,note3 ,images of the original pages are available through ,internet ,archive4 ,see https3_/_/archive4org_/details_/airedale #jj;haynrich ,transcriber's note3 ,text enclosed by underscores is in italics 7italics74 ,,the ,,airedale by ,,williams ,,haynes ,author of ,beagles and ,beagling1 ,toy ,dogs1 etc4 ,outing ,handbooks ,new ,york ,outing ,publishing ,company ,,mcmxi ,copyright1 #aiaa1 by ,outing ,publishing ,company4 ,entered at ,stationer's ,hall1 ,london1 ,england4 ,all rights reserved ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,i4 ,,the ,,biggest ,,and ,,best ,,terrier #i ,,ii4 ,,the ,,airedale',s ,,history #ba ,,iii4 ,,the ,,care ,,of ,a ,,terrier #ce ,,iv4 ,,breeding ,,terriers #di ,v4 ,,dog ,,shows ,,and ,,showing #fe ,,vi4 ,,the ,,useful ,,airedale #gi ,,vii4 ,,common ,,ailments #ia ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,biggest ,,and ,,best ,,terrier ,it was in the ,merchants' ,hotel1 ,manchester--a famous gathering place for the dog fanciers of the ,english ,midlands1 the most thickly dog populated district in the whole world--that one autumn evening ,i heard the best definition of an ,airedale that ,i ever knew4 ,a party of us1 fresh from some bench show1 were seated round a table waiting for dinner1 and naturally we were talking dog1 telling dog stories1 anecdotes1 and jokes4 ,i gave the ,american definition of a dachshund2 half a dog high and a dog and a half long1 and ,theodore ,marples1 editor of ,our ,dogs1 turning to a quiet little man1 noted as a wild fanatic on the subject of ,airedales1 asked him his definition of his favorite breed4 ,quick as a spark he answered1 ,the biggest and best terrier6 ,there are thousands of people1 all sorts of people from bankers to beggars1 scattered all over this earth from ,dawson ,city to ,capetown1 from ,moscow to ,manila1 who will echo the statement that the ,airedale is indeed the biggest and the best of all the terriers4 ,moreover1 their votes would not be bribed by mere sentiment1 but based upon good1 sound reasons1 for it is certain that he is the biggest1 and he is best at doing more things than any other dog in the stud book4 ,an ,airedale will drive sheep or cattle2 he will help drag a sled2 he will tend the baby2 he will hunt anything from a bear to a field mouse4 ,he can run like a wolf and will take to water like an otter4 ,he does not butt in looking for trouble with each dog that he passes on the street1 but once he is in he will stick1 for he is game as a pebble4 ,he is kind1 obedient1 thoroughly trustworthy as a companion for children1 or a watchman for your property4 ,he has the disposition of a lamb combined with the courage of a lion4 ,he is certainly the most all-round dog that there is and1 unlike many ,jacks-of-all-trades1 he is apparently quite able to master all tasks a dog is called upon to perform4 ,over and above his talents and his character1 the ,airedale has a constitution made of steel and stone4 ,he is equally at home in the snow wastes of the ,arctic ,circle and on the alkali deserts of ,arizona4 ,the dry1 bracing air of ,colorado and the fever-soaked atmosphere of ,florida's ,everglades both seem to agree with him perfectly4 ,a sick ,airedale is just about as common as a dodo4 ,the biggest and best terrier indeed fits him to a ,t1 but it does not convey any very definite idea as to what he should look like4 ,even his most enthusiastic admirers never claimed beauty for the ,airedale4 ,he is not pretty1 unless we acknowledge that handsome is that handsome does1 and can see the beauty of perfect symmetry under wiry coat and odd coloring4 ,a good ,airedale is about as big as a pointer2 somewhere in the neighborhood of forty-five pounds1 a little more for a dog and a little less for a bitch4 ,his head should be long2 the skull flat and broad2 the cheeks smooth2 the muzzle strong with tight lips over big1 white1 even teeth4 ,his eyes should be small1 dark1 and full of fire and his ears little1 carried high1 and shaped like a ,v1 for nothing can so detract from the correct terrier expression as large1 light eyes and houndy ears4 ,his front legs ought to be a pair of gun barrels1 straight and strong and about the same thickness all the way down4 ,his shoulders are like those of a race horse1 long and sloping2 while his pads should be firm and hard1 not those loose1 sprawly feet sometimes seen4 ,the only kind of a back for him to have is short1 and his ribs must be well sprung4 ,a long backed dog lacks staying qualities1 and a slab-sided one has not the room for lungs4 ,his chest should be deep1 but narrow1 and he should be slightly cut up in the loin--not the wasp-like waist of a greyhound1--but no better is a body like a stovepipe4 ,his hindquarters should be strong1 with the hocks quite near the ground4 ,the ,airedale that does not carry a gay tail is a delight to no eye4 ,last1 but not least1 comes the coat4 ,in color this should be a deep1 rich tan on the head1 face1 chest1 legs1 and under parts1 while over the back is a saddle of black or iron-grey4 ,personally1 ,i like the black more than the grizzle1 for it makes a prettier contrast with the tan1 but a good horse cannot be a bad color4 ,the ,airedale's coat is 7or rather should be7 double4 ,the overcoat is of hair like wire1 stiff and hard1 about an inch long all over the dog1 except on the skull where it is shorter4 ,under this jacket of wire1 there ought to be a vest of soft1 woolly hair4 ,if you can collect in your mind's eye all the above details of description you should see a big1 strong1 compact1 businesslike dog1 full of the proverbial up-and-ever-coming spirit that inspires all terriers4 ,his every movement shows strength1 yet he always moves in that effort-economizing way which is the very personification of grace4 ,when running he sweeps along with the free open stride of a galloping thoroughbred1 with his head often carried low1 but his tail always high4 ,very often the man wanting a dog for hunting1 for a guard1 for a pal turns up his nose at all the finely enumerated details in which the standard describes the fanciers' ideal of ,airedale perfection4 ,he is wrong1 for1 as the advertisements say1 ,there's a reason4 ,take the double coat for example4 ,the ,airedale was originally bred to be a water dog4 ,the wiry coat sheds water like a duck's back1 and the undercoat keeps him warm in all weather4 ,with the kind of a jacket for which the standard calls an ,airedale can swim the river1 scramble out1 shake himself1 roll over1 and be dry4 ,moreover1 such a coat is a perfect armor against all kinds of thorns1 claws1 and teeth4 ,the long1 clean head with its strong muzzle means a jaw with plenty of room for big1 strong teeth and muscles to shut those teeth as quickly and as surely as a spring trap4 ,of course1 not one ,airedale in a thousand comes within seventy-five per cent4 of being all that the standard describes4 ,the average1 however1 is high in ,america2 much higher here than anywhere else in the world1 except ,england1 and our best can even hold their own with the champions from the land of the breed's creation4 ,americans who have been interested in the dog have been blessed with enough of this world's goods to buy what they want1 and almost without exception1 they have been inspired with the best fancier ideal1 that of breeding their own winners4 ,this has given us a breeding stock second only in numbers to that of ,great ,britain in the hands of men who could and would use the material to the best advantage4 ,accordingly1 the ,american-bred ,airedale is noted the world over as a show dog1 and in no other country has the breed's sporting possibilities been so fully tested as here in the ,united ,states4 ,by birth and breeding the ,airedale is a sporting terrier4 ,a dog bred originally to do the work of a vermin destroyer1 he has taken naturally to all kinds of game4 ,in the ,rockies1 he is used on bear1 and he has won a name as a dog of exceptional brains1 unfailing courage1 and remarkable stamina at work from which no fool1 coward1 or weakling comes home to supper4 ,on the farms of ,new ,england1 he is cherished as an exterminator of wood-chucks1 moles1 rats1 and vermin of this class4 ,he hunts all the way down the scale from the giant silver tip to the mouse in the pantry--mountain lions1 wolves1 panthers1 lynx1 wild cats1 foxes1 coons1 skunks1 rabbits1 mink1 what not1 each and all he hunts with equal gusto and success4 ,is it any wonder that though the ,airedale is only a little over half a century old his fame has spread from pole to pole8 ,the ,airedale is a dog that no one can know well without becoming his friend1 but all his friends do not know him well4 ,for this reason1 and because so much depends upon one's first dog1 it seems particularly necessary to give some advice to intending ,airedale purchasers1 whom we may divide into dog owners and kennel owners4 ,by a dog owner ,i mean one who wants an ,airedale or two as a companion1 guard1 and all-round dog4 ,kennel owners are those who intend keeping1 breeding1 and showing or hunting several dogs4 ,the dog owner does not as a rule think it worth while to post himself on the history and points of the breed4 ,he has heard the praises sung of the biggest and best terrier1 and has decided that he is the dog he wants4 ,if that is all he wants let him get some friend to give him an ,airedale puppy or let him buy one as cheaply as he can1 but he is going to lose half the pleasure of owning a good dog of a good breed4 ,merrinac1 the best known maitre d'armes in ,france1 once said to a party of ,american fencers that it was the romance of the sword that made fencing so fascinating to its devotees1 and there is romance in the history of the ,airedale that weaves its charm round an ,airedale owner4 ,whatever we know well is interesting and wonderful1 and a knowledge of the ,airedale's past and his points1 which is an absolute necessity to the kennel owner1 adds one hundred per cent4 to the dog owner's pleasure4 ,the wise dog owner then will learn all he can about his breed4 ,book larnin' is good1 but better still are talks with all sorts and conditions of ,airedale owners and a visit to an ,airedale kennel or the ringside at a dog show when the breed is being judged4 ,no men ride their hobbies harder than dog fanciers1 and all will talk and from all can something be learned4 ,when one has learned something about ,airedales let him then buy his dog4 ,it is best to buy a dog about six months old--old enough to be over puppy ills and not too old to learn new tricks4 ,a puppy of that age1 over distemper and house broken1 is as satisfactory as it is possible for a pup to be4 ,bringing up a terrier puppy is hard on one's shoes1 the ladies' hats1 and everyone's disposition1 but it is much more satisfactory to train him yourself in the ways you would have him go4 ,in picking out a puppy select the bright little chap to whom you are naturally attracted--,i am advising the dog owner who knows the breed well enough not to be interested in any litter not of orthodox breeding4 ,only in case of doubt need you pay attention to show points4 ,if it comes to a question of that pick the dark eye1 small ear1 long head1 short back1 straight legs4 ,do not worry about size or color or coat1 nor must a novice expect to be able to pick the winner of a litter4 ,go to a reputable breeder and pay as much as you can afford4 ,you can take his advice1 for all dog breeders are not crooks and grafters1 but like any other kind of a business transaction knowledge is very valuable to the purchaser4 ,may ,i plead the case of the bitch as a companion8 ,nine out of ten want a dog1 but a bitch has many advantages4 ,she is usually more clever1 a great deal more affectionate and faithful1 much less given to roaming from home1 and should one ever want to raise some puppies she may prove a valuable investment4 ,the kennel owner1 turning now to him1 will1 ,i take it for granted1 read all he can lay his hands on that treats of the ,airedale1 go to shows1 visit kennels1 and talk1 think1 and dream ,airedale4 ,if he is to have a small kennel ,i advise his buying one or two good young bitches4 ,puppies are a chance and old bitches1 however famous1 are poor breeding stock4 ,buy young winning bitches1 