,,legal ,,chemistry4 ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,the ,,detection ,,of ,,poisons1 ,,examination ,,of ,,tea1 ,,stains1 ,,etc41 ,,as ,,applied ,,to ,,chemical ,,jurisprudence4 ,,translated ,,with ,,additions ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,a4 ,,naquet1 ,professor to the ,faculty of ,medicine of ,paris4 ,,by ,j4 ,p4 ,,battershall1 ,nat4 ,sc4 ,d41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,,revised1 ,,with ,,additions4 ,,new ,,york3 ,d4 ,,van ,,nostrand1 ,,publisher1 #bc ,,murray ,,street ,,and #bg ,,warren ,,street4 #ahhd4 ,,copyright4 ,d4 ,,van ,,nostrand4 #ahgf4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,text originally marked up as bold is surrounded by 991 text in italics by 4 ,obvious printer errors have been corrected4 ,a list of all other changes can be found at the end of the document4 ,in the ,appendix of the book1 only the most obvious errors of punctuation were remedied4 ,,preface4 ,the importance of exact chemical analysis in a great variety of cases which come before the courts is now fully recognized1 and the translation of this excellent little book on ,legal ,chemistry1 by one of the most distinguished ,french ,chemists1 will be appreciated by a large class of ,american readers who are not able to consult the original4 ,while it is to be regretted that the author has not presented a much more complete work1 there is an advantage in the compact form of this treatise which compensates1 in some degree1 for its brevity4 ,the translator has greatly increased the value of the book by a few additions and his copious index1 and especially by the lists of works and memoirs which he has appended2 and while he could have further increased its value by additions from other authors1 we recognize the weight of the considerations which induced him to present it in the form given to it by the author4 ,some chapters will have very little value in this country at this day1 but the translator could not1 with propriety1 omit anything contained in the original4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,chandler4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,second ,,edition4 ,the principal change to note in this edition of the ,,legal ,,chemistry is the addition of a chapter on ,tea and its ,adulteration4 ,the general interest at present evinced concerning this species of sophistication appeared to call for a simple and concise method of examination which would include the requisite tests without entering upon an exhaustive treatment of the subject4 ,the translator's practical experience in the testing of tea at the ,united ,states ,laboratory of this city has enabled him to make a few suggestions in this regard which1 he trusts1 may be of use to those interested in food-analysis4 ,numerous additions have also been made to the bibliographical appendix4 ,j4 ,p4 ,b4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,,introduction #e ,,methods ,,of ,,destruction ,,of ,,the ,,organic ,,substances ,by means of ,nitric ,acid #h ,sulphuric ,acid #i ,nitrate of ,potassa #aj ,potassa and ,nitrate of ,lime #ab ,potassa and ,nitric ,acid #ab ,chlorate of ,potassa #ac ,chlorine #ac ,aqua ,regia #ad ,dialysis #ae ,,detection ,,of ,,poisons1 ,,the ,,presence ,,of ,,which ,,is ,,suspected4 ,detection of ,arsenic #ag ,method used prior to ,marsh's test #ag ,marsh's test #ba ,raspail's test #bi ,reinsch's test #cj ,detection of ,antimony #cj ,flandin and ,danger's apparatus #cb ,naquet's apparatus #cd ,detection of ,mercury #cf ,smithson's pile #cf ,flandin and ,danger's apparatus #cg ,detection of ,phosphorus #ci ,orfila's method #ci ,mistcherlich's method #dj ,dusart's method1 as modified by ,blondlot #dj ,fresenius and ,neubauer's method #db ,detection of ,phosphorus by means of bisulphide of carbon #dc ,detection of ,phosphorous ,acid #de ,estimation of ,phosphorus #de ,detection of ,acids #df ,hydrochloric ,acid #df ,nitric #dg ,sulphuric ,acid #dg ,phosphoric #dh ,oxalic #di ,acetic #di ,hydrocyanic #ej ,detection of alkalies and alkaline earths #eb ,detection of chlorine1 bromine and iodine #ed ,chlorine and ,bleaching ,chlorides #ed ,bromine #ee ,iodine #ef ,detection of ,metals #ef ,detection of alkaloids and some ill-defined organic substances #fe ,stas's method #fe as modified by ,otto #fi ,uslar and ,erdman #gj ,rodgers and ,girdwood's method #ga ,prollius's method #gb ,graham and ,hofman's method #gc ,application of ,dialysis in the detection of ,alkaloids #gd ,identification of the ,alkaloid #gd ,identification of ,digitaline1 ,picrotoxine and ,colchicine #hj ,,method ,,to ,,be ,,employed ,,when ,,no ,,clew ,,to ,,the ,,nature ,,of ,,the ,,poison ,,present ,,can ,,be ,,obtained #he ,indicative tests #hf ,determinative tests #id ,,miscellaneous ,,examinations #if ,determination of the nature and color of the hair and beard #if ,determination of the color of the hair and beard #if ,determination of the nature of the hair #ii ,examination of ,fire-arms #ajj ,the gun is provided with a flint-lock and was charged with ordinary powder #ajj ,the gun is not provided with a flint-lock #ajc ,detection of human remains in the ashes of a fire-place #ajd ,examination of writings #aje ,examination of writings1 in cases where a sympathetic ink has been used #aaj ,falsification of coins and alloys #aab ,examination of alimentary and pharmaceutical substances #aad ,flour and ,bread #aad ,fixed ,oils #abh a ,olive ,oil intended for table use #abh b ,olive ,oil intended for manufacturing purposes #acj c ,hempseed ,oil #acj ,tea #acj ,milk #acg ,wine #adb ,vinegar #adg ,sulphate of ,quinine #adh ,examination of blood stains #aej ,examination of spermatic stains #aeh ,,appendix #afc ,books of ,toxicology1 etc4 #afc ,memoirs on ,toxicology1 etc4 #afh ,,index #ahg ,,legal ,,chemistry4 ,the term ,legal ,chemistry is applied to that branch of the science which has for its office the solution of problems proposed in the interest of ,justice4 ,these most frequently relate to cases of poisoning4 ,when the subject of the symptoms or anatomical lesions produced by the reception of a poison is under consideration1 the services of a medical expert are resorted to2 but when the presence or absence of a poison in the organs of a body1 in the egesta of an invalid or elsewhere is to be demonstrated1 recourse is had to the legal chemist4 ,investigations of this character require great practice in manipulation1 and1 however well the methods of analysis may be described in the works on the subject1 there would be great danger of committing errors were the examination executed by an inexperienced person4 ,the detection of poisons1 although perhaps the most important1 is not the only subject that may come within the province of the legal chemist2 indeed1 it would be somewhat difficult to define1 a priori1 the multitude of questions that might arise4 ,in addition to cases of supposed poisoning1 the following researches are most often required3 #a4 ,the examination of fire-arms4 #b4 ,the analysis of ashes1 in cases where the destruction of a human body is suspected4 #c4 ,the detection of alteration of writings1 and of falsification of coins and precious alloys4 #d4 ,the analysis of alimentary substances4 #e4 ,the examination of stains produced by blood and by the spermatic fluid4 ,each of these researches justly demands a more extended consideration than the limits of this work would permit4 ,the several subjects will be treated as briefly as possible1 and at the same time1 so as to convey an exact idea of the methods employed1 leaving to the expert the selection of the particular one adapted to the case under investigation4 ,we will first mention the methods used in the search for toxical substances4 ,the poisons employed for criminal purposes are sometimes met with in a free state1 either in the stomach or intestines of the deceased person1 or in the bottles discovered in the room of the criminal or the victim4 ,under these circumstances1 it is only necessary to establish their identity by means of their chemical properties1 as directed in the general treatises on chemistry1 or by their botanical1 or zoological character1 in case a vegetable or animal poison1 such as cantharides1 has been administered4 ,examinations of this class are extremely simple1 the analysis of the substances found1 confined to a few characteristic reactions1 being a matter of no great difficulty4 ,we will not here dwell longer upon this subject1 inasmuch as the analytical methods used are identical with those employed in more complicated cases1 with the sole difference that1 instead of performing minute and laborious operations in order to extract the poisons from the organs in which they are contained1 with a view of their subsequent identification1 we proceed at once to establish their identity4 ,the directions given in regard to complicated investigations apply1 therefore1 equally well to cases of a more simple nature4 ,the detection of a poison mixed with the organic substances encountered in the stomach1 or absorbed by1 and intimately united with the tissues of the various organs is more difficult4 ,if1 however1 other information than chemical can be obtained1 indicating the poison supposed to be present1 and the presence or absence of this one poison is the only thing to be determined1 positive methods exist which admit of a speedy solution of the question4 ,when1 on the other hand1 the chemical expert has not the advantage of extraneous information1 but is simply asked1--whether the case be one of poisoning8--nothing being specified as to the nature of the poison used1 the difficulty of his task is greatly increased4 ,up to the present time1 the works on ,toxicology have1 it is true1 given excellent special tests for the detection of particular poisons2 but none have contained a reliable general method1 which the chemical expert could use with the certainty of omitting nothing4 ,impressed with this need1 we proposed1 in #ahei1 in an inaugural dissertation then presented to the ,faculty of ,medicine1 a general method1 which1 after some slight modifications1 is now reproduced4 ,the special methods which allow of the detection of various individual poisons will1 however1 first be indicated4 ,in cases where the poison is mixed with organic matter1 the latter must be removed as the first step in the investigation1 as otherwise the reactions characteristic of the poison searched for would be obscured4 ,when the poison itself is an organic substance1 this separation is effected by processes modified according to the circumstances4 ,if the detection or isolation of a metallic poison is to be accomplished1 the most simple method consists in the destruction of the organic substances4 ,the various methods for effecting this decomposition will now be described4 ,i4 ,,methods ,,of ,,destruction ,,of ,,the ,,organic ,,substances4 ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,nitric ,,acid4 ,in order to destroy the organic matters by this process1 a quantity of nitric acid equal to one and a half times the weight of the substances taken is heated in a porcelain evaporating dish1 the amount of acid being increased to four or six times that of the organic substances if these comprise the brains or liver4 ,as soon as the acid becomes warm1 the suspected organs1 which have previously been cut into pieces1 are added in successive portions3 the organs become rapidly disintegrated1 brownish-red vapors being evolved4 ,when all is brought into solution1 the evaporation is completed and the carbonaceous residue obtained separated from the dish and treated either with water1 or with water acidulated with nitric acid1 according to the nature of the poison supposed to be present4 ,several objections to this method exist1 the most serious of which is based upon the fact that the carbonaceous residue1 containing1 as it may1 nitric acid1 readily takes fire and may therefore be consumed1 or projected from the vessel4 ,this objection is a grave one1 and is not always entirely removed by the continual stirring of the materials4 ,according to ,m4 ,filhol1 the addition of #aj to #ae drops of sulphuric acid to the nitric acid taken obviates the difficulty2 not having personally tested the question we cannot pronounce upon it4 ,if it be the case1 this process is an advantageous one1 as it is not limited in its application1 but can be used in the separation of all mineral poisons4 ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,sulphuric ,,acid4 ,the organic matter to be decomposed is heated with about one-fifth of its weight of concentrated sulphuric acid1 the complete solution of the materials being thus accomplished4 ,the excess of acid is next removed by heating until a spongy carbonaceous mass remains4 ,the further treatment of this residue depends upon the nature of the poison supposed to be present4 ,if the sulphate of the suspected poison is a soluble and stable compound1 the residue is directly treated with water2 if1 on the contrary1 there is reason to think that the sulphate has suffered decomposition1 the mass is taken up with dilute nitric acid2 if1 finally1 the presence of arsenic is suspected1 the residue is moistened with nitric acid1 in order to convert this body into arsenic acid4 ,the acid is afterwards removed by evaporation1 the well pulverized residue boiled with distilled water1 and the solution then filtered4 ,this method1 when applied in the detection of arsenic1 is objectionable in that the carbonaceous residue1 in contact with sulphuric acid1 almost invariably contains sulphurous acid1 detected by means of permanganate of potassa4 ,this acid1 being reduced in the presence of hydrogen1 would cause the formation of insoluble sulphide of arsenic1 and in this way prevent the detection of small amounts of arsenic by the use of ,marsh's apparatus4 ,m4 ,gaultier de ,claubry1 indeed1 states that he has not been able to detect the presence of sulphurous acid in the carbonaceous residue2 but one affirmative result would1 in this case1 outweigh twenty negative experiments4 ,a further objection to this process consists in the fact that the materials to be destroyed almost always contain chlorides1 which1 in presence of sulphuric acid and an arsenical compound1 might determine the formation of chloride of arsenic1 a volatile body1 and therefore one easily lost4 ,this difficulty is doubtless of a less serious nature than the preceding1 as the operation can be performed in a closed vessel provided with a receiver which admits of the condensation of the evolved vapors2 but even then the process would be prolonged4 ,the above method is still again objectionable on account of its too limited application1 it being serviceable almost exclusively in cases where the poisoning has been caused by arsenic1 for1 if applied in other instances1 a subsequent treatment would be necessary in order to redissolve the metal separated from its decomposed sulphate4 ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,nitrate ,,of ,,potassa4 ,this method was formerly executed as follows3 ,nitrate of potassa was fused in a crucible1 and the substances to be destroyed added in small portions to the fused mass4 ,the organic matter soon acquired a pure white color2 owing1 however1 to the imperfect admixture of the organic matter with the salt used for its decomposition1 it was necessary to take a large excess of the latter4 ,the following process1 suggested by ,m4 ,orfila1 remedies this inconvenience3 ,the organs are placed in an evaporating dish1 together with one tenth of their weight of caustic potassa1 and a quantity of water varying with the weight of the substances taken4 ,an amount of nitrate of potassa equal to twice the weight of the organic matter is next added1 and the mixture evaporated to dryness4 ,the residue is then thrown by fragments into a ,hessian crucible heated to redness1 the portions first taken being allowed to become perfectly white before more is added4 ,whichever process has been employed1 the fused mass is decanted into a porcelain crucible1 which has previously been heated in order to avoid danger of breakage4 ,the portion remaining in the vessel is taken up by boiling with a small quantity of distilled water1 and the solution so obtained likewise added to the crucible4 ,the mass is then heated with sulphuric acid until all nitrous fumes are expelled1 as these could give rise to an explosion1 when1 in the search for arsenic1 the substance is introduced into ,marsh's apparatus4 ,as soon as the nitric acid is completely expelled1 the liquid is allowed to cool2 the greater portion of the sulphate of potassa formed now separating out in crystals4 ,the fluid is next filtered and the crystalline salt remaining on the filter1 washed1 at first with a little distilled water1 then with absolute alcohol1 which is subsequently removed from the filtrate by boiling4 ,this method is scarcely applicable otherwise than in the detection of arsenic1 as in other instances the presence of a large amount of sulphate of potassa would be liable to affect the nicety of the reactions afterwards used4 ,its application1 even in the search for arsenic1 is not to be strongly recommended2 on the contrary1 the separation of the potassa salt by filtration is indispensable1 as otherwise a double salt of zinc and potassium1 which might be formed1 being deposited upon the zinc used in ,marsh's apparatus1 would prevent the disengagement of hydrogen1 and every chemist is too well aware of the difficulty of thoroughly washing a precipitate1 not to fear the possible loss of arsenic by this operation4 ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,potassa ,,and ,,nitrate ,,of ,,lime4 ,in this method the organic materials are heated with water and #aj to #ae per cent4 of caustic potassa4 ,as soon as disintegration is completed1 nitrate of lime is added1 and the mixture evaporated to dryness4 ,a glowing coal is then placed upon the carbonaceous residue obtained3 the mass1 undergoing combustion1 leaves a perfectly white residue4 ,this residue dissolves in hydrochloric acid to a clear fluid which is then examined for poisons4 ,the above process possesses the undeniable advantage of completely destroying the organic substances1 at the same time avoiding the introduction of sulphate of potassa1 the presence of which impairs the usefulness of the preceding method2 but it necessitates the presence of numerous foreign bodies in the substance to be analysed1 and this should be avoided4 ,the absolute purity of reagents is not always to be attained1 and the results of an analysis are the more certain1 in proportion as they are less numerous and more easily purified4 ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,potassa ,,and ,,nitric ,,acid4 ,it has been proposed1 instead of using nitrate of lime1 to dissolve the organic matter in potassa and then saturate the fluid with nitric acid4 ,this method is evidently more complicated than the simple treatment with nitrate of potassa1 and possesses1 moreover1 no advantages over the latter process4 ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,chlorate ,,of ,,potassa4 ,the organic materials are treated with an equal weight of pure hydrochloric acid1 and water added1 so as to form a clear pulp4 ,this being accomplished1 two grammes of chlorate of potassa are added to the mixture at intervals of about five minutes4 ,the fluid is next filtered1 and the insoluble residue remaining on the filter washed until the wash-water ceases to exhibit an acid reaction4 ,the filtrate is then evaporated1 an aqueous solution of sulphurous acid added1 until the odor of this reagent remains distinctly perceptible1 and the excess of the acid removed by boiling the solution for about an hour4 ,the fluid is now adapted to further examination for arsenic1 or other metallic poisons4 ,this method is one of the best in use1 both chlorate of potassa and hydrochloric acid being reagents easily procured in a state of great purity2 their use1 however1 is liable to the objection that they convert silver and lead into insoluble chlorides4 ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,chlorine4 ,m4 ,jacquelain suggests1 in the search for arsenic1 the decomposition of the organic matters by means of a current of chlorine1 and recommends the following process3 ,the organic substances are bruised in a mortar and then macerated with water4 ,the fluid so obtained1 in which the organic matter is held suspended1 is next placed in a flask into which a current of chlorine is passed until all the organic matter is deposited in colorless flakes on the bottom of the vessel4 ,the flask is then well closed and allowed to stand for #bd hours1 when the odor of the gas should still be perceptible4 ,the fluid is now filtered1 the filtrate concentrated by heating in a vessel which permits of the preservation of the volatile chloride of arsenic possibly present1 and then examined for poisons4 ,this process fails to possess the degree of generality desirable1 and presents the disadvantage of requiring considerable time for its execution4 ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,aqua ,,regia4 ,this method is exceedingly simple3 ,aqua regia 7a mixture of two parts of hydrochloric and one part of nitric acids7 is placed in a tubular retort provided with a receiver1 and the organic materials1 which have previously been cut into small pieces1 added2 the reaction commences immediately2 if it is not sufficiently active1 it is accelerated by a gentle heat3 lively effervescence now occurs1 and the destruction of all non-oleaginous substances is soon accomplished4 ,the latter substances alone are not immediately decomposed by aqua regia1 which attacks them only after prolonged action4 ,as soon as the operation is concluded1 the apparatus is removed from the fire and taken apart4 ,the fluid condensed in the receiver is added to that remaining in the retort1 and the whole thoroughly cooled in an open dish4 ,the fatty matters now form a solid crust upon the surface of the fluid1 which is removed and washed with distilled water1 and1 the washings being added to the rest of the solution1 the latter is directly examined for metallic poisons4 ,it is recommended by ,gaultier de ,claubry1 in cases where the detection of arsenic is desired1 to saturate and afterwards boil the suspected fluid with sulphuric acid1 in order to remove the nitric and hydrochloric acids present4 ,,dialysis4 ,the application of the dialytic method was first proposed by ,graham4 ,by its use we are enabled to distinguish between two large classes of bodies1 viz41 colloids and crystalloids4 ,albumen1 gelatine1 and analogous substances are typical of colloid bodies2 crystalloid substances1 on the other hand1 are those that are capable of crystallization1 either directly or in their compounds1 or1 in case they are fluids1 would possess this property when brought to the solid state4 ,graham discovered that when an aqueous solution containing a mixture of colloid and crystalloid substances is placed in a vessel having for its bottom a piece of parchment or animal membrane1 and this is immersed in a larger vessel filled with water1 all of the crystalloids contained in the first vessel transverse the porous membrane and are to be found in the larger vessel1 the colloid bodies being retained above the membrane4 ,the organic matter to be eliminated in toxicological researches being colloids1 and the poisons usually employed being crystalloids1 the value of dialysis as a method of separation is evident4 ,the process is executed as follows3 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,a wooden1--or better1 a gutta-percha--cylinder 7,fig4 #a71 #e cubic centimetres in height and from #bj to #be c4 c4 in diameter1 is employed4 ,a piece of moistened parchment is securely attached to one of the openings of the cylinder1 which1 upon drying1 shrinks and completely closes the aperture4 ,if its continuity becomes impaired1 the pores of the membrane should be covered with the white of an egg which is subsequently coagulated by the application of heat4 ,the organs previously cut into small pieces1 or the materials found in the alimentary canal1 etc41 after having been allowed to digest for #bd hours in water at #cb;,a--or1 in dilute acids1 if the presence of an alkaloid is suspected1--are then placed in the upper vessel1 which is termed the dialyser4 ,the whole should form a layer not over #b cubic centimetres in height4 ,the dialyser is next placed in the larger vessel filled with distilled water4 ,in about #bd hours three-quarters of the crystalloid substances present will have passed into the lower vessel4 ,the solution is then evaporated over a water-bath1 and submitted to analysis4 ,the portion remaining in the dialyser is decomposed by one of the methods previously described1 in order to effect the detection of any poisonous substances possibly present4 ,instead of the above apparatus1 the one represented in ,fig4 #b can be employed4 ,the fluid under examination is placed in a bell-shaped jar1 open at the top and closed below with a piece of parchment1 which is then suspended in the centre of a larger vessel containing water4 ,in other respects the operation is performed in the same manner as with the apparatus represented in ,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,a ,the degrees of temperature given in the text refer to the centigrade ,thermometer2 their equivalents on the ,fahrenheit scale can be obtained by means of the formula3 #i_/e ,c #cb ,f4 --,trans4 ,,ii4 ,,detection ,,of ,,poisons1 ,,the ,,presence ,,of ,,which ,,is ,,suspected4 ,,detection ,,of ,,arsenic4 ,it is frequently required1 in chemical jurisprudence1 to institute a search for arsenic in the remains of a deceased person1 whose death is supposed to have been caused by the reception of a poison4 ,under these circumstances the poison is mixed with a mass of substances which would obscure its characteristic properties1 and it becomes necessary1 in order to accomplish its identification1 to isolate it1 and then1 by decisive reactions1 determine its character4 ,three methods exist which permit of this result2 they are3 #ast4 ,the method used prior to ,marsh's test4 #bnd4 ,marsh's test4 #crd4 ,a method more recent than ,marsh's1 proposed by ,m4 ,raspail4 ,,method ,,used ,,prior ,,to ,,marsh',s ,,test4 ,the materials supposed to contain arsenic are boiled in water which has been rendered strongly alkaline by the addition of pure potassa4 ,the fluid is then filtered1 an excess of hydrochloric acid added1 and a current of sulphuretted hydrogen conducted through it4 ,if arsenic be present in the suspected fluid1 it is soon precipitated as a yellow sulphide4 ,in dilute solutions the formation of the precipitate fails to take place immediately1 and only a yellow coloration of the fluid is perceptible2 upon slightly boiling the solution1 however1 the precipitation of the sulphide is soon induced4 ,the precipitate is collected on a filter1 well washed with boiling water1 and then removed1 if present in a quantity sufficient to admit of this operation4 ,it is next dissolved in ammonia1,b and the solution so obtained subsequently evaporated to dryness on a watch-glass4 ,the residue of sulphide of arsenic is placed in a tube closed at one end containing nitrate of potassa in a state of fusion3 it is decomposed by this treatment into a mixture of sulphate and arsenate of potassa1 the reaction being completed in about fifteen minutes4 ,the mixture is now dissolved in water1 and lime water added to the solution3 a precipitate of arsenate of lime is formed1 which is separated from the fluid by filtration1 dried1 mixed with charcoal1 and introduced into a second tube4 ,a few pieces of charcoal are then placed in the tube adjoining the mixture and exposed to a red heat1 the part of the tube containing the arsenical compound being also heated4 ,by this operation the arsenic acid is reduced to arsenic1 which is deposited upon the cold portion of the tube in the form of a metallic mirror4 ,this mirror is then identified by subsequent reactions4 ,the method just described is no longer in use1 although the precipitation of the arsenic by sulphuretted hydrogen is still often resorted to in its separation from the other metals with which it may be mixed4 ,the destruction of the organic substances is1 however1 accomplished by means of chlorate of potassa and hydrochloric acid4 ,to insure the complete precipitation of the arsenic1 it is advisable to conduct sulphuretted hydrogen through the solution1 at a temperature of #gj for twelve hours1 and then allow the fluid to remain in a moderately warm place1 until the odor of the gas is no longer perceptible1 the vessel being simply covered with a piece of paper4 ,the precipitate is next freed from the other metals possibly present1 as directed in the general method of analysis1 collected on a filter1 and dissolved in ammonia4 ,the ammoniacal solution is evaporated on a watch crystal1 as previously described1 and the residuary sulphide reduced to metallic arsenic4 ,this reduction is effected by a process somewhat different from the one previously mentioned3 the residue is fused1 in a current of carbonic acid gas1 with a mixture of carbonate of soda and cyanide of potassium4 ,the apparatus employed is represented in ,fig4 #c3 a1 is an apparatus producing a constant supply of carbonic acid4 ,upon opening ,mohr's clamp1 g1 the gas passes into the flask h1 which contains sulphuric acid2 it is then conducted1 by means of the tube i1 into the reduction tube k1 which has an interior diameter of #h mm4 ,this tube is represented1 in half size1 in ,fig #d4 ,b ,the sulphur1 usually accompanying the precipitate of sulphide of arsenic1 is insoluble in ammonia4--,trans4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,the reduction is performed as follows3 ,the sulphide of arsenic is ground in a small mortar1 previously warmed1 together with #ab parts of a mixture consisting of #c parts of carbonate of soda and #a part of cyanide of potassium1 both salts being perfectly dry4 ,the powder thus obtained is placed upon a piece of paper rolled in the form of a gutter1 and introduced into the reduction tube4 ,the latter is then turned half round its axis1 so as to cause the mixture to fall in de without soiling the other parts of the tube4 ,the paper is now withdrawn and the apparatus mounted4 ,upon opening the clamp g1 and strongly heating the mixture by either the flame of a gas or an alcohol lamp1 a mirror-like ring of metallic arsenic is deposited at h1 if this poison be present in the substances under examination4 ,when the coating is too minute to permit of perfect identification1 it should be driven by heat to a thinner part of the tube2 in this way it is rendered easily visible1 being condensed upon a smaller space4 ,the above process possesses the advantage of not allowing arsenic to be confounded with any other body2 it also permits of a quantitative estimation of the poison present4 ,for this purpose1 it is only necessary to previously weigh the watch-crystal1 upon which the ammoniacal solution of sulphide of arsenic was evaporated1 and to determine its increased weight after the evaporation2 the difference of the two weighings multiplied by #j4hjdi1 gives the corresponding weight of arsenious acid1 and by #j4fjih1 the weight of the corresponding amount of metallic arsenic4 ,,marsh',s ,,test4 ,marsh's test is based upon the reduction of arsenious and arsenic acids by nascent hydrogen1 and the subsequent transformation of these bodies into water and arsenetted hydrogen1 a compound from which the arsenic can be readily isolated4 ,when pure hydrogen is generated in a flask having two openings1 one of which is provided with a perforated cork through which a safety-tube passes1 the other with a tube bent at a right angle and drawn out to a small point at the free extremity1 the evolved gas1 if ignited1 burns with a pale non-luminous flame4 ,the air should be completely expelled from the apparatus before igniting the gas4 ,upon bringing a cold porcelain saucer in contact with the point of the flame1 only water is formed4 ,if1 however1 a small quantity of a solution containing arsenious or arsenic acids is introduced into the apparatus by means of the safety-tube1 arsenetted hydrogen is produced4 ,this gas burns with a bright flame1 yielding fumes of arsenious acid4 ,in case a large amount of the poison is present1 it can be recognized by the appearance of the flame1 and by inclining a glass tube towards it upon which a portion of the arsenious acid becomes deposited4 ,these indications are1 however1 not distinguishable in presence of only a small amount of arsenic1 and the following distinctive properties of the gas should be verified3 #ast4 ,at an elevated temperature it is decomposed into its two constituent elements4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 #bnd4 ,the combustibility of the constituents differs3 the arsenic being less combustible than the hydrogen1 begins to burn only after the complete consumption of the latter body has taken place4 ,for this reason the flame 7,fig4 #e7 is composed of a dark portion ,o and a luminous portion ,i1 which surrounds the first4 ,the maximum temperature exists in ,o at the point of union of the two parts of the flame4 ,owing to an insufficient supply of oxygen1 the complete combustion of the arsenic in this part of the flame is impossible1 and if it be intersected by the cold surface ,a ,b1 that body is deposited as a brown spot1 possessing a metallic lustre4 ,the metallic deposit originates1 therefore1 from the decomposition of the arsenetted hydrogen by heat and from its incomplete combustion4 ,if the spot is not large1 it fails to exhibit a metallic lustre2 an experienced chemist1 however1 will be able to identify it by the aid of proper tests4 ,spots are sometimes obtained when the substance under examination does not contain the least trace of arsenic4 ,these may be caused by antimony or by a portion of the zinc salt in the generating flask being carried over by the gaseous current4 ,this difficulty is remedied by giving the apparatus the form represented in ,fig4 #f4 ,a is the flask in which the gas is generated4 ,the delivery-tube ,i connects with a second tube ,h1 filled with asbestus or cotton2 this is united by means of a cork with a third tube ,c1 made of ,bohemian glass4 ,the latter tube is quite long1 and terminates in a jet at its free end1 enclosed in tin-foil2,c it passes through the sheet-iron furnace ,r1 supported upon ,g4 ,the screen ,d protects the portion ,d ,e of the tube ,c from the heat4 ,the gas disengaged is ignited at ,e and the porcelain dish ,p is held by the hand in contact with the flame4 ,the apparatus being mounted1 zinc1 water and some sulphuric acid are placed in the generating flask1,d and the solution containing arsenious acid added3 the evolution of gas commences immediately4 ,the tube ,h serves to retain any liquids that may be held suspended4 ,the gas then passes through the part ,c ,d of the tube ,c1 which is heated by placing a few live coals upon the furnace ,r4 ,the greater portion of the arsenetted hydrogen is decomposed here1 and is deposited on the cold part of the tube1 in a mirror-like ring4 ,the small quantity of gas that escapes decomposition1 if ignited at ,e1 produces a metallic spot on the dish ,p4 ,in order to determine that the spots are due to the presence of arsenic1 and not produced by antimony1 the following tests should be applied3 ,c ,the fusing of the point of the tube is also prevented by platinizing it4 ,the tube is drawn out1 its end roughened by filing1 and then immersed in solution of bichloride of platinum1 so that a drop or two of the fluid adheres4 ,the point1 upon heating1 now acquires a fine metallic lustre1 and by repeating the operation a few times a good coating of platinum is produced both on the exterior and interior of the tube4--,trans4 ,d ,the addition of a few drops of solution of bichloride of platinum to the mixture of zinc1 water and sulphuric acid is advisable4--,trans4 #a4 ,the color of the spots is distinctive3 arsenical spots are brown and exhibit a metallic lustre1 whereas those originating from antimony possess a black color1 especially near their border4 ,this difference is1 however1 not perceptible when the deposits have a large surface4 #b4 ,if the mirror be arsenical1 it is readily volatilized from one part of the tube to another1 when the latter is heated1 and a current of hydrogen1 or carbonic acid gas made to pass through it4 ,spots that are due to the presence of antimony are much less volatile4 #c4 ,if the tube is held in an inclined position so that a current of air traverses it1 and the part containing the arsenical mirror heated1 the arsenic oxidizes and arsenious acid is sublimed and deposited higher up in the tube in the form of a ring1 which exhibits octahedral crystals when examined with a magnifying glass4 ,this ring should be further tested as follows3 a4 ,if it is dissolved in a drop of hydrochloric acid and a solution of sulphuretted hydrogen added1 a yellow precipitate of sulphide of arsenic is formed4 ,this compound is soluble in ammonia and in alkaline sulphides1 but insoluble in hydrochloric acid4 b4 ,if the ring is dissolved in pure water and an ammoniacal solution of sulphate of copper added1 a beautiful green precipitate 7,scheele's green71 consisting of arsenite of copper1 is produced4 #d4 ,when produced by arsenic the spots are soluble in nitric acid1 and upon evaporating the solution so obtained to dryness1 a residue of arsenic acid1 which is easily soluble in water1 remains4 ,if an ammoniacal solution of nitrate of silver is added to the aqueous solution of the residue1 a brick-red precipitate is produced4 ,spots consisting of antimony give1 when treated with nitric acid1 a residue of an intermediate oxide1 insoluble in water4 #e4 ,upon treating the spots with a drop of solution of sulphide of ammonium1 the sulphide of the metal present is formed3 if sulphide of arsenic is produced its properties1 as enumerated above1 can be recognized4 ,it may be added that the sulphide of antimony formed is soluble in hydrochloric acid1 and possesses an orange red color1 whereas sulphide of arsenic is yellow4 #f4 ,when spots originating from arsenic are treated with a solution of hypochlorite of soda 7prepared by passing chlorine into solution of carbonate of soda71 they are immediately dissolved2 if1 on the other hand1 they are produced by antimony1 they remain unaltered by this treatment4 ,such are the properties exhibited by soluble compounds of arsenic when treated by ,marsh's process2 the following precautions are1 however1 necessary when this test is made use of in medico-legal examinations4 #a4 ,if small white gritty particles1 resembling arsenious acid1 are discovered in the stomach or intestines1 they are directly introduced into ,marsh's apparatus4 ,when this is not the case1 the destruction of the organic matter is indispensable even though1 instead of the organs themselves1 the contents of the alimentary canal are taken4 ,in the latter instance1 the solids are separated from the fluids present by filtration1 the solution evaporated to dryness and the residue united with the solid portion2 the organic matter is then destroyed by one of the methods previously described4 ,in the special case of arsenic1 the separation of the poison from the accompanying organic materials can be accomplished by a process not yet mentioned which may prove to be of service4 ,the suspected substances are distilled with common salt and concentrated sulphuric acid4 ,by this operation the arsenic is converted into a volatile chloride which distils over4 ,the poison is isolated by treating this compound with water1 by which it is decomposed into hydrochloric and arsenious acids4 ,we must give preference1 however1 to the method by means of chlorate of potassa and hydrochloric acid4 #b4 ,the solution having been obtained in a condition suitable for examination1 the air is completely expelled from the apparatus by allowing the gas to evolve for some time1 and the suspected fluid then introduced into the generating flask4 ,danger of explosion would be incurred were the gas ignited when mixed with air4,e ,e ,the effervescence of the mixture is prevented by slowly adding the arsenical solution to the generating flask4 ,in order to avoid loss of arsenetted hydrogen1 the cold dish should be directly applied to the flame even before the introduction of the suspected solution1 and its position changed at short intervals1 so as to allow the deposit to be formed on different parts4-,trans4 #c4 ,it is indispensable1 in applying this test1 to have a second apparatus in which only the reagents necessary to generate hydrogen are placed3 in this way1 if no spots are now produced by the use of the second apparatus1 it is certain that those obtained when the first apparatus is employed do not originate from impurities present in the reagents used4 ,it has come under the author's observation1 however1 that a sheet of zinc sometimes contains arsenic in one part and not in another2 in fact1 the shavings of this metal1 as purchased for laboratory use1 are often taken from lots previously collected1 and may therefore have been prepared from several different sheets4 ,if this be the case1 it is supposable that the zinc used in the second apparatus may be free from arsenic1 whereas the metal with which the suspected solution is brought in contact may contain this poison2 serious danger would then exist of finding indications of the presence of arsenic in materials that did not originally contain a trace of the metal4 ,in order to obviate this important objection1 which might possibly place a human life in jeopardy1 we propose the following modifications3 ,pure mercury is distilled and its absolute purity established4 ,as the metal is a fluid and is therefore homogeneous1 it is evident if one portion be found pure1 the entire mass is so4 ,sodium is then fused under oil of naphtha1 in order to cause the complete admixture of its particles1 and the purity of the fused metal in regard to arsenic tested4 ,an amalgam is next prepared by uniting the mercury and sodium4 ,this is eminently adapted to toxicological investigations3 in order to generate a supply of very pure hydrogen1 it is only necessary to place the amalgam in water kept slightly acid by the addition of a few drops of sulphuric acid1 by means of which the disengagement of gas is rendered more energetic4,f ,f ,owing to the impurities often occurring in zinc1 the use of distilled magnesium in ,marsh's apparatus has also been suggested4 ,this metal is now to be obtained in a state of great purity2 it is1 however1 sometimes contaminated with silicium1 which body likewise gives rise to a metallic deposit1 but one that is readily distinguished from arsenical spots by its insolubility in nitric acid1 aqua regia1 and in hypochlorite of soda4 ,the presence of magnesium causes the precipitation of the non-volatile metals possibly contained in the fluid tested for arsenic4--,trans4 ,it should be borne in mind that the solution introduced into ,marsh's apparatus must not contain organic substances1 and that1 in case their destruction has been accomplished by means of nitric acid all traces of this compound are to be removed4 ,the sulphuric acid used should also be completely freed from nitrous vapors4 ,according to ,m4 ,blondeau1 nascent hydrogen in the presence of nitrous compounds converts the acids of arsenic not into arsenetted hydrogen 7,as ,h#c71 but into the solid arsenide of hydrogen 7,as#d ,h#b74 ,this latter compound1 upon which pure nascent hydrogen has no effect1 is transformed into gaseous arsenetted hydrogen by the simultaneous action of nascent hydrogen and organic substances4 ,these facts are of the greatest importance1 for they might possibly