,,selections ,,f ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,philosophy ,,( ,,r5e ,,desc>tes 7#aeif-afej7 ,,translat$ ,,by ,,john ,,veit*1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,,late ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,logic ,,& ,,rhetoric ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,glasg[ ,f ! ,publi%]'s ,preface4 ,! pres5t volume conta9s a repr9t ( ! preface & ! fir/ "p ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,philosophy1 toge!r ) selections f ! second1 ?ird & f\r? p>ts ( t "w1 correspond+ to ! extracts 9 ! ,fr5* edition ( ,gami]1 are also giv51 z well z an app5dix conta9+ "p ( ,desc>tes' reply to ! ,second ,objections 7viz41 8 =mal demon/rations ( ! exi/5ce ( ,deity74 ,! translation is bas$ on ! orig9al ,lat9 edition ( ! ,pr9ciples1 publi%$ 9 #afdd4 ,! "w _h be5 translat$ into ,fr5* dur+ ,desc>tes' lifetime1 & p]sonally revis$ & correct$ by him1 ! ,fr5* text is evid5tly des]v+ ( ! same consid]ation z ! ,lat9 orig9als1 & consequ5tly1 ! additions & v>iations ( ! ,fr5* v]sion h also be5 giv5--! additions be+ put 9 squ>e brackets 9 ! text & ! v>iations 9 ! footnotes4 ,a copy ( ! title-page ( ! orig9al edition1 z giv5 9 ,dr4 ,c4 ,guttl]'s "w 7,muni*3 ,c4 ,h4 ,beck4 #aija71 are also reproduc$ 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,,selections ,,f ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,philosophy ,,( ,,desc>tes ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,lat9 ,,& ,,collat$ ,,) ,,! ,,fr5* ,,lett] ,,( ,,! ,,au?or ,,to ,,! ,,fr5* ,,translator ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,philosophy ,,s]v+ ,,= ,a ,,preface4 ,sir1--,! v]sion ( my pr9ciples :i* y h be5 at pa9s to make1 is s elegant & f9i%$ z to lead me to expect t ! "w w be m g5]ally read 9 ,fr5* ?an 9 ,lat91 & bett] und]/ood4 ,! only appreh5sion ,i ent]ta9 is le/ ! title %\ld det] "s :o h n be5 br\ght up to lett]s1 or ) :om philosophy is 9 bad repute1 because ! k9d !y 7 taught has prov$ unsatisfactory2 & ?is makes me ?9k t x w be useful to add a preface to x = ! purpose ( %[+ :at ! ,,matt] ( ! "w is1 :at ,,end ,i _h 9 view 9 writ+ x1 & :at ,,utility may be d]iv$ f x4 ,b al?\gh x might be my "p to write a preface ( ?is nature1 see+ ,i ought to "k ^? p>ticul>s bett] ?an any o!r p]son1 ,i _c nev]!less prevail ^u myself to d any?+ m ?an m]ely to give a summ>y ( ! *ief po9ts t fall1 z ,i ?9k1 to be discuss$ 9 x3 & ,i leave x to y\r discretion to pres5t to ! public su* "p ( !m z y %all judge prop]4 ,i %\ld h desir$1 9 ! fir/ place1 to expla9 9 x :at philosophy is1 by comm5c+ ) ! mo/ common matt]s1 z1 = example1 t ! ^w ,,philosophy signifies ! /udy ( wisdom1 & t by wisdom is to be und]/ood n m]ely prud5ce 9 ! managem5t ( affairs1 b a p]fect k ( all t man c "k1 z well = ! conduct ( 8 life z = ! pres]vation ( 8 heal? & ! discov]y ( all ! arts1 & t k to subs]ve ^! ends mu/ necess>ily be d$uc$ f fir/ causes2 s t 9 ord] to /udy ! acquisition ( x 7:i* is prop]ly call$ philosophiz+71 we mu/ comm5ce ) ! inve/igation ( ^? fir/ causes :i* are call$ ,,pr9ciples4 ,n[ ^! pr9ciples mu/ possess ,,two ,,conditions3 9 ! fir/ place1 !y mu/ be s cle> & evid5t t ! human m9d1 :5 x att5tively consid]s !m1 _c d\bt ( _! tru?2 9 ! second place1 ! k ( o!r ?+s mu/ be s dep5d5t on !m z t ?\gh ! pr9ciples !mselves may inde$ be kn[n ap>t f :at dep5ds on !m1 ! latt] _c nev]!less be kn[n ap>t f ! =m]4 ,x w accord+ly be necess>y !reaft] to endeav\r s to d$uce f ^? pr9ciples ! k ( ! ?+s t dep5d on !m1 z t !re may be no?+ 9 ! :ole s]ies ( d$uctions :i* is n p]fectly manife/4 ,god is 9 tru? ! only be+ :o is absolutely wise1 t is1 :o possesses a p]fect k ( all ?+s2 b we may say t m5 are m or less wise z _! k ( ! mo/ important tru?s is great] or less4 ,& ,i am confid5t t !re is no?+1 9 :at ,i h n[ said1 9 :i* all ! le>n$ d n concur4 ,i %\ld1 9 ! next place1 h propos$ to consid] ! utility ( philosophy1 & at ! same "t h %[n t1 s9ce x embraces all t ! human m9d c "k1 we ought to believe t x is by x we are di/+ui%$ f savages & b>b>ians1 & t ! civilisation & culture ( a nation is regulat$ by ! degree 9 :i* true philosophy n\ri%es 9 x1 &1 accord+ly1 t to conta9 true philosoph]s is ! highe/ privilege a /ate c enjoy4 ,besides ?is1 ,i %\ld h %[n t1 z reg>ds individuals1 x is n only useful = ea* man to h int]c\rse ) ^? :o apply !mselves to ?is /udy1 b t x is incomp>ably bett] he %\ld himself direct 8 att5tion to x2 j z x is d\btless to be pref]r$ t a man %\ld make use ( 8 own eyes to direct 8 /eps1 & enjoy by means ( ! same ! beauties ( col\r & light1 ?an t he %\ld bl9dly foll[ ! guidance ( ano!r2 ?\gh ! latt] c\rse is c]ta9ly bett] ?an to h ! eyes clos$ ) no guide except "o's self4 ,b to live )\t philosophiz+ is 9 tru? ! same z keep+ ! eyes clos$ )\t attempt+ to op5 !m2 & ! pleasure ( see+ all t sight discloses is n to be comp>$ ) ! satisfaction af=d$ by ! discov]ies ( philosophy4 ,&1 f9ally1 ?is /udy is m imp]atively requisite = ! regulation ( our mann]s1 & = conduct+ u ?r\gh life1 ?an is ! use ( our eyes = direct+ our /eps4 ,! brutes1 :i* h only _! bodies to cons]ve1 are cont9ually occupi$ 9 seek+ s\rces ( n\ri%m5t2 b m51 ( :om ! *ief "p is ! m9d1 ought to make ! se>* aft] wisdom _! pr9cipal c>e1 = wisdom is ! true n\ri%m5t ( ! m9d2 & ,i feel assur$1 moreov]1 t !re are v _m :o w\ld n fail 9 ! se>*1 if !y w\ld b hope = success 9 x1 & knew ! degree ( _! capabilities = x4 ,!re is no m9d1 h[ ignoble soev] x be1 :i* rema9s s firmly b\nd up 9 ! objects ( ! s5ses1 z n sometime or o!r to turn itself away f !m 9 ! aspiration aft] "s high] good1 al?\gh n kn[+ frequ5tly :]e9 t good consi/s4 ,! greate/ fav\rites ( =tune--^? :o h heal?1 hon\rs1 & ri*es 9 abundance-- are n m exempt f aspirations ( ?is nature ?an o!rs2 nay1 ,i am p]suad$ t ^! are ! p]sons :o sigh ! mo/ deeply aft] ano!r good great] & m p]fect /ill ?an any !y already possess4 ,b ! supreme good1 consid]$ by natural reason )\t ! light ( fai?1 is no?+ m ?an ! k ( tru? ?r\gh its fir/ causes1 9 o!r words1 ! wisdom ( :i* philosophy is ! /udy4 ,&1 z all ^! p>ticul>s are indisputably true1 all t is requir$ to ga9 ass5t to _! tru? is t !y be well /at$4 ,b z "o is re/ra9$ f ass5t+ to ^! doctr9es by exp]i5ce1 :i* %[s t !y :o make pret5sions to philosophy are (t5 less wise & reasonable ?an o!rs :o nev] appli$ !mselves to ! /udy1 ,i %\ld h "h %ortly expla9$ :]e9 consi/s all ! sci5ce we n[ possess1 & :at are ! degrees ( wisdom at :i* we h arriv$4 ,! fir/ degree conta9s only notions s cle> ( !mselves t !y c be acquir$ )\t m$itation2 ! second compreh5ds all t ! exp]i5ce ( ! s5ses dictates2 ! ?ird1 t :i* ! conv]sation ( o!r m5 tea*es u2 to :i* may be add$ z ! f\r?1 ! read+1 n ( all books1 b especially ( su* z h be5 writt5 by p]sons capable ( convey+ prop] in/ruction1 = x is a species ( conv]sation we hold ) _! au?ors4 ,& x seems to me t all ! wisdom we 9 ord9>y possess is acquir$ only 9 ^! f\r ways2 = ,i d n class div9e revelation among !m1 because x does n conduct u by degrees1 b elevates u at once to an infallible fai?4 ,!re h be51 inde$1 9 all ages great m9ds :o endeav\r$ to f9d a fif? road to wisdom1 incomp>ably m sure & elevat$ ?an ! o!r f\r4 ,! pa? !y essay$ 0 ! se>* ( fir/ causes & true pr9ciples1 f :i* might be d$uc$ ! reasons ( all t c be kn[n by man2 & x is to !m ! appellation ( philosoph]s has be5 m especially accord$4 ,i am n aw>e t !re is any "o ( !m up to ! pres5t :o has succe$$ 9 ?is ent]prise4 ,! fir/ & *ief ^: writ+s we possess are ,plato & ,ari/otle1 betwe5 :om !re 0 no diff]5ce1 except t ! =m]1 foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( 8 ma/]1 ,socrates1 +5u\sly confess$ t he _h nev] yet be5 able to f9d any?+ c]ta91 & t he 0 cont5t$ to write :at seem$ to him probable1 imag9+1 = ?is end1 c]ta9 pr9ciples by :i* he endeav\r$ to acc\nt = ! o!r ?+s4 ,ari/otle1 on ! o!r h&1 *>act]is$ by less c&\r1 al?\gh = tw5ty ye>s ! disciple ( ,plato1 & ) no pr9ciples beyond ^? ( 8 ma/]1 completely rev]s$ 8 mode ( putt+ !m1 & propos$ z true & c]ta9 :at x is probable he himself nev] e/eem$ z su*4 ,b ^! two m5 _h acquir$ mu* judgm5t & wisdom by ! f\r prec$+ means1 qualities :i* rais$ _! au?ority v high1 s mu* s t ^? :o succe$$ !m 7 will+ r to acquiesce 9 _! op9ions1 ?an to seek bett] = !mselves4 ,! *ief "q among _! disciples1 h[ev]1 0 z to :e!r we ought to d\bt ( all ?+s or hold "s z c]ta91--a dispute :i* l$ !m on bo? sides into extravagant errors2 = a "p ( ^? :o 7 = d\bt1 ext5d$ x ev5 to ! actions ( life1 to ! neglect ( ! mo/ ord9>y rules requir$ = its conduct2 ^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :o ma9ta9$ ! doctr9e ( c]ta9ty1 suppos+ t x mu/ dep5d ^u ! s5ses1 tru/$ entirely to !m4 ,to su* an ext5t 0 ?is c>ri$ by ,epicurus1 t x is said he v5tur$ to affirm1 contr>y to all ! reason+s ( ! a/ronom]s1 t ! sun is no l>g] ?an x appe>s4 ,x is a fault we may rem>k 9 mo/ disputes1 t1 z tru? is ! mean betwe5 ! two op9ions t are upheld1 ea* disputant dep>ts f x 9 proportion to ! degree 9 :i* he possesses ! _s ( contradiction4 ,b ! error ( ^? :o leant too mu* to ! side ( d\bt1 0 n foll[$ = any l5g? ( "t1 & t ( ! opposite p>ty has be5 to "s ext5t correct$ by ! doctr9e t ! s5ses are deceitful 9 _m in/ances4 ,nev]!less1 ,i d n "k t ?is error 0 :olly remov$ by %[+ t c]titude is n 9 ! s5ses1 b 9 ! und]/&+ alone :5 x has cle> p]ceptions2 & t :ile we only possess ! k :i* is acquir$ 9 ! fir/ f\r grades ( wisdom1 we ought n to d\bt ( ! ?+s t appe> to be true 9 :at reg>ds ! conduct ( life1 nor e/eem !m z s c]ta9 t we _c *ange our op9ions reg>d+ !m1 ev5 ?\gh con/ra9$ by ! evid5ce ( reason4 ,f ignorance ( ?is tru?1 or1 if !re 0 any "o to :om x 0 kn[n1 f neglect ( x1 ! majority ( ^? :o 9 ^! lat] ages aspir$ to be philosoph]s1 bl9dly foll[$ ,ari/otle1 s t !y frequ5tly corrupt$ ! s5se ( 8 writ+s1 & attribut$ to him v>i\s op9ions :i* he w\ld n recognise z 8 own 7 he n[ to return to ! _w2 & ^? :o did n foll[ him1 among :om are to be f\nd _m ( ! greate/ m9ds1 did yet n escape be+ imbu$ ) 8 op9ions 9 _! y\?1 z ^! =m ! /aple ( in/ruction 9 ! s*ools2 & ?us _! m9ds 7 s preoccupi$ t !y c\ld n rise to ! k ( true pr9ciples4 ,& ?\gh ,i hold all ! philosoph]s 9 e/eem1 & am unwill+ to incur odium by my c5sure1 ,i c adduce a pro( ( my ass]tion1 :i* ,i d n ?9k any ( !m w ga9say1 :i* is1 t !y all laid d[n z a pr9ciple :at !y did n p]fectly "k4 ,= example1 ,i "k none ( !m :o did n suppose t !re 0 gravity 9 t]re/rial bodies2 b al?\gh exp]i5ce %[s u v cle>ly t bodies we call heavy desc5d t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! e>?1 we d n1 !re=e1 "k ! nature ( gravity1 t is1 ! cause or pr9ciple 9 virtue ( :i* bodies desc5d1 & we mu/ d]ive our k ( x f "s o!r s\rce4 ,! same may be said ( a vacuum & atoms1 ( heat & cold1 ( dryness & humidity1 & ( salt1 sulphur1 & m]cury1 & ! o!r ?+s ( ?is sort :i* "s h adopt$ z _! pr9ciples4 ,b no conclusion d$uc$ f a pr9ciple :i* is n cle> c be evid5t1 ev5 al?\gh ! d$uction be =mally valid2 & h5ce x foll[s t no reason+s bas$ on su* pr9ciples c\ld lead !m to ! c]ta9 k ( any "o ?+1 nor consequ5tly advance !m "o /ep 9 ! se>* aft] wisdom4 ,& if !y did discov] any tru?1 ?is 0 due to "o or o!r ( ! f\r means above m5tion$4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ,i am 9 no degree desir\s to less5 ! hon\r :i* ea* ( !m c ju/ly claim2 ,i am only con/ra9$ to say1 = ! consolation ( ^? :o h n giv5 _! att5tion to /udy1 t j z 9 travell+1 :5 we turn our back ^u ! place to :i* we 7 go+1 we rec$e ! f>!r f x 9 proportion z we proce$ 9 ! new direction = a great] l5g? ( "t & ) great] spe$1 s t1 ?\gh we may be aft]w>ds br\ght back to ! "r way1 we _c nev]!less arrive at ! de/9$ place z soon z if we _h n mov$ backw>ds at all2 s 9 philosophy1 :5 we make use ( false pr9ciples1 we dep>t ! f>!r f ! k ( tru? & wisdom exactly 9 proportion to ! c>e ) :i* we cultivate !m1 & apply ourselves to ! d$uction ( div]se consequ5ces f !m1 ?9k+ t we are philosophiz+ well1 :ile we are only dep>t+ ! f>!r f ! tru?2 f :i* x mu/ be inf]r$ t !y :o h le>n$ ! lea/ ( all t has be5 hi!rto di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( philosophy are ! mo/ fitt$ = ! appreh5sion ( tru?4 ,aft] mak+ ^? matt]s cle>1 ,i %\ld1 9 ! next place1 h desir$ to set =? ! gr\nds = hold+ t ! true pr9ciples by :i* we may rea* t highe/ degree ( wisdom :]e9 consi/s ! sov]eign good ( human life1 are ^? ,i h propos$ 9 ?is "w2 & two consid]ations alone are suffici5t to e/abli% ?is--! fir/ ( :i* is1 t ^! pr9ciples are v cle>1 & ! second1 t we c d$uce all o!r tru?s f !m2 = x is only ^! two conditions t are requir$ 9 true pr9ciples4 ,b ,i easily prove t !y are v cle>2 fir/ly1 by a ref]5ce to ! mann] 9 :i* ,i f\nd !m1 namely1 by reject+ all propositions t 7 9 ! lea/ d\btful1 = x is c]ta9 t su* z c\ld n be reject$ by ?is te/ :5 !y 7 att5tively consid]$1 are ! mo/ evid5t & cle> :i* ! human m9d c "k4 ,?us by consid]+ t he :o /rives to d\bt ( all is unable nev]!less to d\bt t he is :ile he d\bts1 & t :at reasons ?us1 9 n be+ able to d\bt ( itself & d\bt+ nev]!less ( ev]y?+ else1 is n t :i* we call our body1 b :at we "n our m9d or ?\ght1 ,i h tak5 ! exi/5ce ( ?is ?\ght = ! fir/ pr9ciple1 f :i* ,i v cle>ly d$uc$ ! foll[+ tru?s1 namely1 t !re is a ,god :o is ! au?or ( all t is 9 ! _w1 & :o1 be+ ! s\rce ( all tru?1 _c h creat$ our und]/&+ ( su* a nature z to be deceiv$ 9 ! judgm5ts x =ms ( ! ?+s ( :i* x possesses a v cle> & di/9ct p]ception4 ,^? are all ! pr9ciples ( :i* ,i avail myself t\*+ immat]ial or metaphysical objects1 f :i* ,i mo/ cle>ly d$uce ^! o!r pr9ciples ( physical or corporeal ?+s1 namely1 t !re are bodies ext5d$ 9 l5g?1 bread?1 & dep?1 :i* are ( div]se figures & are mov$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,su* are 9 sum ! pr9ciples f :i* ,i d$uce all o!r tru?s4 ,! second circum/ance t proves ! cle>ness ( ^! pr9ciples is1 t !y h be5 kn[n 9 all ages1 & ev5 receiv$ z true & indubitable by all m51 ) ! exception only ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 :i* has be5 d\bt$ by "s1 because !y attribut$ too mu* to ! p]ceptions ( ! s5ses1 & ,god c nei!r be se5 nor t\*$4 ,b1 ?\gh all ! tru?s :i* ,i class among my pr9ciples 7 kn[n at all times1 & by all m51 nev]!less1 !re has be5 no "o up to ! pres5t1 :o1 s f> z ,i "k1 has adopt$ !m z pr9ciples ( philosophy3 9 o!r words1 z su* t we c d$uce f !m ! k ( :atev] else is 9 ! _w4 ,x accord+ly n[ rema9s = me to prove t !y are su*2 & x appe>s to me t ,i _c bett] e/abli% ?is ?an by ! te/ ( exp]i5ce3 9 o!r words1 by invit+ read]s to p]use ! foll[+ "w4 ,=1 ?\gh ,i h n treat$ 9 x ( all matt]s- -t be+ impossible--,i ?9k ,i h s expla9$ all ( :i* ,i _h occasion to treat1 t !y :o read x att5tively w h gr\nd = ! p]suasion t x is unnecess>y to seek = any o!r pr9ciples ?an ^? ,i h giv51 9 ord] to arrive at ! mo/ exalt$ k ( :i* ! m9d ( man is capable2 especially if1 aft] ! p]usal ( my writ+s1 !y take ! tr\ble to consid] h[ _m div]se que/ions are !re9 discuss$ & expla9$1 &1 ref]r+ to ! writ+s ( o!rs1 !y see h[ little probability !re is 9 ! reasons t are adduc$ 9 explanation ( ! same que/ions by pr9ciples diff]5t f m9e4 ,& t !y may ! m easily und]take ?is1 ,i might h said t ^? imbu$ ) my doctr9es h mu* less difficulty 9 compreh5d+ ! writ+s ( o!rs1 & e/imat+ _! true value1 ?an ^? :o h n be5 s imbu$2 & ?is is precisely ! opposite ( :at ,i be=e said ( su* z comm5c$ ) ! anci5t philosophy1 namely1 t ! m !y h /udi$ x ! less fit are !y = rightly appreh5d+ ! tru?4 ,i %\ld also h add$ a ^w ( advice reg>d+ ! mann] ( read+ ?is "w1 :i* is1 t ,i %\ld wi% ! read] at fir/ to g ov] ! :ole ( x1 z he w\ld a romance1 )\t greatly /ra9+ 8 att5tion1 or t>ry+ at ! difficulties he may p]haps meet ) 9 x1 ) ! view simply ( kn[+ 9 g5]al ! matt]s ( :i* ,i treat2 & t aft]w>ds1 if !y seem to him to m]it a m c>eful exam9ation1 & he feel a desire to "k _! causes1 he may read x a second "t1 9 ord] to obs]ve ! connection ( my reason+s2 b t he mu/ n !n give x up 9 despair1 al?\gh he may n ev]y:]e suffici5tly discov] ! connection ( ! pro(1 or und]/& all ! reason+s--x be+ only necess>y to m>k ) a p5 ! places :]e ! difficulties occur1 & cont9ue to read )\t int]ruption to ! end2 !n1 if he does n grudge to take up ! book a ?ird "t1 ,i am confid5t he w f9d 9 a fre% p]usal ! solution ( mo/ ( ! difficulties he w h m>k$ be=e2 & t1 if any /ill rema91 _! solution w 9 ! end be f\nd 9 ano!r read+4 ,i h obs]v$1 on exam9+ ! natural con/itutions ( diff]5t m9ds1 t !re are h>dly any s dull or sl[ ( und]/&+ z to be incapable ( appreh5d+ good op9ions1 or ev5 ( acquir+ all ! highe/ sci5ces1 if !y be b conduct$ along ! "r road4 ,& ?is c also be prov$ by reason2 =1 z ! pr9ciples are cle>1 & z no?+ ought to be d$uc$ f !m1 unless mo/ manife/ inf]5ces1 no "o is s devoid ( intellig5ce z to be unable to compreh5d ! conclusions t fl[ f !m4 ,b1 besides ! entanglem5t ( prejudices1 f :i* no "o is entirely exempt1 al?\gh x is !y :o h be5 ! mo/ ard5t /ud5ts ( ! false sci5ces t receive ! greate/ detrim5t f !m1 x happ5s v g5]ally t p ( ord9>y capacity neglect to /udy f a conviction t !y want ability1 & t o!rs1 :o are m ard5t1 press on too rapidly3 :5ce x comes to pass t !y frequ5tly admit pr9ciples f> f evid5t1 & draw d\btful inf]5ces f !m4 ,= ?is reason1 ,i %\ld wi% to assure ^? :o are too di/ru/ful ( _! own ability t !re is no?+ 9 my writ+s :i* !y may n entirely und]/&1 if !y only take ! tr\ble to exam9e !m2 & ,i %\ld wi%1 at ! same "t1 to w>n ^? ( an opposite t5d5cy t ev5 ! mo/ sup]ior m9ds w h ne$ ( mu* "t & att5tion to rem>k all ,i design$ to embrace !re94 ,aft] ?is1 t ,i might lead m5 to und]/& ! real design ,i _h 9 publi%+ !m1 ,i %\ld h wi%$ "h to expla9 ! ord] :i* x seems to me "o ought to foll[ ) ! view ( in/ruct+ himself4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a man :o has m]ely ! vulg> & imp]fect k :i* c be acquir$ by ! f\r means above expla9$1 ought1 be=e all else1 to endeav\r to =m = himself a code ( morals1 suffici5t to regulate ! actions ( 8 life1 z well = ! reason t ?is does n admit ( delay z because x ought to be our fir/ c>e to live well4 ,9 ! next place1 he ought to /udy ,logic1 n t ( ! s*ools1 = x is only1 prop]ly speak+1 a dialectic :i* tea*es ! mode ( exp\nd+ to o!rs :at we already "k1 or ev5 ( speak+ mu*1 )\t judgm5t1 ( :at we d n "k1 by :i* means x corrupts r ?an increases good s5se--b ! logic :i* tea*es ! "r conduct ( ! reason ) ! view ( discov]+ ! tru?s ( :i* we are ignorant2 &1 because x greatly dep5ds on usage1 x is desirable he %\ld ex]cise himself = a l5g? ( "t 9 practis+ its rules on easy & simple que/ions1 z ^? ( ! ma!matics4 ,!n1 :5 he has acquir$ "s skill 9 discov]+ ! tru? 9 ^! que/ions1 he %\ld comm5ce to apply himself 9 e>ne/ to true philosophy1 ( :i* ! fir/ "p is ,metaphysics1 conta9+ ! pr9ciples ( k1 among :i* is ! explication ( ! pr9cipal attributes ( ,god1 ( ! immat]iality ( ! s\l1 & ( all ! cle> & simple notions t are 9 u2 ! second is ,physics1 9 :i*1 aft] f9d+ ! true pr9ciples ( mat]ial ?