,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,m9or typographical errors h be5 correct$ )\t note4 ,irregul>ities & inconsi/5cies 9 ! text h be5 reta9$ z pr9t$4 ,words pr9t$ 9 italics are not$ ) und]scores3 italics4 ,,on ,,! ,,developm5t ,,& ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,primitive ,,locks ,,& ,,keys4 ,,by ,,lieut4-,,g5]al ,,pitt-,,riv]s1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,specim5s ,,9 ,,! ,,pitt-,,riv]s ,,collection4 ,! mat]ials = ?is pap]1 toge!r ) ! re/ ( ! ,museum1 h be5 9 c\rse ( ,collection s9ce ! ye> #ahea1 & "s ( ! specim5s illu/rat$ h be5 exhibit$ to ! public at ,be?nal ,gre5 & ,s\? ,k5s+ton = "s ye>s4 ,,london3 ,,*atto ,,& ,,w9dus1 ,,piccadilly4 #ahhc4 ,,london3 ,,h>rison ,,& ,,sons1 ,,pr9t]s ,,9 ,,ord9>y ,,to ,,h] ,,maje/y1 ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,lane4 ,,on ,,! ,,developm5t ,,& ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,primitive ,,locks ,,& ,,keys4 ,etymology ( words = ,locks & ,keys3--,klu1 ! ,greco-,italian base1 to lock 7,,fick71 f ! ,sanskrit ,klu1 to move 7,,b5fey & ,,moni] ,,williams72 ,klavi1 key 7,,fick72 ,greek3 kleis1 ,greek1 a key2 ,greek3 klei/ron1 ,greek1 a bolt or b>2 ,clau/rum1 ,lat91 a lock1 b>1 or bolt2 ,claudo1 ,lat91 to close or %ut2 ,clausum1 ,lat91 an enclos$ space2 ,clausura1 ,lat91 a ca/le2 ,clavis1 ,lat91 a key2 ,clavus1 ,lat91 a nail2 ,clef1 ,fr5*1 a key2 ,cl\1 ,fr5*1 a nail2 ,clo1 ,gaelic1 a nail1 p91 or peg2 ,clo1 ,iri%1 a nail or p92 ,glas1 ,iri%1 a lock2 ,clo1 ,wel%1 a lock2 ,cl>1 ,b\rguignon1 a key2 ,clau1 ,fr5* prov9cial1 a key2 ,clav1 old ,spani%1 a key2 ,*iave1 ,italian1 a key2 ,*ave1 ,portuguese1 a key2 ,close1 ,engli%1 to %ut4 ,f ! same root1 ,klu1 to move1 comes also ,sklu 7,,skeat71 f :i* is d]iv$ ! ,teutonic ,slut1 to %ut1 & f !nce ! ,dut* ,slot1 a lock1 & also a ca/le1 f ,sluit51 to %ut2 old ,friesic ,slot1 f ,sluta1 to %ut2 ,l[ ,g]man ,slot4 ,?us also ! ,engli% prov9cial ^w ,slot1 a bolt2 ,s*loss1 ,g]man1 a lock1 & also a ca/le2 ,s*lssel1 ,g]man1 a key4 ,f ! ,lat9 ,s]o1 to put1 comes ,s]a1 ,lat91 a movable b> or bolt2 ,s]rure1 ,fr5*1 a lock2 ,s]ratura1 ,italian1 a lock4 ,! ,fr5* ^w ,v]r\1 a bolt2 ,wallon ,v]\ or ,f]\2 ,b\rguignon ,v>ullo2 ,prov9cial ,v]ro?1 ,b]ro?1 & ,f]ro?2 ,portuguese ,f]rolho4 ,! =ms 9 f appe> to indicate a d]ivation f ! ,lat9 f]rum1 iron4 ,! ,engli% ^w ,lock is d]iv$ f ! ,teutonic base1 ,luck1 to lock 7,,fick72 ,loc1 ,anglo-,saxon1 a lock2 ,lock1 ,friesic1 a lock2 ,lukke1 ,dani%1 a lock2 ,loca1 ,icel&ic1 a lock or lat*1 or ! lid ( a *e/2 ,lock1 ,sw$i%1 a lid2 ,loke1 ,wallon2 ,luycke1 ,flemi%2 ,loquet1 ,fr5*1 a cat*4 ,9 ,e>ly ,engli% x 0 pron\nc$ loke 7,,skeat74 ,! ,engli% ^w ,lat* is probably ! same z ! ,dani% ,laas1 a lock2 ,las1 ,sw$i%1 a lock2 ,lu*etto1 ,italian1 a lat*4 ,,skeat d]ives x f ! ,anglo-,saxon ^w loeccan1 to seize2 9 ,e>ly ,engli% x 0 pron\nc$ ,lac*e1 & he sugge/s ! probability ( its be+ d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w ,laqueus1 a sn>e1 b ?is is d\btful4 ,hasp1 ,engli%1 is d]iv$ f ! ,teutonic base1 ,hapsa2 ,hpsa1 ,anglo-,saxon2 ,hespa1 ,icel&ic2 ,haspe1 ,dani%2 ,haspe1 ,sw$i%2 ,haspe1 ,g]man4 ,moraillon1 ! ,fr5* ^w = hasp1 is ( unc]ta9 orig91 b ,,littr supposes x to be d]iv$ f ! prov9cial ,mor1 a muzzle1 probably ! ,fr5* ^w ,mors1 a bit2 ,morsum1 ,lat91 a bit or a little piece2 ,morsus1 ,lat91 a bite1 z well z ! ,engli% ,muzzle & ,nozzle1 are all d]iv$ f ! same root4 ,clef bn>de1 a key t is n pip$ 7=e7 7,,hamilton & ,,legros7 or furni%$ ) grooves1 & :i* c be op5$ f bo? sides1 is f ,b]n>d1 :i* 9 old ,fr5* signifies a fool1 h5ce a clef b]n>de or bn>de is an inf]ior k9d ( key 7,,littr74 ,! ,engli% ^w ,key 0 d]iv$ f ! ,anglo-,saxon ,cg by ! *ange ( g into y2 old ,friesic ,kai & ,kei4 ,! ,engli% ^w ,bolt1 :i* is n[ appli$ to ! mo/ primitive =m ( ! me*anism1 & probably ! "o f :i* ! o!rs took _! orig91 appe>s to h be5 obta9$ f ! ,anglo-,saxon ^w ,bolt1 a catapult4 ,?us we h ! ,dani% ,bolt1 an iron p92 ,b\t1 ,dut*1 a bolt or p92 ,bolz1 ,g]man1 & x appe>s to h be5 adopt$ f its resemblance to ! bolt or arr[ us$ ) ! catapult4 ,,crabb 7',te*nical ,diction>y ( ,arts & ,sci5ces'7 ?9ks x comes f ! ,lat9 ,pello1 to drive1 & ! ,greek ,ballo1 to ca/1 & t x has ?us be5 appli$ to any?+ %oot+1 z a bolt ( a door1 or a bird bolt1 :il/ ,,skeat supposes x to h be5 nam$ l bol/] f its r\ndness4 ,! ^w ,padlock is important 9 relation to our subject4 ,?is k9d ( lock is especially suitable z a fa/5+ = baskets & saddle bags2 be+ a hang+ lock1 less liable to injury f knocks ?an a fix$ lock1 x is us$ 9 pref]5ce to ?is day = travell+ purposes4 ,! ^w ,pad is a prov9cial ,norfolk ^w us$ = ,panni] 7,,halliwell & ,,skeat74 ,x hangs ab\t all words relat+ to e>ly modes ( travell+1 ?us we h1 ,pad1 a /uff$ saddle = c>ry+ a panni] on horseback2 ,pad-nag1 a road horse2 ,pad1 a ?ief on ! high road2 ,pad1 ,dut*1 a pa?1 ,p?1 ,anglo-,saxon1 a pa?2 ,pfad1 ,g]man1 a pa?1 :i* latt] ,engli% ^w is also itself cognate ) pad2 ,pod1 a bag c>ri$ on horseback2 ,p$l>1 a travell+ hawk]4 ,! ^w ,padlock !re=e means ,road lock1 & x is significant 9 relation to ! way 9 :i* padlocks ( l =m may h become di/ribut$ ov] wide areas 9 e>ly times4 ,! ,fr5* ^w ,cad5as1 a padlock1 comes f ! ,lat9 ,cat5a1 a *a91 & ! connection is obvi\s2 ,cat5accio1 ,italian2 ,c&ado & ,cad5a1 ,spani%2 ,cad5at1 ,fr5* prov9cial2 ,b]ry ,*ada9e1 a cord2 ,pic>d ,cagne & ,ca9e2 h5ce also ! ,fr5* ^w ,*ane1 & ! ,engli% ,*a94 ,we see f ?is1 t1 z is usual 9 l cases1 ! words h foll[$ l9es ( _! own1 & af=d b little evid5ce ( ! =ms ( ! objects to :i* !y h be5 appli$1 except+ 9 s f> t ! common ^w ,klu or ,clo = lock & p91 & its connection ) ! base ,klu1 to move1 implies t ! e>lie/ =m consi/$ ( a movable bolt4 ,b1 9 any case1 :e!r we take ! ,lat9 ^w ,s]o1 to put1 or ! ,sanskrit ,klu1 to move1 z indep5d5t orig9s ( words = locks1 we are c>ri$ back to a "t :5 x consi/$ ( a simple b> or bolt put up or slipp$ ?r\gh /aples to close a door4 ,! passage 9 ! ',odyssey1' s (t5 quot$ 9 relation to ! con/ruction ( ,greek door locks1 does n 9 reality ?r[ mu* light ^u ! subject s long z x is unassi/$ by ar*ological discov]ies4 ,x has be5 v>i\sly translat$1#a & we are left v mu* to conjecture = ! =ms ( ! mo/ primitive k9ds ( locks :i* prec$$ ^? ( :i* ! relics are to be f\nd 9 our collections ( antiquities4 ,x is notewor?y1 h[ev]1 t ! e>lie/ ve/iges ( app>atus connect$ ) door fa/5+s 9 metal1 t are discov]$1 consi/ ( keys1 :i* leads to ! inf]5ce t ! locks !mselves may h be5 made ( wood1 & h !re=e p]i%$4 ,b we h survivals ( primitive wood5 locks 9 use at ! pres5t "t 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 :i* %[ u1 ) great probability1 ! uses to :i* ! keys 7 put1 & x is to ^! t we mu/ turn 9 any attempt to trace back ! hi/ory ( ! me*anism f ! comm5cem5t4 ,! process is "o1 ! m]its & dem]its ( :i* h be5 too (t5 discuss$ to ne$ comm5t "h4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( direct ar*ological evid5ce we h no alt]native b to avail ourselves ( survivals z f> z possible4 ,! mat]ials1 h[ev]1 9 ! case ( locks are s abundant t x w n be necess>y to tax our imag9ation unduly 9 ord] to fill 9 ! l9ks t are f\nd want+4 #a ',odyssey1' xxi41 #df-ej4 ,see translations by ,,pope1 & by ,,but*] & ,,lang4 ,i put aside all m5tion ( knots & /r+s :i* z ,mr4 ,,sy] ,,cum+ has obs]v$ 7',j\rnal ( ! ,briti% ,ar*ological ,association1' vol4 xii41 p4 #aag7 mu/ h =m$ ! fa/5+s employ$ by dwell]s 9 t5ts1 & ( :i* ! ,gordian knot 0 a complicat$ example4 ,9 e>ly times seals mu/ (t5 h s]v$ z sub/itutes = locks1 z we "k 0 frequ5tly ! case 9 anci5t ,egypt & ,assyria4 ,! wood5 door mu/ h giv5 rise to a totally diff]5t contrivance4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t some?+ analog\s to ! ,japanese book fa/5+1 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #a1 ,plate ,i41 may h be5 employ$ "u bo? sy/ems4 ,( ! b>1 :e!r ( wood or iron1 us$ = fa/5+ up ! door on ! inside1 little ne$ be said1 nor are we at a loss = a comm5cem5t 9 ! common door bolt4 ,figs4 #b & #c1 ,plate ,i41 repres5t ! inside view & section ( a wood5 bolt n[ 9 use on b>ns & ou?\ses at ,ga/e91 9 ,au/ria1 & l _m ( ! ord9>y appliances :i* 9 mo/ c\ntries are n[ made ( metal1 x is !re con/ruct$ entirely ( wood1 & is su* a bolt z might h be5 us$ 9 ! mo/ primitive /ate ( society4 ,x is int5d$ to op5 f ! outside1 :]e ! h&le1 consi/+ ( a flat oblong piece ( wood 7fig4 #c1 a1 ,plate ,i471 communicates1 by means ( a neck ( wood1 ) ! bolt b on ! inside1 & :5 %ov$ home to fa/5 ! door1 ! neck moves along a slit 9 ! door %[n by ! dott$ l9e1 fig4 #b1 c c1 ,plate ,i4 ,su* a bolt c ( c\rse be op5$ by any "o :e!r f )9 or )\t1 & x has ! fur!r insecurity ( be+ liable to be =c$ op5 accid5tally by any?+ t might cat* ! h&le1 !re be+ no fa/5+ )9 to keep x securely 9 its place :5 %ut4 ,! simple/ contrivance = rem$y+ ?is latt] defect w\ld be to ins]t a peg or p9 into ! bolt1 :i* might be left hang+ by a /r+ fa/5$ to a /aple :5 ! door is op51 & :5 bolt$1 ins]t$ v]tically into a hole 9 ! top ( ! bolt 9 front ( ! upright guide or /aple ?r\gh :i* ! bolt slides1 z repres5t$ 9 figs4 #d & #e1 ,plate ,i41 & x c\ld be got at f )\t ?r\gh a hole 9 ! door4 ,by ?is means ! bolt w\ld be kept securely 9 its place :5 %ut1 b x w\ld require two motions bo? 9 op5+ & %utt+ ! door4 ,any?+ calculat$ to save "t 9 a process ( su* ord9>y occurr5ce z ! op5+ & %utt+ ( a door w\ld be spe$ily adopt$1 & x w\ld soon be f\nd t by fix+ ! p9 v]tically 9 a slide1 s z to fall freely1 & mak+ ! l[] end smoo?1 s z to slide along ! upp] surface ( ! bolt z ! latt] 0 drawn back1 x might easily be s contriv$ t :5 %ut x %\ld fall by its own weight into ! hole 9 ! bolt1 z repres5t$ 9 figs4 #f1 #g1 #h1 ,plate ,i42 9 ! =m] ( :i* x is %[n op51 & 9 fig4 #g1 %ut1 ) ! p9 d[n 9 ! hole1 s z to secure x f be+ drawn back until ! p9 is rais$1 :i* might be done f ! outside by means ( a hole 9 ! door1 ?r\gh :i* ! /r+ might be made to pass1 z %[n 9 ! section1 fig4 #h4 ,by ?is contrivance ! bolt w\ld only require "o motion to %ut x securely1 & x might also be plac$ 9 ! inside2 b to op5 x aga9 two motions w\ld be necess>y z be=e4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ! fa/5+ w\ld be accessible to ev]yone1 & 9 a condition ( society 9 :i* prop]ty mu/ always h be5 insecure1 x w\ld become a great desid]atum to con/ruct a bolt :i* c\ld be drawn back only by ! use ( a key1 :i* ! own] might c>ry ab\t ) him1 & !reby secure 8 goods & *attels :il/ he himself 0 abs5t 9 ! fields1 or 9 ! hunt+ gr\nds4 ,s necess>y a requirem5t ( e day life mu/ h =c$ itself ^u ! notice ( ! great] "p ( mank9d1 & x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 to f9d t ?is /age ( ! developm5t ( ! lock =ms ! po9t ( trifurcation ( ?ree sep>ate bran*es ( improvem5t4 ,two ( ^! are ( ! nature ( tumbl] locks1 & consi/ ( app>atus = rais+ ! p9 or p9s by :i* ! bolt is secur$ :5 !y fall into ! holes provid$ = !m on ! upp] surface ( x4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t !y 7 t]m$ tumbl]s1 because !y tumble into ! holes :5 ! lock is clos$4 ,! ?ird bran* l$ (f 9 ano!r direction4 ,9 ord] t ! m9d may n w&] f ! l9es ( cont9uity :il/ ,i treat ea* ( ^! ?ree bran*es sep>ately1 ,i %all class !m z ,a1 ,b1 & ,c 9 ! diagrams1 at ! same "t all[+ ! numb]s ( ! figures to run on cont9u\sly f ?is po9t ( dep>ture4 ,by ?is means ,i %all be be/ able to %[ ! ramifications into :i* ?is me*anism1 l all simil> contrivances to :i* ^! pap]s relate1 sep>ate z !y increase 9 complexity4 ,! common door bolt 7figs4 #b & #c1 ,plate ,i47 hav+ cont9u$ to be available z an inside fa/5+1 9 addition to m complex contrivances = secur+ doors1 has cont9u$ to be univ]sally employ$ up to ! pres5t "t1 & may be comp>$ 9 nature to ^? fossil species1 :i*1 hav+ nev] become unsuit$ to _! environm5t1 h surviv$ ?r\gh\t successive geological p]iods1 :il/ ! =ms repres5t$ 9 figs4 #d to #h1 ,plate ,i41 be+ make%ifts1 h disappe>$ z soon z !y 7 sup]s$$1 & ?us !y con/itute ! miss+ l9ks ( our developm5tal s]ies4 ,! two great desid]ata 9 ! /age ( ! lock t we are n[ consid]+ 7 security & rapidity1 bo? ( :i* mu/ h =c$ !mselves on ! notice ( ! primeval h\sehold] ea* "t he cross$ ! ?re%old ( 8 door4 ,i %all beg9 ) bran* ,a 9 :i* security only appe>s to h be5 aim$ at1 & !n proce$ to ^? 