proved mothers and of desirable blood lines and you will have the best possible start along the road of kennel success4 ,it is as rocky a thoroughfare as the proverbial one to ,dublin1 full of all sorts of disappointments and maybe even losses1 but its pleasures and its gains are sure to come to the man who follows it in the right spirit4 ,the large kennel owner is either going into it for pleasure1 where he will have a check book to help him1 or for a business4 ,in the former case he will probably leave much on the shoulders of his kennel manager1 and ,i am writing on ,airedales not the servant problem4 ,if he is going to make a business of raising ,airedales that is his business1 not the author's4 ,to all ,airedale buyers let me again say that it pays to know all you can about the breed and to buy the best you can afford4 ,the biggest and best terrier has been tried by so many different people in all parts of the world and has won such unanimous praise that his admirers can recommend him to anyone1 anywhere1 for anything4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,airedale',s ,,history ,the ,airedale is a product of the middle of the nineteenth century and was manufactured in ,yorkshire4 ,the streams that tumble down the deep vales of that ,midland county are the homes of hundreds of crafty1 hardbitten otters2 there are thieving foxes and very game1 but very rascally badgers in snug dens in the hills2 many a swift ,english hare lives in the broad game preserves4 ,the hardy ,yorkshireman of #ahej--;his sons and grandsons to-day are real chips of the old block--loved nothing so much as a hunt after the vermin1 with possibly a rat killing contest with a couple o' bob at stake of a ,saturday night1 and sometimes1 on moonless nights1 when game keepers were asleep1 a little trip after the filling for a rabbit pie4 ,now1 you cannot do these things without a dog that is brainy1 game1 obedient1 and as much at home in water as on dry land2 so they just naturally set to work to make themselves such a dog4 ,all this we know positively1 but when it comes to saying anything definite about how they made that dog1 which we now call the ,airedale1 you begin to deal in traditions as conflicting as theories on the ,martian canals and speculations as vague as old wives' tales4 ,taking all the yarns and guesses and boiling them down to an average1 we find that the ,airedale1 so most people think1 was originally a cross between a tan-grizzle terrier1 now extinct or absorbed in other breeds1 but once common in the ,midlands1 and the otterhound1 a big1 wire-coated water dog of the bloodhound type1 that comes in all colors of ,joseph's famous coat1 but mainly white with black and tannish markings4 ,to this cross were added dashes of bull terrier1 which breed was1 at that time1 just coming to the fore with its deserved reputation for grit1 and ,bedlington terrier1 a light-weight1 top-knotted dog from the ,north of ,england4 ,probably there were sprinkles of the blood of the collie and of all terriers found at the time between the ,midlands and the ,scottish ,borderland4 ,all these 7fox1 ,manchester1 ,welsh1 ,old ,english1 and ,dandy ,dinmont7 were then more or less indefinite as to type and uncertain as to breeding1 which helps materially in making confusion worse confounded4 ,just how and why this strange1 indefinite mixture should have resulted in the ,airedale no one can say4 ,the otterhound donated the size and the love of the water1 and all the terrier blood made him a terrier in spite of his size4 ,from the very beginning the breed had the advantage of having an object4 ,the ,yorkshireman wanted a big1 strong1 dead game1 water-loving terrier4 ,that furnished a standard to breed to1 and they got what they wanted4 ,when the fame of this dog first spread from the valleys of his birthplace1 he was pretty well established as to type1 and once taken up by the dog showing fancy and a standard drawn up the type was soon firmly fixed4 ,since his first introduction to the world he has changed1 becoming somewhat larger4 ,the seers and wise men of ,english dogdom raised a great hullaballoo when this giant among terriers appeared1 saying that no dog over twenty pounds could be a terrier because a terrier must go to earth4 ,the dog1 however1 was mainly terrier in blood and so very certainly terrier in characteristics that he was classed with the family4 ,maybe it is out of respect to the authorities of the early days of the dog fancy that we have gradually dropped the terrier in his name1 and though it is a part of his official title1 still the dog is universally spoken of as the ,airedale4 ,this1 however1 was not his original name1 for in early days he was called the waterside terrier1 and his official dbut at the ,english dog shows was in classes for broken-haired working terriers4 ,both titles were felt to be too indefinite1 and ,stonehenge1 the sporting authority1 suggested ,bingley terrier1 from the town in the heart of the district where the breed originated4 ,local jealousies prevented any one town giving its name to the breed1 and there was quite a war waged till some unrecorded genius suggested that1 as the birthplace of the breed had been in the valleys of the ,aire ,river and its little tributaries1 ,airedale was the best name4 ,so ,airedale he became1 having an official christening at the ,otley show in the late seventies4 ,besides adding some ten pounds to his weight and getting a distinctive and pleasing name1 the ,airedale has changed in other ways since he took his light from under the bushel basket4 ,his head has lengthened1 following the tendency of all terrier breeds4 ,his shoulders1 legs1 and feet are worlds better now than they were years ago1 but coats have suffered4 ,the wire jacket has improved1 but the woolly undervest has been sacrificed1 though now more and more attention is being paid to this by breeders and judges4 ,the honor of having brought the first ,airedale to ,america is generally ascribed to ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,mason1 who is better known to this generation of fanciers as a cocker spaniel owner and editor of ,man's ,best ,friend4 ,he was originally a ,yorkshire man1 who had known and loved the breed since his youth4 ,he imported ,bruce1 a fairish dog1 blind in one eye1 but useful in stud1 where he sired ,ch4 ,brush4 ,bruce is merely a sentiment with ,americans1 for all he has left is a reputation for bad temper and a yarn about having been sold for a few dollars at a horse auction in ,new ,york in #ahhe4 ,the breed first took on in ,new ,york1 but ,philadelphia has long been its stronghold4 ,the ,quaker ,city1 boasting such fanciers as ,clement ,newbold1 ,william ,barclay1 ,russel ,h4 ,johnson1 ,w4 ,h4 ,whittem1 ,daniel ,buckley1 and ,dr4 ,henry ,jarrett1 has away and beyond passed other cities in the number and quality of its ,airedales4 ,in early days the ,new ,york fancy was represented by ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,lorillard1 the purchaser of ,clonmel ,marvel1 whose importation boomed the breed's stock in this country2 ,messrs4 ,de ,witt ,cochrane1 ,foxhall ,keene1 and ,c4 ,o',donnel1 all of whom have not been so active lately4 ,later ,theodore ,offerman1 ,james ,h4 ,brookfield1 ,james ,watson1 and ,john ,gough entered the game1 and they figure to-day as owners of winners4 ,this is a short sketch of how the breed originated and how they came to ,america1 but real history is men1 not events1 or rather dogs1 not events4 ,it is interesting1 but more important is a knowledge of the dogs of the past4 ,in limited space1 one can only say a word or two about the most famous of the breed's celebrities1 so ,i must be pardoned if some reader is disappointed in not finding mention of some dog in which he is particularly interested4 ,almost each year has seen its good dogs1 but we can only touch those which time has declared to be truly great4 ,the sigh for the good old days is common in all things1 and we often hear it from dog fanciers4 ,it is good food for talk1 but that is all1 for the old-timers of any breed could not win in the ring against the cracks of to-day4 ,among the very early ,airedale winners were3 ,tanner1 ,young ,tanner1 ,rustic ,twig1 ,rustic ,kitty1 ,rustic ,lad1 ,newbold ,fritz1 ,vixen1 and ,venom1 none of whom would be one1 two1 three in a good show to-day4 ,clip and ,ch4 ,cholmondeley ,briar were the two first really good dogs4 ,clip was a sound1 honest dog who showed real modern type1 and gave black1 real terrier eyes to his pups2 while ,briar was the first real show hero1 having gone undefeated till he met ,clonmel ,marvel4 ,clonmel ,marvel1 one of the really great dogs of the world1 was bred by a novice1 a ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,brown1 who mated his ,cholmondeley ,mona to ,clipper1 a good dog1 but no wonder4 ,there were nine in the litter1 and ,mr4 ,brown showed ,marvel1 whom he called ,warfield ,victor1 in a #c ,selling ,class1 where he was placed second1 being sadly out of condition4 ,jack ,holgate saw the rough diamond1 bought it1 and resold it to ,messrs4 ,mills and ,buckley1 the famous ,clonmel firm4 ,marvel beat all of his time--dogs and bitches--and won eighteen championships4 ,eventually he came to ,america1 along with ,ch4 ,clonmel ,sensation and ,clonmel ,veracity4 ,he was by far the best ,airedale seen up to his time1 a dog hard to fault1 even in the light of modern criticism4 ,he proved as wonderful a sire as he was a show crack1 and much of real terrier style in the breed to-day is due to him4 ,a contemporary of ,marvel's was ,ch4 ,dumbarton ,lass1 who also came to this side of the ,atlantic to the kennels of ,mr4 ,joseph ,laurin1 in ,montreal4 ,she was bred by ,capt4 ,baird ,smith1 who benched her at ,woolwich in poor condition4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,jennings1 whose kennels were then paramount1 bought her and showed her for three years1 when she went to ,mr4 ,stuart ,noble and was later bought by the ,canadian fancier4 ,she proved a gold mine as a brood bitch and was personally hard to fault--barring her coat4 ,but the most wonderful brood bitch of the breed1 one whose name should be written in gold in the ,airedale ,hall of ,fame1 was not a great show winner4 ,she was ,bath ,lady4 ,her first big winning puppy was ,briarwood1 who came out in ,london in #ahif4 ,briarwood was by ,hyndman ,briar1 by ,willow ,nut1 and like all ,bath ,lady stock proved his value in the breeding kennels4 ,his most famous get was the beautiful bitch of ,ch4 ,broadlands ,bashful4 ,we can only mention two others of ,bath ,lady's offspring1 but those fanciers who have dogs in whose pedigrees she appears can congratulate themselves4 ,to ,ch4 ,clonmel ,marvel she produced ,ch4 ,clonmel ,kitty1 a really good one all over1 and to ,master ,briar she had ,walton ,victory1 even better--except in skull--than ,kitty4 ,during the nineties the ,tone ,kennels with ,ch4 ,tone ,jerry1 whose forte was his wonderful coat and color1 and ,ch4 ,tone ,crack1 excelling in bone1 coat1 and body1 but broad across the skull1 had a big say in the prize-lists4 ,in #ahif ,studholme ,sherry came out and was hailed as a flyer1 but he did not last1 though in his day he was a beautiful terrier4 ,ch4 ,clonmel ,monarch1 who has done so much for ,philadelphia's ,airedale supremacy as a sire and as a show dog came as near the ideal ,airedale as we find1 made his dbut about this time in ,leicester and ran second to ,ch4 ,rock ,salt4 ,monarch was undeveloped1 but six months later at ,alexandra ,palace he came to his own and after that his show record in ,england was an unbroken string of firsts4 ,he was a grand terrier--almost faultless--his coat waved a bit and his critics used to say he was so fine he was bitchy4 ,just to mention some of his pups shows what he was at stud3 ,ch4 ,broadlands1 ,royal ,descendant1 ,ch4 ,tone ,regent1 ,ch4 ,clonmel ,bed ,rock1 ,claverhouse ,enchantress1 ,clonmel ,coronation1 and ,strathallan ,solace4 ,ch4 ,rock ,salt1 mentioned as the conqueror of ,monarch1 was a good one whom ,americans know best through ,ch4 ,the ,new ,king1 his son1 who has done so well for the ,new ,england fancier1 ,mr4 ,arthur ,merritt4 ,ch4 ,tone ,masterpiece--known