+s1 we exam9e1 9 g5]al1 h[ ! :ole univ]se has be5 fram$2 9 ! next place1 we consid]1 9 p>ticul>1 ! nature ( ! e>?1 & ( all ! bodies t are mo/ g5]ally f\nd ^u x1 z air1 wat]1 fire1 ! load/one & o!r m9]als4 ,9 ! next place x is necess>y also to exam9e s+ly ! nature ( plants1 ( animals1 & above all ( man1 9 ord] t we may !reaft] be able to discov] ! o!r sci5ces t are useful to u4 ,?us1 all ,philosophy is l a tree1 ( :i* ,metaphysics is ! root1 ,physics ! trunk1 & all ! o!r sci5ces ! bran*es t gr[ out ( ?is trunk1 :i* are r$uc$ to ?ree pr9cipal1 namely1 ,m$ic9e1 ,me*anics1 & ,e?ics4 ,by ! sci5ce ( ,morals1 ,i und]/& ! highe/ & mo/ p]fect :i*1 presuppos+ an entire k ( ! o!r sci5ces1 is ! la/ degree ( wisdom4 ,b z x is n f ! roots or ! trunks ( trees t we ga!r ! fruit1 b only f ! extremities ( _! bran*es1 s ! pr9cipal utility ( philosophy dep5ds on ! sep>ate uses ( its p>ts1 :i* we c only le>n la/ ( all4 ,b1 ?\gh ,i am ignorant ( almo/ all ^!1 ! zeal ,i h always felt 9 endeav\r+ to be ( s]vice to ! public1 0 ! reason :y ,i publi%$1 "s t5 or twelve ye>s ago1 c]ta9 ,essays on ! doctr9es ,i ?\ght ,i _h acquir$4 ,! fir/ "p ( ^! ,essays 0 a ,disc\rse on ! ,me?od ( rightly conduct+ ! ,reason1 & seek+ ,tru? 9 ! ,sci5ces1 9 :i* ,i gave a summ>y ( ! pr9cipal rules ( logic1 & also ( an imp]fect e?ic1 :i* a p]son may foll[ provisionally s long z he does n "k any bett]4 ,! o!r p>ts 7 ?ree treatises3 ! fir/ ( ,dioptrics1 ! second ( ,meteors1 & ! ?ird ( ,geometry4 ,9 ! ,dioptrics1 ,i design$ to %[ t we might proce$ f> en\gh 9 philosophy z to arrive1 by its means1 at ! k ( ! arts t are useful to life1 because ! inv5tion ( ! telescope1 ( :i* ,i !re gave an explanation1 is "o ( ! mo/ difficult t has ev] be5 made4 ,9 ! treatise ( ,meteors1 ,i desir$ to exhibit ! diff]5ce t subsi/s betwe5 ! philosophy ,i cultivate & t taught 9 ! s*ools1 9 :i* ! same matt]s are usually discuss$4 ,9 f9e1 9 ! ,geometry1 ,i pr(ess$ to demon/rate t ,i _h discov]$ _m ?+s t 7 be=e unkn[n1 & ?us af=d gr\nd = believ+ t we may /ill discov] _m o!rs1 ) ! view ( ?us /imulat+ all to ! inve/igation ( tru?4 ,s9ce t p]iod1 anticipat+ ! difficulty :i* _m w\ld exp]i5ce 9 appreh5d+ ! f\ndations ( ! ,metaphysics1 ,i endeav\r$ to expla9 ! *ief po9ts ( !m 9 a book ( ,m$itations1 :i* is n 9 itself l>ge1 b ! size ( :i* has be5 increas$1 & ! matt] greatly illu/rat$1 by ! ,objections :i* sev]al v le>n$ p]sons s5t to me on occasion ( x1 & by ! ,replies :i* ,i made to !m4 ,at l5g?1 aft] x appe>$ to me t ^? prec$+ treatises _h suffici5tly prep>$ ! m9ds ( my read]s = ! ,pr9ciples ( ,philosophy1 ,i also publi%$ x2 & ,i h divid$ ?is "w into f\r p>ts1 ! fir/ ( :i* conta9s ! pr9ciples ( human k1 & :i* may be call$ ! ,fir/ ,philosophy1 or ,metaphysics4 ,t ?is "p1 accord+ly1 may be prop]ly und]/ood1 x w be necess>y to read be=eh& ! book ( ,m$itations ,i wrote on ! same subject4 ,! o!r ?ree p>ts conta9 all t is mo/ g5]al 9 ,physics1 namely1 ! explication ( ! fir/ laws or pr9ciples ( nature1 & ! way 9 :i* ! heav5s1 ! fix$ />s1 ! planets1 comets1 & g5]ally ! :ole univ]se1 7 compos$2 9 ! next place1 ! explication1 9 p>ticul>1 ( ! nature ( ?is e>?1 ! air1 wat]1 fire1 ! magnet1 :i* are ! bodies we mo/ commonly f9d ev]y:]e ar\nd x1 & ( all ! qualities we obs]ve 9 ^! bodies1 z light1 heat1 gravity1 & ! l4 ,9 ?is way1 x seems to me1 ,i h comm5c$ ! ord]ly explanation ( ! :ole ( philosophy1 )\t omitt+ any ( ! matt]s t ought to prec$e ! la/ :i* ,i discuss$4 ,b to br+ ?is und]tak+ to its conclusion1 ,i ought h]eaft] to expla91 9 ! same mann]1 ! nature ( ! o!r m p>ticul> bodies t are on ! e>?1 namely1 m9]als1 plants1 animals1 & especially man2 f9ally1 to treat !reaft] ) accuracy ( ,m$ic9e1 ,e?ics1 & ,me*anics4 ,i %\ld require to d ?is 9 ord] to give to ! _w a complete body ( philosophy2 & ,i d n yet feel myself s old1- -,i d n s mu* di/ru/ my /r5g?1 nor d ,i f9d myself s f> remov$ f ! k ( :at rema9s1 z t ,i %\ld n d>e to und]take to complete ?is design1 provid$ ,i 7 9 a position to make all ! exp]im5ts :i* ,i %\ld require = ! basis & v]ification ( my reason+s4 ,b see+ t w\ld dem& a great exp5diture1 to :i* ! res\rces ( a private individual l myself w\ld n be adequate1 unless aid$ by ! public1 & z ,i h no gr\nd to expect ?is aid1 ,i believe t ,i ought = ! future to cont5t myself ) /udy+ = my own in/ruction1 & po/]ity w excuse me if ,i fail h]eaft] to lab\r = !m4 ,mean:ile1 t x may be se5 :]e9 ,i ?9k ,i h already promot$ ! g5]al good1 ,i w "h m5tion ! fruits t may be ga!r$ f my ,pr9ciples4 ,! fir/ is ! satisfaction :i* ! m9d w exp]i5ce on f9d+ 9 ! "w _m tru?s be=e unkn[n2 = al?\gh frequ5tly tru? does n s greatly affect our imag9ation z falsity & fiction1 because x seems less wond]ful & is m simple1 yet ! gratification x af=ds is always m durable & solid4 ,! second fruit is1 t 9 /udy+ ^! pr9ciples we w become accu/om$ by degrees to judge bett] ( all ! ?+s we come 9 contact )1 & ?us be made wis]1 9 :i* respect ! effect w be q ! opposite ( ! common philosophy1 = we may easily rem>k 9 ^? we call p$ants t x r5d]s !m less capable ( rightly ex]cis+ _! reason ?an !y w\ld h be5 if !y _h nev] kn[n x4 ,! ?ird is1 t ! tru?s :i* !y conta91 be+ highly cle> & c]ta91 w take away all gr\nd ( dispute1 & ?us dispose m5's m9ds to g5tl5ess & concord2 :]eas ! contr>y is ! effect ( ! controv]sies ( ! s*ools1 :i*1 z !y ins5sibly r5d] ^? :o are ex]cis$ 9 !m m wrangl+ & op9ionative1 are p]haps ! prime cause ( ! h]esies & diss5sions t n[ h>ass ! _w4 ,! la/ & *ief fruit ( ^! ,pr9ciples is1 t "o w be able1 by cultivat+ !m1 to discov] _m tru?s ,i myself h n unfold$1 & ?us pass+ by degrees f "o to ano!r1 to acquire 9 c\rse ( "t a p]fect k ( ! :ole ( philosophy1 & to rise to ! highe/ degree ( wisdom4 ,= j z all ! arts1 ?\gh 9 _! beg9n+s !y are rude & imp]fect1 are yet gradually p]fect$ by practice1 f _! conta9+ at fir/ some?+ true1 & ^: effect exp]i5ce ev9ces2 s 9 philosophy1 :5 we h true pr9ciples1 we _c fail by foll[+ !m to meet sometimes ) o!r tru?s2 & we c\ld n bett] prove ! falsity ( ^? ( ,ari/otle1 ?an by say+ t m5 made no progress 9 k by _! means dur+ ! _m ages !y prosecut$ !m4 ,i well "k t !re are "s m5 s precipitate & accu/om$ to use s little circumspection 9 :at !y d1 t1 ev5 ) ! mo/ solid f\ndations1 !y c\ld n re> a firm sup]/ructure2 & z x is usually ^? :o are ! readie/ to make books1 !y w\ld 9 a %ort "t m> all t ,i h done1 & introduce unc]ta9ty & d\bt into my mann] ( philosophiz+1 f :i* ,i h c>efully endeav\r$ to bani% !m1 if p 7 to receive _! writ+s z m9e1 or z repres5t+ my op9ions4 ,i _h1 n long ago1 "s exp]i5ce ( ?is 9 "o ( ^? :o 7 believ$ desir\s ( foll[+ me ! mo/ closely1 ,footnote3 ,regius2 see ,la ,vie de ,m4 ,desc>tes1 r$uite en abrege 7,baillet74 ,liv4 vii41 *ap4 vii4--,t4 & "o too ( :om ,i _h some:]e said t ,i _h su* confid5ce 9 8 g5ius z to believe t he adh]$ to no op9ions :i* ,i %\ld n be ready to av[ z m9e2 = he la/ ye> publi%$ a book entitl$ ,fundam5tal ,physics1 9 :i*1 al?\gh he seems to h writt5 no?+ on ! subject ( ,physics & ,m$ic9e :i* he did n take f my writ+s1 z well f ^? ,i h publi%$ z f ano!r /ill imp]fect on ! nature ( animals1 :i* fell into 8 h&s2 nev]!less1 because he has copi$ !m badly1 & *ang$ ! ord]1 & d5i$ c]ta9 metaphysical tru?s ^u :i* all ,physics ought to be bas$1 ,i am oblig$ :olly to disav[ 8 "w1 & "h to reque/ read]s n to attribute to me any op9ion unless !y f9d x expressly /at$ 9 my own writ+s1 & to receive no op9ion z true1 :e!r 9 my writ+s or else:]e1 unless !y see t x is v cle>ly d$uc$ f true pr9ciples4 ,i well "k1 likewise1 t _m ages may elapse ere all ! tru?s d$ucible f ^! pr9ciples are evolv$ out ( !m1 z well because ! great] numb] ( su* z rema9 to be discov]$ dep5d on c]ta9 p>ticul> exp]im5ts t nev] occur by *ance1 b :i* require to be inve/igat$ ) c>e & exp5se by m5 ( ! highe/ intellig5ce1 z because x w h>dly happ5 t ! same p]sons :o h ! sagacity to make a "r use ( !m1 w possess also ! means ( mak+ !m1 & also because ! majority ( ! be/ m9ds h =m$ s l[ an e/imate ( philosophy 9 g5]al1 f ! imp]fections !y h rem>k$ 9 ! k9d 9 vogue up to ! pres5t "t1 t !y _c apply !mselves to ! se>* aft] tru?4 ,b1 9 conclusion1 if ! diff]5ce disc]nible betwe5 ! pr9ciples 9 "q & ^? ( e o!r sy/em1 & ! great array ( tru?s d$ucible f !m1 lead !m to disc]n ! importance ( cont9u+ ! se>* aft] ^! tru?s1 & to obs]ve ! degree ( wisdom1 ! p]fection & felicity ( life1 to :i* !y are fitt$ to conduct u1 ,i v5ture to believe t !re w n be f\nd "o :o is n ready to lab\r h>d 9 s pr(itable a /udy1 or at lea/ to fav\r & aid ) all 8 might ^? :o %all devote !mselves to x ) success4 ,! height ( my wi%es is1 t po/]ity may sometime behold ! happy issue ( x1 etc4 ,,to ,,! ,,mo/ ,,s]5e ,,pr9cess1 ,,elizabe?1 ,,elde/ ,,daught] ,,( ,,fr$]ick1 ,,k+ ,,( ,,bohemia1 ,,c\nt ,,palat9e1 ,,& ,,elector ,,( ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,roman ,,empire4 ,,madam1--,! greate/ advantage ,i h d]iv$ f ! writ+s :i* ,i h already publi%$1 has aris5 f my hav+1 ?r\gh means ( !m1 become kn[n to y\r ,highness1 & ?us be5 privileg$ to hold occasional conv]se ) "o 9 :om s _m r>e & e/imable qualities are unit$1 z to lead me to believe ,i %\ld d s]vice to ! public by propos+ !m z an example to po/]ity4 ,x w\ld ill become me to flatt]1 or to give expression to any?+ ( :i* ,i _h no c]ta9 k1 especially 9 ! fir/ pages ( a "w 9 :i* ,i aim at lay+ d[n ! pr9ciples ( tru?4 ,& ! g5]\s mode/y t is conspicu\s 9 all y\r actions1 assures me t ! frank & simple judgm5t ( a man :o only writes :at he believes w be m agreeable to y ?an ! ornate laudations ( ^? :o h /udi$ ! art ( complim5t4 ,= ?is reason1 ,i w give ins]tion to no?+ 9 ?is lett] = :i* ,i h n ! c]ta9ty bo? ( exp]i5ce & reason2 & 9 ! exordium1 z 9 ! re/ ( ! "w1 ,i w write only z becomes a philosoph]4 ,!re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 real & app>5t virtues2 & !re is also a great discrepancy betwe5 ^? real virtues t proce$ f an accurate k ( ! tru?1 & su* z are accompani$ ) ignorance or error4 ,! virtues ,i call app>5t are only1 prop]ly speak+1 vices1 :i*1 z !y are less frequ5t ?an ! vices t are oppos$ to !m1 & are f>!r remov$ f !m ?an ! int]m$iate virtues1 are usually held 9 high] e/eem ?an ^? virtues4 ,?us1 because ^? :o fe> dang]s too mu* are m num]\s ?an !y :o fe> !m too little1 tem]ity is frequ5tly oppos$ to ! vice ( timidity1 & tak5 = a virtue1 & is commonly m highly e/eem$ ?an true =titude4 ,?us1 also1 ! prodigal are 9 ord9>y m prais$ ?an ! lib]al2 & none m easily acquire a great reputation = piety ?an ! sup]/iti\s & hypocritical4 ,) reg>d to true virtues1 ^! d n all proce$ f true k1 = !re are "s t likewise spr+ f defect or error2 ?us1 simplicity is frequ5tly ! s\rce ( goodness1 fe> ( devotion1 & despair ( c\rage4 ,! virtues t are ?us accompani$ ) "s imp]fections diff] f ea* o!r1 & h receiv$ div]se appellations4 ,b ^? pure & p]fect virtues t arise f ! k ( good alone are all ( ! same nature1 & may be compris$ "u ! s+le t]m wisdom4 ,=1 :oev] owns ! firm & con/ant resolution ( always us+ 8 reason z well z lies 9 8 p[]1 & 9 all 8 actions ( do+ :at he judges to be be/1 is truly wise1 z f> z 8 nature p]mits2 & by ?is alone he is j1 c\rage\s1 temp]ate1 & possesses all ! o!r virtues1 b s well balanc$ z t none ( !m appe>s m prom95t ?an ano!r3 & = ?is reason1 al?\gh !y are mu* m p]fect ?an ! virtues t blaze =? ?r\gh ! mixture ( "s defect1 yet1 because ! cr[d ?us obs]ves !m less1 !y are n usually extoll$ s highly4 ,besides1 ( ! two ?+s t are requisite = ! wisdom ?us describ$1 namely1 ! p]ception ( ! und]/&+ & ! disposition ( ! w1 x is only t :i* lies 9 ! w :i* all m5 c possess equally1 inasmu* z ! und]/&+ ( "s is inf]ior to t ( o!rs4 ,b al?\gh ^? :o h only an inf]ior und]/&+ may be z p]fectly wise z _! nature p]mits1 & may r5d] !mselves highly acceptable to ,god by _! virtue1 provid$ !y pres]ve always a firm & con/ant resolution to d all t !y %all judge to be "r1 & to omit no?+ t may lead !m to ! k ( ! duties ( :i* !y are ignorant2 nev]!less1 ^? :o pres]ve a con/ant resolution ( p]=m+ ! "r1 & are especially c>eful 9 in/ruct+ !mselves1 & :o possess also a highly p]spicaci\s intellect1 arrive d\btless at a high] degree ( wisdom ?an o!rs2 & ,i see t ^! ?ree p>ticul>s are f\nd 9 great p]fection 9 y\r ,highness4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 y\r desire ( self-in/ruction is manife/1 f ! circum/ance t nei!r ! amusem5ts ( ! c\rt1 nor ! accu/om$ mode ( educat+ ladies1 :i* ord9>ily condemns !m to ignorance1 h be5 suffici5t to prev5t y f /udy+ ) mu* c>e all t is be/ 9 ! arts & sci5ces2 & ! incomp>able p]spicacity ( y\r intellect is ev9c$ by ?is1 t y p5etrat$ ! secrets ( ! sci5ces & acquir$ an accurate k ( !m 9 a v %ort p]iod4 ,b ( ! vig\r ( y\r intellect ,i h a /ill /rong] pro(1 & "o peculi> to myself1 9 t ,i h nev] yet met any "o :o und]/ood s g5]ally & s well z y\rself all t is conta9$ 9 my writ+s4 ,= !re are sev]al1 ev5 among m5 ( ! highe/ intellect & le>n+1 :o f9d !m v obscure4 ,& ,i rem>k1 9 almo/ all ^? :o are v]sant 9 ,metaphysics1 t !y are :olly dis9cl9$ f ,geometry2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! cultivators ( ,geometry h no ability = ! inve/igations ( ! ,fir/ ,philosophy3 insomu* t ,i c say ) tru? ,i "k b "o m9d1 & t is y\r own1 to :i* bo? /udies are alike cong5ial1 & :i* ,i !re=e1 ) propriety1 designate incomp>able4 ,b :at mo/ ( all enhances my admiration is1 t s accurate & v>i$ an acqua9tance ) ! :ole circle ( ! sci5ces is n f\nd 9 "s ag$ doctor :o has employ$ _m ye>s 9 contemplation1 b 9 a ,pr9cess /ill "y1 & ^: c\nt5ance & ye>s w\ld m fitly repres5t "o ( ! ,graces ?an a ,muse or ! sage ,m9]va4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i n only rem>k 9 y\r ,highness all t is requisite on ! "p ( ! m9d to p]fect & sublime wisdom1 b also all t c be requir$ on ! "p ( ! w or ! mann]s1 9 :i* b5ignity & g5tl5ess are s conjo9$ ) maje/y t1 ?\gh =tune has attack$ y ) cont9u$ inju/ice1 x has fail$ ei!r to irritate or cru% y4 ,& ?is con/ra9s me to su* v5]ation t ,i n only ?9k ?is "w due to y1 s9ce x treats ( philosophy :i* is ! /udy ( wisdom1 b likewise feel n m zeal = my reputation z a philosoph] ?an pleasure 9 subscrib+ myself1-- ,( y\r mo/ ,s]5e ,highness1 ,! mo/ devot$ s]vant1 ,,desc>tes4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,human ,,k4 ,i4 ,,t 9 ord] to seek tru?1 x is necess>y once 9 ! c\rse ( our life1 to d\bt1 z f> z possible1 ( all ?+s4 ,z we 7 at "o "t *ildr51 & z we =m$ v>i\s judgm5ts reg>d+ ! objects pres5t$ to our s5ses1 :5 z yet we _h n ! entire use ( our reason1 num]\s prejudices /& 9 ! way ( our arriv+ at ! k ( tru?2 & ( ^! x seems impossible = u to rid ourselves1 unless we und]take1 once 9 our lifetime1 to d\bt ( all ^? ?+s 9 :i* we may discov] ev5 ! smalle/ suspicion ( unc]ta9ty4 ,,ii4 ,t we ought also to consid] z false all t is d\btful4 ,moreov]1 x w be useful likewise to e/eem z false ! ?+s ( :i* we %all be able to d\bt1 t we may ) great] cle>ness discov] :at possesses mo/ c]ta9ty & is ! easie/ to "k4 ,,iii4 ,t we ought n mean:ile to make use ( d\bt 9 ! conduct ( life4 ,9 ! meantime1 x is to be obs]v$ t we are to avail ourselves ( ?is g5]al d\bt only :ile engag$ 9 ! contemplation ( tru?4 ,=1 z f> z conc]ns ! conduct ( life1 we are v frequ5tly oblig$ to foll[ op9ions m]ely probable1 or ev5 sometimes1 ?\gh ( two c\rses ( action we may n p]ceive m probability 9 ! "o ?an 9 ! o!r1 to *oose "o or o!r1 see+ ! opportunity ( act+ w\ld n unfrequ5tly pass away be=e we c\ld free ourselves f our d\bts4 ,,iv4 ,:y we may d\bt ( s5sible ?+s4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce we n[ only design to apply ourselves to ! inve/igation ( tru?1 we w d\bt1 fir/1 :e!r ( all ! ?+s t h ev] fall5 "u our s5ses1 or :i* we h ev] imag9$1 any "o really exi/2 9 ! fir/ place1 because we "k by exp]i5ce t ! s5ses sometimes err1 & x w\ld be imprud5t to tru/ too mu* to :at has ev5 once deceiv$ u2 secondly1 because 9 dreams we p]petually seem to p]ceive or imag9e innum]able objects :i* h no exi/5ce4 ,& to "o :o has ?us resolv$ ^u a g5]al d\bt1 !re appe> no m>ks by :i* he c ) c]ta9ty di/+ui% sleep f ! wak+ /ate4 ,v4 ,:y we may also d\bt ( ma!matical demon/rations4 ,we w also d\bt ( ! o!r ?+s we h be=e held z mo/ c]ta91 ev5 ( ! demon/rations ( ma!matics1 & ( _! pr9ciples :i* we h hi!rto deem$ self-evid5t2 9 ! fir/ place1 because we h sometimes se5 m5 fall into error 9 su* matt]s1 & admit z absolutely c]ta9 & self evid5t :at to u appe>$ false1 b *iefly because we h le>nt t ,god :o creat$ u is all-p[]ful2 = we d n yet "k :e!r p]haps x 0 8 w to create u s t we are always deceiv$1 ev5 9 ! ?+s we ?9k we "k be/3 s9ce ?is does n appe> m impossible ?an our be+ occasionally deceiv$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 z obs]vation tea*es u1 is ! case4 ,& if we suppose t an all- p[]ful ,god is n ! au?or ( our be+1 & t we exi/ ( ourselves or by "s o!r means1 /ill1 ! less p[]ful we suppose our au?or to be1 ! great] reason w we h = believ+ t we are n s p]fect z t we may n be cont9ually deceiv$4 ,,vi4 ,t we possess a free-w1 by :i* we c )hold our ass5t f :at is d\btful1 & ?us avoid error4 ,b mean:ile1 :oev] 9 ! end may be ! au?or ( our be+1 & h[ev] p[]ful & deceitful he may be1 we are nev]!less consci\s ( a fre$om1 by :i* we c refra9 f admitt+ to a place 9 our belief aught t is n manife/ly c]ta9 & und\bt$1 & ?us gu>d aga9/ ev] be+ deceiv$4 ,,vii4 ,t we _c d\bt ( our exi/5ce :ile we d\bt1 & t ?is is ! fir/ k we acquire :5 we philosophize 9 ord]4 ,:ile we ?us reject all ( :i* we c ent]ta9 ! smalle/ d\bt1 & ev5 imag9e t x is false1 we easily inde$ suppose t !re is nei!r ,god1 nor sky1 nor bodies1 & t we ourselves ev5 h nei!r h&s nor feet1 nor1 f9ally1 a body2 b we _c 9 ! same way suppose t we are n :ile we d\bt ( ! tru? ( ^! ?