,v]4#aj_/jd_/ja99;,,end99 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,art ,) an ,introductory ,*apt] on ,art 9 ,egypt & ,mesopotamia ,,by ,f4 ,b4 ,,t>bell ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,classical ,,ar*aeology ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago ,,preface4 ,! art ( any arti/ically gift$ p may be /udi$ ) v>i\s purposes & 9 v>i\s ways4 ,"o man1 be+ himself an arti/1 may seek inspiration or guidance = 8 own practice2 ano!r1 be+ a /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( civilization1 may /rive to compreh5d ! products ( art z "o manife/ation ( a p's spiritual life2 ano!r may be int]e/$ *iefly 9 trac+ ! developm5t ( arti/ic processes1 =ms1 & subjects2 & s on4 ,b ?is book has be5 writt5 9 ! conviction t ! greate/ ( all motives = /udy+ art1 ! motive :i* is & ought to be /ronge/ 9 mo/ p1 is ! desire to become acqua9t$ ) beautiful & noble ?+s1 ! ?+s t soo! ! c>es & lift ! ?\ghts ( man4 ,! hi/orical me?od ( treatm5t has be5 adopt$ z a matt] ( c\rse1 b ! emphasis is n laid ^u ! hi/orical aspects ( ! subject4 ,! *ief aim has be5 to pres5t *>act]i/ic specim5s ( ! f9e/ ,greek "w t has be5 pres]v$ to u1 & to sugge/ h[ !y may be intellig5tly enjoy$4 ,=tunate !y :o c c>ry _! /udies f>!r1 ) ! help ( less elem5t>y h&books1 ( photographs1 ( ca/s1 or1 be/ ( all1 ( ! orig9al monum5ts4 ,mo/ ( ! illu/rations 9 ?is book h be5 made f photographs1 ( :i* all b a few belong to ! collection ( ,greek photographs own$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,a numb] ( o!r illu/rations h be5 d]iv$ f books or s]ial publications1 z may be se5 f ! accompany+ leg5ds4 ,9 sev]al cases :]e cuts 7 actually tak5 f second>y s\rces1 su* z ,baumei/]'s ,d5kmal] des klassis*5 ,alt]tums1 !y h be5 cr$it$ to _! orig9al s\rces4 ,a few ar*itectural draw+s 7 made expressly = ?is "w1 be+ adapt$ f tru/wor?y au?orities1 viz43 ,figs4 #f1 #ea1 #fa1 & #fd4 ,!re rema9 two or ?ree additional illu/rations1 :i* h s long =m$ a "p ( ! ord9>y /ock-9 trade ( h&books t x seem$ unnecess>y to assign _! orig94 ,! introductory *apt] has be5 k9dly look$ ov] by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,brea/$1 :o has reliev$ x ( a numb] ( errors1 )\t 9 any way mak+ himself responsible = x4 ,! rema9+ *apt]s h un=tunately n _h ! b5efit ( any su* revision4 ,9 ! pres5t reissue ( ?is book a numb] ( slight *anges & corrections h be5 introduc$4 ,*icago1 ,janu>y1 #aije4 ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,art ,,9 ,,egypt ,,& ,,mesopotamia ,,ii4 ,,prehi/oric ,,art ,,9 ,,greece ,,iii4 ,,greek ,,ar*itecture ,,iv4 ,,greek ,,sculpture--,,g5]al ,,consid]ations ,v4 ,,! ,,ar*aic ,,p]iod ,,( ,,greek ,,sculpture1 ,,fir/ ,,half3 #fbe 787-#eej ,b4,c4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,ar*aic ,,p]iod ,,( ,,greek ,,sculpture4 ,,second ,,half3 #eej-dhj ,b4 ,c4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,transitional ,,p]iod ,,( ,,greek ,,sculpture4 #dhj-dejf4 ,c4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,great ,,age ,,( ,,greek ,,sculpture4 ,,fir/ ,,p]iod3 #dej-djj ,b4 ,c4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,great ,,age ,,( ,,greek ,,sculpture4 ,,second ,,p]iod3 #djj-cbc ,b4 ,c4 ,x4 ,,! ,,hell5i/ic ,,p]iod ,,( ,,greek ,,sculpture4 #cbc-adf ,b4 ,c4 ,,xi4 ,,greek ,,pa9t+ ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,greek ,,art4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,art ,,9 ,,egypt ,,& ,,mesopotamia4 ,! hi/ory ( ,egypt1 f ! "t ( ! e>lie/ extant monum5ts to ! absorption ( ! c\ntry 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 cov]s a space ( "s ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,?is long p]iod 0 n "o ( /agnation4 ,x is only 9 proportion to our ignorance t life 9 anci5t ,egypt seems to h be5 on "o dull1 dead level4 ,dyna/ies rose & fell4 ,=eign invad]s occupi$ ! l& & 7 expell$ aga94 ,cu/oms1 co/umes1 beliefs1 in/itutions1 und]w5t *anges4 ,( c\rse1 !n1 art did n rema9 /ation>y4 ,on ! contr>y1 x _h m>k$ vicissitudes1 n[ display+ great fre%ness & vigor1 n[ un9spir$ & monoton\s1 n[ seem+ly dead1 & n[ reviv+ to new activity4 ,9 ,babylonia we deal ) p]haps ev5 remot] p]iods ( "t1 b ! arti/ic rema9s at pres5t kn[n f t qu>t] are comp>atively scanty4 ,f ,assyria1 h[ev]1 ! daught] ( ,babylonia1 mat]ials ab\nd1 & ! hi/ory ( t c\ntry c be writt5 9 detail = a p]iod ( sev]al c5turies4 ,naturally1 !n1 ev5 a m]e sket* ( ,egyptian1 ,babylonian1 & ,assyrian art w\ld require mu* m space ?an is "h at disposal4 ,all t c be attempt$ is to pres5t a few examples & sugge/ a few g5]al notions4 ,! ma9 purpose w be to make cle>] by comp>ison & contra/ ! ess5tial qualities ( ,greek art1 to :i* ?is volume is devot$4 ,i beg9 ) ,egypt1 & (f] at ! outset a table ( ! mo/ important p]iods ( ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,! dates are tak5 f ! sket* prefix$ to ! catalogue ( ,egyptian antiquities 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,9 us+ !m ! read] mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! e>li] ,egyptian *ronology is highly unc]ta94 ,?us ! date "h sugge/$ = ! ,old ,empire1 :ile x _c be too e>ly1 may be a ?\s& ye>s too late4 ,z we come d[n1 ! m>g9 ( possible error gr[s less & less4 ,! figures assign$ to ! ,new ,empire are reg>d$ z tru/wor?y )9 a c5tury or two4 ,b only :5 we rea* ! ,saite dyna/y d we get a really precise *ronology4 ,*ief ,p]iods ( ,egyptian ,hi/ory3 ,,old ,,empire1 ) capital at ,memphis2 ,dyna/ies #d-e 7#bhjj-bejj ,b4 ,c4 or e>li]7 & ,dyna/y #f4 ,,middle ,,empire1 ) capital at ,!bes2 ,dyna/ies #aa-ac 7#bbjj-ahjj ,b4 ,c4 or e>li]74 ,,new ,,empire1 ) capital at ,!bes2 ,dyna/ies #ag-bj 7ca4 #afjj-aajj ,b4 ,c474 ,,saite ,,p]iod2 ,dyna/y #bf 7#ffc-ebe ,b4 ,c474 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ,egyptian sculptures n[ exi/+1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n e>li] ?an ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y1 is ! great ,sph9x ( ,gizeh 7,fig4 #a74 ,! creature cr\*es 9 ! des]t1 a few miles to ! nor? ( ! anci5t ,memphis1 j across ! ,nile f ! mod]n city ( ,cairo4 ,) ! body ( a lion & ! head ( a man1 x repres5t$ a sol> deity & 0 an object ( wor%ip4 ,x is hewn f ! liv+ rock & is ( colossal size1 ! height f ! base to ! top ( ! head be+ ab\t #gj feet & ! l5g? ( ! body ab\t #aej feet4 ,! paws & brea/ 7 orig9ally cov]$ ) a lime/one fac+4 ,! pres5t dilapidat$ condition ( ! monum5t is due p>tly to ! too? ( "t1 b /ill m to wanton mutilation at ! h&s ( fanatical ,mohamm$ans4 ,! body is n[ almo/ %apeless4 ,! nose1 ! be>d1 & ! l[] "p ( ! head dress are gone4 ,! face is seam$ ) sc>s4 ,yet ! /range mon/] /ill pres]ves a my/]i\s dignity1 z ?\gh x 7 gu>dian ( all ! secrets ( anci5t ,egypt1 b disda9$ to betray !m ,! art :i* conceiv$ & c>v$ ?is prodigi\s /atue1 says ,pr(essor ,masp]o ,footnote3 ,manual ( ,egyptian ,ar*aeology second edition #ahie page #bjh 0 a f9i%$ art1 an art :i* _h atta9$ self ma/]y1 & 0 sure ( its effects4 ,h[ _m c5turies _h x tak5 to arrive at ?is degree ( maturity & p]fection8 ,x is impossible to guess4 ,! long process ( self- s*ool+ 9 arti/ic me?ods :i* mu/ h prec$$ ?is "w is hidd5 f u4 ,we _c trace ! progress ( ,egyptian art f its timid1 awkw>d beg9n+s to ! days ( its consci\s p[]1 z we %all f9d ourselves able to d 9 ! case ( ,greek art4 ,! evid5ce is annihilat$1 or is hidd5 b5ea? ! s& ( ! des]t1 p]haps to be "o day reveal$4 ,%\ld t day come1 a new fir/ *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ,egyptian art w h to be writt54 ,!re are sev]al gr\ps ( pyramids1 l>ge & small at ,gizeh & else:]e1 almo/ all ( :i* belong to ! ,old ,empire4 ,! ?ree great pyramids ( ,gizeh are among ! e>lie/4 ,!y 7 built by ?ree k+s ( ! ,f\r? ,dyni/y1 ,*eops 7,*ufu71 ,*ephr5 7,*afre71 & ,myc]9us 7,m5k]e7 ,!y are gigantic sepul*ral monum5ts 9 :i* ! mummies ( ! k+s :o built !m 7 deposit$4 ,! pyramid ( ,*eops 7,fig4 #a1 at ! "r71 ! l>ge/ ( all1 0 orig9ally #dha feet #d in*es 9 height1 & 0 ?us d\btless ! l(tie/ /ructure ev] re>$ 9 pre- ,*ri/ian times4 ,! side ( ! squ>e base measur$ #gee feet #h in*es4 ,! pyramidal mass consi/s 9 ! ma9 ( blocks ( lime/one1 & ! ext]ior 0 orig9ally cas$ ) f9e lime/one1 s t ! surfaces 7 p]fectly smoo?4 ,at pres5t ! cas+ is gone1 & in/ead ( a %>p po9t at ! top !re is a plat=m ab\t ?irty feet squ>e4 ,9 ! he>t ( ! mass 0 ! granite *amb] :]e ! k+'s mummy 0 laid4 ,x 0 rea*$ by an +5i\s sy/em ( passages1 /rongly b>ricad$4 ,yet all ^! precautions 7 ineffectual to save ,k+ ,*eops f ! h& ( ! spoil]4 ,*ephr5's pyramid 7,fig4 #a1 at ! left7 is n mu* small] ?an t ( ,*eops1 its pres5t height be+ ab\t #dej feet1 :ile ! height ( ! ?ird ( ?is gr\p1 t ( ,myc]9us1 is ab\t #baj feet4 ,no wond] t ! pyramids came to be reckon$ among ! sev5 wond]s ( ! _w4 ,:ile k+s erect$ pyramids to s]ve z _! tombs1 (ficials ( high rank 7 buri$ 91 or r "u1 /ructures ( a diff]5t type1 n[ commonly kn[n "u ! ,arabic "n ( ma/abas4 ,! ma/aba may be describ$ z a block ( masonry ( lime/one or sun-dri$ brick1 oblong 9 plan1 ) ! sides built batt]+1 i4e41 slop+ inw>d1 & ) a flat top4 ,x _h no ar*itectural m]its to speak (1 & !re=e ne$ n deta9 u4 ,x is wor? rem>k+1 h[ev]1 t "s ( ^! ma/abas conta9 g5u9e ar*es1 =m$ ( unbak$ bricks4 ,! k & use ( ! ar* 9 ,egypt g back !n to at lea/ ! p]iod ( ! ,old ,empire4 ,b ! *ief int]e/ ( ! ma/abas lies 9 ! fact t !y h pres]v$ to u mo/ ( :at we possess ( e>ly ,egyptian sculpture4 ,= 9 a small1 inaccessible *amb] 7s]dab7 res]v$ 9 ! mass ( masonry 7 plac$ "o or m portrait /atues ( ! own]1 & (t5 ( 8 wife & o!r memb]s ( 8 h\sehold1 :ile ! walls ( ano!r & l>g] *amb]1 :i* s]v$ z a *apel = ! celebration ( fun]al rites1 7 (t5 cov]$ ) pa9t$ bas- reliefs1 repres5t+ sc5es f ! own]'s life or :atev] 9 ! way ( fun]al (f]+ & human activity c\ld m9i/] to 8 happ9ess4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ! portrait /atues ( ?is p]iod is ! fam\s ,%eikh-el-,bel$ 7,*ief ( ! ,village71 attribut$ to ! ,f\r? or ,fif? ,dyna/y 7,fig4 #b74 ,! "n 0 giv5 by ! ,arab workm51 :o1 :5 ! figure 0 fir/ br\ght to light 9 ! cemet]y ( ,sakk>ah1 ?\ght !y saw 9 x ! lik5ess ( _! own %eikh4 ,! man's real "n1 if he 0 ! own] ( ! ma/aba f ^: s]dab he 0 tak51 0 ,ra-em-ka4 ,! figure is less ?an life-siz$1 be+ a little ov] ?ree & "o half feet 9 height4 ,x is ( wood1 a common mat]ial = sculpture 9 ,egypt4 ,! arms 7 made sep>ately 7! left ( two pieces7 & atta*$ at ! %\ld]s4 ,! feet1 :i* _h decay$1 h be5 re/or$4 ,orig9ally ! figure 0 cov]$ ) a coat+ ( l951 & ?is ) /ucco1 pa9t$4 ,! eyeballs are ( opaque :ite qu>tz1 set 9 a bronze %ea?1 :i* =ms ! eyelids2 9 ! c5t] ( ea* !re is a bit ( rock-cry/al1 & beh9d ?is a %9+ nail ,footnote3 ,musee de ,gizeh3 ,notice ,sommaire 7#ahib74--;a contrivance :i* produces a m>vel\sly reali/ic effect4 ,! same ?+1 or some?+ l x1 is to be se5 9 o!r /atues ( ! p]iod4 ,! attitude ( ,ra-em-ka is ! usual "o ( ,egyptian /&+ figures ( all p]iods3 ! left leg is advanc$2 bo? feet are plant$ flat on ! gr\nd2 body & head face squ>ely =w>d4 ,! only deviation f ! mo/ usual type is 9 ! left arm1 :i* is b5t at ! elb[1 t ! h& may grasp ! /aff ( (fice4 ,m (t5 ! arms bo? hang at ! sides1 ! h&s cl5*$1 z 9 ! admirable lime/one figure ( ! prie/1 ,ra-n(] 7,fig4 #c74 ,! cross-legg$ scribe ( ! ,l\vre 7,fig4 #d7 illu/rates ano!r & less /]eotyp$ attitude4 ,?is figure 0 f\nd 9 ! tomb ( "o ,sekhem-ka1 along ) two /atues ( ! own] & a gr\p ( ! own]1 8 wife1 & son4 ,! scribe 0 presumably 9 ! employ ( ,sekhem-ka4 ,! figure is ( lime/one1 ! commone/ mat]ial = ^! sepul*ral /atues1 &1 accord+ to ! unv>y+ practice1 0 completely cov]$ ) color1 /ill 9 good pres]vation4 ,! fle% is ( a r$di% br[n1 ! regul> color = m54 ,! eyes are simil> to ^? ( ! ,%eikh-el- ,bel$4 ,! man is seat$ ) 8 legs cross$ "u him2 a /rip ( papyrus1 held by 8 left h&1 re/s ^u 8 lap2 8 "r h& held a p54 ,! head %[n 9 ,fig4 #e belongs to a gr\p1 if we may give t "n to two figures c>v$ f sep>ate blocks ( lime/one & seat$ /iffly side by side4 ,egyptian sculpture 9 ! r\nd nev] creat$ a g5u9e1 integral gr\p1 9 :i* two or m figures are s comb9$ t no "o is intelligible )\t ! re/2 t a*ievem5t 0 res]v$ = ! ,greeks4 ,! lady 9 ?is case 0 a pr9cess2 h] husb&1 by :om %e sits1 a high prie/ ( ,heliopolis4 ,%e is dress$ 9 a long1 :ite smock1 9 :i* !re is no indication ( folds4 ,on h] head is a wig1 f "u :i*1 9 front1 h] own hair %[s4 ,h] fle% is yell[1 ! conv5tional t9t = wom51 z br[ni% r$ 0 = m54 ,h] eyes are made ( glass4 ,! specim5s giv5 h be5 select$ ) ! purpose ( %[+ ! sculpture ( ! ,old ,empire at its be/4 ,! all-important fact to notice is ! realism ( ^! portraits4 ,we %all see t ,greek sculpture ?r\gh\t its great p]iod t5ds t[>d ! typical & ! ideal 9 ! human face & figure4 ,n s 9 ,egypt4 ,"h ! task ( ! arti/ 0 to make a c\nt]feit pres5tm5t ( 8 subject & he has a*iev$ 8 task at times ) m>vel\s skill4 ,especially ! heads ( ! be/ /atues h an individuality & lifelik5ess :i* h h>dly be5 surpass$ 9 any age4 ,b let n our admiration bl9d u to ! limitations ( ,egyptian art4 ,! sculptor nev] atta9s to fre$om 9 ! pos+ ( 8 figures4 ,:e!r ! subject sits1 /&s1 kneels1 or squats1 ! body & head always face directly =w>d4 ,& we look 9 va9 = any appreciation on ! sculptor's "p ( ! beauty ( ! a?letic body or ( ! arti/ic possibilities ( drap]y4 ,!re is m v>iety ( pose 9 ! pa9t$ bas-reliefs ) :i* ! walls ( ! ma/aba *apels are cov]$4 ,"h are sc5es ( agriculture1 cattle-t5d+1 fi%+1 bread-mak+1 & s on1 repres5t$ ) admirable vivacity1 ?\gh ) c]ta9 fix$ conv5tionalities ( /yle4 ,!re are endless ent]ta9m5t & in/ruction = u 9 ^! pictures ( old ,egyptian life4 ,yet no m "h ?an 9 ! portrait /atues d we f9d a feel+ = beauty ( =m or a poetic1 idealiz+ t\*4 ,z f ! ,old ,empire1 s f ! ,middle ,empire1 almo/ ! only works ( man surviv+ to u are tombs & _! cont5ts4 ,^! tombs h no long] ! simple ma/aba =m1 b are ei!r built up ( sun-dri$ brick 9 ! =m ( a block capp$ by a pyramid or are excavat$ 9 ! rock4 ,! =m] class (f]s little int]e/ f ! ar*itectural po9t ( view4 ,b "s ( ! rock-cut tombs ( ,b5i-hasan1 belong+ to ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y1 exhibit a feature :i* calls = m5tion4 ,^! tombs h be5 s made z to leave pill>s ( ! liv+ rock /&+1 bo? at ! entrance & 9 ! *apel4 ,! simple/ ( ^! pill>s are squ>e 9 plan & some:at tap]+4 ,o!rs1 by ! *amf]+ (f ( _! edges1 h be5 made eight-sid$4 ,a repetition ( ! process gave sixte5-sid$ pill>s4 ,! sixte5 sides 7 !n holl[$ out 7*annel$74 ,! result is illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #f4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! pill> has a l[1 r\nd base1 ) bevel$ edge2 also1 at ! top1 a squ>e abacus1 :i* is simply a piece ( ! orig9al f\r-sid$ pill>1 left unt\*$4 ,su* polygonal pill>s z ^! are commonly call$ proto-,doric columns4 ,! "n 0 giv5 9 ! belief t ^! 7 ! models f :i* ! ,greeks d]iv$ _! ,doric columns1 & ?is belief is /ill held by _m au?orities4 ,) ! ,new ,empire we beg9 to h num]\s & ext5sive rema9s ( temples1 :ile ^? ( an e>li] date h mo/ly disappe>$4 ,fig4 #g may af=d "s notion ( :at an ,egyptian temple 0 l4 ,?is "o is at ,luxor1 on ! site ( anci5t ,!bes 9 ,upp] ,egypt4 ,x is "o ( ! l>ge/ ( all1 be+ ov] #hjj feet 9 l5g?4 ,l _m o!rs1 x 0 n orig9ally plann$ on its pres5t scale1 b repres5ts two or ?ree successive p]iods ( con/ruction1 ,ramses ,,ii41 ( ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y1 hav+ giv5 x its f9al =m by add+ to an already f9i%$ build+ all t n[ /&s be=e ! second pair ( t[]s4 ,z s ext5d$1 ! build+ has ?ree pylons1 z !y are call$1 pylon be+ ! "n = ! pair ( slop+-sid$ t[]s ) gateway betwe54 ,beh9d ! fir/ pylon comes an op5 c\rt surr\nd$ by a cloi/] ) d\ble r[s ( columns4 ,! second & ?ird pylons are connect$ ) "o ano!r by a cov]$ passage--an exceptional feature4 ,!n comes a second op5 c\rt2 !n a hypo/yle hall1 i4e41 a hall ) flat ro( support$ by columns2 & f9ally1 emb$d$ 9 ! mid/ ( v>i\s *amb]s1 ! relatively small sanctu>y1 inaccessible to all save ! k+ & ! prie/s4 ,notice ! d\ble l9e ( sph9xes flank+ ! av5ue ( approa*1 ! two granite obelisks at ! entrance1 & ! f\r colossal seat$ figures 9 granite repres5t+ ,ramses ,,ii4--all *>act]i/ic features4 ,fig4 #h is tak5 f a neighbor+ & /ill m gigantic temple1 t ( ,k>nak4 ,imag9e an imm5se hall1 #agj feet deep by #cbi feet broad4 ,d[n ! middle run two r[s ( six columns ea* 7! ne>e/ ones 9 ! picture h be5 re/or$71 ne>ly sev5ty feet high4 ,!y h campani=m 7bell-%ap$7 capitals4 ,on ei!r side are sev5 r[s ( %ort] columns1 some:at m ?an =ty feet high4 ,^!1 z may be indi/9ctly se5 at ! "r ( our picture1 h capitals ( a diff]5t type1 call$1 f _! orig9 r ?an f _! actual appe>ance1 loti=m or lotus-bud capitals4 ,!re 0 a cl]e/ory ov] ! f\r c5tral r[s ( columns1 ) w9d[s 9 its walls4 ,! g5]al plan1 !re=e1 ( ?is hypo/yle hall has "s resemblance to t ( a ,*ri/ian basilica1 b ! columns are mu* m num]\s & closely set4 ,walls & columns 7 cov]$ ) hi]oglyphic texts & sculptur$ & pa9t$ sc5es4 ,! total effect ( ?is colossal piece ( ar*itecture1 ev5 9 its ru91 is "o ( ov]:elm+ maje/y4 ,no o!r "w ( human h&s /rikes ! behold] ) su* a s5se ( awe4 ,fig4 #i is a re/oration ( "o ( ! c5tral columns ( ?is hall4 ,except = "o fault1 say ,messrs4 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1,footnote3 ,hi/oire de l',art ,egypte1 page #egf4 ,! translation giv5 above diff]s f t 9 ! ,engli% edition ( ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,art 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 page #abc4 ?is column w\ld be "o ( ! mo/ admirable creations ( art2 x w\ld h>dly be inf]ior to ! mo/ p]fect columns ( ,greece4 ,! "o fault--a grave "o to a critical eye--is ! mean+less & inappropriate block ins]t$ betwe5 ! capital & ! horizontal beam :i* x is ! function ( ! column to support4 ,! type ( column us$ 9 ! side aisles ( ! hall at ,k>nak is illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #aj1 tak5 f ano!r temple4 ,x is mu* less admirable1 ! contraction ( ! capital t[>d ! top produc+ an unpleasant effect4 ,o!r specim5s ( ^! two types ( column v>y widely f ^? ( ,k>nak1 = ,egyptian ar*itects did n feel oblig$1 l ,greek ar*itects1 to con=m1 ) b slight lib]ty ( deviation1 to e/abli%$ canons ( =m & proportion4 ,nor are ^! two by any means ! only =ms ( support us$ 9 ! temple ar*itecture ( ! ,new ,empire4 ,! proto-,doric column cont9u$ 9 favor "u ! ,new ,empire1 ?\gh app>5tly n lat]2 we f9d x1 = example1 9 "s ( ! outly+ build+s at ,k>nak4 ,!n !re 0 ! column ^: capital 0 adorn$ ) f\r heads 9 relief ( ! goddess ,ha?or1 n to speak ( o!r v>ieties4 ,:atev] ! precise =m ( ! support1 x 0 always us$ to c>ry a horizontal beam4 ,al?\gh ! ,egyptians 7 famili> f v e>ly times ) ! pr9ciple ( ! ar*1 & al?\gh examples ( its use occur (t5 en\gh "u ! ,new ,empire1 we d n f9d columns or pi]s us$1 z 9 ,go?ic ar*itecture1 to c>ry a vault+4 ,9 fact1 ! g5u9e vault is abs5t f ,egyptian temple ar*itecture1 al?\gh 9 ! ,temple ( ,abydos false or corbell$ vaults 7cf4 page #di7 d occur4 ,egyptian ar*itects 7 n gift$ ) a f9e feel+ = /ructural propriety or unity4 ,a few ( _! small temples are simple & coh]5t 9 plan & fairly ta/eful 9 details4 ,b x is significant t a temple c\ld always be enl>g$ by ! addition ( p>ts n contemplat$ 9 ! orig9al design4 ,! result 9 su* a case 0 a va/1 rambl+ edifice1 ^: m]its consi/$ 9 ! impos+ "* ( individual p>ts1 r ?an 9 an organic & symmetrical relation ( p>ts to :ole4 ,/atues ( ! ,new ,empire are f> m num]\s ?an ^? ( any o!r p]iod1 b few ( !m w comp>e 9 excell5ce ) ! be/ ( ^? ( ! ,old ,empire4 ,colossal figures ( k+s ab\nd1 *isel$ ) inf9ite pati5ce f granite & o!r obdurate rocks4 ,all ^! & o!rs may be pass$ ov] 9 ord] to make room = a /atue 9 ! ,l\vre 7,fig4 #aa71 :i* is *os51 n because ( its arti/ic m]its1 b because ( its mat]ial & its subject4 ,x is ( bronze1 some:at ov] ?ree feet 9 height1 ?us be+ ! l>ge/ ,egyptian bronze /atue kn[n4 ,x 0 ca/ 9 a s+le piece1 except = ! arms1 :i* 7 ca/ sep>ately & atta*$4 ,! date ( x is 9 dispute1 "o au?ority assign+ x to ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y & ano!r br++ x d[n z late z ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,be t z x may1 ! art ( ca/+ holl[ bronze figures is ( high antiquity 9 ,egypt4 ,! figure repres5ts a hawk-head$ god1 ,horus1 :o once held up "s object1 probably a vase = libations4 ,egyptian div9ities are (t5 repres5t$ ) ! heads ( animals-- ,anubis ) ! head ( a jackal1 ,ha?or ) t ( a c[1 ,sebek ) t ( a crocodile1 & s on4 ,?is 9 itself %[s a lack ( nobility 9 ! popul> !ology4 ,moreov] x is cle> t ! be/ tal5ts ( sculptors 7 engag$ ^u portraits ( k+s & que5s & o!r human be+s1 n ^u figures ( ! gods4 ,! latt] exi/ by ! ?\s&1 to be sure1 b !y are g5]ally small /atuettes1 a few in*es high1 9 bronze1 wood1 or fai5ce4 ,& ev5 if sculptors _h be5 enc\rag$ to d _! be/ 9 body+ =? ! =ms ( gods1 !y w\ld h>dly h a*iev$ high success4 ,! exalt$ imag9ation 0 lack+4 ,among ! innum]able pa9t$ bas-reliefs cov]+ ! walls ( tombs & temples1 ^? ( ! great ,temple ( ,abydos 9 ,upp] ,egypt hold a high place4 ,"o en?usia/ic art critic has gone s f> z to pron\nce !m ! mo/ p]fect1 ! mo/ noble bas- reliefs ev] *isel$4 ,a specim5 ( ?is "w1 n[1 alas6 m defac$ ?an is "h %[n1 is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,k+ ,seti ,i4 ( ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y /&s 9 an attitude ( homage be=e a seat$ div9ity1 ( :om almo/ no?+ appe>s 9 ! illu/ration4 ,on ! palm ( 8 "r h& he holds a figure ( ,maat1 goddess ( tru?4 ,9 front ( him is a libation-/&>d1 on :i* re/s a bun* ( lotus fl[]s1 buds1 & leaves4 ,! fir/ rem>k to be made ab\t ?is "w is t x is g5u9e relief4 ,! =ms are ev]y:]e model$1 :]eas 9 mu* ( :at is commonly call$ bas-relief 9 ,egypt1 ! figures are only outl9$ & ! spaces )9 ! outl9es are left flat4 ,z reg>ds ! treatm5t ( ! human figure1 we h "h ! /]eotyp$ ,egyptian conv5tions4 ,! head1 except ! eye1 is 9 pr(ile1 ! %\ld]s 9 front view1 ! abdom5 9 ?ree-qu>t]s view1 ! legs aga9 9 pr(ile4 ,z a result ( ! di/ortion ( ! body1 ! arms are badly atta*$ at ! %\ld]s4 ,fur!rmore ! h&s1 besides be+ v badly drawn1 h 9 ?is in/ance ! appe>ance ( be+ mismat$ ) ! arms1 :ile bo? feet look l "r feet4 ,! dress consi/s ( ! usual lo9-clo? & ( a ?91 transp>5t ov]-g>m5t1 indicat$ only by a l9e 9 front & bel[4 ,n[ surely no "o w ma9ta9 t ^! me?ods & o!rs ( l sort :i* !re is no opportunity "h to illu/rate are ! mo/ arti/ic ev] devis$4 ,nev]!less s]i\s te*nical faults & %ortcom+s may coexi/ ) great m]its ( composition & expression4 ,s x is 9 ?is relief ( ,seti4 ,! design is /amp$ ) unusual ref9em5t & grace4 ,! !me is hackney$ en\gh1 b its treatm5t "h raises x above ! level ( commonplace4 ,egyptian bas-reliefs 7 always completely cov]$ ) pa9t1 laid on 9 uni=m t9ts4 ,pa9t+s on a flat surface diff] 9 no ess5tial respect f ^! pa9t$ bas-reliefs4 ,! conv5tional & untru?ful me?ods ( repres5t+ ! human =m1 z well z o!r objects--build+s1 l&scapes1 etc4--are ! same 9 ! =m] z 9 ! latt]4 ,! color+1 too1 is ( ! same sort1 !re be+ no attempt to r5d] gradations ( color due to ! play ( light & %ade4 ,fig4 #ac1 a lute-play] f a royal tomb ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 illu/rates "s ( ^! po9ts4 ,! read] :o w\ld =m an idea ( ! composition ( ext5sive sc5es mu/ consult works m especially devot$ to ,egyptian art4 ,he w be rew>d$ ) _m a vivid picture ( anci5t ,egyptian life4 ,art 0 at a l[ ebb 9 ,egypt dur+ ! c5turies ( ,libyan & ,e?iopian dom9ation :i* succe$$ ! ,new ,empire4 ,!re 0 a revival "u ! ,saite mon>*y 9 ! sev5? & six? c5turies ,b4,c4 ,to ?is p]iod is assign$ a sup]b head ( d>k gre5 /one 7,fig4 #ad71 rec5tly acquir$ by ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,x has be5 brok5 f a /&+ or kneel+ /atue4 ,! =m ( ! closely-%av5 skull & ! features ( ! /rong face1 wr9kl$ by age1 h be5 reproduc$ by ! sculptor ) unsurpassable fidelity4 ,! numb] ( works emanat+ f ! same s*ool z ?is is v small1 b 9 quality !y repres5t ! highe/ developm5t ( ,egyptian sculpture4 ,x is fit t we %\ld take our leave ( ,egyptian art ) su* a "w z ?is be=e u1 a "w :i* gives u ! qu9tess5ce ( ! arti/ic g5ius ( ! race4 ,babylonia 0 ! seat ( a civilization p]haps m ho>y ?an t ( ,egypt4 ,! kn[n rema9s ( ,babylonian art1 h[ev]1 are at pres5t f> few] ?an ^? ( ,egypt & w probably always be s4 ,!re be+ practically no /one 9 ! c\ntry & wood be+ v sc>ce1 build+s 7 con/ruct$ entirely ( bricks1 "s ( !m m]ely sun-dri$1 o!rs kiln-bak$4 ,! natural wells ( bitum5 suppli$ a t5aci\s mort>4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,g5esis ,,xi #c3 ,& !y _h brick = /one & slime _h !y = mort>4 ,! ru9s t h be5 explor$ at ,tello1 ,nippur1 & else:]e1 belong to city walls1 h\ses1 & temples4 ,! mo/ peculi> & conspicu\s feature ( ! temple 0 a l(ty rectangul> t[] ( sev]al /ages1 ea* /age small] ?an ! "o bel[ x4 ,! ar* 0 kn[n & us$ 9 ,babylonia f "t immemorial4 ,z = ! ornam5tal details ( build+s1 we "k v little ab\t !m except t l>ge use 0 made ( enamel$ bricks4 ,! only e>ly ,babylonian sculptures ( any consequ5ce t we possess are a collection ( brok5 reliefs & a doz5 sculptures 9 ! r\nd1 f\nd 9 a gr\p ( m\nds call$ ,tello & n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,! reliefs are extremely rude4 ,! /atues are mu* bett] & are !re=e probably ( lat] date1 !y are commonly assign$ by /ud5ts ( ,babylonian antiquities to ab\t #cjjj ,b4,c4 ,fig4 #ae reproduces "o ( !m4 ,! mat]ial1 z ( ! o!r /atues f\nd at ! same place1 is a d>k & excessively h>d igne\s rock 7dol]ite74 ,! p]son repres5t$ is "o ,gudea1 ! rul] ( a small semi-indep5d5t pr9cipality4 ,on 8 lap he has a tablet on :i* is engrav$ ! plan ( a =tress1 v int]e/+ to ! /ud5t ( milit>y antiquities4 ,! =ms ( ! body are surpris+ly well giv51 ev5 ! knuckles ( ! f+]s be+ indicat$4 ,z reg>ds ! drap]y1 x is notewor?y t an attempt has be5 made to r5d] folds on ! "r brea/ & ! left arm4 ,! skirt ( ! dress is cov]$ ) an inscription 9 cunei=m *>act]s4 ,fig4 #af belongs to ! same gr\p ( sculptures z ! seat$ figure j discuss$4 ,al?\gh ?is head gives no su* impression ( lifelik5ess z ! be/ ,egyptian portraits1 x yet %[s c>eful /udy4 ,*eeks1 *91 & m\? are well r5d]$4 ,! eyelids1 ?\gh too wide op51 are /ill good2 notice ! inn] corn]s4 ,! eyebr[s are less successful4 ,_! g5]al =m is t ( ! half ( a figure #h bisect$ v]tically1 & ! hairs are indicat$ by slant+ l9es arrang$ 9 h]r+-bone fa%ion4 ,altoge!r1 ! read] w probably feel m respect ?an en?usiasm = ?is e>ly ,babylonian art & w h no ke5 regret t ! specim5s ( x are s few4 ,! ,assyrians 7 by orig9 "o p ) ! ,*aldeans & 7 !re=e a bran* ( ! great ,semitic family4 ,x is n until ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c4 t ! great p]iod ( ,assyrian hi/ory beg9s4 ,!n = two & a half c5turies ,assyria 0 ! great conqu]+ p[] ( ! _w4 ,ne> ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury x 0 completely annihilat$ by a coalition ( ,babylonia & ,m$ia4 ,) an insignificant exception or two ! rema9s ( ,assyrian build+s & sculptures all belong to ! p]iod ( ,assyrian greatness4 ,! pr9cipal sites :]e explorations h be5 c>ri$ on are ,koyunjik 7,n9eveh71 ,nimr\d1 & ,khorsabad1 & ! ru9s uncov]$ are *iefly ^? ( royal palaces4 ,^! build+s 7 ( enorm\s ext5t4 ,! palace ( ,s5na*]ib at ,n9eveh1 = example1 cov]$ m ?an tw5ty acres4 ,al?\gh ! c\ntry possess$ build+ /one 9 pl5ty1 /one 0 n us$ except = sup]ficial ornam5tation1 bak$ & unbak$ bricks be+ ! ar*itect's sole reliance4 ,?is 0 a m]e bl9d foll[+ ( ! example ( ,babylonia1 f :i* ,assyria d]iv$ all its culture4 ,! palaces 7 probably only "o /ory 9 height4 ,_! pr9cipal spl5dor 0 9 _! int]ior decoration ( pa9t$ /ucco1 enamel$ bricks1 &1 above all1 pa9t$ reliefs 9 lime/one or alaba/]4 ,! great ,assyrian bas-reliefs cov]$ ! l[] portions ( ! walls ( important rooms4 ,design$ to enri* ! royal palaces1 !y drew _! pr9cipal !mes f ! occupations ( ! k+s4 ,we see ! mon>* (f]+ sacrifice be=e a div9ity1 or1 m (t51 engag$ 9 8 favorite pursuits ( w> & hunt+4 ,^! ext5sive compositions _c be adequately illu/rat$ by two or ?ree small pictures4 ,! mo/ t c be done is to %[ ! sculptor's me?od ( treat+ s+le figures4 ,fig4 #ag is a slab f ! e>lie/ s]ies we possess1 t belong+ to ! palace ( ,as%ur-nazir-pal 7#hhd-hfj ,b4,c47 at ,nimr\d4 ,x repres5ts ! k+ fac+ to "r1 ) a b[l = libation 9 8 "r h& & 8 b[ 9 8 left1 :ile a eunu* /&s front+ him4 ,! arti/ic /yle exhibit$ "h rema9s ) no ess5tial *ange ?r\gh\t ! :ole hi/ory ( ,assyrian art4 ,! figures are 9 pr(ile1 except t ! k+'s fur!r %\ld] is ?r[n =w>d 9 mu* ! fa%ion :i* we h f\nd ! rule 9 ,egypt1 & ! eyes appe> z 9 front view4 ,bo? k+ & att5dant are envelop$ 9 long robes1 9 :i* !re is no indication ( folds1 ?\gh fr+es & tassels are elaborately r5d]$4 ,! faces are ( a /rongly m>k$ ,semitic ca/1 b )\t any attempt at portraiture4 ,! hair ( ! head ends 9 sev]al r[s ( snail-%ell curls1 & ! k+'s be>d has r[s ( ^! curls alt]nat+ ) m natural-look+ portions4 ,little is display$ ( ! body except ! =e-arms1 ^: anatomy1 ?\gh intelligible1 is co>se & false4 ,z = m9or matt]s1 su* z ! too high position ( ! e>s1 & ! unnatural %ape ( ! k+'s "r h&1 x is ne$less to dwell ^u !m4 ,a cunei=m inscription runs "r across ! relief1 int]rupt$ only by ! fr+es ( ! robes4 ,fig4 #ah %[s m di/9ctly ! *>act]i/ic ,assyrian me?od ( repres5t+ ! human head4 ,"h are ! same ,semitic features1 ! eye 9 front view1 & ! /rangely curl$ hair & be>d4 ,! only novelty is ! incis$ l9e :i* m>ks ! iris ( ! eye4 ,?is peculi>ity is fir/ obs]v$ 9 "w ( ,s>gon's "t 7#gbb-gje ,b4 ,c474 ,a con/ant & /rik+ feature ( ! ,assyrian palaces 0 af=d$ by ! great1 w+$1 human-head$ bulls1 :i* flank$ ! pr9cipal doorways4 ,! "o h]e) giv5 7,fig4 #ai7 is f ,s>gon's palace at ,khorsabad4 ,! peculi> me?ods ( ,assyrian sculpture are n ill suit$ to ?is fanta/ic creature1 an embodim5t ( =ce & intellig5ce4 ,"o special peculi>ity w n escape ! att5tive obs]v]4 ,l all 8 k9d1 except 9 ,s5na*]ib's palace1 ?is bull has five legs4 ,he 0 design$ to be look$ at f directly 9 front or f ! side1 n f an int]m$iate po9t ( view4 ,assyrian art 0 n :olly )\t capacity = improvem5t4 ,"u ,as%ur-bam-pal 7#ffh-fbf71 ! ,s>danapalus ( ! ,greeks1 x rea*$ a di/9ctly high] level ?an ev] be=e4 ,x is f 8 palace at ,n9eveh t ! slab p>tially %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj 0 obta9$4 ,two demons1 ) human bodies1 arms1 & legs1 b ) lions' heads1 asses' e>s1 & eagles' talons1 confront "o ano!r angrily1 br&i%+ dagg]s 9 _! "r h&s4 ,mesopotamian art 0 fond ( su* creatures1 b we d n "k precisely :at mean+ 0 atta*$ to ! pres5t sc5e4 ,we ne$ !re=e consid] only /yli/ic qualities4 ,z ! two demons we> only %ort skirts rea*+ f ! wai/ to ! knees1 _! bodies are m expos$ ?an ^? ( m5 usually are4 ,we note ! inaccurate anatomy ( brea/1 abdom51 & back1 9 deal+ ) :i* ! sculptor _h little exp]i5ce to guide him4 ,a m>k$ diff]5ce is made betwe5 ! out] & ! inn] view ( ! leg1 ! =m] be+ treat$ 9 ! same /yle z ! arms 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! arms are "h bett]1 because less exagg]at$4 ,! junction ( human %\ld]s & animal necks is manag$ ) no sort ( v]isimilitude4 ,b ! heads1 conv5tionaliz$ ?\gh !y are1 are full ( vigor4 ,"o c almo/ he> ! angry sn>l & see ! lightn+ fla% f ! eyes4 ,x is1 9 fact1 9 ! r5d]+ ( animals t ,assyrian art atta9s to its highe/ level4 ,9 ,as%ur-bam-pal's palace ext5sive hunt+ sc5es give occasion = introduc+ horses1 dogs1 wild asses1 lions1 & lionesses1 & ^! are portray$ ) a ke5 eye = *>act]i/ic =ms & movem5ts4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ^! animal figures is ! lioness %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,! creature has be5 %ot ?r\gh ) ?ree great arr[s4 ,blood gu%es f h] w\nds4 ,h] h9d legs are p>alyz$ & drag helplessly beh9d h]4 ,yet %e /ill moves =w>d on h] =e- feet & h[ls ) rage & agony4 ,praise ( ?is admirable figure c h>dly be too /rong4 ,?is & o!rs1 ( equal m]it r$eem ,assyrian art4 ,z has be5 already intimat$1 ^! bas-reliefs 7 always color$1 ?\gh1 x w\ld seem1 only p>tially1 :]eas ,egyptian bas-reliefs 7 completely cov]$ ) color4 ,( ,assyrian /one sculpture 9 ! r\nd no?+ has yet be5 said4 ,a few pieces exi/1 b _! /yle is s ess5tially l t ( ! bas-reliefs t !y call = no sep>ate discussion4 ,m int]e/+ is ! ,assyrian "w 9 bronze4 ,! mo/ important specim5s ( ?is are "s hamm]$ reliefs1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* orig9ally adorn$ a pair ( wood5 doors 9 ! palace ( ,%almanes] ,,iii4 at ,balawat4 ,! art ( ca/+ /atuettes & /atues 9 bronze 0 also kn[n & practic$1 z x _h be5 mu* e>li] 9 ,babylonia1 b ! examples pres]v$ to u are few4 ,= ! decorative use :i* ! ,assyrians made ( color1 our pr9cipal witnesses are !n enamel$ bricks4 ,^! are ornam5t$ ) v>i\s designs--m51 g5ii1 animals1 & floral patt]ns--9 a few ri* colors1 *iefly blue & yell[4 ,( pa9t+1 except 9 ! s5se ( mural decoration1 !re is no trace4 ,egypt & ,mesopotamia are1 ( all ! c\ntries ar\nd ! ,m$it]ranean ! only seats ( an important1 indig5\s art1 ant$at+ t ( ,greece4 ,o!r c\ntries ( ,we/]n ,asia--,syria1 ,phrygia1 ,ph5icia1 ,p]sia1 & s on--seem to h be5 r recipi5ts & transmitt]s ?an orig9ators ( arti/ic influ5ces4 ,= ,egypt1 ,assyria1 & ! regions j nam$ did n rema9 isolat$ f "o ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 int]c\rse bo? fri5dly & ho/ile 0 active1 & arti/ic products1 at lea/ ( ! small & portable k9d1 7 ex*ang$4 ,! pa?s ( communication 7 _m1 b !re is reason = ?9k+ t ! ,ph5icians1 ! great trad+ nation ( e>ly times1 7 especially in/rum5tal 9 dissem9at+ arti/ic ideas4 ,to ^! influ5ces ,greece 0 expos$ be=e %e _h any great art ( h] own4 ,among ! rema9s ( prehi/oric ,greece we f9d1 besides "s objects ( =eign manufacture1 o!rs1 :i*1 ?