,,ma/]pieces ,,9 ,,col\r ,,edit$ ,,by - - ,t4 ,,leman ,,h>e ,,raphael #adhc-aebj ,,ma/]pieces ,,9 ,,col\r ,,s]ies ,,arti/4 ,,au?or4 ,,velazquez4 ,s4 ,l4 ,,b5susan4 ,,reynolds4 ,s4 ,l4 ,,b5susan4 ,,turn]4 ,c4 ,,lewis ,,h9d4 ,,romney4 ,c4 ,,lewis ,,h9d4 ,,greuze4 ,,alys ,,eyre ,,mackl94 ,,botticelli4 ,,h5ry ,b4 ,,b9ns4 ,,rossetti4 ,,luci5 ,,piss>ro4 ,,bell9i4 ,,george ,,hay4 ,,fra ,,angelico4 ,,james ,,mason4 ,,rembr&t4 ,,josef ,,israels4 ,,leighton4 ,a4 ,,lys ,,baldry4 ,,raphael4 ,,paul ,g4 ,,konody4 ,,holman ,,hunt4 ,,m>y ,e4 ,,col]idge4 ,,titian4 ,s4 ,l4 ,,b5susan4 ,,millais4 ,a4 ,,lys ,,baldry4 ,,c>lo ,,dolci4 ,,george ,,hay4 ,,ga9sbor\gh4 ,,max ,,ro?s*ild4 ,,t9toretto4 ,s4 ,l4 ,,b5susan4 ,,lu9i4 ,,james ,,mason4 ,,franz ,,hals4 ,,edgcumbe ,,/aley4 ,,van ,,dyck4 ,,p]cy ,m4 ,,turn]4 ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci4 ,m4 ,w4 ,,brockwell4 ,,rub5s4 ,s4 ,l4 ,,b5susan4 ,,:i/l]4 ,t4 ,,m>t9 ,,wood4 ,,holbe94 ,s4 ,l4 ,,b5susan4 ,,burne-,,jones4 ,a4 ,,lys ,,baldry4 ,,vig,e ,,le ,,brun4 ,c4 ,,haldane ,,macfall4 ,,*>d94 ,,paul ,g4 ,,konody4 ,,fragon>d4 ,c4 ,,haldane ,,macfall4 ,,meml9c4 ,w4 ,h4 ,j4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,weale4 ,,con/able4 ,c4 ,,lewis ,,h9d4 ,,raeburn4 ,,james ,l4 ,,caw4 ,,john ,s4 ,,s>g5t4 ,t4 ,,m>t9 ,,wood4 ,,lawr5ce4 ,s4 ,l4 ,,b5susan4 ,d,,r]4 ,h4 ,e4 ,a4 ,,fur/4 ,,millet4 ,,p]cy ,m4 ,,turn]4 ,,watteau4 ,c4 ,,lewis ,,h9d4 ,,hog>?4 ,c4 ,,lewis ,,h9d4 ,,murillo4 ,s4 ,l4 ,,b5susan4 ,,watts4 ,w4 ,,l(tus ,,h>e4 ,,+res4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,f9b]g4 ,,corot4 ,,sidney ,,allnutt4 ,,delacroix4 ,,paul ,g4 ,,konody4 ,o!rs 9 ,prep>ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4--,,! ,,ansidei ,,madonna4 ,frontispiece 7,9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london7 ,bett] ?an any o!r picture by ,raphael1 ?is important alt>-piece %[s ! precoci\sness ( ,raphael's g5ius1 = x 0 pa9t$ at ,p]ugia 9 #aejf1 :5 ! ma/] _h sc>cely pass$ into ! tw5ty-?ird ye> ( 8 life4 ,he _h !n j return$ f ,flor5ce1 b1 probably to hum\r 8 patrons1 ! ,ansidei family1 he rev]t$ 9 ?is picture once aga9 to ! =mal mann] ( 8 second ma/]1 ,p]ug9o4 ,! ,ansidei ,madonna has ! di/9ction ( be+ ! mo/ co/ly picture at ! ,national ,gall]y--x 0 pur*as$ 9 #ahhe f ! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh = #gj1jjj4 ,,raphael ,,by ,,paul ,g4 ,,konody ,,illu/rat$ ,,) ,,eight ,,reproductions ,,9 ,,col\r ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,,sempit]num ,,london3 ,t4 ,c4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,jack ,,new ,,york3 ,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,/okes ,,co4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,plate ,i4 ,! ,ansidei ,madonna ,frontispiece ,9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,page ,,ii4 ,! ,madonna del ,gran ,duca #ad ,9 ! ,pitti ,palace1 ,flor5ce ,,iii4 ,! ,madonna della ,s$ia #bd ,9 ! ,pitti ,palace1 ,flor5ce ,,iv4 ,la ,belle ,j>d9ire #cd ,9 ! ,l\vre ,v4 ,! ,madonna ( ! ,t[] #dj ,9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,vi4 ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 #ej ,9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce ,,vii4 ,putto ) ,g>l& #fj ,9 ! ,academy ( ,/4 ,luca1 ,rome ,,viii4 ,portrait ( ,raphael #gj ,9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce ,i ,& ,i tell y t to pa9t "o beautiful woman1 ,i %\ld ne$ to see sev]al beautiful wom51 & to h y ) me to *oose ! be/1 wrote ,raphael1 !n at ! z5i? ( 8 fame & good =tune1 to 8 life-long fri5d ,c\nt ,baldass>e ,ca/iglione1 :o--! ideal c\rti] himself--has giv5 ! _w t immortal monum5t ( ,r5aissance culture1 ! ,book ( ! ,c\rti]4 ,9 p5n+ ^! l9es ! pr9ce ( pa9t]s int5d$1 p]haps1 no m ?an a pretty complim5t to "o :o 0 himself a model ( c\rtesy & graceful spee*1 b ! words w\ld ga9 deep significance if picture 7 sub/itut$ = woman1 & if ,ca/iglione 7 tak5 to signify ! p]sonification ( intellect & le>n+4 ,= ! beauty ( ,raphael's art1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( f\r c5turies has lo/ none ( its hold ^u ! admiration ( mank9d1 is di/ill$ f ! v>i\s elem5ts ( beauty conta9$ 9 ! art t _h gone be=e him & 0 be+ creat$ ar\nd him2 & 9 *oos+ ! be/1 at lea/ z f> z idea & conception are conc]n$1 he 0 guid$ by ! deepe/ ?9k]s & ke5e/ intellects ( :at 7 !n ! _w's greate/ c5tres ( culture4 ,raphael 01 inde$1 born "u a happy con/ellation4 ,he 0 n a giant ( intellect1 nor an epo*-mak+ g5ius2 z ,mi*elangelo said ( him1 he ow$ 8 art less to nature ?an to /udy2 b he 0 born at a "t :5 two c5turies ( gradual arti/ic developm5t _h l$ up to a po9t :]e an arti/ 0 ne$$ to ga!r up ! div]g+ ?reads & br+ ! movem5t to a culm9ation1 :i* w /& = all times z a /&>d ( p]fection4 ,advantages ( bir? & e>ly surr\nd+s1 *>m ( appe>ance & disposition :i* made him a fav\rite :]ev] he w5t1 receptivity1 adaptability1 & application1 & above all an e>ly & easy ma/]y ( te*nique1 7 comb9$ 9 ,raphael to lead him to ?is a*ievem5t4 ,! smoo? uncl\d$ progress ( 8 life f recognition to fame1 f prosp]ity to afflu5ce1 is n ! turbul5t way ( g5ius4 ,g5ius walks a sad & lonely pa?4 ,mi*elangelo1 ! turbul5t _s1 morose & dissatisfi$1 ,lion>do da ,v9ci1 pursu+ 8 high ideals )\t a ?\ght ( worldly success until 8 lonely old age sees him expatriat$ & contemplat+ ! fruitlessness ( all 8 lab\rs--^! m5 ( pure/ g5ius h little 9 common ) ! pliant c\rti] ,raphael1 ! head himself ( a little c\rt ( fai?ful foll[]s4 ,! /ory goes t ,mi*elangelo1 9 ! bitt]ness ( 8 _s1 :5 meet+ 8 happy rival at ! head ( 8 usual army ( "s fifty dep5dants on 8 way to ! ,papal c\rt1 address$ him ) ! words ,y walk l ! %]iff ) 8 posse comitatus4 ,& ,raphael1 quick at rep>tee1 retort$ ,& y1 l an execution] go+ to ! scaffold4 ,:e!r ! anecdote be true or n1 x m>ks ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! c\rse ( tal5t--albeit ! r>e/ tal5t--& t ( g5ius4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4--,,! ,,madonna ,,del ,,gran ,,duca 7,9 ! ,pitti ,palace1 ,flor5ce7 ,?is picture1 rem>kable = ! effective simplicity ( its design & = ! purity ( ! ,virg9's face1 d]ives ! "n by :i* x is commonly kn[n f ! fact t x 0 b\ght 9 #agii by ! ,gr& ,duke ,f]d9& ,,iii4 f a poor wid[1 & held by him 9 su* e/eem t he w\ld nev] "p f x & always took x ) him on 8 travels4 ,at "o "t x 0 actually cr$it$ ) ! p[] ( work+ miracles4 ,x is "o ( ! fir/ works ( ,raphael's ,flor5t9e p]iod1 & n[ hangs 9 ! ,pitti ,palace1 ,flor5ce4 ,:at are ! qualities ( ,raphael's art t h c>ri$ 8 fame unsulli$ ?r\gh ! ages & made him ! mo/ popul>1 ! mo/ admir$1 ( all pa9t]s8 ,! greate/ ( ! primitives1 & ( ! lat] ma/]s ,velazquez1 ,rembr&t1 ,frans ,hals1 ,watteau1 to m5tion only a few ( ! brighte/ beacons 9 ! realm ( art1 h at "s "t or o!r be5 eclips$ & held 9 slight e/eem4 ,raphael alone escap$ ! incon/ancy ( popul> fav\r2 he 0 set up z an idol be=e he left ! _w to m\rn 8 untimely dea?1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>s ! _w's idolatr\s wor%ip 0 ext5d$ ev5 to ! feeble h&iwork ( 8 assi/ants1 :i* (t5 pass$ "u 8 "n4 ,only )9 ! memory ( liv+ m5 did ?is bl9d & indiscrim9at+ wor%ip lead to a reaction z indiscrim9at+4 ,b ?is reaction 0 conf9$ to a comp>atively small circle ( /hetically incl9$ art en?usia/s2 & to-day1 :5 ! m sci5tific me?ods ( criticism h succe$$ 9 sift+ ! :eat f ! *aff--! ma/]'s own "w f ! factory-l production ( 8 bottega--he has be5 re9/at$ 9 all 8 =m] glory4 ,contemptu\s ho/ility to ,raphael's art has ceas$ to be a fa%ionable pose4 ,! frank ackn[l$gm5t ( ! p]fection ( ?is art is no long] /ay$ by ! consci\sness ( ! h>m done by t imp]fect imitation ( ! ,raphaelic code ( beauty1 :i* has be5 ! result ( all academic tea*+ 9 ,europe s9ce ! f\nd+ ( ! ,prix de ,rome4 ,beauty1 =mal beauty1 pure & faultless1 mu/ appeal to ev]ybody2 & ,raphael means to u ! p]fection ( beauty--su* beauty z lies 9 rhy?m1 balance1 col\r1 =m1 & execution4 ,x is a calculat$ beauty1 ! lucid1 unambigu\s expression ( an absolutely normal1 well-balanc$ m9d assi/$ by an un]r+ h&2 h5ce x is intelligible to ev]ybody )\t t unconsci\s m5tal ef=t :i* is ne$$ = ! und]/&+ ( an art ( great] emotional int5sity4 ,x is ( ! v ess5ce ( art t x %\ld express an emotion2 a picture :i* is m]ely imitative )\t hold+ a h9t ( :at ! arti/ felt at ! "t ( creat+ x1 ceases to be a "w ( art1 ev5 if x repres5ts a subject beautiful 9 itself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an ugly subject may be rais$ to sublime art by emotional /atem5t2 b ?is emotion is ( necessity m complex & m difficult to und]/& ?an t simple/ ( all emotions1 ! pleasure caus$ by ! contemplation ( beauty4 ,?is acc\nts = ! common fallacy t art & beauty are indissolubly connect$1 & = ! fav\ritism %[n by all ! successive g5]ations to ,raphael ^: bru% 0 w$d$ to beauty 9 ! classic s5se1 & ^: art knew no?+ ( ! beauty ( "*4 ,b beauty alone does n con/itute ,raphael's greatness1 or ,b\gu]eau & _m o!r mod]n academic pa9t]s w\ld h to be acc\nt$ great in/ead ( be+ m]ely dull & insipid4 ,raphael develop$ to its utmo/ p[] ( expressiv5ess ! art ( space-composition1 ! secret ( :i* 0 ! h]itage ( ! ,umbrian pa9t]s4 ,:at space-composition means _c be bett] def9$ ?an x has be5 by ,mr4 ,b]5son3 ,space-composition diff]s f ord9>y composition 9 ! fir/ place mo/ obvi\sly 9 t x is n an arrangem5t to be judg$ z ext5d+ only lat]ally1 or up & d[n on a flat surface1 b z ext5d+ inw>ds 9 dep? z well4 ,x is composition 9 ?ree dim5sions1 & n 9 two1 9 ! cube1 n m]ely on ! surface4444 ,pa9t$ space-composition op5s out ! space x frames 91 puts b\nd>ies only ideal to ! ro( ( heav54 ,all t x uses1 :e!r ! =ms ( ! natural l&scape1 or ( gr& ar*itecture1 or ev5 ( ! human figure1 x r$uces to be its m9i/rants 9 convey+ a s5se ( untrammell$1 b n *aotic spaci\sness4 ,9 su* pictures1 h[ freely "o brea!s--z if a load _h j be5 lift$ f "o's brea/2 h[ refre%$1 h[ noble1 h[ pot5t "o feels2 aga91 h[ soo!d2 & /ill aga91 h[ waft$ =? to abodes ( f>-away bliss6 ,?is s5se ( space & dep? is a*iev$ by me?ods :i* h no?+ 9 common ) our mod]n art ( creat+ ! illusion ( :at is call$ atmosph]e--n by ! los+ & f9d+ ( cont\rs1 n by ! application ( optical !ories1 su* z ! zone ( int]*ang+ rays :i* dissolves all h>d outl9es1 nor by ! blurr+ & fogg+ ( ! di/ance4 ,space-composition 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x 0 practis$ by ,raphael is closely ak9 to ! art ( ar*itecture 9 its appeal to our emotions4 ,z an illu/rator1 aga91 ,raphael 0 unequall$ z reg>ds cle>1 direct1 measur$ /atem5t ( all t is ess5tial to ! imm$iate grasp+ ( ! idea or incid5t depict$4 ,! fir/ glance at "o ( ,raphael's works1 :e!r x be a small panel picture or a monum5tal fresco1 reveals its :ole purport1 & t 9 a mann] s complete & lucid & conv9c+ z c\ld n be a*iev$ by any o!r me?od ( expression4 ,) infallible sur5ess he inv>iably f\nd ! %orte/ way = ! h>moni\s /atem5t ( idea1 =m1 & emotion1 :i* 9 8 "w are always f\nd 9 p]fect balance & s completely p]meat$ by ea* o!r z to con/itute an indissoluble tr9ity4 ,ano!r reason = ,raphael's p[]ful appeal--& 9 ?is he is p]haps ! mo/ typical *ild ( 8 p]iod--is t 8 art unites 9 "o maje/ic curr5t ! two greate/ movem5ts ( ?\ght :i* h ev] fir$ ! imag9ation ( civilis$ ,europe2 classic antiquity & ,*ri/ian fai?1 :5 treat$ by ,raphael's bru%1 cease to be incompatible & live side by side 9 t measur$ h>mony :i* is ! hall-m>k ( 8 art4 ,*ri/ianity is pres5t$ to u 9 ! glori\s classic g>b ( ! old _w1 & ! my? & philosophy ( ! anci5ts are br\ght into intimate relation%ip ) ,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,he infuses new blood & life into ! /ones ( anci5t ,greece & ,rome--unlike ,mantegna :o _h rema9$ cold & classic 9 8 relief-l recon/ructions ( antiquity2 j z he acc5tuates ! human emotional side ( ! ,madonna & ,*ild motif by disc>d+ all hi]oglyphic symbolism & sett+ be=e our eyes ! intimate l9k ( love t connects "m & babe4 ,almo/ imp]ceptibly 8 cupids are trans=m$ into *ild angels1 & ! ,jehovah ( 8 ,vision ( ,ezekiel has m 9 common ) ,olympian ,jove ?an ) ! m$ival conception ( ! ,"l ( ,heav54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4--,,! ,,madonna ,,della ,,s$ia 7,9 ! ,pitti ,palace1 ,flor5ce7 ,! ,madonna ( ! ,*air1 "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & des]v$ly popul> ( ,raphael's num]\s v]sions ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild motif1 belongs to ! ma/]'s full maturity1 & 0 pa9t$ dur+ 8 soj\rn 9 ,rome1 at ! "t :5 he 0 occupi$ ) ! /up5d\s task ( decorat+ ! ,/anze ( ! ,vatican4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( art a m pleas+ solution ( ! problem pres5t$ by a figure composition 9 ! r\nd4 ,! picture is n[ 9 ! ,pitti ,palace1 ,flor5ce4 ,j z ,timoteo ,viti1 ,p]ug9o1 ,fra ,b>tolommeo1 ,lion>do da ,v9ci1 ,masaccio1 ,mi*elangelo1 & ,seba/iano del ,piombo 7:o imp>t$ to him some?