,,! ,,m$iaeval ,,m9d ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,london ,bombay ,calcutta ,melb\rne ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,new ,york ,bo/on ,*icago ,atlanta ,san ,francisco ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,toronto ,,! ,,m$iaeval ,,m9d ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,?\ght ,,& ,,emotion ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,,by ,,h5ry ,,osborn ,,taylor ,,9 ,,two ,,volumes ,,vol4 ,,ii ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,/reet1 ,,london #aiaa ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,book ,,iv ,,! ,,ideal ,,& ,,! ,,actual3 ,,society 7cont9u$7 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,! ,,he>t ,,( ,,helo,,se #c ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,g]man ,,consid]ations3 ,,wal!r ,,von ,,d] ,,vogelweide #bh ,,book ,v ,,symbolism ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,scriptural ,,allegories ,,9 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,middle ,,ages2 ,,honorius ,,( ,,autun #da ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,! ,,rationale ,,( ,,! ,,visible ,,_w3 ,,hugo ,,( ,,/4 ,,victor #fj ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,ca!dral ,,& ,,mass2 ,,hymn ,,& ,,imag9ative ,,poem #gf ,i4 ,guilelmus ,dur&us & ,v9c5t ( ,beauvais4 ,,ii4 ,! ,hymns ( ,adam ( ,/4 ,victor & ! ,anticlaudianus ( ,alanus ( ,lille4 ,,book ,,vi ,,lat9ity ,,& ,,law ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,! ,,spell ,,( ,,! ,,classics #ajg ,i4 ,classical ,read+4 ,,ii4 ,gramm>4 ,,iii4 ,! ,effect ^u ! ,m$iaeval ,man2 ,hildeb]t ( ,lav>d94 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,evolution ,,( ,,m$iaeval ,,lat9 ,,prose #adh ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,evolution ,,( ,,m$iaeval ,,lat9 ,,v]se #ahf ,i4 ,metrical ,v]se4 ,,ii4 ,sub/itution ( ,acc5t = ,quantity4 ,,iii4 ,sequ5ce-,hymn & ,/ud5t-,song4 ,,iv4 ,passage ( ,!mes into ! ,v]nacul>4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,,m$iaeval ,,appropriation ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,law #bca ,i4 ,! ,fontes ,juris ,civilis4 ,,ii4 ,roman & ,b>b>ian ,codification4 ,,iii4 ,! ,m$iaeval ,appropriation4 ,,iv4 ,*ur* ,law4 ,v4 ,political ,!oriz+4 ,,book ,,vii ,,ultimate ,,intellectual ,,int]e/s ,,( ,,! ,,twelf? ,,& ,,?irte5? ,,c5turies ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,,s*ola/icism3 ,,_s1 ,,scope1 ,,& ,,me?od #bhc ,,*apt] ,,xxxv ,,classification ,,( ,,topics2 ,,/ages ,,( ,,evolution #caa ,i4 ,philosophic ,classification ( ! ,sci5ces2 ! ,arrangem5t ( ,v9c5t's ,encyclopa$ia1 ( ! ,lomb>d's ,s5t5ces1 ( ,aqu9as's ,summa !ologiae4 ,,ii4 ,! ,/ages ( ,developm5t3 ,gramm>1 ,logic1 ,metalogics4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi ,,twelf?