cause a loss of arsenic when it is present1 as well as determine its discovery when it is absent4 ,the first case is supposable3 should traces of nitric acid remain in the solution1 the arsenic would be transformed into solid arsenide of hydrogen and its detection rendered impossible4 ,the second case may also occur3 if the zinc placed in the apparatus contains arsenic1 and the sulphuric acid used contains nitrous compounds1 the evolved gas will fail to exhibit any evidence of the presence of arsenic1 owing to the formation of the solid arsenide of hydrogen4 ,upon adding the suspected solution1 which1 perchance1 may still contain organic substances1 this arsenide is converted into arsenetted hydrogen1 and the presence of arsenic will be detected1 although the solution under examination was originally free from this metal4 ,,raspail',s ,,method4 ,m4 ,raspail suggests the following method for detecting arsenic3 ,the surface of a brass plate is rasped by filing4 ,in this condition the plate may be regarded as an innumerable quantity of voltaic elements1 formed by the juxtaposition of the molecules of zinc and copper4 ,the suspected materials are boiled with caustic potassa1 the solution filtered1 a drop of the filtrate placed upon the brass plate1 and a drop of chlorine water added4 ,if the plate is then allowed to stand for a moment and the substance under examination contains arsenic1 a mirror-like spot is soon deposited upon its surface4 ,in order to avoid confounding this deposit with those produced by other metals1 the substitution of granulated brass for the plate is in some cases advisable4 ,the granulated metal is dipped successively in the suspected solution and in chlorine water4 ,the granules retain a small quantity of the solutions and1 owing to the action of the chlorine water1 become covered with metallic spots1 if arsenic be present4 ,they are then dried1 placed in a tube closed at one end1 and exposed to the heat of an alcohol lamp4 ,in case the spots are arsenical1 the metal volatilizes and condenses in a ring upon the cold part of the tube1 which is submitted to the tests previously described4 ,this method can hardly be of great service1 inasmuch as it extracts the poison from but a very small portion of the solution containing it3 we have not1 however1 personally tested its merits4,g ,g ,the omission in the text of ,reinsch's test should be supplied4 ,this test is based upon the fact that when solutions of arsenious acid or an arsenide are acidulated with hydrochloric acid and boiled with metallic copper1 the latter becomes covered with a film consisting largely of metallic arsenic3 it is extensively employed in chemico-legal examinations4 ,the materials to be examined are completely disintegrated by boiling with hydrochloric acid1 and the fluid filtered4 ,some pure copper gauze or foil1 having a polished surface1 is then immersed in the boiling solution1 and notice taken of the formation of a grey deposit4 ,if a coating be formed1 fresh pieces of the metal are added1 so long as they become affected4 ,the copper is then withdrawn from the solution1 thoroughly washed with water1 and dried1 either by means of the water-bath or by pressing between bibulous paper4 ,it is next introduced into a dry tube1 and heated over a spirit lamp4 ,the arsenic present volatilizes and is oxidized to arsenious acid which forms a deposit1 consisting of octahedral crystals1 on the cold part of the tubes4 ,these are subsequently tested by means of the reactions distinctive of arsenious acid4 ,it need hardly be added that the absolute purity of both the hydrochloric acid and of the copper is to be carefully established4 ,the deposit obtained in the above operation was formerly regarded as pure arsenic1 but it has been proved to be an alloy consisting of #cb per cent4 arsenic1 and #fh per cent4 copper4 ,reinsch's test possesses the advantage of requiring but little time for its execution1 of being applicable to complex organic mixtures1 and of effecting the detection of a very minute trace of the poison4--,trans4 ,,detection ,,of ,,antimony4 ,strictly speaking the salts of antimony are more therapeutic than poisonous in their action4 ,in fact they usually act as emetics and1 under certain circumstances1 may be taken in large doses without incurring serious results4 ,there are instances1 however1 in which their action is truly toxical1 and it becomes necessary to effect their detection in the organs of a body4 ,it should be remarked that these salts1 if absorbed1 remain by a kind of predilection in the liver and spleen4 ,a special examination of these organs should therefore be instituted1 particularly if the fluids of the alimentary canal are not at hand1 which is frequently the case when some time has elapsed before the investigation is undertaken4 ,the remarks made in the preceding article concerning the distinctive properties of arsenic and antimony need not be repeated here4 ,the search for antimony is likewise executed by aid of ,marsh's apparatus4 ,we will confine ourselves to a description of a modification to this apparatus proposed by ,,mm4 ,flandin and ,danger1 and employed in the separation of antimony and arsenic1 when a mixture of these metals is under examination4 ,another process1 by means of which we arrive at the same result with greater certainty and by the use of a less expensive apparatus1 will then be mentioned4 ,we will1 however1 first indicate the preferable method of destruction of the organic substances4 ,were the decomposition performed by means of sulphuric acid1 sulphate of antimony1 a slightly soluble salt and one not well adapted to the subsequent treatment with nascent hydrogen1 would be formed4 ,in order to obtain the metal in a soluble state1 the formation of a double tartrate of antimony and soda is desirable4 ,this may be accomplished in the following manner3 #a4 ,a cold mixture of nitrate of soda1 sulphuric acid1 and the suspected materials is prepared in the proportion of #be grammes of the nitrate to #ci grammes of the acid1 and #ajj grammes of the substance under examination4 ,this mixture is heated and evaporated to dryness1 and the decomposition of the organic matter completed in the usual manner4 ,the carbonaceous residue obtained is pulverized1 and then boiled with a solution of tartaric acid4 ,by this treatment the antimonate of soda present is converted into a double tartrate of antimony and soda1 which is easily soluble in water4 ,the solution is filtered and then introduced into ,marsh's apparatus4 #b4 ,another method consists in heating the substances under examination with one half of their weight of hydrochloric acid for six hours on a sand-bath1 avoiding boiling4 ,the temperature is then increased until the liquid is in a state of ebullition1 and #ae to #bj grammes of chlorate of potassa1 for every #ajj grammes of the suspected matter taken1 added in successive portions1 so that a quarter of an hour is required for the operation4 ,the liquid is next filtered1 and the resinous matter remaining on the filter well washed with distilled water2 the washings being added to the principal solution4 ,a strip of polished tin is then immersed in the liquid3 in presence of a large amount of antimony the tin becomes covered with a black incrustation3 if but a minute quantity of the metal is contained1 only a few blackish spots are perceptible4 ,after the tin has remained immersed for #bd hours1 it is withdrawn and placed in a flask together with an amount of hydrochloric acid sufficient for its solution in the cold4 ,if1 after several hours1 blackish particles are still observed floating in the liquid1 they can be dissolved in a few drops of aqua regia4 ,the solution may then be directly introduced into ,marsh's apparatus4 ,,apparatus ,,proposed ,,by ,,flandin ,,and ,,danger4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,this apparatus consists of a wide necked jar ,a 7,fig4 #g7 for the generation of the gas1 the mouth of which is closed with a cork having two openings4 ,the safety tube ,s1 which is funnel-shaped at its upper extremity and has its lower end drawn out to a point1 passes through one of these apertures2 the other opening contains the small delivery tube ,b1 open at both ends1 and terminating in a point at its upper extremity3 it is also provided with lateral openings1 in order to prevent the solution being carried up to the flame4 ,the second part of the apparatus is the condenser ,c1 #j4jc metre in diameter1 and #j4be metre in length4 ,this terminates at its lower extremity with a cone1 and connects at the side with the tube ,t1 slanting slightly downwards4 ,in the interior of the condenser1 the cooler ,e is contained1 the lower end of which is nearly in contact with the sides of the opening ,o4 ,the combustion tube ,d1 #j4ja metre in diameter1 is connected by means of a cork with the tube ,t2 it is bent at right angles1 and encloses the tube ,b1 in such a manner as to allow the evolved gas to burn in its interior4 ,the dish ,f is placed beneath the opening ,o4 ,if the gas which burns in the combustion tube contains arsenetted hydrogen1 water and arsenious acid are produced4 ,a portion of this acid is retained in the tube ,d1 the remainder is carried over1 with the aqueous vapor1 into ,c1 where it condenses1 and finally falls into the dish ,f4 ,both portions are subsequently examined by means of reactions necessary to establish the presence of the acid4 ,if the ignited gas contains antimonetted hydrogen1 water and an intermediate oxide of antimony are formed4 ,the latter compound is entirely retained in the tube ,d separated from the greater part of the arsenious acid1 if this body be present1 and can be brought into solution by means of a mixture of hydrochloric and tartaric acids4 ,a fluid is then obtained which can be introduced into ,marsh's apparatus1 or otherwise examined for antimony4 ,,naquet',s ,,apparatus4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,although the separation of arsenic from antimony is the chief object in making use of the apparatus proposed by ,flandin and ,danger1 it is evident that this result is not fully accomplished1 since a small portion of arsenious acid remains in the tube ,d 7,fig4 #g71 together with the intermediate oxide of antimony4 ,the following method secures the complete separation of these metals3 ,an amalgam of sodium and mercury is introduced into the flask ,a1 7,fig4 #h71 which is provided with two openings4 ,the tube ,b1 terminating in a funnel at its upper extremity1 passes through one of these orifices4 ,the other aperture contains a cork enclosing the small tube ,c1 which is bent at a right angle and communicates1 by means of a cork1 with the larger tube ,d filled with cotton or asbestus4 ,a set of ,liebig's bulbs1 ,e1 containing a solution of nitrate of silver1 is attached to the other extremity of this tube4 ,the apparatus being mounted1 the solution under examination is slightly acidulated and introduced by means of the tube ,b into the flask ,a3 the disengagement of gas begins immediately4 ,if arsenic and antimony are contained in the solution1 arsenetted hydrogen and antimonetted hydrogen are evolved4 ,both gases are decomposed in passing through the solution of nitrate of silver contained in the ,liebig bulbs3 the arsenetted hydrogen causes a precipitation of metallic silver1 all the arsenic remaining in solution as arsenious acid2 the antimonetted hydrogen is decomposed into insoluble antimonate of silver4 ,after the operation has continued for several hours1 the apparatus is taken apart1 the nitrate of silver solution thrown on a filter1 and the precipitate thoroughly washed4 ,an excess of hydrochloric acid is then added to the filtrate1 and the precipitate formed separated from the solution by filtration1 and well washed4 ,the wash-water is added to the solution1 and the whole then examined for arsenic by means of ,marsh's test4 ,the precipitate formed in the nitrate of silver solution1 which contains antimonate of silver1 is well dried1 mixed with a mixture of carbonate and nitrate of soda1 and calcined in a porcelain crucible for about three-quarters of an hour4 ,the crucible is then removed from the fire1 and the cooled mass treated with hydrochloric acid until a drop of the filtered fluid ceases to give a residue when evaporated upon a watch-glass to dryness4 ,a current of sulphurous acid is now conducted through the filtered solution until the odor of this gas remains persistent4 ,the excess of acid is then removed by boiling1 and the solution placed in ,marsh's apparatus and tested for antimony4 ,,detection ,,of ,,mercury4 ,if a mercurial salt exists in a considerable quantity in the substances extracted from the alimentary canal1 or ejected either by stools or vomiting1 it can be isolated by treating these materials with water1 filtering the liquid1 and evaporating the filtrate to dryness4 ,the residual mass is taken up with alcohol1 and the solution again filtered and evaporated4 ,upon dissolving the residue obtained by this operation in ether and filtering and evaporating the solution1 a residue is obtained which when dissolved in water forms a fluid wherein the presence of mercury can be detected by means of the ordinary tests4 ,when1 however1 only a minute quantity of mercury is present1 and this has been absorbed1 its detection is more difficult4 ,it will be necessary under these circumstances to make use of either ,smithson's pile or ,flandin and ,danger's apparatus4 ,,smithson',s ,,pile4 ,smithson's pile consists of a small plate of copper around which a piece of thin gold foil is wrapped4 ,this is immersed in the solution to be tested for mercury1 which has previously been slightly acidulated3 if mercury be present1 the plate acquires a white color which disappears upon exposure to the flame of a spirit-lamp4 ,a similar reaction occurs in presence of tin1 as this metal would likewise be deposited upon the plate1 and1 upon heating1 would penetrate the metal and restore to it its natural color4 ,the danger of mistake arising from this fact is obviated by introducing the copper plate into a tube closed at one end and bent at a right angle4 ,the open extremity of the tube is drawn out to a fine point and immersed in water contained in a second tube also closed at one end4 ,upon heating the plate in the flame of an alcohol lamp1 the white color disappears if produced by mercury1 and at the same time this metal condenses in the narrow extremity of the tube4 ,the metallic globules formed can be recognized either by the naked eye or with the aid of a lens1 or by rubbing them with a piece of gold foil when the latter will acquire a white coating4 ,when ,smithson's pile is employed1 the organic substances are most advantageously decomposed by means of chlorine4 ,it is advisable to operate with as small a quantity of fluid as possible1 for1 owing to the volatility of bichloride of mercury1 a portion of this salt may be lost by the evaporation of aqueous1 alcoholic1 and even etherial solutions1 and the detection of minute quantities rendered impossible4 ,,apparatus ,,proposed ,,by ,,flandin ,,and ,,danger4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,this apparatus consists of a stand ,s1 7,fig4 #i7 supporting a balloon ,a1 which serves as the reservoir of the suspected solution1 and a funnel ,b1 into which the neck of the balloon is dipped4 ,the funnel ,b is bent at a right angle and is drawn out at its lower end under which the dish ,c is placed for the reception of the escaping fluids4 ,a fine wire of pure gold1 forming the negative electrode of a ,bunsen's battery1 passes through the lower extremity of the funnel4 ,the end of this wire nearly comes in contact with a second wire1 inserted in the upper part of the funnel1 and connected with the positive pole of the battery4 ,if the balloon filled with the solution is inverted and immersed in the funnel ,b1 its neck will be submerged at first2 soon1 however1 it becomes uncovered1 owing to the depression of the level of the fluid caused by the escape of the latter through the tapering extremity of the funnel3 a bubble of air then passes in the balloon and expels a drop of the solution4 ,this process is repeated at short intervals1 causing a continuous flow of the fluid1 the rapidity of which is easily regulated by elevating or lowering the balloon1 thus raising or depressing the level of the liquid4 ,the apparatus having been mounted in this manner and the battery set in action1 the disengagement of gas commences4 ,should mercury be contained in the solution under examination1 this metal will be deposited upon the negative wire4 ,when the operation is completed this wire is detached from the apparatus1 washed with ether1 and dried4 ,it is then introduced into a small tube provided with a bulb1 and the mercury volatilized by means of the blow pipe flame3 the metal condenses in the bulb of the tube in globules which are readily recognized4 ,they can also be dissolved in nitric acid1 and the presence of a mercurial salt in the solution confirmed by further tests4 ,the solution to be examined in the preceding apparatus1 is prepared as follows3 ,the suspected organic matter is treated with cold sulphuric acid of #ff ,b4 until liquefied1 and hypochlorite of lime1 and distilled water then added3 if necessary1 the evolution of chlorine can be accelerated by a further addition of sulphuric acid4 ,as soon as the liquid becomes clear1 it is filtered1 concentrated and examined as described above4 ,the solution contains the mercury in the state of bichloride1 a salt soluble in water and well adapted to the above test4 ,the substitution of a large balloon1 having a capacity of about #b litres1 in place of the small vessel of ,flandin and ,danger's apparatus1 is to be recommended as doing away with the necessity of evaporation2 an operation which invariably causes a loss of substance4 ,the apparatus1 modified in this manner1 is the most delicate in use for the detection of mercury4 ,,detection ,,of ,,phosphorus4 ,,orfila',s ,,method4 ,the solid substances found in the alimentary canal are mechanically separated from the fluids present by means of a linen cloth4 ,they are then examined by aid of a magnifying glass1 and any fragments of phosphorus found separated and preserved under water4 ,if none are discovered1 the presence of phosphorescent vapors may possibly be detected by examining the materials in the dark4 ,in any case1 a portion of the suspected materials should be treated with nitrate of silver3 in presence of phosphorus the materials acquire1 first1 a reddish-brown1 then1 a black color4 ,the remaining portion is spread upon a shovel and heated3 a white flame1 burning at various points of the mass1 and originating from the combustion of phosphorus1 is observed1 if this body be contained in the substances under examination4 ,this method is evidently far from perfect4 ,,mitscherlich',s ,,method4 ,mistcherlich's method is based upon the luminosity of the vapors of phosphorus4 ,the suspected materials are moistened with dilute sulphuric acid1 and heated1 in a flask communicating with a glass worm which passes through a glass cooler into a receiver4 ,if the apparatus is placed in the dark1 and the materials contain phosphorus1 luminous vapors will be observed in the flask and receiver4 ,when the quantity of the poison present is considerable1 the phosphorous acid formed can be collected and its properties tested4 ,,dusart',s ,,method1 ,,as ,,modified ,,by ,,blondlot4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,dusart's process takes advantage of the facility with which hydrogen combines with phosphorus4 ,the substances under examination are placed between two asbestus stoppers in a tube1 one end of which tapers to a point1 and a current of pure hydrogen conducted over them4 ,in presence of phosphorus the evolved gas will burn with a green flame1 and1 upon bringing this in contact with a porcelain plate1 red spots will be deposited upon the latter4 ,blondlot prefers to introduce the suspected materials into the flask in which the hydrogen is generated4 ,he employs the apparatus represented in ,fig4 #aj3 a is a flask for evolving hydrogen2 b is a ,u tube1 filled with fragments of pumice stone which are saturated with a concentrated solution of potassa2 c is a ,mohr clamp2 d a screw-clamp2 e a platinum jet4 ,this jet is necessary in order to avoid a yellow coloration of the flame by the soda contained in the glass4 ,pure hydrogen is at first evolved1 in order to ascertain that the flame is colorless and red spots are not produced when it is intersected by a cold plate4 ,the purity of the reagents used having thus been confirmed1 the clamp d is closed until the acid is forced back into f2 and the materials to be examined are then added to the fluid4 ,upon opening the clamp the liquid passes from f into a1 and the evolution of gas recommences4 ,the gas is then ignited3 the flame possesses the characteristic properties mentioned above1 if the suspected substances contain phosphorus4 ,,method ,,proposed ,,by ,,fresenius ,,and ,,neubauer4 ,according to this method1 the materials are brought into a flask provided with a doubly-perforated stopper1 and water1 acidulated with sulphuric acid1 added4 ,the flask is then heated over a water-bath1 and a current of carbonic acid conducted through the mixture for at least two hours4 ,the gas1 on leaving the flask1 passes into a solution of nitrate of silver4 ,should no precipitate form in this solution1 the absence of free phosphorus is established1 for1 were this body present1 a portion would be volatilized1 and a black precipitate1 consisting of phosphide of silver1 together with phosphoric acid1 produced4 ,the formation of a black precipitate is1 however1 not necessarily a proof of the presence of phosphorus4 ,in order to conclusively determine the character of the precipitate1 it is collected on a filter and examined by the method of ,dusart and ,blondlot4 ,this process has given result in cases where none were obtained by ,mistcherlich's method4 ,it possesses1 moreover1 an advantage over the latter process1 in not being influenced by the presence of foreign bodies2 whereas1 in ,mistcherlich's method1 some time must elapse before the luminosity of the vapors becomes apparent if ether or alcohol is contained in the solutions1 and this phenomenon totally fails to appear in presence of oil of turpentine4 ,,detection ,,of ,,phosphorus ,,by ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,bisulphide ,,of ,,carbon4 ,in a report read before the ,academy of ,sciences in #ahef1 presented by an examining commission1 of which ,,mm4 ,dumas1 ,pelouze and ,claude ,bernard were the reporters1 the following results were contained3 ,phosphorus may remain1 in the free state1 in the organs fifteen days after death1 and even then its isolation can easily be accomplished4 ,for this purpose the stomach or intestines1 and the articles of food contained therein1 are cut into pieces and treated with bisulphide of carbon4 ,upon filtering the liquid1 a solution is obtained containing all the phosphorus present1 which exhibits the following properties3 #ast1 ,when ignited1 it burns with a very luminous flame2 #bnd1 if allowed to spontaneously evaporate 7the combustion of the phosphorus being prevented by the organic matter present ,naquet7 an inflammable residue is obtained1 which1 if dissolved in boiling monohydrated nitric acid1 gives a solution that1 after saturation with ammonia1 produces a precipitate soluble in acids in solutions of barium salts4 ,if the solution is mixed with perchloride of iron1 and the sesquioxide of this metal subsequently eliminated by the addition of ammonia1 it no longer causes a precipitation in barium solutions4 ,the fluid acquires a yellow coloration when boiled with a solution of molybdate of ammonia4 ,according to our personal experience1 the apparatus employed by ,flandin and ,danger for the detection of arsenic1 can also be made use of in the examination of the bisulphide of carbon solution4 ,to this end1 the fluid supposed to contain phosphorus is mixed with perfectly pure alcohol1 and the mixture placed in a small spirit-lamp provided with a very loose asbestus wick4 ,the lamp is then ignited and the flame introduced in the combustion tube ,d 7,fig4 #aa74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,by the combustion of the mixture1 sulphurous1 carbonic1 phosphorous acids and water are formed4 ,the water condenses in c1 and1 falling into the dish ,f1 carries with it the sulphurous and phosphorous acids4 ,the acid liquid collected in this way is evaporated to dryness1 some nitric acid added1 and the solution again evaporated4 ,the remaining mass is then dissolved in water to which some ammonia is added1 and the solution tested for phosphoric acid4 ,this method is an advantageous one as the phosphoric acid formed must originate from phosphorus in the free state1 and not from any phosphates which1 owing to the presence of organic matter1 might be contained in the bisulphide of carbon solution4 ,it would1 however1 lead the analyst into error if the person1 supposed to have been poisoned had eaten cerebral substances or eggs previous to death1 as these contain glycero-phosphoric acid2 it is therefore advisable to compare the results given by this process with those obtained by the use of other methods4 ,,detection ,,of ,,phosphorous ,,acid4 ,provided free phosphorus has not been detected1 it is necessary to search for phosphorous acid4 ,to this end1 the residue remaining in the flask1 in either ,mistcherlich's or ,fresenius and ,neubauer's method1 is introduced into the apparatus of ,dusard and ,blondlot4 ,if the phosphorus reaction appears1 it is sufficient2 otherwise1 its production may have been hindered by the presence of organic matter4 ,in case1 therefore1 the flame is colorless1 the evolved gas is conducted into a neutral solution of nitrate of silver4 ,if the materials contain phosphorous acid1 a precipitate of phosphide of silver is formed which should be collected and washed4 ,the precipitate1 which is now free from organic matter1 is then examined for phosphorous acid by means of the apparatus of ,dusard and ,blondlot4 ,,estimation ,,of ,,phosphorus4 ,the best process for determining quantitatively the amount of phosphorus present is the one recommended by ,fresenius and ,neubauer4 ,the gaseous current is continued until a fresh nitrate of silver solution is no longer precipitated4 ,the solution is filtered1 the precipitate washed and then dissolved in nitric acid4 ,the silver is next precipitated by addition of hydrochloric acid1 the fluid again filtered1 and the precipitate well washed4 ,the washings are added to the filtrate1 and the liquid concentrated in a porcelain capsule4 ,a solution of sulphate of magnesia1 containing ammonia1 is next added to the fluid1 and the phosphoric acid determined as pyrophosphate of magnesia3 the precipitate formed1 is washed1 heated to redness1 in order to convert it into the pyrophosphate1 and then weighed4 ,,detection ,,of ,,acids4 ,the search for acids is to be instituted exclusively in the alimentary canal and its contents4 ,were acids contained in the other organs1 their presence would be due to the blood in which they had previously been absorbed1 and1 as in this case they would be partially neutralized by the bases contained in the blood1 a conclusive decision in regard to their original existence in the suspected materials would be impossible1 the salts of the acids usually searched for being normal constituents of the blood4 ,in order to detect the presence of acids1 the alimentary canal and contents are first boiled with water which is renewed until the solution ceases to exhibit an acid reaction when tested with litmus paper4 ,the fluid is then filtered1 alcohol added to the filtrate1 in order to precipitate organic substances1 the liquid again filtered1 and the solution tested separately for the various acids as directed below4 ,,hydrochloric ,,acid4 ,the solution is placed in a retort provided with a receiver and distilled until the residual fluid assumes a pasty consistence3 the operation is then discontinued4 ,if hydrochloric acid be present in the materials under examination1 the distillate will have an acid reaction1 and1 upon addition of solution of nitrate of silver1 a white precipitate1 which is easily soluble in ammonia but insoluble in nitric acid and in short possesses all the properties of chloride of silver1 will be formed4 ,,nitric ,,acid4 ,the distillate1 obtained as in the preceding process1 is neutralized by the addition of potassa or soda1 and evaporated to dryness4 ,the residue is mixed with copper filings1 and introduced into a glass tube closed at one end and provided at the other with a cork through which a delivery-tube passes4 ,sulphuric acid is then added to the mixture1 the cork inserted1 the tube heated1 and the evolved vapors conducted into a solution of protosulphate of iron4 ,the latter solution acquires a brown coloration which1 upon addition of sulphuric acid1 changes to a violet1 if nitric acid be present4 ,upon conducting the disengaged gas into a solution of narcotine1 the latter acquires a beautiful red color4 ,another portion of the residue should deflagrate when saturated with an alkali and projected upon live coals4 ,,sulphuric ,,acid4 ,in order to detect this acid1 the solution obtained by treating the organs with water is not distilled but is concentrated to one-sixth of its original volume1 and then agitated with ether for about ten minutes4 ,by this treatment the ether takes up the free sulphuric acid1 but not the acid sulphates present4 ,after ten minutes contact1 the ether is decanted and allowed to spontaneously evaporate4 ,upon treating the residue1 which contains the free sulphuric acid and fatty substances1 with water1 a solution containing only the sulphuric acid is obtained4 ,nitrate of baryta is then added to a portion of the fluid3 in presence of sulphuric acid1 a white precipitate1 insoluble in acids1 is produced4 ,if this is heated on charcoal before the blow-pipe1 a mass is formed1 which1 when moistened with hydrochloric acid and placed upon a clean silver coin1 produces a black spot on the metal4 ,another portion of the solution is mixed with copper and the mixture evaporated in a tube closed at one end3 sulphurous acid is evolved towards the end of the operation4 ,this gas is detected by allowing it to pass over paper saturated with a mixture of iodic acid and starch2 a blue coloration is produced which1 owing to the transformation of the iodine set free into hydriodic acid1 subsequently disappears4 7,we have never been able to effect the disengagement of sulphurous acid spoken of above when an exceedingly dilute sulphuric acid was used1 even upon evaporating the mixture to dryness1 notwithstanding ,orfila's statement that the reaction occurs very readily47 ,,phosphoric ,,acid4 ,the aqueous solution is evaporated to dryness1 the residue taken up with alcohol of #dd ,b41 the fluid again evaporated1 and the second residue dissolved in water4 ,upon adding acetate of lead to the solution1 a white precipitate is produced if phosphoric acid be present4 ,the precipitate is washed1 suspended in water and a current of sulphuretted hydrogen passed through the mixture4 ,if the fluid is then filtered1 and the excess of sulphuretted hydrogen expelled from the filtrate by boiling1 a liquid possessing the distinctive properties of a solution of phosphoric acid will be obtained4 ,this should then be submitted to the following tests3 ,some pulverized charcoal is added to a portion of the solution1 the mixture evaporated to dryness1 and the residue obtained introduced into a ,hessian crucible heated to redness3 in presence of a considerable amount of the acid1 free phosphorous is liberated and burns with a bright flame in the upper part of the crucible4 ,in case this reaction fails to occur1 other portions of the fluid are treated with a solution of a baryta salt1 which causes a white precipitate1 soluble in nitric acid2 with an ammoniated solution of sulphate of magnesia1 which throws down a crystalline white precipitate2 and by boiling with molybdate of ammonia1 acidulated with nitric acid1 which produces a yellow precipitation1 or at least a yellow coloration of the solution4 ,,oxalic ,,acid4 ,the solution is subjected to the same treatment as in the search for phosphoric acid1 with the exception that1 instead of adding acetate of lead to the fluid obtained by taking up the residue left from the alcohol with water1 it is divided into two portions which are examined separately4 ,a solution of a lime salt is added to one portion3 if oxalic acid be present1 a precipitate1 which is insoluble in acetic acid or in chloride of ammonium1 and effervesces when slightly calcined and treated with hydrochloric acid1 is formed4 ,nitrate of silver is added to the remaining portion of the solution3 the formation of a precipitate1 which detonates when dried and heated in a glass tube closed at one end1 is further evidence of the presence of the acid4 ,,acetic ,,acid4 ,the solution obtained by treating the alimentary canal with water is distilled1 as in testing for nitric and hydrochloric acids1 and the following properties verified in the distillate3 #ast4 ,it has an acid reaction1 and possesses the odor of vinegar2 #bnd1 unless previously neutralized with a base1 it fails to redden the per-salts of iron2 #crd1 if the distillate is added to a solution of the per-salts mentioned and sulphuretted hydrogen conducted through the fluid1 a black precipitate is formed2 #dth1 upon boiling the still acid fluid with a small quantity of starch1 the property of the latter to become colored in presence of free iodine is not changed2 #eth1 if heated with an excess of litharge1 a basic salt which restores the blue color to reddened litmus paper is produced4 ,,hydrocyanic ,,acid4 ,the detection of hydrocyanic acid requires special precautions4 ,the substances to be examined are mixed with water1 if solids are present1 and introduced into a retort provided with a delivery-tube which dips in a solution of nitrate of silver4 ,the retort is then heated over a water-bath4 ,if the evolved vapors produce a precipitate in the silver solution1 the heating is continued until a fresh portion of the latter is no longer affected4 ,the operation is now interrupted1 hydrochloric acid added to the retort1 and heat again applied4 ,should a second precipitation of cyanide of silver occur1 the presence of a cyanide in the suspected materials is indicated2 whereas the formation of a precipitate by the simple action of heat would point to the presence of free hydrocyanic acid or cyanide of ammonium4,h ,in case the latter compound is present1 ammonia will be contained in the distillate4 ,h ,ferrocyanides and ferricyanides--non-poisonous compounds--likewise1 evolve hydrocyanic acid when distilled with a strong acid4 ,their presence is indicated by stirring a small portion of the materials with water1 filtering the fluid1 acidulating the filtrate with hydrochloric acid1 and testing two portions3 one with sesquichloride of iron1 the other with protosulphate of iron4 ,if either of the above salts be present1 a blue precipitate is produced4--,trans4 ,in order to identify the cyanogen1 a portion of the precipitate is collected upon a small filter1 washed1 dried1 and then allowed to fall into a rather long tube1 closed at one end1 in the bottom of which some iodine has previously been placed4 ,a column of carbonate of soda is then introduced above the precipitate for the purpose of retaining the excess of iodine probably taken4 ,upon heating the lower end of the tube1 white fumes of iodide of cyanogen1 which condense in needles upon the cold portion of the tube1 are produced4 ,these are easily recognized by aid of a magnifying glass4 ,they are colorless and are readily volatilized by heat4 ,some ammonia is next added to a solution of protosulphate of iron1 the precipitate formed thoroughly washed1 and exposed to the air until it acquires a greenish hue4 ,the iodide of cyanogen is then withdrawn from the tube and mixed with potassa-lye and the precipitate mentioned above4 ,the mixture is evaporated to dryness1 the residue obtained treated with water and the filtered solution then acidulated with hydrochloric acid4 ,if a solution of a persalt of iron is now added to the fluid1 a blue precipitate is formed4 ,the addition of salts of copper produces a reddish precipitation4 ,the remainder of the precipitate formed in the nitrate of silver solution is heated with sulphur and then boiled with an aqueous solution of chloride of sodium3 if cyanogen is contained in the precipitate1 a solution of sulphocyanate of soda will be formed1 and upon adding sesquichloride of iron an intense red coloration produced4 ,it is evident that the presence of another acid in the solution examined for hydrocyanic acid would render the detection of cyanides impossible1 but in all cases hydrocyanic acid can be separated without arriving at a decision in regard to its original state of combination4 ,nitric1 hydrochloric1 and several other acids would not be distilled at the temperature of the water-bath2 an examination for these by the methods already described can therefore be instituted simultaneously with the search for hydrocyanic acid4 ,,detection ,,of ,,alkalies ,,and ,,alkaline ,,earths4 ,the separation of these bodies in the caustic state is a matter of difficulty owing to the great tendency they possess to become converted into carbonates2 the carbonates of lime1 baryta and strontia1 moreover1 being non-poisonous in their effects1 will not be employed with criminal intent1 and the carbonates of soda and potassa are extensively used as pharmaceutical preparations4 ,notwithstanding the small chances of success1 the isolation of the compounds under consideration in the caustic state is to be attempted4 ,to this intent1 the organs to be analysed1 together with their contents1 are placed in a glass retort provided with a receiver1 water added1 and the mixture boiled4 ,the distillate will contain the ammonia present4 ,when1 however1 putrefaction has begun1 the detection of this compound does not necessarily indicate its original presence in the suspected materials4 ,if1 after an hour's boiling1 the fluid in the retort possess an alkaline reaction1 it is to be examined for soda1 potassa1 strontia1 baryta and lime4 ,the undistilled solution is filtered1 the filtrate evaporated to dryness1 and the residual mass treated with alcohol4 ,by this treatment1 potassa and soda go in solution1 lime1 baryta and strontia,i--as well as the alkaline carbonates--remaining undissolved4 ,the potassa and soda are separated from the other salts present by filtering and evaporating the alcoholic solution to dryness and then calcining the residue in a silver crucible4 ,the mass1 which should still be alkaline1 is then dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid4 ,if the solution is turbid1 traces of baryta or strontia may still be present and should be removed by filtration4 ,some hydrochloric acid and solution of bichloride of platinum are then added to a portion of the filtered liquid3 in presence of potassa a yellow precipitate is formed4 ,i ,baryta and strontia dissolve in alcohol1 but only when they are anhydrous and the alcohol is absolute1 which is not the case here4 ,another portion is treated with tartaric acid3 a white granular precipitate is produced4 ,hydrofluosilicic acid is added to a third portion of the solution3 the formation of a gelatinous precipitate is a further indication of the presence of potassa4 ,if the preceding tests have given negative results1 and a white precipitate is formed by the addition of antimonate of potassa to another portion of the solution1 soda is present4 ,in both cases1 it is necessary to confirm the results by means of the spectroscope4 ,the above reactions are distinctive only in the absence of metals precipitated by sulphuretted hydrogen1 sulphide of ammonium or carbonate of soda1 and small portions of the solution should be tested with these reagents4 ,in order to detect baryta1 strontia and lime1 the residue1 insoluble in alcohol is dissolved in dilute nitric acid1 and an excess of carbonate of ammonia added to the solution3 the three bases1 if present1 are precipitated as carbonates4 ,the precipitate formed is separated from the solution by filtration1 dissolved on the filter in dilute hydrochloric acid1 and the solution then filtered and divided into two parts3 sulphuric acid is added to one1 the fluid filtered from the precipitate of sulphate of baryta formed1 and the filtrate treated with ammonia and oxalate of ammonia4 ,if lime be present1--although its sulphate is not easily soluble--sufficient will be contained in the filtrate to give a white precipitate of oxalate of lime4 ,the remaining portion of the solution is evaporated to dryness1 and the residue treated with absolute alcohol4 ,chloride of strontium goes into solution1 chloride of barium remaining undissolved4 ,if upon evaporating the alcoholic solution a residue is obtained which1 when dissolved in water1 produces turbidity in a solution of sulphate of lime1 strontia is present4 ,the residue1 insoluble in alcohol1 is dissolved in water4 ,if a precipitate is produced by the addition of sulphuric acid or hydrofluosilicic acid to the solution1 baryta is present4 ,the latter reaction distinguishes baryta from strontia1 which is not precipitated by hydrofluosilicic acid4 ,should the tests mentioned above fail to give affirmative results1 and poisoning by means of baryta and strontia be nevertheless suspected1 these compounds may possibly have remained in the materials contained in the alimentary canal1 in the state of insoluble sulphates4 ,to effect their detection under these circumstances the organic substances must be decomposed by means of sulphuric acid4 ,the carbonaceous residue is calcined in a crucible at an elevated temperature1 and the remaining mass treated with water4 ,in this way1 a solution of sulphides of barium and strontium is obtained1 which is then tested as directed above4 ,,detection ,,of ,,chlorine1 ,,bromine1 ,,and ,,iodine4 ,,chlorine ,,and ,,bleaching ,,chlorides4 ,the detection of chlorine is very difficult owing to the great tendency it possesses to become converted into chlorides or hydrochloric acid1 and it is only when found in a free state that its discovery is of importance4 ,in case the gas exists uncombined in the alimentary canal1 its odor will be perceptible1 and1 upon boiling the suspected materials with water1 vapors will be evolved which impart a blue color to paper saturated with a mixture of iodide of potassium and starch paste4 ,if the addition of sulphuric acid is necessary in order to produce the above reactions1 there is reason to suspect the presence of chloride of lime or ,eau de ,javelle4,j ,j ,the so-called chloride of lime is probably either a mixture of chloride and hypochlorite of calcium or an oxydichloride of the metal2 ,eau de ,javelle is the corresponding potassium compound4--,trans4 ,,bromine4 ,in case bromine exists in a free state at the time the autopsy is made1 its presence will be detected by the reddish color and unpleasant odor it possesses4 ,its isolation is accomplished by treating the materials with bisulphide of carbon which1 upon dissolving the bromine1 acquires a red color4 ,if potassa is then added to the solution1 it combines with the bromine and1 upon evaporating the decanted fluid1 calcining the residue1 and treating it with water1 a solution of bromide of potassium is obtained4 ,upon adding chlorine-water and ether to a portion of the fluid1 and shaking the mixture1 the bromine is liberated and is dissolved by the ether4 ,the etherial solution of bromine1 which possesses a reddish-yellow color1 does not mingle with1 but