+s2 = !re is a repugnance 9 conceiv+ t :at ?9ks does n exi/ at ! v "t :5 x ?9ks4 ,accord+ly1 ! k1 ,i ,,?9k1 ,,!re=e ,i ,,am1 is ! fir/ & mo/ c]ta9 t occurs to "o :o philosophizes ord]ly4 ,,viii4 ,t we h5ce discov] ! di/9ction betwe5 ! m9d & ! body1 or betwe5 a ?9k+ & corporeal ?+4 ,& ?is is ! be/ mode ( discov]+ ! nature ( ! m9d1 & its di/9ctness f ! body3 = exam9+ :at we are1 :ile suppos+1 z we n[ d1 t !re is no?+ really exi/+ ap>t f our ?\ght1 we cle>ly p]ceive t nei!r ext5sion1 nor figure1 nor local motion1,footnote3 ,in/ead ( local motion1 ! ,fr5* has exi/5ce 9 any place4 nor any?+ simil> t c be attribut$ to body1 p]ta9s to our nature1 & no?+ save ?\ght alone2 &1 consequ5tly1 t ! notion we h ( our m9d prec$es t ( any corporeal ?+1 & is m c]ta91 see+ we /ill d\bt :e!r !re is any body 9 exi/5ce1 :ile we already p]ceive t we ?9k4 ,,ix4 ,:at ?\ght 7,,cogitatio7 is4 ,by ! ^w ?\ght1 ,i und]/& all t :i* s takes place 9 u t we ( ourselves are imm$iately consci\s ( x2 &1 accord+ly1 n only to und]/& 7,,intellig]e1 ,,ent5dre71 to w 7,,velle71 to imag9e 7,,imag9>i71 b ev5 to p]ceive 7,,s5tire1 ,,s5tir71 are "h ! same z to ?9k 7,,cogit>e1 ,,p5s]74 ,= if ,i say1 ,i see1 or1 ,i walk1 !re=e ,i am2 & if ,i und]/& by vision or walk+ ! act ( my eyes or ( my limbs1 :i* is ! "w ( ! body1 ! conclusion is n absolutely c]ta91 because1 z is (t5 ! case 9 dreams1 ,i may ?9k t ,i see or walk1 al?\gh ,i d n op5 my eyes or move f my place1 & ev51 p]haps1 al?\gh ,i h no body3 b1 if ,i mean ! s5sation itself1 or consci\sness ( see+ or walk+1 ! k is manife/ly c]ta91 because x is !n ref]r$ to ! m9d1 :i* alone p]ceives or is consci\s t x sees or walks4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! ,fr5*1 :i* alone has ! p[] ( p]ceiv+1 or ( be+ consci\s 9 any o!r way :atev]4 ,x4 ,t ! notions :i* are simple/ & self-evid5t1 are obscur$ by logical def9itions2 & t su* are n to be reckon$ among ! cognitions acquir$ by /udy1 b z born ) u4 ,i d n "h expla9 sev]al o!r t]ms :i* ,i h us$1 or design to use 9 ! sequel1 because _! mean+ seems to me suffici5tly self-evid5t4 ,& ,i frequ5tly rem>k$ t philosoph]s err$ 9 attempt+ to expla91 by logical def9itions1 su* tru?s z are mo/ simple & self-evid5t2 = !y ?us only r5d]$ !m m obscure4 ,& :5 ,i said t ! proposition1 ,i ,,?9k1 ,,!re=e ,i ,,am1 is ( all o!rs ! fir/ & mo/ c]ta9 :i* occurs to "o philosophiz+ ord]ly1 ,i did n !re=e d5y t x 0 necess>y to "k :at ?\ght1 exi/5ce1 & c]titude are1 & ! tru? t1 9 ord] to ?9k x is necess>y to be1 & ! l2 b1 because ^! are ! mo/ simple notions1 & su* z ( !mselves af=d ! k ( no?+ exi/+1 ,i did n judge x prop] !re to enum]ate !m4 ,,xi4 ,h[ we c "k our m9d m cle>ly ?an our body4 ,b n[ t x may be disc]n$ h[ ! k we h ( ! m9d n only prec$es1 & has great] c]ta9ty1 b is ev5 cle>]1 ?an t we h ( ! body1 x mu/ be rem>k$1 z a matt] t is highly manife/ by ! natural light1 t to no?+ no affections or qualities belong2 &1 accord+ly1 t :]e we obs]ve c]ta9 affections1 !re a ?+ or sub/ance to :i* ^! p]ta91 is necess>ily f\nd4 ,! same light also %[s u t we "k a ?+ or sub/ance m cle>ly 9 proportion z we discov] 9 x a great] numb] ( qualities4 ,n[1 x is manife/ t we rem>k a great] numb] ( qualities 9 our m9d ?an 9 any o!r ?+2 = !re is no occasion on :i* we "k any?+ :atev] :5 we are n at ! same "t l$ ) mu* great] c]ta9ty to ! k ( our own m9d4 ,= example1 if ,i judge t !re is an e>? because ,i t\* or see x1 on ! same gr\nd1 & ) /ill great] reason1 ,i mu/ be p]suad$ t my m9d exi/s2 = x may be1 p]haps1 t ,i ?9k ,i t\* ! e>? :ile !re is "o 9 exi/5ce2 b x is n possible t ,i %\ld s judge1 & my m9d :i* ?us judges n exi/2 & ! same holds good ( :atev] object is pres5t$ to our m9d4 ,,xii4 ,h[ x happ5s t e "o does n come equally to "k ?is4 ,^? :o h n philosophiz$ 9 ord] h _h o!r op9ions on ?is subject1 because !y nev] di/+ui%$ ) suffici5t c>e ! m9d f ! body4 ,=1 al?\gh !y _h no difficulty 9 believ+ t !y !mselves exi/$1 & t !y _h a high] assurance ( ?is ?an ( any o!r ?+1 nev]!less1 z !y did n obs]ve t by ,,!mselves1 !y ought "h to und]/& _! ,,m9ds alone :5 ! "q relat$ to metaphysical c]ta9ty2 & s9ce1 on ! contr>y1 !y r meant _! bodies :i* !y saw ) _! eyes1 t\*$ ) _! h&s1 & to :i* !y errone\sly attribut$ ! faculty ( p]ception1 !y 7 prev5t$ f di/9ctly appreh5d+ ! nature ( ! m9d4 ,,xiii4 ,9 :at s5se ! k ( o!r ?+s dep5ds ^u ! k ( ,god4 ,b :5 ! m9d1 :i* ?us kn[s itself b is /ill 9 d\bt z to all o!r ?+s1 looks ar\nd on all sides1 ) a view to ! f>!r ext5sion ( its k1 x fir/ ( all discov]s )9 itself ! ideas ( _m ?+s2 & :ile x simply contemplates !m1 & nei!r affirms nor d5ies t !re is any?+ beyond itself correspond+ to !m1 x is 9 no dang] ( err+4 ,! m9d also discov]s c]ta9 common notions out ( :i* x frames v>i\s demon/rations t c>ry conviction to su* a degree z to r5d] d\bt ( _! tru? impossible1 s long z we give att5tion to !m4 ,= example1 ! m9d has )9 itself ideas ( numb]s & figures1 & x has likewise among its common notions ! pr9ciple ,,t ,,if ,,equals ,,be ,,add$ ,,to ,,equals ,,! ,,:oles ,,w ,,be ,,equal & ! l2 f :i* x is easy to demon/rate t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r angles1 etc4 ,n[1 s long z we att5d to ! premises f :i* ?is conclusion & o!rs simil> to x 7 d$uc$1 we feel assur$ ( _! tru?2 b1 z ! m9d _c always ?9k ( ^! ) att5tion1 :5 x has ! remembrance ( a conclusion )\t recollect+ ! ord] ( its d$uction1 & is unc]ta9 :e!r ! au?or ( its be+ has creat$ x ( a nature t is liable to be deceiv$1 ev5 9 :at appe>s mo/ evid5t1 x p]ceives t !re is j gr\nd to di/ru/ ! tru? ( su* conclusions1 & t x _c possess any c]ta9 k until x has discov]$ its au?or4 ,,xiv4 ,t we may validly inf] ! exi/5ce ( ,god f necess>y exi/5ce be+ compris$ 9 ! concept we h ( him4 ,:5 ! m9d aft]w>ds reviews ! diff]5t ideas t are 9 x1 x discov]s :at is by f> ! *ief among !m--t ( a ,be+ omnisci5t1 all-p[]ful1 & absolutely p]fect2 & x obs]ves t 9 ?is idea !re is conta9$ n only possible & cont+5t exi/5ce1 z 9 ! ideas ( all o!r ?+s :i* x cle>ly p]ceives1 b exi/5ce absolutely necess>y & et]nal4 ,& j z because1 = example1 ! equality ( its ?ree angles to two "r angles is necess>ily compris$ 9 ! idea ( a triangle1 ! m9d is firmly p]suad$ t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r angles2 s1 f its p]ceiv+ necess>y & et]nal exi/5ce to be compris$ 9 ! idea :i* x has ( an all-p]fect ,be+1 x ought manife/ly to conclude t ?is all-p]fect ,be+ exi/s4 ,,xv4 ,t necess>y exi/5ce is n 9 ! same way compris$ 9 ! notions :i* we h ( o!r ?+s1 b m]ely cont+5t exi/5ce4 ,! m9d w be /ill m c]ta9 ( ! tru? ( ?is conclusion1 if x consid] t x has no idea ( any o!r ?+ 9 :i* x c discov] t necess>y exi/5ce is conta9$2 =1 f ?is circum/ance alone1 x w disc]n t ! idea ( an all-p]fect ,be+ has n be5 fram$ by itself1 & t x does n repres5t a *im]a1 b a true & immutable nature1 :i* mu/ exi/ s9ce x c only be conceiv$ z necess>ily exi/+4 ,,xvi4 ,t prejudices h9d] _m f cle>ly kn[+ ! necessity ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,our m9d w\ld h no difficulty 9 ass5t+ to ?is tru?1 if x 71 fir/ ( all1 :olly free f prejudices2 b z we h be5 accu/om$ to di/+ui%1 9 all o!r ?+s1 ess5ce f exi/5ce1 & to imag9e at w _m ideas ( ?+s :i* nei!r are nor h be51 x easily happ5s1 :5 we d n /eadily fix our ?\ghts on ! contemplation ( ! all-p]fect ,be+1 t a d\bt arises z to :e!r ! idea we h ( him is n "o ( ^? :i* we frame at pleasure1 or at lea/ ( t class to ^: ess5ce exi/5ce does n p]ta94 ,,xvii4 ,t ! great] objective 7repres5tative7 p]fection !re is 9 our idea ( a ?+1 ! great] also mu/ be ! p]fection ( its cause4 ,:5 we fur!r reflect on ! v>i\s ideas t are 9 u1 x is easy to p]ceive t !re is n mu* diff]5ce among !m1 :5 we consid] !m simply z c]ta9 modes ( ?9k+1 b t !y are widely diff]5t1 consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to ! objects !y repres5t2 & t _! causes mu/ be s mu* ! m p]fect accord+ to ! degree ( objective p]fection conta9$ 9 !m4 ,footnote3 z :at !y repres5t ( _! object has m p]fection4--,,fr5*4 ,= !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! case ( a p]son :o has ! idea ( a ma*9e1 9 ! con/ruction ( :i* great skill is display$1 9 :i* circum/ances we h a "r to inquire h[ he came by ?is idea1 :e!r1 = example1 he some:]e saw su* a ma*9e con/ruct$ by ano!r1 or :e!r he 0 s accurately taught ! me*anical sci5ces1 or is end[$ ) su* =ce ( g5ius1 t he 0 able ( himself to inv5t x1 )\t hav+ else:]e se5 any?+ l x2 = all ! +5uity :i* is conta9$ 9 ! idea objectively only1 or z x 7 9 a picture1 mu/ exi/ at lea/ 9 its fir/ & *ief cause1 :atev] t may be1 n only objectively or repres5tatively1 b 9 tru? =mally or em95tly4 ,,xviii4 ,t ! exi/5ce ( ,god may be aga9 inf]r$ f ! above4 ,?us1 because we discov] 9 our m9ds ! idea ( ,god1 or ( an all-p]fect ,be+1 we h a "r to inquire into ! s\rce :5ce we d]ive x2 & we w discov] t ! p]fections x repres5ts are s imm5se z to r5d] x q c]ta9 t we c\ld only d]ive x f an all-p]fect ,be+2 t is1 f a ,god really exi/+4 ,= x is n only manife/ by ! natural light t no?+ _c be ! cause ( any?+ :atev]1 & t ! m p]fect _c arise f ! less p]fect1 s z to be !reby produc$ z by its effici5t & total cause1 b also t x is impossible we c h ! idea or repres5tation ( any?+ :atev]1 unless !re be some:]e1 ei!r 9 u or out ( u1 an orig9al :i* comprises1 9 reality1 all ! p]fections t are ?us repres5t$ to u2 b1 z we d n 9 any way f9d 9 ourselves ^? absolute p]fections ( :i* we h ! idea1 we mu/ conclude t !y exi/ 9 "s nature diff]5t f ours1 t is1 9 ,god1 or at lea/ t !y 7 once 9 him2 & x mo/ manife/ly foll[s f _! inf9ity t !y are /ill !re4 ,,xix4 ,t1 al?\gh we may n compreh5d ! nature ( ,god1 !re is yet no?+ :i* we "k s cle>ly z 8 p]fections4 ,?is w appe> suffici5tly c]ta9 & manife/ to ^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to contemplate ! idea ( ,god1 & to turn _! ?\ghts to 8 inf9ite p]fections2 =1 al?\gh we may n compreh5d !m1 because x is ( ! nature ( ! inf9ite n to be compreh5d$ by :at is f9ite1 we nev]!less conceive !m m cle>ly & di/9ctly ?an mat]ial objects1 = ?is reason1 t1 be+ simple1 & unobscur$ by limits1,footnote3 ,aft] ,,limits1 :at ( !m we d conceive is mu* less confus$4 ,!re is1 besides1 no speculation m calculat$ to aid 9 p]fect+ our und]/&+1 & :i* is m important ?an ?is1 inasmu* z ! consid]ation ( an object t has no limits to its p]fections fills u ) satisfaction & assurance4-,,fr5*4 !y occupy our m9d m fully4 ,,xx4 ,t we are n ! cause ( ourselves1 b t ?is is ,god1 & consequ5tly t !re is a ,god4 ,b1 because e "o has n obs]v$ ?is1 & because1 :5 we h an idea ( any ma*9e 9 :i* great skill is display$1 we usually "k ) suffici5t accuracy ! mann] 9 :i* we obta9$ x1 & z we _c ev5 recollect :5 ! idea we h ( a ,god 0 communicat$ to u by him1 see+ x 0 always 9 our m9ds1 x is /ill necess>y t we %\ld cont9ue our review1 & make inquiry aft] our au?or1 possess+1 z we d1 ! idea ( ! inf9ite p]fections ( a ,god3 = x is 9 ! highe/ degree evid5t by ! natural light1 t t :i* kn[s some?+ m p]fect ?an itself1 is n ! s\rce ( its own be+1 s9ce x w\ld ?us h giv5 to itself all ! p]fections :i* x kn[s2 & t1 consequ5tly1 x c\ld draw its orig9 f no o!r be+ ?an f him :o possesses 9 himself all ^? p]fections1 t is1 f ,god4 ,,xxi4 ,t ! duration alone ( our life is suffici5t to demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,! tru? ( ?is demon/ration w cle>ly appe>1 provid$ we consid] ! nature ( "t1 or ! duration ( ?+s2 = ?is is ( su* a k9d t its p>ts are n mutually dep5d5t1 & nev] co-exi/5t2 &1 accord+ly1 f ! fact t we n[ are1 x does n necess>ily foll[ t we %all be a mom5t aft]w>ds1 unless "s cause1 viz41 t :i* fir/ produc$ u1 %all1 z x 71 cont9ually reproduce u1 t is1 cons]ve u4 ,= we easily und]/& t !re is no p[] 9 u by :i* we c cons]ve ourselves1 & t ! be+ :o has s mu* p[] z to cons]ve u out ( himself1 mu/ also by s mu* ! great] reason cons]ve himself1 or r /& 9 ne$ ( be+ cons]v$ by no "o :atev]1 &1 9 f9e1 be ,god4 ,,xxii4 ,t 9 kn[+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 9 ! mann] "h expla9$1 we likewise "k all 8 attributes1 z f> z !y c be kn[n by ! natural light alone4 ,!re is ! great advantage 9 prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god 9 ?is way1 viz41 by 8 idea1 t we at ! same "t "k :at he is1 z f> z ! weakness ( our nature all[s2 =1 reflect+ on ! idea we h ( him :i* is born ) u1 we p]ceive t he is et]nal1 omnisci5t1 omnipot5t1 ! s\rce ( all goodness & tru?1 creator ( all ?+s1 & t1 9 f9e1 he has 9 himself all t 9 :i* we c cle>ly discov] any inf9ite p]fection or good t is n limit$ by any imp]fection4 ,,xxiii4 ,t ,god is n corporeal1 & does n p]ceive by means ( s5ses z we d1 or w ! evil ( s94 ,= !re are inde$ _m ?+s 9 ! _w t are to a c]ta9 ext5t imp]fect or limit$1 ?\gh possess+ also "s p]fection2 & x is accord+ly impossible t any su* c be 9 ,god4 ,?us1 look+ to corporeal nature1,footnote3 ,9 ! ,fr5*1 s9ce ext5sion con/itutes ! nature ( body4 s9ce divisibility is includ$ 9 local ext5sion1 & ?is indicates imp]fection1 x is c]ta9 t ,god is n body4 ,& al?\gh 9 m5 x is to "s degree a p]fection to be capable ( p]ceiv+ by means ( ! s5ses1 nev]!less s9ce 9 e s5se !re is passivity ,footnote3 ,9 ! ,fr5*1 because our p]ceptions arise f impressions made ^u u f ano!r s\rce1 i4e41 ?an ourselves4 :i* indicates dep5d5cy1 we mu/ conclude t ,god is 9 no mann] possess$ ( s5ses1 & t he only und]/&s & wills1 n1 h[ev]1 l u1 by acts 9 any way di/9ct1 b always by an act t is "o1 id5tical1 & ! simple/ possible1 und]/&s1 wills1 & op]ates all1 t is1 all ?+s t 9 reality exi/2 = he does n w ! evil ( s91 see+ ?is is b ! negation ( be+4 ,,xxiv4 ,t 9 pass+ f ! k ( ,god to ! k ( ! creatures1 x is necess>y to rememb] t our und]/&+ is f9ite1 & ! p[] ( ,god inf9ite4 ,b z we "k t ,god alone is ! true cause ( all t is or c be1 we w d\btless foll[ ! be/ way ( philosophiz+1 if1 f ! k we h ( ,god himself1 we pass to ! explication ( ! ?+s :i* he has creat$1 & essay to d$uce x f ! notions t are naturally 9 our m9ds1 = we w ?us obta9 ! mo/ p]fect sci5ce1 t is1 ! k ( effects ?r\gh _! causes4 ,b t we may be able to make ?is attempt ) suffici5t security f error1 we mu/ use ! precaution to be> 9 m9d z mu* z possible t ,god1 :o is ! au?or ( ?+s1 is inf9ite1 :ile we are :olly f9ite4 ,,xxv4 ,t we mu/ believe all t ,god has reveal$1 al?\gh x may surpass ! rea* ( our faculties4 ,?us1 if p]haps ,god reveal to u or o!rs1 matt]s conc]n+ himself :i* surpass ! natural p[]s ( our m9d1 su* z ! my/]ies ( ! inc>nation & ( ! tr9ity1 we w n refuse to believe !m1 al?\gh we may n cle>ly und]/& !m2 nor w we be 9 any way surpris$ to f9d 9 ! imm5sity ( 8 nature1 or ev5 9 :at he has creat$1 _m ?+s t exce$ our compreh5sion4 ,,xxvi4 ,t x is n ne$ful to ent] into disputes ,footnote3 to essay to compreh5d ! inf9ite4--,,fr5*4 reg>d+ ! inf9ite1 b m]ely to hold all t 9 :i* we c f9d no limits z indef9ite1 su* z ! ext5sion ( ! _w1 ! divisibility ( ! p>ts ( matt]1 ! numb] ( ! />s1 etc4 ,we w ?us nev] emb>rass ourselves by disputes ab\t ! inf9ite1 see+ x w\ld be absurd = u :o are f9ite to und]take to det]m9e any?+ reg>d+ x1 & ?us z x 7 to limit x by endeav\r+ to compreh5d x4 ,we w accord+ly give ourselves no conc]n to reply to ^? :o dem& :e!r ! half ( an inf9ite l9e is also inf9ite1 & :e!r an inf9ite numb] is ev5 or odd1 & ! l1 because x is only su* z imag9e _! m9ds to be inf9ite :o seem b\nd to ent]ta9 que/ions ( ?is sort4 ,&1 = our "p1 look+ to all ^? ?+s 9 :i* 9 c]ta9 s5ses1 we discov] no limits1 we w n1 !re=e1 affirm t !y are inf9ite1 b w reg>d !m simply z indef9ite4 ,?us1 because we _c imag9e ext5sion s great t we _c /ill conceive great]1 we w say t ! magnitude ( possible ?+s is indef9ite1 & because a body _c be divid$ into p>ts s small t ea* ( ^! may n be conceiv$ z aga9 divid$ into o!rs /ill small]1 let u reg>d quantity z divisible into p>ts ^: numb] is indef9ite2 & z we _c imag9e s _m />s t x w\ld seem impossible = ,god to create m1 let u suppose t _! numb] is indef9ite1 & s 9 o!r in/ances4 ,,xxvii4 ,:at diff]5ce !re is betwe5 ! indef9ite & ! inf9ite4 ,& we w call ^? ?+s indef9ite r ?an inf9ite1 ) ! view ( res]v+ to ,god alone ! appellation ( inf9ite2 9 ! fir/ place1 because n only d we discov] 9 him alone no limits on any side1 b also because we positively conceive t he admits ( none2 & 9 ! second place1 because we d n 9 ! same way positively conceive t o!r ?+s are 9 e "p unlimit$1 b m]ely negatively admit t _! limits1 if !y h any1 _c be discov]$ by u4 ,,xxviii4 ,t we mu/ exam9e1 n ! f9al1 b ! effici5t1 causes ( creat$ ?+s4 ,likewise1 f9ally1 we w n seek reasons ( natural ?+s f ! end :i* ,god or nature propos$ to himself 9 _! creation 7i4 e41 f9al causes71 ,footnote3 ,we w n /op to consid] ! ends :i* ,god propos$ to himself 9 ! creation ( ! _w1 & we w entirely reject f our philosophy ! se>* ( f9al causes6--,fr5*4 = we ought n to presume s f> z to ?9k t we are %>]s 9 ! c\nsels ( ,deity1 b1 consid]+ him z ! effici5t cause ( all ?+s1 let u endeav\r to discov] by ! natural light ,footnote3 ,faculty ( reason+4--,,fr5*4 :i* he has plant$ 9 u1 appli$ to ^? ( 8 attributes ( :i* he has be5 will+ we %\ld h "s k1 :at mu/ be conclud$ reg>d+ ^? effects we p]ceive by our s5ses2 be>+ 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 :at has be5 already said1 t we mu/ only confide 9 ?is natural light s long z no?+ contr>y to its dictates is reveal$ by ,god himself4 ,footnote3 ,! la/ clause1 beg9n+ be>+ 9 m9d4 is omitt$ 9 ! ,fr5*4 ,,xxix4 ,t ,god is n ! cause ( our errors4 ,! fir/ attribute ( ,god :i* "h falls to be consid]$1 is t he is absolutely v]aci\s & ! s\rce ( all light1 s t x is pla9ly repugnant = him to deceive u1 or to be prop]ly & positively ! cause ( ! errors to :i* we are consci\sly subject2 = al?\gh ! address to deceive seems to be "s m>k ( subtlety ( m9d among m51 yet )\t d\bt ! w to deceive only proce$s f malice or f fe> & weakness1 & consequ5tly _c be attribut$ to ,god4 ,,xxx4 ,t consequ5tly all :i* we cle>ly p]ceive is true1 & t we are ?us deliv]$ f ! d\bts above propos$4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t ! light ( nature1 or faculty ( k giv5 u by ,god1 c nev] compass any object :i* is n true1 9 z f> z x atta9s to a k ( x1 t is1 9 z f> z ! object is cle>ly & di/9ctly appreh5d$4 ,= ,god w\ld h m]it$ ! appellation ( a deceiv] if he _h giv5 u ?is faculty p]v]t$1 & su* z might lead u to take falsity = tru? :5 we us$ x aright4 ,?us ! highe/ d\bt is remov$1 :i* arose f our ignorance on ! po9t z to :e!r p]haps our nature 0 su* t we might be deceiv$ ev5 9 ^? ?