,transcriber's note3 ,a few typographical errors have been corrected3 they are listed at the end of the text4 ,text enclosed by underscores is in italics 7italics74 99 99 99 99 99 ,zoological ,illustrations1 ,,or ,,original ,,figures ,,and ,,descriptions ,,of ,,new1 ,,rare1 ,,or ,,interesting ,,animals1 ,,selected ,,chiefly ,,from ,,the ,,classes ,,of ,ornithology1 ,entomology1 and ,conchology1 ,,and ,,arranged ,,according ,,to ,,their ,,apparent ,,affinities4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,,swainson1 ,,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,,assistant ,,commissary ,,general ,,to ,h4 ,m4 ,,forces4 ,,corresponding ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,natural ,,history ,,society ,,of ,,paris2 ,,honorary ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,historic ,,society ,,of ,,new ,,york2 ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,wernerian ,,society1 c4 c4 c4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,second ,,series4 ,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,r4 ,,havell1 ,,jun4 ,,newman ,,street4 ,,published ,,by ,,baldwin ,,and ,,cradock1 ,,paternoster ,,row4 #ahbi4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,mrs4 ,,corrie1 ,,of ,,woodville1 ,,near ,,birmingham4 ---- ,,my ,,dear ,,madam1 ,allow me1 in dedicating this volume of ,illustrations to you1 to evince my respect and friendship for one whose talents shun publicity4 ,it may have a beneficial influence on the rising generation1 to know1 that a highly cultivated understanding1 and varied accomplishments1 are not inconsistent with a perfect discharge of all the social duties4 ,and that a mind stored with knowledge1 and imbued with ,religion1 is an effectual antidote to the cheerless influence of debilitated health4 ,that these1 my ,zoological ,recreations1 may in your opinion1 contribute to the great end which the naturalist should ever keep in view1 the developement of the harmonies of ,creation1 and the discovery of the natural system1 is the hope of1 ,,my ,,dear ,,madam1 ,your obliged and sincere ,friend1 ,,william ,,swainson4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preface4 ---- ,the execution of the ,zoological drawings now published1 have been to us an agreeable relaxation from severer studies2 and the concise descriptions by which they are accompanied1 are intended to convey1 in a condensed and popular form1 the partial result of more extended investigations4 ,species are the objects of which the whole fabric of animated nature is composed1 and their respective properties must be investigated1 before their natural combinations can be understood4 ,their delineation is therefore highly important4 ,figures bring before us objects which cannot always be understood by words2 while if faithfully executed1 they possess the same value as every period of time2 for nature is unchangeable4 ,it is to be regretted that of late much discussion should have arisen among our own naturalists1 as to the relative merits of the different modes by which they study nature4 ,the searchers after the natural system throwing obloquy on those who investigate species1#a while the latter contend that mankind is more interested in knowing the properties of species1 than those of groups4#b ,to us it appears that such discussions are unnecessary1 and but ill calculated to promote that good feeling which should prevail in a division of labour4 ,the power of embracing comprehensive views1 and of detecting diversified relations1 must be confined to a few1 because such objects require the greatest exertion of a superior mind1 yet they must ever be mainly dependant on the labours of another class of naturalists3 those who analyze the properties of species1 and separate with critical judgment1 and nice discrimination1 resemblances from affinities4 ,but for these valuable coadjutors our acquaintance with nature would be altogether speculative3 they supply1 in short1 by analysis1 that basis upon which all true knowledge of nature must repose4 ,natural combinations can never be fully detected1 without an acquaintance with their component parts4 ,the investigator of general laws1 and the discriminator of species1 are thus advancing the knowledge of their favourite science by different modes of study4 ,the paths they have chosen1 although essentially distinct1 lead but to one common point2 and as both must be trodden1 it seems unnecessary to discuss which road is the most honourable4 ,in the classification of the subjects here comprised1 we have followed no particular system3 the chief object aimed at1 being to point out apparent relations and affinities4 ,to those ,ornithological groups which ,linneus named ,genera1 and which subsequent systematists have considered ,families or sub-families1 we have applied the designations long used by ,leach1 ,stevens1 ,fleming1 ,vigors1 c41 but in all cases where such divisions are unaccompanied by a definition1 7in the following pages17 we wish it to be understood1 that the name is merely applied provisionally2 indicating the probable station of the individual2 and that in very few instances do our own opinions on the nature of such groups1 coincide with those of the different writers who have gone before us4 ,the splendid discovery of the circular system of ,nature1 has given a totally new aspect to this science2 but has nevertheless been attended with an evil1 no where more apparent than in ,ornithology2 where synthesis has completely set aside analysis1 and where the rugged and laborious path of patient investigation1 has been deserted for the flowery walks of ,speculation and ,hypothesis4 ,the combinations thus produced1 may well excite the smile of our continental neighbours1 nor need we feel surprise that they look1 with something like contempt1 on such arrangements called natural of affinities and relations4 ,on the other hand the ,ornithological writings of ,sonnini1 ,le ,vaillant1 ,wilson1 and ,azara1 are never failing sources of information to the searcher after truth4 ,the observations of such men1 who recorded ,nature as she really is1 and who cared very little for the fashionable systems of the day1 may be for a time neglected3 but they must finally assume that importance which is ever attached to unbiassed and disinterested testimony4 ,to this honourable list our own country can furnish other names4 ,the habits and economy of our native birds have been accurately and patiently investigated by those lyncean naturalists1 ,white1 ,montague1 and ,selby1 while their internal structure is now engaging the attention of ,mr4 ,yarrell1 a ,gentleman eminently qualified by long study1 and matured reflection1 for such a task4 ,in ,conchology we have been more desirous to illustrate groups1 than species2 the latter will be done1 on a very extensive scale1 in the forthcoming work of ,mess4 ,sowerby4 ,from the patient labours1 and cautious deductions1 of ,dr4 ,horsfield1 we expect a more perfect elucidation of the ,lepidopterous ,insects than has yet1 perhaps1 been attempted4 ,as this will be the result of careful analysis1 we shall place a high degree of confidence in the views it may develope4 ,in conclusion1 it may be as well to add1 that our views on several of the higher groups1 here but slightly noticed1 will be more fully explained in another work1 now preparing for ,publication4 ,tittenhanger ,green1 ,st4 ,albans1 #bdth ,july1 #ahbi4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,sapphire crowned ,parrot fem4 ,,psittaculus vernalis4 ,vernal ,parrakeet4 ---- ,family ,psittacid4--,vigors4 ,genus ,psittaculus4--7,lesson4 ,man4 #b4 p4 #adh47 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,green1 with the head more splendid2 bill red2 rump and upper tail covers scarlet2 spot on the throat orange4 ,psittacus vernalis4 ,sparman ,mus4 ,carl4 ,pl4 #bi4 ,psittacula vernalis4 ,gen4 ,zool4 #ad4 p4 #add4 ---- ,the ,vernal ,parrakeet has hitherto remained unfigured1 except in the scarce and little known work of ,sparman3 nor was its native country ascertained1 until recent travellers discovered it in the islands of ,java and ,teinor4 ,this is one of the smallest of parrots1 scarcely exceeding five inches in length2 the feathers of the head have a silky texture1 and their colour1 in some lights1 is particularly vivid3 the tail and the wings are green above1 but of a rich deep blue beneath2 a character said to be equally conspicuous in ,p4 galgulus ,l4 ,the spot on the throat1 in our specimen1 is orange4 ,in respect to the situation of this bird among its congeners1 we retain it1 provisionally1 in the genus ,psittacula of ,brisson ,kuhl1 adopting the termination used by ,m4 ,spix1 to avoid the alteration of specific names4 ,we have not yet had leisure to study the new divisions made in this family1 with that attention they deserve2 but it strikes us1 as a defect in the genus ,psittaculus1 that it unites birds of the ,old and the ,new ,world in one group4 ,except in their size1 no two parrots can be more dissimilar in construction than the ,indian ,p4 vernalis1 and the ,american ,p4 passerinus4 ,in the first1 the under mandible is smallest1 narrow1 and rather pointed2 the first quill longest2 and the tail feathers rounded4 ,in ,p4 passerinus1 the under mandible is largest1 high1 very thick1 and quite obtuse2 the second quill longest1 and the tail feathers acutely pointed4 ,these may be usefully employed as sectional characters1 until the contents of the two groups are better understood4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,brazilian ,crested ,eagle1 ,polyborus ,braziliensis4 ,,polyborus ,braziliensis ,the ,caracara2 or ,brazilian-crested ,eagle4 ---- ,family ,falconid4 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,vieil4 ,orn4 #c4 p4 #aahj4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,body above and beneath1 crest of the head1 and end of the tail1 blackish brown3 the rest of the plumage cream colour1 varied with spots and bands4 ,falco ,braziliensis4 ,lin4 ,gm4 #fd4 ,buzard du ,brzil4 ,buffon4 ,la ,caracara4 ,azara ,voy4 #c4 p4 #cb4 ,vieil4 ,orn4 #c4 p4 #aahj4 ,polyborus ,vulgaris4 ,vieil4 ,gall4 ,pl4 #g4 ,in ,mus4 ,paris4 ,d4 ,taylor4 ---- ,the whole extent of ,tropical ,america1 from ,mexico to the banks of the ,rio ,plata1 is inhabited by this majestic bird4 ,it has been slightly noticed by the earlier writers1 but nothing was known of its history1 until the publication of the invaluable ,memoirs of ,azara4 ,its length is about twenty-one inches4 ,in its habits there is a mixture of cowardice and daring4 ,it will attack all other rapacious birds1 excepting eagles1 for the purpose of robbing them of their prey1 and will often seize the game of the hunter1 before he has time to secure it4 ,yet the ,caracara is frequently driven from its haunts by the courage of small birds2 and will only attack young chickens when not defended by their mother4 ,the birds which form the modern genera of ,daptrius1 ,ibycter1 ,polyborus1 and ,milvago1 present so many characters in common1 that we cannot consider them of sufficient rank to be called genera4 ,they appear to us1 taken collectively1 to form one group1 in which every species exhibits a peculiar modification of structure1 assimilating either to the ,vultures or the ,falcons4 ,allied both in structure and manners to both these families1 each bird may be considered as a strongly marked link of connexion4 ,they present1 in short1 that interchange of characters1 generally confined to individual species1 which ,nature invariably exhibits at the union of her more comprehensive groups4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,painted ,flycatcher ,setophaga picta4 ,,setophaga picta4 ,painted ,flycatcher4 ---- ,family ,muscicapid ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,lesson ,man4 #b p4 #dcj4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,black2 breast and middle of the body crimson2 greater wing covers1 and three external tail feathers1 snowy4 ,in ,mus4 ,d4 ,taylor4 ---- ,a specimen of this richly-coloured bird was sent to ,john ,taylor1 ,esq41 ,f4 ,g4 ,s41 c41 from ,real del ,monte1 in ,mexico4 ,it is not only new to ,ornithologists1 but forms a beautiful addition to a geographic group1 originally founded upon one species4 ,the figure is the size of life4 ,the bristles at the bill are compact1 rigid1 and all directed forwards3 under tail covers and thighs whitish3 the white band on the wings occupies the greater covers1 and the tips of the lesser3 the quill covers are also margined with white3 the extreme base of the three outer tail feathers are more or less black4 ,the characters upon which we formed this group1 confine it strictly to birds of the ,new ,world4 ,for although the habits of the typical species evince a marked affinity to the ,fantailed ,flycatchers of ,australia1 the construction of their wings is totally different4 ,the disposition of the black and crimson colours on our bird1 will remind the ,ornithologist of the ,red-bellied ,flycatcher of ,latham1 of which1 in fact1 it is nearly an exact prototype4 ,but this resemblance1 however strong1 appears to us to be one of analogy1 rather than of affinity4 ,we consequently consider the ,muscicapa ,multicolor1 ,lathami1 and ,goodenovia1 of ,,mm4 ,horsfield and ,vigors1 as more truly belonging to the family of ,sylviad4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,ancillaria rubiginosa ,,ancillaria rubiginosa4 ---- ,,generic ,,character4 ,shell oblong1 smooth1 entirely polished3 suture not channelled4 ,base of the pillar oblique1 thickened1 and striated4 ,s4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,shell imperforate1 oblong1 chestnut2 spire elongated2 body whorl above banded2 base with two belts and a concave groove4 ,sw4 in ,phil4 ,mag4 #fb4 p4 #djc4 ,a4 rubiginosa4 ,sw4 in ,brand's ,journ41 ,no4 #cf1 p4 #bhc4 ---- ,the ,ancillari are marine shells1 few in number1 and peculiar to warm latitudes4 ,they are naturally polished1 and very much shaped1 like the ,olives2 but the suture1 which in those shells is marked by a deep grove1 is in these covered by a thick enamel4 ,the animal1 we believe1 remains unknown4 ,in a monograph of this genus1 published in the ,journal above quoted1 we described fourteen recent1 and four fossil species1 being all which1 at that period1 we had seen4 ,of these1 the present is one of the largest1 and certainly the most beautiful4 ,our figure was made from a matchless specimen1 received by ,mrs4 ,mawe from ,china1 and now in the collection of ,mr4 ,broderip4 ,we hear1 with pleasure1 that ,mr4 ,george ,sowerby has selected this interesting group for an early illustration in his promised ,species ,conchyliorum4 ,the professional opportunities which this zealous ,conchologist enjoys will1 no doubt1 enable him to make considerable and valuable additions to this and every other department of his subject2 and he has our cordial good wishes for success in this most laborious