\gh presumably ( native orig91 are yet m or less directly inspir$ by ,egyptian or ori5tal models4 ,b :5 ! true hi/ory ( ,greek art beg9s1 say ab\t #fjj ,b4 ,c41 ! influ5ces f ,egypt & ,asia s9k into insignificance4 ,x may be t ! impulse to repres5t gods & m5 9 wood or /one 0 awak5$ 9 ,greece by ! example ( old] communities4 ,x may be t "o or two types ( figures 7 sugge/$ by =eign models4 ,x may be t a h9t 0 tak5 f ,egypt = ! =m ( ! ,doric column & t ! ,ionic capital d]ives f an ,assyrian prototype4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! art ( ca/+ holl[ bronze /atues 0 borr[$ f ,egypt4 ,& x is indisputable t "s ornam5tal patt]ns us$ 9 ar*itecture & on pott]y 7 r appropriat$ ?an inv5t$ by ,greece4 ,!re is no occasion = disguis+ or und]rat+ ?is indebt$ness ( ,greece to h] eld] neighbors4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is important n to exagg]ate ! debt4 ,greek art is ess5tially self-orig9at$1 ! product ( a unique1 incommunicable g5ius4 ,z well might "o say t ,greek lit]ature is ( ,asiatic orig91 because1 =soo?1 ! ,greek alphabet came f ,ph5icia1 z call ,greek art ! (fspr+ ( ,egyptian or ori5tal art because ( ! impulses receiv$ 9 ! days ( its beg9n+4 ,footnote3 ,?is comp>ison is p]haps n orig9al ) ! pres5t writ]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,prehi/oric ,,art ,,9 ,,greece4 ,?irty ye>s ago x w\ld h be5 impossible to write ) any consid]able k ( prehi/oric art 9 ,greece4 ,! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 to be sure1 tell ( num]\s arti/ic objects1 b no def9ite pictures ( ^! 7 call$ up by ! poet's words4 ,( actual rema9s only a few 7 kn[n4 ,"s implem5ts ( /one1 ! mighty walls ( ,tiryns1 ,myc5ae1 & _m ano!r anci5t citadel1 f\r treasuries1 z !y 7 (t5 call$1 at ,myc5ae & "o at ! ,boeotian ,or*om5us--^! made up pretty ne>ly ! total ( ! visible relics ( t e>ly "t4 ,to-day ! case is f> diff]5t4 ,?anks to ! fai?1 ! lib]ality1 & ! en]gy ( ,he9ri* ,s*liemann1 an imm5se impetus has be5 giv5 to ! /udy ( prehi/oric ,greek ar*aeology4 ,8 excavations at ,troy1 ,myc5ae1 ,tiryns1 & else:]e ar\s$ ! _w4 ,he labor$1 & o!r m51 bett] tra9$ ?an he1 h ent]$ into 8 labors4 ,! mat]ial = /udy is con/antly accumulat+1 & con/ant progress is be+ made 9 classify+ & int]pret+ ?is mat]ial4 ,a civilization ant$at+ ! ,hom]ic poems /&s n[ dimly reveal$ to u4 ,myc5ae1 ! city ri* 9 gold1 ! resid5ce ( ,agamemnon1 :5ce he rul$ ov] _m isl&s & all ,argos1 ,footnote3 ,iliad ,,ii1 #ajh is se5 to h _h no m]ely leg5d>y preem95ce4 ,s conspicu\s1 9 fact1 does ,myc5ae appe> 9 ! light z well ( ar*aeology z ( epic1 t x has become common1 some:at mislead+ ?\gh x is1 to call a :ole epo* & a :ole civilization ,myc5aean4 ,?is ,myc5aean civilization 0 widely ext5d$ ov] ! ,greek isl&s & ! ea/]n portions ( cont95tal ,greece 9 ! second mill5nium be=e our era4 ,exact dates are v risky1 b x is reasonably safe to say t ?is civilization 0 9 full developm5t z e>ly z ! fifte5? c5tury ,b4,c41 & t x 0 n :olly sup]s$$ till consid]ably lat] ?an #ajjj ,b4,c4 ,x is our pres5t bus9ess to ga9 "s acqua9tance ) ?is epo* on its arti/ic side4 ,x w be readily und]/ood t our k ( ! long p]iod 9 "q is /ill v fragm5t>y1 & t1 9 ! abs5ce ( writt5 records1 our int]pretation ( ! facts is h>dly bett] ?an a grop+ 9 ! d>k4 ,=tunately we c af=d1 s f> z ! purposes ( ?is book are conc]n$1 to be cont5t ) a slight review4 ,= x seems cle> t ! ,myc5aean civilization develop$ little :i* c be call$ arti/ic 9 ! highe/ s5se ( t t]m4 ,! real hi/ory ( ,greek art--t is to say1 ( ,greek ar*itecture1 sculpture1 & pa9t+--beg9s mu* lat]4 ,nev]!less x w repay u to get "s notion1 h[ev] slight1 ( su* prehi/oric ,greek rema9s z c be includ$ "u ! broade/ acceptation ( ! ^w art4 ,9 su* a survey x is usual to give a place to e>ly walls ( =tification1 al?\gh ^!1 to be sure1 7 almo/ purely utilit>ian 9 _! "*4 ,! classic example ( ^! con/ructions is ! citadel wall ( ,tiryns 9 ,argolis4 ,fig4 #bb %[s a portion ( ?is =tification on ! ea/ side1 ) ! pr9cipal approa*4 ,huge blocks ( r\ghly dress$ lime/one--"s ( ^? 9 ! l[] c\rses e/imat$ to weigh ?irte5 or f\rte5 tons apiece--are pil$ "o ^u ano!r1 ! int]/ices hav+ be5 fill$ ) clay & small] /ones4 ,?is wall is ( v>y+ ?ickness1 av]ag+ at ! bottom ab\t tw5ty-five feet4 ,at two places1 viz41 at ! s\? end & on ! ea/ side ne> ! s\!a/ corn]1 ! ?ickness is increas$1 9 ord] to give room 9 ! wall = a r[ ( /ore *amb]s ) communicat+ gall]y4 ,fig4 #bc %[s "o ( ^! gall]ies 9 its pres5t condition4 ,x w be se5 t ! ro( has be5 =m$ by pu%+ ! successive c\rses ( /ones fur!r & fur!r inw>d f bo? sides until !y meet4 ,! result is 9 =m a vault1 b ! pr9ciple ( ! ar* is n !re1 inasmu* z ! /ones are n jo9t$ radially1 b lie on approximately horizontal b$s4 ,su* a con/ruction is sometimes call$ a corbell$ ar* or vault4 ,simil> walls to ^? ( ,tiryns are f\nd 9 _m places1 ?\gh n[h]e else are ! blocks ( su* gigantic size4 ,! ,greeks ( ! hi/orical p]iod ,view$ ^! impos+ /ructures ) z mu* a/oni%m5t z d we1 & attribut$ !m 7( at lea/ ^? 9 ,argohs7 to ! ,cyclopes1 a my?ical folk1 conceiv$ 9 ?is connection z masons ( sup]human /r5g?4 ,h5ce ! adjective ,cyclopian or ,cyclopean1 ^: mean+ v>ies un=tunately 9 mod]n usage1 b :i* is be/ re/rict$ to walls ( ! ,tiryn?ian type2 t is to say1 walls built ( l>ge blocks n accurately fitt$ toge!r1 ! int]/ices be+ fill$ ) small /ones4 ,?is /yle ( masonry seems to be always ( e>ly date ,portions ( ! citadel wall ( ,myc5ae are ,cyclopean4 ,o!r portions1 q probably ( lat] date1 %[ a v diff]5t "* 7,fig4 #bd74 ,"h ! blocks on ! out] surface ( ! wall1 ?\gh irregul> 9 %ape4 are fitt$ toge!r ) close jo9ts4 ,?is /yle ( masonry is call$ polygonal & is to be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ,cyclopean1 z above def9$4 ,f9ally1 /ill o!r portions ( ?is same ,myc5aean wall %[ on ! outside a ne> approa* to :at is call$ a%l> masonry1 9 :i* ! blocks are rectangul> & laid 9 ev5 horizontal c\rses4 ,?is is ! case ne> ! ,lion ,gate1 ! pr9cipal entrance to ! citadel4 7,fig4 #be7 ,next to ! walls ( =tification ! mo/ num]\s e>ly rema9s ( ! build]'s art 9 ,greece are ! bee-hive tombs ( :i* _m examples h be5 discov]$ 9 ,argolis1 ,laconia1 ,attica1 ,boeotia1 ,!ssaly1 & ,crete4 ,at ,myc5ae alone !re are eight n[ kn[n1 all ( !m outside ! citadel4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ impos+ ( ^!1 & inde$ ( ! entire class1 is ! "o commonly ref]r$ to by ! mislead+ "n ( ! ,treasury ( ,atreus4 ,fig #bf gives a section ?r\gh ?is tomb4 ,a /raight passage1 ,a ,b1 flank$ by walls ( a%l> masonry & op5 to ! sky1 leads to a doorway1 ,b4 ,?is doorway1 once clos$ ) heavy doors1 0 fram$ ) an elaborate ai*itectural composition1 ( :i* only small fragm5ts n[ exi/ & ^! widely disp]s$ 9 ,london1 ,b]l91 ,c>lsruhe1 ,muni*1 ,a!ns1 & ,myc5ae itself4 ,9 ! decoration ( ?is facade rosettes & runn+ spirals play$ a conspicu\s "p1 & on ei!r side ( ! doorway /ood a column :i* tap]$ d[nw>ds & 0 ornam5t$ ) spirals arrang$ 9 zigzag b&s4 ,?is d[nw>d-tap]+ column1 s unlike ! columns ( classic times1 seems to h be5 9 common use 9 ,myc5aean ar*itecture4 ,inside ! doors comes a %ort passage1 ,b ,c1 ro($ by two huge l9tel blocks1 ! inn] "o ( :i* is e/imat$ to weigh #acb tons4 ,! pr9cipal *amb]1 ,d1 :i* is emb$d$ 9 ! hill1 is circul> 9 plan1 ) a l[] diamet] ( ab\t =ty-sev5 feet4 ,its wall is =m$ ( horizontal c\rses ( /one1 ea* pu%$ fur!r inw>d ?an ! "o bel[ x1 until ! op5+ 0 small en\gh to be cov]$ by a s+le /one4 ,! me?od ( ro(+ is !re=e id5tical 9 pr9ciple ) t us$ 9 ! gall]ies & /ore *amb]s ( ,tiryns2 b "h ! blocks h be5 mu* m c>efully work$ & accurately fitt$1 & ! expos$ ends h be5 s bevel$ z to give to ! :ole int]ior a smoo?1 curv$ surface4 ,num]\s horizontal r[s ( small holes exi/1 only p>tly indicat$ 9 our illu/ration1 beg9n+ 9 ! f\r? c\rse f ! bottom & cont9u+ at int]vals probably to ! top4 ,9 "s ( ^! holes bronze nails /ill rema94 ,^! mu/ h s]v$ = ! atta*m5t ( "s sort ( bronze decoration4 ,! mo/ c>eful /udy ( ! disposition ( ! holes has l$ to ! conclusion t ! f\r? & fif? c\rses 7 completely cov]$ ) bronze plates1 presumably ornam5t$1 & t above ?is !re 7 r[s ( s+le ornam5ts1 possibly rosettes4 ,fig4 #bg w give "s idea ( ! pres5t appe>ance ( ?is *amb]1 :i* is /ill complete1 except = ! loss ( ! bronze decoration & two or ?ree /ones at ! top4 ,! small doorway :i* is se5 "h1 z well z 9 ,fig4 #bf1 leads into a rectangul> *amb]1 hewn 9 ! liv+ rock4 ,?is is mu* small] ?an ! ma9 *amb]4 ,at ,or*om5us 9 ,boeotia are ! ru9s ( a tomb sc>cely inf]ior 9 size to ! ,treasury ( ,atreus & once sc>cely less magnific5t4 ,"h too1 besides ! bee-hive con/ruction1 !re 0 a lat]al1 rectangul> *amb]--a feature :i* occurs only 9 ^! two cases4 ,excavations conduct$ "h by ,s*liemann 9 #ahhj-ha br\ght to light ! brok5 fragm5ts ( a ceil+ ( gre5i% s*i/ ) :i* ?is lat]al *amb] 0 once cov]$4 ,fig4 #bh %[s ?is ceil+ re/or$4 ,! beautiful sculptur$ decoration consi/s ( elem5ts :i* recur 9 almo/ ! same comb9ation on a fragm5t ( pa9t$ /ucco f ! palace ( ,tiryns4 ,! patt]n is d]iv$ f ,egypt4 ,! two /ructures j describ$ 7 long ago brok5 into & despoil$4 ,if !y /ood alone1 we c\ld only guess at _! orig9al purpose4 ,b "s o!r examples ( ! same class h be5 left unmole/$ or less completely ransack$1 until 9 rec5t ye>s !y c\ld be /udi$ by sci5tific inve/igators4 ,fur!rmore we h ! evid5ce ( num]\s rock-cut *amb]s ( analog\s %ape1 _m ( :i* h be5 rec5tly op5$ 9 a virg9 condition4 ,?us x has be5 put beyond a d\bt t ^! subt]ranean beehive *amb]s 7 sepul*ral monum5ts1 ! bodies hav+ be5 laid 9 graves )94 ,! l>ge/ & be/ built ( ^! tombs1 if n all1 mu/ h belong$ to pr9cely families4 ,ev5 ! dwell+-h\ses ( ! *iefta9s :o rul$ at ,tiryns & ,myc5ae are kn[n to u by _! rema9s4 ,! palace ( ,tiryns occupi$ ! entire s\!rn end ( ! citadel1 )9 ! massive walls above describ$4 ,its ru9s 7 uncov]$ 9 #ahhd- #he4 ,! plan & ! l[] portions ( ! walls ( an ext5sive complex ( gateways1 op5 c\rts1 & clos$ rooms 7 ?us reveal$4 ,!re are rema9s ( a simil> build+ at ,myc5ae1 b less well pres]v$1 :ile ! citadels ( ,a!ns & ,troy pres5t /ill m scanty traces ( an analog\s k9d4 ,! walls ( ! ,tiryn?ian palace 7 n built ( gigantic blocks ( /one1 su* z 7 us$ 9 ! citadel wall4 ,t w\ld h be5 a reckless wa/e ( labor4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y 7 built p>tly ( small irregul> pieces ( /one1 p>tly ( sun-dri$ bricks4 ,clay 0 us$ to hold ^! mat]ials toge!r1 & beams ( wood 7bond timb]s7 7 laid l5g?wise "h & !re 9 ! wall to give additional /r5g?4 ,:]e columns 7 ne$$1 !y 7 9 e case ( wood1 & consequ5tly h long s9ce decompos$ & disappe>$4 ,consid]able rema9s1 h[ev]1 7 f\nd ( ! decorations ( ! int]ior4 ,?us !re are bits ( :at mu/ once h be5 a beautiful frieze ( alaba/]1 inlaid ) pieces ( blue glass4 ,a re/or$ piece ( ?is1 suffici5t to give ! patt]n1 is se5 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,ess5tially ! same design1 some:at simplifi$1 occurs on objects ( /one1 ivory1 & glass f\nd at ,myc5ae2 & 9 a bee-hive tomb ( ,attica4 ,aga91 !re are fragm5ts ( pa9t$ /ucco :i* decorat$ ! walls ( rooms 9 ! palace ( ,tiryns4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! fragm5ts is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,a yell[ & r$ bull is repres5t$ aga9/ a blue backgr\nd1 gallop+ furi\sly to left1 tail 9 air4 ,above him is a man ( sl5d] build1 ne>ly nak$4 ,) 8 "r h& ! man grasps "o ( ! bull's horns2 8 "r leg is b5t at ! knee & ! foot seems to t\* ) its toes ! bull's back2 8 out/ret*$ left leg is rais$ high 9 air4 ,we h sev]al simil> repres5tations on objects ( ! ,myc5aean p]iod1 ! mo/ int]e/+ ( :i* w be pres5tly describ$ 7see page #fg74 ,! comp>ison ( ^! ) "o ano!r leaves little room = d\bt t ! ,tiryn?ian fresco 0 int5d$ to portray ! *ase ( a wild bull4 ,b :at does ! man's position signify8 ,has he be5 toss$ into ! air by ! infuriat$ animal8 ,has he adv5tur\sly vault$ ^u ! creature's back8 ,or did ! pa9t] mean him to be runn+ on ! gr\nd1 &1 f9d+ ! problem ( draw+ ! two figures 9 _! prop] relation too mu* = 8 simple skill1 did he adopt ! *ild-l exp$i5t ( putt+ "o above ! o!r8 ,?is la/ seems mu* ! mo/ probable explanation1 especially z ! same exp$i5t is to be se5 9 sev]al o!r designs belong+ to ?is p]iod4 ,at ,myc5ae also1 bo? 9 ! pr9cipal palace :i* corresponds to t ( ,tiryns & 9 a small] h\se1 rema9s ( wall-frescoes h be5 f\nd4 ,^!1 l ^? ( ,tiryns1 consi/$ p>tly ( m]ely ornam5tal patt]ns1 p>tly ( g5u9e pictures1 ) human & animal figures4 ,b no?+ has !re come to light at once s well pres]v$ & s spirit$ z ! bull-fresco f ,tiryns4 ,pa9t+ 9 ! ,myc5aean p]iod seems to h be5 ne>ly1 if n entirely1 conf9$ to ! decoration ( h\se-walls & ( pott]y4 ,simil>ly sculpture _h no exi/5ce z a great1 indep5d5t art4 ,!re is no trace ( any /atue 9 ! r\nd ( life-size or any?+ approa*+ t4 ,?is agrees ) ! impression we get f ! ,hom]ic poems1 :]e1 ) possibly "o exception1 ,footnote3 ,iliad ,,vi1 #bgc1 #cjc4 !re is no allusion to any sculptur$ image4 ,!re are1 to be sure1 primitive /atuettes1 "o class ( :i*1 v rude & e>ly1 9 fact pre-,myc5aean 9 "*1 is illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #ca4 ,images ( ?is sort h be5 f\nd pr9cipally on ! isl&s ( ! ,greek ,ar*ipelago4 ,!y are made ( m>ble or lime/one1 & repres5t a nak$ female figure /&+ /iffly erect1 ) arms cross$ 9 front bel[ ! brea/s4 ,! head1 is ( extraord9>y rud5ess1 ! face ( a horse-%oe %ape1 (t5 ) no feature except a long triangul> nose4 ,:at religi\s ideas 7 associat$ ) ^! b>b>\s little images by _! possessors we c h>dly guess4 ,we %all see t :5 a truly ,greek art came into be+1 figures ( goddesses & wom5 7 decor\sly clo!d4 ,excavations on ,myc5aean sites h yield$ quantities ( small figures1 *iefly ( pa9t$ t]ra-cotta 7cf4 ,fig4 #dc71 b also ( bronze or lead4 ,( sculpture on a l>g] scale we possess no?+ except ! grave/ones f\nd at ,myc5ae & ! relief :i* has giv5 a "n1 albeit an inaccurate "o1 to ! ,lion ,gate4 ,! grave/ones are probably ! e>li]4 ,!y 7 f\nd )9 a circul> enclosure j inside ! ,lion ,gate1 above a gr\p ( six graves--! s-call$ pit-graves or %aft-graves ( ,myc5ae4 ,! be/ pres]v$ ( ^! grave/ones is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,! field1 bord]$ by a d\ble fillet1 is divid$ horizontally into two p>ts4 ,! upp] "p is fill$ ) an +5i\sly contriv$ sy/em ( runn+ spirals4 ,bel[ is a battle-sc5e3 a man 9 a *>iot is driv+ at full spe$1 & 9 front !re is a nak$ foot soldi] 7enemy871 ) a sword 9 8 uplift$ left h&4 ,spirals1 app>5tly mean+less1 fill 9 ! vacant spaces4 ,! te*nique is v simple4 ,! figures hav+ be5 outl9$1 ! backgr\nd has be5 cut away to a %all[ dep?2 )9 ! outl9es !re is no model+1 ! surfaces be+ left flat4 ,x is ne$less to dwell on ! %ortcom+s ( ?is "w1 b x is wor? :ile to rem9d ! read] t ! grave/one commemorates "o :o mu/ h be5 an important p]sonage1 probably a *iefta91 & t ! be/ available tal5t w\ld h be5 secur$ = ! purpose4 ,! fam\s relief above ! ,lion ,gate ( ,myc5ae 7,figs4 #be1 #cc71 ?\gh probably ( some:at lat] date ?an ! sculptur$ grave/ones1 is /ill g5]ally believ$ to g well back into ! second mill5nium be=e ,*ri/4 ,x repres5ts two lionesses 7n lions7 fac+ "o ano!r 9 h]aldic fa%ion1 _! =e-paws re/+ on :at is probably to be call$ an alt> or pair1 ( alt>s2 betwe5 !m is a column1 :i* tap]s d[nw>d 7cf4 ! columns ( ! ,treasury ( ,atreus1 page #ec71 surm\nt$ by :at seems to be a sugge/ion ( an entablature4 ,! heads ( ! lionesses1 orig9ally made ( sep>ate pieces & atta*$1 h be5 lo/4 ,o!rwise ! "w is 9 good pres]vation1 9 spite ( its un9t]rupt$ exposure = m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,! te*nique is q diff]5t f t ( ! grave/ones1 = all p>ts ( ! relief are c>efully model$4 ,! tru? to nature is also f> great] "h1 ! animals be+ tol]ably life-l4 ,! design is "o :i* recurs ) v>iations on two or ?ree engrav$ gems ( ! ,myc5aean p]iod 7cf ,fig4 #dj71 z well z 9 a s]ies ( lat] ,phrygian reliefs 9 /one4 ,plac$ 9 ?is conspicu\s position above ! pr9cipal entrance to ! citadel1 x may p]haps h symboliz$ ! p[] ( ! city & its rul]s4 ,if sculpture 9 /one appe>s to h be5 v little practic$ 9 ! ,myc5aean age1 ! arts ( ! goldsmi?1 silv]smi?1 gem- engrav]1 & ivory c>v] 7 9 great requisition4 ,! %aft- graves ( ,myc5ae conta9$1 besides o!r ?+s1 a ri* treasure ( gold objects--masks1 dr9k+-cups1 diadems1 e>-r+s1 f+]-r+s1 & s on1 also sev]al silv] vases4 ,"o ( ! latt] may be se5 9 ,fig4 #dc4 ,x is a l>ge j>1 ab\t two & "o half feet 9 height1 decorat$ bel[ ) horizontal flut+s & above ) cont9u\s spirals 9 rep\sse 7i4e41 hamm]$7 "w4 ,mo/ ( ! gold objects mu/ be pass$ ov]1 int]e/+ ?\gh _m ( !m are4 ,b we may pause a mom5t ov] a gr\p ( circul> ornam5ts 9 ?9 gold-leaf ab\t two & "o half in*es 9 diamet]1 ( :i* #gja specim5s 7 f\nd1 all 9 a s+le grave4 ,! patt]ns on ^! discs 7 n execut$ ) a free h&1 b by means ( a mold4 ,!re are f\rte5 patt]ns 9 all1 "s ( !m made up ( spirals & s]p5t9e curves1 o!rs d]iv$ f vegetable & animal =ms4 ,two ( ! latt] class are %[n 9 ,figs4 #cd1 #ce4 ,"o is a butt]fly1 ! o!r a cuttle- fi%1 bo? ( !m skilfully conv5tionaliz$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note h[ ! ant5nae ( ! butt]fly & /ill m ! arms ( ! cuttle-fi% are made to end 9 ! favorite spiral4 ,! sculptures & gold objects :i* h be5 ?us f> describ$ or ref]r$ to 7 9 all probability execut$ by native1 or at any rate by resid5t1 workm51 ?\gh "s ( ! patt]ns cle>ly betray ori5tal influ5ce4 ,o!r objects mu/ h be51 o!rs may h be51 actually import$ f ,egypt or ! ,ea/4 ,x is impossible to draw ! l9e ) c]ta9ty betwe5 native & import$4 ,?us ! admirable silv] head ( a c[ f "o ( ! %aft-graves 7,fig4 #cf7 has be5 claim$ z an ,egyptian or a ,ph5ician production1 b ! evid5ce adduc$ is n decisive4 ,simil>ly ) ! fragm5t ( a silv] vase %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg4 ,?is has a design 9 relief 7rep\sse7 repres5t+ ! siege ( a wall$ t[n or citadel4 ,on ! walls is a gr\p ( wom5 mak+ frantic ge/ures4 ,! def5d]s1 mo/ ( !m nak$1 are arm$ ) b[s & arr[s & sl+s4 ,on ! gr\nd lie sl+-/ones & ?r[+-/icks1,footnote3 ,s expla9$ by ,mr ,a4 ,j4 ,evans 9 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ,,xiii41 page #aii4 :i* may be suppos$ to h be5 hurl$ by ! enemy4 ,9 ! backgr\nd !re are f\r nondescript trees1 p]haps int5d$ = olive trees4 ,ano!r v>iety ( ,myc5aean metal-"w is ( a mu* high] ord] ( m]it ?an ! dramatic b rude relief on ?is silv] vase4 ,i ref] to a numb] ( inlaid dagg]-blades1 :i* 7 f\nd 9 two ( ! %aft-graves4 ,fig4 #ch reproduces "o side ( ! f9e/ ( ^!4 ,x is ab\t n9e in*es long4 ,! blade is ( bronze1 :ile ! rivets by :i* ! h&le 0 atta*$ are ( gold4 ,! design 0 inlaid 9 a sep>ate ?9 slip ( bronze1 :i* 0 !n ins]t$ into a s9k+ on ! blade4 ,! mat]ials us$ are v>i\s4 ,! lions & ! nak$ p>ts ( ! m5 are ( gold1 ! %ields & trunks ( ! m5 ( electrum 7a mixture ( gold & silv]71 ! hair ( ! m51 ! manes ( ! lions1 & "s o!r details ( an unid5tifi$ d>k sub/ance2 ! backgr\nd1 to ! edges ( ! ins]t$ slip1 0 cov]$ ) a black enamel4 ,! sc5e is a lion-hunt4 ,f\r m51 "o arm$ only ) a b[1 ! o!rs ) lances & huge %ields ( two diff]5t =ms1 are attack+ a lion4 ,a fif? hunt] has fall5 & lies "u ! lion's =e-paws4 ,! bea/ has already be5 run ?r\gh ) a lance1 ! po9t ( :i* is se5 protrud+ f 8 haun*2 b he /ill %[s fight1 :ile 8 two companions da% away at full spe$4 ,! design is skilfully compos$ to fill ! triangul> space1 & ! attitudes ( m5 & bea/s are v>i$1 expressive1 & fairly tru?ful4 ,ano!r ( ^! dagg]-blades has a repres5tation ( pan!rs hunt+ ducks by ! banks ( a riv] 9 :i* :at may be lotus plants are gr[+1 ,! lotus w\ld po9t t[>d ,egypt z ! ultimate s\rce ( ! design4 ,moreov]1 a dagg] ( simil> te*nique has be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt 9 ! tomb ( a que5 belong+ to ! end ( ! ,sev5te5? ,dyna/y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! dress & ! %ields ( ! m5 engag$ 9 ! lion-hunt are id5tical ) ^? on a numb] ( o!r ,myc5aean articles--gems1 /atuettes1 etc4--:i* x is difficult to reg>d z all ( =eign importation4 ,! probability1 !n1 seems to be t :ile ! te*nique ( ! dagg]-blades 0 directly or indirectly d]iv$ f ,egypt1 ! specim5s f\nd at ,myc5ae 7 ( local manufacture4 ,! greate/ triumph ( ! goldsmi?'s art 9 ! ,myc5aean p]iod does n come f ,myc5ae4 ,! two gold cups %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci 7 f\nd 9 #ahhh 9 a bee-hive tomb at ,vaphio 9 ,laconia4 ,ea* cup is d\ble2 t is to say1 !re is an out] cup1 :i* has be5 hamm]$ into %ape f a s+le disc ( gold & :i* is !re=e )\t a jo9t1 & an inn] cup1 simil>ly made1 ^: upp] edge is b5t ov] ! out] cup s z to hold ! two toge!r4 ,! horizontal p>ts ( ! h&les are atta*$ by rivets1 :ile ! int]v5+ v]tical cyl9d]s are sold]$4 ,! designs 9 rep\sse "w are evid5tly p5dants to "o ano!r4 ,! fir/ repres5ts a hunt ( wild bulls4 ,"o bull1 ^: appe>ance indicates ! highe/ pit* ( fury1 has da%$ a w\ld-be captor to e>? & is n[ toss+ ano!r on 8 horns4 ,a second bull1 entangl$ 9 a /\t net1 wri!s & bell[s 9 ! va9 ef=t to escape4 ,a ?ird gallops at full spe$ f ! sc5e ( 8 comrade's captivity4 ,! o!r design %[s u f\r tame bulls4 ,! fir/ submits ) evid5t impati5ce to 8 ma/]4 ,! next two /& quietly1 ) an almo/ comical effect ( good nature & cont5tm5t4 ,! f\r? advances sl[ly1 br[s+4 ,9 ea* composition ! gr\nd is indicat$1 n only b5ea? ! m5 & animals1 b above !m1 :]ev] ! design af=ds room4 ,x is an example ( ! same naive p]spective :i* seems to h be5 employ$ 9 ! ,tiryn?ian bull-fresco 7,fig4 #cj74 ,! m51 too1 are ( ! same build "h z !re1 & ! bulls h simil>ly curv+ horns4 ,!re are sev]al trees on ! cups1 two ( :i* are cle>ly *>act]iz$ z palms1 :ile ! o!rs resemble ^? 9 ,fig4 #cg1 & may be int5d$ = olives4 ,! bulls are r5d]$ ) amaz+ _s & und]/&+4 ,true1 !re are palpable defects1 if "o exam9es closely4 ,= example1 ! position ( ! bull 9 ! net is q impossible4 ,b 9 g5]al ! attitudes & expressions are z lifelike z !y are v>i$4 ,evid5tly we h "h ! "w ( an arti/ :o drew 8 inspiration directly f nature4 ,engrav$ gems 7 9 great dem& 9 ! ,myc5aean p]iod1 be+ worn z ornam5tal beads1 & ! "w ( ! gem-engrav]1 l t ( ! goldsmi?1 exhibits excell5t qualities4 ,! usual mat]ial 0 "s v>iety ( ornam5tal /one--agate1 jasp]1 rock-cry/al1 etc4 ,!re are two pr9cipal %apes1 ! "o l5ticul>1 ! o!r elongat$ or gl&ul> 7,figs4 #dj1 #da74 ,! designs are engrav$ 9 intaglio1 b1 our illu/rations be+ made1 z is usual1 f pla/] impressions1 !y appe> z cameos4 ,among ! subjects ! lion plays an important "p1 sometimes repres5t$ s+ly1 sometimes 9 pairs1 sometimes dev\r+ a bull or /ag4 ,cattle1 goats1 de]1 & fanta/ic creatures 7sph9xes1 griff9s1 etc47 are also common4 ,s are human figures1 (t5 engag$ 9 w> or ! *ase4 ,9 ! be/ ( ^! gems ! "w is execut$ ) great c>e1 & ! designs1 ?\gh (t5 inaccurate1 are nev]!less vigor\s4 ,v commonly1 h[ev]1 ! di/ortion ( ! figure is c>ri$ beyond all b\nds4 ,fig4 #dj 0 select$ = illu/ration1 n because x is a p>ticul>ly favorable specim5 ( its class1 b because x (f]s an int]e/+ analogy to ! relief above ! ,lion ,gate4 ,x repres5ts two lions rampant1 _! =e-paws re/+ on an alt> 7871 _! heads1 oddly en\gh1 comb9$ into "o4 ,! column :i* figures 9 ! relief above ! gate is abs5t f ! gem1 b is f\nd on ano!r specim5 f ,myc5ae1 :]e ! animals1 h[ev]1 are w+$ griff9s4 ,fig4 #da has only a /&+ man1 ( ! wasp-wai/$ figure & we>+ ! girdle ) :i* o!r repres5tations h n[ made u famili>4 ,x rema9s to glance at ! mo/ important e>ly v>ieties ( ,greek pott]y4 ,we ne$ n /op "h to /udy ! rude1 unpa9t$1 mo/ly h&-made vases f ! e>lie/ /rata at ,troy & ,tiryns1 nor ! m develop$1 yet /ill primitive1 w>e ( ! isl& ( ,!ra4 ,b ! ,myc5aean pott]y is ( too great importance to be pass$ ov]4 ,?is 0 ! *>act]i/ic w>e ( ! ,myc5aean civilization4 ,! probability is t x 0 manufactur$ at sev]al diff]5t places1 ( :i* ,myc5ae may h be5 "o & p]haps ! mo/ important4 ,x 0 an article ( export & ?us f\nd its way ev5 into ,egypt1 :]e specim5s h be5 discov]$ 9 tombs ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y & lat]4 ,! v>iations 9 =m & ornam5tation are consid]able1 z is natural ) an article ^: production 0 c>ri$ on at diff]5t c5t]s & dur+ a p]iod ( c5turies4 ,fig4 #db %[s a few ( ! *>act]i/ic %apes & decorations2 "s additional pieces may be se5 9 ,fig4 #dc4 ,! ,myc5aean vases are mo/ly :eel-made4 ,! decoration1 9 ! great majority ( examples1 is appli$ 9 a lu/r\s color1 g5]ally r$1 %ad+ to br[n or black4 ,! favorite elem5ts ( design are b&s & spirals & a v>iety ( animal & vegetable =ms1 *iefly m>9e4 ,?us ! vase at ! bottom ( ,fig4 #db1 on ! left1 has a conv5tionaliz$ nautilus2 ! "o at ! top1 on ! "r1 %[s a pair ( lily-l plants2 & ! jug 9 ! middle ( ,fig4 #dc is cov]$ ) ! /alks & leaves ( :at is p]haps meant = seawe$4 ,quadrup$s & m5 belong to ! late/ p]iod ( ! /yle1 ! vase-pa9t]s ( ! e>ly & c5tral ,myc5aean p]iods hav+ ab/a9$1 = "s reason or o!r1 f ^? subjects :i* =m$ ! /ock 9 trade ( ! gem-engrav]s4 ,! ,myc5aean pott]y 0 gradually sup]s$$ by pott]y ( an ess5tially diff]5t /yle1 call$ ,geometric1 f ! "* ( its pa9t$ decorations4 ,x is impossible to say :5 ?is /yle made its fir/ appe>ance 9 ,greece1 b x seems to h fl\ri%$ = "s hundr$s ( ye>s & to h la/$ till z late z ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,x falls into sev]al local v>ieties1 ( :i* ! mo/ important is ! ,a!nian4 ,?is is commonly call$ ,dipylon pott]y1 f ! fact t ! cemet]y ne> ! ,dipylon1 ! *ief gate ( anci5t ,a!ns1 has suppli$ ! greate/ numb] ( specim5s4 ,"s ( ^! ,dipylon vases are ( great size & s]v$ z fun]al monum5ts4 ,fig4 #dd gives a good example ( ?is class4 ,x is f\r feet high4 ,bo? ! %ape & ! decoration are v diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,myc5aean /yle4 ,! surface is almo/ completely cov]$ by a sy/em ( ornam5t 9 :i* zigzags1 me&]s1 & gr\ps ( conc5tric circles play an important "p4 ,9 ?is sy/em ( ,geometric patt]ns zones or friezes are res]v$ = designs into :i* human & animal figures ent]4 ,! c5t] ( int]e/ is 9 ! middle ( ! upp] frieze1 betwe5 ! h&les4 ,"h we see a corpse ^u a fun]al bi]1 drawn by a two-horse wagon4 ,to "r & left are m\rn]s arrang$ 9 two r[s1 "o above ! o!r4 ,! l[] frieze1 :i* encircles ! vase ab\t at its middle1 consi/s ( a l9e ( two-horse *>iots & _! driv]s4 ,! draw+ ( ^! designs is illu/rat$ on a l>g] scale on ! "r & left ( ! vase 9 ,fig4 #dd2 x is m *ildi% ?an any?+ we h se5 f ! ,myc5aean p]iod4 ,! horses h ?9 bodies1 legs1 & necks1 & _! heads look z mu* l fi%es z any?+4 ,! m5 & wom5 are j z bad4 ,_! heads %[ no feature save1 at mo/1 a dot = ! eye & a projection = ! nose1 ) n[ & !n a sort ( tassel = ! hair2 _! bodies are triangul>1 except ^? ( ! *>iote]s1 ^: %ape is p]haps d]iv$ f "o =m ( ,greek %ield2 _! ?9 arms1 ( v>y+ l5g?s1 are entirely de/itute ( natural %ape2 _! long legs1 ?\gh ?igh & calf are di/+ui%$1 are only a %ade m l reality ?an ! arms4 ,su* incapacity on ! "p ( ! design] w\ld be h>d to expla91 7 he to be reg>d$ z ! direct heir ( ! ,myc5aean culture4 ,b ! s\rces ( ! ,geometric /yle are probably to be s\ght among o!r tribes ?an ^? :i* 7 dom9ant 9 ! days ( ,myc5ae's spl5dor4 ,greek tradition tells ( a great movem5t ( population1 ! s-call$ ,dorian migration1 :i* took place "s c5turies be=e ! beg9n+ ( record$ hi/ory 9 ,greece4 ,if t invasion & conque/ ( ,peloponnesus by rud] tribes f ! ,nor? be a fact1 !n ! hypo!sis is a plausible "o :i* w\ld connect ! gradual disappe>ance ( ,myc5aean art ) t great *ange4 ,geometric art1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 w\ld h orig9at$ ) ! tribes :i* n[ came to ! =e4 ,besides ! ,geometric pott]y & its (f%oots1 sev]al o!r local v>ieties 7 produc$ 9 ,greece 9 ! eigh? & sev5? c5turies4 ,^! are sometimes gr\p$ toge!r "u ! "n ( ori5taliz+ /yles1 because1 9 a great] or less degree1 !y %[ 9 _! ornam5tation ! influ5ce ( ori5tal models1 ( :i* ! pure ,geometric /yle betrays no trace4 ,x is impossible "h to describe all ^! local w>es1 b a s+le plate f ,rhodes 7,fig4 #de7 may s]ve to illu/rate ! degree ( pr(ici5cy 9 ! draw+ ( ! human figure :i* _h be5 atta9$ ab\t ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,additional int]e/ is l5t to ?is design by ! names atta*$ to ! ?ree m54 ,! combatants are ,m5elaus & ,hector2 ! fall5 w>rior is ,euphorbus4 ,"h = ! fir/ "t we f9d depict$ a sc5e f ! ,trojan ,w>4 ,f ?is "t on ! epic leg5ds =m a l>ge "p ( ! rep]tory ( ! vase-pa9t]s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,greek ,,ar*itecture4 ,! supreme a*ievem5t ( ,greek ar*itecture 0 ! temple4 ,9 imp]ial ,rome1 or 9 any typical city ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ! mo/ ext5sive & impos+ build+s 7 secul>--basilicas1 ba?s1 amphi!at]s1 porticoes1 aqu$ucts4 ,9 ,a!ns1 on ! o!r h&1 or 9 any typical ,greek city1 !re 0 little or no?+ to vie ) ! temples & ! sacr$ edifices associat$ ) !m4 ,public secul> build+s1 ( c\rse1 !re 71 b ! little we "k ( !m does n sugge/ t !y (t5 rank$ among ! ar*itectural glories ( ! c\ntry4 ,private h\ses 7 9 ! be/ p]iod ( small pret5sions4 ,x 0 to ! temple & its adjunct build+s t ! ar*itectural g5ius & ! mat]ial res\rces ( ,greece 7 devot$4 ,x is ! temple1 !n1 :i* we h above all to /udy4 ,be=e beg9n+1 h[ev]1 to analyze ! arti/ic features ( ! temple1 x w be useful to consid] ! build+ mat]ials :i* a ,greek ar*itect _h at 8 disposal & 8 me?ods ( putt+ !m toge!r4 ,greece is ri*ly provid$ ) good build+ /one4 ,at _m po9ts !re are inexhau/ible /ores ( :ite m>ble4 ,! isl& ( ,p>os1 "o ( ! ,cyclades1 & ,m\nt ,p5telicus 9 ,attica--to "n only ! two be/ & mo/ fam\s qu>ries--are simply masses ( :ite m>ble1 suitable z well = ! build] z ! sculptor4 ,!re are besides v>i\s beautiful color$ m>bles1 b x 0 left to ! ,romans to br+ ^! into use4 ,!n !re are _m common] sorts ( /one ready to ! build]'s h&1 especially ! r s(t1 br[n lime/ones :i* ! ,greeks call$ by ! g5]al "n ( poros4 ,footnote3 ,! ^w has no connection ) por\s ,?is mat]ial 0 n disda9$1 ev5 = important build+s4 ,?us ! ,temple ( ,zeus at ,olympia1 "o ( ! two mo/ important religi\s c5t]s 9 ! ,greek _w1 0 built ( local poros4 ,! same 0 ! case ) ! num]\s temples ( ,acragas 7,girg5ti7 & ,sel9us 9 ,sicily4 ,an ev5 mean] mat]ial1 sun-dri$ brick1 0 sometimes1 p]haps (t51 employ$ = cella walls4 ,:]e poros or crude brick 0 us$1 x 0 coat$ ov] ) a v f9e1 h>d /ucco1 :i* gave a surface l t ( m>ble4 ,x is rem>kable t no use 0 made 9 ,greece ( bak$ bricks be=e ! p]iod ( ,roman dom9ation4 ,ro(-tiles ( t]ra-cotta 7 9 use f an e>ly p]iod1 & ,greek travel]s to ,babylonia br\ght back ^w ( ! use ( bak$ bricks 9 t c\ntry4 ,nev]!less ,greek build]s %[$ no disposition to adopt bak$ bricks = _! masonry4 ,?is probably hangs toge!r ) ano!r important fact1 ! abs5ce ( lime-mort> f ,greek ar*itecture4 ,lime-/ucco 0 9 use f "t immemorial4 ,b lime-mort>1 i4e41 lime mix$ ) s& & us$ z a bond = masonry1 is all b unkn[n 9 ,greek "w4 ,footnote3 ,! solit>y exception at pres5t kn[n is an ,attic tomb built ( crude bricks laid 9 lime-mort> ,consequ5tly 9 ! walls ( temples & o!r c>efully con/ruct$ build+s an elaborate sy/em ( bond+ by means ( clamps & d[els 0 resort$ to4 ,fig4 #df illu/rates ?is & "s o!r po9ts4 ,! blocks ( m>ble are se5 to be p]fectly rectangul> & ( uni=m l5g? & height4 ,ea* end ( e block is work$ ) a slightly rais$ & well-smoo!d bord]1 = ! purpose ( secur+ )\t unnecess>y labor a p]fectly accurate jo9t4 ,! %all[ holes1 ,,iii1 ,,iii1 9 ! upp] surfaces are pry-holes1 :i* 7 ( use 9 pry+ ! blocks into position4 ,! adju/m5t hav+ be5 made1 contigu\s blocks 9 ! same c\rse 7 bond$ to "o ano!r by clamps1 ,i1 ,i1 emb$d$ horizontally1 :ile ! slid+ ( "o c\rse ^u ano!r 0 prev5t$ by upright d[els1 ,,ii1 ,,ii4 ,greek clamps & d[els 7 usually ( iron & !y 7 fix$ 9 _! sockets by means ( molt5 lead run 94 ,! =m ( ! clamp diff]s at diff]5t p]iods4 ,! d\ble-,t %ape %[n 9 ! illu/ration is *>act]i/ic ( ! be/ age 7cf4 also ,fig4 #dh74 ,ano!r important fact to be not$ at ! outset is ! abs5ce ( ! ar* f ,greek ar*itecture4 ,x is report$ by ! ,roman philosoph]1 ,s5eca1 t ! pr9ciple ( ! ar* 0 discov]$ by ! ,greek philosoph]1 ,democritus1 :o liv$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,t he indep5d5tly discov]$ ! ar* z a practical possibility is mo/ unlikely1 see+ t x _h be5 us$ = ages 9 ,egypt & ,mesopotamia2 b x may be t he discuss$1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 ! ma!matical !ory ( ! subject4 ,if s1 x w\ld seem likely t he _h practical illu/rations ab\t him2 & ?is view receives "s support f ! exi/5ce ( a few subt]ranean vaults :i* p]haps g back to ! good ,greek p]iod4 ,be t z x may1 ! ar* plays absolutely no "p 9 ! column> ar*itecture ( ,greece4 ,9 a ,greek temple or simil> build+ only ! flat ceil+ 0 kn[n4 ,above ! ext]ior portico & ! ve/ibules ( a temple ! ceil+ 0 sometimes ( /one or m>ble1 sometimes ( wood2 9 ! int]ior x 0 always ( wood4 ,x foll[s t no v wide space c\ld be ceil$ ov] )\t extra supports4 ,at ,pri5e 9 ,asia ,m9or we f9d a temple 7,fig4 #di7 ^: cella1 slightly ov] ?irty feet 9 bread?1 has no int]ior columns4 ,! ar*itect ( ! ,temple ( ,a!na on ! isl& ( ,a,egina 7,fig4 #eb7 0 less v5turesome4 ,al?