+s t appe> to u ! mo/ evid5t4 ,! same pr9ciple ought also to be ( avail aga9/ all ! o!r gr\nds ( d\bt+ t h be5 already enum]at$4 ,= ma!matical tru?s ought n[ to be above suspicion1 s9ce ^! are ( ! cle>e/4 ,& if we p]ceive any?+ by our s5ses1 :e!r :ile awake or asleep1 we w easily discov] ! tru? provid$ we sep>ate :at !re is ( cle> & di/9ct 9 ! k f :at is obscure & confus$4 ,!re is no ne$ t ,i %\ld "h say m on ?is subject1 s9ce x has already receiv$ ample treatm5t 9 ! metaphysical ,m$itations2 & :at foll[s w s]ve to expla9 x /ill m accurately4 ,,xxxi4 ,t our errors are1 9 respect ( ,god1 m]ely negations1 b1 9 respect ( ourselves1 privations4 ,b z x happ5s t we frequ5tly fall into error1 al?\gh ,god is no deceiv]1 if we desire to inquire into ! orig9 & cause ( our errors1 ) a view to gu>d aga9/ !m1 x is necess>y to obs]ve t !y dep5d less on our und]/&+ ?an on our w1 & t !y h no ne$ ( ! actual conc\rse ( ,god1 9 ord] to _! production2 s t1 :5 consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 !y are m]ely negations1 b 9 ref]5ce to ourselves1 privations4 ,,xxxii4 ,t !re are only two modes ( ?9k+ 9 u1 viz41 ! p]ception ( ! und]/&+ & ! action ( ! w4 ,= all ! modes ( ?9k+ ( :i* we are consci\s may be ref]r$ to two g5]al classes1 ! "o ( :i* is ! p]ception or op]ation ( ! und]/&+1 & ! o!r ! volition or op]ation ( ! w4 ,?us1 to p]ceive by ! s5ses 7,,s5tire71 to imag9e1 & to conceive ?+s purely intelligible1 are only diff]5t modes ( p]ceiv+ 7,,p]cip ,,i5di72 b to desire1 to be av]se f1 to affirm1 to d5y1 to d\bt1 are diff]5t modes ( will+4 ,,xxxiii4 ,t we nev] err unless :5 we judge ( some?+ :i* we d n suffici5tly appreh5d4 ,:5 we appreh5d any?+ we are 9 no dang] ( error1 if we refra9 f judg+ ( x 9 any way2 & ev5 :5 we h =m$ a judgm5t reg>d+ x1 we w\ld nev] fall into error1 provid$ we gave our ass5t only to :at we cle>ly & di/9ctly p]ceiv$2 b ! reason :y we are usually deceiv$1 is t we judge )\t possess+ an exact k ( t ( :i* we judge4 ,,xxxiv4 ,t ! w z well z ! und]/&+ is requir$ = judg+4 ,i admit t ! und]/&+ is necess>y = judg+1 !re be+ no room to suppose t we c judge ( t :i* we 9 no way appreh5d2 b ! w also is requir$ 9 ord] to our ass5t+ to :at we h 9 any degree p]ceiv$4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 at lea/ to =m any judgm5t :atev]1 t we h an entire & p]fect appreh5sion ( a ?+2 = we may ass5t to _m ?+s ( :i* we h only a v obscure & confus$ k4 ,,xxxv4 ,t ! w is ( great] ext5sion ?an ! und]/&+1 & is ?us ! s\rce ( our errors4 ,fur!r1 ! p]ception ( ! intellect ext5ds only to ! few ?+s t are pres5t$ to x1 & is always v limit$3 ! w1 on ! o!r h&1 may1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 be said to be inf9ite1 because we obs]ve no?+ t c be ! object ( ! w ( any o!r1 ev5 ( ! unlimit$ w ( ,god1 to :i* ours _c also ext5d1 s t we easily c>ry x beyond ! objects we cle>ly p]ceive2 & :5 we d ?is1 x is n wond]ful t we happ5 to be deceiv$4 ,,xxxvi4 ,t our errors _c be imput$ to ,god4 ,b al?\gh ,god has n giv5 u an omnisci5t und]/&+1 he is n on ?is acc\nt to be consid]$ 9 any wise ! au?or ( our errors1 = x is ( ! nature ( creat$ intellect to be f9ite1 & ( f9ite intellect n to embrace all ?+s4 ,,xxxvii4 ,t ! *ief p]fection ( man is 8 be+ able to act freely or by w1 & t x is ?is :i* r5d]s him wor?y ( praise or blame4 ,t ! w %\ld be ! m ext5sive is 9 h>mony ) its nature3 & x is a high p]fection 9 man to be able to act by means ( x1 t is1 freely2 & ?us 9 a peculi> way to be ! ma/] ( 8 own actions1 & m]it praise or blame4 ,= self- act+ ma*9es are n comm5d$ because !y p]=m ) exactness all ! movem5ts = :i* !y 7 adapt$1 see+ _! motions are c>ri$ on necess>ily2 b ! mak] ( !m is prais$ on acc\nt ( ! exactness ) :i* !y 7 fram$1 because he did n act ( necessity1 b freely2 &1 on ! same pr9ciple1 we mu/ attribute to ourselves some?+ m on ?is acc\nt1 t :5 we embrace tru?1 we d s n ( necessity1 b freely4 ,,xxxviii4 ,t error is a defect 9 our mode ( act+1 n 9 our nature2 & t ! faults ( _! subjects may be frequ5tly attribut$ to o!r ma/]s1 b nev] to ,god4 ,x is true1 t z (t5 z we err1 !re is "s defect 9 our mode ( action or 9 ! use ( our lib]ty1 b n 9 our nature1 because ?is is always ! same1 :e!r our judgm5ts be true or false4 ,& al?\gh ,god c\ld h giv5 to u su* p]spicacity ( intellect t we %\ld nev] h err$1 we h1 not)/&+1 no "r to dem& ?is ( him2 =1 al?\gh ) u he :o 0 able to prev5t evil & did n is held guilty ( x1 ,god is n 9 ! same way to be reckon$ responsible = our errors because he _h ! p[] to prev5t !m1 inasmu* z ! dom9ion :i* "s m5 possess ov] o!rs has be5 in/itut$ = ! purpose ( enabl+ !m to h9d] ^? "u !m f do+ evil1 :]eas ! dom9ion :i* ,god ex]cises ov] ! univ]se is p]fectly absolute & free4 ,= ?is reason we ought to ?ank him = ! goods he has giv5 u1 & n compla9 t he has n bless$ u ) all :i* we "k x 0 9 8 p[] to imp>t4 ,,xxxix4 ,t ! lib]ty ( our w is self-evid5t4 ,f9ally1 x is s manife/ t we possess a free w1 capable ( giv+ or )hold+ its ass5t1 t ?is tru? mu/ be reckon$ among ! fir/ & mo/ common notions :i* are born ) u4 ,?is1 inde$1 has already v cle>ly appe>$1 = :5 essay+ to d\bt ( all ?+s1 we w5t s f> z to suppose ev5 t he :o creat$ u employ$ 8 limitless p[] 9 deceiv+ u 9 e way1 we 7 consci\s nev]!less ( be+ free to ab/a9 f believ+ :at 0 n 9 e respect c]ta9 & und\bt$4 ,b t ( :i* we are unable to d\bt at su* a "t is z self- evid5t & cle> z any ?+ we c ev] "k4 ,,xl4 ,t x is likewise c]ta9 t ,god has =e-orda9$ all ?+s4 ,b because :at we h already discov]$ ( ,god1 gives u ! assurance t 8 p[] is s imm5se t we w\ld s9 9 ?9k+ ourselves capable ( ev] do+ any?+ :i* he _h n orda9$ be=eh&1 we %\ld soon be emb>rass$ 9 great difficulties if we und]took to h>monise ! pre-ord9ation ( ,god ) ! fre$om ( our w1 & endeav\r$ to compreh5d bo? tru?s at once4 ,,xli4 ,h[ ! fre$om ( our w may be reconcil$ ) ! ,div9e pre-ord9ation4 ,b1 9 place ( ?is1 we w be free f ^! emb>rassm5ts if we recollect t our m9d is limit$1 :ile ! p[] ( ,god1 by :i* he n only knew f all et]nity :at is or c be1 b also will$ & pre-orda9$ x1 is inf9ite4 ,x ?us happ5s t we possess suffici5t intellig5ce to "k cle>ly & di/9ctly t ?is p[] is 9 ,god1 b n en\gh to compreh5d h[ he leaves ! free actions ( m5 indet]m9ate &1 on ! o!r h&1 we h su* consci\sness ( ! lib]ty & indiff]5ce :i* exi/s 9 ourselves1 t !re is no?+ we m cle>ly or p]fectly compreh5d3 s t ! omnipot5ce ( ,god ought n to keep u f believ+ x4 ,= x w\ld be absurd to d\bt ( t ( :i* we are fully consci\s1 & :i* we exp]i5ce z exi/+ 9 ourselves1 because we d n compreh5d ano!r matt] :i*1 f its v nature1 we "k to be incompreh5sible4 ,,xlii4 ,h[1 al?\gh we nev] w to err1 x is nev]!less by our w t we d err4 ,b n[ s9ce we "k t all our errors dep5d ^u our w1 & z no "o wi%es to deceive himself1 x may seem wond]ful t !re is any error 9 our judgm5ts at all4 ,x is necess>y to rem>k1 h[ev]1 t !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 will+ to be deceiv$1 & will+ to yield ass5t to op9ions 9 :i* x happ5s t error is f\nd4 ,= ?\gh !re is no "o :o expressly wi%es to fall into error1 we w yet h>dly f9d any "o :o is n ready to ass5t to ?+s 9 :i*1 unkn[n to himself1 error lurks2 & x ev5 frequ5tly happ5s t x is ! desire itself ( foll[+ aft] tru? t leads ^? n fully aw>e ( ! ord] 9 :i* x ought to be s\ght =1 to pass judgm5t on matt]s ( :i* !y h no adequate k1 & ?us to fall into error4 ,,xliii4 ,t we %all nev] err if we give our ass5t only to :at we cle>ly & di/9ctly p]ceive4 ,b x is c]ta9 we w nev] admit falsity = tru?1 s long z we judge only ( t :i* we cle>ly & di/9ctly p]ceive2 because1 z ,god is no deceiv]1 ! faculty ( k :i* he has giv5 u _c be fallaci\s1 nor1 = ! same reason1 ! faculty ( w1 :5 we d n ext5d x beyond ! objects we cle>ly "k4 ,& ev5 al?\gh ?is tru? c\ld n be e/abli%$ by reason+1 ! m9ds ( all h be5 s impress$ by nature z spontane\sly to ass5t to :atev] is cle>ly p]ceiv$1 & to exp]i5ce an impossibility to d\bt ( its tru?4 ,,xliv4 ,t we uni=mly judge improp]ly :5 we ass5t to :at we d n cle>ly p]ceive1 al?\gh our judgm5t may *ance to be true2 & t x is frequ5tly our memory :i* deceives u by lead+ u to believe t c]ta9 ?+s 7 =m]ly suffici5tly und]/ood by u4 ,x is likewise c]ta9 t1 :5 we approve ( any reason :i* we d n appreh5d1 we are ei!r deceiv$1 or1 if we /umble on ! tru?1 x is only by *ance1 & ?us we c nev] possess ! assurance t we are n 9 error4 ,i confess x seldom happ5s t we judge ( a ?+ :5 we h obs]v$ we d n appreh5d x1 because x is a dictate ( ! natural light nev] to judge ( :at we d n "k4 ,b we mo/ frequ5tly err 9 ?is1 t we presume ^u a pa/ k ( mu* to :i* we give our ass5t1 z to some?+ treasur$ up 9 ! memory1 & p]fectly kn[n to u2 :]eas1 9 tru?1 we h no su* k4 ,,xlv4 ,:at con/itutes cle> & di/9ct p]ception4 ,!re are inde$ a great _m p]sons :o1 ?r\gh _! :ole lifetime1 nev] p]ceive any?+ 9 a way necess>y = judg+ ( x prop]ly2 = ! k ^u :i* we c e/abli% a c]ta9 & indubitable judgm5t mu/ be n only cle>1 b also1 di/9ct4 ,i call t cle> :i* is pres5t & manife/ to ! m9d giv+ att5tion to x1 j z we are said cle>ly to see objects :51 be+ pres5t to ! eye look+ on1 !y /imulate x ) suffici5t =ce4 & x is dispos$ to reg>d !m2 b ! di/9ct is t :i* is s precise & diff]5t f all o!r objects z to compreh5d 9 itself only :at is cle>4 ,footnote3 :at appe>s manife/ly to him :o consid]s x z he ought4-- ,,fr5*4 ,,xlvi4 ,x is %[n1 f ! example ( pa91 t a p]ception may be cle> )\t be+ di/9ct1 b t x _c be di/9ct unless x is cle>4 ,= example1 :5 any "o feels int5se pa91 ! k :i* he has ( ?is pa9 is v cle>1 b x is n always di/9ct2 = m5 usually conf\nd x ) ! obscure judgm5t !y =m reg>d+ its nature1 & ?9k t !re is 9 ! suff]+ "p some?+ simil> to ! s5sation ( pa9 ( :i* !y are alone consci\s4 ,& ?us p]ception may be cle> )\t be+ di/9ct1 b x c nev] be di/9ct )\t likewise be+ cle>4 ,,xlvii4 ,t1 to correct ! prejudices ( our e>ly ye>s1 we mu/ consid] :at is cle> 9 ea* ( our simple ,footnote3 fir/4-- ,,fr5*4 notions4 ,&1 inde$1 9 our e>ly ye>s1 ! m9d 0 s imm]s$ 9 ! body1 t1 al?\gh x p]ceiv$ _m ?+s ) suffici5t cle>ness1 x yet knew no?+ di/9ctly2 & s9ce ev5 at t "t we ex]cis$ our judgm5t 9 _m matt]s1 num]\s prejudices 7 ?us contract$1 :i*1 by ! majority1 are nev] aft]w>ds laid aside4 ,b t we may n[ be 9 a position to get rid ( ^!1 ,i w "h briefly enum]ate all ! simple notions ( :i* our ?\ghts are compos$1 & di/+ui% 9 ea* :at is cle> f :at is obscure1 or fitt$ to lead into error4 ,,xlviii4 ,t all ! objects ( our k are to be reg>d$ ei!r 7#a7 z ?+s or ! affections ( ?+s3 or 7#b7 z et]nal tru?s2 ) ! enum]ation ( ?+s4 ,:atev] objects fall "u our k we consid] ei!r z ?+s or ! affections ( ?+s1,footnote3 ,?+s & ! affections ( ?+s are 79 ! ,fr5*7 equival5t to :at has "s 7i4e41 a ,,real7 exi/5ce1 z oppos$ to ! class ( et]nal tru?s1 :i* h m]ely an ,,ideal exi/5ce4 or z et]nal tru?s possess+ no exi/5ce beyond our ?\ght4 ,( ! fir/ class ! mo/ g5]al are sub/ance1 duration1 ord]1 numb]1 & p]haps also "s o!rs1 :i* notions apply to all ! k9ds ( ?+s4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 recognise m ?an two highe/ k9ds 7,,summa ,,g5]a7 ( ?+s2 ! fir/ ( intellectual ?+s1 or su* z h ! p[] ( ?9k+1 includ+ m9d or ?9k+ sub/ance & its prop]ties2 ! second1 ( mat]ial ?+s1 embrac+ ext5d$ sub/ance1 or body & its prop]ties4 ,p]ception1 volition1 & all modes z well ( kn[+ z ( will+1 are relat$ to ?9k+ sub/ance2 on ! o!r h&1 to ext5d$ sub/ance we ref] magnitude1 or ext5sion 9 l5g?1 bread?1 & dep?1 figure1 motion1 situation1 divisibility ( p>ts !mselves1 & ! l4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 besides ^!1 c]ta9 ?+s ( :i* we h an int]nal exp]i5ce t ought n to be ref]r$ ei!r to ! m9d ( itself1 or to ! body alone1 b to ! close & intimate union betwe5 !m1 z w h]eaft] be %[n 9 its place4 ,( ?is class are ! appetites ( hung] & ?ir/1 etc41 & also ! emotions or passions ( ! m9d :i* are n exclusively m5tal affections1 z ! emotions ( ang]1 joy1 sadness1 love1 etc42 &1 f9ally1 all ! s5sations1 z ( pa91 titillation1 light & col\rs1 s\nds1 smells1 ta/es1 heat1 h>dness1 & ! o!r tactile qualities4 ,,xlix4 ,t ! et]nal tru?s _c be ?us enum]at$1 b t ?is is n necess>y4 ,:at ,i h already enum]at$ we are to reg>d z ?+s1 or ! qualities or modes ( ?+s4 ,we n[ come to speak ( et]nal tru?s4 ,:5 we appreh5d t x is impossible a ?+ c arise f no?+1 ?is proposition1 ,,ex ,,nihilo ,,nihil ,,fit1 is n consid]$ z some:at exi/+1 or z ! mode ( a ?+1 b z an et]nal tru? hav+ its seat 9 our m9d1 & is call$ a common notion or axiom4 ,( ?is class are ! foll[+3--,x is impossible ! same ?+ c at once be & n be2 :at is done _c be undone2 he :o ?9ks mu/ exi/ :ile he ?9ks2 & innum]able o!rs1 ! :ole ( :i* x is inde$ difficult to enum]ate1 b ?is is n necess>y1 s9ce1 if bl9d$ by no prejudices1 we _c fail to "k !m :5 ! occasion ( ?9k+ !m occurs4 ,l4 ,t ^! tru?s are cle>ly p]ceiv$1 b n equally by all m51 on acc\nt ( prejudices4 ,&1 inde$1 ) reg>d to ^! common notions1 x is n to be d\bt$ t !y c be cle>ly & di/9ctly kn[n1 = o!rwise !y w\ld n m]it ?is appellation3 z1 9 tru?1 "s ( !m are n1 ) respect to all m51 equally des]v+ ( ! "n1 because !y are n equally admitt$ by all3 n1 h[ev]1 f ?is reason1 z ,i ?9k1 t ! faculty ( k ( "o man ext5ds f>!r ?an t ( ano!r1 b r because ^! common notions are oppos$ to ! prejudices ( "s1 :o1 on ?is acc\nt1 are n able readily to embrace !m1 ev5 al?\gh o!rs1 :o are free f ^? prejudices1 appreh5d !m ) ! greate/ cle>ness4 ,,li4 ,:at sub/ance is1 & t ! t]m is n applicable to ,god & ! creatures 9 ! same s5se4 ,b ) reg>d to :at we consid] z ?+s or ! modes ( ?+s1 x is wor? :ile to exam9e ea* ( !m by itself4 ,by sub/ance we c conceive no?+ else ?an a ?+ :i* exi/s 9 su* a way z to /& 9 ne$ ( no?+ beyond itself 9 ord] to its exi/5ce4 ,&1 9 tru?1 !re c be conceiv$ b "o sub/ance :i* is absolutely indep5d5t1 & t is ,god4 ,we p]ceive t all o!r ?+s c exi/ only by help ( ! conc\rse ( ,god4 ,&1 accord+ly1 ! t]m sub/ance does n apply to ,god & ! creatures ,,univocally1 to adopt a t]m famili> 9 ! s*ools2 t is1 no signification ( ?is ^w c be di/9ctly und]/ood :i* is common to ,god & !m4 ,,lii4 ,t ! t]m is applicable univocally to ! m9d & ! body1 & h[ sub/ance itself is kn[n4 ,creat$ sub/ances1 h[ev]1 :e!r corporeal or ?9k+1 may be conceiv$ "u ?is common concept2 = ^! are ?+s :i*1 9 ord] to _! exi/5ce1 /& 9 ne$ ( no?+ b ! conc\rse ( ,god4 ,b yet sub/ance _c be fir/ discov]$ m]ely f its be+ a ?+ :i* exi/s indep5d5tly1 = exi/5ce by itself is n obs]v$ by u4 ,we easily1 h[ev]1 discov] sub/ance itself f any attribute ( x1 by ?is common notion1 t ( no?+ !re are no attributes1 prop]ties1 or qualities3 =1 f p]ceiv+ t "s attribute is pres5t1 we inf] t "s exi/+ ?+ or sub/ance to :i* x may be attribut$ is also ( necessity pres5t4 ,,liii4 ,t ( e sub/ance !re is "o pr9cipal attribute1 z ?9k+ ( ! m9d1 ext5sion ( ! body4 ,b1 al?\gh any attribute is suffici5t to lead u to ! k ( sub/ance1 !re is1 h[ev]1 "o pr9cipal prop]ty ( e sub/ance1 :i* con/itutes its nature or ess5ce1 & ^u :i* all ! o!rs dep5d4 ,?us1 ext5sion 9 l5g?1 bread?1 & dep?1 con/itutes ! nature ( corporeal sub/ance2 & ?\ght ! nature ( ?9k+ sub/ance4 ,= e o!r ?+ t c be attribut$ to body1 presupposes ext5sion1 & is only "s mode ( an ext5d$ ?+2 z all ! prop]ties we discov] 9 ! m9d are only div]se modes ( ?9k+4 ,?us1 = example1 we _c conceive figure unless 9 some?+ ext5d$1 nor motion unless 9 ext5d$ space1 nor imag9ation1 s5sation1 or w1 unless 9 a ?9k+ ?+4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 we c conceive ext5sion )\t figure or motion1 & ?\ght )\t imag9ation or s5sation1 & s ( ! o!rs2 z is cle> to any "o :o att5ds to ^! matt]s4 ,,liv4 ,h[ we may h cle> & di/9ct notions ( ! sub/ance :i* ?9ks1 ( t :i* is corporeal1 & ( ,god4 ,& ?us we may easily h two cle> & di/9ct notions or ideas1 ! "o ( creat$ sub/ance1 :i* ?9ks1 ! o!r ( corporeal sub/ance1 provid$ we c>efully di/+ui% all ! attributes ( ?\ght f ^? ( ext5sion4 ,we may also h a cle> & di/9ct idea ( an uncreat$ & indep5d5t ?9k+ sub/ance1 t is1 ( ,god1 provid$ we d n suppose t ?is idea adequately repres5ts to u all t is 9 ,god1 & d n mix up ) x any?+ fictiti\s1 b att5d simply to ! *>act]s t are compris$ 9 ! notion we h ( him1 & :i* we cle>ly "k to belong to ! nature ( an absolutely p]fect ,be+4 ,= no "o c d5y t !re is 9 u su* an idea ( ,god1 )\t gr\ndlessly suppos+ t !re is no k ( ,god at all 9 ! human m9d4 ,,lv4 ,h[ duration1 ord]1 & numb] may be also di/9ctly conceiv$4 ,we w also h mo/ di/9ct conceptions ( duration1 ord]1 & numb]1 if1 9 place ( mix+ up ) our notions ( !m t :i* prop]ly belongs to ! concept ( sub/ance1 we m]ely ?9k t ! duration ( a ?+ is a mode "u :i* we conceive ?is ?+1 9 s f> z x cont9ues to exi/2 &1 9 l mann]1 t ord] & numb] are n 9 reality diff]5t f ?+s dispos$ 9 ord] & numb]$1 b only modes "u :i* we div]sely consid] ^! ?+s4 ,,lvi4 ,:at are modes1 qualities1 attributes4 ,&1 inde$1 we "h und]/& by modes ! same ) :at we else:]e designate attributes or qualities4 ,b :5 we consid] sub/ance z affect$ or v>i$ by !m1 we use ! t]m modes2 :5 f ?is v>iation x may be d5om9at$ ( su* a k9d1 we adopt ! t]m qualities to designate ! diff]5t modes :i* cause x to be s nam$2 &1 f9ally1 :5 we simply reg>d ^! modes z 9 ! sub/ance1 we call !m attributes4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce ,god mu/ be conceiv$ z sup]ior to *ange1 x is n prop] to say t !re are modes or qualities 9 him1 b simply attributes2 & ev5 9 creat$ ?+s t :i* is f\nd 9 !m always 9 ! same mode1 z exi/5ce & duration 9 ! ?+ :i* exi/s & endures1 ought to be call$ attribute & n mode or quality4 ,,lvii4 ,t "s attributes exi/ 9 ! ?+s to :i* !y are attribut$1 & o!rs only 9 our ?\ght2 & :at duration & "t are4 ,( ^! attributes or modes !re are "s :i* exi/ 9 ! ?+s !mselves1 & o!rs t h only an exi/5ce 9 our ?\ght2 ?us1 = example1 "t1 :i* we di/+ui% f duration tak5 9 its g5]ality1 & call ! measure ( motion1 is only a c]ta9 mode "u :i* we ?9k duration itself1 = we d n inde$ conceive ! duration ( ?+s t are mov$ to be diff]5t f ! duration ( ?+s t are n mov$3 z is evid5t f ?is1 t if two bodies are 9 motion = an h\r1 ! "o mov+ quickly & ! o!r sl[ly1 we d n reckon m "t 9 ! "o ?an 9 ! o!r1 al?