,,inv5tion1 ,,! ,,ma/]-,,key ,,to ,,progress ,,inv5tion ,,! ,,ma/]-,,key ,,to ,,progress ,,by ,,re>-,,admiral ,,bradley ,a4 ,,fiske1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,navy ,=m] ,aid = ,op]ations ( ! ,fleet1 ,presid5t ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,in/itute1 ,gold ,m$alli/ ( ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,in/itute1 ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute & ! ,a]o ,club ( ,am]ica4 ,au?or ( ,electricity 9 ,!ory & ,practice1 ,w> ,"t 9 ,manila1 ,! ,navy z a ,fight+ ,ma*9e1 ,f ,mid%ipman to ,re>-,admiral1 ,! ,art ( ,fight+1 etc4 ,inv5tor ( ! ,gun ,director ,sy/em1 ! ,naval ,telescope ,sight1 ! ,/adimet]1 ! ,turret ,range ,f9d]1 ! ,horizomet]1 ! ,torp$oplane1 etc41 etc41 etc4 ,,new ,,york ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,company #fha ,,fif? ,,av5ue ,copyright1 #aiba1 ,by ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,company ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,preface ,to %[ t inv5tors h accompli%$ m ?an mo/ p]sons realize1 n only 9 br++ =? new me*anisms1 b 9 do+ creative "w 9 _m walks ( life1 is1 9 "p1 ! object ( ?is book4 ,to sugge/ :at !y may d1 if prop]ly enc\rag$1 is its ma9 int5tion4 ,=1 s9ce x is to inv5tors ma9ly t we owe all t civilization is1 x is to inv5tors ma9ly t we mu/ look = all t civilization c be made to be4 ,! m9d ( man _c ev5 conceive :at wond]s ( b5efic5ce inv5tors may accompli%3 = ! res\rces ( inv5tion are inf9ite4 ,! au?or is indebt$ to ,g9n ,company1 ,bo/on1 = ! use ( illu/rations f ,g5]al ,hi/ory = ,colleges & ,high ,s*ools1 by ,philip ,van ,ness ,my]s1 & ,anci5t ,times1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>ly ,_w1 by ,james ,h5ry ,brea/$1 & to ,george ,h4 ,doran ,company1 ,new ,york1 = ! use ( a map f ,a ,hi/ory ( ,sea ,p[]1 by ,william ,oliv] ,/ev5s & ,allan ,we/cott4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,inv5tion ,,9 ,,primeval ,,times #a ,,ii4 ,,inv5tion ,,9 ,,! ,,ori5t #bd ,,iii4 ,,inv5tion ,,9 ,,greece #ea ,,iv4 ,,inv5tion ,,9 ,,rome3 ,,its ,,rise ,,& ,,fall #ha ,v4 ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,! ,,gun ,,& ,,( ,,pr9t+ #aja ,,vi4 ,,columbus1 ,,cop]nicus1 ,,galileo ,,& ,,o!rs #abe ,,vii4 ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,electricity1 ,,/eam ,,& ,,*emi/ry #adh ,,viii4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,/eam1 ,,napoleon ,,& ,,nelson #agi ,,ix4 ,,inv5tions ,,9 ,,/eam1 ,,electricity1 ,,& ,,*emi/ry ,,create ,a ,,dang]\s ,,era #bjc ,x4 ,,c]ta9 ,,important ,,creations ,,( ,,inv5tion1 ,,& ,,_! ,,b5efic5t ,,influ5ce #bca ,,xi4 ,,inv5tion ,,& ,,gr[? ,,( ,,lib]al ,,gov]nm5t ,,& ,,am]ican ,,civil ,,w> #bee ,,xii4 ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,milit>y ,,ma*9e1 ,,telephone1 ,,phonograph ,,& ,,prev5tive ,,m$ic9e #bgi ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,conque/ ,,( ,,! ,,e!r--,,mov+ ,,pictures--,,rise ,,( ,,japan ,,& ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates #cja ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,fruition ,,( ,,inv5tion #cbb ,,xv4 ,,! ,,ma*9e ,,( ,,civilization1 ,,& ,,! ,,dang]\s ,,ignorance ,,conc]n+ ,,x1 ,,%[n ,,by ,,/atesm5 #ccc ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,future #cda ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,c>v+s 9 ,ivory & 9 ,/one ( ,cav]n ,walls made by ! ,hunt]s ( ! ,middle ,/one ,age #c ,e>ly ,babylonian ,signs1 ,%[+ ,_! ,pictorial ,orig9 #bg ,villa ( an ,egyptian ,noble #cd ,! ,pyramids ( ,gizeh #cf ,assyrians ,flay+ ,prison]s ,alive #dd ,two ,cretan ,vases #eb ,insurg5t ,captives ,br\ght ,be=e ,d>ius #eh ,! ,ligh?\se ( ! ,h>bor ( ,alex&ria 9 ! ,hell5i/ic ,age #gg ,triumphal ,procession f ! ,ar* ( ,titus #if ,! ,pr9t+ ( ,books #aac ,portuguese ,voyages & ,possessions #abf ,h]o's ,eng9es #aej ,h]o's ,alt> ,eng9e #aea ,leupold's ,eng9e #aed ,,inv5tion1 ,,! ,,ma/]-,,key ,,to ,,progress ,,inv5tion1 ,,! ,,ma/]-,,key ,,to ,,progress ,,*apt] ,i ,,inv5tion ,,9 ,,primeval ,,times ,our orig9al ance/ors dwelt 9 caves & wild]nesses2 _h no sew$ or fabricat$ clo?+ ( any k9d2 subsi/$ on roots & nuts & b]ries2 possess$ no arts ( any sort2 7 ignorant to a degree t we _c imag9e1 & 7 little above ! brutes 9 _! mode ( liv+4 ,today1 a consid]able fraction ( ! p :o dwell ^u ! e>? enjoy a civilization s f9e t x seems to h no connection ) ! bruti% conditions ( primeval life4 ,yet1 z ^! pages %[1 a p]fectly pla9 s]ies ( inv5tions c be se51 />t+ f ! old conditions & build+ up ! new4 ,! progress ( man dur+ ! c\ntless ages ( prehi/oric times is hidd5 f our k1 except 9 s f> z x has be5 reveal$ to u by ru9s ( anci5t cities1 by prehi/oric ut5sils ( _m k9ds1 & by inscriptions c>v$ on monum5ts & tablets4 ,! %>p divid+ l9e betwe5 prehi/oric times & hi/oric times1 seems to be t made by ! art ( writ+2 = ?is epo*al inv5tion r5d]$ possible ! record+ ( ev5ts1 & ! consequ5t beg9n+ ( hi/ory4 ,( prehi/oric times we h1 ( c\rse1 no writt5 record2 & we h b ! mo/ g5]al means ( e/imat+ h[ _m mill5niums ago man fir/ _h 8 be+4 ,geological consid]ations indicate a beg9n+ s indef9itely & exce$+ly remote t ! imag9ation may lose itself 9 speculations z to 8 mode ( liv+ dur+ ^? =ev]-hidd5 c5turies t dragg$ along1 be=e man _h advanc$ s f> 9 8 progress t[>d civilization z to make & use ! rude ut5sils :i* ! rese>*es ( antiqu>ians h reveal$4 ,inasmu* z ! mo/ important employm5t ( man f 8 fir/ brea? until 8 la/ has always be5 ! /ruggle to pres]ve 8 life2 inasmu* z ! endeavor ( primeval man to def5d himself aga9/ wild bea/s mu/ h be5 extremely bitt] 7= _m 7 l>g] & /rong] ?an he71 & inasmu* z man ev5tually a*iev$ ! ma/]y ov] !m1 "o seems =c$ to conclude t man ov]came wild bea/s by employ+ "s means to assi/ 8 bodily /r5g?1 & t probably 8 fir/ inv5tion 0 a weapon4 ,! fir/ evid5ces ( man's a*ievem5ts t we h are rude implem5ts ( /one & fl9t1 evid5tly %ap$ by "s =ce guid$ by "s intellig5ce2--d\btless ! =ce ( human h&s1 guid$ by ! intellig5ce ( human m9ds4 ,_m su* h be5 f\nd 9 caves & gravel-b$s ov] all ! _w4 ,!y 7 r\gh & crude1 & indicate a r\gh & crude b nev]!less actual /age ( civilization4 ,"s call ?is ! ,old ,/one ,age & o!rs call x ! ,e>ly ,/one ,age4 ,besides /one & fl9t1 bones1 horns & tusks 7 us$4 ,among ! implem5ts made 7 dagg]s1 fi%-hooks1 ne$les1 awls & heads ( arr[s & h>poons4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ revelations ( ^? rude & immeasurably anci5t implem5ts is ! fact t man1 ev5 9 ^? times1 possess$ ! arti/ic s5se2 = on "s ( !m c be se5 r\gh b cle> engrav+s ( natural objects1 & ev5 ( wild animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,c>v+s 9 ,ivory 7#a & #c-g7 & 9 ,/one ( ,cav]n ,walls 7#b71 made by ! ,hunt]s ( ! ,middle ,/one ,age ,m5 naturally support$ !mselves ma9ly by hunt+ & fi%+1 z savages d n[2 & x 0 because !y _h inv5t$ suitable implem5ts & weapons = practic+ ^? necess>y arts1 t _! ef=ts 7 successful4 ,! fir/ weapon 0 probably ! fi/-hat*et1 a piece ( %>p5$ fl9t ab\t n9e in*es long1 t he grasp$ 9 8 h&4 ,at "s "t dur+ ! c5turies ( ! ,old ,/one ,age1 someone inv5t$ a mu* f9] weapon1 t cont9u$ to be "o ( ! mo/ important t 0 kn[n1 until ! inv5tion ( ! gun1 & is us$ ev5 n[ 9 savage l&s--! b[ & arr[4 ,:at a trem5d\s advantage ?is weapon 0 9 fight+ wild bea/s 7& also m5 n possess+ x7 x is n h>d = u to see2 = ! arr[ tipp$ ) fl9t or bone1 c\ld be %ot ov] di/ances f> great] ?an ! spe> or javel9 c\ld be ?r[n1 & ) suffici5t =ce to kill4 ,! club & spe> _h probably be5 devis$ be=e1 = !y 7 simpl] & m easily imag9$ & con/ruct$4 ,h[ ! b[ & arr[ came to be inv5t$ we h no intimation4 ,! inv5tion ( ! club & spe> did n probably involve mu* creative ef=t1 s simple 7 ^? in/rum5ts1 & s l ! bran*es t c\ld be brok5 f ! trees4 ,yet1 to ! untra9$ m9d ( ! primeval savage1 ! idea ( %>p5+ a /raight bran* ( wood into a f9e po9t at ! end1 9 ord] t p5etration ?r\gh ! sk9 might be facilitat$1 mu/ h come z an inspiration4 ,no su* ?+ z a spe> exi/s z a spe> 9 nature1 & !re=e ! mak+ ( a spe> 0 a creative act4 ,to u1 ! use ( ! spe> z a projectile may n seem to h requir$ ! inv5tive faculty--unless ! hurl+ ( /ones may also be suppos$ to h requir$ x4 ,x may be1 h[ev]1 t ) ! dull m9d ( primeval m51 ev5 ! idea ( us+ /ones or javel9s z projectiles 0 ! result ( a di/9ct1 & p]haps />tl+ inspiration4 ,! inv5tion ( ! b[ & arr[ 0 "o ( ! fir/ ord] ( brilliancy1 & w\ld be s ev5 n[4 ,x is n easy to ?9k ( any simple accid5t z acc\nt+ = ! inv5tion2 because ! b[ & arr[ consi/s ( ?ree entirely indep5d5t p>ts--! /raight b> ( wood1 ! /r+1 & ! arr[2 = ! b[ 0 n a b[ until ! /r+ _h be5 fa/5$ to ea* end1 & drawn s tight t ! b> ( wood 0 =c$ into a b5t %ape1 & held !re at great t5sion4 ,:5 "o realizes ?is1 & realizes 9 addition ! c\ntless c5turies dur+ :i* ! b[ & arr[ held its sway1 ! millions ( m5 :o h us$ x1 & ! important effect x has _h 9 ! ov]com+ ( wild bea/s1 & ! decid+ ( _m ( ! critical battles ( ! _w1 he c h>dly escape ! conclusion t ! inv5tion ( ! b[ & arr[ 0 "o ( ! mo/ important occurr5ces 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,a /ill m important occurr5ce 0 ! inv5tion ( mak+ fire4 ,probably less inv5tive ef=t 0 ne$$ = ?is ?an = ! b[ & arr[2 = fire c\ld be se5 9 ! lightn+ & 9 trees /ruck by lightn+1 & 9 ! sp>ks t came =? :5 two h>d /ones 7 /ruck toge!r4 ,! discov]y ( fire may h be5 made by accid5t2 b ?is does n mean t no inv5tion 0 ne$$ = devis+ & produc+ ! means :]eby fire c\ld be produc$ at w4 ,to note ! fact ( a ph5om5on1 say ! production ( fire :5 /ones are accid5tally /ruck toge!r1 or ! fall+ ( an apple f a tree1 requires no special ef=t1 & ( itself br+s =? no b5efit2 b to reason f ! appe>ance ( ! sp>ks to ! production ( an app>atus = mak+ fire at w2 or to reason f ! fall+ ( an apple to ! enunciation ( ,newton's ,law ( ,gravitation1 is ! k9d ( successful m5tal ef=t t has produc$ ! effects :i* x is ! endeavor ( ?is humble book to indicate4 ,^! effects h comb9$ z progress has advanc$1 to put civiliz$ man 9 a position relatively to 8 natural surr\nd+s v diff]5t f t held by primeval man1 & v diff]5t f t held by ! brutes1 bo? 9 primeval days & n[4 ,evid5tly1 ! effects h be5 made possible by "s faculty possess$ by man & n by brutes4 ,?is faculty is usually call$ reason1 & is held to be a faculty by means ( :i* man c inf] cause f effect1 & effect f cause1 & c rememb] ev5ts & facts to a degree suffici5t to enable him to hold !m 9 8 m9d1 :ile reason+ ab\t !m4 ,b x seems impossible to expla9 ! adv5t ( ev5 ! olde/ & simple/ inv5tions by ! possession ( reason only1 us+ ! ^w reason 9 its ord9>y s5se2 = x is obvi\s t no matt] h[ cle>ly a man c\ld reason z betwe5 cause & effect1 no matt] h[ great a /ud5t ( all ph5om5a he might be1 no matt] h[ good a memory he might h1 he might nev]!less live = _m ye>s & nev] inv5t any?+4 ,9 fact1 we see m5 at ! pres5t day :o possess great k1 spl5did en]gy1 ke5 p[]s ( analysis1 high c\rage1 & ev5 great adm9i/rative tal5t1 & yet :o are obvi\sly defici5t 9 orig9ality1 :o seem to possess ! con/ructive faculty 9 only a small degree1 & :o seem incapable ( tak+ any /ep =w>d except on pa?s t h be5 pla9ly trod be=e4 ,c\ntless in/ances c be cit$ ( ! p]si/5ce ( m51 ev5 9 civiliz$ l&s1 9 foll[+ a c]ta9 practice = long p]iods1 until someone possess+ ! inv5tive faculty has devis$ a bett] "o4 ,= ! sake ( brevity1 only two cases1 & ^? well kn[n1 w be m5tion$ z illu/rative4 ,"o 0 ! inv5tion ( movable type1 & ! o!r t ( po9t+ ! wood screw4 ,man _h cont9u$ = c5turies to make blocks ( wood or o!r mat]ial on :i* words & phrases 7 engrav$ or cut1 & !n to pr9t f !m4 ,sudd5ly a man 9 ,g]many 7usually said to be ,john ,gutt5b]g7 made ! *ange1 s slight 9 appe>ance & yet s trem5d\s 9 results1 ( cutt+ only "o lett] on a block1 & arrang+ & secur+ ! blocks 9 su* a way z to enable him to pr9t any ^w or words desir$4 ,?is did n occur until ab\t ! ye> #adcd ,a4 ,d4 ,:y _h n someone done ?is 9 all ! long c5turies8 ,surely x 0 n because m5 ( great reason+ faculties _h n liv$2 = 9 ! long int]val ! civilization ( ,egypt1 ,assyria1 ,babylon1 ,p]sia1 ,greece & ,rome _h fl\ri%$2 & ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,cs> & ! great inv5tor ,ar*im$es _h liv$6 ,simil>ly1 m5 cont9u$ to use 9 wood ! same flat po9t$ screw t !y us$ 9 metals1 bor+ ! hole fir/ 9 ! wood ) a gimlet1 & !n ent]+ ! flat po9t ( ! screw into ! hole4 ,sudd5ly 7b n until ! n9ete5? c5tury ,a4 ,d47 an inv5tor made & pat5t$ a screw :i* came to a %>p po9t l a gimlet1 :i* c\ld be =c$ into wood j z ! gimlet 01 & !n screw$ into ! wood )\t fur!r ado4 ,h[ c we expla9 ! curi\s fact t c\ntless m5 ( reason1 intellig5ce & me*anical skill _h cont9u$ c5tury aft] c5tury to bore into wood ) gimlets1 & !n foll[ ! gimlet ) flat-po9t$ screws8 ,! explanation seems to be express$ 9 ! phrase1 ! idea _h n occurr$ to !m4 ,:y _h x n occurr$ to !m8 ,?is "q _c1 ( c\rse1 be answ]$ conv9c+ly2 b x may be po9t$ out t !re is a small class ( m5 to :om orig9al ideas seem to come ( _! own accord4 ,! inv5tor ( me*anical appliances is 9 ?is class1 & is p]haps its mo/ conspicu\s exempl>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x may be po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t ! inv5tors ( me*anical appliances are n ! only m5 to :om orig9al conceptions come2 = orig9al conceptions evid5tly come to ! poets1 ! noveli/s1 ! musical compos]s1 ! arti/s1 ! /rategi/s1 ! explor]s1 ! /atesm51 ! philosoph]s1 ! f\nd]s ( religions & ! initiators ( all ent]prises great & small4 ,x may be po9t$ out also t _! m5tal processes are simil>1 & t !y are be/ describ$ by ! greate/ ( all poets 9 ! l9es-- ,! poet's eye 9 a f9e fr5zy roll+1 ,glances f heav5 to e>?1 f e>? to heav52 ,& z imag9ation bodies =? ,! =ms ( ?+s unkn[n1 ! poet's p5 ,turns !m to %apes1 & gives to airy no?+ ,a local habitation & a "n4 ,^! l9es sugge/ t ! fir/ /ep 9 inv5tion is made almo/ )\t ef=t2 t a picture1 confus$ & dim b actual1 is made by ! imag9ation on ! m5tal ret9a2 & t1 aft] t1 ! con/ructive faculties arrange ! elem5ts ( ! picture 9 su* wise z to produce a cle> & def9ite entity4 ,reg>d$ 9 ?is way1 ! inv5tor ( me*anical appliances sudd5ly sees a confus$ & dim picture ( an in/rum5t or a me*anism 7or a "p ( x7 t he has nev] se5 ) 8 bodily eyes2 ! musical compos] he>s imp]fectly & vaguely a new musical composition2 ! sculptor sees a /atue1 ! pa9t] sees a new comb9ation ( objects & colors produc+ a new effect1 & ! poet feels ! /irr+ 9 him ( vague1 b beautiful1 or p[]ful or inspir+ ?\ghts4 ,if n[ ! picture is all[$ to fade1 or if ! con/ructive faculty is n able to make x into an actuality1 or if ! picture has n 9 itself ! elem5ts :i* ! /ate ( civilization !n prevail+ make x possible to embody 9 an entity1 no inv5tion ( a me*anical appliance is made1 no plan ( campaign1 no musical composition1 no /atue1 no pa9t+1 no poem is produc$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! con/ructive ef=t develops successfully ! conception t ! imag9ation made1 & if ! circum/ances ( "t & place are all propiti\s1 !n ! art ( mak+ fire at w is born1 or ,bonap>te's sugge/ion at ,t\lon is made1 or ! /ra9s ( ,bee?ov5's music inspire ! _w1 or ! /atue ( ,moses is c>v$1 or ! ,immaculate ,conception is po9t$1 or ,hamlet is writt51 or ! electric telegraph b9ds ! peoples ( ! e>? toge!r4 ,! inv5tor 9 me*anics1 ! sculptor1 ! pa9t]1 ! noveli/ & ! poet embody _! creations 9 mat]ial =ms t are endur+ & def9ite1 & con/itute evid5ces ( _! "w1 :i* sometimes endure ?r\gh\t long p]iods4 ,! ar*itect & ! con/ruct+ eng9e] are able simil>ly to produce la/+ & useful monum5ts to _! skill2 b x c h>dly be decl>$ t _! "w is *>act]iz$ by q s mu* ( orig9ality & inv5tion1 because ( ! re/rictions by :i* ! practice ( _! arts is b\nd4 ,x is1 9 fact1 h>d to conceive ( a bridge v diff]5t 9 pr9ciple or design f bridges t _h be5 built be=e2 & :ile x is n difficult to conceive ( an eng9e diff]5t 9 pr9ciple & design f previ\s ones1 yet we realize t ! po9ts ( novelty 9 su* an eng9e w\ld be attributable m to inv5tion ?an to eng9e]+4 ,?is is because ! arts ( eng9e]+ & ar*itecture re/ on pr9ciples t h long s9ce be5 prov$ to be correct1 & on practices t are ! results ( long exp]i5ce2 :]eas "o ( ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( inv5tion is novelty4 ,x is true t _m ( ! mo/ important inv5tions h be5 made by eng9e]s2 b ?is has be5 because "s eng9e]s1 l ,ericsson1 h be5 inv5tors also4 ,b x is also true t only a small proportion ( ! eng9e]s h made orig9al inv5tions2 & x is equally true t _m inv5tions h fail$--or h be5 sl[ 9 a*iev+ success--because ( lack ( eng9e]+ skill 9 con/ruction or design4 ,^! facts %[ t ! "w ( ! inv5tor is v diff]5t f t ( ! eng9e]1 & t ! inv5tor & ! eng9e] are v diff]5t p1 ?\gh an eng9e] & an inv5tor sometimes live toge!r inside ( ! same sk94 ,9 fact1 x is by a comb9ation ( inv5tive g5ius & eng9e]+ tal5t 9 "o man t ! greate/ results 9 inv5tion h be5 a*iev$2 ?\gh great results h (t5 foll[$ ! intimate coop]ation ( an inv5tor & an eng9e]1 ! two be+ sep>ate m54 ,x is 9 ! latt] way t important advances h usually be5 made2 & x is some:at analog\s to ! way 9 :i* au?ors & publi%]s1 actors & manag]s1 promot]s & capitali/s coop]ate4 ,b :ile ! individuals ^: inv5tions h tak5 ! =m ( new creations1 su* z novel ma*9es & books & pa9t+s1 h receiv$ ! cle>e/ recognition z m5 ( g5ius1 may n ! inv5tive faculty be ne$$ 9 o!r fields & be requir$ 9 o!r k9ds ( "w8 ,if an in/rum5t is produc$ by ! jo9t ex]cise ( imag9ation & con/ructive tal5t1 is n e puzzle work$ out1 & e problem solv$1 & e con/ructive "w accompli%$ by ! simil> ex]cise ( ^? same faculties8 ,x may seem obvi\s t ?is "q %\ld be answ]$ 9 ! negative1 & s x unque/ionably %\ld be4 ,b !re always has be5 mu* cl\d9ess z to :at con/itutes inv5tion 9 our own m9ds2 & x mu/ be admitt$ t ! divid+ l9e is n imm$iately obvi\s betwe5 inv5tion & ! art ( meet+ difficulties ) res\rcefulness1 or betwe5 inv5tion & ! act ( solv+ any ( ! p]plex+ riddles ( our daily lives4 ,x may be decl>$ ) confid5ce1 h[ev]1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 inv5tion & any "o ( ^! o!r acts is t1 :ile inv5tion ends 9 p]=m+ su* acts1 x beg9s ) an ex]cise ( ! imag9ation4 ,a man :o designs an eng9e to fulfil a /at$ purpose1 :o solves any problem :atev] t is pres5t$ to him f outside1 simply accompli%es a task t is giv5 to him to accompli%2 :]eas1 :ile ! inv5tor accompli%es a simil> task1 he does x z a second /ep 9 a task t 0 n giv5 him to accompli%1 b t he himself _h pictur$ to himself4 ,! act ( inv5t+ consi/s ( ?ree sep>ate acts--! act ( conceiv+1 ! act ( develop+1 & ! act ( produc+4 ,( ^! ?ree acts1 t ( conceiv+ is obvi\sly n only ! fir/1 b also ! mo/ important1 di/9ctive & unusual4 ,= e real inv5tion1 !re h be5 c\ntless con/ructive acts4 ,9 ! inv5tion ( ! b[ & arr[1 ! conception 0 probably in/antane\s & unbidd54 ,! subsequ5t "w ( develop+ ! conception into mat]ial & practical %ape 0 probably "o ( long duration1 consi/+ ( _m acts1 accompani$ ) _m difficulties & disappo9tm5ts1 & accompli%$ f9ally 9 ! face ( mu* active & passive opposition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,old ,/one ,age gradually develop$ into ! ,new ,/one ,age at diff]5t times 9 diff]5t localities1 z successive improvem5ts 9 implem5ts 7 made4 ,! ,new ,/one ,age 0 di/+ui%$ f its pr$ecessor ma9ly by ! fact t ! pr9cipal weapons & ut5sils 7 =m$ into regul> %apes1 poli%$ into smoo?ness1 & 9 _m cases gr\nd to %>p po9ts & ke5 cutt+ edges4 ,^! improvem5ts made ! implem5ts m effective bo? z weapons & z ut5sils1 by facilitat+ n only cutt+ b p5etration4 ,h[ mu* inv5tion 0 ne$$ to make ^! improvem5ts1 x is n easy to decide2 b probably only a little 0 requir$1 & t ( an ord] n v orig9al or high2 = ! improvem5ts 7 r 9 detail ?an pr9ciple4 ,p]haps _! "* c be be/ indicat$ by say+ t !y 7 improvem5ts1 r ?an inv5tions ( a basic k9d4 ,x may "h be po9t$ out t ! act ( improv+ ^u an inv5tion already exi/+ may be almo/ :olly a con/ructive act1 p]=m$ on a visible & tangible mat]ial object1 & n on a picture made by ! imag9ation on ! m9d4 ,9 su* a case1 ! act ( improv+ belongs r 9 ! category ( eng9e]+ ?an ( inv5tion1 = ! reason t x involves only a slight use ( ! imag9ation4 ,x may also be po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t a m]e improvem5t may be1 & sometimes has be5 an inv5tion ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,z a rule1 ( c\rse1 basic inv5tions h be5 ! mo/ brilliant & also ! mo/ important4 ,b x 0 n only by poli%$ in/rum5ts ( /one & bone t ! ,new ,/one ,age 0 *>act]iz$2 = we f9d 9 ! records :i* our ance/ors un9t5tionally left u1 _m evid5ces t !y _h inv5t$ ! arts ( mak+ pott]y1 ( sp9n+ & weav+1 & ( con/ruct+ h\ses ( a simple k9d4 ,?is ,age 0 *>act]iz$ by _m improvem5ts besides ^? relat+ to articles ( /one1 & 0 a p]iod f> 9 advance ( its pr$ecessor on ! m>* to civilization4 ,x 0 m>k$ by ! dome/ication ( animals & plants1 ! till+ ( ! soil1 & a gradual *ange f a purely savage & nomadic mode ( life4 ,?is *ange 0 fir/ to a pa/oral life1 9 :i* m5 liv$ 9 fix$ habitations & t5d$ _! flocks2 !nce to an agricultural life1 9 :i* m5 cultivat$ ! gr\nd ov] l>ge areas & grew crops ( c]eals & vegetables2 & !n to a /ill m settl$ exi/5ce1 9 :i* m5 congregat$ 9 villages & t[ns4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! race _h tak5 ! fir/ /eps1 & _h />t$ on ! pa? :i* x has s9ce pursu$4 ,9 ord] to make ! />t & to proce$ aft]w>ds 9 ! l9e begun1 _m physical1 m5tal & spiritual attributes 7 ne$$ & employ$1 t m]e brutes did n possess1 & because ( :i* ! civilization ( ! ,old ,/one ,age _h be5 begun & gradually develop$4 ,( ^! faculties1 ^? pr9cipally *>act]i/ic seem to h be5 m5tal2 & among ^? faculties1 inv5tion1 reason1 con/ruction & memory seem to h be5 ! mo/ important4 ,x w\ld be unreasonable to decl>e any "o ( ^? faculties to h be5 m important ?an ! o!rs2 b x c h>dly be d5i$ t ! fir/ /eps 9 ! m>* ( progress %\ld be cr$it$ to inv5tion4 ,cle>ly1 x 0 ! weapons & ut5sils ( ! ,old ,/one ,age t made possible ! subdu+ & subsequ5t dome/ication ( c]ta9 animals1 su* z ! horse1 ! c[1 ! dog1 ! %eep & ! goat4 ,x may be po9t$ out1 9 pass+1 t _m animals h n be5 dome/icat$ ev5 at ?is late day--su* z ! tig]1 ! eagle & ! be>4 ,b1 equally1 c]ta9 tribes ( m5 h n be5 dome/icat$4 ,x may be t 9 bo? ! undome/icat$ m5 & ! undome/icat$ brutes1 ! m9d is ( su* a "* t x _c assimilate ev5 ! fir/ gra9s ( k1 or make any ef=t :atev] ( an inv5tive "*4 ,!re 0 "o inv5tion t 0 probably made 9 ! ,old ,/one ,age1 :i* mu/ h ne$$ consid]able inv5tiv5ess to be develop$ z highly z x 0 develop$ dur+ ! ,old & ,new ,/one ,ages1 & t 0 language4 ,! orig9 ( language is1 ( c\rse1 hidd5 9 ! imp5etrable my/]y ( ! *ildhood ( ! race2 & x may be t language 0 an orig9al attribute ( man4 ,if we reason1 h[ev]1 t ! developm5t ( language mu/ h be5 a cont9u+ act f ! fir/1 inf]r+ x f ! fact t x has be5 a cont9u+ act f ! dawn ( record$ hi/ory until n[1 & if we suppose t x _h a rise & a gr[? l ^? ( o!r arts1 we may reasonably conclude t "s man inv5t$ ! plan ( mak+ 8 wants kn[n by ! use ( vocal s\nds1 utt]$ 9 accordance ) a preconc]t$ code2 t ! inv5tion 0 only p>tially successful at fir/1 & t x 0 aft]w>ds improv$4 ,t language 0 n a natural gift1 b r ! result ( an inv5tion & subsequ5t developm5t1 is sugge/$ by ! fact t a *ild has to be taught to speak1 b does n h to be taught to ex]cise 8 natural functions1 su* z brea?+1 eat+1 dr9k+1 walk+1 etc4 ,:i* 0 ! fir/ inv5tion ev] made by man1 !re is1 ( c\rse1 no means ( asc]ta9+2 b x seems obvi\s t t ( language mu/ h be5 among ! fir/4 ,! inv5tion ( weapons we may easily imag9e to h be5 actually ! fir/1 call$ = by ! necessity ( def5se aga9/ wild bea/s & o!r m54 ,foll[+ ! def5se by individual m5 ( _! individual lives1 x seems logical to suppose t a man & 8 wife1 a man & 8 bro!r1 & !n gr\ps ( m51 b&$ toge!r 9 _! common def5se aga9/ common foes4 ,to fur!r _! jo9t action1 :at w\ld be m valuable ?an a language consi/+ ( vocal s\nds1 arrang$ 9 accordance ) a simple code1 z a means ( convey+ in=mation1 issu+ w>n+s1 & giv+ signals 9 em]g5cies1 to insure conc]t$ action8 ,t language %\ld lat] be us$ = manifold o!r purposes w\ld be mo/ natural2 = _m o!r arts h be5 inv5t$ prim>ily to fur!r man's fir/ aim1 ! pres]vation ( 8 life1 & h aft]w>ds be5 employ$ = o!r purposes4 ,! uses ( clo?+1 h\ses1 knives1 guns & ( ne>ly all weapons are cases 9 po9t4 ,! ,new ,/one ,age seems to h pass$ gradually into ! ,age ( ,copp]1 because d\btless ( a m or less accid5tal discov]y :5 native copp] 0 se5 ^u ! gr\nd1 or :5 "s copp] ore 0 subject$ to fire4 ,! metal1 by reason ( its great durability1 ductility1 ela/icity & /r5g?1 came to be us$ = _m purposes--! fir/ use be+ probably 9 weapons2 = weapons 7 ! ma9 dep5d5ce ( ! p 9 _! /ruggle aga9/ bea/s4 ,a great advance 0 made :5 bronze 0 discov]$1 ) :i* weapons & tools ( _m k9ds c\ld be made t 7 h>d] ?an ^? ( copp]4 ,!n ! ,age ( ,bronze succe$$ ! ,age ( ,copp]4 ,"o c h>dly imag9e t bronze 0 really inv5t$2 = x is difficult to see h[1 kn[+ ! s(tness ( copp] & t91 any primeval man c\ld h imag9$ a metal made f !m mu* h>d] ?an ei!r1 & !n proce$$ to make x by mix+ ab\t sev5 p>ts ( copp] ) "o "p ( t94 ,! gradual improvem5t made 9 bronze implem5ts1 & ! diff]5t k9ds ( bronze t lat] appe>$ 7made by alt]+ ! proportions ( t9 & copp]7 7 d\btless due m to con/ructive & eng9e]+ me?ods ?an to pure inv5tion2 b nev]!less a consid]able am\nt ( inv5t+ mu/ h be5 requir$2 = "o c r>ely effect any important improvem5t 9 any weapon1 in/rum5t or tool1 )\t fir/ imag9+ ! improvem5t1 & !n endeavor+ to effect x4 ,9 fact1 an ov]:elm+ majority ( ! inv5tions = :i* pat5ts are issu$ by our ,pat5t ,(fice1 are = m]e improvem5ts ov] exi/+ app>atus2 & ! bald fact t ! ?+ accompli%$ is only su* an improvem5t1 in/ead ( ! creation ( some?+ diff]5t f ev]y?+ else :atev]1 l ! telephone or phonograph1 does n deb> ! a*ievem5t f be+ class$ z an inv5tion4 ,! po9t$ screw 0 m]ely an improvem5t ov] previ\s =ms ( screw1 & yet x 0 an inv5tion ( high orig9ality1 novelty & importance4 ,obvi\sly1 improvem5ts occupy v>i\s positions n only 9 importance & scope1 b also 9 ! relative degrees 9 :i* inv5tion & con/ruction 7 employ$ to br+ !m into be+4 ,x is held by "s t no purely human act c possibly create any?+ really new1 t !re is no?+ new "u ! sun1 & t !re=e e s-call$ inv5tion made by a man mu/ be m]ely a novel arrangem5t ( already exi/+ objects4 ,( c\rse1 no man creates any?+1 9 ! s5se t he makes any?+ :atev] out ( no?+2 b x is a well-kn[n fact t he has creat$ _m ?+s 9 ! s5se t he has made _m entities to exi/ t _h n exi/$ be=e z su* entities2 = in/ance1 man made ! speak+ telephone to exi/4 ,! speak+ telephone did n exi/ be=e ,bell inv5t$ x1 & x did exi/ aft] he inv5t$ x4 ,to say t ,bell did or did n create ! telephone conveys a mean+ dep5d5t :olly on ! mean+ 9 :i* ! ^w create is us$4 ,m5 ord9>ily use ! ^w ) su* a mean+ t x is correct to say t ,bell creat$ ! speak+ telephone2 x be+ und]/ood z a matt] ( common s5se t ,bell did n create ! metals & o!r mat]ial p>ts :i* he put toge!r to make ! telephone4 ,us$ 9 ?is s5se1 primeval man 7or m correctly "s primeval m51 & probably a v few7 creat$ c]ta9 weapons1 implem5ts & ut5sils1 t gave ! m5 :o us$ !m su* ma/]y ov] wild bea/s & ov] m5 :o did n use !m1 t ! /eps s9ce tak5 t[>d civilization 7 made possible4 ,our :ole civilization c be trac$ back to ^? inv5tions1 & c be %[n to proce$ f !m & be bas$ ^u !m4 ,no o!r basis t civilization c\ld h proce$$ f c ev5 be imag9$2 = ! actual progress ( ev5ts 0 ! outcome ( ! actual nature ( man1 & ! actual nature ( 8 environm5t4 ,we seem =c$ to conclude1 !re=e1 t we owe our civilization prim>ily to ! inv5tion ( c]ta9 primeval implem5ts & weapons1 ! art ( mak+ fire1 etc41 & !re=e to ! inv5tors :o made ! inv5tions4 ,?is does n mean t we d n owe x to o!r ?+s besides inv5tions1 & to o!r m5 besides inv5tors2 = x is obvi\s t we owe x to all ! facts ( our hi/ory1 & to su* ( our ance/ors z did any?+ to advance x4 ,we owe x 9 "p1 = in/ance1 to ! m5 :o fram$ ! laws t made liv+ 9 villages & cities possible1 to ! m5 :o execut$ ! laws1 & to all ! m5 & wom5 :o obs]v$ ! laws & gave examples ( righte\s liv+4 ,= x is obvi\s t1 no matt] :at inv5tions 7 made1 ! m>* ( civilization c\ld n h ev5 />t$1 unless !re _h be5 a suffici5t numb] ( good & intellig5t m5 & wom5 to keep ! human procession 9 good ord] f ! fir/4 ,x may be po9t$ out "h t1 al?\gh e human be+ has mu* ( evil 9 8 nature1 yet ev5 ! mo/ deprav$ p]son desires o!r p to be good4 ,ev5 ?ieves see ! advantage to !mselves result+ f ! fact t mo/ m5 d n /eal2 murd]]s h no incl9ation t[>d be+ !mselves murd]$1 & human be+s z a class see ! b5efits ( morality & good liv+ ?r\gh\t society z a :ole4 ,= ?is reason1 & = ! /ill m important reason t mo/ individuals are n v diff]5t 9 _! *>act]i/ics & abilities f ! av]age ( all individuals1 ! t5d5cy ( society is to r$uce m5 to a common level2 s t we see only a small fraction :o are extremely good or extremely bad1 extremely brilliant or extremely /upid1 extremely l>ge or extremely small1 etc4 ,simil>ly1 !re is only a small fraction ( ! p :o h done mu* good individually or mu* h>m1 or :o h ex]cis$ individually any noticeable influ5ce ( any k9d4 ,we may reasonably conclude1 !re=e1 t !re 7 only a few m5 9 primeval days :o p]=m$ any acts t entitle !m to individual recognition2 & z ! only records t h come d[n to u indicate t ! mo/ important acts 7 ! inv5t+ ( c]ta9 implem5ts1 we seem =c$ to conclude t mo/ ( ! recognition accord$ to individuals ( primeval days may be limit$ to a v small numb]1 & !y inv5tors4 ,:o !y 71 & :]e & :5 !y liv$1 is n kn[n & probably nev] w be4 ,= c\ntless c5turies _! names & p]sonalities h be5 =gott5 z :olly z ^? ( _m bea/s4 ,b maybe o!r a*ievem5ts l ^? t h expos$ ! hi/ory ( c]ta9 ,ori5tal k+s & wise m5 to our k1 w "s day tell u :o 7 ! inv5tors :o />t$ ! m>* ( human progress1 & po9t$ out ! road t x %\ld foll[4 ,yet1 if we inf] ! probable conditions ( ! remote pa/ f ! conditions ( ! pres5t & rec5t pa/1 we %all h to conclude t1 :ile ! names & de$s ( prehi/oric rul]s may "s day become kn[n to u1 & ev5 ! names ( au?ors1 poets & song s+]s1 ! names ( ! orig9al inv5tors w be =ev] hid4 ,= inv5tors h ev] be5 depreciat$ 9 _! day2 ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 despite ! kn[n facts z to :at inv5tions & inv5tors h done = e "o ( u1 ! inv5tor z an inv5tor is lightly reg>d$1 & s are 8 inv5tions4 ,s are 8 inv5tions until !y h ceas$ to be reg>d$ z inv5tions1 & h be5 accept$ z con/itu5t p>ts ( ! ma*9e ( civilization4 ,by t "t ! inv5tor has (t5 be5 =gott54 ,! ,age ( ,iron succe$$ ! ,age ( ,bronze 9 ! c\ntries f :i* we h inh]it$ our civilization2 b 9 ,africa bronze does n seem to h be5 discov]$ until aft] iron 04 ,iron be+ an elem5t l copp]1 & n an alloy ( two metals l bronze1 x seems probable t its discov]y1 l t ( copp]1 foll[$ ! act ( heat+ /ones ) fire4 ,! com+ ( iron seems due !re=e to discov]y r ?an to inv5tion2 b yet ! m]e discov]y t a v h>d sub/ance _h be5 accid5tally produc$ w\ld ( itself h br\ght =? no fruit4 ,"o is almo/ =c$ to inf] f probability t ! fact mu/ h become kn[n to _m m51 b only z a pla9 & un9t]e/+ fact4 ,f9ally1 "s man realiz$ t t h>d sub/ance 0 sup]ior to bronze = mak+ weapons1 & !n set to "w to asc]ta9 exactly :at k9ds ( /one x c\ld be gott5 f1 & exactly :at process gave ! be/ results4 ,to u :o h be5 c>efully taught ! facts kn[n at ! pres5t day1 & ^: m9ds h be5 tra9$ by logic & ma!matics to reason f effect to cause1 & to con/ruct frameworks ( cause :]efrom to ga9 effects1 x seems t anyone :o not$ t ! h>d sub/ance :i* we call iron came f heat+ c]ta9 /ones1 w\ld imm$iately inv5t a process = mak+ iron 9 quantities4 ,b prehi/oric man _h no k :atev] save t com+ f 8 own obs]vation & ! oral tea*+s ( ! wise m52 ma!matics & logic did n exi/2 & ! only tra9+ giv5 him 0 9 ^? simple arts ( hunt+1 fi%+1 field till+1 etc41 by :i* he e>n$ 8 livelihood4 ,= a m9d s untra9$ & ignorant to leap f ! simple not+ ( ! accid5tal production ( ! metal to a realization ( its value1 !n to a correct inf]5ce z to ! possibility ( produc+ x at w1 !n to a correct inf]5ce z to ! me?od ( produc+ x1 & !n to devis+ ! me?od & actually produc+ iron at w1 sugge/s a reason+ intellig5ce ( an ord] exce$+ly high4 ,nev]!less1 ! art ( mak+ iron may h orig9at$ n s mu* f ef=t z f inspiration2 ! process may h be5 less "o ( reason+ ?an "o ( imag9ation1 less "o ( con/ruction ?an "o ( inv5tion4 ,9 fact1 :5 we realize t imag9ation is almo/ :olly a pure gift 7l beauty1 or arti/ic g5ius or a s++ voice7 :ile ! reason+ & con/ructive faculties require long education1 we may reasonably conclude t ! production ( iron & ( all ! metals & processes 9 prehi/oric times1 0 probably attributable ma9ly to inv5tion4 ,! cr[n+ inv5tion ( prehi/oric man 0 t ( writ+2 = x lift$ him out ( 8 dep5d5ce on oral tea*+s1 ) _! liability to error & =getfulness1 into a condition 9 :i* ! facts & exp]i5ces ( life1 & ! reasons = failure or success1 c\ld be put into p]man5t =m1 & supply sure bases f :i* to />t on any l9e ( progress 9 ! future4 ,! production ( ! art ( writ+ seems to h be5 a pure inv5tion1 & x has always be5 s reg>d$4 ,no?+ resembl+ writ+ is to be f\nd 9 nature2 n[h]e d we see 9 nature any ef=t to pres]ve any records ( any k9d4 ,h[ man1 or a man1 0 l$ to inv5t writ+ we c only imag9e1 = we _c asc]ta94 ,:5 we realize1 h[ev]1 h[ entirely novel an und]tak+ ! production ( writ+ 01 & t !re is no process ( m]e reason+ by :i* a man c\ld arrive at a decision to produce x1 we seem =c$ to conclude t x mu/ h be5 caus$ by "o ( ^? inexplicable conceptions t imag9ation puts into ! m9d1 & t con/itute an inspiration1 com+ f ! ,great ,outside & its rul]1 ! ,almighty4 ,9 fact1 if "o pond]s ! hi/ory & tea*+s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion 79 tru? ( all religions71 & notes t ! revelations on :i* !y are believ$ to h be5 f\nd$ seem to h come unbidd5 to c]ta9 m5 z inspirations f ,on ,high1 he mu/ realize h[ simil> are ! conceptions t come to inv5tors 9 a field less spiritual1 b yet actual4 ,= 9 ! case ( ea* basic inv5tion1 an idea seems to h come unbidd5 to ! m9d1 & gr[n & develop$ !re4 ,! fir/ writ+ 0 :at we call picture writ+1 9 :i* repres5tations 9 outl9e ( well-kn[n objects 7 scrat*$ ) a h>d po9t on "s s(t] sub/ance4 ,?is =m ( writ+ probably began 9 ! ,old ,/one ,age4 ,x cont9u$ = diff]5t l5g?s ( "t among diff]5t peoples1 z h all o!r *>act]i/ics ( any /age ( civilization2 & x is practic$ 9 "s degree by "s peoples ev5 n[4 ,9 fact1 "o might ) reasonabl5ess decl>e t _m ( ! illu/rations us$ 9 books & magaz9es & pap]s1 _m ( ! pa9t+s & draw+s t adorn our walls1 & _m ( ! mov+ pictures 9 our places ( amusem5t convey messages by means ( pictures1 & are !re=e =ms ( picture writ+4 ,z ! intellig5ce ( man increas$1 & 8 consequ5t ne$ = bett] means ( express+ himself 9 writ+ increas$1 ! idea occurr$ to someone to use conv5tional draw+s to repres5t vocal s\nds1 in/ead ( pictures ( visible objects4 ,! fir/ writ+ ( ?is k9d1 call$ phonetic writ+1 us$ *>act]s t repres5t$ spok5 words1 & !re=e requir$ _m *>act]s & necessitat$ long & t$i\s /udy to ma/] x4 ,x 0 gradually replac$ among mo/ peoples by an improv$ phonetic sy/em1 9 :i* ea* "* repres5t$ a syllable in/ead ( a ^w2 ?\gh ! ,*9ese h nev] :olly ab&on$ x4 ,! syllabic sy/em ne$$1 ( c\rse1 few] *>act]s1 & 0 mu* m easily le>n$1 mu* m flexible & g5]ally satisfactory4 ,! syllabic sy/em 0 f9ally replac$ among ! m progressive peoples by ! alphabetical sy/em1 9 :i* ea* "* repres5ts a sep>ate vocal s\nd4 ,z ! numb] ( sep>ate vocal s\nds is few1 only a few *>act]s are ne$$4 ,9 mo/ alphabets1 ! numb] ( *>act]s v>ies betwe5 tw5ty-two & ?irty-six4 ,we ( ! pres5t day plume ourselves greatly on our a*ievem5ts 9 inv5tion1 & po9t to ! t5s ( ?\s&s ( sci5tific appliances1 books & works ( art ) :i* we h enri*$ our civilization4 ,to mo/ ( u1 prehi/oric man 0 an unc\? creature1 liv+ 9 caves & uncleanly huts1 & s f> remov$ f u t 9 our he>ts we class him z little high] ?an ! bea/s4 ,yet to prehi/oric man we owe all t we are & all t we h4 ,! gift ( life itself came to u ?r\gh him2 & s did n only our physical faculties1 b our m5tal1 moral & spiritual faculties z well4 ,x 0 prehi/oric man :o inv5t$ ! appliances )\t :i* ! wild bea/s w\ld n h be5 ov]come1 & ! man1 wild] ?an himself1 be5 kept at bay2 by means ( :i* ! soil 0 till$1 & boats 7 made to move ^u ! wat]1 & villages & t[ns 7 built4 ,x 0 prehi/oric man :o inv5t$ spok5 language & ! arts ( draw+1 pa9t+1 ar*itecture1 weav+ & writ+4 ,x 0 prehi/oric man :o />t$ ! race on its =w>d m>*1 & po9t$ x 9 ! direction 9 :i* x has ev] s9ce advanc$4 ,x 0 prehi/oric man :o made ! inv5tions on :i* all succe$+ inv5tions h be5 bas$4 ,! prehi/oric inv5tor ex]cis$ an influ5ce on progress great] ?an t ( any o!r man4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,inv5tion ,,9 ,,! ,,ori5t ,! fir/ c\ntries to pass into ! /age ( record$ hi/ory 7 ,egypt & ,babylonia4 ,excavations made ne> ! sites ( _! anci5t cities h br\ght to light _m inscriptions :i*1 be+ deciph]$ & translat$1 give u cle> k ( ! conditions "u :i* !y liv$1 & !re=e ( ! degree ( ! civilization t !y _h atta9$4 ,z we note ! progress t ! inscriptions %[ u to h be5 made beyond ! /age rea*$ by prehi/oric man1 x becomes cle> to u t mu*--if n mo/--( t progress c\ld n h be5 made )\t ! aid ( writ+4 ,"o _c conceive ( ! inv5tion & developm5t ( ,a/ronomy1 = in/ance1 )\t "s means ( record+ obs]vations t _h be5 made4 ,9 develop+ ! art ( writ+ itself1 mu* progress 0 effect$ 9 bo? c\ntries1 & _m improvem5ts 7 made 9 ! art itself t mu/ h be5 due to t l[] ord] ( inv5tion :i* consi/s 9 improv+ on ?+s already exi/+4 ,9 addition1 inv5tion 0 employ$ 9 devis+ & arrang+ means = pres]v+ ! writ+s 9 an endur+ =m4 ,9 ,babylonia1 ?is 0 done by mak+ ! writ+ on s(t tablets ( clay ab\t an in* 9 ?ickness1 t 7 aft]w>ds bak$ to h>dness4 ,9 ! case ( records ( unusual importance1 ! precaution 0 sometimes tak5 ( cov]+ ! bak$ inscription ) a ?9 lay] ( clay1 mak+ a duplicate inscription on ?is lay]1 & !n bak+ x also4 ,if aft]w>ds1 f any cause1 ! outside inscription 0 defac$1 x c\ld be remov$ & ! inside inscription expos$ to view4 ,9 ,egypt1 ! writ+ 0 done on %eets ( papyrus1 made f a re$ t grew 9 ! m>%es4 ,to devise & make bo? ! bak$ clay tablets & ! papyrus1 x is cle> t inv5tion _h to be employ$2 = no?+ exactly l !m exi/$ 9 nature4 ,?us ! inv5tion ( ! art ( writ+ 0 supplem5t$ by ! inv5tion ( ! art ( pres]v+ ! records t writ+ made4 ,! act ( writ+ w\ld h be5 useful1 ev5 if no means _h be5 inv5t$ = pres]v+ ! ?+s writt52 ev5 if ! ?+s writt5 _h p]i%$ 9 a day4 ,b ! importance ( ! inv5tion ( writ+ 0 increas$ t5 ?\s& fold by ! inv5tion ( ! means = pres]v+ ! ?+s writt52 because )\t t means x w\ld h be5 impossible by any process ( cont9ual copy+ ( tablets to keep at h& = ref]5ce t libr>y ( records ( ! pa/ on :i* all progress has be5 bas$1 & f :i* e act ( progress has />t$1 s9ce "s inv5tor ( ,babylonia inv5t$ bak$ clay tablets & "s inv5tor ( ,egypt inv5t$ papyrus4 ,x may be object$ t !re is no reason = assum+ t any "o man inv5t$ ei!r2 t ea* inv5tion may h be5 ! jo9t "w ( two m51 or ( sev]al m54 ,?is ( c\rse1 is true2 b x does n m9imize ! importance ( ei!r inv5tion1 or ! cr$it due to ! inv5tors4 ,x simply divides ! cr$it ( ea* inv5tion among sev]al m51 in/ead ( giv+ x all to "o4 ,x is a notable fact1 h[ev]1 t1 al?\gh "s inv5tions h be5 made by ! jo9t "w ( two m51 & al?\gh "s books h be5 writt51 & "s music has be5 compos$ by two m5 work+ 9 coop]ation1 yet su* in/ances h be5 r>e4 ,_m m5 comb9e to d con/ructive "w ( _m k9ds1 & millions comb9e to "w & fight toge!r 9 armies2 & x is an int]e/+ fact t ! work+ toge!r ( _m m5 has be5 made possible by inv5tions1 su* z writ+ & pr9t+4 ,yet !re is h>dly any o!r k9d ( "w t is s :olly a "o man job z inv5t+4 ,! fact t only "o man1 z a rule1 makes a c]ta9 inv5tion1 or writes a c]ta9 book1 or composes a c]ta9 musical piece1 or does any o!r inv5tional "w1 seems to spr+ naturally f ! orig9al fact t an inv5tion beg9s ) a picture made by imag9ation on a m9d4 ,n[ a picture s made is an individual picture 9 an individual m9d4 ,if ! picture is all[$ to fade1 or if f any cause ! m9d t receiv$ x does n =m x into a def9ite entity1 no inv5tion is made4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! m9d develops ! dim picture into a def9ite entity ( "s k9d1 t m9d alone has made t inv5tion2 ev5 if o!r m9ds improve x lat] by sup]-pos+ o!r inv5tions on x4 ,x is true t sometimes a man :o receives f 8 imag9ation a m5tal picture ( "s possible inv5tion w communicate x to ano!r man1 & t o!r man w contribute "s con/ructive "w1 & make ! dim picture into a reality2 s t ! complete inv5tion result+ w be ! jo9t product ( two m54 ,x seems to be a fact1 h[ev]1 t ^! dim pictures h r>ely be5 disclos$ :ile 9 ! =mless p]iod1 & t almo/ e inv5tion ( :i* we "k ! hi/ory1 0 made by "o man only4 ,x ne$ h>dly be int]ject$ "h t we are discuss+ inv5tions only1 & n ! acts ( mak+ inv5tions practicable 9 ! s5se ( mak+ !m useful or comm]cially successful4 ,at ! pres5t day1 !re are few inv5tions inde$1 :i* ev5 aft] hav+ be5 complet$ z inv5tions1 ne$ no modification at ! h&s ( ! eng9e] & ! manufactur]1 be=e !y are suitable to be put to practical use4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t ! ,babylonians realiz$ ! importance ( _! inv5tion is prov$ by ! fact t _! bak$ tablets 7 c>efully pres]v$1 & t 9 "s cities l>ge libr>ies 7 built 9 :i* !y 7 kept1 z books are kept 9 our libr>ies at ! pres5t day4 ,:5 ! exp$ition ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania made its excavations ne> ! site ( ! anci5t city ( ,nippur1 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,babylonia ne> ! city ( ,babylon1 a libr>y 0 discov]$ t conta9$ m ?an ?irty ?\s& tablets4 ,illu/ration3 ,e>ly ,babylonian ,signs1 ,%[+ ,_! ,pictorial ,orig9 ,! writ+ ( ! ,babylonians1 :ile phonetic1 0 a developm5t ( picture writ+1 ea* "* express+ a syllable1 & 0 made ( w$ge-%ap$ *>act]s4 ,f ! %ape ( ! *>act]s ! adjective cunei=m has be5 appli$ to ! writ+1 ! ^w com+ f ! ,lat9 ^w1 cuneus1 a w$ge4 ,syllabic writ+ 0 9 use = probably ?ree ?\s& ye>s among ! peoples ( we/]n ,asia4 ,! ,babylonians utiliz$ _! +5uity & inv5tiv5ess 9 div]s ways1 & accompli%$ _m ?+s t help to =m ! basis ( our civilization1 )\t :i* we _c imag9e x to exi/4 ,_! creations 7 ( a highly practical & useful k9d1 & illu/rate ! prov]b t necessity is ! "m ( inv5tion4 ,f ! fact t _! %ips sail$ ! wat]s ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & _h ne$ ( means to locate _! positions & det]m9e _! c\rses f port to port1 & f ! fact easily not$ by _! navigators t ! heav5ly bodies held positions 9 ! firmam5t dep5d+ on _! direction f an obs]v]1 & on ! mon? & season & ! "t ( day1 ! /udy ( ! heav5s 0 und]tak52 ) ! result t ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy 0 conceiv$ & br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,x may "h be ask$ if ?is a*ievem5t c prop]ly be call$ an inv5tion4 ,"o mu/ hesitate a little be=e answ]+ ?is "q ei!r negatively or positively2 because su* an a*ievem5t is n usually call$ an inv5tion1 & yet x _c tru?fully be d5i$ t !re is no?+ 9 ,nature l ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy1 & t !re=e x mu/ h be5 creat$ by man4 ,x _c reasonably be d5i$1 also1 t aft] ! sci5ce _h at la/ be5 =mulat$1 x 0 z cle>ly a di/9ct entity z a b[ & arr[ or a telephone4 ,fur!rmore1 x does n seem unreasonable to suppose t1 be=e any ( ! pr9ciples ( a/ronomy 7 laid d[n1 be=e anyone ev5 attempt$ to lay !m d[n1 be=e anyone ev5 attempt$ to asc]ta9 ! laws t seem$ to gov]n ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ! idea mu/ h occurr$ to someone t ^? heav5ly bodies 7 all mov+ 9 ob$i5ce to "s law2 & a m or less confus$ & yet real image mu/ h be5 made ^u 8 m9d ( a great cele/ial ma*9e4 ,he mu/ actually h imag9$ su* a ma*9e4 ,?is fir/ act w\ld be q l t ( ! inv5tor ( a me*anical device4 ,! next act w\ld be to obs]ve & record all ! ph5om5a obs]vable 9 connection ) ! movem5ts ( ! cele/ial bodies1 !n to analyze & classify !m4 ,?is s]ies ( acts w\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be inv5tive or ev5 con/ructive4 ,!y w\ld r be l ^? /udies ( any art1 )\t :i* no man c\ld be an inv5tor 9 t art4 ,! analysis hav+ be5 complet$1 ! positions ( ! heav5ly bodies at v>i\s times hav+ be5 asc]ta9$ & tabulat$1 ! next /ep w\ld seem to be to con/ruct a supposititi\s ma*9e ( :i* ea* "p w\ld repres5t a heav5ly body1 & 9 :i* ^? v>i\s p>ts w\ld move accord+ to laws induc$ t5tatively f ! actual motions ( c]ta9 heav5ly bodies4 ,if x 7 aft]w>ds f\nd t all positions ( ea* "p1 pr$ict$ 9 advance by apply+ ! laws t5tatively induc$1 correspond$ to ! actual positions ( ! heav5ly body t x repres5t$1 !n ! supposititi\s ma*9e c\ld be tru?fully decl>$ to be a correct imitation ( ! great cele/ial ma*9e4 ,t is1 ! ma*9e c\ld be decl>$ to be successful4 ,! sci5ce ( a/ronomy is1 9 effect1 su* a ma*9e4 ,its p>ts are repres5tations ( ! sun1 moon & o!r heav5ly bodies1 t move accord+ to laws t are illu/rat$ 9 ! diagrams1 & express$ precisely 9 ! =mulas4 ,! fir/ act ( ! orig9ator ( ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy be+ "o ( ! imag9ation 9 conceiv+ a picture ( a cele/ial ma*9e1 & be+ l t ( ! inv5tor 9 conceiv+ a picture ( an e>?ly ma*9e2 & 8 second act be+ also l t ( ! inv5tor 9 develop+ ! picture1 a ju/ification = speak+ ( ! inv5tion ( ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy may p]haps be reasonably claim$4 7,we mu/ be> 9 m9d1 ( c\rse1 t no inv5tion is complete until ! ?ird act has be5 p]=m$1 & ! ?+ inv5t$ has be5 actually produc$47 ,to speak ( inv5tion 9 connection ) br++ =? novel creations is f> f new1 = ! phrases con/ruct a !ory1 inv5t a sci5ce1 inv5t a religion1 etc41 are 9 almo/ daily use2 & x may seem unnecess>y to "s p]sons1 !re=e1 to discuss x at su* l5g?4 ,b mo/ p seem to reg>d su* phrases z m]ely figurative2 :ile ! au?or wi%es to make x pla9 t !y are n figurative b exact4 ,z ?is mode/ treatise does n pret5d to be a le>n$ "o1 & z ! au?or is n a pr(essional s*ol>1 no fur!r attempt w be made to claim ! production ( ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy z an inv5tion4 ,to pursue ! subject fur!r w\ld be m]ely to ent] a discussion z to ! mean+1 bo? orig9al & d]iv$1 ( ! ^w inv5tion4 ,! au?or1 h[ev]1 _c escape ! conclusion t1 no matt] :at may be ! lit]ally correct mean+ ( ! ^w1 ! m5tal acts p]=m$ by ! orig9ators ( ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy 7 l ! m5tal acts p]=m$ by ! inv5tors ( me*anical appliances1 & ex]t$ a simil> influ5ce on hi/ory4 ,t is1 he believes t ! m5 :o br\ght into be+ ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy & ! m5 :o br\ght into be+ ! b[ & arr[1 fir/ saw pictures on ! m5tal ret9a ( "s ?+s actual yet vague & =mless1 & !n con/ruct$ entities f !m4 ,he believes also t ! creation ( ! b[ & arr[1 & ! creation ( ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy con/itut$ actual & simil> /epp+-/ones on :i* ! race rose t[>d a high] civilization4 ,9 default ( any def9ition ( ! ^w inv5tion1 :i* precludes its application to ! orig9ation ( a sci5ce1 !ory1 religion or =mulat$ s*ool ( ?\ght1 ! au?or begs p]mission s to use x1 9 indicat+ ! influ5ce on hi/ory ( ! novel creations :i*1 accord+ to ?is mean+ ( ! ^w1 h be5 inv5tions4 ,! influ5ce on hi/ory ( ! inv5tion ( ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy has be5 s great t we _c e/imate its greatness4 ,on x ! :ole sci5ce ( navigation re/s4 ,)\t x1 ! sci5ce & ! art ( navigation c\ld n exi/1 no %ips c\ld cross ! ocean f "o port to ano!r1 except by accid5t1 & ! l&s t are sep>at$ by ! ocean w\ld /ill re/ 9 complete ignorance ( ea* o!r4 ,?is _w w\ld n be a _w1 b only a widely sep>at$ numb] ( b>b>ian c\ntries2 mo/ ( !m z ignorant ( ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ! o!rs z 9 ! days be=e ,columbus4 ,foll[+ ! inv5tion ( a/ronomy1 or z x 0 fir/ call$1 ,a/rology1 ! imag9ative & practically con/ructive intellects ( ! ,babylonians naturally l$ !m to inv5t ! sun-dial = indicat+ ! "t dur+ ! day1 & ! wat]-clock = indicat+ x dur+ ! night4 ,ano!r inv5tion1 d\btless br\ght into be+ by ! /udy ( ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 0 ! duodecimal sy/em ( notation1 ( :i* ! base 0 twelve4 ,9 accordance ) ?is sy/em1 ! ,babylonians divid$ ! ,zodiac into twelve equal p>ts or signs2 divid$ ! ye> into ne>ly equal mon?s1 t correspond$ approximately to ! l5g? ( a lun> mon?2 divid$ a day & a night into twelve equal p>ts or h\rs2 divid$ an h\r 9 sixty 7#ab x #e7 equal p>ts or m9utes1 & divid$ a m9ute into sixty 7#ab x #e7 equal p>ts or seconds4 ,! duodecimal sy/em ( notation has be5 supplant$ = _m purposes by ! m conv5i5t decimal sy/em1 ! inv5tion ( :i* is attribut$ by "s to ! ,arabs2 b ! duodecimal divisions ( "t are /ill ) u1 & ! duodecimal divisions ( ! circle are /ill us$ 9 mo/ c\ntries4 ,! duodecimal sy/em ( notation seems to h be5 ! e>lie/ sy/em ( notation inv5t$2 & x 0 an inv5tion s important t we _c imag9e civilization )\t x & ! decimal sy/em1 possibly its (fspr+4 ,! influ5ce ( ^! two inv5tions on hi/ory has be5 s great t ! m9d is incapable ( realiz+ its greatness1 ev5 approximately4 ,:o 7 ! inv5tors1 we d n "k4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t none ( our g5]ation ev] w "k1 & x is f> f probable t any "o ( any g5]ation w ev] "k4 ,if any k on ?is subject is ev] giv5 to ! _w1 x w be k ( names only--only names4 ,yet "s human be+s1 =gott5 n[ & probably obscure ev5 9 _! lifetimes1 inv5t$ ^? sy/ems1 & contribut$ m to ! real progress ( ! race ?an _m ( ! great /atesm5 & w>riors ( hi/ory4 ,! ,babylonians inv5t$ measures ( l5g?1 capacity & weight1 also2 & x is f ^? measures t all ! lat] measures h be5 directly or indirectly d]iv$4 ,to h inv5t$ sy/ems by :i* "t1 angle1 di/ance1 space1 weight & volume 7 lift$ out ( ! realm ( ! vague & =mless into ! realm ( ! def9ite & actual1 0 an a*ievem5t t almo/ sugge/s t not$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 9 ! words1 ,& ,god said ',let !re be light1' & !re 0 light2 = :at a cle>+ up ( m5tal d>kness foll[$1 :5 ! sci5ce ( measurem5t turn$ its rays on ! my/]ies t beset ! pa? ( e>ly man6 ,! ,egyptians seem to h be5 inv5tors1 ?\gh h>dly to ! same degree z 7 ! ,babylonians4 ,! ,egyptians /udi$ ! heav5s & employ$ a sci5ce ( a/ronomy2 & x is possible t !y1 r ?an ! ,babylonians1 %\ld be cr$it$ ) its inv5tion4 ,b x is n ! int5tion ( ?is book to decide po9ts 9 dispute 9 hi/ory1 or ev5 to discuss !m4 ,its int5tion is m]ely to /udy ! influ5ce t inv5tions & inv5tors _h4 ,:e!r ! "n ( an inv5tor 0 ,john ,smi? or ,ar*im$es1 :e!r he liv$ 9 ! ye> #ajjj or #aajj1 or :i* "o ( two rival claimants %\ld be cr$it$ ) ! honor ( any inv5tion1 is (t5 an int]e/+ "q2 b x is n "o t is especially important to u1 unless x ca/s light on ! ma9 sugge/ion ( our inquiry4 ,! only reason = m5tion+ names & dates & c\ntries 9 ?is book is to %[ ! sequ5ce ( inv5tions z correctly z practicable4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! influ5ce ( inv5tion on hi/ory x seems be/ to give ! treatm5t ( ! subject an hi/orical "*4 ,possibly ! mo/ important inv5tion ( ! ,egyptians 0 papyrus1 :i* 0 ! precursor ( ! pap] ( today4 ,! clay tablets ( ! ,babylonians 7 cle>ly mu* less adapt$ to ! mak+ ( _m records ?an 0 papyrus4 ,"o _c readily imag9e an edition ( #cjj1jjj newspap]s l ! ,new ,york ,times1 made out ( clay tablets an in* 9 ?ickness1 & sold on ! /reets by newsboys4 ,cle>ly ! inv5tion ( papyrus 0 "o s important t we _c decl>e any inv5tion z m important1 except on ! basis t 7o!r factors be+ equal7 ! e>li] an inv5tion 0 ! m important x 04 ,to assume su* a basis w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be em95tly reasonable2 because ! e>li] inv5tion mu/ h suppli$ ! basis 9 "p = ! mak+ ( ! lat]4 ,! inv5tion ( writ+1 = in/ance1 0 m important ?an ! inv5tion ( papyrus4 ,illu/ration3 ,villa ( an ,egyptian ,noble ,a curi\s inv5tion ( ! ,egyptians 0 ! art ( embalm+ ! bodies ( ! dead1 an art /ill practic$ 9 civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,x 0 prompt$ by _! belief t ! pres]vation ( ! body 0 necess>y1 9 ord] to secure ! welf>e ( ! s\l 9 ! future life4 ,?is belief result$ fur!r 9 build+ sepul*res ( elaborate design1 fill+ !m ) multitudes ( objects ( _m k9ds1 decorat+ ! walls ) pa9t+s1 sculptures & inscriptions1 & plac+ important manuscripts 9 ! c(f9s ) ! mummies or embalm$ bodies4 ,! sepul*res ( ! k+s 71 ( c\rse1 ! l>ge/ & mo/ elaborate ( all2 & ( ^! sepul*res ! gr&e/ 7 ! pyramids4 ,by reason ( ! great c>e & labor lavi%$ on tombs & sepul*res & pyramids1 & by reason also ( ! dryness ( ! air 9 ,egypt1 & ! consequ5t durability ( works ( /one1 x has be5 f ! tombs t _m ( ! cle>e/ items ( in=mation h come to u ab\t old ,egyptian times4 ,! ,egyptians excell$ 9 ar*itecture1 & ! greate/ ( _! build+s 7 ! pyramids4 ,z to :e!r or n !re 0 mu* inv5tion devot$ to ^? works1 x is virtually impossible n[ to "k4 ,! probability seems to be t !y c\ld n h be5 produc$ )\t ! prompt+s ( ! inv5tor1 b t ! progress 0 a sl[ & gradual m>*4 ,x seems t !re 0 a long s]ies ( _m small inv5tions t made %ort /eps1 & n a few basic inv5tions t proce$$ by great leaps4 ,! ,egyptians seem to h be5 ! inv5tors ( ari?metic & geometry4 ,:at m5 9 p>ticul> %\ld mo/ be cr$it$ ) inv5t+ !m1 we d n "k2 b t "s m5 7 ! orig9al inv5tors ! probabilities seem to intimate4 ,= ^! sci5ces 7 creations j z actual z ! /eam eng9e1 & c\ld h>dly h be5 produc$ save by simil> proc$ures4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,pyramids ( ,gizeh ,! sugge/ion may "h be made t :atev] we d is ! result 7or ought to be7 ( a decision to d x1 t foll[s a m5tal process n v diff]5t f t inv5t$ by ! ,g]man ,g5]al ,/aff = solv+ milit>y problems4 ,by ?is process "o writes d[n-- #a4 ,! mission--! ?+ :i* x is desir$ to accompli%4 #b4 ,! difficulties 9 ! way ( accompli%+ x4 #c4 ,! facilities available = accompli%+ x4 #d4 ,! decision--t is1 h[ to employ ! facilities to ov]come ! difficulties & accompli% ! mission4 ,9 solv+ a milit>y problem 7or 9 solv+ _m ( ! problems ( daily life7 x is (t5 a matt] ( great difficulty to arrive at a cle> und]/&+ ( :at ! mission actually is1 :at "o really wi%es to accompli%4 ,9 ! majority ( ord9>y cases1 h[ev]1 ! mission /&s out z a cle> picture 9 ! m9d4 ,su* a case w\ld be "o 9 :i* an enemy 7 mak+ a direct attack2 = ! mission w\ld be simply to repel x4 ,ano!r case w\ld be "o 9 :i* ! mission 0 /at$ by ! t]ms ( a problem itself2 = in/ance1 to build a /eam eng9e to develop #ajjj horse p[]4 ,9 ! case ( ! inv5tor1 ! mission seems to be s5t to him z a m5tal picture2 he sudd5ly sees a dim picture 9 8 m9d ( some?+ t he mu/ make4 ,p]haps1 _m c5turies ago1 "s man :o _h be5 lay+ out plots ( gr\nd 9 ,egypt1 ( diff]5t %apes & sizes1 & mak+ computations = ea* "o1 sudd5ly saw a phantom picture 9 :i* all ! l9es & figures appe>$ gr\p$ 9 a few classes1 & arrang$ 9 con=mity to a few fix$ rules4 ,! mission 0 giv5 to him free1 b x devolv$ on him to =mulate ! rules4 ,z soon z he _h =mulat$ & prov$ ! rules1 ! sci5ce ( ,geometry exi/$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! conception ( ! idea requir$ no labor on ! "p ( ! conceiv]4 ,he 0 virtually a passive receiv]4 ,8 labor came aft]w>ds1 :5 he _h to d ! con/ructive "w ( giv+ to airy no?+ a local habitation & a "n4 ,! ,egyptians seem to h le>n$ ! use ( _m drugs1 ?\gh !y c h>dly be said to h inv5t$ a sy/em or a sci5ce ( m$ic9e4 ,!y did1 h[ev]1 inv5t a sy/em ( *>act]s = indicat+ ! weights ( drugs4 ,^? *>act]s are us$ by apo!c>ies /ill4 ,! fir/ means ( cure 7 incantations t evid5tly influ5c$ ! m9d4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t mod]n sy/ems t5d to decrease ! use ( drugs & increase t ( m5tal sugge/ion4 ,bo? ! ,babylonians & ! ,egyptians held religi\s beliefs2 b x is d\btful if ! religi\s beliefs ( ei!r 7 s def9ite & =mulat$ t !y c\ld be correctly call$ religions1 accord+ to our ideas ( :at con/itutes a religion4 ,an int]e/+ fact is ! wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! beliefs ( ! two peoples1 9 view ( ! simil>ity ( _m ( ! o!r features ( _! civilizations4 ,! beliefs ( nei!r c be call$ highly spiritual2 b ( ! two1 ! ,egyptian seems to h be5 ! m s4 ,! ,egyptians believ$ t ! s\ls ( ^? :o _h liv$ good lives w\ld be rew>d$2 :ile ! ,babylonian belief did n include ev5 a judgm5t ( ! dead4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important inv5tions made 9 ,babylonia 0 t ( a code ( laws4 ,x is usually ascrib$ to a k+ nam$ ,hammurabi2 b :e!r he 0 ! real inv5tor or n1 we h no means ( kn[+4 ,we d "k1 h[ev]1 t ! fir/ code ( laws ( :i* !re is any record 0 inv5t$ 9 8 reign1 & t x 0 ! prototype ( all t h foll[$ s9ce4 ,! influ5ce on hi/ory ( ! inv5tion & c>ry+ into effect ( a =mulat$ code ( laws1 we _c exactly gauge2 b we may ass]t ) confid5ce t mod]n civilization w\ld n h be5 possible )\t codes ( laws1 & t ! fir/ code mu/ h be5 m important ?an any code t foll[$1 because x l$ ! way4 ,bo? ! ,babylonians & ! ,egyptians seem to h made mo/ ( _! inv5tions 9 ! p]iod ( _! y\?1 & to h become cons]vative z !y grew old]4 ,! ,babylonians 7 a great p until ab\t ! ye> #abej ,b4 ,c41 :5 a subject city1 ,assur1 9 ! nor?1 ?rew (f its allegiance & =m$ an indep5d5t /ate1 ,assyria4 ,! decl9e ( ,babylonia cont9u$ until ! fall ( ,assyria & ! de/ruction ( ,n9eveh1 its capital1 ab\t ! ye> #fjf ,b4 ,c41 :5 ! new ,babylonian1 or ,*aldean ,empire1 came into exi/5ce4 ,x enjoy$ a p]iod ( spl5did b brief prosp]ity until x 0 captur$ by ,cyrus1 k+ ( ,p]sia1 9 ! ye> #ech ,b4 ,c4 ,egypt's c>e] cont9u$ until a lat] day2 b x 0 nev] glori\s 9 /atesman%ip1 w> or inv5tion1 aft] h] y\? _h pass$4 ,a nation possibly z old z ! ,babylonian or ,egyptian 0 ! ,*9ese2 b ( _! hi/ory1 less is kn[n4 ,x is well e/abli%$1 h[ev]1 t !y possess$ a sy/em ( picture writ+ 9 :i* ea* ^w 0 repres5t$ by a symbol4 ,! sy/em 0 mu* m cumbr\s1 ( c\rse1 ?an ! syllabic or alphabetical2 b its inv5tion 0 a p]=mance1 nev]!less1 ( ! utmo/ brilliancy & importance1 view$ f ! light ( :at ! _w 0 !n4 ,!re is little d\bt also t ! ,*9ese 7 ! orig9al inv5tors ( ! magnetic compass & ( pr9t+ f blocks1 two ( ^? ess5tial inv5tions1 )\t :i* civilization c\ld n h be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,ano!r ( ,*9a's inv5tions 0 gunp[d]2 ?\gh x is n cle> t ! ,*9ese ev] us$ x to propel projectiles out ( guns4 ,a*ievem5ts equally great1 & maybe great]1 7 ! creations ( religions--,confucianism & ,taoism1 inv5t$ 9 ,*9a1 & ,buddhism1 inv5t$ 9 ,india4 ,^! religions may seem to u v crude & commonplace & e>?y2 b we %\ld n %ut our eyes to ! fact t !y h probably influ5c$ a great] numb] ( human be+s t[>d "r liv+ ?an any o!r ?ree religions t we "k (4 ,l ,babylonia & ,egypt1 ,*9a became cons]vative z %e grew old]4 ,at ! pres5t day1 h] "n /&s almo/ z ! symbol ( ev]y?+ non-progressive & non-inv5tive4 ,assyria 0 able to capture ,babylon ab\t ! ye> #abej ,b4 ,c41 & to ma9ta9 ! position ( ! dom9ant p[] 9 we/]n ,asia = ab\t #fjj ye>s4 ,a progressive & ambiti\s p1 !y accompli%$ an orig9al & important /ep 9 ! art ( gov]nm5t by organiz+ conqu]$ peoples into prov9ces "u gov]nors appo9t$ by ! k+4 ,x does n seem to be a great /ra9+ ( ! ^w to decl>e t ?is a*ievem5t 0 s novel1 s concrete & s useful z to possess ! ess5tial features ( an inv5tion4 ,= if we realize t dur+ all ! times t _h gone by1 conqu]$ peoples _h rema9$ simply conqu]$ peoples1 pay+ tribute b n =m+ p>ts ( ! conqu]+ /ate1 we c see t ! idea ( actually incorporat+ !m into ! /ate1 !reby increas+ ! population ( ! /ate by ! numb] ( p incorporat$1 & mak+ ! /ate /rong] 9 t proportion1 we c h>dly fail to realize t ! conception ( do+ ?is 0 ( ! highe/ ord] ( brilliancy4 ,to "w out aft]w>ds ! details ( develop+ ! conception 9 su* a way z to r5d] possible ! production ( an actual & workable ma*9e ( gov]nm5t 0 a con/ructive act4 ,:5 ! ma*9e 0 actually produc$ a new ?+ _h be5 creat$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! in/itution ( ?is new s*eme 9 gov]nm5t seems to h foll[$ ! same ?ree /ages z ! inv5tion ( a me*anical device2 t is1 conception1 developm5t & production4 ,! lik5ess betwe5 ?is process & t ( conception1 ge/ation & bir? is obvi\s4 ,! ,assyrians 7 evid5tly a v practical & con/ructive p1 some:at su* p z ! ,romans lat] 74 ,!y devot$ !mselves to ! practical side ( life1 & to ?is end !y develop$ ! gov]nm5tal & ! milit>y arts4 ,!y 7 great w>riors4 ,! p]iod ( _! greate/ greatness 0 9 ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies ,b4 ,c41 :5 ! conqu]ors ,s>gon ,,ii & ,s5na*]ib 7 k+s4 ,! spl5dor ( ! empire aft]w>ds 0 conspicu\s b n long liv$2 = aft] unify+ ! great nations ( ! ,ori5t "u ,assyrian rule1 & c>ry+ on w>s m>k$ ) ! utmo/ ( cruelty & oppression1 !y f9ally ent]$ on a rapid decl9e 9 morals1 & consequ5tly 9 national prosp]ity & /r5g?4 ,! end came 9 #fjf ,b4 ,c41 :5 a comb9$ =ce ( ,m$es & ,babylonians captur$ & sack$ ! hat$ ,n9eveh1 ! capital4 ,! int5sity ( ! hatr$ aga9/ ! ,assyrians may be gaug$ by ! completion ( ! de/ruction visit$ on ,n9eveh4 ,:5 ,x5ophon saw its ru9s only two c5turies aft]w>ds1 he c\ld n ev5 asc]ta9 :at city ^? ru9s m>k$4 ,! ,assyrians h left u cle>] records ( _! a*ievem5ts 9 ! inv5tion ( weapons ?an has any o!r anci5t nation4 ,x is impossible to decl>e ) c]ta9ty t all ! seem+ly novel weapons & armor :i* ! anci5t ,assyrians possess$ & us$ 7 inv5t$ by !mselves1 & n by ! ,egyptians or ! ,babylonians2 b ! m]e facts t ! ,assyrians 7 ! mo/ milit>y nation ( ! ?ree1 & t ! specim5s ( ^? weapons :i* h come d[n to u h be5 mo/ly ,assyrian1 give probability to t supposition4 ,! ,assyrian soldi] 0 f9ely equipp$ & arm$ z f> back z ! ?irte5? c5tury ,b4 ,c42 & ,assyrian bas-reliefs %[ t !y actually us$ w>-*>iots !n1 drawn by horses & op]at$ by arm$ w>riors4 ,! infantry soldi]s wore def5sive armor consi/+ ( helmets1 corslets made ( sk9 or "s wov5 /uff on :i* plates ( metal 7 sewn1 & sometimes coats ( /eel mail2 ) legg+s to protect ! legs4 ,!y c>ri$ %ields1 & 7 arm$ ) lances1 swords1 sl+s & b[s & arr[s4 ,! ,assyrians employ$ cavalry1 ! horsem5 we>+ mail armor1 & c>ry+ %ields & swords & lances4 ,!y employ$ ar*]s also2 ! ar*]s be+ sometimes m\nt$4 ,! use ( w>-*>iots1 ) all ! me*anical equipm5t t 0 necess>y1 9 ord] to make !m op]ate effectively1 %[s a /ate ( civilization mu* high] ?an _m p realize4 ,x %[s also t a great deal ( inv5tiv5ess & con/ructiv5ess mu/ h be5 employ$1 & mu/ h be5 skilfully direct$2--= x is a v long road--a v long road inde$--f ! b[ & arr[ to ! w>-*>iot4 ,9 ord] to produce ! w>-*>iot1 sev]al inv5tions mu/ h previ\sly be5 made4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! 0 "o ( ! mo/ important inv5tions ev] made1--! :eel4 ,:o inv5t$ ! :eel1 & :5 & :]e did he inv5t x8 ,?is is "o ( ! unansw]$ que/ions ( hi/ory4 ,! w>-*>iot sudd5ly appe>s on ! /age1 )\t any prelim9>y ann\ncem5t1 & )\t any k on our "p t ev5 ! :eel on :i* x mov$ _h be5 inv5t$4 ,x is true t ! records ( prehi/oric man %[ u t 9 fa%ion+ pott]y he us$ a disc t he revolv$ on a sp9dle & appli$ to ! surface ( ! urn or vase2 & x is also true t a revolv+ disc is a k9d ( :eel4 ,b a disc revolv+ on a /ation>y sp9dle is 9 its int5t & use a v diff]5t implem5t f a :eel plac$ on a *>iot1 & turn$ by ! =w>d movem5t ( ! *>iot itself1 = ! important purpose ( r$uc+ its resi/ance to be+ drawn along ! gr\nd4 ,x is true also t inv5tion 0 ne$$ to produce ! revolv+ disc1 ! =]unn] ( all ! poli%+ & turn+ ma*9es on ! e>? today4 ,b ! :eel 0 a diff]5t inv5tion1 probably a lat] "o1 & c]ta9ly a m important "o4 ,!re are ?+s sometimes se5 9 nature t look a little l revolv+ discs2 = in/ance1 swirls ( du/ or wat]4 ,9 fact1 almo/ any?+ put 9 rotation looks l "o1 if ! rotation is rapid en\gh2 = in/ance1 ! sl+ t a primeval sl+] revolv$ ar\nd 8 head4 ,b :at d we "k ( 9 nature t looks l a :eel1 or t is us$ = a simil> purpose8 ,no?+4 ,?is be+ ! case1 ! m9d may lose itself 9 speculation z to :at c\ld h l$ to ! conception ( su* an appliance 9 ! m9d ( ! orig9al inv5tor ( ! :eel4 ,! sugge/ion may be haz>d$ t ! inv5tion 0 prec$$ by an accid5tal recognition ( ! fact t x 0 easi] to drag some?+ along ! gr\nd1 if x re/$ on r\nd logs1 ?an if x did n s re/2 & by not+ also t ! logs 7 pass$ ov] & left beh9d cont9ually4 ,f ?is po9t to ! m5tal conception ( a roll] t w\ld n be left beh9d1 b w\ld be secur$ to ! ?+ dragg$ by a r\nd %aft on :i* x revolv$1 !re 0 probably a s+le m5tal jump4 ,someone saw su* a contrivance ) 8 m5tal eye4 ,x look$ dim & unreal--b he saw x4 ,to make ! picture cle>1 & !n to develop ! ?+ pictur$1 con/ructiv5ess 0 us$4 ,9 o!r words1 conception & developm5t accompli%$ _! successive b coop]at+ tasks4 ,! inv5tion 0 complete :5 a :eel 0 actually produc$4 ,to realize ! importance ( ! :eel1 we h b to ask ourselves 7or our neighbors7 h[ hi/ory c\ld possibly h be5 ev5 approximately :at x has be5 if ! :eel _h n be5 inv5t$4 ,ano!r important inv5tion probably made by ! ,assyrians 0 ! catapult2 ano!r "o1 some:at simil>1 0 ! bali/a4 ,! catapult 0 us$ = hurl+ /ones1 balls1 etc42 ! bali/a = %oot+ arr[s ) great] =ce ?an an ar*] c\ld ex]t4 ,ano!r 0 ! batt]+ ram = mak+ brea*es 9 ! walls ( =tresses4 ,illu/ration3 ,assyrians ,flay+ ,prison]s ,alive4 7,f a bas-relief47 ,! ,assyrians us$ ^! inv5tions 9 _! w>s aga9/ ! contigu\s nations ( ! ,ea/1 & ) _! aid a*iev$ ! ma/]y1 & unifi$ ! ,ori5t4 ,t ! ,assyrian rule 0 h>% & cruel %\ld n be d5i$2 b1 on ! pr9ciple t any k9d ( gov]nm5t is bett] ?an no gov]nm5t1 x _c reasonably be suppos$ t ! c5tral & effici5t adm9i/ration ( ,assyria 0 n bett] ?an ! condition ( cont9ual petty w>s & qu>rels t _h exi/$ among ! num]\s tribes & nations1 ) _! enorm\s possibilities = suff]+ ( all k9ds4 ,x may be po9t$ out "h t ! cruelties & inju/ices committ$ by any p[]ful gov]nm5t aga9/ great numb]s ( p]sons attract immeasurably m notice & condemnation by hi/orians & o!rs ?an d ! numb]less atrocities ( all k9ds t lie hidd5 9 ! d>kness ( an>*y1 or ! confusion ( petty w>s4 ,9 ! endeavor to pres]ve ord] ov] widely sep>at$ & b>b>\s peoples1 :5 means ( transportation & communication 7 inadequate1 /]n measures seem always to h be5 requir$4 ,t !y h (t5 be5 too /]n1 & t great cruelty has (t5 be5 ex]cis$1 ! wail ( ! ages te/ifies4 ,b human nature is v imp]fect2 & no really good gov]nm5t1 no gov]nm5t free f ! faults ( man1 has ev] be5 e/abli%$4 ,yet e gov]nm5t has be5 bett] ?an an>*y4 ,! ,assyrians1 despite _! cruel treatm5t ( _! conqu]$ peoples1 did a direct s]vice to mank9d & gave a p[]ful /imulus to ! m>* ( progress4 ,= ! great empire :i* !y e/abli%$1 & ! great cities :i* grew up1 & ! sy/em ( prov9ces :i* !y in/itut$1 =m$ a patt]n = simil> "w by lat] nations2 :ile ! civilization :i* !y spread ?r\gh\t ! m backw>d c\ntries "u _! rule1 especially 9 ,greece1 />t$ ! lat] culture :i* ,greece develop$1 & :i* is ! basis ( all t is mo/ beautiful 9 ! civilization ( today4 ,! influ5ce ( ! weapons :i* ! ,assyrians inv5t$ 0 t[>d ?is end4 ,betwe5 ,egypt on ! we/ & ,babylonia & ,assyria on ! ea/ lay ,syria2 a t]ritory n v l>ge1 ( :i* ! "p t play$ ! mo/ prom95t "p 9 hi/ory bord]$ ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,two important peoples dwelt 9 ,syria1 ! ,hebrews & ! ,pho5icians4 ,bo? belong$ to ! ,semitic race1 & nei!r 0 di/9ctly w>like2 ?