9 :i* security & rapidity 7 comb9$4 ,! fir/ idea :i* sugge/$ itself 0 to put a bolt 9 a box1 s t no "o c\ld get at x to lift ! tumbl] )\t a key especially adapt$ to ent] ! box & raise x1 b z long z only "o tumbl] 0 us$ x mu/ h be5 v easy to pick su* a lock by rais+ ! tumbl] ) any %>p-po9t$ in/rum5t t might be introduc$ into ! hole4 ,by us+ two tumbl]s1 x w\ld be impossible to raise !m bo? at once1 except by a key con/ruct$ ) projections or tee? to fit into not*es or holes 9 ! tumbl]s1 :i* tee? mu/ necess>ily be at ! same di/ance ap>t z ! not*es1 & z ! tumbl]s 7 hidd5 9 ! box1 no "o unacqua9t$ ) ! contrivance c\ld make a key to fit ! lock1 :i* by ?is means af=d$ to "s ext5t ! security t 0 requisite4 ,sc&9avia appe>s to h be5 ! headqu>t]s ( ?is class ( locks1 or at any rate ! "p ( ! _w 9 :i* !y h *iefly surviv$ at ! pres5t "t2 "o ( ! simple/ ( :i* is repres5t$ 9 figs4 #i;,a1 #aj;,a1 & #aa;,a1 ,plate ,i41 f ! ,f>oe ,isl&s4 e is ! wood5 block into :i* is cut a horizontal groove = ! bolt a1 & two v]tical grooves 9 :i* ! p9s or tumbl]s1 d d1 play1 & :5 ! bolt is %ut to1 !y fall ( _! own accord into ! holes f f4 ,! key1 c1 is pass$ horizontally into ano!r groove cut = x 9 ! block1 above & p>allel to ! "o = ! bolt4 ,two not*es are cut 9 ! tumbl]s to enable ! key to pass1 & :5 press$ 9 horizontally z f> z x w g1 ! tee? ( ! key1 b b1 co9cide exactly ) ! not*es 9 ! tumbl]s1 s t :5 ! key is aft]w>ds rais$ v]tically1 x raises ! tumbl]s1 by means ( ! not*es1 out ( ! holes1 f f1 on ! upp] surface ( ! bolt1 & ! bolt c !n be drawn out by ! h&4 ,x w be se5 t ?is lock requires z _m motions z ! bolt 7figs4 #f1 #g1 & #h1 ,plate ,i474 ,x requires only "o motion to %ut x1 :5 ! two tumbl]s fall into ! holes & keep x fa/1 b to op5 x1 x is necess>y to use bo? h&s1 "o to raise ! key & ! o!r to draw out ! bolt4 ,x may !re=e be t]m$ = di/9ction a h&-drawn lock4 ,no "t is sav$ by ?is process1 b ! lock1 = su* we mu/ n[ beg9 to call x r ?an bolt1 is r5d]$ m secure4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( ^! locks1 b all on ! same pr9ciple1 are 9 use 9 out ( ! way p>ts ( ,scotl&4 ,figs4 #ab;,a to #ag;,a1 ,plate ,i41 simil> to ! la/ b hav+ a slight diff]5ce 9 ! %ape ( ! not*es1 is a ,scot* wood5 lock 9 ! ,pat5t ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 a facsimile ( :i* is 9 my collection4 ,figs4 #ah;,a to #bb;,a1 ,plate ,,ii41 is ano!r1 also 9 ! ,pat5t ,museum1 9 :i* ?ree tumbl]s in/ead ( two are rais$ by ! same key1 z %[n 9 ! sections1 figs4 #ba;,a & #bb;,a1 ,plate ,,ii4 ,mr4 ,,romilly ,,all51 :o has writt5 a pap] on ,scot* tumbl] locks 9 ! #bnd volume1 ,new ,s]ies1 ( ! ',proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies ( ,scotl&1' figures sev]al o!rs ( ! same class4 ,"o f ,nor? ,ronaldsay has f\r tumbl]s 9 l9e2 ano!r f ! ,f>oe ,isl&s has ?ree tumbl]s 9 l9e2 ano!r f ,snizort1 9 ,skye1 has six tumbl]s work+ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r b rais$ ) ! same key1 & consi/s simply ( two ord9>y locks put face to face ) ! bolt betwe5 !m2 ano!r f ,h>ris is /ill m complicat$ 9 its con/ruction1 & is =m$ by five tumbl]s 9 l9e ) two holes runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole ( !m1 & ! key has two limbs1 "o = ea* l9e ( holes4 ,x is unnecess>y = my pres5t purpose to describe all ^! locks 9 detail4 ,?\gh v>y+ 9 "* !y are all con/ruct$ on "o pr9ciple4 ,z ) ! m complicat$ contrivances 9 metal1 h]eaft] notic$1 v>iety is an elem5t ( security1 ! great] ! v>iety1 ! great] ! difficulty ( mak+ a key :i* w fit !m all2 & ?is is ano!r po9t 9 :i* ! processes ( ! arts resemble ! processes ( nature1 v>iety adapts ! me*anism to a wid] sph]e ( utility1 & by enc\rag+ *ange1 promotes improvem5t4 ,9 ! "o1 z 9 ! o!r1 v>iation is a necess>y elem5t ( progress4 ,i see no reason to suppose t ?is class ( locks 0 conf9$ to ,scotl& or to ,sc&9avia4 ,!y may probably h exi/$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 :]e1 be+ made entirely ( wood1 !y h long s9ce decay$1 & _! repres5tations may h surviv$ only on ! outskirts ( civilisation4 ,! law ( geographical di/ribution is inexorable--no?+ c make ! ,nor? ( ,scotl& or ( ,norway or ! ,we/ ( ,irel& c5tres ( ! arts1 & x is to su* places we mu/ look = ! survival ( primitive contrivances4 ,a precisely simil> key to ^? "h describ$1 b ( iron1 0 f\nd ) ,roman rema9s ne> ,gl\ce/]1 & is figur$ 9 ,,lysons',s ',magna ,britannia1' vol4 ii41 ,plate #aa1 %[+ t a wood5 lock ( ?is k9d mu/ h be5 9 use 9 ,engl& at t "t4 ,figs4 #bc;,a to #be;,a1 ,plate ,,ii41 is a simil> lock us$ 9 ,norway1 & copi$ by me f a specim5 9 ! ,hazilius ,museum at ,/ockholm4#b ,figs4 #bf to #bh;,a1 ,plate ,,ii41 is ano!r 9 ! ,museum at ,kew ,g>d5s1 copi$ by p]mission ( ,sir ,,joseph ,,hook]2 x 0 made by ! negroes 9 ,jamaica4 ,figs4 #bi;,a to #ca;,a1 ,plate ,,ii41 is a simil> "o f ,briti% ,guiana1 9 ! ,,*ri/y ,collection4 ,"o is tempt$ by ! pres5ce ( ^! locks 9 ! ,we/ ,indies to suppose t !y may h be5 c>ri$ by ! negroes f _! ,african homes1 & ! resemblance commonly attribut$ to !m to ! ,egyptian wood5 lock1 con/ruct$ on ne>ly ! same pr9ciple1 might lead to ! inf]5ce t !y may h pass$ 9 t way to ! ,we/ ,indies2 b x w be se5 h]eaft] t !y diff] 9 detail f ! ,egyptian p9-locks4 ,!y are ( ! ,scot* or ,sc&9avian type1 & 9 all probability 7 import$ into ! ,new ,_w by ,scot*m5 r ?an negroes4 #b ,mr4 ,,john ,,*ubb 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,april #i1 #ahej1 quotes a "w by ,l4 ,,mol9us1 ,de ,clavibus vet]um1 ! date ( :i* is1 h[ev]1 n m5tion$1 9 :i* t au?or /ates t ! use ( keys 0 9 8 "t /ill unkn[n 9 _m p>ts ( ,sw$54 ,x is n[ necess>y to return to figs4 #f & #g1 ,plate ,i41 :i* repres5t ! bolt ) ! s+le p9 or tumbl]1 9 ord] to trace ! orig9 & developm5t ( ,class ,b4 ,:il/ 9 ,sc&9avia & ! nor? ( ,europe1 ! key 0 appli$ to ! upp] "p ( ! tumbl]s1 above ! bolt1 z %[n 9 ! prec$+ examples ( ! h&-drawn lock2 9 ,egypt1 ,asia1 & probably 9 p>ts ( ,europe also1 ano!r sy/em comb9+ rapidity ) security 0 introduc$4 ,a key ) a s+le too? 0 ins]t$ b5ea? ! bolt1 & by rais+ ! too? v]tically & apply+ x to ! l[] end ( ! tumbl]1 ! latt] 0 press$ out ( ! hole & rais$ cle> ( ! bolt1 & ! too? occupy+ its place 9 ! hole1 ! key itself 0 made to hook back ! bolt1 s t ! :ole op]ation 0 p]=m$ ) "o h& hold+ ! key4 ,fig4 #i;,b1 ,plate ,,ii41 repres5ts ?is k9d ( lock1 :i* may be t]m$ a key-drawn1 z di/9ct f a h&-drawn lock4 ,z ) ! tumbl] locks ( ! nor? ( ,europe s ) ! s\!rn v>iety1 security 0 obta9$ by multiply+ ! numb] ( tumbl]s & v>y+ _! position4 ,figs4 #aj to #ab;,b1 ,plate ,,ii41 are draw+s ( a wood5 p9-lock & key obta9$ by myself 9 ,egypt1 :i* is ( ! k9d habitually 9 use !re at ! pres5t "t4 ,x has two tumbl]s 9 l9e4 ,9 fig4 #aj;,b ! lock is repres5t$ ) ! key1 ,a1 9 x & ! tumbl]s rais$1 prep>atory to draw+ ! bolt ,b4 ,fig4 #aa;,b is ! key1 & 9 fig4 #ab;,b ! lock is %[n %ut1 ) ! tumbl]s d[n & ! key l[]$ prep>atory to )draw+ x f ! lock4 ,mr4 ,,romilly ,,all51 9 ! pap] already ref]r$ to1 gives an illu/ration ( "o precisely simil> :i* he obta9$ 9 ,p]sia4 ,figs4 #ac;,b & #ad;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 %[s an exactly simil> lock 9 ! ,india ,museum1 obta9$ by ,sir ,,d\glas ,,=sy? at ,y>k&1 a facsimile ( :i* is 9 my collection4 ,?is k9d ( lock is also us$ 9 ,turkey2 _! id5tity ?r\gh\t ! region "h spok5 ( is su* z to leave no d\bt ( _! hav+ be5 copi$ f "o ano!r1 & indicates ! area ( _! di/ribution1 ab\t :i* some?+ w be said fur!r on4 ,x appe>s d\btful :e!r or n ?is p9-lock 0 kn[n to ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,,rh9d#c /ates t he discov]$ "o on a door 9 ! int]ior ( an anci5t ,egyptian tomb1 b its date1 f ! description giv5 9 ! text1 appe>s d\btful4 ,! tomb _h c]ta9ly be5 op5$ 9 ,roman times1 if n lat]4 ,,d5on also says t he saw "o sculptur$ 9 ! ,temple ( ,c>nac1 b he took no draw+ ( x1 & ! evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is k9d ( lock 9 anci5t ,egyptian times c]ta9ly requires confirmation4#d ,sir ,,g>dn] ,,wilk9son is ( op9ion t ! e>lie/ example ( a key ) p9s su* z might be us$ ) ! p9-lock1 is ( ! ,roman p]iod1 9 ! reign ( ,,trajan1 ,a4,d4 #ij1 & ! e>lie/ kn[n m5tion ( any key at all is 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ,judges1 viz41 #accf ,b4,c4#e ,if ! p9-lock 0 9 use 9 anci5t ,egypt x 0 c]ta9ly exceptional1 z all ! sculptures repres5t ! doors z be+ fa/5$ by simple bolts4 #c ',!bes1 its ,tombs & _! ,t5ants1' by ,a4 ,h4 ,,rh9d1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,london1 #ahfb1 p4 #id4 #d ,mr4 ,,bonomi /ates t he f\nd a simil> lock 9 "o ( ! ,palaces at ,khorsabad4 ,! ^w us$ = lock 9 ! ,scriptures1 ',muftah1' he says is ! same 9 use 9 ! ,ea/ at ! pres5t "t4 7',n9eveh & its ,palaces1' by ,,joseph ,,bonomi1 ,f4,r4,s4,l47 #e ,,wilk9son',s ',mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1' vol4 i41 p4 #cee4 ,! date ( ?is passage 9 ,judges is op5 to "q4 ,,inman 7',anci5t ,fai?s1' vol4 ii41 p4 #aic7 puts ! e>lie/ introduction ( locks among/ ! ,jews at ab\t #cjj ,b4,c4 ,:e!r ! mod]n ,egyptian lock is a survival ( an anci5t ,egyptian =m1 or :e!r x is ( ,roman orig91 x is c]ta91 f ! relics ( ,roman bronze & iron keys & bolts f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 t ! ,roman lock 0 con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,figs4 #ae;,b to #bj;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 may be tak5 z illu/rations ( ! ,roman lock :5 put toge!r4 ,x is a reproduction f orig9al fragm5ts pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum at ,ma9z4 ,fig4 #bj;,b is ! bronze key2 x has f\r tee? :i*1 besides be+ at v>iable di/ances ap>t1 are also ( diff]5t =ms1 "s be+ triangul> & o!rs squ>e4 ,fig4 #ai;,b is ! bronze bolt1 made ) ap]tures to fit ! key1 & also to admit ( simil>ly =m$ tumbl]s1 %[n 9 fig4 #ah;,b4 ,! way 9 :i* ^! are put toge!r is repres5t$ 9 ! section ( ! lock1 figs4 #af;,b & #ag;,b4 ,! key a is put into ! keyhole d1 fig4 #ae;,b1 ) ! b> ( ! key conta9+ ! tee? 9 a v]tical position1 z repres5t$ by ! dott$ l9e a1 fig4 #af;,b4 ,x is !n turn$ r\nd1 & ! tee? br\ght up b5ea? ! bolt b4 ,:5 press$ up v]tically1 ! tumbl]s are driv5 up out ( ! bolt1 & replac$ by ! tee? ( ! key1 :i* hold ! bolt s t x c be =c$ back by mov+ ! key to ! "r4 ,:5 ! bolt is )drawn1 x releases ! hasp e1 fig4 #ae;,b4 ,( su* hasps1 fig4 #ba;,b is a draw+ ( an orig9al 9 my collection1 f\nd at ,hett]nheim4 ,by ref]5ce to fig4 #af;,b1 x w be se5 t ! tumbl]s1 f f1 are v]tical1 & w\ld !re=e fall into _! places 9 ! bolt1 l ^? ( ! ,egyptian & ,sc&9avian specim5s2 b be+ s small1 & be+ probably made ( wood1 _! weight w\ld be insuffici5t to secure c]ta9ty ( action1 if dep5d5t on weight alone2 !y are !re=e press$ d[n by a flat plate h1 figs4 #af;,b & #ag;,b1 act+ "u ! influ5ce ( a spr+ g1 figs4 #af;,b & #ag;,b4 ,?is is an important addition1 = x is evid5t t z soon z ! spr+ comes into use1 ! tumbl]s c easily be made to press into ! bolt horizontally1 by means ( a spr+ at ! side1 !reby enabl+ ! lock to be us$ 9 any position 9 :i* x may be requir$2 & !re seems to be little d\bt t "s ( ! bolts & tumbl]s 7 s con/ruct$ 9 ,roman locks4 ,! exi/5ce ( a spr+ 9 ,roman locks is det]m9$ by ! discov]y ( "o ) ! spr+ 9 x1 :i* is figur$ 9 ,m4 ,,lig]',s "w ',la ,f]ronn]ie4'#f #f ',la ,f]ronn]ie1 ,anci5ne et ,mod]ne1' p> ,f4 ,,lig]1 ,p>is1 #ahge1 tome i41 p4 #bff1 fig4 #bac4 ,! tee? ( ! key ( ! ,roman lock describ$ above1 x w be se51 are made to fit exactly ! holes 9 ! bolt2 & ?is may p]haps h s]v$ to give ! fir/ idea ( ! w>d sy/em1 :i* 0 s greatly dep5d$ ^u = security 9 lat] times2 b ! same fallacy atta*es to ! use ( ^! fitt+ tee? :i* atta*$ to ! w>d sy/em g5]ally1 = x is evid5t t any =m ( too? small en\gh to g into ! holes1 & ( ! prop] l5g?1 w\ld h suffic$ to lift ! tumbl]s & draw ! bolt2 & accord+ly we f9d t1 9 ! ,roman key usually discov]$1 ! tee? are m]ely r\nd p9s1 & h no p>ticul> =m giv5 to !m = fitt+ purposes4 ,! di/ribution ( ?is class ( lock may be det]m9$ by ! localities 9 :i* ! keys & bolts h be5 f\nd4 ,fig4 #bb;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 is a bronze bolt ( ?is description 9 my collection1 f ,opp5heim1 & obta9$ by me at ,may5ce4 ,fig4 #bc;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 is ano!r ( bronze1 also 9 my collection1 f ,h$d]nheim4 ,simil> ones h be5 f\nd repeat$ly 9 ,france1 ,italy1 ,g]many1 ,switz]l&1 & ,engl&4 ,! keys ) tee? are ev5 m widely di/ribut$1 & h be5 f\nd 9 all ^? c\ntries :i* h be5 occupi$ by ! ,romans4 ,fig4 #bd;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 is a l>ge iron key ( ?is description 9 my collection1 f\nd 9 ! ,rh9e1 at ,may5ce4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n example ( a key ) tee?1 accord+ to ,m4 ,,lig]1 is "o repres5t$ on a co9 ( ! ,,papia family1 dat+ ab\t ! end ( ! #bnd c5tury ,b4,c4#g #g ',la ,f]ronn]ie1' tome i41 p4 #bfa1 fig4 #bjh4 ,b ! w>d sy/em appe>s to h develop$ itself /ill fur!r 9 connection ) ^! locks & be=e ! revolv+ key 0 introduc$4 ,fig4 #be;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 is a specim5 ( a class ( keys frequ5tly discov]$ ) ,roman rema9s1 9 :i* a plate is atta*$ at "r angles to ! p9s4 ,?is plate is pi]c$ ) slits ( v>i\s =ms1 app>5tly int5d$ to admit ( ! passage ( w>ds plac$ v]tically b5ea? ! bolt to prev5t any b ! prop] key f ris+ to lift ! tumbl]s4 ,! direction 9 :i* ^! keys 7 rais$ is %[n by ! flat "p ( ! h&le ( ! key be+ always at "r angles to ! p9s & 9 ! same plane z ! w>d plate4 ,besides ! bolts ) sev]al tumbl] holes 9 !m1 o!rs adapt$ = s+le tumbl]s h be5 discov]$4 ,( ^! fig4 #bf;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 drawn f ,m4 ,,lig]',s "w1 & f\nd 9 ! =e/ ( ,compigne1 is an example1 & fig4 #bg;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 f ! same "w1 & f\nd at ,nonf\s1 9 ,switz]l& 7,bon/ett57 is a key adapt$ to fit su* a bolt4 ,o!r iron keys are f\nd 9 ,engl& & ,france1 ! application ( :i* is m d\btful4 ,!y are f\nd *iefly 9 connection ) ,celtic rema9s1 & by "s h be5 suppos$ to be keys = op5+ doors fa/5$ ) a simple lat* on ! inside4#h ,su* lat*es 7 c]ta9ly employ$ among/ ! e>lie/ sy/ems ( door-fa/5+s1 & ! keys 9 "q might h s]v$ ! purpose ( op5+ !m1 b !y might also h be5 us$ to op5 locks ) a s+le wood5 tumbl]2 ! simpl] k9ds resemble some:at our mod]n pick-locks1 ( :i* fig4 #bh;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 is a specim54 ,fig4 #bi;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 9 my collection is f a ,g]mano-,roman tomb ne> ,nid]olm1 & 0 obta9$ at ,may5ce2 its possible use1 9 ! mann] repres5t$ 9 fig4 #i;,b1 ,plate ,,ii41 is obvi\s4 ,figs4 #cj;,b & #ca;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 are two ,anglo-,saxon keys f\nd at ,s>r1 9 ,k5t4#i ,figs4 #cb;,b1 #cc;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 are two keys ( ! ,iron ,age f ,bornholm1 9 ! ,baltic1#aj attribut$ by ,m4 ,,videl to ! #crd or #d? c5tury ( our era4 ,fig4 #cd;,b1 ,plate ,,iv41 is a some:at simil> "o f ,ca]w5t1 9 ,wales4#aa ,x has a flat h&le & appe>s to be adapt$ to be press$ d[nw>ds z if = op5+ a lat*4 ,figs4 #ce;,b1 #cf;,b1 ,plate ,,iv41 are ne>ly simil> ones1 & 7 discov]$ 9 ! ,roman ,villa at ,h>tlip1 9 ,k5t4#ab #h ,ibid41 p4 #cbj4 #i ,pap] by ,,john ,,br5t1 ,esq41 9 ! fif? volume ( ',ar*ologia ,cantiana1' p4 #cab4 #aj ',mmoires de la ,socit ,royale des ,antiqu>ies du ,nord1' #ahgb-gg1 ,plate ,,viii41 figs4 #a & #b4 #aa ',isca ,silurum1' by ,,john ,e4 ,,lee1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,plate ,,xxxvi41 fig4 #a4 #ab ,c4 ,,roa* ,,smi?',s ',collectanea ,antiqua1' vol4 ii41 ,plate ,,vi41 figs4 #b & #c1 p4 #bj4 ,figs4 #cg;,b & #ch;,b1 ,plate ,,iv41 are f draw+s tak5 by me 9 ! ,muse de ,sa9t ,g]ma91 & 7 f\nd at ,/4 ,pi]re-en-,*a/re1 ,oise2 o!rs are figur$ 9 ,m4 ,,lig]',s ',la ,f]ronn]ie4'#ac ,fig4 #ci;,b1 ,plate ,,iv41 is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & 0 f\nd )9 ! entr5*m5ts at ,spettisbury1 ne> ,bl&=d2 x 0 pres5t$ to ! ,museum by ,mr4 ,j4 ,y4 ,,ak]man4 ,figs4 #dj;,b & #da;,b1 ,plate ,,iv41 are two f\nd by me 9 pits 9 ! int]ior ( ,m\nt ,caburn ,camp1 ne> ,lewes4#ad ,fig4 #da;,b is ( l>ge size1 #h in*es 9 l5g?1 & sickle-%ap$4 ,all ! objects discov]$ 9 ?is camp prov$ x to be ( ! late ,celtic p]iod2 ! t9 co9s f\nd associat$ ) ^! rema9s1 ! bone combs1 pott]y1 & o!r objects belong to an age ant]ior to ! ,roman conque/4 ,fig4 #db;,b1 ,plate ,,iv41 is a simil> "o f\nd by ,mr4 ,,p>k ,,h>rison 9 simil> pits 9 ! neighb\r+ camp ( ,cissbury1#ae 9 ,sussex1 :i* has be5 %[n to h be5 occupi$ by p ( ! same age z ,m\nt ,caburn1 viz43 ! late ,celtic p]iod4 ,x w be se5 t "s ( ^! keys1 all ( :i* are ( iron1 h a small return or p9 at ! end1 :i* is adapt$ to fit into a hole1 & 9 ! ,cissbury specim5 ?is end is flatt5$1 z if to enable x to fit an ap]ture ( special dim5sions4 #ac ',la ,f]ronn]ie1' tome i41 p4 #cbj4 #ad ',ar*ologia1' vol4 xlvi41 ,plate ,,xxiv41 ,excavations 9 ,m\nt ,caburn1 conduct$ by ,g5]al ,,pitt-,,riv]s1 ,f4,r4,s41 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 #ahgg1 & ,july1 #ahgh4 #ae ',j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1' vol4 vii41 p4 #dbe1 ,plate ,,xi41 fig4 #ab4 ,b = :atev] purpose ^! crook$ keys 7 us$1 :e!r z lat*-keys1 z keys = s+le-tumbl] p9s1 or z hooks to pull back a pla9 iron or wood5 bolt1 ! l>ge size ( "s ( !m1 especially t f ,caburn1 fig4 #da;,b1 & sickle %ape1 corresponds ) rem>kable accuracy to ! description ( a ,greek key giv5 by ,,eu/a?ius1 & quot$ 9 ,,p>khur/',s ',hebrew ,lexicon4' ,he says t !y 7 9 ! %ape ( a sickle1 & t n be+ easily c>ri$ 9 ! h& on acc\nt ( _! inconv5i5t =m !y 7 c>ri$ on ! %\ld]1 z we see our reap]s c>ry on _! %\ld]s at ?is day _! sickles1 jo9$ & ti$ toge!r4 ,,callima*us1 9 8 hymn to ,,c]es1 says t ! goddess1 hav+ assum$ ! =m ( ,,nicippe1 h] prie/s c>ri$ a key1 ,greek3 katmadios1 t is1 fit to be borne on ! %\ld]4#af ,?is also expla9s1 ,i presume1 ! passage 9 ,isaiah1 & ! key ( ! ,h\se ( ,,david w ,i lay ^u 8 %\ld]2 s he %all op51 & none %all %ut2 & he %all %ut1 & none %all op54#ag ,x w be se5 t ! specim5 f\nd by me 9 ,m\nt ,caburn corresponds exactly ) ! description giv5 9 ! above quotations1 ! curv$ portion ( ! key be+ #g-a_/d in*es 9 diamet]1 a bundle ( !m ti$ toge!r w\ld exactly fit ! %\ld]1 z repres5t$ 9 fig4 #dc;,b1 ,plate ,,iv4 ,z we "k f ! rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,,evans & o!rs t imitations ( ! co9s ( ,greece spread ?r\gh\t ,gaul & ,brita91 "s ( :i*1 ( v debas$ =m & ca/ 9 t91 7 f\nd 9 ! camp at ,caburn 9 association ) ! sickle-%ap$ keys1 & o!rs h be5 f\nd 9 connection ) relics ( ! same p]iod else:]e1 !re is no inh]5t improbability 9 ! supposition t ! keys may h foll[$ a l r\te4#ah ,%\ld fur!r discov]ies t5d to confirm ?is connection1 x w\ld be a rem>kable te/imony to ! value ( ar*ological inve/igation if ! well-kn[n passage 9 ! ',odyssey' ab\t ! key ( ,,p5elope 7 to f9d its def9ite int]pretation on ! %ores ( ,sussex4#ai #af ,?is passage is quot$ f a pap] ,on ! ,con/ruction ( ,locks & ,keys1 read be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s by ,mr4 ,,john ,,*ubb1 ,april #i1 #ahej1 & is extract$ f ,,p>khur/',s ',hebrew ,lexicon1' #e? edit41 p4 #fjj4 ,london1 #ahjg4 #ag ,isaiah xxii1 #bb4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is passage 9 ,isaiah 0 introduc$ subsequ5tly to ! re/ ( ! book1 & dates f a p]iod :5 keys came into g5]al use among/ ! ,jews4 #ah ,s9ce ! discov]y t ^! objects 7 keys1 ,i h reason to ?9k t o!r ?+s f\nd 9 ! same place & repres5t$ 9 ! same plate1 z = in/ance figs4 #i & #ad1 may h be5 door fa/5+s4 ',ar*ologia1' vol4 xlvi41 ,plate ,,xxiv4 #ai ,mr4 ,,bonomi gives an illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* ! mod]n ,egyptian keys are c>ri$ by m]*ants at ,cairo on ! %\ld] at ! pres5t "t2 ^! keys h[ev] are /raight1 & are hung to a /ick ov] ! %\ld]1 & are n sickle-%ap$ z describ$ by ,,eu/a?ius4 ,we mu/ n[ return to fig4 #b1 ,plate ,i41 9 ord] to trace ! ?ird class1 ,c1 ( locks & padlocks fa/5+ ) a spr+ cat*4 ,x seems probable t fix$ locks may h prec$$ hang+ ones1 al?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 ! want ( "s contrivance = secur+ prop]ty mu/ h be5 felt 9 connection ) saddle-bags1 panni]s1 & o!r appliances ( nomadic life1 & 9 a condition ( society :i* prec$$ ! use ( fix$ abodes4 ,be ?is z x may1 x seems possible to trace ! employm5t ( spr+ locks by means ( survivals f ! common door-bolt4 ,! orig9 ( ! spr+ padlock1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( my k on ! subject1 is d\btful4 ,! sequ5ce :i* ,i "h assume is only t5tative1 & x is probable t connect+ l9ks ) m primitive contrivances may be suppli$ h]eaft]4 ,! defect ( ! common bolt1 z ,i h already %[n1 0 its insecurity z an outside fa/5+2 9 fact x af=d$ no security at all1 & to rem$y ?is defect & make x inaccessible1 except by means ( a key1 sev]al diff]5t contrivances appe> f ! fir/ to h sugge/$ !mselves2 among/ o!rs1 "o ( ! simple/ 0 adopt$ 9 connection ) ! ,sc&9avian bolt1 a specim5 ( :i*1 probably a mod]n survival ( an anci5t =m1 0 exhibit$ 9 ! ,sc&9avian ,section ( ! ,exhibition ( #ahfg1 & is figur$ 9 ,m4 ,,lig]',s "w4#bj ,we mu/ suppose ! h&le 9 fig4 #b1 ,plate ,i41 & its neck connect+ x ) ! bolt1 to be remov$1 leav+ only ! slit 9 ! door along :i* ! neck ( ! h&le slid1 & t a simil> slit 0 made 9 ! bolt also4 ,! key1 :i* 0 ( iron1 0 ,t-%ap$2 x 0 ins]t$ f ! outside ?r\gh ! slit 9 ! door1 & 9 ! bolt1 ) ! arms ( ! ,t 9 a horizontal plane2 x !n receiv$ a qu>t] turn s t ! arms ( ! ,t 7 br\ght into a v]tical plane1 & x 0 !n pull$ back1 :5 ! returns ( ! ,t 7 made to fit into two holes provid$ = !m on ei!r side ( ! slit 9 ! bolt1 on ! inside1 figs4 #a;,c & #b;,c1 ,plate ,,iv4 ,by ?is means ! key obta9$ a grip ( ! bolt1 & x 0 only necess>y to press x to "o side 9 ord] to %oot x4 ,?is bolt1 :i* is tak5 f ,m4 ,,lig]',s "w1 s closely resembles ! next "o to be describ$1 t if he _h be5 a less c>eful writ] "o might suppose t x 0 ! same lock1 & t he _h omitt$ to repres5t ! spr+ :i* alone con/itutes ! improvem5t %[n 9 figs4 #c;,c1 #d;,c1 & #e;,c1 ,plate ,,iv41 :i* 0 pres5t$ to me by ,dr4 ,,engelh>dt1 at ,cop5hag54 ,x is /ill 9 use on b>n & ou?\se doors 9 ,norway1 & 0 fir/ br\ght to notice by ,pr(essor ,o4 ,,rygh1 ( ,*ri/iania4 ,! key1 :i* is ( ! same =m z ! la/1 ent]s ! slit 9 ! same mann]1 & aft] receiv+ ! qu>t] turn is press$ home into ! holes on ! inside surface ( ! bolt l ! la/4 ,9 s do+1 :5 firmly pull$ back1 x presses d[n a /raight flat /eel spr+1 ! fix$ end ( :i* is atta*$ to ! door betwe5 x & ! bolt1 & ! free end ( :i*1 :5 releas$1 cat*es 9 a not* 9 ! bolt s z to keep x securely 9 its place :5 %ut4 ,:5 ! free end ( ?is spr+ is press$ d[n by ! returns ( ! key1 x cle>s ! edges ( ! not*1 & ! bolt c !n be drawn back by press+ ! key sideways4 ,bo? ^! specim5s are !re=e key-drawn z 9 ,class ,b4 ,assum+ ?is mod]n ,norwegian lock to be a survival ( an anci5t =m1 "o might naturally expect t ! wood5 portions ( ! anci5t locks w\ld h p]i%$4 ,! spr+s1 :i* are ! only metallic portions ( ?is lock1 w\ld c]ta9ly become deta*$ f ! wood2 _! uses1 :5 discov]$ sep>ately1 w\ld n be recognis$1 & no?+ to id5tify ! me*anism ) a door fa/5+ w\ld rema9 b ! iron keys4 #bj ',la ,f]ronn]ie1' tome ii41 p4 #bbi4 ,we mu/ !re=e judge ( ! di/ribution ( ?is class ( lock by ! localities 9 :i* keys ( ?is =m are f\nd4 ,!y are ( two k9ds1 "o ,t-%ap$ z 9 ! prec$+ examples1 & ! o!r1 s]v+ ! same purpose1 b hav+ ! two tee? on "o side ( ! %ank2 bo? are f\nd toge!r ma9ly 9 nor!rn c\ntries1 :i* h be5 subject to ,sc&9avian influ5ce4 ,not)/&+ :i*1 h[ev]1 ! evid5ce is insuffici5t to e/abli% ! fact ( _! be+ ( ,sc&9avian orig94 ,!y appe> c]ta9ly to h be5 us$ 9 ,roman times 9 ,engl& & else:]e1 & ! influ5ce ( s\!rn civilization ^u ! ,sc&9avian arts ( ! iron age is well e/abli%$4 ,x is always necess>y to be on "o's gu>d aga9/ inf]r+ t =ms orig9at$ ( necessity 9 ! regions 9 :i* !y are mo/ widely di/ribut$1 =1 z we h se51 & h reason to believe1 ! wood5 ,scot* lock 0 c>ri$ to ! ,we/ ,indies & us$ by negroes on acc\nt ( ! facility ) :i* x 0 con/ruct$ & ! mat]ials ( :i* x 0 compos$1 s 9 all ages ! m simple =ms ( contrivances mu/ h f\nd acceptance & surviv$ long] on ! outskirts ( civilization ?an 9 ^? c\ntries 9 :i* !y 7 quickly sup]s$$ by new improvem5ts4 ,figs4 #f;,c1 & #g;,c1 ,plate ,,iv41 are iron keys ( ^! two k9ds obta9$ by me at ,cl]mont-,f]r&1 9 ,auv]gne1 ,france4 ,figs4 #h;,c1 & #i;,c1 ,plate ,,iv41 are two simil> specim5s f ,col*e/]1 :i* are figur$ 9 ,,wright',s ',uriconium1' :]e he supposes !m to be lat* keys1 & he says t two simil> ones 7 f\nd at ,wroxet]4#ba ,fig4 #aj;,c1 ,plate ,,iv41 ano!r 9 my collection f ,jordan ,hill1 ne> ,weym\?4 ,fig4 #aa;,c1 ,plate ,,iv41 0 discov]$ 9 a ,roman build+ at ,caudebec-les-,elbeuf1 by ! ,abb ,,co*et1 9 #ahfd1bb toge!r ) an iron lock plate1 fig4 #ab;,c1 ,plate ,,iv41 %[+ ! slit ?r\gh :i* ! key ent]$1 & :i* is simil> to ! mod]n ,sc&9avian specim5 above describ$4 ,figs4 #ac;,c1 & #ad;,c1 ,plate ,,iv41 are two simil> specim5s discov]$ 9 a ,roman villa at ,h>tlip1 9 ,k5t1 & are tak5 f ,,roa* ,,smi?',s ',collectanea4'#bc ,figs4 #ae;,c1 #af;,c1 & #ag;,c1 ,plate ,,iv41 are simil> keys f\nd 9 ,anglo-,saxon graves at ,s>r1 9 ,k5t1 :]e ! pres5ce ( ^! keys on ! left side ( ! skeleton usually d5ot$ a female grave4#bd ,a simil> occurr5ce ( keys 9 ! graves ( females has be5 notic$ 9 ! ,isl& ( ,bjrk4 ,accord+ to an old ,sc&9avian cu/om !y 7 ! badges ( ! lady ( ! h\se1 :o 0 said to be m>ri$ to lock & keys1 & f c]ta9 law texts ( ! ,middle ,ages1 x appe>s t two ( !m 7 susp5d$ f ! girdle4#be ,keys ( ?is %ape ( bo? bronze & iron 7 f\nd at ,s>r1 corrod$ toge!r4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t 9 ^! ,saxon graves "s fragm5ts ( ,roman pott]y 7 f\nd1 po9t+ to ! influ5ce ( ! e>li] ,roman p]iod4 ,fig4 #ah;,c1 ,plate ,,iv41 is a bronze key f ,gotl&1 & is tak5 f ,mr4 ,,montelius',s ',antiquits ,sudoises1'#bf :]e x is describ$ z be+ ( ! late iron age1 p]haps z late z ! #aj? c5tury4 ,figs4 #ai;,c1 & #bj;,c1 ,plate ,,iv41 are f ,bjrk1 9 ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia1 f\nd 9 association ) relics ( ! #h? c5tury ( our era4 #ba ',uriconium1' by ,t4 ,,wright1 p4 #bgj2 see also ',ar*ologia ,cambr5sis1' vol4 vi41 #ahfj1 p4 #cab4 #bb ',la ,se9e ,infrieure1' by ,m4 ,l',abb ,,co*et1 p4 #bbc4 #bc ',collectanea ,antiqua1' vol4 ii41 ,plate ,,vii41 figs4 #b & #d4 #bd ,pap] by ,j4 ,,br5t1 ',ar*ologia ,cantiana1' vol4 vi41 p4 #age1 vol4 vii41 ,plate ,,xiii4 #be ',sc&9avian ,arts1' by ,,hans ,,hildebr&1 p4 #abi4 ,among/ ! ,romans also keys 7 reg>d$ z ! symbol ( ! wife's au?ority 9 h] husb&'s h\sehold4 #bf ',antiquits ,sudoises1' p4 #ade4 ,:e!r or n ! lock :i* has be5 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph 0 ! orig9 ( ! spr+ padlock1 con/ruct$ entirely ( metal1 may p]haps be d\btful2 b x is evid5t t ! pr9ciple ( its con/ruction 0 ! same4 ,9 bo? sy/ems ! bolt 0 secur$ by ! end ( a spr+ cat*4 ,x is only necess>y to transf] ! fix$ end ( ! spr+ f ! door to ! bolt1 & ! not* f ! bolt to ! door1 to make x resemble ! spr+ cat* ( ! ,roman padlock ab\t to be describ$4 ,! ,roman iron padlock & key repres5t$ 9 figs4 #ba;,c to #bb;,c1 ,plate ,v41 :i* is put toge!r f specim5s 9 my collection obta9$ p>tly f ,jordan ,hill1 ne> ,weym\?1 & o!r s\rces1 consi/$ ( a squ>e box1 hav+ a b>1 d1 on ! top1 & p>allel to x1 :i* 0 atta*$ to "o end ( ! box by means ( a curv$ portion4 ,! bolt a 0 provid$ ) two p]p5dicul> b>s1 b b1 at ! end ( :i* 7 r+s1 c c1 :i* slipp$ on to ! p>allel b> d4 ,at ! end ( ! bolt 7 two or m cat* spr+s1 e1 put on l ! b>bs ( an arr[4 ,^!1 be+ plac$ into ! hole ( ! tube f1 at ! same "t t ! r+s 7 slipp$ along ! b>1 collaps$ & sprung op5 aga91 aft] hav+ pass$ ! op5+1 !reby fix+ ! bolt 9 ! tube4 ,to op5 ! lock1 a p9 or key1 g1 hav+ a return at ! end1 9 :i* 0 a slit made to fit ! spr+s1 0 press$ 9 at ! opposite end1 s z to close up ! spr+s1 aft] :i* ! bolt c\ld be drawn out ( ! box4 ,?is action is bett] %[n 9 ! succe$+ examples ( mod]n spr+ locks ( ! same k9d4 ,! case ( a simil> padlock to ! above 0 f\nd ) ,roman rema9s at ,ir*e/]1 ne> ,well+bor\gh1 ,nor?ampton1 by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,,bak]1 9 #ahgh1 & is figur$ 9 ! ,associat$ ,ar*itectural ,society's ,reports1 vol4 xv41 plate iv41 #ahgi4 ,?is padlock 0 !re=e a h&-drawn1 & n a key-drawn1 lock4 ,its orig9 is at pres5t unc]ta91 b x is "h no d\bt repres5t$ 9 its m complete & develop$ /ate1 aft] hav+ already und]gone prior modifications4 ,! abs5ce ( simpl] contrivances ( ! same k9d sugge/s ! inf]5ce t its =]unn]s may h be5 made ( p]i%able mat]ials4 ,be t z x may1 its progress onw>d f ?is po9t ( p]fection c be trac$ ) "s degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,already 9 ,roman times x _h und]gone *anges4 ,among/ ! ,roman antiquities discov]$ 9 #ahed by ! ,hon\rable ,,ri*>d ,,neville 7s9ce ,"l ,,braybrooke71 at ,great ,*e/]=d1 9 ,essex1#bg 7 two k9ds ( ?is padlock3 "o1 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bc;,c1 ,plate ,v41 is ( ! =m already describ$2 ! o!r 7figs4 #bd;,c & #be;,c1 ,plate ,v47 0 con/ruct$ on :at1 judg+ by ^? :i* succe$$ x1 mu/ probably h be5 reg>d$ z an improv$ =m1 or x may h be5 m]ely adapt$ to a diff]5t purpose4 ,! bolt a1 in/ead ( hav+ p]p5dicul> b>s & r+s to slip ov] ! p>allel b>1 0 simply a pla9 /raight bolt ) ! cat* spr+s atta*$ to x4 ,! horizontal p>allel b> ( ! lock1 aft] pass+ along ! top ( ! box or tube1 0 curv$ d[n ov] ! m\? ( ! lock1 at a %ort di/ance f x1 & t]m9at$ 9 a r+1 leav+ a space betwe5 x & ! m\? ( ! tube to admit ( ! passage ( ! *a9 or /aple1 or :atev] 0 int5d$ to be secur$ by means ( ! padlock1 z %[n 9 fig4 #be;,c1 ,plate ,v4 ,! bolt 0 slipp$ ?r\gh ?is r+1 & on into ! tube1 ! b>b$ spr+s fly+ out & cat*+ aft] !y ent]$ ! box1 s z to fill up ?is space & secure ! bolt1 :i* 0 op5$ & )drawn 9 ! same mann] z be=e1 z %[n 9 fig4 #bd;,c1 ,plate ,v4 #bg ',ar*ological ,j\rnal1' vol4 xiii41 p4 #g1 ,plate ,,ii41 figs4 #bd to #bg4 ,a fur!r modification ( ?is takes place 9 ! ,sw$i% padlock1 figs4 #bf;,c & #bg;,c1 ,plate ,v41 9 :i* ! p>allel b> d1 in/ead ( be+ a fixture1 is made to turn ^u a h+e at h4 ,:5 %ut1 ! o!r end ( ! b>1 in/ead ( com+ d[n ov] ! m\? ( ! tube1 & at a di/ance f x1 z 9 ! prec$+ example ( a ,roman padlock1 is made to ent] ! side ( ! tube at j1 & ! bolt passes ?r\gh ! r+ ( ! b>1 aft] ent]+ ! m\? ( ! lock & inside1 in/ead ( outside ( x4 ,by ?is means we arrive at ! ord9>y h+e ( ! padlock :i* ) fur!r modification ( =m & me*anism is 9 use on c>pet bags 9 ?is c\ntry at ! pres5t day4 ,?is ,sw$i% spr+ padlock 0 9 use 9 ,sc&9avia until t[>ds ! end ( la/ c5tury4 ,!re is "o 9 ! ,museum at ,kiel1 :i* 0 f\nd ) iron spe>-heads ( ! #aa? c5tury2 o!rs are attribut$ to ! #ae? c5tury 9 t c\ntry4 ,figs4 #ca;,c & #cb;,c1 ,plate ,v41 is a specim5 ( an ,engli% fett]lock ( ! same con/ruction z ! ,sw$i% "o1 obta9$ at ,epp+1 ne> ,london1 & we h evid5ce t a lock con/ruct$ on ?is pr9ciple cont9u$ 9 use ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 #ahbi a fragm5t ( an iron padlock1 consi/+ ( ! tube or box ) its p>allel b> atta*$ to x1 0 f\nd 9 association ) "s ext5d$ skeletons at ,lagore1 ne> ,dun%aughl91 9 ! c\nty ( ,mea?1 9 ,irel&4 ,x is figur$ 9 ! six? volume ( ! ',ar*ological ,j\rnal1' :]e x is describ$ z an iron pipe1 its use be+ app>5tly unkn[n to ! writ]4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 connection ) iron leaf-%ap$ spe> heads1 broad d\ble-edg$ swords1 bronze p9s1 & enamell$ ornam5ts1 & ! po/-,roman p]iod ( ! f9d is atte/$ by ! pres5ce ( ! fall[ de] among/ ! associat$ animal rema9s4 ,figs4 #bh;,c1 #bi;,c1 #cj;,c1 ,plate ,v41 is a ,russian bronze padlock1 believ$ to date betwe5 ! #a/ & #d? c5turies1 greatly resembl+ ! ,ori5tal ones to be h]eaft] describ$4 ,x is 9 ! ,museum ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & is copi$ f ,m4 ,,lig]',s "w4 ,fig4 #cc;,c1 ,plate ,v41 is a fragm5t ( "o conta9+ ! spr+s & curv$ b>1 f\nd by me 9 excavations made 9 ! ,norman ,camp at ,folke/one4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 ! body ( ! ramp>t1 & 9 a position to prove t x 0 ( ! age ( ! con/ruction ( ! camp1 or ( ! p]iod ( its e>ly occupation4#bh ,fig4 #cd;,c1 ,plate ,v41 is a lat] example v mu* resembl+ ! ,russian padlock1 fig4 #bi;,c1 ,plate ,v41 & ( ! same k9d z ! la/4 ,! curv$ b> ( ! bolt fits into a socket 9 ! p>allel b>1 9 :i* respect x resembles "s ( ! ,indian ones to be h]eaft] describ$4 ,x 0 f\nd at ,swanscombe1 9 ,k5t1 & is probably ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,x is extract$ f ! ',ar*ological ,j\rnal4'#bi ,"p ( a padlock simil> to ?is 0 lately f\nd by ,mr4 ,,james ,,wilson 9 ! dit* ( ,b$=d ,ca/le1 & 0 exhibit$ at ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies4 ,ano!r simil> "o 0 f\nd ne> ,devizes1 & is figur$ 9 ,dean ,,m]ewe!r',s ',di>y ( a ,dean1' fig4 #ah4 ,bo? ( ^! la/1 l ! ,russian bronze "o1 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bi;,c1 are ornam5t$ on ! outside ( ! case ) l9es ( zigzags1 resembl+ ,norman trac]y2 & c\pl$ ) ! precise resemblance 9 ! con/ruction ( ! locks1 ?is ornam5tation appe>s to prove an ea/]n connection dur+ ! fir/ f\r c5turies ( our era4 ,! fett]lock figures z ! badge ( ! family ( ! ,,longs ( ,wraxall1 dat+ f ! #ae? c5tury1 & x is at ! pres5t "t ! badge ( ! #ad? ,company ( ! ,gr5adi] ,gu>ds1 an illu/ration ( :i* is giv5 9 ! accompany+ woodcut4 ,x 0 "o ( ! badges assum$ by ,,edw>d ,,iv41 & an acc\nt ( x is giv5 9 ,sir ,f4 ,,hamilton',s hi/ory ( t ,regim5t4#cj #bh ',ar*ologia1' vol4 xlvii4 #bi ',ar*ological ,j\rnal1' vol4 xxxi41 #ahgd1 p4 #gh4 #cj ',hi/ory ( ! ,gr5adi] ,gu>ds1' by ,lieut4-,g5]al ,sir ,f4 ,,hamilton1 ,k4,c4,b41 vol4 i41 p4 #fa4 ,illu/ration3 ,badge ( ! #ad? ,company ,gr5adi] ,gu>ds4 ,all ! spr+ padlocks hi!rto describ$ h ! defect ( be+ 9 two p>ts2 ! bolt1 be+ entirely deta*$ f ! tube :5 op51 0 liable to be lo/1 & to rem$y ?is defect1 modifications 7 introduc$ by :i* ! bolt became a fixture 9 ! tube & 0 op5$ by means ( a key4 ,fig4 #ce;,c1 ,plate ,v41 is a lock :i* ,i f\nd atta*$ to "o ( my gates at ,ru%more1 9 ,s\? ,wilts4 ,ext]nally1 x exactly resembles ! spr+ fett]lock1 b )91 ! bolt :i* fixes ! semicircul> b> 9 its position :5 lock$1 is reta9$ !re by a spiral spr+4 ,to unlock x1 a key ) a female screw is put 9 at ! end 9 ! same position z ! key ( ! ,roman lock1 & aft] seiz+ ! male screw )91 ! bolt is screw$ back aga9/ ! spr+1 !reby releas+ ! semicircul> b> or /aple1 :i* is !n turn$ ^u its h+e & drawn out ( ! op5+ on ! side ( ! tube4 ,fig4 #cf;,c1 ,plate ,v41 is a precisely simil> lock f ,p>is4 ,fig4 #cg;,c1 ,plate ,v41 is ano!r f ,g]many4 ,our mod]n h&cuffs reta9 ! =m ( ! fett]lock1 hav+ ! tubul> case = ! lock1 :i* o!rwise is n precisely ! =m mo/ suitable to fit ! human wri/4 ,fig4 #ch;,c1 ,plate ,v41 is a section ( an old h&cuff obta9$ 9 ,wilt%ire1 ! bolt ( :i* is =c$ out ( ! eye1 n by means ( a screw1 b by a key ( ! ord9>y =m ( a door key1 ins]t$ 9 ! side ( ! tube1 :i* :5 turn$ =ces ! bolt back aga9/ ! spiral spr+ & releases ! semicircul> b>4 ,:il/ 9 "s ( ! m mod]n contrivances ! ext]nal =m ( ! ,roman spr+ padlock 0 reta9$1 ! int]ior me*anism hav+ und]gone *anges1 9 o!rs ! int]ior me*anism is reta9$1 ! ext]nal =m hav+ adapt$ itself to ! m mod]n uses4 ,figs4 #ci;,c1 #dj;,c1 & #da;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 is an old padlock :i* ,i obta9$ 9 ,p>is1 ! date ( :i* ,i h be5 unable to det]m9e1 b a precisely simil> "o is atta*$ to ! iron *e/ ( ! ,royal ,society1 :i* 0 pres5t$ to ! ,society 9 ! ye> #affe1 & = ! k ( :i* ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,,john ,,evans1 ,f4,r4,s41 ! ,treasur] ( ! ,society4 ,ext]nally x resembles ! mod]n padlock1 b bo? ends ( ! semicircul> /aple are provid$ ) spr+s on ! pr9ciple ( ! ,roman padlock4 ,x is op5$ by means ( a revolv+ key ( mod]n =m1 :i* is ins]t$ into ! side ( ! padlock1 & :i*1 :5 giv5 a qu>t] turn presses back ! ?ree spr+s ^u ! bolts1 & ! /aple is !n )drawn bodily f ! body ( ! lock4 ,9 ?is case1 ! /aple1 be+ q sep>ate f ! lock1 w\ld be liable to be lo/1 z ) ! spr+ ( ! ,roman padlock2 s to rem$y ?is defect we see 9 figs4 #db;,c & #dc;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 obta9$ at ,cl]mont-,f]r&1 9 ,auv]gne1 an improvem5t 9 :i* "o ( ! arms ( ! /aple passes d[n ?r\gh ! padlock & out at ! bottom ( x1 :]e x t]m9ates 9 a button1 int5d$ to prev5t its be+ drawn entirely out & sep>at$ f ! lock4 ,! o!r arm is furni%$ ) a spr+ z 9 ! la/ example &1 l x1 is op5$ by a revolv+ key4 ,:5 ! spr+ is press$ back x is drawn out & m]ely turn$ ^u its long] arm z a pivot4 ,up to ?is po9t ,i h endeav\r$ to trace ! gradual developm5t ( ! ,european padlock f ! e>lie/ contrivance ( ,roman times up to ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ord] to %[ its di/ribution & ! v>ieties x has und]gone 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w we mu/ n[ return to ! spr+ padlock 9 its e>lie/ =m4 ,figs4 #dd;,c1 #de;,c1 & #df;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 repres5ts an iron padlock f ! ,gate ( ,m\ltan1 9 ,india1 n[ 9 ! ,india ,museum4 ,x is 9 all respects simil> to ! ,roman lock %[n 9 figs4 #ba;,c to #bc;,c1 ,plate ,v41 & ne$s no fur!r description4 ,figs4 #dg;,c & #dh;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 is a padlock obta9$ by me ( a v5dor ( old iron 9 ! /reets ( ,cairo 9 #ahha4 ,x is con/ruct$ on precisely ! same pr9ciple z ! la/1 & is op5$ by a key ?ru/ 9 longitud9ally at ! end ( ! tube1 l ! ,roman key1 b ! opposite end ( ! bolt in/ead ( be+ guid$ by a r+ slipp+ along ! p>allel b> ( ! lock is curv$ r\nd & ins]t$ into a tube or socket 9 ! p>allel b>1 l ! ,russian specim5 & t f ,swanscombe1 9 ,k5t4 ,figs4 #di;,c & #ej;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 is ano!r specim5 obta9$ by me at ,cairo2 x also resembles ! ,roman lock 9 its con/ruction1 except t ! key in/ead ( be+ ?ru/ 9 at ! end ( ! tube is put 9 und]nea? at "r angles to ! tube1 & hav+ enclos$ ! spr+s by means ( an op5+ cut 9 ! side ( ! key1 9 ord] to compress !m1 x is ?ru/ sideways along ! tube1 ! neck be+ guid$ by a slit along ! bottom ( ! tube4 ,figs4 #ea;,c & #eb;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 %[s ano!r specim5 9 my possession f ,india1 :i* s precisely resembles ! la/ t "o is tempt$ to suppose !y mu/ bo? h be5 made 9 ! same place1 7 x n = c]ta9 peculi>ities :i* id5tify x z ,indian4 ,! key 9 clos+ on ! spr+s is guid$ by two slits along ! bottom ( ! tube in/ead ( "o1 & b5ea? ! tube is a project+ piece 9 ! =m ( a ,greek cross :i* fits into correspond+ slits 9 ! key s t none b ! prop] key c pass by x to compress ! spr+s4 ,?is contrivance is !re=e ( ! nature ( a w>d4 ,figs4 #ec;,c1 #ed;,c1 & #ee;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 is ano!r f ,india1 n[ 9 ! ,india ,museum1 ! locality ( :i*1 viz41 ,myh]e1 is atta*$ to x4 ,figs4 #ef;,c & #eg;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 is an ,egyptian manacle 9 my collection fa/5$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,figs4 #eh;,c1 #ei;,c1 & #fj;,c1 ,plate ,,vii41 is a simil> lock f ,abyss9ia1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 af=d+ additional evid5ce t ! key1 ) ! lat]al movem5t ins]t$ at "r angles to ! lock1 is ,african z well z ,indian4 ,two padlocks