,e/abli%$ by ,edw>d ,l4 ,y\mans ,,appletons' ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly ,,edit$ ,,by ,,william ,,jay ,,y\mans ,,vol4 ,,liv ,,novemb]1 #ahih1 ,,to ,,april1 #ahii ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company #ahii ,,copyright1 #ahii1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company4 ,,vol4 ,,liv4 ,,e/abli%$ ,,by ,,edw>d ,l4 ,,y\mans4 ,no4 #c4 ,,appletons' ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly4 ,,janu>y1 #ahii4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,william ,,jay ,,y\mans4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,i4 ,! ,evolution ( ,colonies4 ,,vi4 ,indu/rial ,evolution4 ,by ,,james ,,colli] #bhi ,,ii4 ,! ,m9d's ,eye4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,joseph ,,ja/r[4 7,illu/rat$47 #bii ,,iii4 ,nature ,/udy 9 ! ,philadelphia ,normal ,s*ool4 ,by ,l4 ,l4 ,w4 ,,wilson1 ,ph4 ,d4 #cac ,,iv4 ,pr9ciples ( ,taxation4 ,,xx4 ,! ,diffusion ( ,taxes4 ,by ! ,late ,hon4 ,,david ,a4 ,,wells #cai ,v4 ,our ,florida ,alligator4 ,by ,i4 ,w4 ,,blake4 7,illu/rat$47 #ccj ,,vi4 ,! ,racial ,geography ( ,europe4 ,! ,jews4 ,,ii4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,william ,z4 ,,ripley4 7,illu/rat$47 #cch ,,vii4 ,true ,tales ( ,birds & ,bea/s4 ,by ,,david ,,/>r ,,jordan #ceb ,,viii4 ,glacial ,geology 9 ,am]ica4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,daniel ,s4 ,,m>t9 #cef ,,ix4 ,mod]n ,/udies ( ,e>?quakes4 ,by ,,georg ,,g]al& #cfb ,x4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,sci5tific ,in/ruction4 ,by ,sir ,j4 ,n4 ,,locky] #cgb ,,xi4 ,%\ld ,*ildr5 "u ,t5 le>n to ,read & ,write8 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,t4 ,w4 ,,patrick #chb ,,xii4 ,soils & ,f]tiliz]s4 ,by ,,*>les ,,m9or ,,black=d1 ,jr41 ,m4 ,d4 #cib ,,xiii4 ,sket* ( ,fri$ri* ,augu/ ,kekul4 7,) ,portrait47 #dja ,,xiv4 ,editor's ,table3 ,a ,voice f ! ,pulpit4--,lessons ( ,an?ropology4--,an ,example ( ,social ,decad5ce4--,! ,advance ( ,sci5ce #dji ,,xv4 ,sci5tific ,lit]ature #dae ,,xvi4 ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce #dbe ,,new ,,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 #gb ,,fif? ,,av5ue4 ,,s+le ,,numb]1 #ej ,,c5ts4 ,,ye>ly ,,subscription1 #e4jj4 ,,copyright1 #ahih1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company4 ,ent]$ at ! ,po/ ,(fice at ,new ,york1 & admitt$ = transmission ?r\gh ! mails at second-class rates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,augu/ ,,von ,,kekul4 ,,appletons' ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly4 ,,janu>y1 #ahii4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,colonies4 ,,by ,,james ,,colli]4 ,,vi4--,,indu/rial ,,evolution4 ,! e>lie/ nomadic /age ( mank9d has left traces 9 _m ( ! colonies4 ,! fir/ age ( ,fr5* ,canada1 ( ,new ,york1 ( great "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 0 "o ( hunt]s & trapp]s1 & x has cont9u$ 9 ! ,nor?we/ till rec5t times4 ,! fir/ brief p]iod ( ,rhodesia 0 t ( ! big-game hunt]4 ,! ,bo]s ( ! ,transvaal are /ill z mu* hunt]s z f>m]s4 ,! ,am]ican backwoodsman :o cle>s a pat*1 !n sells 8 improvem5ts to ! fir/ newcom]1 &1 plac+ 8 wife & *ildr5 & scanty belong+s on a c>t1 proce$s da capo else:]e1 is a nomadic pione]4 ,! /age is 9 "o way or ano!r p]petual1 = ! class nev] q dies out4 ,! drunk5 ,engli% qu>ryman :o1 driv5 by a demon ( re/lessness1 cont9ually goes on tramp1 & 9 8 w&]+s cov]s on foot a space equal to twice ! circumf]5ce ( ! globe1 is a demi-savage ^: nomadism is only *eck$ by ! abhorr$ approa*es ( old age4 ,if he emigrates1 he repeats ! old1 wild life z a pick-&-%ovel man 9 ,que5sl& or a qu>ryman 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,! sob]] colonial y\?1 :o m luxuri\sly cant]s f f>m to f>m 9 ,new ,zeal& on ! back ( a scrub1 is a tam] specim5 :o settles d[n :5 he m>ries4 ,nay1 ! re/less man :o p]iodically applies = leave ( abs5ce f a colonial legislature 9 ord] to travel 9 ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,timbuctoo1 is a /ill mild] b n less incorrigible example ( ! same inde/ructible type4 ,! pa/oral /age is all b univ]sal4 ,:]ev] grass gr[s 7& !re is wild grass almo/ ev]y:]e7 %eep c graze1 & :]e !re are succul5t twigs cattle w fatt5 on !m4 ,! ,s\? ,am]ican e/ancias & ! ran*es ( ,colorado1 ! cattle runs ( ,que5sl& & nor!rn ,new ,zeal&1 ! %eep runs ( ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales repeat & p]petuate ?is /age4 ,! g5esis ( x may ev5 n[ be daily obs]v$4 ,a ,man*e/] acc\ntant :o has nev] be=e be5 a/ride a horse w 9 twelve mon?s le>n ! my/]ies ( cattle & %eep f>m+1 !n pur*ase a hundr$ acres or two f ! colonial ,gov]nm5t1 gradually cle> x ( timb]1 build ( 8 own trees1 ) no skill$ assi/ance1 a wea!rbo>d cottage1 & take home a swiftly woo$ wife to lead ) him a r desolate exi/5ce 9 ! bu%4 ,or 7on a l>g] scale7 a squatt]1#a :o is commonly a g5tleman by bir? & education1 comes out f ,engl& ) inh]it$ weal?1 buys or leases f ! ,gov]nm5t a l>ge inl& tract ( graz+ l&1 takes ) him flocks & h]ds1 %eph]ds & /ockm51 builds a b>k or wood5 manor h\se1 & settles d[n to ! life ( ,abram on ! pla9s ( ,mamre4 ,9 e>li] days1 :5 ! colony 0 9 its infancy1 he w\ld n h _h to pur*ase or lease 8 run4 ,"o c\ntry aft] ano!r saw ! gold5 age ( a w\ld-be l&$ ari/ocracy4 ,z ,norman ,william p>cel$ out all ,engl& among 8 nobles & knights1 rul]s ( conqu]$ c\ntries 7 !n mighty free ) :at did n belong to !m4 ,possess+ ! au?ority ( a sov]eign1 ,columbus made lavi% grants ( l&1 & ?us pacifi$ 8 rebels4 ,*>les ,,ii pres5t$ ,c>ol9a to eight proprietors4 ,b>onies ( twelve ?\s& acres 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 manors ( tw5ty ?\s& acres 9 ,m>yl&1 7 dw>f$ by t]ritorial pr9cipalities ( m ?an a million acres 9 ,new ,york4 ,! absolute gov]nors ( e>ly ,au/ralia gave away wide tracts4 ,:5 l& 0 n giv5 x 0 tak51 on ,rob ,roy's pr9ciple4 ,dur+ ! int]regnum t foll[$ ! recall ( ! fir/ ,gov]nor ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 milit>y robb]s seiz$ fifte5 ?\s& acres1 & "u subsequ5t adm9i/rations !y cont9u$ _! depr$ations4 ,l& 0 held on v>i\s t5ures4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican =ms 7 v>ieties ( belat$ feudalism2 ( a hundr$ (t5 /range & ridicul\s emblems ( suz]a9ty p]haps a doz5 repeat$ ,old ,_w cu/oms4#b ,sir ,h4 ,s4 ,ma9e has prov$ t ne>ly all ! feudal exactions t madd5$ a :ole p to mut9y 9 #aghi 7 !n 9 =ce 9 ,engl&4 ,h[ %ad[y !y mu/ h gr[n is %[n by ! fact t none ( !m 0 transport$ to ,botany ,bay 9 t or lat] ye>s4 ,!y 7 atrophi$ portions ( ! ,briti% l& sy/em :5 ,au/ralia 0 f\nd$ 9 #aghh4 ,= fully sixte5 ye>s ! possession ( l&s grant$ or seiz$ 0 z absolute z ! ,engli% law ev] all[s x to be4 ,!n ! l&hold]s1 f9d+ ! l>ge tracts already conc$$ insuffici5t = ! developm5t ( ! pa/oral indu/ry1 appli$ = m1 & !mselves sugge/$ 9 #ahjc a plan ( leas+ cr[n l&s :i* 9 ! foll[+ ye> 0 legaliz$ z ! fir/ *>t] ( squatt]dom2 x 0 ! beg9n+ ( a sy/em t has br\ght "u pa/oral occupancy t]ritories z ext5sive z ! l>ge/ ,european c\ntries4 ,! l& sy/em =m$ "p ( or gave bir? to a political organization4 ,a ho/ ( s-call$ seigneurs import$ into old ,canada z mu* ( ! anci5 rgime z w\ld be> ! voyage4 ,manors 9 ,m>yl& reproduc$ ! feudal c\rts-b>on & c\rts-leet4 ,! great ,new ,york l&[n]s1 z inh]it+ bo? ,engli% & ,dut* in/itutions1 presid$ 9 su* c\rts & 7 at ! same "t h]$it>y memb]s ( a p[]ful legislative ord]4#c ,! c\rts 7 dropp$ on ! way out to ,au/ralia1 b ! political influ5ce ( ! ,engli% l&$ ari/ocracy inh]$ 9 _! repres5tatives at ! antipodes4 ,z ! ,s\!rn slave>*y1 ?r\gh its ,wa%+tons & ,jeff]sons1 ,clays & ,calh\ns1 0 = ?ree qu>t]s ( a c5tury ! driv+ =ce 9 ,am]ican politics1 ! ,au/ralian squatt]>*y = "o g5]ation or m rul$ ! sev5 colonies ) a sway t wax$ z ! absolute p[] ( ! gov]nor wan$4 ,x compos$ ! legislature1 appo9t$ ! judges1 controll$ ! executive1 & if ! gov]nor 0 refractory x s5t him home4 ,9 bo? s\!rn c\ntries social life reflect$ its ta/es & 0 ! measure ( its gr&eur4 ,x con/itut$ society1 ran ! races1 gave ! balls1 & kept op5 h\se2 ! surr\nd+ villages liv$ 9 its sun%9e4 ,:y c\ld n ?is patri>*al /ate la/1 z x has la/$ 9 ,arabia = ?\s&s ( ye>s & 9 ,europe = c5turies8 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates x 0 br\ght to bankruptcy by ! civil w>4 ,9 ,au/ralia x collaps$ be=e two enemies z deadly--a succession ( dr\ghts & a fall 9 ! price ( wool4 ,! bank] has 8 foot on ! squatt]'s neck4 ,if "o may judge f ! publi%$ maps1 ?ree f\r?s ( ! freehold l& 9 ! old] colonies is 9 ! h&s ( ! money l5d]s4 ,! once lordly runhold]1 :o w\ld h exclud$ f 8 table1 or at lea/ f 8 visit+ circle1 any "o engag$ 9 comm]ce1 is n[ ! t5ant ( a mortgage company :i* began by us+ him too well & end$ by cru%+ him unm]cifully4 ,x is also br\ght to a close by ! rise ( ! agricultural /age4 ,! colonial latifundia gets brok5 up = ! same economic reasons z t ( ! "m c\ntry4 ,:5ev] f ! increase ( population :eat-gr[+ becomes m pr(itable ?an graz+1 l& rises 9 value1 & va/ %eep walks are subdivid$ into two-hundr$-acre f>ms1 :i* are put "u ! pl[4 ,! transition may be ret>d$ 9 "s c\ntries & altoge!r arre/$ 9 o!rs4 ,nasse has %[n t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! moi/ure ( ! climate1 !re 0 9 ! sixte5? c5tury a cont9ual t5d5cy 9 ,engl& to rev]t f agriculture to pa/ure4 ,! light ra9fall1 high temp]atures1 & unf]tiliz$ soil w =ev] keep n9e t5?s ( ,au/ralia "u grass4 ,mo/ ( ! m\nta9\s nor? & ! glaci]-%av$ portions ( ! s\? ( ,new ,zeal& mu/ be p]petual cattle runs & %eep walks4 ,a c5tury or p]haps c5turies w pass be=e mu* ( ! light soil ( ,tasmania1 h>dly enri*$ by ! scanty foliage ( ! eucalyptus1 is suffici5tly f]tiliz$ by graz+ to gr[ corn4 ,ri* alluvial or volcanic l&s are put "u ! pl[1 )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! pa/oral /age1 z soon z m>kets are creat$ by ! adv5t ( immigrants4 ,!re is a cry = f>m l&s4 ,companies t h b\ght l>ge e/ates break !m up into allotm5ts4 ,:5 !y or o!r l>ge l&hold]s /ill resi/ pressure1 ! radical colonial legislature accel]ates _! delib]ations by putt+ on ! ?umbscrew ( a /atute :i* confiscates huge cantles ( _! l&4 ,or ! colonial ,gov]nm5t1 if sociali/-democratic1 pur*ases ext5sive prop]ties1 :i* x breaks up into f>ms & communi/ic village settlem5ts4 ,ov] wide tracts ! agriculturi/1 great & small1 takes ! place ( ! pa/orali/4 ,he holds 8 l&s "u a v>iety ( t5ures4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 9 its se>* = an ideal =m1 has fl[]$ into fifte5 v>ieties4 ,o!r colonies are /umbl+ t[>d x m or less bl9dly ?r\gh a succession ( annual /atutes4 ,:]e l& is abundant ! t5ure w be easy4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica nom9al quitr5ts 7 g5]al2 ! sy/em 0 long s9ce introduc$ into ,s\? ,africa1 & x has lately be5 import$ into ,new ,zeal& 9 spite ( all previ\s exp]i5ce to ! effect t su* r5ts c n be collect$4 ,mr4 ,eggle/on rem>ks t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! t5d5cy 0 to a simple & direct own]%ip ( ! soil by ! occupant4 ,s9ce ^? days ,h5ry ,george has come & 7alas67 gone4 ,a craze = ! nationalization ( ! l& buzzes 9 ! bonnets ( all :o h no l&4 ,!re is an equal reluctance on ! "p ( colonial legislatures to grant wa/e l&s z freeholds & on ! "p ( pur*as]s to accept !m on any o!r t]ms4 ,h5ce ! con/ant ef=t to devise a t5ure :i* %all res]ve ! rights ( ! colony & yet n oppress ! t5ant4 ,"o legislature has blasphem$ into ! et]nal lease1 :i* w\ld seem to be almo/ pref]able to absolute own]%ip 9 a c\ntry subject to e>?quakes6 ,b ! t5ure 9 ! e>ly days is unimportant4 ,) a virg9 soil yield+ at fir/ sev5ty & !n regul>ly =ty bu%els to ! acre1 & high prices rul+1 ! f>m] c /& any t5ure4 ,se5 at m>ket or cattle %[1 8 equ9e or bov9e features & firm foot+ on "m e>? sugge/ a s5se ( solidity 9 ! commonweal? to :i* he belongs4 ,he gives x its "*4 ,! legislature consi/s ( 8 repres5tatives4 ,laws are pass$ 9 8 int]e/4 ,he controls ! executive4 ,8 sons fill ! civil s]vice4 ,judges sometimes come f 8 ranks1 & lawy]s easily fall back into !m4 ,he supports ! *ur*es & fills !m4 ,small t[ns spr+ up 9 place ( ! pa/oral villages to supply 8 wants4 ,z ! p]iod ( ! ,gold5 ,fleece 0 ! colonial age ( gold1 :5 ,jason1 ! wool k+1 made a =tune1 receiv$ a b>onetcy1 &1 return+ to ! "m c\ntry1 f\nd$ a c\nty family & int]m>ri$ ) ! ,briti% ari/ocracy1 s ! agricultural /age is ! colonial age ( silv]1 9 money z 9 morals4 ,x la/$ 9 ,engl& till well into ! c5tury1 9 ,g]many till ! o!r day1 9 ,france till n[4 ,x is1 9 ! ma91 ! /age ( contempor>y colonies4 ,:at br+s x to an end8 ,! soil gets exhau/$1 prices fall1 & a succession ( wet seasons 9 ,new ,zeal& or ( dry seasons 9 ,au/ralia or ,s\? ,africa s5ds ! f>m] into ! money m>ket4 ,ne>ly e prov9ce ( almo/ e colony gets mortgag$ up to ! hilt4 ,! foot ( ! l& ag5t is on ! neck ( ! f>m]1 :o becomes 8 t5ant or s]f--adscriptus gleb z mu* z ! ,old ,engli% ville9s :o 7 ! ance/ors ( ! f>m]1 or ! ,virg9ia ville9s :o repeat$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ,old ,engli% /atus4 ,b t5ancy does n always arise out ( bankrupt proprietor%ip4 ,a capitali/ may dra9 an ext5sive m>% 7l t along ! valley ( ! ,%oalhav5 ,riv] 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales7 & divide ! ri* alluvial soil into hundr$s ( pr(itable dairy f>ms4 ,m inl& m>%es1 l ! ,piako ,swamp 9 ,new ,zeal&1 h be5 s completely dra9$ z to make ! soil too dry to c>ry :eat1 & s h swamp$ bo? capitali/s & bank]4 ,:]e ! squatt] own] keeps ! l& 9 8 own h&s1 he may lease an unbrok5-up tract = ?ree or five ye>s to a f>m] :o pl[s & f5ces x1 takes (f crops1 pays a light r5t ( f five to fifte5 bu%els p] acre1 & leaves x 9 grass4 ,on "o t5ure or ano!r ! :ole colony gradually comes into cultivation4 ,! pr$om9ance ( ! agricultural int]e/ is long ?reat5$ & at l5g? %ak5 by ! rise ( ! indu/rial /age4 ,x is p>tly evolv$ f ! pa/oral & agricultural /ages & p>tly indep5d5t4 ,nor d ^! /ages at once & necess>ily give rise to collective indu/ry4 ,9 all "y colonies :]e ! population is scanty & processes are simple !re are no division & no association ( labor4 ,! acc\nt t "o ( ! be/ ( ,am]ican hi/orians gives ( ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory might be accept$ z a description ( ?is primitive /ate1 & realizes ,fi*te's ideal ( a ges*loss5] ,h&el/aat 7clos$ trade /ate74 ,%ut 9 by m\nta9s1 ! p rais$ _! own flax & sometimes grew _! own wool1 :i* !y spun & wove at home4 ,!y made _! own sp9n+ :eels & looms1 z !y made _! own furniture4 ,!y tann$ _! own lea!r & cobbl$ rude %oes ( x4 ,( ,indian-corn husks !y spun ropes & manufactur$ horse coll>s & *air bottoms4 ,b>rels & beehives 7 =m$ ( sawn holl[ trees4 ,!y extract$ sug> f ! maple & tea f ! sassafras root4 ,_! boats 7 dug-out canoes4 ,9 colonies ( lat] f\ndation ?is self-suffic+ /age1 :i* repeats an e>li] p]iod 9 ! "m c\ntry ?an ! "t :5 ! colony 0 giv5 (f1 is dropp$1 ?\gh !re are traces ( x ev]y:]e to be f\nd4 ,%eep c\ntries give bir? to ! wool5 indu/ry4 ,new ,zeal& r$uplicates ! wool5 manufactures ( ,engl& &1 ow+ to protective duties1 has atta9$ a des]v$ success4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ) f9] wools1 has n succe$$1 = no o!r app>5t reason ?an t %e refuses to impose su* duties4 ,= x is to be obs]v$ t x is "u legislative protection--b\nties1 bonuses1 drawbacks1 export & especially import duties--t almo/ e colonial indu/ry has gr[n up1 z ! indu/ries ( ! "m c\ntry grew up4 ,sometimes ! pr(it 9 a p>ticul> und]tak+ is exactly equal to ! am\nt ( ! import duty1 & x is seldom great]4 ,by tak+ extravagant advantage ( ! lib]ty long refus$ 7z leave to manufacture 0 long refus$ to ! ,nor? ,am]ican colonies71 b at l5g? conc$$1 to impose import duties1 an ,au/ralasian colony1 misl$ z mu* by its own spl5did en]gy z by evil c\nselors 7,c>lyle among !m71 built up a :ole artificial sy/em ( indu/ries :i* sank 9 ru9\s collapse :5 ! boom _h pass$4 ,indep5d5t indu/ries spr+ fir/ f ! soil4 ,gold & silv] m9+ lose _! wild adv5tur\s "*1 & become regul> indu/ries1 work$ by companies ) ext5sive plants4 ,! digg+ ( gum 9 ,auckl& 7bl$ f ! gigantic ,kauri p9e7 is op]at$ by m]*ants :o keep ! gum digg]s 9 a species ( s]fage4 ,! discov]y ( coal makes native indu/ries possible or remun]ative1 b till iron has be5 f\nd ! sy/em is incomplete4 ,all c\ntries1 & !re=e all colonies1 are late 9 rea*+ ?is /age2 ! mo/ advanc$ contempor>y colonies h n yet rea*$ x4 ,none ! less h !y foll[$ ,engl& ) swift] /eps1 if ) less mom5tum1 into ! mod]n age ( iron--t ,brummagem epo* :i* has ! creation ( m>kets = its w> cry1 /ate socialism = its gospel1 ,joseph ( ,birm+ham = its prophet1 & ! ,briti% ,empire = its deity4 ,! iron age is fitly inaugurat$ by ! mo/ degrad$ relation%ip t man c be> to man--t ( slav]y4 ,only ! olde/ ( mod]n colonies imitate ! "m c\ntries 9 pass+ ?r\gh ?is /age2 9 ^? ( lat] f\ndation a m]e %ad[ ( x rema9s1 or x takes o!r %apes4 ,coloni/s fir/ enslave ! natives ( ! c\ntry :]e !y settle4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,am]ican colonies1 :]e !y w5t to f9d gold1 !y w\ld "w = no o!r purpose2 !y !re=e ne$$ ! natives to till ! soil2 !y ne$$ !m also z c>ri]s4 ,= ^! purposes !y 7 us$ unscrupul\sly4 ,!y 7 di/ribut$ among ! ,spani>ds "u a sy/em ( rep>timi5tos :i* repeat$ ! provisions ( ,greek & ,roman slav]y1 & 0 itself r$uplicat$ ?ree c5turies lat] 9 ! convict assignm5t sy/em ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,) su* savage cruelty 0 x work$ t1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,columbus1 six sev5?s ( ! population ( ,hispaniola di$ "u x 9 a few ye>s4 ,! same =m ( slav]y1 b ( a v diff]5t "*1 prevail$ 9 ,africa d[n almo/ to our own times4 ,9 ! ,briti% colonies x 0 subm]g$ 9 #ahcd1 f causes ext]ior to itself1 by ! humanit>ian wave t wreck$ ! ,we/ ,indies2 9 ! ,fr5* colonies x 0 aboli%$ by ! revolution>y gov]nm5t ( #ahdh2 9 ! ,dut* colonies x possibly subsi/s to ?is day4 ,!oretically aboli%$ or n1 ! relation%ip betwe5 civiliz$ :ites & savage blacks mu/ be ev]y:]e a modifi$ =m ( slav]y2 & a :ite colonization ( ! ,african tropics c only take place "u conditions indi/+ui%able f a limit$ slav]y4 ,9 cold] or y\ng] colonies1 ev5 if a m ref9$ s5tim5t _h p]mitt$ x1 !re c\ld be no "q ( enslav+ ! fi]ce r$ ,indians1 ! w>like ,maoris1 or ! intractable ,au/ralian blacks4 ,! ,indians r5d]$ "s s]vices to ! nor!rn coloni/s4 ,! ,maoris work$ = ! fir/ immigrants into ,cant]bury1 b z free labor]s1 & ! phase soon pass$ away z m valuable labor arriv$4 ,blacks 7 9 ! e>ly ye>s employ$ by ! ,au/ralian settl]s1 b l ne>ly all savages !y 7 f\nd incapable ( cont9u\s indu/ry4 ,! next /ep is to import slaves4 ,to light5 ! oppression ( ! ,mexicans1 negroes 7 introduc$1 z !y _h previ\sly be5 into ,europe4 ,!re1 & /ill m 9 ! s\!rn colonies ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 !y 7 ! *ief pione]s4 ,!y cut d[n =e/s1 cle>$ ! jungles1 dra9$ ! swamps1 & op5$ up ! c\ntry4 ,= ! be/ "p ( two hundr$ ye>s ! _w's sug>1 rice1 cotton1 tobacco1 & indigo 7 gr[n by negro labor4 ,! effect on ! negro himself has be5 to raise him "o grade 9 ! scale ( be+4 ,if1 z ,mr4 ,galton believes1 he is naturally two grades bel[ ! ,european1 a place 9 ! organization ( labor w h to be f\nd = him midway betwe5 ! :ite workman & ! slave4 ,x is1 inde$1 be+ f\nd4 ,z a f>m] ! negro has totally fail$4 ,b he is a good labor] "u sup]vision4 ,he is a success 9 ! m9es4 ,he has f\nd acceptance 9 ! iron furnaces & ab\t ! coke ov5s4 ,he is 9 great dem& 9 p]iods ( railroad con/ruction1 & he is a ,we/]n pione]4 ,above born & br$ slaves = life !re is ! /atus ( import$ slaves = a t]m4 ,= ye>s ,kanakas1 hir$ or captur$ f ! ,melanesian ,isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 7 us$ z slaves by ! sug> plant]s ( ,que5sl&1 until ! outcry 9 ,engl& put a /op to an ill-conduct$ traffic4 ,x has s9ce be5 resum$ "u human] conditions1 :i* make x z def5sible z slav]y c ev] be4 ,coolies f ,india are import$ into ,fiji & ,hongkong practically z free labor]s4 ,!y are also employ$ on bo>d ! great l9]s t ply betwe5 ,india1 ,*9a1 ,au/ralia1 & ,engl&1 mu* to ! discont5t ( ! work+ class & to ! great satisfaction ( ! well-to-d1 :o ?us ga9 *eap] passages & l[] freights4 ,! radical opposition is no m likely to prev5t ?is =m ( native labor f spread+ to all suitable environm5ts ?an ! cons]vative opposition has prev5t$ wom5 f fill+ ! employm5ts )9 _! improv$ capacities4 ,! ubiquit\s ,*9aman1 aga91 has import$ himself into mo/ colonies1 & s long z he takes a place t ! :ite labor] refuses to occupy1 he w pres5t ! ugly problem ( ! coexi/5ce ( an inde/ructible ali5 race ) a civiliz$ p ^: type ( civilization & 8 are irreconcilable4 ,european colonies h also kn[n :ite slav]y1 z ,greek & ,roman colonies knew x1 & slav]y ( _! own race & nation1 z ,european c\ntries knew x4 ,its mo/ degrad$ type has d\btless be5 ,spani%1 ,engli%1 & ,fr5* convictism4 ,! ,au/ralian-,engli% is ! mo/ famili> & ! wor/4 ,! ,au/ralian convict 0 a slave = life or a long t]m4 ,l ! slave1 he 0 at ! m]cy ( 8 ma/]1 except+ t corporal puni%m5t c\ld n be inflict$ by ! ma/]'s h&s4 ,! la% 0 none ! less kept go+2 9 a s+le ye>1 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ne>ly ?ree ?\s& flogg+s 7 adm9i/]$4 ,! ,roman erga/ula 7 pleasure b[]s comp>$ ) ! convict hells ( ,p>ramatta1 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & ,port ,ar?ur1 9 ,tasmania4 ,m>cus ,cl>ke's t]rible fiction proves to be /ill m t]rible fact4 ,convicts 7 h]d$ toge!r l pigs2 k9dness 0 r>e1 oppression g5]al1 & _m f9e m5 di$ in* by in*4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( ?+s ev5 aft] ! introduction ( ! assignm5t sy/em4 ,accord+ to t sy/em1 convicts 7 assign$ z agricultural labor]s & %eph]ds to settl]s :o cri$ out = !m1 z ! ,am]ican plant]s did = slaves4 ,craftsm5 7 allott$ to high (ficials 9 lieu ( sal>y or to influ5tial p]sons :o hir$ !m to o!rs 7h]e9 repeat+ ,engli% s]fdom7 or p]mitt$ !m to "w = !mselves1 receiv+ a portion ( _! e>n+s 7h]e9 repeat+ ,greek slav]y74 ,me*anics 7 employ$ on public works1 & hundr$s ( build+s 7 erect$ by convict masons1 bricklay]s1 & c>p5t]s4 ,day labor]s 7 employ$ on roads1 & hundr$s ( miles ( solid highway are a durable monum5t to ! memory ( ! convict4 ,!y 7 ! true pione]s ( ! c\ntry1 brav+ ! dang]s ( ! bu%1 resi/+ ! aborig9es1 cle>+ & cultivat+ ! l&1 & develop+ ! res\rces ( ! colonies4 ,= !mselves !y did well & ill4 ,_m re=m$1 & aft] manumission1 :i* 0 at fir/ special & at l5g? g5]al1 became respectable citiz5s1 deal]s1 & trad]s4 ,"s grew to be prosp]\s m]*ants1 weal?y squatt]s1 editors1 legislators1 & all b m9i/]s4 ,_! sons are judges1 legislators1 solicitors1 ,gov]nm5t (ficials1 newspap] proprietors4 ,aft] la/+ = sixty ye>s ! sy/em ( transportation 0 at l5g? aboli%$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! opposition ( ! work+ class1 :o object$ to competition1 & ( ! respectable classes g5]ally4 ,! legislative body & ! l>ge l&[n]s 7 r 9 favor ( its p]petuity1 & !re are /ill memb]s ( ! old slave-driv+ p>ty 9 ,tasmania :o regret its discont9uance4 ,! bond s]vants1 :o 7 common 9 ,new ,engl& & at fir/ m num]\s ?an slaves 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 repeat$ ! /atus ( ! ,engli% s]fs4 ,_! orig9 0 v>i\s4 ,crime1 debt1 sale by p>5ts1 volunt>y surr5d]1 & kidnapp+ all contribut$ _! quota4 ,! p]iod ( ind5tur$ s]vice 0 at fir/ f sev5 to t5 ye>s1 & 0 ultimately r$uc$ to a fix$ t]m ( f\r ye>s4 ,!y 7 ex*ang$ & sold l any o!r commodity4 ,_! treatm5t seems to h be5 (t5 h>%4 ,l ! ,au/ralian convicts1 _m ( !m prosp]$4 ,lead+ families 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates trace _! orig9 to bondm54 ,n a few ( ! ,s\!rn ov]se]s1 free labor]s1 & small f>m]s are believ$ to be desc5d$ f !m4 ,! vagabond elem5t 9 all ! ,/ates1 ! :ite tra% ( ! ,s\?1 & ! crim9al & paup] inhabitants ( c]ta9 regions 9 ! ,nor? are also affiliat$ on ! m degrad$ sections ( ! class4#d ,! wor/ ( mod]n inv5tions1 x has be5 said1 is ! inv5tion ( ! work+man4 ,! work+man1 h[ev]1 has a p$igree2 he is ! son ( ! bondman or ! s]f1 & ! gr&son ( ! slave1 :o w\ld h be5 /ill m discr$itable inv5tions if !y _h n be5 ! outgr[? ( _! "t & place4 ,! s]vile "* ( ! workman long surviv$ 9 ,european c\ntries2 x 0 n till ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury t ! la/ trades 7 emancipat$ 9 ,engl&4 ,:ile 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,new ,s\? ,wales ! transition is pla9ly traceable1 all ve/iges ( x h disappe>$ 9 ! y\ng] colonies4 ,9 ^!1 almo/ f ! fir/1 ! me*anic is ma/] ( ! situation4 ,! c>p5t] :o c put up a wood5 cottage comm&s regul> "w & high wages1 :ile ! prea*] :o builds him a h\se n made ) h&s is />v$4 ,! anomaly is 9 p]fect consi/5cy ) ! biological analogy2 ! bra9 is ev]y:]e ( late developm5t4 ,z ! colony gr[s1 wages fall1 & ! position ( pr(essional m5 becomes m tol]able1 b1 en revan*e1 ! workman acquires & at l5g? almo/ monopolizes political p[]4 ,! premi] & cab9et m9i/]s are sometimes =m] p$dl]s1 gold digg]s1 coal m9]s1 %eph]ds1 etc4 ,! legislative bodies consi/ l>gely ( labor repres5tatives4 ,laws are pass$ 9 ! int]e/ ( labor4 ,n cont5t ) a %>e ( political p[] out ( all proportion to _! numb]s or importance1 ! regim5t$ trades1 "u ! comm& ( unscrupul\s lead]s1 deliv] a pit*$ battle aga9/ ! employ]s1 ) ! object ( ga9+ practical possession ( ! ag5cies ( production & di/ribution4 ,!y are necess>ily defeat$4 ,! value ( labor & ! importance ( ! me*anic decl9e ) ! application ( ma*9]y to all indu/rial processes4 ,accumulat$ weal?1 subsidiz+ inv5tions1 acquires an increas+ asc5d5cy4 ,! indu/rial sy/em is 9 no great] dang] f ! onslaughts ( labor ?an civiliz$ c\ntries f ! invasion ( b>b>ians4 ,only ! beg9n+s ( ! comm]cial epo*1 or age ( bronze1 are to be f\nd 9 colonies4 ,9 production we witness ! same sup]session ( individual ent]prise by ! limit$ liability company4 ,?is is also ! case 9 di/ribution1 :]e _m obsolete ,old ,_w /ages are recapitulat$4 ,we may /ill see ! long1 sl[ bullock team1 ! we>i$ pack horse 7! fur trade 9 ,canada 0 c>ri$ on by brigades ( pack horses71 ! hawk]1 purveyor ( news & gossip4 ,we easily trace ! evolution ( ! %op3 at fir/ a %ip1 !n l&$1 ) ev]y?+ inside--groc]ies1 meat1 bread1 fruit1 & vegetables1 clo!s1 crock]y1 ironmong]y1 /ation]y1 & tobacco2 ! but*] fir/ hives (f1 !n ! bak]1 ! groc]2 9 c\rse ( "t re9tegration takes place1 & %ops are to be f\nd 9 ! colonial cities :i* r$uplicate ,:iteley's 9 ,london1 :]e ev]y?+ may aga9 be _h z 9 ! beg9n+4 ,! processes ( ex*ange likewise recapitulate ! pa/4 ,b>t] is long univ]sal1 & is /ill common 9 colonial villages4 ,ev5 !n a /&>d is ne$$4 ,9 ! ,old ,engli% p]iod ! curr5cy consi/$ ( cattle1 nam$ by a faceti\s writ] ! curr5t k9e ( ! realm4 ,9 ,virg9ia & ,m>yl& tobacco 0 ! circulat+ m$ium = a c5tury & a half1 supplem5t$ 9 ,m>yl& ) hemp & flax2 taxes 7 paid 9 tobacco1 & r5t 9 k9d4 ,9 ,ill9ois & ,canada1 sk9s & furs1 ) wampum = small co92 9 ,new ,engl& ! latt] s+ul> curr5cy 0 us$ f> into ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,new ,s\? ,wales has ! dem]it ( inv5t+ ! de/ructive m$ium ( rum2 wages 7 paid 9 x or 9 :eat2 meal or spirits 7 tak5 at ! doors ( !at]s4 ,/ore receipts = produce 7 giv5 by ! ,gov]nm5t & pass$ curr5t1 n )\t depreciation2 milit>y (fic]s issu$ bills = all sums up to "o hundr$ p\nds2 private individuals1 9 ! lack ( specie1 gave promissory notes4 ,fix$ prices 7 long unkn[n2 extortion]s 9 ! e>ly days ( all ! colonies made a pr(it ( a ?\s& p] c5t2 & 9 q rec5t days usuri\s attorneys exact$ int]e/ at ! rate ( a hundr$ p] c5t4 ,colonies sometimes anticipate ! developm5t ( ! "m c\ntry4 ,! communi/ic dreams ( ! =ties 9 ,france & ,engl& 7 = a brief :ile realiz$ 9 old ,virg9ia1 z !y are at ?is h\r be+ realiz$ 9 ! village settlem5ts ( ,s\? ,au/ralia2 & ! /ate socialism r5d]$ popul> by ! ,g]man victories ( #ahgj 0 p]haps m ?or\ghly embodi$ 9 convict ,new ,s\? ,wales ?an any:]e else outside ( ,p]u "u ! ,incas1 z x is n[ sweep+ all ( ! ,au/ralasian colonies onw>d to an unkn[n goal4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,9 its prim>y ,am]ican s5se ! ^w squatt] d5otes ! backwoodsman describ$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraph4 ,9 its second>y ,au/ralian s5se x means ! l>ge l&hold] n[ describ$4 #b ,see an in/ructive article by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,eggle/on1 ,social ,conditions 9 ! ,colonies4 ,c5tury ,magaz9e1 #ahhd1 pp4 #hdi1 #hej4 #c ,eggle/on1 op4 cit41 p4 #hej4 #d ,eggle/on1 op4 cit41 p4 #heh4 ,,! ,,m9d',s ,,eye4 ,,by ,,joseph ,,ja/r[4 ,,hamlet4--,my fa!r1--,me?9ks1 ,i see my fa!r4 ,,horatio4--,o1 :]e1 my "l8 ,,hamlet4--,9 my m9d's eye1 ,horatio4 ,x is a commonplace taught f nurs]y to univ]sity t we see ) our eyes1 he> ) our e>s1 & feel ) ! f+]s4 ,?is is ! tru?1 b n ! :ole tru?4 ,indisp5sable z are ! s5se organs 9 ga9+ an acqua9tance ) ! _w 9 :i* we live1 yet !y alone d n det]m9e h[ ext5sive or h[ accurate t acqua9tance %all be4 ,!re is a m9d beh9d ! eye & ! e> & ! f+] tips :i* guides !m 9 ga!r+ in=mation1 & gives value & ord] to ! ex]cise ( ! s5ses4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( vision1 ! mo/ intellectual ( all ! s5ses1 ! "o 9 :i* m]e acut5ess ( ! s5se organ c\nts lea/ & ! tra9+ 9 obs]vation c\nts mo/4 ,! eagle's eye sees f>!r1 b our eyes tell u mu* m ( :at is se54 ,! eye is (t5 comp>$ to a photographic cam]a1 ) its eyelid cap1 its iris %utt]1 its l5s1 & its s5sitive plate--! ret9a2 :5 prop]ly adju/$ = di/ance & light1 ! image is =m$ on ! ret9a z on ! glass plate1 & ! picture is tak54 ,s f> ! comp>ison is helpful2 b :ile ! cam]a takes a picture :5ev] & :]ev] ! plate happ5s to be expos$1 ! complete act ( see+ requires "s co-op]ation on ! "p ( ! m9d4 ,! ret9a may be expos$ a ?\s& times & take b few pictures2 or p]haps x is bett] to say t ! pictures may be tak51 b rema9 undevelop$ & evanesc5t4 ,! pictures t are develop$ are /ack$ up1 l ! negatives 9 ! photograph]'s %op1 9 ! pigeonholes ( our m5tal /or]ooms--"s fad$ & blurr$1 "s poorly arrang$ or mislaid1 "s (t5 ref]r$ to & fre% pr9ts made !refrom1 & "s q neglect$4 ,9 ord] to see1 x is at once necess>y t ! ret9a be suitably expos$ t[>d ! object to be se51 & t ! m9d be favorably dispos$ to ! assimilation ( ! impression4 ,true see+1 obs]v+1 is a d\ble process1 p>tly objective or outw>d--! ?+ se5 & ! ret9a--& p>tly subjective or inw>d--! picture my/]i\sly transf]r$ to ! m9d's repres5tative1 ! bra91 & !re receiv$ & affiliat$ ) o!r images4 ,illu/rations ( su* see+ ) ! m9d's eye are n f> to seek4 ,:]ev] ! beauties & con=mations ( natural sc5]y invite ! eye ( man does he discov] famili> =ms & faces 7,fig4 #a72 ! =ces ( ,nature h r\gh-hewn ! rocks1 b ! human eye detects & (t5 creates ! resemblances4 ,! /rang] to :om su* curiosities ( =m are fir/ po9t$ out (t5 f9ds x difficult to discov] ! resemblance1 b once se5 ! face or =m obtrudes itself 9 e view & seems ! mo/ conspicu\s feature 9 ! outlook4 ,! flick]+ fire furni%es a f9e backgr\nd = ! activity ( ! m9d's eye1 & aga9/ ?is x projects ! =ms & fancies :i* ! leap+ flames & ! burn+ emb]s f "t to "t sugge/4 ,n all see ^! fire-pictures readily1 = our m5tal eyes diff] m f "o ano!r ?an ! physical ones1 & p]haps no two p]sons see ! same picture 9 q ! same way4 ,x is n q true1 h[ev]1 z _m h held1 t 9 wak+ h\rs we all h a _w 9 common1 b 9 dreams ea* has a _w ( 8 own1 = our wak+ worlds are made diff]5t by ! diff]5ces 9 :at engages our int]e/ & our att5tion4 ,x is true t our eyes :5 op5 are op5$ v l>gely to ! same views1 b by no "o obs]v] are all ^! views1 ?\gh visible1 really se54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4e--,! man's face 9 ! rocks is q di/9ct1 & is usually readily f\nd :5 x is kn[n t !re is a face some:]e4 7,= ?is view f ! ,dalles ( ! ,/4 ,croix1 ,m9n41 ,i am indebt$ to ! c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dudley1 ( ,madison1 ,wis47 ,?is *>act]i/ic ( human vision (t5 s]ves z a s\rce ( amusem5t4 ,! puzzle picture ) its tantaliz+ face1 or animal1 or :at n1 hidd5 9 ! trees1 or fanta/ically con/ruct$ out ( het]og5e\s elem5ts t make up ! composition1 is to _m q irresi/ible4 ,we turn x ab\t 9 all directions1 wond]+ :]e ! hidd5 =m c be1 scann+ e detail ( ! picture1 until sudd5ly a *ance glimpse reveals x1 pla9ly />+ u 9 ! face4 ,:5 sev]al p]sons are engag$ 9 ?is occupation1 x is amus+ to obs]ve h[ bl9d ea* is to :at ! o!rs see2 _! physical eyes see alike1 b _! m5tal eyes reflect _! own individualities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,9 ord] to see ! lion's head1 hold ! doll> exactly inv]t$ & ! head w be discov]$ fac+ ! left1 z above outl9$4 ,x is cle>] on ! doll> itself ?an 9 ?is reproduction4 ,?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( p]sons h&le our silv] doll>1 b few happ5 to obs]ve ! lion's head :i* lies conceal$ 9 ! repres5tation ( ! famili> head ( ,lib]ty2 frequ5tly ev5 a c>eful exam9ation fails to detect ?is hidd5 emblem ( ,briti% rule2 b1 z be=e1 :5 once f\nd1 x is q obvi\s 7,fig4 #b74 ,= simil> reasons x is a great aid 9 look+ = an object to "k :at to look =2 to be readily f\nd1 ! object1 ?\gh lo/ to sight1 %\ld be to memory cle>4 ,se>*+ is a m5tal process simil> to ! mat*+ ( a piece ( fabric 9 texture or color1 :5 "o has =gott5 ! sample & mu/ rely ^u ! remembrance ( its appe>ance4 ,if ! recollection is cle> & di/9ct1 recognition takes place :5 ! judgm5t decides t :at ! physical eye sees corresponds to ! image 9 ! m9d's eye2 ) an indi/9ct m5tal image ! recognition becomes d\btful or faulty4 ,! novice 9 ! use ( ! microscope exp]i5ces consid]able difficulty 9 obs]v+ ! appe>ance :i* 8 in/ructor sees & describes1 & ?is because 8 conception ( ! object to be se5 is lack+ 9 precision4 ,h5ce 8 tra9+ 9 ! use ( ! microscope is di/9ctly aid$ by consult+ ! illu/rations 9 ! text-book1 = !y enable 8 m5tal eye to realize ! pictures :i* x %\ld ent]ta94 ,he may be altoge!r too mu* influ5c$ by ! pictures ?us sugge/$ to 8 m5tal vision1 & draw :at is really n "u 8 microscope at all2 mu* z ! "y ari?metician w manage to obta9 ! answ] :i* ! book requires ev5 at ! co/ ( a resort to v unma!matical processes4 ,= tra9+ 9 correct & accurate vision x is necess>y to acquire an al]t m5tal eye t obs]ves all t is objectively visible1 b does n p]mit ! subjective to add to or modify :at is really pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,obs]ve ! appe>ance ( ^! lett]s at a di/ance ( eight to twelve feet4 ,an int]e/+ me?od ( te/+ ! activity ( ! m9d's eye ) ^! lett]s is describ$ 9 ! text4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c;a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c;b4 ,! importance ( ! m9d's eye 9 ord9>y vision is also well illu/rat$ 9 cases 9 :i* we see or seem to see :at is n really pres5t1 b :at = "o cause or ano!r x is natural to suppose is pres5t4 ,a v famili> in/ance ( ?is process is ! con/ant ov]look+ ( mispr9ts--false lett]s1 transpos$ lett]s1 & miss+ lett]s--unless ^! happ5 to be p>ticul>ly /rik+4 ,we see only ! g5]al physiognomy ( ! ^w & ! detail$ features are suppli$ f )92 9 ?is case x is ! expect$ t happ5s4 ,read+ is done l>gely by ! m5tal eye2 & entire words1 obvi\sly sugge/$ by ! context1 are sometimes read 91 :5 !y h be5 accid5tally omitt$4 ,?is is m apt to occur ) ! irregul> *>act]s us$ 9 manuscript ?an 9 ! m di/9ct =ms ( ! pr9t$ alphabet1 & is p>ticul>ly frequ5t 9 read+ ov] :at "o has himself writt54 ,9 read+ pro(1 h[ev]1 we are eag] to detect mispr9ts1 & ?is *ange 9 attitude helps to make !m visible4 ,x is difficult to illu/rate ?is process int5tionally1 because ! k t "o's p[]s ( obs]vation are ab\t to be te/$ places "o on "o's gu>d1 & ?us suppresses ! natural activity ( ! m9d's eye & draws unusual att5tion to objective details4 ,let ! read] at ?is po9t hold ! page at "s di/ance (f--say1 eight or twelve feet--& draw an exact reproduction ( ! lett]s %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,let him n read fur!r until ?is has be5 done1 & p]haps he may f9d t he has introduc$ /rokes :i* 7 n pres5t 9 ! orig9al4 ,if ?is is n ! case1 let him try ! te/ ^u ^? :o are ignorant ( its nature1 & he w f9d t mo/ p]sons w supply light l9es to complete ! cont\rs ( ! lett]s :i* 9 ! orig9al are sugge/$ b n really pres5t2 ! orig9al outl9e1 ,fig4 #c;a1 becomes some?+ l ,fig4 #c;b1 & s on = ! re/ ( ! lett]s4 ,! physical eye sees ! =m]1 b ! m5tal eye sees ! latt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,= description1 see text4 ,i tri$ ?is exp]im5t ) a class ( ov] ?irty univ]sity /ud5ts ( ,psy*ology1 &1 al?\gh !y 7 dispos$ to be q critical & suspect$ "s k9d ( an illusion1 only ?ree or f\r drew ! lett]s correctly2 all ! re/ fill$ 9 ! imag9>y light cont\rs2 "s ev5 drew !m z heavily z ! real /rokes4 ,i foll[$ ?is by an exp]im5t ( a simil> "*4 ,i plac$ ^u a table a figure 7,fig4 #d7 made ( light c>dbo>d1 fa/5$ to blocks ( wood at ! base s t ! pieces w\ld easily /& upright4 ,! middle piece1 :i* is rectangul> & high1 0 plac$ a little 9 front ( ! re/ ( ! figure4 ,! /ud5ts 7 ask$ to describe precisely :at !y saw1 & ) "o exception !y all describ$1 9 diff]5t words1 a semicircul> piece ( c>dbo>d ) a rectangul> piece 9 front ( x4 ,9 reality !re 0 no half-circle ( c>dbo>d1 b only p>ts ( two qu>t]-circles4 ,! /ud5ts1 ( c\rse1 7 well aw>e t _! physical eyes c\ld n see :at 0 beh9d ! middle c>dbo>d1 b !y inf]r$ t ! two side pieces 7 p>ts ( "o cont9u\s semicircle4 ,?is !y saw1 s f> z !y saw x at all1 ) _! m9d's eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,! black & :ite portions ( ?is design are precisely alike1 b ! effect ( look+ at ! figure z a patt]n 9 black ^u a :ite backgr\nd1 or z a patt]n 9 :ite ^u a black backgr\nd1 is q diff]5t1 al?\gh ! diff]5ce is n easily describ$4 ,!re is a fur!r int]e/+ class ( illu/rations 9 :i* a s+le outw>d impression *anges its "* accord+ z x is view$ z repres5t+ "o ?+ or ano!r4 ,9 a g5]al way we see ! same ?+ all ! "t1 & ! image on ! ret9a does n *ange4 ,b z we %ift ! att5tion f "o portion ( ! view to ano!r1 or z we view x ) a diff]5t m5tal conception ( :at ! figure repres5ts1 x assumes a diff]5t aspect1 & to our m5tal eye becomes q a diff]5t ?+4 ,a slight b int]e/+ *ange takes place if we view ,fig4 #e fir/ ) ! conception t ! black is ! patt]n to be se5 & ! :ite ! backgr\nd1 & aga9 try to see ! :ite z ! patt]n aga9/ a black backgr\nd4 ,i give a fur!r illu/ration ( su* a *ange 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,9 our fir/ & natural view ( ?is we focus ! att5tion ^u ! black l9es & obs]ve ! famili> illusion1 t ! f\r v]tical l9es seem f> f p>allel4 ,t !y are p>allel c be v]ifi$ by measurem5t1 or by cov]+ up all ( ! diagram except ! f\r ma9 l9es4 ,b if ! :ite "p ( ! diagram is conceiv$ z ! design aga9/ a black backgr\nd1 !n ! design is no long] ! same1 & ) ?is *ange ! illusion appe>s1 & ! f\r l9es seem p>allel1 z !y really are4 ,x may require a little ef=t to br+ ab\t ?is *ange1 b x is v m>k$ :5 once realis$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,:5 ?is figure is view$ z a black patt]n on a :ite backgr\nd1 ! f\r ma9 v]tical l9es seem f> f p>allel2 :5 x is view$ z a :ite patt]n on a black backgr\nd ?is illusion disappe>s 7or ne>ly s71 & ! black l9es z well z ! :ite ones seem p>allel4 ,a curi\s optical effect :i* 9 "p illu/rates ! *ange 9 appe>ance "u diff]5t aspects is reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,9 ?is case ! en*antm5t ( di/ance is necess>y to produce ! trans=mation4 ,view$ at ! usual read+ di/ance1 we see no?+ b an irregul> & mean+less assemblage ( black & :ite blot*es4 ,at a di/ance ( fifte5 to eighte5 feet1 h[ev]1 a man's head appe>s q cle>ly4 ,also obs]ve t aft] ! head has once be5 realiz$ x becomes possible to obta9 sugge/ions ( x at ne>] di/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,?is is a highly enl>g$ reproduction tak5 f a half-tone process pr9t ( ,"l ,kelv94 ,x appe>$ 9 ! ,photographic ,times4 ,a mu* l>g] class ( ambigu\s diagrams consi/s ( ^? :i* repres5t by simple outl9es famili> geometrical =ms or objects4 ,we cultivate su* a use ( our eyes1 z inde$ ( all our faculties1 z w on ! :ole lead to ! mo/ pr(itable results4 ,z a rule1 ! p>ticul> impression is n s important z :at x repres5ts4 ,s5se impressions are simply ! symbols or signs ( ?+s or ideas1 & ! ?+ or ! idea is m important ?an ! sign4 ,accord+ly1 we are accu/om$ to int]pret l9es1 :5ev] we c1 z ! repres5tations ( objects4 ,we are well aw>e t ! canvas or ! et*+ or ! photograph be=e u is a flat surface 9 two dim5sions1 b we see ! picture z ! repres5tation ( solid objects 9 ?ree dim5sions4 ,?is is ! illusion ( pictorial art4 ,s /rong is ?is t5d5cy to view l9es z ! symbols ( ?+s t if !re is ! slighte/ *ance ( s view+ !m1 we inv>iably d s2 = we h a great deal ( exp]i5ce ) ?+s t pres5t _! cont\rs z l9es1 & v little ) m]e l9es or surfaces4 ,if we view outl9es only1 )\t %ad+ or p]spective or any?+ to def9itely sugge/ :at is =egr\nd & :at backgr\nd1 x becomes possible = ! m9d to supply ^! details & see =egr\nd z backgr\nd1 & vice v]sa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,?is draw+ may be view$ z ! repres5tation ( a book /&+ on its half-op5$ cov]s z se5 f ! back ( ! book2 or z ! inside view ( an op5 book %[+ ! pages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,:5 ?is figure is view$ z an arr[1 ! upp] or fea!r$ end seems flat2 :5 ! re/ ( ! arr[ is cov]$1 ! fea!r$ end may be made to project or rec$e l ! book cov] 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,! small] squ>e may be reg>d$ z ei!r ! ne>] face ( a project+ figure or z ! m di/ant face ( a holl[ figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,?is repres5ts an ord9>y table-glass1 ! bottom ( ! glass & ! entire re> side1 except ! upp] portion1 be+ se5 ?r\gh ! transp>5t ne>] side1 & ! re> app>5tly project+ above ! front4 ,b x fluctuates 9 appe>ance betwe5 ?is & a view ( ! glass 9 :i* ! bottom is se5 directly1 p>tly f und]nea?1 ! :ole ( ! re> side is se5 ?r\gh ! transp>5t front1 & ! front projects above ! back4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,9 ?is scroll ! left half may at fir/ seem concave & ! "r convex1 x !n seems to roll or advance l a wave1 & ! left seems convex & ! "r concave1 z ?\gh ! tr\gh ( ! wave _h become ! cre/1 & vice v]sa4 ,a good example to beg9 ) is ,fig4 #h4 ,^! outl9es w probably sugge/ at fir/ view a book1 or bett] a book cov]1 se5 ) its back t[>d y & its sides slop+ away f y2 b x may also be view$ z a book op5$ out t[>d y & pres5t+ to y an inside view ( its cont5ts4 ,%\ld ! *ange n come readily1 x may be facilitat$ by ?9k+ p]si/5tly ( ! appe>ance ( an op5 book 9 ?is position4 ,! upp] portion ( ,fig4 #i is practically ! same z ,fig4 #h1 & if ! re/ ( ! figure be cov]$ up1 x w *ange z did ! book cov]2 :51 h[ev]1 ! :ole figure is view$ z an arr[1 a new conception ent]s1 & ! app>5tly solid book cov] becomes ! flat fea!r$ "p ( ! arr[4 ,look at ! next figure 7,fig4 #aj71 :i* repres5ts 9 outl9e a truncat$ pyramid ) a squ>e base4 ,is ! small] squ>e ne>] to y1 & are ! sides ( ! pyramid slop+ away f y t[>d ! l>g] squ>e 9 ! re>8 ,or are y look+ into ! holl[ ( a truncat$ pyramid ) ! small] squ>e 9 ! backgr\nd8 ,or is x n[ "o & n[ ! o!r1 accord+ z y decide to see x8 ,"h 7,fig4 #ac7 is a skeleton box :i* y may conceive z made ( wires outl9+ ! sides4 ,n[ ! front1 or side ne>e/ to me1 seems direct$ d[nw>d & to ! left2 aga91 x has %ift$ its position & is no long] ! front1 & ! side :i* appe>s to be ! front seems direct$ upw>d & to ! "r4 ,! pres5ce ( ! diagonal l9e makes ! *ange m /rik+3 9 "o position x runs f ! left-h& re> upp] corn] to ! "r-h& front l[] corn]2 :ile 9 ! o!r x connects ! left-h& front upp] corn] ) ! "r-h& re> l[] corn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ac1 #ac;a1 & #ac;b4--,! two me?ods ( view+ ,fig4 #ac are describ$ 9 ! text4 ,figs4 #ac;a & #ac;b are add$ to make cle>] ! two me?ods ( view+ ,fig4 #ac4 ,! heavi] l9es seem to repres5t ! ne>] surface4 ,fig4 #ac;a m naturally sugge/s ! ne>] surface ( ! box 9 a position d[nw>d & to ! left1 & ,fig4 #ac;b makes ! ne>] side seem to be upw>d & to ! "r4 ,b 9 spite ( ! heavi] outl9es ( ! "o surface1 x may be made to %ift positions f =egr\nd to backgr\nd1 al?\gh n s readily z 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,ea* memb] ( ?is frieze repres5ts a relief ornam5t1 appli$ ^u ! backgr\nd1 :i* 9 cross-section w\ld be an isosceles triangle ) a l>ge obtuse angle1 or a space ( simil> %ape holl[$ out ( ! solid wood or /one4 ,9 runn+ ! eye along ! patt]n1 x is int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ v>i\sly ! patt]ns fluctuate f "o ( ^! aspects to ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ae1 #ae;a1 & #ae;b4--,! two views ( ,fig4 #ae describ$ 9 ! text are br\ght out m cle>ly 9 ,figs4 #ae;a & #ae;b4 ,! %ad$ portion t5ds to be reg>d$ z ! ne>] face4 ,fig4 #ae;a is m apt to sugge/ ! /eps se5 z we asc5d !m4 ,fig4 #ae;b seems to repres5t ! holl[$-out /ructure und]nea? ! /eps4 ,b ev5 ) ! %ad+ ! dual int]pretation is possible1 al?\gh less obvi\s4 ,fig4 #ae w probably se5 at fir/ glimpse to be ! view ( a flight ( /eps :i* "o is ab\t to asc5d f "r to left4 ,imag9e x1 h[ev]1 to be a view ( ! "u side ( a s]ies ( /eps2 ! view repres5t+ ! /ructure ( ov]hang+ solid masonwork se5 f und]nea?4 ,at fir/ x may be difficult to see x ?us1 because ! view ( /eps :i* we are ab\t to m\nt is a m natural & frequ5t exp]i5ce ?an ! o!r2 b by />+ at x ) ! int5tion ( see+ x diff]5tly ! transition w come1 & (t5 q unexpect$ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,?is int]e/+ figure 7:i* is reproduc$ ) modifications f ,scripture--,! ,new ,psy*ology7 is subject 9 a /rik+ way to int]*anges betwe5 =egr\nd & backgr\nd4 ,mo/ p]sons f9d x difficult to ma9ta9 = any consid]able "t ei!r aspect ( ! blocks 7^! aspects are describ$ 9 ! text72 "s c *ange !m at w1 o!rs mu/ accept ! *anges z !y happ5 to come4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag;a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag;b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,,figs4 #ag1 #ag;a1 & #ag;b4--,h[ _m blocks are !re 9 ?is pile8 ,six or sev58 ,note ! *ange 9 arrangem5t ( ! blocks z !y *ange 9 numb] f six to sev54 ,?is *ange is illu/rat$ 9 ! text4 ,figs4 #ag;a & #ag;b %[ ! two phases ( a gr\p ( any ?ree ( ! blocks4 ,! arrangem5t ( a pyramid ( six blocks seems ! m /able & is usually fir/ sugge/$2 b hold ! page inv]t$1 & y w probably see ! alt]nate arrangem5t 7)1 h[ev]1 ! black surfaces /ill =m+ ! tops74 ,& once kn[+ :at to look =1 y w v likely be able to see ei!r arrangem5t1 :e!r ! diagram be held inv]t$ or n4 ,?is me?od ( view+ ! figures upside d[n & 9 o!r positions is also sugge/$ to br+ out ! *anges indicat$ 9 ,figs4 #ac1 #ac;a1 #ac;b1 & 9 ,figs4 #ae1 #ae;a1 #ae;b4 ,! blocks 9 ,fig4 #af are subject to a m>k$ fluctuation4 ,n[ ! black surfaces repres5t ! bottoms ( ! blocks1 all po9t+ d[nw>d & to ! left1 & n[ ! black surfaces h *ang$ & h become ! tops po9t+ upw>d & to ! "r4 ,= "s ! *anges come at w2 = o!rs !y seem to come unexpect$ly1 b all are aid$ by anticipat+ m5tally ! nature ( ! trans=mation4 ,! effect "h is q /rik+1 ! blocks seem+ almo/ animat$ & mov+ ?r\gh space4 ,9 ,fig4 #ag a simil> arrangem5t s]ves to create an illusion z to ! real numb] ( blocks pres5t4 ,if view$ 9 "o way--! black surface =m+ ! tops ( ! blocks--!re seem to be six arrang$ z 9 ,fig4 #ah2 b :5 ! trans=mation has tak5 place & ! black surfaces h become ! ov]hang+ bottoms ( ! boxes1 !re are sev51 arrang$ z 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,some:at diff]5t1 b /ill belong+ to ! gr\p ( ambigu\s figures1 is ! +5i\s conceit ( ! duck-rabbit %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,:5 x is a rabbit1 ! face looks to ! "r & a pair ( e>s are conspicu\s beh9d2 :5 x is a duck1 ! face looks to ! left & ! e>s h be5 *ang$ into ! bill4 ,mo/ obs]v]s f9d x difficult to hold ei!r int]pretation /eadily1 ! fluctuations be+ frequ5t1 & com+ z a surprise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,d y see a duck or a rabbit1 or ei!r8 7,f ,h>p]'s ,weekly1 orig9ally 9 ,flieg5de ,bltt]47 ,all ^! diagrams s]ve to illu/rate ! pr9ciple t :5 ! objective features are ambigu\s we see "o ?