floats upon the surface of the colorless aqueous solution4 ,if nitrate of silver is added to another portion of the aqueous solution of bromide of potassium1 a precipitate of bromide of silver1 soluble in ammonia1 is formed4 ,in case the bromine has been converted into a bromide1 it is necessary to boil the alimentary canal and the articles of food contained therein with water4 ,the fluid is next filtered and agitated with chlorine-water and ether4 ,the liberated bromine is dissolved by the ether1 which acquires a reddish-yellow color4 ,upon decanting the solution1 and treating it with potassa1 bromide of potassium is formed1 and can be detected as directed above4 ,,iodine4 ,the detection of iodine is accomplished by a process almost identical with the above4 ,the isolation of the iodine having been effected1 it remains to be ascertained that it imparts a blue color to starch paste1 and a violet color to bisulphide of carbon4 ,,detection ,,of ,,metals4 ,under this head we will indicate the systematic course of analysis to be pursued1 supposing a mixture of several metals including arsenic and antimony1 to be under examination4 ,the organic substances are first destroyed by means of chlorate of potassa and hydrochloric acid4 ,when this is accomplished1 the excess of chlorine is removed by boiling and the liquid filtered4 ,the portion remaining on the filter is preserved3 it contains all the silver and a large portion of the lead1 if these metals are present4 ,we will designate the residue as ,a1 the filtrate as ,b4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,residue ,a4 ,the residue is calcined with a little carbonate of soda and cuttings of pure ,swedish filtering paper1 the chlorides present being reduced to the metallic state by this treatment4 ,the residue is next taken up with water acidulated with nitric acid1 and the solution filtered4 ,an insoluble residue1 that may remain1 is washed with hot water until the wash-water ceases to precipitate solution of nitrate of silver1 and dried4 ,it is then dissolved in boiling nitric acid1 the solution diluted with water1 and filtered4,k ,k ,if an insoluble residue remains by the treatment with nitric acid1 it may consist of tin4 ,in this case1 it is dissolved in aqua regia1 the metal precipitated by immersing a plate of zinc in the solution and then re-dissolved in boiling hydrochloric acid4 ,upon adding chloride of gold to the solution so obtained1 a purple precipitate is formed4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen produces a brown precipitate1 soluble in sulphide of ammonium1 in presence of tin4 ,sulphuric acid is added to the filtrate3 if no precipitate forms1 the absence of lead1 in the residue ,a1 is indicated4 ,if1 on the contrary1 a precipitate is produced1 it is collected upon a filter and washed4 ,in order to make sure that the precipitate consists of sulphate of lead1 it is treated with a solution of tartrate of ammonia3 it should dissolve1 forming a solution in which sulphuretted hydrogen produces a black precipitate4 ,the fluid which has failed to be precipitated by the addition of sulphuric acid1 or the filtrate separated from the precipitate formed1 can contain only silver4 ,upon adding hydrochloric acid1 this metal is thrown down as a caseous white precipitate1 which is soluble in ammonia1 but insoluble in boiling nitric acid1 and blackens upon protracted exposure to light4 ,the formation of a precipitate possessing these properties1 leaves no doubt as to the presence of silver4 ,remark4--,in the operations described above1 as well as in those following1 the difficulty in separating minute precipitates from the filter is often experienced4 ,when the precipitate is to be dissolved in reagents that do not affect the paper1 such as ammonia1 tartrate of ammonia1 and dilute acids1 it can be brought in solution directly on the filter4 ,in cases1 however1 where reagents which attack the paper are employed1 the precipitate should be separated4 ,this is accomplished by mixing a small quantity of pure silica1 obtained by the decomposition of fluoride of silicium by water1 with the solution1 before filtering4 ,the precipitate becomes intimately mixed with the silica1 and can then be readily removed from the paper4 ,the presence of silica does not interfere1 it being insoluble in the reagents commonly made use of4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,filtrate ,b4 ,a current of sulphuretted hydrogen is conducted for twelve hours through the solution1 which is kept at a temperature of #gj4 by means of a water-bath4 ,the flask containing the liquid is then closed with a piece of paper1 and allowed to remain in a moderately warm place until the odor of the gas is no longer perceptible4 ,the solution is next filtered with the precaution mentioned in the preceding remark1 and the precipitate 7a7 thoroughly washed4 ,the water used in this operation is united to the filtrate1 and the fluid 7b7 examined as directed further on4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,precipitate a4 ,in order to free the precipitate from the organic substances possibly present1 at the same time avoiding a loss of any metal1 it is dried1 moistened with nitric acid1 and the mass heated on a water-bath4 ,some ,swedish filtering paper is next added1 the mixture well impregnated with sulphuric acid1 and then maintained for several hours at a temperature of about #agj4 until a small portion 7afterwards returned7 gives a colorless solution when treated with water4 ,the residue is now heated with a mixture of one part of hydrochloric acid and eight parts of water1 the liquid filtered1 the matter remaining undissolved washed with dilute hydrochloric acid1 and the washings united with the filtrate4 ,the residue ,i4 and the solution ,,ii4 are separately examined as directed below4 ,,residue ,i4 ,this may contain lead1 mercury1 tin1 bismuth and antimony4 ,it is heated for a considerable time with aqua regia1 the solution filtered1 and the second residue1 should one remain1 washed with dilute hydrochloric acid4 ,if the second residue is fused with cyanide of potassium1 the compounds present are reduced to the metallic state4 ,the liberated metals are treated with nitric acid1 which dissolves lead1 but leaves tin as insoluble metastannic acid4 ,the nitrate of lead is then filtered from the metastannic acid1 and both metals are identified as described in the treatment of residue ,a4 ,the solution1 obtained by the action of aqua regia on residue ,i1 is treated with sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,the tin and antimony are separated from the lead1 mercury and bismuth by treating the precipitate produced with sulphide of ammonium1 which dissolves only the sulphides of the first two metals4 ,the solution in sulphide of ammonium is afterwards examined for these metals1 as directed under the head of solution ,,iv41 the search for arsenic1 however1 being here omitted4 ,upon treating the residue insoluble in sulphide of ammonium with nitric acid1 lead1 copper and bismuth go into solution1 mercury remaining undissolved4 ,the liquid is filtered1 and the undissolved mercury submitted to the special examination previously described4 ,sulphuric acid is added to the solution and the precipitate of sulphate of lead formed1 separated1 washed1 and examined as directed while treating of residue ,a4 ,finally1 the solution separated from the lead is tested for bismuth and copper1 as in examination of precipitate ,,iii4 ,,solution ,,ii4 ,the solution is concentrated by heating on a water-bath1 a small quantity of carbonate of soda cautiously added to a portion1 and notice taken if a precipitate forms4 ,the part taken is then acidulated with a little hydrochloric acid1 returned to the principal solution1 and sulphuretted hydrogen conducted through the fluid1 as in the examination of solution ,b4 ,in case a precipitate fails to form1 all metals are absent2 if1 on the contrary1 a precipitate 7c7 is produced1 it is examined as directed below4 ,,examination ,,of ,,precipitate c4 ,if the solution merely became turbid1 or the precipitate formed was of a pure white color1 it consists probably of sulphur4 ,it is1 however1 indispensable1 even in this case1 to collect the precipitate and examine it for arsenic4 ,provided it is of a pure yellow color1 it is treated with ammonia4 ,in case it is entirely dissolved by this treatment1 and the addition of carbonate of ammonia failed to produce a precipitate in solution ,,ii41 it is certain that arsenic1 and no other metal1 is present4 ,under these circumstances1 the ammoniacal solution is examined as directed in the article on the detection of arsenic4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the precipitate is not yellow1 or being yellow1 is but imperfectly soluble in ammonia1 and a precipitate was formed by the addition of carbonate of ammonia to solution ,,ii41 it is necessary to likewise search for tin1 antimony1 mercury1 copper1 bismuth and cadmium4 ,in this case1 the precipitate is placed in a small flask1 allowed to digest for several hours with ammonia and sulphide of ammonium in a moderately warm place1 and the solution filtered4 ,the remaining residue 7,,iii47 is washed1 labelled1 and preserved for subsequent examination2 the filtrate 7,,iv47 is treated as directed below4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,solution ,,iv4 ,the solution1 to which the water used in washing the residue has been added1 is evaporated to dryness1 the residue obtained taken up with pure fuming nitric acid1 and the liquid again evaporated4 ,the second residue is next saturated with a solution of carbonate of soda4 ,a mixture of #a part of carbonate and #b of nitrate of soda is then added1 the mixture evaporated to dryness1 and the residual mass heated to fusion4 ,the fused mass1 when cold1 is treated with cold water1 and any remaining residue washed with a mixture of equal parts of alcohol and water4 ,the filtered fluids are now evaporated in order to remove the alcohol1 sulphuric acid is then added1 and the mixture heated until white fumes of the acid begin to evolve4 ,in this way the complete expulsion of the nitric acid present is rendered certain4 ,when cold1 the residue is treated with water and the solution introduced into ,marsh's apparatus1 or1 in case a quantitative estimation of the arsenic is desired1 it is treated with sulphuretted hydrogen and the weight of the precipitate formed determined1 as directed under the detection of arsenic4 ,should a residue insoluble in water remain1 it may contain tin1 antimony and traces of copper4 ,upon dissolving it in aqua regia and placing a sheet of pure zinc in the solution1 these metals are thrown down in the metallic state4 ,the precipitate is collected1 the zinc present completely removed by treatment with dilute hydrochloric acid1 and the residue boiled with concentrated hydrochloric acid which dissolves the tin present4 ,the fluid is filtered and the filtrate tested for this metal by adding solution of chloride of gold1 which1 in its presence1 produces a purple precipitate1 and1 by treating it with sulphurated hydrogen1 which forms a brown precipitate1 soluble in sulphide of ammonium4 ,if the residue1 insoluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid1 is thoroughly washed and then treated with nitric acid1 the copper present goes in solution4 ,the fluid is filtered1 and ammonia added to the filtrate3 in presence of copper1 the solution acquires a blue color1 and gives a reddish precipitate upon addition of ferrocyanide of potassium4 ,antimony1 if present1 remains by the treatment with nitric acid as an insoluble intermediate oxide4 ,this is dissolved in hydrochloric acid1 in which it is now soluble1 and the solution introduced into ,marsh's apparatus4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,precipitate ,,iii4 ,this precipitate may contain the sulphides of mercury1 copper1 cadmium and bismuth4 ,upon treating it with nitric acid1 all but the sulphide of mercury are dissolved4 ,in case no residue remains1 the absence of mercury is indicated2 if1 on the other hand1 a residue is left1 it is well washed1 dissolved in aqua regia1 and the solution examined1 either by means of ,smithson's pile1 or in the apparatus of ,flandin and ,danger4 7,vide ,detection of ,mercury47 ,whether a residue remains or not1 an excess of ammonia is next added to the filtered solution in nitric acid3 the formation of a permanent precipitate denotes the presence of bismuth4 ,in this case1 the fluid is filtered1 and the alkaline filtrate further tested for copper and cadmium4 ,for this purpose1 cyanide of potassium is added1 and sulphuretted hydrogen conducted through the filtrate3 if cadmium be present1 a yellow precipitate is produced1 copper not being thrown down in presence of an alkaline cyanide4 ,the precipitate of sulphide of cadmium is separated from the solution by filtration1 and the filtrate saturated with hydrochloric acid4 ,copper1 if present1 is now precipitated as sulphide3 its separation is completed by conducting sulphuretted hydrogen through the fluid4 ,the precipitate is collected1 washed1 dissolved in nitric acid1 and its identity established as previously directed4 ,if the metal be present in sufficient quantity1 it should be obtained in a metallic state upon a plate of iron2 it is then coherent1 possesses its natural color1 and can conveniently be exhibited to the ,jury4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,solution b4 ,this solution may contain3 cobalt1 nickel1 iron1 manganese1 chromium1 zinc and aluminium4 ,of these1 only zinc and chromium are poisonous2 the search for these two metals is therefore all that is necessary in criminal cases4 ,the solution is treated with a slight excess of ammonia1 sulphide of ammonium added1 and the fluid1 after being allowed to stand for several hours1 filtered4 ,the precipitate may consist of sulphide of zinc and hydrated oxide of chromium1 as well as of traces of sulphide of iron and phosphate of lime4 ,if the suspected materials contained a chromate1 this salt1 in presence of hydrochloric acid and sulphuretted hydrogen1 would be converted into sesquichloride of chromium a compound which is precipitated by sulphide of ammonium as a hydrated oxide4 ,the precipitate is washed with water1 to which a little sulphide of ammonium is added1 then dried1 and fused with four times its weight of a mixture of equal parts of carbonate and nitrate of potassa4 ,after the mass has remained in a state of fusion for a quarter of an hour1 it is treated with boiling water1 mixed with a little alcohol1 in order to decompose the manganate that would be present were manganese contained in the materials under examination4 ,the alcohol is then expelled by boiling the fluid1 and the solution filtered4 ,the filtrate may contain phosphate of potassa1 originating from the phosphate of lime present1 and chromate of potassa1 resulting from the oxidation of the sesquioxide of chromium4 ,in presence of the latter compound1 the following reactions will occur in the solution3 #ast41 ,upon acidulation with acetic acid and addition of solution of acetate of lead1 a yellow precipitate1 soluble in potassa1 is formed2 #bnd41 if hydrochloric acid is added and sulphuretted hydrogen conducted into the solution1 the latter acquires a green color1 and1 upon adding ammonia1 a bluish-grey precipitate of chromic hydrate is produced2 #crd41 if nitrate of silver is added to the solution1 a brick-red precipitate is formed4 ,the precipitate remaining on the filter1 may consist of zinc1 mixed with the oxides of iron1 nickel1 cobalt1 aluminium and manganese4 ,it is dissolved in boiling hydrochloric acid1 acetate of soda added1 and the fluid boiled until no further precipitation occurs4 ,the iron is now completely separated4 ,the solution is then filtered1 the precipitate washed1 and an excess of potassa added to the filtrate2 if the solution contains cobalt1 nickel or manganese--which is improbable--a permanent precipitate is formed4 ,this is separated from the fluid by filtration3 its further examination is1 however1 unnecessary1 as the metals of which it consists are not poisonous4 ,the filtrate may contain aluminium and zinc4 ,the latter metal is detected by acidulating the filtrate with acetic acid1 and adding a solution of sulphuretted hydrogen3 in presence of zinc a white precipitate of its sulphide is formed4 ,in case organic substances are present1 the precipitation of chromium by sulphide of ammonium may possibly have been hindered1 and the metal have passed into the filtrate4 ,when1 therefore1 chromium is not detected in the precipitate1 the filtrate should also be examined4 ,for this purpose1 the fluid is evaporated to dryness1 and the residue obtained fused with a mixture of nitrate and carbonate of soda4 ,the fused mass is then taken up with water1 the solution acidulated with acetic acid1 and a solution of acetate of lead added3 if chromium be present1 a yellow precipitate1 soluble in potassa1 is produced4 ,,detection ,,of ,,alkaloids ,,and ,,some ,,ill-,,defined ,,organic ,,substances4,l ,a general method for effecting the detection of alkaloids was first proposed by ,stas4 ,since the publication of this method1 modifications to it have been recommended by ,otto1 and by ,l4 ,uslar and ,j4 ,erdman4 ,other processes have been suggested by ,rodgers and ,girwood1 by ,e4 ,prollius1 and by ,graham and ,hofman4 ,the latter will doubtless become general in their application2 but up to the present time they have been employed exclusively in the detection of strychnine4 ,dialysis has also been recently applied in the separation of alkaloids4 ,l ,colchicine1 picrotoxine and digitaline4 ,,stas',s ,,method4 ,this method is based upon the facts3 7a71 that the acid salts of the alkaloids1 especially those containing an excess of tartaric or oxalic acids1 are decomposed by caustic alkalies and by the bicarbonates of soda and potassa2 7b71 that the alkaloids1 when liberated in this manner1 are combined with a certain amount of water which determines their solution in ether1 although1 in a desiccated state they may be insoluble in this menstruum2 7c71 that they may be extracted from their aqueous solutions by agitation with ether4 ,stas's original method is as follows3 ,the suspected substances1 if organs are contained1 are cut into fine shreds1 then mixed with absolute alcohol1 #j4e to #b4 grammes of tartaric or oxalic acid added and the whole introduced into a flask and heated at a temperature of #fj to #ge4 ,when quite cold1 the mixture is filtered1 and the undissolved portion remaining on the filter washed with absolute alcohol1 the washings being added to the filtrate4 ,the alcoholic solution is evaporated1 either by placing it under a bell-jar connected with an air-pump1 or by passing a current of air1 having a temperature not exceeding #ce over it1 until reduced to a quarter of its original volume3 the complete expulsion of the alcohol being then rendered certain4 ,if insoluble matter separates during this operation1 the concentrated fluid is passed through a moistened filter1 the water used in washing the residue being united to the filtrate which is then evaporated to dryness by aid of the air-pump or by placing the fluid in a bell-jar over concentrated sulphuric acid4 ,when the evaporation is completed1 the residue is treated with absolute alcohol1 the alcohol allowed to evaporate at the ordinary temperature of the air1 and the second residue dissolved in the smallest possible amount of water4 ,the fluid thus obtained is placed in a test-tube1 and a concentrated solution of bicarbonate of soda added so long as effervescence takes place4 ,ether is then added1 the mixture thoroughly shaken1 and after it has remained at rest for some time1 a small portion of the supernatant ether removed and evaporated on a watch-glass3 the residue obtained will consist of the alkaloid present4 ,two cases are now possible3 the alkaloid is a solid1 or it is a liquid and is volatile4 ,the further treatment of the solution is modified according to these circumstances4 a4 ,,the ,,alkaloid ,,is ,,liquid ,,and ,,volatile4 ,if1 upon the evaporation of the ether1 oily streaks were left on the watch-glass1 a volatile alkaloid is probably present4 ,in this case1 a solution of caustic potassa is added to the test-tube1 the mixture shaken1 the supernatant ether decanted,m into a flask and the remaining solution again washed with ether until the last portion fails to leave a residue upon evaporation4 ,the etherial fluids are then united1 and two cubic centimetres of water1 acidulated with one-fifth of its weight of sulphuric acid1 added4 ,this acid retains the alkaloid1 which is now in the state of a pure acid-sulphate soluble in water1 the animal matters present remaining dissolved in the ether4 ,the ether1 in which some sulphate of conia may be contained--although the greater portion of this compound would remain in the aqueous solution--is then decanted4 ,the remaining aqueous solution of the pure sulphate of the alkaloid is placed in a test-tube1 a solution of caustic potassa and some ether added1 and the mixture well shaken4 ,the ether is next decanted and allowed to spontaneously evaporate in a dry place at a very low temperature1 and the ammonia possibly present is then removed by placing the vessel containing the residue over sulphuric acid4 ,the residue now obtained consists of the alkaloid present in a state of purity1 and can be directly identified by means of the reactions described further on4 ,m ,the necessity of decanting etherial and other solutions is advantageously obviated by the use of a pipette4--,trans4 b4 ,,the ,,alkaloid ,,is ,,solid4 ,it sometimes occurs that ether fails to take up all of the alkaloid present in the fluid treated with bicarbonate of soda4 ,under these circumstances the fluid should be mixed with caustic potassa1 the mixture shaken1 and the ether decanted2 this operation being repeated several times1 until the entire amount of the alkaloid is removed2 the ethereal fluids are then united in a capsule1 and allowed to spontaneously evaporate4 ,the result of the evaporation may be solid2 more frequently1 however1 a milky liquid remains which restores the blue color to reddened litmus paper2 if so1 the presence of a vegetable alkaloid is certain4 ,in order to purify the residue1 a few drops of water1 slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid1 are added to the capsule1 and the latter turned1 so as to bring the fluid in contact with the substance at all points2 in this manner a colorless and limpid fluid is obtained1 the fatty substances adhering to the dish4 ,the liquid is decanted into a second capsule1 the remaining residue washed with a little acidulated water1 and the washings likewise added to the principal solution4 ,the fluid is now evaporated either in vacuo1 or over sulphuric acid1 to about three-fourths of its original volume a concentrated solution of neutral carbonate of potassa added1 and the mixture treated with absolute alcohol1 which dissolves the liberated alkaloid1 and separates it from the sulphate of potassa formed and the excess of carbonate of potassa4 ,the alcoholic solution is decanted and allowed to evaporate in vacuo or in the air3 the alkaloid now crystallizes out in a state suitable for further examination4 ,,modifications ,,to ,,stas',s ,,method1 ,,proposed ,,by ,,otto4 ,in ,stas's method1 the loss of morphine is possible1 for1 if ether is not added immediately after the addition of carbonate of soda1 this alkaloid crystallizes and is then no longer soluble in that menstruum2 and1 if the ethereal solution is not quickly decanted1 the portion dissolved will likewise separate out in small crystals4 ,in both cases1 morphine will remain in the aqueous solution from which the other alkaloids have been extracted by the ether4 ,m4 ,otto recommends the addition of chloride of ammonium and a little soda-lye1 in order to dissolve the alkaloid4 ,upon allowing the solution so obtained to stand for some time exposed to the air1 crystals of morphine are deposited4 ,according to the same authority1 it is advisable to omit the distinction drawn by ,stas between volatile and fixed alkaloids1 and submit both to the treatment recommended for those that are volatile4 ,otto also recommends the agitation of the fluid containing the oxalates or tartrates of the alkaloids with ether1 previously to their separation by means of bicarbonate of soda4 ,by this treatment the elimination of the coloring matter present--as well as of colchicine1 digitaline1 picrotoxine1 traces of atropine1 and various impurities--is accomplished4 ,as soon as the ether ceases to become colored and to leave a residue upon evaporation1 alkali is added1 and the operation concluded as usual4 ,in this way the alkaloid is obtained1 almost directly1 in a pure condition4 ,this last modification appears to us to be a very happy one1 inasmuch as it greatly facilitates the purification of the alkaloid present4 ,,modifications ,,to ,,stas',s ,,method1 ,,proposed ,,by ,,uslar ,,and ,,erdman4 #ast4 ,the materials to be examined are brought to the consistence of a thin paste1 and digested for about two hours with water1 to which some hydrochloric acid has been added1 at a temperature of #fj to #hj4 ,the mixture is then filtered through a moistened linen cloth1 and the residue washed with warm acidulated water2 the washings being added to the solution4 #bnd4 ,some pure quartz sand--or1 preferably1 silica prepared by the decomposition of fluoride of silicium--is added to the filtrate1 the fluid supersaturated with ammonia1 and evaporated to dryness over a water-bath3 the addition of silica renders the residue friable4 #crd4 ,the residue is boiled repeatedly with amylic alcohol1 which extracts all the alkaloid present as well as the fatty and coloring matters1 and the extracts filtered through filter paper that has been moistened with amylic alcohol4 #dth4 ,the filtered fluid is thoroughly agitated with ten or twelve times its volume of almost boiling water acidulated with hydrochloric acid3 the hydrochlorate of the alkaloid present goes into the aqueous solution1 the fatty and coloring substances remaining dissolved in the oily supernatant layer4 ,the latter is separated by means of a pipette1 and the acid aqueous solution shaken with fresh quantities of amylic alcohol until completely decolorized4 #eth4 ,the aqueous solution is then concentrated1 ammonia added1 and the mixture well shaken with warm amylic alcohol1 in which the alkaloid dissolves4 ,as soon as the solution forms a supernatant layer upon the surface of the fluid1 it is drawn off with a pipette and evaporated on a water-bath4 ,in this manner1 the alkaloid is usually obtained in a sufficient state of purity to admit of its immediate identification2 if1 however1 a small portion turns brown when treated with concentrated sulphuric acid1 the process of purification must be repeated4 ,under these circumstances it is re-dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid1 the solution repeatedly shaken with amylic alcohol1 in order to extract the impurities present1 and the alkaloid then extracted with ammonia and amylic alcohol1 as previously directed4 ,the method of von ,uslar and ,erdman differs from that of ,stas merely in the substitution of amylic alcohol for ether1 and of hydrochloric acid for oxalic or tartaric acid4 ,it offers no advantages over ,stas's method if the alkaloids present are soluble in ether but is even less advantageous in this case1 inasmuch as its execution requires a longer time4 ,in cases where the detection of morphine1 or an unknown alkaloid1 is desired1 the use of amylic alcohol instead of ether is1 it is true1 preferable2 still1 with the exercise of care1 ether can also be employed1 and1 as this process greatly facilitates examinations when no clew to the poison present exists and all alkaloids may possibly be absent1 we prefer it to the one just described4 ,,rodgers ,,and ,,girdwood',s ,,method4 ,this method--which as yet has only been employed in the detection of strychnine--is based upon the solubility of this alkaloid in chloroform4 ,the substances under examination are digested with dilute hydrochloric acid1 and the mixture filtered4 ,the filtrate is then evaporated to dryness on the water-bath1 the residue taken up with pure alcohol1 the alcoholic solution evaporated1 the second residue treated with water1 and the solution so obtained filtered4 ,the filtrate is next supersaturated with ammonia1 and well shaken with chloroform1 which1 upon being separated by means of a pipette and evaporated1 leaves the alkaloid in an impure state4 ,concentrated sulphuric acid is then poured upon the alkaloid3 the latter is not affected by this treatment1 whereas the foreign organic substances present are carbonized4 ,after the lapse of several hours1 the mixture is treated with water1 the fluid filtered1 and the strychnine extracted from the filtrate by means of ammonia and chloroform1 as already described4 ,the operation is repeated until the residue obtained by evaporating the chloroform is no longer affected by the treatment with sulphuric acid4 ,,prollius',s ,,method4 ,the suspected substances are boiled with aqueous alcohol1 mixed with tartaric acid1 and evaporated at a gentle heat4 ,the remaining aqueous solution is then passed through a moistened filter1 ammonia added to the filtrate1 and the mixture shaken with chloroform4 ,the chloroform is separated1 the last trace of the original solution removed by washing with water1 three parts of alcohol added1 and the fluid evaporated4 ,if strychnine be present1 it will now separate out in crystals4 ,this method is applicable only in presence of a considerable quantity of strychnine1 and is less serviceable than the one preceding4 ,,graham ,,and ,,hofman',s ,,method4 ,this method1 which is applied to the detection of strychnine in beer1 is founded upon the fact that an aqueous solution of a strychnine salt yields the alkaloid to animal charcoal1 from which it can be subsequently extracted by boiling with alcohol4 ,the beer to be examined is shaken with #cj grammes of animal charcoal1 and the mixture then allowed to stand twenty-four hours1 with occasional shaking4 ,the solution is next filtered1 the animal charcoal washed with water1 and boiled for half-an-hour with four times its weight of #ij per cent4 alcohol4 ,the apparatus represented in ,fig4 #ab is employed1 in order to avoid a loss of substance in this operation4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,the alcohol is filtered hot1 evaporated1 and the residue obtained treated with a small quantity of solution of potassa1 and then agitated with ether4 ,upon spontaneous evaporation1 the ethereal solution leaves the strychnine present in a comparatively pure state4 ,macadam proposes to use this process for the detection of strychnine in animal bodies4 ,for this purpose1 the suspected materials are heated with a solution of oxalic acid1 as in ,stas's method1 and the strychnine detected in the filtered solution in the manner just described4 ,this method is scarcely to be recommended3 the use of animal charcoal is doubtless serviceable in the examination of beer1 as it effects the separation of a small amount of strychnine from a large quantity of fluid1 but its application to other researches is much less to be advised4 ,,application ,,of ,,dialysis ,,in ,,the ,,detection ,,of ,,alkaloids4 ,in order to apply the dialytic method to the separation of alkaloids1 the suspected substances are heated with hydrochloric acid1 and the solution introduced into the dialyzer4 ,the hydrochlorates of the alkaloids1 being crystalline bodies1 transverse the membrane1 and are contained1 for the greater part1 after twenty-four hours1 in the outer solution4 ,the fluid is then concentrated1 and the alkaloids either directly precipitated1 or purified by one of the preceding methods4 ,,identification ,,of ,,the ,,alkaloid4 ,the alkaloid having been isolated by one of the preceding methods1 it remains to establish its identity4 ,owing to the small number of reactions characteristic of organic compounds1 this is a matter of considerable difficulty4 ,there are two cases possible3 the alkaloid may either be volatile or fixed4 ,,the ,,alkaloid ,,is ,,volatile4 ,in this case it may consist of nicotine1 conine or aniline3 less known alkaloids 7piccoline1 etc47 may also be present4 ,we will confine ourselves to the consideration of the three first mentioned4 ,the alkaloid is divided into several portions which are placed on watch-glasses and submitted to the following tests3 a4 ,a drop is treated with nitric acid3 this may1 or may not1 impart a red tint to the alkaloid2 if it does1 another drop is treated with dry hydrochloric acid gas3 if it assumes a deep violet color1 it probably consists of conine4 b4 ,in case a red color was not produced by the addition of nitric acid1 another drop is treated with chloride of lime4 ,if it acquires a violet tint1 and two other drops1 when heated1 one with arsenic acid1 the other with nitrate of mercury1 become red1 the body present consists of aniline4 or an homologous base4 c4 ,should the above tests fail to give positive results1 and the substance1 when treated with chlorine1 assumes a blood-red color1 and with hydrochloric acid does not change in the cold but turns to a deep violet color upon boiling1 it probably consists of nicotine4 ,,the ,,alkaloid ,,is ,,fixed4 ,a very minute quantity is dissolved in the smallest possible amount of hydrochloric acid1 and an excess of ammonia added4 ,three cases are now possible3 7a7 ,a precipitate1 insoluble in an excess of the precipitant1 is immediately formed2 7b7 a precipitate is formed1 which1 at first dissolves1 but is subsequently deposited from the fluid2 7c7 no precipitate is produced1 or1 in case one forms1 it dissolves in an excess of the precipitant and fails to separate out upon allowing the fluid to stand4 a4 ,ammonia produces a permanent precipitate4 ,a small quantity of an aqueous solution of carbonic acid is poured over the alkaloid in the water-glass1 and notice taken whether it dissolves or not3 in either case the mixture is evaporated on a water-bath to dryness1 in order to avoid a loss of substance4 ,,carbonic ,,acid ,,fails ,,to ,,dissolve ,,the ,,alkaloid4 ,after the evaporation is completed1 ether is added to the watch-glass3 the alkaloid may1 or may not1 be dissolved4 ,the ether is then evaporated at the ordinary temperature of the air4 ,ether fails to dissolve the alkaloid4 ,it probably consists of berberine4 ,in this case1 it will possess a yellow color1 and its hydrochlorate will give a reddish-brown precipitate upon addition of sulphide of ammonia4 ,ether dissolves the alkaloid4--,a small portion is treated with nitric acid4 ,if an intense green coloration is produced1 the remaining portion is dissolved in ether1 and an ethereal solution of oxalic acid added4 ,if the precipitate now formed does not dissolve upon the addition of a little water1 there is reason to suppose the presence of aricine4 ,provided the addition of nitric acid did not produce a coloration1 the mixture of the alkaloid and this acid is treated with a small quantity of sulphuric acid3 if the fluid now acquires a red color1 the substance probably consists of narcotine4 ,should both nitric and sulphuric acids fail to cause a reaction1 the alkaloid is dissolved in ether1 precipitated by an ethereal solution of oxalic acid1 and the precipitate treated with a little water4 ,if it dissolves1 it probably consists of papaverine4 ,,carbonic ,,acid ,,dissolves ,,the ,,alkaloid4 ,the substance is treated with ether1 notice being taken if it dissolves1 which is evaporated at the ordinary temperature of the air so as to prevent a loss of minute portions of the alkaloid4 ,ether dissolves the alkaloid4--,if nitric acid gives first a scarlet1 then a yellow color1 sulphuric acid a yellow1 changing to red and violet1 and hydrochloric acid a violet color1 the alkaloid present is probably veratrine4 ,if the above colorations are not produced1 chlorine water is added to another portion of the substance1 then ammonia2 the formation of a green color1 changing to violet and turning red upon a renewed addition of chlorine water1 denotes the presence of quinine4 ,in case all of these tests give but negative results1 and the alkaloid is soluble in concentrated sulphuric acid1 a solution being formed which assumes a reddish-violet tint when stirred with a glass rod previously dipped in bromine water1 the presence of delphine4 is indicated4 ,ether fails to dissolve the alkaloid4--,if the substance is capable of being sublimed1,n it consists of cinchonine4 ,n ,cinchonine1 when sublimed1 condenses in minute brilliant needles4--,trans4 b4 ,ammonia produces a precipitate1 which redissolves in an excess of the precipitant1 but separates out after the lapse of an hour4 ,the substance is treated with cold absolute alcohol and its solubility in this menstruum noted4 ,if it readily dissolves1 it probably consists of brucine4 ,the presence of this alkaloid is confirmed by applying the following tests3 7#a7 ,nitric acid imparts a blood-red color to the substance2 7#b7 if treated with sulphuric acid1 it acquires a reddish tint which subsequently changes to yellow and green2 7#c7 chlorine at first fails to cause a coloration1 but after some time a yellow color which afterwards changes to a red is produced2 7#d7 upon treating the substance with bromine1 it immediately assumes a violet tinge4 ,in case the alkaloid is only slightly soluble in alcohol1 there is reason to infer the presence of strychnine4 ,the following confirmatory tests should be applied3 7#a7 ,if the substance is treated with a mixture of sulphuric acid and an oxidizing body1 such as bichromate of potassa1 binoxide of manganese1 or peroxide of lead it acquires a violet color1 which changes into red and finally passes into a clear yellow2 7#b7 the addition of bichloride of platinum produces a precipitation of the hydrochlorate4 ,should1 however1 the substance be only slightly soluble in alcohol1 and the above reactions fail to take place1 the presence of solanine4 is indicated4 ,in presence of this alkaloid the following reactions will occur3 7#a7 ,upon treating the substance with concentrated sulphuric acid1 it assumes a rose tint1 which changes after some time has elapsed first to a deep violet1 then to a brown color2 7#b7 a solution of a salt of the alkaloid reduces gold and silver salts2 7#c7 the addition of oxalic acid produces a precipitate in the aqueous and even acid solution of its salts4 c4 ,ammonia fails to produce a precipitate1 or redissolves permanently the one formed4 ,the solubility of the alkaloid in ether is ascertained4 ,if it be soluble1 it may consist of aconitine1 atropine or codeine2 if insoluble1 of emetine or morphine4 ,the alkaloid is soluble in ether4--,if bichloride of platinum fails to precipitate the hydrochlorate from a neutral solution of the alkaloid1 and sulphuric acid causes it to assume a yellow color which subsequently changes to a reddish-violet1 it probably consists of aconitine4 ,in case bichloride of platinum causes a precipitate and sulphuric acid fails to produce the yellow coloration referred to above1 the presence of either atropine or codeine is indicated4 ,in order to decide which of these bases is present1 the substance is dissolved in pure chloric acid and the solution allowed to spontaneously evaporate4 ,if the alkaloid is deposited during this operation1 it probably consists of atropine4 ,if this is not the case1 there is reason to infer the presence of codeine4 ,the alkaloid is insoluble in ether4--,if it dissolves in acetone it probably consists of emetine4 ,if acetone fails to dissolve it1 the presence of morphine4 is indicated4 ,the following confirmatory tests should be applied3 7#a7 ,upon treating the substance with nitric acid1 it acquires a blood-red color2 7#b7 the addition of a solution of a persalt of iron produces an evanescent blue coloration2 7#c7 chloride of gold is colored blue1 when treated with the alkaloid2 7#d7 the substance reduces iodic acid3 this reduction is detected by adding to the acid a little starch-paste1 which turns blue upon the liberation of the iodine2 7#e7 permanganate of potassa1 if heated with the substance1 is reduced and acquires a green color4 ,,identification ,,of ,,digitaline1 ,,picrotoxine ,,and ,,colchicine4 ,it has already been remarked that in exhausting the first acid solution with ether--previous to the neutralization1 according to ,otto's method--colchicine1 a weak alkaloid1 digitaline1 an indefinite mixture1 picrotoxine 7which appears to possess the properties of an acid71 and traces of atropine1 pass into solution4 ,the ether is evaporated on a water-bath to dryness1 the residuary mass treated with slightly warmed water and the solution filtered from the undissolved resinous matter4 ,the aqueous solution is next rendered feebly alkaline by addition of soda lye1 and then well agitated with ether1 until this fluid ceases to leave a residue upon evaporation4 ,the ethereal solution is now decanted1 and the water present removed by means of chloride of calcium4 ,if it is evaporated1 a residue containing the colchicine1 digitaline and traces of atropine 7mixed possibly with a minute quantity of picrotoxine1 which is here left out of consideration7 is obtained4 a4 ,the alkaline solution1 from which the ether has been removed1 is acidulated with hydrochloric acid and again shaken with ether4 ,the picrotoxine present is now dissolved1 and upon dehydrating 7by means of fused chloride of sodium7 and evaporating the ethereal solution can be obtained in crystals4 ,the crystals of picrotoxine are easily recognized by their forming in feathery tufts as well as by their length and silky brilliancy4 ,should crystals fail to form in a short time1 it is advisable to take up the residue1 left by the evaporations of the ether1 with slightly warmed alcohol1 and to allow the latter to spontaneously evaporate on a watch-glass1 or1 if the quantity of substance is exceedingly minute1 on the slide of a microscope4 ,after determining the form of the crystals1 it should be ascertained that they possess an intense bitter taste and exhibit the other characteristic properties of picrotoxine4 ,the following reaction is distinctive3 ,if the crystals are dissolved in an aqueous solution of soda and a few drops of ,fehling's solution,o added1 a reddish precipitate of cuprous oxide is formed4 ,o ,an alkaline solution of tartrate of copper1 employed in the examination of sugar1 urine1 and wine4--,trans4 b4 ,provided picrotoxine has not been found1 the ethereal solution obtained by agitating the alkaline fluid with ether is to be examined for colchicine and digitaline4 ,to this end1 the residue obtained upon evaporating the solution to dryness is taken up with water1 and the filtered fluid tested as follows3 #a4 ,it is ascertained if a drop of the solution possesses the bitter taste of digitaline4 #b4 ,another drop is treated with solution of tannin2 if either alkaloid be present1 a precipitate is formed4 #c4 ,two drops of the solution are next tested3 one with tincture of iodine1 the other with chloride of gold4 ,these reagents precipitate colchicine1 but do not affect solutions of digitaline or picrotoxine4 ,unfortunately traces of atropine1 possibly present1 would cause the same reaction2 the test therefore fails to be conclusive4 #d4 ,several portions of the solution are evaporated on watch crystals4 ,concentrated nitric acid is added to one portion3 if colchicine be present1 an evanescent violet coloration is produced1 which changes to a light yellow upon addition of water1 and to a pure yellow or reddish-orange color1 if the mixture is saturated with a slight excess of caustic alkali4 #e4 ,another portion of the residue is dissolved in