here as ,ch4 ,york ,masterpiece1 for ,mr4 ,offerman gave him his own kennel's prefix--was a dog of ups and downs1 but he was an honest champion1 who just missed being great4 ,his son 7bred in ,england7 ,floriform was another good dog who did things in ,new ,york in the early years of the new century where he was owned by ,mr4 ,offerman and later by ,mr4 ,brookfield4 ,floriform was the sire of ,ch4 ,engaflora1 the first great ,american bitch4 ,in #aijb two good but unfortunate sons of ,clonmel ,monarch came out1 ,ch4 ,legrams ,prince--a real flyer--and ,bandolero1 who never got his just deserts at the shows4 ,rheumatism spoiled ,prince's shoulders for the show ring and his ill-starred half brother died of wasp stings4 ,a contemporary of these dogs was ,ch4 ,wombwell ,rattler1 a rattling good one with a softish coat who sired ,mr4 ,offerman's well known crack ,ch4 ,york the ,conqueror4 ,in the same year 7#aijb7 ,ch4 ,delph ,girl1 wonderful color and coat1 good head and expression1 but too fine1 and ,ch4 ,dumbarton ,sceptre1 the best bitch of the time1 both made their dbut and eventually came to the ,united ,states4 ,the dam of ,sceptre1 ,claverhouse ,enchantress 7by ,clonmel ,monarch out of ,clonmel ,winifreda71 needs special mention4 ,she won a number of prizes1 but soon passed into the hands of a novice1 ,mrs4 ,cuthell1 and as a mother and grand-mother of champions made a place for herself second only to ,bath ,lady4 ,dumbarton ,sceptre and ,claverhouse ,sorcerer--the former a real flyer1 the other a dog above the average--were in her first litter4 ,her second1 by ,ch4 ,master ,briar1 resulted in the great ,ch4 ,mistress ,royal1 probably the best show bitch produced4 ,enchantress was next bred to her own son ,solace1 mentioned above1 but died of poison before whelping4 ,ch4 ,clonmel ,bed ,rock1 whom ,mr4 ,foxhall ,keene later imported1 came out about this time4 ,he was a good1 sound terrier1 full of fire1 sound as a bell1 with wonderful legs and feet and won lots of honors here and in ,england4 ,ch4 ,broadland's ,royal ,descendant was a rival of ,bed ,rock and a very classy dog with exceptional coat1 real terrier fire1 a good head1 but not very beautiful ears4 ,after these dogs came ,ch4 ,master ,royal1 which brings us down to the dogs of to-day--if not the present generation and it is out of place to say aught of dogs which one can see and judge in flesh and blood4 ,the show cracks have so very often proved so valuable in the breeding kennels that the two terms--great sire and show crack--may seem synonyms4 ,they are not4 ,nevertheless there is a close chain that binds the whole of a breed of dogs to the show ring1 for the show ring winners are the dogs most often sought for breeding purposes and so the styles of the main bench authorities are forcibly1 if unwittingly1 thrust on the race4 ,the ,airedale1 however1 has always been known and appreciated as a sporting terrier4 ,his owners have fortunately never lost sight of the reason he was manufactured1 and they remember that to-day he is intended to be a rough-and-ready dog1 willing and able to do all terrier work just a little better than the other members of the family1 and because of his greater weight enabled to do things his smaller cousins could not even attempt4 ,his great usefulness has kept him from being wholly at the mercy of the faddists of the dog shows1 who have given him all the great advantages of their skill in scientific breeding and all the advertising of public exhibition without turning him into a freak4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,care ,,of ,a ,,terrier ,one of the most noted veterinarians in ,new ,york once said to me that1 if it were not for too much or too little attention1 he doubted if he should ever be called upon to treat a dog4 ,he explained his meaning by adding that the toy dogs are generally killed by kindness and most terriers die of neglect4 ,if this is true1 and this doctor has a canine practice that keeps him busy from morning till night1 there must be something radically wrong with the care of most dogs4 ,the terriers--for the evils of a candy diet and a life spent on silken pillows do not need to be even mentioned here--the terriers can1 it is perfectly true1 get along with less attention than most breeds of dogs1 for they all have wonderful constitutions4 ,does that1 however1 give the terrier owner a free right and license to neglect his dogs8 ,it is almost a joke to keep such a naturally healthy dog as a terrier in the pink of condition4 ,all he needs is dry1 clean kennels1 with decent bedding2 good1 nourishing food at regular hours2 all the fresh water he wants to drink2 plenty of exercise1 and a little grooming4 ,given these few things and a terrier will be disgustingly well1 full of high spirits1 and happy as a clam at high tide4 ,it is really so easy to keep a terrier fit1 and it means so much to the dog and his owner1 whether he be a dog owner for pleasure or profit1 that it is nothing less than criminal not to do so4 ,kennels1 bedding1 food and feeding1 water1 exercise1 and grooming--these are the things which given proper attention mean a healthy and happy dog4 ,let us take them up1 one at a time1 for it is as often ignorance as thoughtlessness that causes the trouble4 ,the question as to the kind of a kennel is bound to have a variety of different answers according to whether one lives in the city or the country1 in the ,north or the ,south1 and whether one is to keep one dog or fifty4 ,there are1 however1 certain fundamental considerations that apply to any home for dogs4 ,in the first place1 all terriers1 especially those wearing those wonderful1 double1 weather-proof garments we call wire coats1 are best off living the simple life out of doors4 ,this is true in any climate4 ,i used to have all sorts of troubles with the skins and coats of my wire terriers till ,i just turned them out1 providing them with dry1 draft-proof1 but unheated shelters in which to sleep and where they could escape very bad weather4 ,my own experience has proved to me that wire coated terriers are worlds better off for being out every day and night in the year4 ,even in the severest weather they do not need artificial heat1 if they have a perfectly dry1 draftless1 well bedded place to sleep in and to serve as a shelter on very wet1 stormy days4 ,a decent kennel for any dog from a ,st4 ,bernard to a ,pomeranian is dry and draft-proof1 and so the terrier owner can eliminate the question of artificial heating4 ,the man who lives in the city should try to keep his dog out in the yard as much as possible1 and1 if at all feasible1 let him sleep there4 ,dogs have an inborn instinct to bay the moon and terriers are supposed to be great talkers4 ,moreover1 city backyards1 since the days when town residences were hollow stone piles lined with hides to keep the wind out1 have always been a favorite rendezvous for ,thomas ,catt1 ,esq41 and ,mistress ,tabby1 meetings just as hard on the nerves of a self respecting terrier as they are on those of his sleepy master4 ,the trouble is that1 while master becomes a public benefactor by hurling his shaving mug out the window1 the efforts of his dog to drive away the disturbers are regarded by the unsympathetic neighbors as quite as bad as the feline serenades and battle cries4 ,no dog will bark at night if he is in a dark1 quiet place1 and the terrier in the backyard will sleep like a baby if he is shut up in a box covered with burlap4 ,the ideal terrier kennel is an oil barrel4 ,these cannot always be obtained1 but any barrel or keg intended to hold liquids1 and so made water tight1 will answer4 ,a hole1 just large enough to let the dog in and out1 should be cut in one end4 ,then the inside may be painted with kerosene and a lighted paper dropped in4 ,this cleans the barrel and destroys any insects1 and is an excellent thing to do every month or so4 ,the barrel ought to be painted inside and out1 and to keep it from rotting on the bottom must be mounted on blocks so that it just clears the ground4 ,rain can be kept out of the door either by tacking a curtain of sacking over it 7a dog soon learns to go through this and it can be hung up in good weather7 or by making a roof of ,v shaped planking1 which sets over the barrel1 projecting in front like the eaves of a barn4 ,two small terriers or one ,airedale can live easily in these keg kennels in summer1 with an extra dog added1 for warmth's sake1 in cold weather4 ,another kennel that is fine for terriers is one ,i adapted from the suggestions of a chicken owner1 who used a similar box as a coop for hens with young chicks4 ,it is a box that can be taken all apart4 ,the floor is a raised platform against which the sides fit closely1 being fastened together with hooks4 ,the roof slants backward and is held in place by thin strips that fit just inside the walls4 ,this is fine for summer1 but must be very carefully made to be tight enough for cold weather4 ,its flat floor makes it admirable for a bitch with puppies and it has the great advantage of enabling you to leave off any side you wish4 ,naturally1 they are very easy to clean4 ,they can be made any size or shape you wish and cost from five dollars up4 ,for the man who is going into a large kennel little can be said that will be broadly useful4 ,one wants to build a model kennel of hard wood and concrete1 while the next has an old chicken house to adapt to doggy uses2 naturally requirements and conditions are very different4 ,the first thing that any kennel builder wants to see to is that he has good natural drainage and that his runs are on quickly drying ground1 gravel rather than clay4 ,southern exposures are the favorites1 and it is better to have two or three smaller buildings rather than to house all the dogs in one4 ,in this way there is opportunity to give each building a rest once in a while1 and this should be done in the case of the individual runs and pens1 if not for the whole building4 ,good hard wood1 varnished and kept clean and well drained1 is the most popular floor for kennels4 ,concrete is cold in winter1 asphalt is far from desirable in summer1 and both are hard on a dog's feet4 ,dirt1 gravel1 and ashes are very hard to clean4 ,cork is expensive and rots out with amazing speed4 ,the sleeping benches ought to be about two feet off the floor and so arranged that they can be taken down1 cleaned1 and set out in the sun to dry4 ,plenty of elbow grease1 backed up with a good strong disinfectant and fresh air and sunlight1 these are the secrets of a successful kennel4 ,cleanliness means that disease and parasites will be unknown4 ,wheat or rye straw or wood shavings make the best bedding4 ,the straw costs more than hay1 but it is ten times as cleanly1 lasts twice as long1 and is much better for a dog's skin4 ,very often shavings will be given away for the carting of them1 and they make a fine summer bedding1 though they are not very warm for winter4 ,shavings1 especially pine shavings1 make a very poor home for fleas4 ,excelsior is not popular4 ,it has a distressing habit of wadding up in hard bunches in corners1 absorbs moisture1 and does not dry out easily4 ,moss and sea weed and such beddings are dirty and hard to handle4 ,food is an important item in the care of the dog4 ,table scraps make1 in my opinion1 the ideal food for a dog4 ,in this the house pet has the advantage over his friend of the kennels1 for he gets a wide variety of well cooked and nourishing food1 and variety1 cooking1 and nourishment are the foundation of good feeding4 ,dog biscuits1 which are so cheap and easy to handle1 are excellent in their way1 but one should resist the temptation to feed them all the time4 ,you would not like to live on beefsteak three times a day1 week in and week out4 ,dry bread can be bought by the barrel from most bakers and is at once inexpensive and nourishing4 ,shredded wheat and cracker scraps can also be gotten and are useful for a change4 ,all of these should be fed soaked in some soup4 ,in the winter ,i have found corn meal very acceptable1 but the moment hot weather comes along its use should be discontinued1 or skin troubles will surely result4 ,it can either be made in a mush with milk or water1 or baked into corn bread cakes4 ,i use a homemade dog biscuit from corn meal and meat in the following way4 ,the meat stock is boiled over night in a kettle and the unstrained soup is used instead of water with the meal in making dough1 which is put in pans of two or three inches in thickness and baked in a slow oven till hard all the way through4 ,this will take a day4 ,these cakes are rich and should not be fed too often1 but they can be kept a month1 and ,i never saw a terrier that did not relish them4 ,in summer1 fish boiled twenty-four hours1 till the bones are all soft1 makes a nice change from the meat soups of the winter4 ,there are many who might be called canine vegetarians1 but experimenting has convinced me that meat is the best and most natural food for the dog4 ,sirloin does cost a lot of money these days1 but hearts1 lungs1 heads1 odds and ends of ribs1 and shank bones do not cost so much1 and you can always make arrangements with a butcher to save you these4 ,under no circumstances feed meat that is decayed4 ,it does not have to be as fresh as you demand for your own table1 if you take care to cook it thoroughly1 but meat that is mouldy or rotting is poison1 not food4 ,most kennels feed twice a day1--a light lunch in the morning and the regular day's feed in the evening4 ,the morning bite can be bread or biscuits with a little soup over them4 ,the evening meal ought to be all that the dog will comfortably eat without stuffing4 ,if any food is left in the dishes it should be cleaned away before night1 and a dog who is off his feed should have attention4 ,dogs vary as much as people in the amount they will eat4 ,one gobbler is always thin1 while a dainty eater will put on more flesh than necessary4 ,it is the height of foolishness to pamper a dog's taste and make him an epicure1 but neither is it wise to treat them all just alike4 ,exercise naturally follows feeding in our consideration of the health of the dog4 ,exercise1 and plenty of it1 is the best tonic1 it keeps the muscles hard and the stomach in shape2 it prevents fatness1 and is just play for a dog4 ,there is1 however1 exercise and exercise4 ,to walk a dog along on a lead is exercise1 but three minutes' free running is worth half an hour of taking the dog out for a walk after the manner of the young lady who lives in the city4 ,each kennel should have an exercising yard1 a lot as big as possible1 where the dogs can be turned out for a romp4 ,one wants to be a little careful about leaving a lot of dogs turned out together1 for their likes and dislikes are as strong as our own4 ,i remember with sorrow an experience of this kind4 ,a recently purchased dog was added to a run full of home bred youngsters1 and because he was older and bigger he played the bully till one bright morning three of his victims combined forces and gave him a lesson in manners4 ,it was a lesson for his owner too1 for the dog's ear was so chewed that he was ruined for showing4 ,the last item in the care of the dog is grooming1 but it is at least as important as any of the others we have taken up4 ,most dogs are washed too often and not brushed often enough4 ,washing once in two weeks in summer and once a month in winter is all that is needed to keep a terrier clean1 but he should be brushed daily4 ,in washing a dog start at the head with a good disinfectant soap and work backwards and downwards1 for fleas make for the head when threatened with drowning and only in this way can these pests be gotten rid of4 ,it is well to let the soap stay in the coat a few minutes1 but it must be all washed out very carefully before drying the dog4 ,the daily grooming should consist first of a combing with a fairly fine comb to clean out matted dirt and hair4 ,this should be followed by a sharp brushing with what is called in stable a dandy brush4 ,the finishing touches will be a rub down with a hound glove1 such as is sold in the kennel supply stores4 ,such treatment will keep a terrier in almost perfect show form all the time and the stimulation of the skin will be found to act as a regular tonic4 ,housed in clean1 draftless kennels2 given good food with lots of exercise1 and with some little attention bestowed on his toilet1 a terrier is sure to be healthy and happy4 ,prevention is proverbially better than cure1 and the little work of keeping a terrier well is nothing compared to the care of a sick dog4 ,dogs do not make very pleasant patients1 and there is the added difficulty in finding out just what really ails them1 for even the most intelligent of our animals cannot tell us where his aches are and how a dose of certain medicine affects him4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,breeding ,,terriers ,the principles upon which ,darwin based his theory of evolution--which are now accepted by scientists the world over as biological laws--are the very same as those under which the dog breeder works4 ,modern animal breeding is evolution in which man plays ,dame ,nature's part4 ,breeding is1 however1 far from being an exact science1 though it is continually becoming more and more scientific in its methods4 ,we cannot sit down1 a pencil in our fingers and paper before us1 and with the aid of the stud book and a set of mathematical formulas figure out a dog that will surely be a champion4 ,we can1 however1 with a knowledge of the scientific data that biologists have collected in their research work supplementing the lore and traditions of the kennels1 come nearer and nearer to the breeder's ideal of a champion in every litter4 ,it is quite obvious that with such plastic materials to work with we can never hope to have a perfectly uniform product1 but who would have it so8 ,dog breeding is now more uncertain than roulette1 twice as fascinating as the stock market1 as interestingly exciting as auction bridge4 ,make it a matter of mathematically exact rules working out as invariably and regularly as a machine1 and the charm has vanished4 ,the three principles of ,darwin's idea of how and why evolution acts1 are heredity1 variation1 and selection4 ,the law of heredity says that like will produce like2 that two ,airedales will have ,airedale puppies2 two ,scotties will have ,scotties2 two ,irish terriers will have ,irish terriers4 ,the law of variation says that no two dogs1 even if they be of the same litter1 will ever be exactly alike even in the smallest details4 ,no two ,st4 ,bernards were ever alike1 nor were the smallest teeth of the two smallest ,pomeranians ever identical4 ,there is ample evidence to show that the chemical composition of the muscles1 bones1 and blood of different animals of the same species are different1 and even vary considerably in one individual at different times4 ,the law of selection is the law of the struggle for existence1 the survival of the fittest4 ,the three laws together make up the theory of evolution by means of natural selection4 ,what man does in breeding is the making and improving of species by artificial selection4 ,he takes advantage of the law of heredity to establish breeds4 ,if like always exactly reproduced like1 however1 that is as far as he could ever get1 but because there is infinite variation1 the offspring differ from their parents4 ,by selecting those that come nearest his ideal1 the breeder does just the same as ,dame ,nature when she kills off the unfit4 ,since earliest times1 man1 more or less without thought or any knowledge of the whys and wherefores1 has been carrying on scientific breeding in an unscientific way4 ,ever since he has kept domestic animals1 his selection1 formerly more or less unconscious1 has been exerting its powerful force4 ,for generations1 the dog fanciers have been doing this3 picking out the dogs and bitches most to their liking and mating them4 ,the result is that while all breeds of dogs are closely enough related to inter-breed1 still some are of comparative age and most breed wonderfully true to type4 ,until quite recently1 the dog breeders have been following the old1 unscientific method1 with some additional effort to correct faulty points in their dogs4 ,that is1 they have picked out individuals for breeding stock that came as near as possible to their ideals1 and if the prospective mother was bad in head they selected a stud dog strong in this point2 while a very good coated matron might be mated to a poor coated dog provided he possessed marked excellencies in other directions4 ,unfortunately1 but very scant attention was paid to the dams4 ,this was largely from economical considerations1 which led them to believing1 or thinking they did merely because they wanted to1 that any old bitch with a pedigree was good enough to breed from4 ,to bolster up their economy1 they said that the pups inherited their looks from their sire and their dispositions from their dam4 ,two changes have taken place in the past decade4 ,breeders now know that physically as well as mentally the dam is quite as important as the sire4 ,moreover1 they have learned that individual characteristics1 however marked they may appear to be1 do not have the force of family traits4 ,in other words1 a short1 thick headed bitch bred to the longest headed dog alive would have short headed pups1 if that dog had short headed parents and grandparents4 ,these two fundamental bits of knowledge1 learned originally from the biologists1 have had a big effect on breeding operations4 ,a logical outgrowth of the importance that has been placed on family1 with the naturally lessened emphasis on the individual1 has been an increased number of the devotees of line rather than in-breeding4 ,in-breeding is beyond all doubt the strongest weapon the dog breeder has1 but it is a boomerang that is very apt to come back and knock its thrower in the head4 ,in-breeding is the breeding together of the blood of one dog--mother to son1 or brother to sister4 ,line-breeding is the breeding together of dogs of the same general strain1 comparable to second or third cousins among people4 ,these breeding experiments fix the good and bad points of a dog or a strain very strongly4 ,carried to an extreme1 they result in bad constitutions1 lack of gameness1 and in extreme cases1 in actual deformity4 ,such breeding demands that only the strongest and youngest dogs be mated4 ,in selecting a sire1 one should pick out a dog of recognized breeding1 whose ancestors were dogs of the type you desire4 ,a winner and a son of winners has better chances of being a sire of winners than an unknown dog of doubtful family1 but it is not always wise to rush to the latest champion4 ,a popular bench hero is apt to be over-worked at stud4 ,if your bitch is very young send her to an older dog and vice versa4 ,best results are not obtained if the dogs are over eight years old--that is a very good age limit at which to retire them from active service4 ,a bitch may be bred at her first heat1 if she is not too young and is strong and healthy4 ,most people know that a bitch comes in season1 or is in heat1 fairly regularly at six months intervals1 and that this is the only time when she will have any sexual connections with a dog4 ,the terriers generally come into their first heat when eight or nine months old and are remarkable for the regularity of their periods4 ,the first sign is a swelling of the external parts and bleeding4 ,after a week or ten days the bleeding is followed by a thickish1 white discharge4 ,this is the time to breed her4 ,one service is all that is necessary--the old timers to the contrary notwithstanding4 ,two services were formerly given1 but this is no longer done by the best breeders4 ,the time of gestation is only sixty-three days1 and the second service1 two days after the first1 has been suspected of destroying the effect of the former4 ,statistics show that there are fewer misses and just as many puppies when there is but one service1 as when there are two4 ,the single service is obviously a great saving of the energies of the stud dog1 who1 if he be popular1 has to make heavy demands on his vitality4 ,one who places a dog at public stud assumes certain responsibilities1--the keeping of his dog in perfect health and attending most carefully to visiting matrons4 ,the stud dog should have lots of exercise1 all the water he wants1 and an abundance of