+ or ano!r accord+ to ! impression t is 9 ! m9d's eye2 :at ! objective factors lack 9 def9it5ess ! subjective ones supply1 :ile famili>ity1 prepossession1 z well z o!r circum/ances influ5ce ! result4 ,^! illu/rations %[ conclusively t see+ is n :olly an objective matt] dep5d+ ^u :at !re is to be se51 b is v consid]ably a subjective matt] dep5d+ ^u ! eye t sees4 ,to ! same obs]v] a giv5 arrangem5t ( l9es n[ appe>s z ! repres5tation ( "o object & n[ ( ano!r2 & f ! same objective exp]i5ce1 especially 9 in/ances t dem& a some:at complicat$ ex]cise ( ! s5ses1 diff]5t obs]v]s d]ive v diff]5t impressions4 ,n only :5 ! s5se-impressions are ambigu\s or defective1 b :5 !y are vague--:5 ! light is dim or ! =ms obscure--does ! m9d's eye eke out ! imp]fections ( physical vision4 ,! vague con=mations ( drap]y & make-up t are id5tifi$ & recogniz$ 9 spirituali/ic sances illu/rate extreme in/ances ( ?is process4 ,! :itewa%$ tree or po/ t mom5t>ily />tles u 9 a d>k c\ntry lane takes on ! guise t expectancy gives x4 ,! m5tal pr$isposition "h becomes ! dom9ant factor1 & ! timid see z gho/s :at _! m /urdy companions recognize z :itewa%$ po/s4 ,su* exp]i5ces we ascribe to ! action ( sugge/ion & ! imag9ation--! cl\d t's almo/ 9 %ape l a camel1 or l a weasel1 or l a :ale4 ,b ?r\gh\t our visual exp]i5ces !re runs ?is d\ble /ra91 n[ ma9ly outw>d & n[ ma9ly inw>d1 f ! simple/ excitem5ts ( ! ret9a up to ! realms :]e fancy so>s fre$ f ! conf9es ( s5se1 & ! objective f9ds its occupation gone4 ,,footnote3 #e ,9 ord] to obta9 ! effects describ$ 9 ! v>i\s illu/rations x is necess>y 9 sev]al cases to reg>d ! figures = a consid]able "t & ) close att5tion4 ,! read] is reque/$ n to give up 9 case ! fir/ attempt to secure ! effect is n successful1 b to cont9ue ! ef=t = a reasonable p]iod4 ,individuals diff] consid]ably 9 ! read9ess ) :i* !y obta9 su* effects2 9 "s cases1 su* devices z hold+ ! diagrams inv]t$ or at an angle or view+ !m ) ! eyes half clos$ are helpful4 ,,nature ,,/udy ,,9 ,,! ,,philadelphia ,,normal ,,s*ool4 ,,by ,l4 ,l4 ,w4 ,,wilson1 ,,ph4 ,d4 ,:5 x 0 fir/ propos$ to me to write = ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly a brief acc\nt ( ! biological laboratories 9 ! ,philadelphia ,normal ,s*ool1 & ( ! ,nature "w c>ri$ on "u my direction 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,obs]vation & ,practice1 ,i felt t ,i c\ld n d ju/ice ei!r to ! place or ! "w2 =1 9 my judgm5t1 ! equipm5t ( ! laboratories & ! "w done 9 connection ) !m are f9] ?an any?+ else ( ! k9d ei!r 9 ?is c\ntry or abroad--a /atem5t :i* x seem$ to me t ,i c\ld n make ) becom+ mode/y4 ,b1 aft] all1 x is n great ,babylon t ,i h built1 b a ,babylon build$ = me1 & to fail to express my s5se ( its wor? is to fail to d ju/ice to ,dr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,wilson1 =m]ly ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 to :om _! inception 0 due2 to ,mr4 ,simon ,gratz1 presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 :o f ! beg9n+ appreciat$ _! value1 & )\t ^: aid !y nev] w\ld h tak5 visible =m2 to ! pr9cipals ( ! two s*ools1 &1 above all1 to my five assi/ants1 ^: k1 zeal1 & h>d "w h contribut$ m ?an any?+ else to ! rapid build+ up ( ! "w4 ,,! ,,laboratories ,,& ,,_! ,,equipm5t4--,! rooms occupi$ by ! botanical & zological dep>tm5ts ( ! normal s*ool measure ea* sev5ty by tw5ty feet4 ,a small workroom = ! tea*]s cuts (f ab\t t5 feet ( ?is l5g? f ea* room4 ,9 ! middle ( ! rema9+ space /&s a demon/ration table furni%$ ) hot & cold wat]4 ,ea* laboratory is light$ f ! side by t5 w9d[s4 ,f !m ext5d ! tables = ! /ud5ts4 ,^! give pl5ty ( draw] space & closets = dissect+ & comp\nd microscopes4 ,^? 9 ! zological room are also provid$ ) s9ks4 ,ea* /ud5t is furni%$ ) ! two microscopes1 /age & eyepiece micromet]s1 a draw+ cam]a1 a set ( dissect+ in/rum5ts1 glassw>e1 note-books1 text-books1 & g5]al lit]ature4 ,! walls opposite ! w9d[s are 9 bo? rooms l9$ ) cases1 9 :i* !re is a f9e synoptic s]ies4 ,9 ! botanical laboratory ?is sy/ematic collection beg9s ) models ( bact]ia & ends ) trees4 ,9 o!r cases1 plac$ 9 ! adjo9+ corridor1 are repres5tatives1 ei!r 9 alcohol or by means ( models1 ( mo/ ( ! ord]s ( fl[]+ plants1 z well z a s]ies illu/rat+ ! hi/ory ( ! !ory ( cross-f]tilization1 & ! v>i\s devices by :i* x is accompli%$2 ano!r1 %[+ ! diff]5t me?ods ( di/ribution ( se$s & fruits2 ano!r1 ( p>asitic plants2 & /ill ano!r %[+ ! v>i\s devices by means ( :i* plants cat* animals4 ,z an example ( ! graphic & ?or\gh way 9 :i* ^! illu/rations are work$ out1 ! p9es may be cit$4 ,!re are fossils2 f9e specim5s ( pi/illate & /am9ate fl[]s 9 alcohol2 cones2 a draw+ ( ! poll52 l>ge models ( ! fl[]s2 models ( ! se$s1 %[+ ! embryo & ! v>i\s /ages ( g]m9ation2 cross & longitud9al sections ( ! wood2 draw+s %[+ its microscopic /ructure2 pictures ( adult trees2 & samples illu/rat+ _! economic importance4 ,= ! la/1 ! long-leav$ p9e ( ! ,s\? is us$1 & samples are exhibit$ ( ! turp5t9e1 crude & ref9$2 t> & ! oil ( t>2 res92 ! leaves2 ! same boil$ 9 pota%2 ! same hat*el$ into wool2 y>n1 bagg+ & rope made f ! wool2 & its timb] split1 sawn1 & dress$4 ,! s]ies illu/rat+ ! f]tilization ( fl[]s beg9s ) a l>ge draw+1 adapt$ by "o ( ! /ud5ts f ,gibson1 %[+ ! gradual evolution ( ! belief 9 cross-f]tilization f #afhb1 :5 ,nehemiah ,grew fir/ decl>$ t se$ w\ld n set unless poll5 rea*$ ! /igma1 d[n to ,d>w91 :o fir/ demon/rat$ ! advantages ( cross-f]tilization & %[$ _m ( ! devices ( plants by :i* ?is is accompli%$4 ,! special devices are !n illu/rat$ ) models & l>ge draw+s4 ,fir/ comes ! dimorphic primrose2 !n foll[s trimorphic ,ly?rum1 to ! beautiful model ( :i* is app5d$ a copy ( ! lett] 9 :i* ,d>w9 wrote to ,gray ( 8 discov]y3 ,b ,i am almo/ />k1 />+ mad ov] ,ly?rum4444 ,i %\ld r l se$ ( ,mit*ella4 ,b1 oh1 ,ly?rum6 ,y\r utt]ly mad fri5d1 ,c4 ,,d>w94 ,models ( ! cucumb]1 %[+ ! process ( its =mation1 & ! unisexual fl[]s complete ?is s]ies4 ,supplem5t+ ?is are models & draw+s ( a l>ge numb] ( fl[]s1 illu/rat+ special devices by :i* cross-f]tilization is secur$1 su* z ! l>kspur1 butt] & eggs1 or*ids1 iris1 salvia1 sev]al composites1 ! milkwe$1 &1 mo/ int]e/+ ( all1 ! ,dut*man's pipe4 ,?is is a fl[] t entices flies into its curv$ trumpet & keeps !m !re until !y become cov]$ ) ! ripe poll54 ,!n ! hairs )]1 ! tube *anges its position1 ! fly is p]mitt$ to leave1 c>ry+ ! poll5 ?us acquir$ to ano!r fl[] ) ! same result4 ,pictures & small bu/s ( _m naturali/s adorn bo? ( ! rooms4 ,( ^! ! mo/ notable is an arti/ pro( ( ,m]ci]'s beautiful et*+ ( ,d>w94 ,e available in* ( wall space is ?us occupi$1 or else1 9 ! botanical laboratory1 has on x m\nt$ fungi1 li*5s1 seawe$s1 leaf c>ds1 pictures ( trees1 grasses1 & o!r botanical objects4 ,! w9d[s are beautiful ) hang+ plants f side brackets meet+ ! weal? ( gre5 on ! sill4 ,"h are f\nd 9 "o w9d[ f]ns1 9 ano!r ! c5tury plant2 9 o!rs /ill1 specim5s ( economic plants--c9namon1 olive1 banana1 camphor4 ,on ! tables are magnific5t specim5s ( palms1 cycads1 dracnas1 & aspidi/ras1 & num]\s aqu>ia fill$ ) v>i\s wat] plants4 ,mo/ ( ^! plants are f\r ye>s old1 & all ( !m are mu* h&som] ?an :5 !y fir/ became ! prop]ty ( ! laboratory4 ,h[ mu* intellig5t & pati5t c>e ?is means only ^? :o h attempt$ to raise plants 9 city h\ses c "k4 ,! zological laboratory is q z beautiful z ! botanical1 = x1 too1 has its plants & pictures4 ,x is p]haps m int]e/+ because ( its liv+ elem5ts4 ,?9k ( a s*oolroom 9 :i* are repres5t$ alive types ( animals z v>i\s z ^!3 amoeba1 vorticella1 hydra1 worms1 muscles1 snails & slugs ( v>i\s k9ds1 crayfi%1 v>i\s insects1 includ+ a hive ( ,italian bees1 goldfi%1 m9n[s1 dace1 catfi%1 sunfi%1 eels1 tadpoles1 frogs1 newts1 salam&]s1 snakes1 alligators1 turtles1 pigeons1 can>ies1 mice1 gu9ea-pigs1 rabbits1 squirrels1 & a monkey6 ,imag9e ^! liv+ animals supplem5t$ by models ( _! relat$ ant$iluvian =ms1 or fossils1 by c>efully label$ dissections1 by prep>ations & pictures illu/rat+ _! developm5t & mode ( life2 imag9e 9 addition to ?is books1 pamphlets1 magaz9es1 & tea*]s fur!r to put y 9 t\* ) ?is wond]ful _w ab\t u1 & y w !n h "s idea ( ! environm5t 9 :i* x is ! great privilege ( our /ud5ts to live = five h\rs ea* week4 ,9 addition to ^! laboratories !re is a lecture room furni%$ ) an electric lant]n4 ,"h ea* week is giv5 a lecture on g5]al topics1 su* z evolution & its problems1 connect$ ) ! "w ( ! laboratories4 ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,/udy ,,pursu$ ,,by ,,! ,,normal ,,/ud5ts4--,botany3 ,9 g5]al1 ! plants & ! ph5om5a ( ! *ang+ seasons are /udi$ z !y occur 9 ,nature4 ,9 ! fall !re are lessons on ! composites & o!r autumn fl[]s1 on fruits1 on ! f]ns1 mosses1 fungi1 & o!r cryptogams4 ,9 ! w9t] mon?s ! /ud5ts gr[ v>i\s se$s at home1 c>efully draw+ & /udy+ e /age 9 _! developm5t4 ,mean:ile1 9 ! laboratory1 !y exam9e microscopically & macroscopically ! se$s !mselves & ! v>i\s food supplies /or$ )94 ,by exp]im5tation !y get g5]al ideas ( plant physiology1 beg9n+ ) ! absorption ( wat] by se$s1 ! *ange ( ! food supply to soluble sug>1 ! me?od ( gr[?1 ! functions1 ! hi/ology1 & ! modifications ( /em1 root1 & leaves4 ,9 ! spr+ !y /udy ! buds & trees1 p>ticul>ly ! conif]s1 & ! diff]5t ord]s ( fl[]+ plants4 ,! p>ticul> m]it ( ! "w is t x is s plann$ t ea* laboratory lesson compels ! /ud5ts to reason4 ,hav+ once ?us obta9$ _! in=mation1 !y are requir$ to drill !mselves out ( s*ool h\rs until ! facts become an integral "p ( _! k4 ,= ! /udy ( fruits1 = example1 !y are giv5 l>ge trays1 ea* divid$ into sixte5 comp>tm5ts1 pla9ly label$ ) ! "n ( ! se$ or fruit )94 ,!n1 by means ( que/ions1 ! /ud5ts are made to read = !mselves ! /ory :i* ea* fruit has to tell1 to comp>e x ) ! o!rs1 & to d$uce f ?is comp>ison c]ta9 g5]al laws4 ,aft] suffici5t laboratory practice ( ?is k9d !y are requir$ to read p>ts ( ,lubbock's ,fl[]1 ,fruit1 & ,leaves1 ,k]n]'s ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,plants1 ,wallace's ,tropical ,nature1 & ,d>w9ism1 etc4 ,f9ally1 !y are ea* giv5 a type-writt5 summ>y ( ! "w1 & aft] a week's notice are requir$ to pass a writt5 exam9ation4 ,zology3 ,! c\rse beg9s 9 ! fall ) a r ?or\gh /udy ( ! insects1 p>tly because !y are !n s abundant1 & p>tly because a k ( !m is p>ticul>ly useful to ! grade tea*] 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,! locu/ is /udi$ 9 detail4 ,tumbl]s & aqu>ia are utiliz$ z viv>ia1 s t !re is abundant opportunity = ! individual /udy ( liv+ specim5s4 ,fre%ly kill$ mat]ial is us$ = dissection1 s t /ud5ts h no difficulty 9 mak+ out ! int]nal anatomy1 :i* is fur!r elucidat$ ) l>ge1 home-made *>ts1 ea* ( :i* %[s a s+le sy/em1 & s]ves = a text to tea* !m ! functions ( ! v>i\s organs z work$ out by mod]n physiologi/s4 ,!y !n /udy1 always ) abundant mat]ial1 ! o!r insects belong+ to ! same gr\p4 ,!y are giv5 two su* insects1 a bug1 & two beetles1 & requir$ to classify !m1 giv+ reasons = s do+4 ,:ile ?is "w is go+ on !y h visit$ ! beehive 9 small gr\ps1 sometimes see+ ! que5 & ! drone1 & always hav+ ! opportunity to see ! work]s pursu+ _! v>i\s occupations1 & ! eggs1 l>v1 & pup 9 _! diff]5t /ates ( developm5t4 ,beautiful models ( ! bees & ( ! comb1 toge!r ) dry & alcoholic mat]ial1 illu/rate fur!r ?is metamorphosis1 by contra/ mak+ cle>] ! exactly opposite metamorphosis ( ! locu/4 ,at lea/ "o memb] ( ea* ( ! o!r ord]s ( insects is comp>$ ) ^! two type =ms1 &1 al?\gh only important po9ts are consid]$ at all1 yet f "o to two h\rs ( laboratory "w are devot$ to ea* specim54 ,?is leisurely me?od ( "w is pursu$ to give ! /ud5ts ! opportunity1 at lea/1 to ?9k = !mselves4 ,:5 ! subject is f9i%$ !y are !n giv5 a se>*+ te/4 ,?is is nev] directly on _! requir$ read+1 b plann$ to %[ to !m & to _! tea*]s :e!r !y h really assimilat$ :at !y h se5 & /udi$4 ,aft] ?is ! myriapods1 ! e>?worm1 & p]ipatus are /udi$1 because ( _! resemblance to ! probable ance/ors ( insects4 ,9 ! meantime !y h _h a doz5 or m fully illu/rat$ lectures on evolution1 s t at ! close ( ?is s]ies ( lessons !y are expect$ to h ga9$ a k ( ! me?ods ( /udy+ insects1 :e!r liv+ or o!rwise1 a work+ hypo!sis = ! int]pretation ( facts s obta9$1 & a k ( "o ord]1 :i* w s]ve admirably z a basis = comp>ison 9 mu* ( _! future "w4 ,!y !n take up1 m briefly1 ! relatives ( ! insects1 ! spid]s & cru/aceans1 foll[+ ^! ) ! high] inv]tebrates1 rea*+ ! fi% 9 ,april4 ,?is1 = obvi\s reasons1 is _! la/ dissection4 ,b ) liv+ mat]ial1 & ! beautiful prep>ations & /uff$ specim5s ) :i* ! laboratory is fill$1 !y get a v g5]al idea ( ! reptiles1 birds1 & mammals4 ,?is "w is ( necessity l>gely done by ! /ud5ts out ( s*ool h\rs4 ,= example1 on a /& on "o ( ! tables are plac$ ! v>i\s birds 9 season1 ) accompany+ ne/s conta9+ ! prop] quota ( eggs4 ,books & pamphlets relat+ to ! subject are plac$ ne>4 ,ea* /ud5t is giv5 a syllabus :i* w enable h] to /udy ^! birds intellig5tly indoors & out1 if %e wi%es to d s4 ,9 ! spr+ are tak5 up ! ord]s ( animals bel[ ! insect1 & = ! la/ lesson a g5]al survey ( all ! types /udi$ gives !m ! relation%ips ( ea* to ! o!r4 ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,/udy ,,pursu$ ,,9 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,practice4--,9 addition to ! plants & animals ab\t !m1 ! *ildr5 /udy ! wea!r1 keep+ a daily record ( _! obs]vations1 & summ>iz+ _! results at ! end ( ! mon?4 ,9 connection ) ! wea!r & plants !y /udy some:at c>efully ! soil &1 9 ?is connection1 ! common rocks & m9]als ( ,philadelphia--gneiss1 mica s*i/1 granite1 s&/one1 lime/ones1 qu>tz1 mica1 & feldsp>4 ,z 9 ! laboratories1 s "h ! ef=t is made to tea* ! *ildr5 to reason1 to read ! /ory told by ! individual plant1 or animal1 or /one1 or w9d1 or cl\d4 ,a special ef=t is made to tea* !m to int]pret ev]yday ,nature z x lies ar\nd !m4 ,= ?is reason frequ5t %ort excursions into ! city /reets are made4 ,^? :o smile & ?9k t !re is n mu* ( ,nature to be f\nd 9 a city /reet are ^? :o h nev] look$ = x4 ,en\gh mat]ial = /udy has be5 ga!r$ 9 ^! excursions to make !m a feature ( ?is "w1 ev5 m ?an ! long] ones :i* !y take twice a ye> into ! c\ntry4 ,la/ ye> ,i made n less ?an eighty su* %ort excursions1 ea* "t ) classes ( ab\t ?irty-five4 ,!y 7 *ildr5 ( f sev5 to f\rte5 ye>s ( age4 ,)\t _! hats1 tak+ ) !m note-books1 p5cils1 & knives1 !y pass$ ) me to ! /reet4 ,! pass]s-by /opp$ to gaze at u1 "s ) expressions ( amusem5t1 o!rs ( a/oni%m5t2 approval sometimes1 q frequ5tly ! rev]se4 ,b ,i nev] once saw on ! "p ( ! *ildr5 a consci\sness ( ! mild s5sation t !y 7 creat+4 ,!y w5t = a def9ite purpose1 :i* 0 always accompli%$4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! fir/ & second ye>s /udy ne>ly ! same objects4 ,^? ( ! ?ird & f\r? ye>s review ?is g5]al "w1 /udy+ m ?or\ghly "s "o type4 ,:5 !y ent] ! fif? ye>1 !y h consid]able causal k ( ! famili> plants & animals1 ( ! /ones1 & ( ! wea!r4 ,b1 :at is m preci\s to !m1 !y are suffici5tly tra9$ to be able to look at new objects ) a truly see+ eye4 ,! c\rse ( /udy n[ requires g5]al ideas ( physiology1 &1 9 consequ5ces1 ! great] portion ( _! "t = sci5ce is devot$ to ?is subject4 ,i am glad to be able to say1 h[ev]1 t x is n ,s*ool ,physiology :i* !y /udy1 b ! gu9ea-pig & ,! ,w&]+ ,jew6 ,9 o!r words1 ,i let !m f9d out = !mselves h[ & :at ! gu9ea-pig eats2 h[ & :at he expires & inspires2 h[ & :y he moves4 ,along ) ?is !y /udy also plant respiration1 transpiration1 assimilation1 & reproduction1 comp>+ ^! processes ) ^? ( animals1 includ+ !mselves4 ,! *ildr5's int]e/ is ar\s$ & _! obs]vation /imulat$ by ! con/ant pres5ce 9 ! room ) !m ( a "m gu9ea-pig & h] *ild4 ,nev]!less1 ,i h n hesitat$ to call 9 outside mat]ials to help !m to und]/& ! "w4 ,a s]ies ( lessons on ! lime c>bonates1 !re=e1 prec$$ ! lessons on respiration2 an elephant's too?1 :i* ,i happ5$ to h1 help$ to expla9 ! gu9ea-pig's mol>s2 & a microscope & a frog's leg made real to !m ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,9 spite ( ! "t requir$ = ! physiology1 ! fif?-ye> *ildr5 h ab\t ?irty lessons on m9]als2 ! six?-ye>1 ! same numb] on plants2 & ! sev5?-ye>1 on animals2 & x w\ld be difficult to decide :i* ( ^! subjects r\ses _! greate/ en?usiasm4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,taxation4#f ,,by ,,! ,,late ,,hon4 ,,david ,a4 ,,wells4 ,,xx4--,,! ,,law ,,( ,,! ,,diffusion ,,( ,,taxes4 ,,"p ,i4 ,no attempt ought to be made to con/ruct or =mulate an economically correct1 equitable1 & effici5t sy/em ( taxation :i* does n give full consid]ation to ! me?od or ext5t to :i* taxes diffuse !mselves aft] _! fir/ incid5ce4 ,on ?is subject !re is a great diff]5ce ( op9ion1 :i* has occasion$1 = m ?an a c5tury1 a va/ & nev]-end+ discussion on ! "p ( economic writ]s4 ,all ( ?is1 h[ev]1 has result$ 9 no g5]ally accept$ practical conclusions2 has be5 tru?fully *>act]iz$ by a lead+ ,fr5* economi/ 7,m4 ,p>ieu7 z m>k$ 9 no small "p by ! simplicity ( ignorance1 & f a some:at complete review 7rec5tly publi%$#g7 ( ! conflict+ !ories advanc$ by p>ticipants "o rises ) a feel+ ( we>9ess & disgu/4 ,! majority ( economi/s1 legislators1 & ! public g5]ally incl9e to ! op9ion t taxes ma9ly re/ :]e !y are laid1 & are n %ift$ or diffus$ to an ext5t t requires any recognition 9 ! enactm5t ( /atutes = _! assessm5t4 ,?us1 a tax commission ( ,massa*usetts1 z ! result ( _! inve/igations1 arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! t5d5cy ( taxes is t !y mu/ be paid by ! actual p]sons on :om !y are levi$4 ,b a little ?\ght mu/1 h[ev]1 make cle> t unless ! advancem5t ( taxes & _! f9al & actual paym5t are "o & ! same ?+1 ! ,massa*usetts /atem5t is simply an evasion ( ! ma9 "q at issue1 & t its au?ors _h no intellig5t conception ( x4 ,a bett] proposition1 & "o t may ev5 be reg>d$ z an economic axiom1 is t1 reg>d+ taxation z a synonym = a =ce1 z x really is1 x foll[s ! natural & inv>iable law ( all =ces1 & di/ributes itself 9 ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,x is also valuable z indicat+ ! l9e ( inquiry mo/ likely to lead to exact & practical conclusions4 ,b beyond ?is x lacks value1 inasmu* z x fails to embody any sugge/ions z to ! be/ me?od ( mak+ ! involv$ pr9ciple a basis = any g5]al sy/em = correct taxation2 inasmu* z ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance is n a positive factor1 & may be & (t5 is s arrang$ z to make levies on ! "p ( ! ,/ate "u ! "n ( taxation subs]vi5t to private r ?an public int]e/s4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! "q naturally arises1 ,:at is ! be/ me?od = det]m9+1 at lea/1 ! approximative tru? 9 respect to ?is vex$ subject8 ,a manife/ly correct answ] w\ld be3 fir/1 to avoid at ! outset all !oretic assumptions z a basis = reason+2 second1 to obta9 & m>%al all ! facts & conditions incid5t to ! inquiry or d$ucible f exp]i5ce2 ?ird1 recognize ! int]dep5d5ce ( all su* facts & conclusions2 f\r?1 be practical 9 ! highe/ degree 9 accept+ ?+s z !y are1 & deal+ ) !m z !y are f\nd2 & on su* a basis att5tion is next ask$ to ! foll[+ l9e ( inve/igations4 ,x is ess5tial at ! outset to correct reason+ t ! di/9ction betwe5 taxation & spoliation be kept cle>ly 9 view4 ,t only is entitl$ to be call$ a tax law :i* levies uni=mly ^u all ! subjects ( taxation2 :i* does n ( itself exempt any "p ( ! prop]ty ( ! same class :i* is select$ to be> ! prim>y burd5 ( taxation1 or by its imp]fections to any ext5t p]mits su* exemptions4 ,all levies or assessm5ts made by ! ,/ate on ! p]sons1 prop]ty1 or bus9ess ( its citiz5s t d n con=m to su* conditions are spoliations1 conc]n+ :i* no?+ b irregul>ity c be pr$icat$2 no?+ positive conc]n+ _! diffusion c be ass]t$2 & ! mo/ complete collection ( exp]i5ces 9 respect to !m c n be prop]ly dignifi$ z a sci5ce4 ,& x may be prop]ly claim$ t f a nonrecognition or lack ( appreciation ( ! broad di/9ction betwe5 taxation & spoliation1 ! disagreem5t among economi/s respect+ ! diffusion ( taxes has ma9ly orig9at$4 ,) ?is premise1 let u next consid] :at facts & exp]i5ces are p]t95t to ?is subject1 & available to assi/ 9 rea*+ s\nd conclusions2 proce$+ v c>efully & cauti\sly 9 s do+1 inasmu* z t]ritory is to be ent]$ ^u t has n be5 g5]ally or ?or\ghly explor$4 ,! facts & exp]i5ces ( fir/ importance 9 su* inquiry are t ! exam9ation ( ! tax rolls 9 any ,/ate1 city1 or municipality ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w %[ t surpris+ly small numb]s ( p]sons prim>ily pay or advance any k9d ( taxes4 ,x is n probable t m ?an "o t5? ( ! adult population or ab\t "o tw5tie? ( ! entire population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ev] come 9 contact (ficially ) a tax assessor or tax collector4 ,x is also e/imat$ t less ?an two p] c5t ( ! total population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates advance ! entire cu/oms & int]nal rev5ue ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! inve/igations made 9 #ahga1 by a commission creat$ by ! ,legislature ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york to revise its laws relative to ! assessm5t & collection ( taxes1 x 0 f\nd t 9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 out ( a population ( ov] "o million 9 ! above ye>1 only #h1ibj names1 or less ?an "o p] c5t ( ?is great multitude ( p1 _h any h\sehold furniture1 money1 goods1 *attels1 debts due f solv5t debtors1 :e!r on acc\nt ( contract1 note1 bond1 or mortgage1 or any public /ocks1 or /ocks 9 money$ corporations1 or 9 g5]al any p]sonal prop]ty ( :i* ! assessors c\ld take cognizance = taxation2 & fur!r1 t n ov] f\r p] c5t1 or1 say1 =ty ?\s& p]sons out ( ! million1 7 subject to any prim>y tax 9 respect to ! own]%ip ( any prop]ty :atev]1 real or p]sonal2 :ile only a few ye>s subsequ5t1 or 9 #ahge1 ! regul> tax commission]s ( ,new ,york e/imat$ t ( ! prop]ty def9$ & describ$ by ! laws ( ! ,/ate z p]sonal prop]ty1 an am\nt approximat+ two ?\s& million doll>s 9 value 0 held 9 ,new ,york city alone4 ,lat] inve/igations %[ t ?is /ate ( ?+s has cont9u$4 ,?us1 9 #ahie1 out ( a population ( ab\t two million1 x 0 e/imat$ t only sev5ty-n9e ?\s&1 or n ov] f\r p] c5t ( ! inhabitants ( ! city1 7 subject to prim>y taxation1 & t "o half ! :ole am\nt collect$ 9 t ye> 0 paid by less ?an a ?\s& p]sons4 ,9 ! city ( ,bo/on1 :]e ! tax laws are execut$ 9 ! mo/ arbitr>y mann]1 ! ratio ( population directly assess$ is some:at great]1 b aside f ! poll tax1 :i* is a p] capita & n a prop]ty tax1 only #g4bg p] c5t ( resid5ts paid a prop]ty tax 9 #ahie out ( a population ( #did1bje4 ,9 "o ( ! small] cities ( ,massa*usetts1 :]e p]sons & prop]ty are capable ( m ?or\gh sup]vision ?an l>g] numb]s & areas--namely1 ! city ( ,spr+field1 ) a population ( ab\t fifty ?\s&--! report ( its tax (ficials %[s t = ! ye> #ahid-'ie ! numb] ( p]sons & corporations assess$ on prop]ty 7ma9ly real e/ate7 0 #g1gde1 or "o = e #f4d ( its citiz5s1 :ile #aj1efj o!r citiz5s 7 assess$ = a poll tax ( two doll>s only4 ,( ! total am\nt ( taxes assess$--namely1 #gce1idh--! above numb]1 #aj1efj1 paid only #ba1abj2 & ?is is ! exp]i5ce g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z x w be 9 e c\ntry "u a free popul> gov]nm5t1 :]e arbitr>y inquisitions & arre/s ( p]sons & seizures ( prop]ty are n all[$1 & :]e a soldi] does n practically /& beh9d e tax assessor & collector4 ,! "t 7#ahga7 :5 ! p]sonal inve/igations above ref]r$ to 7 made 0 :5 ! masses ( ! city ( ,new ,york 7 mov$ ) indignation at ! misuse & private appropriation by a few (ficials 7,twe$ & 8 associates7 ( ! municipal rev5ues rais$ by taxation1 "u cov] ( in/itut+ public improvem5ts1 & :i* f9ally l$ to _! prosecution1 imprisonm5t1 or self-impos$ exile2 & ! que/ions :i* naturally sugge/$ !mselves 73 ,if only "s =ty ?\s& ( ! million 9 ,new ,york city paid ! taxes1 :at int]e/ _h ! o!r n9e hundr$ & sixty ?\s& :o nev] saw ! face ( a tax assessor or collector 9 oppos+ corruption8 ,:at1 9 an hone/ adm9i/ration ( ! city gov]nm5t & 9 a r$uction ( taxes8 ,mu/ x n be = ! int]e/ ( ! _m t ! exp5ditures ( ! ,/ate %all always be z l>ge z possible8 ,mu/ !y n be b5efit$ by exorbitant taxes on ! own]s ( prop]ty1 & a di/ribution ( ! money collect$1 ev5 if /ol5 by corruptioni/s1 b sp5t by !m lavi%ly on ent]prises t w furni% new opportunities = employm5t or amusem5t = ! masses8 ,cle>ly1 s f> z any p]sonal exp]i5ce gr[+ out ( any direct assessm5t & levy 0 conc]n$1 n9ety-six p] c5t ( ! population ( ! city _h no m cause ( p]sonal grievance by reason ( ! unlawful tak+ ( money f ! city treasury ?an !y w\ld h _h at ! tak+ ( an equival5t am\nt f ! municipal treasuries ( ,london1 ,p>is1 or any o!r city4 ,! answ] to ^! que/ions is to be f\nd 9 ! fact1 z ,john ,adams once rem>k$1 t if ! ,creator _h giv5 man a reason t is fallible1 he has also impress$ ^u him an in/9ct t is sure4 ,& ?is in/9ct tea*es ! masses ev]y:]e1 ?\gh !y h nev] read a book on political economy1 or he>d any "o disc\rse le>n$ly on ! pr9ciples ( taxation1 t if taxes are increas$1 ei!r by a lawful or unlawful exp5diture ( public money1 !y c n 9 any possible way avoid pay+ "s portion ( its increase2 or1 9 o!r words1 t increas$ taxes meant increas$ co/ ( liv+1 ?r\gh increas$ r5ts1 increas$ price ( fuel1 clo?+1 & provisions1 & possibly dim9i%$ opportunity to labor ?r\gh su* increas$ co/ ( ! products ( labor z w\ld limit & re/rict m>kets or consumption4 ,9 %ort1 t taxes inevitably fall ^u !m ?r\gh ! increas$ price ( all !y consume1 ev5 if !y pay no?+ to ! tax collector directly4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! masses ( ! city ( ,new ,york 9 #ahga-'gb1 :o paid no taxes directly1 accord+ly & spontane\sly jo9$ h&s ) ! comp>atively few ( _! fell[-citiz5s :o did pay 9 resi/+ extravagance & corruption4#h ,we are ?us l$ up & =c$ to ! recognition ( two propositions1 or r pr9ciples1 9 respect to taxation t c n be invalidat$4 ,! fir/ is1 t x is n necess>y t a tax assessor or collector %\ld p]sonally assess & levy ^u e citiz5 ( a ,/ate or community 9 ord] t all %\ld be compell$ to contribute ( 8 prop]ty = ! support ( su* ,/ate or community2 second1 t !re is an inexorable law by :i* e man mu/ be> a portion ( ! burd5 ( public exp5ditures1 ev5 ?\gh ! (ficial assessors take no direct cognizance ( him :atev]4 ,! foll[+ incid5t may "h be cit$ z in/ructive3 ,9 "o ( ! rec5t (ficial he>+s be=e a legislative committee ( "o ( ! ,/ates1 a /r5u\s advocate ( ! popul> doctr9e t !re 0 & c\ld be no su* ?+ z equality 9 taxation except by rigidly tax+ ev]ybody directly = all 8 prop]ty1 ( e description1 bo? real & p]sonal1 & t to n tax imm$iately & directly 01 9 at lea/ a great degree1 to exempt f taxation1 express$ himself z entirely oppos$ to any sy/em ( re/rict+ assessm5ts to a comp>atively few ?+s1 on ! gr\nd t x w\ld be a recognition 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( a sy/em :i* 9 ,great ,brita9 _h gr\nd d[n ! masses into pov]ty4 ,he1 h[ev]1 obta9$ "s new light on ! subject ( nondiffusion by be+ rem9d$ t if ! masses ( ,engl& _h be5 griev\sly oppress$ by taxation1 x _h be5 "u a sy/em ( _m ye>s' /&+1 :i* nev] 9 any way br+s ! tax collector 9 direct contact ) n9ete5 tw5tie?s ( ! entire population2 ! cu/oms taxes ( ,great ,brita9 be+ practically levi$ on only f\r articles--spirits1 tea1 c(fee1 & tobacco2 & ! inl& rev5ue also on practically f\r--spirits1 be]1 legacies & successions1 & /amps 7on de$s1 insurance policies1 bills ( ex*ange1 receipts1 drafts1 etc474 ,g5]aliz+1 !n1 on ! basis ( s broad a fact1 h[ illogical & unsci5tific 0 ! assumption t :atev] p]sons1 prop]ty1 or bus9ess are n tax$ directly are exempt f taxation6--& yet ! practical exemplification ( su* a sy/em1 9 ! case ( ,engl&1 0 a mo/ effici5t in/rum5tality = gr9d+ ! masses ( h] p d[n to pov]ty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to g5]alize f ! exp]i5ce ( an individual or a class 9 place ( t ( a nation or community1 let u take ! case ( a p]son :o passes all ! ye> 9 transitu--mov+ backw>d & =w>d1 = example1 9 a boat on ! l9e ( ! ,erie ,canal1 or betwe5 ! head wat]s ( ! ,mississippi & its m\?2 a citiz5 ( no "o ,/ate1 a resid5t 9 no "o t[n1 & buy+ all t he eats1 dr9ks1 & we>s :]ev] he c buy *eape/4 ,does ?is man escape taxation because he has no p]man5t situs 7resid5ce z a citiz571 & is unkn[n by any assessor8 ,if he does1 !n 8 occupation is m pr(itable to ! ext5t ( ! taxes he avoids ?an is t ( ! individual :o1 foll[+ analog\s occupations1 resides p]man5tly 9 "o location1 & pays taxes regul>ly2 or else "s notable1 easily disc]nible cause1 z undue competition to obta9 situations1 w acc\nt = 8 exemption4 ,let u next consid] h[ practical exp]i5ce def9itely indicates ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 9 con=mity ) :i* ^? contributions ( prop]ty or s]vice :i* ! ,/ate requires its citiz5s to make = its support1 & are wor?y ( designation z taxes1 diffuse !mselves4 ,let u take fir/ t =m ( indirect taxation :i* is kn[n z cu/oms1 or taxes on imports1 "o f :i* ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has d]iv$ 9 rec5t ye>s m ?an half ( its rev5ue1 & ,great ,brita9 m ?an "o f\r? ( its total receipts f all =ms ( imp]ial taxes4 ,t all su* taxes z a rule diffuse !mselves1 & ultimately fall ^u & are paid by f9al consum]s1 is capable ( demon/ration by a great v>iety ( evid5ce4 ,e remission ( cu/oms duties on ! imports into any c\ntry ( its /aple articles ( consumption is foll[$ by a r$uction ( co/ approximately equal to su* r$uction1 & a consequ5t increase 9 consumption4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no?+ is bett] settl$ ?an t an increase 9 cu/oms taxes on import$ articles z a rule increases prices & t5ds to r$uce consumption4 ,:5 ,great ,brita91 9 #ahfc1 r$uc$ h] taxes 7duties7 on h] imports ( tea f #as4 #e;d4 to #as4 p] p\nd1 h] importation ( tea increas$ f #aad1jjj1jjj p\nds 9 #ahfb to #aci1jjj1jjj 9 #ahff1 & h] p] capita consumption dur+ ! same p]iod f #b4gj p\nds to #c4db p\nds2 & aga91 :5 ! duty 0 fur!r r$uc$ 9 #ahfe f #as4 to #f;d4 p] p\nd1 ! annual importations increas$ f #aci1jjj1jjj 9 #ahff to #bji1jjj1jjj 9 #ahha1 & ! p] capita consumption f #c4db p\nds to #d4eh4 ,:5 by ! act ( ,octob]1 #ahij1 ! tax 0 remov$ f ! imports ( crude sug>s into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! price ( ! same w5t d[n almo/ imm$iately to an equal ext5t 9 all ,am]ican m>kets2 :ile ! consumption ( sug> 9 ! c\ntry increas$ f an av]age ( ab\t fifty-f\r p\nds p] capita 9 #ahij to m ?an sixty-sev5 p\nds 9 #ahib4 ,a l result has att5d$ a simil> exp]i5ce 9 respect to ?is 9 o!r c\ntries1 & especially 9 ,great ,brita94 ,?us1 ! aggregate consumption ( sug> by ! ,briti% p 9 #ahdd 0 return$ at #bcg1adc tons4 ,a r$uction ( taxes on its importation 9 #ahfd increas$ its dome/ic use to #ebh1iai tons2 a r$uction ( fifty p] c5t on exi/+ rates 9 #ahgj made x #fie1jbi tons2 ano!r r$uction ( fifty p] c5t 9 #ahgc c>ri$ up consumption to #ggi1jjj tons2 & :51 9 #ahgd1 all taxes on ! imports ( sug> 7 aboli%$1 ! annual dome/ic consumption increas$ 9 little m ?an a ye>'s p]iod to #icj1jjj tons4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 by ! t>iff act ( #ahij an additional tax ( half a c5t p] p\nd 0 impos$ on ! import ( t9 plate into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t9 plate w5t up to an equal ext5t 9 price all ov] ! c\ntry2 & s also on pe>l buttons1 l95 goods1 & o!r articles ( =eign production on ! importations ( :i* ! t>iff taxes 7 l>gely increas$4 ,by ! t>iff act ( #ahij1 also1 eggs1 :i* c\ld =m]ly be import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates free ( duty1 7 made subject to a tax ( five c5ts p] doz54 ,s9ce !n ! price ( eggs import$ f ,canada into di/ricts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates )9 ! same sph]e ( t]ritorial competition has be5 increas$ to ! ,am]ican consum]s to almo/ exactly ! ext5t ( ! import tax to :i* !y are subject$4 ,?us1 :5 ! price ( eggs 0 t5 & a half c5ts p] doz5 9 ,toronto1 !y 7 sixte5 c5ts 9 ,buffalo & sixte5 & a half to sev5te5 c5ts 9 ,new ,york4 ,su* a result w\ld be unacc\ntable if ! ,canadian f>m]s paid ! duty on eggs s5t by !m to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is int]e/+ to "h ask att5tion to ! op9ions ent]ta9$ & express$ by ^? ^: situation & exp]i5ce h qualifi$ !m to speak ) au?ority3 ,! duty con/itutes ! price ( ! :ole mass ( ! article 9 ! m>ket4 ,x is sub/antially paid on ! article ( dome/ic manufacture1 z well z t ( =eign production 7,john ,qu9cy ,adams74 ,i said x1 & ,i /& by x1 t z a g5]al rule ! duties paid on imports op]ate z a tax ^u ! consum] 7,john ,%]man74 ,mr4 ,bla9e1 9 8 ,tw5ty ,ye>s 9 ,congress1 says1 speak+ ( ! increase ( duties on imports by ! t>iff act ( ,july #ad1 #ahfb1 t x %ut out /ill m conclusively all competition f =eign fabrics4 ,! increas$ co/ 0 *>g$ to ! consum]4 ,mr4 ,mc,kinley1 9 #ahij1 9 a report introduc+ a bill = revision ( ! t>iff ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! direction ( increas$ rates ( duties on imports1 said x 0 n ! int5t ( ! bill to fur!r cut d[n prices1 t ! p 7 already suff]+ f l[ prices1 & w\ld n be satisfi$ ) legislation :i* w result 9 l[] prices4 ,9 an elaborate op9ion giv5 by ! ,new ,york ,c\rt ( ,appeals 9 #ahea 7see vol4 iv1 ,new ,york ,reports71 9 :i* !re 0 no suspicion ( any issue ( free trade or protection1 ! c\rts1 9 c>efully consid]+ ! relative p[]s ( ! legislature & ! judici>y 9 respect to taxation1 assum$ ! proposition t all duties on import$ goods are taxes on ! class ( consum]s to be 9 ! nature ( a self-evid5t tru? or economic axiom4 ,h5ry ,clay1 9 a celebrat$ spee* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 9 #ahcc1 9 advocacy ( a protective t>iff policy1 c&idly admitt$ t 9 g5]al x may be tak5 z a rule t ! duty ^u an article =ms a portion ( its price4 ,b he subsequ5tly qualifi$ su* admission by claim+ t x does n foll[ t any consequ5t enhancem5t ( its price is a tax on consum]s1 inasmu* z directly or indirectly1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 all consum]s ( protect$ articles1 enhanc$ 9 price1 w get an equival5t4 ,b ?is may be equally affirm$ ( all necess>y & equitable taxation1 & does n 9 any way antagonize ! !ory t ! f9al incid5ce ( ! class ( taxes "u consid]ation falls on consumption4 ,b1 not)/&+ ^! conclusions & ! incontrov]tible evid5ce by :i* !y are support$1 n a few p]sons occupy+ places ( great legislative influ5ce1 & no small "p ( ! g5]al public1 hold to ! view t taxes on imports are really 9 ! nature ( premiums paid by =eign]s = ! privilege ( sell+ _! goods 9 ! m>kets ( ! import+ c\ntry1 & d n fall on its p :o consume !m4 ,t means t if ! =eign] has a y>d ( clo?1 or o!r commodity1 :i* he sells at home = "o doll>1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates imposes a t>iff ( fifty c5ts on x1 he w !n sell x = export to ,am]ica at fifty c5ts4 ,!re is no in/ance m5tion$ 9 hi/ory :]e ?is has ev] be5 done1 b hi/ory un=tunately is r>ely tak5 into acc\nt by ! public 9 ! discussion ( ^! que/ions4 ,9 ?is connection ! foll[+ hi/orical incid5t is int]e/+ & in/ructive3 ,9 #aghb an attempt by ! ,congress ( ! ,conf$]ation ( ! sev]al ,am]ican ,/ates to provide a sy/em ( rev5ue to defray ! g5]al exp5ses ( ! ,conf$]ation by duties on imports1 :i* !n 0 n p]missible1 0 block$ by ! refusal ( ! ,/ate ( ,rhode ,isl& to concur 9 x1 ! ,legislature ( t ,/ate unanim\sly reject+ ! measure = ?ree reasons--"o ( :i* 0 t x w\ld be> h>de/ on ! few comm]cial ,/ates1 p>ticul>ly ,rhode ,isl&1 :i* 9 virtue ( _! relations ) =eign comm]ce monopolize imports1 & lighte/ on ! agricultural ,/ates1 t directly import$ little or no?+4 ,congress appo9t$ ,alex&] ,hamilton to draft a reply to ,rhode ,isl&1 & 9 8 answ] he reli$ ma9ly on :at he reg>d$ z an incontrov]tible fact1 t duties on imports w\ld n prove a *>ge on an import+ ,/ate1 b on ! f9al consum]s ( imports1 :]ev] !y may be locat$4 ,if ! !ory & assumption s confid5tly & g5]ally ass]t$ are to be accept$ z correct1 t ! =eign] pays ! protective taxes :i* a c\ntry levies on its imports1 & t !y d n fall ^u or are n paid by its p :o consume !m1 !n x mu/ foll[ t to ! ext5t t a c\ntry taxes its imports x lives at ! exp5se ( =eign nations2 & t1 z ,great ,brita9 is ! c\ntry ) :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates has ! l>ge/ =eign trade1 x mu/ pay ! l>ge/ %>e ( ! cu/oms taxes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or a good %>e ( its annual rev5ue f all s\rces4 ,att5tion is fur!r ask$ to ! exact practical application ( ?is !ory4 ,?us1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahie import$ #cf1dch1aif wor? ( wool5 manufactures1 on :i* x assess$ & collect$ duties 7taxes7 to ! am\nt ( #bj1fih1bfd1 or #ef4hj p] c5t ( ! value ( su* imports4 ,c]ta9ly ?is 0 a pretty heavy tax on =eign nations 9 respect to ! sales ( only "o class ( ^! commodities2 b x repres5t$ b a ti! ( :at ! t>iff taxes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 if paid by =eign]s1 co/ !m4 ,?us !y _h to sell _! wool5s to ! p ( ! latt] c\ntry at less ?an half _! value 9 ord] to comp5sate = ! #ef4h p] c5t tax4 ,b a nation engag$ 9 =eign trade c n z a rule h two prices = ! product ( its indu/ries2 or "o price = :at x sells at home & ano!r & diff]5t price = :at x sells to =eign]s4 ,s ! fifty-six p] c5t d$uct$ f ! co/ ( ! wool5s sold by =eign]s to ! ,unit$ ,/ates necess>ily _h to be d$uct$ n only f s mu* ( _! product consum$ at home1 b also f :at !y s5t = sale to all =eign c\ntries4 ,a fur!r practical application ( ?is !ory is wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,z ,great ,brita9 imposes no protective duties or taxes on its imports1 x evid5tly c n collect any?+ f o!r nations by ! sy/em ( taxation "u consid]ation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! aggregate value ( its exports s5t to =eign nations dur+ ! ye> #ahib 0 #a1ace1jjj1jjj1 & if ^! sev]al nations tax$ ?is value at ! av]age rate :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates impos$ 9 #ahid on all its dutiable imports--namely1 fifty p] c5t--,great ,brita9 obvi\sly _h to pay "s #eeg1jjj1jjj 9 t ye> = ! support ( =eign gov]nm5ts2 & :ile ?is has be5 ! exp]i5ce ( ,great ,brita9 = m ?an =ty ye>s ( ?is c5tury1 %e has z a nation be5 increas+ 9 weal? dur+ ?is :ole p]iod4 ,"s ( ! rec5t (ficial exp]i5ces ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t are p]t95t to ! topic "u consid]ation are suffici5tly curi\s to make !m wor?y ( an economic record4 ,9 a spee* introduc+ a bill into ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 :i* subsequ5tly result$ 9 ! t>iff act ( #ahij1 ! !n *airman ( ! ,committee ( ,ways & ,means laid d[n ! foll[+ proposition3 ,! ,gov]nm5t ought n to buy abroad :at x c buy at home4 ,nor %\ld x be exempt$ f ! laws x imposes ^u its citiz5s4 ,?is w\ld seem to w>rant ! *>act]ization ( a discov]y t ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h "s reliable & important s\rce ( rev5ue indep5d5t ( taxation1#i & t1 by compell+ ! application ( a "p ( ?is income to ! paym5t ( taxes to itself1 ! ,gov]nm5t is plac$ ^u an equality ) ! citiz5s4 ,a legitimate criticism on ?is proposition is t ! idea t all ! income ( ! ,treasury is d]iv$ f ! p1 & t to transf] portions ( ?is income f "o (ficial recipi5t to ano!r c h h>dly any o!r result ?an an additional co/ ( bookkeep+1 seems nev] to h ent]$ ! m9d ( ! speak]4 ,aga91 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t>iff act ( #ahhc conta9$ 9 its free li/ a provision = ! admittance ( articles import$ = ! use ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 provid$ t ! price ( ! same did n include ! duty impos$ on su* importations4 ,"u ! t>iff act ( #ahij ?is provision 0 /rick5 out ( ! /atute1 ) ! result t :5 ! ,gov]nm5t import$ any articles = its own use :i* 7 subject to duties 7z1 = example1 mat]ials to be us$ 9 ! ,national ,bureau ( ,pr9t+ & ,engrav+71 x 0 oblig$1 9 virtue ( its nonexemption f ! laws :i* x impos$ on its own citiz5s1 to pay su* duties itself4 ,b z ! ,gov]nm5t has no au?ority to exp5d money = any purpose )\t ! au?ority ( ,congress1 ! latt] body accord+ly au?oriz$ ! ,f$]al ,treasury to appropriate money f its tax receipts & make paym5ts ) ! same to ! cu/omh\se1 :i* ! cu/omh\se 0 to imm$iately pay back into ! ,treasury4 ,j :at process 0 gone ?r\gh ) to effect su* a result ! public 0 n in=m$1 b probably ! collector ( cu/oms drew 8 w>rant on ! ,treasury1 _h ! am\nt cr$it$ to 8 acc\nt1 & !n recr$it$ to ! ,treasury4 ,b1 be ?is z x may1 x is cle> t ! ,gov]nm5t1 "u ! conditions above /at$1 paid ! tax on its imports2 t ! tax may be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( a p5alty on ! ,gov]nm5t = import+ articles = its own use2 & t ! action ( ,congress 9 au?oriz+ ! ,treasury to appropriate money = ! paym5t ( su* taxes 0 a recognition or admission by t body t a tax ^u imports nei!r puts any?+ 9 nor takes any?+ f ! pocket ( ! =eign]4 ,does x n1 moreov]1 inve/ ) a degree ( comicality a law enact$ by ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! purpose ( tax+ =eign import]s1 :i* necessitat$ ! enactm5t by x ( ano!r law appropriat+ money to enable ! ,unit$ ,/ates to pay cu/oms taxes e "t on ev]y?+ t x may import = its own use8#aj ,f9ally1 if ! =eign] & n our citiz5s pays our cu/oms taxes on imports1 :at is ! object ( plac+ by specific /atutes any article on ! free li/8 ,:y n let him cont9ue to pay millions ( taxes = u1 z1 = example1 on sug>8 ,,footnotes3 #f ,x is =tunate t ,mr4 ,wells _h practically complet$ 8 essays on taxation be=e dea? put an end to 8 activity4 ,! manuscript ( two *apt]s 0 f\nd among 8 pap]s--"o on ! ,be/ ,me?ods ( ,taxation1 & ! o!r on ! ,law ( ! ,diffusion ( ,taxes1 begun 9 ?is numb]4 ,! fir/ manuscript has "s pages miss+1 & x has be5 ?\ght be/ to po/pone its publication1 9 ! hope t ! miss+ pages may be f\nd4 ,x is evid5t t ! la/ t\*es 7 yet to be put ^u ! *apt] on ! diffusion ( taxes--a *apt] t 0 to sum up ! !ory ( taxation develop$ by ! writ]4 ,s mu* ( t summ>y is conta9$ 9 x z to make ! mean+ ( ,mr4 ,wells unmi/akable1 & its publication is fur!r amply ju/ifi$ by ! numb] ( practical illu/rations & happy application ( !ory to fact1 9 ! selection & explanation ( :i* ! au?or excell$4 ,! entire s]ies1 :i* has be5 runn+ 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = m ?an ?ree ye>s1 w n[ be collect$ 9 a volume--a wor?y memorial to "o ^: p[]s ( popul> exposition ( ab/ract problems plac$ him among ! fir/ ( economi/s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #g ,on ! ,%ift+ & ,incid5ce ( ,taxation1 by ,pr(4 ,edw9 ,r4 ,seligman1 #ahib4 #h ,! ass]tion w\ld n be w>rant$ t ! masses ( ,new ,york 7 :olly unanim\s 9 condemn+ ,twe$1 = a portion ( !m 7 und\bt$ly well cont5t ) ! situation4 ,he _h curri$ favor ) ! v poor & ignorant by di/ribut+ coal & fl\r1 & mak+ o/5tati\s pres5ts ( money2 & ^! *>ities are rememb]$ to ?is day 9 ! poor] p>ts ( ,new ,york city1 & ,twe$ is e/eem$ by _m z ! victim ( inju/ice1 & a man :o suff]$ because he 0 ! fri5d ( ! p4 #i ,( ! net ord9>y receipts ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t 7#che1hai1jjj7 9 #ahic1 only ab\t #ab1jjj1jjj 0 d]iv$ f s\rces t c\ld n be reg>d$ z taxes1 & 7 ma9ly receipts f ! sales & surveys ( public & ,indian l&s 7#d1abj1jjj7 & ( o!r ,gov]nm5t prop]ty4 #aj ,9 #ahig ! m]*ant tailors ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :o ought to "k some?+ ab\t ! incid5ce ( a cu/om tax on import$ clo?+1 unit$ 9 a petition to ,congress ask+ t ,am]icans return+ f ,europe be p]mitt$ to introduce only two suits ( =eign-made clo!s free ( duty2 & 9 support ( _! reque/ !y comm5t z foll[s on a rul+ ( ! ,treasury 9 respect to ?is matt]3 ,"u ?is rul+ x 0 possible to ent] free ( duty va/ quantities ( =eign-made g>m5ts :i* _h nev] be5 actually 9 use1 & :i* 7 s import$ solely because !re exi/s a relative diff]5ce ( at lea/ fifty p] c5t 9 values betwe5 ! co/ ( made-up g>m5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe1 ?us sav+ to ! pur*as] ( g>m5ts abroad "o half ( _! actual value ^u arrival )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates duty free4 ,b if ! =eign] :o made & sold ! goods 9 "q 0 liable to pay ! duty on dutiable clo?+1 & att5d$ to 8 duty1 !re w\ld be no pr(it to ! return+ t\ri/ 9 import+ clo?