\gh ! ,hebrews dur+ a brief p]iod a*iev$ consid]able milit>y /r5g? & skill1 "u _! great k+ ,david4 ,! ma9 gift ( ! ,hebrews to ! _w 0 ! ,jewi% religion1 a m spiritual religion ?an any t _h prec$$ x1 & bas$ on a conception ( "o ,god1 a holy ,god4 ,! ideas held ( immortality & ( judgm5t aft] dea? = ! de$s done 9 ?is life 7 n entirely new1 b ! conception ( a holy & b5efic5t ,deity 0 new2 & x 0 s inspir+ & /imulat+ a conception t x lift$ ! ,jews at once to a moral & spiritual plane high] ?an any p _h ev] liv$ on be=e4 ,x con/itut$ a /ep also directly t[>d ! ,*ri/ian religion--:i* also 0 born 9 ,syria2 9 ,pale/9e4 ,t ! conception & e/abli%m5t ( ! ,jewi% religion 0 an inv5tion may n be admitt$ by "s2 b ! au?or respectfully asks att5tion to ! s5se 9 :i* he uses ! ^w inv5tion 9 ?is book1 & po9ts out t !y con/itut$ an inv5tion 9 t s5se4 ,t x 0 a b5efic5t inv5tion1 & t x help$ ! human race spiritually 9 a way analog\s to t 9 :i* ! inv5tion ( _m me*anical devices help$ x mat]ially1 does n seem h>d to realize4 ,= 9 bo? cases ! race 0 transport$ away f savag]y & t[>d high civilization2 & 9 bo? cases !re 0 fir/ a conception ( some?+ desirable1 !n a con/ructive ef=t to develop x1 & f9ally its production4 ,! ,pho5icians liv$ j nor? ( ! ,jews1 & possess$ a t]ritory small] ?an t ( any o!r p :o ev] ex]cis$ an equal influ5ce on hi/ory2 = x embrac$ m]ely a little /rip ( l& h>dly long] ?an a hundr$ & tw5ty miles f nor? to s\?1 or wid] on ! av]age ?an twelve miles f ea/ to we/4 ,x bord]$ on ! ea/]n edge ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 & 0 %ut (f by ! m\nta9s ( ,lebanon f ,syria1 t lay due ea/4 ,! ,pho5icians 7 a p ( extraord9>y ent]prise & initiative4 ,inv5tors are m5 ( extraord9>y ent]prise & initiative4 ,h[ mu* ! ,pho5icians are to be cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion ( sail+ vessels1 we h no means ( kn[+2 b we d "k t 7) ! possible exception ( ! ,egyptians7 ! ,pho5icians 7 m id5tifi$ ) e>ly navigation by sail+ vessels & by vessels pull$ by o>s ?an any o!r p4 ,x is ev5 kn[n t ,pho5ician vessels 7 navigat+ ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 bo? "u sails & "u o>s1 z long ago z #aejj ,b4 ,c4 ,s1 :ile we %\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ positively t ! ,pho5icians 7 ! inv5tors & develop]s ( sail+ vessels & ( vessels pull$ by banks ( o>s & /e]$ by rudd]s1 we may decl>e ) ample reason t probably !y 74 ,= ! purposes ( ?is book1 h[ev]1 ! id5tity ( ! inv5tors is n important4 ,:at is important is ! fact t ! inv5tion ( ^? vessels _h imm$iate fruit 9 a comm]ce by :i* ! products ( ea/]n civilization 7 tak5 we/w>d to ,greece & o!r c\ntries1 :ile t9 & o!r raw mat]ial 7 br\ght ea/ f ,spa9 & ev5 ,brita92 & t x _h lat] fruit 9 gradually build+ up a we/]n civilization4 ,x _h o!r fruit z well1 9 demon/rat+ ! possibilities & ! value ( ocean comm]ce1 & =m+ ! basis ( ! _w-wide navigation ( today4 ,few inv5tions h _h a great] influ5ce on hi/ory ?an t ( ! sail+ %ip4 ,to "s ( u x may seem t no inv5tion 0 involv$2 t to use sails 0 an obvi\s ?+ to ?9k ( & accompli%4 ,b if any "o ( u w close 8 eyes a mom5t & imag9e an abs5ce ( mo/ ( ! great sci5tific & me*anical k ( today1 & imag9e also ! abs5ce ( ne>ly all ! pres5t acqua9tance ) ! laws ( wea!r1 flotation1 resi/ance to propulsion1 metac5tric height1 etc41 he may realize :at a feat 0 ! inv5tion ( ! sail+ %ip & ev5 ( ! %ip pull$ ) o>s & /e]$ ) a rudd]4 ,x is true t we h no reason to assume t ei!r vessel 0 conceiv$ by "o leap ( ! imag9ation & develop$ by "o act1 :ile we h _m reasons to ?9k t ea* 0 ! result ( a s]ies ( %ort /eps2 b ?is does n invalidate ! inv5tion ( ! %ips1 or depreciate its influ5ce4 ,by two o!r a*ievem5ts1 also1 ! ,pho5icians %[$ ! k9%ip betwe5 ! inv5tor & ! man ( ent]prise & initiative2 ! inv5tion ( ! ,tyrian dyes & ( an alphabetical sy/em ( writ+ t =ms ! basis ( ! sy/ems ( today4 ,"h aga9 x is necess>y to rem9d ourselves t possibly ! ,pho5icians 7 n ! sole & orig9al inv5tors ( ! alphabet1 & t !y may h m]ely improv$ ^u a sy/em inv5t$ by1 say1 ! ,cretans2 & aga9 x may be helpful to po9t out t ! important fact is n ! p]sonality ( ! inv5tors b ! bir? ( ! inv5tion1 & ! influ5ce ( ! inv5tion on hi/ory4 ,c]ta9 x is1 h[ev]1 t x 0 ! ,pho5icians :o br\ght alphabetical writ+ to ! practical /age & :o n only us$ x !mselves1 b c>ri$ x 9 _! %ips all ov] ! ,m$it]ranean1 :]e x bore abundant fruit4 ,x bore fruit especially 9 ,greece4 ,pho5icia is an in/ructive illu/ration ( ! fact t a c\ntry 7l a man7 may make inv5tions ( la/+ usefulness to mank9d1 & yet n hold a position ( p[] or spl5dor 9 ! _w4 ,pho5icia 0 ne>ly always a vassal1 pay+ tribute to "o great mon>*y or ano!r4 ,9 /rik+ contra/ ) ,pho5icia 0 ! empire ( ,p]sia1 :i*1 ?\gh x gave to ! _w ( t day ! be/ gov]nm5t x _h ev] kn[n1 contribut$ no?+ 9 ! nature ( an actual new /epp+-/one to civilization4 ,p]sia conqu]$ ,lydia1 :i* is cr$it$ ) ! important inv5tion ( co9age4 ,! co9s fir/ issu$ by ! ,lydians 7 ( electrum1 an alloy ( gold & silv]4 ,k+ ,croesus lat] issu$ co9s ( pure gold & pure silv]4 ,directly ea/ ( ,syria 0 ,phrygia4 ,x 0 9 ,phrygia t ! flute1 ! fir/ real musical in/rum5t1 is suppos$ to h be5 inv5t$1 9 ab\t ! sixte5? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! brief rsum j giv5 ( ! inv5tions made 9 prehi/oric times1 & also 9 hi/oric times 9 ,*9a1 ,egypt & we/]n ,asia1 %[s t be=e ,greece _h atta9$ any civilization :atev] ! mo/ important inv5tions = ! bett]m5t ( mank9d _h be5 already made4 ,^! inv5tions 7 n only me*anical appliances & su* arts z sp9n+1 weav+1 pott]y mak+1 etc41 t 7 int5d$ = safety & mat]ial b5efit g5]ally2 = !y includ$ sy/ems ( gov]nm5t & codes ( laws & ev5 religions t aim$ to elevate man1 & t did elevate him m5tally1 morally & spiritually4 ,at ! pres5t day1 :5 inv5tions foll[ ea* o!r ) su* rapidity t ev5 /ud5ts & exp]ts _c keep !mselves in=m$ ab\t !m1 except 9 c]ta9 specialties1 x is natural = u to feel t no inv5t+ ( any consequ5ce 0 ev] done be=e4 ,9 fact1 ! pres5t age is call$ ,! ,age ( ,inv5tion4 ,yet all ! inv5tions ( ! la/ c5tury add$ toge!r h n _h s great influ5ce on mank9d z ! inv5tion ( writ+1 or ( ! b[ & arr[1 or ! :eel--or almo/ any ( ! inv5tions we h not$4 ,n only are !y n s important1--!y 7 n s novel1 !y did n con/itute /eps s long1 !y did n m>k su* epo*s1 & probably result$ f less brilliant pictures on ! m9d4 ,c anyone ?9k t ! telephone 0 z novel or z important z ! :eel8 ,c anyone suppose t ! /eam eng9e1 or ! electric telegraph1 or ! p[d]-gun took u z long a /ep upw>d to civilization z did papyrus8 ,w anyone decl>e t ! railroad u%]$ 9 z great an epo* z ! sail+ %ip8 ,is x probable t ! fir/ conception ( ! phonograph made q s />tl+ a picture on ! accu/om$ bra9 ( ! habitual inv5tor z t ( ! art ( mak+ fire did on ! virg9 m5tality ( ! savage8 ,! la/ contribution ( we/]n ,asia to ! bett]m5t ( ! _w 0 ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 n made until aft] ,greece _h rea*$ ! prime ( h] civilization & pass$ beyond x2 & "s may consid] x a sacrilege to call x an inv5tion4 ,x 0 an inspiration f ,on ,high4 ,b d>e anyone ass]t t ! wond]ful conceptions t h come unbidd5 to ! m9ds ( ! great inv5tors 7 n1 9 _! degree1 also inspirations f ,on ,high8 ,:5ce did !y come8 ,t !y came !re c be no d\bt4 ,:5ce did !y come8 ,our religion tea*es u t ,god directs our pa?s1 t ,he puts good ?\ghts into our m9ds4 ,x also tea*es u t ,he inspir$ ! m5 :o wrote ! ,bible4 ,9 ! ord9>y mean+ ( ! ^w inspir$1 ,"s ,"o inspir$ e noble & novel & b5efic5t a*ievem5t t 0 ev] made4 ,:o8 99 99 99 99 99 ,)\t insi/+ t$i\sly on ! mean+ ( ! ^w inv5tion1 "o may po9t out t ! ^w is us$ cont9ually to mean a m5tal act by :i* some?+ h]et(ore non-exi/5t is creat$4 ,! exp]te/ ( all ^w us]s1 9 any language1 cri$3 ,oh1 = a muse t w\ld asc5d ! highe/ heav5 ( inv5tion2 express+ almo/ exactly :at ! pres5t au?or is try+ to express1 & indicat+ inv5tion z ! highe/ ef=t ( ! m9d4 ,9 ?is s5se1 may ,i rev]5tly claim ! ,*ri/ian ,religion z an inv5tion1 "o ( ! greate/ inv5tions ev] made8 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,inv5tion ,,9 ,,greece ,our brief survey has ?us f> c>ri$ u ov] ! l&s ( ,egypt1 ,*9a & we/]n ,asia2 l&s s f> remov$ f u 9 di/ance1 & inhabit$ by p s f> remov$ f u 9 "t & "*1 t !y seem to belong almo/ to ano!r _w4 ,b we n[ are com+ to a c\ntry :i*1 ?\gh its hi/ory goes back _m c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 0 a c\ntry ( ,europe & inhabit$ by a p :o seem ne>4 ,! ,greeks :o ov]ran :at we n[ call ,greece1 probably ab\t #aejj ,b4 ,c41 took possession ( a civilization exce$+ly high1 :i* ! inhabitants ( ! ma9l& & ! gean ,isl&s _h receiv$ f ! ,ea/1 ?r\gh ! ,pho5icians1 :o br\ght x 9 _! %ips4 ,?is civilization ! gean isl&]s1 especially ! ,cretans1 _h develop$ & improv$1 p>ticul>ly 9 creations ( beauty & works ( art4 ,! ,greeks creat$ a /ill high] civilization1 & transmitt$ x to u4 ,! influ5ce ( ,greek civilization we see on e h&3--9 our language1 9 our daily life1 & especially 9 our ideas ( art1 lit]ature & philosophy4 ,t a civilization s high & beautiful %\ld h be5 atta9$1 c\ld h>dly h be5 br\ght ab\t )\t ! pres5ce ( great imag9ation among ! ,greeks1 & ! ex]cise ( consid]able inv5tion4 ,! pres5ce ( bo? imag9ation & inv5tion are evid5c$ 9 e page ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,greece1 9 ! /irr+ /ories ( h] h]oes1 & 9 ! conception & developm5t ( h] gov]nm5t4 ,comp>$ ) ! /ories ( anci5t ,greece1 ! /ories ( ! *ildhood ( e o!r c\ntry seem unimag9ative & tame4 ,! /ories ( e>ly ,greece /ill live & /ill h ! p[] to *>m4 ,! ,iliad & ,odyssey are 9 ! fir/ rank ( ! great poems ev5 n[2 & ! /ory ( ,hel5 & ! siege ( ,troy is z full ( life & color z any t we "k4 ,illu/ration3 ,two ,cretan ,vases ,an int]e/+ leg5d *>act]i/ic ( ! inv5tiv5ess ( ! anci5t ,greeks 0 t ( ! l>ge wood5 horse 9 :i* a hundr$ brave w>riors conceal$ !mselves1 & 7 drawn )9 ! walls ( ,troy by ! ,trojans !mselves1 :o _h be5 induc$ to d ?is by an +5i\s /ory1 inv5t$ to deceive !m4 ,:e!r ! leg5d is true or n does n affect ! fact t inv5tion 0 ne$$ & employ$ to create ! leg5d 9 ! "o case1 or to cause ! incid5t 9 ! o!r case4 ,! prehi/oric age ( ,greece 0 fill$ ) my?s ( s mu* beauty1 int]e/ & orig9ality1 t ! ,greek my?ology is m read1 ev5 n[1 ?an any o!r4 ,x =m$ also ! basis ( ! lat] my?ology ( ! ,romans4 ,x may be not$ "h t m]e imag9ation is n a quality ( v high importance1 unless x be associat$ ) con/ructiv5ess4 ,9 fact1 imag9ation is evid5c$ m by savage & b>b>\s peoples ?an by ! civiliz$2 z x is also by *ildr5 & wom5 ?an by m54 ,imag9ation by itself1 untra9$ & undirect$1 :ile x is unque/ionably an attribute ( ! m9d1 is n "o ( reason1 9 ! s5se t x does n necess>ily employ ! reason+ faculties4 ,9 fact1 ! imag9ation1 unless tra9$ & well-direct$1 may lead u to ! absurde/ p]=mances1 9 defiance ( ! sugge/ions ( reason4 ,us+ ! ^w imag9ation 9 ?is s5se1 ,%akespe>e said-- ,! lunatic1 ! lov] & ! poet ,are ( imag9ation all compact4 ,x is only :5 imag9ation has be5 assi/$ by reason1 x is only :5 conception has be5 foll[$ by con/ruction1 t practical inv5tions h result$4 ,! my?s inv5t$ by ! ,greeks 9 _! prehi/oric p]iod 7 ! products ( n only imag9ation b con/ruction4 ,ea* my? 0 a p]fectly connect$ /ory1 complete 9 all necess>y detail1 admirably put toge!r1 & told 9 *>m+ language4 ,! /ory ( ,jason's ,argonautic ,exp$ition 9 se>* ( ! ,gold5 ,fleece _c be surpass$ 9 any ( ! elem5ts t make a /ory good2 ,p5elope is /ill ! model ( conjugal devotion1 & ,a*illes ! ideal w>rior2 ,poseidon1 or 8 ,roman successor1 ,neptune1 /ill rules ! waves2 ,aphrodite1 or ,v5us1 calls up m vividly be=e our m9ds ?an any o!r "n ! vision ( fem99e beauty ev5 to ?is day4 ,h]cules exemplifies muscul> /r5g?1 & ,apollo /ill typifies t :i* is mo/ beautiful 9 manl9ess4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,grecian my?s1 pure inv5tions z !y 71 9 ! s5se t !y 7 fictiti\s & n true1 has be5 expla9$ & demon/rat$ at great l5g? & ) abundant en?usiasm by poets & s*ol>s = _m c5turies4 ,!y h be5 g5]ally reg>d$ z inv5tions1 b nev]!less z q diff]5t f su* inv5tions z ! /eam-eng9e or ! pr9t+ press4 ,! pres5t au?or wi%es to po9t out t ! m5tal processes by :i* bo? my?s & eng9es 7 creat$ 7 alike1 & t ! inv5tions diff]$ ma9ly 9 ! uses to :i* !y 7 put4 ,ev5 ! uses to :i* !y 7 put 7 simil> 9 ! end2 = ! use ( ! my?s & ( ! /eam eng9e 0 to improve ! conditions ( man's exi/5ce4 ,!re is only "o way 9 :i* to d ?is1 & t is by improv+ ! impressions made on 8 m9d4 ,! my?s did ?is by mak+ beautiful pictures = 8 m9d to gaze at1 & by us+ !m to induce him to foll[ a c]ta9 7good7 l9e ( conduct1 r ?an ! contr>y4 ,! /eam eng9e did x by mak+ ! conditions ( liv+ m com=table1 by r5d]+ transportation m safe & rapid1 & by r5d]+ possible ! procur+ ( _m ( ! pleasant ?+s ( life f di/ant places4 ,! inv5tion ( a my? may be said to be ! inv5tion ( an immat]ial ?+2 ! inv5tion ( a /eam eng9e to be ( a mat]ial ?+4 ,^! two l9es ( ef=t1 inv5tion has foll[$ s9ce long be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,( ! two1 ! inv5tion ( my?s & /ories probably succe$$ ! o!r4 ,probably also x has be5 ! m important 9 affect+ our actual degree ( happ9ess2 affect+ x b5efic5tly 9 ! ma94 ,=1 :ile "s my?s & /ories h fill$ m5 ) dread & horror1 a v l>ge majority h _h ! opposite effect2 & :ile _m me*anical inv5tions h contribut$ to our mat]ial ease & com=t1 x is n cle> t !y h mu* increas$ our actual happ9ess4 ,m5 accommodate !mselves easily to *anges 9 _! mat]ial surr\nd+s2 :at is a luxury today w be a necessity tomorr[2 & v _m ( ! mat]ial inv5tions h t5d$ to artificial & unheal?ful modes ( liv+1 ) consequ5t physical det]ioration & its accompany+ loss ( happ9ess4 ,z to influ5ce on hi/ory1 h[ev]1 ! influ5ce ( ! mat]ial inv5tions has probably be5 ! great]4 ,immat]ial inv5tions might h be5 made 9 enorm\s numb]s )\t ( !mselves affect+ hi/ory greatly2 b ! mat]ial inv5tions h br\ght ab\t mo/ ( ! ev5ts t hi/ory describes2 & )\t "o mat]ial inv5tion1 t ( writ+1 hi/ory c\ld n exi/ at all4 ,hi/ory is r a n>rative ( m5's de$s ?an ( _! ?\ghts2 & _! de$s h be5 direct$ l>gely by ! implem5ts :i* !y _h to d de$s )4 ,we mu/ realize1 ( c\rse1 t ! ,greeks 7 mu* indebt$ to ! geans2 = discov]ies ab\t ! %ores & isl&s ( ! gean ,sea %[ t long be=e ! adv5t ( ! ,greeks !y us$ tools & weapons ( r\gh & !n ( poli%$ /one1 & lat] ( copp] & t9 & bronze2 t !y liv$ on f>ms & 9 villages & cities1 & 7 gov]n$ by mon>*s :o dwelt 9 palaces adorn$ ) pa9t+s & f9e c>v+s1 & fill$ ) c\rt g5tlem5 & ladies :o wore jewelry & f9e clo?+4 ,exquisite pott]y 0 us$1 decorat$ ) ta/e & skill2 ivory 0 c>v$ & gems 7 engrav$1 & articles 7 made ( silv] & bronze & gold4 ,z e>ly z ! six? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 ! ,greeks made ?+s m beautiful ?an _h ev] be5 made be=e4 ,"o almo/ feels l say+ t ! ,greeks inv5t$ beauty4 ,su* a decl>ation w\ld be absurd ( c\rse3 b x seems to be a fact t ! ,greeks _h a conception ( beauty t 0 :olly orig9al ) !m1 & t 0 n only f9] ?an t :i* any o!r p _h ev] _h be=e1 b f9] ?an any o!r p h _h s9ce4 ,& n only did !y h ! conception1 !y _h ! ability to embody ! conception 9 mat]ial =ms t possess$ a beauty high] ?an _h ev] be5 produc$ be=e1 & high] 7at lea/ on ! av]age7 ?an h ev] be5 produc$ 9 any o!r c\ntry s9ce4 ,look$ at 9 ?is way1 ! production ( a new & beautiful /atue1 pa9t+ or temple1 seems to be an act ( inv5tion mu* l ! =mulation ( a my? or ! writ+ ( a poem4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ! ,greeks 7 inv5tors1 inv5tors ( works ( beauty t h exi/$ z concrete mat]ial creations = c5turies1 & h ex]cis$ an endur+ influ5ce on ! m9ds ( m54 ,! influ5ce ( pa9t+s1 /atues & temples is n s cle> z t ( mat]ial inv5tions1 b m cle> ?an t ( my?s & poems4 ,!y may be said to =m a class midway betwe5 inv5tions ( mat]ial appliances & inv5tions ( immat]ial ?\ghts & fancies4 ,a beautiful pa9t+ or /atue is a mat]ial object 9 ! same s5se z t 9 :i* a /eam eng9e is2 b its (fice is to /imulate ! m9d1 z a poem does4 ,! fir/ inv5tor ( me*anical appliances1 m5tion$ by "n z su*1 0 ,ddalus ( ,a!ns4 ,he 0 probably a my?ical p]son4 ,he 0 reput$ to be ! son or ! gr&son ( ,erec!us1 a probably my?ical k+4 ,he is cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion ( ! saw1 ! gimlet1 ! plumb-l9e1 ! axe1 ! w$ge1 ! lev]1 ma/s & sails & ev5 ( fly+2--= he is said to h escap$ f ,crete to ,sicily ) artificial w+s4 ,! /ory ( ,ddalus1 l t ( _m o!r my?ological p]sonages1 is bo? int]e/+ & irritat+ f ! mixture ( ! v probable1 ! highly improbable1 & ! entirely impossible1 9 a jumble4 ,b ! /ory ( ,ddalus seems to make x probable t all ! ?+s :i* he is report$ to h inv5t$ 7except fly+7 7 9 use 9 ,greece 9 prehi/oric times4 ,z no records %[ to u t ! inv5tions j enum]at$ 7except ma/s & sails7 _h be5 inv5t$ else:]e1 we may feel ju/ifi$ 9 inf]r+ t !y 7 inv5t$ 9 ,greece by ,ddalus1 or by "s o!r man be>+ a diff]5t "n1--or by "s o!r m54 ,! "n borne by ! man is n important to u n[2 b x is important to realize t su* brilliant & orig9al inv5tions 7 made s long ago by a primeval p2 especially s9ce !y 7 ( a "* some:at diff]5t f ^? inv5t$ 9 ,egypt & ,asia :i* we h already not$4 ,! inv5tion ( ! gimlet seems ! mo/ brilliant & orig9al ( ^? j spok5 (2 & "o m>vels t x %\ld h be5 inv5t$ at su* a "t2 = ! action ( ! gimlet 0 a little m complicat$ ?an t ( ev5 ! bali/a or ! catapult4 ,x is true t ! numb] ( p>ts 0 less1 t 9 fact !re 0 only "o "p4 ,b t "p turn$ ar\nd 9 "o plane1 & advanc$ 9 ano!r2 x 0 less l any?+ t exi/$ be=e ?an ! catapult 0 l ! sl+1 or ! bali/a 0 l ! cross-b[4 ,!re 0 no imm$iate =]unn] ( ! gimlet4 ,9 o!r words1 ! m5tal jump ne$$ to inv5t ! gimlet 0 f a base ( no?+ t we c exactly specify4 ,illu/ration3 ,insurg5t ,captives ,br\ght ,be=e ,d>ius ,a possible sugge/ion = ! gimlet 0 ! succession ( incl9$ planes by :i* "o m\nt$ to ! top ( an ,assyrian or ,*aldean palace2 ^! planes ris+ gradually on ea* ( ! f\r sides1 s z to =m toge!r :at might be call$ a squ>e spiral4 ,x is possible t a circul> spiral may h be5 trac$ lat] ar\nd "s cyl9drical %aft or column1 & giv5 ! fir/ sugge/ion = ! screw or gimlet4 ,( c\rse1 a gimlet is a k9d ( screw4 ,! ,greeks d n seem to h appli$ _! inv5tiv5ess aft] ! "t ( ,ddalus to me*anical appliances1 b to works ( art & sy/ems ( religion & philosophy4 ,"o ( _! mo/ important inv5tions may be said to be mid-way betwe53 x consi/$ 9 add+ v[els to ! ,pho5ician alphabet & produc+ ! basis ( ! ,lat9 & succe$+ alphabets4 ,! ,greeks 7 n naturally ( a w>like disposition1 & _! peculi>ly jeal\s temp]am5t prev5t$ ! v>i\s /ates & cities f comb9+ & =m+ a great nation4 ,_! en]getic "* & great intellectuality sav$ !m1 h[ev]1 :5 ,d>ius1 ,k+ ( ,p]sia1 invad$ ,greece 9 #dij ,b4 ,c4 ,by t "t ! ,greeks _h rais$ & tra9$ an army ( great excell5ce4 ,no especial inv5tiv5ess seems to h be5 ex]cis$1 b ! equipm5ts ( ! m51 _! organization1 _! armor1 _! weapons & _! discipl9e _h be5 br\ght to a /&>d exce$+ly high4 ,all ^! advantages 7 ne$$2 = ! ,p]sians 7 a w>like p1 _! ,k+ ,d>ius 0 an ambiti\s & successful conqu]or1 & ! numb] ( ,p]sians t invad$ ,greece 0 f> great] ?an ! numb] t ,greece c\ld raise to fight !m4 ,_h ! ,greeks be5 de/itute ( inv5tion !y w\ld h foll[$ ! mo/ obvi\s c\rse1 t ( %utt+ !mselves up inside ! protection ( ! walls ( ,a!ns4 ,_h !y done ?is1 ! ,p]sians w\ld h surr\nd$ ! city1 %ut !m (f f supplies f outside1 & sl[ly b surely =c$ !m to surr5d]4 ,b1 on ! insi/5t advice ( ,miltiades1 ! ,greeks advanc$ to meet ! ,p]sians1 leav+ ! %elt] ( _! walls beh9d !m4 ,x may n seem to "s t ,miltiades made any inv5tion 9 plann+ ! campaign :i* he urg$ aga9/ mu* resi/ance1 & :i* ! ,a!nians f9ally c>ri$ out4 ,yet 8 m5tal action 0 "o alli$ to t ( mak+ an inv5tion2 = 8 m9d conceiv$ a plan z a purely m5tal picture1 !n develop$ into a workable project1 & !n pres5t$ x z a concrete proposition4 ,lat]1 :5 ! ho/ile =ces met on ! l[ pla9 ( ,m>a?on1 ,miltiades reject$ ! obvi\s plan t an un9v5tive m9d w\ld h adopt$4 ,in/ead ( x1 he inv5t$ ! plan ( weak5+ 8 c5t]1 /r5g!n+ 8 flanks1 & dep>t+ f ! usual cu/om ( advanc+ sl[ly aga9/ ! enemy1 9 favor ( advanc+ on ! run4 ,! plan 7inv5tion7 work$ p]fectly4 ,! unsuspect+ ,p]sians broke ?r\gh ! c5t] & pursu$ ! flee+ ,a!nians to a r\gh gr\nd2--only to be caught betwe5 ! two flanks1 l a nut 9 a nut-crack]1 & cru%$ to pieces4 ,x c h>dly be s]i\sly que/ion$ t 9 ?is plan ,miltiades %[$ ! abilities ( ! inv5tor1 & 9 a highly brilliant & highly important way4 ,_h he f\ght ! battle 9 ! obvi\s way1 ! great num]ical sup]iority ( ! ,p]sians c\ld h>dly h fail$ to ga9 ! victory1 despite a really consid]able sup]iority ( ! ,a!nians 9 tra9+ & equipm5t4 ,b ! ,p]sians 7 ! victims ( a new & unexpect$ k9d ( attack4 ,a new weapon sudd5ly br\ght to be> on !m w\ld h _h a simil> effect4 ,?is is ! fir/ illu/ration 9 record$ hi/ory ( ! influ5ce ( inv5tion on ! decid+ ( a w>4 ,its influ5ce 0 enorm\s 9 ?is case2 = ! battle ( ,m>a?on 0 "o ( ! mo/ decisive & "o ( ! mo/ important battles ev] f\ght4 ,if x _h be5 decid$ contr>iwise1 ,grecian civilization w\ld h be5 /amp$ out1 or s completely /ifl$ t x w\ld nev] h ris5 to ! heights x aft]w>ds atta9$2 fre$om ( ?\ght & gov]nm5t w\ld h be5 smo!r$1 & ! _w w\ld be immeasurably diff]5t n[ f :at x really is4 ,! defeat ( ! ,p]sians 0 s decisive t !y )drew to _! own c\ntry1 b ) ! det]m9ation ( return+1 & 9 ov]:elm+ =ce4 ,by reason ( a v>iety ( circum/ances1 includ+ ! dea? ( ! k+1 ! invasion did n take place until t5 ye>s lat]4 ,!n1 9 ! ye> #dhj ,b4 ,c41 ,k+ ,x]xes set out on a punitive exp$ition aga9/ ,greece ) an enorm\s milit>y & naval =ce4 ,aga9 ,greece 0 sav$ f ,p]sia by pure bra9 p[]1 t ( ,!mi/ocles4 ,l ,miltiades1 he reject$ ! obvi\s4 ,disc]n+1 z no "o else disc]n$1 t ! weake/ po9t 9 ! ,p]sian =ces 0 ! l9e ( communication across ! gean ,sea1 because ! %ips ( ^? days 7 fragile1 & an invad+ army ne$$ to get supplies cont9ually f ,p]sia1 he po9t$ out t al?\gh x 0 ! ,p]sian army t w\ld d ! actual damage 9 ,greece1 yet nev]!less1 ! major ef=t ( ! ,a!nians %\ld n be sp5t on _! army b on _! navy4 ,! difficulties he met 9 mak+ ! ,a!nians see ! tru? may easily be imag9$1 f exp]i5ces 9 our own day4 ,he succe$$ at la/1 h[ev]2 s t by ! "t ! ,p]sians rea*$ ,greece1 ,greece _h a fleet t 0 v good1 ?\gh n ne>ly s l>ge z ! ,p]sian4 ,! fleets came ne> to ea* o!r 9 ! vic9ity ( ,a!ns4 ,! majority ( ! ,a!nian lead]s advis$ t ! ,a!nian fleet %\ld retreat t[>d ! s\? & we/1 to ! i/hmus ( ,cor9?1 & await ! ,p]sians !re2 because1 if defeat$1 a safe retreat c\ld be effect$4 ,b ,!mi/ocles oppos$ ?is plan ) all ! =ce & eloqu5ce he c\ld br+ to be>2 po9t+ out t ! aim ( ! ,a!nians %\ld n be to f9d a safe l9e ( retreat1 b to w9 a battle2 & t ! ,bay ( ,salamis 0 ! be/ place1 = two reasons4 ,"o reason 0 t ! ,p]sians w\ld h to ent] ! bay 9 column1 because ! entrance 0 n>r[1 & ! ,p]sian %ips1 z !y successively pass$ into ! bay1 w\ld !re=e be at a great disadvantage aga9/ ! comb9$ attack ( ! ,a!nian %ips1 wait+ = !m !re2 ! o!r reason 0 t ! bay 0 s small t ! great numb]s & size ( ! ,p]sian %ips w\ld be a disadvantage1 in/ead ( an advantage4 ,!mi/ocles 7n )\t ! use ( consid]able diplomacy & ev5 subt]fuge7 f9ally secur$ ! ass5t ( ! o!r ,a!nian lead]s4 ,! result 0 exactly :at he pr$ict$ t x w\ld be4 ,! ,p]sian fleet 0 :olly defeat$1 & ,greece aga9 0 sav$4 ,! great victory ( ! ,greeks ov] ! ,p]sians wr\ght a p[]ful /imulation among all ! p1 especially 9 ,a!ns1 & 0 foll[$ by ! mo/ extraord9>y intellectual movem5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,x la/$ ab\t a c5tury & a half2 & 9 no o!r c\ntry1 & at no o!r p]iod1 has s mu* intellectual a*ievem5t be5 accompli%$ by s few p 9 s %ort a "t4 ,be=e ! ,p]sian w>s1 ! ,greeks _h already %[n an extraord9>y orig9ality 9 art & lit]ature2 especially 9 ar*itecture1 sculpture & poetry4 ,naturally ^! peaceful arts langui%$ dur+ ! w>s2 b aft] ! ,p]sian invad]s _h be5 f9ally eject$1 !y rose ) r5ew$ vigor1 /imulat$ by ! patriotic en?usiasm ( ! nation z a :ole4 ,x 0 9 ,a!ns1 & among ! ,a!nians t mo/ ( ! movem5t 0 c>ri$ on4 ,! pr9cipal /ate 9 ,greece besides ,a!ns !n 0 ,sp>ta4 ,! ,sp>tans devot$ !mselves ma9ly to w>like & alli$ arts1 :ile ! ,a!nians devot$ !mselves ma9ly to ! beautification ( ,a!ns2 ?\gh !y 7 c>eful to gu>d x adequately by ma9ta9+ an excell5t navy1 surr\nd+ ! city ) high walls1 & build+ two long p>allel walls f ,a!ns to ,piru1 its seaport4 ,x w\ld be out ( place 9 a book l ?is to attempt any description or discussion ( ! v>i\s phases ( ! intellectual activities t rose ) su* />tl+ quickness1 & develop$ into su* important movem5ts1 dur+ ! c5tury & a half t foll[$ ! ,p]sian w>s2 especially z ?is has already be5 done by _m s*ol>s1 9 _m languages1 & at _m times4 ,a v brief & elem5t>y /atem5t may1 h[ev]1 be made1 = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ ! influ5ce ( inv5tion on hi/ory4 ,! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( ! movem5t z a :ole & ( e "o ( ! v>i\s *annels :i* x foll[$1 0 orig9ality4 ,no su* p]ception ( beauty _h ev] be5 evid5c$ be=e2 no su* conceptions ( logic1 philosophy or sci5ce4 ,accompany+ ^! 0 a conception ( free gov]nm5t equally orig9al4 ,:e!r ! gov]nm5t ( ,a!ns 0 ! cause ( ! intellectual rise1 or ! intellectual rise 0 ! cause ( ! gov]nm5t1 may safely be left to s*ol>s to debate2 = ! purposes ( ! pres5t discussion1 x seems suffici5t t !y co-exi/$ & _h toge!r a p[]ful influ5ce on hi/ory4 ,! greate/ g5ius t guid$ ! intellectual =ces ( ! ,a!nians 9 ! matt] ( gov]nm5t 0 t ( ,p]icles1 :o rul$ _! m9ds by pure =ce ( argum5t & p]suasion1 f ab\t #dde to #dca ,b4 ,c4 ,a!ns & h] subject cities =m$ a virtual empire1 small 9 ext5t1 b p[]ful 9 influ5ce2 ?\gh 9 =m x 0 a democracy4 ,9 "s ways x 0 ! mo/ p]fect democracy t ev] has exi/$ ev5 to ?is day2 = n only 0 e citiz5 available = (fice1 b he 0 expect$ to take active "p 9 decid+ public measures1 & to be really qualifi$ to hold (fice4 ,?is idea 0 put into practical op]ation by a c>eful sy/em ( paym5t = e public s]vice2 to ! end t ev5 ! poore/ citiz5 %\ld be enabl$ to hold (fice1 & a weal?y (fice-hold+ ca/e prev5t$ f exi/+4 ,to s great an ext5t 0 ?is c>ri$ out t1 by ! "t t ! ,age ( ,p]icles ceas$ & ! ,peloponnesian ,w> began1 almo/ e citiz5 0 9 ! pay ( ! /ate4 ,! p]fect equality ( all ! citiz5s1 & _! community ( int]e/s & privileges1 0 recogniz$ by supply+ !m at times ) free tickets to places ( amusem5t1 & by banquet+ ! p on great occasions at ! exp5se ( ! /ate4 ,to di/ribute widely ! p[]s & duties ( citiz5%ip1 exce$+ly l>ge juries 7 e/abli%$ = ! trials ( all cases4 ,!re 0 no k+ or presid5t or prime m9i/]4 ,! s\rce ( au?ority 0 ! ,assembly :i* includ$ e citiz5 ov] eighte5 ye>s ( age1 & held =ty meet+s a ye>4 ,coop]at+1 z a sort ( committee1 0 a ,c\ncil ( ,five ,hundr$1 ^: memb]s 7 *os5 by lot ea* ye> f citiz5s ov] ?irty ye>s ( age4 ,! success ( ! ,a!nian democracy has _h a p[]ful influ5ce ev] s9ce on hi/ory2 because x has suppli$ n only a prec$5t b an enc\ragem5t to e p to try to escape f ! individual re/rictions t mon>*ies & all /rong gov]nm5ts t5d to impose4 ,b x _h ano!r ?\gh less p[]ful influ5ce also1 :i* cont9u$ = a long :ile1 b n[ has ceas$1 9 supply+ a prec$5t = slav]y4 ,= :ile ! citiz5s ( ,a!ns 7 free1 only ! sons ( ,a!nian fa!rs & ,a!nian mo!rs c\ld be citiz5s2 _m ?\s& work]s & m]*ants ( all k9ds c\ld take no "p 9 ! gov]nm5t1 & !re 7 besides an enorm\s numb] ( slaves4 ,x 0 to a great degree ! fact ( slav]y t made possible ! success ( ! s-call$ ,a!nian democracy2 = x lib]at$ ! citiz5s 9 v great measure f ! drudg]y ( life1 & gave !m leisure to devote !mselves to ! /udy ( gov]nm5t & ! arts4 ,9 addition1 ,a!ns acquir$ great weal? f ! spoils ( its w>s & ! tribute ( its subject /ates4 ,?is weal? 0 exp5d$ l>gely 9 ! beautify+ ( ,a!ns1 & 9 ! consequ5t enc\ragem5t & opportunity to arti/s ( all k9ds4 ,naturally1 ! art mo/ imm$iately enc\rag$ 0 t ( ar*itecture2 & t ! enc\ragem5t met ) ready & great success ! mo/ beautiful ru9s 9 ! _w sup]bly te/ify4 ,! direct+ g5ius 9 ?is "w & 9 all ! o!rs 0 ,p]icles1 :o /imulat$ ! ,a!nians ) 8 conception & description ( a city wor?y to symbolize ! p[] & glory ( ! empire4 ,! tw9 arts ( ar*itecture & sculpture work$ toge!r & 9 h>mony2 & a city m beautiful ?an ev] kn[n be=e1 or ev] kn[n s9ce1 te/ifi$ to ! s\ndness & brilliancy ( ! conception & to ! con/ructive ability ( ! ,a!nians to embody x 9 mat]ial =m4 ,! poets & s*ol>s kept pace ) ! /atesm5 & ! ar*itects & ! sculptors2 b ! philosoph]s surpass$ !m all4 ,=1 :ile ! successful democracy ( ,a!ns is a model /ill1 & :ile ! ,p>!non & ! /atue ( ,apollo are models /ill1 yet an integral "p ( ! sy/em ( gov]nm5t 7slav]y7 has be5 abjur$ by ! civiliz$ _w1 & ! temples & ! /atues h be5 = ! pleasure ( b a few2 :ile ! tea*+s ( ! philosoph]s h be5 ! basis on :i* has re/$ ev] s9ce mu* ( ! intellectual progress ( mank9d4 ,x may be not$ "h t1 z m5 h progress$ up ! /eep road to civilization1 ! only guides !y h _h h be5 m5 :o h n !mselves pass$ ov] ! road be=e1 & ^: only qualification z guides has la9 9 "s attribute ( ! m9d t enabl$ !m to survey ! road a little f>!r ahead ?an ! o!rs c\ld1 & to po9t out ! pa?s to take1 & ! ob/ructions to avoid4 ,man's physical in/9cts guide him consid]ably z to ! me?ods to pres]ve 8 physical exi/5ce2 b !y help him n at all to lift himself above 8 physical self1 & 9 _m ways !y h9d] him4 ,x seems to be ! (fice ( ! m9d bo? to disc]n ! upw>d pa?s & to /imulate ! w to ov]come ! difficulties & dang]s 9 ! way4 ,( ! great po9t]s ( ! way1 ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle & o!rs1 x might be deem$ presumptu\s ( ! pres5t au?or to d m ?an speak2 & ( ! great /imulators1 s*uylus1 ,sophocles1 ,eurip$es1 ,h]odotus1 ,?ucydides1 ,x5ophon1 &1 above all1 ,demo/h5es z well4 ,b because x is p]t95t to our subject x is in/ructive = u to note t ! ma9 di/9ctive feature ( ! "w ( ea* 0 orig9ality4 ,x is true t x is ! complet$ "w 9 ! case ( ea* t meets our gaze2 x is true t ! sup]ficial impression w\ld be ! same1 ev5 if ea* "w _h be5 a copy ( "s "w t _h gone be=e2 9 ! same way t1 sup]ficially1 _m a copy ( an oil pa9t+ is z good z ! orig9al4 ,b f ! /&po9t ( influ5ce on ! future1 x is ! orig9ator r ?an ! copyi/ :o wields ! influ5ce2 j z x is ! basic inv5tor ( a me*anical appliance r ?an ! man :o improves ^u x4 ,! ,a!nians & ,sp>tans became involv$ 9 ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 t la/$ f #dca to #djd ,b4 ,c41 & end$ ) ! capture ( ,a!ns4 ,! ,sp>tans !reupon became dom9ant 9 ,greece1 b only to be ma/]$ by ! ,!bans 9 #cga ,b4 ,c4 ,! little jeal\s /ates ( ,greece 7 nev] able to agree toge!r long1 & no "o /ate 0 ev] able to unite !m4 ,b ! half-b>b>ian p ( ,mac$onia1 "u ,philip _! k+1 aft] develop+ _! army1 accord+ to a novel sy/em inv5t$ by him1 ov]came & !n unit$ "u _! sway ! highly cultur$ b n[ milit>y weak /ates t _h despis$ !m4 ,possibly1 x w\ld some:at /ra9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w inv5tion1 to decl>e t ,philip made a radically new inv5tion1 :5 he improv$ on ! ,!ban phalanx1 & devis$ 8 sy/em ( milit>y tra9+2 = k+s & o!r lead]s _h tra9$ armies long be=e ,philip liv$1 & ,philip dep>t$ only 9 :at "s might call detail f ! me?ods t _h be5 us$ be=e4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 x 0 an act1 or a s]ies ( acts1 betok5+ great initiative & orig9ality1 = a man rul+ a weak collection ( tribes su* z dwelt 9 ,mac$on1 to create out ( su* crude mat]ial z he began )1 su* an extraord9>y army z he ultimately 0 able to lead to battle4 ,to accompli% ?is x 0 necess>y = him to conceive ! idea ( do+ x1 !n to embody 8 conception 9 a =mulat$ plan1 & !n br+ =? ! f9i%$ product4 ,! ?\ght ( do+ x mu/ h come to him3--h[ else c\ld he get x8 ,an idea comes f outside ?r\gh ! m5tal eye to ! m9d2 z a ray ( light comes f outside ?r\gh ! physical eye to ! ret9a4 ,! picture made on ,philip's m9d mu/ h impress$ him pr(\ndly1 = he sp5t ! re/ ( 8 life 9 giv+ x a local habitation & a "n4 ,to accompli% x co/ him ye>s ( cont9ual ef=t ( _m k9ds1 b he did accompli% x4 ,he did1 z a result1 produce a ma*9e1 z truly a ma*9e z ,/eph5son ev] produc$1 b made up ( _m m p>ts2 ea* "p indep5d5t ( any o!r1 & yet dep5d5t on e o!r1 & all work+ toge!r1 = a common purpose4 ,let u rem9d ourselves aga9 t a ma*9e compos$ ( inanimate p>ts only is only "o k9d ( ma*9e2 = a ma*9e may be compos$ ( animate p>ts1 or inanimate p>ts1 or ( p>ts ( :i* "s are animate & "s inanimate4 ,cle>ly1 x makes no diff]5ce1 s f> z ! act ( inv5tion goes1 :e!r a man uses animate or inanimate p>ts2 ! ess5tial ( inv5tion is ! creation ( a new ?+4 ,if a man m]ely puts two pieces ( wood & a piece ( /r+ into a pile1 or if he m]ely collects a numb] ( m5 toge!r1 no inv5tion is made & no?+ is creat$4 ,b if he s comb9es ! two pieces ( wood & ! /r+ z to make a b[ & arr[2 or if he comb9es a modifi$ ,!ban phalanx ) masses ( cavalry & catapults 9 a novel & effective way z ,philip did1 inv5tion is ex]cis$ & some?+ is creat$4 ,be=e ,philip's "t a phalanx 0 us$ to be> ! brunt ( ! battle1 & to ov]:elm ! enemy by m]e /r5g? & =ce2 z ! ,!bans did at ,leuctra & ,mant9ea4 ,b ,philip conceiv$ ! idea ( m]ely hold+ ! enemy ) 8 phalanx assi/$ by ! catapults1 & hurl+ 8 cavalry aga9/ _! flanks4 ,philip's army1 z ,philip us$ x1 0 a ma*9e & a v p[]ful "o3--ea* "p indep5d5t ( e o!r1 yet dep5d5t on e o!r--all ! p>ts work+ toge!r = a common purpose4 ,philip conceiv$ ! idea ( mak+ ?is ma*9e1 & aft]w>ds made x2 j z ,ericsson m ?an two ?\s& ye>s lat] conceiv$ ! idea ( mak+ a ,monitor & aft]w>ds made x4 ,by means ( 8 ma*9e ,philip defeat$ ! ,greeks at ,*]onea 9 ! ye> #cch ,b4 ,c41 j z ,ericsson by means ( 8 ma*9e defeat$ ! ,m]rimac at ,newport ,news 9 ! ye> #ahfb ,a4 ,d41 exactly tw5ty-two c5turies lat]4 ,! two ma*9es diff]$1 x is true4 ,yet !y did n diff] s mu* z "o might un?9k+ly suppose2 = ea* ma*9e 0 made up ( p>ts1 ( :i* "s 7 animate & "s 7 n2 & 9 ea* ma*9e e "p1 animate or inanimate1 coop]at$ ) all ! o!rs2 & all coop]at$ toge!r1 to c>ry out ! inv5tor's purpose1 ! de/ruction ( ! enemy4 ,! influ5ce ( ,philip's inv5tion began be=e ,philip di$1 & x cont9ues to ?is day4 ,= aft] ,philip's dea?1 8 son ,alex&] put x to "w at once on ! task ( subdu+ ?or\ghly all ( ,greece1 & !n subdu+ ,asia4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ma*9e 9 subdu+ ev5 ,greece alone mu/ n be reg>d$ lightly2 n s mu* because ,greece 0 subdu$1 z because ! v>i\s little /ates 7 by t means br\ght toge!r2 & because x illu/rates ! fact t )\t a ma*9e1 no great numb] ( p c "w toge!r4 ,x 0 because ( ! abs5ce ( any ma*9e t ! ,grecian /ates act$ sep>ately & antagoni/ically1 in/ead ( 9 coop]ation4 ,aft] subdu+ ,greece1 ,alex&] took 8 ma*9e across ! ,hellespont1 9 ! ye> #ccd ,b4 ,c41 to try x on ! ,p]sian troops 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,! ma*9e work$ s successfully at a battle on ! ,granicus t ,alex&] took x s\?1 & ) its aid 0 able to conqu] all ( ,asia ,m9or 9 ab\t a ye>4 ,x may be object$ t x is n correct to attribute all ( ,alex&]'s success to ! excell5ce ( 8 ma*9e2 & ?is objection w\ld h great =ce & receive ! approval ( mo/ p1 = ! reason t1 9 mo/ hi/ories1 ! ma9 cr$it is giv5 to ! en]gy ( ,alex&] & ! c\rage ( 8 troops2--?\gh ! excell5ce ( ! tra9+ & organization bequea!d by ,philip is admitt$4 ,to ?is hypo!tical objection ! answ] may be made t ! ultimate result 0 due to bo? ! ma*9e & ! excell5ce ) :i* x 0 op]at$2 t is1 to ! product ( :at ! ma*9e c\ld d if x 7 us$ ) p]fect skill & ! p]c5tage ( skill ) :i* x 0 actually us$4 ,?is /atem5t is1 ( c\rse1 true ( all ma*9es & in/rum5ts1 z ! au?or has (t5 po9t$ out1 9 articles & addresses4 ,9 ! case ( ,alex&] & 8 army1 ! p]c5tage ( skill1 ( c\rse1 0 high2 b ,alex&] & ea* "o ( 8 soldi]s 0 only a "p ( ! ma*9e2 & ev5 _! skill 0 "p ( ! ma*9e 9 ! s5se t x 0 a *>act]i/ic includ$ 9 ! orig9al design ( ,philip4 ,9 o!r words1 we %\ld n fall into ! error ( dissociat+ ! skill ( ,alex&] & 8 soldi]s f ! ma*9e itself2 because x 0 "p ( ,philip's inv5tion t ! tra9+ %\ld produce t skill4 ,! sy/em ( tra9+ 0 "p ( ! inv5tion4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 & exce$+ly important1 t ! degree ( skill :i* ,alex&] br\ght to be> p]sonally 0 f> 9 excess ( :at any sy/em ( tra9+ c\ld possibly produce4 ,:5 we read ( ! amaz+ victories t ,alex&] made ov] sup]ior =ces ( highly tra9$ w>riors1 we see t ,philip ( ,mac$on %\ld n be giv5 all ! cr$it2 t ! g5ius ( ,philip ( ,mac$on 0 n ! only g5ius contribut+ to ! result4 ,we see t g5ius ( "s k9d direct$ ! decisions ( ,alex&]4 ,:at 7 ! *>act]i/ics ( t g5ius8 ,c\rage8 ,yes2 hi/ory tells ( no "o possess+ high] c\rage1 bo? physical & moral1 ?an ,alex&]4 ,n only 0 he physically brave1 n only did he d>e physical dang] ( _m k9ds1 & on _m occasions1 b he 0 morally brave2 he did n %irk responsibility2 he did n fe> to take enorm\s risks2 he did n hesitate to reject advice1 ev5 ! advice ( 8 mo/ exp]i5c$ & able g5]als2 he 0 will+ to /ake ev]y?+1 sometimes1 on ! success ( "s :olly untri$ exp$i5t ( 8 own devis+4 ,b does m]e c\rage1 ev5 ( s _m k9ds--& ev5 if x be add$ to tra9$ skill & ! possession ( an admirable ma*9e--d !y all toge!r expla9 ! amaz+ successes ( ,alex&]8 ,no4 ,:at does expla9 !m8 ,g5ius8 ,yes1 b ! ^w g5ius is only a ^w1 & expla9s no?+2 = ! reason t no "o kn[s :at ! ^w g5ius means4 ,x is m]ely a label t we atta* to a man :o is able to d ?+s t o!r m5 _c d4 ,b grant+ t ! possession ( g5ius is an explanation ( ,alex&]'s be+ able to accompli% :at he did1 9 :at way did t g5ius op]ate8 9 :at way did x help him to w9 s _m victories & extricate himself f s _m p]il\s situations8 ,by inv5t+ me?ods & devis+ s*emes & improvis+ plans t an un9v5tive man w\ld n h ?\ght (4 ,! /ory ( ! ,gordian knot may or may n be true2 b x seems cr$ible1 because x 0 exactly ! k9d ( a ?+ t ,alex&] might h be5 expect$ to d 9 su* an em]g5cy4 ,pos+ z a great conqu]or1 he 0 7accord+ to ! leg5d7 sudd5ly confront$ ) ! unty+ ( a knot1 ! successful accompli%m5t ( :i* w\ld make him ma/] ( ,asia4 ,he realiz$ t he c\ld n untie x4 ,any man b a man l ,alex&] w\ld h tri$ x & ackn[l$g$ failure1 or h decl9$ to try x3 plac+ himself 9 a def5sive position 9 ei!r case4 ,b ,alex&] draws 8 sword & cuts ! knot 9 two1 !reby accompli%+ :atev] ! unty+ ( ! knot w\ld h accompli%$1 b 9 an unexpect$ way4 ,alex&]'s victories & escapes f p]il\s positions 7 l>gely accompli%$ by unexpect$ measures4 ,b ,alex&] %[$ 8 inv5tive ability be=e he invad$ ,p]sia2 9 8 v fir/ campaign und]tak5 to subdue a revolt 9 ,!ssaly imm$iately aft] he asc5d$ to ! ?rone4 ,! ,!ssalians oppos$ him 9 a n>r[ defile4 ,an ord9>y man w\ld h ?\ght1 z ! ,!ssalians did1 t he 0 *eckmat$4 ,b ,alex&] conceiv$ & execut$ ! +5i\s s*eme ( cutt+ a new road up ! /eep side ( ! m\nta91 lead+ 8 army along t road1 & sudd5ly ?reat5+ ! ,!ssalians 9 _! helpless re>4 ,%ortly aft]w>d 9 ,?race he rea*$ a defile 9 ! m\nta9s :i* x 0 necess>y = him to pass1 b :i* he f\nd def5d$ by a =ce t _h /ation$ a numb] ( w>-*>iots at ! top1 to be roll$ d[n on ! ,mac$onians4 ,alex&] imm$iately ord]$ 8 infantry to advance up ! pa? & to op5 _! ranks :5ev] possible to let ! *>iots ru% ?r\gh2 b :5 t c\ld n be done to fall on _! knees & hold _! %ields toge!r z a sort ( ro( on :i* ! *>iots w\ld slide1 & f :i* !y w\ld roll (f4 ,?is amaz+ /ory is suppos$ to be true2 & x is said to h succe$$ p]fectly4 ,n long aft]w>d ,alex&] _h to cross ! ,danube ) 8 army & all _! equipm5ts & attack a =ce ( b>b>ians on ! f>!r bank4 ,?is he saw he c\ld n d by ! use ( any means available ( an ord9>y k9d4 ,no?+ daunt$1 he conceiv$ & execut$ ! s*eme ( float+ 8 equipm5ts across at night 9 floats made ( t5t sk9s1 fill$ ) hay4 ,! next cle> example t we f9d ( ,alex&]'s inv5tiv5ess 0 :5 he und]took ! siege ( ,tyre4 ,tyre /ood on an isl& ( ,pho5icia 9 ! extreme ea/]n end ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,x 0 surr\nd$ ) a wall1 v ?ick & v high1 & 0 sep>at$ f ! %ore by half a mile ( deep wat]4 ,to capture su* a place 0 no small und]tak+ = a man :o _h no %ips4 ,b ,alex&] conceiv$ & execut$ a s*eme t work$ successfully4 ,9 accordance ) t s*eme1 he built a causeway t ext5d$ f ! %ore out t[>d ! isl& on :i* ,tyre /ood4 ,naturally1 ! ,tyrians ob/ruct$ 8 ef=ts by s5d+ fire%ips aga9/ him & fir+ projectiles2 & ^! tactics became m & m effective z ! causeway approa*$ ! city4 ,!n ,alex&] visit$ "s ( ! jeal\s neighbors ( ,tyre t _h submitt$ to him1 & secur$ a fleet ( "s eighty %ips2 & ^! he l$1 z ! admiral comm&+1 aga9/ ! ,tyrian h>bor4 ,by ?is "t1 ! causeway 0 well protect$ ) catapults & w>-eng9es ( v>i\s k9ds1 & _h be5 c>ri$ close up to ! isl&4 ,yet little actual damage c\ld be done to ,tyre1 because ( ! height & ?ickness ( ! walls1 & because ,alex&]'s galleys t he _h equipp$ ) w>-eng9es c\ld n get close en\gh1 by reason ( l>ge b\ld]s "u wat]4 ,alex&] !n equipp$ c]ta9 galleys ) w9dlasses to root up ! b\ld]s1 ! galleys be+ fitt$ ) *a9 cables to prev5t div]s f cutt+ !m4 ,tyre 0 soon aft]w>ds r$uc$ to a purely passive def5se & consequ5t surr5d]4 ,! /ory ( ! siege ( ,tyre1 if read 9 ! light ( ! conditions ( ! comp>ative b>b>ism ( ! _w 9 ^? days1 is a record ( inv5tiv5ess1 on ! "p ( ,alex&]1 s conv9c+ & complete1 z to entitle ,alex&] to a place 9 ! fir/ rank among ! inv5tors ( our race4 ,%ortly aft]w>d ,alex&] rea*$ ! t[n ( ,gaza1 ! great /ronghold ( ! ,phili/9es4 ,x /ood on high gr\nd1 & 0 m ?an two miles f ! sea4 ,alex&]'s eng9e]s report$ to him t1 z ! fleet c\ld n assi/ !m1 & z ! walls 7 !mselves v high & /ood on a high hill1 ! walls c\ld nev] be /orm$4 ,?+s look$ s]i\s4 ,!y 7 s]i\s2 & failure w\ld !n h come to any man1 except a man l ,alex&]4 ,he cut ! ,gordian knot by ord]+ t ramp>ts be ?r[n up z high z ! top ( ! walls1 & w> eng9es plac$ on ! ramp>ts4 ,?is 0 done1 & ! city 0 tak54 ,alex&]'s campaigns 9 ,egypt1 & aft]w>d 9 we/]n ,asia1 7 *>act]iz$ by ! same quickness & d>+1 bo? 9 conception & 9 execution1 t _h m>k$ 8 op5+ campaigns 9 ,greece4 ,lat]1 :5 advanc+ t[>d ,p]sia1 he enc\nt]$ a tribe ( hillsm5 9 ! ,uxian ,pass1 :o1 l ! ,!ssalians & ! ,?racians1 ?\ght !y _h block$ 8 passage by oppos+ him 9 s n>r[ a defile4 ,alex&] lit]ally circumv5t$ !m by mak+ a night m>* ov] a difficult m\nta9 pass1 & a/oni%+ !m by an attack on _! re> ! foll[+ morn+4 ,%ortly aft]w>d a l situation pres5t$ itself1 :5 an army oppos$ him 9 a n>r[ defile call$ ! ,p]sian ,gates1 t 0 =tifi$ ) a wall4 ,alex&] soon realiz$ t ! position ( 8 enemy 0 impregnable4 ,he le>n$1 h[ev]1 t !re 0 a pa? t l$ ar\nd ! pass1 ?\gh x 0 exce$+ly dang]\s1 p>ticul>ly to m5 9 armor & to horses1 & especially at t "t1 :5 sn[ & ice 7 on ! gr\nd4 ,he aga9 utiliz$ 8 =m] inv5tion 7circumv5tion7 & ) 8 =m] success2 ?\gh ! conditions "u :i* x 0 accompli%$ 7 mu* m difficult4 ,! f\r examples j giv5 ( lit]ally circumv5t+ an un9v5tive enemy illu/rate 9 ! simple/ =m ! influ5ce ( inv5tion on milit>y hi/ory4 ,aft] x became cle> to ,alex&] t 8 invasion ( ,asia w\ld be successful f a milit>y po9t ( view1 8 active imag9ation pres5t$ to 8 m9d a picture ( a gr& & noble empire1 embrac+ ! :ole _w1 b dom9at$ & inspir$ by ! _s ( ! civilization ( ,greece4 ,to develop ?is conception into an actual reality1 became at once ! object ( 8 ef=ts4 ,to develop x1 he decid$ to adopt 9 "s measure ! *>act]i/ics & dress ( ! p 9 :atev] prov9ce he might be1 & to take su* /eps 9 organiz+ prov9ces1 f\nd+ cities & e/abli%+ sy/ems1 z to weld all into "o empire1 "u himself1 z rul]4 ,"o c h>dly cr$it ! au?oritative acc\nt he reads ( ,alex&]'s bewild]+ success4 ,he seems n only to h won battles1 & built cities1 & organiz$ prov9ces1 b actually to h sup]-pos$ ,greek civilization on ,p]sian civilization6 ,9 "o ( 8 mo/ important lat] battles1 ,alex&] aga9 utiliz$ 8 inv5tiv5ess4 ,if he _h n done s1 he w\ld assur$ly h lo/ ! battle4 ,x 0 aga9/ ,k+ ,porus 9 nor?we/]n ,india4 ,alex&] f\nd ! =ces ( ,porus encamp$ on ! opposite side ( ! ,hydaspes ,riv]1 ) ! evid5t int5tion ( prev5t+ him f cross+4 ,z ! army ( ,porus 9 m5 alone 0 evid5tly equal to 8 own1 & z x 0 re9=c$ ) a multitude ( elephants1 ,alex&] 0 app>5tly confront$ ) a problem impossible ( solution4 ,x w\ld h be5 impossible to anyone b a man l ,alex&]4 ,he1 h[ev]1 by means ( v>i\s fe9ts & +5i\s /ratagems1 manag$ to get across at night ab\t sixte5 miles up ! riv]1 us+ boats t he _h con/ruct$1 & floats ( sk9 /uff$ ) /raw4 ,porus took up a position on ! opposite %ore & made ready to receive attack1 8 front prec$$ by w> *>iots & elephants4 ,alex&] _h nei!r2 b he did h bra9s & orig9ality4 ,s he simply held ! enemy ) 8 infantry1 & !n made a det]m9$ attack ) cavalry & ar*]s on ! enemy's left flank1 & especially on ! elephants4 ,! elephants soon got beyond control2 & ! re/ ( ! battle 0 a fight betwe5 a highly tra9$ ,mac$onian phalanx1 assi/$ by cavalry1 & an ,ori5tal mob4 ,alex&] di$ 9 ,babylon :5 n q ?irty-?ree ye>s old4 ,9 actual & imm$iate a*ievem5t he surpass$ p]haps e o!r man :o has ev] liv$4 ,he f\nd$ an empire :i* he himself _h conceiv$ & develop$1 :i* cov]$ ne>ly all ! !n kn[n _w1 & :i*1 ?\gh x 0 compos$ ma9ly ( b>b>\s & semi-b>b>\s p1 0 dom9at$ by ,greek ?\ght4 ,x is true t ! empire fell ap>t almo/ imm$iately aft] ,alex&] di$4 ,b x did n fall into an>*y1 or rev]t to its previ\s /ate3 x 0 divid$ into f\r p>ts1 ea* ( :i* 0 di/9ct1 self-gov]n+ & well organiz$4 ,! two l>g] p>ts1 ! k+dom ( ! ,seleucid1 :i* occupi$ approximately ! t]ritory ( ,p]sia1 & ! k+dom ( ! ,ptolomies1 or ,egypt1 cont9u$ z tor*-be>]s to civilization = _m c5turies !reaft]4 ,( ! two1 ! =m] 0 ! l>g] & 0 probably ! bett]1 f an adm9i/rative po9t ( view2 b ,egypt repres5t$ ! f9] civilization2 = ,alex&ria1 ) its libr>y & its wond]ful museum1 became ! seat ( le>n+ & ! resort ( ! s*ol>s ( ! _w1 & ! c5tre ( ! ,hell5i/ic civilization t foll[$ t ( ,greece4 ,?is ,hell5i/ic civilization1 x may "h be po9t$ out1 0 9 "s respects z f9e z t ( ,greece1 & 9 "s respects 0 f9]1 because x 0 m mature4 ,b 7p]haps = ! reason t x 0 m mature7 x lack$ mu* ( ! elem5t t 0 ! highe/ 9 ! ,greek1 ! elem5t t gave ,greek civilization great] influ5ce on hi/ory ?an any o!r civilization ev] _h--! creative elem5t4 ,! creative p]iod ( ,greece ceas$ :5 h] political lib]ty 0 lo/4 ,fur!rmore1 ! imm5se am\nt ( weal? t p\r$ into ! ,grecian cities & ! ,grco-,ori5tal _w1 by reason ( ! putt+ into circulation ( gold t _h be5 /or$ away 9 ,ori5tal palaces1 z well z by ! comm]cial exploitation ( ! ri*es ( ! ,ea/1 br\ght ab\t a g5]al effem9iz+ ( all classes ( society1 & ! consequ5t dull+ ( _! m9ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,ligh?\se ( ! ,h>bor ( ,alex&ria 9 ! ,hell5i/ic ,age ,nev]!less1 !re 0 great intellectual activity 9 ! ,grco-,ori5tal _w1 & a c]ta9 measure ( inv5tion1 ?\gh little 0 ( a basic k9d4 ,euclid improv$ ! sci5ce ( geometry1 & put x 9 virtually ! same %ape z t 9 :i* x has be5 taught s9ce1 ev5 to ?is day4 ,ari/>*us1 ! a/ronom]1 ann\nc$ ! doctr9e t ! e>? revolves ar\nd ! sun & rotates on its own axis2 & ,hipp>*us inv5t$ ! plan ( fix+ ! positions ( places on ! e>? by _! latitudes nor? & s\? ( ! ,equator & _! longitude ea/ or we/ ( a designat$ m]idian4 ,hippocrates & ,gal5 conceiv$ & develop$ ! f\ndations ( ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e ( ! pres5t day4 ,erato/h5es e/imat$ ) extraord9>y accuracy ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>?1 & f\nd$ ! sci5ce ( geography4 ,b ! greate/ ( all ( ! orig9al work]s ( t "t 0 ,ar*im$es1 :o liv$ at ,syracuse 9 ,sicily1 & 0 kill$ by mi/ake :5 ,syracuse 0 captur$ 9 ! ye> #bab ,b4 ,c41 :ile engag$ 9 draw+ a geometrical figure on ! s&4 ,8 pr9cipal fame is z a ma!matician2 b z a great inv5tor ( me*anical appliances1 he is ! fir/ man recogniz$ z su* 9 hi/ory4 ,! inv5tion ) :i* 8 "n is mo/ frequ5tly l9k$ is t ( ! ,ar*im$ean screw4 ,?is consi/$ ( a tube1 w\nd spirally ar\nd an incl9$ axle1 & s dispos$ t :5 ! l[] end ( ! tube 0 dipp$ into wat] & ! axle 0 rotat$ wat] w\ld rise 9 ! tube--z %av+s d :5 a screw is screw$ d[n into wood4 ,x con/itut$ a v conv5i5t pump & 0 s us$4 ,?is 01 ( c\rse1 a me*anical inv5tion ( ! utmo/ orig9ality & value1 & =ms "o ( ! cle>ly def9$ /epp+-/ones to civilization4 ,!re seems to be a belief 9 ! m9ds ( "s t ,ar*im$es 0 ! inv5tor ( ! lev]4 ,! lev] 01 ( c\rse1 inv5t$ long be=e he liv$2 b ! laws ( its op]ation & ! pr9ciple t ! weight on ea* side ( ! fulcrum1 multipli$ by its di/ance f ! fulcrum1 is equal to ! weight on ! o!r side1 multipli$ by its di/ance 7:5 ! lev] is 9 equilibrium71 seems to h be5 e/abli%$ by him4 ,_m /ories are told ( 8 exploits :5 ,syracuse 0 besieg$ by ! ,romans1 b !y are r vague4 ,! be/ kn[n /ory is t he arrang$ a great _m mirrors 9 su* a way t he conc5trat$ s _m rays ( sunlight on "s ,roman %ips t !y took fire4 ,:e!r ?is is true or n is n def9itely kn[n2 b _m c5turies lat] ,buffon1 ! ,fr5* sci5ti/1 made an arrangem5t ( plane mirrors ) :i* he set fire to wood #bjj feet away4 ,! greate/ s+le exploit ( ,ar*im$es 0 8 discov]y & demon/ration ( ! hydro/atic pr9ciple t ! weight ( liquid displac$ by a body float+ 9 x is equal to t ( ! body4 ,! /ory is t ! k+ gave him ! app>5tly impossible task ( det]m9+ ! quantity ( gold & ! quantity ( silv] 9 a c]ta9 gold co91 9 mak+ :i* ! k+ suspect$ ! workm5 ( /eal+ "p ( ! gold & sub/itut+ silv]4 ,pond]+ ?is subject lat] :ile ly+ 9 8 ba?1 ,ar*im$es sudd5ly realiz$ t 8 body displac$ a bulk ( wat] equal to t "p ( 8 body t 0 imm]s$1 & conceiv$ ! consequ5t law2 & ! conception 0 s />tl+ & s vivid t he ru%$ unclad out into ! /reet cry+1 ,i h f\nd x1 ,i h f\nd x4 ,! /ory z a /ory may n be exactly true2 b if ,ar*im$es _h realiz$ ! full purport & ! nev]-end+ result ( 8 conception1 he w\ld probably h done some?+ ev5 m ecc5tric ?an he did4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ar*im$es e/eem$ me*anical inv5tions z greatly inf]ior 9 value to ^? speculations & demon/rations t conv9ce ! m9d1 & consid]$ t 8 *ief s+le "w 0 discov]+ ! ma!matical relation betwe5 a sph]e & a cyl9d] j conta9+ x4 ,:e!r ?is discov]y & ! discov]y ( ! hydro/atic pr9ciple j m5tion$ 7 inv5tions or n1 dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 on ! mean+ ( ! ^w inv5tion4 ,)9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w z employ$ h]et(ore 9 ?is book1 bo? seem to h be5 inv5tions4 ,ea* made a def9ite creation & ea* caus$ some?+ to exi/1 ! l ( :i* _h nev] exi/$ be=e4 ,fur!rmore1 ! m5tal processes foll[$ resemble v closely ! conception & =mulation ( a religion or a !ory1 ! conception & compos+ ( a new piece ( music1 /ory or poem1 ! conception & develop+ ( any new plan or s*eme2 ! conception & embody+ 9 mat]ial =m ( any me*anical device4 ,x is n ass]t$1 ( c\rse1 t all inv5tions are on a dead level ( equality1 simply because !y are inv5tions4 ,evid5tly !re are degrees ( excell5ce among inv5tions z among all o!r ?+s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,inv5tion ,,9 ,,rome3 ,,its ,,rise ,,& ,,fall ,we h not$1 up to a "t approximately t ( ,ar*im$es1 a cont9ual succession ( inv5tions ( _m k9ds1 t =m$ /epp+-/ones to civilization s l>ge & pla91 t we c see !m ev5 f ?is di/ance4 ,we n[ come to a p]iod la/+ m ?an a ?\s& ye>s1 9 ! fir/ half ( :i* !re 0 a gradually decreas+ lack ( inv5tiv5ess %[n1 & 9 ! latt] half a cessation almo/ complete4 ,! nation t foll[$ ,greece z ! dom9ant nation ( ! _w 0 ,rome4 ,%e became m truly a dom9ant nation ?an ,greece ev] 02 b h] civilization 0 built on t ( ,greece1 & h] success ev5 9 w> & gov]nm5t 0 due l>gely to foll[+ :]e ,greece _h l$4 ,t ,rome 9 h] e>ly days %\ld h foll[$ ! me?ods ( ,greece 0 natural ( c\rse2 = ! two c\ntries 7 close toge!r1 & ! me?ods ( ,greece _h br\ght success4 ,! e>ly religion ( ,rome 0 s l t ( ,greece t ev5 to ?is day ! conceptions ( mo/ ( u reg>d+ ,zeus & ,jupit]1 ,poseidon & ,neptune1 ,aphrodite & ,v5us are apt to become confus$4 ,l ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans fir/ 7 ga!r$ 9 city-/ates t 7 gov]n$ by k+s2 & z ) ! ,greeks1 m republican =ms 7 adopt$ lat]4 ,9 "o important p>ticul>1 ! ,roman practice div]g$ f ! ,greek1 & t 0 9 incorporat+ conqu]$ /ates into ! p>5t /ate1 & grant+ _! inhabitants ! privileges ( citiz5%ip2 in/ead ( keep+ !m 9 ! condition ( m]e subject /ates4 ,! ,roman sy/em 0 some:at l ! sy/em ( prov9ces e/abli%$ by ! ,assyrians4 ,x =ms ! basis ( ! municipal sy/em ( ! free /ates ( ! pres5t day1 9 :i* local self-gov]nm5t is c>ri$ on1 "u ! p>am\nt au?ority ( ! /ate4 ,x may be po9t$ out "h t ! conception ( su* an idea & its successful developm5t into an effective ma*9e ( gov]nm5t by ! ,romans con/itut$ an inv5tion2 ?\gh 9 view ( :at _h be5 done be=e by ,assyria & ,greece1 x _c be call$ a basic inv5tion4 ,! e>ly ,romans 7 v diff]5t 9 _! m5tal *>act]i/ics f ! ,greeks2 = !y 7 /]n1 w>like1 int5sely practical1 & possess$ ( an extraord9>y tal5t = :at we n[ call team "w4 ,z a nation !y 7 n s inv5tive z ! ,greeks2 b ! ,roman1 ,cs>1 0 ! greate/ milit>y inv5tor :o ev] liv$4 ,z might be expect$1 _! e>ly endeavors p]ta9$ to w>1 & _! fir/ improvem5ts 7 9 w>like ?+s4 ,"o improvem5t t 0 m>k$ by consid]able inv5tiv5ess 0 9 *ang+ ! phalanx into ! legion4 ,! phalanx1 ! hi/orian ,bots=d tells u1 0 inv5t$ by ! ,sp>tans1 probably 9 ! eigh? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 & consi/$ ( an unbrok5 l9e ( w>riors1 sev]al ranks deep4 ,! ,!bans improv$ on ?is2 & f ! ,!ban1 ,philip develop$ ! ,mac$onian phalanx ) :i* ,alex&] f\ght 8 way ?r\gh ,asia4 ,! ,romans "u ,s]vius ,tullius develop$ ?is into ! ,roman phalanx1 :i* 0 diff]5t only 9 detail4 ,! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! phalanx 0 /r5g?4 ,?is 0 ga9$ by ! close support giv5 by ea* man to 8 neighbor1 ! p]sonal /r5g? ( ea* man & ! tra9$ co-op]ation ( all4 ,a trem5d\s bl[ 0 giv5 to an enemy's l9e :5 a phalanx /ruck x4 ,9 ! e>ly w>s among ! hills ( ,italy1 ! ,romans f\nd ! phalanx too rigid = su* unev5 c\ntry2 & x 0 9 endeavor+ to inv5t a sub/itute t !y f9ally develop$ ! legion4 ,?is ma*9e 0 mu* m flexible1 ! individual soldi]s _h m room = _! movem5ts1 & yet ! ma*9e seem$ to possess ! necess>y rigidity :5 ! %ock ( impact came4 ,! heavy infantry 0 9 ?ree l9es1 & ea* l9e 0 divid$ into t5 companies1 or maniples4 ,! burd5 ( ! fir/ attack 0 borne by ! fir/ l9e4 ,if unsuccessful1 ! fir/ l9e )drew ?r\gh gaps 9 ! second l9e1 & ! second l9e took up ! task2--& !n ! ?ird1 compos$ ( ! mo/ season$ troops4 ,! attack usually began ) ! hurl+ ( javel9s1 & 0 foll[$ at once by an assault ) ! ,roman /rong %ort swords4 ,n[ ! legion 0 j z truly an inv5t$ ma*9e z a /eam eng9e is2 & x _h a great] influ5ce on hi/ory ?an ! /eam eng9e has ev] _h ?us f>4 ,x 0 by means ( _! legions t ! ,romans pass$ outside ( ! walls ( ,rome1 & conqu]$ all ( ,italy4 ,x 0 by means ( _! legions t ! ,romans conqu]$ all ! coa/ peoples t bord]$ ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 subdu$ ,gaul1 ,europe & ,egypt & ,asia1 & became ! greate/ ma/]s ( ! _w t ! _w has ev] se54 ,! fir/ w> ( ! ,romans t hi/ory calls great 0 _! w> aga9/ ! spl5did & weal?y city ( ,c>?age1 situat$ on ! opposite side ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 inhabit$ by desc5dants ( ! ,pho5icians4 ,!y 7 an aggressive & en]getic p1 b only comm]cially4 ,!y 7 n ( ! w>like ca/1 & delegat$ ! "w ( national def5se to hir$ soldi]s & sailors4 ,!y _h "o great advantage ov] ! ,romans 9 ! possession ( an excell5t navy4 ,! ,romans resolv$ to create a navy4 ,) *>act]i/ic en]gy & practical ability1 !y devot$ !mselves at once to bo? ! acquisition ( ! p]sonnel & ! mat]ial1 & ! adequate tra9+ ( ! crews4 ,x is /at$ t )9 two mon?s f ! "t ( />t+1 ,rome possess$ a hundr$ qu9qu]emes1 ! l>ge/ galleys ( ^? days1 hav+ five ti]s ( r[]s2 ?\gh !y _h _h none :5 ! w> broke out4 ,! fir/ naval battle took place ne> ! promontory ( ,myl4 ,naturally1 ! ,romans 7 at a great disadvantage z comp>$ ) ! exp]i5c$ (fic]s & sailors 9 ! ,c>?ag9ian fleet2 = ?\gh ! ,roman soldi] 0 f> bett] ?an ! ,c>?ag9ian1 ! ,roman sailor 0 inexp]i5c$ & unskilful4 ,to rem$y ! difficulty1 ! ,romans made a simple b brilliant inv5tion4 ,!y provid$ ea* qu9qu]eme ) a corvus1 t consi/$ ess5tially ( a drawbridge t c\ld be l[]$ quickly1 & t c>ri$ a %>p spike at its out] end2 & !n arrang$ a plan :]eby ea* qu9qu]eme %\ld get alongside ( a ,c>?ag9ian1 drop ! drawbridge at su* a "t t ! spike w\ld hold ! out] end ( ! drawbridge 9 place on ! ,c>?ag9ian deck1 & ,roman soldi]s %\ld !n ru% across ! drawbridge & attack ! inf]ior ,c>?ag9ian soldi]s4 ,few m brilliant inv5tions h ev] be5 made2 few h be5 m successful & effective4 ,! battle end$ 9 a p]fect victory = ! ,romans1 & con/itut$ ! initial /ep 9 ! subjugation ( ,c>?age by ,rome4 ,!re 7 ?ree w>s 9 all1 call$ ,punic ,w>s4 ,! great ,c>?ag9ian ,g5]al1 ,hannibal1 invad$ ,italy by l& 9 ! ,second ,w>1 & aft] a campaign m>k$ ) a high ord] ( d>+ & ability1 ?reat5$ ,rome h]self aft] a brilliant victory ne> ,lake ,trasim5e4 ,ano!r victory foll[$ at ,cann1 b a decisive disa/] lat] on ! ,metaurus ,riv]4 ,s ! ,second ,w> 0 won by ,rome4 ,b ,c>?age /ill exi/$1 & m5ac$ ! comm]cial1 naval & milit>y dom9ance ( ,rome4 ,!re=e w> 0 br\ght ab\t at la/ by ,rome1 & ,c>?age de/roy$ completely4 ,! conduct ( ,rome t[>d ,c>?age _c be ju/ifi$ on any gr\nds ( any sy/em ( morality accept$ at ! pres5t day2 & yet x _c reasonably be d5i$ t x 0 bett] = human progress t ,rome %\ld prevail ?an ,c>?age4 ,! ,romans1 h>% & ru?less z !y 71 7 less s ?an ! ,c>?ag9ians2 & !y _h an elem5t ( /rong manl9ess & a compreh5sive grasp ( ?+s beyond m]e comm]ce & money-gett+ & ease & com=t t ! ,semitic ,c>?ag9ians :olly lack$4 ,! effect ( ! conque/ ( ,c>?age by ,rome 0 a little l t ( ! conque/ ( ,p]sia by ,alex&]4 ,dur+ ! same ye> 7#adf ,b4 ,c47 :5 ,rome de/roy$ ,c>?age1 %e also de/roy$ ,cor9? 9 ,greece1 & br\ght ,greece & ,mac$onia "u h] sway4 ,%e _h previ\sly 7#aij ,b4 ,c47 defeat$ ,antio*us ! ,great1 & tak5 f him ne>ly all 8 t]ritory 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,by ! ye> #eh ,b4 ,c41 ,rome _h become ! mo/ p[]ful nation 9 ! _w & /ill pres]v$ a republican =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 t ye>1 #eh ,b4 ,c41 ! man :o probably is ! mo/ g5]ally reg>d$ z ! greate/ man :o has ev] liv$1 appe>$ ^u ! /age ( hi/ory4 ,8 "n 0 ,julius ,cs>4 ,he appe>$ 9 t ye>1 because he w5t !n f ,rome to ,gaul1 & />t$ on ^? brilliant & 9 _m respects unprec$5t$ campaigns :i* h _h s pr(\nd an effect on hi/ory1 & :i* = orig9ality 9 conception & execution h _h no rivals s9ce4 ,at ?is "t1 ,italy & ! l&s ( ,africa & ,asia on :i* ,alex&] _h impress$ ! civilization ( ,greece1 7 prosp]\s & well-gov]n$2 b beyond ^? c\ntries only b>b>\s cu/oms prevail$1 & only a primitive civilization reign$4 ,! l&s t lay nor? & nor?we/ ( ,italy1 ?r\gh\t all ,gaul1 7 inhabit$ by savage tribes t 7 9 a /ate ( cont9ual w> ) ea* o!r4 ,9 ! s\!rn & middle p>ts ! effects ( ,roman civilization might be dimly se52 b 9 ! s\?we/]n "p1 & 9 ! nor?1 especially among ! ,g]man tribes on ! ,rh9e1 & ! ,belg ne> ! ,nor? ,sea1 a condition ( virtually pure savag]y prevail$4 ,into su* a c\ntry ,cs> m>*$1 at ! head ( a body ( m5 :olly inf]ior 9 numb]s to ^? !y 7 to meet1 n sup]ior to !m 9 c\rage or physical /r5g?1 b consid]ably sup]ior to !m 9 discipl9e1 & va/ly sup]ior 9 ! weapons & me?ods t _h gradually be5 inv5t$1 ) ! progress ( civilization4 ,?us1 :ile ! ,roman ma*9e 0 sup]ior z a ma*9e to any t ! ,gauls c\ld br+ to be>1 x 0 small]2 s t ! "q to be decid$ 0 :e!r ! sup]ior excell5ce ( ! ,roman ma*9e 0 great en\gh to balance its inf]iority 9 size4 ,look+ back f our vantage gr\nd on ! hi/ory ( ! campaigns t foll[$1 we feel incl9$ to answ] ! "q 9 ! negative1 unless we consid] ,cs> himself a "p ( ! ma*9e4 ,x is true t ! campaigns 7 decid$ 9 favor ( ! ,roman ma*9e2 b !re seems little gr\nd = d\bt+ t !y w\ld n h be5 s decid$1 if ! g5ius ( ,cs> _h n manag$ ! ,roman ma*9e & made improvem5ts f "t to "t4 ,cs> _h _h little exp]i5ce z a soldi]1 b 8 habits ( life & traits ( "* 7 ( ! milit>y k9d4 ,z ! campaigns progress$1 8 c\rage1 equanimity & rapidity ( ?\ght & action 7 cont9ually display$2--yet n to su* a degree z to put him 9 a high] class ?an _m o!r g5]als ( hi/ory1 or to acc\nt :olly = 8 m>vell\s successes4 ,"o peculi> ability1 h[ev]1 he possess$ & ex]cis$ 9 a degree great] ?an any o!r g5]al ( hi/ory3 & x 0 by ! ex]cise ( t ability t 8 mo/ extraord9>y victories 7 a*iev$1 & 8 g5]al%ip especially di/+ui%$ f ! g5]al%ip ( o!rs4 ,t ability 0 inv5tiv5ess4 ,8 fir/ contact 0 ) ! ,swiss 7,helvetii71 :o 7 ab\t to leave ! b>r5ness ( _! m\nta9 l&s1 & m>* we/ to ! f]tile l&s beyond4 ,z ?is w\ld take !m ?r\gh ,roman t]ritory & t5d to drive ! ,gauls into ,italy1 op5 ,switz]l& to occupation by ! ,g]mans1 & po9t a road !nce = !m also into ,italy1 ,cs> ha/5$ to ! ,rhne ,riv]1 de/roy$ ! bridge :i* !y w\ld naturally g ov]1 & =bade ! ,swiss to attempt to cross ! riv]4 ,! ,swiss plead$ ) ,cs> to p]mit !m to cross4 ,z ,cs> realiz$ t ! ,swiss 7 too greatly sup]ior 9 =ce to be kept back1 unless he c\ld /r5g!n himself 9 "s way1 he ask$ "t = reflection1 & told !m to return 9 two weeks4 ,:5 ! ,swiss return$ at ! end ( t "t1 _! a/oni%$ eyes disclos$ to !m ! fact t ,cs> _h con/ruct$ walls & tr5*es & =ts at e po9t :]e a passage c\ld reasonably be attempt$4 ,x may be object$ t walls & tr5*es & =ts 7 n new1 & t !re=e ,cs> inv5t$ no?+4 ,?is may be admitt$ z an academic proposition2 b nev]!less1 x 0 cle>ly ! +5i\s & :olly unexpect$ con/ruction ( c]ta9 appliances by ,cs> t oppos$ ! b>b>\s ,swiss ) b>ri]s :i* !y c\ld n pass4 ,x may ev5 be argu$ ) mu* reason t ! conception & successful execution ( ,cs>'s plan z a :ole con/itut$ an inv5tion1 ev5 ?\gh ! mat]ial us$ 0 old4 ,c]ta9 x is t a situation 0 creat$ :i* did n exi/ be=e1 & t x 0 ! creation ( ?is situation1 & n ! ex]cise ( /r5g? or c\rage1 t 0 ! det]m9+ factor 9 /opp+ ! ,swiss4 ,fr\de says ( ,cs>1 ,he 0 nev] great] ?an 9 unlook$-= difficulties4 ,he nev] re/$4 ,he 0 always inv5t+ "s new contrivance4 ,cs> realiz$ fully ! value 9 w> ( me*anical appliances1 & took c>eful measures be=e he left ,italy to supply 8 army adequately ) !m1 & also ) m5 tra9$ to use !m4 ,besides ! fight+ m5 /rictly consid]$1 ,cs> took a consid]able numb] ( eng9e]s ) him1 & exp]t m5 = build+ bridges1 & do+ me*anical "w ( _m k9ds4 ,! +5i\s & frequ5t use t ,cs> made ( ^! m5 & ( me*anical appliances 0 ! mo/ p[]ful s+le factor t contribut$ to 8 success4 ,! ,swiss dep>t+ f ,switz]l& by ano!r r\te1 ,cs> pursu$ !m1 & defeat$ a f\r? ( !m 9 a battle on ! banks ( a riv] :i* ! o!r ?ree-f\r?s _h cross$4 ,he !n built a bridge ov] ! riv] & s5t 8 army across4 ,?is feat al>m$ ! ,swiss m ?an _! defeat2 because ,cs> _h built ! bridge & s5t 8 army across 9 "o day1 :]eas !y _h consum$ tw5ty days 9 m]ely cross+4 ,! ,swiss plead$ to be all[$ to proce$2 b ,cs> 0 obdurate4 ,a battle foll[$1 9 :i* ! ,swiss1 ?\gh greatly sup]ior 9 numb]s & re9=c$ by #ae1jjj allies1 7 decisively beat52 n because ( inf]ior c\rage or w>like skill1 b by reason ( inf]ior equipm5ts1 me*anical appliances & weapons4 ,cs>'s next battle 0 ) ! ,g]mans4 ,x 0 won1 if n precisely ) inv5tiv5ess1 at lea/ ) bra9s4 ,he le>n$ t ! ,g]man matrons _h decl>$1 aft] c]ta9 occult proce$+s1 t ,heav5 =bade !m to fight be=e ! new moon4 ,appreh5d+ 8 opportunity1 he advanc$ 8 =ces "r up to ! ,g]man camp1 !reby =c+ !m z valiant soldi]s to come out & fight4 ,fight !y did1 b "u an obvi\s psy*ological disadvantage1 & ) ! natural result4 ,9 ?is battle1 z 9 o!rs betwe5 ! ,romans & ! b>b>ians1 x 0 noticeable t al?\gh _! fir/ onslaught 0 f9e1 ! b>b>ians seem$ to be at a loss aft]w>ds1--if any?+ unexpect$ occurr$1 or if any rev]se 0 su/a9$2 :]eas ! ,romans--& especially ,cs> himself--nev] behav$ s well z :5 ?reat5$ ) disa/]4 ,?is may be express$ by say+ t ! b>b>ians1 z comp>$ ) ! ,romans1 7 :olly inf]ior 9 ! inv5tiv5ess ne$$ to devise a new plan quickly4 ,n long aft]w>d1 ,cs> advanc$ aga9/ ! t[n ( ,noviodunum4 ,he soon saw t he c\ld n take x by /orm2 & s he br\ght =w>d 8 me*anical siege appliances4 ,! psy*ological effect ( ^! on ! b>b>ians 0 s trem5d\s t !y at once plead$ = t]ms ( surr5d]4 ,aft] a battle ) ! ,n]vii1 9 :i* ,cs> defeat$ !m disa/r\sly1 l>gely because ( 8 res\rcefulness 9 em]g5cy & _! lack ( x1 he advanc$ aga9/ a great b>b>ian /ronghold t look$ d[n on /eep rocks on ?ree sides1 & 0 protect$ by a ?ick1 high d\ble wall on ! f\r? side4 ,cs> made a =tifi$ ramp>t ar\nd ! t[n1 pu%$ 8 mantlets 7l>ge %ields on :eels protect$ on ! sides & top7 close up to ! wall1 & built a t[]4 ,! b>b>ians laugh$ at ?is t[]2 see+ x s f> away t1 !y ?\ght1 no d>ts ?r[n f x c\ld rea* !m4 ,b :5 !y saw ! t[] actually mov+ t[>d !m !y 7 /ruck ) t]ror & began at once to sue = peace4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ w9t] ! ,v5eti1 a l>ge tribe on ! nor?we/]n coa/1 ! mo/ skilful seam5 & navigators ( ,gaul1 /irr$ up a revolt t quickly & widely spread4 ,! situation at once became s]i\s = ,cs>1 = ! reason t ! ,v5eti c\ld n be subdu$1 except on ! sea2 & nei!r ! ,roman sailors nor ! ,roman vessels 7 z good z 7 ^? ( ! ,v5eti4 ,nev]!less1 ,cs> ord]$ w>-vessels to be built on ! ,loire ,riv]1 & seam5 & r[]s to be draft$ f ! ,roman ,prov9ce4 ,:5 ! improvis$ fleet ( ! ,romans & ! ?or\ghly prep>$ fleet ( ! ,v5eti came toge!r1 ! latt] 0 sup]ior ev5 9 numb]s4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ,romans 7 at a great disadvantage 9 ! matt] ( ?r[+ projectiles1 f ! fact t ! ,v5eti's decks 7 high] ?an !irs4 ,b ,cs> _h prep>$ a s*eme t gave him victory4 ,9 accordance ) x1 ! ,roman galleys r[$ sm>tly aga9/ ! ,v5eti %ips1 & ,roman sailors rais$ long poles on :i* 7 %>p hooks :i* !y put ov] ! halli>ds t held up ! sails4 ,!n ea* ,roman galley r[$ rapidly away1 ! halli>ds 7 cut1 & d[n came ! sails4 ,! ,v5eti %ips became helpless at once & 7 imm$iately bo>d$2 ) ! result t1 ( all ! numb]1 only a few made _! escape4 ,some:at lat]1 ,cs> decid$ to cross ! ,rh9e into ! c\ntry ( ! ,sueves1 & to impress !m ) ! p[] ( ,rome by build+ a bridge & m>*+ 8 army across4 ,?is bridge & ! quickness & ?or\ghness ) :i* x 0 built are /ill models = eng9e]s2 = 9 t5 days aft] he _h decid$ to build x1 at :i* "t ! mat]ial 0 /ill /&+ 9 ! =e/1 a bridge #dj feet wide _h be5 con/ruct$4 ,across ?is ,cs> at once m>*$ 8 legions4 ,! effect on ! b>b>\s ,g]mans c be imag9$4 ,x made !m realize t ! ,romans 7 a race sup]ior to !mselves 9 ways t !y c\ld n measure or ev5 und]/&2 & x impress$ !m ) t fe> :i* is ! mo/ depress+ ( all fe>s1 ! fe> ( ! unkn[n4 ,did ,cs> make an inv5tion8 ,?is dep5ds on ! mean+ ( ! ^w inv5tion4 ,cs> did n inv5t ! bridge2 b he did conceive & c>ry into execution a highly orig9al1 concrete & successful s*eme4 ,by x he accompli%$ z mu* z a victori\s campaign w\ld h accompli%$1 & )\t %$d+ any blood4 ,he devis$ means :i* creat$ a /ate ( ?