a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid1 and the solution stirred with a glass rod moistened with bromine water3 in presence of digitaline a violet-red color is produced4 ,this coloration is more distinct when a small quantity of the alkaloid and an excess of sulphuric acid are present4 #f4 ,if a large amount of substance is at hand1 the residue can be boiled with hydrochloric acid1 and the green or brownish color and characteristic odor of digitaline produced1 in case this body be present3 this1 however1 is not a very delicate test4 #g4 ,finally2 it is advisable when the presence of digitaline is suspected to ascertain its physiological action4 ,for this purpose1 a minute quantity of the substance is placed upon the heart of a frog3 in presence of the alkaloid1 the pulsations are immediately retarded1 or even arrested4 99 99 99 99 99 ,although by means of the tests given above the existence of a special alkaloid1 or of one of the ill-defined substances just mentioned1 may be justly regarded as probable1 its presence has not yet with certainty been demonstrated4 ,this is especially true in cases where the compound possesses but few characteristic properties4 ,when possible1 the suspected substance should be obtained in a crystaline form1 and then compared by aid of the microscope--if the small quantity present permits of no other examination--with crystals of the pure alkaloid1 prepared under the same conditions4 ,in case #bj or even #aj centigrammes of substance are at hand1 it is best to convert the alkaloid into its hydrochlorate1 and evaporate the solution of this salt to dryness4 ,the residue1 after being weighed1 is dissolved in water1 and a solution of sulphate of silver added4 ,the precipitate of chloride of silver formed is collected and carefully weighed1 in order to calculate the weight of the chlorine contained in the hydrochlorate and consequently the molecular weight of the alkaloid4 ,the filtrate from the chloride of silver1 which contains the alkaloid in the state of sulphate1 is treated with hydrochloric acid1 to remove the excess of silver present and the fluid then filtered4 ,the filtrate is next shaken with potassa and ether4 ,upon decanting and evaporating the ethereal solution1 a residue consisting of the alkaloid present is obtained1 which is then purified by crystallization from alcohol4 ,an elementary analysis of the alkaloid is now executed4 ,certainty as to the presence of an individual alkaloid is attainable only when the execution of this confirmatory test is possible4 ,the reactions previously described can be performed with fifteen centigrammes of substance1 and this amount is sometimes contained in a cadaver4 ,if but one or two centigrammes are at hand1 it is still possible to detect the presence of an alkaloid2 a conclusion1 however1 as to which cannot be arrived at1 especially if the substance found is a liquid or an amorphous body1 and one that presents few distinctive properties4 ,,iii4 ,,methods ,,to ,,be ,,employed1 ,,when ,,no ,,clew ,,to ,,the ,,nature ,,of ,,the ,,poison ,,present ,,can ,,be ,,obtained4 ,if poisoning has been caused by the administration of a mixture of numerous substances and these greatly differ in their properties1 it is impossible to demonstrate in an incontestible manner the presence of each individual poison4 ,this contingency fortunately but seldom arises2 the criminal usually has recourse to one or two poisons1 the detection of which is possible4 ,it must not be imagined1 however1 that the presence of a poison in an organ can at once be detected with certainty by the mere application of a few tests2 because1 in searching for a substance which is absent1 we may unwittingly destroy the one present1 or1 at least1 transform it into combinations which would not allow of a definite conclusion as to its original condition4 ,in order to follow a systematic method in researches of this nature1 it is advisable to divide the materials under examination into three parts3 one portion is preserved1 in order to ascertain its physiological effects on animals1 the chemical analysis having failed to give positive results4 ,the other portions are submitted to analysis1 but with slightly different objects in view2 one is subjected to a series of tests which are adapted1 under all circumstances1 to place the chemist on the track of the poison present1 and which1 in some cases1 may even give conclusive and definite results4 ,should these tests furnish only indications of the nature of the poison1 the remaining portion serves1 with the assistance of this information1 to establish beyond doubt the identity of the substance4 ,,indicative ,,tests4 ,two cases may present themselves3 the materials to be examined possess either an alkaline 7or neutral7 or an acid reaction4 ,as the methods to be pursued in either of these cases differ somewhat1 they will be treated separately4 ,,the ,,substance ,,possesses ,,an ,,acid ,,reaction4 ,the materials are mixed with water1 placed in a retort provided with a delivery-tube which dips in a solution of nitrate of silver1 and heated over a water-bath3 if a cyanide be present1 hydrocyanic acid will be disengaged1 and a white precipitate of cyanide of silver formed3 this is examined as previously directed 7vide p4 #ej74 ,in case a precipitate is not produced by the above treatment1 more water is added to the retort1 and the mixture boiled for about an hour1 care being taken to collect the evolved vapors in a well-cooled receiver4 ,the portion remaining in the retort is thrown on a filter and the filtrate obtained united with the distillate4 ,the residue remaining on the filter is next washed with boiling absolute alcohol1 the washings being added to the aqueous solution4 ,in this way1 the suspected substances are divided into soluble and insoluble portions1 which are examined separately1 as directed below4 a4 ,,liquid ,,portion4 ,if the addition of alcohol caused a precipitation of animal matters1 these are separated by filtering the solution4 ,the filtrate is then placed under a bell-jar over concentrated sulphuric acid until its volume is considerably reduced4 ,the solution may contain organic and inorganic bases and acids4 ,in order to detect all bodies that are present1 the following course is pursued3 7#a74 ,a current of sulphuretted hydrogen is conducted through the solution3 the precipitation of some metals1 usually thrown down by this gas1 may fail to take place in this instance1 owing to the presence of organic substances2 however1 some metals are precipitated1 even in presence of organic compounds1 and organic acids are but seldom present4 ,in case a precipitate is formed1 it is mixed with pure silica1 collected on a filter1 and treated with nitric acid4 ,if the precipitate fails to dissolve1 it is treated with aqua regia4 ,in either case1 the solution obtained is examined for metals by the ordinary methods4 7#b74 ,the solution in which sulphuretted hydrogen failed to produce a precipitate1 or the filtrate separated from the precipitate formed1 is divided into two parts3 one portion is treated with ether and a solution of potassa2 the other with ether and a solution of soda4 ,both mixtures are then well agitated1 and notice taken if the ether dissolves any thing3 if so1 the operation is repeated several times until all soluble substances are removed4 ,the ethereal solutions are next decanted and united1 and then submitted to the examination for alkaloids as directed pp4 #fe-hd4 7#c74 ,if--the above treatment giving either positive or negative results--a precipitate insoluble in ether is formed by the addition of potassa or soda1 it is collected on a filter1 washed1 and dissolved in an acid4 ,the solution is then tested for mineral bases4 7#d74 ,in case no definite result has been obtained by the preceding operations1 one of the portions 7for instance1 the one to which potassa was added7 is tested for the acids possibly present in the state of salts4 ,the solution is divided into two parts 7,a and ,b7 which are examined separately3 ,,portion ,a4--,this is evaporated to dryness and the residue divided into four parts which are then tested for hydrofluoric1 nitric1 oxalic1 and acetic and formic acids4 a4 ,,hydrofluoric ,,acid4--,a portion of the residue is heated in a platinum crucible with sulphuric acid1 and the crucible covered with the convex face of a watch-crystal coated with wax in which lines have been traced with a pointed piece of wood4 ,if1 after gently heating the crucible for some time and removing the watch-crystal1 the lines traced in the wax are found to be etched in the glass1 the substance under examination contains a fluoride4 b4 ,,nitric ,,acid4--,if this acid be present1 and a second portion of the residue is heated with sulphuric acid and copper1 reddish-fumes are evolved4 ,upon conducting the vapors into a solution of sulphate of iron or narcotine1 the reactions already mentioned in treating of nitric acid take place4 c4 ,,oxalic ,,acid4--,the third portion of the residue is heated with sulphuric acid1 and the evolved gas carefully collected4 ,it should then be confirmed by an elementary analysis that the gas consists of equal volumes of carbonic oxide and carbonic acid4 ,this test is not conclusive2 it is also necessary to ascertain if the precipitate produced by the addition of a baryta solution 7vide3 under portion ,b47 produces the same reaction1 inasmuch as other organic bodies could give rise to carbonic oxide and carbonic acid1 and the danger of both admitting the presence of oxalic acid1 when it is absent1 and omitting its detection1 in case it is present1 would be incurred4 d4 ,,acetic ,,and ,,formic ,,acids4--,the fourth portion of the residue is distilled with dilute sulphuric acid4 ,after determining that a small portion1 previously neutralized with a base1 acquires a red color1 upon addition of a solution of a persalt of iron1 the distillate is divided into two parts4 ,one portion is treated with bichloride of mercury3 if formic acid be present1 metallic mercury is formed1 with evolution of carbonic acid which produces turbidity in lime-water4 ,the remaining portion of the fluid is digested1 in the cold1 with an excess of litharge3 in presence of acetic acid1 a soluble basic salt of lead1 possessing an alkaline reaction1 is produced4 ,,portion ,b4--,the second portion of the solution is supersaturated with nitric acid1 and this neutralized by addition of a slight excess of ammonia4 ,the ammonia is then expelled by boiling the fluid1 and a solution of nitrate of baryta added4 ,if a precipitate forms1 it is collected and subsequently examined for sulphuric1 phosphoric1 oxalic and boric acids as directed below4 ,the filtrate is preserved and tested for hydrochloric1 hydrobromic and hydriodic acids4 a4 ,,oxalic ,,acid4--,a portion of the precipitate produced by the addition of nitrate of baryta is submitted to the test mentioned under the treatment of portion ,a4 b4 ,,sulphuric ,,acid4--,if an insoluble residue remains upon treating the remainder of the precipitate with dilute hydrochloric acid1 it consists of sulphate of baryta and indicates the presence of sulphuric acid4 c4 ,,phosphoric ,,acid4--,an excess of solution of alum and ammonia is added to the portion of the precipitate dissolved in hydrochloric acid4 ,if phosphoric acid be present1 insoluble phosphate of alumina is precipitated4 ,this is brought upon a filter3 the filtrate being preserved and subsequently examined for boric acid4 ,upon boiling the precipitate with solution of silicate of potassa1 silicate of alumina is thrown down1 and phosphate of potassa remains in solution4 ,chloride of ammonia is now added to the liquid--in order to eliminate the excess of silica from the silicate--and the solution filtered4 ,the filtrate is then tested for phosphates1 by means of molybdate of ammonia 7vide3 detection of phosphoric acid1 p4 #dh74 d4 ,,boric ,,acid4--,the filtrate from the precipitate of phosphate of alumina is evaporated to dryness1 the residue mixed with sulphuric acid and alcohol1 and the latter ignited4 ,if the substance contains boric acid1 the alcohol will burn with a green flame4 ,the filtrate1 separated from the precipitate produced by the addition of nitrate of baryta1 may contain hydrochloric1 hydrobromic and hydriodic acids4 ,in order to detect these compounds1 some nitrate of silver is added to the solution1 and the precipitate that may form carefully washed and decomposed by fusion with potassa4 ,the mass is then dissolved in water1 and the solution submitted to the following tests3 e4 ,,hydriodic ,,acid4--,some starch paste and nitric acid--containing nitrous acid in solution--are added to a portion of the solution3 in presence of an iodide1 the fluid immediately acquires a blue color4 f4 ,,hydrobromic ,,acid4--,in case iodine has not been detected1 chlorine water and ether are added to a second portion of the fluid1 and the mixture well agitated4 ,if bromine be present1 the ether will assume a brown color4 ,in case iodine is also contained in the fluid1 and the detection of bromine is desired1 it is necessary to acidulate the solution with hydrochloric acid1 and then shake it with chloride of lime and bisulphide of carbon4 ,the bisulphide of carbon dissolves the iodine1 acquiring a violet color1 which disappears upon a renewed addition of chloride of lime2 whereas1 in presence of bromine an orange coloration remains1 even after the disappearance of the iodine reaction4 g4 ,,hydrochloric ,,acid4--,since the substance under examination will already contain hydrochloric acid1 it is unnecessary1 in most cases1 to institute a search for this compound4 ,nevertheless1 it may be well to take a quantity of the solution1 corresponding to a known weight of the original substance1 and precipitate the acid by adding nitrate of silver4 ,the precipitate formed is dried and weighed4 ,it is then heated in a current of chlorine1 in order to completely convert it into chloride of silver1 and its weight again determined4 ,only in case the amount of chloride found is very large1 is it to be inferred that the poisoning has been caused by hydrochloric acid4 h4 ,,hydrosulphuric ,,acid4--7,sulphuretted hydrogen74 ,if the precipitate produced by nitrate of silver possesses a black color1 it may consist of a sulphide4 ,upon treating a portion with solution of hyposulphite of soda1 all but the sulphide of silver is dissolved4 ,in case a residue remains1 it is calcined with nitrate of soda1 and the sulphate formed detected by adding a soluble barium salt to its solution4 ,sulphates1 chlorides1 carbonates and phosphates are most frequently met with in the preceding examination1 and it should be carefully noticed which of these salts exist in the greatest abundance4 ,if acids of comparatively rare occurrence 7such as the oxalic and tartaric7 are found1 their approximate amount is also to be noted4 ,these facts1 together with the original acidity of the materials and the absence of other toxical bodies1 would lead to the conclusion that the poisoning was caused by the reception of an acid1 as well as to the identification of the special acid used4 ,in subsequently effecting the detection of the poison by the determinative tests1 the danger of destroying other poisons possibly contained in the substance will be obviated1 as the question of the absence or presence of these latter will have been previously decided4 7#e74 ,the examination for acids concluded1 the various fluids which have accumulated1 and from which the acids present have been separated1 are united and the whole evaporated to dryness4 ,the organic substances1 present in the residue obtained1 are destroyed by means of nitric acid1 and the residual mass examined for soda4 ,if this substance has not been introduced into the portion of fluid examined1 and is discovered in a quantity largely in excess of the amount normally contained in the organism1 it is probable that poisoning has been caused by its administration1 and that an acid has also been given1 either in order to mask the poison1 or to act as an antidote4 ,in this case1 it is necessary to carefully search for acetic acid1 as this is the substance usually employed as an antidote for alkalies4 7#f47 ,whatever results have been obtained by the preceding examinations1 the portion of the fluid which has been treated with soda 7vide p4 #hg7 is evaporated to dryness4 ,the organic matters possibly present are destroyed by means of nitric acid1 or aqua regia1 and the residue taken up with water4 ,the solution so obtained is then examined for metals 7including potassa1 which salt has not been introduced into this portion of the fluid in any of the preceding operations7 by the usual methods4 7#g74 ,the soluble portion of the suspected materials having been thoroughly tested1 the undissolved substances remaining on the filter are next examined4 b4 ,,solid ,,portion4 7#a74 ,the organic matter present is first destroyed by treatment with aqua regia4 ,the fluid is then evaporated to dryness1 and the residue heated until the nitric acid is entirely expelled2 the escaping vapors being collected in a cold receiver4 ,the residue is next taken up with water1 the solution filtered1 and sulphuric acid added4 ,should a precipitate of sulphate of lime1 sulphate of baryta or sulphate of strontia form1 it is separated from the fluid and further examined4 ,the filtered solution is then introduced into ,marsh's apparatus1 sodium amalgam being employed for generating the hydrogen1 and tested for arsenic and antimony by means of the reactions previously given4 7#b74 ,whether one of the above poisons be discovered or not1 the still acid fluid is removed from the flask1 a current of chlorine conducted through it for several hours and the solution then examined for mercury by ,flandin and ,danger's method4 ,in case mercury is found it could scarcely have originated from the metal in ,marsh's apparatus1 as this would not be attacked by cold dilute sulphuric acid3 however1 to remove all doubts1 the test should be repeated with a portion of the substances reserved for the examination by the determinative tests4 7#c74 ,whatever have been the results of the above examinations1 it is still to be ascertained if the fluid1 which has been successively treated by ,marsh's and ,flandin and ,danger's methods1 does not contain other metals4 ,this is accomplished by means of the ordinary reactions4 ,,the ,,substance ,,possesses ,a ,,neutral ,,or ,,an ,,alkaline ,,reaction4 ,the examination is conducted in precisely the same manner as in the preceding case1 excepting that the materials are first acidulated with oxalic or tartaric acids4 ,particular attention should be given to the search for soda1 potassa1 lime1 baryta and strontia1 and the determinative tests subsequently applied according to the indications obtained4 ,,determinative ,,tests4 ,in many instances the tests we have termed indicative become determinative in their character4 ,this is the case when the isolation of an alkaloid or a metal 7unless mercury be found under the circumstances already mentioned7 is accomplished2 the results obtained are then conclusive4 ,if1 on the other hand1--not being able to separate either an alkaloid or a metal--upon saturating the originally acid fluid with potassa1 or soda1 the salts of these bases have been found in abundance1 there is reason to infer that the poisoning has been caused by an acid2 or1 if1 after the neutralization of the originally alkaline solution with an acid1 potassa or soda are discovered in a large quantity1 poisoning by an alkali is indicated4 ,in case the fluid is neutral1 but more or less colored and odoriferous1 and iodides or bromides are detected1 we may justly suspect that the poisoning has been caused by the reception of iodine or bromine4 ,according to the indications furnished1 iodine1 bromine1 one1 or all of the acids1 the caustic alkalies1 etc41 are then detected by means of the methods to be employed in cases where the expert has a clew to the poison present4 ,in this manner1 the presence of potassa and soda1 and of bromine and iodine1 even in mixtures1 is easily ascertained4 ,it only remains to mention the course to be pursued when suspicion exists that poisoning has been caused by the administration of a mixture of several acids4 ,the suspected materials are boiled with water1 and alcohol added to the solution in order to coagulate the animal matters4 ,the solution is next filtered1 the filtrate placed in a retort provided with a receiver and distilled until the residual portion acquires a pasty consistency4 ,in this way1 the acids present are separated into two classes3 7a7 those that are sufficiently volatile to have passed into the receiver1 such as1 acetic1 nitric1 hydrochloric and sulphuric acids 7the latter acid will only be partially volatilized72 and 7b7 those that remain in the retort4 ,the former are detected by examining the distillate as previously directed4 ,the residue remaining in the retort is treated with absolute alcohol1 the fluid filtered1 and a solution of acetate of lead added to the filtrate3 sulphuric1 phosphoric and oxalic acids1 if present1 are precipitated4 ,the precipitate is suspended in water and decomposed by means of sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,the acids contained are now set free1 and are detected by applying the tests already mentioned4 ,if there be reason to suspect the presence of both sulphuric and oxalic acids1 the distillation is discontinued after a short time4 ,the two acids are dissolved by shaking the moderately concentrated fluid remaining in the retort with ether1 and1 upon evaporating the solution1 will be obtained in a state suitable for examination4 ,oxalic acid is then detected by means of sulphate of lime2 sulphuric by means of oxalate of baryta4 ,the above examinations would fail to effect the detection of phosphorus1 and it is necessary to examine a separate portion of the original substance for this body4 ,,iv4 ,,miscellaneous ,,examinations4 ,,determination ,,of ,,the ,,nature ,,and ,,color ,,of ,,the ,,hair ,,and ,,beard4 ,a criminal1 in order to conceal his identity1 may change the color of the hair and beard by artificial means2 either to a darker shade1 in case they were naturally of a light color1 or1 to a lighter hue1 if they were originally dark1 and the chemical expert may be called upon to detect this artificial coloration1 and restore the original color of the hair4 ,it may also happen1 that portions of hair still adhere to the clots of blood sometimes found on an instrument which has been employed in the commission of a crime1 and consequently the question may arise as to the nature of the hair1 whether it be human or animal4 ,,determination ,,of ,,the ,,color ,,of ,,the ,,hair ,,and ,,beard4 ,the mode of examination necessary when the hair has been blackened is different from that used when it has been decolorized4 ,the hair has been blackened4 ,as various methods of dyeing hair black are in use1 the means of restoring the original color differ4 ,the following are the methods most usually employed in dyeing3 #a4 ,the hair is well rubbed with a pomade1 in which finely pulverized charcoal is incorporated4 ,this preparation1 which is sold under the name of mlanocome1 possesses the disadvantage of soiling the fingers and clothing1 even for several days after its application4 #b4 ,the hair is moistened with a dilute solution of ammonia1 and a perfectly neutral solution of a bismuth salt 7chloride or nitrate7 is then applied4 ,it is subsequently washed1 and allowed to remain in contact with a solution of sulphuretted hydrogen4 #c4 ,the same operation is performed1 a lead compound being substituted for the bismuth salt4 #d4 ,a mixture of litharge1 chalk1 and slacked lime is applied1 and the head covered with a warm cloth4 ,the hair is afterwards washed1 first with dilute vinegar1 then with the yolk of an egg4 #e4 ,the hair is first cleansed with the yolk of an egg1 and then moistened with a solution of plumbate of lime2 or1 #f4 ,it is moistened with a solution of nitrate of silver1 to which a quantity of ammonia sufficient to dissolve the precipitate first formed has been added4 ,the first method merely causes a mechanical admixture of a coloring matter with the hair4 ,in the four succeeding processes1 a black metallic sulphide is produced2 either by the subsequent application of a solution of sulphuretted hydrogen1 or by the action of the sulphur normally present in the hair4 ,in the last method1 the formation of sulphide of silver doubtless occurs2 but the principal change that takes place is probably due to the action of light1 which1 as is well known1 decomposes the salts of silver4 ,in order to restore the original color to hair which has been treated with mlanocome1 it is only necessary to dissolve in ether the fatty matters present1 and then remove the charcoal by washing with water4 ,in case the hair has been dyed by means of a bismuth or lead salt 7as in methods #b1 #c1 #d and #e71 it is immersed for several hours in dilute hydrochloric acid3 the metal present dissolves1 as chloride1 and the original color of the hair is rendered apparent4 ,it then remains to detect the metal dissolved in the acid solution1 in order to establish1 beyond doubt1 the fact that a dye has been employed4 ,this is accomplished by means of the methods used for the detection of metals in cases of supposed poisoning4 ,if1 finally1 an ammoniacal solution of nitrate of silver has been employed to cause the coloration1 the hair is immersed1 for some time1 in a dilute solution of cyanide of potassium1 and the fluid subsequently examined for silver4 ,in case a portion of the salt has been converted into the sulphide1 it will be difficult to restore the original color1 as the removal of this compound is not easily effected4 ,the hair has been decolorized4 ,black hair can be bleached by means of chlorine-water1 the various shades of the blonde being produced by the more or less prolonged action of the reagent4 ,in this case1 the odor of chlorine is completely removed only with great difficulty1 and the hair is rarely uniformly decolorized4 ,the expert may therefore be able to observe indication that will greatly assist him in arriving at a definite conclusion4 ,the hair should be carefully examined up to the roots3 if several days have elapsed since the decolorization has been performed1 the lower portion of the hair will have grown and will exhibit its natural color4 ,no method has yet been proposed that restores the original color to bleached hair4 ,it is very possible1 however1 that this end would be attained by allowing nascent hydrogen to act upon the decolorized hair4 ,for this purpose1 it would be necessary to immerse it in water containing some sodium amalgam1 and slightly acidulated with acetic acid4 ,,determination ,,of ,,the ,,nature ,,of ,,the ,,hair4 ,in examinations of this character use is made of the microscope4 ,the hair to be examined is suspended in syrup1 oil1 or glycerine and placed between two thin glass plates4 ,human hair is sometimes cylindrical2 sometimes flattened4 ,it consists either of a central canal1 or of a longitudinal series of oblong cavities which contain oily coloring matter1 and possesses the same diameter throughout its entire length4 ,the brown hair of the beard and whiskers1 medium-sized chestnut hair1 the hair of a young blonde girl1 and the downy hair of a young man possess respectively a diameter of #j4jc to #j4ae2 #j4jh to #j4ji2 #j4jf2 and #j4jae to #j4jbb millimetres4 ,these exhibit on the surface slightly projecting scales1 which are irregularly sinuous at the border1 separated from each other by a space of about #j4ja m4m41 and are transparent1 whatever may be their color4 ,the hair of ruminants is short and stiff1 and is characterized by containing cavities filled with air4 ,wool1 however1 forms an exception1 as it consists of entire hairs1 homogeneous in appearance and possessing imbricated scales1 which bestow upon it the property of being felted4 ,the hair of the horse1 ox and cow never exceeds #ab m4m4 in length1 and is tapering1 its diameter gradually diminishing from the base4 ,it is perfectly opaque1 and does not appear to possess a central canal2 has a reddish color1 and frequently exhibits lateral swellings1 from which small filaments occasionally become detached1 in the same manner as a twig separates itself from the parent branch4 ,,examination ,,of ,,fire-,,arms4 7,proposed by ,m4 ,boutigny47 ,the examination of fire-arms is sometimes useful in determining the date at which a weapon has been discharged or reloaded4 ,the methods used in examinations of this nature vary1 as the weapon under inspection is one provided with a flint or an ordinary percussion lock4 ,the value of the tests employed is also affected by the kind of powder used2 i4 e41 whether common gunpowder1 gun-cotton or white gunpowder 7prepared by mixing yellow prussiate of potassa1 chlorate of potassa and sugar7 has been taken4 ,,the ,,gun ,,is ,,provided ,,with ,a ,,flint-,,lock1 ,,and ,,was ,,charged ,,with ,,ordinary ,,powder4 ,in case the weapon has been wiped or exposed to moisture subsequent to its seizure1 it is impossible to form any conclusion as to the date of its discharge1 etc4 ,it is therefore advisable1 upon receiving the weapon1 to carefully wrap the lock in a woollen cloth1 and to close the barrel4 ,the exterior of the gun is at first submitted to a careful examination1 and notice taken of the approximate thickness of any existing rust spots4 ,the fire-pan and adjacent portion of the barrel are also examined by aid of a magnifying glass1 especial attention being given to the detection of traces of a moist and pulverulent incrustation of a greyish or blackish color1 formed by the combustion of the gunpowder1 and of crystals of sulphate of iron4 ,if the weapon is loaded1 the wad is withdrawn and the color of its cylindrical portion and of the powder1 as well as the size of the ball or shot1 noted4 ,this preliminary examination ended1 the barrel and fire-pan are separately washed with distilled water1 and the washings passed through filter paper which has previously been well washed1 first with pure hydrochloric acid1 then with distilled water4 ,the filtrate is next divided into three portions1 and these separately examined for3 7#a7 sulphuric acid1 by addition of chloride of barium2 7#b7 for iron1 by oxidizing the salts contained in the fluid with a few drops of nitric acid and adding a solution of ferrocyanide of potassium1 the presence of iron being indicated by the formation of a blue coloration1 or a blue precipitate2 and 7#c7 for sulphides1 by means of a solution of subacetate of lead4 ,if a bluish-black incrustation is discovered on the fire-pan or on the neighboring portions of the barrel1 and both rust and crystals of sulphate of iron are absent1 and the washings1 which were originally of a light-yellow color1 assume a chocolate-brown coloration upon the addition of solution of subacetate of lead1 the gun has been discharged within two hours at the longest4 ,if the incrustation possesses a lighter color and traces of iron have been detected in the washings1 but neither rust nor crystals have been discovered on the barrel or fire-pan1 the weapon has been discharged more than two1 but less than twenty-four hours4 ,in case minute crystals of sulphate of iron and spots of rust are found1 and the washings contain iron in a considerable quantity1 the weapon has been discharged at least twenty-four hours1 at the longest ten days4 ,if the quantity of rust found is considerable1 but iron is no longer to be detected1 the discharge of the gun occurred ten days1 at the longest fifty days1 previously4 ,if the weapon has been reloaded immediately after its discharge without having been previously washed1 the portions of the wadding which have come in contact with the barrel will possess a greyish-black color during the first four days1 the color gradually becoming lighter1 until1 at the fifteenth day1 it turns grey and remains so permanently4 ,in this case1 the washings will contain sulphuric acid4 ,the objection has been advanced to the last test that sulphuric acid might be discovered1 even if the gun had not been discharged1 if the paper of which the wadding was made contained plaster4 ,m4 ,boutigny states1 however1 that this objection is untenable1 if the wadding has not been moistened by the water introduced into the barrel4 ,in case the gun has been washed and dried before being reloaded1 the cylindrical portion of the wadding possesses an ochre-yellow color up to the first or second day1 assumes a decided red hue on the days following1 and acquires a clear rusty color on the sixth day4 ,during the fifth day the powder also possesses a reddish appearance1 owing to an admixture of rust4 ,sulphuric acid is not present in the washings4 ,if the weapon has been reloaded immediately after being washed1 the wadding possesses a greenish-yellow appearance for the first few hours1 and subsequently acquires a reddish color1 as in the preceding case4 ,if1 finally1 the barrel has been washed with turbid lime-water1 rust is still to be found and the wadding possesses the color mentioned above4 ,the following colorations are also to be observed in case the gun has not been washed1 or has been dried near a fire3 ,,barrel ,,dried ,,near ,a ,,fire4 ,,unwashed ,,barrel4 ,after #a day slight reddish yellow color greenish yellow color4 #b or #c days a little darker reddish-brown #d days a redder reddish-brown #e or more days a rusty-red rusty-red4 ,,the ,,gun ,,is ,,not ,,provided ,,with ,a ,,flint ,,lock4 ,at present weapons having flint-locks have almost entirely gone out of use and have been superseded by the ordinary percussion gun2 these latter1 in turn1 are being gradually replaced by breech-loaders1 charged with or without a metallic cartridge4 ,the indications obtained in the preceding examinations by means of the fire-pan1 will therefore disappear2 the results given by the inspection of the barrel may possibly hold good4 ,in regard to breech-loaders1 all the useful indications furnished by the coloration of the wadding and powder fail to occur2 the latter being enclosed either in a paper cylinder or in a copper socket4 ,the fact that gun cotton and white gunpowder are occasionally made use of1 adds to the difficulty of obtaining reliable results by the mere inspection of a weapon4 ,white gunpowder does not oxidize the gun1 fails to give rise to any salt of iron1 and possesses a white color2 gun-cotton produces distinctive indications varying with its purity4 ,owing to these facts1 it is evident that the method proposed by ,m4 ,boutigny is of no real value1 save in the rare instances where a gun provided with a fire-pan1 and charged with ordinary powder1 is under examination1 and the question of the lapse of time since the discharge of a weapon must remain undetermined so far as scientific tests are concerned4 ,,detection ,,of ,,human ,,remains ,,in ,,the ,,ashes ,,of ,a ,,fire-,,place4 ,this class of examinations is particularly necessary when the crime of infanticide is suspected4 ,as the complete incineration of a cadaver is a long and difficult operation1 it frequently occurs that bones--partially or completely carbonized1 but retaining their original form--are discovered by the careful examination of the ashes of the fire-place in which the combustion was accomplished4 ,when this is not the case and complete incineration and disaggregation have occurred1 recourse must be had to the indications furnished by a chemical analysis4 ,these indications are reliable1 however1 only when the certainty exists that bones of animals have not been consumed in the same fire-place2 otherwise1 the results obtained are entirely worthless1 the reactions given by ashes of animal bones being identical with those produced by the ashes of a human body4 ,two tests are employed to detect the presence of bones in the residue left by the combustion of animal matter4 #a4 ,a portion of the ashes is placed in a silver crucible1 heated with potassa1 and the mass afterwards treated with cold water4 ,if animal matter is contained in the consumed materials1 cyanide of potassium will be present in the aqueous solution4 ,in order to detect this salt1 the fluid is acidulated with hydrochloric acid1 and a solution of persulphate of iron added3 the formation of a blue precipitate indicates the presence of the cyanide4 #b4 ,the ashes are next examined for phosphate of lime4 ,as wood1 coal1 and the other substances usually employed for heating purposes contain none or little of this salt1 its detection in a notable quantity would lead to the inference that bones have been consumed4 ,the ashes are allowed to digest for twenty-four hours with one-quarter of their weight of sulphuric acid4 ,water is next added to the pasty mixture1 and the fluid filtered4 ,if phosphate of lime be present1 it is converted by this treatment into a soluble acid phosphate1 which passes into the filtrate4 ,upon adding ammonia to the filtrate1 a precipitate of neutral phosphate of lime is formed1 neutral phosphate of ammonia remaining in solution4 ,the fluid is again filtered1 the filtrate acidulated with nitric acid1 and then boiled with a solution of molybdate of ammonia likewise acidulated with nitric acid3 in presence of a phosphate1 a yellow precipitate1 or at least a yellow coloration of the fluid1 will be produced4 ,it has been stated that the disengagement of sulphuretted hydrogen1 upon treating the ashes with sulphuric acid1 is an indication that the combustion of a human body has occurred2 this reaction is1 however1 valueless1 inasmuch as coal and certain vegetable ashes likewise evolve the gas when subjected to the same treatment4 ,,examination ,,of ,,writings4 ,contracts1 checks1 etc41 are frequently altered with criminal intent1 either by erasing the portion of the writing over the signature and substituting other matter1 or by changing certain words1 in order to modify the signification of a sentence4 ,writings are altered either by erasure or by washing4 ,erasure1 although more easily executed1 is seldom employed1 as it renders the paper thin in places1 and in this way leaves effects apparent even to the naked eye1 and1 although the original thickness can be restored by application of sandarac or alum1 these substances possess properties differing from those exhibited by paper1 and may1 moreover1 be completely removed1 thus exposing the thinning of the paper4 ,in case washing by means of chlorine has been resorted to1 the sizing--which renders the paper non-bibulous1 and which is only with difficulty replaced--may have been removed4 ,formerly paper was sized by immersion in a solution of gelatine2 at present1 however1 a soap of resin1 or wax1 and alumina 7a little starch being added7 is more commonly used4 ,in the latter case1 the sizing is less easily removed by the action of water than when the gelatine preparation is employed2 the detection of its attempted restoration is also a matter of less difficulty1 as gelatine would be employed for this purpose1 and this body possesses properties different from those exhibited by the substances normally contained in paper3 iodine1 for instance1 which imparts a yellow color to gelatine1 turns starch violet-blue4 ,in order to detect the alteration of a writing1 the following examinations are made3 #a4 ,the paper is carefully examined in all of its parts1 and in various positions1 by aid of a lens4 ,in this way1 either thinned points1 caused by erasure1 or remaining traces of words1 may possibly be discovered4 #b4 ,the paper is next placed upon a perfectly clean piece of glass1 and completely and uniformly moistened with water4 ,the glass is then removed1 and the transparency of the paper examined by aid of a lens4 ,when uniform transparency is exhibited1 and certain portions are neither more transparent nor more opaque than the rest of the paper1 it is probable that erasure has not been attempted4 ,if1 on the other hand1 opaque points are observed1 it is almost certain that letters have been erased1 and sandarac1 which is not affected by water1 subsequently applied4 ,in case transparent points are detected1 there is reason to suspect that words have been removed1 and the spots either left intact or afterwards coated with a substance soluble in water1 such as alum4 #c4 ,the paper is dried and the above operation repeated with alcohol of #hg per cent4 ,indications may now be observed which failed to occur in the treatment with water2 as well as these latter confirmed4 ,as alcohol dissolves sandarac1 the points that formerly appeared opaque may now become transparent4 #d4 ,the paper is again dried1 then placed under a sheet of very thin silk-paper1 and a warm iron passed over it4 ,this operation frequently causes the reappearance of words that have been partially obliterated4 ,it is also advisable--as suggested by ,m4 ,lassaigne--to expose the paper to the action of iodine vapors4 ,if alteration has not been attempted1 the paper will acquire an uniform color2 yellow1 if sized with gelatine2 violet blue1 if sized with the mixture of soap1 resin and starch4 ,when1 on the contrary1 a subsequent sizing of gelatine has been applied in order to mask the alteration--the paper having been originally sized with the above mixture--it will assume in some portions a yellow1 in others a violet-blue color4 #e4 ,it is ascertained whether the paper possesses an acid reaction4 ,if so1 its acidity may result from the presence of hydrochloric acid1 in case the paper was washed with chlorine1 or of other acids4 ,alum1 used to disguise erasure1 would also cause an acid reaction4 ,the mere detection of acidity is1 in itself1 of little importance1 as1 in the manufacture of paper1 the pulp is bleached by means of chlorine1 and this reagent may not have been entirely removed by washing4 ,if1 however1 the paper is acid only in certain spots1 and these points produce a red coloration upon blue litmus paper1 having the form of letters1 the indication is of value4 ,in order to ascertain if this be the case1 it is advisable1 before wetting the paper1 to slightly press it upon a sheet of moist litmus paper3 the acid spots will then leave a reddish trace upon the latter4 #f4 ,the manuscript under examination is again spread upon a glass-plate1 and a solution of tannin 7or preferably1 a solution of ferrocyanide of potassium containing one per cent4 of the salt1 and acidulated with acetic acid7 applied by means of a brush4 ,if the original writing was executed with ordinary ink 7which has as its base tannate of iron71 and the washing has been but imperfectly performed1 it is quite possible that a blue coloration will be produced by the action of the ferrocyanide4 ,it is1 however1 often necessary to apply the above reagents several times before the original writing becomes apparent2 indeed1 in some cases months have elapsed before the reaction has occurred4 ,in case the alteration or destruction of the document is feared in the above test1 it is well to previously provide the court with a certified copy1 and then proceed with the examination4 #g4 ,if the paper possesses a friable appearance1 it has possibly been washed with sulphuric acid4 ,this property may however originate from other causes1 and the presence of the acid should be confirmed by washing the document with distilled water1 and adding a solution of chloride of barium to the washings4 ,the precipitate should form in a considerable quantity1 as a slight cloudiness could be due to sulphates contained in the water used in the preparation of the pulp4 ,if much sulphuric acid be present1 it may be so concentrated by heating as to cause the carbonization of the paper4 #h4 ,it is also well1 should washing with sulphuric acid be suspected1 to ascertain1 by aid of a lens1 if the filaments on the surface of the manuscript possess an inflated appearance4 ,this would be