precisely simil> to ?is are 9 my collection f ,mogadore1 on ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa1 hav+ on !m ! peculi> ,moori% ornam5tation 9 brass :i* is *>act]i/ic ( t c\ntry4 ,we h n[ to g to ,*9a = evid5ce ( ! cont9u$ di/ribution ea/w>ds ( ?is p>ticul> k9d ( spr+ padlock ) ! lat]al key4 ,figs4 #fa;,c1 #fb;,c1 & #fc;,c1 ,plate ,,vii41 is a brass ,*9ese padlock & key 9 my collection4 ,to ! nor? ( ,india we h figs4 #fd;,c1 #fe;,c1 #ff;,c1 #fg;,c1 ,plate ,,vii41 repres5t+ a padlock f ,y>k& obta9$ by ,sir ,,d\glas ,,=sy?1 & n[ 9 ! ,india ,museum4 ,x has also ! key ) ! lat]al action4 ,mr4 ,,?omas ,,wright says t he possesses a simil> padlock1 giv5 him by ! ,briti% ,vice-,consul at ,jacmel1 & obta9$ f ,hayti1 :i* he says 0 probably a c5tury old1 & ei!r made 9 "o ( ! ,spani% colonies or import$ f ,spa94#ca ,sir ,,g>dn] ,,wilk9son also m5tions "o f ,m]oe ,isl&1 9 ,egypt1#cb & ,mr4 ,h4 ,,sy] ,,cum+ speaks ( "o z hav+ be5 obta9$ 9 ,we/]n ,africa1 b ! locality is n /at$4#cc #ca ',excavations at ,wroxet] & ,uriconium1' by ,t4 ,,wright1 ,f4,s4,a41 p4 #bgc4 #cb ',caillaud1 ,voyage ,m]oe1' ,plate ,,lxvi41 ,sir ,g4 ,,wilk9son1 vol4 i41 p4 #cee4 #cc ,hi/ory ( ,keys1 by ,h4 ,,sy] ,,cum+1 ,esq41 ',j\rn4 ,briti% ,ar*ological ,association1' vol4 xii41 p4 #aag4 ,! keys ( ?is description m5tion$ 9 ! pap] z hav+ be5 f\nd at ,!bes are 9 all probability mod]n1 judg+ by _! entire resemblance to mod]n =ms4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! modifications t ?is lock has und]gone dur+ its ea/]n migrations1 ,i h repres5t$ 7figs4 #fh;,c1 #fi;,c1 & #gj;,c1 ,plate ,,vii47 a /eel lock f ,indore1 ,india4 ,x is furni%$ ) a /aple ) two arms l ! ,european specim51 fig4 #ci;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 "o ( :i* only has spr+s atta*$ to x2 x is n[ 9 ! ,india ,museum4 ,figs4 #ga;,c1 #gb;,c1 #gc;,c1 #gd;,c1 ,plate ,,vii4--also 9 ! ,india ,museum3 ! bolt ) its spr+s is atta*$ to plates =m+ an outside cas+ to "o side ( ! lock1 by :i* means ! op5+ is conceal$1 & ! op5+ = ! key is also conceal$ 9 a cas+ = ! o!r side1 & op5s also ) a cat* spr+ releas$ by ! pressure ( a /raight p9 or wire introduc$ ?r\gh a hole b5ea? ! lock4 ,figs4 #ge;,c1 #gf;,c1 & #gg;,c1 ,plate ,,viii41 is ano!r v>iety1 f ,burmah2 ! key is introduc$ at ! end ( ! tube by means ( a male screw1 =m$ some:at l ! propell] ( a screw /eam%ip4 ,?is screw is m]ely = ! purpose ( introduc+ ! key into ! tube by a half-twi/2 once 91 x is press$ /raight =w>d1 & compresses ! spr+s 9 ! usual mann]4 ,fig4 #gh;,c1 ,plate ,,viii41 is ! op5+ & key ( a simil> lock obta9$ by me 9 ,nuremb]g4 ,x is con/ruct$ precisely on ! same pr9ciple z ! la/1 & ) a simil> object2 x has all ! appe>ance ( be+ ,european1 b ,i h no c]ta9 evid5ce t x may n h be5 import$ f ,india4 ,9 figs4 #gi;,c1 #hj;,c1 & #ha;,c1 ,plate ,,viii41 f ,indore1 ,india1 we see ! screw pr9ciple develop$4 ,:e!r ?is orig9at$ 9 a lock ( ! la/-m5tion$ =m--& ! screw1 f hav+ at fir/ be5 us$ z a w>d1 0 ultimately employ$ to release ! bolt by a screw motion--,i "k n2 b x exactly resembles 9 its con/ruction ! lock %[n 9 fig4 #ce;,c1 ,plate ,v41 f ! gate at ,ru%more1 ,wilts1 & ^? ( l =m f ,france & ,g]many already figur$ & describ$4 ,! bolt is reta9$ 9 its place :5 lock$ by a spiral spr+1 & )drawn by a screw key ins]t$ at ! end4 ,:e!r ?is is an indep5d5t gr[? 9 ! two hemisph]es1 or copi$ ! "o f ! o!r1 ,i h no pres5t means ( det]m9+4 ,un=tunately1 :5 ! objects 9 ! ,india ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton 7 transf]r$ f ! old ,india ,museum _! hi/ory 0 lo/2 b ,i h figur$ none except ^? :i* h ! localities atta*$ to !m4 ,figs4 #hb;,c1 #hc;,c1 & #hd;,c1 ,plate ,,viii41 is a /eel lock f ,india ( simil> ext]nal =m to fig4 #ga;,c1 ,plate ,,vii42 b ! screw pr9ciple appe>s "h to h entirely sup]s$$ ! spr+1 :i* is altoge!r want+1 & x is dep5d5t = its action entirely on a screw key ins]t$ at ! end1 & by means ( :i* ! bolt 7:i* itself =m$ ! /aple7 is screw$ up or screw$ back aga9 z requir$4 ,z a p>allel to ?is1 ! specim5 9 my collection repres5t$ 9 figs4 #he;,c1 #hf;,c1 #hg;,c1 #hh;,c1 & #hi;,c1 ,plate ,,viii41 may be giv54 ,x 0 obta9$ by me 9 ,brussels1 & resembles ! tubul> lock only 9 ext]nal =m4 ,! /aple is secur$ to ! tube at ea* end by eyes let into ! side ( ! tube1 ?r\gh :i* a p9 is pass$1 & screw$ up or unscrew$ by a key put 9 at ! end ( ! tube4 ,:5 unscrew$ ! p9 is )drawn & ! /aple tak5 out bodily4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 ! ,indian specim5 la/ describ$1 ! orig9al spr+ me*anism has entirely disappe>$2 b1 al?\gh resembl+ ea* o!r 9 ?is respect1 !re is no?+ analog\s 9 ! two sy/ems1 :i*1 f diff]5ces 9 ! details ( _! con/ruction1 appe> to be q indep5d5t contrivances4 ,figs4 #ij;,c1 #ia;,c1 & #ib;,c1 ,plate ,,viii41 repres5t a padlock & key f ,toomkoor1 ,mysore1 ,india4 ,x is a b>b$ spr+ padlock ( ! ord9>y k9d1 b ! spr+s are clos$ prep>atory to be+ )drawn by means ( a common revolv+ key ins]t$ 9 ! side & hav+ a broad slit 9 ! middle ( ! revolv+ plate4 ,by giv+ ! key a qu>t]-turn ! slit 9 ! key-plate compresses ! spr+s1 & !y are !n )drawn f ! lock4 ,! action ( ! key 9 ?is specim5 resembles exactly t ( ! padlock f ,p>is 7fig4 #ci;,c1 ,plate ,,vi47 & t ( ! ,royal ,society *e/1 except t 9 ! ,p>is & ,royal ,society specim5s two spr+s are compress$ by means ( a solid plate1 :il/ 9 ! ,toomkoor example a s+le-b>b$ spr+ is compress$ by ! action ( a slit 9 ! key4 ,b>b$ tubul> spr+ locks ( precisely ! same =m z ! ,*9ese ones are also us$ 9 ,japan1 ( :i* figs4 #ic;,c1 #id;,c1 #ie;,c1 & #if;,c1 ,plate ,,ix41 repres5t a specim5 9 my collection4 ,( ^!1 "s ( ! keys ent]$ at ! end ( ! tube2 o!rs are put 9 at ! side1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ig;,c1 ,plate ,,ix4 ,! key1 :i*1 l ! lock1 is ( brass1 is plac$ 9 a h&le1 :i* %uts up l ! h&le ( a knife 7z %[n 9 fig4 #if;,c1 ,plate ,,ix47 = conv5i5ce ( transport4 ,ano!r specim5 f ,japan 7repres5t$ 9 figs4 #ih;,c & #ii;,c1 ,plate ,,ix47 resembles exactly ! ,toomkoor specim5 f ,india1 ! spr+s be+ compress$ by means ( a revolv+ key4 ,?is mu/ c]ta9ly be reg>d$ z ! fir/ /age ( improvem5t ^u ! orig9al ,roman lock1 & its employm5t 9 ,europe1 ,india1 & ,japan is notewor?y4 ,among/ ! specim5s ( ^! tubul> spr+ locks1 :i* appe> to %[ evid5ce ( connection ov] wide areas1 are ^? :i* are con/ruct$ 9 ! =ms ( animals4 ,figs4 #ajj;,c & #aja;,c1 ,plate ,,ix41 is a repres5tation ( a bronze padlock 9 ! =m ( a fi%1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 at ,p>is1 figur$ by ,m4 ,,lig]4 ,x is !re describ$1 ?\gh n )\t hesitation1 z an ,egyptian lock2 if s1 x is probably ( ! ,romano-,egyptian p]iod3 ! spr+s ent] at ! m\? ( ! fi%1 & are releas$ by a key put 9 at ! tail4 ,figs4 #ajb;,c1 #ajc;,c1 #ajd;,c1 ,plate ,,ix41 repres5ts a precisely simil> fi%-%ap$ padlock ( iron f ,india1 & n[ 9 ! ,india ,museum4 ,figs4 #aje;,c & #ajf;,c1 ,plate ,,ix41 is a ,roman bronze lock 9 ! =m ( a lion or horse1 9 ! possession ( ,dr4 ,,john ,,evans1 ,f4,r4,s41 & "h copi$ by 8 p]mission2 a simil> "o is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,figs4 #ajg;,c1 #ajh;,c1 & #aji;,c1 ,plate ,,ix41 is ano!r1 also 9 ! =m ( a lion1 & ab\t ! same size1 f ,*9a1 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,,*ubb1 ! well-kn[n locksmi?4 ,9 all ^! ! spr+s ent] at ! /]n ( ! animal1 & ! o!r end ( ! bolt turns up & back 9 ! =m ( a tail1 & ent]s ! neck ( ! animal beh9d ! head4 ,! key 9 ! ,*9ese specim5 has a peculi> secret contrivance to prev5t its be+ ins]t$ 9 ! hole = x by anyone n acqua9t$ ) its con/ruction4 ,! head ( ! key w n ent] ! keyhole unless ! h&le end is put 9 fir/ & slipp$ along ! %ank ( ! key1 z repres5t$ 9 ! draw+1 fig4 #aji;,c1 ,plate ,,ix4 ,mr4 ,,romilly ,,all51 ^: "w on ,scot* wood5 tumbl] locks ,i h already quot$1 ref]s incid5tally 9 8 pap] to spr+ locks1 & says t he has himself se5 !m us$ 9 ,p]sia 9 ! =ms ( animals4 ,we are ?us l$ to inf] t ! practice ( mak+ !m 9 ^! =ms may h exi/$1 or may /ill exi/1 cont9u\sly ?r\gh\t ! region ref]r$ to1 & t1 l ! me*anism itself1 & l _m o!r articles ( comm]ce1 !y may h pass$ by traffic f place to place1 & be5 copi$ & adopt$ 9 ! localities 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,fig4 #aaj;,c1 ,plate ,,ix41 is a padlock obta9$ by me at ,cairo2 simil> ones are 9 common use on out-h\ses at ,naples1 ! long b> at ! top d5ot+ its desc5t f ! ,roman padlock1 al?\gh ! con/ruction ( ! lock is diff]5t4 ,we n[ come to ! pr9ciple ( ! revolv+ key 9 common use at ! pres5t "t4 ,x has be5 already %[n t 9 us+ ! ,roman lock 7figs4 #ae;,b to #bj;,b1 ,plate ,,iii47 ! "p ( ! key conta9+ ! p9s _h to be put 9 v]tically1 & !n turn$ a qu>t] circle1 s z to br+ ! tee? horizontally b5ea? ! tumbl]s previ\sly to lift+ !m4 ,x is possible t ?is may h sugge/$ ! fir/ idea ( employ+ ! twi/ ?us giv5 to ! key to ! %oot+ ( ! bolt4 ,fig4 ,,iii1 ,plate ,,ix41 tak5 f ,m4 ,,lig]',s "w1#cd repres5ts a ,roman key f\nd 9 ,london2 x has a plate furni%$ ) tee?1 evid5tly int5d$ to raise tumbl]s1 & ! /em ( ! key is pip$ = ! purpose ( fitt+ into a broa* or p91 s t ! plate ) ! tee?1 :5 ! key is turn$ r\nd on its pivot1 may fit into its prop] place b5ea? ! bolt & raise up ! tumbl]s4 ,fig4 #aab1 ,plate ,,ix41 is a draw+ ( ano!r key simil>ly =m$1 hav+ two tee? & a pip$ /em2 x 0 f\nd 9 ,lo?bury1 9 ,london1 #af feet b5ea? ! surface1 & is figur$ 9 ,mr4 ,,sy] ,,cum+',s pap] on keys 9 ! ',j\rnal ( ! ,ar*ological ,association4'#ce ,^! keys appe> h>dly to admit ( any d\bt z to _! mode ( use1 & may !re=e be reg>d$ z ! e>lie/ specim5 ( revolv+ keys1 al?\gh appli$ to a diff]5t purpose f ! revolv+ key ( our own "t4 ,! mo/ primitive k9d ( lock ) a revolv+ key t ,i h met ) is "o repres5t$ 9 figs4 #aac1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf1 ,plate ,x4 ,x is f ,india1 & is 9 ! ,india ,museum4 ,! key is appli$ to a squ>e v]tical tumbl] ( ! ,sc&9avian type ) two arms to fit into two not*es 9 ! bolt2 ! l[] end ( ! tumbl] t]m9ates beh9d ! bolt1 9 a semicircul> =m2 ! key1 :5 turn$ ^u its broa* or p91 z ! case may be1 imp+es ^u ! sides ( ! semicircul> portion & raises ! tumbl] out ( ! not*es on ! top ( ! bolt1 & aft]w>ds ! end ( ! key-plate passes into "o ( a s]ies ( not*es on ! "u side ( ! bolt & moves x1 :il/ ! tumbl] is1 at ! same "t1 rais$ cle> ( ! bolt4 ,! key be+ turn$ sev]al times cont9ues ! movem5t1 pu%+ ! key =w>d not* aft] not*1 until ! tumbl] aga9 falls into o!r holes provid$ = x1 & keeps ! bolt secure4 ,all "h is ( wood1 except ! key1 :i* is ( metal1 & x is provid$ ) slits to pass ! w>ds1 adju/$ to !m 9 ! revolution ( ! key-plate ^u its pivot4 ,x might be suppos$ f ?is t x 0 a mod]n adaptation to an anci5t sy/em ( v]tical tumbl]s1 _h n a v simil>1 b simpl]1 lock exi/$ 9 ,*9a4 ,! draw+ 7figs4 #aag1 #aah1 #aai1 #abj1 #aba1 ,plate ,x47 ( a ,*9ese lock 0 k9dly s5t me by ,mr4 ,,romilly ,,all54 ,9 ?is specim5 ! bolt is %ot 9 ne>ly ! same mann] z ! la/ specim51 b ! tumbl]s are rais$ indep5d5tly by means ( a ,t-%ap$ key 7fig4 #aba1 ,plate ,x471 simil> to t us$ ) ! ,sc&9avian lock 7fig4 #c;,c1 ,plate ,,iv474 ,! key f ! outside is put into ! v]tical slit betwe5 ! tumbl]s1 :5 x is turn$ a qu>t] circle s z to br+ ! arms ( ! ,t 9 a horizontal plane4 ,x is !n press$ back1 :5 ! returns ( ! ,t ent] not*es provid$ = !m 9 ! tumbl]s4 ,! tumbl]s are !n rais$1 & ! key or h&le1 a1 turn$4 ,f ! inside ! tumbl]s are rais$ ) ! two f+]s be=e %oot+ ! bolt4 #cd ',la ,f]ronn]ie1' tome ii41 p4 #bcf1 fig4 #dib4 #ce ',j\rnal ( ! ,ar*ological ,association1' vol4 xii41 p4 #aba1 ,plate ,,xiv41 fig4 #a4 ,m4 ,,lig] supposes t ! lift+ key ( ! ,roman lock 0 ( ,asiatic orig91 & t ! revolv+ key came into use among/ ! ,romans ab\t ! comm5cem5t#cf ( our era1 & _m ( ! keys f ,pompeii are con/ruct$ on ?is pr9ciple hav+ slits = ! passage ( w>ds4 ,fig4 #abb1 ,plate ,x41 is a ,roman key ( ?is k9d 9 my collection4 ,! w>d sy/em came into g5]al use aft]w>ds & 0 mu* reli$ ^u to ! exclusion ( o!rs 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! w>d sy/em may be def9$ z a sy/em ( lock 9 :i* ob/ructions are plac$ to prev5t any b ! prop] key f ent]+ to turn ! bolt2 z su* x is di/9ct f ! tumbl] sy/em1 9 :i* security dep5ds on ob/ruction introduc$ to prev5t ! bolt f be+ drawn by ! key4 ,! tumbl] is1 9 fact1 a bolt ( a bolt4 ,ref]5ce to fig4 #aj;,b1 ,plate ,,ii41 repres5t+ ! ,egyptian lock1 w %[ t besides ! two p9s ) :i* ! key is provid$ = lift+ ! tumbl]s1 !re is a p9 atta*$ to ! "u side ( ! lock op5+1 :i* ent]s a hole 9 ! key4 ,?is is ( ! nature ( a w>d1 s9ce none b a key ) a hole 9 ! prop] place c\ld be rais$ up high en\gh to lift ! tumbl]s cle> ( ! holes 9 ! bolt4 ,mr4 ,,romilly ,,all5 also m5tions t 9 "o ( ! ,scot* locks f ,snizort1 a not* is plac$ 9 ! key & a correspond+ p9 9 ! lock1 to prev5t ! lock f be+ pick$1 & t ! key-hole is divid$ by a ?9 iron plate :i* is ! only ?