\gh !re may be mu* m motion 9 ! "o ( ! bodies ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,b t we may compreh5d ! duration ( all ?+s "u a common measure1 we comp>e _! duration ) t ( ! greate/ & mo/ regul> motions t give rise to ye>s & days1 & :i* we call "t2 h5ce :at is s designat$ is no?+ sup]add$ to duration1 tak5 9 its g5]ality1 b a mode ( ?9k+4 ,,lviii4 ,t numb] & all univ]sals are only modes ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! same way numb]1 :5 x is n consid]$ z 9 creat$ ?+s1 b m]ely 9 ! ab/ract or 9 g5]al1 is only a mode ( ?9k+2 & ! same is true ( all ^? g5]al ideas we call univ]sals4 ,,lix4 ,h[ univ]sals are =m$2 & :at are ! five common1 viz41 g5us1 species1 diff]5ce1 prop]ty1 & accid5t4 ,univ]sals arise m]ely f our mak+ use ( "o & ! same idea 9 ?9k+ ( all individual objects betwe5 :i* !re subsi/s a c]ta9 lik5ess2 & :5 we compreh5d all ! objects repres5t$ by ?is idea "u "o "n1 ?is t]m likewise becomes univ]sal4 ,= example1 :5 we see two /ones1 & d n reg>d _! nature f>!r ?an to rem>k t !re are two ( !m1 we =m ! idea ( a c]ta9 numb]1 :i* we call ! b9>y2 & :5 we aft]w>ds see two birds or two trees1 & m]ely take notice ( !m s f> z to obs]ve t !re are two ( !m1 we aga9 take up ! same idea z be=e1 :i* is1 accord+ly1 univ]sal2 & we likewise give to ?is numb] ! same univ]sal appellation ( b9>y4 ,9 ! same way1 :5 we consid] a figure ( ?ree sides1 we =m a c]ta9 idea1 :i* we call ! idea ( a triangle1 & we aft]w>ds make use ( x z ! univ]sal to repres5t to our m9d all o!r figures ( ?ree sides4 ,b :5 we rem>k m p>ticul>ly t ( figures ( ?ree sides1 "s h a "r angle & o!rs n1 we =m ! univ]sal idea ( a "r-angl$ triangle1 :i* be+ relat$ to ! prec$+ z m g5]al1 may be call$ species2 & ! "r angle ! univ]sal diff]5ce by :i* "r-angl$ triangles are di/+ui%$ f all o!rs2 & f>!r1 because ! squ>e ( ! side :i* su/a9s ! "r angle is equal to ! squ>es ( ! o!r two sides1 & because ?is prop]ty belongs only to ?is species ( triangles1 we may call x ! univ]sal prop]ty ( ! species4 ,f9ally1 if we suppose t ( ^! triangles "s are mov$ & o!rs n1 ?is w be _! univ]sal accid5t2 &1 accord+ly1 we commonly reckon five univ]sals1 viz41 g5us1 species1 diff]5ce1 prop]ty1 accid5t4 ,,lx4 ,( di/9ctions2 & fir/ ( ! real4 ,b numb] 9 ?+s !mselves arises f ! di/9ction !re is betwe5 !m3 & di/9ction is ?reefold1 viz41 real1 modal1 & ( reason4 ,! real prop]ly subsi/s betwe5 two or m sub/ances2 & x is suffici5t to assure u t two sub/ances are really mutually di/9ct1 if only we are able cle>ly & di/9ctly to conceive ! "o ( !m )\t ! o!r4 ,= ! k we h ( ,god r5d]s x c]ta9 t he c effect all t ( :i* we h a di/9ct idea3 :]e=e1 s9ce we h n[1 = example1 ! idea ( an ext5d$ & corporeal sub/ance1 ?\gh we z yet d n "k ) c]ta9ty :e!r any su* ?+ is really exi/5t1 nev]!less1 m]ely because we h ! idea ( x1 we may be assur$ t su* may exi/2 &1 if x really exi/s1 t e "p :i* we c det]m9e by ?\ght mu/ be really di/9ct f ! o!r p>ts ( ! same sub/ance4 ,9 ! same way1 s9ce e "o is consci\s t he ?9ks1 & t he 9 ?\ght c exclude f himself e o!r sub/ance1 :e!r ?9k+ or ext5d$1 x is c]ta9 t ea* ( u ?us consid]$ is really di/9ct f e o!r ?9k+ & corporeal sub/ance4 ,& al?\gh we suppose t ,god unit$ a body to a s\l s closely t x 0 impossible to =m a m intimate union1 & ?us made a composite :ole1 ! two sub/ances w\ld rema9 really di/9ct1 not)/&+ ?is union2 = ) :atev] tie ,god connect$ !m1 he 0 n able to rid himself ( ! p[] he possess$ ( sep>at+ !m1 or ( cons]v+ ! "o ap>t f ! o!r1 & ! ?+s :i* ,god c sep>ate or cons]ve sep>ately are really di/9ct4 ,,lxi4 ,( ! modal di/9ction4 ,!re are two k9ds ( modal di/9ctions1 viz41 t betwe5 ! mode prop]ly s-call$ & ! sub/ance ( :i* x is a mode1 & t betwe5 two modes ( ! same sub/ance4 ,( ! =m] we h an example 9 ?is1 t we c cle>ly appreh5d sub/ance ap>t f ! mode :i* we say diff]s f x2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 we _c conceive ?is mode )\t conceiv+ ! sub/ance itself4 ,!re is1 = example1 a modal di/9ction betwe5 figure or motion & corporeal sub/ance 9 :i* bo? exi/2 !re is a simil> di/9ction betwe5 affirmation or recollection & ! m9d4 ,( ! latt] k9d we h an illu/ration 9 our ability to recognise ! "o ( two modes ap>t f ! o!r1 z figure ap>t f motion1 & motion ap>t f figure2 ?\gh we _c ?9k ( ei!r ! "o or ! o!r )\t ?9k+ ( ! common sub/ance 9 :i* !y adh]e4 ,if1 = example1 a /one is mov$1 & is )al squ>e1 we c1 inde$1 conceive its squ>e figure )\t its motion1 & reciprocally its motion )\t its squ>e figure2 b we c conceive nei!r ?is motion nor ?is figure ap>t f ! sub/ance ( ! /one4 ,z = ! di/9ction accord+ to :i* ! mode ( "o sub/ance is diff]5t f ano!r sub/ance1 or f ! mode ( ano!r sub/ance1 z ! motion ( "o body is diff]5t f ano!r body or f ! m9d1 or z motion is diff]5t f d\bt1 x seems to me t x %\ld be call$ real r ?an modal1 because ^! modes _c be cle>ly conceiv$ ap>t f ! really di/9ct sub/ances ( :i* !y are ! modes4 ,,lxii4 ,( ! di/9ction ( reason 7logical di/9ction74 ,f9ally1 ! di/9ction ( reason is t betwe5 a sub/ance & "s "o ( its attributes1 )\t :i* x is impossible1 h[ev]1 we c h a di/9ct conception ( ! sub/ance itself2 or betwe5 two su* attributes ( a common sub/ance1 ! "o ( :i* we essay to ?9k )\t ! o!r4 ,?is di/9ction is manife/ f our inability to =m a cle> & di/9ct idea ( su* sub/ance1 if we sep>ate f x su* attribute2 or to h a cle> p]ception ( ! "o ( two su* attributes if we sep>ate x f ! o!r4 ,= example1 because any sub/ance :i* ceases to endure ceases also to exi/1 duration is n di/9ct f sub/ance except 9 ?\ght 7,,ratione72 & 9 g5]al all ! modes ( ?9k+ :i* we consid] z 9 objects diff] only 9 ?\ght1 z well f ! objects ( :i* !y are ?\ght z f ea* o!r 9 a common object4,footnote3 & g5]ally all ! attributes t lead u to ent]ta9 diff]5t ?\ghts ( ! same ?+1 su* z1 = example1 ! ext5sion ( body & its prop]ty ( divisibility1 d n diff] f ! body :i* is to u ! object ( !m1 or f ea* o!r1 unless z we sometimes confus$ly ?9k ! "o )\t ?9k+ ! o!r4--,,fr5*4 ,x occurs1 inde$1 to me t ,i h else:]e class$ ?is k9d ( di/9ction ) ! modal 7viz41 t[>ds ! end ( ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objections to ! ,m$itations on ! ,fir/ ,philosophy72 b !re x 0 only necess>y to treat ( ^! di/9ctions g5]ally1 & x 0 suffici5t = my purpose at t "t simply to di/+ui% bo? ( !m f ! real4 ,,lxiii4 ,h[ ?\ght & ext5sion may be di/9ctly kn[n1 z con/itut+1 ! "o ! nature ( m9d1 ! o!r t ( body4 ,?\ght & ext5sion may be reg>d$ z con/itut+ ! natures ( intellig5t & corporeal sub/ance2 & !n !y mu/ n be o!rwise conceiv$ ?an z ! ?9k+ & ext5d$ sub/ances !mselves1 t is1 z m9d & body1 :i* 9 ?is way are conceiv$ ) ! greate/ cle>ness & di/9ctness4 ,moreov]1 we m easily conceive ext5d$ or ?9k+ sub/ance ?an sub/ance by itself1 or ) ! omission ( its ?9k+ or ext5sion4 ,= !re is "s difficulty 9 ab/ract+ ! notion ( sub/ance f ! notions ( ?9k+ & ext5sion1 :i*1 9 tru?1 are only div]se 9 ?\ght itself 7i4e41 logically diff]5t72 & a concept is n m di/9ct because x compreh5ds few] prop]ties1 b because we accurately di/+ui% :at is compreh5d$ 9 x f all o!r notions4 ,,lxiv4 ,h[ ^! may likewise be di/9ctly conceiv$ z modes ( sub/ance4 ,?\ght & ext5sion may be also consid]$ z modes ( sub/ance2 9 z f>1 namely1 z ! same m9d may h _m diff]5t ?\ghts1 & ! same body1 ) its size un*ang$1 may be ext5d$ 9 sev]al div]se ways1 at "o "t m 9 l5g? & less 9 bread? or dep?1 & at ano!r "t m 9 bread? & less 9 l5g?2 & !n !y are modally di/+ui%$ f sub/ance1 & c be conceiv$ n less cle>ly & di/9ctly1 provid$ !y be n reg>d$ z sub/ances or ?+s sep>at$ f o!rs1 b simply z modes ( ?+s4 ,= by reg>d+ !m z 9 ! sub/ances ( :i* !y are ! modes1 we di/+ui% !m f ^! sub/ances1 & take !m = :at 9 tru? !y are3 :]eas1 on ! o!r h&1 if we wi% to consid] !m ap>t f ! sub/ances 9 :i* !y are1 we %\ld by ?is itself reg>d !m z self-subsi/+ ?+s1 & ?us conf\nd ! ideas ( mode & sub/ance4 ,,lxv4 ,h[ we may likewise "k _! modes4 ,9 ! same way we w be/ appreh5d ! div]se modes ( ?\ght1 z intellection1 imag9ation1 recollection1 volition1 etc41 & also ! div]se modes ( ext5sion1 or ^? t belong to ext5sion1 z all figures1 ! situation ( p>ts & _! motions1 provid$ we consid] !m simply z modes ( ! ?+s 9 :i* !y are2 & motion z f> z x is conc]n$1 provid$ we ?9k m]ely ( locomotion1 )\t seek+ to "k ! =ce t produces x1 & :i* nev]!less ,i w essay to expla9 9 its own place4 ,,lxvi4 ,h[ our s5sations1 affections1 & appetites may be cle>ly kn[n1 al?\gh we are frequ5tly wrong 9 our judgm5ts reg>d+ !m4 ,!re rema9 our s5sations1 affections1 & appetites1 ( :i* we may also h a cle> k1 if we take c>e to compreh5d 9 ! judgm5ts we =m ( !m only t :i* is precisely conta9$ 9 our p]ception ( !m1 & ( :i* we are imm$iately consci\s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 great difficulty 9 obs]v+ ?is1 at lea/ 9 respect ( s5sations2 because we h all1 )\t exception1 f our y\? judg$ t all ! ?+s we p]ceiv$ by our s5ses _h an exi/5ce beyond our ?\ght1 & t !y 7 entirely simil> to ! s5sations1 t is1 p]ceptions1 we _h ( !m4 ,?us :51 = example1 we saw a c]ta9 col\r1 we ?\ght we saw some?+ occupy+ a place out ( u1 & :i* 0 entirely simil> to t idea ( col\r we 7 !n consci\s (2 & f ! habit ( judg+ 9 ?is way1 we seem$ to see ?is s cle>ly & di/9ctly t we e/eem$ x 7i4e41 ! ext]nality ( ! col\r7 c]ta9 & indubitable4 ,,lxvii4 ,t we are frequ5tly deceiv$ 9 our judgm5ts reg>d+ pa9 itself4 ,! same prejudice has place 9 all our o!r s5sations1 ev5 9 ^? ( titillation & pa94 ,= ?\gh we are n 9 ! habit ( believ+ t !re exi/ out ( u objects t resemble titillation & pa91 we d n nev]!less consid] ^! s5sations z 9 ! m9d alone1 or 9 our p]ception1 b z 9 ! h&1 or foot1 or "s o!r "p ( our body4 ,!re is no reason1 h[ev]1 to con/ra9 u to believe t ! pa91 = example1 :i* we feel1 z x 71 9 ! foot is some?+ out ( ! m9d exi/+ 9 ! foot1 or t ! light :i* we see1 z x 71 9 ! sun exi/s 9 ! sun z x is 9 u4 ,bo? ^! beliefs are prejudices ( our e>ly ye>s1 z w cle>ly appe> 9 ! sequel4 ,,lxviii4 ,h[ 9 ^! ?+s :at we cle>ly conceive is to be di/+ui%$ f t 9 :i* we may be deceiv$4 ,b t we may di/+ui% :at is cle> 9 our s5sations f :at is obscure1 we ought mo/ c>efully to obs]ve t we possess a cle> & di/9ct k ( pa91 col\r1 & o!r ?+s ( ?is sort1 :5 we consid] !m simply z s5sations or ?\ghts2 b t1 :5 !y are judg$ to be c]ta9 ?+s subsi/+ beyond our m9d1 we are :olly unable to =m any conception ( !m4 ,inde$1 :5 any "o tells u t he sees col\r 9 a body or feels pa9 9 "o ( 8 limbs1 ?is is exactly ! same z if he said t he !re saw or felt some?+ ( ! nature ( :i* he 0 entirely ignorant1 or t he did n "k :at he saw or felt4 ,= al?\gh1 :5 less att5tively exam9+ 8 ?\ghts1 a p]son may easily p]suade himself t he has "s k ( x1 s9ce he supposes t !re is some?+ resembl+ t s5sation ( col\r or ( pa9 ( :i* he is consci\s2 yet1 if he reflects on :at ! s5sation ( col\r or pa9 repres5ts to him z exi/+ 9 a col\r$ body or 9 a w\nd$ memb]1 he w f9d t ( su* he has absolutely no k4 ,,lxix4 ,t magnitude1 figure1 etc41 are kn[n f> diff]5tly f col\r1 pa91 etc4 ,:at we h said above w be m manife/2 especially if we consid] t size 9 ! body p]ceiv$1 figure1 motion 7at lea/ local1 = philosoph]s by fancy+ o!r k9ds ( motion h r5d]$ its nature less intelligible to !mselves71 ! situation ( p>ts1 duration1 numb]1 & ^? o!r prop]ties :i*1 z we h already said1 we cle>ly p]ceive 9 all bodies1 are kn[n by u 9 a way altoge!r diff]5t f t 9 :i* we "k :at col\r is 9 ! same body1 or pa91 smell1 ta/e1 or any o!r ( ^? prop]ties :i* ,i h said above mu/ be ref]r$ to ! s5ses4 ,= al?\gh :5 we see a body we are n less assur$ ( its exi/5ce f its appe>+ figur$ ?an f its appe>+ col\r$1,footnote3 by ! col\r we p]ceive on occasion ( x4-- ,,fr5*4 we yet "k ) f> great] cle>ness its prop]ty ( figure ?an its col\r4 ,,lxx4 ,t we may judge ( s5sible ?+s 9 two ways1 by ! "o ( :i* we avoid error1 by ! o!r fall into x4 ,x is ?us manife/ t to say we p]ceive col\rs 9 objects is 9 reality equival5t to say+ we p]ceive some?+ 9 objects & are yet ignorant ( :at x is1 except z t :i* det]m9es 9 u a c]ta9 highly vivid & cle> s5sation1 :i* we call ! s5sation ( col\rs4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 v great div]sity 9 ! mann] ( judg+3 = s long z we simply judge t !re is an unkn[n some?+ 9 objects 7t is1 9 ?+s su* z !y are1 f :i* ! s5sation rea*$ u71 s f> are we f fall+ into error t1 on ! contr>y1 we ?us r provide aga9/ x1 = we are less apt to judge ra%ly ( a ?+ :i* we obs]ve we d n "k4 ,b :5 we ?9k we p]ceive col\rs 9 objects1 al?\gh we are 9 reality ignorant ( :at we !n d5om9ate col\r1 & are unable to conceive any resemblance betwe5 ! col\r we suppose to be 9 objects1 & t ( :i* we are consci\s 9 s5sation1 yet because we d n obs]ve ?is1 or because !re are 9 objects sev]al prop]ties1 z size1 figure1 numb]1 etc41 :i*1 z we cle>ly "k1 exi/1 or may exi/ 9 !m z !y are p]ceiv$ by our s5ses or conceiv$ by our und]/&+1 we easily glide into ! error ( hold+ t :at is call$ col\r 9 objects is some?+ entirely resembl+ ! col\r we p]ceive1 & !reaft] ( suppos+ t we h a cle> p]ception ( :at is 9 no way p]ceiv$ by u4 ,,lxxi4 ,t ! *ief cause ( our errors is to be f\nd 9 ! prejudices ( our *ildhood4 ,& "h we may notice ! fir/ & *ief cause ( our errors4 ,9 e>ly life ! m9d 0 s closely b\nd to ! body t x att5d$ to no?+ beyond ! ?\ghts by :i* x p]ceiv$ ! objects t made impression on ! body2 nor z yet did x ref] ^! ?\ghts to any?+ exi/+ beyond itself1 b simply felt pa9 :5 ! body 0 hurt1 or pleasure :5 any?+ b5eficial to ! body occurr$1 or if ! body 0 s highly affect$ t x 0 nei!r greatly b5efit$ nor hurt1 ! m9d exp]i5c$ ! s5sations we call ta/es1 smells1 s\nds1 heat1 cold1 light1 col\rs1 & ! l1 :i* 9 tru? are repres5tative ( no?+ exi/+ out ( our m9d1 & :i* v>y accord+ to ! div]sities ( ! p>ts & modes 9 :i* ! body is affect$4 ,footnote3 :i* v>y accord+ to ! div]sities ( ! movem5ts t pass f all p>ts ( our body to ! "p ( ! bra9 to :i* x 7! m9d7 is closely jo9$ & unit$4--,,fr5*4 ,! m9d at ! same "t also p]ceiv$ magnitudes1 figures1 motions1 & ! l1 :i* 7 n pres5t$ to x z s5sations b z ?+s or ! modes ( ?+s exi/+1 or at lea/ capable ( exi/+ out ( ?\ght1 al?\gh x did n yet obs]ve ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( p]ceptions4 ,& aft]w>ds :5 ! ma*9e ( ! body1 :i* has be5 s fabricat$ by nature t x c ( its own inh]5t p[] move itself 9 v>i\s ways1 by turn+ itself at r&om on e side1 foll[$ aft] :at 0 useful & avoid$ :at 0 detrim5tal2 ! m9d1 :i* 0 closely connect$ ) x1 reflect+ on ! objects x pursu$ or avoid$1 rem>k$1 = ! fir/ "t1 t !y exi/$ out ( itself1 & n only attribut$ to !m magnitudes1 figures1 motions1 & ! l1 :i* x appreh5d$ ei!r z ?+s or z ! modes ( ?+s1 b1 9 addition1 attribut$ to !m ta/es1 od\rs1 & ! o!r ideas ( t sort1 ! s5sations ( :i* 7 caus$ by itself2 ,footnote3 :i* x p]ceiv$ on occasion ( !m 7i4e41 ( ext]nal objects74--,,fr5*4 & z x only consid]$ o!r objects 9 s f> z !y 7 useful to ! body1 9 :i* x 0 imm]s$1 x judg$ t !re 0 great] or less reality 9 ea* object1 accord+ z ! impressions x caus$ on ! body 7 m or less p[]ful4 ,h5ce arose ! belief t !re 0 m sub/ance or body 9 rocks & metals ?an 9 air or wat]1 because ! m9d p]ceiv$ 9 !m m h>dness & weight4 ,moreov]1 ! air 0 ?\ght to be m]ely no?+ s long z we exp]i5c$ no agitation ( x by ! w9d1 or did n feel x hot or cold4 ,& because ! />s gave h>dly m light ?an ! sl5d] flames ( c&les1 we suppos$ t ea* /> 0 b ( ?is size4 ,aga91 s9ce ! m9d did n obs]ve t ! e>? mov$ on its axis1 or t its sup]ficies 0 curv$ l t ( a globe1 x 0 on t acc\nt m ready to judge ! e>? immovable & its surface flat4 ,& our m9d has be5 imbu$ f our infancy ) a ?\s& o!r prejudices ( ! same sort :i* aft]w>ds 9 our y\? we =got we _h accept$ )\t suffici5t exam9ation1 & admitt$ z possess$ ( ! highe/ tru? & cle>ness1 z if !y _h be5 kn[n by means ( our s5ses1 or implant$ 9 u by nature4 ,,lxxii4 ,t ! second cause ( our errors is t we _c =get ^! prejudices4 ,& al?\gh n[ 9 our mature ye>s1 :5 ! m9d1 be+ no long] :olly subject to ! body1 is n 9 ! habit ( ref]r+ all ?+s to x1 b also seeks to discov] ! tru? ( ?+s consid]$ 9 !mselves1 we obs]ve ! falsehood ( a great _m ( ! judgm5ts we _h be=e =m$2 yet we exp]i5ce a difficulty 9 expung+ !m f our memory1 &1 s long z !y rema9 !re1 !y give rise to v>i\s errors4 ,?us1 = example1 s9ce f our e>lie/ ye>s we imag9$ ! />s to be ( v small size1 we f9d x highly difficult to rid ourselves ( ?is imag9ation1 al?\gh assur$ by pla9 a/ronomical reasons t !y are ( ! greate/1--s prevail+ is ! p[] ( preconceiv$ op9ion4 ,,lxxiii4 ,! ?ird cause is1 t we become fatigu$ by att5d+ to ^? objects :i* are n pres5t to ! s5ses2 & t we are ?us accu/om$ to judge ( ^! n f pres5t p]ception b f pre-conceiv$ op9ion4 ,besides1 our m9d _c att5d to any object )\t at l5g? exp]i5c+ "s pa9 & fatigue2 & ( all objects x has ! greate/ difficulty 9 att5d+ to ^? :i* are pres5t nei!r to ! s5ses nor to ! imag9ation3 :e!r = ! reason t ?is is natural to x f its union ) ! body1 or because 9 our e>ly ye>s1 be+ occupi$ m]ely ) p]ceptions & imag9ations1 x has become m famili> )1 & acquir$ great] facility 9 ?9k+ 9 ^? modes ?an 9 any o!r4 ,h5ce x also happ5s t _m are unable to conceive any sub/ance except :at is imag9able & corporeal1 & ev5 s5sible4 ,= !y are ignorant ( ! circum/ance1 t ^? objects alone are imag9able :i* consi/ 9 ext5sion1 motion1 & figure1 :ile !re are _m o!rs besides ^! t are intelligible2 & !y p]suade !mselves t no?+ c subsi/ b body1 &1 f9ally1 t !re is no body :i* is n s5sible4 ,& s9ce 9 tru? we p]ceive no object su* z x is by s5se alone b only by our reason ex]cis$ ^u s5sible objects1 z w h]eaft] be cle>ly %[n1 x ?us happ5s t ! majority dur+ life p]ceive no?+ unless 9 a confus$ way4 ,,lxxiv4 ,! f\r? s\rce ( our errors is1 t we atta* our ?\ghts to words :i* d n express !m ) accuracy4 ,f9ally1 s9ce = ! use ( spee* we atta* all our conceptions to words by :i* to express !m1 & commit to memory our ?\ghts 9 connection ) ^! t]ms1 & z we aft]w>ds f9d x m easy to recall ! words ?an ! ?+s signifi$ by !m1 we c sc>cely conceive any?+ ) su* di/9ctness z to sep>ate entirely :at we conceive f ! words t 7 select$ to express x4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! majority att5d to words r ?an to ?