caused by the escape of carbonic acid1 originating from the action of sulphuric acid upon the carbonates contained in the water used in the manufacture of the paper4 #i4 ,old ink is more difficult to remove than new1 and it is therefore sometimes possible to cause the reappearance of old writings1 over which words have been subsequently written4 ,for this purpose1 a solution containing #ej per cent4 of oxalic acid is applied with a fine brush over the suspected points4 ,as soon as the ink disappears1 the acid is immediately removed by washing with water1 and the paper dried4 ,upon now repeating the operation1 the presence of a former writing may be detected after the complete disappearance of the words last written4 #aj4 ,according to ,m4 ,lassaigne1 when the same ink has not been used throughout a document1 washing with dilute hydrochloric acid will demonstrate the fact4 ,this acid1 while causing the gradual obliteration of characters written with ordinary ink--the shade of the paper not being altered--produces a red color1 if ink containing log-wood has been employed1 and a green coloration1 in case the ink used contained ,prussian blue4 ,the expert may possibly be called upon to give evidence as to the existence of a trompe-l'oeil2 as was the case in the trial of ,m4 de ,preigne1 which took place at ,montpelier in #aheb4 ,a trompe-l'oeil consists of two sheets of paper1 glued together at the edges1 but having the upper sheet shorter than the other which therefore extends below it4 ,this species of fraud is executed by writing unimportant matter on the uppermost sheet1 and then obtaining the desired signature1 care being taken that it is written on the portion of the paper projecting below4 ,the signature having been procured1 it is only necessary to detach the two sheets in order to obtain a blank paper containing the signature1 over which whatever is desired can be inserted4 ,the trial referred to above1 was in reference to a receipt for #c1jjj francs4 ,the expert1 upon placing pieces of moistened paper upon the suspected document1 noticed that they adhered to certain points1 and that these formed a border around the paper but passing above the signature4 ,the fraudulency of the act was thus established1 and so recognized by the court1 although the accused was acquitted by the jury4 ,numerous means have been proposed1 in order to render the falsification of documents a matter of difficulty4 ,the most reliable of these is the use of ,grimpe's safety-paper1 containing microscopic figures1 the reproduction of which is impossible4 ,unfortunately1 up to the present1 the government has adopted methods less sure4 ,,examination ,,of ,,writings ,,in ,,cases ,,where ,a ,,sympathetic ,,ink ,,has ,,been ,,used4 ,sympathetic inks are those which1 although invisible at the time of writing1 become apparent by the application of certain agents4 ,they are of two classes3 those which are rendered visible by the mere application of heat1 such as chloride of cobalt1 or the juice of onions2 and those which are brought out only by the action of a reagent4 ,the inks of the second class most frequently used are solutions of acetates of lead1 and other metals which give a colored sulphide when treated with sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,characters written with a solution of ferrocyanide of potassium acquire a blue color1 if washed with a solution of perchloride of iron4 ,it is scarcely necessary to add that the latter solution can be used as the ink1 and the ferrocyanide as the developer4 ,when the presence of characters written with a sympathetic ink is suspected1 the document is examined as follows3 #a4 ,the paper is at first warmed3 if the ink used is of the first class1 the characters will now become legible2 otherwise the examination is continued as below4 #b4 ,the paper is exposed to the action of steam1 in order to moisten the ink present 7care being taken to avoid dissolving the characters71 and a current of sulphuretted hydrogen allowed to act upon it4 ,if the ink used consists of a lead1 bismuth1 or gold salt1 a black coloration will ensue2 if salts of cadmium or arsenic were employed1 the characters will acquire a yellow color2 if1 finally1 a salt of antimony was used1 a red coloration will be produced4 #c4 ,if no coloration was caused by the action of sulphuretted hydrogen1 it is probably that either a solution of ferrocyanide of potassium or a persalt of iron has been resorted to4 ,each of these solutions is separately applied on a small portion of paper by means of a brush1 and notice taken if the characters become visible4 ,the solution that produced the change is then applied over the entire sheet4 #d4 ,in case only negative results were obtained in the preceding operations1 it must not yet be concluded that a sympathetic ink has not been used1 although we are left without further recourse to chemical tests4 ,numerous organic compounds may have been resorted to1 the detection of which is almost impossible2 moreover1 if a mistake was made in regard to the preparation supposed to have been used1 the reagents employed for its detection may render the discovery of another ink absolutely impossible4 ,it is therefore often necessary to apply mechanical tests4 ,for this purpose1 the paper is spread upon a glass plate1 uniformly moistened with water1 and a second plate placed over it3 if the characters were written with a pulverulent substance suspended in water or mucilage1 they may often be observed upon examining the transparency of the paper4 ,in case the substance used is both colorless and soluble1 the detection of the written characters will be more difficult2 still1 indelible traces may possibly have been left by the pen4 ,if1 however1 the ink employed is a colorless and transparent organic compound of rare occurrence1 and was applied with a fine pencil-brush which failed to affect the paper1 it must be acknowledged that little or nothing can be definitely determined as to its presence or absence4 ,,falsification ,,of ,,coins ,,and ,,alloys4 ,in all civilized countries a fixed standard for coins and precious alloys is established by law1 in order to prevent the perpetration of frauds which would be of serious injury to the public welfare4 ,the substitution of coins consisting of an alloy inferior in value to the standard fixed by law1 is too advantageous a fraud not to be often attempted4 ,coins are most frequently altered by clipping2 by stuffing1 that is1 by boring the coin and inserting an alloy of small value2 by doubling1 which operation consists in covering its face with two thin lamin taken from a genuine coin2 and by applying a coating of gold or silver by means of electro-plating4 ,in order to ascertain if a coin has been counterfeited1 its weight should at first be determined4 ,if it has been clipped1 or consists of an alloy possessing a density less than that of silver or gold1 the fact is immediately demonstrated by its decreased gravity4 ,the coin is further tested by throwing it down upon a hard substance3 gold and silver give a ringing sound1 whereas the majority of other metals produce a dull sound4 ,the result obtained by this latter test often fails to be reliable4 ,a skilful counterfeiter may prepare an alloy equally sonorous and heavy as silver or gold2 in fact1 ,m4 ,duloz exhibited to the author an alloy1 prepared by him1 possessing the density1 sonorousness and lustre of silver2 the composition of which1 for obvious reasons1 has not been published4 ,in instances of this nature the fusibility of the coin should be determined1 and the result obtained compared with the melting point of the legal alloy1 or1 this failing1 a chemical analysis executed4 ,in order to perform the latter test1 the coin under examination is boiled with nitric acid3 all metals are dissolved1 with exception of gold and platinum1 which remain unaltered1 and tin and antimony1 which are converted respectively into metastannic and antimonic acids4 ,the fluid is filtered1 the insoluble residue well washed1 and then boiled with hydrochloric acid1 which dissolves the metastannic and antimonic acids4 ,the solution is again filtered1 and the second residue dissolved in aqua regia4 ,the metals dissolved in the several filtrates are then detected1 either by the processes previously given for the detection of metallic poisons1 or by the more complete methods contained in works on chemical analysis4 ,this qualitative test is1 however1 insufficient1 in case the falsification consisted in merely diminishing the proportions of the valuable metals contained in the alloy1 without changing its qualitative composition3 it is then necessary to execute a quantitative estimation of the metals present4 ,as this operation requires considerable practice and the methods employed are to be found in all treatises on quantitative analysis1 we will not reproduce them here4 ,,examination ,,of ,,alimentary ,,and ,,pharmaceutical ,,substances4 ,we will next enumerate the methods employed in the detection of the principal adulterations to which flour1 bread1 oils of seeds1 milk1 wines1 vinegar and the sulphate of quinine are subjected4 ,these researches1 united with those preceding1 fail to embrace all the diverse examinations which the chemical expert may be expected to execute2 but we do not claim to foresee all the contingencies that may arise1 and will describe the steps to be pursued in instances which are anticipated1 at the same time indicating general methods applicable to cases not here included4 ,,flour ,,and ,,bread4 ,the adulterations to which flour and bread are exposed usually consist in adding damaged or an inferior grade of flour to wheaten flour1 or in disguising the presence of a poor quality of flour by the addition of mineral substances1 such as3 plaster1 chalk1 lime1 alum1 and sulphate of copper4 ,good flour has a white color1 possessing a slightly yellow tinge1 but is entirely free from red1 grey or black specks4 ,it is soft to the touch and adheres to the fingers1 acquiring1 when compressed in the hand1 a soft cushion-like form4 ,if mixed with water1 it forms an elastic1 homogeneous1 but slightly coherent dough1 which can be extended out in thin layers4 ,flour of an inferior quality possess a dull white color1 and does not assume the cushion-like condition mentioned above1 when pressed in the hand1 but escapes between the fingers3 the dough formed is of a poorer quality4 ,flour which has been damaged by moisture has a dull or reddish-white hue1 and possesses a mouldy1 or even a noxious1 odor1 as well as a bitter and nauseous taste which produces a marked acid sensation in the throat4 ,occasionally the presence of moisture causes the growth of fungi1 the introduction of which in the digestive organs would cause serious results4 ,the constituents of pure flour are3 ,gluten4 ,starch1 in the proportion of #ej to #ge per cent4 ,dextrine1 in the proportion of several per cent4 ,glucose1 in the proportion of several per cent4 ,salts1 remaining in the ash obtained by the calcination of the flour1 in a proportion not exceeding #b per cent4 ,water1 of which it loses #ab to #ae per cent41 at the heat of a water-bath1 and #ae to #bj per cent41 at a temperature of #afj4 ,bran1 7ligneous and fatty matter17 in a very small proportion1 when the flour has been properly bolted4 ,in the process of bread-making1 the gluten undergoes fermentation by the action of the leaven and liberates carbonic acid1 which causes the dough to become porous and swell up1 or1 as it is termed1 to rise4 ,bread contains the same substances as flour1 but gluten and starch are present in a state that does not admit of their separation by mechanical means1 and glucose1 if present at all1 exists in a smaller quantity3 the proportion of dextrine and water is1 on the other hand1 considerably increased4 ,the bread of the ,paris city bakeries contains #dj per cent4 of water--the crumb1 which forms #e_/f of the weight of the bread1 containing #de per cent42 the crust1 which constitutes the remaining #a_/f1 containing #ae per cent4 ,in army bread #dc per cent4 of water are contained--the crumb1 which constitutes #d_/e of the weight of the bread1 holding #ej per cent42 the crust which forms the remaining #a_/e1 containing #ae per cent4 ,the addition of common salt naturally increases the proportion of ash left upon calcining bread4 ,water is contained in stale bread in the same quantity as in fresh bread2 but exists in a modified molecular condition3 upon heating stale bread1 it acquires the properties of fresh bread4 ,the following substances are used in the adulteration of wheaten flour3,p ,potato-starch4 ,meals of various grains 7rice1 barley1 corn1 oats and rye74 ,vegetable meals1 7beans1 horse-beans1 kidney-beans1 peas1 vetch1 lentils1 etc474 ,darnel meal4 ,buckwheat flour4 ,linseed-meal4 ,mineral substances 7plaster1 chalk1 lime1 alum1 and sulphate of copper74 ,p ,most of the substances here enumerated are rarely1 if ever1 used for the adulteration of flour in this country4 ,the analyst should1 however1 give attention to the examination for such salts as alum1 sulphate of copper1 plaster1 kaolin1 etc4--,trans4 ,in order to detect these substances1 the gluten1 the starch1 and the ash are separately examined4 a4 ,,examination ,,of ,,the ,,gluten4 ,in order to separate the gluten1 two parts of the flour to be examined and one part of water are mixed into a paste1 and this is placed in a fine linen sack1 in which it is kneaded under a stream of water so long as the washings have a turbid appearance3 these are preserved4 ,the gluten obtained from good wheaten flour possesses a light-yellow color2 emits a stale odor2 and spreads out1 when placed in a saucer4 ,in case the flour has been too strongly heated in the grinding1 or otherwise badly prepared1 the gluten is granulous1 difficult to collect in the hand1 and somewhat resembles flint-stone in appearance4 ,gluten prepared from a mixture of equal parts of wheat and rye is adhesive1 blackish1 without homogeneousness1 spreads out more readily than pure wheaten gluten1 separates easily and adheres somewhat to the fingers4 ,gluten obtained from a mixture of wheat and barley is non-adhesive1 of a dirty reddish-brown color1 and appears to be formed of intertwined vermicular filaments4 ,gluten formed from a mixture of equal parts of wheat and oats has a blackish-yellow color and exhibits1 at the surface1 numerous small white specks4 ,the gluten from a mixture of wheat and corn has a yellowish color1 is non-adhesive1 but firm1 and does not readily spread4 ,gluten prepared from a mixture of wheat and leguminous flour is neither cohesive nor elastic1 and1 if the proportion of the latter present be considerable1 can be separated and passed through a sieve1 like starch4 ,the gluten obtained from a mixture of equal parts of wheat and buckwheat flour is very homogeneous1 and is as easily prepared as the gluten from pure wheaten flour4 ,it possesses when moist a dark-grey color2 which changes to a deep black upon drying4 ,the proportion of gluten in flour is exceedingly variable3 good flour contains from #aj to #aa per cent4 of dry gluten2 poor flour from #h to #i per cent4 of moist gluten1 equal to about one-third of its weight of the dry compound4 b4 ,,examination ,,of ,,the ,,starch4 ,the washings of the flour are allowed to stand for some time in a conical-shaped vessel4 ,as soon as the amylaceous matter has entirely settled to the bottom of the vessel1 the greater portion of the water is decanted1 and the residual mass brought upon a small filter and allowed to dry4 ,the residue is then examined for potato and rice starch4 ,potato starch4 ,the grains of potato starch are much larger than those of wheaten starch4 ,if a portion of the residue mentioned above is crushed in an agate mortar1 the granules of potato starch present are ruptured1 and their contents liberated2 the wheaten starch remaining unaltered4 ,the mass is then taken up with water1 and the fluid filtered4 ,if potato starch be present1 the filtrate will acquire a blue color upon addition of an aqueous solution of iodine2 otherwise1 a yellow or violet-rose coloration is produced4 ,it is necessary to avoid crushing the residue for too long a time1 as the granules of wheaten starch would also become ruptured by prolonged comminution4 ,besides the difference presented by potato starch in the size of the granules in comparison to those of wheaten starch1 the former swell to ten or fifteen times the volume of the latter1 when treated with a solution of potassa3 wheaten starch granules are not affected by the treatment1 if the solution used does not contain more than #b per cent4 of the salt4 ,the results obtained by the above operation should be confirmed by a microscopic examination4 ,a portion of the residue is moistened with solution of iodine1 then carefully dried1 and placed on the slide of a microscope4 ,the mass is next moistened with a solution containing #b per cent4 of potassa1 and examined4 ,the addition of iodine causes the potato starch granules to acquire a blue color1 and renders their shape and volume more easily perceptible2 thus allowing the two varieties of starch to be readily distinguished4 ,fig4 #ac represents the relative size of the granules as observed under the microscope4,q ,q ,it may be added1 as a distinguishing property1 that granules of potato starch1 when viewed in polarized light by aid of a ,nicol's prism1 present a well-defined black cross1 corresponding to the hilum2 wheaten-starch fails to exhibit this phenomenon4--,trans4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,the presence of potato starch in bread is also detected by crushing a small portion of the sample under examination on the glass1 and then adding a few drops of the alkaline solution4 ,rice and ,corn4--,if rice or corn meal have been mixed with the flour1 angular and translucent fragments 7,fig4 #ad7 are observed in the microscopic examination4 ,corn meal acquires a yellow color1 if treated with dilute potassa solution4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,miscellaneous ,,tests4 ,linseed and rye meals4--,if linseed meal is moistened with an aqueous solution containing #ad per cent4 of potassa and examined under the microscope1 numerous minute characteristic granules1 smaller than the grains of potato-starch1 are observed4 ,these possess a vitreous appearance1 sometimes a reddish color1 and usually form in squares or very regular rectangles4 ,the test is equally applicable to bread4 ,the detection of linseed and rye meals is simultaneously effected by exhausting the suspected flour with ether1 then filtering the solution and allowing it to evaporate4 ,if the flour contains rye1 the oil left by the evaporation1 when heated with a solution of mercury in concentrated nitric acid1 is converted into a solid substance having a fine red color2 but it remains unaltered1 if entirely due to linseed4 ,in case the oil becomes solidified1 the mercury salt present should be removed by washing with water1 the residue taken up with boiling alcohol of #cf ,b4 and the solution filtered3 upon evaporating the alcoholic filtrate1 a residue is obtained consisting of the linseed oil present4 ,buckwheat4--,flour adulterated with buckwheat is less soft to the touch1 does not pack as easily1 and passes more readily through a sieve than pure wheaten flour4 ,it presents1 here and there1 blackish particles1 due to the perisperm of the grain1 and has a dirty-white color4 ,as previously remarked1 the gluten obtained from a mixture of buckwheat and wheaten flour possesses a grey or even a black color4 ,the starch furnished by buckwheat flour exhibits polyhedral agglomerations1 analogous to those presented by corn4 ,darnel4--,the use of darnel in the adulteration of wheaten flour may give rise to serious sanitary results4 ,to effect its detection1 the flour to be examined is digested with alcohol of #ce ,b43 if the flour be pure1 the alcohol remains limpid3 it acquires a straw-yellow tint1 due to traces of bran present1 but--although a peculiar resin may be dissolved--the solution does not possess a disagreeable taste4 ,when1 on the contrary1 darnel is present1 the alcohol assumes a green tint1 which gradually deepens1 and possesses a bitter and nauseous taste2 the residue1 left by the evaporation of the tincture to dryness1 has a greenish-yellow color1 and a still more disagreeable flavor than the alcoholic solution4 ,legumens4--,leguminous meals cannot be added otherwise than in small proportions to wheaten flour1 owing to the rapidity with which they change the properties of the latter1 and communicate to it their characteristic odor--noticeable upon treating the flour with a little boiling water4 ,their presence is also easily detected by the distinctive properties of the vegetable itself1 and by the appearance of the amylaceous residue in the microscopic examination4 ,in order to decide as to the presence of legumens1 the washings containing the starchy matter of the flour1 after the particles of gluten present have been separated by passing the fluid through a silk sieve1 are divided into two portions4 ,one portion is allowed to undergo fermentation1 at a temperature of #ah to #bj3 in case leguminous substances are not present1 lactic fermentation occurs and the odor of sour milk is alone perceptible2 if1 on the other hand1 legumens are contained in the fluid1 rancid fermentation takes place1 and an odor is emitted resembling that of decayed cheese4 ,the remaining portion of the washings1 after being decanted from the residue of amylaceous matter1 is filtered and evaporated until a yellowish translucent pellicle appears upon its surface4 ,the fluid is then again filtered from the coagulated albumen common to all flours1 and the leguminous substances present coagulated by the addition1 drop by drop1 of acetic acid4 ,the leguminous deposit produced appears white and flaky2 when examined under the microscope1 it presents lamilla emarginated at the border2 it is odorless and tasteless2 when dried1 it assumes a horny appearance2 it is insoluble1 both in water and alcohol1 and does not become gelatinous when treated with boiling water2 it is readily soluble in potassa and other alkaline solutions1 from which it is precipitated upon addition of nitric1 hydrochloric1 acetic1 oxalic1 and citric acids2 upon protracted boiling in water1 it loses its property of being soluble in ammonia4 ,the above tests having been applied1 the residue containing the starch is next examined4 ,for this purpose1 a small portion is moistened with a little water1 a few drops of iodine solution added1 and the mixture placed on the side of the microscope3 the bluish grains contained in the polyhedral and cellular envelope 7,fig4 #ae7 are easily recognized4 ,the mixture on the glass may also be treated with an aqueous solution of potassa 7containing #aj per cent4 of the salt71 or with dilute hydrochloric acid3 these reagents dissolve the starch present1 leaving the reticulated tissue intact4 ,should this examination fail to give a definite result1 the remaining portion of the amylaceous residue is subjected to a sort of levigation1 and the part most slowly deposited separated4 ,in this portion the reticulated tissues of the leguminous substances present are contained1 and1 as they are comparatively free from foreign matters1 their identification is a matter of comparative ease4 ,in case the presence of reticulated tissue is indicated1 it is still necessary to apply confirmatory chemical tests4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,meals prepared from beans1 horse-beans1 and lentils1 contain a tannin which imparts a green or black color to salts of iron4 ,the coloration is rendered very sensitive if a rather considerable quantity of the flour to be examined is passed through a silk sieve1 and the remaining bran treated with a solution of sulphate of iron 7ferrico-ferrous sulphate73 the reaction immediately occurs1 even if the sample contains but #aj per cent4 of bean meal4 ,the meals of horse-beans and of vetches acquire a red color1 when exposed to the successive action of nitric acid and of ammonia vapors4 ,in order to apply this test1 the suspected flour is placed upon the edge of a capsule containing nitric acid1 the latter heated1 and1 as a yellow coloration appears1 the acid removed and replaced by ammonia4 ,the capsule is then set aside3 if the flour is adulterated with either of the above vegetables1 reddish spots1 which are easily perceptible by aid of a magnifying glass1 are soon produced4 ,in case bread is to be examined1 it is exhausted with water1 the fluid passed through a sieve1 the upper layer decanted1 then evaporated1 and the residue taken up with alcohol4 ,the tincture so obtained is evaporated1 and the second residuum treated with nitric acid and ammonia1 as directed above4 ,when meals prepared from beans1 vetches1 or lentils are heated on a water-bath with hydrochloric acid1 diluted with three to four times its volume of water1 a cellular tissue1 possessing the color of wine-dregs1 remains behind2 flours of wheat1 peas1 and kidney-beans leave a colorless residue1 when subjected to the same treatment4 ,finally2 the grains of the starch 7fecula7 of legumens possess a volume about equal to that of potato granules1 and exhibit either a longitudinal furrow in the direction of their longer axis1 or a double furrow arranged in a star-like form4 c4 ,,examination ,,of ,,the ,,ash4 ,leguminous substances1 and more particularly mineral salts1 are detected by the examination of the ash left upon the incineration of the flour4 ,detection of ,legumens4--,pure wheaten flour furnishes an ash consisting of about #b per cent4 of its weight2 whereas meals of legumens leave from #c to #d per cent4 of their weight in ash4 ,this difference is1 however1 too slight to furnish conclusive results2 the analysis of the ash is also necessary4 ,the ash of wheaten flour is non-deliquescent1 dry1 semi-fused1 and chiefly consists of phosphates of potassa1 soda1 magnesia and lime1 of sulphates1 and of silica4 ,the solution obtained by treating the ash with water has an alkaline reaction4 ,the phosphates of the alkalies1 present in the ash of wheat1 exist in the state of pyrophosphates1 and1 as chlorides are absent1 the addition of nitrate of silver to the aqueous solution of the ash produces a white precipitate1 consisting entirely of pyrophosphate of silver1 which is not affected by exposure to the light4 ,the ash of leguminous meals is deliquescent and soluble in water1 forming a strongly alkaline solution1 which contains both chlorides and neutral phosphates4 ,the latter give a clear yellow precipitate with nitrate of silver4 ,upon adding a solution of this salt to the aqueous solution of the ash1 a pale yellow precipitate1 which turns violet if exposed to the light1 is therefore produced4 ,detection of mineral substances4--,the principal mineral substances1 that are fraudulently added to flour1 are ground calcined bones1 sand1 lime1 plaster1 alum1 and sulphate of copper4 ,the two last named salts are almost invariably added in small quantities2 alum renders the flour white1 even when used in the proportion of one per cent42 sulphate of copper is added to impart a good appearance to bread made from a damaged flour4 a4 ,ground bones 7carbonate and phosphate of lime74--,the washings of the gluten are placed in a conical vessel1 and1 after some time has elapsed1 the clear supernatant fluid is removed by means of a syphon1 a conical shaped deposit remaining on the bottom of the vessel3 two hours later1 the fresh layer of fluid that has formed is removed with a pipette4 ,as soon as the residue becomes nearly solid1 it is detached from the vessel1 placed upon a fragment of plaster1 and allowed to dry4 ,the bones1 being heavier than the amylaceous substances1 are to be found in the apex of the cone formed by the residue4 ,this is detached1 and incinerated3 in case the ash obtained contains phosphate and carbonate of lime1 the addition of hydrochloric acid will cause effervescence1 and1 upon adding ammonia to the acid solution1 a white precipitate will be formed4 ,if the solution is then filtered and oxalate of ammonia added to the filtrate1 a precipitate will be produced which1 when heated to redness1 leaves a residue of caustic lime possessing an alkaline reaction4 b4 ,sand4--,as this substance possesses a much greater specific gravity than the usual constituents of flour1 it is only necessary1 in order to accomplish its separation1 to repeatedly stir the flour with water1 and remove the deposit at first formed1 which1 if consisting of sand1 will be insoluble in acids1 and will grate1 when placed between the teeth4 c4 ,carbonates of lime and magnesia2 vegetable ashes4--,carbonic acid is always evolved1 upon treating flour with hydrochloric acid4 ,if the base present be calcium1 upon adding oxalate of ammonia to the filtered solution--which has previously been neutralized with ammonia--a white precipitate1 possessing the properties mentioned above1 will be formed2 in case the base is magnesia1 the addition of oxalate of ammonia will fail to cause a precipitate1 but upon adding solution of phosphate of ammonia to the fluid a granular precipitate of phosphate of ammonia and magnesia is produced2 if1 finally1 the flour contains vegetable ashes--i4 e4 carbonates of the alkalies--bichloride of platinum will produce in the acid solution a yellow precipitate3 the addition of vegetable ashes1 moreover1 would render the ash of the flour deliquescent and very strongly alkaline4 d4 ,lime4--,in presence of lime1 carbonic acid produces a white precipitate1 when conducted into the filtered aqueous extract of the flour4 e4 ,plaster4--,the flour is boiled with water acidulated with hydrochloric acid1 the fluid filtered1 and lime detected in the filtrate by means of ammonia and oxalate of ammonia4 ,the presence of sulphuric acid is indicated by the formation of a precipitate insoluble in acids1 upon addition of solution of chloride of barium4 ,upon calcining the flour without access of air1 sulphate of lime is converted into the corresponding sulphide3 the residue of the calcination1 when treated with hydrochloric acid1 evolves sulphuretted hydrogen1 and the lime present in the filtered acid solution is likewise precipitated by the addition of ammonia and oxalate of ammonia4 f4 ,alum4--,a portion of the flour to be examined is treated with water1 the fluid filtered1 and the filtrate divided in two portions3 in one1 sulphuric acid is detected by means of chloride of barium2 in the other1 alumina by adding a solution of potassa1 which gives with its salts a white gelatinous precipitate1 soluble in an excess of the reagent4,r ,r ,if the detection of alum in bread is desired1 a portion of the crumb is incinerated in a platinum dish1 the ash is treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid1 the filtered solution evaporated to dryness1 and the residue treated with hydrochloric acid1 which now leaves the silica present undissolved4 ,the acid solution is then filtered1 nearly neutralized with carbonate of soda1 and an alcoholic solution of potassa added in excess4 ,the earthy phosphates present are now precipitated1 alumina remaining in solution4 ,the use of aqueous potassa in this case--as well as in the case mentioned in the text--is not advisable1 as it is seldom entirely free from alumina4 ,upon slightly acidulating the alkaline filtrate with hydrochloric acid1 and adding carbonate of ammonia1 the alumina present is precipitated1 and may be dried and tested by means of the reaction with nitrate of cobalt before the blow-pipe4 ,in the quantitative estimation of alumina1 the phosphoric acid usually present in the precipitate should be removed4 ,this is done by dissolving the precipitate in nitric acid and immersing a piece of metallic tin in the boiling solution3 phosphoric acid is thrown down as a mixture of stannic oxide and phosphate1 and the alumina is then precipitated as usual by carbonate of ammonia4--,trans4 g4 ,sulphate of copper4--,about #bjj grammes of the bread under examination are incinerated2 the ash treated with nitric acid2 the mixture evaporated until it acquires a sticky consistence1 and the mass then taken up with water4 ,the aqueous solution is next filtered2 an excess of ammonia and several drops of solution of carbonate of ammonia added2 the fluid again filtered1 the filtrate slightly acidulated with nitric acid1 and divided into two parts4 ,it is then ascertained if sulphuretted hydrogen produces in one portion of the solution a brown precipitate of sulphide of copper1 and if solution of ferrocyanide of potassium produces in the other a reddish-brown precipitate of ferrocyanide of copper4,s ,s ,according to ,wagner1 if the ash1 obtained by incinerating the adulterated bread1 is washed with water1 shining spangles of metallic copper are separated4--,trans4 ,,fixed ,,oils4 ,olive oil designed for table use is frequently adulterated with the oils of poppy1 sesam1 cotton-seed1 pea-nuts1 and other nuts2 olive oil1 intended for manufacturing purposes1 is often mixed with colza and nut oils4 ,the tests used are of a rather unsatisfactory character4 ,in all instances1 when the chemist is called upon to pronounce as to the adulteration of an oil1 it is necessary to execute comparative experiments with the pure oil1 and with admixtures arbitrarily prepared3 it is only when this is done that the indications obtained are of value4 ,,examination ,,of ,,olive ,,oil ,,intended ,,for ,,table ,,use4 a4 ,the density of the oil is determined by means of a hydrometer 7oleometer7 provided with a scale giving the densities from #j4h to #j4id1 for the temperature of #ae4 ,pure olive oil possesses a specific gravity of #j4iag2 poppy oil one of #j4ibe2 a mixture of the two1 an intermediate density4 ,since the fixed oils are not definite chemical compounds1 this test is seldom conclusive4 b4 ,two or three cubic centimetres of concentrated nitric acid1 containing nitric peroxide in solution 7or a solution of mercury in strong nitric acid71 are added to the oil to be examined1 as well as to a sample of pure olive oil4 ,the two samples are then allowed to stand in a room where the temperature does not exceed #aj4 ,the oleine of the olive oil is converted into solid elaidine1 and the mixture after some time becomes sufficiently thick to remain in the vessel upon inversion4 ,if the sample under examination is free from adulteration1 it will solidify at the same time as the pure oil2 whereas1 the presence of one per cent4 of poppy oil1 or of other drying oils1 suffices to retard the solidification for forty minutes4 c4 ,fifteen grammes of the oil are mixed in a glass vessel with the same amount of strong sulphuric acid1 the temperature of the two liquids being previously observed4 ,the mixture is stirred with a thermometer1 and the maximum temperature noted3 pure olive oil produces an elevation of temperature of #cg4g2 pure poppy oil1 an elevation of #gj4e2 and a mixture of the two an elevation of temperature intermediate between #cg4g and #gj4e4 d4 ,one volume of nitric acid of sp4 gr4 #a4cc is agitated with #e grammes of the oil1 and notice taken of the coloration produced after the lapse of five minutes4 ,if the olive oil is pure1 it acquires a pale green color2 in case it is mixed with sesam or nut oil1 a deep-red color appears3 poppy oil also communicates a reddish coloration1 but one less deep than the preceding4 ,if an acid of sp4 gr4 #a4bb is taken1 it is still less difficult to distinguish between sesam1 nut and poppy oils2 the latter assumes1 in this case1 a pale yellowish-red color4 ,pea-nut oil fails to exhibit a coloration2 but can be recognized by its conversion into a white solid1 when mixed with #a_/e of its volume of a solution of caustic soda of sp4 gr4 #a4cd4 ,,examination ,,of ,,olive ,,oil ,,intended ,,for ,,manufacturing ,,purposes4 ,the chief adulterations are colza and nut oils4 ,the latter is detected by means of the reaction with nitric acid1 as described above4 ,colza oil is recognized by mixing #e volumes of the sample to be examined1 with #a volume of sulphuric acid of sp4 gr4 #a4fee3 if colza or nut oils are present1 a brown coloration ensues2 under the same circumstances1 pure olive oil assumes a pale greenish hue4 ,in case the sample acquires a brown color when treated with sulphuric acid1 and a red coloration is produced by the addition of nitric acid1 it contains nut oil2 if sulphuric acid produces a brown coloration1 and nitric acid fails to change it1 the presence of oil of colza is indicated4 ,,examination ,,of ,,hempseed ,,oil4 ,this oil is frequently adulterated with linseed oil4 ,the reactions exhibited by these oils are nearly identical1 and the detection of the admixture is extremely difficult4 ,it is advisable to mix the suspected oil with sulphuric acid1 notice being taken of the elevation of temperature produced1 and to treat it with nitric acid and with dilute potassa solution1 subjecting1 at the same time1 an artificial mixture of the two pure oils to the same treatment1 and comparing the results obtained4 ,,tea ,,and ,,its ,,adulteration4 ,among alimentary substances probably no article is subjected to more adulteration than tea4 ,the sophistications practised may be conveniently divided into three classes3 #a4 ,additions made for the purpose of giving increased bulk and weight1 which include foreign leaves and exhausted tea-leaves1 and also certain mineral substances1 such as metallic iron1 sand1 brick-dust1 etc4 #b4 ,substances added in order to produce an artificial appearance of strength in the tea decoction1 catechu1 or other bodies rich in tannin1 and iron salts being chiefly resorted to for this purpose4 #c4 ,the imparting of a bright and shining appearance to the tea by means of various coloring mixtures or facings1 which adulteration1 while sometimes practised upon black tea1 is much more common with the green variety4 ,this sophistication involves the use of steatite 7soap-stone71 sulphate of lime1 ,china clay1 ,prussian blue1 indigo1 turmeric1 and graphite2 chromate of lead and copper salts being but very rarely employed4 ,the compound most frequently used consists of a mixture of soap-stone 7or gypsum7 with ,prussian blue1 to which a little turmeric is sometimes added4 ,genuine tea is the prepared leaf of ,thea sinensis4 ,it contains3 moisture1 #f to #aj2 theine1 #j4d to #d4j2 tannin1 7green7 #bj1 7black7 #aj2 ash1 #e to #f2 soluble extractive matters1 #cb to #ej2 and insoluble leaf1 #dg to #ed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,the presence of foreign leaves1 and1 in some instances1 of mineral adulterants1 in tea is best detected by means of a microscopic examination of the suspected sample4 ,the genuine tea-leaf is characterized by its peculiar serrations and venations4 ,its border exhibits serrations which stop a little short of the stalk1 while the venations extend from the central rib1 nearly parallel to one another1 but turn just before reaching the border of the leaf 7see ,fig4 #af74 ,the ,chinese are said to employ ash1 plum1 camellia1 velonia1 and dog-rose leaves for admixture with tea1 and the product is stated to be often subjected in ,england to the addition of the leaves of willow1 sloe1 beech1 hawthorn1 elm1 box-poplar1 horse-chestnut1 and fancy oak 7see ,figs4 #ag1 #ah1 and #ai74 ,for scenting purposes chulan flowers1 rose1 jasmine1 and orange leaves are frequently employed4 ,in the microscopic examination the sample should be moistened with hot water1 spread out upon a glass plate1 and then submitted to a careful inspection1 especial attention being given to the general outline of the leaf and its serrations and venations4 ,most foreign leaves will1 in this way1 be identified by their botanical character4 ,the presence of exhausted tea-leaves may also often be detected by their soft and disintegrated appearance4 ,if a considerable quantity of the tea be placed in a long glass cylinder and agitated with water1 the coloring and other abnormal bodies present frequently become detached1 and either rise to the surface of the liquid as a sort of scum or fall to the bottom as a deposit4 ,in this way ,prussian blue1 indigo1 soap-stone1 gypsum1 sand1 and turmeric can sometimes be separated and subsequently recognized by their characteristic microscopic appearance4 ,the separated substances should also be chemically tested4 ,prussian blue is detected by heating with a solution of caustic soda1 filtering1 and acidulating the filtrate with acid1 and then adding chloride of iron1 when1 in its presence1 a blue color will be produced4 ,indigo is best discovered by its appearance under the microscope2 it is not decolorized by caustic alkali1 but it dissolves in sulphuric acid to a blue liquid4 ,soap-stone1 gypsum1 sand1 metallic iron1 etc41 are identified by means of the usual chemical tests4 ,a compound1 very aptly termed ,lie-tea1 is often met with4 ,it forms little pellets consisting of tea-dust mixed with foreign leaves1 sand1 etc41 and held together by means of gum or starch4 ,this1 when treated with boiling water1 falls to powder4 ,in the presence of catechu the tea infusion usually becomes muddy upon cooling2 in case iron salts have been employed to deepen the color of the liquor1 they can be detected by treating the ground tea-leaves with acetic acid and testing the solution with ferrocyanide of potassium4 ,tea should not turn black upon immersion in hydrosulphuric acid water1 nor should it impart a blue color to ammonia solution4 ,the infusion should be amber-colored1 and not become reddened by the addition of an acid4 ,,tea ,,assay4 ,in the following tea assay proper the estimation of theine is not included4 ,the processes suggested for this determination are rather unsatisfactory2 and there appears1 moreover1 to exist no direct relation between the quality of tea and the proportion of theine contained4 ,the tests here mentioned1 in connection with those already given1 will1 it is believed1 usually suffice to indicate to the analyst the presence of spent leaves1 inorganic coloring matters1 and other mineral adulterations4 ,,tannin4--,a good process for the estimation of tannin in tea has been published by ,allen 7,chem4 ,news1 vol4 xxix4 p4 #afi et seq47 ,a standard solution of lead acetate is prepared by dissolving #e grammes of the salt in distilled water and diluting the liquid to #a1jjj c4c4 ,as an indicator1 #e milligrammes of potassic ferricyanide are dissolved in #e c4c4 of water1 and an equal volume of strong ammonia-water added4 ,the exact strength of the lead solution is to be determined by means of a solution of pure tannin of known strength4 ,two grammes of the tea to be tested are powdered1 boiled with water1 and1 after filtering and thorough washing1 the decoction is made up to a volume of #bej c4c42 #aj c4c4 of the lead solution are now diluted with #ij c4c4 of boiling water1 and the tea infusion is gradually added from a burette until a few drops of the liquid1 when filtered and added to a little of the indicator placed upon a porcelain slab1 causes a pink coloration to appear2 #abe1 divided by the number of c4c4 of tea infusion found to be necessary to produce the pink color1 will give directly the percentage of tannin in the sample examined4 ,as previously stated1 green tea contains #bj of tannin1 and black tea #aj4 ,in spent tea1 however1 only about #b of tannin is present2 and1 although any tea deficient in this constituent could be fortified by the addition of catechu1 its determination often affords indications of value4 ,,the ,,ash--a4 ,total ,ash4--#e grammes of the sample are placed in a platinum vessel and heated over a ,bunsen burner until complete incineration has been accomplished4 ,the vessel is allowed to cool in a desiccator1 and is then weighed as quickly as possible4 ,in genuine tea the total ash should not be much below #e or much above #f1 and it should not be magnetic2 in faced teas the proportion of total ash is often #aj or #ae2 in lie-tea it may reach #cj1 and in spent leaves it may fall as low as #c1 the ash in this case being abnormally rich in lime salts and poor in potash salts4 ,tea-dust sometimes contains #aj of total ash without necessarily being considered bad in quality4 ,in the proposed ,united ,states tea-adulteration law 7#ahhd7 a maximum of #h of total ash is allowed for tea-leaf4 b4 ,ash insoluble in water4--,the total ash obtained in a is washed into a beaker and boiled with water for a considerable time4 ,it is then brought upon a filter and the insoluble residue washed1 dried1 ignited1 and weighed4 ,in unadulterated tea it will not exceed #c of the sample taken4 c4 ,ash soluble in water4--,this proportion is obtained by deducting ash insoluble in water from the total ash4 ,genuine tea contains from #c to #c4e of soluble ash1 or at least #ej of the total ash1 whereas in spent or exhausted tea the amount is often but #j4e4 d4 ,ash insoluble in acid4--,the ash insoluble in water is boiled with dilute hydrochloric acid and the residue separated by filtration1 washed1 ignited1 and weighed4 ,in pure tea the remaining ash ranges between #j4c and #j4h2 in faced teas1 or in teas adulterated by the addition of sand1 etc41 it may reach the proportion of #b to #e4 ,fragments of silica and brick-dust are occasionally to be found in the ash insoluble in acid4 ,,the ,,extract4--,two grammes of the carefully-sampled tea are boiled with water until all soluble matter is dissolved1 water being added from time to time to prevent the solution becoming too concentrated4 ,the solution is poured upon a tared filter1 and the remaining insoluble leaf repeatedly washed with hot water until the filtered liquid becomes colorless4 ,the filtrate is now diluted to a volume of #bjj c4c41 and of this #ej c4c4 are taken and evaporated in a weighed dish over the steam-bath until the weight of the extract remains constant2 its weight is then determined4 ,genuine tea affords from #cb to #ej of extract1 according to its age and quality2 in spent tea the proportion of extract will be greatly reduced4 ,,insoluble ,,leaf4--,the insoluble leaf obtained in the preceding operation1 together with the weighed filter1 is placed in an air-bath and dried for at least eight hours at a temperature of #aaj ,c42 its weight is then determined4 ,in unadulterated tea the amount of insoluble leaf ranges between #dg and #ed2 in exhausted tea it may reach a proportion of #ge4 ,it should be noted that in the foregoing estimations the tea is taken in its ordinary air-dried condition4 ,if it be desired to reduce the results obtained to a dry basis1 an allowance for the moisture present in the sample 7an average of #h71 or a direct determination of the same1 must be made4 ,the following tabulation gives the constituents of genuine tea so far as the ash1 extract1 and insoluble leaf are involved3 ,total ash--ranges between #d4g and #f4b4 ,ash soluble in water--ranges between #c and #c4e2 should equal #ej of total ash4 ,ash insoluble in water--not over #b4ge4 ,ash insoluble in acid--ranges between #j4c and #j4h4 ,extract--ranges between #cb and #dh4 ,insoluble leaf--ranges between #dc and #eh4 ,the table below may prove useful as indicating the requirements to be exacted when the chemist is asked to give an opinion concerning the presence of facing admixtures or of exhausted or foreign leaves in a sample of tea3 ,total ash--should not be under #d4e or over #g4 ,ash soluble in water--should not be under #dj of total ash4 ,ash insoluble in water--should not be over #c4 ,ash insoluble in acid--should not be over #a4 ,extract--should not be under #cj4 ,insoluble leaf--should not be over #fj4 ,,note4--,the ,british ,society of ,public ,analysts adopt3 ,total ,ash 7dry basis7--not over #h 7at least #c should be soluble in water74 ,extract 7tea as sold7--not under #cj4 ,,milk4 ,the chief constituents of milk are water1 butter1 caseine1 lactose 7milk-sugar71 traces of albumen and mineral salts4 ,butter is present in the form of minute globules1 held in suspension2 the caseine1 for the greater part1 is in solution1 only a small portion being present in an insoluble suspended condition4 ,in milk only a few days old1 the colostrum 7the milk secreted during the first few days after parturition7 consists largely of rather voluminous cellular conglomerations1 containing a sufficient quantity of albumen to coagulate upon heating4 ,the normal density of milk is #a4jcj1 water being #a4jjj2 the density rising to #a4jcf1 if the fluid has been skimmed4 ,good milk contains1 on an average1 #c4g per cent4 of butter2 #e4g per cent4 of lactose1 and leaves upon evaporation #ab to #ad per cent4 of solid matters4,t ,the most common adulteration of milk consists in the addition of water4 ,this fraud is detected by means of an areometer 7lactodensimeter7 which gives directly the specific gravity of the fluid under examination4 ,should the density be much below #a4jcj1 it is certain that water has been added4 ,it does not1 however1 necessarily follow if it is about #a4jcj that the milk is pure1 since the gravity of the fluid1 which would be increased upon skimming1 could be subsequently reduced to #a4jcj by the addition of water4 ,the lactodensimeter1 therefore1 although useful in the detection of a simple admixture1 fails to give reliable results if the fraud perpetrated is a double one2 and a determination of the proportion of butter present is also usually necessary4 ,numerous methods have been proposed to accomplish this estimation4 ,the most preferable of these1 owing to the rapidity with which the operation is executed1 is the use of the lactoscope 7galactoscope74 ,this instrument consists of a tube provided with a glass plate fitted at one end1 and with a movable glass plate at the other extremity4 ,a few drops of the milk to be tested are placed between the two plates1 and the tube lengthened1 by screwing out the movable plate1 until the fluid no longer transmits the light of a candle placed at a distance of one metre4 ,as the opacity of milk is due to the butter present1 it is evident that the proportion of this substance contained in the sample can be estimated by the relative distance which the plates have been separated4 ,t ,the ,british ,society of ,public ,analysts regard the following as the minimum proportions of constituents in unadulterated milk3 ,fat #b4e per cent4 ,solids1 not fat #i4 ---- ,total #aa4e ,water #hh4e --,trans4 ,the lactoscope possesses1 however1 but a limited degree of precision4 ,m4 ,marchand substitutes to its use the following tests3 ,a test-tube is graduated in three equal divisions1 the upper one being subdivided into hundredths extending above1 in order to determine accurately the correct volume of the fluid1 expanded1 as it is1 by the temperature of #dj1 at which the examination is executed4 ,the first division of the tube is filled with milk1 a drop1 or two of strong potassa lye added1 and the mixture well shaken3 the second portion is then filled with ether1 and the third with alcohol4 ,the mixture is next again thoroughly agitated1 and then exposed to a temperature of #dj in a water-bath4 ,after standing for several hours1 a layer of fatty matter becomes sufficiently separated to allow of measurement3 but1 as it contains some ether and as a small amount of butter may still be retained in the lower aqueous fluid1 a correction of the results obtained is necessary4 ,m4 ,marchand has compiled a table1 which facilitates this correction 7vide3 ,journ4 de ,pharm41 ,novembre #ahed1 and ,bulletin de l',acadmie de ,mdecine1 ,paris1 #ahed1 xix41 p4 #aaja74 ,previously to the introduction of ,marchand's apparatus1 use was made of the lactometer1 which consists simply of a graduated glass tube1 in which the suspected milk is allowed to remain for #bd hours1 at a temperature of #ae4 ,after the lapse of this time1 the cream present completely separates as a supernatant layer1 the thickness of which indicates the quality of the sample taken4 ,m4 ,lacomte recommends the addition of glacial acetic acid1 in order to cause the more rapid separation of the cream4 ,the estimation of the butter being accomplished1 it is frequently needful to determine the amount of lactose present4 ,for this purpose1 recourse is had to ,barreswil's method1 based upon the reduction of cupro-potassic tartrate by milk-sugar in the presence of alkalies4 ,a solution is prepared containing #dj grammes of pure crystallized sulphate of copper1 #fjj or #gjj grammes of caustic soda lye of sp4 gr4 #a4ab1 and #afj grammes of neutral tartrate of potassa4 ,the sulphate of copper and tartrate of potassa are previously dissolved separately in a little water1 the three solutions united1 and water added until the fluid acquires a volume of #aaed4d cubic centimetres4 ,in order to standardize this test solution1 a known weight of pure lactose is dissolved in water and the fluid added1 drop by drop1 from a graduated burette1 to a small flask containing #aj cubic centimetres of the copper solution1 diluted with #dj cubic centimetres of distilled water1 and heated to boiling4 ,at first a yellow precipitate forms1 which gradually turns red1 and is deposited on the bottom of the flask1 leaving the solution colorless4 ,as soon as the test solution is completely decolorized1 the addition of the lactose solution is discontinued1 and the weight of lactose corresponding to #aj cubic centimetres of the test fluid calculated from the quantity used4 ,the standard of the test solution having been determined1 the above operation is repeated1 the milk under examination being substituted for the solution of pure lactose4 ,the quantity of milk necessary to decolorize #aj cubic centimetres of the copper solution will evidently contain the same amount of lactose as the quantity of solution used in the preliminary test1 and the actual amount of lactose present is very easily calculated4 ,when an estimation of the solid matter contained in the milk is required1 a known weight is evaporated to dryness over a water-bath1 and the residue weighed4 ,in performing this evaporation1 the addition of a known amount of sand1 or ground glass1 is advisable4 ,the amount of ash present is determined by incinerating the residue left by the evaporation4 ,foreign substances are sometimes added to milk1 for the purpose of disguising the presence of an abnormal quantity of water1 the principal of which are3 chalk1 bicarbonate of soda1 emulsion of almonds1 gum tragacanth1 gum arabic1 starch1 flour1 decoction of barley or rice1 sugar1 and cerebral substances4 ,these bodies are detected as follows3 ,chalk4--,if chalk is contained in the milk1 it readily subsides upon allowing the sample to remain at rest for some time in a flask1 forming a deposit which effervesces when heated with hydrochloric acid1 and dissolves to a solution1 in which the characteristic properties of a lime salt can be recognized4 ,bicarbonate of soda4--,in presence of this compound the milk possesses a strongly alkaline reaction1 furnishes a serum having a sharp and bitter taste1 and leaves a residue of the salt upon evaporation4 ,emulsion of almonds4--,the milk has a specific gravity of at least1 #a4jcc4 ,if it is passed through a gauze1 small opaque lumps are separated4 ,when examined under the microscope1 numerous minute globules1 having a diameter of #a_/djj of a millimetre1 are observed1 and1 upon adding a few centigrammes of amygdaline to one or two grammes of the milk1 the characteristic odor of bitter almonds is produced4 ,gum tragacanth4--,when shaken in a glass flask and allowed to rest1 the milk deposits on the sides small transparent lumps1 which usually present a slightly elongated or angular form4 ,gum arabic4--,the addition of alcohol produces an abundant white opaque precipitate4 ,starch1 flour1 decoction of barley1 rice1 etc4--,upon boiling the suspected milk1 and adding tincture of iodine1 the amylaceous substances present produce a blue coloration in the fluid4 ,sugar4--,if yeast is added1 and the mixture allowed to stand for some time at a temperature of #cj1 alcoholic fermentation ensues2 under these circumstances1 lactose does not undergo fermentation4 ,cerebral substances4--,adulteration by these substances is probably of much less frequent occurrence than was formerly supposed4 ,the admixture is detected by evaporating the milk to dryness1 dissolving the residue in ether1 evaporating the etherial solution1 and fusing the second residue1 which consists of fatty matters1 with nitrate of potassa in a platinum crucible4 ,the mass is then taken up with water1 and chloride of barium added to the solution4 ,if cerebral substances were contained in the milk1 ether will dissolve the fatty matters present1 the phosphorus of which is converted into a soluble phosphate by the calcination with nitrate of potassa and is thrown down as a white precipitate1 upon the addition of a solution of chloride of barium4 ,this test may be confirmed by a microscopic examination of the milk1 when the peculiar appearance of cerebral matter will be detected4,u ,u ,fragments of nerves1 and other organic structures1 are frequently observed in this examination4--,trans4 ,,wine4 ,the most common adulteration to which wines are subjected is the addition of water3 wines having a rich color are frequently mixed by the dealer with lighter wines1 and the fraud consummated by adding water4 ,the detection of this adulteration is somewhat difficult1 as water is a normal constituent of wine4 ,in ,paris the following method is usually employed3 ,as soon as the wine is confiscated1 it is ascertained what kinds of wine are manufactured by the inculpated dealer1 and a statement obtained from him1 giving the proportions of alcohol1 etc41 contained in the various brands4 ,a wine is then prepared1 according to the information received1 an estimation of the alcohol contained in the prepared sample made1 and the results compared with those furnished by a similar examination of the suspected wine4 ,in case the proportion of alcohol is less in the suspected wine than in the prepared sample1 it is evident that a fraudulent adulteration has been committed4 ,if1 however1 the quantity of alcohol is the same in both wines1 it does not necessarily follow that the wine has escaped admixture1 since this body may have been added after the adulteration with water4 ,in addition to the estimation of alcohol1 it is also necessary to determine the amount of cream of tartar 7bitartrate of potassa7 present1 as the proportion of this salt would be sensibly decreased by the addition of alcohol and water to the wine4 ,this fraud could1 however1 be disguised by subsequently adding the proper amount of cream of tartar4 ,it is also well to ascertain if two equal quantities of the prepared sample and the wine under examination require the same amount of solution of hypochlorite of lime for decolorization4 ,in case the suspected wine has been adulterated1 the quantity of hypochlorite solution used will be less than the amount necessary to decolorize the prepared wine4 ,foreign coloring matter may be added by the adulterator1 but this fraud is easily detected by adding potassa to the sample3 if its coloration is natural1 a green tint is produced2 whereas1 if foreign matter has been introduced1 the wine assumes various other colors upon the addition of the alkali4,v ,v ,cotlini 7,ann4 du genie civil1 ,no4 #c1 #ahgc7 states that the following reactions occur when artificially colored wines are heated with potassa3 ,pure wine no precipitate greenish hue ,elderberry violet ,beet-sugar red ,logwood red violet-red ,privet violet-blue ,turmeric light-blue ,according to ,m4 de ,cherville 7,quar4 ,jour4 ,sc471 a bright violet coloration is produced in the above test1 if litmus be present4 ,fuchsin is separated by treatment with subacetate of lead and addition of amylic alcohol 7,jour4 de ,ph4 et de ,ch4 ,mar4 #ahgc74--,trans4 ,the indications furnished by the above test are rendered valueless1 if the wine has been artificially colored by the addition of the coloring matter of grape-skins2 but the execution of this fraud would require some knowledge of chemistry1 and fortunately adulterators1 as a class1 are deficient in this branch of science4 ,another method for detecting the addition of water is based upon the fact that fermented liquors do not contain air in solution1 but only carbonic acid2 whereas1 water dissolves oxygen and nitrogen4 ,it is executed as follows3 ,the wine to be tested is placed in a flask1 the delivery-tube of which is also filled1 and heated2 the evolved gas being collected in a tube filled with mercury4 ,in case the wine is pure1 the disengaged gas will be completely absorbed by potassa2 if1 on the other hand1 water has been added1 an unabsorbed residue1 consisting of oxygen and nitrogen1 will remain4 ,this test is useless in case water1 through which a current of carbonic acid gas has been passed for a considerable time1 has been employed4 ,under these circumstances1 however1 the presence of the gas would probably be detected by the taste of the wine1 as well as by the estimation just mentioned1 since the sample would invariably contain a larger proportion of the gas than the standard with which it is compared2 indeed1 it would be almost impossible to prepare a solution which contained exactly the proportion of carbonic acid ordinarily present in wine4 ,it remains to mention the methods employed in determining the amount of alcohol and cream of tartar contained in wine4 ,the alcometrical method usually employed is based upon the difference in density possessed by pure alcohol and by mixtures of alcohol and water4 ,gay-,lussac has proposed an areometer 7alcoholmeter71 provided with a scale which directly indicates the proportion of alcohol contained in a mixture4 ,as the indications furnished by this instrument vary with the temperature1 and the scale is constructed on the basis of a temperature of #ae1 a correction of the results obtained is necessary if the determination is made at other temperatures4 ,gay-,lussac has compiled a table which indicates at once the required correction2 the following formula can also be used3 x c #j4d t1 where x is the quantity of alcohol present in the sample2 c the degree indicated by the alcoholmeter1 and t the number of degrees differing from the temperature of #ae3 the second member of the formula is subtracted from1 or added to the first1 as the temperature at which the estimation is made is greater or less than #ae4,w ,w ,tralles alcoholmeter is almost exclusively employed in this country4--,trans4 ,in case the wine to be examined contains substances other than water and alcohol1 which would affect its density1 it is necessary1 before making use of the alcoholmeter1 to distil the sample and subsequently examine the distillate1 which will consist of a simple mixture of water and alcohol4 ,usually the distillation is discontinued as soon as one-third of the sample has passed over1 and a quantity of distilled water1 sufficient to render the volume of the mixture equal to the original volume of the wine1 added to the distillate3 the fluid remaining in the flask will be entirely free from alcohol4 ,the addition of water to the distillate is not indispensable1 but otherwise it is necessary to divide the degrees indicated by the alcoholmeter by #c1 in order to reduce the result to the original volume of the wine taken4 ,m4 ,salleron offers for sale a small apparatus 7,fig4 #bj7 used in examinations of this character1 consisting of a flask1 closed with a gutta-percha cork1 containing a tube which connects with a worm passing through a cooler4 ,the flask is supported by an iron stand1 and heated with a gas or spirit lamp4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,in order to estimate the cream of tartar1 the wine is evaporated to the consistency of an extract1 alcohol of #hb ,b4 added1 and the residue obtained calcined in a crucible4 ,the amount of salt present in the fused mass is then determined by the alkalimetric method1 as directed in all works on quantitative analysis4 ,the carbonate obtained from #a gr4 of cream of tartar exactly saturates #i4ge cubic centimetres of a solution containing #ajj grammes of sulphuric acid of #ff ,b41 and #ahjj grammes of distilled water4 ,the detection of toxical substances1 often contained in wine1 is accomplished by the methods described under the head of detection of poisons4 ,,vinegar4 ,vinegar is frequently adulterated with water1 and occasionally sulphuric acid is added to artificially increase its acidity4 ,the ordinary reagents--such as chloride of barium1 or nitrate of silver--are not adapted to the direct detection of sulphuric acid1 or of other mineral acids1 as sulphates and chlorides1 which are as readily precipitated as the free acids1 may also be present4 ,the following method1 proposed by ,m4 ,payen1 is usually employed3 ,five centigrammes of starch 7fecula7 are added to a decilitre of table vinegar1 the mixture boiled for #ab or #ae minutes1 and1 after the fluid has become completely cooled1 a few drops of iodine solution added3 dilute acetic acid does not affect starch1 and1 in case the vinegar is pure1 a blue coloration is produced2 if1 on the other hand1 even a minute quantity of a mineral acid be present1 the starch is converted into dextrine1 and the addition of iodine fails to cause a blue coloration4 ,the water present is indirectly estimated by determining the amount of acetic acid contained in the vinegar4 ,this can be accomplished in different ways3 either the quantity of a standard solution of an alkali1 necessary to exactly neutralize a measured quantity of the vinegar1 is ascertained1 or the vinegar is supersaturated with solution of baryta1 the excess of the salt eliminated by conducting carbonic acid through the fluid1 the precipitate removed by filtration1 and the baryta salt in the filtrate precipitated by the addition of sulphuric acid4 ,the second precipitate is then collected on a filter1 washed1 weighed1 and the amount of acetic acid present calculated3 this is done by multiplying its weight by #j4eae4 ,,sulphate ,,of ,,quinine4 ,owing to the high price of this salt1 it is frequently adulterated4 ,the substances used for this purpose are3 crystalline sulphate of lime1 boric acid1 mannite1 sugar1 starch1 salicine1 stearic acid1 and the sulphates of cinchonine and quinidine4 ,these bodies are detected as follows3 a4 ,upon slightly warming #b grammes of sulphate of quinine with #abj grammes of alcohol of #ba ,b41 the pure salt completely dissolves2 if1 however1 starch1 magnesia1 mineral salts1 or various other foreign substances are present1 they are left as insoluble residues4 b4 ,those mineral substances that are soluble in alcohol are detected by calcining the suspected sample3 pure sulphate of quinine is completely consumed2 whereas1 the mineral substances present remain behind as a residue4 c4 ,in presence of salicine1 the salt acquires a deep red color1 when treated with concentrated sulphuric acid4 d4 ,stearic acid remains undissolved upon treating sulphate of quinine with acidulated water4 e4 ,to detect sugar and mannite1 the sample is dissolved in acidulated water1 and an excess of hydrate of baryta added3 a precipitate1 consisting of quinine and sulphate of baryta1 is produced4 ,carbonic acid is then passed through the fluid1 in order to precipitate the excess of baryta as insoluble carbonate1 the fluid saturated with ammonia1 to throw down the quinine which may have been re-dissolved by the carbonic acid1 and the mixture filtered4 ,if the salt be pure1 no residue will be obtained upon evaporating the filtrate2 a residue of sugar or mannite is formed1 if these substances are present4 f4 ,sulphate of quinine invariably contains #b or #c per cent4 of cinchonine1 originating1 not from a fraudulent admixture1 but from an incomplete purification of the salt4 ,one of the best methods for detecting the respective quantities of quinine and cinchonine1 present in a sample of the sulphate1 is the following3 ,several grammes of ammonia and ether 7which has previously been washed with water7 are added to one or two grammes of the salt under examination1 the mixture thoroughly agitated1 and then allowed to remain at rest4 ,the supernatant etherial solution contains all of the quinine2 the cinchonine1 which is almost completely insoluble1 both in water and ether1 remaining suspended between the layers of the two fluids4 ,the ether is next removed by means of a stop-cock funnel1 evaporated to dryness1 and the weight of the residue obtained determined4 ,the operation is then repeated1 the ether being replaced by chloroform in which both quinine and cinchonine are soluble4 ,the residue1 formed by the evaporation of the second solution1 will be heavier than the first residue3 the difference between the two weighings gives the weight of the cinchonine present4 g4 ,the detection of the presence of sulphate of quinidine is based upon the difference in the solubilities of the oxalates of quinine and quinidine4 ,oxalate of quinidine is sufficiently soluble in cold water not to be precipitated by double decomposition when solutions of oxalate of ammonia and sulphate of quinidine are mixed4 ,under the same circumstances1 quinine is almost completely thrown down4 ,the test is applied as follows3 ,the suspected salt is dissolved in water1 a slight excess of oxalate of ammonia added1 and the precipitate formed separated by filtration4 ,if the salt be pure1 the filtrate is scarcely rendered turbid by the addition of ammonia2 when1 however1 sulphate of quinidine is present1 it will be entirely contained in the filtrate1 in which ammonia will produce an abundant precipitate4 ,,examination ,,of ,,blood ,,stains4 ,this branch of legal chemistry formerly gave but very unreliable results4 ,it is scarcely ten years since the reactions that are now regarded as only secondary and confirmative in their character1 and far from conclusive1 were the only ones in use3 these are the tests based upon the presence of iron and albumen in the blood4 ,since then1 great progress has been made in the methods employed4 ,it must not be understood1 however1 that the question under consideration always admits of an easy and decisive solution3 the stains are sometimes too greatly altered to be identified2 but in cases where the distinctive reactions of blood can be produced1 the real nature of the stains under examination can1 at present1 be determined with certainty4 ,the tests more recently introduced consist in the production of small characteristic crystals1 termed haemin crystals1 and in the use of the spectroscope4 ,crystals of haemin 7first discovered by ,teichman7 are formed when dry blood is dissolved in concentrated acetic acid1 and the solution evaporated to dryness3 they are of a brownish-red color4 ,brcke first suggested an analytical method1 based upon this property of blood1 which is equally characteristic and sensitive3 ,it is only necessary to dissolve a minute portion of the matter to be examined 7dried blood1 or the residue left by the evaporation of the fluid obtained by treating the stain1 or the dried blood1 with cold water7 in glacial acetic acid and evaporate the solution to dryness in order to obtain crystals of haemin1 which can be readily recognized by means of a microscope having a magnifying power of #cjj diameters4 ,if the crystals originate from fresh blood1 they appear as represented in ,fig4 #ba2 crystals from old blood are represented in ,fig4 #bb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,the former possess a reddish-brown1 the latter a lighter color4 ,the various methods now employed to produce haemin crystals were proposed by ,hoppe-,seyler1 by ,brcke and by ,erdman4 ,whichever process is used1 the suspected stains are at first carefully separated from the material upon which they are deposited4 ,if they are present on linen1 or other fabrics1 the stained portions1 which always remain somewhat stiff1 are cut off3 they will present a reddish-brown color1 in case the cloth is not dyed3 if the stains are on wood1 they are removed by means of a sharp knife2 if on stone or iron1 they are detached by scraping4 ,in case ,hoppe-,seyler's method is used1 the stains1 separated as directed above1 are macerated with a little cold water 7warm water would coagulate the albumen present1 and consequently prevent solution taking place73 the stains become soft1 striae and brown or reddish clouds are observed1 especially when the dried blood is fresh1 and1 at the same time1 the objects upon which the stains were deposited are decolorized4 ,upon allowing the fluid obtained in this way to spontaneously evaporate on a watch-glass1 a reddish brown or brownish residue is left1 from which the crystals of haemin are prepared in the following manner3 ,an almost imperceptible amount of common salt is added to the residue1 then1 six to eight drops of concentrated acetic acid1 and the mass thoroughly mixed by stirring with a small glass rod4 ,the mixture is at first heated over a small gas flame1 then evaporated to dryness by the heat of a water-bath4 ,if the stains were produced by blood1 a microscopic examination of the residue will reveal the presence of haemin crystals4 ,this method presents an objection3 if the stained objects have been washed with warm water previously to the examination1 the albumen will be coagulated1 and the blood rendered insoluble2 in this case1 cold water will fail to dissolve anything1 and the residue will not produce crystals when treated with acetic acid4 ,in order to remedy this difficulty ,brcke operates directly upon the stained woven or ligneous fibre1 or the matter removed from the stone or iron3 ,the materials are boiled in a test-tube with glacial acetic acid1 the fluid decanted or filtered1 a trace of common salt added1 and the liquid then evaporated on a watch-glass at a temperature between #dj and #hj4 ,if the stains really originated from blood1 haemin crystals will now be easily perceptible upon examining the residue obtained under the microscope4 ,the stained fabric1 the matter removed from the stone or iron1 or the residue left by the solution with which the stains have been treated1 is placed on the glass1 a trace of chloride of sodium added1 and the whole covered with a thin glass plate4 ,a drop of acetic acid is then placed at the edge of the plates--between which it is soon introduced by capillary attraction--and the mixture allowed to rest in the cold for a few moments4 ,the mass is next brought into solution by slightly heating1 and is then evaporated by holding the plate at a considerable distance above a gas burner4 ,the fluid is examined from time to time under the microscope3 when it is sufficiently concentrated1 crystals1 presenting the appearance represented in ,figs4 #ba or #bb1 will be observed4 ,these are especially well-defined1 if an insoluble substance is also present between the plates--which prevents their adhering4 ,the fluid collects by capillary attraction at the points of contact of the plates as a more or less colored layer1 in which the crystals are deposited4 ,should the above test fail to present distinctive indications at first1 one or two fresh drops of acetic acid are introduced between the plates1 and the examination is repeated4 ,the result is not to be regarded as negative1 until several trials have proved fruitless1 as the stained portions are but slowly soluble1 and crystallization may have been prevented by the too rapid evaporation of the acetic solution4 ,haemin crystals1 once seen1 can hardly be confounded with other substances2 still1 it is well to identify them by confirming their insolubility in water1 alcohol1 and cold acetic acid1 as well as their instantaneous solubility in soda lye4 ,the addition of common salt is ordinarily superfluous1 as it is normally contained in the blood2 but it is possible1 if the stains were washed with warm water1 that1 in addition to the coagulation of the albumen1 the solution of the salt may have taken place1 in which case crystals will fail to form4 ,the addition of salt is to remedy this possible contingency2 albeit1 the delicacy of the test is not affected1 even if crystals of chloride of sodium are produced1 as these are easily soluble in water1 and are readily distinguished from those of haemin by aid of the microscope4 ,the indications furnished by means of the spectroscope are less reliable than those given by the production of haemin crystals2 moreover1 the spectroscopic examination requires favorable weather for its execution4 ,still1 the test should be employed in all possible instances4 ,the course pursued is the following3 ,the aqueous fluid1 with which the stains have been treated1 is placed in a watch glass1 and evaporated in vacuo over sulphuric acid2 the last remaining portion of the fluid being united in the bottom of the glass by causing it to collect in a single drop4 ,when the evaporation of fluid is completed1 the watch-glass is placed before the narrowed slit of a spectroscope1 and a ray of diffused light 7or better1 light reflected from a heliostat7 made to pass through the part of the glass containing the residue4 ,if the stains originate from blood1 the absorption lines of haemoglobin1 consisting of two large dark bands1 to the right of the sodium line 7,frauenhofer's line ,d71 will be observed in the spectrum4 ,in case both of the above tests fail to give positive results1 it is almost certain that the stains examined were not caused by blood4 ,if1 on the contrary1 the reactions were produced1 scarcely any doubt exists as to the presence of blood4 ,under these circumstances it is advisable to confirm the results by means of the tests that have been previously spoken of as being formerly exclusively employed2 these are the following3 a4 #a_/b to #a c4 c4 of ozonized oil of turpentine1 i4 e4 turpentine which has been exposed to the air sufficiently long to acquire the property of decolorizing water that is slightly tinted with indigo--is introduced in a test-tube1 and an equal volume of tincture of guaiacum added 7the latter tincture is prepared by treating an inner portion of the resin with alcohol1 until its brownish color is changed to a brownish-yellow74 ,if upon adding some of the substance under examination to the above mixture a clear blue coloration ensues1 and the insoluble matter thrown down possesses a deep blue color1 the presence of coloring matter of the blood is indicated4 ,the mixture also imparts a blue color to moistened spots from which the blood stains have been as completely extracted as possible4 ,unfortunately sulphate of iron gives the same reaction4,x ,x ,fresh gluten1 gum arabic1 and caseine also cause the blue coloration4--,trans4 b4 ,upon heating the fluid obtained by treating the stains with cold water in a test-tube1 its brown or reddish color disappears1 and greyish-white flakes of coagulated albumen are thrown down4 ,the precipitate acquires a brick-red color1 when treated with an acid solution of nitrate of mercury containing nitrous acid4 ,the albumen is also coagulated by the addition of nitric acid3 it assumes a more or less yellow color1 if heated with a slight excess of the acid4 ,chlorine-water1 especially upon heating1 likewise precipitates albumen in the form of white flakes4 c4 ,if the fluid is acidulated with a few drops of acetic acid1 and a drop of ferrocyanide of potassium added1 a white precipitate1 or1 at least1 turbidity is produced4 d4 ,the flakes of albumen1 separated by heating1 dissolve in caustic alkalies to a solution1 from which they are re-precipitated by nitric acid1 or chlorine water4 e4 ,upon treating blood stains with chlorine-water1 a solution which contains chloride of iron1 and acquires a red coloration by the addition of sulphocyanide of potassium1 is formed4 f4 ,should the stains have failed to be affected by cold water 7which1 as has already been remarked1 is the case when they have been previously washed with hot water71 they are treated with weak soda lye4 ,nitric acid1 hydrochloric acid1 and chlorine water will produce in the solution so obtained a white precipitate1 which exhibits the general properties of albumen previously described4 ,in case the stains are deposited upon linen1 it is necessary to replace the soda by ammonia1 in order to avoid dissolving the fabric4 g4 ,solutions of the alkalies1 which dissolve the albumen1 leave the coloring matters intact1 and consequently do not decolorize the fabric4 ,if the latter is afterwards subjected to the action of hydrochloric acid1 the coloring matter is dissolved1 forming a solution that leaves upon evaporation to dryness a residue containing iron1 which gives a blue coloration with ferrocyanide of potassium1 and a red coloration with sulphocyanide of potassium4 h4 ,the coloring matter of blood dissolves in boiling alcohol1 to which sulphuric acid has been added1 to a brown dichroic fluid 7appearing green by transmitted light1 and red by reflected light74 ,a mixture of rust and blood exhibits the same phenomenon4 i4 ,if substances containing blood are heated in a dry tube1 an odor resembling that of burnt horn is emitted4 ,in case the stained fabric is a substance that would produce this odor1 7such as wool1 silk1 or hair71 the test naturally loses all value4 j4 ,if the fluid obtained by treating the stains either with water or alkali is evaporated with a little carbonate of potassa1 and the residue heated1 at first at #ajj1 then to redness1 in a glass tube to which a fresh quantity of carbonate of potassa has been added1 cyanide of potassium is formed4 ,when cold1 the tube is cut above the part containing the fused mixture1 the mass heated with iron-filings and water1 the fluid filtered1 and the filtrate then acidulated with hydrochloric acid3 ferrocyanide of potassium will be present in the fluid1 and upon adding a drop of solution of perchloride of iron a green1 or blue1 color will be produced1 and a precipitate of ,prussian blue gradually thrown down4 ,if the stained cloth is non-nitrogenous 7per ex43 hemp1 linen1 or cotton71 instead of treating it with water1 it may be heated until pulverulent1 mixed with carbonate of potassa1 the mixture calcined1 and the operation then completed as just described4 ,this test having given affirmative results1 the operations should be repeated with an unstained portion of the cloth1 to remove all doubt that the indications obtained do not really originate from the fabric4 ,in the present state of science1 it is impossible to discriminate chemically between human and animal blood4 ,m4 ,barruel1 it is true1 is able1 not only to accomplish this1 but also to distinguish the blood of the various species of animals by its odor6 ,but this test has a somewhat hypothetical value for scientific purposes4 ,in regard to the crystals of haemin1 they do not present sufficient difference to allow the blood of different animals to be distinguished4 ,we have not yet treated of the globules4 ,it often occurs that these minute organs are so altered as to be no longer recognized in the microscopic examination2 when1 however1 the stains are tolerably recent1 they may be detected by examining the moistened stained cloth1 directly under the microscope3 a discrimination between animal and human blood is then possible3 corpuscules of human blood possess the greater size3 those of the sheep1 for instance1 have only one-half the diameter of the former4 ,it is1 however1 but seldom that this distinction can be made use of4,y ,y ,menstrual blood is recognized by the presence of epithelial cells4--,trans4 ,,examination ,,of ,,spermatic ,,stains4 ,in cases where attempt at violence1 rape or pederasty is suspected1 the expert may be required to determine the nature of stains found on clothing1 sheets1 etc4 ,the fact that the stains were produced by semen1 may often be regarded1 per se1 as criminating evidence4 ,this class of investigation possesses1 therefore1 considerable importance4 ,external appearance of the stains4--,dry spermatic stains are thin1 and exhibit a greyish or1 occasionally1 a citron-yellow color1 if present on white cloth4 ,in case the fabric is colored1 they appear whitish and1 if on linen1 present a glossy aspect4 ,they are translucid1 when observed by transmitted light4 ,if the fabric1 upon which the stains are deposited1 is of a heavy texture1 they are visible only on one side3 under all circumstances1 their circumference is irregular and undulated4 ,these indications1 however1 are not conclusive1 but vary according to whether the stains were produced by the thick semen of a vigorous man1 or the aqueous seminal fluid of an aged and diseased person1 or by semen more or less mixed with the prostatic fluid4 ,upon moistening spermatic stains1 the distinctive stale odor of fresh semen is sometimes emitted1 but this characteristic is usually obscured by the presence of foreign substances4 ,semen stains are soluble in water1 forming a gummy fluid1 in which chlorine1 alcohol1 bichloride of mercury1 acetate and subacetate of lead produce a white precipitate1 but which fails to be coagulated by heating4 ,plumbate of potassa does not impart a fawn-color to these stains1 at a temperature above #bj1 as is the case with those produced by albuminous substances4 ,persulphate of iron imparts to spermatic stains a pale yellow color1 ,sulphate of copper1 a bluish grey color1 ,cupro-potassic tartrate1 a bluish grey color1 ,nitrate of silver1 a pale grey color1 ,nitric acid1 a pale yellow color4 ,the above reactions1 separate or united1 are insufficient2 they are not very delicate1 and are likewise produced by stains originating from the other varieties of mucus3 the indications furnished by a microscopic examination of the stains are alone conclusive4 ,microscopic examination4--,semen contains as its principal and fecundating constituent1 peculiar vibratory filaments1 7spermatozoa71 held suspended in a viscous fluid4 ,these filaments1 when preserved in a warm and moist place1 retain their activity for a considerable time3 it is even possible that they may exhibit vitality in the organs1 into which they have been voluntarily or forcibly ejaculated1 for ten1 or even twenty-four hours4 ,when exposed to cold air1 the spermatozoa quickly expire2 still1 they preserve their form for some time1 and1 as this is very characteristic1 it is then easy to identify them2 moreover1 since they originate exclusively in the testicles1 their detection may be considered as certain evidence of the presence of semen4 ,in stains produced by aged persons1 and by persons enfeebled by excesses1 the spermatozoa fail to be presented2 in case they are discovered1 this fact evidently does not affect the certainty of the spermatic origin of the stains4 ,the contrary conclusion is never absolutely certain3 still1 if the use of the microscope fails to establish the presence of spermatozoa1 it is almost certain that the stains were not produced by semen4 ,of the various methods for obtaining from the stains a preparation adapted to the microscopic examination1 the one proposed by ,m4 ,charles ,robin is the most simple and reliable4 ,a strip1 #a c4 c4 in size 7comprising the entire stain1 if this be small1 containing its inner portion1 if it be large71 is cut from the fabric under examination1 care being taken that the two extremities of the sample extend beyond the stained portion4 ,one end of the cloth is then immersed in a capsule1 or watch-glass1 containing pure water3 the stains become moistened by capillary attraction1 and1 in a space of time varying from twenty minutes to two hours1 acquire the appearance of fresh semen4 ,as soon as the stained portion becomes swollen and softened1 the surface of the cloth is gently scraped with a spatula1 and the substance removed placed on the slide of the microscope4 ,the particles are next slightly detached1 