+ ( ! gl[ ( ,v5etian col\r+71 _h be5 ! s\rces f :i* ,raphael drew 8 k ( te*nique1 col\r1 composition1 & all ! elem5ts ( pictorial /yle1 s ! humani/s _h pav$ 8 way z reg>ds ! intellectual aspect ( 8 art4 ,8 m>vell\s faculty ( rapid assimilation enabl$ him1 on ! "o h&1 to appropriate :atev] he f\nd wor?y ( imitation 9 8 precursors & contempor>ies1 & ?us to complete 8 te*nical equipm5t at an age at :i* x 0 giv5 to few to h a*iev$ ma/]y2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 8 cle> intellect1 aid$ by ! n entirely unm]c5>y desire to please 8 patrons1 help$ him to c>ry out ) triumphant success ! ideas evolv$ by ! ke5e/ ?9k]s ( 8 "t4 ,to d\bt t ! g5]al idea1 & p]haps a good _m ( ! details1 ( su* a /up5d\s "w z ! fresco decoration ( ! ,/anze at ! ,vatican1 _h orig9at$ 9 ,raphael's head1 is n to detract f 8 greatness4 ,he 0 a boy 9 8 e>ly te5s :5 he ent]$ 8 fir/ ma/]'s bottega4 ,he 0 a y\? ( tw5ty-five :5 he />t$ on 8 great task2 & ! int]v5+ ye>s _h be5 s completely fill$ ) ! /udy ( 8 craft & ) ! execution ( important commissions1 t x is impossible to believe he c\ld h f\nd mu* leisure = book-le>n+4 ,& su* le>n+ 0 indisp5sable = ! conception ( t elaborate s*eme ) all its hi/orical allusions & allegorical imag]y4 ,! wond] is t ,raphael c\ld s completely ent] into ! sugge/ions made to him f v>i\s s\rces1 & to weave !m into a tissue ( immortal beauty4 ,,ii ,at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! rule ( ! ,duke ,f$]igo ( ,montefeltre1 an enlight5$ pr9ce :o devot$ ! be/ ( 8 en]gy & su* "t z he c\ld sp>e f 8 duties on ! battlefield to ! patronage ( ! arts1 to ! adornm5t ( 8 noble palace1 & to ! collect+ ( priceless manuscripts1 pa9t+s1 antiques1 & works ( art ( e description1 _h rais$ ! old city ( ,urb9o to "o ( ! c5tres ( culture & le>n+1 & made ! ducal c\rt a ga!r+-place = ! di/+ui%$ pa9t]s1 ar*itects1 poets1 & humani/s :o 7 attract$ by ! weal? & lib]ality ( ?is great patron4 ,among ! less di/+ui%$ satellites attract$ by ! sun ( ,montefeltre 0 "o ,giovanni ,santi1 :o _h come to ,urb9o 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,?\gh a pa9t] ( consid]able skill1 tra9$ p]haps by ,fior5zo di ,lor5zo1 he f\nd x necess>y 9 ! e>ly days ( 8 soj\rn at ,urb9o to supplem5t 8 mode/ income by trad+ 9 oil & corn & o!r commodities1 z 8 fa!r _h done be=e him4 ,b 8 v>i$ accompli%m5ts soon br\ght him into prom95ce & secur$ him a position z c\rt pa9t] & poet4 ,m important ?an any ( ! pictures t h come to u f 8 bru% is 8 fam\s rhym+ *ronicle ( #bc1jjj v]ses 9 ,dantesque measure1 9 :i* he glorifies ! virtues & exploits ( 8 patron4 ,he 0 a special fav\rite ( ,elisabetta ,gonzaga1 ! y\?ful sp\se ( ,f$]igo's son ,guidobaldo1 ^: high e/eem = ,giovanni is express$ 9 a lett] 9 :i* %e in=ms h] si/]-9-law ( ! c\rt pa9t]'s dea?4 ,to ?is ,giovanni ,santi & to 8 wife ,magia ,ci>la 0 born on ,good ,friday1 ! #bh? ( ,m>*#a #adhc1 a son :o 0 de/9$ 9 ! comp>atively %ort span ( 8 life to rise to fame su* z has be5 ! %>e ( few mortals4 ,an eld] bro!r & si/] ( ,raphael _h di$ 9 infancy1 & 8 "m foll[$ !m to ! grave be=e he _h rea*$ 8 eigh? ye>4 ,h] place 9 ! pat]nal home 0 tak5 by ,b]n>d9a ,p>te1 a goldsmi?'s daught]1 :om ,giovanni w$d$ soon aft] 8 fir/ wife's dea?4 ,f ,giovanni ,santi's great poem x w\ld appe> t he 0 on t]ms ( fri5d%ip & intimacy ) "s ( ! greate/ ma/]s ( ! "t1 su* z ,melozzo da ,=li1 ,mantegna1 ,pi] dei ,frances*i1 & ,v]roc*io2 & x is reasonable to assume t ,raphael's e>lie/ art education "u 8 fa!r's guidance t5d$ t[>ds ! developm5t ( t peculi> faculty :i* enabl$ him lat] on to seize & assimilate ! excell5ces 9 ! /yle ( ! v>i\s ma/]s ) :om he came 9 contact4 ,footnote #a3 ,! word+ ( ,raphael's epitaph1 :i* /ates t he di$ on ! same day 7( ! ye>7 on :i* he 0 born1 has l$ "s writ]s to ! assumption t he 0 born on ,april #f1 :]eas x is m]ely meant to signify t he 0 born & di$ on ,good ,friday4 ,! ease ) :i* 8 precoci\s tal5t absorb$ ! tea*+ ( 8 ma/]s became evid5t :51 soon aft] 8 fa!r's dea?1 9 #adid1 f fev] contract$ 9 ! mal>ial air ( ! ,mantuan m>%l&1 :i!r he _h gone 9 ! s]vice ( ,elisabetta ,gonzaga1 he ent]$ ! bottega ( ,francia's pupil ,timoteo ,viti 7or della ,vite71 :o settl$ at ,urb9o 9 #adie1 & ^: em95t position among ! pa9t]s ( t city mu/ h sugge/$ to ,raphael's gu>dian--8 mat]nal uncle ,simone ,ci>la--! desirability ( plac+ ! y\? "u su* compet5t tuition4 ,& s ?or\ghly did ,raphael acquire n only 8 fir/ ma/]'s /yle1 b ev5 su* ( 8 mann]isms z ! broad %ape ( h&s & feet & ! languid turn ( ! heads1 t f su* int]nal evid5ce ,morelli1 ! orig9ator ( ! mod]n me?od ( criticism1 0 able aft] m ?an ?ree c5turies ( error to disprove ,vas>i's ass]tion t ,raphael pass$ /raight f 8 fa!r's work%op into t ( ,p]ug9o4 ,timoteo's influ5ce is app>5t ev5 9 works pa9t$ by ,raphael at a "t :5 he _h come "u ! spell ( ! m p[]ful p]sonality ( ,p]ug9o1 l ! ,sposalizio or ,betro?al ( ! ,virg91 ( #aejd1 9 ! ,br]a ,gall]y 9 ,milan2 b x is unmi/akably 9 evid5ce 9 ! ?ree e>lie/ pictures t be> ,raphael's "n3 ! ,vision ( a ,knight1 at ! ,national ,gall]y1 ! ,/4 ,mi*ael1 at ! ,l\vre1 & ! ,?ree ,graces1 at ,*antilly4 ,n only ! features :i* connect ?is gr\p ( pictures ) ! /yle ( ,timoteo ,viti1 b ! timid meticul\s execution & ! nave /iffness ( ! figures1 m>k !m z works ( ,raphael's immature y\?4 ,! turn ( ! c5tury1 z we %all see1 f\nd ,raphael at ,p]ugia1 s t ! ?ree pictures m5tion$ mu/ h be5 pa9t$ be=e he _h atta9$ ! age ( sev5te54 ,! panel ( ! ,?ree ,graces1 :i*1 by ! way1 0 obvi\sly inspir$ by an antique cameo1 0 b\ght 9 #ahhe by ! ,duc d',aumale f ,"l ,dudley's collection = #be1jjj--surely a price )\t p>allel = a "w pa9t$ by a lad ( sixte56 ,a portrait 9 *alk ( ! m>vell\sly gift$1 w9some boy by ! h& ( 8 fir/ ma/] is pres]v$ at ! ,univ]sity ,gall]ies 9 ,ox=d4 ,! records ( a lawsuit betwe5 "s memb]s ( 8 family prove t ,raphael 0 /ill at ,urb9o 9 #adii1 s9ce 9 ! summ] ( ?is ye> he appe>$ z a witness 9 c\rt4 ,:5 ! v]dict 0 giv5 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 he _h already left = ,p]ugia to cont9ue 8 /udies z an assi/ant ( ,p]ug9o4 ,aga9 we f9d him be=e long assimilat+ ! /yle ( 8 new ma/] s successfully & completely t1 to use ,vas>i's words1 ,8 copies _c be di/+ui%$ f ! orig9al works ( ! ma/]1 nor c ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! p]=mances ( ,raphael & ^? ( ,pietro be disc]n$ ) any c]ta9ty4 ,plagi>ism 9 ^? days did n tr\ble ! arti/ic