,transcriber's ,note3 ,minor typographical errors have been corrected without note4 ,irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as printed4 ,words printed in italics are noted with underscores3 italics4 ,,on ,,the ,,development ,,and ,,distribution ,,of ,,primitive ,,locks ,,and ,,keys4 ,,by ,,lieut4-,,general ,,pitt-,,rivers1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,illustrated ,,by ,,specimens ,,in ,,the ,,pitt-,,rivers ,,collection4 ,the materials for this paper1 together with the rest of the ,museum1 have been in course of ,collection since the year #ahea1 and some of the specimens illustrated have been exhibited to the public at ,bethnal ,green and ,south ,kensington for some years4 ,,london3 ,,chatto ,,and ,,windus1 ,,piccadilly4 #ahhc4 ,,london3 ,,harrison ,,and ,,sons1 ,,printers ,,in ,,ordinary ,,to ,,her ,,majesty1 ,,st4 ,,martin',s ,,lane4 ,,on ,,the ,,development ,,and ,,distribution ,,of ,,primitive ,,locks ,,and ,,keys4 ,etymology of words for ,locks and ,keys3--,klu1 the ,greco-,italian base1 to lock 7,,fick71 from the ,sanskrit ,klu1 to move 7,,benfey and ,,monier ,,williams72 ,klavi1 key 7,,fick72 ,greek3 kleis1 ,greek1 a key2 ,greek3 kleistron1 ,greek1 a bolt or bar2 ,claustrum1 ,latin1 a lock1 bar1 or bolt2 ,claudo1 ,latin1 to close or shut2 ,clausum1 ,latin1 an enclosed space2 ,clausura1 ,latin1 a castle2 ,clavis1 ,latin1 a key2 ,clavus1 ,latin1 a nail2 ,clef1 ,french1 a key2 ,clou1 ,french1 a nail2 ,clo1 ,gaelic1 a nail1 pin1 or peg2 ,clo1 ,irish1 a nail or pin2 ,glas1 ,irish1 a lock2 ,clo1 ,welsh1 a lock2 ,clar1 ,bourguignon1 a key2 ,clau1 ,french provincial1 a key2 ,clav1 old ,spanish1 a key2 ,chiave1 ,italian1 a key2 ,chave1 ,portuguese1 a key2 ,close1 ,english1 to shut4 ,from the same root1 ,klu1 to move1 comes also ,sklu 7,,skeat71 from which is derived the ,teutonic ,slut1 to shut1 and from thence the ,dutch ,slot1 a lock1 and also a castle1 from ,sluiten1 to shut2 old ,friesic ,slot1 from ,sluta1 to shut2 ,low ,german ,slot4 ,thus also the ,english provincial word ,slot1 a bolt2 ,schloss1 ,german1 a lock1 and also a castle2 ,schlssel1 ,german1 a key4 ,from the ,latin ,sero1 to put1 comes ,sera1 ,latin1 a movable bar or bolt2 ,serrure1 ,french1 a lock2 ,serratura1 ,italian1 a lock4 ,the ,french word ,verrou1 a bolt2 ,wallon ,verou or ,ferou2 ,bourguignon ,varullo2 ,provincial ,verroth1 ,berroth1 and ,ferroth2 ,portuguese ,ferrolho4 ,the forms in f appear to indicate a derivation from the ,latin ferrum1 iron4 ,the ,english word ,lock is derived from the ,teutonic base1 ,luck1 to lock 7,,fick72 ,loc1 ,anglo-,saxon1 a lock2 ,lock1 ,friesic1 a lock2 ,lukke1 ,danish1 a lock2 ,loca1 ,icelandic1 a lock or latch1 or the lid of a chest2 ,lock1 ,swedish1 a lid2 ,loke1 ,wallon2 ,luycke1 ,flemish2 ,loquet1 ,french1 a catch4 ,in ,early ,english it was pronounced loke 7,,skeat74 ,the ,english word ,latch is probably the same as the ,danish ,laas1 a lock2 ,las1 ,swedish1 a lock2 ,luchetto1 ,italian1 a latch4 ,,skeat derives it from the ,anglo-,saxon word loeccan1 to seize2 in ,early ,english it was pronounced ,lacche1 and he suggests the probability of its being derived from the ,latin word ,laqueus1 a snare1 but this is doubtful4 ,hasp1 ,english1 is derived from the ,teutonic base1 ,hapsa2 ,hpsa1 ,anglo-,saxon2 ,hespa1 ,icelandic2 ,haspe1 ,danish2 ,haspe1 ,swedish2 ,haspe1 ,german4 ,moraillon1 the ,french word for hasp1 is of uncertain origin1 but ,,littr supposes it to be derived from the provincial ,mor1 a muzzle1 probably the ,french word ,mors1 a bit2 ,morsum1 ,latin1 a bit or a little piece2 ,morsus1 ,latin1 a bite1 as well as the ,english ,muzzle and ,nozzle1 are all derived from the same root4 ,clef bnarde1 a key that is not piped 7fore7 7,,hamilton and ,,legros7 or furnished with grooves1 and which can be opened from both sides1 is from ,bernard1 which in old ,french signifies a fool1 hence a clef bernarde or bnarde is an inferior kind of key 7,,littr74 ,the ,english word ,key was derived from the ,anglo-,saxon ,cg by the change of g into y2 old ,friesic ,kai and ,kei4 ,the ,english word ,bolt1 which is now applied to the most primitive form of the mechanism1 and probably the one from which the others took their origin1 appears to have been obtained from the ,anglo-,saxon word ,bolt1 a catapult4 ,thus we have the ,danish ,bolt1 an iron pin2 ,bout1 ,dutch1 a bolt or pin2 ,bolz1 ,german1 and it appears to have been adopted from its resemblance to the bolt or arrow used with the catapult4 ,,crabb 7',technical ,dictionary of ,arts and ,sciences'7 thinks it comes from the ,latin ,pello1 to drive1 and the ,greek ,ballo1 to cast1 and that it has thus been applied to anything shooting1 as a bolt of a door1 or a bird bolt1 whilst ,,skeat supposes it to have been named like bolster from its roundness4 ,the word ,padlock is important in relation to our subject4 ,this kind of lock is especially suitable as a fastening for baskets and saddle bags2 being a hanging lock1 less liable to injury from knocks than a fixed lock1 it is used in preference to this day for travelling purposes4 ,the word ,pad is a provincial ,norfolk word used for ,pannier 7,,halliwell and ,,skeat74 ,it hangs about all words relating to early modes of travelling1 thus we have1 ,pad1 a stuffed saddle for carrying a pannier on horseback2 ,pad-nag1 a road horse2 ,pad1 a thief on the high road2 ,pad1 ,dutch1 a path1 ,pth1 ,anglo-,saxon1 a path2 ,pfad1 ,german1 a path1 which latter ,english word is also itself cognate with pad2 ,pod1 a bag carried on horseback2 ,pedlar1 a travelling hawker4 ,the word ,padlock therefore means ,road lock1 and it is significant in relation to the way in which padlocks of like form may have become distributed over wide areas in early times4 ,the ,french word ,cadenas1 a padlock1 comes from the ,latin ,catena1 a chain1 and the connection is obvious2 ,catenaccio1 ,italian2 ,candado and ,cadena1 ,spanish2 ,cadenat1 ,french provincial2 ,berry ,chadaine1 a cord2 ,picard ,cagne and ,caine2 hence also the ,french word ,chane1 and the ,english ,chain4 ,we see from this1 that1 as is usual in like cases1 the words have followed lines of their own1 and afford but little evidence of the forms of the objects to which they have been applied1 excepting in so far that the common word ,klu or ,clo for lock and pin1 and its connection with the base ,klu1 to move1 implies that the earliest form consisted of a movable bolt4 ,but1 in any case1 whether we take the ,latin word ,sero1 to put1 or the ,sanskrit ,klu1 to move1 as independent origins of words for locks1 we are carried back to a time when it consisted of a simple bar or bolt put up or slipped through staples to close a door4 ,the passage in the ',odyssey1' so often quoted in relation to the construction of ,greek door locks1 does not in reality throw much light upon the subject so long as it is unassisted by archological discoveries4 ,it has been variously translated1#a and we are left very much to conjecture for the forms of the most primitive kinds of locks which preceded those of which the relics are to be found in our collections of antiquities4 ,it is noteworthy1 however1 that the earliest vestiges of apparatus connected with door fastenings in metal1 that are discovered1 consist of keys1 which leads to the inference that the locks themselves may have been made of wood1 and have therefore perished4 ,but we have survivals of primitive wooden locks in use at the present time in different countries1 which show us1 with great probability1 the uses to which the keys were put1 and it is to these that we must turn in any attempt to trace back the history of the mechanism from the commencement4 ,the process is one1 the merits and demerits of which have been too often discussed to need comment here4 ,in the absence of direct archological evidence we have no alternative but to avail ourselves of survivals as far as possible4 ,the materials1 however1 in the case of locks are so abundant that it will not be necessary to tax our imagination unduly in order to fill in the links that are found wanting4 #a ',odyssey1' xxi41 #df-ej4 ,see translations by ,,pope1 and by ,,butcher and ,,lang4 ,i put aside all mention of knots and strings which as ,mr4 ,,syer ,,cuming has observed 7',journal of the ,british ,archological ,association1' vol4 xii41 p4 #aag7 must have formed the fastenings employed by dwellers in tents1 and of which the ,gordian knot was a complicated example4 ,in early times seals must often have served as substitutes for locks1 as we know was frequently the case in ancient ,egypt and ,assyria4 ,the wooden door must have given rise to a totally different contrivance4 ,it is possible1 however1 that something analogous to the ,japanese book fastening1 represented in fig4 #a1 ,plate ,i41 may have been employed under both systems4 ,of the bar1 whether of wood or iron1 used for fastening up the door on the inside1 little need be said1 nor are we at a loss for a commencement in the common door bolt4 ,figs4 #b and #c1 ,plate ,i41 represent the inside view and section of a wooden bolt now in use on barns and outhouses at ,gastein1 in ,austria1 and like many of the ordinary appliances which in most countries are now made of metal1 it is there constructed entirely of wood1 and is such a bolt as might have been used in the most primitive state of society4 ,it is intended to open from the outside1 where the handle1 consisting of a flat oblong piece of wood 7fig4 #c1 a1 ,plate ,i471 communicates1 by means of a neck of wood1 with the bolt b on the inside1 and when shoved home to fasten the door1 the neck moves along a slit in the door shown by the dotted line1 fig4 #b1 c c1 ,plate ,i4 ,such a bolt can of course be opened by any one whether from within or without1 and it has the further insecurity of being liable to be forced open accidentally by anything that might catch the handle1 there being no fastening within to keep it securely in its place when shut4 ,the simplest contrivance for remedying this latter defect would be to insert a peg or pin into the bolt1 which might be left hanging by a string fastened to a staple when the door is open1 and when bolted1 inserted vertically into a hole in the top of the bolt in front of the upright guide or staple through which the bolt slides1 as represented in figs4 #d and #e1 ,plate ,i41 and it could be got at from without through a hole in the door4 ,by this means the bolt would be kept securely in its place when shut1 but it would require two motions both in opening and shutting the door4 ,anything calculated to save time in a process of such ordinary occurrence as the opening and shutting of a door would be speedily adopted1 and it would soon be found that by fixing the pin vertically in a slide1 so as to fall freely1 and making the lower end smooth1 so as to slide along the upper surface of the bolt as the latter was drawn back1 it might easily be so contrived that when shut it should fall by its own weight into the hole in the bolt1 as represented in figs4 #f1 #g1 #h1 ,plate ,i42 in the former of which it is shown open1 and in fig4 #g1 shut1 with the pin down in the hole1 so as to secure it from being drawn back until the pin is raised1 which might be done from the outside by means of a hole in the door1 through which the string might be made to pass1 as shown in the section1 fig4 #h4 ,by this contrivance the bolt would only require one motion to shut it securely1 and it might also be placed in the inside2 but to open it again two motions would be necessary as before4 ,still1 however1 the fastening would be accessible to everyone1 and in a condition of society in which property must always have been insecure1 it would become a great desideratum to construct a bolt which could be drawn back only by the use of a key1 which the owner might carry about with him1 and thereby secure his goods and chattels whilst he himself was absent in the fields1 or in the hunting grounds4 ,so necessary a requirement of every day life must have forced itself upon the notice of the greater part of mankind1 and it is not surprising1 therefore1 to find that this stage of the development of the lock forms the point of trifurcation of three separate branches of improvement4 ,two of these are of the nature of tumbler locks1 and consist of apparatus for raising the pin or pins by which the bolt is secured when they fall into the holes provided for them on the upper surface of it4 ,it was for this reason that they were termed tumblers1 because they tumble into the holes when the lock is closed4 ,the third branch led off in another direction4 ,in order that the mind may not wander from the lines of continuity whilst ,i treat each of these three branches separately1 ,i shall class them as ,a1 ,b1 and ,c in the diagrams1 at the same time allowing the numbers of the figures to run on continuously from this point of departure4 ,by this means ,i shall be best able to show the ramifications into which this mechanism1 like all similar contrivances to which these papers relate1 separate as they increase in complexity4 ,the common door bolt 7figs4 #b and #c1 ,plate ,i47 having continued to be available as an inside fastening1 in addition to more complex contrivances for securing doors1 has continued to be universally employed up to the present time1 and may be compared in nature to those fossil species1 which1 having never become unsuited to their environment1 have survived throughout successive geological periods1 whilst the forms represented in figs4 #d to #h1 ,plate ,i41 being makeshifts1 have disappeared as soon as they were superseded1 and thus they constitute the missing links of our developmental series4 ,the two great desiderata in the stage of the lock that we are now considering were security and rapidity1 both of which must have forced themselves on the notice of the primeval householder each time he crossed the threshold of his door4 ,i shall begin with branch ,a in which security only appears to have been aimed at1 and then proceed to those in which security and rapidity were combined4 ,the first idea which suggested itself was to put a bolt in a box1 so that no one could get at it to lift the tumbler without a key especially adapted to enter the box and raise it1 but as long as only one tumbler was used it must have been very easy to pick such a lock by raising the tumbler with any sharp-pointed instrument that might be introduced into the hole4 ,by using two tumblers1 