!r pot5tates1 are repres5t$ z pay+ extravagant adulation to ,rabb9ic sages4 ,!re is 7z we %all see7 a simil> /ory n>rat$ by ,josephus ( ,alex&] ! ,great pro/rat+ himself be=e ! high prie/ ,jaddua1 b x has long be5 relegat$ to ! realm ( fable z an outcome ( ,jewi% self-e/eem4#aje ,x is probably meant z a concrete illu/ration ( ! gl[+ promises ( ,isaiah1 t k+s & que5s %all b[ d[n to !e ) _! faces t[>ds ! e>?1 & lick up ! du/ ( ?y feet2#ajf & ! sons ( !m t despis$ !e %all b[ !mselves d[n at ! soles ( ?y feet4#ajg ,,vii4 ,we fur!r ask 9 a/oni%m5t :e!r ,daniel c\ld h accept$ )\t indignant prote/ ! (f]+ ( an oblation & sweet od\rs4 ,to say t !y 7 only (f]$ to ,god 9 ! p]son ( ,daniel is ! idle pret5ce ( all idolatry4 ,!y are expressly said to be (f]$ to ,daniel4 ,a ,h]od c\ld accept blasphem\s adulations2#ajh b a ,paul & a ,b>nabas deprecate su* devotions ) int5se disapproval4#aji ,,viii4 ,9 ii4 #dh ,nebu*adrezz> appo9ts ,daniel1 z a rew>d = 8 wisdom1 to rule ov] ! :ole prov9ce ( ,babylon1 & to be ,rab-signn1 *ief rul]1 & to be ov] all ! wise m5 7,khakamim7 ( ,babylon4 ,l5ormant treats ?is /atem5t z an int]polation1 because he reg>ds x z evid5tly impossible4 ,we "k t 9 ! ,babylonian prie/hood1 & especially among ! sacr$ ca/e1 !re 0 a passionate religi\s intol]ance4 ,x is inconceivable t !y %\ld h accept$ z _! religi\s sup]ior a mono!i/ :o 0 ! av[$ & uncompromis+ enemy to _! :ole sy/em ( idolatry4 ,x is equally inconceivable t ,daniel %\ld h accept$ ! position ( a hi]ophant 9 a poly!i/ic cult4 ,9 ! next ?ree *apt]s !re is no allusion to ,daniel's t5ure ( ^! /range & exalt$ (fices1 ei!r civil or religi\s4#aaj ,,ix4 ,! ?ird *apt] conta9s ano!r /ory1 told 9 a /yle ( wond]ful /atel9ess & spl5d\r1 & full ( glori\s lessons2 b "h aga9 we enc\nt] l+ui/ic & o!r difficulties4 ,?us 9 iii4 #b1 ?\gh all ! rul]s ( ! prov9ces & (fic]s ( all ranks are summon$ to ! d$ication ( ,nebu*adrezz>'s colossus1 !re is n an allusion to ,daniel ?r\gh\t ! *apt]4 ,f\r ( ! names ( ! (fic]s 9 iii4 #b1 #c1 appe>1 to our surprise1 to be ,p]sian2#aaa &1 ( ! six musical in/rum5ts1 ?ree--! lute1 psalt]y1 & bagpipe#aab--;h obvi\s ,greek names1 two ( :i* 7z already /at$7 are ( late orig91 :ile ano!r1 ! sab'ka1 resembles ! ,greek 1 b may h come to ! ,greeks f ! ,aramans4#aac ,! incid5ts ( ! *apt] are su* z f9d no analogy ?r\gh\t ! ,old or ,new ,te/am5t1 b exactly resemble ^? ( ,jewi% moralis+ fiction1 ( :i* !y furni% ! mo/ p]fect specim54 ,x is exactly ! k9d ( concrete comm5t :i* a ,jewi% writ] ( piety & g5ius1 = ! enc\ragem5t ( 8 afflict$ p1 might h bas$ ^u su* a passage z ,isa4 xliii4 #b1 #c3 ,:5 ?\ walke/ ?r\gh ! fire1 ?\ %alt n be burn$2 nei!r %all ! flame k9dle ^u !e4 ,= ,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god1 ! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel1 ?y ,savi\r4 ,nebu*adrezz>'s decree1 ,t e p1 nation1 & language1 :i* speak any?+ amiss aga9/ ! ,god ( ,%adra*1 ,me%a*1 & ,ab$-nego1 %all be cut 9 pieces1 & _! h\ses %all be made a dunghill1 c only be p>allel$ out ( ! lat] ,jewi% lit]ature4#aad ,x4 ,9 *ap4 iv4 we h ano!r mono!i/ic decree ( ! ,k+ ( ,babylon1 ann\nc+ to all p1 nations1 & languages :at ! high ,god ha? wr\ght t[>ds me4 ,x gives u a vision :i* recalls ,ezek4 xxxi4 #c-ah1 & may possibly h be5 sugge/$ by t f9e *apt]4#aae ,! language v>ies betwe5 ! ?ird & ! fir/ p]son4 ,9 iv4 #ac ,nebu*adrezz> speaks ( a wat*] & a holy "o4 ,?is is ! fir/ appe>ance 9 ,jewi% lit]ature ( ! ^w 'ir1 wat*]1 :i* is s common 9 ! ,book ( ,eno*4#aaf ,9 v]4 #bf ! expression aft] ?\ %alt h kn[n t ! heav5s d rule is "o :i* has no analogue 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ?\gh exce$+ly common 9 ! sup]/iti\s p]iphrases ( ! lat] ,jewi% lit]ature4 ,z to ! /ory ( ! /range lycan?ropy ) :i* ,nebu*adrezz> 0 afflict$1 ?\gh x receives no?+ b ! fa9te/ %ad[ ( support f any hi/oric record1 x may be bas$ on "s fact pres]v$ by tradition4 ,x is probably meant to reflect on ! mad ways ( ,antio*us4 ,! g5]al phrase ( ,b]ossus1 :i* tells u t ,nebu*adrezz> fell into a sickness & di$1#aag has be5 press$ into an hi/orical v]ification ( ?is n>rative6 ,b ! phrase might h be5 equally well us$ 9 ! mo/ ord9>y case1#aah :i* %[s :at fancies h be5 adduc$ to prove t we are "h deal+ ) hi/ory4 ,! fragm5t ( ,abyd5us 9 8 ,assyriaca1 pres]v$ by ,eusebius1#aai %[s t !re 0 "s /ory ab\t ,nebu*adrezz> hav+ utt]$ rem>kable words ^u 8 palace-ro(4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( a com+ irrevocable calamity to ! k+dom f a ,p]sian mule1 ! son ( a ,m$ian woman1 & ! wi% t ! ali5 conqu]or might be driv5 ?r\gh ! des]t :]e wild bea/s seek _! food1 & birds fly hi!r & ?i!r1 has1 h[ev]1 v little to d ) ! /ory ( ,nebu*adrezz>'s madness4 ,abyd5us says t1 :5 he _h ?us prophesi$1 he sudd5ly vani%$2 & he adds no?+ ab\t any re/oration to heal? or to 8 k+dom4 ,all t c be said is t !re 0 curr5t among ! ,babylonian ,jews "s popul> leg5d ( :i* ! writ] ( ! ,book ( ,daniel avail$ himself = ! purpose ( 8 edify+ ,midra%4 ,,xi4 ,:5 we rea* ! fif? *apt]1 we are fac$ by a new k+1 ,bel%azz>1 :o is some:at emphatically call$ ! son ( ,nebu*adrezz>4#abj ,hi/ory kn[s ( no su* k+4#aba ,! pr9ce ( :om x does "k 0 nev] k+1 & 0 a son1 n ( ,nebu*adrezz>1 b ( ! usurp] ,nabunaid2 & betwe5 ,nebu*adrezz> & ,nabunaid !re 7 ?ree o!r k+s4#abb ,!re 0 a ,bel%azz>--,bel-s>-utsur1 ,bel protect ! pr9ce--& we possess a clay cyl9d] ( 8 fa!r ,nabunaid1 ! la/ k+ ( ,babylon1 pray+ ! moon-god t my son1 ! (fspr+ ( my he>t1 might hon\r 8 godhead1 & n give himself to s94#abc ,b if we foll[ ,h]odotus1 ?is ,bel%azz> nev] came to ! ?rone2 & accord+ to ,b]ossus he 0 conqu]$ 9 ,borsippa4 ,x5ophon1 inde$1 speaks ( an impi\s k+ z be+ sla9 9 ,babylon2 b ?is is only 9 an av[$ romance :i* has n ! smalle/ hi/oric validity4#abd ,s*rad] conjectures t ,nabunaid may h gone to take ! field aga9/ ,cyrus 7:o conqu]$ & p>don$ him1 & all[$ him to end 8 days z gov]nor ( ,k>amania71 & t ,bel%azz> may h be5 kill$ 9 ,babylon4 ,^! are m]e hypo!ses2 z are ^? ( ,josephus1#abe :o id5tifies ,bel%azz> ) ,nabunaid 7:om he calls ,nabo&elon72 & ( ,babelon1 :o tries to make him ! same z ,m>uduk-%>-utsur 7z ?\gh ,bel 0 ! same z ,m>uduk71 :i* is impossible1 z ?is k+ reign$ be=e ,nabunaid4 ,no contempor>y writ] c\ld h fall5 into ! error ei!r ( call+ ,bel%azz> k+2 or ( insi/+ on 8 be+ ! son ( ,nebu*adrezz>2#abf or ( repres5t+ him z ,nebu*adrezz>'s successor4 ,nebu*adrezz> 0 succe$$ by-- ,evil-m]oda* circ4 ,b4,c4 #efa 7,avil-m>duk74#abg ,n]gal-%>ez] #eei 7,n]gal-s>-utsur74 ,lakhabba%i-m>udu #eee 7an infant74 7,laboroso>*od7 ,nabunaid #eed4 ,nabunaid reign$ till ab\t ,b4,c4 #ech1 :5 ,babylon 0 tak5 by ,cyrus4 ,! conduct ( ,bel%azz> 9 ! great fea/ ( ?is *apt] is probably meant z an allusive contra/ to ! revels & impieties ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 especially 9 8 infam\s fe/ival at ! grove ( ,daphne4 ,,xii4 ,t night1 we are told1 ,bel%azz>1 ! ,*aldean k+1 0 sla94 ,x has always be5 suppos$ t ?is 0 an incid5t ( ! capture ( ,babylon by assault1 9 accordance ) ! /ory ( ,h]odotus1 repeat$ by s _m subsequ5t writ]s4 ,b on ?is po9t ! inscriptions ( ,cyrus h revolutionis$ our k4 ,!re 0 no siege & capture ( ,babylon2 ! capital ( ! ,babylonian ,empire op5$ its gates to ! g5]al ( ,cyrus4 ,gobryas & 8 soldi]s ent]$ ! city )\t fight+1 & ! daily s]vices 9 ! great temple ( ,bel-m]oda* suff]$ no int]ruption4 ,?ree mon?s lat] ,cyrus himself arriv$1 & made 8 peaceful entry into ! new capital ( 8 empire4 ,we ga!r f ! contract-tablets t ev5 ! ord9>y bus9ess ( ! place _h n be5 affect$ by ! w>4 ,! siege & capture ( ,babylon by ,cyrus is really a reflection into ! pa/ ( ! actual sieges und]gone by ! city 9 ! reigns ( ,d>ius1 son ( ,hy/aspes & ,x]xes4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t ! editor ( ! fif? *apt] ( ! ,book ( ,daniel c\ld h be5 z little a contempor>y ( ! ev5ts he pr(esses to record z ,h]odotus4 ,= bo? alike1 ! true hi/ory ( ! ,babylonian ,empire has be5 ov]cl\d$ & =e%ort5$ by ! lapse ( "t4 ,! ?ree k+s :o reign$ betwe5 ,nebu*adrezz> & ,nabunaid h be5 =gott51 & ! la/ k+ ( ! ,babylonian ,empire has become ! son ( its f\nd]4#abh ,snat*+ at ! m]e/ /raws1 ^? :o try to v9dicate ! accuracy ( ! writ]--al?\gh he makes ,bel%azz> a k+1 :i* he nev] 02 & ! son ( ,nebu*adrezz>1 :i* is n ! case2 or 8 gr&son1 ( :i* !re is no tittle ( evid5ce2 & 8 successor1 :]eas f\r k+s int]v5$2--?9k t !y improve ! case by urg+ t ,daniel 0 made ! ?ird rul] 9 ! k+dom--,nabunaid be+ ! fir/1 & ,bel%azz> be+ ! second6 ,unhappily = _! v prec>i\s hypo!sis1 ! translation ?ird rul] appe>s to be entirely unt5able4 ,x means "o ( a bo>d ( ?ree4 ,,xiii4 ,9 ! six? *apt] we are aga9 met by difficulty aft] difficulty4 ,:o1 = in/ance1 0 ,d>ius ! ,m$e8 ,we are told 7v4 #cj1 #ca7 t1 on ! night ( 8 impi\s banquet1 ,bel%azz> ! k+ ( ! ,*aldeans 0 sla91 & ,d>ius ! ,m$ian took ! k+dom1 be+ ab\t ?reescore & two ye>s old4 ,we are also told t ,daniel prosp]$ 9 ! reign ( ,d>ius1 & 9 ! reign ( ,cyrus ! ,p]sian 7vi4 #bh74 ,b ?is ,d>ius is n ev5 notic$ else:]e4 ,cyrus 0 ! conqu]or ( ,babylon1 & betwe5 ,b4,c4 #ech-ecf !re is no room or possibility = a ,m$ian rul]4 ,! inf]5ce :i* we %\ld naturally draw f ^! /atem5ts 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel1 & :i* all read]s h drawn1 0 t ,babylon _h be5 conqu]$ by ! ,m$es1 & t only aft] ! dea? ( a ,m$ian k+ did ,cyrus ! ,p]sian succe$4 ,b hi/oric monum5ts & records entirely ov]?r[ ?is supposition4 ,cyrus 0 ! k+ ( ,babylon f ! day t 8 troops ent]$ x )\t a bl[4 ,he _h conqu]$ ! ,m$es & suppress$ _! royalty4 ,! num]\s contract-tables ( ! ord9>y daily bus9ess transactions ( ,babylon1 dat$ z !y are mon? by mon?1 & almo/ day by day f ! reign ( ,nebu*adrezz> to t ( ,x]xes1 prove t betwe5 ,nabonidus & ,cyrus !re 0 no int]m$iate rul]4 ,! contempor>y scribes & m]*ants ( ,babylon knew no?+ ( any ,k+ ,bel%azz>1 & !y knew ev5 less ( any ,k+ ,d>ius ! ,m$e4 ,no contempor>y writ] c\ld possibly h fall5 into su* an error4#abi ,& aga9/ ?is obvi\s conclusion1 ( :at possible avail is x = ,h5g/5b]g to quote a late ,greek lexicograph] 7,h>pocration1 ,a4,d4 #agj871 :o says t ! co9 a d>ic 0 nam$ aft] a ,d>ius e>li] ?an ! fa!r ( ,x]xes8--or = o!rs to id5tify ?is %ad[y ,d>ius ! ,m$e ) ,a/yages8#acj--or ) ,cyax>es ,,ii4 9 ! romance ( ,x5ophon8#aca--or to say t ,d>ius ! ,m$e is ,gobryas 7,ugb>u7 ( ,gutium#acb--;a ,p]sian1 & n a k+ at all--:o "u no circum/ances c\ld h be5 call$ ! k+ by a contempor>y 7vi4 #ab1 ix4 #a71 & :om1 app>5tly = ?ree mon?s only1 ,cyrus made gov]nor ( ,babylon8 ,h[ c\ld a contempor>y gov]nor h appo9t$ "o hundr$ & tw5ty pr9ces :i* %\ld be ov] ! :ole k+dom1#acc :51 ev5 9 ! days ( ,d>ius ,hy/aspis1 !re 7 only tw5ty or tw5ty-?ree satrapies 9 ! ,p]sian ,empire8#acd ,& h[ c\ld a m]e prov9cial vic]oy be approa*$ by all ! presid5ts ( ! k+dom1 ! gov]nors1 & ! pr9ces1 ! c\nsellors1 & ! capta9s1 to pass a decree t any "o :o = ?irty days (f]$ any pray] to ,god or man1 except to him1 %\ld be ca/ into ! d5 ( lions8 ,! fact t su* a decree c\ld only be made by a k+ is emphasis$ 9 ! n>rative itself 7vi4 #ab3 comp4 iii4 #bi74 ,! suppos$ analogies (f]$ by ,pr(essor ,full] & o!rs 9 fav\r ( a decree s absurdly impossible--except 9 ! admitt$ lic5ce & = ! high moral purpose ( a ,jewi% ,haggada--are to ! la/ degree futile4 ,9 any ord9>y criticism !y w\ld be set d[n z idle special plead+4 ,yet ?is is only "o ( a multitude ( wildly improbable incid5ts1 :i*1 f misund]/&+ ( ! writ]'s age & purpose1 h be5 tak5 = sob] hi/ory1 ?\gh !y receive f hi/orical records & monum5ts no %ad[ ( confirmation1 & are 9 n a few in/ances directly oppos$ to all t we n[ "k to be c]ta9 hi/ory4 ,ev5 if x 7 conceivable t ?is hypo!tic ,d>ius ! ,m$e 0 ,gobryas1 or ,a/yages1 or ,cyax>es1 x is pla9 t ! au?or ( ,daniel gives him a "n & national designation :i* lead to m]e confusion1 & speaks ( him 9 a way :i* w\ld h be5 surely avoid$ by any contempor>y4 ,d>ius ! ,m$e1 says ,pr(essor ,sayce1 is 9 fact a reflection into ! pa/ ( ,d>ius ! son ( ,hy/aspes1#ace j z ! siege & capture ( ,babylon by ,cyrus are a reflection into ! pa/ ( its siege & capture by ! same pr9ce4 ,! "n ( ,d>ius & ! /ory ( ! slaught] ( ! ,*aldean k+ g toge!r4 ,!y are alike d]iv$ f ! unwritt5 hi/ory :i*1 9 ! ,ea/ ( to-day1 is /ill made by ! p1 & :i* bl5ds toge!r 9 a s+le picture ! manifold ev5ts & p]sonages ( ! pa/4 ,x is a hi/ory :i* has no p]spective1 ?\gh x is bas$ on actual facts2 ! accurate comb9ations ( ! *ronolog] h no mean+ = x1 & ! ev5ts ( a c5tury are cr[d$ into a few ye>s4 ,?is is ! k9d ( hi/ory :i* ! ,jewi% m9d 9 ! age ( ! ,talmud lov$ to adapt to moral & religi\s purposes4 ,?is k9d ( hi/ory !n becomes z x 7 a p>able1 & "u ! "n ( ,haggada s]ves to illu/rate t tea*+ ( ! law4#acf ,! fav\rable view giv5 ( ! "* ( ! imag9>y ,d>ius ! ,m$e1 & 8 reg>d = ,daniel1 may h be5 a confusion ) ! ,jewi% rem9isc5ces ( ,d>ius1 son ( ,hy/aspes1 :o p]mitt$ ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple "u ,z]ubbabel4#acg ,if we look = ! s\rce ( ! confusion1 we see x p]haps 9 ! prophecy ( ,isaiah 7xiii4 #ag1 xiv4 #f-bb71 t ! ,m$es %\ld be ! de/roy]s ( ,babylon2 or 9 t ( ,j]emiah--a prophet ( :om ! au?or _h made a special /udy 7,dan4 ix4 #b7--to ! same effect 7,j]4 li4 #aa-bh72 toge!r ) ! tradition t a ,d>ius--namely1 ! son ( ,hy/aspes--_h once conqu]$ ,babylon4 ,,xiv4 ,b to make confusion worse conf\nd$1 if ^! *apt]s 7 meant = hi/ory1 ! problematic ,d>ius ! ,m$e is 9 ,dan4 ix4 #a call$ ! son ( ,ahasu]us4 ,n[ ,ahasu]us 7,a*a%v]o%7 is ! same z ,x]xes1 & is ! ,p]sian "n ,kh%y>%a2 & ,x]xes 0 ! son1 n ! fa!r1 ( ,d>ius ,hy/aspis1 :o 0 a ,p]sian1 n a ,m$e4 ,be=e ,d>ius ,hy/aspis c\ld h be5 trans=m$ into ! son ( 8 own son ,x]xes1 ! reigns1 n only ( ,d>ius1 b also ( ,x]xes1 mu/ h long be5 pa/4 ,,xv4 ,!re is yet ano!r hi/oric sign t ?is ,book did n orig9ate till ! ,p]sian ,empire _h long ceas$ to exi/4 ,9 xi4 #b ! writ] only kn[s ( f\r k+s ( ,p]sia4#ach ,^! are evid5tly ,cyrus1 ,cambyses1 ,d>ius ,hy/aspis1 & ,x]xes--:om he describes z ! ri*e/ ( !m4 ,?is k+ is de/roy$ by ! k+dom ( ,grecia--an obvi\s confusion ( popul> tradition betwe5 ! defeat inflict$ on ! ,p]sians by ! ,republican ,greeks 9 ! days ( ,x]xes 7,b4,c4 #dhj71 & ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,p]sian k+dom "u ,d>ius ,codomannus by ,alex&] ! ,great 7,b4,c4 #ccc74 99 99 99 99 99 ,^!1 !n1 are "s ( ! app>5t hi/oric impossibilities by :i* we are confront$ :5 we reg>d ?is ,book z pr(ess$ hi/ory4 ,! d\bts sugge/$ by su* seem+ errors are n 9 ! lea/ remov$ by ! ac]vation ( endless conjectures4 ,!y are greatly increas$ by ! fact t1 s f> f /&+ alone1 !y are int5sifi$ by o!r difficulties :i* arise "u e fre% aspect "u :i* ! ,book is /udi$4 ,behrmann1 ! late/ editor1 sums up 8 /udies ) ! rem>k t !re is an almo/ univ]sal agreem5t t ! ,book1 9 its pres5t =m & z a :ole1 _h its orig9 9 ! ,maccabean age2 :ile !re is a wid5+ impression t 9 its purpose x is n an exclusive product ( t p]iod4 ,no am\nt ( casui/ical +5uity c long prevail to ov]?r[ ! spread+ conviction t ! views ( ,h5g/5b]g1 ,hv]nick1 ,keil1 ,pusey1 & _! foll[]s1 h be5 refut$ by ! light ( advanc+ k--:i* is a light k9dl$ = u by ,god ,himself4 ,,footnotes3 #ij ,?us ,dr4 ,pusey says3 ,! ,book ( ,daniel is especially fitt$ to be a battle-field betwe5 fai? & unbelief4 ,x admits ( no half-measures4 ,x is ei!r ,div9e or an impo/ure4 ,to write any book "u ! "n ( ano!r1 & to give x out to be 81 is1 9 any case1 a =g]y di%one/ 9 itself1 & de/ructive ( all tru/wor?9ess4 ,b ! case ( ! ,book ( ,daniel1 if x 7 n 81 w\ld g f> beyond ev5 ?is4 ,! writ]1 7 he n ,daniel1 mu/ h li$ on a frightful scale4 ,9 a ^w1 ! :ole ,book w\ld be "o lie 9 ! ,"n ( ,god4 ,few w\ld v5ture to use su* language 9 ^! days4 ,x is always a p]il\s /yle to adopt1 b n[ x has become suicidal4 ,x is f\nd$ on an imm5se & inexcusable ana*ronism4 ,x avails itself ( an utt]ly false misuse ( ! words fai? & unbelief1 by :i* fai? becomes a m]e synonym = t :i* ,i e/eem or?odox1 or t :i* has be5 ! curr5t op9ion 9 ages ( ignorance4 ,mu* tru] fai? may be %[n by accept+ argum5ts f\nd$ on unbiass$ evid5ce ?an by reject+ !m4 ,& :at c be m fooli% ?an to base ! great tru?s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion on special plead+s :i* h n[ come to we> ! aspect ( +5i\s sophi/ries1 su* z w\ld n be all[$ to h ! smalle/ validity 9 any ord9>y "q ( lit]>y or hi/oric evid5ce8 ,h5g/5b]g1 l ,pusey1 says 9 8 viol5t ecclesia/ical tone ( autocratic infallibility t ! int]pretation ( ! ,book by mo/ em95t mod]n critics w rema9 false s long z ! ^w ( ,*ri/ is true--t is1 = ev]4 ,?is is to make ! ^w ( ,*ri/ ! equival5t ( a m]e !ological bl9dness & prejudice6 ,ass]tions :i* are utt]ly baseless c only be met by ass]tions bas$ on sci5ce & ! love ( tru?4 ,?us :5 ,ruppre*t says t ! mod]n criticism ( ! ,book ( ,daniel is un*ri/ian1 immoral1 & unsci5tific1 we c only reply ) disda91 ,novimus i/as 4 ,9 ! pres5t day !y are m]e blu/] ( impot5t odium !ologicum4 #ia ,g54 xli4 #ib ,see ,l5ormant1 ,la ,div9ation1 p4 #bai4 #ic ,j]4 xxix4 #bb4 ,! t5? v]se ( ?is v *apt] is ref]r$ to 9 ,dan4 ix4 #b4 ,! cu/om cont9u$ 9 ! ,ea/ c5turies aft]w>ds4 ,& if x 0 kn[n to a ,roman writ] 7,qu9tus ,curtius1 v4 #a7 9 ! days ( ,vespasian1 :y 7,mr4 ,bevan p]t95tly asks7 %\ld x n h be5 kn[n to a ,pale/9ian writ] :o liv$ c5turies e>li]8 7,a4 ,a4 ,bevan1 ,%ort ,comm5t>y1 p4 #bb74 #id ,avodah-,z>ah1 f4 #c1 #a2 ,sanh$r91 f4 #ic1 #a2 ,pesa*im1 f4 #aah1 #a2 ,eiruv91 f4 #ec1 #a4 #ie ,j]4 lii4 #bh-cj4 ,^! 7 9 ! reign ( ,jehoia*94 #if ,j]4 xlvi4 #b3 comp4 ,j]4 xxv4 ,! passage ( ,b]ossus1 quot$ 9 ,jos41 ,antt4 ,x4 xi4 #a1 is n tru/wor?y1 & does n remove ! difficulty4 #ig ,! attempts ( ,keil & ,pusey to get ov] ! difficulty1 if !y 7 valid1 w\ld r$uce ,scripture to a hopeless riddle4 ,! read] w see all ! late/ ef=ts 9 ?is direction 9 ! ,speak]'s ,comm5t>y & ! "w ( ,fabre d',envieu4 ,ev5 su* or?odox writ]s z ,dorn]1 ,delitzs*1 & ,gess1 n to m5tion ho/s ( o!r great critics1 h long se5 ! desp]ate impossibility ( ^! argum5ts4 #ih ,balatsu-utsur1 protect 8 life4 ,! root baltu1 life1 is common 9 ,assyrian names4 ,! mi/ake comes f ! wrong vocalisation adopt$ by ! ,massorets 7,me9hold1 ,beitrge1 p4 #bg74 #ii ,s*rad] dubi\sly connects x ) mat/s>a1 gu>dian4 #ajj ,l5ormant1 p4 #ahb1 reg>ds x z a corruption ( ,a%b5az>1 ! goddess has prun$ ! se$ 78872 b assum$ corruptions ( ! text are an unc]ta9 exp$i5t4 #aja ,on ^! see ,rob4 ,smi?1 ,cambr4 ,j\rn4 ( ,philol41 ,no4 #bg1 p4 #abe4 #ajb ,juv41 ,sat41 x4 #if3 ,cum grege ,*aldo2 ,val4 ,max41 iii4 #a2 ,cic41 ,de ,div41 i4 #a1 etc4 #ajc ,keil9s*r41 p4 #dbi2 ,me9hold1 p4 #bh4 #ajd ,isa4 xxiii4 #ac2 ,j]4 xxv4 #ab2 ,ezek4 xii4 #ac2 ,hab4 i4 #f4 #aje ,jos41 ,antt41 ,,xi4 viii4 #e4 #ajf ,isa4 xlix4 #bc4 #ajg ,isa4 lx4 #ad4 #ajh ,acts xii4 #bb1 #bc4 #aji ,acts xiv4 #aa1 #ab1 xxviii4 #f4 #aaj ,see ,j]4 xxxix4 #c4 ,& if he held ?is position1 h[ c\ld he be abs5t 9 *ap4 iii48 #aaa ,namely1 ! words = satraps1 gov]nors1 c\nsellors1 & judges1 z well z ! c\rti]s 9 iii4 #bd4 ,bleek ?9ks t to enhance ! /atel9ess ( ! occasion ! writ] introduc$ z _m (ficial names z he knew4 #aab ,supra1 p4 #bc4 #aac ,a!n41 ,deipnos41 iv4 #age4 #aad ,! ,p]sian titles 9 iii4 #bd alone suffice to indicate t ?is c\ld n be ,nebu*adrezz>'s actual decree4 ,see fur!r1 ,me9hold1 pp4 #cj1 #ca4 ,we are evid5tly deal+ ) a writ] :o introduces _m ,p]sian words1 ) no consci\sness t !y c\ld n h be5 us$ by ,babylonian k+s4 #aae ,! writ] ( ,daniel 0 evid5tly acqua9t$ ) ! ,book ( ,ezekiel4 ,see ,delitzs* 9 ,h]zog1 s4v4 ,daniel1 & ,driv]1 p4 #dgf4 #aaf ,see iv4 #af1 #be-cj4 #aag ,pres]v$ by ,jos43 comp4 ,ap41 ,i4 #bj4 #aah ,! phrase is common en\gh3 e4g41 9 ,jos41 ,antt41 ,x4 xi4 #a 7comp4 c4 ,ap41 ,i4 #ai72 & a simil> phrase1 1 is us$ ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes 9 #a ,macc4 vi4 #h4 #aai ,prp4 ,ev41 ix4 #da4 ,s*rad] 7,k4 ,a4 ,t41 ii4 #dcb7 ?9ks t ,b]ossus & ! ,book ( ,daniel may bo? po9t to ! same tradition2 b ! ,*aldee tradition quot$ by ! late writ] ,abyd5us errs likewise 9 only recognis+ two ,babyloni% k+s in/ead ( f\r1 exclusive ( ,bel%azz>4 ,see1 too1 ,s*rad]1 ,jahrb4 fr ,prot4 ,!ol41 #ahha1 p4 #fah4 #abj ,dan4 v4 #aa4 ,! emphasis seems to %[ t son is really meant--n gr&son4 ,?is is a little /range1 = ,j]emiah 7xxvii4 #g7 _h said t ! nations %\ld s]ve ,nebu*adrezz>1 & 8 son1 & 8 son's son2 & 9 no case 0 ,bel%azz> ,nebu*adrezz>'s son's son1 = 8 fa!r ,nabunaid 0 an usurp+ son ( a ,rab-mag4 #aba ,s*rad]1 p4 #dcd ff42 & 9 ,riehm1 ,h&wrt]b41 ii4 #afc2 ,p9*es1 9 ,smi?'s ,bibl4 ,dict41 i4 #chh1 #bnd edn4 ,! contraction into ,bel%azz> f ,bel-s>-utsur seems to %[ a late date4 #abb ,t ! au?or ( ,daniel %\ld h fall5 into ^! errors is ! m rem>kable because ,evil-m]oda* is m5tion$ 9 #b ,k+s xxv4 #bg2 & ,j]emiah 9 8 r\nd numb] ( sev5ty ye>s includes ?ree g5]ations 7,j]4 xxvii4 #g74 ,h]odotus & ,abyd5us made ! same mi/ake4 ,see ,kamphaus51 pp4 #cj1 #ca4 #abc ,h]od41 i4 #aia4 ,see ,rawl9son1 ,h]od41 i4 #dcd4 #abd ,x541 ,cyrop41 ,,vii4 v4 #c4 #abe ,antt41 ,x4 xi4 #b4 ,9 c4 ,ap41 ,i4 #bj1 he calls him ,nabonn$us4 #abf ,?is is n[ suppos$ to mean gr&son by m>riage1 by inv5t+ ! hypo!sis t ,nabunaid m>ri$ a daught] ( ,nebu*adrezz>4 ,b ?is does n accord ) ,dan4 v4 #b1 #aa1 #bb2 & s 9 ,b>u* i4 #aa1 #ab4 #abg #b ,k+s xxv4 #bg4 #abh ,sayce1 ,! ,high] ,criticism & ! ,monum5ts1 p4 #ebg4 #abi ,i ne$ n ent] "h ^u ! confusion ( ! ,m&a ) ! ,m$es1 on :i* see ,sayce1 ,high] ,criticism & ,monum5ts1 p4 #eai ff4 #acj ,w9]1 ,realwrt]b41 s4v4 ,d>ius4 #aca ,s ,b]?oldt1 ,von ,l5g]ke1 ,aub]l54 ,x is decid$ly reject$ by ,s*rad] 7,riehm1 ,h&wrt]b41 i4 #bei74 ,ev5 ,cic]o said1 ,cyrus ille a ,x5ophonte non ad hi/ori fidem scriptus e/ 7,ad ,qu9t4 ,fratr41 ,ep4 i4 #c74 ,niebuhr call$ ! ,cyropdia e95 el5d5 und lppis*5 ,roman 7,alt4 ,ges*41 i4 #aaf74 ,he classes x ) ,tlmaque or ,rasselas4 ,x5ophon 0 probably ! ultimate au?ority = ! /atem5t ( ,josephus 7,antt41 ,x4 xi4 #d71 :i* has no weight4 ,h]odotus & ,ktesias "k no?+ ( ! exi/5ce ( any ,cyax>es ,,ii41 nor does ! ,second ,isaiah 7xlv471 :o evid5tly contemplates ,cyrus z ! conqu]or & ! fir/ k+ ( ,babylon4 ,are we to set a pr(ess$ romanc] l ,x5ophon1 & a late compil] l ,josephus1 aga9/ ^! au?orities8 #acb ,t4 ,w4 ,p9*es1 9 ,smi?'s ,bibl4 ,dict41 i4 #gaf1 #bnd edn4 ,into ?is !ory are press$ ! g5]al expressions t ,d>ius receiv$ ! k+dom & 0 made k+1 :i* h n ! lea/ be>+ on x4 ,!y may simply mean t he became k+ by conque/1 & n 9 ! ord9>y c\rse--s ,ros5mll]1 ,hitzig1 ,von ,l5g]ke1 etc42 or p]haps ! words %[ "s s5se ( unc]ta9ty z to ! exact c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,! sequ5ce ( ,p]sian k+s 9 ,s$] ,olam1 #bh-cj1 & 9 ,ra%i on ,dan4 v4 #a1 ix4 #a1 is equally unhi/orical4 #acc ,?is is support$ by ! rem>k t ?is ?ree-mon?s vic]oy appo9t$ gov]nors 9 ,babylon6 #acd ,h]od41 iii4 #hi2 ,records ( ! ,pa/1 viii4 #hh4 #ace ,see1 too1 ,me9hold 7,beitrge1 p4 #df71 :o concludes 8 survey ) ! words1 ,spra*li*e wie sa*li*e ,grnde ma*5 es ni*t nur wahrs*e9li* sond]n gewiss dass an daniels*e ,autors*aft von ,dan4 ii4-vi41 b]hanpt an die ,ent/ehung zur ,zeit d] jdis*5 ,v]bannung ni*t zu d5k5 i/4 ,he adds t almo/ all s*ol>s believe ! *apt]s to be no old] ?an ! age ( ! ,maccabees1 & t ev5 ,kahnis 7,dogmatik1 i4 #cgf7 & ,delitzs* 7,h]zog1 s4v4 ,dan47 give up _! g5u95ess4 ,he himself believes t ^! ,aramaic *apt]s 7 incorporat$ by a lat] writ]1 :o wrote ! introduction4 #acf ,sayce4 l4c41 p4 #ebi4 #acg ,kamphaus51 p4 #de4 #ach ,sayce1 l4c4 ,! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,daniel seems only to h kn[n ( ?ree k+s ( ,p]sia aft] ,cyrus 7xi4 #b74 ,b five are m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t--,cyrus1 ,d>ius1 ,artax]xes1 ,x]xes1 & ,d>ius ,,iii4 7,codomannus1 ,neh4 xii4 #bb74 ,!re 7 ?ree ,d>iuses & ?ree ,artax]xes1 b he only kn[s "o ( ea* "n 7,kamphaus51 p4 #cb74 ,he might easily h ov]look$ ! fact t ! ,d>ius ( ,neh4 xii4 #bb 0 a :olly diff]5t p]son f ! ,d>ius ( ,ezra vi4 #a4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,g5]al ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,book ,9 endeav\r+ to see ! idea & con/ruction ( a book !re is always mu* room = ! play ( subjective consid]ations4 ,me9hold has especially /udi$ ?is subject1 b we _c be c]ta9 t 8 views are m ?an imag9ative4 ,he ?9ks t *ap4 ii41 9 :i* we are /rongly rem9d$ ( ! /ory ( ,joseph & ( ,ph>aoh's dreams1 is int5d$ to set =? ,god z ,omnisci5t1 & *ap4 iii4 z ,omnipot5t4 ,to ^! conceptions is add$ 9 *ap4 iv4 ! insi/5ce ^u ,god's ,all-hol9ess4 ,! fif? & six? *apt]s =m "o conception4 ,s9ce ! dea? ( ,bel%azz> is assign$ to ! night ( 8 banquet no edict c\ld be ascrib$ to him resembl+ ^? attribut$ to ,nebu*adrezz>4 ,! effect ( ,daniel's "* & ( ! ,div9e protection accord$ to him on ! m9d ( ,d>ius is express$ 9 ! /rong edict ( ! latt] 9 vi4 #bf1 #bg4 ,?is is meant to illu/rate t ! ,all-wise1 ,almighty1 ,all-holy ,god is ! ,only ,liv+ ,god4 ,! consi/5t & homog5e\s object ( ! :ole hi/oric section is to set =? ! ,god ( ! ,hebrews z exalt+ ,himself 9 ! mid/ ( hea!ndom1 & extort+ submission by mighty port5ts f hea!n pot5tates4 ,9 ?is ! ,book (f]s a g5]al analogy to ! section ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,israelites 9 ,egypt n>rat$ 9 ,exod4 i4 #ab4 ,! culm9ation ( recognition z to ! p[] ( ,god is se5 9 ! decree ( ,d>ius 7vi4 #bf1 #bg71 z comp>$ ) t ( ,nebu*adrezz> 9 iv4 #cc4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! mean+ & ess5ce ( ea* sep>ate *apt] are giv5 9 its clos+ section1 & !re is arti/ic advance to ! great climax1 m>k$ alike by ! resemblances ( ^! f\r p>agraphs 7ii4 #dg1 iii4 #bh1 #bi1 iv4 #cg1 vi4 #bf1 #bg71 & by _! diff]5ces4 ,to ?is ma9 purpose all ! o!r elem5ts ( ^! spl5did pictures--! fai?fulness ( ,hebrew wor%ipp]s1 ! abasem5t ( blasphem+ despots1 ! mission ( ,israel to ! nations--are subord9at$4 ,! *ief aim is to set =? ! helpless humiliation ( all false gods be=e ! might ( ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,x might be express$ 9 ! words1 ,( a tru?1 ,"l1 ! k+s ( ,assyria h laid wa/e all ! nations1 & ca/ _! gods into ! fire2 = !y 7 no gods1 b ! "w ( m5's h&s1 wood & /one4 ,a clos] glance at ^! *apt]s w %[ "s gr\nds = ^! conclusions4 ,?us1 9 ! second *apt]1 ! magicians & sorc]]s repudiate all possibility ( reveal+ ! k+'s dream & its int]pretation1 because !y are b m51 & ! gods h n _! dwell+ ) mortal fle% 7ii4 #aa72 b ,daniel c tell ! dream because he /&s ne> to 8 ,god1 :o1 ?\gh ,he is 9 heav51 yet is ,all-wise1 & reveale? secrets4 ,9 ! ?ird *apt] ! de/ruction ( ! /ronge/ soldi]s ( ,nebu*adrezz> by fire1 & ! absolute deliv]ance ( ! ?ree ,jews :om !y h flung into ! furnace1 conv9ce ,nebu*adrezz> t no god c deliv] z ! ,almighty does1 & t !re=e x is blasphemy des]v+ ( dea? to utt] a ^w aga9/ ,him4 ,9 *ap4 iv4 ! supremacy ( ,daniel's wisdom z d]iv$ f ,god1 ! fulfilm5t ( ! ?reat5$ judgm5t1 & ! deliv]ance ( ! mighty ,k+ ( ,babylon f 8 degrad+ madness :5 he lifts up 8 eyes to heav51 conv9ce ,nebu*adrezz> /ill m deeply t ,god is n only a ,great ,god1 b t no o!r be+1 man or god1 c ev5 be comp>$ to ,him4 ,he is ! ,only & ! ,et]nal ,god1 :o doe? accord+ to ,8 w 9 ! army ( heav51 z well z among ! inhabitants ( ! e>?1 & none c /ay ,8 h&4 ,?is is ! highe/ po9t ( conviction4 ,nebu*adrezz> confesses t ,god is n only ,primus int] p>es1 b ! ,irresi/ible ,god1 & 8 own ,god4 ,& aft] ?is1 9 ! fif? *apt]1 ,daniel c speak to ,bel%azz> ( ! ,"l ( heav5 7v4 #bc72 & z ! k+'s ,creator2 & ( ! no?+ness ( gods ( silv]1 & gold1 & brass1 & wood1 & /one2--z ?\gh ^? tru?s _h already be5 decisively prov$4 ,& ?is belief f9ds op5 expression 9 ! decree ( ,d>ius 7vi4 #bf1 #bg71 :i* concludes ! hi/oric section4 ,x is ano!r indication ( ?is ma9 purpose ( ^! hi/ories t ! plural =m ( ! ,"n ( ,god--,elohm--does n once occur 9 *aps4 ii4-vi4 ,x is us$ 9 i4 #b1 #i1 #ag2 b n aga9 till ! n9? *apt]1 :]e x occurs twelve times2 once 9 ! t5? 7x4 #ab72 & twice ( ,god 9 ! elev5? *apt] 7xi4 #cb1 #cg74 ,9 ! prophetic section 7vii4 #ah1 #bb1 #be1 #bg7 we h ,mo/ ,high 9 ! plural 7'elionn72#aci b ) ref]5ce only to ! ,"o ,god 7see vii4 #be74 ,b 9 all cases :]e ! hea!n are address$ ?is plural becomes ! s+ul> 7ehlleh1 71 z ?r\gh\t ! fir/ six *apt]s4 ,?is avoidance ( s common a ^w z ! plural ,elohm = ,god1 because ! plural =m might conceivably h be5 misund]/ood by ! hea!n1 %[s ! elaborate con/ruction ( ! ,book4#adj ,god is call$ ,eloah ,%aman1 ,god ( heav51 9 ! second & ?ird *apt]s2 b 9 lat] *apt]s we h ! common po/-exilic phrase 9 ! plural4#ada ,9 ! f\r? & fif? *apt]s we h ,god's ,hol9ess fir/ br\ght be=e u1 *iefly on its av5g+ side2 & x is n till we h witness$ ! pro( ( ,8 ,unity1 ,wisdom1 ,omnipot5ce1 & ,ju/ice1 :i* x is ! mission ( ,israel to make manife/ among ! hea!n1 t all is summ$ up 9 ! edict ( ,d>ius to all p1 nations1 & languages4 ,! omission ( any express recognition ( ,god's t5d] compassion is due to ! /ructure ( ^! *apt]s2 = x w\ld h>dly be possible = hea!n pot5tates to recognise t attribute 9 ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ,8 judgm5ts4 ,x is some:at rem>kable t ! "n ,jehovah is avoid$4#adb ,z ! ,jews purposely pron\nc$ x ) wrong v[els1 & ! ,,lxx4 r5d] x by 1 ! ,sam>itan by 1 & ! ,rabbis by ! ,"n1 s we f9d 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel a simil> avoidance ( ! awful ,tetragrammaton4 ,,footnotes3 #aci ,lit]ally1 z 9 m>g91 mo/ high ?+s or places4 #adj ,9 iv4 #e1 #f2 & elohn means gods 9 ! m\? ( a hea!n 7_s ( ! holy gods74 #ada ,elohn occurs repeat$ly 9 *ap4 ix41 & 9 x4 #ab1 xi4 #cb1 #cg4 #adb ,x only occurs 9 ,dan4 ix4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,!ology ,,( ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,daniel ,z reg>ds ! religi\s views ( ! ,book ( ,daniel "s ( !m at any rate are 9 full accordance ) ! belief 9 ! late orig9 ( ! ,book to :i* we are l$ by s _m indications4#adc ,i4 ,?us 9 ,dan4 xii4 #b 7= we may "h s f> anticipate ! exam9ation ( ! second section ( ! ,book7 we meet1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ,scripture1 ) a di/9ct recognition ( ! resurrection ( ! individual dead4#add ,?is1 z all "k1 is a doctr9e ( :i* we only f9d ! fa9te/ indication 9 ! e>li] books ( ! ,canon4 ,al?\gh ! doctr9e is /ill b dimly =mulat$1 x is cle>] 9 ?is respect ?an ,isa4 xxv4 #h1 xxvi4 #ai4 ,,ii4 ,/ill m rem>kable is ! special prom95ce ( angels4 ,x is n ,god :o goes =? to w> 7,judg4 v4 #ac1 #bc71 or takes p]sonal "p 9 ! deliv]ance or puni%m5t ( nations 7,isa4 v4 #bf1 vii4 #ah74 ,?ron$ 9 isolat$ & unapproa*able transc5d5ce1 ,he uses ! ag5cy ( int]m$iate be+s 7,dan4 iv4 #ad74ade ,9 full accordance ) late developm5ts ( ,jewi% op9ion angels are m5tion$ by special names1 & appe> z ,pr9ces & ,protectors ( special l&s4#adf ,9 no o!r book 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t h we any names giv5 to angels1 or any di/9ction betwe5 _! dignities1 or any trace ( _! be+ 9 mutual rivalry z ,pr9ces or ,patrons ( diff]5t nationalities4 ,^! rem>kable features ( angelology only occur 9 ! lat] epo*1 & 9 ! apocalyptic lit]ature to :i* ?is ,book belongs4 ,?us !y are f\nd 9 ! ,,lxx4 translations ( ,deut4 xxxii4 #h & ,isa4 xxx4 #d1 & 9 su* po/-,maccabean books z ^? ( ,eno* & ,esdras4#adg ,,iii4 ,aga91 we h ! fix$ cu/om ( ?ree daily =mal pray]s1 utt]$ t[>ds ! ,kibleh ( ,j]usalem4 ,?is may1 possibly1 h begun dur+ ! ,exile4 ,x became a normal rule = lat] ages4#adh ,! ,book1 h[ev]1 l t ( ,jonah1 is1 z a :ole1 rem>kably free f any extravagant e/imate ( ,levitical m9uti4 ,,iv4 ,once m1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ,jewi% /ory1 we f9d extreme importance atta*$ to ! ,levitical di/9ction ( clean & unclean meats1 :i* also comes into prom95ce 9 ! age ( ! ,maccabees1 z x aft]w>ds con/itut$ a mo/ prom95t elem5t 9 ! ideal ( ,talmudic religionism4#adi ,daniel & ! ,?ree ,*ildr5 are veget>ians1 l ! ,ph>isees aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,second ,temple1 m5tion$ 9 ,baba ,ba?ra1 f4 #fj1 #b4 ,v4 ,we h already notic$ ! avoidance ( ! sacr$ "n ,jehovah ev5 9 passages address$ to ,jews 7,dan4 ii4 #ah71 ?\gh we f9d ,jehovah 9 #b ,*ron4 xxxvi4 #g4 ,jehovah only occurs 9 ref]5ce to ,j]4 xxv4 #h-aa1 & 9 ! pray] ( ! n9? *apt]1 :]e we also f9d ,adonai & ,elohm4 ,p]iphrases = ,god1 l ! ,anci5t ( ,days1 become normal 9 ,talmudic lit]ature4 ,,vi4 ,aga91 ! doctr9e ( ! ,messiah1 l ^! o!r doctr9es1 is1 z ,pr(essor ,driv] says1 taught ) great] di/9ctness & 9 a m develop$ =m ?an else:]e 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ) features approximat+ to1 ?\gh n id5tical )1 ^? met ) 9 ! e>li] p>ts ( ! ,book ( ,eno* 7,b4,c4 #ajj74 ,9 "o or two in/ances ^! developm5ts may h be5 p>tially m\ld$ by =eign influ5ces4#aej ,!y und\bt$ly m>k a lat] phase ( revelation ?an t :i* is set be=e u 9 o!r books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,& ! conclusion indicat$ by ^! special features 9 ! ,book is confirm$ by ! g5]al atmosph]e :i* we brea! ?r\gh\t x4 ,! atmosph]e & tone are n ^? ( any o!r writ+s belong+ to ! ,jews ( ! ,exile2 x is r t ( ! ,maccabean ,*asidm4 ,h[ f> ! ,messianic ,b> ,eno% 7vii4 #ac7 is meant to be a p]son w be consid]$ 9 ! comm5t on t passage4 ,we %all see 9 lat] pages t ! supreme value & importance ( ! ,book ( ,daniel1 rightly und]/ood1 consi/s 9 ?is--t x is ! fir/ attempt at a ,philosophy1 or r at a ,!ology ( ,hi/ory4#aea ,its ma9 object 0 to tea* ! cru%$ & afflict$ to place un%ak5 confid5ce 9 ,god4 ,,footnotes3 #adc ,! description ( ,god z ! ,anci5t ( ,days ) g>m5ts :ite z sn[1 & ( ,8 ?rone ( flames on burn+ :eels1 is f\nd aga9 9 ! ,book ( ,eno*1 writt5 ab\t ,b4,c4 #ada 7,eno* xiv474 #add ,see ,dan4 xii4 #b4 ,comp4 ,jos41 ,b4 ,j41 ,,ii4 viii4 #ad2 ,eno* xxii4 #ac1 lx4 #a-e1 etc4 #ade ,comp4 ,sm5d1 ,altte/4 ,relig4 ,ges*41 p4 #ecj4 ,= ref]5ces to angels 9 ,old ,te/am5t see ,job i4 #f1 xxxviii4 #g2 ,j]4 xxiii4 #ah2 ,psalm lxxxix4 #g2 ,jo%4 v4 #ac-ae2 ,ze*4 i4 #ab1 iii4 #a4 ,see fur!r ,behrmann1 ,dan41 p4 xxiii4 #adf ,dan4 iv4 #ad1 ix4 #ba1 x4 #ac1 #bj4 #adg ,see ,eno* lxxi4 #ag1 lxviii4 #aj1 & ! six ar*angels ,uriel1 ,raphael1 ,reguel1 ,mi*ael1 ,s>agael1 & ,gabriel 9 ,eno* xx4-xxxvi4 ,see ,ro% ,ha%anah1 f4 #ef1 #a2 ,b]e%? ,rabba1 c4 #dh2 ,hamburg]1 i4 #cje-cab4 #adh ,b]a*?1 f4 #ca2 ,dan4 vi4 #aa4 ,comp4 ,psalm lv4 #ah2 #a ,k+s viii4 #ch-dh4 #adi #a ,macc4 i4 #fb2 ,dan4 i4 #h2 #b ,macc4 v4 #bg1 vi4 #ah-vii4 #db4 #aej ,introd41 p4 #dgg4 ,comp4 #b ,esdras xiii4 #da-de1 & passim2 ,eno* xl41 xlv41 xlvi41 xlix41 & passim2 ,hamburg]1 ,real-,encycl41 ii4 #bfg ff4 ,) ! "t ( ! end & ! num]ical calculations comp4 #b ,esdras vi4 #f1 #g4 #aea ,roszmann1 ,die ,makkabis*e ,erhebung1 p4 #de4 ,see ,wellhaus51 ,die ,ph>is4 u4 d4 ,sadd41 #gg ff4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,peculi>ities ,,( ,,! ,,apocalyptic ,,& ,,prophetic ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,book ,if we h f\nd mu* to lead u to s]i\s d\bts z to ! au!nticity & g5u95ess--i4e41 z to ! lit]al hi/oricity & ! real au?or--( ! ,book ( ,daniel 9 its hi/oric section1 we %all f9d /ill m 9 ! prophetic section4 ,if ! ph5om5a already pass$ 9 review are m ?an en\gh to indicate ! impossibility t ! ,book c\ld h be5 writt5 by ! hi/oric ,daniel1 ! ph5om5a n[ to be consid]$ are su* z h suffic$ to conv9ce ! imm5se majority ( le>n$ critics t1 9 its pres5t =m1 ! ,book did n appe> be=e ! days ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes4#aeb ,! probable date is ,b4,c4 #afd4 ,z 9 ! ,book ( ,eno* xc4 #ae1 #af1 x conta9s hi/ory writt5 "u ! =m ( prophecy4 ,leav+ m9ut] exam9ation to lat] *apt]s ( comm5t>y1 we w n[ take a brief survey ( ?is unique apocalypse4 ,i4 ,z reg>ds ! /yle & me?od ! only di/ant approa* to x 9 ! re/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is 9 a few visions ( ,ezekiel & ,ze*>iah1 :i* diff] greatly f ! cle>1 & s to speak classic1 /yle ( ! old] prophets4 ,b 9 ,daniel we f9d visions f> m enigmatical1 & f> less full ( passion & poetry4 ,inde$1 z reg>ds /yle & intellectual =ce1 ! spl5did hi/oric sc5es ( *aps4 i4-vi4 f> surpass ! visions ( vii4-xii41 "s ( :i* h be5 describ$ z composite logographs1 9 :i* ! ideas are =cibly juxtapos$ )\t c>e = any coh]5ce 9 ! symbols--z1 = in/ance1 :5 a horn speaks & has eyes4#aec ,*ap4 vii4 conta9s a vision ( f\r diff]5t wild bea/s ris+ f ! sea3 a lion1 ) eagle-w+s1 :i* aft]w>ds becomes semi-human2 a be>1 lean+ on "o side1 & hav+ ?ree ribs 9 its m\?2 a f\r-w+$1 f\r-head$ pan!r2 & a /ill m t]rible creature1 ) iron tee?1 braz5 claws1 & t5 horns1 among :i* rises a little horn1 :i* de/roy$ ?ree ( ! o!rs--x has man's eyes & a m\? speak+ pr\d ?+s4 ,!re foll[s an epiphany ( ! ,anci5t ( ,days1 :o de/roys ! little horn1 b prolongs = a "t ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r wild bea/s4 ,!n comes ,"o 9 human semblance1 :o is br\ght be=e ! ,anci5t ( ,days1 & is clo!d by ,him ) univ]sal & et]nal p[]4 ,we %all see reasons = ! view t ! f\r bea/s--9 accordance ) ! int]pretation ( ! vision giv5 to ,daniel himself--repres5t ! ,babylonian1 ! ,m$ian1 ! ,p]sian1 & ! ,greek empires1 issu+ 9 ! sep>ate k+doms ( ,alex&]'s successors2 & t ! little horn is ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 ^: ov]?r[ is to be foll[$ imm$iately by ! ,messianic ,k+dom4#aed ,! vision ( ! eigh? *apt] ma9ly pursues ! hi/ory ( ! f\r? ( ^! k+doms4 ,daniel sees a ram /&+ ea/w>d ( ! riv]-bas9 ( ! ,ulai1 hav+ two horns1 ( :i* "o is high] ?an ! o!r4 ,x butts we/w>d1 nor?w>d1 & s\?w>d1 & seem$ irresi/ible1 until a he-goat f ! ,we/1 ) "o horn betwe5 its eyes1 confront$ x1 & /amp$ x to pieces4 ,aft] ?is its "o horn broke into f\r t[>ds ! f\r w9ds ( heav51 & "o ( !m %ot =? a puny horn1 :i* grew great t[>ds ! ,s\? & ,ea/1 & act$ tyrann\sly aga9/ ! ,holy ,p1 & spoke blasphem\sly aga9/ ,god4 ,daniel he>s ! holy ones decl>+ t its p[]s %all only la/ two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ ev5+-morn+s4 ,an angel bids ,gabriel to expla9 ! vision to ,daniel2 & ,gabriel tells ! se] t ! ram repres5ts ! ,m$o-,p]sian & ! he-goat ! ,greek ,k+dom4 ,its great horn is ,alex&]2 ! f\r horns are ! k+doms ( 8 successors1 ! ,diado*i2 ! little horn is a k+ bold ( vision & v]s$ 9 enigmas1 :om all agree to be ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,9 ! n9? *apt] we are told t ,daniel has be5 m$itat+ on ! prophecy ( ,j]emiah t ,j]usalem %\ld be rebuilt aft] sev5ty ye>s1 & z ! sev5ty ye>s seem to be draw+ to a close he humbles himself ) pray] & fa/+4 ,b ,gabriel comes fly+ to him at ! "t ( ! ev5+ sacrifice1 & expla9s to him t ! sev5ty ye>s is to mean sev5ty weeks ( ye>s--i4e41 f\r hundr$ & n9ety ye>s1 divid$ into ?ree p]iods ( #g #fb #a4 ,at ! end ( sev5 7i4e41 =ty-n9e7 ye>s an ano9t$ pr9ce w ord] ! re/oration ( ,j]usalem4 ,! city w cont9ue1 ?\gh 9 humiliation1 = sixty-two 7i4e41 f\r hundr$ & ?irty-f\r7 ye>s1 :5 an ano9t$ w be cut (f1 & a pr9ce w de/roy x4 ,dur+ half a week 7i4e41 = ?ree & a half ye>s7 he w cause ! sacrifice & oblation to cease2 & he w make a cov5ant ) _m = "o week1 at ! end ( :i* he w be cut (f4 ,"h1 aga91 we %all h reason to see t ! :ole prophecy culm9ates 91 & is ma9ly conc]n$ )1 ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,9 fact1 x furni%es u ) a sket* ( 8 =tunes1 :i*1 9 connexion ) ! elev5? *apt]1 tells u m ab\t him ?an we le>n f any extant hi/ory4 ,9 ! t5? *apt] ,daniel1 aft] a fa/ ( tw5ty-"o days1 sees a vision ( ,gabriel1 :o expla9s to him :y 8 com+ has be5 delay$1 soo!s 8 fe>s1 t\*es 8 lips1 & prep>es him = ! vision ( *apt] elev54 ,t *apt] is ma9ly occupi$ ) a s+ul>ly m9ute & circum/antial hi/ory ( ! murd]s1 intrigues1 w>s1 & int]m>riages ( ! ,lagid & ,seleucid4 ,s detail$ is x t 9 "s cases ! hi/ory has to be recon/ruct$ out ( x4 ,?is sket* is foll[$ by ! do+s & f9al ov]?r[ ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,! twelf? *apt] is ! picture ( a resurrection1 & ( words ( consolation & exhortation address$ to ,daniel4 ,su* 9 briefe/ outl9e are ! cont5ts ( ^! *apt]s1 & _! peculi>ities are v m>k$4 ,until ! read] has /udi$ ! m detail$ explanation ( ! *apt]s sep>ately1 & especially ( ! elev5?1 he w be unable to e/imate ! enorm\s =ce ( ! argum5ts adduc$ to prove ! impossibility ( su* prophecies hav+ emanat$ f ,babylon & ,susa ab\t ,b4,c4 #ecf4 ,long be=e ! a/oni%+ enl>gem5t ( our critical k :i* has be5 ! "w ( ! la/ g5]ation--ne>ly fifty ye>s ago--! m]e p]usal ( ! ,book z x /&s produc$ on ! manly & hone/ judgm5t ( ,dr4 ,arnold a /rong impression ( unc]ta9ty4 ,he said t ! latt] *apt]s ( ,daniel w\ld1 if g5u9e1 be a cle> exception to ! canons ( int]pretation :i* he laid d[n 9 8 ,s]mons on ,prophecy1 s9ce !re c be no reasonable spiritual mean+ made out ( ! k+s ( ! ,nor? & ,s\?4 ,b1 he adds1 ,i h long ?\ght t ! great] "p ( ! ,book ( ,daniel is mo/ c]ta9ly a v late "w ( ! "t ( ! ,maccabees2 & ! pret5d$ prophecies ab\t ! k+s ( ,grecia & ,p]sia1 & ( ! ,nor? & ,s\?1 are m]e hi/ory1 l ! poetical prophecies 9 ,virgil & else:]e4 ,9 fact1 y c trace di/9ctly ! date :5 x 0 writt51 because ! ev5ts up to t date are giv5 ) hi/orical m9ut5ess1 totally unlike ! "* ( real prophecy2 & beyond t date all is imag9>y4#aee ,! ,book is ! e>lie/ specim5 ( its k9d kn[n to u4 ,x inaugurat$ a new & important bran* ( ,jewi% lit]ature1 :i* influ5c$ _m subsequ5t writ]s4 ,an apocalypse1 s f> z its lit]>y =m is conc]n$1 claims ?r\gh\t to be a sup]natural revelation giv5 to mank9d by ! m\? ( ^? m5 9 ^: names ! v>i\s writ+s appe>4 ,an apocalypse--su*1 = in/ance1 z ! ,books ( ,eno*1 ! ,assumption ( ,moses1 ,b>u*1 #a1 #b ,esdras1 & ! ,sibyll9e ,oracles--is *>act]is$ by its enigmatic =m1 :i* %r\ds its mean+ 9 p>ables & symbols4 ,x indicates p]sons )\t nam+ !m1 & %ad[s =? hi/oric ev5ts "u animal =ms1 or z op]ations ( ,nature4 ,ev5 ! explanations :i* foll[1 z 9 ?is ,book1 are /ill my/]i\s & indirect4 ,,ii4 ,9 ! next place an apocalypse is lit]>y1 n oral4 ,s*r]1 :o classes ,daniel among ! olde/ & mo/ orig9al ( pseudepigraphic prophecies1 etc41 rightly says t ! old prophets 9 _! tea*+s & exhortations address$ !mselves directly to ! p fir/ & =emo/ ?r\gh _! oral utt]ances2 & !n1 b only z subord9ate to ^!1 by writt5 disc\rses z well4 ,b n[1 :5 m5 felt !mselves at any "t compell$ by _! religi\s en?usiasm to influ5ce _! contempor>ies1 in/ead ( directly address+ !m 9 p]son l ! prophets ( old1 !y did s by a writ+ purport+ to be ! "w ( "s "o or o!r ( ! great names ( ! pa/1 9 ! hope t 9 ?is way ! effect w\ld be all ! sur] & all ! m p[]ful4#aef ,! ,daniel ( ?is ,book repres5ts himself1 n z a prophet1 b z a humble /ud5t ( ! prophets4 ,he no long] claims1 z ,isaiah did1 to speak 9 ! ,"n ( ,god ,himself ) a ,?us sai? ,jehovah4 ,,iii4 ,?irdly1 x is impossible n to notice t ,daniel diff]s f all o!r prophecies by its all-b-total indiff]5ce to ! circum/ances & surr\nd+s 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ! pr$iction is suppos$ to h orig9at$4 ,! ,daniel ( ,babylon & ,susa is repres5t$ z ! writ]2 yet 8 :ole int]e/ is conc5trat$1 n 9 ! ev5ts :i* imm$iately int]e/ ! ,jews ( ,babylon 9 ! days ( ,cyrus1 or ( ,j]usalem "u ,z]ubbabel1 b deals ) a numb] ( pr$ictions :i* revolve almo/ exclusively ab\t ! reign ( a v inf]ior k+ f\r c5turies aft]w>ds4 ,& ) ?is k+ ! pr$ictions abruptly /op %ort1 & are foll[$ by ! v g5]al promise ( an imm$iate ,messianic age4 ,we may notice fur!r ! con/ant use ( r\nd & cyclic numb]s1 su* z ?ree & its comp\nds 7i4 #e1 iii4 #a1 vi4 #g1 #aj1 vii4 #e1 #h72 f\r 7ii41 vii4 #f1 & viii4 #h1 xi4 #ab72 sev5 & its comp\nds 7iii4 #ai1 iv4 #af1 #bc1 ix4 #bd1 etc474 ,! apocalyptic symbols ( ,be>s1 ,lions1 ,eagles1 ,horns1 ,w+s1 etc41 ab\nd 9 ! contempor>y & lat] ,books ( ,eno*1 ,b>u*1 #d ,esdras1 ! ,assumption ( ,moses1 & ! ,sibyll9es1 z well z 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian apocalypses1 l t ( ,pet]4 ,! au?ors ( ! ,sibyll9es 7,b4,c4 #adj7 7 acqua9t$ ) ,daniel2 ! ,book ( ,eno* brea!s exactly ! same _s ) ?is ,book1 9 ! transc5d5talism :i* avoids ! "n ,jehovah 7vii4 #ac2 ,eno* xlvi4 #a1 xlvii4 #c71 9 ! numb] ( angels 7vii4 #aj2 ,eno* xl4 #a1 lx4 #b71 _! names1 ! title ( wat*]s giv5 to !m1 & _! gu>dian%ip ( m5 7,eno* xx4 #e74 ,! ,judgm5t & ! ,books 7vii4 #i1 #aj1 xii4 #a7 occur aga9 9 ,eno* xlvii4 #c1 lxxxi4 #a1 z 9 ! ,book ( ,jubilees1 & ! ,te/am5t ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s4#aeg ,,footnotes3 #aeb ,among ^! critics are ,delitzs*1 ,riehm1 ,ewald1 ,buns51 ,hilg5feld1 ,cornill1 ,lcke1 ,/rack1 ,s*r]1 ,ku551 ,me9hold1 ,orelli1 ,jol1 ,reuss1 ,knig1 ,kamphaus51 ,*eyne1 ,driv]1 ,briggs1 ,bevan1 ,behrmann1 etc4 #aec ,r5an1 ,hi/ory ( ,israel1 iv4 #ced4 ,he adds1 ,l'ess5ce du g5re c'e/ le pseudonyme1 ou si l'on veut l'apocryphisme 7p4 #cef74 #aed ,lag>de1 ,gott4 ,gel4 ,anzieg41 #ahia1 pp4 #dig-ebj1 /&s almo/1 if n q1 alone 9 argu+ t ,dan4 vii4 0 n writt5 till ,a4,d4 #fi1 & t ! little horn is meant = ,vespasian4 ,! relation ( ! f\r? empire ( ,dan4 vii4 to ! iron "p ( ! image 9 ,dan4 ii4 refutes ?is view3 bo? c only ref] to ! ,greek ,empire4 ,josephus 7,antt41 ,x4 xi4 #g7 does n ref] to ,dan4 vii42 b nei!r does he to ix4-xii41 = reasons already m5tion$4 ,see ,cornill1 ,e9leit41 p4 #bfb4 #aee ,/anley1 ,life ( ,arnold1 p4 #eje4 #aef ,s*r]1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,jew4 ,p1 iii4 #bd 7,e4 ,tr474 #aeg ,on ! close resemblance betwe5 ,daniel & o!r apocryphal books see ,behrmann1 ,dan41 pp4 #cg-ci2 ,dillmann1 ,das ,bu* ,h5o*4 ,= its relation to ! ,book ( ,b>u* see ,s*rad]1 ,keil9s*rift51 #dce f4 ,philo does n allude to ,daniel4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,int]nal ,,evid5ce ,i4 ,o!r prophets />t f ! gr\nd ( ! pres5t1 & to exig5cies ( ! pres5t _! prophecies 7 prim>ily direct$4 ,x is true t _! l(ty moral tea*+1 _! rapt poetry1 _! impassion$ feel+1 _h its ine/imable value = all ages4 ,b ^! elem5ts sc>cely exi/ 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel4 ,almo/ ! :ole ( its prophecies be> on "o %ort p>ticul> p]iod ne>ly f\r hundr$ ye>s aft] ! suppos$ epo* ( _! deliv]y4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! ph5om5on !y pres5t8 ,:]eas o!r prophets1 by /udy+ ! problems ( ! pres5t 9 ! light flung ^u !m by ! pa/1 are enabl$1 by comb9+ ! pres5t ) ! pa/1 to ga91 ) ! aid ( ,god's ,holy ,_s1 a vivid glimpse ( ! imm$iate future1 = ! in/ruction ( ! liv+ g5]ation1 ! reput$ au?or ( ,daniel passes ov] ! imm$iate future ) a few words1 & sp5ds ! ma9 "p ( 8 revelations on a triad ( ye>s sep>at$ by c5turies f contempor>y hi/ory4 ,occupi$ z ?is description is ) ! w>s & negotiations ( empires :i* 7 yet unborn1 x c h _h little practical significance = ,daniel's fell[-exiles4 ,nor c\ld ^! pr$ictions h be5 to prove ! possibility ( sup]natural =ekn[l$ge1#aeh s9ce1 ev5 aft] _! suppos$ fulfilm5t1 ! int]pretation ( !m is op5 to ! greate/ difficulties & ! grave/ d\bts4 ,if to a ,babylonian exile 0 v\*saf$ a gift ( prevision s m9ute & s m>vell\s z enabl$ him to describe ! int]m>riages ( ,ptolemies & ,seleucid f\r c5turies lat]1 surely ! gift mu/ h be5 grant$ = "s decisive end4 ,b ^! pr$ictions are precisely ! ones :i* seem to h ! smalle/ significance4 ,we mu/ say1 ) ,seml]1 t no su* b5efit seems likely to result f ?is pr$et]m9ation ( comp>atively unimportant m9uti z ,god mu/ surely int5d :5 ,he makes use ( means ( a v extraord9>y "*4 ,x might p]haps be said t ! ,book 0 writt51 f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e ! crisis occurr$1 to console ! ,jews "u _! brief p]iod ( p]secution by ! ,seleucid4 ,x w\ld be inde$ extraord9>y t s curi\s1 di/ant1 & r\ndab\t a me?od %\ld h be5 adopt$ = an end :i*1 9 accordance ) ! entire economy ( ,god's deal+s ) m5 9 revelation1 c\ld h be5 s mu* m easily & s mu* m effectually accompli%$ 9 simpl] ways4 ,fur!r1 unless we accept an isolat$ allusion to ,daniel 9 ! imag9>y spee* ( ! dy+ ,matta?ias1 !re is no trace :atev] t ! ,book _h ! smalle/ influ5ce 9 inspir+ ! ,jews 9 t t]rible epo*4 ,& ! ref]5ce ( ,matta?ias1 if x 0 ev] made at all1 may be to old tradition1 & does n allude to ! prophecies ab\t ,antio*us & 8 fate4 ,b1 z ,h5g/5b]g1 ! *ief support] ( ! au!nticity ( ! ,book ( ,daniel1 well obs]ves1#aei ,prophecy c nev] entirely sep>ate itself f ! gr\nd ( ! pres5t1 to influ5ce :i* is always its m imm$iate object1 & to :i* !re=e x mu/ con/antly con/ruct a bridge4#afj ,on ?is also re/s all c]ta9ty ( exposition z to ! future4 ,& t ! means %\ld be provid$ = su* a c]ta9ty is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! ,div9e nature ( prophecy4 ,a truly ,div9e prophecy _c possibly swim 9 ! air2 nor c ! ,*ur* be left to m]e guesses 9 ! exposition ( ,scripture :i* has be5 giv5 to h] z a light amid ! d>kness4 ,,ii4 ,& z x does n />t f ! gr\nd ( ! pres5t1 s too ! ,book ( ,daniel rev]ses ! me?od ( prophecy ) ref]5ce to ! future4 ,= ! g5u9e pr$ictions ( ,scripture advance by sl[ & gradual degrees f ! unc]ta9 & ! g5]al to ! def9ite & ! special4 ,prophecy m>*es ) hi/ory1 & takes a /ep =w>d at ea* new p]iod4#afa ,s f> z we "k !re is n a s+le in/ance 9 :i* any prophet alludes to1 mu* less dwells ^u1 any k+dom :i* _h n !n ris5 above ! political horizon4#afb ,9 ,daniel ! case is rev]s$3 ! only k+dom :i* 0 loom+ into sight is dismiss$ ) a few words1 & ! k+dom mo/ dwelt ^u is ! mo/ di/ant & q ! mo/ insignificant ( all1 ( ! v exi/5ce ( :i* nei!r ,daniel nor 8 contempor>ies _h ev5 remotely he>d4#afc ,,iii4 ,!n aga91 al?\gh ! prophets1 ) _! div9ely illum9at$ s\ls1 rea*$ f> beyond intellectual sagacity & political =esight1 yet _! h9ts ab\t ! future nev] di/antly approa* to detail$ hi/ory l t ( ,daniel4 ,!y d inde$ s f> lift ! veil ( ! ,unse5 z to %ad[ =? ! outl9e ( ! ne> future1 b !y d ?is only on g5]al t]ms & on g5]al pr9ciples4#afd ,_! object1 z ,i h repeat$ly obs]v$1 0 ma9ly moral1 & x 0 also confess$ly conditional1 ev5 :5 no h9t is giv5 ( ! impli$ condition4#afe ,no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an ! wisdom & b5efic5ce ( t ,div9e provision :i* has hidd5 ! future f m5's eyes1 & ev5 taught u to reg>d all pry+ into its m9ute ev5ts z vulg> & s9ful4#aff ,/>gaz+ & mon?ly progno/ication 7 r ! *>act]i/ics ( false religion & unhall[$ div9ations ?an ( fai?ful & holy s\ls4 ,nitzs*#afg mo/ ju/ly lays x d[n z an ess5tial condition ( prophecy t x %\ld n di/urb man's relation to hi/ory4 ,any?+ l detail$ description ( ! future w\ld intol]ably p]plex & confuse our s5se ( human free-w4 ,x w\ld drive u to ! inevitable conclusion t m5 are b puppets mov$ irresponsibly by ! h& ( inevitable fate4 ,n "o su* prophecy1 unless ?is be "o1 occurs any:]e 9 ! ,bible4 ,we d n ?9k t 7ap>t f ,messianic prophecies7 a s+le in/ance c be giv5 9 :i* any prophet di/9ctly & m9utely pr$icts a future s]ies ( ev5ts ( :i* ! fulfilm5t 0 n ne> at h&4 ,9 ! few cases :5 "s ev5t1 already imm95t1 is pr$ict$ app>5tly ) "s detail1 x is n c]ta9 :e!r "s t\*es--names1 = in/ance--may n h be5 add$ by editors liv+ subsequ5tly to ! occurr5ce ( ! ev5t4#afh ,t !re has be5 at all times a gift ( presci5ce1 :]eby ! ,_s ( ,god1 ent]+ into holy s\ls1 has made !m sons ( ,god & prophets1 is indisputable4 ,x is 9 virtue ( ?is high =ekn[l$ge#afi t ! voice ( ! ,hebrew ,sibyl has ,roll$ s\nd+ onw>ds ?r\gh a ?\s& ye>s ,h] deep prophetic bodim5ts4 ,ev5 ,demo/h5es1 by virtue ( a /atesman's ?\ghtful exp]i5ce1 c describe x z 8 (fice & duty to see ev5ts 9 _! beg9n+s1 to disc]n _! purport & t5d5cies f ! fir/1 & to =ew>n 8 c\ntrym5 accord+ly4 ,yet ! p[] ( ,demo/h5es 0 z no?+ comp>$ ) t ( an ,isaiah or a ,nahum2 & we may safely say t ! writ+s alike ( ! ,greek orator & ! ,hebrew prophets w\ld h be5 comp>atively valueless _h !y m]ely conta9$ anticipations ( future hi/ory1 in/ead ( deal+ ) tru?s ^: value is equal = all ages--tru?s & pr9ciples :i* give cle>ness to ! pa/1 security to ! pres5t1 & guidance to ! future4 ,_h x be5 ! function ( prophecy to remove ! veil ( obscurity :i* ,god 9 ,8 wisdom has hung ov] ! de/9ies ( m5 & k+doms1 x w\ld nev] h atta9$1 z x has done1 to ! love & rev]5ce ( mank9d4 ,,iv4 ,ano!r unique & abnormal feature is f\nd 9 ! close & accurate *ronological calculations 9 :i* ! ,book ( ,daniel ab\nds4 ,we %all see lat] on t ! dates ( ! ,maccabean reconsecration ( ! ,temple & ! ru9 ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes are indicat$ almo/ to ! day4 ,! numb]s ( prophecy are 9 all o!r cases symbolical & g5]al4 ,!y are int5tional comp\nds ( sev5--! sum ( ?ree & f\r1 :i* are ! numb]s t my/ically %ad[ =? ,god & ! _w--a numb] :i* ev5 ,cic]o calls r]um omnium f]e modus2 & ( t51 ! numb] ( ! _w4#agj ,if we except ! prophecy ( ! sev5ty ye>s' captivity--:i* 0 a r\nd numb]1 & is 9 no respect p>allel to ! p]iods ( ,daniel--!re is no o!r in/ance 9 ! ,bible ( a *ronological prophecy4 ,we say no o!r in/ance1 because "o ( ! comm5tators :o1 9 writ+ ^u ,daniel1 objects to ! rem>k ( ,nitzs* t ! numb]s ( prophecy are my/ical1 yet obs]ves on ! "o ?\s& two hundr$ & sixty days ( ,rev4 xii4 t ! numb] "o ?\s& two hundr$ & sixty1 or ?ree & a half ye>s1 has no hi/orical signification :atev]1 & is only to be view$ 9 its relation to ! numb] sev5--viz41 z symbolis+ ! app>5t victory ( ! _w ov] ! ,*ur*4#aga ,v4 ,alike1 !n1 9 /yle1 9 matt]1 & 9 :at has be5 call$ by ,v4 ,orelli its exot]ic mann]1--alike 9 its def9it5ess & its indef9it5ess--9 ! po9t f :i* x />ts & ! p]iod at :i* x t]m9ates--9 its m9ute details & its *ronological indications--9 ! abs5ce ( ! moral & ! impassion$ elem5t1 & 9 ! s5se ( fatalism :i* x mu/ h introduc$ into hi/ory _h x be5 a g5u9e prophecy1--! ,book ( ,daniel diff]s f all ! o!r books :i* compose t prophetic canon4 ,f t canon x 0 rightly & delib]ately exclud$ by ! ,jews4 ,its wor? & dignity c only be rationally v9dicat$ or rightly und]/ood by suppos+ x to h be5 ! "w ( an unkn[n morali/ & patriot ( ! ,maccabean age4 ,& if any?+ fur!r 7 want+ to complete ! cog5cy ( ! int]nal evid5ce :i* =ces ?is conclusion ^u u1 x is amply f\nd 9 a /udy ( ^? books1 confess$ly apocryphal1 :i*1 al?\gh f> inf]ior to ! ,book be=e u1 are yet ( value1 & :i* we believe to h emanat$ f ! same era4 ,!y resemble ?is ,book 9 _! language1 bo? ,hebrew & ,aramaic1 z well z 9 c]ta9 recurr+ expressions & =ms to be f\nd 9 ! ,books ( ,maccabees & ! ,second ,book ( ,esdras2--9 _! /yle--rhetorical r ?an poetical1 /ately r ?an ec/atic1 diffuse r ?an po9t$1 & :olly inf]ior to ! prophets 9 dep? & p[]2--9 ! use ( an apocalyptic me?od1 & ! /range comb9ation ( dreams & symbols2--9 ! ins]tion1 by way ( embelli%m5t1 ( spee*es & =mal docum5ts :i* c at ! be/ be only semi-hi/orical2--f9ally1 9 ! :ole tone ( ?