consci5ce1 & x is easy to trace 9 ,raphael's pictures ( t p]iod entire gr\ps t are borr[$ f ! eld] ma/]4 ,?us ! ,crucifixion1 pa9t$ ab\t #aeja = a *ur* 9 ,citt di ,ca/ello1 & n[ 9 ! collection ( ,dr4 ,ludwig ,mond1 is obvi\sly bas$ on ,p]ug9o's v]sion ( ! same subject at ,/4 ,augu/9e's1 ,si5a1 :il/ ! :ole upp] "p ( ! ,vatican ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 is lift$ f an ,assumption by ,pietro4 ,b ?is almo/ lit]al imitation 0 only a pass+ phase1 :il/ ! great lesson ( space-composition & ! typically ,umbrian gift ( almo/ religi\s f]v\r 9 /at+ ! peaceful glory ( ! ,umbrian hill-l&1 :i* _h be5 imp>t$ to ,raphael at ,p]ugia1 rema9$ p]man5t acquisitions to 8 art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4--,,la ,,belle ,,j>d9i,,re 7,9 ! ,l\vre7 ,la ,belle ,j>d9ire is a magnific5t example ( ,raphael's ,flor5t9e /yle1 :i* came f 8 be+ influ5c$ by ,leon>do da ,v9ci :5 at ,flor5ce 7see ! triangul> composition74 ,! ,virg9's mantle 0 probably f9i%$ by ,ridolfo ,ghirl&aio2 o!r p>ts--! h&s & ! feet--are h>dly f9i%$2 nev]!less x is "o ( ! f9e/1 mo/ expressive1 & t\*+ ,madonnas by ! ,ma/]4 ,9 #aejb ,p]ug9o w5t back to ,flor5ce1 & ,raphael probably jo9$ ,p9turic*io's /aff ( assi/ants1 ?\gh ,vas>i's /atem5t t he furni%$ ! designs = ! latt] ma/]'s frescoes 9 ! ,piccolom9i ,libr>y at ,si5a may be dismiss$ z a fable4 ,dur+ ?is "t ,raphael pa9t$ 8 fir/ ,madonna pictures1 notably ! ,cone/abile ,madonna 7n[ at ,/4 ,pet]sburg71 :i* is bas$ entirely on ,p]ug9o's ,virg9 ) ! ,pomegranate1 & two panels at ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,! ,milan ,sposalizio1 9 :i* ! "y ma/]'s p]sonality already ass]ts itself ?r\gh ! v m>k$ ,f]r>ese & ,p]ug9esque influ5ces1 0 pa9t$ 9 #aejd = ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,francesco at ,citt di ,ca/ello4 ,8 e>ly ma/]y 9 portraiture is illu/rat$ by 8 portrait ( ,p]ug9o at ! ,borghese ,gall]y1 :i* is s firm 9 "* & p]fect 9 execution t x c\ld pass = _m ye>s z ! h&iwork ( ,holbe94 ,mean:ile ,duke ,guidobaldo _h return$ to ,urb9o aft] ! dea? ( 8 enemy1 ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi41 & ?i!r ,raphael proce$$ 9 #aejd4 ,! little ,/4 ,george at ! ,l\vre is a mem5to ( ?is %ort visit :i* t]m9at$ 9 ,octob] ( ! same ye>1 :5 ,raphael1 arm$ ) a lett] ( w>me/ recomm5dation f ,guidobaldo's si/] ,giovanna della ,rov]e to ! ,gonfaloni]e ,pi] ,sod]9i1 left 8 native t[n = ,flor5ce1 !n ! c5tre ( arti/ic life1 a/ir ) ! rivalry betwe5 ! giants ,mi*elangelo & ,lion>do da ,v9ci4 ,! "y man mu/ h be5 fairly bewild]$ at ! multitude ( new impressions t cr[d$ ^u him 9 ! glori\s city on ! banks ( ! ,arno1 ) its impos+ palaces & *ur*es1 its see?+ life & its art s mu* m virile & monum5tal ?an ! dreamy1 almo/ effem9ate art eng5d]$ by ! s(t balmy atmosph]e ( ,umbria4 ,h[ he mu/ h revell$ 9 ! contemplation ( ,masaccio's noble frescoes 9 ! ,brancacci ,*apel--! tra9+ s*ool ( g5]ations ( pa9t]s--:i* t5 ye>s lat] 7 e*o$ 9 8 tape/ry c>toons = ! ,si/9e ,*apel6 ,h[ he mu/ h /ood 9 wond] & amazem5t be=e ,mi*elangelo's ,david1 & h resolv$ =?) to devote himself to a m intimate /udy ( ! human =m & movem5t6 ,! fasc9ation ex]cis$ ^u him by ! g5ius ( ,lion>do f\nd expression 9 "s ( ! e>lie/ fruits ( ,raphael's soj\rn 9 ,flor5ce--! portraits at ! ,pitti ,palace kn[n z ,angelo ,doni & 8 wife ,maddal5a ,/rozzi1 :o1 h[ev]1 c\ld n possibly h be5 ! model = ?is rem9isc5ce ( ,lion>do's ,mona ,lisa1 s9ce x is kn[n t %e 0 baptiz$ 9 #adhi1 :]eas ,raphael's portrait ( #aejd repres5ts a woman ( ripe age4 ,9 ! work%op ( ! ar*itect ,baccio d',agnolo1 :i* 0 !n a fav\rite social resort ( ! y\ng] arti/s ( ,flor5ce1 ! y\? f ,urb9o met on t]ms ( equality su* ma/]s z ,ridolfo ,ghirl&ajo1 ,antonio da ,sangallo1 ,sansov9o1 & ,fra ,b>tolommeo1 :o aga9 _h a consid]able %>e 9 ! =mation ( ,raphael's /yle1 z may be se5 f ! ,madonna di ,sant',antonio1 n[ l5t to ! ,national ,gall]y by ,mr4 ,pi]pont ,morgan :o is said to h paid = x ! enorm\s price ( #ajj1jjj4 ,?is picture1 & ! ,ansidei ,madonna1 :i* 0 b\ght = ! ,national ,gall]y f ! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh's collection = #gj1jjj1 7 pa9t$ dur+ a visit to ,p]ugia t[>ds ! end ( #aeje--! =m] = ! nuns ( ,/4 ,antony ( ,padua1 9 ,p]ugia1 & ! o!r = ! ,ansidei ,*apel 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,fior5zo ( ! same city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4--,,! ,,madonna ,,( ,,! ,,t[] 7,9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london7 ,?is beautiful pa9t+1 :i* ! ,national ,gall]y owes to ! g5]osity ( ,miss ,eva ,mack9to%1 :o pres5t$ x to ! nation 9 #aijf1 0 at "o "t 9 ! collection ( ! ,duc d',orlans4 ,! late own] 0 =tunate 9 secur+ ?is unque/ionably g5u9e ma/]piece at ! ,rog]s' sale 9 #ahef = #dhj gu9eas4 ,x 0 pa9t$ ab\t #aeab2 & a copy ( x by ,sass(]rato is 9 ! ,lei*t5burg collection 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,! records ( ,raphael's movem5ts betwe5 #aejd & #aejh1 :5 he f9ally left ,flor5ce1 are scanty & unreliable4 ,c]ta9 x is t1 besides 8 visit to ,p]ugia1 he sp5t "s "t at ,urb9o 9 #aejf1 :5 he pa9t$ = ,guidobaldo ! ,/4 ,george :i* figur$ among ! gifts tak5 by ,ca/iglione to ,h5ry ,,vii4 ( ,engl&1 f :om ! ,duke ( ,urb9o _h receiv$ ! insignia ( ! ,g>t] two ye>s previ\sly4 ,! picture is n[ at ! ,h]mitage 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,! majority ( ^? exquisite ,madonna pictures1 :i* h contribut$ m ?an any?+ else to ,raphael's undy+ fame & popul>ity1 date f 8 ,flor5t9e p]iod--! ,madonna del ,gr&uca at ! ,pitti ,palace1 ! ,casa ,tempi ,madonna at ,muni*1 ! ,*antilly ,madonna ( ! ,h\se ( ,orleans1 ! ,madonna ( ! ,mead[ 9 ,vi5na1 ! ,madonna ( ! ,goldf9* at ! ,uffizi1 ! ,madonna ( ! ,lamb at ,madrid1 ,"l ,c[p]'s fam\s picture at ,pan%ang]1 & ! ,belle ,j>d9ire at ! ,l\vre4 ,to ! same p]iod belongs ! portrait ( himself1 9 ! ,pa9t]'s ,hall ( ! ,uffizi1 & ! portrait ( a y\? 