+s2 & ?us v frequ5tly ass5t to t]ms )\t atta*+ to !m any mean+1 ei!r because !y ?9k !y once und]/ood !m1 or imag9e !y receiv$ !m f o!rs by :om !y 7 correctly und]/ood4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! place to treat ( ?is matt] 9 detail1 see+ ! nature ( ! human body has n yet be5 exp\nd$1 nor ! exi/5ce ev5 ( body e/abli%$2 en\gh1 nev]!less1 appe>s to h be5 said to enable "o to di/+ui% su* ( our conceptions z are cle> & di/9ct f ^? t are obscure & confus$4 ,,lxxv4 ,summ>y ( :at mu/ be obs]v$ 9 ord] to philosophize correctly4 ,:]e=e if we w\ld philosophize 9 e>ne/1 & give ourselves to ! se>* aft] all ! tru?s we are capable ( kn[+1 we mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 lay aside our prejudices2 9 o!r words1 we mu/ take c>e scrupul\sly to )hold our ass5t f ! op9ions we h =m]ly admitt$1 until ^u new exam9ation we discov] t !y are true4 ,we mu/1 9 ! next place1 make an ord]ly review ( ! notions we h 9 our m9ds1 & hold z true all & only ^? :i* we w cle>ly & di/9ctly appreh5d4 ,9 ?is way we w obs]ve1 fir/ ( all1 t we exi/ 9 s f> z x is our nature to ?9k1 & at ! same "t t !re is a ,god ^u :om we dep5d2 & aft] consid]+ 8 attributes we w be able to inve/igate ! tru? ( all o!r ?+s1 s9ce ,god is ! cause ( !m4 ,besides ! notions we h ( ,god & ( our m9d1 we w likewise f9d t we possess ! k ( _m propositions :i* are et]nally true1 z1 = example1 t no?+ _c be ! cause ( any?+1 etc4 ,we w f>!r discov] 9 our m9ds ! k ( a corporeal or ext5d$ nature t may be mov$1 divid$1 etc41 & also ( c]ta9 s5sations t affect u1 z ( pa91 col\rs1 ta/es1 etc41 al?\gh we d n yet "k ! cause ( our be+ s affect$2 &1 comp>+ :at we h n[ le>ne'd1 by exam9+ ^? ?+s 9 _! ord]1 ) our =m] confus$ k ( !m1 we w acquire ! habit ( =m+ cle> & di/9ct conceptions ( all ! objects we are capable ( kn[+4 ,9 ^! few precepts seem to me to be compris$ ! mo/ g5]al & important pr9ciples ( human k4 ,,lxxvi4 ,t we ought to pref] ! ,div9e au?ority to our p]ception2 ,footnote3 reason+s4--,,fr5*4 b t1 ap>t f ?+s reveal$1 we ought to ass5t to no?+ t we d n cle>ly appreh5d4 ,above all1 we mu/ impress on our memory ! infallible rule1 t :at ,god has reveal$ is incomp>ably m c]ta9 ?an any?+ else2 & t1 we ought to submit our belief to ! ,div9e au?ority r ?an to our own judgm5t1 ev5 al?\gh p]haps ! light ( reason %\ld1 ) ! greate/ cle>ness & evid5ce1 appe> to sugge/ to u some?+ contr>y to :at is reveal$4 ,b 9 ?+s reg>d+ :i* !re is no revelation1 x is by no means consi/5t ) ! "* ( a philosoph] to accept z true :at he has n asc]ta9$ to be su*1 & to tru/ m to ! s5ses1 9 o!r words1 to ! inconsid]ate judgm5ts ( *ildhood ?an to ! dictates ( mature reason4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,?+s4 ,i4 ,! gr\nds on :i* ! exi/5ce ( mat]ial ?+s may be kn[n ) c]ta9ty4 ,al?\gh we are all suffici5tly p]suad$ ( ! exi/5ce ( mat]ial ?+s1 yet1 s9ce ?is 0 be=e call$ 9 "q by u1 & s9ce we reckon$ ! p]suasion ( _! exi/5ce z among ! prejudices ( our *ildhood1 x is n[ necess>y = u to inve/igate ! gr\nds on :i* ?is tru? may be kn[n ) c]ta9ty4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 x _c be d\bt$ t e p]ception we h comes to u f "s object diff]5t f our m9d2 = x is n 9 our p[] to cause ourselves to exp]i5ce "o p]ception r ?an ano!r1 ! p]ception be+ entirely dep5d5t on ! object :i* affects our s5ses4 ,x may1 inde$1 be matt] ( inquiry :e!r t object be ,god1 or some?+ diff]5t f ,god2 b because we p]ceive1 or r1 /imulat$ by s5se1 cle>ly & di/9ctly appreh5d1 c]ta9 matt] ext5d$ 9 l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness1 ! v>i\s p>ts ( :i* h diff]5t figures & motions1 & give rise to ! s5sation we h ( col\rs1 smells1 pa91 etc41 ,god w\ld1 )\t "q1 des]ve to be reg>d$ z a deceiv]1 if he directly & ( himself pres5t$ to our m9d ! idea ( ?is ext5d$ matt]1 or m]ely caus$ x to be pres5t$ to u by "s object :i* possess$ nei!r ext5sion1 figure1 nor motion4 ,= we cle>ly conceive ?is matt] z entirely di/9ct f ,god1 & f ourselves1 or our m9d2 & appe> ev5 cle>ly to disc]n t ! idea ( x is =m$ 9 u on occasion ( objects exi/+ out ( our m9ds1 to :i* x is 9 e respect simil>4 ,b s9ce ,god _c deceive u1 = ?is is repugnant to 8 nature1 z has be5 already rem>k$1 we mu/ unhesitat+ly conclude t !re exi/s a c]ta9 object ext5d$ 9 l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness1 & possess+ all ^? prop]ties :i* we cle>ly appreh5d to belong to :at is ext5d$4 ,& ?is ext5d$ sub/ance is :at we call body or matt]4 ,,ii4 ,h[ we likewise "k t ! human body is closely connect$ ) ! m9d4 ,we ought also to conclude t a c]ta9 body is m closely unit$ to our m9d ?an any o!r1 because we cle>ly obs]ve t pa9 & o!r s5sations affect u )\t our =esee+ !m2 & ^!1 ! m9d is consci\s1 d n arise f itself alone1 nor p]ta9 to x1 9 s f> z x is a ?+ :i* ?9ks1 b only 9 s f> z x is unit$ to ano!r ?+ ext5d$ & movable1 :i* is call$ ! human body4 ,b ?is is n ! place to treat 9 detail ( ?is matt]4 ,,iii4 ,t ! p]ceptions ( ! s5ses d n tea* u :at is 9 reality 9 ?+s1 b :at is b5eficial ( hurtful to ! composite :ole ( m9d & body4 ,x w be suffici5t to rem>k t ! p]ceptions ( ! s5ses are m]ely to be ref]r$ to ?is intimate union ( ! human body & m9d1 & t !y usually make u aw>e ( :at1 9 ext]nal objects1 may be useful or adv]se to ?is union1 b d n pres5t to u ^! objects z !y are 9 !mselves1 unless occasionally & by accid5t4 ,=1 aft] ?is obs]vation1 we w )\t difficulty lay aside ! prejudices ( ! s5ses1 & w h rec\rse to our und]/&+ alone on ?is "q by reflect+ c>efully on ! ideas implant$ 9 x by nature4 ,,iv4 ,t ! nature ( body consi/s n 9 weight h>dness1 col\r & ! l1 b 9 ext5sion alone4 ,9 ?is way we w disc]n t ! nature ( matt] or body1 consid]$ 9 g5]al1 does n consi/ 9 its be+ h>d1 or pond]\s1 or col\r$1 or t :i* affects our s5ses 9 any o!r way1 b simply 9 its be+ a sub/ance ext5d$ 9 l5g?1 bread?1 & dep?4 ,= ) respect to h>dness1 we "k no?+ ( x by s5se f>!r ?an t ! p>ts ( h>d bodies resi/ ! motion ( our h&s on com+ into contact ) !m2 b if e "t our h&s mov$ t[>ds any "p1 all ! bodies 9 t place rec$$ z quickly z our h&s approa*$1 we %\ld nev] feel h>dness2 & yet we h no reason to believe t bodies :i* might ?us rec$e w\ld on ?is acc\nt lose t :i* makes !m bodies4 ,! nature ( body does n1 !re=e1 consi/ 9 h>dness4 ,9 ! same way1 x may be %[n t weight1 col\r1 & all ! o!r qualities ( ?is sort1 :i* are p]ceiv$ 9 corporeal matt]1 may be tak5 f x1 itself mean:ile rema9+ entire3 x ?us foll[s t ! nature ( body dep5ds on none ( ^!4 ,v4 ,t ! tru? reg>d+ ! nature ( body is obscur$ by ! op9ions respect+ r>efaction & a vacuum ) :i* we are pre- occupi$4 ,!re /ill rema9 two causes to prev5t its be+ fully admitt$ t ! true nature ( body consi/s 9 ext5sion alone4 ,! fir/ is ! preval5t op9ion1 t mo/ bodies admit ( be+ s r>efi$ & cond5s$ t1 :5 r>efi$1 !y h great] ext5sion ?an :5 cond5s$2 & "s ev5 h subtiliz$ to su* a degree z to make a di/9ction betwe5 ! sub/ance ( body & its quantity1 & betwe5 quantity itself & ext5sion4 ,! second cause is ?is1 t :]e we conceive only ext5sion 9 l5g?1 bread?1 & dep?1 we are n 9 ! habit ( say+ t body is !re1 b only space & fur!r void space1 :i* ! g5]ality believe to be a m]e negation4 ,,vi4 ,9 :at way r>efaction takes place4 ,b ) reg>d to r>efaction & cond5sation1 :oev] gives 8 att5tion to 8 own ?\ghts1 & admits no?+ ( :i* he is n cle>ly consci\s1 w n suppose t !re is any?+ 9 ^? processes fur!r ?an a *ange ( figure 9 ! body r>efi$ or cond5s$3 s t1 9 o!r words1 r>e bodies are ^? betwe5 ! p>ts ( :i* !re are num]\s di/ances fill$ ) o!r bodies2 & d5se bodies1 on ! o!r h&1 ^? ^: p>ts approa*+ ea* o!r1 ei!r dim9i% ^! di/ances or take !m :olly away1 9 ! latt] ( :i* cases ! body is r5d]$ absolutely d5se4 ,! body1 h[ev]1 :5 cond5s$1 has n1 !re=e1 less ext5sion ?an :5 ! p>ts embrace a great] space1 ow+ to _! removal f ea* o!r1 & _! disp]sion into bran*es4 ,= we ought n to attribute to x ! ext5sion ( ! pores or di/ances :i* its p>ts d n occupy :5 x is r>efi$1 b to ! o!r bodies t fill ^! int]/ices2 j z :5 we see a sponge full ( wat] or any o!r liquid1 we d n suppose t ea* "p ( ! sponge has on ?is acc\nt great] ext5sion ?an :5 compress$ & dry1 b only t its pores are wid]1 & !re=e t ! body is diffus$ ov] a l>g] space4 ,,vii4 ,t r>efaction _c be intelligibly expla9$ unless 9 ! way "h propos$4 ,& inde$ ,i am unable to discov] ! =ce ( ! reasons :i* h induc$ "s to say t r>efaction is ! result ( ! augm5tation ( ! quantity ( body1 r ?an to expla9 x on ! pr9ciple exemplifi$ 9 ! case ( a sponge4 ,= al?\gh :5 air or wat] is r>efi$ we d n see any ( ! pores t are r5d]$ l>ge1 or ! new body t is add$ to occupy !m1 x is yet less agreeable to reason to suppose some?+ t is un9telligible = ! purpose ( giv+ a v]bal & m]ely app>5t explanation ( ! r>efaction ( bodies1 ?an to conclude1 because ( _! r>efaction1 t !re are pores or di/ances betwe5 ! p>ts :i* are increas$ 9 size1 & fill$ ) "s new body4 ,nor ought we to refra9 f ass5t+ to ?is explanation1 because we p]ceive ?is new body by none ( our s5ses1 = !re is no reason :i* obliges u to believe t we %\ld p]ceive by our s5ses all ! bodies 9 exi/5ce4 ,& we see t x is v easy to expla9 r>efaction 9 ?is mann]1 b impossible 9 any o!r2 =1 9 f9e1 !re w\ld be1 z appe>s to me1 a manife/ contradiction 9 suppos+ t any body 0 increas$ by a quantity or ext5sion :i* x _h n be=e1 )\t ! addition to x ( a new ext5d$ sub/ance1 9 o!r words1 ( ano!r body1 because x is impossible to conceive any addition ( ext5sion or quantity to a ?+ )\t suppos+ ! addition ( a sub/ance hav+ quantity or ext5sion1 z w m cle>ly appe> f :at foll[s4 ,,viii4 ,t quantity & numb] diff] only 9 ?\ght 7,,ratione7 f t :i* has quantity & is numb]$4 ,= quantity diff]s f ext5d$ sub/ance1 & numb] f :at is numb]$1 n 9 reality b m]ely 9 our ?\ght2 s t1 = example1 we may consid] ! :ole nature ( a corporeal sub/ance :i* is compris$ 9 a space ( t5 feet1 al?\gh we d n att5d to ?is measure ( t5 feet1 = ! obvi\s reason t ! ?+ conceiv$ is ( ! same nature 9 any "p ( t space z 9 ! :ole2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 we c conceive ! numb] t51 z also a cont9u\s quantity ( t5 feet1 )\t ?9k+ ( ?is det]m9ate sub/ance1 because ! concept ( ! numb] t5 is manife/ly ! same :e!r we consid] a numb] ( t5 feet or t5 ( any?+ else2 & we c conceive a cont9u\s quantity ( t5 feet )\t ?9k+ ( ?is or t det]m9ate sub/ance1 al?\gh we _c conceive x )\t "s ext5d$ sub/ance ( :i* x is ! quantity4 ,x is 9 reality1 h[ev]1 impossible t any1 ev5 ! lea/ "p1 ( su* quantity or ext5sion1 c be tak5 away1 )\t ! retr5*m5t at ! same "t ( z mu* ( ! sub/ance1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 c we less5 ! sub/ance1 )\t at ! same "t tak+ z mu* f ! quantity or ext5sion4 ,,ix4 ,t corporeal sub/ance1 :5 di/+ui%$ f its quantity1 is confus$ly conceiv$ z some?+ incorporeal4 ,al?\gh p]haps "s express !mselves o!rwise on ?is matt]1 ,i am nev]!less conv9c$ t !y d n ?9k diff]5tly f :at ,i h n[ said3 = :5 !y di/+ui% 7corporeal7 sub/ance f ext5sion or quantity1 !y ei!r mean no?+ by ! ^w 7corporeal7 sub/ance1 or !y =m 9 _! m9ds m]ely a confus$ idea ( incorporeal sub/ance1 :i* !y falsely attribute to corporeal1 & leave to ext5sion ! true idea ( ?is corporeal sub/ance2 :i* ext5sion !y call an accid5t1 b ) su* impropriety z to make x easy to discov] t _! words are n 9 h>mony ) _! ?\ghts4 ,x4 ,:at space or int]nal place is4 ,space or int]nal place1 & ! corporeal sub/ance :i* is compris$ 9 x1 are n diff]5t 9 reality1 b m]ely 9 ! mode 9 :i* !y are wont to be conceiv$ by u4 ,=1 9 tru?1 ! same ext5sion 9 l5g?1 bread?1 & dep?1 :i* con/itutes space1 con/itutes body2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m lies only 9 ?is1 t 9 body we consid] ext5sion z p>ticul>1 & conceive x to *ange ) ! body2 :]eas 9 space we attribute to ext5sion a g5]ic unity1 s t aft] tak+ f a c]ta9 space ! body :i* occupi$ x1 we d n suppose t we h at ! same "t remov$ ! ext5sion ( ! space1 because x appe>s to u t ! same ext5sion rema9s !re s long z x is ( ! same magnitude & figure1 & pres]ves ! same situation 9 respect to c]ta9 bodies ar\nd x1 by means ( :i* we det]m9e ?is space4 ,,xi4 ,h[ space is n 9 reality diff]5t f corporeal sub/ance4 ,& inde$ x w be easy to disc]n t x is ! same ext5sion :i* con/itutes ! nature ( body z ( space1 & t ^! two ?+s are mutually div]se only z ! nature ( ! g5us & species diff]s f t ( ! individual1 provid$ we reflect on ! idea we h ( any body1 tak+ a /one = example1 & reject all t is n ess5tial to ! nature ( body4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 h>dness may be reject$1 because if ! /one 7 liquefi$ or r$uc$ to p[d]1 x w\ld no long] possess h>dness1 & yet w\ld n cease to be a body2 col\r also may be ?r[n out ( acc\nt1 because we h frequ5tly se5 /ones s transp>5t z to h no col\r2 aga91 we may reject weight1 because we h ! case ( fire1 :i*1 ?\gh v light1 is /ill a body2 &1 f9ally1 we may reject cold1 heat1 & all ! o!r qualities ( ?is sort1 ei!r because !y are n consid]$ z 9 ! /one1 or because1 ) ! *ange ( ^! qualities1 ! /one is n suppos$ to h lo/ ! nature ( body4 ,aft] ?is exam9ation we w f9d t no?+ rema9s 9 ! idea ( body1 except t x is some?+ ext5d$ 9 l5g?1 bread?1 & dep?2 & ?is some?+ is compris$ 9 our idea ( space1 n only ( t :i* is full ( body1 b ev5 ( :at is call$ void space4 ,,xii4 ,h[ space diff]s f body 9 our mode ( conceiv+ x4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s diff]5ce betwe5 !m 9 ! mode ( conception2 = if we remove a /one f ! space or place 9 :i* x 01 we conceive t its ext5sion also is tak5 away1 because we reg>d ?is z p>ticul>1 & insep>able f ! /one itself3 b mean:ile we suppose t ! same ext5sion ( place 9 :i* ?is /one 0 rema9s1 al?\gh ! place ( ! /one be occupi$ by wood1 wat]1 air1 or by any o!r body1 or be ev5 suppos$ vacant1 because we n[ consid] ext5sion 9 g5]al1 & ?9k t ! same is common to /ones1 wood1 wat]1 air1 & o!r bodies1 & ev5 to a vacuum itself1 if !re is any su* ?+1 provid$ x be ( ! same magnitude & figure z be=e1 & pres]ve ! same situation among ! ext]nal bodies :i* det]m9e ?is space4 ,,xiii4 ,:at ext]nal place is4 ,! reason ( :i* is1 t ! words place & space signify no?+ really diff]5t f body :i* is said to be 9 place1 b m]ely designate its magnitude1 figure1 & situation among o!r bodies4 ,= x is necess>y1 9 ord] to det]m9e ?is situation1 to reg>d c]ta9 o!r bodies :i* we consid] z immovable2 &1 accord+ z we look to diff]5t bodies1 we may see t ! same ?+ at ! same "t does & does n *ange place4 ,= example1 :5 a vessel is be+ c>ri$ out to sea1 a p]son sitt+ at ! /]n may be said to rema9 always 9 "o place1 if we look to ! p>ts ( ! vessel1 s9ce ) respect to ^! he pres]ves ! same situation2 & on ! o!r h&1 if reg>d be _h to ! neighb\r+ %ores1 ! same p]son w seem to be p]petually *ang+ place1 see+ he is con/antly rec$+ f "o %ore & approa*+ ano!r4 ,& besides1 if we suppose t ! e>? moves1 & t x makes precisely z mu* way f we/ to ea/ z ! vessel f ea/ to we/1 we w aga9 say t ! p]son at ! /]n does n *ange 8 place1 because ?is place w be det]m9$ by c]ta9 immovable po9ts :i* we imag9e to be 9 ! heav5s4 ,b if at l5g? we are p]suad$ t !re are no po9ts really immovable 9 ! univ]se1 z w h]eaft] be %[n to be probable1 we w !nce conclude t no?+ has a p]man5t place unless 9 s f> z x is fix$ by our ?\ght4 ,,xiv4 ,:]e9 place & space diff]4 ,! t]ms place & space1 h[ev]1 diff] 9 signification1 because place m expressly designates situation ?an magnitude or figure1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 we ?9k ( ! latt] :5 we speak ( space4 ,= we frequ5tly say t a ?+ succe$s to ! place ( ano!r1 al?\gh x be n exactly ( ! same magnitude or figure2 b we d n !re=e admit t x occupies ! same space z ! o!r2 & :5 ! situation is *ang$ we say t ! place also is *ang$1 al?\gh !re are ! same magnitude & figure z be=e3 s t :5 we say t a ?+ is 9 a p>ticul> place1 we mean m]ely t x is situat$ 9 a det]m9ate way 9 respect ( c]ta9 o!r objects2 & :5 we add t x occupies su* a space or place1 we und]/& besides t x is ( su* det]m9ate magnitude & figure z exactly to fill ?is space4 ,,xv4 ,h[ ext]nal place is rightly tak5 = ! sup]ficies ( ! surr\nd+ body4 ,& ?us we nev] inde$ di/+ui% space f ext5sion 9 l5g?1 bread?1 & dep?2 we sometimes1 h[ev]1 consid] place z 9 ! ?+ plac$1 & at o!r times z out ( x4 ,int]nal place inde$ diff]s 9 no way f space2 b ext]nal place may be tak5 = ! sup]ficies t imm$iately surr\nds ! ?+ plac$4 ,x ought to be rem>k$ t by sup]ficies we d n "h und]/& any "p ( ! surr\nd+ body1 b only ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! surr\nd+ & surr\nd$ bodies1 :i* is no?+ m ?an a mode2 or at lea/ t we speak ( sup]ficies 9 g5]al :i* is no "p ( "o body r ?an ano!r1 b is always consid]$ ! same1 provid$ x reta9 ! same magnitude & figure4 ,= al?\gh ! :ole surr\nd+ body ) its sup]ficies 7 *ang$1 x w\ld n be suppos$ t ! body :i* 0 surr\nd$ by x _h !re=e *ang$ its place1 if x mean:ile pres]v$ ! same situation ) respect to ! o!r bodies t are reg>d$ z immovable4 ,?us1 if we suppose t a boat is c>ri$ 9 "o direction by ! curr5t ( a /ream1 & impell$ by ! w9d 9 ! opposite ) an equal =ce1 s t its situation ) respect to ! banks is n *ang$1 we w readily admit t x rema9s 9 ! same place1 al?\gh ! :ole sup]ficies :i* surr\nds x is incessantly *ang+4 ,,xvi4 ,t a vacuum or space 9 :i* !re is absolutely no body is repugnant to reason4 ,) reg>d to a vacuum1 9 ! philosophical s5se ( ! t]m1 t is1 a space 9 :i* !re is no sub/ance1 x is evid5t t su* does n exi/1 see+ ! ext5sion ( space or int]nal place is n diff]5t f t ( body4 ,= s9ce f ?is alone1 t a body has ext5sion 9 l5g?1 bread?1 & dep?1 we h reason to conclude t x is a sub/ance1 x be+ absolutely contradictory t no?+ %\ld possess ext5sion1 we ought to =m a simil> inf]5ce reg>d+ ! space :i* is suppos$ void1 viz41 t s9ce !re is ext5sion 9 x !re is necess>ily also sub/ance4 ,,xvii4 ,t a vacuum 9 ! ord9>y use ( ! t]m does n exclude all body4 ,&1 9 tru?1 by ! t]m vacuum 9 its common use1 we d n mean a place or space 9 :i* !re is absolutely no?+1 b only a place 9 :i* !re is none ( ^? ?+s we presume ought to be !re4 ,?us1 because a pit*] is made to hold wat]1 x is said to be empty :5 x is m]ely fill$ ) air2 or if !re are no fi% 9 a fi%-pond1 we say !re is no?+ 9 x1 al?\gh x be full ( wat]2 ?us a vessel is said to be empty1 :51 9 place ( ! m]*&ise :i* x 0 design$ to c>ry1 x is load$ ) s& only1 to enable x to resi/ ! viol5ce ( ! w9d2 &1 f9ally1 x is 9 ! same s5se t we say space is void :5 x conta9s no?+ s5sible1 al?