\gh ! cella !re is only #ba #a_/d feet 9 bread?1 we f9d1 z 9 l>ge temples1 a d\ble r[ ( columns to help support ! ceil+4 ,& :5 a really l>ge room 0 built1 l ! ,hall ( ,initiation at ,eleusis or ! ,assembly ,hall ( ! ,arcadians at ,megalopolis1 su* a =e/ ( pill>s 0 requir$ z mu/ h s]i\sly int]f]$ ) ! conv5i5ce ( congregations4 ,we are n[ ready to /udy ! plan ( a ,greek temple4 ,! ess5tial feature is an enclos$ *amb]1 commonly call$ by ! ,lat9 "n cella1 9 :i* /ood1 z a rule1 ! image ( ! god or goddess to :om ! temple 0 d$icat$4 ,fig4 #dg %[s a v simple plan4 ,"h ! side walls ( ! cella are prolong$ 9 front & t]m9ate 9 antae 7see bel[1 page #hh74 ,betwe5 ! antae are two columns4 ,?is type ( temple is call$ a templum 9 antis4 ,7 ! ve/ibule 7pronaos7 repeat$ at ! o!r end ( ! build+1 x w\ld be call$ an opi/hodomos1 & ! :ole build+ w\ld be a d\ble templum 9 antis4 ,9 ,fig4 #dh ! ve/ibules are =m$ by r[s ( columns ext5d+ across ! :ole wid? ( ! cella1 ^: side walls are n prolong$4 ,did a ve/ibule exi/ at ! front only1 ! temple w\ld be call$ pro/yle2 z x is1 x is amphipro/yle4 ,only small ,greek temples h z simple a plan z ^? j describ$4 ,l>g] temples are p]ipt]al1 i4e41 are surr\nd$ by a colonnade or p]i/yle 7,figs4 #di4 #ej74 ,9 ,fig4 #di ! cella ) its ve/ibules has ! =m ( a d\ble templum 9 antis1 9 ,fig #ej x is amphipro/yle4 ,a fur!r diff]5ce %\ld be not$4 ,9 ,fig4 #di1 :i* is ! plan ( an ,ionic temple1 ! antae & columns ( ! ve/ibules are 9 l9e ) columns ( ! out] r[1 at bo? ! ends & ! sides2 9 ,fig4 #ej1 :i* is ! plan ( a ,doric temple1 ! ext]ior columns are set )\t reg>d to ! cella wall1 & ! columns ( ! ve/ibules4 ,?is is a regul> diff]5ce betwe5 ,doric & ,ionic temples1 ?\gh ! rule is subject to a few exceptions 9 ! case ( ! =m]4 ,! plan ( almo/ any ,greek temple w be f\nd to be ref]able to "o or o!r ( ! types j describ$1 al?\gh !re are great diff]5ces 9 ! proportions ( ! sev]al p>ts4 ,x rema9s only to add t 9 almo/ e case ! pr9cipal front 0 t[>d ! ea/ or ne>ly s4 ,:5 ,greek temples 7 conv]t$ into ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 z (t5 happ5$1 x 0 necess>y1 9 ord] to con=m to ! ,*ri/ian ritual1 to rev]se ?is arrangem5t & to place ! pr9cipal entrance at ! we/]n end4 ,! next ?+ is to /udy ! pr9cipal elem5ts ( a ,greek temple z se5 9 elevation4 ,?is br+s u to ! subject ( ! ,greek ord]s4 ,!re are two pr9cipal ord]s 9 ,greek ar*itecture1 ! ,doric & ! ,ionic4 ,figs4 #ea & #fa %[ a *>act]i/ic specim5 ( ea*4 ,! t]m ord]1 x %\ld be said1 is commonly re/rict$ 9 ar*itectural p>lance to ! column & entablature4 ,our illu/rations1 h[ev]1 %[ all ! features ( a ,doric & an ,ionic facade4 ,!re are sev]al po9ts ( agreem5t betwe5 ! two3 9 ea* ! columns re/ on a /epp$ base1 call$ ! crepidoma1 ! upp]mo/ /ep ( :i* is ! /ylobate2 9 ea* ! %aft ( ! column tap]s f ! l[] to ! upp] end1 is *annel$ or flut$ v]tically1 & is surm\nt$ by a project+ memb] call$ a capital2 9 ea* ! entablature consi/s ( ?ree memb]s--ar*itrave1 frieze1 & cornice4 ,!re ! important po9ts ( agreem5t end4 ,! diff]5ces w be/ be fix$ 9 m9d by a detail$ exam9ation ( ea* ord] sep>ately4 ,our typical example ( ! ,doric ord] 7,fig4 #ea7 is tak5 f ! ,temple ( ,aphaia on ! isl& ( ,aeg9a--a temple probably erect$ ab\t #dhj ,b4,c4 7cf4 ,fig4 #eb47 ,! column consi/s ( two p>ts1 %aft & capital4 ,x is ( /urdy proportions1 its height be+ ab\t five & "o half times ! l[] diamet] ( ! %aft4 ,if ! %aft tap]$ upw>d at a uni=m rate1 x w\ld h ! =m ( a truncat$ cone4 ,in/ead ( t1 ! %aft has an ,,entasis or swell+4 ,imag9e a v]tical section to be made ?r\gh ! middle ( ! column4 ,if1 !n1 ! dim9ution ( ! %aft 7 uni=m1 ! sides ( ?is section w\ld be /raight l9es4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 !y are slightly curv$ l9es1 convex outw>d4 ,?is addition to ! =m ( a truncat$ cone is ! entasis4 ,x is greate/ at ab\t "o ?ird or "o half ! height ( ! %aft1 & !re am\nts1 9 cases t h be5 measur$1 to f #a_/hj to #a_/adj ( ! l[] diamet] ( ! %aft4,footnote3 ,obs]ve t ! entasis is s slight t ! l[e/ diamet] ( ! %aft is always ! greate/ diamet]4 ,! illu/ration is un=tunately n q correct1 s9ce x gives ! %aft a uni=m diamet] = ab\t "o ?ird ( its height4 ,9 "s e>ly ,doric temples1 z ! "o at ,assos 9 ,asia ,m9or1 !re is no entasis4 ,! *annels or flutes 9 our typical column are tw5ty 9 numb]4 ,m r>ely we f9d sixte52 mu* m r>ely l>g] multiples ( f\r4 ,^! *annels are s plac$ t "o comes directly "u ! middle ( ea* face ( ! capital4 ,!y are comp>atively %all[1 & are sep>at$ f "o ano!r by %>p edges or ,,arrises4 ,! capital1 ?\gh work$ out ( "o block1 may be reg>d$ z consi/+ ( two p>ts--a cu%ion- %ap$ memb] call$ an ,,e*9us1 encircl$ bel[ by ?ree to five ,,annulets1 7cf4 ,figs4 #ei1 #fj7 & a squ>e slab call$ an ,,abacus1 ! latt] s plac$ t its sides are p>allel to ! sides ( ! build+4 ,! ,,ar*itrave is a succession ( horizontal beams re/+ ^u ! columns4 ,! face ( ?is memb] is pla91 except t along ! upp] edge !re runs a slightly project+ flat b& call$ a ,,ta5ia1 ) regulae & guttae at equal int]vals2 ^! la/ are be/ consid]$ 9 connection ) ! frieze4 ,! ,,frieze is made up ( alt]nat+ triglyphs & metopes4 ,a ,,triglyph is a block ^: height is ne>ly twice its wid?2 ^u its face are two furr[s1 triangul> 9 plan1 & its out] edges are *amf]$ (f4 ,?us we may say t ! triglyph has two furr[s & two half-furr[s2 ^! d n ext5d to ! top ( ! block4 ,a triglyph is plac$ ov] ! c5t] ( ea* column & ov] ! c5t] ( ea* int]columniation4 ,b at ! corn]s ( ! build+s ! int]columniations are dim9i%$1 ) ! result t ! corn] triglyphs d n /& ov] ! c5t]s ( ! corn] columns1 b f>!r out 7cf4 ,fig4 #eb74 ,"u ea* triglyph !re is work$ ^u ! face ( ! ar*itrave1 directly bel[ ! ta5ia1 a ,,regula1 %ap$ l a small cleat1 & to ! "u surface ( ?is regula is atta*$ a r[ ( six cyl9drical or conical ,,guttae4 ,betwe5 e two triglyphs1 & /&+ a little f>!r back1 !re is a squ>e or ne>ly squ>e slab or block call$ a ,,metope4 ,?is has a flat b& across ! top2 = ! re/1 its face may be ei!r pla9 or sculptur$ 9 relief4 ,! upp]mo/ memb] ( ! entablature1 ! ,,cornice1 consi/s pr9cipally ( a project+ portion1 ! ,,corona1 on ^: incl9$ "u surface or s(fit are rectangul> projections1 ! s-call$ ,,mutules 7be/ se5 9 ! frontispiece71 "o ov] ea* triglyph & ea* metope4 ,?ree r[s ( six guttae ea* are atta*$ to ! "u surface ( a mutule4 ,above ! cornice1 at ! ea/ & we/ ends ( ! build+1 come ! triangul> ,,p$im5ts or gables1 =m$ by ! slop+ ro( & adapt$ = gr\ps ( sculpture4 ,! p$im5t is protect$ above by a rak+ cornice1 :i* has n ! same =m z ! horizontal cornice1 ! pr9cipal diff]5ce be+ t ! "u surface ( ! rak+ cornice is concave & )\t mutules4 ,above ! rak+ cornice comes a ,,sima or gutt]-fac+1 :i* 9 build+s ( good p]iod has a curvil9e> pr(ile4 ,?is sima is sometimes cont9u$ along ! long sides ( ! build+1 & sometimes n4 ,:5 x is s cont9u$1 wat]-sp\ts are ins]t$ into x at int]vals1 usually 9 ! =m ( lions' heads4 ,fig #ec %[s a f9e lion's head ( ?is sort f a six? c5tury temple on ! ,a!nian ,acropolis4 ,if x be add$ t ^u ! apex & ! l[] corn]s ( ! p$im5t !re 7 commonly p$e/als :i* support$ /atues or o!r ornam5tal objects 7,fig4 #eb71 m5tion w h be5 made ( all ! ma9 features ( ! ext]ior ( a ,doric p]ipt]al temple4 ,e o!r "p ( ! build+ _h likewise its e/abli%$ =m1 b x w n be possible "h to describe or ev5 to m5tion e detail4 ,! mo/ important memb] n yet treat$ ( is ! ,,anta4 ,an anta may be describ$ z a pila/] =m+ ! t]m9ation ( a wall4 ,x /&s directly opposite a column & is ( ! same height ) x1 its function be+ to receive "o end ( an ar*itrave block1 ! o!r end ( :i* is borne by ! column4 ,! bread? ( its front face is slightly great] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! wall2 ! bread? ( a side face dep5ds ^u :e!r or n ! anta supports an ar*itrave on t side 7,figs4 #dg1 #dh1 #di1 #ej74 ,! ,doric anta has a special capital1 q unlike ! capital ( ! column4 ,fig4 #ed %[s an example f a build+ erect$ 9 #dcg-cb ,b4 ,c4 ,its mo/ /rik+ feature is ! ,,doric ,,cyma1 or ,,hawk',s-,,beak ,,mold+1 ! *>act]i/ic mold+ ( ! ,doric /yle 7,fig4 #ee71 us$ also to cr[n ! horizontal cornice & 9 o!r situations 7,fig4 #ea & frontispiece74 ,bel[ ! capital ! anta is treat$ precisely l ! wall ( :i* x =ms a "p2 t is to say1 its surfaces are pla91 except = ! simple base-mold+1 :i* ext5ds also along ! foot ( ! wall4 ,! me?od ( ceil+ ! p]i/yle & ve/ibules by means ( ceil+-beams on :i* re/ slabs decorat$ ) squ>e1 recess$ panels or ,,c(f]s may be indi/9ctly se5 9 ,fig4 #ef4 ,)9 ! cella1 :5 columns 7 us$ to help support ! wood5 ceil+1 !re seem to h be5 regul>ly two ranges1 "o above ! o!r4 ,?is is ! only case1 s f> z we "k1 9 :i* ,greek ar*itecture ( ! be/ p]iod put "o range ( columns above ano!r4 ,!re 7 probably no w9d[s ( any k9d1 s t ! cella receiv$ no daylight1 except su* z ent]$ by ! great front doorway1 :5 ! doors 7 op54 ,footnote3 ,?is :ole matt]1 h[ev]1 is 9 dispute4 ,"s au?orities believe t l>ge temples 7 ,,hypoe?ral1 i4 e41 op51 or p>tly op51 to ! sky1 or 9 "s way light$ f above4 ,9 ,fig4 #ef an op5 grat+ has be5 ins]t$ above ! doors1 b = su* an arrangem5t 9 a ,greek temple !re is no evid5ce1 s f> z ,i am aw>e4 ,! ro(-beams 7 ( wood4 ,! ro( 0 cov]$ ) t]ra-cotta or m>ble tiles4 ,su* are ! ma9 features ( a ,doric temple 7^? la/ m5tion$ n be+ peculi> to ! ,doric /yle74 ,little has be5 said ?us f> ( v>iation 9 ^! features4 ,yet v>iation !re 04 ,n to dwell on local diff]5ces1 z betwe5 ,greece prop] & ! ,greek colonies 9 ,sicily1 !re 0 a developm5t con/antly go+ on1 *ang+ ! =ms ( details & ! relative proportions ( p>ts & ev5 introduc+ new features orig9ally =eign to ! /yle4 ,?us ! column gr[s sl5d]] f c5tury to c5tury4 ,9 e>ly examples x is f f\r to five l[] diamet]s 9 height 9 ! be/ p]iod 7fif? & f\r? c5turies7 ab\t five & "o half1 9 ! po/ classical p]iod1 six to sev54 ,! diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 e>ly & late examples may be se5 by comp>+ ! six? c5tury ,temple ( ,posidon 787 at ,pae/um 9 s\!rn ,italy 7,fig4 #eg7 ) ! ?ird 787 c5tury ,temple ( ,zeus at ,nemea 7,fig4 #eh74 ,aga91 ! e*9us ( ! capital is 9 ! e>ly p]iod widely fl>+1 mak+ 9 "s v e>ly examples an angle at ! />t ( n m ?an fifte5 or tw5ty degrees ) ! horizontal 7,fig4 #ei72 9 ! be/ p]iod x rises m /eeply1 />t+ at an angle ( ab\t fifty degrees ) ! horizontal & hav+ a pr(ile :i* closely approa*es a /raight l9e1 until x curves inw>d "u ! abacus 7,fig4 #ea72 9 ! po/-classical p]iod x is l[ & sometimes q conical 7,fig4 #fj74 ,9 g5]al1 ! deg5]acy ( po/-classical ,greek ar*itecture is 9 no?+ m m>k$ ?an 9 ! loss ( ^? subtle curves :i* *>act]ize ! be/ ,greek "w4 ,o!r diff]5ces mu/ be le>n$ f m ext5d$ treatises4 ,! ,ionic ord] 0 ( a mu* m luxuriant "* ?an ! ,doric4 ,our typical example 7,fig4 #fa7 is tak5 f ! ,temple ( ,pri5e 9 ,asia ,m9or--a temple erect$ ab\t #cdj-cj ,b4 ,c4 ,! column has a base consi/+ ( a pla9 squ>e ,,pl9?1 two ,,tro*ili ) mold+s1 & a ,,torus flut$ horizontally4 ,! ,ionic %aft is mu* sl5d]] ?an ! ,doric1 ! height ( ! column 7includ+ base & capital7 be+ 9 diff]5t examples f eight to t5 times ! l[] diamet] ( ! %aft4 ,! dim9ution ( ! %aft is naturally less ?an 9 ! ,doric1 & ! entasis1 :]e any has be5 detect$1 is exce$+ly slight4 ,! flutes1 tw5ty-f\r 9 numb]1 are deep] ?an 9 ! ,doric %aft1 be+ 9 fact ne>ly or q semicircul>1 & !y are sep>at$ f "o ano!r by flat b&s or fillets4 ,= ! =m ( ! capital x w be bett] to ref] to ,fig4 #fb1 tak5 f an ,attic build+ ( ! latt] half ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts are an ,,ovolo & a ,,spiral ,,roll 7! latt] "n n 9 g5]al use74 ,! ovolo has a convex pr(ile1 & is sometimes call$ a qu>t]-r\nd2 x is enri*$ ) an ,,egg-,,&-,,d>t ornam5t ,! spiral roll may be conceiv$ z a long cu%ion1 ^: ends are roll$ "u to =m ! ,,volutes4 ,! "p connect+ ! volutes is slightly holl[$1 & ! *annel ?us =m$ is cont9u$ into ! volutes4 ,z se5 f ! side 7,fig4 #fc71 ! end ( ! spiral roll is call$ a ,,bol/]2 x has ! appe>ance ( be+ drawn toge!r by a numb] ( encircl+ b&s4 ,on ! front1 ! angles =m$ by ! spiral roll are fill$ by a conv5tionaliz$ floral ornam5t 7! s-call$ ,,palmette74 ,above ! spiral roll is a l[ abacus1 oblong or squ>e 9 plan4 ,9 ,fig4 #fb ! pr(ile ( ! abacus is an ovolo on :i* ! egg-&-d>t ornam5t 0 pa9t$ 7cf4 ,fig4 #ff1 :]e ! ornam5t is sculptur$74 ,9 ,fig4 #fa1 z 9 ,fig4 #ga1 ! pr(ile is a complex curve call$ a ,,cyma ,,rev]sa1 convex above & concave bel[1 enri*$ ) a sculptur$ ,,leaf-,,&-,,d>t ornam5t4 ,footnote3 ,! egg-&-d>t is f\nd only on ! ovolo1 ! leaf-&-d>t only on ! cyma rev]sa or ! cyma recta 7concave above & convex bel[7 ,bo? ornam5ts are 9 orig9 leaf-patt]ns "o r[ ( leaves %[+ _! po9ts beh9d ano!r r[4 ,f9ally1 att5tion may be call$ to ! ,,a/ragal or ,,pe>l-,,bead+ j "u ! ovolo 9 ,figs4 #fa1 #ga4 ,?is might be describ$ z a /r+ ( beads & buttons1 two buttons alt]nat+ ) a s+le bead4 ,9 ! normal ,ionic capital ! opposite faces are ( id5tical appe>ance4 ,if ?is 7 ! case ) ! capital at ! corn] ( a build+1 ! result w\ld be t on ! side ( ! build+ all ! capitals w\ld pres5t _! bol/]s in/ead ( _! volutes to ! spectator4 ,! only way to prev5t ?is 0 to di/ort ! corn] capital into ! =m %[n by ,fig4 #fd2 cf4 also ,figs4 #fa & #gj4 ,! ,ionic ar*itrave is divid$ horizontally into ?ree 7or sometimes two7 b&s1 ea* ( ! upp] ones project+ slightly ov] ! "o bel[ x4 ,x is cr[n$ by a sort ( cornice enri*$ ) mold+s4 ,! frieze is n divid$ l ! ,doric frieze1 b pres5ts an un9t]rupt$ surface4 ,x may be ei!r pla9 or cov]$ ) relief-sculpture4 ,x is f9i%$ (f ) mold+s along ! upp] edge4 ,! cornice 7cf4 ,fig4 #fe7 consi/s ( two pr9cipal p>ts4 ,fir/ comes a project+ block1 into ^: face rectangul> cutt+s h be5 made at %ort int]vals1 ?us leav+ a succession ( cogs or ,,d5tels2 above ^! are mold+s4 ,secondly !re is a mu* m widely project+ block1 ! ,,corona1 ^: "u surface is holl[$ to light5 ! weight & ^: face is capp$ ) mold+s4 ,! rak+ cornice is l ! horizontal cornice except t x has no d5tels4 ,! sima or gutt]-fac+1 ^: pr(ile is "h a cyma recta 7concave above & convex bel[71 is enri*$ ) sculptur$ floral ornam5t4 ,9 ! ,ionic build+s ( ,attica ! base ( ! column consi/s ( two tori sep>at$ by a tro*ilus4 ,! proportions ( ^! p>ts v>y consid]ably4 ,! base 9 ,fig4 #ff 7f a build+ f9i%$ ab\t #djh ,b4,c47 is wor?y ( att5tive exam9ation by reason ( its h>moni\s proportions4 ,9 ! ,roman =m ( ?is base1 too (t5 imitat$ n[adays1 ! tro*ilus has too small a diamet]4 ,! ,attic-,ionic cornice nev] has d5tels1 unless ! cornice ( ! ,c>yatid portico ( ! ,ere*!um ought to be reckon$ z an in/ance 7,fig4 #fg74 ,! capital %[n 9 ,fig4 #ff is a special v>iety ( ! ,ionic capital1 ( r r>e occurr5ce4 ,its di/+ui%+ features are ! ins]tion betwe5 ovolo & spiral roll ( a torus ornam5t$ ) a braid$ patt]n1 call$ a ,,guillo*e2 ! abs5ce ( ! palmettes f ! corn]s =m$ by ! spiral roll2 & ! fact t ! *annel ( ! roll is d\ble in/ead ( s+le1 :i* gives a m elaborate "* to t memb]4 ,f9ally1 9 ! ,ere*!um ! upp] "p or neck+ ( ! %aft is enri*$ ) an exquisitely wr\ght b& ( floral ornam5t1 ! s-call$ honeysuckle patt]n4 ,?is feature is met ) 9 "s o!r examples4 ,z 9 ! ,doric /yle1 s 9 ! ,ionic1 ! anta-capital is q unlike ! column-capital4 ,fig4 #fh %[s an anta-capital f ! ,ere*!um1 ) an adjac5t portion ( ! wall-b&2 cf4 also ,fig4 #fi4 ,p]haps x is inaccurate 9 ?is case to speak ( an anta-capital at all1 see+ t ! anta simply %>es ! mold+s :i* cr[n ! wall4 ,! floral frieze "u ! mold+s is1 h[ev]1 some:at m elaborate on ! anta ?an on ! adjac5t wall4 ,! ,ionic me?od ( ceil+ a p]i/yle or portico may be p>tly se5 9 ,fig #fi4 ,! pr9cipal ceil+-beams "h re/ ^u ! ar*itrave1 in/ead ( ^u ! frieze1 z 9 a ,doric build+ 7cf4 ,fig4 #ef74 ,above 7 ! usual c(f]$ slabs4 ,! same illu/ration %[s a well-pres]v$ & f9ely proportion$ doorway1 b un=tunately leaves ! details ( its ornam5tation indi/9ct4 ,! ,ionic ord] 0 mu* us$ 9 ! ,greek cities ( ,asia ,m9or = p]ipt]al temples4 ,! mo/ consid]able rema9s ( su* build+s1 at ,ephesus1 ,pri5e1 etc41 belong to ! f\r? c5tury or lat]4 ,9 ,greece prop] !re is no kn[n in/ance ( a p]ipt]al ,ionic temple1 b ! ord] 0 sometimes us$ = small pro/yle & amphipro/yle build+s1 su* z ! ,temple ( ,w+less ,victory 9 ,a!ns 7,fig4 #gj74 ,fur!rmore1 ,ionic columns 7 sometimes employ$ 9 ! int]ior ( ,doric temples1 z at ,bassae 9 ,arcadia & 7probably7 9 ! temple built by ,scopas at ,tegea4 ,9 ! ,propylaea or gateway ( ! ,a!nian ,acropolis we ev5 f9d ! ,doric & ,ionic ord]s juxtapos$1 ! ext]ior ar*itecture be+ ,doric & ! int]ior ,ionic1 ) no wall to sep>ate !m4 ,"o m int]e/+ occurr5ce ( ! ,ionic ord] 9 ,greece prop] may be m5tion$1 viz41 9 ! ,philippeum at ,olympia 7ab\t #ccf ,b4,c474 ,?is is a circul> build+1 surr\nd$ by an ,ionic colonnade4 ,/ill o!r types ( build+ af=d$ opportunity en\gh = ! employm5t ( ?is /yle4 ,aft] :at has be5 said ( ! gradual *anges 9 ! ,doric ord]1 x w be und]/ood t ! ,ionic ord] 0 n ! same 9 ! six? c5tury z 9 ! fif?1 nor 9 ! fif? ! same z 9 ! ?ird4 ,! mo/ /rik+ *ange conc]ns ! spiral roll ( ! capital4 ,9 ! good p]iod ! portion ( ?is memb] :i* connects ! volutes is b\nd$ bel[ by a depress$ curve1 graceful & vigor\s4 ,) ! gradual degradation ( ta/e ?is curve t5d$ to become a /raight l9e1 ! result be+ ! unlovely1 me*anical =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #ga 7f a build+ ( ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 :o reign$ f #bhc to #bdf ,b4,c474 ,bett] =m$ capitals ?an ?is cont9u$ = "s "t to be made 9 ,greek l&s2 b ! type j %[n1 or r some?+ resembl+ x 9 ! disagreeable feature not$1 became canonical ) ,roman ar*itects4 ,! ,cor9?ian ord]1 z x is commonly call$1 h>dly des]ves to be call$ a di/9ct ord]4 ,its only peculi> feature is ! capital2 o!rwise x agrees ) ! ,ionic ord]4 ,! ,cor9?ian capital is said to h be5 inv5t$ 9 ! fif? c5tury2 & a solit>y specim51 ( a meag] & rudim5t>y type1 f\nd 9 #ahab 9 ! ,temple ( ,apollo at ,bassae1 b s9ce lo/1 0 p]haps an orig9al "p ( t build+ 7ab\t #dcj ,b4 ,c74 ,at pres5t ! e>lie/ extant specim5s are f ! int]ior ( a r\nd build+ ( ! f\r? c5tury ne> ,epidaurus 9 ,argolis 7,fig4 #gb74 ,footnote3 ,= "s reason or o!r ! p>ticul> capital %[n 9 our illu/ration 0 n us$ 9 ! build+1 b x is ( ! same model z ^? actually us$1 except t ! edge ( ! abacus is n f9i%$4 ,x 0 f su* a =m z ?is t ! luxuriant type ( ,cor9?ian capital s mu* 9 favor ) ,roman ar*itects & _! public 0 d]iv$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #gc1 f a little build+ erect$ 9 #ccd ,b4,c4 or soon aft]1 is a v>iant :i* seems to h left no l9eal successors4 ,9 its usual =m ! ,cor9?ian capital has a cyl9drical core1 :i* exp&s slightly t[>d ! top s z to become bell-%ap$2 ar\nd ! l[] "p ( ?is core are two r[s ( conv5tionaliz$ acan?us leaves1 eight 9 ea* r[2 f ^! rise eight pr9cipal /alks 7ea*1 9 fully develop$ examples1 wrapp$ ab\t its base ) an acan?us leaf7 :i* comb9e1 two & two1 to =m f\r volutes 7,,helices71 "o "u ea* corn] ( ! abacus1 :ile small] /alks1 bran*+ f ! fir/1 cov] ! re/ ( ! upp] "p ( ! core2 !re is commonly a floral ornam5t on ! middle ( ea* face at ! top2 f9ally ! abacus has1 9 plan1 ! =m ( a squ>e ^: sides h be5 holl[$ out & ^: corn]s h be5 truncat$4 ,9 ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #gc we f9d1 fir/1 a r[ ( sixte5 simple leaves1 l ^? ( a re$1 ) ! po9ts ( a second r[ %[+ betwe5 !m2 !n a s+le r[ ( eight acan?us leaves2 !n ! scroll-"w1 support+ a palmette on ea* side2 & f9ally an abacus ^: pr(ile is made up ( a tro*ilus & an ovolo4 ,?is capital1 ?\gh extremely elegant1 is op5 to ! *>ge ( appe>+ weak at its middle4 ,!re is a mu* less ornate v>iety1 also reckon$ z ,cor9?ian1 :i* has no scroll- "w1 b only a r[ ( acan?us leaves ) a r[ ( re$ leaves above !m ar\nd a bell-%ap$ core1 ! :ole surm\nt$ by a squ>e abacus4 ,9 ! ,*oragic ,monum5t ( ,lysicrates ! cornice has d5tels1 & ?is 0 always ! case1 s f> z we "k1 :]e ! ,cor9?ian capital 0 us$4 ,9 ,cor9?ian build+s ! anta1 :]e met )1 has a capital l t ( ! column4 ,b !re is v little mat]ial to g5]alize f until we desc5d to ,roman times4 ,"s allusion has be5 made 9 ! =ego+ to o!r types ( column> build+s besides ! temple4 ,! pr9cipal ones ( :i* rema9s exi/ are ,,propylaea & ,,/oas4 ,propylaea is ! ,greek "n = a =m ( gateway1 consi/+ ess5tially ( a cross wall betwe5 side walls1 ) a portico on ea* front4 ,su* gateways occur 9 _m places z entrances to sacr$ prec9cts4 ,! f9e/ example1 & "o ( ! noble/ monum5ts ( ,greek ar*itecture1 is t at ! we/ end ( ! ,a!nian ,acropolis4 ,! /oa may be def9$ z a build+ hav+ an op5 range ( columns on at lea/ "o side4 ,usually its l5g? 0 mu* great] ?an its dep?4 ,/oas 7 (t5 built 9 sacr$ prec9cts1 z at ,olympia1 & also = secul> purposes along public /reets1 z 9 ,a!ns4 ,^! & o!r build+s into :i* ! column ent]$ z an integral feature involv$ no new ar*itectural elem5ts or pr9ciples4 ,"o highly important fact ab\t ,greek ar*itecture has ?us f> be5 only t\*$ ^u2 t is1 ! lib]al use x made ( color4 ,! ru9s ( ,greek temples are to-day mono*romatic1 ei!r glitt]+ :ite1 z is ! temple at ,sunium1 or ( a gold5 br[n1 z are ! ,p>!non & o!r build+s ( ,p5telic m>ble1 or ( a /ill w>m] br[n1 z are ! lime/one temples ( ,pae/um & ,girg5ti 7,acragas74 ,b ?is uni=mity ( t9t is due only to "t4 ,a ,:ite ,city1 su* z made ! pride ( ,*icago 9 #ahic1 w\ld h be5 unimag9able to an anci5t ,greek4 ,ev5 to-day ! att5tive obs]v] may sometimes see ^u old ,greek build+s1 z1 = example1 ^u ceil+-beams ( ! ,p>!non1 traces left by patt]ns f :i* ! color has vani%$4 ,9 o!r in/ances rema9s ( actual color exi/4 ,s specks ( blue pa9t may /ill be se51 or might a few ye>s ago1 on blocks belong+ to ! ,a!nian ,propylaea4 ,b our mo/ abundant evid5ce = ! orig9al use ( color comes f ar*itectural fragm5ts rec5tly une>!d4 ,dur+ ! excavation ( ,olympia 7#ahge-ha7 ?is matt] ( ! color+ ( ar*itecture 0 con/antly 9 m9d & a l>ge body ( facts relat+ to x 0 accumulat$4 ,e new & important excavation adds to ! /ore4 ,at pres5t our in=mation is mu* full] 9 reg>d to ! poly*romy ( ,doric ?an ( ,ionic build+s4 ,x appe>s t1 j z ! =ms & proportions ( a build+ & ( all its details 7 det]m9$ by prec$5t1 yet n s absolutely z to leave no scope = ! ex]cise ( individual g5ius1 s !re 0 an e/abli%$ sy/em 9 ! color+ ( a build+1 yet a sy/em :i* v>i$ some:at accord+ to "t & place & ! ta/e ( ! ar*itect4 ,! frontispiece attempts to sugge/ :at ! color+ ( ! ,p>!non 0 l1 & ?us to illu/rate ! g5]al s*eme ( ,doric poly*romy4 ,! colors us$ 7 *iefly d>k blue1 sometimes almo/ black1 & r$2 gre5 & yell[ also occur1 & "s details 7 gild$4 ,! coloration ( ! build+ 0 f> f total4 ,pla9 surfaces1 z walls1 7 unpa9t$4 ,s too 7 ! columns1 includ+1 probably1 _! capitals1 except betwe5 ! annulets4 ,?us color 0 conf9$ to ! upp] memb]s--! triglyphs1 ! "u surface 7s(fit7 ( ! cornice1 ! sima1 ! anta-capitals 7cf4 ,fig4 #ed71 ! ornam5tal details g5]ally1 ! c(f]s ( ! ceil+1 & ! backgr\nds ( sculpture4 ,footnote3 ,our frontispiece gives ! backgr\nds ( ! metopes z pla91 b ?is is probably an error ,! triglyphs1 regulae1 & mutules 7 blue2 ! ta5ia ( ! ar*itrave & ! s(fit ( ! cornice betwe5 ! mutules ) ! adjac5t n>r[ b&s 7 r$2 ! backgr\nds ( sculpture1 ei!r blue or r$2 ! hawk's-beak mold+1 alt]nat+ blue & r$2 & s on4 ,! pr9cipal unc]ta9ty reg>ds ! treatm5t ( ! unpa9t$ memb]s4 ,7 ^! left ( a glitt]+ :ite1 or 7 !y ton$ d[n1 9 ! case ( m>ble build+s1 by "s application or o!r1 s z to contra/ less gl>+ly ) ! pa9t$ portions8 ,! latt] supposition receives "s confirmation f ,vitruvius1 a ,roman writ] on ar*itecture ( ! age ( ,augu/us1 & seems to "s mod]n writ]s to be dem&$ by ae/hetic consid]ations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! evid5ce ( ! ,olympia build+s po9ts ! o!r way4 ,p]haps ! actual practice v>i$4 ,z = ! color+ ( ,ionic ar*itecture1 we "k t ! capital ( ! column 0 pa9t$1 b o!rwise our in=mation is v scanty4 ,if x be ask$ :at l$ ! ,greeks to a use ( color s /range to u &1 on fir/ acqua9tance1 s little to our ta/e1 x may be answ]$ t possibly ! example ( _! neighbors _h some?+ to d ) x4 ,! ar*itecture ( ,egypt1 ( ,mesopotamia1 ( ,p]sia1 0 poly*romatic4 ,b probably ! practice ( ! ,greeks 0 9 ! ma9 an inh]itance f ! e>ly days ( _! own civilization4 ,accord+ to a well- support$ !ory1 ! ,doric temple ( ! hi/orical p]iod is a translation into /one or m>ble ( a primitive edifice ^: walls 7 ( sun-dri$ bricks & ^: columns & entablature 7 ( wood4 ,n[ x is natural & appropriate to pa9t wood2 & we may suppose t ! ta/e = a p>tially color$ ar*itecture 0 ?us =m$4 ,?is !ory does n inde$ expla9 ev]y?+4 ,x does n1 = example1 expla9 :y ! columns or ! ar*itrave %\ld be uncolor$4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,greek sy/em ( poly*romy pres5ts itself to u z a l>gely arbitr>y sy/em4 ,m int]e/+ ?an ! "q ( orig9 is ! "q ( ae/hetic effect4 ,0 ! ,greek use ( color 9 good ta/e8 ,x is n easy to answ] ) a simple yes or no4 ,_m ( ! attempts to repres5t ! facts by re/orations on pap] h be5 crude & vulg> en\gh4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s exp]im5ts 9 decorat+ mod]n build+s ) color1 9 a fa%ion1 to be sure1 mu* less lib]al ?an t ( anci5t ,greece1 h produc$ pleas+ results4 ,at pres5t ! "q is r "o ( fai? ?an ( sight2 & mo/ /ud5ts ( ! subject h fai? to believe t ! appe>ance ( a ,greek temple 9 all its pomp ( color 0 n only sumptu\s1 b h>moni\s & appropriate4 ,:5 we comp>e ! ar*itecture ( ,greece ) t ( o!r c\ntries1 we mu/ be /ruck ) ! rem>kable degree 9 :i* ! =m] adh]$ to e/abli%$ usage1 bo? 9 ! g5]al plan ( a build+ & 9 ! =ms & proportions ( ea* feature4 ,"s measure ( adh]5ce to prec$5t is inde$ impli$ 9 ! v exi/5ce ( an ar*itectural /yle4 ,:at is meant is t ! ,greek measure 0 unusual1 p]haps unp>allel$4 ,yet ! foll[+ ( e/abli%$ canons 0 n pu%$ to a slavi% extreme4 ,a f9e ,greek temple c\ld n be built accord+ to a h>d & fa/ rule4 ,:ile ! ar*itect refra9$ f bold & lawless innovations1 he yet _h scope to ex]cise 8 g5ius4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,p>!non & any o!r contempor>y ,doric temple w\ld seem slight1 :5 reg>d$ s+ly2 b ! preem95t p]fection ( ! ,p>!non lay 9 j ^? skilfully calculat$ diff]5ces ,a ,greek column> build+ is extremely simple 9 =m4,footnote3 ,! sub/ance ( ?is p>agraph & ! foll[+ is borr[$ f ,b\tmy1 ,philosophie de l',ar*itecture en ,grece 7,p>is1 #ahgj7 ,! outl9es ( an ord9>y temple are ^? ( an oblong rectangul> block surm\nt$ by a triangul> ro(4 ,) a qualification to be expla9$ pres5tly1 all ! l9es ( ! build+1 except ^? ( ! ro(1 are ei!r horizontal or p]p5dicul>4 ,! mo/ complicat$ ,greek column> build+s kn[n1 ! ,ere*!um & ! ,propylaea ( ! ,a!nian ,acropolis1 are simplicity itself :5 comp>$ to a ,go?ic ca!dral1 ) its irregul> plan1 its t[]s1 its :eel w9d[s1 its multitud9\s diagonal l9es4 ,! extreme simplicity :i* *>act]izes ! g5]al =m ( a ,greek build+ ext5ds also to its sculptur$ & pa9t$ ornam5ts4 ,9 ! ,doric /yle ^! are v sp>+ly us$2 & ev5 ! ,ionic /yle1 ?\gh m luxuriant1 seems res]v$ 9 comp>ison ) ! weal? ( ornam5tal detail 9 a ,go?ic ca!dral4 ,moreov]1 ! ,greek ornam5ts are simple 9 "*4 ,exam9e aga9 ! hawk's-beak1 ! egg-&-d>t1 ! leaf-&- d>t1 ! a/ragal1 ! guillo*e1 ! honeysuckle1 ! me&] or fret4 ,^! are almo/ ! only cont9u\s patt]ns 9 use 9 ,greek ar*itecture4 ,ea* consi/s ( a small numb] ( elem5ts recurr+ 9 unv>y+ ord]2 a %ort section is en\gh to give ! entire patt]n4 ,contra/ ?is ) ! /r+-c\rse 9 ! nave ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,ami5s1 :]e ! motive ( ! design und]goes con/ant v>iation1 no piece exactly duplicat+ its neighbor1 or ) ! intricate int]lac+ patt]ns ( ,arabic decoration1 & y w h a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! ,greek love = ! f9ite & compreh5sible4 ,:5 x 0 said j n[ t ! ma9 l9es ( a ,greek temple are ei!r horizontal or p]p5dicul>1 ! /atem5t call$ = qualification4 ,! elevations ( ! mo/ p]fect ( ,doric build+s1 ! ,p>!non1 c\ld n be drawn ) a rul]4 ,"s ( ! app>5tly /raight l9es are really curv$4 ,! /ylobate is n level1 b convex1 ! rise ( ! curve am\nt+ to #a_/dej ( ! l5g? ( ! build+2 ! ar*itrave has also a ris+ curve1 b slight] ?an t ( ! /ylobate4 ,!n aga91 _m ( ! l9es t w\ld commonly be tak5 = v]tical are 9 reality slightly incl9$4 ,! columns slope inw>d & s d ! pr9cipal surfaces ( ! build+1 :ile ! anta-capitals slope =w>d4 ,^! ref9em5ts1 or "s ( !m1 h be5 obs]v$ 9 sev]al o!r build+s4 ,!y are commonly reg>d$ z design$ to obviate c]ta9 optical illusions suppos$ to arise 9 _! abs5ce4 ,b p]haps1 z "o writ] has sugge/$1 _! pr9cipal (fice 0 to save ! build+ f an appe>ance ( ma!matical rigidity1 to give x some?+ ( ! semblance ( a liv+ ?+4 ,be t z x may1 ^! manifold subtle curves & slop+ l9es te/ify to ! extraord9>y nicety ( ,greek workman%ip4 ,a column ( ! ,p>!non1 ) its incl9ation1 its tap]+1 its entasis1 & its flut+1 c\ld n h be5 con/ruct$ )\t ! mo/ consci5ti\s skill4 ,9 fact1 ! capabilities ( ! workm5 kept pace ) ! dem&s ( ! ar*itects4 ,no matt] h[ delicate ! adju/m5t to be made1 ! task 0 p]fectly a*iev$4 ,& :5 x came to ! execution ( ornam5tal details1 ^! 7 wr\ght ) a free h& &1 9 ! be/ p]iod1 ) f9e arti/ic feel+4 ,! wall-b& ( ! ,ere*!um is "o ( ! mo/ exquisite ?+s :i* ,greece has left u4 ,simplicity 9 g5]al =m1 h>mony ( proportion1 ref9em5t ( l9e--^! are ! great features ( ,greek column> ar*itecture4 ,"o o!r type ( ,greek build+1 into :i* ! column does n ent]1 or ent]s only 9 a v subord9ate way1 rema9s to be m5tion$--! !at]4 ,!at]s ab\nd$ 9 ,greece4 ,e consid]able city & _m a small] place _h at lea/ "o1 & ! ru9s ( ^! /ructures rank ) temples & walls ( =tification among ! commone/ classes ( ru9s 9 ,greek l&s4 ,b 9 a sket* ( ,greek art !y may be rapidly dismiss$4 ,t "p ( ! !at] :i* 0 occupi$ by spectators--! auditorium1 z we may call x--0 commonly built into a natural slope1 help$ out by means ( artificial embankm5ts & support+ walls4 ,!re 0 no ro(4 ,! build+1 !re=e1 _h no ext]ior1 or none to speak (4 ,su* beauty z x possess$ 0 due ma9ly to its proportions4 ,! !at] at ! sanctu>y ( ,asclepius ne> ,epidaurus1 ! "w ( ! same ar*itect :o built ! r\nd build+ ) ! ,cor9?ian columns ref]r$ to on page #ajc1 0 di/+ui%$ 9 anci5t times = h>mony & beauty1 z ! ,greek travel]1 ,pausamas 7ab\t #afe ,a4 ,d471 puts x4 ,x is =tunately "o ( ! be/ pres]v$4 ,fig4 #gd1 a view tak5 f a consid]able di/ance w give "s idea ( t quality :i* ,pausanias ju/ly admir$4 ,front+ ! auditorium 0 ! /age build+1 ( :i* little b f\ndations rema9s any:]e4 ,s f> z c be asc]ta9$1 ?is /age build+ _h b small ar*itectural pret5sions until ! po/ classical p]iod 7i4e41 aft] ,alex&]7 ,b !re 0 opportunity = elegance z well z conv5i5ce 9 ! =m giv5 to ! /one or m>ble seats ) :i* ! auditorium 0 provid$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,greek ,,sculpture4--,,g5]al ,,consid]ations4 ,9 ! ,myc5aean p]iod1 z we h se51 ! art ( sculpture _h little exi/5ce1 except = ! mak+ ( small images & ! decoration ( small objects4 ,we h n[ to take up ! /ory ( ! rise ( ?is art to an indep5d5t & comm&+ position1 ( its p]fection & its subsequ5t decl9e4 ,! beg9n] mu/ n expect to f9d ?is /ory told ) z mu* fulness & c]ta9ty z is possible 9 deal+ ) ! art ( ! ,r5aissance or any m mod]n p]iod4 ,! impossibility ( equal fulness & c]ta9ty "h w become app>5t :5 we consid] :at our mat]ials = con/ruct+ a hi/ory ( ,greek sculpture are4 ,fir/1 we h a quantity ( notices1 m or less relevant1 9 anci5t ,greek & ,roman au?ors1 *iefly ( ! "t ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,^! notices are ( ! mo/ miscellane\s description4 ,!y come f writ]s ( ! mo/ unlike ta/es & ! mo/ unequal degrees ( tru/wor?9ess4 ,!y are g5]ally v vague1 leav+ mo/ t we want to "k unsaid4 ,& !y h su* a haphaz>d "* t1 :5 tak5 all toge!r1 !y d n beg9 to cov] ! field4 ,no?+ l all ! works ( ! great] sculptors1 let alone ! less] ones1 are s mu* z m5tion$ by "n 9 extant anci5t lit]ature4 ,secondly1 we h sev]al hundr$s ( orig9al inscriptions belong+ to ,greek works ( sculpture & conta9+ ! names ( ! arti/s :o made !m4 ,x 0 a common practice1 9 ! case especially ( indep5d5t /atues 9 ! r\nd1 = ! sculptor to atta* 8 signature1 g5]ally to ! p$e/al4 ,un=tunately1 :ile great numb]s ( ^! inscrib$ p$e/als h be5 pres]v$ = u1 x is v r>ely t we h ! /atues :i* once belong$ on !m4 ,moreov]1 ! arti/s' names :i* we meet on ! p$e/als are 9 a l>ge proportion ( cases names n ev5 m5tion$ by our lit]>y s\rces4 ,9 fact1 !re is only "o indisputable case :]e we possess bo? a /atue & ! p$e/al belong+ to x1 ! latt] inscrib$ ) ! "n ( an arti/ kn[n to u f lit]>y tradition4 7,see pages #bab-c47 ,?irdly1 we h ! actual rema9s ( ,greek sculpture1 a con/antly accumulat+ /ore1 yet only an insignificant remnant ( :at once exi/$4 ,^! works h suff]$ sad disfigurem5t4 ,n "o life-siz$ figure has rea*$ u absolutely intact2 b few h escap$ s]i\s mutilation4 ,mo/ ( ^? f\nd be=e ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 & "s ( ^? f\nd s9ce1 h be5 subject$ to a process kn[n z re/oration4 ,miss+ p>ts h be5 suppli$1 (t5 9 ! mo/ arbitr>y & ta/eless mann]1 & injur$ surfaces1 e4 g41 ( faces1 h be5 poli%$1 ) irrep>able damage z ! result4 ,aga91 x is important to recognize t ! creations ( ,greek sculpture :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u are p>tly orig9al ,greek works1 p>tly copies execut$ 9 ,roman times f ,greek orig9als4 ,orig9als1 & especially important orig9als1 are sc>ce4 ,! /atues ( gold & ivory h left n a ve/ige beh9d4 ,^? ( bronze1 once numb]$ by ?