\ght 9 ! m9ds ( 8 enemies t de/roy$ _! w to fight4 ,!re9 lay 8 inv5tion4 ,cs> !n conceiv$ ! idea ( go+ across ! wat] to ! isl& ( ,brita91 ab\t :i* little 0 kn[n4 ,aft] hav+ a survey made ( ! coa/1 he took 8 legions across 9 ab\t eighty vessels4 ,he _h to fight to make a l&+1 ( c\rse2 b he succe$$1 & !n =m$ 8 camp4 ,a ,roman camp1 we may n[ rem9d ourselves1 0 s di/9ctly a ,roman conception1 & s di/9ctly a "p ( ! ,roman sy/em ( conduct+ w>1 t x almo/ con/itut$ an inv5tion4 ,:5ev] a ,roman army halt$1 ev5 = "o night1 !y intr5*$ !mselves )9 a squ>e enclosure1 surr\nd$ ) a dit* & a palisade ( /akes1 & made a tempor>y little city1 laid ) /reets4 ,9 su* a camp !y 7 reasonably safe aga9/ any attack t b>b>ians c\ld make4 ,b a /orm arose t drove "s ( ,cs>'s %ips a%ore & "s out to sea4 ,9 ?is em]g5cy1 ,cs>'s res\rcefulness & en]gy direct$ ! "w ( recov]y & repair1 & enabl$ ! ,romans to collect & put into good condition ne>ly all _! %ips4 ,cs> return$ %ortly aft]w>d to ,gaul2 arriv$ !re1 he gave directions = build+ & equipp+ ano!r & l>g] fleet4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,july 7#ed ,b4 ,c471 he />t$ aga9 = ,brita94 ,?is "t he took five legions & "s cavalry & _h ab\t #hjj vessels4 ,he l&$ & =m$ 8 camp1 & !n advanc$ inl&2--b ano!r /orm arose t scatt]$ 8 %ips4 ,he return$ at once to ! coa/1 & in/itut$ su* prompt & res\rceful measures t 9 t5 days he 0 able to resume 8 m>*4 ,on ?is m>*1 :i* took him f> inl&1 he 0 able to ov]come all opposition2 l>gely because1 aft] ! fir/ onset1 ! b>b>ians seem$ to be )\t any plan ( action1 :ile ,cs> 0 at 8 be/4 ,cs> _h ! ability to inv5t "u circum/ances ( ! utmo/ dang] & excitem5t4 ,cs>'s rema9+ campaigns 9 ,gaul 7 m>k$ ) ! same res\rcefulness & orig9ality on 8 "p1 & ! same lack ( res\rcefulness & orig9ality on ! "p ( ! b>b>ians4 ,cs> w\ld cont9ually d some?+ t ! b>b>ians _h n expect$ him to d4 ,true1 !y gradually le>n$ "s ( 8 s*emes & me?ods f him2 b only to f9d t he _h !n "s new] s*emes & me?ods4 ,cs> at "o "t rem>k$ t wise m5 anticipate possible difficulties1 & decide be=eh& :at !y w d1 if c]ta9 possible occasions arise4 ,does n ?is process involve inv5tion1 9 cases :]e ! possible occasions are n ( ! ord9>y & expectable k9d8 ,9 su* cases1 does x n require imag9ation to =esee ! possible occasions1 & =m a correct picture on ! m9d ( ! result+ situations8 ,?is be+ done1 does x n require ! ex]cise ( ! con/ructive faculty aft]w>ds1 to make a concrete & effective plan to meet !m8 ,if x be s1 !n we may reasonably decl>e t1 ( all ! factors t contribut$ to ! successes 9 ,gaul ( ,cs>1 ! mo/ p[]ful s+le factor 0 8 inv5tiv5ess4 ,! f9al crisis came :5 ,cs> besieg$ ,alesia1 & ,v]c+etorix1 :o _h tak5 refuge 9 x1 s5t out a call = succor1 t 0 eag]ly & promptly respond$ to2 = x 0 pla9 to ! b>b>ians t ,cs>1 be+ held 9 position front+ a =tress t he c\ld n successfully /orm1 w\ld be 9 a prec>i\s condition if attack$ vigor\sly 9 8 re>4 ,attack$ vigor\sly he 02 = ! b>b>ians came 9 8 re> ) ab\t #bej1jjj m52 ,cs> hav+ only #ej1jjj1 & ! enemy 9 front hav+ #hj1jjj4 ,b x requir$ some:at m ?an a mon? = ! b>b>ians to unite & rea* ,alesia4 ,) 8 wont$ en]gy & res\rcefulness1 ,cs> _h by ?is "t ca/ up siege works all ar\nd ! =tress1 plac$ camps at /rategic po9ts1 & con/ruct$ tw5ty-?ree block-h\ses4 ,he dug a tr5* tw5ty feet deep ar\nd ! place1 & back ( ?is began 8 o!r siege works4 ,^! includ$ two p>allel tr5*es fifte5 feet broad & fifte5 feet deep4 ,beh9d ^! he built a palisade twelve feet high1 & to ?is he add$ a brea/work ( po9t$ /akes2 :ile at int]vals ( eighty feet he con/ruct$ turrets4 ,9 addition1 he _h bran*es cut f trees & %>p5$ on ! ends2 & ^! he fa/5$ at ! bottom ( ! tr5*es1 s t ! po9ts project$ j above ! gr\nd4 ,9 front ( ^! he dug %all[ pits1 into :i* tap]+ /akes h>d5$ 9 ! fire 7 driv51 project+ f\r in*es above ! gr\nd4 ,^! pits 7 hidd5 ) twigs & bru%wood4 ,eight r[s ( ^! pits 7 dug1 ?ree feet ap>t2 & 9 front ( all /akes ) iron hooks 7 buri$ 9 ! gr\nd at irregul> int]vals4 ,:5 all ?is _h be5 done on ! side t[>d ! =tress1 ,cs> con/ruct$ p>allel entr5*m5ts ( ! same k9d1 to protect 8 re>2 ! two sets be+ s arrang$ ) respect to ea* o!r t ! same m5 c\ld man bo?4 ,hav+ con/ruct$ all ^! mat]ial appliances1 he in/itut$ a compreh5sive sy/em ( drills1 s t 8 m5 w\ld "k exactly h[ to utilize !m "u all probable cont+5cies4 ,9 ! battle t foll[$ ! b>b>ians %[$ _! wont$ c\rage & da%2 b an unexpect$ situation arose :5 ,cs> attack$ a sep>at$ "p 9 _! re>4 ,!n !y 7 seiz$ ) panic1 & ! natural r\t & disa/] foll[$4 ,?is battle decid$ ! fate ( ,gaul2 ?\gh its actual subdu+1 especially 9 ! s\?we/]n "p 0 n accompli%$ imm$iately4 ,! la/ major act 0 tak+ a /rong =tress4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by cutt+ a tunnel1 by :i* ! spr+ 0 tapp$ t suppli$ ! g>rison ) wat]4 ,z ,v]c+etorix said1 ! ,romans won _! victories1 n by sup]ior c\rage1 b by sup]ior sci5ce4 ,cs>'s lat] passage across ! ,rubicon1 ! flight ( ! ,s5ate1 & 8 lat] op]ations by l& & sea aga9/ ,m>seilles 7,massilia7 & ho/ile =ces 9 nor!rn ,spa91 are well kn[n1 & 7 *>act]iz$ by ! same high ord] ( inv5tiv5ess4 ,8 lat] op]ations aga9/ ,pompey1 & lat] /ill aga9/ ,ph>naces & ,scipio1 7 conduct$ "u conditions t gave him less opportunity to utilize ! quality ( inv5tiv5ess 9 su* cle> ways2 b !y 7 m>k$ ) ! k9dr$ qualities ( =esight1 skilful adaptation ( means to ends1 & pres5ce ( m9d 9 em]g5cies4 ,9 ! m9ds ( "s1 ,cs>'s greate/ influ5ce on hi/ory has be5 due to 8 improvem5t ( ! ,cal5d>1 & especially 8 re=ms ( ! public morals & ! laws ( ,rome1 aft] 8 campaign aga9/ ,ph>naces4 ,?is subject has be5 ! !me ( juri/s & s*ol>s to su* a degree t x might seem presumptu\s 9 a navy (fic] to d m ?an m5tion x4 ,at ! same "t x may be po9t$ out t ,cs>'s "w 0 n 9 any matt]s ( detail1 or 9 contribut+ any legal or juridical skill or k1 b 9 conceiv+ ! idea ( creat+ ! ,leges ,juli1 & !n creat+ !m4 ,julius ,cs> 0 murd]$ 9 ! ye> #dd ,b4 ,c4 ,he 0 foll[$ 9 p[] by 8 gr&nephew ,octavius1 "o ( ! mo/ =tunate occurr5ces 9 hi/ory2 = ,octavius possess$ ! ability & ! "* to c>ry on ! con/ructive "w t ,julius ,cs> _h begun4 ,"u ,octavius & 8 successors1 ! ,roman ,empire became increas+ly l>ge & /rong1 until ! reign ( ,trajan 9 ! second c5tury1 ,a4 ,d41 :5 x acquir$ its greate/ t]ritorial ext5t4 ,dur+ ! "t :5 ,rome 0 increas+ 9 ext5t & p[]1 ! weal? ( cities & ( individuals increas$ also1 & enorm\s public works ( all k9ds 7 con/ruct$1 _m ( :i* are /ill ! admiration ( ! _w4 ,mat]ial prosp]ity rea*$ its highe/ po9t4 ,b ! creative p]iod _h pass$4 ,y\?1 ) its dreams & vigor ( do+ _h gone1 & maturity1 ) ! luxury ( prosp]ity & ! consequ5t dull+ ( ! imag9ation1 _h assum$ its place4 ,s5esc5ce foll[$ 9 due c\rse4 ,!n ! empire 0 divid$ into two p>ts1 ! ,empire ( ! ,we/ & ! ,empire ( ! ,ea/4 ,f9ally1 9 #dgf ,a4 ,d41 ,rome di$ & ) x ! ,empire ( ! ,we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,triumphal ,procession f ! ,ar* ( ,titus ,b ! ,ea/]n ,empire /ood1 & ,con/ant9ople 0 its capital4 ,& x /ood1 alone & unassi/$1 z ! sole bulw>k ( ,*ri/ianity & civilization = ne>ly #ajjj ye>s1 until x f9ally fell be=e ! ,ottoman ,turks 9 #aedc4 ,x c\ld n h done ?is1 if 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5? c5tury :5 x 0 beleagu]$ by a ,turki% fleet1 mu* great] ?an its own1 x _h n sudd5ly receiv$ unexpect$ aid 9 ! %ape ( a new inv5tion4 ,?is 0 ,greek fire1 :i* seems to h be5 a pa/y mixture ( sulphur1 nitre1 pit*1 & o!r sub/ances1 :i* :5 squirt$ aga9/ wood set x on fire ) a flame t wat] c\ld n qu5*4 ,9 ! v fir/ attack1 ! ,turks 7 s demoraliz$ by ! ,greek fire t !y fl$ 9 panic4 ,!y nev] le>n$ ! secret & 7 nev] able to /& up aga9/ x4 ,on "o occasion1 fifte5 ,*ri/ian %ips1 us+ ,greek fire1 actually put to r\t a ,turki% fleet numb]+ sev]al hundr$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dur+ all ! c\ntless c5turies be=e ! dawn ( record$ hi/ory1 & dur+ ! approximately =ty c5turies t elaps$ f ! beg9n+ ( record$ hi/ory until ! fall ( ,rome1 we h obs]v$ ! com+ ( _m inv5tions ( bo? mat]ial & immat]ial k9ds1 & not$ ! influ5ce ( ^? inv5tions 9 caus+ civilization1 & !re=e 9 direct+ ! l9e t hi/ory has foll[$4 ,x may be object$ t a p]fectly natural inf]5ce f :at has be5 writt5 w\ld be t ! only ?+ :i* _h influ5c$ ! direction ( movem5t ( hi/ory 0 inv5tion4 ,to ?is1 ! answ] may v reasonably be made t ?is book does n pret5d to be a hi/ory1 or to po9t out :at h be5 ! greate/ factors t h influ5c$ its l9e ( movem5t2 x attempts m]ely to emphasize ! influ5ce ( "o factor1 inv5tion1 & to sugge/ t maybe its influ5ce has n hi!rto be5 e/imat$ at its prop] value4 ,ano!r objection l t j indicat$ might be made to ! effect t all ! progress ( ! _w up to ! fall ( ,rome is attribut$ 9 ?is book to inv5tors only2 t all ! "w ( /atesm51 sci5ti/s1 g5]als1 admirals1 explor]s1 juri/s1 m5 ( bus9ess1 etc41 etc41 is ignor$4 ,su* an objection w\ld be natural & reasonable2 b to x an answ] l ! previ\s "o may be made1 to ! effect t ! purpose ( ?is book is n to comp>e ! b5efits conf]r$ by any "o class ( m5 ) ^? conf]r$ by any o!r1 b m]ely to po9t out1 9 a v g5]al way1 :at inv5tors h done4 ,nev]!less1 x does seem cle> t inv5tors did m to map out ! direction ( ! progress j trac$ ?an any o!r s+le class ( m54 ,if we w fix our att5tion on any "o inv5tion ab\t :i* we "k en\gh--say1 ! wat]-clock--we c see t ! orig9al inv5tor ( ! wat]-clock 7no matt] :o he 07 _h m influ5ce on ! hi/ory ( ! clock ?an any o!r man has _h2 & t ! inv5tors ( clocks :o foll[$ him _h m influ5ce on ! clock ?an any o!r equal numb] ( m5 _h4 ,?is does n mean t ! m5 :o risk$ _! money 9 mak+ novel clocks did n influ5ce ! hi/ory ( ! clock mat]ially2 & x does n mean t ! m5 :o made good mat]ials = !m did n influ5ce ! hi/ory ( ! clock greatly2 & x does n mean t ! eng9e]s & me*anics :o op]at$ !m successfully did n influ5ce its hi/ory4 ,x w\ld be absurd to pret5d t ea* "o ( ^! m5 did n influ5ce ! hi/ory ( ! clock2 = )\t !m !re w\ld h be5 no successful clock4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 ! orig9al inv5tors mu/ be cr$it$ ) influ5c+ ! hi/ory ( ! clock m ?an any o!r equal numb] ( m5 did1 j z a fa!r mu/ be cr$it$ ) influ5c+ ! hi/ory ( 8 *ildr5 m ?an any o!r man c1 f ! m]e fact ( 8 hav+ caus$ !m to be born4 ,! inv5tors ( clocks 7 ! fa!rs ( ! clocks t !y inv5t$1 & also ! =efa!rs ( all ! inv5tions t proce$ directly or indirectly f !m4 ,:at has be5 said ab\t ! clock applies ) equal =ce to e o!r inv5t$ ?+4 ,!re=e1 x c h>dly be ga9said t1 s f> z inv5t$ ?+s are conc]n$1 _! inv5tors h _h m influ5ce on ! hi/ory t has result$ f !m ?an any o!r m5 h _h4 ,if anyone w glance ?r\gh any book ( anci5t hi/ory1 he w realize t x is ma9ly a record ( w>s2 ! political *anges caus$ by w>s1 or r5d]$ possible by _! means2 ! gr[? ( nations & o!r organizations2 ! inv5tion ( c]ta9 me*anisms1 arts & sci5ces2 & ! con/ruction ( c]ta9 /ructures su* z temples1 palaces & %ips4 ,all ^! ag5cies influ5c$ anci5t hi/ory1 ( c\rse2 b x is cle> t ! ag5cy t influ5c$ x ! mo/ obvi\sly & imm$iately 0 ! w>s4 ,yet let u rem9d ourselves t ! real effect on hi/ory ( any w> 0 n ex]t$ by ! w> itself1 s mu* z by ! result ( ! w>4 ,let u also rem9d ourselves t ! result ( any w> 0 because ( ! mat]ial =ces engag$ & ! skill ) :i* !y 7 h&l$4 ,n[ ! mat]ial =ces put onto ! field ( battle on ea* side 9 any ( ! w>s 7 ! product ( ! mat]ial res\rces ( ! c\ntry1 ( its weal?1 its ability to manufacture weapons & transport troops2 t is1 ( its utilization ( inv5t$ me*anisms1 processes & me?ods4 ,! skill ) :i* !y 7 h&l$--7especially :5 supreme skill 0 ex]t$1 z 9 ! cases ( ,alex&] & ,cs>7--0 ! outcome n ( m]e labori\s tra9+1 n ( m]e k1 or c\rage1 or c>efully detail$ arrangem5t1 b ( plans s conceiv$1 develop$ & produc$ 7inv5t$7 z to confront ! enemy ) unexpect$ situations t !y 7 n prep>$ to meet4 ,s ! influ5ce ( ev5 ! w>s seems to h be5 due fundam5tally to inv5tion4 ,z to ! o!r ag5cies t influ5c$ ! c\rse ( anci5t hi/ory1 !y seem to owe _! influ5ce ev5 m obvi\sly to inv5tion ?an w> does4 ,e dep>tm5t ( anci5t civilization seems traceable back to "s inv5tion or inv5tions4 ,! :ole ( anci5t civilization seems to re/ prim>ily on inv5tions4 ,z inv5tions 7 made by inv5tors1 we seem =c$ to ! conclusion t inv5tors influ5c$ anci5t hi/ory m ?an any o!r "o class did4 ,?is does n mean t ! inv5tor ( a *ild's toy influ5c$ hi/ory m ?an did any "o ( ! millions ( wise & good m5 9 ea* g5]ation :o help$ to keep ! ma*9e ( civilization work+ smoo?ly2 = x ref]s to inv5tors z a class1 & n to inv5tors z individuals4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,! ,,gun ,,& ,,( ,,pr9t+ ,! p]iod f ! fall ( ,rome to ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 0 almo/ de/itute 9 ! matt] ( inv5tions t c be di/9ctly nam$3 ?\gh ! conception & c>ry+ into effect ( ,mohamm$anism 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 ! campaigns & gov]nm5tal sy/ems ( ,*>lemagne 9 ! n9? c5tury1 ! invasion ( ,engl& by ,william ( ,norm&y 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 & ! ,crusades 9 ! elev5?1 twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 z well z all ! num]\s w>s & campaigns t succe$$ ea* o!r s rapidly1 indicate a m5tal & n]v\s re/lessness :i* s\ght relief 9 action1 & :i* receiv$ guidance 9 seek+ t relief f ! sugge/ions ( inv5tion4 ,dur+ ! int]val1 pap] is suppos$ by "s to h be5 inv5t$1 or at lea/ ! art ( mak+ x f rags4 ,pap] itself1 h[ev]1 _h be5 inv5t$ long be=e 9 ,*9a4 ,! e>ly "p ( ! twelf? c5tury op5$ a new era 9 ,europe ) ! introduction ( "o ( ! mo/ important inv5tions ev] made1 ! gun4 ,x is (t5 said t gunp[d] 0 inv5t$ !n4 ,gunp[d]1 ( c\rse1 _h be5 inv5t$ or discov]$ _m c5turies be=e4 ,!re is mu* obscurity ab\t ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]4 ,x is usually suppos$ to h be5 inv5t$ 9 ,*9a1 & to h crept its way fir/ to ! we/]n ,asian nations1 & aft]w>ds to ,europe by way ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,!re c be little d\bt t gunp[d] 0 kn[n to ! ,romans 9 ! days ( ! empire2 & "s acc\nts ( ,alex&]'s campaigns decl>e t he us$ m9es to de/roy ! walls ( ,gaza4 ,x is suppos$ by _m t ! ,*9ese _h cannon1 f c]ta9 embrasures 9 "s ( _! anci5t walls2 b !re seems to be no absolute pro( ( ?is4 ,x seems fairly well e/abli%$ t ! ,moors us$ artill]y 9 ,spa9 9 ! twelf? c5tury2 ?\gh "s writ]s hold t :at 7 call$ fire>ms 9 ,europe be=e ! f\rte5? c5tury 7 only eng9es :i* ?rew fire into besieg$ places4 ,x seems probable t ! gun 0 inv5t$ z ! result ( an accid5t t occurr$ :ile "s man 0 p\nd+ ! 7gunp[d]7 mixture ( *>coal1 saltpetre & sulphur 9 a receptacle ( "s k9d4 ,accord+ to "o /ory1 ! mixture explod$ & ?rew ! pe/le viol5tly out ( ! mort>4 ,f ?is incid5t1 ! man :o 0 h&l+ ! pe/le1 or a by/&]1 is suppos$ to h conceiv$ ! idea t ! p[d] c\ld be us$ int5tionally to ?r[ projectiles1 & he is suppos$ also to h actually prov$ t x c\ld be done at w1 & to h produc$ a concrete appliance = do+ x4 ,f ! hi/ory ( ! case1 x w\ld seem t ! fir/ gun 0 :at we /ill call a mort>4 ,x may occur to "s t 7conc$+ ! /ory to be true1 :i* x possibly is1 9 ess5tials7 ! gun 0 n an inv5tion s mu* z a discov]y4 ,x may be po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t :ile ! fact t gunp[d] w\ld bl[ a pe/le out ( a mort> might be truly call$ a discov]y1 yet ! conception ( utiliz+ ! discov]y by mak+ a weapon1 & ! subsequ5t mak+ ( ! weapon con/itut$ an inv5tion ( ! mo/ clean-cut k9d4 ,let u realize ! extreme improbability t ! ph5om5on ( ! expulsive =ce ( gunp[d] 0 !n not$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,x seems probable t accid5tal ignition ( ! mixture _h (t5 occurr$ be=e1 & missiles hurl$ 9 all directions 9 consequ5ce4 ,b1 z happ5s 9 ! va/ majority ( all incid5ts1 no "o imag9$ any possible utilization ( ! facts disclos$ by ! incid5t2 & if ! man :o inv5t$ ! gun1 aft] witness+ ! expulsion ( ! pe/le f ! mort>1 _h n be5 end[$ ) bo? imag9ation & con/ructiv5ess1 he w\ld h treat$ x z mo/ ( u treat an incid5t--m]ely z an incid5t4 ,b ! imag9ation ( ?is man mu/ at once h conceiv$ a picture ( :at we n[ call a mort>1 :i* %\ld be design$ & con/ruct$ s t projectiles c\ld be expell$ f x at w1 9 :atev] direction ! mort> 7 po9t+2 & !n 8 con/ructive faculty mu/ h tak5 up ! task t imag9ation _h sugge/$1 & develop$ ! conception into a concrete ?+4 ,into ! long1 elaborate & excit+ hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! gun1 t has be5 c>ri$ on ) enorm\s en]gy ev] s9ce1 x is n necess>y at ?is po9t to ent]4 ,s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury1 its hi/ory is accurately kn[n1 & _m l>ge books are fill$ ) descriptions & diagrams & ma!matical tables & =mul t rec\nt its progress 9 detail2 :ile ! hi/ories ( all ! nations blaze ) /ories ( ! battles 9 :i* guns h be5 employ$4 ,( all ! inv5tions ev] made1 x is d\btful if ! developm5t & improvem5t ( any o!r has enli/$ ! s]vices ( a great] numb] ( m5 & ( m important m51 ?an ! gun4 ,x is m ?an d\btful if a great] am\nt ( money has be5 exp5d$ on any o!r inv5tion1 if a great] numb] ( exp]im5ts h be5 made1 or if m m5tal & physical en]gy has be5 exp5d$4 ,c]ta9 x is t no o!r inv5tion has _h s direct & p[]ful an effect on human be+s2 = ! numb] ( m5 x has kill$ & w\nd$ mu/ be express$ 9 t]ms ( millions4 ,?is phase ( ! influ5ce ( ! gun on hi/ory is cle>ly m>k$4 ,n s cle>ly m>k$1 b really m important1 has be5 its influ5ce 9 decid+ w>s2 = ! ways 9 :i* w>s h be5 decid$ h be5 ! turn+ po9ts 9 ! m>* ( hi/ory4 ,! issue ( ,alex&]'s w>s1 = in/ance1 _h decid$ t ,greek civilization %\ld n p]i%1 b survive2 ! issue ( ,cs>'s w>s 9 ,gaul _h decid$ t ,roman civilization %\ld ext5d nor? ov] ,europe1 & t ! we/]n incursion ( ! savage ,g]mans %\ld be /opp$2 ! issue ( ! w>s betwe5 ! vigor\s ,go?s & deg5]ate ,rome _h decid$ t ,rome mu/ die2 & s =?1 & s =?4 ,s1 aft] ! inv5tion ( ! gun1 ! issue ( e succe$+ w> suppli$ a new turn+ po9t = hi/ory to foll[4 ,naturally1 ^? nations t took ! mo/ skilful1 prompt & ?or\gh advantage ( ! p[]1 range & accuracy ( ! new inv5tion ga9$ 9 almo/ e case ! victory ov] _! oppon5ts4 ,s long z no weapons exi/$1 /ruggles betwe5 m5 _h to be decid$ by physical /r5g? & cunn+ & quickness only4 ,:5 ! fir/ fl9t fi/-hamm] 0 inv5t$1 a man :o 0 sagaci\s en\gh & indu/ri\s en\gh & skilful en\gh to make "o1 c\ld ga9 ! victory ov] _m ano!r man ( great] physical /r5g? & quickness1 b :o _h n ! sagacity1 indu/ry & skill to provide himself ) a fl9t fi/-hamm]4 ,suppos+ ! fl9t fi/-hamm] to be ! fir/ inv5tion ev] made1 z _m ?9k x 01 we see "h ! fir/ in/ance ( ! influ5ce ( inv5tion on hi/ory2 because ?is fir/ inv5tion influ5c$ ! c\rse ( hi/ory 9 favor ( m5 possess+ sagacity1 indu/ry & skill1 z aga9/ m5 n possess+ ^? qualities4 ,by do+ ?is1 x n only decid$ t su* m5 7& tribes compos$ ( su* m57 %\ld prevail1 b did ev5 m to influ5ce hi/ory2 x induc$ m5 & tribes to make & develop & utilize inv5tions4 ,?is result$ 9 :at we call civilization4 ,z ea* improv$ weapon foll[$ its pr$ecessor1 a new dem& 0 made2--n only = a new k9d ( skill on ! "p ( ! man mak+ ! weapon & on ! "p ( ! soldi]s us+ x1 b also = =esight on ! "p ( ! tribe or nation t w\ld supply ! weapon to its troops4 ,x is easily realiz$ t1 if !re 7 two contigu\s tribes ab\t to g to w> aga9/ ea* o!r1 "o ( :i* 0 rul$ by a sagaci\s1 en]getic & f>-see+ *ief1 :ile ! o!r 0 rul$ by a dull1 slo?ful & %ort-sight$ *ief1 ! =m] *ief w\ld probably provide 8 w>riors ) ! newe/ weapon 7say1 ! b[ & arr[7 & tra9 !m 9 its use2 :]eas ! o!r w\ld ignore x & g to battle ) clubs & javel9s only4 ,z betwe5 two tribes o!rwise equally mat*$1 ! result w\ld be obvi\s2 & d\btless x 0 exce$+ly obvi\s 9 hundr$s ( tribal battles1 be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,x is a *>act]i/ic ( evolution1 z has be5 po9t$ out by wise m51 t complexity ev5tually evolves f simplicity4 ,9 no "o dep>tm5t ( man's endeavor does ?is tru? /& out m cle>ly ?an 9 ! evolution ( weapons4 ,= ! olde/ weapon t we "k ( 0 probably a /one1 or a /ick us$ z a club2 & ea* succe$+ weapon has be5 m complicat$ ?an its pr$ecessor1--ne$+ additional p>ts ) :i* to secure ! additional results a*iev$4 ,?is increas$ complexity has entail$ increas$ liability to d]angem5t1 because ! failure ( any "o "p has entail$ ! failure or ! decreas$ effectiv5ess ( ! weapon z a :ole4 ,?is increas$ liability to d]angem5t has entail$ a dem& = n only increas$ c>e & skill 9 fabricat+ ! weapon1 b = increas$ k1 dilig5ce & skill 9 c>+ = x1 & us+ x4 ,! sup]iority ( ! gun ov] all previ\sly exi/+ weapons 0 quickly recogniz$1 & e civiliz$ nation soon adopt$ x z its major implem5t ( w>4 ,z ! gun 0 a piece ( me*anism1 x possess$ ! attribute :i* seems to give to pieces ( me*anism an elem5t ( sup]iority ov] e o!r ?+ 9 ! univ]se1 ! attribute ( cont9ual improvability4 ,human be+s d n possess ?is attribute1 nor does any o!r ?+ 9 nature1 s f> z we "k4 ,e human be+ beg9s :]e 8 fa!r did--& s does ev]y?+ else on ! e>?2 ?\gh human inv5tion has rec5tly made x possible = c]ta9 plants to be improv$4 ,no new inv5tion ev] dies z a man does1 ev5 if ! mat]ial p>ts or immat]ial p>ts t compose x are de/roy$4 ,on ! contr>y1 x lives1 9 ! s5se t x exi/s z a def9ite usable entity1 & also 9 ! s5se t x cont9ues to propagate4 ,& ! ?+s t x propagates d n beg9 z helpless & useless babies1 b z mature creations4 ,! fir/ complet$ gun is /ill ! model = ! guns t m5 make n[1 & w cont9ue to be ! model = all guns 9 ! future4 ,! man :o made ! fir/ gun has be5 succe$$ by o!r m51 z ! fir/ gun has be5 succe$$ by o!r guns2 b ! human successors h be5 no improvem5t on ! inv5tor ( ! fir/ gun1 :ile ! guns t h succe$$ ! fir/ gun h be5 improvem5ts on x to a degree t x is difficult--9 fact1 impossible1 to realize4 ,! relations ( ! gun to civilization are reciprocal1 & are !re=e 9 accord ) mo/ ( ! o!r ph5om5a ( our lives2 = j z ! gun fur!r$ ! improvem5t ( civilization1 civilization fur!r$ ! improvem5t ( ! gun4 ,ne>ly e /ep tak5 9 ! physical sci5ces1 & aft]w>d 9 eng9e]+ & g5]al me*anics1 has _h a direct effect 9 improv+ ! gun4 ,! gun began z an exce$+ly r\gh1 awkw>d & crude appliance2 ! gun today is "o ( ! mo/ highly specializ$ & p]fect appliances t ! _w possesses4 ,b x is n only ! gun itself t has be5 improv$2 ! p[d] has also be5 improv$1 & to a degree almo/ equal1 if n q4 ,:5 we realize t mod]n gunn]y is s exact t if a gun is fir$ 9 any direction & at any angle ( elevation1 ! projectiles w fall s close to a designat$ spot t all consid]able v>iations 9 ! po9ts ( fall f t spot are usually attribut$ to o!r causes ?an imp]fection 9 ! p[d]2 & if we realize also t a v>iation ( "o p] c5t4 9 ! initial velocity imp>t$ to a projectile by its p[d] w\ld result 9 a v>iation 7practically speak+7 ( "o p] c5t4 9 ! range atta9$1 we !n may realize h[ p]fectly und]/ood ! laws ( ! combu/ion ( p[d] & ! developm5t ( p[d] gas h become1 & h[ p]fect are ! me?ods ( manufactur+1 /or+ & us+ x4 ,books ^u books h be5 writt5 on ! subject ( mak+ & us+ gunp[d]2 & z high a grade ( exp]im5tal ability has be5 employ$ z on ! developm5t ( any o!r art4 ,x is n q cle> :e!r /ation>y cannon or small guns c>ri$ by soldi]s 7 ! fir/ to be us$2 b ! probability seems to be t cannon 7 ! fir/4 ,x soon became desirable to devise & to make appliances = hold+ ! cannon 9 position1 elevat+ !m to pr$et]m9$ angles1 & transport+ !m f place to place4 ,to accompli% ^! ?+s1 gun-c>riages 7 inv5t$4 ,^! appliances h kept pace ) guns & gunp[d] 9 ! m>* ( improvem5t2 c\ntless m9or inv5tions h be5 made2 c\ntless exp]im5ts h be5 conduct$2 c\ntless books & articles h be5 writt52 c\ntless millions ( money h be5 exp5d$4 ,t ! field has be5 l>ge c readily be realiz$1 :5 we rem9d ourselves ( ! numb]less situations t gun-c>riages h _h to be adapt$ to1 on ! level pla9s ( ,c5tral ,europe1 9 ! m\nta9s1 on ! s&s ( ! des]t1--9 cold & heat & wet2 & on ! ocean also1 9 small vessels & great battle%ips1 to h&le cannon great & small1 on ! uneasy surface ( ! sea4 ,b x w n be en\gh = u to realize t x has be5 necess>y to con/ruct gun-c>riages s +5i\sly t guns c be h&l$ on !m "u all ^! circum/ances2 = we w fall %ort ( a realization ( :at mu/ be atta9$1 unless we realize t ! guns mu/ be h&l$ ) safety1 & 7:i* is m difficult ( atta9m5t7 ) precision & yet ) quickness4 ,n[ to br+ ! gun & its accessories to ! high /&>d !y h n[ rea*$1 ! res\rces ( virtually all ! physical sci5ces h be5 requir$ & utiliz$2 s t1 :ile mod]n civilization 0 made possible by ! gun1 & c\ld n h be5 made possible )\t x1 ! mod]n gun has be5 made possible by civilization1 & c\ld n h be5 made possible )\t x4 ,?is mutuality betwe5 civilization & ! gun is evid5t 9 ! relations betwe5 civilization & e o!r great inv5tion4 ,x is v cle>ly evid5t 9 ! case ( mat]ial me*anism2 = x has be5 pla9ly impossible = any mat]ial inv5tion to exi/ )\t directly & indirectly contribut+ to ! improvem5t1 & ev5 to ! bir?1 ( o!rs4 ,any improvem5t 9 ! process ( mak+ any metal or any comp\nd has always be5 ( assi/ance to e me*anism us+ t metal or t comp\nd2 & x seems impossible to "n any me*anism or process ^: inv5tion has n help$ "s o!r me*anism or process4 ,9 ! matt] ( ! inv5tion ( immat]ial ?+s1 ! effect may n be q s obvi\s2 & yet x is pla9 t mo/ ( ^? inv5tions h contribut$ to ! safety1 intellig5ce & /abilization ( peoples1 & !re=e to a condition ( m5tality & ( tranquillity t p]mitt$ & (t5 enc\rag$ ! improvem5t ( exi/+ appliances1 & ! inv5tion ( new ones4 ,( "o class ( immat]ial inv5tion1 su* z new books on ! physical & eng9e]+ sci5ces1 ! influ5ce on mat]ial inv5tions is1 ( c\rse1 z obvi\s z x is pr(\nd4 ,! boom ( ! gun may be said1 by a n =c$ figure ( spee*1 to h u%]$ 9 ! new civilization t rose f ! m5tal le?>gy ( ! ,middle ,ages2 = x 0 ! fir/ great inv5tion ( all 9 ! long l9e t h foll[$ s9ce4 ,z x 0 ! fir/1 & because )\t x ! o!rs w\ld h be5 impossible1 we c h>dly avoid ! conclusion t x 0 ! mo/ important4 ,! mutual reactions betwe5 ! gun & civilization h result$1 & are /ill result+1 9 wid5+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! civiliz$ & ! unciviliz$1 plac+ m & m p[] 9 ! h&s ( ! civiliz$1 & putt+ ! unciviliz$ m & m into subjection by ! civiliz$4 ,! process t began ) ! inv5tion ( ! fi/-hamm]1 & 0 cont9u$ ?r\gh ! c5turies by all ! improvem5ts 9 weapons t foll[$1 0 br\ght to a halt :5 ,rome fell1 & n reviv$ until ! gun came into g5]al use 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,dur+ ! int]val ( ne>ly n9e hundr$ ye>s1 civilization inde$ w5t backw>d ) ! advance ( ! b>b>ians into ,europe1 *eck$ b n :olly /opp$ by ,*>les ,m>tel at ! ,battle ( ,t\rs 9 #gcb1 & lat] by ,*>lemagne1 8 gr&son1 9 num]\s campaigns4 ,b ! gun1 be+ adopt$ & improv$ by peoples hav+ ! m5tality ne$$ to disc]n its usefulness1 /abiliz$ ! conditions ( liv+ aft]w>d by keep+ 9 *eck ! b>b>ians1 especially ea/ ( ,europe4 ,its greate/ s+le usefulness foll[$ f ?is by mak+ possible ! developm5t & utilization ( ! next great inv5tion4 ,?is inv5tion 0 next to ! gun 9 po9t ( "t4 ,x 0 next to ! gun 9 influ5ce on hi/ory also2 & "s p ?9k x has _h ev5 m influ5ce ?an ! gun4 ,?is inv5tion is usually call$ ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,( c\rse1 pr9t+ _h be5 inv5t$ c5turies be=e1 probably 9 ,*9a1 & _h be5 practic$ dur+ all ! int]v5+ c5turies1 9 ,*9a1 ,egypt1 ,babylonia1 ,assyria1 ,greece1 ,rome1 ! ,hell5i/ic c\ntries & ,italy4 ,b ! pr9t+ _h be5 done f blocks on :i* 7 cut or c>v$ _m *>act]s1 t express$ :ole words or s5t5ces4 ,naturally1 pr9t+ done f !m 0 n adaptable to ! record+ ( discussions1 ! mak+ ( connect$ n>ratives1 or ! publi%+ ( books4 ,sudd5ly1 ab\t ! ye> #adcd1 ,john ,gut5b]g1 :o lives at ,may5ce1 conceives ! idea ( cutt+ only "o lett] on ea* block1 putt+ ! blocks 9 =ms s arrang$ t ! blocks c be put 9 su* sequ5ce z may be desir$ = spell+ words1 & all ! blocks secur$ firmly 9 position4 ,9 o!r words1 he inv5t$ movable type4 ,objection may be made to ?is /atem5t1 & ! decl>ation urg$ t movable type 7 us$ 9 ,*9a be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,possibly !y 72 "s decl>ations h be5 made to t effect4 ,b ev5 if !y 71 we _c see t _! inv5tion !re _h any consid]able influ5ce on hi/ory4 ,*9a 0 sep>at$ f we/]n ,asia & f ,africa & ,europe by ! long /ret* ( ! dry l&s ( ,c5tral ,asia1 across :i* little communication pass$4 ,x is m ne>ly c]ta9 ?an mo/ ?+s are 9 anci5t hi/ory1 t ! civiliz$ peoples ( we/]n ,asia1 ,africa & ,europe1 includ+ ,gut5b]g himself1 did n "k ( movable type until ,gut5b]g inv5t$ !m4 ,x is absolutely c]ta9 t virtually ! :ole ( ! influ5ce t pr9t+ by movable type has ex]cis$ on hi/ory sprang f ! inv5tion ( ,gut5b]g4 ,x />t$ almo/ imm$iately2 & x increas$ ) a rapidity & a c]ta9ty t are amaz+4 ,no inv5tion made be=e1 n ev5 ! gun1 0 seiz$ ^u ) su* avidity4 ,! _w want$ x4 ,! _w seem$ to h be5 wait+ = x1 ?\gh unconsci\sly4 ,x may be well at ?is po9t to impress ^u our m9ds ! fact t no inv5tion has ev] be5 recogniz$ z an inv5tion1 unless x has be5 put into a concrete =m4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 = in/ance1 w n aw>d a pat5t = any inv5tion unless x is describ$ & illu/rat$ s cle>ly t any "o skill$ 9 ! art c make & use x4 ,x is an axiom t a man _c pat5t an idea4 ,9 _m c\ntries a pat5tee is requir$ to "w 8 inv5tion1 to make app>atus embody+ x1 & to put ! app>atus to use4 ,! und]ly+ idea ( ! pat5t laws ( all c\ntries is t ! good ( ! public is ! end 9 view1 & n ! good ( ! inv5tor2 t rew>ds are held out to ! inv5tor1 m]ely to induce him to put devices ( practical value into ! h&s ( ! p4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 :i* seems to be ! correct "o1 ! m]e fact t a man conceives ( a device1 ev5 if he aft]w>d develops 8 device to ! degree t he illu/rates x & describes x to someone 9 su* a way t a p]son skill$ 9 ! art c make & use x1 does n entitle him to any rew>d4 ,he mu/ use due dilig5ce 9 communicat+ full k ( 8 inv5tion to ! public1 ?r\gh ! ,pat5t ,(fice1 ask = a pat5t1 & pay to ! ,gov]nm5t ! prescrib$ fee4 ,n[1 ,gut5b]g work$ 8 inv5tion s en]getically t1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,fau/1 ,s*aeff] & o!rs1 an exce$+ly effici5t sy/em ( pr9t+ books 0 9 practical op]ation z e>ly z #adee4 ,! types 7 ( metal1 & 7 ca/ f a matrix t _h be5 /amp$ out by a /eel pun*1 & c\ld !re=e be s accurately fa%ion$ t ! type _h a beautiful %>pness & f9i%4 ,9 addition1 c]ta9 me*anical app>atus ( a simple k9d 7pr9t+ presses7 7 inv5t$1 :]eby ! type c\ld be satisfactorily h&l$1 & impressions c\ld be tak5 f !m ) accuracy & quickness4 ,news ( ! inv5tion spread s rapidly t be=e ! ye> #aejj pr9t+ presses 7 at "w 9 e c\ntry ( ,europe4 ,! fir/ books pr9t$ 71 ( c\rse1 ! works ( ! anci5t au?ors1 beg9n+ ) ?ree editions ( ,donatus4 ,^! 7 multipli$ 9 great numb]s1 & gave ! fir/ effective impulse to ! spread ( civilization f ! ,grco-,ori5tal c\ntries1 :]e x _h be5 sleep+1 to ! hungry intellects ( ,europe4 ,! new bir? ( civilization 7usually call$ ! ,r5aissance7 began 9 ,italy1 :]e civilization _h nev] q di$ out1 at "s "t dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & took ! =m at fir/ ( ! /udy ( classical lit]ature4 ,?is l$ naturally to a se>* = old manuscripts2 & s ard5t did ?is se>* become t ! libr>ies ( ca!drals & mona/]ies 9 all ! civiliz$ c\ntries 7 ransack$4 ,_m new libr>ies 7 f\nd$1 especially 9 ,italy1 to hold ! old manuscripts t 7 discov]$4 ,a great impetus 0 giv5 to ! movem5t by ! exodus ( s*ol>s f ,con/ant9ople1 & _! migration we/ to ,italy1 dur+ ! half c5tury betwe5 ! ye> #adjj & ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople be=e ! ,ottoman ,turks 9 #adec4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,pr9t+ ( ,books ,!re=e1 :5 ! news ( ! inv5tion ( ,gut5b]g rea*$ ! s*ol>s ( ,italy & o!r l&s1 !y seiz$ ^u x z an undream$-( bless+ = br++ ab\t t widespread /udy ( ! classical au?ors :i* !y _h be5 /ruggl+ "u s _m difficulties to accompli%4 ,to n>rate & describe ! progress made s9ce !n 9 ! art ( pr9t+ w\ld be to rewrite :at has be5 writt5 f "t to "t 9 books & magaz9es & pap]s4 ,to describe & po9t out ! o!r arts t h sprung directly f ! art ( pr9t+1 su* z ! manufacture ( pr9t+ presses & alli$ ma*9]y1 w\ld require an enorm\s book ( a :olly te*nical nature2 to describe & po9t out ! arts t h be5 made necess>y1 & ! arts t h be5 made possible1 by ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ w\ld entail a hi/ory ( mo/ ( ! indu/rial arts ( ! pres5t day2 :ile to m5tion & adequately describe ! measures t h result$ f ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 & ^? made necess>y & possible by x1 w\ld entail a hi/ory ( all ! civilization t has come into be+ s9ce pr9t+ 0 inv5t$4 ,! effects ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ are mo/ ( !m s obvi\s t x w\ld be unnecess>y to call att5tion to !m4 ,no o!r "o art seems to be s directly & cle>ly to be cr$it$ ) ! progress ( civilization4 ,9 ! m9ds ( _m p1 p]haps ( mo/ p1 pr9t+ is consid]$ ! mo/ important inv5tion ev] made4 ,maybe x is2 b let u rem9d ourselves t ! gun came be=e ! pr9t+-press1 & t ! civilization contribut$ to by ! pr9t+ press w\ld n h be5 possible )\t ! gun4 ,x may be answ]$ t1 nev]!less1 ! pr9t+ press contribut$ m ?an ! gun2 9 ! same way t a bank contributes m to ! welf>e ( a city ?an does ! policeman :o gu>ds ! bank4 ,su* an argum5t w\ld h mu* to comm5d x1 & x may be bas$ on ! correct view ( ! situation4 ,b to ! au?or1 ! gun seems to con/itute ! f\ndation ( mod]n civilization1 & ! pr9t+ press to be "p ( ! /ructure built ^u x2 = ! fundam5tal enemy to civilization has always be5 ! b>b>ian1 be he a savage "u ,attila or a ,bol%evik 9 ,new ,york4 ,x is true t civilization may be consid]$ z m important ?an ! means t makes x possible1 b ev5 ?is seems to be discussible2 b t ! gun con/itutes m di/9ctly ! pres]vative influ5ce ( mod]n civilization ?an any o!r "o ?+ con/itutes civilization itself seems h>dly to be discussible4 ,! :ole sy/em ( def5se ( all ! nations aga9/ foes outside & an>*y inside has re/$ on ! gun ev] s9ce x 0 inv5t$2 :]eas1 n ev5 ! pr9t+ press c be said to be ! only elem5t1 or ev5 ! ma9 elem5t1 9 mod]n civilization4 ,?is brief discussion is p]haps n v important2 b x does n :olly lack importance1 = ! reason t x br+s into cle> relief ! fact t we _c reasonably discuss civilization )\t realiz+ ! dang]s t confront x1 & h always confront$ x1 & w cont9ue to confront x4 ,civilization is an artificial product1 t "s p ?9k has m evil 9 x ?an good = ! majority ( mank9d1 & t c]ta9ly has be5 =c$ on mank9d by a v small m9ority4 ,! f\ndation on :i* ! =ce has re/$ = f\r hundr$ ye>s has be5 ! gun4 ,b :atev] ! comp>ative am\nt ( influ5ce ( ! gun & ! pr9t+ press1 !re c be no d\bt t !y h work$ toge!r h& 9 h&3 t "o gu>d$1 & ! o!r assi/$1 ! fir/ tott]+ /eps ( ! ,r5aissance movem5t1 & t bo? h cont9u$ to gu>d & assi/ ! gr& m>* t soon began1 & t is /ill advanc+4 ,z ! circum/ances surr\nd+ ! inv5tion ( bo? ! gun & ! art ( pr9t+ are suffici5tly well kn[n to w>rant ! belief t ea* 0 made1 n by a k+ or any o!r man ( high position1 b by a man relatively obscure1 & t ! surr\nd+s & e>ly life ( bo? 7 n ^? ( c\rts or palaces1 b ^? ( a humble k9d1 x may be well to note h[ enorm\s are ! results t h fl[$ f causes t seem to be v small4 ,we h be5 told t great oaks f little acorns gr[2 b ! consequ5ces t h gr[n f ! conception ( ! idea ( pr9t+ are l>g] ?an any oak2 & an acorn is probably mu* l>g] ?an ! "p ( ! bra9 9 :i* an idea is conceiv$4 ,z a matt] ( int]e/1 let u realize ! /rong resemblance betwe5 ! impression we receive f a mat]ial object actually se5 by ! eye & ! memory ( t impression aft]w>ds4 ,let u !n realize ! /rong resemblance betwe5 x & ano!r impression ( t same object se5 m5tally b n physically2 = in/ance1 let u realize ! /rong resemblance betwe5 ! impression made on u by actually see+ "s fri5d & ! impression receiv$ by imag9+ him receiv+ a lett] :i* we are n[ writ+ to him4 ,! fir/ picture 0 an image ( ! ext]nal object t 0 physically made on ! ret9a1 z a picture or image is made by a cam]a on a scre52 b t picture on ! ret9a mu/ h be5 se5 by ! bra91 or we w\ld n h kn[n ( x4 ,! o!r pictures 7 n made physically on ! ret9a1 s f> z we "k4 ,yet we all realize t we c make pictures on our m9ds ! m readily if we close our eyes4 ,! fact ( our eyes be+ op5 seems to op]ate adv]sely to our receiv+ a cle> m5tal picture4 ,n[ x is a matt] ( fact t an object 7= in/ance1 a pole7 c be se5 by a p]son ) normal eyesight1 if x subt5ds an angle z great z "o m9ute2 t a pole a foot ?ick c be se5 cle>ly f a di/ance ( #cfjj feet1 at :i* di/ance x subt5ds t angle4 ,! rays ( light pass ?r\gh ! cry/all9e l5s ( ! eye & are focuss$ on ! ret9a1 z !y pass ?r\gh ! l5s ( ! cam]a1 & are focuss$ on ! s5sitiz$ pap]4 ,assum+ ! di/ance f ! cry/all9e l5s to ! ret9a to be ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*1 ! pole w\ld be repres5t$ on ! ret9a by an image #c_/7d x #cfjj7 or less ?an #a_/djjj ( an in* wide4 ,dur+ daylight our ret9as are cont9ually receiv+ images ( :i* all l9es z wide z #a_/djjj ( an in* 7& mu* n>r[]7 are v cle>ly appreh5d$ by ! m9d4 ,b v few ( ^? images are notic$ by u4 ,x is only :5 "s incid5t calls !m to our att5tion1 or :5 ! m9d volunt>ily seizes on !m1 t any consci\s impression is made ^u ! bra94 ,simil>ly1 images ( physical objects unse5 by ! physical eye are cont9ually made on ! m9d3 we are cont9ually ?9k+ ( our fri5ds & ( pa/ incid5ts & possible future incid5ts2 & our ?\ghts ( ^! ?+s take ! =m ( pictures4 ,we see ! man ) :om we _h a conv]sation ye/]day1 & we see him ) a cle>ness t is proportional to ! int]e/ tak5 by ! m9d 9 ! conv]sation & ! circum/ances surr\nd+ x4 ,if our conv]sation 0 un9t]e/+ & ! circum/ances tame1 we see him dimly4 ,b if our conv]sation 0 angry & ! circum/ances 7 excit+1 we see him & ! surr\nd+s v vividly--s vividly t our ang] is aga9 ar\s$2 p]haps to z high degree z on ! day be=e1 or ev5 high]4 ,?is image-mak+ is1 ( c\rse1 volunt>y sometimes2 b mo/ images come )\t volition on our "p1 & require no ef=t t we are consci\s (4 ,to call up an image volunt>ily requires consci\s ef=t2 & to keep x 9 position :ile we gaze ^u x requires ef=t t is great 9 proportion to ! "t dur+ :i* x is ex]t$4 ,psy*ologi/s speak ( ?is act ( keep+ an image 9 position z "o ( giv+ att5tion1 or pay+ att5tion4 ,to p]=m ?is act requires ! ex]cise ( w1 unless ! act gives pleasure1 or ! image sugge/s dang]2 9 ea* ( ^! cases1 ( c\rse1 ! act is almo/ involunt>y4 ,a man :o is obs]vant notes consci\sly ! incid5ts t are pass+ ar\nd him3 he seizes on c]ta9 ( ! millions ( pictures pass+ be=e him1 conc5trates _! images on 8 ret9a1 & gazes on ea* "o = a :ile4 ,simil>ly1 a man :o is contemplative1 seizes on c]ta9 ( ! vague m5tal pictures pass+ ?r\gh 8 m9d1 conc5trates 8 att5tion on !m1 & gazes at ea* "o = a :ile4 ,we call ! =m] an obs]vant man & ! o!r a ?\ghtful man4 ,sometimes an obs]vant man le>ns a great deal f :at he sees1 9 ! same way t sometimes a /udi\s man le>ns a great deal f :at he /udies2 b ! le>n+ ( c\rse _c be accompli%$ )\t ! assi/ance ( ! memory4 ,"o is (t5 surpris$ to see h[ little "s obs]vant & /udi\s m5 h rememb]$4 ,_m impressions h be5 receiv$1 b few reta9$4 ,! ?\ghtful man1 ( c\rse1 _c 9 ! nature ( ?+s receive s _m consci\s impressions z ! m]ely obs]vant or /udi\s man2 = ! reason t he cont9ually seizes on "o & !n ano!r1 & holds ea* = a "t1 :ile he fixes 8 att5tion on x4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! ?\ghtful man memorizes 8 obs]vations or 8 /udies = "s specific purpose2 he moves ! v>i\s images ab\t 9 8 m9d2 & arranges !m 9 classes3 = o!rwise1 ! v>i\s images w\ld =m m]ely an aggregation ( app>5tly unrelat$ facts4 ,! value ( su* aggregations is1 ( c\rse1 enorm\s2 !y compose :at we call data1 & include su* ?+s z tables ( dates1 etc4 ,b data1 ev5 tables ( dates1 h no value 9 !mselves2 x is only f _! relations to o!r ?+s t !y h value4 ,!re w\ld be no value1 = in/ance1 9 kn[+ t ,william ( ,norm&y invad$ ,engl& 9 #ajff1 unless we knew :o ,william 01 & :at ,engl& 01 & :at ! effect ( 8 invad+ x 04 ,n[ ! ?\ghtful man1 l ! man :o arranges a c>d-catalogue 9 su* a way t x w be useful1 n only notes isolat$ facts1 b puts !m into juxtaposition ) ea* o!r1 & sees :at _! relations are4 ,! m5tal pictures t he f9ally fixes 9 8 m9d are ( relat$ ?+s1 se5 9 _! correct p]spective4 ,!y are l ! pictures :i* are made on ! m9d ( anyone by--say1 a l&scape3 :]eas ! m5tal pictures made by an un?\ghtful man are su* z little *ildr5 probably receive f nature2 pictures 9 :i* ! trees & hills & valleys ( a l&scape d n appe> z su*1 b m]ely z a great aggregation ( numb]less sep>ate images1 confus$ & mean+less l ! color$ pieces ( a kaleidoscope4 ,to ! ?\ghtful man1 !re=e1 life seems n q s mean+less z to 8 neighbor2 ?\gh ev5 ! mo/ ?\ghtful c fix v few complete & ext5sive pictures 9 8 m9d4 ,if 8 ?\ghtfulness takes him no fur!r ?an simply =m+ pictures t enable him to see ?+s z !y are1 & 9 _! correct relations to ea* o!r1 he becomes a man ( good judgm5t1 a man valuable 9 any community1 especially = fill+ positions 9 :i* ! ability to make correct d$uctions is requir$4 ,su* a man1 h[ev]1 no matt] h[ correctly he may e/imate any situation1 no matt] h[ cle>ly he may see all ! factors 9 x1 no matt] h[ accurately he may gauge _! relative values & positions1 may be unable to sugge/ any way = utiliz+ its possible b5efits1 or w>d+ (f its possible dang]s4 ,t is1 he may lack con/ructiv5ess4 ,he is l a man :o possesses any desirable ?+ or dang]\s ?+1 & :o und]/&s all !re is to und]/& ab\t x1 b does n "k :at to d ) x4 ,! v>i\s factors are 9 8 7m5tal7 h&s1 b he c make no?+ ( !m4 ,! con/ructive man c con/ruct concrete entities out ( :at are app>5tly :olly individual factors hav+ no relation to ea* o!r2 he c1 = in/ance1 take two pieces ( wood & a piece ( /r+1 & make a weapon ) :i* he c kill liv+ animals at a consid]able di/ance4 ,) nei!r ! pieces ( wood nor ! /r+ c\ld he d t2 & he c\ld n d x ) all ?ree1 unless he 7 able to con/ruct !m into a b[ & arr[4 ,t is1 he c\ld make ! weapon if he _h ev] se5 x made be=e4 ,if he 7 only con/ructive & n inv5tive1 he c\ld n make x unless he _h se5 x done be=e1 or knew x _h be5 done4 ,m5 ( purely con/ructive ability h n ( !mselves tak5 v conspicu\s p>ts on ! /age ( hi/ory2 & yet ! ?+s t !y h con/ruct$ comprise ne>ly all t we c see & he> & t\* 9 ! _w ( civilization4 ,?us hi/ory1 :ile x is a n>rative ( ?+s t h be5 done1 is n a n>rative ( all ! ?+s t h be5 done1 b only ( ! new & /rik+ ?+s4 ,x is a n>rative ( w>s1 ( ! rise & fall ( nations1 ( ! f\nd+ ( cities1 ( ! e/abli%m5t ( religions & !ories1 ( ! writ+ ( books1 ( ! inv5tion ( me*anisms1 ( ! pa9t+ ( pictures1 ( ! c>v+ ( /atues2 9 g5]al1 ( ! creative "w t man has done4 ,! m]ely con/ructive man1 unless he has be5 inv5tive also1 has nev] con/ruct$ any?+ ( a really novel k9d4 ,x is a matt] ( ev]yday exp]i5ce t ne>ly all ! ?+s t are con/ruct$ are accord+ to =m] patt]ns & ! lessons ( exp]i5ce4 ,all ! con/ructive & eng9e]+ arts & sci5ces are /udi$ & practic$ = ! purpose ( enabl+ m5 to build bridges & h\ses & locomotives1 etc41 9 su* ways1 z exp]i5ce has %[n to be good4 ,ne>ly all our acts1 ne>ly all our utt]ances1 ne>ly all our ?\ghts1 are ( /]eotyp$ & conv5tional =ms4 ,?is condition ( affairs possesses s _m advantages t we _c ev5 imag9e any o!r to exi/4 ,x enables a man to act ne>ly automatically 9 mo/ ( ! situations ( life4 ,! ma9 reason = drill+ a soldi] is t :5 confront$ ) ! conditions ( battle1 he %all fire 8 musket & d 8 o!r acts automatically1 undi/urb$ by ! dang] & excitem5t4 ,simil>ly1 all our exp]i5ce 9 life t5ds to automaticity4 ,x is a v com=table condition1 = x dem&s ! m9imum am\nt ( m5tal & n]v\s en]gy4 ,! conductor dem&s y\r f>e1 & y pay x almo/ automatically4 ,t a condition ( automaticity prevails 9 nature1 z we see x1 "o is tempt$ to suppose3 = ! seasons succe$ ea* o!r ) a regul>ity sugge/ive ( x4 ,b ev5 if ! ma*9e ( nature & ! ma*9e ( civilization are automatic n[1 we h no reason = believ+ t !y always 7 s4 ,ev5 ! mo/ p]fect automatic eng9e _h to be />t$ at "s "t1 & x _h to be inv5t$ be=e x c\ld be />t$2 & x _h also to g ?r\gh a long process ( developm5t4 ,simil>ly1 a man reads a pap] almo/ automatically2 b x requir$ ye>s ( "t to develop 8 ability to d s4 ,n[ x has happ5$ f "t to "t 9 hi/ory t "s inv5tion has brok5 9 on ! smoo?ly runn+ ma*9e ( civilization & introduc$ a *ange4 ,! gun did ?is1 & s did ! pr9t+ press4 ,9 e su* case1 a few m5 h welcom$ ! inv5tion1 b ! majority h res5t$ ! *ange3 "s ( !m because _! int]e/s 7 ?reat5$ by x2 o!rs because ( ! in/9ctive b p[]ful influ5ce ( dislike ( *ange4 ,! purely con/ructive man does n cause any su* jolt4 ,8 "w proce$s smoo?ly1 uni=mly1 & usually ) approval4 ,b ! inv5tive man1 8 eye 9 a f9e fr5zy roll+1 is visit$ ) "s vision :i* he _c or w n dismiss1 & :i* compels him to try to embody x 9 "s =m1 & to cont9ue to try until he succe$s 9 do+ s1 or gives up1 confess+ failure4 ,! inv5tive man1 hav+ se5 ! vision1 becomes a con/ructive man1 & 79 case he succe$s7 puts ! vision :i* he sees into su* =m t o!r p c see x also4 ,x is obvi\s !re=e t two k9ds ( ability are ne$$ to produce a really good inv5tion ( any k9d1 inv5tive ability & con/ructive ability2 & x is also obvi\s t !y are sep>ate1 ?\gh !y coop]ate4 ,_m an inv5tion ( a quality t 0 m$iocre or ev5 inf]ior 9 orig9ality1 novelty & scope1 has be5 q acceptable by reason ( ! excell5t con/ructive "w t 0 done ^u x3 _m a book & _m an essay has succe$$ almo/ :olly because ( ! skilful con/ruction ( ! s5t5ces2 _m a picture because ( ! accuracy ( ! p]spective & ! mix+ ( ! colors2 _m a new me*anical device because ( ! excell5t workman%ip be/[$ ^u x4 ,conv]sely1 _m a gr& & beautiful conception has fail$ ( recognition because ( ! poor con/ructive "w t 0 done on x4 ,b occasionally a ,%akespe>e has giv5 to ! _w an endur+ ma/]piece1 ! jo9t "w ( ! highe/ ord] ( inv5tion & ! highe/ ord] ( con/ructive skill2 occasionally a ,raphael has pa9t$ a picture simil>ly conceiv$ & execut$2 & occasionally an ,edison has giv5 ! _w a me*anical inv5tion1 comp>ably wond]ful & p]fect4 ,9 all su* cases1 ! />t ( ! "w 0 a picture on ! m5tal ret9a2 an image ( some?+ t 0 n1 b might be made to be4 ,a physical picture is actually made on ! physical ret9a1 b x _c be recogniz$ by ! own] ( ! ret9a1 unless a heal?y optic n]ve transmits x to 8 bra94 ,e m5tal picture mu/ also be transmitt$ to ! bra92 & "s m5tal pictures are v bright & cle>4 ,9 "s =ms ( insanity1 ! m5tal pictures are s cle> t ! pati5t _c be p]suad$ t !y are n physical2 ! pati5t sees a man approa*+ him1 :5 !re is no man approa*+ him2 b ! impression made on ! pati5t's m9d is ! same z if !re 74 ,! ?\ght ( ! enorm\sness ( ! consequ5ces t h foll[$ ! appe>+ ( "s visions to m5 7! vision ( ! gun1 = in/ance7 is almo/ /unn+1 if we try to realize ! small area ( ! bra9 t ! vision mu/ h cov]$4 ,if a l9e #a_/djjj ( an in* wide made on ! physical ret9a & aft]w>ds transmitt$ to ! bra9 is se5 ) p]fect cle>ness by ! m9d1 :at a small area ( ! bra9 mu/ h be5 cov]$ by ! orig9al vision ( ! gun6 ,yet h[ va/ h be5 its consequ5ces6 ,! fact t ! inv5tor sees a vision1 & !n m5tally arranges & re>ranges ! v>i\s mat]ial elem5ts available 9 ord] to embody 8 vision 9 a pa9t+1 a project1 a ma*9e1 a poem or a sonata1 indicates t ! ess5tial processes ( inv5tion are :olly m5tal4 ,?is tru? is illu/rat$ by ! "w ( e inv5tor1 great or small4 ,possibly1 ! mo/ conv9c+ illu/ration is t giv5 by ! deaf ,bee?ov51 :o conceiv$ & compos$ "s ( 8 gr&e/ works :5 he c\ld n physically he> a note4 ,ref]5ce to ! "w ( ,rog] ,bacon has n be5 made1 because ( ! d\bts surr\nd+ x4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,columbus1 ,,cop]nicus1 ,,galileo ,,& ,,o!rs ,long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era ! ,*9ese us$ pivot$ magnetic ne$les to indicate absolute direction to !m2 b t !y possess$ or _h inv5t$ ! m>9]'s compass1 !re is consid]able d\bt4 ,! hi/ory ( ! inv5tion ( ! m>9]'s compass has n yet be5 writt54 ,x is n kn[n :51 or :]e1 or by :om x 0 inv5t$4 ,x is well-kn[n1 h[ev]1 t ! m>9]'s compass 0 9 use 9 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury ,a4 ,d4 ,guid$ by x1 ! navigators ( t day pu%$ f> out f l&4 ,! fir/ great navigational feat t foll[$ ! inv5tion ( ! compass 0 t p]=m$ by ! ,portuguese1 ,b>?olomew ,dias1 :o conceiv$ ! idea ( rea*+ ,india by go+ ar\nd ,africa1 & sail$ d[n ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa z f> z its s\!rn end1 lat] call$ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,x 0 a trem5d\s und]tak+1 & x _h trem5d\s results2 = x demon/rat$ ! possibilities ( great ocean voyages1 prov$ t ! road to ,india 0 v long1 & l$ to ! exp$ition ( ,columbus1 six ye>s lat]4 ,x 0 also a great inv5tion1 bo? 9 brilliancy ( conception & excell5ce ( execution1 al?\gh ,dias did n rea* ,india4 ,! second great navigational feat 0 p]=m$ by ,*ri/oph] ,columbus 9 #adib4 ,be=e t "t x 0 conc$$ by mo/ m5 ( le>n+ & reflection t ! e>? 0 sph]ical2 & x 0 realiz$ t1 if x 0 sph]ical1 x might be possible by sail+ to ! we/w>d to rea* ,india1 ! goal ( all comm]cial exp$itions 9 t day4 ,columbus is n to be cr$it$ ) ! fir/ conception ( t possibility4 ,illu/ration3 ,portuguese ,voyages & ,possessions ,b t conception re/$ undevelop$ 9 ! m9ds ( only a few m54 ,_h x n be5 = ,columbus1 or "s man l him1 x w\ld h rema9$ undevelop$ & borne no fruit4 ,! ,savior 9 8 p>able tells u ( ! s[] :o w5t =? to s[1 & tells u also t mo/ ( ! gra9 fell on /ony gr\nd4 ,s x is ) mo/ ( ! opportunities t are (f]$ to u e day2 & s x is ev5 ) mo/ ( ! visions t are plac$ be=e our m9ds4 ,b ! ,savior tells u also ( o!r gra9s t fell on good gr\nd & bore abundant fruit4 ,su* are ! conceptions t ! great inv5tors h embodi$2 su* 0 ! conception t fell on ! good gr\nd ( ! m9d ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus4 ,! conception t came to him 0 n ( ! possibility t someone c\ld sail we/ & ev5tually rea* ,india1 b ( prep>+ a suitable exp$ition himself & actually sail+ we/ & rea*+ ,india4 ,! conception mu/ h be5 wond]fully p[]ful & cle>1 = x dom9at$ all 8 life !reaft]4 ,b he c\ld n make o!rs see ! vision t he saw4 ,= _m ye>s he w5t f place to place1 try+ to get ! means :]e) to prep>e 8 exp$ition4 ,he made only a few conv]ts1 b he did make a few4 ,"s ( ^! ex]t$ _! influ5ce on ,que5 ,isabella ( ,spa94 ,%e1 toge!r ) h] husb& ,f]d9&1 !n suppli$ ! money & o!r necess>ies = ! exp$ition4 ,! inv5tion ( ! gun 0 foll[$ by ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ 9 #adcd1 & ?is by ! discov]y ( ,am]ica 9 #adib4 ,^! ?ree epo*al occurr5ces />t$ ! new civilization ) a trem5d\s impetus4 ,?is impetus 0 imm$iately re9=c$ by ! voyage ( ! ,portuguese ,admiral1 ,vasco da ,gama1 ar\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope to ,india 9 #adig-adih1 & ! circumnavigation ( ! globe by ,f]d9& ,magellan 9 #aeai-aebb4 ,! imm$iate practical influ5ce ( da ,gama's feat 0 almo/ to kill ! comm]ce ( ! cities ( ,italy & ,alex&ria ) ,india by way ( ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,indian ,ocean1 & to transf] ! c5t] ( ! sea-comm]ce ( ! _w to ! we/ coa/ ( ,europe1 especially ,portugal4 ,ne> ! we/ coa/ x has re/$ ev] s9ce2 ?\gh b little ( x /ay$ long ) ,portugal4 ,:ile ,magellan's voyage 0 n q s important z ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 x 0 n immeasurably less s2 = x set at re/ =ev] ! mo/ important "q 9 geography1--0 ! e>? r\nd or n8 ,! voyage ( ,columbus _h n answ]$ x1 because he return$ by ! same r\te z t by :i* he w5t4 ,b ,magellan />t$ 9 a s\?we/]ly c\rse1 & "o ( 8 %ips aga9 rea*$ home1 com+ f ! ea/4 ,! ,victoria _h circumnavigat$ ! globe6 ,only eighte5 m5 & "o %ip return$4 ,! o!r %ips & ! o!r m5 _h p]i%$4 ,magellan himself _h be5 buri$ 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,! news ( ,magellan's great exploit & ! /ories t came to ,europe ( ! ri*es beyond ! sea1 result$ soon 9 an idea com+ to ! m9d ( ,h]n&o ,cortez1 ! developm5t ( t idea into a concrete plan1 & ! mak+ ( a complete inv5tion4 ,?is 0 a plan by :i* he %\ld head an exp$ition to a c]ta9 "p ( ! ,new ,_w1 & conv]t ! hea!n dwell+ !re2 do+ :atev] kill+ & impov]i%+ & g5]al maltreatm5t might be f\nd to be conv5i5t or desirable4 ,! inv5tion work$ p]fectly2 "s half-savage ,indians ( :at we n[ call ,mexico 7 conv]t$1 _m 7 kill$1 & untold treasure 0 =cibly obta9$4 ,! success ( ?is inv5tion 0 s great t ,francisco ,piz>ro 0 inspir$ to copy x1 & to try x on "s ,indians 9 a c\ntry t n[ we call ,p]u4 ,:e!r ,piz>ro improv$ on ,cortez's s*eme1 or :e!r ! conditions ( success 7 bett] ne$ n conc]n u n[3 ! ma9 fact seems to be t ,piz>ro 0 able to conv]t & kill & impov]i% & g5]ally ru9 m effectively ?an ,cortez4 ,foll[+ ,cortez & ,piz>ro1 _m exp$itions sail$ f ,spa9 to ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & c>ri$ out simil> programs4 ,! two pr9cipal results 7 t ^? p>ts ( ! _w 7 soon dom9at$ by ,spa91 & t ! p ( ,spa9 receiv$ l>ge am\nts ( gold & treasure4 ,! ma9 result to !m 0 t !y succumb$ "u ! en]vat+ influ5ce ( ! artificial prosp]ity produc$1 & rapidly det]iorat$4 ,by ! end ( ! hundr$ ye>s' p]iod aft] ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica1 ,spa9 0 cle>ly foll[+ ! d[nw>d pa?1 & at high spe$4 ,"o ( ! e>ly results ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ 0 an increas$ ability ( p sep>at$ by consid]able di/ances to int]*ange _! views2 & a /ill great] ?\gh alli$ result 0 an increas$ ability ( m5 ( ?\ght & c\rage to impress _! ?\ghts ^u great numb]s ( p4 ,at ! "t :5 pr9t+ 0 inv5t$1 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome _h ceas$ to dom9ate ,european nations z :olly z x _h done be=e2 b x ex]cis$ a va/ p[] 9 ea* c\ntry4 ,?is 0 because ( its pre/ige1 its hold on ! cl]gy & ! ,*ur* prop]ty1 & its au?ority 9 _m que/ions connect$ ) m>riage1 wills1 appo9tm5ts1 etc4 ,?is 0 res5t$1 b impot5tly1 by ! v>i\s sov]eigns4 ,x 0 realiz$ also 7& x came to be realiz$ ) increas+ cle>ness t[>d ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury7 t !re 7 _m grave evils & sc&als 9 ! ,*ur*1 ev5 9 ! highe/ qu>t]s4 ,! pr9t+-press l5t itself admirably to ! dissem9ation ( views on ?is matt]3 s t !re gradually grew up a /rong & widespread feel+ ( discont5t4 ,b despite consid]able friction z to ! limits ( _! respective functions1 ! ,*ur* & ! ,/ate 7 s intimately alli$ 9 e c\ntry1 & ea* realiz$ s cle>ly its dep5d5ce on ! o!r1 t no movem5t ( any magnitude aga9/ ev5 ! ackn[l$g$ evils _h be5 able to ga9 gr\nd4 ,no man appe>$ :o 0 able to conceive & execute a plan t c\ld successfully effect re=m4 ,b su* a man appe>$ 9 ! ye> #aeag1 ^: "n 0 ,m>t9 ,lu!r4 ,he 0 a poor monk2 b a k ( virtually all !re 0 to "k liv$ 9 8 m9d1 c\pl$ ) imag9ation to conceive1 con/ructiv5ess to plan1 & c\rage to p]=m4 ,9 t fateful ye>1 #aeag1 ! ,pope s5t ag5ts ?r\gh ! _w to sell indulg5ces1 :i* remitt$ c]ta9 temporal puni%m5ts = s91 9 return = gifts ( money4 ,! ag5t :o 0 commission$ = ,g]many c>ri$ out 8 "w ) s little tact & mod]ation1 t he made ! grant+ ( indulg5ces seem ev5 a m sc&al\s proc$ure ?an x really 04 ,lu!r _h be5 prea*+ ! doctr9e ( a simple foll[+ ( ! tea*+s ( ! ,savior1 & deprecat+ a too close adh]5ce to m]e =ms & ritual4 ,he n[ seems to h conceiv$ a clean-cut plan ( effective action2 = on ! ev5+ be=e ! indulg5ces 7 to be (f]$ on ,all ,sa9ts ,day1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,wittemb]g1 ,lu!r nails on ! door 8 celebrat$ n9ety-five !ses aga9/ ! sale4 ,! pr9t+-press reproduc$ copies ( ^! 9 great numb]s ?r\gh\t ,g]many4 ,a def9ite s5tim5t antagoni/ic to ! indulg5ces develop$ rapidly1 & a g5]al movem5t t[>d ! re=m ( ! abuses 9 ! ,*ur* took %ape4 ,lu!r 0 ?reat5$ ) excommunication by ! ,pope 9 #aebj1 b he burn$ a copy ( ! papal bull 9 a public place on ,decemb] #aj ( t ye>4 ,! emp]or ( ,g]many conv5$ a meet+ ( ! ,diet at ,worms 9 #aeba1 at :i* he ex]t$ all 8 p[]s to make ,lu!r retract3 b 9 va94 ,s great a foll[+ did ,lu!r n[ h t1 ?\gh ! emp]or put him "u ban1 & all p]sons 7 =bidd5 to fe$ or give him %elt]1 he 0 c>$ = secretly by m5 9 high position1 until he volunt>ily came out ( hid+1 & appe>$ 9 ,wittemb]g4 ,! emp]or call$ a meet+ ( ! ,diet at ,spires 9 #aebf1 & ano!r meet+ 9 #aebi4 ,bo? meet+s _h = _! object ! suppression ( ! movem5t begun by ,lu!r4 ,x 0 aga9/ a decree made by ! second ,diet t c]ta9 high (ficials & o!rs made ! fam\s prote/1 t caus$ ! "n to be affix$ to !m ( ,prote/ants4 ,?is "n has be5 p]petuat$ to ?is day4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! movem5t result$1 aft] ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s ( di/urb$ conditions1 9 a s]ies ( w>s1 call$ ,! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> t began 9 #afah1 & end$ ) ! ,peace ( ,we/phalia 9 #afdh4 ,?is ,peace m>k$ ! end ( ! ,re=mation p]iod1 & result$ 9 e/abli%+ ,prote/antism 9 ,nor? ,g]many1 ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,! influ5ce ( ,lu!r's conception ) its subsequ5t developm5t 0 ?us def9ite1 widespread & pr(\nd1 ev5 if reg>d$ f a m]ely religi\s po9t ( view3 b ! influ5ce x _h on religion 0 only a "p ( its total influ5ce4 ,9 words1 ! prote/ 0 aga9/ c]ta9 abuses 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*2 b 9 fact x 0 aga9/ a dom9ation ex]cis$ ov] ! m9ds & s\ls ( m54 ,lu!r's influ5ce 0 9 re=m+ n only ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* & ! practice ( ! ,*ri/ian religion ?r\gh\t ,europe1 b also ! conditions "u :i* m5 7 all[$ to use _! m9ds4 ,:ile ! inv5tions 9 me*anism1 religion1 etc41 :i* we h j not$ 7 go+ on dur+ ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 o!rs 7 go+ on 9 ! realm ( sci5ce4 ,! movem5t 0 begun ab\t #aejg by a "y man nam$ ,nicolas ,cop]nicus1 :o 0 execut+ ! dissimil> functions ( canon1 physician & ma!matician 9 ! little t[n ( ,frau5b]g 9 ,pol&4 ,cop]nicus at ?is "t 0 ?irty-f\r ye>s old1 b he _h ev5 !n devot$ ! major activities ( 8 m9d to a/ronomy = sev]al ye>s4 ,naturally1 8 ef=ts _h be5 devot$ to ma/]+ :atev] ( ! sci5ce !n exi/$4 ,! ef=ts ( mo/ p 9 deal+ ) any subject end :5 !y h gone ?us f>--& v few g ev5 ?us f>4 ,b ,cop]nicus not$ t1 :ile ! ,ptolemaic ,sy/em 7sugge/$1 ?\gh probably n inv5t$ by ! ,egyptian k+7 0 ! "o g5]ally accept$1 x did n acc\nt = _m ( ! ph5om5a obs]v$2 t none ( ! o!r sy/ems t _h be5 sugge/$ aft]w>d expla9$ matt]s m satisfactorily1 & t no "o ( ! sy/ems 0 9 h>mony ) any o!r4 ,!reupon ?is d>+ "y man conceives ! idea ( inv5t+ a sy/em ( a/ronomy himself1 9 :i* all ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies %\ld be %[n to be 9 accordance ) a simple & h>moni\s law4 ,seiz+ on ?is idea1 he proce$s at once to develop x2 & he works on x until dea? takes him f 8 labors 9 #aedc at ! age ( sev5ty4 ,! :ole civiliz$ _w _h virtually accept$ ! ,ptolemaic ,!ory1--at lea/1 ! "p ( x :i* assum$ t ! e>? 0 ! c5t] ( ! univ]se1 ! sun & />s & planets revolv+ ar\nd x4 ,cop]nicus inv5t$ ! !ory t ! sun 0 ! c5t]1 t ! e>? & ! o!r planets revolv$ ar\nd x1 & t ! e>? revolv$ on its own axis once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,s great 0 ! insi/5ce ( ! religi\s bodies 9 adh]+ to ! ,ptolemaic ,!ory1 s set 7 ! m9ds ( all m5 ( high position on x1 t ?\gh ,cop]nicus wrote a book exp\nd+ 8 own !ory1 he did n ?9k x wise to publi% x4 ,he seems to h complet$ ! book 9 ab\t #aecj4 ,he did n publi% x till #aedc4 ,j be=e its pr9t+ 0 f9i%$1 ,cop]nicus 0 tak5 ill4 ,! fir/ volume 0 held be=e him4 ,he t\*$ x & seem$ to realize dimly :at x 04 ,!n he relaps$ into torpor almo/ imm$iately1 & soon di$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,cop]nicus 0 n ! fir/ to conceive ! idea t ! e>? turns on its own axis1 or t ! e>? revolves ar\nd ! sun1 any m ?an ,bell 0 ! fir/ to conceive ! idea t spee* c\ld be transmitt$ by a suitable arrangem5t ( magnet1 diaphragm & electric circuit4 ,b ,cop]nicus 0 ! fir/ to inv5t a sy/em ( a/ronomy t 0 l a ma*9e4 ,x 0 a usable ?+4 ,x c\ld be made to expla9 a/ronomical ph5om5a & pr$ict a/ronomical ev5ts correctly4 ,x may be well to rem9d ourselves aga9 t no application = pat5t w be grant$ by our ,pat5t ,(fice unless ! inv5tion is describ$ & illu/rat$ s cle>ly & correctly t a p]son skill$ 9 ! art c make & use x2 & to realize t ?is admirable phraseology may be utiliz$ to di/+ui% any o!r novel endeavor ( man entitl$ to be call$ an inv5tion f any o!r n s entitl$2 = no sy/em1 no !ory1 no religion1 no s*eme ( gov]nm5t1 reg>dless ( h[ attractive x may be1 is entitl$ to be call$ an inv5tion1 unless1 l ! ,cop]nican ,sy/em1 a p]son skill$ 9 ! art c make & use x4 ,%ortly aft] ,cop]nicus1 came ,johann ,kepl]1 :o 0 born 9 ,wrttemburg 9 #aega1 & di$ 9 #afcj4 ,he _h be5 a pupil ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 :o did n succe$ 9 mak+ any great inv5tion or discov]y1 b :o did collect a great am\nt ( data4 ,utiliz+ ^!1 ,kepl] devot$ _m ye>s to ! /udy ( ,cop]nicus1 & tri$ to inv5t a sy/em :i* w\ld expla9 "s facts ( a/ronomy t ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus did n expla91 notably ! non-uni=m spe$ ( ! planets4 ,! ma9 result ( 8 labors 0 ! fam\s ,kepl]'s ,laws1 :i* 7 #a4 ,! orbits ( ! planets are ellipses hav+ ! sun at "o focus4 #b4 ,! area swept ov] p] h\r by ! radius jo9+ sun & planet is ! same 9 all p>ts ( ! planet's orbit4 #c4 ,! squ>es ( ! p]iodic times ( ! planets are proportional to ! cubes ( _! mean di/ances f ! sun4 ,^! ?ree discov]ies1 enunciat$ 9 ?ree int]dep5d5t1 concrete laws1 con/itut$ an inv5tion :i*1 :ile x 0 m]ely an improvem5t on ,cop]nicus's1 0 s great an improvem5t z almo/ to make ! diff]5ce betwe5 impracticability & practicability4 ,)\t ?is improvem5t1 a/ronomy w\ld n be :at x is1 navigation w\ld n be :at x is1 ! regulation ( "t ?r\gh\t ! _w w\ld n be :at x is1 & ! pres5t highly intricate b smoo?ly runn+ ma*9e ( civilization c\ld n exi/ at all1 except 9 a va/ly inf]ior =m4 ,! ma*9e ( civilization is dep5d5t = its successful op]ation on ! good quality & correct design ( e o!r "p4 ,s is e o!r ma*9e2 = in/ance1 a /eam-eng9e4 ,! ,cop]nican ,sy/em 0 n recogniz$ = m ?an a c5tury4 ,x 01 9 fact1 def9itely reject$1 & p 7 subject$ to puni%m5t & ev5 torture = decl>+ _! belief 9 x4 ,"o ( ! amaz+ facts surr\nd+ ,cop]nicus's inv5tion 0 t he c>ri$ on 8 obs]vations ) exce$+ly crude appliances4 ,! telescope _h n yet be5 inv5t$4 ,:o inv5t$ ! telescope is n def9itely kn[n2 b x is probable t bo? ! telescope & ! microscope 7comp\nd microscope7 7 inv5t$ by ,jans51 a humble spectacle-mak] 9 ,holl&4 ,bo? inv5tions 7 made ab\t ! ye> #aeij1 & 7 ( ! highe/ ord] ( m]it f ! ?ree ma9 po9ts ( view1--orig9ality1 complet5ess & usefulness4 ,few inv5tions m p]fectly possess+ ! attributes ( a great inv5tion c be specifi$4 ,! orig9ality ( ! conception ( ea* seems unque/ionable2 ! beautiful complet5ess ( ! embodi$ =m ( ea* 0 su* t only improvem5ts 9 detail 7 ne$$ aft]w>d2 &1 z to _! usefulness1 c we ev5 imag9e mod]n civilization )\t !m bo?8 ,! int]e/+ fact may n[ be call$ to m9d t1 al?\gh _m m5 :o liv$ 9 ,jans5's "t 7 load$ ) honors & fame & weal? & glory1 ! inv5tor ( ! telescope & ! microscope receiv$ no rew>d ( any k9d t we "k (2 & 8 fame has come to u s imp]fectly t we are n ev5 sure t ,jans5 0 8 "n4 ,! man usually cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion ( ! telescope is ,galileo1 ?\gh ,galileo himself nev] pret5d$ t he inv5t$ x1 & ?\gh hi/orical /atem5ts are cle> t he he>d t su* an in/rum5t _h be5 inv5t$1 & !n design$ & con/ruct$ "o himself 9 a day4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k j h[ mu* in=mation ,galileo receiv$4 ,x seems t 8 in=mation 0 v vague4 ,if s1 a consid]able am\nt ( inv5tiv5ess may h be5 requir$1 besides a high ord] ( con/ructiv5ess4 ,b ! m]e fact t ,galileo knew t su* an in/rum5t _h be5 inv5t$ caus$ 8 m5tal processes to />t f an image put into 8 m9d by an outside ag5cy & n f 8 own imag9ation4 ,galileo's "w did n beg9 ) conception1 & !re=e x 0 n an inv5tion4 ,galileo 0 "o ( ! =emo/ & mo/ ard5t support]s ( ! ,cop]nican ,!ory2 & x 0 on 8 skilful & indu/ri\s use ( ! telescope 9 mak+ obs]vations confirm+ ! !ory t 8 fame ma9ly re/s4 ,z late z #afcb1 ne>ly a c5tury aft] ,cop]nicus's doctr9e _h become kn[n1 ,galileo 0 compell$ by ?reat ( torture to recant1 & 0 condemn$ to imprisonm5t = life4 ,! influ5ce ( inv5tions on hi/ory has be5 great] & m b5eficial ?an t ( any o!r s+le endeavor ( man4 ,yet mo/ inv5tions h be5 resi/$4 ,! inv5tion ( ,cop]nicus 0 resi/$ = m ?an a c5tury by ! organization comm&+ ! greate/ tal5t & "* & le>n+ t ! _w conta9$4 ,! extraord9>y access ( m5tal en]gy 9 ,europe ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury is illu/rat$ by ano!r inv5tion virtually contemporane\s ) ^? ( ,cop]nicus & ,jans51 & also 9 ! l9e ( ma!matical rese>*4 ,?is 0 ! inv5tion by ,b>on ,john ,napi] ( log>i?ms4 ,x 0 a curi\s inv5tion--an inv5tion ! l ( :i* "o _c easily specify2 = ! ?+ inv5t$ 0 n a mat]ial me*anism1 or a !ory1 or any?+ exactly l any?+ else4 ,x is difficult to classify a log>i?m except z a log>i?m3--yet ,napi] did create some?+2 he did make some?+ exi/ t _h n exi/$ be=e2 he did conceive an idea & embody t idea 9 a concrete ma*9e4 ,t ma*9e1 9 ! h&s ( a man :o und]/ood x1 c\ld supply extraord9>y assi/ance 9 mak+ ma!matical calculations1 especially calculations involv+ _m op]ations & _m figures1 z 9 a/ronomy4 ,x has be5 9 cont9ual use s9ce ,napi] inv5t$ x1 & is us$ /ill4 ,9 ord] to indicate ! simplicity & ! value ( ,napi]'s inv5tion1 x may assi/ ^? :o h =gott5 :at a log>i?m is1 or :o h be5 s =tunate z nev] to h be5 compell$ to /udy ab\t !m1 to /ate t log>i?ms are numb]s s adapt$ to numb]s to be multipli$1 divid$1 or rais$ to any p[]1 t "o simply adds _! log>i?m1 subtracts "o log>i?m f ! o!r or multiplies or divides a log>i?m by ! numb] repres5t+ ! p[]1 & !n notes 9 a table ! numb] result+1 in/ead ( go+ ?r\gh ! long process ( multiply+1 divid+1 squ>+1 etc4 ,( c\rse1 9 ! case ( small numb]s1 ! use ( log>i?ms is n only unnecess>y b undesirable2 b 9 ! case ( ! long numb]s us$ 9 a/ronomy1 & ev5 9 navigation1 log>i?ms are inexpressibly helpful & "t-sav+4 ,! m5tal feat ( ,napi] consi/$ 9 conceiv+ ! idea ( accompli%+ :at he subsequ5tly did accompli%1 & !n con/ruct+ & produc+ ! log>i?mic tables t made x possible4 ,ano!r indication ( ! new intellectual movem5t 9 ,europe 0 ! exp]im5ts1 d$uctions & inv5tions ( ,william ,gilb]t1 an ,engli% physician1 :o liv$ f #aedj till #afjc4 ,accord+ to ! use ( ! ^w inv5tion foll[$ 9 ?is book1 only two actual inv5tions c be cr$it$ to ,gilb]t1 t ( ! electroscope & t ( magnetization4 ,gilb]t's "w 0 valuable 9 ! highe/ degree1 m valuable ?an t ( mo/ inv5tors2 & yet x 0 m inductive & d$uctive ?an inv5tional4 ,x is n ! purpose ( ?is book to sugge/ t inv5tion has be5 ! only k9d ( "w t m5 h done :i* has _h an influ5ce on hi/ory2 & ! "w ( ,gilb]t gives ! au?or an opportunity to emphasize ! value ( c]ta9 "w :i* is n inv5tional4 ,at ! same "t1 ! au?or _c resi/ ! temptation ( po9t+ out t ,gilb]t's "w 0 orig9al & con/ructive1 t x hov]$ ar\nd ! bord]s ( inv5tion1 & t x did m to assi/ ! inv5tors ( ! electric & electro-magnetic appliances t 7 soon to foll[1 ?an ! "w ( almo/ any o!r "o man4 ,! full influ5ce ( ,gilb]t's "w 0 n app>5t = _m ye>s2 n1 9 fact1 until ! discov]ies & inv5tions ( ,volta1 ,galvani & ,f>aday %[$ ! possibilities ( utiliz+ electricity = practical purposes4 ,!n ! facts :i* ,gilb]t _h e/abli%$1 & ! discov]ies built ^u !m aft]w>d1 7 ! basis ( mu* ( ! "w ( ^? great m51 & ( ! va/ sci5ce ( electrical eng9e]+ t result$4 ,! inv5tions made be=e ! op5+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ,a4 ,d41 wond]ful z !y 71 7 q widely sep>at$ 9 "t1 & seem to h be5 :olly ! outcome ( individual g5ius1 & n ! result or ! indication ( any widespread intellectual movem5t4 ,b soon aft] x op5$1 ! influ5ce ( pr9t+ 9 spread+ k became increas+ly felt1 & inv5tions began to succe$ ea* o!r ) rapidity1 & to appe> 9 places f> ap>t4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 c]ta9 writ+s appe>$ 9 ,engl& t took great hold on ! m9ds ( ?9k+ m51 n only 9 ,engl&1 b ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,! "n ( ! au?or 0 ,francis ,bacon4 ,x w\ld n be )9 ! scope ( ?is book ev5 to attempt to analyze ! philosophy ( ,bacon1 to diff]5tiate betwe5 x & ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle or any o!r ( ! great ?9k]s ( ! _w1 or to try to trace directly ! influ5ce ( ,bacon's philosophy on 8 own "t & on future times4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ,bacon inv5t$ a sy/em ( inductive reason+ t assi/$ enorm\sly to give precision to ! ?