\gh x conta9 creat$ & self-subsi/+ matt]2 = we are n 9 ! habit ( consid]+ ! bodies ne> u1 unless 9 s f> z !y cause 9 our organs ( s5se1 impressions /rong en\gh to enable u to p]ceive !m4 ,& if1 9 place ( keep+ 9 m9d :at ought to be und]/ood by ^! t]ms a vacuum & no?+1 we aft]w>ds suppose t 9 ! space we call$ a vacuum1 !re is n only no s5sible object1 b no object at all1 we w fall into ! same error z if1 because a pit*] 9 :i* !re is no?+ b air1 is1 9 common spee*1 said to be empty1 we 7 !re=e to judge t ! air conta9$ 9 x is n a sub/ance 7,,res ,,subsi/5s74 ,,xviii4 ,h[ ! prejudice ( an absolute vacuum is to be correct$4 ,we h almo/ all fall5 into ?is error f ! e>lie/ age1 =1 obs]v+ t !re is no necess>y connection betwe5 a vessel & ! body x conta9s1 we ?\ght t ,god at lea/ c\ld take f a vessel ! body :i* occupi$ x1 )\t x be+ necess>y t any o!r %\ld be put 9 ! place ( ! "o remov$4 ,b t we may be able n[ to correct ?is false op9ion1 x is necess>y to rem>k t !re is 9 tru? no connection betwe5 ! vessel & ! p>ticul> body :i* x conta9s1 b t !re is an absolutely necess>y connection betwe5 ! concave figure ( ! vessel & ! ext5sion consid]$ g5]ally :i* mu/ be compris$ 9 ?is cavity2 s t x is n m contradictory to conceive a m\nta9 )\t a valley ?an su* a cavity )\t ! ext5sion x conta9s1 or ?is ext5sion ap>t f an ext5d$ sub/ance1 =1 z we h (t5 said1 ( no?+ !re c be no ext5sion4 ,& accord+ly1 if x be ask$ :at w\ld happ5 7 ,god to remove f a vessel all ! body conta9$ 9 x1 )\t p]mitt+ ano!r body to occupy its place1 ! answ] mu/ be t ! sides ( ! vessel w\ld ?us come into proximity ) ea* o!r4 ,= two bodies mu/ t\* ea* o!r :5 !re is no?+ betwe5 !m1 & x is manife/ly contradictory = two bodies to be ap>t1 9 o!r words1 t !re %\ld be a di/ance betwe5 !m1 & ?is di/ance yet be no?+2 = all di/ance is a mode ( ext5sion1 & _c !re=e exi/ )\t an ext5d$ sub/ance4 ,,xix4 ,t ?is confirms :at 0 said ( r>efaction4 ,aft] we h ?us rem>k$ t ! nature ( corporeal sub/ance consi/s only 9 its be+ an ext5d$ ?+1 & t its ext5sion is n diff]5t f t :i* we attribute to space1 h[ev] empty1 x is easy to discov] ! impossibility ( any "o ( its p>ts 9 any way :atsoev] occupy+ m space at "o "t ?an at ano!r1 & ?us ( be+ o!rwise r>efi$ ?an 9 ! way expla9$ above2 & x is easy to p]ceive also t !re _c be m matt] or body 9 a vessel :5 x is fill$ ) lead or gold1 or any o!r body h[ev] heavy & h>d1 ?an :5 x b conta9s air & is suppos$ to be empty3 = ! quantity ( ! p>ts ( :i* a body is compos$ does n dep5d on _! weight or h>dness1 b only on ! ext5sion1 :i* is always equal 9 ! same vase4 ,,xx4 ,t f ?is ! non-exi/5ce ( atoms may likewise be demon/rat$4 ,we likewise discov] t !re _c exi/ any atoms or p>ts ( matt] t are ( _! own nature indivisible4 ,= h[ev] small we suppose ^! p>ts to be1 yet because !y are necess>ily ext5d$1 we are always able 9 ?\ght to divide any "o ( !m into two or m small] p>ts1 & may accord+ly admit _! divisibility4 ,= !re is no?+ we c divide 9 ?\ght :i* we d n !reby recognize to be divisible2 &1 !re=e1 7 we to judge x indivisible our judgm5t w\ld n be 9 h>mony ) ! k we h ( ! ?+2 & al?\gh we %\ld ev5 suppose t ,god _h r$uc$ any p>ticle ( matt] to a smallness s extreme t x did n admit ( be+ fur!r divid$1 x w\ld nev]!less be improp]ly /yl$ indivisible1 = ?\gh ,god _h r5d]$ ! p>ticle s small t x 0 n 9 ! p[] ( any creature to divide x1 he c\ld n h[ev] deprive himself ( ! ability to d s1 s9ce x is absolutely impossible = him to less5 8 own omnipot5ce1 z 0 be=e obs]v$4 ,:]e=e1 absolutely speak+1 ! smalle/ ext5d$ p>ticle is always divisible1 s9ce x is su* ( its v nature4 ,,xxi4 ,x is ?us also demon/rat$ t ! ext5sion ( ! _w is indef9ite4 ,we fur!r discov] t ?is _w or ! :ole 7univ]sitas7 ( corporeal sub/ance1 is ext5d$ )\t limit1 = :]ev] we fix a limit1 we /ill n only imag9e beyond x spaces indef9itely ext5d$1 b p]ceive ^! to be truly imag9able1 9 o!r words1 to be 9 reality su* z we imag9e !m2 s t !y conta9 9 !m corporeal sub/ance indef9itely ext5d$1 =1 z has be5 already %[n at l5g?1 ! idea ( ext5sion :i* we conceive 9 any space :atev] is pla9ly id5tical ) ! idea ( corporeal sub/ance4 ,,xxii4 ,x also foll[s t ! matt] ( ! heav5s & e>? is ! same1 & t !re _c be a plurality ( worlds4 ,& x may also be easily inf]r$ f all ?is t ! e>? & heav5s are made ( ! same matt]2 & t ev5 al?\gh !re 7 an inf9ity ( worlds1 !y w\ld all be compos$ ( ?is matt]2 f :i* x foll[s t a plurality ( worlds is impossible1 because we cle>ly conceive t ! matt] ^: nature consi/s only 9 its be+ an ext5d$ sub/ance1 already :olly occupies all ! imag9able spaces :]e ^! o!r worlds c\ld alone be1 & we _c f9d 9 ourselves ! idea ( any o!r matt]4 ,,xxiii4 ,t all ! v>iety ( matt]1 or ! div]sity ( its =ms1 dep5ds on motion4 ,!re is !re=e b "o k9d ( matt] 9 ! :ole univ]se1 & ?is we "k only by its be+ ext5d$4 ,all ! prop]ties we di/9ctly p]ceive to belong to x are r$ucible to its capacity ( be+ divid$ & mov$ accord+ to its p>ts2 & accord+ly x is capable ( all ^? affections :i* we p]ceive c arise f ! motion ( its p>ts4 ,= ! p>tition ( matt] 9 ?\ght makes no *ange 9 x2 b all v>iation ( x1 or div]sity ( =m1 dep5ds on motion4 ,! philosoph]s ev5 seem univ]sally to h obs]v$ ?is1 = !y said t nature 0 ! pr9ciple ( motion & re/1 & by nature !y und]/ood t by :i* all corporeal ?+s become su* z !y are f\nd 9 exp]i5ce4 ,,xxiv4 ,:at motion is1 tak+ ! t]m 9 its common use4 ,b motion 7viz41 local1 = ,i c conceive no o!r k9d ( motion1 & !re=e ,i d n ?9k we ought to suppose !re is any o!r 9 nature71 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m1 is no?+ m ?an ! action by :i* a body passes f "o place to ano!r4 ,& j z we h rem>k$ above t ! same ?+ may be said to *ange & n to *ange place at ! same "t1 s also we may say t ! same ?+ is at ! same "t mov$ & n mov$4 ,?us1 = example1 a p]son seat$ 9 a vessel :i* is sett+ sail1 ?9ks he is 9 motion if he look to ! %ore t he has left1 & consid] x z fix$2 b n if he reg>d ! %ip itself1 among ! p>ts ( :i* he pres]ves always ! same situation4 ,moreov]1 because we are accu/om$ to suppose t !re is no motion )\t action1 & t 9 re/ !re is ! cessation ( action1 ! p]son ?us seat$ is m prop]ly said to be at re/ ?an 9 motion1 see+ he is n consci\s ( be+ 9 action4 ,,xxv4 ,:at motion is prop]ly s call$4 ,b if1 in/ead ( occupy+ ourselves ) t :i* has no f\ndation1 unless 9 ord9>y usage1 we desire to "k :at ought to be und]/ood by motion accord+ to ! tru? ( ! ?+1 we may say1 9 ord] to give x a det]m9ate nature1 t x is ,,! ,,transport+ ,,( ,,"o ,,"p ,,( ,,matt] ,,or ,,( ,,"o ,,body ,,f ,,! ,,vic9ity ,,( ,,^? ,,bodies ,,t ,,are ,,9 ,,imm$iate ,,contact ,,) ,,x1 ,,or ,,:i* ,,we ,,reg>d ,,z ,,at ,,re/1 to ! vic9ity ( o!r bodies4 ,by a body z a "p ( matt]1 ,i und]/& all t :i* is transf]r$ toge!r1 al?\gh x be p]haps compos$ ( sev]al p>ts1 :i* 9 !mselves h o!r motions2 & ,i say t x is ! transport+ & n ! =ce or action :i* transports1 ) ! view ( %[+ t motion is always 9 ! movable ?+1 n 9 t :i* moves2 = x seems to me t we are n accu/om$ to di/+ui% ^! two ?+s ) suffici5t accuracy4 ,f>!r1 ,i und]/& t x is a mode ( ! movable ?+1 & n a sub/ance1 j z figure is a prop]ty ( ! ?+ figur$1 & repose ( t :i* is at re/4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,visible ,,_w4 ,i4 ,t we _c ?9k too highly ( ! works ( ,god4 ,hav+ n[ asc]ta9$ c]ta9 pr9ciples ( mat]ial ?+s1 :i* 7 s\ght1 n by ! prejudices ( ! s5ses1 b by ! light ( reason1 & :i* ?us possess s great evid5ce t we _c d\bt ( _! tru?1 x rema9s = u to consid] :e!r f ^! alone we c d$uce ! explication ( all ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,we w comm5ce ) ^? ph5om5a t are ( ! greate/ g5]ality1 & ^u :i* ! o!rs dep5d1 z1 = example1 ) ! g5]al /ructure ( ?is :ole visible _w4 ,b 9 ord] to our philosophiz+ aright reg>d+ ?is1 two ?+s are fir/ ( all to be obs]v$4 ,! fir/ is1 t we %\ld ev] be> 9 m9d ! inf9ity ( ! p[] & goodness ( ,god1 t we may n fe> fall+ into error by imag9+ 8 works to be too great1 beautiful1 & p]fect1 b t we may1 on ! contr>y1 take c>e le/1 by suppos+ limits to !m ( :i* we h no c]ta9 k1 we appe> to ?9k less highly ?an we ought ( ! p[] ( ,god4 ,,ii4 ,t we ought to bew>e le/1 9 our presumption1 we imag9e t ! ends :i* ,god propos$ to himself 9 ! creation ( ! _w are und]/ood by u4 ,! second is1 t we %\ld bew>e ( presum+ too highly ( ourselves1 z x seems we %\ld d if we suppos$ c]ta9 limits to ! _w1 )\t be+ assur$ ( _! exi/5ce ei!r by natural reasons or by div9e revelation1 z if ! p[] ( our ?\ght ext5d$ beyond :at ,god has 9 reality made2 b likewise /ill m if we p]suad$ ourselves t all ?+s 7 creat$ by ,god = u only1 or if we m]ely suppos$ t we c\ld compreh5d by ! p[] ( our intellect ! ends :i* ,god propos$ to himself 9 creat+ ! univ]se4 ,,iii4 ,9 :at s5se x may be said t all ?+s 7 creat$ = ! sake ( man4 ,= al?\gh1 z f> z reg>ds morals1 x may be a pi\s ?\ght to believe t ,god made all ?+s = u1 see+ we may ?us be incit$ to great] gratitude & love t[>d him2 & al?\gh x is ev5 9 "s s5se true1 because !re is no creat$ ?+ ( :i* we _c make "s use1 if x be only t ( ex]cis+ our m9d 9 consid]+ x1 & hon\r+ ,god on acc\nt ( x1 x is yet by no means probable t all ?+s 7 creat$ = u 9 ?is way t ,god _h no o!r end 9 _! creation2 & ?is supposition w\ld be pla9ly ridicul\s & inept 9 physical reason+1 = we d n d\bt b t _m ?+s exi/1 or =m]ly exi/$ & h n[ ceas$ to be1 :i* 7 nev] se5 or kn[n by man1 & 7 nev] ( use to him4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,,clxxxviii4 ,( :at is to be borr[$ f disquisitions on animals & man to advance ! k ( mat]ial objects4 ,i %\ld add no?+ f>!r to ?is ! ,f\r? ,"p ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,philosophy1 did ,i purpose c>ry+ out my orig9al design ( writ+ a ,fif? & ,six? ,"p1 ! "o treat+ ( ?+s possess$ ( life1 t is1 animals & plants1 & ! o!r ( man4 ,b because ,i h n yet acquir$ suffici5t k ( all ! matt]s ( :i* ,i %\ld desire to treat 9 ^! two la/ p>ts1 & d n "k :e!r ,i %all ev] h suffici5t leisure to f9i% !m1 ,i w "h subjo9 a few ?+s reg>d+ ! objects ( our s5ses1 t ,i may n1 = ! sake ( ! latt]1 delay too long ! publication ( ! =m] p>ts1 or ( :at may be desid]at$ 9 !m1 :i* ,i might h res]v$ = explanation 9 ^? o!rs3 = ,i h hi!rto describ$ ?is e>?1 & g5]ally ! :ole visible _w1 z if x 7 m]ely a ma*9e 9 :i* !re 0 no?+ at all to consid] except ! figures & motions ( its p>ts1 :]eas our s5ses pres5t to u _m o!r ?+s1 = example col\rs1 smells1 s\nds1 & ! l1 ( :i*1 if ,i did n speak at all1 x w\ld be ?\ght ,i _h omitt$ ! explication ( ! majority ( ! objects t are 9 nature4 ,,clxxxix4 ,:at p]ception 7,,s5sus7 is1 & h[ we p]ceive4 ,we mu/ "k1 !re=e1 t al?\gh ! human s\l is unit$ to ! :ole body1 x has1 nev]!less1 its pr9cipal seat 9 ! bra91 :]e alone x n only und]/&s & imag9es1 b also p]ceives2 & ?is by ! m$ium ( ! n]ves1 :i* are ext5d$ l ?reads f ! bra9 to all ! o!r memb]s1 ) :i* !y are s connect$ t we c h>dly t\* any "o ( !m )\t mov+ ! extremities ( "s ( ! n]ves spread ov] x2 & ?is motion passes to ! o!r extremities ( ^? n]ves :i* are collect$ 9 ! bra9 r\nd ! seat ( ! s\l1 ,footnote3 999999 ,,footnote ,,n ,,visible ,,9 ,,page ,,image 7#ih1 ,text p #aie7 z ,i h already expla9$ ) suffici5t m9ut5ess 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ! ,dioptrics4 ,b ! movem5ts :i* are ?us excit$ 9 ! bra9 by ! n]ves v>i\sly affect ! s\l or m9d1 :i* is intimately conjo9$ ) ! bra91 accord+ to ! div]sity ( ! motions !mselves4 ,& ! div]se affections ( ! m9d or ?\ghts t imm$iately arise f ^! motions1 are call$ p]ceptions ( ! s5ses 7,,s5suum ,,p]ceptiones71 or1 z we commonly speak1 s5sations 7,,s5sus74 ,,cxc4 ,( ! di/9ction ( ! s5ses2 &1 fir/1 ( ! int]nal1 t is1 ( ! affections ( ! m9d 7passions71 & ! natural appetites4 ,! v>ieties ( ^! s5sations dep5d1 fir/ly1 on ! div]sity ( ! n]ves !mselves1 &1 secondly1 ( ! movem5ts t are made 9 ea* n]ve4 ,we h n1 h[ev]1 z _m diff]5t s5ses z !re are n]ves4 ,we c di/+ui% b sev5 pr9cipal classes ( n]ves1 ( :i* two belong to ! int]nal1 & ! o!r five to ! ext]nal s5ses4 ,! n]ves :i* ext5d to ! /oma*1 ! oesophagus1 ! fauces1 & ! o!r int]nal p>ts t are subs]vi5t to our natural wants1 con/itute "o ( our int]nal s5ses4 ,?is is call$ ! natural appetite 7,,appetitus ,,naturalis74 ,! o!r int]nal s5se1 :i* embraces all ! emotions 7,,commotiones7 ( ! m9d or passions1 & affections1 z joy1 sadness1 love1 hate1 & ! l1 dep5ds ^u ! n]ves :i* ext5d to ! he>t & ! p>ts ab\t ! he>t1 & are exce$+ly small2 =1 by way ( example1 :5 ! blood happ5s to be pure & well temp]$1 s t x dilates 9 ! he>t m readily & /rongly ?an usual1 ?is s enl>ges & moves ! small n]ves scatt]$ ar\nd ! orifices1 t !re is !nce a correspond+ movem5t 9 ! bra91 :i* affects ! m9d ) a c]ta9 natural feel+ ( joy2 & z (t5 z ^! same n]ves are mov$ 9 ! same way1 al?\gh ?is is by o!r causes1 !y excite 9 our m9d ! same feel+ 7s5sus1 s5tim5t74 ,?us1 ! imag9ation ( ! enjoym5t ( a good does n conta9 9 itself ! feel+ ( joy1 b x causes ! animal spirits to pass f ! bra9 to ! muscles 9 :i* ^! n]ves are ins]t$2 & ?us dilat+ ! orifices ( ! he>t1 x also causes ^! small n]ves to move 9 ! way appo9t$ by nature to af=d ! s5sation ( joy4 ,?us1 :5 we receive news1 ! m9d fir/ ( all judges ( x1 & if ! news be good1 x rejoices ) t intellectual joy 7,,gaudium ,,intellectuale7 :i* is indep5d5t ( any emotion 7,,commotio7 ( ! body1 & :i* ! ,/oics did n d5y to _! wise man al?\gh !y suppos$ him exempt f all passion4 ,b z soon z ?is joy passes f ! und]/&+ to ! imag9ation1 ! spirits fl[ f ! bra9 to ! muscles t are ab\t ! he>t1 & !re excite ! motion ( ! small n]ves1 by means ( :i* ano!r motion is caus$ 9 ! bra91 :i* affects ! m9d ) ! s5sation ( animal joy 7,,laetitia ,,animalis74 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 :5 ! blood is s ?ick t x fl[s b sp>+ly into ! v5tricles ( ! he>t1 & is n !re suffici5tly dilat$1 x excites 9 ! same n]ves a motion q diff]5t f ! prec$+1 :i*1 communicat$ to ! bra91 gives to ! m9d ! s5sation ( sadness1 al?\gh ! m9d itself is p]haps ignorant ( ! cause ( its sadness4 ,& all ! o!r causes :i* move ^! n]ves 9 ! same way may also give to ! m9d ! same s5sation4 ,b ! o!r movem5ts ( ! same n]ves produce o!r effects1 z ! feel+s ( love1 hate1 fe>1 ang]1 etc41 z f> z !y are m]ely affections or passions ( ! m9d2 9 o!r words1 z f> z !y are confus$ ?\ghts :i* ! m9d has n f itself alone1 b f its be+ closely jo9$ to ! body1 f :i* x receives impressions2 = !re is ! wide/ diff]5ce betwe5 ^! passions & ! di/9ct ?\ghts :i* we h ( :at ought to be lov$1 or *os51 or %unn$1 etc41 al?\gh ^! are (t5 en\gh f\nd toge!r4 ,! natural appetites1 z hung]1 ?ir/1 & ! o!rs1 are likewise s5sations excit$ 9 ! m9d by means ( ! n]ves ( ! /oma*1 fauces1 & o!r p>ts1 & are entirely diff]5t f ! w :i* we h to eat1 dr9k1 & to d all t :i* we ?9k prop] = ! cons]vation ( our body2 b1 because ?is w or appetition almo/ always accompanies !m1 !y are !re=e nam$ appetites4 ,,cxci4 ,( ! ext]nal s5ses2 & fir/ ( t\*4 ,we commonly reckon ! ext]nal s5ses five 9 numb]1 because !re are z _m diff]5t k9ds ( objects :i* move ! n]ves & _! organs1 & an equal numb] ( k9ds ( confus$ ?\ghts excit$ 9 ! s\l by ^! emotions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! n]ves t]m9at+ 9 ! sk9 ( ! :ole body c be t\*$ ?r\gh ?is m$ium by any t]r5e objects :atev]1 & mov$ by ^! :oles1 9 "o way by _! h>dness1 9 ano!r by _! gravity1 9 a ?ird by _! heat1 9 a f\r? by _! humidity1 etc4--& 9 z _m div]se modes z !y are ei!r mov$ or h9d]$ f _! ord9>y motion1 to t ext5t are div]se s5sations excit$ 9 ! m9d1 f :i* a correspond+ numb] ( tactile qualities d]ive _! appellations4 ,besides ?is1 :5 ^! n]ves are mov$ a little m p[]fully ?an usual1 b n nev]!less to ! degree by :i* our body is 9 any way hurt1 !re ?us arises a s5sation ( titillation1 :i* is naturally agreeable to ! m9d1 because x te/ifies to x ( ! p[]s ( ! body ) :i* x is jo9$1 9 t ! latt] c suff] ! action caus+ ?is titillation1 )\t be+ hurt4 ,b if ?is action be /rong en\gh to hurt our body 9 any way1 ?is gives to our m9d ! s5sation ( pa94 ,& we ?us see :y corporeal pleasure & pa91 al?\gh s5sations ( q an opposite "*1 arise nev]!less f causes ne>ly alike4 ,,cxcii4 ,( ta/e4 ,9 ! second place1 ! o!r n]ves scatt]$ ov] ! tongue & ! p>ts 9 its vic9ity are div]sely mov$ by ! p>ticles ( ! same bodies1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r & float+ 9 ! saliva 9 ! m\?1 & ?us cause s5sations ( div]se ta/es accord+ to ! div]sity ( figure 9 ^! p>ticles4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! ,fr5* ?is section beg9s1 ,ta/e1 aft] t\* ! grosse/ ( ! s5ses1 etc4 ,,cxciii4 ,( smell4 ,?irdly1 two n]ves also or app5dages ( ! bra91 = !y d n g beyond ! limits ( ! skull1 are mov$ by ! p>ticles ( t]re/rial bodies1 sep>at$ & fly+ 9 ! air1 n inde$ by all p>ticles indiff]5tly1 b by ^? only t are suffici5tly subtle & p5etrat+ to ent] ! pores ( ! bone we call ! spongy1 :5 drawn into ! no/rils1 & ?us to rea* ! n]ves4 ,f ! diff]5t motions ( ^! p>ticles arise ! s5sations ( ! diff]5t smells4 ,,cxciv4 ,( he>+4 ,f\r?ly1 !re are two n]ves )9 ! e>s1 s atta*$ to ?ree small bones t are mutually su/a9+1 & ! fir/ ( :i* re/s on ! small membrane t cov]s ! cavity we call ! tympanum ( ! e>1 t all ! div]se vibrations :i* ! surr\nd+ air communicates to ?is membrane are transmitt$ to ! m9d by ^! n]ves1 & ^! vibrations give rise1 accord+ to _! div]sity1 to ! s5sations ( ! diff]5t s\nds4 ,,cxcv4 ,( sight4 ,f9ally1 ! extremities ( ! optic n]ves1 compos+ ! coat 9 ! eyes call$ ! ret9a1 are n mov$ by ! air nor by any t]re/rial object1 b only by ! globules ( ! second elem5t1 :5ce we h ! s5se ( light & col\rs3 z ,i h already at suffici5t l5g? expla9$ 9 ! ,dioptrics & treatise ( ,meteors4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! ,fr5* ?is section beg9s1 ,f9ally1 sight is ! mo/ subtle ( all ! s5ses1 etc4 ,,cxcvi4 ,t ! s\l p]ceives only 9 s f> z x is 9 ! bra94 ,x is cle>ly e/abli%$1 h[ev]1 t ! s\l does n p]ceive 9 s f> z x is 9 ea* memb] ( ! body1 b only 9 s f> z x is 9 ! bra91 :]e ! n]ves by _! movem5ts convey to x ! div]se actions ( ! ext]nal objects t t\* ! p>ts ( ! body 9 :i* !y are ins]t$4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 !re are v>i\s maladies1 :i*1 ?\gh !y affect ! bra9 alone1 yet br+ disord] ^u1 or deprive u altoge!r ( ! use (1 our s5ses1 j z sleep1 :i* affects ! bra9 only1 & yet takes f u daily dur+ a great "p ( our "t ! faculty ( p]ception1 :i* aft]w>ds 9 our wak+ /ate is re/or$ to u4 ,! second pro( is1 t ?