+ free ( duty4 ,x is fur!r evid5t also t ,am]ican tailors agree 9 op9ion ) ,alex&] ,hamilton t ! consum]s ( import$ articles pay ! cu/oms taxes4 ,! records ( ! comm]cial relations betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada are exce$+ly in/ructive on ?is matt]4 ,!y all %[ t = ! products :i* ! ,canadian s5ds to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & on :i* somebody pays ! duty1 he receives exactly ! same price z = ^? products :i* he s5ds to ,engl&1 on :i* nobody pays any duty4 ,?is exp]i5ce is exactly ! same z t ( ! f>m]s ( ! ,nor?we/]n ,/ates ( ! ,f$]al ,union1 :o usually get ! same price = _! :eat furni%$ to a ,m9nesota fl\r mill1 or = %ipm5t to free-trade ,engl&1 z to c\ntries l ,france & ,g]many1 :]e heavy duties are assess$ ^u its import4 ,! t]m usually is employ$1 = produc]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada alike d n always get z l>ge a price = ! articles !y export z = ! same articles !y sell to _! fell[-c\ntrym54 ,aga91 if x be true1 z ! advocates ( extreme protection ass]t1 t ! =eign export] & n ! consum] pays ! duties on goods s5t by him = sale 9 ?is c\ntry1 h[ does x happ5 t x is n true conc]n+ ! f>m produce & live /ock export$ f ,canada8 ,& :y %\ld ,am]ican f>m]s be exempt f ?is rule 9 s5d+ _! gra9 to ,europe8 ,has anybody ev] kn[n ( ,engl& buy+ ,am]ican products any *eap] 9 ,new ,york ?an ,france or ,g]many1 & is x n also true t ! ,fr5* or ,g]man or ,italian consum] usually pays at lea/ ! am\nt ( ! duty levi$ by 8 ,gov]nm5t m = ,am]ican products ?an 8 ,engli% competitor has1 ^: imports are subject$ to no duty8 ,dur+ ! p]iod f #ahed to #ahff !re 01 "u ! reciprocity treaty1 practically free trade betwe5 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 live /ock1 wool1 b>ley1 rye1 peas1 oats1 & o!r f>m products1 :ile subsequ5t to #ahff1 :5 ! reciprocity treaty _h be5 repeal$1 duties 7 impos$ on all ^! articles on _! import f ,canada into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ,canadian horses1 = example1 sold "u free trade = %ipm5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates at f sixty-five to eighty-five doll>s ea*1 :ile dur+ ! ye>s next subsequ5t to #ahff ! value ( ! ,canadian horses import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 return$ at f n9ety-two to "o hundr$ & f\r doll>s ea*2 ?us %[+ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates t>iff did n =ce ! ,canadian horse bre$]s to l[] _! prices 9 ord] to comp5sate ,am]ican pur*as]s = ! duties exact$4 ,& z reg>ds ! o!r products m5tion$1 ! (ficial data %[ t 9 no case did ! imposition ( duties "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates t>iff r$uce ! prices paid by ,am]ican pur*as]s to ! ,canadian f>m]s = _! products4 ,^! are v commonplace1 v famili>1 & v conv9c+ facts :i* ought to sil5ce all ?is talk ab\t ! =eign export] or anybody else b ! consum] pay+ ! duty2 b x is n at all probable t !y w4 ,,our ,,florida ,,alligator4 ,,by ,i4 ,w4 ,,blake4 ,an alligator is n an attractive creature4 ,he has n a s+le virtue t c be nam$4 ,he is c[>dly1 trea*]\s1 hide\s4 ,he is nei!r graceful nor ev5 respectable 9 appe>ance4 ,he is n ev5 amus+ or grotesque 9 8 unga9l9ess1 = z a brute--a brute unqualifi$--he is always s int5sely real1 t "o %r9ks f him ) loa?+2 & a laugh at 8 exp5se :ile 9 8 pres5ce w\ld seem curi\sly out ( place4 ,8 p]sonality1 too1 is /rong4 ,once cat* ! /eadfa/ gaze ( a free1 adult alligator's wick$ eyes1 ) _! odd v]tical pupils fix$ full ^u y\r own1 & ! significance ( ! expression evil eye1 & ! my/]ies ( snake-*>m+1 hypnotism1 & hoodooism w be readily und]/ood1 = 8 bruti%1 m]ciless1 unfl9*+ />e is simply blood-*ill+4 ,zologically ! alligator belongs to ! g5us ,crocodilus1 & he has all ! hide\sness ( t family1 lack+ some:at its blood?ir/9ess1 al?\gh ! ,am]ican alligator is c>nivor\s by nature1 & occasionally cannibali/ic4 ,/rictly speak+1 h[ev]1 ! true alligator is mu* less dang]\s ?an 8 relatives ( ! ,old ,_w1 & he is correspond+ly less c\rage\s4 ,"o w\ld suppose ! saurians1 or crocodilians1 f _! g5]al appe>ance to be huge liz>ds1 b ! resemblance is sup]ficial4 ,! :ole int]nal /ructure diff]s widely1 &1 subdivid$ into gavials1 crocodiles1 & alligators1 !y =m a family by !mselves :i* is widespread1 ext5d+ into consid]able areas ( ! temp]ate regions4 ,all crocodilians are great1 unga9ly reptiles1 hav+ broad1 depress$ bodies1 %ort legs1 & long1 p[]ful1 & wond]fully flexible tails :i* are compress$--t is1 flatt5$ sideways4 ,^u ! upp] surface ( ! tail lie two jagg$ or saw-too!d cre/s1 :i* unite ne> ! middle ( ! app5dage1 cont9u+ 9 a s+le r[ to ! extremity4 ,all h ?ick necks & bodies protect$ by regul> transv]se r[s ( long1 horny plates or %ields1 :i* are elevat$ 9 ! c5t] into keel-%ap$ ridges1 =m+ an armor t is q bullet-pro(4 ,! ?roat1 ! "u side ( ! neck1 & belly are n ?us protect$1 & x is at ^! places1 z well z at ! eyes1 & also j beh9d ! e>s1 t ! hunt] directs 8 aim4 ,! pr9cipal po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 a gavial & a crocodile are ^!3 ! =m] has v long1 sl5d] jaws1 set ) tw5ty-sev5 tee? 9 ea* side ( ! upp] jaw & ) tw5ty-five tee? 9 ! "u1 :ile at ! extremity ( ! sn\t !re are two holes1 ?r\gh :i* pass upw>d ! l[] l>ge front tee?1 b all ! rema9+ tee? are free1 & slant well outw>d2 :]eas a crocodile has a head t is triangul>1 ! sn\t be+ ! apex2 a n>r[ muzzle1 & can9e tee? 9 ! l[] jaw1 :i* pass freely upw>d 9 ! not*es 9 ! side ( ! upp] jaw4 ,an alligator has a broad1 flat muzzle1 & ! can9e tee? ( ! l[] jaw fit into sockets 9 ! "u surface ( ! upp] jaw4 ,x is /rictly an ,am]ican =m ( ! family4 ,its feet be+ mu* less webb$1 its habits are also less p]fectly aquatic1 &1 pref]r+ /ill or /agnant fre%-wat] c\rses or swamps1 x is r>ely f\nd 9 tide-wat] /reams4 ,! crocodile1 on ! contr>y1 is commonly f\nd 9 swift-runn+1 fre% & salt wat] riv]s4 ,he is a sagaci\s brute1 & f]oci\s1 (t5 attack+ human be+s )\t provocation2 b ! alligator1 z a rule1 is n dispos$ to fight1 al?\gh 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e x goes by ! "n ( caiman or cayman1 x gr[s to an enorm\s size1 & is said to be fully z dang]\s z ! crocodile4 ,!re is also a v>iety ( ! family--t is1 a true crocodile--f\nd 9 ,florida1 b x is v r>e1 & small] ?an its ,asiatic relative4 ,! m\?s ( all ^! reptiles1 :i* are l>ge & ext5d beyond ! e>s1 pres5t a =midable array ( %>p1 conical tee? ( diff]5t sizes1 set f> ap>t 9 ! crocodile & ! alligator1 "s be+ enl>g$ into tusks4 ,all are implant$ 9 sep>ate sockets1 & =m a s+le r[ ^u ea* jaw4 ,:5 a too? is %$ or brok51 a new "o promptly comes up b5ea? ! holl[ base ( ! old "o2 & 9 ?is way1 all ready = ! ne$1 sometimes ?ree or f\r wait+ tee?1 pack$ toge!r l a ne/ ( ?imbles1 may be se5 9 ! jaw ( a dead alligator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"y ,,pet ,,alligator4 ,f photograph by ,e4 ,l4 ,russell1 ,palm ,bea*4 ,! alligator is at be/ an awkw>d brute4 ,sl[ & unga9ly ^u l&--al?\gh ev5 !re 8 p[]ful tail c1 :5 necess>y1 assi/ ! scuffl+ paws to an a/oni%+ ext5t if ! creature is 9 ha/e--he %[s to bett] advantage 9 ! wat]4 ,!re he turns 8 clumsy body ) wond]ful dext]ity & swiftness1 :51 at ! sight ( a swimm+ muskrat or a wad+ dog1 he in/antly *anges f :at has resembl$ a drift+ log idly float+ ^u ! calm surface ( ! swamp1 into a ?+ ( life--fi]ce & horrible4 ,! g5]al food ( an alligator is fi%1 turtles1 & frogs1 ) an occasional he$less dog or f[l4 ,a numb] ( adult alligators w quickly depl5i% a small1 cle>-wat] lake ( its f9ny inhabitants1 :i* /atem5t to w\ld-be ,florida fi%]m5 w readily acc\nt = ! lack 9 _m localities4 ,!re is also a curi\s belief 9 ! ,s\? t ! creature has an especial lik+ = a d>key /eak1 & = ?is reason he is fe>$ by ! negroes4 ,t he becomes c>nivor\s to a dang]\s ext5t :5 press$ by hung]1 !re is no d\bt1 =1 ! supply ( fi% exhau/$1 he mu/ look = l>g] game4 ,p>tially conceal$ by rubbi%1 or float+ idly close to ! bank--always only a %ort di/ance f 8 retreat--he s closely resembles an old & wea!r-worn log t no suspicion is ar\s$4 ,pres5tly a razorback comes d[n ! n>r[ trail t me&]s ?r\gh ! scrub & passes close to ! reptile4 ,let x pass betwe5 ! alligator & ! wat]--t is1 betwe5 ! creature & 8 cave--& ! end has come4 ,an alligator seldom misses1 & "o spr+1 leap1 or plunge1 or :atev] ! swift1 clumsy movem5t may be call$1 & ! wret*$ animal is seiz$ & held fa/1 ei!r by ! nose or leg1 z a rule4 ,!n ! /ruggle beg9s1 = ! razorback loves its life1 despis$ pig ( ! ,florida flatwoods ?\gh x is4 ,alligators dr[n _! prey4 ,_! own no/rils & ?roats are s arrang$ t !y !mselves c s9k to ! bottom )\t dang] ( suffocation1 al?\gh _! m\?s1 or r _! jaws1 may be widely /ret*$ ) ! body ( _! victim4 ,inde$1 !y c reasc5d to ! surface to brea! )\t releas+ ! prize2 &1 z ?is p[] is s closely connect$ ) _! me?od ( kill+ ! l>g] animals1 a description ( ! latt]1 repulsive ?\gh x is1 may n be out ( place4 ,! tee? ( an alligator are bett] adapt$ = cru%+ & crun*+ ?an = bit+4 ,!re=e1 = him to eat a /ruggl+ animal w\ld be difficult4 ,in/9ct tea*es him t x mu/ fir/ be kill$4 ,to dispose ( a dog or a *ick5 is a small matt]1 = :5 ! alligator meets x ^u ! bank "o /rong1 f>-rea*+ sweep ( ! p[]ful tail tosses x f> out ^u ! lake4 ,! alligator simply foll[s1 grasps ! half-/unn$ creature 9 8 jaws1 & disappe>s b5ea? ! surface1 :]e he rema9s until all is quiet4 ,) a l>g] animal1 h[ev]1 he proce$s diff]5tly1 = ! reason t a ye>l+1 a colt1 or a razorback is n s easily h&l$4 ,fir/1 !re=e1 a description ( an alligator's cave mu/ be giv51 s9ce x is to ?is grewsome retreat t ! hide\s brute takes 8 booty4 ,select+ "s spot :]e ! wat] is deep--usually b5ea? "s ov]hang+ bank--an alligator excavates :at is call$ a cave4 ,any "o1 /&+ ^u ! bord] ( a lake or swamp 9 ,florida1 may1 all unconsci\sly1 be directly ov] "o ( ^! places4 ,he makes x suffici5tly l>ge to accommodate "o or m ( 8 k9d1 by dragg+ out ! mud & roots ) ! /rong claws or nails t arm 8 =e paws or legs4 ,^! caves s]ve 9 w9t] = hib]nation1 & at o!r times = ! purpose t w be expla9$4 ,once 9 ! wat]1 !n--to return to ! unhappy razorback--! alligator does n rely :olly ^u 8 tee? & jaws to hold ! desp]ate animal4 ,he c n yet s9k1 = ! victim is too /rong4 ,x mu/ fir/ be dr[n$1 & a furi\s /ruggle = ! ma/]y !n beg9s4 ,by degrees ! brute f9ally succe$s 9 dragg+ ! animal out into wat] suffici5tly deep to suit 8 purpose1 & !n he clasps x firmly ) 8 paws1 precisely l ! hugg+ ( a be>4 ,he !n beg9s to roll ov] & ov]4 ,n[ b5ea? ! surface1 n[ out1 he turns & turns1 fir/ ! alligator upp]mo/1 !n 8 prey1 alt]nately1 until ! poor animal is dr[n$ lit]ally by in*es4 ,be=e long ! razorback weak5s1 8 /ruggles less51 & !n ! alligator s9ks to ! bottom1 & :5 all motion has ceas$ he deposits ! body 9 8 cave1 well pleas$ ) ! prospect ( a full l>d] = "s "t to come4 ,"o might naturally ask j "h :e!r or n ?is sc5e w\ld be ! same 7 a human be+ ! victim4 ,! reply w\ld be--precisely4 ,! alligator und\bt$ly pref]s 8 food 9 a p>tly decompos$ condition1 al?\gh x is an undecid$ po9t :e!r ?is pref]5ce arises f a natural ta/e1 or = ! reason t food 9 t /ate is s(t] & m easily torn ap>t4 ,:i*ev] may be ! case1 ,nature unask$ supplies ! rem$y1 & ! alligator takes advantage ( h] assi/ance1 & deposits 8 victim 9 8 hid+ place1 confid5t t at ! prop] "t x w rise to ! surface 9 ! condition be/ adapt$ to 8 ne$s4 ,al?\gh by nature ! alligator is amphibi\s1 he passes ! great] "p ( 8 "t ^u l& dur+ ! bre$+ season4 ,at su* times1 also1 he migrates f "o cle>-wat] lake or swamp to ano!r1 %\ld he n f9d a mate 9 8 own locality1 & he may n infrequ5tly be met 9 8 ov]l& j\rney+s4 ,alligators are n /rictly greg>i\s1 al?\gh l>ge numb]s are f\nd 9 ! same body ( wat]2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 !re w (t5 be b "o or two t w haunt a c]ta9 tract = a long p]iod4 ,dur+ ?is season ! bull alligator is v noisy1 & 8 deep bell[+ may be he>d = a long di/ance4 ,to /ate t ?is noise causes ! gr\nd to vibrate may seem an exagg]ation1 b ! fact may easily be prov$ by visit+ a swamp :]e ! reptiles h congregat$4 ,! wat] 9 ! vic9ity w pla9ly %[ ! j>r+ ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is bell[ is a ?und]+1 rumbl+ s\nd2 & :5 x is comb9$ ) ! />tl+ hisses1 bl[+s1 sighs1 & deep-brea!d snorts :i* ! creature c produce at w1 no "o w be likely to dispute t 8 collection ( diabolical noises is q complete4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( incubation ! female alligator is a devot$ "m4 ,%e does n des]t h] ne/ f ! "t t ! eggs are laid until !y are hat*$--ly+ conceal$ 9 ! scrub close by--& %e is naturally1 at ?is "t1 mo/ dang]\s to approa*1 al?\gh h] vigilance does n always save a portion ( h] unhat*$ prog5y f ! num]\s enemies t h a fondness = alligator omelet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr\p ,,( ,,captive ,,alligators4 ,f photograph by ,o4 ,p4 ,h>eus1 ,jacksonville4 ,! ne/ is a l>ge1 well-r\nd$ heap or m\nd1 compos$ ( s& & rubbi%1 :i* %e drags & pu%es toge!r ) h] claws4 ,?r\gh\t ?is m\nd %e deposits h] eggs1 f =ty to sev5ty & ov]4 ,^! eggs resemble ^? ( a goose1 only t !y are l>g]2 !y h a ?ick1 t\gh %ell1 & are ( ab\t ! same size at bo? ends4 ,9 ab\t sixty days1 ! heat ( ! sun1 comb9$ ) ! w>m? & moi/ure g5]at$ by ! f]m5tation ( ! rubbi%1 completes ! process ( incubation1 & ! little ones beg9 to come =?4 ,=c+ _! way ?r\gh ! s&1 !y hurry d[n ! slop+ sides ( ! m\nd1 /raightway seek+ ! wat] by in/9ct4 ,:ile ^! baby 'gators are ?us kick+ & fl++ (f _! %ell ov]coats z !y em]ge f _! incubator1 p]fect little duplicates ( _! "m--only t !y are r pretty 9 _! clean1 glossy1 black or d>k-br[n sk9s1 :i* h orange-color$ /ripes t completely r+ _! m9iature tails & bodies--%e w&]s anxi\sly ab\t1 probably wond]+ h[ _m ( h] family w succe$ 9 runn+ ! v unc]ta9 gantlet ( life4 ,=1 eat5 :ile 9 ! egg /age by birds & animals1 & swall[$ by op5-m\!d1 expectant fi%es1 & by o!r alligators--(t5 l$1 if ! tru? mu/ be told1 by ! int]e/+ fa!r himself--z soon z !y rea* ! wat]1 ! e>ly days ( an alligator are full ( tr\ble4 ,t en\gh escape to prev5t ext9ction1 h[ev]1 goes almo/ )\t say+4 ,alligators are hunt$ = _! tee?1 :i* f9d a ready m>ket :5 made up into pretty ornam5ts2 & ( late ye>s ext5sively = _! hides1 :i* make a v h&some lea!r4 ,= ?is purpose ! old] specim5s are n valuable1 _! hides be+ too gn>l$1 knotty1 & moss-gr[n to tan well4 ,aft] t5 or fifte5 ye>s ! hide co>s5s4 ,x is always ! sk9 f ! "u side ( ! body & head :i* is us$1 t f ! back be+ s heavily armor$ ) t\gh1 horny plates & %ields z to be practically useless4 ,! fle% = food f9ds b few admir]s4 ,l ! eggs1 x is p]meat$ by a /rong1 musky flavor1 too rank to f9d appreciation f a ref9$ palate2 b 9 "s places ! /eaks f ! reptile are eat5 by ! negroes & pron\nc$ good4 ,to successfully hunt ! alligator requires exp]i5ce1 = quick "w is necess>y1 ! brute disappe>+ at ! lea/ suspicion ( dang]4 ,hunt+ by jack is ! usual me?od pursu$1 = ! light seems to *>m ! creature1 s t he may be m easily deta9$ until a prop]ly direct$ bullet spe$ily puts an end to 8 exi/5ce4 ,a pr(essional alligator hunt]1 or a 'gator man1 z he is call$1 leads a life full ( adv5ture1 b 8 bus9ess is ^u ! wane1 s9ce ! fad = alligator lea!r is be+ pu%$ aside to make way = some?+ lat] & m novel4 ,nev]!less1 a description ( 8 outfit may n be un9t]e/+4 ,a mo/ important adjunct to ?is outfit is ! man :o usually accompanies ! 'gator man ^u 8 exp$itions4 ,he might prop]ly be call$ ! sil5t p>tn]1 = 8 duty is to in/antly & sil5tly obey ! diff]5t h& signals1 mean+ ,to ! "r1 ,to ! left1 ,/op1 ,back1 ,hurry1 ,=w>d1 ,spurt1 ,sl[1 giv5 by ! hunt]1 :ile /&+ erect 9 ! b[ ( ! boat1 :5 out ) ! jack4 ,inde$1 ^u 8 al]tness dep5ds mu* ( ! success or failure ( ! night's "w4 ,! o!r tools us$ by ! 'gator man are a light1 /rong boat1 a pair ( light o>s & a broad-blad$ paddle ) a f\r-foot h&le1 neatly coil$ rope1 a jack lamp furni%$ ) a p[]ful reflector1 an axe1 a long1 ke5-blad$ hunt+ knife1 two guns 7twelve-bore bree*-load]s1 = a heavy *>ge at "o deliv]y is absolutely necess>y71 bags ( ammunition1 "s /rong *a9s1 ra:ide rope1 & a 'gator pole4 ,?is la/-m5tion$ tool is a /\t pole ab\t t5 feet long1 arm$ ) a heavy hook ( qu>t]-in* iron1 be>+ a b>b$ %ank ( two in*es or m1 & x is us$ = haul+ ! dead alligators f ! bottom1 = ! creatures s9k z soon z kill$4 ,! brilliant rays f ! jack reveal a curi\s & a grewsome sight :5 ?r[n ^u a bank or isl& ^u :i* a gr\p ( ! creatures h congregat$4 ,! %9+ wat]s ( ! swamp1 s /ill & black at t h\r ( midnight2 ! hide\s tangle ( huge gray =ms1 z a doz5 or m alligators1 fairly intoxicat$ by ! gleam ( ! my/]i\s light1 /eadfa/ly wat* its incompreh5sible pres5ce4 ,gaz+ int5tly1 _! evil eyes blood-r$ 9 ! gl>e f ! p[]ful reflector1 "s lie motionless1 o!rs ro> & hiss & snort ) ?rill+ fi]c5ess z ! my/]y deep5s1 incessantly ar*+ _! bodies1 !n alt]nately depress+ !m to ! gr\nd4 ,/ill o!rs1 crawl+ f b5ea? _! companions1 scuffle angrily to ! front1 & /& ) jaws p>tly op5--n[ & !n sl[ly inflat+ _! lungs1 until _! ?roats & sides puff out l bell[s4 ,yet1 /range to say1 in/9ct seems to w>n ! "m alligator1 = !re %e may be se5 quietly creep+ away ) h] "y4 ,!n1 ! l\d reports f ! guns1 & ! my/]y is dispell$6 ,! isl& is des]t$1 & ! "w ( rais+ ! successfully %ot saurians beg9s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bo>ds ( rural eng9e]+1 syndicates ( speciali/s organiz$ 9 sev]al ( ! c\ntries ( nor!rn ,europe to look aft] dra9age & irrigation1 h r5d]$ great s]vices to ! populations ( ! c\ntry di/ricts4 ,) _! aid #eia villages 9 ,alsace-,lorra9e 7 provid$ ) wat] betwe5 #ahha & #ahie1 & #eaf communes 9 ,bad5 h be5 b5efit$ by _! assi/ance4 ,! exp5se ( ! improvem5t has n exce$$ #f4fa 7#cc francs7 p] inhabitant4 ,! ,agricultural ,bureau 9 ,prussia has 9 ! pa/ five ye>s drawn ! plans & direct$ ! "w ( #eed hydraulic syndicates1 cov]+ a total surface ( m ?an #fjj1jjj acres4 ,a num]\s body ( ^! agricultural eng9e]s is =m$ e ye> 9 ,g]many1 #eag /ud5ts hav+ pursu$ ! c\rse ( ! section ( rural eng9e]+ 9 #ahic 9 ! agronomical in/itutes ( ,bonn & ,b]l9 alone4 ,x is g5]ally accept$ t ! spid] is a solit>y animal1 t w tol]ate no companions1 ev5 ! male be+ 9 dang] ( be+ dev\r$ by 8 female4 ,b a spid]--! ,/regodyphus greg>ius--is describ$ z liv+ 9 ! ,transvaal 9 communities1 includ+ males & females1 "y & old4 ,! ne/s are sometimes volum9\s & h p>titions & num]\s passages runn+ ?r\gh !m4 ,! spid]s usually escape obs]vation by wrapp+ !mselves 9 dry leaves t hang f /ems4 ,,! ,,racial ,,geography ,,( ,,europe4 ,a ,,sociological ,,/udy4 7,l[ell ,in/itute ,lectures1 #ahif47 ,,by ,,william ,z4 ,,ripley1 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,,assi/ant ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,sociology1 ,,massa*usetts ,,in/itute ,,( ,,te*nology2 ,,lectur] ,,9 ,,an?ropo-,,geography ,,at ,,columbia ,,univ]sity4 ,,supplem5t4--,,! ,,jews 7cont9u$74 ,tradition has long divid$ ! ,jewi% p into two di/9ct bran*es3 ! ,seph>dim1 or s\!rn1 & ! ,a%k5azim1 or nor?1 ,european4 ,m$ival leg5d among ! ,jews !mselves trac$ ! desc5t ( ! fir/ f ! tribe ( ,judah2 ! second1 f t ( ,b5jam94 ,! ,seph>dim are ma9ly ! remnants ( ! =m] ,spani% & ,portuguese ,jews4 ,!y con/itute 9 _! own eyes an ari/ocracy ( ! nation4 ,!y are f\nd prim>ily to-day 9 ,africa2 9 ! ,balkan /ates1 :]e !y are kn[n z ,spagnuoli2 less purely 9 ,france & ,italy4 ,a small colony 9 ,london & ,am/]dam /ill holds itself alo( f all communion & int]c\rse ) its bre?r54 ,! ,a%k5azim bran* is num]ically f> m important1 = ! ,g]man1 ,russian1 & ,poli% ,jews comprise ov] n9e t5?s ( ! p1 z we h already se5 9 our prec$+ article4 ,e>ly obs]v]s all describe ^! two bran*es ( ! ,jews z v diff]5t 9 appe>ance4 ,vogt1 9 8 ,lectures on ,man1 assumes ! ,poli% type to be desc5d$ f ,h9du s\rces1 :ile ! ,spani% alone he held to be truly ,semitic4 ,weisba*#aa gives u ! be/ description ( ! ,seph>dim ,jew z to-day f\nd at ,con/ant9ople4 ,he is sl5d] 9 habit1 he says2 almo/ )\t exception ! head is exquisitely elongat$ & n>r[1 ! face a long oval2 ! nose hook$ & prom95t1 b ?9 & f9ely *isel$2 hair & eyes g5]ally d>k1 sometimes1 h[ev]1 t5d+ to a r$di% blond4 ,?is ruf\s t5d5cy 9 ! ,ori5tal ,jew is emphasiz$ by _m obs]v]s4 ,dr4 ,b$doe#ab f\nd r$ hair z frequ5t 9 ! ,ori5t z 9 ,saxon ,engl&1 al?\gh lat] results d n fully be> x out4#ac ,?is description ( a r$di% ,ori5tal type corresponds c]ta9ly to ! e>ly repres5tations ( ! ,savi\r2 x is ! type1 9 features1 p]haps1 r ?an hair1 pa9t$ by ,rembr&t--! ,seph>dim 9 ,am/]dam be+ famili> to him1 & appeal+ to ! arti/ 9 pref]5ce to ! ,a%k5azim type4 ,?is latt] is said to be *>act]iz$ by heavi] features 9 e way4 ,! m\?1 x is alleg$1 is m apt to be l>ge1 ! nose ?icki% at ! end1 less (t5 cle>ly ,jewi%1 p]haps4 ,! lips are full & s5sual1 (f]+ an especial contra/ to ! ?9 lips ( ! ,seph>dim4 ,! complexion is sw>?y (t5times1 ! hair & eyes v con/antly d>k1 )\t ! ruf\s t5d5cy :i* appe>s 9 ! o!r bran*4 ,! face is at ! same "t full]1 ! bread? correspond+ to a relatively %ort & r\nd head4 ,does ?is contra/ ( ! traditional ,seph>dim & ,a%k5azim facial types correspond to ! an?ropometric crit]ia by means ( :i* we h analyz$ ! v>i\s populations ( ,europe8 ,&1 fir/ ( all1 is !re ! diff]5ce ( head =m betwe5 ! two :i* our descriptions imply8#ad ,&1 if s1 :i* repres5ts ! primitive ,semitic type ( ,pale/9e8 ,! "q is a crucial "o4 ,x involves ! :ole matt] ( ! orig9al physical d]ivation ( ! p1 & ! rival claims to purity ( desc5t ( ! two bran*es ( ! nation4 ,9 prec$+ pap]s we h le>n$ t we/]n ,asia is q uni=mly *>act]iz$ by an exce$+ broad-head$ness1 ! cephalic index--t is to say1 ! bread? ( ! head 9 p]c5tage ( ! l5g? f front to back--(t5 ris+ to #hf4 ,?is is especially m>k$ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 :]e "s ( ! broade/ & %orte/ crania 9 ! _w are to be f\nd4 ,! ,arm5ians1 = example1 are s peculi> 9 ?is respect t _! heads appe> almo/ de=m$1 s flatt5$ are !y at ! back4 ,a head ( ! description appe>s 9 ! case ( our ,jew f ,f]ghanah on our second portrait page1 #cdd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! peoples ( ,african or negroid d]ivation =m a radical contra/1 _! heads be+ q long & n>r[1 ) indices rang+ f #ge to #gh4 ,?is is ! type ( ! liv+ ,arab to-day4 ,its peculi>ity appe>s 9 ! prom95ce ( ! occipital region 9 our ,arab & o!r ,african portraits4 ,sci5tific rese>* ^u ^! ,arabs has inv>iably yield$ h>moni\s results4 ,f ! ,can>y ,isl&s1#ae all across nor!rn ,africa1#af to c5tral ,arabia itself1#ag ! cephalic indices ( ! nomadic ,arabs agree closely4 ,!y d5ote a head =m closely alli$ to t ( ! long-head$ ,ib]ian races1 typifi$ 9 ! mod]n ,spani>ds1 s\? ,italians1 & ,greeks4 ,x 0 ! head =m ( ! anci5t ,pho5icians & ,egyptians also1 z has rec5tly be5 prov$ beyond all "q4#ah ,?us does ! ,european ,m$it]ranean type %ade (f 9 head =m1 z 9 complexion also1 into ! primitive an?ropological type ( ! negro4 ,! situation be+ ?us cle>ly def9$1 x %\ld be relatively easy to trace our mod]n ,jews1 if1 inde$1 z has s long be5 assum$1 !y h rema9$ a pure & undefil$ race dur+ ! c\rse ( _! incessant migrations4 ,we %\ld be able to trace _! orig9 if !y possess any di/9ctive head =m1 ei!r to ! "o cont95t or ! o!r1 ) comp>ative c]ta9ty4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,au?ority4 ,place4 ,numb]4 ,cephalic ,index4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,lombroso1 #ahid a ,tur91 ,italy4 #aab #hb4j ,weisba*1 '#gg ,balkan /ates4 #ai #hb4b ,maj] & ,kop]nicki1 '#gg;,galicia4 #caf #hc4f ,ble*mann1 '#hb ,w4 ,russia4 #ajj #hc4b ,/i$a1 '#hc 7,dyb[ski7 ,m9sk1 ,russia4 #fg #hb4b ,ik(1 '#hd ,russia4 #abj #hc4b ,ik(1 '#hd ,con/ant9ople4 #ag crania #gd4e ,ik(1 '#hd ,crimea4 #cj crania #hc4c 7,k>aim74 ,maj] & ,kop]nicki1'#he ,galicia4 #ajj #ha4g ,jacobs1 '#ij ,engl&4 #cfc #hj4j ,jacobs1 '#ij ,engl& 7,seph>dim74 #ea ,talko-,hyrncewicz1 '#ib ,li?uania4 #gac ,*antre1 '#ie ,caucasia4 #cd #he4j ,weiss5b]g1 '#ie ,s\? ,russia4 #ajj #hb4e ,weiss5b]g1 '#ie ,s\? ,russia4 #ej wom54 #hb4d ,glck1 '#if ,bosnia 7,spagnuoli74 #ee #hj4a ,livi1 '#if ,italy4 #cd #ha4f ,elk9d1 '#ig ,pol&4 #cbe ,m51 #ha4i ,wom51 #hb4i ,d5ik]1 '#ih ,daghe/an4 #ai #hg4j ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury ab\t tw5ty-five hundr$ ,jews h submitt$ _! heads to sci5tific measurem5t4 ,^! h naturally = ! mo/ "p be5 tak5 f ! ,great ,russian & ,poli% bran*2 a few obs]v]s1 z ,lombroso1 ,ik(1 ,jacobs1 ,glck1 & ,livi1 h tak5 obs]vations ^u a m or less limit$ numb] f s\!rn ,europe4 ,= purposes ( comp>ison we h reproduc$ 9 our footnote a summ>y ( all ! results obta9$ ?us f>4 ,inspection ( ! table %[s a surpris+ uni=mity4 ,ik('s limit$ s]ies ( ,spagnuoli f ,con/ant9ople1 & t ( ! ,jews f ,caucasia & ,daghe/an1 are ! only ones ^: cephalic index lies outside ! limits ( #hj to #hc4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,jews1 :]ev] f\nd 9 ,europe1 betray a rem>kable simil>ity 9 head =m1 ! crania be+ consid]ably broad] ?an among ! peoples ( ,teutonic desc5t4 ,z we "k1 ! extremes ( head =m 9 ,europe1 measur$ by ! cephalic index1 ext5d f #gd to #hi2 we ?us obs]ve t ! ,jews take a place r high 9 ! ,european s]ies4 ,!y are ab\t l ! nor!rn ,fr5* & s\!rn ,g]mans4 ,m important /ill1 !y seem to be g5]ally v closely ak9 9 head =m to ! p among :om !y reside4 ,?us1 9 ,russia & ,pol& sc>cely an appreciable diff]5ce exi/s 9 ?is respect betwe5 ,jews & ,*ri/ians4 ,! same is true 9 ,tur91 :ile 9 ! direction ( ,asia our ,jews are z bullet-head$ z ev5 ! mo/ typical ,arm5ians & ,caucasians r\nd ab\t !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,arab4 ,index1 #gf4 ,,mussulman1 ,,tunis4 ,index1 #ge4 ,,jew1 ,,tunis4 ,index1 #ge4 ,,african ,,semitic ,,types4 ,?is surpris+ simil>ity ( head =m betwe5 ! ,jews ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,europe be>s h>d ^u ! long-accept$ !ory t ! ,seph>dim is doli*ocephalic1 !reby rema9+ true to ! orig9al ,semitic type borne to-day by ! ,arabs4 ,x has q univ]sally be5 accept$ t ! two bran*es ( ! ,jews diff]$ mo/ mat]ially 9 head =m4 ,f ! facial dissimil>ity ( ! two a correlative diff]5ce 9 head =m 0 a gratuit\s inf]5ce4 ,dr4 ,b$doe obs]ves t 9 ,turkey ! ,spagnuoli seem$ to him to be m doli*ocephalic4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,b>n>d ,davis 7#ahfg7 suspect$ a div]sity1 b _h only ?ree ,italian skulls to judge f1 s t 8 te/imony c\nts = little4 ,!n ,weisba* 7#ahgg7 ref]r$ to ! exquisitely long heads ( ! ,spagnuoli1 b 8 data %[ a diff]5t result4 ,ik(1 ) 8 small s]ies ( crania f ,con/ant9ople1 is ! only obs]v] :o got a result :i* accords 9 any degree ) :at we "k ( ! head =m ( ! mod]n ,semitic peoples4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,glck 9 ,bosnia & ,livi 9 ,italy f9d no o!r sign ( long-head$ness ?an a slight drop 9 index ( a po9t or two4 ,jacobs1 9 ,engl&1 ^: me?ods1 z ,top9>d has obs]v$1 are radically defective1 gives no av]ages = 8 ,seph>dim1 b !y appe> to include ab\t elev5 p] c5t less pure long-head$ types ?an ev5 _! ,a%k5azim bre?r5 9 ,london4 ,?is1 x w be not$1 is ! exact opposite ( :at might normally be expect$4 ,?is t$i\s summ>y =ces u inevitably to ! conclusion t1 :ile a long-head$ type ( ,seph>dim ,jews may exi/1 ! law is v f> f be+ satisfactorily e/abli%$4 ,?us1 f a /udy ( our prim>y *>act]i/ic--! proportions ( ! head--we f9d our mod]n ,jews end[$ ) a relatively mu* broad] head ?an t ( ! av]age ,engli%man1 = example3 :ile ! be/ liv+ repres5tative ( ! ,semitic race1 ! ,arab1 has a head :i* is ev5 long] & n>r[] ?an our own type4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 "o ( ! longe/ kn[n1 be+ 9 e way di/9ctly ,african4 ,! only mod]n ,jews :o ev5 approa* ?is type w\ld seem to be ^? :o actually reside to-day 9 ,africa1 z 9 ! case ( our two portrait types f t region4 ,two possible explanations are op5 to u3 ei!r ! great body ( ! ,jews 9 ,europe to-day--c]ta9ly all ! ,a%k5azim1 :o =m upw>d ( n9ety p] c5t ( ! nation1 & q probably ! ,seph>dim also1 except possibly ^? 9 ,africa--h dep>t$ widely f ! p>5tal type 9 ,pale/9e2 or else ! orig9al ,semitic type 0 broad-head$1 &1 by inf]5ce1 di/9ctly ,asiatic 9 d]ivation2 9 :i* case x is ! mod]n ,arab :i* has deviat$ f its orig9al patt]n4 ,ik( is ! only au?ority :o boldly faces ?is dilemma1 & *ooses ! ,asiatic hypo!sis ) 8 eyes op54#ai ,:i*1 we leave x to ! read] to decide1 w\ld be ! m likely to v>y--! w&]+ ,jew1 ev] driv5 f place to place by con/ant p]secution1 & con/antly expos$ to ! vicissitudes ( life 9 d5sely populat$ cities1 ! natural habitat ( ! p1 z we h said2 or ! equally nomadic ,arab1 :o1 h[ev]1 seems to be inv>iable 9 type1 :e!r 9 ,alg]ia1 ,morocco1 ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 or ,arabia ,felix itself8 ,!re c be b "o answ]1 x seems to u4 ,! orig9al ,semitic /ock mu/ h be5 9 orig9 /rongly doli*ocephalic--t is to say1 ,african z ! ,arabs are to-day2 f :i* x foll[s1 naturally1 t ab\t n9e t5?s ( ! liv+ ,jews are z widely diff]5t 9 head =m f ! p>5t /ock to-day z !y well c\ld be4 ,! boa/$ purity ( desc5t ( ! ,jews is1 !n1 a my?4 ,r5an 7#ahhc7 is "r1 aft] all1 9 8 ass]tion t ! e?nographic significance ( ! ^w ,jew1 = ! ,russian & ,danubian bran* at lea/1 long ago ceas$ to exi/4 ,or1 z ,lombroso obs]ves1 ! mod]n ,jews are physically m ,aryan ?an ,semitic1 aft] all4 ,!y h unconsci\sly tak5 on to a l>ge ext5t ! physical traits ( ! p among :om _! lot has be5 ?r[n4 ,9 ,algi]s !y h rema9$ long-head$ l _! neighbors1 =1 ev5 if !y int]m>ri$1 no t5d5cy to deviation 9 head =m w\ld be provok$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y settl$ 9 ,pi$mont1 ,au/ria1 or ,russia1 ) _! mod]ately r\nd-head$ populations1 !y became 9 "t assimilat$ to ! type ( ^! neighbors z well4 ,no?+ is simpl] ?an to sub/antiate ! argum5t ( a con/ant int]c\rse & int]mixture ( ,jews ) ! ,*ri/ians ab\t !m all ?r\gh hi/ory1 f ! orig9al exodus ( ! =ty ?\s& 787 f ,j]usalem aft] ! de/ruction ( ! second temple4 ,at ?is "t ! ,jewi% nation z a political entity ceas$ to exi/4 ,an important consid]ation to be borne 9 m9d 9 ?is connection1 z ,neubau] sugge/s v aptly1 is t opposition to mix$ m>riages 0 prim>ily a prejudice ( religion & n ( race4 ,x 0 dissipat$ on ! conv]sion ( ! ,g5tile to ,judaism4 ,9 fact1 9 ! e>ly days ( ,judaism m>riage ) a nonbeliev] 0 n invalid at all1 z x aft]w>d became1 accord+ to ! ,jewi% code4 ,?us ,josephus1 speak+ ( ! ,jews at ,antio*1 m5tions t !y made _m conv]ts1 receiv+ !m into _! community4 ,an extraord9>y numb] ( conv]sions to ,judaism und\bt$ly took place dur+ ! second c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,z to ! ext5t ( int]m>riage :i* ensu$ dur+ ! middle ages discussion is /ill rife4 ,r5an1 ,neubau]1 & o!rs int]pret ! v>i\s rigid prohibitions aga9/ int]m>riage ( ,jews ) ,*ri/ians--z1 = example1 at ! *ur* c\ncils ( #ech1 #ehi1 at ,tol$o1 & ( #gdc at ,rome--to mean ! preval5t dang] ( su* practices becom+ g5]al2 :ile ,jacobs1 ,&ree1 & o!rs are incl9$ to place a l[] e/imate ^u _! importance4 ,two :olesale conv]sions are kn[n to h tak5 place3 ! classical "o ( ! ,khoz>s1 9 ,s\? ,russia1 dur+ ! reign ( ,*>lemagne1 & t ( ! ,fala%as1 :o 7 neighbor+ ,arab tribes 9 ,yem54 ,jacobs has ably %[n1 h[ev]1 ! relatively slight importance ( ^!4 ,x is probable t ! greate/ am\nt ( infusion ( ,*ri/ian blood mu/ h tak5 place1 9 any ev5t1 n s mu* ?r\gh su* /rik+ conv]sions1 z insidi\sly ?r\gh cl&e/9e or irregul> m>riages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f]ghanah1 ,,turke/an4 ,h,,rault1 ,,france4 ,,elizabe?grad1 ,,russia4 ,,spagnuoli1 ,,bosnia4 ,,elizabe?grad1 ,,russia4 ,,jewi% ,,types4 ,we f9d1 = example1 mu* prohibitive legislation aga9/ ! employm5t ( ,*ri/ian s]vants by ,jews4 ,?is 0 direct$ aga9/ ! dang] ( conv]sion to ,judaism1 by ! ma/]1 ) consequ5t int]m>riage4 ,x is n likely t ^! prohibitions 7 ( mu* avail1 =1 despite /r+5t laws 9 ,hung>y1 = example1 we f9d ! ar*bi%op ( t c\ntry report+ 9 #abbi t _m ,jews 7 illegally liv+ ) ,*ri/ian wives1 & t conv]sions by ?\s&s 7 tak+ place4 ,9 any case1 no protection = slaves 0 ev] af=d$4 ,! conf9em5t ( ! ,jews /rictly to ! ,ghettos dur+ ! lat] c5turies w\ld naturally disc\rage su* int]mixture ( blood1 z also ! increas+ popul> hatr$ betwe5 ,jew & ,*ri/ian2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! great] degree ( tol]ance enjoy$ by ! ,israelites ev5 dur+ ?is pres5t c5tury w\ld be compet5t spe$ily to produce great results4 ,jacobs has /r5u\sly1 al?\gh p]haps some:at inconclusively1 argu$ 9 favor ( a sub/antial purity ( ! ,jews by means ( a numb] ( o!r data--su* z1 = example1 by a /udy ( ! relative frequ5cy ( ,jewi% names1 by ! suppos$ relative infecundity ( mix$ m>riages1 & ! l4 ,exp]i5ce & ! facts ( ev]yday obs]vation1 on ! o!r h&1 t5d to confirm u 9 ! belief t racially no purity ( desc5t is to be suppos$ = an in/ant4 ,consid] ! evid5ce ( names1 = example4 ,we may admit a consid]able purity1 p]haps1 to ! ,cohns & ,coh5s1 legitimate desc5dants ( ! ,cohanim1 ! sons ( ,a>on1 e>ly prie/s ( ! temple4 ,_! m>ital relations 7 safegu>d$ aga9/ infusion ( =eign blood 9 e possible way4 ,! "n is1 p]haps1 9 its v>i\s =ms1 ! mo/ frequ5t among ,jews to-day4 ,b h[ %all we acc\nt = ! equally pure ,jewi% names 9 orig91 su* z ,davis1 ,h>ris1 ,phillips1 & ,h>t8 ,h[ did !y ev] /ray s f> f _! orig9al e?nic & religi\s significance1 unless ! m>ital b>s 7 l[]$ to a l>ge degree8 ,"s ( !m c]ta9ly claim a =emo/ position num]ically 9 our ,*ri/ian ,engli% directories4 ,we h an int]e/+ case ( indef9ite ,jewi% delimitation 9 our portraits4 ,! middle portrait at page #cda is c]ta9ly a ,jewi% type4 ,dr4 ,b]?olon writes me t all :o saw x imm$iately ass]t$ x to be a ,jew4 ,yet ! man 0 a pr(ess$ ,mussulman1 9 fact1 ev5 ?\gh 8 face 0 aga9/ him4 ,!re is1 z we h s\ght to prove1 no s+le uni=m type ( head peculi> to ! ,jewi% p :i* may be reg>d$ z 9 any s5se racially h]$it>y4 ,is ?is true also ( ! face8 ,our fir/ /atem5t enc\nt]s no popul> disapproval1 = mo/ ( u nev]1 p]haps1 happ5$ to ?9k ( ?is head =m z *>act]i/ic4 ,b ! face1 ! features6 ,is ?is ano!r case ( sci5ce runn+ c\nt] to popul> belief8 ,! fir/ *>act]i/ic to impress itself ^u ! layman is t ! ,jew is g5]ally a brunette4 ,all sci5tific obs]v]s corroborate ?is impression1 agree+ 9 t ! d>k hair & eyes ( ?is p really con/itute a di/9ct racial trait4 ,ab\t two ?irds ( ! ,a%k5azim bran* 9 ,galicia & ,russia1 :]e ! g5]al population is relatively q blond1 is ( ! brunette type1 ?is be+ especially m>k$ 9 ! d>k] color ( ! hair4 ,= example1 ,maj] & ,kop]nicki1#bj 9 ,galicia1 f\nd d>k hair to be ab\t twice z frequ5t z ! light4 ,elk9d1#ba 9 ,w>saw1 f9ds ab\t ?ree fif?s ( ! m5 d>k4 ,9 ,bosnia1 ,glck's obs]vations on ! ,seph>dim type gave him only two light-hair$ m5 out ( fifty-five4 ,9 ,g]many & ,au/ria#bb ?is brunette t5d5cy is likewise /rongly emphasiz$4 ,pure brunette types are twice z frequ5t 9 ! latt] c\ntry1 & ?ree times z frequ5t 9 ,g]many1 among ,jewi% z among ,*ri/ian s*ool *ildr54 ,facts also seem to be> out ! !ory1 to :i* we h already allud$1 t ! ,ori5tal ,jews betray a slightly great] blond t5d5cy1 ?us incl9+ to ruf\s4 ,9 ,g]many also ! blond t5d5cy becomes appreciably m frequ5t 9 ,alsace-,lorra9e1 a =m] c5t] ( gravity ( ! nation1 z ! map 9 our previ\s article has %[n4 ,?is comp>ative blondness ( ! ,alsatian ,jew is n new1 = 9 #ahfa ! orig9 ( ^! same blondes 0 matt] ( controv]sy4 ,broca believ$ !m to be ( nor!rn d]ivation1 :ile ,prun] ,bey trac$ !m f a blondi% ,ea/]n s\rce4 ,! ,engli% ,jews seem also to be slightly light] ?an _! cont95tal bre?r51 ev5 despite _! presumably great] proportion ( ,seph>dim1 :o are suppos$ to be peculi>ly d>k4 ,z to ! relative r$ blondness ( ! ,ori5tal ,jew1 ! e>ly obs]vations ( ,dr4 ,b$doe1 & ^? ( ,lang]hans 7#ahgc7 z to ! blue eyes & r$-br[n hair ( ! ,druses ( ,lebanon1 d n seem to be borne out2 or1 z ,jacobs puts x1 ! argum5t may be dismiss$ ) co/s4 ,c]ta9ly ! liv+ ,semites are d>k en\gh 9 type1 & ! evid5ce ( ! sacr$ books be>s out ! same !ory ( an orig9al d>k type4 ,?us black & hair are commonly synonym\s 9 ! e>ly ,semitic languages4 ,9 any case1 :atev] ! color 9 ! pa/1 we h se5 t sci5ce corroborates ! popul> impression t ! ,jews z a p are di/9ctively ( a brunette type4 ,?is con/itutes "o ( ! pr9cipal traits by :i* !y may be almo/ inv>iably id5tifi$4 ,x is n )\t int]e/ to notice t ?is brunett5ess is m acc5tuat$1 (t5times1 among ! wom51 :o are1 ! _w ov]1 p]si/5t cons]vators ( ! primitive physical *>act]i/ics ( a p4#bc ,secondly1 z to ! nose4 ,popul>ly ! hump$ or hook nose con/itutes ! mo/ di/9ctive feature ( ! ,jewi% face4 ,obs]vations among ! ,jews1 9 _! mo/ popul\s c5t]s1 d n1 h[ev]1 be> out ! !ory4 ,?us ,maj] & ,kop]nicki 7#ahhe71 9 _! ext5d$ s]ies1 f\nd only n9e p] c5t ( ! hook$ type--no great] frequ5cy ?an among ! ,poles2 a fact :i* ,weiss5b]g confirms z to ! relative sc>city ( ! convex nose 9 pr(ile among 8 ,s\? ,russian ,jews4 ,he agrees1 h[ev]1 t ! nose is (t5 l>ge1 ?ick1 & prom95t4 ,weisba* 7#ahgg7 measur$ ! facial features ( n9ete5 ,jews1 & f\nd ! l>ge/ noses 9 a long s]ies ( p f all ov] ! e>?2 exce$$ 9 l5g?1 9 fact1 by ! ,patagonians alone4 ,! hook$ nose is1 inde$1 sometimes frequ5t outside ! ,jewi% p4 ,ole*n[icz f\nd1 = example1 ov] a ?ird ( ! noses ( ! g5try 9 s\!a/ ,pol& to be ( ?is hook$ v>iety4 ,runn+ ! eye ov] our c>efully *os5 s]ies ( portraits1 select$ = u z typical f f\r qu>t]s ( ,europe--,alg]ia1 ,russia1 ,bosnia1 & ! conf9es ( ,asia--repres5t+ ! ,african1 ,balkan ,spagnuoli1 & ,russian ,a%k5azim v>ieties1 visual impression w also confirm our d$uction4 ,! ,jewi% nose is n s (t5 truly convex 9 pr(ile4 ,nev]!less1 x mu/ be confess$ t x gives a hook$ impression4 ,?is seems to be due to a peculi> tuck+ up ( ! w+s1 z ,dr4 ,b$doe expresses x4 ,h]e9 lies ! real di/9ctive quality ab\t x1 r ?an 9 any convexity ( outl9e4 ,9 fact1 x (t5 r5d]s a nose concave 9 pr(ile1 imm$iately recognizable z ,jewi%4 ,jacobs#bd has +5i\sly describ$ ?is no/rility1 z he calls x1 by ! foll[+ diagrams3 ,write1 he says1 a figure #f ) a long tail 7,fig4 #a72 n[ remove ! turn ( ! twi/1 & mu* ( ! ,jewi%ness disappe>s2 & x vani%es entirely :5 we draw ! l[] cont9uation horizontally1 z 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,behold ! trans=mation6 ,! ,jew has turn$ ,roman beyond a d\bt4 ,:at h we prov$1 !n8 ,t !re is 9 reality su* a ph5om5on z a ,jewi% nose1 ev5 ?\gh x be diff]5tly con/itut$ f our fir/ assumption4 ,a mom5t's inspection ( our s]ies ( portraits w conv9ce ! skeptic t ?is trait1 next to ! preval5t d>k hair & eyes & ! sw>?y sk91 is ! mo/ di/9ctive among ! *os5 p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ! ,jewi% physiognomy is ! eyes4 ,! eyebr[s1 seem+ly ?ick because ( _! d>kness1 appe> to be ne>] toge!r ?an usual1 ar*+ smoo?ly into ! l9es ( ! nose4 ,! lids are r full1 ! eyes l>ge1 d>k1 & brilliant4 ,a g5]al impression ( heav9ess is apt to be giv54 ,9 favorable cases ?is imp>ts a dreamy1 melan*oly1 or ?\ghtful expression to ! c\nt5ance2 9 o!rs x deg5]ates into a bl9k+1 dr[sy type2 or1 aga91 ) eyes half clos$1 x may sugge/ suppress$ cunn+4 ,! p>ticul> adjective to be appli$ to ?is expression v>ies greatly accord+ to ! p]sonal equation ( ! obs]v]4 ,q p]si/5t also is a fullness ( ! lips1 (t5 am\nt+ 9 ! l[] "o almo/ to a p\t4 ,! *9 9 _m cases is c]ta9ly r po9t$ & rec$+1 ,jacobs to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,a feature ( my own obs]vation1 p]haps n fully ju/ifi$1 is a peculi> sep>ation ( ! tee?1 :i* seem to /& well ap>t f "o ano!r4 ,b a truce to speculations4 ,ent]+ into great] detail1 ! flat contradictions ( diff]5t obs]v]s %[ t !y are va9ly g5]aliz+ f an all too n>r[ base ( obs]vations4 ,ev5 ! fanci$ diff]5ces 9 feature betwe5 ! two great bran*es ( ! ,hebrew p seem to u to be ( d\btful exi/5ce4 ,our portraits d n be> x out4 ,x seems r t ! two descriptions ( ! ,a%k5azim & ,seph>dim types :i* we h quot$ d5ote r ! di/9ction betwe5 ! faces ( ^? ( ! upp] & ! l[] classes4 ,en\gh = u to "k t !re is a some?+ ,jewi% 9 ^! faces :i* we in/antly detect4 ,we recognize x 9 ,rembr&t's ,h]mitage1 or 9 ,munkaczy's ,*ri/ be=e ,pilate4 ,n inv>iable are ^! traits4 ,n ev5 to ! ,jew himself are !y always a sure crit]ion4 ,weiss5b]g gives an int]e/+ example ( ?is4#be ,to a fri5d1 a ,jew 9 ,elizabe?grad1 he submitt$ two hundr$ & fifty photographs ( ,russian ,jews & ,*ri/ians 9 undi/9ctive co/ume4 ,sev5ty p] c5t ( ! ,jews 7 rightly *os51 :ile b t5 p] c5t ( ! ,russians 7 wrongly class$ z ,jews4 ,( :at conc]n is x :e!r ?is *>act]ization be entirely featural1 or 9 "p a matt] ( expression8 ,! fir/ w\ld be a matt] ( direct h]$ity1 ! second hypo!sis p>takes m ( ! nature ( a *>act]i/ic acquir$ f ! social environm5t4 ,"s "o--,jacobs1 ,i ?9k--speaks ( x z ! expression ( ! ,ghetto4 ,x c]ta9ly appe>s 9 ! rem>kable s]ies ( composite ,jewi% portraits publi%$ 9 8 monograph4 ,x w\ld n be surpris+ to f9d ?is true4 ,cont9u$ h>d%ip1 p]secution1 a desp]ate /ruggle aga9/ an inexorable human environm5t z well z natural "o1 c\ld n b write its l9es ^u ! face4 ,! impression ( a dre>y pa/ is deep sunk 9 ! bodily proportions1 z we h se54 ,:y n 9 ! face z well8 ,we are n[ prep>$1 9 conclusion1 to deal ) :at is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ phase ( our discussion4 ,x is c]ta9ly1 if true1 ( pr(\nd sociological importance4 ,we h 9 ^! pages spok5 at l5g? ( ! head =m--prim>y index ( race2 we h %[n t !re are ,jews & ,jews 9 ?is respect4 ,yet :i* 0 ! real ,jew x 0 n = u to decide1 = ! n9ety-&-n9e 7 broad-head$1 :ile ! ,semite 9 ! ,ea/ is /ill1 z ev]1 a long-head$ memb] ( ! ,africanoid races4 ,?is disc\rag$ our hopes ( prov+ ! exi/5ce ( a ,jewi% cephalic type z ! result ( purity ( desc5t4 ,x may inde$ be affirm$ ) c]ta9ty t ! ,jews are by h]$it>y desc5t f e>ly times no pur] ?an mo/ ( _! ,european neighbors4 ,!n we discov]$ evid5ce t 9 ?is head =m ! ,jews 7 (t5 closely ak9 to ! p among :om !y liv$4 ,9 long-head$ ,africa !y 7 doli*ocephalic4 ,9 bra*ycephalic ,pi$mont1 ?\gh suppos$ly ( ,seph>dim desc5t1 !y 7 q l ! ,italians ( ,tur94 ,& all ov] ,slavic ,europe no di/9ction 9 head =m betwe5 ,jew & ,*ri/ian exi/$4 ,9 ! ,caucasus also !y approximate closely ! cranial *>act]i/ics ( _! neighbors4 ,hypnotic sugge/ion 0 n ne$$ to f9d a connection "h1 especially s9ce all hi/ory bore u out 9 our assumption ( a l>ge degree ( int]mixture ( ,g5tile blood4 ,close ^u ?is disproval ( purity ( type by desc5t came evid5ce ( a di/9ct uni=mity ( facial type4 ,ev5 s imp>tial an obs]v] z ,weiss5b]g--c]ta9ly n prejudic$ 9 favor ( cephalic inv>iability--confesses ?is featural unity4 ,h[ %all we solve ?is enigma ( e?nic purity1 & yet impurity1 ( type8 ,9 ?is v app>5t contradiction lies ! gra9 ( com=t = our sociological hypo!sis4 ,! ,jew is radically mix$ 9 ! l9e ( racial desc5t2 he is1 on ! o!r h&1 ! legitimate heir to all ,judaism z a matt] ( *oice4 ,x is = u a case ( purely artificial selection1 op]ative z ev] only 9 ^? physical traits :i* appeal to ! s5ses4 ,x is precisely analog\s to our example ( ! ,basques 9 ,france & ,spa94 ,:at we h said ( !m w apply ) equal =ce "h4 ,bo? ,jews & ,basques possess$ 9 a high degree a consci\sness ( k9d2 !y 7 ke5ly s5sible ( _! social individuality4 ,! ,basques prim>ily ow$ !irs to geographical isolation & a peculi> language2 t ( ! ,jews 0 d]iv$ f ! circum/ances ( social isolation1 dep5d5t ^u ! dictates ( religion4 ,ano!r case 9 po9t occurs to u 9 ?is connection4 ,*antre1#bf 9 a rec5t notable "w1 has %[n ! rem>kable uni=mity 9 physical type among ! ,arm5ians4 ,!y are s peculi> 9 head =m t we 9 ,am]ica recognize !m at once by _! =e%ort5$ & sug>-loaf skulls1 almo/ devoid ( occiput4 ,!y too1 l ! ,jews1 h long be5 socially isolat$ 9 _! religion4 ,?us 9 all ^! cases1 ,basques1 ,arm5ians1 & ,jews1 we h a pot5t selective =ce at "w4 ,s f> z 9 _! p[] lay1 ! individuality ( all ^! p 0 enc\rag$ & p]petuat$ z "o ( _! de>e/ possessions4 ,x affect$ e detail ( _! lives4 ,:y %\ld x n also react ^u _! ideal ( physical beauty8 & :y n influ5ce _! sexual pref]5ces1 z well z to det]m9e _! *oice 9 m>riage8 ,its results became ?us acc5tuat$ ?r\gh h]$ity4 ,b all ?is w\ld be accompli%$1 be x especially not$1 only 9 s f> z ! physical traits 7 consci\sly or unconsci\sly impress$ ^u !m by ! facts ( obs]vation4 ,!re arises at once ! diff]5ce betwe5 artificial selection 9 ! matt] ( ! head =m & t conc]n+ ! facial features4 ,"o is an unsuspect$ possession ( individuality1 ! o!r is matt] ( common notice &1 x may be1 ( report4 ,:at ,jew or ,*ri/ian1 till he became an?ropologi/1 ev] /opp$ to consid] ! %ape ( 8 head1 any m ?an ! addition ( a numb] ( cubits to 8 /ature8 ,:o has n1 on ! o!r h&1 e>ly acquir$ a di/9ct concept ( a ,jewi% face & ( a di/9ctly ,jewi% type8 ,c\ld su* a pot5t fact escape obs]vation = a mom5t8 ,we are confirm$ 9 our belief 9 ! pot5cy ( an artificial selection1 su* z we h describ$1 to p]petuate or to evolve a ,jewi% facial type by reason ( ano!r obs]vation4 ,! wom5 among ! ,jews1 z ,jacobs#bg notes1 9 confirmation ( our own belief1 betray f> m con/antly ?an ! m5 ! outw>d *>act]i/ics peculi> to ! p4 ,we h already cit$ ,weiss5b]g's te/imony t brunett5ess is twice z preval5t among ,russian ,jewesses z among ! m54 ,( c\rse ?is may be a matt] ( anabolism1 pure & simple4 ,?is w\ld be p]haps a compet5t explanation ( ! ph5om5on = physiologi/s l ,g$des & ,?ompson4 ,= u ?is o!r cause may be m directly responsible4 ,artificial selection 9 a social gr\p1 :]e9 ! active *oice ( mates falls to ! %>e ( ! male1 w\ld seem to t5d 9 ! direction ( an acc5tuat$ type 9 t m passive sex on :i* ! selective influ5ce directly plays4 ,at all ev5ts1 obs]vations f widely scatt]$ s\rces v]ify ! law t ! facial individuality ( a p is m (t5 ?an o!rwise express$ mo/ cle>ly 9 ! wom54 ,?us1 = example1 ! wom5 betray ! ,mongol type m con/antly ?an ! m5 among ! ,asiatic tribes ( ea/]n ,russia4#bh ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ma9(1 be/ ( au?ority1 confirms ! same t5d5cy among ^? ( ,f9nic desc5t4#bi ,! ,setti ,communi 9 nor!rn ,italy /ill pres]ve _! ,g]man language z evid5ce ( a hi/oric ,teutonic desc5t4 ,!y seem to h lo/ _! id5tity entirely 9 respect ( ! head =m1#cj b ,ranke#ca /ates t among ! wom5 ! ,g]man facial type con/antly reappe>s4 ,?is1 ,i confess1 is n altoge!r easy to und]/&1 unless ! ,lomb>ds1 ( :om ^! colonies are suppos$ly ! remnants1 br\ght _! native wom5 ) !m across ! ,alps4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 n br++ _! wom51 a new ,teutonic resemblance has be5 evolv$ out ( :ole clo?4 ,a bett] example ?an ?is is (f]$ among ! ,hamitic peoples ( ,africa nor? ( ! ,sah>a4 ,^! peoples1 f ,abyss9ia to ,morocco1 really belong to ! :ite races ( ,europe4 ,among ne>ly all _! tribes ! negroid traits are f> m acc5tuat$ among ! wom51 accord+ to ,s]gi4#cb ,x is n necess>y to cite m specific te/imony4 ,! law occupies a respect$ place among an?ropologi/s4 ,t ! ,jews confirm x1 w\ld seem to /r5g!n our hypo!sis at e po9t4 ,our f9al conclusion1 !n1 is ?is3 ,x is p>adoxical1 yet true1 we affirm4 ,! ,jews are n a race1 b only a p1 aft] all4 ,9 _! faces we read its confirmation1 :ile 9 respect ( _! o!r traits we are conv9c$ t su* individuality z !y possess--by no means inconsid]able--is ( _! own mak+ f "o g5]ation to ! next1 r ?an z a product ( an unprec$5t$ purity ( physical desc5t4 ,,footnotes3 #aa #ahgg1 p4 #bad4 #ab #ahfa b1 pp4 #bbg & #cca4 #ac ,glck1 #ahif a4 ,jacobs1 #ahij1 p4 #hb1 did n f9d a trace ( x 9 ! ,seph>dim congregation 9 ,london4 ,see ,&ree1 #ahgh1 9 ?is connection4 #ad ,! cephalic index by :i* we measure ! head-=m is m]ely ! bread? ( ! head 9 p]c5tage ( its l5g? f front to back4 ,! index rises z ! head becomes relatively m broad4 #ae ,v]neau1 #ahha a1 p4 #ejj4 #af ,prun] ,bey1 #fe b2 ,gilleb]t d',h]c\rt1 #ahfh1 p4 #i2 & especially ,collignon1 #ahhg a1 pp4 #cbf-cci2 ,b]?olon1 #ahib1 p4 #da2 also ,collignon1 #ahif b4 #ag ,elisev1 #ahhc4 #ah ,b]?olon1 #ahib1 p4 #dc2 ,s]gi1 #ahig a1 *apt] i1 & ev5 m rec5tly ,f\quet1 #ahif & #ahig1 on ! basis ( ,de ,morgan's discov]ies4 #ai ,comp>e ,br9ton1 #ahij a1 p4 #acb1 & #ahij b1 = int]e/+ l+ui/ic data on ! ,semites4 #bj #ahgg1 pp4 #hh-ij2 #ahhe1 p4 #hd4 #ba ,c5tralblatt fr ,an?ropologie1 vol4 iii1 p4 #ff4 #bb ,vir*[1 #ahhf b1 p4 #cfd2 ,s*imm]1 #ahhd1 p4 xxiii4 #bc ,weiss5b]g1 #ahie1 p4 #efg1 f9ds brunettes twice z frequ5t among ! s\? ,russian ,jewesses z among ! m54 #bd #ahhf a1 p4 xxxii4 #be #ahie1 p4 #efc4 #bf ,re*]*es an?ropologiques dans l',asie ,occid5tale 7,ar*ives du ,museum d'hi/oire naturelle1 ,lyons1 vol4 vi1 #ahie74 #bg #ahhf a1 p4 xxviii4 #bh ,sommi]1 #ahhg1 repr9t1 p4 #aaf4 ,cf4 ,zograf1 #ahif1 p4 #ej1 on crania f ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ,mosc[4 #bi ,congrs int4 des sci5ces gographiques1 ,p>is1 #ahge1 p4 #bfh4 #cj ,livi1 #ahif a1 pp4 #acg & #adf4 #ca ,beitrge zur ,an?4 ,bay]ns1 vol4 ii1 #ahgi1 p4 #ge4 #cb ,africa1 ,antropologia della /irpe ,camitica1 ,tor9o1 #ahig1 p4 #bfc4 ,,true ,,tales ,,( ,,birds ,,& ,,bea/s4 ,,by ,,david ,,/>r ,,jordan4 ,i4--,,se,,or ,,alcatraz4 ,he 0 j a bird :5 he 0 born1 & a v ugly bird at t4 ,= he _h big splay feet1 ) all ! toes turn$ =w>d & jo9$ toge!r 9 "o broad web1 & 8 w+s 7 ?ick & clumsy1 & und]nea? 8 long bill !re 0 a big r$ sack t he c\ld fill ) fi%es1 & :5 x 0 full he c\ld h>dly walk or fly1 s l>ge ! sack 0 & s great 0 8 appetite4 ,b he kept ! sack well fill$ & he empti$ x out e day into 8 /oma*1 & s he grew v soon to be a l>ge bird1 z big z a turkey1 ?