it would be impossible to raise them both at once1 except by a key constructed with projections or teeth to fit into notches or holes in the tumblers1 which teeth must necessarily be at the same distance apart as the notches1 and as the tumblers were hidden in the box1 no one unacquainted with the contrivance could make a key to fit the lock1 which by this means afforded to some extent the security that was requisite4 ,scandinavia appears to have been the headquarters of this class of locks1 or at any rate the part of the world in which they have chiefly survived at the present time2 one of the simplest of which is represented in figs4 #i;,a1 #aj;,a1 and #aa;,a1 ,plate ,i41 from the ,faroe ,islands4 e is the wooden block into which is cut a horizontal groove for the bolt a1 and two vertical grooves in which the pins or tumblers1 d d1 play1 and when the bolt is shut to1 they fall of their own accord into the holes f f4 ,the key1 c1 is passed horizontally into another groove cut for it in the block1 above and parallel to the one for the bolt4 ,two notches are cut in the tumblers to enable the key to pass1 and when pressed in horizontally as far as it will go1 the teeth of the key1 b b1 coincide exactly with the notches in the tumblers1 so that when the key is afterwards raised vertically1 it raises the tumblers1 by means of the notches1 out of the holes1 f f1 on the upper surface of the bolt1 and the bolt can then be drawn out by the hand4 ,it will be seen that this lock requires as many motions as the bolt 7figs4 #f1 #g1 and #h1 ,plate ,i474 ,it requires only one motion to shut it1 when the two tumblers fall into the holes and keep it fast1 but to open it1 it is necessary to use both hands1 one to raise the key and the other to draw out the bolt4 ,it may therefore be termed for distinction a hand-drawn lock4 ,no time is saved by this process1 but the lock1 for such we must now begin to call it rather than bolt1 is rendered more secure4 ,different kinds of these locks1 but all on the same principle1 are in use in out of the way parts of ,scotland4 ,figs4 #ab;,a to #ag;,a1 ,plate ,i41 similar to the last but having a slight difference in the shape of the notches1 is a ,scotch wooden lock in the ,patent ,museum at ,south ,kensington1 a facsimile of which is in my collection4 ,figs4 #ah;,a to #bb;,a1 ,plate ,,ii41 is another1 also in the ,patent ,museum1 in which three tumblers instead of two are raised by the same key1 as shown in the sections1 figs4 #ba;,a and #bb;,a1 ,plate ,,ii4 ,mr4 ,,romilly ,,allen1 who has written a paper on ,scotch tumbler locks in the #bnd volume1 ,new ,series1 of the ',proceedings of the ,society of ,antiquaries of ,scotland1' figures several others of the same class4 ,one from ,north ,ronaldsay has four tumblers in line2 another from the ,faroe ,islands has three tumblers in line2 another from ,snizort1 in ,skye1 has six tumblers working independently of each other but raised with the same key1 and consists simply of two ordinary locks put face to face with the bolt between them2 another from ,harris is still more complicated in its construction1 and is formed by five tumblers in line with two holes running through the whole of them1 and the key has two limbs1 one for each line of holes4 ,it is unnecessary for my present purpose to describe all these locks in detail4 ,though varying in character they are all constructed on one principle4 ,as with the more complicated contrivances in metal1 hereafter noticed1 variety is an element of security1 the greater the variety1 the greater the difficulty of making a key which will fit them all2 and this is another point in which the processes of the arts resemble the processes of nature1 variety adapts the mechanism to a wider sphere of utility1 and by encouraging change1 promotes improvement4 ,in the one1 as in the other1 variation is a necessary element of progress4 ,i see no reason to suppose that this class of locks was confined to ,scotland or to ,scandinavia4 ,they may probably have existed in other parts of ,europe1 where1 being made entirely of wood1 they have long since decayed1 and their representations may have survived only on the outskirts of civilisation4 ,the law of geographical distribution is inexorable--nothing can make the ,north of ,scotland or of ,norway or the ,west of ,ireland centres of the arts1 and it is to such places we must look for the survival of primitive contrivances4 ,a precisely similar key to those here described1 but of iron1 was found with ,roman remains near ,gloucester1 and is figured in ,,lysons',s ',magna ,britannia1' vol4 ii41 ,plate #aa1 showing that a wooden lock of this kind must have been in use in ,england at that time4 ,figs4 #bc;,a to #be;,a1 ,plate ,,ii41 is a similar lock used in ,norway1 and copied by me from a specimen in the ,hazilius ,museum at ,stockholm4#b ,figs4 #bf to #bh;,a1 ,plate ,,ii41 is another in the ,museum at ,kew ,gardens1 copied by permission of ,sir ,,joseph ,,hooker2 it was made by the negroes in ,jamaica4 ,figs4 #bi;,a to #ca;,a1 ,plate ,,ii41 is a similar one from ,british ,guiana1 in the ,,christy ,collection4 ,one is tempted by the presence of these locks in the ,west ,indies to suppose that they may have been carried by the negroes from their ,african homes1 and the resemblance commonly attributed to them to the ,egyptian wooden lock1 constructed on nearly the same principle1 might lead to the inference that they may have passed in that way to the ,west ,indies2 but it will be seen hereafter that they differ in detail from the ,egyptian pin-locks4 ,they are of the ,scotch or ,scandinavian type1 and in all probability were imported into the ,new ,world by ,scotchmen rather than negroes4 #b ,mr4 ,,john ,,chubb in a paper read before the ,institution of ,civil ,engineers1 ,april #i1 #ahej1 quotes a work by ,l4 ,,molinus1 ,de ,clavibus veterum1 the date of which is1 however1 not mentioned1 in which that author states that the use of keys was in his time still unknown in many parts of ,sweden4 ,it is now necessary to return to figs4 #f and #g1 ,plate ,i41 which represent the bolt with the single pin or tumbler1 in order to trace the origin and development of ,class ,b4 ,whilst in ,scandinavia and the north of ,europe1 the key was applied to the upper part of the tumblers1 above the bolt1 as shown in the preceding examples of the hand-drawn lock2 in ,egypt1 ,asia1 and probably in parts of ,europe also1 another system combining rapidity with security was introduced4 ,a key with a single tooth was inserted beneath the bolt1 and by raising the tooth vertically and applying it to the lower end of the tumbler1 the latter was pressed out of the hole and raised clear of the bolt1 and the tooth occupying its place in the hole1 the key itself was made to hook back the bolt1 so that the whole operation was performed with one hand holding the key4 ,fig4 #i;,b1 ,plate ,,ii41 represents this kind of lock1 which may be termed a key-drawn1 as distinct from a hand-drawn lock4 ,as with the tumbler locks of the north of ,europe so with the southern variety1 security was obtained by multiplying the number of tumblers and varying their position4 ,figs4 #aj to #ab;,b1 ,plate ,,ii41 are drawings of a wooden pin-lock and key obtained by myself in ,egypt1 which is of the kind habitually in use there at the present time4 ,it has two tumblers in line4 ,in fig4 #aj;,b the lock is represented with the key1 ,a1 in it and the tumblers raised1 preparatory to drawing the bolt ,b4 ,fig4 #aa;,b is the key1 and in fig4 #ab;,b the lock is shown shut1 with the tumblers down and the key lowered preparatory to withdrawing it from the lock4 ,mr4 ,,romilly ,,allen1 in the paper already referred to1 gives an illustration of one precisely similar which he obtained in ,persia4 ,figs4 #ac;,b and #ad;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 shows an exactly similar lock in the ,india ,museum1 obtained by ,sir ,,douglas ,,forsyth at ,yarkand1 a facsimile of which is in my collection4 ,this kind of lock is also used in ,turkey2 their identity throughout the region here spoken of is such as to leave no doubt of their having been copied from one another1 and indicates the area of their distribution1 about which something will be said further on4 ,it appears doubtful whether or not this pin-lock was known to the ancient ,egyptians4 ,,rhind#c states that he discovered one on a door in the interior of an ancient ,egyptian tomb1 but its date1 from the description given in the text1 appears doubtful4 ,the tomb had certainly been opened in ,roman times1 if not later4 ,,denon also says that he saw one sculptured in the ,temple of ,carnac1 but he took no drawing of it1 and the evidence of the existence of this kind of lock in ancient ,egyptian times certainly requires confirmation4#d ,sir ,,gardner ,,wilkinson is of opinion that the earliest example of a key with pins such as might be used with the pin-lock1 is of the ,roman period1 in the reign of ,,trajan1 ,a4,d4 #ij1 and the earliest known mention of any key at all is in the third chapter of ,judges1 viz41 #accf ,b4,c4#e ,if the pin-lock was in use in ancient ,egypt it was certainly exceptional1 as all the sculptures represent the doors as being fastened by simple bolts4 #c ',thebes1 its ,tombs and their ,tenants1' by ,a4 ,h4 ,,rhind1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,london1 #ahfb1 p4 #id4 #d ,mr4 ,,bonomi states that he found a similar lock in one of the ,palaces at ,khorsabad4 ,the word used for lock in the ,scriptures1 ',muftah1' he says is the same in use in the ,east at the present time4 7',nineveh and its ,palaces1' by ,,joseph ,,bonomi1 ,f4,r4,s4,l47 #e ,,wilkinson',s ',manners and ,customs of the ,ancient ,egyptians1' vol4 i41 p4 #cee4 ,the date of this passage in ,judges is open to question4 ,,inman 7',ancient ,faiths1' vol4 ii41 p4 #aic7 puts the earliest introduction of locks amongst the ,jews at about #cjj ,b4,c4 ,whether the modern ,egyptian lock is a survival of an ancient ,egyptian form1 or whether it is of ,roman origin1 it is certain1 from the relics of ,roman bronze and iron keys and bolts found in various parts of ,europe1 that the ,roman lock was constructed on the same principle4 ,figs4 #ae;,b to #bj;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 may be taken as illustrations of the ,roman lock when put together4 ,it is a reproduction from original fragments preserved in the ,museum at ,mainz4 ,fig4 #bj;,b is the bronze key2 it has four teeth which1 besides being at variable distances apart1 are also of different forms1 some being triangular and others square4 ,fig4 #ai;,b is the bronze bolt1 made with apertures to fit the key1 and also to admit of similarly formed tumblers1 shown in fig4 #ah;,b4 ,the way in which these are put together is represented in the section of the lock1 figs4 #af;,b and #ag;,b4 ,the key a is put into the keyhole d1 fig4 #ae;,b1 with the bar of the key containing the teeth in a vertical position1 as represented by the dotted line a1 fig4 #af;,b4 ,it is then turned round1 and the teeth brought up beneath the bolt b4 ,when pressed up vertically1 the tumblers are driven up out of the bolt1 and replaced by the teeth of the key1 which hold the bolt so that it can be forced back by moving the key to the right4 ,when the bolt is withdrawn1 it releases the hasp e1 fig4 #ae;,b4 ,of such hasps1 fig4 #ba;,b is a drawing of an original in my collection1 found at ,hetternheim4 ,by reference to fig4 #af;,b1 it will be seen that the tumblers1 f f1 are vertical1 and would therefore fall into their places in the bolt1 like those of the ,egyptian and ,scandinavian specimens2 but being so small1 and being probably made of wood1 their weight would be insufficient to secure certainty of action1 if dependent on weight alone2 they are therefore pressed down by a flat plate h1 figs4 #af;,b and #ag;,b1 acting under the influence of a spring g1 figs4 #af;,b and #ag;,b4 ,this is an important addition1 for it is evident that as soon as the spring comes into use1 the tumblers can easily be made to press into the bolt horizontally1 by means of a spring at the side1 thereby enabling the lock to be used in any position in which it may be required2 and there seems to be little doubt that some of the bolts and tumblers were so constructed in ,roman locks4 ,the existence of a spring in ,roman locks is determined by the discovery of one with the spring in it1 which is figured in ,m4 ,,liger',s work ',la ,ferronnerie4'#f #f ',la ,ferronnerie1 ,ancienne et ,moderne1' par ,f4 ,,liger1 ,paris1 #ahge1 tome i41 p4 #bff1 fig4 #bac4 ,the teeth of the key of the ,roman lock described above1 it will be seen1 are made to fit exactly the holes in the bolt2 and this may perhaps have served to give the first idea of the ward system1 which was so greatly depended upon for security in later times2 but the same fallacy attaches to the use of these fitting teeth which attached to the ward system generally1 for it is evident that any form of tooth small enough to go into the holes1 and of the proper length1 would have sufficed to lift the tumblers and draw the bolt2 and accordingly we find that1 in the ,roman key usually discovered1 the teeth are merely round pins1 and have no particular form given to them for fitting purposes4 ,the distribution of this class of lock may be determined by the localities in which the keys and bolts have been found4 ,fig4 #bb;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 is a bronze bolt of this description in my collection1 from ,oppenheim1 and obtained by me at ,mayence4 ,fig4 #bc;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 is another of bronze1 also in my collection1 from ,heddernheim4 ,similar ones have been found repeatedly in ,france1 ,italy1 ,germany1 ,switzerland1 and ,england4 ,the keys with teeth are even more widely distributed1 and have been found in all those countries which have been occupied by the ,romans4 ,fig4 #bd;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 is a large iron key of this description in my collection1 found in the ,rhine1 at ,mayence4 ,the earliest known example of a key with teeth1 according to ,m4 ,,liger1 is one represented on a coin of the ,,papia family1 dating about the end of the #bnd century ,b4,c4#g #g ',la ,ferronnerie1' tome i41 p4 #bfa1 fig4 #bjh4 ,but the ward system appears to have developed itself still further in connection with these locks and before the revolving key was