\ghts ( m5 9 8 own day1 by conv9c+ !m ( ! necessity ( fir/ asc]ta9+ exact facts1 & !n inf]r+ correct conclusions f ^? facts4 ,?is seems to u an easy ?+ to d1 look+ at ! matt] 9 ! light ( our civilization4 ,b x 0 n easy1 ?\gh ,bacon's high position gave him a pre/ige exceptional = a philosoph] to possess2 & ?is smoo!d 8 way consid]ably4 ,m5 _h n yet le>n$ to ?9k exactly4 ,! ef=ts ( ev5 ! great m9ds 7 ( a grop+ "*2 & fanciful pictures made by ! imag9ation seem to h int]tw9$ !mselves ) facts1 9 su* a way t correct inf]5ces 7except 9 ma!matical op]ations7 7 h>dly to be expect$4 ,bacon insi/$ t e />t on an intellectual exp$ition %\ld be made f absolutely indisputable facts4 ,! fir/ effect ( su* tea*+ 0 to make m5 seek = facts4 ,n long aft]w>d1 we f9d t _m m5 7 mak+ x ! ma9 bus9ess ( _! lives to seek = facts f ,nature h]self4 ,?is does n mean t m5 _h n s\ght = facts be=e f ,nature1 or t ,bacon alone is to be cr$it$ ) ! wond]ful increase 9 ! "w ( rese>* & inve/igation t soon began4 ,bacon's pr9cipal book 0 publi%$ 9 #afbj1 & call$ ! ,novum ,organum1 or ! new in/rum5t4 ,x 0 obvi\sly an inv5tion1 = x 0 a def9ite creation ( a :olly new ?+1 t orig9at$ 9 a def9ite conception1 & 0 develop$ into a concrete in/rum5t4 ,t ,bacon s reg>d$ x is evid5t f ! title t he gave x4 ,fur!rmore1 he describ$ x z ! sci5ce ( a bett] & m p]fect use ( reason 9 ! inve/igation ( ?+s & ( ! true aids ( ! und]/&+4 ,bacon 0 a pati5t ( ,dr4 ,h>vey1 :o discov]$ ! circulation ( ! blood2 & x w\ld be /range inde$ if ,bacon's philosophy did n give to ,h>vey a great deal ( guidance & sugge/ion t fur!r$ 8 exp]im5ts4 ,william ,h>vey discov]$ ! fact t ! blood circulates 9 ! bodies ( liv+ animals4 ,?is decl>ation /at$ by itself w\ld convey to ! m9ds ( "s ! idea t ,h>vey discov]$ x1 some:at z a boy might discov] a p5ny ly+ on ! gr\nd4 ,! fir/ def9ition ( ! ^w discov] 9 ! ,/&>d ,diction>y is to get fir/ sight or k (2 s t ! m]e ann\ncem5t t an inve/igator has discov]$ some?+ gives to _m p an incorrect idea ( 8 a*ievem5t4 ,h>vey discov]$ ! fact ( ! circulation ( ! blood aft] ye>s ( exp]im5tation & rese>* on liv+ animals1 & by "w ( a mo/ labori\s k9d4 ,8 conclusions 7 n accept$ by _m = a v consid]able p]iod2 b he 0 =tunate1 l ,bacon1 9 hold+ a position ( su* influ5ce & pre/ige1 t he escap$ mo/ ( ! viol5t opposition t inv5tors usually meet4 ,h>vey's discov]y did n ( itself con/itute an inv5tion2 b ! embodim5t ( t discov]y 9 a concrete !ory1 s expla9$ t p]sons skill$ 9 ! art c\ld make & use x1 did con/itute an inv5tion ( ! mo/ def9ite k9d4 ,! :ole influ5ce ( t inv5tion on hi/ory1 only a highly equipp$ physician c\ld describe2 b1 nev]!less1 "o may feel amply ju/ifi$ 9 /at+ t its influ5ce on ! sci5ce & practice ( surg]y & m$ic9e1 & on ! result+ heal? ( all ! civiliz$ nations ( ! _w1 has be5 s great z to be incalculable4 ,a contempor>y & acqua9tance ( ,h>vey 0 ,rob]t ,boyle1 "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! e>ly sci5tific inve/igators1 :o 0 an av[$ disciple ( ,bacon1 & foll[$ 8 me?ods ) consci5ti\s c>e4 ,8 "w cov]$ a l>ge field1 b x 0 conc]n$ mo/ly ) ! action ( gases4 ,he is be/ kn[n by ,boyle's ,law1 :i* is usually express$ z foll[s3 ,:5 ! volume ( a mass ( gas is *ang$1 keep+ ! temp]ature con/ant1 ! pressure v>ies inv]sely z ! volume2 or ! product ( ! pressure by ! volume rema9s con/ant4 ,:ile x has be5 f\nd t ?is law is n absolutely true ) all gases at all temp]atures & pressures1 its dep>ture f accuracy are v small1 & ^! are n[ def9itely kn[n4 ,) c]ta9 tabulat$ corrections1 ?is law is ! basis on :i* mo/ ( ! calculations = /eam eng9es1 air eng9es & gas eng9es are made4 ,x is usually express$ by ! =mula p v p v con/ant4 ,boyle is said to h discov]$ ?is law1 & ,h>vey is said to h discov]$ ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,d\btless !y did3 b if !y _h done no m ?an discov] ^! ?+s1 no "o else w\ld h be5 ! wis]1 & ! _w w\ld h be5 no ri*]4 ,:at ^! two m5 did t made u wis] & ! _w ri*]1 0 to make inv5tions ( def9ite "*1 & give !m to ! _w 9 su* manageable =ms1 t p]sons skill$ 9 ! art c make & use !m4 ,9 #afbj1 ! _s !rmomet]1 z we "k x n[1 0 inv5t$ by ,drebel4 ,x is by "s ascrib$ to ,galileo4 ,an int]e/+ controv]sy has be5 wag$ z to :i* 0 actually ! inv5tor4 ,! facts seem to be t ,galileo did inv5t a !rmomet] 9 :i* ! height ( wat] 9 a glass tube indicat$ approximately ! temp]ature4 ,! tube 0 long & end$ 9 a bulb at ! top4 ,! bulb be+ w>m$ ) ! h& ( ,galileo1 & ! op5 l[] end ( ! tube be+ imm]s$ 9 wat]1 & !n ! w>m? ( ! h& remov$1 wat] rose 9 ! tube to a height dep5d+ on ! w>m? ( ! air 9 ! bulb4 ,! height ( ! wat] !re=e v>i$ inv]sely z ! temp]ature4 ,! defect ( ! in/rum5t 0 t x 0 a b>omet] z mu* z x 0 a !rmomet]2 because ! v>y+ pressure ( ! atmosph]e caus$ ! wat] to rise & fall accord+ly1 & ?us falsify ! !rmal indications4 ,drebel realiz$ ?is1 & clos$ bo? ends ( ! tube4 ,?us ,galileo came v ne> to inv5t+ bo? ! !rmomet] & ! b>omet]1 b yet inv5t$ nei!r6 ,x seems incr$ible t he %\ld h fail$ to inv5t ! b>omet]1 hav+ come s ne> x2 = he _h be5 engag$ = a long p]iod 9 inve/igat+ ! weight ( air1 & f9ally _h succe$$ 9 asc]ta9+ x4 ,! b>omet] 0 inv5t$ or r discov]$ by ,galileo's successor1 ,torricelli1 9 #afde4 ,torricelli1 9 inve/igat+ ! action ( suction pumps1 con/ruct$ :at n[ we call a b>omet]2 b x 0 n until aft] he _h con/ruct$ x t he realiz$ t ! height ( m]cury 9 8 tube indicat$ ! pressure ( ! air outside4 ,sev5ty-five ye>s lat]1 ,fahr5heit made a great improvem5t 9 ! !rmomet] by sub/itut+ m]cury = spirits4 ,mean:ile1 ,otto von ,gu]icke1 foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,galileo & ,torricelli1 _h inv5t$ ! air-pump1 by means ( :i* he succe$$ 9 gett+ a fairly p]fect vacuum 9 a glass receiv]4 ,?is seems to h be5 an inv5tion ( ! mo/ cle>-cut k9d1 result+ f an idea t occurr$ to ,gu]icke t he seiz$ ^u promptly & put to "w to s]ve mank9d4 ,its influ5ce 9 giv+ impetus to ! sci5ce & art ( pneumatics1 & ! influ5ce ( pneumatics on ! progress ( civilization1 are too obvi\s to ne$ m ?an to be po9t$ out4 ,! inv5tion ( ,gu]icke is a simple & cle> illu/ration ( ! p[] ( an idea2 an illu/ration ( se$ fall+ on good gr\nd & br++ =? fruit an hundr$ fold4 ,"o ( ! greate/ inv5tors t ev] liv$ 0 ,isaac ,newton1 :o liv$ f #afdb till #agbh4 ,ev5 z a *ild he busi$ himself ) contriv+ & con/ruct+ me*anical appliances1 mo/ly toys4 ,z a "y man he occupi$ himself mo/ly ) /udies 9 ma!matics & exp]im5ts 9 physics1 especially optics4 ,9 #afga he inv5t$ a special =m ( ! reflect+ telescope1 call$ aft] him ! ,newtonian telescope4 ,he made _m exp]im5ts 9 optics1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* he discov]$ & ann\nc$ t :ite light consi/s ( sev5 colors1 hav+ diff]5t degrees ( refrangibility4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is discov]y on ! advancem5t ( le>n+ s9ce t "t1 x is unnecess>y to po9t out2 b we _c realize too cle>ly t )\t x mu* ( ! mo/ important progress 9 optics s9ce t "t w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,! inv5tion by reason ( :i* ,newton is mo/ g5]ally kn[n is 8 !ory or law ( gravitation1 :i* he ann\nc$ 9 8 ,pr9cipia1 publi%$ 9 #afhf4 ,9 #afji1 ,kepl] _h ann\nc$ 8 fam\s laws1 t reads3 #a4 ,! orbits ( planets are ellipses hav+ ! sun at "o focus4 #b4 ,! area swept ov] p] h\r by ! radius jo9+ sun & planet is ! same 9 all p>ts ( ! planet's orbit4 #c4 ,! squ>es ( ! p]iodic times ( ! planets are proportional to ! cubes ( _! mean di/ances f ! sun4 ,newton %[$ f ! laws ( me*anics :i* he _h discov]$ t1 assum+ ! fir/ two laws ( ,kepl] to be true1 ea* planet mu/ always be subject to a =ce direct+ x t[>d ! sun1 t v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( its di/ance f ! sun3 o!rwise1 x w\ld fly away f ! sun or t[>d x4 ,f ?is1 ,newton inf]r$ t all masses1 great & small1 attract ea* o!r ) a =ce proportional to _! masses1 & inv]sely proportional to ! squ>e ( ! di/ance betwe5 !m1 & inv5t$ :at is n[ call$ ! law ( univ]sal gravitation4 ,ano!r inv5tion ( possibly equal value1 also publi%$ 9 8 ,pr9cipia1 b n s g5]ally kn[n1 is 8 ?ree laws ( motion4 ,^! are #a4 ,e body cont9ues 9 its /ate ( re/1 or ( mov+ ) con/ant velocity 9 a /raight l9e1 unless act$ ^u by "s ext]nal =ce4 #b4 ,*ange ( mom5tum is proportional to ! =ce & to ! "t dur+ :i* x acts1 & is 9 ! same direction z ! =ce4 #c4 ,to e action !re is an equal & contr>y re-action4 ,x is probably impossible = any human m9d to conceive any inv5tion ( a high] ord] ( orig9ality ?an ei!r ( ^! two1 or to con/ruct any inv5tion m concrete & useful4 ,c]ta9ly no m brilliant inv5tions h ev] yet be5 made4 ,^! two wond]ful products ( ,newton's g5ius und]lie ! :ole /ructure ( mod]n a/ronomy & mod]n me*anics4 ,! sci5ces ( mod]n a/ronomy & mod]n me*anics c\ld n exi/ )\t !m1 & w\ld n n[ exi/ unless ,newton 7or someone else7 _h inv5t$ !m4 ,x may be po9t$ out t ,newton's conception ( our sol> sy/em is t ( a ma*9e 9 rapid motion1 ( :i* ! sun & ! planets are ! pr9cipal p>ts4 ,ano!r important inv5tion ascrib$ to ,newton is t ( ! sextant1 a small & easily h&l$ in/rum5t1 us$ ev] s9ce 9 %ips = purposes ( navigation2 b :e!r he %\ld receive ! entire cr$it = ?is inv5tion seems q d\btful2 = ano!r a/ronom]1 ,rob]t ,hooke1 is cr$it$ by "s ) ! orig9al sugge/ion1 & ,john ,hadley1 /ill ano!r a/ronom]1 ) hav+ adapt$ x to practical sea use4 ,num]\s o!r sci5tific inv5tions1 h[ev]1 t h =m$ ! basis ( mu* ( ! sci5tific "w ( lat] exp]im5t]s & inv5tors are cle>ly to be cr$it$ to ,newton4 ,among ^!1 8 =mula = ! velocity ( a wave ( compression1 8 color-:eel1 & 8 simple app>atus kn[n z ,newton's r+s1 by :i* c be measur$ ! wave l5g?s ( light ( diff]5t colors1 are possibly ! mo/ important4 ,9 approximate co9cid5ce ) ! ,r5aissance movem5t & ! accompany+ awak5+ ( ! intellect ( ,europe1 !re began a conflict betwe5 ! sov]eigns & ! ,pope4 ,! ,popes _h gradually acquir$ great p[]1 because ( _! pre/ige z ! successors ( ,/4 ,pet]1 to :om x 0 decl>$ our ,savior _h giv5 ! keys ( heav54 ,co9cid5tally1 ! multitud9\s b>ons _h gradually built up ! ,feudal ,sy/em4 ,?is 0 a loose-jo9t$ contrivance1 "u :i* ,europe 0 virtually divid$ into little geographical sections1 rul$ ov] by h]$it>y feudal lords1 :o 9 ea* c\ntry ow$ allegiance to a sov]eign4 ,by reason ( ! sl[ness & unc]ta9ty ( transportation & communication1 ! v>i\s feudal lords 7 extremely indep5d5t1 & ea* "o did sub/antially z he will$ 9 8 little doma94 ,! situation 0 a mis]able "o = e p]son1 except ! ,pope1 ! sov]eigns1 ! feudal lords & _! hang]s-on2 n only because ( ! v>i\s petty tyrannies1 b because ( ! cont9ual little w>s & ! g5]al abs5ce ( good gov]nm5t4 ,gradually1 ! sov]eigns got m & m p[] 7except 9 ,engl&7 & ! conditions improv$ s mu* t ! p realiz$ t x 0 bett] to be rul$ by "o k+1 or emp]or1 ?an by a multitude ( b>ons4 ,! sov]eigns f9ally acquir$ s mu* p[] t !y d>$ to oppose ! ,pope 9 _m ( 8 aggressions2 b no v important situations 7 develop$ until ! ,re=mation caus$ ! exi/5ce ( prote/ant or h]etic sov]eigns1 & ! occasional excommunication ( "o ( !m by ! ,pope1 ) its att5dant exhortation to 8 subjects to take up arms aga9/ him4 ,to meet ?is situation1 ! !ory ( ! ,div9e ,"r ( ,k+s 0 inv5t$4 ,?is 0 a v important inv5tion2 = x (fset ! ,div9e au?ority ( ! ,pope z ,pope1 & gave a !me = ! bi%ops & prie/s 9 _! disc\rses to ! p1 & a slogan = ! soldi]s4 ,x 0 extremely successful = ?ree c5turies1 & its influ5ce 0 9 ! ma9 b5efic5t4 ,x work$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( /able gov]nm5ts & great nations1 t5d$ to prev5t ! excessive dom9ation ( a religi\s organization1 &1 by recogniz+ ! fact t e sov]eign's p[] comes f ! ,almighty1 x sugge/$ ! sov]eign's responsibility to ,him4 ,at fir/ ?is sugge/ion evid5tly bore little fruit2 = ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies 7 *>act]iz$ by g5]al oppression ( ! p1 & fill$ ) dyna/ic w>s1 wag$ m]ely 9 behalf ( mon>*ical ambitions4 ,b gradually ! k+s & ! peoples came to realize ! duties ( sov]eigns1 z well z _! privileges & p[]s4 ,gradually !n1 ! view came to be held t k+s 7 b\nd to ex]cise _! p[] = ! b5efit ( _! p4 ,ev5 ! doctr9e ( ! ,div9e ,"r ( ,k+s1 n[ condemn$ & obsolete1 _h a great influ5ce & a good influ5ce dur+ ! "t x 0 9 vogue2 & x supplies a cle> illu/ration ( ! p[] ( a good idea1 skillfully develop$1 to fulfill a giv5 purpose1 s long z its exi/5ce is necess>y4 ,mo/ m5 h a consid]able am\nt ( en]gy1 b d n "k :at to d ) x4 ,*ildr5 are 9 ! same category1 except t toys h be5 inv5t$ = !m1 & p>5ts give ^! toys to _! *ildr54 ,)\t toys1 *ildr5 f9d ! days v long1 & p>5ts f9d _! *ildr5 v try+4 ,! usefulness ( toys seems to be ma9ly1 n s mu* 9 giv+ *ildr5 pleasure directly1 z 9 supply+ an outlet = _! en]gies1 bo? physical & m5tal4 ,= :at great] pleasure is !re ?an 9 exp5d+ "o's natural en]gies "u pleasant conditions8 ,possibly1 all ! "w t m5 h done 9 build+ up civilization is l ! "w t *ildr5 h done ) build+ blocks4 ,c]ta9ly !re are _m po9ts ( simil>ity4 ,! m5tal ef=ts are simil>2 &1 s f> z we c see1 ! results are simil> also4 ,toy temples h be5 built ( build+ blocks1 & !n h be5 de/roy$4 ,civilizations also h be5 built & !n de/roy$4 ,& 9 ! case ( bo? ! build+ blocks & ! civilizations1 ! pleasure seems to come1 n f ! result a*iev$1 b f an enjoyable exp5diture ( en]gy 9 a*iev+ x4 ,9 bo? cases x has be5 ! inv5tors :o h po9t$ out ! ways 9 :i* to exp5d ! en]gy1 & a*ieve ! results4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,electricity1 ,,/eam ,,& ,,*emi/ry ,! inv5tion ( ! fir/ electrical ma*9e 0 made by ,otto ,von ,gu]icke1 ( ,magdeburg1 ab\t #afgj4 ,x consi/$ ( a sulphur ball1 a /ick ) a po9t1 & a l95 ?read an ell or m long1 hang+ f ! /ick4 ,! l[] end ( ! ?read be+ made to hang a ?umb bread? di/ance f "s o!r body1 & ! sulphur ball rubb$ & br\ght ne> ! po9t ( ! /ick1 ! l[] end ( ! ?read mov$ up to ! body4 ,! ball be+ remov$1 ! l[] end ( ! ?read w\ld drop away f ! body2 s t by mov+ ! ball back & =?1 ! l[] end ( ! ?read w\ld be made to move back & =? simultane\sly4 ,x may be object$ t ,gu]icke made no inv5tion1 because he did n conceive ! idea ( mak+ a ma*9e or in/rum5t & did n1 9 fact1 produce "o3 t he m]ely made a discov]y4 ,! au?or admits t su* an objection w\ld h great reasonabl5ess1 & t ,gu]icke's feat is a little h>d to class4 ,x is class$ by _m z an inv5tion1 h[ev]1 & ! pres5t au?or is incl9$ to class x s2 because !re seems no reason to d\bt t ,gu]icke fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( do+ :at he did d1 & t he did produce a device :]eby an actual motion ( a rubb$ ball at "o place caus$ actual motion at ano!r place1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a curr5t ( electricity t trav]s$ a conductor jo9+ ! two places4 ,! device is sometimes spok5 ( z ! fir/ telegraph in/rum5t4 ,gu]icke 7l ,gilb]t7 0 m di/9ctly an exp]im5t] ?an an inv5tor1--& 7l ,gilb]t7 8 "w 0 n only 9 electricity1 b 9 mo/ ( ! o!r bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,( ! two1 ,gu]icke seems to h cov]$ a wid] field1 & to h be5 m di/9ctly an inv5tor4 ,8 celebrat$ exp]im5t ( hold+ two holl[ hemisph]es toge!r1 !n exhau/+ ! air f ! holl[ sph]e ?us =m$1 & !n demon/rat+ ! =ce ( ! atmosph]e by %[+ t sixte5 horses c\ld n pull ! hemisph]es ap>t1 indicates j ! k9d ( cle> appreh5sion ( ! laws ( ,nature t *>act]izes ! inv5tor4 ,by "s1 ,gu]icke is e/eem$ ! inv5tor ( ! fir/ electric light1 because by rubb+ a sulphur ball 9 a d>k room he produc$ a feeble electric illum9ation4 ,( ,gu]icke's discov]ies & inv5tions1 ! only "o t has surviv$ z a concrete app>atus is ! air pump2 b x is d\btful if ! direct influ5ce on hi/ory ( ! air pump1 great z x has be51 has actually be5 any great] ?an ! indirect influ5ce ( 8 less widely kn[n discov]ies & exp]im5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,h]o's ,eng9es ,"o ( ! e>ly influ5ces ( ! art ( pr9t+ 0 to br+ to ! notice ( "s re/less m9ds ! writ+s ( ,h]o & ,ar*im$es4 ,9 ,h]o's ,pneumatics1 publi%$ m ?an #abj ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 he gives su* a cle> acc\nt ( an inv5tion ( 8 own1 9 :i* ! expansive =ce ( /eam 0 us$ to give & ma9ta9 motion1 z to e/abli% ?or\ghly 8 "r to ! basic inv5tion ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,he describ$ ?ree app>atus t he devis$4 ,9 "o1 ! curr5ts ( air & aque\s vapor ris+ ?r\gh a tube f a holl[ sph]e1 conta9+ wat]1 "u :i* a fire is burn+1 support a ball plac$ imm$iately above ! tube1 & make x seem to dance4 ,9 ano!r app>atus1 a holl[ sph]e into :i* /eam has aris5 f :at we n[ call a boil]1 is support$ on a horizontal or v]tical axis1 & provid$ ) tubes t protrude f ! sph]e1 & are b5t at "r angles to ! radius & also to ! pivot4 ,! inn] ends ( ^! tubes lie )9 ! sph]e1 s t ! /eam passes f ! sph]e ?r\gh ! tubes4 ,z soon z ?is happ5s1 ! sph]e takes up a rapid rotation1 t cont9ue s long z ! /eam cont9ues to escape f ! nozzles ( ! tubes1 :i* po9t re>w>dly4 ,a ?ird app>atus 0 m]ely an elaboration ( ! second1 9 t ! sph]e 0 connect$ ) an alt> :i* support$ a l>ge drum on :i* 7 figures repres5t+ human be+s4 ,! fire be+ light$1 ! sph]e w\ld soon beg9 to revolve1 & ) x ! drum2 & ! figures on x w\ld seem to dance ar\nd1 above ! alt>4 ,! inv5tion 0 probably to impress ! p ) ! idea t ! prie/s 7 ex]t+ sup]natural p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,h]o's ,alt> ,eng9e ,h]o's wond]ful inv5tion rema9$ unus$ & unappreciat$ = ne>ly #b1jjj ye>s4 ,ab\t #afja1 an ,italian nam$ ,della ,porta1 publi%$ a book t seems to %[ acqua9tance ) x1 also ) ! fact t if wat] be heat$ x is conv]t$ into a gas t c raise wat] to a height4 ,9 #afae1 a ,fr5*man nam$ de ,caus publi%$ a book 9 :i* he %[$ a holl[ sph]e into :i* wat] c\ld be introduc$ ?r\gh an orifice t c\ld !n be clos$2 ! sph]e c>ry+ a v]tical tube t dipp$ into ! wat] at its l[] end1 & end+ 9 a small nozzle at its upp] end4 ,:5 a fire 0 />t$ "u ! sph]e1 ! air 9 ! upp] "p exp&$1 & =c$ d[n ! wat] t occupi$ ! l[] "p1 s t a jet ( wat] w\ld soon issue f ! upp] end ( ! tube4 ,( c\rse1 ?is 0 really less ?an ,h]o _h done1 because ! appliance describ$ did n con/itute a ma*9e1 9 any real s5se ( ! ^w4 ,9 #afbi1 an ,italian nam$ ,branca c>ri$ ,h]o's inv5tion a /ep fur!r1 by inv5t+ a simple app>atus :]eby ! revolution ( ,h]o's holl[ sph]e 0 communicat$ to a s]ies ( pe/les 9 mort>s1 & put to ! useful "w ( comp\nd+ drugs4 ,branca seems entitl$ to ! basic inv5tion ( ! /eam eng9e z an indu/rial ma*9e4 ,ab\t #affc1 ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/] inv5t$ a /eam eng9e t ex]t$ ab\t two horse-p[]1 & 0 employ$ to raise wat] f ! ,?ames ,riv]1 & supply x to ! t[n ( ,vauxhall4 ,six ye>s lat] 7#affi7 ,capta9 ,?omas ,sav]y erect$ a /eam eng9e ab\t tw5ty-five feet above ! wat] 9 a m9e1 & successfully drew wat] out4 ,?is 0 a v important feat1 because ! difficulties surr\nd+ ! problem ( free+ ! m9es f wat] 7 extremely great1 & ! desirability ( ov]com+ !m 0 equally s4 ,9 ,sav]y's eng9e1 !re 7 two boil]s 9 :i* /eam 0 rais$1 & two receiv]s communicat+ ) !m4 ,/eam be+ admitt$ to "o receiv]1 ! connection ) ! boil] 0 %ut (f by a valve1 & a cold jet 0 !n sudd5ly ?r[n on ! receiv]1 cond5s+ ! /eam & =m+ a p>tial vacuum4 ,?is vacuum ! wat] bel[ imm$iately ru%$ up to ov]come4 ,connection ) ! pipe lead+ d[n 0 !n %ut (f1 & /eam introduc$ to ! receiv]4 ,?is /eam =c$ out ! wat] f ! receiv] into a pipe1 :i* dis*>g$ x above4 ,?is op]ation 0 !n p]=m$ by ! o!r boil] & receiv]2 s t1 by _! cont9u$ & alt]nate action1 a fairly cont9u\s /ream ( dis*>g$ wat] 0 ma9ta9$4 ,?is inv5tion 0 quickly foll[$ by ,capta9 ,sav]y ) ano!r1 by means ( :i* ! dis*>ge /ream 0 made to fall on a mill-:eel1 z ?\gh f a natural wat]fall4 ,sev]al ( ^! ma*9es 7 erect$ = actuat+ ! ma*9]y ( mills & factories 9 ! di/rict4 ,9 #afij1 ,dr4 ,pap9 inv5t$ a /eam eng9e1 9 :i* he us$ a cyl9d] conta9+ wat]1 ) a pi/on s arrang$ t1 :5 ! wat] 0 heat$1 ! /eam w\ld raise ! pi/on4 ,! fire be+ !n remov$ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e w\ld =ce d[n ! pi/on4 ,?is 0 foll[$ %ortly by an inv5tion ( ,newcom] & ,cawley1 :i* 0 a v consid]able advance on previ\s eng9es4 ,x compris$ a sep>ate boil] & furnace1 a sep>ate cyl9d] & pi/on1 means = cond5s+ ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d] by inject+ wat] into x1 & a sy/em ( self-act+ valves t 7 op5$ & clos$ by a long beam t 0 mov$ by ! pi/on4 ,fur!rmore1 ?is beam communicat$ motion to a pump t pump$ ! wat] up directly4 ,?is eng9e 0 s effici5t & s practically useful1 t x 0 v g5]ally introduc$ into s]vice = dra9+ m9es ?r\gh\t ,engl&4 ,ab\t #agge1 ,smeaton built an eng9e c>efully design$ on ^! l9es1 ( :i* ! cyl9d] 0 #gb in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! l5g? ( /roke 0 #aj feet & #f in*es4 ,9 #agbe1 ,jacob ,leupold inv5t$ an eng9e1 9 :i* ! "w 0 done by /eam alone1 in/ead ( by ! atmosph]e1 z 9 ! eng9es t imm$iately prec$$ x4 ,leupold us$ two cyl9d]s4 ,!y 7 op5 at ! top to ! atmosph]e z 9 ! o!rs1 b he us$ high] pressures ( /eam1 & arrang$ a f\r-way cock betwe5 ! bottoms ( ! two cyl9d]s 9 su* a way t ! bottom ( ea* cyl9d]1 9 its turn1 0 connect$ to ! boil] or to ! op5 air4 ,ea* cyl9d] actuat$ directly a sep>ate vibrat+ beam1 :i* 9 turn actuat$ ! pi/on ( a pump2 ! two pi/ons act+ reciprocally1 ea* draw+ up wat] 9 its turn4 ,illu/ration3 ,leupold's ,eng9e ,9 #agfe1 ,james ,watt made ! v great improvem5t ( provid+ a cond5s] sep>ate f ! cyl9d] ( ! eng9e1 s t ! great loss ( heat caus$ by cool+ ! cyl9d] & !n heat+ x at ea* /roke 0 :olly avoid$4 ,he cov]$ ! cyl9d] entirely1 & surr\nd$ x ) an ext]nal cyl9d] kept always full ( /eam1 t ma9ta9$ ! cyl9d] at a high temp]ature4 ,! /eam1 in/ead ( be+ cond5s$ )9 ! cyl9d]1 aft] x _h done its "w1 0 all[$ to escape into ! cond5s]4 ,to facilitate ?is action1 ! cond5s] 0 fitt$ ) an air-pump t ma9ta9$ a good vacuum 9 x4 ,9 #agfi1 ,watt inv5t$ an improvem5t t consi/$ ma9ly ( means :]eby ! supply ( /eam to ! cyl9d] c\ld be %ut (f at any desir$ "p ( ! /roke1 & ! /eam all[$ to complete ! re/ ( ! /roke by virtue ( its expansive =ce4 ,?is inv5tion increas$ trem5d\sly ! effici5cy ( ! eng9e3 t is1 ! am\nt ( "w done ) a giv5 am\nt ( /eam4 ,dur+ all ?is "t1 ,watt _h realiz$ t virtually all ! "w 0 done on ! d[n /roke1 & none on ! up /roke1 & also realiz$ t x w\ld be highly desirable to devise an app>atus :]eby ! reciprocat+ motion ( ! pi/on c\ld be conv]t$ into a rot>y motion4 ,watt 0 able to accompli% bo? feats1 & to connect ! bottom & top ( ! cyl9d] alt]nately ) ! cond5s] & boil] by a simple me*anism driv5 by a :eel rotat$ by ! eng9e4 ,! result 0 ! reciprocat+ /eam eng9e 9 its ma9 features1 z x exi/s today4 ,! influ5ce ( ,h]o's inv5tion on hi/ory is n direct1 because 8 eng9e has nev] be5 employ$ = any indu/rial purpose4 ,b ,h]o's eng9e has _h an enorm\s influ5ce on hi/ory1 nev]!less1 because x suppli$ ! basis on :i* ! /eam eng9e ( ! la/ two c5turies has re/$4 ,! influ5ce ( ,h]o's inv5tion 0 n realiz$ until two ?\s& ye>s aft] he _h di$1 & until aft] all ^? m5 _h di$ ^: names h j be5 m5tion$4 ,x is inconceivable t any ( ^? m5 c\ld really h expect$ t _! "w 0 to h ev5 a small fraction ( ! influ5ce on mank9d t x actually has _h4 ,! influ5ce ( ,watt's "w became visible to "s degree be=e he di$1 & became cle>ly visible n v long aft] he _h di$2 s cle>ly visible t by _m m5 ,watt is cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,b 8 good "w 0 built on ! good "w ( 8 pr$ecessors1 ^: ma9 "w 0 9 mak+ ,watt's "w possible4 ,! successive feats ( all1 l ! successive lay]s 9 ! f\ndations ( any build+1 7 to support1 9 "t1 ! :ole sup]/ructure ( ! great & b5efic5t sci5ce ( /eam eng9e]+4 ,b ! "w done by ^! m5 0 n all ! "w t _h to be done1 to make ,watt's /eam eng9e ! effici5t ma*9e x 04 ,^! m5 7 ! m5 :o are directly to be cr$it$1 b !y 7 n ! only m5 engag$4 ,nei!r did !y belong to ! only class ( m5 engag$4 ,!re 0 ano!r class ( m5 ^: labors 7 equally ardu\s1 & equally important1 ?\gh n s cle>ly 9 evid5ce--! physici/s1 z we n[ call !m4 ,x 0 by ! k :i* !y glean$ reg>d+ ! prop]ties ( /eam & air & wat] & iron1 reg>d+ ! laws ( motion & heat & "w & =ce & weight & mass1 t ! inv5tors' exp]im5ts 7 guid$4 ,x is true t ! sci5ce ( physics 0 !n 9 its infancy1 z we realize ) ! k ( ! sci5ce today2 b ,ari/otle 9 ! days ( ,greece1 & ,ar*im$es & ,h]o lat]1 & ,galileo & _m o!rs 9 ,italy--z well z ,gu]icke 9 ,g]many1 ,newton & ,gilb]t 9 ,engl&1 & o!rs ( less note1 _h evolv$ a good deal ( ord] out ( :at _h be5 *aos1 & _h giv5 inv5tors a great deal ( firm gr\nd on :i* to /& !mselves & raise _! /ructures4 ,& reciprocally1 ! inv5tors f\nd !mselves confront$ ) problems ( a k9d t gave opportunities = ! physici/s to %[ _! skill & k4 ,?us 7 op5$ up promis+ av5ues ( inve/igation1 & n only ( inve/igation1 b ( inv5tion also4 ,= x is obvi\s t1 :ile inve/igation & exp]im5tation c h>dly fail to secure data1 !y may secure no?+ else1 & usually d4 ,b m]e data are m]e facts2 &1 valuable z !y are if suitably classifi$1 !y are n valuable unless !y are classifi$2 & ev5 aft] data are classifi$1 !y are n useful until "s use is f\nd = !m4 ,! data 9 c>d-indexes are m]e unrelat$ facts1 & are almo/ useless1 until !y h be5 classifi$ & arrang$ 9 boxes alphabetically label$4 ,!n !y are useful :5ev] any use is f\nd2 :51 = in/ance1 "s "o is seek+ in=mation on a c]ta9 subject4 ,9 ?is condition1 data are l mat]ial sub/ances1 9 t !y are available = use1--9 fact1 data are (t5 spok5 ( by writ]s z mat]ial2 a c]ta9 s]ies ( incid5ts1 = in/ance1 supply mat]ial = a /ory4 ,n[1 j z pieces ( iron & brass supply mat]ial ) :i* an inv5tor c create a new ma*9e1 s classifi$ facts1 or data1 supply mat]ial ) :i* an inv5tive inve/igator c create a new !ory1 or =mulate a new law4 ,our books on physics are full ( acc\nts ( exp]im5ts & inve/igations conduct$ by su* m5 z ,h]o1 ,ar*im$es1 ,gilb]t1 ,galileo & _m o!rs1 ! consequ5t discov]ies t !y made1 & ! consequ5t laws t !y enunciat$2 b ^? books c\ld n possibly describe all ! inve/igations t h ev] be5 made4 ,^? :i* !y describe are ^? t end$ 9 "s def9ite creations1 su* z ! hydro/atic law enunciat$ by ,ar*im$es4 ,mo/ inve/igations1 exp]im5ts & rese>*es h end$ 9 no?+ def9ite3--mo/ ( !m1 9 all probability1 h n ev5 e/abli%$ facts4 ,! inve/igations t we /udi$ ab\t :5 boys 7 su* z ^? ( ,ar*im$es1 t pres5t$ u ) inv5tions1 9 ! =m ( useful & usable laws4 ,no appreciable diff]5ce is app>5t betwe5 ! m5tal op]ations ( ,ar*im$es 9 inv5t+ ^! laws & 8 m5tal op]ations 9 inv5t+ 8 screw3 = 9 bo? cases ! m5tal op]ations consi/$ ma9ly 9 conceiv+ an idea & !n embody+ x4 ,! ,ar*im$ean screw 0 a ma*9e ( an entirely new k9d t1 9 ! h&s ( a man und]/&+ its use1 w\ld enable ! man to d some?+ he c\ld n d be=e--or enable him to d a ?+ he c\ld d be=e1 b d x bett]4 ,s 7 8 laws4 ,! laws h be5 utiliz$ ev] s9ce1 z def9ite & concrete devices2 & to a mu* great] ext5t ?an ! special =m ( screw t he inv5t$4 ,9 a l way1 all ! laws t inve/igators h put into concrete & usable =m1 h be5 us$ by o!r inve/igators z bases = fur!r inve/igations1 & by inv5tors z bases = future inv5tions4 ,ev5 ! inv5tor ( ! fi/-hamm] _h to "k some?+ ab\t ! mat]ial :i* he employ$2 he _h to "k t x 0 h>d & heavy1 = in/ance1 & t x c\ld be hamm]$ s z to h a po9t & a %>p edge4 ,he _h to "k also some?+ ab\t ! fle% ( a man3 he _h to "k t if 8 fle% 0 /ruck ) a %>p h>d in/rum5t1 x w\ld be bruis$1 & ! man injur$1 & maybe kill$4 ,simil>ly1 ! inv5tor ( ! gun1 & ! inv5tor ( pr9t+1 & ! inv5tors ( /eam eng9es1 _h to "k a good deal ab\t ! mat]ials :i* !y employ$1 & ab\t ! uses to :i* _! appliances c\ld be put4 ,naturally1 !y _h to "k mu* m ?an did ! inv5tor ( ! fi/-hamm]4 ,b ! inv5tor ( today has to "k /ill m1 because !re is /ill m to "k4 ,an inv5tor ( ! pres5t day :o knew no m ab\t physical sci5ce ?an ,galileo did w\ld n be able to g f>4 ,a l rem>k may be made ab\t any man 9 any vocation1 z comp>$ ) 8 pr$ecessor 9 ,galileo's "t4 ,! ma*9e ( civilization is s va/ & s complex1 t ! am\nt ( k :i* anyone ( u ne$s 9 m]e daily life is almo/ incr$ible4 ,let anyone try to enum]ate all ! facts he kn[s6 ,! attempt w conv9ce him quickly4 ,x may be po9t$ out "h t1 :ile mod]n civilization diff]s f anci5t civilization 9 _m ways1 x diff]s m 9 complexity ?an 9 any o!r "o way4 ,"s ( ! factors ( anci5t civilization 7 z good z ^? ( today2 su* ?+s1 = in/ance z temples & pyramids & /ation>y objects 9 g5]al4 ,b ! anci5ts did n und]/& motion cle>ly1 especially irregul> motion2 & !y _h no fa/ vehicles ( any k9d4 ,_! k ( /atics mu/ h be5 fairly complete1 or !y c\ld n h built _! temples & pyramids2 b _! records %[ little und]/&+ ( dynamics4 ,n[ ! basis ( dynamics is ma!matics4 ,dynamics is ! result ( ! application ( ma!matics to ! obs]v$ effects ( =ce on bodies1 9 produc+ motion4 ,dynamics is a bran* ( ! sci5ce ( me*anics1 & a mo/ difficult bran*4 ,x is built on ! obs]vations1 calculations & conclusions ( ,newton & a ho/ ( exp]im5t]s & ma!maticians ( less] m5tality1 & x c\ld n h come into be+ )\t !m4 ,b dynamics has n be5 ! only physical sci5ce involv$ 9 mak+ ! ma*9e ( civilization4 ,all ! physical sci5ces h tak5 "p2 & ea* "o has tak5 a "p :i* 0 ess5tial to ! f9al result1 & )\t :i* ! f9al result c\ld n h be5 atta9$4 ,! sci5ce ( light made possible ! solution ( our problems ( illum9ation & ! developm5t ( inv5tions = produc+ x2 ! sci5ce ( ac\/ics made possible ! solution ( our problems ( s\nd1 includ+ music1 & ! inv5tion ( ac\/ic & musical in/rum5ts2 ! sci5ce ( heat made possible ! inv5tion ( all ! complex & p[]ful /eam & gas eng9es t h revolutioniz$ society2 ! sci5ce ( electricity 7includ+ magnetism7 has made possible ! inv5tion ( ^? electric & electro-magnetic ma*9es t h supplem5t$ ! "w ( ! /eam eng9e2 & ! sci5ce ( pneumatics has made possible ! inv5tion ( ^? fly+ ma*9es ( _m k9ds1 t promise to complicate civilization fur!r /ill4 ,b let u realize cle>ly t no "o ( ^! sci5ces by itself has be5 able to p]=m any ( ! feats j m5tion$4 ,ea* "o 0 virtually dep5d5t on e o!r "o2 & all 7 dep5d5t on ma!matics4 ,9 ord] to make ! /eam eng9e "w effici5tly1 x 0 n en\gh t heat %\ld exp& wat] into /eam3 ! ma!matical laws :i* %[$ h[ mu* wat] 0 ne$$ to secure a c]ta9 am\nt ( /eam1 = in/ance1 & h[ a c]ta9 desir$ pressure ( /eam c\ld be secur$1 _h fir/ to be compreh5d$ & !n to be foll[$4 ,9 ord] to h boil]s & eng9es s design$ z to prev5t disa/r\s explosions1 ! laws gov]n+ ! /r5g? ( mat]ials _h to be kn[n & foll[$4 ,9 ord] t a projectile c\ld be s fir$ f a gun z to rea* a c]ta9 pr$et]m9$ spot1 ! laws ( heat1 pneumatics1 *emi/ry & dynamics _h all to be und]/ood & foll[$ ) exactness4 ,b x 0 n only ! ma*9es & in/rum5ts t ne$$ ! assi/ance ( ^? sci5ces1 x 0 ! sci5ces !mselves2 because x 0 only aft] elim9at+ ph5om5a caus$ by "o ag5cy f ^? caus$ by ano!r1 t accuracy 9 any conclusions :atev] c\ld be secur$2 & 9 ord] t ! ph5om5a caus$ by "o ag5cy c\ld be kept sep>ate f ! ph5om5a caus$ by ano!r ag5cy1 ! laws und]ly+ bo? _h to be und]/ood4 ,! sci5ce ( light c\ld n be develop$ until ! action ( heat 0 fairly well und]/ood2 dynamics _h to wait on /atics2 ,newton c\ld n h contribut$ :at he did to a/ronomy1 unless ! sci5ce ( light 7includ+ optics7 0 suffici5tly und]/ood2 & ! laws ( pneumatics c\ld n h be5 develop$1 unless ! laws ( heat _h be5 develop$1 etc4 ,& n "o ( ! physical sci5ces c\ld h gone beyond ! /ate ( infancy1 if ! sci5ce ( ma!matics _h n be5 inv5t$ & made into a workable ma*9e4 ,! p>agraph above may be put into a diff]5t =m1 & made to /ate t all ! physical sci5ces h be5 br\ght up to _! pres5t /age1 by subject+ ! ph5om5a /udi$ by ea* sci5ce to quantitative inve/igation4 ,x 0 by mak+ ^! quantitative inve/igations t ,newton & ! o!rs 7 able to asc]ta9 ! exact facts f :i* to />t 9 _! endeavor to discov] ! laws ( nature2 & x 0 f ! laws ( nature ?us induc$ t lat] inve/igators 7 able to />t on /ill fur!r exp$itions ( discov]y into ! unkn[n4 ,z ! common basis ( all quantitative "w is ma!matics1 ! common basis ( all ! physical sci5ces is ma!matics4 ,?is makes all ! physical sci5ces int]dep5d5t1 despite ! fact t ea* is indep5d5t ( ! o!rs4 ,ea* "o ( ! physical sci5ces has contribut$ its "p to build+ ! ma*9e ( civilization2 ! "p t ea* has specially contribut$ c be cle>ly specifi$2 & yet1 s9ce ! ma*9e is ! result ( ! comb9ation ( :at all h contribut$1 _! contributions are int]dep5d5t4 ,?is rem>k applies to ! v>i\s p>ts ( all ma*9es4 ,! pi/on ( a /eam eng9e1 = in/ance1 & ! valve t admits /eam to ! cyl9d] are entirely sep>ate f ea* o!r2 b f ! m]e fact t !y bo? "w toge!r1 ea* "o mu/ be design$ & op]at$ ) ref]5ce to ! o!r2 s t bo? 9 _! con/ruction & _! op]ation1 !y are int]dep5d5t4 ,francis ,bacon1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 may be said to h inaugurat$ ! sy/em on :i* ! :ole ( mod]n progress has be5 bas$1 & ,newton 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury to h tak5 up ,bacon's "w & c>ri$ x fur!r on4 ,foll[+ ,newton1 only a few great inve/igators c be se5 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 b 9 ! eighte5?1 began t int5se & brilliant movem5t ( inve/igation1 discov]y & inv5tion1 t has be5 add+ m & m to ! ma*9e ( civilization--& /ill is add+ m4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ important contributions 0 an app>atus = measur+ "t accurately4 ,:o 0 ! inv5tor is n precisely kn[n4 ,x seems fairly well e/abli%$1 h[ev]1 t ,galileo 0 ! fir/ to call att5tion to ! fact t ! vibrations ( a p5dulum 7 ne>ly iso*ron\s1 & c\ld be us$ to measure ! lapse ( "t2 & t ,galileo's son 7z well z ,dr4 ,hooke1 ,huyg5s & a ,london me*anic nam$ ,h>ris1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury7 made clocks bas$ on t pr9ciple4 ,x is fairly well e/abli%$ also t ,huyg5s 0 ! fir/ "o to make a ma!matical inve/igation ( ! prop]ties ( ! p5dulum1 & to enum]ate ! laws s9ce utiliz$ = mak+ accurate clocks & wat*es4 ,mo/ ( ! inve/igators ( ! eighte5? c5tury occupi$ !mselves ) /udies indirectly or directly caus$ by ! inv5tion ( ! /eam eng9e1 t is ) /udies relat+ to heat & light2 b1 by reason ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( all ! physical sci5ces1 _! inve/igations l$ !m automatically into ! alli$ fields ( ac\/ics & electricity4 ,_! inve/igations l$ ev5 fur!r2 !y l$ to ! e/abli%m5t1 on ! ru9s ( ! illusions ( al*emy1 ( a :olly new & supremely important sci5ce1 *emi/ry4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important inv5tions ( a purely sci5tific "* made dur+ ! p]iod 0 "o t has nev] be5 kn[n by any o!r "n ?an ,atwood's ma*9e4 ,x is an int]e/+ illu/ration ( ! addition ( inv5tion to inve/igation1 9 t its end 0--m]ely inve/igation2 & x rem9ds u ( a fact t _m p are prone to =get1 t inv5tion may be appli$ to almo/ any purpose :atev]1 & t ev5 a ma*9e may be devot$ to a purpose n utilit>ian4 ,atwood's ma*9e 0 ! outcome ( /udies into ! relations betwe5 =ce & a body to :i* =ce may be appli$4 ,galileo _h %[n t a body subject$ to a con/ant =ce1 l t ( gravity1 w gradually acquire a velocity & at a con/ant rate2 & also t ?is rate1 or accel]ation1 is proportional to ! =ce 7leav+ out ! effect ( air resi/ance74 ,atwood's ma*9e consi/$ m]ely ( an upright ) a pulley at its upp] end ov] :i* pass$ a cord1 to bo? ends ( :i* weights c\ld be atta*$4 ,9 any giv5 exp]im5t1 a weight 0 atta*$ to "o end & all[$ to fall free2 b ano!r weight c\ld automatically be atta*$ to ! o!r end by a simple device1 :5 ! fir/ weight _h fall5 ?r\gh any pr$et]m9$ di/ance4 ,if ! add$ weight 7 equal to ! fir/ weight1 ! velocity ( movem5t became uni=m at once2 :ile if x 7 less1 ! velocity approa*$ uni=mity to a degree dep5d+ on ! approa* to equality ( ! two weights4 ,:ile ?is ma*9e did n e/abli% any new law1 or prove any?+ t ,newton _h n prov$ be=e1 x suppli$ a v valuable device = conduct+ quantitative exp]im5ts ) actual weights1 & = in/ruct+ /ud5ts4 ,! fir/ important improvem5t 9 ! art ( pr9t+ 0 made by a ,scot* goldsmi? nam$ ,william ,g$1 ab\t ! ye> #agbe4 ,x is n[ call$ /]eotyp+1 & x seems to h be5 successful f ! fir/1 f a te*nical po9t ( view4 ,x 0 f> f successful f a f9ancial po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 ma9ly because ( ! opposition f ! type-f\nd]s2 s t ,g$ di$ )\t realiz+ t he _h accompli%$ any?+4 ,g$'s inv5tion 0 n put to practical use = ne>ly fifty ye>s aft] 8 dea?2 b aft] t1 its employm5t ext5d$ rapidly ov] ! civiliz$ _w4 ,g$'s exp]i5ce 0 bitt]1 b no m s ?an t ( _m o!r discov]]s1 inv5tors & b5efactors4 ,he did n pr(it 9 ! lea/ by 8 inv5tion2 9 fact1 x mu/ h br\ght him little b exasp]ation & disc\ragem5t4 ,b c we ev5 imag9e civilization to exi/ z x exi/s today1 if /]eotyp+ _h n be5 inv5t$8 ,an inv5tion ( a highly orig9al k9d 0 made "s "t 9 ! middle ( ?is c5tury :i* is attribut$ by "s to ,daniel ,b]n\lli1 "o ( ! eight extraord9>y inve/igators & s*ol>s ( t family4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! pressure ( any gas is due to ! impact ( its molecules aga9/ ! walls ( ! vessel conta9+ x4 ,naturally1 ! great] ! d5sity ( ! gas1 & ! great] ! velocity ( ! molecules1 ! great] is ! pressure4 ,?is !ory has greatly assi/$ ! /udy ( gases1 & contribut$ to ! inve/igation ( electric dis*>ges 9 gases & p>tial vacua1 & !re=e to ! mod]n sci5ce ( radio-activity4 ,9 ! ye> #afdj !re came to ! little ?rone ( ! ,m>gravate ( ,br&5burg a co>se & viol5t man1 :o conceiv$ a pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t t seems to h be5 :olly novel at t "t1 ! pr9ciple ( effici5cy4 ,hav+ conceiv$ ?is idea cle>ly 9 8 m9d1 he proce$$ to develop x into a sy/em ( adm9i/ration1 9 spite ( opposition ( all k9ds1 especially in]tia4 ,he rul$ till #afhh4 ,he f\nd ,br&5burg unimportant1 disord]$ & poor2 he left ,br&5burg comp>atively ri*1 ) a good army1 an excell5t corps ( adm9i/rators1 a v effici5t gov]nm5t1 & a recogniz$ /&+ be=e ! _w4 ,= 8 contribution to ! cause ( good gov]nm5t1 he is kn[n 9 hi/ory z ,! ,great ,elector4 ,he might be call$1 ) mu* reasonabl5ess1 ! inv5tor ( gov]nm5tal effici5cy1 if ,julius ,cs> _h n 9 "s degree =e/all$ him4 ,he 0 foll[$ by 8 son1 :o contribut$ no?+ to ?is cause or to any o!r1 b :o 0 able to take advantage ( 8 fa!r's "w & be cr[n$ z ,k+ ( ,prussia4 ,he 0 foll[$ by 8 son1 ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,william ,i1 :o 0 a man l ! ,great ,elector1 8 gr&fa!r1 9 ! ess5tial po9ts ( "*1 bo? good & bad4 ,he 0 some:at l ,philip ( ,mac$on also2 = he conceiv$ ! idea ( mak+ 8 army accord+ to a c]ta9 patt]n1 novel at t "t1 ?\gh consid]ably l ! patt]n t ,philip _h employ$4 ,! lik5ess 0 9 s organiz+ & tra9+ ! soldi]s t a regim5t or division c\ld be h&l$ l a coh]5t & ev5 rigid ?+1 direct$ accurately & quickly at a pre-det]m9$ po9t1 & made to hit an enemy at t po9t ) a =ce some:at l ! bl[ ( an enorm\s club4 ,he succe$$ dur+ 8 reign ( tw5ty-sev5 ye>s 9 develop+ 8 conception into su* a p]fect & concrete reality1 t he 0 able on 8 dea? 9 #agdj to bequea? to 8 son a v]itable milit>y ma*9e--! fir/ s9ce ! days ( ,rome4 ,^! two ,fr$]ick ,williams 7 inv5tors 9 ! broad s5se ( ! ^w1 & made inv5tions t h _h an influ5ce on hi/ory s9ce !y di$1 z great z t ( almo/ any o!r contempor>y inv5tions t c be specifi$4 ,_! imm$iate influ5ce 0 to make x possible = ! son ( ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,william1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 to put ,prussia 9 ! fir/ rank among ! nations1 & to lay ! f\ndations ( ! ,g]man ,empire4 ,x may be object$ t ! ultimate result 0 n extremely great1 aft] all1 because ! ,g]man ,empire fell 9 #aiah4 ,to ?is possible objection1 x may be answ]$ t1 nev]!less1 ! do+s ( ,prussia & ! ,g]man ,empire h _h an enorm\s influ5ce up to ! pres5t "t2 & t1 ?\gh ! empire itself has ceas$1 ! influ5ce ( its policies & doctr9es1 ( its milit>y sy/em1 &1 above all1 ( its doctr9e ( effici5cy 9 gov]nm5t has n ceas$1 & %[s no signs ( ceas+4 ,besides1 hi/ory /ill is "y4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great made no inv5tions 9 improv+ ! milit>y ma*9e bequea!d him2 b he did op]ate x ) inv5tiv5ess1 d>+ & success4 ,he %[$ ^! qualities 9 8 actual op]ations 9 ! field2 b he %[$ inv5tiv5ess 9 an equal degree be=e ^? op]ations took place1 9 ! plans :i* he prep>$4 ,z a tactician1 ,fr$]ick c\ld h>dly help be+ good1 9 view ( ! tra9+ he _h receiv$ & ! milit>y atmosph]e 9 :i* he _h be5 born & br$4 ,b no am\nt ( tra9+ c\ld h giv5 ,fr$]ick ! brilliant & yet correct imag9ation t enabl$ him to see entire situations cle>ly & accurately ) 8 m5tal eye2 t enabl$ him to =m a correct picture ( ! mission 9 ea* case1 ! difficulties 9 ! way ( accompli%+ x1 & ! facilities available = 8 use4 ,&1 equally1 no am\nt ( tra9+ or k or exp]i5ce c\ld ( !mselves h giv5 him ! con/ructive ability necess>y to build up su* plans z he built up1 = accompli%+ ! mission ) ! facilities available & 9 spite ( ! difficulties4 ,fr$]ick's fir/ inv5tion 0 8 successful invasion ( ,silesia4 ,?is may be call$ by "s an inv5tion ( ! devil1 & p]haps x 0 inspir$ by him4 ,b ev5 if ,fr$]ick's conception came /raight f ! devil1 x 0 a brilliant conception1 nev]!less1 z ! conceptions ( ! devil himself are popul>ly suppos$ to be4 ,s orig9al 9 conception & s p]fect 9 developm5t 0 ,fr$]ick's inv5t$ plan1 t he _h seiz$ ! capital ( ,silesia be=e ,au/ria _h tak5 any real def5sive measures ( any k9d4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ,fr$]ick's reign1 or tw5ty-?ree ye>s 7f #agdj to #agfc71 he 0 engag$ cont9ually 9 w> or prep>ation = w>2 & 9 bo? activities he _h to plan to fight aga9/ odds t (t5 seem$ ov]:elm+4 ,!y w\ld h ov]:elm$ any man1 except a man l ,fr$]ick4 ,x is true t ,fr$]ick _h two advantages1 ! be/ tra9$ army1 & ! fact t all 8 =ces1 milit>y & political1 7 unit$ "u "o head--8 own4 ,b x is ! v]dict ( hi/ory t ev5 ^! advantages 7 f> f suffici5t to expla9 8 victories2 t 8 victories _c be expla9$ except on ! gr\nd t ,fr$]ick %[$ a g5]al%ip sup]ior to t ( 8 foes4 ,9 :at did its sup]iority consi/8 ,a c>eful /udy ( 8 campaigns1 ev5 if x be n 9 detail1 %[s t ,fr$]ick 0 able to inv5t bett] plans ?an 8 adv]s>ies1 to inv5t !m m quickly1 & to c>ry !m into effect m promptly4 ,if he _h be5 born "u o!r />s1 he might h ex]cis$ 8 inv5tiv5ess 9 su* ways z m5 l ,gu]icke1 = in/ance1 did2 z is %[n by 8 ga!r+ ar\nd him1 9 ! peaceful p]iod ( ! latt] half ( 8 reign1 a company select$ f ! mo/ em95t philosoph]s & sci5ti/s ( ! age2 & z is %[n ) equal cle>ness by 8 admirably conceiv$ & execut$ measures = ! bett] gov]nm5t ( 8 c\ntry4 ,! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury is especially di/+ui%$ by ! success ( "s extraord9>y & brilliant exp]im5ts ) electrical app>atus4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important 9 results occurr$ ab\t #agdf1 9 ! t[n ( ,leyd51 :]e ,mus*5broek inv5t$ a device t made possible ! accumulat+ & pres]v+ ( *>ges ( electricity4 ,?is appliance consi/$ ( m]ely a glass j>1 coat$ on ! outside & ! inside ) t9 foil4 ,x 0 a mo/ important inv5tion1 & x is /ill 9 g5]al use1 & call$ ! ,leyd5 j>4 ,! ,leyd5 j> 0 soon put to practical "w 9 electrical inve/igations1 notably by ! ,royal ,society 9 ,london2 & _m valuable demon/rations 7 made ) x4 ,among ^! 7 ! fir+ ( gunp[d] by ! electric sp>k t pass$ :5 bo? surfaces ( t9 foil 7 connect$ by an ext]nal conductor2 & ! transf] ( ! sp>k ov] a di/ance ( two miles1 by us+ "o dis*>g+ conductor or wire two miles long1 ! e>? act+ z ! return conductor4 ,b ! greate/ results came f ! inve/igations ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 :o prov$ t !re 0 only "o k9d ( electricity1 t ! two coat+s ( t9 foil 7 bo? *>g$ ) x1 t "o _h m ?an its ord9>y quantity1 :ile ! o!r _h less1 & t ! sp>k 0 caus$ by ! transf] ( electricity f "o coat+ to ! o!r4 ,^! discov]ies 7 z mu* z any "o discov]] might reasonably be expect$ to contribute2 b ,frankl9 soon foll[$ !m by 8 discov]y ( ! p[] ( po9ts to collect & dis*>ge electricity4 ,he !n po9t$ out ) extraord9>y cle>ness ! fact t all ! ph5om5a :i* _h be5 produc$ by electricity 7 l ^? produc$ by lightn+2 & made ! sugge/ion t lightn+ & electricity 7 id5tical4 ,?is 0 an int]e/+ sugge/ion1 b a sugge/ion only4 ,to make x into a !ory1 or prove x z a law1 an inv5tion 0 requir$4 ,frankl9 made ! inv5tion4 ,he conceiv$ ! idea ( br++ d[n ! electricity1 ) :i* he imag9$ t a /orm-cl\d 0 *>g$1 by means ( a long conductor1 & ( draw+ (f a sp>k f ! l[] end ( ! conductor z f an electrical ma*9e4 ,! long conductor he _h 9 m9d 0 a high spire t 0 ab\t to be erect$ 9 ,philadelphia4 ,! erection ( ! spire be+ delay$1 8 imag9ation pres5t$ to 8 m9d ! picture ( a kite fly+ ne> ! cl\d1 & ! *>ge fl[+ d[n ! cord1 made into a conductor by ! accompany+ ra94 ,=?)1 he embodi$ 8 conception 9 def9ite =m by prep>+ a kite to :i* 0 connect$ a long cord1 t end$ ) a piece ( non-conduct+ silk1 t 0 to be held 9 ! h&1 & kept dry if possible1 & a key t 0 secur$ to ! junction ( ! conduct+ cord & ! non-conduct+ silk4 ,! expectation 0 t ! key w\ld receive ! *>ge f ! cl\d & give x out z a sp>k1 if ,frankl9 appli$ to x ! knuckle ( 8 dis5gag$ h&4 ,! inv5tion 0 a p]fect success 9 e way2 sp>ks 7 giv5 (f1 a ,leyd5 j> 0 *>g$1 & subsequ5t dis*>ges ( ! ,leyd5 j> 7 made to p]=m ! same electrical feats z j>s *>g$ f ord9>y electrical ma*9es4 7,june1 #ageb47 ,! c\rage %[n by ,frankl9 9 p]=m+ ?is exp]im5t may "h be po9t$ out4 ,to ! eye ( a casual obs]v]1 he mu/ h be5 try+ to get /ruck by lightn+4 ,?is brilliant inv5tion caus$ ,frankl9 to conceive ano!r brilliant inv5tion1 ! utilization ( ! discov]y he _h j made 9 comb9ation ) 8 previ\s discov]y ( ! p[] ( po9ts to collect electricity4 ,he embodi$ 8 conception 9 :at we n[ call lightn+ rods1 by erect+ on ! highe/ po9ts ( h\ses ?9 metal rods or conductors1 ! l[] ends ( :i* 7 buri$ 9 ! e>?1 :ile _! upp] ends 7 %>p5$ to po9ts1 & made to project upw>d1 above ! h\ses4 ,frankl9's !ory 0 t ! po9ts w\ld collect ! electricity f ! cl\ds & all[ x to pass h>mlessly ?r\gh ! conductors into ! gr\nd4 ,! inv5tion work$ p]fectly1 & has be5 utiliz$ ev]y:]e ev] s9ce4 ,naturally1 ,frankl9's epo*al discov]ies /irr$ ! sci5tific _w 9 ,europe1 & gave a great impetus to ! /udy ( electricity & ! o!r physical sci5ces4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ important discov]ies t foll[$ 7made by ,mr4 ,cav5di%7 0 t ! electrical sp>k c\ld decompose wat] & atmosph]ic air1 & make wat] by explod+ mixtures ( oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,an epo*al discov]y 0 made by ,mr4 ,cav5di% ab\t #aghg1 :5 he explod$ a mixture ( oxyg5 & nitrog5 & obta9$ nitric acid4 ,9 #agij ,galvani discov]$ t1 if two dissimil> metals 7 plac$ 9 contact at "o end ( ea*1 & if ! free ends are put into contact ) ! ma9 n]ve ( a frog's h9d leg & ! ?igh muscle respectively1 spasmodic muscul> movem5ts w\ld ensue4 ,9 inve/igat+ ! cause ( ?is ph5om5on1 ,volta discov]$ t if ! l[] ends ( two dissimil> metals 7 imm]s$ 9 a liquid !y w\ld assume opposite electrical /ates2 s t if _! out] ends 7 jo9$ by a conduct+ wire1 electricity w\ld pass along x4 ,?is l$ him at once to ! inv5tion ( ! ,voltaic cell4 ,! enorm\s value ( ! ,voltaic cell 9 build+ up ! sci5ce ( electricity ne$ h>dly be po9t$ out4 ,x is /ill us$ 9 electric telegraphy z a s\rce ( curr5t4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! relations betwe5 *emi/ry & heat 7 v ill def9$2 b !y 7 cle>$ up gradually by ! rese>*es ( su* m5 z ,black 9 ,scotl&1 ,prie/ley & ,cav5di% 9 ,engl&1 & ,lavoisi] 9 ,france4 ,black's "w 0 ma9ly 9 mak+ inve/igations ( ! ph5om5a ( heat4 ,9 ! c\rse ( !m he discov]$ ! important fact t diff]5t sub/ances require diff]5t am\nts ( heat to be appli$ to a giv5 mass to raise its temp]ature #a4 ,f ?is discov]y arose ! sci5ce ( calorimetry1 :i* deals ) ! specific heats ( all sub/ances1 solid1 liquid & gase\s1 & :i* is necess>y to ! pres5t sci5ce ( heat & ! arts t dep5d ^u x4 ,ab\t #aggd ,dr4 ,prie/ley discov]$ oxyg54 ,lavoisi] prosecut$ rigor\s rese>*es 9 heat & *emi/ry1 & f9ally made a discov]y t cle>$ up a great fog ( d\bt z to ! nature ( oxidation1 by prov+ t x consi/$ 9 an actual attack on a metal by oxyg51 & t ! increas$ weight result+ f oxidation 0 t ( ! oxyg5 t became associat$ ) ! metal 9 ! =m ( ru/4 ,he !re=e disprov$ ! !ory =m]ly loosely held t ! increase 9 weight 0 due to ! escape ( a spiritu\s sub/ance :i* ! *emi/s ( t day imag9$ to dep>t f ! metal1 & call$ by ! "n phlogi/on4 ,an analog\s & equally valuable contribution by ,lavoisi] 0 t ( introduc+ ! use ( exact measurem5ts into ! /udy ( *emi/ry4 ,! result ( 8 labors 0 to put ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry on a new basis & to sep>ate x f physics entirely4 ,x might be suppos$ t ,lavoisi] w\ld live & die 9 great honor4 ,he liv$ 9 comp>ative obscurity1 & 0 publicly guillot9$ on a false accusation4 ,he reque/$ a brief respite1 9 ord] to complete an important exp]im5t1 & 0 told 9 answ] t ! ,republic has no ne$ ( philosoph]s4 ,?is 0 ,france's rew>d = "o ( ! mo/ useful lives t has ev] be5 liv$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important indu/rial inv5tions ev] produc$ & "o ( ! fir/ ( ! long li/ ( inv5tions = mak+ ?+s by ma*9]y t _h =m]ly be5 made by h&1 0 ! sp9n+ ma*9e1 t 0 inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,paul 9 ,engl& ab\t #agch4 ,sp9n+ is an exce$+ly anci5t art1 & consi/s 9 =m+ cont9u\s l5g?s ( ?read by draw+ out & twi/+ toge!r filam5ts ( su* mat]ial z wool1 cotton1 flax1 etc4 ,?is art 0 practic$ 9 _m ( ! anci5t c\ntries2 & x seems to h be5 practic$ 9 ess5tially ! same way 9 ,engl& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ,a4 ,d41 z 9 ,egypt & ,assyria long be=e ! eighte5? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,ab\t #agch ,dr4 ,lewis ,paul inv5t$ & pat5t$ a simple me*anism t anyone ) imag9ation c\ld h inv5t$ at any "t dur+ ! two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e1 9 :i* ! filam5ts 7 drawn betwe5 roll]s4 ,! inv5tion seems to h be5 mod]ately successful f ! />t2 = x is /at$ t 9 #agdb a sp9n+ mill 0 9 op]ation 9 ,birm+ham 9 :i* t5 girls 7 employ$1 & 9 :i* ! motive p[] 0 suppli$ by two asses4 ,paul's inv5tion 0 improv$ by a weav] nam$ ,h>greaves1 :o inv5t$ ! sp9n+ ,j5ny2 & x 0 lat] br\ght to a high /ate ( effici5cy & value by an inv5tion ( a poor & :olly un$ucat$ b>b]1 nam$ ,ri*>d ,arkwright4 ,! sp9n+ ma*9es ( ! pres5t day are ( ! highe/ ord] ( intricacy1 effici5cy & usefulness2 b !y are all bas$ directly on ! inv5tion ( ,arkwright1 & 8 0 bas$ on ! previ\s inv5tions ( ,paul & ,h>greaves4 ,few p]sons h contribut$ s mu* z ^! ?ree m5 ( humble /ation to ! com=t & well-be+ ( ! race4 ,on ,july #c1 #agge1 ,george ,wa%+ton arriv$ at ,cambridge1 ne> ,bo/on1 & took comm& ( an army ( ab\t #ag1jjj m5 t fac$ a ,briti% army occupy+ ,bo/on4 ,wa%+ton devot$ 8 en]gies to organiz+ & tra9+ 8 motley =ce dur+ ! ensu+ fall & w9t]1 ! enemy mak+ no decid$ move to drive him (f4 ,f9ally1 on ,m>* #d1 #aggf1 hav+ conceiv$ a plan t promis$ success to him1 he sudd5ly seiz$ & =tifi$ ,dor*e/] ,heights1 ab\t two miles s\? ( ,bo/on1 f :i* he c\ld comm& ! :ole ( ,bo/on & ! *annel s\? ( x1 by means ( guns :i* he _h ord]$1 to be dragg$ ?r\gh ! sn[ f ,ticond]oga4 ,8 plan work$ p]fectly2 = ! ,briti% ,g5]al ,h[e1 aft] a va9 attempt to drive ,wa%+ton away1 evacuat$ ,bo/on himself1 & took 8 army to ,halifax4 ,?is 0 ,wa%+ton's op5+ move 9 our ,w> ( ! ,revolution4 ,x 0 ! execution ( a plan admirably conceiv$4 ,!re may seem little ( orig9ality or brilliancy 9 x to u n[1 look+ at a map ( ,bo/on 9 ! quiet & safety ( a libr>y1 b !re mu/ h be5 a great deal ( m]it & orig9ality 9 x2 = x took a ,briti% major-g5]al completely by surprise1 & compell$ him to evacuate an important /ronghold ) a precipitancy t mu/ h be5 di/9ctly gall+ to ,briti% pride4 ,few neat] feats ( /rategy c be f\nd 9 milit>y hi/ory4 ,wa%+ton's next feat 0 9 extricat+ 8 =ce f a di/9ctly p]il\s position 9 ,brooklyn 9 front ( a sup]ior ,briti% =ce1 retreat+ across ! ,ea/ ,riv] to ,new ,york1 & l&+ ne> :at is n[ call$ ,fulton ,/reet4 ,?is 0 on ,augu/ #cj1 #aggf4 ,! next ?ree mon?s 7 sp5t 9 maneuv]s t %[$ great cle>ness 9 conception & great en]gy 9 execution on ,wa%+ton's "p1 & end$ ) 8 occupy+ ,tr5ton1 & ,h[e occupy+ ,new ,york ) ! bulk ( 8 =ces4 ,wa%+ton _h only a little m ?an #d1jjj m51 :ile ,h[e _h #cj1jjj4 ,wa%+ton's troops 7 disc\rag$1 half-ragg$1 und]f$ & untra9$2 ,h[e's 7 elat$1 well clad1 well f$ & ?or\ghly tra9$4 ,wa%+ton 0 9 z dang]\s a plight z c easily be imag9$4 ,he extricat$ himself by conceiv+ & c>ry+ into execution ! brilliant plan ( cross+ ! ,delaw>e ,riv] on ,*ri/mas night1 =c+ 8 way ?r\gh float+ ice1 & fall+ on ! amaz$ camp ( ! ,hessians on ! o!r side4 ,8 inv5tion work$ p]fectly1 & effect$ almo/ a complete rev]sal 9 ! relative conditions ( ! oppos+ =ces2 = x put ! ,briti% on ! def5sive1 & made !m )draw all _! =ces f ,new ,j]sey4 ,!nce=w>d1 ,wa%+ton1 by ! ex]cise ( imag9ation1 con/ructiv5ess & %eet =ce ( w1 f\ght a cont9ual fight aga9/ =ces t 7 sup]ior 9 mat]ial & tra9+1 b inf]ior 9 m5tality4 ,f9ally1 9 ,augu/1 #agha1 ! crisis came4 ,! ,briti% 7 occupy+ ,new ,york1 & ,wa%+ton 0 9 front ( x1 ?reat5+ to attack x1 b kn[+ t he c\ld n d s ) success4 ,ab\t ,augu/ #ad he receiv$ a lett] writt5 9 ,july by ,admiral ,comte de ,grasse1 !n 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 say+ t he w\ld />t ) 8 fleet & a =ce ( troops = ,*esapeake ,bay on ,augu/ #ac4 ,wa%+ton knew t ! ,briti% ,g5]al ,cornwallis 0 entr5*$ at ,yorkt[n1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,*esapeake1 ) a =ce consid]ably inf]ior to 8 own4 ,he in/antly proce$$ to embody 9 action an idea t he _h already conceiv$--t ( leav+ ! vic9ity ( ,new ,york secretly1 & m>*+ ) ! utmo/ possible despat* to ,yorkt[n1 & call+ on de ,grasse to assi/ him to capture ,yorkt[n1 & if possible ,cornwallis4 ,no inv5tion ev] succe$$ bett]4 ,its influ5ce on hi/ory 0 to precipitate ! collapse ( ! entire ,briti% program ( ho/ilities1 & cause ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! balloon 0 inv5t$ ab\t #aghc4 ,mr4 ,cav5di% _h f\nd t hydrog5 0 ab\t sev5 times light] ?an air1 & ,dr4 ,black _h =?) deliv]$ a lecture 9 :i* he po9t$ out t a ?9 light vessel inflat$ ) hydrog5 %\ld be able to rise & float 9 ! air4 ,he conceiv$ ! idea ( ! balloon1 b made no inv5tion4 ,! ,italian philosoph]1 ,cavallo1 ab\t #aghb1 inflat$ soap-bubbles ) hydrog5 gas1 b w5t no fur!r4 ,! subject ( mak+ balloons fill$ ) hydrog5 0 widely discuss$2 b ! fir/ balloon really to rise 0 ! hot-air balloon inv5t$ by ,joseph & ,/eph5 ,montgolfi]4 ,?is balloon made a successful asc5t on ,june #e1 #aghc1 c>ry+ ! two bro!rs1 flew ab\t t5 m9utes1 & alight$ safe1 aft] a trip ( ab\t a mile & a half4 ,?is 0 foll[$ on ,augu/ #bg by a flight ( a balloon fill$ ) hydrog5 gas1 ! design ( :i* 0 made by ! physici/ ,*>les1 & ! co/ ( :i* 0 met by a popul> subscription4 ,! flight 0 foll[$ %ortly by _m o!rs4 ,! fir/ employm5t ( balloons 9 practical "w 0 9 mak+ obs]vations ( ! enemy by ! ,fr5* army 9 #agid4 ,an important inv5tion = utiliz+ me*anical p[] 9 place ( h&-p[] 0 ! p[]-loom inv5t$ 9 #aghe by ,edmund ,c>twright4 ,?is 0 an inv5tion ( ! mo/ clean-cut k9d1 orig9at+ 9 ! conception by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,c>twright ( ! possibility ( do+ mu* m weav+ by me*anical p[] ?an by h&1 !n con/ruct+ ! ma*9e to accompli% x1 & !n accompli%+ x4 ,an int]e/+ fact 9 ! e>ly developm5t ( looms = weav+ 0 ! det]m9$ & angry opposition ( weav]s to ea* improvem5t 9 succession4 ,ano!r inv5tion also utiliz+ ext]nal p[]1 made ne> ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 ! hydro/atic press4 ,x consi/$ ( a v]tical cyl9d]1 fitt$ ) a pi/on prev5t$ by suitable means f ris+1 except aga9/ great pressures2 ! pi/on re/+ on a liquid 9 ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* 0 connect$ by a small pipe ) a small pump1 by :i* m liquid c\ld be =c$ 94 ,:5 ! pump 0 op]at$ ! pressure p] squ>e in* on ! pi/on ( ! pump 0 communicat$ to ea* squ>e in* ( ! l>ge pi/on 9 ! press1 & a =ce ex]t$ equal to t pressure multipli$ by ! diff]5ce 9 area ( ! two pi/ons4 ,?is is ! model on :i* hydraulic jacks & _m o!r hydraulic me*anisms are con/ruct$2 & x has tak5 a prom95t "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! sci5ce ( hydraulics ev] s9ce x 0 inv5t$4 ,because ( ! gradual recognition ( ! value ( sea-comm]ce 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 & ! fact t ! /ormy seas adjac5t necessitat$ ! con/ruction ( %ips at once /urdy & yet capable ( spe$1 mu* /udy & exp]im5tation 7 c>ri$ on dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 especially 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts1 ! inv5tion by ,ar*im$es ( ! hydro/atic pr9ciple ( buoyancy suppli$ ! />t+-po9t1 & gave an excell5t illu/ration ( ! influ5ce ( inv5tion on hi/ory3 = f exp]im5ts & inve/igations on float+ bodies c>ri$ on 9 ,engl&1 bas$ on ! inv5tion ( ,ar*im$es1 & foll[$ by o!rs ( ,engli% orig91 sprang ,engl&'s m]*ant m>9e & ,engl&'s navy & ,engl&'s dom9ation ov] a qu>t] ( ! l& on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! eighte5? c5tury clos$ ) ! inv5tion ( two v important me*anisms t re9=c$ ! p[] ( ! human h& ) p[] drawn f ext]nal s\rces3 ^! 7 ! ?re%+ ma*9e & ! cotton g92 ! =m] inv5t$ by ,&rew ,meikle 9 #aghh1 & ! latt] by ,eli ,:itney 9 #agic4 ,x w\ld be h>d to decide ) k z to :i* has _h ! great] influ5ce 9 con/ruct+ ! ma*9e ( civilization2 b x is n at all h>d to realize t ! ma*9e ( civilization c\ld n h atta9$ its pres5t /age )\t ! assi/ance ( bo?4 ,"o ( ! la/ important inv5tions ( ! c5tury 0 t ( an art entirely new1 z di/+ui%$ f inv5tions l ! cotton g91 t m]ely increas$ ! value ( an art already 9 exi/5ce4 ,?is 0 ! inv5tion ( li?ography1 or pr9t+ f /one1 made by ,alois ,s5efeld] 9 #agif4 ,! fir/ ?+ pr9t$ by him 0 a piece ( music4 ,:ile ?is inv5tion 0 m brilliant ?an ^? ( ,meikle & ,:itney1 x 0 h>dly s important4 ,nev]!less1 x 0 important 9 a high degree & made a valuable addition to civilization4 ,an inv5tion ( a k9d diff]5t f ei!r ,:itney's or ,s5efeld]'s 0 made on ,octob] #ae1 #agic1 by ,napoleon ,bonap>te4 ,he 0 at t "t a "y & ill-clad capta9 ( artill]y1 att5d+ a ,c\ncil ( ,w> 9 ,t\lon4 ,an idea = driv+ out ! ,engli% _h be5 conceiv$ & embodi$ 9 a complete plan by a celebrat$ eng9e]1 & x _h be5 approv$ by ! ,committee on ,=tifications4 ,! y\?ful & pre/igeless capta9 oppos$ ?is plan ) a vehem5ce & conv9c+ness t came to be famili>ly kn[n a few ye>s lat]1 & propos$ 9 place ( x a plan t he _h himself conceiv$ & embodi$ 9 a concrete =m4 ,8 plan consi/$ 9 ! ma9 m]ely 9 m\nt+ "s guns on a po9t ( l& t he designat$1 f :i* !y c\ld comm& ! ,briti% w>-%ips 9 ! h>bor2 & x 0 s mu* simpl] & 9 e way bett]1 t1 despite 8 obscurity & y\?1 x 0 adopt$1 & he himself 0 *>g$ ) c>ry+ x into op]ation4 ,?is he did2 & ) su* con/ructive skill & en]gy1 t ! ,briti% %ips 7 driv5 f ! h>bor & ! entire vic9ity1 & )\t do+ any damage to ! t[n4 ,! ,briti% soldi]s1 !n unsupport$1 imm$iately )drew4 ,:at 0 ! det]m9+ diff]5ce betwe5 ,napoleon's plan & t ( ! great eng9e]8 ,! idea conceiv$4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,/eam1 ,,napoleon ,,& ,,nelson ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury began :at has be5 call$ ! ,age ( ,/eam2 b be=e x end$1 x 0 supplant$ by ! ,age ( ,electricity4 ,:5 ! c5tury op5$1 ! /eam eng9e ( ,watt exi/$ 9 a practical & useful =m1 & ! numb]less exp]im5ts ( ! physici/s 9 ! prec$+ c5tury _h laid b>e ! ma9 laws gov]n+ ! =ce & ! expansion ( /eam & air1 & ( gases & vapors 9 g5]al4 ,! laws ( ! expansion ( solids & liquids 7 also und]/ood 9 _! ma9 features1 & ! v>i\s inv5tions m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt] 7 9 op]ation4 ,seiz+ on ! facilities ?us suppli$1 & not+ ! worldly success t c]ta9 discov]]s & inv5tors _h a*iev$1 ! inv5tors ( ! n9ete5? c5tury got spe$ily to "w4 ,! result 0 t ! civiliz$ _w at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 va/ly diff]5t f ! civiliz$ _w at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 g5]al t]ms1 x may be decl>$ t dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! pr9cipal inv5tions 7 9 ! utilization ( heat1 especially 9 ! =m ( /eam eng9es2 :ile dur+ ! latt] half1 ! pr9cipal inv5tions 7 electrical3--?\gh "s v important electrical inv5tions 7 made be=e #ahej4 ,9 ?is brief rsum1 no attempt w be made to describe or ev5 m5tion all ! inv5tions made1 or ev5 all ! important ones2 = su* an attempt w\ld be impossible to c>ry out4 ,only a few sup]-important ones w be m5tion$4 ,! fir/ important successful application ( ! /eam eng9e 0 embodi$ 9 ! /eamboat ,*>lotte ,dundas t 0 produc$ 9 ,scotl& 9 #ahja4 ,o!r /eamboats _h appe>$ be=e1 b !y _h n be5 successful4 ,! fir/ 0 tri$ on ! ,soane ,riv] 9 ,france 9 #agha4 ,lat]1 ,fit* & ,ramsay made "s unsuccessful attempts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!n1 9 #aghh1 ,patrick ,mill]1 ) ! assi/ance ( an eng9e] nam$ ,william ,sym+ton1 _h con/ruct$ a /eam vessel t atta9$ a spe$ ( five knots on a lake 9 ,scotl&4 ,9 ! next ye>1 ,mr4 ,mill] & ,mr4 ,sym+ton _h put ano!r /eamboat on ! wat] t develop$ a spe$ ( ne>ly sev5 knots4 ,none ( ^! exp]im5ts c\ld be call$ successful ( itself2 b ! exp]i5ce ga9$ by !m induc$ ,"l ,dundas to build ! ,*>lotte ,dundas & "n x aft] 8 daught]4 ,! ,*>lotte ,dundas 0 a practical success f ! />t2 =1 9 ,m>*1 #ahjb1 x t[$ two vessels ( #gj tons ea* a di/ance ( #ai-a_/b miles 9 six h\rs1 :ile su* a /rong w9d 0 bl[+ f ahead t no o!r vessel on ! canal tri$ to move to w9dw>d4 ,:e!r or n ?is con/itut$ an actual inv5tion ! pres5t au?or w n attempt to det]m9e1 ev5 9 8 own m9d4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t x 0 ! direct issue ( sev]al inv5tions1 & t x 0 ! fir/ embodim5t 9 a concrete =m ( ! successful & practical application ( /eam p[] to transportation on ! wat]4 ,! next successful application 0 made by ,rob]t ,fulton1 :o built ! ,cl]mont 9 #ahjg4 ,?is vessel w5t into regul> s]vice 9 #ahjh1 ply+ betwe5 ,new ,york & ,albany1 on ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,! fir/ /eamboat to v5ture on ! ocean 0 ! ,pho5ix1 t made ! trip f ,new ,york to ,delaw>e ,bay by sea 9 #ahjh4 ,x 0 built by ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5s1 an eng9e] ( ,hobok54 ,if x accompli%$ no?+ else1 x suppli$ a prec$5t & gave enc\ragem5t to inv5tors ev]y:]e4 ,x made le premi] pas qui c\te4 ,mean:ile1 9 ,june1 #ahjb1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,w$gwood _h publi%$ ,an ,acc\nt ( a ,me?od ( ,copy+ ,pa9t+s ^u ,glass1 & ( mak+ ,pr(iles by ! ,ag5cy ( ,light ^u ,nitrate ( ,silv]1 ) obs]vations by ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 pap]1 he decl>$ t he _h secur$ pr(iles ( pa9t+s made on glass by ?r[+ ! %ad[s ( ^? pa9t+s on pap] cov]$ ) a solution ( ! nitrate2 ! pap] %[+ ! objects del9eat$ 9 tones t 7 d>k or light inv]sely z !y 7 9 ! pa9t+4 ,he also took pr(iles ( natural objects by ?r[+ _! %ad[s on ! prep>$ pap]3 ! p>ts ( ! pap] cov]$ by ! %ad[s be+ :ite1 :ile ! p>ts outside ! %ad[s became d>k4 ,?is seems to h be5 an actual inv5tion1 9 t x foll[$ a discov]y made by ,w$gwood t sunlight act$ on nitrate ( silv]1 & 0 ! embodim5t ( an idea1 !n conceiv$ by him1 to utilize 8 discov]y 9 mak+ pr(ile pictures4 ,8 inv5tion 0 f> f p]fect1 h[ev]2 ! greate/ imp]fection be+ ! fact t ! pictures c\ld n be fix$2 because1 unless ! pap] 0 ev] aft]w>d kept away f ! light1 its :ole surface w\ld become d>k1 & ! picture !re=e cease to exi/4 ,9 consequ5ce1 x ar\s$ almo/ no int]e/ :atev] at ! "t4 ,9 #ahad1 ,m4 ,niepce inv5t$ a process t he call$ heliography1 by :i* he made pictures on silv]$ copp] cov]$ ) a ?9 solution ( asphaltum4 ,9 #ahbi1 ,dagu]re & ,niepce ent]$ into a cop>tn]%ip = develop+ heliography1 & in/itut$ exp]im5ts t l$ ,dagu]re to inv5t+ ! dagu]reotype1 made by a process q new 9 detail1 b bas$ on ! e>li] inv5tions ( bo? ,w$gwood & ,niepce4 ,! dagu]reotype 0 foll[$ 9 #ahej by ! pres5t photograph4 ,! inv5tion ( electroplat+ 0 made by ,brugnatelli 9 ,italy 9 #ahjc4 ,! fact t electric curr5ts c\ld decompose c]ta9 liquids _h be5 kn[n s9ce #ahjj1 & also ! fur!r fact t oxyg5 & hydrog51 acids & alkalies1 appe>$ at ! positive & negative poles respectively ( ! wires 9 contact ) ! liquid4 ,b ,brugnatelli seems to h be5 ! fir/ to conceive ! idea ( utiliz+ ^! facts 9 a device :]eby he c\ld deposit metals at w at ! negative end ( a solution4 ,9 ! embodim5t ( 8 conception1 pieces 7say ( silv]7 7 hung on rods 9 connection ) ! positive pole ( ! batt]y supply+ ! electric curr5t1 :ile ! articles to be plat$ ) silv] 7 hung on rods connect$ ) ! negative pole4 ,! value ( ?is inv5tion & its ext5sive use 9 ! electrodeposition ( metals at ! pres5t day are well kn[n4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 work+ along ! g5]al l9e ( electrical decomposition ( liquids1 made a numb] ( sup]-brilliant inve/igations4 ,possibly ! mo/ important result 0 8 discov]y ( a new metal1 to :i* he gave ! "n ,potassium1 =m$ at ! negative pole by ! electrical decomposition ( moi/5$ cau/ic pota%4 ,he foll[$ ?is by decompos+ cau/ic soda & discov]+ ano!r new metal1 t he nam$ ,sodium4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 exp]im5ts1 ,davy not$ t :5 ! two t]m9al wires f a l>ge ,voltaic batt]y 7 t\*$ toge!r & !n drawn ap>t1 n only did a sp>k pass1 b a cont9u\s dis*>ge ( great brilliancy1 t did n cease until ! wires 7 sep>at$ by a consid]able di/ance4 ,! ext5t ( ?is di/ance 0 f\nd lat] to be dep5d5t on ! numb] ( cells 9 ! batt]y4 ,he not$ also t ! dis*>ge did n foll[ a /raight l9e1 b 0 b5t into an arc2 & = ?is reason he gave x ! "n1 ,voltaic arc4 ,?is light is /ill kn[n by ! "n arc light4 ,its importance does n seem to h be5 realiz$ until aft] ! dynamo-ma*9e _h be5 inv5t$1 & means !reby suppli$ = provid+ a great] am\nt ( electric curr5t1 & at less exp5se ?an ,voltaic cells 7 capable ( deliv]+4 ,davy's la/ great inv5tion 0 8 m9]'s safety lamp1 made 9 #ahaf4 ,!re _h be5 frequ5t explosions 9 ! colli]ies1 att5d$ ) great loss ( life1 & ,davy 0 reque/$ to try to asc]ta9 h[ !y c\ld be prev5t$4 ,aft] visit+ ! m9es1 he _h samples ( ! gas t 0 f\nd 9 !m s5t to him = inve/igation4 ,he w5t ab\t ! "w ) sci5tific ?or\ghness & sy/em1 & asc]ta9$ t ! gas w\ld n explode if x 7 mix$ ) less ?an six times or m ?an f\rte5 times its volume ( air2 t air r5d]$ impure by ! combu/ion ( a c&le w\ld n explode ! gas2 t1 if a c&le 7 burnt 9 a clos$ vessel1 ) small op5+s ne> ! flame1 no explosion w\ld take place1 ev5 if ! vessel 7 introduc$ into an explosive mixture2 & t ! gas f ! m9es w\ld n explode inside a tube less ?an #a_/h in* 9 diamet]4 ,^! data be+ secur$1 ,davy conceiv$ ! idea ( mak+ a lamp 9 :i* a small oil light %\ld be fix$ & surr\nd$ ) a cyl9d] ( wire gauze4 ,he !n embodi$ 8 conception 9 a concrete =m1 & ! ,m9]s' ,safety ,lamp result$4 ,?is 0 an inv5tion ( ! fir/ ord]2 orig9al1 concrete & highly useful4 ,aft] meet+ ! cu/om>y *orus ( prejudice & opposition1 x ju/ifi$ its exi/5ce by a quickly e/abli%$ record ( effectiv5ess1 & took its place among ! useful adjuncts ( ! ma*9e ( civilization4 ,mean:ile1 sev]al o!r adjuncts _h appe>$4 ,among ^! 