9 ! ,budape/ ,national ,gall]y4 ,on ! occasion ( 8 visit to ,p]ugia1 ,atalanta ,baglione1 ! "m ( ,grifonetto ,baglione :o _h fall5 a victim to ! bloody family feud t turn$ ,p]ugia into a slaught]-h\se 9 #aejj1 commission$ f ,raphael an alt>-piece 9 memory ( t ev5t--! ,entombm5t :i* ! ma/] f9i%$ 9 ,flor5ce 9 #aejg1 & :i* is n[ at ! ,borghese ,gall]y4 ,x 0 ,raphael's fir/ attempt at dramatic composition1 ! art ( :i* he _h yet to ma/]--its =c$1 unnatural emotion lays x m op5 to criticism ?an any o!r "w f 8 own h&4 ,a law-case 9 connection ) ! paym5t ( #ajj cr[ns due by him = a h\se he _h pur*as$ f ! ,c]vasi family1 necessitat$ ,raphael's pres5ce at ,urb9o once aga9 9 ,octob] #aejg4 ,9 ,april ( ! foll[+ ye> ,guidobaldo di$2 & a lett] f ,raphael to 8 uncle ,simone ,ci>la1 :o _h in=m$ him ( ?is sad ev5t1 proves t ! ma/] 0 !n back aga9 9 ,flor5ce4 ,aft] express+ 8 grief at ! news ( ! ,duke's dea? 7,i c\ld n read y\r lett] )\t te>s71 ,raphael appeals 9 ?is lett] to 8 uncle to procure him ano!r lett] ( recomm5dation to ! ,gonfaloni]e ( ,flor5ce f my ,"l ! ,prefect1 s9ce x 0 9 ! p[] ( ! *ief magi/rate ( ,flor5ce to place an important commission = ! decoration ( a c]ta9 ap>tm5t4 ,b a bett] fate 0 9 /ore = ! y\?ful applicant1 :o 0 to be call$ to a wid] field ( action4 ,accord+ to ,vas>i x 0 ,raphael's k9sman1 ,bramante ( ,urb9o1 :o drew ,pope ,julius ,,ii4's att5tion to ! r>e gifts ( ,raphael1 & caus$ him to be summon$ to ,rome4 ,& ! voice ( ,bramante1 :o /ood 9 high fav\r ) ! ,pope1 & 0 engag$ on ! s*eme ( rebuild+ ! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,pet]1 w\ld c]ta9ly h comm&$ att5tion4 ,b on ?is1 z on _m o!r po9ts1 ,vas>i is n :olly tru/wor?y4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,bramante 0 n connect$ ) ,raphael by any family ties2 &1 !n1 x is f> m probable t ! ?\ght ( call+ ,raphael to ,rome to assi/ 9 ! decoration ( ! papal ap>tm5ts 9 ! ,vatican 0 sugge/$ to ,julius ,,ii4 by ! ,prefetessa ,giovanna della ,rov]e1 :o _h always be5 a /aun* support] ( ! ,urb9ate1 or by h] son ,francesco1 ! nephew & successor ( ,duke ,guidobaldo ,montefeltre4 ,bramante1 :o 0 on t]ms ( fri5d%ip ) 8 fell[-arti/ & fell[-t[nsman1 may well h support$ ! recomm5dation4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,raphael receiv$ ! ,pope's comm&1 & j\rney$ to ,rome1 :i!r he _h already be5 prec$$ by ,mi*elangelo4 ,,iii ,raphael came to ,rome be=e ,septemb] #aejh1 = on ! #e? ( t mon? he s5t a lett] f ! city ( ! popes to ,francia at ,bologna1 :om he _h probably met at ,urb9o4 ,x mu/ h be5 an intoxicat+ exp]i5ce = ! "y ma/] to f9d himself sudd5ly surr\nd$ by ! wond]s ( ! classic _w :i* at t "t dom9at$ ! :ole _w ( ?\ght s t ,*ri/ianity itself became p]meat$ ) ,paganism2 & to be z sudd5ly rais$ f ! mode/ position1 :i* 9 ,flor5ce _h made him look ) awe & v5]ation ^u ,mi*elangelo & ,lion>do1 to indep5d5t responsibility1 z ! compe] ( ! greate/ ( 8 call+4 ,f ! v fir/ ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 seems to h plac$ ! utmo/ confid5ce 9 ! newcom]1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ,raphael accompli%$ ! fir/ task set to him by 8 mighty patron n only ju/ifi$ ?is confid5ce b app>5tly made ! ,pope dissatisfi$ ) mu* ( ! decorative "w t _h be5 execut$ 9 ! ,vatican rooms be=e ! adv5t ( ! ,urb9ate4 ,julius ,,ii4's hatr$ ( 8 pr$ecessor1 ,alex&] ,,vi41 _h made x di/a/eful = him to live 9 ! ap>tm5ts t _h be5 occupi$ by ! ,borgia ,pope1 s t he decid$1 9 #aejg1 to move into ! upp] rooms ( ! ,vatican1 :i*1 "u ! pontificate ( ,ni*olas ,v41 _h be5 decorat$ by ,pi] dei ,frances*i & ,bramant9o4 ,^! frescoes1 h[ev]1 did n f9d fav\r ) ! new ,pope1 :o enli/$ ! s]vices ( ,p]ug9o1 ,p]uzzi1 ,sodoma1 ,signorelli1 & ,p9turic*io = ! r$ecoration ( ! ,/anze1 & f9ally entru/$ ,raphael ) ! pa9t+ ( f\r m$allions 9 ,sodoma's ceil+ 9 ! fir/ room1 ! ,cam]a della ,signatura4 ,!re has be5 "s div]g5ce ( op9ion z to ! use ( ?is room1 b ! subjects ( ! decorative s*eme cle>ly po9t t[>ds its be+ orig9ally int5d$ = a libr>y4 ,! allegorical figures ( ,!ology1 ,philosophy1 ,jurisprud5ce1 & ,poetry ) :i* ,raphael fill$ ! f\r m$allions ( ! vault$ ceil+1 7 (t5 us$ = ! decoration ( libr>ies dur+ ! late ,r5aissance2 & ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( books 9 all ! compositions l5ds fur!r probability to ?is !ory4 ,s delight$ 0 ,julius ,,ii4 ) ! mann] 9 :i* ,raphael _h acquitt$ himself ( 8 fir/ commission1 t he1 =?)1 *>g$ him ) ! decoration ( ! entire suite ( f\r rooms1 & ru?lessly decre$ ! de/ruction ( all ! fresco-"w previ\sly done by o!r h&s4 ,b ,raphael1 9 8 h\r ( victory1 gave pro( ( t g5]\s & amiable disposition :i* ende>$ him to all ) :om he came 9 contact4 ,he prevail$ ^u 8 impetu\s employ] to save "s ( ! "w ( ,baldass>e ,p]uzzi & ( ,p]ug9o1 & ,sodoma's ceil+ decoration 9 ! ,cam]a della ,signatura4 ,a s]ies ( heads by ,bramant9o1 s beautiful & s p]fectly execut$1 t ! p[] ( spee* alone 0 requir$ to give !m life1 _h to g1 b be=e _! de/ruction ,raphael _h !m copi$ by "o ( 8 assi/ants4 ,aft] 8 dea? ^! copies 7 pres5t$ by ,giulio ,romano to ,paolo ,giovio1 & x is m ?an probable t !y are id5tical ) ! ,bramant9o portraits f ! ,willett collection1 n[ at ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york1 & at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,sir ,casp> ,p>don ,cl>ke1 ! director ( ! =m] in/itution1 at lea/ fav\rs ?is !ory :i* ,i fir/ advanc$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,h]ald 9 #aije4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4--,,pope ,,julius ,,ii4 7,9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce7 ,raphael's greatness z a portrait pa9t] may be judg$ f 8 pa9t+ ( 8 fir/ papal patron1 ! w>like ,giuliano della ,rov]e1 :o z ,pope adopt$ ! "n ( ,julius ,,ii4 ,?is portrait has m ?an ! p]fection ( =m1 col\r1 & execution t is ev] associat$ ) ,raphael's "n4 ,x has dep? ( "*1 dignity1 & s]i\s conc5tration ( ?\ght1 & is wor?y ( be+ plac$ beside ,velazquez's immortal portrait ( ,pope ,innoc5t ,x4 ,! picture is at ! ,uffizi ,gall]y1 b replicas are to be f\nd at ! ,palazzo ,pitti & at ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,b to return to ,raphael's "w 9 ! ,cam]a della ,signatura1 ! ?\ght & k & le>n+ display$ 9 ! :ole s*eme ei!r prove t ! "y ma/] rapidly fell into l9e ) ! intellectual movem5t ( 8 day1 or t he wisely s\ght ! advice ( ^? :o /ood at ! head ( ?is movem5t4 ,inde$1 we "k ( a lett] 9 :i* he asks ! poet ,ario/o to advise him ab\t c]ta9 details4 ,moreov]1 ! ,pope himself1 no d\bt1 sugge/$ 8 own ideas to 8 fav\rite pa9t]2 :il/ ! cultur$ ,c>d9al ,bibbi5a1 ,c\nt ,baldass>e ,ca/iglione1 & ! fam\s humani/ ,pietro ,bembo1 8 intimate fri5ds1 7 ev] at 8 disposal1 & ,bramante probably assi/$ him 9 design+ ! ar*itectural sett+ to 8 gr\ps4 ,raphael himself1 ?