,,legal ,,*emi/ry4 ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,detection ,,( ,,poisons1 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,tea1 ,,/a9s1 ,,etc41 ,,z ,,appli$ ,,to ,,*emical ,,jurisprud5ce4 ,,translat$ ,,) ,,additions ,,f ,,! ,,fr5* ,,( ,a4 ,,naquet1 ,pr(essor to ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e ( ,p>is4 ,,by ,j4 ,p4 ,,batt]%all1 ,nat4 ,sc4 ,d41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,,revis$1 ,,) ,,additions4 ,,new ,,york3 ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r&1 ,,publi%]1 #bc ,,murray ,,/reet ,,& #bg ,,w>r5 ,,/reet4 #ahhd4 ,,copyright4 ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r&4 #ahgf4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,text orig9ally m>k$ up z bold is surr\nd$ by 991 text 9 italics by 4 ,obvi\s pr9t] errors h be5 correct$4 ,a li/ ( all o!r *anges c be f\nd at ! end ( ! docum5t4 ,9 ! ,app5dix ( ! book1 only ! mo/ obvi\s errors ( punctuation 7 rem$i$4 ,,preface4 ,! importance ( exact *emical analysis 9 a great v>iety ( cases :i* come be=e ! c\rts is n[ fully recogniz$1 & ! translation ( ?is excell5t little book on ,legal ,*emi/ry1 by "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,fr5* ,*emi/s1 w be appreciat$ by a l>ge class ( ,am]ican read]s :o are n able to consult ! orig9al4 ,:ile x is to be regrett$ t ! au?or has n pres5t$ a mu* m complete "w1 !re is an advantage 9 ! compact =m ( ?is treatise :i* comp5sates1 9 "s degree1 = its brevity4 ,! translator has greatly increas$ ! value ( ! book by a few additions & 8 copi\s index1 & especially by ! li/s ( works & memoirs :i* he has app5d$2 & :ile he c\ld h fur!r increas$ its value by additions f o!r au?ors1 we recognize ! weight ( ! consid]ations :i* induc$ him to pres5t x 9 ! =m giv5 to x by ! au?or4 ,"s *apt]s w h v little value 9 ?is c\ntry at ?is day1 b ! translator c\ld n1 ) propriety1 omit any?+ conta9$ 9 ! orig9al4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,*&l]4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,! pr9cipal *ange to note 9 ?is edition ( ! ,,legal ,,*emi/ry is ! addition ( a *apt] on ,tea & its ,adult]ation4 ,! g5]al int]e/ at pres5t ev9c$ conc]n+ ?is species ( sophi/ication appe>$ to call = a simple & concise me?od ( exam9ation :i* w\ld include ! requisite te/s )\t ent]+ ^u an exhau/ive treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,! translator's practical exp]i5ce 9 ! te/+ ( tea at ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,laboratory ( ?is city has enabl$ him to make a few sugge/ions 9 ?is reg>d :i*1 he tru/s1 may be ( use to ^? int]e/$ 9 food-analysis4 ,num]\s additions h also be5 made to ! bibliographical app5dix4 ,j4 ,p4 ,b4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introduction #e ,,me?ods ,,( ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,organic ,,sub/ances ,by means ( ,nitric ,acid #h ,sulphuric ,acid #i ,nitrate ( ,potassa #aj ,potassa & ,nitrate ( ,lime #ab ,potassa & ,nitric ,acid #ab ,*lorate ( ,potassa #ac ,*lor9e #ac ,aqua ,regia #ad ,dialysis #ae ,,detection ,,( ,,poisons1 ,,! ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,:i* ,,is ,,suspect$4 ,detection ( ,ars5ic #ag ,me?od us$ prior to ,m>%'s te/ #ag ,m>%'s te/ #ba ,raspail's te/ #bi ,re9s*'s te/ #cj ,detection ( ,antimony #cj ,fl&9 & ,dang]'s app>atus #cb ,naquet's app>atus #cd ,detection ( ,m]cury #cf ,smi?son's pile #cf ,fl&9 & ,dang]'s app>atus #cg ,detection ( ,phosphorus #ci ,orfila's me?od #ci ,mi/*]li*'s me?od #dj ,dus>t's me?od1 z modifi$ by ,blondlot #dj ,fres5ius & ,neubau]'s me?od #db ,detection ( ,phosphorus by means ( bisulphide ( c>bon #dc ,detection ( ,phosphor\s ,acid #de ,e/imation ( ,phosphorus #de ,detection ( ,acids #df ,hydro*loric ,acid #df ,nitric #dg ,sulphuric ,acid #dg ,phosphoric #dh ,oxalic #di ,acetic #di ,hydrocyanic #ej ,detection ( alkalies & alkal9e e>?s #eb ,detection ( *lor9e1 brom9e & iod9e #ed ,*lor9e & ,blea*+ ,*lorides #ed ,brom9e #ee ,iod9e #ef ,detection ( ,metals #ef ,detection ( alkaloids & "s ill-def9$ organic sub/ances #fe ,/as's me?od #fe z modifi$ by ,otto #fi ,usl> & ,erdman #gj ,rodg]s & ,girdwood's me?od #ga ,prollius's me?od #gb ,graham & ,h(man's me?od #gc ,application ( ,dialysis 9 ! detection ( ,alkaloids #gd ,id5tification ( ! ,alkaloid #gd ,id5tification ( ,digital9e1 ,picrotox9e & ,col*ic9e #hj ,,me?od ,,to ,,be ,,employ$ ,,:5 ,,no ,,clew ,,to ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,poison ,,pres5t ,,c ,,be ,,obta9$ #he ,indicative te/s #hf ,det]m9ative te/s #id ,,miscellane\s ,,exam9ations #if ,det]m9ation ( ! nature & color ( ! hair & be>d #if ,det]m9ation ( ! color ( ! hair & be>d #if ,det]m9ation ( ! nature ( ! hair #ii ,exam9ation ( ,fire-arms #ajj ,! gun is provid$ ) a fl9t-lock & 0 *>g$ ) ord9>y p[d] #ajj ,! gun is n provid$ ) a fl9t-lock #ajc ,detection ( human rema9s 9 ! a%es ( a fire-place #ajd ,exam9ation ( writ+s #aje ,exam9ation ( writ+s1 9 cases :]e a sympa!tic ink has be5 us$ #aaj ,falsification ( co9s & alloys #aab ,exam9ation ( alim5t>y & ph>maceutical sub/ances #aad ,fl\r & ,bread #aad ,fix$ ,oils #abh a ,olive ,oil int5d$ = table use #abh b ,olive ,oil int5d$ = manufactur+ purposes #acj c ,hempse$ ,oil #acj ,tea #acj ,milk #acg ,w9e #adb ,v9eg> #adg ,sulphate ( ,qu99e #adh ,exam9ation ( blood /a9s #aej ,exam9ation ( sp]matic /a9s #aeh ,,app5dix #afc ,books ( ,toxicology1 etc4 #afc ,memoirs on ,toxicology1 etc4 #afh ,,index #ahg ,,legal ,,*emi/ry4 ,! t]m ,legal ,*emi/ry is appli$ to t bran* ( ! sci5ce :i* has = its (fice ! solution ( problems propos$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ,ju/ice4 ,^! mo/ frequ5tly relate to cases ( poison+4 ,:5 ! subject ( ! symptoms or anatomical lesions produc$ by ! reception ( a poison is "u consid]ation1 ! s]vices ( a m$ical exp]t are resort$ to2 b :5 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( a poison 9 ! organs ( a body1 9 ! ege/a ( an invalid or else:]e is to be demon/rat$1 rec\rse is _h to ! legal *emi/4 ,inve/igations ( ?is "* require great practice 9 manipulation1 &1 h[ev] well ! me?ods ( analysis may be describ$ 9 ! works on ! subject1 !re w\ld be great dang] ( committ+ errors 7 ! exam9ation execut$ by an inexp]i5c$ p]son4 ,! detection ( poisons1 al?\gh p]haps ! mo/ important1 is n ! only subject t may come )9 ! prov9ce ( ! legal *emi/2 inde$1 x w\ld be some:at difficult to def9e1 a priori1 ! multitude ( que/ions t might arise4 ,9 addition to cases ( suppos$ poison+1 ! foll[+ rese>*es are mo/ (t5 requir$3 #a4 ,! exam9ation ( fire-arms4 #b4 ,! analysis ( a%es1 9 cases :]e ! de/ruction ( a human body is suspect$4 #c4 ,! detection ( alt]ation ( writ+s1 & ( falsification ( co9s & preci\s alloys4 #d4 ,! analysis ( alim5t>y sub/ances4 #e4 ,! exam9ation ( /a9s produc$ by blood & by ! sp]matic fluid4 ,ea* ( ^! rese>*es ju/ly dem&s a m ext5d$ consid]ation ?an ! limits ( ?is "w w\ld p]mit4 ,! sev]al subjects w be treat$ z briefly z possible1 & at ! same "t1 s z to convey an exact idea ( ! me?ods employ$1 leav+ to ! exp]t ! selection ( ! p>ticul> "o adapt$ to ! case "u inve/igation4 ,we w fir/ m5tion ! me?ods us$ 9 ! se>* = toxical sub/ances4 ,! poisons employ$ = crim9al purposes are sometimes met ) 9 a free /ate1 ei!r 9 ! /oma* or inte/9es ( ! deceas$ p]son1 or 9 ! bottles discov]$ 9 ! room ( ! crim9al or ! victim4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x is only necess>y to e/abli% _! id5tity by means ( _! *emical prop]ties1 z direct$ 9 ! g5]al treatises on *emi/ry1 or by _! botanical1 or zoological "*1 9 case a vegetable or animal poison1 su* z can?>ides1 has be5 adm9i/]$4 ,exam9ations ( ?is class are extremely simple1 ! analysis ( ! sub/ances f\nd1 conf9$ to a few *>act]i/ic reactions1 be+ a matt] ( no great difficulty4 ,we w n "h dwell long] ^u ?is subject1 inasmu* z ! analytical me?ods us$ are id5tical ) ^? employ$ 9 m complicat$ cases1 ) ! sole diff]5ce t1 in/ead ( p]=m+ m9ute & labori\s op]ations 9 ord] to extract ! poisons f ! organs 9 :i* !y are conta9$1 ) a view ( _! subsequ5t id5tification1 we proce$ at once to e/abli% _! id5tity4 ,! directions giv5 9 reg>d to complicat$ inve/igations apply1 !re=e1 equally well to cases ( a m simple nature4 ,! detection ( a poison mix$ ) ! organic sub/ances enc\nt]$ 9 ! /oma*1 or absorb$ by1 & intimately unit$ ) ! tissues ( ! v>i\s organs is m difficult4 ,if1 h[ev]1 o!r in=mation ?an *emical c be obta9$1 indicat+ ! poison suppos$ to be pres5t1 & ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ?is "o poison is ! only ?+ to be det]m9$1 positive me?ods exi/ :i* admit ( a spe$y solution ( ! "q4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! *emical exp]t has n ! advantage ( extrane\s in=mation1 b is simply ask$1--:e!r ! case be "o ( poison+8--no?+ be+ specifi$ z to ! nature ( ! poison us$1 ! difficulty ( 8 task is greatly increas$4 ,up to ! pres5t "t1 ! works on ,toxicology h1 x is true1 giv5 excell5t special te/s = ! detection ( p>ticul> poisons2 b none h conta9$ a reliable g5]al me?od1 :i* ! *emical exp]t c\ld use ) ! c]ta9ty ( omitt+ no?+4 ,impress$ ) ?is ne$1 we propos$1 9 #ahei1 9 an inaugural diss]tation !n pres5t$ to ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e1 a g5]al me?od1 :i*1 aft] "s slight modifications1 is n[ reproduc$4 ,! special me?ods :i* all[ ( ! detection ( v>i\s individual poisons w1 h[ev]1 fir/ be indicat$4 ,9 cases :]e ! poison is mix$ ) organic matt]1 ! latt] mu/ be remov$ z ! fir/ /ep 9 ! inve/igation1 z o!rwise ! reactions *>act]i/ic ( ! poison se>*$ = w\ld be obscur$4 ,:5 ! poison itself is an organic sub/ance1 ?is sep>ation is effect$ by processes modifi$ accord+ to ! circum/ances4 ,if ! detection or isolation ( a metallic poison is to be accompli%$1 ! mo/ simple me?od consi/s 9 ! de/ruction ( ! organic sub/ances4 ,! v>i\s me?ods = effect+ ?is decomposition w n[ be describ$4 ,i4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,organic ,,sub/ances4 ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,nitric ,,acid4 ,9 ord] to de/roy ! organic matt]s by ?is process1 a quantity ( nitric acid equal to "o & a half times ! weight ( ! sub/ances tak5 is heat$ 9 a porcela9 evaporat+ di%1 ! am\nt ( acid be+ increas$ to f\r or six times t ( ! organic sub/ances if ^! comprise ! bra9s or liv]4 ,z soon z ! acid becomes w>m1 ! suspect$ organs1 :i* h previ\sly be5 cut into pieces1 are add$ 9 successive portions3 ! organs become rapidly dis9tegrat$1 br[ni%-r$ vapors be+ evolv$4 ,:5 all is br\ght into solution1 ! evaporation is complet$ & ! c>bonace\s residue obta9$ sep>at$ f ! di% & treat$ ei!r ) wat]1 or ) wat] acidulat$ ) nitric acid1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! poison suppos$ to be pres5t4 ,sev]al objections to ?is me?od exi/1 ! mo/ s]i\s ( :i* is bas$ ^u ! fact t ! c>bonace\s residue1 conta9+1 z x may1 nitric acid1 readily takes fire & may !re=e be consum$1 or project$ f ! vessel4 ,?is objection is a grave "o1 & is n always entirely remov$ by ! cont9ual /irr+ ( ! mat]ials4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,filhol1 ! addition ( #aj to #ae drops ( sulphuric acid to ! nitric acid tak5 obviates ! difficulty2 n hav+ p]sonally te/$ ! "q we _c pron\nce ^u x4 ,if x be ! case1 ?is process is an advantage\s "o1 z x is n limit$ 9 its application1 b c be us$ 9 ! sep>ation ( all m9]al poisons4 ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,sulphuric ,,acid4 ,! organic matt] to be decompos$ is heat$ ) ab\t "o-fif? ( its weight ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 ! complete solution ( ! mat]ials be+ ?us accompli%$4 ,! excess ( acid is next remov$ by heat+ until a spongy c>bonace\s mass rema9s4 ,! fur!r treatm5t ( ?is residue dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! poison suppos$ to be pres5t4 ,if ! sulphate ( ! suspect$ poison is a soluble & /able comp\nd1 ! residue is directly treat$ ) wat]2 if1 on ! contr>y1 !re is reason to ?9k t ! sulphate has suff]$ decomposition1 ! mass is tak5 up ) dilute nitric acid2 if1 f9ally1 ! pres5ce ( ars5ic is suspect$1 ! residue is moi/5$ ) nitric acid1 9 ord] to conv]t ?is body into ars5ic acid4 ,! acid is aft]w>ds remov$ by evaporation1 ! well pulv]iz$ residue boil$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 & ! solution !n filt]$4 ,?is me?od1 :5 appli$ 9 ! detection ( ars5ic1 is objectionable 9 t ! c>bonace\s residue1 9 contact ) sulphuric acid1 almo/ inv>iably conta9s sulphur\s acid1 detect$ by means ( p]manganate ( potassa4 ,?is acid1 be+ r$uc$ 9 ! pres5ce ( hydrog51 w\ld cause ! =mation ( insoluble sulphide ( ars5ic1 & 9 ?is way prev5t ! detection ( small am\nts ( ars5ic by ! use ( ,m>%'s app>atus4 ,m4 ,gaulti] de ,claubry1 inde$1 /ates t he has n be5 able to detect ! pres5ce ( sulphur\s acid 9 ! c>bonace\s residue2 b "o affirmative result w\ld1 9 ?is case1 outweigh tw5ty negative exp]im5ts4 ,a fur!r objection to ?is process consi/s 9 ! fact t ! mat]ials to be de/roy$ almo/ always conta9 *lorides1 :i*1 9 pres5ce ( sulphuric acid & an ars5ical comp\nd1 might det]m9e ! =mation ( *loride ( ars5ic1 a volatile body1 & !re=e "o easily lo/4 ,?is difficulty is d\btless ( a less s]i\s nature ?an ! prec$+1 z ! op]ation c be p]=m$ 9 a clos$ vessel provid$ ) a receiv] :i* admits ( ! cond5sation ( ! evolv$ vapors2 b ev5 !n ! process w\ld be prolong$4 ,! above me?od is /ill aga9 objectionable on acc\nt ( its too limit$ application1 x be+ s]viceable almo/ exclusively 9 cases :]e ! poison+ has be5 caus$ by ars5ic1 =1 if appli$ 9 o!r in/ances1 a subsequ5t treatm5t w\ld be necess>y 9 ord] to r$issolve ! metal sep>at$ f its decompos$ sulphate4 ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,nitrate ,,( ,,potassa4 ,?is me?od 0 =m]ly execut$ z foll[s3 ,nitrate ( potassa 0 fus$ 9 a crucible1 & ! sub/ances to be de/roy$ add$ 9 small portions to ! fus$ mass4 ,! organic matt] soon acquir$ a pure :ite color2 ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! imp]fect admixture ( ! organic matt] ) ! salt us$ = its decomposition1 x 0 necess>y to take a l>ge excess ( ! latt]4 ,! foll[+ process1 sugge/$ by ,m4 ,orfila1 rem$ies ?is inconv5i5ce3 ,! organs are plac$ 9 an evaporat+ di%1 toge!r ) "o t5? ( _! weight ( cau/ic potassa1 & a quantity ( wat] v>y+ ) ! weight ( ! sub/ances tak54 ,an am\nt ( nitrate ( potassa equal to twice ! weight ( ! organic matt] is next add$1 & ! mixture evaporat$ to dryness4 ,! residue is !n ?r[n by fragm5ts into a ,hessian crucible heat$ to r$ness1 ! portions fir/ tak5 be+ all[$ to become p]fectly :ite be=e m is add$4 ,:i*ev] process has be5 employ$1 ! fus$ mass is decant$ into a porcela9 crucible1 :i* has previ\sly be5 heat$ 9 ord] to avoid dang] ( breakage4 ,! portion rema9+ 9 ! vessel is tak5 up by boil+ ) a small quantity ( di/ill$ wat]1 & ! solution s obta9$ likewise add$ to ! crucible4 ,! mass is !n heat$ ) sulphuric acid until all nitr\s fumes are expell$1 z ^! c\ld give rise to an explosion1 :51 9 ! se>* = ars5ic1 ! sub/ance is introduc$ into ,m>%'s app>atus4 ,z soon z ! nitric acid is completely expell$1 ! liquid is all[$ to cool2 ! great] portion ( ! sulphate ( potassa =m$ n[ sep>at+ out 9 cry/als4 ,! fluid is next filt]$ & ! cry/all9e salt rema9+ on ! filt]1 wa%$1 at fir/ ) a little di/ill$ wat]1 !n ) absolute alcohol1 :i* is subsequ5tly remov$ f ! filtrate by boil+4 ,?is me?od is sc>cely applicable o!rwise ?an 9 ! detection ( ars5ic1 z 9 o!r in/ances ! pres5ce ( a l>ge am\nt ( sulphate ( potassa w\ld be liable to affect ! nicety ( ! reactions aft]w>ds us$4 ,its application1 ev5 9 ! se>* = ars5ic1 is n to be /rongly recomm5d$2 on ! contr>y1 ! sep>ation ( ! potassa salt by filtration is indisp5sable1 z o!rwise a d\ble salt ( z9c & potassium1 :i* might be =m$1 be+ deposit$ ^u ! z9c us$ 9 ,m>%'s app>atus1 w\ld prev5t ! dis5gagem5t ( hydrog51 & e *emi/ is too well aw>e ( ! difficulty ( ?or\ghly wa%+ a precipitate1 n to fe> ! possible loss ( ars5ic by ?is op]ation4 ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,potassa ,,& ,,nitrate ,,( ,,lime4 ,9 ?is me?od ! organic mat]ials are heat$ ) wat] & #aj to #ae p] c5t4 ( cau/ic potassa4 ,z soon z dis9tegration is complet$1 nitrate ( lime is add$1 & ! mixture evaporat$ to dryness4 ,a gl[+ coal is !n plac$ ^u ! c>bonace\s residue obta9$3 ! mass1 und]go+ combu/ion1 leaves a p]fectly :ite residue4 ,?is residue dissolves 9 hydro*loric acid to a cle> fluid :i* is !n exam9$ = poisons4 ,! above process possesses ! und5iable advantage ( completely de/roy+ ! organic sub/ances1 at ! same "t avoid+ ! introduction ( sulphate ( potassa1 ! pres5ce ( :i* impairs ! usefulness ( ! prec$+ me?od2 b x necessitates ! pres5ce ( num]\s =eign bodies 9 ! sub/ance to be analys$1 & ?is %\ld be avoid$4 ,! absolute purity ( reag5ts is n always to be atta9$1 & ! results ( an analysis are ! m c]ta91 9 proportion z !y are less num]\s & m easily purifi$4 ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,potassa ,,& ,,nitric ,,acid4 ,x has be5 propos$1 in/ead ( us+ nitrate ( lime1 to dissolve ! organic matt] 9 potassa & !n saturate ! fluid ) nitric acid4 ,?is me?od is evid5tly m complicat$ ?an ! simple treatm5t ) nitrate ( potassa1 & possesses1 moreov]1 no advantages ov] ! latt] process4 ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,*lorate ,,( ,,potassa4 ,! organic mat]ials are treat$ ) an equal weight ( pure hydro*loric acid1 & wat] add$1 s z to =m a cle> pulp4 ,?is be+ accompli%$1 two grammes ( *lorate ( potassa are add$ to ! mixture at int]vals ( ab\t five m9utes4 ,! fluid is next filt]$1 & ! insoluble residue rema9+ on ! filt] wa%$ until ! wa%-wat] ceases to exhibit an acid reaction4 ,! filtrate is !n evaporat$1 an aque\s solution ( sulphur\s acid add$1 until ! odor ( ?is reag5t rema9s di/9ctly p]ceptible1 & ! excess ( ! acid remov$ by boil+ ! solution = ab\t an h\r4 ,! fluid is n[ adapt$ to fur!r exam9ation = ars5ic1 or o!r metallic poisons4 ,?is me?od is "o ( ! be/ 9 use1 bo? *lorate ( potassa & hydro*loric acid be+ reag5ts easily procur$ 9 a /ate ( great purity2 _! use1 h[ev]1 is liable to ! objection t !y conv]t silv] & lead into insoluble *lorides4 ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,*lor9e4 ,m4 ,jacquela9 sugge/s1 9 ! se>* = ars5ic1 ! decomposition ( ! organic matt]s by means ( a curr5t ( *lor9e1 & recomm5ds ! foll[+ process3 ,! organic sub/ances are bruis$ 9 a mort> & !n mac]at$ ) wat]4 ,! fluid s obta9$1 9 :i* ! organic matt] is held susp5d$1 is next plac$ 9 a flask into :i* a curr5t ( *lor9e is pass$ until all ! organic matt] is deposit$ 9 colorless flakes on ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,! flask is !n well clos$ & all[$ to /& = #bd h\rs1 :5 ! odor ( ! gas %\ld /ill be p]ceptible4 ,! fluid is n[ filt]$1 ! filtrate conc5trat$ by heat+ 9 a vessel :i* p]mits ( ! pres]vation ( ! volatile *loride ( ars5ic possibly pres5t1 & !n exam9$ = poisons4 ,?is process fails to possess ! degree ( g5]ality desirable1 & pres5ts ! disadvantage ( requir+ consid]able "t = its execution4 ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,aqua ,,regia4 ,?is me?od is exce$+ly simple3 ,aqua regia 7a mixture ( two p>ts ( hydro*loric & "o "p ( nitric acids7 is plac$ 9 a tubul> retort provid$ ) a receiv]1 & ! organic mat]ials1 :i* h previ\sly be5 cut into small pieces1 add$2 ! reaction comm5ces imm$iately2 if x is n suffici5tly active1 x is accel]at$ by a g5tle heat3 lively eff]vesc5ce n[ occurs1 & ! de/ruction ( all non-oleag9\s sub/ances is soon accompli%$4 ,! latt] sub/ances alone are n imm$iately decompos$ by aqua regia1 :i* attacks !m only aft] prolong$ action4 ,z soon z ! op]ation is conclud$1 ! app>atus is remov$ f ! fire & tak5 ap>t4 ,! fluid cond5s$ 9 ! receiv] is add$ to t rema9+ 9 ! retort1 & ! :ole ?or\ghly cool$ 9 an op5 di%4 ,! fatty matt]s n[ =m a solid cru/ ^u ! surface ( ! fluid1 :i* is remov$ & wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 &1 ! wa%+s be+ add$ to ! re/ ( ! solution1 ! latt] is directly exam9$ = metallic poisons4 ,x is recomm5d$ by ,gaulti] de ,claubry1 9 cases :]e ! detection ( ars5ic is desir$1 to saturate & aft]w>ds boil ! suspect$ fluid ) sulphuric acid1 9 ord] to remove ! nitric & hydro*loric acids pres5t4 ,,dialysis4 ,! application ( ! dialytic me?od 0 fir/ propos$ by ,graham4 ,by its use we are enabl$ to di/+ui% betwe5 two l>ge classes ( bodies1 viz41 colloids & cry/alloids4 ,album51 gelat9e1 & analog\s sub/ances are typical ( colloid bodies2 cry/alloid sub/ances1 on ! o!r h&1 are ^? t are capable ( cry/allization1 ei!r directly or 9 _! comp\nds1 or1 9 case !y are fluids1 w\ld possess ?is prop]ty :5 br\ght to ! solid /ate4 ,graham discov]$ t :5 an aque\s solution conta9+ a mixture ( colloid & cry/alloid sub/ances is plac$ 9 a vessel hav+ = its bottom a piece ( p>*m5t or animal membrane1 & ?is is imm]s$ 9 a l>g] vessel fill$ ) wat]1 all ( ! cry/alloids conta9$ 9 ! fir/ vessel transv]se ! por\s membrane & are to be f\nd 9 ! l>g] vessel1 ! colloid bodies be+ reta9$ above ! membrane4 ,! organic matt] to be elim9at$ 9 toxicological rese>*es be+ colloids1 & ! poisons usually employ$ be+ cry/alloids1 ! value ( dialysis z a me?od ( sep>ation is evid5t4 ,! process is execut$ z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,a wood51--or bett]1 a gutta-p]*a--cyl9d] 7,fig4 #a71 #e cubic c5timetres 9 height & f #bj to #be c4 c4 9 diamet]1 is employ$4 ,a piece ( moi/5$ p>*m5t is securely atta*$ to "o ( ! op5+s ( ! cyl9d]1 :i*1 ^u dry+1 %r9ks & completely closes ! ap]ture4 ,if its cont9uity becomes impair$1 ! pores ( ! membrane %\ld be cov]$ ) ! :ite ( an egg :i* is subsequ5tly coagulat$ by ! application ( heat4 ,! organs previ\sly cut into small pieces1 or ! mat]ials f\nd 9 ! alim5t>y canal1 etc41 aft] hav+ be5 all[$ to dige/ = #bd h\rs 9 wat] at #cb;,a--or1 9 dilute acids1 if ! pres5ce ( an alkaloid is suspect$1--are !n plac$ 9 ! upp] vessel1 :i* is t]m$ ! dialys]4 ,! :ole %\ld =m a lay] n ov] #b cubic c5timetres 9 height4 ,! dialys] is next plac$ 9 ! l>g] vessel fill$ ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,9 ab\t #bd h\rs ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! cry/alloid sub/ances pres5t w h pass$ into ! l[] vessel4 ,! solution is !n evaporat$ ov] a wat]-ba?1 & submitt$ to analysis4 ,! portion rema9+ 9 ! dialys] is decompos$ by "o ( ! me?ods previ\sly describ$1 9 ord] to effect ! detection ( any poison\s sub/ances possibly pres5t4 ,in/ead ( ! above app>atus1 ! "o repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #b c be employ$4 ,! fluid "u exam9ation is plac$ 9 a bell-%ap$ j>1 op5 at ! top & clos$ bel[ ) a piece ( p>*m5t1 :i* is !n susp5d$ 9 ! c5tre ( a l>g] vessel conta9+ wat]4 ,9 o!r respects ! op]ation is p]=m$ 9 ! same mann] z ) ! app>atus repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,a ,! degrees ( temp]ature giv5 9 ! text ref] to ! c5tigrade ,!rmomet]2 _! equival5ts on ! ,fahr5heit scale c be obta9$ by means ( ! =mula3 #i_/e ,c #cb ,f4 --,trans4 ,,ii4 ,,detection ,,( ,,poisons1 ,,! ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,:i* ,,is ,,suspect$4 ,,detection ,,( ,,ars5ic4 ,x is frequ5tly requir$1 9 *emical jurisprud5ce1 to in/itute a se>* = ars5ic 9 ! rema9s ( a deceas$ p]son1 ^: dea? is suppos$ to h be5 caus$ by ! reception ( a poison4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! poison is mix$ ) a mass ( sub/ances :i* w\ld obscure its *>act]i/ic prop]ties1 & x becomes necess>y1 9 ord] to accompli% its id5tification1 to isolate x1 & !n1 by decisive reactions1 det]m9e its "*4 ,?ree me?ods exi/ :i* p]mit ( ?is result2 !y are3 #a/4 ,! me?od us$ prior to ,m>%'s te/4 #bnd4 ,m>%'s te/4 #crd4 ,a me?od m rec5t ?an ,m>%'s1 propos$ by ,m4 ,raspail4 ,,me?od ,,us$ ,,prior ,,to ,,m>%',s ,,te/4 ,! mat]ials suppos$ to conta9 ars5ic are boil$ 9 wat] :i* has be5 r5d]$ /rongly alkal9e by ! addition ( pure potassa4 ,! fluid is !n filt]$1 an excess ( hydro*loric acid add$1 & a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 conduct$ ?r\gh x4 ,if ars5ic be pres5t 9 ! suspect$ fluid1 x is soon precipitat$ z a yell[ sulphide4 ,9 dilute solutions ! =mation ( ! precipitate fails to take place imm$iately1 & only a yell[ coloration ( ! fluid is p]ceptible2 ^u slightly boil+ ! solution1 h[ev]1 ! precipitation ( ! sulphide is soon induc$4 ,! precipitate is collect$ on a filt]1 well wa%$ ) boil+ wat]1 & !n remov$1 if pres5t 9 a quantity suffici5t to admit ( ?is op]ation4 ,x is next dissolv$ 9 ammonia1,b & ! solution s obta9$ subsequ5tly evaporat$ to dryness on a wat*-glass4 ,! residue ( sulphide ( ars5ic is plac$ 9 a tube clos$ at "o end conta9+ nitrate ( potassa 9 a /ate ( fusion3 x is decompos$ by ?is treatm5t into a mixture ( sulphate & ars5ate ( potassa1 ! reaction be+ complet$ 9 ab\t fifte5 m9utes4 ,! mixture is n[ dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & lime wat] add$ to ! solution3 a precipitate ( ars5ate ( lime is =m$1 :i* is sep>at$ f ! fluid by filtration1 dri$1 mix$ ) *>coal1 & introduc$ into a second tube4 ,a few pieces ( *>coal are !n plac$ 9 ! tube adjo9+ ! mixture & expos$ to a r$ heat1 ! "p ( ! tube conta9+ ! ars5ical comp\nd be+ also heat$4 ,by ?is op]ation ! ars5ic acid is r$uc$ to ars5ic1 :i* is deposit$ ^u ! cold portion ( ! tube 9 ! =m ( a metallic mirror4 ,?is mirror is !n id5tifi$ by subsequ5t reactions4 ,! me?od j describ$ is no long] 9 use1 al?\gh ! precipitation ( ! ars5ic by sulphurett$ hydrog5 is /ill (t5 resort$ to 9 its sep>ation f ! o!r metals ) :i* x may be mix$4 ,! de/ruction ( ! organic sub/ances is1 h[ev]1 accompli%$ by means ( *lorate ( potassa & hydro*loric acid4 ,to insure ! complete precipitation ( ! ars5ic1 x is advisable to conduct sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh ! solution1 at a temp]ature ( #gj = twelve h\rs1 & !n all[ ! fluid to rema9 9 a mod]ately w>m place1 until ! odor ( ! gas is no long] p]ceptible1 ! vessel be+ simply cov]$ ) a piece ( pap]4 ,! precipitate is next fre$ f ! o!r metals possibly pres5t1 z direct$ 9 ! g5]al me?od ( analysis1 collect$ on a filt]1 & dissolv$ 9 ammonia4 ,! ammoniacal solution is evaporat$ on a wat* cry/al1 z previ\sly describ$1 & ! residu>y sulphide r$uc$ to metallic ars5ic4 ,?is r$uction is effect$ by a process some:at diff]5t f ! "o previ\sly m5tion$3 ! residue is fus$1 9 a curr5t ( c>bonic acid gas1 ) a mixture ( c>bonate ( soda & cyanide ( potassium4 ,! app>atus employ$ is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #c3 a1 is an app>atus produc+ a con/ant supply ( c>bonic acid4 ,^u op5+ ,mohr's clamp1 g1 ! gas passes into ! flask h1 :i* conta9s sulphuric acid2 x is !n conduct$1 by means ( ! tube i1 into ! r$uction tube k1 :i* has an int]ior diamet] ( #h mm4 ,?is tube is repres5t$1 9 half size1 9 ,fig #d4 ,b ,! sulphur1 usually accompany+ ! precipitate ( sulphide ( ars5ic1 is insoluble 9 ammonia4--,trans4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,! r$uction is p]=m$ z foll[s3 ,! sulphide ( ars5ic is gr\nd 9 a small mort>1 previ\sly w>m$1 toge!r ) #ab p>ts ( a mixture consi/+ ( #c p>ts ( c>bonate ( soda & #a "p ( cyanide ( potassium1 bo? salts be+ p]fectly dry4 ,! p[d] ?us obta9$ is plac$ ^u a piece ( pap] roll$ 9 ! =m ( a gutt]1 & introduc$ into ! r$uction tube4 ,! latt] is !n turn$ half r\nd its axis1 s z to cause ! mixture to fall 9 de )\t soil+ ! o!r p>ts ( ! tube4 ,! pap] is n[ )drawn & ! app>atus m\nt$4 ,^u op5+ ! clamp g1 & /rongly heat+ ! mixture by ei!r ! flame ( a gas or an alcohol lamp1 a mirror-l r+ ( metallic ars5ic is deposit$ at h1 if ?is poison be pres5t 9 ! sub/ances "u exam9ation4 ,:5 ! coat+ is too m9ute to p]mit ( p]fect id5tification1 x %\ld be driv5 by heat to a ?9n] "p ( ! tube2 9 ?is way x is r5d]$ easily visible1 be+ cond5s$ ^u a small] space4 ,! above process possesses ! advantage ( n all[+ ars5ic to be conf\nd$ ) any o!r body2 x also p]mits ( a quantitative e/imation ( ! poison pres5t4 ,= ?is purpose1 x is only necess>y to previ\sly weigh ! wat*-cry/al1 ^u :i* ! ammoniacal solution ( sulphide ( ars5ic 0 evaporat$1 & to det]m9e its increas$ weight aft] ! evaporation2 ! diff]5ce ( ! two weigh+s multipli$ by #j4hjdi1 gives ! correspond+ weight ( ars5i\s acid1 & by #j4fjih1 ! weight ( ! correspond+ am\nt ( metallic ars5ic4 ,,m>%',s ,,te/4 ,m>%'s te/ is bas$ ^u ! r$uction ( ars5i\s & ars5ic acids by nasc5t hydrog51 & ! subsequ5t trans=mation ( ^! bodies into wat] & ars5ett$ hydrog51 a comp\nd f :i* ! ars5ic c be readily isolat$4 ,:5 pure hydrog5 is g5]at$ 9 a flask hav+ two op5+s1 "o ( :i* is provid$ ) a p]=at$ cork ?r\gh :i* a safety-tube passes1 ! o!r ) a tube b5t at a "r angle & drawn out to a small po9t at ! free extremity1 ! evolv$ gas1 if ignit$1 burns ) a pale non-lum9\s flame4 ,! air %\ld be completely expell$ f ! app>atus be=e ignit+ ! gas4 ,^u br++ a cold porcela9 sauc] 9 contact ) ! po9t ( ! flame1 only wat] is =m$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a small quantity ( a solution conta9+ ars5i\s or ars5ic acids is introduc$ into ! app>atus by means ( ! safety-tube1 ars5ett$ hydrog5 is produc$4 ,?is gas burns ) a bright flame1 yield+ fumes ( ars5i\s acid4 ,9 case a l>ge am\nt ( ! poison is pres5t1 x c be recogniz$ by ! appe>ance ( ! flame1 & by incl9+ a glass tube t[>ds x ^u :i* a portion ( ! ars5i\s acid becomes deposit$4 ,^! indications are1 h[ev]1 n di/+ui%able 9 pres5ce ( only a small am\nt ( ars5ic1 & ! foll[+ di/9ctive prop]ties ( ! gas %\ld be v]ifi$3 #a/4 ,at an elevat$ temp]ature x is decompos$ into its two con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 #bnd4 ,! combu/ibility ( ! con/itu5ts diff]s3 ! ars5ic be+ less combu/ible ?an ! hydrog51 beg9s to burn only aft] ! complete consumption ( ! latt] body has tak5 place4 ,= ?is reason ! flame 7,fig4 #e7 is compos$ ( a d>k portion ,o & a lum9\s portion ,i1 :i* surr\nds ! fir/4 ,! maximum temp]ature exi/s 9 ,o at ! po9t ( union ( ! two p>ts ( ! flame4 ,ow+ to an insuffici5t supply ( oxyg51 ! complete combu/ion ( ! ars5ic 9 ?is "p ( ! flame is impossible1 & if x be int]sect$ by ! cold surface ,a ,b1 t body is deposit$ z a br[n spot1 possess+ a metallic lu/re4 ,! metallic deposit orig9ates1 !re=e1 f ! decomposition ( ! ars5ett$ hydrog5 by heat & f its incomplete combu/ion4 ,if ! spot is n l>ge1 x fails to exhibit a metallic lu/re2 an exp]i5c$ *emi/1 h[ev]1 w be able to id5tify x by ! aid ( prop] te/s4 ,spots are sometimes obta9$ :5 ! sub/ance "u exam9ation does n conta9 ! lea/ trace ( ars5ic4 ,^! may be caus$ by antimony or by a portion ( ! z9c salt 9 ! g5]at+ flask be+ c>ri$ ov] by ! gase\s curr5t4 ,?is difficulty is rem$i$ by giv+ ! app>atus ! =m repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,a is ! flask 9 :i* ! gas is g5]at$4 ,! deliv]y-tube ,i connects ) a second tube ,h1 fill$ ) asbe/us or cotton2 ?is is unit$ by means ( a cork ) a ?ird tube ,c1 made ( ,bohemian glass4 ,! latt] tube is q long1 & t]m9ates 9 a jet at its free end1 enclos$ 9 t9-foil2,c x passes ?r\gh ! %eet-iron furnace ,r1 support$ ^u ,g4 ,! scre5 ,d protects ! portion ,d ,e ( ! tube ,c f ! heat4 ,! gas dis5gag$ is ignit$ at ,e & ! porcela9 di% ,p is held by ! h& 9 contact ) ! flame4 ,! app>atus be+ m\nt$1 z9c1 wat] & "s sulphuric acid are plac$ 9 ! g5]at+ flask1,d & ! solution conta9+ ars5i\s acid add$3 ! evolution ( gas comm5ces imm$iately4 ,! tube ,h s]ves to reta9 any liquids t may be held susp5d$4 ,! gas !n passes ?r\gh ! "p ,c ,d ( ! tube ,c1 :i* is heat$ by plac+ a few live coals ^u ! furnace ,r4 ,! great] portion ( ! ars5ett$ hydrog5 is decompos$ "h1 & is deposit$ on ! cold "p ( ! tube1 9 a mirror-l r+4 ,! small quantity ( gas t escapes decomposition1 if ignit$ at ,e1 produces a metallic spot on ! di% ,p4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e t ! spots are due to ! pres5ce ( ars5ic1 & n produc$ by antimony1 ! foll[+ te/s %\ld be appli$3 ,c ,! fus+ ( ! po9t ( ! tube is also prev5t$ by plat9iz+ x4 ,! tube is drawn out1 its end r\gh5$ by fil+1 & !n imm]s$ 9 solution ( bi*loride ( plat9um1 s t a drop or two ( ! fluid adh]es4 ,! po9t1 ^u heat+1 n[ acquires a f9e metallic lu/re1 & by repeat+ ! op]ation a few times a good coat+ ( plat9um is produc$ bo? on ! ext]ior & int]ior ( ! tube4--,trans4 ,d ,! addition ( a few drops ( solution ( bi*loride ( plat9um to ! mixture ( z9c1 wat] & sulphuric acid is advisable4--,trans4 #a4 ,! color ( ! spots is di/9ctive3 ars5ical spots are br[n & exhibit a metallic lu/re1 :]eas ^? orig9at+ f antimony possess a black color1 especially ne> _! bord]4 ,?is diff]5ce is1 h[ev]1 n p]ceptible :5 ! deposits h a l>ge surface4 #b4 ,if ! mirror be ars5ical1 x is readily volatiliz$ f "o "p ( ! tube to ano!r1 :5 ! latt] is heat$1 & a curr5t ( hydrog51 or c>bonic acid gas made to pass ?r\gh x4 ,spots t are due to ! pres5ce ( antimony are mu* less volatile4 #c4 ,if ! tube is held 9 an incl9$ position s t a curr5t ( air trav]ses x1 & ! "p conta9+ ! ars5ical mirror heat$1 ! ars5ic oxidizes & ars5i\s acid is sublim$ & deposit$ high] up 9 ! tube 9 ! =m ( a r+1 :i* exhibits octah$ral cry/als :5 exam9$ ) a magnify+ glass4 ,?is r+ %\ld be fur!r te/$ z foll[s3 a4 ,if x is dissolv$ 9 a drop ( hydro*loric acid & a solution ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 add$1 a yell[ precipitate ( sulphide ( ars5ic is =m$4 ,?is comp\nd is soluble 9 ammonia & 9 alkal9e sulphides1 b insoluble 9 hydro*loric acid4 b4 ,if ! r+ is dissolv$ 9 pure wat] & an ammoniacal solution ( sulphate ( copp] add$1 a beautiful gre5 precipitate 7,s*eele's gre571 consi/+ ( ars5ite ( copp]1 is produc$4 #d4 ,:5 produc$ by ars5ic ! spots are soluble 9 nitric acid1 & ^u evaporat+ ! solution s obta9$ to dryness1 a residue ( ars5ic acid1 :i* is easily soluble 9 wat]1 rema9s4 ,if an ammoniacal solution ( nitrate ( silv] is add$ to ! aque\s solution ( ! residue1 a brick-r$ precipitate is produc$4 ,spots consi/+ ( antimony give1 :5 treat$ ) nitric acid1 a residue ( an int]m$iate oxide1 insoluble 9 wat]4 #e4 ,^u treat+ ! spots ) a drop ( solution ( sulphide ( ammonium1 ! sulphide ( ! metal pres5t is =m$3 if sulphide ( ars5ic is produc$ its prop]ties1 z enum]at$ above1 c be recogniz$4 ,x may be add$ t ! sulphide ( antimony =m$ is soluble 9 hydro*loric acid1 & possesses an orange r$ color1 :]eas sulphide ( ars5ic is yell[4 #f4 ,:5 spots orig9at+ f ars5ic are treat$ ) a solution ( hypo*lorite ( soda 7prep>$ by pass+ *lor9e into solution ( c>bonate ( soda71 !y are imm$iately dissolv$2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are produc$ by antimony1 !y rema9 unalt]$ by ?is treatm5t4 ,su* are ! prop]ties exhibit$ by soluble comp\nds ( ars5ic :5 treat$ by ,m>%'s process2 ! foll[+ precautions are1 h[ev]1 necess>y :5 ?is te/ is made use ( 9 m$ico-legal exam9ations4 #a4 ,if small :ite gritty p>ticles1 resembl+ ars5i\s acid1 are discov]$ 9 ! /oma* or inte/9es1 !y are directly introduc$ into ,m>%'s app>atus4 ,:5 ?is is n ! case1 ! de/ruction ( ! organic matt] is indisp5sable ev5 ?\gh1 in/ead ( ! organs !mselves1 ! cont5ts ( ! alim5t>y canal are tak54 ,9 ! latt] in/ance1 ! solids are sep>at$ f ! fluids pres5t by filtration1 ! solution evaporat$ to dryness & ! residue unit$ ) ! solid portion2 ! organic matt] is !n de/roy$ by "o ( ! me?ods previ\sly describ$4 ,9 ! special case ( ars5ic1 ! sep>ation ( ! poison f ! accompany+ organic mat]ials c be accompli%$ by a process n yet m5tion$ :i* may prove to be ( s]vice4 ,! suspect$ sub/ances are di/ill$ ) common salt & conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,by ?is op]ation ! ars5ic is conv]t$ into a volatile *loride :i* di/ils ov]4 ,! poison is isolat$ by treat+ ?is comp\nd ) wat]1 by :i* x is decompos$ into hydro*loric & ars5i\s acids4 ,we mu/ give pref]5ce1 h[ev]1 to ! me?od by means ( *lorate ( potassa & hydro*loric acid4 #b4 ,! solution hav+ be5 obta9$ 9 a condition suitable = exam9ation1 ! air is completely expell$ f ! app>atus by all[+ ! gas to evolve = "s "t1 & ! suspect$ fluid !n introduc$ into ! g5]at+ flask4 ,dang] ( explosion w\ld be incurr$ 7 ! gas ignit$ :5 mix$ ) air4,e ,e ,! eff]vesc5ce ( ! mixture is prev5t$ by sl[ly add+ ! ars5ical solution to ! g5]at+ flask4 ,9 ord] to avoid loss ( ars5ett$ hydrog51 ! cold di% %\ld be directly appli$ to ! flame ev5 be=e ! introduction ( ! suspect$ solution1 & its position *ang$ at %ort int]vals1 s z to all[ ! deposit to be =m$ on diff]5t p>ts4-,trans4 #c4 ,x is indisp5sable1 9 apply+ ?is te/1 to h a second app>atus 9 :i* only ! reag5ts necess>y to g5]ate hydrog5 are plac$3 9 ?is way1 if no spots are n[ produc$ by ! use ( ! second app>atus1 x is c]ta9 t ^? obta9$ :5 ! fir/ app>atus is employ$ d n orig9ate f impurities pres5t 9 ! reag5ts us$4 ,x has come "u ! au?or's obs]vation1 h[ev]1 t a %eet ( z9c sometimes conta9s ars5ic 9 "o "p & n 9 ano!r2 9 fact1 ! %av+s ( ?is metal1 z pur*as$ = laboratory use1 are (t5 tak5 f lots previ\sly collect$1 & may !re=e h be5 prep>$ f sev]al diff]5t %eets4 ,if ?is be ! case1 x is supposable t ! z9c us$ 9 ! second app>atus may be free f ars5ic1 :]eas ! metal ) :i* ! suspect$ solution is br\ght 9 contact may conta9 ?is poison2 s]i\s dang] w\ld !n exi/ ( f9d+ indications ( ! pres5ce ( ars5ic 9 mat]ials t did n orig9ally conta9 a trace ( ! metal4 ,9 ord] to obviate ?is important objection1 :i* might possibly place a human life 9 jeop>dy1 we propose ! foll[+ modifications3 ,pure m]cury is di/ill$ & its absolute purity e/abli%$4 ,z ! metal is a fluid & is !re=e homog5e\s1 x is evid5t if "o portion be f\nd pure1 ! entire mass is s4 ,sodium is !n fus$ "u oil ( naph?a1 9 ord] to cause ! complete admixture ( its p>ticles1 & ! purity ( ! fus$ metal 9 reg>d to ars5ic te/$4 ,an amalgam is next prep>$ by unit+ ! m]cury & sodium4 ,?is is em95tly adapt$ to toxicological inve/igations3 9 ord] to g5]ate a supply ( v pure hydrog51 x is only necess>y to place ! amalgam 9 wat] kept slightly acid by ! addition ( a few drops ( sulphuric acid1 by means ( :i* ! dis5gagem5t ( gas is r5d]$ m en]getic4,f ,f ,ow+ to ! impurities (t5 occurr+ 9 z9c1 ! use ( di/ill$ magnesium 9 ,m>%'s app>atus has also be5 sugge/$4 ,?is metal is n[ to be obta9$ 9 a /ate ( great purity2 x is1 h[ev]1 sometimes contam9at$ ) silicium1 :i* body likewise gives rise to a metallic deposit1 b "o t is readily di/+ui%$ f ars5ical spots by its insolubility 9 nitric acid1 aqua regia1 & 9 hypo*lorite ( soda4 ,! pres5ce ( magnesium causes ! precipitation ( ! non-volatile metals possibly conta9$ 9 ! fluid te/$ = ars5ic4--,trans4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! solution introduc$ into ,m>%'s app>atus mu/ n conta9 organic sub/ances1 & t1 9 case _! de/ruction has be5 accompli%$ by means ( nitric acid all traces ( ?is comp\nd are to be remov$4 ,! sulphuric acid us$ %\ld also be completely fre$ f nitr\s vapors4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,blondeau1 nasc5t hydrog5 9 ! pres5ce ( nitr\s comp\nds conv]ts ! acids ( ars5ic n into ars5ett$ hydrog5 7,z ,h#c71 b into ! solid ars5ide ( hydrog5 7,z#d ,h#b74 ,?is latt] comp\nd1 ^u :i* pure nasc5t hydrog5 has no effect1 is trans=m$ into gase\s ars5ett$ hydrog5 by ! simultane\s action ( nasc5t hydrog5 & organic sub/ances4 ,^! facts are ( ! greate/ importance1 = !y might possibly cause a loss ( ars5ic :5 x is pres5t1 z well z det]m9e its discov]y :5 x is abs5t4 ,! fir/ case is supposable3 %\ld traces ( nitric acid rema9 9 ! solution1 ! ars5ic w\ld be trans=m$ into solid ars5ide ( hydrog5 & its detection r5d]$ impossible4 ,! second case may also occur3 if ! z9c plac$ 9 ! app>atus conta9s ars5ic1 & ! sulphuric acid us$ conta9s nitr\s comp\nds1 ! evolv$ gas w fail to exhibit any evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ars5ic1 ow+ to ! =mation ( ! solid ars5ide ( hydrog54 ,^u add+ ! suspect$ solution1 :i*1 p]*ance1 may /ill conta9 organic sub/ances1 ?is ars5ide is conv]t$ into ars5ett$ hydrog51 & ! pres5ce ( ars5ic w be detect$1 al?