0 ! /eel p51 a process ( mak+ malleable iron ca/+s1 ! plan+ ma*9e1 a firepro( safe1 ! knitt+ ma*9e & ! b& wood-saw4 ,9 #agbf ,dr4 ,hales _h ann\nc$ t a gas capable ( burn+1 & giv+ light :ile burn+1 c\ld be di/ill$ f coal4 ,?is ann\ncem5t creat$ great int]e/1 & l$ to a long s]ies ( sci5tific inve/igations z to ! possibility ( utiliz+ x = h\se & /reet illum9ation1 especially by a ,mr4 ,murdock 9 ! latt] decade ( ! c5tury4 ,9 #ahjb ,mr4 ,murdock made a public display ( ! result ( 8 labors1 by illum9at+ a factory ) gas4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjc-ahjd ! ,lyceum ,!atre 9 ,london 0 s light$1 & a ye> lat] "s ext5sive cotton mills 9 ,man*e/]4 ,public int]e/ 0 s r\s$ t inve/igations on a l>g] scale ensu$1 :i* result$ 9 light+ ,we/m9/] ,bridge ) gas 9 #ahac1 & ! t[n ( ,we/m9/] ! foll[+ ye>4 ,9 #ahaf /reet light+ by gas 0 common 9 ,london4 ,! light+ ( h\ses by gas foll[$ lat]1 b v sl[ly4 ,x is a little difficult to see t !re 0 mu* inv5tion ( an orig9al or brilliant k9d involv$ 9 ! gradual developm5t ( ! art ( illum9at+ by gas2 b x _c reasonably be d5i$ t a consid]able am\nt ( inv5tion mu/ h be5 done 9 ! aggregate1 = ! reason t a :olly novel art 0 creat$4 ,if x 0 n inv5t$1 h[ 0 x br\ght into be+8 ,! be/ answ] probably is t ! art 0 n ! result ( "o brilliant inv5tion foll[$ by o!rs t improv$ ^u x1 b 0 r ! aggregate "w ( a numb] ( m9or inv5tions1 ea* "o ( :i* c>ri$ ! art =w>d1 b by only "o %ort /ep4 ,o!r m9or inv5tions produc$ ! locomotive & ! railroad4 ,! fir/ /eam eng9es 7 /ation>y2 b portable eng9es1 n[ call$ locomotives1 gradually came into be+4 ,!y 7 eng9es m\nt$ on plat=ms re/+ on :eels t1 9 turn1 re/$ on ! gr\nd2 ! revolutions ( ! eng9es turn+ ! :eels1 & caus+ ! advancem5t ( ! :ole4 ,9 #ahjg a wagon-way 0 laid d[n on :i* c>s 7 run to & f a colli]y1 & ?is wagon-way pass$ close 9 front ( a h\se 9 :i* liv$ a poor family nam$ ,/eph5son1 a memb] ( :i* 0 a boy ^: ,*ri/ian "n 0 ,george4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ! wood5 p>ts 7 tak5 up & replac$ by a s+le l9e ( iron rails ) sid+s4 ,9 #ahaa a portable eng9e 0 con/ruct$ = runn+ on ^! rails1 & ?is 0 foll[$ by ano!r 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,george ,/eph5son made a locomotive = runn+ on rails 9 #ahad1 & foll[$ x by ano!r 9 #ahaf1 bo? = haul+ coal4 ,x 0 n[ s obvi\s t locomotives c\ld haul o!r ?+s ?an coal1 t a railroad 0 laid d[n betwe5 ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool1 & a prize ( #ejj 0 (f]$ = ! be/ eng9e4 ,on ,octob] #f1 #ahbi1 ! competition 0 held1 ?\gh only ?ree eng9es appe>$4 ,! prize 0 won by ,/eph5son's locomotive1 ! ,rocket1 :i* atta9$ a spe$ ( #bi miles p] h\r4 ,) ! locomotive1 z ) illum9at+ gas1 x is impossible to see any "o orig9al or brilliant inv5tion4 ,we d see1 h[ev]1 ! result ( ! sup]position on "o brilliant inv5tion 7t ( ,h]o's /eam eng9e7 ( a numb] ( m9or inv5tions1 & mu* con/ructive +5uity & initiative4 ,an inv5tion ( a high] ord] _h signaliz$ ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 ! =m ( a pr9t+ press 9 :i* ! spe$ ( pr9t+ 0 greatly increas$ by ! use ( revolv+ cyl9d]s2 "o hold+ ! type on its out] surface1 & ! o!r cov]$ ) lea!r1 ! pap] pass+ betwe51 & receiv+ ! pr9t$ impression by ! pressure ex]t$ betwe5 ! two cyl9d]s4 ,9 ord] t ! type %\ld fit on ! curv$ surface ( ! cyl9d]1 !y 7 made n>r[] t[>d ! bottom4 ,! ma*9e 0 inv5t$ by an ,engli%man nam$ ,ni*olson4 ,x 0 nev] put into practical use2 b a ma*9e embody+ ! revolv+ cyl9d] = receiv+ ! =ce ( ! impression communicat$ to ! pap]1 0 inv5t$ & put into successful use lat] by a ,g]man nam$ ,knig4 ,! type1 h[ev]1 0 n put on a cyl9d] 9 ?is ma*9e1 b on a flat plate t pass$ back & =? "u ! revolv+ impression cyl9d]4 ,two ( ,knig's presses 7 b\ght = ! ,london ,times2 & on ,novemb] #bh1 #ahad1 "o made #a1ajj impressions p] h\r1 a m>vel\s advance ov] spe$s previ\sly atta9$4 ,f ! /&po9t ( pure inv5tion1 x 0 n s admirable z ,ni*olson's2 b be+ a lat] product1 & be+ bas$ on ,ni*olson's pr9ciple1 x 0 naturally an improvem5t 9 con/ruction & mode ( op]ation4 ,9 #ahad ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 :ile exp]im5t+ on ! pol>ization ( light1 made an inv5tion ( ! mo/ orig9al & concrete type1 :i* requir$ a high grade ( sci5tific k = its conception & developm5t1 b :i* 0 n int5d$ = any utilit>ian purpose1 & yet 0 ( too s]i\s a "* to be call$ a sci5tific toy4 ,?is 0 8 fam\s kaleidoscope2 an in/rum5t describ$ accurately by its "n1 = x enabl$ "o to see beautiful ?+s4 ,x 0 v simple 9 con/ruction & pr9ciple1 & seems to h fall5 %ort ( greatness 9 only "o elem5t1 t ( usefulness4 ,by a c>eful adju/m5t ( two prisms at a def9ite angle to ea* o!r1 ,sir ,david %[$ t geometrical images ( ! utmo/ beauty & v>iety c\ld be made ( objects plac$ betwe5 ! mirrors1 especially if ^? objects 7 small objects1 & if !y 7 ( diff]5t colors1 l bits ( color$ glass4 ,k ( ?is escap+1 ?\s&s ( kaleidoscopes 7 soon put on ! m>ket1 & sold 9 all ! pr9cipal cities1 be=e ,sir ,david _h _h "t to get a pat5t4 ,?\gh ! in/rum5ts 7 unsci5tifically made1 !y gave beautiful pictures nev]!less2 b ! result 0 t ! kaleidoscope 0 n appreciat$ at its full value4 ,! inv5tor improv$ ! in/rum5t greatly1 & develop$ x into "o ( ! mo/ beauty-produc+ appliances kn[n1 & "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y & unique4 ,! mo/ rem>kable fact connect$ ) x is t no real usefulness = x has ev] yet be5 f\nd4 ,! pres5t au?or v5tures to pr$ict t a cle> field ( usefulness w "s day be f\nd by "s =tunate inv5tor4 ,mean:ile1 ! ill-clad capta9 ( artill]y :o _h inv5t$ ! plan by :i* ! ,briti% 7 pu%$ out ( ,t\lon ) s mu* neatness & despat*1 _h ne>ly turn$ ! civiliz$ _w upside d[n4 ,no man save ,alex&] ev] accompli%$ s mu* ( t k9d ( "w 9 s %ort a "t4 ,8 "w consi/$ ( a numb] ( acts p]=m$ by him1 ea* ( :i* 0 l 8 act at ,t\lon1 9 t x began ) ! conception ( a brilliant idea1 proce$$ ) ! embodim5t ( ! idea 9 a concrete plan1 & end$ ) ! c>ry+ into op]ation ( t plan4 ,napoleon 0 great 9 ea* ( ^! l9es ( "w4 ,he _h a brilliant & yet correct imag9ation1 t enabl$ him to conceive ideas ( extraord9>y brilliancy1 & also to select f !m ! ideas t 7 ! mo/ susceptible ( be+ made into concrete plans ( ! k9d t c\ld be c>ri$ out successfully4 ,he possess$ great con/ructiv5ess1 t enabl$ him to con/ruct m5tally a plan 9 :i* all ! means available = 8 use 7 seiz$ ^u & put to _! special tasks4 ,he possess$ f9ally great ardor1 indu/ry & c\rage1 t enabl$ him to />t 8 plan to go+ v quickly1 & keep x go+ v rapidly1 until x _h p]=m$ its task4 ,x w\ld be idle to discuss at :i* ( ^! ?ree /ages ( ! "w he 0 ! greate/1 or to try to decide :i* /age ( ! ?ree 0 ! mo/ important2 because ! ?ree 7 l9ks 9 a cont9ual *a91 & ! *a9 dep5d$ on ea* equally = its /r5g?3--z any *a9 does on its l9ks4 ,x may be int]e/+1 h[ev]1 to realize t m]e imag9ation is possibly ! mo/ elem5t>y activity ( ! m9d2 m]e imag9ation is evid5c$ by savages1 = in/ance1 & by *ildr51 m ?an by highly educat$ m54 ,con/ructiv5ess1 on ! o!r h&1 is little to be f\nd 9 savages or *ildr51 & is a product ( education1 & a result ( ! tra9+ ( ! reason+ faculties4 ,c\rage & impulsive en]gy aga9 are elem5tal faculties1 & are obs]vable m 9 savages ?an 9 ! civiliz$4 ,x seems to be ! effect ( civilization1 !re=e1 to develop ! reason+ faculties1 at ! exp5se ( bo? imag9ation & c\rage4 ,9 fact1 x is cle>ly ! effect ( civilization to develop a cold & calculat+ mat]ialism4 ,m5 are r>e !re=e1 & h be5 r>e 9 e age1 :o comb9e ! ?ree qualities ( imag9ation1 con/ructiv5ess & c\rage4 ,napoleon comb9$ all ?ree 9 h>moni\s proportions2 & he possess$ ea* "o 9 its mo/ p]fect =m4 ,8 p]=mance at ,t\lon 0 s spectacul> t x attract$ att5tion at once1 & caus$ 8 promotion to ! comm& ( ! artill]y 9 ,italy4 ,"h he 0 able to sugge/ projects t receiv$ approval & br\ght successes4 ,"o plan conceiv$ & develop$ by him1 h[ev]1 0 disapprov$4 ,x consi/$ ess5tially ( divid+ ! ,pi$montese & ,au/rians1 cru%+ ! ,pi$montese1 & !n driv+ ! ,au/rians out ( ,italy into ,au/ria & foll[+ !m ?i!r4 ,lat]1 ?is plan 0 approv$1 & he himself 0 put 9 comm& 9 ,italy4 ,x 0 ?is plan1 execut$ by ! ,bonap>te ( ^? days1 t began ! c>e] ( ! ,napoleon ( hi/ory4 ,s orig9al & brilliant _h be5 ! conception1 s ma!matically correct & practically feasible _h be5 ! plan :i* ,bonap>te develop$ f x1 & s furi\sly en]getic 7 8 op]ations 9 c>ry+ out ! plan1 t ! sluggi% ,pi$montese 7 defeat$ be=e !y q realiz$ t w> _h be5 begun4 ,a l cata/rophe happ5$ to ! equally m5tally & physically sluggi% ,au/rians2 !n ano!r cata/rophe1 & !n ano!r1 & !n /ill o!rs2 & 9 su* rapid & bewild]+ succession1 t 9 a ye> & a mon? aft] 8 arrival 9 ,italy he _h driv5 ! ,au/rians out completely1 =m$ ! ,cisalp9e & ,ligurian republics 9 ! nor? ( ,italy1 & sign$ ! armi/ice ( ,leob5 ) ! ,au/rians1 )9 fifty miles ( ,vi5na4 ,napoleon's next inv5tion 0 a project = ru9+ ,engl& by attack+ h] ,ea/ ,indian possessions by a campaign beg9n+ ) an invasion ( ,egypt4 ,ev]y?+ proce$$ 9 sub/antial accordance ) ! plan develop$1 until ,augu/ #a1 #agih4 ,9 ! ev5+ ( t day ! :ole project 0 de/roy$ by ,horatio ,nelson4 ,x 0 de/roy$ 9 a battle ne> ! m\? ( ! riv] ,nile1 t 0 decid$ 9 fifte5 m9utes1 ?\gh x 0 n :olly conclud$ until x _h be5 rag+ = ne>ly f\r h\rs4 ,9 fifte5 m9utes1 ! ,fr5* fleet on :i* dep5d$ ,bonap>te's communications ) ,europe1 _h be5 s sev]ely damag$ t ! failure ( ,bonap>te's project 0 decid$4 ,nelson 0 a man l ,bonap>te 9 c]ta9 qualities2 9 ! qualities t are ess5tial to great lead]%ip1 imag9ation1 con/ructiv5ess & executiv5ess4 ,! fir/ cle> evid5ce ( ^! qualities he _h display$ />tl+ly at ! battle ( ,cape ,/4 ,v9c5t on ,febru>y #ad1 #agig2--:51 swiftly realiz+ t two sep>at$ p>ts ( ! ho/ile ,spani% fleet 7 ab\t to jo91 he sudd5ly conceiv$ ! idea ( prev5t+ ! junction by committ+ an act t--unless x br\ght success--w\ld probably co/ him 8 commission & p]haps 8 life4 ,n[1 ! m]e conception ( an idea s revolt+ to pr(essional e?ics w\ld n occur to an unimag9ative man3 & /ill less w\ld x be reta9$4 ,b x did occur to ,nelson2 & ,nelson reta9$ x & look$ x squ>ely 9 ! face4 ,to embody 8 idea 9 a practicable plan 0 a simple matt] to 8 active & tra9$ intellig5ce1 :ile to execute ! plan 0 an act s natural z to be almo/ automatic4 ,mu* to ! amazem5t ( ! ,comm&] ( ! fleet & all ! (fic]s & m5 9 bo? ! fleets1 ! little division comm&$ by ,commodore ,nelson 0 se5 actually to leave ! l9e ( battle6 ,nelson _h tak5 8 life1 8 =tune & 8 sacr$ honor 9 8 h&1 & /ak$ all on an endeavor to get betwe5 ! two sep>at$ p>ts ( ! ,spani% fleet4 ,! ,briti% ,comm&] quickly realiz$ :at 8 d>+ subord9ate _h 9 m9d1 & spe$ily came to 8 relief4 ,a brilliant1 ?\gh n mat]ially decisive1 victory 0 won4 ,! already di/+ui%$ ,comm&]-9-,*ief 0 !n made ,e>l ,/4 ,v9c5t1 & ! hi!rto obscure ,horatio ,nelson br\ght into ! =efront ( naval h]oes1 ) ! rank ( re>-admiral1 a gold m$al & a knigh?ood4 ,n[1 ,nelson _h n appe>$ at ! m\? ( ! ,nile because ( any accid5t1 or any *a9 ( =tuit\s circum/ances2 he did n fight ! epo*al battle !re because ( any accid5tal occurr5ces or conditions1 & he did n ga9 ! victory because ( any simil> causes4 ,nelson appe>$ at ! m\? ( ! ,nile 9 accordance ) a plan t he _h conceiv$ z soon z he he>d ( ,bonap>te's dep>ture f ,t\lon on a de/9ation c>efully kept secret1 b :i* ,nelson div9$ z ,egypt4 ,he s div9$ x1 by imag9+ himself 9 ,bonap>te's place1 & imag9+ = :at purpose he1 ,nelson1 w\ld h left ,t\lon "u ! conditions prevail+ !n 9 ,france4 ,he engag$ ! ,fr5* fleet :5 he did1 & he f\ght ! ,fr5* fleet 9 ! way he did1 9 accordance ) a plan t he _h conceiv$ long be=e4 ,no m5 7 ev] m cauti\s1 m solicit\s ab\t ! future1 m pa9/ak+1 m prud5t1 m insi/5t aga9/ tak+ undue risks1 ?an ^? reput$ly reckless devil-may-c>es1 ,napoleon ,bonap>te & ,horatio ,nelson4 ,napoleon realiz$ at once t 8 brilliant s*eme _h be5 %att]$2 b he c\ld n n[ ev5 take 8 army home1 because ! ,briti% fleet 0 9 ! way4 ,f9ally1 he succe$$ 9 mak+ ! trip himself1 ) only a few ( 8 /aff4 ,ev5ts ran rapidly !n2 & on ! six? ( ,may1 #ahjj1 we see ,napoleon leav+ ,p>is to und]take a campaign 9 nor!rn ,italy1 9 accordance ) a plan embodi$ to c>ry out an idea conceiv$ 9 8 f]tile m9d1 ( tak+ 8 army ?r\gh ! great ,/4 ,b]n>d pass1 dragg+ 8 cannon ) him ?r\gh ! sn[4 ,?is plan 7l mo/ ( 8 plans7 0 s brilliantly conceiv$1 s skillfully plann$1 & s en]getically execut$1 t :5 ,napoleon sudd5ly appe>$ ) 8 army 9 ! ,nor? ( ,italy1 ! ,au/rian g5]al 0 bewild]$ ) amazem5t4 ,! natural result develop$ quickly1 & ! ,au/rians retir$ beyond ! ,m9cio ,riv]4 ,by ?is "t affairs 9 ,europe 7 va/ly complicat$1 because ( ! fact t ! m>itime enemies ( ,france 7:i* meant virtually all ! o!r m>itime c\ntries ( ,europe7 became exasp]at$ at "o ( _! numb]1 ,great ,brita91 9 consequ5ce ( :at !y consid]$ h] unreasonable insi/5ce on c]ta9 doctr9es conc]n+ m>itime affairs4 ,a ,league ( ,arm$ ,neutrality aga9/ h] 0 f9ally =m$1 t soon assum$ m5ac+ proportions4 ,?is league 0 completely brok5 by ! same ,horatio ,nelson 9 a naval battle (f ,cop5hag5 on ,april #b1 #ahja4 ,?is battle 0 ! direct result ( a plan conceiv$ by ,nelson1 t 0 s orig9al & s d>+ t = a long "t he c\ld n secure ! cons5t ( 8 ,comm&]-9-,*ief to its execution4 ,! battle result$ 9 a victory t 0 brilliant 9 ! highe/ degree2 b x 0 brilliant only because ! orig9al idea 0 brilliant1 & because x 0 develop$ into a plan t 0 con/ructively correct & skillfully c>ri$ out4 ,mean:ile1 a brief campaign _h be5 go+ on betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ! ,au/rians 9 ,au/ria4 ,x 0 c>ri$ on ) great brilliancy ( conception & skill ( execution by ,moreau1 & end$ ) ! battle ( ,hoh5l9d5 & ! disa/r\s defeat ( ! ,au/rians4 ,! treaty ( ,lunville foll[$ 9 ,febru>y1 #ahja1 & left ,great ,brita9 z ,france's only antagoni/4 ,! victory ( ,cop5hag5 hav+ brok5 ! /r5g? ( ! ,conf$]acy ( ,neutrals1 & ,napoleon see+ ! folly ( attempt+ fur!r to ru9 ,briti% comm]ce !n1 ! ,treaty ( ,ami5s betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,france foll[$ 9 ,m>*1 #ahjb4 ,z "p ( ?is treaty1 ,great ,brita9 agre$ to give up ,malta4 ,= v>i\s reasons t d n conc]n ?is discussion1 ,great ,brita9 did n d s1 & w> foll[$ 9 ,may1 #ahjc4 ,be=e t "t1 ,napoleon _h realiz$ t 8 pr9cipal enemy 0 ,engl&4 ,he n[ conceiv$ ! project ( s5d+ an invad+ army across ! ,engli% ,*annel1 kn[+ t if he c\ld accompli% t1 he c\ld m>* to ,london1 & dictate 8 own t]ms ( peace4 ,b h[ c\ld he get across ! *annel1 9 ! face ( ! ,briti% fleet8 ,f ! numb]less pictures conjur$ up 9 8 brilliant imag9ation1 ,napoleon select$ ! "o :i* %[$ a ,fr5* fleet ?reat5+ ,briti% possessions 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 a ,briti% fleet ru%+ to ! ,we/ ,indies to save !m1 ! ,fr5* fleet return+ & jo9+ ) ano!r ,fr5* fleet wait+ = x1 !n ! comb9$ fleets secur+ ! ma/]y ( ! ,engli% ,*annel f ! deplet$ ,briti% fleet rema9+1 !n a ,fr5* flotilla ( transports ) an invad+ army =?) />t+ across ! *annel1 !n a l&+ aga9/ an opposition easily ov]come1 !n a m>* to ,london1 !n a capture ( ,london3 & f9ally1 he1 ,napoleon1 rid+ 9 triumph ?r\gh ,london /reets & sleep+ 9 ! palace at ,london--z he _h slept 9 o!r palaces on ! ,cont95t4 ,x 0 a beautiful vision2--a beautiful s]ies ( mov+ pictures pres5t$ to 8 imag9ation4 ,to embody all ^! pictures 9 realities became ! pre-occupation ( 8 wak+ & 8 sleep+ h\rs4 ,by d9t ( h]culean ex]tions1 he f9ally collect$ ne> ,b\logne ab\t #bjj1jjj troops & #a1ejj transports4 ,at ! prop] "t1 ,vill5euve1 ) a p[]ful fleet1 0 s5t to ! ,we/ ,indies to ?reat5 ! ,briti% possessions !re4 ,b ! same man :o _h spoil$ 8 ,india project by ! battle ( ! ,nile1 & :o _h spoil$ 8 project ( ru9+ ,briti% comm]ce by ! battle ( ,cop5hag51 spoil$ 8 pres5t project3 ! same man1 ,horatio ,nelson4 ,nelson _h "s imag9ation himself2 & he imag9$ 7correctly z usual7 t ,vill5euve _h sail$ = ! ,we/ ,indies--& away he w5t 9 pursuit4 ,arriv+ !re1 & f9d+ t ,vill5euve _h be5 9 ! ,we/ ,indies b _h left1 ,nelson left also4 ,he imag9$ t ,vill5euve _h sail$ = ,europe2 & s ,nelson sail$ = ,europe also1 s5d+ a fa/ frigate to in=m ! ,admiralty ( all t he _h le>n$1 & ( all t he inf]r$4 ,! frigate made su* spe$1 & ! ,fir/ ,"l ( ! ,admiralty1 ,admiral ,"l ,b>ham1 act$ ) su* sailor-l en]gy & skill1 t a l>ge ,briti% fleet int]cept$ ,vill5euve on 8 return1 br\ght him to action ne> ! coa/ ( ,spa91 & h&l$ him s r\ghly t he w5t = repairs to ,cadiz4 ,he arriv$ !re on ,augu/ #bj4 ,! news ( ?is1 rea*+ ,napoleon1 wip$ all ! beautiful pictures out ( 8 m9d4 ,b he _h o!r pictures 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,^! he put promptly into ! =egr\nd1 & />t$ (f ) incr$ible swiftness t[>d ,au/ria4 ,on ,octob] #ai1 he br\ght ! ,au/rians to battle ne> ,ulm1 & a*iev$ "o ( ! mo/ decisive victories ( 8 c>e]4 ,! victory 0 ma9ly due to ! cle>ness & correctness ( ,napoleon's conceiv$ idea1 & ! amaz+ spe$ & c]ta9ty ( 8 movem5ts 9 c>ry+ x into execution4 ,! ,au/rian ,g5]al ,mack 0 s :olly tak5 by surprise t he f\nd 8 army 0 completely surr\nd$ be=e he _h _h "t to take any prev5tive measures4 ,napoleon _h correctly judg$ ! import ( ,vill5euve's int]ception by ! ,briti% fleet1 & realiz$ t x w\ld be m]e folly aft]w>d to attempt to cross ! *annel !n4 ,/ill1 ! situation 0 n :olly bad = him1 & ! victory at ,ulm made x beautiful4 ,=1 ?\gh ,engl& 0 /ill great] on ! sea ?an ,france1 ,france 0 also great1 & 0 /ill a p[]ful weapon :i* he c\ld wield aga9/ ,engl&1 ) all ! p[] ( g5ius4 ,b1 two days aft] ! victory ( ,ulm1 came ! disa/] ne> ,cape ,trafalg>1 :5 ,nelson defeat$ ! comb9$ ,fr5* & ,spani% fleets1 & !reby secur$ = ,engl& a sup]iority at sea1 va/ly m pron\nc$ ?an x _h be5 be=e4 ,?is victory1 by mak+ ,napoleon helpless at sea aga9/ ,great ,brita91 ru9$ all ,napoleon's *ances ( dom9ion1 except ^u ! ,cont95t4 ,napoleon made two brilliant campaigns aft] ?is1 t br\ght him to ! summit ( 8 c>e]4 ,_h he be5 cont5t to /op !re1 _h he n tri$ to climb /ill high]1 8 desc5dants might n[ sit on ! ?rone ( ,france4 ,b ! intoxicat+ fumes ( success seem to h cl\d$ t brilliant m9d1 & to h prev5t$ ^? cle> & correct pictures f =m+ !re t _h =m$ be=e4 ,! result 0 t he emb>k$ on a new project = ru9+ ,engl& t began ) an invasion ( ,portugal & ,spa91 :i* br\ght on a w> ) ,au/ria4 ,x is true t1 by a brilliant campaign1 ,napoleon wor/$ ,au/ria & made an advantage\s treaty ) h]1 & !n m>ri$ ! daught] ( ! emp]or3 b ! cont9uance ( ! policy t und]lay ! w> ) ,au/ria1 br\ght on lat] a w> ) ,russia t s5t ,napoleon to ,elba1 an exile4 ,we see ! key to ,napoleon's successes 9 ! quality ( 8 m9d at ! "t ( ^? successes1 & we see ! key to 8 failures 9 a l[]+ ( ! quality ( t m9d4 ,milit>y writ]s tell u t 8 m9d 0 n ( ! same quality :5 he plann$ 8 ,russian campaign z x _h be5 :5 he plann$ 8 e>ly campaigns4 ,n[ ! reason+ faculties d n gr[ dull :5 "o approa*es middle age2 b ! imag9ative faculties d--79 mo/ p74 ,x is an old say+ t "o _c tea* an old dog new tricks4 ,cle>ly1 ?is _c be because ( any fail+ ( memory1 ?\gh memory fails ) age2 because ! memory is n involv$1 save slightly4 ,x mu/ be !re=e because ( fail+ impressionability & receptivity4 ,we all speak ( ! receptive ye>s1 mean+ ! ye>s ( *ildhood & !n ( y\?2 & x is a common say+ t "y p are m receptive ?an old p4 ,( :at are !y receptive8 ,cle>ly1 ( m5tal impressions4 ,p>5ts & tea*]s are w>n$ n to =get t ! m9ds ( "y p are v impressionable1 & to be c>eful t _! m9ds receive good impressions only1 s f> z !y c compass x4 ,napoleon1 :5 he made 8 ,russian campaign1 0 only #dc ye>s old 9 ye>s2 b he _h liv$ a life t 0 f> f normal or hygi5ic physically1 & extremely abnormal & unhygi5ic m5tally4 ,! int5tion ( ! la/ s5t5ce is to po9t out t m5tal heal? _c be long pres]v$ amid surr\nd+s m5tally unheal?ful1 any m ?an physical heal? c be long pres]v$ amid surr\nd+s physically unheal?ful2 & t ! highe/ qualities ( our nature are ! mo/ difficult to ma9ta9 & !re=e are ! fir/ to fail1 "u unheal?ful surr\nd+s4 ,! spiritual faculties fail fir/1 !n ! moral1 !n ! m5tal & la/ly ! physical4 ,n[ ! imag9ation1 :ile a m5tal quality1 r ?an a moral "o1 p>takes 9 a measure ( ! spiritual1 & is "o ( ! highe/ ( ! m5tal attributes4 ,= ?is reason imag9ation is "o ( ! fir/ to be impair$4 ,! especial picture ( ! imag9ation t becomes faulty "u c]ta9 conditions1 is ! picture ( "o's self4 ,"u conditions su* z ,napoleon _h liv$ "u = sev]al ye>s1 ! picture ( himself 9 8 m9d _h become unduly magnifi$ 9 relation to ! pictures ( o!r m54 ,n[ is !re any "o ?+ m dang]\s to a man ?an to c>ry 9 8 m9d an incorrect picture ( himself8 ,9 ,napoleon's case1 x l$ him to ! un=givable milit>y crime2 t ( und]e/imat+ ! enemy4 ,8 imag9ation1 by pres5t+ a magnifi$ image ( himself1 pres5t$ relatively dw>f$ images ( 8 antagoni/s4 ,! v faculty 7imag9ation7 :i* />t$ ,napoleon on 8 great successes1 />t$ him n[ on 8 great rev]ses4 ,! actual beg9n+ ( ^! 0 9 8 c>elessly plann$ campaign 9 ,russia4 ,8 inv5tion seems to h fail$ him bo? 9 plann+ ! campaign & 9 meet+ situations aft]w>ds2 because 8 imag9ation fail$ to picture ea* situation to him exactly z x 04 ,b ! ,russian campaign did n :olly ru9 him4 ,ev5 aft] t1 ev5 aft] ,elba1 situations 7 sometimes pres5t$ to him1 su* t 7al?\gh ,trafalg> _h prev5t$ him f a*iev+ ,european dom9ation71 yet1 if he _h be5 able to see !m z cle>ly z he _h se5 situations 9 8 unspoil$ days1 he might1 at lea/ h sav$ himself f ru94 ,b 8 imag9ation _h become impair$ & !re=e 8 p[]s ( inv5tion also4 ,napoleon z g5]al1 & ,nelson z admiral 7 :at we may t]m opportuni/ic inv5tors1 :o made inv5tions = meet+ transi5t situations ) success1 z di/+ui%$ f inv5tors l ,newton & ,watt1 :o made p]man5t contributions to ! welf>e ( mank9d4 ,napoleon z /atesman1 h[ev]1 made contributions ( a p]man5t "*4 ,a supremely valuable contribution ( ?is k9d 0 ! /e?oscope1 :i* 0 inv5t$ ab\t #ahai by ,dr4 ,la5nec 9 ,p>is1 & by means ( :i* ! sci5ce & art ( diagnosis 7 giv5 an amaz+ impetus almo/ in/antly4 ,possibly "o _c f9d 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( mod]n inv5tion any in/rum5t s small & s inexp5sive t has be5 s widely & def9itely useful4 ,a pa9ful int]e/ hangs to x 9 ! fact t by means ( 8 own inv5tion1 ,la5nec discov]$ t he himself 0 dy+ ( tub]culosis ( ! lungs4 ,9 ,july1 #ahbj1 a discov]y ( a va/ly diff]5t "* 0 made by ,o]/$ 9 ,cop5hag52 ! discov]y t if a curr5t ( electricity be pass$ ov] or "u a magnetic ne$le1 ! ne$le w be deflect$ 9 a direction & to a degree dep5d+ on ! /r5g? & direction ( ! curr5t & ! position ( ! conduct+ wire relatively to ! ne$le4 ,n[ ,la5nec inv5t$ a simple & little in/rum5t t began virtually p]fect1 & t exi/s today sub/antially z x />t$4 ,o]/$ did some?+ equally important1 t ultimately initiat$ intricate inv5tions ( _m k9ds1 & yet he did n really inv5t any?+ :atev]4 ,! importance ( 8 discov]y 0 recogniz$ at once2 s quickly1 9 fact1 & by s _m exp]im5t]s & inv5tors1 t ,o]/$ soon f\nd himself 9 ! extraord9>y position ( be+ left beh9d1 9 an art to :i* himself _h almo/ unkn[+ly giv5 bir?6 ,t "s relation exi/$ betwe5 magnetism & electricity _h long be5 evid5t to physici/s2 b :at t relation 0 !y did n "k until ,o]/$ told !m4 ,!y seiz$ on 8 in=mation ) avidity1 ) results t ! :ole _w kn[s n[4 ,! fir/ man he>d f 0 ,ampre1 :o communicat$ ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 ! new art to ! ,in/itute ( ,france z e>ly z ,septemb] #ah?4 ,almo/ imm$iately aft]w>d1 ,arago discov]$ t1 if a conduct+ wire 7 wrapp$ ar\nd iron wires1 ^? iron wires became magnets & rema9$ magnets z long z ! electric curr5t cont9u$ to pass4 ,!reupon1 ,arago made & ann\nc$ 8 epo*-mak+ inv5tion1 ! electro-magnet4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is inv5tion on ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! ma*9e ( civilization1 x is h>dly ne$ful to po9t out4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,o]/$ gave rise at once to mu* speculation z to ! nature ( ! action betwe5 electric curr5ts & magnets1 & also to consid]able exp]im5tal & ma!matical rese>*4 ,z _h be5 ! case = _m ?\s& ye>s 9 o!r endeavors1 speculation accompli%$ little1 b exp]im5tal rese>* accompli%$ mu*4 ,by ?is "t ma!matics _h be5 highly develop$1 n only z an ab/ract sci5ce b also z an aid to physical & *emical rese>*4 ,! man :o attack$ ! problem 9 ! mo/ sci5tific mann] 0 ,ampre1 :o 9 consequ5ce solv$ x 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 aft] a s]ies ( ma!matically conduct$ exp]im5ts ( ! utmo/ orig9ality & inductiv5ess4 ,z a result 9 #ahbj1 he %[$ t all ! actions & reactions ( magnets c\ld be p]=m$ by coils ( wire ?r\gh :i* electric curr5ts 7 pass+1 ev5 if !re 0 no iron )9 ! coils3--b t !y 7 m p[]ful1 if iron 7 )94 ,f ?is & k9dr$ facts1 :i* he develop$ by exp]im5t--7especially ! fact t electric curr5ts act & react on ea* o!r z magnets d71 he e/abli%$ a new sci5ce to :i* he gave ! "n electro-dynamics4 ,9 recognition ( 8 contributions to electricity1 ! "n giv5 _m ye>s lat] to ! unit ( electric curr5t 0 ampre4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>s1 :ile pursu+ a s]ies ( inve/igations into ! new sci5ce1 ,f>aday inv5t$ ! fir/ electro-magnetic ma*9es4 ,9 ! fir/ ma*9e1 a magnet float+ 9 m]cury 0 made to revolve cont9u\sly ar\nd a c5tral conduct+ wire ?r\gh :i* an electric curr5t 0 pass+2 9 ! second a conductor 0 made to revolve cont9u\sly ar\nd a fix$ magnet2 9 a ?ird ma*9e1 a magnet s m\nt$ on a longitud9al axis t an electric curr5t c\ld be made to pass f "o pole half way to ! o!r pole1 & !n out1 w\ld revolve cont9u\sly z long z ! electric curr5t 0 made to pass4 ,f>aday inv5t$ ! fir/ ma*9es t conv]t$ ! en]gy ( ! electric curr5t into me*anical motion2 ?\gh ,o]/$ 0 ! fir/ :o m]ely effect$ ! conv]sion4 ,x c h>dly be said t ,o]/$ inv5t$ a ma*9e2 b ,f>aday c]ta9ly did4 ,! fir/ utilization ( ,o]/$'s discov]y 9 a concrete & practically usable device 0 ! galvanomet]1 inv5t$ by ,s*weigg] 9 #ahbj4 ,x 0 a brilliant inv5tion1 & solv$ p]fectly ! important problem ( measur+ accurately ! /r5g? ( an electric curr5t4 ,! app>atus consi/$ m]ely ( a means ( multiply+ ! effect ( ! deflect+ curr5t by w9d+ ! conductor into a coil1 ! magnetic ne$le be+ )9 ! coil4 ,! galvanomet] 7nam$ aft] ,galvani7 0 an inv5tion ( ! utmo/ value1 & x is 9 use to ?is day1 ?\gh 9 _m modifi$ =ms4 ,:5 "o realizes h[ obvi\s a utilization ( ,o]/$'s discov]y ! galvanomet] 01 & t ,s*weigg] did n inv5t x until two ye>s lat]1 he wond]s :y ,o]/$ himself did n inv5t x4 ,b ! hi/ory ( inv5tion is full ( su* cases & ( cases /ill m amaz+4 ,:y did ! _w wait sev]al ?\s& ye>s be=e ,wise inv5t$ ! metal p58 ,:y are we n n[ inv5t+ a great _m m ?+s ?an we are8 ,nature is hold+ out sugge/ions = inv5tions to u by ! million1 b we d n see !m4 ,9 ! ye> be=e ,s*weigg]'s inv5tion1 9 #ahba1 ! important discov]y _h be5 made by ,seebeck 9 ,b]l91 t if two diff]5t metals are jo9$ at _! ends1 & "o junction be rais$ to a high] temp]ature ?an ! o!r1 a curr5t ( electricity w be g5]at$1 ! /r5g? ( :i* w v>y ) ! metals employ$ & ! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature ( ! junctions4 ,! discov]y 0 soon utiliz$ 9 ,nobili's inv5tion ( ! !rmopile 9 :i* ! curr5t 0 increas$ by employ+ sev]al lay]s ( dissimil> metals 7say antimony & bismu?7 9 s]ies ) ea* o!r4 ,! ma9 use ( ! !rmopile has be5 9 sci5tific inve/igations1 especially 9 ! sci5ce ( heat4 ,"o ( ! results ( ! increas$ use ( ma!matics1 especially ari?metic1 0 ! inv5tion ( ,babbage's calculat+ ma*9e 9 #ahbb4 ,! usefulness ( ?is inv5tion 0 s app>5t t x 0 n long 9 com+ into use1 or long 9 caus+ ! inv5tion ( improvem5ts on x ( _m k9ds4 ,! calculat+ ma*9e 0 a di/9ct contribution to civilization4 ,ano!r contribution1 b ( q a diff]5t k9d1 0 made by ,f>aday 9 ! foll[+ ye> 7#ahbc7 :51 aft] a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 he ann\nc$ t he _h succe$$ 9 liquefy+ _m ( ! gases !n kn[n by ! comb9$ action ( cold & pressure4 ,! possibility ( do+ ?is _h long be5 suspect$ by physici/s reason+ f kn[n ph5om5a2 b ! actual accompli%m5t ( ! liquefaction ( gas 0 none ! less a feat ( a high ord] ( brilliancy & usefulness4 ,9 exp]im5ts subsequ5tly made1 ,dew> receiv$ ! gases 9 a vessel ( 8 inv5tion :i* _h d\ble walls1 ! space betwe5 :i* he _h exhau/$ ( air1 & ?us made a vacuum--:i* is a non-conductor ( heat4 ,! !rmos bottle ( today 0 inv5t$ by ! great *emi/ ,dew>1 & is n !re=e a new inv5tion4 ,mean:ile1 ! /eam eng9e _h be5 und]go+ rapid developm5t1 ?\gh ! use ( locomotives = draw+ pass5g] tra9s does n seem to h come into regul> use until ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railroad 0 op5$ 9 #ahcj4 ,9 #ahbh1 ! ,delaw>e & ,hudson ,canal ,company con/ruct$ a %ort railroad1 & s5t an ag5t to ,engl& to buy ! necess>y locomotives & rails4 ,9 ! f\r ye>s foll[+ twelve railroad companies 7 incorporat$4 ,! ,baltimore & ,susquehanna began actual op]ations 9 #ahca4 ,! inv5tions ( ,h]o1 ,branca1 ,worce/]1 ,sav]y1 ,pap9 & ,leupold1 br\ght to practicality by ,watt1 _h n[ come to full fruition1 & ent]$ ^u t c>e] ( _w-wide usefulness t has advanc$ civilization s trem5d\sly & /ill cont9ues to advance x4 ,b ! mo/ decisive triumph ( ! /eam eng9e _h come m ?an a decade be=e1 :5 9 #ahai ! ,am]ican /eam%ip ,savannah cross$ ! ,atlantic ocean 9 #bf days1 go+ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,liv]pool4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,inv5tions ,,9 ,,/eam1 ,,electricity ,,& ,,*emi/ry ,,create ,a ,,new ,,era ,:5 ! n9ete5? c5tury op5$1 ,george ,,iii 0 ,k+ ( ,engl&1 ,napoleon 0 ,fir/ ,consul ( ,france1 ,francis ,,ii 0 ,emp]or ( ,g]many1 ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii 0 ,k+ ( ,prussia1 ,alex&] 0 ,cz> ( ,russia 7beg9n+ #ahja71 & ,john ,adams 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by ?is "t ! influ5ce ( ! inv5tions ( ! few c5turies imm$iately prec$+1 especially ! inv5tion ( ! gun & t ( pr9t+1 0 cle>ly 9 evid5ce4 ,! ,feudal ,sy/em _h entirely vani%$1 ! sway ( great & p[]ful sov]eigns _h tak5 ! place 9 ,europe ( ! arbitr>y rule ( petty dukes & b>ons1 ! value ( ! natural sci5ces 0 appreciat$1 & a f9e lit]ature _h develop$ 9 all ! c\ntries4 ,a t]rible w> 0 rag+1 h[ev]1 t 0 n to end = fifte5 ye>s & t involv$1 directly or indirectly1 ne>ly e ,european nation4 ,! w> _h />t$ 9 ,france1 :]e ! trem5d\s intellectual movem5t _h ar\s$ ! excitable p ( t l& to a realization ( ! oppression ( ! nobility & a det]m9ation to make x cease4 ,! w>s t ensu$ 7 n s diff]5t f ! w>s ( ! ,egyptians & o!r anci5t nations z "o might c>elessly suppose1 because ! weapons 7 n v diff]5t4 ,! only weapon t 0 v novel 0 ! gun2 & ! gun ( ! ye> #ahjj 0 a contrivance s va/ly inf]ior to ! gun t exi/s today z n to be immeasurably sup]ior to ! b[ & arr[4 ,x _h to be load$ sl[ly at ! muzzle2 & ! p[d] 0 s non-uni=m & 9 o!r ways inf]ior1 t ! gun's range 0 %ort & its accuracy slight4 ,ev5 ! artill]y t ,bonap>te us$ s skillfully 0 crude & ineffective1 accord+ to ! /&>ds ( today4 ,! cavalry 0 n v diff]5t f ! cavalry ( ! ,assyrians1 & ! milit>y eng9e]s p]=m$ few feats great] ?an t ( ,cs>'s1 9 build+ ! bridge across ! ,rh9e4 ,!re 7 no railroads1 no /eam%ips1 no telegraphs1 no telephones4 ,!re 0 less diff]5ce betwe5 ! armies ( #ahjj ,a4 ,d4 & ^? ( #ahjj ,b4 ,c41 ?an betwe5 ! armies ( #ahjj ,a4 ,d4 & ^? ( #aijj ,a4 ,d4 ,! same rem>k applies to virtually all ! mat]ial conditions ( liv+4 ,!re 0 less diff]5ce1 = in/ance1 betwe5 ! f9e build+s ( #ahjj ,b4 ,c4 & #ahjj ,a4 ,d4 ?an betwe5 ! f9e build+s ( #ahjj & #aijj ,a4 ,d4 ,! influ5ce ( ! new inv5tions on ! mat]ial conditions ( liv+ 0 only beg9n+ to be felt2 = ! tw9 ag5cies ( /eam & electricity1 t 7 lat] to make ! diff]5ce1 _h n yet got to "w4 ,x 0 ! p[] ( /eam t 0 to transport m5 & mat]ials across va/ oceans & across great cont95ts at high spe$1 & place 9 ! h&s ( e p ! natural fruits & ! foods & ! raw mat]ials & ! manufactur$ appliances ( o!r l&s2 x 0 ! subtle influ5ce ( electricity t 0 to give e p in/ant communication ) e o!r4 ,x 0 ! co-work+ ( /eam & electricity t 0 to make possible ! ,briti% navy & ! ,briti% m]*ant m>9e1 & ! relatively small] m]*ant m>9es & navies ( o!r c\ntries1 & to br+ all ! _w "u ! dom9ance ( ,great ,brita9 & ( ! o!r c\ntries t 7 civiliz$4 ,! op5+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 !re=e1 m>ks ! op5+ ( a new era4 ,9 #ahjj ! /eam eng9e 0 already an effective appliance1 b x 0 n yet 9 g5]al use4 ,electricity 0 a little beh9d /eam2 & ?\gh ,frankl9 & ! o!rs _h prov$ t x possess$ va/ possibilities ( _m k9ds1 & also t x c\ld be h>ness$ & put to "w by man = ! b5efit ( man1 electricity _h z yet accompli%$ little ( real value4 ,"u ! /imulat+ influ5ce ( ! quick communication giv5 by ! art ( pr9t+1 lit]ature _h blossom$ especially 9 ,great ,brita91 ,france1 ,g]many & ,italy2 b 9 #ahjj "o has to notice ! same fact z 9 previ\s ye>s--lit]ature _h n improv$4 ,! lit]ature ( #ahjj ,a4 ,d4 0 no bett] ?an ! lit]ature ( ,greece or ,elizabe?an ,engl&--to /ate ! tru? politely2 & no su* poet liv$ z ,hom]1 ,%akespe>e or ,john ,milton4 ,x seems to be a *>act]i/ic ( lit]ature1 & ( all ! f9e arts z well1 t ea* great product is solely a product ( "o human m9d1 & n ! product ( ! comb9$ "w ( _m m9ds4 ,to ! inv5tion ( ,watt's /eam eng9e1 numb]less obscure inve/igators & inv5tors _h contribut$1 besides ^? ^: great names ev]ybody kn[s3 b h[ c two m5 write a poem or any "w ( fiction1 or pa9t a picture or c>ve a /atue8 ,x is true t ea* ( ^! feats has be5 p]=m$2 b r>ely & n ) great success4 ,= ?is reason1 x is n cle> t m]e lit]ature z lit]ature1 or t any ( ! f9e arts z su* c ex]t mu* influ5ce on hi/ory1 & x is n cle> t any ( !m h done s4 ,t !y h _h great influ5ce 9 conduc+ to ! pleasure ( individuals !re c be no "q2 b ! influ5ce seems to h be5 transi5t4 ,hi/ory is a record ( su* ( ! do+s ( m5 z h _h influ5ce at ! "t1 or 9 ! future4 ,( ^! do+s1 ! ag5cy t has _h ! mo/ obvi\s influ5ce is w>1 & next to w> is inv5tion4 ,w>1 next aft] disease1 has caus$ ! mo/ suff]+ ! _w kn[s (2 b out ( ! suff]+ h em]g$ ! great nations )\t :i* mod]n civilization c\ld n exi/4 ,! influ5ce ( inv5tion is n s obvi\s1 b x is p]haps z great1 or ne>ly s2 ! ma9 reason be+ t inv5tion has be5 ! ag5cy :i* has enabl$ ^? nations to em]ge t h em]g$4 ,)\t ! appliances t inv5tion has suppli$1 ! civiliz$ man c\ld n h triumph$ ov] ! savage4 ,n[ lit]ature & pa9t+ & sculpture & music1 :ile !y h made life easi] & pleasant]1 h contribut$ little to ?is "w1 & 9 _m ways h r prev5t$ x f go+ fur!r by s(t5+ p1 physically & m5tally4 ,?is /atem5t mu/ n be accept$ )\t res]vations ( c\rse2 = ! reason t "s poems1 "s works ( fiction1 & "s pa9t+s & 7especially7 "s musical compositions h t5d$ to /r5g!n "*1 & ev5 to /imulate ! m>tial _s4 ,b a c>eful inspection ( mo/ works ( pure lit]ature & f9e art mu/ lead a c&id p]son to admit t ! major "p ( _! effect has be5 to please1--to gratify ! appetite ( ! m9d r ?an to inspire x to action4 ,! au?or "h reque/s any possible read] ( ^! pages1 n to inf] t he has any objection to be+ pleas$ himself1 or to hav+ o!rs pleas$2 or t he reg>ds ! influ5ce ( lit]ature & ! f9e arts z be+ detrim5tal to ! race4 ,on ! contr>y1 he reg>ds !m z be+ valuable 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,he is m]ely try+ to po9t out ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! influ5ce ( inv5tions 9 ! useful arts & ^? 9 ! f9e arts4 ,a l rem>k may be made conc]n+ inv5tors & o!r m52 ! ^w inv5tors be+ "h suppos$ to mean ! m5 :o make inv5tions ( all k9ds4 ,^! m5 seem to h be5 ^? :o h br\ght into exi/5ce ^? ma*9es & books & projects ( all k9ds t h det]m9$ ! k9d ( ma*9e ( civilization t has n[ be5 produc$4 ,^! m5 are v few1 comp>$ ) ! great bulk ( humanity2 b x seems to be !y :o h giv5 direction to ! l9e along :i* ! ma*9e has be5 develop$4 ,?is does n mean1 ( c\rse1 t ^! m5 h be5 m e/imable !mselves ?an ! m5 :o kept ! ma*9e 9 smoo? & regul> motion1 & made ! repairs1 & suppli$ ! oil & fuel2 b x does mean t !y _h m influ5ce 9 mak+ its improvem5ts4 ,naturally1 _! "w 9 mak+ improvem5ts w\ld h be5 ( no avail1 if o!r m5 _h n ex]t$ indu/ry & c>efulness & intellig5ce & c\rage1 9 ! c\ntless tasks entail$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! ma*9e 9 good repair1 9 keep+ x runn+ smoo?ly1 & 9 receiv+ ) op5 m9ds & help+ h&s ea* new improvem5t z x came along4 ,& x 0 n only 9 welcom+ real improvem5ts1 b 9 keep+ out novelties :i* seem$ to be improvem5ts b 7 n improvem5ts t ! "w ( :at may be call$ ! op]ators1 z di/+ui%$ f ! inv5tors1 0 b5efic5t4 ,no?+ c\ld be m injuri\s to ! ma*9e ?an to p]mit ! incorporation 9 x ( p>ts t w\ld n improve x4 ,!re has be5 little dang] to fe> f ?is s\rce1 h[ev]2 = ! in]tia ( m5 is su* t x is only r>ely t "o sees any new device accept$1 until x has prov$ its value def9itely & unmi/akably 9 practical "w4 ,possibly ! greate/ s+le impetus giv5 to progress ab\t ! ye> #ahjj 0 t giv5 by ,lavoisi] %ortly be=e1 :i* />t$ ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry on ! glori\s c>e] x has s9ce pursu$4 ,z a sep>ate bran* ( sci5ce1 *emi/ry !n began1 ?\gh x _h be5 ! subject ( inve/igation = _m c5turies1 beg9n+ 9 ,egypt & ! o!r anci5t c\ntries ( ! ,ea/4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 x 0 kn[n 9 ,europe by ! "n ,al*emy4 ,orig9ally1 & 9 all ! long ages ( its infancy1 ! inve/igations ( ! exp]im5t]s 7 c>ri$ on ma9ly to discov] new rem$ies 9 m$ic9e1 or to le>n me?ods to transmute base metals into preci\s metals2 ?\gh !re 0 a consid]able degree also ( pursuit ( k = its own sake4 ,z a result ( ! inve/igations1 _m />tl+ facts 7 develop$1 & _m discov]ies 7 made2 b1 = ! reason t ! inve/igations 7 n conduct$ on ! ma!matical or quantitative l9es t _h l$ to s mu* success 9 develop+ physics1 al*emy or *emi/ry did n re/ on any sure basis1 & !re=e _h no fix$ place to />t f4 ,x 0 9 ! same vague /atus t "s subjects ( ?\ghtful speculation are 9 today1 su* z telepa?y1 :i* may 7or may n7 be put on a basis ( fact "s day1 & />t$ =w>d !nce1 z *emi/ry 0 />t$4 ,:at gave *emi/ry its basis 0 ! me?ods introduc$ by ,lavoisi] :o 0 a practic$ physici/4 ,he introduc$ ! balance into ! /udy ( *emi/ry1 & rais$ x in/antly f a collection ( speculations to an exact sci5ce1 capable ( progress+ confid5tly & assur$ly !reaft]1 in/ead ( w&]+ 9 a maze4 ,lavoisi] gave *emi/ry a ma!matical basis to />t f1 & sure beacon lights to guide x2 & ?\gh _m *anges 9 its !ory h be5 made f "t to "t1 !y h be5 due only to increase ( k & n to dep>ture f fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,f9d+ t a sub/ance 0 n an elem5t1 b 0 a comp\nd ( two elem5ts1 or m ?an two1 did n require any rejection ( accept$ pr9ciples1 b m]ely a readju/m5t4 ,we n[ see t x 0 impossible because ( ! exact nature ( ! way 9 :i* ! v>i\s elem5ts comb9e1 t *emi/ry c\ld h become a sci5ce until ! balance _h be5 us$ to weigh ! sub/ances inve/igat$2 & we also see t x 0 impossible t ! balance c\ld h be5 s us$ until physics _h be5 develop$ to ! po9t p]mitt+ x1 & m5 skill$ 9 exact measurem5ts _h be5 br\ght up by practice 9 physical rese>*es4 ,lavoisi] himself _h s]v$ a long appr5tice%ip1 & 8 e>lie/ claim to fame 0 8 ma!matical rese>*es on heat1 embodi$ 9 an essay1 writt5 9 connection ) ,laplace1 & publi%$ 9 #aghd4 ,ev5 aft] an enorm\s mass ( facts _h be5 collect$ & ann\nc$1 *emi/ry c\ld n take h] place by ! side ( physics1 & ,bacon's tea*+s c\ld n be foll[$1 until ^? facts _h be5 ma!matically inve/igat$1 & _! ma!matical relations to ea* o!r _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,?is ,lavoisi] & 8 foll[]s did4 ,no bett] illu/ration ( ! influ5ce ( inv5tion on hi/ory c be f\nd ?an ! fact t *emi/ry hov]$ 9 ! dim twilight ( speculation1 guess-"w & ev5 sup]/ition1 until ,lavoisi] br\ght to be> ! v>i\s inv5tions made 9 physics4 ,!n1 pre/o1 ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry 0 born4 ,we mu/ n let ! fact escape u1 h[ev]1 t ,lavoisi] w\ld h left mank9d none ! wis]1 if he _h m]ely br\ght ma!matical rese>* to be> & discov]$ :at he did1 & !n /opp$4 ,if he _h /opp$ !n1 8 k w\ld h rema9$ lock$ inside ( 8 own m9d1 useless4 ,! good "w t ,lavoisi] actually did 0 9 actually produc+ an inv5tion2 9 conceiv+ a c]ta9 def9ite me?od ( *emical rese>*1 !n embody+ x 9 su* a concrete =m t p]sons skill$ 9 ! art c\ld make & use x1 & !n giv+ x to ! _w4 ,! fir/ important effect ( ,lavoisi]'s "w 0 ! ann\ncem5t by ,dalton ab\t #ahjh ( 8 ,atomic ,!ory1 :i* has be5 ! basis ( mo/ ( ! "w ( *emi/ry ev] s9ce4 ,dalton's e>li] "w _h be5 9 physics1 & its pr9cipal result _h be5 ,dalton's ,laws 9 reg>d to ! evaporation & expansion ( gases1 ann\nc$ by him ab\t #ahja4 ,^! inve/igations l$ 8 m9d to ! consid]ation ( ! v>i\s speculations t _h be5 ent]ta9$ conc]n+ ! nature ( matt] itself1 z di/+ui%$ f ! actions & reactions betwe5 mat]ial objects t physics /udies2 & !y br\ght him to ! conclusion t !re are c]ta9 sub/ances or elem5ts :i* comb9e toge!r to =m comp\nds t are :olly diff]5t f ea* ( ! elem5ts 7oxyg5 & hydrog51 = in/ance1 comb9+ to =m wat]72 & t ^? elem5ts are made up ( units absolutely indivisible1 :i* comb9e ) ea* o!r 9 absolutely exact proportions4 ,! units he call$ atoms4 ,he built up a !ory wond]fully conv9c+ & coh]5t1 t expla9$ virtually all ! *emical ph5om5a !n kn[n1 & suppli$ a /epp+-/one foll[+ ,lavoisi]'s1 f :i* *emi/s c\ld advance /ill fur!r4 ,dalton classifi$ c]ta9 sub/ances z elem5ts :i* we n[ "k are n elem5ts1 because !y h be5 f\nd s9ce to be comp\nds ( two or m elem5ts2 b ?is 9 itself does n disprove 8 !ory1 because he himself po9t$ out t means might be f\nd lat] to decompose c]ta9 mat]ials t seem$ !n to be elem5ts1 because no means _h !n be5 f\nd to decompose !m4 ,x may be in/ructive to note "h t ,dalton 0 n ! fir/ to imag9e t c]ta9 =ms ( matt] 7 elem5tal1 or t matt] 0 indivisible beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 or t sub/ances ent]$ into comb9ation ) ea* o!r 9 def9ite proportions4 ,speculation on all ^! po9ts _h be5 rife = _m ye>s1 b x _h n produc$ ! inv5tion ( any workable law or ev5 !ory4 ,simil>ly1 _m m5 lat] speculat$ on ! possibility ( devis+ an electrical in/rum5t t w\ld trans=m ! me*anical en]gy ( s\nd waves into electrical en]gy1 transf] ! electrical en]gy ov] a wire1 & re-conv]t x into s\nd2 b no "o succe$$ 9 produc+ su* an in/rum5t1 until ,bell inv5t$ ! telephone 9 #ahgf4 ,hi/ory is a record ( acts1 & n ( dreams4 ,& yet ! greate/ acts 7 dream$ ( be=e !y 7 p]=m$4 ,e process1 no matt] h[ small or h[ great1 seems to proce$ by ?ree /ages--conception1 developm5t & production4 ,mo/ ( our acts are almo/ automatic1 & ! ?ree /ages succe$ ea* o!r s quickly t only ! f9al /age itself is not$4 ,b ! greate/ acts1 f :i* great results h foll[$1 h begun ) ! conception ( a picture n ( an ord9>y k9d1 su* z a great campaign1 a new ma*9e1 a novel !ory1 a book1 pa9t+1 /atue or edifice3--!n a long process ( developm5t1 dur+ :i* ! conception is gradually embodi$ 9 "s concrete =m1 z1 = in/ance1 a /atue1 a pa9t+ or an in/rum5t2--& !n production4 ,f9is opus coronat1 ! end cr[ns ! "w2 b ! "w is n cr[n$ until x is f9i%$1 & a concrete entity has be5 br\ght =?4 ,lavoisi] f9i%$ 8 "w4 ,n only did he dream a dream1 b he embodi$ 8 dream 9 a def9ite =m1 & gave x to mank9d to use4 ,dalton did simil>ly4 ,?is does n mean t _! "w 0 n improv$ ^u !reaft]1 or t !y inv5t$ ! *emi/ry ( today4 ,!y m]ely laid ! f\ndation ( *emi/ry1 & plac$ ! fir/ two /ones4 ,a rem>kable exempl> ( ! mean+ ( ?is decl>ation 0 ,b5jam9 ,?omson1 :o 0 an ,am]ican by bir?1 b :o ent]$ ! ,au/rian ,army aft] ! ,w> ( ! ,revolution1 & made an unprec$5t$ record 9 ! application ( physical & *emical sci5ce to ! relief ( ! di/ress$ & ignorant & poor1 especially ! m5dicant classes4 ,= 8 s]vices he 0 made ,c\nt ,rum=d4 ,8 rese>*es 7 mo/ly 9 ! l9e ( sav+ heat & light1 & !re=e sav+ food & fuel4 ,he asc]ta9$ by exp]im5ts ( ! utmo/ +5uity & ?or\ghness t ! w>m? ( clo?+ 0 because ( ! air entangl$ 9 its fib]s2 he inve/igat$ ! radiation1 conduction & convection ( heat1 analyz$ ! ways 9 :i* heat c\ld be economiz$1 & inv5t$ a calorimet] = te/+ ! heat-giv+ value ( diff]5t fuels4 ,9 #agih he _h not$ ! fact t heat 0 develop$ :5 cannon 7 be+ bor$4 ,he imm$iately conceiv$ ! idea t ! heat develop$ 0 relat$ to ! am\nt ( "w exp5d$ driv+ ! bor+ tool1 & inv5t$ a means ( measur+ x4 ,?is consi/$ simply ( a blunt bor+ tool t press$ into a socket 9 a metal block t 0 imm]s$ 9 wat]1 ( :i* ! temp]ature c\ld be tak54 ,to get a basis = 8 inve/igations into ! problem ( light+ economically ! dwell+s ( ! poor1 ,rum=d inv5t$ a photomet] = measur+ illum9ation4 ,no man 9 hi/ory %[s m cle>ly ! co-work+ ( a high ord] ( imag9ation1 & a c>eful & accurate con/ructiv5ess2 & no man ev] secur$ m int5sely practical & b5efic5t results4 ,9 ! hospital at ,v]ona he r$uc$ ! consumption ( fuel to "o-eigh?4 ,9 #ahbg a valuable improvem5t 0 made to ! ma*9e ( civilization by ,ohm1 :o ann\nc$ ! n[ fam\s ,ohm's ,law1 t ! /r5g? ( an electric curr5t 9 any circuit is equal to ! diff]5ce 9 pot5tial ( ! ends ( ! circuit1 divid$ by its resi/ance4 ,?is is usually express$ by writ+ ,c ,e_/,r4 ,c any?+ be less inspir+ ?an ,c ,e_/,r8 ,yes3--few ?+s h be5 m inspir+4 ,few ?+s h inspir$ m zeal = "w ?an t simple =mula4 ,t simple =mula evolv$ ord] out ( *aos 9 ! little b sup]-important _w1 9 :i* physici/s & *emi/s 7 try+ to solve ! riddles t ! utilization ( electric curr5ts pres5t$4 ,x gave !m a basis f :i* to />t1 & a def9ite rule to "w by4 ,no oration ( ,demo/h5es1 ,cic]o or ,web/] has imp>t$ m inspiration1 or suppli$ a great] /imulus to high ef=t1 or done m = human k9d ?an ,c ,e_/,r4 ,9 #ahbg ,walk] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates inv5t$ friction mat*es4 ,x seems /range t someone _h n inv5t$ mat*es be=e4 ,! usual way ( gett+ light 0 ) ! fl9t & /eel & t9d]-box1--a mo/ inconv5i5t contrivance4 ,x 0 q well kn[n t c]ta9 sub/ances w\ld ignite :5 rubb$1 & yet m5 wait$ until #ahbg to utilize ! fact 9 mat*es6 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,whl] succe$$ 9 r$uc+ alum9um1 ?us contribut+ a valuable new factor to human k & a valuable new metal to human ne$s4 ,9 ! same ye> ,neilson took out a pat5t 9 ,engl& = an improv$ application ( air to produce heat 9 fires1 =ges & furnaces1 9 :i* he propos$ to pass a curr5t ( heat$ air ?r\gh ! burn+ fuel4 ,8 inv5tion met ) opposition ( all k9ds1 b ev5tually prov$ its usefulness4 ,ano!r inv5tion produc$ 9 ! same ye> 0 ,woodwor?'s ma*9e = plan+ wood4 ,/ill ano!r1 0 ! tubul> boil] = locomotives4 ,9 #ahbi ! fir/ /eam locomotive 0 put into use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no especial inv5tion seems to h be5 exp5d$ on ?is device2 b !re 0 consid]able inv5tion ( ! k9d t ,i h v5tur$ to call opportuni/ic involv$ 9 conceiv+ ! idea ( gett+ ! locomotive1 & !n 9 actually gett+ x1 & !n putt+ x to "w4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,brai?waite & ,ericsson 9 ,london br\ght out ! fir/ portable fire-eng9e4 ,!re 0 a great deal ( inv5tion ( ! practical k9d involv$ 9 ! design1 con/ruction1 production & successful employm5t ( ?is novel device2 & an important /ep 0 tak5 9 ! means ( protect+ life & ! mat]ial products ( civilization f de/ruction by fire4 ,9 #ahca ,f>aday 9 ,london made "o ( ! mo/ important discov]ies 9 physical sci5ce ev] made1 ! discov]y t if a curr5t ( electricity is *ang$ 9 /r5g?1 or if a conductor c>ry+ a curr5t be mov$1 an in/antane\s magnetic effect is felt 9 ! vic9ity2 & t ?is magnetic effect w cause an in/antane\s curr5t 9 any clos$ conduct+ circuit t may be ne>4 ,f>aday also discov]$ t a simil> in/antane\s curr5t w be set up 9 a clos$ circuit if a magnet be mov$ 9 its vic9ity4 ,?is discov]y is usually spok5 ( z ! discov]y ( electro-magnetic induction2 & ! in/antane\s curr5ts are said to be induc$4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,pr(essor ,h5ry 9 ,pr9ceton discov]$ t an electric circuit w act n only on o!r circuits 9 its vic9ity1 b on itself2 t ! fact ( be+ increas$ or decreas$ w set up in/antane\s curr5ts t t5d to oppose ! increase or decrease4 ,?us1 :ile ,f>aday is cr$it$ ) ! discov]y ( electro-magnetic induction1 ,h5ry is cr$it$ ) ! discov]y ( self-induction4 ,x has be5 claim$ by "s t ,h5ry discov]$ electro-magnetic induction be=e ,f>aday did4 ,?is "q is ( great int]e/ b x is outside ! scope ( ?is mode/ volume4 ,:ile bo? discov]ies 7 ( prime importance1 & 7 also analog\s1 t ( electro-magnetic induction has play$ ! m conspicu\s "p4 ,) x began ! endeavor to develop electric curr5ts by ! relative motion ( coils ( wire & magnets1 t result$ 9 ! inv5tion ( ! dynamo1 & ! lat] inv5tion ( electric lights & motors4 ,9 ! same ye> ! discov]y 7or 0 x ! inv5tion87 ( *lor(orm 0 made by ,gu?rie 9 ,am]ica1 ,s\beiran 9 ,france & ,liebig 9 ,g]many4 ,a curi\s fact connect$ ) ! e>ly hi/ory ( *lor(orm is t1 al?\gh its an/hetic prop]ties 7 kn[n 9 g5]al1 & al?\gh ! idea ( us+ gases & vapors & m$ic9es to dead5 pa9 0 _m c5turies old yet nev]!less1 *lor(orm 0 n put to practical use until ab\t #ahdf :5 ,dr4 ,morton1 a d5ti/1 ( ,bo/on1 adopt$ x z an an/hetic4 ,( all ! s+le inv5tions ev] made1 *lor(orm has unque/ionably done m ?an any o!r1 inv5t$ till t "t1 to give relief f agony4 ,9 #ahcb ! electric telegraph 0 inv5t$ by ,morse1 ?\gh he did n pat5t x until #ahcg4 ,! influ5ce ( ! electric telegraph on subsequ5t hi/ory has be5 s great t ! influ5ce ( no contempor>y inv5tion c reasonably be decl>$ to be great]4 ,z ) _m o!r inv5tions1 "o is tempt$ to wond] :y x _h n be5 inv5t$ be=e2 = ! fact t electricity c\ld be s5t along a conductor & made to cause motion at ! o!r end _h be5 kn[n s9ce ,gu]icke _h demon/rat$ ! fact 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! orig9al inv5tion ( ! electric telegraph is claim$ by "s = ,h5ry1 :o _h a wire run betwe5 8 h\se & 8 laboratory at ,pr9ceton1 ov] :i* he s5t messages1 by op5+ & clos+ ! circuit & !reby actuat+ an electro-magnet at ! receiv+ end4 ,! fir/ ma*9e to put ,f>aday's discov]y ( magneto-electric induction to practical use 0 inv5t$ by ,pixii 9 ,france 9 #ahcb1 & exhibit$ be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,x consi/$ ( a p[]ful magnet t 0 made to revolve ) great rapidity be=e a b> ( s(t iron t _h wrapp$ ar\nd x a coil ( insulat$ wire ab\t #c1jjj feet long4 ,! nor? & s\? poles tak+ position 9 succession 9 front ( ! coil1 curr5ts 7 induc$ t alt]nat$ 9 direction1 twice 9 ea* revolution4 ,if a man grasp$ two wires 9 ! circuit he receiv$ a s]ies ( %>p electric %ocks2 b su* effects z decompos+ wat] t 7 produc$ by ! cont9u\s curr5ts ( ,voltaic batt]ies c\ld n be produc$ by ^! alt]nat+ curr5ts4 ,to secure su* effects1 ,siem5s & o!rs made ma*9es 9 :i* ! magnet 9 ! =m ( a ,u 0 /ation>y1 two coils ( wire revolv$ 9 front ( ! poles1 & a two-"p commutator 0 us$4 ,:5 ?is 0 plac$ on ! axle1 & ! axle 0 revolv$1 ! *ange 9 direction ( ! curr5t 0 obviat$1 ?\gh a smoo? & uni=m curr5t 0 n produc$4 ,! reason 0 t ! curr5t fell to z]o twice 9 ea* revolution4 ,! magneto-electric ma*9e1 z x 0 call$1 rema9$ virtually 9 ?is =m = _m ye>s4 ,x 0 n suffici5tly effective or effici5t to be ( mu* practical usefulness 9 any art1 & 0 consid]$ m ( a sci5tific toy ?an a ma*9e ( s]i\s importance4 ,/ill1 ! probability 0 realiz$ by _m inve/igators t a new discov]y or inv5tion might be made at any mom5t1 t w\ld put x 9 ! =efront ( ! useful inv5tions ( ! age4 7,! inv5tion 0 n made till #ahfb2 x 0 made by ,pac9notti 9 ,italy & w be m5tion$ lat]47 ,! influ5ce ( ! magneto-electric ma*9e1 !re=e 0 n direct1 b indirect4 ,x 0 a basic inv5tion2 & l _m basic inv5tions1 x =m$ ! hidd5 f\ndation on :i* a conspicu\s sup]/ructure 0 lat] to be re>$4 ,"o ( ! lessons ( hi/ory is t x is ! m5 & ! me?ods & ! o!r ?+s :i* are 9 evid5ce :5 "s important occurr5ce happ5s1 t are id5tifi$ ) x 9 ! m9ds ( p n only at ! "t1 b aft]w>d4 ,an inv5tion t may h co/ its creator ! toil & /ruggle ( a lifetime may n ga9 success simply because ( "s exi/+ unfavorable conditions ( "s k9d4 ,sudd5ly ! conditions become favorable4 ,john ,doe takes advantage ( all ! "w t o!r m5 h done1 adds "s slight improvem5t1 a*ieves success & dons ! laurel wrea?4 ,we see at ?is "t 7#ahcb7 v cle> signs ( an increas+ numb] ( inv5tions p] ye>1 an increas+ spe$ ( inv5tion4 ,we see an accel]ation 9 inv5tion :i* we _c help associat+ 9 our m9ds ) ! accel]ation :i* any mat]ial object gets1 :5 cont9u\sly subject$ to a uni=m =ce1 l t ( gravity4 ,"o almo/ feels t !re mu/ be a cont9u\s =ce impell+ m5 to inv5t2 s cle> is ! increase ( ! spe$ ( inv5t+4 ,foll[+ ! magneto-ma*9e 9 #ahcb came ! inv5tion ( a rot>y electric motor by ,/urgeon1 ! discov]y ( *loral-hydrate by ,liebig1 ! production ( ! fir/ l>ge ,am]ican locomotive by ,baldw9 & ! inv5tion ( l9k motion by ,sir ,h5ry ,james4 ,! la/ 0 an exce$+ly important & +5i\s contribution to ! /eam eng9e1 especially 9 locomotives & %ips2 = x gave a v quick & sure means ( rev]s+ its direction ( motion1 & ( regulat+ ! travel ( ! valve & ! degree ( expansion ( ! /eam4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> came ,/eph5son's /eam :i/le2 & 9 ! ye> foll[+ 7#ahcd7 came ! ,mc,cormick reap]4 ,few inv5tions h _h a great] or a m imm$iate effect on ! tr5d ( mod]n progress1 :i* is to influ5ce m5 to live 9 l>ge communities4 ,= ! ,mc,cormick reap] c\ld d s mu* m "w1 & s mu* bett] "w1 ?an m5 c\ld d )\t x1 t ! cultivation ( ext5sive areas ( l& c\ld be und]tak5 ) ! assurance t l>ge crops ( gra9 c\ld be secur$4 ,?is n only secur$ m gra9 = ! c\ntry1 b lib]at$ _m m5 f toil on f>ms1 & p]mitt$ !m to migrate to ! cities4 ,! au?or does n wi% to be und]/ood z mean+ t migration to cities is :olly desirable2 = he is famili> ) its disadvantages & dang]s4 ,b :e!r x be desirable or n is beyond ! scope ( ?is book4 ,?is book is m]ely a mode/ attempt to po9t out ! influ5ce ( inv5tion 9 mak+ ! _w :at x is today4 ,p]haps x w\ld h be5 bett] if m5 _h _h no inv5tion & _h rema9$ 9 a /ate ( savag]y4 ,"s m5 say s sometimes2 b ev5 ^? m5 7or mo/ ( !m7 l to sit by a w>m fire 9 a cozy room :5 x is cold outdoors4 ,! cons5sus ( op9ion seems to be t civilization 9 ! ma9 has be5 a bless+ to m51 ?\gh n an unmix$ bless+1 & ?\gh m5 mu/ keep on _! gu>d aga9/ c]ta9 manife/ dang]s :i* civilization entails4 ,9 ! same ye>1 #ahcd1 ,jacobi inv5t$ an electric motor & ,runge made ! important discov]y ( c>bolic acid4 ,9 #ahce ,burd5 inv5t$ a horse-%oe ma*9e4 ,9 #ahcf f\r important inv5tions add$ f\r important p>ts to our rapidly gr[+ ,ma*9e4 ,! fir/ 0 ! con/ant batt]y inv5t$ by ,daniell4 ,be=e ?is "t a ,voltaic cell1 or batt]y1 soon lo/ its /r5g?1 because ( v>i\s *emical actions inside ! cell :i* ne$ n be detail$ "h4 ,daniell ov]came ?is difficulty almo/ :olly by inv5t+ a batt]y1 9 :i* !re 7 two liquids in/ead ( "o1 & ! two liquids 7 9 two sep>ate comp>tm5ts b sep>at$ only by por\s mat]ial4 ,?is inv5tion 0 successful f ! />t1 & imm$iately increas$ ! usefulness ( ,voltaic batt]ies & ! means ( utiliz+ electric curr5ts4 ,! second great inv5tion 9 #ahcf 0 t ( acetyl5e gas made by ,edmund ,davy4 ,x is /ill ! mo/ brilliant illum9at+ gas we h1 & is rival$ by ! electric arc-light only4 ,! ?ird inv5tion 0 t ( ! revolv]1 made by ,samuel ,colt4 ,x may be object$ by "s t ! revolv] did n contribute any?+ valuable to ! ,ma*9e ( ,civilization because x 0 m]ely an improvem5t on ! pi/ol1 & enabl$ "o to kill m m5 9 a giv5 "t ?an he c\ld be=e4 ,su* an objection w\ld h mu* to ju/ify x2 b x may be po9t$ out t ! ,ma*9e mu/ be made self-protective z f> z possible2 & t any?+ :i* increases ! p[] ( civiliz$ man z aga9/ ! savage1 or b>b>\s1 or semi-b>b>\s increases its p[] ( self-protection4 ,x is true t a savage c use a revolv]1 if he be in/ruct$2 b ! m complicat$ a weapon is ! m difficult x is = a savage1 z comp>$ ) a civiliz$ man1 to use x effectively4 ,?is is n an argum5t 9 favor ( complication = its own sake2 b x is an argum5t 9 favor ( accept+ complication 9 a weapon1 if ! complication r5d]s great] effectiv5ess possible4 ,! la/ inv5tion 0 ! mo/ important ( ! f\r1 ! application ( ! screw propell] to navigation made by ,john ,ericsson4 ,! au?or is aw>e ( ! fact t ?is inv5tion 0 claim$ by o!rs1 & is claim$ = o!rs n[4 ,! weight ( te/imony1 h[ev] seems to be on ! side ( ,ericsson2 & z has be5 po9t$ out be=e1 ! "q ( ! id5tity ( ! inv5tor is n important to our discussion4 ,! fir/ ocean /eam%ip to be propell$ by a screw 0 ! ,/ockton1 :i* 0 built 9 ,engl& "u ,ericsson & fitt$ ) 8 screw4 ,! fir/ w>-%ip to be fitt$ ) a screw 0 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,pr9ceton 9 #ahda4 ,its screw 0 design$ by ,ericsson4 ,9 #ahcg ,craw=d inv5t$ a process = galvaniz+ iron2 = electro-plat+ x ) a non-oxidizable metal4 ,! value ( ?is inv5tion 9 pres]v+ iron wire & iron articles 9 g5]al ne$s n to be po9t$ out2 x 0 a contribution to ! p]man5cy ( ! ,ma*9e4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,cooke & ,:eat/one 9 ,engl& inv5t$ _! fam\s ,ne$le ,telegraph1 9 :i* a magnetic ne$le 0 made to deflect quickly to ! "r or left :5 "o ( two keys 0 press$ by an op]ator & lett]s !reby signal$4 ,?is inv5tion 0 a valuable contribution2 b x 0 ev5tually sup]s$$ by ,morse's telegraph1 aft] t sy/em _h e/abli%$ itself 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & on ! ,cont95t4 ,9 #ahci ,babbitt inv5t$ 8 celebrat$ ,babbitt metal1 :i* has be5 successfully us$ ev] s9ce 9 ! be>+s ( eng9es & 9 mov+ ma*9]y g5]ally1 = r$uc+ friction2 & 9 ! same ye> ,goodye> made an inv5tion ev5 m important1 ! art ( h>d5+1 or vulcaniz+1 rubb] by means ( sulphur4 ,?is inv5tion 0 a great boon to mank9d1 b n to ,goodye>2 = ! jackals :o lie 9 wait = great inv5tions eag] to wre/ une>n$ pr(it = !mselves f ! m5 :o h truly e>n$ x1 made ,goodye>'s life mis]able = _m ye>s4 ,be=e he di$1 h[ev]1 8 wrongs 7 right$ at lea/ 9 "p4 ,9 ! same ye> ,jacobi1 9 ,g]many1 propell$ a boat by electricity us+ an electric motor ( 8 own inv5tion4 ,b ! great contributions made 9 #ahci 7 to ! art ( :at we n[ call photography4 ,ab\t #ahcd ,talbot _h succe$$ 9 tak+ pictures 9 a cam]a by ! ag5cy ( light on pap] wa%$ ) nitrate ( silv] & also 9 fix+ !m4 ,lat]1 he 0 able to obta9 _m copies1 or pro(s1 f "o picture or negative4 ,x seems t he did n publicly ann\nce 8 inv5tion till #ahci4 ,to x 0 giv5 ! "n calotype4 ,9 ,may ( t ye> ,mr4 ,mungo ,ponton ann\nc$ t he _h be5 able to copy pictures ( engrav+s & ( dri$ plants on pap] t he _h soak$ 9 bi*romate ( pota%4 ,a numb] ( o!r inve/igators =?) ann\nc$ simil> feats1 us+ v>i\s *emical solutions4 ,9 #ahdj ,drap] publi%$ ! result ( c]ta9 important exp]im5ts made by him 9 photograph+ cele/ial bodies4 ,9 #ahda pneumatic caissons 7 inv5t$ by ,trig] 9 ,france4 ,9 #ahdb ,long discov]$ ! usefulness ( e!r z an an/hetic1 & ,seytre inv5t$ ! automatically play$ piano4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,selligne discov]$ a me?od ( utiliz+ wat]-gas1 made by decompos+ wat] & produc+ a new illum9at+ ag5t t c\ld be us$ by itself or 9 comb9ation ) coal gas4 ,9 ! same ye> ,james ,nasmy? 9 ,scotl& inv5t$ ! /eam hamm]--a simple appliance by means ( :i* /eam 0 able to make a hamm] give bl[s mu* heavi] ?an ! human arm c\ld give4 ,?is inv5tion belongs to ! class 9 :i* ! human muscles are assi/$ 9 do+ "w :i* ! bra9 directs !m to d1 b :i* !y are n /rong en\gh to d effectively4 ,! self-play+ piano belongs 9 a class closely alli$1 9 :i* ! ma*9e inv5t$ m]ely assi/s ! muscles3 ! assi/ance 9 ?is class be+ n 9 supply+ p[] 9 ord] to d m "w1 h[ev]1 b 9 supply+ :at may be call$ auxili>y physical ag5cies4 ,9 ! play] piano1 ! f+]s are replac$ by little me*anical hamm]s2 9 ! /eam hamm] ! arm is replac$ by a pi/on actuat$ by /eam4 ,"o secures quickness1 ! o!r secures =ce4 ,b ! self-play+ piano & ! /eam hamm] are 9 v diff]5t classes1 :5 view$ f ! /&po9t ( _! influ5ce on hi/ory4 ,! influ5ce ( ! piano is sc>cely disc]nible1 :ile ! influ5ce ( ! /eam hamm] /&s out 9 enorm\s lett]s ( /eel4 ,! piano seems to be 9 ! same category z are lit]ature & poetry & music 9 g5]al3 x s]ves to please4 ,! /eam-hamm]1 on ! o!r h&1 has _h s great an influ5ce on hi/ory subsequ5t to its inv5tion1 t we "k t subsequ5t hi/ory c\ld n h be5 z x has be51 if ! /eam hamm] _h n be5 inv5t$4 ,x has be5 ! /eam hamm] & ! ensu+ modifications ( x t h made possible ! mak+ ( l>ge =g+s ( iron & /eel4 ,x has be5 ! l>ge =g+s ( iron & /eel t h made possible ! use ( l>ge solid masses ( ^? metals 9 ! con/ruction ( eng9es1 guns1 %ells1 h\ses1 bridges & %ips4 ,x is ! ability to use l>ge & solid masses ( iron & /eel1 free f holes & seams1 t has enabl$ con/ructors & eng9e]s to produce ! trem5d\s eng9e]+ /ructures t *>act]ize today4 ,! ma9 elem5t 9 ! progress ( ! race has be5 its triumph ov] ! =ces ( mat]ial ,nature4 ,?is triumph has be5 ga9$ by inv5tors1 :o conceiv$ ( c]ta9 me?ods & devices 7clo?+1 = in/ance7 by means ( :i* mat]ials provid$ by ,nature c\ld be utiliz$ by man to protect himself aga9/ h] attacks ^u him--attacks by cold1 = in/ance4 ,inv5tions ( ! useful k9d h _h a hi/ory ( _! own1 z def9ite z ! hi/ory ( any o!r ?+ or ?+s1 9 :i* x is %[n t e useful in/rum5t or me?od has be5 succe$$ by ano!r & bett]2 s t ! hi/ory ( useful inv5tions may be comp>$ to a picture ( m5 m\nt+ a flight ( /airs t[>d civilization1 ! /eps ( ! /airs be+ ! successive useful inv5tions ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,! p>agraph j writt5 is n int5d$ to mean t inv5tions :i* please h no value1 b m]ely to po9t out ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at are aptly call$ ! f9e arts & ! useful arts4 ,!re w\ld be little happ9ess giv5 to man by toilsomely climb+ ! /airway to civilization1 unless he 7 occasionally *e]$ on ! way by a /ra9 ( music1 or a beautiful pa9t+1 or a poem1 or a brisk walk 9 nor?we/ wea!r1 or a gladd5+ glass ( w9e4 ,x may be argu$ t ^! are ! ?+s t really give happ9ess2 x may be claim$ t ^! ?+s g direct to ! seat ( happ9ess 9 ! bra91 b t /eam hamm]s m]ely provide a mat]ial civilization1 :i* cont9u\sly promises to make m5 happi] "s day1 b nev] makes !m happi]4 ,v]ily1 v]ily1 ! way to happ9ess is n s cle>ly m>k$1 t anyone c walk 9 x all ! "t1 or ev5 = five m9utes1 except on r>e occasions4 ,! cons5sus ( op9ion seems to be1 h[ev]1 t ! civiliz$ man is1 on ! :ole1 happi] ?an ! savage2 t civilization is pref]able to savag]y4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is book1 moreov]1 m]ely to po9t out t t /ructure ( civilization has become s complicat$ & is mov+ s fa/ t x is n[ a v]itable ma*9e & to indicate ! "p t inv5tion has tak5 9 build+ x4 ,n only is x a v]itable ma*9e1 x is ! l>ge/1 ! mo/ p[]ful1 ! mo/ intricate ma*9e we "k (--except ! sol> sy/em & ! great] sy/ems beyond x4 ,& n only is x p[]ful & intricate--x is1 l all p[]ful & intricate ma*9es1 extremely delicate4 ,extreme delicacy is a *>act]i/ic ( all ma*9es2 x is inh]5t 9 e ma*9e1 simply because ! good work+ ( e "p is dep5d5t on ! good work+ ( e o!r "p4 ,an organism is a ma*9e ( ! highe/ ord]1 & !re=e possesses ?is *>act]i/ic ( int]-dep5dability 9 its highe/ =m4 ,a club is n an organism1 or ev5 a ma*9e1 & does n possess x4 ,if a man injures "o end ( a club ! o!r end is j z good z be=e2 b if a club injures "o end ( a man1 ! o!r end is injur$ also4 ,a sev]e bl[ on ! head w prev5t ! effective use ( ! foot1 & a sev]e bl[ on ! foot w prev5t ! effective use ( ! head4 ,simil>ly1 9 ?is great ,ma*9e ( ,civilization1 a w> betwe5 any two nations affects e o!r nation 9 ! realm ( civilization1 ?\gh x may n affect appreciably ! savages ( ,au/ralia4 ,a /rike 9 ! coal m9es affects e p]son 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2--& ev5 a ?reat to /rike by ! railway employees affects n only ! :ole ,unit$ ,/ates1 b1 to "s degree1 all ,europe4 ,?is br+s u to realize t1 :ile ! ,ma*9e ( ,civilization itself has improv$ trem5d\sly1 x is only z a ma*9e1 & only because x is a ma*9e4 ,x %\ld make u realize also t ! m]e fact t a ma*9e is good or useful is no b> to its be+ de/roy$4 ,x %\ld make u realize besides t ! f9] a ma*9e is ! great] dang] !re is ( its be+ injur$ & ev5 de/roy$1 by c>eless or ignorant h&l+4 ,^! facts are cle>ly realiz$ by all eng9e]+ companies ( all k9ds2 & ! result has be5 t highly compet5t eng9e]s h be5 tra9$ to c>e = & h&le _! eng9es4 ,!re are no m highly compet5t m5 9 any call+s ?an are ! eng9e]s 9 e civiliz$ c\ntry4 ,"o might decl>e )\t mu* exagg]ation t1 ( all ! m5 9 bus9ess or pr(essions1 ! eng9e]s are ! mo/ compet5t = _! especial tasks2 & ! reasonabl5ess ( ! decl>ation might be po9t$ out on ! gr\nd t ! v nature ( ! eng9e]+ pr(ession 7unlike t ( mo/ o!r pr(essions7 makes x impossible = an eng9e] to be incompet5t1 & yet ma9ta9 8 /&+4 ,b ! ,ma*9e ( ,civilization is compos$ n only ( mat]ial p>ts1 su* z come )9 ! prov9ce ( ! eng9e]1 b also ( immat]ial p>ts2 9 fact1 ! pr9cipal p>ts are m51 & especially ! m9ds ( m54 ,x is ! (fice ( ! ,ma*9e ( ,gov]nm5t to h&le ! m54 ,x is also its (fice to direct _! m9ds2 because unless ^? m9ds view ?