\gh extraord9>ily receptive1 & bett] able ?an anybody else to clo! an idea 9 ! mo/ p]fect pictorial =ms1 0 n a man ( le>n+4 ,) ,dante's & ,petr>*'s poetry he mu/ h be5 made famili> 9 8 fa!r's h\se4 ,he _h probably dipp$ into ! writ+s ( ,m>silio ,fic9o1 & also acquir$ a k ( ! rudim5ts ( classic lore2 b t he nev] ma/]$ ! ,lat9 tongue1 :i* 0 !n a s9e qu non ( all real culture & le>n+1 is cle>ly evid5t f ! fact t 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( 8 life1 :5 he held ! appo9tm5t ( inspector ( antiquities1 he _h to enli/ ! le>n$ humani/ ,&rea ,fulvio to translate = him ! ,lat9 inscriptions on classic ru9s4 ,9 ! ,cam]a della ,signatura1 ,raphael's entire decoration has ! same s5se ( ord]ly arrangem5t1 ! same unity ( conception 9 ! endless v>iety ( motif & incid5t1 z ea* individual fresco ( ! s*eme4 ,on ! p5d5tives1 :i* connect ! ceil+ m$allions ) ! l>ge frescoes on ! walls1 he pa9t$ ! ,fall ( ,man next to ,!ology1 ! ,judgm5t ( ,solomon next to ,law1 ! ,triumph ( ,apollo ov] ,m>syas to accompany ,poetry1 & an allegorical repres5tation ( ,a/ronomy 7or ,natural ,sci5ce7 to g ) ,philosophy4 ,aft] an enorm\s am\nt ( prep>atory "w he proce$$ to fill ! l>ge wall "u ,!ology ) ! wond]ful monum5tal fresco kn[n z ! ,disputa del ,sacram5to1 :i*1 f> f repres5t+ a dispute1 %[s ! confessors & sa9ts & fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* 7& among !m ,dante1 ,savon>ola1 & ,fra ,angelico7 unit$ 9 ackn[l$g+ ! triumph ( ! ,*ur* & ! miracle ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,on ! opposite wall1 "u ,philosophy1 is ! s-call$ ,s*ool ( ,a!ns1 9 :i*1 9 accordance ) ! contradictory _s ( ! age1 ! philosophic sy/ems ( ! anci5t _w are glorifi$ 9 ! same mann] z is ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,disputa4 ,9 t nobly-arrang$ gr\p ( philosoph]s1 ,raphael's fri5ds & contempor>ies--,bramante1 ,lion>do1 ,ca/iglione1 ,francesco della ,rov]e1 ,f$]igo ,gonzaga1 ,sodoma1 ! arti/ himself1 & _m o!rs--figure 9 ! guise ( ,euclid1 ,plato1 ,zoroa/]1 & o!r sages4 ,raphael's compositional skill 0 n baffl$ by ! awkw>d intrusion ( l>ge door-frames into ! space ( ! rema9+ two walls1 on "o ( :i*1 "u ! ,poetry m$allion1 he depict$ ,p>nassus1 ) ! muses & poets 7,hom]1 ,virgil1 ,dante1 ,ario/o1 ,boccaccio1 ,tebaldeo1 ,sappho1 c47 gr\p$ ar\nd ,apollo1 :o plays a viol in/ead ( ! cu/om>y lyre4 ,above ! door on ! la/ wall are allegorical figures ( ,=titude1 ,prud5ce1 & ,temp]ance1 & at ! sides ,ju/9ian deliv]+ ! ,p&ects1 & ,gregory ,,ix4 7imp]sonat$ by ,julius ,,ii47 promulgat+ ! ,decretals4 ,! entire room 0 f9i%$ be=e ,novemb] #aeaa4 ,x 0 probably 9 ! same ye> t ,raphael pa9t$ ! magnific5t portrait ( ,julius ,,ii4 at ! ,pitti ,palace1 /]n ( feature & c>eworn1 z he well might h appe>$ at ?is "t ( political disa/] culm9at+ 9 ! loss ( ,bologna4 ,b :5 ,raphael set ab\t ! decoration ( ! ,/anza ( ,heliodorus1 ! ,pope's /> 0 aga9 9 ! asc5dant1 & 8 policy _h a*iev$ ! signal triumph ( defeat+ ! ,fr5* & driv+ !m out ( ! c\ntry4 ,! subjects *os5 = ! decoration ( ?is room are 9 consequ5ce m or less directly connect$ ) ^! ev5ts1 especially ! fresco f :i* ! ap>tm5t d]ives its "n3 ! ,expulsion ( ,heliodorus f ! ,temple ( ,j]usalem--an obvi\s allusion to ! expulsion ( ! ,fr5* =ces4 ,! fresco is rem>kable = ! effective contra/ ( ! tumultu\s dramatic movem5t on ! "r1 & ! /ately repose ( ! gr\p on ! left1 ar\nd ! maje/ically en?ron$ figure ( ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 ,! same pot5tate ( ! ,*ur* appe>s kneel+ opposite ! (ficiat+ prie/ 9 ! fresco ( ! ,mass ( ,bols5a1 :i* illu/rates ! miracle ( drops ( blood appe>+ f ! ,ho/ be=e ! eyes ( ! prie/ :o d\bts ! dogma ( ! transub/antiation1 an ev5t :i* has l$ to ! in/itution ( ! ,corpus ,*ri/i celebration4 ,! fresco 0 probably inspir$ by ,julius himself1 :o _h visit$ ! *apel ( ,bols5a on 8 campaign aga9/ ,bologna1 & p]haps made a v[ on ?is occasion to commemorate 8 visit by a votive (f]+4 ,?is ,mass ( ,bols5a fresco is rem>kable = ! almo/ ,v5etian gl[ ( w>m col\r1 a result1 no d\bt1 ( ! k imp>t$ to ,raphael by ,seba/iano del ,piombo1 :o _h come to ,rome f ,v5ice 9 #aeaa4 ,! wall opposite illu/rates ! ,lib]ation ( ,/4 ,pet] f ,prison1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 n an allusion1 z has be5 sugge/$1 to ,leo ,x4's escape f ,fr5* captivity1 s9ce x 0 begun "u ! rgime ( ,julius ,,ii41 :o m probably int5d$ x to signify ! ,deliv]ance ( ! ,*ur*4 ,on ! la/ wall is depict$ ! ,retreat ( ,attila be=e ,/4 ,leo1 ) ,leo ,x41 :o _h succe$$ ,julius ,,ii4 9 #aeac1 imp]sonat+ 8 namesake1 b !re is little ( ,raphael's h&iwork 9 ?is fresco1 ! execution ( :i* is almo/ entirely due to 8 assi/ants4 ,! decoration ( ?is /anza 0 complet$ 9 #aead1 a ye> :i* br\ght fur!r hon\rs & duties to ,raphael :o 0 !n appo9t$ to succe$ ,bramante z ar*itect ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4--,,putto ,,) ,,g>l& 7,9 ! ,academy ( ,/4 ,luca1 ,rome7 ,! fresco ( a putto1 n[ at ! ,academy ( ,/4 ,luca 9 ,rome1 is ! only fragm5t t is left to ! _w ( all ! decorative "w execut$ by ,raphael = ! corridor lead+ f ! fam\s ,/anze ( ! ,vatican to ! ,belv$]e4 ,x probably belong$ to a %ield be>+ ! papal arms1 & is a graceful & *>act]i/ic example ( ! ma/]'s treatm5t ( ! =m ( *ildr5 :i* he lov$ to introduce into 8 compositions4 ,h5ce=? ,raphael is to be consid]$ r z ! head ( a little army ( pa9t]s & craftsm51 :om he suppli$ ) ideas & designs to be execut$ "u 8 directions1 ?an z a ma/] :o is to be held responsible = ! work+ out ( e detail 9 ! works :i* 7 turn$ out f 8 bottega ) 8 sanction1 & "u 8 "n4 ,ev5 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( 8 ,roman p]iod1 comp>atively few ( ! alt>-pieces & easel pictures commission$ f him 7 entirely ! "w ( 8 bru%4 ,9 ! ev] popul> ,madonna della ,s$ia1 at ! ,pitti ,palace1 we h pure ,raphael1 & also 9 ! ma/]piece kn[n z ! ,madonna di ,foligno1 :i* 0 pa9t$ = ! ,pope's ,*amb]la9 ,sigismondi dei ,conti1 = 8 family *apel 9 ! *ur* ( ,ara ,coeli 9 #aeab1 9 commemoration ( ?is dignit>y's escape f a bur/+ fireball1 z is indicat$ by ! meteor 9 ! l&scape backgr\nd4 ,?is picture 0 subsequ5tly remov$ to ,sigismondo's bir?place ,foligno1 :5ce x 0 c>ri$ (f by ! ,fr5* 9 #agig1 b _h to be ev5tually re/or$1 & is n[ among ! treasures ( ! ,vatican4 ,! sadly det]iorat$ ,madonna ( ! ,t[]1 at ! ,national ,gall]y1 & ! ,madonna di ,casa d',alba1 at ! ,h]mitage1 are probably ( ! ma/]'s own execution2 b ,giulio ,romano & o!r pupils mu/ be held responsible = ! ,vi]ge au ,diadme1 ! ,madonna del div9o ,amore1 ! ,g>vagh ,madonna1 ! ,madonna ( ! ,fi%1 ! ,madonna ( ! ,c&elabra1 & sev]al o!r well-kn[n pictures = :i* ,raphael _h suppli$ ! designs4 ,,iv ,a lett] writt5 by ,raphael to 8 uncle ,simone ,ci>la on ! #a/ ( ,july #aead is ( incalculable importance = ! light x ?r[s ^u ! ma/]'s private life & "*4 ,x is writt5 by a man flu%$ ) success1 b mode/ )al--9 ! full enjoym5t ( all ! gifts t =tune & 8 tal5t & tact h br\ght to him1 b 9 no way ov]be>+ or boa/ful4 ,& ?r\gh x all s\nds a note ( cool calculation--9 money matt]s z well z 9 ! weigh+ ( matrimonial *ances4 ,he /ates ! am\nt ( 8 =tune1 ( 8 sal>y z ar*itect ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 & ( ! paym5ts t are to be made to him = "w 9 h&4 ,& 9 ! same way he ref]s to an advantage\s mat* propos$ to him by ,c>d9al ,bibbiani1 to :i* he has already pl$g$ himself1 b %\ld x fall to ! gr\nd1 ,i w fall 9 ) y\r wi%es--a ref]5ce app>5tly to an eligible matrimonial c&idate 9 ,urb9o4 ,nor are !re *ances lack+ 9 ,rome1 :]e1 inde$1 he kn[s ( a pretty girl ) a d[ry ( #cjjj gold cr[ns6 ,he also m5tions ) no little pride t he is liv+ 9 ,rome 9 8 own h\se4 ,^! rem>ks ab\t 8 matrimonial s*emes take u to "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & mo/ disput$ *apt]s ( ,raphael's life--8 irregul> atta*m5t to ! ,bella ,=n>9a1 ! beautiful daught] ( a bak] f ,si5a1 :i* is ref]r$ to fir/ by ,vas>i1 & !n1 9 #affe1 by ,fabio ,*igi1 & has be5 treat$ z m]e inv5tion by _m mod]n writ]s4 ,! evid5ce collect$ by ,signor ,rodolfo ,lanciani proves1 h[ev]1 ! tru? ( ,vas>i's /ory1 & fur!rmore e/abli%es ! "n & ultimate fate ( ! ,=n>9a4 ,accord+ to local tradition1 ?ree h\ses 9 ,rome are po9t$ out z ! successive homes ( ,raphael's inamorata2 & ea* ( ^! h\ses is 9 close proximity to ! build+s1 on ! decoration ( :i* ! ma/] 0 successively employ$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! h\ses 9 ! ,via di ,/a4 ,dorotea is /ill occupi$ by a bak]y kn[n z il =no della ,=n>9a2 ! second is 9 ! ,vicolo del ,c$ro ne> ,/4 ,egidio 9 ,tra/ev]e2 & ! ?ird is ! ,palazzetto ,sassi1 :i* has a tablet let into ! wall ) an inscription to ! effect t ,tradition says t ! "o :o became s de> to ,raphael1 & :om he rais$ to fame1 liv$ 9 ?is h\se4 ,x has n[ be5 asc]ta9$ f a c5sus return made "u ,leo ,x4 9 #aeah1 t "o ( ! h\ses ( ! ,sassi family 0 occupi$ by ! bak] ,francesco f ,si5a1 :i* completely tallies ) ! tradition t ,m>gh]ita1 donna di ,raffaello1 z %e is describ$ 9 a contempor>y m>g9al note 9 a copy ( ! ,giunta edition ( ,vas>i 9 #aefh1 0 ! daught] ( a bak] f ,si5a4 ,b ev5 m decisive is ! pro( :i* 0 f\nd 9 #ahig 9 an entry 9 ! l$g] ( ! ,congregation ( ,sant',apollonia 9 ,tra/ev]e1 a k9d ( home = fall5 & rep5tant wom54 ,?is entry1 :i* is "u ! date ( ! #ah? ,augu/ #aebj1 t is a little ov] f\r mon?s aft] ,raphael's dea?1 runs z foll[s3 ,a di #ah ,augu/i #aebj ,hoggi e /ata rec5ta nel no/ro ,cons]vatorio maa ,m>g>ita v$oa1 figliola del quondam ,frances*o ,luti da ,si5a4 7,augu/ #ah1 #aebj4--,to-day has be5 receiv$ into our e/abli%m5t ! wid[ ,m>g>ita1 daught] ( ! late ,francesco ,luti ( ,si5a47 ,! rem>kable co9cid5ce ( dates & names leaves no d\bt t ?is wid[ 0 ! ,bella ,=n>9a1 ,m>gh]ita1 ! daught] ( ! bak] ,francesco f ,si5a1 & ! beautiful creature :o s]v$ ,raphael z model = ! ,donna ,velata1 = ! ,si/9e ,madonna1 & = "o ( ! heads 9 ! ,/4 ,cecilia4 ,! /ory goes t ,raphael's atta*m5t la/$ up to ! "t ( 8 dea?1 :51 on ! insi/5ce ( ! ,pope's mess5g] :o 0 to br+ ! dy+ man ! b5$iction1 %e 0 remov$ f ! room4 ,vas>i also relates t 9 8 w ,raphael left h] a suffici5t provision :]e) %e might live 9 dec5cy4 ,8 long infatuation ) ! bak]'s daught] may well acc\nt = 8 unwill+ness to ent] into ! bonds ( matrimony ev5 ) z desirable & noble a p>tn] z ,c>d9al ,b]n>do ,divizio's niece1 ,m>ia ,bibbi5a1 to :om he 0 practically engag$ 9 #aead1 & :o aft] ye>s ( po/ponem5t is said to h di$ ( a brok5 he>t4 ,vas>i's /atem5t t ,raphael's hesitation 0 due to ! prospect ( a c>d9al's hat be+ be/[$ ^u him is utt]ly untru/wor?y & contr>y to all prec$5t & reason4 ,x is mu* m likely t ,raphael consid]$ x diplomatic to hum\r a man 9 z p[]ful a position z ,c>d9al ,bibbi5a1 & to agree to become engag$ to 8 niece1 ev5 ?\gh 8 own position at ! "t 0 su* t he c\ld speak on t]ms ( equality to c>d9als1 z may be ga!r$ f ?is witty rep>tee record$ by 8 fri5d ,baldass>e ,ca/iglione3 ,two c>d9als1 :o exam9$ a pa9t+ ^u :i* he 0 j engag$1 f\nd fault ) ! r$ness ( ! complexion ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul4 ,my ,lords1 retort$ ,raphael1 be n conc]n$2 because ,i pa9t$ !m s ) full int5tion1 s9ce we h reason to believe t ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul are z r$ 9 ,heav5 z y see !m "h1 = %ame t _! ,*ur* %\ld be gov]n$ by su* z y6 ,b we mu/ return to ,raphael's "w 9 ! la/ decade ( 8 life4 ,he c\ld n[ no long] devote himself entirely to ! art ( 8 *oice1 & f\nd x utt]ly impossible to cope ) ! multitude ( commissions t 7 %[]$ ^u him by ! mighty ( ?is e>?1 ev5 ?\gh a sw>m ( assi/ants 7 con/antly kept at "w4 ,! va9 appeals ( ,isabella d',e/e = a small pa9t+ f 8 h& prove ! difficulty ( obta9+ su* a fav\r4 ,= ,raphael 0 n[ ! ,pope's ar*itect & sup]9t5d5t ( c]emonies1 & 9 #aeae he 0 appo9t$ inspector ( antiquities 9 succession to ,fra ,giocondo ( ,v]ona4 ,he _h to pa9t sc5]y & to design m$als & plans2 & on "o occasion he 0 actually call$ ^u to pa9t a life-size elephant on ! walls ( ! ,vatican6 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4--,,portrait ,,( ,,raphael 7,9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce7 ,?