good food4 ,raw lean meat1 chopped fine or run through a mechanical grinder1 makes a fine supplementary diet1 and raw eggs and a little sherry can be added to this if he becomes at all run down4 ,visiting bitches must be guarded against all possible chance of a misalliance4 ,if practical1 they should be kept far off from the other kennel inmates1 for quiet is something to be greatly desired for them4 ,when they arrive1 they should be given a run and drink1 but do not feed them till they have quieted down a little from the excitement of the trip4 ,the ,golden ,rule covers the care of these visitors like a blanket--just treat them as you would have a bitch of your own treated under the same circumstances4 ,when a bitch has returned to her home kennels1 she should take the rest cure a day or so4 ,after that for a month or six weeks she need be treated no differently from any of her kennel mates1 save to see that she has plenty to eat and that her stomach and bowels are in perfect order4 ,when she begins to show signs of heavy whelp take her away from the others1 and while her exercise wants to be kept up by long walks she should not be allowed to run or romp1 or she may miscarry4 ,her box should be fixed a few days before the pups are to be born4 ,let it be large enough for her to stretch out in1 but not big enough to give her room in which to move about1 or she may kill or injure the pups by treading on them4 ,once in a while one has a bitch who neglects her pups disgracefully1 but the usual thing1 in terriers at least1 is over attention to the sacrifice of her own condition4 ,a few bitches eat their newborn pups4 ,fear is the motive1 but once done they seem to get the habit4 ,feeding quantities of raw meat just before they are to whelp is the best1 but not a sure cure4 ,bad mothers1 ones who walk on their babies1 neglect them1 or turn cannibal1 are very rare among the terriers4 ,to return to the box3 it should1 as ,i have said1 be just large enough to be comfortable4 ,the best bedding for the whelping time is a bit of old carpet1 to be substituted for straw when the family has safely arrived4 ,a little shelf1 about three inches from the bottom and two inches wide1 tacked round the box will prove to be good puppy life insurance1 for it keeps them from being pressed to death against the sides of the nest4 ,terriers whelp better if left to themselves4 ,it is the rarest thing for them to have any trouble1 and if one will just keep a weather eye open to see that things are really going well1 they will continue to go well without interference4 ,the pups should be born inside two hour intervals1 and if this limit be passed the mother needs attention4 ,the drugs used1 however1 are so strong and so poisonous and an operation is so delicate that it is invariably better to call in the veterinarian's skilled aid4 ,after the puppies are all born the mother should be given a bowl of thin oatmeal gruel and left to herself4 ,she will ordinarily clean up the nest herself1 eating the after-births and licking the puppies clean4 ,i have found that after she has cleaned a pup1 which she does as soon as it is born1 it is advisable to take it from her1 wrap it in flannel to keep it warm and dry1 and to wash off the navel cord with some mild disinfectant such as listerine1 or a very dilute solution of bichloride of mercury or carbolic acid4 ,cold is fatal to very young puppies1 and the navel cord is the source of a germ infection that kills many in the nest4 ,the dam1 while nursing her family1 must have an abundance of food--plenty of soups1 gruels1 meats1 and milk1 but not many vegetables1 for they are full of water and waste4 ,she needs more concentrated nourishment4 ,when you think that you can fairly see puppies grow1 you can appreciate how great a drain there is on the mother4 ,because of this1 it is never advisable to let a terrier attempt to raise more than five at the outside1 and four is really better than five4 ,if a foster cannot be obtained--very often the local pound will have a healthy mongrel which they will let you have for the license fee--it is kindness and economy to kill off the puppies in excess of four or five4 ,what ones to destroy is a delicate question4 ,it is usually safe to discard the last one born1 who is so often the runt of the family that he is known to kennel men and veterinarians as the wreckling4 ,it takes a very experienced eye to tell much about the points of a new born puppy1 but two salient features to be remembered are that not once in a hundred times will a light eye get darker and any tendency to big ears is comparatively easy to spot and invariably gets worse4 ,a good safe rule in terrier puppies is to save the ones with the longest1 flattest heads1 the heaviest1 straightest fore legs1 dark eyes1 small ears1 short bodies1 taking these points in the order named1 but discarding any pup who is glaringly off in any of these details4 ,the mother will wean the pups herself when they begin to grow their teeth1 and it is best to leave this to nature4 ,when their eyes are opened they should be taught to drink for themselves by sticking their noses in a saucer of sweetened milk4 ,about the time they are fully weaned they should be treated for worms4 ,after this first worming1 they should have similar treatment every six weeks till they are six months old1 and twice more after that before they are out of the puppy class4 ,all dogs should be treated for worms twice a year as long as they live4 ,it is the style1 or custom1 or what you will1 to cut the tails of ,airedales1 ,irish1 ,welsh1 and fox terrier puppies4 ,this ought to be done when they are three or four days old4 ,three vertebrae are left1 that is1 the tail is cut at the third knuckle1 not counting the first one at the root of the tail4 ,rumor says that the operation is done with the kennelman's or groom's teeth1 but in reality a dull pair of scissors is the usual and best instrument4 ,the skin should be pulled back toward the body1 so that there will be a little extra to cover the end1 and not leave it bare of hair4 ,growing pups need three things--food1 room1 and sunlight4 ,when first weaned1 they should be fed milk1 gruels1 and soups five times a day and the number of meals gradually lessened and the amount of solid food gradually increased till at a year old they are fed the same as their older kennel companions4 ,the more room puppies have1 the better they are4 ,this is probably the reason that puppies farmed out always do so much better than those kennel raised4 ,they may get all sorts of food and they certainly do not get the attention given the ones in the kennels1 but a farm raised youngster is always healthier1 bigger1 and stronger4 ,sunlight acts on puppies as it does on growing plants4 ,winter pups are proverbially more troublesome than those born in the spring4 ,most fanciers1 therefore1 see to it that their brood bitches whelp only in the spring4 ,one litter a year is enough to ask of any terrier4 ,in conclusion1 a word to the small kennel owner4 ,he is apt to think things are unfairly distributed and that he has not the chance either in the show ring1 the field1 or the breeding kennel that the large owner has4 ,in the latter two1 and especially in the breeding kennel1 he really has an advantage4 ,it is well known that the greatest number of good dogs are bred by owners of from one to five bitches1 for they study their needs more carefully and can give the puppies better attention4 ,let the small breeder but study his breed2 know its past great dogs2 understand the meaning of pedigrees2 mate his bitches according to his knowledge2 rear his puppies carefully1 and he will find that he will turn out better home breds than ever come from the big kennels4 ,,chapter ,v ,,dog ,,shows ,,and ,,showing ,the ,britisher's inborn love of sport1 dogs1 and breeding invented the dog show1 but not so very long ago1 for even in ,england bench shows1 as a recognized institution1 are only a little over half a century old4 ,their fame and popularity have1 however1 circled the globe4 ,the ,english fancier can truly boast that there are more thoroughbred dogs to the mile in ,great ,britain than to fifty miles in any other country1 and one is not surprised to find that there are more bench shows held there in a week than in a month in the ,united ,states4 ,we1 on this side of the ocean1 are their nearest rival1 for while ,european countries have taken up the dog and his showing1 still they are as much behind us as we are behind the tight little isle4 ,continental fanciers have a great deal to learn about dogs1 and from their very dispositions it is doubtful if1 with the possible exception of the serious1 hard-working1 painstaking ,germans1 they will ever become truly doggy4 ,in the first place1 they count their pennies very carefully when buying a dog2 and in the second place1 they are not really fanciers at heart1 but have merely taken up dogs as a fashionable whim4 ,the first ,american shows were run in a haphazard1 friendly1 go-as-you-please way1 but it very soon became evident that some governing body was as much a necessity in dogdom as on the race track1 in college athletics1 or among yachtsmen4 ,accordingly1 the ,american ,kennel ,club grew up naturally to fill this place4 ,in form the ,a4,k4,c41 as it is called1 is a congress4 ,its members are not individuals1 but clubs1 which are represented by regularly elected delegates at the meetings of the parent organization4 ,these clubs are of two types1 the local clubs1 composed of the fanciers of a certain city or district1 and the specialty clubs1 whose members are the fanciers the country over devoted to one particular breed4 ,the local clubs1 like the ,westminster ,kennel ,club of ,new ,york ,city or the ,philadelphia ,dog ,show ,association1 are organized primarily for the giving of bench shows4 ,the specialty clubs1 of which the ,scottish ,terrier ,club of ,america and the ,airedale ,terrier ,club of ,new ,england are examples1 are devoted primarily to fostering the interests of their breed1 which they do by offering special prizes1 seeing that competent judges officiate1 and even by holding shows where only dogs of their breed are exhibited4 ,all shows1 whether given by local or specialty associations1 are held under ,a4,k4,c4 rules1 and the regulation of these shows is the main work done at the club's offices at #a ,liberty ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,the ,a4,k4,c41 however1 does more than this4 ,it publishes the dog ,stud ,book1 a volume annually1 and also a semi-monthly1 official journal1 the ,a4,k4,c4 ,gazette4 ,moreover1 the club is judicial as well as legislative and executive in its functions1 and tries the offenders of the kennel world4 ,last1 but not least1 it has jurisdiction over field trials1 both for bird dogs and hounds4 ,the ,a4,k4,c4 recognizes seventy-seven distinct breeds as thoroughbred dogs--not counting several subdivision of breeds into varieties based on coats or colors4 ,any dog of any of these recognized breeds may be entered in the ,stud ,book1 provided it has three generations of known1 pure-blood pedigree4 ,the registration fee is one dollar and includes the assigning of an official number to the dog1 entry in the ,stud ,book for that year1 a certificate of his registration1 and the right1 throughout the life of the dog1 to show him1 regardless of ownership1 at any ,a4,k4,c4 show4 ,unregistered dogs have to be listed for each show they attend1 and a fee of twenty-five cents is always charged4 ,the usual classes at a bench show are the puppy1 novice1 limit1 open1 and winners'1 and in the more popular breeds these are divided by sex4 ,the puppy class is for any dog between the ages of six months and one year1 but1 of course1 none can be entered whose date of birth1 sire1 dam1 place of birth1 and breeder are unknown4 ,the novice class is for dogs bred in the ,united ,states who have never won a first prize1 wins in the puppy class being excepted4 ,the limit class is for dogs who have not won six first prizes in that class1 but dogs who have won their championship are barred4 ,any dog1 who is over six months of age1 may be shown in the open class4 ,if three of the above classes are given at a show1 a winners' class