\s&s1 w5t long ago1 ) few exceptions1 into ! melt+-pot4 ,ev5 sculptures 9 m>ble1 ?\gh ! mat]ial 0 less valuable1 h be5 ?r[n into ! lime-kiln or us$ z build+ /one or wantonly mutilat$ or ru9$ by neglect4 ,!re does n exi/ to-day a s+le c]tifi$ orig9al "w by any "o ( ! six greate/ sculptors ( ,greece1 except ! ,h]mes ( ,praxiteles 7see page #bba74 ,copies are m pl5tiful4 ,z n[adays _m museums & private h\ses h on _! walls copies ( pa9t+s by ! old ma/]s1 s1 & f> m usually1 ! public & private build+s ( imp]ial ,rome & ( _m ( ! cities "u h] sway 7 adorn$ ) copies ( fam\s works by ! sculptors ( anci5t ,greece4 ,any piece ( sculpture might ?us be multipli$ indef9itely2 & s x happ5s t we (t5 possess sev]al copies1 or ev5 "s doz5s ( copies1 ( "o & ! same orig9al4 ,mo/ ( ! ma/]pieces ( ,greek sculpture :i* are kn[n to u at all are kn[n only 9 ?is way4 ,! "q !re=e arises1 ,h[ f> are ^! copies to be tru/$8 ,x is impossible to answ] 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,! in/ances are v few :]e we possess at once ! orig9al & a copy4 ,! be/ case ( ! k9d is af=d$ by ,fig4 #ge1 comp>$ ) ,fig4 #acb4 ,"h ! head1 =e-arms1 & feet ( ! copy are mod]n & consequ5tly d n ent] into consid]ation4 ,limit+ "o's att5tion to ! antique p>ts ( ! figure1 "o sees t x is a tol]ably close1 & yet a h>d & lifeless1 imitation ( ! orig9al4 ,?is gives u "s measure ( ! degree ( fidelity we may expect 9 favorable cases4 ,g5]ally speak+1 we h to =m our e/imate ( ! fai?fulness ( a copy by ! quality ( its workman%ip & by a comp>ison ( x ) o!r copies1 :]e su* exi/4 ,(t5 we f9d two or m copies agree+ ) "o ano!r z closely z possible4 ,?is %[s--& ! conclusion is confirm$ by o!r evid5ce--t means exi/$ 9 ,roman times ( reproduc+ /atues ) ! help ( measurem5ts me*anically tak54 ,at ! same "t1 a comp>ison ( copies makes x app>5t t copyi/s1 ev5 :5 aim+ to be exact 9 ! ma91 (t5 treat$ details & accessories ) a good deal ( fre$om4 ,( c\rse1 too1 ! skill & consci5ti\sness ( ! copyi/s v>i$ enorm\sly4 ,f9ally1 besides copies1 we h to reckon ) v>iations & mod]nizations 9 e degree ( e>li] works4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x w easily be se5 t ! task ( recon/ruct+ a lo/ orig9al f extant imitations is a v delicate & p]il\s "o4 ,:o c\ld adequately appreciate ! ,si/9e ,madonna1 if ! inimitable t\* ( ,raphael 7 kn[n to u only at second-h&8 ,any hi/ory ( ,greek sculpture attempts to piece toge!r ! sev]al classes ( evid5ce above describ$4 ,x classifies ! actual rema9s1 seek+ to assign to ea* piece its place & date ( production & to inf] f direct exam9ation & comp>ison ! progress ( arti/ic me?ods & ideas4 ,& ?is x does ) con/ant ref]5ce to :at lit]ature & inscriptions h to tell u4 ,b 9 ! fragm5t>y /ate ( our mat]ials1 x is evid5t t ! :ole subject mu/ be beset ) d\bt4 ,great & /eady progress has inde$ be5 made s9ce ,w9ckelmann1 ! f\nd] ( ! sci5ce ( classical ar*aeology1 produc$ ! fir/ ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,art 7publi%$ 9 #agfc72 b twilight /ill reigns ov] _m an important "q4 ,?is g5]al w>n+ %\ld be borne 9 m9d 9 read+ ?is or any o!r h&-book ( ! subject4 ,we may next take up ! mat]ials & ! te*nical processes ( ,greek sculpture4 ,^! may be classifi$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,wood4 ,wood 0 (t51 if n exclusively1 us$ = ! e>lie/ ,greek temple-images1 ^? rude xoana1 ( :i* _m surviv$ into ! hi/orical p]iod1 to be reg>d$ ) peculi> v5]ation4 ,we ev5 he> ( wood5 /atues made 9 ! develop$ p]iod ( ,greek art4 ,b ?is 0 c]ta9ly exceptional4 ,wood plays no "p wor? m5tion+ 9 ! fully develop$ sculpture ( ,greece1 except z x ent]$ into ! mak+ ( gold & ivory /atues or ( ! *eap] sub/itutes = ^!4 7#b7 ,/one & m>ble4 ,v>i\s uncry/alliz$ lime/ones 7 frequ5tly us$ 9 ! ar*aic p]iod & "h & !re ev5 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,b :ite m>ble1 9 :i* ,greece ab\nds1 came also e>ly into use1 & its imm5se sup]iority to lime/one = /atu>y purposes l$ to ! ab&onm5t ( ! latt]4 ,! *oice/ v>ieties ( m>ble 7 ! ,p>ian & ,p5telic 7cf4 page #gg74 ,bo? ( ^! 7 export$ to e "p ( ! ,greek _w4 ,a ,greek m>ble /atue or gr\p is (t5 n made ( a s+le piece4 ,?us ! ,aphrodite ( ,melos 7page #bdi7 0 made ( two pr9cipal pieces1 ! junction com+ j above ! drap]y1 :ile sev]al small] p>ts1 includ+ ! left arm1 7 made sep>ately & atta*$4 ,! ,laocoon gr\p 7page #bfe71 :i* ,pl9y expressly alleges to h be5 made ( a s+le block1 is 9 reality made ( six4 ,(t5 ! head 0 made sep>ately f ! body1 sometimes ( a f9] quality ( m>ble1 & !n ins]t$ into a socket prep>$ = x 9 ! neck ( ! figure4 ,& v (t51 :5 ! /atue 0 ma9ly ( a s+le block1 small pieces 7 atta*$1 sometimes 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,( c\rse ! jo9+ 0 done ) extreme nicety1 & w\ld h escap$ ord9>y obs]vation4 ,9 ! production ( a mod]n piece ( m>ble sculpture1 ! arti/ fir/ makes a clay model & !n a m]e workman produces f ?is a m>ble copy4 ,9 ! be/ p]iod ( ,greek art1 on ! o!r h&1 !re seems to h be5 no me*anical copy+ ( f9i%$ models4 ,prelim9>y draw+s or ev5 clay models1 p]haps small1 !re mu/ (t5 h be5 to guide ! eye2 b ! sculptor1 in/ead ( copy+ ) ! help ( exact measurem5ts1 /ruck out freely1 z g5ius & tra9+ inspir$ him4 ,if he made a mi/ake1 ! result 0 n fatal1 = he c\ld repair 8 error by atta*+ a fre% piece ( m>ble4 ,yet ev5 s1 ! ability to "w 9 ?is way implies m>vel\s precision ( eye & h&4 ,to ?is ability & ?is me?od we may ascribe some?+ ( ! fre$om1 ! vitality1 & ! impulsiv5ess ( ,greek m>ble sculpture--qualities :i* ! me*anical me?od ( production t5ds to de/roy4 ,obs]ve too t1 :ile p$im5t-gr\ps1 metopes1 friezes1 & reliefs ^u p$e/als w\ld (t5 be execut$ by subord9ates foll[+ ! design ( ! pr9cipal arti/1 any important s+le /atue or gr\p 9 m>ble 0 9 all probability *isel$ by ! v h& ( ! ma/]4 ,ano!r fact ( importance1 a fact :i* few are able to keep con/antly en\gh 9 _! ?\ghts1 is t ,greek m>ble sculpture 0 always m or less pa9t$4 ,?is is prov$ bo? by /atem5ts 9 anci5t au?ors & by ! full] & m explicit evid5ce ( numb]less actual rema9s4 7,see especially pages #adh1 #bdg47 ,f ^! s\rces we le>n t eyes1 eyebr[s1 hair1 & p]haps lips 7 regul>ly pa9t$1 & t drap]ies & o!r accessories 7 (t5 pa9t$ 9 :ole or 9 "p4 ,z reg>ds ! treatm5t ( fle% ! evid5ce is conflict+4 ,"s in/ances are report$ :]e ! fle% ( m5 0 color$ a r$di% br[n1 z 9 ! sculpture ( ,egypt4 ,b ! evid5ce seems to me to w>rant ! inf]5ce t ?is 0 unusual 9 m>ble sculpture4 ,on ! ,alex&] s>cophagus ! nude fle% has be5 by "s process ton$ d[n to an ivory t9t1 & ?is treatm5t may h be5 ! rule1 al?\gh mo/ sculptures :i* reta9 rema9s ( color %[ no trace ( ?is4 ,obs]ve t :]ev] color 0 appli$1 x 0 laid on 9 flat t9ts1 i4e41 n grad$ or %ad$4 ,?is poly*romatic "* ( ,greek m>ble sculpture is at v>iance ) :at we mod]ns h be5 accu/om$ to s9ce ! ,r5aissance4 ,by practice & !ory we h be5 taught t sculpture & pa9t+ are entirely di/9ct arts4 ,& 9 ! au/]e r5unciation by sculpture ( all color !re has ev5 be5 se5 a special di/9ction1 a claim to prec$5ce 9 ! hi]>*y ( ! arts4 ,! ,greeks _h no su* idea4 ,! sculpture ( ! old] nations ab\t !m 0 poly*romatic2 _! own e>ly sculpture 9 wood & co>se /one 0 almo/ necess>ily s2 _! ar*itecture1 ) :i* sculpture 0 (t5 associat$1 0 s likewise4 ,! color+ ( m>ble sculpture1 !n1 0 a natural result ( ! influ5ces by :i* t sculpture 0 mold$4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 ! ,greek eye took pleasure 9 ! comb9ation ( =m & color1 & presumably w\ld h f\nd pure :ite figures l ours dull & cold4 ,we are bett] circum/anc$ = judg+ ,greek ta/e 9 ?is matt] ?an 9 ! matt] ( color$ ar*itecture1 = we possess ,greek sculptures :i* h kept _! color+ almo/ intact4 ,a sight ( ! ,alex&] s>cophagus1 if x does n revolutionize our own ta/e1 w at lea/ dispel any fe> t a ,greek arti/ 0 capable ( outrag+ beautiful =m by a vulg>iz+ addition4 7#c7 ,bronze4 ,?is mat]ial 7an alloy ( copp] ) t9 & sometimes lead71 always m exp5sive ?an m>ble1 0 ! favorite mat]ial ( "s ( ! mo/ em95t sculptors 7,myron1 ,polyclitus1 ,lysippus7 & = c]ta9 purposes 0 always pref]r$4 ,! art ( ca/+ small1 solid bronze images goes f> back into ! prehi/oric p]iod 9 ,greece4 ,at an e>ly date1 too 7we _c say h[ e>ly71 l>ge bronze /atues c\ld be made ( a numb] ( sep>ate pieces1 %ap$ by ! hamm] & rivet$ toge!r4 ,su* a "w 0 se5 at ,sp>ta by ! travel] ,pausanias1 & 0 reg>d$ by him z ! mo/ anci5t exi/+ /atue 9 bronze4 ,a great impulse mu/ h be5 giv5 to bronze sculpture by ! introduction ( ! process ( holl[-ca/+4 ,pausanias repeat$ly attributes ! inv5tion ( ?is process to ,rhoecus & ,!odorus1 two ,samian arti/s1 :o fl\ri%$ app>5tly e>ly 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,?is may be sub/antially correct1 b ! process is mu* m likely to h be5 borr[$ f ,egypt ?an inv5t$ indep5d5tly4 ,9 produc+ a bronze /atue x is necess>y fir/ to make an exact clay model4 ,?is done1 ! usual ,greek practice seems to h be5 to dismemb] ! model & take a ca/+ ( ea* "p sep>ately4 ,! sev]al bronze pieces 7 !n c>efully unit$ by rivets or sold]1 & small defects 7 repair$ by ! ins]tion ( quadrangul> pat*es ( bronze4 ,! eye-sockets 7 always left holl[ 9 ! ca/+1 & eyeballs ( glass1 metal1 or o!r mat]ials1 imitat+ cornea & iris1 7 ins]t$4 ,footnote3 ,m>ble /atues also sometimes _h ins]t$ eyes ,f9ally1 ! :ole 0 gone ov] ) appropriate tools1 ! hair1 = example1 be+ furr[$ ) a %>p grav] & ?us receiv+ a peculi>1 metallic def9it5ess ( texture4 ,a holl[ bronze /atue be+ mu* light] ?an "o 9 m>ble & mu* less brittle1 a sculptor c\ld be mu* bold] 9 pos+ a figure ( ! =m] mat]ial ?an "o ( ! latt]4 ,h5ce :5 a ,greek bronze /atue 0 copi$ 9 m>ble 9 ,roman times1 a disfigur+ support1 n pres5t 9 ! orig9al1 _h (t5 to be add$ 7cf4 ,figs1 #aja1 #ajd1 etc474 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a support 9 a m>ble "w is1 !n1 "o reason among o!rs = assum+ a bronze orig9al4 ,o!r indications po9t+ ! same way are af=d$ by a peculi> %>pness ( edge1 e4g41 ( ! eyelids & ! eyebr[s1 & by ! metallic treatm5t ( ! hair4 ,^! po9ts are well illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #gf4 ,notice especially ! curls1 :i* 9 ! orig9al w\ld h be5 made ( sep>ate /rips ( bronze1 twi/$ & atta*$ aft] ! ca/+ ( ! figure4 ,bronze reliefs 7 n ca/1 b produc$ by hamm]+4 ,?is is :at is call$ rep\sse "w4 ,^! bronze reliefs 7 ( small size1 & 7 us$ = ornam5t+ helmets1 cuirasses1 mirrors1 & s on4 7#d7 ,gold & ivory4 ,*ryselephant9e /atues1 i4e41 /atues ( gold & ivory1 mu/1 f ! co/l9ess ( ! mat]ials1 h be5 always comp>atively r>e4 ,mo/ ( !m1 ?\gh n all1 7 temple-images1 & ! mo/ fam\s ones 7 ( colossal size4 ,we are v imp]fectly in=m$ z to h[ ^! figures 7 made4 ,! colossal ones conta9$ a /rong framework ( timb]s & metal b>s1 ov] :i* 0 built a figure ( wood4 ,to ?is ! gold & ivory 7 atta*$1 ivory be+ us$ = fle% & gold = all o!r p>ts4 ,! gold on ! ,a!na ( ! ,p>!non 7cf4 page #ahf7 weigh$ a good deal ov] a ton4 ,b co/ly z ^! works 71 ! admiration felt = !m seems to h be5 unta9t$ by any ?\ght ( t fact4 7#e7 ,t]ra-cotta4 ,?is 0 us$ at all p]iods = small figures1 a few in*es high1 imm5se numb]s ( :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u4 ,b l>ge t]ra-cotta figures1 su* z 7 common 9 ,etruria1 7 probably q exceptional 9 ,greece4 ,greek sculpture may be classifi$1 accord+ to ! purposes :i* x s]v$1 "u ! foll[+ heads3 7#a7 ,ar*itectural sculpture4 ,a temple c\ld h>dly be consid]$ complete unless x 0 adorn$ ) m or less ( sculpture4 ,! *ief place = su* sculpture 0 9 ! p$im5ts & especially 9 ! pr9cipal or ea/]n p$im5t4 ,relief-sculpture might be appli$ to ,doric metopes or an ,ionic frieze4 ,& f9ally1 s+le /atues or gr\ps might be plac$1 z acrot]ia1 ^u ! apex & l[] corn]s ( a p$im5t4 ,o!r sacr$ build+s besides temples might be simil>ly adorn$4 ,b we he> v little ( sculpture on secul> build+s4 7#b7 ,cult-images4 ,z a rule1 e temple or %r9e conta9$ at lea/ "o /atue ( ! div9ity1 or ( ea* div9ity1 wor%ip$ !re4 7#c7 ,votive sculptures4 ,x 0 ! habit ( ! ,greeks to pres5t to _! div9ities all sorts ( objects 9 recognition ( pa/ favors or 9 hope ( favors to come4 ,among ^! votive objects or ,,ana!meta works ( sculpture occupi$ a l>ge & important place4 ,! subjects ( su* sculptures 7 v>i\s4 ,/atues ( ! god or goddess to :om ! d$ication 0 made 7 common2 b p]haps /ill common] 7 figures repres5t+ human p]sons1 ei!r ! d$icators !mselves or o!rs 9 :om !y 7 ne>ly int]e/$4 ,"u ?is latt] head fall mo/ ( ! _m /atues ( victors 9 ! a?letic games4 ,^! 7 set up 9 temple prec9cts1 l t ( ,zeus at ,olympia1 t ( ,apollo at ,delphi1 or t ( ,a!na on ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns1 & 71 9 !ory at lea/1 int5d$ r z ?ank-(f]+s ?an z means ( glorify+ ! victors !mselves4 7#d7 ,sepul*ral sculpture4 ,sculptur$ grave monum5ts 7 common 9 ,greece at lea/ z e>ly z ! six? c5tury4 ,! mo/ usual monum5t 0 a slab ( m>ble--! =m v>y+ accord+ to place & "t--sculptur$ ) an idealiz$ repres5tation 9 relief ( ! deceas$ p]son1 (t5 ) memb]s ( 8 family4 7#e7 ,honor>y /atues4 ,/atues repres5t+ di/+ui%$ m51 contempor>y or o!rwise1 c\ld be set up by /ate au?ority 9 secul> places or 9 sanctu>ies4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n case ( ?is k9d is t ( ,h>modius & ,ari/ogiton1 %ortly aft] #eaj ,b4,c4 7cf4 pages #afj-d74 ,! practice gradually became common1 rea*+ an extravagant developm5t 9 ! p]iod aft] ,alex&]4 7#f7 ,sculpture us$ m]ely z ornam5t1 & hav+ no sacr$ or public "*4 ,?is class belongs ma9ly1 if n :olly1 to ! late/ p]iod ( ,greek art4 ,x w\ld be go+ beyond our evid5ce to say t nev]1 9 ! great age ( ,greek sculpture1 0 a /atue or a relief produc$ m]ely z an ornam5t = a private h\se or ! int]ior ( a secul> build+4 ,b c]ta9 x is t ! dem& = su* ?+s be=e ! "t ( ,alex&]1 if x exi/$ at all1 0 inconsid]able4 ,x may be neglect$ 9 a broad survey ( ! conditions ( arti/ic production 9 ! great age4 ,! =ego+ li/1 :ile n q exhau/ive1 is suffici5tly s = pres5t purposes4 ,x w be se5 h[ inspir+ & elevat+ 0 ! role assign$ to ! sculptor 9 ,greece4 ,8 "w de/9$ to be se5 by intellig5t & sympa!tic multitudes1 appeal$1 n to ! co>s] elem5ts ( _! nature1 b to ! mo/ s]i\s & exalt$4 ,h5ce ,greek sculpture ( ! be/ p]iod is always pure & noble4 ,! gross] aspects ( ,greek life1 :i* flaunt !mselves %amelessly 9 ,attic com$y1 z 9 "s ( ! designs ^u ,attic vases1 d n invade ! prov9ce ( ?is art4 ,x may be prop] "h to say a ^w 9 explanation ( t frank & innoc5t nudity :i* is s *>act]i/ic a trait ( ! be/ ,greek art4 ,! ,greek admiration = ! mascul9e body & ! will+ness to display x 7 closely b\nd up ) ! extraord9>y importance 9 ,greece ( gymna/ic ex]cises & conte/s & ) ! habits :i* ^! eng5d]$4 ,z e>ly z ! sev5? c5tury1 if n e>li]1 ! competitors 9 ! foot- race at ,olympia disp5s$ ) ! lo9-clo?1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 ! sole cov]+ worn4 ,9 o!r ,olympic conte/s ! example ?us set 0 n foll[$ till "s "t lat]1 b 9 ! gymna/ic ex]cises ( e-day life ! same cu/om mu/ h e>ly prevail$4 ,?us 9 contra/ to primitive ,greek feel+ & to ! feel+ ( b>b>ians g5]ally1 ! exhibition by m5 among m5 ( ! nak$ body came to be reg>d$ z some?+ altoge!r honorable4 ,!re c\ld n be bett] evid5ce ( ?is ?an ! fact t ! ar*]-god1 ,apollo1 ! pure/ god 9 ! ,greek pan!on1 does n deign 9 ,greek art to veil ! glory ( 8 =m4 ,greek sculpture _h a /rongly idealiz+ b5t4 ,gods & goddesses 7 conceiv$ 9 ! lik5ess ( human be+s1 b human be+s fre$ f e]y blemi%1 made augu/ & beautiful by ! arti/ic imag9ation4 ,! subjects ( ar*itectural sculpture 7 ma9ly my?ological1 hi/orical sc5es be+ v r>e 9 purely ,greek "w2 & ^! leg5d>y !mes (f]$ little temptation to a lit]al copy+ ( e-day life4 ,b :at is mo/ notewor?y is t ev5 9 ! repres5tation ( actual human p]sons1 e4g41 9 a?lete /atues & ^u grave monum5ts1 ,greek sculpture 9 ! be/ p]iod seems n to h ev5 aim$ at exact portraiture4 ,! developm5t ( reali/ic portraiture belongs ma9ly to ! age ( ,alex&] & 8 successors4 ,mr4 ,rusk9 goes s f> z to say t a ,greek nev] expresses p]sonal "*1 & nev] expresses mom5t>y passion4 ,footnote3 ,aratra ,p5telici1 ,lecture ,,vi1 ,section #aia1 #aic4 ,^! are reckless v]dicts1 ne$+ mu* qualification4 ,= ! art ( ! f\r? c5tury !y w n d at all1 mu* less = ! lat] p]iod4 ,b !y may be ( use if !y lead u to note ! pref]5ce = ! typical & p]man5t ) :i* ,greek sculpture beg9s1 & ! v gradual way 9 :i* x progresses t[>d ! expression ( ! individual & transi5t4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 9 ! be/ p]iod ! mo/ t we h any "r to speak ( is a prevail+ t5d5cy4 ,greek art 0 at all times v mu* alive1 & ! /ud5t mu/ be prep>$ to f9d exceptions to any =mula t c be laid d[n4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,ar*aic ,,p]iod ,,( ,,greek ,,sculpture4 ,,fir/ ,,half3 #fbe 787-#eej ,b4,c4 ,! date above sugge/$ = ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod ) :i* we h fir/ to deal mu/ n be reg>d$ z mak+ any pret5se to exactitude4 ,we h no means ( assign+ a def9ite date to any ( ! mo/ primitive-look+ pieces ( ,greek sculpture4 ,all t c be said is t works :i* c be confid5tly dat$ ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury %[ su* a degree ( advancem5t z implies m ?an half a c5tury ( developm5t s9ce ! fir/ rude beg9n+s4 ,tradition & ! m copi\s evid5ce ( actual rema9s tea* u t ^! e>ly attempts at sculpture 9 /one or m>ble 7 n conf9$ to any "o spot or n>r[ region4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! c5t]s ( arti/ic activity 7 num]\s & widely diffus$-- ! isl&s ( ,crete1 ,p>os1 & ,naxos2 ! ,ionic cities ( ,asia ,m9or & ! adjac5t isl&s ( ,*ios & ,samos2 9 ,greece prop]1 ,boeotia1 ,attica1 ,argolis1 ,arcadia1 ,laconia2 9 ,sicily1 ! ,greek colony ,sel9us2 & d\btless _m o!rs4 ,x is v difficult to make out h[ f> ^! diff]5t spots 7 indep5d5t ( "o ano!r2 h[ f>1 9 o!r words1 we h a "r to speak ( local s*ools ( sculpture4 ,c]ta9ly !re 0 f ! fir/ a good deal ( action & reaction betwe5 "s ( ^! places1 & "o *ief problem ( ! subject is to discov] ! really orig9ative c5t]s ( arti/ic impulse1 & to trace ! spread ( arti/ic types & /yles & me?ods f place to place4 ,in/ead ( attempt+ "h to discuss or decide ?is difficult "q1 x w be bett] simply to pass 9 review a few typical works ( ! e>ly ar*aic p]iod f v>i\s sites4 ,! fir/ place may be giv5 to a m>ble image 7,fig4 #gg7 f\nd 9 #ahgh on ! isl& ( ,delos1 t anci5t c5t] ( ,apoll9e wor%ip = ! ,ionians4 ,on ! left side ( ! figure is engrav$ 9 e>ly ,greek *>act]s a metrical inscription1 record+ t ! /atue 0 d$icat$ to ,artemis by "o ,nic&ra ( ,naxos4 ,:e!r x 0 int5d$ to repres5t ! goddess ,artemis or ! woman ,nic&ra1 we _c tell2 nor is ! "q ( mu* importance to u4 ,we h "h an extremely rude attempt to repres5t a drap$ female =m4 ,! figure /&s /iffly erect1 ! feet close toge!r1 ! arms hang+ /raight d[n1 ! face look+ directly =w>d4 ,! g>m5t envelops ! body l a close-fitt+ %ea?1 )\t a sugge/ion ( folds4 ,! trunk ( ! body is flat or ne>ly s at ! back1 :ile 9 front ! prom95ce ( ! brea/s is sugge/$ by ! simple device ( two planes1 an upp] & a l[]1 meet+ at an angle4 ,! %apeless arms 7 n deta*$ f ! sides1 except j at ! wai/4 ,bel[ ! girdle ! body is b\nd$ by p>allel planes 9 front & beh9d & is r\nd$ (f at ! sides4 ,a %ort projection at ! bottom1 slightly r\nd$ & p>tly divid$1 does duty = ! feet4 ,! features ( ! face are too mu* batt]$ to be comm5t$ ^u4 ,! mo/ ( ! hair falls 9 a r\gh mass ^u ! back1 b on ei!r side a bun*1 divid$ by grooves into f\r locks1 deta*es itself & is br\ght =w>d ^u ! brea/4 ,?is primitive image is n an isolat$ specim5 ( its type4 ,sev]al simil> figures or fragm5ts ( figures h be5 f\nd on ! isl& ( ,delos1 9 ,boeotia1 & else:]e4 ,a small /atuette ( ?is type1 f\nd at ,olympia1 b probably produc$ at ,sp>ta1 has its ugly face tol]ably pres]v$4 ,ano!r s]ies ( figures1 mu* m num]\sly repres5t$1 gives u ! correspond+ type ( male figure4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ examples ( ?is s]ies is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gh1 a life-siz$ /atue ( ,naxian m>ble1 f\nd on ! isl& ( ,!ra 9 #ahcf4 ,! figure is completely nude4 ,! attitude is l t ( ! female type j describ$1 except t ! left foot is advanc$4 ,o!r /atues1 agree+ ) ?is "o 9 attitude1 b %[+ v>i\s /ages ( developm5t1 h be5 f\nd 9 _m places1 f ,samos on ! ea/ to ,actium on ! we/4 ,sev]al features ( ?is class ( figures h be5 ?\ght to betray ,egyptian influ5ce4 ,footnote3 ,see ,wolt]s's edition ( ,fri$]i*s's ,gipsabgusse antik] ,bildw]ke1 pages #aa #ab4 ,! rigid position might be adopt$ indep5d5tly by primitive sculpture any:]e4 ,b ! fact t ! left leg is inv>iably advanc$1 ! n>r[ness ( ! hips1 & ! too high position frequ5tly giv5 to ! e>s-- did ?is gr\p ( co9cid5ces ) ! /]eotyp$ ,egyptian /&+ figures come ab\t )\t imitation8 ,!re is no hi/orical difficulty 9 ! way ( assum+ ,egyptian influ5ce1 = z e>ly z ! sev5? c5tury ,greeks c]ta9ly visit$ ,egypt & x 0 p]haps 9 ?is c5tury t ! ,greek colony ( ,naucratis 0 f\nd$ 9 ! delta ( ! ,nile4 ,"h 0 a *ance = ,greeks to see ,egyptian /atues2 & besides1 ,egyptian /atuettes may h rea*$ ,greek %ores 9 ! way ( comm]ce4 ,b be ! tru? ab\t ?is "q :at x may1 ! e>ly ,greek sculptors 7 z f> z possible f slavi%ly imitat+ a fix$ prototype4 ,!y us$ _! own eyes & /rove1 ea* 9 8 own way1 to r5d] :at !y saw4 ,?is is evid5t1 :5 ! diff]5t examples ( ! class ( figures n[ "u discussion are pass$ 9 review4 ,our figure f ,!ra is h>dly m ?an a fir/ attempt4 ,!re is v little ( anatomical detail1 & :at !re is is n correct2 especially ! =m & ! muscles ( ! abdom5 are n und]/ood4 ,! head pres5ts a numb] ( *>act]i/ics :i* 7 de/9$ long to p]si/ 9 ,greek sculpture4 ,su* are ! protub]ant eyeballs1 ! prom95t *eek-bones1 ! squ>e1 protrud+ *94 ,su*1 too1 is ! =mation ( ! m\?1 ) its slightly upturn$ corn]s--a feature almo/1 ?\gh n q1 univ]sal 9 ,greek faces = m ?an a c5tury4 ,?is is ! sculptor's *ildlike way ( imp>t+ a look ( *e]fulness to ! c\nt5ance1 & ) x (t5 goes an upw>d slant ( ! eyes f ! inn] to ! out] corn]s4 ,9 repres5t+ ?is y\? z we>+ long hair1 ! sculptor foll[$ ! actual fa%ion ( ! times1 a fa%ion n ab&on$ till ! fif? c5tury & 9 ,sp>ta n till lat]4 ,! appe>ance ( ! hair ov] ! =ehead & temples %\ld be notic$4 ,x is arrang$ symmetrically 9 flat spiral curls1 five curls on ea* side4 ,symmetry 9 ! disposition ( ! front hair is con/ant 9 e>ly ,greek sculpture1 & "s s*eme or o!r ( spiral curls is extremely common4 ,x 0 at "o "t ?\ght t ^! nude /&+ figures all repres5t$ ,apollo4 ,x is n[ c]ta9 t ,apollo 0 sometimes int5d$1 b equally c]ta9 t ! same type 0 us$ = m54 ,greek sculpture _h n yet le>n$ to diff]5tiate div9e f human be+s ,! s-call$ ,apollo ( ,t5ea 7,fig4 #gi71 probably 9 reality a grave-/atue repres5t+ ! deceas$1 0 f\nd on ! site ( ! anci5t ,t5ea1 a village 9 ! t]ritory ( ,cor9?4 ,x is unusually well pres]v$1 !re be+ no?+ miss+ except ! middle portion ( ! "r arm1 :i* has be5 re/or$4 ,?is figure %[s great improvem5t ov] 8 fell[ f ,!ra4 ,! rigid attitude1 to be sure1 is pres]v$ un*ang$1 save = a slight b5d+ ( ! arms at ! elb[s2 & we meet aga9 ! prom95t eyes1 *eek-bones1 & *91 & ! smil+ m\?4 ,b ! arms are mu* m deta*$ f ! sides & ! model+ ( ! figure g5]ally is mu* m detail$4 ,!re are /ill faults 9 pl5ty1 b "s p>ts are r5d]$ v well1 p>ticul>ly ! l[] legs & feet1 & ! figure seems alive4 ,! position ( ! feet1 flat ^u ! gr\nd & p>allel to "o ano!r1 %[s u h[ to complete 9 imag9ation ! ,apollo ( ,!ra & o!r mutilat$ memb]s ( ! s]ies4 ,greek sculpture ev5 9 its e>lie/ p]iod c\ld n limit itself to s+le /&+ figures4 ,! desire to adorn ! p$im5ts ( temples & temple-l build+s gave use to m complex compositions4 ,! e>lie/ p$im5t sculptures kn[n 7 f\nd on ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns 9 ! excavations ( #ahhe-ij 7see page #adg7 ,! mo/ primitive ( ^! is a l[ relief ( s(t poros 7see page #gh71 repres5t+ ,h]acles slay+ ! _m-head$ hydra4 ,some:at lat]1 b /ill v rude1 is ! gr\p %[n 9 ,fig4 #hj1 :i* once occupi$ ! "r-h& half ( a p$im5t4 ,! mat]ial "h is a h>d] sort ( poros1 & ! figures are practically 9 ! r\nd1 ?\gh on acc\nt ( ! connection ) ! backgr\nd ! "w has to be class$ z high relief4 ,we see a triple mon/]1 or r ?ree mon/]s1 ) human heads & trunks & arms ! human bodies pass+ into long snaky bodies coil$ toge!r4 ,a s+le pair ( w+s 0 divid$ betwe5 ! two out]mo/ ( ! ?ree be+s1 :ile snakes' heads1 gr[+ out ( ! human bodies1 r5d]$ ! aspect ( ! gr\p /ill m port5t\s4 ,! c5t] ( ! p$im5t 0 probably occupi$ by a figure ( ,zeus1 hurl+ 8 ?und]bolt at ?is /range enemy4 ,we h !re=e "h a sc5e f "o ( ! favorite subjects ( ,greek art at all p]iods--! gigantoma*y1 or battle ( gods & giants4 ,fig4 #ha gives a bett] idea ( ! ne>e/ ( ! ?ree heads4 ,footnote3 ,x is d\btful :e!r ?is head belongs :]e x is plac$ 9 ,fig #hj1 or 9 ano!r p$im5t-gr\p1 ( :i* fragm5ts h be5 f\nd4 ,x 0 completely cov]$ ) a cru/ ( pa9t1 /ill pretty well pres]v$4 ,! fle% 0 r$2 ! hair1 m\/a*e1 & be>d1 blue2 ! irises ( ! eyes1 gre52 ! eyebr[s1 edges ( ! eyelids1 & pupils1 black4 ,a consid]able quantity ( e>ly poros sculptures 0 f\nd on ! ,a!nian ,acropolis4 ,^! 7 all lib]ally pa9t$4 ,! poor quality ( ! mat]ial 0 ?us l>gely or :olly conceal$4 ,fig4 #hb %[s ano!r ,a!nian "w1 f\nd on ! ,acropolis 9 #ahfd-fe4 ,x is ( m>ble & is obvi\sly ( lat] date ?an ! poros sculptures4 ,9 #ahhg ! p$e/al ( ?is /atue 0 f\nd1 ) a "p ( ! "r foot4 ,an inscription on ! p$e/al %[s t ! /atue 0 d$icat$ to "s div9ity1 d\btless ,a!na1 ^: prec9ct ! ,acropolis 04 ,! figure !n probably repres5ts ! d$icator1 br++ a calf = sacrifice4 ,! position ( ! body & legs is "h ! same z 9 ! ,apollo figures1 b ! subject has compell$ ! sculptor to v>y ! position ( ! arms4 ,ano!r diff]5ce f ! ,apollo figures lies 9 ! fact t ?is /atue is n :olly nak$4 ,! g>m5t1 h[ev]1 is h>d to make out1 = x cl+s closely to ! p]son ( ! we>] & betrays its exi/5ce only along ! edges4 ,! sculptor _h n yet le>n$ to repres5t ! folds ( drap]y ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses a s]ies ( t5 seat$ figures ( ,p>ian m>ble1 :i* 7 once rang$ along ! approa* to an important temple ( ,apollo ne> ,miletus4 ,fig4 #hc %[s ?ree ( ^!4 ,!y are plac$ 9 _! assum$ *ronological ord]1 ! e>lie/ fur!/ (f4 ,only ! fir/ two belong 9 ! p]iod n[ "u review4 ,! figures are heavy & lumpi%1 & are envelop$1 m5 & wom5 alike1 9 drap]ies1 :i* leave only ! heads1 ! =e-arms1 & ! toes expos$4 ,x is int]e/+ to see ! successive sculptors attack+ ! problem ( r5d]+ ! folds ( loose g>m5ts4 ,n until we rea* ! late/ ( ! ?ree /atues d we f9d any dep? giv5 to ! folds1 & t figure belongs di/9ctly 9 ! latt] half ( ! ar*aic p]iod4 ,transport+ ourselves n[ f ! ea/]n to ! we/]n conf9es ( ,greek civilization1 we may take a look at a sculptur$ metope f ,sel9us 9 ,sicily 7,fig4 #hd74 ,t city 0 f\nd$1 accord+ to our be/ anci5t au?ority1 ab\t ! ye> #fbi ,b4,c41 & ! temple f :i* our metope is tak5 is c]ta9ly "o ( ! olde/1 if n ! olde/1 ( ! _m temples ( ! place4 ,! mat]ial ( ! metope1 z ( ! :ole temple1 is a local poros1 & ! "w is execut$ 9 high relief4 ,! subject is ,p]seus cutt+ (f ! head ( ,m$usa4 ,! ,gorgon is try+ to run away--! position giv5 to h] legs is us$ 9 e>ly ,greek sculpture & vase-pa9t+ to signify rapid motion--b is ov]tak5 by h] pursu]4 ,f ! blood ( ,m$usa sprang1 accord+ to ! leg5d1 ! w+$ horse1 ,pegasus2 & ! arti/1 wi%+ to tell z mu* ( ! /ory z possible1 has introduc$ ,pegasus into 8 composition1 b has be5 =c$ to r$uce him to m9iature size4 ,! goddess ,a!na1 ! protectress ( ,p]seus1 occupies :at rema9s ( ! field4 ,!re is no ne$ ( dwell+ 9 words on ! ugl9ess ( ?is relief1 an ugl9ess only 9 "p acc\nt$ = by ! subject4 ,! /ud5t %\ld note t ! body ( ea* ( ! ?ree figures is se5 f ! front1 :ile ! legs are 9 pr(ile4 ,! same di/ortion occurs 9 a second metope ( ?is same temple1 repres5t+ ,h]acles c>ry+ (f two pranki% dw>fs :o _h tri$ to annoy him1 & is 9 fact common 9 e>ly ,greek "w4 ,we h met some?+ simil> 9 ,egyptian reliefs & pa9t+s 7cf4 page #cc71 b ?is me?od ( repres5t+ ! human =m is s natural to primitive art t we ne$ n "h assume ,egyptian influ5ce4 ,! g>m5ts ( ,p]seus & ,a!na %[ s mu* progress 9 ! repres5tation ( folds t "o scruples to put ?is temple back into ! sev5? c5tury1 z "s w\ld h u d4 ,l ! poros sculptures ( ,attica1 ^! ,sel9us metopes seem to h be5 cov]$ ) color4 ,fig4 #he takes u back aga9 to ! isl& ( ,delos1 :]e ! /atue came to light 9 #ahgg4 ,x is ( ,p>ian m>ble1 & is consid]ably less ?an life-siz$4 ,a female figure is "h repres5t$1 ! body unnaturally twi/$ at ! hips1 z 9 ! ,sel9us metopes1 ! legs b5t 9 ! attitude ( rapid motion4 ,at ! back !re 7 w+s1 ( :i* only ! /umps n[ rema94 ,a comp>ison ( ?is /atue ) simil> figures f ! ,a!nian ,acropolis has %[n t ! feet did n t\* ! p$e/al1 ! drap]y s]v+ z a support4 ,! int5tion ( ! arti/1 !n1 0 to repres5t a fly+ figure1 probably a ,victory4 ,! goddess is dress$ 9 a *iton 7%ift71 :i* %[s no trace ( folds above ! girdle1 :ile bel[ ! girdle1 betwe5 ! legs1 !re is a s]ies ( flat1 %all[ ridges4 ,! face %[s ! usual ar*aic features--! prom95t eyeballs1 *eeks1 & *91 & ! smil+ m\?4 ,! hair is repres5t$ z fa/5$ by a sort ( hoop1 into :i* metallic ornam5ts1 n[ lo/1 7 ins]t$4 ,z usual1 ! ma9 mass ( ! hair falls /raight beh9d1 & sev]al locks1 ! same numb] on ea* side1 are br\ght =w>d ^u ! brea/4 ,z usual1 too1 ! front hair is dispos$ symmetrically2 9 ?is case1 a small] & a l>g] flat curl on ea* side ( ! middle ( ! =ehead are succe$$ by a cont9u\s tress ( hair arrang$ 9 five scallops4 ,if1 z has be5 g5]ally ?\ght1 ?is /atue belongs on an inscrib$ p$e/al :i* 0 f\nd ne> x1 !n we h be=e u ! "w ( "o ,ar*]mus ( ,*ios1 kn[n to u f lit]>y tradition z ! fir/ sculptor to repres5t ,victory ) w+s4 ,at all ev5ts1 ?is1 if a ,victory1 is ! e>lie/ t we "k4 ,%e awak5s our int]e/1 less = :at %e is 9 h]self ?an because %e is ! =]unn] ( ! magnific5t ,victories ( develop$ ,greek art4 ,?us f> we h n met a s+le "w to :i* x is possible to assign a precise date4 ,we h n[ ! satisfaction ( f9d+ a *ronological l&m>k 9 our pa?4 ,?is is af=d$ by "s fragm5ts ( sculpture belong+ to ! old ,temple ( ,artemis at ,ephesus4 ,! date ( ?is temple is approximately fix$ by ! /atem5t ( ,h]odotus 7,i1 #ib7 t mo/ ( its columns 7 pics5t$ by ,croesus1 k+ ( ,lydia1 ^: reign la/$ f #efj to #edf ,b4 ,c4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! excavations c>ri$ on = ! ,briti% ,museum ^u ! site ( ,ephesus !re 7 br\ght to light1 9 #ahgb & #ahgd1 a few fragm5ts ( ?is six? c5tury edifice4 ,ev5 "s lett]s ( ,croesus's d$icatory inscription h be5 f\nd on ! bases ( ! ,ionic columns1 af=d+ a welcome confirmation to ! te/imony ( ,h]odotus4 ,x appe>s t ! columns1 or "s ( !m1 7 treat$ 9 a v exceptional fa%ion1 ! l[e/ drums be+ adorn$ ) relief- sculpture4 ,! ,briti% ,museum au?orities h p>tially re/or$ "o su* drum 7,fig4 #hf71 ?\gh )\t gu>antee+ t ! pieces ( sculpture "h comb9$ actually belong to ! same column4 ,! male figure is n v pre-possess+1 b t is p>tly due to ! batt]$ condition ( ! face4 ,mu* m attractive is ! female head1 ( :i* un=tunately only ! back is se5 9 our illu/ration4 ,x be>s a /rong family lik5ess to ! head ( ! ,victory ( ,delos1 b %[s m>k$ improvem5t ov] t4 ,"s bits ( a sculptur$ cornice belong+ to ! same temple are also ref9$ 9 /yle4 ,9 ?is gr\p ( reliefs1 fragm5t>y ?\gh !y are1 we h an indication ( ! developm5t atta9$ by ,ionic sculptors ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury4 ,=1 ( c\rse1 ?\gh ,croesus paid = ! columns1 ! "w 0 execut$ by ,greek arti/s ^u ! spot1 & presumably by ! be/ arti/s t c\ld be secur$4 ,we may !re=e use ^! sculptures z a /&>d by :i* to date o!r works1 ^: date is n fix$ = u by ext]nal evid5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,ar*aic ,,p]iod ,,( ,,greek ,,sculpture ,,second ,,half #eej-dhj ,b4,c4 ,greek sculpture n[ ent]s ^u a /age ( developm5t :i* possesses = ! mod]n /ud5t a s+ul> & pot5t *>m ,true1 _m traces /ill rema9 ( ! sculptor's imp]fect ma/]y4 ,he _c pose 8 figures 9 p]fectly easy attitudes n ev5 9 reliefs1 :]e ! problem is easi] ?an 9 sculpture 9 ! r\nd4 ,8 k ( human anatomy--t is to say1 ( ! outw>d appe>ance ( ! human body1 :i* is all ! arti/ic anatomy t any "o attempt$ to "k dur+ ! rise & ! great age ( ,greek sculpture--is /ill defective1 & 8 means ( expression are /ill imp]fect4 ,= example1 9 ! nude male figure ! hips cont9ue to be too n>r[ = ! %\ld]s1 & ! abdom5 too flat4 ,! facial peculi>ities m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]--prom95t eyeballs1 *eeks1 & *91 & smil+ m\?