+ approa*+ a w>d t appe>s 9 any ( ! wood5 locks ( ,scotl&4 ,! peculi> %ape ( ! tumbl]s & tumbl]-holes 9 ! bolts ( ! ,roman lock1 already describ$1 ) tee? made especially to fit !m1 mu/ be reg>d$ z a k9d ( w>d1 al?\gh appli$ to tumbl]s1 s9ce _! object is to prev5t any b ! prop] =m ( key f ent]+4 #cf ',la ,f]ronn]ie1' tome i41 p4 #bfd4 ,! fur!r developm5t ( ! w>d-sy/em 9 ! ,roman tumbl]-locks1 ?\gh x c]ta9ly exi/$1 is involv$ 9 unc]ta9ty1 s9ce none ( ! w>ds appe> to h be5 pres]v$1 b ! fact ( "s k9d ( w>d hav+ be5 us$ is evid5t f ! slits 9 ! keys repres5t$ 9 fig4 #abb1 ,plate ,x41 :i* are ( common occurr5ce4 ,! cross-%ap$ w>ds b5ea? ! ,indian spr+ padlock already describ$ 9 connection ) figs4 #ec;,c1 #ed;,c1 & #ee;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 mu/ c]ta9ly be consid]$ to be w>ds1 al?\gh op5 to view1 & n conceal$ b5ea? ! lock-plate4 ,!re are also f\nd 9 association ) ,roman rema9s1 keys ( :i* fig4 #abc1 ,plate ,x41 f ,*alons1 fig4 #abd1 ,plate ,x41 f ! ,museum at ,saumur1 & fig4 #abe1 ,plate ,x41 f ! ,museum at ,sa9t ,g]ma91 are examples4#cg ,^! keys s greatly resemble ! ,asiatic keys us$ ) ! spr+ padlock1 t x is difficult to believe !y 7 n employ$ 9 ! same way1 b z !y also resemble ! ,roman p]=at$ plates ( ! tumbl]-lock keys t are provid$ ) tee?1 x is probable !y may h be5 int5d$ = rais+ tumbl]s 9 "s way n yet expla9$4 ,no tubul> spr+ lock adapt$ to be op5$ ) a key ins]t$ und]nea?1 & op5$ ) a lat]al movem5t l ! ,indian & ,egyptian ones1 has to my k be5 f\nd among/ ,roman rema9s4 ,fig4 #abf1 ,plate ,x41 is a mod]n ,engli% lat*-key ( simil> =m1 furni%$ ) a w>d-plate & us$ = rais+ a common lat*3 !y are n[ g5]ally disus$1 f be+ unsafe4 ,) ! revolv+ keys resembl+ ! mod]n =m1 f\nd at ,pompeii & else:]e1 slits = fix$ w>ds are common1 & %[ t ! ,roman keys ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t era resembl$ our own4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages reliance 0 plac$ almo/ entirely on ! w>d sy/em1 & _m complicat$ contrivances 7 introduc$1 ( :i* fig4 #abg1 ,plate ,x41 is a specim51 until ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 :5 _! insecurity l$ to ! re-introduction ( tumbl]-locks4 #cg ',la ,f]ronn]ie1' tome ii41 ,plate ,,lv41 ,e1 ,g1 ,k1 p4 #bch4 ,x is n kn[n exactly :5 ?is took place1 b probably at "s "t dur+ ! #ah? c5tury1 & possibly e>li]4 ,?is "t1 ! tumbl]s in/ead ( be+ v]tical 7z 0 ! case dur+ :at may be call$ ! e>ly tumbl] p]iod7 7 horizontal1 re/+ on a pivot above ! bolt & kept d[n by a spr+4 ,figs4 #abh1 #abi1 & #acj1 ,plate ,x41 is a tumbl] lock 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,,*ubb1 f\nd :il/ repair+ an old h\se at ,funtley1 ,hants1 said to be #bjj ye>s old4 ,if s x mu/ be reg>d$ z ! e>lie/ specim5 ( ! second tumbl] p]iod4 ,! tumbl] moves on a pivot1 & is kept d[n by a spr+1 ! revolv+ key raises ! tumbl] by press+ up ! curv$ b> atta*$ to x1 :i* raises ! /ud ( ! tumbl] out ( ! not* provid$ = x on ! upp] side ( ! bolt1 !reby free+ ! bolt1 s t by fur!r turn+ ! key x is enabl$ to %oot ! bolt4 ,! tumbl]1 x w be se51 _c be rais$ too high4 ,if ! plate ( ! key is long en\gh to raise ! /ud ( ! tumbl] out ( ! not*1 a key ) a long] plate w answ] ! same purpose4 ,to rem$y ?is defect & necessitate ! employm5t ( a key ( exactly ! prop] size1 ,mr4 ,,b>ron1 ab\t ! ye> #aggh1 introduc$ an improvem5t kn[n by 8 "n1 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aca1 ,plate ,x41 9 :i* ! bolt is provid$ ) a slit along ! middle j wide en\gh to all[ ! /ud to pass2 ! slit has not*es bo? above & bel[1 s t if ! /ud is rais$ too high by a key ) too long a plate x is =c$ into ! upp] not* & ! bolt cont9ues immovable4 ,he also introduc$ two tumbl]s requir+ to be rais$ to diff]5t heights 9 ord] to co9cide ) ! slit 9 ! bolt by means ( diff]5t projections on ! edge ( ! key plate1 s t ! bolt c\ld only be %ot by means ( a key ) a plate expressly con/ruct$ to fit ! lock1 & hav+ two projections ( ! requisite l5g?4 ,?is pr9ciple ( employ+ two or m tumbl]s is ! "o on :i* ne>ly all subsequ5t improvem5ts h be5 effect$4 ,^? :o desire to prosecute ! subject fur!r w f9d a v>iety ( mod]n tumbl] locks 9 my collection introduc$ dur+ ! latt] half ( ! la/ & comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,!y are all1 9 ! ma91 v>ieties ( "o pr9ciple1 t]m9at+ 9 ! ,,*ubb & ,,hobbs locks ( ! pres5t "t4 ,z ?is pap] relates only to primitive locks ,i d propose to describe !m "h4 ,! cont9uity :i* p]vades all ! ramifications ( ! mod]n lock is n less complete ?an 9 ! e>li] =ms1 & w\ld well be> treat+ 9 ! same mann] z ^? :i* ,i h describ$4 ,! ,bramah lock1 ?\gh 9 ext]nal appe>ance diff]+ f ! o!rs1 is no less bas$ ^u ! e>li] =ms1 & may be describ$ z a union betwe5 ! w>d & ! tumbl] sy/ems4 ,x is a w>d sy/em1 because ! ob/ructions introduc$ into ! me*anism are int5d$ to prev5t ! turn+ ( ! key to %oot ! bolt by any b a key ( ! prop] con/ruction4 ,x is a tumbl] sy/em because ! imp$im5ts s plac$ ^u ! turn+ ( ! key are 9 fact tumbl]s pack$ r\nd ! cyl9d] ( ! key 7reta9$ by spr+s71 & all[+ ! passage ( ! key-plate only :5 press$ d[n to ! v>i\s dep?s to :i* ea* sep>ate tumbl] is adapt$ 9 ord] to provide an op5 passage = ! key-plate all r\nd4 ,?is union ( ideas develop$ sep>ately 9 diff]5t bran*es ( ! same trade1 device or indu/ry1 corresponds to ! cross+ ( individuals & bre$s 9 nature1 :i* is s necess>y to reproduction4 ,! analogy1 z ,i h already intimat$ else:]e1 might be c>ri$ ev5 fur!r & clos] if space p]mitt$4 ,x is a necess>y condition ( ! abs5ce ( creative p[] 9 nature1 & applies equally to all ! processes ( evolution :e!r ( species or ( ideas1 b ! subject requires broad] treatm5t ?an c be giv5 to x "h4 ,my object 9 writ+ ?is pap] be+ to trace ! developm5t ( p>ticul> =ms r ?an to g5]alise1 ,i mu/ leave ! philosophy ( ! subject = sep>ate treatm5t4 ,f ! =ego+ description ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( primitive locks 9 use 9 diff]5t c\ntries x w1 ,i ?9k1 h be5 made evid5t t "s ( !m mo/ c]ta9ly h be5 d]iv$ f a common c5tre4 ,! wood5 key-drawn p9-locks h spread ov] ! region ext5d+ f ,egypt to ,y>k&4 ,! ,sc&9avian wood5 locks ( ! same k9d1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 ! details ( _! con/ruction1 we h se5 are common to ,norway & ,scotl&1 & by "s means h be5 c>ri$ to ! ,we/ ,indies & ,briti% ,guiana1 :il/ ! tubul> spr+ padlock ( ! ,roman age 9 ,europe is ! same t is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! :ole region ext5d+ f ,italy to ,*9a & ,japan on ! ea/1 nor?w>d into ,engl& & ,sc&9avia1 s\?w>d into ,abyss9ia1 & we/w>d into ,we/ ,africa & ,alg]ia1 ,spa91 & on z f> z ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,x is sometimes ?\ght :5 simple contrivances su* z weapons ( /one & bronze1 "s ( ! simpl] k9ds ( ornam5ts1 & ( tools obvi\sly adapt$ to primeval life are f\nd to ext5d ov] wide areas1 & 9 places v remote f "o ano!r1 t ! few ideas necess>y = ! con/ruction & use ( !m might easily h sugge/$ !mselves indep5d5tly 9 diff]5t places4 ,to ! /ud5t ( primitive culture :o has become impress$ ) ! p]si/5cy ( art =ms1 ?is indep5d5t orig9 ( su* ?+s does n appe> s c]ta9 ev5 9 ! case ( ! mo/ simple contrivances4 ,b :5 we come to a complex piece ( me*anism1 su* z a spr+ padlock hav+ sev]al p>ts--! spr+1 ! case1 ! p>allel b>1 & ! key1 9 all ( :i* ! resemblance is ma9ta9$ 9 di/ant c\ntries1 & :i*1 ) slight modification & cont9u\sly progressive improvem5ts1 are put toge!r 9 ! same mann] 9 all p>ts ( ! _w--su* a supposition _c be admitt$1 ! necessity = a common orig9 is app>5t1 & ! /udy ( ! p]iods & ! circum/ances connect$ ) ! di/ribution ( x _c be set aside z sup]flu\s4 ,assum+ t ! tumbl] p9-lock & ! spr+ padlock _c be trac$ back e>li] 9 ,europe ?an ! comm5cem5t ( our era1 x is by no means c]ta9 t !y may n h exi/$ e>li] else:]e4 ,! comm]ce c>ri$ on ) ! ,ea/ 9 e>ly times 0 ( a nature to r5d] x v probable t any contrivance = secur+ goods %\ld h spread f place to place ) ! m]*&ise export$ & import$ betwe5 ,*9a1 ,india1 & ,europe4 ,a brief survey ( ! trade relations betwe5 diff]5t c\ntries w be suffici5t to %[ ?is4 ,! exp$ition ( ,,alex&] gave rise to int]c\rse :i* 0 kept up by ! ,greek k+dom ( ,bactria1 & rec5t ,indian discov]ies bo? ( co9s & sculptures prove m & m ! great influ5ce :i* ,greek art ex]cis$ 9 ,india up to ! comm5cem5t ( our era4 ,,/rabo says t1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #bb1 ,,nicolaus ,,damasc5us fell 9 ) ?ree ,indian ambassadors at ,antio* ,epidaphne on _! way to ! ,c\rt ( ,,augu/us1 & t _! cr$5tials 7 9 ! ,greek language4 ,,diodorus quot+ ,,iambulus speaks ( ,k+ ,,palibo?ra 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #a/ c5tury z a lov] ( ! ,greeks4 ,,dio ,,*ryso/om m5tions t ! poems ( ,,hom] 7 sung by ! ,indians1 & ,,lian says t n only ! ,indians b ! k+s ( ,p]sia translat$ & sang !m4 ,if ! travels ( ,,apollonius & ,,damis are to be cr$it$1 ! ,greek language 0 spok5 9 ! ,punjaub 9 ! fir/ half-c5tury ( our era1 & frequ5t int]c\rse appe>s to h tak5 place betwe5 t c\ntry & ,egypt4#ch ,,pl9y 9 ! #a/ c5tury ,a4,d4 says1 on ! au?ority ( ,,v>ro1 t "u ! direction ( ,,pompey x 0 asc]ta9$ t x took sev5 days to g f ,india to ! ,riv] ,ic>us1 believ$ to be ! mod]n ,ros*a1 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,bactri1 :i* dis*>ges itself into ! ,oxus1 & t ! m]*&ise ( ,india be+ convey$ f x ?r\gh ! ,caspian ,sea into ! ,cyrus1 might be br\ght by l& to ,phasis 9 ,pontus 9 five days at mo/4#ci ,! be/ /eel us$ 9 ,rome 0 import$ f ,*9a4#dj ,,arrian1 9 ! #bnd c5tury ,a4,d41 speaks ( a frequ5t$ way1 ,greek3 lephoros odos1 ext5d+ 9 ! direction ( ,india ?r\gh ,bactria2 aft] :i* f\r embassies f ! ,ea/ are notic$ by anci5t writ]s1 "o to ,,trajan1 ,a4,d4 #ajg2 ano!r to ,,anton9us ,,pius1 ,a4,d4 #ach-afa2 a ?ird to ,,julian1 ,a4,d4 #cfa2 & ! f\r? to ,,ju/9ian1 ,a4,d4 #ecj4 ,^! are b scant memorials ( an int]c\rse :i* mu/ h be5 frequ5t betwe5 ,india & ,rome1 & :i* rea*$ its highe/ developm5t dur+ ! reigns ( ,,sev]us & ,,c>acalla1 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! #crd c5tury ,a4,d4 #ch ',! ,indian ,travels ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana1' by ,,osmond ,,de ,,beauvoir ,,priaulx4 #ci ,,pl9y1 ,book vi41 *ap4 #ai4 #dj ',anci5t ,bronze ,implem5ts1' by ,,john ,,evans1 ,d4,c4,l41 c41 p4 #ai2 ,,pl9y',s ',nat4 ,hi/ory1' ,book xxxiv41 *ap4 #da4 ,turn+ n[ to ! s\!rn r\te ( communication ) ,india1 ,,pl9y describes ,taprobane 7,ceylon71 & m5tions an embassy s5t f !nce to ! ,emp]or ,,claudius4 ,! discov]y ( ! monsoons dur+ ! #a/ c5tury 0 ! means ( creat+ a great trade betwe5 ,india & ,alex&ria4 ,,/rabo says t 9 ! "t ( ! ,,ptolemies "s #bj %ips only v5tur$ ^u ! ,indian seas1 b t ?is traffic _h s greatly increas$ t he himself saw at ,myos ,hormos1 on ! ,arabian ,gulf1 #abj %ips de/9$ = ,india4 ,,pl9y gives 9 detail ! r\te f ,alex&ria to ,india 9 8 "t1 & says t x 0 well wor?y ( notice because 9 ea* ye> ,india dra9$ ! empire ( at lea/ #eej se/]tii1 e/imat$ at #a1djj1jjj ( ,engli% money1 giv+ back 9 ex*ange h] own w>es1 :i* 7 sold at fully "o hundr$ times _! orig9al co/1 & he says t ! voyage 0 made e ye> by ! foll[+ r\te3--,two miles di/ant f ,alex&ria 0 ! t[n ( ,juliopolis1 suppos$ to be ,nicopolis4 ,! di/ance f !nce to ,coptos up ! ,nile 0 #cjh miles1 & ! voyage 0 p]=m$ ) a fav\rable w9d 9 #ab days4 ,f ,coptos ! j\rney 0 made on camels to ,b]5ice1 a seaport on ! s\!rn fronti] ( ,egypt1 #beg miles1 9 ano!r #ab days4 ,"h ! pass5g]s g5]ally set sail at midsumm]1 & 9 ab\t #cj days arriv$ at ,ocelis1 9 ,arabia1 n[ call$ ,gehla1 or at ,cane1 suppos$ to be ,cava ,canim ,bay4 ,f h5ce1 if ! w9d call$ hippaulus happ5$ to be bl[+1 x 0 possible to arrive at ,muzitis1 ! mod]n ,mangalore1 :i* 0 ! ne>e/ po9t 9 ,india1 9 #dj days4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n a conv5i5t port = disemb>k+1 & ,b>ace 0 !re=e pref]r$4 ,to ?is place pepp] 0 c>ri$ d[n 9 dug-out canoes made out ( a s+le trunk f ,cotton>a1 suppos$ to be ,co*9 or ,travancore4 ,! return voyage 0 usually made 9 ,janu>y1 tak+ advantage ( ! s\?