is added4 ,there is no entry fee for this class1 but in it the winners of the other classes meet and are judged4 ,at different shows various other classes are sometimes given1 as a junior class for dogs between six and eighteen months1 a class for champions1 and many divisions are made according to weight and color in different breeds4 ,it is by wins in the winners' class that a dog secures the right to prefix to his name the honorable and much-coveted title of ,champion4 ,to win this1 the dog must get fifteen points4 ,every win in the winners' class counts a certain number of points according to the number of dogs actually on the bench at the show3 #ajjj dogs or over1 five points2 #gej dogs or over1 four points2 #ejj dogs or over1 three points2 #bej dogs or over1 two points2 under #bej dogs1 one point4 ,specialty shows devoted to one breed count five points4 ,fifteen of these points1 provided three of them have been won at one show and at least three different judges have awarded the dog first in the winners' class1 make a dog a champion4 ,the ,a4,k4,c4 gives a championship certificate to the owner1 who can also buy a championship medal for three dollars1 if his dog is registered4 ,novices are cautioned to read most carefully the rules published in the premium lists of all ,a4,k4,c4 dog shows before they fill out their entry blanks and to exercise great care in doing this1 for mistakes are on their own heads4 ,their dog may be disqualified and his wins canceled should they fail to fill in the necessary particulars correctly4 ,in case of any attempt at fraud1 they will be themselves disqualified1 which is a doggy ex-communication4 ,disqualified persons are not only barred from judging1 showing1 or registering1 but dogs owned or bred by them during their term of disqualification cannot be shown or registered4 ,no dog that is lame 7except temporarily71 blind1 castrated1 spayed1 deaf1 dyed1 or in any way faked can be shown1 and all entries are examined by a registered veterinarian when they first come to the show4 ,they must be passed by him1 as sound and free from contagious disease1 before they will be accepted4 ,every dog must be the bona fide property of the exhibitor4 ,these1 and the other rules1 are simple1 founded on common justice and reason1 and easy to understand4 ,they are all such that intent to deceive can be the only reason for their neglect or misunderstanding4 ,to show a dog at his best1 in the very pink of perfect condition1 is the only way to insure that he will be placed by the judge where he deserves4 ,many a dog1 really better than his rival in the ring1 has gone down because of condition1 and defeat is not only unpleasant1 but also a great handicap to a show dog4 ,perfect health1 no fat1 well-developed muscles--these are the foundation of a terrier's fitness4 ,a little change in diet or exercise is the best and the easiest way to accomplish this physical perfection4 ,tonics and pills and powders1 conditioners1 as they are called1 are not all they are cracked up to be4 ,it is like doping a race-horse or a pugilist4 ,it works for a time1 but the end is inevitable and always the same4 ,a terrier is easy to get fit1 and the only thing that may cause the exhibitor loss of sleep is the condition of the wire coat4 ,wire coats are--there is no use fishing about for any excuse--wire coats are a bother4 ,a great1 big three-quarters of the trouble is overcome1 however1 if the dog has been carefully and regularly groomed4 ,such a dog does not need much trimming1--mainly a little cleaning up about the head and legs4 ,on the other hand1 one who has been neglected needs the services of a skilled canine tonsorial artist to put him down before the judge with a coat that meets the requirements of the ring4 ,the ,a4,k4,c4 lets one pluck and pull with his fingers1 and brush and comb away as much as he wishes1 but the use of knives1 razors1 scissors1 or clippers is strictly tabooed4 ,it is too bad that the trimming of wire terriers is carried so far as is the style to-day1 for1 even if legalized by the ,a4,k4,c1 it so alters a dog and so improves a bad coat that it savors pretty strongly of faking4 ,there is1 however1 little chance of there being any immediate reform1 and to show successfully one must obey the dictates of ,mistress ,fashion4 ,a dog in perfect condition1 with his coat trimmed in the approved style1 may yet fail to get his deserts in the show ring1 if not properly handled4 ,the professional handlers are past masters at the art of making a dog appear at his very best in the ring1 and a great deal of their success is due to this skill4 ,the cry of the partiality of judges to professionally shown dogs has been often heard1 but it is not so serious to one who will watch a class actually being shown on the sawdust4 ,the humorousness of the man who can realize the better showing of the dogs handled by the paid professionals in every ring but his own appeals to a close and impartial observer4 ,the novice cannot do better than to steal a leaf out of the book of the professional handlers1 and by a careful study of their methods1 learn to show his own dogs so that they will always be at their best1 making their strongest points apparent and hiding their weaknesses1 and religiously seeing to it that he catches the judicial eye4 ,it is well to take a puppy destined for a show career and to teach him to show4 ,it is just as easy to teach him to stand firm on his pins1 all alert1 full of fire1 yet not bobbing about like a jumping-jack1 as it is to have him sit up and beg or to play dead4 ,to a public dog it is an innately more useful accomplishment4 ,a little bit of boiled liver1 the sweetest tit-bit on a dog's menu1 is an excellent thing to carry into the ring with you1 but it is a grave mistake to be forever teasing and nagging at your entry4 ,leave him alone as much as possible4 ,do not wear out his spirits and your own patience1 but just see that he is kept awake1 standing firm so as to show his front to advantage1 and so placed that the judge looks at him from the most advantageous position4 ,if he has a poor colored eye1 keep his tail pointed at the source of the light2 if his back is plenty long1 do not let the judge see more of his profile than possible1 and so on1 with different rules for each dog in the world4 ,bad manners in the ring are the poorest of poor sportsmanship4 ,never try to hide another's dog and do not let your dog pick at or worry another entry4 ,the terriers are all inclined to start things in the ring anyway1 and each exhibitor ought to do his best to prevent the ring from becoming a whirling1 barking1 tugging bedlam4 ,no judge can do his best under such disconcerting1 if exciting1 conditions1 and he has a hard enough time at best1 so exhibitors ought to help him as much as they are able4 ,very1 very seldom does one meet an exhibitor who will come out frankly and say that he was beaten fairly1 even if he has shown a regular rotter against an out-and-outer4 ,it does not cost one single1 red cent to congratulate the owner of the dog who has beaten yours4 ,if he has done so fairly1 it is but the decent thing to do1 and if you think your dog is the better1 why you have the consolation of knowing that there is going to be another show where another judge will hand out the ribbons probably the very next week4 ,it is also a mighty nice thing to find a good point or two to mention in the dogs that have been placed behind yours1 assuming1 of course1 that you have not had the fate of being given the gate4 ,these little courtesies of the ring are often sadly lacking at our ,american shows4 ,fanciers have a world of things in common and1 instead of bitterest rivals1 they should be the best of friends4 ,friendly rivalry adds ninety per cent4 to the pleasures of being a fancier1 and in this a man gets just about what he gives4 ,in sending a dog to a show1 even if the distance be but a mile or two and you are going along1 too1 it is best to crate him4 ,it costs a little more1 but many an unboxed dog has been lost or injured1 and the railroads assume absolutely no responsibility in these cases4 ,the express companies do charge a very high rate 7one and a half times that charged for merchandise7 for very poor service1 but they are at least legally responsible for dogs committed to their charge4 ,in ,england1 wicker hampers are very popular for shipping dogs1 but here1 while lightness is to be sought1 they are hardly strong enough to withstand the gentle care of our baggage heavers4 ,the shows provide bedding1 food1 and water1 but the fancier supplies his own chains and leads4 ,to fasten a dog on the exhibition bench1 bench chains1 as they are called1 are used4 ,these are either nickel or brass finish1 with snaps at both ends1 and by means of them a dog can be so fastened that he can move about comfortably and yet not hang himself by getting over the front or get into trouble with his neighbors beyond the partitions4 ,in the show ring1 however1 these chains would be too heavy1 and it is the custom to show terriers on long leather leads4 ,there are two styles in vogue4 ,one is a regular lead fastened with a snap to an ordinary collar1 which should be a half inch strap of plain leather4 ,the other is the slip collar1 or a long lead with a loop at one or both ends4 ,the loop is slipped over the dog's head and fastened by a sliding clasp4 ,all leads and collars for terriers should be light and plain4 ,fancy1 studded1 bebelled1 and beribboned collars look about as well on a terrier as diamonds on a bellboy4 ,the showing of dogs is rapidly becoming one of our most popular sports4 ,the number of shows increases wonderfully each year1 and every season the entries become more and more numerous4 ,daily1 there are recruits enlisting in the army of dog fanciers4 ,there is no denying the potency of the charm woven by the dog show4 ,the confirmed fancier fairly loves the barking roar of the benched dogs2 that peculiarly distinctive smell--a strange mixture of dog1 disinfectant1 and sawdust2 the excitement of the ring2 the doggy parties at lunches1 dinners1 and at night after the show is over4 ,it is all different from anything else in the world of sport1 this charm of the bench show1 and it is sure to hold in a fast grip any dog lover who falls under its sway4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,useful ,,airedale ,had there never been a specific need for just such a dog as the ,airedale1 he would never have existed4 ,he was manufactured to meet a distinct want3 the need for a big1 strong dog1 game to the bottom and with a liking for water1 who would serve the all-round purpose of pal1 guard1 poacher1 and vermin destroyer4 ,had the ,airedale not filled this bill1 he would never have persisted4 ,he would have died out ignominiously1 without even winning a local fame4 ,the ,airedale1 however1 is not only all that his ,yorkshire manufacturers longed for1 but he has shown himself much more4 ,wider acquaintance with the world has placed him under many different conditions1 and he has not very often been weighed and found wanting4 ,he has made his home in all countries from ,alaska to ,india4 ,he has been used for all sorts of game from the grizzly to mice2 he has done police duty in ,france1 ,germany1 and ,america2 he has drawn sleds in the ,arctic and driven sheep in ,australia--all these things and many others he has done1 and in the doing of them he has won a reputation for intelligence1 docility1 and affectionate disposition that few less talented dogs do not envy4 ,as a writer in the ,belgian ,breeder1 the ,brussels journal devoted to horses1 dogs1 and livestock1 has said1 he is indeed le chien le plus utile1 which is freely ,americanized by the doggy epigram that an ,airedale will do anything any other dog can do and then lick the other dog4 ,the ,airedale is indeed ideally useful1 and he is also usefully ideal1 for he has size and strength2 nobody ever questioned his courage2 he is blessed with exceptional brains2 and he is obedient1 faithful1 and affectionate4 ,what more can man ask of a dog8 ,by inheritance he is a thorough sportsman and by instinct a perfect gentleman4 ,training1 education1 and specialization are all familiar terms these days4 ,it is acknowledged