--are only v gradually modifi$4 ,z f ! fir/1 ! upp] eyelid does n ov]lap ! l[] eyelid at ! out] corn]1 z tru?1 or r appe>ance1 requires1 & 9 relief sculpture ! eye ( a face 9 pr(ile is r5d]$ z 9 front view4 ,! texture & arrangem5t ( hair are express$ 9 v>i\s ways b always ) a m>k$ love ( symmetry & =malism4 ,9 ! difficult art ( repres5t+ drap]y !re is mu* exp]im5tation & great progress4 ,x seems to h be5 among ! ea/]n ,ionians p]haps at ,*ios1 t ! deep cutt+ ( folds 0 fir/ practic$1 & f ,ionia ?is me?od ( treatm5t spread to ,a!ns & else:]e4 ,:5 drap]y is us$1 !re is a manife/ desire on ! sculptor's "p to reveal :at he c1 m1 9 fact1 ?an 9 reality c\ld appe>1 ( ! =m und]nea?4 ,! g>m5ts fall 9 =mal folds1 sometimes ( great elaboration4 ,!y look z if !y 7 int5d$ to repres5t g>m5ts ( irregul> cut1 c>efully />*$ & iron$4 ,b "o mu/ be cauti\s ab\t draw+ inf]5ces f an imp]fect arti/ic mann] z to ! actual fa%ions ( ! day4 ,b :atev] %ortcom+s 9 te*nical p]fection may be laid to _! *>ge1 ! works ( ?is p]iod are full ( ! indef9able fasc9ation ( promise4 ,!y are m>k$1 moreov]1 by a simplicity & s9c]ity ( purpose1 an abs5ce ( all o/5tation1 a consci5ti\s & lov+ devotion on ! "p ( ^? :o made !m4 ,& 9 _m ( !m we are t\*$ by great ref9em5t & t5d]ness ( feel+1 & a peculi>ly ,greek grace ( l9e4 ,to illu/rate ^! rem>ks we may turn fir/ to ,lycia1 9 s\?we/]n ,asia ,m9or4 ,! s call$ ,h>py tomb 0 a huge1 f\r sid$ pill> ( /one1 9 ! upp] "p ( :i* a squ>e burial-*amb] 0 holl[$ out4 ,m>ble bas-reliefs adorn$ ! ext]ior ( ?is *amb] ,! be/ ( ! f\r slabs is se5 9 ,fig #hg ,footnote3 ,our illu/ration is n q complete on ! "r ,at ! "r is a seat$ female figure1 div9ity or deceas$ woman1 :o holds 9 h] "r h& a pomegranate fl[] & 9 h] left a pomegranate fruit ,to h] approa* ?ree wom51 ! fir/ rais+ ! l[] "p ( h] *iton ) h] "r h& & draw+ =w>d h] out] g>m5t ) h] left1 ! second br++ a fruit & a fl[] ! ?ird hold+ an egg 9 h] "r h& & rais+ h] *iton ) h] left4 ,!n comes ! op5+ into ! burial-*amb]1 surm\nt$ by a dim9utive c[ suckl+ h] calf4 ,at ! left is ano!r seat$ female figure1 hold+ a b[l = libation4 ,! exact significance ( ?is sc5e is unkn[n1 & we may limit our att5tion to its arti/ic qualities4 ,we h "h our fir/ opportunity ( obs]v+ ! pr9ciple ( isocephaly 9 ,greek relief-sculpture2 i4e41 ! conv5tion :]eby ! heads ( figures 9 an ext5d$ composition are rang$ on ne>ly ! same level1 no matt] :e!r ! figures are seat$1 /&+1 m\nt$ on horseback1 or plac$ 9 any o!r position4 ,! ma9 purpose ( ?is conv5tion d\btless 0 to avoid ! unpleas+ blank spaces :i* w\ld result if ! figures 7 all ( ! same proportions4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance !re may be ! fur!r desire to sugge/ by ! great] size ( ! seat$ figures _! great] dignity z goddesses or div9iz$ human be+s4 ,note1 aga91 h[1 9 ! case ( ea* /&+ woman1 ! g>m5ts adh]e to ! body beh9d4 ,! sculptor "h sacrifices tru? = ! sake ( %[+ ! outl9e ( ! figure4 ,f9ally1 rem>k ! da9t9ess ) :i* ! h&s are us$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( ! seat$ figure on ! "r4 ,! date ( ?is "w may be put n mu* lat] ?an ! middle ( ! six? c5tury1 & ! /yle is t ( ! ,ionian s*ool4 ,"u ! tyrant ,pisi/ratus & 8 sons ,a!ns atta9$ to an importance 9 ! _w ( art :i* x _h n enjoy$ be=e4 ,a f9e ,attic "w1 :i* we may probably attribute to ! "t ( ,pisi/ratus1 is ! grave-monum5t ( ,ari/ion 7,fig4 #hh74 ,! mat]ial is ,p5telic m>ble4 ,! =m ( ! monum5t1 a tall1 n>r[1 slightly tap]+ slab or /ele1 is ! usual "o 9 ,attica 9 ?is p]iod4 ,! man repres5t$ 9 l[ relief is1 ( c\rse1 ,ari/ion himself4 ,he _h probably fall5 9 battle1 & s is put be=e u arm$4 ,ov] a %ort *iton he we>s a lea!r cuirass ) a d\ble r[ ( flaps bel[1 on 8 head is a small helmet1 :i* leaves 8 face entirely expos$1 on 8 legs are greaves2 & 9 8 left h& he holds a spe> ,!re is "s con/ra9t 9 ! position ( ! left arm & h&1 due to ! limitations ( space ,9 g5]al1 ! anatomy1 s f> z exhibit$ is cr$itable1 ?\gh fault might be f\nd ) ! %ape ( ! ?ighs ,! hair1 mu* %ort] ?an is usual 9 ! ar*aic p]iod1 is arrang$ 9 c>eful curls ,! be>d1 trimm$ to a po9t 9 front1 is r5d]$ by p>allel grooves ,! *iton1 :]e x %[s f "u ! cuirass1 is arrang$ 9 symmetrical plaits ,!re are consid]able traces ( color on ! relief1 z well z on ! backgr\nd ,"s ( ^! may be se5 9 our illu/ration on ! cuirass4 ,our k ( e>ly ,attic sculpture has be5 imm5sely increas$ by ! ?or\gh exploration ( ! summit ( ! ,a!nian ,acropolis 9 #ahhe-ij ,9 reg>d to ^! important excavations x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 #dhj & aga9 9 #dgi ! ,acropolis 0 occupi$ by ,p]sians belong+ to ,x]xes' invad+ army1 :o r$uc$ ! build+s & sculptures on t site to a heap ( fire-black5$ ru9s ,?is debris 0 us$ by ! ,a!nians 9 ! g5]ation imm$iately foll[+ t[>d rais+ ! g5]al level ( ! summit ( ! ,acropolis4 ,all ?is mat]ial1 aft] hav+ be5 buri$ = "s tw5ty ?ree & a half c5turies1 has n[ be5 recov]$4 ,9 ! light ( ! newly f\nd rema9s1 :i* include num]\s inscrib$ p$e/als1 x is se5 t "u ! rule ( ,pisi/ratus & 8 sons ,a!ns attract$ to itself tal5t$ sculptors f o!r ,greek communities1 notably f ,*ios & ,ionia g5]ally4 ,x is to ,ionian sculptors & to ,a!nian sculptors br\ght "u ,ionian influ5ces t we mu/ attribute almo/ all ^? /&+ female figures :i* =m ! *ief "p ( ! new treasures ( ! ,acropolis ,museum4 ,! figures ( ?is type /& ) ! left foot1 z a rule1 a little advanc$1 ! body & head fac+ directly =w>d ) primitive /iffness4 ,b ! arms no long] hang /raight at ! sides1 "o ( !m1 regul>ly ! "r1 be+ ext5d$ f ! elb[1 :ile ! o!r holds up ! volum9\s drap]y4 ,_m ( ! /atues reta9 copi\s traces ( color on hair1 eyebr[s1 eyes1 drap]ies1 & ornam5ts2 9 no case does ! fle% give any evid5ce ( hav+ be5 pa9t$ 7cf4 page #aai74 ,fig4 #hi is tak5 f an illu/ration :i* gives ! color z x 0 :5 ! /atue 0 fir/ f\nd1 be=e x _h suff]$ f exposure4 ,fig4 #ij is n 9 itself "o ( ! mo/ pleas+ ( ! s]ies1 b x has a special int]e/1 n m]ely on acc\nt ( its exceptionally l>ge size--x is ov] six & a half feet high--b because we probably "k ! "n & some?+ m ( its sculptor4 ,if1 z seems altoge!r likely1 ! /atue belongs ^u ! inscrib$ p$e/al ^u :i* x is plac$ 9 ! illu/ration1 !n we h be=e u an orig9al "w ( t ,ant5or :o 0 commission$ by ! ,a!nian p1 soon aft] ! expulsion ( ! tyrant ,hippias & 8 family 9 #eaj1 to make a gr\p 9 bronze ( ,h>modius & ,ari/ogiton 7cf4 pages #afj-d7 ,?is /atue might1 ( c\rse1 be "o ( 8 e>li] productions4 ,at fir/ sight ^! figures /rike _m untra9$ obs]v]s z simply grotesque4 ,"s ( !m are inde$ odd2 ,fig4 #ia reproduces "o :i* is especially s4 ,b !y soon become absorb+ly int]e/+ & !n delightful4 ,! /range-look+1 puzzl+ g>m5ts1 ,footnote3 ,fig #ia we>s only "o g>m5t ! ,ionic *iton1 a long2 l95 %ift1 gird$ at ! wai/ & pull$ up s z to fall ov] conceal ! girdle4 ,figs #hi1 #ij1 #ib #ic we> ov] ?is a second g>m5t :i* goes ov] ! "r %\ld] & "u ! left ,?is ov]-g>m5t rea*es to ! feet1 s z to conceal ! l[] portion ( ! *iton ,at ! top x is fold$ ov]1 or p]haps r ano!r piece ( clo? is sew$ on4 ,?is ov]-fold1 if x may be s call$1 appe>s z if cut ) two or m long po9ts bel[ :i* cl+ to ! figure beh9d & fall 9 =mal folds 9 front1 ! elaborately1 (t5 impossibly1 arrang$ hair1 ! graci\s c\nt5ances1 a c]ta9 qua9tness & ref9em5t & unconsci\sness ( self--^! ?+s ex]cise ov] u an endless fasc9ation4 ,:o are ^! my/]i\s be+s8 ,we d n "k4 ,!re are ^? :o w\ld see 9 !m1 or 9 "s ( !m1 repres5tations ( ,a!na1 :o 0 n only a m>tial goddess1 b also patroness ( sp9n+ & weav+ & all cunn+ h&iwork4 ,to o!rs1 includ+ ! writ]1 !y seem1 9 _! manifold v>iety1 to be daught]s ( ,a!ns4 ,b1 if s1 :at especial claim ^! wom5 _h to be set up 9 effigy ^u ,a!na's holy hill is an unsolv$ riddle4 ,be=e p>t+ f _! company we mu/ n fail to look at two fragm5t>y figures 7,figs4 #id1 #ie71 ! mo/ advanc$ 9 /yle ( ! :ole s]ies & d\btless execut$ %ortly be=e #dhj4 ,9 ! =m]1 presumably ! e>li] ( ! two1 ! m>vel\s arrangem5t ( ! hair ov] ! =ehead survives & ! eyeballs /ill protrude unpleasantly4 ,b ! m\? has lo/ ! conv5tional smile & ! model+ ( ! face is ( great beauty4 ,9 ! o!r1 alone ( ! s]ies1 ! hair pres5ts a fairly natural appe>ance1 ! eyeballs lie at _! prop] dep?1 & ! beautiful curve ( ! neck is n mask$ by ! locks t fall ^u ! brea/s4 ,9 ?is head1 too1 ! m\? actually droops at ! corn]s1 giv+ a p]haps un9t5d$ look ( s]i\sness to ! face4 ,! e>1 ?\gh set r high1 is exquisitely %ap$4 ,/ill m lovely ?an ?is lady is ! y\?'s head %[n 9 ,fig4 #if4 ,fate has robb$ u ( ! body to :i* x belong$1 b ! head itself is 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! face is "o ( s+ul> purity & sweetness4 ,! hair1 once ( a gold5 t9t1 is long beh9d & is ga!r$ into two braids1 :i* />t f j beh9d ! e>s1 cross "o ano!r1 & are fa/5$ toge!r 9 front2 ! %ort front hair is comb$ =w>d & conceals ! ends ( ! braids2 & !re is a my/]i\s puff 9 front ( ea* e>4 ,9 ! :ole "w1 s f> at lea/ z appe>s 9 a pr(ile view1 !re is no?+ to m> our pleasure4 ,! sculptor's h& has respond$ cunn+ly to 8 beautiful ?\ght4 ,x is a pity n to be able to illu/rate ano!r gr\p ( ,attic sculptures ( ! late ar*aic p]iod1 ! mo/ rec5t addition to our /ore4 ,! metopes ( ! ,treasury ( ! ,a!nians at ,delphi1 discov]$ dur+ ! excavations n[ 9 progress1 are ( extraord9>y int]e/ & importance2 b only two or ?ree ( !m h yet be5 publi%$1 & ^! 9 a =m n suit$ = reproduction4 ,! same is ! case ) ano!r ( ! rec5t f9ds at ,delphi1 ! sculptur$ frieze ( ! ,treasury ( ! ,cnidians1 already fam\s among pr(essional /ud5ts & de/9$ to be kn[n & admir$ by a wid] public4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x is possible to submit a s+le fragm5t1 :i* 0 f\nd ye>s ago 7,fig4 #ig74 ,x repres5ts a f\r-horse *>iot approa*+ an alt>4 ,! newly f\nd pieces ( ?is frieze h abundant rema9s ( color4 ,! "w probably belongs 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! six? c5tury4 ,! p$im5t-figures f ,aeg9a1 ! *ief treasure ( ! ,muni* collection ( anci5t sculpture1 7 f\nd 9 #ahaa by a p>ty ( sci5tific explor]s & 7 re/or$ 9 ,italy "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,dani% sculptor1 ,?orwalds54 ,until lately ^! ,a,eginetan figures 7 our only important gr\p ( late ar*aic ,greek sculptures2 &1 ?\gh t is no long] ! case1 !y /ill reta91 & w always reta91 an especial int]e/ & significance4 ,!y once fill$ ! p$im5ts ( a ,doric temple ( ,aphaia1 ( :i* consid]able rema9s are /ill /&+4 ,!re is no tru/wor?y ext]nal clue to ! date ( ! build+1 & we are !re=e oblig$ to dep5d = t on ! /yle ( ! ar*itecture & sculpture1 especially ! latt]4 ,9 ! de>? ( accurately dat$ monum5ts :i* might s]ve z /&>ds ( comp>ison1 great diff]5ce ( op9ion on ?is po9t has prevail$4 ,b we are n[ some:at bett] (f1 ?anks to rec5t discov]ies at ,a!ns & ,delphi1 & we %all probably n g f> wrong 9 assign+ ! temple ) its sculptures to ab\t #dhj ,b4,c4 ,fig4 #eb illu/rates1 ?\gh some:at incorrectly1 ! composition ( ! we/]n p$im5t4 ,! subject 0 a combat1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,a!na1 betwe5 ,greeks & ,asiatics1 probably on ! pla9 ( ,troy4 ,a close p>allelism exi/$ betwe5 ! two halves ( ! p$im5t1 ea* figure1 except ! goddess & ! fall5 w>rior at h] feet1 correspond+ to a simil> figure on ! opposite side4 ,a!na1 protectress ( ! ,greeks1 /&s 9 ! c5t] 7,fig4 #ih74 ,%e we>s two g>m5ts1 ( :i* ! out] "o 7! only "o se5 9 ! illu/ration7 is a m>vel ( =malism4 ,h] aegis cov]s h] brea/s & hangs f> d[n beh9d2 ! po9ts ( its scallop$ edge once bri/l$ ) s]p5ts' heads1 & !re 0 a ,gorgon's head 9 ! middle ( ! front4 ,%e has ^u h] head a helmet ) l(ty cre/1 & c>ries %ield & lance4 ,! m51 ) ! exception ( ! two ar*]s1 are nak$1 & _! helmets1 :i* are ( a =m int5d$ to cov] ! face1 are pu%$ back4 ,( c\rse1 m5 did n actually g into battle 9 ?is fa%ion2 b ! sculptor did n c>e = realism1 & he did c>e = ! exhibition ( ! body4 ,he belong$ to a s*ool :i* _h made an especially c>eful /udy ( anatomy1 & 8 "w %[s a great improvem5t 9 ?is respect ov] any?+ we h yet _h ! opportunity to consid]4 ,/ill1 ! m5 are decid$ly lean 9 appe>ance & _! angul> attitudes are a little sugge/ive ( prep>$ skeletons4 ,!y h oblique & prom95t eyes1 &1 :e!r fight+ or dy+1 !y we> ^u _! faces ! same conv5tional smile4 ,! gr\p 9 ! ea/]n p$im5t corresponds closely 9 subject & composition to t 9 ! we/]n1 b is ( a di/9ctly m advanc$ /yle4 ,only five figures ( ?is gr\p 7 suffici5tly pres]v$ to be re/or$4 ,( ^! p]haps ! mo/ admirable is ! dy+ w>rior f ! s\!rn corn] ( ! p$im5t 7,fig4 #ii71 9 :i* ! only consid]able mod]n "p is ! "r leg1 f ! middle ( ! ?igh4 ,! sup]iority ( ?is & its companion figures to ^? ( ! we/]n p$im5t lies1 z ! ,muni* catalogue po9ts out1 9 ! ju/] proportions ( body1 arms1 & legs1 ! great] fulness ( ! muscles1 ! m c>eful att5tion to ! ve9s & to ! qualities ( ! sk91 ! m natural position ( eyes & m\?4 ,?is dy+ man does n smile mean+lessly4 ,8 lips are p>t$1 & !re is a sugge/ion ( dea?-agony on 8 c\nt5ance4 ,9 bo? p$im5ts ! figures are c>efully f9i%$ all r\nd2 !re is no neglect1 or none wor? m5tion+1 ( ^? p>ts :i* 7 de/9$ to be invisible s long z ! figures 7 9 position4 ,! ,/rang=d ,apollo 7,fig4 #ajj7 is ( unc]ta9 prov5i5ce1 b is ne>ly relat$ 9 /yle to ! m>bles ( ,aeg9a4 ,?is /atue1 by ! position ( body1 legs1 & head1 belongs to ! s]ies ( ,apollo figures discuss$ above 7pages #abi-cb72 b ! arms 7 no long] atta*$ to ! sides1 & 7 probably b5t at ! elb[s4 ,! mo/ obvi\s traces ( a l+]+ ar*aism1 besides ! rigidity ( ! attitude1 are ! n>r[ness ( ! hips & ! =mal arrangem5t ( ! hair1 ) its d\ble r[ ( snail-%ell curls4 ,! /atue has be5 spok5 ( by a high au?ority ,footnote3 ,newton1 ,essays on ,art & ,ar*aeology page #ha4 z %[+ only a meag] & pa9ful r5d]+ ( nature4 ,t is "o way ( look+ at x4 ,b !re is ano!r way1 :i* has be5 f9ely express$ by ,pat]1 9 an essay on ,! ,m>bles ( ,aeg9a3 ,z art :i* has pass$ its prime has sometimes ! *>m ( an absolute ref9em5t 9 ta/e & workman%ip1 s immature art also1 z we n[ see1 has its own attractiv5ess 9 ! naivete1 ! fre%ness ( _s1 :i* f9ds p[] & int]e/ 9 simple motives ( feel+1 & 9 ! fre%ness ( h&1 :i* has a s5se ( enjoym5t 9 me*anical processes /ill p]=m$ unme*anically1 9 ! sp5d+ ( c>e & intellig5ce on e t\*4 444 ,! workman is at "w 9 dry e>ne/ness1 ) a sort ( h>d /r5g? ( detail1 a scrupul\sness v]g+ on /iffness1 l t ( an e>ly ,flemi% pa9t]2 he communicates to u 8 /ill y\?ful s5se ( pleasure 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! fir/ rudim5t>y difficulties ( 8 art ov]come4 ,footnote3 ,pat]1 ,greek ,/udies page #bhe ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,transitional ,,p]iod ,,( ,,greek ,,sculpture4 #dhj-dej ,b4 ,c4 ,! t]m ,transitional p]iod is r mean+less 9 itself1 b has acquir$ consid]able curr5cy z d5ot+ t /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greek art 9 :i* ! la/ /eps 7 tak5 t[>d p]fect fre$om ( /yle4 ,x is conv5i5t to reckon ?is p]iod z ext5d+ f ! ye> ( ! ,p]sian invasion ( ,greece "u ,x]xes to ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,9 ! arti/ic z 9 ! political hi/ory ( ?is g5]ation ,a!ns held a position ( comm&+ importance1 :ile ,sp>ta1 ! political rival ( ,a!ns1 0 z b>r5 ( art z ( lit]ature4 ,! o!r pr9cipal arti/ic c5t] 0 ,argos1 ^: s*ool ( sculpture _h be5 & 0 de/9$ long to be widely influ5tial4 ,z = o!r local s*ools1 ! "q ( _! c5t]s & mutual relations is too p]plex+ & unc]ta9 to be "h discuss$4 ,9 ! two prec$+ *apt]s we /udi$ only orig9al works1 b f ?is "t on we %all h to pay a good deal ( att5tion to copies 7cf4 pages #aad-af74 ,we beg9 ) two /atues 9 ,naples 7,fig4 #aja74 ,! /ory ( ?is gr\p--= ! two /atues 7 design$ z a gr\p--is int]e/+4 ,! two fri5ds1 ,h>modius & ,ari/ogiton1 :o 9 #ead _h =m$ a conspiracy to rid ,a!ns ( h] tyrants1 b :o _h succe$$ only 9 kill+ "o ( !m1 came to be reg>d$ aft] ! expulsion ( ! rema9+ tyrant & 8 family 9 #eaj z ! lib]ators ( ! city4 ,_! /atues 9 bronze1 ! "w ( ,ant5or1 7 set up on a t]race above ! m>ket-place 7cf4 pages #abd1 #adi74 ,9 #dhj ?is gr\p 0 c>ri$ (f to ,p]sia by ,x]xes & !re x rema9$ = a hundr$ & fifty ye>s or m :5 x 0 re/or$ to ,a!ns by ,alex&] ! ,great or "o ( 8 successors4 ,a!ns h[ev] _h z promptly z possible repair$ h] loss4 ,critius & ,nesiotes1 two sculptors :o work$ habitually 9 p>tn]%ip1 7 commission$ to make a second gr\p1 & ?is 0 set up 9 #dgg-f on ! same t]race :]e ! fir/ _h be5 ,aft] ! re/oration ( ,ant5or's /atues t[>d ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury ! two gr\ps /ood side by side4 ,x 0 argu$ by a ,g]man ar*aeologi/ m ?an a g5]ation ago t ! two m>ble /atues %[n 9 ,fig4 #aja are copi$ f "o ( ^! bronze gr\ps1 & ?is id5tification has be5 all b univ]sally accept$4 ,! pro( may be /at$ briefly1 z foll[s4 ,fir/ sev]al ,a!nian objects ( v>i\s dates1 f ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 onw>d1 be> a design to :i* ! ,naples /atues cle>ly correspond ,"o ( ^! is a relief on a m>ble ?rone =m]ly 9 ,a!ns4 ,our illu/ration ( ?is 7,fig4 #ajb7 is tak5 f a squeeze1 or wet pap] impression4 ,?is mu/ !n1 h be5 an important gr\p 9 ,a!ns4 ,secondly1 ! /yle ( ! ,naples /atues po9ts to a bronze orig9al ( ! e>ly fif? c5tury4 ,?irdly1 ! attitudes ( ! figures are suitable = ,h>modius & ,ari/ogiton1 & we d n "k ( any o!r gr\p ( t p]iod = :i* !y are suitable4 ,?is pro(1 ?\gh n q z complete z we %\ld l1 is z good z we g5]ally get 9 ^! matt]s4 ,! only "q t rema9s 9 s]i\s d\bt is :e!r our copies g back to ! "w ( ,ant5or or to t ( ,critius & ,nesiotes4 ,op9ions h be5 mu* divid$ on ?is po9t b ! prevail+ t5d5cy n[ is to connect !m ) ! lat] arti/s4 ,t is ! view "h adopt$ ,9 /udy+ ! two /atues x is important to recognize ! "w ( ! mod]n re/or]4 ,! figure ( ,ari/ogiton 7! "o on y\r left z y face ! gr\p7 hav+ be5 f\nd 9 a headless condition1 ! re/or] provid$ x ) a head1 :i* is antique1 to be sure1 b :i* is outrage\sly out ( keep+1 be+ ( ! /yle ( a c5tury lat]4 ,! *ief mod]n portions are ! left h& ( ,ari/ogiton & ! arms1 "r leg1 & l[] "p ( ! left leg ( ,h>modius4 ,z may be le>n$ f ! small copies1 ,ari/ogiton %\ld be be>d$1 & ! "r arm ( ,h>modius %\ld be 9 ! act ( be+ rais$ to br+ d[n a /roke ( ! sword ^u 8 antagoni/4 ,we h1 !n1 to correct 9 imag9ation ! re/or]'s misdo+s1 & also to omit ! tree- trunk supports1 :i* ! bronze orig9als did n ne$4 ,fur!r1 ! two figures %\ld probably be advanc+ 9 ! same direction1 in/ead ( 9 conv]g+ l9es4 ,:5 ^! *anges are made1 ! gr\p _c fail to comm& our admiration4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to fix our att5tion exclusively on ! head ( ,h>modius4 ,se5 9 front view1 ! face1 ) its l[ =ehead & heavy *91 looks dull1 if n ignoble4 ,b ! bodies6 ,9 complete disreg>d ( hi/oric tru?1 ! two m5 are repres5t$ 9 a /ate ( ideal nudity1 l ! ,aeg9etan figures4 ,! anatomy is c>efully /udi$1 ! attitudes lifelike & vigor\s4 ,f9ally1 ! composition is fairly successful4 ,?is is ! e>lie/ example pres]v$ to u ( a gr\p ( sculpture o!r ?an a p$im5t-gr\p4 ,! int]lock+ ( ! figures is n yet s close z x 0 de/9$ to be 9 _m a m advanc$ piece ( ,greek /atu>y4 ,b already ! figures are n m]ely juxtapos$2 !y %>e 9 a common action1 & ea* is ne$$ to complete ! o!r4 ,( ab\t ! same date1 x w\ld seem1 or n mu* lat]1 mu/ h be5 a lo/ bronze /atue1 ^: fame is atte/$ by ! exi/5ce ( sev]al m>ble copies4 ,! be/ ( ^! 0 f\nd 9 #ahfb1 9 ! c\rse ( excavat+ ! great !at] on ! s\!rn slope ( ! ,a!nian ,acropolis 7,fig4 #ajc74 ,! nam+ ( ?is figure is d\btful4 ,x has be5 commonly tak5 = ,apollo1 :ile ano!r view sees 9 x a pugili/4 ,rec5tly ! sugge/ion has be5 ?r[n out t x is ,h]acles4 ,be t z x may1 ! figure is a f9e example ( y\?ful /r5g? & beauty4 ,9 pose x %[s a decid$ advance ^u ! ,/rang=d ,apollo 7,fig4 #ajj74 ,! left leg is /ill slightly advanc$1 & bo? feet 7 plant$ flat on ! gr\nd2 b m ?an half ! weight ( ! body is ?r[n ^u ! "r leg1 ) ! result ( giv+ a slight curve to ! trunk1 & ! head is turn$ to "o side4 ,! upp] "p ( ! body is v p[]ful1 ! %\ld]s broad & held well back1 ! *e/ prom95tly develop$4 ,! face1 9 spite ( its injuries1 is "o ( s+ul> ref9em5t & sweetness4 ,! long hair is arrang$ 9 two braids1 z 9 ,fig4 #if1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t "h ! braids pass ov] in/ead ( "u ! fr+e ( front hair4 ,! r5d]+ ( ! hair is 9 a fre] /yle ?an 9 ! case j cit$1 b ( ?is diff]5ce a "p may be *>geable to ! copyi/4 ,altoge!r we see "h ! /amp ( an arti/ic mann] v diff]5t f t ( ,critius & ,nesiotes4 ,possibly1 z "s h conjectur$1 x is ! mann] ( ,calamis1 an ,attic sculptor ( ?is p]iod1 ^: em95ce at any rate entitles him to a pass+ m5tion4 ,b ev5 ! ,attic orig9 ( ?is /atue is 9 dispute4 ,we n[ rea* a "n ( comm&+ importance1 & "o ) :i* we are =tunately able to associate "s def9ite ideas4 ,x is ! "n ( ,myron ( ,a!ns1 :o ranks among ! six mo/ illu/ri\s sculptors ( ,greece4 ,x is wor? rem>k+1 z an illu/ration ( ! scant9ess ( our k reg>d+ ! lives ( ,greek arti/s1 t ,myron's "n is n s mu* z m5tion$ 9 extant lit]ature be=e ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,except = a precise1 b c]ta9ly false1 notice 9 ,pl9y1 :o repres5ts him z fl\ri%+ 9 #dbj-daf1 our lit]>y s\rces yield only vague indications z to 8 date4 ,^! indications1 su* z !y are1 po9t to ! ,transitional p]iod4 ,?is inf]5ce is /r5g!n$ by ! rec5t discov]y on ! ,a!nian ,acropolis ( a pair ( p$e/als inscrib$ ) ! "n ( ,myron's son & probably datable ab\t #ddf4 ,f9ally1 ! argum5t is cl9*$ by ! /yle ( ,myron's mo/ c]ta9ly id5tifiable "w4 ,pl9y makes ,myron ! pupil ( an influ5tial ,argive ma/]1 ,ageladas1 :o belongs 9 ! late ar*aic p]iod4 ,:e!r or n su* a relation actually exi/$1 ! /atem5t is useful z a rem9d] ( ! probability t ,argos & ,a!ns 7 arti/ically 9 t\* ) "o ano!r4 ,beyond ?is1 we get no direct te/imony z to ! circum/ances ( ,myron's life4 ,we c only inf] t 8 g5ius 0 widely recogniz$ 9 8 lifetime1 see+ t commissions came to him1 n f ,a!ns only1 b also f o!r cities ( ,greece prop]1 z well z f di/ant ,samos & ,ephesus4 ,8 *ief mat]ial 0 bronze1 & colossal figures ( gold & ivory are also ascrib$ to him4 ,s f> z we "k1 he did n "w 9 m>ble at all4 ,8 range ( subjects includ$ div9ities1 h]oes1 m51 & animals4 ,( no "w ( 8 d we he> s (t5 or 9 t]ms ( su* high praise z ( a c]ta9 figure ( a c[1 :i* /ood on or ne> ! ,a!nian ,acropolis4 ,a l>ge numb] ( a?lete /atues f 8 h& 7 to be se5 at ,olympia1 ,delphi1 & p]haps else:]e1 & ?is side ( 8 activity 0 c]ta9ly an important "o4 ,p]haps x is a m]e accid5t t we he> less ( 8 /atues ( div9ities & h]oes4 ,! />t+ po9t 9 any /udy ( ,myron mu/ be 8 ,discobolus 7,discus-?r[]74 ,fig4 #ajd reproduces ! be/ copy4 ,?is /atue 0 f\nd 9 ,rome 9 #agha1 & is 9 an unusually good /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! head has nev] be5 brok5 f ! body2 ! "r arm has be5 brok5 (f1 b is sub/antially antique2 & ! only consid]able re/oration is ! "r leg f ! knee to ! ankle4 ,! two o!r mo/ important copies 7 f\nd toge!r 9 #agia on ! site ( ,hadrian's villa at ,tibur 7,tivoli74 ,"o ( ^! is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! o!r 9 ! ,vatican2 nei!r has its orig9al head4 ,a f\r? copy ( ! body1 a good deal disguis$ by re/oration1 exi/s 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,capitol 9 ,rome4 ,!re are also o!r copies ( ! head besides ! "o on ! ,lancellotti /atue4 ,! pro( t ^! /atues & p>ts ( /atues 7 copi$ f ,myron's ,discobolus dep5ds pr9cipally ^u a passage 9 ,lucian 7ab\t #afj ,a4 ,d474 ,footnote3 ,philopseudes1 ,section #ah4 ,he gives a circum/antial description ( ! attitude ( t "w1 or r ( a copy ( x1 & 8 description agrees po9t = po9t ) ! /atues 9 "q4 ,?is agreem5t is ! m decisive because ! attitude is a v rem>kable "o1 no o!r kn[n figure %[+ any?+ 9 ! lea/ resembl+ x4 ,moreov]1 ! /yle ( ! ,lancellotti /atue po9ts to a bronze orig9al ( ! ,transitional p]iod1 to :i* on hi/orical gr\nds ,myron is assign$4 ,myron's /atue repres5t$ a "y ,greek :o _h be5 victori\s 9 ! p5ta?lon1 or gr\p ( five conte/s 7runn+1 leap+1 wre/l+1 ?r[+ ! spe>1 & hurl+ ! discus71 b we h no clue z to :]e 9 ! ,greek _w x 0 set up4 ,! attitude ( ! figure seems a /range "o at fir/ sight1 b o!r anci5t repres5tations1 z well z mod]n exp]im5ts1 leave little room = d\bt t ! sculptor has tru?fully caught "o ( ! rapidly *ang+ positions :i* ! ex]cise involv$4 ,hav+ pass$ ! discus f 8 left h& to 8 "r1 ! a?lete has swung ! missile z f> back z possible4 ,9 ! next in/ant he w hurl x =w>d1 at ! same "t1 ( c\rse1 advanc+ 8 left foot & recov]+ 8 erect position4 ,?us ,myron has pref]r$ to ! comp>atively easy task ( repres5t+ ! a?lete at re/1 be>+ "s symbol ( victory1 ! f> m difficult problem ( exhibit+ him 9 action4 ,x w\ld seem t he delight$ 9 ! expression ( movem5t4 ,s 8 ,ladas1 kn[n to u only f two epigrams 9 ! ,an?ology1 repres5t$ a runn] pant+ t[>d ! goal2 & o!rs ( 8 a?lete /atues may h be5 simil>ly conceiv$4 ,8 temple- images1 on ! o!r h&1 mu/ h be5 z compos$ 9 attitude z ! ,discobolus is en]getic4 ,! face ( ! ,discobolus is r typical ?an individual4 ,if ?is is n imm$iately obvi\s to ! read]1 ! comp>ison ( a closely alli$ head may make x cle>4 ,( ! num]\s works :i* h be5 br\ght into relation ) ,myron by reason ( _! lik5ess to ! ,discobolus1 none is s unmi/akable z a f9e bu/ 9 ,flor5ce 7,fig4 #aje74 ,! g5]al =m ( ! head1 ! r5d]+ ( ! hair1 ! anatomy ( ! =ehead1 ! =m ( ! nose & ! angle x makes ) ! =ehead--^! & o!r features not$ by ,pr(essor ,furtwangl] are alike 9 ! ,discobolus & ! ,ricc>di head4 ,^! detail$ resemblances _c be v]ifi$ )\t ! help ( ca/s or at lea/ ( good photographs tak5 f diff]5t po9ts ( view2 b ! g5]al impression ( lik5ess w be felt conv9c+1 ev5 )\t analysis4 ,n[ ^! two works repres5t diff]5t p]sons1 ! ,ricc>di head be+ probably copi$ f ! /atue ( "s ideal h]o4 ,& ! po9t to be especially illu/rat$ is t 9 ! ,discobolus we h n a reali/ic portrait1 b a g5]aliz$ type4 ,?is is n ! same z to say t ! face bore no recognizable resemblance to ! "y man :om ! /atue commemorat$4 ,portraiture admits ( _m degrees1 f lit]al fidelity to an idealization 9 :i* ! id5tity ( ! subject is all b lo/4 ,all t is meant is t ! ,discobolus belongs some:]e ne> ! latt] end ( ! scale4 ,9 ?is abs5ce ( individualization we h a trait1 n ( ,myron alone1 b ( ,greek sculpture g5]ally 9 its rise & 9 ! e>li] /ages ( its p]fection 7cf4 page #abf74 ,ano!r "w ( ,myron has be5 plausibly recogniz$ 9 a /atue ( a satyr 9 ! ,lat]an ,museum 7,fig4 #ajf74 ,! evid5ce = ?is is too complex to be /at$ "h4 ,if ! id5tification is correct1 ! ,lat]an /atue is copi$ f ! figure ( ,m>syas 9 a bronze gr\p ( ,a!na & ,m>syas :i* /ood on ! ,a!nian ,acropolis ,! goddess 0 repres5t$ s hav+ j flung d[n 9 disda9 a pair ( flutes2 ! satyr1 advanc+ on tiptoe1 hesitates betwe5 cupidity & ! fe> ( ,a!na's displeasure4 ,m>syas has a lean & s9ewy figure1 co>se /iff hair & be>d1 a wr9kl$ =ehead1 a broad flat nose :i* makes a m>k$ angle ) ! =ehead1 po9t$ e>s 7mod]n1 b gu>ante$ by ano!r copy ( ! head71 & a %ort tail spr\t+ f ! small ( ! back ,! arms1 :i* 7 miss+1 h be5 incorrectly re/or$ ) ca/anets4 ,! "r %\ld be held up1 ! left d[n1 9 a ge/ure ( a/oni%m5t4 ,9 ?is "w we see aga9 ,myron's skill 9 sugge/+ movem5t4 ,we get a lively impression ( an advance sudd5ly *eck$ & *ang$ to a recoil4 ,?us f> 9 ?is *apt] we h be5 deal+ ) copies ,our /ock ( orig9al works ( ?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 is n small2 x consi/s1 z usual1 l>gely ( ar*itectural sculpture4 ,fig4 #ajg %[s f\r metopes f a temple at ,sel9us4 ,!y repres5t 7beg9n+ at ! left7 ,h]acles 9 combat ) an ,amazon1 ,h]a unveil+ h]self be=e ,zeus1 ,actaeon torn by 8 dogs 9 ! pres5ce ( ,artemis1 & ,a!na ov]com+ ! giant ,enceladus4 ,^! reliefs w\ld repay ! mo/ c>eful /udy1 b ! sculptures ( ano!r temple h /ill /rong] claims to att5tion4 ,olympia 0 "o ( ! two mo/ important religi\s c5t]s ( ! ,greek _w1 ! o!r be+ ,delphi4 ,olympia 0 sacr$ to ,zeus1 & ! great ,doric temple ( ,zeus 0 ?us ! *ief among ! gr\p ( religi\s build+s !re assembl$4 ,! erection ( ?is temple probably falls 9 ! ye>s j prec$+ & foll[+ #dfj ,b4,c4 ,a slight exploration c>ri$ on by ! ,fr5* 9 #ahbi & ! ?or\gh excavation ( ! site by ! ,g]mans 9 #ahge-ha br\ght to light ext5sive rema9s ( its sculptur$ decoration4 ,?is consi/$ ( two p$im5t gr\ps & twelve sculptur$ metopes1 besides ! acrot]ia4 ,9 ! ea/]n p$im5t ! subject is ! prep>ation = ! *>iot-race ( ,pelops & ,o5omaus4 ,! leg5d ran t ,o5omaus1 k+ ( ,pisa 9 ,elis1 refus$ ! h& ( 8 daught] save to "o :o %\ld beat him 9 a *>iot-race4 ,suitor aft] suitor tri$ & fail$1 till at la/ ,pelops1 a "y pr9ce f ov] sea1 succe$$ ,9 ! p$im5t gr\p ,zeus1 z arbit] ( ! imp5d+ conte/1 occupies ! c5t]4 ,on "o side ( him /& ,pelops & 8 de/9$ bride1 on ! o!r ,o5omaus & 8 wife1 ,/]ope 7,fig4 #ajh74 ,! *>iots1 ) att5dants & o!r m or less int]e/$ p]sons foll[ 7,fig4 #aji74 ,! mom5t *os5 by ! sculptor is "o ( expectancy r ?an action1 & ! v>i\s figures are 9 consequ5ce simply juxtapos$1 n int]lock$4 ,f> diff]5t is ! sc5e pres5t$ by ! we/]n p$im5t4 ,! subject "h is ! combat betwe5 ,lapi?s & ,c5taurs1 "o ( ! favorite !mes ( ,greek sculpture1 z ( ,greek pa9t+4 ,! ,c5taurs1 brutal creatures1 p>tly human1 p>tly equ9e1 7 fabl$ to h liv$ 9 ,!ssaly4 ,!re too 0 ! home ( ! ,lapi?s1 :o 7 ,greeks4 ,at ! w$d+ ( ,piri?\s1 k+ ( ! ,lapi?s1 ! ,c5taurs1 :o _h be5 bidd5 z gue/s1 became inflam$ ) w9e & began to lay h&s on ! wom54 ,h5ce a g5]al metee1 9 :i* ! ,greeks 7 victori\s4 ,! sculptor has plac$ ! god ,apollo 9 ! c5t] 7,fig4 #aaj71 undi/urb$ amid ! wild tumult2 8 pres5ce alone assures u :at ! issue is to he4 ,! /ruggl+ gr\ps 7,figs4 #aaa1 #aab7 ext5d ne>ly to ! corn]s1 :i* are occupi$ ea* by two recl9+ female figures1 spectators ( ! sc5e4 ,9 ea* p$im5t ! composition is symmetrical1 e figure hav+ its correspond+ figure on ! opposite side4 ,yet ! law ( symmetry is int]pret$ mu* m freely ?an 9 ! ,aeg9a p$im5ts ( a g5]ation e>li]2 ! correspond+ figures (t5 diff] f "o ano!r a good deal 9 attitude1 & 9 "o in/ance ev5 9 sex4 ,our illu/rations1 :i* give a few repres5tative specim5s ( ^! sculptures1 sugge/ "s comm5ts4 ,to beg9 )1 ! workman%ip "h display$ is rapid & f> f faultless4 ,unlike ! ,aeg9etan p$im5t-figures & ^? ( ! ,p>!non1 ^! figures are left r\gh at ! back4 ,moreov]1 ev5 9 ! visible portions !re are surpris+ evid5ces ( c>elessness1 z 9 ! port5t\sly long left ?igh ( ! ,lapi? 9 ,fig4 #aab4 ,x is1 aga91 evid5ce ( rapid1 ?\gh n exactly ( faulty1 execution1 t ! hair is 9 a good _m cases only block$ out1 ! =m ( ! mass be+ giv51 b its texture n indicat$ 7e4g41 ,fig4 #aaa74 ,9 ! pose ( ! /&+ figures 7e4g41 ,fig4 #ajh71 ) ! weight borne ab\t equally by bo? legs1 we see a modifi$ survival ( ! usual ar*aic attitude4 ,a l+]+ ar*aism may be se5 9 o!r features too2 v pla9ly1 = example1 9 ! arrangem5t ( ,apollo's hair 7,fig #aaj74 ,! g>m5ts repres5t a ?ick wool5 /uff1 ^: folds %[ v little pliancy4 ,! drap]y ( ,/]ope 7,fig4 #ajh7 %\ld be especially not$1 z x is a *>act]i/ic example = ?is p]iod ( a type :i* has a long hi/ory ,%e we>s ! ,doric *iton1 a sleeveless wool5 g>m5t gird$ & pull$ ov] ! girdle & d\bl$ ov] f ! top4 ,! =mal1 />*$-look+ folds ( ! ar*aic p]iod h disappe>$4 ,! clo? lies pretty flat ov] ! *e/ & wai/2 !re is a r arbitr>y little fold at ! neck4 ,bel[ ! girdle ! drap]y is divid$ v]tically into two p>ts2 on ! "o side x falls 9 /raight folds to ! ankle1 on ! o!r x is drawn smoo? ov] ! b5t knee4 ,ano!r int]e/+ fact ab\t ^! sculptures is a c]ta9 t5d5cy t[>d realism4 ,! figures & faces & attitudes ( ! ,greeks1 n to speak ( ! ,c5taurs1 are n all entirely beautiful & noble4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #aji1 a bald- head$ man1 r fat4 ,"h is realism ( a v mild type1 to be sure1 9 comp>ison ) :at we are accu/om$ to n[adays2 b ! old m5 ( ! ,p>!non frieze be> no disfigur+ m>ks ( age4 ,aga91 9 ! face ( ! "y ,lapi? ^: arm is be+ bitt5 by a ,c5taur 7,fig4 #aab71 !re is a m>k$ attempt to express physical pa92 ! features are m di/ort$ ?an 9 any o!r fif? c5tury sculpture1 except repres5tations ( ,c5taurs or o!r inf]ior creatures4 ,9 ! o!r heads ( imp]il$ m5 & wom5 9 ?is p$im5t1 e4g41 9 t ( ! bride 7,fig4 #aaa71 ! ideal calm ( ! features is ov]spread ) only a fa9t %ad[ ( di/ress4 ,le/ :at has be5 said %\ld sugge/ t ! sculptors ( ! ,olympia p$im5t-figures 7 indiff]5t to beauty1 att5tion may be drawn aga9 to ! sup]b head ( ! ,lapi? bride4 ,apollo1 too 7,fig4 #aaj71 ?\gh n t radiant god :om a lat] age conceiv$ & bodi$ =?1 has an au/]e beauty :i* only a dull eye c fail to appreciate4 ,! twelve sculptur$ metopes ( ! temple d n belong to ! ext]ior frieze1 ^: metopes 7 pla91 b to a second frieze1 plac$ above ! columns & antae ( pronaos & opi/hodomos4 ,_! subjects are ! twelve labors ( ,h]acles1 beg9n+ ) ! slay+ ( ! ,nemean lion & end+ ) ! cleans+ ( ! ,augean /ables4 ,! "o select$ = illu/ration is "o ( ! two or ?ree be/ pres]v$ memb]s ( ! s]ies 7,fig4 #aac74 ,its subject is ! w9n+ ( ! gold5 apples :i* grew 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides1 ne> ! spot :]e ,atlas /ood1 ev]more support+ on 8 %\ld]s ! weight ( ! heav5s4 ,h]acles prevail$ ^u ,atlas to g & fet* ! covet$ treasure1 himself mean:ile assum+ ! burd54 ,! mom5t *os5 by ! sculptor is t ( ! return ( ,atlas ) ! apples4 ,9 ! middle /&s ,h]acles1 ) a cu%ion1 fold$ d\ble1 ^u 8 %\ld]s1 ! sph]e ( ! heav5s be+ b>ely sugge/$ at ! top ( ! relief4 ,beh9d him is 8 companion & protectress1 ,a!na1 once recognizable by a lance 9 h] "r h&4 ,footnote3 ,su* at lea/ seems to be ! view adopt$ 9 ! late/ (ficial publication on ! subject ,olympia2 ,die ,bildw]ke 9 ,/e9 und ,?on1 ,pl4 ,,lxv4 ,) h] left h& %e seeks to ease a little ! h]o's heavy load4 ,be=e him /&s ,atlas1 hold+ out ! apples 9 bo? h&s4 ,! ma9 l9es ( ! composition are some:at monoton\s1 b ?is is a consequ5ce ( ! subject1 n ( any incapacity ( ! arti/1 z ! o!r metopes te/ify4 ,! figure ( ,a!na %\ld be comp>$ ) t ( ,/]ope 9 ! ea/]n p$im5t4 ,!re is a sub/antial resemblance 9 ! drap]y1 ev5 to ! arbitr>y little fold 9 ! neck2 b ! g>m5t "h is entirely op5 on ! "r side1 aft] ! fa%ion foll[$ by ,sp>tan maid5s1 :]eas !re x is sew$ toge!r f ! wai/ d[n2 !re is "h no girdle2 & ! broad1 flat expanse ( clo? 9 front obs]vable !re is "h n>r[$ by two folds fall+ f ! brea/s4 ,fig4 #aad is add$ z a la/ example ( ! sev]e beauty to be f\nd 9 ^! sculptures4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! hair ( ?is head is n work$ out 9 detail1 except at ! front4 ,?is summ>y treatm5t ( ! hair is1 9 fact1 m g5]al 9 ! metopes ?an 9 ! p$im5t-figures4 ,! upp] eyelid does n yet ov]lap ! "u eyelid at ! out] corn] 7cf4 ,fig4 #aaj74 ,! two p$im5t-gr\ps & ! metopes ( ?is temple %[ su* close resemblances ( /yle among !mselves t !y mu/ all be reg>d$ z products ( a s+le s*ool ( sculpture1 if n z design$ by a s+le man4 ,pausanias says no?