\gh mu* re/or$ & ov]-pa9t$--& n by ! mo/ compet5t h&s--! portrait ( ,raphael 9 ! ,sala dei ,pittori at ! ,uffizi1 ! ,walhalla ( pictorial fame1 is und\bt$ly pa9t$ by ! ma/] himself1 at ! age ( ab\t tw5ty-?ree1 :5 8 features _h lo/ none ( ! almo/ girli% *>m & delicacy ( :i* we are told by contempor>y writ]s4 ,9 "t ! portrait /&s midway betwe5 ,timoteo ,viti's *>m+ draw+ ( 8 appr5tice1 ! boy ,raphael1 at ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,gall]ies1 & ,seba/iano del ,piombo's portrait ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,pa9t]s at ! ,buda-,pe/h ,museum4 ,yet1 ) all ^! absorb+ occupations he f\nd "t to model sev]al reliefs = ! ,*igi tomb 9 ! ,*igi ,*apel ( ,/4 ,m>ia del ,popolo1 notably a panel ( classic design repres5t+ ,*ri/ & ! ,woman ( ,sam>ia1 :i* 0 ca/ 9 bronze by ,lor5zotto1 :o also execut$ 9 m>ble a /atue ( ,jonah f a model by ,raphael4 ,he furni%$ ! ar*itectural designs ( ! ,villa ,madama = ,giulio dei ,m$ici 7aft]w>ds ,clem5t ,,vii47 & sev]al o!r palaces 9 ,rome1 & also = ! da9ty ,palazzo ,p&olf9i 9 ,flor5ce1 :]e ! alt]nat+ ar*$ & triangul> p$im5ts are = ! fir/ "t introduc$ 9 secul> ,r5aissance ar*itecture4 ,he furni%$ ! engrav] ,m>cantonio ,raimondi ( ,bologna ) designs l ! fam\s ,judgm5t ( ,p>is4 ,he plann$ & began an elaborate ,cosmography ( ,rome2 & yet 9 ! mid/ ( all 8 v>i$ lab\rs he f\nd leisure to scribble "s ard5t love sonnets on 8 %eets ( draw+s4 ,an example ( 8 poetic effusions is pres]v$ at ! ,briti% ,museum1 & its ard5t tone l5ds col\r to ,vas>i's ass]tion t ,raphael 0 extremely susceptible to ! *>ms ( ! fair sex4 ,! palace 9 :i* he liv$ 9 pr9cely /ate 0 built by ,bramante & b\ght by ,raphael on ,octob] #g1 #aeag4 ,9 v mu* alt]$ =m x /ill /&s 9 ! ,piazza di ,scossacavalli at ! corn] ( ! ,via di ,borgo ,nuovo4 ,s9ce ! pres5t build+ has be5 id5tifi$ z ,raphael's palace1 8 /udio has be5 discov]$1 cut into two ap>tm5ts1 b ) a beautiful wood5 ceil+ by ,bramante left intact4 ,9 ?is /udio he mu/ h pa9t$ ! greate/ & mo/ des]v$ly popul> ( 8 alt>-pieces1 ! ,madonna di ,san ,si/o1 & ! ,transfiguration1 n[ at ! ,vatican ,gall]y1 :i* 0 on 8 easel :5 dea? /ay$ 8 h&4 ,"h1 too1 he probably pa9t$ t ma/]ly portrait ( ,baldass>e ,ca/iglione1 :i* is "o ( ! priceless treasures ( ! ,l\vre1 & p]haps ! magnific5t gr\p ( ,leo ,x4 ) ,c>d9als ,giulio dei ,m$ici & ,l4 dei ,rossi1 n[ at ! ,pitti ,palace4 ,all ! mo/ notable m5 :o 7 9 ,rome at t p]iod pass$ ?r\gh ,raphael's /udio1 b ( ! portraits :i* he is kn[n to h pa9t$ 9 ,rome1 comp>atively few h come d[n to u4 ,t ( ! humani/ ,tommaso ,+hirami 0 until rec5tly at ! ,+hirami ,palace 9 ,volt]ra1 b has n[ gone across ! ,atlantic2 "o ( ,c>d9al ,bibbi5a is 9 ,madrid2 & "o ( ! ,v5etian humani/s ,navag]o & ,beazzano 9 ! ,doria ,palace 9 ,rome4 ,among ! lo/ portraits are ^? ( ,pietro ,bembo1 ( ,giuliano dei ,m$ici1 ,duke ( ,nem\rs1 ( ,f$]igo ,gonzaga1 & ( ,lor5zo1 ,duke ( ,urb9o4 ,mean:ile ,raphael's pupils _h be5 busy ) ! decoration ( ! rema9+ two ,/anze ( ! ,vatican aft] ,raphael's designs4 ,9 ! ,/anza dell',inc5dio del ,borgo1 :i* 0 decorat$ = ,leo4 ,x4 betwe5 #aead-aeag1 ,giulio ,romano _h pa9t$ ! ,battle ( ,o/ia & mo/ ( ! ,inc5dio del ,borgo1 ?\gh p>ts ( ! latt]1 :i* illu/rates ! /ay+ ( ! great conflagration by ,leo ,,iv4's pray]1 are unque/ionably ,raphael's own4 ,! la/ room1 call$ ! ,hall ( ,con/ant9e1 0 almo/ entirely pa9t$ aft] ! ma/]'s dea? by 8 pupils1 :o also _h ! *ief %>e 9 ! execution ( ! fifty-two scriptural subjects 9 ! ,loggia ( ! ,vatican1 :i* are kn[n z ,! ,bible ( ,raphael4 ,mo/ ( ?is "w 0 done by ,p]9o del ,vaga1 :ile ,giovanni da ,ud9e add$ ! arabesques & grotesques r\nd ! panels4 ,b all ?is has suff]$ mu* f exposure to ! elem5ts1 & has be5 entirely repa9t$4 ,= ,ago/9o ,*igi's ,villa ,f>nes9a1 ,raphael pa9t$ ! beautiful ,galatea fresco1 :i* may be consid]$ ! supreme expression ( ! _s ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,?is m]*ant pr9ce gave ! ma/] ano!r opportunity = display+ 8 decorative skill1 :5 he employ$ him 9 adorn+ ! ,*igi ,*apel 9 ,/4 ,m>ia della ,pace4 ,! ,sibyls & ,angels ( ^! frescoes af=d ! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( ,mi*elangelo's influ5ce ^u ,raphael2 & x is a curi\s co9cid5ce t x 0 j 9 ref]5ce to ?is "w t ,mi*elangelo 0 call$ ^u to express 8 op9ion z to ! fairness ( ,raphael's *>ge ( #ejj ducats4 ,t small jeal\sy 0 n "o ( ,buon>roti's faults appe>s f ! g5]\s valuation ( #ijj ducats he put ^u 8 rival's "w4 ,9 #aeae-aeaf ,raphael design$ ! c>toons = ! tape/ries :i* 7 to complete ! decoration ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,! c>toons 7 translat$ into ! mat]ial by ! looms ( ,fl&]s at a co/ ( #cd1jjj scudi2 & ^! tape/ries are n[1 aft] _m w&]+s1 & aft] hav+ suff]$ mu* dilapidation1 h\s$ on ! upp] floor ( ! ,vatican4 ,sev5 ( ! c>toons1 cut into /rips = ! exig5cies ( ! loom1 7 discov]$ 9 ,fl&]s by ,rub5s1 & pur*as$ on 8 advice by ,*>les ,i4 9 #afcj4 ,on ! break+ up ( ! ill-fat$ k+'s collection1 !y 7 sav$ f transportation by ,oliv] ,cromwell & are n[ at ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,! execution ( ^! c>toons is almo/ entirely due to ,gian ,francesco ,p5ni1 & ! bord]s ( ! tape/ries 7 design$ by ,giovanni da ,usl9e4 ,ab\t #aeaf ,raphael also decorat$ ,c>d9al ,bibbi5a's ba?room ) ! ,triumphs ( ,v5us & ,cupid1 9 ,pompeian /yle4 ,! frescoes are /ill 9 exi/5ce1 b are n accessible to ! public4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,april #aebj ,raphael 0 attack$ by a fev] :i* he _h probably contract$ 9 sup]9t5d+ "s excavations4 ,he made 8 la/ w on ! #d? ( ,april & di$ on ! #f?4 ,t he rep5t$ ( 8 treatm5t ( ,m>ia ,bibbi5a is fairly evid5t f ! epitaph :i*1 by 8 wi%1 0 plac$ ^u h] tomb3 ,we1 ,baldass>e ,tur9i da ,pescia & ,gianbatti/a ,branconi dall',aquila1 te/am5t>y executors & recipi5ts ( ! la/ wi%es ( ,raphael1 h rais$ ?is memorial to 8 affianc$ wife1 ,m>ia1 daught] ( ,antonio da ,bibbi5a1 :om dea? depriv$ ( a happy m>riage4 ,aft] provid+ = ! ,=n>9a1 s t %e might live 9 dec5cy1 he left 8 =tune ( #af1jjj ducats to 8 relatives1 & 8 draw+s & sket*es to 8 fav\rite pupils ,giulio ,romano & ,p5ni4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ! ,pan!on 9 close proximity to ,m>ia ,bibbi5a4 ,8 epitaph 0 writt5 by ,c>d9al ,bembo1 & ,c\nt ,baldass>e ,ca/iglione also put 8 grief into ! %ape ( a beautiful sonnet4 ,! dea? ( ,raphael1 says ,vas>i1 0 bitt]ly deplor$ by all ! ,papal c\rt1 n only because he _h =m$ "p !re(1 s9ce he _h held ! (fice ( *amb]la9 to ! ,pontiff1 b also because ,leo ,x4 _h e/eem$ him s highly1 t 8 loss occasion$ t sov]eign ! bitt]e/ grief4 ,oh1 mo/ happy & ?rice bless$ _s1 ( :om all are pr\d to speak1 ^: actions are celebrat$ ) praise by all m51 & ! lea/ ( ^: works left beh9d !e is admir$ & priz$4 ,! plates are pr9t$ by ,,bemrose ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,d]by & ,london ,! text at ! ,,ballantyne ,,press1 ,ed9burgh ,transcrib]'s note3 ,italics is repres5t$ ) und]score & small caps ) ,,all ,,caps4 ,illu/rations 7 mov$ to p>agraph breaks1 "o miss+ op5+ quotation m>k 0 add$ & ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,! abbreviation nro has be5 exp&$ to no/ro1 ! c>et "* us$ to repres5t sup]script$ lett]s4 ,ev]y?+ else has be5 reta9$ z pr9t$4