that the skilled dwarf is more powerful than the ignorant giant3 that the efficiency of the genius is increased many times by proper schooling4 ,so it is with dogs4 ,by nature and by the art of breeding the ,airedale has been endowed with gifts fitting him to do whatever a dog may be called upon to do1 but proper training will enable him to do it more easily and better4 ,with a dog of so many talents it is somewhat difficult to decide just the best way in which to take up the different branches of his education1 but let us divide his training upon the basis of the ,airedale in town and in the country4 ,i suppose that it is useless to say1 for dogs will always be kept in the cities as companions1 that a ,harlem flat is just about the worst place in the world for an ,airedale4 ,any terrier just cries for room4 ,he is lively as a cricket and as full of spirits as a nut is of kernel--both excellent qualities in any dog outside a flat4 ,the city at best is no place for any dog2 no place for terriers of all dogs1 and of all terriers1 the ,airedale6 ,yet hundreds of dogs live in town1 and they serve their purpose4 ,also1 they have a great deal to learn4 ,house-breaking is the first lesson that has to be taught the city dog4 ,usually it saves time and money to see that the dog you buy is already so trained1 but this cannot always be done4 ,it is a risky business to guarantee a dog house-broken and too much faith must not be placed in any such promises4 ,it often happens that while a dog will always behave perfectly in one house he may have to be trained all over again when introduced into another4 ,this is mainly true of puppies1 so you need not consider yourself basely deceived if1 in this particular1 a youngster does not live strictly up to the word of his seller4 ,if your dog arrives in a crate1 he should be given a run the very first thing after unpacking4 ,the safest way is to bring him into the house on a lead and to keep him tied up short in some convenient place for a couple of days1 taking him out regularly at fixed hours4 ,he will soon get into these habits4 ,should he offend1 he ought to be punished at the scene of his crime1 taking care that he is aware of his offense and tied up again4 ,a very few days of this treatment will house-break any dog who is old enough to understand what you are driving at4 ,trying to house-break a very young puppy is cruelty pure and simple4 ,in punishing a dog1 do not beat him about the ears and never use either a fine whip1 or a stick4 ,it has happened twice in my knowledge that a dog has had his hearing seriously damaged by a rupturing of the ear drums caused by blows on the head4 ,a whip will cut the skin of a dog and a stick may break a bone4 ,a smart slap under the jaw1 accompanied by a word-scolding in a severe tone and uncompromising manner1 is a thousand times better4 ,in extreme cases a strap may be used1 but always remember that the object is not to flog the dog into cowardly and broken submission1 but merely to impress upon him that he is not doing as you wish4 ,in all cases it is best to punish a dog red handed1 but in no case should you punish him red headed4 ,unless the dog knows for what he is being punished1 you are like ,xerxes whipping the ,hellespont for wrecking his ships1 except that a dog has more feelings than the sea4 ,the best way to be sure that the dog knows is to catch him in the very act4 ,this has the disadvantage1 however1 of making it likely that you will be in a temper4 ,no dog should ever be punished when you have not got perfect control over yourself4 ,the patience of ,job was never tried by a healthy1 terrier puppy1 or it might have reached its limit4 ,a spoiled rug1 the flower-beds wrecked1 a new hat chewed up1 slippers and rubbers all over the house1 religious disobedience1 all these things do cultivate a temper1 but temper and dog-training do not live together successfully4 ,in training a dog be sure that he knows exactly what you want him to do1 and then be sure that he always does it4 ,make obedience a habit4 ,in time1 it will come as natural to him as breathing4 ,when you say ,come here1 see that he comes1 and let him understand that ,lie down means just that and nothing more4 ,it is very useful to have a dog that lives in the house stay put when placed in a chair or a corner1 and this should be part of his education4 ,it is very bad dog manners to jump up on visitors4 ,even to those who love dogs it is often disagreeably bothersome4 ,it is bad enough in a toy dog1 but in an ,airedale it is worse in the ratio of five pounds to fifty4 ,i am not personally in favor of teaching a dog tricks4 ,a trick dog soon learns to love the limelight1 and will be continually begging to be allowed to show off4 ,besides1 ,i have an inborn dislike to seeing a dog doing stunts1 and ,i know the feeling is shared by others who are fond of a good dog4 ,it seems a silly thing to see a big1 strong terrier begging or walking on his hind legs4 ,it may be very clever for poodles and pugs1 but with a man's dog--and the terriers are all man's dogs--it always calls to my mind a painting in the ,louvre in which ,hercules is depicted sitting at the feet of ,venus industriously winding up a ball of yarn4 ,however1 tastes differ1 and these tricks are all easy to teach a bright pupil1 who has already learned the lesson of minding4 ,when the city dog goes out for a walk his training gets its real test4 ,what a lovely spectacle it is to see a dog owner rushing and yelling after a dog who runs about paying no more attention to him than to the clouds overhead4 ,it is a sight that has but one equal1 that of a portly1 pompous gentleman chasing his own hat4 ,even if a dog is perfectly trained indoors1 he may break loose when first taken out on the street1 but he can easily be made to understand that master is to be boss on the street as well as in the house4 ,one of the best habits a city dog can have is that of keeping close to his owner's heels crossing streets4 ,a dog is perfectly well able to cross a crowded street1 but in busy thoroughfares a dog and his master are apt to get separated1 and all may not be so fortunate as the ,washington physician who had his champion ,airedale returned with a note which read3 ,dere ,doc--,here is your ,yeller ,dog4 ,will you ,please give me #ae cents ,i hate to ask so much but i had to fead him #b days4 ,the ,airedale who lives in the country is more fortunate than his brother in town4 ,his preliminary education is just the same1 but he gets a college course in hunting1 and maybe a little post-graduate work in cattle driving4 ,all that has been said about house-breaking and teaching to mind applies with equal force to the country dog4 ,if there are not so many interested spectators to make it embarrassing it is just as provoking to have a runaway dog in the meadows and pastures as in the streets and avenues4 ,a single motor at sixty or seventy miles an hour on the turnpike is harder for a dog to dodge than the whole flood of traffic that streams up and down the city thoroughfares4 ,so1 city or country1 teach your dog to mind4 ,an ,airedale will take as naturally to rats1 woodchucks1 and such vermin as a lot of little yellow ducklings will to the mill pond4 ,but to make assurance doubly sure1 it is best to introduce him to mice or small rats when he is four or five months old1 then leading on and on till you can end with the biggest game found in ,america4 ,this is the way terriers are broken in ,england4 ,it has been found that if a terrier is jumped bang at ,mr4 ,woodchuck1 for example1 he may be spoiled by biting off more than he can chew the first time4 ,in the ,rockies1 where ,airedales are used on grizzly and mountain lion1 the dogs hunt in packs1 and the old dogs train the youngsters4 ,example and experience make an excellent pair of tutors1 and the work is such that unless the lessons are grasped pretty quickly1 there will be a dead dog4 ,the gradual system of breaking applies to water4 ,the veins of the ,airedale are filled with the blood of the otter-hound1 and from this ancestor he has inherited a love for the water4 ,practically all ,airedales will swim naturally without any training at all1 but once in a while there comes along one who does not take to water4 ,he should be coaxed in1 not taken by the scruff of the neck and pitched overboard4 ,methods like that are not generally successful when dogs are concerned4 ,in hunting and swimming the ,airedale is but following the strongest instincts that he has4 ,all one has to do is to curb and direct these instincts4 ,experience will do the rest1 for the dog has brains and is very quick to learn1 and the teacher is proverbially a good one4 ,in driving cattle and sheep1 however1 the dog is going into a new trade1 as it were1 and not one to which he was born4 ,he proves his versatility by the quickness with which he can learn to be an excellent drover4 ,the easiest way is to take him out with a dog experienced in this work4 ,if this cannot be done1 one will have to train him himself1 and this is not so difficult as it sounds1 but it is best to make sure that the dog has carefully learned that minding trick above mentioned before undertaking this4 ,almost any and all dogs are watch-dogs1 but the ,airedale1 because of his size and intelligence1 is a particularly good one4 ,it is not the wisest policy to chain up a dog at night1 for he will be much more apt to sound false alarms1 and in any case of real need he is powerless to give active defense of himself or his friends4 ,the watch-dog ought not to have his big1 heavy meal at night1 or he will go to sleep and snore peacefully till cock crow1 while if fed but lightly1 he will rest in a series of cat naps1 if a dog can do that4 ,the ,airedale is more practically useful than any other breed of dog4 ,he can do more things better than any other variety4 ,it is this eminent utility of his that has been one of the greatest factors in his success1 but he would never have become so widely popular with men1 women1 and children of all classes had it not been that behind his usefulness there is sterling character and good disposition4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,common ,,ailments ,the terrier owner is a lucky devil1 for his dogs do not1 as a rule1 spend a great deal of time in the hospital4 ,all members of the terrier family1 from the giant of the race1 the ,airedale1 way down to little ,scottie1 owe a big debt to nature for having blessed them with remarkably robust constitutions4 ,they do not catch cold from every draft2 they throw off the various contagious diseases2 even when really sick1 they make wonderfully rapid recoveries4 ,all dog flesh1 however1 is heir to certain diseases1 and even the most healthy and strong are not exceptions to this rule4 ,many of the books on doggy subjects are so deep and technical that the poor novice who has waded through their sonorous and involved phrases is really more at sea about how to treat his sick dog than before he took them from the shelf4 ,other books on dogs1 especially the popular ones1 are so brief in their descriptions that no amount of study of them can teach much4 ,it is my object to steer between these two extremes and to tell something of the common ailments1 so all may understand their causes1 symptoms1 and treatments4 ,two good rules for the amateur veterinarian to learn at the very outset are3 ,in case of any doubt1 or if the case is at all serious1 time1 money1 and maybe the dog's life will be saved by calling at once upon a registered ,d4,v4,s42 and nine times out of ten a dog's ailments are the same1 with the same symptoms and results1 as among humans4 ,a dog1 therefore1 can receive the same treatment as people1 for the same medicines act upon him as upon yourself4 ,in the case of the terriers1 the dose is one-fourth of that for an adult human4 ,to use more commonsense than medicine is another good rule to use1 for nursing and a little attention to diet often effect a cure without any drugs at all4 ,remembering that the same treatment that you would give yourself cures your dogs makes it unnecessary to go into such ailments as cuts1 burns1 colds1 stomach disorders1 and poisons4 ,there are1 however1 some distinctively canine