+ ( ! au?or%ip ( ! metopes2 b he tells u t ! sculptures ( ! ea/]n p$im5t 7 ! "w ( ,paeonius ( ,m5de1 an indisputable /atue by :om is kn[n 7cf4 page #bac71 & ^? ( ! we/]n by ,alcam5es1 :o appe>s else:]e 9 lit]>y tradition z a pupil ( ,phidias4 ,on v>i\s gr\nds x seems almo/ c]ta9 t ,pausanias 0 mis9=m$ on ?is po9t4 ,?us we are left )\t tru/wor?y te/imony z to ! affiliations ( ! arti/ or arti/s to :om ! sculptur$ decoration ( ?is temple 0 intru/$4 ,! s-call$ ,he/ia 7,ve/a7 :i* =m]ly belong$ to ! ,giu/9iani family 7,fig4 #aae71 has ( late ye>s be5 inaccessible ev5 to pr(essional /ud5ts4 ,x mu/ be "o ( ! v be/ pres]v$ ( anci5t /atues 9 m>ble1 z x is n report$ to h any?+ mod]n ab\t x except ! index f+] ( ! left h&4 ,?is h& orig9ally held a scept]4 ,! /atue repres5ts "s goddess1 x is unc]ta9 :at "o4 ,9 view ( ! lik5ess 9 ! drap]y to "s ( ! ,olympia figures1 no "o c d\bt t ?is is a product ( ! same p]iod4 ,9 reg>d to ! bronze /atue %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaf !re is m room = d\bt1 b ! weight ( op9ion is 9 favor ( plac+ x "h4 ,x is confid5tly claim$ by a high au?ority t ?is is an orig9al ,greek bronze4 ,!re exi/ also fragm5t>y copies ( ! same 9 m>ble & free imitations 9 m>ble & 9 bronze4 ,! /atue repres5ts a boy ( p]haps twelve1 absorb$ 9 pull+ a ?orn f 8 foot4 ,we d n "k ! orig9al purpose ( ! "w2 p]haps x commemorat$ a victory won 9 a foot-race ( boys ,! left leg ( ! figure is held 9 a position :i* gives a some:at ungraceful outl9e2 ,praxiteles w\ld n h plac$ x s4 ,b h[ delightful is ! picture ( *ildi% innoc5ce & self-=getfulness6 ,?is /atue might be reg>d$ z an epitome ( ! arti/ic _s & capacity ( ! age--its simplicity & purity & fre%ness ( feel+1 its n q complete emancipation f ! =malism ( an e>li] day4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,great ,,age ,,( ,,greek ,,sculpture ,,fir/ ,,p]iod #dej-djj ,b4,c4 ,! ,age ( ,p]icles1 :i*1 if we reckon f ! fir/ entrance ( ,p]icles1 into politics1 ext5d$ f ab\t #dff to #dbi1 has become prov]bial z a p]iod ( extraord9>y arti/ic & lit]>y spl5dor4 ,! real asc5dancy ( ,p]icles began 9 #ddg1 & ! a*ievem5ts mo/ prop]ly associat$ ) 8 "n belong to ! succe$+ fifte5 ye>s4 ,a!ns at ?is "t possess$ ample mat]ial res\rces1 d]iv$ 9 great measure f ! tribute ( subject allies1 & weal? 0 freely sp5t ^u noble monum5ts ( art4 ,! city 0 fl$ ) arti/s ( high & l[ degree4 ,above !m all 9 g5ius t[]$ ,phidias1 & to him1 if we may believe ! te/imony ( ,plut>*1 ,footnote3 ,life ( ,p]icles ,section #ac a g5]al sup]9t5d5ce ( all ! arti/ic und]tak+s ( ! /ate 0 intru/$ by ,p]icles4 ,great z 0 ! fame ( ,phidias 9 aft] ages1 we are left 9 almo/ complete ignorance z to ! circum/ances ( 8 life4 ,if he 0 really ! au?or ( c]ta9 works ascrib$ to him1 he mu/ h be5 born ab\t #ejj ,b4,c4 ,?is w\ld make him z old1 p]haps1 z ,myron4 ,ano!r view w\ld put 8 bir? betwe5 #dij & #dhe1 /ill ano!r1 z late z #dhj4 ,! "o undisput$ date 9 8 life is ! ye> #dch1 :5 ! gold & ivory /atue ( ,a!na 9 ! ,p>!non 0 complet$4 ,t\*+ ! "t & circum/ances ( 8 dea? we h two inconsi/5t traditions4 ,accord+ to ! "o1 he 0 br\ght to trial 9 ,a!ns imm$iately aft] ! completion ( ! ,a!na on ! *>ge ( misappropriat+ "s ( ! ivory ) :i* he _h be5 intru/$ b made 8 escape to ,elis1 :]e1 aft] execut+ ! gold & ivory ,zeus = ! temple ( t god at ,olympia he 0 put to dea? = "s unspecifi$ reason by ! ,eleans 9 #dcb-a4 ,accord+ to ! o!r tradition he 0 accus$ 9 ,a!ns1 app>5tly n be=e #dcb1 ( /eal+ "s ( ! gold de/9$ = ! ,a!na &1 :5 ?is *>ge broke d[n1 ( hav+ sacrilegi\sly introduc$ 8 own & ,p]icles's portraits into ! relief on ,a!na's %ield1 be+ ca/ into prison he di$ !re ( disease1 or1 z "s said1 ( poison4 ,! mo/ fam\s works ( ,phidias 7 ! two *ryselephant9e /atues to :i* ref]5ce has j be5 made1 & two or ?ree o!r /atues ( ! same mat]ials 7 ascrib$ to him4 ,he work$ also 9 bronze & 9 m>ble4 ,f a ref]5ce 9 ,ari/otle's ,e?ics x might seem z if he 7 be/ kn[n z a sculptor 9 m>ble1 b only ?ree /atues by him are expressly record$ to h be5 ( m>ble1 aga9/ a l>g] numb] ( bronze ,8 subjects 7 *iefly div9ities1 we he> ( only "o or two figures ( human be+s f 8 h&s4 ,( ! colossal ,zeus at ,olympia1 ! mo/ augu/ creation ( ,greek arti/ic imag9ation1 we c =m only an indi/9ct idea4 ,! god 0 seat$ ^u a ?rone1 hold+ a figure ( ,victory ^u "o h& & a scept] 9 ! o!r4 ,! figure is repres5t$ on ?ree ,elean co9s ( ! "t ( ,hadrian 7#aag-ach ,a4,d47 b on too small a scale to help u mu*4 ,ano!r co9 ( ! same p]iod gives a f9e head ( ,zeus 9 pr(ile 7,fig4 #aag71;,footnote3 ,a m tru?ful repres5tation ( ?is co9 may be f\nd 9 ,g>dn]'s ,types ( ,greek ,co9s1 ,,pi ,,xv #ai :i* is plausibly suppos$ to pres]ve "s lik5ess to ! head ( ,phidias's /atue4 ,9 reg>d to ! ,a!na ( ! ,p>!non we are consid]ably bett] (f1 = we possess a numb] ( m>ble /atues :i*1 ) ! aid ( ,pausanias's description & by comp>ison ) "o ano!r1 c be prov$ to be copies ( t "w4 ,b a w>n+ is necess>y "h4 ,! ,a!na1 l ! ,zeus1 0 ( colossal size4 ,its height1 ) ! p$e/al1 0 ab\t ?irty-eight feet4 ,n[ x is n likely t a really exact copy on a small scale c\ld possibly h be5 made f su* a /atue1 nor1 if "o _h be5 made1 w\ld x h giv5 ! effect ( ! orig9al4 ,) ?is w>n+ laid well to he>t ! read] may v5ture to exam9e t "o among our copies :i* makes ! greate/ attempt at exactitude 7,fig4 #aah74 ,x is a /atuette1 n q #c #a_/b feet high ) ! basis1 f\nd 9 ,a!ns 9 #ahhj4 ,! goddess /&s ) h] left leg b5t a little & pu%$ to "o side4 ,%e is dress$ 9 a heavy ,doric *iton1 op5 at ! side4 ,! girdle1 ^: ends take ! =m ( snakes' heads1 is worn outside ! d\bl$-ov] portion ( ! g>m5t4 ,above x ! folds are c>efully adju/$1 drawn 9 symmetrically f bo? sides t[>d ! middle2 9 ! l[] "p ( ! figure !re is ! common v]tical division into two p>ts1 ow+ to ! b5d+ ( "o leg4 ,ov] ! *iton is ! aegis1 mu* less long beh9d ?an 9 e>li] art 7cf4 ,fig4 #ih71 fr+$ ) snakes' heads & hav+ a ,gorgon's mask 9 front4 ,! helmet is an elaborate affair ) ?ree cre/s1 ! c5tral "o support$ by a sph9x1 ! o!rs by w+$ horses2 ! h+$ *eek-pieces are turn$ up4 ,at ! left ( ! goddess is h] %ield1 )9 :i* coils a s]p5t4 ,on h] ext5d$ "r h& /&s a ,victory4 ,! face ( ,a!na is ! mo/ disappo9t+ "p ( x all1 b x is j !re t ! copyi/ mu/ h fail$ mo/ completely4 ,only ! eye ( fai?1 or bett]1 ! eye tra9$ by mu* /udy ( alli$ works1 c div9e 9 ?is poor little figure ! maje/y :i* aw$ ! behold] ( ,phidias's "w4 ,speculation has be5 busy 9 attempt+ to connect o!r /atues t h be5 pres]v$ to u ) ! "n ( ,phidias4 ,! mo/ probable case t has yet be5 made out conc]ns two closely simil> m>ble figures 9 ,dresd51 "o ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aai4 ,! head ( ?is /atue is miss+1 b its place has be5 suppli$ by a ca/ ( a head 9 ,bologna 7,fig4 #abj71 :i* has be5 prov$ to be ano!r copy f ! same orig9al4 ,?is pro(1 ab\t :i* !re seems to be no room = "q1 is due to ,pr(essor ,furtwangl]1 ,footnote3 ,ma/]pieces ( ,greek ,sculpture pages #d ff4 :o argues fur!r t ! /atue z ?us re/or$ is a fai?ful copy ( ! ,lemnian ,a!na ( ,phidias1 a bronze "w :i* /ood on ! ,a!nian ,acropolis4 ,! pro( ( ?is dep5ds ^u 7#a7 ! resemblance 9 ! /&+ position & 9 ! drap]y ( ?is figure to ! ,a!na ( ! ,p>!non1 & 7#b7 ! fact t ,phidias is kn[n to h made a /atue ( ,a!na 7?\ght to be ! ,lemnian ,a!na7 )\t a helmet on ! head-- an exceptional1 ?\gh n :olly unique1 repres5tation 9 sculpture 9 ! r\nd4 ,if ?is demon/ration be ?\ght insuffici5t1 !re _c1 at all ev5ts1 be mu* d\bt t we h "h ! copy ( an orig9al ( ab\t ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! /yle is sev]ely simple1 z we ought to expect ( a religi\s "w ( t p]iod4 ,! virg9al face1 conceiv$ & wr\ght ) ineffable ref9em5t1 is z f> remov$ f s5sual *>m z f ! ec/asy ( a ,madonna4 ,! goddess does n reveal h]self z "o :o c be t\*$ ) a feel+ ( our infirmities2 b by ! p[] ( h] pure1 passionless beauty %e sways our m9ds & he>ts4 ,! supreme ar*itectural a*ievem5t ( ! ,p]iclean age 0 ! ,p>!non1 :i* cr[n$ ! ,a!nian ,acropolis4 ,x appe>s to h be5 begun 9 #ddg1 & 0 ro($ ov] & p]haps sub/antially f9i%$ by #dch4 ,its sculptures 7 m ext5sive ?an ^? ( any o!r ,greek temple1 compris+ two p$im5t- gr\ps1 ! :ole set ( metopes ( ! ext]ior frieze1 n9ety- two 9 numb]1 & a cont9u\s frieze ( bas-relief1 #ebb feet #aj in*es 9 total l5g?1 surr\nd+ ! cella & its ve/ibules 7cf4 ,fig4 #ef74 ,aft] s]v+ its orig9al purpose = ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s1 ! build+ 0 conv]t$ into a ,*ri/ian *ur* & !n1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 into a ,mohamm$an mosque4 ,9 #afhg ,a!ns 0 besieg$ by ! =ces ( ,v5ice4 ,! ,p>!non 0 us$ by ! ,turks z a p[d]-magaz9e1 & 0 consequ5tly made ! t>get = ! enemy's %ells4 ,! result 0 an explosion1 :i* conv]t$ ! build+ into a ru94 ,( ! sculptures :i* escap$ f ?is cata/rophe1 _m small pieces 7 c>ri$ (f at ! "t or subsequ5tly1 :ile o!r pieces 7 us$ z build+ /one or ?r[n into ! lime-kiln4 ,mo/ ( ^? :i* rema9$ d[n to ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury 7 acquir$ by ,"l ,elg91 act+ "u a p]mission f ! ,turki% gov]nm5t 7#ahja-c71 & 9 #ahaf 7 b\ght = ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! re/ are 9 ,a!ns1 ei!r 9 _! orig9al positions on ! build+1 or 9 ! ,acropolis ,museum4 ,! be/ pres]v$ metopes ( ! ,p>!non belong to ! s\? side & repres5t sc5es f ! conte/ betwe5 ,lapi?s & ,c5taurs 7cf4 page #agd74 ,^! metopes diff] m>k$ly 9 /yle f "o ano!r1 & mu/ h be5 n only execut$1 b design$1 by diff]5t h&s4 ,"o or two ( !m are spiritless & un9t]e/+4 ,o!rs1 :ile f9e 9 _! way1 %[ little vehem5ce ( action4 ,fig4 #aba gives "o ( ?is class4 ,fig4 #abb is v diff]5t4 ,9 ?is ! ,lapi? presses =w>d1 advanc+ 8 left h& to seize ! re>+ ,c5taur by ! ?roat1 & =c+ him on 8 haun*es2 ! "r arm ( ! ,lapi? is drawn back1 z if to /rike2 8 "r h&1 n[ want+1 probably held a sword4 4444 ,! ,c5taur1 re>+ up1 aga9/ 8 antagoni/1 tries 9 va9 to pull away ! left h& ( ! ,lapi?1 :i*1 9 ,c>rey's draw+ made 9 #afgd he grasps4 ,footnote3 ,a4 ,h4 ,smi?1 ,catalogue ( ,sculpture 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 page #acf4 ,obs]ve h[ skilfully ! design is adapt$ to ! squ>e field1 s z to leave no unpleasant blank spaces1 h[ fl[+ & free f monotony are ! l9es ( ! composition1 h[ effective 79 contra/ ) ,fig4 #aba7 is ! managem5t ( ! drap]y1 &1 above all1 :at vigor is display$ 9 ! attitudes4 ,fig4 #abc is ( k9dr$ "*4 ,^! two metopes & two o!rs1 "o repres5t+ a victori\s ,c5taur pranc+ 9 savage glee ov] ! body ( 8 pro/rate foe1 ! o!r %[+ a ,lapi? ab\t to /rike a ,c5taur already w\nd$ 9 ! back1 are among ! v be/ works ( ,greek sculpture pres]v$ to u4 ,! ,p>!non frieze pres5ts an idealiz$ picture ( ! procession :i* w\nd its way upw>d f ! m>ket-place to ! ,acropolis on ! occasion ( ,a!na's *ief fe/ival4 ,fully to illu/rate ?is ext5sive & v>i$ composition is out ( ! "q "h4 ,all t is possible is to give ?ree or f\r repres5tative pieces & a few comm5ts4 ,fig4 #abd %[s ! be/ pres]v$ piece ( ! entire frieze4 ,x belongs to a company ( div9ities1 seat$ to "r & left ( ! c5tral gr\p ( ! ea/ front1 & conceiv$ z spectators ( ! sc5e4 ,! figure at ! left ( ! illu/ration is almo/ c]ta9ly ,posidon1 & ! o!rs are p]haps ,apollo & ,artemis4 ,9 ,fig4 #abe ?ree y\?s advance ) measur$ /ep1 c>ry+ j>s fill$ ) w9e1 :ile a f\r? y\? /oops to lift 8 j>2 at ! extreme "r may be se5 "p ( a flute-play]1 ^: figure 0 complet$ on ! next slab4 ,! attitudes & drap]ies ( ! ?ree advanc+ y\?s1 ?\gh simil>1 are subtly v>i$4 ,s ev]y:]e monotony is abs5t f ! frieze4 ,fig4 #abf is tak5 f ! mo/ animat$ & cr[d$ "p ( ! design4 ,"h ,a!nian y\?s1 9 a great v>iety ( dress & undress1 da% =w>d on small1 mettlesome horses4 ,ow+ to ! pr9ciple ( isocephaly 7cf4 page #ade71 ! m\nt$ m5 are ( small] dim5sions ?an ^? on foot1 b ! diff]5ce does n (f5d ! eye4 ,9 ,fig4 #abg we h1 on a some:at l>g] scale1 ! heads ( f\r *>iot-horses in/9ct ) fi]y life4 ,fig4 #acb may also be consult$4 ,an endless v>iety 9 attitude & _s1 f ! calm ( ! ev]- bless$ gods to ! mo/ impetu\s movem5t2 grace & h>mony ( l9e2 an almo/ faultless execution--su* are "s ( ! qualities :i* make ! ,p>!non frieze ! s\rce ( inexhau/ible delight4 ,! composition ( ! gr\p 9 ! we/]n p$im5t is fairly well kn[n1 ?anks to a ,fr5* arti/1 ,jacques ,c>rey1 :o made a draw+ ( x 9 #afgd1 :5 x 0 /ill 9 tol]able pres]vation4 ,! subject 01 9 ! words ( ,pausanias1 ! /rife ( ,posidon ) ,a!na = ! l& ( ,attica4 ,9 ! ea/]n p$im5t ! subject 0 ! bir? ( ,a!na4 ,! c5tral figures1 elev5 9 numb]1 _h disappe>$ long be=e ,c>rey's "t1 hav+ probably be5 remov$ :5 ! temple 0 conv]t$ into a *ur*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! figures ne> ! angles h be5 bett] pres]v$ ?an any ( ^? f ! we/]n p$im5t1 ) "o exception4 ,! names ( ^! ea/]n figures h be5 ! subject ( endless guess-"w4 ,all t is really c]ta9 is t at ! s\!rn corn] ,helios 7! ,sun-god7 0 em]g+ f ! sea 9 a *>iot drawn by f\r horses1 & at ! nor!rn corn] ,sel5e 7! ,moon-goddess7 or p]haps ,nyx 7,night7 0 desc5d+ 9 a simil> *>iot4 ,fig4 #abh is ! figure t 0 plac$ next to ! horses ( ,helios4 ,! "y god or h]o recl9es 9 an easy attitude on a rock2 "u him are spread 8 mantle & ! sk9 ( a pan!r or "s su* animal4 ,9 ,fig4 #abi we h1 beg9n+ on ! "r1 ! head ( "o ( ,sel5e's horses & ! torso ( ! goddess h]self1 !n a gr\p ( ?ree closely connect$ female figures1 kn[n z ! ,?ree ,fates1 seat$ or recl9+ on unev51 rocky gr\nd1 & la/ ! body & ?ighs ( a w+$ goddess1 ,victory or ,iris1 p]haps belong+ 9 ! we/]n p$im5t4 ,fig4 #acj1 f ! nor!rn corn] ( ! we/]n p$im5t1 is commonly tak5 = a riv]-god4 ,we possess b ! brok5 remnants ( ^! two p$im5t-gr\ps1 & ! key to ! int]pretation ( mu* t we d possess is lo/4 ,we _c !n fully appreciate ! int5tion ( ! great arti/ :o conceiv$ ^! works4 ,yet ev5 9 _! ru9 & _! isolation ! p$im5t-figures ( ! ,p>!non are ! sublime/ creations ( ,greek art t h escap$ annihilation4 ,we h no anci5t te/imony z to ! au?or%ip ( ! ,p>!non sculptures1 beyond ! /atem5t ( ,plut>*1 quot$ above1 t ,phidias 0 ! g5]al sup]9t5d5t ( all arti/ic works und]tak5 dur+ ,p]icles's adm9i/ration4 ,if ?is /atem5t be true1 x /ill leaves op5 a wide range ( conjecture z to ! nature & ext5t ( 8 responsibility 9 ?is p>ticul> case4 ,appeal+ to ! sculptures !mselves = in=mation1 we f9d among ! metopes su* diff]5ces ( /yle z exclude ! notion ( s+le au?or%ip4 ,) ! frieze & ! p$im5t-gr\ps1 h[ev]1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree compositions mu/1 ( c\rse1 h be5 design$ by "o ma/]-arti/ & execut$ by or ) ! help ( subord9ate arti/s or workm54 ,n[ ! p$im5t-gr\ps1 s f> z pres]v$1 /rongly sugge/ a s+le presid+ g5ius = bo?1 & !re is no difficulty 9 ascrib+ ! design ( ! frieze to ! same arti/4 ,0 x ,phidias8 ,! "q has be5 mu* agitat$ ( late ye>s1 b ! evid5ce at our disposal does n admit ( a decisive answ]4 ,! great argum5t = ,phidias lies 9 ! incomp>able m]it ( ^! works2 & ) ! probability t 8 g5ius is "h 9 "s degree reveal$ to u we mu/ ne$s be cont5t4 ,aft] all1 x is ( mu* less consequ5ce to be assur$ ( ! ma/]'s "n ?an to "k & enjoy ! ma/]pieces !mselves4 ,! great /atesman "u ^: adm9i/ration ^! immortal sculptures 7 produc$ 0 commemorat$ by a portrait /atue or head1 set up dur+ 8 lifetime on ! ,a!nian ,acropolis2 x 0 f ! h& ( ,cresilas1 ( ,cydonia 9 ,crete4 ,x is p]haps ?is portrait ( :i* copies h come d[n to u4 ,! be/ ( ^! is giv5 9 ,fig #aca4 ,! features are1 we may believe1 ! au!ntic features ( ,p]icles1 some:at idealiz$1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( portraiture 9 ?is age4 ,! helmet *>act]izes ! we>] z g5]al4 ,! arti/ic activity 9 ,a!ns did n cease ) ! outbreak ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w> 9 #dca4 ,! city 0 full ( sculptors1 _m ( :om _h come directly "u ! influ5ce ( ,phidias1 & !y 7 n left idle4 ,! dem& f private individuals = votive sculptures & fun]al reliefs mu/ inde$ h be5 abat$1 b 0 n ext+ui%$2 & 9 ! int]vals ( ! protract$ w> ! /ate und]took important ent]prises ) an undaunt$ _s4 ,x is to ?is p]iod t ! ,ere*!um probably belongs 7#dbj8-djh71 ?\gh all t we c]ta9ly "k is t ! build+ 0 ne>ly f9i%$ "s "t be=e #dji & t ! "w 0 resum$ 9 t ye>4 ,! temple _h a sculptur$ frieze ( :i* fragm5ts are extant1 b ^! are f> surpass$ 9 int]e/ by ! ,c>yatides ( ! s\!rn por* 7,fig4 #fg74 ,! "n ,c>yatides1 by ! way1 meets u fir/ 9 ! pages ( ,vitruvius1 a ,roman ar*itect ( ! "t ( ,augu/us2 a contempor>y ,a!nian inscription1 to :i* we are indebt$ = _m details conc]n+ ! build+1 calls !m simply maid5s4 ,z y face ! front ( ! por*1 ! ?ree maid5s on y\r "r support !mselves *iefly on ! left leg1 ! ?ree on y\r left on ! "r leg 7,fig4 #acb71 s t ! leg 9 action is ! "o ne>] to ! end ( ! por*4 ,! arms hung /raight at ! sides1 "o ( !m grasp+ a corn] ( ! small mantle4 ,! pose & drap]y %[ :at ,attic sculpture _h made ( ! old ,peloponnesian type ( /&+ female figure 9 ! ,doric *iton 7cf4 page #agg74 ,! fall ( ! g>m5t pres]ves ! same g5]al features1 b ! /uff has become mu* m pliable4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t1 9 spite ( a close g5]al simil>ity1 no two maid5s are exactly alike1 z !y w\ld h be5 if !y _h be5 reproduc$ me*anically f a f9i%$ model4 ,^! subtle v>iations are among ! secrets ( ! beauty ( ?is por*1 z !y are ( ! ,p>!non frieze4 ,"o may be p]mitt$ to object altoge!r to ! use ( human figures z ar*itectural supports1 b if ! ?+ 0 to be done at all1 x c\ld n h be5 bett] done4 ,! weight t ! maid5s be> is comp>atively small1 & _! figures are z /rong z !y are graceful4 ,to ! p]iod ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w> may also be assign$ a sculptur$ balu/rade :i* inclos$ & protect$ ! prec9ct ( ! little ,temple ( ,w+less ,victory on ! ,acropolis 7,fig4 #gj74 ,"o slab ( ?is balu/rade is %[n 9 ,fig4 #acc4 ,x repres5ts a w+$ ,victory /oop+ to tie 7or1 z "s w h x1 to untie7 h] s&al4 ,! s(t ,ionic *iton1 cl++ to ! =m1 rem9ds "o ( ! drap]y ( ! recl9+ goddess f ! ea/]n p$im5t ( ! ,p>!non 7,fig4 #abi71 b x f9ds its close/ analogy1 among datable sculptures1 9 a fragm5t ( relief rec5tly f\nd at ,rhamnus 9 ,attica4 ,?is belong$ to ! p$e/al ( a /atue by ,agoracritus1 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s pupils ( ,phidias4 ,! ,attic grave-relief giv5 9 ,fig4 #acd seems to belong some:]e ne> ! end ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! subject is a common "o on ?is class ( monum5ts1 b is n[h]e else s exquisitely treat$4 ,!re is no allusion to ! fact ( dea?4 ,hegeso1 ! deceas$ lady1 is seat$ & is hold+ up a necklace or "s su* object 7orig9ally1 x may be suppos$1 indicat$ by color71 :i* %e has j tak5 f ! jewel-box held out by ! /&+ slave-woman4 ,ano!r f9e grave-relief 7,fig4 #ace7 may be introduc$ "h1 ?\gh x p]haps belongs to ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury r ?an to ! end ( ! fif?4 ,x mu/ commemorate "s "y ,a!nian cavalryman4 ,x is *>act]i/ic t ! relief ignores 8 dea? & repres5ts him 9 a mom5t ( victory4 ,obs]ve t on bo? ^! monum5ts !re is no attempt at reali/ic portraiture & t on bo? we may trace ! influ5ce ( ! /yle ( ! ,p>!non frieze4 ,among ! o!r bas-reliefs :i* %[ t influ5ce !re is no difficulty 9 *oos+ "o ( exceptional beauty1 ! s-call$ ,orpheus relief 7,fig4 #acf74 ,?is is kn[n to u 9 ?ree copies1 unless inde$ ! ,naples example be ! orig9al4 ,! /ory "h set =? is "o ( ! mo/ t\*+ 9 ,greek my?ology4 ,orpheus1 ! ,?racian s+]1 has desc5d$ into ,hades 9 que/ ( 8 dead wife1 ,eurydice1 & has s *>m$ by 8 music ! /]n ,p]sephone t %e has suff]$ him to lead back 8 wife to ! upp] air1 provid$ only he w n look ^u h] on ! way4 ,b love has ov]come him4 ,he has turn$ & look$1 & ! doom ( an irrevocable p>t+ is seal$4 ,9 no unseemly p>oxysm ( grief1 b t5d]ly1 sadly1 !y look _! la/ at "o ano!r1 :ile ,h]mes1 guide ( dep>t$ spirits1 makes g5tle signal = ! wife's return4 ,9 ! *a/5$ pa?os ( ?is sc5e we h ! qu9tess5ce ( ! temp] ( ,greek art 9 deal+ ) ! fact ( dea?4 ,turn+ n[ f ,a!ns to ,argos1 :i*1 ?\gh politically weak1 0 arti/ically ! rival ( ,a!ns 9 importance1 we f9d ,polyclitus ! dom9ant ma/] !re1 z ,phidias 0 9 ! o!r city4 ,polyclitus surviv$ ,phidias & may h be5 ! y\ng] ( ! two4 ,! only c]ta9 ?+ is t he 0 9 ! pl5itude ( 8 p[]s z late z #dbj1 = 8 gold & ivory /atue ( ,h]a 0 made = a temple built to replace an e>li] temple de/roy$ by fire 9 #dbc4 ,8 pr9cipal mat]ial 0 bronze4 ,z reg>ds subjects1 8 great specialty 0 ! repres5tation ( y\?ful a?letes4 ,8 reputation 9 8 own day & aft]w>ds 0 ( ! highe/2 !re 7 ^? :o rank$ him above ,phidias4 ,?us ,x5ophon repres5ts ,footnote3 ,memorabilia ,i41 #d1 #c 7writt5 ab\t #cij ,b4 ,c74 an ,a!nian z assign+ to ,polyclitus a preem95ce 9 sculpture l t ( ,hom] 9 epic poetry & t ( ,sophocles 9 trag$y2 & ,/rabo,footnote3 ,,viii41 page #cgb 7writt5 ab\t #ah ,a4 ,d474 pron\nc$ 8 gold & ivory /atues 9 ! ,temple ( ,h]a ne> ,argos ! f9e/ 9 arti/ic m]it among all su* works1 ?\gh inf]ior to ^? ( ,phidias 9 size & co/l9ess4 ,b probably ! m usual v]dict 0 t report$ by ,qu9tilian1 ,footnote3 ,de ,in/itutione ,oratoria ,,xii1 #aj1 #g 7writt5 ab\t #ij ,a4 ,d474 :i*1 applaud+ z unrival$ 8 r5d]+ ( ! human =m1 f\nd 8 div9ities lack+ 9 maje/y4 ,9 view ( ! exalt$ rank assign$ to ,polyclitus by ,greek & ,roman judgm5t1 8 id5tifiable works are a little disappo9t+4 ,8 ,doryphorus1 a bronze figure ( a "y a?lete hold+ a spe> su* z 0 us$ 9 ! p5ta?lon 7cf4 page #afh71 exi/s 9 num]\s copies4 ,! ,naples copy 7,fig4 #acg71 f\nd 9 ,pompeii 9 #agig1 is ! be/ pres]v$1 be+ sub/antially antique ?r\gh\t1 b is ( indiff]5t workman%ip4 ,! "y man1 ( massive build1 /&s support+ 8 weight on ! "r leg2 ! left is b5t backw>d f ! knee1 ! foot t\*+ ! gr\nd only 9 front4 ,?us ! body is a good deal curv$4 ,?is attitude is an advance ^u any /&+ motive atta9$ 9 ! ,transitional p]iod 7cf4 page #afe74 ,x 0 mu* us$ by ,polyclitus1 & is "o ( ! m>ks by :i* /atues ( 8 may be recogniz$4 ,! head ( ! ,doryphorus1 z se5 f ! side1 is m ne>ly rectangul> ?an ! usual ,attic heads ( ! p]iod1 e4g41 9 ! ,p>!non frieze4 ,= ! *>act]i/ic face our be/ guide is a bronze copy ( ! head f ,h]culaneum 7,fig4 #ach71 to :i* our illu/ration does less ?an ju/ice4 ,a /rong lik5ess to ! ,doryphorus exi/s 9 a :ole s]ies ( y\?ful a?letes1 :i* are !re=e ) probability trac$ to ,polyclitus z _! au?or or inspir]4 ,su* is a /atue ( a boy 9 ,dresd51 ( :i* ! head is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aci4 ,"o ( ^! obvi\sly alli$ works c be id5tifi$ ) a /atue by ,polyclitus kn[n to u f our lit]>y s\rces4 ,x is ! s- call$ ,diadum5os1 a y\? b9d+ ! fillet ( victory ab\t 8 head4 ,?is exi/s 9 sev]al copies1 ! be/ ( :i* has be5 rec5tly f\nd on ! isl& ( ,delos & is n yet publi%$4 ,an int]e/+ /atue ( a diff]5t ord]1 v (t5 attribut$ to ,polyclitus1 may ) less ( confid5ce be accept$ z 84 ,our illu/ration 7,fig4 #adj7 is tak5 f ! ,b]l9 copy ( ?is /atue1 9 :i* ! arms1 pill>1 nose1 & feet are mod]n1 b are gu>ante$ by o!r exi/+ copies4 ,x is ! figure ( an ,amazon1 :o has be5 w\nd$ 9 ! "r brea/4 ,%e leans ^u a support at h] left side & raises h] "r h& to h] head 9 an attitude p]haps int5d$ to sugge/ exhau/ion1 yet h>dly suitable to ! position ( ! w\nd4 ,! attitude ( ! figure1 especially ! legs1 is v l t ( ! ,doryphorus1 & ! face is ?\ght by _m to %[ a family lik5ess to 84 ,!re are ?ree o!r types ( ,amazon :i* seem to be connect$ ) ?is "o1 b ! mutual relations ( ! f\r types are too p]plex+ to be "h discuss$4 ,x is a welcome *ange to turn f copies to orig9als4 ,! ,am]ican ,s*ool ( ,classical ,/udies at ,a!ns has c>ri$ on excavations 7#ahij-ie7 on ! site ( ! fam\s sanctu>y ( ,h]a ne> ,argos1 & has uncov]$ ! f\ndations bo? ( ! e>li] temple1 burn$ 9 #dbc1 & ( ! lat] temple1 9 :i* /ood ! gold & ivory image by ,polyclitus1 z well z ( adjac5t build+s4 ,besides _m o!r objects ( int]e/1 !re h be5 br\ght to light sev]al fragm5ts ( ! metopes ( ! second temple1 :i*1 toge!r ) a few fragm5ts f ! same s\rce f\nd e>li]1 =m a preci\s collection ( mat]ials = ! /udy ( ! ,argive s*ool ( sculpture ( ab\t #dbj4 ,/ill m int]e/+1 at lea/ to su* z are n speciali/s1 is a head :i* 0 f\nd on ! same site 7,fig4 #ada71 & :i*1 to judge by its /yle1 mu/ date f ! same p]iod4 ,x is a good illu/ration ( ! unc]ta9ty :i* besets ! attempt to classify extant ,greek sculptures into local s*ools t ?is head has be5 claim$ ) equal confid5ce z ,argive ,footnote3 ,s by ,pr(essor ,*>les ,wald/e91 :o direct$ ! excavations4 & z ,attic 9 /yle4 ,9 tru?1 ,argive & ,attic art _h s act$ & react$ ^u "o ano!r t x is small wond] if _! productions are 9 "s cases indi/+ui%able by u4 ,! la/ rem>k applies also to ! bronze /atue %[n 9 ,fig4 #adb1 :i* is believ$ by high au?orities to be an orig9al ,greek "w & :i* has be5 claim$ bo? = ,a!ns & = ,argos4 ,! /&+ position1 :ile n id5tical ) t ( ! ,doryphorus1 ! ,diadum5os1 & ! w\nd$ ,amazon1 is /rik+ly simil>1 z is also ! =m ( ! head4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! /atue is a f9e example ( app>5tly un/udi$ ease1 ( t consummate art :i* conceals itself4 ,! only sculptor ( ! fif? c5tury :o is at once kn[n to u f lit]>y tradition & repres5t$ by an au!nticat$ & orig9al "w is ,paeonius ( ,m5de 9 ,?race4 ,he 0 an arti/ ( second>y rank1 if we may judge f ! fact t 8 "n occurs only 9 ,pausanias2 b 9 ! brilliant p]iod ( ,greek hi/ory ev5 second>y arti/s 7 capable ( "w :i* less =tunate ages c\ld n rival4 ,pausanias m5tions a ,victory by ,paeonius at ,olympia1 a votive (f]+ ( ! ,mess5ians = successes ga9$ 9 w>4 ,portions ( ! p$e/al ( ?is /atue ) ! d$icatory inscription & ! arti/'s signature 7 f\nd on ,decemb] #bj1 #ahge1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,g]man excavations1 & ! mutilat$ /atue itself on ! foll[+ day 7,fig4 #adc74 ,a re/oration ( ! figure by a ,g]man sculptor 7,fig4 #add7 may be tru/$ = ne>ly ev]y?+ b ! face4 ,! goddess is repres5t$ 9 desc5d+ flight4 ,pois$ ^u a triangul> p$e/al ab\t ?irty feet high1 %e seems all b indep5d5t ( support4 ,h] drap]ies1 bl[n by ! w9d1 =m a backgr\nd = h] figure4 ,an eagle at h] feet sugge/s ! elem5t ?r\gh :i* %e moves4 ,nev] 0 a m audaci\s design execut$ 9 m>ble4 ,yet x does n impress u *iefly z a t\r de =ce4 ,! behold] =gets ! triumph ov] mat]ial difficulties 9 ! s5se ( buoyancy1 spe$1 & grace :i* ! figure inspires4 ,pausanias records t ! ,mess5ians ( 8 day believ$ ! /atue to commemorate an ev5t :i* happ5$ 9 #dbe1 :ile he himself pref]r$ to connect x ) an ev5t ( #dec4 ,! inscription on ! p$e/al is indecisive on ?is po9t4 ,x runs 9 ^! t]ms3 ,! ,mess5ians & ,naupactians d$icat$ ?is /atue to ! ,olympian ,zeus1 z a ti! ( ! spoils f _! enemies4 ,paeonius ( ,m5de made x2 & he 0 victori\s ov] 8 competitors 9 mak+ ! acrot]ia = ! temple4 ,! lat] ( ! two dates m5tion$ by ,pausanias has be5 g5]ally accept$1 ?\gh n )\t rec5t prote/4 ,?is w\ld give ab\t ! ye> #dbc = ! completion & erection ( ?is /atue4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,great ,,age ,,( ,,greek ,,sculpture4 ,,second ,,p]iod3 #djj-cbc ,b4 ,c4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury art became ev5 m cosmopolitan ?an be=e4 ,! di/9ctions betwe5 local s*ools 7 ne>ly effac$ & ! "q ( an arti/'s bir?place or resid5ce ceases to h mu* importance ,a!ns1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9$ h] arti/ic preem95ce ?r\gh ! fir/ half or m ( ! c5tury4 ,sev]al ( ! mo/ em95t sculptors ( ! p]iod 7 c]ta9ly or probably ,a!nians1 & o!rs appe> to h made ,a!ns _! home = a long] or %ort] "t4 ,x is !re=e common to speak ( a y\ng] ,attic s*ool1 ^: memb]s w\ld include mo/ ( ! notable sculptors ( ?is p]iod4 ,:at ! t5d5cies ( ! times 7 w be/ be se5 by /udy+ ! mo/ em95t repres5tatives ( ?is gr\p or s*ool4 ,! fir/ great "n to meet u is t ( ,scopas ( ,p>os4 ,8 arti/ic c>e] seems to h begun e>ly 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 = he 0 ! ar*itect ( a temple ( ,a!na at ,tegea 9 ,arcadia :i* 0 built to replace "o de/roy$ by fire 9 #cie-d4 ,he z active z late z ! middle ( ! c5tury1 be+ "o ( f\r sculptors engag$ on ! reliefs ( ! ,mausoleum or fun]al monum5t ( ,maussollus1 satrap ( ,c>ia1 :o di$ 9 #cea-j1 or p]haps two ye>s e>li]4 ,t is ab\t all we "k ( 8 life1 = x is h>dly m ?an a conjecture t he took up 8 abode 9 ,a!ns = a t]m ( ye>s4 ,! works ( 8 h&s 7 widely di/ribut$ 9 ,greece prop] & on ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,until lately no?+ v def9ite 0 kn[n ( ! /yle ( ,scopas4 ,:ile num]\s /atues by him1 all repres5t+ div9ities or o!r imag9>y be+s1 are m5tion$ 9 our lit]>y s\rces1 only "o ( ^! is describ$ 9 su* a way z to give any notion ( its arti/ic "*4 ,?is 0 a ,ma5ad1 or female att5dant ( ! god ,bac*us1 :o 0 repres5t$ 9 a fr5zy ( religi\s excitem5t4 ,! !me sugge/s a /rong t5d5cy on ! "p ( ,scopas t[>d emotional expression1 b ?is inf]5ce does n c>ry u v f>4 ,! /udy ( ,scopas has ent]$ ^u a new /age s9ce "s fragm5ts ( sculpture belong+ to ! ,temple ( ,a!na at ,tegea h become kn[n4 ,! presumption is t1 z ,scopas 0 ! ar*itect ( ! build+1 he also design$1 if he did n execute1 ! p$im5t-sculptures4 ,if ?is be true1 !n we h at la/ au!ntic1 ?\gh scanty1 evid5ce ( 8 /yle4 ,! fragm5ts ?us f> discov]$ consi/ ( little m ?an two human heads & a bo>'s head4 ,"o ( ! human heads is "h reproduc$ 7,fig4 #ade74 ,sadly mutilat$ z x is1 is has become possible by its help & t ( its fell[ to recognize ) great probability ! au?or%ip ( ,scopas 9 a :ole gr\p ( alli$ works4 ,n to dwell on anatomical details1 :i* ne$ ca/s = _! prop] illu/ration1 ! obvi\s *>act]i/ic m>k ( ,scopadean heads is a tragic int5sity ( expression unkn[n to e>li] ,greek art4 ,x is ?is :i* makes ! ,tegea heads s impressive 9 spite ( ! rude wa/+ ( old ,"t4 ,! magnific5t head ( ,meleag] 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,villa ,m$ici 9 ,rome 7,fig4 #adf7 %[s ?is same quality4 ,a fi]y eag]ness ( temp] animates ! m>ble1 & a c]ta9 pa?os1 z if born ( a consci\sness ( approa*+ doom4 ,s ma/]ly is ! workman%ip "h1 s utt]ly remov$ f ! me*anical1 un9spir$ mann] ( ,roman copyi/s1 t ?is head has be5 claim$ z an orig9al f ! h& ( ,scopas1 & s x may well be4 ,some?+ ( ! same "* belongs to a head ( a goddess 9 ,a!ns1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #adg4 ,fig4 #adh introduces u to ano!r t5d5cy ( f\r? c5tury art4 ,! gr\p repres5ts ,eir5e & ,plutus 7,peace & ,pl5ty74 ,x is 9 all probability a copy ( a bronze "w by ,cephisodotus1 :i* /ood 9 ,a!ns & 0 set up1 x is conjectur$1 soon aft] #cge1 ! ye> 9 :i* ! wor%ip ( ,eir5e 0 (ficially e/abli%$ 9 ,a!ns4 ,! head ( ! *ild is antique1 b does n belong to ! figure2 copies ( ! *ild ) ! true head exi/ 9 ,a!ns & ,dresd54 ,! pr9cipal mod]n p>ts are3 ! "r arm ( ! goddess 7:i* %\ld hold a scept]71 h] left h& ) ! vase1 & bo? arms ( ! *ild2 9 place ( ! vase !re %\ld be a small horn ( pl5ty1 re/+ on ! *ild's left arm4 ,! s5tim5t ( ?is gr\p is su* z we h n met be=e4 ,! t5d]ness express$ by ,eir5e's po/ure is z *>act]i/ic ( ! new era z ! int5sity ( look 9 ! head f ,tegea4 ,cephisodotus 0 probably a ne> relative ( a mu* great] sculptor1 ,praxiteles1 p]haps 8 fa!r4 ,praxiteles is bett] kn[n to u ?an any o!r ,greek arti/4 ,= we h1 to beg9 )1 "o au!nticat$ orig9al /atue f 8 h&1 besides ?ree f\r?s ( a bas-relief probably execut$ "u 8 direction4 ,9 ! second place1 we c ga!r f our lit]>y s\rces a catalogue ( t[>d fifty ( 8 works1 a l>g] li/ ?an c be made out = any o!r sculptor4 ,moreov]1 ( sev]al pieces we get really enlight5+ descriptions1 & !re are 9 addition "o or two valuable g5]al comm5ts on 8 /yle4 ,f9ally two ( 8 /atues t are m5tion$ 9 lit]ature c be id5tifi$ ) suffici5t c]ta9ty 9 copies4 ,! basis ( judgm5t is ?us wide en\gh to w>rant u 9 br++ num]\s o!r works into relation ) him4 ,ab\t 8 life1 h[ev]1 we "k1 z 9 o!r cases1 next to no?+4 ,he 0 an ,a!nian & mu/ h be5 some:]e ne> ! age ( ,scopas1 ?