-,,c5tury ,,s*ola/icism #cch ,i4 ,! ,problem ( ,univ]sals3 ,abael>d4 ,,ii4 ,! ,my/ic ,/ra93 ,hugo & ,b]n>d4 ,,iii4 ,! ,lat] ,decades3 ,b]n>d ,silve/ris2 ,gilb]t de la ,porre2 ,william ( ,con*es2 ,john ( ,salisbury1 & ,alanus ( ,lille4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii ,,! ,,univ]sities1 ,,ari/otle1 ,,& ,,! ,,m5dicants #cgh ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii ,,bonav5tura #djb ,,*apt] ,,xxxix ,,alb]tus ,,magnus #dbj ,,*apt] ,,xl ,,?omas ,,aqu9as #dcc ,i4 ,?omas's ,conception ( ,human ,beatitude4 ,,ii4 ,man's ,capacity to "k ,god4 ,,iii4 ,h[ ,god kn[s4 ,,iv4 ,h[ ! ,angels "k4 ,v4 ,h[ ,m5 "k4 ,,vi4 ,k ?r\gh ,fai? p]fect$ 9 ,love4 ,,*apt] ,,xli ,,rog] ,,bacon #dhd ,,*apt] ,,xlii ,,duns ,,scotus ,,& ,,occam #eji ,,*apt] ,,xliii ,,! ,,m$iaeval ,,syn!sis3 ,,dante #ebe ,,index #efa ,,book ,,iv ,,! ,,ideal ,,& ,,! ,,actual3 ,,society 7,cont9u$7 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,! ,,he>t ,,( ,,helo,,se ,! romantic gr[? & imag9ative %ap+ ( *ivalric love hav+ be5 foll[$ 9 ! =tunes ( its great exempl>s1 ,tri/an1 ,iseult1 ,lancelot1 ,gu9ev]e1 ,p>zival1 a diff]5t illu/ration ( m$iaeval passion may be _h by turn+ f ^! creations ( lit]ature to an actual woman1 ^: love = a liv+ man 0 ?\ght out z ke5ly & z tragically felt z any he>t-break ( imag9$ lov]s1 & 0 impress$ ) z entire a self-surr5d] z ev] ravi%$ ! s\l ( nun pant+ ) love ( ! ,god-man4 ,!re has nev] be5 a passion betwe5 a man & woman m fam\s ?an t :i* br\ght happ9ess & sorr[ to ! lives ( ,abael>d & ,helose4 ,"h fame is j4 ,x 0 a great love1 & its c\rse 0 a p]fect s\l's trag$y4 ,abael>d 0 a celebrity1 ! intellectual glory ( an active-m9d$ epo*4 ,8 love-/ory has done z mu* = 8 po/hum\s fame z all 8 intellectual activities4 ,helose became kn[n 9 h] "t ?r\gh h] relations ) ,abael>d2 9 8 songs h] "n 0 waft$ f>4 ,%e has come d[n to u z "o ( ! _w's love-h]o9es4 ,yet few ( ^? :o h be5 t\*$ by h] /ory h kn[n t ,helose 0 a great woman1 possess$ ( an admirable m9d1 a "* :i* prov$ its /r5g? ?r\gh ye>s1 &1 above all1 a capacity = lov+--= lov+ out to ! full conclusions ( love's convictions1 & = feel+ 9 _! full range & p[] :atev] moods & emotions c\ld arise f an unhappy situation & a passion z deeply felt z x 0 deeply ?\ght ^u4 ,abael>d 0 n a great "*--aside f 8 intellect4 ,he 0 va9 & inconsid]ate1 a man :o delight$ 9 conf\nd+ & supplant+ 8 tea*]s1 & 9 be+ a ?orn 9 ! fle% ( all oppon5ts4 ,b he became *a/5$ ?r\gh 8 mis=tunes & ?r\gh ,helose's high & self-sacrific+ love4 ,9 ! end1 p]haps1 8 love 0 wor?y ( ! love ( ,helose4 ,yet h] love f ! beg9n+ 0 nobl] & deep] ?an 8 love ( h]4 ,love 0 = him an incid5t 9 8 exp]i5ce1 !n an elem5t 9 8 life4 ,love made ! life ( ,helose2 x rema9$ h] all4 ,moreov]1 9 ! records ( _! passion1 ,helose's love is unveil$ z ,abael>d's is n4 ,= all ^! reasons1 ! he>t ( ,helose r ?an ! he>t ( ,abael>d discloses ! greatness ( a love t wept itself out 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 & x is h] love r ?an 8 t c tea* u mu* reg>d+ ! m$iaeval capacity = lov+4 ,h]s is a /ory ( m$iaeval womanhood1 & s91 & rep5tance