undertaking4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,mitra melaniana ,,mitra melaniana4 ---- ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,zool4 ,illustr4 #a ,series1 ,pl4 #bc4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,shell smooth1 blackish brown1 with very minute punctured transverse stri2 spire attenuated1 longer than the aperture2 pillar #d-plaited4 ,mitra melaniana4 ,lam4 ,syst4 #g4 p4 #cad4 ,m4 nigra8 ,chem4 ,conch4 #aj ,pl4 #aea4 f4 #adcj1 #adca4 ,m4 carbonaria4 ,sw4 in ,bligh4 ,cat4 ,app4 p4 #aj4 ---- ,we are acquainted with two shells1 perfectly distinct as species1 yet sufficiently alike to render ,lamarck's description of his ,m4 melaniana applicable to both4 ,in this uncertainty1 we at first intended to distinguish this by the name of carbonaria1 and to consider the other as ,lamarck's melaniana1 but further consideration induces us to alter this arrangement2 the second species we propose to illustrate in an early number4 ,our figure was taken from a full-sized specimen1 received from ,australia1 and now in the ,manchester ,museum4 ---- ,,mitra tessellata4 ---- ,shell ovate1 smooth1 with remote transverse punctured stri2 whitish1 cancellated by transverse and longitudinal fulvous lines2 inner lip brown at the base2 outer lip smooth4 ,mitra tessellata4 ,swains4 in ,brand's ,journal1 ,no4 #cc4 p4 #cd4 7,ap4 #ahbd47 ---- ,we have already given a full account of this very rare shell2 a repetition of which is rendered unnecessary by the publication of the figures4 ,the specimen from which these were taken1 was then in the possession of ,mrs4 ,mawe1 whose kindness and liberality1 in forwarding our scientific pursuits1 has been1 for very many years1 constant and invariable4 ,we know not its country1 nor have we ever seen a second example4 ,mr4 ,grey has recently given an additional interest to this group1 by publishing an account of the structure of the animal4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,african ,jacana ,parra ,africana4 ,,parra ,africana4 ,african ,jacana4 ---- ,family ,rallid4 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,lesson ,man4 #b4 p4 #bhe4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,above deep cinnamon2 crown of the head naked2 throat white2 breast fulvous2 neck and quills black2 spur on the wing obsolete4 ,parra ,africana4 ,lath4 ,ind4 ,orn4 #b4 #gfd4 ,african ,jacana4 ,lath4 ,gen4 ,syn4 #e4 p4 #bdf4 ,gen4 ,hist4 #i4 p4 #cic4 ,in ,mus4 ,par4 ,nostro4 ---- ,the ,jacanas are wading birds1 somewhat analagous1 both in structure and habits1 to the ,european water-hen2 but in their native haunts1 from not being disturbed1 they are less shy4 ,the number of these birds on the lakes of ,brazil1 the elegance of their movements1 and their fearlessness of man1 excite an interest in the traveller who journeys through regions1 ornamented alone by ,nature4 ,most of the ,jacanas inhabit ,south ,america--a few occur in ,india2 and this1 as its name implies1 is found in ,africa4 ,the typical species have the wings armed with a strong and very acute bony spur2 but in ,p4 ,africana1 this is so small1 as not to be perceived when the wing is closed4--,bruce mentions this bird by the name of ,meylie1 as inhabiting ,abyssinia2 and ,mr4 ,salt found it at ,mozambique4 ,our specimen was received from ,western ,africa1 by ,mr4 ,ward1 ,animal ,preserver1 ,broad ,street1 ,golden ,square4 ,the peculiar structure of the feet of these birds is highly singular1 but their particular use has not1 we believe1 been explained4 ,the ,jacanas are very light birds2 and their long toes1 spreading over a wide surface1 enable them to walk on the floating leaves of aquatic plants1 with as much facility as if they were on land4 ,in such situations their appearance is really delusive2 for their pressure being sufficient to sink the supporting leaf just below the surface1 the birds actually appear to walk upon the water4 ,total length1 ab4 #aj2 bill1 #a-b_/aj2 wings1 #e-b_/aj2 tarsi1 #b-b_/aj2 hind toe and claw1 #e-a_/aj4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,african ,,black ,,cuckow4 ,cuculus nigricans4 ,,cuculus nigricans4 ,african ,black ,cuckow4 ---- ,family ,cuculid4 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,lesson4 ,man4 #b4 #aai4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,black glossed with blue2 quills internally white1 with blackish bands2 tips of the lateral tail feathers whitish2 bill and legs black4 ---- ,the genus ,cuculus1 even as now restricted1 contains a number of species1 dispersed over the continents and islands of the ,old ,world4 ,in ,america they are not known3 but the genus ,coccyzus1 which there represents the group1 is one of those few which are common to both hemispheres4 ,the specific distinctions of birds having a uniform black plumage1 is at all times difficult2 and more so1 when we attempt to identify them with the descriptions of authors4 ,of the black ,cuckows of ,africa1 our bird comes nearest to the ,coucou criard of ,levaillant1 7,ois4 d',af4 pl4 #bjd-e17 but differs in having the bill and feet black instead of yellow3 it cannot be the ,cuculus ,indicus niger of ,brisson1 as that has the quills1 internally1 tout fait noir3 neither is it the black ,indian ,cuckow of ,edwards1 pl4 #eh1 7,cuculus niger ,lin417 whose bill and feet are red4 ,we were inclined to think that the second species of ,buffon's ,coukeels might be our bird1 notwithstanding the difference of their locality2 but ,commerson's original description decides the question2 his words are ,cuculus cristatus mindanensis coeruleo nigricans totus1 7,buff4 ed4 ,son4 #ed4 p4 #ed47 ,our bird has no crest4 ,we have here consulted only original writers2 for subsequent transcribers have so blended these birds under one name1 that it is scarcely possible to disentangle their synonyms4 ,m4 ,vieillot has increased the confusion1 by transposing the specific names of ,linnus3 the true ,c4 niger1 ,l4 being his ,orientalis 7,en4 ,meth4 ,orn4 #acca74 ,our bird was sent to us for examination by ,mr4 ,ward4 ,it is a genuine ,cuckow3 the nostrils being round1 the third quill longest1 and the second shorter than the fourth4 ,it came from ,western ,africa4 ,total length1 #ab2 bill1 #a-a_/aj2 wings1 #f2 tail1 #f4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,blue necked ,lory ,,lorius ,isidorii4 ,blue-necked ,lory4 ---- ,family ,psittacid4 ,,generic ,,character4--,lesson4 ,man4 #b4 #adh4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,crimson2 crown1 nape1 neck1 throat1 and middle of the belly violet blue2 quill covers tipt with black2 tail moderate1 graduated1 reddish brown4 ---- ,a splendid specimen of this lovely bird 7the only one we believe in this kingdom71 came into our possession some years ago through ,mr4 ,warwick1 a travelling naturalist of great merit4 ,it was purchased by him1 alive1 in the ,isle of ,france1 where it had been brought in a trading vessel from ,new ,guinea3 but it unfortunately died on its passage to ,england4 ,we feel happy1 that in recording this new and beautiful bird1 an early opportunity is given us of commemorating our deep sense of the kindness we received from a young naturalist of ,france1 whose writings have already acquired celebrity1 and who promises to inherit the great and commanding talents of his illustrious father4 ,in prosecuting our studies at the ,garden of ,plants1 we met with such unexampled liberality from its most distinguished ,professors1 that we feel embarrassed where first to return our thanks4 ,but the facilities and attentions we received from ,m4 ,isidore ,geoffroy ,saint ,hilaire1 partly involved a sacrifice of personal convenience2 uncalled for1 either by the nature of his appointment1 or by the common rules of courtesy4 ,so much for the reception which ,british naturalists receive in ,france4 ,we should do well1 when striving to imitate the ,zoological ,institutions of that nation1 if we imbibed somewhat more of their liberality4 ,we hope the time is not far distant1 when the system of regulations and restrictions1 which now fence the ,museum of a popular ,society1 from all who cannot pay for admittance1 as members1 may be exchanged for a policy more creditable to the age1 and more honourable to the nation4 ,we shall offer a few remarks1 illustrating this particular genus1 in our next number4 ,total length1 #i in42 wings #e2 tail 7beyond7 #a1 from the base1 #c4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,ampullaria ,pl4 #a4 ,a4 carinata4 ,,ampullaria carinata4 ,carinated ,apple-snail4 ---- ,family ,ampullarid4--,guild4 ,,generic ,,character4 ,,pachystoma4 ,shell ventricose2 margin of the lip thick1 generally grooved2 operculum testaceous4 ,zool4 ,journ4 #ab4 p4 #ecf4 ,,specific ,,character4 ,shell olive1 ventricose1 without bands2 whorls carinated near the suture4 ---- ,in the first ,series of our ,illustrations1 we endeavoured to lessen the confusion which1 at that time1 prevailed among the species of ,ampullaria1 figuring and naming such as appeared to us truly distinct4 ,during the course of our labours1 the sixth part of the ,animaux sans ,vetebres of the celebrated ,lamarck was published in ,paris2 in which is described several species1 figured in our volumes under other names4 ,a want of mutual communication between authors writing at the same time1 and on the same subject1 has naturally caused confusion in nomenclature2 which1 at an early period1 we intend to elucidate4 ,our friend the ,rev4 ,l4 ,guilding1 whose accuracy of observation can only be equalled by his indefatigable zeal1 has established the distinction between the horny and shelly operculated ,ampullari1 on anatomical principles4 ,the present species 7which was engraved before his valuable memoir was published7 must consequently be placed in his genus ,pachystoma2 while the carinata of ,lamarck1 from having a horny operculum1 remains with the true ,ampullari4 ,we know not the precise locality of our species2 but conjecture it may be from some of the rivers of ,india4--,specimens1 in different stages of growth1 are in the ,manchester ,museum1 and in our own4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,unio ,pl4 #a4 ,u4 truncatus ,,unio truncatus4 ,truncated ,river ,mussel4 ---- ,acephala ,dimyaria4 ,sub-family ,les ,nayades4--,lam4 ,,synopsis ,,of ,,the ,,genera4 ,,unio4 ,shells with lateral and cardinal teeth1 the latter short and deeply divided4 ,,hyria4 ,lateral and cardinal teeth distinct2 but the latter lengthened1 and united to the former by irregular dentations4 ,,iridina4 ,teeth consisting of a single crenated line1 parallel with the ligament4 ,,anodon4 ,all the teeth either obsolete1 or entirely wanting4 ,,alasmodon4 ,lateral teeth none2 cardinal teeth simple1 or slightly divided4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,shell thick1 oblong1 sub-cylindrical1 within pearly1 umbones close to the anterior margin1 which is truncate2 posterior extremity narrowed4 ---- ,in our former ,series1 we have frequently mentioned the ,fluviatile ,bivalve ,shells1 of which the genus ,unio appears to be the type4 ,in a group which present so few certain characters1 either for discriminating the species or characterizing the genera1 we have1 with other writers1 held different opinions at different times4 ,and the reader has only to peruse an interesting paper on these shells1 in the ,zoological ,journal 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ec71 to be convinced of the intricacy of the subject4 ,nevertheless it is observed1 by those who study natural affinities1 that when the links between two distinct forms of animals are so complete1 that their dissimilarities are lost in intermediate and undefinable gradations1 it is then that the natural arrangement is most likely to be discovered4 ,for it has been demonstrated in such groups1 that the most perfect order and harmony will come out1 of what appeared an inextricable entanglement of relations4 ,such1 however1 will never result from the belief in a simple scale of ,nature1 or by attempting to circumscribe groups by absolute characters4 ,we therefore now offer the foregoing sketch of the natural divisions of the ,nayades1 as the result of all we have seen or read upon this difficult subject4 ,we are unacquainted with any described species to which the shell here figured can be referred4 ,its substance is very thick1 and its form nearly cylindrical4 ,we have seen but one specimen1 and that was with ,mrs4 ,mawe4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,white ,,breasted ,,wren4 ,thryothorus ,mexicanus4 ,,thriothorus ,mexicanus4 ,mexican1 or ,white-throated ,wren4 ---- ,family ,certhiad4 ,,generic ,,character4--,vieil4 ,orn4 #b4 #fbg4 ,,specific ,,character4 ,brown1 varied with dusky lines and white dots2 throat and breast snowy2 tail ferruginous1 with black bars4 ,mus4 ,d4 ,taylor4 ---- ,in the collection of ,birds before alluded to1 formed by the late ,mr4 ,john ,morgan at ,real del ,monte1 was a single skin of this new and elegant species4 ,the snowy whiteness of its throat1 renders it not liable to be mistaken in a group of birds1 presenting in general a great similarity of plumage4 ,the upper parts are greyish brown1 varied with obscure1 dusky1 broken lines of blackish2 each feather being tipt with a small round white spot3 wing covers and tertials the same3 upper and under tail covers ferruginous2 each feather with a white spot before the white one which is at the tip1 lower breast and all the under plumage rufous brown1 crossed by black lines2 the white dots nearly obsolete1 tail ferruginous1 with about six black bars3 legs brown1 hind claw as long as the tarsus4 ,fourth and fifth quill longest4 ,this genus has been judiciously separated by ,m4 ,vieillot from ,troglodytes 7to which belongs our ,brown ,european ,wren71 on account of its lengthened and generally notched bill3 the greater prolongation of the hind toe is a further distinction2 indicating an affinity with the more perfect scansorial ,creepers4 ,to this group belongs the ,myothera obsoleta of ,prince ,charles ,bonaparte4 ,no example of that genus1 or of ,thamnophilus 7in their most extended sense71 has yet been found north of ,cuba3 their straight1 cylindrical1 and abruptly-hooked bills1 offer a striking contrast to the lengthened1 compressed1 curved1 and consequently feeble structure of this part in ,thriothorus and ,troglodytes4 ,total length1 #e2 bill1 #a-a_/aj2 wings1 and tail1 #b-f_/aj tarsi1 #g_/aj4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,ceram ,lory ,,lorius garrulus4 ,ceram ,lory4 ---- ,family ,psittacid4 ,,generic ,,character4 ,bill moderate1 compressed1 end of the upper mandible1 within1 entirely smooth2 under mandible lengthened1 conic2 the tip entire4 ,legs stout2 ,tail moderate1 rounded or graduated2 the feathers broad1 their tips obtuse4 ,nob4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,scarlet3 wings green1 shoulders yellow1 half of the tail bluish black4 ,psittacus