introduced4 ,fig4 #be;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 is a specimen of a class of keys frequently discovered with ,roman remains1 in which a plate is attached at right angles to the pins4 ,this plate is pierced with slits of various forms1 apparently intended to admit of the passage of wards placed vertically beneath the bolt to prevent any but the proper key from rising to lift the tumblers4 ,the direction in which these keys were raised is shown by the flat part of the handle of the key being always at right angles to the pins and in the same plane as the ward plate4 ,besides the bolts with several tumbler holes in them1 others adapted for single tumblers have been discovered4 ,of these fig4 #bf;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 drawn from ,m4 ,,liger',s work1 and found in the forest of ,compigne1 is an example1 and fig4 #bg;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 from the same work1 and found at ,nonfous1 in ,switzerland 7,bonstetten7 is a key adapted to fit such a bolt4 ,other iron keys are found in ,england and ,france1 the application of which is more doubtful4 ,they are found chiefly in connection with ,celtic remains1 and by some have been supposed to be keys for opening doors fastened with a simple latch on the inside4#h ,such latches were certainly employed amongst the earliest systems of door-fastenings1 and the keys in question might have served the purpose of opening them1 but they might also have been used to open locks with a single wooden tumbler2 the simpler kinds resemble somewhat our modern pick-locks1 of which fig4 #bh;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 is a specimen4 ,fig4 #bi;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 in my collection is from a ,germano-,roman tomb near ,niderolm1 and was obtained at ,mayence2 its possible use1 in the manner represented in fig4 #i;,b1 ,plate ,,ii41 is obvious4 ,figs4 #cj;,b and #ca;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 are two ,anglo-,saxon keys found at ,sarr1 in ,kent4#i ,figs4 #cb;,b1 #cc;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 are two keys of the ,iron ,age from ,bornholm1 in the ,baltic1#aj attributed by ,m4 ,,videl to the #crd or #dth century of our era4 ,fig4 #cd;,b1 ,plate ,,iv41 is a somewhat similar one from ,caerwent1 in ,wales4#aa ,it has a flat handle and appears to be adapted to be pressed downwards as if for opening a latch4 ,figs4 #ce;,b1 #cf;,b1 ,plate ,,iv41 are nearly similar ones1 and were discovered in the ,roman ,villa at ,hartlip1 in ,kent4#ab #h ,ibid41 p4 #cbj4 #i ,paper by ,,john ,,brent1 ,esq41 in the fifth volume of ',archologia ,cantiana1' p4 #cab4 #aj ',mmoires de la ,socit ,royale des ,antiquaries du ,nord1' #ahgb-gg1 ,plate ,,viii41 figs4 #a and #b4 #aa ',isca ,silurum1' by ,,john ,e4 ,,lee1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,plate ,,xxxvi41 fig4 #a4 #ab ,c4 ,,roach ,,smith',s ',collectanea ,antiqua1' vol4 ii41 ,plate ,,vi41 figs4 #b and #c1 p4 #bj4 ,figs4 #cg;,b and #ch;,b1 ,plate ,,iv41 are from drawings taken by me in the ,muse de ,saint ,germain1 and were found at ,st4 ,pierre-en-,chastre1 ,oise2 others are figured in ,m4 ,,liger',s ',la ,ferronnerie4'#ac ,fig4 #ci;,b1 ,plate ,,iv41 is in the ,british ,museum1 and was found within the entrenchments at ,spettisbury1 near ,blandford2 it was presented to the ,museum by ,mr4 ,j4 ,y4 ,,akerman4 ,figs4 #dj;,b and #da;,b1 ,plate ,,iv41 are two found by me in pits in the interior of ,mount ,caburn ,camp1 near ,lewes4#ad ,fig4 #da;,b is of large size1 #h inches in length1 and sickle-shaped4 ,all the objects discovered in this camp proved it to be of the late ,celtic period2 the tin coins found associated with these remains1 the bone combs1 pottery1 and other objects belong to an age anterior to the ,roman conquest4 ,fig4 #db;,b1 ,plate ,,iv41 is a similar one found by ,mr4 ,,park ,,harrison in similar pits in the neighbouring camp of ,cissbury1#ae in ,sussex1 which has been shown to have been occupied by people of the same age as ,mount ,caburn1 viz43 the late ,celtic period4 ,it will be seen that some of these keys1 all of which are of iron1 have a small return or pin at the end1 which is adapted to fit into a hole1 and in the ,cissbury specimen this end is flattened1 as if to enable it to fit an aperture of special dimensions4 #ac ',la ,ferronnerie1' tome i41 p4 #cbj4 #ad ',archologia1' vol4 xlvi41 ,plate ,,xxiv41 ,excavations in ,mount ,caburn1 conducted by ,general ,,pitt-,,rivers1 ,f4,r4,s41 in ,september and ,october1 #ahgg1 and ,july1 #ahgh4 #ae ',journal of the ,anthropological ,institute1' vol4 vii41 p4 #dbe1 ,plate ,,xi41 fig4 #ab4 ,but for whatever purpose these crooked keys were used1 whether as latch-keys1 as keys for single-tumbler pins1 or as hooks to pull back a plain iron or wooden bolt1 the large size of some of them1 especially that from ,caburn1 fig4 #da;,b1 and sickle shape1 corresponds with remarkable accuracy to the description of a ,greek key given by ,,eustathius1 and quoted in ,,parkhurst',s ',hebrew ,lexicon4' ,he says that they were in the shape of a sickle1 and that not being easily carried in the hand on account of their inconvenient form they were carried on the shoulder1 as we see our reapers carry on their shoulders at this day their sickles1 joined and tied together4 ,,callimachus1 in his hymn to ,,ceres1 says that the goddess1 having assumed the form of ,,nicippe1 her priests carried a key1 ,greek3 katmadios1 that is1 fit to be borne on the shoulder4#af ,this also explains1 ,i presume1 the passage in ,isaiah1 and the key of the ,house of ,,david will ,i lay upon his shoulder2 so he shall open1 and none shall shut2 and he shall shut1 and none shall open4#ag ,it will be seen that the specimen found by me in ,mount ,caburn corresponds exactly with the description given in the above quotations1 the curved portion of the key being #g-a_/d inches in diameter1 a bundle of them tied together would exactly fit the shoulder1 as represented in fig4 #dc;,b1 ,plate ,,iv4 ,as we know from the researches of ,mr4 ,,evans and others that imitations of the coins of ,greece spread throughout ,gaul and ,britain1 some of which1 of very debased form and cast in tin1 were found in the camp at ,caburn in association with the sickle-shaped keys1 and others have been found in connection with relics of the same period elsewhere1 there is no inherent improbability in the supposition that the keys may have followed a like route4#ah ,should further discoveries tend to confirm this connection1 it would be a remarkable testimony to the value of archological investigation if the well-known passage in the ',odyssey' about the key of ,,penelope were to find its definite interpretation on the shores of ,sussex4#ai #af ,this passage is quoted from a paper ,on the ,construction of ,locks and ,keys1 read before the ,institution of ,civil ,engineers by ,mr4 ,,john ,,chubb1 ,april #i1 #ahej1 and is extracted from ,,parkhurst',s ',hebrew ,lexicon1' #eth edit41 p4 #fjj4 ,london1 #ahjg4 #ag ,isaiah xxii1 #bb4 ,it has been suggested that this passage in ,isaiah was introduced subsequently to the rest of the book1 and dates from a period when keys came into general use amongst the ,jews4 #ah ,since the discovery that these objects were keys1 ,i have reason to think that other things found in the same place and represented in the same plate1 as for instance figs4 #i and #ad1 may have been door fastenings4 ',archologia1' vol4 xlvi41 ,plate ,,xxiv4 #ai ,mr4 ,,bonomi gives an illustration of the way in which the modern ,egyptian keys are carried by merchants at ,cairo on the shoulder at the present time2 these keys however are straight1 and are hung to a stick over the shoulder1 and are not sickle-shaped as described by ,,eustathius4 ,we must now return to fig4 #b1 ,plate ,i41 in order to trace the third class1 ,c1 of locks and padlocks fastening with a spring catch4 ,it seems probable that fixed locks may have preceded hanging ones1 although1 on the other hand1 the want of some contrivance for securing property must have been felt in connection with saddle-bags1 panniers1 and other appliances of nomadic life1 and in a condition of society which preceded the use of fixed abodes4 ,be this as it may1 it seems possible to trace the employment of spring locks by means of survivals from the common door-bolt4 ,the origin of the spring padlock1 in the present state of my knowledge on the subject1 is doubtful4 ,the sequence which ,i here assume is only tentative1 and it is probable that connecting links with more primitive contrivances may be supplied hereafter4 ,the defect of the common bolt1 as ,i have already shown1 was its insecurity as an outside fastening2 in fact it afforded no security at all1 and to remedy this defect and make it inaccessible1 except by means of a key1 several different contrivances appear from the first to have suggested themselves2 amongst others1 one of the simplest was adopted in connection with the ,scandinavian bolt1 a specimen of which1 probably a modern survival of an ancient form1 was exhibited in the ,scandinavian ,section of the ,exhibition of #ahfg1 and is figured in ,m4 ,,liger',s work4#bj ,we must suppose the handle in fig4 #b1 ,plate ,i41 and its neck connecting it with the bolt1 to be removed1 leaving only the slit in the door along which the neck of the handle slid1 and that a similar slit was made in the bolt also4 ,the key1 which was of iron1 was ,t-shaped2 it was inserted from the outside through the slit in the door1 and in the bolt1 with the arms of the ,t in a horizontal plane2 it then received a quarter turn so that the arms of the ,t were brought into a vertical plane1 and it was then pulled back1 when the returns of the ,t were made to fit into two holes provided for them on either side of the slit in the bolt1 on the inside1 figs4 #a;,c and #b;,c1 ,plate ,,iv4 ,by this means the key obtained a grip of the bolt1 and it was only necessary to press it to one side in order to shoot it4 ,this bolt1 which is taken from ,m4 ,,liger',s work1 so closely resembles the next one to be described1 that if he had been a less careful writer one might suppose that it was the same lock1 and that he had omitted to represent the spring which alone constitutes the improvement shown in figs4 #c;,c1 #d;,c1 and #e;,c1 ,plate ,,iv41 which was presented to me by ,dr4 ,,engelhardt1 at ,copenhagen4 ,it is still in use on barn and outhouse doors in ,norway1 and was first brought to notice by ,professor ,o4 ,,rygh1 of ,christiania4 ,the key1 which is of the same form as the last1 enters the slit in the same manner1 and after receiving the quarter turn is pressed home into the holes on the inside surface of the bolt like the last4 ,in so doing1 when firmly pulled back1 it presses down a straight flat steel spring1 the fixed end of which is attached to the door between it and the bolt1 and the free end of which1 when released1 catches in a notch in the bolt so as to keep it securely in its place when shut4 ,when the free end of this spring is pressed down by the returns of the key1 it clears the edges of the notch1 and the bolt can then be drawn back by pressing the key sideways4 ,both these specimens are therefore key-drawn as in ,class ,b4 ,assuming this modern ,norwegian lock to be a survival of an ancient form1 one might naturally expect that the wooden portions of the ancient locks would have perished4 ,the springs1 which are the only metallic portions of this lock1 would certainly become detached from the wood2 their uses1 when discovered separately1 would not be recognised1 and nothing to identify the mechanism with a door fastening would remain but the iron keys4 #bj ',la ,ferronnerie1' tome ii41 p4 #bbi4 ,we must therefore judge of the distribution of this class of lock by the localities in which keys of this form are found4 ,they are of two kinds1 one ,t-shaped as in the preceding examples1 and the other1 serving the same purpose1 but having the two teeth on one side of the shank2 both are found together mainly in northern countries1 which have been subject to ,scandinavian influence4 ,notwithstanding which1 however1 the evidence is insufficient to establish the fact of their being of ,scandinavian origin4 ,they appear certainly to have been used in ,roman times in ,england and elsewhere1 and the influence of southern civilization upon the ,scandinavian arts of the iron age is well established4 ,it is always necessary to be on one's guard against inferring that forms originated of necessity in the regions in which they are most widely distributed1 for1 as we have seen1 and have reason to believe1 the wooden ,scotch lock was carried to the ,west ,indies and used by negroes on account of the facility with which it was constructed and the materials of which it was composed1 so in all ages the more simple forms of contrivances must have found acceptance and survived longer on the outskirts of civilization than in those countries in which they were quickly superseded by new improvements4 ,figs4 #f;,c1 and #g;,c1 ,plate ,,iv41 are iron keys of these two kinds obtained by me at ,clermont-,ferrand1 in ,auvergne1 ,france4 ,figs4 #h;,c1 and #i;,c1 ,plate ,,iv41 are two similar specimens from ,colchester1 which are figured in ,,wright',s ',uriconium1' where he supposes them to be latch keys1 and he says that two similar ones were found at ,wroxeter4#ba ,fig4 #aj;,c1 ,plate ,,iv41 another in my collection from ,jordan ,hill1 near ,weymouth4 ,fig4 #aa;,c1 ,plate ,,iv41 was discovered in a ,roman building at ,caudebec-les-,elbeuf1 by the ,abb ,,cochet1 in #ahfd1bb together with an iron lock plate1 fig4 #ab;,c1 ,plate ,,iv41 showing the slit through which the key entered1 and which is similar to the modern ,scandinavian specimen above described4 ,figs4 #ac;,c1 and #ad;,c1 ,plate ,,iv41 are two similar specimens discovered in a ,roman villa at ,hartlip1 in ,kent1 and are taken from ,,roach ,,smith',s ',collectanea4'#bc ,figs4 #ae;,c1 #af;,c1 and #ag;,c1 ,plate ,,iv41 are similar keys found in ,anglo-,saxon graves at ,sarr1 in ,kent1 where the presence of these keys on the left side of the skeleton usually denoted a female grave4#bd ,a similar occurrence of keys in the graves of females has been noticed in the ,island of ,bjrk4 ,according to an old ,scandinavian custom they were the badges of the lady of the house1 who was said to be married to lock and keys1 and from certain law texts of the ,middle ,ages1 it appears that two of them were suspended from the girdle4#be ,keys of this shape of both bronze and iron were found at ,sarr1 corroded together4 ,it is worthy of remark that in these ,saxon graves some fragments of ,roman pottery were found1 pointing to the influence of the earlier ,roman period4 ,fig4 #ah;,c1 ,plate ,,iv41 is a bronze key from ,gotland1 and is taken from ,mr4 ,,montelius',s ',antiquits ,sudoises1'#bf where it is described as being of the late iron age1 perhaps as late as the #ajth century4 ,figs4 #ai;,c1 and #bj;,c1 ,plate ,,iv41 are from ,bjrk1 in the ,gulf of ,bothnia1 found in association with relics of the #hth century of our era4 #ba ',uriconium1' by ,t4 ,,wright1 p4 #bgj2 see also ',archologia ,cambrensis1' vol4 vi41 #ahfj1 p4 #cab4 #bb ',la ,seine ,infrieure1' by ,m4 ,l',abb ,,cochet1 p4 #bbc4 #bc ',collectanea ,antiqua1' vol4 ii41 ,plate ,,vii41 figs4 #b and #d4 #bd ,paper by ,j4 ,,brent1 ',archologia ,cantiana1' vol4 vi41 p4 #age1 vol4 vii41 ,plate ,,xiii4 #be ',scandinavian ,arts1' by ,,hans ,,hildebrand1 p4 #abi4 ,amongst the ,romans also keys were regarded as the symbol of the wife's authority in her husband's household4 #bf ',antiquits ,sudoises1' p4 #ade4 ,whether or not the lock which has been described in the preceding paragraph was the origin of the spring padlock1 constructed entirely of metal1 may perhaps be doubtful2 but it is evident that the principle of its construction was the same4 ,in both systems the bolt was secured by the end of a spring catch4 ,it is only necessary to transfer the fixed end of the spring from the door to the bolt1 and the notch from the bolt to the door1 to make it resemble the spring catch of the ,roman padlock about to be described4 ,the ,roman iron padlock and key represented in figs4 #ba;,c to #bb;,c1 ,plate ,v41 which is put together from specimens in my collection obtained partly from ,jordan ,hill1 near ,weymouth1 and other sources1 consisted of a square box1 having a bar1 d1 on the top1 and parallel to it1 which was attached to one end of the box by means of a curved portion4 ,the bolt a was provided with two perpendicular bars1 b b1 at the end of which were rings1 c c1 which slipped on to the parallel bar d4 ,at the end of the bolt were two or more catch springs1 e1 put on like the barbs of an arrow4 ,these1 being placed into the hole of the tube f1 at the same time that the rings were slipped along the bar1 collapsed and sprung open again1 after having passed the opening1 thereby fixing the bolt in the tube4 ,to open the lock1 a pin or key1 g1 having a return at the end1 in which was a slit made to fit the springs1 was pressed in at the opposite end1 so as to close up the springs1 after which the bolt could be drawn out of the box4 ,this action is better shown in the succeeding examples of modern spring locks of the same kind4 ,the case of a similar padlock to the above was found with ,roman remains at ,irchester1 near ,wellingborough1 ,northampton1 by the ,rev4 ,r4 ,,baker1 in #ahgh1 and is figured in the ,associated ,architectural ,society's ,reports1 vol4 xv41 plate iv41 #ahgi4 ,this padlock was therefore a hand-drawn1 and not a key-drawn1 lock4 ,its origin is at present uncertain1 but it is here no doubt represented in its more complete and developed state1 after having already undergone prior modifications4 ,the absence of simpler contrivances of the same kind suggests the inference that its forerunners may have been made of perishable materials4 ,be that as it may1 its progress onward from this point of perfection can be traced with some degree of certainty4 ,already in ,roman times it had undergone changes4 ,amongst the ,roman antiquities discovered in #ahed by the ,honourable ,,richard ,,neville 7since ,lord ,,braybrooke71 at ,great ,chesterford1 in ,essex1#bg were two kinds of this padlock3 one1 represented in fig4 #bc;,c1 ,plate ,v41 is of the form already described2 the other 7figs4 #bd;,c and #be;,c1 ,plate ,v47 was constructed on what1 judging by those which succeeded it1 must probably have been regarded as an improved form1 or it may have been merely adapted to a different purpose4 ,the bolt a1 instead of having perpendicular bars and rings to slip over the parallel bar1 was simply a plain straight bolt with the catch springs attached to it4 ,the horizontal parallel bar of the lock1 after passing along the top of the box or tube1 was curved down over the mouth of the lock1 at a short distance from it1 and terminated in a ring1 leaving a space between it and the mouth of the tube to admit of the passage of the chain or staple1 or whatever was intended to be secured by means of the padlock1 as shown in fig4 #be;,c1 ,plate ,v4 ,the bolt was slipped through this ring1 and on into the tube1 the barbed springs flying out and catching after they entered the box1 so as to fill up this space and secure the bolt1 which was opened and withdrawn in the same manner as before1 as shown in fig4 #bd;,c1 ,plate ,v4 #bg ',archological ,journal1' vol4 xiii41 p4 #g1 ,plate ,,ii41 figs4 #bd to #bg4 ,a further modification of this takes place in the ,swedish padlock1 figs4 #bf;,c and #bg;,c1 ,plate ,v41 in which the parallel bar d1 instead of being a fixture1 is made to turn upon a hinge at h4 ,when shut1 the other end of the bar1 instead of coming down over the mouth of the tube1 and at a distance from it1 as in the preceding example of a ,roman padlock1 is made to enter the side of the tube at j1 and the bolt passes through the ring of the bar1 after entering the mouth of the lock and inside1 instead of outside of it4 ,by this means we arrive at the ordinary hinge of the padlock which with further modification of form and mechanism is in use on carpet bags in this country at the present day4 ,this ,swedish spring padlock was in use in ,scandinavia until towards the end of last century4 ,there is one in the ,museum at ,kiel1 which was found with iron spear-heads of the #aath century2 others are attributed to the #aeth century in that country4 ,figs4 #ca;,c and #cb;,c1 ,plate ,v41 is a specimen of an ,english fetterlock of the same construction as the ,swedish one1 obtained at ,epping1 near ,london1 and we have evidence that a lock constructed on this principle continued in use throughout the ,middle ,ages4 ,in #ahbi a fragment of an iron padlock1 consisting of the tube or box with its parallel bar attached to it1 was found in association with some extended skeletons at ,lagore1 near ,dunshaughlin1 in the county of ,meath1 in ,ireland4 ,it is figured in the sixth volume of the ',archological ,journal1' where it is described as an iron pipe1 its use being apparently unknown to the writer4 ,it was found in connection with iron leaf-shaped spear heads1 broad double-edged swords1 bronze pins1 and enamelled ornaments1 and the post-,roman period of the find is attested by the presence of the fallow deer amongst the associated animal remains4 ,figs4 #bh;,c1 #bi;,c1 #cj;,c1 ,plate ,v41 is a ,russian bronze padlock1 believed to date between the #ast and #dth centuries1 greatly resembling the ,oriental ones to be hereafter described4 ,it is in the ,museum of ,st4 ,petersburg1 and is copied from ,m4 ,,liger',s work4 ,fig4 #cc;,c1 ,plate ,v41 is a fragment of one containing the springs and curved bar1 found by me in excavations made in the ,norman ,camp at ,folkestone4 ,it was discovered in the body of the rampart1 and in a position to prove that it was of the age of the construction of the camp1 or of the period of its early occupation4#bh ,fig4 #cd;,c1 ,plate ,v41 is a later example very much resembling the ,russian padlock1 fig4 #bi;,c1 ,plate ,v41 and of the same kind as the last4 ,the curved bar of the bolt fits into a socket in the parallel bar1 in which respect it resembles some of the ,indian ones to be hereafter described4 ,it was found at ,swanscombe1 in ,kent1 and is probably of the #aeth century4 ,it is extracted from the ',archological ,journal4'#bi ,part of a padlock similar to this was lately found by ,mr4 ,,james ,,wilson in the ditch of ,bedford ,castle1 and was exhibited at the ,society of ,antiquaries4 ,another similar one was found near ,devizes1 and is figured in ,dean ,,merewether',s ',diary of a ,dean1' fig4 #ah4 ,both of these last1 like the ,russian bronze one1 represented in fig4 #bi;,c1 are ornamented on the outside of the case with lines of zigzags1 resembling ,norman tracery2 and coupled with the precise resemblance in the construction of the locks1 this ornamentation appears to prove an eastern connection during the first four centuries of our era4 ,the fetterlock figures as the badge of the family of the ,,longs of ,wraxall1 dating from the #aeth century1 and it is at the present time the badge of the #adth ,company of the ,grenadier ,guards1 an illustration of which is given in the accompanying woodcut4 ,it was one of the badges assumed by ,,edward ,,iv41 and an account of it is given in ,sir ,f4 ,,hamilton',s history of that ,regiment4#cj #bh ',archologia1' vol4 xlvii4 #bi ',archological ,journal1' vol4 xxxi41 #ahgd1 p4 #gh4 #cj ',history of the ,grenadier ,guards1' by ,lieut4-,general ,sir ,f4 ,,hamilton1 ,k4,c4,b41 vol4 i41 p4 #fa4 ,illustration3 ,badge of the #adth ,company ,grenadier ,guards4 ,all the spring padlocks hitherto described have the defect of being in two parts2 the bolt1 being entirely detached from the tube when open1 was liable to be lost1 and to remedy this defect1 modifications were introduced by which the bolt became a fixture in the tube and was opened by means of a key4 ,fig4 #ce;,c1 ,plate ,v41 is a lock which ,i found attached to one of my gates at ,rushmore1 in ,south ,wilts4 ,externally1 it exactly resembles the spring fetterlock1 but within1 the bolt which fixes the semicircular bar in its position when locked1 is retained there by a spiral spring4 ,to unlock it1 a key with a female screw is put in at the end in the same position as the key of the ,roman lock1 and after seizing the male screw within1 the bolt is screwed back against the spring1 thereby releasing the semicircular bar or staple1 which is then turned upon its hinge and drawn out of the opening on the side of the tube4 ,fig4 #cf;,c1 ,plate ,v41 is a precisely similar lock from ,paris4 ,fig4 #cg;,c1 ,plate ,v41 is another from ,germany4 ,our modern handcuffs retain the form of the fetterlock1 having the tubular case for the lock1 which otherwise is not precisely the form most suitable to fit the human wrist4 ,fig4 #ch;,c1 ,plate ,v41 is a section of an old handcuff obtained in ,wiltshire1 the bolt of which is forced out of the eye1 not by means of a screw1 but by a key of the ordinary form of a door key1 inserted in the side of the tube1 which when turned forces the bolt back against the spiral spring and releases the semicircular bar4 ,whilst in some of the more modern contrivances the external form of the ,roman spring padlock was retained1 the interior mechanism having undergone changes1 in others the interior mechanism is retained1 the external form having adapted itself to the more modern uses4 ,figs4 #ci;,c1 #dj;,c1 and #da;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 is an old padlock which ,i obtained in ,paris1 the date of which ,i have been unable to determine1 but a precisely similar one is attached to the iron chest of the ,royal ,society1 which was presented to the ,society in the year #affe1 and for the knowledge of which ,i am indebted to ,dr4 ,,john ,,evans1 ,f4,r4,s41 the ,treasurer of the ,society4 ,externally it resembles the modern padlock1 but both ends of the semicircular staple are provided with springs on the principle of the ,roman padlock4 ,it is opened by means of a revolving key of modern form1 which is inserted into the side of the padlock1 and which1 when given a quarter turn presses back the three springs upon the bolts1 and the staple is then withdrawn bodily from the body of the lock4 ,in this case1 the staple1 being quite separate from the lock1 would be liable to be lost1 as with the spring of the ,roman padlock2 so to remedy this defect we see in figs4 #db;,c and #dc;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 obtained at ,clermont-,ferrand1 in ,auvergne1 an improvement in which one of the arms of the staple passes down through the padlock and out at the bottom of it1 where it terminates in a button1 intended to prevent its being drawn entirely out and separated from the lock4 ,the other arm is furnished with a spring as in the last example and1 like it1 is opened by a revolving key4 ,when the spring is pressed back it is drawn out and merely turned upon its longer arm as a pivot4 ,up to this point ,i have endeavoured to trace the gradual development of the ,european padlock from the earliest contrivance of ,roman times up to the present time4 ,in order to show its distribution and the varieties it has undergone in other parts of the world we must now return to the spring padlock in its earliest form4 ,figs4 #dd;,c1 #de;,c1 and #df;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 represents an iron padlock from the ,gate of ,moultan1 in ,india1 now in the ,india ,museum4 ,it is in all respects similar to the ,roman lock shown in figs4 #ba;,c to #bc;,c1 ,plate ,v41 and needs no further description4 ,figs4 #dg;,c and #dh;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 is a padlock obtained by me of a vendor of old iron in the streets of ,cairo in #ahha4 ,it is constructed on precisely the same principle as the last1 and is opened by a key thrust in longitudinally at the end of the tube1 like the ,roman key1 but the opposite end of the bolt instead of being guided by a ring slipping along the parallel bar of the lock is curved round and inserted into a tube or socket in the parallel bar1 like the ,russian specimen and that from ,swanscombe1 in ,kent4 ,figs4 #di;,c and #ej;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 is another specimen obtained by me at ,cairo2 it also resembles the ,roman lock in its construction1 except that the key instead of being thrust in at the end of the tube is put in underneath at right angles to the tube1 and having enclosed the springs by means of an opening cut in the side of the key1 in order to compress them1 it is thrust sideways along the tube1 the neck being guided by a slit along the bottom of the tube4 ,figs4 #ea;,c and #eb;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 shows another specimen in my possession from ,india1 which so