p]haps1 ) peace at la/1 or at lea/ ! lips %ut close & fur!r prote/ =egone4 ,abael>d's /ormy intellectual c>e]#a & ! /ory ( ! love betwe5 him & ! canon's niece are well kn[n4 ,let u foll[ him 9 ^? p>ts ( 8 n>rative :i* disclose ! dep? & p[] ( ,helose's love = him4 ,we draw f 8 ,hi/oria calamitatum1 writt5 8to a fri5d10 app>5tly an op5 lett] int5d$ to circulate4 8,!re 010 writes he1 ref]r+ to ! "t ( 8 soj\rn 9 ,p>is1 :5 he 0 ab\t ?irty-six ye>s old1 & at ! height ( 8 fame z a lectur] 9 ! s*ools-- 8,!re 0 9 ,p>is a "y girl nam$ ,helose1 ! niece ( a canon1 ,fulb]t4 ,x 0 8 affectionate wi% t %e %\ld h ! be/ education 9 lett]s t c\ld be procur$4 ,h] face 0 n unfair1 & h] k 0 unequall$4 ,?is atta9m5t1 s r>e 9 wom51 _h giv5 h] great reputation4 8,i _h hi!rto liv$ cont95tly1 b n[ 0 ca/+ my eyes ab\t1 & ,i saw t %e possess$ e attraction t lov]s seek2 nor did ,i reg>d my success z d\btful1 :5 ,i consid]$ my fame & my goodly p]son1 & also h] love ( lett]s4 ,inflam$ ) love1 ,i ?\ght h[ ,i c\ld be/ become intimate ) h]4 ,x occurr$ to me to obta9 lodg+s ) h] uncle1 on ! plea t h\sehold c>es di/ract$ me f /udy4 ,fri5ds quickly br\ght ?is ab\t1 ! old man be+ mis]ly & yet desir\s ( in/ruction = 8 niece4 ,he eag]ly entru/$ h] to my tutor%ip1 & begg$ me to give h] all ! "t ,i c\ld take f my lectures1 au?oriz+ me to see h] at any h\r ( ! day or night1 & puni% h] :5 necess>y4 ,i m>vell$ ) :at simplicity he confid$ a t5d] lamb to a hungry wolf4 ,z he _h giv5 me au?ority to puni% h]1 ,i saw t if c>esses w\ld n w9 my object1 ,i c\ld b5d h] by ?reats & bl[s4 ,d\btless he 0 misl$ by love ( 8 niece & my own good reputation4 ,well1 :at ne$ to say m3 we 7 unit$ fir/ by ! "o ro( above u1 & !n by our he>ts4 ,our h\rs ( /udy 7 giv5 to love4 ,! books lay op51 b our words 7 ( love r ?an philosophy1 !re 7 m kisses ?an aphorisms2 & love 0 (t5] reflect$ 9 our eyes ?an ! lett]$ page4 ,to av]t suspicion1 ,i /ruck h] occasionally--v g5tle bl[s ( love4 ,! joy ( love1 new to u bo?1 br\ght no satiety4 ,! m ,i 0 tak5 up ) ?is pleasure1 ! less "t ,i gave to philosophy & ! s*ools--h[ tiresome _h all t become6 ,i became unproductive1 m]ely repeat+ my old lectures1 & if ,i compos$ any v]ses1 love 0 _! subject1 & n ! secrets ( philosophy2 y "k h[ popul> & widely sung ^! h become4 ,b ! /ud5ts6 :at groans & lam5ts arose f !m at my di/raction6 ,a passion s pla9 0 n to be conceal$2 e "o knew ( x except ,fulb]t4 ,a man is (t5 ! la/ to "k ( 8 own %ame4 ,yet :at ev]ybody kn[s _c be hid =ev]1 & s aft] "s mon?s he le>n$ all4 ,oh h[ bitt] 0 t uncle's grief6 & :at 0 ! grief ( ! sep>at$ lov]s6 ,h[ a%am$ ,i 01 & afflict$ at ! affliction ( ! girl6 ,& :at a /orm ( sorr[ came ov] h] at my disgrace4 ,nei!r compla9$ = himself1 b ea* griev$ at :at ! o!r mu/ endure40 ,al?\gh ,abael>d 0 mov$ at ! plight ( ,helose1 he bitt]ly felt 8 own discomfiture 9 ! eyes ( ! once admir+ _w4 ,b ! s5t5ce t\*+ ,helose is a fir/ true note ( h] devot$ love3 :at a /orm ( sorr[ 7mo]oris ae/us7 came ov] h] at my disgrace4 ,?r\gh ?is tr\ble & woe1 ,helose nev] ?