garrulus4 ,lin4 #add4 ,kuhl4 ,cons4 ,psit4 p4 #da4 ,no4 #ef4 ,le ,lori-,noira4 ,buffon4 ,sonn4 #bg4 p4 #abf4 ,pl4 ,enl4 #baf4 ,le ,perroquet ,lori ,nouara4 ,levail4 #b4 pl4 #if4 ,scarlet ,lory4 ,edw4 pl4 #agb4 ,le ,lory de ,ceram4 ,briss4 ,orn4 #d4 #bae4 ---- ,the popular name of ,lories has long been given to those ,parrots1 peculiar to the continent and islands of ,india1 whose brilliant red plumage forms a strong contrast to the green colour which generally pervades this family4 ,the southern limits of their distribution do not extend to ,australia1 but much of their general structure is transferred to the ,lory-,parrakeets1 forming the modern genus ,trichoglossus2 this latter group being diffused over the remaining islands of the great ,pacific ,ocean4 ,the ,ceram ,lory1 from being well known1 and exhibiting the prominent characters of its tribe1 is a correct type of the genus4 ,its length is about eleven inches4 ,the general colour is rich scarlet1 with the wings and thighs green3 the bend of the shoulder1 7and sometimes a spot on the back17 is yellow4 ,tail graduated1 the lower half of the feathers deep blackish green1 glossed with blue4 ,inhabits the ,molucca ,islands4 ,notwithstanding the attention recently bestowed in characterizing the groups of this family1 the most important external peculiarity of ,lorius and ,trichoglossus has been overlooked4 ,in these birds1 that part of the roof of the under mandible which projects beyond the lower1 is generally thin1 and always perfectly smooth3 a weakness of structure which renders it impossible for these parrots to feed upon hard substances2 and betrays their frugivorous and suctorial nature1 by indications perceptible to every one4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,levaillants ,,cuckow4 ,coccyzus ,levaillanti ,,coccyzus ,levaillantii4 ,black and ,white-throated ,cuckow4 ---- ,family ,cuculid4 ,,generic ,,character4--,lesson4 ,man4 #b4 #abj4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,head crested1 the feathers pointed2 plumage above black glossed with green2 band at the base of the quills1 end of the tail1 and under parts of the body1 white2 throat striped with black4 ,variete du ,coucou ,edolio1 ,le ,vail4 ,ois4 d',af4 #d4 pl4 #bji4 ---- ,unlike the true ,cuckows1 the birds of this genus rear and provide for their young in the ordinary manner4 ,the species are numerous in the tropical latitudes of both hemispheres4 ,two are found in ,north ,america1 which1 in their external characters1 approach so near to the genuine ,cuckows1 that they barely come within the definition of the present group4 ,it frequently happens that species1 originally well described1 become involved in obscurity by compilers4 ,le ,vaillant1 who first described this bird1 supposed it a variety of his ,coucou ,edolio3 but in this he was mistaken2 the one being a ,cuculus2 the other a ,coccyzus4 ,we should have thought our species might be the ,cuculus ,afer4 of ,drs4 ,leach and ,latham1 had not the former stated his bird to be a variety of ,le ,vaillant's1 and figured it as an example of the genus ,cuculus4 ,dr4 ,latham 7,gen4 ,hist4 #c1 #bij7 copies this description of ,c4 ,afer4 7,zool4 ,mis4 #a4 p4 #ca71 adds some further characters not seen in our bird1 and1 under the same name1 describes what is evidently another species4 ,lastly1 ,m4 ,vieillot1 in his account of the genus ,coccyzus 7,orn4 ,ency4 ,meth4 p4 #acdb71 relying on the usual accuracy of ,le ,vaillant--and never1 perhaps1 having seen the bird--omits it altogether4 ,to prevent this confusion extending further1 and to detach the species from those dubious descriptions with which it has been mixed1 we have thought it best to record it by the name of its first describer4 ,our figure will render a detailed description unnecessary3 the wings1 although long1 are rounded2 the fifth quill being the longest4 ,the total length is fifteen inches4 ,inhabits ,senegal1 and the ,western ,coast of ,africa4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,marmarostoma4 ,pl4 #a4 ,m4 undulata4 ,,marmarostoma undulata4 ,waved ,pearl ,snail4 ---- ,,generic ,,character4 ,shell turbinated1 ponderous1 the whorls generally angulated1 the substance pearly3 aperture circular1 closed by a testaceous operculum3 umbilicus none4 ,type1 ,turbo chrysostomus4 ,l4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,shell angulated1 variegated with green and brown undulated stripes1 summit of each whorl coronated4 ---- ,from the genera ,turbo and ,trochus of modern ,conchologists1 we have detached all those species whose shells are closed by a calcarious operculum2 and this group we propose to distinguish by the name of ,marmarostoma4 ,the species1 like the ,trochi1 properly so called1 are all of a pearly structure2 but their substance is much thicker2 the base of the shell is slightly produced2 the exterior surface is marked either with tubercles1 grooves1 or elevated ridges2 and the aperture 7from the convexity of the last whorl7 forms a circle4 ,if the student compares these characters with ,trochus ,zizyphinus1 a common ,british shell1 he will immediately perceive the leading differences between the two groups4 ,but it is the calcarious nature of the operculum 7as indicating an important difference in the organization of the animal7 which constitutes the primary character of ,marmarostoma3 the particular structure of this appendage varies considerably in the different species3 in some its outer surface is smooth and convex2 and in others variously granulated4 ,in the present shell it is marked by three or four deep semicircular grooves2 that nearest the middle is the deepest1 and terminates in an umbilicus4 ,in some specimens1 the spines on the principal ridge of the body whorl are nearly obsolete2 but those which crown the summit appear constant4 ,we are indebted to the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,bulwer1 a scientific and arduous ,conchologist1 for our specimens of this new species1 purchased by him in a collection sent from ,panama4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,voluta4 ,pl4 ,i4 ,v4 ,bullata ,,voluta bullata4 ,bulla-shaped ,volute4 ---- ,,generic ,,character4--,zool4 ,ill4 #a ,series1 pl4 #afa4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,shell oval1 smooth1 fulvous1 marked by zigzac darker lines2 spire short1 papillary2 outer lip ascending towards the spire2 base of the pillar with two strong plaits4 ,mus4 ,d4 ,broderip4 ---- ,among the shells which formed part of the ,african ,museum1 exhibited and finally sold in ,london some few years back1 was a single specimen of this new and curious ,volute4 ,worn and battered by the friction of the waves1 it still retained its colour and markings sufficiently distinct to admit of a tolerably accurate delineation4 ,the only part we have ventured to restore is the contour of the outer lip1 which we have adapted to the lines of growth4 ,the middle figure represents the shell in its broken state2 and this clearly shews the ascending of the lip towards the spire1 in the same manner as in ,v4 lapponica4 ,the affinities which are suggested by the peculiar structure of this shell1 are curious4 ,in its general shape1 and in the number of its plaits1 it is obviously allied to ,voluta ,nucleus1 harpa2 lyrformis1 c41 where the two last plaits of the pillar are very thick1 and those above either small or evanescent2 but from such1 our shell differs materially by being quite smooth1 and in having a short obtuse spire4 ,we do not believe that this part has received much injury4 ,the suture is perfect to the very end3 further evidence may be drawn from the extreme narrowness of the third spiral whorl2 a formation which only belongs to papillary spired shells4 ,this character1 joined with the smoothness and size of the body whorl1 shews a closer approximation to the ,melon shells1 than to any other division of the group4 ,three or four intermediate forms are alone wanting to complete the double series4 ,mr4 ,broderip1 who is in possession of this shell1 has recently arranged the ,lamarkian ,volut into very natural groups2 two of which are considered as holding the rank of genera4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,mustachoe ,parrakeet4 ,,paleornis ,pondicerianus4 ,pondichery1 or ,mustachoe ,parrakeet4 ---- ,family ,psittacid4 ,,generic ,,character4--,zool4 ,journ4 #b1 p4 #df4--,less4 ,man4 #b1 p4 #ade4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,green2 head pale bluish2 frontal line and stripe on the lower jaw black2 wings with a central spot of yellowish2 breast pale red4 ,le ,perruche a moustaches4 ,buffon4 ,sonn4 #bg1 p4 #ahe1 ,pl4 ,enl4 #eag4 ---- a poitrine rose4 ,levail4 ,pl4 #ca4 ,p4 ,pondicerianus4 ,kuhl1 ,nova ,acta1 c4 ,no4 #dh994 ,paleornis ,pondicerianus4 ,vigors4 ,zool4 ,journ4 #b1 p4 #ed4 ---- ,the ,ring-necked ,parrakeets of ,india1 and the ,asiatic ,islands1 are now considered as forming a particular genus4 ,the geographic distribution of the group1 and the characters of the species1 have been detailed with much skill and classic erudition1 in the ,zoological ,journal4 ,among the numerous ornithological facts1 which the distinguished liberality of ,,mm4 ,cuvier and ,geoffroy ,st4 ,hilaire enabled us to ascertain1 during a course of study at the ,royal ,museum of ,paris1 is one that relates to this species4 ,specimens in that noble collection1 both from ,pondichery and ,java1 enable us to affirm1 that the ,psittacus ,osbeckii and ,pondicerianus of authors1 are one and the same species4 ,notwithstanding the frequency of this bird in ,java1 and other parts of ,india1 we are completely ignorant of its natural history1 of those diversified habits1 and modes of living1--in short1 of that knowledge1 which gives such an animating charm to natural history1 which manifests the provision of the ,almighty for all ,his creatures1 which can be known and understood by all1 and which prompts the heart to contemplation and praise4 ,is there no one1 in all our vast ,oriental territory1 to record something of the feathered inhabitants of the ,eastern ,world8 ,is there not1 throughout ,india1 even one of our countrymen1 imbued with the spirit of a ,wilson1 a ,levaillant1 or an ,audubon8 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,white ,,banded ,,swallow4 ,hirundo fasciata4 ,,hirundo fasciata4 ,white-banded ,swallow4 ---- ,family ,hirundinid4--,sub-,fam4 ,hirundina4 ,feet slender1 perching1 the outer and middle toe connected at the base3 bill entirely depressed4 ,nob4 ,,generic ,,character4 ,g4 ,,hirundo4--,lesson4 ,man4 #a1 #dai4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,glossy blue black3 thighs and band on the abdomen snowy4 ,hirundo fasciata4 ,lath4 ,ind4 ,orn4 #b1 #ege4 ,l',hirondelle a ceinture blanche4 ,buffon4 ,pl4 ,enl4 #gbd1 f4 #b4 ,white-bellied ,swallow4 ,lath4 ,gen4 ,syn4 #d4 #efg4 ---- ,this elegant bird1 although mentioned by several writers1 is of great rarity4 ,so seldom1 indeed1 is it seen in collections1 that we never beheld a specimen prior to our visit to the ,royal ,museum of ,paris1 where our drawing was made4 ,buffon's description seems to have been transcribed by all succeeding writers2 and the only figure hitherto published is that at ,plate #gbd of the ,planches ,enlumines4 ,the habits of the ,swallow tribe are known to every one4 ,like the ,flycatchers1 they feed upon insects captured on the wing2 but these insects are of so small a size1 that they are swallowed during the flight of the bird4 ,this at once accounts for ,swallows not being provided with those stiff bristles1 for confining the struggles of their prey1 which are so essential to the ,flycatchers4 ,these latter birds frequently feed upon insects much too large to be swallowed at the moment of capture2 they therefore hold their prey until they again perch1 and swallow it when at rest4 ,the figure is the size of life4 ,excepting the band on the body1 and the spot on the thighs--both of which are snowy white--the whole plumage is of a deep black1 richly glossed with dark blue4 ,the first quill is longest1 and the tail is deeply forked4 ,according to ,buffon1 this bird is sometimes seen perched on floating trees in the rivers of ,guiana and ,cayenne4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,anodon1 ,pl4 #a ,a4 areolatus4 ,,anodon areolatus4 ,areolated ,horse ,mussel4 ---- ,,generic ,,character4 ,see ,unio1 ,pl4 #a4 7,anodon4 ,iridina4 ,dipsus4 ,auct47 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,shell transversely oval1 not winged1 umbones small1 ventricose1 not touching2 with a short undulated projection of the hinge margin in one valve1 and a corresponding concavity in the other2 both placed beneath the umbones4 ---- ,the principal character of ,anodon1 rests on the absence of teeth2 the ,a4 anatinus1 common to our rivers and ponds1 being taken as the type of the group4 ,but1 as ,nature steps progressively1 in her departure from one form1 and in her advance to another1 so among the ,anodons we find several shells1 which do not strictly exhibit the typical character2 and these we shall briefly notice4 ,in the sketch already given of this group1 we have placed the genus ,anodon between ,iridina and ,alasmodon4 ,the ,iridina nilotica ,sow1 has scarcely any appearance of crenations along the hinge line1 but for this1 it consequently would present a simple lamellar ridge1 extending nearly the length of the shell2 such1 in short1 as is seen in ,dipsus plicatus 7,leach71 whose tooth may be so described4 ,by this shell we are led to ,a4 rubens ,lam4 where a lamellar plate1 though much shorter1 is placed beneath the umbones4 ,iridina ,cailliandi perfectly resembles ,a4 rubens1 except in being without any vestige of this plate4 ,we have now entered among the typical species1 where every form occurs between a round and an ensiform shape4 ,leaving these1 ,nature proceeds to fashion an indistinct developement of ,alasmodon in the species before us1 where that part of the hinge plate1 immediately beneath the umbones1 is somewhat raised1 and undulated4 ,in ,a4 rugosus these compressed undulations assume more the form of tubercles2 and finally1 in the ,alasmodon marginatus of ,say1 the teeth are sufficiently developed to place that shell in a distinct group4 ,our esteemed and accomplished friend1 ,mrs4 ,corrie of ,birmingham1 favoured us with two examples of what appears to be a variety of that which we have figured4 ,the substance of both is opake2 the inside white1 tinged with buff1 and with scarcely any pearly lustre4 ,inhabits ,north ,america1 but we know not any precise locality4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,mitra4 ,pl4 #b4 #a4 strigata4 #b4 bicolor4 #c4 carinata4 ,,mitra strigata4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,shell very smooth1 chestnut with paler longitudinal stripes1 which are white at their commencement2 aperture white1 shorter than the spire2 pillar #d-plaited4 ,mitra strigata4 ,sw4 in ,brand's ,journ41 ,no4 #cc1 p4 #cg1 ,ap4 #ahbd4 ---- ,the ,conchologist will find a full description of the three ,mitras here figured in the ,journal above mentioned4 ,they are all of singular rarity1 more particularly strigata and carinata1 as of these we have never seen second specimens4 ,m4 strigata belongs to that group which contains ,m4 melaniana1 scutulata1 c4 ,its country is unknown4 ---- ,,mitra bicolor4 ---- ,shell smooth1 polished1 fusiform1 white1 with a brown central band2 upper part of the body whorl and spire with cancellated punctured stri3 base with simple stri4 ---- ,this pretty shell seldom exceeds three-quarters of an inch in length2 our figure is consequently enlarged3 the pillar has four plaits4 ,this1 in conjunction with ,m4 casta1 olivaria1 dactylus 7,lam471 and olivformis 7,sw471 constitute a particular group1 allied to ,conoehelix1 having the plaits extending far beyond the aperture4 ,inhabits the ,south ,seas4 ,in the ,manchester ,museum1 and in our own4 ---- ,,mitra carinata4 ,shell slender1 fusiform1 brown2 whorls with a single carinated ridge1 and striated transversely near the suture2 pillar #d-plaited4 ---- ,the habit of this ,mitra will place it with the fusiform species2 from all of which1 however1 it differs in not having exterior plaits1 nodules1 or impressed sculpture4 ,the aperture is smooth within1 and white4 ,we have only seen one specimen1 received by ,mrs4 ,mawe1 from ,sierra ,leone1 and this was covered with a brown epidermis4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,tellina4 ,p4,i4 ,t4 latirostra4 ,,tellina latirostra4 ,wide-beaked ,tellen4 ---- ,order ,acephala4--,tribe ,dimiaria 7,nob474 ,,generic ,,character4--,lam4 ,sys4 #e1 #eai4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,shell oblong2 anterior side narrowed and angulated2 both valves glossy1 smooth1 equally convex1 and marked by very delicate radiating stri4 ,t4 test oblong1 purpurascente1 subradiat1 anteris sinuato-angulat1 rostri margine infimo ascendente4 ,lam4 ,syst4 #e1 p4 #ebc4 ---- ,there are few groups in ,conchology1 more particularly among the bivalve shells1 possessing so great a union of delicacy and beauty as the ,tellin2 and perhaps there is none in which the species1 from their general similarity of shape1 and variability of colouring1 are so little understood4 ,for these reasons1 we intend to illustrate this elegant genus very fully4 ,the ,tellin appear to hold a station with the most typical groups of the ,bivalve ,mollusca2 or those in which the animal can freely remove1 from place to place1 by the foot4 ,in all such the shells are solid1 regular1 and not attached to other substances4 ,we select the ,tellina latirostra of ,lamarck for our first subject4 ,as a species it has not been figured2 while the original description1 which we have transcribed1 is so slight1 that some uncertainty exists as to the precise species intended by the writer4 ,that to which we here apply the name1 is certainly very like1 as ,lamarck observes1 to ,t4 rostrata2 although his description1 in other respects1 is applicable to other species now before us4 ,our ,tellina latirostra is not common1 although we once received a considerable number from ,amboyna4 ,its surface is very smooth1 but the delicate stri1 which can scarcely be seen by the naked eye1 become perfectly clear under a common lens4 ,the ,manchester ,nat4 ,hist4 ,society is in possession of a lovely series1 exhibiting the following variations of colour3 #a1 pure white2 #b1 rose-coloured round the umbones1 paler beyond2 #c1 entirely rose colour2 #d1 blush white1 with a rosy shade on each side the umbones2 #e1 pale orange2 #f1 buff yellow1 resembling ,t4 depressa4 ,in all these the points of the umbones are invariably white4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,blue-winged ,parrakeet4 ,,nanodes venustus4 ,blue-fronted ,parrakeet4 ---- ,family ,psittacid4 ,,generic ,,character4 ,bill entire2 the lower mandible short1 deep1 thick1 and rounded2 nostrils very large1 fleshy1 naked2 wings pointed2 tarsi1 toes1 and claws very slender--the former manifestly longer than the hind toe2 tail cuneated2 the feathers narrow and lanceolate4 ,nob4 ,type4--,psittacus pulchellus4--,zool4 ,ill4 #b1 ,pl4 #gc4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,sides of the head yellowish2 front with a blue band2 wing-covers and tail blue1 the latter tipt with yellow2 throat and breast deep green2 belly yellow4 ,psittacus venustus4 ,linn4 ,trans4 7,temm47 xiii4 p4 #aba4 ---- chrysostomas4 ,kuhl4 ,nov4 ,act4 p4 #ea1 ,pl4 #a4 ,nanodes venustus4 ,linn4 ,trans4 7,vig4 and ,hors47 xv4 #bgd4 ---- ,the ,ground ,parrakeets of ,australia1 of which this is one of the most beautiful1 form a small but richly coloured group of birds1 remarkable for the peculiar structure of their feet1 which leads them to frequent the ground more than any of their family4 ,in the form of their bill1 wings1 and tail1 they exhibit a close resemblance1 in miniature1 to the ,maccaws of the ,new ,world1 and may justly be supposed to represent those birds in the ,southern hemisphere4 ,we received two specimens of the ,blue-fronted ,parrakeet1 some years ago1 from ,van ,dieman's ,land2 yet even there it is considered scarce2 nor did we observe it in any of the collections in ,paris4 ,assenting1 in a great measure1 to those general principles of arrangement which several eminent ,ornithologists have proposed regarding this family1 we nevertheless consider that the succession of affinities1 and even the nature of the leading groups1 are not yet correctly understood4 ,in the present case1 we would rather have seen ,nanodes placed as a sub-genus to ,pezoporus2 from which it merely differs in the comparative shortness of the feet4 ,the connexion between the two forms1 moreover1 is so close as not1 in our judgment1 to admit the intervention of ,platycercus1 or any other group yet discovered4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,yellow shouldered ,oriole4 ,i4 ,cayanensis4 ,,icterus ,cayanensis4 ,cayenne ,hangnest4 ---- ,fam4 ,sturnid4--,sub-,fam4 ,icterina 7,nobis74 ,bill lengthened1 conic1 acute1 entire1 the commissure not sinuated4 ,tarsi short1 adapted for perching2 claws strong1 fully curved4 ---- ,,generic ,,character4 ,bill black2 both mandibles slightly bent2 nostrils furnished with a membrane2 tail lengthened1 graduated2 wings slightly rounded4 ,nob4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,black1 not glossy2 lesser wing-covers above yellow1 beneath black margined by yellow2 legs bluish4 ,oriolus ,cayanensis4 ,lin4 #a4 p4 #afc4 ,xanthornus ,cayanensis4 ,brisson4 ,orn4 #b4 p4 #abc4 pl4 #i4 f4 #b4 ,carouge de ,st4 ,thomas4 ,pl4 ,enl4 #ece4 f4 #b4 ,yellow-winged ,pye4 ,edwards1 pl4 #cbb8 ,in ,mus4 ,nost4 ---- ,the ,starlings of the old continent1 are represented in ,america by a tribe of birds formerly denominated ,orioles1 but which we shall distinguish by the name of ,hangnests4 ,they are gregarious and noisy2 living both upon insects1 fruits1 and grain4 ,their nests are purse-shaped1 woven with great dexterity1 and generally suspended from the extreme branches of lofty trees4 ,much has been done to illustrate the affinities of these birds1 and to define the species2 but both are imperfectly known4 ,regarding their natural arrangement1 our own views are quite at variance with the ingenious theory of ,mr4 ,vigors2 and as to the species1 the bird before us is a curious example of error4 ,the true ,o4 cayanensis1 in the best modern systems1 has been lost sight of2 and1 under the new name of chrysopterus 7,vieil4 ,wagler471 has been confounded with three others1 one of which is a ,xanthornus1 one an ,icterus1 and one an ,agelaius6 ,the only authentic synonyms1 which can therefore be consulted for our bird1 are those we have quoted4 ,cassicus1 ,cassiculus1 ,xanthornus1 and ,icterus are the only published genera which will come within our definition of the ,icterin4 ,total length1 #i in42 bill1 #a2 wings1 #d2 tail1 #d-a_/aj2 tarsi1 #h_/aj4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,long leg'd ,ant ,thrush 7,m4 grallatoria47 ,,drymophila longipes4 ,long-legged ,ant ,thrush4 ---- ,family ,merulad4 ,sub-family ,myotherina4 ,legs long1 adapted for walking2 wings and tail short1 the latter weak1 rounded or even1 but never forked or divaricated2 claws but slightly curved4 ,nob4 ---- ,,genus ,,drymophila4--,lesson4 ,man4 #a4 p4 #aif4 ,d4 longipes4 ,above rufous2 sides of the head cinereous2 throat and breast black2 body beneath white2 tarsi long1 pale4 ,sw4 in ,zool4 ,journ4 #b4 p4 #aeb4 ,gen4 ,zool4 #ac4 #b4 #agi4 ,lesson4 ,man4 #a4 p4 #aif4 ,in ,mus4 ,nost4 ---- ,the ,ant ,thrushes1 as originally defined by us1 constitute a natural group of ,birds peculiar to1 and very abundant in1 the tropical regions of the ,new ,world4 ,they are found only in the deep shades of forests1 seeking their nourishment on the ground1 from ants and other terrestrial insects4 ,beyond such retreats they never venture1 and thus their natural love for seclusion has prevented us from knowing more of their economy4 ,the species are numerous3 our own cabinet contains fifteen3 but nearly double that number are among the rich and surpassing treasures of the ,royal ,museum at ,paris4 ,of that here figured1 we have never seen a second specimen4 ,in the form of the bill1 and the elongated lax plumage of the back1 ,drymophila bears a close resemblance to the smaller species of ,bush ,shrikes 7,thamnophilus71 but the construction of the feet--adapted in one for perching1 and in the other for walking--will sufficiently distinguish these groups4 ,the specific name of grallaria1 engraved on the plate1 was inadvertently changed for that of longipes in the published account4 ,the figure represents the natural size4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,lingula anatina4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,lingula hians4 ,,lingula anatina4 ---- ,class ,mollusca4--,order ,brachiopoda 7,macleay74 ,,generic ,,character4--,lam4 ,sys4 #fa1 #beg4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,valves of equal breadth1 much depressed1 and longitudinally sulcated2 the basal extremities approximating4 ,lingula anatina4 ,cuv4 ,bulletin1 ,no4 #eb994 ,ann4 du ,mus4 v4 #a1 p4 #fi994 ,lam4 ,syst4 #fa1 #beh4 ,lingula anatina4 ,sw4 in ,phil4 ,mag4 #fb1 p4 #djc1 ,dec4 #ahbc4 ,icones4 ,ency4 ,meth4 ,pl4 #bej1 f4 #a1 a1 b1 c4 ,chemn4 ,pl4 #agb1 #afge1 #afgg4 ,seba4 #c tab4 #af1 f4 #d994 ---- ,the nature of the animal inhabiting the shell of ,lingula remained unknown1 until the illustrious ,cuvier detected its affinity with ,terebratula1 ,crania1 and those singular bivalve shells forming the order ,brachiopoda of ,mr4 ,macleay4 ,the valves have neither teeth or ligament1 but are united by muscles1 and supported on a fleshy peduncle1 three or four inches in length1 by which the animal is attached to marine bodies4 ,we believe that under the common name of ,anatina1 two species have been included4 ,their respective peculiarities were published1 some time ago1 in the ,journal above alluded to2 and are now more fully illustrated by figures1 and by such specific distinctions as are exhibited by the shells4 ,both species appear to inhabit the ,indian ,ocean4 ---- ,,lingula hians4 ,valves narrowed towards their base1 convex1 and generally smooth2 both extremities widely gaping4 ---- ,we do not recollect to have seen this species so frequent in collections as the preceding2 it is always smaller1 more convex in the middle1 and generally smooth4 ,mrs4 ,mawe favoured us with fine specimens of both1 for delineation4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,pennantian ,parrakeet4 ,,platycercus scapularis4 ,tabuan1 or ,king ,parrakeet4 ---- ,family ,psittacid4 ,,generic ,,character4--,lesson4 ,man4 #b1 #adf4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,green2 head1 neck1 and body beneath scarlet2 lower part of the back blue2 scapular covers with a pea green stripe2 tail black4 ,tabuan ,parrot4 ,white's ,voyage1 pl4 in p4 #afh 7male74 ,grande ,perruche collier et croupion bleus4 ,le ,vail4 ,par4 pl4 #ee4 ,platycercus scapularis4 ,vig4 and ,hors4 ,linn4 ,trans4 #ae1 #a1 #bhd4 ---- ,greatly allied to the ,ground ,parrakeets of ,australia1 but differing from them in many particulars1 are the ,broad-tailed ,parrakeets of the same region1 forming the modern group ,platycercus4 ,the former appear to represent the ,maccaws2 while the latter exhibit many strong points of analogy to the ,lories2 but we question if their resemblance extends further4 ,we have had one of these beautiful ,parrakeets in our possession1 alive1 for many years4 ,its manners are gentle and timid4 ,like many of its congeners1 it delights to wash itself in a basin of water4 ,in the day1 and during winter1 it is generally silent2 but on a mild evening it will go on1 for two or three hours1 with a somewhat whistling note2 sometimes shrill1 but generally soft and pleasing4 ,its ordinary diet is moistened bread1 with a little hemp and canary seed2 but during summer and autumn the small garden fruits appear to be highly welcome to our elegant little favourite4 ,our figure represents a variety of the male bird1 wherein the light green on the scapular feathers is wanting4 ,the total length is about sixteen inches4 ,we consider the primary divisions of the ,psittacid1 are those which have long been recognized under the familiar names of ,maccaws1 ,cockatoos1 ,parrots1 ,lories1 and ,parrakeets4 ,such a series is the result of a synthetical investigation we have given to the subject2 but this mode of inquiry is so deceptive1 and has led to so many erroneous conclusions1 that until each of these groups are submitted to a patient analysis1 which has never yet been done1 no correct opinion on the subject can be formed4 ,the name on the ,plate 7engraved five years ago7 is a mistake4 ,the first description and figure of this bird is in ,white's ,voyage to ,new ,south ,wales1 where it is described as not uncommon4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,white shoulder'd ,ant ,thrush 7,m4 ,bicincta47 ,,drymophila trifasciata4 ,white-shouldered ,ant ,thrush4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,general plumage black2 with the shoulder covers1 interscapulars1 and two bands on the wing covers1 snowy4 ,d4 trifasciata4 ,swains4 in ,zool4 ,journ4 #b1 p4 #aeb4 ,gen4 ,zool4 #ac1 #b1 #agi4 ,lesson4 ,manuel4 #a1 p4 #aif4 ,in ,mus4 ,paris4 ,nostro4 ---- ,we found this remarkable bird not uncommon in the thick ,forests of ,pitanga1 near ,bahia1 during our travels in ,brazil in the years #ahae-g4 ,yet although the male birds were frequent1 we were never fortunate enough to procure a female4 ,it has likewise been found in the southern provinces of that empire1 by ,dr4 ,langsdorff4 ,its total length is about seven inches2 the whole plumage1 with the exception of the snowy bands on the wings1 is intensely black3 the white spot on the back is only