\gh n z fat1 & ea* day ugli] ?an ev]4 ,b "o morn+1 :5 he 0 walk+ out on ! s& flat ( ! ,a/ill]o at ,mazatlan1 ,mexico1 :]e he liv$1 he saw a big fi% :i* _h be5 left by ! fall+ tide 9 a little pool ( wat]4 ,x 0 a blue-color$ fi% ) a big bony head1 & no scales1 & a sleek1 slipp]y sk94 ,he did n "k t x 0 a bagre1 b he ?\ght t all fi%es 7 good to eat1 s he op5$ 8 m\? & slipp$ ! fi%1 tail fir/1 d[n into 8 p\*4 ,x w5t all "r = a :ile1 b :5 ! fi% woke up & knew he 0 be+ swall[$1 he /raight5$ out bo? ( 8 arms1 & !re he 04 ,= ! bagre is a k9d ( catfi%1 & ea* arm is a long1 /iff1 %>p bone1 or sp9e1 ) a saw edge ! :ole l5g? ( x4 ,& all ! bagre has to d is j to put ?is arm out /raight & twi/ x at ! %\ld] & !n x is set1 & no animal c b5d or break x4 ,& x pi]c$ "r ?r\gh ! sk9 ( ! bird's sack1 & ! bird c\ld n swall[ x1 nor make x g up nor d[n1 & ! bagre held on tight1 = he knew t if he let g once he w\ld be swall[$1 & t w\ld be ! la/ ( him4 ,s ! bird tri$ ev]y?+ he c\ld ?9k (1 & ! fi% held on1 & !y kept x up all day4 ,9 ! aft]noon a little boy came out on ! s&s4 ,8 "n 0 ,inoc5te1 & he 0 ! son ( ,ygnacio1 ! fi%]man ( ,mazatlan4 ,& ,inoc5te took a club ( mangrove & ran up to ! /ruggl+ bird & /ruck x on ! w+ ) ! club4 ,! bl[ broke ! w+1 & ! bird lay d[n to die1 = ) a brok5 w+ & a fi% t w\ld n g up nor d[n1 !re 0 no hope = him4 ,:5 ,inoc5te saw :at k9d ( a fi% x 01 he knew j :at to d4 ,he rea*$ d[n into ! bird's sack & took hold ( ! fi%'s sp9es4 ,he gave ea* "o a twi/ s t x roll$ ov] 9 its socket1 ! upp] "p t[>d ! fi%'s head1 & !n !y 7 n /iff any m1 b lay flat aga9/ ! side ( ! fi%1 j z !y ought to lie4 ,!n ! fi% knew t x _h f\nd a ma/]1 & lay p]fectly /ill4 ,s ! bird gave a great gulp1 & out ! bagre w5t on ! s&1 & :5 ! tide came up x swam away1 & took c>e nev] to g aga9 :]e a bird c\ld get hold ( x4 ,& ! bird ) ! brok5 w+ _h le>n$ some?+ ab\t fi%es1 too4 ,b he c\ld n fly away1 s he wait$ to see :at ! boy 0 go+ to d4 ,! boy took ! bird into 8 boat & br\ght him home4 ,& old ,ygnacio put a spl9t on 8 w+ & cov]$ x ) salve1 & by & by x heal$4 ,b ! bone 0 set crook$1 & ! bird c\ld n fly v well4 ,s ! boys call$ ! bird ,seor ,alcatraz1 :i* is ! ,spani% = ,mr4 ,pelican1 & ,seor ,alcatraz & all ! boys & dogs & goats became good fri5ds1 & all ran ab\t on ! /reets toge!r4 ,& :5 ! boys w\ld %\t & ! dogs b>k1 all ,seor ,alcatraz c\ld d 0 to squawk & hiss & op5 8 big m\? & %[ ! inside ( 8 r$ fi% sack4 ,& :5 ! boys w\ld g fi%+ on ! :>f1 ,alcatraz w\ld g1 too1 & he w\ld /[ away ! fi%es 9 8 p\* z fa/ z ! boys c\ld cat* !m4 ,b if !y caught a bagre fi%1 he w\ld turn 8 head ! o!r way & !n run away home j z fa/ z 8 splay feet w\ld take him4 ,& :5 ! m5 drew ! net on ! bea* ,alcatraz w\ld spla% ar\nd inside ! net1 cat*+ :atev] he c\ld1 & hav+ a great deal ( fun 9 8 clumsy pelican fa%ion4 ,!n he w\ld run along ! /reet ) ! boys1 squawk+ & flapp+ 8 w+s & ?9k+ t he 0 j l ! re/ ( !m4 ,& if y ev] g to ,mazatlan1 ask = ,dr4 ,rog]s1 & he w %[ y ! way to ,ygnacio's cab9 on ! /reet !y call ,lib]tad4 ,& !re 9 ! front y>d1 9 a g5]al scramble ( dogs1 goats1 & little ,indian boys1 y w see ,seor ,alcatraz romp+ & squabbl+ l ! be/ ( !m4 ,& y w "k :i* he is by ! brok5 w+ & ! r$ sack "u 8 ?roat4 ,b if y say ,bagre to him1 he w run "u ! door/ep & hide 8 face till y g away4 ,,ii4--,,! ,,little ,,blue ,,fox4 ,once !re 0 a little blue fox1 & 8 "n 0 ,ei*kao1 & he 0 a ?ief4 ,s he built 8 h\se d[n deep among ! rocks "u ! moss on ! ,mi/ ,isl&1 & 8 little fox *ildr5 us$ to /ay d[n among ! rocks4 ,!re !y w\ld gurgle1 gurgle1 gurgle1 :5ev] !y he>d anybody walk+ ov] _! heads4 ,ei*kao & 8 fox wife us$ to run all r\nd ov] ! rocks to f9d some?+ = !m to eat1 & :5ev] ,ei*kao saw anybody com+ he w\ld g cl9-n-n-g1 cl+-g-g1 & 8 voice 0 high & %>p1 j l ! voice ( a buzz saw4 ,"o day he walk$ out on ! rocks ov] ! wat] & began to talk to ! black sea p>rot1 ^: "n is ,epatka1 & :o sits erect on 8 c>elessly built ne/ ) "o egg 9 x1 & we>s a great big bill made ( r$ seal+ wax4 ,he has a long :ite quill p5 /uck ov] ea* e>1 & ov] 8 face is a :ite mask1 s t nobody c "k :at k9d ( a face he has1 & all y c see beh9d ! mask is a pair ( little fooli% tw9kl+ :ite glass eyes4 ,:at ! two said to ea* o!r ,i don't "k1 b !y did n talk v long1 = 9 a few m9utes :5 ,i came back to 8 h\se among ! rocks ,ei*kao 0 gone1 & !re lay out on ! bank a bill made ( r$ seal+ wax1 a :ite mask1 & two little :ite quill p5s4 ,!re 7 a few bones & claws & "s fea!rs1 b !y did n seem to belong to any?+ 9 p>ticul>1 & ! little foxes 9 ! rocks w5t gurgle1 gurgle1 gurgle4 ,"o day ,i lay d[n on ! moss out by ! old fox walk on ! ,mi/ ,isl&1 & ,ei*kao saw me !re & ?\ght ,i 0 "s new k9d ( walrus :i* might be good to eat1 & w\ld fe$ all ! little foxes = a mon?4 ,s he ran ar\nd me 9 a circle1 & !n he ran ar\nd aga91 !n aga9 & aga91 always mak+ ! circle small]1 until f9ally ! circle 0 s n>r[ t ,i c\ld rea* him ) my h&4 ,z he w5t ar\nd & ar\nd1 all ! "t he look$ at me ) 8 cold1 gray1 selfi% eye1 & n "o ( all ! bea/s has an eye z cruel-cold z 84 ,:5 he ?\ght t he 0 ne> en\gh1 he gave a snap ) 8 jaws1 & tri$ to bite out a morsel to take home to ! little foxes2 b all ,i (f]$ him 0 a piece ( rubb] boot4 ,& :5 ,i turn$ ar\nd to look at him he 0 runn+ away z fa/ z he c\ld1 call+ kl9-n-g-g1 kl9-n-g1 kl9-n-g1 l a sc>$ buzz saw all ! "t z he w5t out ( sight4 ,& ,i ?9k t he is runn+ yet1 :ile ! little foxes /ill g gurgle1 gurgle "u ! rocks4 ,,iii4-,,h[ ,,! ,,r$ ,,fox ,,w5t ,,hunt+4 7,) ackn[l$gm5t to ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,bassett1 ( ,m5lo ,p>k1 ,cali=nia47 ,once on a "t !re 0 a great tall rabbit1 ! k9d ! m9]s call a n>r[-gauge mule2 b he 0 n a mule at all1 & 8 real "n 0 ,jack ,rabbit4 ,8 home 0 9 ,montana1 & he liv$ by ! riv] !y call ! ,silv] ,b[4 ,he c\ld run fa/] ?an any ( ! o!r bea/s1 & he w5t lickety-clip1 lickety-clip1 b\nd+ ov] ! tops ( ! sagebru%1 = he _h no bru% ( 8 own to c>ry4 ,& !re 0 a r$ fox :o liv$ on ! ,silv] ,b[1 too1 & he w5t hunt+ because he want$ rabbit = d9n]4 ,b :ile he c\ld run v fa/ he c\ld n b\nd ov] ! tops ( ! sagebru%1 = 8 own bru%1 :i* he always c>ri$ ) him because he 0 s pr\d ( x1 w\ld cat* on ! ?orns ( ! o!r k9ds ( bru% & s w\ld keep him back4 ,s he s5t = 8 c\s91 ! coyote1 to come & help him4 ,n[1 ! coyote liv$ out 9 ! c\ntry by ,emigrant ,m\nta94 ,he 0 n pr\d at all1 = he hadn't mu* ( a bru%1 & nobody flatt]$ him = 8 beauty4 ,b = all t ! coyote c\ld run v fa/1 z he _h ,indian blood 9 him4 ,! only tr\ble 0 t 8 h9d feet ran fa/] ?an 8 =e feet4 ,s he _h to /op e little :ile & run sidewise to unk9k himself & give 8 =e feet a *ance to cat* up4 ,:5 ! coyote came up ! rabbit 0 b\nd+ along ?r\gh ! bu%es1 go+ ar\nd 9 a great circle s t he always came back to ! same place1 = t is ! way ( ! rabbit-folk4 ,s ! fox lay l[ & hid 8 bru% 9 ! sage1 & ! coyote foll[$ ! rabbit ar\nd ! circle4 ,& he j kept up ) ! rabbit all ! way1 = ! rabbit wasn't sc>$1 & didn't run v fa/4 ,& :5 !y _h gone once ar\nd ! circle ! rabbit pass$ ! hidd5 fox4 ,!n ! fox got up & *as$ him1 & 0 only a few feet beh9d4 ,& ! coyote /opp$ & ran sidewise = a :ile to unk9k himself1 & !n he lay d[n 9 ! bu%es & wait$ = ! rabbit to come back4 ,! rabbit 0 mu* sc>$ :5 he saw ! fox close beh9d him1 s he ran & b\nd$ v fa/1 & ! fox kept fall+ beh9d because he _h 8 long bru% to c>ry4 ,b he kept at x j ! same1 & :5 ! rabbit came ar\nd ! circle to :]e he />t$ !re 0 ! coyote wait+ = him4 ,! rabbit _h to make a great jump to get ov] ! coyote's head4 ,!n !y w5t ar\nd aga9 & ! coyote kept close beh9d all ! way1 & ! rabbit began to get tir$4 ,:5 ! coyote's h9d legs got tangl$ up !n ! fox 0 re/$1 & he took up ! *ase2 & s !y kept on1 ea* "o tak+ 8 turn1 except ! rabbit1 :o _h to keep 8 own turn all ! "t4 ,:5 ! race 0 ov] !re 0 nobody !re to see h[ !y divid$ up :at !y caught4 ,b ,i saw ! coyote ! next day1 & he look$ s v empty t ,i ?9k t ! r$ fox mu/ h tak5 all ! rabbit meat = himself4 ,mo/ likely he left 8 c\s9 j ! e>s = 8 "p1 ) a rabbit's foot to c>ry 9 8 pocket = good luck4 ,,glacial ,,geology ,,9 ,,am]ica4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,daniel ,s4 ,,m>t94 ,"u ?is title ! vice-presid5t ( ,section ,e 7,geology7 ( ! ,am]ican ,association--,pr(4 ,h]man ,l4 ,fair*ild1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york--gave an admirable rsum ( ! :ole hi/ory1 progress1 & scope ( ! /udy ( ice ph5om5a 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 z ! op5+ address be=e ! section at ! rec5t ,bo/on meet+4 ,ap>t f ! int]e/ ( ! subject 9 itself consid]$1 ?is address 0 a model ( :at su* addresses %\ld be4 ,:ile /rictly sci5tific1 )\t ! lea/ attempt at rhetorical effect1 x 0 at ! same "t s cle>1 s well arrang$ & s simple 9 language1 t any intellig5t auditor c\ld enjoy x & grasp x1 & c>ry away a di/9ct impression ( ! gradual developm5t & pres5t /atus ( ?is great dep>tm5t ( geological /udy4 ,pr(essor ,fair*ild's *oice ( 8 subject 0 happy also 9 its fitness to ! occasion1 z cov]+ almo/ exactly ! half c5tury ( ! life ( ! association1 ?\gh go+ back inde$ a few ye>s fur!r1 into ! p]iod ( ! e>li] society :i* develop$ into ! association 9 #ahdh4 ,! great body ( ph5om5a compris$ "u ! t]m drift1 & ! smoo!d & scrat*$ surfaces ( rock1 etc41 _h be5 by no means unnotic$ by ! e>ly /ud5ts ( ,am]ican geology1 b !y 7 attribut$ to viol5t & widespread wat] action1 & 7 spok5 ( 9 g5]al z diluvial =mations4 ,:5 ! ag5cy ( ice began to be recogniz$1 x 0 reg>d$ z t ( float+ & /r&+ b]gs2 & ?is view = a long "t cont5d$ ) ! !ory ( glacial action1 ev5 :5 ! latt] _h be5 adopt$ & advocat$ by em95t /ud5ts ( ! subject4 ,! fir/ allusion to drift+ ice z ! ag5t ( transportation ( b[ld]s1 etc41 appe>s to h be5 made z e>ly z #ahbe1 by "o ,pet] ,dobson1 ( ,connecticut1 9 a lett] to ,pr(4 ,b5jam9 ,silliman1 ( ,yale ,college4 ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 :o became ! great *ampion ( ?is view1 cr$its ,mr4 ,dobson's lett] ) giv+ him ! fir/ sugge/ion ( x4 ,twelve ye>s lat]1 9 #ahcg1 ,t4 ,a4 ,conrad made ! e>lie/ ref]5ce to l& ice z ! cause ( our drift ph5om5a2 he does ?is 9 v /rik+ words :5 read 9 ! light ( ! /udies & det]m9ations ( lat] ye>s1 al?\gh ( c\rse imp]fectly & vaguely4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 ,agassiz & o!rs _h be5 work+ among ! glaci]s ( ! ,alps1 & _! views z to a great p]iod ( =m] ext5sion1 9 ,europe & ! ,briti% ,isles1 7 f9d+ "s acceptance abroad4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 ,pr(4 ,edw>d ,hit*cock1 9 8 address z retir+ presid5t ( ! ,association ( ,am]ican ,geologi/s1 9 #ahda1 gave a broad & c>eful review ( ! drift ph5om5a 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ref]r$ to ! "w ( ,agassiz1 ,buckl&1 & ,lyell ) great int]e/1 z hav+ giv5 him a new geological s5se 9 obs]v+ ^! ph5om5a1 & said1 ) prophetic =esight1 ,h5ce=?1 glacial action mu/ =m an important *apt] 9 geology4 ,b ! "t 0 n ripe = ! und]/&+ & acceptance ( ! glacial !ory z a lat] g5]ation has come to "k x4 ,! /udies ( ,agassiz & 8 confrres _h be5 among glaci]s ^u m\nta9 slopes1 & h5ce1 :ile _m ( ! drift ph5om5a 7 /rik+ly acc\nt$ =1 o!rs 7 n & c\ld n be4 ,s x came to pass t1 :ile ,pr(essor ,hit*cock & o!rs 9 ?is c\ntry 7 /rongly impress$1 !y 7 n satisfi$1 & held = ye>s an unc]ta9 position4 ,! glacial indications con=m$ 9 "s aspects to ! !ory1 b n 9 o!rs2 ! /ri & groov+s1 in/ead ( foll[+ valleys1 all _h a g5]al tr5d to ! s\?w>d1 & ! b[ld]s 7 c>ri$ across great depressions & deposit$ ^u heights4 ,h[ c\ld ^! conditions be due to glaci]s8 ,c\ld ice fl[ uphill1 or move long di/ances ov] level areas8 ,^! & o!r ph5om5a1 su* z ! peculi> di/ribution ( drift mat]ial1 9 druml9 ridges & ! l1 _h no explanation4 ,h5ce1 not)/&+ ,presid5t ,hit*cock's utt]ances above quot$1 & 8 simil> ,po/script on ! subject ( drift & mora9es1 app5d$ 9 ! same ye> to 8 volume on ! ,geology ( ,massa*usetts1 we f9d him 9 #ahdc1 :5 aga9 address+ ! ,association ( ,geologi/s1 adopt+ a modifi$ tone1 dwell+ ^u ^! po9ts ( difficulty1 & seek+ a compromise view1 :i* he call$ glacio-aque\s4 ,! great influ5ce also ( ,mur*ison & ,lyell _h be5 ?r[n into ! scale 9 favor ( ! iceb]g !ory1 & ?is fact d\btless _h mu* to d ) ! sl[ developm5t ( true conceptions4 ,lyell visit$ ,am]ica 9 #ahdb1 & 0 pres5t at ! ,am]ican ,geologi/s' meet+1 advocat+ ! float+-ice doctr9e1 to :i* mo/ ( our obs]v]s already lean$2 & s ! views ( ,agassiz & ! glacial s*ool _h to wait = a decade be=e !y f\nd g5]al acceptance or ev5 audi5ce4 ,?is1 we may note 9 pass+1 is b "o m>k$ in/ance out ( _m 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 :]e9 ! p]sonal influ5ce ( em95t lead]s has ob/ruct$ & ret>d$ ! advance ( true k4 ,! :ole recognition ( ! ,cambrian sy/em1 z pre-,silurian & di/9ct1 0 suppress$ & prev5t$ = _m ye>s by ,mur*ison's int5se opposition to ! views ( ,s$gwick4 ,simil> facts might be cit$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 did we c>e to m5tion names4 ,sci5ce c n claim1 z is sometimes ass]t$1 t x possesses or imp>ts any entire exemption f ! influ5ce ( au?ority1 & be/[s complete indep5d5ce f ! t5d5cy to swe> to ! words ( a ma/]4 ,( ! ,new ,york geologi/s1 ,vanuxem alone1 9 8 ,geology ( ! ,?ird ,di/rict1 #ahdb1 incl9$ to ! glacial !ory2 ! o!rs--,emmons1 ,ma!r1 & ,hall--advocat$ float+ ice1 ! latt] urg+ z a *ief objection ! abs5ce ( any great nor!rn highl&s f :i* glaci]s c\ld ext5d s\?w>d4 ,pr(4 ,h5ry ,d4 ,rog]s advocat$ ,de la ,be*e's view1 ( great cata/rophic waves or dbacles ( wat] & ice1 produc$ by sudd5 uplifts ( ! floor ( a circumpol> ocean1 & sweep+ s\?w>d ) trem5d\s p[] ov] ! middle latitudes4 ,^! views 7 pres5t$ by him 9 #ahdd1 at ! ,wa%+ton meet+ ( ! geologi/s1 & are to u a mo/ curi\s illu/ration ( ! old cataclysmic phase ( geological conceptions4 ,two ye>s lat] ,agassiz came to ,am]ica1 & at once set ab\t /udy+ ! ice evid5ces "h1 fir/ 9 ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s & !n ar\nd ! ,great ,lakes4 ,at ! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association1 9 #ahdh1 he pres5t$ 8 views z to ! id5tity ( our ph5om5a ) ^? /udi$ by himself1 ,desor1 & ,guyot abroad4 ,8 views 7 n v w>mly receiv$1 h[ev]1 & he did n attempt _! public pres5tation aga9 = "s ye>s1 turn+ 8 att5tion m to ! field ( zology4 ,9 #ahej1 9 a "w on ,lake ,sup]ior1 he ref]s some:at %>ply to ! prejudice t seem$ to prevail 9 relation to ?is subject4 ,f ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ! aque\s !ories began to be less /rongly pres5t$2 & a new g5]ation ( geologi/s 0 com+ on1 l>gely "u ! tra9+ ( ,guyot & ,agassiz1 & m op5 to _! obs]v$ results4 ,c4 ,b4 ,adams1 9 #ahej1 pres5t$ a view ne>ly ak9 to t adopt$ by ,dana a few ye>s lat]1 ( an elevation ( ! high nor!rn latitudes1 result+ 9 a s\?w>d-mov+ glacial %eet1 & a subsequ5t depression connect$ ) its retreat1 to acc\nt = ! /ratifi$ deposits4 ,pr(essor ,dana accept$ ?is doctr9e 9 8 presid5tial address be=e ! association 9 #ahee1 add+ ! ,t]race p]iod ( p>tial re-elevation4 ,f ?is "t he became ! lead] ( ! ,am]ican glaciali/s1 & 8 great ,manual1 issu$ 9 #ahfb1 c>ri$ ^! views into all ! colleges ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 #aheg ,pr(4 ,edw>d ,hit*cock publi%$ an important treatise on ,surface ,geology1 p>ticul>ly ( ! ,connecticut ,valley1 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k4 ,9 ?is pap] he not$ ! di/9ction1 s important & n[ s famili>1 betwe5 local /ri & ^? ) ! g5]al s\?w>d c\rse ( ! drift4 ,two ye>s lat] 8 son1 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,h4 ,hit*cock1 ext5d$ ?is di/9ction widely ov] ,new ,engl&4 ,9 #ahfc ! report ( progress ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada gave an ext5d$ review ( ! surface geology1 by ,pr(4 ,rob]t ,bell1 9 :i* he fully adopt$ ! glacial !ory4 ,meantime1 also1 ,pr(essor ,ramsay1 9 ,engl&1 _h ab&on$ ! iceb]g doctr9e = t ( glaci]s4 ,9 #ahff & #ahfg important pap]s appe>$ by ,*>les ,:ittlesey1 & "o by ,edw>d ,hung]=d2 ?is la/1 read be=e ! association1 adopt$ ! g5]al views ( ,agassiz1 ) "s important limitations n[ g5]ally receiv$4 ,9 ! same ye> ! revis$ edition ( ,dana's ,manual gave yet full] /atem5t & wid] diffusion to ! g5]ally accept$ views z held to-day4 ,pr(essor ,fair*ild sums up ?is hi/orical sket* z compris+ f\r p]iods--viz41 prior to #ahda1 undisput$ reign ( diluvial hypo!ses2 #ahda to #ahdh1 sugge/ion & discussion ( glacial hypo!ses2 #ahdi to #ahff1 gradual acceptance ( ! latt] view2 f #ahfg onw>d1 developm5t ( glacial geology4 ,f ?is po9t1 ! address 0 occupi$ ) consid]ation ( ! v>i\s aspects ( ! subject z /udi$ & wr\ght out dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s by num]\s obs]v]s4 ,^! are gr\p$ "u f\r ma9 heads1 ea* ) v>i\s subdivisions--viz41 7#a7 ! ice %eet1 z to its area1 its ?ickness1 its c5t]s ( disp]sion1 its migration ( c5t]s1 etc42 7#b7 ! ice p]iod1 z to its cause1 its divisions1 its duration1 its di/ance 9 "t2 7#c7 ! int]pretation ( special ph5om5a1 su* z mora9es1 druml9s1 esk]s1 kettles1 & ! l1 valley drift1 t]races1 loess1 etc42 & 7#d7 exi/+ glaci]s1 z discov]$ on our high m\nta9s ( ! f> ,we/1 & z /udi$ 9 clos] relation to ! anci5t ph5om5a 9 ! great ice cap ( ,gre5l& & ! imm5se glaci] developm5t 9 ,alaska4 ,x is impossible to g into a detail$ review ( ! num]\s po9ts ( int]e/ cov]$ 9 ?is discussion4 ,suffice x to say t "o :o he>d or :o reads x f9ds an admirably cle> & cond5s$ acc\nt ( all ! problems & ph5om5a t h be5 & t are n[ enc\nt]$ 9 ! /udy ( glacial geology on ?is cont95t1 & ( _! gradual int]pretation & solution by ! comb9$ labors ( _m /ud5ts4 ,! progress ( k ov] ?is wide field1 advanc+ /ep by /ep1 amid conflict+ views & p]plex+ conditions1 is beautifully %[n1 & leaves a v /rik+ impression on ! m9d1 ( ! difficulties & ! successes ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,nor is ,pr(essor ,fair*ild dispos$ to claim too mu* or ass]t too /rongly4 ,he recognizes t1 ) all t has be5 met & ma/]$1 !re are /ill que/ions unsolv$1 & laurels to be won by o!rs4 ,among ! facts br\ght out1 a few may be briefly allud$ to4 ,! e>ly ab&onm5t ( ,agassiz's orig9al view ( a va/ ext5sion ( ! pol> sn[ caps1 & ! recognition ( sep>ate c5t]s ( cont95tal glaciation1 n[ di/9ctly det]m9$ z ?ree 9 numb]--a we/]n1 a c5tral1 & an ea/]n--! =m] be+ ! e>lie/1 & ! o!rs foll[+ 9 succession2 ! recognition by ! ,we/]n geologi/s ( ! tw(old "* ( ! ,glacial epo*1 z also det]m9$ 9 we/]n ,europe1 b less m>k$ly traceable 9 our ,ea/]n ,/ates1 ?\gh n[ g5]ally admitt$2 9 close relation to ?is ! det]m9ation ( ! l9e ( ! great t]m9al mora9e1 trac$ by successive obs]v]s f ! ,atlantic seabo>d to ,m9nesota1 & ! subsequ5t recognition ( an old]1 erod$1 & fragm5t>y mora9al fr+e1 m>k+ ! l9e ( ! e>li] ice %eet1 some:at beyond ! lat]4 ,) reg>d to ! actual di/ance ( ! la/ glacial retreat1 z express$ 9 ye>s1 ,pr(essor ,fair*ild is bo? cauti\s & frank4 ,he notes ! g5]al cons5sus ( rec5t obs]v]s t[>d a mu* %ort] p]iod ?an 0 =m]ly suppos$--f five to t5 or p]haps fifte5 ?\s& ye>s4 ,at ! same "t1 !re are _m elem5ts ( unc]ta9ty involv$1 & ! problem is by no means settl$4 ,! ,niag>a gorge1 s long look$ ^u z a possible *ronomet]1 gr[s m complicat$ z x is fur!r /udi$2 ! rate ( erosion has evid5tly v>i$ mu* ) ! volume ( wat] c>ri$ by ! riv]2 & ?is1 9 turn1 has v>i$ ) ! *anges ( level1 & consequ5tly ( dra9age r\tes1 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,great ,lakes4 ,!re h be5 times :5 only ! ,erie wat]s fl[$ ?r\gh ! ,niag>a outlet1 ! upp] lake dra9age pass+ ea/w>d indep5d5tly1 until a gradual nor!rn rise ( ! l&1 :i* is prov$ to be /ill go+ on1 turn$ ! entire dra9age into ! pres5t ,/4 ,clair r\te f ,lake ,huron into ,lake ,erie1 & s ?r\gh ,niag>a4 ,?is po9t leads u to digress = a mom5t f ! address "u consid]ation to allude to a v int]e/+ dep>tm5t ( /udy t is n[ gr[+ into prom95ce--to wit1 ! re/oration ( pre-glacial geography & hydrography1 & ! g5esis ( our exi/+ riv] & lake sy/ems ?r\gh\t ! nor!rn "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,! discussions & results 9 reg>d to ,niag>a & ! ,great ,lakes are some:at famili>1 b ! "w on ! riv]s & small] lakes is n s widely kn[n4 ,pr(essor ,fair*ild himself has done mu* 9 relation to ! c5tral lakes ( ,new ,york ,/ate2 & "o v int]e/+ pap] ( ?is k9d on ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,ohio ,riv] 0 read be=e ! section by ,pr(4 ,william ,g4 ,light1 ( ,granville1 ,ohio1 besides _m pap]s by o!rs on simil> topics4 ,! "w done )9 a few ye>s ^u ! glaci]s ( ,arctic ,am]ica has prov$ peculi>ly fruitful 9 results4 ,"h1 aga91 ! :ole subject is review$ hi/orically1 & ! "n & "w ( ea* obs]v] are imp>tially not$4 ,mu* ( ! difficulty enc\nt]$ by ! glacial !ory arose1 z we h se51 f ! fact t only m\nta9 glaci]s _h be5 /udi$1 s t _m ( ! ph5om5a produc$ by cont95tal ice c\ld n be expla9$4 ,pr(essor ,fair*ild says1 z to ?is aspect3 ,m has be5 le>n$ ( ! /ructure1 behavior1 & "w ( our anci5t ice %eets by ! /udy ( ! ,alaskan glaci]s dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s1 & especially by ! /udy ( ! ,gre5l& ice cap dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s1 ?an by all ! /udy ( ! ,alp9e glaci]s = ! sev5ty ye>s s9ce !y h be5 obs]v$4 ,prom95t among ^? :o h work$ 9 ?is field are ! names ( ,pr(essors ,*amb]la9 & ,salisbury 9 ,gre5l&1 & ,pr(essors ,h4 ,f4 ,reid & ,i4 ,c4 ,russell 9 ,alaska2 o!r important contributors are ,pr(4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake1 ! pione] geologi/ 9 ,alaska1 #ahfg2 ,dall & ,bak]1 :o discov]$ & nam$ ! ,malasp9a ,glaci] 9 #ahgd2 & ,john ,muir1 #ahgh1 = :om ! ,muir ,glaci] 0 nam$2 ,wright1 ,baldw91 ,s*watka1 ,libbey1 & o!rs1 & ,b>ton & ,t>r 9 ,gre5l&4 ,pr(essor ,russell1 9 #ahia1 recogniz$ & nam$ a type ( glaci] t 0 be=e unkn[n4 ,9 8 /udies on ! ,malasp9a he f\nd a condition t does n occur1 s f> z yet obs]v$1 any:]e else ?an on ! nor?we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica2 ?is is :]e a numb] ( m\nta9 glaci]s deb\* ^u a l[1 flat coa/ pla91 & unite to =m a great sluggi%ly mov+ %eet ( ice4 ,?is p>ticul> developm5t he call$ ! ,pi$mont type4 ,9 clos+ 8 address1 ,pr(essor ,fair*ild rem>ks t ! ^w !ory1 z appli$ to ! glacial orig9 ( ! drift & its ph5om5a1 may & %\ld n[ be ab&on$4 ,! subject has pass$ beyond ! /age ( !ory1 & is z well und]/ood & z cle>ly e/abli%$ z ! volcanic orig9 ( ! cone ( ,vesuvius or ! s$im5t>y orig9 ( /ratifi$ rocks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! artificial plat=ms or plat=m m\nds1 *>act]i/ic ( _m ( ! anci5t ,p]uvian t[ns1 ,mr4 ,b&eli] has obs]v$ features t recall =cibly ! ,new ,mexican ,indian cu/om ( giv+ to ea* inanimate object its he>t4 ,9 "s in/ances1 says ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,hodge1 9 8 pap]1 r\nd columns =m$ a k9d ( an int]ior ni*e2 9 o!rs1 a small *amb] conta9$ urns or j>s ) maize meal4 ,a rem>kable & v significant feature 0 obs]v$ by ! explor] 9 a p>tly ru9$ m\nd at ,*an*an4 ,! core ( ?is /ructure :5 op5$ %[$ two well-pres]v$ alt>s ( adobe4 ,9 su* int]ior ap>tm5ts1 figur9es ( metal1 clay1 or wood are almo/ inv>iably f\nd2 & ! mat]ially valuable f9ds made 9 ,p]uvian ru9s 9 e>li] times came f ! he>t ( "o or ! o!r ( ! artificial elevations describ$4 ,,mod]n ,,/udies ,,( ,,e>?quakes4 ,,by ,,georg ,,g]al&4 ,! inve/igation ( e>?quakes1 seismology1 has become 9 ! pres5t day an indep5d5t subject ( sci5tific int]e/4 ,9 l&s :]e e>?quakes are frequ5t1 z 9 ,italy & ,japan1 seismic obs]vations h be5 (ficially sy/ematiz$ ov] ! :ole c\ntry1 ) c5tral & bran* /ations at :i* ! "w is nev] /ill4 ,a net ( seismic obs]vations ( all nations is be+ m & m closely wov5 ov] ! :ole e>?1 & !re are ye>ly & mon?ly collations ( obs]vations ( ev5 ! slighte/ %ocks4 ,seismic lit]ature is1 !re=e1 ne>ly inexhau/ible1 & !ory & praxis are 9 con/ant vogue2 9 %ort1 seismics has gr[n to be a sep>ate bran* ( sci5ce1 & to dem& indep5d5t treatm5t1 call+ = ! en]gy & labor ( _m /ud5ts4 ,:at gives x s great importance8 ,:at is ! condition ( our pres5t k & its hi/ory8 ,:at w be rea*$ 9 ! future ?r\gh ! competition ( ! nations8 ,^! que/ions possess a high sci5tific z well z culture-hi/orical int]e/4 ,we "h attempt to answ] !m4 ,! fir/ really sci5tific description ( an e>?quake--t ( ,lisbon--) its f>-rea*+ accompany+ ph5om5a1 0 ! "w ( ! greate/ contempor>y ?9k]1 ,kant1 & x is n too mu* to say t 8 pap] op5$ a new epo* 9 ! k ( e>?quakes4 ,t t]rible ev5t & ! extreme t]ror :i* x caus$ ev]y:]e 7 foll[$ 9 #aghc by ! likewise extremely de/ructive e>?quake ( ,calabria4 ,! att5tion ( ! p 0 ?us direct$ to ?is my/]i\s mighty activity ( ! e>?1 & 0 kept especially lively 9 ,italy1 ! c\ntry ( ,europe mo/ subject to e>?quakes4 ,! newly ris+ sci5ce ( geology !re=e f\nd 9 ! la/ ?ird ( ! la/ c5tury 9 ^! ph5om5a a problem ( prom95t importance4 ,geologi/s 7 ! fir/ to apply !mselves to seismic /udies1 z ! mo/ widely curr5t explanation ( ! ph5om5a is /ill a geological "o4 ,! sci5tific int]e/ ( ! "q prevail$ ov] ! practical4 ,m att5tive obs]vation 0 giv5 to e>?quakes1 ! acc\nts ( !m scatt]$ ?r\gh ! anci5t *ronicles 7 collat$1 & ! already v num]\s seismic notes ( great e>?quake manife/ations--su* z ^? by ,h(f1 ,p]ry1 ,mallet1 ,volg]1 ,fu*s1 etc4--con/itut$ a v important factor 9 ! /udy4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ results ( ! inquiry 0 to %[ t directly p]ceptible e>?quakes are n p]ceptible ev]y:]e2 t !y are mo/ common on ! great upfold+s ( ! e>?'s cru/ on ! m\nta9 *a9s1 su* z ! ,&es1 ,alps1 & ,himalayas2 & t1 fur!r1 !y are connect$ ) ! %ores ( ! ,pacific1 ! ,antilles1 & ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ) places also :]e great brea*es & v>i\s di/urbances are evid5t2 t !y are at home likewise 9 volcanoes2 & t !y are mo/ frequ5t 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & :5 ! e>? is ne>e/ to ! sun4 ,! descriptions ( p[]ful %ocks furni% u evid5ce ( a d\ble movem5t ( ! e>?'s cru/--an alt]nate up-&-d[n vibration & an (t5 v m>k$ wave motion4 ,! de/ruction :i* e>?quake %ocks & waves inflict on build+s1 & ! rem>kably rapid & wide spread ( ! trembl+s ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 h be5 v dilig5tly inquir$ into2 & :51 9 #ahef1 ,naples & ,calabria 7 visit$ by a great e>?quake1 an ,engli% inve/igator1 ,rob]t ,mallet1 made a full /udy ( x1 & believ$ t by comp>+ ! direction ( ! r5ts 9 walls & build+s1 :i* 7 assum$ to correspond ) t ( ! trembl+s1 he c\ld id5tify ! focus ( ! %ocks 9 ! e>?'s int]ior1 & ! c\rse ( ! wave movem5t ov] its surface--a view :i* has long prevail$ 9 seismology4 ,/ill m important 0 ! "w ( ! geologi/ ,k>l von ,seeba*1 ( ,gtt+51 on ! great e>?quake 9 c5tral ,g]many1 :i* kept ! nor!rn "p ( ! pla9s ( ! upp] ,rh9e1 ar\nd ,may5ce1 ,grossg]au1 & ,d>m/adt1 di/urb$ = sev]al ye>s aft] #ahfi4 ,von ,seeba*'s *ief ef=t 0 to obta9 ! mo/ exact data possible z to ! "t ( ! beg9n+ ( ! %ocks f z _m places z possible1 f :i* he might d$uce ! spot :]e ! %ocks began & 7 /ronge/1 ! epic5t] :i* lay directly ov] ! po9t 9 ! e>?'s int]ior :]e ! movem5t orig9at$4 ,f !m he also d$uc$ a s]ies ( localities :]e ! %ocks 7 simultane\s & ( equal int5sity1 :i* c\ld be connect$ by c]ta9 ne>ly circul> l9es call$ homosei/s4 ,z ! di/ance ( ^! f ! epic5t] increases1 ! undulations take place lat] & are weak]1 & facts may be ?us furni%$ f ! velocity ( propagation ( ! %ocks c be comput$4 ,! obs]vations are also important because von ,seeba* und]took ?r\gh a simple ma!matical calculation to det]m9e f !m ! situation ( ! =ces ( ! subt]ranean po9t :]e ! undulations orig9at$4 ,) ^! inve/igations1 ! process ( annihilat+ "t & space by /eam & ! applications ( electricity 0 also go+ on4 ,by ! effect ( ?is great ev5t1 ! conditions ( e>?quake inve/igation 7 revolutioniz$4 ,a comp>ative /udy ( ! ph5om5a1 fundam5tal & ess5tial to a sci5ce ( seismology1 on ! basis ( mat]ial furni%$ f all ! regions ( ! e>?1 0 r5d]$ possible4 ,an e>?quake s]vice 0 organiz$ 9 ,japan1 by ,j4 ,milne1 ( ,engl&2 "o _h already be5 organiz$ = a consid]able "t 9 ,italy1 & ! results obta9$ at ! two places ( obs]vation s widely sep>at$ correspond$4 ,japanese1 ,indian1 & ,am]ican e>?quakes c\ld be simultane\sly /udi$ 9 ,italy1 ,russia1 ,g]many1 & ,engl&2 & ?us a new1 hi!rto undevelop$ field 0 ga9$1 ! scope ( :i* has already ext5d$ f> beyond its m]ely geological aspect4 ,?is c\ld h happ5$ only ?r\gh ano!r advance t has be5 made 9 our c5tury1 :i* has fir/ r5d]$ a real seismology1 a sci5tific k ( ! seismic conditions ( ! e>?1 possible ?r\gh ! imm5se developm5t ( te*nics1 by :i* a sy/em ( in/rum5tal obs]vation ( e>?quakes 0 e/abli%$4 ,only ?r\gh ?is c\ld ! acquisitions ( rec5t times be utiliz$4 ,:ile =m]ly obs]vations 7 macroscopic & t\*$ only e>?quakes t c\ld be directly felt1 !y n[ cov] ess5tially microscopic tremors ( ! e>?'s cru/1 ( less ?an a ?\s&? ( a millimetre1 t are :olly imp]ceptible to human s5ses2 & we c read !m1 enl>g$ at our pleasure1 on our photographically regi/]+ seismomet]s4 ,we already _h in/rum5ts :i* correctly indicat$ ! "t ( ! beg9n+ & possibly ! direction ( a %ock2 b we ne$$ & h inv5t$ new in/rum5ts--v>i\s sorts ( horizontal & v]tical p5dulums--= ! obs]vation & repres5tation ( ! :ole c\rse ( ! movem5t4 ,! v]tical indicat+ in/rum5ts are mu* us$ 9 ,italy1 & ! horizontal ones almo/ exclusively 9 ,engl&1 ,japan1 & ,g]many4 ,! horizontal p5dulum 0 inv5t$ 9 ,g]many 9 #ahcb by ,h5gl]1 adapt$ to sci5tific use by ,pr(essor ,zlln]1 ( ,leipsic1 & aft]w>d appli$ 9 t =m by ,engli%1 ,g]man1 & o!r obs]v]s4 ,! mo/ complete %ape & ! "o be/ adapt$ to extremely delicate seismic obs]vations 0 giv5 to x by ! late ,g]man a/ronom] & geograph] ,dr4 ,ern/ von ,rebeur ,pas*nitz1 ( ,m]seburg4 ,hav+ und]gone a few small *anges1 fix$ 9 a ?reefold comb9ation x s]ves z our mo/ s5sitive & accurate seismomet]4 ,its movem5ts & its v exact "t m>k+s are photographically repres5t$4 ,! p5dulum box is only =ty c5timetres 9 diamet]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( its conv5i5ce & *eapness1 its self-action & its s]viceability1 x is becom+ adopt$ m & m g5]ally z an int]national in/rum5t4 ,microseismic inve/igation & its wide ext5sion ov] ! e>? h rais$ seismology ano!r /ep dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 s t x may be said t really exact seismic rese>* began ) x4 ,mod]n seismology has confirm$ _m ( ! old] results1 su* z ! localization ( e>?quakes on ! %ores ( ! ,pacific1 ! ,m$it]ranean & 9 ! m\nta9 *a9s ( ! e>?1 & also ! importance ( homosei/s & ! epic5t]4 ,x has1 on ! o!r h&1 greatly modifi$ ! =m] e/imates ( ! velocity ( propagation ( ! %ocks4 ,x has ca/ mu* d\bt on speculations z to ! seasons 9 :i* e>?quakes are m or less frequ5t2 & x has demon/rat$ ! inadequacy ( =m] me?ods ( det]m9+ ! c5tral focus4 ,x has fur!rmore br\ght u mu* t is new4 ,fir/ is ! mom5t\s fact t ! e>?'s cru/ is nev] at re/2 t x und]goes a multitude ( v div]sifi$ movem5ts besides ^? ( ! e>?quake4 ,?us a p]iodical swell+1 a flood wave1 is produc$ by ! attraction ( ! moon2 & o!r heav+s are induc$ by ! daily & annual c\rse ( ! sun's heat4 ,b su* movem5ts & o!r simil> ones d n come )9 ! scope ( ?is article4 ,real e>?quakes1 or movem5ts t orig9ate 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 also appe> 9 v diff]5t =ms4 ,fir/ are ! directly p]ceptible %ocks1 f ! p[]ful ones t create great di/urbances to ! m]ely local ones (t5 h>dly rem>k$4 ,( ! imm$iate work+s ( ^! %ocks1 microscopic in/rum5ts h taught u no?+ ess5tially new4 ,b v _m macroscopic movem5ts1 (t5 cont9u+ = sev]al h\rs1 b :i* are n felt1 h be5 reveal$1 t h be5 %[n 9 _m in/ances to be di/ant effects ( o!r /rong e>?quakes2 effects :i* are sometimes propagat$ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! e>?4 ,!re is1 fur!rmore1 ano!r s]ies ( movem5ts1 only p>tly expla9$ z yet1 ( a peculi> sort3 fir/1 small1 quickly pass+ di/urbances1 :i* appe> 9 ! photographic reproductions ( ! curves z l>g] or small] knots1 & :i* are reg>d$ ) great probability z di/ant effects ( m9or seismic movem5ts mo/ likely imp]ceptible any:]e4 ,!y c n be local e>?quakes1 = !y give entirely diff]5t curves4 ,!re also appe>1 ) consid]able regul>ity1 at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 v sl[ movem5ts ( ! gr\nd1 call$ pulsations2 & f9ally ! multitude ( vibrations call$ tremors1 :i* assume v>i\s =ms4 ,sometimes !y come z =]unn]s1 accompanim5ts1 or foll[]s 9 close association ) ^? great di/urbances t orig9ate 9 di/ant e>?quakes2 sometimes z %ocks ( m9ute int5sity 9 sep>ate gr\ps1 :i* x has n yet be5 possible to acc\nt =2 & 9 o!r cases !y are trac$ to ! %ak+ ( ! gr\nd by ! w9d4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to obs]ve t ! seismic app>atus %\ld be mo/ c>efully gu>d$ aga9/ di/urbance by ! movem5ts ( trade1 wagons1 etc41 s t ! problem %all n be complicat$ by !m4 ,! !ory ( ! nature ( e>?quake %ocks1 _! transmission & _! velocity1 has be5 set 9 a new light by ! labors ( ,augu/us ,smi?1 ( ,/uttg>t4 ,f "s calculations ( _! velocity made by ,g4 von ,nebeur1 x is f\nd t ! e>?quake ( ,april #ag1 #ahhi1 9 ,tokio1 ,japan1 0 p]ceiv$ 9 ,potsdam1 ,prussia1 n9e ?\s& kilometres di/ant1 9 ?irte5 m9utes2 t ( ,octob] #bg1 #ahid1 9 ,santiago1 ,*ili1 9 ,rome1 elev5 ?\s& five hundr$ kilometres di/ant1 9 sev5te5 m9utes1 & 9 ,*>k[1 ,russia1 two ?\s& kilometres f ,rome1 betwe5 "o & two m9utes lat]4 ,x rea*$ ,tokio at ! same "t1 aft] a transit ( sev5te5 ?\s& f\r hundr$ kilometres4 ,/ill ano!r task ( mod]n seismology is ! inve/igation ( e>?quakes at sea1 or seismic movem5ts ( ! bottom ( ! ocean1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y are propagat$ ?r\gh ! wat]1 ( :i* a v f9e c>tographic repres5tation has be5 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,c4 ,rudolph1 ( ,/rasburg4 ,! "q ( ! orig9 ( e>?quakes /&s 9 con/ant connection ) ?is ext]nal developm5t ( seismology4 ,x is significant & rem>kable t ! answ]s to x1 ?\gh !y may be giv5 diff]5tly f diff]5t sci5tific po9ts ( view1 are always consi/5t 9 "o fact1 t e>?quakes are a ph5om5on ( ! :ole e>?4 ,"s ( ! inve/igators seek to expla9 !m1 aside f ^? t occur 9 volcanic regions1 z a "p ( ! great *anges 9 ! e>?'s cru/ :i* h tak5 place dur+ ! la/ geological epo*1 & are /ill1 p]haps1 tak+ place2 o!rs f9d _! seat & cause 9 ! un/able condition ( ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 b5ea? its solid & r$-hot envelope4 ,! =m] explanation1 ! old] & h]et(ore ! preval5t "o1 is call$ ! tectonic !ory1 because x is bas$1 leav+ out volcanic e>?quakes1 on ! /ructure ( ! e>?'s cru/2 ! second1 :i* is ga9+ gr\nd1 & requires no sep>ate explanation = volcanic e>?quakes1 may be call$1 reviv+ an expression us$ by ,l4 ,fr4 ,naumann1 ( ,leipsic1 ! ,plutonic !ory1 because x goes d[n into ! unexplor$ dep?s ( ! e>?4 ,if seismic manife/ations dep5d ^u ! action ( ! :ole e>?1 a s+le explanatory pr9ciple1 z is always ! case ) great natural ph5om5a1 is n suffici5t1 & tectonic z well z ,plutonic e>?quakes mu/ be recogniz$1 & ! rev]se4 ,! tectonic !ory is ( geological orig91 & prop]ly supplant$ ! old] ,plutonic !ory ( ,humboldt1 :i* 0 only an unv]ifi$ supposition4 ,z a :ole x 0 fir/ work$ out by ,otto ,volg] 9 #aheh1 aft] v>i\s simil> hypo!ses _h be5 set =? by o!r inve/igators4 ,he 0 confirm$ by ! indep5d5t rese>*es ( ,rudolf ,ho]nes1 ,ed\>d ,suess1 & mo/ ( ! ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 & ,engli% seismologi/s4 ,_! !ory supposes t !re are l>ge holl[ spaces 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 into :i* imm5se falls ( mat]ial take place1 & t ^! are ! cause ( a "p ( ! e>?quakes2 t ! cru/ ( ! e>? is (t5 & v>i\sly di/urb$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! con/ant contraction dep5d5t ^u ! cool+ ( ! globe4 ,x is brok5 up into sep>ate masses :i* 9 _! turn are dislocat$ horizontally or v]tically2 is lift$ up & fold$ into imm5se m\nta9 ranges1 ! ar*es ( :i*1 break+1 may aga9 suff] dislocation4 ,?us cont9u\s action 9 movem5t ( masses & fold+s is con/antly go+ on 9 ! e>?4 ,ed\>d ,suess1 ! di/+ui%$ ,au/rian geologi/1 has inde$ con/itut$ a special e>?quake type to correspond ) ?is type ( m\nta9 =mation4 ,s9ce1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is condition1 t5sion is pres5t ev]y:]e 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 x may come to pass t x %all be reliev$ by a di/ant e>?quake1 & ano!r e>?quake1 :i* may be call$ a relay or transmission e>?quake1 be produc$ !reby4 ,h5ce we h1 besides ! volcanic1 ! l&fall1 ! tectonic 79 ! /rict s5se71 & ! transmission e>?quakes4 ,! s\rces ( e>?quake =ce lie1 !n1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 9 ! incomplet5ess ( ! e>?'s cru/1 ! effects ( gravity1 & ! e>?'s loss ( heat4 ,& is ! supposition n v probable8 ,d we n see simil> processes go+ on ov] ! :ole e>?1 9 ! %ape ( e>?quakes1 l&slides1 fissures1 subsid5ces ( l&1 & ! l8 ,& z ! ,alps 7 lift$ up1 & ! pla9 ( ! ,rh9e 0 depress$ betwe5 ! ,vosges & ! ,black ,=e/1 may n mighti] dislocations1 brea*es1 & de/ruction occur8 ,:y may n ! processes :i* took place 9 ! e>li] epo*s ( ! e>?'s hi/ory & 7 s p[]ful 9 ! m rec5t ,t]ti>y be /ill go+ on8 ,all ?is seems s plausible t1 ) a few exceptions1 ! !ory has be5 almo/ univ]sally agre$ 94 ,i briefly m5tion "h ,falb's !ory1 :i*1 accept+ ! e>li] views1 ascribes e>?quakes to p]iodical swell+s ( ! fi]y fluid int]ior ( ! e>?1 only because ( ! effect x has _h on ! public 9 connection ) "s :olly unsci5tific pr$ictions4 ,m wor?y ( consid]ation is ! !ory ( ,daubre1 ! late di/+ui%$ ma/] ( ,fr5* & especially ,alsatian geology1 :o did n attribute ! simil> ph5om5a ( volcanic & nonvolcanic e>?quakes to diff]5t causes1 b ma9ta9$ t all e>?quakes 7 produc$ by sup]heat$ /eam issu+ f surface wat]s4 ,b ?is !ory ne$s no refutation4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s s]i\s objections to ! tectonic !ory ( e>?quakes1 plausible z x may seem4 ,9 ord] to weigh !m z we ought1 we mu/ z briefly z possible con/ruct a picture ( ! con/itution ( ! e>?'s int]ior4 ,! av]age di/ance f ! e>?'s surface to its c5t] is sixty-?ree hundr$ & sev5ty kilometres4 ,! temp]ature ( ! e>? increases ) ! dep?1 at ! rate1 on a mod]ate e/imate1 ( ab\t "o degree c5tigrade = e =ty metres4 ,h5ce1 at a dep? ( "o ?\s& kilometres we w\ld h a temp]ature ( #be1jjj ,c42 ev5 if we call x only #ae1jjj1 we %\ld expect to f9d !re only gases1 & ^? 9 a simple /ate1 = ) t heat all ! comp\nd gases w\ld be dissociat$4 ,! zone ( fluidity = all rocks lies at a dep? ( ab\t "o hundr$ kilometres1 :]e ! temp]ature is #b1ejj ,c4 ,:ile ! cru/ ( ! e>? is betwe5 #b4e & ?ree times z heavy z di/ill$ wat] at #d ,c41 its specific gravity rises t[>d ! c5t] ( ! e>? to m ?an elev51 or ab\t f\rfold4 ,iron has a specific gravity ( #g4h1 or ab\t ?reefold t ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?2 b ! specific gravity ( ! e>? at ! greate/ dep? is consid]ably high] ?an ?is4 ,h5ce mu/ arise an enorm\s pressure1 /eadily increas+ t[>d ! c5t]1 :]e1 accord+ to ! ,engli% geophysici/1 ! ,rev4 ,osmond ,fi%]1 x rea*es ab\t ?ree million atmosph]es to ! ,engli% squ>e in*4 ,x results f ^! conditions t ) ! enorm\s pressure & heat1 & specific gravity1 ! int]ior ( ! e>? consi/s ( dissociat$ gases compress$ to great rigidity1 :i* ex]t an imm5se c\nt]-pressure--= _! t5d5cy is always to exp&4 ,!y pass out cont9u\sly into a zone ( fluid matt]1 & ?is aga9 is held by ! pressure ( ! int]ior gases 9 a l compact condition4 ,?us a v high pressure /ill prevails 9 ! l[] p>ts ( ! solid cru/ ( ! e>?1 :i* is s high t ev5 ! mo/ solid rocks !re are 9 a lat5t pla/ic condition--t is1 !y behave t[>d diff]5t =ces l pla/ic clay1 & l x c be de=m$ )\t break+4 ,r5ts1 slides1 caves1 & clefts are out ( ! "q !re2 ?+s ( t k9d c exi/ only 9 ! upp] /rata4 ,?is fact con/itutes a v /rong objection to ! tectonic !ory ( e>?quakes1 & ?us ! v dep?s ( ! e>? speak aga9/ x4 ,we h already m5tion$ t ,k4 von ,seeba* e/imat$ ! dep? ( ! e>?quake focus f ! movem5ts ( ! waves1 & f\nd x n v great4 ,b 8 e/imates1 z ,pr(4 ,augu/ ,s*midt has %[n1 re/ ^u physically incorrect premises2 accord+ to ,s*midt's m correct calculation1 ! c5t] ( ! ,*>le/on e>?quake ( #ahhf lay at a dep? ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty kilometres1 :]e !re c be no "q ( tectonic movem5ts1 because g5]al fluidity is rea*$ at "o hundr$ kilometres4 ,fur!r1 ! e>?quake at ,lisbon1 if ! tectonic !ory is valid1 might1 tak+ ! "* ( ! region into consid]ation1 h be5 occasion$ by a slide4 ,b h[ l>ge mu/ ! plung+ mass1 h[ deep ! plunge or slide h be5 to produce su* %ocks z de/roy$ ,lisbon & %ook ,europe to beyond ,bohemia6 ,:]e c we f9d room 9 ! closely compress$ int]ior ( ! e>? = su* irruptions8 ,ev5 if su* a sudd5 s9k+ _h left no trace 9 ! int]ior1 x %\ld h left its m>ks on ! surface4 ,mr4 ,john ,milne c\nts up n less ?an #h1cca consid]able e>?quake %ocks 9 ,japan betwe5 #ahhe & #ahib2 ,julius ,s*midt1 =m] director ( ! obs]vatory 9 ,a!ns1 enum]at$ ?ree hundr$ sev]e & dang]\s & fifty ?\s& light %ocks = ,phocis alone betwe5 #ahgj & #ahgc1 ( :i* n a trace ( l& *anges or depressions c be p]ceiv$1 aside f sup]ficial avalan*es 7on ,p>nassus1 = example7 & subsid5ce ( mead[s & o!r spongy soil1 l ! fam\s depression ( ! ,molo at ,lisbon4 ,all ?is speaks s emphatically aga9/ ! tectonic orig9 ( e>?quakes t x c n be consid]$ z a g5]al cause4 ,ev5 ! mighty di/urbances & %ocks ( ! times :5 su* ranges z ! ,alps & ,himalayas 7 lift$ up c prove no?+ = ! pres5t "t2 = ! conditions1 ! me*anical "w & act+ =ces1 ( ! e>? 7 q diff]5t1 & ! latt] mu* great] & m acute ?an 9 our "t1 z ! numb] & magnitude ( ! volcanoes ( ^? ages %[1 be=e :i* ours are almo/ z no?+4 ,we h no adequate compreh5sion ( ! way t me*anical "w 0 done4 ,a depression l t ( ! pla9 ( ! ,rh9e c\ld c]ta9ly n h tak5 place )\t sev]e e>?quakes2 b we d n "k h[ !y may h come to pass1 = we h no?+ analog\s to !m4 ,! upp] /rata ( ! e>?'s cru/ are brok5 up1 fissur$1 & cav]n\s2 h5ce purely local m9or e>?quakes may und\bt$ly be produc$ by cav+s-91 l&slides1 & settl+s ( small ext5t4 ,b ?is explanation1 9 view ( ! nature ( ! cru/1 is n possible = /rong e>?quakes1 ev5 9 ! upp] lay]s1 :i* s5d _! waves f> ov] ! l&2 _! orig9 mu/ be1 almo/ ( necessity1 9 ! great] deeps b5ea? ! cru/1 f> d[n :]e ! imm5se gas globe ( ! int]ior is con/antly =c+ its way into ! fluid b&1 & ?is into ! solid /one2 9 ^? zones ( *ang+ conditions a mighty movem5t mu/ be incessantly prevail+4 ,! pressure ^u ! gases ( ! int]ior dim9i%es "h1 & ! excessive temp]ature z well4 ,?is c n take place )\t *anges4 ,temp]ature & pressure n[ fall1 n[ rise aga91 b cont9ue v high ?r\gh x all4 ,! dissociat$ gases unite & sep>ate aga91 & mo/ viol5t explosions are infallibly produc$ !reby4 ,wat] exi/s 9 ! int]ior 9 imm5se masses1 & t n solely 9 consequ5ce ( p]colation f ! surface4 ,vapor at v high pressure sep>ates into its elem5ts--hydrog5 & oxyg5--! reunion ( :i* ensues ) viol5t explosions1 simil> to our gas explosions1 :i* mu/ be v num]\s 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 & accompani$ ) great developm5t ( =ce4 ,! pr9cipal effect ( su* explosions is1 ( c\rse1 aga9/ ! cool] & m weakly resi/+ sides1 & !re=e n t[>d ! int]ior b t[>d ! cru/ & ! weake/ p>ts ( x1 t[>d ! rupture l9es ( ! zones ( di/urbance1 ! syncl9als4 ,su* attacks1 /rik+ ! e>?'s cru/ f )91 occasion mo/ e>?quakes1 especially viol5t1 de/ructive1 deep-seat$ outbur/s l ^? ( ,lisbon & ,*>le/on4 ,! relation ( ! seismic & ! volcanic ph5om5a is cle>ly to be se54 ,"o s]ies ( seismic ph5om5a rema9s to be expla9$--! light] undulations1 ! tremors1 & ! rem>kable irregul>ity ( ! movem5ts ( ! gr\nd4 ,! indications ( ! v]tical p5dulum app>atus :i* repres5t ^! movem5ts =m an inextricable tangle ( l9es runn+ ov] & cross+ "o ano!r4 ,! late ,japanese pr(essor ( seismology1 ,sekiya1 prep>$ an enl>g$ model ( ! trac+s ( ! seismic movem5ts ( a po9t ( ! e>?'s surface1 :i* has be5 mu* copi$4 ,x repres5ts an extremely confus+ vibration ( ! l9es4 ,n[ we h to confront a v important fact :i* adds mu* to ! difficulty ( seismic rese>*4 ,we nev] feel & obs]ve ! e>?quake %ocks !mselves1 nev] directly 9 _! simplicity or multiplicity1 b only ! wave movem5ts t are s5t out f !m 9 ! ela/ic cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,^!1 h[ev] multifold _! orig91 proce$ 9 an imm5se sph]ical wave :i* moves 9 m or less num]\s repetitions ?r\gh ! e>?'s int]ior4 ,x is ?is %ak+ ( ! e>? by ! sph]ical waves t our in/rum5ts repres5t z e>?quakes4 ,we c n include z ! e>?'s cru/ ! surface ( ! e>? on :i* we live1 & :i* consi/s ( loose mat]ials dis9tegrat$ by wea!r+1 break+1 & num]\s causes1 b ! solid cru/1 (t5 ly+ at a consid]able di/ance b5ea? u1 :i* be>s ^! mat]ials1 & f :i* ! sph]ical waves em]ge4 ,z ! waves ( ! sea1 beat+ ^u ! coa/1 are turn$1 split up1 divid$1 ?r[n up1 etc41 9 _! surg+1 s surge1 too1 ! seismic waves ^u ! dis9tegrat$ surface ( %+le1 pebbles1 brok5 rocks1 s&1 & e>?1 9 clefts & gorges4 ,we ?us nev] obs]ve ! orig9al sph]ical waves1 b only _! fragm5t>y d]ivative =ms1 _! resolution into num]\s s+le waves :i* come to u div]t$ into ! mo/ v>i\s directions4 ,x is ?us mo/ pla9ly %[n t ,mallet's ef=t to det]m9e ! c5t] & orig9 ( ! e>?quake f ! direction ( ! %ock 0 futile4 ,we c only draw sci5tific conclusions respect+ ! "t ( beg9n+1 ! duration1 & =ce ( ! movem5t4 ,x is ?us evid5t t _m ( ! tremors 7n all1 by any means7 orig9ate 9 ?is division2 t a fix$ po9t ( ! e>?'s surface mu/ describe a v complicat$ pa? 9 s intricate a wave movem5t2 t ! division is less m>k$ on firm gr\nd ?an on loose2 t ! =m]1 9 consequ5ce ( ! m ev5ly protract$ movem5t1 is less dang]\s ?an ! latt]2 & t multipli$ waves int]f]e1 ov]lay1 weak51 or /r5g!n "o ano!r j z wat] waves d4 ,?us are expla9$ ! e>?quake bridges or spots :i* always rema9 unmov$ ?r\gh repeat$ e>?quakes1 ei!r because !y are firm]1 or because ! progress ( ! waves is arre/$ at !m by int]f]5ce4 ,! s\nds1 too1 :i* s frequ5tly accompany e>?quakes are likewise simply results ( ?is division ( ! waves & _! escape into ! air1 = we p]ceive wave motions 9 ! air z s\nd4 ,! admirable delicacy ( our s5se ( he>+ is "h manife/$1 = seismic movem5ts are n r>ely p]ceptible1 or he>d1 z air waves1 :i* we c n p]ceive z movem5ts ( ! gr\nd4 ,e>?quake ?und] is caus$1 l /orm ?und]1 by %ocks to ! air1 ( :i* we he> ! ne>e/ & late/ fir/1 & ! f>!