\ght1 especially 9 ! q peculi> doctr9e ( ar*angels1 ( angels gu>d+ k+doms1 & ( oppos+ evil spirits4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,book ( ,daniel may be illu/rat$ by ! ,apocryphal books 9 e s+le p>ticul>4 ,9 ! adoption ( an illu/ri\s "n--:i* is ! mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ?is p]iod--x resembles ! additions to ! ,book ( ,daniel1 ! ,books ( ,esdras1 ! ,lett]s ( ,b>u* & ,j]emiah1 & ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon4 ,9 ! imag9>y & quasi-leg5d>y treatm5t ( hi/ory x f9ds a p>allel 9 ,wisdom xvi4-xix41 & p>ts ( ! ,second ,book ( ,maccabees & ! ,second ,book ( ,esdras4 ,z an allusive n>rative be>+ on contemporane\s ev5ts "u ! guise ( describ+ ! pa/1 x is closely p>allel to ! ,book ( ,judi?1#agb :ile ! "* ( ,daniel be>s ! same relation to t ( ,joseph1 z ! repres5tation ( ,judi? does to t ( ,jael4 ,z an e?ical developm5t ( a few scatt]$ hi/orical data1 t5d+ to ! m>vell\s & sup]natural1 b ris+ to ! dignity ( a v noble & important religi\s fiction1 x is analog\s1 ?\gh incomp>ably sup]ior1 to ,bel & ! ,dragon1 & to ! /ories ( ,tobit & ,susanna4#agc ,! conclusion is obvi\s2 & x is equally obvi\s t1 :5 we suppose ! "n ( ,daniel to h be5 assum$1 & ! assumption to h be5 support$ by an antique col\r+1 we d n = a mom5t *>ge ! unkn[n au?or--:o may v well h be5 ,onias ,,iv4--) any di%one/y4 ,inde$1 x appe>s to u t !re are _m traces 9 ! ,book-- --:i* exon]ate ! writ] f any suspicion ( int5tional deception4 ,!y may h be5 meant to remove any t5d5cy to error 9 und]/&+ ! arti/ic guise :i* 0 adopt$ = ! bett] & m =cible inculcation ( ! lessons to be convey$4 ,t ! /ories ( ,daniel (f]$ peculi> opportunities = ?is treatm5t is %[n by ! apocryphal additions to ! ,book2 & t ! practice 0 well und]/ood ev5 be=e ! clos+ ( ! ,canon is suffici5tly %[n by ! ,book ( ,ecclesia/es4 ,! writ] ( t /range & fasc9at+ book1 ) its alt]nat+ moods ( cynicism & resignation1 m]ely adopt$ ! "n ( ,solomon1 & adopt$ x ) no di%on\rable purpose2 = he c\ld n h dream$ t utt]ances :i* 9 page aft] page betray to criticism _! late orig9 w\ld really be id5tifi$ ) ! words ( ! son ( ,david a ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,?is may n[ be reg>d$ z an indisputable1 & is inde$ a no long] disput$1 result ( all lit]>y & philological inquiry4 ,x is to ,porphyry1 a ,neoplatoni/ ( ! ?ird c5tury 7born at ,tyre1 ,a4,d4 #bcc2 di$ 9 ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #cjc71 t we owe our ability to write a cont9u\s hi/orical comm5t>y on ! symbols ( ,daniel4 ,t writ] devot$ ! twelf? book ( 8 to a pro( t ,daniel 0 n writt5 till aft] ! epo* :i* x s m9utely describ$4#agd ,9 ord] to d ?is he collect$ ) great le>n+ & indu/ry a hi/ory ( ! obscure ,antio*ian epo* f au?ors mo/ ( :om h p]i%$4 ,( ^! au?ors ,j]ome--! mo/ valuable "p ( ^: comm5t>y is d]iv$ f ,porphyry--gives a =midable li/1 m5tion+ among o!rs ,call9icus1 ,diodorus1 ,polybius1 ,posidonius1 ,claudius1 ,!o1 & ,&ronicus4 ,x is a /range fact t ! exposition ( a canonical book %\ld h be5 ma9ly r5d]$ possible by an av[$ oppon5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 ! object ( ,porphyry to prove t ! apocalyptic portion ( ! ,book 0 n a prophecy at all4#age ,x us$ to be a con/ant taunt aga9/ ^? :o adopt 8 critical conclusions t _! weapons are borr[$ f ! arm\ry ( an infidel4 ,! objection h>dly seems wor? answ]+4 ,fas e/ et ab ho/e doc]i4 ,if ! enemies ( our religion h sometimes help$ u ! bett] to und]/& our sacr$ books1 or to judge m correctly respect+ !m1 we %\ld be grateful t _! assaults h be5 ov]rul$ to our in/ruction4 ,! reproa* is :olly beside ! "q4 ,we may apply to x ! manly words ( ,grotius3 ,neque me pudeat cons5tire ,porphyrio1 qu&o is 9 v]am s5t5tiam incidit4 ,moreov]1 ,/4 ,j]ome himself c\ld n h writt5 8 comm5t>y1 z he himself admits1 )\t avail+ himself ( ! aid ( ! erudition ( ! hea!n philosoph]1 :om no less a p]son ?an ,/4 ,augu/9e call$ doctissimus philosophorum1 ?\gh unhappily he 0 ac]rimus *ri/ianorum inimicus4 ,,footnotes3 #aeh ,any app>5tly requisite modification ( ^! words w be consid]$ h]eaft]4 #aei ,on ,revelations1 vol4 i41 p4 #djh 7,e4 ,tr474 #afj ,di5t bei ihn5 die ,zukunft d] ,geg5w>t1 und i/ selb/ =tgesetzte ,geg5w>t 7,behrmann1 ,dan41 p4 xi74 #afa ,see ,m4 de ,press5s1 ,hi/4 des ,trois ,prem4 ,sicles1 p4 #bhc4 #afb ,see "s admirable rem>ks on ?is subject 9 ,ewald1 ,die ,proph4 d4 ,alt4 ,bund41 i4 #bc1 #bd2 ,w9]1 ,realwrt]b41 s4v4 ,prophet5 ,/hel91 ,e9leit41 #aig4 #afc ,comp4 ,eno* i4 #b4 #afd ,ewald1 ,die ,proph41 i4 #bg2 ,mi*el ,nicolas1 tudes sur la ,bible1 pp4 #ccf ff4 #afe ,comp4 ,mic4 iii4 #ab2 ,j]4 xxvi4 #a-ai2 ,ezek4 i4 #ba4 ,comp4 xxix4 #ah1 #ai4 #aff ,deut4 xviii4 #aj4 #afg ,sy/em d] *ri/li*5 ,lehre1 p4 #ff4 #afh ,e4g41 9 ! case ( ,josiah 7#a ,k+s xiii4 #b74 #afi ,de ,coron1 #gc3 4 #agj ,! symbolism ( numb]s is c>efully & le>n$ly work$ out 9 ,bhr's ,symbolik3 cf4 ,aub]l51 p4 #acc4 ,! sev]al fulfilm5ts ( ! prophesi$ sev5ty ye>s' captivity illu/rate ?is4 #aga ,h5g/5b]g1 ,on ,revelations1 p4 #fji4 #agb ,all ^! p>ticul>s may be f\nd1 )\t any allusion to ! ,book ( ,daniel1 9 ! admirable article on ! ,apocrypha by ,dean ,plumptre 9 ,dr4 ,smi?'s ,dict4 ( ! ,bible4 #agc ,ewald1 ,ges*4 ,isr41 iv4 #eda4 #agd ,et non tam ,danielem v5tura dixisse quam illum n>rasse prt]ita 7,j]474 #age ,ad intellig5das autem extremas ,danielis p>tes multiplex ,grcorum hi/oria necess>ia e/ 7,j]41 ,prom4 ,explan4 9 ,dan4 ,proph4 ad f474 ,among ^! ,greek hi/orians he m5tions eight :om ,porphyry _h consult$1 & adds1 ,et si qu&o cogimur litt]>um scul>ium record>i 444 non no/r e/ voluntatis1 s$ ut dicam1 gravissim necessitatis4 ,we "k ,porphyry's argum5ts ma9ly ?r\gh ! comm5t>y ( ,j]ome1 :o1 inde$1 d]iv$ f ,porphyry ! hi/oric data )\t :i* ! elev5? *apt]1 among o!rs1 w\ld h be5 :olly un9telligible4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,evid5ce ,,9 ,,fav\r ,,( ,,! ,,g5u95ess ,,unc]ta9 ,,& ,,inadequate ,we h se5 t !re are _m circum/ances :i* =ce ^u u ! grave/ d\bts z to ! au!nticity ( ! ,book ( ,daniel4 ,we n[ proce$ to exam9e ! evid5ce urg$ 9 its fav\r1 & deem$ adequate to refute ! conclusion t 9 its pres5t =m x did n see ! light be=e ! "t ( ,antio*us ,,iv4 ,tak+ ,h5g/5b]g z ! mo/ le>n$ reason] 9 fav\r ( ! g5u95ess ( ,daniel1 we w pass 9 review all ! positive argum5ts :i* he has adduc$4#agf ,!y occupy no less ?an "o hundr$ & t5 pages 7pp4 #ahb-bia7 ( ! ,engli% translation ( 8 "w on ! g5u95ess ( ,daniel4 ,mo/ ( !m are tortu\s specim5s ( special plead+ inadequate 9 !mselves1 or refut$ by increas$ k d]iv$ f ! monum5ts & f fur!r inquiry4 ,to ^! argum5ts nei!r ,dr4 ,pusey nor any subsequ5t writ] has made any mat]ial addition4 ,"s ( !m h be5 already answ]$1 & _m ( !m are s unsatisfactory t !y may be dismiss$ at once4 ,i4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 are ! te/imony ( ! au?or himself4 ,9 "o ( ^? slov5ly treatises :i* only s]ve to ?r[ du/ 9 ! eyes ( ! ignorant we f9d x /at$ t1 al?\gh ! "n ( ,daniel is n prefix$ to 8 ,book1 ! passages 9 :i* he speaks 9 ! fir/ p]son suffici5tly prove t he 0 ! au?or6 ,su* ass]tions des]ve no answ]4 ,if ! m]e assumption ( a "n be a suffici5t pro( ( ! au?or%ip ( a book1 we are ri* inde$ 9 ,jewi% au?ors--&1 n to speak ( o!rs1 our li/ includes works by ,adam1 ,eno*1 ,eldad1 ,m$ad1 & ,elijah4 ,pseudonymity1 says ,behrmann1 0 a v common *>act]i/ic ( ! lit]ature ( t day1 & ! conception ( lit]>y prop]ty 0 ali5 to t epo*1 & especially to ! circle ( writ+s ( ?is class4 ,,ii4 ,! "* ( ! language1 z we h se5 already1 proves no?+4 ,hebrew & ,aramaic long cont9u$ 9 common use side by side at lea/ among ! le>n$1#agg & ! div]g5ce ( ! ,aramaic 9 ,daniel f t ( ! ,t>gums leads to no def9ite result1 consid]+ ! late & unc]ta9 age ( ^? writ+s4 ,,iii4 ,h[ any argum5t c be f\nd$ on ! exact k ( hi/ory display$ by local col\r+ we _c und]/&4 ,7 ! k display$ ev] s exact x w\ld only prove t ! au?or 0 a le>n$ man1 :i* is obvi\s already4 ,b s f> f any rem>kable accuracy be+ %[n by ! au?or1 x is1 on ! contr>y1 all b impossible to reconcile _m ( 8 /atem5ts ) ackn[l$g$ facts4 ,! elaborate & tortu\s explanations1 ! frequ5t subauditur1 ! num]\s assumptions requir$ to =ce ! text into accordance ) ! c]ta9 hi/oric data ( ! ,babylonian & ,p]sian empires1 tell f> m aga9/ ! ,book ?an = x4 ,! me?ods ( acc\nt+ = ^! inaccuracies are mo/ly self-confut+1 = !y leave ! subject 9 hopeless confusion1 & ea* or?odox comm5tator %[s h[ unt5able are ! views ( o!rs4 ,,iv4 ,pass+ ov] o!r argum5ts ( ,keil1 ,h5g/5b]g1 etc41 :i* h be5 ei!r refut$ already1 or :i* are too weak to des]ve repetition1 we proce$ to exam9e "o or two ( a m s]i\s "*4 ,great /ress1 = in/ance1 is laid on ! reception ( ! ,book into ! ,canon4 ,we ackn[l$ge ! canonicity ( ! ,book1 its high value :5 rightly appreh5d$1 & its rightful acceptance z a sacr$ book2 b ?is 9 n[ise proves its au!nticity4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,canon is involv$ 9 ! deepe/ obscurity4 ,! belief t x 0 f9ally complet$ by ,ezra & ! ,great ,synagogue re/s on no f\ndation2 inde$1 x is irreconcilable ) lat] hi/oric notices & o!r facts connect$ ) ! ,books ( ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 ,e/h]1 & ! two ,books ( ,*ronicles4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs 9 ?is1 z 9 "s o!r cases1 implicitly believ$ :at came to !m f ! mo/ que/ionable s\rces1 & 0 mix$ up ) m]e ,jewi% fables4 ,"o ( ! olde/ ,talmudic books1 ! ,pirke ,abo?1 is entirely sil5t on ! collection ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ?\gh 9 a vague way x connects ! ,great ,synagogue ) ! pres]vation ( ! ,law4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( ! leg5d ab\t ,ezra is 9 ! ,second ,book ( ,esdras 7xiv4 #bi-dh74 ,?is book does n possess ! slighte/ claim to au?ority1 z x 0 n complet$ till a c5tury aft] ! ,*ri/ian era2 & x m+les up ) ?is v n>rative a numb] ( p>ticul>s ?or\ghly fabul\s & *>act]i/ic ( a p]iod :5 ! ,jewi% writ]s 7 always ready to subord9ate hi/ory to imag9ative fables4 ,! acc\nt ( ! magic cup1 ! =ty days & =ty nights' dictation1 ! n9ety books ( :i* sev5ty 7 secret & int5d$ only = ! le>n$1 =m "p ( ! v passage f :i* we are ask$ to believe t ,ezra e/abli%$ our exi/+ ,canon1 ?\gh ! g5u9e ,book ( ,ezra is :olly sil5t ab\t 8 hav+ p]=m$ any su* ine/imable s]vice4 ,x adds no?+ to ! cr$it ( ?is fable t x is e*o$ by ,ir5u1 ,clem5s ,alex&r9us1 & ,t]tullian4#agh ,nor are !re any ext]nal consid]ations :i* r5d] x probable4 ,! ,talmudic tradition 9 ! ,baba ,ba?ra1#agi :i* says 7among o!r rem>ks 9 a passage ( :i* ! notori\s errors prove ! unreliability ( its te/imony7 t ! m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue wrote ! ,books ( ,ezekiel1 ! ,twelve ,m9or ,prophets1 ,daniel1 & ,ezra4#ahj ,x is evid5t t1 s f> z ?is evid5ce is wor? any?+1 x r goes aga9/ ! au!nticity ( ,daniel ?an = x4 ,! ,pirke ,abo? makes ,simon ! ,j 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #bij7 a memb] ( ?is ,great ,synagogue1 ( :i* ! v exi/5ce is dubi\s4#aha ,aga91 ! au?or ( ! =g$ lett] at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,second ,book ( ,maccabees--! "w says ,h5g/5b]g1 ( an arrant impo/or#ahb--;attributes ! collection ( c]ta9 books fir/ to ,nehemiah1 & !n1 :5 !y _h be5 lo/1 to ,judas ,maccabu 7#b ,macc4 ii4 #ac1 #ad74 ,! canonicity ( ! ,old ,te/am5t books does n re/ on su* evid5ce z ?is1#ahc & x is h>dly wor? :ile to pursue x fur!r4 ,t ! ,book ( ,daniel 0 reg>d$ z au!ntic by ,josephus is cle>2 b ?is by no means decides its date or au?or%ip4 ,x is "o ( ! v few books ( :i* ,philo makes no m5tion :atev]4 ,v4 ,nor c ! suppos$ traces ( ! e>ly exi/5ce ( ! ,book be consid]$ adequate to prove its g5u95ess4 ,) ! mo/ important ( ^!1 ! /ory ( ,josephus 7,antt41 ,,xi4 viii4 #e7 t ! high prie/ ,jaddua %[$ to ,alex&] ! ,great ! prophecies ( ,daniel respect+ himself1 we %all deal lat]4 ,! alleg$ traces ( ! ,book 9 ,ecclesia/icus are v unc]ta91 or r :olly que/ionable2 & ! allusion to ,daniel 9 #a ,macc4 ii4 #fj decides no?+1 because !re is no?+ to prove t ! spee* ( ! dy+ ,matta?ias is au!ntic1 & because we "k no?+ c]ta9 z to ! date ( ! ,greek translator ( t book or ( ! ,book ( ,daniel4 ,! abs5ce ( all allusion to ! prophecies ( ,daniel is1 on ! o!r h&1 a f> m cog5t po9t aga9/ ! au!nticity4 ,:atev] be ! date ( ! ,books ( ,maccabees1 x is inconceivable t !y %\ld (f] no ve/ige ( pro( t ,judas & 8 bro!rs receiv$ any hope or com=t f su* explicit pr$ictions z ,dan4 xi41 _h ! ,book be5 9 ! h&s ( ^? pi\s & noble *iefs4 ,! ,fir/ ,book ( ,maccabees _c be c]ta9ly dat$ m ?an a c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 nor h we reason to believe t ! ,septuag9t v]sion ( ! ,book is mu* old]4#ahd ,,vi4 ,! badness ( ! ,alex&rian v]sion1 & ! apocryphal additions to x1 seem to be r an argum5t = ! late age & less e/abli%$ au?ority ( ! ,book ?an = its g5u95ess4#ahe ,nor c we atta* mu* weight to ! ass]tion 7?\gh x is endors$ by ! high au?ority ( ,bi%op ,we/cott7 t x is f> m difficult to expla9 its composition 9 ! ,maccabean p]iod ?an to meet ! peculi>ities :i* x exhibits ) ! exig5cies ( ! ,return4 ,s f> is ?is f be+ ! case t1 z we h se5 already1 x resembles 9 almo/ e p>ticul> ! ackn[l$g$ productions ( ! age 9 :i* we believe x to h be5 writt54 ,_m ( ! /atem5ts made on ?is subject by ^? :o def5d ! au!nticity _c be ma9ta9$4 ,?us ,h5g/5b]g#ahf rem>ks t 7#a7 at ?is "t ! ,messianic hopes are dead1 & 7#b7 t no great lit]>y "w appe>$ betwe5 ! ,re/oration f ! ,captivity & ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,n[ ! facts are precisely ! rev]se 9 ea* in/ance4 ,= 7i7 ! little book call$ ! ,psalms ( ,solomon1#ahg :i* belongs to ?is p]iod1 conta9s ! /ronge/ & cle>e/ ,messianic hopes1 & ! ,book ( ,eno* mo/ closely resembles ,daniel 9 its ,messianic pr$ictions4 ,?us x speaks ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! ,messiah 7xlviii4 #f1 lxii4 #g71 ( ,8 sitt+ on a ?rone ( glory 7lv4 #d1 lxi4 #h71 & receiv+ ! p[] ( rule4 7ii7 ,/ill less c we atta* any =ce to ,h5g/5b]g's argum5t t1 9 ! ,maccabean age1 ! gift ( prophecy 0 believ$ to h dep>t$ = ev]4 ,inde$1 t is an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! pseudonymity ( ! ,book4 ,= 9 ! age at :i*--= purposes ( lit]>y =m--x is repres5t$ z hav+ appe>$ ! _s ( prophecy 0 f> f be+ dead4 ,ezekiel 0 /ill liv+1 or _h di$ b rec5tly4 ,ze*>iah1 ,haggai1 & long aft]w>ds ,mala*i1 7 /ill to cont9ue ! succession ( ! mighty prophets ( _! race4 ,n[1 if pr$iction be an elem5t 9 ! prophet's "w1 no prophet1 nor all ! prophets toge!r1 ev] di/antly approa*$ any su* p[] ( m9utely =etell+ ! ev5ts ( a di/ant future--ev5 ! half-mean+less & all-b-trivial ev5ts ( f\r c5turies lat]1 9 k+doms :i* _h n yet ?r[n _! di/ant %ad[s on ! horizon--z t :i* ,daniel mu/ h possess$1 if he 7 inde$ ! au?or ( ?is ,book4#ahh ,yet1 z we h se51 he nev] ?9ks ( claim+ ! functions ( ! prophets1 or speak+ 9 ! prophet's comm&+ voice1 z ! =etell] ( ! message ( ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 he adopts ! comp>atively feebl] & m entangl$ me?ods ( ! lit]>y compos]s 9 an age :5 m5 saw n _! tok5s & !re 0 no prophet m4#ahi ,we mu/ po/pone a clos] exam9ation ( ! que/ions z to ! f\r k+doms int5d$ by ! writ]1 & ( 8 curi\s & enigmatic *ronological calculations2 b we mu/ reject at once ! mon/r\s ass]tion--excusable 9 ! days ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 b :i* has n[ become unwise & ev5 port5t\s--t to reject ,daniel's prophecies w\ld be to und]m9e ! ,*ri/ian religion1 :i* is all b f\nd$ on 8 prophecies respect+ ,*ri/6 ,happily ! ,*ri/ian religion is n built on su* f\ndations ( s&4 ,_h x be5 s1 x w\ld long s9ce h be5 swept away by ! beat+ ra9 & ! ru%+ floods4 ,"h1 aga91 ! argum5ts urg$ by ^? :o believe 9 ! au!nticity ( ,daniel recoil ) t5fold =ce ^u !mselves4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton's obs]vations on ! prophecies ( ,daniel only %[ h[ little transc5d5t g5ius 9 "o doma9 ( inquiry c save a great ?9k] f absolute mi/akes 9 ano!r4 ,9 writ+ ^u prophecy ! great a/ronom] 0 writ+ on ! assumption ( baseless premisses :i* he _h drawn f /]eotyp$ tradition2 & he 0 also writ+ at an epo* :5 ! elem5ts = ! f9al solution ( ! problem _h n z yet be5 discov]$ or elaborat$4 ,x is z c]ta9 t1 _h he be5 liv+ n[1 he w\ld h accept$ ! conclusion ( all ! able/ & mo/ c&id inquir]s1 z x is c]ta9 t ,bacon1 _h he n[ be5 liv+1 w\ld h accept$ ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,x is absurdly false to say t ! ,*ri/ian religion is all b f\nd$ on ,daniel's prophecies respect+ ,*ri/4 ,if x 7 n absurdly false1 we might well ask1 ,h[ x came t nei!r ,*ri/ nor ,8 ,apo/les ev] once allud$ to ! exi/5ce ( any su* argum5t1 or ev] po9t$ to ! ,book ( ,daniel & ! prophecy ( ! sev5ty weeks z conta9+ ! lea/ g]m ( evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/'s mission or ! ,gospel tea*+8 ,no su* argum5t is remotely allud$ to till long aft]w>ds by "s ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,b s f> f f9d+ any agreem5t 9 ! op9ions ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs & comm5tators on a subject :i*1 9 ,newton's view1 0 s mom5t\s1 we only f9d ourselves welt]+ 9 a *aos ( unc]ta9ties & contradictions4 ,?us ,eusebius records ! attempt ( "s e>ly ,*ri/ian comm5tators to treat ! la/ ( ! sev5ty weeks z repres5t+1 n1 l all ! re/1 sev5 ye>s1 b sev5ty ye>s1 9 ord] to br+ d[n ! prophecy to ! days ( ,trajan6 ,nei!r ,jewi% nor ,*ri/ian exegetes h ev] be5 able to come to ! lea/ agreem5t betwe5 !mselves or ) "o ano!r z to ! beg9n+ or end--! t]m9us a quo or ! t]m9us ad quem--) ref]5ce to :i* ! sev5ty weeks are to be reckon$4 ,! ,*ri/ians naturally made great ef=ts to make ! sev5ty weeks end ) ! ,crucifixion4 ,b ,julius ,africanus#aij 7 ,a4,d4 #bcb71 beg9n+ ) ! tw5tie? ye> ( ,artax]xes 7,neh4 ii4 #a-i1 ,b4,c4 #ddd71 gets only f\r hundr$ & sev5ty-five to ! ,crucifixion1 & to escape ! difficulty makes ! ye>s lun> ye>s4#aia ,hippolytus#aib sep>ates ! la/ week f all ! re/1 & relegates x to ! days ( ,anti*ri/ & ! end ( ! _w4 ,eusebius himself ref]s ! ano9t$ "o to ! l9e ( ,jewi% high prie/s1 sep>ates ! la/ week f ! o!rs1 ends x ) ! f\r? ye> aft] ! ,crucifixion1 & ref]s ! ceas+ ( ! sacrifice 7,deut4 ix4 #bg7 to ! rejection ( ,jewi% sacrifices by ,god aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,apoll9>is makes ! sev5ty weeks beg9 ) ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 & argues t ,elijah & ,anti*ri/ 7 to appe> ,a4,d4 #dij6 ,none ( ^! views f\nd g5]al acceptance4#aic ,n "o ( !m 0 sanction$ by ,*ur* au?ority4 ,e "o1 z ,j]ome says1 argu$ 9 ?is direction or t pro captu +5ii sui4 ,! climax ( arbitr>9ess is rea*$ by ,keil--! la/ prom95t def5d] ( ! s-call$ or?odoxy ( criticism--:5 he makes ! weeks n su* commonplace ?+s z e>?ly *ronological weeks1 b ,div9e1 symbolic1 & !re=e unkn[n & unasc]ta9able p]iods4 ,& are we to be told t x is on su* fanta/ic1 self-contradictory1 & mutually refut+ calculations t ! ,*ri/ian religion is all b f\nd$8 ,?ank ,god1 ! ass]tion is entirely wild4 ,,footnotes3 #agf ,hv]nick is ano!r able & s9c]e support]2 b ,droys5 truly says 7,ges*4 d4 ,hell5ismus1 ii4 #baa71 ,die ,hv]nicks*5 ,auffassung kann ke9 v]nunftig] ,m5s* be/imm54 #agg ,see ,grimm1 ,comm5t41 zum ,i4 ,bu* d] ,makk41 ,e9leit41 xvii42 ,mv]s 9 ,bonn] ,zeits*r41 ,heft #ac1 pp4 #ca ff42 ,/hel91 ,e9leit41 p4 #cef4 #agh ,ir541 ,adv4 ,hres41 iv4 #be2 ,clem41 ,/rom4 i4 #ba1 #adf2 ,t]t41 ,de ,cult4 ,fm41 i4 #c2 ,j]ome1 ,adv4 ,helv41 #g2 ,ps4 ,augu/41 ,de ,mirab41 ii4 #cb1 etc4 #agi ,baba ,ba?ra1 f4 #ac;b1 #ad;b4 #ahj ,see ,oehl]1 s4v4 ,kanon 7,h]zog1 ,encycl474 #aha ,rau1 ,de ,synag4 ,magna41 ii4 #ff4 #ahb ,on ,daniel1 p4 #aie4 #ahc ,ev5 aft] ! ,captivity1 says ,bi%op ,we/cott1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,canon1 l all ,jewi% hi/ory up to ! date ( ! ,maccabees1 is wrapp$ 9 great obscurity4 ,fa9t traditions alone rema9 to int]pret results :i* are f\nd realis$ :5 ! d>kness is fir/ cle>$ away 7s4v4 ,canon1 ,smi?'s ,dict4 ( ,bible74 #ahd ,see ,knig1 ,e9leit41 #hj1 #b4 #ahe ,9 propheta ,daniele ,septuag9ta int]pretes multum ab ,hebraica v]itate discordant 7,j]ome1 ed4 ,vall>si1 v4 #fdf74 ,9 ! ,,lxx4 are fir/ f\nd ! ?ree apocryphal additions4 ,= ?is reason ! v]sion ( ,!odotion 0 sub/itut$ = ! ,,lxx41 :i* latt] 0 only r$iscov]$ 9 #aggb 9 a manuscript 9 ! libr>y ( ,c>d9al ,*igi4 #ahf ,on ! ,au!nticity ( ,daniel1 pp4 #aei1 #bij 7,e4 ,tr474 #ahg ,psalms ( ,sol4 xvii4 #cf1 xviii4 #h1 etc4 ,see ,fabric41 ,cod4 ,pseudep41 i4 #iag-igb2 ,ewald1 ,ges*4 d4 ,volkes ,isr41 iv4 #bdd4 #ahh ,ev5 ,aub]l5 says 7,dan41 p4 #c1 ,e4 ,tr471 ,if prophecy is any:]e a hi/ory ( ! future1 x is "h4 #ahi ,see ,vitr+a1 ,de defectu ,propheti po/ ,mala*i tempora ,obss4 ,sacr41 ii4 #ccf4 #aij ,demon/r4 ,evang41 viii4 #aia ,( ! ,jews1 ! ,,lxx4 translators seem to make ! sev5ty weeks end ) ,antio*us ,epiphanes2 b 9 ,j]ome's day !y made ! fir/ ye> ( ,d>ius ! ,m$e ! t]m9us a quo1 & br\ght d[n ! t]m9us ad quem to ,hadrian's de/ruction ( ! ,temple4 ,saadia ! ,gaon & ,ra%i reckon ! sev5ty weeks f ,nebu*adrezz> to ,titus1 & make ,cyrus ! ano9t$ "o ( ix4 #be4 ,abn ,ezra1 on ! o!r h&1 takes ,nehemiah = ! ano9t$ "o4 ,:at c be bas$ on su* v>y+ & undemon/rable guesses8 ,see ,behrmann1 ,dan41 p4 xliii4 #aib ,hippolytus1 ,fragm4 9 ,dan4 7,migne1 ,patr4 ,grc41 x474 #aic ,see ,bevan1 pp4 #ada-ade4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,ext]nal ,,evid5ce ,,& ,,reception ,,into ,,! ,,canon ,! reception ( ! ,book ( ,daniel any:]e into ! ,canon might be reg>d$ z an argum5t 9 fav\r ( its au!nticity1 if ! case ( ! ,books ( ,jonah & ,ecclesia/es did n suffici5tly prove t canonicity1 :ile x does con/itute a pro( ( ! value & sacr$ significance ( a book1 has no weight z to its traditional au?or%ip4 ,b 9 po9t ( fact ! position assign$ by ! ,jews to ! ,book ( ,daniel--n among ! ,prophets1 :]e1 _h ! ,book be5 g5u9e1 x w\ld h _h a supreme "r to /&1 b only ) ! ,book ( ,e/h]1 among ! late/ ( ! ,hagiographa#aid--;is a /rong argum5t = its late date4 ,! division ( ! ,old ,te/am5t into ,law1 ,prophets1 & ,hagiographa fir/ occurs 9 ! ,prologue to ,ecclesia/icus 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #aca7--! ,law1 ! ,prophecies1 & ! re/ ( ! books4#aie ,9 spite ( its peculi>ities1 its prophetic claims among ^? :o accept$ x z g5u9e 7 s /rong t ! ,,lxx4 & ! lat] translations unhesitat+ly reckon ! au?or among ! f\r great] prophets4 ,if ! ,daniel ( ! ,captivity _h writt5 ?is ,book1 he w\ld h _h a f> great] claim to ?is position among ! prophets ?an ,haggai1 ,mala*i1 or ! lat] ,ze*>iah4 ,yet ! ,jews delib]ately plac$ ! ,book among ! ,ke?ubm1 to ! writ]s ( :i* !y inde$ ascribe ! ,holy ,_s 7,rua* ,hakkode%71 b :om !y did n cr$it ) ! high] degree ( prophetic inspiration4 ,josephus expresses ! ,jewi% conviction t1 s9ce ! days ( ,artax]xes onw>ds1 ! writ+s :i* _h appe>$ _h n be5 deem$ wor?y ( ! same rev]5ce z ^? :i* _h prec$$ !m1 because !re _h occurr$ no unque/ionable succession ( prophets4#aif ,! ,jews :o ?us decid$ ! true nature ( ! ,book ( ,daniel mu/ surely h be5 guid$ by /rong traditional1 critical1 hi/orical1 or o!r gr\nds = d5y+ 7z !y did7 to ! au?or ! gift ( prophecy4 ,!odoret d5\nces ?is z %ameless impud5ce on _! "p2#aig b may x n r h be5 full] k or simple hone/y8 ,at any rate1 on any o!r gr\nds x w\ld h be5 /range inde$ ( ! ,talmudi/s to decide t ! mo/ m9utely pr$ictive ( ! prophets--if inde$ ?is 7 a prophecy--wrote )\t ! gift ( prophecy4#aih ,x c only h be5 ! late & suspect$ appe>ance ( ! ,book1 & its m>k$ ph5om5a1 :i* l$ to its relegation to ! l[e/ place 9 ! ,jewi% ,canon4 ,already 9 #a ,macc4 iv4 #df we f9d t ! /ones ( ! demoli%$ pagan alt> are kept until !re %\ld arise a prophet to %[ :at %\ld be done ) !m2 & 9 #a ,macc4 xiv4 #da we aga9 meet ! phrase until !re %\ld arise a fai?ful prophet4 ,be=e ?is epo* !re is no trace ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,book ( ,daniel1 & n only s1 b ! prophecies ( ! po/-exilic prophets z to ! future contemplate a :olly diff]5t horizon & a :olly diff]5t ord] ( ev5ts4 ,_h ,daniel exi/$ be=e ! ,maccabean epo*1 x is impossible t ! rank ( ! ,book %\ld h be5 delib]ately ignor$4 ,! ,jewi% ,rabbis ( ! age 9 :i* x appe>$ saw1 q correctly1 t x _h po9ts ( aff9ity ) o!r pseudepigraphic apocalypses :i* arose 9 ! same epo*4 ,! ,hebrew s*ol> ,dr4 ,joel has po9t$ out h[1 amid its immeasurable sup]iority to su* a poem z ! enigmatic ,cass&ra ( ! ,alex&rian poet ,lycophron1#aii x resembles t book 9 its indirectness ( nom5clature4 ,lycophron is "o ( ! pleiad ( poets 9 ! days ( ,ptolemy ,philadelphus2 b 8 writ+s1 l ! ,book be=e u1 h probably receiv$ int]polations f lat] h&s4 ,he nev] calls a god or a h]o by 8 "n1 b always describes him by a p]iphrasis1 j z "h we h ! ,k+ ( ! ,nor? & ! ,k+ ( ! ,s\?1 ?\gh ! "n ,egypt slips 9 7,dan4 xi4 #h74 ,?us ,h]cules is a ?ree-nights' lion 7 71 & ,alex&] ! ,great is a wolf4 ,a son is always an (f%oot 771 or is designat$ by "s o!r metaphor4 ,:5 ,lycophron wants to allude to ,rome1 ! ,greek is us$ 9 its s5se ( /r5g?4 ,! "n ,ptolemaios becomes by anagram 1 f honey2 & ! "n ,ars9o becomes 1 ! violet ( ,h]a4 ,we may f9d "s resemblances to ^! proc$ures :5 we are consid]+ ! elev5? *apt] ( ,daniel4 ,x is a s]i\s abuse ( argum5t to pret5d1 z is done by ,h5g/5b]g1 by ,dr4 ,pusey1 & by _m ( _! feebl] foll[]s1 t !re are few books ^: ,div9e au?ority is s fully e/abli%$ by ! te/imony ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & 9 p>ticul> by our ,"l ,himself1 z ! ,book ( ,daniel4#bjj ,x is to ! la/ degree dang]\s1 irrev]5t1 & unwise to /ake ! ,div9e au?ority ( our ,"l on ! ma9t5ance ( ^? ecclesia/ical traditions ( :i* s _m h be5 scatt]$ to ! w9ds = ev]4 ,our ,"l1 on "o occasion1 9 ! disc\rse on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 w>n$ ,8 disciples t1 :5 !y %\ld see ! abom9ation ( desolation1 spok5 ( by ,daniel ! prophet1 /&+ 9 ! holy place1 !y %\ld flee f ,j]usalem into ! m\nta9 di/rict4#bja ,!re is no?+ to prove t ,he ,himself utt]$ ei!r ! words let him t reade? und]/&1 or ev5 spok5 ( by ,daniel ! prophet4 ,bo? ( ^? may belong to ! explanatory n>rative ( ! ,evangeli/1 & ! latt] does n occur 9 ,/4 ,m>k4 ,fur!r1 9 ,/4 ,luke 7xxi4 #bj7 !re is no specific allusion to ,daniel at all2 b in/ead ( x we f9d1 ,:5 ye see ,j]usalem be+ encircl$ by armies1 !n "k t its desolation is ne>4 ,we _c be c]ta9 t ! specific ref]5ce to ,daniel may n be due to ! ,evangeli/4 ,b )\t s mu* z rais+ ^! que/ions1 x is fully admitt$ t1 :e!r exactly 9 its pres5t =m or n1 ! ,book ( ,daniel =m$ "p ( ! ,canon 9 ! days ( ,*ri/4 ,if ,he directly ref]s to x z a book kn[n to ,8 he>]s1 ,8 ref]5ce lies z :olly outside all que/ions ( g5u95ess & au!nticity z does ,/4 ,jude's quotation f ! ,book ( ,eno*1 or ,/4 ,paul's 7possible7 allusions to ! ,assumption ( ,elijah1#bjb or ,*ri/'s own pass+ ref]5ce to ! ,book ( ,jonah4 ,^? :o attempt to drag 9 ^! allusions z decisive critical dicta transf] !m to a sph]e :olly diff]5t f t ( ! moral application = :i* !y 7 int5d$4 ,!y n only op5 va/ & indi/9ct que/ions z to ! self-impos$ limitations ( our ,"l's human k z "p ( ,8 own volunt>y empty+ ,himself ( ,8 glory1 b !y also d a deadly diss]vice to ! mo/ ess5tial cause ( ,*ri/ianity4#bjc ,! only ?+ :i* is acceptable to ! ,god ( tru? is tru?2 & s9ce ,he has giv5 u our reason & our consci5ce z lights :i* light e man :o is born into ! _w1 we mu/ walk by ^! lights 9 all que/ions :i* belong to ^! doma9s4 ,hi/ory1 lit]ature & criticism1 & ! int]pretation ( human language d belong to ! doma9 ( pure reason2 & we mu/ n be brib$ by ! misapplication ( hypo!tical exegesis to give !m up = ! support ( traditional views :i* advanc+ k no long] suff]s u to ma9ta94 ,x may be true or n t our ,"l adopt$ ! title ,son ( ,man 7,b> ,eno%7 f ! ,book ( ,daniel2 b ev5 if ,he did1 :i* is at lea/ disputable1 t w\ld only %[1 :at we all already admit1 t 9 ,8 "t ! ,book 0 an ackn[l$g$ "p ( ! ,canon4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if our ,"l & ,8 ,apo/les reg>d$ ! ,book ( ,daniel z conta9+ ! mo/ explicit prophecies ( ,himself & ( ,8 k+dom1 :y did !y nev] appeal or ev5 allude to x to prove t ,he 0 ! promis$ ,messiah8 ,aga91 ,h5g/5b]g & 8 s*ool try to prove t ! ,book ( ,daniel exi/$ be=e ! ,maccabean age1 because ,josephus says t ! high prie/ ,jaddua %[$ to ,alex&] ! ,great1 9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 #ccb1 ! prophecy ( himself z ! ,grecian he-goat 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel2 & t ! l5i5cy :i* ,alex&] %[$ t[>ds ! ,jews 0 due to ! fav\rable impression ?us produc$4#bjd ,! /ory1 :i* is a beautiful & an int]e/+ "o1 runs z foll[s3-- ,on 8 way f ,tyre1 aft] captur+ ,gaza1 ,alex&] decid$ to advance to ,j]usalem4 ,! news ?rew ,jaddua ! high prie/ into an agony ( al>m4 ,he fe>$ t ! k+ 0 displeas$ ) ! ,jews1 & w\ld inflict sev]e v5geance ^u !m4 ,he ord]$ a g5]al supplication ) sacrifices1 & 0 enc\rag$ by ,god 9 a dream to decorate ! city1 ?r[ op5 ! gates1 & g =? 9 procession at ! head ( prie/s & p to meet ! dread$ conqu]or4 ,! procession1 s unlike t ( any o!r nation1 w5t =? z soon z !y he>d t ,alex&] 0 approa*+ ! city4 ,!y met ! k+ on ! summit ( ,scopas1 ! wat*-t[]--! height ( ,mizpah1 f :i* ! fir/ glimpse ( ! city is obta9$4 ,x is ! fam\s ,blanca ,gu>da ( ! ,crusad]s1 on ! summit ( :i* ,ri*>d ,i4 turn$ away1 & did n deem himself wor?y to glance at ! city :i* he 0 too weak to rescue f ! infidel4 ,! ,phnicians & ,*aldeans 9 ,alex&]'s army promis$ !mselves t !y w\ld n[ be p]mitt$ to plund] ! city & torm5t ! high prie/ to dea?4 ,b x happ5$ f> o!rwise4 ,= :5 ! k+ saw ! :ite-rob$ procession approa*+1 head$ by ,jaddua 9 8 purple & gold5 array1 & we>+ on 8 head ! gold5 petalon1 ) its inscription ,hol9ess to ,jehovah1 he advanc$1 salut$ ! prie/1 & ador$ ! ,div9e ,"n4 ,! ,jews encircl$ & salut$ him ) unanim\s greet+1 :ile ! ,k+ ( ,syria & 8 o!r foll[]s fanci$ t he mu/ be di/raught4 ,h[ is x1 ask$ ,p>m5io1 t y1 :om all o!rs adore1 y\rself adore ! ,jewi% high prie/8 ,i did n adore ! high prie/1 said ,alex&]1 b ,god1 by ^: prie/hood ,he has be5 hon\r$4 ,:5 ,i 0 at ,dium 9 ,mac$onia1 m$itat+ on ! conque/ ( ,asia1 ,i saw ?is v man 9 ?is same app>el1 :o invit$ me to m>* boldly & )\t delay1 & t he w\ld conduct me to ! conque/ ( ! ,p]sians4 ,!n he took ,jaddua by ! h&1 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! rejoic+ prie/s ent]$ ,j]usalem1 :]e he sacrific$ to ,god4#bje ,jaddua %[$ him ! pr$iction ab\t himself 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel1 & 9 extreme satisfaction he grant$ to ! ,jews1 at ! high prie/'s reque/1 all ! petitions :i* !y desir$ ( him4 ,b ?is /ory1 s grateful to ,jewi% vanity1 is a transp>5t fiction4 ,x does n f9d ! lea/ support f any o!r hi/oric s\rce1 & is evid5tly "o ( ! ,jewi% ,haggado? 9 :i* ! int5se national self-exaltation ( t /range nation delight$ to depict ! homage :i* !y1 & _! national religion1 extort$ f ! sup]naturally caus$ dread ( ! greate/ hea!n pot5tates4 ,9 ?is respect x resembles ! e>li] *apt]s ( ! ,book ( ,daniel itself1 & ! numb]less /ories ( ! haughty sup]iority ( great ,rabbis to k+s & emp]ors 9 :i* ! ,talmud delights4 ,roman ,ca?olic hi/orians1 l ,jahn & ,hess1 & old] writ]s1 l ,prideaux1#bjf accept ! /ory1 ev5 :5 !y reject ! fable ab\t ,sanballat & ! ,temple on ,g]izim :i* foll[s x4 ,/ress is naturally laid ^u x by apologi/s l ,h5g/5b]g2 b an hi/orian l ,grote does n v\*safe to notice x by a s+le ^w1 & mo/ mod]n writ]s reject x4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,ba? & ,wells ?9ks t ^! /ories are probably d]iv$ f "s apocryphal book ( ,alex&rian gr[?1 9 :i* *ronology & hi/ory gave way to romance & ,jewi% vanity4#bjg ,all ! hi/orians except ,josephus say t ,alex&] w5t /raight f ,gaza to ,egypt1 & make no m5tion ( ,j]usalem or ,sam>ia2 & ,alex&] 0 by no means ador$ by all m5 at t p]iod ( 8 c>e]1 = he nev] receiv$ till aft] 8 conque/ ( ,p]sia4 ,nor c we acc\nt = ! pres5ce ( ,*aldeans 9 8 army at ?is "t1 = ,*aldea 0 !n "u ! rule ( ,babylon4 ,besides :i*1 ,daniel 0 expressly bidd51 z ,bleek obs]ves1 to seal up 8 prophecy till ! "t ( ! end2 & ! "t ( ! end 0 c]ta9ly n ! era ( ,alex&]1--n to m5tion ! circum/ance t ,alex&]1 if ! prophecies 7 po9t$ out to him at all1 w\ld h>dly h be5 cont5t ) ! s+le v]se or two ab\t himself1 & w\ld h be5 any?+ b gratifi$ by :at imm$iately foll[s4#bjh ,i pass ov] z mean+less ,h5g/5b]g's argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! g5u95ess ( ! ,book f ! pr$om9ance ( symbolism2 f ! mod]ation ( tone t[>ds ,nebu*adrezz>2 f ! political gifts %[n by ! writ]2 & f 8 pr$iction t ! ,messianic ,k+dom w\ld at once appe> aft] ! dea? ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes6 ,:5 we are told t ^! circum/ances c only be expla9$ on ! assumption ( a ,babylonian orig92 t !y are directly oppos$ to ! _s ( ! ,maccabean "t2 t ! artifice ) :i* ! writ+ is p]vad$1 suppos+ x to be a pseudepigraphic book1 f> surpasses ! p[]s ( ! mo/ gift$ poet2 & t su* a di/9ct expectation ( ! ne> adv5t ( ! ,messianic ,k+dom is utt]ly )\t analogy 9 ! :ole ( prophetic lit]ature1--su* argum5ts c only be reg>d$ z appeals to ignorance4 ,!y are ei!r ass]tions :i* float 9 ! air1 or are disprov$ at once alike by ! canonical prophets & by ! apocryphal lit]ature ( ! ,maccabean age4 ,symbolism is ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( apocalypses1 & is f\nd 9 ^? ( ! late po/-exilic p]iod4 ,! views ( ! ,jews ab\t ,nebu*adrezz> v>i$4 ,"s writ]s 7 p>tially fav\rable to him1 o!rs 7 sev]e ^u him4 ,x does n 9 ! lea/ foll[ t a writ] dur+ ! ,antio*ian p]secution1 :o freely adapt$ traditional or imag9ative elem5ts1 %\ld necess>ily repres5t ! old pot5tates z irr$eemably wick$1 ev5 if he meant to satirise ,epiphanes 9 ! /ory ( _! extravagances4 ,x 0 necess>y = 8 purpose to br+ out ! bett] features ( _! *>act]s1 9 ord] to %[ ! conviction wr\ght 9 !m by ,div9e int]positions4 ,! notion t ! ,book ( ,daniel c\ld only h be5 writt5 by a /atesman or a consummate politician is m]e fancy4 ,&1 la/ly1 9 mak+ ! ,messianic reign beg9 imm$iately at ! close ( ! ,seleucid p]secution1 ! writ] bo? expresses 8 own fai? & hope1 & foll[s ! exact analogy ( ,isaiah & all ! o!r ,messianic prophets4 ,b ?\gh x is common ) ! prophets to pass at once f ! w>n+s ( de/ruction to ! hopes ( a ,messianic ,k+dom :i* is to arise imm$iately beyond ! horizon :i* limits _! vision1 x is rem>kable--& ! consid]ation tells /rongly aga9/ ! au!nticity ( ,daniel--t n "o ( !m _h ! lea/ glimpse ( ! f\r successive k+doms or ( ! f\r hundr$ & n9ety ye>s2--n ev5 ^? prophets :o1 if ! ,book ( ,daniel 7 g5u9e1 mu/ h _h x 9 _! h&s4 ,to imag9e t ,daniel took means to h 8 ,book left undiscov]$ = "s f\r hundr$ ye>s1 & !n br\ght to light dur+ ! ,maccabean /ruggle1 is a grotesque impossibility4 ,if ! ,book exi/$1 x mu/ h be5 kn[n4 ,yet n only is !re no real trace ( its exi/5ce be=e ,b4,c4 #afg1 b ! po/-exilic prophets pay no sort ( reg>d to its detail$ pr$ictions1 & 7 evid5tly unaw>e t any su* pr$ictions _h ev] be5 utt]$4 ,:at room is !re = ,daniel's f\r empires & f\r hundr$ & n9ety ye>s 9 su* a prophecy z ,ze*4 ii4 #f-ac8 ,! pseudepigraphic ,daniel possibly took ! symbolism ( f\r horns f ,ze*4 i4 #ah1 #ai2 b !re is n ! slighte/ connexion betwe5 ,ze*>iah's symbol & t ( ! pseudo-,daniel4 ,if ! numb] f\r 9 ,ze*>iah be n a m]e numb] ( complet5ess ) ref]5ce to ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w 7comp4 ,ze*4 i4 #ah71 ! f\r horns symbolise ei!r ,assyria1 ,babylonia1 ,egypt1 & ,p]sia1 or m g5]ally ! nations :i* _h !n scatt]$ ,israel 7,ze*4 ii4 #h1 vi4 #a-h2 ,ezek4 xxxvii4 #i72 s t ! foll[+ promise does n ev5 contemplate a victori\s succession ( hea!n p[]s4 ,aga91 :at room is !re = ,daniel's f\r successive pagan empires 9 any natural int]pretation ( ,haggai's yet a little :ile & ,i w %ake all nations 7,hag4 ii4 #g71 & 9 ! promise t ?is %ak+ %all take place 9 ! lifetime ( ,z]ubbabel 7,hag4 ii4 #bj-bc78 ,& c we suppose t ,mala*i wrote t ! mess5g] ( ! ,"l %\ld sudd5ly come to ,8 ,temple ) su* prophecies z ^? ( ,daniel be=e him8#bji ,b if x be ?\ght extraord9>y t a pseudepigraphic prophecy %\ld h be5 admitt$ into ! ,canon at all1 ev5 :5 plac$ l[ among ! ,ke?ubm1 & if x be argu$ t ! ,jews w\ld nev] h conf]r$ su* an hon\r on su* a composition1 ! answ] is t ev5 :5 comp>$ ) su* f9e books z ^? ( ,wisdom & ,jesus ! ,son ( ,sira*1 ! ,book has a "r to su* a place by its intr9sic sup]iority4 ,tak5 z a :ole x is f> sup]ior 9 moral & spiritual in/ructiv5ess to any ( ! books ( ! ,apocrypha4 ,x 0 pr(\ndly adapt$ to meet ! ne$s ( ! age 9 :i* x orig9at$4 ,x 0 9 its fav\r t x 0 writt5 p>tly 9 ,hebrew z well z 9 ,aramaic1 & x came be=e ! ,jewi% ,*ur* "u ! sanction ( a fam\s anci5t "n :i* 0 p>tly at lea/ traditional & hi/orical4 ,!re is no?+ a/oni%+ 9 ! fact t 9 an age 9 :i* lit]ature 0 r>e & criticism unkn[n x soon came to be accept$ z g5u9e4 ,simil> ph5om5a are q common 9 mu* lat] & m comp>atively le>n$ ages4 ,"o or two in/ances w suffice4 ,few books h ex]cis$ a m p[]ful influ5ce on ,*ri/ian lit]ature ?an ! spuri\s lett]s ( ,ignatius & ! pseudo-,clem5t9es4 ,!y 7 accept$1 & _! g5u95ess 0 def5d$ = c5turies2 yet 9 ^! days no sane critic w\ld imp]il 8 reputation by an attempt to def5d _! g5u95ess4 ,! book ( ! pseudo-,dionysius ! ,areopagite 0 reg>d$ z g5u9e & au?oritative d[n to ! days ( ! ,re=mation1 & ! au?or pr(esses to h se5 ! sup]natural d>kness ( ! ,crucifixion2 yet ,dionysius ! ,areopagite did n write be=e ,a4,d4 #ecb6 ,! p[] ( ! ,papal usurpation 0 ma9ly built on ! ,=g$ ,decretals1 & = c5turies no "o v5tur$ to "q ! g5u95ess & au!nticity ( ^? gross =g]ies1 till ,laur5tius ,valla expos$ ! *eat & flung ! tatt]s ( ! ,decretals to ! w9ds4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ,irel& c\ld deceive ev5 ! acute/ critics into ! belief t 8 paltry ,vortig]n 0 a r$iscov]$ play ( ,%akespe>e2 & a ,corni% cl]gyman wrote a ballad :i* ev5 ,macaulay took = a g5u9e production ( ! reign ( ,james ,,ii4 ,^? :o read ! ,book ( ,daniel 9 ! light ( ,seleucid & ,ptolemaic hi/ory saw t ! writ] 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! ev5ts ( ^? days1 & t 8 words 7 full ( hope1 consolation1 & in/ruction4 ,aft] a c]ta9 lapse ( "t !y 7 9 no position to e/imate ! _m indications t by no possibility c\ld ! ,book h be5 writt5 9 ! days ( ! ,babylonian ,exile2 nor _h x yet become manife/ t all ! detail$ k /ops %ort ) ! close ( ! reign ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,! enigmatical "* ( ! ,book1 & ! v>y+ elem5ts ( its calculations1 l$ lat] comm5tators into ! error t ! f\r? bea/ & ! iron legs ( ! image /ood = ! ,roman ,empire1 s t !y did n expect ! ,messianic reign at ! close ( ! ,greek ,empire1 :i*1 9 ! pr$iction1 x imm$iately succe$s4#baj ,h[ late 0 ! date be=e ! ,jewi% ,canon 0 f9ally settl$ we see f ! ,talmudic /ories t b = ,hananiah b5-,hizkiah1 ) ! help ( 8 ?ree hundr$ bottles ( oil burnt 9 nightly /udies1 ev5 ! ,book ( ,ezekiel w\ld h be5 suppress$1 z be+ contr>y to ! ,law 7,%abba?1 f4 #ac1 #b72 & t b = ! my/ic l9e ( int]pretation adopt$ by ,rabbi ,aqiba 7,a4,d4 #abj7 a simil> fate might h befall5 ! ,song ( ,songs 7,yaddayim1 c4 iii42 ,mi%41 #e74 ,!re is1 !n1 ! /ronge/ reason to adopt ! conclusion t ! ,book ( ,daniel 0 ! production ( "o ( ! ,*asidm t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( ! ,maccabean /ruggle1 & t its imm$iate object 0 to w>n ! ,jews aga9/ ! apo/asies ( comm5c+ ,hell5ism4 ,x 0 meant to enc\rage ! fai?ful1 :o 7 wag+ a fi]ce battle aga9/ ,greek influ5ces & aga9/ ! mighty & p]secut+ hea!n =ces by :i* !y 7 support$4#baa ,al?\gh ! writ]'s k ( hi/ory up to ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great is vague & errone\s1 & 8 k ( ! p]iod :i* foll[$ ,antio*us entirely nebul\s1 on ! o!r h& 8 acqua9tance ) ! p]iod ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes is s extraord9>ily precise z to furni% our *ief in=mation on "s po9ts ( t k+'s reign4 ,guid$ by ^! indications1 x is p]haps possible to fix ! exact ye> & mon? 9 :i* ! ,book saw ! light--namely1 ab\t ,janu>y ,b4,c4 #afd4bab ,f ,dan4 viii4 #ad x seems t ! au?or _h liv$ till ! cleans+ ( ! ,temple aft] its pollution by ! ,seleucid ,k+ 7#a ,macc4 iv4 #db-eh74 ,= ?\gh ! ,maccabean upris+ is only call$ a little help 7xi4 #cd71 ?is is 9 comp>ison ) ! spl5did future triumph & epiphany to :i* he look$ =w>d4 ,x is suffici5tly cle> f #a ,macc4 v4 #ae1 #af1 t ! ,jews1 ev5 aft] ! e>ly victories ( ,judas1 7 9 evil case1 & t ! nom9al adhesion ( _m ,hell5is+ ,jews to ! national cause 0 m]ely hypocritical 7,dan4 xi4 #cd74 ,n[ ! ,temple 0 d$icat$ on ,decemb] #be?1 ,b4,c4 #afe2 & ! ,book appe>$ be=e ! dea? ( ,antio*us1 :i* ! writ] expect$ to happ5 at ! end ( ! sev5ty weeks1 or1 z he calculat$ !m1 9 ,june #afd4 ,! k+ did n actually die till ! close ( #afd or ! beg9n+ ( #afc 7#a ,macc4 vi4 #a-af74bac ,,footnotes3 #aid ,jacob ,p]ez ( ,val5tia acc\nt$ = ?is by ! hatr$ ( ! ,jews = ,*ri/ianity6 7,die/el1 ,ges*4 d4 ,a4,t41 p4 #baa74 #aie ,comp4 ,luke xxiv4 #dd2 ,acts xxviii4 #bc2 ,philo1 ,de ,vit4 ,cont41 #c4 ,see ,oehl] 9 ,h]zog1 s4v4 ,kanon4 #aif ,jos4 c4 ,ap41 ,i4 #h4 #aig ,opp4 ed4 ,migne1 ii4 #abfj3 4 ,he may well add1 on 8 view ( ! date1 1 2 #aih ,megilla1 #c1 #a4 ,josephus1 inde$1 reg>ds apocalyptic visions z ! highe/ =m ( prophecy 7,antt41 ,x4 xi4 #g72 b ! great ,rabbis ,kim*i1 ,maimonides1 ,joseph ,albo1 etc41 are /rongly aga9/ him4 ,see ,behrmann1 p4 xxxix4 #aii ,x has be5 describ$ z e9 ,v]/eck fr ,beles5heit1 und e9 grammatis*] ,mon/rum4 #bjj ,h5g/5b]g1 p4 #bji4 #bja ,matt4 xxiv4 #ae2 ,m>k xiii4 #ad4 #bjb #a ,cor4 ii4 #i2 ,eph4 v4 #aa4 #bjc ,h5g/5b]g's ref]5ce to #a ,pet] i4 #aj-ab1 #a ,!ss4 ii4 #c1 #a ,cor4 vi4 #b1 ,heb4 xi4 #ab1 des]ve no fur!r notice4 #bjd ,jos41 ,antt41 ,,xi4 viii4 #e4 #bje ,!re is no?+ to surprise u 9 ?is circum/ance1 = ,ptolemy ,,iii4 7,jos4 c4 ,ap41 ,,ii4 #e7 & ,antio*us ,,vii4 7,sidetes1 ,antt41 ,,xiii4 viii4 #b71 ,m>cus ,agrippa 7id41 ,,xvi4 ii4 #a71 & ,vitellius 7id41 ,,xviii4 v4 #c7 are said to h done ! same4 ,comp4 ,suet41 ,aug41 #ic2 ,t]t41 ,apolog41 #f2 & o!r passages adduc$ by ,s*r]1 i41 #bd4 #bjf ,jahn1 ,hebr4 ,commonweal?1 #ga2 ,hess1 ,ges*41 ii4 #cg2 ,prideaux1 ,connection1 i4 #edj ff4 #bjg ,dict4 ( ,bible1 s4v4 ,jaddua4 ,see ,s*r]1 i4 #ahg2 ,van ,dale1 ,diss]t4 de ,,lxx4 ,int]pr41 #fh ff4 #bjh ,?is "p ( ! /ory is a m]e d\blet ( t ab\t ,cyrus & ! prophecies ( ,isaiah 7,antt41 ,,xi4 i4 #b74 #bji ,mal4 iii4 #a4 ,,lxx41 2 ,vulg41 /atim2 b x is r unaw>es 7unv]seh5s74 #baj ,t ! f\r? empire c\ld n be ! ,roman has long be5 se5 by _m critics1 z f> back z ,grotius1 ,l',emp]eur1 ,*ami]1 ,j4 ,voss1 ,bod9us1 ,becmann1 etc4 7,die/el1 ,ges*4 ,a4 ,t41 p4 #ebc74 #baa ,see ,hamburg]1 ,real-,encycl41 s4v4 ,geheimlehre1 ii4 #bfe4 ,! ,geheimlehre 7,heb41 ,si?r ,?orah7 embraces a :ole region ( ,jewi% lit]ature1 ( :i* ! ,book ( ,daniel =ms ! e>lie/ beg9n+4 ,see ,dan4 xii4 #d-i4 ,! phrases ( ,dan4 vii4 #bb are common 9 ! ,zoh>4 #bab ,pltzli* bei ,antio*us ,,iv4 angekomm5 hrt alle se9e ,wiss5s*aft auf1 s dass wir1 d5 ,kal5d> 9 d5 ,h&1 fa/ d5 ,tag angeb5 knn5 wo dies od] j5es ni$]ges*rieb5 word5 i/ 7,reuss1 ,ges*4 d4 ,heil4 ,s*rift41 #dfd74 #bac ,= argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ?is view see ,cornill1 ,!ol4 ,/ud4 aus ,o/preuss51 #ahhi1 pp4 #a-cb1 & ,e9leit41 p4 #bfa4 ,he reckons twelve g5]ations1 sixty-n9e weeks1 f ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem to ! murd] ( ! high prie/ ,onias ,,iii4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,summ>y ,,& ,,conclusion ,! cont5ts ( ! previ\s sections may be briefly summ>is$4 ,i4 ,! objections to ! au!nticity & g5u95ess ( ,daniel d n arise1 z is falsely ass]t$1 f any a-priori objection to admit to ! full ! reality ei!r ( miracles or ( g5u9e pr$iction4 ,hundr$s ( critics :o h long ab&on$ ! attempt to ma9ta9 ! e>ly date ( ,daniel believe bo? 9 miracles & prophecy4 ,,ii4 ,! gr\nds = reg>d+ ! ,book z a pseudepigraph are _m & /rik+4 ,! v ,book :i* w\ld mo/ /& 9 ne$ ( ov]:elm+ evid5ce 9 its fav\r is ! "o :i* furni%es ! mo/ decisive argum5ts aga9/ itself1 & has ! lea/ ext]nal te/imony 9 its support4 ,,iii4 ,! hi/orical errors 9 :i* x ab\nds tell ov]:elm+ly aga9/ x4 ,!re 0 no deportation 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,jehoiakim2 !re 0 no ,k+ ,bel%azz>2 ! ,bel%azz> son ( ,nabunaid 0 n a son ( ,nebu*adrezz>2 ! names ,nebu*adnezz> & ,ab$-nego are errone\s 9 =m2 !re 0 no ,d>ius ! ,m$e :o prec$$ ,cyrus z k+ & conqu]or ( ,babylon1 ?\gh !re 0 a lat] ,d>ius1 ! son ( ,hy/aspes1 :o conqu]$ ,babylon2 ! dem&s & decrees ( ,nebu*adrezz> are unlike any?+ :i* we f9d 9 hi/ory1 & %[ e *>act]i/ic ( ! ,jewi% ,haggada2 & ! notion t a fai?ful ,jew c\ld become ,presid5t ( ! ,*aldean ,magi is impossible4 ,x is n true t !re 7 only two ,babylonian k+s--!re 7 five3 nor 7 !re only f\r ,p]sian k+s--!re 7 twelve4 ,x]xes seems to be conf\nd$ alike ) ,d>ius ,hy/aspis & ,d>ius ,codomannus z ! la/ k+ ( ,p]sia4 ,all correct acc\nts ( ! reign1 ev5 ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 seem to end ab\t ,b4,c4 #afd1 & ! indications 9 vii4 #aa-ad1 viii4 #be1 xi4 #dj-de1 d n seem to accord ) ! hi/oric realities ( ! "t indicat$4 ,,iv4 ,! philological peculi>ities ( ! ,book are no less unfav\rable to its g5u95ess4 ,! ,hebrew is pron\nc$ by ! majority ( exp]ts to be ( a lat] "* ?an ! "t assum$ = x4 ,! ,aramaic is n ! ,babylonian ,ea/-,aramaic1 b ! lat] ,pale/9ian ,we/-,aramaic4 ,! ^w ,kasdm is us$ = div9]s1 :]eas at ! p]iod ( ! ,exile x 0 a national "n4 ,p]sian words & titles occur 9 ! decrees attribut$ to ,nebu*adrezz>4 ,at lea/ ?ree ,greek words occur1 ( :i* "o is c]ta9ly ( late orig91 & is kn[n to h be5 a fav\rite in/rum5t ) ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,v4 ,!re are no traces ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,book be=e ! second c5tury ,b4,c41#bad al?\gh !re are abundant traces ( ! o!r books--,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 ! ,second ,isaiah--:i* belong to ! p]iod ( ! ,exile4 ,ev5 9 ,ecclesia/icus1 :ile ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 & ! twelve ,m9or ,prophets are m5tion$ 7,ecclus4 xlviii4 #bj-be1 xlix4 #f-aj71 n a syllable is said ab\t ,daniel1 & t al?\gh ! writ] errone\sly reg>ds prophecy z ma9ly conc]n$ ) pr$iction4 ,jesus1 son ( ,sira*1 ev5 goes out ( 8 way to say t no man l ,joseph _h ris5 s9ce ,joseph's "t1 ?\gh ! /ory ( ,daniel repeat$ly recalls t ( ,joseph1 & ?\gh1 if ,dan4 i4-vi4 _h be5 au!ntic hi/ory1 ,daniel's "w 0 f> m m>vell\s & decisive1 & 8 fai?fulness m /rik+ & cont9u\s1 ?an t ( ,joseph4 ,! e>lie/ trace ( ! ,book is 9 an imag9>y spee* ( a book writt5 ab\t ,b4,c4 #ajj 7#a ,macc4 ii4 #ei1 #fj74 ,,vi4 ,! ,book 0 admitt$ by ! ,jews into ! ,canon2 b s f> f be+ plac$ :]e1 if g5u9e1 x w\ld h _h a "r to /&--among ! f\r ,great ,prophets---x does n ev5 receive a place among ! twelve ,m9or ,prophets1 su* z is accord$ to ! mu* %ort] & f> inf]ior ,book ( ,jonah4 ,x is relegat$ to ! ,ke?ubm1 side by side ) su* a book z ,e/h]4 ,if x orig9at$ dur+ ! ,babylonian ,exile1 ,josephus might well speak ( its undeviat+ prophetic accuracy4#bae ,yet ?is absolutely unp>allel$ & ev5 unapproa*$ =etell] ( ! m9ute future is n all[$ by ! ,jews any place at all 9 _! prophetic ,canon6 ,9 ! ,,lxx4 x is treat$ ) rem>kable fre$om1 & a numb] ( o!r ,haggado? are made a "p ( x4 ,x resembles ,old ,te/am5t lit]ature 9 v few respects1 & all its peculi>ities are su* z ab\nd 9 ! lat] apocalypses & ,apo*rypha4#baf ,philo1 ?\gh he quotes s frequ5tly bo? f ! ,prophets & ! ,hagiographa1 does n ev5 allude to ! ,book ( ,daniel4 ,,vii4 ,its au?or seems to accept = himself ! view ( 8 age t ! _s ( g5u9e prophecy _h dep>t$ = ev]more4#bag ,he speaks ( himself z a /ud5t ( ! old] prophecies1 & alludes to ! ,scriptures z an au?oritative ,canon--,hasseph>m1 ! books4 ,8 views & practices z reg>ds ?ree daily pray]s t[>ds ,j]usalem 7vi4 #aa72 ! importance atta*$ to ,levitical rules ab\t food 7i4 #h-ba72 ! expiatory & o!r value atta*$ to alms & fa/+ 7iv4 #bd1 ix4 #c1 x4 #c72 ! angelology involv+ ev5 ! names1 di/9ctions1 & rival (fices ( angels2 ! =m tak5 by ! ,messianic hope2 ! tw(old resurrection ( good & evil1--are all 9 close accord ) ! /&po9t ( ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/ z %[n di/9ctly 9 its lit]ature4#bah ,,viii4 ,:5 we h be5 l$ by decisive argum5ts to admit ! real date ( ! ,book ( ,daniel1 its place among ! ,hagiographa confirms all our conclusions4 ,! ,law1 ! ,prophets1 & ! ,hagiographa repres5t1 z ,pr(essor ,s&ay has po9t$ out1 ?ree lay]s or /ages 9 ! hi/ory ( ! collection ( ! ,canon4 ,if ! ,book ( ,*ronicles 0 n accept$ among ! ,hi/ories 7:i* 7 designat$ ,! ,=m] ,prophets71 nor ! ,book ( ,daniel among ! ,great] or ,less] ,prophets1 ! reason 0 t1 at ! date :5 ! ,prophets 7 =mally collect$ into a division ( ! ,canon1 ^! books 7 n yet 9 exi/5ce1 or at any rate _h n be5 accept$ on ! same level ) ! o!r books4#bai ,,ix4 ,all ^! circum/ances1 & o!rs :i* h be5 m5tion$1 h come home to e>ne/1 unprejudic$1 & pr(\ndly le>n$ critics ) s irresi/ible a =ce1 & ! c\nt]-argum5ts :i* are adduc$ are s little valid1 t ! def5d]s ( ! g5u95ess are n[ an ev]-dw9dl+ body1 & _m ( !m c only support _! basis at all by ! hypo!sis ( int]polations or tw(old au?or%ip4 ,?us ,c4 v4 ,orelli#bbj c only accept a modifi$ g5u95ess1 = :i* he sc>cely (f]s a s+le argum5t2 b ev5 he resorts to ! hypo!sis ( a late editor 9 ! ,maccabean age :o put toge!r ! traditions & g5]al prophecies ( ! real ,daniel4 ,he admits t )\t su* a supposition--by :i* x does n seem t we ga9 mu*--! ,book ( ,daniel is :olly exceptional1 & )\t a s+le analogy 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,& he cle>ly sees t all ! rays ( ! ,book are focuss$ 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ ,antio*us z 9 _! c5tral po9t1#bba & t ! be/ comm5t>y on ! prophetic section ( ! ,book is ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,maccabees4#bbb ,x4 ,x may !n be said ) confid5ce t ! critical view has f9ally won ! day4 ,! human m9d w 9 ! end accept t !ory :i* cov]s ! greate/ numb] ( facts1 & h>monises be/ ) ! sum-total ( k4 ,n[1 9 reg>d to ! ,book ( ,daniel1 ^! conditions appe> to be f> bett] satisfi$ by ! supposition t ! ,book 0 writt5 9 ! second c5tury ?an 9 ! six?4 ,! hi/ory1 imp]fect z to ! pseudepigraphic date1 b v precise z x approa*es ,b4,c4 #agf-afd1 ! late *>act]i/ics :i* m>k ! language1 ! notable sil5ce respect+ ! ,book f ! six? to ! second c5tury1 & its subsequ5t prom95ce & ! place :i* x occupies 9 ! ,ke?ubm1 are argum5ts :i* few c&id m9ds c resi/4 ,! critics ( ,g]many1 ev5 ! mo/ mod]ate1 su* z ,delitzs*1 ,cornill1 ,riehm1 ,/rack1 ,c4 v4 ,orelli1 ,me9hold1 are unanim\s z to ! late date (1 at any rate1 ! prophetic section ( ! ,book2 & ev5 9 ! f> m cons]vative criticism ( ,engl& !re is no %ad[ ( d\bt on ! subject left 9 ! m9ds ( su* s*ol>s z ,driv]1 ,*eyne1 ,s&ay1 ,bevan1 & ,rob]tson ,smi?4 ,yet1 s f> f detract+ f ! value ( ! ,book1 we add to its real value & to its accurate appreh5sion :5 we reg>d x1 n z ! "w ( a prophet 9 ! ,exile1 b ( "s fai?ful ,*asd 9 ! days ( ! ,seleucid tyrant1 anxi\s to inspire ! c\rage & console ! suff]+s ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,?us consid]$1 ! ,book pres5ts "s analogy to ,/4 ,augu/9e's ,city ( ,god4 ,x sets =?1 9 /rong outl9es1 & ) magnific5t orig9ality & fai?1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! k+doms ( ?is _w & ! k+doms ( our ,god & ( ,8 ,*ri/1 to :i* ! et]nal victory has be5 =eorda9$ f ! f\ndation ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is respect we mu/ comp>e x ) ! ,apocalypse4 ,antio*us ,epiphanes 0 an anticipat$ ,n]o4 ,& j z ! agonies ( ! ,n]onian p]secutions wrung f ! impassion$ _s ( ,/4 ,john ! ,div9e ^? visions ( glory & t d5unciation ( doom1 9 ord] t ! he>ts ( ,*ri/ians 9 ,rome & ,asia might be enc\rag$ to ! endurance ( m>tyrdom1 & to ! c]ta9 hope t ! irresi/ible might ( _! weakness w\ld ultimately %ake ! _w1 s ! folly & fury ( ,antio*us l$ ! holy & gift$ ,jew :o wrote ! ,book ( ,daniel to set =? a simil> fai?1 p>tly 9 ,haggado?1 :i* may1 to "s ext5t1 h be5 drawn f tradition1 & p>tly 9 prophecies1 ( :i* ! c5tral conception 0 t :i* all hi/ory tea*es u--namely1 t = e false ^w & unrighte\s de$1 = cruelty & oppression1 = lu/ & vanity1 ! price has to be paid at la/1 n always by ! *ief (f5d]s1 b paid by "s "o4 ,ju/ice & tru? alone endure & live4 ,inju/ice & oppression may be long-liv$1 b doomsday comes to !m at la/4#bbc ,& :5 t doom has be5 c>ri$ to its ultimate issues1 !n beg9s ! ,k+dom ( ! ,son ( ,man1 ! reign ( ,god's ,ano9t$1 & ! inh]itance ( ! e>? by ! ,sa9ts ( ,god4 ,,footnotes3 #bad ,x is allud$ to ab\t ,b4,c4 #adj 9 ! ,sibyll9e ,oracles 7iii4 #cia-daf71 & 9 #a ,macc4 ii4 #ei1 #fj4 #bae ,jos41 ,antt41 ,x4 xi4 #g4 #baf ,ewald 7,hi/4 ( ,israel1 v4 #bjh7 ?9ks t ! au?or _h read ,b>u* 9 ,hebrew1 because ,dan4 ix4 #d-ai is an abbreviation ( ,b>u* i4 #ae-;ii4 #ag4 #bag ,psalm lxxiv4 #i2 #a ,macc4 iv4 #df1 ix4 #bg1 xiv4 #da4 #bah ,see ,cornill1 ,e9leit41 pp4 #beg-bfj4 #bai ,s&ay1 ,inspiration1 p4 #aja4 ,! "n ( ,e>li] ,prophets 0 giv5 to ! two ,books ( ,samuel1 ( ,k+s1 & ( ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 & ,ezekiel2 & ! twelve ,m9or ,prophets 7! latt] reg>d$ z "o book7 7 call$ ,! ,lat] ,prophets4 ,cornill places ! collection ( ! ,prophets into ! ,canon ab\t ,b4,c4 #bej4 #bbj ,altte/am5t4 ,weissagung1 pp4 #eac-ecj 7,vi5na1 #ahhb74 #bba ,alle /rahl5 des ,bu*es si* 9 dies] ,epo*e als 9 ihrem ,br5npunkte v]e9ig5 7,c4 v4 ,orelli1 p4 #ead74 #bbb ,comp>e ! foll[+ passages3 ,unclean meats1 #a ,macc4 i4 #fb-fd1 ,_m 9 ,israel 7 fully resolv$ n to eat any unclean ?+1 etc42 #b ,macc4 vi4 #ah-ca1 vii4 #a-db4 ,! decrees ( ,nebu*adrezz> 7,dan4 iii4 #d-f7 & ,d>ius 7,dan4 vi4 #f-i7 ) ! proce$+s ( ,antio*us 7#a ,macc4 i4 #dg-ea74 ,bel%azz>'s pr(ane use ( ! ,temple vessels 7,dan4 v4 #b7 ) #a ,macc4 i4 #bc2 #b ,macc4 v4 #af1 etc4 #bbc ,fr\de1 ,%ort ,/udies1 i4 #ag4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,comm5t>y ,,on ,,! ,,hi/oric ,,section ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,prelude ,8 loyalty he kept1 8 fai?1 8 love4--,,milton4 ,! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,book ( ,daniel s]ves z a beautiful introduction to ! :ole1 & /rikes ! keynote ( fai?fulness to ! in/itutions ( ,judaism :i* ( all o!rs seem$ mo/ important to ! m9d ( a pi\s ,hebrew 9 ! days ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,at a "t :5 _m 7 wav]+1 & _m _h laps$ into op5 apo/asy1 ! writ] wi%$ to set be=e 8 c\ntrym5 9 ! mo/ w9n+ & vivid mann] ! nobl5ess & ! rew>d ( obey+ ,god r ?an man4 ,he _h read 9 #b ,k+s xxiv4 #a1 #b1 t ,jehoiakim _h be5 a vassal ( ,nebu*adrezz> = ?ree ye>s1 :i* 7 n1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ ?ree ye>s ( 8 reign1 & !n _h rebell$1 & be5 subdu$ by b&s ( ! ,*aldeans & _! allies4 ,9 #b ,*ron4 xxxvi4 #f he read t ,nebu*adrezz> _h b\nd ,jehoiakim 9 fett]s to c>ry him to ,babylon4#bbd ,comb9+ ^! two passages1 he seems to h inf]r$1 9 ! abs5ce ( m accurate hi/orical indications1 t ! ,*aldeans _h besieg$ & captur$ ,j]usalem 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,jehoiakim4 ,t ! date is errone\s !re c h>dly be a "q1 =1 z already /at$1#bbe nei!r ,j]emiah1 ! contempor>y ( ,jehoiakim1 nor ! ,book ( ,k+s1 nor any o!r au?ority1 kn[s any?+ ( any siege ( ,j]usalem by ! ,babylonian ,k+ 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,jehoiakim4 ,! ,*ronicl]1 a v late writ]1 seems to h he>d "s tradition t ,jehoiakim _h be5 tak5 captive1 b he does n date ?is capture2 & 9 ,jehoiakim's ?ird ye> ! k+ 0 a vassal1 n ( ,babylon1 b ( ,egypt4 ,nabopolass>1 n ,nebu*adrezz>1 0 !n ,k+ ( ,babylon4 ,x 0 n till ! foll[+ ye> 7,b4,c4 #fje71 :5 ,nebu*adrezz>1 act+ z 8 fa!r's g5]al1 _h defeat$ ,egypt at ! ,battle ( ,c>*emi%1 t any siege ( ,j]usalem w\ld h be5 possible4 ,nor did ,nebu*adrezz> advance aga9/ ! ,holy ,city ev5 aft] ! ,battle ( ,c>*emi%1 b da%$ home across ! des]t to secure ! cr[n ( ,babylon on he>+ ! news ( 8 fa!r's dea?4 ,! only two consid]able ,babylonian deportations ( :i* we "k 7 app>5tly 9 ! eigh? & n9ete5? ye>s ( ,nebu*adrezz>'s reign4 ,9 ! =m] ,jehoia*9 0 c>ri$ captive ) t5 ?\s& citiz5s 7#b ,k+s xxiv4 #ad-af2 ,j]4 xxvii4 #bj72 9 ! latt] ,z$ekiah 0 sla91 & eight hundr$ & ?irty-two p]sons c>ri$ to ,babylon 7,j]4 lii4 #bi2 #b ,k+s xxv4 #aa74bbf ,!re seems !n to be1 on ! v ?re%old1 e indication ( an hi/oric inaccuracy su* z c\ld n h be5 committ$ if ! hi/oric ,daniel _h be5 ! true au?or ( ?is ,book2 & we are able1 ) p]fect cle>ness1 to po9t to ! passages by :i* ! ,maccabean writ] 0 misl$ into a mi/ak5 inf]5ce4#bbg ,to him1 h[ev]1 z to all ,jewi% writ]s1 a m]e v>iation 9 a date w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z a matt] ( ! utmo/ insignificance4 ,x 9 no way conc]n$ ! high purpose :i* he _h 9 view1 or weak5$ ! =ce ( 8 moral fiction4 ,nor does x 9 ! smalle/ degree dim9i% f ! in/ructiv5ess ( ! lessons :i* he has to tea* to all m5 = all "t4 ,a fiction :i* is true to human exp]i5ce may be z ri* 9 spiritual mean+ z a lit]al hi/ory4 ,d we degrade ! maje/y ( ! ,book ( ,daniel if we reg>d x z a ,haggada any m ?an we degrade ! /ory ( ! ,prodigal ,son :5 we describe x z a ,p>able8 ,! writ] proce$s to tell u t1 aft] ! siege1 ,nebu*adrezz>--:om ! hi/oric ,daniel c\ld nev] h call$ by ! errone\s "n ,nebu*adnezz>--took ,jehoiakim 7= ?is seems to be impli$71 ) "s ( ! sacr$ vessels ( ! ,temple 7comp4 v4 #b1 #c71 into ! l& ( ,%9>1#bbh to ! h\se ( 8 god4 ,?is god1 z we le>n f ,babylonian inscriptions1 0 ,bel or ,bel-m]oda*1 9 ^: temple1 built by ,nebu*adrezz>1 0 also ! treasure-h\se ( 8 k+dom4#bbi ,among ! captives 7 c]ta9 ( ! k+'s se$1 & ( ! pr9ces 7,p>!mm74#bcj ,!y 7 *os5 f among su* boys z 7 pre-em95t = _! beauty & intellig5ce1 & ! int5tion 0 to tra9 !m z pages 9 ! royal s]vice1 & also 9 su* a k ( ! ,*aldean language & lit]ature z %\ld enable !m to take _! places 9 ! le>n$ ca/e ( prie/ly div9]s4 ,_! home 0 9 ! va/ palace ( ! ,babylonian ,k+1 ( :i* ! ru9s are n[ call$ ,kasr4 ,"h !y may h se5 ! hapless ,jehoia*9 /ill langui%+ 9 8 long captivity4 ,!y are call$ *ildr51 & ! ^w1 toge!r ) ! context1 seems to imply t !y 7 boys ( ! age ( f twelve to f\rte54 ,! k+ p]sonally h&$ !m ov] to ! c>e ( ,a%p5az1#bca ! ,rabs>is1 or ma/] ( ! eunu*s1 :o held ! position ( "l high *amb]la94#bcb ,x is probably impli$ t ! boys 7 !mselves made eunu*s1 = ! incid5t seems to be bas$ on ! rebuke giv5 by ,isaiah to ! va9 o/5tation ( ,hezekiah 9 %[+ ! treasures ( 8 temple & palace to ,m]oda*-baladan3 ,behold ! days come1 t all t is 9 ?9e h\se 444 %all be c>ri$ to ,babylon3 no?+ %all be left1 sai? ! ,"l4 ,& ( ?y sons t %all issue f !e1 :i* ?\ %alt beget1 %all !y take away2 & !y %all be eunu*s 9 ! palace ( ! ,k+ ( ,babylon4#bcc ,!y 7 to be tra9$ 9 ! le>n+ 7lit4 ! book7 & language ( ,*aldea = ?ree ye>s2 at ! end ( :i* p]iod !y 7 to be admitt$ into ! k+'s pres5ce1 t he might see h[ !y look$ & :at progress !y _h made4 ,dur+ ^? ?ree ye>s he provid$ !m ) a daily ma9t5ance ( food & w9e f 8 table4 ,^? :o 7 ?us ma9ta9$ 9 ,ea/]n c\rts 7 to be c\nt$ by hundr$s1 & ev5 by ?\s&s1 & _! position 0 (t5 supremely wret*$ & degrad$1 z x /ill is 9 su* ,ea/]n c\rts4 ,! w9e 0 probably import$4 ,! food consi/$ ( meat1 game1 fi%1 jo9ts1 & :eat5 bread4 ,! ^w us$ = provision is int]e/+4 ,x is pa?-bag1 & seems to be a translit]ation1 or e*o ( a ,p]sian ^w1 patibaga 7,greek 71 a "n appli$ by ! hi/orian ,de9on 7,b4,c4 #cdj7 to b>ley bread & mix$ w9e 9 a gold5 egg f :i* ! k+ dr9ks4#bcd ,b among ^! captives 7 f\r "y ,jews nam$ ,daniel1 ,hananiah1 ,mi%ael1 & ,az>iah4 ,_! v names 7 a witness n only to _! nationality1 b to _! religion4 ,daniel means ,god is my judge2 ,hananiah1 ,jehovah is graci\s2 ,mi%ael 7p]haps71 :o is equal to ,god8#bce ,az>iah1 ,god is a help]4 ,x is h>dly likely t ! ,*aldeans w\ld h tol]at$ ! use ( su* names among _! "y pupils1 s9ce e repetition ( !m w\ld h s\nd$ l a *all5ge to ! supremacy ( ,bel1 ,m]oda*1 & ,nebo4 ,x 0 a common ?+ to *ange names 9 hea!n c\rts1 z ! "n ( ,joseph _h be5 *ang$ by ! ,egyptians to ,zaphna?paaneah 7,g54 xli4 #de71 & ! ,assyrians *ang$ ! "n ( ,psammeti*us ,,ii4 into ,nebo-s]ib-ani1 ,nebo save me4 ,!y !re=e made ! names ( ! boys e*o ! names ( ! ,babylonian deities4 ,in/ead ( ,god is my judge1 ,daniel 0 call$ ,belte%azz>1 protect ,?\ 8 life4#bcf ,p]haps ! pray] %[s ! t5d] reg>d 9 :i* he 0 held by ,a%p5az4 ,hananiah 0 call$ ,%adra*1 p]haps ,%udur-aku1 comm& ( ,aku1 ! moon-deity2 ,mi%ael 0 call$ ,me%a*1 a "n :i* we _c int]pret2#bcg & ,az>iah1 in/ead ( ,god is a help1 0 call$ ,ab$-nego1 a mi/ak5 =m = ,ab$-nebo1 or s]vant ( ,nebo4#bch ,ev5 9 ?is slight incid5t !re may be an allusion to ,maccabean days4 ,x appe>s t 9 t epo* ! apo/ate ,hell5is+ ,jews 7 fond ( *ang+ _! names into ,g5tile names1 :i* _h a some:at simil> s\nd4 ,?us ,jo%ua 0 call$ ,jason1 & ,onias ,m5elaus4#bci ,?is 0 done z "p ( ! plan ( ,antio*us to =ce ^u ,pale/9e ! ,greek language4 ,s f> ! writ] may h ?\ght ! practice a h>mless "o1 ev5 ?\gh impos$ by hea!n pot5tates4 ,su* c]ta9ly 0 ! view ( ! lat] ,jews1 ev5 ( ! /ricte/ sect ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,n only did ,saul freely adopt ! "n ( ,paul1 b ,silas felt no scruple 9 be+ call$ by ! "n ,sylvanus1 ?\gh t 0 ! "n ( a hea!n deity4 ,x 0 f> o!rwise ) acquiesc5ce 9 ! eat+ ( hea!n meats1 :i*1 9 ! days ( ! ,maccabees1 0 =c$ ^u _m ( ! ,jews1 & :i*1 s9ce ! in/itution or re9/itution ( ,levitism aft] ! return f ! ,exile1 _h come to be reg>d$ z a deadly s94 ,x 0 dur+ ! ,exile t su* feel+s _h acquir$ fre% int5sity4 ,at fir/ !y d n seem to h prevail$4 ,jehoia*9 0 a h]o among ! ,jews4 ,!y rememb]$ him ) int5se love & pity1 & x does n seem to h be5 reg>d$ z any /a9 ^u 8 memory t1 = ye>s toge!r1 he _h1 almo/ 9 ! words ( ,dan4 i4 #e1 receiv$ a daily all[ance f ! table ( ! ,k+ ( ,babylon4#bdj ,9 ! days ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes ! ord9>y feel+ on ?is subject 0 v diff]5t1 = ! religion & nationality ( ! ,jews 7 at /ake4 ,h5ce we read3 ,h[beit _m 9 ,israel 7 fully resolv$ & confirm$ 9 !mselves n to eat any unclean ?+4 ,:]e=e !y *ose r to die1 t !y might n be defil$ ) meats1 t !y might n pr(ane ! holy cov5ant3 s !n !y di$4#bda ,& 9 ! ,second ,book ( ,maccabees we are told t on ! k+'s bir?day ,jews 7 con/ra9$ by bitt] con/ra9t to eat ( ! sacrifices1 & t ,eleaz>1 "o ( ! pr9cipal scribes1 an ag$ & noble-look+ man1 pref]r$ r to be tortur$ to dea?1 leav+ 8 dea? = an example ( noble c\rage1 & a memorial ( value1 n only unto "y m51 b unto all 8 nation4#bdb ,9 ! foll[+ *apt] is ! celebrat$ /ory ( ! con/ancy & cruel dea? ( sev5 bre?r5 & _! "m1 :5 !y pref]r$ m>tyrdom to ta/+ sw9e's fle%4 ,! brave ,judas ,maccabu1 ) "s n9e companions1 )drew himself into ! wild]ness1 & liv$ 9 ! m\nta9s aft] ! mann] ( bea/s ) 8 company1 :o f$ on h]bs cont9ually1 le/ !y %\ld be p>tak]s ( ! pollution4 ,! tone & object ( ^! n>ratives are precisely ! same z ! tone & object ( ! /ories 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel2 & we c well imag9e h[ ! h]oism ( resi/ance w\ld be enc\rag$ 9 e ,jew :o read ^? n>ratives or traditions ( =m] days ( p]secution & difficulty4 ,?is ,book1 says ,ewald1 fell l a gl[+ sp>k f a cle> heav5 ^u a surface :i* 0 already int5sely heat$ f> & wide1 & wait+ to bur/ into flames4#bdc ,x may be d\btful :e!r su* views z to c]emonial defilem5t 7 already develop$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,babylonian ,captivity4#bdd ,! ,maccabean p]secution left !m +ra9$ 9 ! habits ( ! p1 & ,josephus tells u a contempor>y /ory :i* rem9ds u ( t ( ,daniel & 8 companions4 ,he says t c]ta9 prie/s1 :o 7 fri5ds ( 8 own1 _h be5 imprison$ 9 ,rome1 & t he endeav\r$ to procure _! release1 especially because ,i 0 in=m$ t !y 7 n unm9dful ( piety t[>ds ,god1 b support$ !mselves ) figs & nuts1 because 9 su* eat+ ( dry food 71 z x 0 call$7 !re 0 no *ance ( hea!n defilem5t4#bde ,x ne$ h>dly be add$ t :5 ! "t came to break d[n ! p>tition-wall :i* sep>at$ ,jewi% p>ticul>ism f ! univ]sal bro!rhood ( mank9d r$eem$ 9 ,*ri/1 ! ,apo/les--especially ,/4 ,paul--_h to %[ ! mean+less nature ( _m di/9ctions to :i* ! ,jews atta*$ consummate importance4 ,! ,talmud ab\nds 9 /ories int5d$ to glorify ! resolut5ess ) :i* ! ,jews ma9ta9$ _! /]eotyp$ ,levitism2 b ,*ri/ taught1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( ! ,ph>isees & ev5 ( ! disciples1 t x is n :at ent]e? into a man :i* makes him unclean1 b ! unclean ?\ghts :i* come f )91 f ! he>t4#bdf ,& ?is ,he said1 --i4e41 aboli%+ !reby ! ,levitic ,law1 & mak+ all meats clean4 ,yet1 ev5 aft] ?is1 x requir$ no?+ less ?an t ,div9e vision on ! tann]'s ro( at ,joppa to conv9ce ,pet] t he 0 n to call common :at ,god _h cleans$1#bdg & x requir$ all ! ke5 insight & fe>less en]gy ( ,/4 ,paul to prev5t ! ,jews f keep+ an intol]able yoke ^u _! own necks1 & also lay+ x ^u ! necks ( ! ,g5tiles4#bdh ,! f\r pr9cely boys--!y may h be5 f twelve to f\rte5 ye>s old#bdi--;det]m9$ n to %>e 9 ! royal da9ties1 & begg$ ! ,s>-hass>sm to all[ !m to live on pulse & wat]1 r ?an on ! luxuries 9 :i*--= !m--lurk$ a hea!n pollution4 ,! eunu* n unnaturally demurr$4 ,! daily rations 7 provid$ f ! royal table4 ,he 0 responsible to ! k+ = ! beauty & heal?1 z well z = ! tra9+1 ( 8 "y s*ol>s2 & if ,nebu*adrezz> saw !m look+ m meagre or hagg>d#bej ?an ! re/ ( ! captives & o!r pages1 ! *amb]la9's head might pay ! =feit4#bea ,b ,daniel1 l ,joseph 9 ,egypt1 _h inspir$ affection among 8 captors2 & s9ce ! pr9ce ( ! eunu*s reg>d$ him ) fav\r & t5d] love1 he 0 ! m will+ to grant1 or at lea/ to connive at1 ! fulfilm5t ( ! boy's wi%4 ,s ,daniel ga9$ ov] ! ,melz> 7or /ew>d871#beb :o 0 9 imm$iate *>ge ( ! boys1 & begg$ him to try ! exp]im5t = t5 days4 ,if at ! end ( t "t _! heal? or beauty _h suff]$1 ! "q might be reconsid]$4 ,s = t5 days ! f\r fai?ful *ildr5 7 f$ on wat]1 & on ! se$s--i4e41 vegetables1 dates1 rais9s1 & o!r fruits1 :i* are "h g5]ally call$ pulse4#bec ,at ! end ( ! t5 days--a sort ( my/ic ,p]sian week#bed--!y 7 f\nd to be fair] & fre%] ?an all ! o!r captives ( ! palace4#bee ,!nce=? !y 7 all[$ )\t h9drance to keep ! cu/oms ( _! c\ntry4 ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,dur+ ! ?ree probation>y ye>s !y cont9u$ to fl\ri% intellectually z well z physically4 ,!y atta9$ to conspicu\s excell5ce 9 all k9ds ( books & wisdom1 & ,daniel also _h und]/&+ 9 all k9ds ( dreams & visions1 to :i* ! ,*aldeans atta*$ supreme importance4#bef ,! ,jews exult$ 9 ^! pictures ( f\r y\?s ( _! own race :o1 ?\gh !y 7 /rang]s 9 a /range l&1 excell$ all _! ali5 compe]s 9 _! own *os5 fields ( le>n+4 ,!re 7 already two su* pictures 9 ,jewi% hi/ory1--t ( ! y\?ful ,moses1 le>n$ 9 all ! wisdom ( ! ,egyptians1 & a great man & a pr9ce among ! magicians ( ,ph>aoh2 & t ( ,joseph1 :o1 ?\gh !re 7 s _m ,egyptian div9]s1 alone c\ld int]pret dreams1 :e!r 9 ! dungeon or at ! foot ( ! ?rone4 ,a ?ird picture1 t ( ,daniel at ! c\rt ( ,babylon1 is n[ add$ to !m1 & 9 all ?ree cases ! glory is giv5 directly1 n to !m1 b to ! ,god ( heav51 ! ,god ( _! fa!rs4 ,at ! close ( ! ?ree ye>s ! pr9ce ( ! eunu*s br\ght all 8 "y pages into ! pres5ce ( ! ,k+ ,nebu*adrezz>4 ,he te/$ !m by famili> conv]sation1#beg & f\nd ! f\r ,jewi% lads sup]ior to all ! re/4 ,!y 7 !re=e *os5 to /& be=e ! k+--9 o!r words1 to become 8 p]sonal att5dants4 ,z ?is gave free access to 8 pres5ce1 x involv$ a position n only ( high hon\r1 b ( great influ5ce4 ,& _! sup]iority /ood ! te/ ( "t4 ,:5ev] ! k+ consult$ !m on matt]s :i* requir$ wisdom ( und]/&+1 he f\nd !m n only bett]1 b t5 times bett]1 ?an all ! magicians & a/rolog]s t 7 9 all 8 realm4#beh ,! la/ v]se ( ! *apt]1 ,& ,daniel cont9u$ ev5 unto ! fir/ ye> ( ,k+ ,cyrus1 is p]haps a lat] gloss1 = x appe>s f x4 #a t ,daniel liv$1 at any rate1 till ! ?ird ye> ( ,cyrus4 ,abn ,ezra adds ! words cont9u$ 9 ,babylon1 & ,ewald at ! k+'s c\rt4 ,"s int]pret cont9u$ to mean rema9$ alive4 ,! reason = m5tion+ ! fir/ ye> ( ,cyrus may be to %[ t ,daniel surviv$ ! return f ! ,exile1#bei & also to m>k ! fact t he atta9$ a great age4 ,= if he 7 ab\t f\rte5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! n>rative1 he w\ld be eighty-five 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,cyrus4 ,dr4 ,pusey rem>ks3 ,simple words1 b :at a volume ( tri$ fai?fulness is unroll$ by !m6 ,amid all ! intrigues indig5\s at all times 9 dyna/ies ( ,ori5tal despotism1 amid all ! envy t[>ds a =eign captive 9 high (fice z a k+'s c\ncillor1 amid all ! tr\ble incid5tal to ! insanity ( ! k+ & ! murd] ( two ( 8 successors1 9 t :ole critical p]iod = 8 p1 ,daniel cont9u$4#bfj ,! dome/ic anecdote ( ?is *apt]1 l ! o!r m spl5did n>ratives :i* succe$ x1 has a value f> beyond ! circum/ances 9 :i* x may h orig9at$4 ,x is a beautiful moral illu/ration ( ! bless+s :i* att5d on fai?fulness & on temp]ance1 & :e!r x be an ,haggada or an hi/oric tradition1 x equally en%r9es ! same noble lesson z t :i* 0 taught to all "t by ! e>ly /ories ( ! ,books ( ,g5esis & ,exodus4#bfa ,x tea*es ! cr[n & bless+ ( fai?fulness4 ,x 0 ! highe/ glory ( ,israel to uplift among ! nations ! bann] ( righte\sness4 ,x matt]s n t1 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance1 ! ,jewi% boys 7 cont5d+ = a m]e c]emonial rule :i* 9 itself 0 immat]ial1 or at any rate ( no et]nal significance4 ,suffice x t ?is rule pres5t$ itself to !m 9 ! guise ( a pr9ciple & ( a sacr$ duty1 exactly z x did to ,eleaz> ! ,scribe1 & ,judas ! ,maccabee1 & ! ,"m & h] sev5 /rong sons 9 ! days ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,!y reg>d$ x z a duty to _! laws1 to _! c\ntry1 to _! ,god2 & !re=e ^u !m x 0 sacr$ly incumb5t4 ,& !y 7 fai?ful to x4 ,among ! pamp]$ m9ions & m5ials ( ! va/ ,babylonian palace--undazzl$ by ! glitt] ( e>?ly magnific5ce1 untempt$ by ! allurem5ts ( pomp1 pleasure1 & s5su\s indulg5ce-- ,amid innum]able false1 unmov$1 ,un%ak51 uns$uc$1 unt]rifi$1 ,_! loyalty !y kept1 _! fai?1 _! love4 ,& because ,god loves !m = _! con/ancy1 because !y rema9 pure & true1 all ! ,babylonian v>letry ar\nd !m le>ns ! lesson ( simplicity1 ! beauty ( hol9ess4 ,amid ! outp\r+s ( ! ,div9e fav\r !y fl\ri%1 & are advanc$ to ! highe/ hon\rs4 ,?is is "o great lesson :i* dom9ates ! hi/oric section ( ?is ,book3 ,!m t hon\r ,me ,i w hon\r1 & !y t despise ,me %all be lightly e/eem$4 ,x is ! lesson ( ,joseph's sup]iority to ! glam\r ( temptation 9 ! h\se ( ,potiph>2 ( ! *oice ( ,moses1 pref]r+ to suff] affliction ) ! p ( ,god r ?an all ! treasures ( ,egypt & to be call$ ! son ( ,ph>aoh's daught]2 ( ,samuel's /a9less innoc5ce beside ! corrupt+ example ( ,eli's sons2 ( ,david's /rong1 pure1 ruddy boyhood z a %eph]d-lad on ,be?lehem's hills4 ,x is ! anticipat$ /ory ( t yet holi] *ildhood ( ,him :o--subject to ,8 p>5ts 9 ! sweet vale ( ,naz>e?--blossom$ l ! fl[] ( roses 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 & z lilies by ! wat]-c\rses4 ,! "y human be+ :o gr[s up 9 innoc5ce & self-control gr[s up also 9 grace & beauty1 9 wisdom & 9 fav\r ) ,god & man4 ,! ,jews specially delight$ 9 ^! pictures ( boyi% cont95ce & piety1 & !y lay at ! basis ( all t 0 greate/ 9 _! national "*4 ,b !re also lay incid5tally 9 ! /ory a w>n+ aga9/ corrupt+ luxury1 ! lesson ( ! ne$ =1 & ! heal?fulness (1 ,! rule ( n too mu* by temp]ance taught4 ,! love ( sumptu\s food & delici\s dr9ks is nev] good1 says ,ewald1 & ) ! use ( ! mo/ temp]ate diet body & s\l c fl\ri% mo/ admirably1 z exp]i5ce _h at t "t suffici5tly taught4 ,to ! value ( ?is lesson ! ,naz>ites among ! ,jews 7 a p]petual witness4 ,j]emiah seems to s+le !m out = ! special beauty :i* result$ f _! y\?ful ab/95ce :5 he writes ( ,j]usalem1 ,h] ,naz>ites 7 pur] ?an sn[1 !y 7 :it] ?an milk1 !y 7 m ruddy 9 body ?an rubies1 _! poli%+ 0 ( sapphires4#bfb ,x is ! lesson :i* ,milton reads 9 ! /ory ( ,samson1-- ,o madness6 to ?9k use ( /ronge/ w9es ,& /ronge/ dr9ks our *ief support ( heal?1 ,:5 ,god1 ) ^! =bidd51 made *oice to re> ,8 mighty *ampion1 /rong above comp>e1 ,^: dr9k 0 only f ! liquid brook6 ,x is ! lesson :i* ,%akespe>e inculcates :5 he makes ! old man say 9 ,z ,y ,l ,x1-- ,:5 ,i 0 "y ,i nev] did apply ,hot & rebelli\s liquors 9 my blood1 ,nor did n ) unblu%ful =ehead woo ,! means ( weakness & debility2 ,!re=e m9e age is z a lu/y w9t]1 ,fro/y1 yet k9dly4 ,! writ] ( ?is ,book connects intellectual advance z well z physical /r5g? ) ?is ab/95ce1 & "h he is support$ ev5 by anci5t & pagan exp]i5ce4 ,some?+ ( ?is k9d may p]haps lurk 9 ! ( ,p9d>2 & c]ta9ly ,horace saw t gluttony & repletion are foes to insight :5 he wrote1-- ,nam corpus onu/um ,he/]nis vitiis animum quoque prgravat una1 ,atque affigit humo div9 p>ticulam aur4#bfc ,py?agoras 0 n ! only anci5t philosoph] :o recomm5d$ & practis$ a vegetable diet1 & ev5 ,epicurus1 :om s _m reg>d z ,! s(t g>d5's rose-encircl$ *ild1 plac$ ov] 8 g>d5 door ! inscription t ^? :o came w\ld only be regal$ on b>ley-cakes & fre% wat]1 to satisfy1 b n to allure1 ! appetite4 ,b ! gr& lesson ( ! picture is meant to be t ! fair ,jewi% boys 7 kept safe 9 ! mid/ ( e temptation to self-indulg5ce1 because !y liv$ z 9 ,god's sight3 & he t holds himself 9 rev]5ce & due e/eem = ! dignity ( ,god's image ^u him1 acc\nts himself bo? a fit p]son to d ! noble/ & godlie/ de$s1 & mu* bett] wor? ?an to deject & defile1 ) su* debasem5t & pollution z ,s9 is1 himself s highly ransom$ & ennobl$ to a new fri5d%ip & filial relation ) ,god4#bfd ,,footnotes3 #bbd ,comp4 ,j]4 xxii4 #ah1 #ai1 xxxvi4 #cj4 #bbe ,see supra1 p4 #de4 #bbf ,j]emiah 7lii4 #bh-cj7 m5tions ?ree deportations1 9 ! sev5?1 eighte5?1 & tw5ty-?ird ye> ( ,nebu*adrezz>2 b !re are great difficulties ab\t ! hi/oric v]ification1 & ! p>agraph 7:i* is ( d\btful g5u95ess7 is omitt$ by ! ,,lxx4 #bbg ,! mann] 9 :i* ! ma9ta9]s ( ! g5u95ess get ov] ?is difficulty is surely an in/ance ( su* special plead+ z c conv9ce no unbiass$ inquir]4 ,!y conjecture 7#a7 t ,nebu*adrezz> _h be5 associat$ ) 8 fa!r1 & receiv$ ! title ( k+ be=e he really became k+2 7#b7 t by came to ,j]usalem & besieg$ x is meant set out t[>ds ,j]usalem1 s t 7ultimately7 he besieg$ x2 7#c7 & t a vague & undat$ allusion 9 ! ,book ( ,*ronicles1 & a vague1 unsupport$1 & evid5tly errone\s ass]tion 9 ,b]ossus--quot$ by ,josephus1 ,antt41 ,x4 xi4 #a2 c4 ,ap41 ,i4 #ai1 :o liv$ "s two & a half c5turies aft] ^! ev5ts1 & :o does n m5tion any siege ( ,j]usalem--c be s int]pret$ z to outweigh ! fact t nei!r contempor>y hi/ories nor contempor>y records "k any?+ ( ?is suppos$ deportation4 ,j]emiah 7xxv4 #a7 says correctly t ! f\r? ye> ( ,jehoiakim 0 ! fir/ ye> ( ,nebu*adrezz>2 & _h ,j]usalem be5 already captur$ & plund]$1 x is impossible t he %\ld n h allud$ to ! fact 9 t *apt]4 ,an old] subt]fuge = expla9+ ! error is t ( ,saadia ! ,gaon1 ,abn ,ezra1 ,ra%i1 etc41 :o int]pret ! ?ird ye> ( ,jehoiakim to mean ! ?ird ye> aft] 8 rebellion f ,nebu*adrezz>1 :i* is n only impossible 9 itself1 b also contradicts ,dan4 ii4 #a4 #bbh ,%9> is an ar*aism1 suppos$ by ,s*rad] to be a corruption ( ,sumir1 or ,nor!rn ,*aldea 7,keil9s*r41 p4 #cd72 b see ,hommel1 ,ges*4 ,bab4 u4 ,assyr41 #bbj2 ,f4 ,delitzs*1 ,assyr4 ,gram41 #aae4 ,! m common "n 9 ! exilic p]iod 0 ,babel 7,j]4 li4 #i1 etc47 or ,eretz ,kasdim 7,ezek4 xii4 #ac74 #bbi ,on ?is god--,m>duk or ,m>uduk 7,j]4 l4 #b7--;comp4 #b ,*ron4 xxxvi4 #g4 ,see ,s*rad]1 ,k4 ,a4 ,t41 pp4 #bgc1 #bgf2 & ,riehm1 ,h&wrt]b41 ii4 #ihb4 #bcj ,?is seems to be a ,p]sian ^w1 fratama1 fir/4 ,x is only f\nd 9 ,e/h]4 ,josephus says t ! f\r boys 7 connect$ ) ,z$ekiah 7,antt41 ,x4 x4 #a74 ,comp4 ,j]4 xli4 #a4 #bca ,dan4 i4 #c2 ,,lxx41 4 ,! "n is ( q unc]ta9 d]ivation4 ,l5ormant connects x ) ,abai-,i/>1 a/ronom] ( ! goddess ,i/> 7,la ,div9ation1 p4 #ahb74 ,hitzig sees 9 ?is /range r5d]+ ,abiesdri ! mean+ eunu*4 ,a eunu* c\ld h no son to help him1 s t 8 fa!r is 8 help 7'ez]74 ,ephrm ,syrus1 9 8 ,comm5t>y1 pres]ves bo? names 7,s*leusn]1 ,!saurus1 s4v4 74 ,we f9d ! "n ,a%kenaz 9 ,g54 x4 #c4 ,!odot4 has 4 ,among o!r guesses ,l5ormant makes ,a%p5az ,assa-ibni-zir4 ,dr4 ,joel 7,notiz5 zum ,bu*e ,daniel1 p4 #ag7 says t s9ce ! ,vulgate reads ,abriesri1 ob ni*t d] ,wort von re*ts zu l9ks geles5 ms/e8 #bcb ,call$ 9 i4 #g-aa ! ,s>-hass>sm 7comp4 ,j]4 xxxix4 #c2 ,g54 xxxvii4 #cf1 m>g42 #b ,k+s xviii4 #ag2 ,e/h] ii4 #c74 ,?is (fic] n[ be>s ! title ( ,gyzl> ,agha4 #bcc ,isa4 xxxix4 #f1 #g4 #bcd ,a!n41 ,deipnos1 xi4 #ehc4 ,see ,bevan1 p4 #fj2 ,max ,mll] 9 ,pusey1 p4 #efe4 ,h[ ,pr(essor ,full] c urge ! pres5ce ( ^! ,p]sian words 9 pro( ( ! g5u95ess ( ,daniel 7,speak]'s ,comm5t>y1 p4 #bej7 ,i _c und]/&4 ,= ,daniel does n seem to h surviv$ beyond ! ?ird ye> ( ! ,p]sian dom9ion1 & x is extremely difficult to suppose t all ^! ,p]sian words1 includ+ titles ( ,nebu*adrezz>'s (ficials1 7 already curr5t among ! ,babylonians4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,babylonian words seem to be r>e1 ?\gh ,daniel is repres5t$ z liv+ ne>ly ! :ole ( a long life 9 ,babylon4 ,!re is no validity 9 ! argum5t t ^! words c\ld n h be5 kn[n 9 ! days ( ! ,maccabees1 = half ( !m are common 9 ,syria1 ?\gh ! olde/ extant ,syriac writ]s are lat] by ?ree c5turies ?an ! "t ( ! ,maccabees 7,bevan1 p4 #da74 #bce ,! "n ,daniel occurs among ,ezra's contempor>ies 9 ,ezra viii4 #b2 ,neh4 x4 #g1 & ! o!r names 9 ,neh4 viii4 #d1 x4 #c1 #bd2 #a ,esdras ix4 #dd4 #bcf ,balatsu-utsur4 ,! "n 9 ?is =m _h no?+ to d ) ,bel1 z ! writ] ( ,daniel seems to h suppos$ 7,dan4 iv4 #e71 nor yet ) ,beltis1 ! wife ( ,bel4 ,see supra1 p4 #dg4 ,comp4 ! names ,nabus>utsur1 ,s9s>utsur1 ,assurs>utsur4 ,also comp4 ,inscr4 ,semit41 ii4 #ch1 etc4 ,pseudo-,epiphanius says t ,nebu*adrezz> meant ,daniel to be co-heir ) 8 son ,bel%azz>4 #bcg ,f4 ,delitzs* calls ,me%a* vox hybrida4 ,nei!r ,%adra* nor ,me%a* occurs on ! monum5ts4 ,t ! imposition ( names is a symbol ( ma/]%ip ov] slaves is pla9 7,s4 ,*rys41 ,opp41 iii4 #ba2 ,pusey1 p4 #af74 ,comp4 #b ,k+s xxiii4 #cd 7,egyptians72 xxiv4 #ag 7,babylonians72 ,ezra v4 #ad1 ,e/h] ii4 #g 7,p]sians74 #bch ,comp4 ,obadiah1 ,abdiel1 ,abdallah1 etc4 ,s*rad] says1 p4 #dbi3 ,! supposition t ,nebo 0 alt]$ to ,nego1 out ( a contumeli\s desire 7:i* ,jews (t5 display$7 to alt]1 avoid1 & insult ! names ( idols1 is out ( place1 s9ce ! o!r names are n alt]$4 #bci ,jos41 ,antt41 ,,xii4 v4 #a2 ,d]5b\rg1 ,pale/9e1 p4 #cd2 ,ewald1 ,hi/41 v4 #bid 7,e4 ,tr472 ,munk1 ,pale/9e1 p4 #die1 etc4 #bdj ,see ,ewald1 ,ges*4 ,isr41 vi4 #fed4 ,!y %all eat unclean ?+s 9 ,assyria 7,hosea ix4 #c74 ,! *ildr5 ( ,israel %all eat _! defil$ bread among ! ,g5tiles 7,ezek4 iv4 #ac1 #ad74 #bda #a ,macc4 i4 #fb1 #fc4 #bdb #b ,macc4 vi4 #ah-ca4 ,comp4 ! ,,lxx4 addition to ,e/h] iv4 #ad1 v4 #d1 :]e %e is made to plead be=e ,god t %e _h n ta/$ ( ! table ( ,haman or ( ! k+'s banquet4 ,s ,judi? takes clean bread ) h] into ! camp ( ,hol(]nes 7,judi? x4 #e71 & ,judas & 8 foll[]s live on h]bs 9 ! des]t 7#b ,macc4 v4 #bg74 ,! ,mi%nah ev5 =bids to take ! bread1 oil1 or milk ( ! hea!n4 #bdc ,prophets ( ! ,o4 ,t41 p4 #ahd 7,e4 ,tr474 #bdd ,mr4 ,bevan says t ! v]b = defile 771 z a ritual t]m = ! idea ( c]emonial uncleanness1 is po/-exilic2 ! ,p5tateu* & ,ezekiel us$ 7,comm5t41 p4 #fa74 ,! idea int5d$ is t ! ?ree boys avoid$ meat :i* might h be5 kill$ ) ! blood & (f]$ to idols1 & !re=e 0 n ,ka%> 7,exod4 xxxiv4 #ae74 #bde ,jos41 ,vit41 iii4 ,comp4 ,isa4 lii4 #aa4 #bdf ,m>k vii4 #ai 7accord+ to ! true read+ & translation74 #bdg ,acts x4 #ad4 #bdh #a ,cor4 xi4 #be4 ,?is rigorism 0 specially valu$ by ! ,ess5es & ,!rapeut4 ,see ,d]5b\rg1 ,pale/9e1 note1 vi4 #bdi ,plato1 ,alcib41 i4 #cg2 ,x541 ,cyrop41 i4 #b4 ,y\?s ent]$ ! k+'s s]vice at ! age ( sev5te54 #bej ,lit4 sadd]4 ,,lxx41 4 #bea ,,lxx41 4 #beb ,p]haps ! ,assyrian mat/s>a1 gu>dian 7,delitzs*74 ,!re are v>i\s o!r guesses 7,behrmann1 p4 #e74 #bec ,heb41 2 ,,lxx41 2 ,vulg41 legum9a4 ,abn ,ezra took ! ^w to mean rice4 ,comp4 ,deut4 xii4 #ae1 #af2 #a ,sam4 xvii4 #ag1 #ah4 ,comp4 ,josephus 7,vit41 iii471 :o tells u h[ ! ,jewi% prie/s1 prison]s 9 ,rome1 f$ on 4 #bed ,ewald1 ,antiquities1 p4 #aca f4 #bee ,pusey 7p4 #ag7 quotes f ,*>d9's notes 9 ,h>m] 7,obs41 lix473 ,i h rem>k$ t ! c\nt5ance ( ! ,ke*icks 7monks7 are1 9 fact1 m rosy & smoo? ?an ^? ( o!rs1 & t ^? :o fa/ mu* are1 not)/&+1 v beautiful1 sp>kl+ ) heal?1 ) a cle> & lively c\nt5ance4 #bef ,! ,*>tummm are l ! ,egyptian 4 ,x is difficult to conceive t !re 0 less *ance ( pollution 9 be+ elaborately tra9$ 9 hea!n magic & dream-int]pretation ?an 9 eat+ ,babylonian food4 ,b ?is 01 s to speak1 extra fabulam4 ,x did n ent] into ! writ]'s s*eme ( moral edification4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! /ory is meant to imply t ^! y\?s accept$ ! hea!n tra9+1 ?\gh 7z we "k f tablets & inscriptions7 ! incantations1 etc41 9 :i* x ab\nd$ 7 intimately connect$ ) idolatry1 & 7 entirely unh>m$ by x1 ?is may indicate t ! writ] did n disapprove ( ! ,greek tra9+ :i* ,antio*us tri$ to introduce1 s f> z x m]ely involv$ an acqua9tance ) ,greek le>n+ & lit]ature4 ,?is is ! view ( ,grtz4 ,if s1 ! writ] belong$ to ! m lib]al ,jewi% s*ool :i* did n object to a /udy ( ! ,*okma? ,javan?1 or ,wisdom ( ,javan 7,d]5b\rg1 ,pale/9e1 p4 #cfa74 #beg ,,lxx41 ' 4 ,consid]+ ! normal degradation ( pages at ,ori5tal c\rts1 ( :i* ,rycaut 7ref]r$ to by ,pusey1 p4 #ah7 gives a horrible acc\nt1 _! escape f ! corruption ar\nd !m 0 a bless$ rew>d ( _! fai?fulness4 ,!y may n[ h be5 sev5te51 ! age = ent]+ ! k+'s s]vice 7,x541 ,cyrop41 ,i4 ii4 #h74 ,on ! ord9>y curse ( ! rule ( eunu*s at ,ea/]n c\rts see an int]e/+ note 9 ,pusey1 p4 #ba4 #beh ,on ! names see ,ges5ius1 ,isaiah1 ii4 #cee4 #bei ,allud$ to 9 ix4 #be4 #bfj ,daniel1 pp4 #bj1 #ba4 #bfa ,comp4 ,g54 xxxix4 #ba2 #a ,k+s viii4 #ej2 ,neh4 i4 #a2 ,psalm cvi4 #df4 #bfb ,lam4 iv4 #g4 #bfc ,hor41 ,sat41 ,,ii4 ii4 #gg4 #bfd ,milton1 ,reason ( ,*ur* ,gov]nm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,dream-,,image ,,( ,,ru9$ ,,empires ,) !e w ,i break 9 pieces rul]s & capta9s4--,,j]4 li4 #bc4 ,! ,book ( ,daniel is con/ruct$ ) consummate skill to tea* ! mighty lessons :i* x 0 design$ to br+ home to ! m9ds ( its read]s1 n only 9 ! age ( its fir/ appe>ance1 b = ev]4 ,x is a book :i*1 s f> f be+ reg>d$ z unwor?y ( its place 9 ! ,canon by ^? :o _c accept x z ei!r g5u9e or au!ntic1 is valu$ by _m su* critics z a v noble "w ( inspir$ g5ius1 f :i* all ! difficulties are remov$ :5 x is consid]$ 9 ! light ( its true date & orig94 ,?is second *apt] belongs to all "t4 ,all t might be look$ ^u z involv+ h>%nesses1 difficulties1 & gl>+ impossibilities1 if x 7 meant = lit]al hi/ory & pr$iction1 vani%es :5 we contemplate x 9 its real p]spective z a l(ty specim5 ( imag9ative fiction1 us$1 l ! p>ables ( our ,bless$ ,"l1 z ! vehicle = ! deepe/ tru?s4 ,we %all see h[ ! imag]y ( ! *apt] produc$ a deep impress on ! imag9ation ( ! holie/ ?9k]s--h[ magnific5t a use is made ( x fifte5 c5turies lat] by ! great poet ( m$ival ,ca?olicism4#bfe ,x conta9s ! g]ms ( ! only philosophy ( hi/ory :i* has /ood ! te/ ( "t4 ,x symbolises t ultimate conviction ( ! ,psalmi/ t ,god is ! ,gov]nor among ! nations4 ,no o!r conviction c suffice to give u consolation amid ! p]plexity :i* surr\nds ! pass+ phases ( ! de/9ies ( empires4 ,! fir/ *apt] s]ves z a keynote ( s(t1 simple1 & delightful music by way ( ov]ture4 ,x calms u = ! contemplation ( ! awful & tumultu\s sc5es t are n[ 9 succession to be br\ght be=e u4 ,! model :i* ! writ] has _h 9 view 9 ?is ,haggadah is ! =ty-fir/ *apt] ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis4 ,9 bo? *apt]s we h magnific5t hea!n pot5tates--,ph>aoh ( ,egypt1 & ,nebu*adrezz> ( ,babylon4 ,9 bo? *apt]s ! k+s dream dreams by :i* !y are pr(\ndly tr\bl$4 ,9 bo?1 _! spirits are sadd5$4 ,9 bo?1 !y s5d = all ! ,*akamm & all ! ,*>tummm ( _! k+doms to int]pret ! dreams4 ,9 bo?1 ^! pr(essional magicians prove !mselves entirely incompet5t to furni% ! int]pretation4 ,9 bo?1 ! failure ( ! hea!n oneirologi/s is emphasis$ by ! imm$iate success ( a ,jewi% captive4 ,9 bo?1 ! captives are describ$ z "y1 gift$1 & beautiful4 ,9 bo?1 ! int]pretation ( ! k+'s dream is rew>d$ by ! elevation to pr9cely civil hon\rs4 ,9 bo?1 ! imm$iate elevation to rul+ position is foll[$ by life-long fai?fulness & prosp]ity4 ,:5 we add t !re are ev5 close v]bal resemblances betwe5 ! *apt]s1 x is difficult n to believe t ! "o has be5 influ5c$ by ! o!r4 ,! dream is plac$ 9 ! second ye> ( ! reign ( ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,! date is surpris+2 = ! fir/ *apt] has made ,nebu*adrezz> a k+ ( ,babylon aft] ! siege ( ,j]usalem 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,jehoiakim2 & sett+ aside ! hi/oric impossibilities involv$ 9 t date1 ?is sc5e w\ld !n fall 9 ! second ye> ( ! probation ( ,daniel & 8 companions1 & at a "t :5 ,daniel c\ld only h be5 a boy ( fifte54#bff ,! apologi/s get ov] ! difficulty ) ! ease :i* suffices sup]ficial read]s :o are already conv9c$4 ,?us ,ra%i says ! second ye> ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 mean+ ! second ye> aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple1 i4e41 8 tw5tie? ye>6 ,josephus1 no less arbitr>ily1 makes x mean ! second ye> aft] ! deva/ation ( ,egypt4#bfg ,by su* devices any?+ may /& = any?+4 ,h5g/5b]g & 8 s*ool1 aft] hav+ made ,nebu*adrezz> a k+1 conjo9tly ) 8 fa!r--a fact ( :i* hi/ory kn[s no?+1 & inde$ seems to exclude--say t ! second ye> ( 8 reign does n mean ! second ye> aft] he became k+1 b ! second ye> ( 8 indep5d5t rule aft] ! dea? ( ,nabopolass>4 ,?is /yle ( int]pretation is v famili> among h>moni/s1 & x makes ! int]pretation ( ,scripture p]petually dep5d5t on pure fancy4 ,x is p]haps suffici5t to say t ,jewi% writ]s1 9 works meant = spiritual tea*+1 tr\bl$ !mselves extremely little ) m9uti ( ?is k9d4 ,l ! ,greek dramati/s1 !y 7 unconc]n$ ) details1 to :i* !y atta*$ no importance1 :i* !y reg>d$ z ly+ outside ! imm$iate purpose ( _! n>rative4 ,b if any explanation be ne$ful1 ! simple/ way is1 ) ,ewald1 ,h]zfeld1 & ,l5ormant1 to make a slight alt]ation 9 ! text1 & to read 9 ! twelf? in/ead ( 9 ! second ye> ( ! reign ( ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,!re 0 no?+ /range 9 ! notion t ,god %\ld h v\*saf$ a prophetic dream to a hea!n pot5tate4 ,su* in/ances _h already be5 record$ 9 ! case ( ,ph>aoh 7,g54 xli471 z well z ( 8 *ief c\rti]s 7,g54 xl472 & 9 ! case ( ,abimele* 7,g54 xx4 #e-g74 ,x 0 also a ,jewi% tradition t x 0 9 consequ5ce ( a dream t ,ph>aoh ,ne*o _h s5t a w>n+ to ,josiah n to advance aga9/ him to ! ,battle ( ,megiddo4#bfh ,su* dreams are record$ 9 ! cunei=m inscriptions z hav+ occurr$ to ,assyrian mon>*s4 ,i%t>1 ! goddess ( battles1 _h appe>$ to ,assur-bani-pal1 & promis$ him safety 9 8 w> aga9/ ,teumman1 ,k+ ( ,elam2 & ! dream ( a se] _h admoni%$ him to take sev]e /eps aga9/ 8 rebel bro!r1 ! ,vic]oy ( ,babylon4 ,gyges1 ,k+ ( ,lydia1 _h be5 w>n$ 9 a dream to make alliance ) ,assur-bani-pal4 ,9 ,egypt ,amn-m]i-h\t _h be5 w>n$ by a dream to unite ,egypt aga9/ ! ,assyrians4#bfi ,simil>ly 9 ,p]sian hi/ory ,afrasiab has an om9\s dream1 & summons all ! a/rolog]s to int]pret x2 & "s ( !m bid him pay no att5tion to x4#bgj ,x]xes 7,h]od41 iii4 #ai7 & ,a/yages 7,h]od41 i4 #ajh7 h dreams indicative ( future prosp]ity or adv]sity4 ,! fundam5tal conception ( ! *apt] 0 !re=e 9 accordance ) hi/ory#bga--?\gh to say1 ) ! ,speak]'s ,comm5t>y1 t ^! p>allels endorse ! au!nticity ( ! ,biblical n>ratives1 is ei!r to use inaccurate t]ms1 or to lay ! unhall[$ fire ( false argum5t on ! sacr$ alt> ( tru?4 ,x is impossible to ?9k )\t a sigh ( ! va/ am\nt :i* w\ld h to be extract$ f s-call$ or?odox comm5t>ies1 if su* passages 7 rigidly reprobat$ z a di%on\r to ! cause ( ,god4 ,nebu*adrezz> !n--9 ! second or twelf? ye> ( 8 reign--dream$ a dream1 by :i* 7z 9 ! case ( ,ph>aoh7 8 _s 0 tr\bl$ & 8 sleep int]rupt$4#bgb ,8 /ate ( m9d on wak+ is a psy*ological condition ) :i* we are all famili>4 ,we awake 9 a tremor4 ,we h se5 some?+ :i* disquiet$ u1 b we _c recall :at x 02 we h _h a frightful dream1 b we c only rememb] ! t]rify+ impression :i* x has left ^u our m9ds4 ,ph>aoh1 9 ! /ory ( ,joseph1 rememb]$ 8 dreams1 & only ask$ ! pr(essors ( necromancy to furni% him ) its int]pretation4 ,b ,nebu*adrezz> is "h repres5t$ z a ra%] & fi]c] despot1 n )\t a side-glance at ! rag+ folly & tyranny ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,he has at 8 comm& an army ( prie/ly progno/icators1 ^: ma9 function x is to int]pret ! v>i\s om5s ( ! future4 ,( :at use 7 !y1 if !y c\ld n be reli$ ^u 9 s s]i\s an exig5cy8 ,7 !y to be ma9ta9$ 9 opul5ce & dignity all _! lives1 only to fail him at a crisis8 ,x 0 true t he _h =gott5 ! dream1 b x 0 obvi\sly "o ( supreme importance2 x 0 obvi\sly an intimation f ! gods3 0 x n cle>ly _! duty to say :at x meant8 ,s ,nebu*adrezz> summon$ toge!r ! :ole class ( ,babylonian augurs 9 all _! v>ieties--! ,*>tummm1 magicians1 or book-le>n$2#bgc ! ,a%%aphm1 en*ant]s2#bgd ! ,meka%aphm1 sorc]]s2#bge & ! ,kasdm1 to :i* ! writ] gives ! long lat] s5se ( dream-int]pret]s1 :i* _h become preval5t 9 8 own day4#bgf ,9 lat] v]ses he adds two fur!r sections ( ! /ud5ts--! ,khakhamm1 wise m51 & ! ,gaz]m1 or soo?say]s4 ,attempts h (t5 be5 made1 & mo/ rec5tly by ,l5ormant1 to di/+ui% accurately betwe5 ^! classes ( magi1 b ! attempts evaporate = ! mo/ "p into %ad[y etymologies4#bgg ,x seems to h be5 a lit]>y habit ) ! au?or to amass a numb] ( names & titles toge!r4#bgh ,x is a "p ( ! /atel9ess & leisurel9ess ( /yle :i* he adopts1 & he gives no indication ( any s5se ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! classes :i* he enum]ates1 ei!r "h or :5 he describes v>i\s ranks ( ,babylonian (ficials4 ,:5 !y 7 assembl$ be=e him1 ! k+ in=m$ !m t he _h dream$ an important dream1 b t x produc$ su* agitation ( _s z _h caus$ him to =get its import4#bgi ,he pla9ly expect$ !m to supply ! failure ( 8 memory1 = a dream n int]pret$1 say ! ,rabbis1 is l a lett] n read4#bhj ,!n spake ! ,*aldeans to ! k+1 & _! answ] foll[s 9 ,aramaic 7,aram?71 a language :i* cont9ues to be us$ till ! end ( *ap4 vii4 ,! ,we/]n ,aramaic1 h[ev]1 "h employ$ c\ld n h be5 ! language 9 :i* !y spoke1 b _! native ,babylonian1 a ,semitic dialect m ak9 to ,ea/]n ,aramaic4 ,! ^w ,aram? "h1 z 9 ,ezra iv4 #g1 is probably a gloss or m>g9al note1 to po9t out ! sudd5 *ange 9 ! language ( ! ,book4 ,) ! c\rtly phrase1 ,o k+1 live = ev]1 !y promis$ to tell ! k+ ! int]pretation1 if he w\ld tell !m ! dream4 ,t ,i _c d1 said ! k+1 = x is gone f me4 ,nev]!less1 if y d n tell me bo? ! dream & its int]pretation1 y %all be hack$ limb by limb1 & y\r h\ses %all be made a dunghill4#bha ,! language 0 t ( brutal despotism su* z _h be5 cu/om>y = c5turies among ! f]oci\s tyrants ( ,assyria4 ,! puni%m5t ( dismemb]m5t1 di*otomy1 or dea? by mutilation 0 common among !m1 & _h con/antly be5 depict$ on _! monum5ts4 ,x 0 d\btless kn[n to ! ,babylonians also1 be+ famili> to ! apa!tic cruelty ( ! ,ea/4 ,simil>ly ! turn+ ( ! h\ses ( crim9als into draught-h\ses 0 a v5geance practis$ among o!r nations4#bhb ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! ,*aldeans arose to ! occasion1 ! k+ w\ld give !m rew>ds & great hon\rs4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve t ! ,septuag9t translators1 ) ,antio*us 9 _! m9d1 r5d] ! v]se 9 a =m :i* w\ld m directly rem9d _! read]s ( ,seleucid me?ods4 ,if y fail1 !y make ! k+ say1 y %all be made an example1 & y\r goods %all be =feit$ to ! cr[n4#bhc ,) n]v\s s]vility ! magi answ] to ! k+'s extravagantly unreasonable dem&1 t he mu/ tell !m ! dream be=e !y c tell him ! int]pretation4 ,ewald is probably n f> wrong 9 ?9k+ t a subtle elem5t ( irony & hum\r und]lies ?is sc5e4 ,x 0 p>tly int5d$ z a satirical reflection on ! mad vag>ies ( ,epiphanes4 ,= ! k+ at once breaks out into fury1 & tells !m t !y only want to ga9 7lit4 buy7 "t2#bhd b t ?is %\ld n avail !m4 ,! dream _h evid5tly be5 ( crucial significance & extreme urg5cy2 some?+ important1 & p]haps ev5 dreadful1 mu/ be 9 ! air4 ,! v raison d'tre ( ^! ?aumaturgi/s & />gaz]s 0 to read ! om5s ( ! future4 ,if ! />s told ( any human ev5ts1 !y c\ld n fail to indicate some?+ ab\t ! va/ tr\ble :i* ov]%ad[$ ! mon>*'s dream1 ev5 ?\gh he _h =gott5 its details4 ,! k+ gave !m to und]/& t he look$ on !m z a h]d ( impo/ors2 t _! plea = delay 0 due to m]e t]giv]sation2#bhe & t1 9 spite ( ! ly+ & corrupt words :i* !y _h prep>$ 9 ord] to ga9 respite till ! "t be *ang$#bhf--t is1 until !y 7 sav$ by "s lucky day or *ange ( =tune#bhg--!re 0 b "o s5t5ce = !m1 :i* c\ld only be av]t$ by _! v9dicat+ _! own imm5se pret5sions1 & tell+ him 8 dream4 ,! ,*aldeans naturally answ]$ t ! k+'s reque/ 0 impossible4 ,! adoption ( ! ,aramaic at ?is po9t may be p>tly due to ! desire = local col\r+4#bhh ,no k+ or rul] 9 ! _w _h ev] impos$ su* a te/ on any ,k>tum or ,a%%aph 9 ! _w4#bhi ,no liv+ man c\ld possibly a*ieve any?+ s difficult4 ,!re 7 "s gods ^: dwell+ is ) fle%2 !y t5ant ! s\ls ( _! s]vants4 ,b x is n 9 ! p[] ( ^! g5ii to reveal :at ! k+ dem&s2 !y are limit$ by ! weakness ( ! s\ls :i* !y inhabit4#bij ,x c only be done by ^? highe/ div9ities ^: dwell+ is n ) fle%1 b :o haunt ,! lucid int]space ( _w & _w1 & are too f> above mank9d to m+le ) _! ?\ghts4#bia ,!reupon ! unreasonable k+ 0 angry & v furi\s1 & ! decree w5t =? t ! magi 7 to be sla9 en masse4 ,h[ x 0 t ,daniel & 8 companions 7 n summon$ to help ! k+1 al?\gh !y _h be5 already decl>$ to be t5 times wis] ?an all ! re/ ( ! a/rolog]s & magicians put toge!r1 is a feature 9 ! /ory ) :i* ! writ] does n tr\ble himself1 because x 9 no way conc]n$ 8 ma9 purpose4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 s9ce !y 7 prom95t memb]s ( ! magian guild1 !y are doom$ to dea? among _! fell[s4 ,!reupon ,daniel s\ght an int]view ) ,ario*1 ! *ief ( ! bodygu>d1#bib & ask$ ) g5tle prud5ce :y ! decree 0 s h>%ly urg5t4 ,by ,ario*'s int]v5tion he ga9$ an int]view ) ,nebu*adrezz>1 & promis$ to tell him ! dream & its int]pretation1 if only ! k+ w\ld grant him a little "t--p]haps b a s+le night4#bic ,! delay 0 conc$$1 & ,daniel w5t to 8 ?ree companions1 & urg$ !n to jo9 9 pray] t ,god w\ld make kn[n ! secret to !m & sp>e _! lives4 ,*ri/ tells u t if two %all agree on e>? z t\*+ any?+ t !y ask1 x %all be done = !m4#bid ,! secret 0 reveal$ to ,daniel 9 a vision ( ! night1 & he bless$ ! ,god ( heav54#bie ,wisdom & might are ,84 ,n dep5d5t on lucky or unlucky days1 ,he *ange? ! times & seasons2#bif ,he sette? d[n "o k+ & putte? up ano!r4 ,by ,8 revelation ( deep & sacr$ ?+s--= ! light dwelle? ) ,him--,he _h1 9 answ] to _! common pray]1 made kn[n ! secret4#big ,accord+ly ,daniel bids ,ario* n to execute ! magians1 b to g & tell ! k+ t he w reveal to him ! int]pretation ( 8 dream4 ,!n1 by an obvi\s v]bal inconsi/5cy 9 ! /ory1 ,ario* is repres5t$ z go+ ) ha/e to ! k+1 ) ,daniel1 & say+ t he _h f\nd a captive ,jew :o w\ld answ] ! k+'s dem&s4 ,ario* c\ld nev] h claim$ any su* m]it1 see+ t ,daniel _h already giv5 8 promise to ,nebu*adrezz> 9 p]son1 & did n ne$ to be describ$4 ,! k+ =mally puts to ,daniel ! "q :e!r he c\ld fulfil 8 pl$ge2 & ,daniel answ]s t1 ?\gh none ( ! ,khakhamm1 ,a%%aphm1 ,*>tummm1 or ,gaz]m#bih c\ld tell ! k+ 8 dream1 yet !re is a ,god 9 heav5--high]1 x is impli$1 ?an ei!r ! g5ii or ^? ^: dwell+ is n ) mortals--:o reveals secrets1 & has made kn[n to ! k+ :at %all be 9 ! latt] days4#bii ,! k+1 be=e he fell asleep1 _h be5 deeply pond]+ ! issues ( ! future2 & ,god1 ! reveal] ( secrets1#cjj _h reveal$ ^? issues to him1 n because ( any supreme wisdom possess$ by ,daniel1 b simply t ! int]pretation might be made kn[n4#cja ,! k+ _h se5#cjb a huge gleam+1 t]rible colossus ( _m col\rs & ( diff]5t metals1 b o!rwise n unlike ! huge colossi :i* gu>d$ ! portals ( 8 own palace4 ,its head 0 ( f9e gold2 its torso ( silv]2 its belly & ?ighs ( brass2 its legs ( iron2 its feet p>tly ( iron & p>tly ( clay4#cjc ,b :ile he gaz$ ^u x z x re>$ into ! sunlight1 z ?\gh 9 mute defiance & insol5t security1 its grim metallic gl>e1 a my/]i\s & un=ese5 fate fell ^u x4#cjd ,! fragm5t ( a rock broke itself loose1 n ) h&s1 smote ! image ^u its feet ( iron & clay1 & broke !m to pieces4 ,x _h n[ no?+ left to /& ^u1 & in/antly ! holl[ multi=m mon/] collaps$ into promiscu\s ru9s4#cje ,its %att]$ fragm5ts became l ! *aff ( ! summ] ?re%+-floor1 & ! w9d swept !m away2#cjf b ! rock1 unhewn by any e>?ly h&s1 grew ov] ! fragm5ts into a m\nta9 t fill$ ! e>?4 ,t 0 ! haunt+ & port5t\s dream2 & ?is 0 its int]pretation3-- ,! head ( gold 0 ,nebu*adrezz> himself1 ! k+ ( :at ,isaiah _h call$ ! gold5 city#cjg--;a ,k+ ( k+s1 rul] ov] ! bea/s ( ! field1 & ! f[ls ( heav51 & ! *ildr5 ( m54#cjh ,aft] him %\ld come a second & an inf]ior k+dom1 symbolis$ by ! arms & he>t ( silv]4 ,!n a ?ird k+dom ( brass4 ,f9ally a f\r? k+dom1 /rong & de/ructive z iron4 ,b 9 ?is f\r? k+dom 0 an elem5t ( weakness1 symbolis$ by ! fact t ! feet are p>tly ( iron & p>tly ( weak clay4 ,an attempt %\ld be made1 by int]m>riages1 to give great] coh]5cy to ^! elem5ts2 b x %\ld fail1 because !y c\ld n int]mix4 ,9 ! days ( ^! k+s1 indicat$ by ! t5 toes ( ! image1 swift de/ruction %\ld come ^u ! k+doms f on high2 = ! ,k+ ( heav5 %\ld set up a k+dom inde/ructible & et]nal1 :i* %\ld utt]ly sup]s$e all =m] k+doms4 ,! int5se no?+ness & transitor9ess ( man's might 9 its highe/ e/ate1 & ! might ( ,god's k+dom1 are ! *ief subjects ( ?is vision4#cji ,volumes h be5 writt5 ab\t ! f\r empires indicat$ by ! con/itu5ts ( ! colossus 9 ?is dream2 b x is entirely ne$less to ent] into !m at l5g?4 ,! va/ majority ( ! int]pretations h be5 simply due to a-priori prepossessions1 :i* are arbitr>y & baseless4 ,! object has be5 to make ! int]pretations fit 9 ) preconceiv$ !ories ( prophecy1 & ) ! traditional errors ab\t ! date & object ( ! ,book ( ,daniel4 ,if we fir/ see ! irresi/ible evid5ce t ! ,book appe>$ 9 ! days ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 & !n obs]ve t all its e>?ly pr$ictions culm9ate 9 a m9ute description ( 8 epo*1 ! g5]al explanation ( ! f\r empires1 ap>t f an occasional & a subord9ate detail1 becomes p]fectly cle>4 ,9 ! same way ! progress ( criticism has elucidat$ 9 its g5]al outl9es ! int]pretation ( ! ,book :i* has be5 s l>gely influ5c$ by ! ,book ( ,daniel--! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john4 ,! all-b-unanim\s cons5sus ( ! va/ majority ( ! sane/ & mo/ compet5t exegetes n[ agrees 9 ! view t ! ,apocalypse 0 writt5 9 ! age ( ,n]o1 & t its tone & visions 7 pr$om9antly influ5c$ by 8 p]secution ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 z ! ,book ( ,daniel 0 by ! f]ocities ( ,antio*us aga9/ ! fai?ful ,jews4 ,ages ( p]secution1 9 :i* pla9-speak+ 0 impossible to ! oppress$1 7 naturally prolific ( apocalyptic cryptographs4 ,:at has be5 call$ ! futuri/ int]pretation ( ^! books--:i*1 = in/ance1 reg>ds ! f\r? empire ( ,daniel z "s k+dom ( ,anti*ri/ z yet unmanife/$--is n[ univ]sally ab&on$4 ,x belongs to impossible =ms ( exegesis1 :i* h long be5 discr$it$ by ! b\ndless v>iations ( absurd conjectures1 & by ! repeat$ refutation ( ! pr$ictions :i* _m h v5tur$ to base ^u ^! errone\s me?ods4 ,ev5 s elaborate a "w z ,elliott's ,hor ,apocalyptic w\ld n[ be reg>d$ z a curi\s ana*ronism4 ,t ! fir/ empire1 repres5t$ by ! head ( gold1 is ! ,babylonian1 conc5trat$ 9 ,nebu*adrezz> himself1 is undisput$1 because x is expressly /at$ by ! writ] 7ii4 #cg1 #ch74 ,nor c !re be any s]i\s d\bt1 if ! ,book be "o coh]5t :ole1 writt5 by "o au?or1 t by ! f\r? empire is meant1 z 9 lat] *apt]s1 t ( ,alex&] & 8 successors--! ,diado*i1 z !y are (t5 call$4 ,= x mu/ be reg>d$ z c]ta9 t ! f\r elem5ts ( ! colossus1 :i* indicate ! f\r empires z !y are pres5t$ to ! imag9ation ( ! hea!n despot1 are closely analog\s to ! same f\r empires :i* 9 ! sev5? *apt] pres5t !mselves z wild bea/s out ( ! sea to ! imag9ation ( ! ,hebrew se]4 ,s9ce ! f\r? empire is !re1 beyond all "q1 t ( ,alex&] & 8 successors1 ! symmetry & purpose ( ! ,book prove conclusively t ! f\r? empire "h is also ! ,grco-,mac$onian1 /rongly & irresi/ibly f\nd$ by ,alex&]1 b gradually s9k+ to utt] weakness by its own divisions1 9 ! p]sons ( ! k+s :o split 8 dom9ion into f\r p>ts4 ,if ?is ne$$ any confirmation1 we f9d x 9 ! eigh? *apt]1 :i* is ma9ly conc]n$ ) ,alex&] ! ,great & ,antio*us ,epiphanes2 & 9 ! elev5? *apt]1 :i* ent]s ) />tl+ m9ut5ess into ! w>s1 diplomacy1 & int]m>riages ( ! ,ptolemaic & ,seleucid dyna/ies4 ,9 viii4 #ba we are expressly told t ! /rong he-goat is ! ,k+ ( ,grecia1 :o puts an end to ! k+doms ( ,m$ia & ,p]sia4 ,! argum5ts ( ,h5g/5b]g1 ,pusey1 etc41 t ! ,greek ,empire 0 a civilis+ & an ameliorat+ p[]1 apply at lea/ z /rongly to ! ,roman ,empire4 ,b :5 ,alex&] ?und]$ 8 way across ! dreamy ,ea/1 he 0 look$ ^u z a sort ( %att]+ lev9-bolt4 ,! int]connexion ( ^! visions is cle>ly m>k$ ev5 "h1 = ! juxtaposition ( iron & miry clay is expla9$ by ! clause !y %all m+le !mselves ) ! se$ ( m53#caj b !y %all n cleave "o to ano!r1 ev5 z iron is n mix$ ) clay4 ,?is ref]s to ! same attempts to consolidate ! rival p[]s ( ! ,k+s ( ,egypt & ,syria :i* are ref]r$ to 9 xi4 #f1 #g1 & #ag4 ,x is a def9ite allusion :i* becomes mean+less 9 ! h&s ( ^? int]pret]s :o attempt to expla9 ! iron empire to be t ( ! ,romans4 ,t ! ,greek ,empire is to be ! la/ ( ! ,g5tile empires appe>s f viii4 #ag1 :]e ! vision is said to ref] to '! "t ( ! end4' ,moreov]1 9 ! la/ vision ( all 7x4-xii471 ! rise & progress ( ! ,greek ,empire are relat$ ) _m details1 b no?+ :atev] is said ( any subsequ5t empire4 ,?us to introduce ! ,roman ,empire into ! ,book ( ,daniel is to set at naught ! pla9e/ rules ( exegesis4#caa ,! reason ( ! attempt is to make ! t]m9ation ( ! prophecy co9cide ) ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 :i* is !n--q unhi/orically--reg>d$ z foll[$ by ! de/ruction ( ! f\r? & la/ empire4 ,b ! int]pretation c only be ?us arriv$ at by a falsification ( facts4 ,= ! victory ( ,*ri/ianity ov] ,paganism1 s decisive & s ,div9e1 0 9 no s5se a de/ruction ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,9 ! fir/ place t victory 0 n a*iev$ till ?ree c5turies aft] ,*ri/'s adv5t1 & 9 ! second place x 0 r a cont9uation & def5ce ( ! ,roman ,empire ?an its de/ruction4 ,! ,roman ,empire1 9 spite ( ,al>ic & ,g5s]ic & ,attila1 & because ( its alliance ) ,*ri/ianity1 may be said to h practically cont9u$ d[n to mod]n times4 ,s f> f be+ reg>d$ z ! %att]]s ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ! ,*ri/ian popes & bi%ops 71 & 7 (t5 call$1 ! ,def5sores ,civitatis4 ,t _m ( ! ,fa!rs1 foll[+ _m ( ! ,rabbis1 reg>d$ ,rome z ! iron empire1 & ! f\r? wild bea/1 0 due to ! fact t until mod]n days ! sci5ce ( criticism 0 unkn[n1 & exegesis 0 bas$ on ! %ift+ s&4#cab ,if we are to accept _! au?ority on ?is "q1 we mu/ accept x on _m o!rs1 respect+ views & me?ods :i* h n[ be5 unanim\sly ab&on$ by ! deep] insight & advanc+ k ( mank9d4 ,! influ5ce ( ,jewi% exegesis ov] ! ,fa!rs--errone\s z 7 its pr9ciples & fluctuat+ z 7 its conclusions--0 enorm\s4 ,x 0 n unnatural = ! lat] ,jews1 liv+ "u ! hatr$ & oppression ( ,rome1 & /ill ye>n+ = ! fulfilm5t ( ,messianic promises1 to id5tify ,rome ) ! f\r? empire4 ,& ?is seems to h be5 ! op9ion ( ,josephus1 :atev] t may be wor?4 ,b x is d\btful :e!r x corresponds to ano!r & e>li] ,jewi% tradition4 ,= among ! ,fa!rs ev5 ,ephrm ,syrus id5tifies ! ,mac$onian ,empire ) ! f\r? empire1 & he may h borr[$ ?is f ,jewi% tradition4 ,b ( h[ little value 7 e>ly conjectures may be se5 9 ! fact t1 = reasons analog\s to ^? :i* _h made e>li] ,rabbis reg>d ,rome z ! f\r? empire1 two m$ival exegetes s fam\s z ,saadia ! ,gaon & ,abn ,ezra _h come to ! conclusion t ! f\r? empire 0--! ,mohamm$an6#cac ,e detail ( ! vision z reg>ds ! f\r? k+dom is m9utely 9 accord ) ! k+dom ( ,alex&]4 ,x c only be appli$ to ,rome by deplorable %ifts & sophi/ries1 ! unt5ability ( :i* we are n[ m able to e/imate ?an 0 possible 9 e>li] c5turies4 ,s f> inde$ z ! iron is conc]n$1 t might by itself /& equally well = ,rome or = ,mac$on1 if ,dan4 vii4 #g1 #h1 viii4 #c1 #d1 & xi4 #c did n def9itely describe ! conque/s ( ,alex&]4 ,b all :i* foll[s is mean+less z appli$ to ,rome1 nor is !re any?+ 9 ,roman hi/ory to expla9 any division ( ! k+dom 7ii4 #da71 or attempt to /r5g!n x by int]m>riage ) o!r k+doms 7v]4 #dc74 ,9 ! divid$ ,grco-,mac$onian ,empires ( ! ,diado*i1 ! dismemb]m5t ( "o mighty k+dom into ! f\r mu* weak] ones ( ,cass&]1 ,ptolemy1 ,lysima*us1 & ,seleucus began imm$iately aft] ! dea? ( ,alex&] 7,b4,c4 #cbc74 ,x 0 complet$ z ! result ( tw5ty-two ye>s ( w> aft] ! ,battle ( ,ipsus 7,b4,c4 #cja74 ,! m>riage ( ,antio*us ,!os to ,b]5ice1 daught] ( ,ptolemy ,philadelphus 7,b4,c4 #bdi1 ,dan4 xi4 #f71 0 z ineffectual z ! lat] m>riage ( ,ptolemy ,v4 7,epiphanes7 to ,cleopatra1 ! daught] ( ,antio*us ! ,great 7,b4,c4 #aic71 to introduce /r5g? or unity into ! di/ract$ k+doms 7xi4 #ag1 #ah74 ,! two legs & feet are possibly meant to indicate ! two mo/ important k+doms--t ( ! ,seleucid 9 ,asia1 & t ( ! ,ptolemies 9 ,egypt4 ,if we are to press ! symbolism /ill m closely1 ! t5 toes may %ad[ =? ! t5 k+s :o are indicat$ by ! t5 horns 9 vii4 #g4 ,s9ce1 !n1 we are told t ! fir/ empire repres5ts ,nebu*adrezz> by ! head ( gold1 & s9ce we h inconte/ably v]ifi$ ! f\r? empire to be ! ,greek ,empire ( ,alex&] & 8 successors1 x only rema9s to id5tify ! int]m$iate empires ( silv] & brass4 ,& x becomes obvi\s t !y c only be ! ,m$ian & ! ,p]sian4 ,t ! writ] ( ,daniel reg>d$ ^! empires z di/9ct is cle> f v4 #ca & vi4 ,x is obvi\s t ! silv] is meant = ! ,m$ian ,empire1 because1 closely z x 0 alli$ ) ! ,p]sian 9 ! view ( ! writ] 7vi4 #i1 #ac1 #af1 viii4 #g71 he yet spoke ( ! two z sep>ate4 ,! rule ( ,d>ius ! ,m$e1 n ( ,cyrus ! ,p]sian1 is1 9 8 po9t ( view1 ! o!r small] k+dom :i* arose aft] t ( ,nebu*adrezz> 7v4 #ca74 ,inde$1 ?is is also indicat$ 9 ! vision ( ! ram 7viii4 #c72 = x has two horns1 ( :i* ! high] & /rong] 7! ,p]sian ,empire7 rose up aft] ! o!r 7! ,m$ian ,empire72 j z 9 ?is vision ! ,p]sian ,empire repres5t$ by ! ?ighs ( brass is cle>ly /rong] ?an ! ,m$ian ,empire1 :i*1 be+ weal?i]1 is repres5t$ z be+ ( silv]1 b is small] ?an ! o!r4#cad ,fur!r1 ! second empire is repres5t$ lat] on by ! second bea/ 7vii4 #e71 & ! ?ree ribs 9 its m\? may be meant = ! ?ree satrapies ( vi4 #b4 ,x may !n be reg>d$ z a c]ta9 result ( exegesis t ! f\r empires are--7#a7 ! ,babylonian2 7#b7 ! ,m$ian2 7#c7 ! ,p]sian2 7#d7 ! ,grco-,mac$onian4 ,b :at is ! /one cut )\t h&s :i* smote ! image ^u 8 feet8 ,x brake !m 9 pieces1 & made ! collaps+ dbris ( ! colossus l *aff scatt]$ by ! w9d f ! summ] ?re%+-floor4 ,x grew till x became a great m\nta9 :i* fill$ ! e>?4 ,! mean+ ( ! image be+ fir/ smitt5 ^u its feet is t ! ov]?r[ falls on ! iron empire4 ,all alike are agre$ t by ! my/]i\s rock-fragm5t ! writ] meant ! ,messianic ,k+dom4 ,! m\nta9 out ( :i* 7z is "h fir/ m5tion$7 ! /one is cut is ! ,m\nt ,zion4#cae ,x comm5ces 9 ! days ( ^! k+s4 ,its orig9 is n e>?ly1 = x is cut )\t h&s4 ,x repres5ts a k+dom :i* %all be set up by ! ,god ( heav51 & %all de/roy & sup]s$e all ! k+doms1 & %all /& = ev]4 ,:e!r a p]sonal ,messiah 0 def9itely prom95t 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] is a "q :i* w come be=e u :5 we consid] ! sev5? *apt]4 ,"h !re is only a ,div9e ,k+dom2 & t ?is is ! dom9ion ( ,israel seems to be m>k$ by ! expression1 ! k+dom %all n be left to ano!r p4 ,! prophecy probably indicates ! gl[+ hopes :i* ! writ] conceiv$ ( ! future ( 8 nation1 ev5 9 ! days ( its dire/ adv]sity1 9 accordance ) ! pr$ictions ( ! mighty prophets 8 pr$ecessors1 ^: writ+s he _h rec5tly /udi$4 ,v few ( ^? pr$ictions h z yet be5 lit]ally fulfill$2 n "o ( !m 0 fulfill$ ) su* imm$iat5ess z ! prophets conceiv$1 :5 !y 7 rapt into future times4 ,to ! prophetic vision 0 reveal$ ! glory t %\ld be h]eaft]1 b n ! times & seasons1 :i* ,god ha? kept 9 ,8 own p[]1 & :i* ,jesus told ,8 disciples 7 n ev5 kn[n to ! ,son ( ,man ,himself 9 ,8 human capacity4 ,antio*us di$1 & 8 attempts to =ce ,hell5ism ^u ! ,jews 7 s absolute a failure1 t1 9 po9t ( fact1 8 p]secution only s]v$ to /]eotype ! c]emonial in/itutions :i*--n entirely proprio motu1 b misl$ by m5 l ! false high prie/s ,jason & ,m5elaus--he _h attempt$ to oblit]ate4 ,b ! magnific5t expectations ( a gold5 age to foll[ 7 indef9itely delay$4 ,?