\gh ! solution "u exam9ation 0 orig9ally free f ?is metal4 ,,raspail',s ,,me?od4 ,m4 ,raspail sugge/s ! foll[+ me?od = detect+ ars5ic3 ,! surface ( a brass plate is rasp$ by fil+4 ,9 ?is condition ! plate may be reg>d$ z an innum]able quantity ( voltaic elem5ts1 =m$ by ! juxtaposition ( ! molecules ( z9c & copp]4 ,! suspect$ mat]ials are boil$ ) cau/ic potassa1 ! solution filt]$1 a drop ( ! filtrate plac$ ^u ! brass plate1 & a drop ( *lor9e wat] add$4 ,if ! plate is !n all[$ to /& = a mom5t & ! sub/ance "u exam9ation conta9s ars5ic1 a mirror-l spot is soon deposit$ ^u its surface4 ,9 ord] to avoid conf\nd+ ?is deposit ) ^? produc$ by o!r metals1 ! sub/itution ( granulat$ brass = ! plate is 9 "s cases advisable4 ,! granulat$ metal is dipp$ successively 9 ! suspect$ solution & 9 *lor9e wat]4 ,! granules reta9 a small quantity ( ! solutions &1 ow+ to ! action ( ! *lor9e wat]1 become cov]$ ) metallic spots1 if ars5ic be pres5t4 ,!y are !n dri$1 plac$ 9 a tube clos$ at "o end1 & expos$ to ! heat ( an alcohol lamp4 ,9 case ! spots are ars5ical1 ! metal volatilizes & cond5ses 9 a r+ ^u ! cold "p ( ! tube1 :i* is submitt$ to ! te/s previ\sly describ$4 ,?is me?od c h>dly be ( great s]vice1 inasmu* z x extracts ! poison f b a v small portion ( ! solution conta9+ x3 we h n1 h[ev]1 p]sonally te/$ its m]its4,g ,g ,! omission 9 ! text ( ,re9s*'s te/ %\ld be suppli$4 ,?is te/ is bas$ ^u ! fact t :5 solutions ( ars5i\s acid or an ars5ide are acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid & boil$ ) metallic copp]1 ! latt] becomes cov]$ ) a film consi/+ l>gely ( metallic ars5ic3 x is ext5sively employ$ 9 *emico-legal exam9ations4 ,! mat]ials to be exam9$ are completely dis9tegrat$ by boil+ ) hydro*loric acid1 & ! fluid filt]$4 ,"s pure copp] gauze or foil1 hav+ a poli%$ surface1 is !n imm]s$ 9 ! boil+ solution1 & notice tak5 ( ! =mation ( a grey deposit4 ,if a coat+ be =m$1 fre% pieces ( ! metal are add$1 s long z !y become affect$4 ,! copp] is !n )drawn f ! solution1 ?or\ghly wa%$ ) wat]1 & dri$1 ei!r by means ( ! wat]-ba? or by press+ betwe5 bibul\s pap]4 ,x is next introduc$ into a dry tube1 & heat$ ov] a _s lamp4 ,! ars5ic pres5t volatilizes & is oxidiz$ to ars5i\s acid :i* =ms a deposit1 consi/+ ( octah$ral cry/als1 on ! cold "p ( ! tubes4 ,^! are subsequ5tly te/$ by means ( ! reactions di/9ctive ( ars5i\s acid4 ,x ne$ h>dly be add$ t ! absolute purity ( bo? ! hydro*loric acid & ( ! copp] is to be c>efully e/abli%$4 ,! deposit obta9$ 9 ! above op]ation 0 =m]ly reg>d$ z pure ars5ic1 b x has be5 prov$ to be an alloy consi/+ ( #cb p] c5t4 ars5ic1 & #fh p] c5t4 copp]4 ,re9s*'s te/ possesses ! advantage ( requir+ b little "t = its execution1 ( be+ applicable to complex organic mixtures1 & ( effect+ ! detection ( a v m9ute trace ( ! poison4--,trans4 ,,detection ,,( ,,antimony4 ,/rictly speak+ ! salts ( antimony are m !rapeutic ?an poison\s 9 _! action4 ,9 fact !y usually act z emetics &1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 may be tak5 9 l>ge doses )\t incurr+ s]i\s results4 ,!re are in/ances1 h[ev]1 9 :i* _! action is truly toxical1 & x becomes necess>y to effect _! detection 9 ! organs ( a body4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ t ^! salts1 if absorb$1 rema9 by a k9d ( pr$ilection 9 ! liv] & sple54 ,a special exam9ation ( ^! organs %\ld !re=e be in/itut$1 p>ticul>ly if ! fluids ( ! alim5t>y canal are n at h&1 :i* is frequ5tly ! case :5 "s "t has elaps$ be=e ! inve/igation is und]tak54 ,! rem>ks made 9 ! prec$+ article conc]n+ ! di/9ctive prop]ties ( ars5ic & antimony ne$ n be repeat$ "h4 ,! se>* = antimony is likewise execut$ by aid ( ,m>%'s app>atus4 ,we w conf9e ourselves to a description ( a modification to ?is app>atus propos$ by ,,mm4 ,fl&9 & ,dang]1 & employ$ 9 ! sep>ation ( antimony & ars5ic1 :5 a mixture ( ^! metals is "u exam9ation4 ,ano!r process1 by means ( :i* we arrive at ! same result ) great] c]ta9ty & by ! use ( a less exp5sive app>atus1 w !n be m5tion$4 ,we w1 h[ev]1 fir/ indicate ! pref]able me?od ( de/ruction ( ! organic sub/ances4 ,7 ! decomposition p]=m$ by means ( sulphuric acid1 sulphate ( antimony1 a slightly soluble salt & "o n well adapt$ to ! subsequ5t treatm5t ) nasc5t hydrog51 w\ld be =m$4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! metal 9 a soluble /ate1 ! =mation ( a d\ble t>trate ( antimony & soda is desirable4 ,?is may be accompli%$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 #a4 ,a cold mixture ( nitrate ( soda1 sulphuric acid1 & ! suspect$ mat]ials is prep>$ 9 ! proportion ( #be grammes ( ! nitrate to #ci grammes ( ! acid1 & #ajj grammes ( ! sub/ance "u exam9ation4 ,?is mixture is heat$ & evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! decomposition ( ! organic matt] complet$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! c>bonace\s residue obta9$ is pulv]iz$1 & !n boil$ ) a solution ( t>t>ic acid4 ,by ?is treatm5t ! antimonate ( soda pres5t is conv]t$ into a d\ble t>trate ( antimony & soda1 :i* is easily soluble 9 wat]4 ,! solution is filt]$ & !n introduc$ into ,m>%'s app>atus4 #b4 ,ano!r me?od consi/s 9 heat+ ! sub/ances "u exam9ation ) "o half ( _! weight ( hydro*loric acid = six h\rs on a s&-ba?1 avoid+ boil+4 ,! temp]ature is !n increas$ until ! liquid is 9 a /ate ( ebullition1 & #ae to #bj grammes ( *lorate ( potassa1 = e #ajj grammes ( ! suspect$ matt] tak51 add$ 9 successive portions1 s t a qu>t] ( an h\r is requir$ = ! op]ation4 ,! liquid is next filt]$1 & ! res9\s matt] rema9+ on ! filt] well wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat]2 ! wa%+s be+ add$ to ! pr9cipal solution4 ,a /rip ( poli%$ t9 is !n imm]s$ 9 ! liquid3 9 pres5ce ( a l>ge am\nt ( antimony ! t9 becomes cov]$ ) a black incru/ation3 if b a m9ute quantity ( ! metal is conta9$1 only a few blacki% spots are p]ceptible4 ,aft] ! t9 has rema9$ imm]s$ = #bd h\rs1 x is )drawn & plac$ 9 a flask toge!r ) an am\nt ( hydro*loric acid suffici5t = its solution 9 ! cold4 ,if1 aft] sev]al h\rs1 blacki% p>ticles are /ill obs]v$ float+ 9 ! liquid1 !y c be dissolv$ 9 a few drops ( aqua regia4 ,! solution may !n be directly introduc$ into ,m>%'s app>atus4 ,,app>atus ,,propos$ ,,by ,,fl&9 ,,& ,,dang]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,?is app>atus consi/s ( a wide neck$ j> ,a 7,fig4 #g7 = ! g5]ation ( ! gas1 ! m\? ( :i* is clos$ ) a cork hav+ two op5+s4 ,! safety tube ,s1 :i* is funnel-%ap$ at its upp] extremity & has its l[] end drawn out to a po9t1 passes ?r\gh "o ( ^! ap]tures2 ! o!r op5+ conta9s ! small deliv]y tube ,b1 op5 at bo? ends1 & t]m9at+ 9 a po9t at its upp] extremity3 x is also provid$ ) lat]al op5+s1 9 ord] to prev5t ! solution be+ c>ri$ up to ! flame4 ,! second "p ( ! app>atus is ! cond5s] ,c1 #j4jc metre 9 diamet]1 & #j4be metre 9 l5g?4 ,?is t]m9ates at its l[] extremity ) a cone1 & connects at ! side ) ! tube ,t1 slant+ slightly d[nw>ds4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! cond5s]1 ! cool] ,e is conta9$1 ! l[] end ( :i* is ne>ly 9 contact ) ! sides ( ! op5+ ,o4 ,! combu/ion tube ,d1 #j4ja metre 9 diamet]1 is connect$ by means ( a cork ) ! tube ,t2 x is b5t at "r angles1 & encloses ! tube ,b1 9 su* a mann] z to all[ ! evolv$ gas to burn 9 its int]ior4 ,! di% ,f is plac$ b5ea? ! op5+ ,o4 ,if ! gas :i* burns 9 ! combu/ion tube conta9s ars5ett$ hydrog51 wat] & ars5i\s acid are produc$4 ,a portion ( ?is acid is reta9$ 9 ! tube ,d1 ! rema9d] is c>ri$ ov]1 ) ! aque\s vapor1 into ,c1 :]e x cond5ses1 & f9ally falls into ! di% ,f4 ,bo? portions are subsequ5tly exam9$ by means ( reactions necess>y to e/abli% ! pres5ce ( ! acid4 ,if ! ignit$ gas conta9s antimonett$ hydrog51 wat] & an int]m$iate oxide ( antimony are =m$4 ,! latt] comp\nd is entirely reta9$ 9 ! tube ,d sep>at$ f ! great] "p ( ! ars5i\s acid1 if ?is body be pres5t1 & c be br\ght into solution by means ( a mixture ( hydro*loric & t>t>ic acids4 ,a fluid is !n obta9$ :i* c be introduc$ into ,m>%'s app>atus1 or o!rwise exam9$ = antimony4 ,,naquet',s ,,app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,al?\gh ! sep>ation ( ars5ic f antimony is ! *ief object 9 mak+ use ( ! app>atus propos$ by ,fl&9 & ,dang]1 x is evid5t t ?is result is n fully accompli%$1 s9ce a small portion ( ars5i\s acid rema9s 9 ! tube ,d 7,fig4 #g71 toge!r ) ! int]m$iate oxide ( antimony4 ,! foll[+ me?od secures ! complete sep>ation ( ^! metals3 ,an amalgam ( sodium & m]cury is introduc$ into ! flask ,a1 7,fig4 #h71 :i* is provid$ ) two op5+s4 ,! tube ,b1 t]m9at+ 9 a funnel at its upp] extremity1 passes ?r\gh "o ( ^! orifices4 ,! o!r ap]ture conta9s a cork enclos+ ! small tube ,c1 :i* is b5t at a "r angle & communicates1 by means ( a cork1 ) ! l>g] tube ,d fill$ ) cotton or asbe/us4 ,a set ( ,liebig's bulbs1 ,e1 conta9+ a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 is atta*$ to ! o!r extremity ( ?is tube4 ,! app>atus be+ m\nt$1 ! solution "u exam9ation is slightly acidulat$ & introduc$ by means ( ! tube ,b into ! flask ,a3 ! dis5gagem5t ( gas beg9s imm$iately4 ,if ars5ic & antimony are conta9$ 9 ! solution1 ars5ett$ hydrog5 & antimonett$ hydrog5 are evolv$4 ,bo? gases are decompos$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! solution ( nitrate ( silv] conta9$ 9 ! ,liebig bulbs3 ! ars5ett$ hydrog5 causes a precipitation ( metallic silv]1 all ! ars5ic rema9+ 9 solution z ars5i\s acid2 ! antimonett$ hydrog5 is decompos$ into insoluble antimonate ( silv]4 ,aft] ! op]ation has cont9u$ = sev]al h\rs1 ! app>atus is tak5 ap>t1 ! nitrate ( silv] solution ?r[n on a filt]1 & ! precipitate ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,an excess ( hydro*loric acid is !n add$ to ! filtrate1 & ! precipitate =m$ sep>at$ f ! solution by filtration1 & well wa%$4 ,! wa%-wat] is add$ to ! solution1 & ! :ole !n exam9$ = ars5ic by means ( ,m>%'s te/4 ,! precipitate =m$ 9 ! nitrate ( silv] solution1 :i* conta9s antimonate ( silv]1 is well dri$1 mix$ ) a mixture ( c>bonate & nitrate ( soda1 & calc9$ 9 a porcela9 crucible = ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,! crucible is !n remov$ f ! fire1 & ! cool$ mass treat$ ) hydro*loric acid until a drop ( ! filt]$ fluid ceases to give a residue :5 evaporat$ ^u a wat*-glass to dryness4 ,a curr5t ( sulphur\s acid is n[ conduct$ ?r\gh ! filt]$ solution until ! odor ( ?is gas rema9s p]si/5t4 ,! excess ( acid is !n remov$ by boil+1 & ! solution plac$ 9 ,m>%'s app>atus & te/$ = antimony4 ,,detection ,,( ,,m]cury4 ,if a m]curial salt exi/s 9 a consid]able quantity 9 ! sub/ances extract$ f ! alim5t>y canal1 or eject$ ei!r by /ools or vomit+1 x c be isolat$ by treat+ ^! mat]ials ) wat]1 filt]+ ! liquid1 & evaporat+ ! filtrate to dryness4 ,! residual mass is tak5 up ) alcohol1 & ! solution aga9 filt]$ & evaporat$4 ,^u dissolv+ ! residue obta9$ by ?is op]ation 9 e!r & filt]+ & evaporat+ ! solution1 a residue is obta9$ :i* :5 dissolv$ 9 wat] =ms a fluid :]e9 ! pres5ce ( m]cury c be detect$ by means ( ! ord9>y te/s4 ,:51 h[ev]1 only a m9ute quantity ( m]cury is pres5t1 & ?is has be5 absorb$1 its detection is m difficult4 ,x w be necess>y "u ^! circum/ances to make use ( ei!r ,smi?son's pile or ,fl&9 & ,dang]'s app>atus4 ,,smi?son',s ,,pile4 ,smi?son's pile consi/s ( a small plate ( copp] ar\nd :i* a piece ( ?9 gold foil is wrapp$4 ,?is is imm]s$ 9 ! solution to be te/$ = m]cury1 :i* has previ\sly be5 slightly acidulat$3 if m]cury be pres5t1 ! plate acquires a :ite color :i* disappe>s ^u exposure to ! flame ( a _s-lamp4 ,a simil> reaction occurs 9 pres5ce ( t91 z ?is metal w\ld likewise be deposit$ ^u ! plate1 &1 ^u heat+1 w\ld p5etrate ! metal & re/ore to x its natural color4 ,! dang] ( mi/ake aris+ f ?is fact is obviat$ by introduc+ ! copp] plate into a tube clos$ at "o end & b5t at a "r angle4 ,! op5 extremity ( ! tube is drawn out to a f9e po9t & imm]s$ 9 wat] conta9$ 9 a second tube also clos$ at "o end4 ,^u heat+ ! plate 9 ! flame ( an alcohol lamp1 ! :ite color disappe>s if produc$ by m]cury1 & at ! same "t ?is metal cond5ses 9 ! n>r[ extremity ( ! tube4 ,! metallic globules =m$ c be recogniz$ ei!r by ! nak$ eye or ) ! aid ( a l5s1 or by rubb+ !m ) a piece ( gold foil :5 ! latt] w acquire a :ite coat+4 ,:5 ,smi?son's pile is employ$1 ! organic sub/ances are mo/ advantage\sly decompos$ by means ( *lor9e4 ,x is advisable to op]ate ) z small a quantity ( fluid z possible1 =1 ow+ to ! volatility ( bi*loride ( m]cury1 a portion ( ?is salt may be lo/ by ! evaporation ( aque\s1 alcoholic1 & ev5 e!rial solutions1 & ! detection ( m9ute quantities r5d]$ impossible4 ,,app>atus ,,propos$ ,,by ,,fl&9 ,,& ,,dang]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,?is app>atus consi/s ( a /& ,s1 7,fig4 #i7 support+ a balloon ,a1 :i* s]ves z ! res]voir ( ! suspect$ solution1 & a funnel ,b1 into :i* ! neck ( ! balloon is dipp$4 ,! funnel ,b is b5t at a "r angle & is drawn out at its l[] end "u :i* ! di% ,c is plac$ = ! reception ( ! escap+ fluids4 ,a f9e wire ( pure gold1 =m+ ! negative electrode ( a ,buns5's batt]y1 passes ?r\gh ! l[] extremity ( ! funnel4 ,! end ( ?is wire ne>ly comes 9 contact ) a second wire1 ins]t$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! funnel1 & connect$ ) ! positive pole ( ! batt]y4 ,if ! balloon fill$ ) ! solution is inv]t$ & imm]s$ 9 ! funnel ,b1 its neck w be subm]g$ at fir/2 soon1 h[ev]1 x becomes uncov]$1 ow+ to ! depression ( ! level ( ! fluid caus$ by ! escape ( ! latt] ?r\gh ! tap]+ extremity ( ! funnel3 a bubble ( air !n passes 9 ! balloon & expels a drop ( ! solution4 ,?is process is repeat$ at %ort int]vals1 caus+ a cont9u\s fl[ ( ! fluid1 ! rapidity ( :i* is easily regulat$ by elevat+ or l[]+ ! balloon1 ?us rais+ or depress+ ! level ( ! liquid4 ,! app>atus hav+ be5 m\nt$ 9 ?is mann] & ! batt]y set 9 action1 ! dis5gagem5t ( gas comm5ces4 ,%\ld m]cury be conta9$ 9 ! solution "u exam9ation1 ?is metal w be deposit$ ^u ! negative wire4 ,:5 ! op]ation is complet$ ?is wire is deta*$ f ! app>atus1 wa%$ ) e!r1 & dri$4 ,x is !n introduc$ into a small tube provid$ ) a bulb1 & ! m]cury volatiliz$ by means ( ! bl[ pipe flame3 ! metal cond5ses 9 ! bulb ( ! tube 9 globules :i* are readily recogniz$4 ,!y c also be dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 & ! pres5ce ( a m]curial salt 9 ! solution confirm$ by fur!r te/s4 ,! solution to be exam9$ 9 ! prec$+ app>atus1 is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,! suspect$ organic matt] is treat$ ) cold sulphuric acid ( #ff ,b4 until liquefi$1 & hypo*lorite ( lime1 & di/ill$ wat] !n add$3 if necess>y1 ! evolution ( *lor9e c be accel]at$ by a fur!r addition ( sulphuric acid4 ,z soon z ! liquid becomes cle>1 x is filt]$1 conc5trat$ & exam9$ z describ$ above4 ,! solution conta9s ! m]cury 9 ! /ate ( bi*loride1 a salt soluble 9 wat] & well adapt$ to ! above te/4 ,! sub/itution ( a l>ge balloon1 hav+ a capacity ( ab\t #b litres1 9 place ( ! small vessel ( ,fl&9 & ,dang]'s app>atus1 is to be recomm5d$ z do+ away ) ! necessity ( evaporation2 an op]ation :i* inv>iably causes a loss ( sub/ance4 ,! app>atus1 modifi$ 9 ?is mann]1 is ! mo/ delicate 9 use = ! detection ( m]cury4 ,,detection ,,( ,,phosphorus4 ,,orfila',s ,,me?od4 ,! solid sub/ances f\nd 9 ! alim5t>y canal are me*anically sep>at$ f ! fluids pres5t by means ( a l95 clo?4 ,!y are !n exam9$ by aid ( a magnify+ glass1 & any fragm5ts ( phosphorus f\nd sep>at$ & pres]v$ "u wat]4 ,if none are discov]$1 ! pres5ce ( phosphoresc5t vapors may possibly be detect$ by exam9+ ! mat]ials 9 ! d>k4 ,9 any case1 a portion ( ! suspect$ mat]ials %\ld be treat$ ) nitrate ( silv]3 9 pres5ce ( phosphorus ! mat]ials acquire1 fir/1 a r$di%-br[n1 !n1 a black color4 ,! rema9+ portion is spread ^u a %ovel & heat$3 a :ite flame1 burn+ at v>i\s po9ts ( ! mass1 & orig9at+ f ! combu/ion ( phosphorus1 is obs]v$1 if ?is body be conta9$ 9 ! sub/ances "u exam9ation4 ,?is me?od is evid5tly f> f p]fect4 ,,mits*]li*',s ,,me?od4 ,mi/*]li*'s me?od is bas$ ^u ! lum9osity ( ! vapors ( phosphorus4 ,! suspect$ mat]ials are moi/5$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 & heat$1 9 a flask communicat+ ) a glass worm :i* passes ?r\gh a glass cool] into a receiv]4 ,if ! app>atus is plac$ 9 ! d>k1 & ! mat]ials conta9 phosphorus1 lum9\s vapors w be obs]v$ 9 ! flask & receiv]4 ,:5 ! quantity ( ! poison pres5t is consid]able1 ! phosphor\s acid =m$ c be collect$ & its prop]ties te/$4 ,,dus>t',s ,,me?od1 ,,z ,,modifi$ ,,by ,,blondlot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,dus>t's process takes advantage ( ! facility ) :i* hydrog5 comb9es ) phosphorus4 ,! sub/ances "u exam9ation are plac$ betwe5 two asbe/us /opp]s 9 a tube1 "o end ( :i* tap]s to a po9t1 & a curr5t ( pure hydrog5 conduct$ ov] !m4 ,9 pres5ce ( phosphorus ! evolv$ gas w burn ) a gre5 flame1 &1 ^u br++ ?is 9 contact ) a porcela9 plate1 r$ spots w be deposit$ ^u ! latt]4 ,blondlot pref]s to introduce ! suspect$ mat]ials into ! flask 9 :i* ! hydrog5 is g5]at$4 ,he employs ! app>atus repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aj3 a is a flask = evolv+ hydrog52 b is a ,u tube1 fill$ ) fragm5ts ( pumice /one :i* are saturat$ ) a conc5trat$ solution ( potassa2 c is a ,mohr clamp2 d a screw-clamp2 e a plat9um jet4 ,?is jet is necess>y 9 ord] to avoid a yell[ coloration ( ! flame by ! soda conta9$ 9 ! glass4 ,pure hydrog5 is at fir/ evolv$1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 t ! flame is colorless & r$ spots are n produc$ :5 x is int]sect$ by a cold plate4 ,! purity ( ! reag5ts us$ hav+ ?us be5 confirm$1 ! clamp d is clos$ until ! acid is =c$ back into f2 & ! mat]ials to be exam9$ are !n add$ to ! fluid4 ,^u op5+ ! clamp ! liquid passes f f into a1 & ! evolution ( gas recomm5ces4 ,! gas is !n ignit$3 ! flame possesses ! *>act]i/ic prop]ties m5tion$ above1 if ! suspect$ sub/ances conta9 phosphorus4 ,,me?od ,,propos$ ,,by ,,fres5ius ,,& ,,neubau]4 ,accord+ to ?is me?od1 ! mat]ials are br\ght into a flask provid$ ) a d\bly-p]=at$ /opp]1 & wat]1 acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 add$4 ,! flask is !n heat$ ov] a wat]-ba?1 & a curr5t ( c>bonic acid conduct$ ?r\gh ! mixture = at lea/ two h\rs4 ,! gas1 on leav+ ! flask1 passes into a solution ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,%\ld no precipitate =m 9 ?is solution1 ! abs5ce ( free phosphorus is e/abli%$1 =1 7 ?is body pres5t1 a portion w\ld be volatiliz$1 & a black precipitate1 consi/+ ( phosphide ( silv]1 toge!r ) phosphoric acid1 produc$4 ,! =mation ( a black precipitate is1 h[ev]1 n necess>ily a pro( ( ! pres5ce ( phosphorus4 ,9 ord] to conclusively det]m9e ! "* ( ! precipitate1 x is collect$ on a filt] & exam9$ by ! me?od ( ,dus>t & ,blondlot4 ,?is process has giv5 result 9 cases :]e none 7 obta9$ by ,mi/*]li*'s me?od4 ,x possesses1 moreov]1 an advantage ov] ! latt] process1 9 n be+ influ5c$ by ! pres5ce ( =eign bodies2 :]eas1 9 ,mi/*]li*'s me?od1 "s "t mu/ elapse be=e ! lum9osity ( ! vapors becomes app>5t if e!r or alcohol is conta9$ 9 ! solutions1 & ?is ph5om5on totally fails to appe> 9 pres5ce ( oil ( turp5t9e4 ,,detection ,,( ,,phosphorus ,,by ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,bisulphide ,,( ,,c>bon4 ,9 a report read be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 #ahef1 pres5t$ by an exam9+ commission1 ( :i* ,,mm4 ,dumas1 ,pel\ze & ,claude ,b]n>d 7 ! report]s1 ! foll[+ results 7 conta9$3 ,phosphorus may rema91 9 ! free /ate1 9 ! organs fifte5 days aft] dea?1 & ev5 !n its isolation c easily be accompli%$4 ,= ?is purpose ! /oma* or inte/9es1 & ! articles ( food conta9$ !re91 are cut into pieces & treat$ ) bisulphide ( c>bon4 ,^u filt]+ ! liquid1 a solution is obta9$ conta9+ all ! phosphorus pres5t1 :i* exhibits ! foll[+ prop]ties3 #a/1 ,:5 ignit$1 x burns ) a v lum9\s flame2 #bnd1 if all[$ to spontane\sly evaporate 7! combu/ion ( ! phosphorus be+ prev5t$ by ! organic matt] pres5t ,naquet7 an inflammable residue is obta9$1 :i*1 if dissolv$ 9 boil+ monohydrat$ nitric acid1 gives a solution t1 aft] saturation ) ammonia1 produces a precipitate soluble 9 acids 9 solutions ( b>ium salts4 ,if ! solution is mix$ ) p]*loride ( iron1 & ! sesquioxide ( ?is metal subsequ5tly elim9at$ by ! addition ( ammonia1 x no long] causes a precipitation 9 b>ium solutions4 ,! fluid acquires a yell[ coloration :5 boil$ ) a solution ( molybdate ( ammonia4 ,accord+ to our p]sonal exp]i5ce1 ! app>atus employ$ by ,fl&9 & ,dang] = ! detection ( ars5ic1 c also be made use ( 9 ! exam9ation ( ! bisulphide ( c>bon solution4 ,to ?is end1 ! fluid suppos$ to conta9 phosphorus is mix$ ) p]fectly pure alcohol1 & ! mixture plac$ 9 a small _s-lamp provid$ ) a v loose asbe/us wick4 ,! lamp is !n ignit$ & ! flame introduc$ 9 ! combu/ion tube ,d 7,fig4 #aa74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,by ! combu/ion ( ! mixture1 sulphur\s1 c>bonic1 phosphor\s acids & wat] are =m$4 ,! wat] cond5ses 9 c1 &1 fall+ into ! di% ,f1 c>ries ) x ! sulphur\s & phosphor\s acids4 ,! acid liquid collect$ 9 ?is way is evaporat$ to dryness1 "s nitric acid add$1 & ! solution aga9 evaporat$4 ,! rema9+ mass is !n dissolv$ 9 wat] to :i* "s ammonia is add$1 & ! solution te/$ = phosphoric acid4 ,?is me?od is an advantage\s "o z ! phosphoric acid =m$ mu/ orig9ate f phosphorus 9 ! free /ate1 & n f any phosphates :i*1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( organic matt]1 might be conta9$ 9 ! bisulphide ( c>bon solution4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 lead ! analy/ into error if ! p]son1 suppos$ to h be5 poison$ _h eat5 c]ebral sub/ances or eggs previ\s to dea?1 z ^! conta9 glyc]o-phosphoric acid2 x is !re=e advisable to comp>e ! results giv5 by ?is process ) ^? obta9$ by ! use ( o!r me?ods4 ,,detection ,,( ,,phosphor\s ,,acid4 ,provid$ free phosphorus has n be5 detect$1 x is necess>y to se>* = phosphor\s acid4 ,to ?is end1 ! residue rema9+ 9 ! flask1 9 ei!r ,mi/*]li*'s or ,fres5ius & ,neubau]'s me?od1 is introduc$ into ! app>atus ( ,dus>d & ,blondlot4 ,if ! phosphorus reaction appe>s1 x is suffici5t2 o!rwise1 its production may h be5 h9d]$ by ! pres5ce ( organic matt]4 ,9 case1 !re=e1 ! flame is colorless1 ! evolv$ gas is conduct$ into a neutral solution ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,if ! mat]ials conta9 phosphor\s acid1 a precipitate ( phosphide ( silv] is =m$ :i* %\ld be collect$ & wa%$4 ,! precipitate1 :i* is n[ free f organic matt]1 is !n exam9$ = phosphor\s acid by means ( ! app>atus ( ,dus>d & ,blondlot4 ,,e/imation ,,( ,,phosphorus4 ,! be/ process = det]m9+ quantitatively ! am\nt ( phosphorus pres5t is ! "o recomm5d$ by ,fres5ius & ,neubau]4 ,! gase\s curr5t is cont9u$ until a fre% nitrate ( silv] solution is no long] precipitat$4 ,! solution is filt]$1 ! precipitate wa%$ & !n dissolv$ 9 nitric acid4 ,! silv] is next precipitat$ by addition ( hydro*loric acid1 ! fluid aga9 filt]$1 & ! precipitate well wa%$4 ,! wa%+s are add$ to ! filtrate1 & ! liquid conc5trat$ 9 a porcela9 capsule4 ,a solution ( sulphate ( magnesia1 conta9+ ammonia1 is next add$ to ! fluid1 & ! phosphoric acid det]m9$ z pyrophosphate ( magnesia3 ! precipitate =m$1 is wa%$1 heat$ to r$ness1 9 ord] to conv]t x into ! pyrophosphate1 & !n weigh$4 ,,detection ,,( ,,acids4 ,! se>* = acids is to be in/itut$ exclusively 9 ! alim5t>y canal & its cont5ts4 ,7 acids conta9$ 9 ! o!r organs1 _! pres5ce w\ld be due to ! blood 9 :i* !y _h previ\sly be5 absorb$1 &1 z 9 ?is case !y w\ld be p>tially neutraliz$ by ! bases conta9$ 9 ! blood1 a conclusive decision 9 reg>d to _! orig9al exi/5ce 9 ! suspect$ mat]ials w\ld be impossible1 ! salts ( ! acids usually se>*$ = be+ normal con/itu5ts ( ! blood4 ,9 ord] to detect ! pres5ce ( acids1 ! alim5t>y canal & cont5ts are fir/ boil$ ) wat] :i* is r5ew$ until ! solution ceases to exhibit an acid reaction :5 te/$ ) litmus pap]4 ,! fluid is !n filt]$1 alcohol add$ to ! filtrate1 9 ord] to precipitate organic sub/ances1 ! liquid aga9 filt]$1 & ! solution te/$ sep>ately = ! v>i\s acids z direct$ bel[4 ,,hydro*loric ,,acid4 ,! solution is plac$ 9 a retort provid$ ) a receiv] & di/ill$ until ! residual fluid assumes a pa/y consi/5ce3 ! op]ation is !n discont9u$4 ,if hydro*loric acid be pres5t 9 ! mat]ials "u exam9ation1 ! di/illate w h an acid reaction1 &1 ^u addition ( solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 a :ite precipitate1 :i* is easily soluble 9 ammonia b insoluble 9 nitric acid & 9 %ort possesses all ! prop]ties ( *loride ( silv]1 w be =m$4 ,,nitric ,,acid4 ,! di/illate1 obta9$ z 9 ! prec$+ process1 is neutraliz$ by ! addition ( potassa or soda1 & evaporat$ to dryness4 ,! residue is mix$ ) copp] fil+s1 & introduc$ into a glass tube clos$ at "o end & provid$ at ! o!r ) a cork ?r\gh :i* a deliv]y-tube passes4 ,sulphuric acid is !n add$ to ! mixture1 ! cork ins]t$1 ! tube heat$1 & ! evolv$ vapors conduct$ into a solution ( protosulphate ( iron4 ,! latt] solution acquires a br[n coloration :i*1 ^u addition ( sulphuric acid1 *anges to a violet1 if nitric acid be pres5t4 ,^u conduct+ ! dis5gag$ gas into a solution ( n>cot9e1 ! latt] acquires a beautiful r$ color4 ,ano!r portion ( ! residue %\ld deflagrate :5 saturat$ ) an alkali & project$ ^u live coals4 ,,sulphuric ,,acid4 ,9 ord] to detect ?is acid1 ! solution obta9$ by treat+ ! organs ) wat] is n di/ill$ b is conc5trat$ to "o-six? ( its orig9al volume1 & !n agitat$ ) e!r = ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,by ?is treatm5t ! e!r takes up ! free sulphuric acid1 b n ! acid sulphates pres5t4 ,aft] t5 m9utes contact1 ! e!r is decant$ & all[$ to spontane\sly evaporate4 ,^u treat+ ! residue1 :i* conta9s ! free sulphuric acid & fatty sub/ances1 ) wat]1 a solution conta9+ only ! sulphuric acid is obta9$4 ,nitrate ( b>yta is !n add$ to a portion ( ! fluid3 9 pres5ce ( sulphuric acid1 a :ite precipitate1 insoluble 9 acids1 is produc$4 ,if ?is is heat$ on *>coal be=e ! bl[-pipe1 a mass is =m$1 :i*1 :5 moi/5$ ) hydro*loric acid & plac$ ^u a clean silv] co91 produces a black spot on ! metal4 ,ano!r portion ( ! solution is mix$ ) copp] & ! mixture evaporat$ 9 a tube clos$ at "o end3 sulphur\s acid is evolv$ t[>ds ! end ( ! op]ation4 ,?is gas is detect$ by all[+ x to pass ov] pap] saturat$ ) a mixture ( iodic acid & />*2 a blue coloration is produc$ :i*1 ow+ to ! trans=mation ( ! iod9e set free into hydriodic acid1 subsequ5tly disappe>s4 7,we h nev] be5 able to effect ! dis5gagem5t ( sulphur\s acid spok5 ( above :5 an exce$+ly dilute sulphuric acid 0 us$1 ev5 ^u evaporat+ ! mixture to dryness1 not)/&+ ,orfila's /atem5t t ! reaction occurs v readily47 ,,phosphoric ,,acid4 ,! aque\s solution is evaporat$ to dryness1 ! residue tak5 up ) alcohol ( #dd ,b41 ! fluid aga9 evaporat$1 & ! second residue dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,^u add+ acetate ( lead to ! solution1 a :ite precipitate is produc$ if phosphoric acid be pres5t4 ,! precipitate is wa%$1 susp5d$ 9 wat] & a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 pass$ ?r\gh ! mixture4 ,if ! fluid is !n filt]$1 & ! excess ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 expell$ f ! filtrate by boil+1 a liquid possess+ ! di/9ctive prop]ties ( a solution ( phosphoric acid w be obta9$4 ,?is %\ld !n be submitt$ to ! foll[+ te/s3 ,"s pulv]iz$ *>coal is add$ to a portion ( ! solution1 ! mixture evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! residue obta9$ introduc$ into a ,hessian crucible heat$ to r$ness3 9 pres5ce ( a consid]able am\nt ( ! acid1 free phosphor\s is lib]at$ & burns ) a bright flame 9 ! upp] "p ( ! crucible4 ,9 case ?is reaction fails to occur1 o!r portions ( ! fluid are treat$ ) a solution ( a b>yta salt1 :i* causes a :ite precipitate1 soluble 9 nitric acid2 ) an ammoniat$ solution ( sulphate ( magnesia1 :i* ?r[s d[n a cry/all9e :ite precipitate2 & by boil+ ) molybdate ( ammonia1 acidulat$ ) nitric acid1 :i* produces a yell[ precipitation1 or at lea/ a yell[ coloration ( ! solution4 ,,oxalic ,,acid4 ,! solution is subject$ to ! same treatm5t z 9 ! se>* = phosphoric acid1 ) ! exception t1 in/ead ( add+ acetate ( lead to ! fluid obta9$ by tak+ up ! residue left f ! alcohol ) wat]1 x is divid$ into two portions :i* are exam9$ sep>ately4 ,a solution ( a lime salt is add$ to "o portion3 if oxalic acid be pres5t1 a precipitate1 :i* is insoluble 9 acetic acid or 9 *loride ( ammonium1 & eff]vesces :5 slightly calc9$ & treat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 is =m$4 ,nitrate ( silv] is add$ to ! rema9+ portion ( ! solution3 ! =mation ( a precipitate1 :i* detonates :5 dri$ & heat$ 9 a glass tube clos$ at "o end1 is fur!r evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ! acid4 ,,acetic ,,acid4 ,! solution obta9$ by treat+ ! alim5t>y canal ) wat] is di/ill$1 z 9 te/+ = nitric & hydro*loric acids1 & ! foll[+ prop]ties v]ifi$ 9 ! di/illate3 #a/4 ,x has an acid reaction1 & possesses ! odor ( v9eg>2 #bnd1 unless previ\sly neutraliz$ ) a base1 x fails to r$d5 ! p]-salts ( iron2 #crd1 if ! di/illate is add$ to a solution ( ! p]-salts m5tion$ & sulphurett$ hydrog5 conduct$ ?r\gh ! fluid1 a black precipitate is =m$2 #d?1 ^u boil+ ! /ill acid fluid ) a small quantity ( />*1 ! prop]ty ( ! latt] to become color$ 9 pres5ce ( free iod9e is n *ang$2 #e?1 if heat$ ) an excess ( li?>ge1 a basic salt :i* re/ores ! blue color to r$d5$ litmus pap] is produc$4 ,,hydrocyanic ,,acid4 ,! detection ( hydrocyanic acid requires special precautions4 ,! sub/ances to be exam9$ are mix$ ) wat]1 if solids are pres5t1 & introduc$ into a retort provid$ ) a deliv]y-tube :i* dips 9 a solution ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,! retort is !n heat$ ov] a wat]-ba?4 ,if ! evolv$ vapors produce a precipitate 9 ! silv] solution1 ! heat+ is cont9u$ until a fre% portion ( ! latt] is no long] affect$4 ,! op]ation is n[ int]rupt$1 hydro*loric acid add$ to ! retort1 & heat aga9 appli$4 ,%\ld a second precipitation ( cyanide ( silv] occur1 ! pres5ce ( a cyanide 9 ! suspect$ mat]ials is indicat$2 :]eas ! =mation ( a precipitate by ! simple action ( heat w\ld po9t to ! pres5ce ( free hydrocyanic acid or cyanide ( ammonium4,h ,9 case ! latt] comp\nd is pres5t1 ammonia w be conta9$ 9 ! di/illate4 ,h ,f]rocyanides & f]ricyanides--non-poison\s comp\nds--likewise1 evolve hydrocyanic acid :5 di/ill$ ) a /rong acid4 ,_! pres5ce is indicat$ by /irr+ a small portion ( ! mat]ials ) wat]1 filt]+ ! fluid1 acidulat+ ! filtrate ) hydro*loric acid1 & te/+ two portions3 "o ) sesqui*loride ( iron1 ! o!r ) protosulphate ( iron4 ,if ei!r ( ! above salts be pres5t1 a blue precipitate is produc$4--,trans4 ,9 ord] to id5tify ! cyanog51 a portion ( ! precipitate is collect$ ^u a small filt]1 wa%$1 dri$1 & !n all[$ to fall into a r long tube1 clos$ at "o end1 9 ! bottom ( :i* "s iod9e has previ\sly be5 plac$4 ,a column ( c>bonate ( soda is !n introduc$ above ! precipitate = ! purpose ( reta9+ ! excess ( iod9e probably tak54 ,^u heat+ ! l[] end ( ! tube1 :ite fumes ( iodide ( cyanog51 :i* cond5se 9 ne$les ^u ! cold portion ( ! tube1 are produc$4 ,^! are easily recogniz$ by aid ( a magnify+ glass4 ,!y are colorless & are readily volatiliz$ by heat4 ,"s ammonia is next add$ to a solution ( protosulphate ( iron1 ! precipitate =m$ ?or\ghly wa%$1 & expos$ to ! air until x acquires a gre5i% hue4 ,! iodide ( cyanog5 is !n )drawn f ! tube & mix$ ) potassa-lye & ! precipitate m5tion$ above4 ,! mixture is evaporat$ to dryness1 ! residue obta9$ treat$ ) wat] & ! filt]$ solution !n acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,if a solution ( a p]salt ( iron is n[ add$ to ! fluid1 a blue precipitate is =m$4 ,! addition ( salts ( copp] produces a r$di% precipitation4 ,! rema9d] ( ! precipitate =m$ 9 ! nitrate ( silv] solution is heat$ ) sulphur & !n boil$ ) an aque\s solution ( *loride ( sodium3 if cyanog5 is conta9$ 9 ! precipitate1 a solution ( sulphocyanate ( soda w be =m$1 & ^u add+ sesqui*loride ( iron an int5se r$ coloration produc$4 ,x is evid5t t ! pres5ce ( ano!r acid 9 ! solution exam9$ = hydrocyanic acid w\ld r5d] ! detection ( cyanides impossible1 b 9 all cases hydrocyanic acid c be sep>at$ )\t arriv+ at a decision 9 reg>d to its orig9al /ate ( comb9ation4 ,nitric1 hydro*loric1 & sev]al o!r acids w\ld n be di/ill$ at ! temp]ature ( ! wat]-ba?2 an exam9ation = ^! by ! me?ods already describ$ c !re=e be in/itut$ simultane\sly ) ! se>* = hydrocyanic acid4 ,,detection ,,( ,,alkalies ,,& ,,alkal9e ,,e>?s4 ,! sep>ation ( ^! bodies 9 ! cau/ic /ate is a matt] ( difficulty ow+ to ! great t5d5cy !y possess to become conv]t$ into c>bonates2 ! c>bonates ( lime1 b>yta & /rontia1 moreov]1 be+ non-poison\s 9 _! effects1 w n be employ$ ) crim9al int5t1 & ! c>bonates ( soda & potassa are ext5sively us$ z ph>maceutical prep>ations4 ,not)/&+ ! small *ances ( success1 ! isolation ( ! comp\nds "u consid]ation 9 ! cau/ic /ate is to be attempt$4 ,to ?is int5t1 ! organs to be analys$1 toge!r ) _! cont5ts1 are plac$ 9 a glass retort provid$ ) a receiv]1 wat] add$1 & ! mixture boil$4 ,! di/illate w conta9 ! ammonia pres5t4 ,:51 h[ev]1 putrefaction has begun1 ! detection ( ?is comp\nd does n necess>ily indicate its orig9al pres5ce 9 ! suspect$ mat]ials4 ,if1 aft] an h\r's boil+1 ! fluid 9 ! retort possess an alkal9e reaction1 x is to be exam9$ = soda1 potassa1 /rontia1 b>yta & lime4 ,! undi/ill$ solution is filt]$1 ! filtrate evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! residual mass treat$ ) alcohol4 ,by ?is treatm5t1 potassa & soda g 9 solution1 lime1 b>yta & /rontia,i--z well z ! alkal9e c>bonates--rema9+ undissolv$4 ,! potassa & soda are sep>at$ f ! o!r salts pres5t by filt]+ & evaporat+ ! alcoholic solution to dryness & !n calc9+ ! residue 9 a silv] crucible4 ,! mass1 :i* %\ld /ill be alkal9e1 is !n dissolv$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid4 ,if ! solution is turbid1 traces ( b>yta or /rontia may /ill be pres5t & %\ld be remov$ by filtration4 ,"s hydro*loric acid & solution ( bi*loride ( plat9um are !n add$ to a portion ( ! filt]$ liquid3 9 pres5ce ( potassa a yell[ precipitate is =m$4 ,i ,b>yta & /rontia dissolve 9 alcohol1 b only :5 !y are anhydr\s & ! alcohol is absolute1 :i* is n ! case "h4 ,ano!r portion is treat$ ) t>t>ic acid3 a :ite granul> precipitate is produc$4 ,hydr(luosilicic acid is add$ to a ?ird portion ( ! solution3 ! =mation ( a gelat9\s precipitate is a fur!r indication ( ! pres5ce ( potassa4 ,if ! prec$+ te/s h giv5 negative results1 & a :ite precipitate is =m$ by ! addition ( antimonate ( potassa to ano!r portion ( ! solution1 soda is pres5t4 ,9 bo? cases1 x is necess>y to confirm ! results by means ( ! spectroscope4 ,! above reactions are di/9ctive only 9 ! abs5ce ( metals precipitat$ by sulphurett$ hydrog51 sulphide ( ammonium or c>bonate ( soda1 & small portions ( ! solution %\ld be te/$ ) ^! reag5ts4 ,9 ord] to detect b>yta1 /rontia & lime1 ! residue1 insoluble 9 alcohol is dissolv$ 9 dilute nitric acid1 & an excess ( c>bonate ( ammonia add$ to ! solution3 ! ?ree bases1 if pres5t1 are precipitat$ z c>bonates4 ,! precipitate =m$ is sep>at$ f ! solution by filtration1 dissolv$ on ! filt] 9 dilute hydro*loric acid1 & ! solution !n filt]$ & divid$ into two p>ts3 sulphuric acid is add$ to "o1 ! fluid filt]$ f ! precipitate ( sulphate ( b>yta =m$1 & ! filtrate treat$ ) ammonia & oxalate ( ammonia4 ,if lime be pres5t1--al?\gh its sulphate is n easily soluble--suffici5t w be conta9$ 9 ! filtrate to give a :ite precipitate ( oxalate ( lime4 ,! rema9+ portion ( ! solution is evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! residue treat$ ) absolute alcohol4 ,*loride ( /rontium goes into solution1 *loride ( b>ium rema9+ undissolv$4 ,if ^u evaporat+ ! alcoholic solution a residue is obta9$ :i*1 :5 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 produces turbidity 9 a solution ( sulphate ( lime1 /rontia is pres5t4 ,! residue1 insoluble 9 alcohol1 is dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,if a precipitate is produc$ by ! addition ( sulphuric acid or hydr(luosilicic acid to ! solution1 b>yta is pres5t4 ,! latt] reaction di/+ui%es b>yta f /rontia1 :i* is n precipitat$ by hydr(luosilicic acid4 ,%\ld ! te/s m5tion$ above fail to give affirmative results1 & poison+ by means ( b>yta & /rontia be nev]!less suspect$1 ^! comp\nds may possibly h rema9$ 9 ! mat]ials conta9$ 9 ! alim5t>y canal1 9 ! /ate ( insoluble sulphates4 ,to effect _! detection "u ^! circum/ances ! organic sub/ances mu/ be decompos$ by means ( sulphuric acid4 ,! c>bonace\s residue is calc9$ 9 a crucible at an elevat$ temp]ature1 & ! rema9+ mass treat$ ) wat]4 ,9 ?is way1 a solution ( sulphides ( b>ium & /rontium is obta9$1 :i* is !n te/$ z direct$ above4 ,,detection ,,( ,,*lor9e1 ,,brom9e1 ,,& ,,iod9e4 ,,*lor9e ,,& ,,blea*+ ,,*lorides4 ,! detection ( *lor9e is v difficult ow+ to ! great t5d5cy x possesses to become conv]t$ into *lorides or hydro*loric acid1 & x is only :5 f\nd 9 a free /ate t its discov]y is ( importance4 ,9 case ! gas exi/s uncomb9$ 9 ! alim5t>y canal1 its odor w be p]ceptible1 &1 ^u boil+ ! suspect$ mat]ials ) wat]1 vapors w be evolv$ :i* imp>t a blue color to pap] saturat$ ) a mixture ( iodide ( potassium & />* pa/e4 ,if ! addition ( sulphuric acid is necess>y 9 ord] to produce ! above reactions1 !re is reason to suspect ! pres5ce ( *loride ( lime or ,eau de ,javelle4,j ,j ,! s-call$ *loride ( lime is probably ei!r a mixture ( *loride & hypo*lorite ( calcium or an oxydi*loride ( ! metal2 ,eau de ,javelle is ! correspond+ potassium comp\nd4--,trans4 ,,brom9e4 ,9 case brom9e exi/s 9 a free /ate at ! "t ! autopsy is made1 its pres5ce w be detect$ by ! r$di% color & unpleasant odor x possesses4 ,its isolation is accompli%$ by treat+ ! mat]ials ) bisulphide ( c>bon :i*1 ^u dissolv+ ! brom9e1 acquires a r$ color4 ,if potassa is !n add$ to ! solution1 x comb9es ) ! brom9e &1 ^u evaporat+ ! decant$ fluid1 calc9+ ! residue1 & treat+ x ) wat]1 a solution ( bromide ( potassium is obta9$4 ,^u add+ *lor9e-wat] & e!r to a portion ( ! fluid1 & %ak+ ! mixture1 ! brom9e is lib]at$ & is dissolv$ by ! e!r4 ,! e!rial solution ( brom9e1 :i* possesses a r$di%-yell[ color1 does n m+le )1 b floats ^u ! surface ( ! colorless aque\s solution4 ,if nitrate ( silv] is add$ to ano!r portion ( ! aque\s solution ( bromide ( potassium1 a precipitate ( bromide ( silv]1 soluble 9 ammonia1 is =m$4 ,9 case ! brom9e has be5 conv]t$ into a bromide1 x is necess>y to boil ! alim5t>y canal & ! articles ( food conta9$ !re9 ) wat]4 ,! fluid is next filt]$ & agitat$ ) *lor9e-wat] & e!r4 ,! lib]at$ brom9e is dissolv$ by ! e!r1 :i* acquires a r$di%-yell[ color4 ,^u decant+ ! solution1 & treat+ x ) potassa1 bromide ( potassium is =m$1 & c be detect$ z direct$ above4 ,,iod9e4 ,! detection ( iod9e is accompli%$ by a process almo/ id5tical ) ! above4 ,! isolation ( ! iod9e hav+ be5 effect$1 x rema9s to be asc]ta9$ t x imp>ts a blue color to />* pa/e1 & a violet color to bisulphide ( c>bon4 ,,detection ,,( ,,metals4 ,"u ?is head we w indicate ! sy/ematic c\rse ( analysis to be pursu$1 suppos+ a mixture ( sev]al metals includ+ ars5ic & antimony1 to be "u exam9ation4 ,! organic sub/ances are fir/ de/roy$ by means ( *lorate ( potassa & hydro*loric acid4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$1 ! excess ( *lor9e is remov$ by boil+ & ! liquid filt]$4 ,! portion rema9+ on ! filt] is pres]v$3 x conta9s all ! silv] & a l>ge portion ( ! lead1 if ^! metals are pres5t4 ,we w designate ! residue z ,a1 ! filtrate z ,b4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,residue ,a4 ,! residue is calc9$ ) a little c>bonate ( soda & cutt+s ( pure ,sw$i% filt]+ pap]1 ! *lorides pres5t be+ r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate by ?is treatm5t4 ,! residue is next tak5 up ) wat] acidulat$ ) nitric acid1 & ! solution filt]$4 ,an insoluble residue1 t may rema91 is wa%$ ) hot wat] until ! wa%-wat] ceases to precipitate solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 & dri$4 ,x is !n dissolv$ 9 boil+ nitric acid1 ! solution dilut$ ) wat]1 & filt]$4,k ,k ,if an insoluble residue rema9s by ! treatm5t ) nitric acid1 x may consi/ ( t94 ,9 ?is case1 x is dissolv$ 9 aqua regia1 ! metal precipitat$ by imm]s+ a plate ( z9c 9 ! solution & !n re-dissolv$ 9 boil+ hydro*loric acid4 ,^u add+ *loride ( gold to ! solution s obta9$1 a purple precipitate is =m$4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 produces a br[n precipitate1 soluble 9 sulphide ( ammonium1 9 pres5ce ( t94 ,sulphuric acid is add$ to ! filtrate3 if no precipitate =ms1 ! abs5ce ( lead1 9 ! residue ,a1 is indicat$4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 a precipitate is produc$1 x is collect$ ^u a filt] & wa%$4 ,9 ord] to make sure t ! precipitate consi/s ( sulphate ( lead1 x is treat$ ) a solution ( t>trate ( ammonia3 x %\ld dissolve1 =m+ a solution 9 :i* sulphurett$ hydrog5 produces a black precipitate4 ,! fluid :i* has fail$ to be precipitat$ by ! addition ( sulphuric acid1 or ! filtrate sep>at$ f ! precipitate =m$1 c conta9 only silv]4 ,^u add+ hydro*loric acid1 ?is metal is ?r[n d[n z a case\s :ite precipitate1 :i* is soluble 9 ammonia1 b insoluble 9 boil+ nitric acid1 & black5s ^u protract$ exposure to light4 ,! =mation ( a precipitate possess+ ^! prop]ties1 leaves no d\bt z to ! pres5ce ( silv]4 ,rem>k4--,9 ! op]ations describ$ above1 z well z 9 ^? foll[+1 ! difficulty 9 sep>at+ m9ute precipitates f ! filt] is (t5 exp]i5c$4 ,:5 ! precipitate is to be dissolv$ 9 reag5ts t d n affect ! pap]1 su* z ammonia1 t>trate ( ammonia1 & dilute acids1 x c be br\ght 9 solution directly on ! filt]4 ,9 cases1 h[ev]1 :]e reag5ts :i* attack ! pap] are employ$1 ! precipitate %\ld be sep>at$4 ,?is is accompli%$ by mix+ a small quantity ( pure silica1 obta9$ by ! decomposition ( fluoride ( silicium by wat]1 ) ! solution1 be=e filt]+4 ,! precipitate becomes intimately mix$ ) ! silica1 & c !n be readily remov$ f ! pap]4 ,! pres5ce ( silica does n int]f]e1 x be+ insoluble 9 ! reag5ts commonly made use (4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,filtrate ,b4 ,a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 is conduct$ = twelve h\rs ?r\gh ! solution1 :i* is kept at a temp]ature ( #gj4 by means ( a wat]-ba?4 ,! flask conta9+ ! liquid is !n clos$ ) a piece ( pap]1 & all[$ to rema9 9 a mod]ately w>m place until ! odor ( ! gas is no long] p]ceptible4 ,! solution is next filt]$ ) ! precaution m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ rem>k1 & ! precipitate 7a7 ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,! wat] us$ 9 ?is op]ation is unit$ to ! filtrate1 & ! fluid 7b7 exam9$ z direct$ fur!r on4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,precipitate a4 ,9 ord] to free ! precipitate f ! organic sub/ances possibly pres5t1 at ! same "t avoid+ a loss ( any metal1 x is dri$1 moi/5$ ) nitric acid1 & ! mass heat$ on a wat]-ba?4 ,"s ,sw$i% filt]+ pap] is next add$1 ! mixture well impregnat$ ) sulphuric acid1 & !n ma9ta9$ = sev]al h\rs at a temp]ature ( ab\t #agj4 until a small portion 7aft]w>ds return$7 gives a colorless solution :5 treat$ ) wat]4 ,! residue is n[ heat$ ) a mixture ( "o "p ( hydro*loric acid & eight p>ts ( wat]1 ! liquid filt]$1 ! matt] rema9+ undissolv$ wa%$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 & ! wa%+s unit$ ) ! filtrate4 ,! residue ,i4 & ! solution ,,ii4 are sep>ately exam9$ z direct$ bel[4 ,,residue ,i4 ,?is may conta9 lead1 m]cury1 t91 bismu? & antimony4 ,x is heat$ = a consid]able "t ) aqua regia1 ! solution filt]$1 & ! second residue1 %\ld "o rema91 wa%$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,if ! second residue is fus$ ) cyanide ( potassium1 ! comp\nds pres5t are r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate4 ,! lib]at$ metals are treat$ ) nitric acid1 :i* dissolves lead1 b leaves t9 z insoluble meta/annic acid4 ,! nitrate ( lead is !n filt]$ f ! meta/annic acid1 & bo? metals are id5tifi$ z describ$ 9 ! treatm5t ( residue ,a4 ,! solution1 obta9$ by ! action ( aqua regia on residue ,i1 is treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! t9 & antimony are sep>at$ f ! lead1 m]cury & bismu? by treat+ ! precipitate produc$ ) sulphide ( ammonium1 :i* dissolves only ! sulphides ( ! fir/ two metals4 ,! solution 9 sulphide ( ammonium is aft]w>ds exam9$ = ^! metals1 z direct$ "u ! head ( solution ,,iv41 ! se>* = ars5ic1 h[ev]1 be+ "h omitt$4 ,^u treat+ ! residue insoluble 9 sulphide ( ammonium ) nitric acid1 lead1 copp] & bismu? g into solution1 m]cury rema9+ undissolv$4 ,! liquid is filt]$1 & ! undissolv$ m]cury submitt$ to ! special exam9ation previ\sly describ$4 ,sulphuric acid is add$ to ! solution & ! precipitate ( sulphate ( lead =m$1 sep>at$1 wa%$1 & exam9$ z direct$ :ile treat+ ( residue ,a4 ,f9ally1 ! solution sep>at$ f ! lead is te/$ = bismu? & copp]1 z 9 exam9ation ( precipitate ,,iii4 ,,solution ,,ii4 ,! solution is conc5trat$ by heat+ on a wat]-ba?1 a small quantity ( c>bonate ( soda cauti\sly add$ to a portion1 & notice tak5 if a precipitate =ms4 ,! "p tak5 is !n acidulat$ ) a little hydro*loric acid1 return$ to ! pr9cipal solution1 & sulphurett$ hydrog5 conduct$ ?r\gh ! fluid1 z 9 ! exam9ation ( solution ,b4 ,9 case a precipitate fails to =m1 all metals are abs5t2 if1 on ! contr>y1 a precipitate 7c7 is produc$1 x is exam9$ z direct$ bel[4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,precipitate c4 ,if ! solution m]ely became turbid1 or ! precipitate =m$ 0 ( a pure :ite color1 x consi/s probably ( sulphur4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 indisp5sable1 ev5 9 ?is case1 to collect ! precipitate & exam9e x = ars5ic4 ,provid$ x is ( a pure yell[ color1 x is treat$ ) ammonia4 ,9 case x is entirely dissolv$ by ?is treatm5t1 & ! addition ( c>bonate ( ammonia fail$ to produce a precipitate 9 solution ,,ii41 x is c]ta9 t ars5ic1 & no o!r metal1 is pres5t4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! ammoniacal solution is exam9$ z direct$ 9 ! article on ! detection ( ars5ic4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! precipitate is n yell[1 or be+ yell[1 is b imp]fectly soluble 9 ammonia1 & a precipitate 0 =m$ by ! addition ( c>bonate ( ammonia to solution ,,ii41 x is necess>y to likewise se>* = t91 antimony1 m]cury1 copp]1 bismu? & cadmium4 ,9 ?is case1 ! precipitate is plac$ 9 a small flask1 all[$ to dige/ = sev]al h\rs ) ammonia & sulphide ( ammonium 9 a mod]ately w>m place1 & ! solution filt]$4 ,! rema9+ residue 7,,iii47 is wa%$1 labell$1 & pres]v$ = subsequ5t exam9ation2 ! filtrate 7,,iv47 is treat$ z direct$ bel[4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,solution ,,iv4 ,! solution1 to :i* ! wat] us$ 9 wa%+ ! residue has be5 add$1 is evaporat$ to dryness1 ! residue obta9$ tak5 up ) pure fum+ nitric acid1 & ! liquid aga9 evaporat$4 ,! second residue is next saturat$ ) a solution ( c>bonate ( soda4 ,a mixture ( #a "p ( c>bonate & #b ( nitrate ( soda is !n add$1 ! mixture evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! residual mass heat$ to fusion4 ,! fus$ mass1 :5 cold1 is treat$ ) cold wat]1 & any rema9+ residue wa%$ ) a mixture ( equal p>ts ( alcohol & wat]4 ,! filt]$ fluids are n[ evaporat$ 9 ord] to remove ! alcohol1 sulphuric acid is !n add$1 & ! mixture heat$ until :ite fumes ( ! acid beg9 to evolve4 ,9 ?is way ! complete expulsion ( ! nitric acid pres5t is r5d]$ c]ta94 ,:5 cold1 ! residue is treat$ ) wat] & ! solution introduc$ into ,m>%'s app>atus1 or1 9 case a quantitative e/imation ( ! ars5ic is desir$1 x is treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 & ! weight ( ! precipitate =m$ det]m9$1 z direct$ "u ! detection ( ars5ic4 ,%\ld a residue insoluble 9 wat] rema91 x may conta9 t91 antimony & traces ( copp]4 ,^u dissolv+ x 9 aqua regia & plac+ a %eet ( pure z9c 9 ! solution1 ^! metals are ?r[n d[n 9 ! metallic /ate4 ,! precipitate is collect$1 ! z9c pres5t completely remov$ by treatm5t ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 & ! residue boil$ ) conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid :i* dissolves ! t9 pres5t4 ,! fluid is filt]$ & ! filtrate te/$ = ?is metal by add+ solution ( *loride ( gold1 :i*1 9 its pres5ce1 produces a purple precipitate1 &1 by treat+ x ) sulphurat$ hydrog51 :i* =ms a br[n precipitate1 soluble 9 sulphide ( ammonium4 ,if ! residue1 insoluble 9 conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 is ?or\ghly wa%$ & !n treat$ ) nitric acid1 ! copp] pres5t goes 9 solution4 ,! fluid is filt]$1 & ammonia add$ to ! filtrate3 9 pres5ce ( copp]1 ! solution acquires a blue color1 & gives a r$di% precipitate ^u addition ( f]rocyanide ( potassium4 ,antimony1 if pres5t1 rema9s by ! treatm5t ) nitric acid z an insoluble int]m$iate oxide4 ,?is is dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 9 :i* x is n[ soluble1 & ! solution introduc$ into ,m>%'s app>atus4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,precipitate ,,iii4 ,?is precipitate may conta9 ! sulphides ( m]cury1 copp]1 cadmium & bismu?4 ,^u treat+ x ) nitric acid1 all b ! sulphide ( m]cury are dissolv$4 ,9 case no residue rema9s1 ! abs5ce ( m]cury is indicat$2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 a residue is left1 x is well wa%$1 dissolv$ 9 aqua regia1 & ! solution exam9$1 ei!r by means ( ,smi?son's pile1 or 9 ! app>atus ( ,fl&9 & ,dang]4 7,vide ,detection ( ,m]cury47 ,:e!r a residue rema9s or n1 an excess ( ammonia is next add$ to ! filt]$ solution 9 nitric acid3 ! =mation ( a p]man5t precipitate d5otes ! pres5ce ( bismu?4 ,9 ?is case1 ! fluid is filt]$1 & ! alkal9e filtrate fur!r te/$ = copp] & cadmium4 ,= ?is purpose1 cyanide ( potassium is add$1 & sulphurett$ hydrog5 conduct$ ?r\gh ! filtrate3 if cadmium be pres5t1 a yell[ precipitate is produc$1 copp] n be+ ?r[n d[n 9 pres5ce ( an alkal9e cyanide4 ,! precipitate ( sulphide ( cadmium is sep>at$ f ! solution by filtration1 & ! filtrate saturat$ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,copp]1 if pres5t1 is n[ precipitat$ z sulphide3 its sep>ation is complet$ by conduct+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh ! fluid4 ,! precipitate is collect$1 wa%$1 dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 & its id5tity e/abli%$ z previ\sly direct$4 ,if ! metal be pres5t 9 suffici5t quantity1 x %\ld be obta9$ 9 a metallic /ate ^u a plate ( iron2 x is !n coh]5t1 possesses its natural color1 & c conv5i5tly be exhibit$ to ! ,jury4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,solution b4 ,?is solution may conta93 cobalt1 nickel1 iron1 manganese1 *romium1 z9c & alum9ium4 ,( ^!1 only z9c & *romium are poison\s2 ! se>* = ^! two metals is !re=e all t is necess>y 9 crim9al cases4 ,! solution is treat$ ) a slight excess ( ammonia1 sulphide ( ammonium add$1 & ! fluid1 aft] be+ all[$ to /& = sev]al h\rs1 filt]$4 ,! precipitate may consi/ ( sulphide ( z9c & hydrat$ oxide ( *romium1 z well z ( traces ( sulphide ( iron & phosphate ( lime4 ,if ! suspect$ mat]ials conta9$ a *romate1 ?is salt1 9 pres5ce ( hydro*loric acid & sulphurett$ hydrog51 w\ld be conv]t$ into sesqui*loride ( *romium a comp\nd :i* is precipitat$ by sulphide ( ammonium z a hydrat$ oxide4 ,! precipitate is wa%$ ) wat]1 to :i* a little sulphide ( ammonium is add$1 !n dri$1 & fus$ ) f\r times its weight ( a mixture ( equal p>ts ( c>bonate & nitrate ( potassa4 ,aft] ! mass has rema9$ 9 a /ate ( fusion = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 x is treat$ ) boil+ wat]1 mix$ ) a little alcohol1 9 ord] to decompose ! manganate t w\ld be pres5t 7 manganese conta9$ 9 ! mat]ials "u exam9ation4 ,! alcohol is !n expell$ by boil+ ! fluid1 & ! solution filt]$4 ,! filtrate may conta9 phosphate ( potassa1 orig9at+ f ! phosphate ( lime pres5t1 & *romate ( potassa1 result+ f ! oxidation ( ! sesquioxide ( *romium4 ,9 pres5ce ( ! latt] comp\nd1 ! foll[+ reactions w occur 9 ! solution3 #a/41 ,^u acidulation ) acetic acid & addition ( solution ( acetate ( lead1 a yell[ precipitate1 soluble 9 potassa1 is =m$2 #bnd41 if hydro*loric acid is add$ & sulphurett$ hydrog5 conduct$ into ! solution1 ! latt] acquires a gre5 color1 &1 ^u add+ ammonia1 a blui%-grey precipitate ( *romic hydrate is produc$2 #crd41 if nitrate ( silv] is add$ to ! solution1 a brick-r$ precipitate is =m$4 ,! precipitate rema9+ on ! filt]1 may consi/ ( z9c1 mix$ ) ! oxides ( iron1 nickel1 cobalt1 alum9ium & manganese4 ,x is dissolv$ 9 boil+ hydro*loric acid1 acetate ( soda add$1 & ! fluid boil$ until no fur!r precipitation occurs4 ,! iron is n[ completely sep>at$4 ,! solution is !n filt]$1 ! precipitate wa%$1 & an excess ( potassa add$ to ! filtrate2 if ! solution conta9s cobalt1 nickel or manganese--:i* is improbable--a p]man5t precipitate is =m$4 ,?is is sep>at$ f ! fluid by filtration3 its fur!r exam9ation is1 h[ev]1 unnecess>y1 z ! metals ( :i* x consi/s are n poison\s4 ,! filtrate may conta9 alum9ium & z9c4 ,! latt] metal is detect$ by acidulat+ ! filtrate ) acetic acid1 & add+ a solution ( sulphurett$ hydrog53 9 pres5ce ( z9c a :ite precipitate ( its sulphide is =m$4 ,9 case organic sub/ances are pres5t1 ! precipitation ( *romium by sulphide ( ammonium may possibly h be5 h9d]$1 & ! metal h pass$ into ! filtrate4 ,:51 !re=e1 *romium is n detect$ 9 ! precipitate1 ! filtrate %\ld also be exam9$4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! fluid is evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! residue obta9$ fus$ ) a mixture ( nitrate & c>bonate ( soda4 ,! fus$ mass is !n tak5 up ) wat]1 ! solution acidulat$ ) acetic acid1 & a solution ( acetate ( lead add$3 if *romium be pres5t1 a yell[ precipitate1 soluble 9 potassa1 is produc$4 ,,detection ,,( ,,alkaloids ,,& ,,"s ,,ill-,,def9$ ,,organic ,,sub/ances4,l ,a g5]al me?od = effect+ ! detection ( alkaloids 0 fir/ propos$ by ,/as4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ?is me?od1 modifications to x h be5 recomm5d$ by ,otto1 & by ,l4 ,usl> & ,j4 ,erdman4 ,o!r processes h be5 sugge/$ by ,rodg]s & ,girwood1 by ,e4 ,prollius1 & by ,graham & ,h(man4 ,! latt] w d\btless become g5]al 9 _! application2 b up to ! pres5t "t !y h be5 employ$ exclusively 9 ! detection ( /ry*n9e4 ,dialysis has also be5 rec5tly appli$ 9 ! sep>ation ( alkaloids4 ,l ,col*ic9e1 picrotox9e & digital9e4 ,,/as',s ,,me?od4 ,?is me?od is bas$ ^u ! facts3 7a71 t ! acid salts ( ! alkaloids1 especially ^? conta9+ an excess ( t>t>ic or oxalic acids1 are decompos$ by cau/ic alkalies & by ! bic>bonates ( soda & potassa2 7b71 t ! alkaloids1 :5 lib]at$ 9 ?is mann]1 are comb9$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat] :i* det]m9es _! solution 9 e!r1 al?\gh1 9 a desiccat$ /ate !y may be insoluble 9 ?is m5/ruum2 7c71 t !y may be extract$ f _! aque\s solutions by agitation ) e!r4 ,/as's orig9al me?od is z foll[s3 ,! suspect$ sub/ances1 if organs are conta9$1 are cut into f9e %r$s1 !n mix$ ) absolute alcohol1 #j4e to #b4 grammes ( t>t>ic or oxalic acid add$ & ! :ole introduc$ into a flask & heat$ at a temp]ature ( #fj to #ge4 ,:5 q cold1 ! mixture is filt]$1 & ! undissolv$ portion rema9+ on ! filt] wa%$ ) absolute alcohol1 ! wa%+s be+ add$ to ! filtrate4 ,! alcoholic solution is evaporat$1 ei!r by plac+ x "u a bell-j> connect$ ) an air-pump1 or by pass+ a curr5t ( air1 hav+ a temp]ature n exce$+ #ce ov] x1 until r$uc$ to a qu>t] ( its orig9al volume3 ! complete expulsion ( ! alcohol be+ !n r5d]$ c]ta94 ,if insoluble matt] sep>ates dur+ ?is op]ation1 ! conc5trat$ fluid is pass$ ?r\gh a moi/5$ filt]1 ! wat] us$ 9 wa%+ ! residue be+ unit$ to ! filtrate :i* is !n evaporat$ to dryness by aid ( ! air-pump or by plac+ ! fluid 9 a bell-j> ov] conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,:5 ! evaporation is complet$1 ! residue is treat$ ) absolute alcohol1 ! alcohol all[$ to evaporate at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! air1 & ! second residue dissolv$ 9 ! smalle/ possible am\nt ( wat]4 ,! fluid ?us obta9$ is plac$ 9 a te/-tube1 & a conc5trat$ solution ( bic>bonate ( soda add$ s long z eff]vesc5ce takes place4 ,e!r is !n add$1 ! mixture ?or\ghly %ak51 & aft] x has rema9$ at re/ = "s "t1 a small portion ( ! sup]natant e!r remov$ & evaporat$ on a wat*-glass3 ! residue obta9$ w consi/ ( ! alkaloid pres5t4 ,two cases are n[ possible3 ! alkaloid is a solid1 or x is a liquid & is volatile4 ,! fur!r treatm5t ( ! solution is modifi$ accord+ to ^! circum/ances4 a4 ,,! ,,alkaloid ,,is ,,liquid ,,& ,,volatile4 ,if1 ^u ! evaporation ( ! e!r1 oily /reaks 7 left on ! wat*-glass1 a volatile alkaloid is probably pres5t4 ,9 ?is case1 a solution ( cau/ic potassa is add$ to ! te/-tube1 ! mixture %ak51 ! sup]natant e!r decant$,m into a flask & ! rema9+ solution aga9 wa%$ ) e!r until ! la/ portion fails to leave a residue ^u evaporation4 ,! e!rial fluids are !n unit$1 & two cubic c5timetres ( wat]1 acidulat$ ) "o-fif? ( its weight ( sulphuric acid1 add$4 ,?is acid reta9s ! alkaloid1 :i* is n[ 9 ! /ate ( a pure acid-sulphate soluble 9 wat]1 ! animal matt]s pres5t rema9+ dissolv$ 9 ! e!r4 ,! e!r1 9 :i* "s sulphate ( conia may be conta9$--al?\gh ! great] portion ( ?is comp\nd w\ld rema9 9 ! aque\s solution--is !n decant$4 ,! rema9+ aque\s solution ( ! pure sulphate ( ! alkaloid is plac$ 9 a te/-tube1 a solution ( cau/ic potassa & "s e!r add$1 & ! mixture well %ak54 ,! e!r is next decant$ & all[$ to spontane\sly evaporate 9 a dry place at a v l[ temp]ature1 & ! ammonia possibly pres5t is !n remov$ by plac+ ! vessel conta9+ ! residue ov] sulphuric acid4 ,! residue n[ obta9$ consi/s ( ! alkaloid pres5t 9 a /ate ( purity1 & c be directly id5tifi$ by means ( ! reactions describ$ fur!r on4 ,m ,! necessity ( decant+ e!rial & o!r solutions is advantage\sly obviat$ by ! use ( a pipette4--,trans4 b4 ,,! ,,alkaloid ,,is ,,solid4 ,x sometimes occurs t e!r fails to take up all ( ! alkaloid pres5t 9 ! fluid treat$ ) bic>bonate ( soda4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! fluid %\ld be mix$ ) cau/ic potassa1 ! mixture %ak51 & ! e!r decant$2 ?is op]ation be+ repeat$ sev]al times1 until ! entire am\nt ( ! alkaloid is remov$2 ! e!real fluids are !n unit$ 9 a capsule1 & all[$ to spontane\sly evaporate4 ,! result ( ! evaporation may be solid2 m frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 a milky liquid rema9s :i* re/ores ! blue color to r$d5$ litmus pap]2 if s1 ! pres5ce ( a vegetable alkaloid is c]ta94 ,9 ord] to purify ! residue1 a few drops ( wat]1 slightly acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 are add$ to ! capsule1 & ! latt] turn$1 s z to br+ ! fluid 9 contact ) ! sub/ance at all po9ts2 9 ?is mann] a colorless & limpid fluid is obta9$1 ! fatty sub/ances adh]+ to ! di%4 ,! liquid is decant$ into a second capsule1 ! rema9+ residue wa%$ ) a little acidulat$ wat]1 & ! wa%+s likewise add$ to ! pr9cipal solution4 ,! fluid is n[ evaporat$ ei!r 9 vacuo1 or ov] sulphuric acid1 to ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( its orig9al volume a conc5trat$ solution ( neutral c>bonate ( potassa add$1 & ! mixture treat$ ) absolute alcohol1 :i* dissolves ! lib]at$ alkaloid1 & sep>ates x f ! sulphate ( potassa =m$ & ! excess ( c>bonate ( potassa4 ,! alcoholic solution is decant$ & all[$ to evaporate 9 vacuo or 9 ! air3 ! alkaloid n[ cry/allizes out 9 a /ate suitable = fur!r exam9ation4 ,,modifications ,,to ,,/as',s ,,me?od1 ,,propos$ ,,by ,,otto4 ,9 ,/as's me?od1 ! loss ( morph9e is possible1 =1 if e!r is n add$ imm$iately aft] ! addition ( c>bonate ( soda1 ?is alkaloid cry/allizes & is !n no long] soluble 9 t m5/ruum2 &1 if ! e!real solution is n quickly decant$1 ! portion dissolv$ w likewise sep>ate out 9 small cry/als4 ,9 bo? cases1 morph9e w rema9 9 ! aque\s solution f :i* ! o!r alkaloids h be5 extract$ by ! e!r4 ,m4 ,otto recomm5ds ! addition ( *loride ( ammonium & a little soda-lye1 9 ord] to dissolve ! alkaloid4 ,^u all[+ ! solution s obta9$ to /& = "s "t expos$ to ! air1 cry/als ( morph9e are deposit$4 ,accord+ to ! same au?ority1 x is advisable to omit ! di/9ction drawn by ,/as betwe5 volatile & fix$ alkaloids1 & submit bo? to ! treatm5t recomm5d$ = ^? t are volatile4 ,otto also recomm5ds ! agitation ( ! fluid conta9+ ! oxalates or t>trates ( ! alkaloids ) e!r1 previ\sly to _! sep>ation by means ( bic>bonate ( soda4 ,by ?is treatm5t ! elim9ation ( ! color+ matt] pres5t--z well z ( col*ic9e1 digital9e1 picrotox9e1 traces ( atrop9e1 & v>i\s impurities--is accompli%$4 ,z soon z ! e!r ceases to become color$ & to leave a residue ^u evaporation1 alkali is add$1 & ! op]ation conclud$ z usual4 ,9 ?is way ! alkaloid is obta9$1 almo/ directly1 9 a pure condition4 ,?is la/ modification appe>s to u to be a v happy "o1 inasmu* z x greatly facilitates ! purification ( ! alkaloid pres5t4 ,,modifications ,,to ,,/as',s ,,me?od1 ,,propos$ ,,by ,,usl> ,,& ,,erdman4 #a/4 ,! mat]ials to be exam9$ are br\ght to ! consi/5ce ( a ?9 pa/e1 & dige/$ = ab\t two h\rs ) wat]1 to :i* "s hydro*loric acid has be5 add$1 at a temp]ature ( #fj to #hj4 ,! mixture is !n filt]$ ?r\gh a moi/5$ l95 clo?1 & ! residue wa%$ ) w>m acidulat$ wat]2 ! wa%+s be+ add$ to ! solution4 #bnd4 ,"s pure qu>tz s&--or1 pref]ably1 silica prep>$ by ! decomposition ( fluoride ( silicium--is add$ to ! filtrate1 ! fluid sup]saturat$ ) ammonia1 & evaporat$ to dryness ov] a wat]-ba?3 ! addition ( silica r5d]s ! residue friable4 #crd4 ,! residue is boil$ repeat$ly ) amylic alcohol1 :i* extracts all ! alkaloid pres5t z well z ! fatty & color+ matt]s1 & ! extracts filt]$ ?r\gh filt] pap] t has be5 moi/5$ ) amylic alcohol4 #d?4 ,! filt]$ fluid is ?or\ghly agitat$ ) t5 or twelve times its volume ( almo/ boil+ wat] acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid3 ! hydro*lorate ( ! alkaloid pres5t goes into ! aque\s solution1 ! fatty & color+ sub/ances rema9+ dissolv$ 9 ! oily sup]natant lay]4 ,! latt] is sep>at$ by means ( a pipette1 & ! acid aque\s solution %ak5 ) fre% quantities ( amylic alcohol until completely decoloriz$4 #e?4 ,! aque\s solution is !n conc5trat$1 ammonia add$1 & ! mixture well %ak5 ) w>m amylic alcohol1 9 :i* ! alkaloid dissolves4 ,z soon z ! solution =ms a sup]natant lay] ^u ! surface ( ! fluid1 x is drawn (f ) a pipette & evaporat$ on a wat]-ba?4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ! alkaloid is usually obta9$ 9 a suffici5t /ate ( purity to admit ( its imm$iate id5tification2 if1 h[ev]1 a small portion turns br[n :5 treat$ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 ! process ( purification mu/ be repeat$4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is re-dissolv$ 9 dilute hydro*loric acid1 ! solution repeat$ly %ak5 ) amylic alcohol1 9 ord] to extract ! impurities pres5t1 & ! alkaloid !n extract$ ) ammonia & amylic alcohol1 z previ\sly direct$4 ,! me?od ( von ,usl> & ,erdman diff]s f t ( ,/as m]ely 9 ! sub/itution ( amylic alcohol = e!r1 & ( hydro*loric acid = oxalic or t>t>ic acid4 ,x (f]s no advantages ov] ,/as's me?od if ! alkaloids pres5t are soluble 9 e!r b is ev5 less advantage\s 9 ?is case1 inasmu* z its execution requires a long] "t4 ,9 cases :]e ! detection ( morph9e1 or an unkn[n alkaloid1 is desir$1 ! use ( amylic alcohol in/ead ( e!r is1 x is true1 pref]able2 /ill1 ) ! ex]cise ( c>e1 e!r c also be employ$1 &1 z ?is process greatly facilitates exam9ations :5 no clew to ! poison pres5t exi/s & all alkaloids may possibly be abs5t1 we pref] x to ! "o j describ$4 ,,rodg]s ,,& ,,girdwood',s ,,me?od4 ,?is me?od--:i* z yet has only be5 employ$ 9 ! detection ( /ry*n9e--is bas$ ^u ! solubility ( ?is alkaloid 9 *lor(orm4 ,! sub/ances "u exam9ation are dige/$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 & ! mixture filt]$4 ,! filtrate is !n evaporat$ to dryness on ! wat]-ba?1 ! residue tak5 up ) pure alcohol1 ! alcoholic solution evaporat$1 ! second residue treat$ ) wat]1 & ! solution s obta9$ filt]$4 ,! filtrate is next sup]saturat$ ) ammonia1 & well %ak5 ) *lor(orm1 :i*1 ^u be+ sep>at$ by means ( a pipette & evaporat$1 leaves ! alkaloid 9 an impure /ate4 ,conc5trat$ sulphuric acid is !n p\r$ ^u ! alkaloid3 ! latt] is n affect$ by ?is treatm5t1 :]eas ! =eign organic sub/ances pres5t are c>boniz$4 ,aft] ! lapse ( sev]al h\rs1 ! mixture is treat$ ) wat]1 ! fluid filt]$1 & ! /ry*n9e extract$ f ! filtrate by means ( ammonia & *lor(orm1 z already describ$4 ,! op]ation is repeat$ until ! residue obta9$ by evaporat+ ! *lor(orm is no long] affect$ by ! treatm5t ) sulphuric acid4 ,,prollius',s ,,me?od4 ,! suspect$ sub/ances are boil$ ) aque\s alcohol1 mix$ ) t>t>ic acid1 & evaporat$ at a g5tle heat4 ,! rema9+ aque\s solution is !n pass$ ?r\gh a moi/5$ filt]1 ammonia add$ to ! filtrate1 & ! mixture %ak5 ) *lor(orm4 ,! *lor(orm is sep>at$1 ! la/ trace ( ! orig9al solution remov$ by wa%+ ) wat]1 ?ree p>ts ( alcohol add$1 & ! fluid evaporat$4 ,if /ry*n9e be pres5t1 x w n[ sep>ate out 9 cry/als4 ,?is me?od is applicable only 9 pres5ce ( a consid]able quantity ( /ry*n9e1 & is less s]viceable ?an ! "o prec$+4 ,,graham ,,& ,,h(man',s ,,me?od4 ,?is me?od1 :i* is appli$ to ! detection ( /ry*n9e 9 be]1 is f\nd$ ^u ! fact t an aque\s solution ( a /ry*n9e salt yields ! alkaloid to animal *>coal1 f :i* x c be subsequ5tly extract$ by boil+ ) alcohol4 ,! be] to be exam9$ is %ak5 ) #cj grammes ( animal *>coal1 & ! mixture !n all[$ to /& tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ) occasional %ak+4 ,! solution is next filt]$1 ! animal *>coal wa%$ ) wat]1 & boil$ = half-an-h\r ) f\r times its weight ( #ij p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,! app>atus repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ab is employ$1 9 ord] to avoid a loss ( sub/ance 9 ?is op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! alcohol is filt]$ hot1 evaporat$1 & ! residue obta9$ treat$ ) a small quantity ( solution ( potassa1 & !n agitat$ ) e!r4 ,^u spontane\s evaporation1 ! e!real solution leaves ! /ry*n9e pres5t 9 a comp>atively pure /ate4 ,macadam proposes to use ?is process = ! detection ( /ry*n9e 9 animal bodies4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! suspect$ mat]ials are heat$ ) a solution ( oxalic acid1 z 9 ,/as's me?od1 & ! /ry*n9e detect$ 9 ! filt]$ solution 9 ! mann] j describ$4 ,?is me?od is sc>cely to be recomm5d$3 ! use ( animal *>coal is d\btless s]viceable 9 ! exam9ation ( be]1 z x effects ! sep>ation ( a small am\nt ( /ry*n9e f a l>ge quantity ( fluid1 b its application to o!r rese>*es is mu* less to be advis$4 ,,application ,,( ,,dialysis ,,9 ,,! ,,detection ,,( ,,alkaloids4 ,9 ord] to apply ! dialytic me?od to ! sep>ation ( alkaloids1 ! suspect$ sub/ances are heat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & ! solution introduc$ into ! dialyz]4 ,! hydro*lorates ( ! alkaloids1 be+ cry/all9e bodies1 transv]se ! membrane1 & are conta9$1 = ! great] "p1 aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 9 ! out] solution4 ,! fluid is !n conc5trat$1 & ! alkaloids ei!r directly precipitat$1 or purifi$ by "o ( ! prec$+ me?ods4 ,,id5tification ,,( ,,! ,,alkaloid4 ,! alkaloid hav+ be5 isolat$ by "o ( ! prec$+ me?ods1 x rema9s to e/abli% its id5tity4 ,ow+ to ! small numb] ( reactions *>act]i/ic ( organic comp\nds1 ?is is a matt] ( consid]able difficulty4 ,!re are two cases possible3 ! alkaloid may ei!r be volatile or fix$4 ,,! ,,alkaloid ,,is ,,volatile4 ,9 ?is case x may consi/ ( nicot9e1 con9e or anil9e3 less kn[n alkaloids 7piccol9e1 etc47 may also be pres5t4 ,we w conf9e ourselves to ! consid]ation ( ! ?ree fir/ m5tion$4 ,! alkaloid is divid$ into sev]al portions :i* are plac$ on wat*-glasses & submitt$ to ! foll[+ te/s3 a4 ,a drop is treat$ ) nitric acid3 ?is may1 or may n1 imp>t a r$ t9t to ! alkaloid2 if x does1 ano!r drop is treat$ ) dry hydro*loric acid gas3 if x assumes a deep violet color1 x probably consi/s ( con9e4 b4 ,9 case a r$ color 0 n produc$ by ! addition ( nitric acid1 ano!r drop is treat$ ) *loride ( lime4 ,if x acquires a violet t9t1 & two o!r drops1 :5 heat$1 "o ) ars5ic acid1 ! o!r ) nitrate ( m]cury1 become r$1 ! body pres5t consi/s ( anil9e4 or an homolog\s base4 c4 ,%\ld ! above te/s fail to give positive results1 & ! sub/ance1 :5 treat$ ) *lor9e1 assumes a blood-r$ color1 & ) hydro*loric acid does n *ange 9 ! cold b turns to a deep violet color ^u boil+1 x probably consi/s ( nicot9e4 ,,! ,,alkaloid ,,is ,,fix$4 ,a v m9ute quantity is dissolv$ 9 ! smalle/ possible am\nt ( hydro*loric acid1 & an excess ( ammonia add$4 ,?ree cases are n[ possible3 7a7 ,a precipitate1 insoluble 9 an excess ( ! precipitant1 is imm$iately =m$2 7b7 a precipitate is =m$1 :i*1 at fir/ dissolves1 b is subsequ5tly deposit$ f ! fluid2 7c7 no precipitate is produc$1 or1 9 case "o =ms1 x dissolves 9 an excess ( ! precipitant & fails to sep>ate out ^u all[+ ! fluid to /&4 a4 ,ammonia produces a p]man5t precipitate4 ,a small quantity ( an aque\s solution ( c>bonic acid is p\r$ ov] ! alkaloid 9 ! wat]-glass1 & notice tak5 :e!r x dissolves or n3 9 ei!r case ! mixture is evaporat$ on a wat]-ba? to dryness1 9 ord] to avoid a loss ( sub/ance4 ,,c>bonic ,,acid ,,fails ,,to ,,dissolve ,,! ,,alkaloid4 ,aft] ! evaporation is complet$1 e!r is add$ to ! wat*-glass3 ! alkaloid may1 or may n1 be dissolv$4 ,! e!r is !n evaporat$ at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! air4 ,e!r fails to dissolve ! alkaloid4 ,x probably consi/s ( b]b]9e4 ,9 ?is case1 x w possess a yell[ color1 & its hydro*lorate w give a r$di%-br[n precipitate ^u addition ( sulphide ( ammonia4 ,e!r dissolves ! alkaloid4--,a small portion is treat$ ) nitric acid4 ,if an int5se gre5 coloration is produc$1 ! rema9+ portion is dissolv$ 9 e!r1 & an e!real solution ( oxalic acid add$4 ,if ! precipitate n[ =m$ does n dissolve ^u ! addition ( a little wat]1 !re is reason to suppose ! pres5ce ( aric9e4 ,provid$ ! addition ( nitric acid did n produce a coloration1 ! mixture ( ! alkaloid & ?is acid is treat$ ) a small quantity ( sulphuric acid3 if ! fluid n[ acquires a r$ color1 ! sub/ance probably consi/s ( n>cot9e4 ,%\ld bo? nitric & sulphuric acids fail to cause a reaction1 ! alkaloid is dissolv$ 9 e!r1 precipitat$ by an e!real solution ( oxalic acid1 & ! precipitate treat$ ) a little wat]4 ,if x dissolves1 x probably consi/s ( papav]9e4 ,,c>bonic ,,acid ,,dissolves ,,! ,,alkaloid4 ,! sub/ance is treat$ ) e!r1 notice be+ tak5 if x dissolves1 :i* is evaporat$ at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! air s z to prev5t a loss ( m9ute portions ( ! alkaloid4 ,e!r dissolves ! alkaloid4--,if nitric acid gives fir/ a sc>let1 !n a yell[ color1 sulphuric acid a yell[1 *ang+ to r$ & violet1 & hydro*loric acid a violet color1 ! alkaloid pres5t is probably v]atr9e4 ,if ! above colorations are n produc$1 *lor9e wat] is add$ to ano!r portion ( ! sub/ance1 !n ammonia2 ! =mation ( a gre5 color1 *ang+ to violet & turn+ r$ ^u a r5ew$ addition ( *lor9e wat]1 d5otes ! pres5ce ( qu99e4 ,9 case all ( ^! te/s give b negative results1 & ! alkaloid is soluble 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 a solution be+ =m$ :i* assumes a r$di%-violet t9t :5 /irr$ ) a glass rod previ\sly dipp$ 9 brom9e wat]1 ! pres5ce ( delph9e4 is indicat$4 ,e!r fails to dissolve ! alkaloid4--,if ! sub/ance is capable ( be+ sublim$1,n x consi/s ( c9*on9e4 ,n ,c9*on9e1 :5 sublim$1 cond5ses 9 m9ute brilliant ne$les4--,trans4 b4 ,ammonia produces a precipitate1 :i* r$issolves 9 an excess ( ! precipitant1 b sep>ates out aft] ! lapse ( an h\r4 ,! sub/ance is treat$ ) cold absolute alcohol & its solubility 9 ?is m5/ruum not$4 ,if x readily dissolves1 x probably consi/s ( bruc9e4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is alkaloid is confirm$ by apply+ ! foll[+ te/s3 7#a7 ,nitric acid imp>ts a blood-r$ color to ! sub/ance2 7#b7 if treat$ ) sulphuric acid1 x acquires a r$di% t9t :i* subsequ5tly *anges to yell[ & gre52 7#c7 *lor9e at fir/ fails to cause a coloration1 b aft] "s "t a yell[ color :i* aft]w>ds *anges to a r$ is produc$2 7#d7 ^u treat+ ! sub/ance ) brom9e1 x imm$iately assumes a violet t+e4 ,9 case ! alkaloid is only slightly soluble 9 alcohol1 !re is reason to inf] ! pres5ce ( /ry*n9e4 ,! foll[+ confirmatory te/s %\ld be appli$3 7#a7 ,if ! sub/ance is treat$ ) a mixture ( sulphuric acid & an oxidiz+ body1 su* z bi*romate ( potassa1 b9oxide ( manganese1 or p]oxide ( lead x acquires a violet color1 :i* *anges into r$ & f9ally passes into a cle> yell[2 7#b7 ! addition ( bi*loride ( plat9um produces a precipitation ( ! hydro*lorate4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ! sub/ance be only slightly soluble 9 alcohol1 & ! above reactions fail to take place1 ! pres5ce ( solan9e4 is indicat$4 ,9 pres5ce ( ?is alkaloid ! foll[+ reactions w occur3 7#a7 ,^u treat+ ! sub/ance ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 x assumes a rose t9t1 :i* *anges aft] "s "t has elaps$ fir/ to a deep violet1 !n to a br[n color2 7#b7 a solution ( a salt ( ! alkaloid r$uces gold & silv] salts2 7#c7 ! addition ( oxalic acid produces a precipitate 9 ! aque\s & ev5 acid solution ( its salts4 c4 ,ammonia fails to produce a precipitate1 or r$issolves p]man5tly ! "o =m$4 ,! solubility ( ! alkaloid 9 e!r is asc]ta9$4 ,if x be soluble1 x may consi/ ( aconit9e1 atrop9e or code9e2 if insoluble1 ( emet9e or morph9e4 ,! alkaloid is soluble 9 e!r4--,if bi*loride ( plat9um fails to precipitate ! hydro*lorate f a neutral solution ( ! alkaloid1 & sulphuric acid causes x to assume a yell[ color :i* subsequ5tly *anges to a r$di%-violet1 x probably consi/s ( aconit9e4 ,9 case bi*loride ( plat9um causes a precipitate & sulphuric acid fails to produce ! yell[ coloration ref]r$ to above1 ! pres5ce ( ei!r atrop9e or code9e is indicat$4 ,9 ord] to decide :i* ( ^! bases is pres5t1 ! sub/ance is dissolv$ 9 pure *loric acid & ! solution all[$ to spontane\sly evaporate4 ,if ! alkaloid is deposit$ dur+ ?is op]ation1 x probably consi/s ( atrop9e4 ,if ?is is n ! case1 !re is reason to inf] ! pres5ce ( code9e4 ,! alkaloid is insoluble 9 e!r4--,if x dissolves 9 acetone x probably consi/s ( emet9e4 ,if acetone fails to dissolve x1 ! pres5ce ( morph9e4 is indicat$4 ,! foll[+ confirmatory te/s %\ld be appli$3 7#a7 ,^u treat+ ! sub/ance ) nitric acid1 x acquires a blood-r$ color2 7#b7 ! addition ( a solution ( a p]salt ( iron produces an evanesc5t blue coloration2 7#c7 *loride ( gold is color$ blue1 :5 treat$ ) ! alkaloid2 7#d7 ! sub/ance r$uces iodic acid3 ?is r$uction is detect$ by add+ to ! acid a little />*-pa/e1 :i* turns blue ^u ! lib]ation ( ! iod9e2 7#e7 p]manganate ( potassa1 if heat$ ) ! sub/ance1 is r$uc$ & acquires a gre5 color4 ,,id5tification ,,( ,,digital9e1 ,,picrotox9e ,,& ,,col*ic9e4 ,x has already be5 rem>k$ t 9 exhau/+ ! fir/ acid solution ) e!r--previ\s to ! neutralization1 accord+ to ,otto's me?od--col*ic9e1 a weak alkaloid1 digital9e1 an indef9ite mixture1 picrotox9e 7:i* appe>s to possess ! prop]ties ( an acid71 & traces ( atrop9e1 pass into solution4 ,! e!r is evaporat$ on a wat]-ba? to dryness1 ! residu>y mass treat$ ) slightly w>m$ wat] & ! solution filt]$ f ! undissolv$ res9\s matt]4 ,! aque\s solution is next r5d]$ feebly alkal9e by addition ( soda lye1 & !n well agitat$ ) e!r1 until ?is fluid ceases to leave a residue ^u evaporation4 ,! e!real solution is n[ decant$1 & ! wat] pres5t remov$ by means ( *loride ( calcium4 ,if x is evaporat$1 a residue conta9+ ! col*ic9e1 digital9e & traces ( atrop9e 7mix$ possibly ) a m9ute quantity ( picrotox9e1 :i* is "h left out ( consid]ation7 is obta9$4 a4 ,! alkal9e solution1 f :i* ! e!r has be5 remov$1 is acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid & aga9 %ak5 ) e!r4 ,! picrotox9e pres5t is n[ dissolv$1 & ^u dehydrat+ 7by means ( fus$ *loride ( sodium7 & evaporat+ ! e!real solution c be obta9$ 9 cry/als4 ,! cry/als ( picrotox9e are easily recogniz$ by _! =m+ 9 fea!ry tufts z well z by _! l5g? & silky brilliancy4 ,%\ld cry/als fail to =m 9 a %ort "t1 x is advisable to take up ! residue1 left by ! evaporations ( ! e!r1 ) slightly w>m$ alcohol1 & to all[ ! latt] to spontane\sly evaporate on a wat*-glass1 or1 if ! quantity ( sub/ance is exce$+ly m9ute1 on ! slide ( a microscope4 ,aft] det]m9+ ! =m ( ! cry/als1 x %\ld be asc]ta9$ t !y possess an int5se bitt] ta/e & exhibit ! o!r *>act]i/ic prop]ties ( picrotox9e4 ,! foll[+ reaction is di/9ctive3 ,if ! cry/als are dissolv$ 9 an aque\s solution ( soda & a few drops ( ,fehl+'s solution,o add$1 a r$di% precipitate ( cupr\s oxide is =m$4 ,o ,an alkal9e solution ( t>trate ( copp]1 employ$ 9 ! exam9ation ( sug>1 ur9e1 & w9e4--,trans4 b4 ,provid$ picrotox9e has n be5 f\nd1 ! e!real solution obta9$ by agitat+ ! alkal9e fluid ) e!r is to be exam9$ = col*ic9e & digital9e4 ,to ?is end1 ! residue obta9$ ^u evaporat+ ! solution to dryness is tak5 up ) wat]1 & ! filt]$ fluid te/$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,x is asc]ta9$ if a drop ( ! solution possesses ! bitt] ta/e ( digital9e4 #b4 ,ano!r drop is treat$ ) solution ( tann92 if ei!r alkaloid be pres5t1 a precipitate is =m$4 #c4 ,two drops ( ! solution are next te/$3 "o ) t9cture ( iod9e1 ! o!r ) *loride ( gold4 ,^! reag5ts precipitate col*ic9e1 b d n affect solutions ( digital9e or picrotox9e4 ,un=tunately traces ( atrop9e1 possibly pres5t1 w\ld cause ! same reaction2 ! te/ !re=e fails to be conclusive4 #d4 ,sev]al portions ( ! solution are evaporat$ on wat* cry/als4 ,conc5trat$ nitric acid is add$ to "o portion3 if col*ic9e be pres5t1 an evanesc5t violet coloration is produc$1 :i* *anges to a light yell[ ^u addition ( wat]1 & to a pure yell[ or r$di%-orange color1 if ! mixture is saturat$ ) a slight excess ( cau/ic alkali4 #e4 ,ano!r portion ( ! residue is dissolv$ 9 a few drops ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 & ! solution /irr$ ) a glass rod moi/5$ ) brom9e wat]3 9 pres5ce ( digital9e a violet-r$ color is produc$4 ,?is coloration is m di/9ct :5 a small quantity ( ! alkaloid & an excess ( sulphuric acid are pres5t4 #f4 ,if a l>ge am\nt ( sub/ance is at h&1 ! residue c be boil$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & ! gre5 or br[ni% color & *>act]i/ic odor ( digital9e produc$1 9 case ?is body be pres5t3 ?is1 h[ev]1 is n a v delicate te/4 #g4 ,f9ally2 x is advisable :5 ! pres5ce ( digital9e is suspect$ to asc]ta9 its physiological action4 ,= ?is purpose1 a m9ute quantity ( ! sub/ance is plac$ ^u ! he>t ( a frog3 9 pres5ce ( ! alkaloid1 ! pulsations are imm$iately ret>d$1 or ev5 arre/$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,al?\gh by means ( ! te/s giv5 above ! exi/5ce ( a special alkaloid1 or ( "o ( ! ill-def9$ sub/ances j m5tion$1 may be ju/ly reg>d$ z probable1 its pres5ce has n yet ) c]ta9ty be5 demon/rat$4 ,?is is especially true 9 cases :]e ! comp\nd possesses b few *>act]i/ic prop]ties4 ,:5 possible1 ! suspect$ sub/ance %\ld be obta9$ 9 a cry/al9e =m1 & !n comp>$ by aid ( ! microscope--if ! small quantity pres5t p]mits ( no o!r exam9ation--) cry/als ( ! pure alkaloid1 prep>$ "u ! same conditions4 ,9 case #bj or ev5 #aj c5tigrammes ( sub/ance are at h&1 x is be/ to conv]t ! alkaloid into its hydro*lorate1 & evaporate ! solution ( ?is salt to dryness4 ,! residue1 aft] be+ weigh$1 is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & a solution ( sulphate ( silv] add$4 ,! precipitate ( *loride ( silv] =m$ is collect$ & c>efully weigh$1 9 ord] to calculate ! weight ( ! *lor9e conta9$ 9 ! hydro*lorate & consequ5tly ! molecul> weight ( ! alkaloid4 ,! filtrate f ! *loride ( silv]1 :i* conta9s ! alkaloid 9 ! /ate ( sulphate1 is treat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 to remove ! excess ( silv] pres5t & ! fluid !n filt]$4 ,! filtrate is next %ak5 ) potassa & e!r4 ,^u decant+ & evaporat+ ! e!real solution1 a residue consi/+ ( ! alkaloid pres5t is obta9$1 :i* is !n purifi$ by cry/allization f alcohol4 ,an elem5t>y analysis ( ! alkaloid is n[ execut$4 ,c]ta9ty z to ! pres5ce ( an individual alkaloid is atta9able only :5 ! execution ( ?is confirmatory te/ is possible4 ,! reactions previ\sly describ$ c be p]=m$ ) fifte5 c5tigrammes ( sub/ance1 & ?is am\nt is sometimes conta9$ 9 a cadav]4 ,if b "o or two c5tigrammes are at h&1 x is /ill possible to detect ! pres5ce ( an alkaloid2 a conclusion1 h[ev]1 z to :i* _c be arriv$ at1 especially if ! sub/ance f\nd is a liquid or an amorph\s body1 & "o t pres5ts few di/9ctive prop]ties4 ,,iii4 ,,me?ods ,,to ,,be ,,employ$1 ,,:5 ,,no ,,clew ,,to ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,poison ,,pres5t ,,c ,,be ,,obta9$4 ,if poison+ has be5 caus$ by ! adm9i/ration ( a mixture ( num]\s sub/ances & ^! greatly diff] 9 _! prop]ties1 x is impossible to demon/rate 9 an inconte/ible mann] ! pres5ce ( ea* individual poison4 ,?is cont+5cy =tunately b seldom arises2 ! crim9al usually has rec\rse to "o or two poisons1 ! detection ( :i* is possible4 ,x mu/ n be imag9$1 h[ev]1 t ! pres5ce ( a poison 9 an organ c at once be detect$ ) c]ta9ty by ! m]e application ( a few te/s2 because1 9 se>*+ = a sub/ance :i* is abs5t1 we may unwitt+ly de/roy ! "o pres5t1 or1 at lea/1 trans=m x into comb9ations :i* w\ld n all[ ( a def9ite conclusion z to its orig9al condition4 ,9 ord] to foll[ a sy/ematic me?od 9 rese>*es ( ?is nature1 x is advisable to divide ! mat]ials "u exam9ation into ?ree p>ts3 "o portion is pres]v$1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 its physiological effects on animals1 ! *emical analysis hav+ fail$ to give positive results4 ,! o!r portions are submitt$ to analysis1 b ) slightly diff]5t objects 9 view2 "o is subject$ to a s]ies ( te/s :i* are adapt$1 "u all circum/ances1 to place ! *emi/ on ! track ( ! poison pres5t1 & :i*1 9 "s cases1 may ev5 give conclusive & def9ite results4 ,%\ld ^! te/s furni% only indications ( ! nature ( ! poison1 ! rema9+ portion s]ves1 ) ! assi/ance ( ?is in=mation1 to e/abli% beyond d\bt ! id5tity ( ! sub/ance4 ,,indicative ,,te/s4 ,two cases may pres5t !mselves3 ! mat]ials to be exam9$ possess ei!r an alkal9e 7or neutral7 or an acid reaction4 ,z ! me?ods to be pursu$ 9 ei!r ( ^! cases diff] some:at1 !y w be treat$ sep>ately4 ,,! ,,sub/ance ,,possesses ,,an ,,acid ,,reaction4 ,! mat]ials are mix$ ) wat]1 plac$ 9 a retort provid$ ) a deliv]y-tube :i* dips 9 a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 & heat$ ov] a wat]-ba?3 if a cyanide be pres5t1 hydrocyanic acid w be dis5gag$1 & a :ite precipitate ( cyanide ( silv] =m$3 ?is is exam9$ z previ\sly direct$ 7vide p4 #ej74 ,9 case a precipitate is n produc$ by ! above treatm5t1 m wat] is add$ to ! retort1 & ! mixture boil$ = ab\t an h\r1 c>e be+ tak5 to collect ! evolv$ vapors 9 a well-cool$ receiv]4 ,! portion rema9+ 9 ! retort is ?r[n on a filt] & ! filtrate obta9$ unit$ ) ! di/illate4 ,! residue rema9+ on ! filt] is next wa%$ ) boil+ absolute alcohol1 ! wa%+s be+ add$ to ! aque\s solution4 ,9 ?is way1 ! suspect$ sub/ances are divid$ into soluble & insoluble portions1 :i* are exam9$ sep>ately1 z direct$ bel[4 a4 ,,liquid ,,portion4 ,if ! addition ( alcohol caus$ a precipitation ( animal matt]s1 ^! are sep>at$ by filt]+ ! solution4 ,! filtrate is !n plac$ "u a bell-j> ov] conc5trat$ sulphuric acid until its volume is consid]ably r$uc$4 ,! solution may conta9 organic & inorganic bases & acids4 ,9 ord] to detect all bodies t are pres5t1 ! foll[+ c\rse is pursu$3 7#a74 ,a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 is conduct$ ?r\gh ! solution3 ! precipitation ( "s metals1 usually ?r[n d[n by ?is gas1 may fail to take place 9 ?is in/ance1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( organic sub/ances2 h[ev]1 "s metals are precipitat$1 ev5 9 pres5ce ( organic comp\nds1 & organic acids are b seldom pres5t4 ,9 case a precipitate is =m$1 x is mix$ ) pure silica1 collect$ on a filt]1 & treat$ ) nitric acid4 ,if ! precipitate fails to dissolve1 x is treat$ ) aqua regia4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! solution obta9$ is exam9$ = metals by ! ord9>y me?ods4 7#b74 ,! solution 9 :i* sulphurett$ hydrog5 fail$ to produce a precipitate1 or ! filtrate sep>at$ f ! precipitate =m$1 is divid$ into two p>ts3 "o portion is treat$ ) e!r & a solution ( potassa2 ! o!r ) e!r & a solution ( soda4 ,bo? mixtures are !n well agitat$1 & notice tak5 if ! e!r dissolves any ?