precisely resembles the last that one is tempted to suppose they must both have been made in the same place1 were it not for certain peculiarities which identify it as ,indian4 ,the key in closing on the springs is guided by two slits along the bottom of the tube instead of one1 and beneath the tube is a projecting piece in the form of a ,greek cross which fits into corresponding slits in the key so that none but the proper key can pass by it to compress the springs4 ,this contrivance is therefore of the nature of a ward4 ,figs4 #ec;,c1 #ed;,c1 and #ee;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 is another from ,india1 now in the ,india ,museum1 the locality of which1 viz41 ,myhere1 is attached to it4 ,figs4 #ef;,c and #eg;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 is an ,egyptian manacle in my collection fastened in the same manner4 ,figs4 #eh;,c1 #ei;,c1 and #fj;,c1 ,plate ,,vii41 is a similar lock from ,abyssinia1 now in the ,british ,museum1 affording additional evidence that the key1 with the lateral movement inserted at right angles to the lock1 is ,african as well as ,indian4 ,two padlocks precisely similar to this are in my collection from ,mogadore1 on the ,west ,coast of ,africa1 having on them the peculiar ,moorish ornamentation in brass which is characteristic of that country4 ,we have now to go to ,china for evidence of the continued distribution eastwards of this particular kind of spring padlock with the lateral key4 ,figs4 #fa;,c1 #fb;,c1 and #fc;,c1 ,plate ,,vii41 is a brass ,chinese padlock and key in my collection4 ,to the north of ,india we have figs4 #fd;,c1 #fe;,c1 #ff;,c1 #fg;,c1 ,plate ,,vii41 representing a padlock from ,yarkand obtained by ,sir ,,douglas ,,forsyth1 and now in the ,india ,museum4 ,it has also the key with the lateral action4 ,mr4 ,,thomas ,,wright says that he possesses a similar padlock1 given him by the ,british ,vice-,consul at ,jacmel1 and obtained from ,hayti1 which he says was probably a century old1 and either made in one of the ,spanish colonies or imported from ,spain4#ca ,sir ,,gardner ,,wilkinson also mentions one from ,meroe ,island1 in ,egypt1#cb and ,mr4 ,h4 ,,syer ,,cuming speaks of one as having been obtained in ,western ,africa1 but the locality is not stated4#cc #ca ',excavations at ,wroxeter and ,uriconium1' by ,t4 ,,wright1 ,f4,s4,a41 p4 #bgc4 #cb ',caillaud1 ,voyage ,meroe1' ,plate ,,lxvi41 ,sir ,g4 ,,wilkinson1 vol4 i41 p4 #cee4 #cc ,history of ,keys1 by ,h4 ,,syer ,,cuming1 ,esq41 ',journ4 ,british ,archological ,association1' vol4 xii41 p4 #aag4 ,the keys of this description mentioned in the paper as having been found at ,thebes are in all probability modern1 judging by their entire resemblance to modern forms4 ,in order to show the modifications that this lock has undergone during its eastern migrations1 ,i have represented 7figs4 #fh;,c1 #fi;,c1 and #gj;,c1 ,plate ,,vii47 a steel lock from ,indore1 ,india4 ,it is furnished with a staple with two arms like the ,european specimen1 fig4 #ci;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 one of which only has springs attached to it2 it is now in the ,india ,museum4 ,figs4 #ga;,c1 #gb;,c1 #gc;,c1 #gd;,c1 ,plate ,,vii4--also in the ,india ,museum3 the bolt with its springs is attached to plates forming an outside casing to one side of the lock1 by which means the opening is concealed1 and the opening for the key is also concealed in a casing for the other side1 and opens also with a catch spring released by the pressure of a straight pin or wire introduced through a hole beneath the lock4 ,figs4 #ge;,c1 #gf;,c1 and #gg;,c1 ,plate ,,viii41 is another variety1 from ,burmah2 the key is introduced at the end of the tube by means of a male screw1 formed somewhat like the propeller of a screw steamship4 ,this screw is merely for the purpose of introducing the key into the tube by a half-twist2 once in1 it is pressed straight forward1 and compresses the springs in the usual manner4 ,fig4 #gh;,c1 ,plate ,,viii41 is the opening and key of a similar lock obtained by me in ,nuremberg4 ,it is constructed precisely on the same principle as the last1 and with a similar object2 it has all the appearance of being ,european1 but ,i have no certain evidence that it may not have been imported from ,india4 ,in figs4 #gi;,c1 #hj;,c1 and #ha;,c1 ,plate ,,viii41 from ,indore1 ,india1 we see the screw principle developed4 ,whether this originated in a lock of the last-mentioned form--and the screw1 from having at first been used as a ward1 was ultimately employed to release the bolt by a screw motion--,i know not2 but it exactly resembles in its construction the lock shown in fig4 #ce;,c1 ,plate ,v41 from the gate at ,rushmore1 ,wilts1 and those of like form from ,france and ,germany already figured and described4 ,the bolt is retained in its place when locked by a spiral spring1 and withdrawn by a screw key inserted at the end4 ,whether this is an independent growth in the two hemispheres1 or copied the one from the other1 ,i have no present means of determining4 ,unfortunately1 when the objects in the ,india ,museum at ,south ,kensington were transferred from the old ,india ,museum their history was lost2 but ,i have figured none except those which have the localities attached to them4 ,figs4 #hb;,c1 #hc;,c1 and #hd;,c1 ,plate ,,viii41 is a steel lock from ,india of similar external form to fig4 #ga;,c1 ,plate ,,vii42 but the screw principle appears here to have entirely superseded the spring1 which is altogether wanting1 and it is dependent for its action entirely on a screw key inserted at the end1 and by means of which the bolt 7which itself formed the staple7 is screwed up or screwed back again as required4 ,as a parallel to this1 the specimen in my collection represented in figs4 #he;,c1 #hf;,c1 #hg;,c1 #hh;,c1 and #hi;,c1 ,plate ,,viii41 may be given4 ,it was obtained by me in ,brussels1 and resembles the tubular lock only in external form4 ,the staple is secured to the tube at each end by eyes let into the side of the tube1 through which a pin is passed1 and screwed up or unscrewed by a key put in at the end of the tube4 ,when unscrewed the pin is withdrawn and the staple taken out bodily4 ,in this1 as in the ,indian specimen last described1 the original spring mechanism has entirely disappeared2 but1 although resembling each other in this respect1 there is nothing analogous in the two systems1 which1 from differences in the details of their construction1 appear to be quite independent contrivances4 ,figs4 #ij;,c1 #ia;,c1 and #ib;,c1 ,plate ,,viii41 represent a padlock and key from ,toomkoor1 ,mysore1 ,india4 ,it is a barbed spring padlock of the ordinary kind1 but the springs are closed preparatory to being withdrawn by means of a common revolving key inserted in the side and having a broad slit in the middle of the revolving plate4 ,by giving the key a quarter-turn the slit in the key-plate compresses the springs1 and they are then withdrawn from the lock4 ,the action of the key in this specimen resembles exactly that of the padlock from ,paris 7fig4 #ci;,c1 ,plate ,,vi47 and that of the ,royal ,society chest1 except that in the ,paris and ,royal ,society specimens two springs are compressed by means of a solid plate1 whilst in the ,toomkoor example a single-barbed spring is compressed by the action of a slit in the key4 ,barbed tubular spring locks of precisely the same form as the ,chinese ones are also used in ,japan1 of which figs4 #ic;,c1 #id;,c1 #ie;,c1 and #if;,c1 ,plate ,,ix41 represent a specimen in my collection4 ,of these1 some of the keys entered at the end of the tube2 others are put in at the side1 as shown in fig4 #ig;,c1 ,plate ,,ix4 ,the key1 which1 like the lock1 is of brass1 is placed in a handle1 which shuts up like the handle of a knife 7as shown in fig4 #if;,c1 ,plate ,,ix47 for convenience of transport4 ,another specimen from ,japan 7represented in figs4 #ih;,c and #ii;,c1 ,plate ,,ix47 resembles exactly the ,toomkoor specimen from ,india1 the springs being compressed by means of a revolving key4 ,this must certainly be regarded as the first stage of improvement upon the original ,roman lock1 and its employment in ,europe1 ,india1 and ,japan is noteworthy4 ,amongst the specimens of these tubular spring locks1 which appear to show evidence of connection over wide areas1 are those which are constructed in the forms of animals4 ,figs4 #ajj;,c and #aja;,c1 ,plate ,,ix41 is a representation of a bronze padlock in the form of a fish1 now in the ,louvre1 at ,paris1 figured by ,m4 ,,liger4 ,it is there described1 though not without hesitation1 as an ,egyptian lock2 if so1 it is probably of the ,romano-,egyptian period3 the springs enter at the mouth of the fish1 and are released by a key put in at the tail4 ,figs4 #ajb;,c1 #ajc;,c1 #ajd;,c1 ,plate ,,ix41 represents a precisely similar fish-shaped padlock of iron from ,india1 and now in the ,india ,museum4 ,figs4 #aje;,c and #ajf;,c1 ,plate ,,ix41 is a ,roman bronze lock in the form of a lion or horse1 in the possession of ,dr4 ,,john ,,evans1 ,f4,r4,s41 and here copied by his permission2 a similar one is in the ,british ,museum4 ,figs4 #ajg;,c1 #ajh;,c1 and #aji;,c1 ,plate ,,ix41 is another1 also in the form of a lion1 and about the same size1 from ,china1 in the collection of ,mr4 ,,chubb1 the well-known locksmith4 ,in all these the springs enter at the stern of the animal1 and the other end of the bolt turns up and back in the form of a tail1 and enters the neck of the animal behind the head4 ,the key in the ,chinese specimen has a peculiar secret contrivance to prevent its being inserted in the hole for it by anyone not acquainted with its construction4 ,the head of the key will not enter the keyhole unless the handle end is put in first and slipped along the shank of the key1 as represented in the drawing1 fig4 #aji;,c1 ,plate ,,ix4 ,mr4 ,,romilly ,,allen1 whose work on ,scotch wooden tumbler locks ,i have already quoted1 refers incidentally in his paper to spring locks1 and says that he has himself seen them used in ,persia in the forms of animals4 ,we are thus led to infer that the practice of making them in these forms may have existed1 or may still exist1 continuously throughout the region referred to1 and that1 like the mechanism itself1 and like many other articles of commerce1 they may have passed by traffic from place to place1 and been copied and adopted in the localities in which they are found4 ,fig4 #aaj;,c1 ,plate ,,ix41 is a padlock obtained by me at ,cairo2 similar ones are in common use on out-houses at ,naples1 the long bar at the top denoting its descent from the ,roman padlock1 although the construction of the lock is different4 ,we now come to the principle of the revolving key in common use at the present time4 ,it has been already shown that in using the ,roman lock 7figs4 #ae;,b to #bj;,b1 ,plate ,,iii47 the part of the key containing the pins had to be put in vertically1 and then turned a quarter circle1 so as to bring the teeth horizontally beneath the tumblers previously to lifting them4 ,it is possible that this may have suggested the first idea of employing the twist thus given to the key to the shooting of the bolt4 ,fig4 ,,iii1 ,plate ,,ix41 taken from ,m4 ,,liger',s work1#cd represents a ,roman key found in ,london2 it has a plate furnished with teeth1 evidently intended to raise tumblers1 and the stem of the key is piped for the purpose of fitting into a broach or pin1 so that the plate with the teeth1 when the key is turned round on its pivot1 may fit into its proper place beneath the bolt and raise up the tumblers4 ,fig4 #aab1 ,plate ,,ix41 is a drawing of another key similarly formed1 having two teeth and a piped stem2 it was found in ,lothbury1 in ,london1 #af feet beneath the surface1 and is figured in ,mr4 ,,syer ,,cuming',s paper on keys in the ',journal of the ,archological ,association4'#ce ,these keys appear hardly to admit of any doubt as to their mode of use1 and may therefore be regarded as the earliest specimen of revolving keys1 although applied to a different purpose from the revolving key of our own time4 ,the most primitive kind of lock with a revolving key that ,i have met with is one represented in figs4 #aac1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf1 ,plate ,x4 ,it is from ,india1 and is in the ,india ,museum4 ,the key is applied to a square vertical tumbler of the ,scandinavian type with two arms to fit into two notches in the bolt2 the lower end of the tumbler terminates behind the bolt1 in a semicircular form2 the key1 when turned upon its broach or pin1 as the case may be1 impinges upon the sides of the semicircular portion and raises the tumbler out of the notches on the top of the bolt1 and afterwards the end of the key-plate passes into one of a series of notches on the under side of the bolt and moves it1 whilst the tumbler is1 at the same time1 raised clear of the bolt4 ,the key being turned several times continues the movement1 pushing the key forward notch after notch1 until the tumbler again falls into other holes provided for it1 and keeps the bolt secure4 ,all here is of wood1 except the key1 which is of metal1 and it is provided with slits to pass the wards1 adjusted to them in the revolution of the key-plate upon its pivot4 ,it might be supposed from this that it was a modern adaptation to an ancient system of vertical tumblers1 had not a very similar1 but simpler1 lock existed in ,china4 ,the drawing 7figs4 #aag1 #aah1 #aai1 #abj1 #aba1 ,plate ,x47 of a ,chinese lock was kindly sent me by ,mr4 ,,romilly ,,allen4 ,in this specimen the bolt is shot in nearly the same manner as the last specimen1 but the tumblers are raised independently by means of a ,t-shaped key 7fig4 #aba1 ,plate ,x471 similar to that used with the ,scandinavian lock 7fig4 #c;,c1 ,plate ,,iv474 ,the key from the outside is put into the vertical slit between the tumblers1 when it is turned a quarter circle so as to bring the arms of the ,t in a horizontal plane4 ,it is then pressed back1 when the returns of the ,t enter notches provided for them in the tumblers4 ,the tumblers are then raised1 and the key or handle1 a1 turned4 ,from the inside the tumblers are raised with the two fingers before shooting the bolt4 #cd ',la ,ferronnerie1' tome ii41 p4 #bcf1 fig4 #dib4 #ce ',journal of the ,archological ,association1' vol4 xii41 p4 #aba1 ,plate ,,xiv41 fig4 #a4 ,m4 ,,liger supposes that the lifting key of the ,roman lock was of ,asiatic origin1 and that the revolving key came into use amongst the ,romans about the commencement#cf of our era1 and many of the keys from ,pompeii are constructed on this principle having slits for the passage of wards4 ,fig4 #abb1 ,plate ,x41 is a ,roman key of this kind in my collection4 ,the ward system came into general use afterwards and was much relied upon to the exclusion of others in the ,middle ,ages4 ,the ward system may be defined as a system of lock in which obstructions are placed to prevent any but the proper key from entering to turn the bolt2 as such it is distinct from the tumbler system1 in which security depends on obstruction introduced to prevent the bolt from being drawn by the key4 ,the tumbler is1 in fact1 a bolt of a bolt4 ,reference to fig4 #aj;,b1 ,plate ,,ii41 representing the ,egyptian lock1 will show that besides the two pins with which the key is provided for lifting the tumblers1 there is a pin attached to the under side of the lock opening1 which enters a hole in the key4 ,this is of the nature of a ward1 since none but a key with a hole in the proper place could be raised up high enough to lift the tumblers clear of the holes in the bolt4 ,mr4 ,,romilly ,,allen also mentions that in one of the ,scotch locks from ,snizort1 a notch is placed in the key and a corresponding pin in the lock1 to prevent the lock from being picked1 and that the key-hole is divided by a thin iron plate which is the only thing approaching a ward that appears in any of the wooden locks of ,scotland4 ,the peculiar shape of the tumblers and tumbler-holes in the bolts of the ,roman lock1 already described1 with teeth made especially to fit them1 must be regarded as a kind of ward1 although applied to tumblers1 since their object is to prevent any but the proper form of key from entering4 #cf ',la ,ferronnerie1' tome i41 p4 #bfd4 ,the further development of the ward-system in the ,roman tumbler-locks1 though it certainly existed1 is involved in uncertainty1 since none of the wards appear to have been preserved1 but the fact of some kind of ward having been used is evident from the slits in the keys represented in fig4 #abb1 ,plate ,x41 which are of common occurrence4 ,the cross-shaped wards beneath the ,indian spring padlock already described in connection with figs4 #ec;,c1 #ed;,c1 and #ee;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 must certainly be considered to be wards1 although open to view1 and not concealed beneath the lock-plate4 ,there are also found in association with ,roman remains1 keys of which fig4 #abc1 ,plate ,x41 from ,chalons1 fig4 #abd1 ,plate ,x41 from the ,museum at ,saumur1 and fig4 #abe1 ,plate ,x41 from the ,museum at ,saint ,germain1 are examples4#cg ,these keys so greatly resemble the ,asiatic keys used with the spring padlock1 that it is difficult to believe they were not employed in the same way1 but as they also resemble the ,roman perforated plates of the tumbler-lock keys that are provided with teeth1 it is probable they may have been intended for raising tumblers in some way not yet explained4 ,no tubular spring lock adapted to be opened with a key inserted underneath1 and opened with a lateral movement like the ,indian and ,egyptian ones1 has to my knowledge been found amongst ,roman remains4 ,fig4 #abf1 ,plate ,x41 is a modern ,english latch-key of similar form1 furnished with a ward-plate and used for raising a common latch3 they are now generally disused1 from being unsafe4 ,with the revolving keys resembling the modern form1 found at ,pompeii and elsewhere1 slits for fixed wards are common1 and show that the ,roman keys of the commencement of the present era resembled our own4 ,during the ,middle ,ages reliance was placed almost entirely on the ward system1 and many complicated contrivances were introduced1 of which fig4 #abg1 ,plate ,x41 is a specimen1 until the close of the last century1 when their insecurity led to the re-introduction of tumbler-locks4 #cg ',la ,ferronnerie1' tome ii41 ,plate ,,lv41 ,e1 ,g1 ,k1 p4 #bch4 ,it is not known exactly when this took place1 but probably at some time during the #ahth century1 and possibly earlier4 ,this time1 the tumblers instead of being vertical 7as was the case during what may be called the early tumbler period7 were horizontal1 resting on a pivot above the bolt and kept down by a spring4 ,figs4 #abh1 #abi1 and #acj1 ,plate ,x41 is a tumbler lock in the possession of ,mr4 ,,chubb1 found whilst repairing an old house at ,funtley1 ,hants1 said to be #bjj years old4 ,if so it must be regarded as the earliest specimen of the second tumbler period4 ,the tumbler moves on a pivot1 and is kept down by a spring1 the revolving key raises the tumbler by pressing up the curved bar attached to it1 which raises the stud of the tumbler out of the notch provided for it on the upper side of the bolt1 thereby freeing the bolt1 so that by further turning the key it is enabled to shoot the bolt4 ,the tumbler1 it will be seen1 cannot be raised too high4 ,if the plate of the key is long enough to raise the stud of the tumbler out of the notch1 a key with a longer plate will answer the same purpose4 ,to remedy this defect and necessitate the employment of a key of exactly the proper size1 ,mr4 ,,barron1 about the year #aggh1 introduced an improvement known by his name1 represented in fig4 #aca1 ,plate ,x41 in which the bolt is provided with a slit along the middle just wide enough to allow the stud to pass2 the slit has notches both above and below1 so that if the stud is raised too high by a key with too long a plate it is forced into the upper notch and the bolt continues immovable4 ,he also introduced two tumblers requiring to be raised to different heights in order to coincide with the slit in the bolt by means of different projections on the edge of the key plate1 so that the bolt could only be shot by means of a key with a plate expressly constructed to fit the lock1 and having two projections of the requisite length4 ,this principle of employing two or more tumblers is the one on which nearly all subsequent improvements have been effected4 ,those who desire to prosecute the subject further will find a variety of modern tumbler locks in my collection introduced during the latter half of the last and commencement of the present century4 ,they are all1 in the main1 varieties of one principle1 terminating in the ,,chubb and ,,hobbs locks of the present time4 ,as this paper relates only to primitive locks ,i do propose to describe them here4 ,the continuity which pervades all the ramifications of the modern lock is not less complete than in the earlier forms1 and would well bear treating in the same manner as those which ,i have described4 ,the ,bramah lock1 though in external appearance differing from the others1 is no less based upon the earlier forms1 and may be described as a union between the ward and the tumbler systems4 ,it is a ward system1 because the obstructions introduced into the mechanism are intended to prevent the turning of the key to shoot the bolt by any but a key of the proper construction4 ,it is a tumbler system because the impediments so placed upon the turning of the key are in fact tumblers packed round the cylinder of the key 7retained by springs71 and allowing the passage of the key-plate only when pressed down to the various depths to which each separate tumbler is adapted in order to provide an open passage for the key-plate all round4 ,this union of ideas developed separately in different branches of the same trade1 device or industry1 corresponds to the crossing of individuals and breeds in nature1 which is so necessary to reproduction4 ,the analogy1 as ,i have already intimated elsewhere1 might be carried even further and closer if space permitted4 ,it is a necessary condition of the absence of creative power in nature1 and applies equally to all the processes of evolution whether of species or of ideas1 but the subject requires broader treatment than can be given to it here4 ,my object in writing this paper being to trace the development of particular forms rather than to generalise1 ,i must leave the philosophy of the subject for separate treatment4 ,from the foregoing description of the various kinds of primitive locks in use in different countries it will1 ,i think1 have been made evident that some of them most certainly have been derived from a common centre4 ,the wooden key-drawn pin-locks have spread over the region extending from ,egypt to ,yarkand4 ,the ,scandinavian wooden locks of the same kind1 though differing in the details of their construction1 we have seen are common to ,norway and ,scotland1 and by some means have been carried to the ,west ,indies and ,british ,guiana1 whilst the tubular spring padlock of the ,roman age in ,europe is the same that is found throughout the whole region extending from ,italy to ,china and ,japan on the east1 northward into ,england and ,scandinavia1 southward into ,abyssinia1 and westward into ,west ,africa and ,algeria1 ,spain1 and on as far as the ,west ,indies4 ,it is sometimes thought when simple contrivances such as weapons of stone and bronze1 some of the simpler kinds of ornaments1 and of tools obviously adapted to primeval life are found to extend over wide areas1 and in places very remote from one another1 that the few ideas necessary for the construction and use of them might easily have suggested themselves independently in different places4 ,to the student of primitive culture who has become impressed with the persistency of art forms1 this independent origin of such things does not appear so certain even in the case of the most simple contrivances4 ,but when we come to a complex piece of mechanism1 such as a spring padlock having several parts--the spring1 the case1 the parallel bar1 and the key1 in all of which the resemblance is maintained in distant countries1 and which1 with slight modification and continuously progressive improvements1 are put together in the same manner in all parts of the world--such a supposition cannot be admitted1 the necessity for a common origin is apparent1 and the study of the periods and the circumstances connected with the distribution of it cannot be set aside as superfluous4 ,assuming that the tumbler pin-lock and the spring padlock cannot be traced back earlier in ,europe than the commencement of our era1 it is by no means certain that they may not have existed earlier elsewhere4 ,the commerce carried on with the ,east in early times was of a nature to render it very probable that any contrivance for securing goods should have spread from place to place with the merchandise exported and imported between ,china1 ,india1 and ,europe4 ,a brief survey of the trade relations between different countries will be sufficient to show this4 ,the expedition of ,,alexander gave rise to intercourse which was kept up by the ,greek kingdom of ,bactria1 and recent ,indian discoveries both of coins and sculptures prove more and more the great influence which ,greek art exercised in ,india up to the commencement of our era4 ,,strabo says that1 about ,b4,c4 #bb1 ,,nicolaus ,,damascenus fell in with three ,indian ambassadors at ,antioch ,epidaphne on their way to the ,court of ,,augustus1 and that their credentials were in the ,greek language4 ,,diodorus quoting ,,iambulus speaks of ,king ,,palibothra in the early part of the #ast century as a lover of the ,greeks4 ,,dio ,,chrysostom mentions that the poems of ,,homer were sung by the ,indians1 and ,,lian says that not only the ,indians but the kings of ,persia translated and sang them4 ,if the travels of ,,apollonius and ,,damis are to be credited1 the ,greek language was spoken in the ,punjaub in the first half-century of our era1 and frequent intercourse appears to have taken place between that country and ,egypt4#ch ,,pliny in the #ast century ,a4,d4 says1 on the authority of ,,varro1 that under the direction of ,,pompey it was ascertained that it took seven days to go from ,india to the ,river ,icarus1 believed to be the modern ,roscha1 in the country of the ,bactri1 which discharges itself into the ,oxus1 and that the merchandise of ,india being conveyed from it through the ,caspian ,sea into the ,cyrus1 might be brought by land to ,phasis in ,pontus in five days at most4#ci ,the best steel used in ,rome was imported from ,china4#dj ,,arrian1 in the #bnd century ,a4,d41 speaks of a frequented way1 ,greek3 lephoros odos1 extending in the direction of ,india through ,bactria2 after which four embassies from the ,east are noticed by ancient writers1 one to ,,trajan1 ,a4,d4 #ajg2 another to ,,antoninus ,,pius1 ,a4,d4 #ach-afa2 a third to ,,julian1 ,a4,d4 #cfa2 and the fourth to ,,justinian1 ,a4,d4 #ecj4 ,these are but scant memorials of an intercourse which must have been frequent between ,india and ,rome1 and which reached its highest development during the reigns of ,,severus and ,,caracalla1 in the commencement of the #crd century ,a4,d4 #ch ',the ,indian ,travels of ,apollonius of ,tyana1' by ,,osmond ,,de ,,beauvoir ,,priaulx4 #ci ,,pliny1 ,book vi41 chap4 #ai4 #dj ',ancient ,bronze ,implements1' by ,,john ,,evans1 ,d4,c4,l41 c41 p4 #ai2 ,,pliny',s ',nat4 ,history1' ,book xxxiv41 chap4 #da4 ,turning now to the southern route of communication with ,india1 ,,pliny describes ,taprobane 7,ceylon71 and mentions an embassy sent from thence to the ,emperor ,,claudius4 ,the discovery of the monsoons during the #ast century was the means of creating a great trade between ,india and ,alexandria4 ,,strabo says that in the time of the ,,ptolemies some #bj ships only ventured upon the ,indian seas1 but that this traffic had so greatly increased that he himself saw at ,myos ,hormos1 on the ,arabian ,gulf1 #abj ships destined for ,india4 ,,pliny gives in detail the route from ,alexandria to ,india in his time1 and says that it was well worthy of notice because in each year ,india drained the empire of at least #eej sestertii1 estimated at #a1djj1jjj of ,english money1 giving back in exchange her own wares1 which were sold at fully one hundred times their original cost1 and he says that the voyage was made every year by the following route3--,two miles distant from ,alexandria was the town of ,juliopolis1 supposed to be ,nicopolis4 ,the distance from thence to ,coptos up the ,nile was #cjh miles1 and the voyage was performed with a favourable wind in #ab days4 ,from ,coptos the journey was