ailments4 ,for convenience let us take these up alphabetically4 ,canker of the ear is not by any means so common in terriers as in the long-eared breeds1 but it sometimes affects dogs who go a great deal in the water1 though it may be caused by any foreign substance getting into the ear4 ,there are two forms--the external and the internal4 ,the external shows itself by sores on the ear flaps1 which are most painful and cause the dog to scratch and paw at his ear4 ,the sores ought to be cleaned thoroughly with hot water and dressed with zinc ointment daily4 ,in bad cases the head may be bandaged to prevent aggravation of the ulcers by scratching4 ,the internal form is harder to cure4 ,its symptoms are hot1 inflamed ears1 pain1 pawing1 and rubbing the head against the floor or walls4 ,the interior of the ear should be douched out with warm water and boracic acid or witch hazel1 and then syringed with a solution of one part of spirits of wine and twenty parts of water4 ,afterwards the ear should be carefully dried out with cotton on the end of a pencil--care must be taken not to injure the interior of the ear--and finally dusted with boracic acid4 ,chorea1 or1 as it is sometimes called1 ,st4 ,vitus's ,dance1 is generally a legacy of distemper4 ,it is a peculiar nervous twitching1 generally affecting the forelegs and shoulders4 ,it is almost incurable1 but good food1 exercise1 and a tonic may work wonders4 ,cramps in the hindquarters may sometimes attack a dog who goes a great deal into the water and they are not unknown as a result of cold and damp kennels or great exposure to cold4 ,the symptoms are a more or less complete paralysis of the hindlegs1 accompanied by great pain4 ,the dog should be given a hot bath and the affected parts1 after a careful drying1 should be rubbed well with chloroform liniment4 ,diarrhoea1 which may be caused by food or worms1 can usually be stopped by a mild purge of half castor oil and half syrup of buckthorn1 which may be followed by a dose of prepared chalk4 ,boiled rice is an excellent food for dogs suffering from disordered bowels4 ,distemper is the bane of the dog owner's existence4 ,it is a highly contagious disease generally attacking puppies1 and is comparable to scarlet fever in that one attack successfully gone through usually means immunity4 ,it was formerly thought that distemper could arise spontaneously from improper feeding or unsanitary kenneling1 but the germ of the disease has been isolated1 and while poor food and dirty kennels increase the chances of the disease by lowering the dog's resistance1 they are not in themselves causes4 ,the distemper germ is possessed of remarkable vitality and may be transferred either directly from dog to dog or through the medium of crates1 bedding1 clothing1 and even the air4 ,shows are a source of spreading the disease1 though there is much less danger of this now than formerly for the veterinary inspection and proper disinfecting methods have improved conditions wonderfully4 ,a bitch from an infected kennel may give distemper to the inmates of the kennels she visits for breeding purposes4 ,plenty of soap and water1 disinfectant1 and elbow grease make a distemper prevention that is much better than any cure4 ,the discovery of the distemper germ has naturally resulted in the making of an anti-toxin1 by attenuating the virus till a weakened form is obtained4 ,using this to inoculate a well dog1 a mild form of the disease attacks him1 but this vaccination has not proved unqualifiedly successful1 especially when used by amateurs4 ,the commonest form of distemper is catarrhal1 with symptoms much like those of an ordinary cold1 lack of appetite1 fever1 disordered bowels1 vomiting1 staring coat1 rapid loss of flesh1 and discharges from the nose and eyes4 ,the distemper germ1 however1 may attack other organs than the nose and eyes4 ,the lungs and bronchial tubes and the stomach and intestines are also seats of the trouble4 ,these forms are harder to diagnose and harder to cure4 ,the presence of dysentery and sometimes of jaundice are indications that the digestive tract is involved4 ,i know of no sure cure for distemper1 and ,i never knew a dog owner who did1 though1 to be sure1 they all have their favorite remedies4 ,there are no end of patent specifics on the market1 and some of these are very good1 but the best thing for a tyro to do is to call a veterinarian4 ,leave the doctoring to him1 at least till you have had the experience gained by a couple of good cases of distemper in your kennels4 ,there will be plenty for you to do without bother about prescribing4 ,the dog with distemper must be isolated1 and you must take the precautions that you would if there were smallpox in the neighborhood4 ,wash with disinfectants1 burn sulphur candles1 scrupulously destroy all bedding--use all the knowledge of antiseptic disinfecting that you have4 ,as for the patient1 you will find that nursing is just as important as medicine--in fact1 the more ,i have to do with the disease1 the less medicine ,i administer and the more care ,i give to nursing4 ,keep up the dog's strength with almost any sick room food that he will eat4 ,raw meat1 eggs1 gruels1 soups1 milk1 all these are good1 and the dog should be fed often4 ,the discharges from the nose and eyes should be wiped away regularly4 ,if the nose becomes very badly stopped up1 so that breathing is difficult1 the dog's head may be held over a pail of hot water in which a little turpentine has been dropped and he made to inhale the fumes4 ,if the throat and bronchial tubes are affected1 give a little cough syrup--any one will do1 but be careful not to give enough to upset the stomach4 ,see that the dog has plenty of water to drink and keep him out of all drafts1 though the room must be well ventilated4 ,fits seem to be a part of the life of most puppies4 ,they are not dangerous and usually pass off without bad effects4 ,but fits are a symptom1 and the cause should be removed4 ,they may be caused by worms1 stomach troubles1 or heat4 ,keep the dog quiet and give him a dose of castor oil and buckthorn4 ,insects of several kinds take pleasure in seeing to it that neither the dog or his owner gets lazy4 ,the commonest and the easiest to get rid of are fleas1 but they are dangerous as being the cause of tapeworm1 for the tapeworm of the dog spends part of his life 7in the larva form7 in the fleas4 ,there are any number of good flea soaps on the market and a dozen good flea powders1 so little need be said about ridding the dog of these pests4 ,lice are harder to get rid of1 but the dog can be freed of them in the same way as of fleas4 ,care should be taken to get rid of as many of the lice eggs1 little black specks that stick to the hair1 as possible4 ,ticks are the least common1 but because of their habit of burrowing into the skin cannot be washed out4 ,the best way is to give the dog a good rubbing in a dressing composed of olive and kerosene oils1 equal parts of each1 followed by a bath4 ,kennel ,lameness1 or rheumatism1 affects a dog similarly to human beings1 there being a soreness of certain parts--usually the foreshoulders or back--and pain1 with even swelling of the joints4 ,the dog should be kept in a light1 dry1 well-ventilated place1 his bowels kept open1 and the food given light1 but nourishing4 ,a little sodium bicarbonate or sodium salicylate added to his drinking water will be found to be beneficial1 and hot baths and rubbings with liniments eases the pain considerably4 ,skin diseases are among the common troubles of the dog owner1 for there are three varieties4 ,the wire terriers seem to suffer a good deal from eczema1--this is especially true of ,scotties1--and their owner is sure to know it before he has been in the game very long4 ,it is a skin disease1 noncontagious1 arising from the blood and showing itself in red eruptions which burst1 oozing their contents and forming scabs4 ,the hair comes off1 and by scratching the dog aggravates the condition4 ,high feeding and too little exercise are the usual cause of the trouble1 and the root of the matter must be gotten at before a cure can be effected4 ,a good purge should be given and the dog put on a light1 simple diet4 ,the sores should be washed clean and then treated with a wash of four parts of sugar of lead and one part of zinc sulphate in water4 ,fowler's ,solution is also given sometimes1 but this is a poison and ought not to be administered save on a veterinarian's advice4 ,there are two forms of mange--sarcoptic and follicular1 both highly infectious1 and the latter so hard to cure that many dog owners would almost rather kill a dog than go through the siege with the constant danger of inoculating other dogs4 ,the sarcoptic form is more on the surface and attacks dogs under the legs1 which become red and inflamed1 little reddish pimples forming1 which break and form dark red scabs4 ,the follicular mange usually starts on the back near the tail or over the collar4 ,the hair falls out1 red scabs form and there is a peculiar odor4 ,it is difficult to tell just which form one is dealing with after the case has gone far1 but at the outset it is comparatively easy4 ,both of these manges are caused by parasites which live in the skin4 ,the microscope reveals these1 and this is the only way that one1 at the outset1 can be sure he is dealing with mange and not eczema4 ,the dog should be thoroughly cleaned and then dressed with the following ointment3 creosote #a_/b oz42 oil of cade #a oz42 zinc ointment and lanoline each #c ozs42 and sulphur #a_/b oz4 ,this is not a pretty or a nice mixture1 but it has done the work more than once for me4 ,the main thing with mange is cleanliness and keeping everlastingly at it4 ,skipping a day in the treatment will add a week to the cure4 ,sarcoptic mange caught in time can be cured in two weeks4 ,follicular mange may take three months1 or even longer1 to be cured completely4 ,worms are almost sure to be found in all dogs not regularly treated for them1 and they are the cause of a good deal of trouble4 ,puppies are favorite victims for these internal parasites and youngsters who serve as hosts for these undesirable visitors never do well4 ,worms come from fleas1 sheep and cattle stomachs and intestines1 and sheep heads4 ,three varieties are common--the round1 thread1 and the tape1 the last the most dangerous4 ,puppies should be given a good vermifuge when weaned and the treatment should be kept up all through the dog's life4 ,emaciation1 vomiting1 bloating of the stomach1 bad breath1 and dragging the rectum along the ground after stool are the usual evidences of worms1 but the wise dog owner does not wait for such signs4 ,there are several good vermifuges on the market1 usually containing santonin1 male fern1 or acerca nut1 but naturally ,i do not feel that this is the place to mention them by name4 ,almost any of them will do the work if the manufacturer's directions are followed4 ,in conclusion1 a word or two about giving medicines4 ,the best way to hold a terrier is to sit in a low chair and place him so that his body is under you and his shoulders between your knees4 ,to give a pill you do not need help for so small a dog1 but by putting your left hand over his mouth and pressing you force him to open his mouth by forcing his lips against his teeth4 ,lift up his head and put the pill as far back as you can on his tongue and hold his mouth closed till he has swallowed4 ,with liquids you will need an assistant to pour the medicine into the natural funnel you make of the dog's mouth by pulling his lips on one side out4 ,in this you do not open the mouth but merely hold up the head4 ,the medicine should be poured slowly between the teeth and lips and the mouth held closed till swallowed4 ,let me again impress the importance of remembering the similarity of canine and human ills4 ,it is also well to bear in mind that careful nursing is usually very much better than dosing1 especially when the dosing is done by one who is not perfectly sure just what he is doing and why he is doing it4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's note3 ,minor typographical errors have been corrected without note4 ,irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as printed4