+3 if s1 ! op]ation is repeat$ sev]al times until all soluble sub/ances are remov$4 ,! e!real solutions are next decant$ & unit$1 & !n submitt$ to ! exam9ation = alkaloids z direct$ pp4 #fe-hd4 7#c74 ,if--! above treatm5t giv+ ei!r positive or negative results--a precipitate insoluble 9 e!r is =m$ by ! addition ( potassa or soda1 x is collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$1 & dissolv$ 9 an acid4 ,! solution is !n te/$ = m9]al bases4 7#d74 ,9 case no def9ite result has be5 obta9$ by ! prec$+ op]ations1 "o ( ! portions 7= in/ance1 ! "o to :i* potassa 0 add$7 is te/$ = ! acids possibly pres5t 9 ! /ate ( salts4 ,! solution is divid$ into two p>ts 7,a & ,b7 :i* are exam9$ sep>ately3 ,,portion ,a4--,?is is evaporat$ to dryness & ! residue divid$ into f\r p>ts :i* are !n te/$ = hydr(luoric1 nitric1 oxalic1 & acetic & =mic acids4 a4 ,,hydr(luoric ,,acid4--,a portion ( ! residue is heat$ 9 a plat9um crucible ) sulphuric acid1 & ! crucible cov]$ ) ! convex face ( a wat*-cry/al coat$ ) wax 9 :i* l9es h be5 trac$ ) a po9t$ piece ( wood4 ,if1 aft] g5tly heat+ ! crucible = "s "t & remov+ ! wat*-cry/al1 ! l9es trac$ 9 ! wax are f\nd to be et*$ 9 ! glass1 ! sub/ance "u exam9ation conta9s a fluoride4 b4 ,,nitric ,,acid4--,if ?is acid be pres5t1 & a second portion ( ! residue is heat$ ) sulphuric acid & copp]1 r$di%-fumes are evolv$4 ,^u conduct+ ! vapors into a solution ( sulphate ( iron or n>cot9e1 ! reactions already m5tion$ 9 treat+ ( nitric acid take place4 c4 ,,oxalic ,,acid4--,! ?ird portion ( ! residue is heat$ ) sulphuric acid1 & ! evolv$ gas c>efully collect$4 ,x %\ld !n be confirm$ by an elem5t>y analysis t ! gas consi/s ( equal volumes ( c>bonic oxide & c>bonic acid4 ,?is te/ is n conclusive2 x is also necess>y to asc]ta9 if ! precipitate produc$ by ! addition ( a b>yta solution 7vide3 "u portion ,b47 produces ! same reaction1 inasmu* z o!r organic bodies c\ld give rise to c>bonic oxide & c>bonic acid1 & ! dang] ( bo? admitt+ ! pres5ce ( oxalic acid1 :5 x is abs5t1 & omitt+ its detection1 9 case x is pres5t1 w\ld be incurr$4 d4 ,,acetic ,,& ,,=mic ,,acids4--,! f\r? portion ( ! residue is di/ill$ ) dilute sulphuric acid4 ,aft] det]m9+ t a small portion1 previ\sly neutraliz$ ) a base1 acquires a r$ color1 ^u addition ( a solution ( a p]salt ( iron1 ! di/illate is divid$ into two p>ts4 ,"o portion is treat$ ) bi*loride ( m]cury3 if =mic acid be pres5t1 metallic m]cury is =m$1 ) evolution ( c>bonic acid :i* produces turbidity 9 lime-wat]4 ,! rema9+ portion ( ! fluid is dige/$1 9 ! cold1 ) an excess ( li?>ge3 9 pres5ce ( acetic acid1 a soluble basic salt ( lead1 possess+ an alkal9e reaction1 is produc$4 ,,portion ,b4--,! second portion ( ! solution is sup]saturat$ ) nitric acid1 & ?is neutraliz$ by addition ( a slight excess ( ammonia4 ,! ammonia is !n expell$ by boil+ ! fluid1 & a solution ( nitrate ( b>yta add$4 ,if a precipitate =ms1 x is collect$ & subsequ5tly exam9$ = sulphuric1 phosphoric1 oxalic & boric acids z direct$ bel[4 ,! filtrate is pres]v$ & te/$ = hydro*loric1 hydrobromic & hydriodic acids4 a4 ,,oxalic ,,acid4--,a portion ( ! precipitate produc$ by ! addition ( nitrate ( b>yta is submitt$ to ! te/ m5tion$ "u ! treatm5t ( portion ,a4 b4 ,,sulphuric ,,acid4--,if an insoluble residue rema9s ^u treat+ ! rema9d] ( ! precipitate ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 x consi/s ( sulphate ( b>yta & indicates ! pres5ce ( sulphuric acid4 c4 ,,phosphoric ,,acid4--,an excess ( solution ( alum & ammonia is add$ to ! portion ( ! precipitate dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,if phosphoric acid be pres5t1 insoluble phosphate ( alum9a is precipitat$4 ,?is is br\ght ^u a filt]3 ! filtrate be+ pres]v$ & subsequ5tly exam9$ = boric acid4 ,^u boil+ ! precipitate ) solution ( silicate ( potassa1 silicate ( alum9a is ?r[n d[n1 & phosphate ( potassa rema9s 9 solution4 ,*loride ( ammonia is n[ add$ to ! liquid--9 ord] to elim9ate ! excess ( silica f ! silicate--& ! solution filt]$4 ,! filtrate is !n te/$ = phosphates1 by means ( molybdate ( ammonia 7vide3 detection ( phosphoric acid1 p4 #dh74 d4 ,,boric ,,acid4--,! filtrate f ! precipitate ( phosphate ( alum9a is evaporat$ to dryness1 ! residue mix$ ) sulphuric acid & alcohol1 & ! latt] ignit$4 ,if ! sub/ance conta9s boric acid1 ! alcohol w burn ) a gre5 flame4 ,! filtrate1 sep>at$ f ! precipitate produc$ by ! addition ( nitrate ( b>yta1 may conta9 hydro*loric1 hydrobromic & hydriodic acids4 ,9 ord] to detect ^! comp\nds1 "s nitrate ( silv] is add$ to ! solution1 & ! precipitate t may =m c>efully wa%$ & decompos$ by fusion ) potassa4 ,! mass is !n dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ! solution submitt$ to ! foll[+ te/s3 e4 ,,hydriodic ,,acid4--,"s />* pa/e & nitric acid--conta9+ nitr\s acid 9 solution--are add$ to a portion ( ! solution3 9 pres5ce ( an iodide1 ! fluid imm$iately acquires a blue color4 f4 ,,hydrobromic ,,acid4--,9 case iod9e has n be5 detect$1 *lor9e wat] & e!r are add$ to a second portion ( ! fluid1 & ! mixture well agitat$4 ,if brom9e be pres5t1 ! e!r w assume a br[n color4 ,9 case iod9e is also conta9$ 9 ! fluid1 & ! detection ( brom9e is desir$1 x is necess>y to acidulate ! solution ) hydro*loric acid1 & !n %ake x ) *loride ( lime & bisulphide ( c>bon4 ,! bisulphide ( c>bon dissolves ! iod9e1 acquir+ a violet color1 :i* disappe>s ^u a r5ew$ addition ( *loride ( lime2 :]eas1 9 pres5ce ( brom9e an orange coloration rema9s1 ev5 aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! iod9e reaction4 g4 ,,hydro*loric ,,acid4--,s9ce ! sub/ance "u exam9ation w already conta9 hydro*loric acid1 x is unnecess>y1 9 mo/ cases1 to in/itute a se>* = ?is comp\nd4 ,nev]!less1 x may be well to take a quantity ( ! solution1 correspond+ to a kn[n weight ( ! orig9al sub/ance1 & precipitate ! acid by add+ nitrate ( silv]4 ,! precipitate =m$ is dri$ & weigh$4 ,x is !n heat$ 9 a curr5t ( *lor9e1 9 ord] to completely conv]t x into *loride ( silv]1 & its weight aga9 det]m9$4 ,only 9 case ! am\nt ( *loride f\nd is v l>ge1 is x to be inf]r$ t ! poison+ has be5 caus$ by hydro*loric acid4 h4 ,,hydrosulphuric ,,acid4--7,sulphurett$ hydrog574 ,if ! precipitate produc$ by nitrate ( silv] possesses a black color1 x may consi/ ( a sulphide4 ,^u treat+ a portion ) solution ( hyposulphite ( soda1 all b ! sulphide ( silv] is dissolv$4 ,9 case a residue rema9s1 x is calc9$ ) nitrate ( soda1 & ! sulphate =m$ detect$ by add+ a soluble b>ium salt to its solution4 ,sulphates1 *lorides1 c>bonates & phosphates are mo/ frequ5tly met ) 9 ! prec$+ exam9ation1 & x %\ld be c>efully notic$ :i* ( ^! salts exi/ 9 ! greate/ abundance4 ,if acids ( comp>atively r>e occurr5ce 7su* z ! oxalic & t>t>ic7 are f\nd1 _! approximate am\nt is also to be not$4 ,^! facts1 toge!r ) ! orig9al acidity ( ! mat]ials & ! abs5ce ( o!r toxical bodies1 w\ld lead to ! conclusion t ! poison+ 0 caus$ by ! reception ( an acid1 z well z to ! id5tification ( ! special acid us$4 ,9 subsequ5tly effect+ ! detection ( ! poison by ! det]m9ative te/s1 ! dang] ( de/roy+ o!r poisons possibly conta9$ 9 ! sub/ance w be obviat$1 z ! "q ( ! abs5ce or pres5ce ( ^! latt] w h be5 previ\sly decid$4 7#e74 ,! exam9ation = acids conclud$1 ! v>i\s fluids :i* h accumulat$1 & f :i* ! acids pres5t h be5 sep>at$1 are unit$ & ! :ole evaporat$ to dryness4 ,! organic sub/ances1 pres5t 9 ! residue obta9$1 are de/roy$ by means ( nitric acid1 & ! residual mass exam9$ = soda4 ,if ?is sub/ance has n be5 introduc$ into ! portion ( fluid exam9$1 & is discov]$ 9 a quantity l>gely 9 excess ( ! am\nt normally conta9$ 9 ! organism1 x is probable t poison+ has be5 caus$ by its adm9i/ration1 & t an acid has also be5 giv51 ei!r 9 ord] to mask ! poison1 or to act z an antidote4 ,9 ?is case1 x is necess>y to c>efully se>* = acetic acid1 z ?is is ! sub/ance usually employ$ z an antidote = alkalies4 7#f47 ,:atev] results h be5 obta9$ by ! prec$+ exam9ations1 ! portion ( ! fluid :i* has be5 treat$ ) soda 7vide p4 #hg7 is evaporat$ to dryness4 ,! organic matt]s possibly pres5t are de/roy$ by means ( nitric acid1 or aqua regia1 & ! residue tak5 up ) wat]4 ,! solution s obta9$ is !n exam9$ = metals 7includ+ potassa1 :i* salt has n be5 introduc$ into ?is portion ( ! fluid 9 any ( ! prec$+ op]ations7 by ! usual me?ods4 7#g74 ,! soluble portion ( ! suspect$ mat]ials hav+ be5 ?or\ghly te/$1 ! undissolv$ sub/ances rema9+ on ! filt] are next exam9$4 b4 ,,solid ,,portion4 7#a74 ,! organic matt] pres5t is fir/ de/roy$ by treatm5t ) aqua regia4 ,! fluid is !n evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! residue heat$ until ! nitric acid is entirely expell$2 ! escap+ vapors be+ collect$ 9 a cold receiv]4 ,! residue is next tak5 up ) wat]1 ! solution filt]$1 & sulphuric acid add$4 ,%\ld a precipitate ( sulphate ( lime1 sulphate ( b>yta or sulphate ( /rontia =m1 x is sep>at$ f ! fluid & fur!r exam9$4 ,! filt]$ solution is !n introduc$ into ,m>%'s app>atus1 sodium amalgam be+ employ$ = g5]at+ ! hydrog51 & te/$ = ars5ic & antimony by means ( ! reactions previ\sly giv54 7#b74 ,:e!r "o ( ! above poisons be discov]$ or n1 ! /ill acid fluid is remov$ f ! flask1 a curr5t ( *lor9e conduct$ ?r\gh x = sev]al h\rs & ! solution !n exam9$ = m]cury by ,fl&9 & ,dang]'s me?od4 ,9 case m]cury is f\nd x c\ld sc>cely h orig9at$ f ! metal 9 ,m>%'s app>atus1 z ?is w\ld n be attack$ by cold dilute sulphuric acid3 h[ev]1 to remove all d\bts1 ! te/ %\ld be repeat$ ) a portion ( ! sub/ances res]v$ = ! exam9ation by ! det]m9ative te/s4 7#c74 ,:atev] h be5 ! results ( ! above exam9ations1 x is /ill to be asc]ta9$ if ! fluid1 :i* has be5 successively treat$ by ,m>%'s & ,fl&9 & ,dang]'s me?ods1 does n conta9 o!r metals4 ,?is is accompli%$ by means ( ! ord9>y reactions4 ,,! ,,sub/ance ,,possesses ,a ,,neutral ,,or ,,an ,,alkal9e ,,reaction4 ,! exam9ation is conduct$ 9 precisely ! same mann] z 9 ! prec$+ case1 except+ t ! mat]ials are fir/ acidulat$ ) oxalic or t>t>ic acids4 ,p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! se>* = soda1 potassa1 lime1 b>yta & /rontia1 & ! det]m9ative te/s subsequ5tly appli$ accord+ to ! indications obta9$4 ,,det]m9ative ,,te/s4 ,9 _m in/ances ! te/s we h t]m$ indicative become det]m9ative 9 _! "*4 ,?is is ! case :5 ! isolation ( an alkaloid or a metal 7unless m]cury be f\nd "u ! circum/ances already m5tion$7 is accompli%$2 ! results obta9$ are !n conclusive4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1--n be+ able to sep>ate ei!r an alkaloid or a metal--^u saturat+ ! orig9ally acid fluid ) potassa1 or soda1 ! salts ( ^! bases h be5 f\nd 9 abundance1 !re is reason to inf] t ! poison+ has be5 caus$ by an acid2 or1 if1 aft] ! neutralization ( ! orig9ally alkal9e solution ) an acid1 potassa or soda are discov]$ 9 a l>ge quantity1 poison+ by an alkali is indicat$4 ,9 case ! fluid is neutral1 b m or less color$ & odorif]\s1 & iodides or bromides are detect$1 we may ju/ly suspect t ! poison+ has be5 caus$ by ! reception ( iod9e or brom9e4 ,accord+ to ! indications furni%$1 iod9e1 brom9e1 "o1 or all ( ! acids1 ! cau/ic alkalies1 etc41 are !n detect$ by means ( ! me?ods to be employ$ 9 cases :]e ! exp]t has a clew to ! poison pres5t4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ! pres5ce ( potassa & soda1 & ( brom9e & iod9e1 ev5 9 mixtures1 is easily asc]ta9$4 ,x only rema9s to m5tion ! c\rse to be pursu$ :5 suspicion exi/s t poison+ has be5 caus$ by ! adm9i/ration ( a mixture ( sev]al acids4 ,! suspect$ mat]ials are boil$ ) wat]1 & alcohol add$ to ! solution 9 ord] to coagulate ! animal matt]s4 ,! solution is next filt]$1 ! filtrate plac$ 9 a retort provid$ ) a receiv] & di/ill$ until ! residual portion acquires a pa/y consi/5cy4 ,9 ?is way1 ! acids pres5t are sep>at$ into two classes3 7a7 ^? t are suffici5tly volatile to h pass$ into ! receiv]1 su* z1 acetic1 nitric1 hydro*loric & sulphuric acids 7! latt] acid w only be p>tially volatiliz$72 & 7b7 ^? t rema9 9 ! retort4 ,! =m] are detect$ by exam9+ ! di/illate z previ\sly direct$4 ,! residue rema9+ 9 ! retort is treat$ ) absolute alcohol1 ! fluid filt]$1 & a solution ( acetate ( lead add$ to ! filtrate3 sulphuric1 phosphoric & oxalic acids1 if pres5t1 are precipitat$4 ,! precipitate is susp5d$ 9 wat] & decompos$ by means ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! acids conta9$ are n[ set free1 & are detect$ by apply+ ! te/s already m5tion$4 ,if !re be reason to suspect ! pres5ce ( bo? sulphuric & oxalic acids1 ! di/illation is discont9u$ aft] a %ort "t4 ,! two acids are dissolv$ by %ak+ ! mod]ately conc5trat$ fluid rema9+ 9 ! retort ) e!r1 &1 ^u evaporat+ ! solution1 w be obta9$ 9 a /ate suitable = exam9ation4 ,oxalic acid is !n detect$ by means ( sulphate ( lime2 sulphuric by means ( oxalate ( b>yta4 ,! above exam9ations w\ld fail to effect ! detection ( phosphorus1 & x is necess>y to exam9e a sep>ate portion ( ! orig9al sub/ance = ?is body4 ,,iv4 ,,miscellane\s ,,exam9ations4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,color ,,( ,,! ,,hair ,,& ,,be>d4 ,a crim9al1 9 ord] to conceal 8 id5tity1 may *ange ! color ( ! hair & be>d by artificial means2 ei!r to a d>k] %ade1 9 case !y 7 naturally ( a light color1 or1 to a light] hue1 if !y 7 orig9ally d>k1 & ! *emical exp]t may be call$ ^u to detect ?is artificial coloration1 & re/ore ! orig9al color ( ! hair4 ,x may also happ51 t portions ( hair /ill adh]e to ! clots ( blood sometimes f\nd on an in/rum5t :i* has be5 employ$ 9 ! commission ( a crime1 & consequ5tly ! "q may arise z to ! nature ( ! hair1 :e!r x be human or animal4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,! ,,color ,,( ,,! ,,hair ,,& ,,be>d4 ,! mode ( exam9ation necess>y :5 ! hair has be5 black5$ is diff]5t f t us$ :5 x has be5 decoloriz$4 ,! hair has be5 black5$4 ,z v>i\s me?ods ( dye+ hair black are 9 use1 ! means ( re/or+ ! orig9al color diff]4 ,! foll[+ are ! me?ods mo/ usually employ$ 9 dye+3 #a4 ,! hair is well rubb$ ) a pomade1 9 :i* f9ely pulv]iz$ *>coal is incorporat$4 ,?is prep>ation1 :i* is sold "u ! "n ( mlanocome1 possesses ! disadvantage ( soil+ ! f+]s & clo?+1 ev5 = sev]al days aft] its application4 #b4 ,! hair is moi/5$ ) a dilute solution ( ammonia1 & a p]fectly neutral solution ( a bismu? salt 7*loride or nitrate7 is !n appli$4 ,x is subsequ5tly wa%$1 & all[$ to rema9 9 contact ) a solution ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 #c4 ,! same op]ation is p]=m$1 a lead comp\nd be+ sub/itut$ = ! bismu? salt4 #d4 ,a mixture ( li?>ge1 *alk1 & slack$ lime is appli$1 & ! head cov]$ ) a w>m clo?4 ,! hair is aft]w>ds wa%$1 fir/ ) dilute v9eg>1 !n ) ! yolk ( an egg4 #e4 ,! hair is fir/ cleans$ ) ! yolk ( an egg1 & !n moi/5$ ) a solution ( plumbate ( lime2 or1 #f4 ,x is moi/5$ ) a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 to :i* a quantity ( ammonia suffici5t to dissolve ! precipitate fir/ =m$ has be5 add$4 ,! fir/ me?od m]ely causes a me*anical admixture ( a color+ matt] ) ! hair4 ,9 ! f\r succe$+ processes1 a black metallic sulphide is produc$2 ei!r by ! subsequ5t application ( a solution ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 or by ! action ( ! sulphur normally pres5t 9 ! hair4 ,9 ! la/ me?od1 ! =mation ( sulphide ( silv] d\btless occurs2 b ! pr9cipal *ange t takes place is probably due to ! action ( light1 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 decomposes ! salts ( silv]4 ,9 ord] to re/ore ! orig9al color to hair :i* has be5 treat$ ) mlanocome1 x is only necess>y to dissolve 9 e!r ! fatty matt]s pres5t1 & !n remove ! *>coal by wa%+ ) wat]4 ,9 case ! hair has be5 dy$ by means ( a bismu? or lead salt 7z 9 me?ods #b1 #c1 #d & #e71 x is imm]s$ = sev]al h\rs 9 dilute hydro*loric acid3 ! metal pres5t dissolves1 z *loride1 & ! orig9al color ( ! hair is r5d]$ app>5t4 ,x !n rema9s to detect ! metal dissolv$ 9 ! acid solution1 9 ord] to e/abli%1 beyond d\bt1 ! fact t a dye has be5 employ$4 ,?is is accompli%$ by means ( ! me?ods us$ = ! detection ( metals 9 cases ( suppos$ poison+4 ,if1 f9ally1 an ammoniacal solution ( nitrate ( silv] has be5 employ$ to cause ! coloration1 ! hair is imm]s$1 = "s "t1 9 a dilute solution ( cyanide ( potassium1 & ! fluid subsequ5tly exam9$ = silv]4 ,9 case a portion ( ! salt has be5 conv]t$ into ! sulphide1 x w be difficult to re/ore ! orig9al color1 z ! removal ( ?is comp\nd is n easily effect$4 ,! hair has be5 decoloriz$4 ,black hair c be blea*$ by means ( *lor9e-wat]1 ! v>i\s %ades ( ! blonde be+ produc$ by ! m or less prolong$ action ( ! reag5t4 ,9 ?is case1 ! odor ( *lor9e is completely remov$ only ) great difficulty1 & ! hair is r>ely uni=mly decoloriz$4 ,! exp]t may !re=e be able to obs]ve indication t w greatly assi/ him 9 arriv+ at a def9ite conclusion4 ,! hair %\ld be c>efully exam9$ up to ! roots3 if sev]al days h elaps$ s9ce ! decolorization has be5 p]=m$1 ! l[] portion ( ! hair w h gr[n & w exhibit its natural color4 ,no me?od has yet be5 propos$ t re/ores ! orig9al color to blea*$ hair4 ,x is v possible1 h[ev]1 t ?is end w\ld be atta9$ by all[+ nasc5t hydrog5 to act ^u ! decoloriz$ hair4 ,= ?is purpose1 x w\ld be necess>y to imm]se x 9 wat] conta9+ "s sodium amalgam1 & slightly acidulat$ ) acetic acid4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,hair4 ,9 exam9ations ( ?is "* use is made ( ! microscope4 ,! hair to be exam9$ is susp5d$ 9 syrup1 oil1 or glyc]9e & plac$ betwe5 two ?9 glass plates4 ,human hair is sometimes cyl9drical2 sometimes flatt5$4 ,x consi/s ei!r ( a c5tral canal1 or ( a longitud9al s]ies ( oblong cavities :i* conta9 oily color+ matt]1 & possesses ! same diamet] ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?4 ,! br[n hair ( ! be>d & :isk]s1 m$ium-siz$ *e/nut hair1 ! hair ( a "y blonde girl1 & ! d[ny hair ( a "y man possess respectively a diamet] ( #j4jc to #j4ae2 #j4jh to #j4ji2 #j4jf2 & #j4jae to #j4jbb millimetres4 ,^! exhibit on ! surface slightly project+ scales1 :i* are irregul>ly s9u\s at ! bord]1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a space ( ab\t #j4ja m4m41 & are transp>5t1 :atev] may be _! color4 ,! hair ( rum9ants is %ort & /iff1 & is *>act]iz$ by conta9+ cavities fill$ ) air4 ,wool1 h[ev]1 =ms an exception1 z x consi/s ( entire hairs1 homog5e\s 9 appe>ance & possess+ imbricat$ scales1 :i* be/[ ^u x ! prop]ty ( be+ felt$4 ,! hair ( ! horse1 ox & c[ nev] exce$s #ab m4m4 9 l5g?1 & is tap]+1 its diamet] gradually dim9i%+ f ! base4 ,x is p]fectly opaque1 & does n appe> to possess a c5tral canal2 has a r$di% color1 & frequ5tly exhibits lat]al swell+s1 f :i* small filam5ts occasionally become deta*$1 9 ! same mann] z a twig sep>ates itself f ! p>5t bran*4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,fire-,,arms4 7,propos$ by ,m4 ,b\tigny47 ,! exam9ation ( fire-arms is sometimes useful 9 det]m9+ ! date at :i* a weapon has be5 dis*>g$ or reload$4 ,! me?ods us$ 9 exam9ations ( ?is nature v>y1 z ! weapon "u inspection is "o provid$ ) a fl9t or an ord9>y p]cussion lock4 ,! value ( ! te/s employ$ is also affect$ by ! k9d ( p[d] us$2 i4 e41 :e!r common gunp[d]1 gun-cotton or :ite gunp[d] 7prep>$ by mix+ yell[ prussiate ( potassa1 *lorate ( potassa & sug>7 has be5 tak54 ,,! ,,gun ,,is ,,provid$ ,,) ,a ,,fl9t-,,lock1 ,,& ,,0 ,,*>g$ ,,) ,,ord9>y ,,p[d]4 ,9 case ! weapon has be5 wip$ or expos$ to moi/ure subsequ5t to its seizure1 x is impossible to =m any conclusion z to ! date ( its dis*>ge1 etc4 ,x is !re=e advisable1 ^u receiv+ ! weapon1 to c>efully wrap ! lock 9 a wooll5 clo?1 & to close ! b>rel4 ,! ext]ior ( ! gun is at fir/ submitt$ to a c>eful exam9ation1 & notice tak5 ( ! approximate ?ickness ( any exi/+ ru/ spots4 ,! fire-pan & adjac5t portion ( ! b>rel are also exam9$ by aid ( a magnify+ glass1 especial att5tion be+ giv5 to ! detection ( traces ( a moi/ & pulv]ul5t incru/ation ( a greyi% or blacki% color1 =m$ by ! combu/ion ( ! gunp[d]1 & ( cry/als ( sulphate ( iron4 ,if ! weapon is load$1 ! wad is )drawn & ! color ( its cyl9drical portion & ( ! p[d]1 z well z ! size ( ! ball or %ot1 not$4 ,?is prelim9>y exam9ation end$1 ! b>rel & fire-pan are sep>ately wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 & ! wa%+s pass$ ?r\gh filt] pap] :i* has previ\sly be5 well wa%$1 fir/ ) pure hydro*loric acid1 !n ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,! filtrate is next divid$ into ?ree portions1 & ^! sep>ately exam9$ =3 7#a7 sulphuric acid1 by addition ( *loride ( b>ium2 7#b7 = iron1 by oxidiz+ ! salts conta9$ 9 ! fluid ) a few drops ( nitric acid & add+ a solution ( f]rocyanide ( potassium1 ! pres5ce ( iron be+ indicat$ by ! =mation ( a blue coloration1 or a blue precipitate2 & 7#c7 = sulphides1 by means ( a solution ( subacetate ( lead4 ,if a blui%-black incru/ation is discov]$ on ! fire-pan or on ! neighbor+ portions ( ! b>rel1 & bo? ru/ & cry/als ( sulphate ( iron are abs5t1 & ! wa%+s1 :i* 7 orig9ally ( a light-yell[ color1 assume a *ocolate-br[n coloration ^u ! addition ( solution ( subacetate ( lead1 ! gun has be5 dis*>g$ )9 two h\rs at ! longe/4 ,if ! incru/ation possesses a light] color & traces ( iron h be5 detect$ 9 ! wa%+s1 b nei!r ru/ nor cry/als h be5 discov]$ on ! b>rel or fire-pan1 ! weapon has be5 dis*>g$ m ?an two1 b less ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,9 case m9ute cry/als ( sulphate ( iron & spots ( ru/ are f\nd1 & ! wa%+s conta9 iron 9 a consid]able quantity1 ! weapon has be5 dis*>g$ at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 at ! longe/ t5 days4 ,if ! quantity ( ru/ f\nd is consid]able1 b iron is no long] to be detect$1 ! dis*>ge ( ! gun occurr$ t5 days1 at ! longe/ fifty days1 previ\sly4 ,if ! weapon has be5 reload$ imm$iately aft] its dis*>ge )\t hav+ be5 previ\sly wa%$1 ! portions ( ! wadd+ :i* h come 9 contact ) ! b>rel w possess a greyi%-black color dur+ ! fir/ f\r days1 ! color gradually becom+ light]1 until1 at ! fifte5? day1 x turns grey & rema9s s p]man5tly4 ,9 ?is case1 ! wa%+s w conta9 sulphuric acid4 ,! objection has be5 advanc$ to ! la/ te/ t sulphuric acid might be discov]$1 ev5 if ! gun _h n be5 dis*>g$1 if ! pap] ( :i* ! wadd+ 0 made conta9$ pla/]4 ,m4 ,b\tigny /ates1 h[ev]1 t ?is objection is unt5able1 if ! wadd+ has n be5 moi/5$ by ! wat] introduc$ into ! b>rel4 ,9 case ! gun has be5 wa%$ & dri$ be=e be+ reload$1 ! cyl9drical portion ( ! wadd+ possesses an o*re-yell[ color up to ! fir/ or second day1 assumes a decid$ r$ hue on ! days foll[+1 & acquires a cle> ru/y color on ! six? day4 ,dur+ ! fif? day ! p[d] also possesses a r$di% appe>ance1 ow+ to an admixture ( ru/4 ,sulphuric acid is n pres5t 9 ! wa%+s4 ,if ! weapon has be5 reload$ imm$iately aft] be+ wa%$1 ! wadd+ possesses a gre5i%-yell[ appe>ance = ! fir/ few h\rs1 & subsequ5tly acquires a r$di% color1 z 9 ! prec$+ case4 ,if1 f9ally1 ! b>rel has be5 wa%$ ) turbid lime-wat]1 ru/ is /ill to be f\nd & ! wadd+ possesses ! color m5tion$ above4 ,! foll[+ colorations are also to be obs]v$ 9 case ! gun has n be5 wa%$1 or has be5 dri$ ne> a fire3 ,,b>rel ,,dri$ ,,ne> ,a ,,fire4 ,,unwa%$ ,,b>rel4 ,aft] #a day slight r$di% yell[ color gre5i% yell[ color4 #b or #c days a little d>k] r$di%-br[n #d days a r$d] r$di%-br[n #e or m days a ru/y-r$ ru/y-r$4 ,,! ,,gun ,,is ,,n ,,provid$ ,,) ,a ,,fl9t ,,lock4 ,at pres5t weapons hav+ fl9t-locks h almo/ entirely gone out ( use & h be5 sup]s$$ by ! ord9>y p]cussion gun2 ^! latt]1 9 turn1 are be+ gradually replac$ by bree*-load]s1 *>g$ ) or )\t a metallic c>tridge4 ,! indications obta9$ 9 ! prec$+ exam9ations by means ( ! fire-pan1 w !re=e disappe>2 ! results giv5 by ! inspection ( ! b>rel may possibly hold good4 ,9 reg>d to bree*-load]s1 all ! useful indications furni%$ by ! coloration ( ! wadd+ & p[d] fail to occur2 ! latt] be+ enclos$ ei!r 9 a pap] cyl9d] or 9 a copp] socket4 ,! fact t gun cotton & :ite gunp[d] are occasionally made use (1 adds to ! difficulty ( obta9+ reliable results by ! m]e inspection ( a weapon4 ,:ite gunp[d] does n oxidize ! gun1 fails to give rise to any salt ( iron1 & possesses a :ite color2 gun-cotton produces di/9ctive indications v>y+ ) its purity4 ,ow+ to ^! facts1 x is evid5t t ! me?od propos$ by ,m4 ,b\tigny is ( no real value1 save 9 ! r>e in/ances :]e a gun provid$ ) a fire-pan1 & *>g$ ) ord9>y p[d]1 is "u exam9ation1 & ! "q ( ! lapse ( "t s9ce ! dis*>ge ( a weapon mu/ rema9 undet]m9$ s f> z sci5tific te/s are conc]n$4 ,,detection ,,( ,,human ,,rema9s ,,9 ,,! ,,a%es ,,( ,a ,,fire-,,place4 ,?is class ( exam9ations is p>ticul>ly necess>y :5 ! crime ( infanticide is suspect$4 ,z ! complete inc9]ation ( a cadav] is a long & difficult op]ation1 x frequ5tly occurs t bones--p>tially or completely c>boniz$1 b reta9+ _! orig9al =m--are discov]$ by ! c>eful exam9ation ( ! a%es ( ! fire-place 9 :i* ! combu/ion 0 accompli%$4 ,:5 ?is is n ! case & complete inc9]ation & disaggregation h occurr$1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! indications furni%$ by a *emical analysis4 ,^! indications are reliable1 h[ev]1 only :5 ! c]ta9ty exi/s t bones ( animals h n be5 consum$ 9 ! same fire-place2 o!rwise1 ! results obta9$ are entirely wor?less1 ! reactions giv5 by a%es ( animal bones be+ id5tical ) ^? produc$ by ! a%es ( a human body4 ,two te/s are employ$ to detect ! pres5ce ( bones 9 ! residue left by ! combu/ion ( animal matt]4 #a4 ,a portion ( ! a%es is plac$ 9 a silv] crucible1 heat$ ) potassa1 & ! mass aft]w>ds treat$ ) cold wat]4 ,if animal matt] is conta9$ 9 ! consum$ mat]ials1 cyanide ( potassium w be pres5t 9 ! aque\s solution4 ,9 ord] to detect ?is salt1 ! fluid is acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & a solution ( p]sulphate ( iron add$3 ! =mation ( a blue precipitate indicates ! pres5ce ( ! cyanide4 #b4 ,! a%es are next exam9$ = phosphate ( lime4 ,z wood1 coal1 & ! o!r sub/ances usually employ$ = heat+ purposes conta9 none or little ( ?is salt1 its detection 9 a notable quantity w\ld lead to ! inf]5ce t bones h be5 consum$4 ,! a%es are all[$ to dige/ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs ) "o-qu>t] ( _! weight ( sulphuric acid4 ,wat] is next add$ to ! pa/y mixture1 & ! fluid filt]$4 ,if phosphate ( lime be pres5t1 x is conv]t$ by ?is treatm5t into a soluble acid phosphate1 :i* passes into ! filtrate4 ,^u add+ ammonia to ! filtrate1 a precipitate ( neutral phosphate ( lime is =m$1 neutral phosphate ( ammonia rema9+ 9 solution4 ,! fluid is aga9 filt]$1 ! filtrate acidulat$ ) nitric acid1 & !n boil$ ) a solution ( molybdate ( ammonia likewise acidulat$ ) nitric acid3 9 pres5ce ( a phosphate1 a yell[ precipitate1 or at lea/ a yell[ coloration ( ! fluid1 w be produc$4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ! dis5gagem5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 ^u treat+ ! a%es ) sulphuric acid1 is an indication t ! combu/ion ( a human body has occurr$2 ?is reaction is1 h[ev]1 valueless1 inasmu* z coal & c]ta9 vegetable a%es likewise evolve ! gas :5 subject$ to ! same treatm5t4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,writ+s4 ,contracts1 *ecks1 etc41 are frequ5tly alt]$ ) crim9al int5t1 ei!r by eras+ ! portion ( ! writ+ ov] ! signature & sub/itut+ o!r matt]1 or by *ang+ c]ta9 words1 9 ord] to modify ! signification ( a s5t5ce4 ,writ+s are alt]$ ei!r by erasure or by wa%+4 ,erasure1 al?\gh m easily execut$1 is seldom employ$1 z x r5d]s ! pap] ?9 9 places1 & 9 ?is way leaves effects app>5t ev5 to ! nak$ eye1 &1 al?\gh ! orig9al ?ickness c be re/or$ by application ( s&>ac or alum1 ^! sub/ances possess prop]ties diff]+ f ^? exhibit$ by pap]1 & may1 moreov]1 be completely remov$1 ?us expos+ ! ?9n+ ( ! pap]4 ,9 case wa%+ by means ( *lor9e has be5 resort$ to1 ! siz+--:i* r5d]s ! pap] non-bibul\s1 & :i* is only ) difficulty replac$--may h be5 remov$4 ,=m]ly pap] 0 siz$ by imm]sion 9 a solution ( gelat9e2 at pres5t1 h[ev]1 a soap ( res91 or wax1 & alum9a 7a little />* be+ add$7 is m commonly us$4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! siz+ is less easily remov$ by ! action ( wat] ?an :5 ! gelat9e prep>ation is employ$2 ! detection ( its attempt$ re/oration is also a matt] ( less difficulty1 z gelat9e w\ld be employ$ = ?is purpose1 & ?is body possesses prop]ties diff]5t f ^? exhibit$ by ! sub/ances normally conta9$ 9 pap]3 iod9e1 = in/ance1 :i* imp>ts a yell[ color to gelat9e1 turns />* violet-blue4 ,9 ord] to detect ! alt]ation ( a writ+1 ! foll[+ exam9ations are made3 #a4 ,! pap] is c>efully exam9$ 9 all ( its p>ts1 & 9 v>i\s positions1 by aid ( a l5s4 ,9 ?is way1 ei!r ?9n$ po9ts1 caus$ by erasure1 or rema9+ traces ( words1 may possibly be discov]$4 #b4 ,! pap] is next plac$ ^u a p]fectly clean piece ( glass1 & completely & uni=mly moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,! glass is !n remov$1 & ! transp>5cy ( ! pap] exam9$ by aid ( a l5s4 ,:5 uni=m transp>5cy is exhibit$1 & c]ta9 portions are nei!r m transp>5t nor m opaque ?an ! re/ ( ! pap]1 x is probable t erasure has n be5 attempt$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 opaque po9ts are obs]v$1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t lett]s h be5 eras$1 & s&>ac1 :i* is n affect$ by wat]1 subsequ5tly appli$4 ,9 case transp>5t po9ts are detect$1 !re is reason to suspect t words h be5 remov$1 & ! spots ei!r left intact or aft]w>ds coat$ ) a sub/ance soluble 9 wat]1 su* z alum4 #c4 ,! pap] is dri$ & ! above op]ation repeat$ ) alcohol ( #hg p] c5t4 ,indications may n[ be obs]v$ :i* fail$ to occur 9 ! treatm5t ) wat]2 z well z ^! latt] confirm$4 ,z alcohol dissolves s&>ac1 ! po9ts t =m]ly appe>$ opaque may n[ become transp>5t4 #d4 ,! pap] is aga9 dri$1 !n plac$ "u a %eet ( v ?9 silk-pap]1 & a w>m iron pass$ ov] x4 ,?is op]ation frequ5tly causes ! reappe>ance ( words t h be5 p>tially oblit]at$4 ,x is also advisable--z sugge/$ by ,m4 ,lassaigne--to expose ! pap] to ! action ( iod9e vapors4 ,if alt]ation has n be5 attempt$1 ! pap] w acquire an uni=m color2 yell[1 if siz$ ) gelat9e2 violet blue1 if siz$ ) ! mixture ( soap1 res9 & />*4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 a subsequ5t siz+ ( gelat9e has be5 appli$ 9 ord] to mask ! alt]ation--! pap] hav+ be5 orig9ally siz$ ) ! above mixture--x w assume 9 "s portions a yell[1 9 o!rs a violet-blue color4 #e4 ,x is asc]ta9$ :e!r ! pap] possesses an acid reaction4 ,if s1 its acidity may result f ! pres5ce ( hydro*loric acid1 9 case ! pap] 0 wa%$ ) *lor9e1 or ( o!r acids4 ,alum1 us$ to disguise erasure1 w\ld also cause an acid reaction4 ,! m]e detection ( acidity is1 9 itself1 ( little importance1 z1 9 ! manufacture ( pap]1 ! pulp is blea*$ by means ( *lor9e1 & ?is reag5t may n h be5 entirely remov$ by wa%+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! pap] is acid only 9 c]ta9 spots1 & ^! po9ts produce a r$ coloration ^u blue litmus pap]1 hav+ ! =m ( lett]s1 ! indication is ( value4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 if ?is be ! case1 x is advisable1 be=e wett+ ! pap]1 to slightly press x ^u a %eet ( moi/ litmus pap]3 ! acid spots w !n leave a r$di% trace ^u ! latt]4 #f4 ,! manuscript "u exam9ation is aga9 spread ^u a glass-plate1 & a solution ( tann9 7or pref]ably1 a solution ( f]rocyanide ( potassium conta9+ "o p] c5t4 ( ! salt1 & acidulat$ ) acetic acid7 appli$ by means ( a bru%4 ,if ! orig9al writ+ 0 execut$ ) ord9>y ink 7:i* has z its base tannate ( iron71 & ! wa%+ has be5 b imp]fectly p]=m$1 x is q possible t a blue coloration w be produc$ by ! action ( ! f]rocyanide4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 (t5 necess>y to apply ! above reag5ts sev]al times be=e ! orig9al writ+ becomes app>5t2 inde$1 9 "s cases mon?s h elaps$ be=e ! reaction has occurr$4 ,9 case ! alt]ation or de/ruction ( ! docum5t is fe>$ 9 ! above te/1 x is well to previ\sly provide ! c\rt ) a c]tifi$ copy1 & !n proce$ ) ! exam9ation4 #g4 ,if ! pap] possesses a friable appe>ance1 x has possibly be5 wa%$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,?is prop]ty may h[ev] orig9ate f o!r causes1 & ! pres5ce ( ! acid %\ld be confirm$ by wa%+ ! docum5t ) di/ill$ wat]1 & add+ a solution ( *loride ( b>ium to ! wa%+s4 ,! precipitate %\ld =m 9 a consid]able quantity1 z a slight cl\d9ess c\ld be due to sulphates conta9$ 9 ! wat] us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! pulp4 ,if mu* sulphuric acid be pres5t1 x may be s conc5trat$ by heat+ z to cause ! c>bonization ( ! pap]4 #h4 ,x is also well1 %\ld wa%+ ) sulphuric acid be suspect$1 to asc]ta91 by aid ( a l5s1 if ! filam5ts on ! surface ( ! manuscript possess an inflat$ appe>ance4 ,?is w\ld be caus$ by ! escape ( c>bonic acid1 orig9at+ f ! action ( sulphuric acid ^u ! c>bonates conta9$ 9 ! wat] us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! pap]4 #i4 ,old ink is m difficult to remove ?an new1 & x is !re=e sometimes possible to cause ! reappe>ance ( old writ+s1 ov] :i* words h be5 subsequ5tly writt54 ,= ?is purpose1 a solution conta9+ #ej p] c5t4 ( oxalic acid is appli$ ) a f9e bru% ov] ! suspect$ po9ts4 ,z soon z ! ink disappe>s1 ! acid is imm$iately remov$ by wa%+ ) wat]1 & ! pap] dri$4 ,^u n[ repeat+ ! op]ation1 ! pres5ce ( a =m] writ+ may be detect$ aft] ! complete disappe>ance ( ! words la/ writt54 #aj4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,lassaigne1 :5 ! same ink has n be5 us$ ?r\gh\t a docum5t1 wa%+ ) dilute hydro*loric acid w demon/rate ! fact4 ,?is acid1 :ile caus+ ! gradual oblit]ation ( *>act]s writt5 ) ord9>y ink--! %ade ( ! pap] n be+ alt]$--produces a r$ color1 if ink conta9+ log-wood has be5 employ$1 & a gre5 coloration1 9 case ! ink us$ conta9$ ,prussian blue4 ,! exp]t may possibly be call$ ^u to give evid5ce z to ! exi/5ce ( a trompe-l'oeil2 z 0 ! case 9 ! trial ( ,m4 de ,preigne1 :i* took place at ,montpeli] 9 #aheb4 ,a trompe-l'oeil consi/s ( two %eets ( pap]1 glu$ toge!r at ! edges1 b hav+ ! upp] %eet %ort] ?an ! o!r :i* !re=e ext5ds bel[ x4 ,?is species ( fraud is execut$ by writ+ unimportant matt] on ! upp]mo/ %eet1 & !n obta9+ ! desir$ signature1 c>e be+ tak5 t x is writt5 on ! portion ( ! pap] project+ bel[4 ,! signature hav+ be5 procur$1 x is only necess>y to deta* ! two %eets 9 ord] to obta9 a blank pap] conta9+ ! signature1 ov] :i* :atev] is desir$ c be ins]t$4 ,! trial ref]r$ to above1 0 9 ref]5ce to a receipt = #c1jjj francs4 ,! exp]t1 ^u plac+ pieces ( moi/5$ pap] ^u ! suspect$ docum5t1 notic$ t !y adh]$ to c]ta9 po9ts1 & t ^! =m$ a bord] ar\nd ! pap] b pass+ above ! signature4 ,! fraudul5cy ( ! act 0 ?us e/abli%$1 & s recogniz$ by ! c\rt1 al?\gh ! accus$ 0 acquitt$ by ! jury4 ,num]\s means h be5 propos$1 9 ord] to r5d] ! falsification ( docum5ts a matt] ( difficulty4 ,! mo/ reliable ( ^! is ! use ( ,grimpe's safety-pap]1 conta9+ microscopic figures1 ! reproduction ( :i* is impossible4 ,un=tunately1 up to ! pres5t1 ! gov]nm5t has adopt$ me?ods less sure4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,writ+s ,,9 ,,cases ,,:]e ,a ,,sympa!tic ,,ink ,,has ,,be5 ,,us$4 ,sympa!tic inks are ^? :i*1 al?\gh invisible at ! "t ( writ+1 become app>5t by ! application ( c]ta9 ag5ts4 ,!y are ( two classes3 ^? :i* are r5d]$ visible by ! m]e application ( heat1 su* z *loride ( cobalt1 or ! juice ( onions2 & ^? :i* are br\ght out only by ! action ( a reag5t4 ,! inks ( ! second class mo/ frequ5tly us$ are solutions ( acetates ( lead1 & o!r metals :i* give a color$ sulphide :5 treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,*>act]s writt5 ) a solution ( f]rocyanide ( potassium acquire a blue color1 if wa%$ ) a solution ( p]*loride ( iron4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to add t ! latt] solution c be us$ z ! ink1 & ! f]rocyanide z ! develop]4 ,:5 ! pres5ce ( *>act]s writt5 ) a sympa!tic ink is suspect$1 ! docum5t is exam9$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,! pap] is at fir/ w>m$3 if ! ink us$ is ( ! fir/ class1 ! *>act]s w n[ become legible2 o!rwise ! exam9ation is cont9u$ z bel[4 #b4 ,! pap] is expos$ to ! action ( /eam1 9 ord] to moi/5 ! ink pres5t 7c>e be+ tak5 to avoid dissolv+ ! *>act]s71 & a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 all[$ to act ^u x4 ,if ! ink us$ consi/s ( a lead1 bismu?1 or gold salt1 a black coloration w ensue2 if salts ( cadmium or ars5ic 7 employ$1 ! *>act]s w acquire a yell[ color2 if1 f9ally1 a salt ( antimony 0 us$1 a r$ coloration w be produc$4 #c4 ,if no coloration 0 caus$ by ! action ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 x is probably t ei!r a solution ( f]rocyanide ( potassium or a p]salt ( iron has be5 resort$ to4 ,ea* ( ^! solutions is sep>ately appli$ on a small portion ( pap] by means ( a bru%1 & notice tak5 if ! *>act]s become visible4 ,! solution t produc$ ! *ange is !n appli$ ov] ! entire %eet4 #d4 ,9 case only negative results 7 obta9$ 9 ! prec$+ op]ations1 x mu/ n yet be conclud$ t a sympa!tic ink has n be5 us$1 al?\gh we are left )\t fur!r rec\rse to *emical te/s4 ,num]\s organic comp\nds may h be5 resort$ to1 ! detection ( :i* is almo/ impossible2 moreov]1 if a mi/ake 0 made 9 reg>d to ! prep>ation suppos$ to h be5 us$1 ! reag5ts employ$ = its detection may r5d] ! discov]y ( ano!r ink absolutely impossible4 ,x is !re=e (t5 necess>y to apply me*anical te/s4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! pap] is spread ^u a glass plate1 uni=mly moi/5$ ) wat]1 & a second plate plac$ ov] x3 if ! *>act]s 7 writt5 ) a pulv]ul5t sub/ance susp5d$ 9 wat] or mucilage1 !y may (t5 be obs]v$ ^u exam9+ ! transp>5cy ( ! pap]4 ,9 case ! sub/ance us$ is bo? colorless & soluble1 ! detection ( ! writt5 *>act]s w be m difficult2 /ill1 indelible traces may possibly h be5 left by ! p54 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ink employ$ is a colorless & transp>5t organic comp\nd ( r>e occurr5ce1 & 0 appli$ ) a f9e p5cil-bru% :i* fail$ to affect ! pap]1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t little or no?