+s correctly1 ! ,ma*9e ( ,gov]nm5t _c "w ) smoo?ness4 ,n[1 m5 are inf]ior to ma*9es 9 "o important way3--m51 z m51 _c be improv$4 ,x !re=e devolves on ,gov]nm5t cont9u\sly to in/ruct & tra9 m5 to h&le ! ,ma*9e ( ,civilization skillfully1 because ! ma*9e is be+ made m & m complicat$1 & m & m 9 ne$ ( intellig5t c>e1 ) e pass+ day4 ,is ?is fact realiz$8 ,i fe> n4 ,no sign is visible to ! au?or ( ^! pages t ! p 9 any c\ntry realize or ev5 suspect t !re is any ne$ = look+ out = ! integrity ( ! ,ma*9e z a :ole4 ,! close/ approximation to x is a belat$ realization t ! ,bol%eviki are a dang] to society4 ,! p d n seem ev5 to realize ! necessity ( hav+ compet5t exp]ts at ! head ( gov]nm5tal affairs4 ,! ,ma*9e ( ,civilization _h be5 develop$ to a v high /age :5 ,trajan rul$ ! _w ab\t ! ye> #ajj ,a4 ,d4 ,= ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury aft]w>d1 x cont9u$ to run ) smoo?ness1 "u intellig5t c>e2 b 9 ! ye> #ahj ,a4 ,d4 ,commodus came to ! ?rone1 & soon aft] began to abuse x4 ,= two hundr$ ye>s !reaft]1 ! ,ma*9e suff]$ f su* abuse & neglect1 t by ! ye> #cie1 x _h become s unwieldy1 t x 0 divid$ into two p>ts1 "o adm9i/]$ f ,rome & ! o!r f ,con/ant9ople4 ,! two p>ts soon became two sep>ate ,ma*9es1 ! ,roman ,ma*9e be+ at fir/ ! bett]1 b gradually becom+ m & m ineffective "u ! unfavorable conditions ( abuse & neglect4 ,9 #dgf1 ! ,roman ,ma*9e broke d[n completely1 & ! b>b>ian *ief1 ,odoac]1 sat himself on ! ?rone ( ,octavius ,cs>4 ,a ru9 m complete1 x w\ld be h>d to realize4 ,! va/ /ructure ( ,roman civilization1 built on ! civilization ( ,greece & ,assyria & ,babylonia & ,egypt1 0 hurl$ to ! gr\nd2 & its f9e & beautiful p>ts 7 scatt]$ to ! w9ds by b>b>ians :o hat$ civilization because !y 7 b>b>ians4 ,! progress ( sci5ce & lit]ature & art /opp$4 ,! m>vel\s inv5tions ( ! pa/ 7 =gott5 & disus$4 ,a condition ( semi-b>b>ism pass$ into ,europe1 & cont9u$ = a p]iod ( five hundr$ ye>s1 to :i* ! "n ,d>k ,ages has be5 aptly giv54 ,a feeble light began to gl[ ab\t #hjj ,a4 ,d4 z a result ( ! activities ( ,*>lemagne1 b x almo/ expir$ :5 he did4 ,x began aga9 :5 ! ,crusad]s came back f ! ,ori5t ) k ( ! civilization t /ill p]si/$ !re2 & %ortly aft] came ! fir/ ef=t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,!n foll[$ ! inv5tion ( ! gun1 & !n ! inv5tion ( pr9t+3--& pre/o--! mak+ ( ano!r ,ma*9e ( ,civilization is begun4 ,n[ let u realize ?ree facts3 "o fact is t ! ,ma*9e ( ,mod]n ,civilization1 ?\gh bigg] & m complicat$ ?an ! "o ( ,trajan's "t is n ne>ly s /rong2 ano!r fact is t ! ,roman ,ma*9e 0 de/roy$ because x _h become ineffective ?r\gh c>elessness & abuse2 ! ?ird fact is t because 9 a measure1 hi/ory repeats itself1 ! ,mod]n ,ma*9e may be de/roy$1 z ! ,roman 04 ,! ,ma*9e ( today is va/ly weak] ?an ,trajan's4 ,trajan's ,ma*9e 0 op]at$ by a p[]ful empire t controll$ ! :ole _w absolutely4 ,no rival ( ,rome exi/$4 ,! /ructure ( society 0 simple1 homog5e\s & /rong4 ,x 0 almo/ :olly milit>y4 ,x re/$ on =ce2 b t =ce re/$ on reason1 mod]ation1 skill & patriotism4 ,rome _h _m foes2 b !y 7 s weak comp>$ ) ,rome1 t %e _h naught to fe> f !m--s long z %e kept h] ,ma*9e 9 ord]4 ,! ,ma*9e ( today is n only m complicat$ ?an t ( ,trajan1 & !re=e m liable to d]angem5t f t cause alone--b x is support$ by no gov]nm5t t dom9ates ! _w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! control is divid$ among a numb] ( diff]5t nations t h div]se int]e/s4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is condition c be cle>ly se5 9 ! fact t e great w> has set back ! progress ( civilization = a :ile 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries1 ev5 ?\gh 9 "s ways x has advanc$ x4 ,! ,_w ,w> j f9i%$1 = in/ance1 %ook ! v f\ndations ( society2 & we d n yet "k t x did n impair !m s]i\sly4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,ma*9e has n yet begun to run smoo?ly aga94 ,c]ta9ly1 ! ,bol%eviki are ?reat5+ x z s]i\sly z ! b>b>ians began to ?reat5 ,rome n long aft] ,trajan's "t4 ,! ,romans did n reg>d ! b>b>ians !n any m s]i\sly ?an we reg>d ! ,bol%eviki n[4 ,! b>b>ians f9ally succe$$ 9 de/roy+ ! ,roman ,ma*9e1 b n = ! reason t !y _h become any /rong]4 ,!y _h n become any /rong]1 b ! ,roman ,ma*9e _h become weak]4 ,x _h become weak] = ! reason t ! m5 9 *>ge ( x _h n tak5 ! prop] c>e ( x4 ,!y fail$ to take prop] c>e ( x1 = ! reason t !y 7 n ! prop] k9d ( m5 to h *>ge ( t k9d ( ma*9e4 ,! reason = ?is 0 t ! ,roman p did n see to x t !y put ! prop] k9d ( m5 9 *>ge ( _! ,ma*9e4 ,someone may say t ,rome 0 an autocracy1 & t !re are no autocracies n[4 ,true1 b republics h be5 ineffici5t1 j z (t51 & 9 z great a degree z autocracies h4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ,presid5t ,bu*anan1 = in/ance1 0 excessively ineffici5t2 :ile ! ,roman autocracy "u ,octavius 0 exce$+ly effici5t4 ,b :e!r a gov]nm5t is autocratic or democratic1 ! degree ( civilization mu/ dep5d 9 ! ma9 on ! p !mselves4 ,ev5 ! p[] & g5ius ( ,*>lemagne c\ld n at once make ,europe civiliz$2 & ev5 ! p[] & be/iality ( ,commodus c\ld n at once make ,rome unciviliz$4 ,9 e nation1 ! rul]s & ! p re-act ^u ea* o!r1 & ea* makes ! o!r 9 a measure :at !y are4 ,a p t are /rong & wor?y w n long be gov]n$ by m5 :o are weak & unwor?y4 ,if a nation cont9ues to h weak & unwor?y rul]s1 x is because ! p !mselves are weak & unwor?y4 ,!re=e1 x is an insuffici5t explanation ( ! break+ d[n ( ! ,roman ,ma*9e to decl>e t ! ,roman emp]ors 7 :at !y 74 ,! ,roman emp]ors reflect$ ! ,roman p1 or !y w\ld n h rema9$ ,roman emp]ors4 ,if ! ,roman p _h be5 z /rong individually & collectively z !y 7 9 ! days ( ,octavius & ,trajan1 no su* emp]ors z lat] sat on ! ?rone w\ld h be5 possible4 ,b ! ,roman p gradually det]iorat$1 morally1 m5tally1 & ev5 physically2 & ineffici5t gov]nm5t 0 "o ( ! results4 ,:at caus$ ! det]ioration ( ! ,roman p8 ,! same ?+ t has caus$ ! det]ioration ( e o!r great p t h det]iorat$--! s(t5+ influ5ce ( weal? & ease4 ,?us1 ,rome did n fall because ( ! b>b>ians1 b because ( h]self4 ,%e fell because h] p all[$ ! ,ma*9e :i* %e _h built up1 9 spite ( ! b>b>ians outside1 at s mu* co/ ( labor & blood1 to become s weak t x c\ld no long] protect itself4 ,c ?is happ5 to our ,ma*9e8 ,yes1 & x w happ5 z surely z effect foll[s aft] cause1 unless means be tak5 to see t m5 are tra9$ to c>e = ! ,ma*9e m c>efully ?an !y are tra9$ n[4 ,9 no c\ntry is !re any s]i\s ef=t made to tra9 m5 to op]ate ! ,ma*9e ( ,gov]nm5t1 except ^? p>ts ( ! ,ma*9e t are call$ ! army & ! navy3--?\gh "s trem5d\s ef=ts are made 9 private life to tra9 m5 to h&le corporations & bus9ess ent]prises1 & to le>n all t c be le>n$ 9 m$ic9e1 eng9e]+1 ! ,law & all ! le>n$ pr(essions4 ,& ev5 ! ef=ts made to tra9 (fic]s to h&le armies & navies are 9 great "p neutraliz$ by plac+ m5 at ! head ( ^? armies & navies :o are n tra9$ 9 ! slighte/4 ,! ,roman ,ma*9e fell ) a cra% t 0 proportional to ! magnitude ( ! ,ma*9e4 ,! ,ma*9e ( today is mu* l>g] & heavi] ?an ! ,roman4 ,if x falls1 z x may1 ! cra% w be proportionally great]4 ,:at w foll[1 ! m9d recoils f contemplat+4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,c]ta9 ,,important ,,creations ,,( ,,inv5tion1 ,,& ,,_! ,,b5efic5t ,,influ5ce ,9 #ahdc ,*>les ,?urb] inv5t$ ! typewrit]4 ,few inv5tions are m typical4 ,9 #ahdc1 ! conditions ( life 7 su* t ! fir/ /age 9 inv5t+ ! typewrit] mu/ h be5 ! conception ( an extremely brilliant & orig9al idea4 ,aft] t1 ! difficulties ( embody+ ! idea 9 a concrete =m mu/ h be5 v great2 = x 0 n until ab\t #ahge t in/rum5ts ( practical usefulness 7 9 g5]al use4 ,s9ce !n1 typewrit]s h p5etrat$ into virtually e (fice 9 ! civiliz$ _w4 ,?\gh ! typewrit] is a v simple app>atus 9 bo? pr9ciple & con/ruction1 yet few ma*9es /& out m cle>ly z great inv5tions4 ,few inv5tions also h ex]t$ a great] influ5ce--?\gh ! influ5ce ( ! typewrit] has be5 auxili>y1 r ?an dom9ant2 x has m]ely enabl$ a great] am\nt ( bus9ess to be transact$ ?an c\ld be transact$ be=e4 ,if anyone w g into any bus9ess (fice :atev]1 & note ! am\nt ( "w p]=m$ 9 t (fice by means ( "o typewrit] t c\ld n be p]=m$ )\t x1 & w !n multiply t am\nt by ! numb] ( typewrit]s 9 ! _w1 he w come to a confus$ b />tl+ realization ( ! am\nt ( executive "w t is be+ done 9 a s+le day ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! typewrit]1 t o!rwise w\ld n be done4 ,if he w !n g a /ep fur!r1 & multiply ! numb] ( days t h gone by s9ce ! typewrit] 0 fir/ employ$1 by "o-half1 or ev5 "o-t5?1 ( ! am\nt accompli%$ by means ( all ! typewrit]s 9 a s+le day1 he may !n be able to appreciate 9 a measure ! enorm\s influ5ce on progress :i* ! inv5tion ( ! typewrit] has already _h4 ,"o w\ld n make an exagg]at$ /atem5t if he %\ld decl>e t if ! typewrit] _h n be5 inv5t$1 e great bus9ess organization 9 ! _w today w\ld be mu* small] ?an x is2 ! great indu/ries w\ld n exi/ 9 _! pres5t va/ness2 & all ! arts ( manufacture1 transportation & navigation w\ld be f> beh9d ! /age !y n[ h rea*$4 ,! electric telegraph 0 pat5t$ by ,morse 9 #ahcg1 b ! fir/ telegram 0 n s5t till #ahdd1 along a wire /ret*$ f ,wa%+ton to ,baltimore4 ,x is said t ! fir/ (ficial message 0 ,:at ha? ,god wr\ght6 ,?is message %[s a realization ( a fact :i* "s p fail to realize3 ! p :o say1 ,god made ! c\ntry1 b man made ! city4 ,! message %[$ a realization t ,god inspires ! ?\ghts ( m51 z truly z ,he provides !m ) ?+s to eat4 ,x is inconceivable t x 0 int5d$ to call att5tion to ! fact t ,god wr\ght ! wire along :i* ! message ran1 or ! wood5 poles t c>ri$ ! wire1 or ! mat]ial z9c & copp] ( ! batt]y4 ,! only new ?+ evid5c$ 9 ! telegraph s f> z anyone c\ld "k1 0 ! inv5tion itself4 ,god _h wr\ght t ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,morse4 ,x is a kn[n fact t no human m9d1 no matt] h[ f9e x may be1 or h[ brilliant & correct its imag9ation1 c h any images or ideas t are n bas$ 9 "s way on ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses4 ,we c imag9e ?+s1 & ev5 create ?+s1 t h nev] exi/$ be=e2 b ^? ?+s mu/ be compos$ ( p>ts ^: exi/5ce we "k ( ?r\gh ! evid5ce ( our s5ses4 ,s ,morse1 al?\gh he inv5t$ a ?+ t 0 :olly new1 al?\gh he creat$ some?+--did n create any ( ! p>ts t compos$ x4 ,he us$ su* well-kn[n ?+s z wire1 iron1 z9c & copp]4 ,ev5 9 ! creation ( man1 ! ,almighty himself us$ common mat]ials3 ,& ! ,"l ,god =m$ man ( ! du/ ( ! gr\nd1 & brea!d into 8 no/rils ! brea? ( life3 & man became a liv+ s\l4 7,g5esis1 ,*apt] ,,ii47 ,if ! ,"l ,god brea!d ! brea? ( life into ,adam1 ,he inspir$ him accord+ to ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w inspire4 ,if ,he inspir$ ,morse ) ! conception ( ! electric telegraph1 ,he inspir$ him accord+ to ! mod]n mean+ ( ! ^w1 :i* is n v diff]5t f ! orig9al mean+1 & :i* is n at all diff]5t f ! mean+ accord+ to :i* ,he is said to h inspir$ ! prophets ( old4 ,to br+ be=e u cle>ly ! :ole influ5ce ( ! telegraph on hi/ory w\ld require a book devot$ to no o!r subject2 yet ! telegraph belongs 9 ! same class ) ! typewrit]1 9 ! s5se t its ma9 (fice is to assi/ ! transaction ( bus9ess4 ,! telegraph does n ( itself produce results4 ,x is n 9 ! class ) ! fi/-hamm]1 or ! weav+ ma*9e1 or ! gun1 or ! /eam eng9e1 or ! electric light1 or *lor(orm1 or ! telescope1 or ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,x owes its reputation l>gely to ! spectacul> way 9 :i* x fir/ appe>$1 & to ! seem+ wond]fulness ( its success4 ,yet ! telegraph seems no m wond]ful ?an ! typewrit]1 to a p]son :o kn[s ev5 a little ( electricity2 & ! task ( mak+ x practicable 0 mu* easi]4 ,a v simple & crude app>atus suffic$ = ! telegraph3 b a highly p]fect me*anism 0 ne$$ = ! typewrit]4 ,x is probably true1 h[ev]1 t ! telegraph has _h a great] influ5ce on hi/ory ?an ! typewrit]1 ?\gh mod]n civilization w\ld n be ev5 approximately :at x is1 if ei!r _h n be5 inv5t$4 ,& if by any comb9ation ( circum/ances1 ei!r "o %\ld n[ be tak5 f u1 ! :ole ,ma*9e w\ld be ?r[n into inextricable confusion4 ,x may be object$ t if ,morse _h n inv5t$ ! telegraph1 or if any inv5tor :oev] _h n inv5t$ :atev] ?+ he did inv5t1 "s o!r man w\ld h done s2 & t !re=e ^? inv5tors d n des]ve to be plac$ 9 any especial ni*e ( honor4 ,!re w\ld be consid]able reasonabl5ess 9 su* an objection1 z is evid5c$ by ! fact t 9 _m cases two or m m5 h inv5t$ ! same ?+ at ab\t ! same "t4 ,x may be po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t :ile ?is has (t5 happ5$ 9 reg>d to improvem5ts on basic inv5tions1 x has n happ5$ v (t5 9 reg>d to ! basic inv5tions !mselves2 & also t1 ev5 if we include all ! inv5tors ! _w has ev] he>d (1 we f9d t !re h be5 surpris+ly few4 ,!re=e1 x really makes little diff]5ce to ! race z a :ole :e!r ,smi? or ,jones made a c]ta9 inv5tion1 or :e!r ,smi? w\ld h made x1 if ,jones _h n made x4 ,! man :o deliv]s ! goods1 receives1 & z a rule des]v$ly1 ! recognition ( mank9d4 ,fur!rmore1 ?is book1 z has be5 /at$1 is n conc]n$ ma9ly ) inv5tors1 b ) inv5tions4 ,9 #ahdd1 ! use ( nitr\s oxide gas 7laugh+ gas7 z an an/hetic 0 introduc$ by ,dr4 ,wells4 ,x _c be said t ?is inv5tion has _h any direct influ5ce on hi/ory itself1 ?\gh x has _h a great deal ( influ5ce on ! hi/ory ( "s individuals4 ,x contribut$ a new & di/9ct "p to ! ,ma*9e1 h[ev]1 & c]ta9ly help$ to ameliorate ! conditions ( liv+4 ,besides1 x seems to be "o ( ! lessons ( hi/ory t mo/ new & di/9ct creations1 ev5 if no use has be5 f\nd = !m = a long :ile1 h ultimately f\nd a field ( usefulness4 ,fur!rmore1 e new & useful ?+1 l nitr\s oxide gas1 attracts ! att5tion ( m5 to ! advantages t ! /udy ( physical sci5ces & ! prosecution ( inv5tion (f]1 & gives inspiration = fur!r /udy & endeavor4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,lon ,f\cault inv5t$ ! fir/ practical electric arc-light4 ,davy _h made ! basic inv5tion ( ! ,voltaic arc 9 #ahjh2 b 8 inv5tion 0 9 ! class j spok5 (1 9 t x 0 n utiliz$ = _m ye>s4 ,ev5 ! arc-light t ,f\cault produc$ 9 #ahdd 0 n utiliz$ !n4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! cause ( sl[ness ( utilization did n re/ s mu* 9 ! inv5tion z 9 ! /age ( civilization at ! "t4 ,! _w 0 n yet ready = ! arc-light4 ,9 fact1 x did n become ready1 & x c\ld n become ready1 to use ! arc-light 9 real s]vice1 until a *eap] means ( produc+ electric curr5t _h be5 inv5t$4 ,?is did n happ5 until ! dynamo-electric ma*9e _h be5 inv5t$ & _h be5 br\ght to su* a po9t ( practical developm5t t x c\ld supply electric curr5t1 n only adequately & economically1 b reliably4 ,a necess>y /ep t[>d ! utilization ( ! arc-light 0 made 9 #ahde1 h[ev]1 by ,?omas ,wright1 :o inv5t$ a means :]eby ! c>bons c\ld be kept automatically at ! correct di/ance ap>t = ma9ta9+ a cont9u\s & uni=m light4 ,9 #ahde1 ,rob]t ,hoe made an important contribution 9 8 d\ble-cyl9d] pr9t+ press4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,r4 ,w4 ,?ompson inv5t$ ! pneumatic tire4 ,?is inv5tion belongs di/9ctly 9 ! class j spok5 (1 = ! pneumatic tire did n come into g5]al use until ! bicycle did1 ab\t #ahij4 ,x may be ask$ if !re is any use 9 inv5t+ appliances long be=e !y are ne$$4 ,s f> z ! inv5tor is !n conc]n$--no3 s f> z ! public is ev5tually conc]n$1 yes4 ,all inv5tions made & pat5t$ are describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ! ,pat5t ,(fice ,gazette2 & _m ( !m are describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 magaz9es & newspap]s1 ev5 if !y are n us$ 9 actual practice4 ,^! records =m "p ( ! g5]al k ( mank9d1 j z mu* z d ! facts ( geography & hi/ory & ari?metic2 & !y c be drawn ^u by inve/igators & inv5tors1 & made to assi/ !m 9 _! "w4 ,9 #ahdf1 an inv5tion 0 made by ,elias ,h[e1 t does n belong at all 9 ! same category z t ( ! pneumatic tire1 because x 0 utiliz$ almo/ imm$iately4 ,?is is usually spok5 ( z ! sew+-ma*9e2 b ! ess5ce ( ! inv5tion 0 n a ma*9e1 b m]ely an in/rum5t2 = x consi/$ ( a ne$le 9 :i* ! eye 0 ne> ! po9t1 in/ead ( at ! o!r end1 z 9 exi/+ ne$les4 ,! ma*9e aft]w>ds produc$ 0 m]ely an obvi\s means = us+ ! new k9d ( ne$le4 ,! inv5tion ( ! sew+-ma*9e 0 "o ri* 9 influ5ce on subsequ5t progress2 & all ! /ory connect$ ) x is int]e/+ 9 _m ways4 ,b ! mo/ wond]ful fact connect$ ) ! inv5tion is t x 0 n made be=e6 ,_m inv5tions h n be5 made because ! conditions at ! "t did n dem& !m1 or make _! successful utilization possible3 & yet "s inv5tions1 l ! ,voltaic arc1 7 made despite ! unfavorable conditions4 ,b :at conditions 7 unfavorable to ! utilization ( ,h[e's sew+-ma*9e1 ev5 z f> back 9 hi/ory z ! days :5 ! pyramids 7 built8 ,! ,h[e sew+-ma*9e 0 n s complicat$ an app>atus z ! balli/a1 or ! *>iot1 us$ by ! ,assyrians & ! o!r nations 9 ! f]tile cresc5t1 t curv$ f ,alex&ria to ,babylon2 & x 0 mu* easi] & *eap] to make4 ,its con/ruction requir$ immeasurably less sci5tific k & c>efulness ?an ! pr9t+ press1 ! gun1 ! telescope & ! microscope1 & a score ( appliances t _h prec$$ x by sev]al c5turies4 ,:y 0 ! sew+-ma*9e n inv5t$ be=e8 ,:y1 :y8 ,?is "q cont9ually pres5ts itself to ! m9d1 :5 c]ta9 simple inv5tions appe>1 t 7s f> z we c see7 c\ld h be5 inv5t$ & ought to h be5 inv5t$1 long be=e4 ,9 #ahdf1 ! pr9t+-telegraph 0 inv5t$ by ,h\se4 ,no su* "q z t j discuss$ is pres5t$ to our m9ds by ?is inv5tion1 because we realize t x c\ld n h be5 inv5t$ be=e "s means ( g5]at+ cont9u\s electric curr5ts _h be5 inv5t$4 ,! pr9t+-telegraph 0 n an inv5tion ( ! same ord] ( influ5ce z ! sew+-ma*9e2 b x has assi/$ ! "w ( ! telegraph 9 supply+ news1 especially 9 reports ( /ock fluctuations4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,de ,lesseps />t$ 8 project ( build+ ! ,suez ,canal1 & jo9+ ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,r$ ,sea2 s t %ips c\ld proce$ to ,india f ,europe by a direct r\te4 ,_m c5turies be=e1 a canal _h be5 cut & g5]ally us$ t ran f ! ,nile ,riv] to ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,! canal t ,de ,lesseps propos$ 0 to be l>g]1 & ! eng9e]+ difficulties great]4 ,! va/ ent]prise 0 f9ally c>ri$ out1 at a co/ ( ab\t #ajj1jjj1jjj4 ,x seems to h pass$ ?r\gh ! ?ree successive /ages ( conception1 developm5t & production4 ,! idea ( build+ a canal did n orig9ate 9 #ahdf1 or 9 ! bra9 ( ,de ,lesseps2 = ! idea 0 v old1 probably old] ?an record$ hi/ory4 ,b ! only man :o =m$ ! m5tal picture 9 8 m9d & aft]w>ds develop$ x into a concrete plan 0 ,de ,lesseps4 ,he did ?is2 & 8 plan 0 s complete & coh]5t1 & s evid5tly practical1 t he f9ally succe$$ 9 conv9c+ eng9e]s & capitali/s ( ! fact1 & =m+ a l>ge company4 ,! execution ( ! concrete plan 0 n begun until #ahei1 & x 0 ,de ,lesseps :o began x4 ,?us ,de ,lesseps1 ?\gh he did n conceive ! basic idea1 conceiv$ & comb9$ ! v>i\s ideas necess>y to embody ! basic idea 9 a concrete plan1 !n con/ruct$ ! concrete plan1 & !n produc$ ! actual in/rum5t4 ,?is in/rum5t 7! canal7 0 a v useful in/rum5t4 ,an in/rum5t1 accord+ to ! ,/&>d ,diction>y1 is a means by :i* "w is done4 ,by means ( ! ,suez ,canal1 ! "w ( direct wat] transportation betwe5 ! ,f> ,ea/ & ,europe 0 done2 & x c\ld n h be5 done1 except by means ( t in/rum5t4 ,x has be5 done by t in/rum5t ev] s9ce1 & at an increas+ rate4 ,! canal 0 complet$ 9 #ahfi1 & wid5$ & deep5$ 9 #ahhf4 ,x has %ort5$ ! wat] di/ance betwe5 ,engl& & ,india by ab\t #gfjj miles1 & has _h a trem5d\s influ5ce on hi/ory1 especially on ,great ,brita9's hi/ory4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ /ockhold]s is ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t2 ?ree-f\r?s ( ! %ips pass+ ?r\gh x h be5 ,briti%2 & ?\gh ! :ole _w has b5efit$1 ! greate/ s+le b5efici>y has be5 ,great ,brita94 ,yet ,de ,lesseps 0 a ,fr5*man6 ,?is calls to our m9ds ! fact t al?\gh "s ( ! greate/ names 9 ,hi/ory are ,fr5*1 yet ! ,fr5* nation1 z a nation1 has nev] %[n ! same conc]t$ national purpose z ! ,briti%4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! ,fr5* seem to h borne some:at ! same relation to ! ,briti%1 z ! ,greeks did to ! ,romans3 & yet ! ,fr5* are m ne>ly alli$ by blood & language to ! ,romans ?an are ! ,briti%4 ,! ,greeks & ! ,fr5* aim$ to make life pleasant1 by ! aid ( ! f9e arts & a g5]al utilization ( all t is delightful2 :ile ! ,romans & ! ,briti%1 e>ly 9 _! c>e]s1 conceiv$ ! idea ( dom9ion1 embodi$ ! idea 9 a concrete plan1 & proce$$ to c>ry ! plan into execution4 ,! plan 0 cont9ually accommodat$ to ! *ang+ conditions ( ! times1 & ! means ( execution 7 cont9ually accommodat$ also4 ,! result has be5 t ,greece & ,france nev]1 z nations1 acquir$ dom9ion ev5 approximately2 :ile ,rome did completely1 & ,great ,brita9 did1 approximately4 ,! au?or does n wi% to be und]/ood z approv+ ( ! idea ( acquir+ dom9ion1 or z fail+ to realize ! sordidness ( su* an ambition1 & ! evil t m5 & nations h done1 9 ord] to a*ieve x4 ,he begs leave to po9t out1 h[ev]1 t ! ,ma*9e c\ld n h be5 built1 except "u ! /able conditions t l>ge nations p]mit bett] ?an small nations d2 & t x has be5 ! endeavor to a*ieve dom9ion by aspir+ tribes & nations1 & ! consequ5t endeavor to ga9 /r5g? 9 ord] to prev5t x1 by o!r aspir+ tribes & nations1 :i* h caus$ ! gradual build+ up ( ! great nations ( today1 ) ! com=t1 security & culture t _! exi/5ce p]mits4 ,9 ! same ye>1 #ahdf1 artificial limbs 7 inv5t$1 & s 0 ! electric caut]y4 ,nei!r ( ^! inv5tions _h a pr(\nd influ5ce2 b ea* 0 a new creation1 & ea* =m$ a useful & di/9ct addition to ! ,ma*9e4 ,b ano!r inv5tion 0 made 9 #ahdf1 t has _h great influ5ce4 ,?is 0 ! inv5tion ( gun-cotton1 made by ,s*onbe9 9 ,g]many by ! action ( nitric & sulphuric acids on cotton1 or "s o!r =m ( cellulose4 ,x 0 ! fir/ practical explosive t dep5d$ = its usefulness on ! decomposition ( a *emical comp\nd1 & n on ! combu/ion ( a me*anical mixture1 l gunp[d]4 ,! explosive p[] ( gun-cotton 0 decl>$ by ! *emi/ ,abel to be fifty times t ( an equal weight ( ! gunp[d] ( t day2 b ?is does n mean t x possess$ fifty times ! en]gy4 ,! action ( gun-cotton is v mu* m sudd5 ?an t ( gunp[d]2 & = t reason1 x ex]ts a mu* great] =ce = an in/ant1 & has mu* great] efficacy = su* purposes z break+ into /ructures1 bur/+ %ells1 etc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! v fact t its en]gy is develop$ ) su* sudd5ness1 causes its =ce to fall to z]o v soon1 & makes x useless = su* purposes z gunp[d] fulfils 9 fir+ projectiles f guns4 ,9 a gun1 especially 9 a long gun1 ! endeavor is made to keep d[n ! pressure ( ! gas & prolong its cont9uance2 s t ! projectile w receive a comp>atively g5tle b prolong$ pu%1 t w />t x gradually f its seat1 & w cont9ue to pu% x1 & !re=e to increase its velocity1 all ! way to ! muzzle4 ,gun-cotton does n belong 9 ! class ) ! typewrit] & ! telegraph1 t m]ely assi/ m5 to transact bus9ess3 gun-cotton transacts bus9ess on its own acc\nt4 ,gun-cotton belongs 9 ! class ) ! gun2 & its ma9 influ5ce has be5 to increase ! self-protectivity ( ! ,ma*9e4 ,x has done ?is ma9ly by increas+ ! p[] ( ! subm>9e torp$o aga9/ ! hulls ( w>%ips4 ,x may be object$ t bo? sides 9 a w> betwe5 civiliz$ nations w\ld use torp$oes1 t no p]sons except organizations controll$ by civiliz$ nations 7su* z ^? 9 w>%ips7 w\ld use torp$oes1 & t !re=e1 :atev] effect ! torp$o might h on ! ,ma*9e is neutraliz$ by ! fact t two civiliz$ bodies use x aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,true2 b ! fact t ! torp$o & ! gun-cotton 9 x require a high degree ( civilization 9 ! p :o use x1 gives civiliz$ p an imm$iate & trem5d\s advantage ov] unciviliz$ p2 & fur!rmore1 ! fact t ! torp$o & ! gun-cotton 9 x dep5d = _! ultimate effect n only on _! be+ us$1 b on ! degree ( k & skill ) :i* !y are us$1 gives an advantage to :i* e nation 9 any w> is will+ & able to utilize ! mo/ k & ex]t ! mo/ skill4 ,t is1 ! torp$o & ! gun-cotton 9 x comb9e to give ! advantage to ! nations possess+ ! highe/ degree ( civilization & willp[]4 ,!y enable ! ,ma*9e ( ! mo/ highly civiliz$ nation to protect itself if x w aga9/ ! ,ma*9es ( less highly civiliz$ nations4 ,9 ! ye> foll[+ ! inv5tion ( gun-cotton1 came ,sobr]o's inv5tion ( nitro-glyc]91 made by ! action ( nitric acid on glyc]9 7#ahdg74 ,! new explosive 0 m p[]ful ?an gun-cotton1 b mu* m dang]\s to h&le4 ,by reason ( its extreme s5sitiv5ess & ! consequ5t dang] ( h&l+ x1 ! use ( pure nitro-glyc]9 has nev] be5 great4 ,9 ! same ye>1 #ahdg1 ! "t-lock 0 inv5t$ by ,savage4 ,?is inv5tion 0 9 ! class ) ! gun & gun-cotton1 9 ! s5se t x enhanc$ ! self-protectiv5ess ( ! ,ma*9e4 ,x did n enhance its self-protectiv5ess aga9/ a few great1 op51 ext]nal foes1 h[ev]1 b aga9/ a myriad ( small1 secret1 int]nal foes4 ,! ,ma*9e is v exp5sive to ma9ta9 9 op]ation1 & s is e "o ( ! little me*anisms ( :i* x is compos$4 ,& ea* "o ( ^! little me*anisms1 ea* bank1 its bus9ess corporation1 ea* company1 ea* dep>tm5t /ore1 ea* little %op1 requires t its money be kept safe f ! burgl> & ! pilf]]4 ,inasmu* z ! "t-lock assi/s 9 do+ ?is1 ! "t-lock has be5 a valuable contribution to ! ,ma*9e1 & has ex]t$ a good influ5ce on hi/ory s9ce x 0 inv5t$4 ,9 ! same ye>1 #ahdg1 ,r4 ,m4 ,hoe inv5t$ 8 great pr9t+ press1 t c\ld make #bj1jjj impressions p] h\r4 ,z x 0 a long /ep =w>d 9 ! improvem5t ( pr9t+1 ?is inv5tion des]v$ ! applause :i* x receiv$2 & ! inv5tor des]v$ ! f9ancial rew>d :i* he receiv$4 ,9 #ahdh1 ,d5nison inv5t$ a ma*9e = mak+ mat*es4 ,?is 0 a mo/ useful contribution2 b "o is incl9$ to wond] :y tw5ty ye>s elaps$ betwe5 ! inv5tion ( mat*es & ! inv5tion ( a ma*9e = mak+ !m4 ,inv5t+ 0 n go+ ahead s fa/ !n z x is n[4 ,surely1 no su* int]val is all[$ to pass unutiliz$1 9 ! pres5t inv5t+ days4 ,9 #ahdi1 ! int]rupt$ ?read screw1 = use 9 clos+ ! bree*es ( guns 0 inv5t$4 ,_m m5 h claim$ ! honor ( ?is inv5tion4 ,reg>dless ( :o ! p>ticul> inv5tor 01 ! inv5tion itself mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( a v high ord]1 f ! /&po9ts ( orig9ality1 con/ructiv5ess & usefulness4 ,?\gh ! screw itself 0 a v old contrivance1 ! idea ( cutt+ a long slot l5g?wise1 s t ! screw c\ld be pu%$ =w>d quickly )\t ! sl[ process ( cont9u\sly turn+ x ar\nd1 yet s arrang$ t ! screw c\ld be turn$ :5 ne> ! end ( its travel1 & ! =ce-ga9+ p[] ( ! screw-?read ?us secur$1 seems to h be5 entirely new4 ,c]ta9ly ! idea 0 orig9al & brilliant & useful4 ,to develop ! idea into a concrete plan 0 n difficult1 & nei!r 0 x difficult to c>ry ! concrete plan into execution4 ,?is inv5tion falls into ! happy class ( :i* ! /e?oscope is typical1 9 :i* ! idea orig9ally conceiv$ 0 s p]fect1 t little else 0 ne$$4 ,! ma9 use ( ?is inv5tion has be5 t = :i* x 0 fir/ int5d$1 to close ! bree*es ( guns4 ,x is us$ 9 mo/ ( ! navies & armies4 ,its pr9cipal rival is ! fam\s slid+ bree*-block ( ,krupp4 ,9 #ahdi1 came an inv5tion 9 ! gun class1 ! magaz9e gun1 made by ,walt] ,hunt4 ,?is inv5tion also seems to fulfil all ! requirem5ts ( a real inv5tion1 9 orig9ality ( conception1 con/ructiv5ess ( developm5t & ultimate usefulness4 ,b 9 ?is case1 ! orig9al idea c h>dly be decl>$ z brilliant & spectacul> z t ( ! int]rupt$ ?read2 & c]ta9ly ! labor ( develop+ x 0 incomp>ably great]4 ,! au?or feels ! temptation ( decl>+ t ! m brilliant & valuable a conception is1 ! less w be ! difficulty ( develop+ x4 ,he refuses to decl>e x1 h[ev]1 realiz+ t x w\ld n be :olly true2 & yet he wi%es to po9t out t if a conception be :olly errone\s1 x _c be develop$ into any concrete plan :atev]2 & t _m ( ! mo/ brilliant conceptions1 su* z ! fi/-hamm]1 ! flute1 ! telescope1 ! telegraph & ! telephone 7 v easily develop$ into =ms suffici5tly concrete to make !m practically usable4 ,an idea itself is an extremely simple ?+1 ev5 if x be develop$ ultimately into a highly complex ma*9e4 ,! idea ( ! /eam eng9e1 = in/ance1 ! idea :i* ,h]o conceiv$ 01 ( itself1 extremely simple2 b see into :at complex =ms x has be5 develop$6 ,! orig9al idea ( ,h]o 0 easily develop$ into ,h]o's eng9e4 ,! improvem5ts t h be5 made ^u x h be5 ! developm5ts ( sep>ate ideas t 7 conceiv$ lat]4 ,n "o ( ^! ideas has be5 ne>ly s brilliant z ,h]o's1 & few ( !m h be5 s easily develop$4 ,9 #ahdi1 ,b\rdon inv5t$ ! /eam pressure gauge t /ill be>s 8 "n1 & made a contribution ( di/9ct & p]man5t value1 by :i* ability to keep track ( ! /eam pressure 9 boil]s 0 increas$1 & safety f explosion increas$ proportionately4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,sir ,david ,brew/] inv5t$ 8 l5ticul> /]eoscope4 ,9 ?is beautiful in/rum5t two sep>ate pictures ( ! same object are put on "o c>d1 "o picture %[+ ! object z x w\ld look to ! left eye f a giv5 di/ance1 & ! o!r picture %[+ ! object z x w\ld look to ! "r eye4 ,! two eyes ( an obs]v] look at ! two pictures ?r\gh ! two halves ( two convex l5ses1 t are s %ap$ t ! two pictures are se5 z "o picture1 b s sup]pos$ z to repres5t ! object 9 relief1 z ! actual object appe>s to ! two eyes4 ,l ! kaleidoscope1 ?is lat] product ( ,sir ,david ,brew/]'s brilliant imag9ation has _h little influ5ce ?us f>1 except possibly to lead ! way t[>d /]eo-photography & ! /]eopticon3 b x seems h>dly probable t an important field w n be f\nd "s day = an inv5tion s sugge/ive4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,hibb]t made an important improvem5t on ! knitt+ ma*9e1 & ,corliss inv5t$ 8 fam\s eng9e cut-(f1 :i* va/ly economiz$ fuel4 ,nei!r inv5tion 0 especially novel or brilliant1 b bo? 7 highly practical & useful contributions to ! improvem5t ( ! ,ma*9e4 ,9 ! same ye> also came ,worm's improvem5t on ! pr9t+ press1 t conc]n$ ! mak+ ( turtles :i* held type 9 a curv$ %ape1 s t !y c\ld be secur$ to ! cyl9d] ( ! press4 ,9 #ahej1 ,scott ,ar*] succe$$ 9 us+ collodion to fix silv] salts on ! surface ( glass plates 9 photography4 ,he _c be cr$it$ ) ! basic inv5tion1 because ! idea ( do+ ?is _h be5 sugge/$ long be=e4 ,! inv5tion made an important contribution to ! gr[+ art ( photography1 ma9ly by supply+ a /epp+ /one = fur!r advances4 ,9 ! same ye>1 an important improvem5t 0 made 9 wat*-mak+ by inv5t+ a wat*-mak+ ma*9e4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( ^? di/9ctly ,am]ican inv5tions1 by :i* ma*9e-"w replac$ h&-"w1 ) great increase 9 spe$ ( production & less5+ ( co/1 b )\t decrease 9 accuracy ( workman%ip4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is inv5tion has escap$ ! notice ( _m ( u1 = ! reason t x has spread s gradually1 & has be5 ( su* a "* z to fail to /rike ! imag9ation f its lack ( spectacul>ity4 ,b ! idea ( :at we n[ call quantity production has spread to all ! fields ( ! manufactur+ _w1 & is ! basis ( mu* ( ! enorm\s indu/rial progress ( ! la/ half c5tury4 ,x is r5d]$ possible ma9ly by mak+ ! ma*9]y automatic1 or ne>ly s4 ,)\t su* exagg]ation1 ,am]ica may ju/ly claim ! contribution ( automaticity to ! ,ma*9e ( ,civilization4 ,9 #ahea1 ,dr4 ,*>les ,g4 ,page produc$ ! fir/ electric locomotive4 ,l _m pione]s1 x did n a*ieve practical success itself1 b x suppli$ a /epp+ /one to fur!r progress4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,seym\r produc$ 8 self-rak]s = h>ve/]s1 & ,gorrie inv5t$ ! ice-mak+ ma*9e4 ,two m important inv5tions 7 ! oph?almoscope1 inv5t$ by ,helmholtz1 & ! ,ruhmkorff coil1 inv5t$ by ! man ^: "n /ill cl+s to x4 ,! oph?almoscope rem9ds "o ( ! /e?oscope2 s simple x is1 s p]fect & s useful4 ,x consi/s m]ely ( a small concave mirror ) a hole 9 x1 a lamp & a small convex l5s3 ! mirror be+ held s t "o eye ( a physician c look ?r\gh x1 & ! l5s be+ plac$ conv5i5tly by ! physician ne> ! eye ( a pati5t4 ,! mirror reflects light f ! lamp t[>ds ! pati5t's eye1 & ! convex l5s conc5trates !m on :atev] is to be exam9$--usually ! int]ior ( an eye4 ,?is in/rum5t belongs 9 ! small class ( inv5tions already spok5 (1 9 :i* ! orig9al conception 0 s p]fect1 t ! acts ( develop+ x into a concrete in/rum5t & !n produc+ ! in/rum5t 7 easily p]=m$4 ,! ,ruhmkorff coil is 9 ! same class2 = x consi/s m]ely ( two coils ( wire2 "o prim>y coil be+ ( co>se wire & connect$ ) a s\rce ( electric curr5t1 & ! o!r second>y coil ( f9e wire plac$ ar\nd ! coil ( co>se wire4 ,if ! curr5t 9 ! prim>y coil be made or brok5 or *ang$ 9 =ce or direction1 curr5ts are induc$ 9 ! second>y coil2 ! /r5g? ( ! two curr5ts v>y+ relatively accord+ to ! sizes & l5g?s ( ! wires 9 ! two coils4 ,?is inv5tion has an int]e/ ap>t f its usefulness1 9 ! fact t ,ruhmkorff inv5t$ x = purposes ( sci5tific /udy1 & t no utilization ( x = ev]yday life occurr$ until ne>ly half a c5tury lat]4 ,!n ,ruhmkorff coils 7 made into trans=m]s = use 9 /epp+ d[n ! small high voltage curr5ts ne$$ = transmitt+ electric curr5ts ov] long di/ances1 into ! l>g] b l[] voltage curr5ts ne$$ = actuat+ electric lights & motors4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 #aheb1 ,*ann+ & ,f>m] inv5t$ ! fire-al>m telegraph1 an important contribution to ! safety ( ! ,ma*9e1 ?\gh x did n come into g5]al use = sev]al ye>s4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,fox ,talbot made ano!r ( 8 epo*al contributions to photography1 by inv5t+ a process by :i* photographic half-tones c\ld be produc$4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 a process 0 inv5t$ = mak+ f wood a pulp t 0 v valuable z ! basis ( mak+ pap]1--& ,f>aday made ?ree important discov]ies4 ,^! 7 ! laws ( electro-magnetic induction1 ! relations ( ! dielectric to ! conduct+ bodies 9 electro-/atic induction1 & ! laws ( electrolysis4 ,^! discov]ies ( ,f>aday 7 all inv5tions1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w inv5tion is us$ 9 ?is book4 ,ea* "o 0 ! outcome ( a s]ies ( c>eful & ma!matically guid$ exp]im5ts1 & ! outgr[? ( an idea4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ,melhui% inv5t$ photographic roll films1 & ,h]man inv5t$ ! rock drill4 ,! latt] inv5tion has be5 ( ! utmo/ practical value 9 bla/+ op]ations ( all k9ds1 & mu/ be reg>d$ z a v di/9ct addition to ! ,ma*9e4 ,9 ! same ye>1 appe>$ ! ,smi? ,wesson revolv]2 n a great inv5tion1 b an improvem5t 9 _m ways ov] ,colt's2 ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,wilson br\ght out 8 f\r-motion fe$ = sew+-ma*9es1 & ,r4 ,a4 ,tilghman inv5t$ 8 process = decompos+ fats by hot /eam4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> 7#ahee71 ,lund/rom made ! highly important inv5tion ( safety mat*es4 ,:5 "o reflects 7z e "o mu/ at times7 h[ great & absolutely irretrievable are ! losses caus$ by fire ea* ye>1 h[ ! am\nt ( possible de/ruction gr[s ea* ye> exactly z fa/ z ! ,ma*9e gr[s1 & realizes h[ l>ge a fire _m a small mat* has caus$1 he feels incl9$ to give a m5tal salute to ,mr4 ,lund/rom ( ,sw$54 ,9 ! same ye>1 iron-clad float+ batt]ies 7 us$ 9 ! ,crimean ,w>4 ,?is 0 n ! fir/ "t t iron-clad vessels _h be5 employ$1 = vessels protect$ on ! sides ) %eets ( iron & copp] _h be5 us$ by ! ,coreans 9 _! victori\s w> aga9/ ! ,japanese ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e2 b x 0 ! fir/ "t t su* vessels _h appe>$ 9 ,europe4 ,coca9e 0 inv5t$ ! same ye>1 & "o ( ! mo/ valuable an/hetics yet kn[n 0 !n produc$4 ,b ! mo/ valuable contribution to ! ,ma*9e 9 #ahee 0 ,h5ry ,bessem]'s epo*al inv5tion ( mak+ /eel by bl[+ air ?r\gh molt5 ca/ iron1 until en\gh ( ! c>bon _h be5 burnt (f to leave a /eel ( :atev] quality 0 desir$4 ,?is inv5tion r$uc$ ! co/ ( mak+ /eel1 & ! "t requir$1 9 s great a degree z to place ! manufacture ( /eel on a basis entirely new1 & to ext5d its field ( employm5t greatly4 ,&1 z ) _m previ\s great inv5tions1 ?is "o pav$ ! way = /ill o!r inv5tions1 by indicat+ ! possibility ( /ill wid] fields4 ,! ,bessem] process is n 9 ! class ) ! typewrit] or ! telegraph1 b 9 ! class ) ! gun2 = x does ?+s itself4 ,x w\ld be difficult to specify any inv5tion 7except "o produc$ at a mu* e>li] "t7 t has _h m influ5ce1 & m good influ5ce1 on hi/ory ?an ,bessem]'s4 ,no "o c look out ( 8 w9d[ 9 any t[n or city1 )\t see+ "s ( ! innum]able products ( ,bessem]'s idea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our record has n[ br\ght u to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! conditions ( liv+ 9 #ahej 7 greatly diff]5t f ^? ( #ahjj4 ,9 fifty ye>s1 ! physical conditions ( liv+ & ( c>ry+ on bus9ess ( all k9ds1 _h improv$ m ?an 9 ! c5tury betwe5 #agjj & #ahjj1 m ?an 9 ! two c5turies prec$+ #agjj1 & m ?an 9 ! t5 c5turies f #ejj & #aejj4 ,rapid transportation ov] ! l& 9 railroad tra9s = bo? pass5g]s & freight _h l>gely replac$ ! sl[ transportation me?ods ( #ahjj2 &1 9 an almo/ equal degree1 /eam transportation at sea _h replac$ transportation by sails4 ,! pr9t+ press _h be5 develop$ f a crude & sl[ contrivance1 work$ by a h&1 to a magnific5t me*anism work$ by /eam3 ! electric batt]y _h be5 improv$ into an appliance ( ! utmo/ reliability & usefulness2 telegraph l9es /ret*$ ov] ! cont95ts1 & messages 7 s5t surely & in/antane\sly ov] hundr$s ( miles ( l&2 & ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry _h aris5 f ! a%es ( al*emy4 ,z a result ( ?is1 ! sci5ce ( photography _h be5 born1 & _h already begun its "w1 s v>i$ & s useful4 ,physics _h gr[n s surely & s greatly1 t x _h be5 divid$ into ! sep>ate b alli$ sci5ces ( heat1 light & electricity--includ+ magnetism3 ! sci5ce ( eng9e]+ _h exp&$ s widely1 t x also _h be5 divid$ into o!r sci5ces--civil eng9e]+1 me*anical eng9e]+1 hydraulic eng9e]+ & electrical eng9e]+3 ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e1 because ( ! advances 9 *emi/ry & physics1 _h advanc$ at an equal rate3 ! gun _h be5 s greatly improv$1 & gunp[d] also1 t su* a degree ( precision & range _h be5 atta9$ z to make ! gun ( #ahjj seem crude inde$2 & ! improvem5t _h be5 inevitably caus$ by ! great] k plac$ at ! disposal ( ordnance (fic]s1 by ! advances 9 *emi/ry1 heat1 light1 electricity1 magnetism & ! v>i\s eng9e]+ arts4 ,! introduction ( illum9at+ gas1 ! improvem5ts 9 =g+1 ca/+ & turn+ metals1 _h made possible ! build+ ( edifices1 & ! fabrication ( bett] & *eap] ut5sils ( e k9d3 improvem5ts 9 ! means & me?ods ( sp9n+1 knitt+ & weav+ _h bett]$ ! mat]ials t p wore ^u _! p]sons3 improvem5ts 9 rubb] manufacture _h made possible ! use ( wat]pro( g>m5ts2 crops c\ld be ga!r$ m quickly & surely3 safety f fire _h be5 increas$3 me?ods ( heat+ h\ses _h be5 va/ly improv$3 & ! discov]y ( an/hetics _h reliev$ civiliz$ man 9 great degree f 8 mo/ di/ress+ s+le enemy4 ,z a result1 ! p ( e civiliz$ c\ntry liv$ "u conditions ( com=t f> great] ?an _h ev] be5 kn[n be=e 9 simil> climates4 ,! facts & conditions detail$ above relate almo/ :olly to ! mat]ial conditions ( liv+1 & %[ t1 = mo/ p1 !y _h be5 enorm\sly improv$3 ?\gh x is notewor?y t = ! v poor1 !y _h n improv$ 9 _m cases1 & _h be5 alt]$ = ! worse 9 o!r cases4 ,! unfavorable *anges 7 ma9ly ^? produc$ by factory life :i* 9 #ahej mu/ h be5 worse ?an c\ntry life = ! same class ( p4 ,^! cases 7 s greatly 9 ! m9ority1 h[ev]1 z n to affect ! ma9 proposition t ! advance 9 civilization f #ahjj to #ahej1 caus$ by new inv5tions1 _h improv$ ! mat]ial conditions ( liv+ = ! great majority ( ! p affect$ by !m4 ,t x 0 desirable t ^! conditions %\ld be improv$1 "s p may be dispos$ to d5y2 po9t+ out t ! improvem5t t5d$ to develop luxury1 ?\ curs$ ( ,heav5's decree4 ,"o ( ! effects ( increas+ mat]ial prosp]ity is und\bt$ly a t5d5cy t[>d luxury4 ,b ! numb] ( p ?us affect$ 0 s v small 9 ! p]iod f #ahjj to #ahej1 & ! degree ( luxury atta9$ !n 0 s slight1 t ?is "q ne$ h>dly be discuss$1 at ?is po9t4 ,b ! m5tal condition ( ! p _h *ang$ z greatly z ! physical conditions ( _! environm5t4 ,! imm$iate cause ( ?is *ange 01 ( c\rse1 ! pr9t+ press1 :i* dissem9at$ ! ?\ghts ( ?9k+ m5 broadca/1 & told ( ev5ts t 7 occurr+ n only 9 places ne>1 b also 9 places di/ant4 ,?is gave an enorm\s /imulation to ! m9ds ( ! p by excit+ _! int]e/3 & x also gave to _! m9ds bo? food = ?\ght & almo/ unlimit$ opportunity = ex]cise4 ,be=e ?is p]iod1 only a small "p ( ! population _h a wide range ( k1 or a l>ge numb] ( subjects to ?9k ab\t4 ,_! lives 7 exce$+ly monoton\s1 & w\ld h be5 exce$+ly dull1 _h x n be5 = ! cont9u\s necessity ( combat+ ! inconv5i5ces ( e-day life by cont9ual toil ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,!re 7 v few subjects ( conv]sation4 ,b ! pr9t+-press told ! p ( o!r ?+s besides ! ev5ts t 7 tak+ place2 x told !m also ( new discov]ies & inv5tions t 7 be+ made1 & ( ! effects !y w\ld produce4 ,! news ( a great discov]y or inv5tion mu/ h creat$ m excitem5t 9 #ahca :5 ! discov]y ( *lor(orm 0 ann\nc$1 ?an almo/ any discov]y w\ld n[1 because we are s accu/om$ to new discov]ies z almo/ to be sat$4 ,we "k :at excitem5t ! fir/ successful railway trips creat$4 ,! com+ ( ^! new discov]ies & inv5tions gave m5tal ex]cise 9 f\r ways3--fir/ by /imulat+ ! imag9ation ) a picture x _h nev] se5 be=e1 & ^: possibilities rea*$ no "o c\ld guess h[ f>2 second by /imulat+ ! logical p[]s to reason out & und]/& ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ea* discov]y or inv5tion2 ?ird by /imulat+ ! memory to engrave ^u its tablets c]ta9 new & important facts2 & f\r?1 by /imulat+ ! inv5tive faculties1 to c>ry inv5tions fur!r4 ,?us1 ! influ5ce ( new inv5tions 0 to *ange a man's environm5t1 bo? physical & m5tal4 ,n[ e man is said to be ! product ( 8 environm5t & 8 h]$ity2 s t ! influ5ce ( ^! new inv5tions 0 to *ange m5 to a degree proportional to ! degree by :i* !y *ang$ _! environm5t4 ,?is does n mean t inv5tions h *ang$ man biologically1 or ev5 *ang$ him s mu* t he w act v diff]5tly f a savage1 "u abnormal conditions4 ,x does mean1 h[ev]1 t !y h caus$ m5 s to adapt !mselves to ! new environm5t :i* inv5tions h creat$1 t1 :ile 9 t environm5t1 !y w = all practical purposes1 be v diff]5t f savages4 ,x means t "u ne>ly all ! conditions ( liv+1 a g5tleman 9 civiliz$ society w be a g5tleman--c\rte\s1 ref9$1 law-abid+ & moral4 ,x does n mean t he w be p]fect1 b t he w be v mu* m c\rte\s1 ref9$1 law-abid+ & moral ?an a savage2 & x means1 9 consequ5ce t ! society ( civiliz$ p 9 g5]al w possess ^! *>act]i/ics mu* m ?an any society ( savages does4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 h ^! inv5tions *ang$ ! environm5t ( civiliz$ man1 !y h *ang$ 8 h]$ity also2 because !y _h previ\sly *ang$ ! environm5t ( 8 p>5ts1 gr&p>5ts & o!r ance/ors4 ,! graduate ( ,ox=d ( #ahej1 ! son ( an ,ox=d graduate :o 0 also ! son ( an ,ox=d graduate1 ?\gh he 0 biologically ! same z 8 b>b>ian ance/ors ( t5 ?\s& ye>s be=e1 0 nev]!less a mu* m ref9$1 intellig5t & c\rte\s g5tleman4 ,"u c]ta9 abnormal conditions1 su* z int5se ?ir/1 hung]1 jeal\sy1 passion or unlook$-= temptation he might act z badly z a savage3--9 fact su* m5 sometimes d4 ,b nev]!less1 ! fact t 9 #ii ( ! conditions "u :i* he lives he acts z a g5tleman & n z a savage makes him #ii a g5tleman1 & only #a a savage1 dur+ 8 mortal life4 ,?us inv5tions1 :ile orig9at+ 7or seem+ to orig9ate7 9 ! m9ds ( m51 *ange ! environm5t ( m51 & ?is *anges ! m54 ,( ! two *anges1 x w\ld be easy to say t ! *ange made 9 ! m5 is ! m important2 b w\ld x be tru?ful to say s8 ,we h already not$ ! curi\s fact t inv5tions h ! faculty ( self-improvem5t to a degree f> great] ?an m5 h x2 = ! reason t ea* new man mu/ beg9 :]e 8 la/ ance/or began1 :]eas ea* new inv5tion beg9s :]e 8 la/ ance/or f9i%$4 ,?is sugge/s t ! *anges produc$ 9 environm5t are m pr(\nd ?an ! *anges produc$ 9 m52 t 9 fact ! *anges 9 environm5t are v pr(\nd1 & ! *anges 9 m5 q sup]ficial4 ,t ?is is really ! case is indicat$ by ! v long "t ne$$ to build up ! environm5ts ( civilization1 & ! v %ort "t ne$$ = m5 to adapt !mselves to ^? environm5ts1 or to any *ang$ conditions4 ,! fact has (t5 be5 not$ 7sometimes ) *agr97 t highly ref9$ g5tlem5 adapt !mselves ) extreme facility to ! (t5 primitive environm5ts ( hunt+ or campaign+1 & hi/ory %[s 9 _m in/ances h[ quickly b>b>ians h adapt$ !mselves to civilization4 ,?is leads u to suspect t ! ,ma*9e :i* inv5tions h built up may n be ( s mu* p]man5ce z we are prone to ?9k1 & makes u realize t x is n a natural production b "o :olly artificial4 ,n[ no?+ t is :olly artificial c reasonably be expect$ to be p]man5t1 unless adequate & timely measures are tak5 to insure x4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,inv5tion ,,& ,,gr[? ,,( ,,lib]al ,,gov]nm5t1 ,,am]ican ,,civil ,,w> ,:ile ! p]iod f #ahjj to #ahej 0 alive ) inv5tions ( _m sorts1 x 0 alive also ) ! economic *anges :i* ! inv5tions caus$ & ) political *anges also4 ,x 0 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica t ! greate/ *anges ( all k9ds came4 ,?is 0 to be expect$ f ! fact t be=e #ahjj ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 consid]ably beh9d ! c\ntries ( ,europe f :i* _! own civilization _h be5 d]iv$2 :]eas 9 #ahej1 !y _h be5 able to get abrea/ ( !m1 by reason ( ! quickness ( transportation & communication t ocean /eam]s gave1 & ! en]gy & ent]prise ( ! new ,am]ican nation4 ,dur+ ! p]iod f #ahjj till #ahej1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w5t ?r\gh ?ree successful w>s2 "o ) ,great ,brita91 "o ) ,algi]s & "o ) ,mexico4 ,!y exp&$ also ov] a consid]ably great] t]ritory1 acquir$ a mu* great] population1 add$ new /ates1 & %[$ su* aptitude 9 sci5tific discov]y & inv5tion z to a*ieve a place 9 ! fir/ rank ( nations 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates may be *>act]iz$ z a great inv5tion1 9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w :i* is us$ 9 ?is book2 & until #ahej1 x _h work$ ) a success t surpris$ _m ( ! /atesm5 & s*ol>s ( ,europe4 ,! problems plac$ be=e ! nation _h be5 _m1 v>i\s & difficult2 b all _h be5 solv$ ) a suffici5t degree ( success = practical purposes2 & ! result+ situations _h1 on ! :ole1 be5 met ) c\rage1 en]gy & intellig5ce4 ,! ,monroe ,doctr9e _h be5 treat$ ) respect1 if n ) entire acquiesc5ce2 ! conduct ( ! ,navy 9 ! ,w> ( #ahab _h demon/rat$ to ,europe ! fight+ ability ( our p2 our sci5tific m51 su* z ,frankl9 & ,h5ry1 rank$ z high z any :o _h ev] liv$ 9 any c\ntry2 c]ta9 ( our /atesm5 su* z ,frankl91 held equal rank ) /atesm5 any:]e2 & ! inv5tion & fir/ use ( ! electric telegraph _h put ,am]ica ahead ( e o!r c\ntry 9 inv5tions ( a basic k9d4 ,:5 we realize ! rapid gr[? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! half c5tury #ahjj-ahej1 & realize also t x 0 a gr[? almo/ ab initio1 & note t ! eng9e]+ mat]ials ( all k9ds & all ! k ( sci5ce 9 ! c\ntry _h come f ,europe1 we mu/ admit t x is to ! influ5ce ( inv5tion1 m ?an to any o!r "o ?+1 t we owe ! rapid progress ( our c\ntry4 ,z is ! case ) individuals1 nations are prone to extol _! own successes1 & to take ! entire cr$it = !m4 ,am]icans are apt to ?ank !mselves only = _! amaz+ progress2 b1 9 fairness1 !y %\ld admit t )\t ! inv5tions made 9 ,europe & by ,europeans1 !y w\ld h _h no means = ev5 />t+4 ,! fir/ locomotive us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 br\ght f ,engl&4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 ! w>s ) ,france 7 "u full headway 9 #ahjj1 & h] /atesm5 knew t %e 0 fac$ ) a dang] s great t only ! mo/ /r5u\s ex]tions1 & ! utmo/ naval & milit>y skill c\ld ov]come x4 ,?is dang] 0 n ov]come till ! ,battle ( ,wat]loo 9 #ahae4 ,!reaft]1 ! progress ( ! nation 0 fairly quiet & assur$1 ! ma9 difficulties c5t]+ 9 ! deplorable condition ( ! work+ classes1 s]i\s di/urbances 9 ,irel& & ! mut9y 9 ,india4 ,9 few matt]s has ! influ5ce ( inv5tion be5 great] ?an 9 ! relations betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,india4 ,9 #aefd a company call$ ! ,m]*ant ,adv5tur]s _h be5 =m$ = compet+ ) ! m]*ants ( ,spa91 ,v5ice1 ,holl& & o!r c\ntries4 ,a company com+ into exi/5ce %ortly aft]w>d 0 ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 =m$ = trad+ ) ,india1 ,p]sia1 ,arabia & ! isl&s 9 ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,! company 0 *>t]$ by ! ,cr[n & _h a monopoly ( a c]ta9 t]ritory4 ,! object 0 t ! company %\ld n only make money = itself1 b promote ! welf>e ( ,great ,brita9 & h] subjects1 by tak+ out manufactur$ goods1 & br++ back raw mat]ials & co94 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 naval w>s took place ) ,holl&1 & 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ) ,france2 bo? orig9at+ 9 comm]cial & colonial rivalry--especially 9 reg>d to ,india4 ,bo? w>s 7 won by ,great ,brita94 ,! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w> 9 p>ticul> end$ to ! advantage ( ,great ,brita91 z reg>ds ,india2 = ,france 0 left ) only a few trad+ /ations4 ,by #aggc1 ! ,ea/ ,india ,company 0 9 virtual control ( ,india2 b 9 #aghd ,william ,pitt secur$ political control ( x by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,napoleon realiz$ ! importance ( ,india & s5t an army !re to recov] control1 b )\t success4 ,! ,crimean ,w> t began 9 #ahec betwe5 ,russia & ,turkey 0 jo9$ by ,great ,brita9 9 #ahed because %e fe>$ t ,russia w\ld flank ! ,briti% r\te to ,india ?r\gh ! project$ ,suez ,canal4 ,?is w> end$ to ! advantage ( ,great ,brita91 & ! dang] to ,india 0 remov$4 ,n[ ! :ole area ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& is only ab\t #aba1jjj squ>e miles1 :ile t ( ,india is ab\t #a1hjc1jjj1 ne>ly fifte5 times z great4 ,! population ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 #aiag 0 ab\t #de1cgj1jjj1 :ile t ( ,india 0 ab\t #cae1aef1jjj1 or ne>ly sev5 times z great4 ,yet ,great ,brita9 has secur$ ! complete ma/]y ( ,india6 ,h[ has %e be5 able to d x8 ,! easie/ answ] w\ld be t ! ,briti% are a sup]ior p4 ,ev5 if !y are1 su* an answ] w\ld expla9 no?+1 unless ! means be indicat$ by :i* ! sup]iority 0 made effective 9 conqu]+ ,india4 ,! sup]iority evid5tly did n consi/ 9 c\rage or physical /r5g?1 :i* 7 obvi\s factors 9 a*iev+ ! victories 9 ! field t 7 necess>y1 = ^? qualities 7 %[n equally by ! ,indians4 ,b if we %\ld answ] t ! ,briti% succe$$ = ! reason t !y c\ld br+ to be> sup]ior weapons1 equipm5ts1 means ( transportation1 means ( communication1 me?ods ( organization & me?ods ( op]ation1 we evid5tly w\ld expla9 :at happ5$ adequately & conv9c+ly4 ,n[ all ^! facilities ! ,briti% _h available2 !y _h be5 inv5t$ & 7 ready4 ,"o ( ! important influ5ces ( inv5tion on hi/ory !re=e1 has be5 to give ,great ,brita9 control ( ,india4 ,9 ,france1 ! *anges 9 economic & political conditions rival$ ! *anges t "o sees take place 9 ,sir ,david ,brew/]'s kaleidoscope4 ,9 #ahjj ,napoleon _h be5 ,fir/ ,consul1 9 #ahjd emp]or1 9 #ahad an emp]or & !n an exile1 9 #ahae an emp]or & !n an exile4 ,france 0 a k+dom f !n until #ahdh1 & !n a republic till #aheb1 :5 %e aga9 became an empire1 "u ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,! virtual an>*y foll[+ ! ,revolution _h be5 cru%$ out & replac$ ) ord]2 & ! m5ace to republican in/itutions _h be5 remov$ by ! g5ius ( ,napoleon ,i1 :o !n e/abli%$ an autocracy ( a k9d t1 ?\gh arbitr>y1 0 s wise & broad-view$ z to be b5efic5t on ! :ole4 ,! result ( all 0 t 9 #ahej1 ,france 0 9 a condition ( civilization & prosp]ity t 0 amaz+ to "o :o rememb]$ ! conditions ( #ahjj4 ,:5 we analyze ! causes ( ! evolution ( ord] & prosp]ity out ( ! conditions ( #agic1 & ! lat] conditions ( #ahjj1 we c h>dly fail to realize ! greate/ s+le cause 0 ! same cause z t ( ,napoleon's victories4 ,x 0 ! m9d t conceiv$ & develop$ & br\ght =?2 ! m9d t inv5t$ s amaz+ly4 ,t _m o!r causes may be nam$ ne$ h>dly be po9t$ out4 ,9 ! complex affairs ( human life1 e result is ! resultant ( _m causes2 b 9 mo/ ( ^? affairs1 mo/ ( ^? causes are always pres5t2 s t we h to f9d an unusual cause to expla9 an unusual condition or ev5t4 ,x w\ld be easy to say t ! cause ( ,france's return to a condition ( law & ord] 0 t ! condition ( an>*y 0 abnormal2 & t ,france simply return$ to h] normal /ate1 z a wave does aft] x has ris5 above or fall5 bel[ ! level ( ! sea4 ,b w\ld ?is be true8 ,is ! condition ( an>*y m abnormal ?an ! condition ( law & ord]8 ,:i* 0 ! condition ( primitive man8 ,:i* is an artificial product ( man's inv5tion8 ,is x n logical to conclude f ! record ( inv5tion's influ5ce t x 0 man's inv5tions t br\ght into exi/5ce ! artificial condition ( law & ord] :i* exi/$ 9 ,france prior to #agic1 & t x 0 also man's inv5tions t re/or$ x aft]w>d8 ,?ree ideas 7 conceiv$ 9 ,france & develop$ into ! ,revolution3 ^! ideas 7 ! pr9ciples ( equality1 ( ! sov]eignty ( ! p & ( nationality4 ,aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ,napoleon1 ! ,congress ( ,vi5na met to readju/ ! affairs ( ,europe4 ,! ,congress seems to h conceiv$ ! idea ( prev5t+ ! c>ry+ out ( ^? pr9ciples z _! fir/ />t+ po9t1 & to h develop$ t idea ) fix$ det]m9ation4 ,! ,commission]s endeavor$ to re/ore ev]y?+ to its condition be=e ! ,revolution1 & to discr$it ! pr9ciples conceiv$ & develop$ 9 ,france4 ,!y succe$$ 9 accompli%+ _! int5t1 s f> z remak+ political b\nd>ies1 etc41 0 conc]n$2 b !y did n succe$ 9 discr$it+ ! pr9ciples4 ,a great picture _h be5 made 9 ! m9ds ( m51 & ! ,commission]s c\ld n wipe x out4 ,z a result1 ?ree revolutions took place 9 #ahbj1 #ahcj & #ahdh1 ( :i* ! second 0 m important ?an ! fir/1 & ! ?ird 0 m important ?an ! second4 ,%ortly aft] ! fall ( ,napoleon1 ! ,cz> ,alex&]1 ) ! emp]or ( ,au/ria & ! k+ ( ,prussia1 inv5t$ ! ,holy ,alliance4 ,x 0 9 pret5se an alliance to advance ! cause ( religion1 & to r$uce to practice 9 political affairs ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/2 b x 0 9 int5tion a league aga9/ ! spread ( ! ideas embodi$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,! ,league 0 n successful 9 ! end1 = ! picture ( lib]ty made 9 ! m9ds ( m5 0 too brilliant & too deeply pr9t$ to be wip$ out4 ,"o ( ! results ( ! ,holy ,alliance 0 ! inv5tion by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ! ,monroe ,doctr9e :i* 0 made to prev5t t int]v5tion 9 affairs on ! ,am]ican cont95t :i* ! proce$+s ( ! ,alliance =e%ad[$4 ,italy 0 v h>%ly treat$ by ! ,congress ( ,vi5na1 two ( h] l>ge/ prov9ces 9 ! nor? be+ giv5 to ,au/ria1 :o =?) proce$$ !n to try to control ! entire p59sula4 ,9 #ahbj1 a revolution broke out 9 ,italy1 b x 0 soon suppress$4 ,ano!r broke out 9 #ahcj1 simultane\s ) t 9 ,france2 & ?is 0 also suppress$4 ,! ?ird1 9 #ahdh1 met a simil> fate4 ,b ! revolutions 9 ,france 7 successful2 ! "o ( #ahdh result+ 9 ! =mation ( a republic4 ,at ! same "t1 a sympa!tic revolution 9 ,g]many 0 9 a measure successful also4 ,9 ,g]many1 ! =mation ( ! ,g]man ,conf$]ation 9 #ahae by ! ,congress ( ,vi5na 0 ! =mation ( a k9d ( political body t has nev] la/$ long2 = no political body has ev] la/$ long1 except an actual & def9ite nation4 ,! v>i\s compon5ts ( ! ,g]man ,conf$]ation 7 too loosely b\nd toge!r4 ,?is inv5tion1 l o!rs ( me*anical ma*9es1 0 n a practical inv5tion because ! ma*9e inv5t$ 0 too easily ?r[n out ( adju/m5t4 ,! ,cu/oms ,union 0 inv5t$ 9 #ahbh to supply ! necess>y elem5t ( coh]5cy4 ,x 0 h>dly adequate = its task1 at ! "t2 b x made ! p ?9k ( national union2 an idea t 0 f9ally develop$ 9 #ahga4 ,9 ,russia1 consid]able progress 0 made f #ahjj to #ahej1 ?\gh n s mu* z 9 ! c\ntries f>!r we/4 ,an adequate reason w\ld seem to be t !re 7 too few m9ds1 9 proportion to ! entire population1 t 7 able to conceive & develop ! ideas t are ne$$ to make progress4 ,dur+ ?is half-c5tury1 :ile ! names ( _m m5 /& out z hav+ done con/ructive "w 9 inv5tion & discov]y1 & :ile _m great /atesm5 exi/$1 ! names ( ?ree /atesm5 /& out m brightly ?an ! re/3 ,pitt1 ,talleyr& & ,mett]ni*4 ,ea* _h ! m9d to conceive1 develop & produce2 & ea* did conceive1 develop & produce4 ,( ! ?ree1 ,william ,pitt 01 accord+ to almo/ any accept$ /&>d by f> ! greate/1 & ,talleyr& 0 second4 ,)\t ! =ce & guidance ( su* a m9d z ,pitt possess$ & utiliz$1 x is h>d to e/imate :at w\ld h be5 ! rle ( ,engl& 9 ! ,napoleonic w>s1 & :at w\ld h be5 h] fate4 ,9 ! actual c\rse ( ev5ts1 x 0 ,engl& t ann\nc$ ! mate 9 f\r moves to ,napoleon at ,trafalg>1 & t f9ally *eckmat$ him at ,wat]loo4 ,true1 ,pitt di$ long be=e ,wat]loo2 b ! policy :i* he conceiv$ & develop$ 0 ! policy :i* 0 foll[$2 & ! influ5ce ( 8 m9d liv$ 9 almo/ unabat$ /r5g? aft] 8 poor1 frail body _h ceas$ to live4 ,talleyr& seems to h be5 :at ,i h ask$ p]mission to call an opportuni/ic inv5tor2 quick to conceive1 develop & produce plans = meet+ difficult situations z !y arose1 b )\t any ultimate objective1 or any moral or o!r pr9ciples ( any k9d4 ,mett]ni*1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh lack+ ! brilliancy ( ,talleyr&1 ex]t$ 8 tal5ts devot$ly to ! int]e/s ( 8 c\ntry1 z he saw !m4 ,b he fail$ to realize h[ deep ! ideas ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution _h be5 engrav$ 9 ! m9ds ( m51 & f9ally saw ! ,ma*9e ( ! ,au/rian ,gov]nm5t almo/ de/roy$ 9 #ahdh4 ,he himself 0 =c$ to flee2 & ! ,emp]or 0 =c$ to abdicate 9 favor ( 8 nephew1 :o grant$ ! p a ,con/itution1 9 ord] to save ! ,ma*9e4 ,9 ,prussia1 affairs w5t almo/ z f> z 9 ,au/ria1 ?\gh n ne>ly s f> z 9 ,france4 ,! ,ma*9e 9 ,prussia 0 sav$ by ! promise ( ! grant+ ( a con/itution4 ,! ma9 ultimate political result ( ! agitations ( all k9ds dur+ ! half c5tury #ahjj to #ahej1 0 ! grant+ to great] numb]s ( p ( a "p 9 direct+ ! affairs ( ,/ate4 ,9 ,france1 ! :ole ,ma*9e ( ,civilization _h be5 m5ac$ ) de/ruction 9 ! ye>s j previ\s to #ahjj2 b de/ruction _h n result$1 & actual improvem5t _h be5 begun by #ahjj1 ?\gh 9 an exp]im5tal & t5tative way4 ,dur+ ! fifty ye>s n[ "u consid]ation1 ! idea conceiv$ & develop$ 9 ,france spread to all o!r civiliz$ c\ntries2 & 9 all ^? c\ntries x ex]cis$ its b5ignant influ5ce1 especially 9 ! new nation across ! ,atlantic1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,reciprocally1 ! news ( ! =mation ( t republic1 & ! adoption ( its ,con/itution 9 #aghg1 _h ex]cis$ consid]able influ5ce 9 giv+ support to ! idea ( ! p ( ,france1 al?\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica 0 v f> away inde$1 & h] exp]im5t 9 gov]nm5t 0 z yet untri$4 ,!n1 z ! ye>s w5t by1 betwe5 #ahjj & #ahej1 & z ! ,am]ican exp]im5t became increas+ly successful1 & z ! ocean /eam%ips br\ght prompt & adequate in=mation ab\t all ( its developm5ts1 ! ,am]ican idea jo9$ ) ! ,fr5* idea1 to advance ! cause ( gov]nm5t by ! p4 ,x may be po9t$ out "h t ! discov]ies 9 ! physical sci5ces & ! utilization ( ^? discov]ies 9 ! inv5tion ( mat]ial in/rum5ts & me*anisms 7 m fruitful 9 creations ( a p]man5t & def9ite "* ?an 7 ! a*ievem5ts ( /atesm51 g5]als1 admirals & opportuni/ic inv5tors 9 g5]al4 ,! same rem>k is true ( discov]ies & inv5tions 9 sy/ems ( gov]nm5t1 e?ics & religion4 ,^! also h develop$ monum5ts ( extraord9>y p]man5cy2 witness1 = in/ance1 ! inv5tions ( ! k+dom1 ( democracy & ( ! ,buddhi/1 ,%9to1 ,taoi/1 ,jewi%1 ,*ri/ian & ,mohamm$an religions4 ,! di/9ctive feature 9 secur+ p]man5cy seems to h be5 ! int5t to secure x4 ,! sudd5 conception1 developm5t & production ( a campaign1 political maneuvre or bus9ess ent]prise1 seems to h produc$ a creature t 0 m]ely a tempor>y exp$i5t1 adapt$ only to meet em]g5cies t !mselves 7 tempor>y4 ,?is does n mean t ! influ5ce ( ^! tempor>y exp$i5ts has n sometimes be5 great3 x does n mean1 = in/ance1 t ! influ5ce ( ! victory at ,salamis 0 n great4 ,x does n mean to d5y ! pla9 fact t x has be5 ! succession ( ! results ( tempor>y exp$i5ts t has br\ght affairs to ! condition 9 :i* !y are today4 ,x does mean1 h[ev]1 t ! actual pieces ( ! exi/+ ,ma*9e ( ,civilization are ! p]man5t inv5tions :i* h be5 made2 :ile ! opportuni/ic inv5tions h 9 "s cases prev5t$1 & 9 o!r cases h fur!r$1 ! mak+ ( ^? inv5tions1 & ! incorporation ( !m 9 ! ,ma*9e4 ,! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 = in/ance1 produc$ an actual "p ( ! ,ma*9e2 :ile ! successful w>s wag$ by civiliz$ nations ) ! gun aga9/ savages1 b>b>ians & peoples ( a l[] ord] ( civilization1 made possible ! fur!r developm5t ( pr9t+1 & its cont9ual use 9 upbuild+ ! ,ma*9e4 ,! use ( ! opportuni/ic inv5tions seems to h be5 9 assi/+ ! inv5tors ( p]man5t creations & 9 direct+ ! ef=ts ( ! op]ators ( ! ,ma*9e4 ,an analogue c be f\nd 9 ! case ( ! inv5tion1 developm5t & op]ation ( ! small] ma*9es ( e-day life3 ! inv5tor ( ea* ma*9e m]ely inv5ts t ma*9e2 :5 he has done ?is 8 "w is virtually f9i%$4 ,:5 8 ma*9e is put to "w 7say1 an electric railroad7 ! op]ators c>ry on ! v>i\s r\t9e tasks2 j z ! presid5t ( a bank op]ates 8 bank1 or ! presid5t ( a nation adm9i/]s ! affairs ( ! nation4 ,b !re arise occasions :5 some?+ goes wrong1 :5 some?+ besides supply+ coal & oil & electricity is necess>y = ! successful runn+ ( ! railroad1 :5 some?+ m ?an r\t9e adm9i/ration is requir$ ( ! presid5t ( ! bank1 or ! presid5t ( ! nation4 ,!n ! +5i\s & bright me*anic or electrician inv5ts a practical s*eme = circumv5t+ ! difficulty ) ! railroad2 or ,napoleon inv5ts a campaign to save ! ,fr5* ,republic4 ,9 #ahee ,taup5ot made ! important inv5tion ( dry-plate photography1 by :i* dry plates c be prep>$ & kept ready = use :5 ne$$1 & ,mi*aux inv5t$ ! bicycle4 ,bo? ( ^! 7 fairly important contributions ( a practical k9d2 s 0 ,woodruff's inv5tion ( ! sleep+-c>1 & s 0 ,p]k9s's discov]y ( anil9e dyes1 bo? ( :i* came 9 #ahef4 ,none ( ^! 0 a brilliant inv5tion1 ?\gh ea* 0 a useful "o4 ,b !y 7 imm$iately foll[$ by "o ( a high ord] ( brilliancy & usefulness1 ,siem5s's reg5]ative furnace1 9 :i* ! wa/e heat ( ! combu/ion gases 0 utiliz$ to heat ! air or gas j ent]+4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,k+sl& inv5t$ a ref9+ eng9e = use 9 mak+ pap] pulp4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ! fir/ ocean-go+ iron-clad %ip ( w>1 ,la ,gloire1 appe>$1 & 9 #aheh ! fir/ cable c>1 inv5t$ by ,e4 ,a4 ,g>dn]4 ,9 ! same ye> ,giff>d inv5t$ 8 fam\s injector1 :i* p]=ms ! feat 7seem+ly impossible at fir/ ?\ght7 ( us+ /eam at a c]ta9 pressure 9 a boil] to =ce wat] into t same boil] aga9/ its own pressure6 ,! explanation ( c\rse is t ! area ( ! /ream ( wat] t ent]s ! boil] is less ?an ! area ( ! /ream ( /eam t leaves ! boil]4 ,?is inv5tion 0 "o ( a v high ord] ( brilliancy ( conception1 excell5ce ( con/ruction & usefulness ( f9al product4 ,x 0 a valuable contribution to ! ,ma*9e4 ,9 ! same ye> ,cyrus ,field ( ,new ,york succe$$ 9 lay+ ! fir/ ,atlantic cable betwe5 ,irel& & ,newf\ndl&4 ,x is difficult to decl>e :e!r ?is a*ievem5t con/itut$ an inv5tion or n1 & x may n be s class$ by _m p4 ,nev]!less1 x creat$ some?+ t _h n exi/$ be=e1 & x progress$ by ! same ?ree /ages ( conception1 developm5t & production by :i* all inv5tions progress4 ,x 0 a contribution ( enorm\s value to ! ,ma*9e1 moreov]2 = ?\gh ! fir/ cable 0 n a practical success1 & ?\gh ! second cable broke :ile be+ laid 9 #ahfe1 x 0 recov]$ & re-laid & aft]w>d op]at$ successfully4 ,s9ce t "t1 subm>9e cables h be5 multipli$ to su* an ext5t t !re 7 m ?an #ahjj 9 op]ation 9 #aiag1 & !y =m$ a network "u all ! seas4 ,su* important p>ts ( ! ,ma*9e ( ,civilization h ^! subm>9e cables become t ! ,ma*9e z x is c\ld n exi/ )\t !m4 ,t is1 x c\ld n h exi/$ be=e ! wireless telegraph came4 ,! wireless telegraph has made ! ,ma*9e less dep5d5t on subm>9e cables ?an x 0 be=e1 & yet n :olly indep5d5t4 ,9 #aheh ! ,great ,ea/]n 0 laun*$1 ! l>ge/ /eam%ip built up to t "t4 ,! case ( ! ,great ,ea/]n is int]e/+ f ! fact t %e 0 too l>ge to fit 9 ! ,ma*9e z x !n exi/$1 & t by ! "t t ! ,ma*9e _h gr[n l>ge en\gh ! ,great ,ea/]n 0 obsolete6 ,ab\t #ahei1 ,kir*h(f & ,buns5 inv5t$ ! spectroscope1 an optical in/rum5t = =m+ & analyz+ ! spectra ( ! rays emitt$ by bodies & sub/ances4 ,9 #ahfj ,ga/on ,plant inv5t$ 8 fam\s second>y batt]y1 =m$ by pass+ an electric curr5t ?r\gh a cell compos$ ( two %eets ( lead imm]s$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 ! two %eets sep>at$ by non-conduct+ /rips ( felt4 ,! acid be+ decompos$1 hydrog5 =m$ on "o plate1 :ile oxyg5 attack$ ! o!r plate & =m$ p]oxide ( lead4 ,!re be+ n[ two dissimil> metals 9 an acid solution1 a ,voltaic batt]y _h be5 creat$1 t gave a curr5t :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! liquid 9 a direction ! rev]se ( ! curr5t 7*>g+ curr5t7 t _h caus$ ! *ange4 ,plant's second>y batt]y 0 an important & practical contribution to ! ,ma*9e2 b ! cr$it = ! basic inv5tion does n belong to ,plant1 b to ,sir ,william ,grove1 :o _h inv5t$ ! ,grove's gas batt]y4 ,9 ?is batt]y1 two plates ( plat9um 7 imm]s$ 9 dilute acid1 & submitt$ to a *>g+ curr5t t decompos$ ! liquid & =m$ an actual ?\gh practically ineffective second>y batt]y2 ! two elem5ts be+ oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,9 ! next ye> ,philip ,reis inv5t$ ! s++ telephone1 by :i* he c\ld transmit musical tones ov] consid]able di/ances4 ,:e!r or n ,philip ,reis inv5t$ ! speak+ telephone has be5 a mu* controv]t$ "q1 = ! reason t spee* 0 occasionally transmitt$ ov] ,reis's telephone1--?\gh n by int5tion4 ,! inv5tion t ,reis conceiv$1 develop$ & produc$ 0 a s++ telephone only2 ! app>atus by :i* he sometimes transmitt$ spee* 0 8 s++ telephone1 slightly disadju/$4 ,t ,reis %\ld h fail$ to inv5t ! telephone is amaz+1 9 ! same s5se t x is amaz+ t ,galileo did n inv5t ! !rmomet] & ! b>omet]2 & ! fact is extremely in/ructive 9 enabl+ u to see di/9ctly :at con/itutes inv5tion4 ,to make an inv5tion1 a man mu/ himself create a ?+ t is new1 & produce x 9 a concrete =m1 su* t p]sons skill$ 9 ! art c make & use x4 ,reis did n d ?is3 & yet ,philip ,reis's telephone c\ld be made to speak 9 a few seconds1 by simply turn+ a little ?umb-screw6 ,reis did n "k ?is1 & consequ5tly c\ld n give ! in=mation to p]sons skill$ 9 ! art4 ,reis did n inv5t ! speak+ telephone1 = ! fundam5tal reason t 8 orig9al conception1 al?\gh correct = 8 s++ telephone1 0 :olly incorrect = a speak+ telephone2 because ! speak+ telephone requires a cont9u\s curr5t1 :ile ,reis's conception includ$ an int]mitt5t curr5t4 ,apologies are t5d]$ = go+ into :at may seem a te*nicality at su* great l5g?2 b ! au?or wi%es to utilize ?is example to emphasize ! importance ( ! orig9al conception1 ! image pictur$ on ! m9d by ! imag9ation4 ,?is orig9al conception is ( p>am\nt importance 9 mak+ inv5tions1 n only ( mat]ial me*anisms1 b ( all o!r ?+s t c be inv5t$1 su* z religions1 laws1 sy/ems ( gov]nm5t1 campaigns1 books1 pa9t+s1 etc41 etc4 ,! f9al product _c be bett] ?an ! orig9al conception1 except by *ance2 = ev5 if ! developm5t be absolutely p]fect1 ! inv5tion f9ally br\ght =? c be only equal to ! orig9al conception4 ,x is obvi\s t ! simpl] ! inv5tion is ! m easily x c be made equal to ! orig9al conception1 & vice v]s4 ,= ?is reason ! /e?oscope is a m effici5t embodim5t ( ! orig9al conception ?an is t v ineffici5t product--! /eam eng9e4 ,! fact t ! f9al product _c be bett] ?an ! orig9al conception 7except by *ance7 is ! bottom reason = plac+ m5 ( f9e m9ds at ! head ( important organizations4 ,x is ! ideas conceiv$ by ! man at ! head 9 any walk ( life1 t are develop$ by 8 assi/ants3 at lea/1 ?is is ! int5tion1 9 all organizations1 & ! only effici5t proc$ure4 ,we see an analogue 9 ! actual life ( e individual4 ,n[ ! conception is ! "w ( ! imag9ation1 & n ( ! reason+ faculties3 ! reason+ faculties develop & con/ruct :at ! imag9ation conceives4 ,x is because ( ?is t m5 ( f9e m5tality sometimes devote _! tal5ts to evil ends3 _! imag9ations h conceiv$ evil pictures4 ,sometimes ?is is ! result ( a bad environm5t 9 *ildhood4 ,! environm5t ( ,talleyr&'s *ildhood1 = in/ance1 caus$ ! conception 9 8 imag9ation ( evil aims4 ,9 #ahfj ,c>r made ! important inv5tion ( ! manufacture ( ice ) ! use ( ammonia4 ,9 #ahfa ,craske improv$ /]eotyp+ by mak+ x possible to reproduce curv$ pr9t+ plates f flat =ms ( type4 ,gre5 inv5t$ ! driv5-well 9 ! same ye>1 & ,mc,kay inv5t$ ! %oe-sew+ ma*9e4 ,! mo/ important ev5t ( #ahfa 0 ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w> 9 ,am]ica1 :5 ! inv5tion ( ! ,am]ican ,con/itution 0 put to its sev]e/ te/4 ,x _h be5 kn[n ev] s9ce ! adoption ( ! ,con/itution t ! in/rum5t 0 faulty 9 n def9+ cle>ly ! relative rights ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t & ! sep>ate /ates2 b x _h be5 f\nd impossible to secure ! ass5t ( a suffici5tly l>ge body ( citiz5s to any proposition t def9$ !m cle>ly2 & s ! ma*9e ( ,gov]nm5t _h op]at$ = ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury1 ) ! disquiet+ k 9 ! m9ds ( its op]ators t conditions might put x to a te/ t w\ld break x d[n1 & p]haps de/roy x totally4 ,! mo/ dang]\s condition 0 se5 to be ! "o associat$ ) ! "q ( slav]y 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,?is "q1 & ! consequ5t condition ( antagonism betwe5 ! ,nor? & ! ,s\?1 became rapidly worse dur+ ! p]iod f #ahdf to #ahfa1 :5 w> betwe5 !m f9ally broke out4 ,! w> 0 ultimately decid$ 9 favor ( ! ,nor?1 despite ! fact t ! ,s\? 