a drop of water added1 if necessary1 and the whole covered with a small plate of very thin glass4 ,the preparation is then examined by a microscope1 having a magnifying power of from #ejj to #fjj diameters4 ,in this way1 the presence of either entire or broken spermatozoa is readily detected4 ,their existence is rendered still more apparent1 if the mucus present is dissolved by adding a drop of acetic acid to the preparation4 ,entire spermatozoa consist of long slender filaments1 having a length of #j4jdjda to #j4jdeab millimetre2 the anterior extremity presents an oval enlargement1 either round or pyriform1 exhibiting a double outline1 when magnified to #ejj diameters4 ,this enlarged end is termed the head2 the entire remaining portion being regarded as the tail4 ,in case the spermatozoa are broken1 they are severed either near the head or in the middle of the tail1 and a mass of detached fragments will be observed in the microscopic examination4 ,the spermatozoa are not the only corpuscules revealed by the microscope2 other substances1 entirely different in character1 are often observed4 ,although the detection of these bodies is1 in itself1 of no value1 it will be well to enumerate and characterize them2 they are3 a4 ,oily globules4 b4 ,leucocytes1 or spherical and finely granulous globules of mucus4 c4 ,corpuscules1 originating from the seminal vesicles1 termed sympexions4 ,these are rounded or ovoid1 possess an irregular outline1 and are usually mixed with the spermatozoa and globules of mucus4 d4 ,crystals of phosphate of magnesia1 varying greatly in size2 the largest are from #j4mm4 #jja to #j4mm4 #jjb in length4 ,the crystals formed upon cooling the semen1 present the form of an oblique prism1 with a rhomboidal base4 ,occasionally they are elongated and flattened2 they then assume the form of a rhomboid4 e4 ,epithelial cells2 originating from the mucous follicles of the urethra4 f4 ,irregular grains of dust2 soluble in acetic and hydrochloric acids1 with gaseous evolution4 g4 ,brownish-red grains of rust2 only slightly soluble in acetic acid1 but easily soluble in hydrochloric acid4 h4 ,filaments of the strained fabric2 detected by their texture1 and general appearance4 i4 ,grains of starch1 in case the cloth has been stiffened4 ,these are almost invariably swollen1 and are frequently broken and deformed4 ,if the examination is to be secretly executed1 and the cloth cannot well be cut1 it is rolled in a cone1 in such a way that the external side contains the stained portion4 ,the lower extremity of the cone 7which should be free from stains7 is dipped in a watch-glass containing water1 so as to avoid directly wetting the stains4 ,the cone soon becomes moistened by absorption1 and the operation is then completed in the same manner as when the fabric has been cut2 which is always preferable1 when possible4 ,the examination of spermatic stains consists1 then1 in moistening the stains with water1 separating them as completely as possible from the stained cloth1 and determining the presence of the spermatozoa by means of the microscope4 ,all other tests are valueless2 even their execution for confirmatory purposes is not advisable2 inasmuch as they fail to possess a distinctive character1 and the reagents employed in their production may destroy the fabric1 and thus prevent the formation of the only conclusive reaction--the detection of the spermatozoa4 ,in case the stains are deposited upon a woman's chemise1 they are usually present on both the front and back portions1 and are sometimes to be found on the sleeves4 ,when a man's shirt is under examination1 especial attention should be given to the anterior portions4 ,the pantaloons are also often stained2 usually in the interior1 but sometimes also on the exterior1 just above the thighs4 ,in reporting the decision to the court1 as to the nature of the stains1 their precise position should invariably be stated1 as1 by this means1 the circumstances attending the commission of the crime may be1 at least partially1 elucidated4 ,,the ,,end4 ,,appendix4 ,the following list of the literature of toxicology1 and its allied branches1 will1 it is hoped1 be of service to those readers who are desirous of obtaining further information on the subjects treated in this work4--,trans4 ,,books4 99,accum992 ,a treatise on adulteration of food1 and culinary poisons4 ,london1 #ahbb4 99,adrien992 ,recherches sur le lait au point de vue de sa composition1 de son analyse1 de ses falsifications et surtout de l'approvisionnement de ,paris4 ,paris1 #ahei4 99,angell and ,hehner992 ,butter2 its analysis and adulterations4 ,london1 #ahgd4 99,anglada992 ,trait de toxicologie4 ,paris1 #ahce4 99,atcherly992 ,adulteration of food4 ,london1 #ahgd4 99,bandein992 ,die ,gifte und ihre ,gegengifte4 ,basel1 #ahfi4 99,beck992 ,elements of medical jurisprudence4 ,albany1 #ahea4 99,bellini992 ,lezionis perementali di ,tossicologia4 ,firenze1 #ahfe4 99,bergman992 ,zur ,kentniss der putriden ,gifte4 ,dorpat1 #ahfh4 99,bernard992 ,leons sur les substances toxiques4 ,paris1 #aheg4 99,billard992 ,considerations medico-lgale sur les empoisonnements par les irritants4 ,paris1 #ahba4 99,blondlot992 ,sur la recherche de l'arsenic par la methode de ,marsh4 ,nancy1 #aheg4 ,ibid2 ,sur la recherche toxicologique du phosphore par la coloration de la flamme4 ,nancy1 #ahfa4 ,ibid2 ,sur le dosage de l'antimoine dans les recherches toxicologiques4 ,nancy1 #ahfe4 99,boettcher992 ,ueber ,blutkrystalle4 ,dorpat1 #ahfb4 99,bonsels992 ,ein ,beitrag zur ,analyse des ,arsens1 vorzugsweise in gerichtlichen ,fllen4 ,kiel1 #ahgd4 99,borie992 ,catechisme toxicologique4 ,tuelle1 #ahda4 99,bouchardt et ,quevenne992 ,du lait4 ,paris1 #aheg4 99,bowman and ,bloxam992 ,medical chemistry4 ,london1 #ahgd4 99,briand et ,chaud992 ,manuel complet de mdicine lgale2 contenant un manuel de chimie lgale4 ,paris1 #ahgc4 99,buchner992 ,toxikologie4 ,nremburg1 #ahei4 99,bureaux992 ,histoire des falsifications des substances alimentaires4 ,paris1 #ahee4 99,chapman992 ,manual of ,toxicology4 ,london1 #ahec4 99,chatin992 ,recherches experimentals et considerations sur quelques princips de la toxicologie4 ,paris1 #ahdd4 99,chiaje992 ,tossicologia4 ,napoli1 #ahce4 99,chaussier992 ,mdicine lgale4 ,paris1 #aheh4 99,chevalier992 ,dictionaire des alterations et falsifications des substances alimentaires1 mdicamenteuses et commerciales1 avec l'indication des moyens de les reconnaitre4 ,paris1 #ahef4 ,ibid2 ,essais practiques sur l'examen chimique des vins1 considr sous la rapport judiciaire4 ,paris1 #aheg4 99,christison992 ,a treatise on poisons4 ,edinburg1 #ahcf4 99,collier992 ,paradoxology of poisoning4 ,london1 #ahef4 99,cooper992 ,tracts on medical jurisprudence4 ,phila41 #ahai4 99,cormenin992 ,memoire sur l'empoisonnement par l'arsenic4 ,paris1 #ahdb4 99,cotter992 ,adulteration of liquors4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahgd4 99,cottereau992 ,des alterations et des falsifications du vin1 et des moyens physiques et chimiques employs pour les reconnaitre4 ,paris1 #ahea4 99,cox992 ,poisons2 their effects1 tests and antidotes4 ,london1 #aheb4 99,culbrush992 ,lectures on the adulteration of food1 and culinary poisons4 ,newburg1 #ahbc4 99,dalton992 ,adulteration of food4 ,london1 #aheg4 99,divergie992 ,mdicine lgale4 ,paris1 #aheb4 99,dragendorff992 ,beitrge zur gerichtlichen ,chemie einzelner organischen ,gifte4 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #ahgb4 ,ibid2 ,untersuchungen aus dem pharmaceutischen ,institut in ,dorpat4 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #ahgb4 ,ibid2 ,manuel de toxicologie2 traduit par ,e4 ,ritter4 ,paris1 #ahgc4 99,druitt992 ,on wines4 ,london1 #ahff4 99,duflos992 ,die wichtigsten ,lebenbedrfnisse1 ihre ,aechtheit und ,gte2 ,verunreinigungen1 ,verflschungen1 etc4 ,breslau1 #ahdf4 ,ibid2 ,die ,prfung chemischer ,gifte4 ,breslau1 #ahga4 ,ibid2 ,handbuch der angewandten gerichtlich-chemischen ,analyse der chemischen ,gifte2 ihre ,erkennung in reinem ,zustand und in ,gemischen betreffend4 ,leipzig1 #ahgc4 99,duflos u4 ,hirsch992 ,das ,arsen2 seine ,erscheinung1 u4 s4 w4 ,breslau1 #ahdb4 99,dupasquier992 ,consultation medico-lgale relative une accusation d'empoisonnement par le plomb4 ,lyon1 #ahdc4 99,erhard992 ,die giftigen pflanzenalkaloiden und deren ,ausmittelung auf mikroskopischem ,wege4 ,passau1 #ahfg4 99,eulenberg992 ,die ,lehre von den schdlichen und giftigen ,gasen4 ,braunschweig1 #ahdi4 99,flandin992 ,trait des poisons4 ,paris1 #aheb4 99,flandin et ,danger992 ,de l'arsenic4 ,paris1 #ahec4 99,fop992 ,adulteration of food4 ,london1 #ahee4 99,fraise992 ,alimentation publique2 le lait1 ses falsifications1 etc4 ,nancy1 #ahfd4 99,frank992 ,manuel de toxicologie2 traduit de l'allemand par ,vrankan4 ,anvers1 #ahjc4 99,fresenius992 ,auffindung unorganischen ,gifte in ,speisen1 u4 s4 w4 ,braunschweig1 #ahef4 99,friedrich992 ,die ,verflschung der ,speisen und ,getrnke4 ,mnster1 #ahei4 99,galtier992 ,trait de toxicologie4 ,paris1 #ahee4 99,galtier de ,claubry992 ,de la recherche des alcalis organiques dans les cas d'empoisonnement4 ,paris1 #ahfb4 99,ganeau992 ,alterations et falsifications des farines4 ,lille1 #ahef4 99,garnier992 ,des falsification des substances alimentaires et des moyens de les reconnaitre4 ,paris1 #ahdd4 99,gerhardt992 ,prcis d'analyse pour la recherche des alterations et falsifications des produits chimiques et pharmaceutiques4 ,paris1 #ahfj4 99,garland992 ,prcis d'analyse chemique qualitative4 ,paris1 #ahee4 99,gmelin992 ,allgemeine ,geschichte der thierischen und mineralischen ,gifte4 ,erfurt1 #ahjf4 99,gorup-,besanez992 ,anleitung zur qualitativen und quantitativen zoochemischen ,analyse4 ,braunschweig1 #ahga4 99,gosse992 ,des taches1 au point de vue medico-lgale4 ,paris1 #ahfb4 99,griffin992 ,the chemical testing of wines and spirits4 ,london1 #ahgb4 99,griffith and ,taylor992 ,a practical manual of the general1 chemical1 and microscopical character of the blood1 etc4 ,london1 #ahdc4 99,guerin992 ,nouvelle toxicologie4 ,paris1 #ahbf4 99,guy992 ,principles of forensic medicine4 ,london1 #ahdc4 99,gwosden992 ,ueber die ,darstellung des ,hmin aus dem ,blut und den qualitativen ,nachweis minimaler ,blutmengen4 ,wien1 #ahff4 99,hager992 ,untersuchungen4 ,leipzig1 #ahgc4 99,hartung-,schwarzkoff992 ,chemie der organischen ,alkalien4 ,mnchen1 #ahee4 99,hassall992 ,adulteration of food4 ,london1 #ahee4 99,van ,hassett992 ,handbuch der ,giftlehre4 ,braunschweig1 #ahfb4 99,helwig992 ,das mikroskop in der ,toxikologie4 ,mainz1 #ahfd4 99,herman992 ,lehrbuch der experimentellen ,toxikologie4 ,berlin1 #ahge4 99,hitzig992 ,studien ber ,bleivergiftung4 ,berlin1 #ahgj4 99,hoffman992 ,manual of chemical analysis4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahgc4 99,hoppe-,seyler992 ,handbuch der physiologisch und pathologisch chemischen ,analyse4 ,berlin1 #ahgj4 ,ibid2 ,medicinisch-chemische ,untersuchungen4 ,berlin1 #ahga4 99,horsley992 ,the toxicologist's ,guide4 ,london1 #ahff4 99,how992 ,adulteration of food and drink4 ,london1 #ahee4 99,huseman992 ,handbuch der ,toxikologie4 ,berlin1 #ahgj4 99,jaillard992 ,de la toxicologie du bichromate de potasse4 ,strasbourg1 #ahfa4 99,jones 7,h4 ,bence7992 ,chemistry of wines4 ,london1 #ahgd4 99,klincke992 ,die ,verflschung der ,nahrungsmittel1 ,getrnke1 etc4 ,leipzig1 #aheh4 99v4 ,kupffer992 ,handbuch der ,alkoholometrie4 ,wien1 #ahff4 99de ,lapparent992 ,les moyens de constater la puret des principales huiles fixes4 ,cherbourg1 #ahee4 99,lefort992 ,etudes chimiques et toxicologiques sur la morphine4 ,paris1 #ahfa4 99,legrand992 ,trait de mdicine lgale et de jurisprudence mdical4 ,paris1 #ahgc4 99,letheby992 ,on food4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahgb4 99,lerwin992 ,toxikologischen ,tabellen4 ,berlin1 #ahef4 99,liebreich992 ,outlines of ,toxicology4 ,london1 #ahge4 99,lindes992 ,beitrge zur gerichtlichen ,chemie4 ,berlin1 #aheb4 99,lunel992 ,guide pratique pour reconnatre les falsifications et alterations des substances alimentaires4 ,paris1 #ahgd4 99,malle992 ,essai d'analyse toxique gnerale4 ,strasbourg1 #ahch4 99,marset992 ,composition1 adulteration1 and analysis of food4 ,london1 #ahef4 99,marshall992 ,remarks on arsenic4 ,london1 #ahag4 99,marx992 ,geschichtlich ,darstellung der ,giftlehre4 ,gttingen1 #ahbi4 99,mata992 ,tratado de medicina y cirugia legal4 ,paris1 #ahgd4 99,mayercon and ,bergeret992 ,recherches sur la passage de l'arsenic et de l'antimoine dans les tissus et les humeurs4 ,paris1 #ahgd4 99,meissner992 ,arometrie in ihrer ,anwendung auf ,chemie und ,technik4 ,wien1 #ahaf4 99,mitchell992 ,falsification of food4 ,london1 #ahdh4 99,mohr992 ,chemische ,toxikologie4 ,braunschweig1 #ahgd4 99,monier992 ,memoires sur l'analyse de la lait et des farines4 ,paris1 #aheh4 99,montgarney992 ,essai de toxicologie4 ,paris1 #ahah4 99,muller992 ,anleitung zur ,prfung der ,kuhmilch4 ,bern1 #aheh4 99,mnk und ,leyden992 ,phosphorvergiftung4 ,berlin1 #ahfe4 99,neubauer992 ,chemie des ,weines4 ,wiesbaden1 #ahgd4 99,neuman992 ,die ,erkennung des ,bluts bei gerichtlichen ,untersuchungen4 ,leipzig1 #ahfi4 99,normandy992 ,the commercial hand-book of chemical analysis4 ,london1 #ahge4 99,odling992 ,a course of practical chemistry4 ,london1 #ahgb4 99,oesterlen992 ,das menschliche ,haar und seine gerichtrtliche ,bedeutung4 ,tbingen1 #ahge4 99,orfila992 ,rapport sur les moyens de constater la presence de l'arsenic dans les empoisonnements par ce toxique4 ,paris1 #ahda4 ,ibid2 ,trait de mdicine lgale4 ,paris1 #ahdh4 ,ibid2 ,elements de chimie mdicale4 ,paris1 #ahea4 ,ibid2 ,trait de toxicologie4 ,paris1 #aheb4 99,otto992 ,anleitung zur ,ausmittelung der ,gifte1 und zur ,erkennung der ,blutflecken bei gerichtlich-chemischen ,untersuchungen4 ,braunschweig1 #ahgj4 99,payen992 ,substances alimentaires4 ,paris1 #ahef4 99,pelliken992 ,beitrge zur gerichtlichen ,medizin1 ,toxikologie und ,pharmakodynamik4 ,wrztburg1 #aheh4 99,petit ,lafitte992 ,instruction simplifie pour la constatation des proprites des altrations et des falsifications des principales1 denres alimentaires4 ,bordeaux1 #aheh4 99,plaff992 ,anleitung zur vornahme gericthlicher ,blutuntersuchungen4 ,plauen1 #ahfj4 99,pierce992 ,examination of drugs1 chemicals1 etc4 ,cambridge1 #aheb4 99,planta992 ,verhaltung der wichtigsten ,alkaloiden gegen ,reagenten4 ,heidelberg1 #ahdf4 99,pleck992 ,toxicologia4 ,viennae1 #ahja4 99,prescott992 ,chemical examination of alcoholic liquors4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahge4 99,preyer992 ,die ,blutkrystalle4 ,jena1 #ahga4 99,reese992 ,a manuel of ,toxicology4 ,phila41 #ahgd4 99,reveil992 ,introduction un cours de toxicologie4 ,paris1 #ahei4 99,reyer992 ,die ,blausure physiologisch untersucht4 ,bonn41 #ahfh4 99,rich992 ,the analyst's annual note-book for #ahgd4 ,london1 #ahge4 99,ritter992 ,ueber die ,ermittelung von ,blut1 ,samen und ,excrementenflecken in ,kriminalfllen4 ,wrztburg1 #ahed4 ,ibid2 ,beitrge zur gerichtlichen ,chemie4 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #ahgb4 ,ibid2 ,manuel de chimie practique1 analytique1 toxicologique et zoochimique4 ,paris1 #ahgd4 99,robinet 7fils7992 ,manuel practique d'analyse chimique des vins4 ,paris1 #ahgb4 99,rebuteau992 ,elements de ,toxicologie et de mdecine lgale applique l'empoisonnements4 ,paris4 #ahgc4 99,roucher992 ,recherches toxicologiques4 ,paris1 #aheb4 99,roussin992 ,falsification des vins par l'alun4 ,paris1 #ahfa4 99,ryan992 ,medical ,jurisprudence4 ,london1 #ahcf4 99,schmidt992 ,ein ,beitrag zur ,kentniss der milch4 ,dorpat #ahgd4 99,schmidt992 ,diagnostik verdchtlicher ,flecken4 ,leipzig1 #ahdh4 99,schneider992 ,die gerichtliche ,chemie4 ,wien1 #aheb4 99,schroff992 ,toxikologische ,versuche ber ,arsen4 ,wien1 #aheh4 ,ibid2 ,beitrge zur ,kentniss des ,aconite4 99,simon992 ,die ,frauenmilch4 ,berlin1 #ahch4 99,sonnenkalb992 ,l',aniline et ses couleurs1 au point de vue toxicologique4 ,leipzig1 #ahfd4 99,sonnenschein992 ,ueber ein neues ,reagent auf ,alkaloiden4 ,berlin1 #aheg4 ,ibid2 ,handbuch der gerichtliche ,chemie4 ,berlin1 #ahfi4 99,soubeiran992 ,nouveau ,dictionnaire des falsifications et des alterations des aliments1 etc4 ,paris1 #ahgd4 99,speyer992 ,recherche de la colchicine4 ,dorpat1 #ahgj4 99,spratt992 ,toxicology4 ,london1 #ahdc4 99,stowe992 ,a toxicological chart4 ,london1 #ahgb4 99,tanner992 ,memoranda on ,poisons4 ,london1 #ahgb4 99,tardieu992 ,etude medico-lgale sur l'empoisonnement4 ,paris1 #ahff4 99,tardieu1 ,lorain et ,roussin992 ,empoisonnement par la strychnine1 l'arsenic1 et les sels de cuivre4 ,paris1 #ahfe4 99,tatra992 ,trait d'empoisonnement par l'acide nitrique4 ,paris1 #ahjb4 99,taylor992 ,poisoning by strychnine4 ,london1 #ahef4 ,ibid2 ,on poisons1 in relation to medical jurisprudence and medicine4 ,london1 #ahei4 ,ibid2 ,a manual of medical jurisprudence4 ,phila41 #ahgc4 ,ibid2 ,the principles and practice of medical jurisprudence4 ,phila41 #ahgc4 99,thompson992 ,medical jurisprudence4 ,london1 #ahca4 99,traill992 ,medical jurisprudence4 ,phila41 #ahda4 99,trommer992 ,die ,kuhmilch in ,berzug auf ihre ,verdnnung und ,verflschung4 ,berlin1 #ahei4 99,valser992 ,etude sur la recherche1 les caractres distinctifs1 et la dosage des alcalodes organiques naturels4 ,paris1 #ahfb4 99,vernois992 ,du lait chez la femme dans l'ett de sant et dans l'ett de maladie4 ,paris1 #aheh4 99,vogel992 ,eine neue ,milchprobe4 ,stuttgart1 #ahfj4 99,walchner992 ,die ,nahrungsmittel des menchens1 ihre ,verflschungen und ,verunreinigungen4 ,berlin1 #ahge4 99,walther992 ,ueber ,erkennung des ,arsens bei ,arsenvergiftung4 ,bayreuth1 #ahed4 99,wanklyn992 ,milk ,analysis4 ,london1 #ahgd4 99,wenke992 ,das ,bier und seine ,verflschung4 ,weimar1 #ahfa4 99,werber992 ,lehrbuch der praktischen ,toxikologie4 ,erlangen1 #ahgj4 99,wharton and ,stille992 ,medical ,jurisprudence4 ,phila41 #ahee4 99,wickler992 ,toxikologische ,briefe4 ,weimar1 #aheb4 99,wirthgen992 ,die verschiedenen ,methoden zur ermittelung von ,blutflecken in forensischen ,fallen4 ,erlangen1 #ahfa4 99,witting992 ,uebersicht der wichtigsten ,erfahrungen in der ,toxikologie4 ,hannover1 #ahbg4 99,whler und ,liebold992 ,das forensisch-gerichtlichen ,verfahren bei einer ,arsenvergiftung4 ,berlin1 #ahdg4 99,wood992 ,therapeutics1 materia medica and ,toxicology4 ,phila41 #ahgd4 99,wormely992 ,the micro-chemistry of ,poisons4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahfg4 99,wurtz992 ,chimie mdicale4 ,paris1 #ahfh4 99,zalewsky992 ,untersuchung ber das ,conin4 ,dorpat1 #ahfi4 ,,memoirs4 ,on poisons generally and those not elsewhere classified4 99,accum992 ,ed4 month4 ,rev4 iii1 #bgf2 ,quar4 ,rev4 xxiv1 #cda2 ,ed4 ,rev4 xviii1 #cgj4 99,andrews992 ,sill ,am4 ,jour4 #b xlvii1 #be4 99,bouis992 ,compt4 rend4 lxxiii4 99,bunsen992 ,ann4 ,ch4 ,pharm4 cvi1 #a4 99,brunner992 ,archiv4 der ,pharm4 ccii1 #d4 99,cossa992 ,gaz4 ,med4 di ,lomb41 #ahfc4 99,diakanow992 ,med4 ,chem4 ,unters4 ii1 #add4 99,duflos u4 ,millon992 ,ann4 ,chem4 ,pharm4 xlix1 #cjh4 99,elliot and ,storer992 ,am4 ,jour4 ,pharm41 ,sept41 #ahfj 99,joubert992 ,compt4 ,rend41 ,no4 #bf4 99,moitessier992 ,annal d',hygiene1 #ahfh4 99,orfila992 ,mem4 de l'acad4 roy4 de md4 viii4 #dic4 99,otto992 ,ann4 chem4 ,pharm4 c41 #ci4 99,pellissie992 ,jour4 de ,pharm4 et de chim41 ,jan41 #ahgd4 99,reveil992 ,compt4 ,rend4 lx1 #dcc4 99,reynolds992 ,the ,irish ,hosp4 ,gaz4 ,feb4 #ae1 #ahgc4 99,selmi992 ,gaz4 ,chim4 ,ital4 #ahgd4 fasc4 ,i1 ii4 99,stein992 ,polyt4 ,centralb41 #ahff1 p4 #ajbc and #ahgj1 pp4 #ajce1 #abji4 99,vierchow992 ,arch4 f4 path4 anat4 xxi1 #ddd4 ,on the destruction of organic matter4 99,brande992 ,arch4 f4 ,pharm4 xlviii1 #bjf4 99,buchner992 ,n4 rept4 f4 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99,davy992 ,jahresb41 #aheh1 #fji4 99,draper992 ,dingl4 poly4 ,jour4 cciv4 #che4 99,elliot and ,storer992 ,sill4 ,jour4 #cb1 p4 #chj4 99,erlenmeyer992 ,zeitsch4 f4 ,ch4 u4 ,pharm4 #ahfb1 #ch4 99,feuchtwanger992 ,sill4 ,jour4 xix1 #cci4 99,franck992 ,zeit4 f4 anal4 ,chem4 iv4 #bja4 99,fresenius992 ,arch4 f4 ,pharm4 lxii1 #eg2 ,ann4 der ,chem4 u4 ,pharm4 xliii4 #cfa2 ibid1 xlix1 #bge2 ,zeits4 f4 anal4 ,chem4 vi1 #aif2 ibid ii1 #ai2 ibid i4 #dhc2 ,qual4 ,chem4 ,anal4 p4 #cdf4 99,fresenius u4 v4 ,baho992 ,pogg1 ,anal4 vol4 xc1 #efe2 ,ann4 ,chem4 ,pharm4 xlix1 #bhg4 99,fype992 ,phil4 mag4 ii #dhg2 ,jour4 f4 prakt4 ,chem4 lx4 #ajc4 99,gatehouse992 ,chem4 ,news4 ,no4 #fii1 #ahgc4 99,gaultier de ,claubry992 ,j4 ,pharm4 #c xxii1 #abe4 99,graham992 ,ann4 ,chem4 ,pharm4 cxxi1 #fc3 ,elements of ,chem4 #bnd4 edit4 vol4 ii1 #bae4 99,gray992 ,chem4 ,news1 v4 #bc p4 #gc4 99,hager992 ,pharm4 ,zeitsch4 #ahgj1 ,no4 #bg3 ,ding4 poly4 ,jour4 vol4 #bjg1 ,no4 #f2 ,centralhalle xiii1 #aie4 99,hasson992 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sciences1 ,paris1 #ahgb4 99,scherer992 ,ann4 ,ch4 ,pharm4 cxii1 #bad4 99,schieffendecker992 ,zeitsch4 f4 anal4 ,chem4 #ahgb1 iii4 99,schom992 ,zeitsch4 f4 anal4 ,chem4 #b v1 #ffd4 99,wiggers992 ,canstatt's ,jahresb4 f4 ,pharm4 #ahed4 ,on the detection of ,prussic ,acid4 99,almen992 ,chem4 ,centralb41 #ahga1 #gig4 99,bonjean992 ,compt4 rend4 lxx1 #ecb4 99,braun992 ,zeitsch4 f4 anal4 ,chem4 iii1 #dfd4 99,duvignan and ,parent992 ,am4 ,med4 ,rec4 #ahai1 #ecd4 99,hagenbach992 ,arch4 f4 path4 ,anat4 xl1 #abe4 99,hoppe-,seyler992 ,vierschow's ,arch4 f4 path4 ,anat #ch4 99,jacquemin992 ,compt4 rend4 lxxxix1 #adii1 #aejb4 99,letheby992 ,lond4 ,lanc4 #ahdd1 #bdd2 ibid1 vol4 #b1 p4 #aci4 99,ralph992 ,n4 ,jahresb4 f4 ,pharm4 xxx1 #agi4 99,rennard992 ,pharm4 ,zeitsch4 f4 ,russl4 xii1 ,no4 #h4 99,schonbein992 ,zeitsch4 f4 anal4 ,chem4 #ahfh1 #ejc4 99,siegel992 ,arch4 f4 ,heilkunde1 #aheh4 99,struve992 ,zeitsch4 f4 anal4 ,chem4 #ahgc1 i2 ,mon4 ,scien4 ,ques4 ,juin1 #ahgd1 #ech4 99,taylor992 ,ann4 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xi1 #ejd2 ,ann4 ,ch4 ,pharm4 lxxxiii1 #ci4 99,grandean992 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,chim4 #b ii1 #gd4 99,guy992 ,pharm4 ,jour4 ii1 pp4 #eec1 #fjb2 ibid1 iii1 pp4 #aa1 #aab4 99,hagers992 ,chem4 ,ctbl41 #ahfi1 #aca4 99,horsley992 ,chem4 ,news1 v1 #cee 99,huseman992 ,ann4 ,chem4 ,pharm4 cxxviii1 #cje4 99,kletzinsky992 ,mitthel4 v4 d4 ,geb4 d4 rein4 u4 angew4 ,chem4 #ahfe4 99,kohler992 ,archiv der ,pharm4 ,mar4 #ahgc4 99,kuhne992 ,ann4 ,chem4 ,pharm4 vol4 civ4 99,lefort992 ,zeitsch4 f4 anal4 ,chem4 i1 #acd4 99,lehrman992 ,archiv der ,pharm4 #b ,bd4 lxxvi1 #add4 99,liebig991 ,poggendorff u4 ,wohler2 ,handwrterb4 d4 ,chem4 #b ,aus4 i1 #dfd4 99,macadams992 ,pharm4 ,jour4 ,trans4 xvi1 #abj1 #afj4 99,marchattie992 ,chem4 ,news4 x1 #ahc4 99,marme992 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,chim #b ix1 #bjc2 ,zeitsch4 f4 rat4 ,med4 #ahfg4 99,mayer992 ,jour4 de ,pharm4 et de ,chim41 ,oct4 #ahgc2 ,oest ,zeitsch4 f4 ,pharm4 ii1 #bcb4 99,nowak992 ,dingls4 poly4 ,jour41 vol4 #bjf1 p4 #dbb2 ,sitzber4 d4 ,wiener ,akad4 d4 ,wissensch41 #ahgb4 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99,trapp992 ,jahresb4 #ahfc1 #gjb4 99,wormley992 ,chem4 ,news1 vol4 ii1 ,july1 #ahfj4 ,on ,morphine4 99,anderson992 ,ann4 ,ch4 ,pharm41 lxxv1 #hj4 99,dupre992 ,chem4 ,news1 viii1 #bfg2 ,jahresb41 #ahfc1 #gjd4 99,erdman992 ,ann4 ,ch4 ,pharm4 cxx1 #hh2 ibid1 cxxii1 #cfj4 99,flandin992 ,compt4 rend41 xxxvi1 #eag4 99,frohde992 ,zeitsch4 f4 anal4 ,chem4 v1 #bad2 ,arch4 f4 ,pharm41 clxxvi4 99,huseman992 ,ann4 ,ch4 ,pharm41 cxxviii1 #cje4 99,kalkbrunner992 ,zeitsch4 d4 all4 ,oest4 ,apot4 ,ver41 ,no4 #bg4 99,lassaigne992 ,ann4 ,ch4 ,pharm4 #b xxv1 #ajb4 99,lefert992 ,j4 ,pharm4 #c xl1 #ig4 99,mermer992 ,j4 ,chim41 xxiii1 #ab4 99,wormley992 ,chem4 ,news1 vol4 ii1 ,sept41 #ahfj4 ,on ,strychnine4 99,bingley992 ,chem4 ,gaz41 #ahef1 #bbi4 99,brieger992 ,jahresb4 pr4 ,pharm4 xx1 #hg4 99,cloetta992 ,zeirsch4 f4 anal4 ,chem41 v1 #bfe4 99,davy992 ,j4 ,pharm4 #c xxiv41 #bjd4 99,djurberg992 ,chem ,centralb41 #ahgb1 #aec2 ,zeitsch4 f4 anal4 ,chem41 #ahgb1 #ddj4 99,eboli992 ,archiv der ,pharm41 cxxxv1 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clxxiii1 #aei4 99,harsley992 ,archiv der ,pharm41 ,july and ,dec41 #ahgc2 ,chem4 ,news1 xxv1 #bcj4 99,moitessier992 ,annal4 d',hygiene1 #ahfh4 99,odling992 ,j4 ,soc4 ,arts1 ,april #i1 #aheh4 99,oser992 ,ding4 poly4 ,jour41 clxxxiii1 #bef4 99,rivot992 ,ann4 de ,phys4 et de ,chim41 #c;e srie t1 xlvii4 99,rummel992 ,ding4 poly4 ,jour41 cxxxix1 #di4 99,tasbender992 ,ding4 poly4 ,jour41 ,no4 #f1 ccvi4 99,wanklyn992 ,archiv der ,pharm41 ,dec41 #ahgc2 ,chem4 ,news1 xxxiii1 ,no4 #gcf2 ,ber4 ,med4 ,jour41 ,march #bi1 #ahgc4 ,on the examination of ,fatty ,oils4 99,behrens992 ,ding4 poly4 ,jour41 cxxxi1 #ej4 99,calvert992 ,pharm4 ,j4 ,trans41 xiii1 #cef4 99,clarke992 ,chem4 ,news1 xxiii1 #ade4 99,dingl992 ,poly4 ,jour41 clxxiv4 99,donny992 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',erc1 #ahfd1 #cgb2 ,jahresb41 #ahfd1 #gcd4 99,dragendorff992 ,pharm4 ,zeitsch4 f4 ,russl41 ii1 #dcd4 99,fluckiger992 ,chem4 ,centralb41 #ahga1 #ee4 99,glassner992 7trans47 ,am4 ,chem41 ,dec41 #ahgc4 99,gobley992 ,j4 ,pharm4 #c1 iv1 #bhe2 ibid4 v4 #fg4 99,jacobson992 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,chim41 #b vii1 #if4 99,langlies992 ,zeitsch4 f4 anal4 ,chem41 #ahgj1 #ecd4 99,ludwig992 ,archiv der ,pharm41 #c i1 #a4 99,mac,naught992 ,chem4 ,centralb41 #ahfb1 #gdb4 99,massie992 ,zeitsch4 f4 anal4 ,chem41 #ahga1 #die4 99,maumene992 ,compt4 rend41 xxxv1 #egb4 99,nickles992 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,chim41 #b vi1 #hi 99,penot992 ,bull4 de ,mullh41 xxvi1 #g2 ,jahresb41 #ahff1 #hbg4 99,roth992 ,bull4 de ,mullh41 #ahfd1 #ajd4 99,ure's99 ,dict4 of ,arts1 etc41 iii1 #cjj4 99,vogel992 ,chem4 ,centralbl41 #ahfc1 #ide4 99,watt's99 ,dict4 of ,chem41 iv41 #ahb4 ,on the examination of ,milk4 99,boussingault992 ,ann4 ,chem4 ,phys4 #d xxv1 #chb4 99,baumhauer992 ,j4 pr4 ,chem41 lxxxiv1 #ade4 99,casselman992 ,chem4 ,centralb41 #ahfc1 #fhi4 99,dancer992 ,chem4 ,news1 v1 #ba1 p4 #ea4 99,daubrawa992 ,jour4 f4 prakt4 ,chem41 lxxviii1 #dbf4 99,donne992 ,compt4 rend41 xvii1 pp4 #ehe1 #eia4 99,filhol and ,joly992 ,wurtz's ,dict4 de ,chim41 t4 ii1 p4 #aie4 99,gmelin992 ,handb4 der 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99,dupre992 ,chem4 ,soc4 ,jour4 xx1 #dic4 99,fantenelle992 ,j4 ,chim4 ,md41 iii1 #ccb4 99,faure992 ,j4 ,pharm41 vii1 #bjj4 99,fischern992 ,ann4 ,chem4 ,pharm41 lviii1 #gje4 99,fresenius992 ibid1 lxiii1 #chd4 99,geiger992 ,mag4 f4 ,pharm41 xix1 #bff4 99,geromont992 ,ann4 ,ch4 ,pharm41 xvii1 #aeh4 99,hager992 ,zeitsch4 f4 anal4 ,chem41 #ahgb1 #ccg4 99,hitchcock992 ,edinb4 ,phil4 ,jour41 xxxvii1 #agf4 99,jacquemin992 ,ann4 de ,chim4 et de ,phys4 v1 srie1 ,nov41 #ahgd2 ,compt4 rend41 lxxix1 #ebc4 99,kersting992 ,ann4 ,ch4 ,pharm41 lxx1 #ej4 99,khol992 ,j4 ,chim4 ,md41 #d ii1 #bea4 99,liebig1 ,poggendorff and ,wohler992 ,handwrterb4 ix1 #fgf4 99,ludersdorf992 ,j4 f4 prak4 ,chem41 xxiv1 #ajb4 99,maisch992 ,proc4 ,am4 ,pharm4 ,assn41 #ahfc1 #bif2 #ahfd1 #bia2 #ahff1 #bfg4 99,mallard992 ,j4 ,chim4 ,md41 iii1 #cbf4 99,maumene992 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,chim41 xxii1 ,no4 #a4 99,miller992 ,jour4 de ,pharm4 et de ,chim41 ,mar41 #ahgc4 99,mitis992 ,baierisch4 ,k4 u4 ,gewerbeblatt1 #ahch4 99,phipson992 ,zeitsch4 f4 anal4 ,chem41 ix1 #aba4 99,reiman's99 ,farb4 ,zeit41 ,nos4 #ad-ae1 #ahgd4 99,romei992 ,mon4 ,scien41 iii1 t4 iii1 ,no4 #chb4 99,salleron992 ,compt4 rend41 lxxviii1 ,no4 #af4 99,scheitz992 ,arch4 ,pharm41 #c v1 #cca4 99,schubert992 ,pogg4 ,annal41 lxx1 #cig4 99,sestini992 ,landwirthsch4 ,ver4 ,stat41 xv1 #i4 99,tuchschmeidt992 ,jahresb41 #ahga1 #ifg4 99,zierl992 ,baierisch4 ,kunst4 ,gewerbebl1 #ahch4 ,,beer4 99,blas992 ,viertelj4 f4 prakt4 ,pharm41 xxi1 #ehd4 99,brunner992 ,archiv der ,pharm41 ,april1 #ahgc2 ,dings4 poly4 ,jour41 ccix1 ,no4 #f2 ,jour4 de ,pharm4 et de ,chim41 ,sept41 #ahgc2 ,poly4 ,nolizblatt1 ,no4 #ag1 #ahgc4 99,dietz992 ,neues ,jahresb4 f4 ,pharm41 xxxix1 ,no4 #a4 99,dragendorff992 ,archiv4 der ,pharm41 ,april and ,may1 #ahgd2 ,dings4 poly4 ,jour41 ccxiv1 pp4 #cc1 #chi4 99,dullo992 ,wieck's ,gaz41 #ahfe1 #fd4 99,gunckel992 ,arch4 f4 ,pharm41 clxiv4 99,kubinki992 ,le ,technol1 ,no4 #cig2 7trans47 ,amer4 ,chem41 ,nov41 #ahgd2 ,dings4 poly4 ,jour4 ccxi1 #cfj4 99,langley992 ,chem4 ,centralb41 #ahfe1 #ahd4 99,meme992 ,compt4 rend41 #bme sem41 ,no4 #abc4 99,michlis992 ,ill4 ,gewerbz41 #ahga1 #h4 99,muspratt's99 ,chem4 i1 #bha4 99,pohl992 ,wiener ,akad4 ,ber41 xii1 #hh4 99,ritter992 ,pharm4 ,zeitsch4 f4 ,russl41 i1 pp4 #cjd1 #dad4 99,shafhauel992 ,ding4 poly4 ,jour41 cxxxii1 #bii4 99,schmidt992 ,jour4 f4 prakt4 ,chem41 lxxxvii1 #cdd4 99,stolber992 ibid1 xciv1 iii4 99,ure's99 ,dict4 ,chem41 #dth edit41 #ahca1 p4 #bjc4 99,vogel and ,hammon's99 ,mitth41 #ahfj1 #ahd4 99,wittstein992 ,archiv der ,pharm41 ,jan4 #ahge4 ,on the testing of ,vinegar4 99,bussy and ,buignet992 ,jahresb41 #ahfe1 #fi4 99,greville992 ,ding4 poly4 ,jour41 cxxxi1 #aci4 99,liebig1 ,poggendorff and ,wohler992 ,handwrterb1 ii1 #hfg4 99,mohr992 ,ann4 ,ch4 ,pharm41 xxxi1 #bgg4 99,mollerat992 ,ann4 ,chim41 lxviii1 #hh4 99,nicholson992 ,ding4 pol4 ,jour41 cxxxix1 #dda4 99,otto992 ,ann4 ,chem4 ,pharm41 cii1 #fi4 99,roscoe992 ,chem4 ,soc4 ,jour41 xv1 #bgj4 99,runge992 ,gewz4 ,bayer4 #ahga1 #d4 99,strohl992 ,jour4 de ,pharm4 et de ,chim41 ,sept41 #ahgd4 99,toorn992 ,jour4 f4 ,chem41 vi1 #aga4 99,wagner992 ,chem4 ,tech41 7,english trans47 p4 #dfg4 99,williams992 ,pharm4 ,j4 ,trans41 xiii1 #eid4 ,on the detection of adulterations in ,sulphate of ,quinine4 99,delondre and ,henry992 ,j4 ,pharm41 #c xxi1 #bha4 99,gmelin's99 ,handbuch1 xvii1 #bhj4 99,guibourt992 ,j4 ,pharm41 #c xxi1 #dg4 99,henry992 ibid1 xiii1 #ajg4 99,hesse992 ,ann4 ,ch4 ,pharm41 cxxxv1 #cbe2 ,jahresb41 #ahfe1 #dda4 99,korner992 ,zeitsch4 f4 ,chem41 ,j4 i1 #aej2 ,jahresb4 #ahfb1 #fai4 99,phillips992 ,lond4 ,lanc41 i1 #hbj4 99,riegel992 ,jahresb4 f4 ,pharm41 xxv1 #cdj4 ,on the detection of ,blood ,stains4 99,barruel992 ,ann4 d',hygine pub41 i4 #bfg2 ibid1 ,no4 #f1 #ahbi4 99,bertolet992 ,am4 ,jour4 ,med41 ,sc41 ,jan41 #ahgd4 99,brucke992 ,jahresb41 #aheg1 #fji4 99,van ,deen992 ,zeitsch4 f4 anal4 ,chem41 ii1 #dei4 99,erdman992 ,jour4 pr4 ,chem41 lxxxv1 #a2 ,jahresb41 #ahfb1 #fcd4 99,falck992 ,ber4 ,klinisch4 ,wochb41 #ahgb4 99van ,geuns and ,gunning992 ,zeitsch4 f4 anal4 ,chem41 #ahga1 #ejh4 99,gwosden992 ,wiener ,akad4 ,ber41 liii1 #b #fhc2 ,jahresb41 #ahff1 #gdf4 99,helwig992 ,zeitsch4 f4 anal4 ,chem41 #ahgb1 #bdd4 99,hirsch992 ,n4 ,j4 ,pharm41 xxxii1 #adj4 99,hoppe-,seyler992 ,med4 ,chem4 ,unters41 i1 #bih2 ,jahresb41 #ahfg1 #hje4 99,krauss992 ,jahresb41 #ahfa1 #gib4 99,liebig1 ,poggendorff and ,wohler992 ,handwrterb41 iv1 #agg4 99,liman992 ,jahresb41 #ahfc1 #gae4 99,lowe992 ,pharm4 ,centralb41 #ahed1 #acg4 99,mandl992 ,lond4 ,lanc41 ,dec4 #ag1 #ahdb1 #agf4 99,muller992 ,zeitsch4 f4 anal4 ,chem41 #ahgb1 iii4 99,orfila992 ,jour4 des ,progs des ,sc41 iv1 #ahbg2 ,archiv4 gen4 de ,md41 ,fev41 #ahbh4 99,papillon992 ,mon4 ,scien4 ,ques41 ,jan41 #ahgd1 #ei4 99,reynolds992 ,br4 ,med4 ,jour41 ,jan4 #d1 #ahgc4 99,rose992 ,jahresb4 der ,pharm41 ii1 #cfe2 ,jahresb41 #ahed1 #ged4 99,roussin992 ,ann4 d',hyg4 et de ,md4 lg41 #ahfe4 99,scriba1 ,simon and ,buchner992 ,jahresb41 #ahei1 #gjf4 99,sonnenschein992 ,jour4 de ,pharm4 et de ,chim41 ,july1 #ahgd2 ,mon4 ,scien41 ii1 #cgj4 99,sorby992 ,chem4 ,news1 #ahfe1 xi1 pp4 #ahf1 #aid1 #bcb1 #bef4 99,struve992 ,zeitsch4 f4 anal4 ,chem41 #ahgb1 #bi4 99,taylor992 ,guy's ,hosp4 ,rep41 #ahfh4 99,wicke992 ,pharm4 ,centralb41 #ahed1 #dca4 99,wittstein992 ,arch4 der ,pharm41 ii1 #abh4 99,zollikopfer992 ,ann4 d4 ,chem4 u4 ,pharm41 xciii1 #bcg2 ,pharm4 ,centralb41 #ahee1 #bag4 ,on the detection of ,spermatic ,stains4 99,bayard992 ,ann4 d',hygine4 pub41 #ahdi1 ,no4 #dc4 99,renak992 ,diagnostisch4 u4 ,pathologisch4 ,unters4 ,berlin1 #ahde1 pp4 #adh1 #aga4 99,schmidt992 ,diagnostik ,verdch4 ,flecken1 ,leipzig1 #ahdh1 pp4 #db-dh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following are the most important works relating to poisons and food-adulteration that have been issued since the publication of the first edition of this book3 99,adam992 tude sur les principales methodes d'essai et d'analyse du lait4 ,paris1 #ahgi4 99,averbeck992 ,die ,verflschung der ,nahrungsmittel4 ,bremen1 #ahgh4 99,bastide992 ,vins sophistiqus4 ,beris1 #ahgf4 99,bauer992 ,die ,verflschung der ,nahrungsmittel4 ,berlin1 #ahgg4 99,bell992 ,analysis and adulteration of food4 #ahha4 99,binz992 ,intoxicationen4 ,tbingen1 #ahgh4 99,birnbaum992 ,einfache ,methoden zur ,prfung ,lebensmittel4 #ahgg4 99,blane992 ,de la contrefaon4 99,blas992 ,de la prsence de l'acide salicylique dans les bierres4 ,paris1 #ahgi4 99,blochman992 ,ueber ,verflschung der ,nahrungsmittel4 ,knigsberg1 #ahha4 99,blyth992 ,dictionary of ,hygiene4 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,ibid2 ,manual of chemistry4 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,ibid2 ,foods1 composition and analysis4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,ibid2 ,poisons1 effects and detection of4 ,london1 #ahhb4 99,boehn992 ,herzgifte4 99,bolley992 ,manuel pratique d'essai et de recherches chimiques4 ,paris1 #ahgg4 99,bronner992 ,chemistry of food and drink4 ,london4 99,caldwell992 ,agricultural chemical analysis4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahgi4 99,casper992 ,handbuch der gerichtlichen ,medizin4 ,berlin1 #ahha4 99,church992 ,food4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahgg4 99,cooley's99 ,practical receipts4 99,dannehl992 ,die ,verflschung des ,bieres4 ,berlin1 #ahgg4 99,dietzsch992 ,die wichtigsten ,nahrungsmittel1 etc4 ,zurich1 #ahgh4 99,dragendorff992 ,recherches des substances amres dans la bire4 ,paris1 #ahgf4 ,ibid2 ,gerichtlich chemische ,ermittellung von ,giften4 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #ahgf4 99,elsner992 ,die ,praxis ,nahrungsmittel ,chemikers4 ,leipzig1 #ahhj4 99,eulenberg992 ,handbuch der ,gewerbe-,hygiene4 ,berlin1 #ahgf4 99,falk992 ,lehrbuch der praktischen ,toxicologie4 ,stuttgart1 #ahhj4 99,flick992 ,die ,chemie im ,dienst der ffentlichen ,gesundheitspflege4 ,dresden1 #ahhb4 99,fluegge992 ,lehrbuch der hygienischen ,untersuchungsmethoden4 ,leipzig1 #ahha4 99,focke992 ,massregeln gegen ,verflschung der ,nahrungsmittel4 ,chemnitz1 #ahgg4 99,fox992 ,sanitary examination of water1 air1 and food4 #ahgh4 99,franchini992 ,palmelle prodigieuse4 ,bologne1 #ahhj4 99,gamgee992 ,text-book of physiological chemistry4 ,london1 #ahhj4 99,gaultier992 ,la sophistication des vins4 ,paris1 #ahgg4 99,gimlini992 ,experimentelle ,untersuchung ber die ,wirkung des ,aconitins4 ,erlangen1 #ahgf4 99,goppelsroeder992 ,sur l'analyse des vins4 ,mulhouse1 #ahgg4 99,grandeau992 ,handbuch fr agricultur-chemische ,analysen4 ,berlin1 #ahhj4 99,griessmayer992 ,die ,verflschung der wichtigsten ,nahrungs-und ,genussmittel4 #ahhj4 99,hahn992 ,die wichtigsten d4 his jetzt bekannten ,geheimmittel u4 ,specialitten4 #ahgf4 99,hausner992 ,fabrikation der ,conserven und ,conditen4 ,leipzig1 #ahgg4 99,hemming992 ,aids to forensic medicine and toxicology4 ,london1 #ahgg4 99,hilger992 ,die wichtigsten ,nahrungsmittel4 ,erlangen1 #ahgi4 99,hoffman992 ,lehrbuch der gerichtlichen ,medizin4 ,wien1 #ahhj4 99,hoppe-,seyler992 ,physiologische ,chemie4 ,berlin1 #ahgh4 99,husson992 ,du vin4 ,paris1 #ahgg4 ,ibid2 ,le lait1 la crme1 et le beurre4 #ahgh4 99,johnson's99 ,encyclopdia1 vol4 iv4 p4 #geb4 99,johnson992 ,chemistry of common life4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahhj4 99,judell992 ,die ,vergiftung mit ,blausure4 ,erlangen1 #ahgf4 99,kensington992 ,analysis of foods4 ,london1 #ahgi4 99,klencke992 ,illustrirtes ,lexicon der ,verflschung der ,nahrungsmittel und ,getrnke4 ,leipzig1 #ahgh4 99,koenig992 ,chemische ,zusammensetzung der menschlichen ,nahrungsmittel4 99,lang992 ,die ,fabrikation der ,kunstbutter1 ,sparbutter1 und ,butterin4 #ahgh4 99,lessner992 ,atlas der gerichtlichen ,medizin4 ,berlin1 #ahhc4 99,lieberman992 ,anleitung zur chemischen ,untersuchung auf der ,gebiete der ,medicinal-polizei4 ,stuttgart1 #ahgg4 99,lintner992 ,lehrbuch der ,bierbrauerei4 #ahgg4 99,loebner992 ,massregeln gegen ,verflschung der ,nahrungsmittel4 ,chemnitz1 #ahgg4 99,luerssen992 ,medicinisch ,botanik4 ,leipzig1 #ahhc4 99,maschka992 ,handbuch der gerichtlichen ,medizin4 ,tbingen1 #ahhb4 99,medicus992 ,gerichtlich-chemische ,prfung von ,nahrungs-und ,genussmitteln4 #ahha4 99,montgomery992 ,essai de ,toxicologie4 ,paris1 #ahgh4 99,muter992 ,a key to organic materia medica4 #ahgi4 99,ogston992 ,lectures on medical jurisprudence4 ,london1 #ahgh4 99,palm992 ,die wichtigsten und gebrauchlichsten ,nahrungsmittel4 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #ahhb4 99,parkes992 ,hygiene4 ,phila41 #ahgh4 99,pasteur992 tudes sur la bire4 ,paris1 #ahgf4 99,pavy992 ,a treatise on food and dietetics4 ,london1 #ahge4 99,pennetier992 ,leons sur les matires premires organiques4 ,paris1 #ahha4 99,praag992 ,leerbock voor practische ,giftleer4 ,utrecht4 99,pratt992 ,food adulteration4 ,chicago1 #ahhj4 99,prescott992 ,proximate organic analysis4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahhb4 99,ritter992 ,des vins colors par la fuchsine4 ,paris1 #ahgf4 99,reitleitner992 ,die ,analyse des ,weines4 ,wien1 #ahgg4 99,schnacke992 ,wrterbuch der ,verflschung4 ,jena1 #ahgg4 99,schmidt992 ,anleitung sanitarisch-und polizeilich-chemischen ,untersuchungen4 ,zurich1 #ahgh4 99,schroff992 ,beitrag zur ,kenntniss des ,aconits4 ,wien1 #ahgf4 99,selmi992 ,chimica applicata all' igiene alla economia domestica4 ,milan4 99,sharples992 ,food and its adulteration4 ,preston1 #ahgi4 99,smith992 ,on foods4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahgc4 99,smith1 ,ed4992 ,manual for medical officers of health4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,ibid2 ,handbook for inspectors of nuisances4 ,london4 99,spon's99 ,encyclopdia4 ,london1 #ahhb4 99,squibb992 ,proper legislation on adulteration of food4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahgi4 99,steirlin992 ,ueber ,weinverflschung und ,weinfarbung4 ,bern1 #ahgg4 ,ibid2 ,das ,bier und seine ,verflschung4 ,bern1 #ahgh4 99,thudicum and ,dupre992 ,wine4 99,vogel992 ,praktische ,spectral-analyse4 ,nordlingen1 #ahgg4 99,wanklyn992 ,tea1 coffee1 and cocoa4 ,london1 #ahgd4 99,wanklyn and ,cooper992 ,bread analysis4 ,london1 #ahha4 99,wenyl992 ,analytisches ,hlfsbuch4 ,berlin1 #ahhb4 99,wittstein992 ,taschenbuch des ,nahrungs-und ,genussmittel ,lehre4 ,nordlingen1 #ahgg4 99,woodman992 ,handbook of forensic medicine4 ,london1 #ahgg4 99,wurtz992 ,trait lmentaire de chimie mdicale4 ,paris4 ,,memoirs4 ,alkaloids4 ,journal ,chem4 ,soc4 i1 #ahgg1 p4 #adc2 ibid1 i1 #ahgh1 p4 #aea2 ibid1 ,may1 #ahhb2 ibid1 ccxliv1 #ahhc1 p4 #ceh4 ,trans4 ,internat'l ,med4 ,cong41 #ahha1 vol4 i1 p4 #dgb4 ,virch41 ,arch4 bd4 #gi1 #ahhj1 s4 #bib2 ibid1 bd4 #hg1 #ahhb1 s4 #daj4 ,archiv4 d4 ,pharm41 ,jan4 #g1 #ahhb2 ibid1 #c vii1 pp4 #bc-bf2 ibid1 #c vi1 p4 #djb4 ,liebig1 ,anal4 bd4 #gjh1 #ahha4 ,berl4 ,klin4 ,wochenschr4 #ahgf1 #bg4 ,pflger's1 #bc1 #dcc4 ,lancet1 ,sept4 #cj1 #ahhj2 ibid1 ,nov4 #bh1 #ahhb2 ibid1 ,nov4 #ac1 #ahhb4 ,bull4 ,farm4 ,milano1 #ahha1 p4 #aig4 ,zeitsch4 f4 ,anal4 ,chem4 i1 #eag4 ,gazett4 ,chim4 ,ital4 vi1 #aec-aff4 ,pharm4 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,russland1 i1 p4 #bgg4 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 gericht4 ,med4 xxiii1 p4 #gh4 ,arsenic and ,antimony4 ,archiv1 f4 exper4 ,path4 u4 ,pharm41 ,leipzig1 #ahhb4 ,pharm4 ,journ4 ,trans4 #c pp4 #ha-hc4 ,med4 ,jahrbuch1 #ahhj4 ,journ4 d',hygine1 ,juil41 #ahgh4 ,medical ,times and ,gaz4 #ahgf1 p4 #cfg4 ,chem4 ,news1 ,jan41 #ahha1 p4 #ba2 ibid1 xxxiii41 pp4 #eh and #gd4 ,am4 ,chem4 ,journ4 ii1 ,no4 #d4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,chim4 #b xxvi1 p4 #eda2 ibid1 ,jan4 #g1 #ahgg4 ,zeitsch4 f4 ,anal4 ,chem4 xiv1 pp4 #bej1 #bha1 #cef2 ibid1 i1 p4 #dde4 ,liebig1 ,anal4 ccvii1 p4 #ahb4 ,lancet1 #ahgi1 p4 #fii2 ibid1 ,may #ai1 #ahhc4 ,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc4 ,no4 #a1 #ahgf4 ,mercury1 ,copper and ,lead4 ,zeit4 f4 ,phys4 ,chem4 #ahhb1 i1 p4 #die4 ,analyst1 #ahgh1 p4 #bda4 ,chem4 ,news1 xxxi1 p4 #gg2 ibid1 xxxi1 p4 #hja2 ibid1 xxxiv1 pp4 #agf1 #bjj1 and #cac4 ,analyst1 #ahgg1 pp4 #ac and #baf4 ,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc4 #ahgf1 ii1 p4 #d4 ,dingl4 ,pol4 ,journ4 ccxx1 #ddf4 ,med4 ,gazette1 xlviii1 #ajdg4 ,prussic ,acid4 ,analyst1 ,apr41 #ahgg1 p4 #e4 ,bull4 ,gen4 de ,thr4 ,no4 #cj4 ,am4 ,journ4 ,phys4 ,sci41 ,arnold1 #ahfi4 ,virch41 ,arch4 f4 ,path4 ,anat4 bd4 #ch1 p4 #dce4 ,news ,repert4 f4 ,pharm41 #ah1 #cef4 ,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc4 #ahgf1 i1 p4 #aab4 ,bericht4 d4 ,deutsch4 ,chem4 ,gess4 ix1 p4 #ajbc4 ,viertelj4 f4 ,ger4 ,med4 #ahha1 p4 #aic4 ,zeit4 f4 ,anal4 ,chem4 von ,fresenius1 xii1 p4 #d4 ,flour and ,bread4 ,analyst1 ,june1 #ahgh2 ibid1 ,jan41 #ahhb2 ibid1 #ahgh1 ,no4 #bh2 ibid1 vi1 #ahgi1 p4 #abf2 ibid1 iii1 pp4 #bgd1 #cee4 ,chem4 ,news1 #ahgc1 #ahgi1 xxxix1 p4 #hj4 ,dingl4 ,pol4 ,journ4 bd4 #bji4 ,journ4 ,pharm4 #d iv1 #ajh4 ,chem4 ,centr'b't1 #ahgg1 #ehe4 ,pharm4 ,journ4 xiii1 #heg4 ,journ4 ,chem4 ,med4 #ahgh1 p4 #bdj4 ,an4 d4 ,chem4 u4 ,pharm1 bd4 #aj1 #de u4 #aja4 ,journ4 f4 ,pract4 ,chem4 xcix1 #bif2 ciii1 #fe1 #aic1 #bcc1 #bgc4 ,zeit4 ,anal4 ,chem4 #ahgh1 p4 #ddj2 ibid1 #ahgi1 vol4 xviii1 p4 #abj4 ,chem4 ,soc4 ,jour4 xxxv1 p4 #faj4 ,jour4 d',hygine1 ,may1 #ahgh4 ,pharm4 ,jour4 ,trans4 #ahgf1 cccxii1 #ajja4 ,pharmacographia1 #ahgi1 p4 #fb4 ,sanitary ,engineer1 vol4 v1 p4 #ff4 ,tea4 ,pharm4 ,journ4 #ahgc2 #c;d series1 #ahgd4 ,chem4 ,news1 xxx1 #ahgd 7,allen72 xxx1 #abe2 xxviii1 #ahf4 ,journ4 ,pharm4 #b xxvi1 #fc2 xii1 #bcd1 #bbi4 ,analyst1 ,june1 #ahgg2 #ahgf 7,wigner74 ,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc4 #ahge1 #che1 #abag2 ix1 #cba1 #cc2 #aheh4 ,journ4 f4 ,pract4 ,chem4 x1 #bgc2 xciv1 #fe2 li1 #dja4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,chim4 #b xxvii1 #aii4 ,journ4 de ,pharm4 d',anvers1 #ahgf1 #aba4 ,journ4 ,pharm4 et ,chim4 #c srie1 #ahef1 xxiv1 #bbh4 ,repert4 de ,pharm4 #ahef1 vii1 p4 #aag4 ,journ4 ,chim4 ,md4 #b srie1 #ahdd1 x1 #dei2 #ahdd1 #bd4 ,ann4 ,chem4 ,pharm4 xxvi1 #bdd2 xxix1 #bga2 xxxvi1 #ic4 ,ann4 ,chem4 ,pharm4 lxxxii1 #aig2 cxii1 #if2 i1 #ai2 #a1 #bca2 lxiii1 #bja2 lxix1 #abj2 lxxi2 cxviii1 #aea4 ,ann4 ,chem4 xxv1 #fc4 ,med4 ,press and ,circular1 #ahga1 p4 #dae4 ,kastu4 ,arch4 vii1 #bff4 ,deut4 ,chem4 ,ges4 ,ber4 ix1 #acab4 ,parliamentary papers1 #ahga4 ,mag4 ,pharm4 xix1 #de4 ,ann4 ,chim4 ,phys4 #c xi1 #ach4 ,schweigg1 ,journ4 ,chem4 ,phys4 lxi1 #dhg2 lxiv1 #cgb4 ,phil4 ,mag4 ,j4 xxiii1 #dbf2 xiii1 #ba4 ,milk4 ,analyst1 #ahgf1 ,jan4 and ,may2 #ahgg1 p4 #hb2 ,no4 #ba2 ,sept41 ,dec42 #ahgh1 ,jan42 p4 #bdi2 #ahhj1 ,mar4 ,chem4 ,news1 #ahgi4 ,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc4 clxxxix1 ,sept41 #ahgh4 ,comptes ,rendus1 t4 #hb1 #ahgf4 ,ann4 ,chem4 ,pharm4 lxi1 #bba4 ,milch ,zeit4 #ahgj1 #ahhd4 ,wine and ,beer4 ,analyst1 #ahgg1 pp4 #bf1 #ii1 #adf1 #adh4 ,ann4 ,chim4 ,phys4 #e ii1 pp4 #bcc-bhi4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,chim4 #b xxv4 ,deut4 ,chem4 ,ges4 ,ber4 ix1 #aijj4 ,comptes ,rendus1 lxxxiv1 #cdh4 ,journ4 ,chim4 ,md4 t4 ix1 p4 #die4 ,arch4 ,pharm4 #c v4 #be1 #bc1 bd4 #ahe1 p4 #bbe4 ,chem4 ,soc4 ,journ4 ii1 #ahgg1 p4 #cgb4 ,ann4 d',hyg4 et ,md4 ,lg4 #ahfa1 xvii1 pp4 #cc1 #dcj4 ,vinegar4 ,analyst1 iii1 #ahgh1 p4 #bfh2 i1 #ahgg1 p4 #aje4 ,ann4 d',hyg4 et ,md4 ,lg4 #b sr4 t4 xii4 ,pharm4 ,journ41 ,jul4 #c1 #ahge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,within the last few years the subject of food-adulteration has been so prominently brought before the public that1 in many instances1 the various ,state ,boards of ,health have commissioned their chemists to furnish reports on this subject4 ,these may be found in the annual publications of the same1 notably in the volumes issued by the ,massachusetts1 ,michigan1 ,new ,jersey1 and ,new ,york ,state ,boards of ,health4 ,it may also be mentioned in this connection that the ,sanitary ,engineer of ,new ,york1 the ,analyst of ,london1 the ,zeitschrift fr ,untersuchung von ,lebensmitteln1 ,eichstatt1 and the ,zeitschrift gegen ,verflschung der ,lebensmittel1 ,leipzig1 are journals devoted to the consideration of adulterations and the more recent methods employed for their detection4 ,j4 ,p4 ,b4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,acetic ,acid1 #di1 #hi ,acids1 #df1 #ie ,acetic1 #di1 #hi ,boric1 #ij ,formic1 #hi ,hydriodic1 #ij ,hydrobromic1 #ij ,hydrochloric1 #df ,hydrocyanic1 #ej ,hydrofluoric1 #hh ,hydrosulphuric1 #ia ,nitric1 #dg1 #hh ,oxalic1 #di1 #hh1 #hi1 #ie ,phosphoric1 #dh1 #ij1 #ie ,phosphorous1 #de ,sulphuric1 #dg1 #hi1 #ie ,aconitine1 #gi ,alcoholmeter 7,gay-,lussac's71 #ade ,alkalies1 #cb1 #ic ,ammonia1 #ej ,baryta1 #ed ,lime1 #ec ,potassa1 #ec ,soda1 #ec ,strontia1 #ed ,alkaloids1 #fe ,aconitine1 #gi ,aniline1 #ge ,aricine1 #gg ,atropine1 #hj ,beberine1 #gf ,brucine1 #gh ,cinchonine1 #gh ,codeine1 #hj ,colchicine1 #hj ,conine1 #ge ,delphine1 #gh ,digitaline1 #hj ,emetine1 #hj ,morphine1 #hj ,narcotine1 #gg ,nicotine1 #ge ,papaverine1 #gg ,picrotoxine1 #hj ,quinine1 #gg ,solanine1 #gi ,strychnine1 #gh ,veratrine1 #gg ,alkaloids1 separation of1 by ,stas's method1 #fe ,separation of1 by ,otto's method1 #fi ,separation of1 by v4 ,uslar and ,erdman's method1 #gj ,separation of1 by ,rodgers ,girdwood's method1 #ga ,separation of1 by ,prollius's method1 #gb ,separation of1 by ,graham ,hofman's method1 #gc ,separation of1 by ,dialysis1 #gd ,alkaloids1 identification of1 #gd ,alloys1 examination of1 #aab ,alum in flour and bread1 #abf ,aniline1 #ge ,antimony1 #cj1 #fb1 #ic ,detection of1 by ,flandin and ,danger's method1 #cb ,detection of1 by ,naquet's method1 #cd ,aricine1 #gg ,arsenic1 #ag1 #fj1 #ic ,detection of1 by the method used prior to ,marsh's test1 #ag ,detection of1 by ,marsh's test1 #ba ,detection of1 by ,raspail's test1 #bi ,detection of1 by ,reinsch's test1 #cj ,arsenic1 estimation of1 #ba ,ashes1 examination of1 #ajd ,atropine1 #hj ,b4 ,barley meal in flour1 #aag ,baryta1 #ed ,barreswil's test for milk1 #adj ,berberine1 #gf ,bicarbonate of soda in milk1 #ada ,bismuth1 #fb ,blood stains1 detection of1 #aej ,bleaching of hair1 #ih ,boric acid1 #ij ,boutigny's examination of fire-arms1 #ajj ,bromine1 #ee1 #ij1 #ic1 #id ,brcke's test for blood stains1 #aeb ,brucine1 #gh ,buckwheat in flour1 #aag1 #abj ,c4 ,cadmium1 #fc ,carbonate of lime and magnesia in flour1 #abe ,cerebral substances in milk1 #adb ,chalk in milk1 #ada ,chlorine1 #ed ,chromium1 #fd ,cinchonine in sulphate of quinine1 #adi ,codeine1 #hj ,conine1 #ge ,coins1 examination of1 #aab ,colchicine1 #hj ,copper1 #fb1 #fc ,corn meal in flour1 #aag1 #abj ,d4 ,darnel in flour1 #aba ,delphine1 #gh ,determinative tests for poisons1 #id ,digitaline1 #hj ,dusart's test for phosphorus1 #dj ,dialysis1 #ae1 #gd ,dyeing of hair1 #ig ,e4 ,emetine1 #hj ,emulsion of almonds in milk1 #ada ,f4 ,fire-arms1 examination of1 #ajj ,weapons provided with a flint1 #ajj ,weapons not provided with a flint1 #ajc ,fixed ,oils1 examination of1 #abh ,hempseed1 #acj ,olive1 #abh ,flandin and ,danger's test for antimony1 #cb ,flandin and ,danger's test for mercury1 #cg ,food 7flour and bread71 #aad ,examination of the gluten1 #aaf ,examination of the starch1 #aah ,examination of the ash1 #abd ,formic acid1 #hi ,fresenius ,neubauer's test for phosphorus1 #db ,g4 ,galactoscope1 #ach ,graham and ,hofman's method for alkaloids1 #gc ,ground bones in bread and flour1 #abe ,gum arabic in milk1 #ada ,gum tragacanth in milk1 #ada ,h4 ,hmin crystals1 #aej ,hair1 examination of1 #if ,hempseed oil1 #acj ,hoppe-,seyler's test for blood1 #aea ,hydriodic acid1 #ij ,hydrobromic acid1 #ij ,hydrochloric acid1 #df1 #ia ,hydrocyanic acid1 #ej ,hydrofluoric acid1 #hh ,hydrosulphuric acid1 #ia ,i4 ,iodides1 #ij1 #id ,iodine1 #ef1 #id ,indicative tests for poisons1 #cf ,l4 ,lactodensimeter1 #ach ,lactometer1 #aci ,lactoscope1 #ach ,lassaigne's test for writings1 #ajg ,lead1 #eg ,legumens in flour1 #aag1 #aba1 #abd ,lentils in flour1 #abc ,lime1 #ec ,lime in flour1 #abf ,linseed meal in flour1 #abj ,m4 ,macadam's method for alkaloids1 #gc ,magnesia in sulphate of quinine1 #adh ,mannite in sulphate of quinine1 #adh ,marchand's test for milk1 #aci ,marsh's test for arsenic1 #ba ,mercury1 #cf1 #fb1 #ic ,detection of1 by ,smithson's pile1 #cf ,detection of1 by ,flandin and ,danger's method1 #cg ,metals1 #ef ,antimony1 #cj1 #fb1 #ic ,arsenic1 #ag1 #fj1 #ic ,bismuth1 #fb ,cadmium1 #fc ,chromium1 #fd ,copper1 #fb1 #fc ,lead1 #eg ,mercury1 #cf1 #fb1 #ic ,silver1 #eg ,tin1 #ef1 #fa ,zinc1 #fd ,milk1 examination of1 #acg ,mineral substances1 in flour and bread1 #abd ,in milk1 #ada ,in sulphate of quinine1 #adh ,mistcherlich's test for phosphorus1 #dj ,morphine1 #hj ,n4 ,naquet's test for antimony1 #cd ,narcotine1 #gg ,nicotine1 #ge ,nitric acid1 #dg1 #hh ,o4 ,oatmeal in flour1 #aag ,oleometer1 #abh ,olive oil1 #abh ,orfila's test for phosphorus1 #ci ,organic matter ,destruction of1 by aqua regia1 #ad ,destruction of1 by chlorate of potassa1 #ac ,destruction of1 by chlorine1 #ac ,destruction of1 by nitrate of potassa1 #aj ,destruction of1 by nitric acid1 #h ,destruction of1 by potassa and nitrate of lime1 #ab ,destruction of1 by potassa and nitric acid1 #ab ,destruction of1 by sulphuric acid1 #i ,otto's method for alkaloids1 #fi ,oxalic acid1 #di1 #hh1 #hi1 #ie ,p4 ,papaverine1 #gg ,payen's test for vinegar1 #adg ,phosphoric acid1 #dh1 #ij1 #ie ,phosphorous acid1 #de ,phosphorus1 #ci1 #ie ,detection of1 by ,orfila's method1 #ci ,detection of1 by ,mistcherlich's method1 #dj ,detection of1 by ,dusart's method1 #dj ,detection of1 by ,fresenius and ,neubauer's method1 #db ,estimation of1 #de ,picrotoxine1 #hj ,plaster in flour1 #abf ,poisons1 detection of ,in cases where no clew exists1 #he ,in cases where a clew exists1 #ag ,destruction of the organic matter1 #h ,indicative tests1 #hf ,determinative tests1 #id ,potato meal in flour1 #aah ,potassa1 #ec1 #ic ,prollius' method for alkaloids1 #gb ,prussic acid1 #ej ,q4 ,quinine1 #gg ,r4 ,raspail's test for arsenic1 #bi ,reinsch's test for arsenic1 #cj ,reveil's test for vinegar1 #adh ,rice meal in flour1 #abj ,robin's method for spermatic stains1 #afj ,rodgers and ,girdwood's method for alkaloids1 #ga ,rye meal in flour1 #aag1 #abj ,s4 ,salicine in sulphate of quinine1 #adh ,sand in flour1 #abe ,silver1 #eg ,smithson's pile1 #cf ,soda1 #ec1 #ib1 #ic ,solanine1 #gi ,spermatic stains1 detection of1 #aeh ,spermatozoa1 #aei ,starch in sulphate of quinine1 #adh ,stearic acid in sulphate of quinine1 #adh ,stas's method for alkaloids1 #fe ,strychnine1 #gh ,sugar in milk1 #adb ,sugar in sulphate of quinine1 #adh ,sulphate of copper in bread1 #abg ,sulphate of quinidine in sulphate of quinine1 #adi ,sulphate of quinine1 examination of1 #adh ,sulphuretted hydrogen1 #ia ,sulphuric acid1 #dg1 #hi1 #ie ,sympathetic inks1 tests for1 #aaj ,t4 ,tea1 #acj ,tin1 #ef1 #fa ,u4 v4 ,uslar and ,erdman's method for alkaloids1 #gj ,v4 ,veratrine1 #gg ,vinegar1 examination of1 #adg ,w4 ,wines1 examination of1 #adb ,writings1 examination of1 #aje ,z4 ,zinc1 #fd ,,becker ,,sons1 ,,manufacturers ,,of ,balances and ,weights of ,precision1 ,,for ,illustration ,chemists1 ,assayers1 ,jewelers1 ,druggists1 ,and in general for every use where accuracy is required1 ,no4 #f ,murray ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,every ,balance and ,set of ,weights leaving this establishment is guaranteed to be accurately adjusted1 as represented in our ,price ,list4 -- ,our ,illustrated ,price ,list mailed on application4 ,,catalogue ,,of ,,the ,,scientific1 ,,military1 ,,and ,,naval ,,publications ,,of ,d4 ,,van ,,nostrand1 #bc ,murray ,street and #bg ,warren ,street1 ,new ,york4 99,,abbot1 ,maj4 ,,henry ,l4--,siege ,artillery against ,richmond499 ,illustrated4 #hvo1 cloth #c #ej 99,,adams1 ,j4 ,w4--,sewers and ,drains for ,populous ,districts499 ,embracing ,rules and ,formulas for the dimensions and construction of works of ,sanitary ,engineers4 ,second edition4 #hvo1 cloth #b #ej 99,,aldrich1 ,m4 ,,almy4--,history of the ,united ,states ,marine ,corps499 ,from ,official ,reports and other ,documents4 ,compiled by ,capt4 ,richard ,s4 ,collum4 #hvo1 cloth #b #ej 99,,alexander1 ,j4 ,h4--,universal ,dictionary of ,weights and ,measures991 ,ancient and ,modern1 reduced to the ,standards of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,new edition1 enlarged4 #hvo1 cloth #c #ej 99,,anderson1 ,gen4 ,,robert4--,evolutions of ,field ,batteries of ,artillery499 ,translated from the ,french1 and arranged for the ,army and ,militia of the ,united ,states4 ,published by order of the ,war ,department4 #cc plates4 #bdmo1 cloth #a #jj 99,,andrews1 ,maj4-,gen4 ,c4 ,c4--,campaign of ,mobile499 ,including the ,co-operation of ,general ,wilson's ,cavalry in ,alabama4 ,with five maps and views4 #hvo1 cloth #b #ej ---- 99,hints to ,company ,officers on their ,military ,duties499 #ahmo1 cloth #ej 99,,arnold1 ,maj4 ,a4 ,k4--,cavalry ,service499 ,notes on ,horses for ,cavalry ,service1 embodying the ,quality1 ,purchase1 ,care1 and ,diseases most frequently encountered1 with ,lessons for ,bitting the ,horse and ,bending the ,neck4 ,illustrated4 #ahmo1 cloth #ge 99,,arnold1 ,maj4 ,,frank ,s4--,the ,discipline and ,drill of ,militia499 ,crown #hvo1 limp cloth #b #jj 99,,atwood1 ,geo4--,practical ,blow-,pipe ,assaying499 #abmo1 cloth1 illustrated #b #jj 99,,auchincloss1 ,w4 ,s4--,link and ,valve ,motions ,simplified499 ,illustrated with #cg wood-cuts and #ba lithographic plates1 together with a ,travel ,scale and numerous useful tables4 #hvo1 cloth #c #jj 99,,axon1 ,w4 ,e4 ,a4--,the ,mechanic's ,friend499 ,a ,collection of ,receipts and ,practical ,suggestions ,relating to ,aquaria--,bronzing--,cements--,drawing- -,dyes--,electricity--,gilding-- ,glass-working--,glues--,horology--,lacq uers--,locomotives--,magnetism-- ,metal-working--,modelling--,photography --,pyrotechny--,railways--,solders-- ,steam-,engine--,telegraphy--,taxidermy- -,varnishes--,waterproofing1 and ,miscellaneous ,tools1 ,instruments1 ,machines1 and ,processes connected with the ,chemical and ,mechanic ,arts4 ,with numerous diagrams and wood-cuts4 ,fancy cloth #a #ej 99,,bacon1 ,f4 ,w4--,a ,treatise on the ,richards ,steam-,engine ,indicator1 with directions for its use499 ,by ,charles ,t4 ,porter4 ,revised1 with notes and large additions as developed by ,american practice2 with an appendix containing useful formul and rules for engineers4 ,illustrated4 ,fourth edition4 #abmo1 cloth #a #jj 99,,barba1 ,j4--,the ,use of ,steel for ,constructive ,purposes299 ,method of ,working1 ,applying1 and ,testing ,plates and ,brass4 ,with a ,preface by ,a4 ,l4 ,holley1 ,c4,e4 #abmo1 cloth #a #ej 99,,barnard1 ,maj4-,gen4 ,j4 ,g4--,the ,c4 ,s4 ,a4 and the ,battle of ,bull ,run499 #hvo1 cloth #a #be ---- 99,the ,peninsular ,campaign and its ,antecedents199 ,as developed by the ,report of ,maj4-,gen4 ,geo4 ,b4 ,mc,clellan and other published ,documents4 #hvo1 cloth #a #jj #abmo1 paper #cj ---- 99,notes on ,sea-,coast ,defence499 ,consisting of ,sea-,coast ,fortification2 the ,fifteen-,inch ,gun2 and ,casemate ,embrasure4 ,with an engraved plate of the ,fifteen-,inch ,gun4 #hvo1 cloth #b #jj 99,,barnard1 ,maj4-,gen4 ,j4 ,g41 and ,,barry1 ,maj4-,gen4 ,w4 ,f4--,report of the ,engineer and ,artillery ,operations of the ,army of the ,potomac199 ,from its ,organization to the ,close of the ,peninsular ,campaign4 ,illustrated by #ah maps1 plans1 etc4 #hvo1 cloth #b #ej 99,,barnes1 ,lieut4-,com4 ,,john ,s4--,submarine ,warfare1 ,defensive and ,offensive499 ,comprising a full and complete ,history of the invention of the ,torpedo1 its employment in ,war1 and results of its use4 ,descriptions of the various forms of ,torpedoes1 ,submarine ,batteries1 and ,torpedo ,boats actually used in ,war4 ,with #bj lithographic plates and many wood-cuts1 #hvo1 cloth #e #jj 99,,barre ,,duparcq1 ,,edward ,,de ,,la4--,elements of ,military ,art and ,history499 ,translated by ,col4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,cullum1 ,u4,s4,e4 #hvo1 cloth #c #ej 99,,barrett1 ,capt4 ,,edward4--,dead ,reckoning2 or1 ,day's ,work499 #hvo1 flexible cloth #a #be ---- 99,gunnery ,instructions499 #abmo1 cloth #a #be 99,,beilstein1 ,f4-,an ,introduction to ,qualitative ,chemical ,analysis499 ,translated by ,i4 ,j4 ,osbun4 #abmo1 cloth #ge 99,,benet1 ,gen4 ,s4 ,v4--,electro-,ballistic ,machines199 ,and the ,schultz ,chronoscope4 ,second edition4 ,illustrated4 #dto1 cloth #c #jj ---- 99,military ,law and ,courts-,martial499 ,a ,treatise on ,military ,law and the ,practice of ,courts-,martial4 ,sixth edition1 revised and enlarged4 #hvo1 law sheep #d #jj 99,,benton1 ,col4 ,j4 ,g4--,ordnance and ,gunnery499 ,a ,course of ,instruction in ,ordnance and ,gunnery4 ,compiled for the use of the ,cadets of the ,u4 ,s4 ,military ,academy4 ,illustrated4 ,fourth edition1 revised and enlarged4 #hvo1 cloth #e #jj 99,,berriman1 ,maj4 ,m4 ,w--,the ,militiaman's ,manual and ,sword-,play without a ,master499 ,rapier and ,broad-,sword ,exercises1 copiously explained and illustrated2 ,small-,arm ,light ,infantry ,drill of the ,united ,states ,army2 ,infantry ,manual of ,percussion ,musket2 ,company ,drill of the ,united ,states ,cavalry4 ,fourth edition4 #abmo1 cloth #a #jj 99,,blake1 ,w4 ,p4--,report upon the ,precious ,metals299 ,being ,statistical ,notices of the principal ,gold and ,silver producing regions of the ,world1 represented at the ,paris ,universal ,exposition4 #hvo1 cloth #b #jj ---- 99,ceramic ,art499 ,a ,report on ,pottery1 ,porcelain1 ,tiles1 ,terra-,cotta1 and ,brick4 #hvo1 cloth #b #jj 99,,bow1 ,r4 ,h4--,a ,treatise on ,bracing199 ,with its application to ,bridges and other ,structures of ,wood or ,iron4 #aef illustrations4 #hvo1 cloth #a #ej 99,,bowser1 ,prof4 ,e4 ,a4--,an ,elementary ,treatise on ,analytic ,geometry499 ,embracing ,plain ,geometry1 and an ,introduction to ,geometry of three ,dimensions4 #abmo1 cloth #a #ge ---- 99,an ,elementary ,treatise on the ,differential and ,integral ,calculus499 ,with numerous examples4 #abmo1 cloth #b #be 99,,boynton1 ,maj4 ,,edward ,c4--,history of ,west ,point199 ,and its ,military ,importance during the ,american ,revolution2 and the ,origin and ,progress of the ,u4 ,s4 ,military ,academy4 ,with #cf maps and engravings4 ,second edition4 #hvo1 fancy cloth #c #ej 99,,brandt1 ,j4 ,d4--,gunnery ,catechism499 ,as applied to the service of the ,naval ,ordnance4 ,adapted to the latest ,official ,regulations1 and approved by the ,bureau of ,ordnance1 ,navy ,department4 ,revised edition4 ,illustrated4 #ahmo1 cloth #a #ej 99,,brewerton1 ,g4 ,d4--,the ,automaton ,battery2 or1 ,artillerist's ,practical ,instructor499 ,for all ,mounted ,artillery ,manoeuvres in the ,field4 ,in box #a #jj ,when sent by mail #a #cj ---- 99,the ,automaton ,regiment2 or1 ,infantry ,soldier's ,practical ,instructor499 ,for all ,regimental ,movements in the ,field4 ,in box #a #jj ,when sent by mail #a #cc ---- 99,the ,automaton ,company2 or1 ,infantry ,soldier's ,practical ,instructor499 ,for all ,company ,movements in the ,field4 ,in box #a #be ,when sent by mail #a #id 99,,brinkerhoff1 ,capt4 ,r4--,the ,volunteer ,quartermaster499 #abmo1 cloth #a #jj 99,,buckner1 ,lieut4 ,w4 ,p4--,calculated ,tables of ,ranges for ,navy and ,army ,guns499 #hvo1 cloth #a #ej 99,,burgh1 ,n4 ,p4--,modern ,marine ,engineering199 ,applied to ,paddle and ,screw ,propulsion4 ,consisting of #cf colored plates1 #bei practical wood-cut illustrations1 and #djc pages of descriptive matter1 the whole being an exposition of the present practice of ,james ,watt ,co41 ,j4 ,g4 ,rennie1 ,r4 ,napier ,sons1 and other celebrated firms4 ,thick #dto vol41 cloth #aj #jj ,half morocco #ae #jj 99,,burt1 ,w4 ,a4--,key to the ,solar ,compass1 and ,surveyor's ,companion499 ,comprising all the rules necessary for use in the field2 also description of the ,linear ,surveys and ,public ,land ,system of the ,united ,states1 ,notes on the ,barometer1 suggestions for an outfit for a survey of four months1 etc4 ,fifth edition4 ,pocket-book form1 tuck #b #ej 99,,butler1 ,capt4 ,,john ,s4--,projectiles and ,rifled ,cannon499 ,a ,critical ,discussion of the ,principal ,systems of ,rifling and ,projectiles1 with practical suggestions for their improvement1 as embraced in a report to the ,chief of ,ordnance1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 #dto1 #cf plates1 cloth #f #jj 99,,cain1 ,prof4 ,,wm4--,a ,practical ,treatise on ,voussoir and ,solid and ,braced ,arches499 #afmo1 cloth extra #a #ge 99,,caldwell1 ,prof4 ,,geo4 ,c41 and ,,breneman1 ,prof4 ,a4 ,a4--,manual of ,introductory ,chemical ,practice499 ,for the use of ,students in ,colleges and ,normal and ,high ,schools4 ,third edition revised and corrected4 #hvo1 cloth1 illustrated4 ,new and enlarged edition #a #ej 99,,campin1 ,,francis4--,on the ,construction of ,iron ,roofs499 #hvo1 with plates1 cloth #b #jj 99,,casey1 ,brig4-,gen4 ,,silas--,u4 ,s4 ,infantry ,tactics499 ,vol4 ,i4--,school of the ,soldier2 ,school of the ,company2 ,instruction for ,skirmishers4 ,vol4 ,,ii4--,school of the ,battalion1 ,vol4 ,,iii4--,evolutions of a ,brigade2 ,evolutions of a ,corps d',arme4 ,lithographed plates4 #c vols4 #bdmo1 cloth #a #ej 99,,chauvenet1 ,prof4 ,w4--,new ,method of ,correcting ,lunar ,distances1 and ,improved ,method of ,finding the ,error and ,rate of a ,chronometer1 by ,equal ,altitudes499 #hvo1 cloth #b #jj 99,,church1 ,,john ,a4--,notes of a ,metallurgical ,journey in ,europe499 #hvo1 cloth #b #jj 99,,clark1 ,d4 ,,kinnear1 ,c4,e4--,fuel199 ,its ,combustion and ,economy2 consisting of ,abridgments of ,treatise on the ,combustion of ,coal and the ,prevention of ,smoke1 by ,c4 ,w4 ,williams2 and the ,economy of ,fuel1 by ,t4 ,s4 ,prideaux4 ,with extensive additions on recent practice in the ,combustion and ,economy of ,fuel3 ,coal1 ,coke1 ,wood1 ,peat1 ,petroleum1 etc4 #abmo1 cloth #a #ej ---- 99,a ,manual of ,rules1 ,tables1 and ,data for ,mechanical ,engineers499 ,based on the most recent investigations4 ,illustrated with numerous diagrams4 #a1jab pages4 #hvo1 cloth #g #ej ,half morocco #aj #jj 99,,clark1 ,lt4 ,,lewis1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4--,theoretical ,navigation and ,nautical ,astronomy499 ,illustrated with #da wood-cuts4 #hvo1 cloth #a #ej 99,,clarke1 ,t4 ,c4--,description of the ,iron ,railway ,bridge over the ,mississippi ,river at ,quincy1 ,illinois499 ,illustrated with #ba lithographed plans4 #dto1 cloth #g #ej 99,,clevenger1 ,s4 ,r4--,a ,treatise on the ,method of ,government ,surveying199 ,as prescribed by the ,u4 ,s4 ,congress and ,commissioner of the ,general ,land ,office1 with complete ,mathematical1 ,astronomical1 and ,practical ,instructions for the use of the ,united ,states ,surveyors in the field4 #afmo1 morocco #b #ej 99,,coffin1 ,prof4 ,j4 ,h4 ,c4--,navigation and ,nautical ,astronomy499 ,prepared for the use of the ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,academy4 ,sixth edition4 #eb wood-cut illustrations4 #abmo1 cloth #c #ej 99,,colburn1 ,,zerah4--,the ,gas-,works of ,london499 #abmo1 boards #fj 99,,collins1 ,,jas4 ,e4--,the ,private ,book of ,useful ,alloys and ,memoranda for ,goldsmiths1 ,jewellers1 etc499 #ahmo1 cloth #ej 99,,cooke1 ,brig4-,gen4 ,,philip4 ,,st4 ,,george4--,new ,cavalry ,tactics499 #afmo1 morocco #b #jj ---- 99,cavalry ,practice499 ,regulations for the movements of the ,cavalry of the ,army4 #abmo4 #a #jj 99,,cornwall1 ,prof4 ,h4 ,b4--,manual of ,blow-,pipe ,analysis1 ,qualitative and ,quantitative499 ,with a ,complete ,system of ,descriptive ,mineralogy4 #hvo1 cloth1 with many illustrations #b #ej 99,,craig1 ,b4 ,f4--,weights and ,measures499 ,an account of the ,decimal ,system1 with ,tables of ,conversion for ,commercial and ,scientific ,uses4 ,square #cbmo1 limp cloth #ej 99,,craig1 ,prof4 ,,thos4--,elements of the ,mathematical ,theory of ,fluid ,motion499 #afmo1 cloth #a #be 99,,craighill1 ,,wm4 ,p4--,the ,army ,officer's ,companion499 ,principally designed for ,staff ,officers in the ,field4 ,partly translated from the ,french of ,m4 de ,rouvre1 ,lieut4-,col4 of the ,french ,staff ,corps1 with additions from ,standard ,american1 ,french1 and ,english authorities4 #ahmo1 full roan #a #ej 99,,cullum1 ,col4 ,,george ,w4--,military ,bridges499 ,systems of ,military ,bridges in use by the ,u4 ,s4 ,army2 those adopted by the ,great ,european ,powers2 and such as are employed in ,british ,india4 ,with ,directions for the ,preservation1 ,destruction1 and ,re-establishment of ,bridges4 ,with #g folding plates4 #hvo1 cloth #c #ej 99,,davis1 ,c4 ,b41 and ,,rae1 ,f4 ,b4--,hand-,book of ,electrical ,diagrams and ,connections499 ,illustrated with #cb full-page illustrations4 ,second edition4 ,oblong #hvo1 cloth extra #b #jj 99,,diedrich1 ,,john4--,the ,theory of ,strains499 ,a ,compendium for the ,calculation and ,construction of ,bridges1 ,roofs1 and ,cranes4 ,illustrated by numerous plates and diagrams4 #hvo1 cloth #e #jj 99,,dixon1 ,d4 ,b4--,the ,machinist's and ,steam-,engineer's ,practical ,calculator499 ,a ,compilation of ,useful ,rules1 and ,problems ,arithmetically ,solved1 together with ,general ,information applicable to ,shop-,tools1 ,mill-,gearing1 ,pulleys and ,shafts1 ,steam-,boilers and ,engines4 ,embracing ,valuable ,tables1 and ,instruction in ,screw-cutting1 ,valve and ,link ,motion1 etc4 #afmo1 full morocco1 pocket form #b #jj 99,,dodd1 ,,geo4--,dictionary of ,manufactures1 ,mining1 ,machinery1 and the ,industrial ,arts499 #abmo1 cloth #a #ej 99,,douglass1 ,prof4 ,s4 ,h41 and ,,prescott1 ,prof4 ,a4 ,b4--,qualitative ,chemical ,analysis499 ,a ,guide in the ,practical ,study of ,chemistry1 and in the ,work of ,analysis4 ,fourth edition4 #hvo1 cloth #c #ej 99,,duane1 ,gen4 ,j4 ,c4--,manual for ,engineering ,troops499 ,consisting of--,part ,i4 ,ponton ,drill2 ,,ii4 ,practical ,operations of a ,siege2 ,,iii4 ,school of the ,sap2 ,,iv4 ,military ,mining2 ,v4 ,construction of ,batteries4 ,with #af plates and numerous wood-cut illustrations4 #abmo1 half morocco #a #ej 99,,dubois1 ,a4 ,j4--,the ,new ,method of ,graphical ,statics499 ,with #fj illustrations4 #hvo1 cloth #a #ej 99,,dufour1 ,gen4 ,g4 ,h4--,the ,principles of ,strategy and ,grand ,tactics499 ,translated from the ,french1 by ,william ,p4 ,craighill1 ,u4 ,s4 ,engineers1 from the last ,french edition4 ,illustrated4 #abmo1 cloth #a #ej 99,,duryea1 ,col4 ,a4--,standing ,orders of the ,seventh ,regiment ,national ,guards499 ,new edition4 #afmo1 cloth #ej 99,,eassie1 ,p4 ,b4--,wood and its ,uses499 ,a ,hand-,book for the use of ,contractors1 ,builders1 ,architects1 ,engineers1 and ,timber ,merchants4 ,upwards of #bej illustrations4 #hvo1 cloth #a #ej 99,,eddy1 ,prof4 ,h4 ,t4--,researches in ,graphical ,statics499 ,embracing ,new ,constructions in ,graphical ,statics1 a ,new ,general ,method in ,graphical ,statics1 and the ,theory of ,internal ,stress in ,graphical ,statics4 #hvo1 cloth #a #ej 99,,eliot1 ,prof4 ,c4 ,w41 and ,,storer1 ,prof4 ,f4 ,h4--,a ,compendious ,manual of ,qualitative ,chemical ,analysis499 ,revised with the co-operation of the authors4 ,by ,prof4 ,william ,r4 ,nichols4 ,illustrated4 #abmo1 cloth #a #ej 99,,elliot1 ,maj4 ,,geo4 ,h41 ,u4 ,s4 ,e--,european ,light-,house ,systems499 ,being a ,report of a ,tour of ,inspection made in #ahgc4 #ea engravings and #ba wood-cuts4 #hvo1 cloth #e #jj 99,,engineering ,,facts ,,and ,,figures499 ,an ,annual ,register of ,progress in ,mechanical ,engineering and ,construction for the years #ahfc-fd-fe-ff-fg-fh4 ,fully illustrated #f vols4 #ahmo1 cloth 7each volume sold separately71 per vol3 #b #ej 99,,fanning1 ,j4 ,t4--,a ,practical ,treatise on ,water-,supply ,engineering499 ,relating to the ,hydrology1 ,hydrodynamics1 and ,practical ,construction of ,water-,works in ,north ,america4 ,third edition4 ,with numerous tables and #ahj illustrations4 #fej pages4 #hvo1 cloth #e #jj 99,,fiske1 ,lieut4 ,,bradley ,a41 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4--,electricity in ,theory and ,practice2 or1 ,the ,elements of ,electrical ,engineering499 #hvo1 cloth #b #ej 99,,foster1 ,gen4 ,j4 ,g41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4--,submarine ,blasting in ,boston ,harbor1 ,massachusetts499 ,removal of ,tower and ,corwin ,rocks4 ,illustrated with seven plates4 #dto1 cloth #c #ej 99,,foye1 ,prof4 ,j4 ,c4--,chemical ,problems499 ,with brief ,statements of the ,principles involved4 ,second edition1 revised and enlarged4 #afmo1 boards #ej 99,,francis1 ,,jas4 ,b41 ,c4 ,e4--,lowell ,hydraulic ,experiments399 ,being a selection from ,experiments on ,hydraulic ,motors1 on the ,flow of ,water over ,weirs1 in ,open ,canals of ,uniform ,rectangular ,section1 and through submerged ,orifices and diverging ,tubes4 ,made at ,lowell1 ,massachusetts4 ,fourth edition1 revised and enlarged1 with many new experiments1 and illustrated with twenty-three copperplate engravings4 #dto1 cloth #ae #jj 99,,free-,,hand ,,drawing499 ,a ,guide to ,ornamental ,figure and ,landscape ,drawing4 ,by an ,art ,student4 #ahmo1 boards #j #ej 99,,fry1 ,brig4-,gen4 ,,james ,b4--,army ,sacrifices2 or1 ,briefs from ,official ,pigeon-,holes499 ,sketches based on ,official ,reports1 grouped together for the purpose of illustrating the ,services of the ,regular ,army of the ,united ,states on the ,indian ,frontier4 #afmo4 #a #be ---- 99,history of ,brevet ,rank499 ,the ,history and ,legal ,effects of ,brevets in the ,armies of ,great ,britain and the ,united ,states1 from the origin in #afib until the present time4 ,crown #hvo1 extra cloth #c #jj 99,,gillmore1 ,gen4 ,q4 ,a4--,treatise on ,limes1 ,hydraulic ,cements1 and ,mortars499 ,papers on ,practical ,engineering1 ,u4 ,s4 ,engineer ,department1 ,no4 #i1 containing ,reports of numerous ,experiments conducted in ,new ,york ,city during the years #aheh to #ahfa1 inclusive4 ,with numerous illustrations4 #hvo1 cloth #d #jj ---- 99,practical ,treatise on the ,construction of ,roads1 ,streets1 and ,pavements499 ,with #gj illustrations4 #abmo1 cloth #b #jj ---- 99,report on ,strength of the ,building-,stones in the ,united ,states1 etc499 #hvo1 illustrated1 cloth #a #ej ---- 99,coignet ,beton and other ,artificial ,stone499 #i plates1 views1 etc4 #hvo1 cloth #b #ej ---- 99,fort ,sumter499 ,official ,report of ,operations against the ,defences of ,charleston ,harbor1 #ahfc4 ,comprising the descent upon ,morris ,island1 the ,demolition of ,fort ,sumter1 and the siege and reduction of ,forts ,wagner and ,gregg4 ,with #gf lithographic plates1 views1 maps1 etc4 #hvo1 cloth #g #ej ,half ,russia #ab #jj ---- 99,supplementary ,report on ,fort ,sumter499 ,supplementary ,report to the ,engineer and ,artillery ,operations against the ,defences of ,charleston ,harbor in #ahfc4 ,with #g lithographed maps and views4 #hvo1 cloth #c #ej ---- 99,siege and ,reduction of ,fort ,pulaski1 ,georgia499 ,illustrated by maps and views4 #hvo1 cloth #b #ej 99,,goodeve1 ,t4 ,m4--,a ,text-,book on the ,steam-,engine499 #adc illustrations4 #abmo1 cloth #b #jj 99,,gordon1 ,j4 ,e4 ,h4--,four ,lectures on ,static ,induction499 #abmo1 cloth #hj 99,,grafton1 ,capt4 ,,henry ,d4--,a ,treatise on the ,camp and ,march499 ,with which is connected the ,construction of ,field-,works and ,military ,bridges4 #abmo1 cloth #ge 99,,greener1 ,,wm41 ,r4 ,c4 ,e4--,a ,treatise on ,rifles1 ,cannon1 and ,sporting ,arms499 #hvo1 cloth #d #jj ,full calf #f #jj 99,,gruner1 ,m4 ,l4--,the ,manufacture of ,steel499 ,translated from the ,french1 by ,lenox ,smith1 with an appendix on the ,bessemer process in the ,united ,states1 by the translator4 ,illustrated4 #hvo1 cloth #c #ej 99,,guide ,,to ,,west ,,point and the ,u4 ,s4 ,military ,academy499 ,with maps and engravings4 #ahmo1 flexible cloth #a #jj 99,,half-,,hours ,,with ,,modern ,,scientists4--,lectures and ,essays199 ,by ,professors ,huxley1 ,barker1 ,stirling1 ,cope1 ,tyndall1 ,wallace1 ,roscoe1 ,huggins1 ,lockyer1 ,young1 ,mayer1 and ,reed4 ,being the ,university ,series bound up4 ,with a general introduction by ,noah ,porter1 ,president of ,yale ,college4 #b vols4 #abmo1 cloth1 illustrated #b #ej 99,,hamersly1 ,,lewis ,b4--,the ,records of ,living ,officers of the ,u4 ,s4 ,navy and ,marine ,corps499 ,compiled from ,official ,sources4 ,third edition4 ,cloth1 #hvo4 #b #ej 99,,hamilton1 ,w4 ,g4--,useful ,information for ,railway ,men499 ,sixth edition1 revised and enlarged4 #efb pages1 pocket form4 ,morocco1 gilt #b #jj 99,,harrison1 ,col4 ,,walter4--,pickett's ,men499 ,a ,fragment of ,war ,history4 ,with portrait of ,gen4 ,pickett4 #abmo1 cloth #a #be 99,,harrison1 ,w4 ,b4--,the ,mechanic's ,tool ,book199 ,with ,practical ,rules and ,suggestions for ,use of ,machinists1 ,iron-,workers1 and others4 ,illustrated with #dd engravings4 #abmo1 cloth #a #ej 99,,harwood1 ,a4 ,a4--,naval ,courts-,martial499 ,law and ,practice of ,united ,states ,naval ,courts-,martial4 ,adopted as a ,text-,book at the ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,academy4 #hvo1 law-sheep #c #jj 99,,haskins1 ,c4 ,h4--,the ,galvanometer and its ,uses499 ,a ,manual for ,electricians and ,students4 ,second edition4 #abmo1 morocco #a #ej 99,,haupt1 ,brig4-,gen4 ,,herman4--,military ,bridges499 ,for the ,passage of ,infantry1 ,artillery1 and ,baggage-,trains2 with suggestions of many new expedients and constructions for crossing streams and chasms4 ,including also designs for ,trestle and ,truss ,bridges for ,military ,railroads1 adapted specially to the wants of the ,service of the ,united ,states4 ,illustrated by #fi lithographic engravings4 #hvo1 cloth #f #ej 99,,head1 ,capt4 ,,george ,e4--,a ,new ,system of ,fortifications499 ,illustrated4 #dto1 paper #ej 99,,heavy ,,artillery ,,tactics3 #ahfc499 ,instructions for ,heavy ,artillery2 prepared by a ,board of ,officers1 for the use of the ,army of the ,united ,states4 ,with service of a gun mounted on an iron carriage1 and #ci plates4 #abmo1 cloth #a #jj 99,,henrici1 ,,olaus4--,skeleton ,structures1 especially in their application to the ,building of ,steel and ,iron ,bridges499 ,with folding plates and diagrams4 #hvo1 cloth #a #ej 99,,henry1 ,,guy ,v4--,military ,record of ,civilian ,appointments in the ,united ,states ,army499 #b vols4 #hvo1 cloth #aj #jj 99,,heth1 ,capt4 ,,henry4--,system of ,target ,practice499 ,for the ,use of ,troops when armed with the ,musket1 ,rifle-,musket1 ,rifle1 or ,carbine4 ,prepared principally from the ,french4 #ahmo1 cloth #ej 99,,hewson1 ,,wm4--,principles and ,practice of ,embanking ,lands from ,river ,floods1 as applied to the ,levees of the ,mississippi499 #hvo1 cloth #b #jj 99,,holley1 ,,alexander ,l4--,a ,treatise on ,ordnance and ,armor499 ,embracing descriptions1 discussions1 and professional opinions concerning the materials1 fabrication1 requirements1 capabilities1 and endurance of ,european and ,american ,guns1 for ,naval1 ,sea-,coast1 and ,iron-,clad ,warfare1 and their ,rifling1 ,projectiles1 and ,breech-,loading2 also1 results of experiments against armor1 from official records1 with an appendix referring to ,gun-,cotton1 ,hooped ,guns1 etc41 etc4 #idh pages1 #dic engravings1 and #adg ,tables of ,results1 etc4 #hvo1 half roan #g #ej ,half ,russia #aj #jj ---- 99,railway ,practice499 ,american and ,european ,railway ,practice in the economical ,generation of ,steam1 including the ,materials and ,construction of ,coal-burning ,boilers1 ,combustion1 the ,variable ,blast1 ,vaporization1 ,circulation1 ,superheating1 ,supplying and ,heating ,feed-water1 etc41 and the ,adaptation of ,wood and ,coke-burning ,engines to ,coal-burning2 and in ,permanent ,way1 including ,road-bed1 ,sleepers1 ,rails1 ,joint-fastenings1 ,street ,railways1 etc41 etc4 ,with #gg lithographed plates4 ,folio1 cloth #ab #jj 99,,hotchkiss1 ,,jed41 and ,,allan1 ,,william4--,the ,battle-,fields of ,virginia499 ,chancellorsville1 embracing the ,operations of the ,army of ,northern ,virginia1 from the ,first ,battle of ,fredericksburg to the ,death of ,lt4-,gen4 ,t4 ,j4 ,jackson4 ,illustrated with five maps and portrait of ,stonewall ,jackson4 #hvo1 cloth #c #ej 99,,howard1 ,c4 ,r4--,earthwork ,mensuration on the ,basis of the ,prismoidal ,formul499 ,containing simple and labor-saving method of obtaining ,prismoidal ,contents directly from ,end ,areas4 ,illustrated by ,examples1 and accompanied by ,plain ,rules for ,practical ,uses4 ,illustrated4 #hvo1 cloth #a #ej 99,,hunter1 ,capt4 ,r4 ,f4--,manual for ,quartermasters and ,commissaries499 ,containing ,instructions in the ,preparation of ,vouchers1 ,abstracts1 ,returns1 etc4 #abmo1 cloth #a #jj ,flexible morocco #a #ej 99,,induction-,,coils4--,how ,made and ,how ,used499 #fc illustrations4 #afmo1 boards #ej 99,,instructions ,,for ,,field ,,artillery499 ,prepared by a ,board of ,artillery ,officers4 ,to which is added the ,evolutions of ,batteries4 ,translated from the ,french by ,brig4-,gen4 ,r4 ,anderson1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 #abb plates4 #abmo1 cloth #a #jj 99,,isherwood1 ,b4 ,f4--,engineering ,precedents for ,steam ,machinery499 ,arranged in the most practical and useful manner for ,engineers4 ,with illustrations4 ,two volumes in one4 #hvo1 cloth #b #ej 99,,ives1 ,lieut4 ,r4 ,a4--,military ,law499 ,a ,treatise on ,military ,law1 and the ,jurisdiction1 ,constitution1 and ,procedure of ,military ,courts4 ,with a ,summary of the ,rules of ,evidence as applicable to such ,courts4 #djj pages4 #hvo1 law-sheep #d #jj 99,,jannettaz1 ,,edward--,a ,guide to the ,determination of ,rocks399 ,being an ,introduction to ,lithology4 ,translated from the ,french by ,g4 ,w4 ,plympton1 ,professor of ,physical ,science at ,brooklyn ,polytechnic ,institute4 #abmo1 cloth #a #ej 99,,jeffers1 ,capt4 ,w4 ,n41 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4--,nautical ,surveying499 ,illustrated with #i copperplates and #ca wood-cut illustrations4 #hvo1 cloth #e #jj 99,,jomini1 ,gen4 ,,baron ,,de4--,campaign of ,waterloo499 ,the ,political and ,military ,history of the ,campaign of ,waterloo4 ,translated from the ,french by ,gen4 ,s4 ,v4 ,bent4 ,third edition4 #abmo1 cloth #a #be ---- 99,treatise on ,grand ,military ,operations499 ,illustrated by a ,critical and ,military ,history of the ,wars of ,frederick the ,great4 ,with a ,summary of the ,most ,important ,principles of the ,art of ,war4 ,illustrated by maps and plans4 ,translated from the ,french by ,col4 ,s4 ,b4 ,holabird1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 #b vols4 #hvo and ,atlas4 ,cloth #ae #jj ,half calf or morocco #ba #jj ,half ,russia #bb #ej 99,,jones1 ,h4 ,,chapman4--,text-,book of ,experimental ,organic ,chemistry for ,students499 #ahmo1 cloth #a #jj 99,,joynson1 ,f4 ,h4--,the ,metals used in ,construction3 ,iron1 ,steel1 ,bessemer ,metal1 etc41 etc499 ,illustrated4 #abmo1 cloth #ge ---- 99,designing and ,construction of ,machine ,gearing499 ,illustrated4 #hvo1 cloth #b #jj 99,,kansas ,,city ,,bridge1 ,,the499 ,with an account of the ,regimen of the ,missouri ,river1 and a description of the methods used for ,founding in that ,river4 ,by ,o4 ,chanute1 ,chief-,engineer1 and ,george ,morrison1 ,assistant-,engineer4 ,illustrated with five lithographic views and twelve plates of plans4 #dto1 cloth #f #jj 99,,kelton1 ,gen4 ,j4 ,c4--,new ,bayonet ,exercise499 ,a ,new ,manual of the ,bayonet1 for the ,army and ,militia of the ,united ,states4 ,with #dj beautifully engraved plates4 ,fifth edition4 ,revised4 #abmo1 cloth #b #jj 99,,king1 ,w4 ,h4--,lessons and ,practical ,notes on ,steam199 ,the ,steam-,engine1 ,propellers1 etc41 etc41 for young ,marine ,engineers1 ,students1 and others4 ,revised by ,chief-,engineer ,j4 ,w4 ,king1 ,u4 ,s4 ,navy4 ,nineteenth edition1 enlarged4 #hvo1 cloth #b #jj 99,,kirkwood1 ,,jas4 ,p4--,report on the ,filtration of ,river ,waters for the supply of ,cities199 ,as practised in ,europe1 made to the ,board of ,water ,commissioners of the ,city of ,st4 ,louis4 ,illustrated by #cj double-plate engravings4 #dto1 cloth #ae #jj 99,,larrabee1 ,c4 ,s4--,cipher and ,secret ,letter and ,telegraphic ,code1 with ,hogg's ,improvements499 ,the most perfect secret code ever invented or discovered4 ,impossible to read without the key4 #ahmo1 cloth #a #jj 99,,lazelle1 ,capt4 ,h4 ,m41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4--,one ,law in ,nature499 ,a ,new ,corpuscular ,theory1 comprehending ,unity of ,force1 ,identity of ,matter and its ,multiple ,atom ,constitution2 applied to the ,physical ,affections1 or ,modes of ,energy4 #abmo4 #a #ej 99,,lecomte1 ,,ferdinand4--,the ,war in the ,united ,states499 ,a ,report to the ,swiss ,military ,department4 ,translated from the ,french by a ,staff ,officer4 #abmo1 cloth #ge 99,,le ,,gal1 ,col4 ,,eugene4--,school of the ,guides499 ,designed for the use of the ,militia of the ,united ,states4 #afmo1 cloth #fj 99,,lendy1 ,capt4--,maxims and ,instructions on the ,art of ,war499 ,a ,practical ,military ,guide for the use of ,soldiers of all ,arms and of all ,countries4 ,translated from the ,french4 #ahmo1 cloth #ge 99,,levy1 ,com4 ,u4 ,p4--,manual of ,internal ,rules and ,regulations for ,men-of-,war499 ,third edition1 revised and enlarged4 #ahmo1 flexible cloth #cj 99,,lieber1 ,,francis1 ,,ll4,d4--,instructions for ,armies499 ,instructions for the ,government of ,armies of the ,united ,states in the ,field4 #abmo1 paper #be 99,,lippitt4--,special ,operations of ,war499 #abmo1 cloth #a #jj ---- 99,field ,service in ,war499 #abmo1 cloth #a #jj ---- 99,tactical ,use of the ,three ,arms499 #abmo1 cloth #a #jj ---- 99,intrenchments499 #abmo1 cloth #a #be 99,,lock1 ,c4 ,g41 ,,wigner1 ,g4 ,w41 and ,,harland1 ,r4 ,h4--,sugar ,growing and ,refining499 ,treatise on the ,culture of ,sugar-,yielding ,plants1 and the ,manufacture and ,refining of ,cane1 ,beet1 and other sugars4 #hvo1 cloth1 illustrated #ab #jj 99,,lockwood1 ,,thos4 ,d4--,electricity1 ,magnetism1 and ,electro-,telegraphy499 ,a ,practical ,guide for ,students1 ,operators1 and ,inspectors4 #hvo1 cloth 99,,loring1 ,a4 ,e4--,a ,hand-,book on the ,electro-,magnetic ,telegraph499 ,paper boards #j #ej cloth #ge ,morocco #a #jj 99,,luce1 ,capt4 ,s4 ,b4--,seamanship499 ,for the use of the ,united ,states ,naval ,academy4 ,fourth edition4 ,crown #hvo1 revised and improved1 illustrated by #hi full-page copperplate engravings1 half roan #g #ej -- ,text-,book at the ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,academy1 ,annapolis4 ---- 99,naval ,light ,artillery499 ,by ,lieut4 ,w4 ,h4 ,parker1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,third edition1 revised by ,capt4 ,s4 ,b4 ,luce1 ,assistant ,instructor of ,gunnery and ,tactics at the ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,academy4 #bb plates4 #hvo1 cloth #c #jj 99,mac,c,o,r,d1 ,prof4 ,c4 ,w4--,a ,practical ,treatise on the ,slide-,valve by ,eccentrics199 ,examining by methods the action of the ,eccentric upon the ,slide-,valve1 and explaining the practical processes of laying out the movements1 adapting the valve for its various duties in the steam-engine4 ,second edition4 ,illustrated4 #dto1 cloth #b #ej 99,mc,c,l,e,l,l,a,n1 ,gen4 ,,geo4 ,b4--,report of the ,army of the ,potomac199 ,of its operations while under his command4 ,with maps and plans4 #hvo1 cloth #a #jj ,paper #ej 99,mc,c,u,l,l,o,c,h1 ,prof4 ,r4 ,s4--,elementary ,treatise on the ,mechanical ,theory of ,heat1 and its application to ,air and ,steam ,engines499 #hvo1 cloth #c #ej 99,,manual ,,of ,,boat ,,exercise499 ,at the ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,academy1 designed for the practical instruction of the ,senior ,class in ,naval ,tactics4 #ahmo1 flexible cloth #ej 99,,mendell1 ,g4 ,h4--,military ,surveying499 ,a ,treatise on ,military ,surveying1 ,theoretical and ,practical1 including a description of ,surveying ,instruments4 ,with #gj wood-cut illustrations4 #abmo1 cloth #a #ej 99,,merrill1 ,col4 ,,wm4 ,e41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4--,iron ,truss ,bridges for ,railroads499 ,the method of calculating strains in ,trusses1 with a careful comparison of the most prominent ,trusses1 in reference to economy in combination1 etc41 etc4 ,illustrated4 #dto1 cloth #e #jj 99,,michaelis1 ,capt4 ,o4 ,e4--,the ,le ,boulenge ,chronograph499 ,with three lithographed folding plates of illustrations4 #dto1 illustrated1 cloth #c #jj 99,,michie1 ,prof4 ,p4 ,s4--,elements of ,wave ,motion relating to ,sound and ,light499 ,text-,book for the ,u4 ,s4 ,military ,academy4 #hvo1 cloth1 illustrated #e #jj 99,,minifie1 ,,wm--,mechanical ,drawing499 ,a ,text-,book of ,geometrical ,drawing for the use of ,mechanics and ,schools1 in which the ,definitions and ,rules of ,geometry are familiarly explained2 the ,practical ,problems are arranged1 from the most simple to the more complex1 and in their description technicalities are avoided as much as possible4 ,with illustrations for ,drawing ,plans1 ,sections1 and ,elevations of ,railways and ,machinery2 an ,introduction to ,isometrical ,drawing1 and an ,essay on ,linear ,perspective and ,shadows4 ,illustrated with over #bjj diagrams engraved on steel4 ,ninth edition4 ,with an ,appendix on the ,theory and ,application of ,colors4 #hvo1 cloth #d #jj ,it is the best work on drawing that we have ever seen1 and is especially a text-book of ,geometrical ,drawing for the use of ,mechanics and ,schools4 ,no young ,mechanic1 such as a ,machinist1 ,engineer1 ,cabinet-maker1 ,millwright1 or ,carpenter1 should be without it4--,scientific ,american4 ---- 99,geometrical ,drawing499 ,abridged from the octavo edition1 for the use of schools4 ,illustrated with #dh steel plates4 ,fifth edition4 #abmo1 cloth #b #jj 99,,modern ,,meteorology499 ,a ,series of ,six ,lectures1 delivered under the auspices of the ,meteorological ,society in #ahgh4 ,illustrated4 #abmo1 cloth #a #ej 99,,monroe1 ,col4 ,j4--,light ,infantry ,company and ,skirmish ,drill499 ,bayonet ,fencing2 with a ,supplement on the ,handling and ,service of ,light ,infantry4 #cbmo1 cloth #ge 99,,moore1 ,,frank--,the ,rebellion ,record499 ,containing a full and concise ,diary of ,events from ,december1 #ahfj1 to the close of the ,war of the ,rebellion1 with ,official ,reports of ,state ,officers and ,narratives of all the ,battles and ,skirmishes that occurred4 ,complete in twelve volumes royal #hvo4 ,illustrated with #aeh steel engraved ,portraits of distinguished ,generals and ,prominent ,men1 together with numerous ,maps and ,plans of ,battles4 ,price in cloth #fj #jj ,library sheep #gb #jj ,half calf1 antique #gh #jj ,half morocco #gh #jj ,half ,russia #hd #jj ---- 99,portrait ,gallery of the ,war1 ,civil1 ,military1 and ,naval499 ,a ,biographical ,record4 ,illustrated with #fj fine portraits on steel4 #a vol4 #hvo1 cloth #f #jj ,half calf #g #ej 99,,morris1 ,e4--,easy ,rules for the ,measurement of ,earthworks1 by ,means of the ,prismoidal ,formula499 #gh illustrations4 #hvo1 cloth #a #ej 99,,morris1 ,gen4 ,,wm4 ,h4--,field ,tactics for ,infantry499 ,illustrated4 #ahmo1 cloth #ge ---- 99,infantry ,tactics499 #b vols4 #bdmo4 #b #jj #b vols4 in one1 cloth #a #ej ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,the following corrections which did not concern obvious printer's errors have been made to the text4 -,in the ,table of ,content1 the formatting of the entry for ,dialysis was changed in order to indicate that this part is a section of the chapter ,methods of ,destruction of the ,organic ,substances -treated with mlanocome was3 treated with melaniocome -,the sentence ,m4 ,salleron offers for sale a small apparatus 7,fig4 #bj7 wrongly referred to ,fig4 #af4 -,if the crystals originate from fresh blood1 they appear as represented in ,fig4 #ba2 crystals from old blood are represented in ,fig4 #bb4 wrongly referred to ,fig4 #ag and #ah2 the same was the case in ,the fluid is examined from time to time under the microscope3 when it is sufficiently concentrated1 crystals1 presenting the appearance represented in ,figs4 #ba or #bb1 will be observed4 -an oxidizing body was3 an oxydizing body -condenser was3 condensor -areometer 7alcoholmeter7 was3 areometer 7alcoolmeter7