seen when the feathers are raised3 the irides1 in the live bird1 are of a beautiful crimson4 ,my friend ,m4 ,lesson1 conjectures truly in thinking1 that the birds placed by ,m4 ,temminck in our genus ,drymophila1 have no connexion or analogy with those species we have described1 or with the characters on which we originally founded the group3 they belong1 in short1 to a different family4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,red headed ,tanager4 ,t4 ,gyrola4 ,,agla,a ,gyrola4 ,red-headed ,tanager4 ---- ,family ,fringillid8--,g4 ,tanagra4 ,auct4 ,aglaa4 ,lesson4 ,man4 #b1 #dbc4 ,bill small1 short1 compressed2 nostrils concealed by velvet-like feathers4 ,wings rather lengthened1 pointed2 #b1 #c and #d quills equal and longest4 ,tail even4 ,type4--,tanagra ,tatao4--,lin4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,vivid green1 sometimes varied on the breast with blue3 the whole head bright rufous1 bordered round the neck with a narrow golden ring4 ,tanagra ,gyrola4 ,lin4 #a1 #cae4 ,lath4 ,in4 ,orn4 #a1 #dbg4 ---- ,desmarest ,tan4 pl4 #ae4 ,vieil4 ,orn4 #b1 p4 #ggh4 ,le ,rouverdin4 ,buff4 ,son4 #ab1 p4 #cda4 ,pl4 ,enl4 #acc1 f4 #b4 ,edw4 pl4 #bc4 ,red-headed ,tanager4 ,lath4 ,syn4 #c1 #bcc4 ,gen4 ,hist4 #f1 #af4 ---- ,the splendid little birds arranged under this group belong exclusively to ,tropical ,america4 ,they are generally seen in pairs1 frequenting open woody tracts2 feed principally upon fruits1 and seldom if ever perch upon the ground3 ,in the variety1 and richness of their colours1 they are only surpassed by the ,humming ,birds4 ,the ,red-headed ,tanager has never1 we believe1 been found in ,brazil2 although it occurs in ,cayenne1 ,surinam1 and some of the ,west ,india ,islands4 ,buffon was its first describer2 he informs us that in ,french ,guyana it appears in small flocks1 two or three times in a year2 arriving when the fruit of a particular tree is ripe1 and departing when it begins to fail4 ,some specimens are more brilliant than others1 originating probably from age or locality3 those from ,cayenne are known by a delicate blue tinge on the breast4 ,a further variety has been described 7,ency4 ,meth471 in which the upper part of the neck is also red1 and the back marked by a large spot of dull rufous 7brun-marron74 ,we suspect this will prove a distinct species4 ,the rank of this group1 whether as generic or subgeneric1 can only be determined by analyzing the whole family4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,melania ,pl4 #a4 #a1 setosa4 #b1 amarula4 ,,melania amarula4 ---- ,order ,phytophaga4 7,gasteropoda1 ,cuv4 ,pars47 ,mollusc destitute of a syphon1 but furnished with jaws1 and generally enclosed in a univale shell1 with an entire aperture4 ,,generic ,,character4 ,see ,lam4 ,sys4 #f1 #b1 p4 #afc4--;,dubois ,trans4 #aic4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,shell ovate-conical1 blackish1 upper part of the whorls armed with solid porrect spines2 aperture bluish white4 ,m4 amarula4 ,lam4 ,sys4 #f1 #b1 p4 #aff4 ,chemn4 pl4 #acd1 f4 #abah-i4 ,ency4 pl4 #dfh1 f4 #f4 ---- ,this is a genus of fresh water shells1 particularly abundant in ,africa1 ,asia1 and ,america2 we have also heard it has lately been detected in ,europe4 ,we should not have figured this common and well known shell1 but for the purpose of comparing it with the next4 ,when in a young state1 the spines are very acute3 more advanced they become less so2 and in old individuals they are often very obtuse4 ---- ,,melania setosa4 ,shell ovate-conical1 brownish olive2 whorls armed with porrect tubular spines1 enclosing setaceous bristles4 ,melania setosa4 ,sw4 in ,brand's ,journal1 ,no4 #cc1 p4 #ac4 ,this is a most singular species4 ,from the tubular spines emerge two or three hornlike1 elastic bristles1 which appear embedded in the substance of the shell4 ,a very ample account of the first specimen we ever met with1 will be found in ,brand's ,journal for ,april1 #ahbd4 ,it was discovered in the ,isle of ,france1 by ,mr4 ,warwick1 where it appears to be very rare4 ,other specimens have since been brought to this country4 ,we were unwillingly drawn into a controversy respecting this shell some years ago4 ,our sentiments1 in every thing that regards the shell itself1 are unchanged4 ,not so with respect to the individual4 ,the civilities and attentions we have since received from ,mr4 ,gray1 leave us to regret1 very sincerely1 that such a discussion should have ever taken place4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,mitra4 ,pl4 #c4 #a1 adusta4 #b1 ambigua4 #c1 punctata4 ,,mitra fulva4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,shell ovate-acute1 smooth1 fulvous1 unspotted1 marked with transverse sulcated stri1 containing punctured dots3 body whorl contracted2 suture crenated3 base obtuse3 outer lip thickly and strongly crenated2 the crenations1 and the plaits on the pillar1 white4 ---- ,the different nomenclature of ,lamark and ,dillwyn1 induced us to suspect that our present species might still be retained under the name of adusta2 but as a greater degree of confusion may perhaps arise in so doing1 than that which we wished to avoid1 we have now given it a distinct name1 and defined its true characters4 ,it is sometimes partially dotted with pure white4 ,the ,m4 adusta of ,lamark is1 in short1 the same as the ruffina of ,linnus3 or at least that species which ,dr4 ,solander and ,mr4 ,dillwyn conceive to be such4 ,our shell is from the ,isle of ,france1 and is not common3 the crenated teeth on the lip are very strong2 the base obtuse1 and effuse3 the spire and aperture of equal length4 ---- ,,mitra ambigua4 ,shell ovate-fuciform1 rufous1 with a white band near the suture1 transversely striated and punctured1 suture and outer lip crenated1 base contracted2 spire shorter than the aperture4 ,less distinctly striated and punctured than the last2 but differs considerably in being almost a fuciform shell3 the base of the aperture is consequently contracted4 ,we possess but one specimen1 and know not its locality4 ---- ,,mitra punctata4 ,shell ovate1 brown1 striated and punctured3 spire very small1 somewhat conic3 outer lip crenated3 pillar six-plaited4 ,a beautifully perfect shell of this new and very rare species1 we procured from our friend ,mrs4 ,mawe2 we have never seen another3 the inside of the lip is margined with deep brown4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,golden back'd ,tanager1 male4 ,t4 ,flava4 ,,agla,a flava4 ,yellow ,tanager4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,above glossy fulvous yellow2 sides of the head1 and middle of the throat1 breast1 and body1 deep black2 wings and tail green4 ,tanagra flava4 ,lath4 ,in4 ,orn4 #a1 #dca4 ,tanagra ,braziliensis flava4 ,briss4 ,orn4 #c1 #ci1 #bb4 ,le guira-perea4 ,buff4 ,son4 #ab1 p4 #cfb4 ,yellow ,tanager4 ,lath4 ,syn4 #c1 #bdd4 ,gen4 ,hist4 #d1 #bb4 ,tanagra chloroptera4 ,vieil4 ,orn4 #b4 ---- ,the buff-coloured yellow which spreads over the upper plumage of this bird1 in some lights becomes much richer1 and delicately gilded4 ,the wings appear to be sea-green1 but this colour only margins the borders of the feathers1 the inner parts of which are blackish3 the tail is coloured in the same way1 the feathers divaricating from the middle1 which is slightly forked4 ,the black in front terminates at the vent2 which1 with the sides of the body1 are waxen yellow4 ,in the ,ornithology of ,m4 ,vieillot1 we find no mention of this well known bird by its long established name3 but the ,t4 chloroptera of this writer1 described as a new species1 is evidently no other than the flava of anterior authors4 ,our figure is of the natural size4 ,the female is dark bluish green above1 and buff beneath1 much paler on the throat and breast3 the chin and sides of the head blackish2 and the crown buff-coloured yellow4 ,we found this species not uncommon in several parts of ,brazil1 particularly round ,pernambucco2 frequenting the gardens1 and feeding on the smaller-sized fruits4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,papilio ,niamus ,,papilio ,niamus4 ---- ,order ,lepidoptera4 ,g4 ,papilio4 7,auct47 ,,generic ,,character4 ,wings pale1 with longitudinal bands3 posterior lengthened1 caudated2 the tails long and acute4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,wings yellowish white with black bands2 posterior wings acutely tailed1 with a black line and whitish lunule at the anal angle1 and marked beneath with a macular red band margined with black4 ,pap4 ,niamus4 ,alis flavo-albidis1 fasciis nigris2 posticis caudatis1 apice nigro lunulis albidis3 his subts strig maculari rubr4 ,latrielle et ,godart4 ,ency4 ,meth4 #i1 p4 #ea4 ---- ,to describe in detail those colours and markings of an insect1 which the eye can embrace at a single glance on a well executed representation1 is surely unnecessary4 ,we shall therefore merely observe that this species has hitherto remained unfigured3 that it is a native of ,southern ,brazil1 and of such rarity1 that in two years1 we never met with more than one specimen4 ,in some observations upon what appear to us the leading groups of the ,diurnal ,lepidoptera1 published some time ago1 we considered those groups wherein the anterior feet are perfectly developed1 and the chrysalis braced by a transverse thread1 as the most perfect and typical4 ,subsequent observations confirm us in this general view2 but it still remains to be investigated1 to which group the generic name of ,papilio should be retained4 ,the wide dispersion of that form represented in the two ,european species ,podalirius and ,machaon1 and which form occurs in all the temperate and tropical regions of the globe1 leads us to suspect it as the most typical group3 to this1 ,papilio ,niamus1 from its very close affinity to ,podalirius1 unquestionably belongs4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,rhetus ,cramerii ,,rhetus ,cramerii4 ---- ,,generic ,,character4 ,larva and ,pupa unknown4 ,wings triangular2 the posterior lengthened and rather acutely tailed4 ,antenn with the club linear-fuciform4 ,palpi cylindrical1 elongate1 porrect1 incurved1 remote1 naked2 the second joint remarkably long4 ,anterior feet in the male short and very hairy2 in the female longer1 naked1 and furnished with minute claws4 ,wings1 when at rest1 horizontal4 ,types4--,pap4 ,rhetus4 ,periander4--7,cramer47 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,wings black1 with two white subhyaline bands1 both sides alike2 posterior wings elongated1 vivid blue1 acutely tailed1 with a transverse sub-lunular band at the anal angle4 ,papilio ,rhetus4 ,cramer4 pl4 #fc1 f4 c4 ---- ,this is one of the rarest and most splendid lepidopterous insects of ,brazil4 ,we were once fortunate in capturing six specimens1 fluttering over a shrub in the early morning sun1 during our encampment in the ,forest of ,urupe1 in the ,province of ,bahia3 but we never again met with this charming creature4 ,the perfect insect has been figured in the costly1 but truly valuable1 work of ,cramer2 yet as neither the larva or pupa are known1 we cannot determine on its natural group4 ,its relations1 as suggested by the perfect insect1 appear to be these4 ,we consider the analogy between the groups respectively containing ,p4 ,podalirius1 and ,marius 7,cr471 to be immediate and direct3 the form of the last type1 and much of its general structure1 is seen in our insect2 but the details will not admit of a further similitude4 ,among the ,ericin we again detect this form in ,p4 ,corineus and ,dorylus 7,cr471 and continuing the comparison1 we see the antenn1 palpi1 and feet 7in one sex7 of ,rhetus1 accurately represented in those of ,p4 imperialis 7,cr471 among the ,theclad4 ,we therefore suspect1 that the real affinities of our insect lie between the two last groups3 ,it seems moreover to have a strong analogy with ,leilus4 ,the upper figure is of the male1 the under of the female4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,rostellaria4 ,p4 #a ,r4 curvirostris4 ,,rostellaria curvirostris4 ,short-beaked ,spindle4 ---- ,class ,mollusca4 ,order ,zoophaga4--7,gasteropoda1 ,cuv4 ,pars47 ,carnivorous ,mollusca without jaws2 the mouth formed into a retractile trunk3 conveying nutriment by suction4 ,respiration aquatic3 the water being conducted to the branchi by a projecting siphon4 ,family18 ,strombid4 7,les ,ailes4 ,lam47 ---- ,,synopsis ,,of ,,the ,,genera4 ,div4 #a4 ,outer lip with a sinus2 distinct from the basal canal4 ,,strombus4 ,l4 ,outer lip dilated1 entire1 basal canal short4 ,stromb4 gigas1 auris-,diana1 tridentatus1 urceus1 c4 ,,pteroceras4 ,lam4 ,outer lip digitated2 canal lengthened1 arcuated4 ,div4 #b4 ,sinus simple2 formed by the prolongation of the canal4 ,,aporrhais4 ,dacosta4 ,outer lip dilated and digitated4 ,strombus pes-pelecani4 ,auct4 ,,rostellaria4 ,lam4 ,outer lip dentated1 but not dilated4 ,basal canal long4 ,,hippochrenes4 ,montf4 ,outer lip generally dilated1 and always entire4 ,basal canal moderate or short4 ,spiral canal nearly equal to the spire4 ,rost3 macroptera1 columbata1 fissurella1 ,lam4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,basal canal short3 spiral canal thickened1 and perpendicularly ascending on the spire4 ,strombus fusus4 ,linn4 ,gm4 #cejf4 ,lister1 #hed1 #ab4 ,seba1 #c1 #ef1 #a4 ,rostellaria curvirostris4 ,lam4 ,sys4 #g1 #a1 #aib4 ,ency4 ,meth4 pl4 #daa1 f4 #a4 ---- ,this elegantly formed shell is a native of the ,red and ,indian ,seas4 ,it is the most common of the few species retained in the genus ,rostellaria2 all these are recent2 while ,hippochrenes has occured only in a fossil state4 ,the preceding table of affinities1 connecting the leading forms among the ,strombii1 will be adverted to hereafter4 ,at present we shall offer a few observations on the nature of that more comprehensive division of the class ,mollusca1 to which this particular group appears to belong4 ,the learned ,author of the ,hor ,entomologic1 in that part of his valuable essay relating to the ,mollusc1 considers our knowledge of these animals too imperfect to enable him to state the nature of the typical groups3 the situations of which1 in his diagram of the animal kingdom1 are therefore merely indicated by stars4 ,m4 ,macleay further remarks1 that the ,gasteropoda of ,m4 ,cuvier1 with certain restrictions1 evidently form a circular group4 ,yet1 from the above omission1 it appears he still entertained some doubts on the propriety of this arrangement4 ,labouring under similar disadvantages to those which impeded the researches of so profound an observer1 we feel some hesitation in expressing a different sentiment on the subject1 particularly in reference to his own disposition of affinities4 ,it is evident that these typical groups1 whatever may be their nature1 must present some very strong points of analogy to those in the circle of ,vertebrata3 and that such analogies should extend to the corresponding groups of the ,annulosa4 ,this we