\gh !re be no disease 9 ! bra91 or 9 ! memb]s 9 :i* ! organs ( ! ext]nal s5ses are1 x is nev]!less suffici5t to take away s5sation f ! "p ( ! body :]e ! n]ves t]m9ate1 if only ! movem5t ( "o ( ! n]ves t ext5d f ! bra9 to ^! memb]s be ob/ruct$ 9 any "p ( ! di/ance t is betwe5 ! two4 ,& ! la/ pro( is1 t we sometimes feel pa9 z if 9 c]ta9 ( our memb]s1 ! cause ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is n 9 ^! memb]s :]e x is felt1 b some:]e ne>] ! bra91 ?r\gh :i* ! n]ves pass t give to ! m9d ! s5sation ( x4 ,i c\ld e/abli% ?is fact by innum]able exp]im5ts2 ,i w "h1 h[ev]1 m]ely ref] to "o ( !m4 ,a girl suff]+ f a bad ulc] 9 ! h&1 _h h] eyes b&ag$ :5ev] ! surgeon came to visit h]1 n be+ able to be> ! sight ( ! dress+ ( ! sore2 &1 ! gangr5e hav+ spread1 aft] ! expiry ( a few days ! arm 0 amputat$ f ! elb[ )\t ! girl's k2 l95 clo?s ti$ "o above ! o!r 7 sub/itut$ 9 place ( ! "p amputat$1 s t %e rema9$ = "s "t )\t kn[+ t ! op]ation _h be5 p]=m$1 & mean:ile %e compla9$ ( feel+ v>i\s pa9s1 sometimes 9 "o f+] ( ! h& t 0 cut (f1 & sometimes 9 ano!r4 ,! only explanation ( ?is is1 t ! n]ves :i* be=e /ret*$ d[nw>ds f ! bra9 to ! h&1 & !n t]m9at$ 9 ! arm close to ! elb[1 7 !re mov$ 9 ! same way z !y requir$ to be mov$ be=e 9 ! h& = ! purpose ( impress+ on ! m9d resid+ 9 ! bra9 ! s5sation ( pa9 9 ?is or t f+]4 ,& ?is cle>ly %[s t ! pa9 ( ! h& is n felt by ! m9d 9 s f> z x is 9 ! h&1 b 9 s f> z x is 9 ! bra94 ,,cxcvii4 ,t ! nature ( ! m9d is su* t f ! motion alone ( body ! v>i\s s5sations c be excit$ 9 x4 ,9 ! next place1 x c be prov$ t our m9d is ( su* a nature t ! motions ( ! body alone are suffici5t to excite 9 x all sorts ( ?\ghts1 )\t x be+ necess>y t ^! %\ld 9 any way resemble ! motions :i* give rise to !m1 & especially t ^! motions c excite 9 x ^? confus$ ?\ghts call$ s5sations 7,,s5sus1 ,,s5sationes74 ,= we see t words1 :e!r utt]$ by ! voice or m]ely writt51 excite 9 our m9ds all k9ds ( ?\ghts & emotions4 ,on ! same pap]1 ) ! same p5 & ink1 by m]ely mov+ ! po9t ( ! p5 ov] ! pap] 9 a p>ticul> way1 we c trace lett]s t w raise 9 ! m9ds ( our read]s ! ?\ghts ( combats1 tempe/s1 or ! furies1 & ! passions ( indignation & sorr[2 9 place ( :i*1 if ! p5 be mov$ 9 ano!r way h>dly diff]5t f ! =m]1 ?is slight *ange w cause ?\ghts widely diff]5t f ! above1 su* z ^? ( repose1 peace1 pleasantness1 & ! q opposite passions ( love & joy4 ,"s "o w p]haps object t writ+ & spee* d n imm$iately excite 9 ! m9d any passions1 or imag9ations ( ?+s diff]5t f ! lett]s & s\nds1 b af=d simply ! k ( ^!1 on occasion ( :i* ! m9d1 und]/&+ ! signification ( ! words1 aft]w>ds excites 9 itself ! imag9ations & passions t correspond to ! words4 ,b :at w be said ( ! s5sations ( pa9 & titillation8 ,! motion m]ely ( a sword cutt+ a "p ( our sk9 causes pa91 b does n on t acc\nt make u aw>e ( ! motion or figure ( ! sword4 ,& x is c]ta9 t ?is s5sation ( pa9 is n less diff]5t f ! motion t causes x1 or f t ( ! "p ( our body :i* ! sword cuts1 ?an are ! s5sations we h ( col\r1 s\nd1 od\r1 or ta/e4 ,on ?is gr\nd we may conclude t our m9d is ( su* a nature t ! motions alone ( c]ta9 bodies c also easily excite 9 x all ! o!r s5sations1 z ! motion ( a sword excites 9 x ! s5sation ( pa94 ,,cxcviii4 ,t by our s5ses we "k no?+ ( ext]nal objects beyond _! figure or situation1 magnitude1 & motion4 ,besides1 we obs]ve no su* diff]5ce betwe5 ! n]ves z to lead u to judge t "o set ( !m convey to ! bra9 f ! organs ( ! ext]nal s5ses any?+ diff]5t f ano!r1 or t any?+ at all rea*es ! bra9 besides ! local motion ( ! n]ves !mselves4 ,& we see t local motion alone causes 9 u n only ! s5sation ( titillation & ( pa91 b also ( light & s\nds4 ,= if we receive a bl[ on ! eye ( suffici5t =ce to cause ! vibration ( ! /roke to rea* ! ret9a1 we see num]\s sp>ks ( fire1 :i*1 nev]!less1 are n out ( our eye2 & :5 we /op our e> ) our f+]1 we he> a humm+ s\nd1 ! cause ( :i* c only proce$ f ! agitation ( ! air t is %ut up )9 x4 ,f9ally1 we frequ5tly obs]ve t heat h>dness1 weight1 & ! o!r s5sible qualities1 z f> z !y are 9 objects1 & also ! =ms ( ^? bodies t are purely mat]ial1 z1 = example1 ! =ms ( fire1 are produc$ 9 !m by ! motion ( c]ta9 o!r bodies1 & t ^! 9 _! turn likewise produce o!r motions 9 o!r bodies4 ,& we c easily conceive h[ ! motion ( "o body may be caus$ by t ( ano!r1 & div]sifi$ by ! size1 figure1 & situation ( its p>ts1 b we are :olly unable to conceive h[ ^! same ?+s 7viz41 size1 figure1 & motion71 c produce some?+ else ( a nature entirely diff]5t f !mselves1 z1 = example1 ^? sub/antial =ms & real qualities :i* _m philosoph]s suppose to be 9 bodies2 nor likewise c we conceive h[ ^! qualities or =ms possess =ce to cause motions 9 o!r bodies4 ,b s9ce we "k1 f ! nature ( our s\l1 t ! div]se motions ( body are suffici5t to produce 9 x all ! s5sations :i* x has1 & s9ce we le>n f exp]i5ce t sev]al ( its s5sations are 9 reality caus$ by su* motions1 :ile we d n discov] t any?+ besides ^! motions ev] passes f ! organs ( ! ext]nal s5ses to ! bra91 we h reason to conclude t we 9 no way likewise appreh5d t 9 ext]nal objects1 :i* we call light1 col\r1 smell1 ta/e1 s\nd1 heat or cold1 & ! o!r tactile qualities1 or t :i* we call _! sub/antial =ms1 unless z ! v>i\s dispositions ( ^! objects :i* h ! p[] ( mov+ our n]ves 9 v>i\s ways4 ,footnote3 ! div]se figures1 situations1 magnitudes1 & motions ( _! p>ts4-- ,fr5*4 ,,cxcix4 ,t !re is no ph5om5on ( nature ^: explanation has be5 omitt$ 9 ?is treatise4 ,& ?us x may be ga!r$1 f an enum]ation t is easily made1 t !re is no ph5om5on ( nature ^: explanation has be5 omitt$ 9 ?is treatise2 = beyond :at is p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 !re is no?+ t c be consid]$ a ph5om5on ( nature4 ,b leav+ out ( acc\nt motion1 magnitude1 figure1 & ! situation ( ! p>ts ( ea* body1 :i* ,i h expla9$ z !y exi/ 9 body1 we p]ceive no?+ out ( u by our s5ses except light1 col\rs1 smells1 ta/es1 s\nds1 & ! tactile qualities2 & ^! ,i h rec5tly %[n to be no?+ m1 at lea/ s f> z !y are kn[n to u1 ?an c]ta9 dispositions ( ! objects1 consi/+ 9 magnitude1 figure1 & motion4 ,,cc4 ,t ?is treatise conta9s no pr9ciples :i* are n univ]sally receiv$2 & t ?is philosophy is n new1 b ( all o!rs ! mo/ anci5t & common4 ,b ,i am desir\s also t x %\ld be obs]v$ t1 ?\gh ,i h "h endeav\r$ to give an explanation ( ! :ole nature ( mat]ial ?+s1 ,i h nev]!less made use ( no pr9ciple :i* 0 n receiv$ & approv$ by ,ari/otle1 & by ! o!r philosoph]s ( all ages2 s t ?is philosophy1 s f> f be+ new1 is ( all o!rs ! mo/ anci5t & common3 = ,i h 9 tru? m]ely consid]$ ! figure1 motion1 & magnitude ( bodies1 & exam9$ :at mu/ foll[ f _! mutual conc\rse on ! pr9ciples ( me*anics1 :i* are confirm$ by c]ta9 & daily exp]i5ce4 ,b no "o ev] d\bt$ t bodies are mov$1 & t !y are ( v>i\s sizes & figures1 accord+ to ! div]sity ( :i* _! motions also v>y1 & t f mutual collision ^? some:at great] ?an o!rs are divid$ into _m small]1 & ?us *ange figure4 ,we h exp]i5ce ( ! tru? ( ?is1 n m]ely by a s+le s5se1 b by sev]al1 z t\*1 sight1 & he>+3 we also di/9ctly imag9e & und]/& x4 ,?is _c be said ( any ( ! o!r ?+s t fall "u our s5ses1 z col\rs1 s\nds1 & ! l2 = ea* ( ^! affects b "o ( our s5ses1 & m]ely impresses ^u our imag9ation a confus$ image ( itself1 af=d+ our und]/&+ no di/9ct k ( :at x is4 ,,cci4 ,t s5sible bodies are compos$ ( ins5sible p>ticles4 ,b ,i all[ _m p>ticles 9 ea* body t are p]ceiv$ by none ( our s5ses1 & ?is w n p]haps be approv$ ( by ^? :o take ! s5ses = ! measure ( ! kn[able4 ,we greatly wrong human reason1 h[ev]1 z appe>s to me1 if we suppose t x does n g beyond ! eye-sight2 = no "o c d\bt t !re are bodies s small z n to be p]ceptible by any ( our s5ses1 provid$ he only consid] :at is ea* mom5t add$ to ^? bodies t are be+ increas$ little by little1 & :at is tak5 f ^? t are dim9i%$ 9 ! same way4 ,a tree increases daily1 & x is impossible to conceive h[ x becomes great] ?an x 0 be=e1 unless we at ! same "t conceive t "s body is add$ to x4 ,b :o ev] obs]v$ by ! s5ses ^? small bodies t are 9 "o day add$ to a tree :ile gr[+8 ,among ! philosoph]s at lea/1 ^? :o hold t quantity is indef9itely divisible1 ought to admit t 9 ! division ! p>ts may become s small z to be :olly imp]ceptible4 ,& inde$ x ought n to be a matt] ( surprise1 t we are unable to p]ceive v m9ute bodies2 = ! n]ves t mu/ be mov$ by objects to cause p]ception are n !mselves v m9ute1 b are l small cords1 be+ compos$ ( a quantity ( small] fibres1 & ?us ! mo/ m9ute bodies are n capable ( mov+ !m4 ,nor d ,i ?9k t any "o :o makes use ( 8 reason w d5y t we philosophize ) mu* great] tru? :5 we judge ( :at takes place 9 ^? small bodies :i* are imp]ceptible f _! m9ut5ess only1 aft] ! analogy ( :at we see occurr+ 9 ^? we d p]ceive1 & 9 ?is way expla9 all t is 9 nature1 z ,i h essay$ to d 9 ?is treatise1 ?an :5 we give an explanation ( ! same ?+s by inv5t+ ,i "k n :at novelties1 t h no relation to ! ?+s we actually p]ceive1 z fir/ matt]1 sub/antial =ms1 & all t gr& array ( qualities :i* _m are 9 ! habit ( suppos+1 ea* ( :i* is m difficult to compreh5d ?an all t is pr(ess$ to be expla9$ by means ( !m4 ,,ccii4 ,t ! philosophy ( ,democritus is n less diff]5t f ours ?an f ! common4 ,footnote3 t ( ,ari/otle or ! o!rs4--,fr5*4 ,b x may be said t ,democritus also suppos$ c]ta9 corpuscles t 7 ( v>i\s figures1 sizes1 & motions1 f ! heap+ toge!r & mutual conc\rse ( :i* all s5sible bodies arose2 &1 nev]!less1 8 mode ( philosophiz+ is commonly reject$ by all4 ,to ?is ,i reply t ! philosophy ( ,democritus 0 nev] reject$ by any "o1 because he all[$ ! exi/5ce ( bodies small] ?an ^? we p]ceive1 & attribut$ to !m div]se sizes1 figures1 & motions1 = no "o c d\bt t !re are 9 reality su*1 z we h already %[n2 b x 0 reject$1 9 ! fir/ place1 because he suppos$ t ^! corpuscles 7 indivisible1 on :i* gr\nd ,i also reject x2 9 ! second place1 because he imag9$ !re 0 a vacuum ab\t !m1 :i* ,i %[ to be impossible2 ?irdly1 because he attribut$ gravity to ^! bodies1 ( :i* ,i d5y ! exi/5ce 9 any body1 9 s f> z a body is consid]$ by itself1 because x is a quality t dep5ds on ! relations ( situation & motion :i* sev]al bodies be> to ea* o!r2 &1 f9ally1 because he has n expla9$ 9 p>ticul> h[ all ?+s arose f ! conc\rse ( corpuscles alone1 or1 if he gave ?is explanation ) reg>d to a few ( !m1 8 :ole reason+ 0 f> f be+ coh]5t1 or su* z w\ld w>rant u 9 ext5d+ ! same explanation to ! :ole ( nature4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is ! v]dict we mu/ give reg>d+ 8 philosophy1 if we may judge ( 8 op9ions f :at has be5 h&$ d[n to u 9 writ+4 ,i leave x to o!rs to det]m9e :e!r ! philosophy ,i pr(ess possesses a valid coh]5cy1 & :e!r on its pr9ciples we c make ! requisite numb] ( d$uctions2 &1 inasmu* z ! consid]ation ( figure1 magnitude1 & motion has be5 admitt$ by ,ari/otle & by all ! o!rs1 z well z by ,democritus1 & s9ce ,i reject all t ! latt] has suppos$1 ) ?is s+le exception1 :ile ,i reject g5]ally all t has be5 suppos$ by ! o!rs1 x is pla9 t ?is mode ( philosophiz+ has no m aff9ity ) t ( ,democritus ?an ( any o!r p>ticul> sect4 ,,cciii4 ,h[ we may arrive at ! k ( ! figures1 magnitudes1 & motions ( ! ins5sible p>ticles ( bodies4 ,b1 s9ce ,i assign det]m9ate figures1 magnitudes1 & motions to ! ins5sible p>ticles ( bodies1 z if ,i _h se5 !m1 :]eas ,i admit t !y d n fall "u ! s5ses1 "s "o w p]haps dem& h[ ,i h come by my k ( !m4 ,to ?is ,i reply1 t ,i fir/ consid]$ 9 g5]al all ! cle> & di/9ct notions ( mat]ial ?+s t are to be f\nd 9 our und]/&+1 & t1 f9d+ no o!rs except ^? ( figures1 magnitudes1 & motions1 & ( ! rules accord+ to :i* ^! ?ree ?+s c be div]sifi$ by ea* o!r1 :i* rules are ! pr9ciples ( geometry & me*anics1 ,i judg$ t all ! k man c h ( nature mu/ ( necessity be drawn f ?is s\rce2 because all ! o!r notions we h ( s5sible ?+s1 z confus$ & obscure1 c be ( no avail 9 af=d+ u ! k ( any?+ out ( ourselves1 b mu/ s]ve r to imp$e x4 ,!reupon1 tak+ z my gr\nd ( inf]5ce ! simple/ & be/ kn[n ( ! pr9ciples t h be5 implant$ 9 our m9ds by nature1 ,i consid]$ ! *ief diff]5ces t c\ld possibly subsi/ betwe5 ! magnitudes1 & figures1 & situations ( bodies ins5sible on acc\nt ( _! smallness alone1 & :at s5sible effects c\ld be produc$ by _! v>i\s modes ( com+ into contact2 & aft]w>ds1 :5 ,i f\nd l effects 9 ! bodies t we p]ceive by our s5ses1 ,i judg$ t !y c\ld h be5 ?us produc$1 especially s9ce no o!r mode ( expla9+ !m c\ld be devis$4 ,& 9 ?is matt] ! example ( sev]al bodies made by art 0 ( great s]vice to me3 = ,i recognize no diff]5ce betwe5 ^! & natural bodies beyond ?is1 t ! effects ( ma*9es dep5d = ! mo/ "p on ! ag5cy ( c]ta9 in/rum5ts1 :i*1 z !y mu/ be> "s proportion to ! h&s ( ^? :o make !m1 are always s l>ge t _! figures & motions c be se52 9 place ( :i*1 ! effects ( natural bodies almo/ always dep5d ^u c]ta9 organs s m9ute z to escape our s5ses4 ,& x is c]ta9 t all ! rules ( me*anics belong also to physics1 ( :i* x is a "p or species1 s t all t is artificial is )al natural3 = x is n less natural = a clock1 made ( ! requisite numb] ( :eels1 to m>k ! h\rs1 ?an = a tree1 :i* has sprung f ?is or t se$1 to produce ! fruit peculi> to x4 ,accord+ly1 j z ^? :o are famili> ) automata1 :5 !y are in=m$ ( ! use ( a ma*9e1 & see "s ( its p>ts1 easily inf] f ^! ! way 9 :i* ! o!rs1 t are n se5 by !m1 are made2 s f consid]+ ! s5sible effects & p>ts ( natural bodies1 ,i h essay$ to det]m9e ! "* ( _! causes & ins5sible p>ts4 ,,cciv4 ,t1 t\*+ ! ?+s :i* our s5ses d n p]ceive1 x is suffici5t to expla9 h[ !y c be1 & t ?is is all t ,ari/otle has essay$4 ,b "h "s "o w p]haps reply1 t al?\gh ,i h suppos$ causes :i* c\ld produce all natural objects1 we ought n on ?is acc\nt to conclude t !y 7 produc$ by ^! causes2 =1 j z ! same artisan c make two clocks1 :i*1 ?\gh !y bo? equally well indicate ! "t1 & are n diff]5t 9 outw>d appe>ance1 h nev]!less no?+ resembl+ 9 ! composition ( _! :eels2 s d\btless ! ,supreme ,mak] ( ?+s has an inf9ity ( div]se means at 8 disposal1 by ea* ( :i* he c\ld h made all ! ?+s ( ?is _w to appe> z we see !m1 )\t x be+ possible = ! human m9d to "k :i* ( all ^! means he *ose to employ4 ,i mo/ freely conc$e ?is2 & ,i believe t ,i h done all t 0 requir$1 if ! causes ,i h assign$ are su* t _! effects accurately correspond to all ! ph5om5a ( nature1 )\t det]m9+ :e!r x is by ^! or by o!rs t !y are actually produc$4 ,& x w be suffici5t = ! use ( life to "k ! causes ?us imag9$1 = m$ic9e1 me*anics1 & 9 g5]al all ! arts to :i* ! k ( physics is ( s]vice1 h = _! end only ^? effects t are s5sible1 & t are accord+ly to be reckon$ among ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,footnote3 h = _! end only to apply c]ta9 s5sible bodies to ea* o!r 9 su* a way t1 9 ! c\rse ( natural causes1 c]ta9 s5sible effects may be produc$2 & we w be able to accompli% ?is q z well by consid]+ ! s]ies ( c]ta9 causes ?us imag9$1 al?\gh false1 z if !y 7 ! true1 s9ce ?is s]ies is suppos$ simil> z f> z reg>ds s5sible effects4-,fr5*4 ,& le/ x %\ld be suppos$ t ,ari/otle did1 or pr(ess$ to d1 any?+ m ?an ?is1 x ought to be rememb]$ t he himself expressly says1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sev5? *apt] ( ! fir/ book ( ! ,meteorologies1 t1 ) reg>d to ?+s :i* are n manife/ to ! s5ses1 he ?9ks to adduce suffici5t reasons & demon/rations ( !m1 if he only %[s t !y may be su* z he expla9s !m4 ,footnote3 words 9 ,greek ,,ccv4 ,t nev]!less !re is a moral c]ta9ty t all ! ?+s ( ?is _w are su* z has be5 "h %[n !y may be4 ,b nev]!less1 t ,i may n wrong ! tru? by suppos+ x less c]ta9 ?an x is1 ,i w "h di/+ui% two k9ds ( c]titude4 ,! fir/ is call$ moral1 t is1 a c]ta9ty suffici5t = ! conduct ( life1 ?\gh1 if we look to ! absolute p[] ( ,god1 :at is morally c]ta9 may be false4 ,?us1 ^? :o nev] visit$ ,rome d n d\bt t x is a city ( ,italy1 ?\gh x might be t all f :om !y got _! in=mation 7 deceiv$4 ,aga91 if any "o1 wi%+ to deciph] a lett] writt5 9 ,lat9 *>act]s t are n plac$ 9 regul> ord]1 be?9ks himself ( read+ a ,b :]ev] an ,a is f\nd1 & a ,c :]ev] !re is a ,b1 & ?us ( sub/itut+ 9 place ( ea* lett] ! "o :i* foll[s x 9 ! ord] ( ! alphabet1 & if by ?is means he f9ds t !re are c]ta9 ,lat9 words compos$ ( ^!1 he w n d\bt t ! true mean+ ( ! writ+ is conta9$ 9 ^! words1 al?\gh he may discov] ?is only by conjecture1 & al?\gh x is possible t ! writ] ( x did n arrange ! lett]s on ?is pr9ciple ( alphabetical ord]1 b on "s o!r1 & ?us conceal$ ano!r mean+ 9 x3 = ?is is s improbable especially :5 ! ciph] conta9s a numb] ( words z to seem incr$ible4 ,b !y :o obs]ve h[ _m ?+s reg>d+ ! magnet1 fire1 & ! fabric ( ! :ole _w1 are "h d$uc$ f a v small numb] ( pr9ciples1 ?\gh !y deem$ t ,i _h tak5 !m up at r&om & )\t gr\nds1 w yet p]haps ackn[l$ge t x c\ld h>dly happ5 t s _m ?+s %\ld coh]e if ^! pr9ciples 7 false4 ,,ccvi4 ,t we possess ev5 m ?an a moral c]ta9ty ( x4 ,besides1 !re are "s1 ev5 among natural1 ?+s :i* we judge to be absolutely c]ta94 ,absolute c]ta9ty arises :5 we judge t x is impossible a ?+ c be o!rwise ?an z we ?9k x4 ,?is c]ta9ty is f\nd$ on ! metaphysical gr\nd1 t1 z ,god is supremely good & ! s\rce ( all tru?1 ! faculty ( di/+ui%+ tru? f error :i* he gave u1 _c be fallaci\s s long z we use x aright1 & di/9ctly p]ceive any?+ by x4 ,( ?is "* are ! demon/rations ( ma!matics1 ! k t mat]ial ?+s exi/1 & ! cle> reason+s t are =m$ reg>d+ !m4 ,! results ,i h giv5 9 ?is treatise w p]haps be admitt$ to a place 9 ! class ( tru?s t are absolutely c]ta91 if x be consid]$ t !y are d$uc$ 9 a cont9u\s s]ies f ! fir/ & mo/ elem5t>y pr9ciples ( human k2 especially if x be suffici5tly und]/ood t we c p]ceive no ext]nal objects unless "s local motion be caus$ by !m 9 our n]ves1 & t su* motion _c be caus$ by ! fix$ />s1 ow+ to _! great di/ance f u1 unless a motion be also produc$ 9 !m & 9 ! :ole heav5s ly+ betwe5 !m & u3 = ^! po9ts be+ admitt$1 all ! o!rs1 at lea/ ! m g5]al doctr9es :i* ,i h advanc$ reg>d+ ! _w or e>? e4 g41 ! fluidity ( ! heav5s1 ,"p ,,iii41 ,section ,,xlvi41 w appe> to be almo/ ! only possible explanations ( ! ph5om5a !y pres5t4 ,,ccvii4 ,t1 h[ev]1 ,i submit all my op9ions to ! au?ority ( ! *ur*4 ,nev]!less1 le/ ,i %\ld presume too f>1 ,i affirm no?+1 b submit all ^! my op9ions to ! au?ority ( ! *ur* & ! judgm5t ( ! m sage2 & ,i desire no "o to believe any?+ ,i may h said1 unless he is con/ra9$ to admit x by ! =ce & evid5ce ( reason4