made on camels to ,berenice1 a seaport on the southern frontier of ,egypt1 #beg miles1 in another #ab days4 ,here the passengers generally set sail at midsummer1 and in about #cj days arrived at ,ocelis1 in ,arabia1 now called ,gehla1 or at ,cane1 supposed to be ,cava ,canim ,bay4 ,from hence1 if the wind called hippaulus happened to be blowing1 it was possible to arrive at ,muzitis1 the modern ,mangalore1 which was the nearest point in ,india1 in #dj days4 ,this1 however1 was not a convenient port for disembarking1 and ,barace was therefore preferred4 ,to this place pepper was carried down in dug-out canoes made out of a single trunk from ,cottonara1 supposed to be ,cochin or ,travancore4 ,the return voyage was usually made in ,january1 taking advantage of the south-east monsoon1 by which means they were able to go and return the same year4 ,but when ,,pliny wrote1 the trade with ,india was only in its infancy1 afterwards ,greek factories were probably established at the ,indian seaboards1 which accounts for the ,greek names for some of the towns on that coast4 ,but the people of ,alexandria having become insolent in their prosperity1 ,,hadrian was led to encourage the route through ,palmyra1 which was the most direct road to ,india4 ,even in the #bnd century ,a4,d4 the trade between ,rome and ,india through ,palmyra must have been considerable1 for it drew the attention of the ,chinese4 ,their annals speak of it as carried on principally by sea2 they mention ,roman merchants in relations of commerce with and visiting ,burmah1 ,tonquin1 and ,cochin ,china1 and they have preserved the memory of an embassy from the ,roman emperor1 which in the year ,a4,d4 #aff was received by the ,chinese sovereign4 ,arab or native vessels appear to have brought the produce of ,india up the ,persian ,gulf to the mouth of the ,euphrates4 ,at ,teredon they discharged their cargoes1 and the merchandise was then carried to ,vologesia by camels2 at this place the merchants of ,palmyra took it up and it was here exchanged for the produce of ,europe4 ,even as late as the #eth century1 ships from ,india and ,china are mentioned lying at ,hira on the ,euphrates1 a little to the south of ,babylon4 ,through the influence of this trade ,palmyra grew rapidly into wealth and power until the widow of ,,galberius threw off her allegiance to ,rome4 ,this led to the destruction of the city by ,,aurelian1 ,a4,d4 #bge1 which put an end to the ,roman trade with ,india through the ,persian ,gulf4 ,the ,alexandrian trade with ,india fell off about the same time1 and the barbarians occupied ,coptos1 the port of embarkation for ,india1 about ,a4,d4 #bgi4 ,after the fall of ,palmyra the ,indian trade was transferred to ,batne1 near the ,euphrates1 but it lasted only a short time1 and in the #dth and #eth centuries may be regarded as having become extinct in so far as ,roman merchants were concerned4 ,the trade1 however1 was still kept up by the ,arabs4 ,,epiphanius1 about ,a4,d4 #cge1 gives an account of trade carried on through ,berenice1 by which the merchants of ,india imported their goods into the ,roman territory1 and there is also ,chinese authority for believing that a great trade between ,rome and ,india existed in the #fth century4 ,,ma-,,touan-,,lin1 ,a4,d4 #acag1 in his researches into antiquity1 affirms that in ,a4,d4 #ejj-eaf ,india carried on a considerable commerce by sea with ,ta-,tsin1 the ,roman ,empire1 and with the ,ansi the ,syrians1#da but ,arab and not ,roman vessels were employed4 ,,masoudi says that in the early part of the #gth century the ,indian and ,chinese trade with ,babylon was principally in the hands of the ,indians and ,chinese4 ,the usual passage after rounding the ,point de ,galle was to creep up the ,madras coast during the ,s4,w4 monsoon and take a point of departure from ,masulapatam towards the leading opening of the ,ganges4#db ,meanwhile the overland trade between ,europe and ,india in the #crd and #dth centuries was carried on by the ,sassanid1 who in the #dth century entered into commercial relations with ,china1 to which country they sent frequent embassies in the #fth century1 and through this route silk was imported into ,europe4 ,in ,a4,d4 #gab ,sind was conquered by the ,arabs1 and in addition to the kingdom of ,mansurah and ,multan1 other independent ,muslim governments were established at ,bania and ,kasdar4#dc ,there is also the evidence of the merchant ,,sulamin and the researches of ,mr4 ,,edward ,,thomas into the coins of the ,balhara to prove the continuance of ,arab intercourse with ,india during the #ith century4 #da ,,priaulx1 p4 #bdd4 #db ,the ,indian ,balhara and ,arabian intercourse with ,india in the ,ninth and ,following ,centuries1 by ,e4 ,,thomas1 ,f4,r4,s41 ',numismata ,orientalia1' vol4 iii41 #ahhb4 #dc ,coins of the ,arabs in ,sind1 by ,e4 ,,thomas1 ,f4,r4,s41 in the ',indian ,antiquary4' ,during all this time the relations between ,scandinavia and ,rome appear to have been scarcely less extensive4 ,although the ,romans never succeeded in penetrating ,scandinavia1 the discovery of coins1 vases in bronze and glass1 and other objects of art1 is sufficient to prove that ,scandinavian art was greatly influenced by intercourse with ,rome during the first part of the #bnd century of our era4 ,in the early stages of society1 communication by sea offered greater facilities for traffic than land journeys1 and for this reason the ,island of ,gotland1 now so isolated and rarely visited except by antiquaries1 appears to have served as a portal for the entry of ,roman and ,oriental goods and civilization into ,scandinavia4#dd ,after the fall of the ,roman empire1 ,scandinavia was left to its own resources1 aided by occasional intercourse with ,byzantium1 until in the later iron age1 extending from the #hth century to the middle of the #aath century1 another line of communication was established with the ,east1 still entering ,scandinavia mainly through the ,island of ,gotland4 ,mr4 ,,hildebrand records the discovery of #bj1jjj ,arab coins in ,sweden and ,gotland1 and traces the channel of their transmission by ,russian finds from the states near the ,caspian1 through ,russia to the shores of the ,baltic1 and thence1 thanks to the commerce established by the inhabitants of ,gotland1 over to that island4 ,from ,gotland1 and probably also by direct intercourse with ,russia1 the ,mahomedan coins were spread over ,scandinavia1 being more common in the eastern provinces of ,sweden than in the west or in ,norway4 ,the greater part of these coins appear to have come into ,sweden between the years #hhj and #iee1 but the latest belongs to the year #ajaj4 ,on the line of communication here indicated1 iron keys of the kind adapted both to the tumbler lock and the spring padlock have been discovered in the governments of ,vladimir and ,jaroslav1 in the graves of the ,neriens1#de dating about the #hth century ,a4,d41 showing that in all probability it was by this line that the use of these locks were imported into ,sweden4 ,the key of the padlock found here was of the form of the ,roman key1 7fig4 #ba;,c1 ,plate ,v471 the ,indian one 7fig4 #df;,c1 ,plate ,,vi471 and the modern one from ,cairo 7fig4 #dg;,c1 ,plate ,,vi474 ,it also resembles that of the ,swedish lock 7fig4 #bf;,c1 ,plate ,v471 and belongs to the most primitive form of the mechanism4 #dd ',la ,sude ,prehistorique1' by ,o4 ,,montelius4 #de ,antiquits du ,nord ,finno-,ougrien1 par ,j4 ,r4 ,,aspelin1 ',age du ,fer1' iii41 figs4 #igg1 #ihj1 #iha4 ,whilst this traffic was being carried on between ,scandinavia and the ,east1 the intercourse of the ,vikings was kept up with ,britain1 ,ireland1 and the coasts of the ,english ,channel1 commencing in #ghg and continuing to the #aath century4 ,these ,western relations1 like those with the ,east1 appear to have taken place chiefly through ,gotland2 and the number of ,anglo-,saxon coins found in that ,island and the ,east of ,sweden greatly exceed those discovered in ,norway and the ,west4 ,the foregoing summary of the evidence of commercial relations between ,southern ,europe and the ,east and ,north during the early part of the ,christian ,era is sufficient to show that ample facilities existed for the spread of early forms of locks and keys4 ,the padlock1 more especially--which1 as ,i have said when referring to the etymology of the word pad1 was the class of lock associated with portable merchandise--must have been carried into all those parts of the world between which commercial relations had been established4 ,at what time and through what particular channels the various kinds of locks were distributed can only be determined after more extended inquiry into the archology of padlocks4 ,some points may1 however1 ,i think be considered to be more or less established by the evidence ,i have adduced4 ,the particular form of padlock represented in fig4 #dd;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 from ,india1 and fig4 #ba;,c1 ,plate ,v41 from the ,roman period of ,europe1 must in all probability have been communicated in ,roman times1 as ,i am not aware that this precise form of padlock was in use in ,europe later than the ,roman age1 having been superseded by the more modern improvements which have been described in this paper4 ,the use of padlocks in the forms of animals in ,egypt1 ,persia1 and ,china1 must also very probably belong to the same period4 ,the ,chinese and ,japanese padlocks appear to belong to a more advanced stage of the development of the mechanism1 and correspond to the form used in ,europe in the ,middle ,ages2 whilst the use of the revolving key in ,europe1 ,india1 and ,japan1 to compress the springs1 as shown in figs4 #ci;,c1 ,plate ,,vi41 #ij;,c1 ,plate ,,viii41 and #ih;,c1 ,plate ,,xi41 must date from a still later phase in the art2 and unless they are to be regarded as improvements introduced independently in those countries1 the idea must have spread by means of ,arab traders1 if not still more recently4 ,in like manner1 the adoption of the screw principle with these locks must either have been conveyed by traders1 or applied independently in different countries to the form of padlock already in use4 ,the hinge of the staple1 as seen in figs4 #bf;,c and #ca;,c1 ,plate ,v41 though derived from the earlier form of the parallel bar1 which has a wide distribution1 has not been universally adopted1 but is used chiefly in ,sweden and ,europe1 and is an improvement introduced1 no doubt1 in modern times4 ,further information is needed to enable us to trace the distribution of all these different varieties more continuously1 before any satisfactory judgment can be formed as to the date of connection4 ,in ,scandinavia we find the padlock in use in ,gotland1 in ,bjrk1 and in ,sweden2 and ,,hans ,,hildebrand1 in his work on ',the ,industrial ,arts of ,scandinavia1'#df published by the ,south ,kensington ,museum1 says that they were already known in that region in ,pagan times4 ,it is to be hoped that this announcement may be only a prelude to some more detailed publication of his researches into a subject to which the present paper can only be regarded as a first introduction--not previously attempted1 that ,i am aware of1 in its ethnological and commercial bearings4 ,local archologists must work out the rest4 ,enough has1 ,i trust1 been said to show that a large field lies open to the student of the archology of locks and keys1 and that whenever the history of this mechanism is traced in ,scandinavia1 ,persia1 ,india1 and ,china1 in the same way that ,i have endeavoured to trace it in ,europe1 much light will thereby be thrown on the ramifications of trade and the commercial relations of distant countries in non-historic times4 #df ',the ,industrial ,arts of ,scandinavia1' by ,,hans ,,hildebrand1 #ahhc4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,fig4 #a4 ,japanese book fastening derived from the common pin4 ,figs4 #b and #c4 ,common wooden bolt used at ,gastein1 in ,austria1 at the present time4 ,fig4 #b4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #c4 ,transverse section on ,a ,b4 a4 ,handle4 b4 ,bolt4 c c4 ,slit for handle1 a4 ,figs4 #d and #e4 ,wooden bolt with pin fastening 7supposed form74 ,fig4 #d4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #e4 ,transverse section on ,a ,b4 ,figs4 #f to #h4 ,wooden single tumbler bolt 7supposed form74 ,fig4 #f4 ,front view 7open74 ,fig4 #g4 ,front view 7closed74 ,fig4 #h4 ,transverse section on ,a ,b4 ,figs4 #i;,a to #aa;,a4 ,wooden double tumbler lock from the ,faroe ,islands4 ,fig4 #i;,a4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #aj;,a4 ,longitudinal section4 ,fig4 #aa;,a4 ,transverse section4 a4 ,bolt4 b b4 ,teeth of key1 c4 d d4 ,tumblers4 e e e4 ,block4 f f4 ,holes in bolt4 ,figs4 #ab;,a to #ag;,a4 ,old ,scottish wooden tumbler lock 7,patent ,museum74 ,fig4 #ab;,a4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #ac;,a4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #ad;,a4 ,longitudinal section4 ,fig4 #ae;,a4 ,transverse section4 ,fig4 #af;,a4 ,section through ,a ,b4 ,fig4 #ag;,a4 ,section through ,c ,d4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,wyman ,sons1 ,printers1 ,gt4 ,queen ,st4 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,figs4 #ah;,a to #bb;,a4 ,old ,scottish treble wooden tumbler lock 7,patent ,museum74 ,fig4 #ah;,a4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #ai;,a4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #bj;,a4 ,longitudinal section4 ,fig4 #ba;,a4 ,transverse section4 ,fig4#bb ,a4 ,section through ,a ,b 7fig4 #ba;,a74 ,figs4 #bc;,a to #be;,a4 ,wooden tumbler lock from ,norway 7,hazilius ,museum1 ,stockholm74 ,fig4 #bc;,a4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #bd;,a4 ,longitudinal section4 ,fig4 #be;,a4 ,transverse section on ,a ,b4 ,figs4 #bf;,a to #bh;,a4 ,wooden tumbler lock made by negroes of ,jamaica 7,museum1 ,kew ,gardens74 ,fig4 #bf;,a4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #bg;,a4 ,longitudinal section4 ,fig4 #bh;,a4 ,transverse section on ,a ,b4 ,figs4 #bi;,a to #ca;,a4 ,wooden tumbler lock from ,british ,guiana 7,,christy ,collection74 ,fig4 #bi;,a4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #cj;,a4 ,longitudinal section4 ,fig4 #ca;,a4 ,transverse section4 ,fig4 #i;,b4 ,probable use of fig4 #bi;,b1 ,plate ,,iii41 as a key for a single tumbler lock4 ,figs4 #aj;,b to #ab;,b4 ,modern ,egyptian wooden tumbler or pin-lock in use