/ & e>lie/ la/4 ,! diff]5t tone %ades ( ! e>?quake s\nd dep5d ^u _! v>i\s s\rces1 z f small1 %>p fragm5ts1 cl9k+1 rattl+1 & humm+2 f s& & e>?1 dull rumbl+2 f trees1 :i/l+1 etc4 ,! e*o 9 rav9es n r>ely op]ates to add /r5g? to !m4 ,e>?quake s\nds t seem to come out ( ! air f above are caus$ by e>?quake waves rea*+ u by way ( trees1 h\ses1 etc42 ! diff]5t directions & degrees ( =ce :i* !y seem to indicate 9 diff]5t h\ses or 9 diff]5t rooms ( ! same h\se are expla9able by ! diff]5t ela/icity conditions ( ! h\ses & rooms4 ,b n ! mo/ insignificant conclusion c be drawn f ^! s\nds conc]n+ ! nature & causes ( e>?quakes4 ,x is important to emphasize ?is fact1 = errors h (t5 orig9at$ 9 conclusions drawn f su* ?+s4--,translat$ = ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly f ! ,deuts*e ,runds*au4 99 99 99 99 99 ,examples ( a race ( curi\sly protectively color$ mice :i* inhabit ! s&y isl&1 ! ,nor? ,bull1 9 ! ,bay ( ,dubl91 7 exhibit$ by ,dr4 ,h4 ,ly/] ,jameson 9 ! ,zological ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,a consid]able p]c5tage ( !m 7 di/9ctly light] hu$ ?an ! ance/ral type ( h\se m\se1 ?\gh e possible gradation occurr$ betwe5 ! typical h\se m\se & ! pale/ examples4 ,! speak] reg>d$ ! m>k$ pr$om9ance ( s&-color$ specim5s z due to ! action ( natural selection4 ,! hawks & owls :i* frequ5t ! isl&1 & are ! only enemies ! mice h to compete aga9/1 mo/ easily capture ! d>ke/ examples1 or ^? t contra/ mo/ /rongly ) ! color ( ! s&4 ,?us a protectively color$ race is becom+ e/abli%$4 ,! isl& came into exi/5ce only ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,consequ5tly x is possible to fix a "t limit )9 :i* ! s&y-color$ race has be5 evolv$4 ,its evolution also1 z ,pr(essor ,p\lton obs]v$ 9 8 comm5t on ,dr4 ,jameson's pap]1 gives additional evid5ce to t af=d$ by ! %ore crabs describ$ by ,pr(essor ,weldon 9 8 presid5tial address to ! section1 t ! transmutation ( species is n necess>ily s sl[ z to be indisc]nible4 ,a ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,in/ruction#cc ,,by ,j4 ,,norman ,,locky]1 ,k4 ,c4 ,b41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,! two addresses by my colleagues1 ,pr(essors ,judd & ,rob]ts-,au/51 h drawn att5tion to ! g5]al hi/ory ( our college & ! details ( "o "p ( our organization4 ,i propose to deal ) ano!r "p1 ! consid]ation ( :i* is ( v great importance at ! pres5t "t1 = we are 9 "o ( ^? educational movem5ts :i* spr+ up f "t to "t & mold ! progress ( civilization4 ,! "q ( a tea*+ univ]sity 9 ! l>ge/ city 9 ! _w1 second>y education1 & s-call$ te*nical education are n[ occupy+ m5's m9ds4 ,at ! beg9n+ x is imp]ative t ,i %\ld call y\r att5tion to ! fact t ! /]n necessities ( ! human race h be5 ! orig9 ( all bran*es ( sci5ce & le>n+2 t all s-call$ educational movem5ts h be5 bas$ ^u ! actual requirem5ts ( ! "t4 ,!re has nev] be5 an educational movem5t = le>n+'s sake2 b ( c\rse !re h always be5 /udies & /ud5ts ap>t f any ( ^? g5]al movem5ts to :i* ,i am call+ att5tion2 /ill we h to come d[n to ! times ( ,l\is ,quatorze be=e ! /udy ( ! useless1 ! mme inutile1 0 recogniz$ z a matt] ( national conc]n4 ,x is p]haps ! m necess>y to insi/ ^u /]n necessity z be+ ! orig9 ( le>n+1 because x is s difficult = u n[ to put ourselves 9 ! place ( ^? e>ly repres5tatives ( our race t _h to face ! problems ( life among condition+s ( :i* !y 7 pr(\ndly ignorant3 :5 night meant dea?2 :5 !re 0 no c]ta9ty t ! sun w\ld rise on ! morr[2 :5 ! gr[? ( a plant f se$ 0 unrecogniz$2 :5 a ye>ly return ( seasons might z well be a miracle z a pro( ( a settl$ ord] ( ph5om5a2 :51 f9ally1 nei!r cause nor effect _h be5 trac$ 9 ! op]ations ( ,nature4 ,x is d\btless 9 consequ5ce ( ?is difficulty t "s ( ! e>ly races h be5 cr$it$ by "s au?ors ) a special love ( ab/ract sci5ce1 ( sci5ce = its own sake2 s t ?is1 & n /]n necessity1 0 ! motive ( _! inquiries4 ,?us we h be5 told t ! ,*aldeans diff]$ f ! o!r e>ly races 9 hav+ a pr$ilection = a/ronomy1 ano!r det]m9+ factor be+ t ! va/ pla9s 9 t c\ntry provid$ !m ) a p]fect horizon4 ,! fir/ hi/oric glimpses ( ! /udy ( a/ronomy we f9d among ! peoples occupy+ ! ,nile ,valley & ,*aldea1 say #fjjj ,b4 ,c4 ,b ?is /udy _h to d ) ! fix+ ( ! l5g? ( ! ye>1 & ! det]m9ation ( ^? times 9 x 9 :i* ! v>i\s agricultural op]ations _h to be p]=m$4 ,^! 7 relat$ /rictly to ! rise ( ! ,nile 9 "o c\ntry & ( ! ,euphrates 9 ! o!r4 ,all human activity 01 9 fact1 ti$ up ) ! movem5ts ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s4 ,^!1 !n1 became ! gods ( ^? e>ly peoples1 & ! a/ronom]s1 ! se]s1 7 ! fir/ prie/s2 rev]$ by ! p because z int]pret]s ( ! cele/ial p[]s !y 7 ! cu/odians ( ! k :i* 0 ! mo/ necess>y = ! purposes ( life4 ,eudemus ( ,rhodes1 "o ( ! pr9cipal pupils ( ,ari/otle1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,geometry1 attributes ! orig9 ( geometry to ! ,egyptians1 :o 7 oblig$ to inv5t x 9 ord] to re/ore ! l&m>ks :i* _h be5 de/roy$ by ! inundation ( ! ,nile1 & obs]ves t x is by no means /range t ! inv5tion ( ! sci5ces %\ld h orig9at$ 9 practical ne$s4#cd ,! new geometry 0 br\ght f ,egypt to ,greece by ,?ales ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e ,ari/otle 0 born4 ,:5 to a/ronomy & geometry we add ! elem5ts ( m$ic9e & surg]y1 :i* x is kn[n 7 famili> to ! anci5t ,egyptians1 x w be conc$$ t we are1 9 ^? e>ly times1 face to face ) ! cultivation ( ! mo/ useful bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! evid5ce is increas+ day by day t ,greek sci5ce 0 ,egyptian 9 its orig91 !re is no d\bt t its cultivation 9 ,greece 0 m ext5d$1 & t x 0 l>gely develop$ !re4 ,"o ( ! mo/ useful & prolific writ]s on philosophy & sci5ce :o has ev] liv$1 ,ari/otle1 0 born 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,f him1 x may be said1 dates a g5]al conception ( sci5ce bas$ on obs]vation z diff]+ f exp]im5t4 ,if y wi% to get an idea ( ! sci5ce ( ^? times1 read 8 writ+s on ,physics & on ! ,classification ( ,animals4 ,all s\ght 9 ,ari/otle ! basis ( k1 b !y only read 8 philosophy2 ,dante calls him ! ma/] ( ^? :o "k4#ce ,:y 0 ,ari/otle s c>eful to treat sci5ce z well z philosophy1 ) :i* 8 ma/]1 ,plato1 _h dealt almo/ exclusively8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is ( great int]e/ to our pres5t subject4 ,! late ,"l ,playfair#cf 9 a pregnant passage sugge/s ! reason1 & ! lat] hi/ory ( ,europe %[s1 ,i ?9k1 t he is "r4 ,we f9d t j z e>ly nations became ri* & prosp]\s1 s did philosophy arise among !m1 & x decl9$ ) ! decad5ce ( mat]ial prosp]ity4 ,9 ^? spl5did days ( ,greece :5 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 & ,z5o 7 ! repres5tatives ( great s*ools ( ?\ght1 :i* /ill ex]cise _! influ5ce on mank9d1 ,greece 0 a great manufactur+ & m]cantile community2 ,cor9? 0 ! seat ( ! manufacture ( h>dw>e2 ,a!ns t ( jewelry1 %ipbuild+1 & pott]y4 ,! ri* m5 ( ,greece & all its free citiz5s 7 actively engag$ 9 trade & comm]ce4 ,! le>n$ class 7 ! sons ( ^? citiz5s1 & 7 9 possession ( _! accumulat$ exp]i5ce d]iv$ ?r\gh indu/ry & =eign relations4 ,?ales 0 an oil m]*ant2 ,ari/otle inh]it$ weal? f 8 fa!r1 :o 0 a physician1 b1 sp5d+ x1 is believ$ to h support$ himself z a druggi/ till ,philip appo9t$ him tutor to ,alex&]4 ,plato's weal? 0 l>gely d]iv$ f comm]ce1 & 8 ma/]1 ,socrates1 is said to h be5 a sculptor4 ,z5o1 too1 0 a travel+ m]*ant4 ,ar*im$es is p]haps an exception1 = he is said to h be5 closely relat$ to a pr9ce2 b if s1 he is ! only pr9cely discov]] ( sci5ce on record4 ,9 anci5t ,greece we see ! flood ( ! fir/ great intellectual tide4 ,alas6 x nev] t\*$ ! %ores ( we/]n ,europe1 b x und\bt$ly rea*$ to ,rome1 & !re mu/ h be5 v mu* m obs]vational sci5ce taught 9 ! ,roman /udia ?an we g5]ally imag9e1 o!rwise h[ acc\nt = ,pl9y1 ! va/ public works1 _! civiliz+ influ5ce c>ri$ ov] sea & l& f beyond ,bab-el-,m&eb to ,scotl&8 ,9 "s directions _! applications ( sci5ce are z yet unsurpass$4 ,) ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire bo? sci5ce & philosophy disappe>$ = a :ile4 ,! fir/ wave _h come & gone2 its la/ feebl] ripples seem to h be5 repres5t$ at ?is "t by ! gradual *ange ( ! ,roman secul> /udia :]ev] !y exi/$ into cl]ical s*ools1 ! m important ( :i* 7 9 "t atta*$ to ! *ief ca!drals & mona/]ies2 & x is n difficult to und]/& :y ! secul> 7or sci5tific7 in/ruction 0 gradually replac$ by "o m fitt$ = ! tra9+ ( prie/s4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at t ! ceaseless /rife 9 ! c5t] ( ,europe _h driv5 :at little le>n+ !re 0 to ! we/]n & s\!rn extremities1 :]e ! turmoil 0 less--,i ref] to ,brita9 & ,s\? ,italy--:ile ! exil$ ,ne/orians c>ri$ ,hell5ic sci5ce & philosophy out ( ,europe altoge!r to ,mesopotamia & ,arabia4 ,! next wave--x 0 b a small "o--_h its orig9 9 our own c\ntry4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury ,engl& 0 at its greate/ height1 relatively1 9 educational matt]s1 *iefly ow+ to ! labors ( two m54 ,b$a1 g5]ally call$ ! ,v5]able ,b$e1 ! mo/ em95t writ] ( 8 age1 0 born ne> ,monkwe>m\? 9 #fgc1 & pass$ 8 life 9 ! mona/]y !re4 ,he n only wrote ! hi/ory ( our isl& & nation1 b treatises on ! nature ( ?+s1 a/ronomy1 *ronology1 ari?metic1 m$ic9e1 philosophy1 gramm>1 rhetoric1 poetry1 music1 bas+ 8 "w on t ( ,pl9y4 ,he di$ 9 #gce1 9 :i* ye> 8 great foll[] 0 born 9 ,york%ire4 ,i ref] to ,alcu94 ,he 0 educat$ at ! ,ca!dral ,s*ool at ,york "u ,ar*bi%op ,egb]t1 &1 hav+ imbib$ ev]y?+ he c\ld le>n f ! writ+s ( ,b$e & o!rs1 0 soon recogniz$ z "o ( ! greate/ s*ol>s ( ! "t4 ,on return+ f ,rome1 :i!r he _h be5 s5t by ,eaubald to receive ! pallium1 he met ,k>l ! ,great1 ,k+ ( ! ,franks & ,lomb>ds1 :o ev5tually induc$ him to take up 8 resid5ce at 8 c\rt1 to become 8 in/ructor 9 ! sci5ces4 ,k>l 7or ,*>lemagne7 !n 0 ! greate/ figure 9 ! _w1 & al?\gh z ,k+ ( ! ,franks & ,lomb>ds1 & subsequ5tly ,emp]or ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 8 c\rt 0 g5]ally at ,aa*51 he 0 con/antly travel+ ?r\gh\t 8 dom9ions4 ,he 0 induc$1 9 consequ5ce ( ,alcu9's influ5ce1 n only to h a s*ool always ab\t him on 8 j\rneys1 b to e/abli%1 or fo/]1 su* s*ools :]ev] he w5t4 ,h5ce x has be5 affirm$ t ,france is indebt$ to ,alcu9 = all ! polite le>n+ x boa/$ ( 9 t & ! foll[+ ages4 ,! univ]sities ( ,p>is1 ,t\rs1 ,fuld51 ,soissons1 & o!rs 7 n actually f\nd$ 9 8 day1 b ! mona/ic & ca!dral s*ools out ( :i* !y ev5tually sprang 7 /r5g!n$1 & inde$ a consid]able s*eme ( education = prie/s 0 e/abli%$--t is1 an education free f all sci5ces1 & 9 :i* philosophy alone 0 consid]$4 ,k>l ! ,great di$ 9 #had1 & aft] 8 dea? ! ea/w>d travel+ wave1 ?us />t$ by ,b$e & ,alcu91 slightly b v gradually increas$ 9 height4 ,two c5turies lat]1 h[ev]1 ! conditions 7 *ang$4 ,we f9d ourselves 9 pres5ce ( int]f]5ce ph5om5a1 = !n !re 0 a meet+ ) ano!r wave travel+ we/w>d1 & ?is meet+ 0 ! orig9 ( ! ,european univ]sities4 ,! wave n[ manife/$ travel+ we/]ly1 spread outw>d f ,arab c5t]s fir/ & f9ally f ,con/ant9ople1 :5 its va/ /ores ( ,greek lore 7 op5$ by ! conque/ ( ! city4 ,! fir/ wavelet ju/ifi$ ,eudemus's g5]alization t ! inv5tion ( ! sci5ces orig9at$ 9 practical ne$s1 & t k = its own sake 0 n ! det]m9+ factor4 ,! ye> _h be5 det]m9$1 /one circles erect$ almo/ ev]y:]e1 & fires signal$ f !m1 giv+ notice ( ! longe/ & %orte/ days1 s t agriculture 0 provid$ =1 ev5 away f *ur*es & ! fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! orig9al us] ( geometry 0 n requir$ away f ! valleys ( ! ,nile1 ,tigris1 & ,euphrates1 & !re=e x is n[ m$ic9e & surg]y t come to ! front = ! alleviation ( human ills4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury we f9d ,sal]no1 soon to be fam$ ?r\gh\t ,europe z ! great m$ical s*ool1 =m+ itself into ! fir/ univ]sity4 ,& m$ic9e did n exhau/ all ! sci5ce taught1 = ,adel>d li/5$ !re to a lecture on ! nature ( ?+s1 ! cause ( magnetic attraction be+ "o ( ! ?+s 9 "q4 ,?is tea*+ at ,sal]no prec$$ by _m ye>s ! /udy ( ! law at ,bologna & ( !ology at ,p>is4 ,! full flood came f ! di/urbance ( ! ,arab wave c5t] by ! crusades1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,aft] ! ,pope _h decl>$ ! ,holy ,w>1 ,william ( ,malmesbury tells u ! mo/ di/ant isl&s & savage c\ntries 7 inspir$ ) ?is ard5t passion4 ,! ,wel%man left 8 hunt+1 ! ,scot*man 8 fell[%ip ) v]m91 ! ,dane 8 dr9k+ p>ty1 ! ,norwegian 8 raw fi%4 ,report has x t 9 #ajif no less ?an six millions 7 9 motion along _m roads to ,pale/9e4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 is an exagg]ation1 b x reflects ! excitem5t ( ! "t1 & prep>es u = :at happ5$ :5 ! crusad]s return$4 ,z ,gre5 puts x3#cg ,! we/]n nations1 includ+ our own1 '7 quick5$ ) a new life & ?robb+ ) a new en]gy4' 444 ,a new f]vor ( /udy sprang up 9 ! ,we/ f its contact ) ! m cultur$ ,ea/4 ,travel]s l ,adel>d1 ( ,ba?1 br\ght back ! fir/ rudim5ts ( physical & ma!matical sci5ce f ! s*ools ( ,cordova or ,bagdad4444 ,! long m5tal inactivity ( feudal ,europe broke up l ice be=e a summ]'s sun4 ,w&]+ tea*]s1 su* z ,lanfranc or ,anselm1 cross$ sea & l& to spread ! new p[] ( k4 ,! same _s ( re/lessness1 ( inquiry1 ( impati5ce ) ! old] traditions ( mank9d1 ei!r local or intellectual1 t drove half ,*ri/5dom to ! tomb ( its ,"l1 cr[d$ ! roads ) ?\s&s ( "y s*ol>s hurry+ to ! *os5 seats :]e tea*]s 7 ga!r$ toge!r4 ,/udium g5]ale 0 ! t]m fir/ appli$ to a l>ge educational c5t] :]e !re 0 a guild ( ma/]s1 & :i!r /ud5ts flock$ f all p>ts4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ! ?ree pr9cipal /udia 7 ,p>is1 ,bologna1 & ,sal]no1 :]e !ology & arts1 law & m$ic9e1 & m$ic9e almo/ by itself1 7 taught respectively2 ^! ev5tually develop$ into ! fir/ univ]sities4#ch ,engli% s*ol>s ga!r$ 9 ?\s&s at ,p>is r\nd ! *airs ( ,william ( ,*ampeaux or ,abl>d1 :]e !y took _! place z "o ( ! nations ( :i* ! great middle-age univ]sity ( ,p>is 0 compos$4 ,we h only to d ) ! arts faculty ( ?is univ]sity4 ,we f9d t ! subject-matt] ( ! lib]al education ( ! middle age !re dealt ) v>i$ v little f t taught 9 ! s*ools ( anci5t ,rome4 ,! s-call$ arti5s1 /ud5ts ( ! arts faculty1 :i* 0 ! glory ( ! univ]sity & ! "o mo/ num]\sly att5d$1 /udi$ ! sev5 arts ( ! trivium & quadrivium--t is1 gramm>1 rhetoric1 dialectic & ari?metic1 geometry1 music1 a/ronomy4#ci ,?is at fir/ looks well = sci5tific /udy1 b ! ma!matics taught _h mu* to d ) magic2 ari?metic dealt ) epacts1 gold5 numb]s1 & ! l4 ,!re 0 no algebra1 & no me*anics4 ,a/ronomy dealt ) ! sy/em ( ! sev5 heav5s4 ,sci5ce1 inde$1 0 ! la/ ?+ to be consid]$ 9 ! !ological & legal /udia1 & x w\ld appe> t x 0 kept alive m 9 ! m$ical s*ools ?an 9 ! arts faculties4 ,ari/otle's writ+s on physics1 biology1 & a/ronomy 7 n kn[n till ab\t #abcj1 & !n 9 ! %ape ( ,arab-,lat9 translations4 ,/ill1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,dante le>n$ "s ( 8 a/ronomy1 at all ev5ts1 at ,p>is4 ,ox=d 0 an (f%oot ( ,p>is1 & !re=e a !ological /udium1 9 all probability f\nd$ ab\t #aafg1dj & ,cambridge came lat]4 ,n till ! ,re=mation 7sixte5? c5tury7 d we see any sign ( a new educational wave1 & !n we f9d ! two :i* h _h ! greate/ influ5ce ^u ! hi/ory ( ! _w--"o ( !m dep5d+ ^u ! ,re=mation itself1 ! o!r dep5d+ ^u ! bir? ( exp]im5tal inquiry4 ,be=e ! ,re=mation ! univ]sities 7 prie/ly in/itutions1 & d]iv$ _! au?ority f ! ,popes4 ,! univ]sities 7 = ! few2 ! education ( ! p1 except 9 ! v>i\s crafts1 0 unprovid$ =4 ,! idea ( a g5]al education 9 secul> subjects at ! exp5se ( ! /ate or ( communities is coeval ) ! ,re=mation4 ,9 ,g]many1 ev5 be=e ! "t ( ,lu!r1 x 0 undream$ (1 or r1 p]haps1 "o %\ld say1 ! "q 0 decid$ 9 ! negative4 ,9 8 day1 h[ev]1 8 zeal fir/ made itself he>d 9 favor ( education1 z _m are n[ mak+ !mselves he>d 9 favor ( a bett] education1 & 9 #aebd he address$ a lett] to ! c\ncils ( all ! t[ns 9 ,g]many1 begg+ !m to vote money n m]ely = roads1 dikes1 guns1 & ! l1 b = s*oolma/]s1 s t all *ildr5 might be taught2 & he /ates 8 op9ion t if x be ! duty ( a /ate to compel ! able-bodi$ to c>ry arms1 x is a =tiori its duty to compel its subjects to s5d _! *ildr5 to s*ool1 & to provide s*ools = ^? :o )\t su* aid w\ld rema9 un9/ruct$4 ,"h we h ! g]m ( ,g]many's position at ! pres5t day1 n only 9 sci5tific in/ruction b 9 ev]y?+ :i* t in/ruction br+s ) x4 ,) ! ,re=mation ?is idea spread to ,france4 ,9 #aefj we f9d ! ,/ates-,g5]al ( ,orleans sugge/+ to ,francis ,,ii a leve d'une contribution sur les bnfices ecclsia/iques p\r raisonablem5t /ip5di] des pdagogues et g5s lettrs1 en t\tes villes et villages1 p\r l'in/ruction de la pauvre jeunesse du plat pays1 et soi5t t5us les pres et mres1 pe9e d'am5de1 envoy] les dits enfants l'cole1 et ce faire soi5t contra9ts p> les segnieurs et les juges ord9aires4 ,two ye>s aft] ?is sugge/ion1 h[ev]1 ! religi\s w>s broke out2 ! mat]ial int]e/s ( ! cl]ical p>ty _h pr$om9at$1 ! new _s 0 cru%$ "u ! iron heel ( prie/craft1 & ! ,fr5*1 9 consequ5ce1 _h to wait = ?ree c5turies & a revolution be=e !y c\ld get comp>atively free4 ,9 ! univ]sities1 or at all ev5ts alongside !m1 we f9d next ! introduction n s mu* yet ( sci5ce z we n[ "k x1 ) its exp]im5tal side1 z ( ! sci5tific _s4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,collge de ,france1 f\nd$ 9 #aeca by ,francis ,i1 is ( extreme int]e/4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! /udies 7 *iefly lit]>y1 & except 9 ! case ( a few m9ds !y 7 conf9$ m]ely to s*ola/ic subtleties1 taught 7,i h x on ! au?ority ( ! ,/ati/ique de l',enseignem5t ,suprieur7 9 b>b>\s ,lat94 ,?is 0 ! result ( ! tea*+ ( ! faculties2 b ev5 !n1 outside ! faculties1 :i* 7 immutable1 a small numb] ( di/+ui%$ m5 /ill occupi$ !mselves 9 a less rigid way 9 inve/igation2 b /ill ^! /udies 7 *iefly lit]>y4 ,among ^? m5 may be m5tion$ ,dans1 ,po/el1 ,dole1 ,guillaume ,bud1 ,lefvre d'taples1 & o!rs1 :o edit$ ) notes & comm5t>ies ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors :om ! univ]sity sc>cely knew by "n4 ,h5ce ! r5aissance ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :i* gave bir? to ! ,collge de ,france1 ! function ( :i*1 at ! comm5cem5t1 0 to tea* ^? ?+s :i* 7 n 9 ! ord9>y curriculum ( ! faculties4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,collge des ,deux ,langues1 ! languages be+ ,hebrew & ,greek4 ,x !n became ! ,collge des ,trois ,langues1 :5 ! k+1 not)/&+ ! opposition ( ! univ]sity1 creat$ 9 #aecd a *air ( ,lat94 ,!re 0 ano!r objection made by ! univ]sity to ! new creation3 f ! comm5cem5t ! c\rses 7 free2 & ?is feel+ 0 n decreas$ by ! fact t ar\nd ! celebrat$ ma/]s ( ! ,trois ,langues a cr[d ( /ud5ts 0 soon congregat$4 ,! idea 9 ! m9d ( ,francis ,i 9 creat+ ?is ,royal ,college may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ edict1 dat$ 9 #aede3 ,franois1 etc41 savoir faisons t\s prs5ts et v5ir que ,n\s1 considrant que le savoir des langues1 qui e/ un des dons du ,sa9t-,esprit1 fait ouv]ture et donne le moy5 de plus entire connaissance et plus p>faite intellig5ce de t\tes bonnes1 honntes1 sa9tes et salutaires sci5ces4444 ,avons fait faire ple9em5t ent5dre ceux qui1 y v\drai5t vacqu]1 les trois langues pr9cipales1 ,hbraque1 ,grecque1 et ,lat9e1 et les ,livres esquels les bonnes sci5ces sont le mieux et le plus pr(ondm5t traites4 ,a laquelle f91 et en suivant le dcret du concile de ,vi5ne1 n\s avons pia ordonn et e/abli en ntre bonne ville de ,p>is1 un bonne nombre de p]sonnages de savoir excell5t1 qui lis5t et enseign5t publiquem5t et ord9airem5t les dites langues et sci5ces1 ma9t5ant florissantautant ou plus qu'elles ne fir5t de bi5 longtemps 444 auxquels nos lecteurs avons donn honntes gages et salaires1 et iceux fait p\rvoir de plusieurs beaux bnfices p\r les entret5ir et donn] occasion de mieux et plus cont9uellem5t ent5dre au fait de leur *>ge1 444 etc4 ,! ,/ati/ique1 :i* ,i am foll[+ 9 ?is acc\nt1 ?us sums up ! f\nd]'s int5tion3 ,le ,collge ,royal avait p\r mission de propag] les n\velles connaissances1 les n\velles dc\v]tes4 ,il n'enseignait pas la sci5ce faite1 il la faisait4 ,x 0 on acc\nt ( ?is m ?an on acc\nt ( any?+ else t x f\nd its greate/ enemy 9 ! univ]sity4 ,! f\nd+ ( ?is new college1 & ! great excitem5t its success occasion$ 9 ,p>is1 71 !re c be little d\bt1 among ! factors :i* induc$ ,gre%am to f\nd 8 college 9 ,london 9 #aegd4 ,^! two in/itutions play$ a great "p 9 _! "t4 ,gre%am ,college1 x is true1 0 subsequ5tly /rangl$1 b n be=e its influ5ce _h be5 su* z to p]mit ! ,royal ,society to rise pho5ixlike f its a%es2 = x is on record t ! fir/ /ep 9 ! =m+ ( ?is society 0 tak5 aft] a lecture on a/ronomy by ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 at ! college4 ,all connect$ ) !m felt 9 "t ! /up5d\s *ange ( ?\ght 9 ! c5tury :i* saw ! bir? ( ,bacon1 ,galileo1 ,gilb]t1 ,h]vey1 ,ty*o ,brahe1 ,desc>tes1 & _m o!rs t might be nam$2 & ( ^!1 x is well to rem>k1 ,gilb]t1#da ,h]vey1 & ,galileo 7 educat$ 9 m$ical s*ools abroad4 ,bacon 0 n only ! fir/ to lay d[n regul philosoph&i1 b he insi/$ ^u ! f>-rea*+ results ( rese>*1 n =gett+ to po9t out t lucif]a exp]im5ta1 non fructif]a qur5da1#db z a caution to ! inve/igator1 ?\gh he _h no d\bt z to ! revolution to be br\ght ab\t by ! ultimate application ( ! results ( physical inquiry4 ,z e>ly z #aefj ! ,academia ,secretorum ,natur 0 f\nd$ at ,naples1 foll[$ by ! ,l9cei 9 #afji1 ! ,royal ,society 9 #afde1 ! ,cim5to 9 #afeg1 & ! ,p>is ,academy 9 #afff4 ,f t "t ! _w may be said to h belong$ to sci5ce1 n[ no long] bas$ m]ely on obs]vation b on exp]im5t4 ,b1 alas6 h[ sl[ly has x p]colat$ into our univ]sities4 ,! fir/ organiz$ endeavor to tea* sci5ce 9 s*ools 0 naturally made 9 ,g]many 7,prussia71 :]e1 9 #agdg 7ne>ly a c5tury & a half ago71 ,reals*ul5 7 fir/ />t$2 !y 7 tak5 ov] by ! ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahcb1 & completely reorganiz$ 9 #ahei1 ?is /ep be+ dem&$ by ! gr[? ( indu/ry & ! spread ( ! mod]n _s4 ,elev5 h\rs a week 7 giv5 to natural sci5ce 9 ^! s*ools =ty ye>s ago4 ,,tea*+ ,,! ,,tea*]s4--,until ! ye> #agfb ! ,jesuits _h ! education ( ,france almo/ entirely 9 _! h&s1 & :51 !re=e1 _! expulsion 0 decre$ 9 t ye>1 x 0 only a necess>y /ep to create an in/itution to tea* ! future tea*]s ( ,france4 ,"h1 !n1 we _h ! cole ,normale 9 !ory2 b x 0 a long "t be=e ?is !ory 0 c>ri$ into practice1 & v probably x w\ld nev] h be5 _h n ,roll& d',erceville made x 8 duty = m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 by num]\s publications1 among :i* is especially to be m5tion$ 8 ,plan d',education1 pr9t$ 9 #aghc1 to po9t out n m]ely ! utility b ! absolute necessity = "s in/itution ( ! k9d4 ,z g5]ally happ5s 9 su* cases1 ?is ex]tion 0 n lo/1 = 9 #agid x 0 decre$ t an cole ,normale %\ld be op5$ at ,p>is1 ou s]ont appels de t\tes les p>ties de la ,rpublique1 des citoy5s dj in/ruits dans les sci5ces utiles1 p\r appr5dre1 s\s les pr(esseurs les plus habiles dans t\s les g5res1 l'art d'enseign]4 ,to foll[ ^! c\rses 9 ! art ( tea*+1 "o pot5tial s*oolma/] 0 to be s5t to ,p>is by e di/rict conta9+ tw5ty ?\s& inhabitants4 ,f\rte5 or fifte5 hundr$ "y m5 !re=e arriv$ 9 ,p>is1 & 9 #agie ! c\rses ( ! s*ool 7 op5$ fir/ ( all 9 ! amphi!at] ( ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,! pr(essors 7 *os5 f among ! mo/ celebrat$ m5 ( ,france1 ! sci5ces be+ repres5t$ by ,lagrange1 ,laplace1 ,hary1 ,monge1 ,daub5ton1 & ,b]?ollet4 ,:ile !re 0 ?is enorm\s progress abroad1 repres5t$ especially by ! tea*+ ( sci5ce 9 ,g]many & ! tea*+ ( ! tea*]s 9 ,france1 ?+s slumb]$ & slept 9 ,brita94 ,we _h our coal & our iron1 our mat]ial capital1 & no "o tr\bl$ ab\t our m5tal capital1 lea/ ( all ! univ]sities1 :i* _h become1 accord+ to ,mat!w ,arnold 7:o 0 n likely to ov]/ate matt]s71 m]e hauts lyces1 & _h lo/ ! v idea ( a real univ]sity2#dc & s9ce our political lead]s g5]ally came f ! univ]sities1 little m 0 to be expect$ f !m4 ,_m :o h attempt$ to deal ) ! hi/ory ( education h fail$ to give suffici5t prom95ce to ! trem5d\s diff]5ce !re mu/ necess>ily h be5 9 sci5tific requirem5ts be=e & aft] ! introduction ( /eam p[]4 ,x is to ! discr$it ( our c\ntry t we1 :o gave ! p]fect$ /eam eng9e1 ! iron %ip1 & ! locomotive to ! _w1 %\ld h be5 ! la/ to feel ! next wave ( intellectual progress4 ,all we did at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury 0 to f\nd me*anics' in/itutions4 ,!y knew bett] 9 ,prussia1 a ble$+ & lac]at$ mass2#dd aft] ,j5a 7#ahjf71 ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii & 8 c\ncilors1 disciples ( ,kant1 f\nd$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 to supply ! loss ( t]ritory by intellectual ef=t4 ,among ! univ]sal pov]ty money 0 f\nd = ! ,univ]sities ( ,knigsb]g & ,breslau1 & ,bonn 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahah4 ,z a result ( ?is policy1 c>ri$ on p]si/5tly & cont9u\sly by successive m9i/]s1 aid$ by wise c\ncilors1 _m ( !m ! products ( ?is policy1 su* a /ate ( ?+s 0 br\ght ab\t t n _m ye>s ago ,m4 ,f]d9& ,lot1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ educationi/s ( ,france1 accord$ to ,g]many a supremacy 9 sci5ce comp>able to ! supremacy ( ,engl& at sea4 ,b ?is position has n be5 obta9$ m]ely by f\nd+ new univ]sities4 ,to ,g]many we owe ! p]fect+ ( ! me?ods ( tea*+ sci5ce4 ,i h %[n t x 0 9 ,g]many t we f9d ! fir/ organiz$ sci5ce tea*+ 9 s*ools4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahbe t c\ntry made ano!r trem5d\s /ride4 ,liebig demon/rat$ t sci5ce tea*+1 to be ( value1 :e!r 9 ! s*ool or ! univ]sity1 mu/ consi/ to a great] or less ext5t 9 practical "w1 & ! m ! bett]2 t book "w 0 next to useless4 ,liebig1 :5 appo9t$ to ,giess51 sm>t+ /ill "u ! difficulties he _h _h 9 le>n+ *emi/ry )\t prop] appliances1 induc$ ! ,d>m/adt ,gov]nm5t to build a *emical laboratory 9 :i* ! /ud5ts c\ld receive a ?or\gh practical tra9+4 ,x w h be5 ga!r$ f ?is ref]5ce to ,liebig's sy/em ( tea*+ *emi/ry t /ill ano!r bran* ( appli$ sci5ce _h be5 creat$1 :i* has s9ce _h a /up5d\s effect ^u indu/ry2 & :ile ,liebig 0 work+ at ,giess51 ano!r important indu/ry 0 be+ creat$ 9 ,engl&4 ,i ref] to ! electric telegraph & all its developm5ts1 =e%ad[$ by ,galileo 9 8 ref]5ce to ! sympa?y ( magnetic ne$les4 ,n only !n 9 *emi/ry1 b 9 all bran*es ( sci5ce :i* c be appli$ to ! wants ( man1 ! tea*+ mu/ be practical--t is1 ! /ud5t mu/ exp]im5t & obs]ve = himself1 & he mu/ himself seek new tru?s4 ,x 0 at la/ recogniz$ t a /ud5t c\ld no m le>n sci5ce effectively by see+ "s "o else p]=m an exp]im5t ?an he c\ld le>n to draw effectively by see+ "s "o else make a sket*4 ,h5ce 9 ! ,g]man univ]sities ! doctor's degree is bas$ ^u a rese>*4 ,liebig's 0 ! fons et origo ( all our laboratories--me*anical1 metallurgical1 *emical1 physical1 geological1 a/ronomical1 & biological4--,nature4 ,to be cont9u$4 ,,footnotes3 #cc ,an address deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce on ,octob] #f1 #ahih4 #cd ,greek ,geometry f ,?ales to ,euclid1 p4 #b4 ,allman4 #ce ,inf]no1 canto iv1 p4 #acj et seq4 #cf ,subjects ( ,social ,welf>e1 p4 #bjf4 #cg ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p1 vol4 i1 p4 #aih4 #ch ,see ,hi/oire de l',univ]sit de ,p>is4 ,crvi]1 #agia1 passim4 #ci ,enum]at$ 9 ! foll[+ middle-age ,lat9 v]se3 ,l+ua1 tropus1 ratio1 num]us1 tonus1 angulus1 a/ra4 #dj ,univ]sities ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 by ,ra%dall1 vol4 ii1 p4 #cdd4 #da ,william ,gilb]t1 ( ,col*e/]1 on ! ,magnet4 ,mittelag1 p4 x4 #db ,novum ,organum1 vol4 #a1 p4 #gj4 ,f[l]'s edition1 p4 #bee4 #dc ,s*ools & ,univ]sities on ! ,cont95t1 p4 #bia4 #dd ,univ]sity ,education 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 by ,sir ,r[l& ,bl5n]hassett1 p4 #be4 ,,%\ld ,,*ildr5 ,,"u ,,t5 ,,le>n ,,to ,,read ,,& ,,write8 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,g4 ,t4 ,w4 ,,patrick4 ,!re are c]ta9 propositions ab\t education s evid5tly true t probably no p>5t or tea*] w\ld "q !m4 ,= in/ance1 ! be/ s*ool is "o 9 :i* ! c\rse ( /udy is progressively adapt$ to ! m5tal developm5t ( ! *ildr54 ,aga91 c]ta9 subjects are adapt$ to *ildr5 ( c]ta9 ages or /ages ( developm5t1 & o!rs are n4 ,"o w\ld n recomm5d ! /udy ( logic or ( ! calculus to ! av]age *ild ( t51 nor w\ld ! tea*+ ( ,engli% be wisely def]r$ until ! age ( fifte54 ,f9ally1 if ! c\rses ( /udy 9 our pres5t s*ool sy/em %all be f\nd to be arrang$ )\t reg>d to ! ord] ( m5tal developm5t1 !y w soon] or lat] be modifi$ 9 accordance ) x4 ,n[ ! educational sy/em 9 practice 9 ! two or ?ree hundr$ ?\s& public s*ools 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a some:at def9ite "o1 ) a some:at fix$ ord] ( /udies ?r\gh ! diff]5t ye>s or grades4 ,9 a majority ( ! ,/ates *ildr5 are admitt$ to ! s*ools at ! age ( six2 9 m ?an "o ?ird ( ! ,/ates *ildr5 ( five are admitt$4 ,9 a g5]al way we may say t dur+ ! fir/ f\r ye>s ( s*ool life ! pr9cipal subjects occupy+ ! "t ( ! *ildr5 are read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic4 ,to be m exact1 we may cite1 = in/ance1 ! city s*ools ( ,*icago4#de ,exclusive ( recesses & op5+ ex]cises1 !re are 9 ^! s*ools ?irte5 hundr$ & fifty m9utes ( s*ool "w p] week4 ,( ?is "t1 9 ! fir/ & second grades1 six hundr$ & sev5ty-five m9utes are devot$ to read+1 sev5ty-five m9utes to writ+1 & two hundr$ & tw5ty-five m9utes to ma!matics4 ,sev5ty-two p] c5t ( ! total "t is !re=e consum$ by ^! subjects4 ,9 ! ?ird grade ! proportion is ! same2 9 ! f\r? grade x is some:at m ?an fifty p] c5t4 ,i h m5tion$ ! ,*icago s*ools because ?is is "o ( ^? s*ool sy/ems :]e a lib]al introduction ( o!r subjects1 su* z ,nature /udy1 physical culture1 s++1 & oral ,engli%1 has some:at less5$ ! "t giv5 to read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic4 ,o!r cities1 ) few exceptions1 w be f\nd to give m r ?an less "t to ^! subjects4 ,9 ! c\ntry s*ools1 & inde$ 9 a va/ numb] ( t[n & city s*ools1 practically all ! "t dur+ ^! e>ly ye>s is giv5 to read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic4 ,we mu/ conclude1 !re=e1 if our educational sy/em is a rational "o1 t read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic are ! subjects peculi>ly adapt$ to ! m9d ( ! *ild betwe5 ! ages ( five & t54 ,x is wor? :ile to inquire f ! /&po9t ( *ild psy*ology :e!r ?is be true4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! mann] 9 :i* our educational sy/em has gr[n up is no gu>antee t x re/s ^u a psy*ological basis4 ,our s*ools are exce$+ly cons]vative4 ,any innovations or radical *anges are resi/$ by ! p>5ts ( ! *ildr5 ev5 m /r5u\sly ?an by s*ool bo>ds1 sup]9t5d5ts1 & tea*]s4 ,not)/&+ num]\s & important m9or improvem5ts1 ! s*ool sy/em z a :ole rema9s un*ang$4 ,our *ildr5 ( sev5 & eight ye>s are le>n+ to read & write because our gr&fa!rs 7 s do+ at t age4 ,we c n "h discuss ! orig9 ( our pres5t s*ool curriculum1 b1 z expla9+ ! prom95ce giv5 to read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic1 x is wor?y ( notice t orig9ally ! elem5t>y s*ool exi/$ to tea* j ^! ?ree subjects4 ,! primitive s*oolma/] 0 n sup]ior to ! p>5ts ( ! *ild1 usually n _! equal1 9 any?+ except 8 k ( lett]s4 ,s ! *ild 0 s5t to s*ool = a %ort "t to le>n lett]s4 ,x 0 n at all ! function ( ! s*ool to educate ! *ild 9 all t 0 necess>y to fit him = ! duties ( life4 ,aft]w>d1 z ! scope ( ! s*ool 0 enl>g$1 o!r subjects 7 add$1 & ^! 7 put aft] ! orig9al ones1 & ! s*oolma/]1 fur!rmore1 came r to take ! place ( an educator ?an a m]e tea*] ( lett]s4 ,x is conceivable1 !re=e1 t ! pres5t accept$ ord] ( /udies 9 our elem5t>y s*ools re/s ^u an accid5tal r ?an ^u a psy*ological basis4 ,x is true t mod]n educators h expressly consid]$ ! subject ( ! ord] & correlation ( /udies1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ! ,committee ( ,fifte51 & t1 :ile recomm5d+ m9or *anges 9 ! s*ool curriculum1 !y h n usually ?\ght ( que/ion+ ! position s long held by read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic4 ,9 ! report ( ! committee j ref]r$ to we f9d ?is expression3 ,! conclusion is rea*$ t le>n+ to read & write %\ld be ! lead+ /udy ( ! pupil 9 8 fir/ f\r ye>s ( s*ool4 ,b1 aga91 x 0 n ! function ( ?is committee to sugge/ sweep+ *anges1 nor to raise ! inquiry :e!r ! sy/em itself re/s ^u a psy*ological basis4 ,ev5 if x did n re/ ^u su* a basis1 expressions l ! above w\ld n be unnatural on ! "p ( committees appo9t$ by bodies repres5t+ ! sy/em z a :ole4 ,we may n1 !n1 conclude a priori t our sy/em ( prim>y education is a s\nd "o4 ,!re h inde$ be5 o!r :olly diff]5t sy/ems giv+ excell5t results 9 _! "t1 z1 = in/ance1 t ( ! anci5t ,greeks1 :]e music & gymna/ics1 n read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic1 7 ! pr9cipal subjects occupy+ ! "t ( ! pupils4 ,mu* att5tion has rec5tly be5 giv5 to ! subjects ( ! physiology & psy*ology ( *ildr54 ,^! /udies h be5 sy/ematic1 pa9/ak+1 & exact4 ,x seems1 inde$1 to _m p improbable t any?+ v new or v rem>kable %\ld j at ?is "t be f\nd out ab\t *ildr51 & !re h n be5 want+ ei!r prom95t educators or psy*ologi/s :o h giv5 public expression to w>n+s aga9/ ! new *ild /udy4 ,b ?is1 aga91 is n conclusive1 = /ud5ts ( hi/ory may recall t e advance 9 sci5ce has met j su* opposition--= in/ance1 bact]iology1 organic evolution1 *emi/ry1 & a/ronomy4 ,fur!rmore1 :5 we reflect t sci5tific advance 9 ?is c5tury has ev] be51 & inevitably1 f ! simple to ! complex1 &1 fur!r1 t ! bra9 ( ! *ild is ! mo/ complex ?+ 9 ! :ole range ( natural hi/ory :i* sci5ce w ev] h to attempt1 x is n difficult to und]/& t sci5tific k ( x ) its p$agogical implications has n belong$1 at any rate1 to ! pa/4 ,x w belong to ! future1 hav+1 p]haps1 its beg9n+s 9 ! pres5t4 ,an educational sy/em :i* has n reckon$ ) an accurate k ( ! bra9 ( ! *ild may by accid5t be a correct "o1 b until su* reckon+ is made we c n be sure4 ,our increas+ k ( ! *ild's m9d1 8 muscul> & n]v\s sy/em1 & 8 special s5ses1 po9ts indubitably to ! conclusion t read+ & writ+ are subjects :i* d n belong to ! e>ly ye>s ( s*ool life1 b to a lat] p]iod1 & t o!r subjects n[ /udi$ lat] are bett] adapt$ to ?is e>ly /age ( developm5t4 ,:at is ?us indicat$ ( read+ & writ+ may be affirm$ also ( draw+ & ari?metic4 ,! reasons lead+ to ?is conclusion c be only v briefly summ>iz$ "h4 ,z reg>ds read+1 writ+1 & draw+1 !y involve1 9 ! fir/ place1 a high degree ( motor specialization1 :i* is n only unnatural b dang]\s = "y *ildr54 ,/udies 9 motor ability h %[n t ! ord] ( muscul> developm5t is f ! l>g] & co>s] to ! f9] & m delicate muscles4 ,! movem5ts ( ! *ild are ! l>ge1 free movem5ts ( ! body1 legs1 & arms1 su* z he exhibits 9 spontane\s play4 ,! movem5ts requir+ f9e co-ord9ation1 su* z ^? ( ! f+]s & ! eyes1 are ! movem5ts ( matur] life4 ,if we rev]se ?is ord] & compel ! *ild to hold 8 body1 legs1 & arms /ill1 :ile he engages ! delicate muscles ( ! eyes & f+]s ) m9ute writt5 or pr9t$ symbols1 we induce a n]v\s ov]t5sion1 & incur ! evils incid5t to all violation ( natural ord]4 ,! increas+ frequ5cy ( n]v\s disord]s among s*ool *ildr51 p>ticul>ly 9 ! old] c\ntries1 is probably due 9 "p to ^! circum/ances4 ,if we consid] ! bra9 ( ! *ild ( sev5 or eight ye>s1 our conclusions are /r5g!n$ t he %\ld n be engag$ 9 read+ & writ+4 ,at ?is age ! bra9 has atta9$ almo/ its full weight1 & is !re=e l>ge 9 proportion to ! body4 ,its developm5t is1 h[ev]1 v incomplete1 p>ticul>ly z reg>ds its associative elem5ts--t is1 ! s-call$ association fib]s & app]ception c5t]s4 ,su* a bra9 con/antly produces & mu/ exp5d a l>ge am\nt ( n]v\s en]gy1 :i* c n be us$ c5trally--t is1 psy*ologically speak+--9 comp>ison1 analysis1 ?\ght1 reflection4 ,x mu/ fl[ out ?r\gh ! motor *annels1 becom+ muscul> movem5t4 ,! heal?y *ild is !re=e incessantly active 9 wak+ h\rs1 ! action be+ ( ! vigor\s k9d involv+ ! l>g] memb]s4 ,h5ce we c und]/& t1 ( all ! ways 9 :i* a "y *ild may receive in/ruction1 ! me?od ?r\gh ! pr9t$ book is pre-em95tly ! "o ill fitt$ to him4 ,! evil ( ?is me?od is aggravat$ by ! fact t1 be=e ! *ild c receive in/ruction ?r\gh ! book1 a long "t--sev]al ye>s1 9 fact--is sp5t 9 ! conf9+ task ( le>n+ to read4 ,x comes ab\t1 !re=e1 t ! *ild1 at ! v age :5 he %\ld be lead+ a free & expansive life1 is oblig$ to fix 8 eyes ^u ! n>r[ page ( a book & deciph] small pr9t$ symbols1 9 !mselves devoid ( life & int]e/4 ,) respect to writ+ & le>n+ to write ! case is worse4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( motor specialization is involv$ 9 =m+ lett]s ^u ! blackbo>d1 b :5 ! p5cil & p5 are us$ x becomes ( an extreme k9d4 ,9 ! :ole life hi/ory ( ! man !re are no movem5ts requir+ f9] co-ord9ation ?an ^? ( writ+ ) p5cil or p51 yet our s*ool sy/em requires ^! ( ! *ild ( six or sev5 ye>s1 makes !m1 inde$1 a prom95t "p ( elem5t>y s*ool life4 ,9 addition to ! motor specialization ( read+ & writ+ is ! physical conf9em5t 9 ! n>r[ seat & desk :i* is necess>ily connect$ ) !m4 ,! *ild ( six or sev5 has n rea*$ ! age :5 su* conf9em5t is natural or safe4 ,! injuries :i* ,i h m5tion$ relate to ! n]v\s sy/em z a :ole4 ,!re are o!r injuries result+ f ! read+ habit 9 "y *ildr5 :i* conc]n ! eyes directly4 ,s mu* has be5 said & writt5 lately ab\t ! increase ( myopia & o!r defects ( ! eye among s*ool *ildr51 t ,i %all m]ely ref] to ?is subject "h4 ,^u ent]+ s*ool1 *ildr5 are practically free f ^! defects4 ,^u leav+ s*ool1 a /rik+ly l>ge p]c5tage are suff]+ f !m1 m1 h[ev]1 z yet1 9 ,european c\ntries ?an 9 ,am]ica4 ,! causes are _m1 b x is sc>cely d\bt$ t ! *ief cause is f\nd 9 b5d+ ov] f9ely pr9t$ books & maps1 & f9e writ+1 p5cil "w1 & draw+4 ,if p5cils1 p5s1 pap]1 & books c\ld be kept away f *ildr5 until !y are at lea/ t5 ye>s ( age1 & _! in/ruction come directly f objects & f ! voice ( ! tea*]1 ?is evil c\ld be greatly less5$4 ,if ! above reasons = n tea*+ read+ & writ+ to "y *ildr5 7 ! only ones1 ! objections c\ld to a c]ta9 ext5t be ov]come4 ,writ+ might1 = in/ance1 be practic$ only on ! blackbo>d ) l>ge free-h& movem5ts1 & lett]s c\ld be taught f l>ge =ms ^u *>ts4 ,b we h to consid] ! que/ions :e!r read+ & writ+ are 9 !mselves bran*es ( in/ruction :i* belong to ! e>ly ye>s ( s*ool life1 :e!r !y may n be acquir$ at a great disadvantage at ?is p]iod1 & :e!r m "t is n sp5t ^u !m ?an is necess>y4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t a *ild's p[]s1 :e!r physical or m5tal1 rip5 9 a c]ta9 r def9ite ord]4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 a c]ta9 "t 9 ! life ( ! infant :5 ! motor me*anism ( ! legs rip5s1 be=e :i* ! *ild c n be taught to walk1 :ile aft] t "t he c n be kept f walk+4 ,aga91 at ! age ( sev51 = in/ance1 !re is a m5tal read9ess = "s ?+s & an unread9ess = o!rs4 ,! bra9 is !n v impressionable & ret5tive1 & a /ore ( useful mat]ial1 bo? motor & s5sory1 may be p]man5tly acquir$ ) great economy ( ef=t4 ,! imag9ation is active1 & ! *ild loves to li/5 to n>ration1 :e!r hi/orical or my?ical1 :i* plays )\t ef=t ( 8 w ^u 8 relatively small /ore ( memory images4 ,! p[]s ( analysis1 comp>ison1 & ab/raction are little develop$1 & ! *ild has only a limit$ ability to detect ma!matical or logical relations4 ,! p[] ( volunt>y att5tion is slight1 & c be ex]t$ = only a %ort "t4 ,all ?is may be /at$ physiologically by say+ t ! bra9 activity is s5sory & motor1 b n c5tral4 ,! s5sory & motor me*anism has rip5$1 b n ! associative4 ,! bra9 is h>dly m ?an a receiv+1 record+1 & react+ app>atus4 ,x w\ld be inaccurate1 h[ev]1 to express ?is psy*ologically by say+ t p]ception1 memory1 & w are ! m5tal p[]s t h rip5$ at ! age ( sev54 ,?is w\ld be true only if by p]ception we mean n app]ception1 :i* involves a consid]able developm5t ( associative read9ess1 b m]e passive appreh5sion ?r\gh ! s5ses1 & if by memory we mean n recollection1 b m]e ret5tiv5ess = t :i* int]e/s1 & if by w we mean n volition1 b only spontane\s movem5t & read9ess to =m habits ( action1 includ+ a l>ge numb] ( in/9ctive movem5t psy*oses1 su* z imitation1 play1 & language 9 its spok5 =m4 ,foll[+ out1 !n1 some:at z above1 ! psy*ology ( ! *ild1 :at k9d ( education w\ld be p>ticul>ly adapt$ to 8 /age ( developm5t8 ,we ask n :at c ! *ild be taught1 b :at /udies are = him mo/ natural & !re=e mo/ economical4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 f ! developm5t ( ! s5ses & ! p]ceptive p[] above describ$1 we inf] t ! *ild is ready to acquire a k ( ! _w ( objects ar\nd him ?r\gh ! s5ses ( sight1 he>+1 t\*1 temp]ature1 ta/e1 & smell4 ,8 education w h to d ) real ?+s & _! qualities1 r ?an ) symbols :i* /& = ?+s4 ,if we wi% a g5]al t]m = ?is bran* ( in/ruction1 we may call x natural sci5ce1 or1 to di/+ui% x f sci5ce 9 its m mature =m z ! /udy ( laws & causes1 we may call x natural hi/ory1 or1 m briefly1 ,nature /udy4 ,al?\gh ! appropriat5ess & economy ( ?is /udy = "y *ildr5 has be5 kn[n & proclaim$ = m ?an a c5tury1 x is /ill 9 practice ! /udy ( lat] ye>s1 :ile "y *ildr5 /udy lett]s4 ,9 ! second place1 f ! developm5t ( ! ret5tive p[]s ( ! *ild we inf] t he is qualifi$ to ga9 acqua9tance n only ) ! real _w ar\nd him1 b ) ! real _w ( ! pa/4 ,we may call ?is hi/ory4 ,hi/ory is n[ /udi$ lat] by means ( text-books4 ,x may be /udi$ ) f> great] economy dur+ e>li] ye>s by means ( direct n>ration by p>5t or tea*]4 ,x is wond]ful h[ eag]ly a *ild w li/5 to hi/orical n>ration1 & h[ easily he w reta9 x4 ,?is me?od ( tea*+ hi/ory =ms a /rik+ contra/ to ! p]functory mann] 9 :i* x is (t5 /udi$ 9 ! upp] s*ool grades1 ) ! text-book lesson1 recitation1 & ! f9al exam9ation4 ,^u ! m9ds ( _m "y p ! /udy ( hi/ory has a dead5+ effect :5 ! hi/ory epo* is pass$ & ! ma!matical epo* has arriv$4 ,x has already be5 propos$1 at a conf]5ce ( educators lately held 9 ,*icago1 to ext5d ! /udy ( hi/ory d[nw>d into ! l[] grades1 a proposition fully sanction$ by psy*ological p$agogy4 ,9 :at ,i h "h said ab\t hi/ory = "y p ,i ref] n to ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 :i* comes mu* lat] 9 ! life ( ! /ud5t1 b to hi/ory z a m]e record ( facts & ev5ts1 ! k9d ( hi/ory :i* is n[ /udi$ 9 ! gramm> & high s*ools1 ! k9d :i* _m educators :o w\ld make all *ildr5 philosoph]s are n[ say+ %\ld n be /udi$ at all4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 :at /udies correspond to ! developm5t ( ! w 9 ! *ild f five to t58 ,x is ! habit-=m+ epo*4 ,x is ! "t :5 a l>ge & useful /ore ( motor memory images may be acquir$1 & :5 p]man5t reflex tracts may be =m$ 9 ! sp9al cord & l[] bra9 c5t]s4 ,?is is ! "t to tea* ! *ild to d easily & habitually a l>ge numb] ( useful ?+s4 ,if we use ! t]m 9 its broade/ s5se1 we may call ?is bran* ( in/ruction morals1 b x w also include1 besides habits ( conduct1 v>i\s bodily activities1 c]ta9 manual dext]ities1 & correct habits ( spee*1 expression1 & s++4 ,b "h "s re/rictions mu/ be obs]v$4 ,! habit-=m+ p]iod beg9s at bir? & cont9ues f> beyond ! age ( t51 & ! p]iod f five to t5 is n ! "t = ! =mation ( all habits4 ,! ord] ( muscul> developm5t mu/ be obs]v$1 & all dext]ities involv+ f9ely co-ord9at$ movem5ts ( ! f+]s1 or /ra9 ( ! eyes1 %\ld be def]r$ beyond ?is p]iod1 or at mo/ begun only 9 ! latt] "p ( x2 su*1 = in/ance1 z writ+1 draw+1 model+1 sew+1 knitt+1 play+ ^u musical in/rum5ts1 & m9ute me*anical "w1 z well1 ( c\rse1 z ! plait+1 prick+1 /it*+1 weav+1 & o!r f+] "w /ill practic$ 9 "s k9d]g>t5s & prim>y s*ools4 ,we h ?us se5 t !re are c]ta9 bran*es ( in/ruction = :i* ! m9d ( ! *ild f five to t5 has rip5$1 & :i* may !re=e be taught mo/ economically & safely dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,conc]n+ ! tea*+ ( language ,i %all speak pres5tly1 b ?us f> we h f\nd t f ! psy*ological /&po9t !re are at any rate ?ree subjects :i* are /rik+ly adapt$ to ?is p]iod1 namely1 natural sci5ce1 hi/ory1 & morals1 us+ ^! t]ms ) ! latitude & re/riction already expla9$4 ,c]ta9 bran*es ( ,nature /udy & "o bran* ( :at we h call$ morals--namely1 manual tra9+--h 9 rec5t ye>s be5 introduc$ into our be/ elem5t>y city s*ools1 & 9 a few s*ools hi/ory is taught sy/ematically 9 ! l[] grades by means ( /ories4 ,!y h n1 h[ev]1 cr[d$ out read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic s mu* z cr[d$ into !m4 ,b if we consid] ! great mass ( s*ools 9 city1 t[n1 & c\ntry ?r\gh\t ! l&1 ! subjects :i* practically complete ! elem5t>y s*ool curriculum--read+1 writ+1 ari?metic1 & geography--are1 ) ! exception ( ! latt]1 f\nd to be subjects :i* d n naturally belong to ?is p]iod at all4 ,ma!matics 9 e =m is a subject conspicu\sly ill fitt$ to ! *ild m9d4 ,x deals n ) real ?+s1 b ) ab/ractions4 ,:5 ref]r$ to concrete objects1 x conc]ns n ! objects !mselves1 b _! relations to ea* o!r4 ,x involves comp>ison1 analysis1 ab/raction4 ,x calls = a full] developm5t ( ! association tracts & fib]s ( ! c]ebral hemisph]es4 ,! grotesque numb] =ms :i* s _m *ildr5 h1 & :i* orig9ate 9 ?is p]iod1 are evid5ce ( ! necessity :i* ! *ild feels ( giv+ "s k9d ( bodily %ape to ^! ab/ractions :i* he is compell$ to /udy4 ,"u ma!matics ,i d n ( c\rse include ! m]e m5tion+ or le>n+ a numb] s]ies1 su* z 9 ! process call$ c\nt+1 or ! committ+ to memory ( a multiplication table4 ,fur!rmore1 9 ?is & 9 all discussions ( ?is k9d x mu/ be rememb]$ t !re are exceptional *ildr5 9 :om ! ma!matical faculty1 or musical faculty1 or lit]>y faculty1 develops mu* e>li] ?an ) ! av]age *ild4 ,if possible1 !y %\ld h in/ruction suit$ to _! peculi>ities4 ,b x is evid5t t1 s long z *ildr5 are educat$ 9 s*ools1 !re mu/ be a g5]al plan ( education1 & t x c n be bas$ ^u exceptional *ildr54 ,:at we le>n f physiology & psy*ology ab\t ! rip5+ ( ! *ild's m9d is confirm$ by ! !ory ( ! culture epo*s4 ,i c n discuss "h ! doctr9e ( recapitulation1 ) its great tru?s & its m9or exceptions1 b x is well kn[n t 9 a g5]al way ! developm5t ( ! *ild1 bo? physical & m5tal1 is an epitome ( ! developm5t ( ! race4 ,if we comp>e ! physical & m5tal activities ( ! mod]n civiliz$ man ) ^? ( ! m primitive memb] ( ! race1 we may le>n :at =ms ( physical & m5tal activity are natural 9 ! diff]5t p]iods ( *ild life4 ,"s ( ! ?