-ea/ monsoon1 by :i* means !y 7 able to g & return ! same ye>4 ,b :5 ,,pl9y wrote1 ! trade ) ,india 0 only 9 its infancy1 aft]w>ds ,greek factories 7 probably e/abli%$ at ! ,indian seabo>ds1 :i* acc\nts = ! ,greek names = "s ( ! t[ns on t coa/4 ,b ! p ( ,alex&ria hav+ become insol5t 9 _! prosp]ity1 ,,hadrian 0 l$ to enc\rage ! r\te ?r\gh ,palmyra1 :i* 0 ! mo/ direct road to ,india4 ,ev5 9 ! #bnd c5tury ,a4,d4 ! trade betwe5 ,rome & ,india ?r\gh ,palmyra mu/ h be5 consid]able1 = x drew ! att5tion ( ! ,*9ese4 ,_! annals speak ( x z c>ri$ on pr9cipally by sea2 !y m5tion ,roman m]*ants 9 relations ( comm]ce ) & visit+ ,burmah1 ,tonqu91 & ,co*9 ,*9a1 & !y h pres]v$ ! memory ( an embassy f ! ,roman emp]or1 :i* 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #aff 0 receiv$ by ! ,*9ese sov]eign4 ,arab or native vessels appe> to h br\ght ! produce ( ,india up ! ,p]sian ,gulf to ! m\? ( ! ,euphrates4 ,at ,t]$on !y dis*>g$ _! c>goes1 & ! m]*&ise 0 !n c>ri$ to ,vologesia by camels2 at ?is place ! m]*ants ( ,palmyra took x up & x 0 "h ex*ang$ = ! produce ( ,europe4 ,ev5 z late z ! #e? c5tury1 %ips f ,india & ,*9a are m5tion$ ly+ at ,hira on ! ,euphrates1 a little to ! s\? ( ,babylon4 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ?is trade ,palmyra grew rapidly into weal? & p[] until ! wid[ ( ,,galb]ius ?rew (f h] allegiance to ,rome4 ,?is l$ to ! de/ruction ( ! city by ,,aurelian1 ,a4,d4 #bge1 :i* put an end to ! ,roman trade ) ,india ?r\gh ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,! ,alex&rian trade ) ,india fell (f ab\t ! same "t1 & ! b>b>ians occupi$ ,coptos1 ! port ( emb>kation = ,india1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #bgi4 ,aft] ! fall ( ,palmyra ! ,indian trade 0 transf]r$ to ,batne1 ne> ! ,euphrates1 b x la/$ only a %ort "t1 & 9 ! #d? & #e? c5turies may be reg>d$ z hav+ become ext9ct 9 s f> z ,roman m]*ants 7 conc]n$4 ,! trade1 h[ev]1 0 /ill kept up by ! ,arabs4 ,,epiphanius1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #cge1 gives an acc\nt ( trade c>ri$ on ?r\gh ,b]5ice1 by :i* ! m]*ants ( ,india import$ _! goods into ! ,roman t]ritory1 & !re is also ,*9ese au?ority = believ+ t a great trade betwe5 ,rome & ,india exi/$ 9 ! #f? c5tury4 ,,ma-,,t\an-,,l91 ,a4,d4 #acag1 9 8 rese>*es into antiquity1 affirms t 9 ,a4,d4 #ejj-eaf ,india c>ri$ on a consid]able comm]ce by sea ) ,ta-,ts91 ! ,roman ,empire1 & ) ! ,ansi ! ,syrians1#da b ,arab & n ,roman vessels 7 employ$4 ,,mas\di says t 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #g? c5tury ! ,indian & ,*9ese trade ) ,babylon 0 pr9cipally 9 ! h&s ( ! ,indians & ,*9ese4 ,! usual passage aft] r\nd+ ! ,po9t de ,galle 0 to creep up ! ,madras coa/ dur+ ! ,s4,w4 monsoon & take a po9t ( dep>ture f ,masulapatam t[>ds ! lead+ op5+ ( ! ,ganges4#db ,mean:ile ! ov]l& trade betwe5 ,europe & ,india 9 ! #crd & #d? c5turies 0 c>ri$ on by ! ,sassanid1 :o 9 ! #d? c5tury ent]$ into comm]cial relations ) ,*9a1 to :i* c\ntry !y s5t frequ5t embassies 9 ! #f? c5tury1 & ?r\gh ?is r\te silk 0 import$ into ,europe4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #gab ,s9d 0 conqu]$ by ! ,arabs1 & 9 addition to ! k+dom ( ,mansurah & ,multan1 o!r indep5d5t ,muslim gov]nm5ts 7 e/abli%$ at ,bania & ,kasd>4#dc ,!re is also ! evid5ce ( ! m]*ant ,,sulam9 & ! rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,,edw>d ,,?omas into ! co9s ( ! ,balh>a to prove ! cont9uance ( ,arab int]c\rse ) ,india dur+ ! #i? c5tury4 #da ,,priaulx1 p4 #bdd4 #db ,! ,indian ,balh>a & ,arabian int]c\rse ) ,india 9 ! ,n9? & ,foll[+ ,c5turies1 by ,e4 ,,?omas1 ,f4,r4,s41 ',numismata ,ori5talia1' vol4 iii41 #ahhb4 #dc ,co9s ( ! ,arabs 9 ,s9d1 by ,e4 ,,?omas1 ,f4,r4,s41 9 ! ',indian ,antiqu>y4' ,dur+ all ?is "t ! relations betwe5 ,sc&9avia & ,rome appe> to h be5 sc>cely less ext5sive4 ,al?\gh ! ,romans nev] succe$$ 9 p5etrat+ ,sc&9avia1 ! discov]y ( co9s1 vases 9 bronze & glass1 & o!r objects ( art1 is suffici5t to prove t ,sc&9avian art 0 greatly influ5c$ by int]c\rse ) ,rome dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! #bnd c5tury ( our era4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( society1 communication by sea (f]$ great] facilities = traffic ?an l& j\rneys1 & = ?is reason ! ,isl& ( ,gotl&1 n[ s isolat$ & r>ely visit$ except by antiqu>ies1 appe>s to h s]v$ z a portal = ! entry ( ,roman & ,ori5tal goods & civilization into ,sc&9avia4#dd ,aft] ! fall ( ! ,roman empire1 ,sc&9avia 0 left to its own res\rces1 aid$ by occasional int]c\rse ) ,byzantium1 until 9 ! lat] iron age1 ext5d+ f ! #h? c5tury to ! middle ( ! #aa? c5tury1 ano!r l9e ( communication 0 e/abli%$ ) ! ,ea/1 /ill ent]+ ,sc&9avia ma9ly ?r\gh ! ,isl& ( ,gotl&4 ,mr4 ,,hildebr& records ! discov]y ( #bj1jjj ,arab co9s 9 ,sw$5 & ,gotl&1 & traces ! *annel ( _! transmission by ,russian f9ds f ! /ates ne> ! ,caspian1 ?r\gh ,russia to ! %ores ( ! ,baltic1 & !nce1 ?anks to ! comm]ce e/abli%$ by ! inhabitants ( ,gotl&1 ov] to t isl&4 ,f ,gotl&1 & probably also by direct int]c\rse ) ,russia1 ! ,mahom$an co9s 7 spread ov] ,sc&9avia1 be+ m common 9 ! ea/]n prov9ces ( ,sw$5 ?an 9 ! we/ or 9 ,norway4 ,! great] "p ( ^! co9s appe> to h come into ,sw$5 betwe5 ! ye>s #hhj & #iee1 b ! late/ belongs to ! ye> #ajaj4 ,on ! l9e ( communication "h indicat$1 iron keys ( ! k9d adapt$ bo? to ! tumbl] lock & ! spr+ padlock h be5 discov]$ 9 ! gov]nm5ts ( ,vladimir & ,j>oslav1 9 ! graves ( ! ,n]i5s1#de dat+ ab\t ! #h? c5tury ,a4,d41 %[+ t 9 all probability x 0 by ?is l9e t ! use ( ^! locks 7 import$ into ,sw$54 ,! key ( ! padlock f\nd "h 0 ( ! =m ( ! ,roman key1 7fig4 #ba;,c1 ,plate ,v471 ! ,indian "o 7fig4 #df;,c1 ,plate ,,vi471 & ! mod]n "o f ,cairo 7fig4 #dg;,c1 ,plate ,,vi474 ,x also resembles t ( ! ,sw$i% lock 7fig4 #bf;,c1 ,plate ,v471 & belongs to ! mo/ primitive =m ( ! me*anism4 #dd ',la ,sude ,prehi/orique1' by ,o4 ,,montelius4 #de ,antiquits du ,nord ,f9no-,ougri51 p> ,j4 ,r4 ,,aspel91 ',age du ,f]1' iii41 figs4 #igg1 #ihj1 #iha4 ,:il/ ?is traffic 0 be+ c>ri$ on betwe5 ,sc&9avia & ! ,ea/1 ! int]c\rse ( ! ,vik+s 0 kept up ) ,brita91 ,irel&1 & ! coa/s ( ! ,engli% ,*annel1 comm5c+ 9 #ghg & cont9u+ to ! #aa? c5tury4 ,^! ,we/]n relations1 l ^? ) ! ,ea/1 appe> to h tak5 place *iefly ?r\gh ,gotl&2 & ! numb] ( ,anglo-,saxon co9s f\nd 9 t ,isl& & ! ,ea/ ( ,sw$5 greatly exce$ ^? discov]$ 9 ,norway & ! ,we/4 ,! =ego+ summ>y ( ! evid5ce ( comm]cial relations betwe5 ,s\!rn ,europe & ! ,ea/ & ,nor? dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era is suffici5t to %[ t ample facilities exi/$ = ! spread ( e>ly =ms ( locks & keys4 ,! padlock1 m especially--:i*1 z ,i h said :5 ref]r+ to ! etymology ( ! ^w pad1 0 ! class ( lock associat$ ) portable m]*&ise--mu/ h be5 c>ri$ into all ^? p>ts ( ! _w betwe5 :i* comm]cial relations _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,at :at "t & ?r\gh :at p>ticul> *annels ! v>i\s k9ds ( locks 7 di/ribut$ c only be det]m9$ aft] m ext5d$ inquiry into ! ar*ology ( padlocks4 ,"s po9ts may1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k be consid]$ to be m or less e/abli%$ by ! evid5ce ,i h adduc$4 ,! p>ticul> =m ( padlock repres5t$ 9 fig4 #dd;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 f ,india1 & fig4 #ba;,c1 ,plate ,v41 f ! ,roman p]iod ( ,europe1 mu/ 9 all probability h be5 communicat$ 9 ,roman times1 z ,i am n aw>e t ?is precise =m ( padlock 0 9 use 9 ,europe lat] ?an ! ,roman age1 hav+ be5 sup]s$$ by ! m mod]n improvem5ts :i* h be5 describ$ 9 ?is pap]4 ,! use ( padlocks 9 ! =ms ( animals 9 ,egypt1 ,p]sia1 & ,*9a1 mu/ also v probably belong to ! same p]iod4 ,! ,*9ese & ,japanese padlocks appe> to belong to a m advanc$ /age ( ! developm5t ( ! me*anism1 & correspond to ! =m us$ 9 ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 :il/ ! use ( ! revolv+ key 9 ,europe1 ,india1 & ,japan1 to compress ! spr+s1 z %[n 9 figs4 #ci;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 #ij;,c1 ,plate ,,viii41 & #ih;,c1 ,plate ,,xi41 mu/ date f a /ill lat] phase 9 ! art2 & unless !y are to be reg>d$ z improvem5ts introduc$ indep5d5tly 9 ^? c\ntries1 ! idea mu/ h spread by means ( ,arab trad]s1 if n /ill m rec5tly4 ,9 l mann]1 ! adoption ( ! screw pr9ciple ) ^! locks mu/ ei!r h be5 convey$ by trad]s1 or appli$ indep5d5tly 9 diff]5t c\ntries to ! =m ( padlock already 9 use4 ,! h+e ( ! /aple1 z se5 9 figs4 #bf;,c & #ca;,c1 ,plate ,v41 ?\gh d]iv$ f ! e>li] =m ( ! p>allel b>1 :i* has a wide di/ribution1 has n be5 univ]sally adopt$1 b is us$ *iefly 9 ,sw$5 & ,europe1 & is an improvem5t introduc$1 no d\bt1 9 mod]n times4 ,fur!r in=mation is ne$$ to enable u to trace ! di/ribution ( all ^! diff]5t v>ieties m cont9u\sly1 be=e any satisfactory judgm5t c be =m$ z to ! date ( connection4 ,9 ,sc&9avia we f9d ! padlock 9 use 9 ,gotl&1 9 ,bjrk1 & 9 ,sw$52 & ,,hans ,,hildebr&1 9 8 "w on ',! ,indu/rial ,arts ( ,sc&9avia1'#df publi%$ by ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 says t !y 7 already kn[n 9 t region 9 ,pagan times4 ,x is to be hop$ t ?is ann\ncem5t may be only a prelude to "s m detail$ publication ( 8 rese>*es into a subject to :i* ! pres5t pap] c only be reg>d$ z a fir/ introduction--n previ\sly attempt$1 t ,i am aw>e (1 9 its e?nological & comm]cial be>+s4 ,local ar*ologi/s mu/ "w out ! re/4 ,en\gh has1 ,i tru/1 be5 said to %[ t a l>ge field lies op5 to ! /ud5t ( ! ar*ology ( locks & keys1 & t :5ev] ! hi/ory ( ?is me*anism is trac$ 9 ,sc&9avia1 ,p]sia1 ,india1 & ,*9a1 9 ! same way t ,i h endeav\r$ to trace x 9 ,europe1 mu* light w !reby be ?r[n on ! ramifications ( trade & ! comm]cial relations ( di/ant c\ntries 9 non-hi/oric times4 #df ',! ,indu/rial ,arts ( ,sc&9avia1' by ,,hans ,,hildebr&1 #ahhc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,fig4 #a4 ,japanese book fa/5+ d]iv$ f ! common p94 ,figs4 #b & #c4 ,common wood5 bolt us$ at ,ga/e91 9 ,au/ria1 at ! pres5t "t4 ,fig4 #b4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #c4 ,transv]se section on ,a ,b4 a4 ,h&le4 b4 ,bolt4 c c4 ,slit = h&le1 a4 ,figs4 #d & #e4 ,wood5 bolt ) p9 fa/5+ 7suppos$ =m74 ,fig4 #d4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #e4 ,transv]se section on ,a ,b4 ,figs4 #f to #h4 ,wood5 s+le tumbl] bolt 7suppos$ =m74 ,fig4 #f4 ,front view 7op574 ,fig4 #g4 ,front view 7clos$74 ,fig4 #h4 ,transv]se section on ,a ,b4 ,figs4 #i;,a to #aa;,a4 ,wood5 d\ble tumbl] lock f ! ,f>oe ,isl&s4 ,fig4 #i;,a4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #aj;,a4 ,longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #aa;,a4 ,transv]se section4 a4 ,bolt4 b b4 ,tee? ( key1 c4 d d4 ,tumbl]s4 e e e4 ,block4 f f4 ,holes 9 bolt4 ,figs4 #ab;,a to #ag;,a4 ,old ,scotti% wood5 tumbl] lock 7,pat5t ,museum74 ,fig4 #ab;,a4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #ac;,a4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #ad;,a4 ,longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #ae;,a4 ,transv]se section4 ,fig4 #af;,a4 ,section ?r\gh ,a ,b4 ,fig4 #ag;,a4 ,section ?r\gh ,c ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,wyman ,sons1 ,pr9t]s1 ,gt4 ,que5 ,/4 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,figs4 #ah;,a to #bb;,a4 ,old ,scotti% treble wood5 tumbl] lock 7,pat5t ,museum74 ,fig4 #ah;,a4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #ai;,a4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #bj;,a4 ,longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #ba;,a4 ,transv]se section4 ,fig4#bb ,a4 ,section ?r\gh ,a ,b 7fig4 #ba;,a74 ,figs4 #bc;,a to #be;,a4 ,wood5 tumbl] lock f ,norway 7,hazilius ,museum1 ,/ockholm74 ,fig4 #bc;,a4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #bd;,a4 ,longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #be;,a4 ,transv]se section on ,a ,b4 ,figs4 #bf;,a to #bh;,a4 ,wood5 tumbl] lock made by negroes ( ,jamaica 7,museum1 ,kew ,g>d5s74 ,fig4 #bf;,a4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #bg;,a4 ,longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #bh;,a4 ,transv]se section on ,a ,b4 ,figs4 #bi;,a to #ca;,a4 ,wood5 tumbl] lock f ,briti% ,guiana 7,,*ri/y ,collection74 ,fig4 #bi;,a4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #cj;,a4 ,longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #ca;,a4 ,transv]se section4 ,fig4 #i;,b4 ,probable use ( fig4 #bi;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 z a key = a s+le tumbl] lock4 ,figs4 #aj;,b to #ab;,b4 ,mod]n ,egyptian wood5 tumbl] or p9-lock 9 use at ! pres5t "t4 ,fig4 #aj;,b4 ,longitud9al section %[+ pegs rais$ by key ,a prep>atory to )draw+ ! bolt ,b4 ,fig4 #aa;,b4 ,key ,a4 ,fig4 #ab;,b4 ,longitud9al section %[+ pegs d[n & bolt lock$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,wyman ,sons1 ,pr9t]s1 ,gt4 ,que5 ,/4 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,figs4 #ac;,b & #ad;,b4 ,mod]n wood5 tumbl] or p9-lock f ,y>k& 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #ac;,b4 ,longitud9al section %[+ pegs rais$ by key ,a prep>atory to )draw+ ! bolt ,b4 ,fig4 #ad;,b4 ,longitud9al section %[+ pegs d[n & bolt lock$4 ,figs4 #ae;,b to #bj;,b4 ,reproduction ( ,roman tumbl] lock 7,ma9z ,museum7 7,l9d5s*mit74 ,fig4 #ae;,b4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #af;,b4 ,longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #ag;,b4 ,transv]se section on ,c ,d4 ,fig4 #ah;,b4 ,section ?r\gh ,a ,b4 ,fig4 #ai;,b4 ,bolt 7top view74 ,fig4 #bj;,b4 ,key4 a4 ,key4 b4 ,bolt4 c4 ,block1 e4 ,hasp4 f f4 ,tumbl]s4 g4 ,spr+4 h4 ,plate ( spr+4 ,fig4 #ba;,b4 ,anci5t hasp f ,hett]nheim1 ,roman4 ,fig4 #bb;,b4 ,bronze bolt f ,opp5heim1 ,roman4 ,fig4 #bc;,b4 ,bronze bolt f ,h$d]nheim1 ,roman4 ,fig4 #bd;,b4 ,iron key f\nd 9 ! ,riv] ,rh9e at ,may5ce1 ,roman4 ,fig4 #be;,b4 ,key = tumbl] lock ) w>d plate1 ,roman 7',la ,f]ronn]ie'74 ,fig4 #bf;,b4 ,bolt = s+le tumbl] f\nd 9 ! ,=e/ ( ,compigne1 ,roman 7',la ,f]ronn]ie'74 ,fig4 #bg;,b4 ,key to raise s+le tumbl] lock f\nd at ,nonf\s1 ,switz]l&1 ,roman 7',la ,f]ronn]ie'74 ,fig4 #bh;,b4 ,mod]n pick-lock4 ,fig4 #bi;,b4 ,key f\nd 9 ,g]mano-,roman tomb at ,nid]olm 7probable use %[n 9 fig4 #i;,b1 ,plate ,,ii474 ,fig4 #cj;,b4 ,anglo-,saxon keys f\nd at ,s>r1 9 ,k5t 7',ar*ologia ,fig4 #ca;,b4 ,cantiana'74 ,fig4 #cb;,b4 ,two keys f ,bornholm1 9 ! ,baltic 7',mmoires ,fig4 #cc;,b4 de la ,socit ,royale es ,antiqu>ies du ,nord'74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,wyman ,sons1 ,pr9t]s1 ,gt4 ,que5 ,/4 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,fig4 #cd;,b4 ,key f\nd at ,ca]w5t1 9 ,wales 7,isca ,silurum74 ,fig4 #ce;,b4 ,two keys f\nd 9 ,roman villa at ,h>tlip1 ,k5t ,fig4 #cf;,b4 7',collectanea ,antiqua'74 ,fig4 #cg;,b4 ,two keys f\nd at ,/4 ,pi]re-en-,*a/re1 ,oise4 ,gauli%4 ,f draw+s tak5 by ,g54 ,,pitt-,,riv]s1 ,fig4 #ch;,b4 9 ! ,muse de ,sa9t ,g]ma94 ,fig4 #ci;,b4 ,key f\nd at ,spettisbury1 ne> ,bl&=d4 ,briti%4 7,briti% ,museum47 ,fig4 #dj;,b4 ,two keys f\nd 9 ,m\nt ,caburn ,camp1 ne> ,lewes1 ,fig4 #da;,b4 by ! ,au?or4 ,briti%4 7',ar*ologia4'7 ,fig4 #db;,b4 ,key f\nd 9 ,cissbury ,camp1 ,sussex4 ,briti%4 7',j\rnal ,an?ropological ,in/itute4'7 ,fig4 #dc;,b4 ,repres5ts ! anci5t mode ( c>ry+ keys on %\ld]1 adapt$ to ! ,briti% key f\nd 9 ,caburn4 7,fig4 #da;,b47 ,figs4 #a;,c & #b;,c4 ,mod]n ,sc&9avian bolt & key 7',la ,f]ronn]ie'74 ,fig4 #a;,c4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #b;,c4 ,transv]se section on ,a ,b4 ,figs4 #c;,c to #e;,c4 ,mod]n ,sc&9avian bolt & key1 ) spr+ ,a4 ,f a model pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,,engelh>dt1 & us$ 9 ,norway4 ,fig4 #c;,c4 ,longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #d;,c4 ,transv]se section4 ,fig4 #e;,c4 ,view %[+ keyhole4 ,fig4 #f;,c4 ,two iron keys f ,cl]mont-,f]r&1 ,auv]gne1 ,fig4 #g;,c4 ,france4 ,fig4 #h;,c4 ,two iron keys f ,col*e/]1 ,essex1 7,uriconium74 ,fig4 #i;,c4 ,fig4 #aj;,c4 ,iron key f ,jordan ,hill1 ne> ,weym\?4 ,fig4 #aa;,c4 ,iron key f ,caudebec-les ,elbeuf 7',la ,f]ronn]ie'74 ,fig4 #ab;,c4 ,iron lock-plate f\nd ) above 7fig4 #aa;,c74 ,fig4 #ac;,c4 ,two iron keys f ,roman villa1 at ,h>tlip1 ,k5t ,fig4 #ad;,c4 7',collectanea ,antiqua'74 ,fig4 #ae;,c4 ,?ree keys f ,anglo-,saxon graves at ,s>r1 ,k5t ,fig4 #af;,c4 7',ar*ologia ,cantiana'74 ,fig4 #ag;,c4 ,fig4 #ah;,c4 ,bronze key f ,gotl&1 ,iron ,age 7',antiquits ,sudoises'74 ,fig4 #ai;,c4 ,two keys f ,bjrk1 9 ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia1 #h? ,fig4 #bj;,c4 or #i? ,c5tury ,a4,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,wyman ,sons1 ,pr9t]s1 ,gt4 ,que5 ,/4 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,figs4 #ba;,c & #bb;,c4 ,portions ( ,roman padlock f\nd at ,jordan ,hill1 ,weym\?4 ,fig4 #ba;,c4 ,side view ( lock-case & p>allel b>4 ,fig4 #bb;,c4 ,side view ( bolt ) spr+ cat*4 a4 ,bolt4 b b4 ,p]p5dicul> b>s ( bolt c c4 ,r+s to slip ov] p>allel b> d4 e4 ,cat* spr+s4 f4 ,hole 9 tube ?r\gh :i* bolt is pass$4 g4 ,key4 ,figs4 #bc;,c to #be;,c4 ,roman padlocks f\nd at ,great ,*e/]=d1 ,essex 7',ar*ological ,j\rnal'74 ,fig4 #bc;,c4 ,side view ( suppos$ orig9al =m4 ,fig4 #bd;,c4 ,improv$ =m %[+ bolt1 a4 ,fig4 #be;,c4 ,improv$ =m )\t bolt4 ,figs4 #bf;,c & #bg;,c4 ,old ,sw$i% padlock4 ,fig4 #bf;,c4 ,longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #bg;,c4 ,side view ( bolt & spr+s4 d4 ,p>allel b> turn+ on h+e at h1 & ent]+ tube case at j4 ,figs4 #bh;,c to #cj;,c4 ,old ,russian bronze padlock1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg 7',la ,f]ronn]ie'74 ,fig4 #bh;,c4 ,side view ( bolt & spr+s4 ,fig4 #bi;,c4 ,side view ( tube case4 ,fig4 #cj;,c4 ,end ( case %[+ ap]ture = spr+s4 ,figs4 #ca;,c & #cb;,c4 ,old ,engli% fett]lock1 f ,epp+1 ne> ,london4 ,fig4 #ca;,c4 ,longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #cb;,c4 ,side view ( bolt & spr+s ,a4 ,side & end views ( key %[n above4 ,fig4 #cc;,c4 ,fragm5t ( bolt ) spr+s1 f\nd 9 ramp>t 9 excavations at ! ,norman ,camp1 ,folke/one 7',ar*ologia'74 ,fig4 #cd;,c4 ,iron padlock f\nd at ,swanscombe1 ,k5t1 #ae? ,c5tury 7',ar*ological ,j\rnal'74 ,fig4 #ce;,c4 ,longitud9al section 7) key7 ( mod]n padlock1 f ,ru%more1 ,wilt%ire1 spiral spr+ action4 ,fig4 #cf;,c4 ,side view ( mod]n padlock1 f ,p>is1 spiral spr+ action4 ,fig4 #cg;,c4 ,side view ( mod]n padlock1 f ,g]many1 ) spiral spr+ action4 ,fig4 #ch;,c4 ,longitud9al section ( mod]n h&cuff1 f ,wilt%ire1 ) spiral spr+ action1 unlock$ by a revolv+ key4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,wyman ,sons1 ,pr9t]s1 ,gt4 ,que5 ,/4 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,figs4 #ci;,c to #da;,c4 ,padlock1 f ,p>is1 probably #ag? ,c5tury1 spr+ lock1 unlock$ by a revolv+ key4 ,fig4 #ci;,c4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #dj;,c4 ,transv]se section4 ,fig4 #da;,c4 ,longitud9al section4 ,figs4 #db;,c & #dc;,c4 ,old iron padlock1 f ,cl]mont-,f]r&1 ,france4 ,fig4 #db;,c4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #dc;,c4 ,side view4 ,figs4 #dd;,c to #df;,c4 ,iron padlock1 f ! ,gate ( ,m\ltan1 ,india1 ( simil> con/ruction to ! ,roman padlock 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #dd;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #de;,c4 ,side view ( spr+s4 ,fig4 #df;,c4 ,side view ( key4 ,figs4 #dg;,c & #dh;,c4 ,mod]n iron padlock1 f ,cairo2 ! bolt ent]+ a socket 9 ! p>allel b>4 ,fig4 #dg;,c4 ,longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #dh;,c4 ,end & side views ( key4 ,figs4 #di;,c & #ej;,c4 ,mod]n padlock f ,cairo2 key ) lat]al action4 ,fig4 #di;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #ej;,c4 ,end view4 ,figs4 #ea;,c & #eb;,c4 ,mod]n padlock f ,india2 key ) lat]al action & w>d2 ! bolt ent]+ a socket 9 ! p>allel b>4 ,fig4 #ea;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #eb;,c4 ,end view4 ,figs4 #ec;,c to #ee;,c4 ,mod]n padlock1 f ,myh]e1 ,india 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #ec;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #ed;,c4 ,longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #ee;,c4 ,transv]se section4 ,figs4 #ef;,c & #eg;,c4 ,old ,egyptian manacle4 ,fig4 #ef;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #eg;,c4 ,longitud9al section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,wyman ,sons1 ,pr9t]s1 ,gt4 ,que5 ,/4 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,figs4 #eh;,c to #fj;,c4 ,mod]n padlock1 f ,abyss9ia 7,briti% ,museum71 ! bolt ent]+ a socket 9 ! p>allel b>4 ,fig4 #eh;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #ei;,c4 ,side view ( bolt & spr+s4 ,fig4 #fj;,c4 ,front view ( key4 ,figs4 #fa;,c to #fc;,c4 ,mod]n brass ,*9ese padlock4 ,fig4 #fa;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #fb;,c4 ,side view ( bolts & spr+s4 ,fig4 #fc;,c4 ,transv]se section4 ,figs4 #fd;,c to #fg;,c4 ,mod]n brass padlock1 f ,y>k& 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #fd;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #fe;,c4 ,side view ( bolts & spr+s4 ,fig4 #ff;,c4 ,transv]se section4 ,fig4 #fg;,c4 ,longitud9al section 7look+ d[n74 ,figs4 #fh;,c to #gj;,c4 ,mod]n /eel lock1 f ,indore1 ,india 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #fh;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #fi;,c4 ,longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #gj;,c4 ,end view 7%[+ keyhole74 ,figs4 #ga;,c to #gd;,c4 ,mod]n /eel lock1 f ,india 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #ga;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #gb;,c4 ,longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #gc;,c4 ,end view4 ,fig4 #gd;,c4 ,end & side view ( key4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,wyman ,sons1 ,pr9t]s1 ,gt4 ,que5 ,/4 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,figs4 #ge;,c to #gg;,c4 ,mod]n padlock f ,burmah1 ) screw w>d 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #ge;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #gf;,c4 ,longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #gg;,c4 ,end view 7%[+ keyhole74 ,fig4 #gh;,c4 ,portion ( mod]n padlock f ,nuremb]g1 ) screw w>d4 ,end view1 %[+ keyhole1 ) side & end views ( key to same4 ,figs4 #gi;,c to #ha;,c4 ,mod]n /eel lock f ,indore1 ,india1 ) spiral spr+ action 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #gi;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #hj;,c4 ,longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #ha;,c4 ,end view4 ,figs4 #hb;,c to #hd;,c4 ,mod]n /eel lock f ,india1 ) screw action 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #hb;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #hc;,c4 ,longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #hd;,c4 ,end view4 ,figs4 #he;,c to #hi;,c4 ,mod]n iron lock f ,brussels1 ) screw action4 ,fig4 #he;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #hf;,c4 ,longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #hg;,c4 ,side view ( /aple4 ,fig4 #hh;,c4 ,end view ( /aple4 ,fig4 #hi;,c4 ,side view ( key4 ,figs4 #ij;,c to #ib;,c4 ,mod]n padlock f ,toomkoor1 ,mysore1 ,india1 ) spr+ action compress$ by a revolv+ key 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #ij;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #ia;,c4 ,longitud9al section 7look+ d[n74 ,fig4 #ib;,c4 ,side view ( key4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,wyman ,sons1 ,pr9t]s1 ,gt4 ,que5 ,/4 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,figs4 #ic;,c to #ig;,c4 ,mod]n ,japanese brass padlocks4 ,fig4 #ic;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #id;,c4 ,side view ( bolt & spr+s4 ,fig4 #ie;,c4 ,end view 7%[+ keyhole74 ,fig4 #if;,c4 ,side & end view ( key4 ,fig4 #ig;,c4 ,side view 7%[+ keyhole74 ,figs4 #ih;,c & #ii;,c4 ,mod]n ,japanese brass padlock1 ! spr+s compress$ by a revolv+ key4 ,fig4 #ih;,c4 ,side view 7%[+ keyhole74 ,fig4 #ii;,c4 ,end view1 ) side view ( key4 ,figs4 #ajj;,c & #aja;,c4 ,anci5t bronze fi%-%ap$ padlock 7',la ,f]ronn]ie'71 believ$ to be f ,egypt1 9 ! ,l\vre1 at ,p>is4 ,fig4 #ajj;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #aja;,c4 ,longitud9al section4 ,figs4 #ajb;,c to #ajd;,c4 ,mod]n /eel fi%-%ap$ padlock1 f ,india 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #ajb;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #ajc;,c4 ,longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #ajd;,c4 ,end view ( key4 ,figs4 #aje & #ajf4 ,anci5t ,roman bronze lock1 9 ! =m ( a horse1 belong+ to ,dr4 ,,john ,,evans1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,fig4 #aje;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #ajf;,c4 ,end1 %[+ ap]tures = spr+s4 ,figs4 #ajg;,c to #aji;,c4 ,mod]n brass ,*9ese padlock 9 ! =m ( a lion1 ! spr+s ent]+ beh9d1 belong+ to ,mr4 ,,*ubb4 ,fig4 #ajg;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #ajh;,c4 ,side view ( bolt & spr+s4 ,fig4 #aji;,c4 ,front view1 %[+ me?od ( ins]t+ ! key4 ,fig4 #aaj;,c4 ,front view ( iron padlock f ,cairo1 also 9 common use 9 ,naples at ! pres5t "t4 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,revolv+ key = rais+ tumbl]s1 f\nd 9 ,london 7',la ,f]ronn]ie'74 ,fig4 #aab4 ,revolv+ key = rais+ two tumbl]s1 f\nd 9 ,lo?bury1 ,london 7',ar*ological ,j\rnal'74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,wyman ,sons1 ,pr9t]s1 ,gt4 ,que5 ,/4 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,figs4 #aac to #aaf4 ,mod]n wood5 tumbl] lock1 adapt$ to a revolv+ key1 f ,india 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #aac4 ,front view4 ,a1 bolt4 ,fig4 #aad4 ,longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #aae4 ,transv]se section4 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,key4 ,figs4 #aag to #aba4 ,mod]n wood5 ,*9ese tumbl] lock1 ! tumbl]s rais$ by a ,t-%ap$ key2 ! bolt %ot ) a revolv+ key1 or h&le1 a4 ,fig4 #aag4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #aah4 ,transv]se section1 ,a ,b4 ,fig4 #aai4 ,longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #abj4 ,top view ( bolt4 ,fig4 #aba4 ,top view ( key4 ,fig4 #abb4 ,roman iron key1 f\nd 9 ,london4 ,fig4 #abc4 ,key f ,*alons 7',la ,f]ronn]ie'74 ,fig4 #abd4 ,key f ,museum at ,saumur 7',la ,f]ronn]ie'74 ,fig4 #abe4 ,key f ,museum at ,sa9t ,g]ma9 7',la ,f]ronn]ie'74 ,fig4 #abf4 ,mod]n ,engli% lat*key4 ,fig4 #abg4 ,lock ) complex w>ds1 us$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,figs4 #abh to #acj4 ,mod]n tumbl] lock f\nd at ,funtley1 ,hants1 belong+ to ,mr4 ,,*ubb4 ,fig4 #abh4 ,longitud9al section4 ,fig4 #abi4 ,end view & section4 ,fig4 #acj4 ,top view ( bolt4 ,fig4 #aca4 ,,b>ron',s tumbl] lock 7,,toml9son ',on ,locks & ,keys'74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,wyman ,sons1 ,pr9t]s1 ,gt4 ,que5 ,/4 ,london1 ,w4,c4