+ c be def9itely det]m9$ z to its pres5ce or abs5ce4 ,,falsification ,,( ,,co9s ,,& ,,alloys4 ,9 all civiliz$ c\ntries a fix$ /&>d = co9s & preci\s alloys is e/abli%$ by law1 9 ord] to prev5t ! p]petration ( frauds :i* w\ld be ( s]i\s injury to ! public welf>e4 ,! sub/itution ( co9s consi/+ ( an alloy inf]ior 9 value to ! /&>d fix$ by law1 is too advantage\s a fraud n to be (t5 attempt$4 ,co9s are mo/ frequ5tly alt]$ by clipp+2 by /uff+1 t is1 by bor+ ! co9 & ins]t+ an alloy ( small value2 by d\bl+1 :i* op]ation consi/s 9 cov]+ its face ) two ?9 lam9 tak5 f a g5u9e co92 & by apply+ a coat+ ( gold or silv] by means ( electro-plat+4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 if a co9 has be5 c\nt]feit$1 its weight %\ld at fir/ be det]m9$4 ,if x has be5 clipp$1 or consi/s ( an alloy possess+ a d5sity less ?an t ( silv] or gold1 ! fact is imm$iately demon/rat$ by its decreas$ gravity4 ,! co9 is fur!r te/$ by ?r[+ x d[n ^u a h>d sub/ance3 gold & silv] give a r++ s\nd1 :]eas ! majority ( o!r metals produce a dull s\nd4 ,! result obta9$ by ?is latt] te/ (t5 fails to be reliable4 ,a skilful c\nt]feit] may prep>e an alloy equally sonor\s & heavy z silv] or gold2 9 fact1 ,m4 ,duloz exhibit$ to ! au?or an alloy1 prep>$ by him1 possess+ ! d5sity1 sonor\sness & lu/re ( silv]2 ! composition ( :i*1 = obvi\s reasons1 has n be5 publi%$4 ,9 in/ances ( ?is nature ! fusibility ( ! co9 %\ld be det]m9$1 & ! result obta9$ comp>$ ) ! melt+ po9t ( ! legal alloy1 or1 ?is fail+1 a *emical analysis execut$4 ,9 ord] to p]=m ! latt] te/1 ! co9 "u exam9ation is boil$ ) nitric acid3 all metals are dissolv$1 ) exception ( gold & plat9um1 :i* rema9 unalt]$1 & t9 & antimony1 :i* are conv]t$ respectively into meta/annic & antimonic acids4 ,! fluid is filt]$1 ! insoluble residue well wa%$1 & !n boil$ ) hydro*loric acid1 :i* dissolves ! meta/annic & antimonic acids4 ,! solution is aga9 filt]$1 & ! second residue dissolv$ 9 aqua regia4 ,! metals dissolv$ 9 ! sev]al filtrates are !n detect$1 ei!r by ! processes previ\sly giv5 = ! detection ( metallic poisons1 or by ! m complete me?ods conta9$ 9 works on *emical analysis4 ,?is qualitative te/ is1 h[ev]1 insuffici5t1 9 case ! falsification consi/$ 9 m]ely dim9i%+ ! proportions ( ! valuable metals conta9$ 9 ! alloy1 )\t *ang+ its qualitative composition3 x is !n necess>y to execute a quantitative e/imation ( ! metals pres5t4 ,z ?is op]ation requires consid]able practice & ! me?ods employ$ are to be f\nd 9 all treatises on quantitative analysis1 we w n reproduce !m "h4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,alim5t>y ,,& ,,ph>maceutical ,,sub/ances4 ,we w next enum]ate ! me?ods employ$ 9 ! detection ( ! pr9cipal adult]ations to :i* fl\r1 bread1 oils ( se$s1 milk1 w9es1 v9eg> & ! sulphate ( qu99e are subject$4 ,^! rese>*es1 unit$ ) ^? prec$+1 fail to embrace all ! div]se exam9ations :i* ! *emical exp]t may be expect$ to execute2 b we d n claim to =esee all ! cont+5cies t may arise1 & w describe ! /eps to be pursu$ 9 in/ances :i* are anticipat$1 at ! same "t indicat+ g5]al me?ods applicable to cases n "h includ$4 ,,fl\r ,,& ,,bread4 ,! adult]ations to :i* fl\r & bread are expos$ usually consi/ 9 add+ damag$ or an inf]ior grade ( fl\r to :eat5 fl\r1 or 9 disguis+ ! pres5ce ( a poor quality ( fl\r by ! addition ( m9]al sub/ances1 su* z3 pla/]1 *alk1 lime1 alum1 & sulphate ( copp]4 ,good fl\r has a :ite color1 possess+ a slightly yell[ t+e1 b is entirely free f r$1 grey or black specks4 ,x is s(t to ! t\* & adh]es to ! f+]s1 acquir+1 :5 compress$ 9 ! h&1 a s(t cu%ion-l =m4 ,if mix$ ) wat]1 x =ms an ela/ic1 homog5e\s1 b slightly coh]5t d\gh1 :i* c be ext5d$ out 9 ?9 lay]s4 ,fl\r ( an inf]ior quality possess a dull :ite color1 & does n assume ! cu%ion-l condition m5tion$ above1 :5 press$ 9 ! h&1 b escapes betwe5 ! f+]s3 ! d\gh =m$ is ( a poor] quality4 ,fl\r :i* has be5 damag$ by moi/ure has a dull or r$di%-:ite hue1 & possesses a m\ldy1 or ev5 a noxi\s1 odor1 z well z a bitt] & nause\s ta/e :i* produces a m>k$ acid s5sation 9 ! ?roat4 ,occasionally ! pres5ce ( moi/ure causes ! gr[? ( fungi1 ! introduction ( :i* 9 ! dige/ive organs w\ld cause s]i\s results4 ,! con/itu5ts ( pure fl\r are3 ,glut54 ,/>*1 9 ! proportion ( #ej to #ge p] c5t4 ,dextr9e1 9 ! proportion ( sev]al p] c5t4 ,glucose1 9 ! proportion ( sev]al p] c5t4 ,salts1 rema9+ 9 ! a% obta9$ by ! calc9ation ( ! fl\r1 9 a proportion n exce$+ #b p] c5t4 ,wat]1 ( :i* x loses #ab to #ae p] c5t41 at ! heat ( a wat]-ba?1 & #ae to #bj p] c5t41 at a temp]ature ( #afj4 ,bran1 7ligne\s & fatty matt]17 9 a v small proportion1 :5 ! fl\r has be5 prop]ly bolt$4 ,9 ! process ( bread-mak+1 ! glut5 und]goes f]m5tation by ! action ( ! leav5 & lib]ates c>bonic acid1 :i* causes ! d\gh to become por\s & swell up1 or1 z x is t]m$1 to rise4 ,bread conta9s ! same sub/ances z fl\r1 b glut5 & />* are pres5t 9 a /ate t does n admit ( _! sep>ation by me*anical means1 & glucose1 if pres5t at all1 exi/s 9 a small] quantity3 ! proportion ( dextr9e & wat] is1 on ! o!r h&1 consid]ably increas$4 ,! bread ( ! ,p>is city bak]ies conta9s #dj p] c5t4 ( wat]--! crumb1 :i* =ms #e_/f ( ! weight ( ! bread1 conta9+ #de p] c5t42 ! cru/1 :i* con/itutes ! rema9+ #a_/f1 conta9+ #ae p] c5t4 ,9 army bread #dc p] c5t4 ( wat] are conta9$--! crumb1 :i* con/itutes #d_/e ( ! weight ( ! bread1 hold+ #ej p] c5t42 ! cru/ :i* =ms ! rema9+ #a_/e1 conta9+ #ae p] c5t4 ,! addition ( common salt naturally increases ! proportion ( a% left ^u calc9+ bread4 ,wat] is conta9$ 9 /ale bread 9 ! same quantity z 9 fre% bread2 b exi/s 9 a modifi$ molecul> condition3 ^u heat+ /ale bread1 x acquires ! prop]ties ( fre% bread4 ,! foll[+ sub/ances are us$ 9 ! adult]ation ( :eat5 fl\r3,p ,potato-/>*4 ,meals ( v>i\s gra9s 7rice1 b>ley1 corn1 oats & rye74 ,vegetable meals1 7beans1 horse-beans1 kidney-beans1 peas1 vet*1 l5tils1 etc474 ,d>nel meal4 ,buck:eat fl\r4 ,l9se$-meal4 ,m9]al sub/ances 7pla/]1 *alk1 lime1 alum1 & sulphate ( copp]74 ,p ,mo/ ( ! sub/ances "h enum]at$ are r>ely1 if ev]1 us$ = ! adult]ation ( fl\r 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! analy/ %\ld1 h[ev]1 give att5tion to ! exam9ation = su* salts z alum1 sulphate ( copp]1 pla/]1 kaol91 etc4--,trans4 ,9 ord] to detect ^! sub/ances1 ! glut51 ! />*1 & ! a% are sep>ately exam9$4 a4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,glut54 ,9 ord] to sep>ate ! glut51 two p>ts ( ! fl\r to be exam9$ & "o "p ( wat] are mix$ into a pa/e1 & ?is is plac$ 9 a f9e l95 sack1 9 :i* x is knead$ "u a /ream ( wat] s long z ! wa%+s h a turbid appe>ance3 ^! are pres]v$4 ,! glut5 obta9$ f good :eat5 fl\r possesses a light-yell[ color2 emits a /ale odor2 & spreads out1 :5 plac$ 9 a sauc]4 ,9 case ! fl\r has be5 too /rongly heat$ 9 ! gr9d+1 or o!rwise badly prep>$1 ! glut5 is granul\s1 difficult to collect 9 ! h&1 & some:at resembles fl9t-/one 9 appe>ance4 ,glut5 prep>$ f a mixture ( equal p>ts ( :eat & rye is adhesive1 blacki%1 )\t homog5e\sness1 spreads out m readily ?an pure :eat5 glut51 sep>ates easily & adh]es some:at to ! f+]s4 ,glut5 obta9$ f a mixture ( :eat & b>ley is non-adhesive1 ( a dirty r$di%-br[n color1 & appe>s to be =m$ ( int]tw9$ v]micul> filam5ts4 ,glut5 =m$ f a mixture ( equal p>ts ( :eat & oats has a blacki%-yell[ color & exhibits1 at ! surface1 num]\s small :ite specks4 ,! glut5 f a mixture ( :eat & corn has a yell[i% color1 is non-adhesive1 b firm1 & does n readily spread4 ,glut5 prep>$ f a mixture ( :eat & legum9\s fl\r is nei!r cohesive nor ela/ic1 &1 if ! proportion ( ! latt] pres5t be consid]able1 c be sep>at$ & pass$ ?r\gh a sieve1 l />*4 ,! glut5 obta9$ f a mixture ( equal p>ts ( :eat & buck:eat fl\r is v homog5e\s1 & is z easily prep>$ z ! glut5 f pure :eat5 fl\r4 ,x possesses :5 moi/ a d>k-grey color2 :i* *anges to a deep black ^u dry+4 ,! proportion ( glut5 9 fl\r is exce$+ly v>iable3 good fl\r conta9s f #aj to #aa p] c5t4 ( dry glut52 poor fl\r f #h to #i p] c5t4 ( moi/ glut51 equal to ab\t "o-?ird ( its weight ( ! dry comp\nd4 b4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,/>*4 ,! wa%+s ( ! fl\r are all[$ to /& = "s "t 9 a conical-%ap$ vessel4 ,z soon z ! amylace\s matt] has entirely settl$ to ! bottom ( ! vessel1 ! great] portion ( ! wat] is decant$1 & ! residual mass br\ght ^u a small filt] & all[$ to dry4 ,! residue is !n exam9$ = potato & rice />*4 ,potato />*4 ,! gra9s ( potato />* are mu* l>g] ?an ^? ( :eat5 />*4 ,if a portion ( ! residue m5tion$ above is cru%$ 9 an agate mort>1 ! granules ( potato />* pres5t are ruptur$1 & _! cont5ts lib]at$2 ! :eat5 />* rema9+ unalt]$4 ,! mass is !n tak5 up ) wat]1 & ! fluid filt]$4 ,if potato />* be pres5t1 ! filtrate w acquire a blue color ^u addition ( an aque\s solution ( iod9e2 o!rwise1 a yell[ or violet-rose coloration is produc$4 ,x is necess>y to avoid cru%+ ! residue = too long a "t1 z ! granules ( :eat5 />* w\ld also become ruptur$ by prolong$ comm9ution4 ,besides ! diff]5ce pres5t$ by potato />* 9 ! size ( ! granules 9 comp>ison to ^? ( :eat5 />*1 ! =m] swell to t5 or fifte5 times ! volume ( ! latt]1 :5 treat$ ) a solution ( potassa3 :eat5 />* granules are n affect$ by ! treatm5t1 if ! solution us$ does n conta9 m ?an #b p] c5t4 ( ! salt4 ,! results obta9$ by ! above op]ation %\ld be confirm$ by a microscopic exam9ation4 ,a portion ( ! residue is moi/5$ ) solution ( iod9e1 !n c>efully dri$1 & plac$ on ! slide ( a microscope4 ,! mass is next moi/5$ ) a solution conta9+ #b p] c5t4 ( potassa1 & exam9$4 ,! addition ( iod9e causes ! potato />* granules to acquire a blue color1 & r5d]s _! %ape & volume m easily p]ceptible2 ?us all[+ ! two v>ieties ( />* to be readily di/+ui%$4 ,fig4 #ac repres5ts ! relative size ( ! granules z obs]v$ "u ! microscope4,q ,q ,x may be add$1 z a di/+ui%+ prop]ty1 t granules ( potato />*1 :5 view$ 9 pol>iz$ light by aid ( a ,nicol's prism1 pres5t a well-def9$ black cross1 correspond+ to ! hilum2 :eat5-/>* fails to exhibit ?is ph5om5on4--,trans4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! pres5ce ( potato />* 9 bread is also detect$ by cru%+ a small portion ( ! sample "u exam9ation on ! glass1 & !n add+ a few drops ( ! alkal9e solution4 ,rice & ,corn4--,if rice or corn meal h be5 mix$ ) ! fl\r1 angul> & transluc5t fragm5ts 7,fig4 #ad7 are obs]v$ 9 ! microscopic exam9ation4 ,corn meal acquires a yell[ color1 if treat$ ) dilute potassa solution4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,miscellane\s ,,te/s4 ,l9se$ & rye meals4--,if l9se$ meal is moi/5$ ) an aque\s solution conta9+ #ad p] c5t4 ( potassa & exam9$ "u ! microscope1 num]\s m9ute *>act]i/ic granules1 small] ?an ! gra9s ( potato-/>*1 are obs]v$4 ,^! possess a vitre\s appe>ance1 sometimes a r$di% color1 & usually =m 9 squ>es or v regul> rectangles4 ,! te/ is equally applicable to bread4 ,! detection ( l9se$ & rye meals is simultane\sly effect$ by exhau/+ ! suspect$ fl\r ) e!r1 !n filt]+ ! solution & all[+ x to evaporate4 ,if ! fl\r conta9s rye1 ! oil left by ! evaporation1 :5 heat$ ) a solution ( m]cury 9 conc5trat$ nitric acid1 is conv]t$ into a solid sub/ance hav+ a f9e r$ color2 b x rema9s unalt]$1 if entirely due to l9se$4 ,9 case ! oil becomes solidifi$1 ! m]cury salt pres5t %\ld be remov$ by wa%+ ) wat]1 ! residue tak5 up ) boil+ alcohol ( #cf ,b4 & ! solution filt]$3 ^u evaporat+ ! alcoholic filtrate1 a residue is obta9$ consi/+ ( ! l9se$ oil pres5t4 ,buck:eat4--,fl\r adult]at$ ) buck:eat is less s(t to ! t\*1 does n pack z easily1 & passes m readily ?r\gh a sieve ?an pure :eat5 fl\r4 ,x pres5ts1 "h & !re1 blacki% p>ticles1 due to ! p]isp]m ( ! gra91 & has a dirty-:ite color4 ,z previ\sly rem>k$1 ! glut5 obta9$ f a mixture ( buck:eat & :eat5 fl\r possesses a grey or ev5 a black color4 ,! />* furni%$ by buck:eat fl\r exhibits polyh$ral agglom]ations1 analog\s to ^? pres5t$ by corn4 ,d>nel4--,! use ( d>nel 9 ! adult]ation ( :eat5 fl\r may give rise to s]i\s sanit>y results4 ,to effect its detection1 ! fl\r to be exam9$ is dige/$ ) alcohol ( #ce ,b43 if ! fl\r be pure1 ! alcohol rema9s limpid3 x acquires a /raw-yell[ t9t1 due to traces ( bran pres5t1 b--al?\gh a peculi> res9 may be dissolv$--! solution does n possess a disagreeable ta/e4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 d>nel is pres5t1 ! alcohol assumes a gre5 t9t1 :i* gradually deep5s1 & possesses a bitt] & nause\s ta/e2 ! residue1 left by ! evaporation ( ! t9cture to dryness1 has a gre5i%-yell[ color1 & a /ill m disagreeable flavor ?an ! alcoholic solution4 ,legum5s4--,legum9\s meals _c be add$ o!rwise ?an 9 small proportions to :eat5 fl\r1 ow+ to ! rapidity ) :i* !y *ange ! prop]ties ( ! latt]1 & communicate to x _! *>act]i/ic odor--noticeable ^u treat+ ! fl\r ) a little boil+ wat]4 ,_! pres5ce is also easily detect$ by ! di/9ctive prop]ties ( ! vegetable itself1 & by ! appe>ance ( ! amylace\s residue 9 ! microscopic exam9ation4 ,9 ord] to decide z to ! pres5ce ( legum5s1 ! wa%+s conta9+ ! />*y matt] ( ! fl\r1 aft] ! p>ticles ( glut5 pres5t h be5 sep>at$ by pass+ ! fluid ?r\gh a silk sieve1 are divid$ into two portions4 ,"o portion is all[$ to und]go f]m5tation1 at a temp]ature ( #ah to #bj3 9 case legum9\s sub/ances are n pres5t1 lactic f]m5tation occurs & ! odor ( s\r milk is alone p]ceptible2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 legum5s are conta9$ 9 ! fluid1 rancid f]m5tation takes place1 & an odor is emitt$ resembl+ t ( decay$ *eese4 ,! rema9+ portion ( ! wa%+s1 aft] be+ decant$ f ! residue ( amylace\s matt]1 is filt]$ & evaporat$ until a yell[i% transluc5t pellicle appe>s ^u its surface4 ,! fluid is !n aga9 filt]$ f ! coagulat$ album5 common to all fl\rs1 & ! legum9\s sub/ances pres5t coagulat$ by ! addition1 drop by drop1 ( acetic acid4 ,! legum9\s deposit produc$ appe>s :ite & flaky2 :5 exam9$ "u ! microscope1 x pres5ts lamilla em>g9at$ at ! bord]2 x is odorless & ta/eless2 :5 dri$1 x assumes a horny appe>ance2 x is insoluble1 bo? 9 wat] & alcohol1 & does n become gelat9\s :5 treat$ ) boil+ wat]2 x is readily soluble 9 potassa & o!r alkal9e solutions1 f :i* x is precipitat$ ^u addition ( nitric1 hydro*loric1 acetic1 oxalic1 & citric acids2 ^u protract$ boil+ 9 wat]1 x loses its prop]ty ( be+ soluble 9 ammonia4 ,! above te/s hav+ be5 appli$1 ! residue conta9+ ! />* is next exam9$4 ,= ?is purpose1 a small portion is moi/5$ ) a little wat]1 a few drops ( iod9e solution add$1 & ! mixture plac$ on ! side ( ! microscope3 ! blui% gra9s conta9$ 9 ! polyh$ral & cellul> envelope 7,fig4 #ae7 are easily recogniz$4 ,! mixture on ! glass may also be treat$ ) an aque\s solution ( potassa 7conta9+ #aj p] c5t4 ( ! salt71 or ) dilute hydro*loric acid3 ^! reag5ts dissolve ! />* pres5t1 leav+ ! reticulat$ tissue intact4 ,%\ld ?is exam9ation fail to give a def9ite result1 ! rema9+ portion ( ! amylace\s residue is subject$ to a sort ( levigation1 & ! "p mo/ sl[ly deposit$ sep>at$4 ,9 ?is portion ! reticulat$ tissues ( ! legum9\s sub/ances pres5t are conta9$1 &1 z !y are comp>atively free f =eign matt]s1 _! id5tification is a matt] ( comp>ative ease4 ,9 case ! pres5ce ( reticulat$ tissue is indicat$1 x is /ill necess>y to apply confirmatory *emical te/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,meals prep>$ f beans1 horse-beans1 & l5tils1 conta9 a tann9 :i* imp>ts a gre5 or black color to salts ( iron4 ,! coloration is r5d]$ v s5sitive if a r consid]able quantity ( ! fl\r to be exam9$ is pass$ ?r\gh a silk sieve1 & ! rema9+ bran treat$ ) a solution ( sulphate ( iron 7f]rico-f]r\s sulphate73 ! reaction imm$iately occurs1 ev5 if ! sample conta9s b #aj p] c5t4 ( bean meal4 ,! meals ( horse-beans & ( vet*es acquire a r$ color1 :5 expos$ to ! successive action ( nitric acid & ( ammonia vapors4 ,9 ord] to apply ?is te/1 ! suspect$ fl\r is plac$ ^u ! edge ( a capsule conta9+ nitric acid1 ! latt] heat$1 &1 z a yell[ coloration appe>s1 ! acid remov$ & replac$ by ammonia4 ,! capsule is !n set aside3 if ! fl\r is adult]at$ ) ei!r ( ! above vegetables1 r$di% spots1 :i* are easily p]ceptible by aid ( a magnify+ glass1 are soon produc$4 ,9 case bread is to be exam9$1 x is exhau/$ ) wat]1 ! fluid pass$ ?r\gh a sieve1 ! upp] lay] decant$1 !n evaporat$1 & ! residue tak5 up ) alcohol4 ,! t9cture s obta9$ is evaporat$1 & ! second residuum treat$ ) nitric acid & ammonia1 z direct$ above4 ,:5 meals prep>$ f beans1 vet*es1 or l5tils are heat$ on a wat]-ba? ) hydro*loric acid1 dilut$ ) ?ree to f\r times its volume ( wat]1 a cellul> tissue1 possess+ ! color ( w9e-dregs1 rema9s beh9d2 fl\rs ( :eat1 peas1 & kidney-beans leave a colorless residue1 :5 subject$ to ! same treatm5t4 ,f9ally2 ! gra9s ( ! />* 7fecula7 ( legum5s possess a volume ab\t equal to t ( potato granules1 & exhibit ei!r a longitud9al furr[ 9 ! direction ( _! long] axis1 or a d\ble furr[ arrang$ 9 a />-l =m4 c4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,a%4 ,legum9\s sub/ances1 & m p>ticul>ly m9]al salts1 are detect$ by ! exam9ation ( ! a% left ^u ! inc9]ation ( ! fl\r4 ,detection ( ,legum5s4--,pure :eat5 fl\r furni%es an a% consi/+ ( ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( its weight2 :]eas meals ( legum5s leave f #c to #d p] c5t4 ( _! weight 9 a%4 ,?is diff]5ce is1 h[ev]1 too slight to furni% conclusive results2 ! analysis ( ! a% is also necess>y4 ,! a% ( :eat5 fl\r is non-deliquesc5t1 dry1 semi-fus$1 & *iefly consi/s ( phosphates ( potassa1 soda1 magnesia & lime1 ( sulphates1 & ( silica4 ,! solution obta9$ by treat+ ! a% ) wat] has an alkal9e reaction4 ,! phosphates ( ! alkalies1 pres5t 9 ! a% ( :eat1 exi/ 9 ! /ate ( pyrophosphates1 &1 z *lorides are abs5t1 ! addition ( nitrate ( silv] to ! aque\s solution ( ! a% produces a :ite precipitate1 consi/+ entirely ( pyrophosphate ( silv]1 :i* is n affect$ by exposure to ! light4 ,! a% ( legum9\s meals is deliquesc5t & soluble 9 wat]1 =m+ a /rongly alkal9e solution1 :i* conta9s bo? *lorides & neutral phosphates4 ,! latt] give a cle> yell[ precipitate ) nitrate ( silv]4 ,^u add+ a solution ( ?is salt to ! aque\s solution ( ! a%1 a pale yell[ precipitate1 :i* turns violet if expos$ to ! light1 is !re=e produc$4 ,detection ( m9]al sub/ances4--,! pr9cipal m9]al sub/ances1 t are fraudul5tly add$ to fl\r1 are gr\nd calc9$ bones1 s&1 lime1 pla/]1 alum1 & sulphate ( copp]4 ,! two la/ nam$ salts are almo/ inv>iably add$ 9 small quantities2 alum r5d]s ! fl\r :ite1 ev5 :5 us$ 9 ! proportion ( "o p] c5t42 sulphate ( copp] is add$ to imp>t a good appe>ance to bread made f a damag$ fl\r4 a4 ,gr\nd bones 7c>bonate & phosphate ( lime74--,! wa%+s ( ! glut5 are plac$ 9 a conical vessel1 &1 aft] "s "t has elaps$1 ! cle> sup]natant fluid is remov$ by means ( a syphon1 a conical %ap$ deposit rema9+ on ! bottom ( ! vessel3 two h\rs lat]1 ! fre% lay] ( fluid t has =m$ is remov$ ) a pipette4 ,z soon z ! residue becomes ne>ly solid1 x is deta*$ f ! vessel1 plac$ ^u a fragm5t ( pla/]1 & all[$ to dry4 ,! bones1 be+ heavi] ?an ! amylace\s sub/ances1 are to be f\nd 9 ! apex ( ! cone =m$ by ! residue4 ,?is is deta*$1 & inc9]at$3 9 case ! a% obta9$ conta9s phosphate & c>bonate ( lime1 ! addition ( hydro*loric acid w cause eff]vesc5ce1 &1 ^u add+ ammonia to ! acid solution1 a :ite precipitate w be =m$4 ,if ! solution is !n filt]$ & oxalate ( ammonia add$ to ! filtrate1 a precipitate w be produc$ :i*1 :5 heat$ to r$ness1 leaves a residue ( cau/ic lime possess+ an alkal9e reaction4 b4 ,s&4--,z ?is sub/ance possesses a mu* great] specific gravity ?an ! usual con/itu5ts ( fl\r1 x is only necess>y1 9 ord] to accompli% its sep>ation1 to repeat$ly /ir ! fl\r ) wat]1 & remove ! deposit at fir/ =m$1 :i*1 if consi/+ ( s&1 w be insoluble 9 acids1 & w grate1 :5 plac$ betwe5 ! tee?4 c4 ,c>bonates ( lime & magnesia2 vegetable a%es4--,c>bonic acid is always evolv$1 ^u treat+ fl\r ) hydro*loric acid4 ,if ! base pres5t be calcium1 ^u add+ oxalate ( ammonia to ! filt]$ solution--:i* has previ\sly be5 neutraliz$ ) ammonia--a :ite precipitate1 possess+ ! prop]ties m5tion$ above1 w be =m$2 9 case ! base is magnesia1 ! addition ( oxalate ( ammonia w fail to cause a precipitate1 b ^u add+ solution ( phosphate ( ammonia to ! fluid a granul> precipitate ( phosphate ( ammonia & magnesia is produc$2 if1 f9ally1 ! fl\r conta9s vegetable a%es--i4 e4 c>bonates ( ! alkalies--bi*loride ( plat9um w produce 9 ! acid solution a yell[ precipitate3 ! addition ( vegetable a%es1 moreov]1 w\ld r5d] ! a% ( ! fl\r deliquesc5t & v /rongly alkal9e4 d4 ,lime4--,9 pres5ce ( lime1 c>bonic acid produces a :ite precipitate1 :5 conduct$ into ! filt]$ aque\s extract ( ! fl\r4 e4 ,pla/]4--,! fl\r is boil$ ) wat] acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 ! fluid filt]$1 & lime detect$ 9 ! filtrate by means ( ammonia & oxalate ( ammonia4 ,! pres5ce ( sulphuric acid is indicat$ by ! =mation ( a precipitate insoluble 9 acids1 ^u addition ( solution ( *loride ( b>ium4 ,^u calc9+ ! fl\r )\t access ( air1 sulphate ( lime is conv]t$ into ! correspond+ sulphide3 ! residue ( ! calc9ation1 :5 treat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 evolves sulphurett$ hydrog51 & ! lime pres5t 9 ! filt]$ acid solution is likewise precipitat$ by ! addition ( ammonia & oxalate ( ammonia4 f4 ,alum4--,a portion ( ! fl\r to be exam9$ is treat$ ) wat]1 ! fluid filt]$1 & ! filtrate divid$ 9 two portions3 9 "o1 sulphuric acid is detect$ by means ( *loride ( b>ium2 9 ! o!r1 alum9a by add+ a solution ( potassa1 :i* gives ) its salts a :ite gelat9\s precipitate1 soluble 9 an excess ( ! reag5t4,r ,r ,if ! detection ( alum 9 bread is desir$1 a portion ( ! crumb is inc9]at$ 9 a plat9um di%1 ! a% is treat$ ) conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 ! filt]$ solution evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! residue treat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 :i* n[ leaves ! silica pres5t undissolv$4 ,! acid solution is !n filt]$1 ne>ly neutraliz$ ) c>bonate ( soda1 & an alcoholic solution ( potassa add$ 9 excess4 ,! e>?y phosphates pres5t are n[ precipitat$1 alum9a rema9+ 9 solution4 ,! use ( aque\s potassa 9 ?is case--z well z 9 ! case m5tion$ 9 ! text--is n advisable1 z x is seldom entirely free f alum9a4 ,^u slightly acidulat+ ! alkal9e filtrate ) hydro*loric acid1 & add+ c>bonate ( ammonia1 ! alum9a pres5t is precipitat$1 & may be dri$ & te/$ by means ( ! reaction ) nitrate ( cobalt be=e ! bl[-pipe4 ,9 ! quantitative e/imation ( alum9a1 ! phosphoric acid usually pres5t 9 ! precipitate %\ld be remov$4 ,?is is done by dissolv+ ! precipitate 9 nitric acid & imm]s+ a piece ( metallic t9 9 ! boil+ solution3 phosphoric acid is ?r[n d[n z a mixture ( /annic oxide & phosphate1 & ! alum9a is !n precipitat$ z usual by c>bonate ( ammonia4--,trans4 g4 ,sulphate ( copp]4--,ab\t #bjj grammes ( ! bread "u exam9ation are inc9]at$2 ! a% treat$ ) nitric acid2 ! mixture evaporat$ until x acquires a /icky consi/5ce1 & ! mass !n tak5 up ) wat]4 ,! aque\s solution is next filt]$2 an excess ( ammonia & sev]al drops ( solution ( c>bonate ( ammonia add$2 ! fluid aga9 filt]$1 ! filtrate slightly acidulat$ ) nitric acid1 & divid$ into two p>ts4 ,x is !n asc]ta9$ if sulphurett$ hydrog5 produces 9 "o portion ( ! solution a br[n precipitate ( sulphide ( copp]1 & if solution ( f]rocyanide ( potassium produces 9 ! o!r a r$di%-br[n precipitate ( f]rocyanide ( copp]4,s ,s ,accord+ to ,wagn]1 if ! a%1 obta9$ by inc9]at+ ! adult]at$ bread1 is wa%$ ) wat]1 %9+ spangles ( metallic copp] are sep>at$4--,trans4 ,,fix$ ,,oils4 ,olive oil design$ = table use is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) ! oils ( poppy1 sesam1 cotton-se$1 pea-nuts1 & o!r nuts2 olive oil1 int5d$ = manufactur+ purposes1 is (t5 mix$ ) colza & nut oils4 ,! te/s us$ are ( a r unsatisfactory "*4 ,9 all in/ances1 :5 ! *emi/ is call$ ^u to pron\nce z to ! adult]ation ( an oil1 x is necess>y to execute comp>ative exp]im5ts ) ! pure oil1 & ) admixtures arbitr>ily prep>$3 x is only :5 ?is is done t ! indications obta9$ are ( value4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,olive ,,oil ,,int5d$ ,,= ,,table ,,use4 a4 ,! d5sity ( ! oil is det]m9$ by means ( a hydromet] 7oleomet]7 provid$ ) a scale giv+ ! d5sities f #j4h to #j4id1 = ! temp]ature ( #ae4 ,pure olive oil possesses a specific gravity ( #j4iag2 poppy oil "o ( #j4ibe2 a mixture ( ! two1 an int]m$iate d5sity4 ,s9ce ! fix$ oils are n def9ite *emical comp\nds1 ?is te/ is seldom conclusive4 b4 ,two or ?ree cubic c5timetres ( conc5trat$ nitric acid1 conta9+ nitric p]oxide 9 solution 7or a solution ( m]cury 9 /rong nitric acid71 are add$ to ! oil to be exam9$1 z well z to a sample ( pure olive oil4 ,! two samples are !n all[$ to /& 9 a room :]e ! temp]ature does n exce$ #aj4 ,! ole9e ( ! olive oil is conv]t$ into solid elaid9e1 & ! mixture aft] "s "t becomes suffici5tly ?ick to rema9 9 ! vessel ^u inv]sion4 ,if ! sample "u exam9ation is free f adult]ation1 x w solidify at ! same "t z ! pure oil2 :]eas1 ! pres5ce ( "o p] c5t4 ( poppy oil1 or ( o!r dry+ oils1 suffices to ret>d ! solidification = =ty m9utes4 c4 ,fifte5 grammes ( ! oil are mix$ 9 a glass vessel ) ! same am\nt ( /rong sulphuric acid1 ! temp]ature ( ! two liquids be+ previ\sly obs]v$4 ,! mixture is /irr$ ) a !rmomet]1 & ! maximum temp]ature not$3 pure olive oil produces an elevation ( temp]ature ( #cg4g2 pure poppy oil1 an elevation ( #gj4e2 & a mixture ( ! two an elevation ( temp]ature int]m$iate betwe5 #cg4g & #gj4e4 d4 ,"o volume ( nitric acid ( sp4 gr4 #a4cc is agitat$ ) #e grammes ( ! oil1 & notice tak5 ( ! coloration produc$ aft] ! lapse ( five m9utes4 ,if ! olive oil is pure1 x acquires a pale gre5 color2 9 case x is mix$ ) sesam or nut oil1 a deep-r$ color appe>s3 poppy oil also communicates a r$di% coloration1 b "o less deep ?an ! prec$+4 ,if an acid ( sp4 gr4 #a4bb is tak51 x is /ill less difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 sesam1 nut & poppy oils2 ! latt] assumes1 9 ?is case1 a pale yell[i%-r$ color4 ,pea-nut oil fails to exhibit a coloration2 b c be recogniz$ by its conv]sion into a :ite solid1 :5 mix$ ) #a_/e ( its volume ( a solution ( cau/ic soda ( sp4 gr4 #a4cd4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,olive ,,oil ,,int5d$ ,,= ,,manufactur+ ,,purposes4 ,! *ief adult]ations are colza & nut oils4 ,! latt] is detect$ by means ( ! reaction ) nitric acid1 z describ$ above4 ,colza oil is recogniz$ by mix+ #e volumes ( ! sample to be exam9$1 ) #a volume ( sulphuric acid ( sp4 gr4 #a4fee3 if colza or nut oils are pres5t1 a br[n coloration ensues2 "u ! same circum/ances1 pure olive oil assumes a pale gre5i% hue4 ,9 case ! sample acquires a br[n color :5 treat$ ) sulphuric acid1 & a r$ coloration is produc$ by ! addition ( nitric acid1 x conta9s nut oil2 if sulphuric acid produces a br[n coloration1 & nitric acid fails to *ange x1 ! pres5ce ( oil ( colza is indicat$4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,hempse$ ,,oil4 ,?is oil is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) l9se$ oil4 ,! reactions exhibit$ by ^! oils are ne>ly id5tical1 & ! detection ( ! admixture is extremely difficult4 ,x is advisable to mix ! suspect$ oil ) sulphuric acid1 notice be+ tak5 ( ! elevation ( temp]ature produc$1 & to treat x ) nitric acid & ) dilute potassa solution1 subject+1 at ! same "t1 an artificial mixture ( ! two pure oils to ! same treatm5t1 & comp>+ ! results obta9$4 ,,tea ,,& ,,its ,,adult]ation4 ,among alim5t>y sub/ances probably no article is subject$ to m adult]ation ?an tea4 ,! sophi/ications practis$ may be conv5i5tly divid$ into ?ree classes3 #a4 ,additions made = ! purpose ( giv+ increas$ bulk & weight1 :i* include =eign leaves & exhau/$ tea-leaves1 & also c]ta9 m9]al sub/ances1 su* z metallic iron1 s&1 brick-du/1 etc4 #b4 ,sub/ances add$ 9 ord] to produce an artificial appe>ance ( /r5g? 9 ! tea decoction1 cate*u1 or o!r bodies ri* 9 tann91 & iron salts be+ *iefly resort$ to = ?is purpose4 #c4 ,! imp>t+ ( a bright & %9+ appe>ance to ! tea by means ( v>i\s color+ mixtures or fac+s1 :i* adult]ation1 :ile sometimes practis$ ^u black tea1 is mu* m common ) ! gre5 v>iety4 ,?is sophi/ication involves ! use ( /eatite 7soap-/one71 sulphate ( lime1 ,*9a clay1 ,prussian blue1 indigo1 turm]ic1 & graphite2 *romate ( lead & copp] salts be+ b v r>ely employ$4 ,! comp\nd mo/ frequ5tly us$ consi/s ( a mixture ( soap-/one 7or gypsum7 ) ,prussian blue1 to :i* a little turm]ic is sometimes add$4 ,g5u9e tea is ! prep>$ leaf ( ,!a s95sis4 ,x conta9s3 moi/ure1 #f to #aj2 !9e1 #j4d to #d4j2 tann91 7gre57 #bj1 7black7 #aj2 a%1 #e to #f2 soluble extractive matt]s1 #cb to #ej2 & insoluble leaf1 #dg to #ed4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! pres5ce ( =eign leaves1 &1 9 "s in/ances1 ( m9]al adult]ants1 9 tea is be/ detect$ by means ( a microscopic exam9ation ( ! suspect$ sample4 ,! g5u9e tea-leaf is *>act]iz$ by its peculi> s]rations & v5ations4 ,its bord] exhibits s]rations :i* /op a little %ort ( ! /alk1 :ile ! v5ations ext5d f ! c5tral rib1 ne>ly p>allel to "o ano!r1 b turn j be=e rea*+ ! bord] ( ! leaf 7see ,fig4 #af74 ,! ,*9ese are said to employ a%1 plum1 camellia1 velonia1 & dog-rose leaves = admixture ) tea1 & ! product is /at$ to be (t5 subject$ 9 ,engl& to ! addition ( ! leaves ( will[1 sloe1 bee*1 haw?orn1 elm1 box-popl>1 horse-*e/nut1 & fancy oak 7see ,figs4 #ag1 #ah1 & #ai74 ,= sc5t+ purposes *ulan fl[]s1 rose1 jasm9e1 & orange leaves are frequ5tly employ$4 ,9 ! microscopic exam9ation ! sample %\ld be moi/5$ ) hot wat]1 spread out ^u a glass plate1 & !n submitt$ to a c>eful inspection1 especial att5tion be+ giv5 to ! g5]al outl9e ( ! leaf & its s]rations & v5ations4 ,mo/ =eign leaves w1 9 ?is way1 be id5tifi$ by _! botanical "*4 ,! pres5ce ( exhau/$ tea-leaves may also (t5 be detect$ by _! s(t & dis9tegrat$ appe>ance4 ,if a consid]able quantity ( ! tea be plac$ 9 a long glass cyl9d] & agitat$ ) wat]1 ! color+ & o!r abnormal bodies pres5t frequ5tly become deta*$1 & ei!r rise to ! surface ( ! liquid z a sort ( scum or fall to ! bottom z a deposit4 ,9 ?is way ,prussian blue1 indigo1 soap-/one1 gypsum1 s&1 & turm]ic c sometimes be sep>at$ & subsequ5tly recogniz$ by _! *>act]i/ic microscopic appe>ance4 ,! sep>at$ sub/ances %\ld also be *emically te/$4 ,prussian blue is detect$ by heat+ ) a solution ( cau/ic soda1 filt]+1 & acidulat+ ! filtrate ) acid1 & !n add+ *loride ( iron1 :51 9 its pres5ce1 a blue color w be produc$4 ,indigo is be/ discov]$ by its appe>ance "u ! microscope2 x is n decoloriz$ by cau/ic alkali1 b x dissolves 9 sulphuric acid to a blue liquid4 ,soap-/one1 gypsum1 s&1 metallic iron1 etc41 are id5tifi$ by means ( ! usual *emical te/s4 ,a comp\nd1 v aptly t]m$ ,lie-tea1 is (t5 met )4 ,x =ms little pellets consi/+ ( tea-du/ mix$ ) =eign leaves1 s&1 etc41 & held toge!r by means ( gum or />*4 ,?is1 :5 treat$ ) boil+ wat]1 falls to p[d]4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( cate*u ! tea infusion usually becomes muddy ^u cool+2 9 case iron salts h be5 employ$ to deep5 ! color ( ! liquor1 !y c be detect$ by treat+ ! gr\nd tea-leaves ) acetic acid & te/+ ! solution ) f]rocyanide ( potassium4 ,tea %\ld n turn black ^u imm]sion 9 hydrosulphuric acid wat]1 nor %\ld x imp>t a blue color to ammonia solution4 ,! infusion %\ld be amb]-color$1 & n become r$d5$ by ! addition ( an acid4 ,,tea ,,assay4 ,9 ! foll[+ tea assay prop] ! e/imation ( !9e is n includ$4 ,! processes sugge/$ = ?is det]m9ation are r unsatisfactory2 & !re appe>s1 moreov]1 to exi/ no direct relation betwe5 ! quality ( tea & ! proportion ( !9e conta9$4 ,! te/s "h m5tion$1 9 connection ) ^? already giv51 w1 x is believ$1 usually suffice to indicate to ! analy/ ! pres5ce ( sp5t leaves1 inorganic color+ matt]s1 & o!r m9]al adult]ations4 ,,tann94--,a good process = ! e/imation ( tann9 9 tea has be5 publi%$ by ,all5 7,*em4 ,news1 vol4 xxix4 p4 #afi et seq47 ,a /&>d solution ( lead acetate is prep>$ by dissolv+ #e grammes ( ! salt 9 di/ill$ wat] & dilut+ ! liquid to #a1jjj c4c4 ,z an indicator1 #e milligrammes ( potassic f]ricyanide are dissolv$ 9 #e c4c4 ( wat]1 & an equal volume ( /rong ammonia-wat] add$4 ,! exact /r5g? ( ! lead solution is to be det]m9$ by means ( a solution ( pure tann9 ( kn[n /r5g?4 ,two grammes ( ! tea to be te/$ are p[d]$1 boil$ ) wat]1 &1 aft] filt]+ & ?or\gh wa%+1 ! decoction is made up to a volume ( #bej c4c42 #aj c4c4 ( ! lead solution are n[ dilut$ ) #ij c4c4 ( boil+ wat]1 & ! tea infusion is gradually add$ f a burette until a few drops ( ! liquid1 :5 filt]$ & add$ to a little ( ! indicator plac$ ^u a porcela9 slab1 causes a p9k coloration to appe>2 #abe1 divid$ by ! numb] ( c4c4 ( tea infusion f\nd to be necess>y to produce ! p9k color1 w give directly ! p]c5tage ( tann9 9 ! sample exam9$4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 gre5 tea conta9s #bj ( tann91 & black tea #aj4 ,9 sp5t tea1 h[ev]1 only ab\t #b ( tann9 is pres5t2 &1 al?\gh any tea defici5t 9 ?is con/itu5t c\ld be =tifi$ by ! addition ( cate*u1 its det]m9ation (t5 af=ds indications ( value4 ,,! ,,a%--a4 ,total ,a%4--#e grammes ( ! sample are plac$ 9 a plat9um vessel & heat$ ov] a ,buns5 burn] until complete inc9]ation has be5 accompli%$4 ,! vessel is all[$ to cool 9 a desiccator1 & is !n weigh$ z quickly z possible4 ,9 g5u9e tea ! total a% %\ld n be mu* bel[ #e or mu* above #f1 & x %\ld n be magnetic2 9 fac$ teas ! proportion ( total a% is (t5 #aj or #ae2 9 lie-tea x may rea* #cj1 & 9 sp5t leaves x may fall z l[ z #c1 ! a% 9 ?is case be+ abnormally ri* 9 lime salts & poor 9 pota% salts4 ,tea-du/ sometimes conta9s #aj ( total a% )\t necess>ily be+ consid]$ bad 9 quality4 ,9 ! propos$ ,unit$ ,/ates tea-adult]ation law 7#ahhd7 a maximum ( #h ( total a% is all[$ = tea-leaf4 b4 ,a% insoluble 9 wat]4--,! total a% obta9$ 9 a is wa%$ into a beak] & boil$ ) wat] = a consid]able "t4 ,x is !n br\ght ^u a filt] & ! insoluble residue wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,9 unadult]at$ tea x w n exce$ #c ( ! sample tak54 c4 ,a% soluble 9 wat]4--,?is proportion is obta9$ by d$uct+ a% insoluble 9 wat] f ! total a%4 ,g5u9e tea conta9s f #c to #c4e ( soluble a%1 or at lea/ #ej ( ! total a%1 :]eas 9 sp5t or exhau/$ tea ! am\nt is (t5 b #j4e4 d4 ,a% insoluble 9 acid4--,! a% insoluble 9 wat] is boil$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid & ! residue sep>at$ by filtration1 wa%$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,9 pure tea ! rema9+ a% ranges betwe5 #j4c & #j4h2 9 fac$ teas1 or 9 teas adult]at$ by ! addition ( s&1 etc41 x may rea* ! proportion ( #b to #e4 ,fragm5ts ( silica & brick-du/ are occasionally to be f\nd 9 ! a% insoluble 9 acid4 ,,! ,,extract4--,two grammes ( ! c>efully-sampl$ tea are boil$ ) wat] until all soluble matt] is dissolv$1 wat] be+ add$ f "t to "t to prev5t ! solution becom+ too conc5trat$4 ,! solution is p\r$ ^u a t>$ filt]1 & ! rema9+ insoluble leaf repeat$ly wa%$ ) hot wat] until ! filt]$ liquid becomes colorless4 ,! filtrate is n[ dilut$ to a volume ( #bjj c4c41 & ( ?is #ej c4c4 are tak5 & evaporat$ 9 a weigh$ di% ov] ! /eam-ba? until ! weight ( ! extract rema9s con/ant2 its weight is !n det]m9$4 ,g5u9e tea af=ds f #cb to #ej ( extract1 accord+ to its age & quality2 9 sp5t tea ! proportion ( extract w be greatly r$uc$4 ,,insoluble ,,leaf4--,! insoluble leaf obta9$ 9 ! prec$+ op]ation1 toge!r ) ! weigh$ filt]1 is plac$ 9 an air-ba? & dri$ = at lea/ eight h\rs at a temp]ature ( #aaj ,c42 its weight is !n det]m9$4 ,9 unadult]at$ tea ! am\nt ( insoluble leaf ranges betwe5 #dg & #ed2 9 exhau/$ tea x may rea* a proportion ( #ge4 ,x %\ld be not$ t 9 ! =ego+ e/imations ! tea is tak5 9 its ord9>y air-dri$ condition4 ,if x be desir$ to r$uce ! results obta9$ to a dry basis1 an all[ance = ! moi/ure pres5t 9 ! sample 7an av]age ( #h71 or a direct det]m9ation ( ! same1 mu/ be made4 ,! foll[+ tabulation gives ! con/itu5ts ( g5u9e tea s f> z ! a%1 extract1 & insoluble leaf are involv$3 ,total a%--ranges betwe5 #d4g & #f4b4 ,a% soluble 9 wat]--ranges betwe5 #c & #c4e2 %\ld equal #ej ( total a%4 ,a% insoluble 9 wat]--n ov] #b4ge4 ,a% insoluble 9 acid--ranges betwe5 #j4c & #j4h4 ,extract--ranges betwe5 #cb & #dh4 ,insoluble leaf--ranges betwe5 #dc & #eh4 ,! table bel[ may prove useful z indicat+ ! requirem5ts to be exact$ :5 ! *emi/ is ask$ to give an op9ion conc]n+ ! pres5ce ( fac+ admixtures or ( exhau/$ or =eign leaves 9 a sample ( tea3 ,total a%--%\ld n be "u #d4e or ov] #g4 ,a% soluble 9 wat]--%\ld n be "u #dj ( total a%4 ,a% insoluble 9 wat]--%\ld n be ov] #c4 ,a% insoluble 9 acid--%\ld n be ov] #a4 ,extract--%\ld n be "u #cj4 ,insoluble leaf--%\ld n be ov] #fj4 ,,note4--,! ,briti% ,society ( ,public ,analy/s adopt3 ,total ,a% 7dry basis7--n ov] #h 7at lea/ #c %\ld be soluble 9 wat]74 ,extract 7tea z sold7--n "u #cj4 ,,milk4 ,! *ief con/itu5ts ( milk are wat]1 butt]1 case9e1 lactose 7milk-sug>71 traces ( album5 & m9]al salts4 ,butt] is pres5t 9 ! =m ( m9ute globules1 held 9 susp5sion2 ! case9e1 = ! great] "p1 is 9 solution1 only a small portion be+ pres5t 9 an insoluble susp5d$ condition4 ,9 milk only a few days old1 ! colo/rum 7! milk secret$ dur+ ! fir/ few days aft] p>turition7 consi/s l>gely ( r volum9\s cellul> conglom]ations1 conta9+ a suffici5t quantity ( album5 to coagulate ^u heat+4 ,! normal d5sity ( milk is #a4jcj1 wat] be+ #a4jjj2 ! d5sity ris+ to #a4jcf1 if ! fluid has be5 skimm$4 ,good milk conta9s1 on an av]age1 #c4g p] c5t4 ( butt]2 #e4g p] c5t4 ( lactose1 & leaves ^u evaporation #ab to #ad p] c5t4 ( solid matt]s4,t ,! mo/ common adult]ation ( milk consi/s 9 ! addition ( wat]4 ,?is fraud is detect$ by means ( an areomet] 7lactod5simet]7 :i* gives directly ! specific gravity ( ! fluid "u exam9ation4 ,%\ld ! d5sity be mu* bel[ #a4jcj1 x is c]ta9 t wat] has be5 add$4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 necess>ily foll[ if x is ab\t #a4jcj t ! milk is pure1 s9ce ! gravity ( ! fluid1 :i* w\ld be increas$ ^u skimm+1 c\ld be subsequ5tly r$uc$ to #a4jcj by ! addition ( wat]4 ,! lactod5simet]1 !re=e1 al?\gh useful 9 ! detection ( a simple admixture1 fails to give reliable results if ! fraud p]petrat$ is a d\ble "o2 & a det]m9ation ( ! proportion ( butt] pres5t is also usually necess>y4 ,num]\s me?ods h be5 propos$ to accompli% ?is e/imation4 ,! mo/ pref]able ( ^!1 ow+ to ! rapidity ) :i* ! op]ation is execut$1 is ! use ( ! lactoscope 7galactoscope74 ,?is in/rum5t consi/s ( a tube provid$ ) a glass plate fitt$ at "o end1 & ) a movable glass plate at ! o!r extremity4 ,a few drops ( ! milk to be te/$ are plac$ betwe5 ! two plates1 & ! tube l5g!n$1 by screw+ out ! movable plate1 until ! fluid no long] transmits ! light ( a c&le plac$ at a di/ance ( "o metre4 ,z ! opacity ( milk is due to ! butt] pres5t1 x is evid5t t ! proportion ( ?is sub/ance conta9$ 9 ! sample c be e/imat$ by ! relative di/ance :i* ! plates h be5 sep>at$4 ,t ,! ,briti% ,society ( ,public ,analy/s reg>d ! foll[+ z ! m9imum proportions ( con/itu5ts 9 unadult]at$ milk3 ,fat #b4e p] c5t4 ,solids1 n fat #i4 ---- ,total #aa4e ,wat] #hh4e --,trans4 ,! lactoscope possesses1 h[ev]1 b a limit$ degree ( precision4 ,m4 ,m>*& sub/itutes to its use ! foll[+ te/s3 ,a te/-tube is graduat$ 9 ?ree equal divisions1 ! upp] "o be+ subdivid$ into hundr$?s ext5d+ above1 9 ord] to det]m9e accurately ! correct volume ( ! fluid1 exp&$1 z x is1 by ! temp]ature ( #dj1 at :i* ! exam9ation is execut$4 ,! fir/ division ( ! tube is fill$ ) milk1 a drop1 or two ( /rong potassa lye add$1 & ! mixture well %ak53 ! second portion is !n fill$ ) e!r1 & ! ?ird ) alcohol4 ,! mixture is next aga9 ?or\ghly agitat$1 & !n expos$ to a temp]ature ( #dj 9 a wat]-ba?4 ,aft] /&+ = sev]al h\rs1 a lay] ( fatty matt] becomes suffici5tly sep>at$ to all[ ( measurem5t3 b1 z x conta9s "s e!r & z a small am\nt ( butt] may /ill be reta9$ 9 ! l[] aque\s fluid1 a correction ( ! results obta9$ is necess>y4 ,m4 ,m>*& has compil$ a table1 :i* facilitates ?is correction 7vide3 ,j\rn4 de ,ph>m41 ,novembre #ahed1 & ,bullet9 de l',acadmie de ,mdec9e1 ,p>is1 #ahed1 xix41 p4 #aaja74 ,previ\sly to ! introduction ( ,m>*&'s app>atus1 use 0 made ( ! lactomet]1 :i* consi/s simply ( a graduat$ glass tube1 9 :i* ! suspect$ milk is all[$ to rema9 = #bd h\rs1 at a temp]ature ( #ae4 ,aft] ! lapse ( ?is "t1 ! cream pres5t completely sep>ates z a sup]natant lay]1 ! ?ickness ( :i* indicates ! quality ( ! sample tak54 ,m4 ,lacomte recomm5ds ! addition ( glacial acetic acid1 9 ord] to cause ! m rapid sep>ation ( ! cream4 ,! e/imation ( ! butt] be+ accompli%$1 x is frequ5tly ne$ful to det]m9e ! am\nt ( lactose pres5t4 ,= ?is purpose1 rec\rse is _h to ,b>reswil's me?od1 bas$ ^u ! r$uction ( cupro-potassic t>trate by milk-sug> 9 ! pres5ce ( alkalies4 ,a solution is prep>$ conta9+ #dj grammes ( pure cry/alliz$ sulphate ( copp]1 #fjj or #gjj grammes ( cau/ic soda lye ( sp4 gr4 #a4ab1 & #afj grammes ( neutral t>trate ( potassa4 ,! sulphate ( copp] & t>trate ( potassa are previ\sly dissolv$ sep>ately 9 a little wat]1 ! ?ree solutions unit$1 & wat] add$ until ! fluid acquires a volume ( #aaed4d cubic c5timetres4 ,9 ord] to /&>dize ?is te/ solution1 a kn[n weight ( pure lactose is dissolv$ 9 wat] & ! fluid add$1 drop by drop1 f a graduat$ burette1 to a small flask conta9+ #aj cubic c5timetres ( ! copp] solution1 dilut$ ) #dj cubic c5timetres ( di/ill$ wat]1 & heat$ to boil+4 ,at fir/ a yell[ precipitate =ms1 :i* gradually turns r$1 & is deposit$ on ! bottom ( ! flask1 leav+ ! solution colorless4 ,z soon z ! te/ solution is completely decoloriz$1 ! addition ( ! lactose solution is discont9u$1 & ! weight ( lactose correspond+ to #aj cubic c5timetres ( ! te/ fluid calculat$ f ! quantity us$4 ,! /&>d ( ! te/ solution hav+ be5 det]m9$1 ! above op]ation is repeat$1 ! milk "u exam9ation be+ sub/itut$ = ! solution ( pure lactose4 ,! quantity ( milk necess>y to decolorize #aj cubic c5timetres ( ! copp] solution w evid5tly conta9 ! same am\nt ( lactose z ! quantity ( solution us$ 9 ! prelim9>y te/1 & ! actual am\nt ( lactose pres5t is v easily calculat$4 ,:5 an e/imation ( ! solid matt] conta9$ 9 ! milk is requir$1 a kn[n weight is evaporat$ to dryness ov] a wat]-ba?1 & ! residue weigh$4 ,9 p]=m+ ?is evaporation1 ! addition ( a kn[n am\nt ( s&1 or gr\nd glass1 is advisable4 ,! am\nt ( a% pres5t is det]m9$ by inc9]at+ ! residue left by ! evaporation4 ,=eign sub/ances are sometimes add$ to milk1 = ! purpose ( disguis+ ! pres5ce ( an abnormal quantity ( wat]1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are3 *alk1 bic>bonate ( soda1 emulsion ( almonds1 gum tragacan?1 gum arabic1 />*1 fl\r1 decoction ( b>ley or rice1 sug>1 & c]ebral sub/ances4 ,^! bodies are detect$ z foll[s3 ,*alk4--,if *alk is conta9$ 9 ! milk1 x readily subsides ^u all[+ ! sample to rema9 at re/ = "s "t 9 a flask1 =m+ a deposit :i* eff]vesces :5 heat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & dissolves to a solution1 9 :i* ! *>act]i/ic prop]ties ( a lime salt c be recogniz$4 ,bic>bonate ( soda4--,9 pres5ce ( ?is comp\nd ! milk possesses a /rongly alkal9e reaction1 furni%es a s]um hav+ a %>p & bitt] ta/e1 & leaves a residue ( ! salt ^u evaporation4 ,emulsion ( almonds4--,! milk has a specific gravity ( at lea/1 #a4jcc4 ,if x is pass$ ?r\gh a gauze1 small opaque lumps are sep>at$4 ,:5 exam9$ "u ! microscope1 num]\s m9ute globules1 hav+ a diamet] ( #a_/djj ( a millimetre1 are obs]v$1 &1 ^u add+ a few c5tigrammes ( amygdal9e to "o or two grammes ( ! milk1 ! *>act]i/ic odor ( bitt] almonds is produc$4 ,gum tragacan?4--,:5 %ak5 9 a glass flask & all[$ to re/1 ! milk deposits on ! sides small transp>5t lumps1 :i* usually pres5t a slightly elongat$ or angul> =m4 ,gum arabic4--,! addition ( alcohol produces an abundant :ite opaque precipitate4 ,/>*1 fl\r1 decoction ( b>ley1 rice1 etc4--,^u boil+ ! suspect$ milk1 & add+ t9cture ( iod9e1 ! amylace\s sub/ances pres5t produce a blue coloration 9 ! fluid4 ,sug>4--,if yea/ is add$1 & ! mixture all[$ to /& = "s "t at a temp]ature ( #cj1 alcoholic f]m5tation ensues2 "u ^! circum/ances1 lactose does n und]go f]m5tation4 ,c]ebral sub/ances4--,adult]ation by ^! sub/ances is probably ( mu* less frequ5t occurr5ce ?an 0 =m]ly suppos$4 ,! admixture is detect$ by evaporat+ ! milk to dryness1 dissolv+ ! residue 9 e!r1 evaporat+ ! e!rial solution1 & fus+ ! second residue1 :i* consi/s ( fatty matt]s1 ) nitrate ( potassa 9 a plat9um crucible4 ,! mass is !n tak5 up ) wat]1 & *loride ( b>ium add$ to ! solution4 ,if c]ebral sub/ances 7 conta9$ 9 ! milk1 e!r w dissolve ! fatty matt]s pres5t1 ! phosphorus ( :i* is conv]t$ into a soluble phosphate by ! calc9ation ) nitrate ( potassa & is ?r[n d[n z a :ite precipitate1 ^u ! addition ( a solution ( *loride ( b>ium4 ,?is te/ may be confirm$ by a microscopic exam9ation ( ! milk1 :5 ! peculi> appe>ance ( c]ebral matt] w be detect$4,u ,u ,fragm5ts ( n]ves1 & o!r organic /ructures1 are frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 ?is exam9ation4--,trans4 ,,w9e4 ,! mo/ common adult]ation to :i* w9es are subject$ is ! addition ( wat]3 w9es hav+ a ri* color are frequ5tly mix$ by ! deal] ) light] w9es1 & ! fraud consummat$ by add+ wat]4 ,! detection ( ?is adult]ation is some:at difficult1 z wat] is a normal con/itu5t ( w9e4 ,9 ,p>is ! foll[+ me?od is usually employ$3 ,z soon z ! w9e is confiscat$1 x is asc]ta9$ :at k9ds ( w9e are manufactur$ by ! inculpat$ deal]1 & a /atem5t obta9$ f him1 giv+ ! proportions ( alcohol1 etc41 conta9$ 9 ! v>i\s br&s4 ,a w9e is !n prep>$1 accord+ to ! in=mation receiv$1 an e/imation ( ! alcohol conta9$ 9 ! prep>$ sample made1 & ! results comp>$ ) ^? furni%$ by a simil> exam9ation ( ! suspect$ w9e4 ,9 case ! proportion ( alcohol is less 9 ! suspect$ w9e ?an 9 ! prep>$ sample1 x is evid5t t a fraudul5t adult]ation has be5 committ$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! quantity ( alcohol is ! same 9 bo? w9es1 x does n necess>ily foll[ t ! w9e has escap$ admixture1 s9ce ?is body may h be5 add$ aft] ! adult]ation ) wat]4 ,9 addition to ! e/imation ( alcohol1 x is also necess>y to det]m9e ! am\nt ( cream ( t>t> 7bit>trate ( potassa7 pres5t1 z ! proportion ( ?is salt w\ld be s5sibly decreas$ by ! addition ( alcohol & wat] to ! w9e4 ,?is fraud c\ld1 h[ev]1 be disguis$ by subsequ5tly add+ ! prop] am\nt ( cream ( t>t>4 ,x is also well to asc]ta9 if two equal quantities ( ! prep>$ sample & ! w9e "u exam9ation require ! same am\nt ( solution ( hypo*lorite ( lime = decolorization4 ,9 case ! suspect$ w9e has be5 adult]at$1 ! quantity ( hypo*lorite solution us$ w be less ?an ! am\nt necess>y to decolorize ! prep>$ w9e4 ,=eign color+ matt] may be add$ by ! adult]ator1 b ?is fraud is easily detect$ by add+ potassa to ! sample3 if its coloration is natural1 a gre5 t9t is produc$2 :]eas1 if =eign matt] has be5 introduc$1 ! w9e assumes v>i\s o!r colors ^u ! addition ( ! alkali4,v ,v ,cotl9i 7,ann4 du g5ie civil1 ,no4 #c1 #ahgc7 /ates t ! foll[+ reactions occur :5 artificially color$ w9es are heat$ ) potassa3 ,pure w9e no precipitate gre5i% hue ,eld]b]ry violet ,beet-sug> r$ ,logwood r$ violet-r$ ,privet violet-blue ,turm]ic light-blue ,accord+ to ,m4 de ,*]ville 7,qu>4 ,j\r4 ,sc471 a bright violet coloration is produc$ 9 ! above te/1 if litmus be pres5t4 ,fu*s9 is sep>at$ by treatm5t ) subacetate ( lead & addition ( amylic alcohol 7,j\r4 de ,ph4 et de ,*4 ,m>4 #ahgc74--,trans4 ,! indications furni%$ by ! above te/ are r5d]$ valueless1 if ! w9e has be5 artificially color$ by ! addition ( ! color+ matt] ( grape-sk9s2 b ! execution ( ?is fraud w\ld require "s k ( *emi/ry1 & =tunately adult]ators1 z a class1 are defici5t 9 ?is bran* ( sci5ce4 ,ano!r me?od = detect+ ! addition ( wat] is bas$ ^u ! fact t f]m5t$ liquors d n conta9 air 9 solution1 b only c>bonic acid2 :]eas1 wat] dissolves oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,x is execut$ z foll[s3 ,! w9e to be te/$ is plac$ 9 a flask1 ! deliv]y-tube ( :i* is also fill$1 & heat$2 ! evolv$ gas be+ collect$ 9 a tube fill$ ) m]cury4 ,9 case ! w9e is pure1 ! dis5gag$ gas w be completely absorb$ by potassa2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 wat] has be5 add$1 an unabsorb$ residue1 consi/+ ( oxyg5 & nitrog51 w rema94 ,?is te/ is useless 9 case wat]1 ?r\gh :i* a curr5t ( c>bonic acid gas has be5 pass$ = a consid]able "t1 has be5 employ$4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 h[ev]1 ! pres5ce ( ! gas w\ld probably be detect$ by ! ta/e ( ! w9e1 z well z by ! e/imation j m5tion$1 s9ce ! sample w\ld inv>iably conta9 a l>g] proportion ( ! gas ?an ! /&>d ) :i* x is comp>$2 inde$1 x w\ld be almo/ impossible to prep>e a solution :i* conta9$ exactly ! proportion ( c>bonic acid ord9>ily pres5t 9 w9e4 ,x rema9s to m5tion ! me?ods employ$ 9 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( alcohol & cream ( t>t> conta9$ 9 w9e4 ,! alcometrical me?od usually employ$ is bas$ ^u ! diff]5ce 9 d5sity possess$ by pure alcohol & by mixtures ( alcohol & wat]4 ,gay-,lussac has propos$ an areomet] 7alcoholmet]71 provid$ ) a scale :i* directly indicates ! proportion ( alcohol conta9$ 9 a mixture4 ,z ! indications furni%$ by ?is in/rum5t v>y ) ! temp]ature1 & ! scale is con/ruct$ on ! basis ( a temp]ature ( #ae1 a correction ( ! results obta9$ is necess>y if ! det]m9ation is made at o!r temp]atures4 ,gay-,lussac has compil$ a table :i* indicates at once ! requir$ correction2 ! foll[+ =mula c also be us$3 x c #j4d t1 :]e x is ! quantity ( alcohol pres5t 9 ! sample2 c ! degree indicat$ by ! alcoholmet]1 & t ! numb] ( degrees diff]+ f ! temp]ature ( #ae3 ! second memb] ( ! =mula is subtract$ f1 or add$ to ! fir/1 z ! temp]ature at :i* ! e/imation is made is great] or less ?an #ae4,w ,w ,tralles alcoholmet] is almo/ exclusively employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry4--,trans4 ,9 case ! w9e to be exam9$ conta9s sub/ances o!r ?an wat] & alcohol1 :i* w\ld affect its d5sity1 x is necess>y1 be=e mak+ use ( ! alcoholmet]1 to di/il ! sample & subsequ5tly exam9e ! di/illate1 :i* w consi/ ( a simple mixture ( wat] & alcohol4 ,usually ! di/illation is discont9u$ z soon z "o-?ird ( ! sample has pass$ ov]1 & a quantity ( di/ill$ wat]1 suffici5t to r5d] ! volume ( ! mixture equal to ! orig9al volume ( ! w9e1 add$ to ! di/illate3 ! fluid rema9+ 9 ! flask w be entirely free f alcohol4 ,! addition ( wat] to ! di/illate is n indisp5sable1 b o!rwise x is necess>y to divide ! degrees indicat$ by ! alcoholmet] by #c1 9 ord] to r$uce ! result to ! orig9al volume ( ! w9e tak54 ,m4 ,sall]on (f]s = sale a small app>atus 7,fig4 #bj7 us$ 9 exam9ations ( ?is "*1 consi/+ ( a flask1 clos$ ) a gutta-p]*a cork1 conta9+ a tube :i* connects ) a worm pass+ ?r\gh a cool]4 ,! flask is support$ by an iron /&1 & heat$ ) a gas or _s lamp4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,9 ord] to e/imate ! cream ( t>t>1 ! w9e is evaporat$ to ! consi/5cy ( an extract1 alcohol ( #hb ,b4 add$1 & ! residue obta9$ calc9$ 9 a crucible4 ,! am\nt ( salt pres5t 9 ! fus$ mass is !n det]m9$ by ! alkalimetric me?od1 z direct$ 9 all works on quantitative analysis4 ,! c>bonate obta9$ f #a gr4 ( cream ( t>t> exactly saturates #i4ge cubic c5timetres ( a solution conta9+ #ajj grammes ( sulphuric acid ( #ff ,b41 & #ahjj grammes ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,! detection ( toxical sub/ances1 (t5 conta9$ 9 w9e1 is accompli%$ by ! me?ods describ$ "u ! head ( detection ( poisons4 ,,v9eg>4 ,v9eg> is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) wat]1 & occasionally sulphuric acid is add$ to artificially increase its acidity4 ,! ord9>y reag5ts--su* z *loride ( b>ium1 or nitrate ( silv]--are n adapt$ to ! direct detection ( sulphuric acid1 or ( o!r m9]al acids1 z sulphates & *lorides1 :i* are z readily precipitat$ z ! free acids1 may also be pres5t4 ,! foll[+ me?od1 propos$ by ,m4 ,pay51 is usually employ$3 ,five c5tigrammes ( />* 7fecula7 are add$ to a decilitre ( table v9eg>1 ! mixture boil$ = #ab or #ae m9utes1 &1 aft] ! fluid has become completely cool$1 a few drops ( iod9e solution add$3 dilute acetic acid does n affect />*1 &1 9 case ! v9eg> is pure1 a blue coloration is produc$2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 ev5 a m9ute quantity ( a m9]al acid be pres5t1 ! />* is conv]t$ into dextr9e1 & ! addition ( iod9e fails to cause a blue coloration4 ,! wat] pres5t is indirectly e/imat$ by det]m9+ ! am\nt ( acetic acid conta9$ 9 ! v9eg>4 ,?is c be accompli%$ 9 diff]5t ways3 ei!r ! quantity ( a /&>d solution ( an alkali1 necess>y to exactly neutralize a measur$ quantity ( ! v9eg>1 is asc]ta9$1 or ! v9eg> is sup]saturat$ ) solution ( b>yta1 ! excess ( ! salt elim9at$ by conduct+ c>bonic acid ?r\gh ! fluid1 ! precipitate remov$ by filtration1 & ! b>yta salt 9 ! filtrate precipitat$ by ! addition ( sulphuric acid4 ,! second precipitate is !n collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$1 weigh$1 & ! am\nt ( acetic acid pres5t calculat$3 ?is is done by multiply+ its weight by #j4eae4 ,,sulphate ,,( ,,qu99e4 ,ow+ to ! high price ( ?is salt1 x is frequ5tly adult]at$4 ,! sub/ances us$ = ?is purpose are3 cry/all9e sulphate ( lime1 boric acid1 mannite1 sug>1 />*1 salic9e1 /e>ic acid1 & ! sulphates ( c9*on9e & qu9id9e4 ,^! bodies are detect$ z foll[s3 a4 ,^u slightly w>m+ #b grammes ( sulphate ( qu99e ) #abj grammes ( alcohol ( #ba ,b41 ! pure salt completely dissolves2 if1 h[ev]1 />*1 magnesia1 m9]al salts1 or v>i\s o!r =eign sub/ances are pres5t1 !y are left z insoluble residues4 b4 ,^? m9]al sub/ances t are soluble 9 alcohol are detect$ by calc9+ ! suspect$ sample3 pure sulphate ( qu99e is completely consum$2 :]eas1 ! m9]al sub/ances pres5t rema9 beh9d z a residue4 c4 ,9 pres5ce ( salic9e1 ! salt acquires a deep r$ color1 :5 treat$ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 d4 ,/e>ic acid rema9s undissolv$ ^u treat+ sulphate ( qu99e ) acidulat$ wat]4 e4 ,to detect sug> & mannite1 ! sample is dissolv$ 9 acidulat$ wat]1 & an excess ( hydrate ( b>yta add$3 a precipitate1 consi/+ ( qu99e & sulphate ( b>yta1 is produc$4 ,c>bonic acid is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! fluid1 9 ord] to precipitate ! excess ( b>yta z insoluble c>bonate1 ! fluid saturat$ ) ammonia1 to ?r[ d[n ! qu99e :i* may h be5 re-dissolv$ by ! c>bonic acid1 & ! mixture filt]$4 ,if ! salt be pure1 no residue w be obta9$ ^u evaporat+ ! filtrate2 a residue ( sug> or mannite is =m$1 if ^! sub/ances are pres5t4 f4 ,sulphate ( qu99e inv>iably conta9s #b or #c p] c5t4 ( c9*on9e1 orig9at+1 n f a fraudul5t admixture1 b f an incomplete purification ( ! salt4 ,"o ( ! be/ me?ods = detect+ ! respective quantities ( qu99e & c9*on9e1 pres5t 9 a sample ( ! sulphate1 is ! foll[+3 ,sev]al grammes ( ammonia & e!r 7:i* has previ\sly be5 wa%$ ) wat]7 are add$ to "o or two grammes ( ! salt "u exam9ation1 ! mixture ?or\ghly agitat$1 & !n all[$ to rema9 at re/4 ,! sup]natant e!rial solution conta9s all ( ! qu99e2 ! c9*on9e1 :i* is almo/ completely insoluble1 bo? 9 wat] & e!r1 rema9+ susp5d$ betwe5 ! lay]s ( ! two fluids4 ,! e!r is next remov$ by means ( a /op-cock funnel1 evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! weight ( ! residue obta9$ det]m9$4 ,! op]ation is !n repeat$1 ! e!r be+ replac$ by *lor(orm 9 :i* bo? qu99e & c9*on9e are soluble4 ,! residue1 =m$ by ! evaporation ( ! second solution1 w be heavi] ?an ! fir/ residue3 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two weigh+s gives ! weight ( ! c9*on9e pres5t4 g4 ,! detection ( ! pres5ce ( sulphate ( qu9id9e is bas$ ^u ! diff]5ce 9 ! solubilities ( ! oxalates ( qu99e & qu9id9e4 ,oxalate ( qu9id9e is suffici5tly soluble 9 cold wat] n to be precipitat$ by d\ble decomposition :5 solutions ( oxalate ( ammonia & sulphate ( qu9id9e are mix$4 ,"u ! same circum/ances1 qu99e is almo/ completely ?r[n d[n4 ,! te/ is appli$ z foll[s3 ,! suspect$ salt is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 a slight excess ( oxalate ( ammonia add$1 & ! precipitate =m$ sep>at$ by filtration4 ,if ! salt be pure1 ! filtrate is sc>cely r5d]$ turbid by ! addition ( ammonia2 :51 h[ev]1 sulphate ( qu9id9e is pres5t1 x w be entirely conta9$ 9 ! filtrate1 9 :i* ammonia w produce an abundant precipitate4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,blood ,,/a9s4 ,?is bran* ( legal *emi/ry =m]ly gave b v unreliable results4 ,x is sc>cely t5 ye>s s9ce ! reactions t are n[ reg>d$ z only second>y & confirmative 9 _! "*1 & f> f conclusive1 7 ! only ones 9 use3 ^! are ! te/s bas$ ^u ! pres5ce ( iron & album5 9 ! blood4 ,s9ce !n1 great progress has be5 made 9 ! me?ods employ$4 ,x mu/ n be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ! "q "u consid]ation always admits ( an easy & decisive solution3 ! /a9s are sometimes too greatly alt]$ to be id5tifi$2 b 9 cases :]e ! di/9ctive reactions ( blood c be produc$1 ! real nature ( ! /a9s "u exam9ation c1 at pres5t1 be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,! te/s m rec5tly introduc$ consi/ 9 ! production ( small *>act]i/ic cry/als1 t]m$ haem9 cry/als1 & 9 ! use ( ! spectroscope4 ,cry/als ( haem9 7fir/ discov]$ by ,tei*man7 are =m$ :5 dry blood is dissolv$ 9 conc5trat$ acetic acid1 & ! solution evaporat$ to dryness3 !y are ( a br[ni%-r$ color4 ,brcke fir/ sugge/$ an analytical me?od1 bas$ ^u ?is prop]ty ( blood1 :i* is equally *>act]i/ic & s5sitive3 ,x is only necess>y to dissolve a m9ute portion ( ! matt] to be exam9$ 7dri$ blood1 or ! residue left by ! evaporation ( ! fluid obta9$ by treat+ ! /a91 or ! dri$ blood1 ) cold wat]7 9 glacial acetic acid & evaporate ! solution to dryness 9 ord] to obta9 cry/als ( haem91 :i* c be readily recogniz$ by means ( a microscope hav+ a magnify+ p[] ( #cjj diamet]s4 ,if ! cry/als orig9ate f fre% blood1 !y appe> z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ba2 cry/als f old blood are repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,! =m] possess a r$di%-br[n1 ! latt] a light] color4 ,! v>i\s me?ods n[ employ$ to produce haem9 cry/als 7 propos$ by ,hoppe-,seyl]1 by ,brcke & by ,erdman4 ,:i*ev] process is us$1 ! suspect$ /a9s are at fir/ c>efully sep>at$ f ! mat]ial ^u :i* !y are deposit$4 ,if !y are pres5t on l951 or o!r fabrics1 ! /a9$ portions1 :i* always rema9 some:at /iff1 are cut (f3 !y w pres5t a r$di%-br[n color1 9 case ! clo? is n dy$3 if ! /a9s are on wood1 !y are remov$ by means ( a %>p knife2 if on /one or iron1 !y are deta*$ by scrap+4 ,9 case ,hoppe-,seyl]'s me?od is us$1 ! /a9s1 sep>at$ z direct$ above1 are mac]at$ ) a little cold wat] 7w>m wat] w\ld coagulate ! album5 pres5t1 & consequ5tly prev5t solution tak+ place73 ! /a9s become s(t1 /riae & br[n or r$di% cl\ds are obs]v$1 especially :5 ! dri$ blood is fre%1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! objects ^u :i* ! /a9s 7 deposit$ are decoloriz$4 ,^u all[+ ! fluid obta9$ 9 ?is way to spontane\sly evaporate on a wat*-glass1 a r$di% br[n or br[ni% residue is left1 f :i* ! cry/als ( haem9 are prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,an almo/ imp]ceptible am\nt ( common salt is add$ to ! residue1 !n1 six to eight drops ( conc5trat$ acetic acid1 & ! mass ?or\ghly mix$ by /irr+ ) a small glass rod4 ,! mixture is at fir/ heat$ ov] a small gas flame1 !n evaporat$ to dryness by ! heat ( a wat]-ba?4 ,if ! /a9s 7 produc$ by blood1 a microscopic exam9ation ( ! residue w reveal ! pres5ce ( haem9 cry/als4 ,?is me?od pres5ts an objection3 if ! /a9$ objects h be5 wa%$ ) w>m wat] previ\sly to ! exam9ation1 ! album5 w be coagulat$1 & ! blood r5d]$ insoluble2 9 ?is case1 cold wat] w fail to dissolve any?+1 & ! residue w n produce cry/als :5 treat$ ) acetic acid4 ,9 ord] to rem$y ?is difficulty ,brcke op]ates directly ^u ! /a9$ wov5 or ligne\s fibre1 or ! matt] remov$ f ! /one or iron3 ,! mat]ials are boil$ 9 a te/-tube ) glacial acetic acid1 ! fluid decant$ or filt]$1 a trace ( common salt add$1 & ! liquid !n evaporat$ on a wat*-glass at a temp]ature betwe5 #dj & #hj4 ,if ! /a9s really orig9at$ f blood1 haem9 cry/als w n[ be easily p]ceptible ^u exam9+ ! residue obta9$ "u ! microscope4 ,! /a9$ fabric1 ! matt] remov$ f ! /one or iron1 or ! residue left by ! solution ) :i* ! /a9s h be5 treat$1 is plac$ on ! glass1 a trace ( *loride ( sodium add$1 & ! :ole cov]$ ) a ?9 glass plate4 ,a drop ( acetic acid is !n plac$ at ! edge ( ! plates--betwe5 :i* x is soon introduc$ by capill>y attraction--& ! mixture all[$ to re/ 9 ! cold = a few mom5ts4 ,! mass is next br\ght into solution by slightly heat+1 & is !n evaporat$ by hold+ ! plate at a consid]able di/ance above a gas burn]4 ,! fluid is exam9$ f "t to "t "u ! microscope3 :5 x is suffici5tly conc5trat$1 cry/als1 pres5t+ ! appe>ance repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #ba or #bb1 w be obs]v$4 ,^! are especially well-def9$1 if an insoluble sub/ance is also pres5t betwe5 ! plates--:i* prev5ts _! adh]+4 ,! fluid collects by capill>y attraction at ! po9ts ( contact ( ! plates z a m or less color$ lay]1 9 :i* ! cry/als are deposit$4 ,%\ld ! above te/ fail to pres5t di/9ctive indications at fir/1 "o or two fre% drops ( acetic acid are introduc$ betwe5 ! plates1 & ! exam9ation is repeat$4 ,! result is n to be reg>d$ z negative1 until sev]al trials h prov$ fruitless1 z ! /a9$ portions are b sl[ly soluble1 & cry/allization may h be5 prev5t$ by ! too rapid evaporation ( ! acetic solution4 ,haem9 cry/als1 once se51 c h>dly be conf\nd$ ) o!r sub/ances2 /ill1 x is well to id5tify !m by confirm+ _! insolubility 9 wat]1 alcohol1 & cold acetic acid1 z well z _! in/antane\s solubility 9 soda lye4 ,! addition ( common salt is ord9>ily sup]flu\s1 z x is normally conta9$ 9 ! blood2 b x is possible1 if ! /a9s 7 wa%$ ) w>m wat]1 t1 9 addition to ! coagulation ( ! album51 ! solution ( ! salt may h tak5 place1 9 :i* case cry/als w fail to =m4 ,! addition ( salt is to rem$y ?is possible cont+5cy2 albeit1 ! delicacy ( ! te/ is n affect$1 ev5 if cry/als ( *loride ( sodium are produc$1 z ^! are easily soluble 9 wat]1 & are readily di/+ui%$ f ^? ( haem9 by aid ( ! microscope4 ,! indications furni%$ by means ( ! spectroscope are less reliable ?an ^? giv5 by ! production ( haem9 cry/als2 moreov]1 ! spectroscopic exam9ation requires favorable wea!r = its execution4 ,/ill1 ! te/ %\ld be employ$ 9 all possible in/ances4 ,! c\rse pursu$ is ! foll[+3 ,! aque\s fluid1 ) :i* ! /a9s h be5 treat$1 is plac$ 9 a wat* glass1 & evaporat$ 9 vacuo ov] sulphuric acid2 ! la/ rema9+ portion ( ! fluid be+ unit$ 9 ! bottom ( ! glass by caus+ x to collect 9 a s+le drop4 ,:5 ! evaporation ( fluid is complet$1 ! wat*-glass is plac$ be=e ! n>r[$ slit ( a spectroscope1 & a ray ( diffus$ light 7or bett]1 light reflect$ f a helio/at7 made to pass ?r\gh ! "p ( ! glass conta9+ ! residue4 ,if ! /a9s orig9ate f blood1 ! absorption l9es ( haemoglob91 consi/+ ( two l>ge d>k b&s1 to ! "r ( ! sodium l9e 7,frau5h(]'s l9e ,d71 w be obs]v$ 9 ! spectrum4 ,9 case bo? ( ! above te/s fail to give positive results1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! /a9s exam9$ 7 n caus$ by blood4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! reactions 7 produc$1 sc>cely any d\bt exi/s z to ! pres5ce ( blood4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is advisable to confirm ! results by means ( ! te/s t h be5 previ\sly spok5 ( z be+ =m]ly exclusively employ$2 ^! are ! foll[+3 a4 #a_/b to #a c4 c4 ( ozoniz$ oil ( turp5t9e1 i4 e4 turp5t9e :i* has be5 expos$ to ! air suffici5tly long to acquire ! prop]ty ( decoloriz+ wat] t is slightly t9t$ ) indigo--is introduc$ 9 a te/-tube1 & an equal volume ( t9cture ( guaiacum add$ 7! latt] t9cture is prep>$ by treat+ an inn] portion ( ! res9 ) alcohol1 until its br[ni% color is *ang$ to a br[ni%-yell[74 ,if ^u add+ "s ( ! sub/ance "u exam9ation to ! above mixture a cle> blue coloration ensues1 & ! insoluble matt] ?r[n d[n possesses a deep blue color1 ! pres5ce ( color+ matt] ( ! blood is indicat$4 ,! mixture also imp>ts a blue color to moi/5$ spots f :i* ! blood /a9s h be5 z completely extract$ z possible4 ,un=tunately sulphate ( iron gives ! same reaction4,x ,x ,fre% glut51 gum arabic1 & case9e also cause ! blue coloration4--,trans4 b4 ,^u heat+ ! fluid obta9$ by treat+ ! /a9s ) cold wat] 9 a te/-tube1 its br[n or r$di% color disappe>s1 & greyi%-:ite flakes ( coagulat$ album5 are ?r[n d[n4 ,! precipitate acquires a brick-r$ color1 :5 treat$ ) an acid solution ( nitrate ( m]cury conta9+ nitr\s acid4 ,! album5 is also coagulat$ by ! addition ( nitric acid3 x assumes a m or less yell[ color1 if heat$ ) a slight excess ( ! acid4 ,*lor9e-wat]1 especially ^u heat+1 likewise precipitates album5 9 ! =m ( :ite flakes4 c4 ,if ! fluid is acidulat$ ) a few drops ( acetic acid1 & a drop ( f]rocyanide ( potassium add$1 a :ite precipitate1 or1 at lea/1 turbidity is produc$4 d4 ,! flakes ( album51 sep>at$ by heat+1 dissolve 9 cau/ic alkalies to a solution1 f :i* !y are re-precipitat$ by nitric acid1 or *lor9e wat]4 e4 ,^u treat+ blood /a9s ) *lor9e-wat]1 a solution :i* conta9s *loride ( iron1 & acquires a r$ coloration by ! addition ( sulphocyanide ( potassium1 is =m$4 f4 ,%\ld ! /a9s h fail$ to be affect$ by cold wat] 7:i*1 z has already be5 rem>k$1 is ! case :5 !y h be5 previ\sly wa%$ ) hot wat]71 !y are treat$ ) weak soda lye4 ,nitric acid1 hydro*loric acid1 & *lor9e wat] w produce 9 ! solution s obta9$ a :ite precipitate1 :i* exhibits ! g5]al prop]ties ( album5 previ\sly describ$4 ,9 case ! /a9s are deposit$ ^u l951 x is necess>y to replace ! soda by ammonia1 9 ord] to avoid dissolv+ ! fabric4 g4 ,solutions ( ! alkalies1 :i* dissolve ! album51 leave ! color+ matt]s intact1 & consequ5tly d n decolorize ! fabric4 ,if ! latt] is aft]w>ds subject$ to ! action ( hydro*loric acid1 ! color+ matt] is dissolv$1 =m+ a solution t leaves ^u evaporation to dryness a residue conta9+ iron1 :i* gives a blue coloration ) f]rocyanide ( potassium1 & a r$ coloration ) sulphocyanide ( potassium4 h4 ,! color+ matt] ( blood dissolves 9 boil+ alcohol1 to :i* sulphuric acid has be5 add$1 to a br[n di*roic fluid 7appe>+ gre5 by transmitt$ light1 & r$ by reflect$ light74 ,a mixture ( ru/ & blood exhibits ! same ph5om5on4 i4 ,if sub/ances conta9+ blood are heat$ 9 a dry tube1 an odor resembl+ t ( burnt horn is emitt$4 ,9 case ! /a9$ fabric is a sub/ance t w\ld produce ?is odor1 7su* z wool1 silk1 or hair71 ! te/ naturally loses all value4 j4 ,if ! fluid obta9$ by treat+ ! /a9s ei!r ) wat] or alkali is evaporat$ ) a little c>bonate ( potassa1 & ! residue heat$1 at fir/ at #ajj1 !n to r$ness1 9 a glass tube to :i* a fre% quantity ( c>bonate ( potassa has be5 add$1 cyanide ( potassium is =m$4 ,:5 cold1 ! tube is cut above ! "p conta9+ ! fus$ mixture1 ! mass heat$ ) iron-fil+s & wat]1 ! fluid filt]$1 & ! filtrate !n acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid3 f]rocyanide ( potassium w be pres5t 9 ! fluid1 & ^u add+ a drop ( solution ( p]*loride ( iron a gre51 or blue1 color w be produc$1 & a precipitate ( ,prussian blue gradually ?r[n d[n4 ,if ! /a9$ clo? is non-nitrog5\s 7p] ex43 hemp1 l951 or cotton71 in/ead ( treat+ x ) wat]1 x may be heat$ until pulv]ul5t1 mix$ ) c>bonate ( potassa1 ! mixture calc9$1 & ! op]ation !n complet$ z j describ$4 ,?is te/ hav+ giv5 affirmative results1 ! op]ations %\ld be repeat$ ) an un/a9$ portion ( ! clo?1 to remove all d\bt t ! indications obta9$ d n really orig9ate f ! fabric4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce1 x is impossible to discrim9ate *emically betwe5 human & animal blood4 ,m4 ,b>ruel1 x is true1 is able1 n only to accompli% ?is1 b also to di/+ui% ! blood ( ! v>i\s species ( animals by its odor6 ,b ?is te/ has a some:at hypo!tical value = sci5tific purposes4 ,9 reg>d to ! cry/als ( haem91 !y d n pres5t suffici5t diff]5ce to all[ ! blood ( diff]5t animals to be di/+ui%$4 ,we h n yet treat$ ( ! globules4 ,x (t5 occurs t ^! m9ute organs are s alt]$ z to be no long] recogniz$ 9 ! microscopic exam9ation2 :51 h[ev]1 ! /a9s are tol]ably rec5t1 !y may be detect$ by exam9+ ! moi/5$ /a9$ clo?1 directly "u ! microscope3 a discrim9ation betwe5 animal & human blood is !n possible3 corpuscules ( human blood possess ! great] size3 ^? ( ! %eep1 = in/ance1 h only "o-half ! diamet] ( ! =m]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 b seldom t ?is di/9ction c be made use (4,y ,y ,m5/rual blood is recogniz$ by ! pres5ce ( epi!lial cells4--,trans4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,sp]matic ,,/a9s4 ,9 cases :]e attempt at viol5ce1 rape or p$]a/y is suspect$1 ! exp]t may be requir$ to det]m9e ! nature ( /a9s f\nd on clo?+1 %eets1 etc4 ,! fact t ! /a9s 7 produc$ by sem51 may (t5 be reg>d$1 p] se1 z crim9at+ evid5ce4 ,?is class ( inve/igation possesses1 !re=e1 consid]able importance4 ,ext]nal appe>ance ( ! /a9s4--,dry sp]matic /a9s are ?91 & exhibit a greyi% or1 occasionally1 a citron-yell[ color1 if pres5t on :ite clo?4 ,9 case ! fabric is color$1 !y appe> :iti% &1 if on l951 pres5t a glossy aspect4 ,!y are translucid1 :5 obs]v$ by transmitt$ light4 ,if ! fabric1 ^u :i* ! /a9s are deposit$1 is ( a heavy texture1 !y are visible only on "o side3 "u all circum/ances1 _! circumf]5ce is irregul> & undulat$4 ,^! indications1 h[ev]1 are n conclusive1 b v>y accord+ to :e!r ! /a9s 7 produc$ by ! ?ick sem5 ( a vigor\s man1 or ! aque\s sem9al fluid ( an ag$ & diseas$ p]son1 or by sem5 m or less mix$ ) ! pro/atic fluid4 ,^u moi/5+ sp]matic /a9s1 ! di/9ctive /ale odor ( fre% sem5 is sometimes emitt$1 b ?is *>act]i/ic is usually obscur$ by ! pres5ce ( =eign sub/ances4 ,sem5 /a9s are soluble 9 wat]1 =m+ a gummy fluid1 9 :i* *lor9e1 alcohol1 bi*loride ( m]cury1 acetate & subacetate ( lead produce a :ite precipitate1 b :i* fails to be coagulat$ by heat+4 ,plumbate ( potassa does n imp>t a fawn-color to ^! /a9s1 at a temp]ature above #bj1 z is ! case ) ^? produc$ by album9\s sub/ances4 ,p]sulphate ( iron imp>ts to sp]matic /a9s a pale yell[ color1 ,sulphate ( copp]1 a blui% grey color1 ,cupro-potassic t>trate1 a blui% grey color1 ,nitrate ( silv]1 a pale grey color1 ,nitric acid1 a pale yell[ color4 ,! above reactions1 sep>ate or unit$1 are insuffici5t2 !y are n v delicate1 & are likewise produc$ by /a9s orig9at+ f ! o!r v>ieties ( mucus3 ! indications furni%$ by a microscopic exam9ation ( ! /a9s are alone conclusive4 ,microscopic exam9ation4--,sem5 conta9s z its pr9cipal & fecundat+ con/itu5t1 peculi> vibratory filam5ts1 7sp]matozoa71 held susp5d$ 9 a visc\s fluid4 ,^! filam5ts1 :5 pres]v$ 9 a w>m & moi/ place1 reta9 _! activity = a consid]able "t3 x is ev5 possible t !y may exhibit vitality 9 ! organs1 into :i* !y h be5 volunt>ily or =cibly ejaculat$1 = t51 or ev5 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,:5 expos$ to cold air1 ! sp]matozoa quickly expire2 /ill1 !y pres]ve _! =m = "s "t1 &1 z ?is is v *>act]i/ic1 x is !n easy to id5tify !m2 moreov]1 s9ce !y orig9ate exclusively 9 ! te/icles1 _! detection may be consid]$ z c]ta9 evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( sem54 ,9 /a9s produc$ by ag$ p]sons1 & by p]sons enfeebl$ by excesses1 ! sp]matozoa fail to be pres5t$2 9 case !y are discov]$1 ?is fact evid5tly does n affect ! c]ta9ty ( ! sp]matic orig9 ( ! /a9s4 ,! contr>y conclusion is nev] absolutely c]ta93 /ill1 if ! use ( ! microscope fails to e/abli% ! pres5ce ( sp]matozoa1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! /a9s 7 n produc$ by sem54 ,( ! v>i\s me?ods = obta9+ f ! /a9s a prep>ation adapt$ to ! microscopic exam9ation1 ! "o propos$ by ,m4 ,*>les ,rob9 is ! mo/ simple & reliable4 ,a /rip1 #a c4 c4 9 size 7compris+ ! entire /a91 if ?is be small1 conta9+ its inn] portion1 if x be l>ge71 is cut f ! fabric "u exam9ation1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! two extremities ( ! sample ext5d beyond ! /a9$ portion4 ,"o end ( ! clo? is !n imm]s$ 9 a capsule1 or wat*-glass1 conta9+ pure wat]3 ! /a9s become moi/5$ by capill>y attraction1 &1 9 a space ( "t v>y+ f tw5ty m9utes to two h\rs1 acquire ! appe>ance ( fre% sem54 ,z soon z ! /a9$ portion becomes swoll5 & s(t5$1 ! surface ( ! clo? is g5tly scrap$ ) a spatula1 & ! sub/ance remov$ plac$ on ! slide ( ! microscope4 ,! p>ticles are next slightly deta*$1 a drop ( wat] add$1 if necess>y1 & ! :ole cov]$ ) a small plate ( v ?9 glass4 ,! prep>ation is !n exam9$ by a microscope1 hav+ a magnify+ p[] ( f #ejj to #fjj diamet]s4 ,9 ?is way1 ! pres5ce ( ei!r entire or brok5 sp]matozoa is readily detect$4 ,_! exi/5ce is r5d]$ /ill m app>5t1 if ! mucus pres5t is dissolv$ by add+ a drop ( acetic acid to ! prep>ation4 ,entire sp]matozoa consi/ ( long sl5d] filam5ts1 hav+ a l5g? ( #j4jdjda to #j4jdeab millimetre2 ! ant]ior extremity pres5ts an oval enl>gem5t1 ei!r r\nd or pyri=m1 exhibit+ a d\ble outl9e1 :5 magnifi$ to #ejj diamet]s4 ,?is enl>g$ end is t]m$ ! head2 ! entire rema9+ portion be+ reg>d$ z ! tail4 ,9 case ! sp]matozoa are brok51 !y are sev]$ ei!r ne> ! head or 9 ! middle ( ! tail1 & a mass ( deta*$ fragm5ts w be obs]v$ 9 ! microscopic exam9ation4 ,! sp]matozoa are n ! only corpuscules reveal$ by ! microscope2 o!r sub/ances1 entirely diff]5t 9 "*1 are (t5 obs]v$4 ,al?\gh ! detection ( ^! bodies is1 9 itself1 ( no value1 x w be well to enum]ate & *>act]ize !m2 !y are3 a4 ,oily globules4 b4 ,leucocytes1 or sph]ical & f9ely granul\s globules ( mucus4 c4 ,corpuscules1 orig9at+ f ! sem9al vesicles1 t]m$ sympexions4 ,^! are r\nd$ or ovoid1 possess an irregul> outl9e1 & are usually mix$ ) ! sp]matozoa & globules ( mucus4 d4 ,cry/als ( phosphate ( magnesia1 v>y+ greatly 9 size2 ! l>ge/ are f #j4mm4 #jja to #j4mm4 #jjb 9 l5g?4 ,! cry/als =m$ ^u cool+ ! sem51 pres5t ! =m ( an oblique prism1 ) a rhomboidal base4 ,occasionally !y are elongat$ & flatt5$2 !y !n assume ! =m ( a rhomboid4 e4 ,epi!lial cells2 orig9at+ f ! muc\s follicles ( ! ure?ra4 f4 ,irregul> gra9s ( du/2 soluble 9 acetic & hydro*loric acids1 ) gase\s evolution4 g4 ,br[ni%-r$ gra9s ( ru/2 only slightly soluble 9 acetic acid1 b easily soluble 9 hydro*loric acid4 h4 ,filam5ts ( ! /ra9$ fabric2 detect$ by _! texture1 & g5]al appe>ance4 i4 ,gra9s ( />*1 9 case ! clo? has be5 /iff5$4 ,^! are almo/ inv>iably swoll51 & are frequ5tly brok5 & de=m$4 ,if ! exam9ation is to be secretly execut$1 & ! clo? _c well be cut1 x is roll$ 9 a cone1 9 su* a way t ! ext]nal side conta9s ! /a9$ portion4 ,! l[] extremity ( ! cone 7:i* %\ld be free f /a9s7 is dipp$ 9 a wat*-glass conta9+ wat]1 s z to avoid directly wett+ ! /a9s4 ,! cone soon becomes moi/5$ by absorption1 & ! op]ation is !n complet$ 9 ! same mann] z :5 ! fabric has be5 cut2 :i* is always pref]able1 :5 possible4 ,! exam9ation ( sp]matic /a9s consi/s1 !n1 9 moi/5+ ! /a9s ) wat]1 sep>at+ !m z completely z possible f ! /a9$ clo?1 & det]m9+ ! pres5ce ( ! sp]matozoa by means ( ! microscope4 ,all o!r te/s are valueless2 ev5 _! execution = confirmatory purposes is n advisable2 inasmu* z !y fail to possess a di/9ctive "*1 & ! reag5ts employ$ 9 _! production may de/roy ! fabric1 & ?us prev5t ! =mation ( ! only conclusive reaction--! detection ( ! sp]matozoa4 ,9 case ! /a9s are deposit$ ^u a woman's *emise1 !y are usually pres5t on bo? ! front & back portions1 & are sometimes to be f\nd on ! sleeves4 ,:5 a man's %irt is "u exam9ation1 especial att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! ant]ior portions4 ,! pantaloons are also (t5 /a9$2 usually 9 ! int]ior1 b sometimes also on ! ext]ior1 j above ! ?ighs4 ,9 report+ ! decision to ! c\rt1 z to ! nature ( ! /a9s1 _! precise position %\ld inv>iably be /at$1 z1 by ?is means1 ! circum/ances att5d+ ! commission ( ! crime may be1 at lea/ p>tially1 elucidat$4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,app5dix4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( ! lit]ature ( toxicology1 & its alli$ bran*es1 w1 x is hop$1 be ( s]vice to ^? read]s :o are desir\s ( obta9+ fur!r in=mation on ! subjects treat$ 9 ?is "w4--,trans4 ,,books4 99,accum992 ,a treatise on adult]ation ( food1 & cul9>y poisons4 ,london1 #ahbb4 99,adri5992 ,re*]*es sur le lait au po9t de vue de sa composition1 de son analyse1 de ses falsifications et surt\t de l'approvisionnem5t de ,p>is4 ,p>is1 #ahei4 99,angell & ,hehn]992 ,butt]2 its analysis & adult]ations4 ,london1 #ahgd4 99,anglada992 ,trait de toxicologie4 ,p>is1 #ahce4 99,at*]ly992 ,adult]ation ( food4 ,london1 #ahgd4 99,b&e9992 ,die ,gifte und ihre ,geg5gifte4 ,basel1 #ahfi4 99,beck992 ,elem5ts ( m$ical jurisprud5ce4 ,albany1 #ahea4 99,bell9i992 ,lezionis p]em5tali di ,tossicologia4 ,fir5ze1 #ahfe4 99,b]gman992 ,zur ,k5tniss d] putrid5 ,gifte4 ,dorpat1 #ahfh4 99,b]n>d992 ,leons sur les sub/ances toxiques4 ,p>is1 #aheg4 99,bill>d992 ,consid]ations m$ico-lgale sur les empoisonnem5ts p> les irritants4 ,p>is1 #ahba4 99,blondlot992 ,sur la re*]*e de l'ars5ic p> la me?ode de ,m>%4 ,nancy1 #aheg4 ,ibid2 ,sur la re*]*e toxicologique du phosphore p> la coloration de la flamme4 ,nancy1 #ahfa4 ,ibid2 ,sur le dosage de l'antimo9e dans les re*]*es toxicologiques4 ,nancy1 #ahfe4 99,boett*]992 ,ueb] ,blutkry/alle4 ,dorpat1 #ahfb4 99,bonsels992 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,analyse des ,ars5s1 vorzugsweise 9 g]i*tli*5 ,fll54 ,kiel1 #ahgd4 99,borie992 ,cate*isme toxicologique4 ,tuelle1 #ahda4 99,b\*>dt et ,quev5ne992 ,du lait4 ,p>is1 #aheg4 99,b[man & ,bloxam992 ,m$ical *emi/ry4 ,london1 #ahgd4 99,bri& et ,*aud992 ,manuel complet de mdic9e lgale2 cont5ant un manuel de *imie lgale4 ,p>is1 #ahgc4 99,bu*n]992 ,toxikologie4 ,nremburg1 #ahei4 99,bureaux992 ,hi/oire des falsifications des sub/ances alim5taires4 ,p>is1 #ahee4 99,*apman992 ,manual ( ,toxicology4 ,london1 #ahec4 99,*at9992 ,re*]*es exp]im5tals et consid]ations sur quelques pr9cips de la toxicologie4 ,p>is1 #ahdd4 99,*iaje992 ,tossicologia4 ,napoli1 #ahce4 99,*aussi]992 ,mdic9e lgale4 ,p>is1 #aheh4 99,*evali]992 ,dictionaire des alt]ations et falsifications des sub/ances alim5taires1 mdicam5teuses et comm]ciales1 avec l'indication des moy5s de les reconnaitre4 ,p>is1 #ahef4 ,ibid2 ,essais practiques sur l'exam5 *imique des v9s1 considr s\s la rapport judiciaire4 ,p>is1 #aheg4 99,*ri/ison992 ,a treatise on poisons4 ,ed9burg1 #ahcf4 99,colli]992 ,p>adoxology ( poison+4 ,london1 #ahef4 99,coop]992 ,tracts on m$ical jurisprud5ce4 ,phila41 #ahai4 99,corm59992 ,memoire sur l'empoisonnem5t p> l'ars5ic4 ,p>is1 #ahdb4 99,cott]992 ,adult]ation ( liquors4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahgd4 99,cott]eau992 ,des alt]ations et des falsifications du v91 et des moy5s physiques et *imiques employs p\r les reconnaitre4 ,p>is1 #ahea4 99,cox992 ,poisons2 _! effects1 te/s & antidotes4 ,london1 #aheb4 99,culbru%992 ,lectures on ! adult]ation ( food1 & cul9>y poisons4 ,newburg1 #ahbc4 99,dalton992 ,adult]ation ( food4 ,london1 #aheg4 99,div]gie992 ,mdic9e lgale4 ,p>is1 #aheb4 99,drag5dorff992 ,beitrge zur g]i*tli*5 ,*emie e9zeln] organis*5 ,gifte4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahgb4 ,ibid2 ,unt]su*ung5 aus dem ph>maceutis*5 ,in/itut 9 ,dorpat4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahgb4 ,ibid2 ,manuel de toxicologie2 traduit p> ,e4 ,ritt]4 ,p>is1 #ahgc4 99,druitt992 ,on w9es4 ,london1 #ahff4 99,duflos992 ,die wi*tig/5 ,leb5b$rfnisse1 ihre ,ae*!it und ,gte2 ,v]unre9igung51 ,v]fls*ung51 etc4 ,breslau1 #ahdf4 ,ibid2 ,die ,prfung *emis*] ,gifte4 ,breslau1 #ahga4 ,ibid2 ,h&bu* d] angew&t5 g]i*tli*-*emis*5 ,analyse d] *emis*5 ,gifte2 ihre ,erk5nung 9 re9em ,zu/& und 9 ,gemis*5 betreff5d4 ,leipzig1 #ahgc4 99,duflos u4 ,hirs*992 ,das ,ars52 se9e ,ers*e9ung1 u4 s4 w4 ,breslau1 #ahdb4 99,dupasqui]992 ,consultation m$ico-lgale relative une accusation d'empoisonnem5t p> le plomb4 ,lyon1 #ahdc4 99,erh>d992 ,die giftig5 pflanz5alkaloid5 und d]5 ,ausmittelung auf mikroskopis*em ,wege4 ,passau1 #ahfg4 99,eul5b]g992 ,die ,lehre von d5 s*dli*5 und giftig5 ,gas54 ,brauns*weig1 #ahdi4 99,fl&9992 ,trait des poisons4 ,p>is1 #aheb4 99,fl&9 et ,dang]992 ,de l'ars5ic4 ,p>is1 #ahec4 99,fop992 ,adult]ation ( food4 ,london1 #ahee4 99,fraise992 ,alim5tation publique2 le lait1 ses falsifications1 etc4 ,nancy1 #ahfd4 99,frank992 ,manuel de toxicologie2 traduit de l'allem& p> ,vrankan4 ,anv]s1 #ahjc4 99,fres5ius992 ,auff9dung unorganis*5 ,gifte 9 ,speis51 u4 s4 w4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahef4 99,fri$ri*992 ,die ,v]fls*ung d] ,speis5 und ,getrnke4 ,mn/]1 #ahei4 99,galti]992 ,trait de toxicologie4 ,p>is1 #ahee4 99,galti] de ,claubry992 ,de la re*]*e des alcalis organiques dans les cas d'empoisonnem5t4 ,p>is1 #ahfb4 99,ganeau992 ,alt]ations et falsifications des f>9es4 ,lille1 #ahef4 99,g>ni]992 ,des falsification des sub/ances alim5taires et des moy5s de les reconnaitre4 ,p>is1 #ahdd4 99,g]h>dt992 ,prcis d'analyse p\r la re*]*e des alt]ations et falsifications des produits *imiques et ph>maceutiques4 ,p>is1 #ahfj4 99,g>l&992 ,prcis d'analyse *emique qualitative4 ,p>is1 #ahee4 99,gmel9992 ,allgeme9e ,ges*i*te d] ?i]is*5 und m9]alis*5 ,gifte4 ,erfurt1 #ahjf4 99,gorup-,besanez992 ,anleitung zur qualitativ5 und quantitativ5 zoo*emis*5 ,analyse4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahga4 99,gosse992 ,des ta*es1 au po9t de vue m$ico-lgale4 ,p>is1 #ahfb4 99,griff9992 ,! *emical te/+ ( w9es & spirits4 ,london1 #ahgb4 99,griffi? & ,taylor992 ,a practical manual ( ! g5]al1 *emical1 & microscopical "* ( ! blood1 etc4 ,london1 #ahdc4 99,gu]9992 ,n\velle toxicologie4 ,p>is1 #ahbf4 99,guy992 ,pr9ciples ( =5sic m$ic9e4 ,london1 #ahdc4 99,gwosd5992 ,ueb] die ,d>/ellung des ,hm9 aus dem ,blut und d5 qualitativ5 ,na*weis m9imal] ,blutm5g54 ,wi51 #ahff4 99,hag]992 ,unt]su*ung54 ,leipzig1 #ahgc4 99,h>tung-,s*w>zk(f992 ,*emie d] organis*5 ,alkali54 ,mn*51 #ahee4 99,hassall992 ,adult]ation ( food4 ,london1 #ahee4 99,van ,hassett992 ,h&bu* d] ,giftlehre4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahfb4 99,helwig992 ,das mikroskop 9 d] ,toxikologie4 ,ma9z1 #ahfd4 99,h]man992 ,lehrbu* d] exp]im5tell5 ,toxikologie4 ,b]l91 #ahge4 99,hitzig992 ,/udi5 b] ,bleiv]giftung4 ,b]l91 #ahgj4 99,h(fman992 ,manual ( *emical analysis4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahgc4 99,hoppe-,seyl]992 ,h&bu* d] physiologis* und pa?ologis* *emis*5 ,analyse4 ,b]l91 #ahgj4 ,ibid2 ,m$ic9is*-*emis*e ,unt]su*ung54 ,b]l91 #ahga4 99,horsley992 ,! toxicologi/'s ,guide4 ,london1 #ahff4 99,h[992 ,adult]ation ( food & dr9k4 ,london1 #ahee4 99,huseman992 ,h&bu* d] ,toxikologie4 ,b]l91 #ahgj4 99,jaill>d992 ,de la toxicologie du bi*romate de potasse4 ,/rasb\rg1 #ahfa4 99,jones 7,h4 ,b5ce7992 ,*emi/ry ( w9es4 ,london1 #ahgd4 99,kl9cke992 ,die ,v]fls*ung d] ,nahrungsmittel1 ,getrnke1 etc4 ,leipzig1 #aheh4 99v4 ,kupff]992 ,h&bu* d] ,alkoholometrie4 ,wi51 #ahff4 99de ,lapp>5t992 ,les moy5s de con/at] la puret des pr9cipales huiles fixes4 ,*]b\rg1 #ahee4 99,le=t992 ,etudes *imiques et toxicologiques sur la morph9e4 ,p>is1 #ahfa4 99,legr&992 ,trait de mdic9e lgale et de jurisprud5ce mdical4 ,p>is1 #ahgc4 99,le!by992 ,on food4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahgb4 99,l]w9992 ,toxikologis*5 ,tabell54 ,b]l91 #ahef4 99,liebrei*992 ,outl9es ( ,toxicology4 ,london1 #ahge4 99,l9des992 ,beitrge zur g]i*tli*5 ,*emie4 ,b]l91 #aheb4 99,lunel992 ,guide pratique p\r reconnatre les falsifications et alt]ations des sub/ances alim5taires4 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 99,malle992 ,essai d'analyse toxique gn]ale4 ,/rasb\rg1 #ahch4 99,m>set992 ,composition1 adult]ation1 & analysis ( food4 ,london1 #ahef4 99,m>%all992 ,rem>ks on ars5ic4 ,london1 #ahag4 99,m>x992 ,ges*i*tli* ,d>/ellung d] ,giftlehre4 ,gtt+51 #ahbi4 99,mata992 ,tratado de m$ic9a y cirugia legal4 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 99,may]con & ,b]g]et992 ,re*]*es sur la passage de l'ars5ic et de l'antimo9e dans les tissus et les humeurs4 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 99,meissn]992 ,arometrie 9 ihr] ,anw5dung auf ,*emie und ,te*nik4 ,wi51 #ahaf4 99,mit*ell992 ,falsification ( food4 ,london1 #ahdh4 99,mohr992 ,*emis*e ,toxikologie4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahgd4 99,moni]992 ,memoires sur l'analyse de la lait et des f>9es4 ,p>is1 #aheh4 99,montg>ney992 ,essai de toxicologie4 ,p>is1 #ahah4 99,mull]992 ,anleitung zur ,prfung d] ,kuhmil*4 ,b]n1 #aheh4 99,mnk und ,leyd5992 ,phosphorv]giftung4 ,b]l91 #ahfe4 99,neubau]992 ,*emie des ,we9es4 ,wiesbad51 #ahgd4 99,neuman992 ,die ,erk5nung des ,bluts bei g]i*tli*5 ,unt]su*ung54 ,leipzig1 #ahfi4 99,norm&y992 ,! comm]cial h&-book ( *emical analysis4 ,london1 #ahge4 99,odl+992 ,a c\rse ( practical *emi/ry4 ,london1 #ahgb4 99,oe/]l5992 ,das m5s*li*e ,ha> und se9e g]i*trtli*e ,b$eutung4 ,tb+51 #ahge4 99,orfila992 ,rapport sur les moy5s de con/at] la pres5ce de l'ars5ic dans les empoisonnem5ts p> ce toxique4 ,p>is1 #ahda4 ,ibid2 ,trait de mdic9e lgale4 ,p>is1 #ahdh4 ,ibid2 ,elem5ts de *imie mdicale4 ,p>is1 #ahea4 ,ibid2 ,trait de toxicologie4 ,p>is1 #aheb4 99,otto992 ,anleitung zur ,ausmittelung d] ,gifte1 und zur ,erk5nung d] ,blutfleck5 bei g]i*tli*-*emis*5 ,unt]su*ung54 ,brauns*weig1 #ahgj4 99,pay5992 ,sub/ances alim5taires4 ,p>is1 #ahef4 99,pellik5992 ,beitrge zur g]i*tli*5 ,m$iz91 ,toxikologie und ,ph>makodynamik4 ,wrztburg1 #aheh4 99,petit ,lafitte992 ,in/ruction simplifie p\r la con/atation des proprites des altrations et des falsifications des pr9cipales1 d5res alim5taires4 ,bordeaux1 #aheh4 99,plaff992 ,anleitung zur vornahme g]ic?li*] ,blutunt]su*ung54 ,plau51 #ahfj4 99,pi]ce992 ,exam9ation ( drugs1 *emicals1 etc4 ,cambridge1 #aheb4 99,planta992 ,v]haltung d] wi*tig/5 ,alkaloid5 geg5 ,reag5t54 ,heidelb]g1 #ahdf4 99,pleck992 ,toxicologia4 ,vi5nae1 #ahja4 99,prescott992 ,*emical exam9ation ( alcoholic liquors4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahge4 99,prey]992 ,die ,blutkry/alle4 ,j5a1 #ahga4 99,reese992 ,a manuel ( ,toxicology4 ,phila41 #ahgd4 99,reveil992 ,introduction un c\rs de toxicologie4 ,p>is1 #ahei4 99,rey]992 ,die ,blausure physiologis* unt]su*t4 ,bonn41 #ahfh4 99,ri*992 ,! analy/'s annual note-book = #ahgd4 ,london1 #ahge4 99,ritt]992 ,ueb] die ,ermittelung von ,blut1 ,sam5 und ,excrem5t5fleck5 9 ,krim9alfll54 ,wrztburg1 #ahed4 ,ibid2 ,beitrge zur g]i*tli*5 ,*emie4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahgb4 ,ibid2 ,manuel de *imie practique1 analytique1 toxicologique et zoo*imique4 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 99,rob9et 7fils7992 ,manuel practique d'analyse *imique des v9s4 ,p>is1 #ahgb4 99,rebuteau992 ,elem5ts de ,toxicologie et de mdec9e lgale applique l'empoisonnem5ts4 ,p>is4 #ahgc4 99,r\*]992 ,re*]*es toxicologiques4 ,p>is1 #aheb4 99,r\ss9992 ,falsification des v9s p> l'alun4 ,p>is1 #ahfa4 99,ryan992 ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce4 ,london1 #ahcf4 99,s*midt992 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,k5tniss d] mil*4 ,dorpat #ahgd4 99,s*midt992 ,diagno/ik v]d*tli*] ,fleck54 ,leipzig1 #ahdh4 99,s*neid]992 ,die g]i*tli*e ,*emie4 ,wi51 #aheb4 99,s*r(f992 ,toxikologis*e ,v]su*e b] ,ars54 ,wi51 #aheh4 ,ibid2 ,beitrge zur ,k5tniss des ,aconite4 99,simon992 ,die ,frau5mil*4 ,b]l91 #ahch4 99,sonn5kalb992 ,l',anil9e et ses c\leurs1 au po9t de vue toxicologique4 ,leipzig1 #ahfd4 99,sonn5s*e9992 ,ueb] e9 neues ,reag5t auf ,alkaloid54 ,b]l91 #aheg4 ,ibid2 ,h&bu* d] g]i*tli*e ,*emie4 ,b]l91 #ahfi4 99,s\beiran992 ,n\veau ,dictionnaire des falsifications et des alt]ations des alim5ts1 etc4 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 99,spey]992 ,re*]*e de la col*ic9e4 ,dorpat1 #ahgj4 99,spratt992 ,toxicology4 ,london1 #ahdc4 99,/[e992 ,a toxicological *>t4 ,london1 #ahgb4 99,tann]992 ,memor&a on ,poisons4 ,london1 #ahgb4 99,t>dieu992 ,etude m$ico-lgale sur l'empoisonnem5t4 ,p>is1 #ahff4 99,t>dieu1 ,lora9 et ,r\ss9992 ,empoisonnem5t p> la /ry*n9e1 l'ars5ic1 et les sels de cuivre4 ,p>is1 #ahfe4 99,tatra992 ,trait d'empoisonnem5t p> l'acide nitrique4 ,p>is1 #ahjb4 99,taylor992 ,poison+ by /ry*n9e4 ,london1 #ahef4 ,ibid2 ,on poisons1 9 relation to m$ical jurisprud5ce & m$ic9e4 ,london1 #ahei4 ,ibid2 ,a manual ( m$ical jurisprud5ce4 ,phila41 #ahgc4 ,ibid2 ,! pr9ciples & practice ( m$ical jurisprud5ce4 ,phila41 #ahgc4 99,?ompson992 ,m$ical jurisprud5ce4 ,london1 #ahca4 99,traill992 ,m$ical jurisprud5ce4 ,phila41 #ahda4 99,tromm]992 ,die ,kuhmil* 9 ,b]zug auf ihre ,v]dnnung und ,v]fls*ung4 ,b]l91 #ahei4 99,vals]992 ,etude sur la re*]*e1 les c>actres di/9ctifs1 et la dosage des alcalodes organiques naturels4 ,p>is1 #ahfb4 99,v]nois992 ,du lait *ez la femme dans l'ett de sant et dans l'ett de maladie4 ,p>is1 #aheh4 99,vogel992 ,e9e neue ,mil*probe4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahfj4 99,wal*n]992 ,die ,nahrungsmittel des m5*5s1 ihre ,v]fls*ung5 und ,v]unre9igung54 ,b]l91 #ahge4 99,wal!r992 ,ueb] ,erk5nung des ,ars5s bei ,ars5v]giftung4 ,bayreu?1 #ahed4 99,wanklyn992 ,milk ,analysis4 ,london1 #ahgd4 99,w5ke992 ,das ,bi] und se9e ,v]fls*ung4 ,weim>1 #ahfa4 99,w]b]992 ,lehrbu* d] praktis*5 ,toxikologie4 ,erlang51 #ahgj4 99,:>ton & ,/ille992 ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce4 ,phila41 #ahee4 99,wickl]992 ,toxikologis*e ,briefe4 ,weim>1 #aheb4 99,wir?g5992 ,die v]s*i$55 ,me?od5 zur ermittelung von ,blutfleck5 9 =5sis*5 ,fall54 ,erlang51 #ahfa4 99,witt+992 ,ueb]si*t d] wi*tig/5 ,erfahrung5 9 d] ,toxikologie4 ,hannov]1 #ahbg4 99,whl] und ,liebold992 ,das =5sis*-g]i*tli*5 ,v]fahr5 bei e9] ,ars5v]giftung4 ,b]l91 #ahdg4 99,wood992 ,!rapeutics1 mat]ia m$ica & ,toxicology4 ,phila41 #ahgd4 99,wormely992 ,! micro-*emi/ry ( ,poisons4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahfg4 99,wurtz992 ,*imie mdicale4 ,p>is1 #ahfh4 99,zalewsky992 ,unt]su*ung b] das ,con94 ,dorpat1 #ahfi4 ,,memoirs4 ,on poisons g5]ally & ^? n else:]e classifi$4 99,accum992 ,ed4 mon?4 ,rev4 iii1 #bgf2 ,qu>4 ,rev4 xxiv1 #cda2 ,ed4 ,rev4 xviii1 #cgj4 99,&rews992 ,sill ,am4 ,j\r4 #b xlvii1 #be4 99,b\is992 ,compt4 r5d4 lxxiii4 99,buns5992 ,ann4 ,*4 ,ph>m4 cvi1 #a4 99,brunn]992 ,ar*iv4 d] ,ph>m4 ccii1 #d4 99,cossa992 ,gaz4 ,m$4 di ,lomb41 #ahfc4 99,diakan[992 ,m$4 ,*em4 ,unt]s4 ii1 #add4 99,duflos u4 ,millon992 ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m4 xlix1 #cjh4 99,elliot & ,/or]992 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,ph>m41 ,sept41 #ahfj 99,j\b]t992 ,compt4 ,r5d41 ,no4 #bf4 99,moitessi]992 ,annal d',hygi5e1 #ahfh4 99,orfila992 ,mem4 de l'acad4 roy4 de md4 viii4 #dic4 99,otto992 ,ann4 *em4 ,ph>m4 c41 #ci4 99,pellissie992 ,j\r4 de ,ph>m4 et de *im41 ,jan41 #ahgd4 99,reveil992 ,compt4 ,r5d4 lx1 #dcc4 99,reynolds992 ,! ,iri% ,hosp4 ,gaz4 ,feb4 #ae1 #ahgc4 99,selmi992 ,gaz4 ,*im4 ,ital4 #ahgd4 fasc4 ,i1 ii4 99,/e9992 ,polyt4 ,c5tralb41 #ahff1 p4 #ajbc & #ahgj1 pp4 #ajce1 #abji4 99,vi]*[992 ,ar*4 f4 pa?4 anat4 xxi1 #ddd4 ,on ! de/ruction ( organic matt]4 99,br&e992 ,ar*4 f4 ,ph>m4 xlviii1 #bjf4 99,bu*n]992 ,n4 rept4 f4 ,ph>m4 xvii1 #ba4 99,fres5ius992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em4 #a ,jahrg1 #ddg4 99,fype992 ,j\r4 f4 prakt4 ,*em4 lv1 #ajc4 99,graham992 ,phil4 ,mag4 #d xxiii4 99,liebig992 ,*em4 ,c5tbl41 #aheg1 v4 #ceg4 99,ludwig992 ,ar*4 f4 ,ph>m4 xcvii1 p4 #bc4 99,s*a*t992 ,ar*4 f4 ,ph>m4 lxxvi1 #aci4 99,s*neid]992 ,jahrb4 d] ,*em4 #ahea1 #fcj4 99,sonn5s*e9992 ,deuts*e ,kl9ik1 #ahfg1 ,no4 #c4 99,wurtz992 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci4 #b xi1 #dje4 ,on ! detection ( ,ars5ic4 99,av]y992 ,sill ,am4 ,j4 #b xlvii1 #be4 99,b>k]992 ,am4 ,*em4 ,june1 #ahgb4 99,beck]992 ,ar*4 f4 ,ph>m4 xlvi1 #bhg4 99,bett5dorff992 ,zeits*4 f4 ,*em4 v4 #dib1 #eib4 99,blondlot992 ,jahresb4 #ahfc1 #fha2 ,compt4 ,r5d4 ,july #g1 #ahde4 99,bloxam992 ,jahresb4 f4 ,*em4 #ahfj4 #fde2 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,q4 ,j\r4 xiii1 #ad1 #ach4 99,brescius992 ,d+4 poly4 ,j\r41 clxxxvi1 #bbf4 99,bu*n]992 ,rept4 f4 ,ph>m4 xii4 99,*ri/ison992 ,lond4 & ,ed9b41 ,j\r4 ,m$4 ,sc41 ,sept41 #ahdc2 ,m$4 ,record]1 ,apr41 #ahbg4 99,davy992 ,jahresb41 #aheh1 #fji4 99,drap]992 ,d+l4 poly4 ,j\r4 cciv4 #che4 99,elliot & ,/or]992 ,sill4 ,j\r4 #cb1 p4 #chj4 99,erl5mey]992 ,zeits*4 f4 ,*4 u4 ,ph>m4 #ahfb1 #ch4 99,feu*twang]992 ,sill4 ,j\r4 xix1 #cci4 99,franck992 ,zeit4 f4 anal4 ,*em4 iv4 #bja4 99,fres5ius992 ,ar*4 f4 ,ph>m4 lxii1 #eg2 ,ann4 d] ,*em4 u4 ,ph>m4 xliii4 #cfa2 ibid1 xlix1 #bge2 ,zeits4 f4 anal4 ,*em4 vi1 #aif2 ibid ii1 #ai2 ibid i4 #dhc2 ,qual4 ,*em4 ,anal4 p4 #cdf4 99,fres5ius u4 v4 ,baho992 ,pogg1 ,anal4 vol4 xc1 #efe2 ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m4 xlix1 #bhg4 99,fype992 ,phil4 mag4 ii #dhg2 ,j\r4 f4 prakt4 ,*em4 lx4 #ajc4 99,gateh\se992 ,*em4 ,news4 ,no4 #fii1 #ahgc4 99,gaulti] de ,claubry992 ,j4 ,ph>m4 #c xxii1 #abe4 99,graham992 ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m4 cxxi1 #fc3 ,elem5ts ( ,*em4 #bnd4 edit4 vol4 ii1 #bae4 99,gray992 ,*em4 ,news1 v4 #bc p4 #gc4 99,hag]992 ,ph>m4 ,zeits*4 #ahgj1 ,no4 #bg3 ,d+4 poly4 ,j\r4 vol4 #bjg1 ,no4 #f2 ,c5tralhalle xiii1 #aie4 99,hasson992 ,compt4 ,r5d1 lxvii1 #ef4 99,h\zeau992 ,d+4 poly4 ,j\r4 ,bd4 #bjg1 ,heft4 #b1 #c4 99,hume992 ,phil4 ,mag4 ,sept4 #ahab1 #aji4 99,keb]992 ,vi]tlj4 f4 g]i*tl4 ,m$4 ix4 #if4 99,kirs*gassn]992 ,j4 f4 prakt4 ,*em4 lxviii4 #afh2 ,jahresb41 #ahfj1 #agj4 99,lippirt992 ,j4 f4 prakt4 ,*em4 lxviii1 #afh2 ,jahresb41 #ahfj1 #agj4 99,lois992 ,oe/4 ,zeits*4 f4 prakt4 ,heilkunde1 xlix1 #ahei4 99,may]992 ,ph>m4 ,zeits*4 ,russ4 #b ,jahrgang4 99,mey]992 ,ann4 ,*em4 u4 ,ph>m41 lxvi4 99,montmeja992 ,la ,france ,md41 ,jan4 #h1 #ahgc4 99,odl+992 ,guys4 ,hosp4 ,rep4 #c v4 #cfg2 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em4 ii4 #chh4 99,pe>son992 ,sill1 ,am4 ,j4 #b xlviii1 #aij4 99,pull]992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em4 x1 #eb4 99,rose992 ,pogg4 ,annal41 vol4 xc2 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em4 i1 #dah2 ,*imie ,anal4 ,p>is1 #ahei1 p4 #dje4 99,r\ss9992 ,jahresb4 #ahff1 #hja4 99,saik[ski992 ,ar*4 f4 pa?4 ,anat4 xxxi1 #djj4 99,selmi992 ,d5t4 ,*em4 ,gess4 ,b]4 #ahgb1 #dgg4 99,s*af]992 ,j\r4 f4 prakt4 ,*em4 lxxxii1 #bhf4 99,s*neid]992 ,wi54 ,akad4 ,b]4 #ahea1 vi1 #dji 99,skl>ek992 ,ar*4 f4 ,anat4 u4 ,phys4 #ahff1 #dha4 99,slat]992 ,*em4 ,gaz4 #ahea1 #eg4 99,sonn5s*e9992 ,ar*4 f4 ,ph>m1 cxciii1 #bde3 ibid4 #b cxliii1 #bej4 99,taylor992 ,guys4 ,hosp4 ,rep4 ii1 #hc2 ibid4 vi2 ,ph>m4 ,zeits*4 f4 ,russl4 #aj1 ,jahrg4 #abi4 99,ug]s992 ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m4 clix1 #abg4 99,ures992 ,dict4 ,arts1 etc41 new edit1 i1 #ahi4 99,vitry992 ,annal d'hygine publ4 xxxvi1 #ad4 99,wack5rod]992 ,ar*4 f4 ,ph>m4 lxx1 #ad4 99,watt's99 ,*em4 ,dict4 i1 #cfe2 ,supp4 #bae4 99,w]!r992 ,j4 pr4 ,*em4 lxxxii1 #bce2 ,jahresb4 #ahfa1 #hea4 99,wigg]s992 ,can/att's ,jahresb4 d] ,ph>m4 #ahfd4 99,witt/e9992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em4 ii1 #ai4 99,wohl]992 ,ann4 d] ,*em4 u4 ,ph>m4 lxix1 #cfd2 ,m9]al ,analyse1 ,gtt+51 #ahfa1 #bac4 99,wood & ,doremus992 ,n4 ,y4 ,m$4 ,press1 #ahei1 #edc4 99,z5g]992 ,zeits*4 f4 ,*4 ,ph>m4 #ahfb1 #ch2 ,jahresb4 #ahfb1 #eie4 ,on ! detection ( ,antimony4 99,bell9i992 ,jhb4 f4 ,ph>m4 #ahfh1 p4 #dec4 99,bottg]992 ,*em4 ,c5tralbl41 #c ,jahrgang4 99,buns5992 ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m4 cvi1 p4 #c4 99,h(man992 ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m4 p1 #aee2 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,qu>4 ,j4 xiii1 #gi4 99,millon & ,lev>an992 ,compt4 ,r5d4 #ba4 99,odl+992 ,guys ,hosp4 ,rep4 #c ii1 #bdi4 99,pfaff992 ,pogg4 ,ann4 f4 ,phys xl1 #cci4 99,?ompson992 ,j\r4 f4 prakt4 ,*em4 ii1 #cfi4 99,vogel992 ibid1 xiii1 #eg4 ,on ! detection ( ,m]cury4 99,bu*n]992 ,n4 rept4 f4 ,ph>m4 xvii1 #bgb4 99,erdman & ,m>*&992 ,j\r4 f4 prakt4 ,*em4 xxxi4 99,hittdorf992 ,pogg4 ,annal4 cvi4 99,konig992 ,j\r4 f4 prakt4 ,*em4 lxx4 99,may5con & ,b]g]et992 ,j\r4 de l',anat4 et de la ,physiol4 #ahgc1 ,no4 #a2 ,j\r4 de ,ph>m4 et de ,*im41 ,aug41 #ahgc4 99,s*neid]992 ,b]4 d4 ,wi51 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 xl4 99,wormley992 ,*em4 ,news1 ii1 ,no4 #dc4 ,on ! detection ( ,phosphorus4 99,b>rett992 ,phil4 ,mag4 #d xxx1 #cba4 99,blondlot992 ,j\r4 de4 ,phy4 et de ,*im4 #c s]ie xl1 p4 #be4 99,bo/ela]992 ,j\r4 de ,ph>m4 et de ,*im41 ,may1 #ahgc4 99,*ri/(fle & ,beil/e9992 ,ann4 de ,*im4 v1 iii1 p4 #hj4 99,dalmon992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em4 #ahga1 #acb4 99,dus>d992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em4 i1 #abi2 ,compt4 r5d4 xliii1 #aabf4 99,f]r&992 ,la ,france m$41 ,jan4 #ah1 #ahgc4 99,fres5ius & ,neubau]992 ,zeits*4 f4 ,anal4 ,*em4 i1 #cff4 99,hag]992 ,zeits* f4 anal4 ,*em4 #ahgj1 #dfe4 99,h(fman992 ,jahresb4 #ahei1 #ffc4 99,klew]992 ,ph>m4 ,zeits*4 f4 ,russl41 #chf4 99,kohl]992 ,poly4 c5tralh41 #ahga1 #bfc4 99,lapeyr]e992 ,la ,france md41 ,jan4 #d1 #ahgc4 99,le=t992 ,j\r4 de ,ph>m4 et de ,*im41 ,aug41 #ahgd4 99,lisp[itz992 ,ann4 f4 ,phys4 u4 ,ph>m4 cviii1 #fbe4 99,mi/*]li*992 ,j\r4 f4 prakt4 ,*em4 lxvi1 #bch4 99,muld]992 ,ar*4 f4 d4 holl4 ,zeit4 ii1 #d2 ,zeits*4 f4 ,anal4 ,*em4 ii1 #c4 99,otto992 ,zeits*4 f4 ,*em4 #b ii1 #gcc4 99,pribram992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em4 #ahga1 #aji4 99,ritt]992 ,?se de doctorat es sci5ces1 ,p>is1 #ahgb4 99,s*]]992 ,ann4 ,*4 ,ph>m4 cxii1 #bad4 99,s*ieff5deck]992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em4 #ahgb1 iii4 99,s*om992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em4 #b v1 #ffd4 99,wigg]s992 ,can/att's ,jahresb4 f4 ,ph>m4 #ahed4 ,on ! detection ( ,prussic ,acid4 99,alm5992 ,*em4 ,c5tralb41 #ahga1 #gig4 99,bonjean992 ,compt4 r5d4 lxx1 #ecb4 99,braun992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em4 iii1 #dfd4 99,duvignan & ,p>5t992 ,am4 ,m$4 ,rec4 #ahai1 #ecd4 99,hag5ba*992 ,ar*4 f4 pa?4 ,anat4 xl1 #abe4 99,hoppe-,seyl]992 ,vi]s*['s ,ar*4 f4 pa?4 ,anat #ch4 99,jacquem9992 ,compt4 r5d4 lxxxix1 #adii1 #aejb4 99,le!by992 ,lond4 ,lanc4 #ahdd1 #bdd2 ibid1 vol4 #b1 p4 #aci4 99,ralph992 ,n4 ,jahresb4 f4 ,ph>m4 xxx1 #agi4 99,r5n>d992 ,ph>m4 ,zeits*4 f4 ,russl4 xii1 ,no4 #h4 99,s*onbe9992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em4 #ahfh1 #ejc4 99,siegel992 ,ar*4 f4 ,heilkunde1 #aheh4 99,/ruve992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em4 #ahgc1 i2 ,mon4 ,sci54 ,ques4 ,ju91 #ahgd1 #ech4 99,taylor992 ,ann4 ,*4 ,ph>m4 lxv1 #bfc4 ,on ! detection ( ,alkaloids 9 g5]al4 99,&]son992 ,ph>m4 ,c5tralbl41 #ahdh1 #eia4 99,arm/rong992 ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 v4 #h1 p4 #ef4 99,back992 ,j\r4 f4 prakt4 ,*em4 ,nos4 #e-f1 #ahgc4 99,beas992 ,j\r4 de ,phys4 et de ,*im41 ,sept4 #ahgb4 99,bolton992 7trans4 ( ! ,/as-,otto me?od7 ,am4 ,*em41 ,nov41 #ahgc4 99,bonnema9s992 ,compt4 ,r5d4 xxxvi1 #aej4 99,b\*>dt992 ,ann4 de ,phys4 et de ,*im41 #c;e srie4 t4 ix4 99,brunn]992 ,ar*iv d] ,ph>m41 ,april1 #ahgc4 99,buignet992 ,j\r4 de ,ph>m4 et de ,*im4 t4 xx1 #beb4 99,deane & ,brady992 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,j4 #b iii1 #cd4 99,deefs992 ,n4 ,jahresb4 f4 ,ph>m4 ii1 #ca2 ,witt/e9's ,vi]telj4 vi4 99,drag5dorff992 ,ph>m4 ,zeits*4 f4 ,russl4 ii1 #dei2 ,ar*iv d] ,ph>m4 ,may1 #ahgd4 99,erh>d992 ,n4 ,jahresb4 f4 ,ph>m4 xxv1 #abi1 #aic1 #bhc2 ibid1 xxvi1 #i1 #abi4 99,ew]s992 ,ph>m4 ,zeits*4 f4 ,russl4 xii1 ,no4 #bc4 99,graham & ,h(man992 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,qu4 ,j4 v1 #agc2 ,ph>m4 ,j4 ,trans4 xi1 #ejd2 ,ann4 ,*4 ,ph>m4 lxxxiii1 #ci4 99,gr&ean992 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im4 #b ii1 #gd4 99,guy992 ,ph>m4 ,j\r4 ii1 pp4 #eec1 #fjb2 ibid1 iii1 pp4 #aa1 #aab4 99,hag]s992 ,*em4 ,ctbl41 #ahfi1 #aca4 99,horsley992 ,*em4 ,news1 v1 #cee 99,huseman992 ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m4 cxxviii1 #cje4 99,kletz9sky992 ,mit!l4 v4 d4 ,geb4 d4 re94 u4 angew4 ,*em4 #ahfe4 99,kohl]992 ,ar*iv d] ,ph>m4 ,m>4 #ahgc4 99,kuhne992 ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m4 vol4 civ4 99,le=t992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em4 i1 #acd4 99,lehrman992 ,ar*iv d] ,ph>m4 #b ,bd4 lxxvi1 #add4 99,liebig991 ,pogg5dorff u4 ,wohl]2 ,h&wrt]b4 d4 ,*em4 #b ,aus4 i1 #dfd4 99,macadams992 ,ph>m4 ,j\r4 ,trans4 xvi1 #abj1 #afj4 99,m>*attie992 ,*em4 ,news4 x1 #ahc4 99,m>me992 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im #b ix1 #bjc2 ,zeits*4 f4 rat4 ,m$4 #ahfg4 99,may]992 ,j\r4 de ,ph>m4 et de ,*im41 ,oct4 #ahgc2 ,oe/ ,zeits*4 f4 ,ph>m4 ii1 #bcb4 99,n[ak992 ,d+ls4 poly4 ,j\r41 vol4 #bjf1 p4 #dbb2 ,sitzb]4 d4 ,wi5] ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s*41 #ahgb4 99,otto992 ,ann4 ,*4 ,ph>m4 c1 #ci4 99,orfila992 ,j\r4 de4 ,*im4 et ,md4 #d t4 vii1 #cig4 99,palm992 ,ph>m4 ,zeits*4 f4 ,russl4 i1 ,jahxgang4 99,pi]ce992 ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,nov4 #ahgd4 99,prollius992 ,*em4 ,c5tralbl41 #aheg1 #bca4 99,ritt]992 ,ph>m4 ,zeits*4 f4 ,russl4 #e-f ,jahrg4 99,rodg]s & ,girdwood992 ,jahresb4 v4 ,liebig u4 ,kopp1 #aheg1 #fjc2 ,ph>m4 ,j\r4 ,trans4 xvi1 #dig4 99,rors* & ,fasb5d]992 ,deut4 ,*em4 ,gess4 ,b]4 xii1 #ajfd4 99,s*eibl]992 ,jahresb4 #ahfc1 #gjb2 ,ar*4 f4 ,ph>m4 lix2 ,j\r4 f4 prakt4 ,*em4 lxxx1 #baa4 99,s*neid]992 ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m41 von ,pogg5dorff1 ,no4 #i4 99,s*rage992 ,ar*iv d] ,ph>m41 ,dec41 #ahgd4 99,s*ro(992 ,apo!t4 ,jahrg41 ix1 #adh4 99,s*ulze992 ,ann4 ,*4 ,ph>m4 cxix1 #agg4 99,s*wan]t992 ,deut4 ,*em4 ,gess4 ,b]41 ,no4 #ad1 #ahgd4 99,sonn5s*e9992 ibid1 civ1 #de4 99,/as992 ,bull4 de l',acad4 ,roy4 de ,md4 de ,belgique1 xi1 #cjd 7#ahea72 ,ann4 ,*4 ,ph>m41 lxxxiv1 #cgi1 ,j4 ,ph>m4 ,*im41 xxii1 #bha2 ,jahresb41 #ahea1 #fdj2 ,j\r4 f4 prakt4 ,*em41 lix1 #bcb4 99,/ruve992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 ,no4 #b1 #ahgc4 99,?omas992 ibid1 vol4 i1 #cag4 99v4 ,usl> & ,erdman992 ,ann4 d] ,*em4 u4 ,ph>m41 #abj1 p4 #aba2 #abb1 p4 #cfj4 99de ,vrij & van d] ,burg992 ,jahresb4 v4 ,liebig u4 ,kopp1 #aheg1 #fjb4 99,watts992 ,*em4 ,dict41 vol4 i1 p4 #abe4 99,wagn]992 ,fres54 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 iv4 ,on ,atrop9e4 99,brunn]992 ,ar*iv d] ,ph>m41 ,april1 #ahgc4 99,calmb]g992 ibid4 ,nov41 #ahgd4 99,gulielmo992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 ii1 #djd4 99,helwig992 ,wi5] ,akad4 ,b]4 vii1 #dcc4 99,koppe992 ,ph>m4 ,zeits*4 f4 ,russl41 #e ,jahrgang4 99,pelikan992 ibid1 #a ,jahrgang4 99,wormley992 ,*em4 ,news1 vol4 ii1 ,june1 #ahfj4 ,on ,bruc9e4 99,cotton992 ,zeits*4 f4 ,*em4 #b v4 #gbh4 99,helwig992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 iii1 #dc4 99,luck992 ,zeits*4 f4 ,*em4 #b vi1 #bge4 99,may]992 ,rep4 ,*im4 app41 v1 #ajb4 99,/reck]992 ,ann4 ,*4 ,ph>em41 xci1 #gf4 99,trapp992 ,jahresb4 #ahfc1 #gjb4 99,wormley992 ,*em4 ,news1 vol4 ii1 ,july1 #ahfj4 ,on ,morph9e4 99,&]son992 ,ann4 ,*4 ,ph>m41 lxxv1 #hj4 99,dupre992 ,*em4 ,news1 viii1 #bfg2 ,jahresb41 #ahfc1 #gjd4 99,erdman992 ,ann4 ,*4 ,ph>m4 cxx1 #hh2 ibid1 cxxii1 #cfj4 99,fl&9992 ,compt4 r5d41 xxxvi1 #eag4 99,frohde992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em4 v1 #bad2 ,ar*4 f4 ,ph>m41 clxxvi4 99,huseman992 ,ann4 ,*4 ,ph>m41 cxxviii1 #cje4 99,kalkbrunn]992 ,zeits*4 d4 all4 ,oe/4 ,apot4 ,v]41 ,no4 #bg4 99,lassaigne992 ,ann4 ,*4 ,ph>m4 #b xxv1 #ajb4 99,lef]t992 ,j4 ,ph>m4 #c xl1 #ig4 99,m]m]992 ,j4 ,*im41 xxiii1 #ab4 99,wormley992 ,*em4 ,news1 vol4 ii1 ,sept41 #ahfj4 ,on ,/ry*n9e4 99,b+ley992 ,*em4 ,gaz41 #ahef1 #bbi4 99,brieg]992 ,jahresb4 pr4 ,ph>m4 xx1 #hg4 99,cloetta992 ,zeirs*4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 v1 #bfe4 99,davy992 ,j4 ,ph>m4 #c xxiv41 #bjd4 99,djurb]g992 ,*em ,c5tralb41 #ahgb1 #aec2 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 #ahgb1 #ddj4 99,eboli992 ,ar*iv d] ,ph>m41 cxxxv1 #ahf4 99,erdman & ,m>*&992 ,j\r4 f4 prakt4 ,*em41 xxxi1 #cgd4 99,gorup-,bes5ez992 ,h&wrt]b4 #b i1 #dfh4 99,graham & ,h(man992 ,ph>m4 ,trans41 xi1 #ejd2 ,*em4 ,gaz41 #aheb1 #aig2 ,ann4 ,*4 ,ph>m41 lxxxiii1 #ci4 99,hag5992 ,ann4 ,*4 ,ph>m4 ciii1 #aei4 99,hunefeld992 ,s*w41 lx4 #ded4 99,janss5992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 #d ,jahrgang4 99,jordan992 ,n4 ,rep]t41 x1 #aef4 99,le!by992 ,ph>m4 ,j4 ,trans4 xvi1 #aj4 99,mack992 ,n4 ,br4 ,ar*41 xlvi1 #cad4 99,m>*&992 ,*em4 ,gaz41 ,june #ae1 #ahdd4 99,may]992 ,j4 ,ph>m4 #c xlvi4 99,reese992 ,*em4 ,news4 #ahfb1 #caf4 99,r\sseau992 ,j4 ,*im4 ,md4 xx1 #dae4 99,sonn5s*e9992 ,jahresb4 #ahgj1 #ajcb2 ,b]4 d4 ,deuts*4 ,*em4 ,gess4 iii1 #fec4 99,s*rod]992 ,n4 ,br4 ,ar*41 xciii1 #aij4 99,?omas992 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,ph>m4 #ahfb1 #bbg4 99,?ompson992 ,ph>m4 ,j4 ,trans41 ix41 #bd4 99,vogel992 ,n4 ,rep]t4 ,ph>m41 ii1 #efj4 99de ,vrij & van d] ,burg992 ,ph>m4 ,j4 ,trans4 xvi1 #ddh4 99,wagn]992 ,kopp's ,jahresb41 #ahfa1 #heg2 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 vi1 #chg4 99,witt/e9992 ,ph>m4 ,vi]telj41 vi1 #bgc4 99,wormley992 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,sc4 & ,arts41 xxviii1 ,sept41 #ahei4 ,on ! detection ( ,falsifications ( ,writ+s4 99,lucas992 ,*em4 ,c5tralb41 #ahfh1 #aeag4 99,kne*t-,s5efeld]992 ,te*nol41 xxvi1 #adc4 99,moride992 ,compt4 r5d41 lviii1 #cfg2 ,d+4 poly4 ,j\r4 clxxii1 #cij4 99,vorw]k992 ,d+4 poly4 ,j\r41 clxxii1 #aeh4 99----992 ,b]l4 ind4 ,z41 #ahfd1 #da4 ,on ! detection ( adult]ations 9 ,fl\r & ,bread4 99,b>ral992 ,compt4 r5d41 lvi1 #hcd4 99,ba/ela]992 ,*em4 ,c5tralb41 #ahfh1 #acdb4 99,cailletet992 ibid1 #aheh1 #acib4 99,corput992 ibid1 #ahfj1 #bjg4 99,crooks992 ,*em4 ,news41 vol4 xxxiii1 #gc4 99,danckwort992 ,ar*iv d] ,ph>m4 #b xx1 #dg4 99,davis992 ,*em4 ,news1 xxv41 #bjg4 99,eul5b]g & ,vohl992 ,poly4 ,c5tralb41 cxcvii1 #ecj4 99,gobley992 ,j\r4 de ,ph>m41 ,april1 #ahdd4 99,hadon992 ,*em4 ,news1 #ahfb4 99,hag]992 ,d+4 ,poly4 ,j\r41 clxxiii1 #aei4 99,h>sley992 ,ar*iv d] ,ph>m41 ,july & ,dec41 #ahgc2 ,*em4 ,news1 xxv1 #bcj4 99,moitessi]992 ,annal4 d',hygi5e1 #ahfh4 99,odl+992 ,j4 ,soc4 ,arts1 ,april #i1 #aheh4 99,os]992 ,d+4 poly4 ,j\r41 clxxxiii1 #bef4 99,rivot992 ,ann4 de ,phys4 et de ,*im41 #c;e srie t1 xlvii4 99,rummel992 ,d+4 poly4 ,j\r41 cxxxix1 #di4 99,tasb5d]992 ,d+4 poly4 ,j\r41 ,no4 #f1 ccvi4 99,wanklyn992 ,ar*iv d] ,ph>m41 ,dec41 #ahgc2 ,*em4 ,news1 xxxiii1 ,no4 #gcf2 ,b]4 ,m$4 ,j\r41 ,m>* #bi1 #ahgc4 ,on ! exam9ation ( ,fatty ,oils4 99,behr5s992 ,d+4 poly4 ,j\r41 cxxxi1 #ej4 99,calv]t992 ,ph>m4 ,j4 ,trans41 xiii1 #cef4 99,cl>ke992 ,*em4 ,news1 xxiii1 #ade4 99,d+l992 ,poly4 ,j\r41 clxxiv4 99,donny992 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',erc1 #ahfd1 #cgb2 ,jahresb41 #ahfd1 #gcd4 99,drag5dorff992 ,ph>m4 ,zeits*4 f4 ,russl41 ii1 #dcd4 99,fluckig]992 ,*em4 ,c5tralb41 #ahga1 #ee4 99,glassn]992 7trans47 ,am4 ,*em41 ,dec41 #ahgc4 99,gobley992 ,j4 ,ph>m4 #c1 iv1 #bhe2 ibid4 v4 #fg4 99,jacobson992 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im41 #b vii1 #if4 99,langlies992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 #ahgj1 #ecd4 99,ludwig992 ,ar*iv d] ,ph>m41 #c i1 #a4 99,mac,naught992 ,*em4 ,c5tralb41 #ahfb1 #gdb4 99,massie992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 #ahga1 #die4 99,maum5e992 ,compt4 r5d41 xxxv1 #egb4 99,nickles992 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im41 #b vi1 #hi 99,p5ot992 ,bull4 de ,mullh41 xxvi1 #g2 ,jahresb41 #ahff1 #hbg4 99,ro?992 ,bull4 de ,mullh41 #ahfd1 #ajd4 99,ure's99 ,dict4 ( ,arts1 etc41 iii1 #cjj4 99,vogel992 ,*em4 ,c5tralbl41 #ahfc1 #ide4 99,watt's99 ,dict4 ( ,*em41 iv41 #ahb4 ,on ! exam9ation ( ,milk4 99,b\ss+ault992 ,ann4 ,*em4 ,phys4 #d xxv1 #chb4 99,baumhau]992 ,j4 pr4 ,*em41 lxxxiv1 #ade4 99,casselman992 ,*em4 ,c5tralb41 #ahfc1 #fhi4 99,danc]992 ,*em4 ,news1 v1 #ba1 p4 #ea4 99,daubrawa992 ,j\r4 f4 prakt4 ,*em41 lxxviii1 #dbf4 99,donne992 ,compt4 r5d41 xvii1 pp4 #ehe1 #eia4 99,filhol & ,joly992 ,wurtz's ,dict4 de ,*im41 t4 ii1 p4 #aie4 99,gmel9992 ,h&b4 d] ,*em41 viii1 #b #bdf-bgc4 99,he]5992 ,*em4 ,c5tralb41 #ahgj1 #cjd4 99,h]m/a$t992 ,ph>m4 ,c5tralb41 #ahcc1 #dja4 99,kletz9sky992 ,*em4 ,c5tralb41 #ahfa1 #bdd4 99,lade992 ,*em4 ,c5tralb41 #aheh1 #add4 99,leconte992 ibid1 #ahed1 #adfe4 99,lehman992 ,lehrb4 d] ,phys4 ,*em41 #ahfc1 ii1 pp4 #bhg1 #cja2 7trans4 by ,day7 ii1 pp4 #ddi1 #dge4 99,macadams992 ,am4 ,*em41 ,may1 #ahge1 #dai4 99,m>*&992 ,j\r4 de ,ph>m41 ,nov41 #ahed4 99,mi*aelson992 ,d+4 poly4 ,j\r41 cxlix1 #ei4 99,millon992 ,compt4 r5d41 lix1 #cif4 99,mull]992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 ,no4 #c1 #ahgb4 99,otto992 ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m41 cii1 #dg4 99,pel\ze & ,fremy992 ,trait de ,*im4 g541 #b edit4 ,p>is1 #aheg1 p4 #aie4 99,pribram992 ,d+s4 poly4 ,j\r41 cxcvii1 #ddh 99,rei*elt992 ,bayr4 ,k4 u4 ,gwbl41 #ahei1 #fjb4 99,re9eck992 ,d+4 poly4 ,j\r41 cci1 #dcc4 99,ros5?al992 ,*em4 ,c5tralb41 #ahed1 #acib4 99,seely992 ,sill4 ,am4 ,j41 vii1 #bic4 99,v]nois & ,becqu]et992 ,ann4 d',hygine1 ,april1 #ahec4 99,voelck]992 ,am4 ,*em41 ,may1 #ahge1 p4 #dab4 99,vogel992 ,poly4 ,notizbl41 ,no4 #aj1 #ahgd4 99,wanklyn992 ,ph>m4 ,vi]telj41 xx1 #bja3 ,milk ,j\r41 #a1 #aji1 #afj2 ,*em4 ,news1 xxviii1 ,no4 #fbc2 ibid1 ,no4 #gcf2 ,ph>m4 ,j\rn4 ,trans41 #c i1 #fje4 ,on ! detection ( adult]ation 9 ,w9e & ,be]4 ,,w9e4 99,beck992 ,ed9b4 ,phil4 ,j\r41 #ahce4 99,b]!lot & ,fleuri5992 ,compt4 r5d41 lvii1 #cid4 99,blume992 ,d+s4 poly4 ,j\r41 clxx1 #bdj4 99,bolly & ,paul992 ,manual ( ,te*4 ,anal41 p4 #cca4 99,boy] & ,c\let992 ,compt4 r5d41 lxxvi1 #ehe4 99,br&e992 ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahaa4 99,cotl9i992 ,ann4 du ,g5ie ,civil1 ,no4 #c1 #ahgc4 99,cotl9i & ,fantaz9i992 ,ann4 di ,*im4 ,appl4 alla ,m$i41 ,juli1 #ahgj4 99,*ri/ison992 ,ed9b4 ,phil4 ,j\r41 #ahch4 99,diez992 ,ann4 ,*4 ,ph>m41 xcvi1 #cjd4 99,duclaux992 ,ann4 de ,*im4 et de ,phys41 ,july & ,sept41 #ahgd2 ,compt4 r5d4 lxxviii1 #aaei4 99,duffield992 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,ph>m41 ,m>4 #ahfb4 99,dupre992 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,j\r4 xx1 #dic4 99,fant5elle992 ,j4 ,*im4 ,md41 iii1 #ccb4 99,faure992 ,j4 ,ph>m41 vii1 #bjj4 99,fis*]n992 ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m41 lviii1 #gje4 99,fres5ius992 ibid1 lxiii1 #chd4 99,geig]992 ,mag4 f4 ,ph>m41 xix1 #bff4 99,g]omont992 ,ann4 ,*4 ,ph>m41 xvii1 #aeh4 99,hag]992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 #ahgb1 #ccg4 99,hit*cock992 ,ed9b4 ,phil4 ,j\r41 xxxvii1 #agf4 99,jacquem9992 ,ann4 de ,*im4 et de ,phys4 v1 srie1 ,nov41 #ahgd2 ,compt4 r5d41 lxxix1 #ebc4 99,k]/+992 ,ann4 ,*4 ,ph>m41 lxx1 #ej4 99,khol992 ,j4 ,*im4 ,md41 #d ii1 #bea4 99,liebig1 ,pogg5dorff & ,wohl]992 ,h&wrt]b4 ix1 #fgf4 99,lud]sdorf992 ,j4 f4 prak4 ,*em41 xxiv1 #ajb4 99,mais*992 ,proc4 ,am4 ,ph>m4 ,assn41 #ahfc1 #bif2 #ahfd1 #bia2 #ahff1 #bfg4 99,mall>d992 ,j4 ,*im4 ,md41 iii1 #cbf4 99,maum5e992 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im41 xxii1 ,no4 #a4 99,mill]992 ,j\r4 de ,ph>m4 et de ,*im41 ,m>41 #ahgc4 99,mitis992 ,bai]is*4 ,k4 u4 ,gew]beblatt1 #ahch4 99,phipson992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 ix1 #aba4 99,reiman's99 ,f>b4 ,zeit41 ,nos4 #ad-ae1 #ahgd4 99,romei992 ,mon4 ,sci541 iii1 t4 iii1 ,no4 #chb4 99,sall]on992 ,compt4 r5d41 lxxviii1 ,no4 #af4 99,s*eitz992 ,ar*4 ,ph>m41 #c v1 #cca4 99,s*ub]t992 ,pogg4 ,annal41 lxx1 #cig4 99,se/9i992 ,l&wir?s*4 ,v]4 ,/at41 xv1 #i4 99,tu*s*meidt992 ,jahresb41 #ahga1 #ifg4 99,zi]l992 ,bai]is*4 ,kun/4 ,gew]bebl1 #ahch4 ,,be]4 99,blas992 ,vi]telj4 f4 prakt4 ,ph>m41 xxi1 #ehd4 99,brunn]992 ,ar*iv d] ,ph>m41 ,april1 #ahgc2 ,d+s4 poly4 ,j\r41 ccix1 ,no4 #f2 ,j\r4 de ,ph>m4 et de ,*im41 ,sept41 #ahgc2 ,poly4 ,nolizblatt1 ,no4 #ag1 #ahgc4 99,dietz992 ,neues ,jahresb4 f4 ,ph>m41 xxxix1 ,no4 #a4 99,drag5dorff992 ,ar*iv4 d] ,ph>m41 ,april & ,may1 #ahgd2 ,d+s4 poly4 ,j\r41 ccxiv1 pp4 #cc1 #chi4 99,dullo992 ,wieck's ,gaz41 #ahfe1 #fd4 99,gunckel992 ,ar*4 f4 ,ph>m41 clxiv4 99,kub9ki992 ,le ,te*nol1 ,no4 #cig2 7trans47 ,am]4 ,*em41 ,nov41 #ahgd2 ,d+s4 poly4 ,j\r4 ccxi1 #cfj4 99,langley992 ,*em4 ,c5tralb41 #ahfe1 #ahd4 99,meme992 ,compt4 r5d41 #bme sem41 ,no4 #abc4 99,mi*lis992 ,ill4 ,gew]bz41 #ahga1 #h4 99,muspratt's99 ,*em4 i1 #bha4 99,pohl992 ,wi5] ,akad4 ,b]41 xii1 #hh4 99,ritt]992 ,ph>m4 ,zeits*4 f4 ,russl41 i1 pp4 #cjd1 #dad4 99,%afhauel992 ,d+4 poly4 ,j\r41 cxxxii1 #bii4 99,s*midt992 ,j\r4 f4 prakt4 ,*em41 lxxxvii1 #cdd4 99,/olb]992 ibid1 xciv1 iii4 99,ure's99 ,dict4 ,*em41 #d? edit41 #ahca1 p4 #bjc4 99,vogel & ,hammon's99 ,mit?41 #ahfj1 #ahd4 99,witt/e9992 ,ar*iv d] ,ph>m41 ,jan4 #ahge4 ,on ! te/+ ( ,v9eg>4 99,bussy & ,buignet992 ,jahresb41 #ahfe1 #fi4 99,greville992 ,d+4 poly4 ,j\r41 cxxxi1 #aci4 99,liebig1 ,pogg5dorff & ,wohl]992 ,h&wrt]b1 ii1 #hfg4 99,mohr992 ,ann4 ,*4 ,ph>m41 xxxi1 #bgg4 99,moll]at992 ,ann4 ,*im41 lxviii1 #hh4 99,ni*olson992 ,d+4 pol4 ,j\r41 cxxxix1 #dda4 99,otto992 ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m41 cii1 #fi4 99,roscoe992 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,j\r41 xv1 #bgj4 99,runge992 ,gewz4 ,bay]4 #ahga1 #d4 99,/rohl992 ,j\r4 de ,ph>m4 et de ,*im41 ,sept41 #ahgd4 99,toorn992 ,j\r4 f4 ,*em41 vi1 #aga4 99,wagn]992 ,*em4 ,te*41 7,engli% trans47 p4 #dfg4 99,williams992 ,ph>m4 ,j4 ,trans41 xiii1 #eid4 ,on ! detection ( adult]ations 9 ,sulphate ( ,qu99e4 99,delondre & ,h5ry992 ,j4 ,ph>m41 #c xxi1 #bha4 99,gmel9's99 ,h&bu*1 xvii1 #bhj4 99,guib\rt992 ,j4 ,ph>m41 #c xxi1 #dg4 99,h5ry992 ibid1 xiii1 #ajg4 99,hesse992 ,ann4 ,*4 ,ph>m41 cxxxv1 #cbe2 ,jahresb41 #ahfe1 #dda4 99,korn]992 ,zeits*4 f4 ,*em41 ,j4 i1 #aej2 ,jahresb4 #ahfb1 #fai4 99,phillips992 ,lond4 ,lanc41 i1 #hbj4 99,riegel992 ,jahresb4 f4 ,ph>m41 xxv1 #cdj4 ,on ! detection ( ,blood ,/a9s4 99,b>ruel992 ,ann4 d',hygine pub41 i4 #bfg2 ibid1 ,no4 #f1 #ahbi4 99,b]tolet992 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,m$41 ,sc41 ,jan41 #ahgd4 99,brucke992 ,jahresb41 #aheg1 #fji4 99,van ,de5992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 ii1 #dei4 99,erdman992 ,j\r4 pr4 ,*em41 lxxxv1 #a2 ,jahresb41 #ahfb1 #fcd4 99,falck992 ,b]4 ,kl9is*4 ,wo*b41 #ahgb4 99van ,geuns & ,gunn+992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 #ahga1 #ejh4 99,gwosd5992 ,wi5] ,akad4 ,b]41 liii1 #b #fhc2 ,jahresb41 #ahff1 #gdf4 99,helwig992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 #ahgb1 #bdd4 99,hirs*992 ,n4 ,j4 ,ph>m41 xxxii1 #adj4 99,hoppe-,seyl]992 ,m$4 ,*em4 ,unt]s41 i1 #bih2 ,jahresb41 #ahfg1 #hje4 99,krauss992 ,jahresb41 #ahfa1 #gib4 99,liebig1 ,pogg5dorff & ,wohl]992 ,h&wrt]b41 iv1 #agg4 99,liman992 ,jahresb41 #ahfc1 #gae4 99,l[e992 ,ph>m4 ,c5tralb41 #ahed1 #acg4 99,m&l992 ,lond4 ,lanc41 ,dec4 #ag1 #ahdb1 #agf4 99,mull]992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 #ahgb1 iii4 99,orfila992 ,j\r4 des ,progs des ,sc41 iv1 #ahbg2 ,ar*iv4 g54 de ,md41 ,fev41 #ahbh4 99,papillon992 ,mon4 ,sci54 ,ques41 ,jan41 #ahgd1 #ei4 99,reynolds992 ,br4 ,m$4 ,j\r41 ,jan4 #d1 #ahgc4 99,rose992 ,jahresb4 d] ,ph>m41 ii1 #cfe2 ,jahresb41 #ahed1 #ged4 99,r\ss9992 ,ann4 d',hyg4 et de ,md4 lg41 #ahfe4 99,scriba1 ,simon & ,bu*n]992 ,jahresb41 #ahei1 #gjf4 99,sonn5s*e9992 ,j\r4 de ,ph>m4 et de ,*im41 ,july1 #ahgd2 ,mon4 ,sci541 ii1 #cgj4 99,sorby992 ,*em4 ,news1 #ahfe1 xi1 pp4 #ahf1 #aid1 #bcb1 #bef4 99,/ruve992 ,zeits*4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 #ahgb1 #bi4 99,taylor992 ,guy's ,hosp4 ,rep41 #ahfh4 99,wicke992 ,ph>m4 ,c5tralb41 #ahed1 #dca4 99,witt/e9992 ,ar*4 d] ,ph>m41 ii1 #abh4 99,zollikopf]992 ,ann4 d4 ,*em4 u4 ,ph>m41 xciii1 #bcg2 ,ph>m4 ,c5tralb41 #ahee1 #bag4 ,on ! detection ( ,sp]matic ,/a9s4 99,bay>d992 ,ann4 d',hygine4 pub41 #ahdi1 ,no4 #dc4 99,r5ak992 ,diagno/is*4 u4 ,pa?ologis*4 ,unt]s4 ,b]l91 #ahde1 pp4 #adh1 #aga4 99,s*midt992 ,diagno/ik ,v]d*4 ,fleck51 ,leipzig1 #ahdh1 pp4 #db-dh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ important works relat+ to poisons & food-adult]ation t h be5 issu$ s9ce ! publication ( ! fir/ edition ( ?is book3 99,adam992 tude sur les pr9cipales me?odes d'essai et d'analyse du lait4 ,p>is1 #ahgi4 99,av]beck992 ,die ,v]fls*ung d] ,nahrungsmittel4 ,brem51 #ahgh4 99,ba/ide992 ,v9s sophi/iqus4 ,b]is1 #ahgf4 99,bau]992 ,die ,v]fls*ung d] ,nahrungsmittel4 ,b]l91 #ahgg4 99,bell992 ,analysis & adult]ation ( food4 #ahha4 99,b9z992 ,intoxication54 ,tb+51 #ahgh4 99,birnbaum992 ,e9fa*e ,me?od5 zur ,prfung ,leb5smittel4 #ahgg4 99,blane992 ,de la contrefaon4 99,blas992 ,de la prs5ce de l'acide salicylique dans les bi]res4 ,p>is1 #ahgi4 99,blo*man992 ,ueb] ,v]fls*ung d] ,nahrungsmittel4 ,knigsb]g1 #ahha4 99,bly?992 ,diction>y ( ,hygi5e4 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,ibid2 ,manual ( *emi/ry4 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,ibid2 ,foods1 composition & analysis4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,ibid2 ,poisons1 effects & detection (4 ,london1 #ahhb4 99,boehn992 ,h]zgifte4 99,bolley992 ,manuel pratique d'essai et de re*]*es *imiques4 ,p>is1 #ahgg4 99,bronn]992 ,*emi/ry ( food & dr9k4 ,london4 99,caldwell992 ,agricultural *emical analysis4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahgi4 99,casp]992 ,h&bu* d] g]i*tli*5 ,m$iz94 ,b]l91 #ahha4 99,*ur*992 ,food4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahgg4 99,cooley's99 ,practical receipts4 99,dannehl992 ,die ,v]fls*ung des ,bi]es4 ,b]l91 #ahgg4 99,dietzs*992 ,die wi*tig/5 ,nahrungsmittel1 etc4 ,zuri*1 #ahgh4 99,drag5dorff992 ,re*]*es des sub/ances amres dans la bire4 ,p>is1 #ahgf4 ,ibid2 ,g]i*tli* *emis*e ,ermittellung von ,gift54 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahgf4 99,elsn]992 ,die ,praxis ,nahrungsmittel ,*emik]s4 ,leipzig1 #ahhj4 99,eul5b]g992 ,h&bu* d] ,gew]be-,hygi5e4 ,b]l91 #ahgf4 99,falk992 ,lehrbu* d] praktis*5 ,toxicologie4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhj4 99,flick992 ,die ,*emie im ,di5/ d] ff5tli*5 ,gesundheitspflege4 ,dresd51 #ahhb4 99,fluegge992 ,lehrbu* d] hygi5is*5 ,unt]su*ungsme?od54 ,leipzig1 #ahha4 99,focke992 ,massregeln geg5 ,v]fls*ung d] ,nahrungsmittel4 ,*emnitz1 #ahgg4 99,fox992 ,sanit>y exam9ation ( wat]1 air1 & food4 #ahgh4 99,fran*9i992 ,palmelle prodigieuse4 ,bologne1 #ahhj4 99,gamgee992 ,text-book ( physiological *emi/ry4 ,london1 #ahhj4 99,gaulti]992 ,la sophi/ication des v9s4 ,p>is1 #ahgg4 99,giml9i992 ,exp]im5telle ,unt]su*ung b] die ,wirkung des ,aconit9s4 ,erlang51 #ahgf4 99,goppelsro$]992 ,sur l'analyse des v9s4 ,mulh\se1 #ahgg4 99,gr&eau992 ,h&bu* fr agricultur-*emis*e ,analys54 ,b]l91 #ahhj4 99,griessmay]992 ,die ,v]fls*ung d] wi*tig/5 ,nahrungs-und ,g5ussmittel4 #ahhj4 99,hahn992 ,die wi*tig/5 d4 8 jetzt bekannt5 ,geheimmittel u4 ,specialitt54 #ahgf4 99,hausn]992 ,fabrikation d] ,cons]v5 und ,condit54 ,leipzig1 #ahgg4 99,hemm+992 ,aids to =5sic m$ic9e & toxicology4 ,london1 #ahgg4 99,hilg]992 ,die wi*tig/5 ,nahrungsmittel4 ,erlang51 #ahgi4 99,h(fman992 ,lehrbu* d] g]i*tli*5 ,m$iz94 ,wi51 #ahhj4 99,hoppe-,seyl]992 ,physiologis*e ,*emie4 ,b]l91 #ahgh4 99,husson992 ,du v94 ,p>is1 #ahgg4 ,ibid2 ,le lait1 la crme1 et le beurre4 #ahgh4 99,johnson's99 ,encyclopdia1 vol4 iv4 p4 #geb4 99,johnson992 ,*emi/ry ( common life4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahhj4 99,judell992 ,die ,v]giftung mit ,blausure4 ,erlang51 #ahgf4 99,k5s+ton992 ,analysis ( foods4 ,london1 #ahgi4 99,kl5cke992 ,illu/rirtes ,lexicon d] ,v]fls*ung d] ,nahrungsmittel und ,getrnke4 ,leipzig1 #ahgh4 99,ko5ig992 ,*emis*e ,zusamm5setzung d] m5s*li*5 ,nahrungsmittel4 99,lang992 ,die ,fabrikation d] ,kun/butt]1 ,sp>butt]1 und ,butt]94 #ahgh4 99,lessn]992 ,atlas d] g]i*tli*5 ,m$iz94 ,b]l91 #ahhc4 99,lieb]man992 ,anleitung zur *emis*5 ,unt]su*ung auf d] ,gebiete d] ,m$ic9al-polizei4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahgg4 99,l9tn]992 ,lehrbu* d] ,bi]brau]ei4 #ahgg4 99,loebn]992 ,massregeln geg5 ,v]fls*ung d] ,nahrungsmittel4 ,*emnitz1 #ahgg4 99,lu]ss5992 ,m$ic9is* ,botanik4 ,leipzig1 #ahhc4 99,mas*ka992 ,h&bu* d] g]i*tli*5 ,m$iz94 ,tb+51 #ahhb4 99,m$icus992 ,g]i*tli*-*emis*e ,prfung von ,nahrungs-und ,g5ussmitteln4 #ahha4 99,montgom]y992 ,essai de ,toxicologie4 ,p>is1 #ahgh4 99,mut]992 ,a key to organic mat]ia m$ica4 #ahgi4 99,og/on992 ,lectures on m$ical jurisprud5ce4 ,london1 #ahgh4 99,palm992 ,die wi*tig/5 und gebrau*li*/5 ,nahrungsmittel4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahhb4 99,p>kes992 ,hygi5e4 ,phila41 #ahgh4 99,pa/eur992 tudes sur la bire4 ,p>is1 #ahgf4 99,pavy992 ,a treatise on food & dietetics4 ,london1 #ahge4 99,p5neti]992 ,leons sur les matires premires organiques4 ,p>is1 #ahha4 99,praag992 ,le]bock voor practis*e ,giftle]4 ,utre*t4 99,pratt992 ,food adult]ation4 ,*icago1 #ahhj4 99,prescott992 ,proximate organic analysis4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahhb4 99,ritt]992 ,des v9s colors p> la fu*s9e4 ,p>is1 #ahgf4 99,reitleitn]992 ,die ,analyse des ,we9es4 ,wi51 #ahgg4 99,s*nacke992 ,wrt]bu* d] ,v]fls*ung4 ,j5a1 #ahgg4 99,s*midt992 ,anleitung sanit>is*-und polizeili*-*emis*5 ,unt]su*ung54 ,zuri*1 #ahgh4 99,s*r(f992 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntniss des ,aconits4 ,wi51 #ahgf4 99,selmi992 ,*imica applicata all' igi5e alla economia dome/ica4 ,milan4 99,%>ples992 ,food & its adult]ation4 ,pre/on1 #ahgi4 99,smi?992 ,on foods4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahgc4 99,smi?1 ,ed4992 ,manual = m$ical (fic]s ( heal?4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,ibid2 ,h&book = inspectors ( nuisances4 ,london4 99,spon's99 ,encyclopdia4 ,london1 #ahhb4 99,squibb992 ,prop] legislation on adult]ation ( food4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahgi4 99,/eirl9992 ,ueb] ,we9v]fls*ung und ,we9f>bung4 ,b]n1 #ahgg4 ,ibid2 ,das ,bi] und se9e ,v]fls*ung4 ,b]n1 #ahgh4 99,?udicum & ,dupre992 ,w9e4 99,vogel992 ,praktis*e ,spectral-analyse4 ,nordl+51 #ahgg4 99,wanklyn992 ,tea1 c(fee1 & cocoa4 ,london1 #ahgd4 99,wanklyn & ,coop]992 ,bread analysis4 ,london1 #ahha4 99,w5yl992 ,analytis*es ,hlfsbu*4 ,b]l91 #ahhb4 99,witt/e9992 ,tas*5bu* des ,nahrungs-und ,g5ussmittel ,lehre4 ,nordl+51 #ahgg4 99,woodman992 ,h&book ( =5sic m$ic9e4 ,london1 #ahgg4 99,wurtz992 ,trait lm5taire de *imie mdicale4 ,p>is4 ,,memoirs4 ,alkaloids4 ,j\rnal ,*em4 ,soc4 i1 #ahgg1 p4 #adc2 ibid1 i1 #ahgh1 p4 #aea2 ibid1 ,may1 #ahhb2 ibid1 ccxliv1 #ahhc1 p4 #ceh4 ,trans4 ,int]nat'l ,m$4 ,cong41 #ahha1 vol4 i1 p4 #dgb4 ,vir*41 ,ar*4 bd4 #gi1 #ahhj1 s4 #bib2 ibid1 bd4 #hg1 #ahhb1 s4 #daj4 ,ar*iv4 d4 ,ph>m41 ,jan4 #g1 #ahhb2 ibid1 #c vii1 pp4 #bc-bf2 ibid1 #c vi1 p4 #djb4 ,liebig1 ,anal4 bd4 #gjh1 #ahha4 ,b]l4 ,kl94 ,wo*5s*r4 #ahgf1 #bg4 ,pflg]'s1 #bc1 #dcc4 ,lancet1 ,sept4 #cj1 #ahhj2 ibid1 ,nov4 #bh1 #ahhb2 ibid1 ,nov4 #ac1 #ahhb4 ,bull4 ,f>m4 ,milano1 #ahha1 p4 #aig4 ,zeits*4 f4 ,anal4 ,*em4 i1 #eag4 ,gazett4 ,*im4 ,ital4 vi1 #aec-aff4 ,ph>m4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,russl&1 i1 p4 #bgg4 ,vi]teljahrss*r4 f4 g]i*t4 ,m$4 xxiii1 p4 #gh4 ,ars5ic & ,antimony4 ,ar*iv1 f4 exp]4 ,pa?4 u4 ,ph>m41 ,leipzig1 #ahhb4 ,ph>m4 ,j\rn4 ,trans4 #c pp4 #ha-hc4 ,m$4 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhj4 ,j\rn4 d',hygine1 ,juil41 #ahgh4 ,m$ical ,times & ,gaz4 #ahgf1 p4 #cfg4 ,*em4 ,news1 ,jan41 #ahha1 p4 #ba2 ibid1 xxxiii41 pp4 #eh & #gd4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,j\rn4 ii1 ,no4 #d4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im4 #b xxvi1 p4 #eda2 ibid1 ,jan4 #g1 #ahgg4 ,zeits*4 f4 ,anal4 ,*em4 xiv1 pp4 #bej1 #bha1 #cef2 ibid1 i1 p4 #dde4 ,liebig1 ,anal4 ccvii1 p4 #ahb4 ,lancet1 #ahgi1 p4 #fii2 ibid1 ,may #ai1 #ahhc4 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,no4 #a1 #ahgf4 ,m]cury1 ,copp] & ,lead4 ,zeit4 f4 ,phys4 ,*em4 #ahhb1 i1 p4 #die4 ,analy/1 #ahgh1 p4 #bda4 ,*em4 ,news1 xxxi1 p4 #gg2 ibid1 xxxi1 p4 #hja2 ibid1 xxxiv1 pp4 #agf1 #bjj1 & #cac4 ,analy/1 #ahgg1 pp4 #ac & #baf4 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc4 #ahgf1 ii1 p4 #d4 ,d+l4 ,pol4 ,j\rn4 ccxx1 #ddf4 ,m$4 ,gazette1 xlviii1 #ajdg4 ,prussic ,acid4 ,analy/1 ,apr41 #ahgg1 p4 #e4 ,bull4 ,g54 de ,?r4 ,no4 #cj4 ,am4 ,j\rn4 ,phys4 ,sci41 ,arnold1 #ahfi4 ,vir*41 ,ar*4 f4 ,pa?4 ,anat4 bd4 #ch1 p4 #dce4 ,news ,rep]t4 f4 ,ph>m41 #ah1 #cef4 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc4 #ahgf1 i1 p4 #aab4 ,b]i*t4 d4 ,deuts*4 ,*em4 ,gess4 ix1 p4 #ajbc4 ,vi]telj4 f4 ,g]4 ,m$4 #ahha1 p4 #aic4 ,zeit4 f4 ,anal4 ,*em4 von ,fres5ius1 xii1 p4 #d4 ,fl\r & ,bread4 ,analy/1 ,june1 #ahgh2 ibid1 ,jan41 #ahhb2 ibid1 #ahgh1 ,no4 #bh2 ibid1 vi1 #ahgi1 p4 #abf2 ibid1 iii1 pp4 #bgd1 #cee4 ,*em4 ,news1 #ahgc1 #ahgi1 xxxix1 p4 #hj4 ,d+l4 ,pol4 ,j\rn4 bd4 #bji4 ,j\rn4 ,ph>m4 #d iv1 #ajh4 ,*em4 ,c5tr'b't1 #ahgg1 #ehe4 ,ph>m4 ,j\rn4 xiii1 #heg4 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,m$4 #ahgh1 p4 #bdj4 ,an4 d4 ,*em4 u4 ,ph>m1 bd4 #aj1 #de u4 #aja4 ,j\rn4 f4 ,pract4 ,*em4 xcix1 #bif2 ciii1 #fe1 #aic1 #bcc1 #bgc4 ,zeit4 ,anal4 ,*em4 #ahgh1 p4 #ddj2 ibid1 #ahgi1 vol4 xviii1 p4 #abj4 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,j\r4 xxxv1 p4 #faj4 ,j\r4 d',hygine1 ,may1 #ahgh4 ,ph>m4 ,j\r4 ,trans4 #ahgf1 cccxii1 #ajja4 ,ph>macographia1 #ahgi1 p4 #fb4 ,sanit>y ,eng9e]1 vol4 v1 p4 #ff4 ,tea4 ,ph>m4 ,j\rn4 #ahgc2 #c;d s]ies1 #ahgd4 ,*em4 ,news1 xxx1 #ahgd 7,all572 xxx1 #abe2 xxviii1 #ahf4 ,j\rn4 ,ph>m4 #b xxvi1 #fc2 xii1 #bcd1 #bbi4 ,analy/1 ,june1 #ahgg2 #ahgf 7,wign]74 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc4 #ahge1 #che1 #abag2 ix1 #cba1 #cc2 #aheh4 ,j\rn4 f4 ,pract4 ,*em4 x1 #bgc2 xciv1 #fe2 li1 #dja4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im4 #b xxvii1 #aii4 ,j\rn4 de ,ph>m4 d',anv]s1 #ahgf1 #aba4 ,j\rn4 ,ph>m4 et ,*im4 #c srie1 #ahef1 xxiv1 #bbh4 ,rep]t4 de ,ph>m4 #ahef1 vii1 p4 #aag4 ,j\rn4 ,*im4 ,md4 #b srie1 #ahdd1 x1 #dei2 #ahdd1 #bd4 ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m4 xxvi1 #bdd2 xxix1 #bga2 xxxvi1 #ic4 ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m4 lxxxii1 #aig2 cxii1 #if2 i1 #ai2 #a1 #bca2 lxiii1 #bja2 lxix1 #abj2 lxxi2 cxviii1 #aea4 ,ann4 ,*em4 xxv1 #fc4 ,m$4 ,press & ,circul>1 #ahga1 p4 #dae4 ,ka/u4 ,ar*4 vii1 #bff4 ,deut4 ,*em4 ,ges4 ,b]4 ix1 #acab4 ,p>liam5t>y pap]s1 #ahga4 ,mag4 ,ph>m4 xix1 #de4 ,ann4 ,*im4 ,phys4 #c xi1 #ach4 ,s*weigg1 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,phys4 lxi1 #dhg2 lxiv1 #cgb4 ,phil4 ,mag4 ,j4 xxiii1 #dbf2 xiii1 #ba4 ,milk4 ,analy/1 #ahgf1 ,jan4 & ,may2 #ahgg1 p4 #hb2 ,no4 #ba2 ,sept41 ,dec42 #ahgh1 ,jan42 p4 #bdi2 #ahhj1 ,m>4 ,*em4 ,news1 #ahgi4 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc4 clxxxix1 ,sept41 #ahgh4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 t4 #hb1 #ahgf4 ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m4 lxi1 #bba4 ,mil* ,zeit4 #ahgj1 #ahhd4 ,w9e & ,be]4 ,analy/1 #ahgg1 pp4 #bf1 #ii1 #adf1 #adh4 ,ann4 ,*im4 ,phys4 #e ii1 pp4 #bcc-bhi4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im4 #b xxv4 ,deut4 ,*em4 ,ges4 ,b]4 ix1 #aijj4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 lxxxiv1 #cdh4 ,j\rn4 ,*im4 ,md4 t4 ix1 p4 #die4 ,ar*4 ,ph>m4 #c v4 #be1 #bc1 bd4 #ahe1 p4 #bbe4 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,j\rn4 ii1 #ahgg1 p4 #cgb4 ,ann4 d',hyg4 et ,md4 ,lg4 #ahfa1 xvii1 pp4 #cc1 #dcj4 ,v9eg>4 ,analy/1 iii1 #ahgh1 p4 #bfh2 i1 #ahgg1 p4 #aje4 ,ann4 d',hyg4 et ,md4 ,lg4 #b sr4 t4 xii4 ,ph>m4 ,j\rn41 ,jul4 #c1 #ahge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s ! subject ( food-adult]ation has be5 s prom95tly br\ght be=e ! public t1 9 _m in/ances1 ! v>i\s ,/ate ,bo>ds ( ,heal? h commission$ _! *emi/s to furni% reports on ?is subject4 ,^! may be f\nd 9 ! annual publications ( ! same1 notably 9 ! volumes issu$ by ! ,massa*usetts1 ,mi*igan1 ,new ,j]sey1 & ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>ds ( ,heal?4 ,x may also be m5tion$ 9 ?is connection t ! ,sanit>y ,eng9e] ( ,new ,york1 ! ,analy/ ( ,london1 ! ,zeits*rift fr ,unt]su*ung von ,leb5smitteln1 ,ei*/att1 & ! ,zeits*rift geg5 ,v]fls*ung d] ,leb5smittel1 ,leipzig1 are j\rnals devot$ to ! consid]ation ( adult]ations & ! m rec5t me?ods employ$ = _! detection4 ,j4 ,p4 ,b4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,acetic ,acid1 #di1 #hi ,acids1 #df1 #ie ,acetic1 #di1 #hi ,boric1 #ij ,=mic1 #hi ,hydriodic1 #ij ,hydrobromic1 #ij ,hydro*loric1 #df ,hydrocyanic1 #ej ,hydr(luoric1 #hh ,hydrosulphuric1 #ia ,nitric1 #dg1 #hh ,oxalic1 #di1 #hh1 #hi1 #ie ,phosphoric1 #dh1 #ij1 #ie ,phosphor\s1 #de ,sulphuric1 #dg1 #hi1 #ie ,aconit9e1 #gi ,alcoholmet] 7,gay-,lussac's71 #ade ,alkalies1 #cb1 #ic ,ammonia1 #ej ,b>yta1 #ed ,lime1 #ec ,potassa1 #ec ,soda1 #ec ,/rontia1 #ed ,alkaloids1 #fe ,aconit9e1 #gi ,anil9e1 #ge ,aric9e1 #gg ,atrop9e1 #hj ,beb]9e1 #gf ,bruc9e1 #gh ,c9*on9e1 #gh ,code9e1 #hj ,col*ic9e1 #hj ,con9e1 #ge ,delph9e1 #gh ,digital9e1 #hj ,emet9e1 #hj ,morph9e1 #hj ,n>cot9e1 #gg ,nicot9e1 #ge ,papav]9e1 #gg ,picrotox9e1 #hj ,qu99e1 #gg ,solan9e1 #gi ,/ry*n9e1 #gh ,v]atr9e1 #gg ,alkaloids1 sep>ation (1 by ,/as's me?od1 #fe ,sep>ation (1 by ,otto's me?od1 #fi ,sep>ation (1 by v4 ,usl> & ,erdman's me?od1 #gj ,sep>ation (1 by ,rodg]s ,girdwood's me?od1 #ga ,sep>ation (1 by ,prollius's me?od1 #gb ,sep>ation (1 by ,graham ,h(man's me?od1 #gc ,sep>ation (1 by ,dialysis1 #gd ,alkaloids1 id5tification (1 #gd ,alloys1 exam9ation (1 #aab ,alum 9 fl\r & bread1 #abf ,anil9e1 #ge ,antimony1 #cj1 #fb1 #ic ,detection (1 by ,fl&9 & ,dang]'s me?od1 #cb ,detection (1 by ,naquet's me?od1 #cd ,aric9e1 #gg ,ars5ic1 #ag1 #fj1 #ic ,detection (1 by ! me?od us$ prior to ,m>%'s te/1 #ag ,detection (1 by ,m>%'s te/1 #ba ,detection (1 by ,raspail's te/1 #bi ,detection (1 by ,re9s*'s te/1 #cj ,ars5ic1 e/imation (1 #ba ,a%es1 exam9ation (1 #ajd ,atrop9e1 #hj ,b4 ,b>ley meal 9 fl\r1 #aag ,b>yta1 #ed ,b>reswil's te/ = milk1 #adj ,b]b]9e1 #gf ,bic>bonate ( soda 9 milk1 #ada ,bismu?1 #fb ,blood /a9s1 detection (1 #aej ,blea*+ ( hair1 #ih ,boric acid1 #ij ,b\tigny's exam9ation ( fire-arms1 #ajj ,brom9e1 #ee1 #ij1 #ic1 #id ,brcke's te/ = blood /a9s1 #aeb ,bruc9e1 #gh ,buck:eat 9 fl\r1 #aag1 #abj ,c4 ,cadmium1 #fc ,c>bonate ( lime & magnesia 9 fl\r1 #abe ,c]ebral sub/ances 9 milk1 #adb ,*alk 9 milk1 #ada ,*lor9e1 #ed ,*romium1 #fd ,c9*on9e 9 sulphate ( qu99e1 #adi ,code9e1 #hj ,con9e1 #ge ,co9s1 exam9ation (1 #aab ,col*ic9e1 #hj ,copp]1 #fb1 #fc ,corn meal 9 fl\r1 #aag1 #abj ,d4 ,d>nel 9 fl\r1 #aba ,delph9e1 #gh ,det]m9ative te/s = poisons1 #id ,digital9e1 #hj ,dus>t's te/ = phosphorus1 #dj ,dialysis1 #ae1 #gd ,dye+ ( hair1 #ig ,e4 ,emet9e1 #hj ,emulsion ( almonds 9 milk1 #ada ,f4 ,fire-arms1 exam9ation (1 #ajj ,weapons provid$ ) a fl9t1 #ajj ,weapons n provid$ ) a fl9t1 #ajc ,fix$ ,oils1 exam9ation (1 #abh ,hempse$1 #acj ,olive1 #abh ,fl&9 & ,dang]'s te/ = antimony1 #cb ,fl&9 & ,dang]'s te/ = m]cury1 #cg ,food 7fl\r & bread71 #aad ,exam9ation ( ! glut51 #aaf ,exam9ation ( ! />*1 #aah ,exam9ation ( ! a%1 #abd ,=mic acid1 #hi ,fres5ius ,neubau]'s te/ = phosphorus1 #db ,g4 ,galactoscope1 #ach ,graham & ,h(man's me?od = alkaloids1 #gc ,gr\nd bones 9 bread & fl\r1 #abe ,gum arabic 9 milk1 #ada ,gum tragacan? 