0 mu* ! bett] prep>$2 9 fact1 t ! ,nor? 0 :olly unprep>$4 ,! ma9 weakness 9 ! ,conf$]ate situation 0 ! fact t cotton 0 virtually ! only product ) :i* %e c\ld raise money = fe$+ & equipp+ h] army1 t %e _h to get ! equipm5ts f ,europe1 & t ! l9e ( communication to ,europe 0 across ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 #cjjj miles wide4 ,! weakness seem$1 dur+ a p]iod ( ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 to be remov$ by ! inv5tion ( ! iron-clad ,m]rimac2 = ! ,m]rimac de/roy$ ! ,cumb]l& & ,congress1 two ( ! f9e/ w>%ips on ! ,union side1 )\t ! slighte/ difficulty 9 "o =5oon1 & ?reat5$ ! de/ruction ( all ! o!r ,union %ips4 ,! ,union %ips hav+ be5 de/roy$ or made to flee to port1 complete fre$om f blockade ( ! ,conf$]ate coa/ w\ld foll[ imm$iately4 ,! ,monitor _h be5 inv5t$ ye>s be=e2 b no /eps _h be5 tak5 to build h]1 despite ! insi/5ce ( ! great inv5t+ eng9e]1 ,john ,ericsson4 ,news ( ! "w ( con/ruct+ ! ,m]rimac _h rea*$ ! ,nor?1 h[ev]1 & /imulat$ ! nor!rn imag9ation to ! ext5t t x 0 able to see 9 ! ,monitor a savior 7& ! only savior7 f ! ,m]rimac4 ,by ! ex]cise ( amaz+ eng9e]+ skill1 ,ericsson con/ruct$ 8 inv5tion ) su* spe$ & precision t ! ,monitor 0 able to meet & defeat ! ,m]rimac ! v day aft] %e _h de/roy$ ! ,union %ips4 ,! result 0 an imm$iate & absolute rev]sal ( conditions4 ,x 0 ! ,nor? n[ t controll$ ! sea & ! ,s\? t 0 to be blockad$4 ,& n only ?is2 = ! fact t ! ,nor? possess$ a w>%ip t 0 n only ! mo/ =midable 9 ! _w1 b 0 ( su* simple con/ruction t _m ( !m c\ld be laun*$ 9 a v %ort "t1 %[$ to ^? ,european p[]s :o 7 delib]at+ z to :e!r or n !y %\ld recognize ! ,conf$]acy1 ! futility ( _! attempt+ to c>ry into effect on ! ,am]ican coa/ any naval policy ( a "* unfri5dly to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! victory ( ! ,monitor 0 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! mate 9 f\r moves4 ,victory = ! ,s\? became imm$iately impossible1 no matt] h[ long ! f9al *eckmate might be delay$4 ,we "k1 ( c\rse1 t *eckmate 0 delay$ until ,april #i1 #ahfe1 :5 ,lee surr5d]$ to ,grant at ,appomattox4 ,9 few cases has ! influ5ce ( inv5tion on hi/ory %one m cle>ly ?an 9 ! case ( ! ,monitor4 ,! ,monitor 0 ! decid+ factor 9 ! ,civil ,w>4 ,?is does n mean t ! ,monitor alone won ! ,civil ,w>4 ,no "o ev5t or p]son or maneuv] won ! ,civil ,w>3 = ! ,civil ,w> 0 won by ! resultant effect ( _m ev5ts1 p]sons & maneuv]s4 ,x does mean1 h[ev]1 t ! victory ( ! ,monitor made x virtually impossible = ! issue to be o!rwise ?an x ev5tually 02 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t a c\rse ( conduct n :olly unreasonable 0 pursu$ by ! ,nor?4 ,all ! o!r factors 9 ! w> 7 :at might be call$ usual3 ! ,monitor alone 0 unusual4 ,! ,monitor's battle 0 ! only battle 9 :i* ! light ( g5ius %one1 on ei!r side4 ,! ,monitor's victory emphasizes a tru? previ\sly po9t$ out 9 ?is book3 ! tru? t ! influ5ce ( inv5tion has be5 to advance ! cause ( civilization1 by giv+ victory 9 w>s1 z a rule1 to ! side possess+ ! high] civilization4 ,?is 0 cle>ly ! case 9 our ,civil ,w>2 = ! ,s\? 0 f> m an agricultural & primitive community ?an ! ,nor?4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t ,ericsson liv$ 9 ! ,nor?4 ,we c h>dly imag9e ,ericsson com+ f ,engl& & go+ to live 9 ! ,s\?2 = ! simple reason t ,ericsson1 ! dynamic1 inv5tive ,ericsson1 c\ld n possibly h liv$ a life ev5 approximately satisfy+ to him 9 ! ,s\?4 ,!re 0 no opportunity 9 ! ,s\? = him to ex]cise 8 p[]s4 ,x has be5 said sometimes t ! ,monitor might h be5 produc$ by ! ,s\?1 & ! ,m]rimac by ! ,nor?4 ,( c\rse1 any?+ is possible t is n :olly impossible2 b hi/ory %[s t inv5tions h1 z a rule1 be5 produc$ by p l ^? ( ! ,nor?1 & n by p l ^? ( ! ,s\?4 ,! influ5ce ( inv5tion on hi/ory has be5 to br+ ab\t su* victories z t ( ! ,monitor ov] ! ,m]rimac2 & ! influ5ce ( ^? victories has be5 to enhance ! advantages possess$ by ! m highly civiliz$4 ,fur!rmore1 ! victory ( ! m civiliz$ has giv5 civilization great] assurance 9 its /ruggle to g /ill high]1 j z defeat has made x pause & sometimes retreat4 ,! issue ( ! ,civil ,w>1 = in/ance1 0 m ?an a victory ov] slav]y & ! t5d5cy to dissipation ( en]gy by a division into two p>ts ( ! =ces ( ! c\ntry2 = x remov$ p]man5tly a highly injuri\s ob/ruction & />t$ ! rejuv5at$ republic along t c>e] ( progress :i* x has foll[$ s9ce s valiantly4 ,9 #ahfa ,e4 ,g4 ,otis inv5t$ ! pass5g] elevator4 ,possibly ?is 0 n an inv5tion ( ! fir/ ord] ( brilliancy1 b c]ta9ly x 0 an inv5tion ( ! fir/ ord] ( utility4 ,c anyone imag9e ! ,new ,york ( today )\t pass5g] elevators8 ,! ,otis elevator has n made x possible to gr[ two blades ( grass :]e "o blade grew be=e2 b x has made x possible to op]ate hotels & (fice build+s ( m ?an twice z _m /ories z c\ld be op]at$ be=e4 ,few inv5tions h _h m imm$iate influ5ce on contempor>y hi/ory ?an ! pass5g] elevator4 ,9 ! same ye> 0 inv5t$ ! b>b$-wire f5ce4 ,! production ( c>bide ( calcium foll[$ 9 #ahfb1 & also ! inv5tion ( ! ,gatl+ gun4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ successful ma*9e gun1 & an inv5tion ( a high ord] ( brilliancy ( conception1 excell5ce ( con/ruction & practical usefulness4 ,few inv5tions h be5 m :olly unique ?an ?is ma*9e3 s beautiful & h>moni\s & simple 9 pr9ciple--?\gh devot$ sup]ficially m]ely to ! kill+ & w\nd+ ( m54 ,l all inv5tions 9 ! gun class1 x contribut$ to ! self-protectiv5ess ( ! ,ma*9e4 ,an inv5tion 9 a simil> class1 smokeless gunp[d] 0 inv5t$ by ,s*ultze 9 #ahfc1 = use z a sport+ p[d]4 ,be+ bas$ on ! action ( nitric acid on cellulose1 x 0 some:at l gun-cotton1 & !re=e a *emical comp\nd2 r ?an a me*anical mixture l ! old gunp[d]4 ,x gave out b little smoke :5 fir$4 ,smokelessness w\ld be su* an obvi\s advantage 9 milit>y op]ations1 t ! /udy ( ?is p[d] 0 prosecut$ c>efully1 ) a view to obta9+ a smokeless p[d] suitable = milit>y purposes4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ 9 #ahhf by ,vieille 9 ,france4 ,! inv5tion ( smokeless p[d] 0 n "o ( a high ord] ( brilliancy = ! reason t x 0 ! result ( a long s]ies ( pa9/ak+ inve/igations & n ( any lum9\s idea4 ,x 0 nev]!less a contribution ( ! highe/ usefulness to ! self-protectiv5ess ( ! ,ma*9e1 & !re=e to ,civilization4 ,9 #ahfd ,behel inv5t$ ! automatic gra9 b9d]1 an inv5tion ( ! same class ( practical & concrete usefulness z ,mc,cormick's reap]1 & a di/9ct contribution to ! ,ma*9e4 ,x exp$it$ ! b9d+ ( gra91 t5d$ to insure accuracy & effici5cy1 & /imulat$ ! agricultural classes to a /udy ( me*anism1 & !re=e ( physics & ! arts dep5d+ on x4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is inv5tion p]=m$ ! d\ble s]vice t _m o!r inv5tions h p]=m$1 ( contribut+ to ! mat]ial necessities ( m51 & inspir+ _! intellects z well4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ,m>t9 inv5t$ 8 process = improv+ ! manufacture ( f9e /eel4 ,9 ! same ye> 7#ahfe7 ,li/] br\ght out 8 me?od ( antiseptic surg]y4 ,x w\ld be difficult to specify any inv5tion :i* has contribut$ m 9 half a c5tury to ! direct welf>e ( mank9d4 ,x has effect$ su* a *ange 9 surg]y z to make ! surg]y be=e ,li/]'s "t seem almo/ b>b>\s4 ,x made a great] *ange 9 surg]y ?an any *ange ev] made be=e3 "o is tempt$ to decl>e t x has br\ght ab\t a great] *ange 9 surg]y ?an all ! previ\s *anges put toge!r4 ,n[1 x is int]e/+ to realize t all ^! *anges1 ext5d+ ov] all ! civiliz$ _w1 & affect+ c\ntless human be+s1 7 caus$ by a m]e idea4 ,!y 7 caus$ by a picture made by ! imag9ation ( ,li/] on 8 m5tal ret9a1 t mu/ h cov]$ a v small area ( 8 bra94 ,x is int]e/+ also to realize t if t "p ( 8 bra9 _h become impair$ f any cause1 ! picture c\ld n h be5 impr9t$ !re4 ,& 0 8 bra9 always 9 condition to receive su* a picture1 or only seldom8 ,kn[+ z we d t ev5 ! mo/ brilliant m9ds are brilliant only r>ely1 may we n inf] t conditions ( ! bra9 p]mitt+ su* pictures z ?is ( ,li/] occur b r>ely8 ,x 0 also 9 #ahfe t ,bullock inv5t$ 8 web-fe$+ pr9t+ press1 & ,dodge inv5t$ ! automatic %ell-ejector = fire>ms4 ,9 #ahff ,siem5s & ,m>t9 inv5t$ ! op5-he>? process = /eel mak+1 ,burleigh ! compress$ air rock-drill1 & ,:itehead ! automobile torp$o4 ,! ,:itehead torp$o 0 an inv5tion ( ! highe/ ord] ( brilliancy ( conception2 b1 unlike _m o!r inv5tions ( ?is class1 x has be5 a matt] ( ! utmo/ difficulty to develop x4 ,! possible usefulness sugge/$ 0 s great t ! pr9cipal ,european nations1 especially ! ,g]mans & ,engli%1 w5t ab\t its developm5t at once2 b ! practical difficulties enc\nt]$ 7 s _m & s great1 & ! opportunities ( te/+ out its usefulness 9 actual w>f>e 7 s few1 t x 0 n until aft] its successful & important use 9 ! w> betwe5 ,russia & ,japan 9 #aijd-aije1 t ! torp$o 0 accept$ z a major weapon4 ,?is inv5tion is "o ( ! mo/ important contributions ev] made to ! self-protectivity ( ! ,ma*9e ( ,civilization2 n only because ( its imm$iate usefulness 9 w>1 b because its complexity necessitates su* skill & k 9 ! op]ators1 & its co/ is s great1 t only ! mo/ weal?y & highly civiliz$ nations are able to use x successfully4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out repeat$ly 9 ?is book1 "o ( ! influ5ces ( inv5tion on hi/ory has be5 to urge nations to a high degree ( civilization1 "u pa9 ( great] or less subjection to nations m highly civiliz$4 ,9 #ahff ,wilde 9 ,engl& & ,siem5s 9 ,g]many inv5t$ dynamo electric ma*9es1 9 :i* ! magnetic field 0 made1 n by p]man5t /eel magnets1 b by electro-magnets ( s(t iron t 7 en]giz$ by ! curr5t :i* ! ma*9e itself produc$4 ,?is 0 an inv5tion ( ! utmo/ practical value2 b :o 0 ! actual inv5tor does n seem to be exactly kn[n4 ,its ma9 value is 9 its ability to produce a mu* m p[]ful curr5t ?an c\ld be produc$ :5 us+ p]man5t magnets2 caus$ by ! fact t electro-magnets c create a magnetic field mu* /rong] ?an /eel magnets c4 ,9 #ahfg ,tilghman inv5t$ 8 sulphite process = pulp mak+1 & 9 #ahfh1 ,moncrief inv5t$ 8 fam\s disappe>+ gun-c>riage4 ,?is 0 an inv5tion requir+ a high ord] ( conception & con/ructiv5ess2 x result$ 9 a consid]able improvem5t 9 ! art ( sea-coa/ def5se1 & !re=e 9 ! self-protectiv5ess ( ! ,ma*9e1 by keep+ ! guns safe beh9d =tifications except :5 actually be+ fir$4 ,moncrief's c>riage1 al?\gh orig9ally v good1 has be5 improv$ ^u f "t to "t2 :5ev] ! progress ( ! me*anic arts has made x possible1 & "s inv5tor has realiz$ ! fact4 ,att5tion is "h reque/$ to ! la/ clause 9 ! la/ s5t5ce4 ,z civilization has progress$ & v>i\s inv5tions h be5 made1 ! :ole field ( possible future inv5tion has be5 n>r[$1 b a field ( cle> ?\gh limit$ opportunity has be5 mapp$ out4 ,ea* inv5tion n>r[s ! field by remov+ ! opportunities = mak+ t especial inv5tion3 aft] ! pr9t+ press _h be5 inv5t$1 = in/ance1 ! numb] ( possible inv5tions 0 r$uc$ by "o2 b see :at a field = future inv5tion 0 mapp$ out1 & :at immeasurable opportunities 7 sugge/$6 ,nev]!less1 opportunity does n produce inv5tions1 x m]ely invites !m2 & we h occasionally not$ 9 ?is book t ! opportunity to make a c]ta9 inv5tion _h exi/$ = ages be=e x 0 realiz$3 = in/ance1 ! sew+-ma*9e & ! little /e?oscope4 ,9 #ahfh ,%oles inv5t$ :at is usually consid]$ ! fir/ practical typewrit+ ma*9e4 ,! ma*9e t ,?urb] _h inv5t$ 9 #ahdc _h nev] be5 develop$ to a practical /age1 &1 consequ5tly1 x 0 n itself a direct contribution to ! ,ma*9e4 ,:e!r x pav$ ! way = ,%oles's is a debatable po9t2 if x did1 x 0 an indirect contribution1 l ,h]o's eng9e4 ,n = sev]al ye>s aft] #ahfh did ! typewrit] take its place 9 ! ,ma*9e3 b n[ x plays an exce$+ly useful1 if n conspicu\s1 "p 9 mak+ x op]ate day aft] day4 ,9 ! same ye> ,nobel contribut$ ano!r ( 8 notable inv5tions1 & call$ x dynamite4 ,x 0 ! developm5t ( an exce$+ly brilliant & orig9al idea2 &1 z (t5 happ5s ) conceptions ( t k9d1 x 0 easily develop$ into a concrete1 usable & useful ?+4 ,x consi/$ m]ely 9 mix+ nitro-glyc]9 ) ab\t an equal quantity ( v f9ely divid$ e>?4 ,! result+ mixture 0 mu* less s5sitive to %ock & !re=e mu* saf] to h&le ?an nitro-glyc]94 ,x suppli$ ! factor ne$$ to r5d] ! utilization ( nitro-glyc]9 possible1 & !re=e x 0 a valuable contribution to ! ,ma*9e4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,mege inv5t$ oleom>g>9e1 a comp>atively inexp5sive sub/itute = butt]1 & !re=e an important factor 9 fur!r+ ! heal? & com=t ( ! poor] classes & a consid]able =w>d /ep4 ,%ortly aft] #ahff1 ,mrs4 ,eddy decl>$ to _m p t %e _h made a discov]y :i* enabl$ h] to cure ! sick ) ,div9e aid1 & )\t ! use ( drugs4 ,%e heal$ _m p & gradually ga!r$ foll[]s4 ,9 a few ye>s1 %e develop$ a religion t is n[ call$ ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce2 & 9 #ahge %e publi%$ a book call$ ,sci5ce & ,heal?1 ) ,key to ! ,scriptures4 ,s9ce !n1 ! numb] ( h] foll[]s has increas$ enorm\sly1 & ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce ,*ur*es h be5 erect$ 9 all ! civiliz$ c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,?\gh ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce h n be5 accept$ by _m ,*ri/ians1 ! great opposition direct$ t[>d !m at fir/ has n[ be5 l>gely ov]come2 & x is admitt$ by mo/ fair-m9d$ p t ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce seems to h made an important contribution to ! spiritual1 m5tal & physical welf>e ( mank9d4 ,9 #ahfh1 ,we/+h\se made 8 epo*al inv5tion1 ! railway air-brake4 ,x 0 ! result ( a brilliant m5tal conception t 0 put into practical =m )\t v s]i\s difficulty4 ,at fir/ sight1 ?is inv5tion might n be consid]$ ( v great importance1 because "o might assume t its only (fice 0 to prev5t collisions & consequ5t loss ( life & prop]ty4 ,d\btless t 0 its only direct effect2 b its indirect effect 0 to increase ! confid5ce ( ! p 9 ! safety ( railway travel1 consequ5tly ! numb] ( p :o travel$1 consequ5tly ! prosp]ity ( ! railway companies1 consequ5tly ! fai? ( p 9 railway inve/m5ts1 consequ5tly ! numb] & magnitude ( railway projects1 consequ5tly ! numb] & l5g? ( railways1 consequ5tly ! spe$ & g5]al excell5ce ( transportation & communication ov] ! l& 9 e civiliz$ c\ntry1 & consequ5tly ! coh]5cy & op]ativ5ess ( ! entire ,ma*9e4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,milit>y ,,ma*9e1 ,,telephone1 ,,phonograph1 ,,& ,,prev5tive ,,m$ic9e ,9 #ahff1 "o ( ! mo/ important inv5tions ( hi/ory 0 put to te/1 9 a w> betwe5 ,au/ria & ,prussia4 ,! inv5tion 0 ! ,prussian ,milit>y ,ma*9e1 ( :i* ! inv5tor 0 von ,moltke1 ! ,*ief ( ,/aff ( ! ,prussian ,army4 ,moltke 0 n ! orig9al inv5tor ( ! ,milit>y ,ma*9e1 any m ?an ,watt 0 ! orig9al inv5tor ( ! /eam eng9e2 b he 0 ! inv5tor ( ! mod]n ,milit>y ,ma*9e1 j z ,watt 0 ! inv5tor ( ! mod]n reciprocat+ /eam-eng9e4 ,moltke _h be5 made ,*ief ( ,/aff 9 #aheh1 & _h proce$$ at once to embody an idea t 8 m9d _h conceiv$ "s ye>s be=e4 ,?is idea 0 to utilize all ! new inv5tions ( e k9d t _h be5 made1 especially 9 weapons1 transportation & communication2 & to cont9ue to utilize all new inv5tions z ea* rea*$ ! useful /age1 9 su* a way t ! ,prussian ,army w\ld be an actual weapon1 :i* c\ld be h&l$ ) all ! quickness & precision t ! products ( mod]n civilization c\ld imp>t to x4 ,philip ( ,mac$on1 ,julius ,cs>1 & ,fr$]ick ,william ( ,prussia evid5tly _h _h simil> ideas2 b no "o aft] !m1 save ,moltke1 seems to h realiz$ fully t armies & navies mu/ utilize all ! new me?ods & appliances t c be made to assi/ _! op]ations1 if ^? armies & navies are to atta9 _! maximum effectiv5ess4 ,x is true t no v great *anges 9 arms or 9 me?ods ( transportation & communication _h rec5tly tak5 place1 at ! "t :5 ,napoleon w5t to w>2 b ?is only emphasizes ! new conditions ) :i* ,moltke 0 confront$1 & ! c\rage & res\rcefulness ) :i* he met !m4 ,moltke's ,ma*9e 01 ( c\rse1 mu* m compreh5sive & detail$ ?an ! p>agraph above w\ld indicate2 b almo/ e ma*9e1 aft] x has be5 p]fect$1 is compreh5sive & detail$1 ev5 if ! orig9al idea 0 simple4 ,x is true also t ! direct means :i* ,moltke employ$ to p]fect 8 ,ma*9e 0 to tra9 (fic]s to solve indep5d5tly c]ta9 problems 9 /rategy & tactics1 j z *ildr5 at s*ool 7 taught to solve problems 9 ari?metic4 ,x is true also t m att5tion has usually be5 fix$ on ,moltke's sy/em ( tra9+ ?an on 8 utilization ( inv5tions1 & x may be true t ,moltke himself fix$ m att5tion on x4 ,b ! idea ( tra9+ (fic]s z he did1 seems also to h be5 orig9al ) ,moltke2 & x is c]ta9 t ,moltke 0 ! fir/ to develop su* a sy/em1 & !re=e1 t he 0 ! inv5tor ( t sy/em4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ,moltke made two sep>ate inv5tions1 & comb9$ bo? 9 8 ma*9e4 ,bo? inv5tions 7 condemn$ & ridicul$1 b bo? succe$$4 ,! result 0 t1 :5 w> 0 decl>$ 9 #ahff betwe5 ,prussia & ,au/ria1 a reput$ly great] nation1 ! ,prussian ma*9e />t$ smoo?ly b quickly :5 ! button 0 press$1 advanc$ into ,au/ria )\t ! slighte/ delay or j>1 collid$ at once ) ! ,au/rian ma*9e1 & sma%$ x 9 "o enc\nt]4 ,?is enc\nt] 0 ne> ,sad[a & ,kniggrtz1 & took place only sev5te5 days aft] w> began4 ,! mo/ important s+le inv5tion t ,moltke _h utiliz$ 0 ! bree*-load+ ne$le gun1 a weapon f> bett] ?an ! ,au/rians _h1 n only 9 spe$ ( load+1 b 9 accuracy4 ,! two armies 7 n v diff]5t 9 po9t ( numb]s3 s t1 ev5 if von ,moltke's o!r measures _h n be5 tak51 ! sup]iority ( ! ,prussian musket ov] ! ,au/rian mu/ ( itself h caus$ ! w9n+ ( ! w>1 ?\gh n s quickly z actually 0 ! case4 ,b 9 ! w> ) ,france1 ,moltke's ma*9e demon/rat$ its effectiv5ess ev5 m completely1 because its task 0 h>d]4 ,= ,france 0 e/eem$ ! greate/ milit>y nation 9 ! _w2 x 0 ! ,france ( ,napoleon ! ,great1 !n rul$ by 8 nephew ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,9 ! usual s5se ( ! ^w1 ! ,fr5* 7 a m milit>y p ?an ! ,prussians4 ,! ,empire ( ,napoleon ,,iii 0 mu* m spl5did ?an ! poor little ,k+dom ( ,prussia1 ! army 0 m 9 evid5ce1 !re 7 m milit>y pageants1 ! p 7 m ard5t4 ,b ! milit>y lead]s ( ! ,fr5* includ$ no su* inv5tor z von ,moltke1 !re 0 no "o :o conceiv$ any su* ideas z 7 pictur$ 9 ,moltke's imag9ative bra92 & consequ5tly x nev] occurr$ to anyone to utilize /r5u\sly all ! new inv5tions1 or to tra9 (fic]s l s*ool boys1 9 ! practical problems ( w>4 ,! result 0 t ,moltke's ma*9e got into ,france be=e ! ,fr5* ma*9e _h be5 ev5 put toge!r4 ,! pieces ( ! ,fr5* ma*9e _h n be5 got toge!r ev5 :5 ! w> end$4 ,:5 w> 0 decl>$ by ,france1 h] milit>y ma*9e 0 9 ?ree p>ts4 ,two ( !m got toge!r fairly quickly1 s t ! ,fr5* ma*9e 0 soon divid$ into only two p>ts2 "o "u ,m>%al ,baza9e1 & ! o!r "u ,m>%al ,mc,mahon4 ,b ,moltke's ma*9e 0 toge!r at ! />t1 & x /ay$ toge!r ?r\gh\t ! w>4 ,?is does n mean t all its p>ts /ood 9 ! same spot2 b x does mean t ! p>ts 7 always 9 support+ di/ance ( ea* o!r4 ,! two p>ts ( ! ,fr5* ma*9e 7 n 9 support+ di/ance ( ea* o!r1 & ! ,g]man ma*9e prev5t$ !m f unit+4 ,:5 ,mc,mahon & ,baza9e tri$ to unite1 ,mc,mahon 0 defeat$ at ,wr?1 & ,baza9e at ,gravelotte4 ,mc,mahon 0 =c$ to surr5d] 8 entire =ce1 includ+ ! emp]or at ,s$an2 & ,baza9e 0 %ut up 9 ,metz4 ,p>is 0 !n besieg$4 ,baza9e 0 soon =c$ to surr5d] & ,p>is to capitulate4 ,! ma9 imm$iate result 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,g]man ,empire4 ,a lat] result 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( :at is sometimes call$ milit>ism4 ,( ! two1 ! latt] 0 probably ! m important 9 future consequ5ces2 = ! influ5ce ( ,moltke's conception ( milit>y prep>$ness has be5 to make all civiliz$ nations keep up enorm\s & highly organiz$ milit>y & naval e/abli%m5ts1 "u pa9 ( be+ caught unprep>$ = w> & beat5 to subjection4 ,! ,g]man ,empire has vani%$1 b milit>ism has n vani%$4 ,!re seem to be no signs t x w soon vani%1 = x is simply "p ( a g5]al prep>$ness movem5t t embraces _m fields ( life1 t is necessitat$ by ! exi/5ce ( ?is cumbr\s ,ma*9e ( ,civilization1 & t is advanc$ by ! realization t ev]yone mu/ cultivate =esight4 ,! physicians tell u1 ! f9anci]s tell u1 ! lawy]s tell u1 ! cl]gym5 tell u1 ev5 ! bus9ess m5 ( e day & ! h\sewives tell u t we mu/ cont9ually look ahead & cont9ually prep>e to meet :at may be com+4 ,n[ ?is is :at ,milit>ism urges z appli$ to ! com+ ( w>4 ,milit>ism is ! doctr9e ( prep>$ness = w>2 x holds ! same relation to national heal? t prev5tive m$ic9e does to individual heal?4 ,x w\ld make u d _m unpleasant ?+s1 & refra9 f do+ _m pleasant ?+s4 ,b to d _m unpleasant ?+s & to refra9 f do+ _m pleasant ?+s is necess>y1 9 ord] to lead ev5 a mod]ately virtu\s & prud5t life4 ,milit>ism may be pu%$ to an undue extreme2 b s may any c\rse ( conduct4 ,x may be int]e/+ to note t ,moltke 0 n an opportuni/ic inv5tor1 l mo/ m5 ( action typifi$ by ,napoleon1 b t ,bism>ck 04 ,moltke made inv5tions ( a p]man5t nature1 b ,bism>ck did n4 ,yet ,moltke 0 a soldi] & ,bism>ck 0 a /atesman4 ,bism>ck's ,g]man ,empire has already pass$ away1 b ,moltke's me?od ( prep>$ness is ) u /ill1 & is ga!r+ m & m pre/ige z ! ye>s g by4 ,judg$ by ! /&>d ( p]man5t a*ievem5t1 ,moltke 0 a great] man ?an ,bism>ck2 ?\gh a belief to ! contr>y 0 held dur+ _! lifetimes1 & is g5]ally held by mo/ m5 n[4 ,9 #ahgj1 ,gramme inv5t$ ! fam\s ,gramme dynamo-electric ma*9e1 :i* 0 s excell5t a ma*9e = produc+ a smoo? & unidirectional electric curr5t1 t x gave ! />t to t wond]ful succession ( electrical inv5tions :i* e/abli%$ ! ,age ( ,electricity4 ,! ma9 "p ( ,gramme's ma*9e 0 a modification ( ! ,pac9noti r+1 inv5t$ by ,pac9noti 9 #ahfb1 :i* seems nev] to h be5 put to practical use1 & nev] to h be5 he>d ( by ,gramme4 ,! ,pac9noti r+ consi/$ ( a r+ ar\nd :i* a cont9u\s coil ( wire 0 w\nd4 ,?is r+ be+ rotat$ 9 a magnetic field1 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! wire at any in/ant lay at diff]5t angles to ! l9es ( =ce1 in/ead ( at ! same angle to !m1 z 0 ! case ) ! flat coil ( previ\s dynamo ma*9es4 ,! result 0 t "s coil 0 always cutt+ ! magnetic l9es-(-=ce at ! maximum spe$1 :ile o!rs 7 cutt+ !m at v>y+ spe$s1 d[n to z]o2 s t ! aggregate ( all 0 approximately ! same at all in/ants4 ,! result 0 t ! curr5t 0 ne>ly uni=m 9 /r5g?4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is inv5tion on subsequ5t hi/ory ne$ h>dly be po9t$ out2 = x is impress$ on u e day & e night1 9 e "p ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,9 ! same epo*al ye> t u%]$ 9 ! ,franco-,prussian ,w> & ! ,gramme ma*9e1 ! ,hyatts inv5t$ celluloid4 ,! inv5tion 0 ( ! simple/ "*1 involv+ ma9ly ! compression ( camphorat$ gun-cotton by hydraulic or o!r =ce4 ,?is 0 n a great inv5tion1 b a useful "o2 mak+ x possible to fabricate _m useful articles at l[ co/4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ( #ahga1 ,goodye> inv5t$ 8 welt %oe-sew+ ma*9e & ,maddox made 8 epo*al discov]y4 ,?is 0 t :5 nitrate ( silv] 0 add$ to a solution ( gelat9e 9 wat] conta9+ a soluble bromide1 silv] bromide 0 =m$1 :i* did n subside ev5 aft] long /&+2 t ! emulsion c\ld be made quickly & 9 l>ge quantities1 & t by ?us sub/itut+ gelat9e = collodion on ! surface ( glass plates us$ 9 photography1 great] s5sitiv5ess1 & !re=e1 great] spe$ c\ld be obta9$4 ,?is l$ to an important improvem5t1 & pav$ ! way to o!rs1 & ?us became ! basis ( rapid photography4 ,by #ahga ! "w ( sev]al inv5tors _h produc$ a press t pr9t$ an endless %eet ( pap] on bo? sides & fold$ x automatically4 ,9 ! same ye> ,+]soll inv5t$ 8 compress$ air rock drill4 ,9 #ahgb1 ,lyall inv5t$ 8 positive-motion weav+ loom1 & ,cl]k ,maxwell prop\nd$ 8 electro-magnetic !ory ( light4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 lum9\s & electric di/urbances are ! same 9 k9d1 ! same m$ium transmits bo?1 & light is an electro-magnetic ph5om5on4 ,?is 0 a mo/ important inv5tion 9 ! field ( physical sci5ce1 & is n[ accept$ by ! majority ( sci5ti/s4 ,x is n s applicable to ! ne$s ( m5 at ! pres5t mom5t z ! weav+ loom2 b 9 ! future1 x may be m s4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,we/+h\se inv5t$ an improvem5t on 8 orig9al air-brake t made x automatic "u "s conditions1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ,janney inv5t$ ! automatic c>-c\pl]4 ,bo? ( ^! 7 brilliant inv5tions1 ?\gh n ne>ly s brilliant z ,cl]k ,maxwell's4 ,!y 7 immeasurably m important1 h[ev]1 f ! /&po9t ( mat]ial contributions to ! ,ma*9e4 ,"o result 0 t ! inv5tors 7 immeasurably m rew>d$ 9 a mat]ial way ?an 0 t great ma!matical physici/1 ,cl]k ,maxwell4 ,9 ! same ye> ( ,our ,"l1 #ahgc1 ,willis inv5t$ 8 plat9otype photographic process1 9 :i* f9ely divid$ plat9um =ms an image virtually p]man5t1 & ,edison inv5t$ 8 duplex telegraph4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ( ^? wond]ful inv5tions t made ,edison fam\s2 & x embodi$ possibly z brilliant an idea z he ev] conceiv$4 ,! pr9ciple 0 exce$+ly simple1 & consi/$ m]ely 9 us+ curr5ts t increas$ 9 /r5g? z ! key 0 press$ to actuate an ord9>y electro-magnet = "o message1 & us+ curr5ts ^: direction 0 rev]s$ :5 ! key 0 press$1 to actuate a pol>iz$ relay = ano!r message4 ,by comb9+ ?is s*eme ) "o long be=e propos$1 ( putt+ ! receiv+ in/rum5ts across ! arms ( a ,:eat/one ,bridge1 ! entire sy/em c\ld be duplicat$1 & two messages s5t at ! same "t 9 ea* direction4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 con/itut$ quadruplex telegraphy4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,gorham inv5t$ ! tw9e-b9d] = h>ve/]s1 ,b5nett improv$ ! gelat9e-bromide process ( ,maddox2 & ,locke & ,wood inv5t$ ! self-b9d+ reap]4 ,9 #ahgd1 ,glidd5 & ,vaughan inv5t$ a ma*9e = mak+ b>b$ wire1 & ,sir ,william ,?omson inv5t$ 8 sup]-excell5t siphon-record] = receiv+ messages ov] ! ,atlantic cable4 ,?is inv5tion comb9$ ! ?ree elem5ts t con/itute a great inv5tion2 brilliancy ( conception1 excell5ce ( con/ruction & concrete product4 ,x 0 ( imm$iate usefulness also1 :i* a great inv5tion may n necess>ily be4 ,b ,sir ,william ,?omson 0 a canny ,scot1 a good me*anic1 & a man ( ! _w1 z well z a ma!matical physici/ ( ! highe/ ord]2 ) ! result t ev5 on 8 l(tie/ flights1 he held tight to a /r+ t connect$ him to ! e>?1 & t kept 8 flights )9 ! regions ( ! practical & imm$iate4 ,8 siphon-record] 0 v mu* m s5sitive to electric curr5ts ?an any record] ev] inv5t$ be=e2 a quality :i* made feebl] curr5ts utilizable1 decreas$ induction & !re=e increas$ spe$4 ,com+ :5 x did1 & com+ because ,sir ,william ,?omson saw a ne$ = x1 x 0 a great & important contribution to subm>9e telegraphy1 & !re=e to ! ,ma*9e2 = ! ,ma*9e has n[ become v l>ge & complicat$1 & ne$$ ! be/ possible communication among its v>i\s p>ts4 ,"s ( ^! p>ts 7 f> di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 #ahge1 ,br[n inv5t$ 8 ca%-c>ri]4 ,?is 0 n s brilliant or important an inv5tion z ,sir ,william ,?omson's2 b x c h>dly be d\bt$ t a hundr$ ?\s& times z _m ca%-c>ri]s & _! *ildr51 ca%-regi/]s1 h be5 made z siphon-record]s4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,l[e inv5t$ 8 illum9at+ wat]-gas2 ,wegmann 8 roll] fl\r mills2 ,smi? 8 middl+s purifi] = fl\r2 & ,pictet 8 ice-ma*9e4 ,! la/ f\r inv5tions 7 ( t di/9ctly practical k9d t contribute directly to ! op]ativ5ess ( ! ,ma*9e1 by facilitat+ ! conditions ( liv+ 9 l>ge communities1 & make great cities possible4 ,( ! f\r1 ! inv5tion ( ,pictet 0 ! mo/ brilliant & sci5tific1 & ! lea/ directly useful4 ,9 #ahgf1 ,bell made an inv5tion t is usually conc$$ to be ! mo/ important ( mod]n times1 & t 0 also ( ! highe/ ord] ( brilliancy ( conception1 excell5ce ( con/ruction & concret5ess ( result4 ,! inv5tion 0 t ( ! speak+ telephone4 ,! telephone is n 9 ! class ) ! actual do]s ( ?+s1 l ! weav+ ma*9e & ! gun1 b r 9 ! class ) ! telegraph & ! typewrit]1 9 be+ an assi/ant to ! do]s ( ?+s3 t is1 x is an in/rum5t r ?an a ma*9e4 ,?is does n mean t a ma*9e is m important ?an an in/rum5t1 ?\gh possibly ma*9es h done m "w directly 9 fur!r+ civilization ?an in/rum5ts h4 ,a ma*9e does some?+ itself2 an in/rum5t is a means or ag5cy or implem5t ) :i* m5 d some?+4 ,z a class1 ma*9es h probably be5 m directly useful ?an in/rum5ts2 b ?is does n mean1 ( c\rse1 t any ma*9e t "o may "n has be5 m useful ?an any in/rum5t4 ,a ma*9e 7g5]ally speak+7 does only "o class ( "w2 ! sew+-ma*9e1 = in/ance1 does no "w save sew+2 :ile su* an in/rum5t z ! telephone is an aid to m5 9 direct+ ! "w ( ?\s&s ( ma*9es4 ,x may be po9t$ out "h t1 9 ! broad mean+ ( ! ^w in/rum5t1 e ma*9e t does actual "w is an in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( m5 = do+ t "w2 b t e in/rum5t is n necess>ily a ma*9e4 ,a ma*9e1 by def9ition1 is compos$ ( v>i\s p>ts t "w toge!r to a common end1 & x c>ries ) x ! ideas ( movem5t & ( p[]4 ,an in/rum5t1 on ! o!r h&1 ne$ n be compos$ ( m ?an "o "p2 x may ( itself be incapable ( mov+ or ex]t+ p[]2 & yet1 9 ! h&s ( m5 & wom51 x may be ! means ( do+ ! mo/ useful "w4 ,a famili> illu/ration among _m is ! ne$le4 ,n[ ! telephone c h>dly be call$ a ma*9e3 x c ( itself d no?+4 ,x is n l an eng9e t c d "w h\r aft] h\r1 )\t ext]nal int]position1 sup]vision or assi/ance4 ,yet1 = ! reason t ! only value ( a ma*9e lies 9 ! fact t x is an in/rum5t :]eby m5 c get results1 an in/rum5t is n necess>ily 9 a l[] class ?an a ma*9e4 ,! ess5tial value ( ! telephone seems to lie 9 ! fact t ! ,ma*9e has become s complicat$1 & compos$ ( s _m sep>ate p>ts1 t1 )\t ! telephone1 ^? p>ts w\ld n be adequately l9k$ toge!r4 ,! telephone1 l ! telegraph1 acts 9 ! ,ma*9e ( ,civilization z d ! n]ves 9 ! human organism4 ,! human organism c\ld n be an organism )\t ! n]v\s sy/em2 & ! pres5t ,ma*9e c\ld n exi/ 9 its pres5t =m )\t ! telegraph & ! telephone4 ,^! two in/rum5ts h s greatly improv$ ! ,ma*9e z to raise x t[>d ! dignity ( an organism4 ,!y h n made x an organism1 because !y h n end[$ x ) life4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 rais$ x to ! dignity ( an automatic ma*9e1 by supply+ su* a ready & sure means ( convey+ in=mation & in/ructions1 t a bl[ to ! ,ma*9e any:]e is felt ev]y:]e1 & assi/ance to ! "p attack$ c be summon$ f ev]y:]e4 ,illu/rations ( ?is c be se5 ! mo/ cle>ly 9 our l>ge cities1 9 :i* in=mation conc]n+ a fire1 or a riot1 or an accid5t is transmitt$ in/antly to all p>ts ( ! city2 & fire eng9es1 police or ambulances are s5t 9 response !reto4 ,illu/rations cov]+ wid] fields come to m9d at once2 b !y are ( ! same "*1 :e!r ! fields comprise s+le /ates or cont95ts or seas1 or ! :ole surface ( ! e>?4 ,possibly ! be/ s+le illu/ration is t suppli$ by ! ev5ts ( ! rec5t ,_w ,w>1 9 :i* ! n]ves ( civilization 9 e l& 7 kept on ! t+le by ! news cont9ually receiv$ f ! fight+ fronts1 & measures 7 cont9ually tak5 to meet ea* situation z x occurr$4 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal& & ,am]ica & ,canada & ,s\? ,africa assi/$ ,france to repel ! invad] f h] soil4 ,! influ5ce ( ! telephone on hi/ory has be5 s great t hi/ory w\ld n be at all z x has be51 if ! telephone _h n be5 born4 ,has ?is influ5ce be5 b5efic5t8 ,probably1 because x has ti$ ! p>ts ( ! ,ma*9e toge!r1 & made x m coh]5t4 ,b x may be well to realize t ?is v fact has _h ! effect ( p]mitt+ o!r additions to ! ,ma*9e2 ) ! result t ! ,ma*9e is p]haps no m coh]5t n[ ?an x 0 :5 ! telephone 0 add$ to x4 ,fur!rmore1 we mu/ n =get t1 al?\gh ! influ5ce ( ea* new inv5tion is usually to assi/ civilization r ?an to assi/ its enemies1 yet we _c assume t #ajj is ex]t$ on t side1 = a consid]able p]c5tage is always ex]t$ on ! o!r side4 ,= in/ance1 ! pr9t+ press is us$ to dissem9ate h>mful tea*+s1 z well z b5efic5t tea*+s1 ! telephone is us$ = bad purposes z well z good ones1 etc4 ,we mu/ n re/rict our appreciation ( ! influ5ce ( ! telephone by ignor+ ! /imulation :i* x has giv5 to /udy & exp]im5t1 especially 9 ! physical sci5ces4 ,p ( ! pres5t day d n realize ! amazem5t & excitem5t caus$ ?r\gh\t ! _w by ! sudd5 realization ( ! fact t human spee* c\ld be transmitt$4 ,com+ z x did s soon aft] ! inv5tion ( ! ,gramme dynamo1 x wak$ ! m9ds ( m5 ) a sudd5 />t1 & op5$ a dazzl+ av5ue ( anticipation ( discov]ies & inv5tions yet to come4 ,"y m51 & especially "y m5 ( f9e ambition1 saw ahead a cle> l9e ( useful & brilliant "w2 & ! colleges & te*nical s*ools 7 soon ?rong$ ) eag] y\?4 ,a new epo*--! electric epo*--0 at h&4 ,! mo/ g5]ally notic$ h]ald ( ! new epo* 0 n ! telephone1 h[ev]1 b ! electric c&le inv5t$ by ,jablo*k(f 9 #ahgf1 :i* soon aft]w>d came into use 9 ,p>is4 ,?is c&le consi/$ ( two p>allel /icks ( c>bon sep>at$ by an insulat+ sub/ance1 made ( "s refractory mat]ial1 t fuz$ z ! c>bons gradually burn$ away4 ,! two c>bons 7 connect$ to an electric circuit t pass$ f ! tip ( "o c>bon to ! tip ( ! o!r1 caus+ a brilliant electric arc4 ,to prev5t "o c>bon wa/+ away m rapidly ?an ! o!r1 an alt]nat+ curr5t 0 employ$4 ,?is great inv5tion is n[ almo/ =gott51 because x 0 soon supplant$ by ! pres5t arc-light t is bett] 9 _m ways4 ,nev]!less1 to ,jablo*k(f mu/ be accord$ ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ to make electric light+ on a l>ge scale practicable1 & to demon/rate ! fact4 ,9 ! same ye>1 an inv5tion ( m ?an d\btful b5efic5ce 0 made1 a ma*9e = cont9u\sly mak+ cig>ettes2 b ?is 0 balanc$ 9 ! same ye> by ! inv5tions ( ! /eam saw-mill & ( ,portl& cem5t4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> came an inv5tion fully z brilliant z ! telephone1 ?\gh n s useful1 ! phonograph4 ,x is usually consid]$ z m brilliant2 c]ta9ly x 0 m unexpect$4 ,! idea ( transmitt+ spee* 0 v old1 _m m5 _h work$ on x1 & _m 7 work+ on x at ! "t :5 ,bell accompli%$ x2 b ! idea ( record+ spee* 0 almo/ undream$ (4 ,up to ! pres5t mom5t1 x c h>dly be said t ! phonograph has _h great influ5ce on hi/ory2 = its ma9 "w has be5 9 giv+ pleasure by ! music x has r5d]$4 ,we c easily imag9e ! pres5t ,ma*9e1 )\t ! phonograph1 b n )\t ! telephone4 ,& we _c imag9e ! pres5t ,ma*9e to exi/ )\t ! gas eng9e1 inv5t$ ! same ye> by ,dr4 ,otto1 t made possible ! use ( l>ge units ( me*anical p[]1 )\t ! ne$ ( boil]s or cond5s]s or o!r ext]nal appliances2 = ! combu/ion ( ! fuel 0 c>ri$ on inside ! eng9e itself4 ,?is inv5tion has be5 foll[$ by _m o!rs dur+ ! =ty-five ye>s t h s9ce gone by1 9 :i* oil has tak5 ! place ( gas4 ,petrol or gasol5e has be5 ! oil 7or _s7 mo/ us$2 b eng9es ( ! ,deisel type1 employ+ heavy oils1 h n[ come into be+ 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,x is easy to und]e/imate ! influ5ce ( ! gas-eng9e1 or oil-eng9e 7usually call$ ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e71 z is prov$ by ! fact t mo/ p d s2 despite ! evid5ce ( its importance on all sides1 9 ! %ape ( subm>9e vessels1 automobiles & simil> vehicles4 ,its mo/ important s+le effect has be5 to make possible ! a]oplane1 & all ! sci5ce & art ( aviation1 & ! consequ5t conque/ ( ! air4 ,9 ! same ye> ( #ahgg1 ,edison made 8 great inv5tion1 ! c>bon telephone transmitt]1 :i* increas$ enorm\sly ! effect ( ! voice 9 v>y+ ! resi/ance ( a telephone circuit1 & !reby increas$ ! l\dness ( telephone spee*4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,b]l9] inv5t$ ! induction transmitt]1 :i* consi/$ ( a prim>y coil ( small resi/ance 9 circuit ) ! transmitt] & ! second>y coil connect$ to ! outside circuit4 ,^! two inv5tions1 add$ to ,bell's orig9al inv5tion1 made ! telephone ( today--9 its ess5tial features4 ,9 #ahgh1 ,edison produc$ 8 inc&esc5t lamp1 9 :i* a c>bon filam5t1 enclos$ 9 a bulb exhau/$ ( air1 0 heat$ to inc&esc5ce by an electric curr5t4 ,! importance ( ?is inv5tion ne$ h>dly be ev5 m5tion$4 ,z to ! orig9ality ( ! conception1 !re are _m op9ions2 = sev]al exp]im5t]s _h be5 work+ 9 ?is field1 & _m brilliant results _h be5 a*iev$4 ,important z ?is inv5tion 01 we c imag9e ! ,ma*9e to exi/ )\t x1 ?\gh n 9 q s p]fect & complete a =m4 ,its ma9 use is its obvi\s use2 ?\gh !re c be no d\bt t ! improvem5t x wr\ght 9 ! conditions ( com=table liv+1 & ! attractions x (f]$ to ambiti\s y\?s enli/$ a l>ge army 9 ! /udy ( ! physical sci5ces1 gave impetus to all ! me*anic arts1 & assi/$ 9 _m important ways ! upbuild+ ( ! ,ma*9e4 ,9 #ahgi1 ,appleby inv5t$ ! automatic gra9-b9d]1 & ,sir ,william ,crookes made 8 epo*al discov]y ( ca?ode rays4 ,?is discov]y1 l _m o!rs ( a highly sci5tific "*1 0 n ( imm$iate practical value2 consi/+ z x did 9 ! fact t if ! poles ( ! second>y circuit ( a ,rhumkorff coil 7 connect$ to ! two ends ( a glass tube f :i* ne>ly all ! air 7or o!r gas7 _h be5 exhau/$1 a /ream ( electrifi$ p>ticles 0 project$ f ! ca?ode1 or negative pole4 ,^! p>ticles 7 evid5tly project$ ) great viol5ce2 = if !y /ruck ! side ( ! tube1 !y produc$ a brilliant illum9ation !re2 :ile if !y /ruck a piece ( metal !y develop$ heat4 ,if ! metal 7 suffici5tly ?91 x 0 melt$4 ,lat] /udy ( ^! ca?ode rays develop$ ! fact t ! /ream ( *>g$ p>ticles c\ld be deflect$ by magnetic & electric fields1 ?us %[+ t !y _h actual physical mass2 & /ill lat] /udies result$ 9 t mass be+ det]m9$1 & also ! am\nt ( ! electric *>ges on !m4 ,to an individual p>ticle ! "n electron 0 giv52 & ! int]e/+ fact develop$ t ! mass ( an electron is only ab\t "o-?\s&? t ( an atom ( hydrog54 ,?is is n v excit+ news to m5 ^: "t is consum$ 9 ! engross+ occupation ( e>n+ a liv+2 b sci5tific facts h a curi\s habit ( lurk+ 9 ! backgr\nd1 sometimes a long :ile1 & !n sudd5ly /epp+ up to ! footlights 9 ! =m ( facts or inv5tions ( a k9d t are exce$+ly important1--ev5 f ! /&po9t ( mak+ a liv+1 or at lea/ ( endur+ ! conditions ( liv+4 ,! /udy ( electrons1 = in/ance l$ ! way to ! discov]y ( ! b5efic5t ,x-rays1 made 9 #ahie by ,rntg54 ,! fir/ electric railways1 l ! fir/ railways ( any k9d1 7 laid 9 m9es2 = ! sup]iority ( electricity ov] /eam = use 9 ! unv5tilat$ spaces ( m9es 0 obvi\sly great] ?an 9 ! op5 spaces on ! surface4 ,! fir/ "o 0 9 ! m9es at ,zank]ode 9 ,g]many & 0 con/ruct$ by ! fam\s ,siem5s ,bro!rs4 ,! fir/ electric surface railway 0 built at ,b]l9 9 #ahgi4 ,x 0 ab\t ?ree hundr$ & fifty y>ds 9 l5g?1 & laid ^u wood5 sleep]s2 an auxili>y rail be+ fix$ midway betwe5 ! two ma9 rails4 ,! auxili>y rail c>ri$ ! electric curr5t1 :i* 0 tak5 (f by a bru% connect$ to ! electric motor on ! c>1 f :i* x w5t to ! rails t act$ z ! return4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ?is sy/em & t n[ us$ 9 all our cities is /rik+1 & %[s h[ practically & sci5tifically good ! fir/ electric railway 04 ,to e/imate correctly ! influ5ce ( ! inv5tion ( ! electric railway w\ld be1 ( c\rse1 impossible1 especially on p>tially develop$ c\ntries2 = ! electric railway assi/$ greatly 9 develop+ !m4 ,x seems possible1 h[ev]1 t ! electric railway may be ( n v long life1 = ! reason t ! int]nal-combu/ion-eng9e possesses ! same great advantage ( smokelessness t ! electric motor does & makes possible ! use ( a mu* simpl] sy/em ?an electric railways necessitate4 ,! fact t any inv5tion is displac$ by a lat] "o does n1 ( c\rse1 detract f ! m]it ( ! inv5tion displac$1 9 hav+ suppli$ ! ne$$ /epp+-/one = ! o!r "o to rise f4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,foy inv5t$ ! /eam pl[1 & ,lee inv5t$ 8 magaz9e rifle4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> 7#ahhj7 ,blake inv5t$ 8 telephone transmitt]1 an improvem5t ( a practical "* ov] prec$+ ones1 ,gre5] inv5t$ 8 hamm]less gun1 & ,faure inv5t$ 8 electric /orage batt]y4 ,! ,faure /orage batt]y 0 a v important inv5tion1 b n ne>ly s important a "o z 0 at fir/ suppos$4 ,x 0 an improvem5t on ,plant's batt]y1 & consi/$ ma9ly 9 apply+ r$ lead & li?>ge directly to ! positive & negative lead plates1 be=e s5d+ any *>g+ curr5t ?r\gh ! liquid2 ?us exp$it+ ! mak+ ( ! batt]y v greatly4 ,! inv5tion 0 hail$ ) extravagant rejoic+s1 ev5 ,sir ,william ,?omson be+ c>ri$ away f 8 habitual equanimity2 b s]i\s practical difficulties soon develop$ t are famili> to mo/ ( u1 & t h nev] yet be5 ov]come4 ,9 #ahhj1 ,ko* & ,eb]? isolat$ ! typhoid bacillus1 & ,/]nb]g ! pneumonia bacillus4 ,! importance ( ^! two discov]ies is n usually appreciat$ by any b physicians & ^? :o h suff]$ f ^! diseases & be5 cur$4 ,ev5 ^? :o h be5 sav$ f hav+ !m1 especially ^? 9 armies :o h be5 sav$ f hav+ typhoid fev]1 fail to realize _! debt4 ,b ! almo/ p]fect immunity f typhoid fev] enjoy$ by all ! enorm\s armies ( ! va/ ,_w ,w>1 comp>$ ) ! frightful di/ress & mortality caus$ by typhoid fev] 9 previ\s w>s1 be>s eloqu5t witness to ! influ5ce ( ! great discov]ies ( ^? tireless inve/igators4 ,x may be po9t$ out "h t ( all ! inv5tions & discov]ies ev] made1 ^? made 9 m$ical & surgical sci5ce1 especially 9 prev5tive measures1 h _h m direct & imm$iate influ5ce on hi/ory ?an contempor>y inv5tions 9 any o!r field1 save possibly religion4 ,= :at is hi/ory b ! life-/ory ( ! human race2 & :at great] influ5ce c be _h ?an influ5ce ^u ! heal? ( its compon5t memb]s8 ,! discov]ies & inv5tions made 9 ! field ( bact]iology especially1 by ga9+ k conc]n+ ! unse5 & unhe>d foes t attack u f )91 h lift$ civiliz$ man up to a condition ( cleanl9ess & purity1 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! conditions "u :i* our =efa!rs liv$ seem almo/ repulsive4 ,x is true t _m ( ^! conditions 7 outcomes ( civilization itself1 & t = "s ( !m m$ic9e has m]ely f\nd ! antidotes4 ,yet ! fact t m$ic9e has f\nd antidotes %[s t m$ic9e has be5 keep+ pace ) progress & has inv5t$ measures = prev5t+ ! ,ma*9e f poison+ itself by a sort ( auto-intoxication4 ,t ! ,ma*9e is 9 dang] ( disruption by outside & inside =ces has be5 sugge/$ frequ5tly 9 ?is book2 s t :at seems to be indicat$ z desirable is a s]ies ( discov]ies & inv5tions t w prev5t x4 ,b1 9 attempt+ ?is1 we mu/ n =get t ea* new discov]y or inv5tion adds ano!r "p1 t safety devices are sometimes s intricate z to increase ! dang] elem5t r ?an less5 or prev5t x1 & t safety appliances !mselves are apt to get out ( ord]1 & ?us lead to a false s5se ( security4 ,^! reflections =ce on our att5tion ! fallibility ( ! human1 ! necessity = cont9u\s /udy ( all situations z !y successively develop1 & ! solemn fact t progress is n b5eficial ( itself2 = x may be 9 ! wrong direction4 ,"o obvi\s fact t we h always realiz$1 />tles ea* "o ( u occasionally2 ! fact t p d n "k :at is good = !m4 ,! appetites & in/9cts ( undome/icat$ brutes are said to be mu* m tru/wor?y z guides ?an ^? ( dome/icat$ brutes & human be+s4 ,we1 by cultivat+ our imag9ations & reason+ p[]s1 & ! brutes by be+ giv5 food & %elt] t !y !mselves d n h to get1 seem to h lo/ a consid]able "p ( ! in/9ctive abilities ) :i* we 7 orig9ally bless$4 ,) human be+s1 _m objects t mo/ ( u aim = are extremely artificial1 & "s ( !m are extremely h>mful4 ,an illu/ration is ! crav+ = mu* food & little physical labor1--a crav+ t is gratifi$ almo/ at once by mo/ p sudd5ly a*iev+ weal?1 ) consequ5ces t are always deplorable & are frequ5tly di/ress+4 ,( c\rse ?is comes f excessive yield+ to our appetites2 b ! brutes seem to feel no temptation to excessive yield+2 an undome/icat$ brute seems to "k :5 he has _h en\gh4 ,we n only yield1 we g fur!r & =ce our appetites4 ,possibly ?is is only an illu/ration ( ! fact t our m9ds h a sort ( in]tia1 comp>able to ! in]tia ( physical objects2 s t :5 we move 9 any direction1 we are apt to g too f>4 ,t x is a t5d5cy ( human nature to g too f> 9 any l9e ( conduct1 :5 once x is ent]$ on1 ! facts ( daily life cont9ually te/ify4 ,:at re=m] 9 public or private life ev] knew :5 to /op2 :at money mak] ev] realiz$ t he _h en\gh money & ceas$ 8 ef=ts to get m8 ,a small p]c5tage h1 b only a small p]c5tage4 ,= ?is reason & o!rs1 ! human ma*9e & ! ,ma*9e ( ,civilization d n get along toge!r z h>moni\sly z might be wi%$4 ,?\gh _m inv5tions1 especially ! basic ones1 h be5 actually uncontrollable acts ( self-expression1 _m o!rs h be5 inspir$ by motives l>gely selfi%1 su* z ! wi% to ga9 fame1 or p[] or money 7or fame & p[] & money72 & ! result is a ,ma*9e t contributes m to man's mat]ial well-be+ ?an to 8 moral1 m5tal or spiritual well-be+1 & a consequ5t civilization t is necess>ily artificial4 ,! net effect1 h[ev] 7unless all our /&>ds are wrong71 has be5 b5eficial2 = x _c tru?fully be d5i$ t physically1 m5tally1 morally & spiritually1 ! civiliz$ man is bett] ?an ! savage1 & to a degree comm5surate ) ! degree to :i* he is civiliz$4 ,probably mo/ civiliz$ m5 w\ld agree to ?is proposition4 ,probably mo/ ( !m w\ld also agree t civilization br+s its evil influ5ces z well z its good influ5ces1 t ! ,ma*9e has be5 f\nd vuln]able to de/ructive influ5ces 9 ! pa/1 t ! ultimate effect mu/ be judg$ f its influ5ces on human be+s1 & t ! mo/ b5efic5t inv5tions & discov]ies h be5 ^? t t5d to ! safety ( ! ,ma*9e itself & ! spiritual1 moral1 m5tal & physical heal? ( ! individual humans :o comprise its pr9cipal p>ts4 ,!y w !re=e applaud su* discov]ies z ^? ( ,eb]?1 ,ko* & ,/]nb]g ( #ahhj1 & also ano!r "o ( ,ko* & "o ( ,pa/eur two ye>s lat]4 ,bo? ( ^! b5efactors !n isolat$ deadly microbes ( disease3 ,ko* ! bacillus ( tub]culosis1 & ,pa/eur t ( hydrophobia4 ,9 #ahha1 ,reece inv5t$ a button-hole ma*9e & ,s*mid a h& photographic cam]a4 ,bo? ( ^! 7 useful inv5tions if n brilliant4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k ! am\nts ( money realiz$ by _! inv5tors1 comp>$ ) ! am\nts receiv$ by ,ko*1 ,pa/eur & ,/]nb]g4 ,9 #ahhd1 by ! way1 ,ko* made ano!r epo*-mak+ & b5efic5t discov]y1 & isolat$ ! bacillus ( *ol]a4 ,loeffl] did ! same ?+1 9 ! same ye> = diph!ria1 & ,nicolai] = lockjaw2 :ile ,kuno produc$ antipyr5e4 ,9 reflect+ on :at ^! great m5 accompli%$1 x is int]e/+ to po9t out to ourselves t ! cons5sus ( op9ion seems to be t1 = mo/ p1 ! pursuit ( happ9ess is ! ma9 bus9ess ( life4 ,:e!r ?is ought to be or n1 %\ld n di/ract our att5tion f ! fact t x really is4 ,to mo/ ( u--at lea/ to ^? ( u :o are "y--happ9ess seems to lie 9 ! ?+ pursu$1 provid$ ! pursuit succe$s4 ,we all seek ! crock ( gold at ! end ( ! ra9b[1 & imag9e t if we get x1 we %all get ! summum bonum ( ev]y?+--happ9ess4 ,yet all "o has to d is to rememb] h[ happy he 0 "o day :5 he 0 feel+ well physically1 morally1 m5tally & spiritually 7z we all h at r>e int]vals71 to realize t happ9ess is m]ely a condition1--& t x is a condition t dep5ds m on ! condition ( 8 own ma*9e ?an on all o!r ?+s put toge!r4 ,:5 "o obs]ves ! action ( a f9e trott+ horse1 ! smoo? & noiseless motion ( a l>ge /eam-eng9e1 or ! maje/ic sett+ ( ! sun2 or :5 he he>s ! h>monies ( "s great musical compos]1 or ! gr&] h>monies ( ! ocean-break]s on ! bea*2 or :5 he pond]s on ! inconceivably swift b ,god-l regul>ity ( ! />s & planets1 he may get a fa9t & brief conception ( :at x means = a ma*9e to be 9 ord]4 ,our human ma*9es are r>ely 9 ?is condition3 b sometimes1 )\t any assignable cause :atev]1 "o takes a deep1 full brea?1 & says1 ,x is good to live4 ,! m5 j spok5 (1 & ! great tea*]s ( tru? 9 all ages1 9 ev5 a high] degree1 admoni% u to keep our ma*9es 9 ord]1 & tell u h[ to d x4 ,h[ n to d x1 ! _w & ! fle% & ! devil tell u unceas+ly2 beguil+ u1 z ! s]p5t beguil$ ,eve1 to eat2 to gratify "o & all ! appetites ( ! s5ses1 reg>dless ( ! effect on ! ma*9e inside4 ,= we "k ^? s5ses ought to gu>d our intake valves1 b d n4 ,:y _c "s "o inv5t a device t w automatically regulate our intake valves8 ,su* an inv5tion w\ld prev5t u f eat+ too mu*1 dr9k+ too mu*1 & smok+ too mu*1 & also f eat+1 dr9k+ & smok+ ?+s detrim5tal to ! ma*9e1 & injuri\s to our happ9ess2 & ev5 f tak+ 9 sights & s\nds & ?\ghts ( an unheal?ful k9d4 ,?is might be foll[$ by ano!r inv5tion t w\ld regulate our outgo valves1 & put a brake on our spee*1 our ambition1 our acquisitiv5ess1 etc4 ,b w\ld n ^! take f u our ,god-grant$ free w8 ,yes1 9 great measure4 ,b su* is ! effect ( ! ,ma*9e ( ,civilization4 ,! primeval savage liv$--7& ! primeval savage /ill lives7 9 a condition ( almo/ p]fect lib]ty1 z d ! bea/s t p]i%3 b 9 ! va/ ,ma*9e ( ,civilization1 we are only t9y p>ts4 ,ea* ( u1 x is true1 has a little fre$om ( motion2 b x is l ! lo/ motion ( a loose "p 9 a crude or ill-con/ruct$ eng9e2 & x seems to be gr[+ small] & small]1 z ! ,ma*9e gr[s l>g] & improves4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,conque/ ,,( ,,! ,,e!r--,,mov+ ,,pictures--,,rise ,,( ,,japan ,,& ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,9 #ahhd1 ,m]g5?al] inv5t$ ! l9otype ma*9e1 9 :i* matrixes = ca/+ diff]5t type 7 mov$ successively into l9e1 by press+ ! correspond+ alphabetically m>k$ keys on a keybo>d1 & ! :ole l9e !n mov$ to ! ca/+ me*anism & ca/4 ,?is 0 an inv5tion ( ! mo/ clean-cut & p]fect "*2 foll[+ cle>ly ! processes ( conception1 developm5t & production1 & result+ 9 an improvem5t 9 ! art ( pr9t+ ( a mo/ important k9d4 ,few inv5tions embody su* a brilliant & orig9al conception1 su* excell5t con/ructiv5ess & su* a useful product4 ,s p]fect 0 ! result1 & s cle> 0 ! conception t prec$$ x1 t "o m>vels t "s "o _h n inv5t$ x be=e4 ,:y make matrixes = type1 !n ca/ ! type1 !n space ! type individually "o aft] ! o!r 9 l9e1 & !n /]eotype !m z !y /& 9 l9e1 :5 x is s mu* easi] simply to place ! matrixes 9 l9e & !n /]eotype ! matrixes8 ,! influ5ce ( ?is inv5tion is ( ! same k9d z ! influ5ce ( ! inv5tion ( ! art ( pr9t+ f movable type1 because x is an improvem5t 9 t art4 ,all ov] ! _w ?is inv5tion1 or inv5tions sugge/$ by x1 are us$ by ! newspap] & book publi%]s1 ) ! result t ! quickness & accuracy ( pr9t+ are mu* enhanc$1 & ! "w ( co-op]at+ ! p>ts ( ! ,ma*9e !reby facilitat$4 ,9 ! same ye> ,m>ble increas$ ! safety ( ! bicycle by 8 inv5tion ( ! re>-driv5 *a91 & ,s*ultz inv5t$ 8 *rome process ( tann+ lea!r4 ,bo? ( ^! 7 important 9 _! way2 b 9 #ahhe ,c[les made a m important inv5tion1 t ( r$uc+ 7& !reby produc+7 ! metal alum9um f its oxide1 call$ alum9a1 ! *ief con/itu5t ( clay4 ,! usefulness ( alum9um lies l>gely 9 its extreme lightness1 & 9 ! fact t :5 comb9$ ) c]ta9 metals1 notably copp]1 x =ms important alloys4 ,dur+ ! same ye>1 ,welsba* inv5t$ 8 gas mantle1 a valuable contribution to gas-light+1 & ,b[]s inv5t$ 8 hydraulic dr$ge1 9 :i* ! act ( dr$g+ a *annel or h>bor 0 accompli%$ by hydraulic p[]4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,van ,depoele inv5t$ a practical contact appliance = use 9 tak+ (f ! curr5t f ! ov]head wires ( electric railways4 ,9 #ahhf1 ,bell & ,ta9t] inv5t$ ! graphophone1 an important improvem5t on ! phonograph1 & ,elihu ,?ompson inv5t$ electric weld+4 ,?is 0 an epo*al inv5tion1 inaugurat+ z x did an entirely new art1 & contribut+ enorm\sly n only to ! quickness ( weld+1 b to its accuracy & /r5g?4 ,_m improvem5ts h be5 made on ?is inv5tion dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 t h increas$ its scope & value4 ,_m articles are n[ made 9 "o piece t is really solid1 ?\gh compos$ ( sev]al p>ts3 = ^? p>ts are s firmly weld$ toge!r t ! jo9ts _c be se5 & are z /rong z any o!r p>ts4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,matteson inv5t$ 8 comb9$ h>ve/] & ?re%]4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ,prescott inv5t$ 8 b& wood saw1 & ,mc,arthur & ,=re/ inv5t$ _! process ( extract+ metals 7especially gold & silv]7 f ores by ! use ( a solution ( potassium cyanide1 & greatly *eap5$ ! "w4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,tesla inv5t$ 8 sy/em ( multi-phase electric curr5ts1 :i* r5d]$ possible ! economical transmission ( p[] ov] long di/ances1 ( :i* ! fir/ use 0 made 9 transmitt+ p[] d]iv$ f ,niag>a ,falls4 ,?is 0 ano!r inv5tion ( ! fir/ ord] ( m]it 9 brilliancy & orig9ality ( conception1 excell5ce ( con/ructiv5ess & usefulness ( result4 ,its value has be5 only dimly appreciat$ by mo/ m51 because ! inv5tion does n /& cont9ually be=e our eyes1 l ! telephone & electric light2 = x _c be se5 at all4 ,x is n a ma*9e or in/rum5t 79 ! common use ( ^? words7 b a sy/em1 actually invisible ( itself1 t gov]ns ! me?od ( design1 con/ruction & op]ation ( ! visible dynamos1 motors & conductors4 ,l ! g]m ( life1 we see n x1 b only its manife/ations4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,welsba* br\ght out an improvem5t on 8 inc&esc5t gas-mantle t 0 valuable = cases 9 :i* a brilliant illum9ation 0 desir$1 t leap$ almo/ imm$iately into public favor4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ( #ahhh1 ,sprague made ! fir/ in/allation ( /reet electric railways 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! fir/ 9 ! _w 9 :i* ! conditions ( op]at+ 7 difficult4 ,! success ( ,sprague's sy/em 0 l>gely due to ! excell5ce ( ,sprague's electric motor1 :i* _h ! curi\s prop]ty ( be+ design$ on pr9ciples :i* ! sci5tific m5 ( ^? days decl>$ to be :olly wrong4 ,sprague's reputation re/s ma9ly on 8 electric railway2 b1 f ! /&po9t ( ! inv5tor1 ,sprague's inv5tion ( 8 electric motor 0 ( a high] ord] ?an t ( 8 electric railway4 ,9 #ahhh1 ,h>vey inv5t$ 8 process ( mak+ armor-plate4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,ea/man & ,walk] inv5t$ ! kodak cam]a1 9 :i* ! novelty consi/$ ma9ly ( a cont9u\s roll ( s5sitiz$ film1 on :i* photographs c\ld be successively made2 & ,de ,*>donnet inv5t$ 8 process ( manufactur+ artificial silk f ?reads t 7 made by =c+ collodion ?r\gh v small holes4 ,^! 7 important 9 fact2 b 9 comp>ison ) ! discov]ies 9 ! realm ( ! actual e!r made 9 ! same ye> by ,h]tz1 !y 7 q trifl+4 ,^! discov]ies result$ f exp]im5ts ) electric app>atus ( ! simple/ & mo/ inexp5sive "*1 9 a space ne> :i* sp>ks 7 pass+ betwe5 ! two t]m9als ( a ,rhumkorff coil4 ,x _h be5 kn[n be=e t ea* sp>k accompani$ & !re=e repres5t$ an e/abli%m5t ( equilibrium betwe5 ! two oppositely *>g$ t]m9als1 & t ea* dis*>ge 0 ( an oscillatory "*--z any readju/m5t ( equilibrium always is4 ,by means ( a m]e s+le wire1 curv$ into a circle1 except t ! two ends 7 n q jo9$1 ,h]tz discov]$ t ! space 0 fill$ ) electric waves t 7 propagat$ 9 /raight l9es f ! s\rce 7z light is7 & accompani$ ) vibrations at "r angles to ! direction ( propagation 7also z light is72 & also t ! electric rays 7 refract$1 reflect$ & pol>iz$1 z light rays are4 ,subsequ5t exp]im5ts ) modifi$ app>atus measur$ ! velocity ( ! propagation ( electric waves1 & f\nd t x 0 virtually ! same z t ( light4 ,to "s1 ?is may n seem a v important discov]y1 f a practical /&po9t2 & d\btless x is n1 f ! practical /&po9t ( "s p1 because x does n affect ! am\nt ( _! worldly possessions1 or _! ease1 com=t & pleasure4 ,x 0 hail$ ) delight by sci5tific m51 h[ev]2 because n only did x support ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light1 b ! c\rse ( ,h]tz's "w _h demon/rat$ ! suspect$ fact t ! receiv] ( electric waves mu/ h>monize 9 its electric dim5sions ) ! transmitt]1 9 ord] t ! greate/ am\nt ( electric en]gy may be develop$ 9 ! receiv]2 & x _h ?us giv5 assi/ance to inve/igations !n 9 progress on :at we n[ call wireless telegraphy4 ,_m inve/igators 7 n[ 9 ! field1 among :om 0 ! humble au?or ( ^! pages4 ,little real progress 0 made until1 9 #ahia1 :5 ,branly ann\nc$ 8 amaz+ discov]y & utiliz$ x 9 8 amaz+ inv5tion1 call$ ! coh]]4 ,8 discov]y 0 t1 if a tube conta9+ metal fil+s be plac$ 9 ! field ( ! sp>k ( an electric ma*9e1 ,leyd5 j>1 or ,rhumkorff coil1 x 7! fil+s7 w become a conductor ( electricity :5 hit by ! electric waves2 & t x w rev]t to its normal /ate z a non-conductor1 if sm>tly tapp$3 ! effect ( ! waves be+ to cause ! sep>ate p>ticles to co-"h & =m a cont9u\s metal conductor2 :ile ! effect ( ! tapp+ 0 to j> ! p>ticles ap>t4 ,! fir/ use ( ?is coh]] 0 9 place ( ! r+ t ,h]tz _h us$2 b its value z an in/rum5t ( practical usefulness 9 a*iev+ electric communication )\t wires 0 almo/ imm$iately p]ceiv$--& demon/rat$4 ,! c>e] ( ! wireless telegraph s9ce ,branly's great discov]y has be5 z rapid1 widespread & important z any o!r new ag5cy has ev] enjoy$1 & possibly m s4 ,t wireless telegraphy 0 a di/9ct inv5tion may p]haps be que/ion$4 ,if x 01 :o 0 ! inv5tor8 ,x is true t an inv5tion does n h to be associat$ ) any "o inv5tor 9 ord] to h ! "r to be *>act]iz$ z an inv5tion2 b 9 ! case ( ! wireless telegraph1 x seems safe to say t1 al?\gh "s ( ! sep>ate /eps t[>d its a*ievem5t 7 inv5tions1 ! f9al /ep 0 m]ely ! add+ toge!r ( ^! sep>ate /eps 9 a way t 0 p]fectly obvi\s1 & t sev]al m5 accompli%$ almo/ simultane\sly4 ,z soon z ,branly produc$ 8 coh]]1 ! problem 0 !reby automatically solv$4 ,e exp]im5t] realiz$ t x 0 m]ely necess>y to use ,branly's coh]]1 9 place ( any receiv] previ\sly us$1 & to tune ! transmitt+ & receiv+ circuits into h>mony4 ,! fir/ man to make a practical wireless in/allation seems to h be5 ,m>coni1 9 #ahif4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! di/ances ov] :i* messages c be s5t has be5 increas+ rapidly ev] s9ce1 & s has be5 ! numb] & ! importance ( ! organizations us+ x1 ( :i* ! l>ge/ are ! v>i\s national gov]nm5ts !mselves4 ,! va/ influ5ce ( wireless 7or radio7 telegraphy on ! hi/ory ( ! great ,_w ,w> is too rec5t to ne$ detail+1 b possibly x may be well to call to m9d ! fact t ! ocean cables 7 virtually all "u ! control ( ! ,allies1 & t ! wireless 0 almo/ ! only means t ,g]many _h = receiv+ in=mation quickly & s5d+ in/ructions quickly beyond h] own coa/ l9e4 ,x 0 us$ by ! ,allies1 h[ev]1 almo/ cont9ually 9 ! controll+ ( _! multitud9\s naval units on ! sea1 & among ^? units !mselves2 & x made possible t prompt & h>moni\s action among num]\s widely sep>at$ gr\ps1 t di/+ui%$ ?is w> f all prec$+ w>s4 ,x w\ld be difficult to det]m9e :e!r ! wireless l5g!n$ ! w> by ! assi/ance x gave to ,g]many1 or %ort5$ x by ! assi/ance x r5d]$ ! ,allies4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! w>1 :5 ,g]many 0 direct+ %ips t 7 f> away1 x help$ ,g]many m ?an x help$ ! ,allies2 b 9 ! la/ ye>s1 :5 ! ,allies 7 fight+ ! subm>9es 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & ,nor? ,seas1 x help$ ! ,allies m4 ,9 ! ma91 x probably %ort5$ ! w> consid]ably1 by accel]at+ ! op]ations4 ,?is rem9ds u ( ! fact t ! g5]al effect ( inv5tion has be5 to make w>s m t]rible b m brief2 & t ! abbreviat+ effect is especially noticeable 9 inv5tions t increase ! spe$ & safety ( transportation & communication4 ,ano!r effect ( inv5tion has be5 to make w>s m widespread2 = ! reason t x l9ks "s nations toge!r & creates antagonism betwe5 o!r nations1 ev5 if !y are f> ap>t4 ,l>g] & l>g] organizations are ?us br\ght into be+1 n only z nations b z allies & conf$]ates4 ,9 ?is way1 ,japan f\ght 9 ,asia1 9 co-op]ation ) h] allies 9 ,france4 ,on ! supposition t ! ,ma*9e is go+ to cont9ue to increase 9 size & /r5g? & excell5ce1 on ! fur!r supposition t ! m highly civiliz$ nations w cont9ue to control ! less civiliz$ nations increas+ly1 ! "t may n be _m g5]ations di/ant :5 all ! nations ( ! _w w be divid$ into a v few gr\ps1 ea* dom9at$ by "o great nation2 z ! ,middle ,europe nations 7 dom9at$ by ,g]many 9 ! la/ w>4 ,z all ! kn[n _w 0 once divid$ into two gr\ps head$ by ,assyria & ,babylon2 at ano!r "t by ,assyria & ,p]sia2 at ano!r "t by ,greece & ,p]sia2 at ano!r by ,rome & ,c>?age1 etc41 & z at v>i\s times ,europe also has be5 divid$ into two oppos+ gr\ps ( nations1 s ! :ole kn[n _w may aga9 be divid$ into two oppos+ gr\ps ( nations3--possibly ! :ite & ! yell[ nations4 ,! cla% ( ! fight+ ma*9es ( two su* va/ organizations1 p]fect$ 9 p[] & spe$ z !y d\btless w be z ! ye>s g by & inv5tions succe$ ea* o!r1 w surpass 9 gr&eur any?+ yet dream$ (4 ,x may nev] occur4 ,nev]8 ,x may nev] occur2 b some?+ approximat+ x w occur1 if hi/ory is to be z mu* l pa/ hi/ory z hi/ory usually has be54 ,9 #ahhi1 ,s*neid] inv5t$ 8 process ( mak+ nickel /eel1 & !reby effect$ an improvem5t 9 /eel t 0 fir/ utiliz$ 9 mak+ armor1 & aft]w>d 9 mak+ o!r articles ( _m k9ds4 ,hall inv5t$ a process ( mak+ alum9um dur+ ! same ye>4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ,/eph5s inv5t$ 8 electric pl\gh1 & ,m]g5?al] made an improvem5t on 8 l9otype ma*9e4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 pneumatic tires 7 atta*$ to bicycles2 & an inv5tion ( a mo/ important k9d1 t _h la9 dormant = _m ye>s1 0 put to "w at la/4 ,! inv5tor _h long s9ce di$4 ,does he "k t 8 inv5tion is n[ us$ all ov] ! civiliz$ _w8 ,if s1 does ! k give him pleasure8 ,"o ( ! mo/ unsatisfactory p>ts ( an inv5tor's exp]i5ce is ! difficulty he has 9 mak+ o!r m5 see ! value ( 8 inv5tions1 comb9$ ) ! fact t :5 ! inv5tion is f9ally adopt$1 8 "p 9 x is (t5 =gott51 & sometimes int5tionally ignor$4 ,?is applies especially to inv5tions ( a high ord] ( orig9ality1 t are a little 9 advance ( ! requirem5ts & k ( mo/ m5 at ! "t1 & t are look$ ^u z vision>y & d n come into use = a consid]able :ile4 ,_m an inv5tor has endur$ a purgatory :ile try+ to get a he>+ = 8 inv5tion1 & yet be5 :olly =gott5 :5 x 0 f9ally adopt$4 ,to make ! matt] worse1 he has (t5 be5 br&$ = life z a vision>y1 & rema9$ s br&$1 ev5 aft] ! inv5tion _h be5 adopt$ because ( :i* he _h be5 br&$4 ,9 o!r cases1 manufactur]s h /ol5 8 inv5tion & d5i$ 8 claims1 kn[+ t he 0 too poor to fight aga9/ !m ) all ( _! res\rces4 ,9 o!r cases1 bus9ess m5 & lawy]s h comb9$ to induce him to sign pap]s ( a highly advantage\s "* to ! bus9ess m51 b contr>iwise to ! inv5tor4 ,9 all ( ^! cases1 ! matt] has usually be5 ! worse = ! inv5tor 9 proportion to ! high ord] ( ! inv5tion3 = ! real inv5tor1 l ! real arti/1 is usually s absorb$ 9 8 ?\ghts t he c>es b little 7too little7 = mat]ial ga94 ,! case ( ! inv5tor :o makes a bus9ess ( inv5t+ is some:at diff]5t4 ,he usually conf9es 8 ef=ts to mak+ inv5tions t w br+ 9 money1 becomes an exp]t on nice po9ts 9 pat5t law1 disc]ns *ances = circumv5t+ exi/+ pat5ts :ile utiliz+ _! basic pr9ciples1 p]ceives opportunities = mak+ ! little improvem5ts 9 detail t promote practicability1 & becomes ! k9d ( inv5tor :o owns a lim\s9e4 ,9 #ahij1 ,krag-,jorg5s5 inv5t$ ! fam\s rifle ( t "n4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ,branly inv5t$ ! coh]] m5tion$ on page #cje1 & ,p>sons inv5t$ 8 rot>y /eam turb9e4 ,! /eam turb9e 0 an improvem5t ov] ! reciprocat+ /eam eng9e = _m classes ( "w1 great & small4 ,! fir/ /eam eng9e inv5t$ by ,h]o 0 a rot>y eng9e1 b x 0 ( c\rse1 mo/ uneconomical ( /eam4 ,! fir/ /eam eng9e t 0 really effici5t 0 ! reciprocat+ eng9e produc$ by ,watt4 ,! greate/ s+le defect ( rot>y eng9es has always be5 ! loss ( /eam 9 go+ by ! rotat+ p>ts )\t do+ any "w1 a defect exi/+ 9 only a small degree ) ! closely fitt+ pi/ons ( reciprocat+ eng9es4 ,9 ! turb9es inv5t$ by ,p>sons & o!rs ab\t ! same "t1 wa/age ( /eam 0 prev5t$ by v>i\s means t ne$ n be detail$ "h1 & smoo? motion ( ! rot>y eng9e at ! same "t secur$4 ,! greate/ b5efit accru$ probably to ocean /eam%ips1 9 :i* ! abs5ce ( vibration1 & ! sav+ 9 weight1 space & numb] ( att5dants requir$ 7 features ( great practical importance4 ,ab\t #ahij1 ,edison inv5t$ ! k9etograph & k9etoscope1 aft] a long s]ies ( inve/igations & exp]im5ts4 ,^! foll[$ ! exp]im5ts made by ,dr4 ,muybridge "s ye>s be=e1 9 :i* he _h tak5 _m successive pictures ( horses at v %ort int]vals1 by means ( z _m sep>ate cam]as1 7twelve pictures 9 "o /ride = in/ance71 & aft]w>ds reproduc$ !m 9 su* a way z to %[ horses 9 rapid motion4 ,!y came also aft] ,ea/man's kodak1 9 :i* pictures c\ld be tak5 successively1 on a travel+ film4 ,9 ! k9etograph1 only "o object glass 0 us$2 & ! film 0 drawn along beh9d x 9 su* a way t1 at pr$et]m9$ int]vals1 ! film 0 /opp$ & a %utt] beh9d ! object glass or l5s 0 mov$ away1 & a picture tak54 ,! mov+ me*anism 7at fir/ ! human h&7 cont9u+ 9 motion1 ! %utt] 0 clos$ & ! film 0 mov$ along a %ort di/ance1 s z to br+ ano!r "p beh9d ! object glass4 ,!n ! same op]ation 0 repeat$--& s on4 ,9 ! k9etoscope1 ! op]ation 0 rev]s$1 9 ! s5se t ! pictures tak5 7 pres5t$ successively to ! eye ( ! obs]v]4 ,9 ! fir/ =m1 ! obs]v] look$ at !m ?r\gh a peep-hole3 b 9 ! latt] =ms1 ! pictures h be5 ?r[n ^u a scre5--some:at z f a magic lant]n1 & become ! movie ( today4 ,"h1 aga91 we see an inv5tion ( ! highe/ ord] 9 ea* ( ! ?ree ess5tials--conception1 developm5t & production4 ,no inv5tion exi/s ( a high] ord]4 ,z to _! use & usefulness1 we are mo/ famili> ) !m 9 mov+ pictures4 ,:e!r x is = ! public good to produce s _m %[s = idly dispos$ m5 & wom5 to sp5d _! "t 9 look+ at1 is p]haps a possible subject = enlight5+ discussion4 ,b ! mov+ picture is us$ = _m purposes1 especially = purposes ( education & rese>*1 besides t ( m]e amusem5t1 & w unque/ionably be s us$1 m & m z "t goes on4 ,"o ( its mo/ obvi\s sph]es ( usefulness is 9 mak+ photographs ( movem5ts t are v rapid1 & !n analyz+ & inspect+ ^? photographs :5 pres5t$ v sl[ly1 & :5 /opp$4 ,ano!r is 9 tak+ photographs ( successive situations t h occurr$ at consid]able int]vals ( "t1 & !n pres5t+ ! pictures quickly1 & ?us %[+ a connect$ /ory4 ,by deal+ 9 ?is way ) hi/orical incid5ts1 we c get a realization ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( ^? incid5ts t we _c get 9 any o!r way1 & see h[ cause has produc$ effects1 & effects h come f causes4 ,simil>ly1 ! "w ( build+ any l>ge /ructure c be %[n by pres5t+ rapidly a s]ies ( photographs tak5 at diff]5t /ages2 & s c ! gr[? ( a plant or animal1 & almo/ any k9d ( progress4 ,let u impress on our m9ds ! fact t if we read any book1 or witness any occurr5ce1 or li/5 to any argum5t1 or receive any in/ruction ( any k9d1 ! only value comes to u f ! pictures made on our m5tal ret9as & ! p]man5ce & cle>ness ( ! records impress$4 ,?us1 any means t c impress u quickly ) ! mo/ important pictures mu/ be ( ! highe/ practical value1 bo? 9 prosecut+ /udies ( ev5ts1 & 9 ga!r+ conclusions f !m4 ,9 fact1 ! k9etograph & ! k9etoscope are simply ,edison's imitation ( ! op]ations c>ri$ on inside ! skull ( ea* ( u2 = we are cont9ually tak+ mov+ pictures ( :at we see & he> & read & feel2 record+ !m on our own mov+ s5sitiz$ films1 & br++ !m be=e our m5tal gaze at our own volition & sometimes 9 spite ( x4 ,9 #ahij1 ! au?or ( ?is book pat5t$ ,a ,me?od ( ,po9t+ ,guns at ,sea t has be5 adopt$ 9 all ! great navies1 "u ! "n ,gun ,director ,sy/em4 ,9 #ahia he pat5t$ a modification "u ! "n ,telescopic ,sight = ,%ips ,guns4 ,^! two inv5tions are us$ 9 e navy 9 ! _w1 h increas$ ! effectiv5ess ( naval gunn]y immeasurably1 & h1 !re=e1 be5 important contributions to ! self-protectiv5ess ( ! ,ma*9e4 ,9 #ahic1 ,a*eson inv5t$ 8 process = mak+ c>borundum1 a comp\nd ( c>bon & silicon1 made 9 ! electric furnace1 & us$ = abrasive purposes2 & 9 ! same ye> ,willson made c>bide ( calcium f c>bon & quick-lime1 also 9 ! electric furnace4 ,9 #ahie1 ,l9de inv5t$ 8 process ( liquefy+ air1 & ! fir/ in/allation ( great electric locomotives 0 effect$3 ?is 0 9 ! ,baltimore & ,ohio tunnel4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,rntg5 made ! epo*al discov]y ( :at he call$ by ! significant "n ,x-rays1 a "n t /ill cl+s to !m4 ,!y 7 discov]$ by ,rntg5 9 ! c\rse ( 8 rese>*es ) ca?ode rays4 ,8 discov]y 0 9 effect t electric rays emanat$ f ! "p ( ! tube /ruck by ! ca?ode rays4 ,!y 7 n ca?ode rays1 ?