+s :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! mod]n z contra/$ ) ! primitive man are s$5t>y habits1 manual dext]ities requir+ f9ely co-ord9at$ movem5ts bo? ( ! eyes & f+]s1 increas+ devotion to writt5 language & books z contra/$ ) spok5 language1 ! less5$ dep5d5ce ^u ! memory1 ! increas+ subjectivity ( m5tal life z contra/$ ) ! purely objective life ( ! savage1 & ! increas$ importance ( reflection1 delib]ation1 & reason+1 ) decrease ( impulsive & habitual action4 ,^! ?+s1 !n1 we %\ld expect to belong to ! lat] p]iod ( *ild life1 & /udi$ :i* involve ^! activities w n be economically pursu$ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool grades4 ,^! laws are :olly ov]look$ 9 our traditional s*ool curriculum4 ,9 practice we are say+ to ! "y *ild3 ,man is a s$5t>y1 read+1 writ+1 ?9k+1 reason+ be+1 possess+ ! p[] ( volunt>y att5tion4 ,i am to educate y to be a man4 ,!re=e y mu/ le>n to sit /ill1 to read1 write1 ?9k1 reason1 & give att5tion to y\r "w4 ,! *ild ( six or eight ye>s is !re=e giv5 a book or p51 & put into a closely fitt+ seat & left to give att5tion to 8 "w4 ,?is is precisely z if ! "m %\ld say to ! infant at ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod ( creep+3 ,y are a man1 n a brute4 ,m5 g upright1 n on all f\rs4 ,y mu/ walk1 n creep4 ,i wi% to call especial att5tion to ! fact t x is only late 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race t language has pass$ to its writt5 =m4 ,man is inde$ n[ a read+ & writ+ animal1 b only rec5tly has he become s4 ,x is only s9ce ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & ! wide dissem9ation ( books1 magaz9es1 & newspap]s t read+ has become a real det]m9+ factor 9 ! life ( ! p4 ,ev5 n[ ! human organism is engag$ 9 adapt+ itself to ! new /ra9 br\ght ^u ! eyes & f+]s 9 read+ & writ+4 ,we c und]/&1 !re=e1 t x w dem& a consid]able maturity 9 ! *ild be=e he is ready = t :i* has develop$ s late 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race4 ,! language ( ! *ild1 l t ( ! primitive man1 is ! language ( ! e> & tongue4 ,! *ild is a talk+ & he>+ animal4 ,he is e>-m9d$4 ,!re has be5 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization a /eady developm5t t[>d ! prepond]at+ use ( ! high] s5ses1 culm9at+ ) ! eye4 ,! av]age adult civiliz$ man is n[ /rongly eye-m9d$1 b x is necess>y to g back only to ! "t ( ! anci5t ,greeks to f9d a decid$ relative e>-m9d$ness4 ,few laboratory rese>*es h be5 made ^u ! relative rapidity ( developm5t ( ! special s5ses 9 *ildr51 b su* z h be5 made t5d to confirm ! indications ( ! culture epo*s !ory1 & to %[ t ! auditory c5t]s develop e>li] ?an ! visual4 ,m & m att5tion is giv5 9 our elem5t>y s*ools to ! subject ( language--m1 z "s ?9k1 ?an ! relative importance ( ! subject w>rants2 b )\t discuss+ ?is "q1 x is indubitably %[n by *ild psy*ology t x is ! spok5 language :i* belongs to ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,! e> is ! natural m$ium ( in/ruction = "y *ildr51 & all ! second-h& k :i* x is necess>y t ! *ild %\ld receive %\ld come to him 9 ?is way4 ,x %\ld come f ! liv+ words ( ! liv+ tea*] or p>5t1 n ?r\gh ! cold m$ium ( ! pr9t$ book4 ,9 ! elem5t>y s*ool1 !n1 ! *ild may be in/ruct$ 9 language z x relates to ! e> & ! tongue1 & ?is is ! real language4 ,he may be taught to speak accurately & elegantly1 & he may be taught to li/5 & rememb]4 ,he may /udy 9 ?is way ! be/ lit]ature ( 8 "m tongue1 & get a liv+ sympa!tic k ( x1 su* z c nev] come ?r\gh ! indirect m$ium ( ! book4 ,inde$1 ?is language /udy ne$ n be limit$ to ! "m tongue4 ,!re is no age :5 a *ild may ) s great economy ( ef=t ga9 a la/+ k ( a =eign language z :5 he is f sev5 to elev5 ye>s old4 ,:5 ! spok5 language has be5 ma/]$ 9 ?is way1 & :5 ! *ild has arriv$ at ! read+ & writ+ age1 language 9 its writt5 =m may be acquir$ 9 a v %ort "t1 & t :i* n[ fills s _m we>y ye>s ( s*ool life w s9k into ! position ( comp>ative insignificance 9 :i* x rightfully belongs4 ,read+ & writ+ h usurp$ altoge!r too mu* "t4 ,9 ! s*ools ( to-day !re is a wor%ip ( ! read+ book1 spell+ book1 copy book1 & diction>y n rightfully due !m4 ,by dropp+ ! /udy ( lett]s f ! l[] grades mu* ne$$ "t may be f\nd = o!r timely & important subjects1 su* z ,nature /udy1 morals1 hi/ory1 oral language1 s++1 physical tra9+1 & play4 ,"o ( ! greate/ goods :i* w\ld foll[ ! bani%+ ( ! book f ! prim>y & elem5t>y s*ools w\ld be ! cultivation ( bett] m5tal habits4 ,*ildr5 suff] la/+ injury by be+ left ) a book 9 _! seats & direct$ to /udy at an age :5 ! p[] ( volunt>y att5tion has n develop$4 ,!y !n acquire habits ( li/lessness & m9d-w&]+ aft]w>d difficult to ov]come4 ,!y read ov] _m times t :i* does n hold _! att5tion & is n rememb]$4 ,lax habits ( /udy are ?us acquir$1 ) ! s]i\s incid5tal result ( weak5+ ! ret5tive p[] :i* dep5ds s mu* ^u int]e/ & conc5tration4 ,) ! sub/itution ( ! oral = ! book me?od1 reliance ^u ! memory dur+ ! memory p]iod w p]man5tly /r5g!n ! *ild's p[] ( ret5tion4 ,! p]iod betwe5 ! ages ( five & t5 ye>s is an important "o 9 ! *ild's life4 ,x is ! "t :5 ! let-alone plan ( education is ( mo/ value1 = ! reason t ne>ly all our educational devices beyond ! k9d]g>t5 are m or less attempts to make m5 & wom5 out ( *ildr54 ,if ! *ild at ?is age mu/ be put into ! h>ness ( an educational sy/em1 8 c\rse ( /udy w n be impov]i%$ by ! omission ( read+ & writ+4 ,to tea* him to speak & to li/51 to obs]ve & to rememb]1 to "k some?+ ( ! _w ar\nd him1 & in/9ctively to d ! "r ?+1 w furni% m ?an en\gh mat]ial = ! mo/ ambiti\s elem5t>y s*ool curriculum4 ,,footnote3 #de ,see ! article on ,c\rses ( ,/udy 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ,t4 ,r4 ,crosswell1 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,april1 #ahig4 ,,soils ,,& ,,f]tiliz]s4#df ,,by ,,*>les ,,m9or ,,black=d1 ,,jr41 ,m4 ,d4 ,! ^w soil is us$ 9 sev]al arts & sci5ces to d5ote ! mat]ial f :i* some?+ d]ives n\ri%m5t4 ,! meat bro?s & jellies on :i* bact]ia are gr[n are soils = !m1 z ! e>? ( a field is a soil = ! ord9>y f>m crops2 b 9 g5]al we mean by soils ! v>i\s mixtures ( m9]al & organic sub/ances t make up ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! object ( ?is pap] is to %[ z briefly z possible ! way x 0 =m$1 ( :at x is compos$1 ! mann] 9 :i* x n\ri%es plants1 & ! rules t %\ld guide u 9 repl5i%+ its nutriti\s matt] :5 exhau/$4 ,s broad a field c be b lightly t\*$1 & ! ef=t w be to give only h9ts f :i* rules = specific cases may be d$uc$4 ,:5 a sample ( ord9>y f]tile soil is analyz$1 x is f\nd to consi/ ( a numb] ( m9]als1 ( c>bon1 nitrog51 & phosphorus 9 v>i\s comb9ations1 wat]1 & c]ta9 o!r +r$i5ts dep5d5t on ! locality4 ,among ! m9]als ! mo/ important are potassium1 sodium1 lime1 iron1 & silicon1 & ! hi/ory ( ^! is ( ! greate/ int]e/4 ,sci5tific /ud5ts are g5]ally agre$ t ! surface ( ! e>? is b a %ell inclos+ a liquid1 or at all ev5ts a highly heat$ int]ior4 ,orig9ally ! :ole mass 0 fluid1 b ! surface has cool$ m rapidly ?an ! int]ior1 & s a firm cru/ has be5 =m$4 ,z ! c5tral mass cool$1 x contract$1 & ! cru/ became wr9kl$ & fold$1 z does ! sk9 ( an apple z its pulp dries1 &1 by ?is fold+1 great ridges 7 ?r[n up 9 "s places & va/ depressions =m$ 9 o!rs4 ,:5 ! cru/ became cool en\gh = wat] to rema9 on x1 mo/ ( ! depressions 7 fill$ by x1 & ! dry l& appe>$1 n only on ! cre/s ( ! ridges1 b on ! elevat$ plateaus ab\t !m1 & ?us oceans & cont95ts 7 =m$4 ,_h "o ( u se5 ! e>? at t "t he w\ld h be5 loa? to select x z a resid5ce4 ,rugg$1 rocky ranges ( precipit\s m\nta9s surr\nd$ by /ret*es ( nak$ rock made ! l&scape4 ,d5se cl\ds f ! tepid oceans da%$ aga9/ ! icy peaks1 & torr5ts ( wat] ru%$ back to ! sea4 ,:]e ! slopes p]mitt$1 ! glaci]s spread ov] wide areas1 = no vegetation *eck$ ! rapid radiation ( heat1 & night br\ght bitt] cold4 ,! cru/ wav$ & fluctuat$ ov] ! liquid int]ior z does ?9 ice "u a d>+ skat]1 & z x fell ! sea ru%$ ov] ! l&1 only to fl[ else:]e z ! depress$ area rose aga94 ,! freez+ & ?aw+ & ! effects ( w9d & wat] 9 "t produc$ a *ange4 ,! rocks 7 riv5 & brok5 to p[d]1 _! ne>ly v]tical slopes became less /eep1 & in/ead ( b>e rock ! e>? %[$ dre>y morasses & /ret*es ( s&4 ,ov] ^! m>%es vegetation began to ?rive4 ,9 ! sea !re liv$ !n1 z n[1 a teem+ population1 animal1 vegetable1 & liv+ be+s t c ) difficulty be assign$ to ei!r ( ^! classes4 ,ea* ( !m1 h[ev]1 conta9$ c>bon1 & _m _h built lime1 phosphorus1 nitrog51 & o!r valuable sub/ances into _! bodies4 ,:]e food 0 abundant ^! grew 9 va/ numb]s1 & ?\gh _m are inf9itely small s+ly1 _! aggregate mass is enorm\s4 ,among ! t9y organisms is "o call$ ! ,globig]9a1 a be+ s small z to require a microscope to /udy x1 b 9 ! pa/1 z n[1 gr[+ 9 great numb]s 9 ! sea4 ,! animal is s(t & jellylike1 b x =ms an outside skeleton ( %ell ( c>bonate ( calcium or *alk1 a /ructure t protects x liv+1 b entombs x dead4 ,:5 dea? comes1 ! little ,globig]9a s9ks to ! bottom1 & its t9y %ell helps to cov] ! sea floor4 ,9 ! days ( long ago ^! liv$ z n[1 & :5 "s convulsion ( ,nature lift$ ! bottom ( prehi/oric seas1 ! ,globig]9a ooze 0 lift$ z well1 & ?us ! lime/one =m$4 ,9 our l& a b$ ( ?is k9d ext5ds f ,alabama to ,newf\ndl&2 !nce1 z ! telegraphic plateau1 x passes "u ! ,atlantic1 ris+ into ! *alk d[ns & cliffs ( ,engl&2 !n1 aga9 dipp+ "u ! sea1 x passes ?r\gh ,europe1 & f9ally furni%es ! m>ble qu>ries ( ,greece4 ,heat1 wat]1 & *emical action give a ceaseless v>iety to ! =ms ( ! lime/one1 b :]ev] f\nd x %[s ! =m] seat ( an ocean4 ,z soon z ! ooze 0 lift$ f bel[ ! sea x began to *ange4 ,"s has be5 expos$ to heat & has cry/alliz$ into m>ble1 b = our purposes ! mo/ int]e/+ *anges h be5 wr\ght by wat]4 ,*alk1 lime/one1 & m>ble--= ^! are *emically ! same--are almo/ insoluble 9 pure wat]4 ,b wat] is r>ely pure2 x dissolves _m ?+s1 & among !m ! c>bonic-oxide gas t e fire1 e animal1 e decay+ scrap ( wood is p\r+ into ! atmosph]e4 ,! ra91 *>g$ ) ?is gas1 dissolves ! lime/one1 b :5 ! gas escapes ! lime falls1 z y "k happ5s :5 h>d wat] is boil$1 = ! heat drives (f ! gas4 ,by ?is solution1 h[ev]1 ! lime is scatt]$ widely ?r\gh ! soil1 & is r>ely lack+ 9 untill$ e>?4 ,besides lime1 phosphorus is necess>y 9 a good soil4 ,?is is widely spread 9 ,nature1 b its great res]voir is ! ocean1 t b\ndless m9e ( weal?4 ,_m m>9e animals h ! p[] ( build+ x into _! tissues1 & ! %ells ( oy/]s & o!r mollusks1 ! bones ( ne>ly all animals1 t]re/rial & m>9e1 & p>ts ( o!r organisms1 are compos$ ( phosphates to a great] or less degree4 ,9 ! ceaseless *anges ( level ! primal oy/] b$s & coral reefs are rais$ to ! surface or f> above x1 & ! sl[ action ( "t beg9s to te> d[n ! deposits & spread !m wide-ca/4 ,s9ce t f>-(f "t 9 ! beg9n+ no new matt] has be5 put on e>? save ! small am\nts ( ! meteorites1 & ! economy ( ,nature c all[ n "o atom to lie 9 idl5ess1 b calls on ea* "o to play its "p ceaselessly1 )\t ha/e & )\t re/4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( a sub/ance is dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! e>?2 by ra9s x is wa%$ into ! /reams1 & !nce to ! sea4 ,"h plants or animals eag]ly await x1 & by means ( !m x is aga9 re/or$ to ! l&1 to beg9 aga9 its endless r\nd4 ,! metals mo/ necess>y = plant life are potassium1 sodium1 & iron2 inde$1 ! v "n ( ! fir/ %[s its importance4 ,if ! a%es :i* conta9 all ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( plants be put 9 a vessel & wat] p\r$ on !m1 a solution ( lye w p]colate ?r\gh ! mass4 ,! ^w lye is an abbreviation = alkali1 & :5 *emi/ry became suffici5tly advanc$1 a metal 0 discov]$ 9 ?is lye to :i* ! "n potassium--i4 e41 pota%-metal--0 giv54 ,if seawe$s be burn$ & lee*$ 9 ! same way we c obta9 f ! lye ano!r metal1 sodium1 t is mu* l potassium1 & t is "o ( ! mo/ widely spread sub/ances on e>? z its *loride1 or common salt4 ,potassium & sodium ent] into ! composition ( _m rocks1 & z ^! become erod$ by wea!r !y are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! soil1 :5ce _! salts are extract$ by rootlets & ent] into ! =mation ( vegetable tissue4 ,beh9d ^! /&s iron4 ,! gre5 color+ matt] ( plants is a v complex sub/ance kn[n z *lorophyll1 ! duty ( :i* is to take c>bonic oxide f ! air1 utilize ! c>bon1 & re/ore ! oxyg54 ,iron ent]s into ! composition ( *lorophyll1 & to x is due ! br[n color ( dead leaves4 ,?is metal is well-nigh univ]sal1 all ! r$s & br[ns 9 soils & rocks be+ made by x1 & s x is r>ely lack+ any:]e4 ,s mu* = ! metals 9 soils2 b1 important z !y are1 plants c n live on !m alone4 ,among ! nonmetallic bodies phosphorus /&s high among ess5tials1 & = x we are indebt$ to ! sea & ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,_m liv+ creatures extract phosphorus f ! sea wat]--comb9e x *iefly ) lime1 & use ! phosphate = mak+ skeletons or %ells1 z ! case may be4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ! possessors ! bones or %ells s9k to ! bottom1 z d ! ,globig]9a1 & 9 "t are ei!r lift$ up1 z 7 ! lime/ones1 & =m phosphate b$s l ^? ( ,georgia & ,florida1 or are dr$g$ up & gr\nd into p[d] ) bones ( l& animals4 ,mu* ( ! matt] =c$ up f ! int]ior ( ! e>? conta9s phosphorus2 inde$1 x is ! bane ( ,s\!rn iron ores2 b ?\gh iron ma/]s dread x1 f>m]s welcome x1 z ! ra9s & fro/s crumble ! phosphatic rocks & add !m to ! mass ( dbris t =ms our soil4 ,n[ let u take a te/ tube & put into x lime1 pota%1 soda1 iron1 silicon1 or s&1 & phosphorus1 add to x a gra9 ( corn1 & wat* results4 ,"u suitable conditions ( w>m? & moi/ure ! gra9 w spr\t1 b :5 ! /ore ( food laid up 9 x is exhau/$ our little plant w die4 ,x is obvi\s t some?+ else is ne$$ = a soil1 & analysis %[s t x is nitrog51 ! gas t =ms ne>ly f\r fif?s ( our atmosph]e--a gas useless1 z su*1 to animals1 b ess5tial to plants4 ,nitrog5 is abundant 9 ,nature4 ,besides be+ ne>ly f\r fif?s ( ! air1 x =ms tw5ty-two p] c5t ( nitric acid1 =ty-five p] c5t ( saltpet] or nit]1 eighty-two p] c5t ( ammonia1 & ab\t tw5ty-five p] c5t ( sal ammoniac4 ,plants c n use nitrog5 9 its pure =m1 b "o or ano!r ( ^! =ms w be f\nd 9 ! soil1 :5ce x may be extract$4 ,n[ we h ! *ief articles ( plant food1 & x is necess>y to "k h[ !y are to be us$4 ,a plant usually consi/s ( two p>ts1 "o t appe>s above gr\nd1 be>+ bran*es1 twigs1 & leaves1 & ano!r t rema9s bel[ gr\nd4 ,x is ?is latt] t conc]ns u n[1 & x is wor? /udy4 ,?is l[] "p consi/s ( a numb] ( twigs call$ rhizomes1 f :i* proce$ a va/ numb] ( f9e1 ?readlike rootlets1 & ^! are ! m\?s ( ! plant1 ?r\gh :i* x draws n\ri%m5t f ! e>? ab\t x4 ,be=e any liv+ ?+ c use n\ri%m5t f )\t1 x mu/ be dissolv$1 & ?is solution requires mu* prep>ation at times4 ,m51 & o!r animals ) a wide range ( food /uffs1 effect ?is by ! secretions ( ! dige/ive organs2 b mo/ plants h no dige/ive app>atus1 /rictly speak+1 & 7 !y suppli$ ) an abundance ( ! foods !y mo/ ne$1 !y w\ld />ve unless ! food 7 9 a suitable /ate = absorption4 ,! way 9 :i* ,nature effects ?is solution is ! key to _m ( h] secrets1 & x has be5 und]/ood only )9 ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,if we h a piece ( meat fre%ly tak5 f an animal we f9d x firm1 coh]5t1 & almo/ odorless4 ,if x be put into a w>m1 moi/ *amb] = a few days a great *ange comes ov] x1 & x becomes s(t1 (f5sive 9 odor1 & liable to fall to pieces4 ,we say t x is rott5 or putrid4 ,if a bit ( x be put "u a microscope1 x is se5 to be teem+ ) bact]ia1 & ^! are responsible = ! decay4 ,n[1 if a specim5 ( e>? be exam9$1 we f9d t x conta9s bact]ia1 t attack all k9ds ( organic matt]1 te>+ x to pieces to get _! food1 & mak+ _m diff]5t ?+s out ( :at is left4 ,!re is "o sort ( f]m5t t gr[s 9 apple juice & splits ! sug> into alcohol & c>bonic acid1 =m+ h>d cid]1 & if ! f]m5tation /ops at ?is po9t ! well-kn[n dr9k results4 ,h[ev]1 !re is ano!r f]m5t call$ "m ( v9eg> t may get 91 &1 if s1 a diff]5t k9d ( f]m5tation is />t$ t =ms acetic acid in/ead ( alcohol2 or ! bact]ia ( decomposition may come 9 & ! :ole g back to its elem5ts4 ,!re is a wond]ful provision ( ,nature %[n 9 ^! /ages4 ,! bact]ia--! organisms t produce decay--c n live 9 a /rong sug> solution1 b ! f]m5ts1 l common yea/1 c live 9 x1 & !y split ! sug> into alcohol1 c>bonic oxide1 & o!r ?+s4 ,9 ^! ano!r set c live1 & :5 ! fir/ h di$ ( />vation or f ! alcohol !y =m1 ! second set /ep 9 & turn ! weak alcohol into acetic acid4 ,acetic acid is a pres]v+ ag5t1 z our s\r pickles %[1 b if x is n too /rong !re are "s organisms t c live 9 x1 & ! :ole process ends 9 decay4 ,n[1 x %\ld be notic$ t ea* ( ^! organisms paves ! way = ! next by conv]t+ an unsuitable food /uff into a suitable "o4 ,?is famili> example indicates ! l9es on :i* ,nature works4 ,x is ! same ev]y:]e1 & %[s ! advantage ( specialization1 ( all[+ "s "o ) peculi> facilities = p]=m+ an act to d t exclusively1 t o!rs may pr(it by 8 skill4 ,s long z ea* man s\ght & kill$ 8 food1 cook$ 8 meals1 made 8 own clo?+1 weapons1 & implem5ts--9 a ^w1 liv$ alone--advance 0 impossible4 ,x 0 only :5 he :o 0 mo/ skillful ) ! ne$le made g>m5ts = ! hunt] 9 ex*ange = a haun* ( v5ison1 t ! hunt] c\ld practice m>ksman%ip1 & ! tailor design a new cut = ! mantle ) :i* ! w>rior might dazzle ! daught] ( ! arr[ mak]4 ,x is ! same 9 ,nature4 ,"s organisms possess p[]s ( elaborat+ c]ta9 mat]ials ( :i* o!rs are quick to avail !mselves4 ,plants c manufacture />*1 an article ne$$ by animals1 b ( :i* _! own capacity1 s f> z produc+ x is conc]n$1 is v limit$1 & ?us animals f9d x advantage\s to avail !mselves ( ^! /ores in/ead ( tax+ _! own res\rces4 ,simil>ly1 plants ne$ ! organic matt]s ( ! animal bodies1 & wise agriculture supplies c>bon1 nitrog51 & o!r articles ( food 9 ! %ape ( animal & vegetable refuse4 ,b ?is matt] requires dige/ion2 x mu/ be made soluble be=e x c be absorb$1 & b few plants c effect ?is solution unaid$4 ,! ,v5us's flytrap1 ! sundew1 ! wond]ful c>rion plant1 & o!rs1 are equipp$ ) elaborate app>atus by :i* !y are enabl$ to capture1 kill1 & lit]ally dige/ ! insects t supply !m ) nitrog5e\s food1 b ^! are exceptional cases4 ,nature usually employs o!r ag5ts4 ,! action ( bact]ia 9 caus+ decay has be5 said to be 9 g5]al simil> to f]m5tation--t x is effect$ by ! bact]ia 9 seek+ _! food4 ,if oxyg5 be abundant1 putrefaction occurs2 if x be scant or abs5t1 !n f]m5tation takes place1 = ! t9y organisms require oxyg51 &1 if ! air fails !m1 !y pull to pieces ! organic matt]s ne> !m to obta9 x4 ,9 do+ ?is !y get ! nitrog5 into su* %ape t ! plants c use x1 & ?us dige/ _! food = !m4 ,all organic matt] conta9s c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg5 z a g5]al rule1 & to ^! are (t5 unit$ phosphorus1 sulphur1 nitrog51 & o!rs1 mak+ v complex arrangem5ts1 v]itable h\ses ( c>ds1 9 fact1 only held toge!r by ! /range p[] ( life4 ,:5 a leaf falls or a bird dies1 "s ( ^! comb9ations are brok51 & !n ! bact]ia & o!r l[ly organisms h full sway1 = liv+ matt] is impregnable to all save a few ( !m4 ,z oxyg5 or some?+ else is tak5 out ( ! complex molecules1 ! comp\nd falls to pieces1 b z 9 ! kaleidoscope ! bits ( color$ glass tumble into endless v>ieties ( symmetrical figures1 s d ! atoms fall into new comb9ations4 ,if ! key/one ( an ar* be remov$1 ! /ones fall ap>t2 b atoms1 unlike bricks or /ones1 c n /& alone z a rule2 !y mu/ be unit$ to some?+1 & s1 z soon z old associations are dissolv$1 new ones are =m$4 ,^! new ones are ^? ne$$ by plants1 & ?us is plant food dige/$4 ,! t]m plant food has be5 frequ5tly us$1 & %\ld n[ be di/9ctly expla9$1 = m]ely /at+ ! *emical elem5ts is n describ+ ! food4 ,:5 a physician tells a nurse to fe$ a pati5t he does n ord] s mu* c>bon1 nitrog51 phosphorus1 & ! l1 b specifies a s\p1 c]ta9 vegetables1 & s on1 detail+ e p>ticul>2 & ! same %\ld be done = vegetable invalids4 ,9 m$ical practice a condition is recogniz$ t is call$ scurvy4 ,x is n exactly />vation1 b is produc$ by lack ( "s food mat]ials usually suppli$ by fre% vegetables4 ,if scurvy appe>s at sea1 no am\nt ( meat1 bread1 cakes1 or pa/ry w /op x2 vegetables1 & !y only1 w /ay x4 ,sometimes a simil> condition prevails among crops3 "s +r$i5t 9 a soil is lack+1 & ! o!rs may be suppli$ indef9itely )\t giv+ ! desir$ relief4 ,to ?is may be attribut$ mu* ( ! fault f\nd ) f]tiliz]s2 = if ! soil does n ne$ a p>ticul> comp\nd x is useless to apply x1 & an excell5t f]tiliz] is (t5 blam$ = n produc+ a crop on l& already ov]/ock$ ) x & cry+ = some?+ else4 ,let u suppose a field on :i* cotton has be5 gr[n = _m successive ye>s until x has become exhau/$4 ,analysis %[s t a crop yield+ "o hundr$ p\nds ( l9t to ! acre removes f ! soil3 ,nitrog5 #bj4ga p\nds2 ,phosphoric acid #h4ag ,pota% #ac4jf ,lime #ab4fj ,magnesia #d4ge ----- ,total #ei4bi ,! weight ( ! :ole crop f :i* ^! figures 7 tak5 0 eight hundr$ & =ty-sev5 p\nds1 s t cotton exhau/s l& less ?an any /aple crop1 if ! roots1 /ems1 leaves1 etc41 be turn$ "u & only ! l9t & se$ be remov$4 ,( ^! ! l9t 7"o hundr$ p\nds7 takes #a4ag p\nd f ! soil1 & ! se$ #ac4hi p\nds1 mak+ #ae4jf p\nds net loss4#dg ,b ignor+ returns t may be made 9 ! %ape ( cotton-se$ meal1 etc41 & lime1 ) :i* our soils are abundantly suppli$1 we see t nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% h be5 remov$4 ,suppose ! own] puts bone meal on 8 exhau/$ l&3 ! phosphoric acid 9 ! bone w supply "o ne$1 & an improvem5t results4 ,on ! /r5g? ( ?is1 bone meal w be load$ into ! soil aga91 & let u suppose ! deficit n yet made up1 ! crop aga9 %[s improvem5t4 ,n[1 phosphoric acid ab\nds 9 ! soil1 ?\gh ! defici5cy 9 nitrog5 & pota% has become /eadily great]2 s1 :5 ! cu/om>y bone meal is appli$1 ! crop falls back1 because ! plants are />v+ = pota% & nitrog54 ,!y are l scurvy-smitt5 sailors1 b _m ?\ghtless f>m]s w\ld attribute ! decl9e to ! mak] ( ! bone meal1 & say t its quality 0 n s high z =m]ly--an op9ion simil> to t ( a sea capta9 :o w\ld ascribe to ! poor quality ( salt beef an outbreak ( scurvy on 8 vessel4 ,z crops ( any description extract pota%1 nitrog51 & phosphoric acid f soils1 ! "q h[ !y are to be replac$ is an important matt]1 & its answ] may be mo/ readily f\nd by /udy+ ,nature's me?ods4 ,9 p>ts ( ! ,old ,_w !re are fields t are f]tile 9 ! extreme aft] ?\s&s ( ye>s ( tillage1 & x is app>5t t m]e cultivation does n prove injuri\s4 ,! tropical =e/s h some?+ gr[+ :]ev] a plant c f9d foo?old--a population 9 :i* ! /ruggle = food is second>y to t = light & air1 & yet ! soil support+ ?is vegetation is m>vel\sly ri*4 ,e leaf t falls rema9s :]e x fell until 9 ! w>m1 moi/1 half-light$ =e/ x becomes a little heap ( mold4 ,! bact]ia ( decomposition require w>m? & moi/ure = _! life2 light is delet]i\s to !m1 b !y ?rive 9 ! d5se %ade ( ! jungle4 ,! tangl$ web ( roots1 we$s1 & v9es reta9s ! ra9fall1 ret>d+ evaporation1 & prev5t+ bo? dr\ghts & fre%ets4 ,receiv+ dead & brok5 leaves1 b\ghs1 & o!r vegetable products1 & sp>$ ! wa%+ ( viol5t torr5ts1 ! =e/ is ine/imably f]tile4 ,on a small] scale ?is goes on univ]sally4 ,! annual we$s1 decidu\s leaves1 & su* matt]1 fall prey to molds & bact]ia1 by :i* !y are made soluble4 ,sn[s & ra9s be> ! products into ! soil1 & !re o!r bact]ia1 clu/]+ ar\nd ! roots1 =m ! acids ne$$ to complete solution4 ,e "o kn[s t well-rott$ manure is bett] ?an t :i* is fre%1 & _m wond] at ?is1 b ! reason is app>5t4 ,9 fe$+ delicate pati5ts1 physicians (t5 prescribe pr$ige/$ foods or ! dige/ive f]m5ts to aid enfeebl$ assimilation2 & simil>ly ! manures t h be5 ?or\ghly act$ on by bact]ia1 or conta9+ ^? capable ( produc+ ! matt]s t plants ne$1 are ( mo/ value = n\ri%+ vegetation4 ,9 produc+ an article ( any sort1 ! *eapness & ease ) :i* x c be made is l>gely dep5d5t on ! %ape 9 :i* ! raw mat]ial rea*es ! factory4 ,if a f\ndry c procure iron t ne$s only to be melt$ & ca/1 ! own] c fill 8 ord]s m readily ?an w\ld be possible if he _h to r$uce ! metal f ! ore2 & ,nature uses ?is pr9ciple ov] & ov] aga94 ,! importance ( nitrog5 to plants & its abundance 9 ,nature h be5 m5tion$1 b x has also be5 said t plants c n use x directly1 z mo/ animals d ) oxyg54 ,! t9y bact]ia int]v5e1 & ?is !y d 9 two ways3 fir/1 by caus+ decay ( animal or vegetable matt] conta9+ nitrog51 & by ?is decay produc+ sub/ances t plants c absorb2 &1 secondly1 by produc+ little nodules or tub]cles on ! rootlets1 ?r\gh :i* ! plant c take up nitrog54#dh ,n[1 :5 a plant is sat$ ) nitrog51 x ceases to =m ^! tub]cles1 & _! =mation is a sure sign t ! plant is crav+ ?is article ( food4 ,:5 x is suppli$1 & its own life is end$1 ^! =m res]voirs f :i* o!r plants may be suppli$1 z new ca/+s may be made f brok5 :eels4 ,! great value ( gre5 manur+ dep5ds on ! /ore ( available nitrog5 s laid up1 b x is op5 to failure 9 "o direction4 ,! liability ( f]m5tation to g to ! acid /age f contam9ation ) acid-=m+ f]m5ts has be5 m5tion$1 an accid5t ! possibility ( :i* is impress$ on u f "t to "t by s\r bread2 & simil>ly ! organic matt] turn$ "u may und]go acid f]m5tation1 r5d]+ ! gr\nd s\r & unfit = cultivation4 ,! limits ( ?is pap] =bid ! consid]ation ( special f]tiliz]s1 b f ! g5]al pr9ciples laid d[n ! rules = any special case may be d$uc$4 ,a soil %\ld conta9 a suffici5t am\nt ( pota%1 soda1 lime1 iron1 & a few o!r m9]als2 phosphoric acid1 nitrog51 organic matt]1 &1 = "s special crops1 "s o!r +r$i5ts may be ne$$4 ,:5 ! soil ne$s r5ew+1 !re are two ways ( accompli%+ x4 ,"o way is to guess at :at is ne$$2 to buy f]tiliz]s at high prices1 )\t inquir+ :e!r ! soil ne$s ! sub/ances 9 t p>ticul> br& or n4 ,?\gh v common1 ?is is n a good plan4 ,x is z ?\gh a physician 7 to give a pati5t any drug t 0 conv5i5t1 )\t inquir+ into ! disord] or ! ne$s ( ! sy/em1 & x is foll[$ by mu* ! same result4 ,t acid phosphate gave ,f>m] ,a a good crop1 is no reason t ,f>m] ,b's l& is also defici5t 9 phosphorus4 ,! same reason+ w\ld tea* t a he>t /imulant t r\ses a pati5t f %ock w\ld b5efit "o 9 dang] ( apoplexy1 :]e ! lea/ increase 9 he>t =ce might be fatal4 ,a physician us+ su* reason+ z ! basis ( 8 practice w\ld n be consid]$ a ma/] ( 8 art2 & 7 he to attribute ! fatal outcome ( 8 logic to ! poor quality ( 8 /imulant1 he w\ld display crim9al ignorance ( drugs z well z disease2 yet x is v common to see f>m]s put guano on a soil begg+ = pota%1 & !n heap execration on ! head ( ! deal] :o sold ! guano :5 ! crop fail$4 ,to rev]t to a simile us$ above1 a capta9 mu/ n blame ! salt pork = scurvy4 ,! o!r way to buy & use f]tiliz]s is to asc]ta9 :at a c]ta9 crop ne$s2 !n f9d out :e!r ^! be 9 ! soil1 & to :at ext5t4 ,) ^! data ! defici5cy may be made good )\t ! wa/eful co/ ( ! =m] me?od4 ,/ate & ,f$]al ,dep>tm5ts ( ,agriculture furni% _! aid freely & gladly1 & already ! signs are se5 ( ! day :5 agriculture w take its place among ! semiexact sci5ces1 & ! pres5t haphaz>d me?ods w become obsolete4 ,,footnotes3 #df ,an address deliv]$ be=e ! ,ri*mond ,c\nty 7,georgia7 ,agricultural ,society1 on ,febru>y #ai1 #ahih4 #dg ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,f>m]s' ,bullet91 ,no4 #dh4 #dh ,legum9\s ,plants = ,gre5 ,manur+ & = ,fe$+4 ,e4 ,w4 ,all51 ,ph4 ,d4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,f>m]s' ,bullet91 ,no4 #af4 ,,sket* ,,( ,,augu/ ,,kekul4 ,?is news1 said ,h]r ,h4 ,l&relt1 presid5t1 ann\nc+ ,kekul's dea? 9 ! ,g]man ,*emical ,society at ,b]l91 w be receiv$ ) sorr[ n only by our society b by ! :ole *emical _w4 ,sci5ce has aga9 lo/ "o ( its greate/ repres5tatives1 "o ( ^? extremely r>e spirits :o 7 call$ ^u to f\nd a new epo* 9 x & pu% x mightily =w>d4 ,,fri$ri* ,,augu/ ,,kekul 0 born at ,d>m/adt1 ,septemb] #g1 #ahbi1 & di$1 aft] a long illness1 at ,bonn1 ,july #ac1 #ahif4 ,he 0 orig9ally de/9$ by 8 fa!r = ! pr(ession ( an ar*itect2 & "s h\ses1 he told 8 /ud5ts 9 a fe/ival address1 /ill exi/$ 79 #ahib7 9 ,d>m/adt ( :i* he drew ! plans :51 a y\?1 he 0 att5d+ ! gymnasium4 ,! lead+ ev5ts ( 8 life 7 v t]sely told by himself 9 an address respond+ to an ovation f ! /ud5ts ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,bonn on ! tw5ty-fif? anniv]s>y ( 8 pr(essor%ip !re2 a translation ( :i*1 f ! ,klnis*e ,zeitung1 0 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,m>t9 9 ,nature1 ,june #cj1 #ahib4 ,at ,giess51 he said1 :]e he w5t to /udy ar*itecture1 he att5d$ ,liebig's lectures1 & 0 !reby attract$ to *emi/ry4 ,b 8 relatives w\ld n at fir/ he> ( 8 *ang+ 8 pr(ession1 & he 0 giv5 a half-ye>'s grace to ?9k ov] x4 ,he sp5t 8 "t 9 ! ,polyte*nicum at ,d>m/adt4 ,8 fir/ tea*] 9 *emi/ry at ,d>m/adt 0 ,mold5hau]1 ! inv5tor ( lucif] mat*es4 ,8 leisure "t 0 sp5t 9 model+ 9 pla/] & at ! la!4 ,he 0 !n p]mitt$ to return to ,giess54 ,i att5d$1 he said1 ! lectures1 fir/ ( ,w & !n ( ,liebig4 ,liebig 0 at "w on a new edition ( 8 lett]s on ,*emi/ry1 = :i* _m exp]im5ts _h to be c>ri$ out4 ,i _h to make e/imations ( a%1 ( album51 to inve/igate glut5 9 plants1 etc4 ,! names ( ! "y *emi/s :o help$ ,liebig 7 m5tion$ 9 ! book1 among !m m9e4 ,! proposal 0 !n made to me1 j at ! "t ,liebig int5d$ to make me 8 assi/ant1 t ,i %\ld g = a ye> abroad1 ei!r to ,b]l91 :i* 0 at t "t to ,giess5 a =eign l&1 or to ,p>is4 ',g1' said ,liebig1 'to ,p>is2 !re y\r views w be wid5$2 y w le>n a new language2 y w get acqua9t$ ) ! life ( a great city2 b y w n le>n *emi/ry !re4' ,9 t1 h[ev]1 ,liebig 0 wrong4 ,i att5d$ lectures by ,frmy1 ,wurtz1 ,p\illet1 ,regnault2 by ,m>*&is on physiology1 & by ,pay5 on te*nology4 ,"o day1 z ,i 0 saunt]+ along ! /reets1 my eyes enc\nt]$ a l>ge po/] ) ! words ,leons de philosophie *imique p> ,*>les ,g]h>dt1 ex-pr(esseur de ,montpelli]4 ,g]h>dt _h resign$ 8 pr(essor%ip at ,montpelli]1 & 0 tea*+ philosophy & *emi/ry z privat doc5t 9 ,p>is4 ,t attract$ me1 & ,i ent]$ my "n on ! li/4 ,"s days lat] ,i receiv$ a c>d f ,g]h>dt2 he _h se5 my "n 9 ,liebig's ,lett]s on ,*emi/ry4 ,on my call+ ^u him he receiv$ me ) great k9dness1 & made me ! (f]1 :i* ,i c\ld n accept1 t ,i %\ld become 8 assi/ant4 ,my visit took place at noon1 & ,i did n leave 8 h\se till midnight1 aft] a long talk on *emi/ry4 ,^! discussions cont9u$ betwe5 u at lea/ twice a week = ov] a ye>4 ,!n ,i receiv$ ! (f] ( ! po/ ( assi/ant to von ,plaut]1 at ! ,ca/le ( ,rei*5au1 ne> ,*ur1 :i* ,i accept$1 contr>y to ,liebig's wi%1 :o recomm5d$ me z assi/ant to ,fehl+1 at ,/uttg>t4 ,s ,i w5t to ,switz]l&1 :]e ,i _h leisure to dige/ :at ,i _h le>n$ 9 ,p>is dur+ my int]c\rse ) ,g]h>dt4 ,!n ,i receiv$ an invitation f ,/5h\se1 9 ,london1 to become 8 assi/ant1 an invitation ,i 0 loa? to accept1 s9ce ,i reg>d$ him1 if ,i may be all[$ ! expression1 z a ,s*mi]*emik]4 ,by *ance1 h[ev]1 ,buns5 came to ,*ur on a visit to 8 bro!r-9-law1 at ^: h\se ,i fir/ met him4 ,i consult$ ,buns5 z to ,/5h\se's (f]1 & he advis$ me by all means to accept x4 ,i %\ld le>n a new language1 b ,i %\ld n le>n *emi/ry4 ,s ,i came to ,london1 :]e z ,/5h\se's assi/ant ,i did n le>n mu*4 ,by means ( a fri5d1 h[ev]1 ,i became acqua9t$ ) ,williamson4 ,! latt] _h j publi%$ 8 e!r !ory1 & 0 at "w on ! polybasic acids 79 p>ticul> on ! action ( ,p,cl#e on ,h#b,,s#d74 ,*emi/ry 0 at "o ( its turn+ po9ts4 ,! !ory ( polybasic radicals 0 be+ evolv$4 ,) ,williamson 0 also associat$ ,odl+4 ,williamson insi/$ on pla91 simple =mul1 )\t commas1 )\t ! buckles ( ,kolbe or ! brackets ( ,g]h>dt4 ,x 0 a capital s*ool to enc\rage indep5d5t ?\ght4 ,! wi% 0 express$ t ,i %\ld /ay 9 ,engl& & become a te*nologi/1 b ,i 0 too mu* atta*$ to home4 ,i wi%$ to tea* 9 a ,g]man univ]sity4 ,b :]e8 ,9 ord] to get acqua9t$ ) ! circum/ances at sev]al univ]sities1 ,i became a travel+ /ud5t4 ,9 ?is capacity ,i came1 among o!r univ]sities1 to ,bonn4 ,"h !re 0 no *emi/ ( em95ce1 & h5ce !re 7 no prospects4 ,n[h]e did !re seem s mu* promise & s great a future z at ,heidelb]g4 ,i c\ld ask no help ( ,buns54 ',i c d no?+ = y1' he said1 'at lea/ n op5ly4 ,i w n /& 9 y\r way1 b m ,i c n promise4' ,i fitt$ up a small private laboratory 9 ! pr9cipal /reet ( ,heidelb]g at ! h\se ( a corn m]*ant--,gross1 by "n--a s+le room ) an adjo9+ kit*54 ,i took a few pupils1 among :om 0 ,baey]4 ,9 our little kit*5 ,i f9i%$ my "w on fulm9ate ( silv]1 :ile ,baey] c>ri$ out ! rese>*es1 :i* subsequ5tly became fam\s1 on cacodyl4 ,t ! walls 7 coat$ ?ick ) ars5i\s acid1 & t silv] fulm9ate is explosive1 we took no ?\ght ab\t4 ,aft] two ye>s & a half ,i receiv$ a call to ,gh5t z ord9>y pr(essor4 ,!re ,i /ay$ n9e ye>s1 & _h to lecture 9 ,fr5*4 ,) me to ,gh5t came ,baey]4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! !n ,prime ,m9i/] ( ,belgium1 ,rogi]1 ,i obta9$ ! means to e/abli% a small laboratory4 ,i _h !re ) me a numb] ( /ud5ts1 among :om ,i may "n ,baey]1 ,hbn]1 ,lad5burg1 ,wi*elhaus1 ,l9nemann1 ,radzizewski4 ,!re 0 n s mu* a sy/ematic c\rse ( in/ruction z a free & pleasant academic int]c\rse4 ,aft] n9e ye>s' "w ,i receiv$ ! call to ,bonn4 ,pr(essor ,kekul conclud$ 8 address ) "s acc\nt ( 8 "w at ,bonn1 & ( ! great att5tion he _h always receiv$ f 8 pupils4 ,= a full acc\nt ( ,kekul's sci5tific c>e] & a*ievem5ts1 we are indebt$ to ! memorial address made by ,presid5t ,l&elt to ! ,g]man ,*emical ,society on ! occasion ( 8 dea?1 ( :i* we translate ! m important passages f ! ,b]i*te3 ,! works :i* ,kekul has left beh9d him belong1 z we all "k1 to ! bases ( all *emi/ry4 ,8 tea*+s h s pass$ into our fle% & blood t x seems almo/ sup]flu\s to rem9d a circle ( pr(essional *emi/s ( !m4 ,i %all be able to pres5t only 9 ! mo/ g5]al outl9es ?is ev5+ ! imm5se influ5ce :i* ! dead ma/] has ex]cis$ ^u sci5ce2 a complete view ( all 8 labors is a subject = a biography1 :i* we mu/ wait =4 ,kekul's sci5tific "w began 9 #ahed1 ) ! discov]y ( ?iacetic acid1 by :i* he at once sep>at$ f ! old s*ool ( *emi/ry t 0 /ill prevail+1 &1 f\nd+ a new "o1 reveal$ himself z an adh]5t ( ! new doctr9e ( types4 ,aft] 8 habilitation at ,heidelb]g1 :i* foll[$ 9 #ahef1 came ! essay on fulm9at+ m]cury1 9 :i* ! view s important = ! future 0 express$1 t to ! ?ree typical comb9ations ( *lorhydrog51 wat]1 & ammonia1 hi!rto recogniz$1 might be add$ a f\r?1 m>% gas4 ,9 ! next essay1 on b9>y comb9ations & ! !ory ( polyatomic radicals1 he put =w>d ! conception ( mix$ types1 & fir/ rea*$ ! k ( v>i\s atomicity or val5cy ( ! radicals4 ,^! rese>*es 7 cont9u$1 & !re appe>$ %ortly aft]w>d1 9 ! spr+ ( #aheh1 ! two great treatises :i* h s9ce ex]cis$ s p[]ful an influ5ce on *emi/ry--t on ! con/itution & metamorphoses ( *emical comb9ations1 & t on ! *emical nature ( c>bon4 ,9 ^! !ses ,kekul pass$ f ! val5cy ( ! radicals to t ( ! elem5ts !mselves1 & %[$ t ! composition ( all ^? comp\nds t conta9 "o atom ( c>bon lead to ! conclusion t t elem5t is quadrival5t2 & t1 fur!r1 ! relations ( comb9ation ( a complex ( c>bon atoms are expla9able if we suppose t ! latt] are mutually b\nd by a c]ta9 numb] ( _! f\r unities ( attraction4 ,?is idea 0 sugge/$ v c>efully1 & ! words :i* ! au?or add$ at ! end ( 8 essay read v curi\sly to-day3 ',f9ally1 ,i ?9k ,i ought /ill to insi/ t ,i atta* only little value to speculations ( ?is sort4 ,s9ce "o delv+ 9 *emi/ry mu/ once 9 a :ile1 9 ! lack ( exact sci5tific pr9ciples1 cont5t himself ) probabilities & tempor>y hypo!ses1 x seems prop] to communicate ^! conceptions1 because1 z x appe>s to me1 !y furni% a simple & fairly g5]al expression = ! newe/ discov]ies1 & because1 !re=e1 ! use ( !m may assi/ 9 ! discov]y ( new facts4' ,h[ diffid5t ! words s\nd1 & h[ f> h ! expectations be5 exce$$6 ,we all "k t ! !ory ( val5cy is to-day ! lead+ guide ?r\gh all our sci5ce2 &1 al?\gh ano!r inve/igator _h a %>e 9 its orig9ation1 no "o disputes t its ma9 f\ndation & its em95t value 9 organic *emi/ry are prim>ily due to ,kekul's idea ( ! quadrival5cy ( c>bon4 ,aft] he 0 call$ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,gh5t1 9 #aheh1 ,kekul exhibit$ an indefatigable activity4 ,he began ! great s]ies ( inve/igations ( ! organic acids :i*1 beg9n+ ) succ9ic acid1 malic acid1 & t>t>ic acid1 & ext5d+ aft]w>d to _m o!rs1 h giv5 complete conclusions z to ! nature ( ^! bodies4 ,contemporane\sly1 9 #ahfj1 appe>$ ! fir/ numb] ( ! ,lehrbu* d] organis*5 ,*emie1 :i* 0 soon foll[$ by o!r numb]s1 s t ! :ole fir/ volume 0 complet$ 9 #ahfa4 ,all 8 fell[-*emi/s :o are acqua9t$ ) ! ev5ts ( t p]iod w rememb] ! en?usiasm ) :i* ! "w 0 receiv$4 ,= ! fir/ "t1 9 place ( ! =m] sy/em ( organic *emi/ry bas$ on ! old radicals ( ,b]zelius1 a sy/em ( treatm5t appe>$ :i* 9 ! dress ( ! !ory ( types _h ! doctr9e ( val5cy z its f\ndation1 & expos$ ! con/ruction z well z ! isom]ic relations ( ! num]\s c>bon comp\nds ) wond]ful cle>ness4 ,! "w1 ! fir/ two publi%$ volumes ( :i* conta9$ ! sub/ances designat$ by ,kekul z ! fatty comp\nds1 is /ill recogniz$ z ! prototype ( _m text-books t foll[$ x4 ,9 #ahee ,kekul put =? ! second ( 8 great !ories4 ,fir/ 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,*emical ,society ( ,p>is1 & aft]w>d 9 full] =m 9 ,liebig's ,annal51 appe>$ ! essay1 ,rese>*es among ! ,aromatic ,comp\nds1 9 :i* he %[$ t ! sub/ances s designat$ all conta9 six or m atoms ( c>bon1 & t !y c\ld be describ$ z d]ivatives ( ! simple/ ( !m1 b5z5e4 ,he propos$ two hypo!ses to expla9 ! con/itution ( ?is sub/ance1 "o ( :i*1 ! only "o aft]w>d pursu$1 suppos$ t ! six c>bon atoms are associat$ 9 a r+1 & alt]nately l9k$ by "o & two val5cies4 ,by replac+ ! hydrog5 atoms correspond+ to ea* c>bon atom by o!r elem5ts or radicals "o c\ld arrive at ! k ( ! con/itution ( a l>ge numb] ( aromatic bodies :i* n[ figure z b5zol d]ivatives4 ,^! consid]ations l$1 h[ev]1 to ano!r "q--namely1 :e!r or n ! suppli$ places ( ! six hydrog5 atoms are *emically equival5t4 ,! "q ( space relations 9 *emi/ry fir/ came up 9 connection ) ?is inve/igation1 & ,kekul at once endeavor$ to solve x4 ,all ^! ideas 71 h[ev]1 express$ at fir/ ) res]ve1 & ?is essay closes ) ! words1 ',i place no m value on ^! views ?an !y are wor?1 & ,i believe t mu* labor mu/ /ill be appli$ be=e su* speculations c be reg>d$ z any?+ else ?an m or less elegant hypo!ses2 b ,i believe1 too1 t at lea/ exp]im5tal speculations ( ?is k9d mu/ be us$ 9 *emi/ry4' ,9 ?is case1 aga91 ,kekul's mode/ expectations h be5 surpass$4 ,! wond]ful results t h accru$ f ! b5zol !ory are pat5t to all ( u4 ,we "k t x 0 ! in/igation to ! c>ry+ out ( an innum]able multitude ( rese>*es :i* are /ill pursu$ ) undim9i%$ indu/ry4 ,r>ely has a ?\ght ex]cis$ s fructify+ & =w>d+ an influ5ce on *emi/ry1 & s r$\nd$ to ! advantage ( bo? pure sci5ce & art4 ,?ankfulness = ?is gift1 z y "k1 prompt$ our society to honor ! au?or ( ! b5zol !ory & ! tw5ty-fif? ye> ( ! ann\ncem5t ( x by a public fe/ival2 & ! ,kekul celebration1 :i* took place 9 ?is h\se on ! #aa? ( ,m>*1 #ahij1 is memorable to all = ! brilliant & witty spee* ) :i* ! ma/] respond$ to ! _m addresses made to him4 ,x is pres]v$ 9 our reports 7,b]i*te #bc1 #ahib71 & ! repeat$ read+ ( x always af=ds ri* enjoym5t4 ,kekul assum$ 8 la/ position1 z pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,bonn1 9 ! fall ( #ahfg4 ,he !re devot$ 8 att5tion = a p]iod to ! erection ( a new in/itute build+1 b x 0 n long be=e num]\s works began aga9 to appe>--"s ( !m by himself alone1 l ! important inve/igation ( ! cond5sation products ( aldehyde2 & o!rs 9 co-op]ation ) 8 _m /ud5ts4 ,! cont9uation ( 8 ,lehrbu* 0 tak5 9 h& at ! same "t4 ,9 #ahfg he gratifi$ 8 fell[-*emi/s by ! publication ( ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,*emi/ry ( ! ,b5zol ,d]ivatives4 ,?is 0 foll[$ f #ahhj to #ahhg by s+le numb]s1 prep>$ ) ! help ( co-work]s1 ( ! second & ?ird volumes4 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,r4 ,japp1 9 ! ,kekul memorial lecture be=e ! ,*emical ,society ( ,london1 speak+ ( ,kekul's resid5ce 9 t city1 ,septemb]1 #ahig1 said t he always ackn[l$g$ ! influ5ce :i* ,liebig & ,odl+ & ,williamson1 ) :om he became acqua9t$ 9 ,london1 ex]cis$ on ! =mation ( 8 op9ions4 ,kekul's !ories1 ,pr(essor ,japp said1 7 bas$ on ,g]h>dt's type !ory2 on ,williamson's !ory ( polyval5t radicals1 :i* by _! p[] ( l9k+ toge!r o!r radicals r5d] possible ! exi/5ce ( multiple types2 & ,odl+'s !ory ( mix$ types1 :i* 0 a d$uction f ,williamson's !ory4 ,less consci\sly1 p]haps1 8 op9ions 7 influ5c$ by ,e4 ,frankl&'s !ory ( ! val5cy ( elem5t>y atoms1 & by ,kolbe's speculation on ! con/itution ( organic comp\nds4 ,kekul ga!r$ toge!r ! v>i\s ideas :i* he f\nd scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! writ+s ( 8 pr$ecessors1 add$ to !m1 & weld$ ! :ole into ! consi/5t sy/em :i* =ms our pres5t !ory ( *emical /ructure4 ,9 #aheg1 9 ! c\rse ( a memoir on ! con/itution ( fulm9ic acid1 he gave a tabul> arrangem5t ( comp\nds =mulat$ on ! type ( m>% gas1 ?is be+ ! e>lie/ /atem5t1 ?\gh put =w>d only 9 an imp]fect =m1 ( ! tetraval5cy ( c>bon4 ,9 ! same ye> he publi%$ an important !oretical pap] ,on ! ,s-call$ ,conjugat$ ,comp\nds & ! ,!ory ( ,polyatomic ,radicals1 :i* conta9s a complete sy/em ( multiple types & mix$ types4 ,9 #aheh ! celebrat$ pap]1 ,on ! ,con/itution & ,metamorphoses ( ,*emical ,comp\nds1 & on ! ,*emical ,nature ( ,c>bon1 appe>$4 ,x embodies ! fully develop$ doctr9e ( ! tetraval5cy ( c>bon1 toge!r ) ,kekul's views on ! l9k+ ( atoms & on ! val5cy ( su* *a9s ( atoms1 ! f\ndation on :i* our mod]n sy/em ( con/itutional *emi/ry re/s4 ,9 #ahfe ,kekul put =w>d 8 well-kn[n b5z5e !ory--pron\nc$ by ,pr(essor ,japp ! cr[n+ a*ievem5t1 9 8 h&s1 ( ! doctr9e ( ! l9k+ ( atoms1 & ! mo/ brilliant piece ( sci5tific pr$iction to be f\nd 9 ! :ole range ( organic *emi/ry4 ,! conception ( clos$ *a9s1 or cycloids1 :i* he ?us introduc$1 has %[n itself to be capable ( b\ndless expansion4 ,kekul's /ud5ts all speak admir+ly ( 8 qualities z a tea*]4 ,! memoriali/ ( ! ,g]man ,*emical ,society said3 ,all ( u :o h att5d$ 8 lectures or he>d him 9 o!r places w ev] rememb] :at a tea*] ,kekul 04 ,) incomp>able lucidity & sometimes ) ! happie/ humor1 he c\ld g playfully ?r\gh ! !me he 0 consid]+1 ma/]fully pres5t+ x 9 new & (t5 surpris+ aspects4 ,! *>m ( 8 p]sonality affect$ all :o came 9 contact ) him2 x 0 ! g5iality :i* %one out ( 8 :ole be+1 & involunt>ily comm&$ admiration4 ,num]\s pupils flock$ to him1 & _m ( ^? :o to-day fill *airs ( *emi/ry 9 ,g]many & o!r c\ntries h made 8 "n highly honor$4 ,pr(essor ,?orpe1 ( ,london1 :o sp5t a little "t 9 ,kekul's laboratory1 describes him z hav+ be5 "o ( ! v be/ expositors1 ) ! s+le possible exception ( ,kir*h(f1 to :om x _h be5 8 lot to li/54 ,z a laboratory tea*] he 0 excell5t4 ,he 0 a mo/ sev]e judge ( "w1 /riv+ to exact ! same high manipulative f9i%1 ! same neatness & ord]1 :i* he inv>iably be/[$ on ev]y?+ he did1 & he 0 absolutely intol]ant ( any?+ slov5ly or sloppy4 ,b x 0 z a lectur] t he 0 se5 at 8 be/4 ,he 0 s+ul>ly lum9\s z a ?9k]1 a close & accurate reason]1 ) a rem>kable p[] ( conc5trat$ expression4444 ,8 language 0 apt & well *os51 & 8 deliv]y easy & natural2 & 8 :ole address %[$ t e detail _h be5 c>efully consid]$4 ,at a di/ance ( ?irty ye>s1 ,pr(essor ,dew> said1 at ! ,london memorial meet+1 t to look back & call to m9d ! pres5ce & p]sonality ( ! great *emi/ z he knew him 0 inde$ a pleasure4 ,he 0 a man ( noble mi51 h&some1 dignifi$1 & yet ( a homely & k9dly disposition4 ,he 0 a sev]e critic1 hav+ a haughty contempt = ! accid5tal & biz>re 9 sci5tific "w4 ,8 orig9ality & sugge/iv5ess seem$ endless1 s t he _h no ne$ to commit trespass or to foll[ j 9 ! wake ( o!r p's ideas4 ,ev]y?+ t pass$ ?r\gh ! ,kekul alembic 0 inde$ transmut$ into pure gold4 ,8 precision ( ?\ght & diction r5d]$ 8 pap]s pr(\ndly sugge/ive to o!r work]s4 ,! la/ ye>s ( ! ma/]'s life1 8 ,g]man eulogi/ says1 7 (t5 tr\bl$ by illness1 b !re 7 n want+ bright days :i* ! love ( 8 /ud5ts & colleagues prep>$ = him4 ,su* a "o 0 ! celebration ( ! tw5ty-fif? anniv]s>y ( 8 pr(essor%ip at ,bonn1 ,june #a1 #ahib1 9 :i* ! /ud5ts & (fic]s p>ticipat$ ) cordial unanimity4 ,! c]emony began 9 ! morn+ ) an en?usia/ic ovation by ! /ud5ts4 ,! *emical !at] 0 decorat$ ) plants2 ! b5z5e hexagon 0 figur$ on ! blackbo>d ) g>l&s ( fl[]s1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ! lett]s ,a4 ,k4 7 wr\ght 9 a monogram ( roses4 ,alfr$ ,helle1 "o ( ! *emical /ud5ts1 deliv]$ a felicit\s address1 9 :i* he congratulat$ 8 fell[-/ud5ts on be+ privileg$ to sit at ! feet ( ! greate/ ( liv+ *emi/s1 aft] :i* ?ree *e]s 7 giv5 to ! pr(essor4 ,kekul respond$ to ! (f]+ 9 an address giv+ "s ( ! details ( 8 life1 f :i* we h already quot$4 ,kekul's p]sonal /aff & ! (fic]s ( ! univ]sity !n pres5t$ _! congratulations4 ,9 ! ev5+ ! /ud5ts honor$ him ) a tor*light procession1 x be+ ! ?ird "t he _h receiv$ ?is1 ! mo/ conspicu\s honor :i* is be/[$ by ,g]man /ud5ts4 ,! fir/ occasion 0 9 #ahge1 :5 he decl9$ ! pr(essor%ip at ,muni*2 ! second 0 9 #ahgh1 :5 he 0 rector ( ! univ]sity1 & 0 giv5 9 celebration ( ! re/oration ( unity among ! /ud5ts1 aft] a long p]iod ( disunion4 ,among ! tor*be>]s on t occasion 0 ! pres5t ,emp]or ( ,g]many4 ,dur+ ! lat] p]iod ( 8 life ,kekul 0 comp>atively /]ile4 ,^? :o knew him1 h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,?orpe says1 w\ld be ! fir/ to affirm t ?is seem+ apa?y sprang f no natural indiff]5ce4 ,!re is no d\bt t he suff]$1 ev5 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( middle life1 f ! int5se /ress & /ra9 ( 8 m5tal labors prior to ! ,gh5t p]iod4 ,he too surely exemplifi$ ! sad tru? ( ,liebig's say+ t he :o w\ld become a great *emi/ mu/ pay = 8 pre-em95ce by ! sacrifice ( 8 heal?4 ,!re is reason to "k t x 0 ! consci\sness ( fail+ p[] :i* prev5t$ him f f9i%+ mu* to :i* he _h put 8 h&1 & t 8 fa/idi\sness & 8 s5se ( 'f9i%1' am\nt+ almo/ to hyp]criticism1 re/ra9$ him f publi%+ mu* :i* he realiz$ fell %ort ( 8 ideal4 ,! la/ "t ,kekul's "n 0 br\ght be=e ! public 0 on ! occasion ( ! r5ewal ( ! anci5t title ( nobility ( 8 family1 z ,augu/ ,kekul von ,/rad[itz4 ,editor's ,table4 ,a ,,voice ,,f ,,! ,,pulpit4 ,we call$ att5tion la/ mon? to a weak attack on ! doctr9e ( evolution by a c]ta9 ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,smi?1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,s*ools 9 ! city ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,! only ?