at the present time4 ,fig4 #aj;,b4 ,longitudinal section showing pegs raised by key ,a preparatory to withdrawing the bolt ,b4 ,fig4 #aa;,b4 ,key ,a4 ,fig4 #ab;,b4 ,longitudinal section showing pegs down and bolt locked4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,wyman ,sons1 ,printers1 ,gt4 ,queen ,st4 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,figs4 #ac;,b and #ad;,b4 ,modern wooden tumbler or pin-lock from ,yarkand 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #ac;,b4 ,longitudinal section showing pegs raised by key ,a preparatory to withdrawing the bolt ,b4 ,fig4 #ad;,b4 ,longitudinal section showing pegs down and bolt locked4 ,figs4 #ae;,b to #bj;,b4 ,reproduction of ,roman tumbler lock 7,mainz ,museum7 7,lindenschmit74 ,fig4 #ae;,b4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #af;,b4 ,longitudinal section4 ,fig4 #ag;,b4 ,transverse section on ,c ,d4 ,fig4 #ah;,b4 ,section through ,a ,b4 ,fig4 #ai;,b4 ,bolt 7top view74 ,fig4 #bj;,b4 ,key4 a4 ,key4 b4 ,bolt4 c4 ,block1 e4 ,hasp4 f f4 ,tumblers4 g4 ,spring4 h4 ,plate of spring4 ,fig4 #ba;,b4 ,ancient hasp from ,hetternheim1 ,roman4 ,fig4 #bb;,b4 ,bronze bolt from ,oppenheim1 ,roman4 ,fig4 #bc;,b4 ,bronze bolt from ,heddernheim1 ,roman4 ,fig4 #bd;,b4 ,iron key found in the ,river ,rhine at ,mayence1 ,roman4 ,fig4 #be;,b4 ,key for tumbler lock with ward plate1 ,roman 7',la ,ferronnerie'74 ,fig4 #bf;,b4 ,bolt for single tumbler found in the ,forest of ,compigne1 ,roman 7',la ,ferronnerie'74 ,fig4 #bg;,b4 ,key to raise single tumbler lock found at ,nonfous1 ,switzerland1 ,roman 7',la ,ferronnerie'74 ,fig4 #bh;,b4 ,modern pick-lock4 ,fig4 #bi;,b4 ,key found in ,germano-,roman tomb at ,niderolm 7probable use shown in fig4 #i;,b1 ,plate ,,ii474 ,fig4 #cj;,b4 ,anglo-,saxon keys found at ,sarr1 in ,kent 7',archologia ,fig4 #ca;,b4 ,cantiana'74 ,fig4 #cb;,b4 ,two keys from ,bornholm1 in the ,baltic 7',mmoires ,fig4 #cc;,b4 de la ,socit ,royale es ,antiquaries du ,nord'74 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,wyman ,sons1 ,printers1 ,gt4 ,queen ,st4 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,fig4 #cd;,b4 ,key found at ,caerwent1 in ,wales 7,isca ,silurum74 ,fig4 #ce;,b4 ,two keys found in ,roman villa at ,hartlip1 ,kent ,fig4 #cf;,b4 7',collectanea ,antiqua'74 ,fig4 #cg;,b4 ,two keys found at ,st4 ,pierre-en-,chastre1 ,oise4 ,gaulish4 ,from drawings taken by ,gen4 ,,pitt-,,rivers1 ,fig4 #ch;,b4 in the ,muse de ,saint ,germain4 ,fig4 #ci;,b4 ,key found at ,spettisbury1 near ,blandford4 ,british4 7,british ,museum47 ,fig4 #dj;,b4 ,two keys found in ,mount ,caburn ,camp1 near ,lewes1 ,fig4 #da;,b4 by the ,author4 ,british4 7',archologia4'7 ,fig4 #db;,b4 ,key found in ,cissbury ,camp1 ,sussex4 ,british4 7',journal ,anthropological ,institute4'7 ,fig4 #dc;,b4 ,represents the ancient mode of carrying keys on shoulder1 adapted to the ,british key found in ,caburn4 7,fig4 #da;,b47 ,figs4 #a;,c and #b;,c4 ,modern ,scandinavian bolt and key 7',la ,ferronnerie'74 ,fig4 #a;,c4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #b;,c4 ,transverse section on ,a ,b4 ,figs4 #c;,c to #e;,c4 ,modern ,scandinavian bolt and key1 with spring ,a4 ,from a model presented by ,dr4 ,,engelhardt1 and used in ,norway4 ,fig4 #c;,c4 ,longitudinal section4 ,fig4 #d;,c4 ,transverse section4 ,fig4 #e;,c4 ,view showing keyhole4 ,fig4 #f;,c4 ,two iron keys from ,clermont-,ferrand1 ,auvergne1 ,fig4 #g;,c4 ,france4 ,fig4 #h;,c4 ,two iron keys from ,colchester1 ,essex1 7,uriconium74 ,fig4 #i;,c4 ,fig4 #aj;,c4 ,iron key from ,jordan ,hill1 near ,weymouth4 ,fig4 #aa;,c4 ,iron key from ,caudebec-les ,elbeuf 7',la ,ferronnerie'74 ,fig4 #ab;,c4 ,iron lock-plate found with above 7fig4 #aa;,c74 ,fig4 #ac;,c4 ,two iron keys from ,roman villa1 at ,hartlip1 ,kent ,fig4 #ad;,c4 7',collectanea ,antiqua'74 ,fig4 #ae;,c4 ,three keys from ,anglo-,saxon graves at ,sarr1 ,kent ,fig4 #af;,c4 7',archologia ,cantiana'74 ,fig4 #ag;,c4 ,fig4 #ah;,c4 ,bronze key from ,gotland1 ,iron ,age 7',antiquits ,sudoises'74 ,fig4 #ai;,c4 ,two keys from ,bjrk1 in the ,gulf of ,bothnia1 #hth ,fig4 #bj;,c4 or #ith ,century ,a4,d4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,wyman ,sons1 ,printers1 ,gt4 ,queen ,st4 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,figs4 #ba;,c and #bb;,c4 ,portions of ,roman padlock found at ,jordan ,hill1 ,weymouth4 ,fig4 #ba;,c4 ,side view of lock-case and parallel bar4 ,fig4 #bb;,c4 ,side view of bolt with spring catch4 a4 ,bolt4 b b4 ,perpendicular bars of bolt c c4 ,rings to slip over parallel bar d4 e4 ,catch springs4 f4 ,hole in tube through which bolt is passed4 g4 ,key4 ,figs4 #bc;,c to #be;,c4 ,roman padlocks found at ,great ,chesterford1 ,essex 7',archological ,journal'74 ,fig4 #bc;,c4 ,side view of supposed original form4 ,fig4 #bd;,c4 ,improved form showing bolt1 a4 ,fig4 #be;,c4 ,improved form without bolt4 ,figs4 #bf;,c and #bg;,c4 ,old ,swedish padlock4 ,fig4 #bf;,c4 ,longitudinal section4 ,fig4 #bg;,c4 ,side view of bolt and springs4 d4 ,parallel bar turning on hinge at h1 and entering tube case at j4 ,figs4 #bh;,c to #cj;,c4 ,old ,russian bronze padlock1 ,st4 ,petersburg 7',la ,ferronnerie'74 ,fig4 #bh;,c4 ,side view of bolt and springs4 ,fig4 #bi;,c4 ,side view of tube case4 ,fig4 #cj;,c4 ,end of case showing aperture for springs4 ,figs4 #ca;,c and #cb;,c4 ,old ,english fetterlock1 from ,epping1 near ,london4 ,fig4 #ca;,c4 ,longitudinal section4 ,fig4 #cb;,c4 ,side view of bolt and springs ,a4 ,side and end views of key shown above4 ,fig4 #cc;,c4 ,fragment of bolt with springs1 found in rampart in excavations at the ,norman ,camp1 ,folkestone 7',archologia'74 ,fig4 #cd;,c4 ,iron padlock found at ,swanscombe1 ,kent1 #aeth ,century 7',archological ,journal'74 ,fig4 #ce;,c4 ,longitudinal section 7with key7 of modern padlock1 from ,rushmore1 ,wiltshire1 spiral spring action4 ,fig4 #cf;,c4 ,side view of modern padlock1 from ,paris1 spiral spring action4 ,fig4 #cg;,c4 ,side view of modern padlock1 from ,germany1 with spiral spring action4 ,fig4 #ch;,c4 ,longitudinal section of modern handcuff1 from ,wiltshire1 with spiral spring action1 unlocked by a revolving key4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,wyman ,sons1 ,printers1 ,gt4 ,queen ,st4 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,figs4 #ci;,c to #da;,c4 ,padlock1 from ,paris1 probably #agth ,century1 spring lock1 unlocked by a revolving key4 ,fig4 #ci;,c4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #dj;,c4 ,transverse section4 ,fig4 #da;,c4 ,longitudinal section4 ,figs4 #db;,c and #dc;,c4 ,old iron padlock1 from ,clermont-,ferrand1 ,france4 ,fig4 #db;,c4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #dc;,c4 ,side view4 ,figs4 #dd;,c to #df;,c4 ,iron padlock1 from the ,gate of ,moultan1 ,india1 of similar construction to the ,roman padlock 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #dd;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #de;,c4 ,side view of springs4 ,fig4 #df;,c4 ,side view of key4 ,figs4 #dg;,c and #dh;,c4 ,modern iron padlock1 from ,cairo2 the bolt entering a socket in the parallel bar4 ,fig4 #dg;,c4 ,longitudinal section4 ,fig4 #dh;,c4 ,end and side views of key4 ,figs4 #di;,c and #ej;,c4 ,modern padlock from ,cairo2 key with lateral action4 ,fig4 #di;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #ej;,c4 ,end view4 ,figs4 #ea;,c and #eb;,c4 ,modern padlock from ,india2 key with lateral action and ward2 the bolt entering a socket in the parallel bar4 ,fig4 #ea;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #eb;,c4 ,end view4 ,figs4 #ec;,c to #ee;,c4 ,modern padlock1 from ,myhere1 ,india 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #ec;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #ed;,c4 ,longitudinal section4 ,fig4 #ee;,c4 ,transverse section4 ,figs4 #ef;,c and #eg;,c4 ,old ,egyptian manacle4 ,fig4 #ef;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #eg;,c4 ,longitudinal section4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,wyman ,sons1 ,printers1 ,gt4 ,queen ,st4 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,figs4 #eh;,c to #fj;,c4 ,modern padlock1 from ,abyssinia 7,british ,museum71 the bolt entering a socket in the parallel bar4 ,fig4 #eh;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #ei;,c4 ,side view of bolt and springs4 ,fig4 #fj;,c4 ,front view of key4 ,figs4 #fa;,c to #fc;,c4 ,modern brass ,chinese padlock4 ,fig4 #fa;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #fb;,c4 ,side view of bolts and springs4 ,fig4 #fc;,c4 ,transverse section4 ,figs4 #fd;,c to #fg;,c4 ,modern brass padlock1 from ,yarkand 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #fd;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #fe;,c4 ,side view of bolts and springs4 ,fig4 #ff;,c4 ,transverse section4 ,fig4 #fg;,c4 ,longitudinal section 7looking down74 ,figs4 #fh;,c to #gj;,c4 ,modern steel lock1 from ,indore1 ,india 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #fh;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #fi;,c4 ,longitudinal section4 ,fig4 #gj;,c4 ,end view 7showing keyhole74 ,figs4 #ga;,c to #gd;,c4 ,modern steel lock1 from ,india 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #ga;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #gb;,c4 ,longitudinal section4 ,fig4 #gc;,c4 ,end view4 ,fig4 #gd;,c4 ,end and side view of key4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,wyman ,sons1 ,printers1 ,gt4 ,queen ,st4 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,figs4 #ge;,c to #gg;,c4 ,modern padlock from ,burmah1 with screw ward 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #ge;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #gf;,c4 ,longitudinal section4 ,fig4 #gg;,c4 ,end view 7showing keyhole74 ,fig4 #gh;,c4 ,portion of modern padlock from ,nuremberg1 with screw ward4 ,end view1 showing keyhole1 with side and end views of key to same4 ,figs4 #gi;,c to #ha;,c4 ,modern steel lock from ,indore1 ,india1 with spiral spring action 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #gi;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #hj;,c4 ,longitudinal section4 ,fig4 #ha;,c4 ,end view4 ,figs4 #hb;,c to #hd;,c4 ,modern steel lock from ,india1 with screw action 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #hb;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #hc;,c4 ,longitudinal section4 ,fig4 #hd;,c4 ,end view4 ,figs4 #he;,c to #hi;,c4 ,modern iron lock from ,brussels1 with screw action4 ,fig4 #he;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #hf;,c4 ,longitudinal section4 ,fig4 #hg;,c4 ,side view of staple4 ,fig4 #hh;,c4 ,end view of staple4 ,fig4 #hi;,c4 ,side view of key4 ,figs4 #ij;,c to #ib;,c4 ,modern padlock from ,toomkoor1 ,mysore1 ,india1 with spring action compressed by a revolving key 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #ij;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #ia;,c4 ,longitudinal section 7looking down74 ,fig4 #ib;,c4 ,side view of key4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,wyman ,sons1 ,printers1 ,gt4 ,queen ,st4 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,figs4 #ic;,c to #ig;,c4 ,modern ,japanese brass padlocks4 ,fig4 #ic;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #id;,c4 ,side view of bolt and springs4 ,fig4 #ie;,c4 ,end view 7showing keyhole74 ,fig4 #if;,c4 ,side and end view of key4 ,fig4 #ig;,c4 ,side view 7showing keyhole74 ,figs4 #ih;,c and #ii;,c4 ,modern ,japanese brass padlock1 the springs compressed by a revolving key4 ,fig4 #ih;,c4 ,side view 7showing keyhole74 ,fig4 #ii;,c4 ,end view1 with side view of key4 ,figs4 #ajj;,c and #aja;,c4 ,ancient bronze fish-shaped padlock 7',la ,ferronnerie'71 believed to be from ,egypt1 in the ,louvre1 at ,paris4 ,fig4 #ajj;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #aja;,c4 ,longitudinal section4 ,figs4 #ajb;,c to #ajd;,c4 ,modern steel fish-shaped padlock1 from ,india 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #ajb;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #ajc;,c4 ,longitudinal section4 ,fig4 #ajd;,c4 ,end view of key4 ,figs4 #aje and #ajf4 ,ancient ,roman bronze lock1 in the form of a horse1 belonging to ,dr4 ,,john ,,evans1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,fig4 #aje;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #ajf;,c4 ,end1 showing apertures for springs4 ,figs4 #ajg;,c to #aji;,c4 ,modern brass ,chinese padlock in the form of a lion1 the springs entering behind1 belonging to ,mr4 ,,chubb4 ,fig4 #ajg;,c4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #ajh;,c4 ,side view of bolt and springs4 ,fig4 #aji;,c4 ,front view1 showing method of inserting the key4 ,fig4 #aaj;,c4 ,front view of iron padlock from ,cairo1 also in common use in ,naples at the present time4 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,revolving key for raising tumblers1 found in ,london 7',la ,ferronnerie'74 ,fig4 #aab4 ,revolving key for raising two tumblers1 found in ,lothbury1 ,london 7',archological ,journal'74 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,wyman ,sons1 ,printers1 ,gt4 ,queen ,st4 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,figs4 #aac to #aaf4 ,modern wooden tumbler lock1 adapted to a revolving key1 from ,india 7,india ,museum74 ,fig4 #aac4 ,front view4 ,a1 bolt4 ,fig4 #aad4 ,longitudinal section4 ,fig4 #aae4 ,transverse section4 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,key4 ,figs4 #aag to #aba4 ,modern wooden ,chinese tumbler lock1 the tumblers raised by a ,t-shaped key2 the bolt shot with a revolving key1 or handle1 a4 ,fig4 #aag4 ,front view4 ,fig4 #aah4 ,transverse section1 ,a ,b4 ,fig4 #aai4 ,longitudinal section4 ,fig4 #abj4 ,top view of bolt4 ,fig4 #aba4 ,top view of key4 ,fig4 #abb4 ,roman iron key1 found in ,london4 ,fig4 #abc4 ,key from ,chalons 7',la ,ferronnerie'74 ,fig4 #abd4 ,key from ,museum at ,saumur 7',la ,ferronnerie'74 ,fig4 #abe4 ,key from ,museum at ,saint ,germain 7',la ,ferronnerie'74 ,fig4 #abf4 ,modern ,english latchkey4 ,fig4 #abg4 ,lock with complex wards1 used in the ,middle ,ages4 ,figs4 #abh to #acj4 ,modern tumbler lock found at ,funtley1 ,hants1 belonging to ,mr4 ,,chubb4 ,fig4 #abh4 ,longitudinal section4 ,fig4 #abi4 ,end view and section4 ,fig4 #acj4 ,top view of bolt4 ,fig4 #aca4 ,,barron',s tumbler lock 7,,tomlinson ',on ,locks and ,keys'74 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,wyman ,sons1 ,printers1 ,gt4 ,queen ,st4 ,london1 ,w4,c4