\gh ,antio*us di$ & fail$1 ! ,jews became by no means unanim\s 9 _! religi\s policy4 ,ev5 "u ! ,hasmonan pr9ces fi]ce elem5ts ( discord 7 at "w 9 ! mid/ ( !m4 ,=eign usurp]s adroitly us$ ^! diss5sions = _! own objects1 & 9 ,b4,c4 #cg ,judaism acquiesc$ 9 ! national acceptance ( a deprav$ ,edomite usurp] 9 ! p]son ( ,h]od1 & a section ( ! ,jews attempt$ to repres5t him z ! promis$ ,messiah6#caf ,n only 0 ! ,messianic pr$iction unfulfill$ 9 its lit]al aspect 9 ! days ( ^! k+s1#cag b ev5 yet x has by no means receiv$ its complete accompli%m5t4 ,! /one cut )\t h&s indicat$ ! k+dom1 n--z mo/ ( ! prophets seem to h imag9$ :5 !y utt]$ words :i* meant m ?an !y !mselves conceiv$--( ! lit]al ,israel1 b ( t ideal ,israel :i* is compos$1 n ( ,jews1 b ( ,g5tiles4 ,! div9e/ side ( ,messianic prophecy is ! expression ( t unqu5*able hope & ( t indomitable fai? :i* are ! mo/ glori\s outcome ( all t is mo/ ,div9e 9 ! _s ( man4 ,t fai? & hope h nev] f\nd ev5 an ideal or approximate fulfilm5t save 9 ,*ri/ & 9 ,8 k+dom1 :i* is n[1 & %all be )\t end4 ,b ap>t f ! ,div9e pr$ictions ( ! et]nal sunlight visible on ! horizon ov] va/ =e%ort5$ ages ( "t :i* to ,god are b z "o day1 let u notice h[ pr(\nd is ! symbolism ( ! vision--h[ well x expresses ! surface gl>e1 ! inw>d holl[ness1 ! inh]5t weakness1 ! v>y+ successions1 ! pr$e/9$ transi5ce ( ov]gr[n empires4 ,! great poet ( ,ca?olicism makes magnific5t use ( ,daniel's image1 & sees its deep significance4 ,he too describes ! ideal ( all e>?ly empire z a colossus ( gold1 silv]1 brass1 & iron1 :i* yet ma9ly re/s on its "r foot ( bak$ & brittle clay4 ,b he tells u t e "p ( ?is image1 except ! gold1 is cranni$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh by a fissure1 d[n :i* !re fl[s a con/ant /ream ( te>s4#cah ,^! effects ( mis]y trickle d[nw>ds1 work+ _! way ?r\gh ! cav]n 9 ,m\nt ,ida 9 :i* ! image /&s1 till1 desc5d+ f rock to rock1 !y =m ^? f\r riv]s ( hell1-- ,abhorrd ,/yx1 ! flood ( deadly hate2 ,sad ,a*]on ( sorr[1 black & deep2 ,cocytus1 nam$ ( lam5tation l\d ,he>d on ! rueful /ream2 fi]ce ,phlege?on ,^: waves ( torr5t fire inflame ) rage4#cai ,!re is a t]rible gr&eur 9 ! emblem4 ,spl5did & v5]able looks ! idol ( human empire 9 all its pomp & pricelessness4 ,b und]nea? its crack$ & fissur$ weakness drop & trickle & /ream ! salt & bitt] runnels ( mis]y & angui%1 till ! riv]s ( agony are swoll5 into ov]fl[ by _! coagulat$ scum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x 0 natural t ,nebu*adrezz> %\ld h felt deeply impress$ :5 ! vani%$ outl9es ( 8 dream 7 ?us recall$ to him & its awful int]pretation reveal$4 ,! mann] 9 :i* he expresses 8 amaz$ rev]5ce may be hi/orically improbable1 b x is psy*ologically true4 ,we are told t he fell ^u 8 face & wor%ipp$ ,daniel1 & ! ^w wor%ipp$ implies g5u9e adoration4 ,t s magnific5t a pot5tate %\ld h la9 on 8 face be=e a captive ,jewi% y\? & ador$ him is amaz+4#cbj ,x is /ill m s t ,daniel1 )\t prote/1 %\ld h accept$1 n only 8 idolatr\s homage1 b also ! (f]+ ( an oblation & sweet inc5se4#cba ,t a ,nebu*adrezz> %\ld h be5 ?us pro/rate 9 ! du/ be=e _! "y c\ntryman w\ld no d\bt be a delightful picture to ! ,jews1 & if1 z we believe1 ! /ory is an unconnect$ ,haggada1 x may well h be5 f\nd$ on su* passages z ,isa4 xlix4 #bc1 ,k+s %all b[ d[n to !e ) _! faces t[>d ! e>?1 & lick up ! du/ ( ?y feet2#cbb toge!r ) ,isa4 lii4 #ae1 ,k+s %all %ut _! m\?s at him3 = t :i* _h n be5 told !m %all !y see2 & t :i* !y _h n he>d %all !y p]ceive4 ,b x is mu* m amaz+ t ,daniel1 :o1 z a boy1 _h be5 s scrupul\s ab\t ! ,levitic ord9ance ( unclean meats1 9 ! scruple aga9/ :i* ! gravam5 lay 9 ! possibility ( _! hav+ be5 (f]$ to idols1#cbc %\ld1 z a man1 h all[$ himself to be treat$ exactly z ! k+ treat$ 8 idols6 ,to say t he accept$ ?is wor%ip because ! k+ 0 n ador+ him1 b ! ,god ^: p[] _h be5 manife/$ 9 him1#cbd is an idle subt]fuge1 = t excuse is (f]$ by all idolat]s 9 all ages4 ,v diff]5t 0 ! conduct ( ,paul & ,b>nabas :5 ! rude population ( ,ly/ra wi%$ to wor%ip !m z inc>nations ( ,h]mes & ,zeus4 ,! mom5t !y he>d ( x !y r5t _! clo!s 9 horror1 & leapt at once among ! p1 cry+ out1 ,sirs1 :y d ye su* ?+s8 ,we also are m5 ( l passions ) y1 & are prea*+ unto y t ye %\ld turn f ^! va9 ones unto ! ,liv+ ,god4#cbe ,t ! ,k+ ( ,babylon %\ld be repres5t$ z at once ackn[l$g+ ! ,god ( ,daniel z a ,god ( gods1 ?\gh he 0 a fanatical vot>y ( ,bel-m]oda*1 belongs to ! g5]al plan ( ! ,book4 ,daniel receiv$ 9 rew>d _m great gifts1 & is made rul] ( all ! wise m5 ( ,babylon1 & *ief ( ! gov]nors signn ov] all ! wise m5 ( ,babylon4 ,ab\t 8 acceptance ( ! civil (fice !re is no difficulty2 b !re is a q insup]able hi/oric difficulty 9 8 becom+ a *ief magian4 ,all ! wise m5 ( ,babylon1 :om ! k+ _h j ?reat5$ ) dismemb]m5t z a pack ( impo/ors1 71 at any rate1 a highly sac]dotal & ess5tially idolatr\s ca/e4 ,t ,daniel %\ld h object$ to p>ticul> k9ds ( food f p]il ( defilem5t1 & yet t he %\ld h cons5t$ to be *ief hi]>* ( a hea!n cult1 w\ld inde$ h be5 to /ra9 at gnats & to swall[ camels6 ,& s great 0 ! di/9ction :i* he e>n$ by 8 int]pretation ( ! dream1 t1 at 8 fur!r reque/1 satrapies 7 conf]r$ on 8 ?ree companions2 b he himself1 l ,mordecai1 aft]w>ds sat 9 ! gate ( ! k+4#cbf ,,footnotes3 #bfe ,dante1 ,inf]no1 xiv4 #id-abj4 #bff ,! ,assyrian & ,babylonian k+s1 h[ev]1 only dat$ _! reigns f ! fir/ new ye> aft] _! accession4 #bfg ,antt41 ,x4 x4 #c4 #bfh #b ,*ron4 xxxv4 #ba4 ,see ,! ,second ,book ( ,k+s1 p4 #djd 7,expositor's ,bible74 #bfi ,see ,pr(essor ,full]1 ,speak]'s ,comm5t>y1 vi4 #bfe4 #bgj ,malcolm1 ,hi/4 ( ,p]sia1 i4 #ci4 #bga ,! belief t dreams come f ,god is n peculi> to ! ,jews1 or to ,egypt1 or ,assyria1 or ,greece 7,hom41 ,il41 i4 #fc2 ,od41 iv4 #hda71 or ,rome 7,cic41 ,de ,div41 passim71 b to e nation ( mank9d1 ev5 ! mo/ savage4 #bgb ,dan4 ii4 #a3 ,8 dream+ brake f him4 ,comp4 vi4 #ah2 ,e/h] vi4 #a3 ,j]ome says1 ,umbra qudam1 et1 ut ita dicam1 aura somnii atque ve/igium remansit 9 corde regis1 ut1 ref]5tibus aliis posset rem9isci eorum qu vid]at4 #bgc ,g54 xli4 #h2 ,s*rad]1 ,k4 ,a4 ,t41 p4 #bf2 ,records ( ! ,pa/1 i4 #acf4 #bgd ,! ^w is peculi> to ,daniel1 bo? "h 9 ! ,hebrew & 9 ! ,aramaic4 ,pusey calls x a common ,syriac t]m1 repres5t+ "s =m ( div9ation ) :i* ,daniel _h become famili> 9 ,babylonia 7p4 #dj74 #bge ,exod4 vii4 #aa2 ,deut4 xviii4 #aj2 ,isa4 xlvii4 #i1 #ab4 ,assyrian ,ka%%apu4 #bgf ,z 9 ! rule ,*aldos ne consulito4 ,see supra1 p4 #dh4 #bgg ,! equival5ts 9 ! ,,lxx41 ,vulgate1 ,a4,v41 & o!r v]sions are mo/ly bas$ on unc]ta9 guess-"w4 ,see ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 d4 ,alt]?41 i4 #ahe2 ,hommel1 ,ges*4 ,bab4 u4 ,assyr41 v4 #chf2 ,behrmann1 p4 #b4 #bgh ,e4g41 iii4 #b1 #c1 (fic]s ( /ate2 iii4 #d1 #e1 etc41 in/rum5ts ( music2 iii4 #ba1 clo!s4 #bgi ii4 #e3 ,! dream is gone f me1 z 9 v]4 #h 7,!odotion1 74 ,b ! mean+ may be ! decree 7or ^w7 is sure3 =1 accord+ to ,nldeke1 azda is a ,p]sian ^w = c]ta94 ,comp4 ,e/h] vii4 #g2 ,isa4 xlv4 #bc4 #bhj ,b]a*?1 f4 #aj1 #b4 ,?is book supplies a *>m to be spok5 by "o :o has =gott5 8 dream 7f4 #ee1 #b74 #bha ,dan4 ii4 #e1 iii4 #bi4 ,!odot41 4 ,lit4 ye %all be made into limbs4 ,! ,,lxx4 r5d] x by 1 membratim concidor1 9 fru/a fio4 ,comp4 ,matt4 xxiv4 #ea2 ,smi?'s ,assur-bani-pal1 p4 #acg4 ,! ^w haddam1 a limb1 seems to be ( ,p]sian orig9--9 mod]n ,p]sian &am4 ,h5ce ! v]b _hm 9 ! ,t>gum ( #a ,k+s xviii4 #cc4 ,comp4 #b ,macc4 i4 #af1 4 #bhb ,comp4 ,ezra vi4 #aa2 #b ,k+s x4 #bg2 ,records ( ! ,pa/1 i4 #bg1 #dc4 #bhc ,9 iii4 #if1 4 ,comp4 #b ,macc4 iii4 #ac3 ,b ,heliodorus1 because ( ! k+'s comm&m5t1 said1 ,t 9 anywise x mu/ be br\ght into ! k+'s treasury4 #bhd ,,lxx4 ,!odot41 7n 9 a good s5se1 z 9 ,eph4 v4 #af2 ,col4 iv4 #e74 #bhe ,!odot41 4 ,cf4 ,john ix4 #bb4 #bhf ,!odot41 4 #bhg ,e/h] iii4 #g4 #bhh ,! ^w ,aram? may be 7z ,l5ormant ?9ks7 a gloss1 z 9 ,ezra iv4 #g4 #bhi ,a curi\s p>allel is adduc$ by ,behrmann 7,daniel1 p4 #g74 ,rabia-ibn-nazr1 ,k+ ( ,yem51 has a dream :i* he _c recall1 & acts precisely z ,nebu*adrezz> does 7,w/5feld1 p4 #i74 #bij ,see ,l5ormant1 ,la ,magie1 pp4 #aha-ahc4 #bia ,,lxx41 ii4 #aa3 4 #bib ,lit4 *ief ( ! slaught]-m5 or execution]s4 ,,lxx41 4 ,! title is p]haps tak5 f ! /ory1 :i* 9 ?is *apt] is s prom95tly 9 ! writ]'s m9d1 :]e ! same title is giv5 to ,potiph> 7,g54 xxxvii4 #cf74 ,comp4 #b ,k+s xxv4 #h2 ,j]4 xxxix4 #i4 ,! "n ,ario* has be5 d]iv$ f ,er-aku1 s]vant ( ! moon-god 7supra1 p4 #di71 b is f\nd 9 ,g54 xiv4 #a z ! "n ( ! ,k+ ( ,ellas>4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ,judi? i4 #f1 ,ario*1 ,k+ ( ! ,elymans4 ,an ,erim-ak1 ,k+ ( ,l>sa1 is f\nd 9 cunei=m4 #bic ,if ,daniel w5t 7z ! text says7 9 p]son1 he mu/ h be5 already a v high (ficial4 7,comp4 ,e/h] v4 #a2 ,h]od41 i4 #ii47 ,if s1 x w\ld h be5 /range t he %\ld n h be5 consult$ among ! magians4 ,all ^! details are reg>d$ z insignificant1 be+ extrane\s to ! g5]al purport ( ! /ory 7,ewald1 ,hi/41 iii4 #aid74 #bid ,matt4 xviii4 #ai4 ,! ,,lxx4 int]polate a ritual gloss3 4 #bie ,! title is f\nd 9 ,g54 xxiv4 #g1 b only became common aft] ! ,exile 7,ezra i4 #b1 vi4 #i1 #aj2 ,neh4 i4 #e1 ii4 #d74 #bif ,comp4 ,dan4 vii4 #ab2 ,j]4 xxvii4 #g2 ,acts i4 #g1 2 #a ,!ss4 v4 #a2 ,acts xvii4 #bf1 4 #big ,) ! phraseology ( ?is pray] comp4 ,psalm xxxvi4 #i1 xli41 cxxxix4 #ab2 ,neh4 ix4 #e2 #a ,sam4 ii4 #h2 ,j]4 xxxii4 #ai2 ,job xii4 #bb4 #bih ,"h ! new title ,gaz]m1 progno/icators1 is add$ to ! o!rs1 & is equally vague4 ,x may be d]iv$ f ,gaz>1 to cut--t is1 to det]m9e4 #bii ,comp4 ,g54 xx4 #c1 xli4 #be2 ,numb4 xxii4 #ce4 #cjj ,comp4 ,g54 xli4 #de4 #cja ,dan4 ii4 #cj3 ,= _! sakes t %all make kn[n ! int]pretation to ! k+ 7,a4,v474 ,b ! phrase seems m]ely to be "o ( ! vague =ms = ! imp]sonal :i* are common 9 ! ,mi%nah4 ,! ,r4,v4 & ,ewald rightly r5d] x z 9 ! text4 #cjb ,"h we h 7v]4 #ca7 aloo6 behold6 z 9 iv4 #g1 #aj1 vii4 #h2 b 9 vii4 #b1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #ac1 we h aroo6 #cjc ,9 ! f\r metals !re is p]haps ! same und]ly+ ?\ght z 9 ! ,hesiodic & anci5t conceptions ( ! f\r ages ( ! _w 7,ewald1 ,hi/41 i4 #cfh74 ,comp4 ! vision ( ,zoroa/] quot$ f ,delitzs* by ,pusey1 p4 #ig3 ,zoroa/] saw a tree f ^: roots sprang f\r trees ( gold1 silv]1 /eel1 & brass2 & ,ormuzd said to him1 ',?is is ! _w2 & ! f\r trees are ! f\r times :i* are com+4' ,aft] ! f\r? comes1 accord+ to ,p]sian doctr9e1 ,sosio%1 ! ,savi\r4 ,behrmann ref]s also to ,bahman ,ye%t 7,spiegel1 ,eran4 ,alt]?41 ii4 #aeb72 ! ,laws ( ,manu 7,s*rd]1 ,ind4 ,litt41 #ddh72 & ,ro? 7,my?os von d5 ,weltalt]n1 #ahfj74 #cjd ,mu* ( ! imag]y seems to h be5 sugge/$ by ,j]4 li4 #cje ,comp4 ,rev4 xx4 #aa3 4 #cjf ,psalm i4 #d1 ii4 #i2 ,isa4 xli4 #ae2 ,j]4 li4 #cc1 etc4 #cjg ,isa4 xiv4 #d4 #cjh ,k+ ( k+s4 ,comp4 ,ezek4 xxvi4 #g2 ,ezra vii4 #ab2 ,isa4 xxxvi4 #d4 ,x is ! ,babylonian ,%>-%>rni1 or ,%>ru-rabbu 7,behrmann74 ,! ,rabbis tri$ 7impossibly7 to con/rue ?is title1 :i* !y ?\ght only suitable to ,god1 ) ! foll[+ clause4 ,b ,nebu*adrezz> 0 s address$ 7,ezek4 xxvi4 #g71 z ! ,assyrian k+s _h be5 be=e him 7,isa4 x4 #h71 & ! ,p]sian k+s 7 aft] him 7,ezra vii4 #ab74 ,! expression seems /range1 b comp4 ,j]4 xxvii4 #f1 xxviii4 #ad4 ,! ,,lxx4 & ,!odotion mi/ak5ly int]polate 4 #cji ,pusey1 p4 #fc4 #caj ,comp4 ,j]4 xxxi4 #bg4 #caa ,bevan1 p4 #ff4 #cab ,! int]pretation is fir/ f\nd1 amid a *aos ( false exegesis1 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 iv4 #d1 #f4 #cac ,see ,bevan1 p4 #fe4 #cad ,on ! di/9ction 9 ! writ]'s m9d betwe5 ! ,m$ian & ,p]sian ,empires see v4 #bh1 #ca1 vi4 #h1 #ab1 #ae1 ix4 #a1 xi4 #a1 comp>$ ) vi4 #bh1 x4 #a4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! ,p]sians & ,m$ians 7 long spok5 ( z di/9ct1 ?\gh !y 7 closely alli$2 & to ! ,m$es _h be5 specially attribut$ ! =?com+ ov]?r[ ( ,babylon3 ,j]4 li4 #bh1 ,prep>e aga9/ h] ! nations ) ! k+s ( ! ,m$es4 ,comp4 ,j]4 li4 #aa1 & ,isa4 xiii4 #ag1 xxi4 #b1 ,besiege1 ,o ,m$ia4 #cae ,see ,isa4 ii4 #b1 xxviii4 #af2 ,matt4 xxi4 #db-dd4 ,le mot de ,messie n'e/ pas dans ,daniel4 ,le mot de ,me%ia*1 ix4 #bf1 dsigne l'autorit 7probablem5t sac]dotale7 de la ,jude 7,r5an1 ,hi/41 iv4 #ceh74 #caf ,see ,ku551 ,! ,prophets1 iii4 #cag ,no k+s h be5 m5tion$1 b ! t5 toes symbolise t5 k+s4 ,comp4 vii4 #bd4 #cah ,dante1 ,inf]no1 xiv4 #id-abj4 #cai ,milton1 ,p>adise ,lo/1 ii4 #ege4 #cbj ,x may be p>allel$ by ! leg5d>y pro/rations ( ,alex&] ! ,great be=e ! high prie/ ,jaddua 7,jos41 ,antt41 ,,xi4 viii4 #e71 & ( ,edw9 ( ,deira be=e ,paul9us ( ,york 7,bda1 ,hi/41 ii4 #ad-af74 #cba ,isa4 xlvi4 #f4 ,! same v]bs1 !y fall d[n1 yea !y wor%ip1 are !re us$ ( idols4 #cbb ,comp4 ,isa4 lx4 #ad3 ,! sons also ( !m t afflict$ !e %all come b5d+ unto !e2 & all !y t despis$ !e %all b[ !mselves d[n at ! soles ( ?y feet4 #cbc ,comp4 ,rom4 xiv4 #bc2 ,acts xv4 #bi2 ,heb4 xiii4 #i2 #a ,cor4 viii4 #a2 ,rev4 ii4 #ad1 #bj4 #cbd ,s ,j]ome3 ,non tam ,danielem quam 9 ,daniele adorat ,deum1 qui my/]ia revelavit4 ,comp4 ,jos41 ,antt41 ,,xi4 viii4 #e1 :]e ,alex&] answ]s ! taunt ( ,p>m5io ab\t 8 ( ! high prie/3 1 4 #cbe ,acts xiv4 #ad1 #ae4 #cbf ,e/h] iii4 #b4 ,comp4 #a ,*ron4 xxvi4 #cj4 ,?is corresponds to :at ,x5ophon calls 1 & to our "r ( entre4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,idol ,,( ,,gold1 ,,& ,,! ,,fai?ful ,,?ree ,e goldsmi? is put to %ame by 8 molt5 image3 = 8 molt5 image is vanity1 & !re is no brea? 9 !m4 ,!y are vanity1 a "w ( delusion3 9 ! "t ( _! visitation !y %all p]i%4--,,j]4 li4 #ag1 #ah4 ,! angel ( ! ,"l encampe? ar\nd !m t fe> ,him1 & %all deliv] !m4--,,psalm xxxiv4 #g4 ,:5 ?\ walke/ ?r\gh ! fire1 ?\ %alt n be burnt2 nei!r %all ! flame k9dle ^u !e4--,,isa4 xliii4 #b4 ,reg>d$ z an in/ance ( ! use ( hi/oric fiction to inculcate ! noble/ tru?s1 ! ?ird *apt] ( ,daniel is n only sup]b 9 its imag9ative gr&eur1 b /ill m 9 ! mann] 9 :i* x sets =? ! piety ( ultimate fai?fulness1 & ( t ,dea?-defy+ utt]ance ( tru? :i* is ! ess5ce ( ! mo/ h]oic & inspir+ =ms ( m>tyrdom4 ,s f> f slight+ x1 because x does n come be=e u ) adequate evid5ce to prove t x 0 ev5 int5d$ to be tak5 z lit]al hi/ory1 ,i h always reg>d$ x z "o ( ! mo/ preci\s among ! n>rative *apt]s ( ,scripture4 ,x is ( priceless value z illu/rat+ ! deliv]ance ( undaunt$ fai?fulness--z sett+ =? ! tru? t !y :o love ,god & tru/ 9 ,him mu/ love ,him & tru/ 9 ,him ev5 till ! end1 9 spite n only ( ! mo/ ov]:elm+ p]il1 b ev5 :5 !y are br\ght face to face ) app>5tly hopeless defeat4 ,dea? itself1 by torture or sword or flame1 ?reat5$ by ! prie/s & tyrants & multitudes ( ! e>? set 9 op5 array aga9/ !m1 is impot5t to %ake ! purpose ( ,god's sa9ts4 ,:5 ! s]vant ( ,god c d no?+ else aga9/ ! b&$ =ces ( s91 ! _w1 & ! devil1 he at lea/ c die1 & c say l ! ,maccabees1 ,let u die 9 our simplicity6 ,he may be sav$ f dea?2 b ev5 if n1 he mu/ pref] dea? to apo/asy1 & w save 8 own s\l4 ,t ! ,jews 7 ev] r$uc$ to su* a *oice dur+ ! ,babylonian exile !re is no evid5ce2 inde$1 all evid5ce po9ts ! o!r way1 & seems to %[ t !y 7 all[$ ) p]fect tol]ance to hold & practise _! own religion4#cbg ,b 9 ! days ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes ! "q :i* to *oose--m>tyrdom or apo/asy--became a v burn+ "o4 ,antio*us set up at ,j]usalem ! abom9ation ( desolation1 & x is easy to und]/& :at c\rage & conviction a tempt$ ,jew might d]ive f ! /udy ( ?is spl5did defiance4 ,t ! /ory is ( a k9d well fitt$ to haunt ! imag9ation is %[n by ! fact t ,firdausi tells a simil> /ory f ,p]sian tradition ( a m>tyr h]o :o came unhurt out ( a fi]y furnace4#cbh ,?is immortal *apt] brea!s exactly ! same _s z ! =ty-f\r? ,psalm4 ,our he>t is n turn$ back1 ,nei!r our /eps gone out ( ,?y way3 ,no1 n :5 ,?\ ha/ smitt5 u into ! place ( dragons1 ,& cov]$ u ) ! %ad[ ( dea?4 ,if we h =gott5 ! ,"n ( our ,god1 ,& hold5 up our h&s to any /range god1 ,%all n ,god se>* x out8 ,= ,he kn[e? ! v secrets ( ! he>t4 ,nebu*adnezz> ! k+1 we are told 9 "o ( ! /ately ov]tures 9 :i* ?is writ] rejoices1 made an image ( gold1 ^: height 0 ?reescore cubits1 & ! bread? !re( six cubits1 & he set x up 9 ! pla9s ( ,dura1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,babylon4 ,no date is giv51 b ! writ] may well h suppos$ or h traditionally he>d t "s su* ev5t took place ab\t ! eighte5? ye> ( ,nebu*adrezz>'s reign1 :5 he _h br\ght to conclusion a s]ies ( great victories & conque/s4#cbi ,nor are we told :om ! image repres5t$4 ,we may imag9e t x 0 an idol ( ,bel-m]oda*1 ! patron deity ( ,babylon1 to :om we "k t he did erect an image2#ccj or ( ,nebo1 f :om ! k+ d]iv$ 8 "n4 ,:5 x is said to be ( gold1 ! writ]1 9 ! gr&iose "* ( 8 imag9ative faculty1 may h meant 8 words to be tak5 lit]ally1 or he may m]ely h meant t x 0 gild$1 or ov]laid ) gold4#cca ,!re 7 colossal images 9 ,egypt & 9 ,n9eveh1 b we nev] read 9 hi/ory ( any o!r gild$ image n9ety feet high & n9e feet broad4#ccb ,! "n ( ! pla9 or valley 9 :i* x 0 erect$--,dura--has be5 f\nd 9 sev]al ,babylonian localities4#ccc ,!n ! k+ proclaim$ a solemn d$icatory fe/ival1 to :i* he invit$ e sort ( function>y1 ( :i* ! writ]1 ) 8 usual & rotundity ( expression1 accumulates ! eight names4 ,!y 73-- #a4 ,! ,pr9ces1 satraps1 or w>d5s ( ! realm4#ccd #b4 ,! ,gov]nors#cce 7ii4 #dh74 #c4 ,! ,capta9s4#ccf #d4 ,! ,judges4#ccg #e4 ,! ,treasur]s or ,controll]s4#cch #f4 ,! ,c\nsellors4#cci #g4 ,! ,%]iffs4#cdj #h4 ,all ! ,rul]s ( ! ,prov9ces4 ,any attempts to atta* specific values to ^! titles are failures4 ,!y seem to be a catalogue ( ,assyrian1 ,babylonian1 & ,p]sian titles1 & may p]haps 7z ,ewald conjectur$7 be meant to repres5t ! v>i\s grades ( ?ree classes ( function>ies--civil1 milit>y1 & legal4 ,!n all ^! (ficials1 :o ) leisurely /atel9ess are nam$ aga91 came to ! fe/ival1 & /ood be=e ! image4 ,x is n improbable t ! writ] may h be5 a witness ( "s su* spl5did c]emony to :i* ! ,jewi% magnates 7 invit$ 9 ! reign ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes4#cda ,!n a h]ald 7k]ooza#cdb7 cri$ al\d#cdc a proclamation to all peoples1 nations1 & languages4 ,su* a ?rong might easily h conta9$ ,greeks1 ,phnicians1 ,jews1 ,arabs1 & ,assyrians1 z well z ,babylonians4 ,at ! outbur/ ( a bla/ ( boi/]\s janiz>y-music !y are all to fall d[n & wor%ip ! gold5 image4 ,( ! six diff]5t k9ds ( musical in/rum5ts1 :i*1 9 8 usual /yle1 ! writ] names & reit]ates1 & :i* x is nei!r possible nor v important to di/+ui%1 ?ree--! h>p1 psalt]y1 & bagpipe--are ,greek2 two1 ! horn & sackbut1 h names d]iv$ f roots f\nd bo? 9 ,aryan & ,semitic languages2 & "o1 ! pipe1 is ,semitic4 ,z to ! li/ ( (ficials1 ! writ] _h add$ & all ! rul]s ( ! prov9ces2 s "h he adds & all k9ds ( music4#cdd ,any "o :o refus$ to obey ! ord] 0 to be flung1 ! same h\r1 into ! burn+ furnace ( fire4 ,pr(essor ,sayce1 9 8 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 connects ! :ole sc5e ) an attempt1 fir/ by ,nebu*adrezz>1 !n by ,nabunaid1 to make ,m]oda*--:o1 to conciliate ! prejudices ( ! wor%ipp]s ( ! old] deity ,bel1 0 call$ ,bel-m]oda*--! *ief deity ( ,babylon4 ,he sees 9 ! k+'s proclamation an und]ly+ suspicion t "s w\ld be f\nd to oppose 8 attempt$ c5tralisation ( wor%ip4#cde ,! music bur/ =?1 & ! va/ ?rong all pro/rat$ !mselves1 except ,daniel's ?ree companions1 ,%adra*1 ,me%a*1 & ,ab$-nego4 ,we naturally pause to ask :]e !n 0 ,daniel8 ,if ! n>rative be tak5 = lit]al hi/ory1 x is easy to answ] ) ! apologi/ t he 0 ill2 or 0 abs5t2 or 0 a p]son ( too mu* importance to be requir$ to pro/rate himself2 or t ! ,*aldeans 7 afraid to accuse him4 ,c]ta9ly1 says ,pr(essor ,full]1 _h ?is *apt] be5 ! composition ( a pseudo-,daniel1 or ! record ( a fictiti\s ev5t1 ,daniel w\ld h be5 introduc$ & 8 immunity expla9$4 ,apologetic lit]ature ab\nds 9 su* fanciful & valueless argum5ts4 ,x w\ld be j z true1 & j z false1 to say t c]ta9ly1 if ! n>rative 7 hi/oric1 8 abs5ce w\ld h be5 expla9$2 & all ! m because he 0 expressly elect$ to be 9 ! gate ( ! k+4 ,b if we reg>d ! *apt] z a noble ,haggada1 !re is n ! lea/ difficulty 9 acc\nt+ = ,daniel's abs5ce4 ,! sep>ate /ories 7 meant to coh]e to a c]ta9 ext5t2 & ?\gh ! writ]s ( ?is k9d ( anci5t imag9ative lit]ature1 ev5 9 ,greece1 r>ely tr\ble !mselves ) any que/ions :i* lie outside ! imm$iate purpose1 yet ! introduction ( ,daniel into ?is /ory w\ld h be5 to violate e ve/ige ( v]isimilitude4 ,to repres5t ,nebu*adrezz> wor%ipp+ ,daniel z a god1 & (f]+ oblations to him on "o page1 & on ! next to repres5t ! k+ z ?r[+ him into a furnace = refus+ to wor%ip an idol1 w\ld h involv$ an obvi\s incongruity4 ,daniel is repres5t$ 9 ! o!r *apt]s z play+ 8 "p & be>+ 8 te/imony to ! ,god ( ,israel2 ?is *apt] is sep>ately devot$ to ! h]oism & ! te/imony ( 8 ?ree fri5ds4 ,obs]v+ ! defiance ( ! k+'s edict1 c]ta9 ,*aldeans1 actuat$ by jeal\sy1 came ne> to ! k+ & accus$ ! ,jews4#cdf ,! ^w = accus$ is curi\s & int]e/+4 ,x is lit]ally ate ! pieces ( ! ,jews1#cdg evid5tly involv+ a metaphor ( fi]ce dev\r+ malice4#cdh ,rem9d+ ! k+ ( 8 decree1 !y in=m him t ?ree ( ! ,jews to :om he has giv5 su* high promotion ?\ght well n to reg>d !e2 ?y god w !y n s]ve1 nor wor%ip ! gold5 image :i* ?\ ha/ set up4#cdi ,nebu*adrezz>1 l o!r despots :o suff] f ! v]tigo ( autocracy1 0 liable to sudd5 outbur/s ( almo/ spasmodic fury4 ,we read ( su* /orms ( rage 9 ! case ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 ( ,n]o1 ( ,val5t9ian ,i41 & ev5 ( ,!odosius4 ,! d\ble insult to himself & to 8 god on ! "p ( m5 to :om he _h %[n su* conspicu\s fav\r transport$ him out ( himself4 ,= ,bel-m]oda*1 :om he _h made ! patron god ( ,babylon1 01 z he says 9 "o ( 8 own inscriptions1 ! ,"l1 ! joy ( my he>t 9 ,babylon1 :i* is ! seat ( my sov]eignty & empire4 ,x seem$ to him too intol]able t ?is god1 :o _h cr[n$ him ) glory & victory1 & t he himself1 array$ 9 ! pl5itude ( 8 imp]ial p[]1 %\ld be defi$ & set at naught by ?ree mis]able & ungrateful captives4 ,he puts x to !m :e!r x 0 _! set purpose#cej t !y w\ld n s]ve 8 gods or wor%ip 8 image4 ,!n he (f]s !m a locus pnit5ti4 ,! music %\ld s\nd =? aga94 ,if !y w\ld !n wor%ip--b if n1 !y %\ld be flung into ! furnace1--& :o is t ,god t %all deliv] y out ( my h&s8 ,! "q is a direct *all5ge & defiance ( ! ,god ( ,israel1 l ,ph>aoh's ,& :o is ,jehovah1 t ,i %\ld obey ,8 voice8 or l ,s5na*]ib's ,:o are !y among all ! gods t h deliv]$ _! l& out ( my h&8#cea ,x is answ]$ 9 ea* in/ance by a decisive int]position4 ,! answ] ( ,%adra*1 ,me%a*1 & ,ab$-nego is truly magnific5t 9 its unfl9*+ c\rage4 ,x is3 ,o ,nebu*adnezz>1 we h no ne$ to answ] !e a ^w conc]n+ ?is4#ceb ,if our ,god :om we s]ve be able to deliv] u1 ,he w deliv] u f ! burn+ fi]y furnace1 & out ( ?y h&1 ,o k+4 ,b if n1#cec be x kn[n unto !e1 ,o k+1#ced t we w n s]ve ?y gods1 nor wor%ip ! gold5 image :i* ?\ ha/ set up4 ,by ! phrase if our ,god be able no d\bt z to ,god's p[] is express$4 ,! ^w able m]ely means able 9 accordance ) ,8 own plans4#cee ,! ?ree *ildr5 knew well t ,god c deliv]1 & t ,he has repeat$ly deliv]$ ,8 sa9ts4 ,su* deliv]ances ab\nd on ! sacr$ page1 & are m5tion$ 9 ! ,dream ( ,g]ontius3-- ,rescue him1 ,o ,"l1 9 ?is 8 evil h\r1 ,z ( old s _m by ,?y mighty p[]3-- ,eno* & ,elias f ! common doom2 ,noe f ! wat]s 9 a sav+ home2 ,abraham f ?' ab\nd+ guilt ( ,hea!nesse1 ,job f all 8 multi=m & fell di/ress2 ,isaac1 :5 8 fa!r's knife 0 rais$ to slay2 ,lot f burn+ ,sodom on its judgm5t-day2 ,moses f ! l& ( bondage & despair2 ,daniel f ! hungry lions 9 _! lair2 ,david f ,golia1 & ! wra? ( ,saul2 ,& ! two ,apo/les f _! prison-?rall4 ,b ! will+ m>tyrs 7 also well aw>e t 9 _m cases x has n be5 ,god's purpose to deliv] ,8 sa9ts out ( ! p]il ( dea?2 & t x has be5 f> bett] = !m t !y %\ld be c>ri$ heav5w>ds on ! fi]y *>iot ( m>tyrdom4 ,!y 7 !re=e p]fectly prep>$ to f9d t x 0 ! w ( ,god t !y too %\ld p]i%1 z ?\s&s ( ,god's fai?ful ones _h p]i%$ be=e !m1 f ! tyrann\s & cruel h&s ( man2 & !y 7 *e]fully will+ to confront t awful extremity4 ,?us reg>d$1 ! ?ree words ,& if n are among ! sublime/ words utt]$ 9 all ,scripture4 ,!y repres5t ! tru? t ! man :o tru/s 9 ,god w cont9ue to say ev5 to ! end1 ,?\gh ,he slay me1 yet w ,i tru/ 9 ,him4 ,!y are ! triumph ( fai? ov] all adv]se circum/ances4 ,x has be5 ! glori\s a*ievem5t ( man to h atta9$1 by ! inspiration ( ! brea? ( ! ,almighty1 s cle> an insight into ! tru? t ! voice ( duty mu/ be obey$ to ! v end1 z to lead him to defy e comb9ation ( oppos+ =ces4 ,! gay lyri/ ( hea!ndom express$ x 9 8 fam\s ode1-- ,ju/um et t5acem propositi virum ,non civium ardor prava jub5tium ,non vultus in/antis tyranni ,m5te quatit solid4 ,x is man's te/imony to 8 indomitable belief t ! ?+s ( s5se are n to be valu$ 9 comp>ison to t high happ9ess :i* arises f ob$i5ce to ! law ( consci5ce1 & t no extremities ( agony are comm5surate ) apo/asy4 ,?is x is :i*1 m ?an any?+ else1 has1 9 spite ( appe>ances1 %[n t ! _s ( man is ( heav5ly bir?1 & has enabl$ him to unfold ,! w+s )9 him wrapp$1 & pr\dly rise ,r$eem$ f e>?1 a creature ( ! skies4 ,= :]ev] !re is left 9 man any true manhood1 he has nev] %runk f accept+ dea? r ?an ! disgrace ( compliance ) :at he despises & abhors4 ,?is x is :i* s5ds our soldi]s on ! =lorn hope1 & makes !m m>* ) a smile ^u ! batt]ies :i* vomit _! cross-fires ^u !m2 & s die by ?\s&s ! unnam$ demigods4 ,by virtue ( ?is x has be5 t all ! m>tyrs h1 ) ! irresi/ible might ( _! weakness1 %ak5 ! solid _w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on he>+ ! defiance ( ! fai?ful ,jews--absolutely firm 9 its decisiv5ess1 yet p]fectly respectful 9 its tone--! tyrant 0 s mu* beside himself1 t1 z he gl>$ on ,%adra*1 ,me%a*1 & ,ab$-nego1 8 v c\nt5ance 0 disfigur$4 ,! furnace 0 probably "o us$ = ! ord9>y cremation ( ! dead4#cef ,he ord]$ t x %\ld be heat$ sev5 times hott] ?an x 0 wont to be heat$1#ceg & c]ta9 m5 ( mighty /r5g? :o 7 9 8 army 7 bidd5 to b9d ! ?ree y\?s & fl+ !m into ! rag+ flames4 ,s1 b\nd 9 _! hos51 _! tunics1 _! long mantles1#ceh & _! o!r g>m5ts1 !y 7 ca/ into ! sev5-times-heat$ furnace4 ,! k+'s comm&m5t 0 s urg5t1 & ! tongue ( flame 0 d>t+ s fi]cely f ! horrible kiln1 t ! execution]s p]i%$ 9 plant+ ! ladd]s to ?r[ !m 91 b !y !mselves fell into ! mid/ ( ! furnace4 ,! dea? ( ! execution]s seems to h attract$ no special notice1 b imm$iately aft]w>ds ,nebu*adrezz> />t$ 9 amazem5t & t]ror f 8 ?rone1 & ask$ 8 *amb]la9s1#cei ,did we n ca/ ?ree m5 b\nd into ! mid/ ( ! fire8 ,true1 ,o k+1 !y answ]$4 ,behold1 he said1 ,i see f\r m5 loose1 walk+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! fire1 & !y h no hurt1 & ! aspect ( ! f\r? is l a son ( ! gods6#cfj ,!n ! k+ approa*$ ! door ( ! furnace ( fire1 & call$1 ,ye s]vants ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,god1#cfa come =?4 ,!n ,%adra*1 ,me%a*1 & ,ab$-nego came out ( ! mid/ ( ! fire2 & all ! satraps1 prefects1 presid5ts1 & c\rt *amb]la9s ga!r$ r\nd to />e on m5 :o 7 s completely unt\*$ by ! fi]c5ess ( ! flames t n a hair ( _! heads _h be5 s+$1 nor _! hos5 %rivell$1 nor 0 !re ev5 ! smell ( burn+ ^u !m4#cfb ,accord+ to ! v]sion ( ,!odotion1 ! k+ wor%ipp$ ! ,"l be=e !m1 & he !n publi%$ a decree 9 :i*1 aft] bless+ ,god = s5d+ ,8 angel to deliv] ,8 s]vants :o tru/$ 9 ,him1 he some:at incoh]5tly orda9$ t e p1 nation1 or language :i* spoke any blasphemy aga9/ ! ,god ( ,%adra*1 ,me%a*1 & ,ab$-nego1 %\ld be cut 9 pieces1 & 8 h\se made a dunghill3 s9ce !re is no o!r god t c deliv] aft] ?is sort4 ,!n ! k+--z he _h done be=e--promot$ ,%adra*1 ,me%a*1 & ,ab$-nego 9 ! prov9ce ( ,babylon4#cfc ,h5ce=? !y disappe> alike f hi/ory1 tradition1 & leg5d2 b ! :ole magnific5t ,haggada is ! mo/ p[]ful possible comm5t>y on ! words ( ,isa4 xliii4 #b3 ,:5 ?\ walke/ ?r\gh ! fire ?\ %alt n be burn$1 nei!r %all ! flame k9dle ^u !e4#cfd ,h[ p[]fully ! /ory /ruck ! imag9ation ( ! ,jews is %[n by ! n v apposite ,song ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr51 ) ! o!r apocryphal additions4 ,"h we are told t ! furnace 0 heat$ ) ros91 pit*1 t[1 & small wood2 s t ! flame /ream$ =? above ! furnace =ty & n9e cubits4 ,& x pass$ ?r\gh1 & burn$ ^? ,*aldeans x f\nd ab\t ! furnace4 ,b ! angel ( ! ,"l came d[n into ! furnace toge!r ) ,az>ias & 8 fell[s1 & smote ! flame ( ! fire out ( ! ov52 & made ! mid/ ( ! furnace z x _h be5 a moi/ :i/l+ w9d1#cfe s t ! fire t\*$ !m n at all1 nei!r hurt nor tr\bl$ !m4#cff ,9 ! ,talmud ! maje/ic limitations ( ! ,biblical /ory are sometimes enri*$ ) t\*es ( imag9ation1 b m (t5 co>s5$ by ta/eless exhibitions ( triviality & ranc\r4 ,?us 9 ! ,vayyikra ,rabba ,nebu*adrezz> tries to p]suade ! y\?s by fanta/ic misquotations ( ,isa4 x4 #aj1 ,ezek4 xxiii4 #ad1 ,deut4 iv4 #bh1 ,j]4 xxvii4 #h2 & !y refute him & end ) clumsy plays on 8 "n1 tell+ him t he %\ld b>k 7naba*7 l a dog1 swell l a wat]-j> 7cod71 & *irp l a cricket 7tsirtsir71 :i* he imm$iately did--i4e41 he 0 smitt5 ) lycan?ropy4#cfg ,9 ,sanh$r91 f4 #ic1 #a1 ! /ory is told ( ! adult]\s false prophets ,ahab & ,z$ekiah1 & x is add$ t ,nebu*adrezz> (f]$ !m ! ordeal ( fire f :i* ! ,?ree ,*ildr5 _h escap$4 ,!y ask$ t ,jo%ua ! high prie/ might be ) !m1 ?9k+ t 8 sanctity w\ld be _! protection4 ,:5 ! k+ ask$ :y ,abraham1 ?\gh alone1 _h be5 sav$ f ! fire ( ,nimrod1 & ! ,?ree ,*ildr5 f ! burn+ furnace1 & yet ! high prie/ %\ld h be5 s+$ 7,ze*4 iii4 #b71 ,jo%ua answ]$ t ! pres5ce ( two wick$ m5 gave ! fire p[] ov] him1 & quot$ ! prov]b1 ,two dry /icks k9dle "o gre5 "o4 ,9 ,pesa*91 f4 #aah1 #a1 !re is a f9e imag9ative passage on ! subject1 attribut$ to ,rabbi ,samuel ( ,%iloh3-- ,9 ! h\r :5 ,nebu*adrezz> ! wick$ ?rew ,hananiah1 ,mi%ael & ,az>iah into ! mid/ ( ! furnace ( fire1 ,gorgemi1 ! pr9ce ( ! hail1 /ood be=e ! ,holy ,"o 7bless$ be ,he67 & said1 ',"l ( ! _w1 let me g d[n & cool ! furnace4' ',no1' answ]$ ,gabriel2 'all m5 "k t hail qu5*es fire2#cfh b ,i1 ! pr9ce ( fire1 w g d[n & make ! furnace cool )9 & hot )\t1 & ?us "w a miracle )9 a miracle4' ,! ,holy ,"o 7bless$ be ,he67 said unto him1 ',g d[n4' ,9 ! self-same h\r ,gabriel op5$ 8 m\? & said1 ',& ! tru? ( ! ,"l endure? = ev]4' ,mr4 ,ball1 :o quotes ^! passages f ,wns*e's ,biblio!ca ,rabb9ica 9 8 ,introduction to ! ,song ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr51#cfi v truly adds t _m ,scriptural comm5tators :olly lack ! ori5tation d]iv$ f ! /udy ( ,talmudic & ,midra%ic lit]ature :i* is an indisp5sable prelim9>y to a "r und]/&+ ( ! treasures ( ,ea/]n ?\ght4 ,!y d n grasp ! invet]ate t5d5cy ( ,jewi% tea*]s to convey doctr9e by concrete /ories & illu/rations1 & n 9 ! =m ( ab/ract ?\ght4 ,! doctr9e is ev]y?+2 ! mode ( pres5tation has no indep5d5t value4 ,to make ! /ory ! fir/ consid]ation1 & ! doctr9e x 0 int5d$ to convey an aft]-?\ght1 z we1 ) our dry ,we/]n lit]alness are pr$ispos$ to d1 is to rev]se ! ,jewi% ord] ( ?9k+1 & to inflict unconsci\s inju/ice on ! au?ors ( _m edify+ n>ratives ( antiquity4 ,! "p play$ by ,daniel 9 ! apocryphal ,/ory ( ,susanna is probably sugge/$ by ! mean+ ( 8 "n3 ,judgm5t ( ,god4 ,bo? t /ory & ,bel & ! ,dragon are 9 _! way effective fictions1 ?\gh incomp>ably inf]ior to ! canonical "p ( ! ,book ( ,daniel4 ,& ! />tl+ decree ( ,nebu*adrezz> f9ds its analogy 9 ! decree publi%$ by ,antio*us ! ,great to all 8 subjects 9 hon\r ( ! ,temple at ,j]usalem1 9 :i* he ?reat5$ ! infliction ( heavy f9es on any =eign] :o trespass$ )9 ! limits ( ! ,holy ,c\rt4#cgj ,,footnotes3 #cbg ,! false prophets ,ahab & ,z$ekiah 7 roa/$ 9 ! fire 7,j]4 xxix4 #bb71 :i* may h sugge/$ ! idea ( ?is puni%m5t to ! writ]2 b x 0 = committ+ lewdness--folly1 ,judg4 xx4 #f--;9 ,israel1 & = adult]y & lies1 :i* 7 reg>d$ z treasonable4 ,9 "s traditions !y are id5tifi$ ) ! two eld]s ( ! ,/ory ( ,susanna4 ,assur-bani-pal burnt ,samas-sum-uc91 8 bro!r1 :o 0 ,vic]oy ( ,babylon 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #fdh71 & ,te-,umman1 :o curs$ 8 gods 7,smi?1 ,assur-bani-pal1 p4 #ach74 ,comp4 ,ewald1 ,prophets1 iii4 #bdj4 ,see supra1 p4 #dd4 #cbh ,malcolm1 ,p]sia1 i4 #bi1 #cj4 #cbi ,bo? 9 ,!odotion & ! ,,lxx4 we h 4 ,! siege ( ,j]usalem 0 n1 h[ev]1 f9i%$ till ! n9ete5? ye> ( ,nebu*adrezz> 7#b ,k+s xxv4 #h74 ,o!rs conjecture t ! sc5e occurr$ 9 8 ?irty-fir/ ye>1 :5 he 0 at re/ 9 8 h\se1 & fl\ri%+ 9 8 palace 7,dan4 iv4 #d74 #ccj ,records ( ! ,pa/1 v4 #aac4 ,! inscriptions ( ,nebu*adrezz> are full ( glorification ( ,m>duk 7,m]oda*71 id41 v4 #aae1 #ace1 vii4 #ge4 #cca ,comp4 ,isa4 xliv4 #i-bj4 ,mr4 ,hormuzd ,rassan discov]$ a colossal /atue ( ,nebo at ,nimr\d 9 #ahec4 ,%almanez] ,,iii4 says on 8 obelisk1 ,i made an image ( my royalty2 ^u x ,i inscrib$ ! praise ( ,as%ur my ma/]1 & a true acc\nt ( my exploits4 ,h]odotus 7i4 #ahc7 m5tions a /atue ( ,zeus 9 ,babylon1 on :i* 0 sp5t eight hundr$ tal5ts ( gold1 & ( ano!r made ( solid gold twelve ells high4 #ccb ,by ! apologi/s ! image or /atue is easily ton$ d[n into a bu/ on a holl[ p$e/al 7,ar*deacon ,rose1 ,speak]'s ,comm5t>y1 p4 #bgj74 ,! colossus ( ,n]o is said to h be5 a hundr$ & t5 feet high1 b 0 ( m>ble4 ,ne/le 7,m>g9alia1 #ce7 quotes a passage f ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 :i* m5tions a colossal /atue ( ,apollo re>$ by ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 to :i* !re may be a side-allusion "h4 #ccc ,s*rad]1 p4 #dcj3 ,dur-,yag9a1 ,dur-,s>g9a1 etc4 ,,lxx41 4 #ccd ,,lxx4 & ,vulg41 satrap4 ,comp4 ,ezra viii4 #cf2 ,e/h] iii4 #ab4 ,suppos$ to be ! ,p]sian ,kh%atra-pwan 7,bevan1 p4 #gi74 #cce ,sign1 ,babylonian ^w 7,s*rad]1 p4 #daa74 #ccf ,,lxx41 4 ,comp4 ,pe*ah1 ,ezra v4 #ad4 ,an ,assyrian ^w 7,s*rad]1 p4 #egg74 #ccg ,,lxx41 4 ,p]haps ! ,p]sian end>zg>1 or c\nsellor4 #cch ,,lxx41 4 ,comp4 ,ezra vii4 #ba2 b ,grtz ?9ks !re is a m]e scribe's mi/ake = ! gadb> ( vv4 #bd & #bg4 #cci ,?is ^w is p]haps ! old ,p]sian dtab>d4 #cdj ,! ^w is f\nd "h alone4 ,p]haps advis]s4 ,on ^! words see ,bevan1 p4 #gi2 ,speak]'s ,comm5t>y1 pp4 #bgh1 #bgi2 ,sayce1 ,assyr4 ,gr41 p4 #aaj4 #cda ,ewald1 ,prophets1 v4 #bji2 ,hi/41 v4 #bid4 #cdb ,! ^w has (t5 be5 comp>$ ) ! ,greek 1 b ! root is freely f\nd 9 ,assyrian inscriptions 7,k>az1 an edict74 #cdc ,comp4 ,rev4 xviii4 #b1 4 #cdd ,see supra1 p4 #bb4 ,! q>'na 7horn1 7 & sab'ka 77 are 9 root bo? ,greek & ,aramean4 ,! pipe 7ma%'rk?a7 is ,semitic4 ,br&ig tries to prove t ev5 9 ,nebu*adrezz>'s "t ^! ?ree ,greek names 7ev5 ! symphonia7 _h be5 borr[$ by ! ,babylonians f ! ,greeks2 b ! comb9$ weight ( philological au?ority is aga9/ him4 #cde ,see ,hibb]t ,lectures1 *ap4 lxxxix41 etc4 #cdf ,comp4 vi4 #ac1 #ad4 #cdg ,akaloo ,q>'tshn4 #cdh ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,t>gum r5d]+ ( ,lev4 xix4 #af = a talebe>]1 & is frequ5t z a ,syriac & ,arabic idiom 7,full]74 #cdi ,j]ome emphasises ! elem5t ( jeal\sy1 ,quos prtuli/i nobis et captivos ac s]vos pr9cipes feci/i1 ii elati 9 sup]biam tua prcepta contemnunt4 #cej ,! phrase is unique & ( unc]ta9 mean+4 #cea ,exod4 v4 #b2 ,isa4 xxxvi4 #bj2 #b ,*ron4 xxxii4 #ac-ag4 #ceb ,dan4 iii4 #af4 ,,lxx41 2 ,vulg41 non oportet nos4 ,to s(t5 ! brusqu5ess ( ! address1 9 :i* ! ,rabbis 7e4g41 ,ra%i7 rejoice1 ! ,,lxx4 add ano!r 4 #cec ,j]ome expla9s ,b if n by ,quodsi nolu]it2 & ,!odoret by 4 #ced iii4 #ah4 ,,lxx41 4 ,t]t41 f ! ,vet4 ,itala1 tunc manife/um erit tibi 7,scorp41 #h74 #cee ,comp4 ,g54 xix4 #bb3 ,i _c d any?+ until ?\ be come ?i!r4 #cef ,cremation prevail$ among ! ,accadians1 & 0 adopt$ by ! ,babylonians 7,g4 ,b]t91 ,bab4 & ,ori5t4 ,records1 i4 #ag-ba74 ,fire 0 reg>d$ z ! great purifi]4 ,9 ! ,catacombs ! sc5e ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr5 9 ! fire is common4 ,!y are pa9t$ walk+ 9 a sort ( op5 ci/]n full ( flames1 ) doors b5ea?4 ,! ,greek ^w is 7,matt4 xiii4 #db71 a calc9+ furnace4 #ceg ,x seems v ne$less to introduce "h1 z ,mr4 ,deane does 9 ,bi%op ,ellicott's comm5t>y1 ! notion ( ! sev5 ,maskm or demons ( ,babylonian my?ology4 ,9 ! ,song ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr5 ! flames /ream out =ty-n9e 7#g #g7 cubits4 ,comp4 ,isa4 xxx4 #bf4 #ceh ,! mean+ ( ^! articles ( dress is only conjectural3 !y are--7#a7 ,s>bln1 p]haps tr\s]s1 ,,lxx4 1 ,vulg4 bracc2 7#b7 ,pat%1 ,,lxx4 1 ,vulg4 ti>2 7#c7 ,k>'bla1 ,,lxx4 1 ,vulg4 calceam5ta4 ,x is useless to repeat all ! guesses4 ,s>bala is a tunic 9 ! ,talmud1 ,arab4 sirbal2 & "s connect ,pat% ) ! ,greek 4 ,judg+ f ,assyrian & ,babylonian dress z repres5t$ on ! monum5ts1 ! y\?s 7 probably clad 9 turbans 7! ,m$ian 71 an inn] tunic 7! ,m$ian 71 an out] mantle1 & "s sort ( legg+s 7anaxurides74 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ) ! passage ! *apt] ( ,h]odotus 7i4 #aij7 ab\t ! ,babylonian dress4 ,he says !y wore a l95 tunic rea*+ to ! feet1 a wooll5 ov]-tunic1 a :ite %awl1 & slipp]s4 ,x 0 said to be borr[$ f ! dress ( ,semiramis4 #cei ,*ald41 haddab'rn2 ,,lxx41 4 #cfj ,! ,a4,v41 l ! ,son ( ,god1 is q unt5able4 ,! expression may mean a heav5ly or an angelic be+ 7,g54 vi4 #b2 ,job i4 #f74 ,s ord9>y an expression does n ne$ to be sup]flu\sly illu/rat$ by ref]5ces to ! ,assyrian & ,babylonian inscriptions1 b !y may be f\nd 9 ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 #abh & passim4 #cfa ,,lxx41 1 4 ,comp4 #b ,macc4 iii4 #ca2 ,m>k v4 #g2 ,luke viii4 #bh2 ,acts xvi4 #ag1 f :i* x w be se5 t x 0 n a ,jewi% expression1 ?\gh x (t5 occurs 9 ! ,book ( ,eno* 7,dillmann1 p4 #ih74 #cfb ,s 9 ,p]sian hi/ory ! ,pr9ce ,siawa% cle>s himself f a false accusation 9 ! reign ( 8 fa!r ,kai ,kaoos by pass+ ?r\gh ! fire 7,malcolm1 ,hi/4 ( ,p]sia1 i4 #ch74 #cfc ,comp4 ,psalm xvi4 #ab3 ,we w5t ?r\gh fire & wat]1 & ,?\ br\ghte/ u out into a safe place4 #cfd ,comp4 ,g54 xxiv4 #g2 ,exod4 xxiii4 #bj2 ,deut4 xxxvi4 #a4 ,! phrase appli$ to ,jo%ua ! high prie/ 7,ze*4 iii4 #b71 ,is n ?is a br& pluck$ out ( ! burn+8 orig9at$ ! leg5d t1 :5 ! false prophets ,ahab & ,z$ekiah _h be5 burnt by ,nebu*adrezz> 7,j]4 xxix4 #bb71 ,jo%ua _h be5 sav$1 ?\gh s+$4 ,?is & o!r apocryphal /ories illu/rate ! evolution ( ,haggado? out ( metaphoric allusions4 #cfe 1 a dewy w9d1 :i/l+ cont9ually4 #cff ,song ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr51 #bc-bg4 #cfg ,vay4 ,rab41 xxv4 #a 7,wns*e1 ,biblio!ca ,rabb9ica74 #cfh ,ecclus4 xviii4 #af3 ,%all n ! dew assuage ! heat8 #cfi ,speak]'s ,comm5t>y1 on ! ,apocrypha1 ii4 #cje-cjg4 #cgj ,jos41 ,antt41 ,,xii4 iii4 #c2 ,jahn1 ,hebr4 ,commonweal?1 xc4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,babylonian ,,c$>1 ,,& ,,! ,,/rick5 ,,despot ,pride goe? be=e de/ruction1 & a haughty _s be=e a fall4--,,prov4 xvi4 #ah4 ,?rice already1 9 ^! magnific5t /ories1 _h ,nebu*adrezz> be5 taught to recognise ! exi/5ce & to rev]5ce ! p[] ( ,god4 ,9 ?is *apt] he is repres5t$ z hav+ be5 br\ght to a /ill m ov]:elm+ conviction1 & to an op5 ackn[l$gm5t ( ,god's supremacy1 by ! lightn+-/roke ( t]rible calamity4 ,! *apt] is dramatically ?r[n into ! =m ( a decree :i*1 aft] 8 recov]y & %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 ! k+ is repres5t$ z hav+ promulgat$ to all p1 nations1 & languages t dwell 9 all ! e>?4#cga ,b ! lit]>y =m is s absolutely subord9at$ to ! g5]al purpose--:i* is to %[ t :]e ,god's judgm5ts are 9 ! e>? ! inhabitants ( ! e>? w le>n righte\sness1#cgb--t ! writ] passes )\t any difficulty f ! fir/ to ! ?ird p]son 7iv4 #bj-cj74 ,he does n hesitate to repres5t ,nebu*adrezz> z address+ all ! subject nations 9 fav\r ( ! ,god ( ,israel1 ev5 plac+ 9 8 imp]ial decree a c5to ( ,scriptural phraseology4 ,read]s unbiass$ by a-priori assumptions1 :i* are brok5 to pieces at e /ep1 w ask1 ,is x ev5 hi/orically conceivable t ,nebu*adrezz> 7to :om ! lat] ,jews commonly gave ! title ( ,ha-,ra%ang1 '! wick$'7 c\ld ev] h issu$ su* a decree8#cgc ,!y w fur!r ask1 ,is !re any %ad[ ( evid5ce to %[ t ! k+'s degrad+ madness & recov]y re/ ^u any real tradition8 ,z to ! monum5ts & inscriptions1 !y are entirely sil5t ^u ! subject2 nor is !re any trace ( ^! ev5ts 9 any hi/oric record4 ,^? :o1 ) ! s*ool ( ,h5g/5b]g & ,pusey1 ?9k t ! n>rative receives support f ! phrase ( ,b]ossus t ,nebu*adrezz> fell sick & dep>t$ ?is life :5 he _h reign$ =ty-?ree ye>s1 mu/ be easily satisfi$1 s9ce he says v ne>ly ! same ( ,nabopolass>4#cgd ,su* writ]s too mu* assume t immemorial prejudices on ! subject h s completely weak5$ ! indep5d5t intellig5ce ( _! read]s1 t !y may safely make ass]tions :i*1 9 matt]s ( secul> criticism1 w\ld be set aside z almo/ *ildi%ly nugatory4 ,x is diff]5t ) ! te/imony ( ,abyd5us1 quot$ by ,eusebius4#cge ,abyd5us1 9 8 book on ! ,assyrians1 quot$ f ,mega/h5es ! /ory t1 aft] great conque/s1 ,nebu*adrezz> 7z ! ,*aldean /ory goes71 :5 he _h asc5d$ ! ro( ( 8 palace1 0 inspir$ by "s god or o!r1 & cri$ al\d1 ',i1 ,nebu*adrezz>1 ann\nce to y ! future calamity :i* nei!r ,bel my ance/or1 nor our que5 ,beltis1 c p]suade ! ,fates to av]t4 ,!re %all come a ,p]sian1 a mule1 :o %all h y\r own gods z 8 allies1 & he %all make y slaves4 ,moreov]1 he :o %all help to br+ ?is ab\t %all be ! son ( a ,m$ian woman1 ! boa/ ( ! ,assyrian4 ,w\ld t be=e 8 c\ntrym5 p]i% "s :irlpool or flood might seize him & de/roy him utt]ly2#cgf or else w\ld t he might betake himself to "s o!r place1 & might be driv5 to ! des]t1 :]e is no city nor track ( m51 :]e wild bea/s seek _! food & birds fly hi!r & ?i!r6 ,w\ld t among rocks & m\nta9 clefts he might w&] alone6 ,& z = me1 may ,i1 be=e he imag9es ?is1 meet ) "s happi] end6' ,:5 he _h ?us prophesi$1 he sudd5ly vani%$4 ,i h italicis$ ! passages :i*1 amid imm5se diff]5ces1 be> a remote analogy to ! /ory ( ?is *apt]4 ,to quote ! passage z any pro( t ! writ] ( ,daniel is n>rat+ lit]al hi/ory is an extraord9>y misuse ( x4 ,mega/h5es fl\ri%$ ,b4,c4 #cbc1 & wrote a book :i* conta9$ _m fabul\s /ories1 ?ree c5turies aft] ! ev5ts to :i* he alludes4 ,abyd5us1 au?or ( ,assyriaca1 0 a ,greek hi/orian ( /ill lat]1 & unc]ta91 date4 ,! writ] ( ,daniel may h met ) _! works1 or1 q indep5d5tly ( !m1 he may h le>n$ f ! ,babylonian ,jews t !re 0 "s /range leg5d or o!r ab\t ! dea? ( ,nebu*adrezz>4 ,! ,jews 9 ,babylonia 7 m num]\s & m di/+ui%$ ?an ^? 9 ,pale/9e1 & kept up con/ant communication ) !m4 ,s f> f any hi/orical accuracy ab\t ,babylon 9 a ,pale/9ian ,jew ( ! age ( ! ,maccabees be+ /range1 or furni%+ any pro( t he 0 a contempor>y ( ,nebu*adrezz>1 ! only subject ( a/oni%m5t w\ld be t he %\ld h fall5 into s _m mi/akes & inaccuracies1 7 x n t ! anci5ts 9 g5]al1 & ! ,jews p>ticul>ly1 paid little att5tion to su* matt]s4 ,aw>e1 !n1 ( "s dim traditions t ,nebu*adrezz> at ! close ( 8 life asc5d$ 8 palace ro( & !re receiv$ "s sort ( inspiration1 aft] :i* he my/]i\sly disappe>$1 ! writ]1 giv+ free play to 8 imag9ation = didactic purposes1 aft] ! common fa%ion ( 8 age & nation1 work$ up ^! slight elem5ts into ! /ately & /rik+ ,midra% ( ?is *apt]4 ,he too makes ! k+ m\nt 8 palace ro( & receive an inspiration2 b 9 8 pages ! inspiration does n ref] to ! mule or half-bre$1 ,cyrus1 nor to ,nabunaid1 ! son ( a ,m$ian woman1 nor to any imprecation pron\nc$ ^u !m1 b is an admonition to himself2 & ! imprecation :i* he d5\nc$ ^u ! future subv]t]s ( ,babylon is dimly analog\s to ! fate :i* fell on 8 own head4 ,in/ead ( mak+ him vani% imm$iately aft]w>ds1 ! writ] makes him fall into a bea/-madness = sev5 times1 aft] :i* he sudd5ly recov]s & publi%es a decree t all mank9d %\ld hon\r ! true ,god4 ,ewald ?9ks t a v]se has be5 lo/ at ! beg9n+ ( ! *apt]1 indicat+ ! nature ( ! docum5t :i* foll[s2 b x seems m probable t ! au?or began ?is1 z he beg9s o!r *apt]s1 ) ! sort ( impos+ ov]ture ( ! fir/ v]se4 ,l ,assur-bani-pal & ! anci5t despots1 ,nebu*adrezz> addresses himself to all p 9 ! e>?1 & aft] ! salutation ( peace#cgg says t he ?\ght x "r to tell !m ! signs & wond]s t ! ,high ,god ha? wr\ght t[>ds me4 ,h[ great are ,8 signs1 & h[ mighty are ,8 wond]s6 ,8 k+dom is an ev]la/+ k+dom1 & ,8 dom9ion is f g5]ation to g5]ation4#cgh ,he goes on to relate t1 :ile he 0 at ease & secure 9 8 palace1#cgi he saw a dream :i* affright$ him1 & left a tra9 ( gloomy =ebod+s4 ,z usual he summon$ ! :ole tra9 ( ,khakhamm1 ,a%%aphm1 ,meka%%aphm1 ,kasdm1 ,*>tummm1 & ,gaz]m1 to int]pret 8 dream1 & z usual !y fail$ to d s4 ,!n la/ly1 ,daniel1 surnam$ ,belte%azz>1 aft] ,bel1 ,nebu*radrezz>'s god1#chj & *ief ( ! magicians1#cha 9 :om 0 ! _s ( ! holy gods1 is summon$4 ,to him ! k+ tells 8 dream4 ,! writ] probably d]ives ! images ( ! dream f ! magnific5t description ( ! ,k+ ( ,assyria z a spread+ c$> 9 ,ezek4 xxxi4 #c-ah3-- ,behold1 ! ,assyrian 0 a c$> 9 ,lebanon ) fair bran*es1 & ) a %ad[+ %r\d1 & ( an high /ature2 & 8 top 0 among ! ?ick b\ghs4 ,! wat]s n\ri%$ him1 ! deep made him to gr[4444 ,!re=e 8 /ature 0 exalt$ above all ! trees ( ! field2 & 8 b\ghs 7 multipli$1 & 8 bran*es became long by reason ( _m wat]s4 ,all ! f[ls ( ! air made _! ne/s 9 8 b\ghs1 & "u 8 bran*es did all ! bea/s ( ! field br+ =? _! "y1 & "u 8 %ad[ dwelt all great nations4444 ,! c$>s 9 ! g>d5 ( ,god c\ld n hide him 444 nor 0 any tree 9 ! g>d5 ( ,god l him 9 8 beauty4444 ,!re=e ?us sai? ! ,"l ,god3 ,because ?\ art exalt$ 9 /ature 444 ,i w deliv] him into ! h& ( ! mighty "o ( ! nations4444 ,& /rang]s1 ! t]rible ( ! nations1 h cut him (f1 & h left him4 ,^u ! m\nta9s & 9 all ! valleys 8 bran*es are brok5 444 & all ! p ( ! e>? are gone d[n f 8 %ad[1 & h left him4444 ,i made ! nations to %ake at ! s\nd ( 8 fall4 ,we may also comp>e ?is dream ) t ( ,cambyses n>rat$ by ,h]odotus#chb3 ,he fanci$ t a v9e grew f ! womb ( 8 daught] & ov]%ad[$ ! :ole ( ,asia4444 ,! magian int]pret] exp\nd$ ! vision to =e%[ t ! (fspr+ ( 8 daught] w\ld reign ov] ,asia 9 8 /ead4 ,s too ,nebu*adrezz> 9 8 dream _h se5 a tree 9 ! mid/ ( ! e>?1 ( /ately height1 :i* rea*$ to heav5 & ov]%ad[$ ! _w1 ) fair leaves & abundant fruit1 giv+ l>ge n\ri%m5t to all mank9d1 & %ade to ! bea/s ( ! field & f[ls ( ! heav54 ,! ,,lxx4 adds ) gl[+ exagg]ation1 ,! sun & moon dwell$ 9 x1 & gave light to ! :ole e>?4 ,&1 behold1 a wat*] 'r#chc & a holy "o qadd%#chd came d[n f heav51 & bade1 ,hew d[n1 & lop1 & /rip ! tree1 & scatt] 8 fruit1 & sc>e away ! bea/s & birds f x1 b leave ! /ump 9 ! gre5+ turf b\nd by a b& ( brass & iron1 & let x be wet ) heav5's dews1--& !n1 pass+ f ! image to ! ?+ signifi$1 & let 8 portion be ) ! bea/s 9 ! grass ( ! e>?4 ,let 8 he>t be *ang$ f man's1 & let a bea/'s he>t be giv5 unto him1 & let sev5 times pass ov] him4 ,we are n told to :om ! m&ate is giv5--t is left magnific5tly vague4 ,! object ( ?is s5t5ce ( ! wat*]s1 & utt]ance ( ! holy ones1 is t ! liv+ may "k t ! ,mo/ ,high is ! ,supreme ,k+1 & c1 if ,he w1 give rule ev5 to ! l[lie/4 ,nebu*adrezz>1 :o tells u 9 8 inscription t he nev] =gave impiety1 has to le>n t he is no?+1 & t ,god is all1--t ,he pulle? d[n ! mighty f _! seat1 & exalte? ! humble & meek4#che ,?is dream ,nebu*adrezz> bids ,daniel to int]pret1 because ?\ ha/ ! _s ( a ,holy ,god 9 !e4 ,be=e we proce$ let u pause = a mom5t to notice ! ag5ts ( ! doom4 ,x is "o ( ! nev]-sleep+ ones--an 'r & a holy "o--:o fla%es d[n f heav5 ) ! m&ate2 & he is only ! m\?piece ( ! :ole body ( ! wat*]s & holy ones4 ,g5]ally1 no d\bt1 ! phrase means an angelic d5iz5 ( heav54 ,! ,,lxx4 translates wat*] by angel4 ,!odotion1 feel+ t !re is some?+ te*nical 9 ! ^w1 :i* only occurs 9 ?is *apt]1 r5d]s x by 4 ,?is is ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! t]m 9 ,jewi% lit]ature1 b x becomes extremely common 9 lat] ,jewi% writ+s--z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,book ( ,eno*4 ,! t]m a holy "o#chf connotes ! d$icat$ sep>ation ( ! angels2 = 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t hol9ess is us$ to express consecration & sett+ ap>t1 r ?an moral /a9lessness4#chg ,! sev5 wat*]s are allud$ to 9 ! po/-exilic ,ze*>iah 7iv4 #aj73 ,!y see ) joy ! plummet 9 ! h& ( ,z]ubbabel1 ev5 ^? sev51 ! eyes ( ! ,"l2 !y run to & fro ?r\gh ! :ole e>?4 ,9 ?is v]se ,kohut#chh & ,ku55 read wat*]s 7'rm7 = eyes 7'nm71 & we f9d ^! sev5 wat*]s 9 ! ,book ( ,eno* 7*ap4 xx474 ,we see z an hi/oric fact t ! famili>ity ( ! ,jews ) ,p]sian angelology & demonology seems to h develop$ _! views on ! subject4 ,x is only aft] ! ,exile t we f9d angels & demons play+ a m prom95t "p ?an be=e1 divid$ into classes1 & ev5 m>k$ out by special names4 ,! ,apocrypha becomes m precise ?an ! canonical books1 & ! lat] pseudepigraphic books1 :i* advance /ill fur!r1 are left beh9d by ! ,talmud4 ,"s h suppos$ a connexion betwe5 ! sev5 wat*]s & ! ,p]sian ams*a%p&s4#chi ,! %$m1 or evil spirits1 are also sev5 9 numb]1-- ,sev5 are !y1 sev5 are !y6 ,9 ! *annel ( ! deep sev5 are !y1 ,9 ! radiance ( heav5 sev5 are !y6#cij ,x is true t 9 ,eno* 7xc4 #ia7 ! prophet sees ! fir/ six :ite ones1 & we f9d six also 9 ,ezek4 ix4 #b4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d sev5 9 ,tobit3 ,i am ,raphael1 "o ( ! sev5 holy angels :i* pres5t ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts1 & :i* g 9 & out be=e ! glory ( ! ,holy ,"o4#cia ,! names are v>i\sly giv52 b p]haps ! commone/ are ,mi*ael1 ,gabriel1 ,uriel1 ,raphael1 & ,raguel4#cib ,9 ! ,babylonian my?ology sev5 deities /ood at ! head ( all ,div9e be+s1 & ! sev5 planet>y spirits wat*$ ! gates ( ,hades4#cic ,to ,daniel1 :5 he _h he>d ! dream1 x seem$ s full ( port5t\s om5 t he 0 a/oni%$ = "o h\r4#cid ,see+ 8 agitation1 ! k+ bids him take c\rage & fe>lessly int]pret ! dream4 ,b x is an augury ( fe>ful visitation2 s he beg9s ) a =mula int5d$ z x 7 to av]t ! ?reat5$ consequ5ces4 ,my ,"l1 he exclaim$1 on recov]+ voice1 ! dream be to !m t hate !e1 & ! int]pretation to ?9e enemies4#cie ,! k+ w\ld reg>d x z a sort ( appeal to ! av]t+ deities 7! ,roman ,d ,av]runci71 & z analog\s to ! curr5t =mula ( 8 hymns1 ,f ! noxi\s _s may ! ,k+ ( heav5 & ! k+ ( e>? pres]ve !e6#cif ,he !n proce$s to tell ! k+ t ! fair1 /ately1 %elt]+ tree--x is ?\1 ,o k+2 & ! int]pretation ( ! doom pron\nc$ ^u x is t he %\ld be driv5 f m51 & %\ld dwell ) ! bea/s ( ! field1 & be r$uc$ to eat grass l ! ox51 & be wet ) ! dew ( heav51 & sev5 times %all pass ov] !e1 till ?\ %alt "k t ! ,mo/ ,high rule? 9 ! k+dom ( m51 & give? x to :omsoev] ,he w4 ,b z ! /ump ( ! tree 0 to be left 9 ! fre% gre5 grass1 s ! k+dom %\ld be re/or$ to him :5 he _h le>nt t ! ,heav5s d rule4 ,! only feature ( ! dream :i* is left un9t]pret$ is ! b9d+ ( ! /ump ) b&s ( iron & brass4 ,mo/ comm5tators foll[ ,j]ome 9 mak+ x ref] to ! fett]s ) :i* maniacs are b\nd1#cig b !re is no evid5ce t ,nebu*adrezz> 0 s re/ra9$1 & ! b&s r\nd ! /ump are = its protection f injury4 ,?is seems pref]able to ! view :i* expla9s !m z ! /]n & cru%+ s5t5ce "u :i* ! k+ is to lie4#cih ,josephus & ! ,jewi% exegetes take ! sev5 times to be sev5 ye>s2 b ! phrase is vague1 & ! ev5t is evid5tly repres5t$ z tak+ place at ! close ( ! k+'s reign4 ,in/ead ( us+ ! awful "n ( ,jehovah1 ! prophet uses ! di/ant p]iphrasis ( ! ,heav5s4 ,x 0 a phrase :i* became common 9 lat] ,jewi% lit]ature1 & a ,babylonian k+ w\ld be famili> ) x2 = 9 ! inscriptions we f9d ,m>uduk address$ z ! great ,heav5s1 ! fa!r ( ! gods4#cii ,hav+ fai?fully int]pret$ ! fe>ful w>n+ ( ! dream1 ,daniel po9ts out t ! m5aces ( doom are sometimes conditional1 & may be av]t$ or delay$4 ,:]e=e1 he says1 ,o k+1 let my c\nsel be acceptable unto !e1 & break (f ?y s9s by righte\sness1 & ?9e iniquities by %[+ m]cy to ! poor2 if s be !re may be a heal+ ( ?y error4#djj ,?is pi\s exhortation ( ,daniel has be5 sev]ely criticis$ f opposite directions4 ,! ,jewi% ,rabbis1 9 ! v _s ( bigotry & false religion1 said t ,daniel 0 subsequ5tly ?r[n into ! d5 ( lions to puni% him = ! crime ( t5d]+ good advice to ,nebu*adrezz>2#dja &1 moreov]1 ! advice c\ld n be ( any real use2 = ev5 if ! nations ( ! _w d righte\sness & m]cy to prolong _! dom9ion1 x is only s9 to !m4#djb ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,roman ,ca?olics h made x _! *ief support = ! doctr9e ( good works1 :i* is s sev]ely condemn$ 9 ! twelf? ( our ,articles4 ,probably no su* !ological que/ions remotely ent]$ into ! m9d ( ! writ]4 ,p]haps ! words %\ld be r5d]$ break (f ?y s9s by righte\sness1 r ?an 7z ,!odotion r5d]s !m7 r$eem ?y s9s by almsgiv+4#djc ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t among ! ,ph>isees & ! lat] ,rabbis !re 0 a griev\s limitation ( ! s5se ( ! ^w tz$akah1 righte\sness1 to mean m]ely almsgiv+4 ,9 ,matt4 vi4 #a x is well kn[n t ! read+ alms 77 has 9 ! receiv$ text displac$ ! read+ righte\sness 772 & 9 ! ,talmud righte\sness--l our %runk5 misuse ( ! ^w *>ity--means almsgiv+4 ,! value ( alms has (t5 be5 extravagantly exalt$4 ,?us we read3 ,:oev] %e>s 8 sub/ance = ! poor escapes ! condemnation ( hell 7,n$>m1 f4 #bb1 #a74 ,9 ,baba ,ba?ra1 f4 #aj1 #a1 & ,ro% ,ha%anah1 f4 #af1 #b1 we h alms deliv]e? f dea?1 z a gloss on ! mean+ ( ,prov4 xi4 #d4djd ,we _c tell t ! writ] %>$ ^! views4 ,he probably meant no m ?an t cruelty & inju/ice 7 ! *ief vices ( despots1 & t ! only way to av]t a ?reat5$ calamity 0 by rep5t+ ( !m4 ,! necessity = compassion 9 ! ab/ract 0 recognis$ ev5 by ! mo/ brutal ,assyrian k+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we are next told ! fulfilm5t ( ! d>k dream4 ,! int]pretation _h be5 meant to w>n ! k+2 b ! w>n+ 0 soon =gott5 by "o array$ 9 su* absolutism ( imp]ial p[]4 ,! intoxication ( pride _h become habitual 9 8 he>t1 & twelve mon?s suffic$ to oblit]ate all solemn ?\ghts4 ,! ,septuag9t adds t he kept ! words 9 8 he>t2 b ! abs5ce ( any m5tion ( rew>ds or hon\rs paid to ,daniel is p]haps a sign t he 0 r (f5d$ ?an impress$4 ,a ye> lat] he 0 walk+ on ! flat ro( ( ! great palace ( ! k+dom ( ,babylon4 ,! sight ( t gold5 city 9 ! z5i? ( its spl5d\r may well h dazzl$ ! s\l ( its f\nd]4 ,he tells u 9 an inscription t he reg>d$ t city z ! apple ( 8 eye1 & t ! palace 0 its mo/ glori\s ornam5t4#dje ,x 0 9 ! c5tre ( ! :ole c\ntry2 x cov]$ a va/ space1 & 0 visible f> & wide4 ,x 0 built ( brick & bitum51 enri*$ ) c$> & iron1 decorat$ ) inscriptions & pa9t+s4 ,! t[] conta9$ ! treasures ( my imp]i%able royalty2 & silv]1 gold1 metals1 gems1 nameless & priceless1 & imm5se treasures ( r>e value1 _h be5 lavi%$ ^u x4 ,begun 9 a happy mon?1 & on an auspici\s day1 x _h be5 f9i%$ 9 fifte5 days by armies ( slaves4 ,?is palace & its celebrat$ hang+ g>d5s 7 "o ( ! wond]s ( ! _w4 ,beyond ?is sup]b edifice1 :]e n[ ! hyna pr[ls amid miles ( dbris & m\nds ( ru91 & :]e ! bitt]n builds amid pools ( wat]1 lay ! unequall$ city4 ,its walls 7 ?ree hundr$ & eighty feet high & eighty-five feet ?ick1 & ea* side ( ! quadrilat]al !y enclos$ 0 fifte5 miles 9 l5g?4 ,! mighty ,euphrates fl[$ ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ! city1 :i* is said to h cov]$ a space ( two hundr$ squ>e miles2 & on its f>!r bank1 t]race above t]race1 up to its c5tral alt>1 rose ! huge ,temple ( ,bel1 ) all its dep5d5t temples & palaces4#djf ,! va/ circuit ( ! walls enclos$ no m]e wild]ness ( h\ses1 b !re 7 int]spaces ( g>d5s1 & palm-groves1 & or*>ds1 & cornl&1 suffici5t to ma9ta9 ! :ole population4 ,"h & !re rose ! temples re>$ to ,nebo1 & ,s9 ! moon-god1 & ,mylitta1 & ,nana1 & ,samas1 & o!r deities2 & !re 7 aqu$ucts or conduits = wat]1 & =ts & palaces2 & ! walls 7 pi]c$ ) a hundr$ braz5 gates4 ,:5 ,milton want$ to f9d "s p>allel to ! city ( ,p&emonium 9 ,p>adise ,lo/1 he c\ld only say1-- ,n ,babylon1 ,nor great ,alcairo su* magnific5ce ,equall'd 9 all _! glories1 to en%r9e ,belus or ,s]apis _! gods1 or seat ,_! k+s1 :5 ,egypt ) ,assyria /rove ,9 weal? & luxury4 ,babylon1 to use ! phrase ( ,ari/otle1 includ$1 n a city1 b a nation4#djg ,en*ant$ by ! glori\s spectacle ( ?is h\se ( 8 royalty & abode ( 8 maje/y1 ! despot exclaim$ almo/ 9 ! words ( "s ( 8 own inscriptions1 ,is n ?is great ,babylon t ,i h built = ! h\se ( ! k+dom by ! might ( my treasures & = ! hon\r ( my maje/y8 ,! ,bible always repres5ts to u t pride & arrogant self-confid5ce are an (f5ce aga9/ ,god4 ,! doom fell on ,nebu*adrezz> :ile ! haughty boa/ 0 /ill 9 ! k+'s m\?4 ,! sudd5ness ( ! ,nemesis ( pride is closely p>allel$ by ! sc5e 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 9 :i* ,h]od ,agrippa ,i4 is repres5t$ z ent]+ ! !atre at ,cs>ea to receive ! deputies ( ,tyre & ,sidon4 ,he 0 clad1 says ,josephus1 9 a robe ( int]tissu$ silv]1 & :5 ! sun %one ^u x he 0 surr\nd$ ) a blaze ( spl5d\r4 ,/ruck by ! sc5e1 ! p1 :5 he _h end$ 8 h>angue to !m1 %\t$1 ,x is ! voice ( a god1 & n ( a man6 ,h]od1 too1 9 ! /ory ( ,josephus1 _h receiv$1 j be=e1 an om9\s w>n+2 b x came to him 9 va94 ,he accept$ ! blasphem\s adulation1 & imm$iately1 smitt5 by ! angel ( ,god1 he 0 eat5 ( worms1 & 9 ?ree days 0 dead4#djh ,& some?