should expect1 not only as the necessary result of a truly natural arrangement1 but as a primary test1 by which the correctness of any series of affinities must be tried4 ,now admitting that ,quadrupeds and ,birds shew the same typical perfection among the ,vertebrata1 as the ,mandibulate and ,suctorial ,insects unquestionably do in the ,annulosa1 we have two beautiful analogies between these otherwise dissimilar groups1 taken from one of the most important functions of nature4 ,quadrupeds and mandibulate insects are provided with jaws for tearing and masticating their prey1 while in birds and suctorial insects1 the mouth is lengthened into a proboscis1 by which nourishment is imbibed by suction4 ,these analogies are equally conspicuous among the ,mollusc4 ,the ,phytiphages of ,lamarck 7of which the garden snail is a good example71 are furnished with jaws and masticate their food3 the ,zoophages of the same accurate observer1 have their mouth elongated into a retractile trunk or proboscis1 by which they pierce through other shells1 and suck the juices of the inhabitant4 ,to insist on the importance of these distinctions1 employed as they have been to characterize primary divisions1 is surely unnecessary4 ,that they will be subject to considerable modification1 in the subordinate groups1 may naturally be expected3 but we refrain at present from offering an opinion on the nature of such groups1 dependant1 as they must be1 on greater anatomical knowledge than we yet possess4 ,nevertheless1 until more direct analogies are discovered1 than those here stated1 we feel some confidence in employing them as typical distinctions of the two great divisions of ,gastropod ,mollusca4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,psaris ,jardinii ,jardine's ,saris4 ,,psaris ,jardinii4 ,jardine's ,saris4 ---- ,family ,todid4--,nob4 ,sub-family ,psariana4--,nob4 ,,generic ,,character4 ,bill thick1 strong1 more or less depressed1 culmen not elevated1 both mandibles notched1 the upper convex3 nostrils round1 nearly naked3 rictus smooth2 mouth very wide4 ,wings long1 pointed1 the second and third quill longest4 ,tail short1 even4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,cinereous white2 head1 tail1 and outer half of the wings1 black3 first and fifth quill equal3 spurious quill none2 orbits plumed4 ,in ,mus4 ,nost4 ---- ,in a small collection of birds1 from the interior of the vast ,empire of ,brazil1 we met with this new and highly interesting species4 ,its resemblance to the well known ,psaris ,cayanus is so close1 that even ,ornithologists would not at first suspect the difference2 and this may possibly account for its having been overlooked4 ,the size and colour of the two birds1 in fact1 are perfectly alike3 but in this1 the bill is much more depressed2 the orbits1 instead of being naked1 are covered with feathers3 and the spurious intermediate quill is entirely wanting4 ,our bird thus presents not only the characters of a species1 but a modification of form1 leading to the genus ,pachyrhynchus of ,spix4 ,our friend ,sir ,william ,jardine1 ,bart41 who has long felt1 with us1 a peculiar interest in this group1 will accept our dedication of this species to him1 as a proof of the estimation in which we hold his studies4 ,the publication of ,psaris ,cuvierii in the early series of our work1 was the first addition made to this group after its publication in the ,regn ,animal4 ,the generic name of ,psaris soon after became familiar to ,british ,ornithologists1 by being universally adopted4 ,recently1 however1 the ,editor of the ,zoological ,journal has expressed his opinion that this name1 on the score of priority1 should give place to another4 ,the question would be of little moment did it merely concern this group2 but involving1 as it does1 the entire nomenclature of two systems1 it becomes a matter of some importance to ascertain their respective claims4 ,the period of typographic publication1 as connected with the only process by which knowledge can be universally communicated1 is the only criterion1 in our opinion1 by which such claims should be decided4 ,dates1 if truly affixed1 speak for themselves4 ,but to attain this advantage1 no surreptitious or disreputable practices can be allowed4 ,a plausible claim may indeed be made by any author1 who hastily puts together an essay or pamphlet1 for the sole purpose of anticipating the patient labours of another3 but such artifices1 when discovered1 are sure to be discountenanced by honourable minds4 ,to illustrate our meaning better1 we will state a case4 ,let us suppose1 then1 a learned ,naturalist1 in charge of a public museum1 is engaged in a general classification of the animal kingdom3 that to the type of each group1 as progressively defined1 he affixes a label1 with the proposed name1 and returns it again to the public rooms4 ,let us further suppose that an ,ornithologist1 wishing to make a new system1 but without any materials for so doing1 goes to this museum1 selects1 as they are successively named1 these identical types for his examination1 well knowing by whom1 and for what purpose they are so named4 ,he then goes home1 and publishes1 with all expedition1 an ill-digested pamphlet1 wherein every group appears under a name1 totally different from that by which he became acquainted with it4 ,it is not for us to make the application4 ,but that such practices have been resorted to1 is well known among the highest scientific authorities in ,paris4 ,it is not so much in justice to a distinguished individual1 as our respect for the broad principles of truth and honour1 that we have said thus much4 ,these are grave charges1 but they are not lightly brought forward4 ,resting1 as they do1 on testimony the most unquestionable1 we should deem it almost insulting to our countrymen could we suppose they will henceforward1 by adopting these names1 countenance a claim built on such a fraudulent basis4 ,our views of the natural situation of this group1 must be reserved for the next number4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,petroica multicolor4 ,scarlet breasted ,robin ,,petroica multicolor4 ,scarlet-breasted ,robin4 ---- ,family ,sylviad4 ,,generic ,,character4 ,bill slender1 the sides compressed1 the tip gradually bent1 and beset with bristles at the base4 ,wings long2 the first quill spurious2 the second intermediate in length between the sixth and seventh4 ,tarsi elevated1 the inner toe manifestly shorter than the external toe4 ,tail broad1 even4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,head1 throat1 and upper plumage black2 front snowy2 wings with one longitudinal and two oblique white bands2 breast and part of the body scarlet2 belly dull white4 ,red-breasted ,warbler4 ,lewin4 ,birds of ,new ,moll4 pl4 #ag4 ,muscicapa multicolor4 ,gen4 ,horsf4 ,vig4 ,linn4 ,tr4 v4 #af1 p4 #bdc4 ,red-bellied ,flycatcher4 ,lath4 ,gen4 ,hist4 #f1 p4 #bji1 pl4 #ajj8 ,mus4 ,nost4 c4 ---- ,the analagous resemblances between the species and groups of one region1 and those by which they are represented in another1 are among the most curious and remarkable facts in ,natural ,history3 whether we look to them as proofs of a ,divine plan1 vast in its extent1 and wonderful in its details1 or as exemplifying that system of symbolical relationship by which every part of the animated world is mutually connected4 ,both appear intended for one great purpose1 the partial initiation of man into earthly mysteries1 that he may have greater faith in those which regard his eternal welfare4 ,the ,robin1 spread over the whole of ,europe1 is represented in temperate ,america by the ,blue ,bird of ,wilson 7,sialia ,wilsonii1 ,sw474 ,neither of these are found in ,new ,holland1 but the bird before us may be considered their representative4 ,lewin1 who wrote upon the spot1 observes that although in some respects solitary1 it frequents the abodes of man in winter1 like the ,robin2 which it further resembles in its note4 ,our ,european bird is intimately connected with the ,stonechats 7,saxicol74--,the remark of another eye witness1 proves the ,australian species to have the same relation4 ,mr4 ,caley mentions that he saw this bird in ,november 7our ,european summer71 when far distant in the mountains1 in the roughest part of the country ,i had then or since visited4 ,linn4 ,tr4 #ae4 p4 #bde4 ,mr4 ,caley1 moreover1 as if perfectly aware of its natural affinities1 names it the ,australian ,redstart4 ,so closely1 in short1 does this bird resemble our ,european ,stonechat1 that but for the recent acquisition of more typical species1 we should have had doubts whether to characterize it as a distinct type4 ,linnan writers1 as might be supposed1 have always regarded this as a ,flycatcher1 but as ,mess4 ,horsfield and ,vigors have recently dwelt1 at some length1 on the propriety of such an arrangement1 it may be as well to state the leading differences between the two families4 ,in ,muscicapa atricapilla1 7with which these gentlemen have compared our bird17 the bill 7fig4 #a1 #b71 like that of every genuine ,flycatcher1 is depressed from the base to the tip1 while that of ,petroica 7fig4 #e1 #f71 of the ,stonechat 7fig4 #c1 #d71 and of all ,saxicol1 although depressed at the base1 is invariably compressed on the sides4 ,by these characters the former preserve their affinity to the ,todies1 and the latter to the ,thrushes4 ,in the garnature of the rictus there is also an essential difference4 ,the bristles of the ,muscicap 7f4 #a1 #b71 are always rigid and directed forwards3 while those of the ,saxicol1 although sometimes remarkably long1 are generally weak1 and diverge in different directions4 ,thus much may be stated on the chief peculiarities of the groups in question3 they may for the present be termed analogies1 but there are considerations which induce us to suspect they are more intimately connected by affinity than is generally supposed4 ,to facilitate comparison1 our figure is of the natural size1 and particular care has been taken in the correct delineation of all the proportions and details4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,ploceus ,textor ,rufous necked ,weaver ,,ploceus textor4 ,rufous-necked ,weaver4 ---- ,family ,fringillid8 ,,generic ,,character4 ,bill lengthened-conic1 slightly curved1 entire1 the base advancing high on the forehead1 and dividing the frontal feathers1 the culmen curved1 the commissure sinuated4 ,nostrils oval1 naked3 without a membrane4 ,wings moderate1 rounded1 the first quill spurious1 the five next nearly of equal length4 ,feet short1 strong1 the middle toe longer than the tarsus1 the hind toe nearly equal with the tarsus4 ,tail very short1 rounded4 ,,divisions ,,or ,,sub-,,genera4 ,,malimbus4 ,vieil4 ,bill more straight1 slender1 and lengthened4 ,,ploceus4 ,cuv4 ,as above4 ,,euplectes4 ,nob4 ,bill of ,ploceus4 ,toes and claws very slender4 ,the greater quills scarcely longer than the lesser2 spurious quill very minute4 ,type1 ,loxia ,orix4 ,l4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,orange yellow1 varied above with black3 head1 chin1 and front of the throat black3 nape with a chestnut band4 ,oriolus textor4 ,auct4 ,ploceus textor4 ,cuvier4 ,reg4 ,anim4 ,le cap-more4 ,buff4 ,son4 #ai1 p4 #afe4 ,pl4 ,enl4 #cge 7very bad74 ---- ,the ,weaving ,birds1 confined to the hotter regions of the old world1 are chiefly found in ,africa1 where they represent the ,hangnests 7,icterin7 of ,america3 an analogy long since remarked by ,buffon4 ,both these tribes astonish us by the consummate skill with which they fabricate their nests3 but the intelligence displayed by the ,african ,weavers is still more wonderful4 ,the curious reader will see a most interesting account of these birds in ,paterson's ,african ,travels1 or in ,wood's ,zoography4 ,of the present species1 although very common in ,senegal1 nothing appears known beyond the simple fact of its weaving1 in confinement1 between the wires of its cage4 ,its total length is about six inches1 the minor proportions may be correctly ascertained by the scale on the plate4 ,if the genus ,ploceus of ,baron ,cuvier be restricted to the old world1 it becomes one of the most natural groups in ,ornithology4 ,yet1 like all others of an extensive nature1 it exhibits several modifications of structure1 which the present state of science renders it necessary to define4 ,whether such definitions are to be termed generic1 subgeneric1 or sectional1 must1 in the first instance1 depend on mere opinion4 ,it is enough if these lesser groups are defined4 ,to ascertain their relative value is the next step3 this is the second1 and by far the most difficult process1 in the study of real affinities2 for not only that particular group which claims our attention1 but every other related to it in a higher division1 must be patiently analyzed4 ,hence it frequently results that groups assume a very different apparent station to what they did in the first instance4 ,are we therefore to refrain from characterizing or naming them1 because their relative value cannot1 in the first instance1 be ascertained8 ,we think not4 ,that genera have been unnecessarily multiplied1 no one can doubt1 who has looked beyond such circumscribed limits4 ,and if forms of transision1 7generally comprising one or two species alone17 are to be so ranked1 we must immediately treble or quadruple the present number of ornithological genera4 ,the truth is1 that many groups1 which in our first process of combination1 we are obliged to distinguish1 or perhaps name1 will1 in the second1 be united to others4 ,so that it appears highly probable that the number of genera1 in ornithology1 ultimately retained1 will be fewer perhaps than at present4 ,we are1 in short1 but in the infancy of this knowledge1 and our genera1 for the most part1 must be looked upon as temporary landmarks1 to denote the ground gone over1 and to be fixed or removed as our views become more extended1 by a wider analysis of qualities and relations4 ,total length #f inches1 bill #g_/aj1 wings #c-f_/aj1 tarsi #i_/aj1 middle claw #a1 tail #b1 beyond the wings #a4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,ampullaria ,pl4 ,,ii #a4 ,subcarinata #b4 ,nilotica ,,ampullaria subcarinata4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,shell reverse1 thickish2 whorls depressed near the suture1 and marked by a parallel line2 spire short1 obtuse2 umbilicus large1 open1 slightly carinated1 and marked with an internal groove4 ,ampullaria subcarinata4 ,sow4 ,genera of ,shells1 f4 #d4 ---- ,the politeness of ,mr4 ,g4 ,sowerby has given us the opportunity of examining this rare and little known species1 first described and accurately figured by himself4 ,it was discovered1 we believe1 by ,mr4 ,cranch1 the ill-fated naturalist who accompanied the unfortunate expedition to the ,congo1 in that river4 ,no specimens1 we are informed1 have subsequently reached this country4 ,the surface is rough1 occasioned by irregular corrugated