9 milk1 #ada ,h4 ,hm9 cry/als1 #aej ,hair1 exam9ation (1 #if ,hempse$ oil1 #acj ,hoppe-,seyl]'s te/ = blood1 #aea ,hydriodic acid1 #ij ,hydrobromic acid1 #ij ,hydro*loric acid1 #df1 #ia ,hydrocyanic acid1 #ej ,hydr(luoric acid1 #hh ,hydrosulphuric acid1 #ia ,i4 ,iodides1 #ij1 #id ,iod9e1 #ef1 #id ,indicative te/s = poisons1 #cf ,l4 ,lactod5simet]1 #ach ,lactomet]1 #aci ,lactoscope1 #ach ,lassaigne's te/ = writ+s1 #ajg ,lead1 #eg ,legum5s 9 fl\r1 #aag1 #aba1 #abd ,l5tils 9 fl\r1 #abc ,lime1 #ec ,lime 9 fl\r1 #abf ,l9se$ meal 9 fl\r1 #abj ,m4 ,macadam's me?od = alkaloids1 #gc ,magnesia 9 sulphate ( qu99e1 #adh ,mannite 9 sulphate ( qu99e1 #adh ,m>*&'s te/ = milk1 #aci ,m>%'s te/ = ars5ic1 #ba ,m]cury1 #cf1 #fb1 #ic ,detection (1 by ,smi?son's pile1 #cf ,detection (1 by ,fl&9 & ,dang]'s me?od1 #cg ,metals1 #ef ,antimony1 #cj1 #fb1 #ic ,ars5ic1 #ag1 #fj1 #ic ,bismu?1 #fb ,cadmium1 #fc ,*romium1 #fd ,copp]1 #fb1 #fc ,lead1 #eg ,m]cury1 #cf1 #fb1 #ic ,silv]1 #eg ,t91 #ef1 #fa ,z9c1 #fd ,milk1 exam9ation (1 #acg ,m9]al sub/ances1 9 fl\r & bread1 #abd ,9 milk1 #ada ,9 sulphate ( qu99e1 #adh ,mi/*]li*'s te/ = phosphorus1 #dj ,morph9e1 #hj ,n4 ,naquet's te/ = antimony1 #cd ,n>cot9e1 #gg ,nicot9e1 #ge ,nitric acid1 #dg1 #hh ,o4 ,oatmeal 9 fl\r1 #aag ,oleomet]1 #abh ,olive oil1 #abh ,orfila's te/ = phosphorus1 #ci ,organic matt] ,de/ruction (1 by aqua regia1 #ad ,de/ruction (1 by *lorate ( potassa1 #ac ,de/ruction (1 by *lor9e1 #ac ,de/ruction (1 by nitrate ( potassa1 #aj ,de/ruction (1 by nitric acid1 #h ,de/ruction (1 by potassa & nitrate ( lime1 #ab ,de/ruction (1 by potassa & nitric acid1 #ab ,de/ruction (1 by sulphuric acid1 #i ,otto's me?od = alkaloids1 #fi ,oxalic acid1 #di1 #hh1 #hi1 #ie ,p4 ,papav]9e1 #gg ,pay5's te/ = v9eg>1 #adg ,phosphoric acid1 #dh1 #ij1 #ie ,phosphor\s acid1 #de ,phosphorus1 #ci1 #ie ,detection (1 by ,orfila's me?od1 #ci ,detection (1 by ,mi/*]li*'s me?od1 #dj ,detection (1 by ,dus>t's me?od1 #dj ,detection (1 by ,fres5ius & ,neubau]'s me?od1 #db ,e/imation (1 #de ,picrotox9e1 #hj ,pla/] 9 fl\r1 #abf ,poisons1 detection ( ,9 cases :]e no clew exi/s1 #he ,9 cases :]e a clew exi/s1 #ag ,de/ruction ( ! organic matt]1 #h ,indicative te/s1 #hf ,det]m9ative te/s1 #id ,potato meal 9 fl\r1 #aah ,potassa1 #ec1 #ic ,prollius' me?od = alkaloids1 #gb ,prussic acid1 #ej ,q4 ,qu99e1 #gg ,r4 ,raspail's te/ = ars5ic1 #bi ,re9s*'s te/ = ars5ic1 #cj ,reveil's te/ = v9eg>1 #adh ,rice meal 9 fl\r1 #abj ,rob9's me?od = sp]matic /a9s1 #afj ,rodg]s & ,girdwood's me?od = alkaloids1 #ga ,rye meal 9 fl\r1 #aag1 #abj ,s4 ,salic9e 9 sulphate ( qu99e1 #adh ,s& 9 fl\r1 #abe ,silv]1 #eg ,smi?son's pile1 #cf ,soda1 #ec1 #ib1 #ic ,solan9e1 #gi ,sp]matic /a9s1 detection (1 #aeh ,sp]matozoa1 #aei ,/>* 9 sulphate ( qu99e1 #adh ,/e>ic acid 9 sulphate ( qu99e1 #adh ,/as's me?od = alkaloids1 #fe ,/ry*n9e1 #gh ,sug> 9 milk1 #adb ,sug> 9 sulphate ( qu99e1 #adh ,sulphate ( copp] 9 bread1 #abg ,sulphate ( qu9id9e 9 sulphate ( qu99e1 #adi ,sulphate ( qu99e1 exam9ation (1 #adh ,sulphurett$ hydrog51 #ia ,sulphuric acid1 #dg1 #hi1 #ie ,sympa!tic inks1 te/s =1 #aaj ,t4 ,tea1 #acj ,t91 #ef1 #fa ,u4 v4 ,usl> & ,erdman's me?od = alkaloids1 #gj ,v4 ,v]atr9e1 #gg ,v9eg>1 exam9ation (1 #adg ,w4 ,w9es1 exam9ation (1 #adb ,writ+s1 exam9ation (1 #aje ,z4 ,z9c1 #fd ,,beck] ,,sons1 ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,balances & ,weights ( ,precision1 ,,= ,illu/ration ,*emi/s1 ,assay]s1 ,jewel]s1 ,druggi/s1 ,& 9 g5]al = e use :]e accuracy is requir$1 ,no4 #f ,murray ,/41 ,new ,york4 ,e ,balance & ,set ( ,weights leav+ ?is e/abli%m5t is gu>ante$ to be accurately adju/$1 z repres5t$ 9 our ,price ,li/4 -- ,our ,illu/rat$ ,price ,li/ mail$ on application4 ,,catalogue ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific1 ,,milit>y1 ,,& ,,naval ,,publications ,,( ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r&1 #bc ,murray ,/reet & #bg ,w>r5 ,/reet1 ,new ,york4 99,,abbot1 ,maj4 ,,h5ry ,l4--,siege ,artill]y aga9/ ,ri*mond499 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 clo? #c #ej 99,,adams1 ,j4 ,w4--,sew]s & ,dra9s = ,popul\s ,di/ricts499 ,embrac+ ,rules & ,=mulas = ! dim5sions & con/ruction ( works ( ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s4 ,second edition4 #hvo1 clo? #b #ej 99,,aldri*1 ,m4 ,,almy4--,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,m>9e ,corps499 ,f ,(ficial ,reports & o!r ,docum5ts4 ,compil$ by ,capt4 ,ri*>d ,s4 ,collum4 #hvo1 clo? #b #ej 99,,alex&]1 ,j4 ,h4--,univ]sal ,diction>y ( ,weights & ,measures991 ,anci5t & ,mod]n1 r$uc$ to ! ,/&>ds ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,new edition1 enl>g$4 #hvo1 clo? #c #ej 99,,&]son1 ,g54 ,,rob]t4--,evolutions ( ,field ,batt]ies ( ,artill]y499 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5*1 & arrang$ = ! ,army & ,militia ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,publi%$ by ord] ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 #cc plates4 #bdmo1 clo? #a #jj 99,,&rews1 ,maj4-,g54 ,c4 ,c4--,campaign ( ,mobile499 ,includ+ ! ,co-op]ation ( ,g5]al ,wilson's ,cavalry 9 ,alabama4 ,) five maps & views4 #hvo1 clo? #b #ej ---- 99,h9ts to ,company ,(fic]s on _! ,milit>y ,duties499 #ahmo1 clo? #ej 99,,arnold1 ,maj4 ,a4 ,k4--,cavalry ,s]vice499 ,notes on ,horses = ,cavalry ,s]vice1 embody+ ! ,quality1 ,pur*ase1 ,c>e1 & ,diseases mo/ frequ5tly enc\nt]$1 ) ,lessons = ,bitt+ ! ,horse & ,b5d+ ! ,neck4 ,illu/rat$4 #ahmo1 clo? #ge 99,,arnold1 ,maj4 ,,frank ,s4--,! ,discipl9e & ,drill ( ,militia499 ,cr[n #hvo1 limp clo? #b #jj 99,,atwood1 ,geo4--,practical ,bl[-,pipe ,assay+499 #abmo1 clo?1 illu/rat$ #b #jj 99,,au*9closs1 ,w4 ,s4--,l9k & ,valve ,motions ,simplifi$499 ,illu/rat$ ) #cg wood-cuts & #ba li?ographic plates1 toge!r ) a ,travel ,scale & num]\s useful tables4 #hvo1 clo? #c #jj 99,,axon1 ,w4 ,e4 ,a4--,! ,me*anic's ,fri5d499 ,a ,collection ( ,receipts & ,practical ,sugge/ions ,relat+ to ,aqu>ia--,bronz+--,cem5ts--,draw+--,dyes --,electricity--,gild+-- ,glass-work+--,glues--,horology--,lacqu] s--,locomotives--,magnetism-- ,metal-work+--,modell+--,photography--,p yrote*ny--,railways--,sold]s-- ,/eam-,eng9e--,telegraphy--,taxid]my--,v >ni%es--,wat]pro(+1 & ,miscellane\s ,tools1 ,in/rum5ts1 ,ma*9es1 & ,processes connect$ ) ! ,*emical & ,me*anic ,arts4 ,) num]\s diagrams & wood-cuts4 ,fancy clo? #a #ej 99,,bacon1 ,f4 ,w4--,a ,treatise on ! ,ri*>ds ,/eam-,eng9e ,indicator1 ) directions = its use499 ,by ,*>les ,t4 ,port]4 ,revis$1 ) notes & l>ge additions z develop$ by ,am]ican practice2 ) an app5dix conta9+ useful =mul & rules = eng9e]s4 ,illu/rat$4 ,f\r? edition4 #abmo1 clo? #a #jj 99,,b>ba1 ,j4--,! ,use ( ,/eel = ,con/ructive ,purposes299 ,me?od ( ,work+1 ,apply+1 & ,te/+ ,plates & ,brass4 ,) a ,preface by ,a4 ,l4 ,holley1 ,c4,e4 #abmo1 clo? #a #ej 99,,b>n>d1 ,maj4-,g54 ,j4 ,g4--,! ,c4 ,s4 ,a4 & ! ,battle ( ,bull ,run499 #hvo1 clo? #a #be ---- 99,! ,p59sul> ,campaign & its ,antec$5ts199 ,z develop$ by ! ,report ( ,maj4-,g54 ,geo4 ,b4 ,mc,clellan & o!r publi%$ ,docum5ts4 #hvo1 clo? #a #jj #abmo1 pap] #cj ---- 99,notes on ,sea-,coa/ ,def5ce499 ,consi/+ ( ,sea-,coa/ ,=tification2 ! ,fifte5-,in* ,gun2 & ,casemate ,embrasure4 ,) an engrav$ plate ( ! ,fifte5-,in* ,gun4 #hvo1 clo? #b #jj 99,,b>n>d1 ,maj4-,g54 ,j4 ,g41 & ,,b>ry1 ,maj4-,g54 ,w4 ,f4--,report ( ! ,eng9e] & ,artill]y ,op]ations ( ! ,army ( ! ,potomac199 ,f its ,organization to ! ,close ( ! ,p59sul> ,campaign4 ,illu/rat$ by #ah maps1 plans1 etc4 #hvo1 clo? #b #ej 99,,b>nes1 ,lieut4-,com4 ,,john ,s4--,subm>9e ,w>f>e1 ,def5sive & ,(f5sive499 ,compris+ a full & complete ,hi/ory ( ! inv5tion ( ! ,torp$o1 its employm5t 9 ,w>1 & results ( its use4 ,descriptions ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ,torp$oes1 ,subm>9e ,batt]ies1 & ,torp$o ,boats actually us$ 9 ,w>4 ,) #bj li?ographic plates & _m wood-cuts1 #hvo1 clo? #e #jj 99,,b>re ,,dup>cq1 ,,edw>d ,,de ,,la4--,elem5ts ( ,milit>y ,art & ,hi/ory499 ,translat$ by ,col4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,cullum1 ,u4,s4,e4 #hvo1 clo? #c #ej 99,,b>rett1 ,capt4 ,,edw>d4--,dead ,reckon+2 or1 ,day's ,"w499 #hvo1 flexible clo? #a #be ---- 99,gunn]y ,in/ructions499 #abmo1 clo? #a #be 99,,beil/e91 ,f4-,an ,introduction to ,qualitative ,*emical ,analysis499 ,translat$ by ,i4 ,j4 ,osbun4 #abmo1 clo? #ge 99,,b5et1 ,g54 ,s4 ,v4--,electro-,balli/ic ,ma*9es199 ,& ! ,s*ultz ,*ronoscope4 ,second edition4 ,illu/rat$4 #dto1 clo? #c #jj ---- 99,milit>y ,law & ,c\rts-,m>tial499 ,a ,treatise on ,milit>y ,law & ! ,practice ( ,c\rts-,m>tial4 ,six? edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 #hvo1 law %eep #d #jj 99,,b5ton1 ,col4 ,j4 ,g4--,ordnance & ,gunn]y499 ,a ,c\rse ( ,in/ruction 9 ,ordnance & ,gunn]y4 ,compil$ = ! use ( ! ,cadets ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,milit>y ,academy4 ,illu/rat$4 ,f\r? edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 #hvo1 clo? #e #jj 99,,b]riman1 ,maj4 ,m4 ,w--,! ,militiaman's ,manual & ,sword-,play )\t a ,ma/]499 ,rapi] & ,broad-,sword ,ex]cises1 copi\sly expla9$ & illu/rat$2 ,small-,arm ,light ,infantry ,drill ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army2 ,infantry ,manual ( ,p]cussion ,musket2 ,company ,drill ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,cavalry4 ,f\r? edition4 #abmo1 clo? #a #jj 99,,blake1 ,w4 ,p4--,report ^u ! ,preci\s ,metals299 ,be+ ,/ati/ical ,notices ( ! pr9cipal ,gold & ,silv] produc+ regions ( ! ,_w1 repres5t$ at ! ,p>is ,univ]sal ,exposition4 #hvo1 clo? #b #jj ---- 99,c]amic ,art499 ,a ,report on ,pott]y1 ,porcela91 ,tiles1 ,t]ra-,cotta1 & ,brick4 #hvo1 clo? #b #jj 99,,b[1 ,r4 ,h4--,a ,treatise on ,brac+199 ,) its application to ,bridges & o!r ,/ructures ( ,wood or ,iron4 #aef illu/rations4 #hvo1 clo? #a #ej 99,,b[s]1 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,a4--,an ,elem5t>y ,treatise on ,analytic ,geometry499 ,embrac+ ,pla9 ,geometry1 & an ,introduction to ,geometry ( ?ree ,dim5sions4 #abmo1 clo? #a #ge ---- 99,an ,elem5t>y ,treatise on ! ,diff]5tial & ,integral ,calculus499 ,) num]\s examples4 #abmo1 clo? #b #be 99,,boynton1 ,maj4 ,,edw>d ,c4--,hi/ory ( ,we/ ,po9t199 ,& its ,milit>y ,importance dur+ ! ,am]ican ,revolution2 & ! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,milit>y ,academy4 ,) #cf maps & engrav+s4 ,second edition4 #hvo1 fancy clo? #c #ej 99,,br&t1 ,j4 ,d4--,gunn]y ,cate*ism499 ,z appli$ to ! s]vice ( ! ,naval ,ordnance4 ,adapt$ to ! late/ ,(ficial ,regulations1 & approv$ by ! ,bureau ( ,ordnance1 ,navy ,dep>tm5t4 ,revis$ edition4 ,illu/rat$4 #ahmo1 clo? #a #ej 99,,brew]ton1 ,g4 ,d4--,! ,automaton ,batt]y2 or1 ,artill]i/'s ,practical ,in/ructor499 ,= all ,m\nt$ ,artill]y ,manoeuvres 9 ! ,field4 ,9 box #a #jj ,:5 s5t by mail #a #cj ---- 99,! ,automaton ,regim5t2 or1 ,infantry ,soldi]'s ,practical ,in/ructor499 ,= all ,regim5tal ,movem5ts 9 ! ,field4 ,9 box #a #jj ,:5 s5t by mail #a #cc ---- 99,! ,automaton ,company2 or1 ,infantry ,soldi]'s ,practical ,in/ructor499 ,= all ,company ,movem5ts 9 ! ,field4 ,9 box #a #be ,:5 s5t by mail #a #id 99,,br9k]h(f1 ,capt4 ,r4--,! ,volunte] ,qu>t]ma/]499 #abmo1 clo? #a #jj 99,,buckn]1 ,lieut4 ,w4 ,p4--,calculat$ ,tables ( ,ranges = ,navy & ,army ,guns499 #hvo1 clo? #a #ej 99,,burgh1 ,n4 ,p4--,mod]n ,m>9e ,eng9e]+199 ,appli$ to ,paddle & ,screw ,propulsion4 ,consi/+ ( #cf color$ plates1 #bei practical wood-cut illu/rations1 & #djc pages ( descriptive matt]1 ! :ole be+ an exposition ( ! pres5t practice ( ,james ,watt ,co41 ,j4 ,g4 ,r5nie1 ,r4 ,napi] ,sons1 & o!r celebrat$ firms4 ,?ick #dto vol41 clo? #aj #jj ,half morocco #ae #jj 99,,burt1 ,w4 ,a4--,key to ! ,sol> ,compass1 & ,surveyor's ,companion499 ,compris+ all ! rules necess>y = use 9 ! field2 also description ( ! ,l9e> ,surveys & ,public ,l& ,sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,notes on ! ,b>omet]1 sugge/ions = an outfit = a survey ( f\r mon?s1 etc4 ,fif? edition4 ,pocket-book =m1 tuck #b #ej 99,,butl]1 ,capt4 ,,john ,s4--,projectiles & ,rifl$ ,cannon499 ,a ,critical ,discussion ( ! ,pr9cipal ,sy/ems ( ,rifl+ & ,projectiles1 ) practical sugge/ions = _! improvem5t1 z embrac$ 9 a report to ! ,*ief ( ,ordnance1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 #dto1 #cf plates1 clo? #f #jj 99,,ca91 ,pr(4 ,,wm4--,a ,practical ,treatise on ,v\ssoir & ,solid & ,brac$ ,ar*es499 #afmo1 clo? extra #a #ge 99,,caldwell1 ,pr(4 ,,geo4 ,c41 & ,,br5eman1 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,a4--,manual ( ,introductory ,*emical ,practice499 ,= ! use ( ,/ud5ts 9 ,colleges & ,normal & ,high ,s*ools4 ,?ird edition revis$ & correct$4 #hvo1 clo?1 illu/rat$4 ,new & enl>g$ edition #a #ej 99,,camp91 ,,francis4--,on ! ,con/ruction ( ,iron ,ro(s499 #hvo1 ) plates1 clo? #b #jj 99,,casey1 ,brig4-,g54 ,,silas--,u4 ,s4 ,infantry ,tactics499 ,vol4 ,i4--,s*ool ( ! ,soldi]2 ,s*ool ( ! ,company2 ,in/ruction = ,skirmi%]s4 ,vol4 ,,ii4--,s*ool ( ! ,battalion1 ,vol4 ,,iii4--,evolutions ( a ,brigade2 ,evolutions ( a ,corps d',arme4 ,li?ograph$ plates4 #c vols4 #bdmo1 clo? #a #ej 99,,*auv5et1 ,pr(4 ,w4--,new ,me?od ( ,correct+ ,lun> ,di/ances1 & ,improv$ ,me?od ( ,f9d+ ! ,error & ,rate ( a ,*ronomet]1 by ,equal ,altitudes499 #hvo1 clo? #b #jj 99,,*ur*1 ,,john ,a4--,notes ( a ,metallurgical ,j\rney 9 ,europe499 #hvo1 clo? #b #jj 99,,cl>k1 ,d4 ,,k9ne>1 ,c4,e4--,fuel199 ,its ,combu/ion & ,economy2 consi/+ ( ,abridgm5ts ( ,treatise on ! ,combu/ion ( ,coal & ! ,prev5tion ( ,smoke1 by ,c4 ,w4 ,williams2 & ! ,economy ( ,fuel1 by ,t4 ,s4 ,prideaux4 ,) ext5sive additions on rec5t practice 9 ! ,combu/ion & ,economy ( ,fuel3 ,coal1 ,coke1 ,wood1 ,peat1 ,petroleum1 etc4 #abmo1 clo? #a #ej ---- 99,a ,manual ( ,rules1 ,tables1 & ,data = ,me*anical ,eng9e]s499 ,bas$ on ! mo/ rec5t inve/igations4 ,illu/rat$ ) num]\s diagrams4 #a1jab pages4 #hvo1 clo? #g #ej ,half morocco #aj #jj 99,,cl>k1 ,lt4 ,,lewis1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4--,!oretical ,navigation & ,nautical ,a/ronomy499 ,illu/rat$ ) #da wood-cuts4 #hvo1 clo? #a #ej 99,,cl>ke1 ,t4 ,c4--,description ( ! ,iron ,railway ,bridge ov] ! ,mississippi ,riv] at ,qu9cy1 ,ill9ois499 ,illu/rat$ ) #ba li?ograph$ plans4 #dto1 clo? #g #ej 99,,clev5g]1 ,s4 ,r4--,a ,treatise on ! ,me?od ( ,gov]nm5t ,survey+199 ,z prescrib$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,congress & ,commission] ( ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice1 ) complete ,ma!matical1 ,a/ronomical1 & ,practical ,in/ructions = ! use ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,surveyors 9 ! field4 #afmo1 morocco #b #ej 99,,c(f91 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,h4 ,c4--,navigation & ,nautical ,a/ronomy499 ,prep>$ = ! use ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,academy4 ,six? edition4 #eb wood-cut illu/rations4 #abmo1 clo? #c #ej 99,,colburn1 ,,z]ah4--,! ,gas-,works ( ,london499 #abmo1 bo>ds #fj 99,,coll9s1 ,,jas4 ,e4--,! ,private ,book ( ,useful ,alloys & ,memor&a = ,goldsmi?s1 ,jewell]s1 etc499 #ahmo1 clo? #ej 99,,cooke1 ,brig4-,g54 ,,philip4 ,,/4 ,,george4--,new ,cavalry ,tactics499 #afmo1 morocco #b #jj ---- 99,cavalry ,practice499 ,regulations = ! movem5ts ( ! ,cavalry ( ! ,army4 #abmo4 #a #jj 99,,cornwall1 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,b4--,manual ( ,bl[-,pipe ,analysis1 ,qualitative & ,quantitative499 ,) a ,complete ,sy/em ( ,descriptive ,m9]alogy4 #hvo1 clo?1 ) _m illu/rations #b #ej 99,,craig1 ,b4 ,f4--,weights & ,measures499 ,an acc\nt ( ! ,decimal ,sy/em1 ) ,tables ( ,conv]sion = ,comm]cial & ,sci5tific ,uses4 ,squ>e #cbmo1 limp clo? #ej 99,,craig1 ,pr(4 ,,?os4--,elem5ts ( ! ,ma!matical ,!ory ( ,fluid ,motion499 #afmo1 clo? #a #be 99,,craighill1 ,,wm4 ,p4--,! ,army ,(fic]'s ,companion499 ,pr9cipally design$ = ,/aff ,(fic]s 9 ! ,field4 ,p>tly translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,m4 de ,r\vre1 ,lieut4-,col4 ( ! ,fr5* ,/aff ,corps1 ) additions f ,/&>d ,am]ican1 ,fr5*1 & ,engli% au?orities4 #ahmo1 full roan #a #ej 99,,cullum1 ,col4 ,,george ,w4--,milit>y ,bridges499 ,sy/ems ( ,milit>y ,bridges 9 use by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,army2 ^? adopt$ by ! ,great ,european ,p[]s2 & su* z are employ$ 9 ,briti% ,india4 ,) ,directions = ! ,pres]vation1 ,de/ruction1 & ,re-e/abli%m5t ( ,bridges4 ,) #g fold+ plates4 #hvo1 clo? #c #ej 99,,davis1 ,c4 ,b41 & ,,rae1 ,f4 ,b4--,h&-,book ( ,electrical ,diagrams & ,connections499 ,illu/rat$ ) #cb full-page illu/rations4 ,second edition4 ,oblong #hvo1 clo? extra #b #jj 99,,di$ri*1 ,,john4--,! ,!ory ( ,/ra9s499 ,a ,comp5dium = ! ,calculation & ,con/ruction ( ,bridges1 ,ro(s1 & ,cranes4 ,illu/rat$ by num]\s plates & diagrams4 #hvo1 clo? #e #jj 99,,dixon1 ,d4 ,b4--,! ,ma*9i/'s & ,/eam-,eng9e]'s ,practical ,calculator499 ,a ,compilation ( ,useful ,rules1 & ,problems ,ari?metically ,solv$1 toge!r ) ,g5]al ,in=mation applicable to ,%op-,tools1 ,mill-,ge>+1 ,pulleys & ,%afts1 ,/eam-,boil]s & ,eng9es4 ,embrac+ ,valuable ,tables1 & ,in/ruction 9 ,screw-cutt+1 ,valve & ,l9k ,motion1 etc4 #afmo1 full morocco1 pocket =m #b #jj 99,,dodd1 ,,geo4--,diction>y ( ,manufactures1 ,m9+1 ,ma*9]y1 & ! ,indu/rial ,arts499 #abmo1 clo? #a #ej 99,,d\glass1 ,pr(4 ,s4 ,h41 & ,,prescott1 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,b4--,qualitative ,*emical ,analysis499 ,a ,guide 9 ! ,practical ,/udy ( ,*emi/ry1 & 9 ! ,"w ( ,analysis4 ,f\r? edition4 #hvo1 clo? #c #ej 99,,duane1 ,g54 ,j4 ,c4--,manual = ,eng9e]+ ,troops499 ,consi/+ (--,"p ,i4 ,ponton ,drill2 ,,ii4 ,practical ,op]ations ( a ,siege2 ,,iii4 ,s*ool ( ! ,sap2 ,,iv4 ,milit>y ,m9+2 ,v4 ,con/ruction ( ,batt]ies4 ,) #af plates & num]\s wood-cut illu/rations4 #abmo1 half morocco #a #ej 99,,dubois1 ,a4 ,j4--,! ,new ,me?od ( ,graphical ,/atics499 ,) #fj illu/rations4 #hvo1 clo? #a #ej 99,,duf\r1 ,g54 ,g4 ,h4--,! ,pr9ciples ( ,/rategy & ,gr& ,tactics499 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5*1 by ,william ,p4 ,craighill1 ,u4 ,s4 ,eng9e]s1 f ! la/ ,fr5* edition4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo1 clo? #a #ej 99,,duryea1 ,col4 ,a4--,/&+ ,ord]s ( ! ,sev5? ,regim5t ,national ,gu>ds499 ,new edition4 #afmo1 clo? #ej 99,,eassie1 ,p4 ,b4--,wood & its ,uses499 ,a ,h&-,book = ! use ( ,contractors1 ,build]s1 ,ar*itects1 ,eng9e]s1 & ,timb] ,m]*ants4 ,upw>ds ( #bej illu/rations4 #hvo1 clo? #a #ej 99,,eddy1 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,t4--,rese>*es 9 ,graphical ,/atics499 ,embrac+ ,new ,con/ructions 9 ,graphical ,/atics1 a ,new ,g5]al ,me?od 9 ,graphical ,/atics1 & ! ,!ory ( ,int]nal ,/ress 9 ,graphical ,/atics4 #hvo1 clo? #a #ej 99,,eliot1 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,w41 & ,,/or]1 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,h4--,a ,comp5di\s ,manual ( ,qualitative ,*emical ,analysis499 ,revis$ ) ! co-op]ation ( ! au?ors4 ,by ,pr(4 ,william ,r4 ,ni*ols4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo1 clo? #a #ej 99,,elliot1 ,maj4 ,,geo4 ,h41 ,u4 ,s4 ,e--,european ,light-,h\se ,sy/ems499 ,be+ a ,report ( a ,t\r ( ,inspection made 9 #ahgc4 #ea engrav+s & #ba wood-cuts4 #hvo1 clo? #e #jj 99,,eng9e]+ ,,facts ,,& ,,figures499 ,an ,annual ,regi/] ( ,progress 9 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ & ,con/ruction = ! ye>s #ahfc-fd-fe-ff-fg-fh4 ,fully illu/rat$ #f vols4 #ahmo1 clo? 7ea* volume sold sep>ately71 p] vol3 #b #ej 99,,fann+1 ,j4 ,t4--,a ,practical ,treatise on ,wat]-,supply ,eng9e]+499 ,relat+ to ! ,hydrology1 ,hydrodynamics1 & ,practical ,con/ruction ( ,wat]-,works 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,?ird edition4 ,) num]\s tables & #ahj illu/rations4 #fej pages4 #hvo1 clo? #e #jj 99,,fiske1 ,lieut4 ,,bradley ,a41 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4--,electricity 9 ,!ory & ,practice2 or1 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,electrical ,eng9e]+499 #hvo1 clo? #b #ej 99,,fo/]1 ,g54 ,j4 ,g41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4--,subm>9e ,bla/+ 9 ,bo/on ,h>bor1 ,massa*usetts499 ,removal ( ,t[] & ,corw9 ,rocks4 ,illu/rat$ ) sev5 plates4 #dto1 clo? #c #ej 99,,foye1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,c4--,*emical ,problems499 ,) brief ,/atem5ts ( ! ,pr9ciples involv$4 ,second edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 #afmo1 bo>ds #ej 99,,francis1 ,,jas4 ,b41 ,c4 ,e4--,l[ell ,hydraulic ,exp]im5ts399 ,be+ a selection f ,exp]im5ts on ,hydraulic ,motors1 on ! ,fl[ ( ,wat] ov] ,weirs1 9 ,op5 ,canals ( ,uni=m ,rectangul> ,section1 & ?r\gh subm]g$ ,orifices & div]g+ ,tubes4 ,made at ,l[ell1 ,massa*usetts4 ,f\r? edition1 revis$ & enl>g$1 ) _m new exp]im5ts1 & illu/rat$ ) tw5ty-?ree copp]plate engrav+s4 #dto1 clo? #ae #jj 99,,free-,,h& ,,draw+499 ,a ,guide to ,ornam5tal ,figure & ,l&scape ,draw+4 ,by an ,art ,/ud5t4 #ahmo1 bo>ds #j #ej 99,,fry1 ,brig4-,g54 ,,james ,b4--,army ,sacrifices2 or1 ,briefs f ,(ficial ,pigeon-,holes499 ,sket*es bas$ on ,(ficial ,reports1 gr\p$ toge!r = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ ! ,s]vices ( ! ,regul> ,army ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ! ,indian ,fronti]4 #afmo4 #a #be ---- 99,hi/ory ( ,brevet ,rank499 ,! ,hi/ory & ,legal ,effects ( ,brevets 9 ! ,armies ( ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f ! orig9 9 #afib until ! pres5t "t4 ,cr[n #hvo1 extra clo? #c #jj 99,,gillmore1 ,g54 ,q4 ,a4--,treatise on ,limes1 ,hydraulic ,cem5ts1 & ,mort>s499 ,pap]s on ,practical ,eng9e]+1 ,u4 ,s4 ,eng9e] ,dep>tm5t1 ,no4 #i1 conta9+ ,reports ( num]\s ,exp]im5ts conduct$ 9 ,new ,york ,city dur+ ! ye>s #aheh to #ahfa1 inclusive4 ,) num]\s illu/rations4 #hvo1 clo? #d #jj ---- 99,practical ,treatise on ! ,con/ruction ( ,roads1 ,/reets1 & ,pavem5ts499 ,) #gj illu/rations4 #abmo1 clo? #b #jj ---- 99,report on ,/r5g? ( ! ,build+-,/ones 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 etc499 #hvo1 illu/rat$1 clo? #a #ej ---- 99,coignet ,beton & o!r ,artificial ,/one499 #i plates1 views1 etc4 #hvo1 clo? #b #ej ---- 99,=t ,sumt]499 ,(ficial ,report ( ,op]ations aga9/ ! ,def5ces ( ,*>le/on ,h>bor1 #ahfc4 ,compris+ ! desc5t ^u ,morris ,isl&1 ! ,demolition ( ,=t ,sumt]1 & ! siege & r$uction ( ,=ts ,wagn] & ,gregg4 ,) #gf li?ographic plates1 views1 maps1 etc4 #hvo1 clo? #g #ej ,half ,russia #ab #jj ---- 99,supplem5t>y ,report on ,=t ,sumt]499 ,supplem5t>y ,report to ! ,eng9e] & ,artill]y ,op]ations aga9/ ! ,def5ces ( ,*>le/on ,h>bor 9 #ahfc4 ,) #g li?ograph$ maps & views4 #hvo1 clo? #c #ej ---- 99,siege & ,r$uction ( ,=t ,pulaski1 ,georgia499 ,illu/rat$ by maps & views4 #hvo1 clo? #b #ej 99,,goodeve1 ,t4 ,m4--,a ,text-,book on ! ,/eam-,eng9e499 #adc illu/rations4 #abmo1 clo? #b #jj 99,,gordon1 ,j4 ,e4 ,h4--,f\r ,lectures on ,/atic ,induction499 #abmo1 clo? #hj 99,,grafton1 ,capt4 ,,h5ry ,d4--,a ,treatise on ! ,camp & ,m>*499 ,) :i* is connect$ ! ,con/ruction ( ,field-,works & ,milit>y ,bridges4 #abmo1 clo? #ge 99,,gre5]1 ,,wm41 ,r4 ,c4 ,e4--,a ,treatise on ,rifles1 ,cannon1 & ,sport+ ,arms499 #hvo1 clo? #d #jj ,full calf #f #jj 99,,grun]1 ,m4 ,l4--,! ,manufacture ( ,/eel499 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5*1 by ,l5ox ,smi?1 ) an app5dix on ! ,bessem] process 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ! translator4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 clo? #c #ej 99,,guide ,,to ,,we/ ,,po9t & ! ,u4 ,s4 ,milit>y ,academy499 ,) maps & engrav+s4 #ahmo1 flexible clo? #a #jj 99,,half-,,h\rs ,,) ,,mod]n ,,sci5ti/s4--,lectures & ,essays199 ,by ,pr(essors ,huxley1 ,b>k]1 ,/irl+1 ,cope1 ,tyndall1 ,wallace1 ,roscoe1 ,hugg9s1 ,locky]1 ,"y1 ,may]1 & ,re$4 ,be+ ! ,univ]sity ,s]ies b\nd up4 ,) a g5]al introduction by ,noah ,port]1 ,presid5t ( ,yale ,college4 #b vols4 #abmo1 clo?1 illu/rat$ #b #ej 99,,ham]sly1 ,,lewis ,b4--,! ,records ( ,liv+ ,(fic]s ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,navy & ,m>9e ,corps499 ,compil$ f ,(ficial ,s\rces4 ,?ird edition4 ,clo?1 #hvo4 #b #ej 99,,hamilton1 ,w4 ,g4--,useful ,in=mation = ,railway ,m5499 ,six? edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 #efb pages1 pocket =m4 ,morocco1 gilt #b #jj 99,,h>rison1 ,col4 ,,walt]4--,pickett's ,m5499 ,a ,fragm5t ( ,w> ,hi/ory4 ,) portrait ( ,g54 ,pickett4 #abmo1 clo? #a #be 99,,h>rison1 ,w4 ,b4--,! ,me*anic's ,tool ,book199 ,) ,practical ,rules & ,sugge/ions = ,use ( ,ma*9i/s1 ,iron-,work]s1 & o!rs4 ,illu/rat$ ) #dd engrav+s4 #abmo1 clo? #a #ej 99,,h>wood1 ,a4 ,a4--,naval ,c\rts-,m>tial499 ,law & ,practice ( ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval ,c\rts-,m>tial4 ,adopt$ z a ,text-,book at ! ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,academy4 #hvo1 law-%eep #c #jj 99,,hask9s1 ,c4 ,h4--,! ,galvanomet] & its ,uses499 ,a ,manual = ,electricians & ,/ud5ts4 ,second edition4 #abmo1 morocco #a #ej 99,,haupt1 ,brig4-,g54 ,,h]man4--,milit>y ,bridges499 ,= ! ,passage ( ,infantry1 ,artill]y1 & ,baggage-,tra9s2 ) sugge/ions ( _m new exp$i5ts & con/ructions = cross+ /reams & *asms4 ,includ+ also designs = ,tre/le & ,truss ,bridges = ,milit>y ,railroads1 adapt$ specially to ! wants ( ! ,s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,illu/rat$ by #fi li?ographic engrav+s4 #hvo1 clo? #f #ej 99,,head1 ,capt4 ,,george ,e4--,a ,new ,sy/em ( ,=tifications499 ,illu/rat$4 #dto1 pap] #ej 99,,heavy ,,artill]y ,,tactics3 #ahfc499 ,in/ructions = ,heavy ,artill]y2 prep>$ by a ,bo>d ( ,(fic]s1 = ! use ( ! ,army ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,) s]vice ( a gun m\nt$ on an iron c>riage1 & #ci plates4 #abmo1 clo? #a #jj 99,,h5rici1 ,,olaus4--,skeleton ,/ructures1 especially 9 _! application to ! ,build+ ( ,/eel & ,iron ,bridges499 ,) fold+ plates & diagrams4 #hvo1 clo? #a #ej 99,,h5ry1 ,,guy ,v4--,milit>y ,record ( ,civilian ,appo9tm5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army499 #b vols4 #hvo1 clo? #aj #jj 99,,he?1 ,capt4 ,,h5ry4--,sy/em ( ,t>get ,practice499 ,= ! ,use ( ,troops :5 arm$ ) ! ,musket1 ,rifle-,musket1 ,rifle1 or ,c>b9e4 ,prep>$ pr9cipally f ! ,fr5*4 #ahmo1 clo? #ej 99,,hewson1 ,,wm4--,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,embank+ ,l&s f ,riv] ,floods1 z appli$ to ! ,levees ( ! ,mississippi499 #hvo1 clo? #b #jj 99,,holley1 ,,alex&] ,l4--,a ,treatise on ,ordnance & ,armor499 ,embrac+ descriptions1 discussions1 & pr(essional op9ions conc]n+ ! mat]ials1 fabrication1 requirem5ts1 capabilities1 & endurance ( ,european & ,am]ican ,guns1 = ,naval1 ,sea-,coa/1 & ,iron-,clad ,w>f>e1 & _! ,rifl+1 ,projectiles1 & ,bree*-,load+2 also1 results ( exp]im5ts aga9/ armor1 f (ficial records1 ) an app5dix ref]r+ to ,gun-,cotton1 ,hoop$ ,guns1 etc41 etc4 #idh pages1 #dic engrav+s1 & #adg ,tables ( ,results1 etc4 #hvo1 half roan #g #ej ,half ,russia #aj #jj ---- 99,railway ,practice499 ,am]ican & ,european ,railway ,practice 9 ! economical ,g5]ation ( ,/eam1 includ+ ! ,mat]ials & ,con/ruction ( ,coal-burn+ ,boil]s1 ,combu/ion1 ! ,v>iable ,bla/1 ,vaporization1 ,circulation1 ,sup]heat+1 ,supply+ & ,heat+ ,fe$-wat]1 etc41 & ! ,adaptation ( ,wood & ,coke-burn+ ,eng9es to ,coal-burn+2 & 9 ,p]man5t ,way1 includ+ ,road-b$1 ,sleep]s1 ,rails1 ,jo9t-fa/5+s1 ,/reet ,railways1 etc41 etc4 ,) #gg li?ograph$ plates4 ,folio1 clo? #ab #jj 99,,hot*kiss1 ,,j$41 & ,,allan1 ,,william4--,! ,battle-,fields ( ,virg9ia499 ,*ancellorsville1 embrac+ ! ,op]ations ( ! ,army ( ,nor!rn ,virg9ia1 f ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ,fr$]icksburg to ! ,dea? ( ,lt4-,g54 ,t4 ,j4 ,jackson4 ,illu/rat$ ) five maps & portrait ( ,/onewall ,jackson4 #hvo1 clo? #c #ej 99,,h[>d1 ,c4 ,r4--,e>?work ,m5suration on ! ,basis ( ! ,prismoidal ,=mul499 ,conta9+ simple & labor-sav+ me?od ( obta9+ ,prismoidal ,cont5ts directly f ,end ,areas4 ,illu/rat$ by ,examples1 & accompani$ by ,pla9 ,rules = ,practical ,uses4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 clo? #a #ej 99,,hunt]1 ,capt4 ,r4 ,f4--,manual = ,qu>t]ma/]s & ,commiss>ies499 ,conta9+ ,in/ructions 9 ! ,prep>ation ( ,v\*]s1 ,ab/racts1 ,returns1 etc4 #abmo1 clo? #a #jj ,flexible morocco #a #ej 99,,induction-,,coils4--,h[ ,made & ,h[ ,us$499 #fc illu/rations4 #afmo1 bo>ds #ej 99,,in/ructions ,,= ,,field ,,artill]y499 ,prep>$ by a ,bo>d ( ,artill]y ,(fic]s4 ,to :i* is add$ ! ,evolutions ( ,batt]ies4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,brig4-,g54 ,r4 ,&]son1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 #abb plates4 #abmo1 clo? #a #jj 99,,i%]wood1 ,b4 ,f4--,eng9e]+ ,prec$5ts = ,/eam ,ma*9]y499 ,arrang$ 9 ! mo/ practical & useful mann] = ,eng9e]s4 ,) illu/rations4 ,two volumes 9 "o4 #hvo1 clo? #b #ej 99,,ives1 ,lieut4 ,r4 ,a4--,milit>y ,law499 ,a ,treatise on ,milit>y ,law1 & ! ,jurisdiction1 ,con/itution1 & ,proc$ure ( ,milit>y ,c\rts4 ,) a ,summ>y ( ! ,rules ( ,evid5ce z applicable to su* ,c\rts4 #djj pages4 #hvo1 law-%eep #d #jj 99,,jannettaz1 ,,edw>d--,a ,guide to ! ,det]m9ation ( ,rocks399 ,be+ an ,introduction to ,li?ology4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,g4 ,w4 ,plympton1 ,pr(essor ( ,physical ,sci5ce at ,brooklyn ,polyte*nic ,in/itute4 #abmo1 clo? #a #ej 99,,jeff]s1 ,capt4 ,w4 ,n41 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4--,nautical ,survey+499 ,illu/rat$ ) #i copp]plates & #ca wood-cut illu/rations4 #hvo1 clo? #e #jj 99,,jom9i1 ,g54 ,,b>on ,,de4--,campaign ( ,wat]loo499 ,! ,political & ,milit>y ,hi/ory ( ! ,campaign ( ,wat]loo4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,g54 ,s4 ,v4 ,b5t4 ,?ird edition4 #abmo1 clo? #a #be ---- 99,treatise on ,gr& ,milit>y ,op]ations499 ,illu/rat$ by a ,critical & ,milit>y ,hi/ory ( ! ,w>s ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,) a ,summ>y ( ! ,mo/ ,important ,pr9ciples ( ! ,art ( ,w>4 ,illu/rat$ by maps & plans4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,col4 ,s4 ,b4 ,holabird1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 #b vols4 #hvo & ,atlas4 ,clo? #ae #jj ,half calf or morocco #ba #jj ,half ,russia #bb #ej 99,,jones1 ,h4 ,,*apman4--,text-,book ( ,exp]im5tal ,organic ,*emi/ry = ,/ud5ts499 #ahmo1 clo? #a #jj 99,,joynson1 ,f4 ,h4--,! ,metals us$ 9 ,con/ruction3 ,iron1 ,/eel1 ,bessem] ,metal1 etc41 etc499 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo1 clo? #ge ---- 99,design+ & ,con/ruction ( ,ma*9e ,ge>+499 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 clo? #b #jj 99,,kansas ,,city ,,bridge1 ,,!499 ,) an acc\nt ( ! ,regim5 ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 & a description ( ! me?ods us$ = ,f\nd+ 9 t ,riv]4 ,by ,o4 ,*anute1 ,*ief-,eng9e]1 & ,george ,morrison1 ,assi/ant-,eng9e]4 ,illu/rat$ ) five li?ographic views & twelve plates ( plans4 #dto1 clo? #f #jj 99,,kelton1 ,g54 ,j4 ,c4--,new ,bayonet ,ex]cise499 ,a ,new ,manual ( ! ,bayonet1 = ! ,army & ,militia ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,) #dj beautifully engrav$ plates4 ,fif? edition4 ,revis$4 #abmo1 clo? #b #jj 99,,k+1 ,w4 ,h4--,lessons & ,practical ,notes on ,/eam199 ,! ,/eam-,eng9e1 ,propell]s1 etc41 etc41 = "y ,m>9e ,eng9e]s1 ,/ud5ts1 & o!rs4 ,revis$ by ,*ief-,eng9e] ,j4 ,w4 ,k+1 ,u4 ,s4 ,navy4 ,n9ete5? edition1 enl>g$4 #hvo1 clo? #b #jj 99,,kirkwood1 ,,jas4 ,p4--,report on ! ,filtration ( ,riv] ,wat]s = ! supply ( ,cities199 ,z practis$ 9 ,europe1 made to ! ,bo>d ( ,wat] ,commission]s ( ! ,city ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,illu/rat$ by #cj d\ble-plate engrav+s4 #dto1 clo? #ae #jj 99,,l>rabee1 ,c4 ,s4--,ciph] & ,secret ,lett] & ,telegraphic ,code1 ) ,hogg's ,improvem5ts499 ,! mo/ p]fect secret code ev] inv5t$ or discov]$4 ,impossible to read )\t ! key4 #ahmo1 clo? #a #jj 99,,lazelle1 ,capt4 ,h4 ,m41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4--,"o ,law 9 ,nature499 ,a ,new ,corpuscul> ,!ory1 compreh5d+ ,unity ( ,=ce1 ,id5tity ( ,matt] & its ,multiple ,atom ,con/itution2 appli$ to ! ,physical ,affections1 or ,modes ( ,en]gy4 #abmo4 #a #ej 99,,lecomte1 ,,f]d9&4--,! ,w> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates499 ,a ,report to ! ,swiss ,milit>y ,dep>tm5t4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by a ,/aff ,(fic]4 #abmo1 clo? #ge 99,,le ,,gal1 ,col4 ,,eug5e4--,s*ool ( ! ,guides499 ,design$ = ! use ( ! ,militia ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #afmo1 clo? #fj 99,,l5dy1 ,capt4--,maxims & ,in/ructions on ! ,art ( ,w>499 ,a ,practical ,milit>y ,guide = ! use ( ,soldi]s ( all ,arms & ( all ,c\ntries4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5*4 #ahmo1 clo? #ge 99,,levy1 ,com4 ,u4 ,p4--,manual ( ,int]nal ,rules & ,regulations = ,m5-(-,w>499 ,?ird edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 #ahmo1 flexible clo? #cj 99,,lieb]1 ,,francis1 ,,ll4,d4--,in/ructions = ,armies499 ,in/ructions = ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,armies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ,field4 #abmo1 pap] #be 99,,lippitt4--,special ,op]ations ( ,w>499 #abmo1 clo? #a #jj ---- 99,field ,s]vice 9 ,w>499 #abmo1 clo? #a #jj ---- 99,tactical ,use ( ! ,?ree ,arms499 #abmo1 clo? #a #jj ---- 99,intr5*m5ts499 #abmo1 clo? #a #be 99,,lock1 ,c4 ,g41 ,,wign]1 ,g4 ,w41 & ,,h>l&1 ,r4 ,h4--,sug> ,gr[+ & ,ref9+499 ,treatise on ! ,culture ( ,sug>-,yield+ ,plants1 & ! ,manufacture & ,ref9+ ( ,cane1 ,beet1 & o!r sug>s4 #hvo1 clo?1 illu/rat$ #ab #jj 99,,lockwood1 ,,?os4 ,d4--,electricity1 ,magnetism1 & ,electro-,telegraphy499 ,a ,practical ,guide = ,/ud5ts1 ,op]ators1 & ,inspectors4 #hvo1 clo? 99,,lor+1 ,a4 ,e4--,a ,h&-,book on ! ,electro-,magnetic ,telegraph499 ,pap] bo>ds #j #ej clo? #ge ,morocco #a #jj 99,,luce1 ,capt4 ,s4 ,b4--,seaman%ip499 ,= ! use ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval ,academy4 ,f\r? edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 revis$ & improv$1 illu/rat$ by #hi full-page copp]plate engrav+s1 half roan #g #ej -- ,text-,book at ! ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,academy1 ,annapolis4 ---- 99,naval ,light ,artill]y499 ,by ,lieut4 ,w4 ,h4 ,p>k]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,?ird edition1 revis$ by ,capt4 ,s4 ,b4 ,luce1 ,assi/ant ,in/ructor ( ,gunn]y & ,tactics at ! ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,academy4 #bb plates4 #hvo1 clo? #c #jj 99,mac,c,o,r,d1 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,w4--,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,slide-,valve by ,ecc5trics199 ,exam9+ by me?ods ! action ( ! ,ecc5tric ^u ! ,slide-,valve1 & expla9+ ! practical processes ( lay+ out ! movem5ts1 adapt+ ! valve = its v>i\s duties 9 ! /eam-eng9e4 ,second edition4 ,illu/rat$4 #dto1 clo? #b #ej 99,mc,c,l,e,l,l,a,n1 ,g54 ,,geo4 ,b4--,report ( ! ,army ( ! ,potomac199 ,( its op]ations :ile "u 8 comm&4 ,) maps & plans4 #hvo1 clo? #a #jj ,pap] #ej 99,mc,c,u,l,l,o,c,h1 ,pr(4 ,r4 ,s4--,elem5t>y ,treatise on ! ,me*anical ,!ory ( ,heat1 & its application to ,air & ,/eam ,eng9es499 #hvo1 clo? #c #ej 99,,manual ,,( ,,boat ,,ex]cise499 ,at ! ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,academy1 design$ = ! practical in/ruction ( ! ,s5ior ,class 9 ,naval ,tactics4 #ahmo1 flexible clo? #ej 99,,m5dell1 ,g4 ,h4--,milit>y ,survey+499 ,a ,treatise on ,milit>y ,survey+1 ,!oretical & ,practical1 includ+ a description ( ,survey+ ,in/rum5ts4 ,) #gj wood-cut illu/rations4 #abmo1 clo? #a #ej 99,,m]rill1 ,col4 ,,wm4 ,e41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4--,iron ,truss ,bridges = ,railroads499 ,! me?od ( calculat+ /ra9s 9 ,trusses1 ) a c>eful comp>ison ( ! mo/ prom95t ,trusses1 9 ref]5ce to economy 9 comb9ation1 etc41 etc4 ,illu/rat$4 #dto1 clo? #e #jj 99,,mi*aelis1 ,capt4 ,o4 ,e4--,! ,le ,b\l5ge ,*ronograph499 ,) ?ree li?ograph$ fold+ plates ( illu/rations4 #dto1 illu/rat$1 clo? #c #jj 99,,mi*ie1 ,pr(4 ,p4 ,s4--,elem5ts ( ,wave ,motion relat+ to ,s\nd & ,light499 ,text-,book = ! ,u4 ,s4 ,milit>y ,academy4 #hvo1 clo?1 illu/rat$ #e #jj 99,,m9ifie1 ,,wm--,me*anical ,draw+499 ,a ,text-,book ( ,geometrical ,draw+ = ! use ( ,me*anics & ,s*ools1 9 :i* ! ,def9itions & ,rules ( ,geometry are famili>ly expla9$2 ! ,practical ,problems are arrang$1 f ! mo/ simple to ! m complex1 & 9 _! description te*nicalities are avoid$ z mu* z possible4 ,) illu/rations = ,draw+ ,plans1 ,sections1 & ,elevations ( ,railways & ,ma*9]y2 an ,introduction to ,isometrical ,draw+1 & an ,essay on ,l9e> ,p]spective & ,%ad[s4 ,illu/rat$ ) ov] #bjj diagrams engrav$ on /eel4 ,n9? edition4 ,) an ,app5dix on ! ,!ory & ,application ( ,colors4 #hvo1 clo? #d #jj ,x is ! be/ "w on draw+ t we h ev] se51 & is especially a text-book ( ,geometrical ,draw+ = ! use ( ,me*anics & ,s*ools4 ,no "y ,me*anic1 su* z a ,ma*9i/1 ,eng9e]1 ,cab9et-mak]1 ,millwright1 or ,c>p5t]1 %\ld be )\t x4--,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ---- 99,geometrical ,draw+499 ,abridg$ f ! octavo edition1 = ! use ( s*ools4 ,illu/rat$ ) #dh /eel plates4 ,fif? edition4 #abmo1 clo? #b #jj 99,,mod]n ,,meteorology499 ,a ,s]ies ( ,six ,lectures1 deliv]$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,meteorological ,society 9 #ahgh4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo1 clo? #a #ej 99,,monroe1 ,col4 ,j4--,light ,infantry ,company & ,skirmi% ,drill499 ,bayonet ,f5c+2 ) a ,supplem5t on ! ,h&l+ & ,s]vice ( ,light ,infantry4 #cbmo1 clo? #ge 99,,moore1 ,,frank--,! ,rebellion ,record499 ,conta9+ a full & concise ,di>y ( ,ev5ts f ,decemb]1 #ahfj1 to ! close ( ! ,w> ( ! ,rebellion1 ) ,(ficial ,reports ( ,/ate ,(fic]s & ,n>ratives ( all ! ,battles & ,skirmi%es t occurr$4 ,complete 9 twelve volumes royal #hvo4 ,illu/rat$ ) #aeh /eel engrav$ ,portraits ( di/+ui%$ ,g5]als & ,prom95t ,m51 toge!r ) num]\s ,maps & ,plans ( ,battles4 ,price 9 clo? #fj #jj ,libr>y %eep #gb #jj ,half calf1 antique #gh #jj ,half morocco #gh #jj ,half ,russia #hd #jj ---- 99,portrait ,gall]y ( ! ,w>1 ,civil1 ,milit>y1 & ,naval499 ,a ,biographical ,record4 ,illu/rat$ ) #fj f9e portraits on /eel4 #a vol4 #hvo1 clo? #f #jj ,half calf #g #ej 99,,morris1 ,e4--,easy ,rules = ! ,measurem5t ( ,e>?works1 by ,means ( ! ,prismoidal ,=mula499 #gh illu/rations4 #hvo1 clo? #a #ej 99,,morris1 ,g54 ,,wm4 ,h4--,field ,tactics = ,infantry499 ,illu/rat$4 #ahmo1 clo? #ge ---- 99,infantry ,tactics499 #b vols4 #bdmo4 #b #jj #b vols4 9 "o1 clo? #a #ej ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,! foll[+ corrections :i* did n conc]n obvi\s pr9t]'s errors h be5 made to ! text4 -,9 ! ,table ( ,cont5t1 ! =matt+ ( ! entry = ,dialysis 0 *ang$ 9 ord] to indicate t ?is "p is a section ( ! *apt] ,me?ods ( ,de/ruction ( ! ,organic ,sub/ances -treat$ ) mlanocome 03 treat$ ) melaniocome -,! s5t5ce ,m4 ,sall]on (f]s = sale a small app>atus 7,fig4 #bj7 wrongly ref]r$ to ,fig4 #af4 -,if ! cry/als orig9ate f fre% blood1 !y appe> z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ba2 cry/als f old blood are repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bb4 wrongly ref]r$ to ,fig4 #ag & #ah2 ! same 0 ! case 9 ,! fluid is exam9$ f "t to "t "u ! microscope3 :5 x is suffici5tly conc5trat$1 cry/als1 pres5t+ ! appe>ance repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #ba or #bb1 w be obs]v$4 -an oxidiz+ body 03 an oxydiz+ body -cond5s] 03 cond5sor -areomet] 7alcoholmet]7 03 areomet] 7alcoolmet]7