+ l ?is we see aga9 & aga9 9 :at ! late ,bi%op ,?irlwall call$ ! irony ( hi/ory--! v cases 9 :i* m5 seem to h be5 elevat$ to ! v summit ( p[] only to height5 ! dreadful precipice ov] :i* !y imm$iately fall4 ,he m5tions ! cases ( ,p]sia1 :i* 0 on ! v]ge ( ru91 :5 ) lordly arrogance %e dictat$ ! ,peace ( ,antalcidas2 ( ,boniface ,,viii41 9 ! ,jubilee ( #acjj1 imm$iately prec$+ 8 deadly ov]?r[2 ( ,spa91 "u ,philip ,,ii41 /ruck d[n by ! ru9 ( ! ,armada at ! z5i? ( h] weal? & pride4 ,he might h add$ ! in/ances ( ,ahab1 ,s5na*]ib1 ,nebu*adrezz>1 & ,h]od ,antipas2 ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 dy+ z ! fool die?1 drunk5 & mis]able1 9 ! supreme h\r ( 8 conque/s2 ( ,napoleon1 hurl$ into ! du/1 fir/ by ! retreat f ,mosc[1 !n by ! ov]?r[ at ,wat]loo4 ,:ile ! ^w 0 yet 9 ! k+'s m\?1 !re fell a voice f heav54 ,x 0 :at ! ,talmudi/s allud$ to s frequ5tly z ! ,ba? ,ql1 or daught] ( a voice1 :i* came sometimes = ! consolation ( suff]+1 sometimes = ! admonition ( ov]we5+ arrogance4 ,x ann\nc$ to him ! fulfilm5t ( ! dream & its int]pretation4 ,z ) "o lightn+-fla% ! glori\s c$> 0 bla/$1 its leaves scatt]$1 its fruits de/roy$1 its %elt] r$uc$ to burn+ & b>r5ness4 ,!n someh[ ! man's he>t 0 tak5 f him4 ,he 0 driv5 =? to dwell among ! bea/s ( ! field1 to eat grass l ox54 ,tak+ himself = an animal 9 8 degrad+ humiliation he liv$ 9 ! op5 field4 ,! dews ( heav5 fell ^u him4 ,8 unkempt locks grew r\gh l eagles' fea!rs1 8 uncut nails l claws4 ,9 ?is condition he rema9$ till sev5 times--"s vague & sacr$ cycle ( days--pass$ ov] him4 ,8 p5alty 0 no?+ absolutely abnormal4 ,8 illness is well kn[n to sci5ce & national tradition z t =m ( hypo*ondriasis 9 :i* a man takes himself = a wolf 7lycan?ropy71 or a dog 7kynan?ropy71 or "s o!r animal4#dji ,probably ! fif?-c5tury monks1 :o 7 kn[n z ,boskoi1 f fe$+ on grass1 may h be51 9 _m cases1 half maniacs :o 9 "t took !mselves = ox54 ,cornill1 s f> z ,i "k1 is ! fir/ to po9t out ! curi\s circum/ance t a notion z to ! po9ts ( analogy betwe5 ,nebu*adnezz> 7?us spelt7 & ,antio*us ,epiphanes may h be5 /r5g!n$ by ! ,jewi% me?od ( my/ic comm5t>y kn[n 9 ! ,talmud z ,gematria1 & 9 ,greek z ,isopsephism4 ,t su* me?ods1 9 o!r =ms1 7 kn[n & practis$ 9 e>ly times we f9d f ! sub/itution ( ,%e%a* = ,babel 9 ,j]4 xxv4 #bf1 li4 #da1 & ( ,tabeal 7by "s cryptogram7 = ,remaliah 9 ,isa4 vii4 #f2 & ( lebh kamai 7!m t dwell 9 ! mid/ ( !m7 = ,kasdm 7,*aldeans7 9 ,j]4 li4 #a4 ,^! =ms are only explicable by ! int]*ange ( lett]s kn[n z ,a?ba%1 ,albam1 etc4 ,n[ ,nebu*adnezz> #dbc3-- #ej2 #b2 #f2 #bj2 #d2 #ej2 #a2 #ij2 #bjj #dbc4 ,& ,antio*us ,epiphanes #dbc3-- #a2 #ej2 #i2 #aj2 #f2 #bj2 #f2 #fj 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #afb #a2 #gj2 #aj2 #gj2 #ej2 #fj #bfa #dbc4 ,! madness ( ,antio*us 0 recognis$ 9 ! popul> *ange ( 8 "n f ,epiphanes to ,epimanes4 ,b !re 7 obvi\s po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ^! pot5tates4 ,bo? ( !m conqu]$ ,j]usalem4 ,bo? ( !m robb$ ! ,temple ( its holy vessels4 ,bo? ( !m 7 liable to madness4 ,bo? ( !m tri$ to dictate ! religion ( _! subjects4 ,:at happ5$ to ! k+dom ( ,babylon dur+ ! int]im is a po9t ) :i* ! writ] does n tr\ble himself4 ,x =m$ no "p ( 8 /ory or ( 8 moral4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no difficulty 9 suppos+ t ! *ief mages & c\rti]s may h cont9u$ to rule 9 ! k+'s "n--a c\rse r5d]$ all ! m easy by ! extreme seclusion 9 :i* mo/ ,ea/]n mon>*s pass _! lives1 (t5 unse5 by _! subjects f "o ye>'s end to ! o!r4 ,alike 9 anci5t days z 9 mod]n--witness ! cases ( ,*>les ,,vi4 ( ,france1 ,*ri/ian ,,vii4 ( ,d5m>k1 ,george ,,iii4 ( ,engl&1 & ,o?o ( ,bav>ia--a k+'s madness is n all[$ to int]f]e ) ! normal adm9i/ration ( ! k+dom4 ,:5 ! sev5 times--:e!r ye>s or brief p]iods--7 conclud$1 ,nebu*adrezz> lift$ up 8 eyes to heav51 & 8 und]/&+ return$ to him4 ,no fur!r light is ?r[n on 8 recov]y1 :i* 7z is n infrequ5tly ! case 9 madness7 0 z sudd5 z 8 ab]ration4 ,p]haps ! calm ( ! inf9ite azure ov] 8 head fl[$ into 8 tr\bl$ s\l1 & rem9d$ him t 7z ! inscriptions say7 ! ,heav5s are ! fa!r ( ! gods4#daj ,at any rate1 ) t upw>d glance came ! re/oration ( 8 reason4 ,he in/antly bless$ ! ,mo/ ,high1 & prais$ & hon\r$ ,him :o live? = ev]1 ^: dom9ion is an ev]la/+ dom9ion1 & ,8 k+dom is f g5]ation to g5]ation4#daa ,& all ! inhabitants ( ! e>? are reput$ z no?+2 & ,he doe? accord+ to ,8 w#dab 9 ! army ( heav51 & among ! inhabitants ( ! e>?2#dac & none c /ay ,8 h&1 or say unto ,him1 ,:at doe/ ,?\8#dad ,!n 8 lords & c\nsellors re9/at$ him 9 8 =m] maje/y2 8 hon\r & brightness return$ to him2 he 0 once m t head ( gold 9 8 k+dom4#dae ,he concludes ! /ory ) ! words3 ,n[ ,i ,nebu*adnezz> praise & extol & hon\r ! ,k+ ( heav51 all ^: works are tru? & ,8 ways judgm5t2#daf & ^? t walk 9 pride ,he is able to abase4#dag ,he di$ ,b4,c4 #efa1 & 0 deifi$1 leav+ beh9d him an inv9cible "n4 ,,footnotes3 #cga ,comp4 #a ,macc4 i4 #da1 #db3 ,& ! k+ ,antio*us ,epiphanes wrote to 8 :ole k+dom1 t all %\ld be "o p1 & e "o %\ld leave 8 laws4 #cgb ,isa4 xxvi4 #i4 #cgc ,pr(essor ,full] foll[s !m 9 suppos+ t ! decree is really a lett] writt5 by ,daniel1 z is %[n by ! analogy ( simil> docum5ts1 & ! atte/ation 767 ( ! ,,lxx4 7 74 ,he adds1 ,! und]tone ( g5u95ess :i* makes itself s inobtrusively felt to ! ,assyrian s*ol> :5 read+ x1 is q suffici5t to decide ! "q ( au!nticity6 ,su* rem>ks are meant only = a c]ta9 circle ( read]s already conv9c$4 ,if !y 7 true1 x w\ld be s+ul> t sc>cely "o liv+ ,assyriologi/ accepts ! au!nticity ( ,daniel2 & ,mr4 ,bevan calls ?is a n>rative :i* conta9s sc>cely any?+ specifically ,babylonian4 #cgd ,see ,jos4 c4 ,ap41 ,i4 #bj1 1 7( ,nebu*adrezz>72 & ,i4 #ai ( ,nabopolass>4 #cge ,prp4 ,ev41 lx4 #da4 #cgf ,i foll[ ! bett] read+s :i* ,mr4 ,bevan adopts f ,von ,guts*mid & ,t\p4 #cgg ,comp4 ,ezra iv4 #g1 vii4 #ab4 #cgh ,if ,nebu*adrezz> wrote ?is edict1 he mu/ h be5 v famili> ) ! language ( ,scripture4 ,see ,deut4 vi4 #bb2 ,isa4 viii4 #ah2 ,psalm lxxviii4 #ab-af1 cvi4 #b2 ,mic4 iv4 #g1 etc4 #cgi ,heykal1 palace2 ,bab41 ikallu4 ,comp4 ,amos viii4 #c4 ,see ! palace describ$ 9 ,lay>d1 ,n9eveh & ,babylon4 #chj ,a mi/ake ( ! writ]4 ,see supra1 p4 #abi4 #cha ,rab-*>tummaya4 #chb ,h]od41 i4 #ajh4 #chc 4 ,comp4 ,mal4 ii4 #ab 7p]haps ! wat*man & him t answ]e?74 ,,lxx41 2 ,!odot41 4 #chd ,comp4 ,deut4 xxxiii4 #b2 ,ze*4 xiv4 #e2 ,psalm lxxxix4 #f2 ,job v4 #a1 etc4 #che ,! ,,lxx41 9 its free manipulation ( ! orig9al1 adds t ! k+ saw ! dream fulfill$4 ,9 "o day ! tree 0 cut d[n1 & its de/ruction complet$ 9 "o h\r4 #chf ,comp4 ,ze*4 xiv4 #e2 ,psalm lxxxix4 #f4 #chg ,see ,job xv4 #ae4 #chh ,dr4 ,a4 ,kohut1 ,die jdis*e ,angelologie1 p4 #f1 n4 #ag4 #chi ,= a full exam9ation ( ! subject see ,oehl]1 ,!ol4 ( ! ,o4 ,t41 #ei1 pp4 #aie ff42 ,s*ultz1 ,altte/4 ,!ol41 p4 #eee2 ,hamburg]1 ,real-,encycl41 i41 s4v4 ,engel2 ,pr(essor ,full]1 ,speak]'s ,comm5t>y1 on ! ,apocrypha1 ,tobit1 i41 #aga-ahc4 #cij ,sayce1 ,records ( ! ,pa/1 ix4 #adj4 #cia ,! numb] sev5 is n1 h[ev]1 f\nd 9 all texts4 #cib ,! ,jewi% tradition admits t ! names ( ! angels came f ,p]sia 7,ro% ,ha%anah1 f4 #ef1 #a2 ,b]e%? ,rabba1 c4 #dh2 ,riehm1 ,r4 ,w4 ,b41 i4 #cha74 #cic ,desc5t ( ,i%t>1 ,records ( ! ,pa/1 i4 #ada4 ,botta f\nd sev5 rude figures buri$ "u ! ?re%olds ( doors4 #cid ,! ,t>gum und]/&s x = a mom5t4 #cie ,! wi% 0 q natural4 ,x is ne$less to foll[ ,ra%i1 etc41 9 mak+ ?is an address to ,god1 z ?\gh x 7 a pray] to ,him t ru9 might fall on ,8 enemy ,nebu*adrezz>4 ,comp4 ,ov41 ,fa/41 iii4 #did3 ,ev5iat no/ris ho/ibus ille color4 #cif ,records ( ! ,pa/1 i4 #acc4 #cig ,m>k v4 #c4 #cih ,bevan1 p4 #ib4 #cii ,9 ! ,mi%nah (t5 ,%amaym2 ,n4 ,t41 4 #djj ,or1 z 9 ,a4,v4 & ,hitzig1 if x may be a l5g!n+ ( ?y tranquillity2 b ,ewald reads arukah1 heal+ 7,isa4 lviii4 #h71 = ar'kah4 #dja ,baba ,ba?ra1 f4 #d1 #a4 #djb ,b]a*?1 f4 #aj1 #b2 f4 #eg1 #b4 #djc ,!odot41 2 ,vulg41 peccata tua eleemosynis r$ime4 ,comp4 ,psalm cxii4 #i4 ,?is exaltation ( almsgiv+ is a *>act]i/ic ( lat] ,judaism 7,ecclus4 iv4 #e-aj2 ,tobit iv4 #aa74 #djd ,comp4 ,prov4 x4 #b1 xvi4 #f2 ,sukka1 f4 #di1 #b4 ,! !ological & e?ical "q involv$ is discuss$ by ,calv91 ,in/t41 iii4 #d2 ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,pnit5t41 ii4 #f 7,behrmann74 #dje ,x is n[ call$ ,kasr1 b ! ,arabs call x ,mujelib1 ,! ,ru9$4 #djf ,birs-,nimrod 7,grote1 ,hi/4 ( ,greece1 ,,iii41 *ap4 xix42 ,lay>d1 ,n94 & ,bab41 *ap4 ii474 #djg ,ari/41 ,polit41 ,,iii4 i4 #ab4 ,he says t ?ree days aft] its capture "s ( its inhabitants 7 /ill unaw>e ( ! fact4 #djh ,acts xii4 #bj-bc2 ,jos41 ,antt41 ,,xiv4 viii4 #b4 #dji ,= fur!r in=mation on ?is subject ,i may ref] to my pap] on ,rabb9ic ,exegesis1 ,expositor1 v4 #cfb-cgh4 ,! fact t !re are slight v>iations 9 spell+ ,nebu*adnezz> & ,antio*us ,epiphanes is ( no importance4 #daj ,psalm cxxiii4 #a4 ,see ,eurypides1 ,bac*1 #fii4 #daa ,exod4 xvii4 #af4 #dab ,psalm cxlv4 #ac4 #dac ,isa4 xxiv4 #ba1 xl4 #ae1 #ag4 ,= ! ho/ ( heav5 7 1 ,luke ii4 #ac7 see ,isa4 xl4 #bf2 ,job4 xxxviii4 #g2 #a ,k+s xxii4 #ai2 ,eno* xviii4 #ad-af2 ,matt4 xi4 #be4 #dad ,isa4 xliii4 #ac1 xlv4 #i2 ,psalm cxxxv4 #f2 ,job ix4 #ab2 ,eccles4 viii4 #d4 ,! phrase = to reprove is lit]ally to /rike on ! h&1 & is common 9 lat] ,jewi% writ]s4 #dae ,dan4 ii4 #ch4 #daf ,psalm xxxiii4 #d4 #dag ,exod4 xviii4 #aa4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,fi]y ,,inscription ,t night !y slew him on 8 fa!r's ?rone ,he di$ unnotic$1 & ! h& unkn[n3 ,cr[nless & sceptreless ,bel%azz> lay1 ,a robe ( purple r\nd a =m ( clay4 ,,sir ,e4 ,,arnold4 ,9 ?is *apt] aga9 we h ano!r magnific5t fresco-picture1 int5d$1 z 0 ! la/--b "u circum/ances ( aggravat$ guilt & m t]rible m5ace--to tea* ! lesson t v]ily !re is a ,god t judge? ! e>?4 ,! true/ way to enjoy ! *apt]1 & to grasp ! lessons :i* x is meant to inculcate 9 _! prop] =ce & vividness1 is to consid] x :olly ap>t f ! difficulties z to its lit]al tru?4 ,to read x aright1 & duly to e/imate its gr&eur1 we mu/ relegate to ! conclusion ( ! /ory all worry+ que/ions1 impossible ( f9al solution1 z to :om ! writ] int5d$ by ,bel%azz>1 or :om by ,d>ius ! ,m$e4#dah ,all su* discussions are extrane\s to edification1 & 9 no way affect ei!r ! consummate skill ( ! picture or ! et]nal tru?s ( :i* x is ! symbolic expression4 ,to ^? :o1 ) ! pres5t writ]1 are conv9c$1 by evid5ce f e qu>t]--f philology1 hi/ory1 ! te/imony ( ! inscriptions1 & ! manifold results obta9$ by ! ,high] ,criticism--t ! ,book ( ,daniel is ! "w ( "s holy & highly gift$ ,*asd 9 ! days ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 x becomes cle> t ! /ory ( ,bel%azz>1 :atev] dim fragm5ts ( ,babylonian tradition x may en%r9e1 is really sugge/$ by ! pr(anity ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes 9 c>ry+ (f1 & d\btless subject+ to pr(ane usage1 _m ( ! sacr$ vessels ( ! ,temple ( ,j]usalem4#dai ,! retribution :i* await$ ! wayw>d ,seleucid tyrant is prophetically intimat$ by ! m5ace ( doom :i* receiv$ su* imm$iate fulfilm5t 9 ! case ( ! ,babylonian ,k+4 ,! humiliation ( ! guilty conqu]or1 ,nebu*adrezz> ! ,wick$1 :o f\nd$ ! ,empire ( ,babylon1 is foll[$ by ! ov]?r[ ( 8 dyna/y 9 ! p]son ( 8 son1 & ! capture ( 8 va/ capital4 ,x is natural1 says ,ewald1 t ?us ! picture drawn 9 ?is n>rative %\ld become1 "u ! h&s ( our au?or1 a true night-piece1 ) all ! col\rs ( ! dissolute1 extravagant riot ( luxuri\s passion & gr[+ madness1 ( ru9\s bewild]m5t1 & ( ! my/]i\s horror & t]ror ( su* a night ( revelry & dea?4 ,! description ( ! sc5e beg9s ) "o ( ^? cra%+ ov]tures ( :i* ! writ] duly e/imat$ ! effect ^u ! imag9ation4 ,bel%azz> ! k+ made a great fea/ to a ?\s& ( 8 lords1 & drank w9e be=e ! ?\s&4#dbj ,! banquet may h be5 int5d$ z "s propitiatory fea/ 9 hon\r ( ,bel-m]oda*4 ,x 0 celebrat$ 9 t palace :i* 0 a wond] ( ! _w1 ) its w+$ /atues & spl5did spaci\s halls4 ,! walls 7 ri* ) images ( ! ,*aldeans1 pa9t$ 9 v]milion & exce$+ 9 dy$ attire--^? images ( goodly y\?s rid+ on goodly horses1 z 9 ! ,pana!naic procession on ! frieze ( ! ,acropolis--! fresco$ pictures1 on :i*1 9 ! prophet's vision1 ,aholah & ,aholibah1 gloat$ 9 ! *amb]s ( secret imag]y4#dba ,bel%azz>'s pr9ces 7 !re1 & 8 wives1 & 8 concub9es1 ^: pres5ce ! ,babylonian cu/om admitt$1 ?\gh ! ,p]sian reg>d$ x z unseemly4#dbb ,! ,babylonian banquets1 l ^? ( ! ,greeks1 usually end$ by a ,kmos or revelry1 9 :i* intoxication 0 reg>d$ z no disgrace4 ,w9e fl[$ freely4 ,d\btless1 z 9 ! gr&iose picture ( ,m>t91 !re 7 brasi]s ( preci\s metal1 :i* brea!d =? ! fumes ( inc5se2#dbc & d\btless1 too1 !re 7 wom5 & boys & girls ) flutes & cymbals1 to :i* ! danc]s danc$ 9 all ! orgia/ic ab&onm5t ( ,ea/]n passion4 ,all ?is 0 reg>d$ z an elem5t 9 ! religi\s solemnity2 & :ile ! revell]s drank _! w9e1 hymns 7 be+ *ant$1 9 :i* !y prais$ ! gods ( gold & ( silv]1 ( brass1 ( iron1 ( wood1 & ( /one4 ,t ! k+ drank w9e be=e ! ?\s& is ! m rem>kable because usually ! k+s ( ! ,ea/ banquet 9 solit>y /ate 9 _! own ap>tm5ts4#dbd ,!n ! wild k+1 ) j su* a bur/ ( folly & irrev]5ce z *>act]is$ ! banquets ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 be?\ght him ( yet ano!r elem5t ( spl5d\r ) :i* he might make 8 banquet memorable1 & prove ! sup]iority ( 8 own victori\s gods ov] ^? ( o!r nations4 ,! ,temple ( ,j]usalem 0 fam\s ov] all ! _w1 & !re 7 few mon>*s :o _h n he>d ( ! m>vels & ! maje/y ( ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,bel%azz>1 z ! son ( ,nebu*adrezz>1 mu/--if !re 0 any hi/oric reality 9 ! ev5ts n>rat$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]--h he>d ( ! signs & wond]s display$ by ! ,k+ ( heav51 ^: unp>allel$ awfulness 8 fa!r _h publicly atte/$ 9 edicts address$ to all ! _w4 ,he mu/ h kn[n ( ! ,rab-mag ,daniel1 ^: wisdom1 ev5 z a boy1 _h be5 f\nd sup]ior to t ( all ! ,*>tummm & ,a%%aphm2 & h[ 8 ?ree companions _h be5 elevat$ to supreme satrapies2 & h[ !y _h be5 deliv]$ uns+$ f ! sev5-times-heat$ furnace1 ^: flames _h kill$ 8 fa!r's execution]s4 ,"u no conceivable circum/ances c\ld su* m>vels h be5 =gott52 "u no circum/ances c\ld !y h possibly fail$ to create an int5se & a pr(\nd impression4 ,& ,bel%azz> c\ld h>dly fail to h he>d ( ! dreams ( ! gold5 image & ( ! %att]$ c$>1 & ( ,nebu*adrezz>'s unspeakably degrad+ lycan?ropy4 ,8 fa!r _h publicly ackn[l$g$--9 a decree publi%$ to all peoples1 nations1 & languages t dwell 9 all ! e>?--t humiliation _h come ^u him z a puni%m5t = 8 ov]we5+ pride4 ,9 t same decree ! mighty ,nebu*adrezz>--only a ye> or two be=e1 if ,bel%azz> succe$$ him--_h proclaim$ 8 allegiance to ! ,k+ ( heav52 & 9 all previ\s decrees he _h ?reat5$ all p1 nations1 & languages t1 if !y spake any?+ amiss aga9/ ! ,god ( ,%adra*1 ,me%a*1 & ,ab$-nego1 !y %\ld be cut 9 pieces1 & _! h\ses made a dunghill4#dbe ,yet n[ ,bel%azz>1 9 ! flu% ( pride & drunk5ness1#dbf gives 8 ord] to insult ?is ,god ) deadly impiety by publicly defil+ ! vessels ( ,8 awful ,temple1#dbg at a fea/ 9 hon\r ( 8 own idol deities6 ,simil>ly ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 if he _h n be5 half mad1 might h tak5 w>n+1 be=e he insult$ ! ,temple & ! sacr$ vessels ( ,j]usalem1 f ! fact t 8 fa!r1 ,antio*us ! ,great1 _h met 8 dea? 9 attempt+ to plund] ! ,temple at ,elymais 7,b4,c4 #ahg74 ,he might also h recall$ ! celebrat$ discomfiture--h[ev] caus$--( ,heliodorus 9 ! ,temple ( ,j]usalem4#dbh ,su* insult+ & reckless blasphemy c\ld n g unpuni%$4 ,x is fitt+ t ! ,div9e retribution %\ld ov]take ! k+ on ! same night1 & t ! same lips :i* ?us pr(an$ ) ?is w9e ! holie/ ?+s %\ld sip ! w9e ( ! ,div9e poison-cup1 ^: fi]ce heat mu/ 9 ! same night prove fatal to himself4 ,b ev5 su* s9n]s1 dr9k+ z x 7 ov] ! pit ( hell1 accord+ to a metaphor us$ else:]e1#dbi mu/ /ill at ! la/ mom5t be w>n$ by a suitable ,div9e sign1 t x may be kn[n :e!r !y w hon\r ! tru?4#dcj ,nebu*adrezz> _h receiv$ 8 w>n+1 & 9 ! end x _h n be5 :olly 9 va94 ,ev5 = ,bel%azz> x might p]haps n prove to be too late4 ,= at ?is v mom5t#dca :5 ! revelry 0 at its z5i?1 :5 ! :irl ( excit$ self-exaltation 0 mo/ int5se1 :5 ,judah's gold 0 tread+ heavy on ! lips--! pr(ane lips--( satraps & concub9es1 !re appe>$ a port5t1 :i* seems at fir/ to h be5 visible to ! k+ alone4 ,seat$ on 8 l(ty & jewell$ ?rone1 :i* ,out%one ! weal? ( ,ormuz or ( ,ind1 ,or :]e ! gorge\s ,ea/ ) ri*e/ h& ,%[]s on its k+s b>b>ic pe>l & gold1 8 eye caught some?+ visible on ! :ite /ucco ( ! wall above ! l9e ( frescoes4#dcb ,he saw x ov] ! lights :i* cr[n$ ! huge gold5 ,nebra%ta1 or *&eli]4#dcc ,! f+]s ( a man's h& 7 writ+ lett]s on ! wall1 & ! k+ saw ! holl[ ( t gigantic sup]natural palm4#dcd ,! port5t a/\nd$ & horrifi$ him4 ,! flu% ( y\? & ( w9e fad$ f 8 *eek2--8 brightnesses 7 *ang$2 8 ?\ghts tr\bl$ him2 ! b&s ( 8 lo9s 7 loos$2#dce 8 knees smote "o aga9/ ano!r 9 8 trembl+ attitude1#dcf z he /ood arre/$ by ! awful sight4 ,) a t]rible cry he ord]$ t ! :ole famili> tribe ( a/rolog]s & soo?say]s %\ld be summon$4 ,= ?\gh ! h& _h vani%$1 its trace 0 left on ! wall ( ! banquet+-*amb] 9 lett]s ( fire4 ,& ! /rick5 k+1 anxi\s to "k above all ?+s ! purport ( t /range writ+1 proclaims t he :o c\ld int]pret x %\ld be clo!d 9 sc>let1 & h a *a9 ( gold ab\t 8 neck1 & %\ld be "o ( ! triumvirs ( ! k+dom4#dcg ,x 0 ! usual res\rce2 & x fail$ z x _h done 9 e previ\s in/ance4 ,! ,babylonian magi 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel prove !mselves to be m futile ev5 ?an ,ph>aoh's magicians ) _! en*antm5ts4 ,! dream-int]pret]s 9 all _! divisions ent]$ ! banquet-hall4 ,! k+ 0 p]turb$1 ! om5 urg5t1 ! rew>d magnific5t4 ,b x 0 all 9 va94 ,z usual !y fail$1 z 9 e in/ance 9 :i* !y are introduc$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,& _! failure add$ to ! visible confusion ( ! k+1 ^: livid c\nt5ance reta9$ its pallor4 ,! banquet1 9 all its royal magnific5ce1 seem$ likely to end 9 tumult & confusion2 = ! pr9ces1 & satraps1 & wives1 & concub9es all %>$ 9 ! agitation & bewild]m5t ( _! sov]eign4 ,mean:ile ! tid+s ( ! />tl+ prodigy _h rea*$ ! e>s ( ! ,gebrah--! que5-"m--:o1 z always 9 ! ,ea/1 held a high] rank ?an ev5 ! reign+ sultana4#dch ,%e _h n be5 pres5t at--p]haps _h n approv$ (--! luxuri\s revel1 held :5 ! ,p]sians 7 at ! v gates4 ,b n[1 9 h] "y son's extremity1 %e comes =w>d to help & advise him4 ,ent]+ ! hall ) h] att5dant maid5s1 %e bids ! k+ to be no long] tr\bl$1 = !re is a man ( ! highe/ rank--inv>iably1 z w\ld appe>1 ov]look$ & =gott5 till ! critical mom5t1 9 spite ( 8 long s]ies ( triumphs & a*ievem5ts--:o 0 q able to read ! fe>ful augury1 z he _h (t5 done be=e1 :5 all o!rs _h be5 foil$ by ,him :o fru/rate? ! tok5s ( ! li>s & make? div9]s mad4#dci ,/range t he %\ld n h be5 ?\ght (1 ?\gh ! k+ ?y fa!r1 ! k+1 ,i say1 ?y fa!r1 made him ma/] ( ! :ole college ( mages & a/rolog]s4 ,let ,bel%azz> s5d = ,belte%azz>1 & he w\ld untie ! knot & read ! awful enigma4#ddj ,!n1 ,daniel 0 summon$2 & s9ce ! k+ has he>d ( him1 t ! _s ( ! gods is 9 him1 & t light & und]/&+ & excell5t wisdom is f\nd 9 him1 & t he is "o :o c int]pret dreams1 & unriddle h>d s5t5ces & untie knots1 he %all h ! sc>let robe1 & ! gold5 *a91 & ! seat among ! triumvirs1 if he w read & int]pret ! writ+4 ,let ?y gifts be ?9e1 & ?y rew>ds to ano!r1#dda answ]$ ! se]1 ) fe>less =?rightness3 yet1 ,o k+1 ,i w read & int]pret ! writ+4 ,!n1 aft] rem9d+ him ( ! consummate p[] & maje/y ( 8 fa!r ,nebu*adrezz>2 & h[ 8 m9d _h become indurat$ ) pride2 & h[ he _h be5 /rick5 ) lycan?ropy1 till he knew t ! ,mo/ ,high ,god rul$ 9 ! k+dom ( m52 & t1 9 spite ( all ?is1 he1 ,bel%azz>1 9 8 infatuation1 _h insult$ ! ,mo/ ,high ,god by pr(an+ ! holy vessels ( ,8 ,temple 9 a lic5ti\s revelry 9 hon\r ( idols ( gold1 silv]1 brass1 iron1 & /one1 :i* nei!r see1 nor "k1 nor he>1--= ?is reason 7said ! se]7 _h ! holl[ h& be5 s5t & ! writ+ /amp$ ^u ! wall4 ,& n[ :at 0 ! writ+8 ,daniel at ! fir/ glance _h read t fi]y quadrilat]al ( lett]s1 look+ l ! twelve gems ( ! high prie/'s ephod ) ! my/ic light gleam+ ^u !m4 ------------ ,m4 ,n4 ,a4 ------------ ,m4 ,n4 ,a4 ------------ ,t4 ,q4 ,l4 ------------ ,p4 ,r4 ,s4 ------------ ,f\r names ( weight4#ddb ------------------- ,a ,m9a4 ------------------- ,a ,m9a4 ------------------- ,a ,%ekel4 ------------------- ,a ,half-m9a4#ddc ------------------- ,:at possible mean+ c\ld !re be 9 t8 ,did x ne$ an ar*angel's colossal h&1 fla%+ =? ^u a palace-wall to write ! m5ace ( doom1 to h inscrib$ no m ?an ! names ( f\r co9s or weights8 ,no wond] t ! ,*aldeans c\ld n int]pret su* writ+6 ,x may be ask$ :y !y c\ld n ev5 read x1 s9ce ! words are evid5tly ,aramaic1 & ,aramaic 0 ! common language ( trade4 ,! ,rabbis say t ! words1 in/ead ( be+ writt5 f "r to left1 7 writt5 1 pill>-wise1 z ! ,greeks call$ x1 f above d[nw>ds3 ?us-- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ,read f left to "r1 !y w\ld look l gibb]i%2 read f above d[nw>ds1 !y became cle> z f> z ! read+ 0 conc]n$1 ?\gh _! int]pretation might /ill be surpass+ly enigmatic4 ,b words may /& = all sorts ( my/]i\s mean+s2 & 9 ! views ( analogi/s--z ^? are call$ :o n only believe 9 ! my/]i\s =ce & fasc9ation ( words1 b ev5 9 ! physiological quality ( s\nds--!y may hide awful indications "u h>mless vocables4 ,h]e9 lay ! secret4 ,a m9a6 a m9a6 ,yes2 b ! names ( ! weights recall ! ^w m'nah1 ha? numb]$3 & ,god ha? numb]$ ?y k+dom & f9i%$ x4 ,a %ekel6 ,yes2 t'qilta3 ,?\ ha/ be5 weigh$ 9 a balance & f\nd want+4 ,p]es--a half-m9a6 ,yes2 b p'rsa?3 ,?y k+dom has be5 divid$1 & giv5 to ! ,m$es & ,p]sians4#ddd ,at ?is po9t ! /ory is v swiftly br\ght to a conclusion1 = its ess5ce has be5 already giv54 ,daniel is clo!d 9 sc>let1 & ornam5t$ ) ! *a9 ( gold1 & proclaim$ triumvir4#dde ,b ! k+'s doom is seal$6 ,t night 0 ,bel%azz>1 k+ ( ! ,*aldeans1 sla94 ,8 "n meant1 ,bel6 pres]ve ?\ ! k+6 ,b ,bel b[$ d[n1 & ,nebo /oop$1 & gave no help to _! vot>y4 ,evil ?+s 9 robes ( sorr[ ,assail$ ! mon>*'s high e/ate2 ,ah1 woe is me6 = nev] morr[ ,%all dawn ^u him desolate6 ,& all ab\t 8 ?rone ! glory ,t blu%$ & bloom$ ,is b an ill-rememb]$ /ory ,( ! old "t entomb$4 ,& ,d>ius ! ,m$e took ! k+dom1 be+ ab\t sixty-two ye>s old4 ,z !re is no su* p]son kn[n z ,d>ius ! ,m$e1 ! age assign$ to him mu/ be due ei!r to "s tradition ab\t "s o!r ,d>ius1 or to *ronological calculations to :i* we no long] possess ! key4#ddf ,he is call$ ! son ( ,a*a%v]o%1 ,ahasu]us 7ix4 #a71 or ,x]xes4 ,! apologi/s h argu$ t-- #a4 ,d>ius 0 ,cyax>es ,,ii41 fa!r ( ,cyrus1 on ! au?ority ( ,x5ophon's romance1#ddg & ,josephus's e*o ( x4#ddh ,b ! ,cyropdia is no au?ority1 be+1 z ,cic]o said1 a non-hi/oric fiction writt5 to describe an ideal k+dom4#ddi ,hi/ory kn[s no?+ ( a ,cyax>es ,,ii4 #b4 ,d>ius 0 ,a/yages4#dej ,n to m5tion o!r impossibilities :i* atta* to ?is view1 ,a/yages w\ld h be5 f> old] ?an sixty-two at ! capture ( ,babylon by ,cyrus4 ,cyrus _h suppress$ ! ,m$ian dyna/y altoge!r "s ye>s be=e he took ,babylon4 #c4 ,d>ius 0 ! satrap ,gobryas1 :o1 s f> z we "k1 only act$ z gov]nor = a few mon?s4 ,b he is repres5t$ on ! contr>y z an extremely absolute k+1 sett+ "o hundr$ & tw5ty pr9ces ov] ! :ole k+dom1 & issu+ m&ates to all p1 nations1 & languages t dwell 9 all ! e>?4 ,ev5 if su* an id5tification 7 admissible1 x w\ld n 9 ! lea/ save ! hi/oric accuracy ( ! writ]4 ,?is ,d>ius ! ,m$e is ignor$ by hi/ory1 & ,cyrus is repres5t$ by ! anci5t records z hav+ be5 ! sole & undisput$ k+ ( ,babylon f ! "t ( 8 conque/4#dea ,d>ius ! ,m$e probably owes 8 exi/5ce to a lit]al und]/&+ ( ! prophecies ( ,isaiah 7xiii4 #ag7 & ,j]emiah 7li4 #aa1 #bh74 ,we c n[ proce$ to ! exam9ation ( ! next *apt] unimp$$ by impossible & half-he>t$ hypo!ses4 ,we und]/& x1 & x 0 meant to be und]/ood1 z a moral & spiritual p>able1 9 :i* unv]ifi$ hi/oric names & traditions are utilis$ = ! purpose ( inculcat+ lessons ( c\rage & fai?fulness4 ,! picture1 h[ev]1 falls f> bel[ ^? ( ! o!r *apt]s 9 p[]1 f9i%1 & ev5 an approa* to natural v]isimilitude4 ,,footnotes3 #dah ,! "q has already be5 fully discuss$ 7supra1 pp4 #ed-eg74 ,! apologi/s say t-- #a4 ,bel%azz> 0 ,evil-m]oda* 7,niebuhr1 ,wolff1 ,bi%op ,we/cott1 ,zckl]1 ,keil1 etc471 z ! son ( ,nebu*adrezz> 7,dan4 v4 #b1 #aa1 #ah1 #bb71 & 8 successor 7,b>u* i4 #aa1 #ab1 :]e he is call$ ,bal?as>1 z 9 ! ,,lxx474 ,! id5tification is impossible 7see ,dan4 v4 #bh1 #ca72 = ,evil-m]oda* 7,b4,c4 #efa7 0 murd]$ by 8 bro!r-9-law ,n]igliss> 7,b4,c4 #eei74 ,besides1 ! ,jews 7 well acqua9t$ ) ,evil-m]oda* 7#b ,k+s xxv4 #bg2 ,j]4 lii4 #ca47 #b4 ,bel%azz> 0 ,nabunaid 7,/4 ,j]ome1 ,ewald1 ,w9]1 ,h]zfeld1 ,aub]l51 etc474 ,b ! usurp] ,nabunaid1 son ( a ,rab-mag1 0 :olly unlike ,bel%azz>2 & s f> f be+ sla91 he 0 p>don$1 & s5t by ,cyrus to be ,gov]nor ( ,k>mania1 9 :i* position he di$4 #c4 ,bel%azz> 0 ! son ( ,nabunaid4 ,b ?\gh ,nabunaid _h a son ( ! "n he 0 nev] k+4 ,we "k no?+ ( any relation%ip betwe5 him & ,nebu*adrezz>1 nor does ,cyrus 9 8 records make ! mo/ di/ant allusion to him4 ,! attempt to id5tify ,nebu*adrezz> ) an unkn[n ,m>duk-s>-utsur1 m5tion$ 9 ,babylonian tablets1 breaks d[n2 = ,mr4 ,boscaw5 7,soc4 ,bibl41 9 vi41 p4 #ajh7 f9ds t he reign$ be=e ,nabunaid4 ,fur!r1 ! son ( ,nabunaid p]i%$1 n 9 ,babylon1 b 9 ,accad4 #dai ,see #a ,macc4 i4 #ba-bd4 ,he ent]$ pr\dly into ! sanctu>y1 & took away ! gold5 alt>1 & ! c&le/ick ( light1 & all ! vessels !re(1 & ! table ( ! %ewbread1 & ! p\r+ vessels1 & ! vials1 & ! c5s]s ( gold4444 ,he took also ! silv] & ! gold1 & ! preci\s vessels3 also he took ! hidd5 treasures :i* he f\nd1 etc4 ,comp4 #b ,macc4 v4 #aa-ad2 ,diod4 ,sic41 ,,xxxi4 i4 #dh4 ,! value ( preci\s metals :i* he c>ri$ (f 0 e/imat$ at "o ?\s& eight hundr$ silv] tal5ts--ab\t #cej1jjj 7#b ,macc4 v4 #ba74 #dbj ,! ,,lxx4 says two ?\s&4 ,comp4 ,e/h] i4 #c1 #d4 ,j]ome adds1 ,unusquisque secundum suam bibit tatem4 #dba ,ezek4 xxiii4 #ae4 #dbb ,h]od41 i4 #aia1 v4 #ah2 ,x541 ,cyrop41 ,v4 ii4 #bh2 ,q4 ,curt41 ,v4 i4 #ch4 ,!odotion1 p]haps sc&alis$ by ! fact1 omits ! wives1 & ! ,,lxx4 omits bo? wives & concub9es4 #dbc ,lay>d1 ,n94 & ,bab41 ii4 #bfb-bfi4 #dbd ,a!n41 ,deipnos1 iv4 #ade4 ,see ! bas-relief 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ( ,k+ ,assur-bani-pal dr9k+ w9e ) 8 que51 :ile ! head ( 8 vanqui%$ enemy1 ,te-,umman1 ,k+ ( ,elam1 dangles f a palm-bran* full 9 8 view1 s t he c fea/ 8 eyes ^u x4 ,none o!rs are pres5t except ! att5dant eunu*s4 #dbe ,dan4 iii4 #bi4 #dbf ,! ,babylonians 7 notori\s = drunk5 revels4 ,q4 ,curt41 ,v4 i41 ,babylonii maxime 9 v9um et qu ebrietatem sequuntur1 effusi sunt4 #dbg ,dan4 i4 #b4 ,comp4 #a ,macc4 i4 #ba ff4 #dbh #b ,macc4 iii4 #dbi ,psalm lv4 #ae4 #dcj ,ewald4 #dca ,comp4 ,dan4 iii4 #g4 #dcb ,see ,lay>d1 ,n94 & ,bab41 ii4 #bfi4 #dcc ,a ^w ( unc]ta9 orig94 ,! ,talmud uses x = ! ^w 7! ,greek 74 #dcd ,holl[4 ,heb41 pas2 ,!odot41 2 ,vulg41 articulos4 ,! ^w may mean palm ( ! h&1 or sole ( ! foot 7,bevan74 #dce ,psalm lxix4 #bc4 ,b&s--lit4 fa/5+s2 ,!odot41 2 ,vulg41 compages4 #dcf ,comp4 ,ezek4 vii4 #ag1 & ! ,hom]ic 1 ,od41 iv4 #gjc2 ,ov41 ,met41 ii4 #ahj1 g5ua intremu]e timore4 #dcg ,d\btless sugge/$ by ,g54 xli4 #db 7comp4 ,h]od41 iii4 #bj2 ,x541 ,anab41 ,i4 ii4 #bg2 ,cyrop41 ,,viii4 v4 #ah71 z o!r p>ts ( ,daniel's /ory recall t ( ,joseph4 ,comp4 ,e/h] vi4 #h1 #i4 ,! ^w = sc>let or r$-purple is argona4 ,! ^w = *a9 7,q'r4 ham'nka7 is 9 ,!odotion r5d]$ 1 & occurs 9 lat] ,aramaic4 ,! phrase r5d]$ ?ird rul] is v unc]ta94 ,! inf]5ce drawn f x 9 ! ,speak]'s ,comm5t>y--t ,nabunaid 0 k+1 & ,bel%azz> second rul]--is purely nugatory4 ,= ! ,hebrew ^w talt _c mean ?ird1 :i* w\ld be 4 ,ewald & mo/ ,hebrai/s take x to mean rule1 z "o ( ! bo>d ( ?ree4 ,= triumvir comp4 vi4 #b4 #dch #a ,k+s xv4 #ac4 ,%e is prec>i\sly id5tifi$ by ! apologi/s ) ! ,nitocris ( ,h]odotus2 & x is imag9$ t %e may h be5 a daught] ( ,nebu*adrezz>1 m>ri$ to ,nabunaid be=e ! murd] ( ,n]igliss>4 #dci ,isa4 xliv4 #be4 #ddj ,! ^w ,qi/rn1 knots1 may mean h>d que/ions2 b ,mr4 ,bevan 7p4 #ajd7 ?9ks !re may be an allusion to knots us$ z magic spells4 7,comp4 ,s541 dip41 #aja1 ,nodosa sortis v]ba et implexos dolos47 ,he quotes ,al-,baidawi on ! ,koran1 lxiii4 #d1 :o says t a ,jew ca/s a spell on ,mohamm$ by ty+ knots 9 a cord1 & hid+ x 9 a well4 ,b ,gabriel told ! prophet to s5d = ! cord1 & at ea* v]se ( ! ,koran recit$ ov] x a knot unti$ itself4 ,see ,records ( ! ,pa/1 iii4 #ada2 & ,duke1 ,rabb4 ,blum5lehre1 #bca4 #dda ,s ,eli%a1 #b ,k+s v4 #af4 #ddb ,! ,m5 is repeat$ = emphasis4 ,9 ! ,uph>sn 7v]4 #be7 ! u is m]ely ! &1 & ! ^w is slightly alt]$1 p]haps to make ! p>onomasia ) ,p]sians m obvi\s4 ,accord+ to ,buxtorf & ,ges5ius1 p]as1 9 ! s5se ( divide1 is v r>e 9 ! ,t>gums4 #ddc ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 #ahhf4 7,comp4 ,nldeke1 ,zts*r4 fr ,assyriologie1 i4 #dad-dah2 ,kamphaus51 p4 #df47 ,x is ,m4 ,cl]mont-,ganneau :o has ! cr$it ( discov]+ :at seems to be ! true int]pretation ( ^! my/]i\s words4 ,m'n 7,heb4 ,maneh7 is ! ,greek 1 ,lat4 m9a1 :i* ! ,greeks borr[$ f ! ,assyrians4 ,tekel 79 ! ,t>gum ( ,onkelos tkla7 is ! ,hebrew %ekel4 ,9 ! ,mi%nah a half-m9a is call$ p]as1 & an ,assyrian weight 9 ! ,briti% ,museum be>s ! inscription p]a% 9 ! ,aramaic "*4 7,see ,bevan1 p4 #ajf2 ,s*rad]1 s4v4 ,m5e 9 ,riehm1 ,r4,w4,b47 ,p]es is us$ = a half-m9a 9 ,yoma1 f4 #d1 #d2 (t5 9 ! ,talmud2 & 9 ,corp4 ,inscr4 ,sem41 ii4 #aj 7,behrmann74 #ddd ,! ^w occurs 9 ,p]ez ,uzza4 ,!re /ill1 h[ev]1 rema9 "s obvi\sly unexplor$ my/]ies ab\t ^! words4 ,p>onomasia1 z ,i %[$ long ago 9 o!r works1 plays a noble & pr(\nd "p 9 ! language ( emotion2 & t ! int]pretation %\ld "h be made to turn ^u x is n surpris+ by any means4 ,we f9d x 9 ! old] prophets4 ,?us 9 ,j]4 i4 #aa1 #ab3 ,:at see/ ?\8 ,& ,i said1 ,i see a rod ( an almond tree4 ,!n said ! ,"l unto me1 ,?\ ha/ well se53 = ,i w ha/5 ,my ^w to p]=m x4 ,! mean+ "h dep5ds on ! resemblance 9 ,hebrew betwe5 %aqe$1 an almond tree 7a wakeful1 or e>ly tree71 & %oqe$1 ,i w ha/51 or am wakeful ov]4 ,& t ! same use ( plays on words 0 /ill common 9 ! ,maccabean epo* we see 9 ! ,/ory ( ,susanna4 ,!re ,daniel plays on ! resemblance betwe5 1 a ma/ick tree1 & 1 %all cut !e 9 two2 & 1 a holm oak1 & 1 to cut asund]4 ,we may also po9t to ! f9e p>onomasia 9 ! ,hebrew ( ,isa4 v4 #g1 ,mic4 i4 #aj-ae1 & o!r passages4 ,su* a conceit1 says ,mr4 ,ball1 may seem to u f>-fet*$ & inappropriate2 b ! ,ori5tal m9d delights 9 su* lusus v]borum1 & ! peculi> =ce ( all su* passages 9 ! ,hebrew prophets is lo/ 9 our v]sion because !y h n be5 pres]v$ 9 translation4 ,z reg>ds ! ,m$es1 !y are plac$ aft] ! ,p]sians 9 ,isa4 xxi4 #b1 ,e/h] i4 #c1 b g5]ally be=e !m4 #dde ,,lxx41 2 ,!odot41 4 ,see supra1 p4 #baj4 #ddf ,! ,,lxx4 evid5tly felt "s difficulty or foll[$ "s o!r text1 = !y r5d] x1 ,& ,artax]xes ( ! ,m$es took ! k+dom1 & ,d>ius full ( days & glori\s 9 old age4 ,s1 too1 ,josephus 7,antt41 ,x4 xi4 #d71 :o says t he 0 call$ by ano!r "n among ! ,greeks4 #ddg ,cyrop41 ,i4 v4 #b4 #ddh ,antt41 ,x4 xi4 #d4 ,?is 0 ! view ( ,vitr+a1 ,b]?oldt1 ,ges5ius1 ,w9]1 ,keil1 ,h5g/5b]g1 ,hv]nick1 etc4 #ddi ,ad4 ,q4 ,fratr41 i4 #h4 #dej ,! view ( ,niebuhr & ,we/cott4 #dea ,see ,h]od41 i4 #aji4 ,! ,m$ian ,empire fell ,b4,c4 #eei2 ,babylon 0 tak5 ab\t ,b4,c4 #eci4 ,x is reg>d$ z important t a late ,greek lexicograph]1 long aft] ! ,*ri/ian era1 makes ! vague & :olly unsupport$ ass]tion t ! ,d>ic 0 nam$ aft] "s ,d>ius o!r ?an ! fa!r ( ,x]xes6 ,see supra1 pp4 #eg-fj4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,/opp+ ,,! ,,m\?s ,,( ,,lions ,?\ %alt tread ^u ! lion 444 ! "y lion %alt ?\ trample "u ?y feet4--,,psalm xci4 #ac4 ,on ! view :i* reg>ds ^! pictures z p[]ful p>ables1 ri* 9 spiritual in/ructiv5ess1 b n prim>ily conc]n$ ) hi/oric accuracy1 nor ev5 necess>ily ) anci5t tradition1 we h se5 h[ easily ! great /rong fresco-/rokes :i* ! n>rator loves to use may h be5 sugge/$ to him by 8 dilig5t /udy ( ! ,scriptures4 ,! fir/ *apt] is a beautiful picture :i* s]ves to set =? ! glory ( mod]ation & to furni% a vivid concrete illu/ration ( su* passages z ^? ( ,j]emiah3 ,h] ,naz>ites 7 pur] ?an sn[2 !y 7 :it] ?an milk2 !y 7 m ruddy 9 body ?an rubies2 _! poli%+ 0 ( sapphire4#deb ,! second *apt]1 closely reflect+ 9 _m ( its details ! /ory ( ,joseph1 illu/rat$ h[ ,god fru/rate? ! tok5s ( ! li>s1 & make? div9]s mad2 turne? wise m5 backw>d1 & make? _! k fooli%2 confirme? ! ^w ( ,8 s]vant1 & p]=me? ! c\nsel ( ,8 mess5g]s4#dec ,! ?ird *apt] gives vividness to ! promise1 ,:5 ?\ walke/ ?r\gh ! fire1 ?\ %alt n be burn$1 nei!r %all ! flame k9dle ^u !e4#ded ,! f\r? *apt] repeats ! apologue ( ,ezekiel1 9 :i* he comp>es ! ,k+ ( ,assyria to a c$> 9 ,lebanon ) f9e bran*es1 & ) a %ad[y %r\d1 & fair by ! multitude ( 8 bran*es1 s t all ! trees ( ,ed5 t 7 9 ! g>d5 ( ,god envi$ him1 b ^: b\ghs 7 brok5 by all ! wat]c\rses until ! peoples ( ! e>? left 8 %ad[4#dee ,x 0 also meant to %[ t pride goe? be=e de/ruction1 & a haughty _s be=e a fall4#def ,x illu/rates ! words ( ,isaiah3 ,behold1 ! ,"l1 ! ,"l ( ho/s1 %all lop ! b\gh ) t]ror2 & ! high ones ( /ature %all be hewn d[n1 & ! haughty %all be humbl$4#deg ,! fif? *apt] gives a vivid answ] to ,isaiah's *all5ge3 ,let n[ ! a/rolog]s1 ! />gaz]s1 ! mon?ly progno/icators1 /& up & save !e f ^! ?+s :i* %all come ^u !e4#deh ,x describes a fulfilm5t ( 8 vision3 ,a griev\s vision is decl>$ unto !e2 ! trea*]\s deal] deale? trea*]\sly1 & ! spoil] spoile?4 ,g up1 ,o ,elam3 besiege1 ,o ,m$ia4#dei ,! m detail$ prophecy ( ,j]emiah _h said3 ,prep>e aga9/ ,babylon ! nations ) ! k+s ( ! ,m$es4444 ,! mighty m5 ( ,babylon h =borne to fight4444 ,"o po/ %all run to meet ano!r1 & "o mess5g] to meet ano!r1 to %[ ! ,k+ ( ,babylon t 8 city is tak5 at "o end4444 ,9 _! heat ,i w make _! fea/s1 & ,i w make !m drunk51 t !y %all rejoice1 & sleep a p]petual sleep1 & n wake1 sai? ! ,"l4444 ,h[ is ,%e%a* tak56#dfj & h[ is ! praise ( ! :ole e>? surpris$6444 ,& ,i w make drunk h] pr9ces1 & h] wise m51 h] capta9s1 & h] rul]s1 & h] mighty m52 & !y %all sleep a p]petual sleep1 & n wake1 sai? ! ,k+1 ^: "n is ! ,"l ( ho/s4#dfa ,! six? *apt] puts into concrete =m su* passages ( ! ,psalmi/ z3 ,my s\l is among lions3 & ,i lie ev5 among !m t are set on fire1 ev5 ! sons ( m51 ^: tee? are spe>s & arr[s1 & _! tongue a %>p sword2#dfb &--,break ! jaw-bones ( ! lions1 ,o ,"l2#dfc &--,!y h cut (f my life 9 ! dungeon1 & ca/ a /one ^u me#dfd3--;& m g5]ally su* promises z ^? 9 ,isaiah3 ,no weapon t is =m$ aga9/ !e %all prosp]2 & e tongue t %all rise aga9/ !e 9 judgm5t ?\ %alt condemn4 ,?is is ! h]itage ( ! s]vants ( ! ,"l1 & _! righte\sness is ( ,me1 sai? ! ,"l4#dfe ,?is g5esis ( ,haggado? is rem>kably illu/rat$ by ! apocryphal additions to ,daniel4 ,?us ! ,hi/ory ( ,susanna 0 v probably sugge/$ by ,j]emiah's allusion 7xxix4 #bb7 to ! two false prophets ,ahab & ,z$ekiah1 :om ,nebu*adrezz> burnt4#dff ,simil>ly ! /ory ( ,bel & ! ,dragon is a fiction :i* exp\nds ,j]4 li4 #dd3 ,& ,i w puni% ,bel 9 ,babylon1 & ,i w br+ =? out ( 8 m\? t :i* he ha? swall[$ up4#dfg ,hi!rto ! c>e] ( ,daniel _h be5 p]sonally prosp]\s4 ,we h se5 him 9 p]petual hon\r & exaltation1 & he _h n ev5 incurr$--?\gh he may n[ h be5 n9ety ye>s old--su* e>ly trials & privations 9 a hea!n l& z _h fall5 to ! lot ( ,joseph1 8 y\?ful prototype4 ,8 ?ree companions _h be5 pot5tial m>tyrs2 he _h n ev5 be5 a confessor4 ,t]rible z 0 ! doom :i* he _h twice be5 call$ ^u to pron\nce ^u ,nebu*adrezz> & ^u 8 k+dom1 ! /]n messages ( prophecy1 s f> f involv+ him 9 ru91 _h only help$ to uplift him to ! supreme/ hon\rs4 ,n ev5 ! /]nness ( 8 be>+1 & ! t]rible sev]ity ( 8 int]pretations ( ! flam+ message to ,bel%azz>1 _h prev5t$ him f be+ proclaim$ triumvir1 & clo!d 9 sc>let1 & decorat$ ) a *a9 ( gold1 on ! la/ night ( ! ,babylonian ,empire4 ,& n[ a new k+ ( a new dyna/y is repres5t$ z seat$ on ! ?rone2 & x might well h seem$ t ,daniel 0 de/9$ to close 8 days1 n only 9 peace1 b 9 consummate outw>d felicity4 ,d>ius ! ,m$e began 8 reign by appo9t+ "o hundr$ & tw5ty pr9ces ov] ! :ole k+dom2#dfh & ov] ^! he plac$ ?ree presid5ts4 ,daniel is "o ( ^! eyes ( ! k+4#dfi ,because an excell5t _s 0 9 him1 he acquir$ prepond]ant influ5ce among ! presid5ts2 & ! k+1 consid]+ t ,daniel's integrity w\ld secure him f damage 9 ! royal acc\nts1 design$ to set him ov] ! :ole realm4 ,b assum+ t ! writ] is deal+1 n ) ! real1 b ) ! ideal1 some?+ w\ld be lack+ to ,daniel's em95t sa9tl9ess1 if he 7 n set =? z no less capable ( m>tyrdom on behalf ( 8 convictions ?an 8 ?ree companions _h be54 ,f ! fi]y trial 9 :i* _! fai?fulness _h be5 prov$ l gold 9 ! furnace he _h be5 exempt4 ,8 life ?us f> _h be5 a c\rse ( unbrok5 prosp]ity4 ,b ! c>e] ( a pre-em95t prophet & sa9t h>dly seems to h won its f9al cr[n1 unless he also be call$ ^u to m\nt 8 ,calv>y1 & to %>e ) all prophets & all sa9ts ! p]secutions :i* are ! inv>iable concomitants ( ! hundr$fold rew>d4#dgj ,%adra*1 ,me%a*1 & ,ab$-nego _h be5 te/$ 9 e>ly y\?3 ! trial ( ,daniel is res]v$ = 8 extreme old age4 ,x is n1 x c\ld n be1 a sev]] trial ?an t :i* 8 fri5ds brav$1 nor c\ld 8 deliv]ance be repres5t$ z m sup]natural or m complete1 unless x 7 t !y endur$ only = a few mom5ts ! semblable viol5ce ( ! fire1 :ile he 0 %ut up = all ! long h\rs ( night alone 9 ! savage lions' d54 ,!re are1 nev]!less1 two respects 9 :i* ?is *apt] s]ves z a climax to ^? :i* prec$$ x4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! virtue ( ,daniel is ( a m>k$ "* 9 t x is positive1 & n negative--9 t x consi/s1 n 9 reject+ an ov]t s9 ( idolatry1 b 9 cont9u+ ! private duty ( pray]2 on ! o!r1 ! decree ( ,d>ius surpasses ev5 ^? ( ,nebu*adrezz> 9 ! int5sity ( its ackn[l$gm5t ( ! supremacy ( ,israel's ,god4 ,daniel's age--= by ?is "t he mu/ h pass$ ! allott$ limit ( man's ?reescore ye>s & t5--might h exempt$ him f envy1 ev5 if1 z ! ,,lxx4 adds1 he 0 clad 9 purple4 ,b jeal\s t a captive ,jew %\ld be exalt$ above all ! native satraps & pot5tates by ! k+'s fav\r1 8 colleagues ! presid5ts 7:om ! ,,lxx4 calls two "y m57 & ! pr9ces ru%$ be=e ! k+ ) a reque/ :i* !y ?\ght w\ld enable !m to ov]?r[ ,daniel by subtlety4 ,fai?fulness is requir$ 9 /ew>ds2#dga & !y knew t 8 fai?fulness & wisdom 7 su* t !y w\ld be unable to und]m9e him 9 any ord9>y way4 ,!re 0 b "o po9t at :i* !y consid]$ him to be vuln]able1 & t 0 9 any matt] :i* affect$ 8 allegiance to an ali5 wor%ip4 ,b x 0 difficult to inv5t an incid5t :i* w\ld give !m ! s\ght-= opportunity4 ,all poly!isms are z tol]ant z _! prie/s w let !m be4 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,jews 9 ! ,exile 0 ( a necess>ily private nature4 ,!y _h no ,temple1 & su* religi\s ga!r+s z !y held 7 9 no s5se unlawful4 ,! problem ( ! writ] 0 to manage 8 ,haggada 9 su* a way z to make private pray] an act ( treason2 & ! difficulty is met--n1 inde$1 )\t viol5t improbability1 = :i*1 h[ev]1 ,jewi% haggadi/s c>$ little1 b ) z mu* skill z ! circum/ances p]mitt$4 ,! phrase t !y made a tumult or ru%$#dgb be=e ! k+1 :i* recurs 9 vi4 #aa & #ah1 is s+ul>1 & looks z if x 7 int5tionally grotesque by way ( satire4 ,! etiquette ( ,ori5tal c\rts is always mo/ elaborately /ately1 & requires solemn obeisance4 ,?is is :y s*ylus makes ,agamemnon say1 9 answ] to ! too-obsequi\s fulsom5ess ( 8 false wife1-- 1 1 4 ,besides1 pri!e1 use n too fond a c>e ,to me1 z to "s virg9 :om ?\ /rive/ ,to deck ) ornam5ts1 ^: s(tness looks ,s(t]1 hung r\nd ! s(tness ( h] y\?2 ,ope n ! m\? to me1 nor cry ama9 ,z at ! foot/ool ( a man ( ! ,ea/ ,prone on ! gr\nd3 s /oop n ?\ to me6 ,t ^! presid5ts & satraps1 in/ead ( try+ to w9 ! k+ by su* flatt]ies & gap+ ^u him an e>?-grovell+ h[l1 %\ld on ea* occasion h ru%$ into 8 pres5ce1 mu/ be reg>d$ ei!r z a t\* ( int5tional s>casm1 or1 at any rate1 z be+ m 9 accord ) ! rude famili>ities ( lic5ce p]mitt$ to ! c\rti]s ( ! half-mad ,antio*us1 ?an ) ! pro/rations & solemn approa*es :i* s9ce ! days ( ,deoces w\ld alone h be5 p]mitt$ by any conceivable ,d>ius ! ,m$e4 ,h[ev]1 aft] ?is tumultu\s intrusion into ! k+'s pres5ce1 all ! presid5ts1 gov]nors1 *ief *amb]la9s1 pres5t to him ! mon/r\s b unanim\s reque/ t he w\ld1 by an irrevocable int]dict1 =bid t any man %\ld1 = ?irty days1 ask any petition ( any god or man1 on p]il ( be+ ca/ into ! d5 ( lions4#dgc ,pr(essor ,full]1 9 ! ,speak]'s ,comm5t>y1 consid]s t ?is *apt] gives a valuable z well z an int]e/+ insight into ,m$ian cu/oms1 because ! k+ is repres5t$ z liv+ a seclud$ life1 & keeps lions1 & is practically deifi$6 ,! importance ( ! rem>k is f> f obvi\s4 ,! *apt] pres5ts no p>ticul> picture ( a seclud$ life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! k+ moves ab\t freely1 & 8 c\rti]s seem to h free access to him :5ev] !y *oose4 ,z = ! semi-deification ( k+s1 x 0 univ]sal ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/1 & ev5 ,antio*us ,,ii4 _h op5ly tak5 ! surname ( ,!os1 ! god4 ,aga91 e ,jew ?r\gh\t ! _w mu/ h be5 v well aw>e1 s9ce ! days ( ! ,exile1 t ,assyrian & o!r mon>*s kept d5s ( lions1 & occasionally flung _! enemies to !m4#dgd ,b s f> z ! decree ( ,d>ius is conc]n$1 x may well be said t ?r\gh\t all hi/ory no s+le p>allel to x c be quot$4 ,k+s h v (t5 be5 deifi$ 9 absolutism2 b n ev5 a mad ,antio*us1 a mad ,caligula1 a mad ,elagabalus1 or a mad ,commodus ev] dreamt ( pass+ an int]dict t no "o 0 to pref] any petition ei!r to ,god or man = ?irty days1 except to himself6 ,a decree s prepo/]\s1 :i* might be violat$ by millions _m times a day )\t ! k+ be+ cognisant ( x1 w\ld be a pro( ( positive imbecility 9 any k+ :o %\ld dream ( mak+ x4 ,/range1 too--?\gh a matt] ( indiff]5ce to ! writ]1 because x did n affect 8 moral lesson--t ,d>ius %\ld n h notic$ ! abs5ce ( 8 *ief (ficial1 & ! "o man 9 :om he plac$ ! fulle/ & deepe/ confid5ce4 ,! k+1 )\t giv+ ano!r ?\ght to ! matt]1 at once signs ! irrevocable decree4 ,x naturally does n make ! lea/ diff]5ce to ! practices or ! purpose ( ,daniel4 ,8 duty t[>ds ,god transc5ds 8 duty to man4 ,he has be5 accu/om$1 ?rice a day1 to kneel & pray to ,god1 ) ! w9d[ ( 8 upp] *amb] op51 look+ t[>ds ! ,kibleh ( ,j]usalem2#dge & ! k+'s decree makes no *ange 9 8 mann] ( daily wor%ip4 ,!n ! pr9ces ru%$ ?i!r aga91 & f\nd ,daniel pray+ & ask+ petitions be=e 8 ,god4 ,in/antly !y g be=e ! k+1 & d5\nce ,daniel = 8 triple daily defiance ( ! sacrosanct decree1 %[+ t he reg>de? n !e1 ,o k+1 nor ! decree t ?\ ha/ sign$4 ,_! d5unciations produc$ an effect v diff]5t f :at !y _h int5d$4 ,!y _h hop$ to raise ! k+'s wra? & jeal\sy aga9/ ,daniel1 z "o :o lightly e/eem$ 8 div9e autocracy4 ,b s f> f hav+ any su* ignoble feel+1 ! k+ only sees t he has be5 an utt] fool1 ! dupe ( ! wor?lessness ( 8 design+ c\rti]s4#dgf ,all 8 ang] 0 aga9/ himself = 8 own folly2 8 sole desire 0 to save ! man :om = 8 integrity & ability he valu$ m ?an ! :ole crew ( base plott]s :o _h entrapp$ him aga9/ 8 w into a /upid act ( inju/ice4 ,all day1 till sunset1 he lab\r$ h>d to deliv] ,daniel4#dgg ,! :ole b& ( satraps & *amb]la9s feel t ?is w n d at all2 s !y aga9 ru% to ! k+ to rem9d him ( ! ,m$ian & ,p]sian law t no decree :i* ! k+ has pass$ c be alt]$4#dgh ,to alt] x w\ld be a confession ( fallibility1 & !re=e an abnegation ( godhead6 ,yet ! /r5u\s action :i* he aft]w>ds adopt$ %[s t he might1 ev5 !n1 h act$ on ! pr9ciple :i* ! mages laid d[n to ,cambyses1 son ( ,cyrus1 t ! k+ c d no wrong4 ,!re seems to be no reason :y he %\ld n h told ^! tumultu\s pr9ces t if !y int]f]$ ) ,daniel !y %\ld be flung into ! lions' d54 ,?is w\ld probably h alt]$ _! op9ion z to press+ ! royal infallibility ( irrev]sible decrees4 ,b z ?is res\rce did n sugge/ itself to ,d>ius1 no?+ c\ld be done except to ca/ ,daniel into ! d5 or pit ( lions2 b 9 s5t5c+ him ! k+ (f]s ! pray]1 ,may ! ,god :om ?\ s]ve/ cont9ually deliv] !e6#dgi ,!n a /one is laid ov] ! m\? ( ! pit1 &1 = ! sake ( d\ble security1 t ev5 ! k+ may n h ! p[] ( tamp]+ ) x1 x is seal$1 n only ) 8 own seal1 b also ) t ( 8 lords4#dhj ,f ! lion-pit ! k+ w5t back to 8 palace1 b only to sp5d a mis]able night4 ,he c\ld take no food4#dha ,no danc+-wom5 7 summon$ to 8 h>em2#dhb no sleep visit$ 8 eyelids4 ,at ! fir/ glimpse ( morn+ he rose1#dhc & w5t ) ha/e to ! d5--tak+ ! satraps ) him1 adds ! ,,lxx4--& cri$ ) a sorr[ful voice1 ,o ,daniel1 s]vant ( ! liv+ ,god1 ha? ?y ,god :om ?\ s]ve/ cont9ually be5 able to deliv] !e f ! lions8 ,& ! voice ( ! prophet answ]$1 ,o k+1 live = ev]6 ,my ,god s5t ,8 angel1#dhd & %ut ! m\?s ( ! lions1 t !y %\ld n de/roy me3 =asmu* z be=e ,him innoc5cy 0 f\nd 9 me2 & also be=e !e1 ,o k+1 h ,i committ$ no (f5ce4 ,!reupon ! happy k+ ord]$ t ,daniel %\ld be tak5 up out ( ! lion-pit2 & he 0 f\nd to be unhurt1 because he believ$ 9 8 ,god4 ,we w\ld h gladly sp>$ ! t\* ( savag]y ) :i* ! /ory ends4 ,! deliv]ance ( ,daniel made no diff]5ce 9 ! guilt ( 8 accus]s4 ,:at !y _h *>g$ him ) 0 a fact1 & 0 a transgression ( ! ridicul\s decree :i* !y _h caus$ ! k+ to pass4 ,b 8 deliv]ance 0 reg>d$ z a ,div9e judgm5t ^u !m--z pro( t v5geance %\ld fall on !m4 ,accord+ly1 n !y only1 b1 ) ! brutal solid>ity ( rev5ge & puni%m5t :i*1 9 savage & semi-civilis$ races1 conf\nds ! innoc5t ) ! guilty1 _! wives & ev5 _! *ildr5 7 also ca/ into ! d5 ( lions1 & !y did n rea* ! bottom ( ! pit be=e ! lions got hold ( !m & cru%$ all _! bones4#dhe ,!y are dev\r$1 or caught1 by ! hungry lions 9 mid-air4 ,!n ,k+ ,d>ius wrote to all ! nations1 communities1 & tongues :o dwell 9 ! :ole _w1 ,may y\r peace be multipli$6 ,i make a decree1 ,t 9 e dom9ion ( my k+dom m5 tremble & fe> be=e ! ,god ( ,daniel3 = ,he is ! liv+ ,god1 & /eadfa/ = ev]1 & ,8 k+dom t :i* %all n be de/roy$1 & ,8 dom9ion ev5 unto ! end4 ,he deliv]e? & ,he rescue?1 & ,he worke? signs & wond]s 9 heav5 & 9 e>?1 :o deliv]$ ,daniel f ! p[] ( ! lions4 ,! language1 z 9 ,nebu*adrezz>'s decrees1 is purely ,scriptural4#dhf ,:at ! ,m$ian mages & ! ,p]sian fire-wor%ipp]s w\ld ?9k ( su* a decree1 & :e!r x produc$ ! slighte/ effect be=e x vani%$ )\t leav+ a trace beh9d1 are que/ions ) :i* ! au?or ( ! /ory is n conc]n$4 ,he m]ely adds t ,daniel prosp]$ 9 ! reign ( ,d>ius & ( ,cyrus ! ,p]sian4 ,,footnotes3 #deb ,lam4 iv4 #g4 #dec ,isa4 xliv4 #be1 #bf4 #ded ,isa4 xliii4 #b4 #dee ,ezek4 xxxi4 #b-ae4 #def ,prov4 xvi4 #ah4 #deg ,isa4 x4 #cc4 #deh ,isa4 xlvii4 #ac4 #dei ,isa4 xxi4 #b4 #dfj ,! ^w is a cabali/ic cryptogram--an in/ance ( ,gematria--= ,babel4 #dfa ,j]4 li4 #bh-eg4 #dfb ,psalm lvii4 #d4 #dfc ,psalm lviii4 #f4 #dfd ,lam4 iii4 #ec4 #dfe ,isa4 liv4 #ag4 #dff ,sanh$r91 f4 #ic1 #a4 ,see ano!r /ory 9 ,vayyikra ,rabba1 c4 xix4 #dfg ,b]e%? ,rabba1 #fh4 #dfh ,! ,,lxx4 says #abg1 & ,josephus 7,antt41 ,x4 xi4 #d7 says #cfj 7comp4 ,e/h] i4 #a1 viii4 #i1 ix4 #c74 ,"u ,d>ius1 son ( ,hy/aspes1 !re 7 only tw5ty divisions ( ! empire 7,h]od41 iii4 #hi74 #dfi ,dan4 vi4 #b3 ,( :om ,daniel 0--n fir/1 z 9 ,a4,v41 b "o1 ,r4,v4 #dgj ,matt4 xix4 #bi4 #dga #a ,cor4 iv4 #b4 #dgb ,dan4 vi4 #f1 *>'ggi%oo2 ,vulg41 surripu]unt regi2 ,a4,v4 m>g41 came tumultu\sly4 ,! ^w is f\nd 9 ! ,t>gum 9 ,ru? i4 #ai 7,bevan74 #dgc ,! d5 7goob or gubba7 seems to mean a vault4 ,! ,hebrew ^w = pit is boor4 #dgd ,see ,lay>d1 ,n94 & ,bab41 i4 #cce1 #ddg1 #dge2 ,smi?1 ,hi/4 ( ,assur-bani-pal1 xxiv4 #dge ,! *amb] 0 p]haps suppos$ to be a on ! ro(4 ,! kneel+ 9 pray] 7z 9 #a ,k+s viii4 #ed2 #b ,*ron4 vi4 #ac2 ,ezra ix4 #e7 is 9 ! ,ea/ a less common attitude ?an /&+4 ,see #a ,sam4 i4 #bf2 ,m>k xi4 #be2 ,luke xviii4 #aa3 b see ,neh4 viii4 #f2 ,g54 xxiv4 #bf4 ,! ,temple1 & ,j]usalem1 0 ! ,kibleh1 or sacr$ direction ( devotion 7#a ,k+s viii4 #dd2 ,ezek4 viii4 #af2 ,psalm v4 #g1 xxviii4 #b1 lv4 #ag1 etc474 #dgf ,comp4 ,m>k vi4 #bf4 #dgg ,!odot41 4 #dgh ,e/h] i4 #ai1 viii4 #h4 #dgi ,c\rage1 till to-morr[ 7 71 adds ! ,,lxx4 #dhj ,comp4 ,lam4 iii4 #ec4 ,seal-r+s are v anci5t 7,h]od41 i4 #aie74 ,x is useless to speculate on ! con/ruction ( ! lion-pit4 ,! only op5+ m5tion$ seems to h be5 at ! top2 b !re mu/ necess>ily h be5 side-op5+s also4 #dha ,!odot41 4 ,daniel1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! apocryphal ,haggada1 gets 8 d9n] miracul\sly f ! ,prophet ,habakkuk4 #dhb ,heb41 da*avn2 ,r4,v41 in/rum5ts ( music2 ,r4,v4 m>g41 danc+-girls2 ,ges5ius1 ,zckl]1 etc41 concub9es4 #dhc ,!odot41 4 #dhd ,comp4 ,dan4 iii4 #h2 ,psalm xxxiv4 #g-aj2 ,acts xii4 #aa4 #dhe ,comp4 ,e/h] ix4 #ac1 #ad2 ,jo%4 vii4 #bd2 #b ,sam4 xxi4 #a-f4 ,! ,,lxx4 modifies ! savag]y ( ! /ory by mak+ ! v5geance fall only on ! two "y m5 :o 7 ,daniel's fell[-presid5ts4 ,b comp4 ,h]od41 iii4 #aai2 ,am4 ,m>cell41 xxiii4 #f2 & ,ob noxam unius omnis prop9quitas p]it1 etc4 #dhf ,psalm xxix4 #a1 x4 #af1 etc4 ,pr(essor ,full] calls x a ,mazdean col\r+ 9 ! language6 ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,prophetic ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,book ,,*apt] ,i ,,vision ,,( ,,! ,,f\r ,,wild ,,bea/s ,we n[ ent] ^u ! second division ( ! ,book ( ,daniel--! apocalyptic4 ,x is unque/ionably inf]ior to ! fir/ "p 9 gr&eur & importance z a :ole1 b x conta9s n a few great conceptions1 & x 0 well adapt$ to inspire ! hopes & ar\se ! h]oic c\rage ( ! p]secut$ ,jews 9 ! t]rible days ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,daniel n[ speaks 9 ! fir/ p]son1#dhg :]eas ?r\gh\t ! hi/oric section ( ! ,book ! ?ird p]son has be5 us$4 ,9 ! =m ( apocalypse :i* he adopts he _h already _h p>tial precursors 9 ,ezekiel & ,ze*>iah2 b _! symbolic visions 7 f> less detail$ & develop$--x may be add$ f> m poetic & classical--?an 84 ,& 9 lat] apocalypses1 = :i* ?is s]v$ z a model1 little reg>d is paid to ! grotesqu5ess or incongruity ( ! symbols1 if only ! int5d$ conception is convey$4 ,9 no previ\s writ] ( ! gr&] days ( ,hebrew lit]ature w\ld su* symbols h be5 p]mitt$ z horns :i* h eyes & speak1 or lions f :i* ! w+s are pluck$1 & :i* !reaft] /& on _! feet z a man1 & h a man's he>t giv5 to !m4 ,! vision is dat$1 ,9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,bel%azz>1 ,k+ ( ,babylon4 ,x !re=e comes *ronologically betwe5 ! f\r? & fif? *apt]s4 ,on ! pseudepigraphic view ( ! ,book we may suppose t ?is date is m]ely a t\* ( lit]>y v]isimilitude1 design$ to assimilate ! prophecies to ! =m ( ^? utt]$ by ! anci5t prophets2 or p]haps x may be int5d$ to indicate t ) ?ree ( ! f\r empires--! ,babylonian1 ! ,m$ian1 & ! ,p]sian--,daniel _h a p]sonal acqua9tance4 ,beyond ?is we c see no significance 9 ! date2 = ! pr$ictions :i* are "h record$ h none ( t imm$iate relation to ! ye> 9 :i* !y orig9at$ :i* we see 9 ! writ+s ( ,isaiah & ,j]emiah4 ,p]haps ! v]se itself is a lat] guess or gloss1 s9ce !re are slight v>iations 9 ,!odotion & ! ,,lxx4 ,daniel1 we are told1 bo? saw & wrote & n>rat$ ! dream4#dhh ,9 ! vision ( ! night he _h se5 ! f\r w9ds ( heav5 travail+1 or bur/+ =?1 on ! great sea2#dhi & f ^? tumultu\s waves came f\r imm5se wild bea/s1 ea* unlike ! o!r4 ,! fir/ 0 a lion1 ) f\r eagles' w+s4 ,! w+s 7 pluck$ (f1 & x !n rais$ itself f ! e>?1 /ood on its feet l a man1 & a man's he>t 0 giv5 to x4 ,! second 0 l a be>1 rais+ itself on "o side1 & hav+ ?ree ribs betwe5 its tee?2 & x is bidd5 to arise & dev\r mu* fle%4 ,! ?ird is a leop>d1 or pan!r1 ) f\r w+s & f\r heads1 to :i* dom9ion is giv54 ,! f\r?--a yet m t]rible mon/]1 :i* is left undescrib$1 z ?\gh indescribable--has great dev\r+ tee? ( iron1 & feet t /amp & cru%4#dij ,x has t5 horns1 & among !m came up a little horn1 be=e :i* ?ree ( ! o!rs are pluck$ up by ! roots2 & ?is horn has eyes1 & a m\? speak+ great ?+s4 ,!n ! ?rones 7 set = ! ,div9e judges1#dia & ! ,anci5t ( ,days seats ,himself--,8 raim5t z :ite sn[1 ,8 hair z bright wool1 ,8 ?rone ( flames1 ,8 :eels ( burn+ fire4 ,a /ream ( dazzl+ fire goes out be=e ,him4 ,?\s& ?\s&s /& be=e ,him2 t5 ?\s& times t5 ?\s& m9i/] to ,him4 ,! judgm5t is set2 ! books are op5$4 ,! f\r? mon/] is !n sla9 & burn$ because ( ! blasphem+ horn2 ! o!r bea/s are suff]$ to live = a season & a "t1 b _! dom9ion is tak5 away4#dib 99 99 99 99 99 ,b !n1 9 ! night vision1 !re came "o ev5 z a son ( man ) ! cl\ds ( heav51 & is br\ght be=e ! ,anci5t ( ,days1 & receives f ,him p[] & glory & a k+dom--an ev]la/+ dom9ion1 a k+dom t %all n be de/roy$--ov] all p1 nations1 & languages4 ,su* is ! vision1 & its int]pretation foll[s4 ,! he>t ( ,daniel is pi]c$ 9 ! mid/ ( its %ea? by :at he has se51 & ! visions ( 8 head tr\bl$ him4 ,com+ ne> to "o ( !m t /ood by--! angelic m9i/rants ( ! ,anci5t ( ,days--he begs = an int]pretation ( ! vision4 ,x is giv5 him ) extreme brevity4 ,! f\r wild bea/s repres5t f\r k+s1 ! f\nd]s ( f\r successive k+doms4 ,b ! ultimate & et]nal dom9ion is n to be ) !m4 ,x is to be giv51 till ! et]nities ( ! et]nities1 to ! holy ones ( ! ,l(ty ,"o4#dic ,:at foll[s is surely an indication ( ! date ( ! ,book4 ,daniel is q satisfi$ ) ?is meagre int]pretation1 9 :i* no s+le detail is giv5 z reg>ds ! fir/ ?ree _w-empires1 :i* "o w\ld h suppos$ w\ld *iefly int]e/ ! real ,daniel4 ,8 :ole curiosity is absorb$ 9 a detail ( ! vision ( ! f\r? mon/]4 ,x is all b inconceivable t a contempor>y prophet %\ld h felt no fur!r int]e/ 9 ! de/9ies :i* affect$ ! great gold5 ,empire ( ,babylon "u :i* he liv$1 nor 9 ^? ( ,m$ia & ,p]sia1 :i* 7 already beg9n+ to loom l>ge on ! horizon1 & %\ld h c>$ only = an incid5t 9 ! /ory ( a f\r? empire z yet unhe>d (1 :i* 0 only to be fulfill$ f\r c5turies lat]4 ,! int]e/s ( e o!r ,hebrew prophet are always ma9ly absorb$1 s f> z e>?ly ?