+ :i* gave any consequ5ce to ! deliv]ance 9 "q 0 t x 0 address$ to a l>ge ga!r+ ( public-s*ool tea*]s1 :o might possibly h be5 unduly influ5c$ 9 _! appreciation ( x by ! speak]'s (ficial position4 ,we are glad n[ to le>n t1 v %ortly aft] ! publication ( ,sup]9t5d5t ,smi?'s address1 an excell5t /atem5t ( ! true relation ( ! doctr9e ( evolution to education 0 made 9 "o ( ! city pulpits by ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,g4 ,smi?1 :o did n boa/1 z ! sup]9t5d5t _h done1 ( hav+ made an exhau/ive /udy ( ! subject1 b :o1 nev]!less1 %[$ t he _h a grasp ( x :i* ! o!r altoge!r lack$4 ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,smi?'s disc\rse w\ld h m]it$ att5tion :]ev] x might h be5 deliv]$2 b1 consid]$ z a pulpit utt]ance1 x seems to u to possess a special & v enc\rag+ significance4 ,we ne$ h>dly say t ! pulpit has n always be5 fri5dly to broad sci5tific views1 b 9 ?is case x has spok5 ) a c&or1 a bread?1 & an intellig5ce :i* ! lecture plat=m c n d m ?an equal1 & :i* x w\ld c]ta9ly be too mu* to look = 9 all our colleges4 ,! law ( evolution1 said ! rev]5d g5tleman1 is z univ]sal 9 its application z ! law ( gravitation4 ,x holds t 9 e realm ! simple t5ds to become complex1 & t ! complex is m /able ?an ! simple4 ,motion & matt] h a hi/ory 9 :i* ! simple & ! indef9ite take on v>iety ( organization & def9it5ess ( adaptation4 ,?is is a /atem5t 9 :i* ! au?or ( ! ,syn!tic ,philosophy w\ld probably h v little *ange to sugge/4 ,mr4 ,smi? does n1 l s _m :o discuss ! subject 9 a sup]ficial mann]1 conf\nd evolution ) ,d>w9ism4 ,d>w9ism1 he recognizes1 may1 9 its p>ticul> explanations z to ! orig9 ( species & ! desc5t ( life1 be 9 error2 b evolution is univ]sal 9 its scope1 & c only fail if x c be %[n t ! fundam5tal po/ulates on :i* x re/s1 su* z ! in/ability ( ! homog5e\s1 ! cont9uity ( motion1 ! law ( rhy?m1 etc41 are n to be dep5d$ on4 ,mu/ a p]son h made ! circle ( ! sci5ces & compreh5d$ all k be=e he c reasonably pr(ess a belief 9 evolution8 ,no1 says ,mr4 ,smi?2 :5 ! f\ndations ( a doctr9e h be5 cle>ly laid1 :5 !y h be5 te/$ by _m diff]5t inve/igators f _m diff]5t po9ts ( view1 & :5 ^!1 almo/ )\t exception1 affirm t ! doctr9e is n only 9 h>mony )1 b l5ds a new & deep] significance to1 ! sev]al ord]s ( fact ) :i* !y are individually conc]n$1 any p]son ( ord9>y intellig5ce is ju/ifi$ 9 consid]+ t doctr9e z satisfactorily prov$ & giv+ x 8 p]sonal adhesion4 ,:at *iefly excit$ ! ire ( ,sup]9t5d5t ,a4 ,j4 ,smi? 0 ! cont5tion ( evolutioni/s t ! mod]n *ild reflects ! e>li] /ages ( human developm5t4 ,he ask$ 8 audi5ce if !y really ?\ght ! *ildr5 ( to-day 7 "y savages1 & quot$ ,em]son & ,longfell[ z au?orities on ! "q4 ,! ,rev4 ,s4 ,g4 ,smi? takes up ! po9t & expresses himself z foll[s3 ,:5 x is /at$ t ! *ild has _m po9ts ( contact ) primitive man1 x is n meant t ! *ild is a savage1 b t '9 its immaturity' we c le>n mu* respect+ x f ! /udy ( *ild races4 ,! *ild has nei!r ! virtues nor ! vices ( ! savage1 b he has _m ( ! m5tal *>act]i/ics4 ,embryology does n tea* t 9 pr5atal life ! *ild passes into ! =m ( e animal 9 a m5ag]ie1 b t its life passes ?r\gh ! /ages t m>k ! great subdivisions ( all life4 ,nor d ! comp>isons ( ! *ild ) primitive man imply t he mu/ pass ?r\gh all ! activities ( savage races1 b t ! developm5t ( 8 faculties1 ! t5d5cies ( 8 desires1 ! /ate ( 8 ignorance1 all illu/rate ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! race4 ,primitive man may be und]/ood by a /udy ( ! *ild1 &1 conv]sely1 ! *ild may be illu/rat$ by primitive man4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! *ild is 9 con/ant contact ) its eld]s1 t x is subject to ! re/ra9ts :i* !y impose1 & t x lives m or less 9 an atmosph]e ( affection & c>e4 ,!re is excell5t reason1 !re=e1 :y x %\ld n resemble primitive man 9 all po9ts4 ,its daily life is really controll$ & guid$ by a high] p[]4 ,9 "s cases !re is ev5 too mu* control & guidance2 ! conditions are made too artificial1 & ! developm5t ( ! *ild's nature suff]s 9 consequ5ce4 ,:5 ! age ( manhood or womanhood is rea*$ !re is some?+ lack+1 precisely because en\gh scope 0 n left = ! primitive or1 z we may v prop]ly say1 ! savage in/9cts ( *ildhood4 ,a great ,fr5* writ]1 ,joseph de ,mai/re1 quotes a popul> say+ to ! effect t spoilt *ildr5 always turn out well4#di ,s f> z !re is any tru? 9 x1 ! explanation is t ! spoilt *ild is "o t has a great deal ( its own way1 & is left to "w out ! savage & s acquire a s\nd] f\ndation = its future life4 ,9 h[ _m ( u are !re n *a9$ savages t might h made _! escape 9 e>li] ye>s if !y _h only be5 all[$6 ,x is a dang]\s ?+ to try to make little angels ( *ildr54 ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,smi? is q "r 9 :at he says z to ! pr$om9ance ( ! imag9ation 9 *ildr51 ?is be+ ano!r /rong po9t ( resemblance to primitive man4 ,! beg9n+s ( hi/ory & in/itutions1 he truly says1 c only be und]/ood :5 we rememb] t races 9 _! e>ly developm5t d n h cle>ly m>k$ activities ( imag9ation1 reason1 & memory4 ,!y mix ! ?ree4 ,s leg5ds1 my?s1 & h]oics are e>ne/ ef=ts ( ! undevelop$ m9d to make objective ! tru?1 & are n clumsy lies at all4 ,apply+ ?is to ! *ild1 ! conclusion is t he mu/ be f$ ?r\gh 8 imag9ation or he w n gr[4 ,a v imag9ative *ild is apt to be accus$ ( falsehood1 :5 he simply fails to di/+ui% betwe5 ?+s imag9$ & ?+s rememb]$4 ,nei!r ! *ild nor ! savage c conc5trate 8 att5tion1 & to =ce ei!r to d s beyond a c]ta9 v limit$ measure is simply to injure & de=m su* natural p[]s z he possesses4 ,! am\nt ( mis*ief :i* a dogmatic & ov]-logical tea*]1 :olly ignorant ( ! psy*ology ( ! *ild1 c d is beyond all calculation4 ,x is ne$less1 h[ev]1 to pursue ! p>allel fur!r1 ?\gh ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,smi? v prop]ly c>ries x into ! region ( morals1 :]e x is no less close ?an 9 t ( intellectual action4 ,!re is ano!r int]e/+ aspect ( evolution :i* ! rev]5d g5tleman glances at1 & t is its be>+ on g5]al c\rses ( /udy4 ,hi/ory & lit]ature1 consid]$ z dep>tm5ts ( rese>*1 x has l>gely trans=m$ by sub/itut+ = conv5tional categories & ab/ract notions ! p]ception ( a g5etic process p]vad+ all ! works ( ! human _s & l9k+ !m into an organic unity4 ,9 conclusion1 we may obs]ve t1 if ,sup]9t5d5t ,a4 ,j4 ,smi? _h n made "s fooli% rem>ks 9 a r o/5tati\s mann]1 x is probable ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,g4 ,smi? w\ld n h deliv]$ ! excell5t disc\rse on :i* we h comm5t$1 & :i* we feel sure w f> outweigh 9 g5]al effect ! p]=mance :i* call$ x =?4 ,! conclusions to be drawn are ! pleas+ ones t good may sometimes come out ( evil1 & t a free pulpit is admirably adapt$ to gu>d ! int]e/s ( lib]ty & common s5se4 ,,footnote3 #di ,les enfans gts russiss5t t\j\rs4 ,,lessons ,,( ,,an?ropology4 ,! address deliv]$ at ! la/ meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association by ! presid5t ( ! ,an?ropological ,section conta9$ no?+ t 0 /rik+ly novel--x is n e ye> t /rik+ novelties c be ann\nc$--b x dealt 9 an int]e/+ mann] ) sev]al phases ( a mo/ important subject4 ,! speak]1 ,pr(essor ,brabrook1 took ! position t ! ord] ( ! univ]se is express$ 9 cont9uity1 n cataclysm1 & t ?is pr9ciple w be f\nd illu/rat$ 9 e bran* ( an?ropological rese>*1 9 direct proportion to ! complet5ess ( ! data obta9$4 ,he admitt$ ! va/ness ( ! gap :i* /ill sep>ates ! rema9s ( palaeoli?ic f ^? ( neoli?ic man1 b express$ ! belief t fur!r explorations w\ld br+ int]m$iate relics to light4 ,to quote ! speak]'s words3 ,! evid5ce we want relates to ev5ts :i* took place at s great a di/ance ( "t t we may well wait pati5tly = x1 assur$ t some:]e or o!r ^! miss+ l9ks mu/ h exi/$1 & probably are /ill to be f\nd4 ,ref]5ce 0 made to ! labors :i* are n[ be+ usefully exp5d$ 9 ga!r+ :at is call$ ! folklore ( v>i\s communities1 & to ! result :i* cont9ually appe>s ) full] evid5ce1 namely1 t ! t5d5cy ( mank9d ev]y:]e is to develop l fancies & ideas at a l /age ( intellectual developm5t4 ,full ( detail z ^! /ories are1 !y are f\nd to conta9 b a few primitive ideas2 & x seems n improbable t to a l>ge ext5t !y are ess5tially ,nature my?s4 ,mr4 ,brabrook happily quotes ,"l ,bacon's description ( su* n>ratives z sacr$ relics1 g5tle :isp]s & ! brea? ( bett] times4 ,! bett] times are a "p ( ! g5]al sy/em ( my?2 b :o w d5y t !re is a special *>m 9 ^! e>ly docum5ts ( our race8 ,let "o ( our lit]>y exquisites1 said a ?\ghtful ,fr5* writ]1 try to write a fairy tale :i* %all nei!r be a pret5ti\s apologue nor a tiresome & transp>5t allegory1 & he w soon feel t m]e clev]ness does n suffice to create ^! m>vel\s n>ratives1 & w conceive a j admiration = ^? :o con/ruct$ !m1 t is to say1 ev]ybody & nobody4 ,! progress ( an?ropology1 accord+ to ! presid5t ( ! section1 seems m & m to confirm ! !ory adopt$ by ,fu/el de ,c\langes 9 ,france & ,sp5c] 9 ,engl&1 t ! belief 9 spirits lies at ! basis ( all religi\s sy/ems4 ,we ?us see1 to use 8 words1 t ! gr\p ( !ories & practices :i* con/itute ! great prov9ce ( man's emotions & m5tal op]ations express$ 9 ! t]m 'religion' has pass$ ?r\gh ! same /ages1 & produc$ itself 9 ! same way1 f rude e>ly beg9n+s1 z e o!r m5tal ex]tion4 ,mr4 ,brabrook m5tions a "w lately publi%$ by a di/+ui%$ mission>y ( ! ,evangelical ,society ( ,p>is1 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,coill>d1 9 :i* an acc\nt is giv5 ( ! sup]/itions prevail+ among ! natives ( ! upp] ,zambesi4 ,! rev]5d g5tleman tells ( _! belief 9 wit*craft1 & gives a /ory ( a "y woman :o 0 condemn$ to p5al labor on suspicion ( hav+ bewit*$1 or tri$ to bewit*1 ano!r "y woman :o _h tak5 h] husb& f h]2 ! evid5ce ( ! crime be+ f\nd 9 a dead m\se1 :i* _h be5 discov]$ 9 ! second "y woman's *amb]4 ,! mission>y says3 ,%e 0 made a convict4 ,a few ye>s ago %e w\ld h be5 burn$ alive4 ,ah1 my fri5ds1 paganism is an odi\s & a cruel ?+6 ,on :i* ! presid5t ( ! ,an?ropological ,section obs]ves3 ,ah1 ,mr4 ,coill>d1 is x _m ye>s ago t %e w\ld h be5 burn$ alive or dr[n$ 9 ,*ri/ian ,engl& or ,*ri/ian ,am]ica8 ,surely ! odi\sness & ! cruelty are n special to paganism any m ?an to ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is is mu* to ! po9t4 ,if wit*craft is no long] a recogniz$ crime 9 ,engl& or ,am]ica1 x is n because ^! l&s are ,*ri/ian1 b because sci5ce is mix$ ) _! ,*ri/ianity4 ,ev5 mission>ies ought to "k ?is4 ,a great _m diff]5t sci5ces are gr\p$ "u ! "n an?ropology1 b !y all h _! rally+ po9t 9 man1 ^: nature & hi/ory !y seek to explore4 ,! fact is t all sci5ces %\ld h ! same rally+ po9t2 & we tru/ t ! great] int]e/ :i* is visibly be+ tak5 ye> by ye> 9 an?ropological /udies w t5d to humanize 9 a b5eficial degree ! :ole circle ( human k4 ,,an ,,example ,,( ,,social ,,decad5ce4 ,t ! incessant encroa*m5t ( ! ,gov]nm5t ^u ! rights ( ! individual w produce social decad5ce is a tru? t mo/ ,am]icans h yet to le>n4 ,) a light he>t !y are con/antly approv+ s*eme aft] s*eme = social reg5]ation t involves "s re/riction ^u fre$om1 or an increase ( taxation1 or bo?4 ,x is n p]haps s+ul> t ! hi/ory ( simil> s*emes 9 ! pa/ %\ld possess no lesson = !m4 ,:5 ,presid5t ,eliot1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 says t ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,italian republics has no value = u1 x is n to be expect$ t p]sons ) less capacity to int]pret ! records ( o!r times %\ld atta* little or no importance to !m4 ,b !y ought n mo/ c]ta9ly to ma9ta9 ! same attitude t[>d ! exp]i5ce ( ! nations ( to-day4 ,x is to bl9d _! eyes to :at does n re/ ^u he>say or ^u dubi\s docum5ts--to :at admits ( ! cle>e/ demon/ration at ! h&s ( liv+ witnesses4 ,= ?is reason we urge ^u all /ud5ts ( social sci5ce ! /udy ( ! condition ( ! inhabitants ( ! black-e>? region ( ,russia4 ,9 t field1 "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ fruitful 9 ! _w = inve/igation1 !y w f9d ! ample/ evid5ce ( ! frightful havoc wr\ght by ! abridgm5t ( individual fre$om & ! seizure ( private prop]ty 9 ! =m ( taxes = public purposes4 ,if x be said t ,russia is an autocracy1 & c n !re=e furni% in/ruction to a democracy l ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! answ] is easy1 if n obvi\s4 ,despotism1 l gravitation1 is ! same all ov] ! _w4 ,x makes no diff]5ce 9 ! long run :e!r a law abridg+ fre$om issues f ! palace ( a cz> or f ! legislative halls ( a popul> assembly4 ,! individual object+ to x is oblig$ to regulate 8 life1 n 9 accordance ) 8 own notions1 b 9 accordance ) ! notions ( "s "o else4 ,x makes no diff]5ce1 ei!r1 :e!r taxation is impos$ by an imp]ial edict or by a legislative vote4 ,! citiz5s t h to be> x aga9/ _! w contribute money = purposes t "s "o else only approves (4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ,russia & ! ,unit$ ,/ates is t ?is k9d ( despotism has be5 c>ri$ to mu* great] l5g?s 9 "o c\ntry ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,if1 !re=e1 we c f9d out :at ! effect has be5 9 ,russia1 we w be able to pr$ict :at ! effect w be 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z e p]son famili> ) ,russia kn[s1 ! black-e>? region is "o ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ productive 9 ! _w4 ,x ought to be inhabit$ by "o ( ! weal?ie/ & happie/ ( peoples4 ,yet su* is n ! case4 ,accord+ to ,c\nt ,tol/oi1 :o contribut$ rec5tly a lett] to ! ,london ,times on ! subject1 ! inhabitants are among ! poore/ & mo/ mis]able 9 ! _w4 ,!y are 9 a /ate ( *ronic />vation4 ,!y are oblig$ to cont5t !mselves ) ne>ly a ?ird less food ?an is suffici5t to ma9ta9 normal heal?4 ,! physical effect ( ?is insuffici5cy ( food is a decrease 9 vitality1 a dim9i%$ /ature1 & a *eck to ! gr[? ( population4 ,x is prov$1 fir/1 by ! failure ( ! peasants ( ! region to meet ! requirem5ts = milit>y s]vice1 &1 second1 by ! /ati/ics ( population1 :i* %[ t ! increase ( bir?s ov] dea?s has fall5 f ! maximum rea*$ tw5ty ye>s ago to z]o4 ,b ! m5tal effects ( ! de/itution wr\ght by ! robb]ies ( ! ,gov]nm5t are m di/ress+ ev5 ?an ! physical4 ,x gives bir? to a /olidity & despair t t5d to p>alyze all ef=t t[>d bett]m5t4 ,! p subject$ to x come to feel t !re is no use ( mak+ any /ruggle beyond ! ma9t5ance ( m]e exi/5ce4 ,:atev] !y get 9 excess ( ?is requirem5t w be tak5 f !m4 ,a peasant1 says ,tol/oi1 illu/rat+ ?is fact1 feels t 8 position z an agriculturali/ is bad1 b he believes t x c n be improv$2 &1 consequ5tly1 adapt+ himself to ?is hopeless position1 he no long] fights aga9/ x1 b lives & acts only 9 s f> z he is /irr$ by ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation4 ,moreov]1 ! v wret*$ness ( 8 condition increases /ill m 8 depression ( _s4 ,! l[] ! economic condition ( a population s9ks1 l a weight on a lev]1 ! m difficult x becomes to raise x aga92 ! peasants feel ?is1 &1 z x 71 ?r[ away ! helve aft] ! hat*et4 ',:y %\ld we tr\ble ourselves8' !y say4 ',we %a'n't get fat4 ,if we c only keep alive4' ,! fruits ( ?is m5tal /ate are z palpable z ^? ( ! lack ( food4 ,!y are to be f\nd 9 e direction4 ,9 mann]s1 habits1 & cu/oms ! peasants are hopelessly cons]vative4 ,!y belong1 n to ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b to ! n9?4 ,in/ead ( adopt+ new & improv$ me?ods ( agriculture1 !y cl+ to ^? ( ! subjects ( ,rurik4 ,!y use ! old pl[1 di/ribute tillage 9 ?ree crops1 & divide _! fields into long1 n>r[ /rips4 ,s sl[ly d !y toil ) primitive implem5ts & debilitat$ animals1 & s indiff]5t are !y to :at !y are do+1 t x takes !m a day to d ! "w t a well-f$ & al]t peasant w\ld d 9 half ! "t4 ,a m deplorable sign ( demoralization is ! preval5ce ( family discord & loss ( int]e/ 9 a high] life4 ,! aggressions ( ! /ate h /imulat$ selfi%ness1 bad temp]1 & incipi5t rebellion4 ,! *ildr5 disobey _! p>5ts1 ! y\ng] bro!rs reject ! primacy ( ! old]1 & money e>n$ else:]e is kept f ! family treasury4 ,) ! decad5ce ( family life !re is a decad5ce ( religi\s life4 ,al?\gh ! peasants are nom9ally or?odox1 !y c>e no?+ = religion4 ,ev5 ! cl]gy confirm ! fact t !y are becom+ m & m indiff]5t to ! *ur*4 ,:at !y seek is n to p5etrate ! my/]ies ( life1 b to oblit]ate consci\sness ( !m4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 says ,tol/oi1 allud+ to ! economic & m5tal decad5ce1 ! crav+ = =getfulness is natural1 & accord+ly spirits & tobacco are be+ consum$ 9 ev] great] & great] quantities4 ,he adds t ev5 q "y boys dr9k & smoke4 ,s9ce ! loss ( fre$om due to ! seizure ( prop]ty is ! same 9 ! la/ analysis z t due to an abridgm5t ( ! "r to ?9k & act1 ! evils ( ecclesia/ical & bureaucratic despotism d n diff] f ^? ( excessive taxation4 ,nev]!less1 !y receive sep>ate att5tion at ! h&s ( ,tol/oi4 ,z a pro( ( ! blight ( a *ur* t ! peasants h no "p 9 direct+1 he po9ts to ! pr(\nd & b5efic5t *ange wr\ght ! mom5t !y fall 9 ) a sect ( diss5t]s4 ,_! spirits at once rise1 he says1 & at ! same "t ! f\ndation ( _! mat]ial prosp]ity is laid4 ,a blight ( ! same k9d c be trac$ to ! attempt ( ! /ate to play ! pat]nal rle4 ,nom9ally1 says ,tol/oi aga91 !re exi/ = ! peasants special laws ) reg>d to ! possession & division ( l&1 to inh]itance1 & to all ! duties connect$ ) x1 b 9 reality !re is a k9d ( hodge-podge ( regulations1 explanation1 cu/om>y laws1 decrees ( c\rts ( cassation1 & s on1 :i* naturally makes ! peasants feel _! absolute dep5d5ce on ! w ( innum]able (ficials4 ,kn[+ t !y are p[]less to resi/ ! ,gov]nm5t1 :i* is con/antly flogg+ !m = disob$i5ce or /upidity1 !y comply z be/ !y c ) ! ?\s& rules & regulations made = !m4 ,seldom d !y ?9k ( act+ ^u _! own responsibility4 ,?us !y lose ! p[] ( private initiative4 ,:at ! impov]i%m5t ( taxation has n done to ru9 !m is left to ecclesia/ical & bureaucratic despotism to complete4 ,x is curi\s to note t ,tol/oi's rem$y = ^! evils is ! "o t ,h]b]t ,sp5c] himself might h sugge/$4 ,) "o /roke he dismisses ! prescriptions t ! social re=m] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z well z 9 ,russia atta*es s mu* importance to4 ,x is n1 9 8 op9ion1 ! m9i/ry ( agriculture1 ) all its contrivances1 t w reclaim ! peasants1 nor is x exhibitions nor s*ools = rural economy1 nor t unfail+ rem$y = all evils1 i4 e41 p>i% s*ools4 ,! ?+ !y ne$ is fre$om4 ,x is necess>y1 says ,tol/oi1 to give !m religi\s lib]ty1 to subject !m to common in/ead ( special laws--! w ( rural (ficials2 x is necess>y to give !m lib]ty ( education1 lib]ty ( read+1 lib]ty ( mov+ ab\t1 &1 above all1 to remove ! p[] to torture brutally by flogg+ gr[n-up p simply because !y belong to ! peasant class4 ,b to give !m su* fre$om means to deliv] !m n only f excessive taxation b f vexati\s rules & regulations4 ,x is to apply to !m ! same rem$y t mu/ be appli$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to save ! ,am]ican p1 n[ s heavily tax$ & s oppress$ by c\ntless laws1 f ! same social decad5ce t afflicts ,russia4 ,,! ,,advance ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,! pap] by ,sir ,j4 ,norman ,locky]1 :i* we publi% 9 ?is numb]1 rec\nts 9 an int]e/+ mann] ! /eps by :i* sci5ce ga9$ a place = itself 9 ! educational sy/ems ( ! _w4 ,to u1 9 ! latt] ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 x is apt to seem /range t ! recognition ( sci5ce z an ess5tial elem5t 9 all education %\ld h come s late 9 ! _w's hi/ory2 b reflection %[s t x c\ld n well h be5 o!rwise4 ,to view & exam9e any subject sci5tifically involves n only a delib]ate & prolong$ m5tal ef=t1 b ! hold+ 9 *eck ( "s ( ! mo/ active prop5sities ( ! human m9d1 su* z imag9ation & :at ,bagehot has call$ ! emotion ( belief4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se imag9ation is ! precursor ( sci5ce2 b1 9 ! e>ly /ages ( human developm5t ! precursor is mi/ak5 = ! true tea*]4 ,! lesson t !re is no royal road to tru?1 no?+ b a highway on :i* mu* we>isome plodd+ mu/ be done1 is "o :i* human nature 9 g5]al does n take to k9dly4 ,ev5 9 ! pres5t day h[ _m !re are :o *afe at ! re/ra9ts :i* ,sci5ce imposes on belief1 ^: disposition is to break h] bonds asund] & h none ( h] repro(6 ,:5 we ?9k1 inde$1 ( :at ! intellectual condition ( ! _w is to-day1 ) ! wond]s :i* sci5ce has wr\ght rais+ _! te/imony on e h&1 x is h>dly surpris+ t1 a c\ple ( c5turies ago1 x 0 difficult to get any sy/ematic provision made = ! tea*+ ( sci5ce4 ,h[ev]1 t battle has be5 f\ght & won1 & ,sci5ce has long s9ce def9itely ent]$ on h] c>e] ( b5efic5t conque/4 ,sy/ems f\nd$ on imag9ation1 or on m]ely ab/ract reason+1 come & g1 wax & wane2 b ! empire ( sci5ce once set up c nev] be subv]t$4 ,we mu/ hope t "s day x w rule 9 ! realm ( morals z n[ x does 9 t ( mat]ial ?+s4 ,n till !n w its p]fect "w be done4 ,sci5tific ,lit]ature4 ,,special ,,books4 ,pr(4 ,dean ,c4 ,worce/]1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 sp5t elev5 mon?s1 beg9n+ 9 ,septemb]1 #ahhg1 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s 9 connection ) ! second sci5tific exp$ition ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,/e]e4 ,he w5t !re aga91 ) an exp$ition ( :i* he 0 *ief1 9 ,july1 #ahij1 & sp5t two ye>s & eight mon?s4 ,8 object 9 bo? exp$itions 0 ! /udy ( birds4 ,9 ! c\rse ( !m he visit$ tw5ty-two isl&s4 ,! fir/ exp$ition 0 un(ficial & 0 reg>d$ suspici\sly by ! au?orities ( ! isl&s2 ! second 0 arm$ ) a special p]mission f ! ,spani% ,m9i/] ( ! ,colonies & enjoy$ e advantage4 ,! sci5tific results ( bo? 7 report$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 & ! collections 7 deposit$ 9 its cab9et4 ,! g5]al results1 ! /ory ( ! adv5tures ( ! memb]s ( ! exp$ition1 ) _! obs]vations on ! geographical features ( ! isl&s1 _! peoples1 & ! social conditions prevail+ !re1 are giv5 9 a popul> /yle 9 ! volume be=e u4#ej ,! acc\nt is prec$$ by a %ort sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ! isl&s1 z an aid to ! bett] compreh5sion ( _! pres5t condition & ! reasons = x4 ,( ! natives1 :o =m ! bulk ( ! #h1jjj1jjj ( ! population ( ! isl&s1 !re are m ?an eighty di/9ct tribes1 ea* ) its own peculi>ities1 scatt]$ ov] hundr$s ( isl&s4 ,! m important ( ^! isl&s may be rea*$ by l9es ( mail & m]*ant /eam]s1 :i* af=d tol]ably frequ5t communication betwe5 !m4 ,! difficulties beg9 :5 "o attempts to make 8 way into ! int]ior ( ! l>ge & less explor$ ( !m1 or desires to rea* ports at :i* vessels d n call4 ,roads are sc>ce & to a l>ge ext5t impracticable1 :ile enemies & dang]s are _m1 & su* boats z "o c f9d (f ! regul> r\tes are prec>i\s4 ,z to climate1 if "o is well1 able to live z he pleases1 & mo/ scrupul\sly obs]ves all sanit>y rules1 keep+ ! mo/ heal?y spots1 he may escape disease2 b if he /eps a little aside at any po9t he is 9 dang]4 ,x is v d\btful1 9 ! au?or's judgm5t1 if _m successive g5]ations ( ,european or ,am]ican *ildr5 c\ld be re>$ !re4 ,evid5ces ( ! action ( e>?quakes & volcanoes are se5 almo/ ev]y:]e1 & elevation & subsid5ce are go+ on ) great rapidity at ! pres5t "t4 ,h5ce x is n safe to build sub/antial h\ses 9 ,manila4 ,! soil is a/oni%+ly f]tile3 fruits--9 ab\t fifty v>ieties--are ! *ief luxury2 ! value ( ! =e/ products is enorm\s2 ! m9]al weal? is great1 b has nev] be5 develop$4 ,pr(essor ,worce/] speaks ( five millions ( civiliz$ natives ( ! ,philipp9es4 ,!y belong = ! mo/ "p to ?ree tribes3 ! ,tagalogs1 ,ilocanos1 & ,visayans4 ,)\t draw+ f9e di/9ctions betwe5 ^!1 !y are reg>d$ z %[+ suffici5t homog5eity to be treat$ z a class4 ,!y h _! bad qualities & _! good1 :i* are review$ ) an app>5t incl9ation on ! "p ( ! au?or to l !m1 & ! conclusion t1 hav+ le>n$ some?+ ( _! p[]1 !y w n[ be likely to take a h& 9 %ap+ _! own future4 ,!re are also b>b>ians1 ( :om ! ,moros ( ,sulu are a type--blood?ir/y & fai?less1 & z c>eless ( human life z "o w\ld be ( we$s 9 a field2 & savages ( all degrees1 d[n to ! l[e/4 ,! gov]nm5t is v>i\s1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> gov]nor & ! p he has to deal )1 b all ( ! ,spani% or ,moro type4 ,! cl]gy are ! dom9ant class2 & ( ^! ! fri>s or bre?r5 ( ! ord]s ex]t an evil influ5ce1 :ile ! ,jesuits are believ$ to be a di/9ctive p[] = good4 ,mu* c be said 9 favor ( ! insurg5ts' dem& t ! fri>s be expell$ f ! colony & _! places tak5 by secul> cl]gym5 n belong+ to any ord]4 ,pr(essor ,worce/] has made a v lively1 int]e/+1 & in/ructive book1 :i* is m>r$1 h[ev]1 by occasional evid5ces t1 :ile begun ) s]i\s purpose1 x has be5 hurri$ to meet a pass+ dem&1 & by ! too frequ5t intrusion ( trivialities & slang4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we are (t5 surpris$ at manife/ations ( individuality & intellig5ce 9 dome/ic animals & pets1 & are accu/om$ to attribute extraord9>y qualities to ! bea/s 9 :i* we p]ceive !m2 z if ea* animal c\ld n h its peculi> traits & tal5ts z well z ea* man4 ,we h>dly imag9e t !re are any special diff]5ces 9 wild animals1 & t idiosyncrasies ( "* & div]sities ( gifts & p[]s ( adaptation may run ?r\gh ! :ole animal k+dom4 ,a clos] acqua9tance ) ,nature w\ld tea* u bett]4 ,c]ta9 /ories & my?s ( savages %[ t !y _h a fair appreciation ( ! individual peculi>ities ( animals1 & f>m]s' boys1 :o live 9 natural surr\nd+s1 "k some?+ ( ^! ?+s4 ,! subject is n[ pres5t$ to u 9 a fairly cle> light by ,mr4 ,erne/ ,seton ,?ompson1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! c>e]s ( a numb] ( typical specim5s ( animals & birds ^: *>act]s & acts1 z !y came "u 8 obs]vation1 are relat$ 9 ,wild ,animals ,i h ,kn[n4#ea ,! /ories1 he av]s1 are true2 ! animals 9 ! book are all real *>act]s4 ,!y liv$ ! lives he has depict$1 & %[$ ! /amp ( h]oism & p]sonality m /rongly by f> ?an x has be5 9 ! p[] ( 8 p5 to tell4 ,among !m 0 ,lobo1 ! wolf1 ( ! ,corrumpaw ,cattle ,range1 ,new ,mexico1 ! lead] ( a gang1 :o exhibit$ "s ( ! qualities ( an able g5]al1 & 0 a bea/ ( influ5ce1 p[]ful1 vigilant1 crafty1 & ! t]ror ( ! settlem5t2 & :o 0 only trapp$ :5 grief = ! loss ( a female companion depriv$ him ( ! wit by :i* he _h escap$ all previ\s ef=ts to take him4 ,silv]spot1 ! cr[1 0 ! lead] ( a l>ge b&4 ,he _h 8 calls1 :i* ! o!r cr[s obey$1 & 0 always to be se5 at ! head ( 8 company 9 _! incursions into ! fields1 & guid+ !m 9 _! j\rneys nor?w>d & s\?w>d4 ,raggylug1 ! rabbit1 is ackn[l$g$ to be a composite1 embody+ 9 "o ! ways ( sev]al rabbits1 _! ne/+ habits & ways ( concealm5t & devices to baffle pursu]s4 ,b+o1 ! dog1 _h associates z well z enemies among ! wolves1 & diff]5t *>act]s by day & by night4 ,9 a simil> way to ^!1 ! traits ( ! fox1 ! pac+ mu/ang1 o!r dogs ?an ,b+o1 & ! p>tridge are portray$4 ,9 all ! /ories ! real p]sonality ( ! individual & 8 view ( life are ! au?or's !me1 r ?an ! ways ( ! race 9 g5]al1 z view$ by a casual & ho/ile human eye4 ,! moral is sugge/$ by ! lives & emphasiz$ by ,mr4 ,?ompson1 t we & ! bea/s are k94 ,man has no?+ t ! animals h n at lea/ a ve/ige (2 ! animals h no?+ t man does n at lea/ 9 "s degree %>e4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! animals are creatures ) wants & feel+s diff]+ only 9 degree f our own1 !y surely h _! rights4 ,x w\ld be h>d to speak too well ( ! graphic expressiv5ess ( ! illu/rations4 ,,footnotes3 #ej ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s & _! ,p4 ,a ,record ( ,p]sonal ,obs]vation & ,exp]i5ces1 ) a ,%ort ,summ>y ( ! ,m ,important ,facts 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,ar*ipelago4 ,by ,dean ,c4 ,worce/]4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #ebi4 ,price1 #d4 #ea ,wild ,animals ,i h ,kn[n1 & #bjj ,draw+s4 ,by ,erne/ ,seton ,?ompson4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons4 ,pp4 #ceh4 ,price1 #b4 ,,g5]al ,,notices4 ,an unsci5tific acc\nt ( a sci5tific exp$ition is :at ,mrs4 ,mabel ,loomis ,todd happily /yles ! /ory ( ! ,amh]/ ,eclipse ,exp$ition1 told 9 ,corona & ,coronet#eb--;,corona be+ :at ! exp$ition w5t to see1 & ,coronet ! vessel t took x to ! obs]v+ /ation4 ,pr(essor ,todd 0 ! a/ronom] ( ! p>ty1 & ,mrs4 ,todd1 :o has publi%$ a "w on a/ronomy1 0 8 companion4 ,%e believes t c]ta9 aspects ( ! trip1 cov]+ z x did m ?an t5 ?\s& miles ( sail+ = ! p>ty1 & at lea/ =ty-five ?\s& miles ( deep-sea voyag+ = ! ,coronet1 7 wor?y ( n>ration4 ,! a/ronomical purposes ( ! exp$ition1 ! objects x s\ght to obta91 ! sci5tific be>+s ( ! obs]vations1 & ! me?ods1 are intelligibly set =? 9 ! introduction to ! book4 ,! re/ is devot$ mo/ly to n>rative1 ! social aspects ( ! voyage1 & ! incid5ts4 ,a %ort soj\rn 0 made at ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 :]e ! m int]e/+ objects 7 visit$4 ,mrs4 ,todd 0 ) ,kate ,field :5 %e di$ !re1 & gives an acc\nt ( h] la/ h\rs4 ,a voyage ( f\r weeks c>ri$ ! p>ty to ,yokohama1 :5ce "s ( ! memb]s w5t to ! capital & o!r int]e/+ po9ts 9 ,japan1 :ile ! re/ 7 prep>+ ! obs]v+ /ation at ,esa%i1 elev5 hundr$ miles nor? ( ,yokohama--a village on ! %ores ( ! ,sea ( ,okotsk1 among ! hairy ,a9u1 9 a region s remote t ! native /eam]s _h only rec5tly begun to g !re at all4 ,besides ! acc\nt ( ! obs]vations1 descriptions are giv5 ( su* ,japanese exp]i5ces z life 9 ,kioto1 cormorant fi%+1 ya*t+ 9 ! ,inl& ,sea1 ! tidal wave1 & obs]vations among ! ,a9u1 ) a visit on ! way home to an ,arizona copp] m9e4 ,! late ,pr(4 ,james ,d4 ,dana _h begun a revision ( 8 ,text-,book ( ,geology a %ort "t be=e 8 dea?4 ,pr(4 ,william ,nor? ,rice 0 reque/$ by 8 family to complete ! revision1 & ! result is ! pres5t volume4#ec ,x 0 int5d$ 9 ! orig9al plan ( revision to pres]ve z f> z possible ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( ! book4 ,x 0 to be br\ght d[n to date z reg>ds its facts1 b 0 /ill to express ! well-kn[n op9ions ( its au?or1 ) ! g5]al plan ( arrangem5t kept un*ang$4 ,x soon became evid5t1 h[ev]1 t m & great] *anges ?an _h be5 contemplat$ w\ld be requir$4 ,! zological & botanical classifications w\ld h to be modifi$2 ! !ory ( evolution mu/ h m recognition ?an x _h receiv$1 especially z ,pr(essor ,dana himself _h adopt$ "s ( its features be=e 8 dea?2 & ! treatm5t ( metamorphism 0 believ$ to require consid]able modification4 ,9 ! pres5t edition ! be>+ ( v>i\s ev5ts 9 geological hi/ory ^u ! !ory ( evolution is po9t$ out 9 ! appropriate places1 & ! g5]al be>+ ( paleontology ^u evolution is discuss$ 9 ! conclud+ *apt]4 ,all ^! *anges seem to be 9 ! l9e ( cont9u+ ! usefulness ( ,pr(essor ,dana's mo/ excell5t & /&>d "w1 & ( keep+ 8 "n be=e /ud5ts z t ( "o ( ! greate/ ( geologi/s & "o ( ! noble/ ( m54 ,a true son ( ,nature is ,mr4 ,f4 ,s*uyl] ,ma!ws1 & he %[s himself at 8 be/ 9 8 ,famili> ,life 9 ,field & ,=e/4#ed ,!re are few ?+s1 he says1 m gratify+ to ! lov] ( ,nature ?an ^! mom5t>y glimpses ( wild life :i* he obta9s :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! field or =e/4 ,wild animals d n conf9e !mselves exclusively to ! wild]ness2 q frequ5tly !y v5ture ^u ! highway1 & we are apt to reg>d ! meet+ ( "o ( !m !re z a r>e & =tunate occurr5ce4 ,! daisy & ! wild rose appe> 9 _! accu/om$ places on ! return ( summ]1 & ! song sp>r[ s+s 9 ! same tree he frequ5t$ ! ye> be=e2 b ! wood-*uck1 ! raccoon1 & ! de] are n s (t5 f\nd exactly :]e we ?9k !y belong4 ,to seek an int]view ) su* folk is l tak+ a *ance 9 a lott]y2 !re are num]\s blanks & b few prizes4 ,b because wild life is n 9 con/ant evid5ce1 l ! wild fl[]1 is no pro( t x is uncommon4 ,to ^? :o keep 9 t\* ) ,nature1 x becomes a v famili> ?+1 & to live a :ile :]e ! wild creatures make _! homes is to cross _! pa?s cont9ually4 ,mr4 ,ma!ws is 9 t\* ) ,nature4 ,he does n exactly "k :]e to f9d ! wild & %y1 = !y d n come at call1 b he c put himself :]e he w meet !m if !y come ar\nd--& "o c nev] tell at :at mom5t "s surpris+ demon/ration ( wild life w occur at "o's v door/ep4 ,9 ?is book ,mr4 ,ma!ws records "s ( 8 meet+s1 at home & 9 8 daily walks1 (f]+ z 8 excuse = ! record1 t he has liv$ long en\gh among wild animals to respect _! rights ( life1 & speak a good ^w = !m :5 occasion (f]s4 ,! ,%ort ,manual ( ,analytical ,*emi/ry1#ee prep>$ by ,mr4 ,john ,mut]1 foll[s ! c\rse ( in/ruction giv5 9 ! ,s\? ,london ,s*ool ( ,ph>macy4 ,enc\rag$ by ! cont9u$ favor :i* ! book has receiv$ 9 ,great ,brita91 ! au?or (f]s a special edition ( x to ,am]ican /ud5ts1 a concise & l[-pric$ manual1 design$ to introduce !m to ! *ief developm5ts ( analytical *emi/ry f ! simple/ op]ations upw>d4 ,x includes _m organic que/ions g5]ally ov]look$ 9 initiatory books4 ,by work+ ?r\gh x ! au?or claims ! /ud5t may expect to become famili> ) a great v>iety ( processes1 & to be 9 a position to use ) satisfaction ! m exhau/ive treatises deal+ ) any special bran* he may desire to foll[4 ,9 prep>+ x = ,am]ican /ud5ts1 ! directions1 :]ev] ! ,briti% me?ods diff] f ! ,am]ican1 h be5 modifi$ to agree ) ! latt]4 ,! processes giv5 include ! qualitative analysis1 all ! g5]al op]ations & ^? relat+ to detection ( ! metals1 ( acid radicals & _! sep>ation1 ( unkn[n salts1 ( alkaloids & c]ta9 organic bodies us$ 9 m$ic9e--) a g5]al sket* ( toxicological proc$ure2 & 9 quantitative analysis1 directions on weigh+1 measur+1 & specific gravity2 gravimetric analysis ( metals & acids1 ultimate organic analysis1 special processes = ! analysis ( air1 wat]1 & food2 analysis ( drugs1 ur9e1 & calculi2 & analysis ( gases1 pol>ization1 spectrum analysis1 etc4 ,! pure geometry ( position is ma9ly di/+ui%$1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,reye's def9ition1#ef f ! geometry ( anci5t times & f analytical geometry1 9 t x makes no use ( ! idea ( measurem5t4 ,no?+ is said 9 x ab\t ! bisection ( segm5ts ( /raight l9es1 ab\t "r angles & p]p5dicul>s1 ab\t ratios & proportions1 ab\t ! computation ( areas1 & j z little ab\t trigonometric ratios & ! algebraic equations ( curv$ l9es1 s9ce all ^! subjects ( ! old] geometry assume measurem5t4444 ,we %all be conc]n$ z little ) isosceles & equilat]al triangles z ) "r-angl$ triangles2 ! rectangle1 ! regul> polygon1 & ! circle are likewise exclud$ f our inve/igations1 except 9 ! case ( ^! applications to metric geometry4 ,we %all treat ( ! c5t]1 ! axes1 & ! foci ( s-call$ curves ( ! second ord]1 or conic sections1 only z incid5tal to ! g5]al !ory2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 %all become acqua9t$ ) _m prop]ties ( ^! curves1 m g5]al & m important ?an ^? to :i* mo/ text-books ^u analytical geometry are re/rict$4 ,( all ! o!r bran*es ( geometry1 ! descriptive is ! mo/ helpful 9 facilitat+ ! /udy ( ! geometry ( position2 & p]spective or c5tral projection plays an important "p 9 x4 ,x /&s 9 a c]ta9 anti!tical relation to analytical geometry on acc\nt ( its me?od1 :i* is syn!tic1 & :5ce x is sometimes kn[n z syn!tic geometry4 ,s9ce metric relations are n consid]$ 9 x1 its !orems & problems are v g5]al & compreh5sive4 ,z pres5t$ 9 von ,/&t's complete "w1 x is reg>d$ by ! au?or z an excell5t aid to ! ex]cise & developm5t ( ! imag9ation2 & ! important graphical me?ods ) :i* ,pr(essor ,culmann has enri*$ ! sci5ce ( eng9e]+ 9 8 "w on graphical /ati/ics1 be+ bas$ = ! mo/ "p ^u x1 a k ( x has become important = /ud5ts ( t sci5ce4 ,9 ! pres5t "w1 ! outgr[? ( 8 lectures1 ,pr(essor ,reye has attempt$ to supply ! want ( a text-book :i* %all (f] to ! /ud5t ! necess>y mat]ial 9 a concise =m4 ,pr(4 ,cyrus ,?omas br+s ! qualification :i* a lifetime devot$ to /udy ( ! subject develops1 to ! prep>ation ( an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,ar*ology4#eg ,he is kn[n to all /ud5ts 9 ?is bran* z a c>eful1 judici\s inve/igator ^: "w 9 ! field has be5 supplem5t$ by valuable contributions to its lit]ature4 ,9 ?is volume he pres5ts a brief summ>y ( ! progress t has be5 made 9 ! inve/igation ( ,am]ican antiquities--:i* has be5 rec5tly great inde$1 & well calls = a new synopsis4 ,8 *ief object has be5 to pres5t ! data & arrange !m s z to af=d ! /ud5t "s means ( br++ 8 facts & mat]ials into h>mony1 & ( utiliz+ !m4 ,he pres5ts ! !ories t h be5 advanc$1 & m5tions oppos+ views2 reg>d+ x1 he says1 z important to ! progress ( ! /ud5t to "k :i* ( ! que/ions t arise h be5 answ]$1 & :i* hypo!ses h be5 elim9at$ f ! class ( possibilities4 ,! mat]ials = ! /udy & ! me?ods are fir/ expla9$4 ,! relics ( anci5t m5 & ! m\nds are !n describ$ z "u ?ree divisions--! ,arctic1 ! ,atlantic1 & ! ,pacific4 ,local z well z regional *>act]i/ics & diff]5ces are po9t$ out2 z 9 ! m\nds z a :ole1 ! special class ( animal m\nds1 ! pueblos1 ! cliff dwell+s1 & ! ,mexican & ,c5tral ,am]ican monum5ts1 ! peculi> features ( ea* are po9t$ out1 & _! t]ritorial limits are def9$4 ,all ^! v>i\s k9ds ( works are ascrib$ to sub/antially ! same p1 :o are suppos$ to h come d[n f some:]e 9 ! nor? or nor?we/ 7! extreme nor?we/ ,pacific coa/71 al?\gh ! diff]5t immigrations may p]haps h arriv$ by v>i\s r\tes4 ,! p 7 ! pres5t ,indians or _! ance/ors2 ! "t ( ! immigration 0 n extremely remote2 & ! m\nd-build+ habit is %[n to h p]si/$ & be5 practic$ till s9ce ! adv5t ( ! ,europeans4 ,9 entitl+ 8 book ,! ,art ( ,taxid]my1#eh ! *ief ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,taxid]my 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory evid5tly int5ds to use ! ^w art 9 ! high s5se ( a f9e art2 = he speaks ( ! enorm\s /rides t[>d p]fection :i* x has made f ! =m] trade ( mo/ in>ti/ically uphol/]+ a sk9--/uff+ x1 we us$ to call x--& ( its /udy hav+ be5 tak5 up ( late ye>s by a numb] ( m5 ( g5ius & education4 ,x is l>gely ow+ to ! ex]tions ( ^! m5 t ! taxid]my ( ! pres5t day is s f> 9 advance ( :at x 0 a decade s9ce4 ,! prov]b says t art is long1 & accord+ly ,mr4 ,r[ley takes = ! motto ( 8 book a s5t5ce f ,?oreau1 t into a p]fect "w "t does n ent]4 ,to ! possible objection t "s ( 8 me?ods seem to involve consid]able "t & exp5se1 ! au?or replies 9 sub/ance t if ! "w is n wor? ?is1 x is h>dly wor? :ile to take x up at all4 ,if x is a prop] "w1 & "o has ! prop] degree ( en]gy & en?usiasm1 let him give ! specim5 all ! "t x dem&s4 ,9 prep>+ 8 treatise1 ! au?or has aim$ to elim9ate all extrane\s matt]1 & to give ma9ly ! results ( 8 own exp]i5ce1 c\pl$ ) t ( o!r taxid]mi/s ) :om he has come 9 contact4 ,he beg9s ) in/ructions ab\t collect+ tools & mat]ials1 & ca/+1 & treats fur!r ( ! prep>ation ( birds1 ( mammals1 & ( fi%1 reptiles1 & cru/aceans2 ! cleans+ & m\nt+ ( skeletons1 & ! reproduction ( foliage = gr\ps4 ,! app5dix conta9s addresses ( reliable firms f :om tools & mat]ials us$ 9 taxid]my may be pur*as$4 ,! prep>ation ( ?is book on ,! ,/orage ,batt]y 0 sugge/$ to ,mr4 ,treadwell#ei by 8 f9d+ a lack 9 work+ on ^! ma*9es ( any compact data conc]n+ _! con/ruction1 & ! paucity ( reliable dis*>ge curves2 & he conclud$ t a book conta9+ su* data & curves1 ) rules = ! h&l+ & ma9t5ance ( cells1 w\ld be valuable to all int]e/$ 9 /orage batt]ies z well z to ! /ud5t & manufactur]4 ,among ! po9ts specially m5tion$ by ! au?or are ! li/s ( ,am]ican & =eign pat5ts giv5 z footnotes = ! v>i\s types1 n complete b notic+ ! pr9cipal pat5ts = ea* cell2 ! *apt] on ! *emi/ry ( second>y batt]ies1 :i* gives ! late/ & mo/ g5]ally accept$ !ory conc]n+ ! *emical reactions tak+ place 9 an accumulator1 & :i* has be5 approv$ by ,dr4 ,sewal ,ma!son2 &1 9 ! app5dix1 tables ( data compris+ figures ( all ! batt]ies1 me?ods = ! measurem5t ( ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 & int]nal resi/ance ( a /orage batt]y2 & data f :i* ! !oretical & practical capacity ( an accumulator may be det]m9$4 ,! ,natural ,advanc$ ,geography#fj is a successful application ( mod]n me?ods to ! tea*+ ( ?is sci5ce1 & pres5ts x ) ! int]e/ undim9i%$ :i* really app]ta9s to x4 ,:ile 9 ! elem5t>y book ( ?is1 ! natural s]ies1 ! pupil />ts f 8 own home & is introduc$ to ! /udy ( man 9 relation to 8 environm5t1 9 ! pres5t "w ! fact is develop$ t environm5t itself is ! *ief factor 9 ! v>i\s activities & economies ( man4 ,"o ( ! sali5t features ( ! pres5tation ( ! subject1 m>k$ ?r\gh\t ! "w1 & "o t comm&s high praise1 is ! arrangem5t ( ! facts into su* ord] t _! correlation may be p]ceiv$ & ! unity ( ,nature recogniz$4 ,! isolat$1 b>r51 curt1 unrelat$ /atem5ts t made ! /udy ( _m ( ! old geographies h>d & t$i\s are conspicu\sly abs5t1 & ! subject1 /udi$ 9 ord]ly sequ5ce1 unfolds itself naturally & logically1 ea* lesson prep>+ ! way = ^? :i* foll[4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! "w is devot$ to a /udy ( ! _w z a :ole4 ,! second "p1 compris+ ab\t ?ree f\r?s ( ! volume1 is an application ( ^! laws to ! v>i\s c\ntries ( ! globe1 beg9n+ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = in/ance1 a g5]al description ( ! :ole is giv51 :i* pres5ts a real1 compreh5sive m5tal picture ( ! c\ntry2 & ! process is repeat$1 9 measure accord+ to ! conditions1 = ! sev]al ,/ates1 s t ! pupil is taught :at are ! factors t give ! *>act]i/ics & local features to ea*4 ,a l me?od is pursu$1 on a m g5]al scale1 ) o!r c\ntries4 ,! color$ maps are drawn on a sy/em ( uni=m scales1 ) reliefs pla9ly %[n accord+ to ! accept$ conv5tions2 graphic *>ts or sket* maps %[+ ! di/ribution ( products & res\rces are employ$2 & p$agogical ex]cises & aids are af=d$ abundantly4 ,a text-book on ! ,diff]5tial & ,integral ,calculus1#fa = /ud5ts :o h a work+ k ( elem5t>y geometry1 algebra1 trigonometry1 & analytical geometry1 by ,pr(4 ,p4 ,a4 ,lamb]t1 has ! ?reefold object ( inspir+ confid5ce1 by a logical pres5tation ( pr9ciples1 9 ! me?ods ( inf9itesimal analysis2 ( aid+1 ?r\gh num]\s problems1 9 acquir+ facility 9 ! use ( ^! me?ods2 &1 by applications to problems 9 physics1 eng9e]+1 & o!r bran*es ( ma!matics1 to %[ ! practical value ( ! calculus4 ,by a division ( ! matt] accord+ to classes ( functions1 x is made possible to introduce ^! applications f ! />t1 & !reby to ar\se ! int]e/ ( ! /ud5t4 ,by simultane\s treatm5t ( diff]5tiation & integration & ! use ( trigonometric sub/itution to simplify integration x is s\ght to economize ! "t & ef=t ( ! /ud5t4 ,! ,birds ( ,indiana1 by ,amos ,w4 ,butl]1 lately publi%$ z "p ( ,willis ,s4 ,blat*ley's ,tw5ty-second ,annual ,report on ! ,geology & ,natural ,res\rces ( ,indiana1 is j at h&4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ accurate1 detail$1 & satisfactory local catalogues yet publi%$4 ,?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-"o species ( birds h be5 tak5 9 ,indiana1 & ( ea* ( ^! is giv5 a detail$ description1 ) a g5]al acc\nt ( its habits1 song1 migration1 & ne/+4 ,9 ! case ( ! m r>e species1 full records ( ! dates & places ( capture ( ! kn[n specim5s are app5d$4 ,analytical keys to g5]a & species are also giv51 s t e facility is furni%$ = ! id5tification ( species4 ,?is book is a model ( its k9d1 & is a wor?y fruit ( ,mr4 ,butl]'s tw5ty ye>s ( devot$ /udy ( ! birds ( 8 native ,/ate4 ,rob]t ,h4 ,:itt51 9 8 monograph on ,public ,adm9i/ration 9 ,massa*usetts--! relation ( c5tral to local activity--pursues a p>allel c\rse ) t tak5 by ,mr4 ,john ,a4 ,fairlie 9 a simil> essay on ! ,c5tralization ( ,adm9i/ration 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 ( ?is same s]ies ( ,columbia ,univ]sity /udies 9 ,hi/ory1 ,economics1 & ,public ,law4 ,hav+ f\nd ! sy/ems & t5d5cies ( adm9i/ration 9 ! e>ly settlem5t ( ,massa*usetts all = expansion & dec5tralization1 ,mr4 ,:itt5 n[ p]ceives ! c\rse altoge!r *ang$1 & c5tralization m & m ! rule4 ,! *ange corresponds ) *anges 9 ! conditions ( life1 & keeps track ) !m /ep by /ep4 ,( great dynamic =ces :i* h be5 set to "w & are br++ ab\t a complete recon/ruction ( ! social /ructure1 improvem5ts 9 transportation & communication 7 ! mo/ vital--fir/1 turnpikes1 !n ! /eamboat1 railroad1 & telegraph2 !n ! horse railway1 *eap po/age1 ! telephone1 ! electric railway1 & ! bicycle4 ,! t5d5cy at fir/ 0 to br+ ab\t a conc5tration :i* 0 att5d$ by ! conge/ion ( population 9 cities & ! depopulation ( ! rural t[ns4 ,! electric railway1 ! telephone1 & ! bicycle came 9 to c\nt]act ^! evils2 :ile _! t5d5cy is /rongly t[>d ! c5tralization ( bureaus1 x is also t[>d ! diffusion ( habitations4 ,^! great socializ+ =ces1 go+ h& 9 h& ) ! developm5t ( ! factory sy/em & improvem5t ( ma*9]y1 make possible a va/ly high] organization ( society ?an 0 possible "u a /agecoa* rgime4 ,! fir/ volume ( ! ,f9al ,report ( ! ,/ate ,geologi/ ( ,new ,j]sey1 on ,topography1 ,magnetism1 & ,climate1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahhh4 ,o!r volumes embrac+ o!r topics h be5 publi%$ s9ce1 & 9 ! meantime ! supply ( ! fir/ volume has be5 exhau/$1 :ile ! dem& has cont9u$4 ,x has be5 !re=e necess>y ei!r to repr9t ! volume or to publi% a new "w :i* %\ld include ! important /ati/ical matt] ( x4 ,accord+ly1 we h n[ ,! ,physical ,geography ( ,new ,j]sey1 prep>$ by ,pr(4 ,roll9 ,d4 ,salisbury1 ) an app5dix embody+ ,data p]ta9+ to ! ,physical ,geology ( ! ,/ate1 by ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,v]meule1 :o 0 =m]ly 9 *>ge ( ! topographic survey1 & is au?or ( ! volume on wat] supply4 ,! two p>ts ( ! volume treat ( ! topography ( ,new ,j]sey z x n[ is1 & ! geological hi/ory ( ! topography4 ,! report is accompani$ by a relief map ( ! ,/ate1 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,v]meule on ! basis ( ! topographical survey1 & pres5t+1 !re=e1 an accurate picture ( ! relief4 ,x %[s ! great features ( ! ,/ate1 its ranges ( m\nta9s1 hills1 tablel&s1 pla9s1 m>% l&s1 /reams1 & wat] areas 9 _! prop] relations to "o ano!r2 & x is contemplat$ to put x 9 e s*oolh\se 9 ! ,/ate z an aid 9 ! /udy ( geography4 ,m4 ,imb]t de ,sa9t-,am&'s s]ies ( books ab\t ! ,second ,fr5* ,empire furni% v int]e/+ read+1 are1 s f> z our recollection ( ev5ts goes1 hi/orically accurate1 & fill a gap :i* ! lit]>y _w always has to suff] conc]n+ any p]iod too rec5tly pass$ = a compet5t judicial m9d to h appe>$ to tell its /ory4 ,! second ( ! s]ies--,napoleon ,,iii & 8 ,c\rt--takes ,l\is ,napoleon at ! height ( 8 success & happ9ess1 j aft] he _h m>ri$ ! beautiful ,eugnie1 ( :om ! _w has no?+ h>% to say1 & c>ries him ?r\gh ! p]iod ( 8 wond]ful popul>ity & brilliant accompli%m5ts to ! close ( ! ,crimean ,w> & ! bir? ( ! pr9ce ^: fate 0 s unhappy4 ,x deals1 9 a pleasant mann]1 & all favorable to ,napoleon1 b n adulatory1 ) affairs social1 political1 & milit>y1 9 :i* x is h>d to say :e!r ! tact or ! good =tune ( ! subject ( ! hi/ory %one mo/ brilliantly4 ,we are told h[ ,eugnie won ! ,fr5* nation2 ( ,napoleon's good w1 especially manife/$ t[>d all t c\ld contribute to 8 exaltation2 ( 8 deal+s ) ! sov]eigns ar\nd him1 gradually w9n+ _! recognition1 includ+ t ( ,ni*olas ( ,russia2 ( ! d>k5+ ( ! cl\ds ( w>1 ! ,crimean campaigns2 ( ! int]*anges ( c\rtesies1 gradually ris+ into close1 firm fri5d%ip1 ) ! ,briti% c\rt2 & ( ! bir? ( ! ,pr9ce ,imp]ial4 ,?9k :at we may ( ! "* ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,napoleon & ( its influ5ce1 x m>k$ an epo* 9 ne>ly e l9e ( developm5t ( ! _w's hi/ory1 & 0 z di/9ctly sep>at$ f :at came be=e x & f :at foll[$ x z if a broad l9e 7 drawn ar\nd x2 & x left "s important results t are n likely to be soon effac$4 ,m4 de ,sa9t-,am& writes f p]sonal k1 hav+ witness$ or p>ticipat$ 9 mu* ( :at he describes1 & has 9 ,elizabe? ,gilb]t ,m>t9 a fully compet5t & acceptable translator4 7,publi%$ by ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons4 ,pp4 #djg4 ,price1 #a4ej47 ,! pap] ( ! late ,dr4 ,!odor ,eim] on ,or?og5esis & ! ,impot5ce ( ,natural ,selection 9 ,species ,=mation is publi%$ by ! ,op5 ,c\rt ,company1 ,*icago1 z ,no4 #bi ( _! ,religion ( ,sci5ce ,libr>y4 ,pp4 #ef4 ,price1 #be c5ts4 ,! second volume ( ,uncle ,rob]t's ,geography1 ( ,appletons' ,home-,read+ ,s]ies--,on a ,f>m--,mr4 ,francis ,w4 ,p>k]1 ! editor1 & ,nellie ,la?rop ,helm1 emphasizes ! importance ( p>5ts & tea*]s1 giv+ full & complete recognition ( ! imm5se educational value ( spontane\s activities z display$ 9 motive & int]e/2 a recognition :i* %\ld be foll[$ by active enc\ragem5t & direction ( ! *ild's play1 "w1 & obs]vations4 ,! /ory deals entirely ) ! int]e/s & life ( *ildr5 9 ! environm5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,a little girl is 9 h] playh\se 9 a ,virg9ia f5ce corn]1 ) h] doll & mimic h\sekeep+4 ,h] %y1 retir+ companions are ! birds :o peep into ! playh\se1 &1 aft] %e has gone away1 come into x & pick up ! crumbs %e has left4 ,?is leads to talks ab\t diff]5t birds & _! ne/ build+4 ,a ,/4 ,b]n>d dog is introduc$ & furni%es ! opportunity = br++ 9 /ories ( ! ,alps1 _! glaci]s & sn[s1 & ! ,hospice ( ,/4 ,b]n>d1 & !n ab\t o!r dogs4 ,susy makes a g>d5 9 ! woods1 & ! wild fl[]s become ! subjects ( h] spontane\s /udy4 ,s ) ! rabbits1 bread mak+ & ! gra9 t furni%es ! mat]ial = ! bread1 & o!r incid5ts2 ) m birds' ne/s2 ! nature ( bulbs1 squirrels1 etc42 & f9ally ,uncle ,rob]t sets ! *ild to f9d+ out h[ ! animals 9 ! woods sp5d ! w9t]1 & :e!r !y are do+ any?