wrinkles3 the epidermis olive4 ---- ,,ampullaria ,nilotica4 ,shell reverse1 thin1 smooth1 whitish1 with an ,olive epidermis finely striated longitudinally2 lower half of the basal whorl much contracted3 spire prominent1 obtuse2 operculum horny2 umbilicus large1 open1 the margin obtusely carinated4 ---- ,the shell from which our figure was taken we received from ,mr4 ,g4 ,sowerby1 under the name of ,nilotica1 some years ago4 ,whether it is the same1 or specifically distinct from ,lamarck's ,guinaica1 we have no means of judging1 otherwise than from the figures he cites of ,chemnitz4 ,if these are accurate1 there are many points of difference2 but no doubt the ,editor of the ,bulletin des ,sciences1 will have great pleasure in setting us right upon this subject4 ,on attentively comparing the descriptions1 given by ,lamarck1 of eleven species of ,ampullaria1 with those we have characterized in different works1 we can only discover two instances wherein the same species have been mentioned by both parties1 under different names4 ,our ,a4 conica1 is probably ,lamarck's virens1 and belongs to the genus ,pachystoma1 ,guild4 ,the other instance is curious2 in the ,appendix to the ,bligh ,collection1 we described a remarkable variety of ,a4 fasciata1 under the sub-specific name of ,canaliculata4 ,in the following month appeared the second part of ,lamarck's ,systme1 wherein this variety appeared as a species1 under the very same name4 ,it would almost appear as if the two accounts had been written at the same moment4 ,we have since had good reason to be confirmed in our suspicion as to this shell being a mere variety of fasciata1 from a fine series of specimens sent us from ,demerara4 ,we take this opportunity1 however1 of expressing a belief that our ,a4 leucostoma1 is the young shell of rugosa4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,stombus4 ,pl4 #a4 ,s4 ,peruvianus ,,strombus ,peruvianus4 ---- ,order ,zoophaga4 ,family8 ,strombid4 ,genus ,strombus4--,lam4 ,sys4 #g4 #aii4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,shell ponderous1 nodulous1 spire very small1 depressed2 outer lip above produced and attenuated1 margin reflected2 aperture striated4 ,strombus ,peruvianus4 ,sw4 in ,phil4 ,mag4 #fb1 p4 #cgg4 ---- ,we first recorded this singular-shaped ,strombus from a specimen sent from the ,coasts of ,peru4 ,others1 from the opposite side of the ,american ,isthmus1 collected near ,panama1 have more recently come into the possession of our friend1 the ,rev4 ,j4 ,bulwer1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,its general form is not unlike ,s4 gallus1 but the spire is unusually depressed1 and the aperture deeply striated3 the upper surface is marked by parallel grooves1 and one of the nodules is particularly large4 ,in our last number we defined what appear to be the leading forms among the ,strombii1 from such characters as are exhibited by their shells4 ,this mode of classification1 we admit1 is always attended with hazard2 and should not be ventured upon without due precaution4 ,to attempt a natural arrangement of the higher groups1 on such considerations alone1 would be manifestly absurd4 ,on the other hand1 we think both principles may be carried too far3 and that a system founded exclusively upon the animal would1 in our present state of knowledge1 be little less artificial than another taken merely from the shell4 ,we see1 on every side1 throughout ,nature1 the most beautiful and perfect adaptation of structure to use4 ,the typical ,mollusca1 whether among the ,acephala or ,gasteropoda1 appear to be testaceous2 and to exhibit a corresponding perfection in the structure of their coverings3 one form passes into another by as gradual modifications of the shell1 as could possibly be looked for in the nature of the animal4 ,we have attempted to exemplify this among the ,unionid and the ,oliv4 ,we shall now examine the ,strombii with reference to the same object4 ,les ,ailes1 observes ,lamarck1 constituent une famille trs-naturelle1 qui avoisine celle des ,canalifers par ses rapports1 mais qui en est minemment distincte4 ,this able classifier 7whose perception of affinities is truly admirable71 then proceeds to divide these shells into three groups1 founded upon such excellent distinctions1 that we need not here dilate on their importance4 ,two of these genera are characterized by a deep and well defined sinus or notch1 towards the base of the outer lip2 quite distinct from the basal canal1 and intended either for the passage of the animal's proboscis1 or its respiratory siphon4 ,in ,strombus the outer lip is dilated1 but entire2 in ,pteroceras1 it is equally enlarged1 but divided into long processes4 ,such are the typical distinctions1 and their immediate union appears effected by the ,strombus laciniatus of ,chemnitz4 ,the third genus of ,lamarck's is ,rostellaria1 in which he places all those species wherein the sinus above mentioned is united to the basal canal4 ,now if the ,strombus pespelecani of authors had this canal more closed1 and the sinus distinct1 it would be a ,pteroceras4 ,da ,costa long ago placed this shell as the type of a genus1 and the observations of ,mr4 ,dillwyn1 in his short but highly valuable paper on fossil shells 7,phil4 ,trans4 for #ahbc1 p4 #a1 p4 #cic71 have shewed the importance which we should attach to its structure3 it is1 in fact1 a ,pteroceras1 but with the above mentioned sinus removed to the base of the digitated lip1 and confounded1 as it were1 with the basal canal4 ,excepting to a ,pteroceras1 it cannot be compared with any known shell1 unless it be to the ,strombus fissus of ,linn4 ,the hiatus between them certainly appears great1 yet the affinity is not interrupted by any thing known3 this latter shell resembles the true ,rostellari1 but with the digitated processes of ,pteroceras reduced to teeth2 which teeth1 in ,r4 curvirostris1 become confined to the basal part of the unexpanded lip4 ,we are here met by certain fossil shells1 preserving the form of ,rostellaria1 but with the outer lip entire1 and sometimes considerably expanded3 in these the spiral canal sometimes extends to the summit of the shell3 finally the distinct sinus again appears in such species as ,s4 cancellatus1 canalus1 c41 all which have been classed by conchologists with ,strombus4 ,this series is sufficient to shew the tendency of a circular disposition of relations1 but very many of the intermediate forms are wanting1 nor is it at all clear in what way the immediate passage is effected between ,hippochrenes and the genuine ,strombii4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,oliva4 ,pl4 #a4 #a4 volutella #b4 striata ,,oliva volutella4 ---- ,class ,mollusca4 ,order ,zoophaga4 ,lam4 ,genus ,oliva4 ,lam4 ,sys4 #g1 p4 #daf4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,shell ovate-conic1 mitriform2 chestnut1 the body whorl bluish2 spire lengthened1 acute2 pillar with #f-g1 slender1 regular plaits4 ,oliva volutella4 ,o4 test ovato-conic1 subcrule1 ad spiram basimque luteo fuscat2 spir vald product1 acut4 ,lam4 ,sys4 #g1 #a1 p4 #dcb4 ---- ,we are indebted to the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,bulwar for our specimens of this elegant and highly interesting species1 received by him from the ,american ,isthmus4 ,it varies much in the intensity of its colour1 as may be seen from the above description1 given by ,lamarck1 of examples procured by ,baron ,humbolt on the shores of ,mexico4 ,there are reasons for believing the genus ,voluta1 as defined by ,lamarck1 to be typical of a natural group1 comprising the genera ,mitra1 ,oliva1 ,ancillaria and ,marginella4 ,the obvious affinity between ,voluta and ,mitra need not be dwelt upon4 ,the connexion of ,mitra with ,oliva1 we noticed in describing ,mitra olivformis1 at pl4 #dh of our first series4 ,this affinity appears further strengthened by a shell in the late ,tankerville ,collection1 especially recorded by ,mr4 ,g4 ,sowerby1 as remarkable for its resemblance to an ,olive4 ,we regret not having seen this shell1 but such an authority is fully sufficient4 ,the group of ,mitres1 by which this transision appears effected1 is that mentioned under the head of ,m4 bicolor 7,mitra1 ,pl4 #a47 of this series4 ,this little group has three relations3 one to the smooth ,mitres 7as ,m4 pertusa71 another to ,conohelix1 and a third to the ,olives3 the species are all remarkable for the polished smoothness of their surface1 for the total absence of the inner lip1 and for the lower plaits of the pillar extending much beyond the aperture3 these plaits1 moreover1 are generally five or six1 and all very slender4 ,the conchologist will perceive that nearly the only character wanting1 to render this description applicable to an ,olive1 is the channelled groove round the suture4 ,this character is added to the shell before us1 which thus presents the first type of form in the present genus4 ,proceeding to the more perfect ,olives1 we observe the spire becoming gradually shorter2 the vitrious deposition on the inner lip increased in thickness2 the upper plaits on the pillar numerous1 and those at the base thicker and more external 7,m4 fulmineus1 ,lam4 elegans1 ,en4 ,meth4 #cfb1 #c471 the ventricose shape of some 7,o4 undata1 inflata1 ,lam471 the spire often concealed by a vitrious covering1 and even the colours of others 7,m4 tessellata1 guttata7 remind us of the typical ,volutes4 ,it is very remarkable1 that in most of the cylindrical ,olives1 the apex is more or less1 papillary3 the last complete terminal volution of the spire being thick1 inflated1 and distorted3 7see particularly ,o4 reticularis1 ,en4 ,meth4 #cf1 f4 #a2 fusiformis1 ,ib4 #cfg1 #a2 guttata1 ,ib4 #cfh1 f4 #b47 ,others are seen of a more slender form1 as ,o4 subulata1 ,l4 acuminata1 ,e4 ,m4 #cfh1 #c1 where the pillar is similarly plaited4 ,but in several small species allied to ,o4 conoidalis1 another modification of form has evidently commenced3 the spire is regularly acute2 the upper plaits disappear2 and those which remain1 are only at the thickened base of the pillar3 the aperture1 no longer narrow1 becomes wide at the base1 where the pillar takes an oblique direction inward3 we are thus led to the form of ,o4 hiatula1 ,e4 ,m4 pl4 #cfh1 f4 #e1 where the characters of ,ancillaria become apparent in the effuseness of the mouth1 the double belt at the base1 and the imperfect groove on the outer side of the pillar4 ,whether we look to this shell1 or to the descriptions given by ,lamarck of the fossil species plicaria1 canalifera1 and laumontiana1 or finally1 to the ,ancillaria glandiformis1 ,sow4 no doubt can remain of the genus ,oliva being here blended with the ,ancillari4 ,there is1 however1 another form among the ,oliv1 which deserves mention1 as it cannot well be associated with either of the preceding3 this we have described below4 ,another genus that may be thought connected with ,oliva1 is ,terebellum3 a group very ably illustrated by ,mr4 ,g4 ,sowerby1 in his ,genera of ,shells4 ,to that work we must refer the reader for those reasons which shew its more immediate relation to ,ovula4 ,it is1 in short1 one of those forms too hazardous to class without a complete knowledge of the animal4 ---- ,,oliva striata4 ,shell small1 cylindrical1 sub-effuse1 distinctly marked by regular longitudinal stri2 upper part of the body whorl with one1 lower part with four1 belts2 spire short1 channelled1 sub-papillary1 naked2 base of the pillar striated and externally detached by a groove4 ,ancillaria canalifera88 ,lam4 ,syst4 #g1 #dae4 ---- ,we do not find this fossil clearly described4 ,our specimens appear to be from the ,london clay4 ,its form seems analogous to ,conohelix among the ,mitres4 ,the line adjoining the figures denotes the natural length of the shells4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,psaris cristatus4 ,crested or white backed ,saris4 ,,psaris cristatus4 ,crested1 or ,white-backed ,saris4 ---- ,family ,todid4--,nobis4 ,bill lengthened1 depressed1 boat-shaped4 ,tarsi moderate1 weak1 the three anterior toes more or less united4 ,wings and tail short4 ,sub-family ,psariana4--,nobis4 ,head very large1 depressed4 ,mouth very wide4 ,bill thick1 depressed1 convex above4 ,feet weak1 tarsi rather short1 toes united at their base1 the outer manifestly longer than the inner2 claws broad1 compressed2 anterior scales transverse2 lateral scales small1 numerous4 ,the male generally with a spurious quill between the first and second4 ,,genera4 ,,psaris4 ,cuv4 ,rictus smooth1 wings lengthened1 the first quill much longer than the fourth1 tail short1 even4 ,type1 ,psaris ,cayanus4--,cuv4 ,,pachyrhynchus4 ,spix4 ,rictus bearded1 bill shorter1 wings more rounded1 tail lengthened1 graduated4 ,type1 ,psaris niger4--,nob4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,blackish brown1 beneath pale fulvous1 base of the wings with a concealed snowy spot1 spurious quill broad1 crown black1 slightly crested4 ,psaris cristatus4 ,sw4 in ,zool4 ,journ4 #b1 p4 #ced4 ,mus4 ,paris4 ,nost4 ---- ,of this very rare species we know but of two specimens1 both of which appear to have come from the mining provinces of ,brazil4 ,the economy of these interesting birds has not yet been detected1 even by naturalists who have lived in their native regions4 ,the indefatigable ,azara professes his ignorance on this point1 but states some valuable information on a species 7nearly allied to the ,cayenne ,saris7 named by him ,le ,distingu a tte ,noir1 which1 in ,paraguay1 is a bird of passage3 its flight is elevated1 rapid1 and prolonged4 ,ils ne sont ni farouches1 ni remuans1 et ils se tiennent long temps la mme place4 ,ils ne sortent point des grands bois1 et ils se perchent toujours au plus haut des arbres les plus levs1 o ils ne cherchent pas se cacher4 ,azara ,voy4 #c1 p4 #djg4 ,the size and strength of the bill induced us1 some years ago1 to adopt the popular classification of this genus with the family of ,shrikes2 but a more particular analysis of that and the neighbouring families1 lead us to suspect that its natural situation is far different3 our reasons for this belief will be stated at large in another work4 ,for the present it may be remarked1 that the smoothness of the rictus1 as indicating a frugivorous habit1 forbids us to place it with the ,flycatchers2 while the feet1 perfectly different from those of the true ,shrikes 7,laniana1 ,sw471 can only be compared with those of the ,piauhau 7,buff474 ,the affinity which this group bears to ,gubernetes1 is merely superficial3 but its analogies to ,ceblepyris1 among the ,laniad1 and to ,pachycephala1 among the ,ampelid1 are probably direct4 ,the merit of having first directed the attention of ,ornithologists to the singular spurious quill1 which generally distinguishes the males of this group1 we transfer from ourselves to ,azara4 ,his invaluable work we did not then possess1 and knew not that the circumstance had already been mentioned by