+s are conc]n$1 9 ! imm$iate or n-f>-di/ant future4 ,t is true also ( ! au?or ( ,daniel1 if1 z we h _h reason to see1 he wrote "u ! rule ( ! p]secut+ & blasphem+ horn4 ,9 8 appeal = ! int]pretation ( ?is symbol !re are fre% p>ticul>s ab\t ?is horn :i* _h eyes & spake v great ?+s4 ,we are told t 8 look 0 m /\t ?an 8 fell[s2 & t he made w> aga9/ ! sa9ts & prevail$ aga9/ !m1 until ! ,anci5t ( ,days came4 ,!n judgm5t 0 giv5 to ! sa9ts1 & ! "t came t ! sa9ts possess$ ! k+dom4 ,! int]pretation is t ! f\r? bea/ is an e>?-dev\r+1 trampl+1 %att]+ k+dom1 div]se f all k+doms2 its t5 horns are t5 k+s t %all arise f x4#did ,!n ano!r k+ %all arise1 div]se f ! fir/1 :o %all subdue ?ree k+s1 %all speak blasphemies1 %all we> out ! sa9ts1 & w /rive to *ange times & laws4 ,b aft] a "t1 two times1 & a half1#die ! judgm5t %all sit1 & he w be annihilat$1 & 8 dom9ion %all be giv5 = ev] to ! p ( ! sa9ts ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,su* 0 ! vision2 su* its int]pretation2 & !re c be no difficulty z to its g5]al significance4 ,i4 ,t ! f\r empires1 & _! f\nd]s1 are n id5tical ) ! f\r empires ( ! metal colossus 9 ,nebu*adrezz>'s dream1 is an inf]5ce :i*1 ap>t f dogmatic bias1 w\ld sc>cely h occurr$ to any unsophi/icat$ read]4 ,to ! imag9ation ( ,nebu*adrezz>1 ! hea!n pot5tate1 !y w\ld naturally pres5t !mselves 9 _! /r5g? & t[]+ gr&eur1 spl5did & impassive & secure1 till ! my/]i\s de/ruction smites !m4 ,to ! ,jewi% se] !y pres5t !mselves 9 _! cruel f]ocity & head/rong ambition z de/roy+ wild bea/s4 ,! symbolism w\ld naturally occur to all :o 7 famili> ) ! w+$ bulls & lions & o!r gigantic repres5tations ( mon/]s :i* decorat$ ! palace-walls ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon4 ,inde$1 simil> imag]y _h already f\nd a place on ! prophetic page4#dif ,,ii4 ,! turbul5t sea1 f :i* ! imm5se bea/s em]ge aft] ! /ruggl+ ( ! f\r w9ds ( heav5 ^u its surface1 is ! sea ( nations4#dig ,,iii4 ,! fir/ great bea/ is ,nebu*adrezz> & ! ,babylonian ,empire4#dih ,!re is no?+ /range 9 ! fact t !re %\ld be a c]ta9 transfusion or ov]lapp+ ( ! symbols1 ! object n be+ lit]>y congruity1 b ! creation ( a g5]al impression4 ,he is repres5t$ z a lion1 because lions 7 preval5t 9 ,babylonia1 & 7 specially prom95t 9 ,babylonian decorations4 ,8 eagle-w+s symbolise rapacity & swiftness4#dii ,b1 accord+ to ! n>rative already giv51 a *ange _h come ov] ! _s ( ,nebu*adrezz> 9 8 latt] days4 ,t subdu+ & s(t5+ by ! influ5ce ( a ,div9e p[] is repres5t$ by ! pluck+ (f ( ! lion's eagle-w+s1 & its fall to e>?4 ,b x 0 n left to lie !re 9 impot5t degradation4 ,x is lift$ up f ! e>?1 & humanis$1 & made to /& on its feet z a man1 & a man's he>t is giv5 to x4#ejj ,,iv4 ,! be>1 :i* places itself ^u "o side1 is ! ,m$ian ,empire1 small] ?an ! ,*aldean1 z ! be> is small] & less =midable ?an ! lion4 ,! cr\*+ on "o side is obscure4 ,x is expla9$ by "s z imply+ t x 0 l[] 9 exaltation ?an ! ,babylonian ,empire2 by o!rs t x gravitat$1 z reg>ds its p[]1 only t[>ds ! c\ntries we/ ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates4#eja ,! mean+ ( ! ?ree ribs 9 its m\? is also unc]ta94 ,"s reg>d ! numb] ?ree z a vague r\nd numb]2 o!rs ref] x to ! ?ree c\ntries ov] :i* ! ,m$ian dom9ion ext5d$--,babylonia1 ,assyria1 & ,syria2 o!rs1 less probably1 to ! ?ree *ief cities4 ,! comm&1 ,arise1 dev\r mu* fle%1 ref]s to ! prophecies ( ,m$ian conque/1#ejb & p]haps to unc]ta9 hi/orical rem9isc5ces :i* confus$ ,d>ius ! ,m$e ) ,d>ius ! son ( ,hy/aspes4 ,^? :o expla9 ?is mon/] z an emblem1 n ( ! ,m$ian b ( ! ,m$o-,p]sian ,empire1 neglect ! pla9 indications ( ! ,book itself1 = ! au?or reg>ds ! ,m$ian & ,p]sian ,empires z di/9ct4#ejc ,v4 ,! leop>d or pan!r repres5ts ! ,p]sian k+dom4#ejd ,x has f\r w+s on its back1 to indicate h[ freely & swiftly x so>$ to ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,its f\r heads indicate f\r k+s4 ,!re 7 inde$ twelve or ?irte5 k+s ( ,p]sia betwe5 ,b4,c4 #ecf & ,b4,c4 #ccc2 b ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,daniel1 :o ( c\rse _h no books ( hi/ory be=e him1 only ?9ks ( ! f\r :o 7 mo/ prom95t 9 popul> tradition--namely 7z x w\ld seem71 ,cyrus1 ,d>ius1 ,artax]xes1 & ,x]xes4#eje ,^! are ! only f\r names :i* ! writ] knew1 because !y are ! only ones :i* occur 9 ,scripture4 ,x is true t ! ,d>ius ( ,neh4 xii4 #bb is n ! ,great ,d>ius1 son ( ,hy/aspes1 b ,d>ius ,codomannus 7,b4,c4 #dbd-djd74 ,b ?is fact may mo/ easily h be5 ov]look$ 9 uncritical & unhi/oric times4 ,& p[] 0 giv5 to x1 = x 0 f> /rong] ?an ! prec$+ k+dom ( ! ,m$es4 ,,vi4 ,! f\r? mon/] won its *ief aspect ( t]ribl5ess f ! conque/s ( ,alex&]1 :i* blaz$ ov] ! ,ea/ ) su* irresi/ible =ce & sudd5ness4#ejf ,! great ,mac$onian1 aft] 8 massacres at ,tyre1 /ruck into ! ,ea/]n _w ! int5se feel+ ( t]ror :i* we /ill c recognise 9 ! n>rative ( ,josephus4 ,8 rule is !re=e symbolis$ by a mon/] div]se f all ! bea/s be=e x 9 its sudd5 leap out ( obscurity1 9 ! lightn+-l rapidity ( its fla% f ,we/ to ,ea/1 & 9 its in/antane\s dis9tegration into f\r sep>ate k+doms4 ,x is ) "o only ( ^? f\r k+doms ( ! ,diado*i1 ! "o :i* s t]ribly affect$ ! =tunes ( ! ,holy ,l&1 t ! writ] is pr$om9antly conc]n$--namely1 ! empire ( ! ,seleucid k+s4 ,x is 9 t portion ( ! k+dom--namely1 f ! ,eux9e to ! conf9es ( ,arabia--t ! t5 horns arise :i*1 we are told1 symbolise t5 k+s4 ,x seems almo/ c]ta9 t ^! t5 k+s are int5d$ =3-- ,b4,c4 #a4 ,seleucus ,i4 7,nicator7#ejg #cab-bhj #b4 ,antio*us ,i4 7,sot]7 #bhj-bfa #c4 ,antio*us ,,ii4 7,!os7 #bfa-bdf #d4 ,seleucus ,,ii4 7,kall9ikos7 #bdf-bbf #e4 ,seleucus ,,iii4 7,k]aunos7 #bbf-bbc #f4 ,antio*us ,,iii4 7,megas7 #bbc-ahg #g4 ,seleucus ,,iv4 7,philopator7 #ahg-agf ,!n foll[$ ! ?ree k+s 7actual or pot5tial7 :o 7 pluck$ up be=e ! little horn3 namely-- ,b4,c4 #h4 ,demetrius #age #i4 ,heliodorus #agf #aj4 ,ptolemy ,philometor #aha-adf ,( ^! ?ree :o succumb$ to ! ma*9ations ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 or ! little horn1#ejh ! fir/1 ,demetrius1 0 ! only son ( ,seleucus ,philopator1 & true heir to ! cr[n4 ,8 fa!r s5t him to ,rome z a ho/age1 & releas$ 8 bro!r ,antio*us4 ,s f> f %[+ gratitude = ?is g5]osity1 ,antio*us1 on ! murd] ( ,seleucus ,,iv4 7,b4,c4 #age71 usurp$ ! rights ( 8 nephew 7,dan4 xi4 #ba74 ,! second1 ,heliodorus1 see+ t ,demetrius ! heir 0 out ( ! way1 poison$ ,seleucus ,philopator1 & himself usurp$ ! k+dom4#eji ,ptolemy ,philometor 0 ! son ( ,cleopatra1 ! si/] ( ,seleucus ,philopator4 ,a l>ge p>ty 0 9 fav\r ( unit+ ,egypt & ,p]sia "u 8 rule4 ,b ,antio*us ,epiphanes ignor$ ! compact :i* _h made ,cle-,syria & ,phnicia ! d[] ( ,cleopatra1 & n only kept ,philometor f 8 rights1 b w\ld h depriv$ him ( ,egypt also b = ! /r5u\s int]position ( ! ,romans & _! ambassador ,m4 ,popilius ,lnas4#eaj ,:5 ! ?ree horns _h ?us fall5 be=e him1 ! little horn--,antio*us ,epiphanes--sprang into prom95ce4 ,! m5tion ( 8 eyes seems to be a ref]5ce to 8 %rewdness1 cunn+1 & vigilance4#eaa ,! m\? t spoke v great ?+s#eab alludes to ! boa/ful arrogance :i* l$ him to assume ! title ( ,epiphanes1 or ! illu/ri\s--:i* 8 scornful subjects *ang$ into ,epimanes1 ! mad--& to 8 assumption ev5 ( ! title ,!os1 ! god1 on "s ( 8 co9s4#eac ,8 look 0 bigg] ?an 8 fell[s1 = he inspir$ ! k+s ( ,egypt & o!r c\ntries ) t]ror4 ,he made w> aga9/ ! sa9ts1 ) ! aid ( ,jason & ,m5elaus1 ^? ungodly wret*es1 & prevail$ aga9/ !m4 ,he wore out ! sa9ts ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 = he took ,j]usalem by /orm1 plund]$ x1 slew eighty ?\s& m51 wom51 & *ildr51 took =ty ?\s& prison]s1 & sold z _m into slav]y 7,b4,c4 #agj74ead ,z he ent]$ ! sanctu>y to plund] x1 "u ! guidance ( ! apo/ate high prie/ ,m5elaus1 he utt]$ words ( blasphemy1 & he c>ri$ (f all ! gold & silv] he c\ld f9d1 includ+ ! gold5 table1 alt> ( inc5se1 c&le/icks1 & vessels1 & ev5 rifl$ ! subt]rane\s vaults1 s t he seiz$ no less ?an eighte5 hundr$ tal5ts ( gold4#eae ,he !n sacrific$ sw9e ^u ! alt>1 & spr9kl$ ! :ole ,temple ) ! bro?4 ,fur!r ?an all ?is1 he ?\ght to *ange times & laws2 & !y 7 giv5 into 8 h& until a "t1 & two times1 & a half4 ,= he made a det]m9$ attempt to put d[n ! ,jewi% fea/s1 ! ,sabba?1 circumcision1 & all ! mo/ di/9ctive ,jewi% ord9ances4#eaf ,9 ,b4,c4 #afg1 two ye>s aft] 8 cruel deva/ation ( ! city1 he s5t ,apollonius1 8 *ief collector ( tribute1 aga9/ ,j]usalem1 ) an army ( tw5ty-two ?\s& m54 ,on ! fir/ ,sabba? aft] 8 arrival1 ,apollonius s5t 8 soldi]s to massacre all ! m5 :om !y met 9 ! /reets1 & to seize ! wom5 & *ildr5 z slaves4 ,he occupi$ ! ca/le on ,m\nt ,zion1 & prev5t$ ! ,jews f att5d+ ! public ord9ances ( _! sanctu>y4 ,h5ce 9 ,june ,b4,c4 #afg ! daily sacrifice ceas$1 & ! ,jews fl$ = _! lives f ! ,holy ,city4 ,antio*us !n publi%$ an edict =bidd+ all 8 subjects 9 ,syria & else:]e--ev5 ! ,zoroa/rians 9 ,arm5ia & ,p]sia--to wor%ip any gods1 or ackn[l$ge any religion b 84#eag ,! ,jewi% sacr$ books 7 burnt1 & n only ! ,sam>itans b _m ,jews apo/atis$1 :ile o!rs hid !mselves 9 m\nta9s & des]ts4#eah ,he s5t an old philosoph] nam$ ,a!nu to in/ruct ! ,jews 9 ! ,greek religion1 & to en=ce its obs]vance4 ,he d$icat$ ! ,temple to ,zeus ,olympios1 & built on ! alt> ( ,jehovah a small] alt> = sacrifice to ,zeus1 to :om he mu/ also h erect$ a /atue4 ,?is hea!n alt> 0 set up on ,kisleu 7,decemb]7 #ae1 & ! hea!n sacrifice began on ,kisleu #be4 ,all obs]vance ( ! ,jewi% ,law 0 n[ treat$ z a capital crime4 ,! ,jews 7 =c$ to sacrifice 9 hea!n groves at hea!n alt>s1 & to walk1 cr[n$ ) ivy1 9 ,bac*ic processions4 ,two wom5 :o _h brav$ ! despot's wra? by circumcis+ _! *ildr5 7 flung f ! ,temple battlem5ts into ! vale bel[4#eai ,! triumph ( ?is blasphem\s & despotic savag]y 0 arre/$1 fir/ by ! irresi/ible =ce ( det]m9$ m>tyrdom :i* pref]r$ dea? to unfai?fulness1 & next by ! arm$ resi/ance evok$ by ! h]oism ( ,matta?ias1 ! prie/ at ,mod94 ,:5 ,apelles visit$ ! t[n1 & ord]$ ! ,jews to sacrifice1 ,matta?ias /ruck d[n ) 8 own h& a ,jew :o 0 prep>+ to obey4 ,!n1 aid$ by 8 /rong h]oic sons1 he attack$ ,apelles1 slew him & 8 soldi]s1 tore d[n ! idolatr\s alt>1 & ) 8 sons & adh]5ts fl$ into ! wild]ness1 :]e !y 7 jo9$ by _m ( ! ,jews4 ,! news ( ?is revolt br\ght ,antio*us to ,pale/9e 9 ,b4,c4 #aff1 & among 8 o!r atrocities he ord]$ ! execution by torture ( ! v5]able scribe ,eleaz>1 & ( ! pi\s "m ) h] sev5 sons4 ,9 spite ( all 8 ef=ts ! p>ty ( ! ,*asidm grew 9 numb]s & 9 /r5g?4 ,:5 ,matta?ias di$1 ,judas ! ,maccabee became _! lead]1 & 8 bro!r ,simon _! c\nsellor4#ebj ,:ile ,antio*us 0 celebrat+ 8 mad & lic5ti\s fe/ival at ,daphne1 ,judas inflict$ a sev]e defeat on ,apollonius1 & won o!r battles1 :i* made ,antio*us v[ 9 an access ( fury t he w\ld ext]m9ate ! nation 7,dan4 xi4 #dd74 ,b he f\nd himself bankrupt1 & ! ,p]sians & ,arm5ians 7 revolt+ f him 9 disgu/4 ,he !re=e s5t ,lysias z 8 g5]al to ,juda1 & ,lysias assembl$ an imm5se army ( =ty ?\s& foot & sev5 ?\s& horse1 to :om ,judas c\ld only oppose six ?\s& m54#eba ,lysias pit*$ 8 camp at ,be?-%ur1 s\? ( ,j]usalem4 ,!re ,judas attack$ him ) irresi/ible val\r & confid5ce1 slew five ?\s& ( 8 soldi]s1 & drove ! re/ to flight4 ,lysias retir$ to ,antio*1 int5d+ to r5ew ! invasion next ye>4 ,!reupon ,judas & 8 army recaptur$ ,j]usalem1 & re/or$ & cleans$ & reconsecrat$ ! dilapidat$ & desecrat$ sanctu>y4 ,he made a new %ewbread-table1 inc5se-alt>1 & c&le/ick ( gold 9 place ( ^? :i* ,antio*us _h c>ri$ (f1 & new vessels ( gold1 & a new veil be=e ! ,holie/ ,place4 ,all ?is 0 complet$ on ,kisleu #be1 ,b4,c4 #afe1 ab\t ! "t ( ! w9t] sol/ice1 on ! same day ( ! ye> on :i*1 ?ree ye>s be=e1 x _h be5 pr(an$ by ,antio*us1 & j ?ree ye>s & a half--'a "t1 two times1 & half a "t'--aft] ! city & ,temple _h be5 desolat$ by ,apollonius4#ebb ,!y began ! day by r5ew+ ! sacrifices1 k9dl+ ! alt> & ! c&le/ick by pure fire /ruck by fl9ts4 ,! :ole law ( ! ,temple s]vice cont9u$ !nce=w>d )\t int]ruption till ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple by ! ,romans4 ,x 0 a fea/ 9 commemoration ( ?is d$ication--call$ ! ,encnia & ! ,lights--:i* ,*ri/ hon\r$ by ,8 pres5ce at ,j]usalem4#ebc ,! neighb\r+ nations1 :5 !y he>d ( ?is revolt ( ! ,jews1 & its spl5did success1 propos$ to jo9 ) ,antio*us = _! ext]m9ation4 ,b mean:ile ! k+1 hav+ be5 %amefully repuls$ 9 8 sacrilegi\s attack on ! ,temple ( ,artemis at ,elymais1 retir$ 9 deep *agr9 to ,ecbatana1 9 ,m$ia4 ,x 0 !re t he he>d ( ! ,jewi% successes & set out to *a/ise ! rebels4 ,on 8 way he he>d ( ! recov]y ( ,j]usalem1 ! de/ruction ( 8 hea!n alt>s1 & ! purification ( ! ,temple4 ,! news flung him into "o ( ^? p>oxysms ( fury to :i* he 0 liable1 &1 brea?+ out ?reat5+s & slaught]1 he decl>$ t he w\ld turn ,j]usalem into "o va/ cemet]y = ! :ole ,jewi% race4 ,sudd5ly smitt5 ) a viol5t int]nal malady1 he w\ld n /ay 8 c\rse1 b /ill urg$ 8 *>iote] to ! utmo/ spe$4#ebd ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ! *>iot 0 ov]turn$1 & he 0 flung viol5tly to ! gr\nd1 receiv+ sev]e injuries4 ,he 0 plac$ 9 a litt]1 b1 unable to be> ! agonies caus$ by its motion1 he /opp$ at ,tab1 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,p>tac5e1 on ! bord]s ( ,p]sia & ,babylonia1 :]e he di$1 ,b4,c4 #afd1 9 v evil case1 half mad ) ! furies ( a remorseful consci5ce4#ebe ,! ,jewi% hi/orians say t1 be=e 8 dea?1 he rep5t$1 ackn[l$g$ ! crimes he _h committ$ aga9/ ! ,jews1 & v[$ t he w\ld repair !m if he surviv$4 ,! /ories ( 8 dea? resemble ^? ( ! dea?s ( ,h]od1 ( ,gal]ius1 ( ,philip ,,ii41 & ( o!r bitt] p]secutors ( ! sa9ts ( ,god4 ,judas ! ,maccabee1 :o _h ov]?r[n 8 p[] 9 ,pale/9e1 di$ at ,eleasa 9 ,b4,c4 #afa1 aft] a s]ies ( brilliant victories4 ,su* 7 ! =tunes ( ! k+ :om ! writ] %ad[s =? "u ! emblem ( ! little horn ) human eyes & a m\? :i* spake blasphemies1 ^: p[] 0 to be made transitory1 & to be annihilat$ & de/roy$ unto ! end4#ebf ,& :5 ?is wild bea/ 0 sla91 & its body giv5 to ! burn+ fire1 ! re/ ( ! bea/s 7 inde$ to be depriv$ ( _! spl5did dom9ions1 b a respite ( life is giv5 !m1 & !y are suff]$ to endure = a "t & a p]iod4#ebg ,b ! et]nal life1 & ! imp]i%able dom9ion1 :i* 7 d5i$ to !m1 are giv5 to ano!r 9 ! epiphany ( ! ,anci5t ( ,days4 ,! vision ( ! se] is "o ( a great sc5e ( judgm5t4 ,?rones are set = ! heav5ly assessors1 & ! ,almighty appe>s 9 sn[-:ite raim5t1 & on ,8 *>iot-?rone ( burn+ flame :i* fla%es r\nd ,him l a va/ photosph]e4#ebh ,! books ( ev]la/+ record are op5$ be=e ! glitt]+ faces ( ! myriads ( sa9ts :o accompany ,him1 & ! fi]y doom is pass$ on ! mon/r\s _w-p[]s :o w\ld fa9 usurp ,8 au?ority4#ebi ,b :o is ! "o ev5 z a son ( man1 :o comes ) ! cl\ds ( heav51 & :o is br\ght be=e ! ,anci5t ( ,days1#ecj to :om is giv5 ! imp]i%able dom9ion8 ,t he is n an angel appe>s f ! fact t he seems to be sep>ate f all ! t5 ?\s& times t5 ?\s& :o /& ar\nd ! *]ubic *>iot4 ,he is n a man1 b some?+ m4 ,9 ?is respect he resembles ! angels describ$ 9 ,dan4 viii4 #ae1 x4 #af-ah4 ,he has ! appe>ance ( a man1 & is l ! similitude ( ! sons ( m54#eca ,we %\ld naturally answ]1 9 accordance ) ! multitude ( anci5t & mod]n comm5tators bo? ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian1 t ! ,messiah is int5d$2#ecb &1 inde$1 our ,"l alludes to ! prophecy 9 ,matt4 xxvi4 #fd4 ,t ! vision is meant to indicate ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,messianic !ocracy _c be d\bt$4 ,b if we foll[ ! int]pretation giv5 by ! angel himself 9 answ] to ,daniel's entreaty1 ! p]sonality ( ! ,messiah seems to be at lea/ some:at subord9ate or indi/9ct4 ,= ! int]pretation1 )\t m5tion+ any p]son1 seems to po9t only to ! sa9ts ( ,israel :o are to inh]it & ma9ta9 t ,div9e k+dom :i* has be5 already ?rice ass]t$ & prophesi$4 ,x is ! holy ones 7,qadd%n71 ! holy ones ( ! ,mo/ ,high 7,qadd% ,elonn71 ^u :om ! nev]-end+ sov]eignty is conf]r$2#ecc & :o ^! are _c be misund]/ood1 = !y are ! v same z ^? aga9/ :om ! little horn has be5 engag$ 9 w>4#ecd ,! ,messianic k+dom is "h pr$om9antly repres5t$ z ! spiritual supremacy ( ! *os5 p4 ,nei!r "h1 nor 9 ii4 #dd1 nor 9 xii4 #c1 does ! writ] sep>ately indicate any ,davidic k+1 or prie/ ^u 8 ?rone1 z _h be5 already done by s _m previ\s prophets4#ece ,?is vision does n seem to h br\ght into prom95ce ! rule ( any ,div9ely ,inc>nate ,*ri/ ov] ! k+dom ( ! ,highe/4 ,9 ?is respect ! int]pretation ( ! "o ev5 z a son ( man comes ^u u z a surprise1 & seems to indicate t ! true int]pretation ( t elem5t ( ! vision is t ! k+dom ( ! sa9ts is !re p]sonifi$2 s t z wild bea/s 7 appropriate emblems ( ! _w-p[]s1 ! reasonabl5ess & sanctity ( ! sa9tly !ocracy are indicat$ by a human =m1 :i* has its orig9 9 ! cl\ds ( heav51 n 9 ! miry & tr\bl$ sea4 ,?is is ! view ( ! ,*ri/ian fa!r ,ephrm ,syrus1 z well z ( ! ,jewi% exegete ,abn ,ezra2 & x is support$ by ! fact t 9 o!r apocryphal books ( ! lat] epo*1 z 9 ! ,assumption ( ,moses & ! ,book ( ,jubilees1 ! ,messianic hope is conc5trat$ 9 ! conception t ! holy nation is to h ! dom9ance ov] ! ,g5tiles4 ,at any rate1 x seems t1 if tru? is to guide u r ?an !ological prepossession1 we mu/ take ! significance ( ! writ]1 n f ! emblems ( ! vision1 b f ! div9ely imp>t$ int]pretation ( x2 & !re ! figure ( "o z a son ( man is p]si/5tly 7vv4 #ah1 #bb1 #bg7 expla9$ to /&1 n = ! ,*ri/ ,himself1 b = ! holy ones ( ! ,mo/ ,high1#ecf ^: dom9ion ,*ri/'s com+ %\ld inaugurate & secure4 ,! *apt] closes ) ! words3 ,"h is ! end ( ! matt]4 ,z = me1 ,daniel1 my ?\ghts mu* tr\bl$ me1 & my brightness 0 *ang$ 9 me3 b ,i kept ! matt] 9 my he>t4 ,,footnotes3 #dhg ,except 9 ! head+ ( *ap4 x4 #dhh ,9 ! op9ion ( ,lag>de & o!rs ?is *apt]--:i* is n notic$ by ,josephus1 & :i* ,me9hold ?9ks _c h be5 writt5 by ! au?or ( *ap4 ii41 s9ce x says no?+ ( ! suff]+s or deliv]ance ( ,israel--did n belong to ! orig9al =m ( ! ,book4 ,lag>de ?9ks t x 0 writt5 ,a4,d4 #fi1 aft] ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians by ,n]o4 #dhi ,/4 ,ephrm ,syrus says1 ,! sea is ! _w4 ,isa4 xvii4 #ab1 xxvii4 #a1 xxxii4 #b4 ,b comp>e ,dan4 vii4 #ag2 ,ezek4 xxix4 #c2 ,rev4 xiii4 #a1 xvii4 #a-h1 xxi4 #a4 #dij ,9 ! vision ( ! colossus 9 ii4 #da-dc /ress is laid on ! division ( ! f\r? empire into /rong] & weak] elem5ts 7iron & clay74 ,t po9t is "h pass$ ov]4 #dia ,a4,v41 ! ?rones 7 ca/ d[n4 #dib ,9 ii4 #ce1 #dd1 ! f\r empires are repres5t$ z f9ally de/roy$4 #dic ,a4,v4 m>g41 high ones--i4e41 ?+s or places4 #did ,n k+doms1 z 9 viii4 #h4 #die ,comp4 ,rev4 xii4 #ad2 ,luke iv4 #be2 ,james v4 #ag4 #dif ,isa4 xxvii4 #a1 li4 #i2 ,ezek4 xxix4 #c1 xxxii4 #b4 #dig ,comp4 ,job xxxviii4 #af1 #ag2 ,isa4 viii4 #g1 xvii4 #ab4 #dih ,comp4 ,dan4 ii4 #ch4 ,j]emiah _h lik5$ ,nebu*adrezz> bo? to ! lion 7iv4 #g1 xlix4 #ai1 etc47 & to ! eagle 7xlviii4 #dj1 xlix4 #bb74 ,ezekiel _h comp>$ ! k+ 7xvii4 #c71 & ,habakkuk 8 armies 7i4 #h71 z also ,j]emiah 7iv4 #ac2 ,lam4 iv4 #ai71 to ! eagle 7,pusey1 p4 #fij74 ,see too ,lay>d1 ,n94 & ,bab41 ii4 #dfj4 ,= o!r bea/-symbols see ,isa4 xxvii4 #a1 li4 #i2 ,ezek4 xxix4 #c2 ,psalm lxxiv4 #ac4 #dii ,comp4 ,j]4 iv4 #g1 #ac1 xlix4 #af2 ,ezek4 xvii4 #c1 #ab2 ,hab4 i4 #h2 ,lam4 iv4 #ai4 #ejj ,! use ( en%--n ee%--indicates *a/5+ & weakness4 #eja ,ewald4 #ejb ,isa4 xiii4 #ag2 ,j]4 li4 #aa1 #bh4 ,ari/otle1 ,h4 ,n41 viii4 #e1 calls ! be> 1 all-dev\r+4 ,a be> appe>s z a dream-symbol 9 an ,assyrian book ( auguries 7,l5ormant1 ,magie1 #dib74 #ejc ,dan4 v4 #bh1 #ca1 vi4 #h1 #ab1 #ae1 #bh1 viii4 #bj1 ix4 #a1 xi4 #a4 #ejd ,! composite bea/ ( ,rev4 xiii4 #b comb9es leop>d1 be>1 & lion4 #eje ,comp4 viii4 #d-h4 #ejf ,battle ( ! ,granicus1 ,b4,c4 #ccd2 ,battle ( ,issus1 #ccc2 ,siege ( ,tyre1 #ccb2 ,battle ( ,arbela1 #cca2 ,dea? ( ,d>ius1 #ccj4 ,alex&] di$ ,b4,c4 #cbc4 #ejg ,?is 0 ! int]pretation giv5 by ! great fa!r ,ephrm ,syrus 9 ! fir/ c5tury4 ,hitzig1 ,ku551 & o!rs c\nt f ,alex&] ! ,great1 & omit ,ptolemy ,philometor4 #ejh ,dan4 xi4 #ba4 #eji ,appian1 ,syr41 #de2 ,liv41 xli4 #bd4 ,! /ory ( 8 attempt to rob ! ,temple at ,j]usalem1 r5d]$ s fam\s by ! great picture ( ,raphael 9 ! ,vatican /anze1 is n m5tion$ by ,josephus1 b only 9 #b ,macc4 iii4 #bd-dj4 ,9 #d ,macc4 x is told1 )\t ! miracle1 ( ,apollonius4 ,!re c be little d\bt t some?+ ( ! k9d happ5$1 b x 0 p]haps due to an impo/ure ( ! ,jewi% high prie/4 #eaj ,porphyry int]pret$ ! ?ree k+s :o succumb$ to ! little horn to be ,ptolemy ,philometor1 ,ptolemy ,eu]getes ,,ii41 & ,artaxias1 ,k+ ( ,arm5ia4 ,! critics :o beg9 ! t5 k+s ) ,alex&] ! ,great c\nt ,seleucus ,,iv4 7,philopator7 z "o ( ! ?ree :o 7 supplant$ by ,antio*us4 ,von ,guts*mid c\nts z "o ( ! ?ree a y\ng] bro!r ( ,demetrius1 said to h be5 murd]$ by ,antio*us 7,mll]1 ,fr4 ,hi/4 ,grc41 iv4 #eeh74 #eaa ,comp4 viii4 #bc4 #eab ,comp4 7,rev4 xiii4 #e72 ,hom41 ,od41 xvi4 #bdc4 #eac ,comp4 xi4 #cf4 #ead ,jos41 ,b4 ,j41 ,i4 i4 #b1 ,,vi4 x4 #a4 ,9 ,antt41 ,,xii4 v4 #c1 ,josephus says he took ,j]usalem by /ratagem4 #eae ,jahn1 ,hebr4 ,commonweal?1 xciv42 ,ewald1 ,hi/4 ( ,isr41 v4 #bic-cjj4 #eaf #b ,macc4 iv4 #i-ae3 ,! prie/s _h no c\rage to s]ve any m at ! alt>1 b despis+ ! ,temple1 & neglect+ ! sacrifices1 ha/5$ to be p>tak]s ( ! unlawful all[ance 9 ! place ( ex]cise1 aft] ! game ( ,discus 444 n sett+ by ! hon\rs ( _! fa!rs1 b lik+ ! glory ( ! ,grecians be/ ( all4 #eag #a ,macc4 i4 #bi-dj2 #b ,macc4 v4 #bd-bf2 ,jos41 ,antt41 ,,xii4 v4 #d4 ,comp4 ,dan4 xi4 #cj1 #ca4 ,see ,s*r]1 i4 #aee ff4 #eah ,j]ome1 ,comm4 9 ,dan41 viii41 ix42 ,tac41 ,hi/41 v4 #h2 #a ,macc4 i4 #da-ec2 #b ,macc4 v4 #bg1 vi4 #b2 ,jos41 ,antt41 ,,xii4 v4 #d4 #eai #a ,macc4 ii4 #da-fd1 iv4 #ed2 #b ,macc4 vi4 #a-i1 x4 #e2 ,jos41 ,antt41 ,,xii4 v4 #d2 ,dan4 xi4 #ca4 #ebj ,maccabee p]haps means ! ,hamm]] 7comp4 ! names ,*>les ,m>tel & ,malleus hreticorum74 ,simeon 0 call$ ,tad%1 he increases 78 ,gk41 74 #eba ,! numb]s v>y 9 ! records4 #ebb ,prideaux1 ,connection1 ii4 #bab4 ,comp4 ,rev4 xii4 #ad1 xi4 #b1 #c4 #ebc ,john x4 #bb4 #ebd ,on ! dea? ( ,antio*us see #a ,macc4 vi4 #h2 #b ,macc4 ix42 ,polybius1 xxxi4 #aa2 ,jos41 ,antt41 ,,xii4 ix4 #a1 #b4 #ebe ,polybius1 ,de ,virt4 et ,vit41 ,exc4 ,vales1 p4 #add2 ,q4 ,curtius1 v4 #ac2 ,/rabo1 xi4 #ebb2 ,appian1 ,syriaca1 xlvi4 #hj2 #a ,macc4 vi42 #b ,macc4 ix42 ,jos41 ,antt41 ,,xii4 ix4 #a2 ,prideaux1 ii4 #bag2 ,jahn1 ,hebr4 ,commonweal? xcvi4 #ebf ,dan4 vii4 #bf4 #ebg ,dan4 vii4 #ab4 ,?is is only explicable at all--& !n n cle>ly--on ! supposition t ! f\r? bea/ repres5ts ,alex&] & ! ,diado*i4 ,see ev5 ,pusey1 p4 #gh4 #ebh ,ezek4 i4 #bf2 ,psalm l4 #c4 ,comp4 ! adaptation ( ?is vision 9 ,eno* xlvi4 #a-c4 #ebi ,isa4 l4 #aa1 lx4 #aj-ab1 lxvi4 #bd1 ,joel iii4 #a1 #b4 ,see ,rev4 i4 #ac4 ,9 ! ,gospels x is n a son ( man1 b g5]ally 4 ,comp4 ,matt4 xvi4 #ac1 xxiv4 #cj2 ,john xii4 #cd2 ,acts vii4 #ef2 ,ju/91 ,dial4 c4 ,tryph41 #ca4 #ecj ,comp4 ,m>k xiv4 #fb2 ,rev4 i4 #g2 ,hom41 ,il41 v4 #hfg1 4 #eca ,comp4 ,ezek4 i4 #bf4 #ecb ,x is s und]/ood by ! ,book ( ,eno*2 ! ,talmud 7,sanh$r91 f4 #ih1 #a72 ! e>ly fa!r ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,dial4 c4 ,tryph41 #ca1 etc4 ,"s ( ! ,jewi% comm5tators 7e4g41 ,abn ,ezra7 und]/ood x ( ! p ( ,god1 & s ,h(mann1 ,hitzig1 ,me9hold1 etc4 ,see ,behrmann1 ,dan41 p4 #dh4 #ecc ,dan4 iv4 #c1 #cd1 vi4 #bf4 ,see ,s*r]1 ii4 #bdg2 ,wellhaus51 ,die ,ph>is4 u4 ,sadd41 #bd ff4 #ecd ,dan4 vii4 #af1 #bb1 #bc1 #bg4 #ece ,ze*4 ix4 #i4 #ecf ,see ,s*r]1 ii4 #ach-ahg1 ,! ,messianic ,hope3 he ref]s to ,ecclus4 xxxii4 #ah1 #ai1 xxxiii4 #a-aa1 xl4 #ac1 l4 #bd2 ,judi? xvi4 #ab2 #b ,macc4 ii4 #ah2 ,b>u* ii4 #bg-ce2 ,tobit xiii1 #aa-ah2 ,wisdom iii4 #h1 v4 #a1 etc4 ,! ,messianic ,k+ appe>s m di/9ctly 9 ,orac4 ,sibyll41 iii42 9 p>ts ( ! ,book ( ,eno* 7( :i*1 h[ev]1 xlv4-lvii4 are ( unkn[n date72 & ! ,psalms ( ,solomon4 ,9 ,philo we seem to h traces ( ! ,k+ z well z ( ! k+dom4 ,see ,drummond1 ,! ,jewi% ,messiah1 pp4 #aif ff42 ,/anton1 ,! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,messiah1 pp4 #aji-aah4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,ram ,,& ,,! ,,he-,,goat ,?is vision is dat$ z hav+ occurr$ 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,bel%azz>2 b x is n easy to see ! significance ( ! date1 s9ce x is almo/ exclusively occupi$ ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,greek ,empire1 its dissolution into ! k+doms ( ! ,diado*i1 & ! godless despotism ( ,k+ ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,! se] imag9es himself to be 9 ! palace ( ,%u%an3 ,z ,i beheld ,i 0 9 ! ca/le ( ,%u%an4#ecg ,x has be5 suppos$ by "s t ,daniel 0 really !re ^u "s bus9ess connect$ ) ! k+dom ( ,babylon4 ,b ?is view creates a ne$less difficulty4 ,%u%an1 :i* ! ,greeks call$ ,susa1 & ! ,p]sians ,%u% 7n[ ,%u%t]71 ! city ( ! lily1 0 ! palace or =tress 7brah#ech7 ( ! ,a*m5id k+s ( ,p]sia1 & x is mo/ unlikely t a *ief (fic] ( ! k+dom ( ,babylon %\ld h be5 !re 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ! imag9>y ,k+ ,bel%azz>1 j :5 ,cyrus 0 on ! eve ( captur+ ,babylon )\t a bl[4 ,if ,bel%azz> is "s dim reflection ( ! son ( ,nabunaid 7?\gh he nev] reign$71 ,%u%an 0 n !n subject to ! ,k+ ( ,babylonia4 ,b ! ideal pres5ce ( ! prophet !re1 9 vision1 is analog\s to ! pres5ce ( ! exile ,ezekiel 9 ,j]usalem 7,ezek4 xl4 #a72 & ^! transf]5ces ( ! prophets to ! sc5es ( _! op]ation 7 sometimes ev5 reg>d$ z bodily1 z 9 ! leg5d ( ,habakkuk tak5 to ! lions' d5 to support ,daniel4 ,%u%an is describ$ z be+ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,elam or ,elymais1 :i* may be "h us$ z a g5]al designation ( ! di/rict 9 :i* ,susiana 0 includ$4 ,! prophet imag9es himself z /&+ by ! riv]-bas9 7oobl#eci7 ( ! ,ulai1 :i* %[s t we mu/ take ! words 9 ! ca/le ( ,%u%an 9 an ideal s5se2 =1 z ,ewald says1 x is only 9 a dream t images & places are *ang$ s rapidly4 ,! ,ulai is ! riv] call$ by ! ,greeks ! ,eulu1 n[ ! ,k>n4#edj ,%u%an is said by ,pl9y & ,arrian to h be5 on ! riv] ,eulu1 & by ,h]odotus to h be5 on ! banks ( ,*oaspes1 amb] /ream1 ,! dr9k ( none b k+s4 ,x seems n[ to h be5 prov$ t ! ,ulai 0 m]ely a bran* ( ! ,*oaspes or ,k]khah4#eda ,lift+ up 8 eyes1 ,daniel sees a ram /&+ ea/w>d ( ! riv]-bas94 ,x has two l(ty horns1 ! l(ti] ( ! two be+ ! lat] 9 orig94 ,x butts we/w>d1 nor?w>d1 & s\?w>d1 & does great ?+s4#edb ,b 9 ! mid/ ( its successes a he-goat1 ) a conspicu\s horn betwe5 its eyes1#edc comes f ! ,we/ s swiftly ov] ! face ( all ! e>? t x sc>cely seems ev5 to t\* ! gr\nd1#edd & runs ^u ! ram 9 ! fury ( 8 /r5g?1#ede conqu]+ & trampl+ ^u him1 & sma%+ 9 pieces 8 two horns4 ,b 8 impetuosity 0 %ort-liv$1 = ! great horn 0 spe$ily brok51 & f\r o!rs#edf rose 9 its place t[>ds ! f\r w9ds ( heav54 ,out ( ^! f\r horns %ot up a puny horn1#edg :i* grew exce$+ly great t[>ds ! ,s\?1 & t[>ds ! ,ea/1 & t[>ds ! ,glory--i4e41 t[>ds ! ,holy ,l&4#edh ,x became great ev5 to ! ho/ ( heav51 & ca/ d[n "s ( ! ho/ & ( ! />s to ! gr\nd1 & trampl$ on !m4#edi ,he ev5 behav$ pr\dly aga9/ ! pr9ce ( ! ho/1 took away f him#eej ! daily 7sacrifice71 pollut$ ! dismantl$ sanctu>y ) sacrilegi\s arms1#eea & ca/ ! tru? to ! gr\nd & prosp]$4 ,!n "o holy "o call$ to ano!r & ask$1 ,= h[ long is ! vision ( ! daily sacrifice1 & ! horrible sacrilege1 t ?us bo? ! sanctu>y & ho/ are surr5d]$ to be trampl$ und]foot8#eeb ,& ! answ] is1 ,until two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ 'erebh-bq]1 'ev5+-morn+'2 !n w ! sanctu>y be ju/ifi$4 ,daniel s\ght to und]/& ! vision1 & imm$iately !re /ood be=e him "o 9 ! semblance ( a man1 & he he>s ! di/ant voice ( "s "o#eec /&+ betwe5 ! ,ulai--i4e41 betwe5 its two banks1#eed or p]haps betwe5 its two bran*es1 ! ,eulu & ! ,*oaspes--:o call$ al\d to ,gabriel4 ,! ar*angel ,gabriel is "h fir/ m5tion$ 9 ,scripture4#eee ,gabriel1 cri$ ! voice1 expla9 to him :at he has se54 ,s ,gabriel came & /ood beside him2 b he 0 t]rifi$1 & fell on 8 face4 ,obs]ve1 ?\ son ( man1#eef said ! angel to him2 = unto ! "t ( ! end is ! vision4 ,b s9ce ,daniel /ill lay pro/rate on 8 face1 & sank into a swoon1 ! angel t\*$ him1 & rais$ him up1 & said t ! great wra? 0 only = a fix$ "t1 & he w\ld tell him :at w\ld happ5 at ! end ( x4 ,! two-horn$ ram1 he said1 ! ,baal-k]anam1 or "l ( two horns1 repres5ts ! ,k+ ( ,m$ia & ,p]sia2 ! %aggy goat is ! ,empire ( ,greece2 & ! great horn is its fir/ k+--,alex&] ! ,great4#eeg ,! f\r horns ris+ out ( ! brok5 great horn are f\r inf]ior k+doms4 ,9 "o ( ^!1 sacrilege w\ld culm9ate 9 ! p]son ( a k+ ( bold face1#eeh & skill$ 9 cunn+1 :o w\ld become p[]ful1 ?\gh n by 8 own /r5g?4#eei ,he w\ld prosp] & de/roy mighty m5 & ! p ( ! holy ones1#efj & deceit w\ld succe$ by 8 d\ble-deal+4 ,he w\ld cont5d aga9/ ! ,pr9ce ( pr9ces1#efa & yet )\t a h& w\ld he be brok5 9 pieces4 ,su* is ! vision & its int]pretation2 & ?\gh !re is "h & !re a difficulty 9 ! details & translation1 & ?\gh !re is a necess>y crud5ess 9 ! emblematic imag]y1 ! g5]al significance ( ! :ole is p]fectly cle>4 ,! sc5e ( ! vision is ideally plac$ 9 ,%u%an1 because ! ,jews reg>d$ x z ! royal capital ( ! ,p]sian dom9ion1 & ! dream beg9s ) ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,m$o-,p]sian ,empire4#efb ,! ram is a natural symbol ( p[] & /r5g?1 z 9 ,isa4 lx4 #g4 ,! two horns repres5t ! two divisions ( ! empire1 ( :i* ! lat]--! ,p]sian--is ! l(ti] & ! /rong]4 ,x is reg>d$ z be+ already ! "l ( ! ,ea/1 b x ext5ds its conque/s by butt+ we/w>d ov] ! ,tigris into ,europe1 & s\?w>ds to ,egypt & ,africa1 & nor?w>ds t[>ds ,scy?ia1 ) magnific5t success4 ,! he-goat is ,greece4#efc ,its "o great horn repres5ts ! great ,ema?ian conqu]or4#efd ,s swift 0 ! c>e] ( ,alex&]'s conque/s1 t ! goat seems to spe$ along )\t s mu* z t\*+ ! gr\nd4#efe ,) irresi/ible fury1 9 ! great battles ( ! ,granicus 7,b4,c4 #ccd71 ,issus 7,b4,c4 #ccc71 & ,arbela 7,b4,c4 #cca71 he /amps to pieces ! p[] ( ,p]sia & ( its k+1 ,d>ius ,codomannus4#eff ,9 ?is %ort space ( "t ,alex&] conqu]s ,syria1 ,phnicia1 ,cyprus1 ,tyre1 ,gaza1 ,egypt1 ,babylonia1 ,p]sia1 ,m$ia1 ,hyrcania1 ,aria1 & ,ara*osia4 ,9 ,b4,c4 #ccj ,d>ius 0 murd]$ by ,bessus1 & ,alex&] became "l ( 8 k+dom4 ,9 ,b4,c4 #cbi ! ,greek ,k+ conqu]$ ,bactria1 cross$ ! ,oxus & ,jax>tes1 & defeat$ ! ,scy?ians4 ,9 ,b4,c4 #cbh he conqu]$ ,sogdiana4 ,9 ,b4,c4 #cbg & #cbf he cross$ ! ,indus1 ,hydaspes1 & ,akes9es1 subdu$ ,nor!rn & ,we/]n ,india1 &--compell$ by ! discont5t ( 8 troops to pause 9 8 c>e] ( victory--sail$ d[n ! ,hydaspes & ,indus to ! ,ocean4 ,he !n return$ by l& ?r\gh ,g$rosia1 ,k>mania1 ,p]sia1 & ,susiana to ,babylon4 ,!re ! great horn is sudd5ly brok5 )\t h&4#efg ,alex&] 9 ,b4,c4 #cbc1 aft] a reign ( twelve ye>s & eight mon?s1 di$ z a fool die?1 ( a fev] br\ght on by fatigue1 exposure1 drunk5ness1 & debau*]y4 ,he 0 only ?irty-two ye>s old4 ,! dismemb]m5t ( 8 empire imm$iately foll[$4 ,9 ,b4,c4 #cbb its va/ ext5t 0 divid$ among 8 pr9cipal g5]als4 ,tw5ty-two ye>s ( w> ensu$2 & 9 ,b4,c4 #cja1 aft] ! defeat ( ,antigonus & 8 son ,demetrius at ! ,battle ( ,ipsus1 f\r horns are visible 9 ! place ( "o4 ,! battle 0 won by ! conf$]acy ( ,cass&]1 ,lysima*us1 ,ptolemy1 & ,seleucus1 & !y f\nd$ f\r k+doms4 ,cass&] rul$ 9 ,greece & ,mac$onia2 ,lysima*us 9 ,asia ,m9or2 ,ptolemy 9 ,egypt1 ,cle-,syria1 & ,pale/9e2 ,seleucus 9 ,upp] ,asia4 ,) "o only ( ! f\r k+doms1 & ) "o only ( its k+s1 is ! vision fur!r conc]n$--) ! k+dom ( ! ,seleucid1 & ) ! eigh? k+ ( ! dyna/y1 ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,9 ?is *apt]1 h[ev]1 a brief sket* only ( him is furni%$4 ,_m details ( ! m9ute/ k9d are subsequ5tly add$4 ,he is call$ a puny horn1 because1 9 8 y\?1 no "o c\ld h anticipat$ 8 future greatness4 ,he 0 only a y\ng] son ( ,antio*us ,,iii4 7! ,great74 ,:5 ,antio*us ,,iii4 0 defeat$ 9 ! ,battle ( ,magnesia "u ,m\nt ,sipylus 7,b4,c4 #aij71 8 loss 0 t]rible4 ,fifty ?\s& foot & f\r ?\s& horse 7 sla9 on ! battlefield1 & f\rte5 hundr$ 7 tak5 prison]s4 ,he 0 =c$ to make peace ) ! ,romans1 & to give !m ho/ages1 "o ( :om 0 ,antio*us ! ,y\ng]1 bro!r ( ,seleucus1 :o 0 heir to ! ?rone4 ,antio*us = ?irte5 ye>s langui%$ mis]ably z a ho/age at ,rome4 ,8 fa!r1 ,antio*us ! ,great1 0 ei!r sla9 9 ,b4,c4 #ahg by ! p ( ,elymais1 aft] 8 sacrilegi\s plund]+ ( ! ,temple ( ,jupit]-,belus2#efh or murd]$ by "s ( 8 own att5dants :om he _h beat5 dur+ a fit ( drunk5ness4#efi ,seleucus ,philopator succe$$ him1 & aft] hav+ reign$ = ?irte5 ye>s1 wi%$ to see 8 bro!r ,antio*us aga94 ,he !re=e s5t 8 son ,demetrius 9 ex*ange = him1 p]haps desir+ t ! boy1 :o 0 !n twelve ye>s old1 %\ld enjoy ! advantage ( a ,roman education1 or ?9k+ t ,antio*us w\ld be ( m use to him 9 8 designs aga9/ ,ptolemy ,philometor1 ! *ild-k+ ( ,egypt4 ,:5 ,demetrius 0 on 8 way to ,rome1 & ,antio*us _h n yet rea*$ ,antio*1 ,heliodorus ! treasur] seiz$ ! opportunity to poison ,seleucus & usurp ! cr[n4 ,! *ances1 !re=e1 ( ,antio*us seem$ v =lorn4 ,b he 0 a man ( ability1 ?\gh ) a ta9t ( folly & madness 9 8 ve9s4 ,by ally+ himself ) ,eum5es1 ,k+ ( ,p]gamum1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 he suppress$ ,heliodorus1 secur$ ! k+dom1 & becom+ v great1 ?\gh only by fraud1 cruelty1 & /ratagem1 assum$ ! title ( ,epiphanes ! ,illu/ri\s4 ,he ext5d$ 8 p[] t[>ds ! ,s\? by intrigu+ & w>r+ aga9/ ,egypt & 8 "y nephew1 ,ptolemy ,philometor2#egj & t[>ds ! ,sunris+ by 8 successes 9 ! direction ( ,m$ia & ,p]sia2#ega & t[>ds ! ,glory or ,ornam5t 7hat/seb7--i4e41 ! ,holy ,l&4#egb ,inflat$ ) insol5ce1 he n[ set himself aga9/ ! />s1 ! ho/ ( heav5--i4e41 aga9/ ! *os5 p ( ,god & _! lead]s4 ,he ca/ d[n & trampl$ on !m1#egc & defi$ ! ,pr9ce ( ! ho/2 = he ,n e'en aga9/ ! ,holy ,"o ( heav5 ,refra9$ 8 tongue blasphm\s4 ,8 *ief enormity 0 ! abolition ( ! daily 7tamd7--i4e41 ! sacrifice daily (f]$ 9 ! ,temple2 & ! desecration ( ! sanctu>y itself by viol5ce & sacrilege1 :i* w be m fully set =? 9 ! next *apt]s4 ,he also seiz$ & de/roy$ ! sacr$ books ( ! ,jews4 ,z he =bade ! read+ ( ! ,law--( :i* ! daily lesson 0 call$ ! ,p>a%ah--!re began f ?is "t ! cu/om ( select+ a lesson f ! ,prophets1 :i* 0 call$ ! ,hapht>ah4#egd ,x 0 natural to make "o ( ! holy ones1 :o are suppos$ to witness ?is horrible iniquity1#ege inquire h[ long x 0 to be p]mitt$4 ,! enigmatic answ] is1 ,until an ev5+-morn+ two ?\s& ?ree hundr$4 ,9 ! fur!r explanation giv5 to ,daniel by ,gabriel a few m t\*es are add$4 ,antio*us ,epiphanes is describ$ z a k+ bold ( visage1 & skill$ 9 enigmas4 ,8 boldness is suffici5tly illu/rat$ by 8 _m campaigns & battles1 & 8 bragg>t insol5ce has be5 already allud$ to 9 vii4 #h4 ,8 skill 9 enigmas is illu/rat$ by 8 d>k & tortu\s diplomacy1 :i* 0 exhibit$ 9 all 8 proce$+s1#egf & especially 9 ! :ole ( 8 deal+s ) ,egypt1 9 :i* c\ntry he desir$ to usurp ! ?rone f 8 "y nephew ,ptolemy ,philometor4 ,! /atem5t t he w h mighty /r5g?1 b n by 8 own /r5g?1 may ei!r mean t 8 transi5t prosp]ity 0 due only to ! p]mission ( ,god1 or t 8 successes 7 won r by cunn+ ?an by pr[ess4 ,aft] an allusion to 8 cruel p]secution ( ! holy p1 ,gabriel adds t )\t a h& %all he be brok5 9 pieces2 9 o!r words1 8 retribution & de/ruction %all be due to no human int]v5tion1 b w come f ,god ,himself4#egg ,daniel is bidd5 to hide ! vision = _m days--a s5t5ce :i* is due to ! lit]>y plan ( ! ,book2 & he is assur$ t ! vision conc]n+ ! ev5+-morn+ 0 true4 ,he adds t ! vision exhau/$ & almo/ annihilat$ him2 b1 aft]w>ds1 he arose & did ! k+'s bus9ess4 ,he 0 sil5t ab\t ! vision1 = nei!r he nor any "o else und]/ood x4#egh ,( c\rse1 _h ! real date ( ! *apt] be5 9 ! reign ( ,bel%azz>1 x 0 :olly impossible t ei!r ! se] or any "o else %\ld h be5 able to atta* any significance to x4#egi ,emphasis is evid5tly atta*$ to ! two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ ev5+-morn+ dur+ :i* ! desolation ( ! sanctu>y is to cont9ue4 ,:at does ! phrase ev5+-morn+ 7'erebh-bq]7 mean8 ,9 v]4 #bf x is call$ ! vision conc]n+ ! ev5+ & ! morn+4 ,does ev5+-morn+ mean a :ole day1 l ! ,greek 1 or half a day8 ,! expression is d\bly p]plex+4 ,if ! writ] meant days1 :y does he n say days1 z 9 xii4 #aa1 #ab8ehj ,& :y1 9 any case1 does he "h use ! solecism 'erebh-bq] 7,ab5dmorg571 & n1 z 9 v]4 #bf1 ev5+ & morn+8 ,does ! expression mean two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ days8 or elev5 hundr$ & fifty days8 ,x is a natural supposition t ! "t is meant to correspond ) ! ?ree ye>s & a half 7a "t1 two times1 & half a "t7 ( vii4 #be4 ,b "h aga9 all c]ta9ty ( detail is preclud$ by our ignorance z to ! exact l5g? ( ye>s by :i* ! writ] reckon$2 & h[ he treat$ ! mon? ,ve-ad>1 a mon? ( ?irty days1 :i* 0 int]calat$ once 9 e six ye>s4 ,suppos+ t he all[$ an int]cal>y fifte5 days = ?ree & a half ye>s1 & took ! ,babylonian reckon+ ( twelve mon?s ( ?irty days1 !n ?ree & a half ye>s gives u twelve hundr$ & sev5ty-five days1 or1 omitt+ any all[ance = int]calation1 twelve hundr$ & sixty days4 ,if1 !n1 two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ ev5+-morn+ means two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ half days1 we h "o hundr$ & t5 days too _m = ! ?ree & a half ye>s4 ,& if ! phrase means two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ full days1 t gives u 7c\nt+ ?irty int]cal>y days = ,ve-ad>7 too little = sev5 ye>s by two hundr$ & fifty days4 ,"s see 9 ?is a my/ic intimation t ! p]iod ( *a/isem5t %all = ! elect's sake be %ort5$4#eha ,"s comm5tators reckon sev5 ye>s r\ghly1 f ! elevation ( ,m5elaus to ! high-prie/hood 7,kisleu1 ,b4,c4 #afh3 #b ,macc4 v4 #aa7 to ! victory ( ,judas ,maccabu ov] ,nicanor at ,adasa1 ,m>*1 ,b4,c4 #afa 7#a ,macc4 vii4 #be-ej2 #b ,macc4 xv4 #bj-ce74 ,9 nei!r case d ! calculations agree ) ! twelve hundr$ & n9ety or ! ?irte5 hundr$ & ?irty-five days ( xii4 #ab1 #ac4 ,entire volumes ( t$i\s & :olly inconclusive comm5t h be5 writt5 on ^! comb9ations1 b by no reasonable supposition c we arrive at close accuracy4 ,/rict *ronological accuracy 0 difficult ( atta9m5t 9 ^? days1 & 0 nev] a matt] ab\t :i* ! ,jews1 9 p>ticul>1 greatly tr\bl$ !mselves4 ,we d n "k ei!r ! t]m9us a quo f :i* or ! t]m9us ad quem to :i* ! writ] reckon$4 ,all t c be said is t x is p]fectly impossible = u to id5tify or exactly equip>ate ! ?ree & a half ye>s 7vii4 #be71 ! two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ ev5+-morn+ 7viii4 #ad71 ! sev5ty-two weeks 7ix4 #bf71 & ! twelve hundr$ & n9ety days 7xii4 #aa74 ,yet all ^? dates h ?is po9t ( resemblance ab\t !m1 t !y v r\ghly indicate a space ( ab\t ?ree & a half ye>s 7m or less7 z ! "t dur+ :i* ! daily sacrifice %\ld cease1 & ! ,temple be pollut$ & desolate4#ehb ,turn+ n[ to ! dates1 we "k t ,judas ! ,maccabee cleans$#ehc 7ju/ifi$ or v9dicat$1 viii4 #ad7 ! ,temple on ,kisleu #be 7,decemb] #be?1 ,b4,c4 #afe74 ,if we reckon back two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ full days f ?is date1 x br+s u to ,b4,c4 #aga1 9 :i* ,m5elaus1 :o brib$ ,antio*us to appo9t him high prie/1 robb$ ! ,temple ( "s ( its treasures1 & procur$ ! murd] ( ! high prie/ ,onias ,,iii4 ,9 ?is ye> ,antio*us sacrific$ a great s[ on ! alt> ( burnt (f]+s1 & spr9kl$ its bro? ov] ! sacr$ build+4 ,^! crimes provok$ ! revolt ( ! ,jews1 9 :i* !y kill$ ,lysima*us1 gov]nor ( ,syria1 & br\ght on !mselves a heavy retribution4#ehd ,if we reckon back two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ half-days1 elev5 hundr$ & fifty :ole days1 we mu/ g back ?ree ye>s & sev5ty days1 b we _c tell :at exact ev5t ! writ] _h 9 m9d z ! />t+-po9t ( 8 calculations4 ,! actual "t :i* elaps$ f ! f9al defilem5t ( ! ,temple by ,apollonius1 ! g5]al ( ,antio*us1 9 ,b4,c4 #afh1 till its repurification 0 r\ghly ?ree ye>s4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]--= all is unc]ta9--! writ] reckon$ f ! e>lie/ /eps tak51 or contemplat$1 by ,antio*us = ! suppression ( ,judaism4 ,! purification ( ! ,temple did n end ! "t ( p]secution1 :i* 0 to cont9ue1 fir/1 = "o hundr$ & =ty days long]1 & !n =ty-five days m 7xii4 #aa1 #ab74 ,x is cle> f ?is t ! writ] reckon$ ! beg9n+ & ! end ( tr\bles f diff]5t epo*s :i* we h no long] suffici5t data to discov]4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be borne 9 m9d t no m9ute c]ta9ty ab\t ! exact dates is atta9able4 ,_m au?orities1 f ,prideaux#ehe d[n to ,s*r]1#ehf place ! desecration ( ! ,temple t[>ds ! close ( ,b4,c4 #afh4 ,ku55 sees reason to place x a ye> lat]4 ,our au?orities = ?is p]iod ( hi/ory are num]\s1 b !y are fragm5t>y1 abbreviat$1 & (t5 inexact4 ,=tunately1 s f> z we are able to see1 no v important lesson is lo/ by our inability to furni% an und\bt$ or a rigidly sci5tific explanation ( ! m9ut] details4 ,,approximate ,,dates1 ,,z ,,inf]r$ ,,by ,,cornill ,,& ,,o!rs#ehg ,b4,c4 ,j]emiah's prophecy 9 ,j]4 xxv4 #ab #fje ,j]emiah's prophecy 9 ,j]4 xxix4 #aj #eid ,de/ruction ( ! ,temple #ehf or #ehh ,return ( ! ,jewi% exiles #ecg ,decree ( ,artax]xes ,longimanus 7,ezra vii4 #a7 #deh ,second decree 7,neh4 ii4 #a7 #dde ,accession ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes 7,augu/1 ,cl9ton7 #age ,usurpation ( ! high-prie/hood by ,jason #age ,jason displac$ by ,m5elaus #agb787 ,murd] ( ,onias ,,iii4 7,june7 #aga ,apollonius defiles ! ,temple #afh ,w> ( indep5d5ce #aff ,purification ( ! ,temple by ,judas ! ,maccabee 7,decemb]7 #afe ,dea? ( ,antio*us #afc ,,footnotes3 #ecg ,ezra vi4 #b2 ,neh4 i4 #a2 ,h]od41 v4 #di2 ,polyb41 v4 #dh4 ,a suppos$ tomb ( ,daniel has long be5 rev]$ at ,%u%an4 #ech ,p]s41 b>u2 ,skr41 bura2 ,assyr41 birtu2 ,gk41 4 ,comp4 s*41 ,p]s41 #eed2 ,h]od41 ii4 #if4 #eci ,!odot41 2 ,ewald1 ,/romgebiet--a place :]e sev]al riv]s meet4 ,! ,jews pray$ on riv]-banks 7,acts xvi4 #ac71 & ,ezekiel _h se5 8 vision on ! ,*eb> 7,ezek4 i4 #a1 iii4 #ae1 etc472 b ?is ,ulai is "h m5tion$ because ! palace /ood on its bank4 ,bo? ! ,,lxx4 & ,!odotion omit ! ^w ,ulai4 #edj ,susianam ab ,elymaide di/]m9at amnis ,eulu 7,pl941 ,h4 ,n41 vi4 #bg74 #eda ,see ,l(tus1 ,*alda1 p4 #cdf1 :o visit$ ,%u% 9 #ahed2 ,h]zog1 ,r4 ,e41 s4v4 ,susa4 ,a tile 0 f\nd by ,lay>d at ,kuyunjik repres5t+ a l>ge city betwe5 two riv]s4 ,x probably repres5ts ,susa4 ,l(tus says t ! city /ood betwe5 ! ,*oaspes & ! ,kopratas 7n[ ! ,dizful74 #edb ,! ,lat9 ^w = to butt is ariet>e1 f aries1 a ram4 ,x butts 9 ?ree directions 7comp4 ,dan4 vii4 #e74 ,its conque/s 9 ! ,ea/ 7 ap>t f ! writ]'s purpose4 ,crsus call$ ! ,p]sians 1 & s*ylus 1 ,p]s41 #gie 7,/u>t74 ,= horns z ! symbol ( /r5g? see ,amos vi4 #ac2 ,psalm lxxv4 #e4 #edc ,unicorns are (t5 repres5t$ on ,assyrio-,babylonian sculptures4 #edd #a ,macc4 i4 #a-c2 ,isa4 xli4 #b2 ,hosea xiii4 #g1 #h2 ,hab4 i4 #f4 #ede ,fury 7*emah71 heat1 viol5ce--also ( deadly v5om 7,deut4 xxxii4 #bd74 #edf ,a4,v41 f\r notable horns2 b ! ^w *azo? means lit]ally a sight ( f\r--i4e41 f\r o!r horns 7comp4 v]4 #h74 ,grtz reads a*ro?2 ,,lxx41 7comp4 xi4 #d74 #edg ,lit4 out ( littl5ess4 #edh ,hat/seb4 ,comp4 xi4 #de2 ,ezek4 xx4 #f2 ,j]4 iii4 #ai2 ,ze*4 vii4 #ad2 ,psalm cvi4 #bd4 ,! ,rabbis make ! ^w mean ! gazelle = fanciful reasons 7,taan?1 #fi1 a74 #edi ,! physical image implies ! w> aga9/ ! spiritual ho/ ( heav51 ! holy p ) _! lead]s4 ,see #a ,macc4 i4 #bd-cj2 #b ,macc4 ix4 #aj4 ,! ,tsebao? mean prim>ily ! />s & angels1 b next ! ,israelites 7,exod4 vii4 #d74 #eej ,s 9 ! ,hebrew m>g9 7,q'r71 foll[$ by ,!odoret & ,ewald2 b 9 ! text 7,ke?bh7 x is1 by him ! daily 0 aboli%$2 & ) ?is read+ ! ,pe%ito & ,vulgate agree4 ,hattamd1 ! daily sacrifice2 ,,lxx41 2 ,numb4 xxviii4 #c2 #a ,macc4 i4 #ci1 #de1 iii4 #de4 #eea ,! ,hebrew is "h corrupt4 ,! ,r4,v4 r5d]s x1 ,& ! ho/ 0 giv5 ov] to x1 toge!r ) ! cont9ual burnt (f]+ ?r\gh transgression2 & x ca/ d[n tru? to ! gr\nd1 & x did its pleasure & prosp]$4 #eeb ,dan4 viii4 #ac4 ,i foll[ ,ewald 9 ?is difficult v]se1 & ) him ,von ,l5g]ke & ,hitzig sub/antially agree2 b ! text is aga9 corrupt1 z appe>s also 9 ! ,,lxx4 ,x w\ld be useless "h to ent] into m9ute philological criticism4 ,h[ long8 7comp4 ,isa4 vi4 #aa74 #eec ,,lxx41 2 nescio quis 7,vulg41 viri74 #eed ,comp4 = ! expression xii4 #f4 #eee ,we f9d no names 9 ,g54 xxxii4 #cj2 ,judg4 xiii4 #ah4 ,= ! pres5ce ( angels at ! vision comp4 ,ze*4 i4 #i1 #ac1 etc4 ,gabriel means man ( ,god4 ,9 ,tobit iii4 #ag ,raphael is m5tion$2 9 #b ,esdras v4 #bj1 ,uriel4 ,?is is ! fir/ m5tion ( any angel's "n4 ,mi*ael is ! highe/ ar*angel 7,web]1 ,sy/em41 #afb ff471 & 9 ,jewi% angelology ,gabriel is id5tifi$ ) ! ,holy ,_s 7,rua* ,haqqode%74 ,z su* he appe>s 9 ! ,qurn1 ii4 #ia 7,behrmann74 #eef ,b5-,adam 7,ezek4 ii4 #a74 #eeg ,comp4 ,isa4 xiv4 #i3 ,all ! great goats ( ! e>?4 ,a ram is a natural symbol = a *iefta94--,hom41 ,il41 xiii4 #dia-dic2 ,cic41 ,de ,div41 i4 #bb2 ,plut41 ,sulla1 c4 #bg2 ,j]4 l4 #h2 ,ezek4 xxxiv4 #ag2 ,ze*4 x4 #c1 etc4 ,see ,vaux1 ,p]sia1 p4 #gb4 #eeh ,/r5g? ( face 7,,lxx41 2 ,deut4 xxviii4 #ej1 etc474 ,und]/&+ d>k s5t5ces 7,judg4 xiv4 #ab2 ,ezek4 xvii4 #b3 comp4 v4 #ab74 #eei ,! mean+ is unc]ta94 ,x may mean 7#a7 t he is only /rong by ,god's p]mission2 or 7#b7 only by cunn+1 n by /r5g?4 #efj ,comp4 #b ,macc4 iv4 #i-ae3 ,! prie/s _h no c\rage to s]ve any m at ! alt>1 b despis+ ! ,temple1 & neglect+ ! sacrifices1 ha/5$ to be p>tak]s ( ! unlawful all[ance 9 ! place ( ex]cise 444 n sett+ by ! hon\rs ( _! fa!rs1 b lik+ ! glory ( ! ,grecians be/ ( all4 #efa ,n m]ely ! angelic pr9ce ( ! ho/ 7,jo%4 v4 #ad71 b ,god--,"l ( lords4 #efb ,comp4 ,e/h] i4 #b4 ,?\gh ! vision took place "u ,babylon1 ! se] is /rangely unconc]n$ ) ! pres5t1 or ) ! fate ( ! ,babylonian ,empire4 #efc ,x is said to be ! national emblem ( ,mac$onia4 #efd ,he is call$ ! ,k+ ( ,javan--i4e41 ( ! ,ionians4 #efe ,isa4 v4 #bf-bi4 ,comp4 #a ,macc4 i4 #c4 #eff ,! fury ( ! he-goat repres5ts ! v5geance *]i%$ by ! ,greeks aga9/ ,p]sia s9ce ! old days ( ,m>a?on1 ,!rmopyl1 ,salamis1 ,plata1 & ,mycale4 ,p]sia _h invad$ ,greece "u ,m>donius 7,b4,c4 #dib71 "u ,datis & ,artaph]nes 7,b4,c4 #dij71 & "u ,x]xes 7,b4,c4 #dhj74 #efg #a ,macc4 vi4 #a-af2 #b ,macc4 ix4 #i2 ,job vii4 #f2 ,prov4 xxvi4 #bj4 #efh ,s ,diodorus ,siculus 7,exc4 ,vales41 p4 #bic72 ,ju/91 xxxii4 #b2 ,j]4 9 ,dan41 xi42 ,/rabo1 xvi4 #gdd4 #efi ,aurel4 ,vict41 ,de ,virr4 ,illu/r41 c4 liv4 #egj ,he conqu]$ ,egypt ,b4,c4 #agj 7#a ,macc4 i4 #ag-bj74 #ega ,see #a ,macc4 iii4 #bi-cg4 #egb ,comp4 ,ezek4 xx4 #f1 :i* is ! glory ( all l&s2 ,psalm l4 #b2 ,lam4 ii4 #ae4 #egc #a ,macc4 i4 #bd-cj4 ,dr4 ,pusey endeav\rs1 )\t ev5 ! smalle/ success1 to %[ t _m ?+s said ( ,antio*us 9 ?is book d n apply to him4 ,! argum5t is bas$ on ! fact t ! *>act]i/ics ( ,antio*us--:o 0 a man ( v]satile impulses--are some:at diff]5tly describ$ by diff]5t au?ors2 b "h we h ! aspect he pres5t$ to a few :o reg>d$ him z ! deadlie/ ( tyrants & p]secutors4 #egd ,see ,hamburg]1 ii4 #ccd 7s4v4 ,haft>a74 #ege ,comp4 7#a ,macc4 i4 #fd2 ,isa4 x4 #e1 #be1 xxvi4 #bj2 ,j]4 l4 #e2 ,rom4 ii4 #e1 etc474 #egf ,comp4 xi4 #ba4 #egg ,comp4 ii4 #cd1 xi4 #de4 ,antio*us di$ ( a long & t]rible illness 9 ,p]sia4 ,polybius 7xxxi4 #aa7 describes 8 sickness by ! ^w 4 ,arrian 7,syriaca1 #ff7 says 4 ,9 #a ,macc4 vi4 #h-af he dies confess+ 8 s9s aga9/ ! ,jews1 b !re is ano!r /ory 9 #b ,macc4 ix4 #d-bh4 #egh ,v]4 #bg1 ,i 0 gone 7or1 came to an end7 :ole days4 ,) ?is comp4 ii4 #a1 vii4 #bh2 ,exod4 xxxiii4 #bj2 ,isa4 vi4 #e2 ,luke ix4 #cb2 ,acts ix4 #d1 etc4 ,comp4 xii4 #h2 ,j]4 xxxii4 #ad1 & 7contra7 ,rev4 xxii4 #aj4 #egi ,9 v]4 #bf ! ,r4,v4 r5d]s x belonge? to _m days to come4 #ehj ,comp4 ,g54 i4 #e2 #b ,cor4 xi4 #be4 ,! ^w tamd includes bo? ! morn+ & ev5+ sacrifice 7,exod4 xxix4 #da74 ,pusey says 7p4 #bbj71 ,! %ift ( halv+ ! days is "o ( ^? mon/]s :i* h disgrac$ sci5tific expositions '( ,hebrew4' ,yet ?is is ! view ( su* s*ol>s z ,ewald1 ,hitzig1 ,ku551 ,cornill1 ,behrmann4 ,! latt] quotes a p>allel3 vgl4 im ,hildebr&sli$e sum>o ente w9tro seh/ie #cj ,jahr4 #eha ,matt4 xxiv4 #bb4 #ehb ,^! five passages agree 9 mak+ ! f9al di/ress la/ dur+ ?ree ye>s & a fraction3 ! only diff]5ce lies 9 ! magnitude ( ! fraction 7,bevan1 p4 #abg74 #ehc #a ,macc4 iv4 #da-ef2 #b ,macc4 x4 #a-e4 #ehd ,see on ?is p]iod ,diod4 ,sic41 ,fr41 xxvi4 #gi2 ,liv41 xlii4 #bi2 ,polyb41 ,legat41 #ga2 ,ju/91 xxxiv4 #b2 ,j]41 ,comm4 9 ,dan41 xi4 #bb2 ,jahn1 ,hebr4 ,commonweal?1 xciv42 ,prideaux1 ,connection1 ii4 #adf4 #ehe ,connection1 ii4 #ahh4 #ehf ,ges*4 d4 ,v4 ,isr41 i4 #aee4 #ehg ,"s ( ^! dates are unc]ta91 & are v>i\sly giv5 by diff]5t au?orities4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,sev5ty ,,weeks ,?is *apt] is occupi$ ) ! pray] ( ,daniel1 & ) ! fam\s vision ( ! sev5ty weeks :i* has l$ to su* int]m9able controv]sies1 b ( :i* ! int]pretation no long] admits ( any c]ta9ty1 because accurate data are n =?com+4 ,! vision is dat$ 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,d>ius1 ! son ( ,a*a%v]o%1 ( ! ,m$ian /ock4#ehh ,we h se5 already t su* a p]son is unkn[n to hi/ory4 ,! date1 h[ev]1 accords well 9 ?is in/ance ) ! lit]>y /&po9t ( ! writ]4 ,! vision is s5t z a consolation ( p]plexities sugge/$ by ! writ]'s /udy ( ! ,scriptures2 & no?+ is m naturally imag9$ ?an ! fact t ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,babylonian ,empire %\ld h s5t a ,jewi% exile to ! /udy ( ! rolls ( 8 holy prophets1 to see :at light !y ?rew on ! exile ( 8 p4 ,he und]/ood f ! books ! numb] ( ! ye>s :]e( ! ^w ( ! ,"l came to ,j]emiah ! prophet = ! accompli%+ ( ! desolation ( ,j]usalem1 ev5 sev5ty ye>s4#ehi ,su* is ! r5d]+ ( our ,revis]s1 :o "h foll[ ! ,a4,v4 7,i und]/ood by books71 except t !y rightly use ! def9ite article 7,,lxx41 74 ,su* too is ! view ( ,hitzig4 ,mr4 ,bevan seems to h po9t$ out ! real mean+ ( ! passage1 by ref]r+ n only to ! ,p5tateu* g5]ally1 z help+ to int]pret ! words ( ,j]emiah1 b especially to ,lev3 xxvi4 #ah1 #ba1 #bd1 #bh4eij ,x 0 !re t ! writ] ( ,daniel discov]$ ! me?od ( int]pret+ ! sev5ty ye>s spok5 ( by ,j]emiah4 ,! ,book ( ,leviticus _h f\r times spok5 ( a sev5fold puni%m5t--a puni%m5t sev5 times m = ! s9s ( ,israel4 ,n[ ?is ?\ght fla%$ ^u ! writ] l a lum9\s pr9ciple4 ,daniel1 9 ^: p]son he wrote1 _h arriv$ at ! p]iod at :i* ! lit]al sev5ty ye>s ( ,j]emiah 7--on "s me?ods ( computation--^u ! eve ( completion3 ! writ] himself is liv+ 9 ! dre>y times ( ,antio*us4 ,j]emiah _h prophesi$ t ! nations %\ld s]ve ! ,k+ ( ,babylon sev5ty ye>s 7,j]4 xxv4 #aa71 aft] :i* "t ,god's v5geance %\ld fall on ,babylon2 & aga9 7,j]4 xxix4 #aj1 #aa71 t aft] sev5ty ye>s ! exiles %\ld return to ,pale/9e1 s9ce ! ?\ghts ( ,jehovah t[>ds !m 7 ?\ghts ( peace & n ( evil1 to give !m a future & a hope4 ,! writ] ( ,daniel saw1 ne>ly f\r c5turies lat]1 t aft] all only a m]e h&ful ( ! exiles1 :om ! ,jews !mselves comp>$ to ! *aff 9 comp>ison ) ! :eat1 _h return$ f exile2 t ! ye>s :i* foll[$ _h be5 cramp$1 dismal1 & di/ressful2 t ! spl5did hopes ( ! ,messianic k+dom1 :i* _h gl[$ s brightly on ! =e%ort5$ horizon ( ,isaiah & s _m ( ! prophets1 _h nev] yet be5 fulfill$2 & t ^! anticipations nev] %[$ few] signs ( fulfilm5t ?an 9 ! mid/ ( ! p]secut+ furies ( ,antio*us1 support$ by ! widespread apo/asies ( ! ,hell5is+ ,jews1 & ! vile ambition ( su* r5egade high prie/s z ,jason & ,m5elaus4 ,t ! difficulty 0 felt is %[n by ! fact t ! ,epi/le ( ,j]emy 7v]4 #b7 ext5ds ! epo* ( captivity to two hundr$ & t5 ye>s 7#g #cj71 :]eas 9 ,j]4 xxix4 #aj sev5ty ye>s are di/9ctly m5tion$4#eia ,:at 0 ! explanation ( ?is />tl+ app>5t discrepancy betwe5 ! sure ^w ( prophecy & ! gloomy realities ( hi/ory8 ,! writ] saw x 9 a my/ic or allegorical int]pretation ( ,j]emiah's sev5ty ye>s4 ,! prophet c\ld n 7he ?\ght7 h meant sev5ty lit]al ye>s4 ,! numb] sev5 inde$ play$ its usual my/ic "p 9 ! epo* ( puni%m5t4 ,j]usalem _h be5 tak5 ,b4,c4 #ehh2 ! fir/ return ( ! exiles _h be5 ab\t ,b4,c4 #ech4 ,! ,exile !re=e _h1 f "o po9t ( view1 la/$ =ty-n9e ye>s--i4e41 #g #g4 ,b ev5 if sev5ty ye>s 7 reckon$ f ! f\r? ye> ( ,jehoiakim 7,b4,c4 #fjf87 to ! decree ( ,cyrus 7,b4,c4 #ecf71 & if ^! sev5ty ye>s c\ld be made out1 /ill ! hopes ( ! ,jews 7 on ! :ole mis]ably fru/rat$4#eib ,surely !n--s ?\ght ! writ]--! real mean+ ( ,j]emiah mu/ h be5 misund]/ood2 or1 at any rate1 only p>tially und]/ood4 ,he mu/ h meant1 n ye>s1 b weeks ( ye>s--,sabbatical ye>s4 ,& t be+ s1 ! real ,messianic fulfilm5ts 7 n to come till f\r hundr$ & n9ety ye>s aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ,exile2 & ?is clue he f\nd 9 ,leviticus4 ,x 0 inde$ a clue :i* lay ready to ! h& ( any "o :o 0 p]plex$ by ,j]emiah's prophecy1 = ! ^w 1 1 means1 n only ! week1 b also sev51 & ! sev5? ye>2#eic & ! ,*ronicl] _h already decl>$ t ! reason :y ! l& 0 to lie wa/e = sev5ty ye>s 0 t ! l& 0 to enjoy h] ,sabba?s2 9 o!r words1 t1 z sev5ty ,sabbatical ye>s _h be5 :olly neglect$ 7& inde$ unhe>d (7 dur+ ! p]iod ( ! mon>*y--:i* he reckon$ at f\r hundr$ & n9ety ye>s--!re=e x 0 to enjoy ^? ,sabbatical ye>s cont9u\sly :ile !re 0 no nation 9 ,pale/9e to cultivate ! soil4#eid ,ano!r consid]ation may also h l$ ! writ] to 8 discov]y4 ,f ! coronation ( ,saul to ! captivity ( ,za*>iah1 reckon+ ! record$ l5g? ( ea* reign & giv+ sev5te5 ye>s to ,saul 7s9ce ! =ty ye>s ( ,acts xiii4 #ba is obvi\sly unt5able71 gave f\r hundr$ & n9ety ye>s1 or1 z ! ,*ronicl] implies1 sev5ty unkept ,sabbatic ye>s4 ,! writ] _h no means = an accurate computation ( ! "t :i* _h elaps$ s9ce ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple4 ,b z !re 7 f\r hundr$ & eighty ye>s & twelve high prie/s f ,a>on to ,ahimaaz1 & f\r hundr$ & eighty ye>s & twelve high prie/s f ,az>iah ,i4 to ,jozadak1 :o 0 prie/ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,captivity1--s !re 7 twelve high prie/s f ,jozadak to ,onias ,,iii42 & ?is seem$ to imply a lapse ( "s f\r hundr$ & n9ety ye>s 9 r\nd numb]s4#eie ,! writ] introduces :at he ?us reg>d$ z a consol+ & illum9at+ discov]y 9 a /rik+ mann]4 ,daniel com+ to und]/& = ! fir/ "t ! real mean+ ( ,j]emiah's sev5ty ye>s1 set 8 face unto ! ,"l ,god1 to seek pray] & supplication ) fa/+ & sackclo? & a%es4#eif ,8 pray] is ?us giv53-- ,x falls into ?ree /rophes ( equal l5g?1 & is all alive & agl[ ) a pure fire ( g5u9e rep5tance1 humbly assur$ fai?1 & mo/ int5se petition4#eig ,at ! same "t x is ! composition ( a lit]>y writ]1 = 9 phrase aft] phrase x recalls v>i\s passages ( ,scripture4#eih ,x closely resembles ! pray]s ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 & is s ne>ly p>allel ) ! pray] ( ! apocryphal ,b>u* t ,ewald reg>ds x z an int5tional abbreviation ( ,b>u* ii4 #a-;iii4 #ci4 ,ezra1 h[ev]1 confesses ! s9s ( 8 nation )\t ask+ = =giv5ess2 & ,nehemiah likewise praises ,god = ,8 m]cies1 b does n plead = p>don or deliv]ance2 b ,daniel entreats p>don = ,israel & asks t 8 own pray] may be he>d4 ,! s9s ( ,israel 9 vv4 #e1 #f1 fall "u ! heads ( w&]+1 lawlessness1 rebellion1 apo/asy1 & he$lessness4 ,x is "o ( ! m>k$ t5d5cies ( ! lat] ,jewi% writ+s to deg5]ate into c5tos ( phrases f ! ,law & ! ,prophets4 ,x is noticeable t ! "n ,jehovah occurs 9 ?is *apt] ( ,daniel alone 79 vv4 #b1 #d1 #aj1 #ac1 #ad1 #bj72 & t he also addresses ,god z ,el1 ,elohim1 & ,adonai4 ,9 ! fir/ division ( ! pray] 7vv4 #d-aj7 ,daniel admits ! fai?fulness & m]cy ( ,god1 & deplores ! transgressions ( 8 p f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ 9 all l&s4 ,9 ! second "p 7vv4 #aa-ad7 he sees 9 ^! transgressions ! fulfilm5t ( ! curse & ! oa? writt5 9 ! ,law ( ,moses1 ) special ref]5ce to ,lev4 xxvi4 #ad1 #ah1 etc4 ,9 spite ( all _! s9s & mis]ies !y _h n /rok$ ! face ( ! ,"l _! ,god4#eii ,! ?ird section 7vv4 #ae-ai7 appeals to ,god by ,8 pa/ m]cies & deliv]ances to turn away ,8 wra? & to pity ! reproa* ( ,8 p4 ,daniel entreats ,jehovah to he> 8 pray]1 to make ,8 face %9e on ,8 desolat$ sanctu>y1 & to behold ! horrible condition ( ,8 p & ( ,8 holy city4 ,n = _! sakes is ,he ask$ to %[ ,8 great compassion1 b because ,8 ,"n is call$ ^u ,8 city & ,8 p4#fjj ,su* is ! pray]2 & :ile ,daniel 0 /ill speak+1 pray+1 confess+ 8 own & ,israel's s9s1 & int]c$+ be=e ,jehovah = ! holy m\nta9--yea1 ev5 dur+ ! utt]ance ( 8 pray]--! ,gabriel ( 8 =m] vision came spe$+ to him 9 full flight#fja at ! "t ( ! ev5+ sacrifice4#fjb ,! ar*angel tells him t no soon] _h 8 supplication begun ?an he sp$ on 8 way1 = ,daniel is a de>ly belov$ "o4#fjc ,!re=e he bids him take he$ to ! ^w & to ! vision3-- #a4 ,sev5ty weeks are decre$ ^u ?y p1 & ^u ?y holy city#fjd-- 77 to f9i% 7or re/ra97 ! transgression2 77 to make an end ( 7or seal up1 ,!odot4 7 s9s2#fje 77 to make reconciliation = 7or to purge away7 iniquity2 77 to br+ 9 ev]la/+ righte\sness2 77 to seal up vision & prophet 7,heb41 nb2 ,,lxx41 72 & 77 to ano9t ! ,mo/ ,holy 7or a ,mo/ ,holy ,place2 ,,lxx41 74 #b4 ,f ! decree to re/ore ,j]usalem unto ! ,ano9t$ ,"o 7or ! ,messiah71 ! ,pr9ce1 %all be sev5 weeks4 ,= sixty-two weeks ,j]usalem %all be built aga9 ) /reet & moat1 ?