\gh seem+ly r y\ng]4 ,pl9y gives ! hundr$ & f\r? ,olympiad 7#cgj-ff7 z ! date at :i* he fl\ri%$1 b ?is 0 probably ab\t ! beg9n+ ( 8 arti/ic c>e]4 ,only "o anecdote is told ( him :i* is wor? repeat+ "h4 ,:5 ask$ :at ones among 8 m>ble /atues he rat$ highe/ he answ]$ t ^? :i* ,nicias _h t9t$ 7 ! be/4 ,nicias 0 an em95t pa9t] ( ! p]iod 7see page #bhb1 foot note74 ,! place ( honor 9 any treatm5t ( ,praxiteles mu/ be giv5 to ! ,h]mes ) ! infant ,dionysus on 8 arm 7,figs4 #adi1 #aej74 ,?is /atue 0 f\nd on ,may #h1 #ahgg1 9 ! ,temple ( ,h]a at ,olympia1 ly+ 9 front ( its p$e/al4 ,"h x _h /ood :5 ,pausanias saw x & record$ t x 0 ! "w ( ,praxiteles4 ,! legs ( ,h]mes bel[ ! knees h be5 re/or$ 9 pla/] 7only ! "r foot be+ antique71 & s h ! arms ( ,dionysus4 ,except = ! loss ( ! "r arm & ! l[] legs1 ! figure ( ,h]mes is 9 admirable pres]vation1 ! surface be+ un9jur$4 ,"s notion ( ! lum9osity ( ! ,p>ian m>ble may be ga9$ f ,fig4 #aej4 ,h]mes is tak+ ! new-born ,dionysus to ! ,nymphs to be re>$ by !m4 ,paus+ on 8 way1 he has ?r[n 8 mantle ov] a conv5i5t tree-trunk & leans ^u x ) ! arm t holds ! *ild4 ,9 8 clos$ left h& he d\btless c>ri$ 8 h]ald's w&2 ! lo/ "r h& mu/ h held up "s object-- bun* ( grapes or :at-n--= ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! little god4 ,! latt] is n tru?fully proportion$2 9 common ) almo/ all sculptors be=e ! "t ( ,alex&]1 ,praxiteles seems to h paid v little att5tion to ! *>act]i/ic =ms ( infancy4 ,b ! ,h]mes is ( unapproa*able p]fection4 ,8 symmetrical figure1 :i* looks sl5d] 9 comp>ison ) ! ,doryphorus ( ,polyclitus1 is a?letic )\t exagg]ation1 & is model$ ) faultless skill4 ,! attitude1 ) ! weight support$ *iefly by ! "r leg & left arm1 gives to ! body a graceful curve :i* ,praxiteles lov$4 ,x is ! la/ /age 9 ! long developm5t ( an easy /&+ pose4 ,! head is ( ! r\nd ,attic =m1 contra/+ ) ! squ>] ,peloponnesian type2 ! face a f9e oval4 ,! l[] "p ( ! =ehead betwe5 ! temples is prom95t2 ! nose n q /raight1 b slightly ar*$ at ! middle4 ,! :ole expression is "o ( indescribable ref9em5t & radiance4 ,! hair1 %ort & curly1 illu/rates ! possibilities ( m>ble 9 ! treatm5t ( t feature2 9 place ( ! wiry appe>ance ( hair 9 bronze we f9d "h a slight r\ghness ( surface1 sugge/ive ( ! s(t texture ( actual hair 7cf4 ,fig4 #adf & contra/ ,fig4 #ach74 ,! drap]y t falls ov] ! tree-trunk is treat$ ) a degree ( elaboration & ri*ness :i* does n occur 9 fif? c5tury "w2 b beautiful z x is1 x is kept subord9ate & does n unduly attract our att5tion4 ,= u ! ,h]mes /&s alone & )\t a rival4 ,! /atue1 h[ev]1 did n 9 antiquity enjoy any extraord9>y celebrity1 & is 9 fact n ev5 m5tion$ 9 extant lit]ature except by ,pausanias4 ,! mo/ fam\s "w ( ,praxiteles 0 ! ,aphrodite ( ,cnidus 9 s\?we/]n ,asia ,m9or4 ,?is 0 a temple-/atue2 yet ! sculptor1 dep>t+ f ! practice ( e>li] times1 did n scruple to repres5t ! goddess z nude4 ,) ! help ( c]ta9 imp]ial co9s ( ,cnidus ?is ,aphrodite has be5 id5tifi$ 9 a great numb] ( copies4 ,%e is 9 ! act ( dropp+ h] g>m5t f h] left h& 9 prep>ation = a ba?2 %e supports h]self *iefly by ! "r leg1 & ! body has a curve approa*+ t ( ! ,h]mes1 ?\gh "h no "p ( ! weight is ?r[n ^u ! arm4 ,! subject is treat$ ) consummate delicacy1 f> remov$ f ! s5suality too usual 9 a lat] age2 & yet1 :5 ?is embodim5t ( ,aphrodite is comp>$ ) fif? c5tury ideals1 x mu/ be recogniz$ z illu/rat+ a gr[+ fondness on ! "p ( sculptor & public = ! repres5tation ( physical *>m4 ,n be+ able to (f] a satisfactory illu/ration ( ! :ole /atue1 ,i h *os5 = reproduction a copy ( ! head alone 7,fig4 #aea74 ,x w help ! read] to div9e ! simple lovel9ess ( ! orig9al4 ,pl9y m5tions among ! works 9 bronze by ,praxiteies a y\?ful ,apollo1 call$ ,sauroctonos 7,liz>d-slay]74 ,fig4 #aeb is a m>ble copy ( ?is1 consid]ably re/or$4 ,! god1 conceiv$ 9 ! lik5ess ( a beautiful boy1 leans aga9/ a tree1 prep>+ to /ab a liz>d ) an arr[1 :i* %\ld be 9 ! "r h&4 ,! graceful1 lean+ pose & ! s(t beauty ( ! y\?ful face & fle% are *>act]i/ically ,praxitelean4 ,two or ?ree satyrs by ,praxiteles are m5tion$ by ,greek & ,roman writ]s1 & an anecdote is told by ,pausanias :i* implies t "o ( !m enjoy$ an exceptional fame4 ,un=tunately !y are n describ$2 b among ! _m satyrs to be f\nd 9 museums ( anci5t sculpture !re are two types 9 :i* ! /yle ( ,praxiteles1 z we h n[ le>n$ to "k x1 is s /rongly m>k$ t we c h>dly g wrong 9 ascrib+ !m bo? to him4 ,bo? exi/ 9 num]\s copies4 ,our illu/ration ( ! fir/ 7,fig4 #aec7 is tak5 f ! copy ( :i* ,haw?orne wrote s subtle a description 9 ,! ,m>ble ,faun4 ,! /atue is some:at re/or$1 b ! re/oration is n op5 to d\bt1 except z reg>ds ! s+le pipe held 9 ! "r h&4 ,no animal *>act]i/ic is to be f\nd "h save ! po9t$ e>s2 ! face1 h[ev]1 reta9s a sugge/ion ( ! traditional satyr-type4 ,! :ole /atue1 unlike any?+ else t ev] 0 wr\ght 9 t sev]e mat]ial ( m>ble1 conveys ! idea ( an amiable & s5sual creature-- easy1 mir?ful1 apt = jollity1 yet n incapable ( be+ t\*$ by pa?os4 ,footnote3 ,haw?orne1 ,! ,m>ble ,faun1 ,vol ,i1 ,*apt] ,i4 ,9 ! ,pal]mo copy ( ! o!r ,praxitelean satyr 7,fig4 #aed7 ! "r arm is mod]n1 b ! re/oration is sub/antially correct4 ,! face ( ?is /atue has purely ,greek features1 & only ! po9t$ e>s rema9 to betray ! mixture ( animal nature ) ! human =m4 ,! orig9al 0 probably ( bronze4 ,) ,fig4 #aee we rev]t f copies to an orig9al "w4 ,?is is "o ( ?ree slabs :i* probably decorat$ ! p$e/al ( a gr\p by ,praxiteles repres5t+ ,apollo1 ,leto1 & ,artemis2 a f\r? slab1 ne$$ to complete ! s]ies1 has n be5 f\nd ,! presumption is /rong t ^! reliefs 7 execut$ "u ! direction ( ,praxiteles1 p]haps f 8 design4 ,! subject ( "o slab is ! musical conte/ betwe5 ,apollo & ,m>syas1 :ile ! o!r two be> figures ( ,muses4 ,! latt] are pos$ & drap$ ) t delightful grace ( :i* ,praxiteles 0 ma/]1 & ) :i* he seems to h inspir$ 8 pupils ,! execution1 h[ev]1 is n q faultless1 z witness ! di/ortion 9 ! "r l[] leg ( ! seat$ ,muse 9 ,fig4 l#ee--o!rwise an exquisite figure4 ,among ! _m o!r works t h be5 claim$ = ,praxiteles on gr\nds ( /yle1 ,i v5ture to s+le out "o 7,fig4 #aef74 ,! illu/ration is tak5 f "o ( sev]al copies ( a lo/ orig9al1 :i*1 if x 0 n by ,praxiteles himself1 0 by "s "o :o _h m>vel\sly caught 8 _s4 ,t x repres5ts ! goddess ,artemis we may probably inf] f ! %ort *iton1 an appropriate g>m5t (t5 worn by ! div9e huntress1 b n by human maid5s4 ,o!rwise ! goddess has no conv5tional attribute to m>k h] div9ity4 ,%e is j a beautiful girl1 engag$ 9 fa/5+ h] mantle toge!r ) a broo*4 ,9 ?is way ( conceiv+ a goddess1 we see ! same _s t creat$ ! ,apollo ,sauroctonos4 ,! g5ius ( ,praxiteles1 z ?us f> reveal$ to u1 0 preem95tly sunny1 drawn t[>d :at is fair & graceful & untr\bl$1 & ignor+ :at is tragic 9 human exi/5ce4 ,?is view ( him is confirm$ by :at is kn[n f lit]ature ( 8 subjects4 ,! li/ includes five figures ( ,aphrodite1 ?ree or f\r ( ,eros1 two ( ,apollo1 two ( ,artemis1 two ( ,dionysus1 two or ?ree ( satyrs1 two ( ! c\rtesan ,phryne1 & "o ( a beautiful human y\? b9d+ a fillet ab\t 8 hair1 b no "w ^: !me is suff]+ or dea? is def9itely ascrib$ to him4 ,x is /range !re=e to f9d ,pl9y say+ t x 0 a matt] ( d\bt 9 8 "t :e!r a gr\p ( ! dy+ *ildr5 ( ,niobe :i* /ood 9 a temple ( ,apollo 9 ,rome 0 by ,scopas or ,praxiteles4 ,x is commonly suppos$1 ?\gh )\t decisive pro(1 t c]ta9 /atues ( ,niobe & h] *ildr5 :i* exi/ 9 ,flor5ce & else:]e are copi$ f ! gr\p ( :i* ,pl9y speaks4 ,! /ory 0 t ,niobe vaunt$ h]self be=e ,leto because %e _h sev5 sons & sev5 daught]s1 :ile ,leto _h borne only ,apollo & ,artemis4 ,= h] presumption all h] *ildr5 7 /rick5 d[n by ! arr[s ( ,apollo & ,artemis4 ,?is puni%m5t is ! subject ( ! gr\p4 ,fig4 #aeg gives ! c5tral figures2 !y are ,niobe h]self & h] y\nge/ daught]1 :o has fl$ to h] = protection4 ,! ,niobe has long be5 fam\s z an embodim5t ( haught9ess1 mat]nal love1 & %>p di/ress4 ,b mu* f9] 9 composition1 to my ?9k+1 is ,fig4 #aeh4 ,9 ?is son ( ,niobe ! end ( ! "r arm & ! entire left arm are mod]n4 ,orig9ally ?is y\? 0 gr\p$ ) a si/] :o has be5 w\nd$ unto dea?4 ,%e has sunk ^u ! gr\nd & h] "r arm hangs limply ov] 8 left knee1 ?us prev5t+ 8 g>m5t f fall+4 ,8 left arm clasps h] & he seeks ineffectually to protect h]4 ,t ?is is ! true re/oration is kn[n f a copy 9 ! ,vatican ( ! w\nd$ girl ) a "p ( ! bro!r4 ,except = ?is son ( ,niobe ! ,flor5t9e figures are n wor?y ( _! old-"t reputation4 ,z = _! au?or%ip1 ,praxiteles seems out ( ! "q4 ,! subject is 9 keep+--) ! g5ius ( ,scopas1 b x is saf] n to associate ! gr\p ) any individual "n4 ,?is res]ve is ! m advisable because ,scopas & ,praxiteles are b two />s1 by f> ! brighte/1 to be sure1 9 a brilliant con/ellation ( contempor>y arti/s4 ,= ! o!rs x is impossible to d mu* m "h ?an to m5tion ! mo/ important names3 ,leo*>es & ,timo!us1 ^: civic ties are unkn[n1 ,bryaxis & ,silanion ( ,a!ns1 & ,euphranor ( ,cor9?1 ! la/ equally fam\s z pa9t] & sculptor4 ,^! arti/s seem to be em]g+ a little f ! d>kness t has envelop$ !m1 & x may be hop$ t discov]ies ( new mat]ial & fur!r /udy ( already exi/+ mat]ial w reveal !m to u ) "s degree ( cle>ness & c]ta9ty4 ,a good illu/ration ( h[ new acquisitions may help u is af=d$ by a gr\p ( fragm5t>y sculptures f\nd 9 ! sanctu>y ( ,asclepius ne> ,epidauros 9 ! ye>s #ahhb-hd & belong+ to ! p$im5ts ( ! pr9cipal temple4 ,an inscription 0 f\nd on ! same site :i* records ! exp5ses incurr$ 9 build+ ?is temple1 & "o item 9 x makes x probable t ,timo!us1 ! sculptor above m5tion$1 furni%$ ! models aft] :i* ! p$im5t- sculptures 7 execut$4 ,! l>ge/ & f9e/ fragm5t ( ^! sculptures t has be5 f\nd is giv5 9 ,fig4 #aei4 ,x belongs to ! we/]n p$im5t1 :i* seems to h conta9$ a battle ( ,greeks & ,amazons4 ,! ,amazon ( our illu/ration1 m\nt$ ^u a re>+ horse1 is ab\t to br+ d[n h] lance ^u a fall5 foe4 ,! action is r5d]$ ) spl5did vigor4 ,! date ( ?is temple & its sculptures may be put some:]e ab\t #cge4 ,ref]5ce 0 made above 7page #bae7 to ! ,mausoleum4 ,! arti/s engag$ on ! sculptures :i* adorn$ t magnific5t monum5t 71 accord+ to ,pl9y1 ,scopas1 ,leo*>es1 ,bryaxis1 & ,timo!us4 ,footnote3 ,! tradition on ?is po9t 0 n q uni=m ,vitruvius names ,praxiteles z ! f\r? arti/1 b adds t "s believ$ t ,timo!us also 0 engag$ ,!re seem to h be5 at lea/ ?ree sculptur$ friezes1 b ( only "o h consid]able rema9s be5 pres]v$ 7cf4 ,fig4 #fe74 ,?is has = its subject a battle ( ,greeks & ,amazons1 a !me :i* ,greek sculptors & pa9t]s nev] we>i$ ( reproduc+4 ,! pres]v$ portions ( ?is frieze am\nt 9 all to ab\t eighty feet1 b ! slabs are n consecutive4 ,figs4 #afj & #afa give two ( ! be/ pieces4 ,! design falls into gr\ps ( two or ?ree combatants1 & ^! gr\ps are v>i$ ) inexhau/ible f]tility & livel9ess ( imag9ation4 ,among ! po9ts :i* di/+ui% ?is f a "w ( ! fif? c5tury may be not$ ! sl5d]] =ms ( m5 & wom5 & ! m expressive faces4 ,! exi/+ slabs1 moreov]1 diff] among !mselves 9 /yle & m]it1 & an e>ne/ attempt has be5 made to di/ribute !m among ! f\r arti/s nam$ by ,pl9y1 b )\t conclusive results4 ,s9ce ! ,h]mes ( ,praxiteles 0 br\ght to light at ,olympia !re has be5 no discov]y ( ,greek sculpture s dazzl+ 9 its spl5dor z t made 9 #ahhg on ! site ( ! necropolis ( ,sidon 9 ,ph5icia4 ,!re1 9 a gr\p ( communicat+ subt]ranean *amb]s1 7 f\nd1 along ) an ,egyptian s>cophagus1 sixte5 o!rs ( ,greek workman%ip1 f\r ( !m adorn$ ) reliefs ( extraord9>y beauty4 ,!y are all n[ 9 ! rec5tly creat$ ,museum ( ,con/ant9ople1 :i* has ?us become "o ( ! places ( =emo/ consequ5ce to e /ud5t & lov] ( ,greek art4 ,! sixte5 s>cophagi are ( v>i\s dates1 f e>ly 9 ! fif? to late 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #afb may be assign$ to ab\t ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,its =m is adapt$ f t ( an ,ionic temple4 ,betwe5 ! columns are /&+ or seat$ wom51 _! faces & attitudes express+ v>y+ degrees ( grief4 ,our illu/ration is on too small a scale to convey any b ! dimme/ impression ( ! dignity & beauty ( ?is company ( m\rn]s4 ,above1 on a sort ( balu/rade1 may be be5 a fun]al procession4 ,! old ,temple ( ,artemis at ,ephesus 7cf page #adj7 0 set on fire & r$uc$ to ru9s by an inc5di>y 9 #cef ,b4,c41 on ! v night1 x is said1 9 :i* ,alex&] ! ,great 0 born4 ,! ,ephesians rebuilt ! temple on a mu* m magnific5t scale1 mak+ ( x ! mo/ ext5sive & sumptu\s column> edifice ev] erect$ by a ,greek ar*itect4 ,h[ promptly ! "w 0 begun we d n "k1 b x la/$ into ! reign ( ,alex&]1 s t its date may be giv5 approximately z #cej-cj4 ,?r\gh ! indefatigable p]sev]ance ( ,mr ,j4 ,t4 ,wood1 :o conduct$ excavations at ,ephesus = ! ,briti% ,museum 9 #ahfc-gd1 ! site ( ?is temple1 long unkn[n1 0 at la/ discov]$ & its rema9s une>!d4 ,foll[+ ! example ( ! six? c5tury temple1 x _h ! l[e/ drums ( a numb] ( its columns cov]$ ) relief sculpture4 ,( ! half doz5 recov]$ specim5s ,fig4 #afc %[s ! f9e/4 ,! subject is an unsolv$ riddle4 ,! mo/ prom95t figure 9 ! illu/ration is ! god ,h]mes1 z ! h]ald's /aff 9 8 "r h& %[s4 ,! female figures to "r & left ( him are good examples ( t grace 9 pose & drap]y :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( ,greek sculpture 9 ! age ( ,scopas & ,praxiteles4 ,! mo/ beautiful ,greek portrait /atue t we possess is ! ,lat]an ,sophocles 7,fig #afd74 ,! figure has num]\s small re/orations1 includ+ ! feet & ! box ( manuscript rolls4 ,t ,sophocles1 ! tragic poet1 is repres5t$1 is kn[n f ! lik5ess ( ! head to a bu/ inscrib$ ) 8 "n4 ,he di$ 9 #djf ,b4,c4 ,! /yle ( our /atue1 h[ev]1 po9ts to an orig9al 7if x be n itself ! orig9al7 ( ab\t ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,!re 7 probably 9 exi/5ce at ?is "t au!ntic lik5esses ( ! poet1 on :i* ! sculptor bas$ 8 "w4 ,! attitude ( ! figure is ! p]fection ( app>5t ease1 b 9 reality ( skilful contrivance to secure a due balance ( p>ts & anety & grace ( l9e4 ,! "o g>m5t1 drawn closely ab\t ! p]son1 illu/rates ! ine/imable good =tune enjoy$ by ! ,greek sculptor1 9 contra/ ) ! sculptor ( to-day1 9 hav+ to repres5t a co/ume s simple1 s pliant1 s capable ( graceful adju/m5t4 ,! head1 h[ev] mu* x may conta9 ( ! actual look ( ,sophocles1 mu/ be idealiz$4 ,to appreciate x prop]ly "o mu/ rememb] t ?is poet1 ?\gh he dealt ) tragic !mes1 0 n wont to brood ov] ! s9 & sorr[ & unfa?omable my/]y ( ! _w1 b 0 s]5e 9 8 temp] & prosp]\s 9 8 life4 ,! colossal head ( ,zeus %[n 9 ,fig4 #afe 0 f\nd a hundr$ ye>s or m ago at ,otricoli1 a small village to ! nor? ( ,rome4 ,! antique "p is a m]e mask2 ! back ( ! head & ! bu/ are mod]n4 ,! mat]ial is ,c>r>a m>ble1 a fact :i* alone w\ld prove t ! "w 0 execut$ 9 ,italy & 9 ! imp]ial p]iod4 ,at fir/ ?is us$ to be reg>d$ z copi$ f ! ,olympian ,zeus ( ,phidias 7page #ahe71 b 9 ! light ( increas$ acqua9tance ) ! /yle ( ,phidias & 8 age1 ?is attribution has long be5 se5 to be impossible4 ,! orig9al belongs ab\t at ! end ( ! p]iod n[ "u review1 or possibly /ill lat]4 ,al?\gh only a copy1 ! ,otricoli ,zeus is ! f9e/ repres5tation we h ( ! fa!r ( gods & m54 ,! pr$om9ant expression is "o ( g5tl5ess & b5evol5ce1 b ! l(ty br[1 transv]sely furr[$1 tells ( ?\ght & w1 & ! leon9e hair ( /r5g?4 ,) ,lysippus ( ,sicyon we rea* ! la/ "n ( fir/-rate importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greek sculpture4 ,!re is ! usual unc]ta9ty ab\t ! dates ( 8 life1 b x is c]ta9 t he 0 9 8 prime dur+ ! reign ( ,alex&] 7#ccf-bc74 ,?us he belongs ess5tially to ! g5]ation succe$+ t ( ,scopas & ,praxiteles4 ,he appe>s to h work$ exclusively 9 bronze2 at lea/ we he> ( no "w 9 m>ble f 8 h&s4 ,he mu/ h _h a long life4 ,pl9y cr$its him ) fifte5 hundr$ /atues1 b ?is is sc>cely cr$ible4 ,8 subjects sugge/ t 8 g5ius 0 ( a v diff]5t b5t f t ( ,praxiteles4 ,no /atue ( ,aphrodite or inde$ ( any goddess 7except ! ,muses7 is ascrib$ to him2 on ! o!r h&1 he made at lea/ f\r /atues ( ,zeus1 "o ( !m ne>ly sixty feet high1 & at lea/ f\r figures ( ,h]acles1 ( :i* "o 0 colossal1 :ile "o 0 less ?an a foot high1 besides gr\ps repres5t+ ! labors ( ,h]acles4 ,9 %ort1 ! li/ ( 8 /atues ( sup]human be+s1 ?\gh x does include an ,eros & a ,dionysus1 looks z if he _h no especial pr$ilection = ! s(t lovel9ess ( y\?1 b r = mature & vigor\s =ms4 ,he 0 fam\s z a portrait- sculptor & made num]\s /atues ( ,alex&]1 f :om he receiv$ conspicu\s recognition4 ,naturally1 too1 he accept$ commissions = a?lete /atues2 five su* are m5tion$ by ,pausanias z exi/+ at ,olympia4 ,an allegorical figure by him ( ,cairos 7,opportunity7 receives lavi% praise f a late rhetorician4 ,f9ally1 he is cr$it$ ) a /atue ( a tipsy female flute-play]4 ,?is des]ves especial notice z ! fir/ well-assur$ example ( a "w ( ,greek sculpture ignoble 9 its subject & obvi\sly unfit = any ( ! purposes = :i* sculpture _h *iefly exi/$ 7cf4 page #abd74 ,x is ,pl9y :o puts u 9 ! way ( a m direct acqua9tance ) ?is arti/ ?an ! above facts c give4 ,he makes ! g5]al /atem5t t ,lysippus dep>t$ f ! canon ( proportions previ\sly foll[$ 7i4e41 probably1 by ,polyclitus & 8 imm$iate foll[]s71 mak+ ! head small] & ! body sl5d]] & dry]1 & he m5tions a /atue by him 9 ,rome call$ an ,apoxyom5os1 i4e41 an a?lete scrap+ himself ) a /rigil4 ,a copy ( su* a /atue 0 f\nd 9 ,rome 9 #ahdi 7,fig4 #aff74 ,! f+]s ( ! "r h& ) ! inappropriate die are mod]n1 z are also "s additional bits "h & !re4 ,n[ ! co9cid5ce 9 subject betwe5 ?is /atue & t m5tion$ by ,pl9y w\ld n alone be decisive4 ,polyclitus also made an ,apoxyom5os1 &1 = all we "k1 o!r sculptors may h us$ ! same motive4 ,b ! /atue 9 "q is c]ta9ly lat] ?an ,polyclitus1 & its agreem5t ) :at ,pl9y tells u ( ! proportions adopt$ by ,lysippus is z close z c\ld be desir$ 7contra/ ,fig4 #acg74 ,we !re=e ne$ n scruple to accept x z ,lysippian4 ,our "y a?lete1 be=e beg9n+ 8 ex]cise1 _h rubb$ 8 body ) oil &1 if he 0 to wre/le1 _h spr9kl$ himself ) s&4 ,n[1 8 ex]cise ov]1 he is remov+ oil & sweat & dirt ) ! in/rum5t regul>ly us$ = t purpose4 ,8 sl5d] figure sugge/s ela/icity & agility r ?an brute /r5g?4 ,! face 7,fig4 #afg7 has n ! radiant *>m :i* ,praxiteles w\ld h giv5 x1 b x is bo? f9e & al]t4 ,! eyes are deeply set2 ! division ( ! upp] f ! l[] =ehead is m>k$ by a groove2 ! hair lies 9 expressive disord]4 ,9 ! bronze orig9al ! tree-trunk beh9d ! left leg 0 d\btless abs5t1 z also ! disagreeable support 7n[ brok57 :i* ext5d$ f ! "r leg to ! "r =e-arm4 ,! be/ au!nticat$ lik5ess ( ,alex&] ! ,great is a bu/ 9 ! ,l\vre 7,fig4 #afh7 inscrib$ ) 8 "n3 ,alex&] ( ,mac$on1 son ( ,philip4 ,! surface has be5 badly corrod$ & ! nose is re/or$4 ,! "w1 :i* is only a copy1 may g back to an orig9al by ,lysippus1 ?\gh ! evid5ce = t belief1 a c]ta9 resemblance to ! head ( ! ,apoxyom5os1 is h>dly z conv9c+ z "o c\ld desire4 ,! k+ is "h repres5t$1 "o w\ld guess1 at ! age ( ?irty or !reab\ts4 ,n[ z he 0 abs5t f ,europe f ! age ( tw5ty-two until 8 dea? at ,babylon at ! age ( ?irty-?ree 7#cbc ,b4,c471 x w\ld seem likely t ,lysippus1 or :oev] ! sculptor 01 bas$ 8 portrait ^u lik5esses tak5 "s ye>s e>li]4 ,consequ5tly1 al?\gh portraiture 9 ! age ( ,alex&] _h become prevail+ly reali/ic1 x w\ld be unsafe to reg>d ?is head z a conspicu\s example ( ! new t5d5cy4 ,! arti/ probably aim$ to pres5t a recognizable lik5ess & at ! same "t to give a wor?y expression to ! great conqu]or's qualities ( "*4 ,if ! latt] object does n seem to h be5 atta9$1 "o is free to lay ! blame ^u ! copyi/ & "t4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,hell5i/ic ,,p]iod ,,( ,,greek ,,sculpture4 #cbc-adf ,b4,c4 ,! reign ( ,alex&] began a new era 9 ,greek hi/ory1 an era 9 :i* ! great fact 0 ! dissem9ation ( ,greek culture ov] wide regions to :i* x _h be5 ali54 ,?is p]iod1 9 :i* ,egypt & we/]n ,asia 7 rul$ by m5 ( ,greek or ,mac$onian blood & gradually took on m or less ( ,greek civilization1 is (t5 call$ ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod4 ,"u ! new political & social ord] new arti/ic conditions 7 develop$4 ,= "o ?+1 ,a!ns & ! o!r old c5t]s ( arti/ic activity lo/ _! pre-em95ce1 :ile new c5t]s 7 creat$ 9 ! ,ea/1 ,! only places :i* our lit]>y s\rces m5tion z seats ( important s*ools ( sculpture 9 ! two c5turies foll[+ ! dea? ( ,alex&] are ,rhodes & ,p]gamum4 ,!n aga9 a dem& n[ grew up = works ( sculpture to be us$ z m]e ornam5ts 9 ! int]iors ( palaces & private h\ses1 z well z 9 public build+s & places4 ,?is ( c\rse ?rew op5 ! door = subjects :i* _h be5 exclud$ :5 sculpture 0 dom9at$ by a sacr$ purpose4 ,sculptors 7 n[ free to appeal to ! l[] ta/es ( _! patrons4 ,! practice ( art = art's sake _h its day1 & trivial1 comical1 ugly1 h>r[+1 or s5sual !mes 7 treat$ ) all ! res\rces ( te*nical skill4 ,9 %ort1 ! position & purposes ( ! art ( sculpture became v l :at !y are to-day4 ,h5ce ! untra9$ mod]n /ud5t feels mu* m at home 9 a collection ( ,hell5i/ic sculpture ?an 9 ! pres5ce ( ! sev]]1 sublim] creations ( ! age ( ,phidias4 ,x is by no means meant to pass a sweep+ condemnation ^u ! productions ( ! po/-classical p]iod4 ,reali/ic portraiture 0 n[ practic$ ) great frequ5cy & high success4 ,_m ( ! g5re /atues & decorative reliefs ( ! "t are admirable & delightful4 ,moreov]1 ! old uses ( sculpture 7 n ab&on$1 & ?\gh ! t5d5cy t[>d s5sationalism 0 /rong1 a dignifi$ & exalt$ "w 0 sometimes a*iev$4 ,b1 broadly speak+1 we mu/ admit ! loss ( t noble simplicity & quiet gr&eur--! phrase is ,w9ckelmann's--:i* /amp$ ! creations ( ! age ( ,phidias4 ,greek sculpture ga9$ imm5sely 9 v>iety1 b at ! exp5se ( its elevation ( _s4 ,al?\gh ?is sket* is devot$ pr9cipally to bronze & m>ble sculpture1 ,i _c resi/ ! temptation to illu/rate by a few examples ! *>m+ little t]ra-cotta figur9es :i* h be5 f\nd 9 su* great numb]s 9 graves at ,tanagra & else:]e 9 ,boeotia 7,figs4 #afi1 #agj74 ,x is a "q :e!r ! be/ ( !m 7 n produc$ be=e ! end ( ! p]iod cov]$ by ! la/ *apt]4 ,at all ev5ts1 !y are po/-,praxitelean4 ,! commone/ subjects are /&+ or seat$ wom52 "y m51 lads1 & *ildr5 are also (t5 met )4 ,fig4 #agj %[s ano!r favorite figure1 ! w+$ ,eros1 repres5t$ z a *ubby boy ( f\r or five--a conception ( ! god ( ,love :i* makes its fir/ appe>ance 9 ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod4 ,! m5 :o model$ ^! /atuettes 7 d\btless reg>d$ 9 _! own day z v humble craftsm51 b ! be/ ( !m _h caught ! secret ( graceful poses & drap]ies1 & ! execution ( _! "w is z delicate z its conception is ref9$4 ,return+ n[ to our prop] subject1 we may beg9 ) ! late/ & mo/ magnific5t ( ! s>cophagi f\nd at ,sidon 7,fig4 #aga2 cf4 page #bcd74 ,?is belongs some:]e ne> ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,x is decorat$ ) relief-sculpture on all f\r sides & 9 ! gables ( ! cov]4 ,on ! long side %[n 9 our illu/ration ! subject is a battle betwe5 ,greeks & ,p]sians1 p]haps ! battle ( ,issus1 f\ght 9 #ccc4 ,alex&] ! ,great1 recognizable by ! sk9 ( a lion's head :i* he we>s l ,h]acles1 in/ead ( a helmet1 is to be se5 at ! extreme left4 ,! design1 :i* looks cr[d$ & confus$ :5 r$uc$ to a small scale1 is 9 reality well arrang$ & extremely spirit$1 besides be+ exquisitely wr\ght4 ,b ! cr[n+ int]e/ ( ! "w lies 9 ! unp>allel$ fre%ness ) :i* x has kept its color4 ,g>m5ts1 saddle-clo?s1 pieces ( armor1 & s on1 are t9t$ 9 delicate colors1 & ! f9e/ details1 su* z b[-/r+s1 are p]fectly di/9ct4 ,! nude fle%1 ?\gh n cov]$ ) opaque pa9t1 has receiv$ "s application :i* diff]5tiates x f ! glitt]+ :ite backgr\nd1 & gives x a sort ( ivory hue4 ,! effect ( all ?is color is ?or\ghly ref9$1 & ! "w is a revelation ( ! beauty ( poly*romatic sculpture4 ,! ,victory ( ,samo?race 7,fig4 #agb7 c also be dat$ at ab\t ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,! figure is consid]ably above life-size4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 #ahfc1 brok5 into a multitude ( fragm5ts1 :i* h be5 c>efully unit$4 ,!re are no mod]n pieces1 except 9 ! w+s4 ,! /atue /ood on a p$e/al hav+ ! =m ( a %ip's pr[1 ! pr9cipal p>ts ( :i* 7 f\nd by an ,au/rian exp$ition to ,samo?race 9 #ahge4 ,^! fragm5ts 7 subsequ5tly convey$ to ! ,l\vre1 & ! ,victory n[ /&s on h] orig9al p$e/al4 ,= det]m9+ ! date & ! prop] re/oration ( ?is "w we h ! =tunate help ( numismatics4 ,c]ta9 silv] co9s ( ,demetrius ,poliorcetes1 :o reign$ #cjf-bhf ,b4,c41 be> ^u "o side a ,victory :i* agrees closely ) h] ( ,samo?race1 ev5 to ! great pr[-p$e/al4 ,! type is suppos$ on good gr\nds to commemorate an important naval victory won by ,demetrius ov] ,ptolemy 9 #cjf4 ,9 view1 !n1 ( ! close resemblance betwe5 co9-type & /atue1 x seems reasonably c]ta9 t ! ,victory 0 d$icat$ at ,samo?race by ,demetrius soon aft] ! naval battle ) ,ptolemy & t ! commemorative co9s borr[$ _! design directly f ! /atue4 ,?us we get a date = ! /atue1 &1 :at is m1 cle> evid5ce z to h[ x %\ld be re/or$4 ,! goddess held a trumpet to h] lips ) h] "r h& & 9 h] left c>ri$ a support su* z 0 us$ = ! erection ( a trophy4 ,! %ip ^u :i* %e has j alight$ is conceiv$ z "u way1 & ! fre% breeze bl[s h] g>m5ts backw>d 9 tumultu\s folds4 ,comp>$ ) ! ,victory ( ,paeonius 7,figs4 #adc1 #add7 ?is figure seems m impetu\s & impos+4 ,t leaves u calm2 ?is elates u ) ! s5se ( onw>d motion aga9/ ! salt sea air4 ,yet !re is no?+ unduly s5sational ab\t ?is "w4 ,x exhibits a magnific5t idea1 magnific5tly r5d]$4 ,f ?is po9t on no attempt w be made to pres]ve a *ronological ord]1 b ! pr9cipal classes ( sculpture belong+ to ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod w be illu/rat$1 ea* by two or ?ree examples4 ,religi\s sculpture may be put fir/4 ,"h ! *ief place belongs to ! ,aphrodite ( ,melos1 call$ ! ,v5us ( ,milo 7,fig4 #agc74 ,?is /atue 0 f\nd by accid5t 9 #ahbj on ! isl& ( ,melos 7,milo7 ne> ! site ( ! anci5t city4 ,accord+ to ! be/ evid5ce available1 x 0 ly+ 9 ! neighborhood ( its orig9al p$e/al1 9 a ni*e ( "s build+4 ,ne> x 7 f\nd a piece ( an upp] left arm & a left h& hold+ an apple2 ( ^! two fragm5ts ! =m] c]ta9ly & p]haps ! latt] belong to ! /atue4 ,! prize 0 b\ght by ,m4 de ,rivi]e1 ,fr5* ambassador at ,con/ant9ople1 & pres5t$ by him to ! ,fr5* k+1 ,l\is ,,xviii4 ,! same vessel :i* convey$ x to ,france br\ght "s o!r m>ble fragm5ts f ,melos1 includ+ a piece ( an inscrib$ /atue- base ) an arti/'s inscription1 9 *>act]s ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 or lat]4 ,a draw+ exi/s ( ?is fragm5t1 b ! object itself has disappe>$1 & 9 spite ( mu* acute argum5tation x rema9s unc]ta9 :e!r x did or did n =m a "p ( ! basis ( ! ,aphrodite4 ,/ill great] unc]ta9ty prevails z to ! prop] re/oration ( ! /atue1 & no "o ( ! _m sugge/ions t h be5 made is free f difficulties4 ,x seems probable1 z has rec5tly be5 set =? ) great =ce & cle>ness by ,pr(essor ,furtwangl]1 ,footnote3 ,ma/]pieces ( ,greek ,sculpture1 pages #chd ff4 t ! figure is an adaptation f an ,aphrodite ( ! f\r? c5tury1 :o re/s h] left foot ^u a helmet &1 hold+ a %ield on h] left ?igh1 looks at h] own reflection4 ,on ?is view ! difficulty ( expla9+ ! attitude ( ! ,aphrodite ( ,melos arises f ! fact t ! motive 0 creat$ = an entirely diff]5t purpose & is n altoge!r appropriate to ! pres5t "o1 :atev] precisely t may be4 ,x has seem$ necess>y1 9 ! case ( a /atue ( s mu* importance1 to t\* ^u ^! le>n$ p]plexities2 b let !m n greatly tr\ble ! read] or turn him aside f enjoy+ ! sup]b qualities ( ! "w4 ,"o ( ! ,aphrodites ( ,scopas or ,praxiteles1 if we _h x 9 ! orig9al1 w\ld p]haps reveal to u a /ill div9] beauty4 ,z x is1 ?is is ! wor?ie/ exi/+ embodim5t ( ! goddess ( ,love4 ,! ideal is *a/e & noble1 e*o+ ! s5tim5t ( ! f\r? c5tury at its be/2 & ! execution is wor?y ( a "w :i* is 9 "s s5se a ,greek orig9al4 ,! ,apollo ( ! ,belv$]e 7,fig4 #agd71 on ! o!r h&1 is only a copy ( a bronze orig9al4 ,! pr9cipal re/orations are ! left h& & ! "r =e-arm & h&4 ,! mo/ natural explanation ( ! god's attitude is t he held a b[ 9 8 left h& & has j let fly an arr[ aga9/ "s foe4 ,8 figure is sl5d]1 accord+ to ! fa%ion :i* prevail$ f ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury onw>d1 & he moves ov] ! gr\nd ) m>vel\s lightness4 ,8 appe>ance has an effect ( almo/ d&ifi$ elegance1 & critics to-day _c feel ! rev]5t raptures :i* ?is /atue us$ to evoke4 ,yet /ill ! ,apollo ( ! ,belv$]e rema9s a radiant app>ition4 ,an attempt has rec5tly be5 made to promote ! figure1 or r its orig9al1 to ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,z a specim5 ( ! portrait-sculpture ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod ,i h select$ ! seat$ /atue ( ,posidippus 7,fig4 #age71 an ,a!nian dramati/ ( ! s-call$ ,new ,com$y1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! pres]vation ( ! /atue is extraord9>y2 !re is no?+ mod]n ab\t x except ! ?umb ( ! left h&4 ,x produces /rongly ! impression ( be+ an orig9al "w & also ( be+ a speak+ lik5ess4 ,x may h be5 model$ 9 ! actual pres5ce ( ! subject1 b 9 t case ! "n on ! front ( ! pl9? 0 d\btless inscrib$ lat]1 :5 ! figure 0 remov$ f its p$e/al & tak5 to ,rome4 ,posidippus is clean-%av51 accord+ to ! fa%ion t came 9 ab\t ! "t ( ,alex&]4 ,!re is a companion /atue ( equal m]it1 :i* commonly goes by ! "n ( ,m5&]4 ,! two m5 are /rongly contra/$ ) "o ano!r by ! sculptor 9 features1 expression1 & bodily c>riage4 ,bo? /atues %[1 z d _m o!rs ( ! p]iod1 h[ mi/ak5 x w\ld be to =m our idea ( ! actual appe>ance ( ! ,greeks f ! purely ideal creations ( ,greek sculpture4 ,besides real portraits1 imag9>y portraits ( great excell5ce 7 produc$ 9 ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod4 ,fig4 #agf is a good specim5 ( ^!4 ,only ! head is antique1 & !re are "s re/orations1 includ+ ! nose4 ,?is is "o ( a consid]able numb] ( heads :i* reproduce an ideal portrait ( ,hom]1 conceiv$ z a bl9d old man4 ,! m>ks ( age & bl9dness are r5d]$ ) great fidelity4 ,!re is a v>iant type ( ?is head :i* is mu* m sugge/ive ( poetical inspiration4 ,portraiture1 ( c\rse1 did n conf9e itself to m5 ( ref9em5t & intellect4 ,z an extreme example ( :at 0 possible 9 ! opposite direction no?+ c\ld be bett] ?an ! orig9al bronze /atue %[n 9 ,fig4 #agg4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ,rome 9 #ahhe1 & is ess5tially complete1 except = ! miss+ eyeballs2 ! seat is new4 ,! /atue repres5ts a nak$ box] ( h]culean frame1 8 h&s arm$ ) ! ae/us or box+-gloves made ( lea!r4 ,! man is evid5tly a pr(essional bruis] ( ! l[e/ type4 ,he is j re/+ aft] an enc\nt]1 & no detail is sp>$ to br+ out ! nature ( 8 occupation4 ,swoll5 e>s 7 ! conv5tional m>k ( ! box] at all p]iods1 b "h ! effect is /ill fur!r enhanc$ by scrat*es & drops ( blood4 ,moreov]1 ! nose & *eeks be> evid5ce ( hav+ be5 badly puni%$1 & ! m\/a*e is clott$ ) blood4 ,f top to toe ! /atue exhibits ! highe/ grade ( te*nical skill4 ,"o w\ld l v mu* to "k :at 0 ! orig9al purpose ( ! "w4 ,x may h be5 a votive /atue1 d$icat$ by a victori\s box] at ,olympia or else:]e4 ,a bronze head ( simil> brutality f\nd at ,olympia be>s witness t ! ref9$ /atues ( a?letes produc$ 9 ! be/ p]iod ( ,greek art & set up 9 t prec9ct 7 =c$ at a lat] day to accept su* l[ companion%ip4 ,or x may be t ?is box] is n an actual p]son at all1 & t ! /atue belongs to ! doma9 ( g5re4 ,9 ei!r case x te/ifies to ! co>se ta/e ( ! age4 ,by g5re sculpture is meant sculpture :i* deals ) incid5ts or situations illu/rative ( e-day life4 ,! conditions ( ! great age1 al?\gh !y p]mitt$ a g5re-l treatm5t 9 votive sculptures & 9 grave-reliefs 7cf4 ,fig4 #acd71 (f]$ few or no occasions = works ( pure g5re1 ^: sole purpose is to gratify ! spectator4 ,9 ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 h[ev]1 su* works became pl5tiful4 ,fig4 #agh gives a good specim54 ,a boy ( f\r or five is /ruggl+ 9 play ) a goose & is triumphant4 ,! composition ( ! gr\p is admirable1 & ! ze/ ( ! sport is delightfully br\ght out4 ,obs]ve too t ! *>act]i/ic =ms ( infancy--! l>ge head1 %ort legs1 plump body & limbs--are tru?fully r5d]$ 7cf4 page #bbb74 ,!re is a l>ge numb] ( repres5tations 9 anci5t sculpture ( boys ) geese or o!r aquatic birds2 among !m are at lea/ ?ree o!r copies ( ?is1 same gr\p4 ,! orig9al is ?\ght to h be5 ( bronze4 ,fig4 #agi is g5re aga91 & is z repulsive z ! la/ example is *>m+4 ,x is a drunk5 old woman1 lean & wr9kl$1 seat$ on ! gr\nd & clasp+ h] w9e-j> betwe5 h] knees1 9 a /ate ( maudl9 ec/asy4 ,! head is mod]n1 b ano!r copy ( ! /atue has ! orig9al head1 :i* is ( ! same "* z ?is4 ,ignobility ( subject c\ld g no fur!r ?an 9 ?is "w4 ,x is a pleasure to turn to ,fig4 #ahj1 :i* 9 purity ( _s is wor?y ( ! be/ "t4 ,! arms are mod]n1 & _! direction may n be q correct1 ?\gh x mu/ be ne>ly s4 ,?is orig9al bronze figure repres5ts a boy 9 an attitude ( pray]4 ,x is impossible to decide :e!r ! /atue 0 votive or is simply a g5re piece4 ,hell5i/ic art /ruck out a new pa? 9 a class ( reliefs ( :i* ,figs4 #aha & #ahb are examples4 ,!re are "s re/orations4 ,a gulf sep>ates ^! works f ! friezes ( ! ,p>!non & ! ,mausoleum4 ,:]eas relief-sculpture 9 ! classical p]iod abjur$ backgr\nds & picturesque accessories1 we f9d "h a highly pictorial treatm5t4 ,! subjects moreov] are1 9 ! in/ances *os51 ( a "* to :i* ,greek sculpture be=e ,alex&]'s "t h>dly (f]s a p>allel 7yet cf4 ,fig4 #hg74 ,9 ,fig4 #aha we see a ewe giv+ suck to h] lamb4 ,above1 at ! "r1 is a hut or /all1 f ^: op5 door a dog is j com+ out2 at ! left is an oak tree4 ,9 ,fig4 #ahb a lioness cr\*es ) h] two cubs4 ,above is a sycamore tree1 & to ! "r ( x a gr\p ( objects :i* tell ( ! ru/ic wor%ip ( ,bac*us4 ,ea* ( ! two reliefs decorat$ a f\nta9 or some?