\gh produc$ by !m1 & _h ! amaz+ prop]ty ( p5etrat+ c]ta9 insulat+ sub/ances1 su* z ebonite1 pap]1 etc41 :ile n p5etrat+ metals1 except ?r\gh %ort di/ances4 ,unlike ! ca?ode rays1 !y 7 n deflect$ by magnets2 & nei!r did !y seem to be reflect$ or refract$ simil>ly4 ,_! mo/ important prop]ty 0 t ( act+ photographically on s5sitiz$ plates1 ev5 :5 9 clos$ slides1 & wrapp$ c>efully 9 black pap]4 ,! greate/ usefulness ( ! ,x-rays ?us f> made has be5 9 photograph+ int]nal p>ts ( ! human body2 = ! rays pass ?r\gh c]ta9 p>ts less readily ?an ?r\gh o!r p>ts2 ?r\gh bones = in/ance1 less readily ?an ?r\gh s(t p>ts4 ,fractures or displacem5ts ( bones c !re=e be readily detect$4 ,s also c ! =mation ( pus 9 cavities1 & ! appe>ance ( abnormal products ( _m k9ds4 ,to ?is discov]y we mu/ give a rank z high z almo/ any o!r t we h not$ 9 ?is book1 ?\gh we _c tell1 ( c\rse1 h[ long x w hold x4 ,) me*anical & sci5tific inv5tions1 z ) books & poems & inv5tions ( o!r k9ds1 ! "q ( p]man5ce ( value or ( usefulness _c be decid$ until aft] _m ye>s4 ,"o ( ! curi\s prop]ties ( ,x-rays is t ( r5d]+ ! air ?r\gh :i* !y pass a conductor ( electricity4 ,s f> z ! au?or is aw>e1 no inv5tion ( practical usefulness has yet be5 made1 bas$ ^u ?is prop]ty4 ,9 #ahif1 ,m>coni br\ght out ! fir/ practically successful sy/em ( wireless telegraphy1 ,f9s5 demon/rat$ ! usefulness ( c]ta9 rays ( ! spectrum = treat+ c]ta9 sk9 diseases1 & ,becqu]el discov]$ :at h s9ce be5 call$ ! ,becqu]el rays4 ,9 exp]im5t+ ) ,x-ray photography1 he f\nd t a s5sitiz$ plate1 ?\gh cov]$ ) black pap]1 0 act$ on n only by ,x-rays1 b also by ! metal uranium & c]ta9 ( its salts2 & he also f\nd t ! m]e pres5ce ( uranium made ! contigu\s air a conductor1 z did ! ,x-or ,rntg5 rays4 ,! amazem5t caus$ by ! discov]y ( su* undream$-( prop]ties1 especially 9 s commonplace a sub/ance z uranium _h be5 suppos$ to be1 c easily be imag9$2 & x is pla9 :y /r5u\s ef=ts 7 made at once by sci5tific p1 to see if o!r sub/ances did n possess ^? prop]ties also4 ,z a result1 x 0 soon f\nd t o!r bodies did possess !m4 ,to ^? bodies t seem to possess ! quality ( radiat+ activities ( c]ta9 k9ds1 ! adjective radio-active has be5 appli$4 ,! mo/ important radio-active elem5ts are uranium1 ?orium & radium1 ( :i* ! la/ is immeasurably ! mo/ active & important4 ,radium 0 discov]$ 9 #ahih by ,m4 & ,madame ,curie & ,m4 ,bmont1 :ile exp]im5t+ ) ! uranium m9]al pit*bl5de4 ,x seem$ to "s p at ! "t to *all5ge ! !ory ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 & to ?reat5 ! de/ruction ( ! :ole sci5ce ( ,physics1 by emanat+ en]gy )\t loss to itself4 ,x has s9ce be5 f\nd1 ( c\rse1 t radium does give up "p ( its sub/ance2 t x dis9tegrates 9 fact1 z a result ( its emanations4 ,h[ great an influ5ce ! discov]y ( radium is go+ to ex]t1 x is n[ impossible to pr$ict ) confid5ce2 b x is manife/ t ! ?ree successive & alli$ discov]ies ( ca?ode rays1 ,x-rays & radium h introduc$ a new & gr[+ sci5ce into ! ,ma*9e2 & x is seem+ly possible t t sci5ce may1 soon or t>dily1 asc]ta9 ! nature ( ! atom1 & ev5 tea* u to divide x4 ,x seems t an atom ( radium does actually dis9tegrate1 & by dis9tegrat+ give out en]gy4 ,! en]gy x gives out is s enorm\s 9 proportion to ! mass :i* gives x out1 z to sugge/ to u an almo/ inf9ite s\rce ( available p[]1 if o!r sub/ances c be made to dis9tegrate4 ,x is said t "o gramme ( radium c emit a quantity ( heat ( ab\t #ajj calories p] h\r2 t is en\gh heat to raise #ajj grammes ( wat] a #a c5tigrade 9 temp]ature1 by simply exi/+4 ,x is true t radium is ! mo/ exp5sive article 9 ! _w2 b t is only because ( ! difficulties ( obta9+ x at pres5t4 ,n[ if radium is s pot5tially p[]ful & dis9tegrates s easily1 x seems possible t o!r sub/ances less easily dis9tegrable c\ld emit great] en]gy1 if 7or :57 a means is discov]$ = dis9tegrat+ !m4 ,! int]e/+ "q n[ sugge/s itself ( :at w\ld happ5 if "s man %\ld "s day discov] accid5tally a means ( dis9tegrat+--say c>bon--& %\ld un9t5tionally dis9tegrate a few tons ( coal 9 ,wall ,/reet4 ,we "k :at has happ5$ at times :5 piles ( explosives h be5 accid5tally detonat$4 ,b explosives are m]ely *emical comp\nds1 &1 comp>$ to atoms ( radium are relatively microscopic 9 ! en]gy develop$ :5 brok5 up4 ,we rememb] ! /ory ( ! commotion caus$ by ! monk's exp]im5t 9 mak+ p[d]1 :5 ! mixture explod$ & hurl$ ! pe/le out ( ! mort> & across ! room4 ,imag9e a few tons ( c>bon atoms explod+4 ,9 #ahid a w>1 long presag$1 broke out betwe5 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,9 #ahed1 :5 ,commodore ,p]ry w5t to ,japan1 & gave a virtual ultimatum t result$ 9 ,japan's op5+ h] seaports to ! comm]ce ( ! _w1 ,*9a & ,japan 7 on ! same plane ( civilization1 ?\gh ,*9a 0 _m times great] 9 area & population4 ,b ! p ( ,japan 7 diff]5t f ^? ( ,*9a 9 ! ess5tial m5tal *>act]i/ic ( imag9ation1--at lea/ _! rul]s 74 ,= ^? rul]s1 not+ ! sup]ior p[] ( ! =eign w>-%ips z comp>$ ) !irs1 & reason+ f ?is to ! conditions ( ! c\ntries t produc$ ^? w>-%ips1 & t produc$ also ! implem5ts ( w> on bo>d t 7 s mu* sup]ior to ! ,japanese1 made a m5tal picture ( :at w\ld happ5 to ,japan "s day1 :5 ^? w>-%ips %\ld come to ,japan & dem& submission4 ,to make su* a picture did n require mu* imag9ation1 maybe2 b ! fact seems to be t no o!r ,asiatic nation1 & no ,african nation1 made x4 ,!n ! ,japanese made ano!r picture1 t requir$ imag9ation ( a brilliant k9d2 & t 0 a picture ( ,japan le>n+ ! arts ( ! =eign devil1 & !n utiliz+ ^? arts to keep ! =eign devil himself at bay4 ,to u1 look+ back on ! p]fectly cle> record ( p]=mance t ,japan has made s9ce !n1 t p]=mance may seem n v difficult ei!r to attempt or to a*ieve4 ,b no o!r nation 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w has ev] p>allel$ x1 or ev5 approximat$ x4 ,to appreciate x1 "o mu/ ex]t all ! imag9ation ( :i* he is capable1 & see himself 9 ,japan z ,japan 0 9 #ahed1 amid all ! influ5ces ( ! hi/ory & environm5t !n prevail+1 ) all _! accompanim5ts ( ignorance1 prejudice1 in]tia & racial pride4 ,x is ! cons5sus ( op9ion ?r\gh\t ! _w t ! p]=mance ( ,japan s9ce #ahed has be5 amaz+4 ,x is "p ( ! humble ef=t ( ?is book to %[ t1 9 all great a*ievem5ts1 ! result %\ld be attribut$ ma9ly to ! e/imate orig9ally =m$ ( ! situation1 & ! decision 7inv5tion7 made to meet x4 ,c'e/ le premi] pas qui c\te3 ! re/ foll[ z results4 ,! w> betwe5 ,*9a & ,japan1 & 9 great] degree ! result ( t w>1 give cle> & impressive demon/rations ( ! influ5ce ( inv5tion on hi/ory2 because ! victors 7 victors simply because !y _h tak5 advantage ( ! inv5tions made 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,!re 0 no m>k$ diff]5ce physically 9 favor ( ! ,japanese4 ,:e!r !re 0 morally1 we h no means ( judg+4 ,0 !re a diff]5ce m5tally8 ,we h an excell5t means ( judg+ ?is1--! fact t ! ,japanese _h made a correct e/imate ( ! situation & come to a correct decision1 :ile ! ,*9ese _h n4 ,9 ! w> t occurr$ t5 ye>s lat]1 betwe5 ,japan & ,russia1 ! influ5ce ( inv5tion 0 ev5 m cle> & /rik+1 = ! reason t ,japan 0 a virtually semi-b>b>\s c\ntry 9 #ahed1 :ile ,russia 0 "o ( ! five great p[]s ( civilization & ,*ri/5dom2 & yet 9 exactly fifty ye>s1 ,japan demon/rat$ h] equality ) ,russia 9 ! decisive c\rt ( w> on l&1 & beat h] ignom9i\sly 9 ! equally decisive c\rt ( w> on sea4 ,:y8 ,because dur+ t fifty ye>s ,japan _h avail$ h]self ( ! aid ( inv5tion m ?an ,russia _h done2 ) ! result t :5 !y w5t be=e ! supreme tribunal1 ,japan _h bett] me?ods1 bett] equipm5t1 bett] plans1 bett] soldi]s1 bett] %ips1 bett] t\t ensemble4 ,! mo/ important s+le item 0 ! naval telescope sight inv5t$ by ! au?or4 ,t 0 ! cause ( ! immeasurably sup]ior gunn]y ( ! ,japanese at ! decisive naval battle ( ,tsu%ima4 ,conc]n+ ,japan's w> ) ,*9a 9 #ahid1 ! same tru?s may be utt]$1 ?\gh n ) q s mu* emphasis2 = ! results _h n be5 s />tl+4 ,bo? w>s demon/rate ! same pr9ciples1 ?\gh 9 unequal degrees ( conv9c+ness4 ,bo? w>s %[ t ! influ5ce ( inv5tion has be5 to build up a ,ma*9e :i* is p[]ful n only = peace b = w>2 to assi/ ^? nations ! mo/ t avail !mselves ( x ) ! greate/ skill & en]gy1 & !re=e to spur ambiti\s & f>-see+ p to ! /udy ( :atev] k ! _w af=ds4 ,! /udy mo/ cle>ly indicat$ is t ( ! res\rces ( physics & *emi/ry1 & ! exp]i5ces record$ 9 hi/ory4 ,9 #ahig1 ,h5ry ,a4 ,wise ,wood inv5t$ ! autoplate1 a ma*9e = mak+ pr9t+ plates previ\sly made by h&1 :i* multipli$ f\rfold ! reproduction ( ! type page 9 pr9t+ plates4 ,?is inv5tion facilitat$ & *eap5$ ! co/ ( pr9t+1 & 0 !re=e a valuable addition to ! ,ma*9e4 ,9 #ahih a w>1 giv+ u lessons simil> to ^? ( ! ,japanese w>s1 broke out betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,spa94 ,! disproportion ( mat]ial res\rces 0 great1 & 0 9 favor ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,yet 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,spa9 _h be5 e/eem$ by _m to be ! greate/ ( all ! p[]s1 :ile ! t]ritory lat] held by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ! wild doma9 ( savages4 ,:y _h ,spa9 fall5 s f> bel[ a c\ntry s new1 liv+ ?ree ?\s& miles away f ! civilization ( ,europe8 ,because %e _h lo/ h] vision2 because %e _h become infect$ ) ! disease ( sordidness :i* quickly-gott5 weal?1 especially ill-gott5 weal?1 has (t5 br\ght to nations2 because %e _h ceas$ to enc\rage su* bright visions z %e _h enc\rag$ 9 ! days ( ,columbus & ,magellan1 & settl$ d[n 9 ! torpor ( unimag9ativ5ess4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on ! o!r h&1 _h be5 see+ su* visions & foll[+ !m to le>n :at lay beyond2 & _h be5 embody+ all t c\ld be embodi$ 9 practical projects & ma*9es & me?ods & in/rum5talities ( all k9ds4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates _h be5 tak+ all possible advantage ( ! pot5tialities ( inv5tion1 b ,spa9 _h n4 ,an important result ( ?is w> 0 ! pro(1 & its utilization on a l>ge scale 9 ,cuba & o!r ,spani%-,am]ican c\ntries1 t ! mosquito is a c>ri] ( ! infections ( yell[ fev] & _m o!r diseases4 ,h>dly _h ?is w> f9i%$1 :5 a w> broke out 9 #ahii betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,bo] ,republic 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,x is an evid5ce ( ! important influ5ce ( inv5tion t x 0 possible = ,great ,brita9 to wage effective w> s f> away1 & f9ally to triumph4 ,%e triumph$ ma9ly because ( ! sup]ior p[] ( h] milit>y ma*9e2 b %e _h be5 able to con/ruct & to improve x cont9ually by h] p]si/5t utilization ( ! possibilities ( inv5tion4 ,! possibilities t %e _h utiliz$ became especially conspicu\s :5 ! necessity came = transport+ ! necess>y troops & guns & munitions & supplies ov] ! va/ ocean spaces int]v5+1 & = h&l+ !m on a =eign soil2 "u conditions v novel1 & aga9/ a w>y & yet skilfull & aggressive foe4 ,?is w> _h n clos$ :5 ! ,box] rebellion broke out 9 ,*9a1 & a lesson ev5 m cle>ly m>k$ 0 giv5 to ! _w4 ,= ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t 0 p]haps ! olde/ 9 ! _w & ! ,*9ese nation ! mo/ num]\s4 ,! revolt grew out ( a s]ies ( aggressions by c]ta9 ,european p[]s1 especially ,great ,brita91 ,g]many1 ,france & ,russia1 t consi/$ 9 virtually appropriat+ "u v>i\s pretexts1 c]ta9 important positions & valuable pieces ( t]ritory 9 ,*9a4 ,because ( ! fact t ,*9a _h lo/ h] vision1 & _h n ev5 be5 /imulat$ to realiz+ facts by ! example ( ,japan1 ,*9a 0 at ?is "t an incoh]5t aggregation ( sep>ate /ates & organizations2 ?\gh %e 0 suppos$ to be a coh]5t nation1 "u ! emp]or 9 ,pek94 ,because ( a lack ( su* a n]v\s sy/em z 0 giv5 to ea* civiliz$ nation by its railways1 mails1 newspap]s1 telegraphs & telephones1 ,*9a 0 a s(t & almo/ amorph\s mass2 ) no def9ite purpose & no /r5g?1 ei!r ext]nal or int]nal4 ,*9a 0 n a ma*9e 9 any prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 & 0 !re=e incapable ( any action ( an effective k9d4 ,! result 0 t1 al?\gh ! cause ( ! ,box]s 0 n only j b laudable1 ! :ole movem5t result$ 9 a s]ies ( pitiful atrocities committ$ by ! ,box]s 9 ,pek91 foll[$ by a =c$ entry into t anci5t capital by a few ?\s& troops f ! pr9cipal civiliz$ nations1 & a quick & complete suppression ( ! entire revolt4 ,!re1 9 ,pek91 9 ! clos+ days ( ! ye> #aijj1 c\ld be se51 9 two contra/+ gr\ps1 peoples repres5t+ ! highly organiz$ & effective ,ma*9e ( ,civilization on "o side & its crude & ineffective pr$ecessor on ! o!r side4 ,:at 0 ! cause ( ! enorm\s diff]5ce betwe5 ! gr\ps8 ,9 physical /r5g? & size & c\rage1 little diff]5ce if any 0 obs]vable2--yet "o w5t d[n be=e ! o!r1 l t5p9s be=e a b[l+ ball4 ,"s may say t ! diff]5ce 0 due to ! diff]5ce 9 race4 ,yet ! ,japanese 7 ( ! same race z ! ,*9ese1 & ! ,japanese troops 7 z m>k$ly sup]ior to ! ,*9ese z 7 ! troops ( any o!r nation3 9 fact1 x 0 ! cons5sus ( op9ion t ! ,japanese troops 7 sup]ior to all ! o!rs1 except ! ,g]man4 ,"s may say x 0 because ( ! diff]5ce 9 religions4 ,yet ! ,japanese 7 ( virtually ! same religion z ! ,*9ese4 ,( c\rse1 ! p>am\nt diff]5ce 0 9 ! degree ( civilization4 ,:at 0 ?is diff]5ce 9 civilization due to8 ,cle>ly1 x 0 due to numb]less causes2 b !re seem to be two causes m important ?an ! o!rs3 a diff]5ce 9 attitude t[>d ! possibilities ( inv5tion1 & a diff]5ce 9 :at has be5 call$ ! fight+ _s4 ,b ! fight+ _s & a receptive attitude t[>d inv5tion are usually f\nd toge!r1 ?\gh ! fight+ _s may sometimes lie dormant 9 inv5tive & ent]pris+ p2 may lie dormant1 ev5 = consid]able p]iods1 :5 conditions are peaceful1 & prosp]ity prevails4 ,b ,a*illes--7s ! leg5d runs7--dwelt at "o "t 9 hid+1 dress$ 9 woman's g>b1 quiet & unsuspect$4 ,yet :5 sudd5ly ! bugle rang1 he grasp$ ! sword & %ield4 ,s1 9 #aiad1 & = "s ye>s be=e1 ,great ,brita91 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,france slumb]$ "u ! n>cotic spell ( pacifism2 yet :5 sudd5ly ! ,g]man ,w> ,ma*9e advanc$ ^u !m1 ea* nation & all ?ree nations toge!r rose 9 quick & yet maje/ic arm$ reply1 & prov$ _! fight+ _s 0 n dead1 al?\gh x _h be5 sleep+4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,fruition ,,( ,,inv5tion ,! tw5tie? c5tury 0 ! fruition ( all t inv5tion _h a*iev$ dur+ ! ages ( ! pa/4 ,:5 x op5$1 ! _w 0 a _w f> diff]5t f :at x _h be51 ev5 9 times n long gone by4 ,x 0 f> diff]5t f ! _w ( #ahej1 or ev5 #ahge2 = _m inv5tions _h be5 made & utiliz$ dur+ ! pass+ ye>s4 ,! la/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! int]val betwe5 #ahge & #aijj1 has be5 call$ ! indu/rial age1 because ( ! great advances made 9 all indu/rial appliances1 & ! consequ5t advance made 9 ! size & weal? & p[] ( indu/rial organizations ( all k9ds4 ,9 especial1 ! organizations deal+ ) sy/ems ( transportation & communication1 & ) manufactur+ ! _m appliances ne$$ by !m _h exp&$ greatly4 ,o!r organizations _h exp&$ also2 = ! improvem5t & ext5sion ( ! means ( transportation & communication r5d]$ possible ! exi/5ce & successful op]ation ( organization 9 _m bran*es ( ef=t1 to a degree impossible be=e4 ,cities grew 9 area & population2 ! build+s 9 size & especially 9 height2 railroads increas$ 9 numb]1 l5g? ( r\te & spe$ ( travel2 locomotives & c>s grew comm5surately2 colleges1 hospitals1 *ur*es1 clubs1 sci5tific bodies1 b5evol5t societies--all seem$ to take a />t ab\t #ahge & to gr[ at increas+ spe$1 z ye> succe$$ ye>4 ,b ! greate/ s+le advance 0 made 9 ocean transportation2 = ! sea1 by ! ye> #aijj1 _h become a plane across :i* /eam]s mov$ ) a spe$ & a c]ta9ty & a safety1 rival+ t ( railway tra9s on l&4 ,! factors mo/ imm$iately & importantly to be cr$it$ ) all ^! advances 7 ! improvem5ts 9 ! /eam eng9e1 ! electric telegraph1 & ! manufacture ( /eel2 also ! inv5tion ( ! dynamo-electric ma*9e1 ! electric light & ! telephone4 ,^! factors _h giv5 su* p[] & c]ta9ty & spe$ to ! ,ma*9e ( ,civilization t ! nations :i* jo9$ x & became contributory p>ts ( x1 advanc$ rapidly 9 prosp]ity & weal?1 bo? actually & also relatively1 z comp>$ ) nations t did n4 ,9 ! ye> #aijj1 ! great nations ( ! _w 7 ,great ,brita91 ,france1 ,g]many1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,japan4 ,( ^! ,japan _h advanc$ ! mo/ 9 civilization dur+ ! prec$+ half c5tury1 !n ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !n ,g]many1 !n ,great ,brita91 & !n ,france4 ,! nation t _h increas$ ! mo/ 9 t]ritorial ext5t 0 ,great ,brita94 ,9 #aijj1 ! ,briti% ,empire1 includ+ ,india1 cov]$ ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! :ole surface ( ! e>?4 ,x compris$1 besides ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 five self-gov]n+ colonies1 ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 ! ,commonweal? ( ,au/ralia1 ! ,union ( ,s\? ,africa1 ,new ,f\ndl& & ,new ,zeal&1 9 addition to ! #a1hjj1jjj squ>e miles ( ,briti% ,india & h] ?ree hundr$ million p4 ,france _h exp&$ 9 bo? ,africa & ,asia2 t is1 %e _h conqu]$ t]ritory 9 ^? p>tially civiliz$ cont95ts4 ,g]many _h done simil>ly2 & ,russia _h subjugat$ ! nomadic & semi-nomadic tribes ( ,c5tral ,asia4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates _h tak5 only a little t]ritory1 t includ$ 9 ! ,philipp9es & ,porto ,rico2 = %e _h exp&$ h] con/ructive en]gy & skill 9 develop+ ! va/ & f]tile area )9 h] own b\nd>ies4 ,japan _h exp&$ only slightly 9 actual t]ritory2 ! ex]cise ( h] con/ructive tal5ts be+ urg5tly requir$ at home4 ,x may be decl>$ t inv5tion %\ld n be cr$it$ ) any ( ?is expansion1 = ! reasons t to increase "o's possessions is an in/9ct ( human nature1 & t ! colonization ( savage & b>b>\s l&s has be5 a favorite activity ) great nations always4 ,true3 b ! inv5tions enum]at$ 9 ?is book1 & ! ag5cies :i* !y suppli$ = go+ quickly1 surely & safely to places f> away2 ( tak+ to ^? places c]ta9 tools ( conque/1 su* z guns & p[d]2 & ( supply+ aft]w>d to ! conqu]$ p f9] conv5i5ces ( liv+1 ju/] laws & bett] gov]nm5t ( e k9d1 h be5 ! effective means to an end t c\ld n h be5 atta9$ )\t !m4 ,x may be object$ t ! pr9cipal factors 9 all ( ^! a*ievem5ts h be5 omitt$1 ! comm]cial ent]prise ( ! m]*ants1 ! f>see+ wisdom ( ! /atesm51 ! valor & skill ( ! /rategi/s1 & 7back ( all7 ! c\rage & ent]prise ( ! orig9al explor]s4 ,t ^! h be5 omitt$1 is true2 = ! reason t ?is discussion is int5d$ to po9t out only :at inv5tion has done4 ,x is obvi\s t ! ma9 inc5tive ( colonization has be5 comm]cial ga91 & t ! initiators ( colonization s*emes h usually be5 m]*ants4 ,x is equally obvi\s t ! /atesm5 are to be cr$it$ ) ! fram+ & execution ( ! measures ne$$ to make any colonization s*eme effective2 & x is equally obvi\s t /rategi/s & explor]s did "w )\t :i* no expansion :atev] w\ld h be5 possible4 ,nev]!less1 x mu/ be cle> t ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! conqu]ors & ! conqu]$1 by reason ( :i* ! unciviliz$ 7 conqu]$ by ! civiliz$1 lay 9 ! aids :i* civilization _h suppli$ to ! civiliz$4 ,colonization & conque/ h be5 go+ on ev] s9ce ! beg9n+ ( record$ hi/ory & be=e2 b f ! days ( ,?utmose ,,iii 9 anci5t ,egypt until n[1 ! conqu]or & ! coloniz] h 9 almo/ e case be5 m civiliz$ ?an 7 _! victims4 ,x is true also t savages h sometimes ov]run civiliz$ c\ntries1 & ev5 conqu]$ !m1 = ,al>ic captur$ ev5 ,rome3 b up to ! pres5t "t1 ! fruits ( su* conque/s h n be5 p]man5t1 :]eas ! fruits ( colonization h be54 ,9 #aijj1 !n1 ! ,ma*9e ( ,civilization 0 9 op]ation 9 all p>ts ( ! _w2 9 ! d>k cont95t ( ,africa1 ! des]ts ( ,asia1 ! wild regions ( ,au/ralia1 & ev5 on ! ocean4 ,9 fact1 x 0 on ! ocean t ! ,ma*9e 0 op]at+ ) ! mo/ effici5cy & effectiv5ess2 = n[h]e else are ! p[] & ! h>mony ( ma*9]y ( all k9ds1 in]t & human1 se5 9 su* p]fection z 9 great /eam%ips on ! sea4 ,we seem safe 9 conclud+1 !re=e1 t :ile inv5tion 0 only "o ( _m factors 9 br++ ab\t ! _w-wide conditions t prevail$ 9 #aijj1 inv5tion 0 ! initiat+ factor4 ,x 0 inv5tion t sugge/$ to ! explor] t he explore2 to ! m]*ant t he laun* 8 ent]prise2 to ! /atesman t he enc\rage ! m]*ant & assi/ him ) wise laws2 to ! /rategi/ t he make su* & su* plans1 to meet ! em]g5cies t arose4 ,f9ally1 x 0 inv5tion t made possible ! actual transportation ( explor]s & m]*ants & troops to designat$ spots1 & made successful ! op]ations :i* ensu$ !re4 ,b ! ,ma*9e /ill cont9u$ gr[+4 ,9 #aijj ,hewitt inv5t$ 8 beautiful m]cury-vapor electric light1 & 9 #aija ,santos-,dumont inv5t$ 8 air-%ip & demon/rat$ its practicability by go+ ar\nd ! ,eiffel ,t[] 9 ,p>is 9 x & return+ to ! spot f :i* he />t$4 ,?is feat began t great succession ( feats ) dirigible balloons ) :i* we are s famili> n[1 & :i* promise to be succe$$ by a condition ( _w-wide transportation ?r\gh ! air4 ,9 #aijj1 ! au?or ( ?is book pat5t$ ! me?od ( controll+ ! movem5ts ( vessels1 :i* consi/s 9 us+ radio telegraphy4 ,?is inv5tion has rec5tly be5 br\ght to ! /age ( practicality by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy4 ,x 0 utiliz$ 9 ,july1 #aiba1 = /e]+ ! ,i[a :5 bomb$ by airplanes4 ,9 #aijc came ! fir/ successful flight by a]oplane1 :i* 0 made by ! bro!rs ,orville & ,wilbur ,wright at ,kitty ,hawk1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,?is 0 an epo*al adv5ture2 x inaugurat$ an age :i* is already call$ ! ,a]ial ,age1 & :i* w br+ ab\t *anges s va/ t our imag9ation _c picture !m4 ,an int]e/+ & in/ructive fact connect$ ) ?is flight1 & ) ! a]oplane 9 g5]al1 is t ! a]oplane 0 n practicable & c\ld n be made practicable be=e ! int]nal-combu/ion eng9e _h be5 inv5t$ & develop$2 because all prec$+ eng9es _h be5 too heavy4 ,?is illu/rates ! fact occasionally adv]t$ to 9 ?is book1 t "o ( ! mo/ important factors 9 ! influ5ce ( inv5tion is t ea* new inv5tion facilitates lat] inv5tions4 ,! influ5ce ( inv5tion is cumulative4 ,9 #aije1 ,elm] ,sp]ry inv5t$ 8 gyroscopic compass :i* is unaffect$ by t]re/rial magnetism & po9ts to ! true nor?4 ,9 #aijg1 he inv5t$ 8 gyroscopic /abiliz] :i* r$uces greatly ! roll+ ( %ips1 a]oplanes1 etc4 ,mean:ile1 ! endeavor to accompli% photography 9 color _h be5 receiv+ p]si/5t att5tion f _m sci5tific exp]im5t]s1 b )\t mu* practical success4 ,! a*ievem5ts ( ,becqu]el1 ,lippman1 ,joly1 ,lumire1 ,f9lay & o!rs h d\btless laid ! initial /epp+ /ones2 = color-photography by _! ef=ts has be5 made an accompli%$ fact4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 ! art is /ill 9 its infancy1 & has n1 !re=e1 rea*$ ! /age ( maturity t enables u to e/imate :at importance x w ev5tually assume4 ,9 #aijh ,golds*midt inv5t$ ! !rmit process ( weld+2 !rmit be+ a mixture ( alum9um ) "s metallic oxide su* z oxide ( iron4 ,:5 ?is mixture is ignit$1 ! oxyg5 leaves ! iron & unites ) ! alum9um1 caus+ an enorm\s rise ( temp]ature1 & ! consequ5t =mation ( molt5 iron4 ,?is molt5 mass be+ p\r$ ar\nd ! ends ( two pieces ( iron1 welds !m toge!r at once4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ,hiram ,maxim inv5t$ 8 sil5c] = fire arms1 by means ( :i* ! noise result+ f fir+ a gun is greatly less5$4 ,h[ valuable a contribution ?is w be to ! ,ma*9e1 x is impossible at ! mom5t to pr$ict ) confid5ce4 ,9 #aiaj1 ,h5ry ,a4 ,wise ,wood inv5t$ 8 pr9t+ press t m ?an d\bl$ ! spe$ ( pr9t+1 produc$ a ?\s& newspap]s ( ! l>ge/ size p] m9ute1 & directly enhanc$ ! solid>ity ( ! ,ma*9e4 ,9 #aiaa ,gl5n ,curtiss produc$ 8 epo*al fly+-boat1 ,j & ,hanaman inv5t$ ! tung/5 electric light1 & ,drag] 8 pulmotor1 = reviv+ p]sons :o h be5 asphyxiat$ or p>tially dr[n$1 by =c+ oxyg5 into _! lungs4 ,! pulmotor has come into use to a surpris+ degree1 & has already be5 e/abli%$ z a "p ( ! ,ma*9e ) a recogniz$ value4 ,x belongs 9 ! class ( rem$ial ag5ts1 ab\t :i* nobody que/ions ! b5efic5ce1 & = :i* ev]yone recognizes ! debt ( gratitude ow$ by mank9d to ! inv5tors4 ,9 #aiab1 ! au?or ( ?is book inv5t$ ! torp$oplane1 a simple comb9ation ( ! automobile-torp$o ) ! a]oplane1 s design$ t an a]oplane c c>ry a torp$o to a pr$et]m9$ po9t ne> an enemy's %ip & !n drop x1 :ile simultane\sly op]at+ ! torp$o's />t+ me*anism3 s t ! torp$o w fall into ! wat]1 & !n cont9ue "u its own p[] t[>d its victim4 ,z ! torp$oplane comb9es ! mo/ p[]ful weapon ) ! swifte/ means ( transportation1 _m ,navy (fic]s ?9k x an inv5tion ( ! fir/ rank ( importance1 t ?reat5s to wipe all surface fight+ vessels (f ! seas4 ,dur+ ! ,_w ,w>1 x play$ only a subord9ate "p1 ?\gh x 0 us$ effectively by ! ,briti% & ! ,g]mans4 ,our ,navy did n use x at all1 z ,secret>y ,daniels reject$ x4 ,! ,briti% ,navy has already adopt$ x z a major in/rum5t ( w>1 & con/ruct$ two especially design$ fa/ vessels1 ea* ( :i* c>ries tw5ty torp$oplanes4 ,x seems obvi\s t su* a %ip1 if suffici5tly fa/ to keep out ( ! range ( a battle%ip's guns1 c\ld s9k h] )\t mu* tr\ble4 ,9 ! same ye> ,flexn] discov]$ 8 antitox9 = c]ebro-sp9al m5+itis1 & ,edison inv5t$ ! k9etophone1 a comb9ation ( ! phonograph & ! k9etoscope4 ,z yet1 ?is has n be5 made to "w ) su* complete success z to w>rant its introduction into use4 ,! probabilities seem to be t someone w ev5tually supply ! l9k t is evid5tly necess>y1 & make ! voice & ! picture on ! scre5 coop]ate 9 unison z !y %\ld4 ,two ye>s lat]1 ,flexn] isolat$ ! bacillus ( infantile p>alysis & ,plotz t ( typhus fev]4 ,! ,_w ,w> t broke out 9 ,augu/1 #aiad1 0 m>k$ ) f> great] utilization ( new inv5tions ?an _h m>k$ any w> be=e1 & =e%ad[$ ev5 great] utilization ( new inv5tions 9 ! next w>4 ,! fir/ evid5ce ( any new appliance 0 a ra9 ( heavy projectiles on ! tops ( ! ,belgian =ts2 ! =ts hav+ be5 design$ to resi/ projectiles on _! sides4 ,! projectiles1 x 0 discov]$ lat]1 came f mort>s ( a k9d ! exi/5ce ( :i* _h n be5 suspect$4 ,soon aft]1 ! ,g]man subm>9es %[$ qualities ( endurance & radius ( action t bespoke new appliances2 & !n came attacks on ! ,alli$ troops ) poison-gas t almo/ 7 successful4 ,! ,allies repli$ ) new inv5tions1 especially 9 wireless telegraphy & telephony1 m9es1 dep?-bombs & li/5+ devices2 ! latt] be+ employ$ "u wat] to detect ! movem5ts ( subm>9es4 ,_m o!r inv5tions 7 almo/ on ! po9t ( practicality :5 ! ,armi/ice 0 sign$1 b 7 n q ready2 %[+ :at _h (t5 be5 %[n be=e1 t inv5tions = use 9 w>1 l all o!r prep>ations = w>1 %\ld be complete ready = use1 be=e ! w> beg9s4 ,z soon z ! w> broke out 9 ,europe1 ! pres5t au?or began to urge t ! ,unit$ ,/ates develop naval & milit>y a]onautics to ! utmo/2 9 ord] t1 :5 we %\ld f9ally ent] into ! w>1 we %\ld h available a l>ge =ce ( bomb+ a]oplanes & torp$oplanes4 ,:5 we f9ally ent]$ into ! w>1 9 ,april1 #aiag1 he urg$ cont9ually t we develop a great a]onautical =ce & s5d x to ,europe to prev5t ! exit ( ,g]man subm>9es f _! bases1 to de/roy ^? bases & to s9k ! %ips ( ! ,g]man fleet4 ,^! sugge/ions 7 reject$ by ,secret>y ,daniels z impracticable2 b subsequ5t developm5ts h prov$ t !y 7 ?or\ghly practicable2 9 fact1 an exp$ition 0 organiz$ 9 ,engl& to c>ry !m out1 :5 ! ,armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,x is int]e/+ to consid] :at w\ld h be5 ! effect on ! w> 7&1 !re=e1 on all subsequ5t hi/ory7 if ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h s5t a l>ge =ce ( bomb+ a]oplanes & torp$oplanes to ,europe %ortly aft] we ent]$ ! w> 9 ! ,spr+ ( #aiag4 ,?is we easily c\ld h done1 if we _h />t$ to get !m ready1 :5 ! sugge/ion 0 fir/ made2 or ev5 at a consid]able "t !reaft]4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! w> w\ld h be5 greatly %ort5$1 & mu* suff]+ av]t$4 ,! inv5tions & discov]ies made s9ce ! ,great ,w> began1 ?\gh "s are evid5tly important1 are s rec5t t we _c /ate ) any confid5ce :at _! effect w be2 & = ?is reason ! au?or craves p]mission to close 8 brief /ory at ?is po9t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a notewor?y fact obs]vable 9 ! hi/ory ( inv5tion is t x has be5 conf9$ almo/ :olly to ,egypt1 ,assyria1 ,babylon1 ,*9a1 ,p]sia1 ,greece1 ,italy1 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,great ,brita91 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & to a few m5 9 ^? c\ntries4 ,n[ x is 9 ^? c\ntries t ! highe/ degree ( civilization has be5 develop$1 & x is f !m t o!r nations h drawn !irs4 ,! almo/ total abs5ce ( inv5tion 9 wom5 is m notewor?y /ill2 = ,mrs4 ,eddy & ,madame ,curie seem to be ! only wom5 :o h contribut$ really orig9al & important "w4 ,ano!r notewor?y fact is t ! idea-g]ms f :i* all inv5tions h be5 develop$ h be5 v few & v t9y4 ,b :at a num]\s & important prog5y has be5 br\ght =?2 & h[ :olly impossible civilization w\ld be n[1 _h x n be5 = a few basic inv5tions & c]ta9 improvem5ts made ^u !m6 ,we c realize ?is1 if we try to imag9e ! effect ( remov+ a s+le "o ( ! basic inv5tions 7& ev5 ( c]ta9 d]iv$ inv5tions7 f ! ,ma*9e ( ,civilization4 ,try to imag9e :at w\ld happ5 if ! inv5t$ art (--say writ+--= in/ance 7 sudd5ly lo/4 ,w\ld n ! :ole civiliz$ _w be ?r[n into *aos z soon z ! fact 7 realiz$8 ,a l disord] w\ld be occasion$1 ?\gh possibly n s quickly1 if m5 %\ld sudd5ly =get h[ to pr9t1 or ev5 h[ to use ! telegraph1 telephone or ! comp>atively unimportant typewrit]4 ,try to imag9e :at w\ld happ5 9 ev5 "o city1--say ,new ,york--if ! typewrit] 7 sudd5ly to be )drawn6 ,w\ld n all ! bus9ess ( ,new ,york be p>alyz$ 9 a s+le day8 ,or fancy t all ! ma*9es = mak+ & utiliz+ electricity = supply+ light & p[] %\ld sudd5ly become inop]ative4 ,w\ld !re n be a panic )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs or less8 ,fancy t all ! elevators %\ld h to /op4 ,imag9e :at w\ld happ5 if ! /eam eng9e %\ld sudd5ly cease to op]ate1 & all ! /eam%ips & railroad tra9s %\ld /op1 & ! c\ntless :eels ( indu/ry t are turn$ directly or indirectly by /eam %\ld cease to turn4 ,imag9e t gunp[d] %\ld cease to function1 & t savages c\ld meet mod]n armies on equal t]ms4 ,"s "o may decl>e t ?is l9e ( argum5t does n prove z mu* z x seems to prove reg>d+ ! influ5ce ( inv5tion1 = ! reason t x includes a sudd5 *ange1 & t e sudd5 *ange produces results :i* are caus$ m]ely by ! sudd5ness ( ! *ange4 ,s let u grant ?is1 & !n imag9e t ! *anges sugge/$ w\ld n take place sudd5ly1 b v sl[ly4 ,imag9e1 = in/ance1 t we %\ld discov] t ! v>i\s inv5tions not$ 9 ?is book 7 gradually to cease to op]ate1 b t !y w\ld n cease altoge!r = tw5ty ye>s1 or ev5 =ty4 ,is x n c]ta9 t ! human race w\ld rev]t to savag]y1 aft] ^? inv5tions _h ceas$ to op]ate8 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,ma*9e ,,( ,,civilization1 ,,& ,,! ,,dang]\s ,,ignorance ,,conc]n+ ,,x1 ,,%[n ,,by ,,/atesm5 ,! orig9at+ "w ( inv5tors ( all k9ds1 & ! assi/ance r5d]$ by c\ntless wise & good m5 & wom51 h built up a ,ma*9e ( ,civilization t is surpass+ly wond]ful & f9e4 ,to keep ! great ,ma*9e 9 ord] & to h&le x1 l>ge numb]s ( m5 h be5 educat$ 9 specialties p]ta9+ to its v>i\s p>ts4 ,! fir/ m5 7 probably ! w>riors1 :o def5d$ :atev] little ,ma*9es ! v>i\s tribes _h built up1 9 _! little villages & t[ns4 ,next1 probably1 came ! k+s or rul]s :o comm&$ ! w>riors2 & !n1 ! prie/s :o inculcat$ 9 ! p ! v>i\s virtues1 su* z loyalty1 c\rage1 hone/y1 etc41 t t5d$ t[>d ! discipl9e ( ! individual & ! consequ5t solid>ity ( ! tribe4 ,probably agriculturi/s came next1 :o till$ ! soil2 & !n came ! inv5tors1 :o assi/$ ! w>riors & ! agriculturali/s by devis+ implem5ts to help !m d _! "w4 ,x seems probable t ! artisans came next2 & t x 0 by ! co-op]ative work+ ( !m ) ! inv5tors1 t ! conceptions ( ! inv5tors 7 embodi$ 9 implem5ts ( practical usefulness & value4 ,z "t w5t on1 & implem5ts 7 produc$ t consi/$ ( two or m p>ts1 ! activities ( ! artisans 7 enl>g$1 s z to take c>e ( ^? implem5ts & keep !m 9 adju/m5t4 ,! b[ & arr[1 = in/ance1 w\ld n "w well1 unless ! cord 7 ma9ta9$ at ! correct degree ( t5sion1 ! fea!rs on ! arr[s 7 kept /raight1 ! ends ( ! cords prop]ly secur$ to ! b[1 etc4 ,simil>ly1 ! me*anisms made = sp9n+ & weav+ & fabricat+ pott]y _h to be kept 9 prop] condition & adju/m5t2 & if we c\ld realize ! small am\nt ( me*anical k extant 9 primeval days1 we w\ld probably also realize t ! difficulties ( keep+ ^! crude appliances 9 good work+ ord] 7 z great z are ! l difficulties n[1 ) ! mo/ complicat$ pr9t+-press4 ,fur!rmore1 x 0 n only = keep+ me*anisms 9 good condition t artisans 7 ne$$3 a high] degree ( skill 0 ne$$ = op]at+ !m4 ,we are =c$ to ! conclusion t1 z soon z me*anisms 7 produc$1 ! ne$ ( artisans tra9$ to op]ate !m 0 felt4 ,n only ?is3 ! fact t ! me*anisms 7 op]at$1 ! facts t flax 0 spun & textures 7 wov51 & pott]y 0 fa%ion$ & bak$1 & t b[s & arr[s 7 us$ 9 battle1 prove t op]ators 7 actually tra9$ to skill 9 ! v>i\s arts4 ,?is means t1 z soon z ! ,ma*9e ( ,civilization 0 begun1 op]ators skill$ 9 ! k9ds ( "w :i* t ,ma*9e requir$ 7 tra9$ 9 _! v>i\s p>ts1 & did _! appo9t$ "w4 ,x 0 n only ma*9es ( brass & iron & wood1 moreov]1 t requir$ skill$ op]ators3 ! individual human ma*9es 7 cont9ually gett+ out ( ord]1 & m5 7 tra9$ 9 :atev] k ! _w conta9$1 to keep !m 9 good ord]4 ,h5ce ! physician came into be+4 ,! m]*ant mu/ h be5 develop$ %ortly aft] ! agriculturi/ & ! artisan1 to act z ! ag5t = plac+ ! products ( ! soil & ! products ( ! me*anisms 9 ! possession ( ! consum]s4 ,z a tribe or nation increas$ 9 size1 laws _h to be =m$ to regulate ! mode ( liv+ ( its memb]s1 decide disputes1 puni% (f5ces1 & regulate conduct 9 g5]al4 ,h5ce ! lawy] 0 gradually develop$4 ,x seems probable1 !re=e1 t ev5 9 prehi/oric times1 w>riors1 rul]s1 prie/s1 physicians1 agriculturi/s1 inv5tors1 artisans1 m]*ants1 & lawy]s 7 at "w1 & t ! activities ( m5 7 divid$ ma9ly among ^? classes4 ,! activities ( m5 are simil>ly divid$ n[4 ,9 fact1 x is by ^! sep>ate activities t ! sep>ate p>ts ( ! ,ma*9e are h&l$4 ,t ^! sep>ate p>ts are h&l$ well1 ! progress made 9 ^? p>ts conv9c+ly te/ifies4 ,despite ?is fact1 h[ev]1 no book on inv5tion w\ld be complete :i* did n po9t out t ! ,ma*9e1 z a :ole1 is n be+ h&l$ well4 ,! ,ma*9e 9 ea* c\ntry is1 ( c\rse1 h&l$ by ! rul] & 8 assi/ants4 ,orig9ally ! rul] h&l$ x alone2 b1 z x increas$ 9 complexity & size1 ! task became too great = "o man1 & advis]s & m9i/]s 7 appo9t$ to assi/ him4 ,m5 fulfill+ su* tasks & alli$ tasks we n[ call /atesm54 ,n[ x is to ! h&s ( ! /atesm5 ( ea* c\ntry t ! actual managem5t ( ! ,ma*9e ( ,civilization is committ$4 ,yet x is a well-kn[n fact t al?\gh !re are b few m5 9 ! _w s wise & le>n$ t !y "k mu* ab\t ! ,ma*9e or any ( its p>ts1 yet x is n f ! wise & le>n$ class t ! great (ficials ( gov]nm5ts are select$6 ,! tru? ( ?is /atem5t _c reasonably be d5i$4 ,t ! :ole safety ( ! ,ma*9e ( ,civilization is 9 ! h&s ( m5 untra9$ 9 /atesman%ip is incontrov]tible4 ,9 fact1 ! :ole /atus ( /atesman%ip is disconc]t+ly vague2 = 9 all ! gr& progress ( mank9d1 no sci5ce ( /atesman%ip seems to h develop$1 or any sy/em ( tra9+ to practice x4 ,!re seem to be no fix$ pr9ciples ( /atesman%ip1 no lit]ature except ( an hi/orical k9d1 & little activity save ( an opportuni/ic sort4 ,no special education seems to be ?\ght necess>y 9 a /atesman1 or any record ( a*ievem5t2 = 9 all c\ntries1 irrespective ( _! =m ( gov]nm5t1 m5 are plac$ 9 positions c>ry+ ! utmo/ ( human p[] = good & = evil1 ) little previ\s exp]i5ce or tra9+1 & )\t hav+ to pass any exam9ations ( any k9d6 ,?is fact dem&s att5tion4 ,( :at avail is x to tra9 m5 to h&le ! sep>ate p>ts ( ! ,ma*9e1 if ! ,ma*9e z a :ole is to be h&l$ by untra9$ m58 ,( :at avail is x to tra9 eng9e]s1 w>riors1 prie/s1 physicians1 lawy]s & m]*ants to h&le _! sev]al p>ts1 if ! ,ma*9e z a :ole is to be h&l$ by /atesm5 :o h n be5 tra9$ to h&le x8 ,x mu/ be obvi\s t no m5 c h&le ! ,ma*9e z a :ole1 unless !y compreh5d ! ,ma*9e z a :ole1 & also und]/& all its p>ts en\gh to realize _! relation to ! :ole4 ,no man c well h&le any ma*9e1 be x l>ge1 or be x small1 )\t su* k4 ,no man c be a good capta9 ( a battle%ip1 = in/ance1 until he has sp5t _m ye>s ma/]+ ! necess>y k4 ,ignorance ( ! p>ts & ! :ole ( a battle%ip is n p]mitt$ 9 a capta9 ( a battle%ip4 ,:y is ignorance ( ! p>ts & ! :ole ( _! respective responsibilities p]mitt$ 9 (ficials occupy+ high] places 9 ! gov]nm5ts8 ,t !re are few m5 9 ! _w :o und]/& en\gh ( all ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,ma*9e to und]/& ! ,ma*9e z a :ole is c]ta9ly un=tunate2 t almo/ none ( ^! few m5 are select$ to fill ! positions ( /atesm5 is dang]\s to ! la/ degree4 ,= ! ,ma*9e has gr[n to be extremely complicat$2 & x has ! quality1 :i* all ma*9es h 9 common1 t an injury to any "p affects ! :ole4 ,?is quality is highly valuable1 9 fact x is ess5tial2 b x c>ries ) x a m5ace to ! entire ma*9e1 if x is op]at$ by unskill$ m54 ,! ,ma*9e ( ,civilization came v ne> to be+ sma%$ 9 ! ,_w ,w>2 because ! /atesm5 ( ,france & ,great ,brita9 7 s ineffici5t 9 ! mo/ important "p ( _! "w 7t ( gu>d+ ! ,ma*9e z a :ole7 t !y p]mitt$ ,g]many to cat* !m unprep>$4 ,! long] ?is condition cont9ues to prevail1 ! great] ! dang] to ! ,ma*9e ( ,civilization w become4 ,! res\rces ( inv5tion are inf9ite4 ,! res\rces ( inv5tion are almo/ unt\*$4 ,e new discov]y or inv5tion prep>es ! road = a multitude ( o!rs4 ,^! inv5tions & discov]ies improve & enl>ge ! ,ma*9e2 b !y complicate x m & m1 & dem& great] k 9 /atesm52 j z increase 9 complexity ( %ips dem&s great] k 9 capta9s4 ,x c be ma!matically prov$ by ! ,!ory ( ,probabilities t1 if !re be any *ance t a c]ta9 accid5t may occur1 x w surely occur "s day if ! pr$ispos+ causes are suff]$ to cont9ue2 & t !re=e1 any ma*9e committ$ to unskilful h&l+ w be wreck$ "s day1 if ! unskilful h&l+ is suff]$ to cont9ue4 ,?is e/abli%es ! probability t our ,ma*9e ( ,civilization w be wreck$ "s day1 unless /atesm5 be tra9$ to h&le x4 ,an inv5tion seems to be ne$$ t w insure adequate k 9 high (ficials 9 gov]nm5ts4 ,b su* an inv5tion is n really ne$$1 because x is m]ely necess>y to utilize an inv5tion made & us$ 9 ,greece _m c5turies ago4 ,?is inv5tion consi/$ 9 conceiv+1 develop+ & produc+ a sy/em :]eby e c&idate = any (fice 0 requir$ to %[ adequate k ( matt]s com+ )9 ! jurisdiction ( t (fice1 by pass+ a rigid exam9ation4 ,su* a sy/em may be deem$ impracticable 9 mod]n repres5tative gov]nm5ts4 ,:y8 ,x is foll[$ 9 all civiliz$ armies & navies4 ,if x be really impracticable1 !n x is impracticable to assure t wise & able m5 %all manage ! complex ,ma*9e ( ,civilization4 ,?is means1 if hi/ory has any lessons = u1 t soon] or lat]1 x w aga9 g d[n 9 ru92--z x has gone d[n at diff]5t p]iods ( ! pa/1 9 ,egypt & ,assyria & ,babylon & ,rome4 ,t influ5ces are already at "w :i* impair ! function+ ( ! ,ma*9e 9 ! pres5t & ?reat5 its cont9uance 9 ! future1 _c reasonably be d5i$4 ,( ^!1 ! two mo/ p[]ful may be class$ "u ! g5]al head+ bol%evi/ic & pacifi/ic4 ,at ! bottom ( ! bol%evi/ic movem5t is1 ( c\rse1 ! ?ir/ = weal? & p[]2 ! ?ir/ = opportunities = h&l+ & us+ ! ,ma*9e & its v>i\s p>ts1 by m5 :o h done no "w 9 design+1 or build+1 or c>+ = x4 ,at ! bottom ( ! pacifi/ic movem5t is effem9acy3 a desire = m]e ease & luxury & s(tness1 a %irk+ ( responsibility & discipl9e & sacrifice4 ,^! two influ5ces1 unlike ?\gh !y are1 comb9e to ?reat5 ! ,ma*9e2 ! bol%evi/ic by assault1 ! pacifi/ic by insur+ weakness ( resi/ance to assault4 ,( ^!1 ! pacifi/ic is ! m dang]\s1 because ! m insidi\s2 = ! same reason t a disease hidd5 inside is m dang]\s ?an an attack made op5ly outside4 ,! mo/ pot5t cause ( pacifism is ! effem9acy caus$ by ! comb9ation ( prosp]ity & long-cont9u$ peace1 ) its result+ division ( a population into a vulg>ly o/5tati\s ri* m9ority & a m or less envi\s poor majority4 ,:5 a division l ?is has come to pass1 ho/ile conflict has usually ensu$4 ,su* a conflict produc$ ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 & almo/ wreck$ ! ,ma*9e 9 ,france4 ,su* a conflict is n[ 9 progress 9 ,russia1 & ?reat5s "s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,un=tunately1 ! progress ( inv5tion1 by enl>g+ ! scope & spe$ ( communication & facilitat+ ! acquir+ ( sup]ficial k1 has put into ! h&s ( m5 possess+ m]ely ! natural gift ( eloqu5ce ! p[] to influ5ce l>ge numb]s ( p1 )\t possess+ k or skill 9 /atesman%ip4 ,x has facilitat$ demagogu]y3--& h]e9 lies ! root ( ! dang] to ! ,ma*9e2 = )\t ! demagogue1 ! bol%evi/ & ! pacifi/ w\ld be unable to get _! civilization-de/roy+ doctr9es pres5t$ attractively to ! p4 ,=tunately1 ! ,great ,w>1 ?\gh x caus$ trem5d\s suff]+1 broke up _m vision>y notions t 7 cry/alliz+ into beliefs1 & br\ght ! _w face to face aga9 ) realities4 ,& al?\gh ! viol5t di/urbance ( society's always un/able equilibrium is /ill evid5t 9 ! _w-wide unre/ among ! poor] classes1 yet ! unre/ seems gradually to be dy+ d[n1 ) ! realization t bett] conditions ( liv+ w be !irs 9 future4 ,& z e nation t is n :olly deg5]ate1 possesses ! p[] )9 itself to save itself1 & z ! great nations ( ! e>? are v f> inde$ f be+ deg5]ate1 we are w>rant$ 9 assum+ t ea* nation w take ! necess>y /eps1 n only to gu>d ! ,ma*9e ( ,civilization1 b to increase its p[] & excell5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,future ,! fact t inv5tion has n only be5 increas+ dur+ ! pa/ "o hundr$ ye>s1 b t its spe$ ( increase has be5 increas+ & is /ill increas+1 is well recogniz$4 ,!re seems to be a con/ant =ce beh9d inv5tion t imp>ts to x an accel]ation1 comp>able to t ( gravity 9 accel]at+ ! desc5t ( a fall+ /one4 ,su* a ph5om5on w\ld be ?or\ghly con=mable to mod]n !ories2 & t !re is a =ce1 impell+ p to inv5t1 mu/ be a fact2 = o!rwise1 !y w\ld n inv5t4 ,if t =ce be con/ant1 ! accel]ation imp>t$ to inv5tion w be con/ant4 ,if ! =ce be v>iable1 ! accel]ation imp>t$ to inv5tion w be v>iable4 ,9 o!r words1 ! future spe$ ( inv5tion1 l t ( e mov+ body1 mu/ be gov]n$ by ! =ce beh9d x & ! resi/ances oppos$4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 ! resi/ance to inv5tion is be+ gradually less5$ because ! b5efits com+ f inv5tion are be+ realiz$4 ,simultane\sly1 ! facilities = inv5t+ are be+ increas$4 ,^! facilities are ma9ly 9 in/rum5ts ( measurem5ts & rese>*4 ,s _m ( ^! are !re n[1 t x w\ld only complicate matt]s to enum]ate !m & describe _! sph]es4 ,two ( ! mo/ important are ! spectroscope & ! photographic cam]a4 ,by means ( ! spectroscope1 ! a/ronom] c asc]ta9 ! *emical elem5ts ( f> di/ant />s1 ! temp]ature & pressure "u :i* !y exi/1 ! /age ( progress ( ! />1 & its spe$ & direction ( movem5t1 :e!r t[>d u or away4 ,by means ( ! photographic cam]a1 n only c records be made ( />s s f> away & fa9t t light-waves f !m _c be not$ by ! eye1 ev5 ) ! assi/ance ( ! mo/ p[]ful telescope1--b a virtually unlimit$ numb] ( p]man5t records c be made4 ,all fields ( rese>* n[ feel ! assi/ance imp>t$ by new in/rum5ts & me?ods4 ,ev5 ! *emi/ realizes ! aid ( in/rum5ts inv5t$ by ! physici/2 :ile e physici/ welcomes ! aid t comes to him f *emi/s4 ,! *emi/s & ! physici/ are n[ work+ toge!r 9 h>mony & ) en?usiasm1 engag$ 9 a fri5dly rivalry z to :i* %all help ! o!r mo/4 ,&1 z discov]y succe$s discov]y1 & inv5tion succe$s inv5tion1 !y f9d !mselves--al?\gh ! doma9 ( ea* is wid5+--n drift+ f>!r ap>t1 b draw+ clos] toge!r4 ,= x seems to be com+ m & m assur$ t ! ,laws ( ,nature are simpl] ?an we ?\ght1 t *emi/ry & physics are m alike ?an we suppos$4 ,_m />tl+ g5]alizations h be5 sugge/$1 ) mu* reason2 su* z1 t matt] & en]gy are "o1 t space & "t are "o1 & t ev5 ! m9d ( man may be subject$ to physical me?ods & analysis4 ,9 fact1 "s ( ! greate/ advances made dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty-five ye>s h be5 9 psy*ology1 & a*iev$ l>gely by ! use ( physical app>atus4 ,_m subjects1 =m]ly includ$ ) al*emy & a/rology 9 ! class ( occult if n deceitful arts1 are n[ be+ develop$ app>5tly t[>d m or less exact sci5ces2 z al*emy 0 develop$ into *emi/ry1 & a/rology into a/ronomy4 ,ef=ts are ev5 be+ made to communicate ) di/ant planets & ) ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,t mu* is be+ attempt$ t may n be realiz$ is true4 ,b if we realize t ! univ]se is n[ suppos$ to be _m millions ( ye>s old1 x seems only ye/]day t ! ph5om5a ( electrical & magnetic attraction & repulsion 7 confus+ ! m9ds ( ev5 ! wise/3 & n[ electricity & magnetism are h>ness$ toge!r1 & work+ toge!r 9 p]fect h>mony & m>vel\s effectiv5ess1 = ! good ( man4 ,t ! future ( inv5tion is to be z brilliant z its pa/1 e om5 indicates4 ,9 :at direction w x proce$8 ,probably 9 all directions4 ,b ! l9e ( direction t w occur ! fir/ to _m1 is probably 9 a]ial flight4 ,d\btless x is 9 a]ial flight t ! greate/ advance has be5 made s9ce flight 0 fir/ successfully accompli%$ 9 #aijc2 & d\btless x is 9 t l9e t ! greate/ progress is be+ made n[4 ,! enorm\s spe$s already a*iev$2 ! gr[+ size ( bo? a]oplanes & dirigibles2 _! increas+ spe$1 safety & conv5i5ce2 ! fact t roads are n ne$$ = a]ial transportation z !y are = c>riages & railway tra9s1 or deep wat] *annels z = wat] craft2 & ! comp>ative *eapness ) :i* p & light packages c be c>ri$ swiftly & f>1 all po9t to a va/ increase 9 a]ial transportation1 & a great modification 9 all our modes ( liv+ 9 consequ5ce4 ,ak9 to transportation is communication3--b 9 communication1 "o may reasonably feel t we h arriv$ almo/ at ! b\nd>y l9e1 n only ( ! possible b ev5 ! desirable4 ,= we h almo/ in/antane\s communication all ov] ! surface ( ! e>? & "u almo/ all ! ocean1 by ! telegraph & telephone1 us+ wires & cables2 & ne>ly equally good communication by radio telegraph1 us+ no mat]ial connection :atev]4 ,! wireless telephone is foll[+ fa/ on ! heels ( ! wireless telegraph2 & by x we c already telephone hundr$s ( miles betwe5 /ations on l& & sea1 & c>ry on conv]sation = sev]al miles betwe5 fa/ mov+ a]oplanes4 ,b progress is go+ on rapidly also 9 ! old] fields ( inv5tion4 ,! ocean /eam%ip1 especially ! battle%ip1 is gr[+ 9 size1 spe$ & safety2 s is ! locomotive1 s is ! automobile4 ,because ( ! progress 9 all ! useful arts & sci5ces1 build+s ( all k9ds are be+ con/ruct$ high] & l>g]1 & m commodi\s & safe2 civil eng9e]+ works ( all description--roads1 canals1 bridges & tunnels are sett+ _! durable m>ks ( progress all ov] ! e>?2 ! uses ( electricity are gr[+1 & %[+ e indication t !y w cont9ue s to d2 & s are ! uses ( *emi/ry & light & heat4 ,& ?r\gh all ! indu/rial _w1 9 manufactures ( e k9d1 we see ! same unmi/akable signs ( progress1 increas+ progress & increas+ rate ( progress4 ,9 ! field ( pure sci5ce1 we note ! same signs ( progress1 increas+ progress1 & increas+ spe$ ( progress4 ,naturally1 h[ev]1 x is f> m difficult to pr$ict ) confid5ce ! direction :i* future progress w take 9 ?is field ?an 9 ! field ( ! practical application ( pure sci5ce1 9 :i* inv5tion usually be/irs itself4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 t any actual advance has begun 9 any new sci5ce gives ! be/ possible reason = expect+ t ! advance is go+ to cont9ue4 ,!re=e1 we may expect cont9u+ progress 9 all bran*es ( pure sci5ce3 = ! ne> future1 = in/ance1 9 biology1 psy*ology & :at is loosely call$ psy*ics1 :i* seems to be a virtual excursion ( psy*ology into ! hazy realms ( telepa?y1 clairvoyance1 spiritualism1 & s =?4 ,t inv5tion & rese>* are conc]n+ !mselves m & m ) immat]ial subjects is a fact t is n only noticeable b ( vital importance to u1 = signs are n lack+ t man's mat]ial com=t is already suffici5tly well-assur$2 9 fact1 t p]haps he is already too com=table = 8 physical well-be+4 ,already we see t labor sav+ & com=t-produc+ appliances are impair+ ! physical /r5g? ( m5 & wom51 & to su* a degree t artificial ex]cises are prescrib$ by doctors4 ,inasmu* z ! m9d is its own place1 & 9 itself c make a heav5 ( hell1 a hell ( heav51 x seems probable t ! direction ( ef=t 9 :i* ! greate/ real b5efit c be atta9$ is 9 rese>* & consequ5t inv5tion conc]n+ ! m9d itself4 ,b1 = ! reason t ?is is probably ! mo/ difficult road1 x seems probable t success 9 x may come ! late/4 ,x seems probable also t ev5 9 t road1 progress w be a*iev$ by means analog\s to ^? by :i* x has be5 a*iev$ 9 o!r roads2 t is by ! use ( physical & *emical in/rum5ts & me?ods4 ,mu* has be5 done already by _! aid 9 psy*ology1 & mu* m is promis$ 9 ! n di/ant future4 ,! idea ( influ5c+ ! m9d directly to /ates ( happ9ess1 & gu>d+ x f unhapp9ess1 is f> f new2 = :at 7 ! epicureans1 /oics1 & o!rs try+ to d b t8 ,su* attempts1 _m sy/ems ( philosophy & _m my/ic sects di/9ctly made4 ,( ^! sects1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ 0 t ( ! omphalopsy*ites1 :o 7 able to raise !mselves to high /ates ( happ9ess by ! simple & inexp5sive process ( gaz+ at _! navels4 ,"s advantages ( _! sy/em are obvi\s4 ,c]ta9ly x 0 less co/ly ?an o!r means ( ga9+ happ9ess1 su* z we>+ n>r[-to$ %oes1 *ew+ tobacco1 smok+ cig>ettes & dr9k+ :iskey2 & !re is no evid5ce t x ev] caus$ +r[+ toe-nails1 delirium trem5s1 or ,bright's disease4 ,t inv5tion & progress h produc$ & may be reli$ ^u to cont9ue to produce prosp]ity1 may reasonably be pr$ict$4 ,b w !y toge!r produce happ9ess8 ,! au?or respectfully begs to be excus$ f answ]+ ?is "q4 ,he reque/s att5tion1 h[ev]1 to ! manife/ facts t inv5tion is a natural gift1 t ! impetus to inv5tion has always be5 ! desire to a*ieve prosp]ity ( "s k9d1 & t to employ our natural gifts to satisfy our natural in/9cts c reasonably be expect$ to fur!r our happ9ess2 unless1 inde$1 we suspect ,nature ( play+ tricks ^u u4 ,t ,nature sometimes seems to d ?is1 & t x is dang]\s to foll[ our in/9cts bl9dly is ( c\rse a fact4 ,b x seems to be a fact also t ! dang] 9 foll[+ our in/9cts seems to come only :5 we foll[ !m bl9dly2 & t1 ?\gh !re may be dang] sometimes 9 foll[+ !m ev5 "u ! guidance ( our reason1 yet ! only way 9 :i* we h ev] progress$ at all has be5 by foll[+ our in/9cts "u reason's guidance1 & inv5tion's inspiration4 ,& s9ce ! civiliz$ _w is 9 virtual agreem5t t civilization is a happi] /ate ?an savag]y1 & s9ce we h be5 impell$ t[>d civilization by inv5tion ma9ly1 !re seems no escape f ! conclusion t x is to inv5tion ma9ly t we mu/ look = increase ( happ9ess 9 ! future4 ,x may be1 ( c\rse1 t happ9ess does n come s mu* f a condition or /ate atta9$ z f ! act ( /riv+ to atta9 x4 ,x may be sugge/$ also by "s "o t life is m]ely a game1 & t happ9ess comes f play+ ! game & n f w9n+ x1 j z *ildr5 delight m 9 con/ruct+ a toy build+ ) _! blocks ?an 9 ! build+ :5 complet$3 = !y no soon] complete ! build+ ?an !y knock x d[n1 & beg9 to build x up aga94 ,b1 ev5 f ?is po9t ( view1 ! desirability ( fo/]+ inv5tion w\ld be app>5t2 because x w\ld cont9ually supply u ) new games to play1 & new toys ) :i* to play !m4 ,b t any ?\ghtful p]son c\ld really ?9k life a game is an impossibility4 ,no man ) a m9d to reason & a s\l to feel c contemplate ! awful suff]+ t has always exi/$ 9 ! _w1 & ?9k life a m]e game4 ,no man c ?9k life a m]e game1 :o ) an eye to see & an imag9ation to conceive1 gazes ^u ! inf9ite sea ( />s visible to 8 unaid$ vision1 realizes h[ _m ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( />s !re are besides1 t ! photographic cam]a records1 & realizes also t1 ?\gh light travels ev5 ?r\gh air at a rate exce$+ #ahf1jjj miles p] second1 yet t "s />s are s di/ant t ! light n[ rea*+ u f !m />t$ ages be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,& no man :o is able to foll[ ! tea*+s ( sci5ce1 ev5 sup]ficially1 c note ! enorm\s developm5t ( civilization dur+ ! la/ few ?\s& ye>s1 & realize t a developm5t simil> ?\gh inf9itely gr&]1 mu/ h be5 go+ on 9 all ! univ]se = c\ntless c5turies1 )\t realiz+ also t ?r\gh ! ages an increas+ purpose runs4 ,he may ev5 note a lik5ess betwe5 x & ! developm5t on an inf9itely small] scale1 ( ! conception ( a m]ely human inv5tor4 ,possibly1 8 fancy may ev5 so> /ill high]3 possibly he may ev5 wond] if all ?is great creation may n be 9 effect a great inv5tion1 & ,god its ,great ,creator1 because its ,great ,inv5tor4 ,s1 :e!r we fix our ?\ght on :at ! sci5ti/s tell u ( ! probable c\rse ( developm5t ( ! univ]se dur+ ! c\ntless ages ( ! pa/1 or consid] m]ely ! developm5t ( man s9ce ! dawn ( record$ hi/ory1 we seem to f9d z ! initiat+ cause ( bo?--inv5tion4 ,let u !re=e utilize all means possible to develop ?is ,godgiv5 faculty1 ! *iefe/ ( ! tal5ts committ$ to our keep+4 ,t way lie progress1 prosp]ity & happ9ess4 ,h[ f> & h[ high x may lead u1 ,god only kn[s2 = ! res\rces ( inv5tion are inf9ite4 ,! ,end4 ,,index ,a ,abel1 #bdj ,acetyl5e gas1 #bai ,a*eson1 #cab geans1 #ee1 #ef ,a]ial ,age1 #cbf ,age ( ,bronze1 #ae ,age ( ,copp]1 #ae ,age ( ,iron1 #ai ,age ( ,/eam1 #agi et seq ,air-brake1 #bgh ,air-pump1 #adb1 #adc ,air%ips1 #cbf ,al*emy1 #bjh ,alex&]1 #fi to #ig ,alex&ria1 #gg ,alphabet1 #eh ,alum9um1 #bac1 #cjb ,ampre1 #aih1 #aii ,anal9e dyes1 #bfe ,antipyr5e1 #bih ,antiseptic surg]y1 #bgd ,antitox91 #cbh ,appleby1 #bib ,application ( hot air to furnaces1 #bac ,arago1 #aih ,arc-light1 #ahc1 #bce ,ar*im$es1 #gh1 #gi1 #adi1 #agf ,ari/otle1 #aci ,ari?metic1 #ce ,arkwright1 #agb ,artificial limbs1 #bci ,artificial silk1 #cjd ,assur1 #ch ,assyria1 #ci1 #dj ,a/rology1 #ca ,a/ronomy1 #bd1 #bi ,atlantic cable1 #bff ,atomic ,!ory1 #baj ,atwood's ma*9e1 #afc ,automatic arc-light1 #bce ,automatic c>-c\pl]1 #bhe ,automatic gra9-b9d]1 #bgc1 #bib ,automatic piano1 #bba ,autoplate1 #cah ,b ,babbage1 #bja ,babbitt metal1 #bbj ,babylonian measures1 #cb ,babylonian religion1 #ch ,bacillus ( *ol]a1 #bih ,bacillus ( diph!ria1 #bih ,bacillus ( hydrophobia1 #bih ,bacillus ( infantile p>alysis1 #cbi ,bacillus ( lockjaw1 #bih ,bacillus ( tub]culosis1 #bih ,bacillus ( typhus fev]1 #cbi ,bacon1 ,francis1 #aci1 #adj1 #afb ,bacon1 ,rog]1 #abd ,baldw91 #bag ,bali/a1 #dd ,b& wood-saw1 #ahd1 #cjb ,b>b$-wire f5ce1 #bgc ,b>omet]1 #adb ,battle ( ! ,nile1 #ahi1 #aij ,baza9e1 #bha ,bmont1 #cad ,becqu]el ,rays1 #cac1 #cad ,behel1 #bgc ,bell1 #bhg1 #cjb ,b]l9]1 #bib ,b]n\lli1 #afd ,bessem]'s process1 #bdh ,bicycle1 #bfe ,bism>ck1 #bhc ,black1 #aga1 #age ,blake telephone-transmitt]1 #bid ,bonap>te1 #agg1 #agh ,b\rdon1 #bdd ,b[ & arr[1 #d1 #e ,b[]s1 #cjb ,boyle1 #ada ,brai?waite1 #bad ,branca1 #aeb ,br&5burg1 #afd ,branly's coh]]1 #cje ,brew/]1 #ahf1 #bdd ,brita91 #ia1 #ib ,brugnatelli1 #ahb ,buddhism1 #ci1 #bfc ,bullock1 #bgd ,buns51 #bff ,burd51 #bah ,burleigh1 #bge ,c ,cable-c>1 #bfe ,cs>1 #g1 #he to #ie1 #bgi ,calculat+ ma*9e1 #bja ,c>bide ( calcium1 #bgc ,c>bolic acid1 #bah ,c>bon telephone-transmitt]1 #bib ,c>borundum1 #cab ,c>r1 #bfi ,c>?age1 #hc1 #hd1 #he ,c>twright1 #age ,ca%-c>ri]1 #bhf ,ca%-regi/]1 #bhf ,catapult1 #dd ,ca?ode rays1 #bib ,caus1 #aea ,cavallo1 #age ,cav5di%1 #agj1 #aga1 #age ,cawley1 #aec ,celluloid1 #bhd ,c]ebro-sp9al m5+itis antitox91 #cbh ,*ann+1 #bdf ,*>lotte ,dundas1 #ahj ,*emi/ry1 #bjh ,*loral hydrate1 #bag ,*lor(orm1 #bae ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 #bgg ,*ri/ianity1 #ej1 #bfc ,*rome process ( tann+1 #cjb ,cig>ette ma*9e1 #bia ,circulation ( blood1 #adj ,civil ,w> 9 ,am]ica1 #bfi et seq ,clay tablets1 #bd ,cl]k ,maxwell1 #bhd1 #bhe ,cl]mont1 #ahj ,clock1 #afb ,coal-gas1 #ahd ,coca9e1 #bdh ,co9s1 #dh ,color photography1 #cbg ,colt1 #bai ,columbus1 #abe et seq ,compress$-air rock drill1 #bge1 #bhd ,confucianism1 #ci ,congress ( ,vi5na1 #bfj ,congress1 ,u4 ,s4 ,s41 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgb ,con/ant batt]y1 #bai ,con/ant9ople1 #if1 #ig1 #aac ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bfc ,cooke1 #bbj ,cop5hag51 #aib ,cop]nicus1 #acb1 #acc1 #acd ,corliss cut-(f1 #bdd ,cornwallis1 #agd1 #age ,cortez1 #abh1 #abi ,corvus1 #hd1 #he ,c[les1 #cjb ,craske1 #bfi ,craw=d1 #bbj ,cretans1 #dh ,croesus1 #dh ,crookes1 #bib ,cumb]l&1 ,u4 ,s4 ,s41 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgb ,cunei=m writ+1 #bh ,curie1 #cad ,curtiss1 ,gl5n1 #cbg ,curv$ /]eoplates1 #bfi ,cu/oms union1 #bfa ,cyanide process1 #cjc ,cyrus1 #ci ,d ,ddalus1 #eg ,dagu]re1 #aha1 #ahb ,dalton1 #baj1 #baa ,daniell1 #bai ,daniels1 #cbh1 #ccj ,d>ius1 #ei ,davy1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahc ,davy1 ,edmund1 #bai ,de ,*>donnet1 #cjd ,de ,grasse1 #agd1 #age ,de ,lesseps1 #bcg ,decimal sy/em1 #cb ,deisel ,eng9e1 #bia ,della ,porta1 #aea ,d5nison1 #bdb ,dep? bomb1 #cci ,dew>1 #bja ,dias1 ,b>?olomew1 #abe ,diet at ,spires1 #aca ,diet at ,worms1 #aca ,disc = poli%+1 #dc ,div9e ,"r ( k+s1 #adf1 #adg ,dodge1 #bgd ,dome/ication ( brutes1 #ac ,drag]1 #cbg ,drap]1 #bba ,drebel1 #adb ,dry-plate photography1 #bfe ,duodecimal sy/em1 #ca1 #cb ,duplex telegraph1 #bhe ,dynamics1 #aei ,dynamite1 #bgg ,dynamo electric ma*9e1 #bge ,e ,ea/ ,india ,company1 #beg ,ea/man1 #cjd ,eb]?1 #bie ,eddy1 #bgg ,edison1 #abc1 #bib1 #caj1 #cbh1 #bhe ,egyptian religion1 #ch ,electric light1 #adi ,telegraph1 #bae ,caut]y1 #bci ,locomotive1 #bde ,c&le1 #bij ,railway1 fir/1 #bic ,weld+1 #cjb ,furnace1 #cab ,motor1 #bag1 #bah ,electrically propell$ boat1 #bba ,electricity1 #adh et seq ,electromagnetic !ory ( light1 #bhd ,electron1 #bic ,electroplat+1 #ahb ,electro/atic induction1 #bdg ,elevator1 #bgb ,embalm+1 #ce ,ericsson1 #aj1 #fh1 #bad1 #bbj1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgb ,e!r z an an/hetic1 #bba ,f ,fahr5heit1 #adb ,f>aday1 #ach1 #aii1 #bad1 #bdg ,f>m]1 #bdf ,faure /orage batt]y1 #bid ,feudal sy/em1 #ade1 #adf ,field1 ,cyrus1 #bff ,f9lay1 #cbg ,f9s51 #cac ,fire al>m telegraph1 #bdg ,fire1 #e ,fir/ ,am]ican locomotive1 #bag ,fir/ electric telegraph1 #bcb ,fir/ successful a]oplane flight1 #cbf ,fiske1 #cab1 #cbf1 #cbh ,fit*1 #ahj ,flexn]1 #cbh1 #cbi ,flute1 #di ,fly+ boat1 #cbg ,f\cault1 #bce ,fox1 ,talbot1 #bdg ,foy1 #bid ,frankl91 #afh1 #afi1 #agj1 #bef ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 #aff et seq ,fr$]ick ,william1 #afe1 #aff1 #bgi ,fr5* ,revolution1 #bfj ,friction mat*es1 #bac ,fulton1 #ahj ,g ,galileo1 #ace1 #acf ,galvani1 #ach1 #bjj ,galvanization1 #bbj ,galvanomet]1 #bjj ,g>dn]1 #bfe ,gas eng9e1 #bia ,gas mantle1 #cjb ,gatl+ gun1 #bgc ,gaul1 #hf to #ie ,gaza1 #gc ,g$1 #afd ,geometry1 #cg ,g]man ,conf$]ation1 #bfa ,giff>d1 #bfe ,gilb]t1 #acg1 #ach ,gimlet1 #eg ,golds*midt1 #cbg ,goodye>1 #bbj1 #bhd ,gorham1 #bhf ,gorrie1 #bde ,gramme1 #bhc ,graphophone1 #cjb ,gravitation1 ,law (1 #add ,great ,ea/]n1 #bff ,greece1 #de ,greek fire1 #if1 #ig ,gre51 #bfi ,gre5]'s hamm]less gun1 #bid ,groves gas batt]y1 #bfg ,gu]icke1 #adb1 #adc1 #adh1 #adi1 #baf ,gun c>riage1 #ajh ,gun-cotton1 #bdj ,gun director sy/em1 #cab ,gun1 #aja to #aaj ,gunp[d]1 #ci ,gu?rie1 #bae ,gutt5b]g1 #g1 #aaa ,gyroscopic compass1 #cbf ,gyroscopic /abiliz]1 #cbg ,h ,hadley1 #ade ,hales1 #ahd ,hall1 #cjh ,hammurabi1 #ch ,hanaman1 #cbg ,h& photographic cam]a1 #bih ,hannibal1 #hd1 #he ,h>greaves1 #agb ,h>vey1 #adj1 #ada ,h>veyiz$ armor1 #cjd ,heat1 a measure ( "w1 #bab ,hebrews1 #de ,hell5i/ic civilization1 #gf1 #gg ,helmholtz1 #bdf ,h5ry1 #bad1 #baf1 #beb ,h]man1 #bdg ,h]o1 #adi1 #aej1 #aea ,h]tz1 #cjd1 #cje ,hewitt1 #cbf ,hibb]t1 #bdd ,high spe$ pr9t+ press1 #cbg ,hoe1 #bce1 #bdb ,holy ,alliance1 #bfj ,hom]1 #bje ,hooke1 #ade1 #afb ,horse%oe ma*9e1 #bah ,h[e1 #bcf ,huyg5s1 #afb ,hyatt1 #bhd ,hydraulic dr$ge1 #cjb ,hydraulic jack1 #agf ,i ,ice ma*9e1 #bde1 #bhg ,illum9at+ wat]-gas1 #bhf ,image mak+1 #aag1 #aah ,inc&esc5t lamp1 #bib ,induc$ curr5ts1 #bad ,induction transmitt]1 #bic ,+]soll1 #bhd ,int]nal combu/ion eng9e1 #bia ,int]rupt$ ?read screw1 #bdb ,invasion ( ,engl&1 #aic1 #aid ,ironclads1 #bdh ,j ,jablo*k(f1 #bij ,jacobi1 #bah1 #bba ,james1 #bag ,janney1 #bhe ,jans51 #ace ,jewi% religion1 #de1 #df ,joly1 #cbg ,judaism1 #bfc ,k ,kaleidoscope1 #ahf1 #ahg ,kepl]1 #acd ,k9etograph & k9etoscope1 #caj1 #cbh ,k+sl&1 #bfe ,kir*(f1 #bff ,knitt+ ma*9e1 #ahd ,ko*1 #bie1 #bih ,kodak cam]a1 #cjd ,knig1 #ahf ,kniggratz1 #bhj ,krag-,jorg5s5 rifle1 #cji ,krupp1 #bdc ,kuno1 #bih ,l ,la ,gloire1 #bfe ,la5nec1 #aig ,laplace1 #bji ,laugh+ gas1 #bcd ,lavoisi]1 #aga1 #agb1 #bjh1 #baa ,laws ( electrolysis1 #bdg ,laws ( electromagnetic induction1 #bdg ,laws ( electro/atic induction1 #bdg ,league ( ,arm$ ,neutrality1 #aib ,lee magaz9e rifle1 #bid ,leges ,juli1 #he ,legion1 #hc ,leibig1 #bae1 #bag ,leupold1 #aec ,leyd5 j>1 #afh1 #afi ,lib]al gov]nm5t1 #bee et seq ,light1 #bce ,l9de1 #cab ,l9k motion1 #bag ,l9otype ma*9e1 #cja ,lippman1 #cbg ,liquefaction ( air1 #cab ,liquefaction ( gases1 #bja ,li/]1 #bgd ,li?ography1 #agg ,locomotive1 #ahe ,loeffl]1 #bih ,long1 #bba ,loom1 positive motion weav+1 #bhd ,l[e1 #bhf ,lumire1 #cbg ,lund/rom1 #bdg ,lu!r1 #acj et seq ,lyall1 #bhd ,m ,ma*9e = mak+ b>b$-wire1 #bhf ,mack1 #aid ,maddox1 #bhd ,magaz9e gun1 #bdc ,magellan1 #abh ,magneto electric ma*9e1 #baf1 #bag ,malleable iron ca/+s1 #ahd ,m>a?on1 #ei1 #fj ,m>ble1 #cjb ,m>coni1 #cjf1 #cac ,m>tel1 ,*>les1 #aaj ,m>t9's /eel process1 #bgd ,mat*-mak+ ma*9e1 #bdb ,matteson1 #cjb ,maxim1 #cbg ,mc,cormick ,reap]1 #bah ,mc,mahon1 #bha ,melhui%1 #bdg ,m]*ant adv5tur]s1 #beg ,m]cury-vapor light1 #cbf ,m]g5?al]1 #cja1 #cjh ,m]kle1 #agg ,m]rimac1 ,c4 ,s4 ,s41 #fh1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgb ,mett]ni*1 #bfa1 #bfb ,mi*\x1 #bfe ,middl+s purifi]1 #bhg ,milit>ism1 #bhb ,milit>y ma*9e1 #bgi et seq ,mill]1 #ahj ,miltiades1 #ei1 #fj ,milton1 #bje ,m9]s' safety lamp1 #ahc1 #ahd ,mohamm$anism1 #bfc ,moltke1 #bgi ,moncrief's disappe>+ gun-c>riage1 #bgf ,monitor1 #fh1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgb ,monroe ,doctr9e1 #bef ,montgolfi]1 #age ,morse1 #bae1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bcd ,morton1 #bae ,motion1 ,laws (1 #add ,multiphase curr5ts1 #cjc ,mungo ,ponton1 #bba ,murdock1 #ahd ,mus*5broek1 #afh ,musical telephone1 #bfg ,muybridge1 #caj ,my?ology1 #ec ,n ,napi]1 #acf1 #acg ,napoleon1 #ahg et seq1 #beg ,nasmy?1 #bba ,ne$le telegraph1 #bbj ,nege1 #bgg ,neilson1 #bac ,nelson1 #aij1 #aib1 #aid1 #aig ,newcom]1 #aec ,newton1 ,isaac1 #adc1 #add1 #ade ,ni*olson1 #ahf ,nickel /eel1 #cjh ,nicolai]1 #bih ,niepce1 #aha ,n9eveh1 #ci ,nitroglyc]91 #bda ,nobel1 #bgg ,o ,o]/$1 #aih1 #aii1 #bjj ,ohm1 #bac ,oleom>g>9e1 #bgg ,omphalopsy*ites1 #cde ,op5-he>? process = /eel-mak+1 #bgd ,oph?almoscope1 #bde ,otis1 #bgb ,otto1 #bia ,p ,pac9notti1 #bag1 #bhc ,page1 #bde ,pa9t+1 #ef ,pap]1 #aja ,pap91 #aec ,papyrus1 #be1 #cc ,p>son's /eam turb9e1 #cji ,pa/eur1 #bih ,pat5t (fice1 #aaa ,paul1 #agb ,peloponnesian ,w>1 #fc1 #ff ,p]icles1 #fb ,p]k9s1 #bfe ,p]ry1 #cae ,p]sian ,gates1 #gd ,phalanx1 #fh1 #fi ,philip ( ,mac$on1 #ff1 #fg ,pho5icians1 #de ,pho5ix1 #aha ,phonetic writ+1 #bg ,phonograph1 #bia ,photographic roll films1 #bdg ,photography1 #aha1 #bba ,photomet]1 #bab ,pictet1 #bhg ,picture-writ+1 #bg ,pitt1 #bfa1 #bfb ,pixii1 #baf ,piz>ro1 #abi ,plant1 #bff ,plat9otype process1 #bhe ,plotz1 #cbi ,pneumatic caissons1 #bba ,pneumatic tire1 #bce ,pneumonia bacillus1 #bie ,poetry1 #fb ,portable fire eng9e1 #bad ,portl& cem5t1 #bia ,porus1 #ge ,potassium1 #ahb ,p[]-loom1 #age ,prehi/oric inv5tor1 #bc ,prescott1 #cjb ,prie/ley1 #aga ,primeval weapons1 #a to #bj ,pr9ceton1 ,u4 ,s4 ,s41 #bbj ,pr9cipia1 #adc ,pr9t+ press1 #ahf ,pr9t+ telegraph1 #bcg ,pr9t+1 #aaj to #aae ,pulmotor1 #cbg ,pump1 #bdc ,punic ,w>s1 #hd1 #he ,pyramids1 #ce1 #cf ,q ,quadruplex telegraphy1 #bhe ,r ,radio activity1 #cad ,radio control ( mov+ vessels1 #cbf ,radium1 #cad ,ramsay1 #ahj ,re> driv5 *a9 = bicycles1 #cjb ,reece1 #bih ,reg5]ative furnace1 #bfe ,reis1 #bfg ,r5aissance1 #aab ,revolv]1 #bai ,rock drill1 #bdg ,rocket1 #ahe ,rntg51 #bic1 #cab ,rubicon1 #id ,ruhmkorff coil1 #bdf1 #bic ,ru9 ( ! ma*9e ( civilization1 #bbf-bcj ,rum=d1 #bab ,runge1 #bah ,russian campaign1 #aif1 #aig ,s ,sad[a1 #bhj ,safety mat*es1 #bdg ,sail+ vessels1 #dg ,salamis1 #fa ,santos ,dumont1 #cbf ,s>gon1 #da ,savage1 #bda ,savannah1 fir/ ocean /eam%ip1 #bjb ,sav]y1 #aeb1 #aec ,s*mid1 #bih ,s*neid]1 #cjh ,s*onbe91 #bdj ,s*ultz1 #cjb ,s*ultze1 #bgc ,s*weigg1 #bjj ,scott ,ar*]1 #bde ,screw propell]1 #bbj ,sculpture1 #fb ,second>y batt]y1 #bff ,seebeck1 #bjj ,self-b9d+ reap]1 #bhf ,self-induction1 #bae ,selligne1 #bba ,s5efeld]1 #agg ,s5na*]ib1 #da ,sew+-ma*9e1 #bcf ,sextant1 #ade ,seym\r1 #bde ,seytre1 #bba ,%akespe>e1 #bje ,%ell ejector1 #bgd ,%9toism1 #bfc ,%oemak+ ma*9e1 #bfi ,%oles1 #bgf ,siem5s1 #baf1 #bfe1 #bge1 #bid ,sil5c] = fire arms1 #cbg ,sleep+-c>1 #bfe ,smeaton1 #aec ,smi? & ,wesson revolv]1 #bdg ,smokeless gunp[d]1 #bgc ,sobr]o1 #bda ,sodium1 #ahb ,s\beiran1 #bae ,sp>ta1 #fb ,spectroscope1 #bff ,sp]ry1 #cbf ,sp9n+ ma*9e1 #agb ,sprague electric railway & motor1 #cjc ,/4 ,v9c5t1 #aij ,/atu>y1 #ef ,/eam eng9e1 #aej et seq ,/eam hamm]1 #bba ,/eam pl\gh1 #bid ,/eam press] gauge1 #bdd ,/eam saw-mill1 #bia ,/eam :i/le1 #bah ,/eel p51 #ahd ,/eph5son1 #ahe1 #bah ,/]eoscope1 #bdd ,/]eotyp+1 #afd ,/]nb]g1 #bie ,/e?oscope1 #aig1 #bdf ,/ev5s1 #aha ,/urgeon1 #bag ,suez ,canal1 #bcg ,sulphite process1 #bgf ,syphon1 #bhf ,syria1 #de ,t ,ta9t]1 #cjb ,talbot1 #bba ,talleyr&1 #bfa1 #bfb ,taoism1 #ci1 #bfc ,taup5ot1 #bfe ,telephone1 #bhg ,telescope sight = %ips' guns1 #cab ,telescope1 #ace1 #acf ,tesla1 #cjc ,!mi/ocles1 #fa ,!rmit weld+1 #cbg ,!rmomet]1 #adb ,!rmopile1 #bjj1 #bja ,!rmos bottle1 #bja ,?ompson1 ,elihu1 #cjb ,?omson1 ,b5jam91 #bab ,?omson1 ,sir ,william1 #bhf ,?orium1 #cad ,?re%+-ma*9e1 #agg ,?urb]1 #bca ,tilghman1 #bgf ,"t-lock1 #bda ,torp$oplane1 #cbh ,torricelli1 #adb ,t\lon1 #agg ,trafalg>1 #aie ,trig]1 #bba ,tubul> boil]1 #bad ,tung/5 electric light1 #cbg ,turtle = pr9t+ presses1 #bde ,tw9e-b9d]1 #bhf ,typewrit]1 #bca1 #bgf ,typhoid bacillus1 #bie ,tyre1 #gb1 #gc ,tyrian ,dyes1 #dh ,u ,ulm1 #aid ,uranium1 #cad ,use ( collodion 9 photography1 #bde ,uxian pass1 #gd ,v ,van ,depoele1 #cjb ,vasco da ,gama1 #abh ,v5eti1 #ij ,v]c+etorix1 #ic1 #id ,vieille1 #bgc ,vill5euve1 #aic1 #aid ,visibility ( objects1 #aaf1 #aag ,volta1 #ach1 #agj1 #aga ,voltaic arc1 #ahb1 #ahc ,vulcaniz+ rubb]1 #bbj ,w ,walk]1 #bac ,walk]s1 #cjd ,w>-*>iot1 #db ,wa%+ton1 #agc et seq ,wat*1 #afb ,wat*-mak+ ma*9e1 #bde ,wat]-gas1 #bba ,watt1 #aed et seq ,webb-fe$+ pr9t+ press1 #bgd ,w$gwood1 #aha ,wegmann1 #bhf ,wells1 #bcd ,welsba*1 #cjb ,we/+h\se1 #bgh1 #bhe ,:eat/one bridge1 #bhe ,:eat/one1 #bbj ,:eel1 #db1 #dc ,:itehead torp$o1 #bge ,:itney1 #agg ,wilde1 #bge ,willis1 #bhe ,wireless telegraph1 #cje1 #cjf ,whl]1 #bac ,wood pulp1 #bdg ,wood1 ,h5ry ,a4 ,wise1 #cah1 #cbg ,woodruff1 #bfe ,worm1 #bde ,wright1 ,orville & ,wilbur1 #cbf ,x ,x-,rays1 #bic1 #cab1 #cac ,x]xes1 #fj ,z ,zank]ode1 #bic ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 occasional unbalanc$ quotation m>ks reta9$4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation1 e4g41 co-op]ation & coop]ation1 has be5 reta9$ unless "o =m pr$om9at$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,page #agd3 & %eet =ce ( w is mispr9t = %e]4 ,page #bdi3 ,sev]al colons w\ld be semi-colons 9 mod]n practice4 ,index 0 n well-alphabetiz$2 correct$ "h4 ,diacriticals & ligatures h be5 alphabetiz$ z pla9 lett]s4