\gh 9 tr\bl\s times4#fjf #c4 ,aft] ^! sixty-two weeks-- 77 an ,ano9t$ ,"o %all be cut (f1 & %all h no help 787 7or !re %all be none belong+ to him72#fjg 77 ! p ( ! pr9ce t %all come %all de/roy ! city & ! sanctu>y2 77 8 end & ! end %all be ) a flood1 & w>1 & desolation2 77 = "o week ?is ali5 pr9ce %all make a cov5ant ) _m2 77 = half ( t week he %all cause ! sacrifice & burnt (f]+ to cease2 77 & ^u ! w+ ( abom9ations %all come "o t make? desolate2 77 & unto ! de/9$ consummation wra? %all be p\r$ out ^u a desolate "o 787 7or ! horrible "o74 ,mu* is unc]ta9 9 ! text1 & mu* 9 ! translation2 b ! g5]al outl9e ( ! decl>ation is cle> 9 _m ( ! *ief p>ticul>s1 s f> z !y are capable ( hi/oric v]ification4 ,in/ead ( be+ a my/ical prophecy :i* float$ purely 9 ! air1 & 9 :i* a week /&s 7z ,keil supposes7 = unkn[n1 heav5ly1 & symbolic p]iods--9 :i* case no real in=mation w\ld h be5 v\*saf$--we are expressly told t x 0 int5d$ to give ! se] a def9ite1 & ev5 a m9utely detail$1 indication ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,let u n[ take ! revelation :i* is s5t to ! p]plex$ m\rn] /ep by /ep4 #a4 ,sev5ty weeks are to elapse be=e any p]fect deliv]ance is to come4 ,we are n[h]e expressly told t ye>-weeks are meant1 b ?is is impli$ ?r\gh\t1 z ! only possible means ( expla9+ ei!r ! vision or ! hi/ory4 ,! conception1 z we h se51 w\ld come to read]s q naturally1 s9ce ,%abba? meant 9 ,hebrew1 n only ! sev5? day ( ! week1 b ! sev5? ye> 9 ea* week ( ye>s4 ,h5ce sev5ty weeks means f\r hundr$ & n9ety ye>s4#fjh ,n until ! f\r hundr$ & n9ety ye>s--! sev5ty weeks ( ye>s--are end$ w ! "t h come to complete ! prophecy :i* only _h a sort ( initial & imp]fect fulfilm5t 9 sev5ty actual ye>s4 ,! precise mean+ atta*$ 9 ! writ]'s m9d to ! ev5ts :i* are to m>k ! close ( ! f\r hundr$ & n9ety ye>s--namely1 77 ! end+ ( transgression2 77 ! seal+ up ( s9s2 77 ! atonem5t = iniquity2 77 ! br++ 9 ( ev]la/+ righte\sness2 & 77 ! seal+ up ( ! vision & prophet 7or prophecy#fji7--;_c be fur!r def9$ by u4 ,x belongs to ! ,messianic hope4#faj ,x is ! prophecy ( a "t :i* may h _h "s dim & p>tial analogies at ! end ( ,j]emiah's sev5ty ye>s1 b :i* ! writ] ?\ght w\ld be m ri*ly & f9ally fulfill$ at ! close ( ! ,antio*ian p]secution4 ,at ! actual "t ( 8 writ+ t era ( re/itution _h n yet begun4 ,b 77 ano!r ev5t1 :i* w\ld m>k ! close ( ! sev5ty ye>-weeks1 0 to be ! ano9t+ ( a ,mo/ ,holy4 ,:at does ?is mean8 ,!odotion & ! anci5t translators r5d] x a ,holy ( ,holies4 ,b ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,old ,te/am5t ,holy ( ,holies is nev] once us$ ( a p]son1 ?\gh x occurs =ty-f\r times4#faa ,keil & 8 s*ool po9t to #a ,*ron4 xxiii4 #ac z an exception2 b ,nil agit exemptum quod litem lite resolvit4 ,9 t v]se "s propose ! r5d]+1 to sanctify1 z mo/ holy1 ,a>on & 8 sons = ev]2 b bo? ! ,a4,v4 & ! ,r4,v4 r5d] x1 ,a>on 0 sep>at$ t he %\ld sanctify ! mo/ holy ?+s1 he & 8 sons = ev]4 ,if !re be a d\bt z to ! r5d]+1 x is p]v]se to adopt ! "o :i* makes ! usage diff] f t ( e o!r passage 9 ,holy ,writ4 ,n[ ! phrase mo/ holy is mo/ frequ5tly appli$ to ! great alt> ( sacrifice4#fab ,x is !re=e natural to expla9 ! pres5t passage z a ref]5ce to ! reano9t+ ( ! alt> ( sacrifice1 prim>ily 9 ! days ( ,z]ubbabel1 & second>ily by ,judas ,maccabu aft] its pr(anation by ,antio*us ,epiphanes4#fac #b4 ,b 9 ! m detail$ explanation :i* foll[s1 ! sev5ty ye>-weeks are divid$ into #g #fb #a4 7a7 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ sev5 week-ye>s 7aft] =ty-n9e ye>s7 ,j]usalem %\ld be re/or$1 & !re %\ld be an ,ano9t$1 a ,pr9ce4#fad ,"s anci5t ,jewi% comm5tators1 foll[$ by _m em95t & le>n$ mod]ns1#fae und]/& ?is ,ano9t$ ,"o 7,ma%ia*7 & ,pr9ce 7,nagd7 to be ,cyrus2 & t !re c be no objection to conf]r+ on him ! exalt$ title ( ,messiah is amply prov$ by ! fact t ,isaiah himself be/[s x ^u him 7,isa4 xlv4 #a74 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 bo? anci5t 7l ,eusebius7 & mod]n 7l ,grtz71 pref] to expla9 ! t]m ( ! ano9t$ ,jewi% high prie/1 ,jo%ua1 ! son ( ,jozadak4 ,= ! t]m ,ano9t$ is giv5 to ! high prie/ 9 ,lev4 iv4 #c1 vi4 #bj2 & ,jo%ua's position among ! exiles might well entitle him1 z mu* z ,z]ubbabel himself1 to ! title ( ,nagd or ,pr9ce4#faf 77 ,aft] ?is re/oration ( ,temple & prie/1 sixty-two weeks 7i4e41 f\r hundr$ & ?irty-f\r ye>s7 are to elapse1 dur+ :i* ,j]usalem is inde$ to exi/ ) /reet & tr5*--b 9 ! /raitness ( ! times4#fag ,?is1 too1 is cle> & easy ( compreh5sion4 ,x exactly corresponds ) ! depress$ condition ( ,jewi% life dur+ ! ,p]sian & e>ly ,grecian epo*s1 f ! re/oration ( ! ,temple1 ,b4,c4 #ech1 to ,b4,c4 #aga1 :5 ! false high prie/ ,m5elaus robb$ ! ,temple ( its be/ treasures4 ,?is is inde$1 s f> z accurate *ronology is conc]n$1 an unv]ifiable p]iod1 = x only gives u ?ree hundr$ & sixty-sev5 ye>s in/ead ( f\r hundr$ & ?irty-f\r3--b ( t ,i w speak lat] on4 ,! punctuation ( ! orig9al is disput$4 ,!odotion1 ! ,vulgate1 & our ,a4,v4 punctuate 9 v]4 #be1 ,f ! go+ =? ( ! comm&m5t 7decree or ^w7 t ,j]usalem %\ld be re/or$ & rebuilt1 unto an ,ano9t$1 a ,pr9ce1 are sev5 weeks1 & sixty-two weeks4 ,accept+ ?is view1 ,von ,l5g]ke & ,hitzig make ! sev5 weeks run p>allel ) ! fir/ sev5 9 ! sixty-two4 ,?is inde$ makes ! *ronology a little m accurate1 b introduces an unexpla9$ & a fanta/ic elem5t4 ,consequ5tly mo/ mod]n s*ol>s1 includ+ ev5 su* writ]s z ,keil1 & our ,revis]s foll[ ! ,masoretic punctuation1 & put ! /op aft] ! sev5 weeks1 sep>at+ !m entirely f ! foll[+ sixty-two4 #c4 ,aft] ! sixty-two weeks is to foll[ a s]ies ( ev5ts1 & all ^! po9t q di/9ctly to ! epo* ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 77 ,v]4 #bf4--;,an ,ano9t$ ,"o#fah %all be cut (f ) all t belongs to him4 ,!re c be no reasonable d\bt t ?is is a ref]5ce to ! deposition ( ! high prie/ ,onias ,,iii41 & 8 murd] by ,&ronicus 7,b4,c4 #aga74fai ,?is />tl+ ev5t is m5tion$ 9 #b ,macc4 iv4 #cd1 & by ,josephus 7,antt41 ,,xii4 v4 #a71 & 9 ,dan4 xi4 #bb4 ,x is add$1 & no 444 to him4#fbj ,p]haps ! ^w help] 7xi4 #de7 has fall5 out ( ! text1 z ,grtz supposes2 or ! words may mean1 !re is no prie/ = x ! p4#fba ,! ,a4,v4 r5d]s x1 b n = himself2 & 9 ! m>g91 & %all h no?+2 or1 & !y ! ,jews %all be no m 8 p4 ,! ,r4,v4 r5d]s x1 & %all h no?+4 ,i believe1 ) ,dr4 ,jol1 t 9 ! ,hebrew words veeyn l !re may be a sort ( cryptographic allusion to ! "n ,onias4#fbb 77 ,! p ( ! com+ pr9ce %all deva/ate ! city & ! sanctu>y 7translation unc]ta974 ,?is is an obvi\s allusion to ! de/ruction & massacre inflict$ on ,j]usalem by ,apollonius & ! army ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes 7,b4,c4 #afg74 ,antio*us is call$ ! pr9ce t %all come1 because he 0 at ,rome :5 ,onias ,,iii4 0 murd]$ 7,b4,c4 #aga74fbc 77 ,& until ! end %all be a w>1 a s5t5ce ( desolation 7,hitzig1 etc472 or1 z ,ewald r5d]s x1 ,until ! end ( ! w> is ! decision conc]n+ ! horrible ?+4 ,?is alludes to ! tr\bles ( ,j]usalem until ! heav5-s5t ,nemesis fell on ! pr(ane enemy ( ! sa9ts 9 ! mis]able dea? ( ,antio*us 9 ,p]sia4 77 ,b mean:ile he w h conclud$ a cov5ant ) _m = "o week4#fbd ,9 any case1 :atev] be ! exact read+ or r5d]+1 ?is seems to be an allusion to ! fact t ,antio*us 0 confirm$ 9 8 p]v]sity & l$ on to extremes 9 ! en=cem5t ( 8 attempt to ,hell5ise ! ,jews & to aboli% _! national religion by ! exi/5ce ( a l>ge p>ty ( flagrant apo/ates4 ,^! 7 head$ by _! godless & usurp+ high prie/s1 ,jason & ,m5elaus4 ,all ?is is /rongly emphasis$ 9 ! n>rative ( ! ,book ( ,maccabees4 ,?is attempt$ apo/asy la/$ = "o week--i4e41 = sev5 ye>s2 ! ye>s int5d$ be+ probably ! fir/ sev5 ( ! reign ( ,antio*us1 f ,b4,c4 #age to ,b4,c4 #afh4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he 0 aid$ by wick$ m51 :o said1 ,let u g & make a cov5ant ) ! hea!n r\nd ab\t u2 = s9ce we dep>t$ f !m we h _h mu* sorr[4 ,antio*us gave !m lic5ce to d aft] ! ord9ances ( ! hea!n1 s t !y built a gymnasium at ,j]usalem1 oblit]at$ ! m>ks ( circumcision1 & 7 jo9$ to ! hea!n 7#a ,macc4 i4 #aj-ae74 77 ,= ! half ( ?is week 7i4e41 = ?ree & a half ye>s7 ! k+ aboli%$ ! sacrifice & ! oblation or meat (f]+4#fbe ,?is alludes to ! suppression ( ! mo/ di/9ctive ord9ances ( ,jewi% wor%ip1 & ! g5]al defilem5t ( ! ,temple aft] ! sett+ up ( ! hea!n alt>4 ,! reckon+ seems to be f ! edict promulgat$ "s mon?s be=e ,decemb]1 #afh1 to ,decemb]1 #afe1 :5 ,judas ! ,maccabee reconsecrat$ ! ,temple4 77 ,! s5t5ce :i* foll[s is surr\nd$ ) e k9d ( unc]ta9ty4 ,! ,r4,v4 r5d]s x1 ,& ^u ! w+ or1 p9nacle ( abom9ations %all come or1 be "o t make? desolate4 ,! ,a4,v4 has1 ,& = ! ov]spread+ ( abom9ations 7or m>g41 ) ! abom9able armies7 he %all make x desolate4#fbf ,x is f ! ,,lxx4 t we d]ive ! fam\s expression1 abom9ation ( desolation1 ref]r$ to by ,/4 ,mat!w 7xxiv4 #ae3 cf4 ,luke xxi4 #bj7 9 ! la/ disc\rse ( our ,"l4 ,o!r translations are z foll[s3-- ,ges5ius3 ,desolation comes ^u ! horrible w+ ( a rebel's ho/4 ,ewald3 ,& above w be ! horrible w+ ( abom9ations4 ,wiesel]3 ,& a desolation %all arise aga9/ ! w+ ( abom9ations4 ,von ,l5g]ke1 ,h5g/5b]g1 ,pusey3 ,& ov] ! edge or1 p9nacle#fbg ( abom9ations come? ! desolator2--:i* !y und]/& to mean t ,antio*us w rule ov] ! ,temple defil$ by hea!n rites4 ,krani*feld & ,keil3 ,& a de/roy] comes on ! w+s ( idolatr\s abom9ations4 ,ku551 foll[$ by o!rs1 boldly alt]s ! text f ve'al k'naph1 & ^u ! w+1 into ve'al kann1 & in/ead !re(4#fbh ,& in/ead !re( 7i4e41 9 ! place ( ! sacrifice & meat (f]+7 !re %all be abom9ations4 ,x is ne$less to we>y ! read] ) fur!r attempts at translation2 b h[ev] unc]ta9 may be ! exact read+ or r5d]+1 few mod]n comm5tators d\bt t ! allusion is to ! small] hea!n alt> built by ,antio*us above 7i4e41 on ! summit7 ( ! ,mo/ ,holy--i4e41 ! great alt> ( burnt sacrifice--ov]%ad[+ x l a w+ 7kanaph71 & caus+ desolations or abom9ations 7%iqqootsm74 ,t ?is int]pretation is ! correct "o c h>dly be d\bt$ 9 ! light ( ! cle>] ref]5ces to ! abom9ation t make? desolate 9 xi4 #ca & xii4 #aa4 ,9 fav\r ( ?is we h ! almo/ contempor>y int]pretation ( ! ,book ( ,maccabees4 ,! au?or ( t hi/ory directly applies ! phrase ! abom9ation ( desolation to ! idol alt> set up by ,antio*us 7#a ,macc4 i4 #ed1 vi4 #g74 77 ,la/ly1 ! t]rible drama %all end by an outp\r+ ( wra?1 & a s5t5ce ( judgm5t on ! desolation 7,r4,v47 or ! desolate 7,a4,v474 ,?is c only ref] to ! ultimate judgm5t ) :i* ,antio*us is m5ac$4 ,x w be se5 !n t1 despite all unc]ta9ties 9 ! text1 9 ! translation1 & 9 ! details1 we h 9 ^! v]ses an unmi/akably cle> =e%ad[+ ( ! same p]secut+ k+1 & ! same disa/r\s ev5ts1 ) :i* ! m9d ( ! writ] is s pr$om9antly haunt$1 & :i* are /ill m cle>ly indicat$ 9 ! subsequ5t *apt]4 ,is x necess>y1 aft] an inquiry inevitably t$i\s1 & ( little or no app>5tly spiritual pr(it or significance1 to ent] fur!r into ! intol]ably & int]m9ably p]plex$ & volum9\s discussions z to ! beg9n+1 ! end+1 & ! exactitude ( ! sev5ty weeks8#fbi ,ev5 ,/4 ,j]ome gives1 by way ( specim51 n9e diff]5t int]pretations 9 8 "t1 & comes to no decision ( 8 own4 ,aft] confess+ t all ! int]pretations 7 individual guesswork1 he leaves e read] to 8 own judgm5t1 & adds3 ,dicam quid unusquisque s5s]it1 lectoris arbitrio d]el9qu5s cujus expositionem sequi debeat4 ,i _c ?9k t ! lea/ advantage c be d]iv$ f do+ s4 ,= sc>cely any two lead+ comm5tators agree z to details2--or ev5 z to any fix$ pr9ciples by :i* !y pr(ess to det]m9e ! date at :i* ! p]iod ( sev5ty weeks is to beg9 or is to end2--or :e!r !y are to be reckon$ cont9u\sly1 or ) arbitr>y misplacem5ts or discont9uations2--or ev5 :e!r !y are n purely symbolical1 s z to h no ref]5ce to any *ronological indications2#fcj--or :e!r !y are to be int]pret$ z ref]r+ to "o special s]ies ( ev5ts1 or to be reg>d$ z hav+ _m fulfilm5ts by spr++ & g]m9al developm5ts4 ,! latt] view is1 h[ev]1 di/9ctly t5able4 ,x applies to all prophecies1 inasmu* z hi/ory repeats itself2 & our ,"l ref]r$ to ano!r abom9ation ( desolation :i* 9 ,8 days 0 yet to come4#fca ,!re is n ev5 an initial agreem5t--or ev5 ! data z to an agreem5t--:e!r ! ye>s to be c\nt$ are sol> ye>s ( ?ree hundr$ & =ty-?ree days1 or lun> ye>s1 or my/ic ye>s1 or ,sabba? ye>s ( =ty-n9e ye>s1 or indef9ite ye>s2 or :]e !y are to beg9 & end1 or 9 :at fa%ion !y are to be divid$4 ,all is *aos 9 ! exi/+ comm5t>ies4 ,z = any receiv$ or au?oris$ int]pretation1 !re n only is none1 b nev] has be54 ,! ,jewi% int]pret]s diff] f "o ano!r z widely z ! ,*ri/ian4 ,ev5 9 ! days ( ! ,fa!rs1 ! e>ly exegetes 7 s hopelessly at sea 9 _! me?ods ( application t ,/4 ,j]ome cont5ts himself1 j z ,i h done1 ) giv+ no op9ion ( 8 own4#fcb ,! attempt to ref] ! prophecy ( ! sev5ty weeks prim>ily or directly to ! com+ & dea? ( ,*ri/1 or ! desolation ( ! ,temple by ,titus1 c only be support$ by imm5se manipulations1 & by hypo!ses s crudely impossible t !y w\ld h made ! prophecy practically mean+less bo? to ,daniel & to any subsequ5t read]4 ,! hopelessness ( ?is attempt ( ! s-call$ or?odox int]pret]s is prov$ by _! own fundam5tal disagreem5ts4#fcc ,x is f9ally discr$it$ by ! fact t nei!r our ,"l1 nor ,8 ,apo/les1 nor any ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian writ]s once appeal$ to ! evid5ce ( ?is prophecy1 :i*1 on ! pr9ciples ( ,h5g/5b]g & ,dr4 ,pusey1 w\ld h be5 s decisive6 ,if su* a pro( lay ready to _! h&--a pro( def9ite & *ronological--:y %\ld !y h delib]ately pass$ x ov]1 :ile !y ref]r$ to o!r prophecies s mu* m g5]al1 & s mu* less precise 9 dates8 ,( c\rse x is op5 to any read] to adopt ! view ( ,keil & o!rs1 t ! prophecy is ,messianic1 b only typically & g5]ally s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be object$ t ! ,antio*ian hypo!sis breaks d[n1 because--?\gh x does n pret5d to resort to any ( ! wild1 arbitr>y1 & ,i _h almo/ said prepo/]\s1 hypo!ses inv5t$ by ^? :o approa* ! int]pretation ( ! ,book ) a-priori & a-po/]iori#fcd assumptions--x /ill does n accurately correspond to asc]ta9able dates4 ,b to ^? :o are guid$ 9 _! exegesis1 n by unnatural inv5tions1 b by ! great guid+ pr9ciples ( hi/ory & lit]ature1 ?is consid]ation pres5ts no difficulty4 ,any exact accuracy ( *ronology w\ld h be5 f> m surpris+ 9 a writes ( ! ,maccabean era ?an r\nd numb]s & vague computations4 ,precise computation is n[h]e preval5t 9 ! sacr$ books4 ,! object ( ^? books always is ! conveyance ( et]nal1 moral1 & spiritual in/ruction4 ,to su* purely mundane & second>y matt]s z close reckon+ ( dates ! ,jewi% writ]s %[ !mselves manife/ly indiff]5t4 ,x is possible t1 if we 7 able to asc]ta9 ! data :i* lay be=e ! writ]1 8 calculations might seem less div]g5t f exact numb]s ?an !y n[ appe>4 ,m ?an ?is we _c affirm4 ,:at 0 ! date f :i* ! writ] calculat$ 8 sev5ty weeks8 ,0 x f ! date ( ,j]emiah's fir/ prophecy 7xxv4 #ab71 ,b4,c4 #fje8 or 8 second prophecy 7xxix4 #aj71 elev5 ye>s lat]1 ,b4,c4 #eid8 or f ! de/ruction ( ! fir/ ,temple1 ,b4,c4 #ehf8 or1 z "s ,jews ?\ght1 f ! fir/ ye> ( ,d>ius ! ,m$e8 or f ! decree ( ,artax]xes 9 ,neh4 ii4 #a-i8 or f ! bir? ( ,*ri/--! date assum$ by ,apoll9>is8 ,all ^! views h be5 adopt$ by v>i\s ,rabbis & ,fa!rs2 b x is obvi\s t n "o ( !m accords ) ! allusions ( ! n>rative & pray]1 except t :i* makes ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple ! t]m9us a quo4 ,9 ! confusion ( hi/oric rem9isc5ces & ! r>ity ( writt5 docum5ts1 ! writ] may n h consci\sly di/+ui%$ ?is date 7,b4,c4 #ehh7 f ! date ( ,j]emiah's prophecy 7,b4,c4 #eid74 ,t !re 7 diff]5ces ( computation z reg>ds ,j]emiah's sev5ty ye>s1 ev5 9 ! age ( ! ,exile1 is suffici5tly %[n by ! diff]5t views z to _! t]m9ation tak5 by ! ,*ronicl] 7#b ,*ron4 xxxvi4 #bb71 :o fixes x ,b4,c4 #ecf1 & by ,ze*>iah 7,ze*4 i4 #ab71 :o fixes x ab\t ,b4,c4 #eai4 ,z to ! t]m9us ad quem1 x is op5 to any comm5tator to say t ! pr$iction may po9t to _m subsequ5t & analog\s fulfilm5ts2 b no compet5t & s]i\s read] :o judges ( ^! *apt]s by ! *apt]s !mselves & by _! own repeat$ indications1 c h "o mom5t's hesitation 9 ! conclusion t ! writ] is ?9k+ ma9ly ( ! defilem5t ( ! ,temple 9 ! days ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 & its reconsecration 79 r\nd numb]s7 ?ree & a half ye>s lat] by ,judas ,maccabu 7,decemb] #be?1 ,b4,c4 #afd74 ,x is true t f ,b4,c4 #ehh to ,b4,c4 #afd only gives u f\r hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r ye>s1 in/ead ( f\r hundr$ & n9ety ye>s4 ,h[ is ?is to be acc\nt$ =8 ,ewald supposes ! loss ( "s passage 9 ! text :i* w\ld h expla9$ ! discrepancy2 & t ! text is 9 a some:at *aotic condition is prov$ by its inh]5t philological difficulties1 & by ! appe>ance :i* x assumes 9 ! ,septuag9t4 ,! fir/ sev5 weeks inde$1 or =ty-n9e ye>s1 approximately correspond to ! "t betwe5 ,b4,c4 #ehh 7! de/ruction ( ! ,temple7 & ,b4,c4 #ecf 7! decree ( ,cyrus72 b ! foll[+ sixty-two weeks %\ld give u f\r hundr$ & ?irty-f\r ye>s f ! "t ( ,cyrus to ! cutt+ (f ( ! ,ano9t$ ,"o1 by ! murd] ( ,onias ,,iii4 9 ,b4,c4 #aga1 :]eas x only gives u ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five4 ,h[ are we to acc\nt = ?is miscalculation to ! ext5t ( at lea/ sixty-five ye>s8 ,n "o s+le sugge/ion has ev] acc\nt$ = x1 or has ev] giv5 exactitude to ^! computations on any t5able hypo!sis4#fce ,b ,s*r] has %[n t exactly simil> mi/akes ( reckon+ are made ev5 by s le>n$ & indu/ri\s an hi/orian z ,josephus4 #a4 ,?us 9 8 ,jewi% ,w> 7,,vi4 iv4 #h7 he says t !re 7 six hundr$ & ?irty-n9e ye>s betwe5 ! second ye> ( ,cyrus & ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple by ,titus 7,a4,d4 #gj74 ,"h is an error ( m ?an ?irty ye>s4 #b4 ,9 8 ,antiquities 7,,xx4 x47 he says t !re 7 f\r hundr$ & ?irty-f\r ye>s betwe5 ! ,return f ! ,captivity 7,b4,c4 #ecf7 & ! reign ( ,antio*us ,eupator 7,b4,c4 #afd-afb74 ,"h is an error ( m ?an sixty ye>s4 #c4 ,9 ,antt41 ,,xiii4 xi4 #a1 he reckons f\r hundr$ & eighty-"o ye>s betwe5 ! ,return f ! ,captivity & ! "t ( ,ari/obulus 7,b4,c4 #aje-ajd74 ,"h is an error ( "s fifty ye>s4 ,aga91 ! ,jewi% ,hell5i/ ,demetrius#fcf reckons five hundr$ & sev5ty-?ree ye>s f ! ,captivity ( ! ,t5 ,tribes 7,b4,c4 #gbb7 to ! "t ( ,ptolemy ,,iv4 7,b4,c4 #bbb71 :i* is sev5ty ye>s too _m4 ,9 o!r words1 he makes z ne>ly z possible ! same miscalculations z ! writ] ( ,daniel4 ,?is seems to %[ t !re 0 "s traditional error 9 ! curr5t *ronology2 & x _c be ov]look$ t 9 anci5t days ! means = com+ to accurate *ronological conclusion 7 exce$+ly imp]fect4 ,until ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,seleucid era 7,b4,c4 #cab71 ! ,jew _h no fix$ era :atsoev]2#fcg & no?+ is less a/oni%+ ?an t an apocalyptic writ] ( ! date ( ,epiphanes1 bas+ 8 calculations on unc]ta9 data to give an allegoric int]pretation to an anci5t prophecy1 %\ld h lack$ ! records :i* w\ld alone h enabl$ him to calculate ) exact precision4#fch ,&1 = ! re/1 we mu/ say ) ,grotius1 ,modicum nec prtor curat1 nec propheta4 ,,footnotes3 #ehh ,a*a%v]o%1 ,e/h] viii4 #aj2 p]haps connect$ ) ,k%ajr%a1 eye ( ! k+dom 7,corp4 ,inscr4 ,sem41 ii4 #abe74 #ehi ,by ! books is "h probably meant ! ,?orah or ,p5tateu*1 9 :i* ! writ] discov]$ ! key to ! my/ic mean+ ( ! sev5ty ye>s4 ,x 0 n 9 ! two sections ( ,j]emiah himself 7call$1 accord+ to ,kim*i1 ,seph] ,hamattanah & ,seph] ,hagalon7 t he f\nd ?is key4 ,j]emiah is "h ,yir'myah1 z 9 ,j]4 xxvii4-xxix4 ,see ,j]4 xxv4 #aa2 ,ezek4 xxxvii4 #ba2 ,ze*4 i4 #ab4 ,9 ! ,epi/le ( ,j]emy 7v]4 #b7 ! sev5ty ye>s become sev5 g5]ations 7 74 ,see too ,dillman's ,eno*1 p4 #bic4 #eij ,dan41 p4 #adf4 ,comp4 a simil> usage 9 ,aul4 ,gell41 ,noct4 ,att41 iii4 #aj1 ,se jam undecimam annorum hebdomadem +ressum esse2 & ,ari/41 ,polit41 vii4 #af4 #eia ,see ,fritzs*e ad loc42 ,ewald1 ,hi/4 ( ,isr41 v4 #adj4 #eib ,! writ] ( #b ,*ron4 xxxv4 #ag1 #ah1 xxxvi4 #ba1 #bb1 evid5tly suppos$ t sev5ty ye>s _h elaps$ betwe5 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem & ! decree ( ,cyrus--:i* is only a p]iod ( fifty ye>s4 ,! ,jewi% writ]s 7 :olly )\t means = =m+ an accurate *ronology4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,prophet ,ze*>iah 7i4 #ab71 writ+ 9 ! second ye> ( ,d>ius1 son ( ,hy/aspes 7,b4,c4 #ebj71 ?9ks t ! sev5ty ye>s 7 only !n conclud+4 ,9 fact1 ! sev5ty ye>s may be dat$ f ,b4,c4 #fjf 7f\r? ye> ( ,jehoiakim72 or ,b4,c4 #eih 7,jehoia*972 or f ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple 7,b4,c4 #ehh72 & may be suppos$ to end at ! decree ( ,cyrus 7,b4,c4 #ecf72 or ! days ( ,z]ubbabel 7,ezra v4 #a72 or ! decree ( ,d>ius 7,b4,c4 #eah1 ,ezra vi4 #a-ab74 #eic ,lev4 xxv4 #b1 #d4 #eid #b ,*ron4 xxxvi4 #ba4 ,see ,bevan1 p4 #ad4 #eie ,see ,cornill1 ,die ,siebzig ,jahrwo*5 ,daniels1 pp4 #ad-ah4 #eif ,! ,,lxx4 & ,!odotion1 ) a lat] ritual bias1 make ! fa/+ a means t[>ds ! pray]3 4 #eig ,ewald1 p4 #bgh4 ,! fir/ "p 7vv4 #d-ad7 is ma9ly occupi$ ) confessions & ackn[l$gm5t ( ,god's ju/ice2 ! la/ "p 7vv4 #ae-ai7 ) entreaty = p>don3 confessio 7vv4 #d-ad72 consolatio 7vv4 #ae-ai7 7,melanc?on74 #eih ,besides ! p>allels :i* foll[1 x has phrases f ,exod4 xx4 #f2 ,deut4 vii4 #ba1 x4 #ag2 ,j]4 vii4 #ai2 ,psalm xliv4 #af1 cxxx4 #d2 #b ,*ron4 xxxvi4 #ae1 #af4 ,mr4 ,deane 7,bi%op ,ellicott's ,comm5t>y1 p4 #djg7 ?us exhibits ! details ( special resemblances3-- ---------------------------------------- ,dan4 ix4 ,ezra ix4 ,neh4 ix4 ,b>u*4 ---------------------------------------- ,v]se4 ,v]se4 ,v]se4 #d #g #cb -- #e #g #cc1 #cd i4 #aa #f #g #cb1 #cc -- #g #f1 #g #cb1 #cc i4 #ae-ag #h #f1 #g #cc -- #i -- #ag -- #ac -- -- ii4 #g #ad #ae #cc -- #ae -- #aj ii4 #aa #ah -- -- ii4 #ai #ai -- -- ii4 #ae ---------------------------------------- #eii ix4 #ac 7,heb474 ,comp4 ,exod4 xxxii4 #ac2 #a ,sam4 xiii4 #ab2 #a ,k+s xiii4 #f1 etc4 #fjj ,comp4 ,j]4 xxxii4 #ag-bc2 ,isa4 lxiii4 #aa-af4 #fja ix4 #ba4 ,,lxx41 2 ,!odot41 2 ,vulg41 cito volans2 ,a4,v4 & ,r4,v41 be+ made to fly swiftly2 ,r4,v4 m>g41 be+ sore we>i$2 ,a4,v4 m>g41 ) we>9ess2 ,von ,l5g]ke1 be+ caus$ to ha/5 ) ha/e4 ,! v]b else:]e always connotes we>9ess4 ,if t be ! mean+ "h1 x mu/ ref] to ,daniel4 ,if x "h means fly+1 x is ! only passage 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t :]e angels fly2 b see ,isa4 vi4 #b2 ,psalm civ4 #d1 etc4 ,! w+s ( angels are fir/ m5tion$ 9 ! ,book ( ,eno*1 lxi42 b see ,rev4 xiv4 #f--;*]ubim & s]aphim h w+s4 #fjb ,9 ! "t ( ! hi/oric ,daniel1 z 9 ! brief ?ree & a half ye>s ( ,antio*us1 ! tamd _h ceas$4 #fjc ix4 #bc4 ,heb41 ee% hamud?2 ,vulg41 vir desid]iorum1 a man ( desires2 ,!odot41 4 ,comp4 x4 #aa1 #ai1 & ,j]4 xxxi4 #bj1 :]e a pleasant *ild is a son ( c>esses2 & ! amor et delici g5]is humani appli$ to ,titus2 & ! names ,david1 ,j$idiah1 belov$ ( ,jehovah4 ,! ,,lxx4 r5d] ! ^w 1 an object ( pity4 #fjd ,daniel us$ ,%abum = weeks1 n ,%abu?4 #fje ,9 v]4 #bd ! ,q'r & ,ke?bh v>y1 z d also ! v]sions4 #fjf ,= *>oots1 moat 7,ewald71 ! ,a4,v4 has wall1 & 9 ! m>g4 brea* or dit*4 ,! ^w occurs = dit*es 9 ! ,talmud4 ,! text ( ! v]se is unc]ta94 #fjg ,p]haps because nei!r ,jason nor ,m5elaus 7be+ apo/ate7 7 reg>d$ z g5u9e successors ( ,onias ,,iii4 #fjh ,numb4 xiv4 #cd2 ,lev4 xxvi4 #cd2 ,ezek4 iv4 #f4 #fji ,comp4 ,j]4 xxxii4 #aa1 #dd4 #faj ,see ,isa4 xlvi4 #c1 li4 #e1 liii4 #aa2 ,j]4 xxiii4 #f1 etc4 #faa ,= ! ano9t+ ( ! alt> see ,exod4 xxix4 #cf1 xl4 #aj2 ,lev4 viii4 #aa2 ,numb4 vii4 #a4 ,x w\ld make no diff]5ce 9 ! usus loqu5di if nei!r ,z]ubbabel's nor ,judas's alt> 0 actually ano9t$4 #fab ,x is only us$ ?irte5 times ( ! ,debhr1 or ,holie/ ,place4 #fac #a ,macc4 iv4 #ed4 #fad ,!odot41 4 #fae ,saadia ! ,gaon1 ,ra%i1 ,von ,l5g]ke1 ,hitzig1 ,s*r]1 ,cornill4 #faf ,hag4 i4 #a2 ,ze*4 iii4 #a2 ,ezra iii4 #b4 ,comp4 ,ecclus4 xlv4 #bd2 ,jos41 ,antt41 ,,xii4 iv4 #b1 2 & see ,bevan1 p4 #aef4 #fag ,we see f ,ze*4 i4 #ab1 ii4 #d1 t ev5 9 ! second ye> ( ,d>ius ,hy/aspis ,j]usalem _h nei!r walls nor gates2 & ev5 9 ! tw5tie? ye> ( ,artax]xes ! wall 0 /ill brok5 d[n & ! gates burnt 7,neh4 i4 #c74 #fah ,,lxx41 2 ,!odot41 2 ,aquil41 4 4 #fai ,see xi4 #bb4 ,von ,l5g]ke1 h[ev]1 & o!rs ref] x to ,seleucus ,philopator1 murd]$ by ,heliodorus 7,b4,c4 #age74 #fbj ,syr4 ,aquil41 2 ,!odot41 2 ,,lxx41 2 ,vulg41 ,et non erit ejus populus qui eum negaturus e/4 ,! ,a4,v4 & n = himself is unt5able4 ,x w\ld h be5 4 ,see ,pusey1 p4 #ahb1 n4 #fba ,/eudel1 ,h(mann4 ,s too ,cornill1 p4 #aj3 ,e9 fromm] ,jude das ,hoh] ,prie/]?um mit ,onias fr erlos*5 ansah4 #fbb ,comp4 & 7,jol1 ,notiz51 p4 #ba74 #fbc ,jos41 ,antt41 ,,xii4 v4 #d2 #a ,macc4 i4 #bi-dj4 #fbd ,"h aga9 ! mean+ is unc]ta92 & ,grtz1 alt]+ ! read+1 ?9ks t x %\ld be1 ,he %all aboli% ! cov5ant ) ,god = ! _m2 or1 %all cause ! _m to transgress ! cov5ant4 #fbe ,dan4 ix4 #bg4 ,heb41 ,zeba* oo-m9*ah1 ! bloody & unbloody (f]+4 #fbf ,! special allusion1 :atev] x may precisely mean1 is f\nd "u ?ree diff]5t designations3 7i7 ,9 viii4 #ac x is call$ happe%ang %omeem2 ,gk41 2 ,vulg41 peccatum desolationis4 7ii7 ,9 ix4 #bg 7comp4 ix4 #ca7 x is %iqqootsm m'%omeem2 ,gk41 2 ,vulg41 abom9atio desolationis4 7iii7 ,9 xii4 #aa x is %iqqoots %omeem2 ,gk41 2 ,vulg41 abom9atio 9 desolationem4 ,"s traditional fact mu/ 7z ,dr4 ,jol says7 h und]la9 ! r5d]+ ( desolation = ( ! desolator4 ,9 xi4 #ca ,!odotion has 1 ( ?+s done away )1 = 4 ,! expression ) :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t has made u s famili> is f\nd also 9 #a ,macc4 i4 #ea 7comp4 #a ,macc4 vi4 #g73 !y built ! abom9ation ( desolation ^u ! alt>4 ,!re ! abom9ation seems cle>ly to mean a small] alt> = hea!n sacrifice to ,zeus1 built on ! great alt> ( burnt (f]+4 ,p]haps ! writ] ( ,daniel took ! ^w %omeem1 desolation1 z a fur!r def9ition ( %iqqoots1 abom9ation1 f popul> spee*2 & x may h involv$ a ref]5ce to ,lev4 xxvi4 #ae-ca3 ,if ye %all despise ,my /atutes 444 ,i w ev5 appo9t ov] y t]ror 444 & ,i w make y\r cities wa/e1 & appo9t y\r sanctu>ies unto desolation4 ,! old ,jewi% exegetes ref]r$ ! prophecy to ,antio*us ,epiphanes2 ,josephus & lat] writ]s appli$ x to ! ,romans4 ,old ,*ri/ian expositors reg>d$ x z ,messianic2 b ev5 ,j]ome records n9e diff]5t views ( comm5tators1 _m ( !m involv+ ! grosse/ hi/oric errors & absurdities4 ,( ,po/-,re=mation expositors d[n to ! pres5t c5tury sc>cely two agree 9 _! int]pretations4 ,at ! pres5t day mod]n critics ( any weight almo/ unanim\sly reg>d ^! *apt]s1 9 _! prim>y significance1 z vatic9ia ex ev5tu1 z "s old] ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian exegetes _h already done4 ,hitzig s>ca/ically says t ! exegetes h "h fall5 into all sorts ( %iqqootsm !mselves4 #fbg ,comp4 7,matt4 iv4 #e74 #fbh ,ku551 ,hi/4 ,crit4 ,ond]zook41 ii4 #dgb4 #fbi ,any "o :o ?9ks ! inquiry likely to lead to any bett] results ?an ^? "h indicat$ has only to wade ?r\gh ,zckl]'s comm5t 9 ,lange's ,bibelw]k 7,ezekiel & ,daniel1 i4 #ahf-bba74 ,x is h>d to conceive any read+ m intol]ably we>isome2 & at ! close x leaves ! read] 9 a /ate ( m hopeless confusion ?an be=e4 ,! discussion also occupies _m pages ( ,pusey 7pp4 #afb-bca72 b nei!r 9 8 hypo!sis nor any o!r are ! dates exact4 ,he c only say1 ,x 7 n ( any acc\nt if we c\ld n int]pret ^! m9or details4 ,de m9imis non curat lex4 ,on ! view t ! sev5ty weeks 7 to end ) ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ we ask3 7#a7 ,:y d no two ,*ri/ian int]pret]s agree ab\t ! int]pretation8 7#b7 ,:y did n ! ,apo/les & ,evangeli/s ref] to s decisive an evid5ce8 #fcj ,on ?is1 h[ev]1 we may rem>k ) ,cornill1 ,e9e ,apokalypse1 d]5 un5?lb> s9d1 wre e9 nons5s1 e9e contradictio 9 adjecto 7,die ,siebzig ,jahrwo*51 p4 #c74 ,! indication 0 obvi\sly meant to be und]/ood1 & to ! contempor>ies ( ! writ]1 famili> ) ! m9ut] facts ( ! day1 x probably 0 p]fectly cle>4 #fca ,luke ii4 #be1 #bf1 #ch2 ,matt4 xxiv4 #ae4 ,comp4 #b ,!ss4 ii42 ,jos41 ,antt41 ,x4 xxii4 #g4 #fcb ,scio de hac qu/ione ab eruditissimis viris v>ie disputatum et unumquemque pro captu +5ii sui dixisse quod s5s]at 7,j]4 9 ,dan41 ix474 ,9 o!r words1 !re 0 n only no receiv$ int]pretation 9 ,/4 ,j]ome's day1 b ! comm5ts ( ! ,fa!rs 7 ev5 !n a *aos ( arbitr>y guesses4 #fcc ,pusey makes out a table ( ! div]g5t int]pretation ( ! comm5tators1 :om1 9 8 usual ecclesia/ical fa%ion1 he *>itably classes toge!r z unbeliev]s1 f ,corrodi & ,ei*horn d[n to ,h]zfeld4 ,b q z /rik+ a table ( div]g5cies might be drawn up ( or?odox comm5tators4 #fcd ,?us ,eusebius1 )\t a %ad[ ( any pret5ce at argum5t makes ! la/ week mean sev5ty ye>s6 7,dem4 ,evan41 viii474 #fce ,jo/ 7,ges*4 d4 ,jud5?ums1 i4 #ii7 cont5ts himself ) speak+ ( die ,liebe zu prophetis*] ,auffassung d] ,v]gang5heit1 mit mgli*/ g5au5 ,zahl5agab51 befri$igt1 die uns leid] ni*t mehr v]/ndli* ers*e954 #fcf ,9 ,clem4 ,alex41 ,/rom41 i4 #ba4 #fcg ,cornill1 p4 #ad2 ,bevan1 p4 #ed4 #fch ,s*r]1 ,hi/4 ( ,jewi% ,p1 iii4 #ec1 #ed 7,e4 ,tr474 ,?is is also ! view ( ,graf1 ,nldeke1 ,cornill1 & _m o!rs4 ,9 any case we mu/ n be misl$ into an impossible /yle ( exegesis ( :i* ,bleck says t bei ihr alles mgli* i/ und alles fr erlaubt gilt4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,conclud+ ,,vision ,! rema9+ section ( ! ,book ( ,daniel =ms b "o vision1 ( :i* ?is *apt] is ! ,introduction or ,prologue4 ,daniel is "h spok5 ( 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,x is dat$ 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,cyrus 7,b4,c4 #ece74fci ,we h already be5 told t ,daniel liv$ to see ! fir/ ye> ( ,cyrus 7i4 #ba74 ,?is v]se1 if accept$ hi/orically1 w\ld %[ t at any rate ,daniel did n return to ,pale/9e ) ! exiles4 ,age1 high rank1 & opportunities ( usefulness 9 ! ,p]sian ,c\rt may h comb9$ to r5d] 8 return undesirable = ! int]e/s ( 8 p4 ,! date--! la/ giv5 9 ! life ( ! real or ideal ,daniel--is p]haps "h m5tion$ to acc\nt = ! allusions :i* foll[ to ! k+dom ( ,p]sia4 ,b ) ! great & mov+ =tunes ( ! ,jews aft] ! accession ( ,cyrus1 & ev5 ) ! beg9n+ ( _! new national life 9 ,j]usalem1 ! au?or is sc>cely at all conc]n$4 ,he makes no m5tion ( ,z]ubbabel ! pr9ce1 nor ( ,jo%ua ! prie/1 nor ( ! decree ( ,cyrus1 nor ( ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple2 8 :ole conc]n is ) ! petty w>s & diplomacy ( ! reign ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 ( :i* an acc\nt is giv51 s m9ute z ei!r to furni% u ) hi/orical mat]ials unkn[n to any o!r hi/orian1 or else is difficult to reconcile ) ! hi/ory ( t k+'s reign z x has be5 hi!rto und]/ood4 ,9 ?is *apt]1 z 9 ! two prec$+1 !re are great difficulties & unc]ta9ties ab\t ! exact significance ( "s ( ! v]ses1 & textual em5dations h be5 sugge/$4 ,! read]s ( ! ,expositor's ,bible w\ld n1 h[ev]1 be int]e/$ 9 m9ute & dre>y philological disquisitions1 :i* h n ! smalle/ moral significance1 & lead to no c]ta9 result4 ,! difficulties affect po9ts ( no doctr9al importance1 & ! greate/ s*ol>s h be5 unable to arrive at any agreem5t respect+ !m4 ,su* difficulties w1 !re=e1 m]ely be m5tion$1 & ,i %all cont5t myself ) furni%+ :at appe>s to be ! be/ au!nticat$ op9ion4 ,! fir/ & second v]ses are r5d]$ p>tly by ,ewald & p>tly by o!r s*ol>s1 ,tru? is ! revelation1 & di/ress is great2#fdj !re=e und]/& ?\ ! revelation1 s9ce !re is und]/&+ ( x 9 ! vision4 ,! admonition calls att5tion to ! importance ( ! ^w1 & ! fact t reality lies b5ea? its enigmatic & apocalyptic =m4 ,daniel _h be5 m\rn+ = ?ree full weeks1#fda dur+ :i* he ate no da9ty bread1#fdb nor fle%1 nor w9e1 nor did he ano9t himself ) oil4#fdc ,b 9 ! ,passov] mon? ( ,abib or ,nisan1 ! fir/ mon? ( ! ye>1 & on ! tw5ty-f\r? day ( t mon?1#fdd he 0 seat$ on ! bank ( ! great riv]1 ,hiddekel or ,tigris1#fde :51 lift+ up 8 eyes1 he saw a c]ta9 man clo!d 9 f9e l95 l a ,jewi% prie/1 & 8 lo9s gird$ ) gold ( ,uphaz4#fdf ,8 body 0 l *rysolite1#fdg 8 face fla%$ l lightn+1 8 eyes 7 l tor*es ( fire1 8 arms & feet gleam$ l poli%$ brass1#fdh & ! s\nd ( 8 words 0 z ! s\nd ( a deep murmur4#fdi ,daniel _h companions ) him2#fej !y did n see ! vision1 b "s sup]natural t]ror fell ^u !m1 & !y fl$ to hide !mselves4#fea ,at ?is great spectacle 8 /r5g? dep>t$1 & 8 brightness 0 *ang$ to corruption2#feb & :5 ! vision spoke he fell to ! e>? face d[nw>ds4 ,a h& t\*$ him1 & p>tly rais$ him to ! trembl+ support ( 8 knees & ! palms ( 8 h&s1#fec & a voice said to him1 ,daniel1 ?\ greatly belov$1#fed /& upright1 & att5d2 = ,i am s5t to !e4 ,! se] 0 /ill trembl+2 b ! voice bade him fe> n1 = 8 pray] _h be5 he>d1 & = t reason ?is message _h be5 s5t to him4 ,gabriel's com+ _h1 h[ev]1 be5 delay$ = ?ree weeks1 by 8 hav+ to )/& = tw5ty days ! pr9ce ( ! k+dom ( ,p]sia4#fee ,! necessity ( cont9u+ ! /ruggle 0 only remov$ by ! arrival ( ,mi*ael1 "o ( ! *ief pr9ces1#fef to help him1 s t ,gabriel 0 no long] ne$$#feg to resi/ ! k+s ( ,p]sia4#feh ,! vision 0 = _m days1#fei & he _h come to enable ,daniel to und]/& x4 ,once m ,daniel 0 t]rifi$1 rema9$ sil5t1 & fix$ 8 eyes on ! gr\nd1 until "o l ! sons ( m5 t\*$ 8 lips1 & !n he spoke to apologise = 8 timidity & fa9!>t$ness4 ,a ?ird "t ! vision t\*$1 /r5g!n$1 bless$ him1 & bade him be /rong4 ,kn[e/ ?\1 ! angel ask$1 :y ,i am come to !e8 ,i mu/ return to fight aga9/ ! ,pr9ce ( ,p]sia1 & :ile ,i am gone ! ,pr9ce ( ,greece ,javan w come4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 tell !e :at is ann\nc$ 9 ! writ+ ( tru?1 ! book ( ! decrees ( heav51 ?\gh !re is no "o to help me aga9/ ^! ho/ile pr9ces ( ,p]sia & ,javan1 except ,mi*ael y\r pr9ce4 ,! difficulties ( ! *apt] are1 z we h said1 ( a k9d t ! expositor _c easily remove4 ,i h giv5 :at appe>s to be ! g5]al s5se4 ,! que/ions :i* ! vision raises be> on matt]s ( angelology1 z to :i* all is purposely left vague & indet]m9ate1 or :i* lie 9 a sph]e :olly beyond our cognisance4 ,x may fir/ be ask$ :e!r ! spl5did angel ( ! op5+ vision is also ! be+ 9 ! similitude ( a man :o ?rice t\*es1 enc\rages1 & /r5g!ns ,daniel4 ,x is p]haps simple/ to suppose t ?is is ! case1#ffj & t ! ,great ,pr9ce tones d[n 8 ov]p[]+ glory to m famili> human semblance 9 ord] to dispel ! t]rors ( ! se]4 ,! g5]al conception ( ! ar*angels z pr9ces ( ! nations1 & z cont5d+ ) ea* o!r1 belongs to ! lat] developm5ts ( ,hebrew op9ion on su* subjects4#ffa ,"s h suppos$ t ! pr9ces ( ,p]sia & ,javan to :om ,gabriel & ,mi*ael are oppos$ are1 n good angels1 b demonic p[]s1--! _w-rul]s ( ?is d>kness--subord9ate to ! evil _s :om ,/4 ,paul does n hesitate to call ! god ( ?is _w1 & ! pr9ce ( ! p[]s ( ! air4 ,?is is h[ !y acc\nt = ?is w> 9 heav51 s t ! dragon & 8 angels fight aga9/ ,mi*ael & 8 angels4 ,be t z x may1 ?is mode ( pres5t+ ! gu>dians ( ! de/9ies ( nations is "o respect+ :i* we h no fur!r gleams ( revelation to help u4 ,ewald reg>ds ! two la/ v]ses ( ! *apt] z a sort ( soliloquy ( ! angel ,gabriel ) himself4 ,he is press$ = "t4 ,8 com+ has already be5 delay$ by ! opposition ( ! gu>dian-p[] ( ! de/9ies ( ,p]sia4 ,if ,mi*ael1 ! great ar*angel ( ! ,hebrews1 _h n come to 8 aid1 & 7s to speak7 = a "t reliev$ gu>d1 he w\ld h be5 unable to come4 ,b ev5 ! respite leaves him anxi\s4 ,he seems to feel x almo/ necess>y t he %\ld at once return to cont5d aga9/ ! ,pr9ce ( ,p]sia1 & aga9/ a new adv]s>y1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,javan1 :o is on 8 way to d mis*ief4 ,yet on ! :ole he w /ay & enlight5 ,daniel be=e he takes 8 flight1 al?\gh !re is no "o b ,mi*ael :o aids him aga9/ ^! m5ac+ pr9ces4 ,x is difficult to "k :e!r ?is is meant to be ideal or real--:e!r x repres5ts a /ruggle ( angels aga9/ demons1 or is m]ely meant = a sort ( p>able :i* repres5ts ! to-&-fro conflict+ impulses :i* sway ! de/9ies ( e>?ly k+doms4 ,9 any case ! repres5tation is too unique & too remote f e>? to enable u to und]/& its spiritual mean+1 beyond ! b>e indication t ,god sitte? above ! wat]-floods & ,god rema9e? a k+ = ev]4 ,x is ano!r way ( %[+ u t ! hea!n rage1 & ! p imag9e a va9 ?+2 t ! k+s ( ! e>? set !mselves & ! rul]s take c\nsel toge!r2 b t !y c only accompli% :at ,god's h& & ,god's c\nsel h pr$et]m9$ to be done2 & t :5 !y attempt to ov]?r[ ! de/9ies :i* ,god has =eorda9$1 ,he t sitte? 9 ! heav5s %all laugh !m to scorn1 ! ,"l %all h !m 9 d]ision4 ,^!1 ap>t f all complications or developm5ts ( angelology or demonology1 are ! cont9u\s lesson ( ! ,^w ( ,god1 & are confirm$ by all t we deciph] ( ,8 provid5ce 9 ,8 ways ( deal+ ) nations & ) m54 ,,footnotes3 #fci ,! ,,lxx4 date x 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,cyrus1 p]haps an int5tional alt]ation 7i4 #ba74 ,we see f ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 & ! late/ ( ! ,m9or ,prophets t !re 0 sc>cely ev5 an attempt to re/ore ! ru9$ walls ( ,j]usalem be=e ,b4,c4 #ddd4 #fdj ,lit4 great w>f>e4 ,x w be se5 t ! ,a4,v4 & ,r4,v4 & o!r r5d]+s v>y widely f ?is2 b no?+ v important dep5ds on ! v>iations4 ,in/ead ( tak+ ! v]bs z imp]atives address$ to ! read]1 ,hitzig r5d]s1 ,he he$$ ! ^w1 & gave he$ to ! vision4 #fda ,lit4 weeks ( days 7,g54 xli4 #a2 ,deut4 xxi4 #ac3 ye>s ( days74 #fdb ,bread ( desires is ! opposite ( bread ( affliction 9 ,deut4 xvi4 #c4 ,comp4 ,g54 xxvii4 #be2 ,isa4 xxii4 #ac1 etc4 #fdc ,comp4 ,amos vi4 #f2 ,ru? iii4 #c2 #b ,sam4 xii4 #bj1 xiv4 #b4 #fdd ,he fa/$ f ,abib #c to #bd4 ,! fe/ival ( ! ,new ,moon might prev5t him f fa/+ on ,abib #a1 #b4 #fde ,hiddekel 7! ru%+7 occurs only 9 ,g54 ii4 #ad4 ,x is ! ,assyrian idiglat4 #fdf ,= ! girdle see ,ezek4 xxiii4 #ae4 ,ewald 7) ! ,vulg41 ,*ald41 & ,syriac7 reg>ds ,uphaz z a cl]ical error = ,ophir 7,psalm xlv4 #i74 ,,lxx41 7,j]4 x4 #i1 :]e alone x occurs74 ,! ,,lxx4 omit x "h4 ,vulg41 ,auro obrizo4 #fdg ,heb41 eb5 t>%i% 7,exod4 xxviii4 #b72 ,vulg41 crysoli?us2 ,r4,v4 & ,a4,v41 b]yl 7,ezek4 i4 #af74 ,comp4 ,skr41 t>i%a1 ! sea4 #fdh ,!odot41 2 ,,lxx41 7,rev4 i4 #ae7--lit4 foot-hold2 ,vulg41 qu deorsum sunt usque ad p$es4 #fdi ,?is description ( ! vision foll[s ,ezek4 i4 #af-bd1 ix4 #b1 & is foll[$ 9 ,rev4 i4 #ac-ae4 ,! deep murmur is ref]r$ to ! s\nd ( ! sea by ,/4 ,john2 ,a4,v41 ! voice ( a multitude2 ,,lxx41 4 ,comp4 ,isa4 xiii4 #d2 ,ezek4 xliii4 #b4 #fej ,ra%i guesses t !y 7 ,haggai1 ,ze*>iah1 & ,mala*i4 #fea ,comp4 ,acts ix4 #g1 xxii4 #aa4 #feb ,comp4 ,hab4 iii4 #af2 ,dan4 viii4 #ah4 #fec ,lit4 %ook or caus$ me to tremble ^u my knees & ! palms ( my h&4 #fed x4 #aa4 ,,lxx41 2 ,t]t41 ,de ,jejun41 #g1 homo es mis]abilis 7sc41 jejun&o74 #fee ,! protect+ g5ius ( ,p]sia 7,isa4 xxiv4 #ba2 ,psalm lxxxii42 ,ecclus4 xvii4 #ag74 #fef ,mi*ael1 :o is l ,god 7,jude #i2 ,rev4 xii4 #g74 #feg ,heb41 n?>t4 ,i came (f victori\s1 or obta9$ ! prec$5ce 7,lu!r1 ,ges5ius1 etc472 ,i 0 delay$ 7,hitzig72 ,i 0 sup]flu\s 7,ewald72 ,0 left ov] 7,zckl]72 ,i rema9$ 7,a4,v472 ,0 n ne$$ 7,r4,v4 m>g474 ,! ,,lxx4 & ,!odoret seem to foll[ ano!r text4 #feh ,,lxx41 ) ! army ( ! k+ ( ! ,p]sians4 #fei ,aga9 ! text & r5d]+ are unc]ta94 #ffj ,s ,hitzig & ,ewald4 ,! view t !y are di/9ct p]sons is tak5 by ,zckl]1 ,von ,l5g]ke1 etc4 ,o!r guesses are t ! man clo!d 9 l95 is ! angel :o call$ ,gabriel 7viii4 #af72 or ,mi*ael2 or ! angel ( ! ,cov5ant 7,vitr+a72 or ,*ri/2 or he :o lette? 7 1 #b ,!ss4 ii4 #g71 :om ,zckl] takes to be ! good pr9ciple ( ! _w-p[]4 #ffa ,?us 9 ! ,,lxx4 7,d5t1 xxxii4 #h7 we read ( angels ( ! nations4 ,see too ,isa4 xlvi4 #b2 ,j]4 xlvi4 #be4 ,comp4 ,b>u* iv4 #g2 ,ecclus4 xvii4 #ag2 ,frankel1 ,vor/udi51 p4 #ff4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,an ,,enigmatic ,,prophecy ,,pass+ ,,into ,,details ,,( ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,antio*us ,,epiphanes ,pone hc dici de ,antio*o1 quid nocet religioni no/r8--,,hi]on4 ed4 ,,vall>s1 v4 #gbb4 ,if ?is *apt] 7 inde$ ! utt]ance ( a prophet 9 ! ,babylonian ,exile1 ne>ly f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ev5ts--ev5ts ( :i* _m are ( small comp>ative importance 9 ! _w's hi/ory--:i* are "h s enigmatically & yet s m9utely depict$1 ! revelation w\ld be ! mo/ unique & p]plex+ 9 ! :ole ,scriptures4 ,x w\ld repres5t a sudd5 & total dep>ture f e me?od ( ,god's provid5ce & ( ,god's manife/ation ( ,8 w to ! m9ds ( ! prophets4 ,x w\ld /& absolutely & abnormally alone z an ab&onm5t ( ! limitations ( all else :i* has ev] be5 =etold4 ,& x w\ld !n be /ill m surpris+ t su* a rev]sal ( ! entire economy ( prophecy %\ld n only be s widely sep>at$ 9 tone f ! high moral & spiritual lessons :i* x 0 ! special glory ( prophecy to inculcate1 b %\ld come to u entirely devoid ( ^? decisive cr$5tials :i* c\ld alone suffice to comm& our conviction ( its g5u95ess & au!nticity4 ,we f9d 9 ?is *apt]1 says ,mr4 ,bevan1 a complete survey ( ! hi/ory f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,p]sian p]iod d[n to ! "t ( ! au?or4 ,"h1 ev5 m ?an 9 ! e>li] vision1 we are able to p]ceive h[ ! acc\nt gradually becomes m def9ite z x approa*es ! latt] "p ( ! reign ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 & h[ x !n passes sudd5ly f ! doma9 ( hi/orical facts to t ( ideal expectations4#ffb ,9 rec5t days1 :5 ! =ce ( tru? has compell$ s _m e>ne/ & hone/ ?9k]s to ! acceptance ( hi/oric & lit]>y criticism1 ! few s*ol>s :o are /ill able to ma9ta9 ! traditional views ab\t ! ,book ( ,daniel f9d !mselves driv51 l ,zckl] & o!rs1 to admit t ev5 if ! ,book ( ,daniel z a :ole c be reg>d$ z ! production ( ! exil$ se] five & a half c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 yet 9 ?is *apt] at any rate !re mu/ be l>ge int]polations4#ffc ,!re is "h an un=tunate division ( ! *apt]s4 ,! fir/ v]se ( *ap4 xi4 cle>ly belongs to ! la/ v]ses ( *ap4 x4 ,x seems to furni% ! reason :y ,gabriel c\ld rely on ! help ( ,mi*ael1 & !re=e may delay = a few mom5ts 8 return to ! sc5e ( conflict ) ! ,pr9ce ( ,p]sia & ! com+ ,k+ ( ,javan4 ,mi*ael w = t brief p]iod und]take ! sole responsibility ( ma9ta9+ ! /ruggle1 because ,gabriel has put him "u a direct obligation by special assi/ance :i* he r5d]$ to him only a little :ile previ\sly 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! ,m$ian ,d>ius4#ffd ,n[1 !re=e1 ,gabriel1 ?\gh 9 ha/e1 w ann\nce to ,daniel ! tru?4 ,! ann\ncem5t occupies five sections4 ,,fir/ ,,section 7xi4 #b-i74--;,ev5ts f ! rise ( ,alex&] ! ,great 7,b4,c4 #ccf7 to ! dea? ( ,seleucus ,nicator 7,b4,c4 #bhj74 ,!re are to be ?ree k+s ( ,p]sia aft] ,cyrus 7:o is !n reign+71 ( :om ! ?ird is to be ! ri*e/2#ffe & :5 he is wax$ /rong ?r\gh 8 ri*es1 he %all /ir up ! all#fff aga9/ ! realm ( ,javan4 ,!re 7 ( c\rse _m m ?an f\r k+s ( ,p]sia#ffg3 viz4-- ,b4,c4 ,cyrus #ecf ,cambyses #ebi ,pseudo-,sm]dis #ebb ,d>ius ,hy/aspis #eba ,x]xes ,i4 #dhe ,artax]xes ,i4 7,longimanus7 #dfd ,x]xes ,,ii4 #dbe ,sogdianus #dbe ,d>ius ,no?us #dbd ,artax]xes ,,ii4 7,mnemon7 #dje ,artax]xes ,,iii4 #cei ,d>ius ,codomannus #ccf ,b probably ! writ] _h no hi/oric s\rces to :i* to ref]1 & only f\r ,p]sian k+s are prom95t 9 ,scripture--,cyrus1 ,d>ius1 ,x]xes1 & ,artax]xes4 ,d>ius ,codomannus is inde$ m5tion$ 9 ,neh4 xii4 #bb1 b might h easily be5 ov]look$1 & ev5 conf\nd$ ) ano!r ,d>ius 9 uncritical & unhi/orical times4 ,! ri* f\r? k+ :o /irs up ! all aga9/ ! realm ( ,grecia might be meant = ,artax]xes ,i41 b m probably ref]s to ,x]xes 7,a*a%v]o%1 or ,ahasu]us71 & 8 imm5se & o/5tati\s invasion ( ,greece 7,b4,c4 #dhj74 ,8 enorm\s weal? is dwelt ^u by ,h]odotus4#ffh ,v]4 #c 7,b4,c4 #ccf-cbc74--,!n %all rise a mighty k+ 7,alex&] ! ,great71 & %all rule ) great dom9ion1 & d accord+ to 8 w4 ,=tunam solus omnium mortalium 9 pote/ate habuit1 says 8 hi/orian1 ,qu9tus ,curtius4#ffi ,v]4 #d 7,b4,c4 #cbc74--;,b :5 he is at ! app>5t z5i? ( 8 /r5g? 8 k+dom %all be brok51 & %all n desc5d to any ( 8 po/]ity1#fgj b 7,b4,c4 #cbc-cja7 %all be = o!rs1 & %all ultimately 7aft] ! ,battle ( ,ipsus1 ,b4,c4 #cja7 be divid$ t[>ds ! f\r w9ds ( heav51 into ! k+doms ( ,cass&] 7,greece & ,mac$onia71 ,ptolemy 7,egypt1 ,cle-,syria1 & ,pale/9e71 ,lysima*us 7,asia ,m9or71 & ,seleucus 7,upp] ,asia74 ,v]4 #e4--,( ^! f\r k+doms & _! k+s ! vision is only conc]n$ ) two--! k+s ( ! ,s\?#fga 7i4e41 ! ,lagid1 or ,egyptian ,ptolemies1 :o sprang f ,ptolemy ,lagos71 & ! k+s ( ! ,nor? 7i4e41 ! ,antio*ian ,seleucid74 ,!y alone are s+l$ out because ! ,holy ,l& became a sph]e ( cont5tions betwe5 ^! rival dyna/ies4#fgb ,b4,c4 #cjf4--,! ,k+ ( ! ,s\? 7,ptolemy ,sot]1 son ( ,lagos7 %all be /rong1 & %all ultimately assume ! title ( ,ptolemy ,i41 ,k+ ( ,egypt4 ,b "o ( 8 pr9ces or g5]als 7,seleucus ,nicator7 %all be /rong]1#fgc &1 ass]t+ 8 indep5d5ce1 %all e/abli% a great dom9ion ov] ,nor!rn ,syria & ,babylonia4 ,v]4 #f 7,b4,c4 #bej74--,! vision !n passes ov] ! reign ( ,antio*us ,,ii4 7,sot]71 & proce$s to say t at ! end ( ye>s 7i4e41 "s half-c5tury lat]1 ,b4,c4 #bej7 ! k+s ( ! ,nor? & ,s\? %\ld =m a matrimonial alliance4 ,! daught] ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,s\?--! ,egyptian ,pr9cess ,b]5ice1 daught] ( ,ptolemy ,,ii4 7,philadelphus71 %\ld come to ! ,k+ ( ! ,nor? 7,antio*us ,!os7 to make an agreem5t4 ,?is agreem5t 7m>g41 equitable conditions7 0 t ,antio*us ,!os %\ld divorce 8 wife & half-si/] ,laodice1 & dis9h]it h] *ildr51 & bequea? ! ?rone to any future *ild ( ,b]5ice1 :o w\ld ?us unite ! empires ( ! ,ptolemies & ! ,seleucid4#fgd ,b]5ice took ) h] s va/ a d[ry t %e 0 call$ ! d[ry-br+] 774#fge ,antio*us himself accompani$ h] z f> z ,pelusium 7,b4,c4 #bdg74 ,b ! compact end$ 9 no?+ b calamity4 ,=1 two ye>s aft]1 ,ptolemy ,,ii4 di$1 leav+ an infant *ild by ,b]5ice4 ,b ,b]5ice did n reta9 ! /r5g? ( h] arm1#fgf s9ce ! milit>y =ce :i* accompani$ h] prov$ p[]less = h] protection2 nor did ,ptolemy ,,ii4 abide1 nor any support :i* he c\ld r5d]4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re 0 ov]:elm+ disa/]4 ,b]5ice's escort1 h] fa!r1 h] husb&1 all p]i%$1 & %e h]self & h] infant *ild 7 murd]$ by h] rival1 ,laodice 7,b4,c4 #bdf71 9 ! sanctu>y ( ,daphne1 :i!r %e _h fl$ = refuge4 ,v]4 #g 7,b4,c4 #bhe-bdg74--;,b ! murd] ( ,b]5ice %all be well av5g$4 ,= out ( a %oot f h] roots /ood up "o 9 8 (fice1 ev5 h] bro!r ,ptolemy ,,iii4 7,eu]getes71 :o1 unlike ! effem9ate ,ptolemy ,,ii41 did n entru/ 8 w>s to 8 g5]als1 b came himself to 8 army4 ,he %all completely conqu] ! ,k+ ( ! ,nor? 7,seleucus ,,ii41 ,kall9ikos1 son ( ,antio*us ,!os & ,laodice71 %all seize 8 =tress 7,seleucia1 ! port ( ,antio*74#fgg ,v]4 #h 7,b4,c4 #bdg74--;,9 ?is campaign ,ptolemy ,eu]getes1 :o e>n$ ! title ( ,b5efactor by ?is vigor\s invasion1 %all n only w9 imm5se booty--f\r ?\s& tal5ts ( gold & _m jewels1 & =ty ?\s& tal5ts ( silv]--b %all also c>ry back ) him to ,egypt ! two ?\s& five hundr$ molt5 images1#fgh & idolatr\s vessels1 :i*1 two hundr$ & eighty ye>s be=e 7,b4,c4 #ebg71 ,cambyses _h c>ri$ away f ,egypt4#fgi ,aft] ?is success he w1 = "s ye>s1 refra9 f attack+ ! ,seleucid k+s4#fhj ,v]4 #i 7,b4,c4 #bdj74--,seleucus ,kall9ikos makes an attempt to av5ge ! %ame & loss ( ! invasion ( ,syria by invad+ ,egypt1 b he returns to 8 own l& totally foil$ & defeat$1 = 8 fleet 0 de/roy$ by a /orm4#fha ,,second ,,section 7vv4 #aj-ai74--;,ev5ts f ! dea? ( ,ptolemy ,eu]getes 7,b4,c4 #bdg7 to ! dea? ( ,antio*us ,,iii4 7! ,great1 ,b4,c4 #age74 ,9 ! foll[+ v]ses1 z ,behrmann obs]ves1 !re is a sort ( dance ( %ad[s1 only fully intelligible to ! initiat$4 ,v]4 #aj4--,! sons ( ,seleucus ,kall9ikos 7 ,seleucus ,,iii4 7,k]aunos1 ,b4,c4 #bbg-bbd7 & ,antio*us ! ,great 7,b4,c4 #bbd-ahg74 ,k]aunos only reign$ two ye>s1 & 9 ,b4,c4 #bbd 8 bro!r ,antio*us ,,iii4 succe$$ him4 ,bo? k+s assembl$ imm5se =ces to av5ge ! insult ( ! ,egyptian invasion1 ! defeat ( _! fa!r1 & ! ret5tion ( _! port & =tress ( ,seleucia4 ,x 0 only sixte5 miles f ,antio*1 & be+ /ill g>rison$ by ,egyptians1 con/itut$ a /&+ dang] & insult to _! capital city4 ,v]4 #aa4--;,aft] tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ! port ( ,seleucia is wre/$ f ! ,egyptians by ,antio*us ! ,great1 & he s completely rev]ses ! =m] successes ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,s\? z to conqu] ,syria z f> z ,gaza4 ,v]4 #ab 7,b4,c4 #bag74--;,b at la/ ! "y ,egyptian ,k+1 ,ptolemy ,,iv4 7,philopator71 is r\s$ f 8 dissipation & effem9acy1 advances to ,raphia 7s\?we/ ( ,gaza7 ) a great army ( tw5ty ?\s& foot1 five ?\s& horse1 & sev5ty-?ree elephants1 & !re1 to 8 own imm5se self-exaltation1 he inflicts a sev]e defeat on ,antio*us1 & ca/s d[n t5s ( ?\s&s4#fhb ,yet ! victory is illusive1 al?\gh x enables ,ptolemy to annex ,pale/9e to ,egypt4 ,= ,ptolemy %all n %[ himself /rong1 b %all1 by 8 sup95ess1 & by mak+ a spe$y peace1 ?r[ away all ! fruits ( 8 victory1 :ile he returns to 8 pa/ dissipation 7,b4,c4 #bag-bjd74fhc ,v]4 #ac4--,twelve ye>s lat] 7,b4,c4 #bje7 ,ptolemy ,philopator di$1 leav+ an infant son1 ,ptolemy ,epiphanes4 ,antio*us1 sm>t+ f 8 defeat at ,raphia1 aga9 assembl$ an army :i* 0 /ill great] ?an be=e 7,b4,c4 #bjc71 & mu* w>-mat]ial4 ,9 ! int]v5+ ye>s he _h won great victories 9 ! ,ea/ z f> z ,india4 ,v]4 #ad4--;,antio*us %all be aid$ by ! fact t _m--includ+ 8 ally ,philip1 ,k+ ( ,mac$on1 & v>i\s rebel-subjects ( ,ptolemy ,epiphanes--/ood up aga9/ ! ,k+ ( ,egypt & wre/$ ,phnicia & ,s\!rn ,syria f him4 ,! ,syrians 7 fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! assi/ance ( ! *ildr5 ( ! viol5t among ! ,jews1 :o %all lift !mselves up to fulfil ! vision ( ! oracle2#fhd b !y %all fall4 ,we read 9 ,josephus t _m ( ! ,jews help$ ,antio*us2#fhe b ! allusion to ! vision is entirely obscure4 ,ewald supposes a ref]5ce to "s prophecy no long] extant4 ,dr4 ,jol ?9ks t ! ,hell5is+ ,jews may h ref]r$ to ,isa4 xix4 9 fav\r ( ! plans ( ,antio*us aga9/ ,egypt4 ,vv4 #ae1 #af4--;,b h[ev] mu* any ( ! ,jews may h help$ ,antio*us "u ! hope ( ultimately rega9+ _! indep5d5ce1 _! hopes 7 fru/rat$4 ,! ,syrian ,k+ came1 besieg$1 & took a well-f5c$ city--p]haps an allusion to ! fact t he wre/$ ,sidon f ! ,egyptians4 ,aft] 8 great victory ov] ! ,egyptian g5]al ,scopas at ,m\nt ,panium 7,b4,c4 #aih71 ! r\t$ ,egyptian =ces1 to ! numb] ( t5 ?\s&1 flung !mselves into t city4#fhf ,?is campaign ru9$ ! int]e/s ( ,egypt 9 ,pale/9e1 ! glori\s l&4#fhg ,pale/9e n[ pass$ to ,antio*us1 :o took possession ) de/ruction 9 8 h&4 ,v]4 #ag 7,b4,c4 #aih-aie74--;,aft] ?is !re %all aga9 be an attempt at equitable negotiations2 by :i*1 h[ev]1 ,antio*us hop$ to get f9al possession ( ,egypt & de/roy x4 ,he arrang$ a m>riage betwe5 a daught] ( wom5--8 daught] ,cleopatra--& ,ptolemy ,epiphanes4 ,b ?is attempt also entirely fail$4 ,v]4 #ah 7,b4,c4 #aij74--;,antio*us !re=e sets 8 face 9 ano!r direction1 & tries to conqu] ! isl&s & coa/s ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,b a capta9--! ,roman g5]al1 ,lucius ,cornelius ,scipio ,asiaticus--puts an end to ! insol5t scorn ) :i* he _h spok5 ( ! ,romans1 & pays him back ) equal scorn1#fhh utt]ly defeat+ him 9 ! great ,battle ( ,magnesia 7,b4,c4 #aij71 & =c+ him to ignom9i\s t]ms4 ,v]4 #ai 7,b4,c4 #age74--;,antio*us next turns 8 att5tion 7sets 8 face7 to /r5g!n ! =tresses ( 8 own l& 9 ! ea/ & we/2 b mak+ an attempt to recruit 8 dissipat$ weal? by ! plund] ( ! ,temple ( ,belus 9 ,elymais1 /umbles & falls1 & is n f\nd4 ,,?ird ,,section 7vv4 #bj-bg74--;,ev5ts "u ,seleucus ,philopator d[n to ! fir/ attempts ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes aga9/ ,egypt 7,b4,c4 #agj74 ,v]4 #bj4--,seleucus ,philopator 7,b4,c4 #ahg-agf7 _h a "* ! rev]se ( 8 fa!r's4 ,he 0 no re/less seek] = glory1 b desir$ weal? & quietness4#fhi ,among ! ,jews1 h[ev]1 he _h a v evil reputation1 = he s5t an exactor--a m]e tax-collector1 ,heliodorus--to pass ?r\gh ! glory ( ! k+dom4#fij ,he only reign$ twelve ye>s1 & !n 0 brok5--i4e41 murd]$ by ,heliodorus1 nei!r 9 ang] nor 9 battle1 b by poison adm9i/]$ by ?is tax-collector4 ,! v]sions all v>y1 b ,i feel little d\bt t ,dr4 ,jol is "r :5 he sees 9 ! curi\s phrase noge% h$] malkoo?1 "o t %all cause a rais] ( taxes to pass ov] ! k+dom--( :i* nei!r ,!odotion nor ! ,vulgate c make any?+--a cryptographic allusion to ! "n ,heliodorus2#fia & possibly ! pr$ict$ fate may 7by a *ange ( subject7 also ref] to ! fact t ,heliodorus 0 *eck$1 n by =ce1 b by ! vision 9 ! ,temple 7#b ,macc4 v4 #ah1 iii4 #bd-bi74 ,we f9d f #b ,macc4 iv4 #a t ,simeon1 ! gov]nor ( ! ,temple1 *>g$ ,onias ) a trick to t]rify ,heliodorus4 ,?is is a v probable view ( :at occurr$4#fib ,v]4 #ba4--,seleucus ,philopator di$ ,b4,c4 #age )\t an heir4 ,?is made room = a contemptible p]son1 a reprobate1 :o _h no real claim to royal dignity1#fic be+ only a y\ng] son ( ,antio*us ! ,great4 ,he came by surprise1 9 "t ( security1 & obta9$ ! k+dom by flatt]ies4#fid ,v]4 #bb4--,yet ! ov]fl[+ w+s ( ,egypt 7or ! arms ( a flood7 7 swept away be=e him & brok52 yea1 & ev5 a cov5ant$ or alli$ pr9ce4 ,"s expla9 ?is ( 8 nephew ,ptolemy ,philometor1 o!rs ( ,onias ,,iii41 ! pr9ce ( ! cov5ant--i4e41 ! pr9cely high prie/1 :om ,antio*us displac$ 9 fav\r ( 8 bro!r1 ! apo/ate ,jo%ua1 :o ,grcis$ 8 "n into ,jason1 z 8 bro!r ,onias did 9 call+ himself ,m5elaus4#fie ,v]4 #bc4--,?is mean k+ %\ld prosp] by deceit :i* he practis$ on all connect$ ) him2#fif & ?