+ ( ! sort4 ,9 ! "o ! ov]turn$ milk-j> s]v$ z a wat]- sp\t2 9 ! o!r ! op5 m\? ( "o ( ! cubs answ]$ ! same purpose4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! pictorial reliefs seem to h be5 us$ = ! int]ior decoration ( private & public build+s4 ,by _! subjects _m ( !m be> witness to t love ( c\ntry life & t feel+ = ! *>ms ( l&scape :i* are ! mo/ attractive traits ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod4 ,! k+dom ( ,p]gamum 9 we/]n ,asia ,m9or 0 "o ( ! small] /ates =m$ out ( ,alex&]'s dom9ions4 ,! city ( ,p]gamum became a c5t] ( ,greek le>n+ second only to ,alex&ria 9 importance4 ,moreov]1 "u ,attalus ,i4 7#bda-aig ,b4,c47 & ,eum5es ,,ii4 7#aig-aei ,b4,c47 x develop$ an indep5d5t & p[]ful s*ool ( sculpture1 ( ^: productions we =tunately possess num]\s examples4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ^! is ! ,dy+ ,gaul or ,galatian 7,fig4 #ahc71 once errone\sly call$ ! ,dy+ ,gladiator4 ,hordes ( ,gauls _h invad$ ,asia ,m9or z e>ly z #bgh ,b4,c41 &1 mak+ _! headqu>t]s 9 ! int]ior1 9 ! di/rict aft]w>ds kn[n f !m z ,galatia1 _h become ! t]ror & ! sc\rge ( ! :ole region4 ,attalus ,i4 e>ly 9 8 reign ga9$ an important victory ov] ^! fi]ce tribes1 & ?is victory 0 commemorat$ by ext5sive gr\ps ( sculpture bo? at ,p]gamum & at ,a!ns4 ,! figure ( ! ,dy+ ,gaul belongs to ?is s]ies4 ,! /atue 0 9 ! possession ( ,c>d9al ,ludovisi z e>ly z #afcc1 along ) a gr\p closely alli$ 9 /yle1 repres5t+ a ,gaul & 8 wife1 b no?+ is c]ta9ly kn[n z to ! "t & place ( its discov]y4 ,! re/orations are said to be3 ! tip ( ! nose1 ! left knee- pan1 ! toes1 & ! "p ( ! pl9? on :i* ! "r arm re/s1,footnote3 ,helbig1 ,guide to ! ,public ,collections ( ,classical ,antiquities 9 ,rome1 ,vol ,i1 ,no #ecc4 toge!r ) ! objects on x4 ,t ! man repres5t$ is n a ,greek is evid5t f ! l>ge h&s & feet1 ! co>se sk91 ! un-,greek "* ( ! head 7,fig4 #ahd74 ,t he is a ,gaul is prov$ by sev]al po9ts ( agreem5t ) :at is kn[n f lit]>y s\rces ( ! ,gallic peculi>ities--! m\/a*e worn ) %av5 *eeks & *91 ! /iff1 pomad$ hair gr[+ l[ 9 ! neck1 ! twi/$ coll> or torque4 ,he has be5 mortally w\nd$ 9 battle--! w\nd is on ! "r side--& s9ks ) droop+ head ^u 8 %ield & brok5 battle-horn4 ,8 dea?-/ruggle1 ?\gh cle>ly m>k$1 is n made viol5t or repulsive4 ,) savage h]oism he cons5ts to dea?1 & conqu]s agony4,footnote3 ,byron1 ,*ilde ,h>old1 ,,iv1 #aej ,"h1 !n1 a p[]ful realism is unit$ to a tragic idea1 & amid all vicissitudes ( ta/e ?is "w has nev] ceas$ to comm& a pr(\nd admiration4 ,our k ( ,p]gam5e art has rec5tly receiv$ a great ext5sion1 9 consequ5ce ( excavations c>ri$ on 9 #ahgh-hf ^u ! acropolis ( ,p]gamum 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,royal ,museum ( ,b]l94 ,"h 7 f\nd ! rema9s ( num]\s build+s1 includ+ an imm5se alt>1 or r alt>-plat=m1 :i* 0 p]haps ! /ructure ref]r$ to 9 ,revelation ,,ii4 #ac1 z ,satan's ?rone4 ,?is plat=m1 a "w ( great ar*itectural magnific5ce1 0 built "u ,eum5es ,,ii4 ,its ext]ior 0 decorat$ ) a sculptur$ frieze1 #g #a_/b feet 9 height & some?+ l #djj feet 9 total l5g?4 ,! fragm5ts ( ?is great frieze :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,g]man excavations h be5 piec$ toge!r ) inf9ite pati5ce & +5uity & am\nt to by f> ! great] "p ( ! :ole4 ,! subject is ! gigantoma*y1 i4e41 ! battle betwe5 ! gods & ! rebelli\s sons ( e>? 7cf4 page #acd74 ,fig4 #ahe %[s ! mo/ important gr\p ( ! :ole composition4 ,"h ,zeus recognizable by ! ?und]bolt 9 8 out/ret*$ "r h& & ! aegis ^u 8 left arm1 is pitt$ aga9/ ?ree antagoni/s4 ,two ( ! ?ree are already disabl$4 ,! "o at ! left1 a y\?ful giant ( human =m1 has sunk to e>?1 pi]c$ ?r\gh ! left ?igh ) a huge1 flam+ ?und]bolt4 ,! second1 also y\?ful & human1 has fall5 ^u 8 knees 9 front ( ,zeus & presses 8 left h& convulsively to a w\nd 787 9 8 "r %\ld]4 ,! ?ird /ill fights desp]ately4 ,?is is a be>d$ giant1 ) animal e>s & ) legs t pass into long snaky bodies4 ,ar\nd 8 left arm is wrapp$ ! sk9 ( "s animal2 ) 8 "r h& 7n[ miss+7 he is ab\t to hurl "s missile2 ! left snake1 ^: head may be se5 j above ! giant's left %\ld]1 is cont5d+1 b 9 va91 ) an eagle1 ! bird ( ,zeus4 ,fig4 #ahf adjo9s ,fig #ahe on ! "r ( ! latt]4 ,footnote3 ,fig #ahf is m r$uc$ 9 scale1 s t ! slabs incorrectly appe> to be ( unequal height4 ,"h we h a gr\p 9 :i* ,a!na is ! c5tral figure4 ,! goddess1 grasp+ h] antagoni/ by ! hair1 sweeps to "r4 ,! y\?ful giant has great w+s1 b is o!rwise purely human 9 =m4 ,a s]p5t1 att5dant ( ,a!na1 /rikes its fangs into ! giant's "r brea/4 ,9 front ( ,a!na1 ! ,e>?-goddess1 "m ( ! giants1 half em]g+ f ! gr\nd1 pleads = m]cy4 ,above1 ,victory w+s h] way to ! sc5e to place a cr[n ^u ,a!na's head4 ,if we comp>e ! ,p]gam5e alt>-frieze ) sc5es ( combat f ! be/ p]iod ( ,greek art1 say ) ! metopes ( ! ,p>!non or ! be/ pres]v$ frieze ( ! ,mausoleum1 we see h[ mu* m complicat$ & confus$ 9 composition & h[ mu* m viol5t 9 _s is ?is lat] "w4 ,yet1 ?\gh we miss ! noble simplicity ( ! great age1 we _c fail to be impress$ ) ! ,titanic en]gy :i* surges ?r\gh ?is /up5d\s composition4 ,! decl9e ( ,greek art1 if we are to use t t]m1 _c be tak5 to imply ! exhau/ion ( arti/ic vitality4 ,! exi/5ce ( a fl\ri%+ s*ool ( sculpture at ,rhodes dur+ ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod is atte/$ by our lit]>y s\rces1 z well z by arti/s' inscriptions f\nd on ! spot4 ,( ! actual productions ( t s*ool we possess only ! gr\p ( ,laocoon & 8 sons 7,fig4 #ahg74 ,?is 0 f\nd 9 ,rome 9 #aejf1 on ! site ( ! palace ( ,titus4 ,! pr9cipal mod]n p>ts are3 ! "r arm ( ,laocoon ) ! adjac5t p>ts ( ! snake1 ! "r arm ( ! y\ng] son ) ! coil ( ! snake ar\nd x1 & ! "r h& & wri/ ( ! old] son4 ,^! re/orations are bad4 ,! "r arm ( ,laocoon %\ld be b5t s z to br+ ! h& beh9d ! head1 & ! "r h& ( ! y\ng] son %\ld fall limply backw>d4 ,laocoon 0 a ,trojan prie/ :o1 hav+ committ$ griev\s s91 0 visit$ ) a fe>ful puni%m5t4 ,on a c]ta9 occasion :5 he 0 engag$ ) 8 two sons 9 p]=m+ sacrifice1 !y 7 attack$ by a pair ( huge s]p5ts1 miracul\sly s5t1 & di$ a mis]able dea?4 ,! sculptors--= ! gr\p1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 0 ! jo9t "w ( ?ree ,rhodian arti/s--h put be=e u ! mov+ spectacle ( ?is doom4 ,laocoon1 8 body convuls$ & 8 face di/ort$ by ! torture ( poison1 8 m\? op5 = a groan or a cry1 has sunk ^u ! alt> & /ruggles 9 ! agony ( dea?4 ,! y\ng] son is already pa/ resi/ance2 8 left h& lies feebly on ! head ( ! snake t bites him & ! la/ brea? escapes 8 lips4 ,! old] son1 n yet bitt51 b probably n de/9$ to escape1 /rives to free himself f ! coil ab\t 8 ankle & at ! same "t looks ) sympa!tic horror ^u 8 fa!r's suff]+s4 ,no "w ( sculpture ( anci5t or mod]n times has giv5 rise to su* an ext5sive lit]ature z ! ,laocoon4 ,none has be5 m laud$ & m blam$4 ,haw?orne felt ! ,laocoon v p[]fully1 ?\gh v quietly2 an immortal agony1 ) a /range calmness diffus$ ?r\gh x1 s t x resembles ! va/ rage ( ! sea1 calm on acc\nt ( its imm5sity4 ,footnote3 ,italian ,note-books1 "u date ( ,m>* #aj1aheh4 ,rusk91 on ! o!r h&1 ?9ks t no gr\p has ex]cis$ s p]nici\s an influ5ce on art z ?is2 a subject ill *os51 meanly conceiv$1 & unnaturally treat$1 recomm5d$ to imitation by subtleties ( execution & accumulation ( te*nical k1 ,footnote3 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 ,"p ,,ii1 ,section ,,ii1 ,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ! two v]dicts ! latt] is surely mu* ne>] ! tru?4 ,! calmness :i* ,haw?orne ?\ght he saw 9 ! ,laocoon is n !re2 !re is only a t]rible torm5t4 ,battle1 w\nds1 & dea? 7 /aple !mes ( ,greek sculpture f fir/ to la/2 b n[h]e else is ! repres5tation ( physical suff]+1 pure & simple1 s =c$ ^u u1 s made ! be-all & end-all ( a ,greek "w4 ,z = ! date ( ! gr\p1 op9ion /ill v>ies consid]ably4 ,! probabilities seem to po9t to a date n f> remov$ f t ( ! ,p]gam5e alt>2 i4e41 to ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,mac$onia & ,greece became a ,roman prov9ce 9 #adf ,b4,c42 ! k+dom ( ,p]gamum 9 #acc ,b4,c4 ,^! political *anges1 x is true1 made no imm$iate diff]5ce to ! cause ( art4 ,greek sculpture w5t on1 pres5tly transf]r+ its *ief seat to ,rome1 z ! mo/ favorable place ( patronage4 ,:at is call$ ,roman sculpture is1 = ! mo/ "p1 simply ,greek sculpture "u ,roman rule4 ,b 9 ! ,roman p]iod we f9d no great1 creative epo* ( art hi/ory2 moreov]1 ! t5d5cies ( ! times h already receiv$ consid]able illu/ration4 ,at ?is po9t1 !re=e1 we may break (f ?is sket*4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,greek ,,pa9t+4 ,! art ( pa9t+ 0 9 z high e/eem 9 ,greece z ! art ( sculpture &1 if we may believe ! te/imony ( ,greek & ,roman writ]s1 a*iev$ results z important & admirable4 ,b ! works ( ! great ,greek pa9t]s h utt]ly p]i%$1 & imag9ation1 ?\gh guid$ by anci5t descriptions & by su* pa9t$ designs z h come d[n to u1 c re/ore !m b dimly & d\btfully4 ,! subject may !re=e "h be dismiss$ ) comp>ative brevity4 ,9 default ( pictures by ! great ,greek ma/]s1 an especial int]e/ atta*es to ! "w ( humbl] craftsm5 ( ! bru%4 ,"o class ( su* "w exi/s 9 abundance--! pa9t$ decorations ^u e>!nw>e vases4 ,t5s ( ?\s&s ( ^! vases h be5 br\ght to light f tombs & sanctu>ies on ,greek & ,italian sites & ! numb] is con/antly increas+4 ,?anks to ! inde/ructible "* ( pott]y1 ! designs are (t5 intact4 ,n[ ! mat]ials & me?ods employ$ by ! vase- pa9t]s & ! spaces at _! disposal 7 v diff]5t f ^? ( mural or easel pa9t+s4 ,consequ5tly inf]5ces mu/ n be ha/ily drawn f designs ^u vases z to ! composition & color+ ( ! great ma/]pieces4 ,b ! be/ ( ! vase- pa9t]s1 especially 9 ! e>ly fif? c5tury1 7 m5 ( rem>kable tal5t1 & all ( !m 7 influ5c$ by ! g5]al arti/ic t5d5cies ( _! respective p]iods4 ,_! "w1 !re=e1 contributes an important elem5t to our k ( ,greek art hi/ory4 ,hav+ t\*$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ^u ! e>li] /yles ( ,greek pott]y1 ,i beg9 "h ) a vase ( ,attic manufacture1 decorat$1 z an inscription on x %[s1 by ,clitias1 b commonly call$ f its f9d] ! ,francois vase 7,fig4 #ahh74 ,x may be assign$ to ! fir/ half ( ! six? c5tury1 & probably to some:]e ne> ! beg9n+ ( t p]iod4 ,x is an e>ly specim5 ( ! class ( black-figur$ vases1 z !y are call$4 ,! propriety ( ! "n is obvi\s f ! illu/ration4 ,! objects repres5t$ 7 pa9t$ 9 black v>ni% ^u ! r$di% clay1 & ! vase 0 !n fir$4 ,subsequ5tly anatomical details1 patt]ns ( g>m5ts1 & s on 7 indicat$ by means ( l9es cut ?r\gh ! v>ni% ) a %>p in/rum5t4 ,moreov]1 ! expos$ p>ts ( ! female figures--faces1 h&s1 arms1 & feet--7 cov]$ ) :ite pa9t1 ?is be+ ! regul> me?od 9 ! black- figur$ /yle ( di/+ui%+ ! fle% ( female f t ( male figures4 ,! decoration ( ! ,francois vase is arrang$ 9 horizontal b&s or zones4 ,! subjects are almo/ :olly leg5d>y & ! vase is !re=e a p]fect m9e ( in=mation = ! /ud5t ( ,greek my?ology4 ,our pres5t int]e/1 h[ev]1 is r 9 ! "* ( ! draw+4 ,?is may be bett] judg$ f ,fig4 #ahi1 :i* is tak5 f ! zone encircl+ ! middle ( ! vase4 ,! subject is ! w$d+ ( ! mortal1 ,peleus1 to ! sea- goddess1 ,!tis1 ! w$d+ ^: issue 0 ,a*illes1 ! great h]o ( ! ,iliad4 ,to ?is c]emony came gods & goddesses & o!r sup]natural be+s4 ,our illu/ration %[s ,dionysus 7,bac*us71 god ( w9e1 ) a w9e-j> on 8 %\ld] & :at is meant = a v9e-bran* above him4 ,beh9d him walk ?ree female figures1 :o are ! p]sonifi$ ,seasons4 ,la/ comes a gr\p consi/+ ( two ,muses & a f\r-horse *>iot be>+ ,zeus1 ! *ief ( ! gods1 & ,h]a1 8 wife4 ,! pr9ciple ( isocephaly is obs]v$ on ! vase z 9 a frieze ( relief-sculpture 7page #ade74 ,! figures are almo/ all drawn 9 pr(ile1 ?\gh ! body is (t5 %[n m ne>ly f ! front1 e4g41 9 ! case ( ! ,seasons1 & ! eyes are always drawn z 9 front view4 ,out ( ! great multitude ( figures on ! vase !re are only f\r 9 :i* ! arti/ has %[n ! full face4 ,two ( ^! are int5tionally ugly ,gorgons on ! h&les2 ! two o!rs come )9 ! limits ( our specim5 illu/ration4 ,if ,dionysus "h appe>s almo/ l a c>icature1 t is only because ! decorator is s little accu/om$ to draw+ ! face 9 front view4 ,!re are o!r int]e/+ analogies betwe5 ! designs on ! vase & contempor>y reliefs4 ,= example1 ! bodies1 :5 n disguis$ by g>m5ts1 %[ an unnatural smallness at ! wai/1 ! feet ( walk+ figures are plant$ flat on ! gr\nd1 & !re are cases 9 :i* ! body & neck are s twi/$ t ! face is turn$ 9 exactly ! opposite direction to ! feet4 ,on ! :ole1 ,clitias %[s r m skill ?an a contempor>y sculptor1 probably because ( ! two arts t ( ! vase- pa9t] _h be5 ! long] cultivat$4 ,! black-figur$ w>e cont9u$ to be produc$ 9 ,attica ?r\gh ! six? c5tury & on into ! fif?4 ,fig4 #aij gives a specim5 ( ! "w ( an int]e/+ vase-pa9t] 9 ?is /yle1 ,execias by "n1 :o probably belongs ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury4 ,! subject is ,a*illes slay+ 9 battle ! ,amazon que51 ,p5!silea4 ,! draw+ ( ,execias is di/+ui%$ by an altoge!r unusual c>e & m9ut5ess ( detail1 & if ! :ole body ( 8 "w1 z kn[n to u f sev]al sign$ vases1 c\ld be "h pres5t$1 x w\ld be easily se5 t 8 pr(ici5cy 0 well 9 advance ( t ( ,clitias4 ,obvi\s ar*aisms1 h[ev]1 rema94 ,especially noticeable is ! unnatural twi/+ ( ! bodies4 ,a m9or po9t ( int]e/ is af=d$ by ! ,amazon's %ield1 :i* ! arti/ has n succe$$ 9 r5d]+ tru?fully 9 side view4 ,t is a r difficult problem 9 p]spective1 :i* 0 n solv$ until aft] _m exp]im5ts4 ,"s "t be=e ! end ( ! six? c5tury1 p]haps z e>ly z #edj1 a new me?od ( decorat+ pott]y 0 inv5t$ 9 ,attica4 ,! pr9cipal color+ matt] us$ cont9u$ to be ! lu/r\s black v>ni%2 b in/ead ( fill+ 9 ! outl9es ( ! figures ) black1 ! decorator1 aft] outl9+ ! figures by means ( a broad /roke ( ! bru%1 cov]$ ) black ! spaces betwe5 ! figures1 leav+ ! figures !mselves 9 ! color ( ! clay4 ,vases ?us decorat$ are call$ r$-figur$4 ,9 ?is /yle incis$ l9es ceas$ to be us$1 & details 7 r5d]$ *iefly by means ( ! black v>ni% or1 = c]ta9 purposes1 ( ! same mat]ial dilut$ till x became ( a r$di% hue4 ,! r$-figur$ & black-figur$ /yles coexi/$ = p]haps half a c5tury1 b ! new /yle ultimately drove ! old "o out ( ! m>ket4 ,! developm5t ( ! new /yle 0 a*iev$ by m5 ( tal5t1 sev]al ( :om fairly des]ve to be call$ arti/s4 ,su* an "o 0 ,euphronius1 ^: long c>e] z a pott] cov]$ "s fifty ye>s1 beg9n+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury or a little e>li]4 ,fig4 #aia gives ! design ^u ! outside ( a cylix 7a broad1 %all[ cup1 %ap$ l a l>ge sauc]1 ) two h&les & a foot71 :i* be>s 8 signature4 ,its date is ab\t #dhj1 & x is ?us approximately contempor>y ) ! late/ ( ! ar*aic /atues ( ! ,a!nian ,acropolis 7pages #aea f474 ,on "o side we h "o ( ! old /ock subjects ( ! vase-pa9t]s1 treat$ ) unapproa*$ vivacity & humor4 ,among ! labors ( ,h]acles1 impos$ ^u him by 8 taskma/]1 ,eury/heus1 0 ! captur+ ( a c]ta9 de/ructive wild bo> ( ,arcadia & ! br++ ( ! creature alive to ,myc5ae4 ,9 ! picture1 ,h]acles is return+ ) ! squeal+ bo> on 8 %\ld]4 ,! c[>dly ,eury/heus has tak5 refuge 9 a huge e>!nw>e j> sunk 9 ! gr\nd1 b ,h]acles1 pret5d+ to be unaw>e ( ?is fact1 makes z ?\gh he w\ld deposit 8 burd5 9 ! j>4 ,! agitat$ man & woman to ! "r are probably ! fa!r & "m ( ,eury/heus4 ,! sc5e on ! o!r side ( ! cylix is suppos$ to illu/rate an incid5t ( ! ,trojan ,w>3 two w>riors1 />t+ out on an exp$ition1 are met & /opp$ by ! god ,h]mes4 ,9 ea* design ! workman%ip1 :i* 0 necess>ily rapid1 is m>vel\sly precise & firm1 & ! attitudes are v>i$ & tell+4 ,euphronius belong$ to a g5]ation :i* 0 mak+ great progress 9 ! k ( anatomy & 9 ! ability to pose figures naturally & expressively4 ,x is int]e/+ to note h[ close is ! simil>ity 9 ! me?od ( treat+ drap]y betwe5 ! vases ( ?is p]iod & contempor>y sculpture4 ,! cylix %[n 9 ,fig4 #aib is some:at lat]1 dat+ f ab\t #dfj4 ,! te*nique is "h diff]5t f t j describ$1 inasmu* z ! design is pa9t$ 9 r$di% br[n ^u a :ite gr\nd4 ,! subject is ! goddess ,aphrodite1 rid+ ^u a goose4 ,! pa9t]1 "s unnam$ y\ng] contempor>y ( ,euphronius1 has le>n$ a fre] mann] ( draw+4 ,he gives to ! eye 9 pr(ile its prop] =m1 & to ! drap]y a simple & natural fall4 ,! subject does n call1 l ! la/1 = dramatic vigor1 & ! preem95t quality ( ! "w is an exquisite purity & ref9em5t ( _s4 ,if we turn n[ f ! humble art ( vase-decoration to pa9t+ 9 ! high] s5se ( ! t]m1 ! fir/ em95t "n to meet u is t ( ,polygnotus1 :o 0 born on ! isl& ( ,?asos ne> ! ,?racian coa/4 ,8 arti/ic c>e]1 or at lea/ ! lat] "p ( x1 fell 9 ! ,transitional p]iod 7#dhj-dej ,b4,c471 s t he 0 a contempor>y ( ! great sculptor ,myron4 ,he came to ,a!ns at "s unkn[n date aft] ! ,p]sian invasion ( ,greece 7#dhj ,b4,c47 & !re execut$ a numb] ( important pa9t+s4 ,9 fact1 he is said to h receiv$ ,a!nian citiz5%ip4 ,he work$ also at ,delphi & at o!r places1 aft] ! ord9>y mann] ( arti/s4 ,pa9t+ 9 ?is p]iod1 z practic$ by ,polygnotus & o!r great arti/s1 0 *iefly mural2 ! pa9t+ ( easel pictures seems to h be5 ( q second>y consequ5ce4 ,?us ! mo/ fam\s works ( ,polygnotus adorn$ ! inn] faces ( ! walls ( temples & /oas4 ,! subjects ( ^! great mural pa9t+s 7 *iefly my?ological4 ,= example1 ! two compositions ( ,polygnotus at ,delphi1 ( :i* we possess an extremely detail$ acc\nt 9 ! pages ( ,pausanias1 depict$ ! sack ( ,troy & ! desc5t ( ,odysseus into ,hades4 ,b x is wor? rem>k+1 9 view ( ! extreme r>ity ( hi/orical subjects 9 ,greek relief- sculpture1 t 9 ! ,/oa ,poicile 7,pa9t$ ,portico7 ( ,a!ns1 alongside ( a ,sack ( ,troy by ,polygnotus & a ,battle ( ,greeks & ,amazons by 8 contempor>y1 ,micon1 !re 7 two hi/orical sc5es1 a ,battle ( ,m>a?on & a ,battle ( ,o,enoe4 ,9 fact1 hi/orical battle-pieces 7 n r>e among ! ,greeks at any p]iod4 ,z reg>ds ! /yle ( ,polygnotus we c glean a few int]e/+ facts f our anci5t au?orities4 ,8 figures 7 n rang$ on a s+le l9e1 z 9 contempor>y bas-reliefs1 b 7 plac$ at v>y+ heights1 s z to produce a some:at complex composition4 ,8 palette conta9$ only f\r colors1 black1 :ite1 yell[1 & r$1 b by mix+ ^! he 0 enabl$ to secure a some:at great] v>iety4 ,he laid 8 colors on 9 flat t9ts1 j z ! ,egyptian decorators did1 mak+ no attempt to r5d] ! gradations ( color due to v>y+ light & %ade4 ,8 pictures 7 !re=e r color$ draw+s ?an g5u9e pa9t+s1 9 our s5se ( ! t]m4 ,he (t5 inscrib$ beside 8 figures _! names1 accord+ to a common practice ( ! "t4 ,yet ?is mu/ n be tak5 z imply+ t he 0 unable to *>act]ize 8 figures by purely arti/ic means4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,polygnotus 0 preem95tly skill$ 9 express+ "*1 & x is record$ t he drew ! face ) a fre$om :i* ar*aic art _h n atta9$4 ,9 all probability 8 pictures are n to be ?\ght ( z hav+ any dep? ( p]spective2 t is to say1 al?\gh he did n fail to sugge/ ! nature ( ! gr\nd on :i* 8 figures /ood & ! objects adjac5t to !m1 x is n likely t he repres5t$ 8 figures at v>y+ di/ances f ! spectator or gave !m a regul> backgr\nd4 ,x is cle> t ,polygnotus 0 gift$ ) arti/ic g5ius ( ! fir/ rank & t he ex]cis$ a p[]ful influ5ce ^u contempor>ies & successors4 ,yet1 alas6 9 spite ( all rese>* & speculation1 our k ( 8 "w rema9s v %ad[y4 ,a s+le draw+ f 8 h& w\ld be wor? m ?an all t has ev] be5 writt5 ab\t him4 ,b if "o w\ld l to dream :at 8 art 0 l1 "o may imag9e x z comb9+ ) ! dramatic p[] ( ,euphronius & ! exquisite lovel9ess ( ! ,aphrodite cup1 ,giotto's elevation ( feel+ & ,mi*ael ,angelo's pr(undity ( ?\ght4 ,ano!r bran* ( pa9t+ :i* began to atta9 importance 9 ! "t ( ,polygnotus 0 sc5e-pa9t+ = !atrical p]=mances4 ,x may be1 z has be5 conjectur$1 t ! impulse t[>d a /yle ( "w 9 :i* a great] degree ( illusion 0 aim$ at & secur$ came f ?is bran* ( ! art4 ,we read1 at any rate1 t "o ,aga?>*us1 a sc5e-pa9t] :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury1 wrote a treatise :i* /imulat$ two philosoph]s to an inve/igation ( ! laws ( p]spective4 ,! mo/ important te*nical advance1 h[ev]1 is attribut$ to ,apollodorus ( ,a!ns1 a pa9t] ( easel pictures4 ,he dep>t$ f ! old me?od ( color+ 9 flat t9ts & introduc$ ! practice ( grad+ colors accord+ to ! play ( light & %ade4 ,h[ successfully he manag$ ?is innovation we h no means ( kn[+2 probably v imp]fectly4 ,b ! /ep 0 ( ! utmo/ significance4 ,x meant ! ab&onm5t ( m]e color$ draw+ & ! creation ( ! g5u9e art ( pa9t+4 ,two arti/s ( ! highe/ di/9ction n[ appe> ^u ! sc5e4 ,!y are ,zeuxis & ,p>rhasius4 ,! r vague rem>k ( a ,roman writ]1 t !y bo? liv$ ab\t ! "t ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w> 7#dca-djd ,b4,c47 is z def9ite a /atem5t z c safely be made ab\t _! date4 ,p>rhasius 0 born at ,ephesus1 ,zeuxis at "s "o or o!r ( ! num]\s cities nam$ ,h]aclea4 ,bo? travel$ freely f place to place1 aft] ! usual fa%ion ( ,greek arti/s1 & bo? naturally made _! home = a "t 9 ,a!ns4 ,zeuxis avail$ himself ( ! innovation ( ,apollodorus & probably c>ri$ x f>!r4 ,inde$1 he is cr$it$ by "o ,roman writ] ) be+ ! f\nd] ( ! new me?od4 ,! /r5g? ( ,p>rhasius is said to h la9 9 subtlety ( l9e1 :i* w\ld sugge/ t ) him1 z ) ,polygnotus1 pa9t+ 0 ess5tially outl9e draw+4 ,yet he too c h>dly h rema9$ unaffect$ by ! new *i>oscuro4 ,easel pictures n[ assum$ a relative importance :i* !y _h n _h a g5]ation e>li]4 ,"s ( ^! 7 plac$ 9 temples & su* con=m$ 9 _! subjects to ! requirem5ts ( religi\s art1 z und]/ood 9 ,greece4 ,b _m ( ! easel pictures by ,zeuxis & 8 contempor>ies c h>dly h _h any o!r de/9ation ?an ! private h\ses ( weal?y connoisseurs4 ,moreov]1 we he> fir/ 9 ?is p]iod ( mural pa9t+ z appli$ to dome/ic int]iors4 ,alcibiades is said to h imprison$ a reluctant pa9t]1 ,aga?>*us 7cf4 page #bgh71 9 8 h\se & to h =c$ him to decorate ! walls4 ,! result ( ?is sort ( private dem& 0 :at we h se5 tak+ place a hundr$ ye>s lat] 9 ! case ( sculpture1 viz43 t arti/s became free to employ _! tal5ts on any subjects :i* w\ld gratify ! ta/e ( patrons4 ,= example1 a pa9t+ by ,zeuxis ( :i* ,lucian has left u a description illu/rates :at may be call$ my?ological g5re4 ,x repres5t$ a female ,c5taur giv+ suck to two (fspr+1 ) ! fa!r ( ! family 9 ! backgr\nd1 amus+ himself by sw++ a lion's :elp above 8 head to sc>e 8 "y4 ,?is 01 no d\bt1 admirable 9 its way1 & x w\ld be n>r[-m9d$ to disp>age x because x did n /& on ! e?ical level ( ,polygnotus's "w4 ,b pa9t]s did n always keep )9 ! limits ( :at is innoc5t4 ,no long] re/ra9$ by ! conditions ( monum5tal & religi\s art1 !y began to p&] n m]ely to :at is frivol\s1 b to :at is vile 9 human nature4 ,! great ,p>rhasius is report$ by ,pl9y to h pa9t$ lic5ti\s little pictures1 refre%+ himself 7says ! writ]7 by ?is means aft] m s]i\s labors4 ,?us at ! same "t t pa9t+ 0 mak+ great te*nical advances1 its nobility ( purpose 0 on ! av]age decl9+4 ,timan!s seems to h be5 a y\ng] contempor>y ( ,zeuxis & ,p>rhasius4 ,p]haps 8 c>e] fell *iefly aft] #djj ,b4 ,c4 ,! pa9t+ ( 8 ( :i* we he> ! mo/ repres5t$ ! sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia at ,aulis1 ,! "o po9t ab\t ! picture to :i* all our acc\nts ref] is ! grief exhibit$ 9 v>y+ degrees by ! by/&]s4 ,! c\nt5ance ( ,cal*as 0 sorr[ful2 t ( ,ulysses /ill m s2 t ( ,m5elaus display$ an int5sity ( di/ress :i* ! pa9t] c\ld n outdo2 ,agamemnon1 !re=e1 0 repres5t$ ) 8 face cov]$ by 8 mantle1 8 attitude alone sugge/+ ! fa!r's poignant angui%4 ,! description is int]e/+ z illu/rat+ ! att5tion paid 9 ?is p]iod to ! expression ( emotion4 ,timan!s 0 9 _s ak9 to ,scopas4 ,!re is a ,pompeian wall- pa9t+ ( ! sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia1 :i* repres5ts ,agamemnon ) veil$ head & :i* may be reg>d$1 9 t p>ticul> at lea/1 z a remote e*o ( ,timan!s's fam\s picture4 ,sicyon1 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ,peloponnesus--a city already ref]r$ to z ! home ( ! sculptor ,lysippus--0 ! seat ( an important s*ool ( pa9t+ 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,t[>d ! middle ( ! c5tury ! lead+ tea*] ( ! art 9 t place 0 "o ,pamphilus4 ,he secur$ ! introduction ( draw+ into ! elem5t>y s*ools ( ,sicyon1 & ?is new bran* ( education 0 gradually adopt$ 9 o!r ,greek communities4 ,a pupil ( 81 ,pausias by "n1 is cr$it$ ) rais+ ! process ( encau/ic pa9t+ to a prom95ce :i* x _h n enjoy$ be=e4 ,9 ?is process ! colors1 mix$ ) wax1 7 appli$ to a wood5 panel & !n burn$ 9 by means ( a hot iron held ne>4 ,!bes also1 :i* atta9$ to a %ort-liv$ importance 9 ! political _w aft] ! battle ( ,leuctra 7#cga ,b4,c471 develop$ a s*ool ( pa9t+1 :i* seems to h be5 9 close t\* ) t ( ,a!ns4 ,!re 7 pa9t]s besides1 :o seem to h _h no connection ) any "o ( ^! c5t]s ( activity4 ,! f\r? c5tury 0 ! ,gold5 ,age ( ,greek pa9t+1 & ! li/ ( em95t names is z long & z di/+ui%$ = pa9t+ z = sculpture4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( all 0 ,apelles4 ,he 0 a ,greek ( ,asia ,m9or & receiv$ 8 e>ly tra9+ at ,ephesus4 ,he !n betook himself to ,sicyon1 9 ord] to pr(it by ! in/ruction ( ,pamphilus & by association ) ! o!r pa9t]s ga!r$ !re4 ,x seems likely t 8 next move 0 to ,pella1 ! capital ( ,mac$on1 !n rul$ ov] by ,philip1 ! fa!r ( ,alex&]4 ,at any rate1 he ent]$ into intimate relations ) ! "y pr9ce & pa9t$ num]\s portraits ( bo? fa!r & son4 ,inde$1 accord+ to an (t5 repeat$ /ory1 ,alex&]1 probably aft] 8 accession to ! ?rone1 conf]r$ ^u ,apelles ! exclusive privilege ( pa9t+ 8 portrait1 z ^u ,lysippus ! exclusive privilege ( repres5t+ him 9 bronze4 ,lat]1 presumably :5 ,alex&] />t$ on 8 ea/]n campaigns 7#ccd ,b4,c471 ,apelles return$ to ,asia ,m9or1 b ( c\rse n ev5 !n to lead a settl$ life4 ,he outliv$ ,alex&]1 b we d n "k by h[ mu*4 ,( 8 _m portraits ( ! great conqu]or f\r are specifically m5tion$ by our au?orities4 ,"o ( ^! repres5t$ ! k+ z hold+ a ?und]bolt1 i4e41 9 ! guise ( ,zeus--a f9e piece ( flatt]y4 ,= ?is picture1 :i* 0 plac$ 9 ! ,temple ( ,artemis at ,ephesus1 he is report$1 ?\gh n on v good au?ority1 to h receiv$ tw5ty tal5ts 9 gold co94 ,x is impossible to make exact comp>isons betwe5 anci5t & mod]n prices1 b ! sum nam$ w\ld p]haps be 9 pur*as+ p[] z l>ge z any mod]n pa9t] ev] receiv$ = a "w ( simil> size4 ,footnote3 ,nicias1 an ,a!nian pa9t] & a contempor>y ( ,apelles1 is report$ to h be5 (f]$ by ,ptolemy1 ! rul] ( ,egypt1 sixty tal5ts = a picture & to h refus$ ! (f]4 ,x has be5 m5tion$ above t ,apelles made a numb] ( portraits ( ,k+ ,philip4 ,he _h also _m sitt]s among ! g5]als & associates ( ,alex&]2 & he left at lea/ "o picture ( himself4 ,8 portraits 7 fam\s = _! tru? ( lik5ess1 z we %\ld expect ( a great pa9t] 9 ?is age4 ,an allegorical pa9t+ by ,apelles ( ,sl&] & ,h] ,crew is int]e/+ z an example ( a class ( works to :i* ,lysippus's /atue ( ,opportunity belong$ 7page #bci74 ,?is picture conta9$ t5 figures1 :]eas mo/ ( 8 o!rs ( :i* we h any description conta9$ only "o figure ea*4 ,8 mo/ fam\s "w 0 an ,aphrodite1 orig9ally plac$ 9 ! ,temple ( ,asclepius on ! isl& ( ,cos4 ,! goddess 0 repres5t$1 accord+ to ! ,greek my? ( h] bir?1 z ris+ f ! sea1 ! upp] "p ( h] p]son be+ alone di/9ctly visible4 ,! picture1 f all t we c le>n ( x1 seems to h be5 imbu$ ) ! same _s ( ref9em5t & grace z ,praxiteles's /atue ( ,aphrodite 9 ! neighbor+ city ( ,cnidus4 ,! ,coans1 aft] *]i%+ x = ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 7 =c$ to surr5d] x to ! emp]or ,augu/us = a price ( a hundr$ tal5ts1 & x 0 remov$ to ! ,temple ( ,julius ,caes> 9 ,rome4 ,by ! "t ( ,n]o x _h become s mu* injur$ t x _h to be replac$ by a copy4 ,protog5es 0 ano!r pa9t] :om ev5 ! slighte/ sket* _c af=d to pass ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,he 0 born at ,caunus 9 s\?we/]n ,asia ,m9or & fl\ri%$ ab\t ! same "t z ,apelles4 ,we read ( 8 conv]s+ ) ! philosoph] ,ari/otle 7di$ #cbb ,b4,c471 ( ^: "m he pa9t$ a portrait1 & ( 8 be+ engag$ on 8 mo/ fam\s "w1 a picture ( a ,rhodian h]o1 at ! "t ( ! siege ( ,rhodes by ,demetrius 7#cjd ,b4,c474 ,he 0 an extremely pa9/ak+ arti/1 incl9$ to excessive elaboration 9 8 "w4 ,apelles1 :o is always repres5t$ z ( amiable & g5]\s "*1 is report$ z say+ t ,protog5es 0 8 equal or sup]ior 9 e po9t b "o1 ! "o inf]iority ( ,protog5es be+ t he did n "k :5 to /op4 ,accord+ to ano!r anecdote ,apelles1 :ile pr(\ndly impress$ by ,protog5es's ma/]piece1 ! ,rhodian h]o above ref]r$ to1 pron\nc$ x lack+ 9 t quality ( grace :i* 0 8 own mo/ em95t m]it4 ,footnote3 ,plut>*1 ,life ( ,demetrius1 ,section #bb4 ,!re are /ill o!r anecdotes1 :i* give an ent]ta9+ idea ( ! fri5dly rivalry betwe5 ^! two ma/]s1 b :i* d n help u mu* 9 imag9+ _! arti/ic qualities4 ,z reg>ds te*nique1 x seems likely t bo? ( !m practic$ pr9cipally temp]a pa9t+1 9 :i* ! colors are mix$ ) yolk ( eggs or "s o!r /icky non-unctu\s m$ium4 ,footnote3 ,oil pa9t+ 0 unkn[n 9 anci5t times4 ,bo? ,apelles & ,protog5es are said to h writt5 te*nical treatises on ! pa9t]'s art4 ,!re be+ no?+ extant :i* w\ld prop]ly illu/rate ! me?ods & ! /yles ( ! great arti/s 9 color1 ! be/ sub/itute t we h f ab\t _! p]iod is an ,etruscan s>cophagus1 f\nd ne> ,corneto 9 #ahfi4 ,! mat]ial is alaba/] or a m>ble closely resembl+ alaba/]4 ,x is ornam5t$ on all f\r sides by pa9t+s execut$ 9 temp]a repres5t+ a battle ( ,greeks & ,amazons4 ,9 ! fle% t9ts ! diff]5ce ( ! sexes is /rongly m>k$1 ! fle% ( ! fight+ ,greeks be+ a tawny r$1 :ile t ( ! ,amazons is v fair4 ,= ea* sex two t9ts only are us$ 9 ! %ad+ & model+ ( ! fle%4 444 ,hair & eyes are = ! mo/ "p a purpli% br[n2 g>m5ts ma9ly r$di% br[n1 :iti% grey1 or pale lilac & light blue4 ,horses are uni=mly a greyi% :ite1 %ad$ ) a full] t9t ( grey2 _! eyes always blue4 ,!re are two colors ( metal1 light blue = swords1 spe>-heads1 & ! inn] faces ( %ields1 gold5 yell[ = helmets1 greaves1 re9s1 & h&les ( %ields1 girdles1 & *a9 ornam5ts4 ,our illu/ration 7,fig4 #aic7 is tak5 f ! middle ( "o ( ! long sides ( ! s>cophagus4 ,x repres5ts a m\nt$ ,amazon 9 front ( a fully arm$ foot-soldi]1 ^u :om %e turns to deliv] a bl[ ) h] sword4 ,e read] w be /ruck by ! beauty & _s ( ! ,amazon1 alike 9 h] action & h] facial expression4 ,! type ( head1 broad1 bold1 & p[]ful1 & at ! same "t "y & bloom+1 ) ! pa!tic- indignant expression1 is pres]v$ ) little fall+ (f f ! be/ age ( ,greek art4 444 ,9 _s & expression almo/ equal to ! ,amazon is ! horse %e be/rides4 ,footnote3 ,! quotations are f an article by ,mr4 ,sidney ,colv9 9 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ,vol4 ,,iv41 pages #ced ff ,! ,greek w>rior is also admirable 9 attitude & expression1 full ( en]gy & det]m9ation4 ,al?\gh ! pa9t+s ( ?is s>cophagus 7 d\btless execut$ 9 ,etruria1 & probably by an ,etruscan h&1 !y are 9 _! /yle almo/ purely ,greek4 ,! "w is assign$ to ! e>li] half ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,if an unkn[n craftsman 0 /imulat$ by ,greek models to ! production ( pa9t+s ( su* beauty & p[]1 h[ magnific5t mu/ h be5 ! a*ievem5ts ( ! great ma/]s ( ! bru%6 ,= examples ( ,greek portrait pa9t+ we are indebt$ to ,egypt1 t c\ntry ^: climate has pres]v$ s mu* t else:]e w\ld h p]i%$4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,egypt1 hav+ be5 conqu]$ by ,alex&]1 fell aft] 8 dea? to ! lot ( 8 g5]al1 ,ptolemy1 & cont9u$ to be rul$ by ,ptolemy's desc5dants until1 9 #cj ,b4,c41 x became a ,roman prov9ce4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ,mac$onian rule ,alex&ria 0 ! *ief c5t] ( ,greek culture 9 ! _w1 & ,greeks & ,greek civilization became e/abli%$ also 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry2 nor did ^! ,hell5iz+ influ5ces abate "u ,roman dom9ation4 ,to ?is late p]iod1 :5 ,greek & ,egyptian cu/oms ere l>gely amalgamat$1 belongs a class ( portrait heads :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,fayyurn1 *iefly )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,!y are pa9t$ on panels ( wood 7or r>ely on canvas71 & 7 orig9ally atta*$ to mummies4 ,! embalm$ body 0 c>efully wrapp$ 9 l95 b&ages & ! portrait plac$ ov] ! face & secur$ 9 position4 ,^! pictures are execut$ pr9cipally by ! encau/ic process1 ?\gh "s use 0 made also ( temp]a4 ,! p]sons repres5t$ appe> to be ( v>i\s races-- ,greek1 ,egyptian1 ,hebrew1 negro1 & mix$2 p]haps ! ,greek type pr$om9ates 9 ! specim5s n[ kn[n4 ,at any rate1 ! arti/ic me?ods ( ! portraits seem to be purely ,greek4 ,z = _! date1 x is ! prevail+ op9ion t !y belong to ! second c5tury aft] ,*ri/ & lat]1 ?\gh an attempt has be5 made to c>ry ! be/ ( !m back to ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! f9e/ collection ( ^! portraits is "o acquir$ by a ,vi5nese m]*ant1 ,h]r ,!odor ,graf4 ,!y diff] widely 9 arti/ic m]it2 our illu/rations %[ ?ree ( ! be/4 ,fig4 #aid is a man 9 middle life1 ) irregul> features1 abundant1 wav+ hair1 & ?91 /raggl+ be>d4 ,"o :o has se5 ,watts's picture ( ,! ,prodigal ,son may rem>k 9 ! l[] "p ( ?is face a lik5ess to t4 ,fig4 #aie is a *>m+ girl1 we>+ a gold5 wrea? ( ivy-leaves ab\t h] hair & a /r+ ( great pe>ls ab\t h] neck4 ,h] d>k eyes look /rangely l>ge1 z d ^? ( all ! wom5 ( ! s]ies2 probably ! effect ( eyes naturally l>ge 0 height5$1 z n[adays 9 ,egypt1 by ! practice ( black5+ ! edges ( ! eyelids4 ,fig4 #aif is ! mo/ fasc9at+ face ( all1 & x is arti/ically unsurpass$ 9 ! :ole s]ies4 ,?is & a portrait ( an eld]ly man1 n giv5 "h1 are ! ma/]pieces ( ! ,graf collection4 ,x is mu* too little to say ( ^! two heads t !y are ! be/ examples ( ,greek pa9t+ t h come d[n to u4 ,9 spite ( ! great inf]iority ( ! encau/ic te*nique to t ( oil pa9t+1 ^! pictures are n unwor?y ( comp>ison ) ! great portraits ( mod]n times4 ,! anci5t wall-pa9t+s f\nd 9 & ne> ,rome4 b m especially 9 ,pompeii1 are also mo/ly ,greek 9 "*1 s f> z _! be/ qualities are conc]n$4 ,! be/ ( !m1 :ile betray+ defici5t skill 9 p]spective1 %[ su* m]its 9 color+1 su* p[] ( expression & su* tal5t = composition1 z to af=d to ! /ud5t a lively enjoym5t & to int5sify t5fold 8 regret t ,zeuxis & ,p>rhasius1 ,apelles & ,protog5es1 are & w rema9 to u no?+ b names4