him4 ,we are only acquainted with the genus ,pachyrhynchus of ,spix1 by seeing this name affixed to our ,psaris ,cuvierii in the ,paris ,museum4 ,the distinction is judicious2 particularly as the two groups point to different relations4 ,of ,psaris1 as now restricted1 we know of six species1 and of ,pachyrhynchus1 ten4 ,our present bird is osculent between these forms3 we place it with ,psaris on account of its wings and tail2 but it accords with ,pachyrynchus in the rictus being slightly bristled4 ,the spurious quill is half the length of the first1 which latter is as long as the fourth4 ,the tail is in a slight degree rounded4 ,it is1 perhaps1 needless to remark1 that all these birds are confined to ,equinoctial ,america4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,ch,,tura macroptera ,longwinged ,swift ,,ch,,tura macroptera4 ,long-winged ,swift4 ---- ,family ,hirundinid4 ,,generic ,,character4 ,bill entire1 the sides much compressed1 the culmen arched4 ,the lower mandible recurved at the tip4 ,wings very long4 ,tail scansorial1 the extremity of the shafts naked1 and acute4 ,tarsi naked1 the three anterior toes and claws nearly equal2 hind toe not versatile4 ,nob4 ,type4 ,chtura pelasgia4 ,stevens4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,brown3 wings and tail glossed with greenish blue2 back grey-white3 chin and under tail covers snowy2 tail even4 ,ob4 ,tail #c in4 longer than the wings1 the two first quills longest and equal4 ---- ,for an inspection of this new and imposing species1 we have to thank ,mr4 ,ward1 an ,animal preserver of considerable talent4 ,we do not find it mentioned in any ,ornithological work we possess1 and our library is not small3 but with so many publications continually issuing from the continental press1 we shall feel no surprise at discovering it has already been published4 ,this and the ,hirundo albicollis1 7first named by ,m4 ,vieillot7 are two of the largest species yet discovered1 of a very singular group of ,swifts2 wherein the tail feathers are spined1 and even more rigid than those of the ,woodpeckers3 by this structure the birds can remain for a considerable time in the most perpendicular situations4 ,the expanded tail thus acts as a powerful support1 which is further increased by the size and strength of the claws1 much larger than those of ordinary ,swallows4 ,there are several species1 most of which are natives of ,america4 ,the direct analogy which this group bears to the typical scansorial ,birds1 joined to the general superiority of flight which the ,swift possesses over the ,swallow1 leads us to suspect this may prove to be the typical group of the ,fissirostres2 an order in which ,nature1 in her wish to develope the greatest powers of flight1 appears to neglect all those laws which she afterwards so rigidly adheres to3 ,we intend in another work1 to enter on this interesting subject more fully4 ,our figure is in strict conformity with the scale on the plate1 which is that of an inch4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,petroica bicolor4 ,black white ,robin4 ,,petroica bicolor4 ,black and ,white ,robin4 ---- ,family ,sylviad4 ,sub-family ,saxicolin4 7,see ,northern ,zoology1 ,vol4 #b47 ,,generic ,,character4 ,see ,no4 #h1 pl4 #cf4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,black and white4 ,head1 throat1 back1 and tips of the tail glossy raven black3 breast1 scapular covers1 stripe on the wings1 and plumage beneath1 white3 tail slightly forked4 ---- ,in giving publicity to this new and interesting bird1 we feel particular pleasure in expressing our thanks to ,allen ,cunningham1 ,esq41 ,his ,majesty's ,botanist1 in ,new ,south ,wales1 by whom it was there discovered4 ,although devoted to a science already so much benefited by his researches1 this enthusiastic ,traveller found some leasure for ,ornithology1 and has lately favoured us with a large collection of skins1 prepared during one of his inland journeys2 with a request that they may be made public3 among other highly curious forms1 the present bird is conspicuous4 ,it was found in the open forest country1 ,north of ,liverpool ,plains4 ,when once we are so fortunate as to discover the natural station of any being1 we may be convinced that every circumstance regarding its structure1 habits1 or even colour1 are employed by ,nature to typify its relations to other beings2 and that until most of these can be explained1 there is good reason to suspect the accuracy of our views on its true affinities4 ,possessing all the essential characteristics of ,petroica1 our bird exhibits in the bill1 feet1 and tail1 an immediate affinity to ,sialia arctica3 while it is clothed in the pure white1 and glossy black plumage1 which nature afterwards employs to designate the typical group of ,,gryllivora1 7,north4 ,zool47 at the opposite point of the circle of ,saxicolin4 ,this remarkable analogy is extended to the bill1 the point of which is longer and more incurved1 than in any of the immediate affinities of our bird3 its close relation to the old world ,saxicol1 is too obvious to need explanation4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,marginella ,pl4 #a #a4 oblonga4 #b4 guttata4 ,,marginella oblonga4 ---- ,family ,volutid4 ,genus ,marginella4 ,lam4 ,sys4 #g4 p4 #ced4 ,,sub-,,genus ,,volutella4 ,nob4 ,shell oval-ventricose3 ,spire concealed3 outer lip generally smooth2 base of the pillar with four to five oblique plaits3 aperture smooth within4 ,type1 ,marginella bullata4 ,lam4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,shell oblong1 rather gibbous round the middle1 fawn coloured1 with two obsolete bands3 spire concealed3 outer lip and summit marked by orange spots3 pillar #d plaited4 ---- ,a species not hitherto described2 its shape is unusually oblong1 and the spire is quite concealed3 ,we are unacquainted with its locality4 ,the perpendicular line expresses the natural size4 ,in ,voluta and ,mitra1 the two typical groups of this family1 the variations of form are so striking1 and the species so numerous1 that we readily assent to the plan1 proposed by others1 of further dividing them into genera3 but in the aberrant group1 containing ,oliva1 ,ancillaria1 and ,marginella1 the forms are less diversified1 and the species fewer2 the minor divisions may therefore1 for the present1 be termed sub-genera4 ,the approximation of ,marginella to ,voluta has frequently been stated4 ,in ,m4 bullata we have a miniature melon ,volute1 while ,m4 faba is a no less obvious representation of ,v4 magnifica4 ,hence these forms appear typical4 ,yet ,m4 persicula and lineata cannot well be placed with either1 as their characters seem to indicate a direct analogy to ,conohelix among the ,mitres4 ,as to ,volvaria1 we concur with other writers1 in thinking that the ,french ,conchologists have erroniously blended that genus with ,marginella4 ---- ,,marginella guttata4 ,oval1 spire concealed1 covered with transverse oval spots margined with white1 somewhat ocellate1 and disposed longitudinally2 pillar #d plaited4 ---- ,we could give no correct idea of this very pretty shell1 without enlarging the figures2 the natural size is indicated by the horizontal line4 ,our specimen is the only one we have yet seen1 nor do we know its habitat4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,marius ,cinna ,,marius ,cinna4 ---- ,family ,nymphalid4 7,stirps4 #c8 ,horsf47 ,,generic ,,character4 ,larva and pupa unknown4 ,perfect insect4 ,wings ,papilioniform1 caudal appendages long1 acute4 ,palpi porrect1 approximating1 and meeting at their tips so as to form an acute cone3 the whole covered with compact scales4 ,anterior feet small1 slender1 imperfect1 the tarsal joints8 concealed by long hairs3 club of the antenn terminal1 sub-fuciform and cylindric4 ,body short1 thick1 robust4 ,type1 ,papilio ,marius4 ,auct4 ---- ,,specific ,,character4 ,wings above brown1 with two unequal white bands2 beneath white1 with narrow fulvous bands2 basal angle of the posterior wings with an orange spot1 ocellated with black4 ,papilio ,cinna4 ,cramer ,vol4 ,i4 pl4 #ajj4 f4 #h4 ---- ,cramer describes this elegant ,butterfly as a native of ,surinam1 and our own specimens were received from the same country4 ,all the species of this group that have yet fallen under our inspection1 are natives of ,south ,america4 ,their flight is high1 powerful and rapid3 the predominating colour on the upper surface of their wings is brown1 and on the under white4 ,it is the misfortune of not understanding the typical structure1 and the principles which regulate its variation1 in higher groups1 that in defining the characters of a lesser1 we can form no just idea of its relative value3 whether1 in short1 we should consider it a genus or a sub genus1 or whether it is typical1 aberrant1 or osculent4 ,this1 however1 is but a temporary evil2 and will only continue until an insight is gained into higher combinations1 by first placing together kindred species under one common name4 ,if this be done heedfully1 such a group must be natural1 whatever opinions may be entertained in the first instance1 as to its proper denomination4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,general ,,index ,,of ,,the ,,plates ,,to ,,vol4 #a4 ,,in ,,the ,,order ,,of ,,publication4 ---- ,n4,b4 ,the number here affixed to the ,plates1 for convenience of reference1 had better be marked in pencil upon the ,plates themselves4 ,no4 #a4 ,psittaculus vernalis1 #a ,polyborus ,braziliensis1 #b ,setophaga picta1 #c ,ancillaria 7,pl4 #a47 rubiginosa1 #d ,mitra 7,pl4 #a47 melaniana1 #e ---- tessellata ,no4 #b4 ,parra ,africana1 #f ,cuculus nigricans1 #g ,lorius ,isidorii1 #h ,ampullaria ,pl4 #a4 ---- carinata1 #i ,unio 7,pl4 #a47 truncatus1 #aj ,no4 #c4 ,thriothorus mexicanus1 #aa ,lorius garrulus1 #ab ,coccyzus ,levaillantii1 #ac ,marmarostoma 7,pl4 #a47 ---- undulata1 #ad ,voluta 7,pl4 #a7 ---- bullata1 #ae ,no4 #d4 ,paleornis ,pondicerianus1 #af ,hirundo fasciata1 #ag ,anodon 7,pl4 #a47 ---- areolatus1 #ah ,mitra 7,pl4 #b47 bicolor1 #ai ---- carinata ---- strigata ,tellina 7,pl4 #a471 #bj ---- latirostra ,no4 #e4 ,nanodes venustus1 #ba ,icterus ,cayanensis1 #bb ,drymophyla longipes1 #bc ,lingula anatina1 #bd ---- hians1 #be ,no4 #f4 ,platycercus scapularis1 #bf ,drymophila fasciata1 #bg ,aglaa gyrola1 #bh ,melania 7,pl4 #a47 amarula1 #bi ---- setosa ,mitra 7,pl4 #c47 fulva1 #cj ---- ambigua ---- punctata ,no4 #g4 ,aglaa flava1 #ca ,papilio ,niamus1 #cb ,rhetus ,cramerii1 #cc ,rostellaria 7,pl4 #a47 curvirostris1 #cd ,psaris ,jardinii1 #ce ,no4 #h4 ,petroica multicolor1 #cf ,ploceus textor1 #cg ,ampullaria 7,pl4 #b47 ,nilotica1 #ch ---- subcarinata ,strombus 7,pl4 #a47 ,peruvianus1 #ci ,oliva 7,pl4 #a47 volutella1 #dj ---- striata ,no4 #i4 ,psaris cristatus1 #da ,chtura macroptera1 #db ,petroica bicolor1 #dc ,marginella 7,pl4 #a47 oblonga1 #dd ---- guttata ,marius ,cinna1 #de 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,general ,,alphabetic ,,index ,,of ,,latin ,,and ,,english ,,names1 c41 ,,to ,,vol4 #a4 ---- ,aglaa1 ,generic ,character1 #bg ---- flava1 #ca ---- gyrola1 #bh ,alasmodon1 ,generic ,character1 #aj ,ampullaria carinata1 #i ---- canaliculata1 #ch ---- nilotica1 #ch ---- subcarinata1 #ch ---- virens1 #ch ,ancillaria rubiginosa1 #d ,ant-thrush1 long legged1 #bd ---- ,white shouldered1 #bf ,anodon1 ,generic ,character1 #aj ---- areolatus1 #ag ,apple ,snail1 carinated1 #i ,caraca ,eagle1 #a ,chtura1 ,characters of1 #db ---- macroptera1 #db ,coccyzus ,vaillantii1 #ac ,cuculus nigricans1 #g ,cuckow1 ,african black1 #g ,cuckow1 black and white1 #ac ,drymophila fasciata1 #bg ---- longipes1 #bc ,eagle1 ,brazilian crested1 #a ,euplectes1 characters of1 #cg ,flycatcher1 painted1 #c ,hangnest1 ,cayenne1 #bb ,hirundo fasciata1 #ag ,hyria1 ,generic ,character1 #aj ,icterina1 characters of1 #bb ,icterus1 ,generic ,character1 #bb ,icterus1 ,cayanensis1 #bb ,iridina1 ,gen4 ,characte1 #aj ,jacama1 ,african1 #f ---- ,habits of the1 #f ,lingula anatina1 #bd ---- hians1 #be ,lorius garrulus1 #ab ,lorius ,isidorii1 #h ,lory1 ,blue necked1 #h ,lory1 ,ceram1 #ab ,malimbus1 characters of1 #cg ,marmarostoma1 ,gen4 ,character1 #ad ---- undulata1 #ad ,marginella oblonga1 #dd ---- guttata1 #dd ,marius1 characters of1 #de ---- cinna1 #de ,melania amarula1 #bi ---- setosa1 #bi ,mitra ambiguua1 #cj ---- bicolor1 #ai ---- carinata1 #ai ---- fulva1 #cj ---- melaniana1 #ae ---- punctata1 #cj ---- strigata1 #ai ---- tessellata1 #e ,mussel-horse1 areolated1 #ah ,myotherin1 characters of1 #bc ,nanodes1 characters of1 #ba ---- venustus1 #ba ,oliva1 affinities of1 #dj ---- volutella1 #dj ---- striata1 #dj ,pachyrhynchus1 ,gen4 ,ch41 #da ,pachystoma1 ,gen4 ,character1 #i ,paleornis ,pondicerianus1 #af ,papilio ,niamus1 #cb ,parra africana1 #f ,parrakeet1 blue-fronted1 #ba ---- mustachoe1 #af ---- ,tabuan1 or ,king1 #bh ---- vernal1 #b ,petroica1 ,generic ,character1 #cf ---- bicolor1 #dc ---- multicolor1 #cf ,phytophagous ,mollusc1 #cj ,platycercus scapularis1 #bf ,ploceus1 ,generic ,character1 #cg ---- the sub-genera1 #cg ,ploceus textor1 #cg ,polyborus ,braziliensis1 #a ,psariana1 characters of1 #da ,psaris cristatus1 #da ---- ,jardinii1 #ce ,psittacid1 ,divisions of1 #bh ,psittaculus vernalis1 #b ,rhetus ,cramerii1 #cc ,robin1 black and white1 #dc ---- scarlet breasted1 #cf ,rostellaria curvirostris1 #cd ,saris1 crested1 #da ---- ,jardines1 #ce ,saxicolin1 ,bill of1 #cf ,setophaga picta1 #c ,strombus ,peruvianus1 #ci ,strombii1 ,genera of1 #ce ,snail1 ,waved1 ,pearl1 #ad ,swallow1 white-banded1 #ag ,swift1 long-winged1 #db ,tanager1 red-headed1 #bg ---- yellow1 #ca ,tellen1 wide-beaked1 #bj ,tellina latirostra1 #bj ,thriothorus mexicanus1 #aa ,voluta bullata1 #ae ,volutella1 sub-genus of1 #dd ,volute1 ,bulla-shaped1 #ae ,unionid1 ,family of1 #aj ,unio1 ,generic ,character1 #aj ---- truncatus1 #aj ,weaver1 rufous necked1 #cg ,wren1 mexican1 #aa ,zoophagous ,mollusc1 #ce 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,notes4 #a ,zool4 ,journal1 ,vol4 #d4 p4 #dje4 #b ,ill4 of ,brit4 ,ent4 #a4 p4 #gj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,corrections made to printed text ,preface3 'separate' 7with critical judgment7 corrected from 'seperate' ,preface3 7,speculation and7 ',hypothesis' corrected from ',hypothosis' ,plate #b1 main title3 ',,polyborus ,braziliensis' corrected from '444 ,brazilienses' ,plate #i3 ',animaux' 7sans ,vetebres7 corrected from ',animanx' ,plate #af3 ',geoffroy ,st4 ,hilaire' corrected from '444 ,hiliare' ,plate #bb3 ',the true ,o4 cayanensis' corrected from '444caynensis' ,plate #cj3 ,heading 7,,mitra7 'ambigua' corrected from 'ambigna' ,plate #cb3 under ,generic ,character1 'caudated' corrected from 'candated' ,plate #cf3 ',stonechat' 7fig4 #c1 #d7 corrected from ',sonechat' ,plate #ch3 'accurately' 7figured by himself7 corrected from 'acurately' ,plate #ci3 'respiratory' 7siphon7 corrected from 'respitory' ,both indexes1 ,plate #cj3 7,mitra7 'ambigua' corrected from 'ambiguua'