\gh at fir/ he _h b few adh]5ts1 he %\ld creep into p[]4 ,v]4 #bd4--;,9 "t ( security %all he come1 ev5 ^u ! fatte/ places ( ! prov9ce4 ,by ?is may be meant 8 invasions ( ,galilee & ,l[] ,egypt4 ,act+ unlike any ( 8 royal pr$ecessors1 he %all lavi%ly scatt] 8 ga9s & 8 booty among ne$y foll[]s1#fig & %all plot to seize ,pelusium1 ,naucratis1 ,alex&ria1 & o!r /rongholds ( ,egypt = a "t4 ,v]4 #be4--;,aft] ?is 7,b4,c4 #aga7 he %all1 ) a great army1 s]i\sly und]take 8 fir/ invasion ( ,egypt1 & %all be met by 8 nephew ,ptolemy ,philometor ) ano!r imm5se army4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 ! "y ,egyptian ,k+ %all fail ?r\gh ! trea*]y ( 8 own c\rti]s4 ,he %all be outwitt$ & trea*]\sly und]m9$ by 8 uncle ,antio*us4 ,yes6 ev5 :ile 8 army is fight+1 & _m are be+ sla91 ! v m5 :o eat ( 8 da9ties1 ev5 8 fav\rite & tru/$ c\rti]s ,eulu & ,l5u1 w be devis+ 8 ru91 & 8 army %all be swept away4 ,vv4 #bf1 #bg 7,b4,c4 #agd74--,! ,syrians & ! ,egyptian ,k+1 nephew & uncle1 %all 9 nom9al amity sit at "o banquet1 eat+ f "o table2#fih b all ! :ile !y w be di/ru/fully plott+ aga9/ ea* o!r & speak+ lies to ea* o!r4 ,antio*us w pret5d to ally himself ) ! "y ,philometor aga9/ 8 bro!r ,ptolemy ,eu]getes ,,ii4--g5]ally kn[n by 8 d]isive nickname z ,ptolemy ,physkon#fii--:om aft] elev5 mon?s ! ,alex&rians _h proclaim$ k+4 ,b all ^! plots & c\nt]-plots %\ld be ( none effect1 = ! end 0 n yet4 ,,f\r? ,,section 7vv4 #bh-ce74--;,ev5ts betwe5 ! fir/ attack ( ,antio*us on ,j]usalem 7,b4,c4 #agj7 & 8 plund] ( ! ,temple to ! fir/ revolt ( ! ,maccabees 7,b4,c4 #afg74 ,v]4 #bh 7,b4,c4 #afh74--,return+ f ,egypt ) great plund]1 ,antio*us %all set himself aga9/ ! ,holy ,cov5ant4 ,he put d[n ! usurp+ high prie/ ,jason1 :o1 ) mu* slaught]1 _h driv5 out 8 rival usurp] & bro!r1 ,m5elaus4 ,he massacr$ _m ,jews1 & return$ to ,antio* enri*$ ) gold5 vessels seiz$ f ! ,temple4#gjj ,v]4 #bi4--;,9 ,b4,c4 #afh ,antio*us aga9 invad$ ,egypt1 b ) none ( ! =m] spl5did results4 ,= ,ptolemy ,philometor & ,physkon _h jo9$ 9 s5d+ an embassy to ,rome to ask = help & protection4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 %ips f ,kittim#gja--namely1 ! ,roman fleet--came aga9/ him1 br++ ! ,roman commission]1 ,gaius ,popilius ,lnas4 ,:5 ,popilius met ,antio*us1 ! k+ put out 8 h& to embrace him2 b ! ,roman m]ely held out 8 tablets1 & bade ,antio*us read ! ,roman dem& t he & 8 army %\ld at once evacuate ,egypt4 ,i w consult my fri5ds on ! subject1 said ,antio*us4 ,popilius1 ) inf9ite haught9ess & audacity1 simply drew a circle 9 ! s& ) 8 v9e-/ick r\nd ! spot on :i* ! k+ /ood1 & said1 ,y mu/ decide be=e y /ep out ( t circle4 ,antio*us /ood amaz$ & humiliat$2 b see+ t !re 0 no help = x1 promis$ 9 despair to d all t ! ,romans dem&$4#gjb ,v]4 #cj4--,return+ f ,egypt 9 an indignant frame ( m9d1 he turn$ 8 exasp]ation aga9/ ! ,jews & ! ,holy ,cov5ant1 especially ext5d+ 8 approval to ^? :o apo/atis$ f x4 ,v]4 #ca4--,!n 7,b4,c4 #afh7 %all come ! climax ( horror4 ,antio*us %all s5d troops to ! ,holy ,l&1 :o %all desecrate ! sanctu>y & =tress ( ! ,temple1 & aboli% ! daily sacrifice 7,kisleu #ae71 & set up ! abom9ation t make? desolate4#gjc ,v]4 #cb4--,to c>ry out ^! ends ! bett]1 & ) ! express purpose ( putt+ an end to ! ,jewi% religion1 he %all p]v]t or make pr(ane by flatt]ies ! r5egades :o are ready to apo/atise f ! fai? ( _! fa!rs4 ,b !re %all be a fai?ful remnant :o w bravely resi/ him to ! utt]mo/4 ,! p :o "k _! ,god w be valiant1 & d great de$s4 ,v]4 #cc4--,to keep alive ! national fai? wise tea*]s ( ! p %all in/ruct _m1 & w draw ^u _! own heads ! fury ( p]secution1 s t _m %all fall by sword1 & by flame1 & by captivity1 & by spoliation = _m days4 ,v]4 #cd4--;,b 9 ! mid/ ( ?is fi]ce onslaught ( cruelty !y %all be holp5 ) a little help4 ,!re %all arise ! sect ( ! ,*asidm1 or ! ,pi\s1 b\nd toge!r by ,tug5dbund to ma9ta9 ! ,laws :i* ,israel receiv$ f ,moses ( old4#gjd ,^! good & fai?ful *ampions ( a righte\s cause w inde$ be weak5$ by ! false adh]5ce ( wav]]s & flatt]]s4 ,v]4 #ce4--,to purge ! p>ty f su* spies & ,laodiceans1 ! tea*]s1 l ! ag$ prie/ ,matta?ias at ,mod91 & ! ag$ scribe ,eleaz>1 w h to brave ev5 m>tyrdom itself till ! "t ( ! end4 ,,fif? ,,section 7vv4 #cf-de1 ,b4,c4 #adg-afd74--;,ev5ts f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,maccabean ris+ to ! dea? ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,v]4 #cf4--;,antio*us w gr[ m arbitr>y1 m insol5t1 m blasphem\s1 f day to day1 call+ himself ,god 7,!os7 on 8 co9s1 & requir+ all 8 subjects to be ( 8 religion1#gje & s ev5 m k9dl+ aga9/ himself ! wra? ( ! ,god ( gods by 8 mon/r\s utt]ances1 until ! f9al doom has fall54 ,v]4 #cg4--;,he w1 9 fact1 make himself 8 own god1 pay+ no reg>d 7by comp>ison7 to 8 national or local god1 ! ,olympian ,zeus1 nor to ! ,syrian deity1 ,tammuz-,adonis1 ! desire ( wom54#gjf ,tammuz came next beh9d1 ,^: ye>ly w\nd 9 ,lebanon allur$ ,! ,syrian damsels to lam5t 8 fate ,9 amor\s ditties all a summ] day4 ,:ile smoo? ,adonis f 8 native rock ,ran purple to ! sea--suppos$ ) blood ,( ,tammuz ye>ly w\nd$4 ,! love tale ,infect$ ,zion's daught]s ) l heat4 ,v]4 #ch4--,! only ,god to :om he %all pay m>k$ respect %all be ! ,roman ,jupit]1 ! god ( ! ,capitol4 ,to ?is god1 to ,jupit] ,capitol9us1 n to 8 own ,zeus ,olympios1 ! god ( 8 ,greek fa!rs1 he %all erect a temple 9 8 capital city ( ,antio*1 & adorn x ) gold & silv] & preci\s /ones4#gjg ,v]4 #ci4--;,& he %all deal ) ! /ronge/ =tresses by ! help ( a /range god#gjh--namely1 ! ,capitol9e ,jupit] 7,zeus ,polieus7--& %all cr[d ! /rongholds ( ,juda ) hea!n coloni/s :o wor%ip ! ,tyrian ,h]cules 7,melk>t7 & o!r idols2 & to ^! hea!n he %all give weal? & p[]4 ,v]4 #dj4--;,b 8 evil c>e] %all be cut %ort4 ,egypt1 "u ! n[-alli$ bro!rs ,philometor & ,physkon1 %all unite to ?ru/ at him4 ,antio*us w advance aga9/ !m l a :irlw9d1 ) _m *>iots & horsem51 & ) ! aid ( a fleet4 ,vv4 #da-de4--;,9 ! c\rse ( 8 m>* he %all pass ?r\gh ,pale/9e1 ! glori\s l&1#gji ) disa/r\s injury2 b ,edom1 ,moab1 & ! bloom ( ! k+dom ( ,ammon %all escape 8 h&4 ,egypt1 h[ev]1 %all n escape4 ,by ! aid ( ! ,libyans & ,e?iopians :o are 9 8 tra9 he %all plund] ,egypt ( its treasures4#gaj ,h[ f> ^! ev5ts correspond to hi/oric realities is unc]ta94 ,j]ome says t ,antio*us invad$ ,egypt a ?ird "t 9 ,b4,c4 #afe1 ! elev5? ye> ( 8 reign2 b !re are no hi/oric traces ( su* an invasion1 & mo/ c]ta9ly ,antio*us t[>ds ! close ( 8 reign1 in/ead ( be+ enri*$ ) va/ ,egyptian spoils1 0 /ruggl+ ) *ronic lack ( means4 ,"s !re=e suppose t ! writ] compos$ & publi%$ 8 enigmatic sket* ( ^! ev5ts be=e ! close ( ! reign ( ,antio*us1 & t he is "h pass+ f contempor>y fact into a region ( ideal anticipations :i* 7 nev] actually fulfill$4 ,v]4 #dc 7,b4,c4 #afe74--;,9 ! mid/ ( ?is deva/at+ invasion ( ,egypt1 ,antio*us %all be tr\bl$ ) disquiet+ rum\rs ( tr\bles 9 ,pale/9e & o!r realms ( 8 k+dom4 ,he w set out ) utt] fury to subjugate & to de/roy1 det]m9+ above all to suppress ! h]oic ,maccabean revolt :i* _h inflict$ su* humiliat+ disa/]s ^u 8 g5]als1 ,s]on1 ,apollonius1 & ,lysias4#gaa ,v]4 #de 7,b4,c4 #afd74--;,he %all inde$ advance s f> z to pit* 8 palatial t5t#gab betwe5 ! sea & ! m\nta9 ( ! ,high ,glory2 b he w come to a disa/r\s & an unassi/$ end4#gac ,^! latt] ev5ts ei!r d n correspond ) ! actual hi/ory1 or _c be v]ifi$4 ,s f> z we "k ,antio*us did n invade ,egypt at all aft] ,b4,c4 #afh4 ,/ill less did he advance f ,egypt1 or pit* 8 t5t any:]e ne> ,m\nt ,zion4 ,nor did he die 9 ,pale/9e1 b 9 ,p]sia 7,b4,c4 #afe74 ,! writ]1 inde$1 /rong 9 fai?1 anticipat$1 & rightly1 t ,antio*us w\ld come to an ignom9i\s & a sudd5 end--,god %oot+ at him ) a swift arr[1 s t he %\ld be w\nd$4 ,b all accurate details seem sudd5ly to /op %ort ) ! do+s 9 ! f\r? section1 :i* may ref] to ! /range conduct ( ,antio*us 9 8 great fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ,jupit] at ,daphne4 ,_h ! writ] publi%$ 8 book aft] ?is date1 he c\ld n surely h fail$ to speak ) triumphant gratitude & exultation ( ! h]oic /& made by ,judas ,maccabu & ! spl5did victories :i* re/or$ hope & glory to ! ,holy ,l&4 ,i !re=e reg>d ^! v]ses z a description r ( ideal expectation ?an ( hi/oric facts4 ,we f9d notices ( ,antio*us 9 ! ,books ( ,maccabees1 9 ,josephus1 9 ,/4 ,j]ome's ,comm5t>y on ,daniel1 & 9 ,appian's ,syriaca4 ,we %\ld "k m ( him & be bett] able to expla9 "s ( ! allusions 9 ?is *apt] if ! writ+s ( ! secul> hi/orians _h n come d[n to u 9 s fragm5t>y a condition4 ,! relevant portions ( ,call9icus ,sutoricus1 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,polybius1 ,posidonius1 ,claudius1 ,!on1 ,&ronicus1 ,alypius1 & o!rs are all lo/--except a few fragm5ts :i* we h at second or ?ird h&4 ,porphyry introduc$ quotations f ^! au?ors into ! twelf? book ( 8 ,argum5ts aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians2 b we only "k 8 book f ,j]ome's ex-p>te quotations4 ,o!r ,*ri/ian treatises1 writt5 9 answ] to ,porphyry by ,apoll9>is1 ,eusebius1 & ,me?odius1 are only pres]v$ 9 a few s5t5ces by ,nicetas & ,john ( ,damascus4 ,! loss ( ,porphyry & ,apoll9>ius is especially to be regrett$4 ,j]ome says t x 0 ! extraord9>ily m9ute correspond5ce ( ?is *apt] ( ,daniel ) ! hi/ory ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes t l$ ,porphyry to ! conviction t x only conta9$ vatic9ia ex ev5tu4#gad ,antio*us di$ at ,tab 9 ,p>atacne on ! fronti]s ( ,p]sia & ,babylonia ab\t ,b4,c4 #afc4 ,! ,jewi% acc\nt ( 8 remorseful dea?b$ may be read 9 #a ,macc4 vi4 #a-af3 ,he laid him d[n ^u 8 b$1 & fell sick = grief2 & !re he cont9u$ _m days1 = 8 grief 0 ev] m & m2 & he made acc\nt t he %\ld die4 ,he left a son1 ,antio*us ,eupator1 ag$ n9e1 "u ! *>ge ( 8 flatt]] & fo/]-bro!r ,philip4#gae ,recall+ ! wrongs he _h inflict$ on ,juda & ,j]usalem1 he said3 ,i p]ceive1 !re=e1 t = ?is cause ^! tr\bles are come ^u me2 &1 behold1 ,i p]i% ?r\gh great grief 9 a /range l&4 ,,footnotes3 #ffb ,daniel1 p4 #afb4 #ffc ,on ?is *apt] see ,sm5d1 ,zeits*r4 fr ,altte/4 ,wiss5s*aft1 v4 #bda4 #ffd ,ewald1 ,prophets1 v4 #bic 7,e4 ,tr474 #ffe ,d\btless ! ?ree m5tion$ 9 ,ezra iv4 #e-g3 ,ahasu]us 7,x]xes71 ,artax]xes1 & ,d>ius4 #fff ,heb41 ,hakkl--lit4 ! all4 ,!re 7 probably ,jews 9 8 army 7,jos4 c4 ,ap41 ,i4 #bb3 comp4 ,h]od41 vii4 #hi74 #ffg ,zckl] met ! difficulty by call+ ! numb] f\r symbolic1 a me?od z easy z x is pr(\ndly unsatisfactory4 #ffh ,h]od41 iii4 #if1 iv4 #bg-bi4 #ffi ,q4 ,curt41 ,x4 v4 #ce4 #fgj ,see ,grote1 xii4 #acc4 ,alex&] _h a natural son1 ,h]akles1 & a po/hum\s son1 ,alex&]1 by ,roxana4 ,bo? 7 murd]$--! =m] by ,polysp]*on4 ,see ,diod4 ,sic41 xix4 #aje1 xx4 #bh2 ,pausan41 ix4 #g2 ,ju/91 xv4 #b2 ,appian1 ,syr41 c4 #ea4 #fga ,! ,k+ ( ! ,negeb 7comp4 ,isa4 xxx4 #f1 #g74 ,,lxx41 ,egypt4 ,ptolemy assum$ ! cr[n ab\t ,b4,c4 #cjd4 #fgb ,see ,/ade1 ,ges*41 ii4 #bgf4 ,seleucus ,nicator 0 deem$ s important z to give 8 "n to ! ,seleucid ra 7#a ,macc4 i4 #aj1 74 #fgc ,diod4 ,sic41 xix4 #ee-eh2 ,appian1 ,syr41 c4 #eb4 ,he rul$ f ,phrygia to ! ,indus1 & 0 ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! ,diado*i4 ,! ^w "o is n express$ 9 ! ,hebrew3 b z = "o ( 8 capta9s4 ,!re may be "s corruption ( ! text4 ,seleucus c sc>cely be reg>d$ z a vassal ( ,ptolemy1 b ( ,alex&]4 #fgd ,appian1 ,syr41 c4 #ee2 ,polynus1 viii4 #ej2 ,ju/91 xxvii4 #a4 ,see ,h]zb]g1 ,ges*4 v4 ,hellas u4 ,rom41 i4 #egf4 ,dates are n c]ta94 #fge ,j]41 ad loc4 7,dan4 xi4 #f74 #fgf ,! r5d]+ is mu* disput$1 & "s v]sions1 punctuat+ diff]5tly1 h1 8 se$ i4e41 8 daught] %all n /&4 ,e clause ( ! passage has receiv$ v>y+ int]pretations4 #fgg ,polyb41 v4 #eh4 #fgh ,heb41 naskm2 ,,lxx41 2 ,vulg41 sculptilia4 #fgi ,h]odotus 7iii4 #dg7 says t he ord]$ ! images to be burnt4 ,on ! ,m>mor ,adulitanum1 ,ptolemy ,eu]getes boa/$ t he _h unit$ ,mesopotamia1 ,babylonia1 ,p]sia1 ,susiana1 ,m$ia1 & all c\ntries z f> z ,bactria "u 8 rule4 ,! inscription 0 se5 at ,adules by ,cosmas ,indicopleu/es1 & record$ by him 7,wolf u4 ,buttmann1 ,museum1 ii4 #afb74 #fhj ,r4,v4 m>g41 ,he %all cont9ue m ye>s ?an ! ,k+ ( ! ,nor?4 ,ptolemy ,eu]getes di$ ,b4,c4 #bdg2 ,seleucus ,kall9ikos1 ,b4,c4 #bbe4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t 9 almo/ e clause ! read+s1 r5d]+s1 & int]polations v>y4 ,i give :at seem to be ! be/ atte/$ & ! mo/ probable4 #fha ,ju/91 xxvii4 #b4 #fhb ,see #c ,macc4 i4 #b-h2 ,jos41 ,b4 ,j41 ,,iv4 xi4 #e4 ,! ,seleucid army lo/ t5 ?\s& foot1 ?ree hundr$ horse1 five elephants1 & m ?an f\r ?\s& prison]s 7,polyb41 v4 #hf74 #fhc ,ju/9 says 7xxx4 i73 ,spoliasset regem ,antio*um si =tunam virtute juvisset4 #fhd ,*zn1 ! vision4 ,grtz r5d]s x1 to cause ! ,law to tott]2 b ?is _c be "r4 #fhe ,e4g41 ,joseph1 & 8 son ,hyrcanus4 #fhf ,polyb41 xxviii4 #a2 ,liv41 xxxiii4 #ai2 ,jos41 ,antt41 ,,xii4 iii4 #d4 ,see ,/4 ,j]ome1 ad loc4 #fhg ,vulg41 t]ra inclyta2 b 9 viii4 #i1 =titudo4 #fhh ,9 ! *oice ( ! ,hebrew words qatsn *]'pa?o lo1 ,dr4 ,jol suspects a sort ( anagram ( ,cornelius ,scipio1 l ! = ,ptolemy1 & ! = ,arsione 9 ,lycophron2 b ! real mean+ & r5d]+ ( ! v]se are highly unc]ta94 #fhi ,liv41 xii4 #ai3 ,otiosum1 nullisque admodum rebus ge/is nobilitatum4 #fij #b ,macc4 iii4 #g ff4 ,! read+ & r5d]+ are v unc]ta94 #fia ,jol1 ,notiz51 p4 #af4 #fib ,see ,jo/1 i4 #aaj4 #fic ,vulg41 vilissimus et indignus decore regio2 ,r4,v41 to :om !y _h n giv5 ! hon\r ( a k+dom2 ,ewald1 ^u him %all n be set ! spl5d\r ( a k+dom4 ,dr4 ,jol sees 9 nibzeh a contemptu\s p>onomasia on ,epiphanes 7,notiz51 p4 #ag74 #fid ,dan4 viii4 #bb2 #b ,macc4 v4 #be4 #fie ,jos41 ,antt41 ,,xii4 v4 #a4 #fif ,j]ome1 amicitias simulans4 #fig ,see #a ,macc4 iii4 #cj2 #a ,macc4 i4 #ai2 ,polyb41 xxvii4 #ag2 ,diod4 ,sic41 xxx4 #bb4 ,:at 8 unk+ly /ratagems 7 we d n "k4 #fih ,liv41 xliv4 #ai3 ,antio*us p] hone/am speciem majoris ,ptolemi r$uc5di 9 regnum1 etc4 #fii ,or ,paun*4 ,he 0 s call$ f 8 corpul5ce4 ,comp4 ! "n ,mirabeau1 ,tonneau4 #gjj #b ,macc4 v4 #e-ba2 #a ,macc4 i4 #bj-bd4 #gja ,! ,,lxx4 r5d] ?is 4 ,comp4 ,numb4 xxiv4 #bd2 ,j]ome1 ,tri]es et ,romani4 ,on ,*ittim 7,g54 x4 #d7 see ,jos41 ,antt41 ,i4 vi4 #a4 #gjb ,polyb41 xxix4 #aa2 ,appian1 ,syr41 #ff2 ,liv41 xlv4 #ab2 ,vell4 ,pat]c41 i4 #aj4 ,accord+ to ,polybius 7xxxi4 #e71 ,epiphanes1 by 8 crafty dissimulation1 aft]w>ds completely hoodw9k$ ! ambassador ,tib]ius ,grac*us4 #gjc #b ,macc4 vi4 #b4 ,our be/ available hi/orical comm5ts on ?is *apt] are to be f\nd 9 ! two books ( ,maccabees4 #gjd #a ,macc4 ii4 #db1 iii4 #aa1 iv4 #ad1 vii4 #ac2 #b ,macc4 xiv4 #f4 #gje ,diod4 ,sic1 xxxi4 #a2 #a ,macc4 i4 #dc4 ,polybius 7xxxi4 #d7 says he committ$ sacrilege 9 mo/ ( ! temples 7 74 #gjf ,jahn 7,heb4 ,com41 xcii47 sees 9 ! words nei!r %all he reg>d ! desire ( wom5 an allusion to 8 exclusion ( wom5 f ! fe/ival at ,daphne4 ,"s expla9 ! passage by 8 robb]y ( ! ,temple ( ,artemis or ,aphrodite 9 ,elymais 7,polyb41 xxxi4 #aa2 ,appian1 ,syr41 #ff2 #a ,macc4 vi4 #a-d2 #b ,macc4 ix4 #b74 ,all is vague & unc]ta94 #gjg ,polyb41 xxvi4 #aj2 #b ,macc4 vi4 #b2 ,liv41 xii4 #bj4 ,! ,hebrew ,eloah ,mauzzm is und]/ood by ! ,,lxx41 ,!odotion1 ! ,vulgate1 & ,lu!r to be a god call$ ,mauzzim 774 ,see ,h]zog1 ,real-,encycl41 s4v4 ,meuss94 ,cic]o 7c4 ,v]r41 vii4 #gb7 calls ! ,capitol arx omnium nationum4 ,! read] mu/ judge = himself z to ! validity ( ! rem>k ( ,pusey 7p4 #ib71 t all ?is is ali5 f ! "* ( ,antio*us4 #gjh ,r4,v4 ,! translation is difficult & unc]ta94 #gji ,! ,,lxx4 "h r5d] ?is expression 7:i* puzzl$ !m1 & :i* !y omit 9 vv4 #af1 #da7 by 4 ,!odot41 4 #gaj ,ewald takes ^! = metaphoric designations ( ! ,hell5is+ ,jews4 ,"s 7e4g41 ,zckl]7 und]/& ^! v]ses z a recapitulation ( ! exploits ( ,antio*us4 ,! :ole clause is surr\nd$ by hi/oric unc]ta9ties4 #gaa ,! orig9 ( ! "n ,maccabee /ill rema9s unc]ta94 ,"s make x /& = ! initials ( ! ,hebrew words1 ,:o among ! gods is l ,jehovah8 9 ,exod4 xv4 #aa2 or ( ,matta?ias ,koh5 7prie/71 ,b5-,johanan 7,bies5?al74 ,o!rs make x mean ! ,hamm]] 7comp4 ,*>les ,m>tel74 ,see ,jo/1 i4 #aaf2 ,prideaux1 ii4 #aii 7s ,grotius1 & ,buxtorf1 ,de ,abbreviaturis74 #gab ,vulg41 ,aphadno4 ,! ,,lxx4 omit x4 ,!odot41 ,apadano2 ,symm41 8 /able4 #gac ,porphyry says t he pit*$ 8 t5t 9 a place call$ ,ap$no1 betwe5 ! ,tigris & ,euphrates2 b ev5 if ^! riv]s %\ld be call$ seas1 !y h no?+ to d ) ! ,holy ,m\nta94 ,ap$no seems to be a m]e guess f ! ^w 1 palace or t5t1 9 ?is v]se4 ,see ,j]4 xliii4 #aj 7,t>gum74 ,rol&1 h[ev]1 quotes ,procopius 7,de dif4 ,ju/9iani1 ii4 #d7 z au?ority = a place call$ ,apadnas1 ne> ,amida1 on ! ,tigris4 ,see ,pusey1 p4 #ci4 #gad ,jahn1 xcv4 #gae #b ,macc4 ix42 ,jos41 ,antt41 ,,xii4 ix4 #a1 #b2 ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,jews1 ii4 #i4 ,appian describes 8 l+]+ & wa/+ illness by ! ^w 7,syriaca1 #ff74 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,epilogue ,! twelf? *apt] ( ! ,book ( ,daniel s]ves z a g5]al epilogue to ! ,book1 & is z little free f difficulties 9 ! int]pretation ( ! details z are ! o!r apocalyptic *apt]s4 ,! keynote1 h[ev]1 to _! "r und]/&+ mu/ be giv5 9 ! words ,at t "t1 ) :i* ! fir/ v]se op5s4 ,! words c only mean ! "t spok5 ( at ! end ( ! la/ *apt]1 ! days ( t f9al ef=t ( ,antio*us aga9/ ! holy p :i* end$ 9 8 mis]able dea?4 ,at t "t1 !n--i4e41 ab\t ! ye> ,b4,c4 #afc--! gu>dian ar*angel ( ,israel1 ,mi*ael1 ! great pr9ce :i* /&e? = ! *ildr5 ( ?y p1 %all /& up = _! deliv]ance4 ,b ?is deliv]ance %\ld resemble _m simil> crises 9 its g5]al *>act]i/ics4 ,x %\ld n be imm$iate4 ,on ! contr>y1 x %\ld be prec$$ by days ( unp>allel$ disord] & cata/rophe--a "t ( tr\ble1 su* z nev] 0 s9ce !re 0 a nation ev5 to t same "t4 ,we may1 = in/ance1 comp>e ) ?is ! simil> prophecy ( ,j]emiah 7xxx4 #d-aa73 ,& ^! are ! words :i* ! ,"l spake conc]n+ ,israel & conc]n+ ,judah4 ,= ?us sai? ! ,"l2 ,we h he>d a voice ( trembl+1 ( fe>1 & n ( peace4444 ,alas6 = t day is great1 s t none is l x3 x is ev5 ! "t ( ,jacob's tr\ble2 b he %all be sav$ out ( x4 ,& x %all come to pass 9 t day1 sai? ! ,"l1 t ,i w bur/ ?y bonds4444 ,!re=e fe> ?\ n1 ,o ,jacob1 ,my s]vant1 sai? ! ,"l2 nei!r be dismay$1 ,o ,israel4444 ,= ,i am ) !e1 sai? ! ,"l1 to save !e4 ,= ,i w make a full end ( all ! nations :i!r ,i h scatt]$ !e1 b ,i w n make a full end ( !e3 b ,i w correct !e ) judgm5t1 & w 9 n[ise leave !e unpuni%$4#gaf ,! g5]al conception is s common z ev5 to h f\nd expression 9 prov]bs1--su* z1 ,! night is d>ke/ j be=e ! dawn2 &1 ,:5 ! tale ( bricks is d\bl$1 ,moses comes4 ,"s %ad[ ( simil> individual & hi/oric exp]i5ces is f\nd also among ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,x lies 9 ! expression 1 & also 9 ! l9es ( ,horace1-- ,nec ,deus int]sit nisi dignus v9dice nodus ,int]sit4 ,we f9d ! same expectation 9 ! apocryphal ,book ( ,eno*1#gag & we f9d x reflect$ 9 ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john1#gah :]e he describes ! devil z let loose & ! p[]s ( evil z ga!r+ !mselves toge!r = ! great f9al battle ( ,armag$don be=e ! et]nal triumph ( ! ,lamb & ( ,8 sa9ts4 ,9 ,rabb9ic lit]ature !re 0 a fix$ anticipation t ! com+ ( ! ,messiah mu/ inevitably be prec$$ by pangs or bir?-?roes1 ( :i* !y spoke z ! 4#gai ,^! views may p>tly h be5 f\nd$ on individual & national exp]i5ce1 b !y 7 d\btless deep5$ by ! vision ( ,ze*>iah 7xii474 ,behold1 a day ( ! ,"l come?1 :5 ?y spoil %all be divid$ 9 ! mid/ ( !e4 ,= ,i w ga!r all nations aga9/ ,j]usalem to battle2 & ! city %all be tak51 & ! h\ses rifl$1 & ! wom5 ravi%$2 & half ( ! p %all g =? into captivity1 & ! residue ( ! p %all n be cut (f f ! city4 ,!n %all ! ,"l g =?1 & fight aga9/ ^? nations1 z :5 ,he f\ght 9 ! day ( battle4 ,& ,8 feet %all /& 9 t day ^u ! ,m\nt ( ,olives4444 ,& x %all come to pass 9 t day1 t ! light %all n be light1 b cold & ice3#gbj b x %all be "o day t is kn[n unto ! ,"l1 n day & n night3 b x %all come to pass t at ev5+ "t !re %all be light4#gba ,! anticipation ( ! sa9tly writ] 9 ! days ( ! e>ly ,maccabean upris+1 :ile all ! visible issues 7 /ill unc]ta91 & hopes z yet unaccompli%$ c\ld only be read by ! eyes ( fai?1 7 d\btless ( a simil> "*4 ,:5 he wrote ,antio*us 0 already conc5trat+ 8 p[]s to advance ) ! utmo/ wra? & fury aga9/ ! ,holy ,city4 ,humanly speak+1 x 0 c]ta9 t ! holy p c\ld oppose no adequate resi/ance to 8 ov]:elm+ =ces1 9 :i* he w\ld d\btless be able to enli/ cont+5ts f _m alli$ nations4 ,:at c\ld ensue b immeasurable calamity to ! great majority8 ,mi*ael inde$1 _! pr9ce1 %\ld d 8 utmo/ = !m2 b x w\ld n be 9 8 p[] to av]t ! mis]y :i* %\ld fall on ! nation g5]ally4 ,nev]!less1 !y %\ld n be giv5 up to utt] or to f9al de/ruction4 ,z 9 ! days ( ! ,assyrians ! "n ,%e>-ja%ub1 :i* ,isaiah gave to "o ( 8 "y sons1 0 a sign t a remnant %\ld be left1 s n[ ! se] is assur$ t ?y p %all be deliv]$--at any rate e "o t %all be f\nd writt5 9 ! book4 ,writt5 9 ! book--= all true ,israelites _h ev] believ$ t a book ( record1 a book ( remembrance1 lies ev] op5 be=e ! ?rone ( ,god1 9 :i* are inscrib$ ! names ( ,god's fai?ful ones2 z well z t awful book 9 :i* are writt5 ! evil de$s ( m54#gbb ,?us 9 ,exodus 7xxxii4 #cc7 we read1 ,:osoev] ha? s9n$ aga9/ ,me1 him w ,i blot out ( ,my book1 :i* tells u ( ! records aga9/ ! guilty4 ,9 ,psalm lxix4 #bh we read1 ,let !m be blott$ out ( ! book ( life1 & n be writt5 ) ! righte\s4 ,t book ( ! righte\s is specially m5tion$ by ,mala*i3 ,!n !y t fe>$ ! ,"l spake "o ) ano!r3 & ! ,"l he>k5$ & he>d1 & a book ( remembrance 0 writt5 be=e him = !m t fe>$ ! ,"l & call$ ^u ,8 ,"n4#gbc ,& ,/4 ,john ref]s to ^! books at ! close ( ! ,apocalypse3 ,& ,i saw ! dead1 ! great & ! small1 /&+ be=e ! ?rone2 & books 7 op5$3 & ano!r book 0 op5$1 :i* is ! book ( life3 & ! dead 7 judg$ out ( ! ?+s :i* 7 writt5 9 ! books1 accord+ to _! works4444 ,& if any "o 0 n f\nd writt5 9 ! book ( life1 he 0 ca/ 9 ! lake ( fire4#gbd ,9 ! next v]se ! se] is told t _m ( !m t sleep 9 ! du/ ( ! e>? %all awake1 "s to ev]la/+ life1 & "s to %ame & ev]la/+ abhorr5ce4#gbe ,x is easy to glide ) ins9c]e confid5ce ov] ! difficulties ( ?is v]se1 b !y are _m4 ,we %\ld naturally connect x ) :at goes be=e z a ref]5ce to t "t2 & if s1 x w\ld seem z ?\gh--p]haps ) rem9isc5ces ( ! conclud+ prophecy ( ,isaiah#gbf--! writ] contemplat$ ! end ( all ?+s & ! f9al resurrection4#gbg ,if s1 we h "h ano!r in/ance to be add$ to ! _m 9 :i* ?is prophetic vision ( ! future pass$ f an imm$iate horizon to ano!r inf9itely di/ant4 ,& if t be ! correct int]pretation1 ?is is ! e>lie/ trace 9 ,scripture ( ! doctr9e ( individual immortality4 ,( t doctr9e !re 0 no full k--!re 7 only dim progno/ications or spl5did hopes#gbh--until 9 ! fulness ( ! times ,*ri/ br\ght life & immortality to light4 ,= in/ance1 ! passage "h seems to be d\bly limit$4 ,x does n ref] to mank9d 9 g5]al1 b only to memb]s ( ! *os5 p2 & x is n said t all m5 %all rise aga9 & receive accord+ to _! works1 b only t _m %all rise to receive ! rew>d ( true life1#gbi :ile o!rs %all live inde$1 b only 9 ev]la/+ %ame4 ,to !m t be wise--to ! tea*]1#gcj & to ^? t turn ! _m to righte\sness--!re is a fur!r promise ( glory4 ,!y %all %9e z ! brightness ( ! firmam5t1 & z ! />s = ev] & ev]4 ,!re is "h1 p]haps1 a rem9isc5ce ( ,prov4 iv4 #ah1 #ai1 :i* tells u t ! way ( ! wick$ is z d>kness1 :]eas ! pa? ( ! j is z ! %9+ light t %9e? m & m unto ! p]fect day4 ,our ,"l uses a simil> metaphor 9 8 explanation ( ! ,p>able ( ! ,t>es3 ,!n %all ! righte\s %9e =? z ! sun 9 ! k+dom ( _! ,fa!r4#gca ,we f9d x once aga9 9 ! la/ v]se ( ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james3 ,let him "k1 t he :o ha? conv]t$ a s9n] f ! error ( 8 way %all save a s\l f dea?1 & %all hide a multitude ( s9s4 ,b !re is a fur!r indication t ! writ] expect$ ?is f9al consummation to take place imm$iately aft] ! tr\bles ( ! ,antio*ian assault2 = he describes ! angel ,gabriel z bidd+ ,daniel to seal ! ,book ev5 to ! "t ( ! end4 ,n[ z x is cle> t ! ,book 01 on any hypo!sis1 meant = ! special consolation ( ! p]secut$ ,jews "u ! cruel sway ( ! ,seleucid ,k+1 & t !n fir/ c\ld ! ,book be und]/ood1 ! writ] evid5tly look$ = ! fulfilm5t ( 8 la/ prophecies at ! t]m9ation ( ^! tr\bles4 ,?is mean+ is a little obscur$ by ! r5d]+1 _m %all run to & fro1 & k %all be increas$4 ,ewald1 ,maur]1 & ,hitzig take ! v]se1 :i* lit]ally implies movem5t hi!r & ?i!r1 9 ! s5se1 _m %all p]use ! ,book4#gcb ,mr4 ,bevan1 h[ev]1 f a consid]ation ( ! ,septuag9t ,v]sion ( ! words1 & k %all be increas$--= :i* !y read1 & ! l& be fill$ ) inju/ice--?9ks t ! orig9al r5d]+ w\ld be repres5t$ by1 _m %all ru% hi!r & ?i!r1 & _m %all be ! calamities4 ,9 o!r words1 ! revelation mu/ rema9 conceal$1 because !re is to ensue a long p]iod ( commotion & di/ress4#gcc ,if we h be5 conv9c$ by ! concurr5ce ( _m irresi/ible argum5ts t ! ,book ( ,daniel is ! product ( ! epo* :i* x mo/ m9utely describes1 we c only see 9 ?is v]se a "p ( ! lit]>y =m :i* ! ,book necess>ily assum$ z ! vehicle = its l(ty & enc\rag+ messages4 ,! angel "h ceases to speak1 & ,daniel1 look+ r\nd him1 becomes aw>e ( ! pres5ce ( two o!r cele/ial be+s1 "o ( :om /ood on ei!r bank ( ! riv]4#gcd ,& "o said to ! man clo!d 9 l951 :i* 0 above ! wat]s ( ! riv]1 ,h[ long to ! end ( ^! wond]s8#gce ,!re is a c]ta9 gr&eur 9 ! vagu5ess ( description1 b ! speak] seems to be "o ( ! two angels /&+ on ei!r lip ( ! ,tigris4 ,! man clo!d 9 l951 :o is hov]+ 9 ! air above ! wat]s ( ! riv]1 is ! same be+ :o 9 viii4 #af we>s ! appe>ance ( a man1 & calls f betwe5 ! banks ( ,ulai to ,gabriel t he is to make ,daniel und]/& ! vision4 ,he is also1 d\btless1 ! "o man clo!d 9 l951 ^: lo9s 7 gird$ ) f9e gold ( ,uphaz1 8 body l ! b]yl1 8 face z fla%+ lightn+1 8 eyes z burn+ tor*es1 & 8 voice l ! deep murmur ( a multitude1 :o /rikes su* t]ror into ,daniel & 8 comrades 9 ! vision ( *ap4 x4 #e1 #f2--;& ?\gh all is left unc]ta91 ! great pr9ce ,mi*ael may p]haps be int5d$4 ,! "q h[ long ^! m>vels 7 to la/1 & at :at p]iod ! promis$ deliv]ance %\ld be accompli%$1 0 "o :i* w\ld naturally h ! int5se/ int]e/ to ^? ,jews :o--9 ! agonies ( ! ,antio*ian p]secution & at ! beg9n+ ( ! little help caus$ by ! ,maccabean upris+--read = ! fir/ "t ! fe>ful yet consolatory & inspir+ pages ( ?is new apocalypse4 ,! answ] is utt]$ ) ! mo/ solemn emphasis4 ,! ,vision ( ! prie/-l & gold-gird$ angel1 z he hov]s above ! riv]-flood1 held up bo? 8 h&s to heav51 & swe>s by ,him t live? = ev] & ev] t ! cont9uance ( ! affliction %all be = a "t1 times1 & a half4 ,s ,abraham1 to emphasise 8 refusal ( any ga9 f ! ,k+ ( ,sodom1 says t he has lift$ up 8 h& unto ! ,"l1 ! ,mo/ ,high ,god1 t he w\ld n take f a ?read to a %oe-lat*et4 ,& 9 ,exod4 vi4 #h1 :5 ,jehovah says ,i did swe>1 ! expression means lit]ally1 ,i lift$ up ,my h&4#gcf ,x is ! natural attitude ( call+ ,god to witness2 & 9 ,rev4 x4 #e1 #f1 ) a rem9isc5ce ( ?is passage1 ! angel is describ$ z /&+ on ! sea1 & lift+ 8 "r h& to heav5 to swe> a mighty oa? t !re %\ld be no long] delay4 ,! "t1 two times1 & half a "t ( c\rse means ?ree ye>s & a half1 z 9 vii4 #be4 ,!re c be little d\bt t _! comm5cem5t is ! t]m9us a quo :i* is expressly m5tion$ 9 v]4 #aa3 ! "t t ! daily sacrifice %all be tak5 away4 ,we h already _h occasion to see t ?ree ye>s1 ) a m>g9 :i* seems to h be5 v>i\sly comput$1 does r\ghly correspond to ! cont9uance ( t total desecration ( ! ,temple1 & ext9ction ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic rites ( ,judaism1 :i* prec$$ ! dea? ( ,antio*us & ! triumph ( ! national cause4 ,unhappily ! read+1 r5d]+1 & int]pretation ( ! next clause ( ! angel's oa? are obscure & unc]ta94 ,x is r5d]$ 9 ! ,r4,v41 & :5 !y h made an end ( break+ 9 pieces ! p[] ( ! holy p1 all ^! ?+s %all be f9i%$4 ,z to ! exact translation _m s*ol>s diff]4 ,von ,l5g]ke translates x1 & :5 ! scatt]+ ( a "p ( ! holy p %\ld come to an end1 all ?is %\ld be end$4 ,! ,septuag9t ,v]sion is :olly un9telligible4 ,mr4 ,bevan sugge/s an alt]ation ( ! text :i* w\ld imply t1 :5 ! p[] ( ! %att]] ( ! holy p i4e41 ,antio*us %\ld come to an end1 all ^! ?+s %\ld be end$4 ,?is no d\bt w\ld n only give a v cle> s5se1 b also "o :i* w\ld be id5tical ) ! prophecy ( vii4 #be1 t !y ! times & ! law %all be giv5 unto 8 h& until a "t & times & half a "t4#gcg ,b if we /op %ort at ! desp]ate & unc]ta9 exp$i5t ( correct+ ! orig9al ,hebrew1 we c only reg>d ! words z imply+ 79 ! r5d]+ ( our ,a4,v4 & ,r4,v47 t ! p]secution & suppression ( ,israel %\ld proce$ to _! extreme/ limit1 be=e ! woe 0 end$2 & ( ?is we h already be5 assur$4#gch ,! writ]1 9 ! p]son ( ,daniel1 is p]plex$ by ! angel's oa?1 & ye>ns = fur!r enlight5m5t & c]titude4 ,he makes an appeal to ! vision ) ! "q1 ,o my "l1 :at %all be ! issue or1 latt] end ( ^! ?+s8 ,9 answ] he is simply bidd5 to g 8 way--i4e41 to be at peace1 & leave all ^! ev5ts to ,god1#gci s9ce ! words are %ut up & seal$ till ! "t ( ! end4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,daniel ( ! ,p]sian ,c\rt c\ld n possibly h atta*$ any sort ( def9ite mean+ to m9utely detail$ pr$ictions affect+ ! exi/5ce ( empires :i* w\ld n s mu* z em]ge on ! horizon till c5turies aft] 8 dea?4 ,^! lat] visions c\ld only be appreh5d$ by ! contempor>ies ( ! ev5ts :i* !y %ad[$ =?4 ,_m1 cont9u$ ! angel1 %all purify !mselves1 & make !mselves :ite1 & be ref9$2 b ! wick$ %all d wick$ly3 & none ( ! wick$ %all und]/&2 ! tea*]s %all und]/&4#gdj ,! v]se describes ! deep divisions :i* %\ld be cleft among ! ,jews by ! intrigues & p]secutions ( ,antio*us4 ,_m w\ld cl+ to _! anci5t & sacr$ in/itutions1 & purifi$ by pa91 purg$ f all dross ( worldl9ess & hypocrisy 9 ! fires ( affliction1 l gold 9 ! furnace1 w\ld =m ! new p>ties ( ! ,*asidm & ! ,anavm1 ! pi\s & ! poor4 ,!y w\ld be su* m5 z ! good high prie/ ,onias1 ,matta?ias ( ,mod9 & 8 glori\s sons1 ! scribe ,eleaz>1 & ! sev5 dauntless m>tyrs1 sons ( ! holy woman :o unfl9*+ly wat*$ _! agonies & enc\rag$ !m to die r ?an to apo/atise4 ,b ! wick$ w\ld cont9ue to be void ( all und]/&+1 & w\ld g on /ill 9 _! wick$ness1 l ,jason & ,m5elaus1 ! r5egade usurp]s ( ! high-prie/hood4 ,^! & ! :ole ,hell5is+ p>ty among ! ,jews1 = ! sake ( ga91 plung$ into hea!n practices1 made abom9able (f]+s to gods :i* 7 no gods1 & 9 ord] to take "p 9 ! nak$ conte/s ( ! ,greek gymnasium :i* !y _h set up 9 ,j]usalem1 delib]ately attempt$ to oblit]ate ! seal ( circumcision :i* 0 ! cov5ant pl$ge ( _! national consecration to ! ,jehovah ( _! fa!rs4 ,& f ! "t t ! cont9ual burnt (f]+ %all be tak5 away1 & ! abom9ation t make? desolate set up1 !re %all be a ?\s& two hundr$ & n9ety days4 ,if we suppose ! ye> to consi/ ( twelve mon?s ( ?irty days1 !n 7) ! ins]tion ( "o int]cal>y mon? ( ?irty days7 twelve hundr$ & n9ety days is exactly ?ree & a half ye>s4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 fac$ by ! difficulty t ! "t f ! desecration ( ! ,temple till its reconsecration by ,judas ,maccabu seems to h be5 exactly ?ree ye>s2#gda & if t view be f\nd$ on correct *ronology1 we c give no exact int]pretation ( ! v specific date "h furni%$4 ,our difficulties are increas$ by ! next clause3 ,bless$ is he t waite?1 & come? to ! ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & five & ?irty days4 ,all t we c conjecture f ?is is t1 at ! close ( twelve hundr$ & n9ety days1 by ! writ]'s reckon+ f ! cessation ( ! daily burnt (f]+1 & ! erection ( ! hea!n abom9ation :i* drove all fai?ful ,jews f ! ,temple1 up to ! date ( "s m>k$ deliv]ance1 w\ld be ?ree & a half ye>s1 b t ?is deliv]ance w\ld be less complete & beatific ?an ano!r & lat] deliv]ance :i* w\ld n occur till =ty-five days lat]4#gdb ,reams ( conjecture & dubi\s hi/ory & imag9ative *ronology h be5 exp5d$ ^u ! ef=t to give any int]pretation ( ^! precise data :i* c pret5d to ! dignity ( firm or sci5tific exegesis4 ,"s1 = in/ance1 l ,keil1 reg>d ! numb]s z symbolical1 :i* is equival5t to ! admission t !y h little or no be>+ on lit]al hi/ory2 o!rs suppose t !y are conjectural1 hav+ be5 p5n$ be=e ! actual t]m9ation ( ! ,seleucid tr\bles4 ,o!rs reg>d !m z only int5d$ to repres5t r\nd numb]s4 ,o!rs aga9 attempt to give !m hi/oric accuracy by v>i\s manipulations ( ! dates & ev5ts 9 & aft] ! reign ( ,antio*us4 ,o!rs relegate ! entire vision to p]iods sep>at$ f ! ,maccabean age by hundr$s ( ye>s1 or ev5 into ! remote/ future4 ,& none ( ^! comm5tators1 by _! rese>*es & comb9ations1 h succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ ! smalle/ approa* to conviction 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o take ! o!r views4 ,!re c be little d\bt t to ! writ] & 8 read]s ! passage po9t$ ei!r to v confid5t expectations or v well-und]/ood realities2 b = u ! exact clue to ! mean+ is lo/4 ,all t c be said is t we %\ld probably und]/& ! dates bett] if our k ( ! hi/ory ( ,b4,c4 #afe-afd 0 m complete4 ,we are =c$ to cont5t ourselves ) _! g5]al significance4 ,x is easy to record & to multiply elaborate guesses1 & to deceive ourselves ) ! m]e/ pret5ce & semblance ( c]ta9ty4 ,= rev]5t & sev]ely hone/ inquiries x seems saf] & wis] to /udy & pr(it by ! great lessons & examples cle>ly set be=e u 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel1 b1 z reg>ds _m ( its unsolv$ difficulties1 to obey ! wise exhortation ( ! ,rabbis1-- ,le>n to say1 ',i d n "k4' ,,footnotes3 #gaf ,see too ,joel ii4 #b4 #gag ,eno* xc4 #af4 #gah ,rev4 xvi4 #ad1 xix4 #ai4 #gai ,comp4 ,matt4 xxiv4 #f1 #g1 #ba1 #bb4 #gbj ,su* is ! read+ ( ! ,,lxx41 ,vulgate1 ,pe%itta1 ,symma*us1 etc4 #gba ,ze*4 xiv4 #a-g4 #gbb ,comp4 vii4 #aj3 ,& ! books 7 op5$4 #gbc ,mal4 iii4 #af4 #gbd ,rev4 xx4 #ab-ae4 ,comp>e too ,phil4 iv4 #c3 ,) ,clem5t also1 & ! re/ ( my fell[-work]s1 ^: names are 9 ! book ( life4 #gbe ,_m sleep]s 9 ! l& ( du/ seems to mean ! dead4 ,comp4 ,j]4 li4 #ci2 ,psalm xxii4 #bi2 #a ,!ss4 iv4 #ad2 ,acts vii4 #fj4 ,= %ame see ,j]4 xxiii4 #dj4 ,! ^w = abhorr5ce only occurs 9 ,isa4 lxvi4 #bd4 ,! allusion seems to be to ! 7,john v4 #bi71 ! ( ,rev4 xx4 #ad4 ,comp4 ,eno* xxii4 #gbf ,isa4 lxvi4 #bd4 #gbg ,x is c]ta9 t ! doctr9e ( ! ,resurrection acquir$ m cle>ness 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,jews at & aft] ! p]iod ( ! ,exile2 nor is !re any?+ d]ogatory to ! work+s ( ! ,_s ( ,god :i* lighte? e man1 9 ! view :i* supposes t !y may h le>nt some?+ on ?is subject f ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians4 ,see ! te/imonies ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul z to "s degree ( ,e?nic inspiration 9 ,acts x4 #cd1 #ce1 xvii4 #be-ca4 #gbh ,see ,ezek4 xxxvii4 #a-d4 #gbi ,!odoret says t _m means all1 z 9 ,rom4 v4 #ae2 b !re x is ! _m1 & ! p>allel is altoge!r defective4 ,h(mann gets ov] ! difficulty by r5d]+ x1 ,& 9 multitudes %all !y arise4 ,_m comm5tators expla9 x n ( ! f9al b ( "s p>tial resurrection4 ,few w n[ be cont5t ) su* autocratic rem>ks z t ( ,calv93 ,multos hic ponit pro omnibus ut c]tum e/4 #gcj ,lit4 ^? t ju/ify ! multitude4 ,comp4 ,isa4 liii4 #aa1 & see ,dan4 xi4 #cc-ce4 #gca ,matt4 xiii4 #dc2 #a ,cor4 xv4 #da2 ,rev4 ii4 #bh4 #gcb ,comp4 ,ze*4 iv4 #aj4 ,?is s5se _c be rigidly e/abli%$4 #gcc ,he ref]s to #a ,macc4 i4 #i1 :i* says ( ! successors ( ,alex&]1 4 #gcd ,j]ome guesses t !y are ! angels ( ,p]sia & ,greece4 ,! ^w lit4 ! canal1 is (t5 us$ ( ! ,nile4 #gce ,! ,,lxx4 reads 1 & ,i said1 mak+ ,daniel ! speak] 7s too ! ,vulgate72 b ! =m ( ! passage is s closely analog\s to viii4 #ac1 z to leave no d\bt t "h too "o sa9t is speak+ to ano!r sa9t4 #gcf ,comp4 ,g54 xiv4 #bb2 ,deut4 xxxii4 #dj1 ,= ,i lift up ,my h& unto heav51 & say1 ,i live = ev]2 ,ezek4 xx4 #e1 #f1 etc4 #gcg ,^? :o c re/ cont5t ) su* exegesis may expla9 ?is to imply t ! reign ( anti*ri/ w be divid$ into ?ree p]iods--! fir/ long1 ! second long]1 ! ?ird %orte/ ( all1 j z ! sev5ty weeks ( *ap4 ix4 are compos$ ( #g #fb #a4 #gch ,by way ( comm5t see #a ,macc4 v42 #b ,macc4 viii4 #gci is enc\rag+1 z 9 v]4 #ac4 #gdj ,comp4 ,rev4 xxii4 #aa4 #gda ,! small hea!n alt> to ,zeus 0 built by ,antio*us ^u ! great alt> ( burnt (f]+ on ,kisleu #ae1 ,b4,c4 #afh4 ,! revolt ( ,matta?ias & 8 sev5 sons began ,b4,c4 #afg4 ,judas ! ,maccabee defeat$ ! ,syrian g5]als ,apollonius1 ,s]on1 & ,gorgias ,b4,c4 #aff1 & ,lysias at ,be?-sur 9 ,b4,c4 #afe4 ,he cleans$ & r$$icat$ ! ,temple on ,kisleu #be1 ,b4,c4 #afe4 #gdb ,! "t1 times1 & a half4 ,! #a1bij days1 #a1cce days & ! #a1aej days1 & ! #b1cjj days ( viii4 #ad all agree 9 indicat+ ?ree ye>s ) a %ort] or long] fraction4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ea* case !re is a c]ta9 retic5ce or vagu5ess z to ! t]m9us ad quem4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t 9 ,rev4 xi4 #b1 #c1 ! p]iod ( #db mon?s #a1bfj days #c-a_/b ye>s ( mon?s ( #cj days ) no int]cal>y mon?4 ,,approximate ,,*ronological ,,tables ,b4,c4 ,jehoiakim #fjh-eig ,z$ekiah #eig-ehh ,j]usalem tak5 #ehh ,dea? ( ,nebu*adrezz> #efa ,evil-m]oda* #efa ,n]igliss> #eei ,laboroso>*od #eee ,nabunaid #eee ,capture ( ,babylon #ech ,decree ( ,cyrus #ecf ,cambyses #ebi ,d>ius1 son ( ,hy/aspes #eba ,d$ication ( ! ,second ,temple #eaf ,battle ( ,salamis #dhj ,ezra #deh ,nehemiah #ddd ,nehemiah's re=ms #dbh ,mala*i #dbj ,alex&] ! ,great invades ,p]sia #ccd ,battle ( ,granicus #ccd ,battle ( ,issus #ccc ,battle ( ,arbela #cca ,dea? ( ,d>ius ,codomannus #ccj ,dea? ( ,alex&] #cbc ,ptolemy ,sot] captures ,j]usalem #cbj ,simon ! ,j high prie/ #caj ,beg9n+ ( ,septuag9t translation #bhd ,antio*us ! ,great conqu]s ,pale/9e 787 #bjb ,b4,c4 ,accession ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes #agf ,dan4 vii4 #h1 #bj4 ,jo%ua 7,jason71 bro!r ( ,onias ,,iii41 gets ! prie/hood by brib]y1 & promotes ,hell5ism among ! ,jews #agd ,dan4 xi4 #bc-bd1 ix4 #bf4 ,fir/ exp$ition ( ,antio*us aga9/ ,egypt4--,murd] ( ,onias ,,iii #aga ,8 second exp$ition 787 #agj ,8 plund] ( ! ,temple & massacre at ,j]usalem #agj ,dan4 viii4 #i1 #aj2 xi4 #bh4 ,?ird exp$ition ( ,antio*us #afi ,dan4 xi4 #bi1 #cj4 ,apollonius1 ! g5]al ( ,antio*us1 advances aga9/ ,j]usalem ) an army ( #bb1jjj4--,massacre4--,! abom9ation ( desolation 9 ! ,dan4 vii4 #ba1 #bd1 #be2 ,temple4--,antio*us c>ries (f "s viii4 #aa-ac1 #bd1 #be2 ( ! holy vessels 7#a ,macc4 i4 #be72 xi4 #cj-ce1 etc4 =bids circumcision2 burns ! books ( ! ,law2 puts d[n ! daily sacrifice #afi-h ,desecration ( ! ,temple4--,jews compell$ to pay public hon\r to false gods4--,fai?fulness ( scribes & ,*asidm4--,revolt ( ,maccabees #afg ,dan4 xi4 #cd1 #ce2 xii4 #c4 ,jewi% w> ( indep5d5ce4--,dea? ( ! prie/ ,matta?ias4--,judas ,maccabu defeats ,lysias #aff ,battles ( ,be?-zur & ,dan4 vii4 ,,ii1 #bf2 viii4 ,emmaus4--,purification ( ,temple #ad2 xi4 #de1 etc4 7,kisleu #be7 #afe ,dea? ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes #afc ,judas ,maccabu dies 9 battle at ,eleasa #afa ,,g5ealogical ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,lagid1 ,,ptolemies1 ,,& ,,seleucid ,seleucus ,nicator1 ,b4,c4 #cab-bhj4 ,ptolemy ,sot] 7,dan4 xi4 #e74 ,antio*us ,i4 7,sot]71 ,ptolemy ,philadelphus4 ,b4,c4 #bhj4 ---------------------- ----------------- ,laodice,antio*us ,,ii4 7,!os7,b]5ice4 ,ptolemy ,eu]getes1 ,b4,c4 #bfj-bdf4 ,b4,c4 #bhe-bdg 7,dan4 xi4 #g1h74 ,an infant1 murd]$ ---------------- by ,laodice4 ,ptolemy ,philopator1 ,seleucus ,,ii4 ,antio*us4 ,b4,c4 #bbb-bje 7,kall9ikos71 7,dan4 xi4 #aj-ab74 d4 ,b4,c4 #bbf4 -------------------- ,seleucus ,,iii4 ,antio*us ,,iii4 7! ,great71 7,k]aunos74 ,b4,c4 #bbd 7,dan4 xi4 #aj-ab1 #ad74 ------------------------------------- ,seleucus ,antio*us ,,iv4 ,cleopatra,ptolemy ,epiphanes1 ,philopator4 7,epiphanes71 ,b4,c4 #age4 ,b4,c4 #bje-aha 7,dan4 xi4 #ad74 -------------------- ,demetrius4 ,antio*us ,v41 ,b4,c4 #afd4 ,ptolemy ,philometor1 ,ptolemy ,b4,c4 #aha-adf ,eu]getes ,,ii4 7,dan4 xi4 #be-cj74 ,= a full] li/ & fur!r id5tifications see ,driv]1 pp4 #dfa1 #dfb1 & supra4 ,= ! g5ealogical table see ,mr4 ,deane 7,bi%op ,ellicott's ,comm5t>y1 v4 #djb74 ,,! ,,expositor',s ,,bible4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,w4 ,,rob]tson ,,nicoll1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,editor ( ,! ,expositor1 etc4 ,9 l>ge cr[n #hvo1 clo?4 ,price to ,subscrib]s 9 ,advance1 #bhs4 ,sep>ate ,vols41 #gs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,! ,,record says3-- ,few s]ies ( volumes gives u s mu* pleasure to review z ! ',expositor's ,bible4' ,we nev] op5 a volume )\t expect+ to f9d 9 x mu* t is inspirit+ & mu* t is sugge/ive1 & we are nev] disappo9t$4 ,we h no hesitation 9 advis+ any ,cl]gyman :o is ?9k+ ( exp\nd+ a book ( ,scripture to 8 congregation to procure1 z "o ( 8 mo/ valuable aids1 ! "r volume ( ! ',expositor's ,bible4' ,fir/ ,s]ies4 ,subscription ,price1 #bds4 ,sep>ate ,volumes1 #gs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>k ,by ! ,v ,rev4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,*adwick1 ,d4,d41 ,dean ( ,armagh4 ,! ,epi/les to ! ,colossians & ,philemon ,by ! ,rev4 ,,alex&] ,,macl>51 ,d4,d4 ,! ,book ( ,g5esis ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,,m>cus ,,dods1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,fir/ ,book ( ,samuel ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,blaikie1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,! ,second ,book ( ,samuel ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,blaikie1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr9cipal ,t4 ,c4 ,,edw>ds1 ,d4,d41 ,au?or ( ,a ,comm5t>y on ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,all ! ,sets may be _h at ! ,subscription ,price1 b ! ,volumes ( ! diff]5t ,s]ies are n assort$ on ,subscription ,t]ms4 ,,! ,,expositor',s ,,bible4 ,second ,s]ies4 ,subscription ,price1 #bds4 ,sep>ate ,volumes1 #gs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,g4 ,,f9dlay1 ,b4,a41 ,head+ley ,college1 ,le$s4 ,9 ?is volume we h ! mature results ( broad & accurate s*ol>%ip1 exegetical tact1 & a firm grasp ( ! great pr9ciples und]ly+ ! ,gospel ( ,paul pres5t$ 9 a =m s lucid & attractive t e ?\ghtful read] c enjoy x4--,,pr(essor ,,beet4 ,! ,book ( ,isaiah ,*apt]s ,i4-,,xxxix4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,,adam ,,smi?1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,?is is a v attractive book4 ,mr4 ,george ,adam ,smi? has evid5tly su* a ma/]y ( ! s*ol>%ip ( 8 subject t x w\ld be a %e] imp]t95ce = mo/ s*ol>s1 ev5 ?\gh tol]able ,hebrai/s1 to criticise 8 translations2 & c]ta9ly x is n ! int5tion ( ! pres5t review] to attempt any?+ ( ! k9d1 to d :i* he is absolutely incompet5t4 ,all we desire is to let ,engli% read]s "k h[ v lucid1 impressive--&1 inde$1 h[ vivid--a /udy ( ,isaiah is )9 _! rea*2 ! fault ( ! book1 if x has a fault1 be+ r t x f9ds too _m po9ts ( connection betwe5 ,isaiah & our mod]n _w1 ?an t x f9ds too few4 ,9 o!r words1 no "o c say t ! book is n full ( life4--,spectator4 ,! ,pa/oral ,epi/les ,by ! ,rev4 ,,alfr$ ,,plumm]1 ,d4,d41 ,ma/] ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,durham4 ,an admirable sample ( :at popul> !ology ought to be4--,saturday ,review4 ,! treatm5t is ?r\gh\t s*ol>like1 lucid1 ?\ghtful4--,gu>dian4 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,,m>cus ,,dods1 ,d4,d4 ,a cle>1 close1 unaffect$1 uno/5tati\s exposition1 n v]se by v]se1 b ?\ght aft] ?\ght1 ( ?is mo/ int]e/+ p]haps1 & c]ta9ly mo/ v>i\s1 ( all ! ,apo/le's writ+s4--,london ,qu>t]ly ,review4 ,! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,john ,by ! ,"r ,rev4 ,w4 ,,alex&]1 ,d4,d41 ,"l ,bi%op ( ,d]ry & ,raphoe4 ,^! comm5t>ies are explicitly int5d$ to help ! prea*]1 & 9 ,dr4 ,alex&]'s ',disc\rses' !y w f9d mat]ial ready %ap$ to _! h&--n facts only1 b imag]y1 ref]5ces1 & allusions1 none ( !m *eap or commonplace1 & "s ( !m felicit\s 9 a high degree4--,gu>dian4 ,! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,,milligan1 ,d4,d41 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de54 ,lucid1 s*ol>ly4--,academy4 ,! /yle is admirably lucid1 expressive1 & )al /ately4 ,! task ( ! read] c\ld n possibly be easi]1 & 9 ! case ( su* an ab/ruse !me ! result is no small feat ( intellectual & lit]>y +5uity4--,ab]de5 ,free ,press4 ,,! ,,expositor',s ,,bible4 ,?ird ,s]ies4 ,subscription ,price1 #bds4 ,sep>ate ,volumes1 #gs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,judges & ,ru? ,by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,a4 ,,watson1 ,d4,d4 ,?is volume deals *iefly ) a book consid]$ by "s "o ( ! mo/ difficult ( expositions f a ,*ri/ian po9t ( view4 ,:ile feel+ ?is to be ! case1 ! writ] is able to d$uce valuable in/ruction f ! hi/ory by ! only legitimate mode1 t ( rememb]+ t ! "* & laws ( ,god are ess5tially un*angeable1 ?\gh ! am\nt ( _! revelation mu/ v>y ) ! capacity ( ^? :o receive x4444 ,! moralis+s on ! ,book ( ,ru? are also mo/ excell5t1 & j :at are adapt$ to pres5t circum/ances4--,spectator4 ,! ,prophecies ( ,j]emiah ,) a ,sket* ( 8 ,life & ,times4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,c4 ,j4 ,,ball1 ,m4,a41 ,*apla9 ( ,l9coln's ,inn4 ,mr4 ,ball br+s compet5t k to 8 task4444 ,a useful runn+ comm5t>y4--,saturday ,review4 ,x consi/s ( an int]e/+ & sympa!tic del9eation ( ! prophet's life & "*1 ( a new translation1 & ( expository rem>ks1 :i* are p>tly critical & p>tly homiletic4 ,! critical portion w be priz$ mo/1 z x exhibits deep le>n+1 bread? ( view1 & cle> insight into ! prophet's mean+4--,man*e/] ,exam9]4 ,! ,book ( ,exodus ,by ! ,v ,rev4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,*adwick1 ,d4,d41 ,dean ( ,armagh4 ,m>k$ by s\nd exegesis1 common s5se1 & a devotional _s4--,record4 ,e "p ( ! book is replete ) in/ruction & int]e/1 & a unity ( ?\ght & purpose p]vades x all4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,,monro ,,gibson1 ,d4,d41 ,au?or ( ,! ,ages be=e ,moses1 etc4 ,a c>eful exposition 9 :i* "o important "p is n slightly dealt ) :ile disproportionate space is giv5 to ano!r1 b by /udi$ economy ( lab\r & space due c>e & lab\r are giv5 to e "p4 ,! exposition is sob]1 rev]5t1 & sy/ematic2 x is also enlight5$ & well in=m$4--,london ,qu>t]ly ,review4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,luke ,by ! ,rev4 ,,h5ry ,,burton1 ,m4,a4 ,full ( vivid illu/ration & fre%1 bright exposition4--,record4 ,9 ! unfold+ ( tru? ,mr4 ,burton writes z a poet4 ,!re is gl[ & col\r & melody 9 8 descriptions4 ,(t5 !re are passages ( great beauty4--,me?odi/ ,record]4 ,! ,book ( ,isaiah ,*apt]s ,,xl4 to ,,lxvi4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,,adam ,,smi?1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,a "w ( no ord9>y m]it2 inde$1 x is b r>e t su* exegetical p[] & mature s*ol>%ip are unit$ ) an ease ( /yle & a f]tility ( mod]n illu/ration t leave b little to desire4--,speak]4 ,,! ,,expositor',s ,,bible4 ,f\r? ,s]ies4 ,subscription ,price1 #bds4 ,sep>ate ,volumes1 #gs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,,m>cus ,,dods1 ,d4,d4 ,dr4 ,dods' exposition1 besides be+ *>act]is$ by all ! lit]>y grace by :i* 8 previ\s works are di/+ui%$1 is also ?or\ghly evangelical 9 tone1 )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ at all n>r[2 :ile ! argum5ts :i* ?is portion ( ,scripture s p[]fully sugge/s 9 pro( ( ! div9ity ( ,*ri/ are h&l$ 9 su* a way z w c>ry !m home to all :o accept ! n>rative z au!ntic4--,scotsman4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,t4 ,,/okes1 ,d4,d4 ,"o ( ! mo/ valuable contributions to ! hi/ory ( ! ,primitive ,*ur* t h appe>$ )9 rec5t ye>s4--,dundee ,adv]tis]4 ,! ,book ( ,leviticus ,by ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,h4 ,,kellogg1 ,d4,d4 ,! relation ( law & gospel is gr&ly exhibit$1 & a difficult portion ( ,holy ,writ expla9$ 9 detail & ) p[]4--,*ri/ian4 ,he has c]ta9ly succe$$ 9 inve/+ ) fre% int]e/ ?is old book ( laws4--,scotsman4 ,! ,book ( ,prov]bs ,by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,f4 ,,horton1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,ably & fre%ly writt54--,*ur* ,times4 ,a book :i* may be read by all ) pleasure & pr(it1 & :i*1 by m9i/]s ( all ord]s1 may be tak5 z a model ( "o k9d ( expository tea*+4--,*ri/ian ,_w4 ,! expositor has done 8 "w 9 a mo/ ma/]ly fa%ion4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,james & ,/4 ,jude ,by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,,plumm]1 ,d4,d41 ,ma/] ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,durham4 ,x is ev5 a bett] piece ( "w ?an 8 =m] volume on ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les4 ,x conta9s ev]y?+ t ! /ud5t c desire by way ( introduction to ! two ,epi/les1 :ile = ^? :o read ) an eye to ! manufacture ( s]mons1 or = _! own edification1 ! doctr9al & moral lessons are develop$ 9 a /yle r$ol5t ( books1 yet s+ul>ly easy & unaffect$4 ,po9ts ( int]e/ ab\nd4--,saturday ,review4 ,a v able & int]e/+ exposition4444 ,an excell5t example ( ,scriptural exegesis4--,academy4 ,! ,book ( ,ecclesia/es ,) a ,new ,translation4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,samuel ,,cox1 ,d4,d4 ,! mo/ lum9\s1 orig9al1 & practical exposition ( ,ecclesia/es :i* is )9 ! rea* ( ord9>y ,engli% read]s4--,speak]4 ,dr4 ,cox's "w is likely to c\nt z "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! _m int]e/+ /udies ( :i* ,ecclesia/es has be5 ! basis4--,gu>dian4 ,,! ,,expositor',s ,,bible4 ,fif? ,s]ies4 ,subscription ,price1 #bds4 ,sep>ate ,volumes1 #gs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,! ,epi/les to ! ,!ssalonians ,by ! ,rev4 ,,james ,,d5ney1 ,d4,d4 ,z an expositor we are able to say t ,mr4 ,d5ney seems to h ent]$ v fully into ! _s ( ! ,apo/le ,paul1 & to h succe$$ 9 express+ v cle>ly1 & impress+ v =cibly1 ! g5]al mean+ ( ! ,apo/le's words4444 ,x is a v ably writt5 "w1 & "o :i* is well calculat$ to make ! ,apo/le's tea*+ 9 ^! two epi/les m intelligible & m tell+4--,scotsman4 ,! ,book ( ,job ,by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,watson1 ,d4,d41 ,au?or ( ,gospels ( ,ye/]day1 etc4 ,dr4 ,watson does n fall beh9d 8 pr$ecessors 9 do+ ju/ice to ?is magnific5t ef=t ( ,hebrew g5ius or inspiration4 ,! op5+ sc5e on e>? & ! op5+ sc5e 9 heav5 are br\ght be=e u ) graphic p[]1 & ! problem rais$ by ! situation ( ,job by ! unm]it$ suff]+ ( ! good man /at$ & discuss$ ) mu* =ce & philosophical insight4 ,dr4 ,watson has writt5 ) conspicu\s ability & a ?or\gh ma/]y ( 8 subject4--,scotsman4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,m>cus ,,dods1 ,d4,d4 ,dr4 ,dods appe>s to u always to write ) cle>ness & vig\r4444 ,he has ! gift ( lucid expression1 & by means ( apt illu/rations he avoids ! c>d9al s9 ( dryness1 s t ! int]e/ ev5 ( ! g5]al read] w n flag z he smoo?ly glides ?r\gh ^! *apt]s4--,gu>dian4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,g4 ,,f9dlay1 ,b4,a4 ,e page %[s t he has made a m9ute & c>eful exam9ation ( ! text1 :ile 9 e *apt] !re are inf]5ces drawn & sugge/ions ?r[n out :i* w f9d _! way into _m s]mons4 ,!y :o "k ?is ,epi/le be/ w be ! fir/ to ackn[l$ge ! value ( ,pr(4 ,f9dlay's exposition4--,expositor4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,t4 ,,/okes1 ,d4,d4 ,! second volume is z readable z ! fir/1 full ( le>n+ )\t a spice ( p$antry4444 ,! volume is highly to be comm5d$ = k1 sobriety1 & manly piety4--,saturday ,review4 ,! ,psalms4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,alex&] ,,macl>51 ,d4,d4 ,dr4 ,macl>5 has evid5tly ma/]$ 8 subject ) ! aid ( ! be/ au?orities1 & has put ! results ( 8 /udies be=e 8 read]s 9 a mo/ attractive =m2 & if we add t 8 comm5t>y really helps to ! bett] und]/&+ ( ! ,psalms1 t1 f> f degrad+1 x vivifies & illum9ates ^! sublime /ories1 & t x is writt5 9 a *>m+ /yle1 v seldom fall+ bel[ ! dignity ( ! subject1 we believe we only give x ! praise :i* is its due4--,scotsman4 ,,! ,,expositor',s ,,bible4 ,six? ,s]ies4 ,subscription ,price1 #bds4 ,sep>ate ,volumes1 #gs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr9cipal ,,ra9y1 ,d4,d4 ,a piece ( good & ?or\gh "w1 ! "w ( a s\nd & well-read expositor1 & especially ( an or?odox ,scot* div9e4--,london ,qu>t]ly ,review4 ,! ,fir/ ,book ( ,k+s ,by ! ,v5]able ,f4 ,w4 ,,f>r>1 ,d4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,ar*deacon ( ,we/m9/]4 ,dr4 ,f>r> br+s 8 v]satile lit]>y p[]s to be> ^u ^! maje/ic & impos+ sc5es1 ) all 8 gifts ( poetic description1 8 weal? ( quotations1 & 8 aptitude = picturesque comp>isons4--,gu>dian4 ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 & ,e/h] ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,ad5ey1 ,m4,a4 ,mr4 ,ad5ey has evid5tly grasp$ ! :ole /ory ) cle>ness & =ce3 8 portraits are lifelike2 he has all ! in/9ct ( ! expositor 9 high developm5t4 ,x is no small triumph to h done s well ) "o ( ! lea/ pictorial & fasc9at+ ( ,old ,te/am5t hi/ories4--,indep5d5t4 ,! ,book ( ,jo%ua ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,blaikie1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,we h no hesitation 9 say+ t = e-day work+ purposes expositors ( ! ,book ( ,jo%ua w f9d ?is volume m helpful ?an _m m critical & mod]nis$ works4444 ,8 expositions are usually fre% & int]e/+1 & !re is an eye = ! practical 9 all he writes4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,! ,psalms4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,alex&] ,,macl>51 ,d4,d4 ,! volume is z attractive z ! fir/1 & %[s ?r\gh\t ! same high qualities ( p5etration & spiritual sympa?y4 ,its pages give abundant evid5ce ( c>e1 critical /udy1 & acqua9tance ) ! be/ t our mo/ compet5t s*ol>s h contribut$ to ! exposition ( ! ,psalms4--,critical ,review4 ,! ,epi/les ( ,pet] ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,,lumby1 ,d4,d41 ,cambridge4 ,a s\nd & f9ely practical comm5t>y4--,saturday ,review4 ,we h be5 impress$ by ! c>efulness1 fulness1 & almo/ m9ut5ess ( ! expositions :i* ,dr4 ,lumby gives 9 ?is volume4--,lit]>y ,_w4 ,= ,li/ ( ,volumes 9 ! #g? & ! conclud+ 7#h?7 ,s]ies see back ( title4 ,,london3 ,,hodd] ,,& ,,/\ghton1 #bg1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,obvi\s punctuation & spell+ errors h be5 fix$ ?r\gh\t4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation is z 9 ! orig9al4