+ n[ 9 prep>ation = x4 7,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,price1 #db c5ts47 ,! ,?irty-fif? ,annual ,report ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,agriculture ( ,mi*igan includes ! ,n9? ,annual ,report ( ! ,agricultural ,college ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 & is l>gely tak5 up ) ! "w ( ! latt] in/itution1 review+ ! records ( ! college dep>tm5ts & pres5t+ ! reports & bullet9s ( ! /ation4 ,! record ( meteorological obs]vations1 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,f>m]s' ,in/itutes1 ! ,transactions ( ! ,association ( ,bre$]s ( ,improv$ ,live ,/ock1 & ! ,transactions ( ! ,/ate ,agricultural ,society are also incorporat$ 9 ! volume4 ,an int]e/+ feature ( ! publication is ! ins]tion ( a portrait & biographical notice ( "o ( ! pione] f>m]s ( ! ,/ate1 ,enos ,goodri*1 :o 0 also prom95t 9 public life4 ,! translation by ,eleanor ,m>x ,avel+ ( ,lissag>ay's ,hi/ory ( ! ,commune ( #ahga 0 made _m ye>s ago at ! reque/ ( ! au?or f a contemplat$ second edition :i* ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t w\ld n all[ publi%$4 ,! "w hav+ be5 revis$ & correct$ by ! translator's fa!r1 & = o!r reasons1 no *anges h be5 made to adapt x to ! "t ( its issue f ! press4 ,! translator claims t ,lissag>ay's "w is ! only reliable & accurate hi/ory t has yet be5 writt5 ( ! ,commune4 ,he has n attempt$1 %e says1 to hide ! errors ( 8 p>ty1 or to gloss ov] ! fatal weakness ( ! revolution4 ,( c\rse1 a v diff]5t view ( ! movem5t is giv5 f t pres5t$ 9 ! ,fr5* acc\nts1 z well z t g5]ally held by ,engli% & ,am]icans2 b ! communi/s h a "r to be repres5t$ & he>d1 & x is well t !y h s compet5t a spokesman4 7,publi%$ by ! ,int]national ,publi%+ ,company1 #bc ,duane ,/reet1 ,new ,york47 ,,footnotes3 #eb ,corona & ,coronet3 ,be+ ! ,n>rative ( ! ,amh]/ ,eclipse ,exp$ition to ,japan1 9 ,mr4 ,james's ,s*oon] ,ya*t ,coronet1 to obs]ve ! ,sun's ,total ,obscuration1 ,augu/ #i1 #ahif4 ,by ,mabel ,loomis ,todd4 ,bo/on & ,new ,york3 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co4 ,pp4 #chc4 ,price1 #b4ej4 #ec ,revis$ ,text-,book ( ,geology4 ,by ,james ,d4 ,dana1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,fif? edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 ,edit$ by ,william ,nor? ,rice4 ,am]ican ,book ,company4 ,pp4 #dhb4 #ed ,famili> ,life 9 ,field & ,=e/4 ,! ,animals1 ,birds1 ,frogs1 & ,salam&]s4 ,by ,f4 ,s*uyl] ,ma!ws4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,pp4 #bhd4 ,price1 #a4ge4 #ee ,a ,%ort ,manual ( ,analytical ,*emi/ry1 ,qualitative & ,quantitative1 ,inorganic & ,organic4 ,by ,john ,mut]4 ,second ,am]ican edition4 ,illu/rat$4 ,adapt$ f ! eigh? ,briti% edition4 ,philadelphia3 ,e4 ,blaki/on1 ,son ,co4 ,pp4 #bbh4 ,price1 #a4be4 #ef ,lectures on ! ,geometry ( ,position4 ,by ,!odor ,r4 ,reye4 ,translat$ & edit$ by ,?omas ,f4 ,halgate4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #adh4 ,price1 #b4be4 #eg ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,ar*ology4 ,by ,pr(4 ,cyrus ,?omas4 ,c9c9nati3 ,! ,rob]t ,cl>ke ,company4 ,pp4 #cia4 #eh ,! ,art ( ,taxid]my4 ,by ,john ,r[ley4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,pp4 #bdd4 ,price1 #b4 #ei ,! ,/orage ,batt]y4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,con/ruction1 ,!ory1 & ,use ( ,second>y ,batt]ies4 ,by ,augu/us ,treadwell4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #beg4 ,price1 #a4ge4 #fj ,natural ,advanc$ ,geography4 ,by ,jacques ,w4 ,r$way & ,russell ,h9man4 ,am]ican ,book ,company4 ,pp4 #ajj4 #fa ,diff]5tial & ,integral ,calculus4 ,= ,te*nical ,s*ools & ,colleges4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,lamb]t4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #bde4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,,publications ,,receiv$4 ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia4 ,proce$+s1 #ahih4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,april to ,septemb]4 ,pp4 #bbd1 ) plates4 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ations4 ,bullet9s & ,reports4 ,cornell ,univ]sity3 ,no4 #aeb4 ,/udies 9 ,milk ,secretion4 ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,w+ & ,l]oy ,&]son4 ,pp4 #ef2 ,no4 #aec4 ,impressions ( our ,fruit-gr[+ ,indu/ries4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,pp4 #ah4--;,i[a ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture1 etc43 ,no4 #aj4 ,anatomical & ,hi/ological ,/udies4 ,pp4 #be1 ) plates4--,new ,hamp%ire ,college3 ,no4 #ec4 ,! ,f>m ,wat] ,supply4 ,by ,fr$ ,w4 ,morse4 ,pp4 #ab2 ,! ,w9t] ,food ( ! ,*ickadee4 ,by ,cl>5ce ,m4 ,we$4 ,pp4 #af4--,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture3 ,! ,*9* ,bug4 ,by ,f4 ,m4 ,web/]4 ,pp4 #hb2 ,"s ,books on ,agriculture & ,sci5ces relat$ to ,agriculture publi%$ 9 #ahif-'ih4 ,pp4 #de2 ,=age ,plants & ,=age ,res\rces ( ! ,gulf ,/ates4 ,by ,s4 ,m4 ,tracy4 ,pp4 #ee2 ,li/ ( ,publications relat+ to ,=e/ry 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ,libr>y4 ,pp4 #ic4--,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois3 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ! ,corn ,k]nel4 ,by ,c4 ,g4 ,hopk9s4 ,pp4 #eb4 ,au/91 ,h]b]t ,erne/4 ,obs]vation ,blanks = ,beg9n]s 9 ,m9]alogy4 ,bo/on3 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,co4 ,pp4 #hj4 #ej c5ts4 ,bailey1 ,m4 ,a4 ,am]ican ,elem5t>y ,ari?metic4 ,am]ican ,book ,company4 ,pp4 #bje4 ,b$d>d1 ,frank ,e4 ,! ,/ructure & ,classification ( ,birds4 ,new ,york & ,london3 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 ,pp4 #edh4 ,b>nes's ,national ,v]tical ,p5man%ip4 ,nos4 ,a & ,b1 & #a to #f4 ,am]ican ,book ,company4 ,booksell]1 ,!1 ,newsdeal]1 & ,/ation]4 ,semimon?ly4 ,new ,york3 #aef ,fif? ,av5ue4 ,pp4 #ch4 #a a ye>4 ,b\twell1 ,hon4 ,george ,s4 ,problems rais$ by ! ,w>4 ,bo/on3 ,woman's ,educational & ,indu/rial ,union4 ,pp4 #bj4 ,bullet9s1 ,reports1 ,proce$+s1 etc4 ,mi*igan ,mon?ly ,bullet9 ( ,vital ,/ati/ics1 ,octob]1 #ahih4 ,pp4 #af4--,national ,pure ,food & ,drug ,congress3 ,j\rnal ( ,proce$+s1 ,m>*1 #ahih4 ,pp4 #ec4--,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor3 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ah1 ,septemb]1 #ahih4 ,pp4 #abd2 ,no4 #ai1 ,novemb]1 #ahih4 ,pp4 #db4 ,c>d1 ,fr$ ,w4 ,bu% ,fruits4 ,a ,horticultural ,monograph ( ,raspb]ries1 ,blackb]ries1 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #ecg4 #a4ej4 ,c>p5t]1 ,frank ,g4 ,c>p5t]'s ,geographical ,read]1 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,am]ican ,book ,company4 ,pp4 #ceb4 ,cl>k1 ,william ,j4 ,comm]cial ,cuba1 ) an ,introduction by ,e4 ,%]man ,g\ld4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons4 ,pp4 #ead ) maps4 #d4 ,colly]1 ,rev4 ,rob]t4 ,! ,p>able ( ,lot's ,wife4 ,pp4 #ac4 #e c5ts4 ,e>l1 ,alfr$4 ,! ,liv+ ,organism4 ,an ,introduction to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,biology4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #bga4 #a4ge4 ,fi%]1 ,george ,e41 & ,s*watt1 ,isaac ,j4 ,text-,book ( ,algebra1 ) ,ex]cises4 ,philadelphia3 ,fi%] ,s*watt4 ,pp4 #fhc4 #a4ge4 ,hall1 ,fr$ ,s4 ,sympa!tic ,/rikes & ,sympa!tic ,lock\ts4 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 7,/udies 9 ,hi/ory1 ,economics1 & ,public ,law7 ,pp4 #aah4 ,hill1 ,frank ,a4 ,h[ f> ! ,public ,high ,s*ool is a ,j ,*>ge on ! ,public ,treasury4 ,pp4 #cf4 ,holman1 ,silas ,w4 ,matt]1 ,en]gy1 ,=ce1 & ,"w4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #beg4 #b4 ,hornbrook1 ,a4 ,r4 ,prim>y ,ari?metic4 ,am]ican ,book ,company4 ,pp4 #bec4 ,geikie1 ,james4 ,rock ,sculpture1 or ! ,orig9 ( ,l& ,=ms4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,pp4 #cig4 #b4 ,hurley1 ,d5is ,m4 ,! ,metric ,sy/em ( ,weights & ,measures 9 ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,pp4 #d4 ,+lis1 ,george ,e41 ,editor4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon ,mon?ly4 ,*icago3 ,! ,anglo-,saxon ,publi%+ ,company4 #aj c5ts4 #a a ye>4 ,jackman1 ,wilbur ,s4 ,nature ,/udy = ,gramm> ,grades4 ,danville1 ,ill43 ,ill9ois ,pr9t+ ,company4 ,pp4 #djg4 ,j5k9s1 ,c4 ,francis4 ,animat$ ,pictures4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c43 ,c4 ,francis ,j5k9s4 ,pp4 #aah4 ,jordan1 ,david ,/>r4 ,footnotes to ,evolution4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,pp4 #cib4 #a4ej4 ,lassalle1 ,f]d9&4 ,! ,work+man's ,programme4 ,new ,york3 ,int]national ,publi%+ ,company4 ,pp4 #fb4 ,macmillan ,company1 ,!4 ,catalogue ( ,books1 ,section ,,vii1 ,sci5tific1 pp4 #bd2 & ,section ,,ix1 ,classical & ,educational1 pp4 #bf4 ,makato1 ,t5te>o4 ,japanese ,notions ( ,european ,political ,economy4 ,philadelphia4 ,pp4 #db4 ,m>%all1 ,h5ry ,rutg]s4 ,in/9ct & ,reason4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #ege4 #c4ej4 ,m]riman1 ,mansfield4 ,elem5ts ( ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+4 ,new ,york3 ,john ,wiley ,sons4 ,pp4 #baf4 ,metric ,sy/em1 ,!1 ( ,weights & ,measures4 ,h>t=d1 ,conn43 ,h>t=d ,/eam ,boil] ,inspection & ,insurance ,company4 ,pp4 #aif4 ,mill5nial ,dawn1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,! ,day ,( ,v5geance4 ,allegh5y1 ,pa43 ,! ,t[] ,publi%+ ,company4 ,pp4 #ffh4 #ce c5ts4 ,p>k4 ,j4 ,g4 ,language ,lessons4 ,am]ican ,book ,company4 ,pp4 #add4 ,payne1 ,frank ,ow54 ,geographical ,nature ,/udies4 ,am]ican ,book ,company4 ,pp4 #add4 #be c5ts4 ,peabody1 ,j4 ,e4 ,laboratory ,ex]cises 9 ,anatomy & ,physiology4 ,new ,york3 ,h5ry ,holt ,co4 ,pp4 #gi4 #fj c5ts4 ,preece1 ,w4 ,h4 ,presid5t's ,address be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,novemb] #a1 #ahih4 ,pp4 #bi4 ,repr9ts4 ,c\lt]1 ,john ,m4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,gymnosp]ms & ! ,se$ ,habit4 7,botanical ,society ( ,am]ica47 ,pp4 #af4--;,br9ton1 ,daniel ,g4 ,! ,peoples ( ! ,philipp9es4 ,pp4 #af4--;,eckles1 ,c4 ,h4 ,! ,relation ( ,c]ta9 ,bact]ia to ! ,production ( ,butt]4 ,pp4 #aj4--;,graziani1 ,dr4 ,giovanni4 ,a ,s5sitive ,te/ = ,kry(9e 9 ! ,ur9e1 etc4 ,pp4 #ha4--,ke51 ,w4 ,w4 ,! ,advantages ( a ,p]man5t ,abdom9al ,anus1 etc41 9 ,op]ations = ,canc] ( ! ,rectum4 ,pp4 #aa2 ,! ,advantages ( ! ,tr5del5burg ,po/ure dur+ ,op]ations involv+ ! ,cavities ( ! ,m\?1 etc4 ,pp4 #g2 ,removal ( ,angioma ( ! ,liv]1 etc4 ,pp4 #ab4--,ke51 ,w4 ,w41 & ,spill]1 ,w4 ,g4 ,on ,resection ( ! ,gass]ian ,ganglion1 etc4 ,pp4 #ch1 ) plates4--,ladd1 ,e4 ,f4 ,! ,proteids ( ,cream4 ,pp4 #c2 & ,humates & ,soil ,f]tility4 ,pp4 #g4--,lloyd1 ,james ,h5drie4 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,lesions 9 a ,case ( ,trauma ( ! ,c]vical ,region ( ! ,sp9al ,cord simulat+ ,syr+omyelia4 ,pp4 #ah4--,%]wood1 ,w4 ,l4 ,! ,frogs & ,toads f\nd 9 ! ,vic9ity ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,pp4 #bg4--,tromsdorff1 ,ri*>d4 ,obs]vations at ! ,cl9ic ( ,pr(essor ,eb/e9 on ,kry(9e4 ,pp4 #ab4 ,ripley1 ,fr$]ic ,h41 & ,tapp51 ,?omas4 ,a ,%ort ,c\rse 9 ,music4 ,book ,two4 ,am]ican ,book ,company4 ,pp4 #age4 ,russell1 ,israel ,c4 ,riv]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,pp4 #cbg4 #b4 ,s&s1 ,maniel4 ,opposites 9 ,religion4 ,new ,york3 ,pet] ,eckl]4 7,libr>y ( ,lib]al ,classics1 ,mon?ly74 ,pp4 #ach4 #ej c5ts4 ,savage1 ,m4 ,j4 ,! ,^w ( ,god3 ,! ,evils ( ,religi\s & ,political ,pessimism4 ,bo/on3 ,george ,h4 ,ellis4 ,pp4 #ah ea*4 ,s*immel ,co41 ,leipzig & ,new ,york ,semiannual ,report 7f9e *emicals71 ,octob]1 #ahih4 ,pp4 #fd1 ) map4 ,seym\r1 ,a4 ,t41 ,editor4 ,! ,sci5ce ,tea*]4 ,mon?ly4 ,orange1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pp4 #ab4 #ae c5ts4 #a a ye>4 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution & ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum4 ,annual ,report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,reg5ts to ,july1 #ahif4 ,pp4 #gbg4--;,bean1 ,b>ton ,a4 ,notes on a ,collection ( ,fi%es f ,mexico1 etc4 ,pp4 #d4--;,cook1 ,o4 ,f4 ,am]ican ,oniscoid ,diploda1 etc4 ,pp4 #af1 ) plates4--,coquillet1 ,d4 ,w4 ,report on ,japanese ,dipt]a4 ,pp4 #cf4--;,enkle1 ,ar?ur4 ,topaz ,cry/als 9 ! ,m9]al ,collection ( ! ,museum4 ,pp4 #aj4--;,gilb]t1 ,c4 ,n4 ,caulolepis ,longid5s1 ,gill1 on ! ,coa/ ( ,cali=nia4 ,p4 #a4--;,jordan1 ,david ,/>r1 & ,ev]mann1 ,b>ton ,d4 ,! ,fi%es ( ,nor? & ,middle ,am]ica4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,pp4 #igh4--,m>latt1 ,c4 ,l4 ,japanese ,hym5opt]a ( ! ,family ,teu?r$onid4 ,pp4 #af4--,me>ns1 ,edg> ,a4 ,mammals ( ! ,catskill ,m\nta9s4 ,pp4 #bj4--,moore1 ,j4 ,p]cy4 ,! ,lee*es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum4 ,pp4 #bj1 ) plates4--,ob]hols]1 ,h>ry ,c4 ,revision ( ! ,wr5s ( ! ,g5us ,?ryomanes1 ,sclat]4 ,pp4 #cj4--,ra?bun1 ,m>y ,j4 ,bra*yura ,collect$ by ! ,/eam] ,albatross betwe5 ,norfolk1 ,va41 & ,san ,francisco4 ,pp4 #ej1 ) plate2 & ,fre%-,wat] ,crabs ( ,am]ica4 ,pp4 #cj4--,smi?1 ,hugh ,m4 ,amphiura1 or ! ,congo ,snake1 9 ,virg9ia4 ,p4 #a4--,smi?1 ,john ,b41 & ,dy>1 ,h>rison ,g4 ,! ,lepidopt]\s ,family ,noctuid ( ,boreal ,nor? ,am]ica1 etc4 ,pp4 #aid1 ) plates4--,/>ks1 ,edw9 ,c4 ,o/eology & ,relation%ips ( ! ,family ,zeid4 ,pp4 #h1 ) plates4--,/e>ns1 ,rob]t ,e4 ,c4 ,a ,species ( ,acton f ! ,quat]n>y ,deposits ( ,spani% ,height1 ,san ,diego1 ,cal4 ,pp4 #c2 & ,cy!ra 7,tivala7 ,crassateloides1 ,conrad1 etc4 ,pp4 #h1 ) plate4--,/ejneg]1 ,leonh>d4 ,a ,new ,species ( ,sp9y-tail$ ,iguana f ,cali=nia4 ,p4 #a4--,te/1 ,fr$]ick ,c4 ,v>iations ( ! ,tree ,frog1 ,hyla ,regilla4 ,pp4 #af1 ) plate4--,true1 ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,nom5clature ( ! ,:alebone ,:ales1 etc4 ,pp4 #bj4--,walcott1 ,c4 ,d4 ,cambrian ,bra*iopoda1 ,obolus1 & ,s+ulella1 etc4 ,pp4 #cf4 ,sue1 ,eugne4 ,! ,silv] ,cross1 or ! ,c>p5t] ( ,naz>e?4 ,new ,york3 ,int]national ,publi%+ ,company4 ,pp4 #aea4 ,sullivan1 ,*ri/9e ,gordon4 ,elem5ts ( ,p]spective4 ,am]ican ,book ,company4 ,pp4 #if4 ,t]re/rial ,magnetism4 ,an ,int]national ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal4 ,l4 ,a4 ,bau] & ,?omas ,fr5*1 ,jr41 ,editors4 ,univ]sity ( ,c9c9nati4 ,pp4 #df1 ) plates4 #fj c5ts4 #b a ye>4 ,v9es1 ,sidney ,h4 ,an ,elem5t>y ,text-,book ( ,botany4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #faa4 #b4be4 ,volta ,bureau1 ,wa%+ton1 ,publications ( ,catalogue ( ,books by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,melville ,bell4--,"s ,diff]5ces 9 ! ,education ( ! ,deaf & ! ,he>+4 ,pp4 #ae4--;,int]national ,reports ( ,s*ools = ! ,deaf4 ,pp4 #bg4--;,bell1 ,a4 ,g4 ,me?ods ( ,in/ruct+ ! ,deaf 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,pp4 #d4--;,gordon1 ,j4 ,c4 ,! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,two ,sy/ems ( ,tea*+ ,deaf-mutes ! ,engli% ,language4 ,pp4 #d4--;,gilman1 ,ar?ur4 ,miss ,hel5 ,adams ,kell]'s ,fir/ ,ye> ( ,college ,prep>atory ,"w4 ,pp4 #ad4--;,bell1 ,mabel ,g>d9]4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,rise ( ! ,oral ,me?od 9 ,am]ica z told 9 ! ,writ+s ( ! ,hon4 ,g>d9] ,g4 ,hubb>d4 ,pp4 #ej4 ,voorhees1 ,edw>d ,b4 ,f]tiliz]s4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #cce4 #a4 ,wadd5 ,turn]1 ,susan1 ,pr(4 ,william1 & ,jane4 ,9 ,memoriam4 ,by ,c>ol9e ,h4 ,dall4 ,pp4 #ai4 ,weysse1 ,ar?ur ,w4 ,an ,epitome ( ,human ,hi/ology4 ,new ,york3 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 ,pp4 #ij4 #a4ej4 ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce4 ,! ,huxley ,lecture4--,! ,*>+ ,cross ,m$ical ,s*ool 9 ,london1 :i* _h ! good =tune "s fifty-?ree ye>s ago to numb] ,huxley among its pupils1 _h l>gely ?r\gh ?is fact ! honor ( be+ address$ on ,octob] #c;d by ,pr(essor ,vir*[1 ! greate/ liv+ pa?ologi/ & "o ( ! greate/ ( liv+ sci5ti/s4 ,!re 0 a peculi> fitness 9 8 deliv]+ ! ,huxley lecture1 =1 :ile ,pr(essor ,vir*['s "w has be5 *iefly t ( ! speciali/1 8 co-op]ation ) labor]s 9 o!r fields1 8 cont9u$ ef=ts to popul>ize sci5ce1 & ! prom95t position :i* he has occupi$ = ! la/ ?irty ye>s 9 public life1 h giv5 him a /&+ 9 ,g]many some:at ak9 to t ( ,huxley 9 ,engl&4 ,8 c>e] is a /rik+ illu/ration1 z 0 also ,huxley's1 ( ! happy results to humanity f a comb9ation 9 "o man ( great ability z an inve/igator ) a facility = g5]alization & ! practical application ( sci5tific tru?s to ! concrete problems ( sci5ce & civilization4 ,pr(essor ,vir*[ is describ$ z mode/ & unassum+1 & v mu* ( a contra/ 9 all ways to ! ord9>y ,g]man pr(essor4 ,8 address 0 on ,! ,rec5t ,advances 9 ,sci5ce1 & _! ,be>+ on ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y4 ,x 0 inevitable t he %\ld ref] to ,huxley1 ( :om he 0 9 "s s5se a pupil4 ,9 speak+ ( ! rapid gr[? ( ! latt] dur+ 8 f\r ye>s on ! ,beagle1 he said3 ,h[ ?is 0 possible any "o w readily und]/& :o kn[s f 8 own exp]i5ce h[ great is ! value ( p]sonal obs]vation4444 ,fre$ f ! =malism ( ! s*ools1 ?r[n ^u 8 own intellect1 compell$ to te/ ea* s+le object z reg>ds prop]ties & hi/ory1 we soon =get ! dogmas ( ! prevail+ sy/em1 & become fir/ a skeptic & !n an inve/igator4 ,?is p>agraph is especially wor?y ( notice1 because x po9ts out "o ( ! inv>iable *>act]i/ics ( ! great man4 ,9 :atev] field 8 greatness may lie1 he w be f\nd to h brok5 away f ! =malism & cons]vatism ( ! s*ools1 & t 8 great "w is bas$ on p]sonal obs]vation & rese>*4 ,?is 0 notably ! case ) ,pr(essor ,vir*['s e/abli%m5t ( ! cellul> pa?ology1 z well z ( ,huxley's rese>*es 9 comp>ative anatomy4 ,our pres5t s*ool sy/em is lam5tably weak 9 ?is p>ticul>1 t5d+ to /ifle r ?an /imulate orig9ality & self-dep5d5ce4 ,pr(essor ,vir*['s address 01 ( c\rse1 int]e/+ & in/ructive1 b1 z he said1 mu* too %ort = any?+ l an adequate treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,! *ief int]e/ ( ! occasion lay 9 its associations4 ,an address by ,rudolph ,vir*[1 at a meet+ presid$ ov] by ,"l ,li/] on an occasion commemorat+ ,pr(essor ,huxley1 left only "o ?+ to be desir$--! pres5ce ( ! latt]4 ,= a biologi/1 or 9 fact a mod]n sci5ti/ ( any description1 "o c n imag9e a m delightful occasion4 ,! ,climate ( ,cuba4--,sy/ematic records ( wea!r appe> to be want+ 9 ,cuba4 ,! meteorological obs]vations kept up = sev]al ye>s by ,&re ,poey are n accessible1 no ne$ ( _! be+ publi%$ hav+ be5 f\nd4 ,! *ief s\rce ( in=mation on ! subject is ! obs]vations :i* h be5 kept up at ,bel5 ,college1 ,havana1 s9ce #ahei4 ,f ^! & a few scatt]$ obs]vations ( brief p]iods at o!r t[ns1 & by comp>ison ) notes tak5 at o!r ,we/ ,indian /ations1 ,w4 ,f4 ,b4 ,phillips1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 has attempt$ to describe ! climate ( ,cuba4 ,! av]age annual temp]ature ( ! pa/ t5 ye>s at ,havana 0 #gg ,f41 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! highe/ & ! l[e/ ye>ly means 0 only #a4a ,f4 ,! w>me/ mon? is ,july1 ) an av]age temp]ature ( #hb4g ,f41 & ! colde/ is ,janu>y1 ) an av]age temp]ature ( #gj4c ,f4 ,! highe/ temp]ature record$ 0 #ajj4f ,f41 9 ,july1 #ahia1 & ! l[e/ #di4f4 ,brief int]mitt5t records at ,matanzas1 m ?an sixty ye>s old1 give a mean annual temp]ature ( ab\t #gh1 ) #ic z ! highe/ & #ea z ! l[e/4 ,at ,santiago ! annual mean appe>s to be ab\t #hj1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! w>me/ & colde/ mon?s ab\t #f ,f4 ,records ( temp]ature 9 ! int]ior1 su* z !y are1 give annual means ( f #gc4f to #ge1 app>5tly %[+ l[] temp]atures ?an on ! coa/4 ,! av]age daily range ( temp]ature is ab\t #aj1 ! highe/ occurr+ betwe5 noon & two o'clock ,p4 ,m41 :ile sudd5 v>iations 9 ! temp]ature ( ! day are n unkn[n4 ,! av]age ye>ly ra9fall at ,havana is ab\t fifty-two in*es4 ,! season ( heavy ra9fall beg9s 9 ! latt] "p ( ,may & fir/ ( ,june1 & la/s till ,octob]1 & dur+ ?is p]iod ab\t sixty-?ree p] c5t ( ! ye>'s ra9 is precipitat$4 ,ra9 occurs on ab\t "o day 9 ?ree1 9 heavy d[np\rs ( %ort duration4 ,not)/&+ ! frequ5cy ( ra9 dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 ^! d n pres5t ! greate/ numb] ( cl\dy days4 ,! days on :i* ra9 does n fall are usually p]fectly cl\dless1 &1 9 g5]al1 no cl\ds are se5 9 summ] except :ile ! %[]s are fall+2 :ile 9 o!r mon?s cl\dy days sometimes occur )\t ra94 ,! av]age velocity ( ! w9d is ab\t #g4e miles an h\r1 ) v>iations1 accord+ to ! season1 f #h4e miles 9 w9t] to #f4e miles 9 summ]4 ,! diurnal v>iation 9 w9d velocity is mu* m pron\nc$ ?an ! seasonal v>iation4 ,! ,new ,planet ,d ,q4--,! numb] ( m9or planets discov]$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 & _! lack ( practical importance 9 a/ronomy1 has t5d$ to di/ract a/ronom]s' att5tion f ! se>* = !m1 z unpr(itable1 & ! ann\ncem5t ( a new "o attracts little att5tion1 z a rule4 ,! planet ,d ,q1 h[ev]1 discov]$ by ,h]r ,witt1 ( ! ,urania ,obs]vatory1 ( ,b]l91 on ,augu/ #ac? la/1 has ar\s$ f ! fir/ special att5tion ?r\gh its rem>kable behavior4 ,! orbit is a v unusual "o4 ,m>s has always be5 consid]$ our ne>e/ neighbor1 al?\gh x 0 kn[n t "s ( ! m9or planets 7 slightly ne>] to ! sun :5 at p]ihelion ?an ,m>s is :5 at aphelion4 ,b ! mean di/ances ( ! latt] 7 9 all cases mu* great] ?an t ( ,m>s2 :ile t f\nd = ! new planet is only #a4df z comp>$ ) #a4eb = ,m>s1 &1 z ! ecc5tricity am\nts to #j4bc1 ! p]ihelion di/ance is only #a4ac1 & ! lea/ di/ance f ! e>?'s orbit only #j4ae z comp>$ ) #j4bg = ,v5us 9 transit1 & #j4ch = ,m>s 9 p]ihelion4 ,! planet w ?us be f> clos] to u ?an any o!r memb] ( ! sol> sy/em1 & w af=d a mo/ excell5t means ( det]m9+ ! sun's p>allax4 ,its diamet] is ?\ght to be ab\t sev5te5 miles4 ,extra-,organic ,factors ( ,evolution4--,obs]v+ t our civilization has made advances or /rides 9 rec5t ye>s out ( all proportion to any improvem5ts t h tak5 place 9 our organic faculties1 ,ar?ur ,all9 has insi/$1 9 ,sci5ce1 on ! importance ( extra-organic factors 9 human developm5t4 ,our s5se & motor organs1 he says1 are ess5tially in/rum5ts & tools1 & s is ! bra92 & mo/ if n all ( ! ?ree hundr$ or m me*anical movem5ts kn[n 9 ! arts are f\nd exemplifi$ 9 ! human body4 ,our s5se organs are ?us indef9itely multipli$ & ext5d$ by su* extra-organic s5se organs z ! microscope1 telescope1 resonator1 telephone1 telegraph1 !rmomet]1 etc4 ,our motor organs are multipli$ by su* ag5cies z /eam & electrical ma*9es1 etc41 9 ! same mann]4 ,! pr9t+ press is an extra-organic memory f> m la/+ & durable ?an ! pla/ic b fickle bra94 ,fire provides man ) a second dige/ive app>atus by means ( :i* h>d & /r+y roots & o!r mat]ials = food are r5d]$ dige/ible & poison\s roots & h]bs innocu\s4 ,tools1 traps1 weapons1 etc41 are b ext5sions ( bodily contrivances4 ,clo?+1 unlike ! fur or lay] ( blubb] ( ! l[] animals1 becomes a "p ( ! organism at w4 ,"o f9ds himself m or less indep5d5t ( seasons1 climates1 & geographical re/rictions4 ,by organic h]$ity or ! transmission ( ! cong5ital *>act]i/ics ( ! p>5ts to ! *ildr51 work+ alone1 all progress dep5ds ^u ! transmission ( v>iations occurr+ )9 ! organism4 ,moreov]1 ^! advantage\s organic v>iations die ) ! individual1 & mu/ be born aga91 s to speak1 ) ea* new individual4 ,?is requires "t1 & progress dep5d+ on x w\ld be indef9itely protract$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by means ( social h]$ity1 ea* new memb] ( ! race has h&$ to him at bir? ! accumulat$ organic advantage\s v>iations ( s5se & motor organs1 & ! extra-organic adaptations t h multipli$ s indef9itely 9 ! age ( civiliz$ man4 ,! va/ importance ( accumulation ( capital is obvi\s4 ,fossils z crit]ions ( ,geological ,ages4--,pr(4 ,o4 ,c4 ,m>% said 9 a pap] on ,! ,comp>ative ,value ( ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,fossils 9 det]m9+ ,geological ,age1 :i* 0 read at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 t ! value ( all fossils z evid5ce ( geological age dep5ds ma9ly ^u _! degree ( specialization4 ,9 inv]tebrates1 = example1 a l+ula f ! ,cambrian has rea*$ a def9ite po9t ( developm5t f "s e>li] ance/or4 ,"o f ! ,silurian or ,devonian1 or ev5 a lat] =mation1 %[s1 h[ev]1 little advance4 ,ev5 rec5t =ms ( ! same or an alli$ g5us h no di/9ctive *>act]s suffici5tly important to m>k geological horizons4 ,) ammonites ! case is entirely diff]5t4 ,f ! e>lie/ appe>ance ( ! family ! memb]s 7 con/antly *ang+4 ,! trilobites %[ a gr\p ( inv]tebrates ev] subject to modification1 f ! e>lie/ kn[n =ms 9 ! ,cambrian to ! la/ survivors 9 ! ,p]mian4 ,!y are ?us especially fitt$ to aid ! geologi/1 z ea* has di/9ctive features & an abid+ place ( its own 9 geological "t4 ,9 ! fre%-wat] =ms ( mollusca--! ,unios1 = example--!re is little evid5ce ( *ange f ! palozoic =ms to ^? /ill liv+1 & we c !re=e expect little assi/ance f !m 9 notic+ ! succe$+ p]iods dur+ _! life hi/ory4 ,! same law z to specialization holds good among ! fossil v]tebrates4 ,p$igree ,photographs4--,sir ,francis ,galton unfold$ be=e ! ,briti% ,association a plan = ! sy/ematic collection ( photographs ( p$igree /ock1 p>ticul>ly ( cattle bre$s1 & ( m in=mation ab\t !m ?an is n[ obta9able4 ,he believes t a sy/em ( ?is sort w\ld greatly facilitate ! /udy ( h]$ity4 ,! au?or _h previ\sly %[n h[ ! g5]al k t (fspr+ c inh]it peculi>ities f _! ance/ry z well z f _! p>5ts 0 sup]s$$ by a g5]al law ! nature ( :i* 0 fir/ sugge/$ to him by !oretical consid]ations1 & ?is ance/ral law proves ! importance ( a mu* m compreh5sive sy/em ( records ?an n[ exi/s4 ,! bre$] %\ld be able to comp>e ! records ( all ! ne> ance/ry ( ! animals he proposes to mate 9 respect to ! qualities 9 :i* he is int]e/$4 ,no pres5t s\rce = su* in=mation is comp>able ) :at ! sy/em propos$ w\ld furni%4 ,a habitual /udy ( ! =m ( ea* pure-br$ animal 9 connection ) ! portraits ( all its ne>e/ ance/ry w\ld te/ curr5t op9ions & decide betwe5 conflict+ ones1 & c\ld n fail to sugge/ new ideas4 ,lik5esses w\ld be trac$ to prepot5t ance/ors1 & ! am\nt ( _! sev]al prepot5cies w\ld be def9$2 =ms & features t supplem5t "o ano!r or nick 91 & o!rs t cla% or comb9e awkw>dly1 w\ld be obs]v$ & record$2 & conclusions bas$ on incomplete & inaccurate memories ( ance/ry w\ld give way to o!rs f\nd$ on m exact data4 ,! value ( ! ance/ral law w\ld be adequately te/$1 & x w\ld be possible to am5d x :5 requir$4 ,engli% ,names = ,plants4--,9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,torrey ,botanical ,club1 publi%$ 9 its j\rnal = ,july1 ,dr4 ,v4 ,hav>d sugge/$ "s pr9ciples :i* x w\ld be well to foll[ 9 apply+ ,engli% names to plants1 pr$icat+ t an au?oriz$ v]nacul> b9omial %\ld be assign$ to ea* plant1 s t ambiguity & confusion may be avoid$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( suitable ,engli% names already recogniz$1 x seems be/ to adopt ! ,lat9 g5us "n1 if %ort & easy1 l ,cicuta1 ,p>nassia1 ,hibiscus1 or a close translation !re(1 :5 possible1 l a/ragal1 *5opody1 c>dam91 :ile ! specific ,engli% "n %\ld be an equival5t ( ! ,lat9 "o or a descriptive adjective4 ,9 case ( all ,engli% b9omials cle>ly apply+ to well-kn[n individual species & no o!rs1 all sub/antives are capitaliz$ )\t a hyph51 z 9 ,wit* ,hazel1 ,may ,apple1 & ,dut*man's ,pipe4 ,9 all g5]a 9 :i* two or m species mu/ be designat$1 ! g5us "n is comp\nd$ into "o ^w )\t a hyph51 z ,pepp]grass1 ,sweetbri]1 ,gold5rod1 ,h$g5ettle1 etc42 except 9 long names1 :]e ! eye requires ! hyph51 z ,prairie-clov]1 ,=get-me-n4 ,g5us names 9 ! possessive case 7,/4 ,john's-wort7 are writt5 ) ! hyph51 foll[$ by a l[]-case initial4 ,plants commemorat+ individual m5 7,d\glas ,spruce1 ,c\lt] ,p9e7 are writt5 )\t ! m>k ( ! possessive4 ,9 specific names p>ticipial end+s are suppress$1 ! p>ticiple becom+ a sub/antive1 :i* is add$ z a suffix )\t ! hyph52 ?us ,he>tleav$ ,will[ is *ang$ to ,he>tleaf ,will[4 ,9 ! discussion t foll[$ ?is pap]1 ,presid5t ,addison ,br[n & ,dr4 ,t4 ,f4 ,all5 deprecat$ ! manufacture ( book names4 ,! secret>y def5d$ ! use ( v]nacul> names1 say+ t !y des]v$ m att5tion1 & add+ t 9 _! abs5ce ! g5]ic "n %\ld be us$ un*ang$4 ,_m ,lat9 names1 z ,portulacca1 w9 _! way )\t *ange z soon z !y are fairly made famili>4 ,co9$ names seldom live4 ,a "n to be successful mu/ be a gr[?1 z language is4 ,cook+ ,s*ools 9 ,philadelphia4--,! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools 9 ,philadelphia = ! tea*+ ( cook]y is m5tion$1 9 ! ,annual ,report ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,s*ools 9 t city1 among ! results ( ! g5]al movem5t = manual tra9+1 z a means ( m5tal developm5t & practical k4 ,! tea*+ 0 introduc$ exp]im5tally into ! ,girls' ,normal ,s*ool 9 #ahhg1 & 0 9 ! foll[+ ye> made a regul> bran* ( ! c\rse4 ,x 0 lat] ext5d$ to o!r s*ools4 ,!re are n[ eight s*ool kit*5s "u ! dep>tm5t ( ,public ,in/ruction1 situat$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! city4 ,! "q ( ! prop] place = cook]y 9 ! s*ool c\rse has be5 solv$1 = ,philadelphia1 by putt+ x 9 ! six? s*ool ye>1 :5 ! pupils are firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! "w ( ! gramm> grades1 & _! att5tion has n yet be5 direct$ to prep>ation = admission to ! ,high ,s*ool4 ,! c\rse provides betwe5 tw5ty-five & ?irty lessons1 & is complet$ 9 a s+le ye>4 ,x includes in/ruction 9 ! c>e ( ! kit*51 & ( ! /ove or range1 g5]al lessons 9 ! classification & nutritive values ( foods1 ! cook+ ( vegetables1 breakfa/ c]eals1 bread1 eggs1 s\ps1 meats1 simple cakes & dess]ts1 lessons 9 invalid cook]y1 & 9 table sett+ & s]v+4 ,special att5tion is giv5 to ! prep>ation ( nutriti\s & savory di%es f inexp5sive mat]ials4 ,ab\t two ?\s& pupils1 or less ?an "o half ( ! numb] ( girls ( ! six? ye> n[ 9 ! s*ools1 are accommodat$ 9 ! eight cook]y s*ools4 ,! pupils manife/ an intellig5t int]e/ 9 ! in/ruction1 & sp5d ! half day p] week 9 ! s*ool kit*5 )\t any appreciable loss 9 ! o!r bran*es ( /udy4 ,x comes z a p]iod ( relaxation4 ,a ,trait ,common to u ,all4--,! doctr9e ( ! t5d5cy ( mank9d to develop ! l fancies & ideas at ! l /age ( intellectual infancy 0 m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,brabrook 9 8 presid5tial address be=e ! ,an?ropological ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association1 z a g5]alization = :i* we are fa/ accumulat+ mat]ial 9 folklore4 ,x is ak9 to ! g5]alization t individual savage races pres5t 9 _! intellectual developm5t a m>k$ analogy to ! condition ( ! e>li] races ( mank9d4 ,! fancies & ideas ( ! *ild resemble closely ! fancies & ideas ( ! savage & ! fancies & ideas ( primitive man4 ,mrs4 ,gomme has f\nd t a great numb] ( *ildr5's games consi/ ( dramatic repres5tations ( m>riage by capture & m>riage by pur*ase1 & t ! idea ( exogamy is di/9ctly embodi$ 9 !m4 ,!re c be little d\bt t !y g back to a high antiquity1 & !re is mu* probability t !y are f\nd$ ^u cu/oms actually exi/+1 or j pass+ away1 at ! "t !y 7 fir/ play$4 ,^u ! same pr9ciple1 if we view *ildr5's /ories 9 _! weal? ( details1 we %all deem x impossible t !y c\ld h be5 dissem9at$ ov] ! _w o!rwise ?an by actual contact ( ! sev]al peoples ) ea* o!r4 ,b if we view !m 9 _! simplicity ( idea1 we %all be m apt to ?9k t ! m9d ( man naturally produces ! same result "u l circum/ances1 & t x is n necess>y to po/ulate any communication betwe5 ! peoples to acc\nt = _! id5tity4 ,x does n surprise u t ! same complicat$ physical op]ations %\ld be p]=m$ by f>-di/ant peoples )\t any communication ) ea* o!r2 :y %\ld x be surpris+ t m5tal op]ations1 n ne>ly s complex1 %\ld be produc$ 9 ! same ord] by diff]5t peoples )\t any su* communication8 ,! ,toes 9 ,walk+4--,an in/ructive discussion ( ! walk+ value ( ! less] toes by ,dr4 ,hea!r ,bigg is giv5 9 a rec5t copy ( ! ,london ,lancet4 ,dr4 ,bigg believes t ! less] toes ( ! human foot are ( little importance 9 walk+--! great toe con/itut+ ! important tread ( ! foot--& 9 pro( ( ?is he gives an acc\nt ( a pati5t1 all ( ^: less] toes x 0 f\nd necess>y to amputate because ( p]si/5t contraction ( ! t5dons4 ,on ,novemb] #aj1 #ahid1 ! toes 7 remov$1 especial c>e be+ tak5 to keep ! result+ sc>s well up on ! dorsal aspect ( ! foot1 s z to be well away f ! subsequ5t tread4 ,9 ?ree weeks ! pati5t c\ld /& on h] feet1 &1 aft] h] return home1 s5t ! foll[+ record ( h] progress t[>d complete recov]y3 ,decemb] #cj1 #ahid3 ,i am able to walk p]fectly on my feet ) little or no pa91 b c n yet we> ei!r slipp]s or boots1 z !y are /ill t5d]4--,janu>y #ae1 #ahie3 ,i manag$ to get on my slipp]s ye/]day & wore !m ) ease = m ?an six h\rs4--,janu>y #bh?3 ,i put on my boots to-day = ! fir/ "t4 ,x /ill pa9s me slightly to walk2 o!rwise my feet are go+ on all "r4--,febru>y #ah?3 ,i ought to say t ! /eel plates only half way answ] spl5didly4--,m>* #bd?3 ,y w be glad to he> t ,i c walk spl5didly n[1 j l a prop] human be+2 x is j eighte5 weeks next ,tuesday s9ce ! op]ation4--,may #e?3 ,i h decid$ to come to t[n next ,monday week to let y see h[ well ,i c walk4--,june #ag?3 ,i play$ two sets ( t5nis on ,saturday1 & my feet 7 none ! worse aft]w>d4--,july #bd?3 ,y w be surpris$ to he> t ! big toes h l5g!n$ half an in* s9ce ! op]ation1 & ,i h _h all my boots l5g!n$ & ! toe l9e made /raight]4--,augu/ #cj?3 ,i "k t y w be int]e/$ to he> t ,i h j accept$ an invitation to a dance on ,septemb] #ac?4 ,:e!r ,i %all dance com=tably or n is ano!r ?+4--,septemb] #ad?3 ,i w5t to ! dance on ,tuesday ev5+ & ?or\ghly enjoy$ myself aft] n danc+ = s long4 ,my feet 7 on _! be/ behavior1 & did n pa9 me once dur+ ! ev5+4 ,i nev] realiz$ be=e t ,i _h no toes until ,i began to dance2 !n x seem$ s odd only to h "o toe1 b ,i suff]$ no inconv5i5ce :atev] f ! loss ( !m4--,decemb] #e?3 ,i get on s well ) my bicycle4 ,only two disadvantages %[$ !mselves z ! result ( ! op]ation & ^! 7 tempor>y4 ,"o 0 t ! great toes t5d$ to p]v]t !mselves t[>d ! middle l9e ( ! feet1 a ?+ :i* 0 readily rem$i$ by ! use ( s+le-to$ /ock+s1 & by pack+ ! space 9 ! boot left vacant by ! miss+ toes ) cotton wool2 ! o!r 0 a loss ( local s5se on ! out] sides ( ! feet1 :i* w5t to %[ t ! less] toes 7 miss$ r z tactile organs ?an any?+ else4 ,?is failure ( feel+ right$ itself 9 "t1 presumably by a vic>i\s & int5s] s5se be+ acquir$ by ! sk9 ( ! out] side ( ! foot4 ,9 all o!r respects ! loss ( ! toes discov]$ no inconv5i5ce4 ,animals' ,bites4--,t !re is some?+ m s]i\s ?an ! m]e w\nd 9 ! bite ev5 ( a heal?y animal is atte/$ by ,mr4 ,pag9 ,?ornton1 f a *apt] 9 8 own exp]i5ce1 & 9 ! te/imony ( a numb] ( 8 own fri5ds :o h suff]$ = weeks toge!r f hav+ be5 bitt54 ,& :at is m surpris+ to me1 he says1 is t "s ( u may h h&s crippl$ = "s "t f bites ( a man's tee?4 ,dog bites are always dang]\s1 b l>gely f ! size ( ! w\nd :i* a dog bit+ 9 e>ne/ w inflict4 ,) m5 !y usually fail to d _! be/4 ,animals recov] f w\nds m easily ?an m5 d2 b ,"l ,ebr+ton says t de] bitt5 by ! dogs 9 ,exmoor h>dly ev] recov]4 ,mu* ( ! poison+ caus$ by bites is suppos$ to be due to ! /ate ( ! animal's tee?2 & 9 ?is way ! bite ( a h]bivor\s animal1 ^: tee? are usually soil$1 may cause worse aft] effects ?an t ( a c>nivore1 ^: wet m\? & wet tongue keep its tee? fairly clean4 ,a simil> diff]5ce is obs]vable 9 ! effects ( be+ claw$ & bitt5 by c>nivora4 ,w\nds made by ! claws ( leop>ds are poison\s1 :ile ^? caus$ by ! tee? are r>ely septic4 ,! =ce ) :i* a bite 9 e>ne/ is inflict$ is an important elem5t 9 its dang]\s "*4 ,x seems1 says ! ,london ,spectator1 z if = ! mom5t ! animal ?rew all its =ce into ! comb9ation ( muscul> action :i* we call a 'bite4' ,9 mo/ cases ! m]e %ock ( impact1 z ! bea/ hurls itself on its enemy1 is entirely demoraliz+1 or inflicts physical injury4 ,a muzzl$ ma/iff w hurl a man to ! gr\nd 9 ! ef=t to fa/5 its tee? 9 8 ?roat or %\ld]4 ,!n1 ! driv+ & cru%+ =ce ( ! jaw muscles is a/oni%+4 ,sir ,samuel ,bak] notic$ t ! tig] usually seiz$ an ,indian native by ! %\ld]1 & ) "o jaw on "o side & ! o!r on ! o!r bit clean ?r\gh *e/ & back4 ,9 ne>ly all cases ! bite p5etrates to ! lungs4 ,?is k9d ( w\nd is *>act]i/ic ( ! bites ( ! felid4 ,h>dly any bird recov]s f a cat's bite1 = ! same reason4 ,! can9e tee? are almo/ in/antly driv5 ?r\gh ! lung "u ! w+4 ,d\lton ,pott]ies4--,sir ,h5ry ,d\lton1 head ( ! ,lambe? pott]ies1 ^: dea?1 ,novemb] #ag1 #ahig1 has be5 record$ 9 ! ,mon?ly1 pref]r$ devot+ himself to ! factory to engag+ 9 ! /udy ( a le>n$ pr(ession = :i* 8 p>5ts int5d$ him1 & himself did mu* ( ! l>ge/ "w produc$ !re 9 ! e>li] days ( 8 connection ) x4 ,z ! factory 0 enl>g$1 x made dra9 pipes1 vessels & appliances ( /onew>e = *emical & o!r simil> uses1 = :i* x ga9$ prizes at ! great exhibitions ( #ahea & #ahfb2 ale pots & mugs ( traditional & orig9al designs2 t]ra-cotta vases2 & fir/ exhibit$ articles ( high] arti/ic m]it at ,p>is 9 #ahfg4 ,x %[$ a magnific5t collection at ,vi5na 9 #ahgc1 & its exhibit at ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf 0 "o ( ! m>k$ features ( our ,c5t5nial4 ,! *ief /yles ( its "w are ! ornam5tal salt-glaz$ /onew>e kn[n z ,d\lton w>e1 & ! und]glaze-pa9t$ e>!nw>e call$ ,lambe? faence4 ,sir ,george ,birdwood ascribes z ! great m]it ( ,sir ,h5ry's life "w 8 adh]5ce to ! two pr9ciples ( mak+1 z f> z possible1 e piece int5d$ = decoration on ! :eel1 & ( giv+ ! utmo/ scope to ! design] into ^: h&s ! piece fell = ornam5tation4 ,f\r hundr$ design]s1 mo/ly wom51 & "s ( !m real arti/s1 are engag$ at ! pott]ies1 & ea* has h] way & signs h] "n to h] "w2 s t ,sir ,h5ry ,d\lton succe$$ 9 creat+ a mo/ prolific s*ool1 or r sev]al s*ools1 ( ,engli% pott]y1 ! influ5ce ( :i* has be5 felt 9 ! revival ( ! c]amic arts 9 all ! c\ntries ( ! ,old ,_w--:]e !y _h be5 demoraliz$ by ! use ( ma*9]y2 & ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( 8 example1 work+ s9ce #ahga1 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom n[ produces ! mo/ arti/ic comm]cial pott]y ( any c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,,m9or ,,p>agraphs4 ,a little ov] a ye> ago ,pr(essor ,fras] publi%$ ! results ( "s rese>*es :i* %[$ t ! bile ( sev]al animals possess$ antidotal prop]ties aga9/ s]p5ts' v5om1 & aga9/ ! tox9es ( su* diseases z diph!ria & tetanus1 & t ! bile ( v5om\s s]p5ts is an antidote to _! v5om4 ,! results f an ext5sion ( ^! fir/ exp]im5ts h be5 rec5tly publi%$ 9 ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 ,! mo/ important conclusions are z foll[s3 ,! bile ( v5om\s s]p5ts is ! mo/ p[]ful antidote to v5om1 & is closely foll[$ 9 effici5cy by ! bile ( innocu\s s]p5ts4 ,reg>d+ ! antidotal p[] ( bile on ! tox9es ( disease1 ,pr(essor ,fras] f\nd t ! bile ( v5om\s s]p5ts _h m antidotal p[] ?an t ( ! majority ( ! o!r animals exam9$4 ,x is curi\s t among ! non-v5om\s animals ! rabbit's bile is ! mo/ p[]ful 9 antidotal prop]ties4 ,?ree ways are m5tion$ by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,a4 ,h]dman 9 :i* disease may be communicat$ ?r\gh oy/]s to ! consum]2 viz41 by ! pres5ce 9 ! animal ( inorganic1 usually metallic1 poison2 or ( organic poison2 or ( a pa?ological organism or def9ite disease g]m4 ,f exp]im5ts 9 ! inoculation & dis9fection ( oy/]s1 x 0 f\nd t all traces ( ^! organisms c\ld be remov$ by prop] wa%+4 ,good curr5ts pass+ ! b$s are an important factor 9 keep+ ! oy/] heal?y1 & make x possible = ! animal to absorb l>ge quantities ( sewage & dispose ( x4 ,! effect ( ?is is to purify ! wat]2 b 9 ! sift+ process1 :ile ! sewage is pass+ ?r\gh1 ! animal reta9s disease g]ms1 & may pass !m on to ! consum]4 ,oy/]s %\ld !re=e be giv5 an opportunity to purify !mselves1 z is done 9 ,france1 :]e !y are kept = a "t 9 clean tanks be=e be+ s5t to m>ket4 ,oy/]s may be effectively wa%$ 9 fre% wat]4 ,sea wat] is unfavorable to disease g]ms4 ,gre5ness 9 oy/]s is caus$ by food adm9i/]$ to improve _! quality2 by ! pres5ce ( copp]2 & 9 "s ,am]ican oy/]s by an inflam$ condition ( ! mantle4 ,gre5 spots are also produc$ by w&]+ cells gett+ "u ! epi!lium4 ,^! cells are load$ ) granules :i* give a copp] reaction4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ result ( ! massacre & sack ( ,b591 ! ,saturday ,review says1 0 ! capture ( a l>ge s]ies ( brass plaques1 /atuettes1 box lids1 pipes1 etc41 :i* h be5 br\ght to ,engl&4 ,! v>i\s articles are all ca/+s1 & _! elaborate ornam5tation bespeaks = _! mak]s great skill 9 metal work+4 ,mo/ ,african tribes h smi?s :o hamm] pieces ( brass rod & wire into simple ornam5ts2 b ^! ,b59 brasses repres5t a /age ( metal work+ f> m advanc$ ?an any?+ record$ = ! native races ( ,africa4 ,no?+ l !m is be+ made by any negro race at pres5t1 & no?+ is kn[n t c be reg>d$ z a precursor ( !m4 ,a /atuette 9 ! ,liv]pool ,museum ( a negro hold+ a fl9t gun fixes _! date z n e>li] ?an ab\t #afcj4 ,9 try+ to acc\nt = !m1 _m ?9k !y 7 due to ! influ5ce ( "s comp>atively advanc$ tribe t rea*$ ,b59 f ! c5tral ,s\dan & br\ght ) !m a k ( brass "w d]iv$ f e>ly1 possibly ,egyptian1 s\rces2 & o!rs attribute ! "w to "s prison] or trad] :o liv$ at ,b59 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,,notes4 ,! ,committee ( ! ,briti% ,association on ,meteorological ,photography report$ t ! result ( _! det]m9ations ( ! heights ( cl\ds %[$ ! exi/5ce ( great] altitudes 9 hot wea!r "u ?und]/orm conditions1 :5 cl\ds may occur at five or six diff]5t levels1 ext5d+ z high z n9ety ?\s& feet4 ,a rise ( cl\d takes place 9 hot wea!r1 also dur+ ! morn+ & e>ly aft]noons1 :ile ! l[e/ altitudes are f\nd dur+ cyclones4 ,m4 ,maige1 by v>y+ ! condition ( exposure ( plants to light1 & keep+ fl[]+ bran*es 9 ! d>k1 has succe$$ 9 trans=m+ ! latt] into /]ile creep+ or climb+ bran*es4 ,inv]sely1 he has be5 able1 by means ( ! localiz$ action ( light1 to trans=m creep+ or climb+ into fl[]+ bran*es4 ,^! results 7 obta9$ at ! vegetable biological laboratory ( ,fonta9ebleau4 ,f4 ,l4 ,wa%burn1 ( ! ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,oregon1 reports t ! condition ( ! ,ea/]n oy/]s introduc$ to ! ,oregon coa/ wat]s two ye>s ago leaves no?+ to be desir$4 ,! specim5s h )/ood two w9t]s successfully1 & h made ph5om5al gr[?1 f> exce$+ :at !y w\ld h made 9 ! same "t 9 _! native wat]s4 ,fur!r1 !y spawn$4 ,! exp]im5ts 9 artificial f]tilization 7 n s successful4 ,! spawn suff] f ! s]i\s difficulties ( sudd5 v>iations 9 ! temp]ature & sal9ity ( ! wat] result+ f ! *ange ( tide & /rong w9ds4 ,x is hop$ t bett] conditions may be f\nd at ,yaqu9a ,bay4 ,! population ( ,egypt has be5 gradually increas+ dur+ ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,x is /at$ to h be5 ab\t two & a half million 9 #ahjj1 & is n[ e/imat$ at ne>ly t5 million4 ,!re are ab\t #aab1jjj =eign]s1 ( :om #ch1jjj are ,greeks2 ! rema9d] be+ *iefly ,italians1 #bd1jjj2 ,engli%1 #ai1jjj2 ,fr5*1 #ad1jjj2 ,au/rians1 #g1jjj2 ,russians1 #c1jjj2 & ,p]sians & ,g]mans1 ab\t #a1jjj ea*4 ,only ab\t five p] c5t ( ! population c read & write1 & ne>ly two ?irds are )\t any trade or pr(ession4 ,our record ( dea?s among m5 kn[n 9 sci5ce includes ! names ( ,dr4 ,h5riques de ,ca/ro1 a ,dut* ar*ologi/ ( ,portuguese desc5t1 memb] ( _m le>n$ societies ( ! ,ne!rl&s2 ,john ,eliza de ,vry1 ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 "o ( ! *ief au?orities on ! *emi/ry & ph>macy ( ! c9*ona alkaloids1 at ,! ,hague1 ,july #cj?1 9 ! eighty-six? ye> ( 8 age2 ,dr4 ,eug5io ,bettoni1 director ( ! ,fi%]ies ,/ation at ,brescia1 ,italy1 ,augu/ #e?1 ag$ fifty-?ree ye>s2 ,pr(essor ,arzruni1 m9]alogi/ 9 ! ,polyte*nic ,in/itute at ,aix2 ,he9ri* ,!odor ,ri*t]1 director ( ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es at ,freib]g1 ,saxony2 ,dr4 ,j4 ,crocq1 pr(essor ( pa?ology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,brussels2 ,dr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,gibelli1 pr(essor ( botany & director ( ! ,botanical ,in/itute at ,tur92 ,don ,francisco ,coello de ,portugal1 presid5t ( ! ,geographical ,society ( ,madrid1 & au?or ( an atlas ( ,spa9 & its colonies2 ,dr4 ,b4 ,kotula1 au?or ( ,rese>*es on ! ,di/ribution ( ,plants2 ,surgeon ,major ,j4 ,e4 ,t4 ,ait*ison1 a di/+ui%$ botani/1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! botany ( ,india1 & au?or ( num]\s pap]s on ! subject1 ,septemb] #cj?1 9 8 sixty-f\r? ye>2 ,m4 ,?omas ,frdric ,moreau1 a ,fr5* ar*ologi/1 au?or ( a collection ( ,gallic1 ,gallo-,roman1 & ,m]ov+ian antiquities1 9 8 "o hundr$ & fir/ ye>2 ,m4 ,gabriel de ,mortillet1 ! em95t ,fr5* an?ropologi/1 9 ,p>is1 ,novemb] #d?1 ag$ sixty-sev5 ye>s2 ,sir ,george ,smy? ,bad5 ,p[ell1 political economi/1 ag$ fifty-"o ye>s2 ,sir ,john ,f[l]1 eng9e] 9 *ief ( ! ,=? ,bridge1 ag$ eighty-"o ye>s2 ,dr4 ,james ,i4 ,peck1 assi/ant pr(essor ( biology 9 ,williams ,college1 & assi/ant director ( ! ,biological ,laboratory at ,woods ,hole2 ,george ,ve/al1 pr(essor ( agriculture & horticulture at ! ,new ,mexico ,agricultural ,college1 ,octob] #bd?1 ag$ =ty-"o ye>s2 ,dr4 ,w4 ,ko*s1 doc5t = physiology at ,bonn2 ,m4 ,j4 ,v4 ,b>bi]1 a di/+ui%$ ,fr5* geograph]2 ,m4 ,n4 ,j4 ,raff>d1 an em95t ,fr5* me*anical eng9e]1 au?or ( _m valuable inv5tions2 ,latim] ,cl>k1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 an em95t ,engli% electrician1 "o ( ! f\nd]s & a pa/ presid5t ( ! ,in/itution ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s1 ^: "n is associat$ ) ! hi/ory ( electric telegraphy & ) _m inv5tions1 & au?or ( sev]al books t are /&>d ) ! pr(ession1 at ,k5s+ton1 ,london1 ,octob] #cj?1 9 8 sev5ty-six? ye>2 ,c\nt ,mi*ele ,/efano de ,rossi1 a di/+ui%$ ,italian seismologi/2 ,m4 de ,m]it5s1 a ,fr5* electrical eng9e]1 inv5tor ( "o ( ! fir/ practical dynamos1 & ( o!r valuable electrical app>atus1 ag$ sixty-five ye>s4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,words surr\nd$ by are italiciz$4 ,words surr\nd$ by are bold4 ,obvi\s pr9t]'s errors h be5 repair$1 o!r inconsi/5t spell+s h be5 kept4 ,illu/rations 7 relocat$ to correspond to _! ref]5ces 9 ! text4