\ght ( h] own pa9 save z x pa9$ h] to be ! s\rce ( grief to ,abael>d4 ,abael>d cont9ues3 8,! sep>ation ( our bodies jo9$ our s\ls m closely & inflam$ our love4 ,%ame sp5t itself & made u una%am$1 s small a ?+ x seem$ comp>$ ) satisfy+ love4 ,n long aft]w>ds ! girl knew t %e 0 to be a "m1 & 9 ! greate/ exultation wrote & ask$ me to advise :at %e %\ld d4 ,"o night1 z we agre$ on1 :5 ,fulb]t 0 away ,i bore h] (f secretly & s5t h] to my own c\ntry1 ,brittany1 :]e %e /ay$ ) my si/] till %e gave bir? to a son1 :om %e nam$ ,a/ralabius4 8,! uncle1 on 8 return to 8 empty h\se1 0 frantic4 ,he did n "k :at to d to me4 ,if he %\ld kill or d me "s bodily injury1 he fe>$ le/ 8 niece1 :om he lov$1 w\ld suff] = x among my p 9 ,brittany4 ,he c\ld n seize me1 z ,i 0 prep>$ aga9/ all attempts4 ,at l5g?1 pity+ 8 angui%1 & feel+ remorse at hav+ caus$ x1 ,i w5t to him z a suppliant & promis$ :atev] satisfaction he %\ld dem&4 ,i assur$ him t no?+ 9 my conduct w\ld seem rem>kable to any "o :o _h felt ! /r5g? ( love or w\ld take ! pa9s to recall h[ _m ( ! greate/ m5 _h be5 ?r[n d[n by wom51 ev] s9ce ! _w began4 ,:]eupon ,i (f]$ him a satisfaction great] ?an he c\ld h hop$1 to wit1 t ,i w\ld m>ry h] :om ,i _h corrupt$1 if only ! m>riage might be kept secret s t x %\ld n injure me 9 ! m9ds ( m54 ,he agre$ & pl$g$ 8 fai?1 & ! fai? ( 8 fri5ds1 & seal$ ) kisses ! reconciliation :i* ,i _h s\ght--s t he might m easily betray me60 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,abael>d 0 a cl]k1 a cl]icus1 9 virtue ( 8 pr(ession ( lett]s & !ology4 ,nev] hav+ tak5 ord]s1 he c\ld m>ry2 b :ile a cl]k's slip c\ld be =gott51 m>riage might lead p to ?9k he _h slight$ 8 vocation1 & w\ld c]ta9ly b> ! ecclesia/ical pref]m5t :i* su* a fam\s cl]icus might naturally look =w>d to4 ,nev]!less1 he at once set out to fet* ,helose f ,brittany1 to make h] 8 wife4 ,! /& :i* %e n[ took %[s bo? h] m9d & he>t3 8,%e /rongly disapprov$1 & urg$ two reasons aga9/ ! m>riage1 to wit1 ! dang] & ! disgrace 9 :i* x w\ld involve me4 ,%e swore--& s x prov$--t no satisfaction w\ld ev] appease h] uncle4 ,%e ask$ h[ %e 0 to h any glory ?r\gh me :5 %e %\ld h made me +lori\s1 & %\ld h humiliat$ bo? h]self & me4 ,:at p5alties w\ld ! _w exact f h] if %e depriv$ x ( su* a lum9>y2 :at curses1 :at damage to ! ,*ur*1 :at lam5tations ( philosoph]s1 w\ld foll[ on ?is m>riage4 ,h[ indec5t1 h[ lam5table w\ld x be = a man :om nature _h made = all1 to decl>e t he belong$ to "o woman1 & subject himself to su* %ame4 ,f h] s\l1 %e dete/$ ?is m>riage :i* w\ld be s utt]ly ignom9i\s = me1 & a burd5 to me4 ,%e expatiat$ on ! disgrace & inconv5i5ce ( matrimony = me & quot$ ! ,apo/le ,paul exhort+ m5 to %un x4 ,if ,i w\ld n take ! apo/le's advice or li/5 to :at ! sa9ts _h said reg>d+ ! matrimonial yoke1 ,i %\ld at lea/ pay att5tion to ! philosoph]s--to ,!ophra/us's words ^u ! intol]able evils ( m>riage1 & to ! refusal ( ,cic]o to take a wife aft] he _h divorc$ ,t]5tia1 :5 he said t he c\ld n devote himself to a wife & philosophy at ! same "t4 #8,or1' %e cont9u$1 lay+ aside ! disaccord betwe5 /udy & a wife1 #8consid] :at a m>ri$ man's e/abli%m5t w\ld be to y4 ,:at sweet accord !re w\ld be betwe5 ! s*ools & dome/ics1 betwe5 copyi/s & cradles1 betwe5 books & di/affs1 betwe5 p5 & sp9dle6 ,:o1 engag$ 9 religi\s or philosophical m$itations1 c\ld endure a baby's cry+ & ! nurse's ditties /ill+ x1 & all ! noise ( s]vants8 ,c\ld y put up ) ! dirty ways ( *ildr58 ,! ri* c1 y say1 ) _! palaces & ap>tm5ts ( all k9ds2 _! weal? does n feel ! exp5se or ! daily c>e & annoyance4 ,b ,i say1 ! /ate ( ! ri* is n t ( philosoph]s2 nor h m5 entangl$ 9 ri*es & affairs any "t = ! /udy ( ,scripture or philosophy4 ,! r5[n$ philosoph]s ( old1 despis+ ! _w1 flee+ r ?an rel9qui%+ x1 =bade !mselves all pleasures1 & repos$ 9 ! embraces ( philosophy4'0 ,speak+ ?us1 ,helose =tifi$ h] argum5t ) quotations f ,s5eca1 & ! examples ( ,jewi% & ,g5tile wor?ies & ,*ri/ian sa9ts1 & cont9u$3 8,x is n = me to po9t out--= ,i w\ld n be ?\ght to in/ruct ,m9]va--h[ sob]ly & cont95tly all ^! m5 liv$ :o1 accord+ to ,augu/9e & o!rs1 7 call$ philosoph]s z mu* = _! way ( life z or _! k4 ,if laym5 & ,g5tiles1 b\nd by no pr(ession ( religion1 liv$ ?us1 surely y1 a cl]k & canon1 %\ld n pref] l[ pleasures to sacr$ duties1 nor let y\rself be suck$ d[n by ?is ,*>ybdis & smo!r$ 9 fil? inextricably4 ,if y d n value ! privilege ( a cl]k1 at lea/ def5d ! dignity ( a philosoph]4 ,if rev]5ce = ,god be despis$1 /ill let love ( dec5cy temp] immode/y4 ,rememb]1 ,socrates 0 ti$ to a wife1 & ?r\gh a na/y accid5t wip$ out ?is blot ^u philosophy1 t o!rs aft]w>ds might be m cauti\s2 :i* ,j]ome relates 9 8 book aga9/ ,jov9ianus1 h[ once :5 endur+ a /orm ( ,xan?ippe's clam\rs f ! floor above1 he 0 duck$ ) slops1 & simply said1 #8,i knew su* ?und] w\ld br+ ra94' 8,f9ally %e said t x w\ld be dang]\s = me to take h] back to ,p>is2 x 0 m becom+ to me1 & sweet] to h]1 to be call$ my mi/ress1 s t affection alone might keep me h]s & n ! b9d+ p[] ( any matrimonial *a92 & if we %\ld be sep>at$ = a "t1 our joys at meet+ w\ld be ! de>] = _! r>ity4 ,:5 at la/ ) all h] p]suasions & dissuasions %e c\ld n turn me f my folly1 & c\ld n be> to (f5d me1 ) a bur/ ( te>s %e end$ 9 ^! words3 #8,"o ?+ is left3 9 ! ru9 ( u bo? ! grief :i* foll[s %all n be less ?an ! love :i* w5t be=e4' ,nor did %e "h lack ! _s ( prophecy40 ,helose's reason+s %[ love great & true & h] absolute devotion to ,abael>d's int]e/s4 ,none ! less /rik+ is h] cle> intellig5ce4 ,%e reason$ correctly2 %e 0 "r1 ! m>riage w\ld d great h>m to ,abael>d & little good to h]4 ,we see ?is too1 if we lay aside our s5se ( ! ennobl+ purity ( m>riage--a s5tim5t n commonly felt 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,m>riage 0 holy 9 ! m9d ( ,*ri/4 ,b x did n pres]ve its hol9ess ?r\gh ! c5turies :i* saw ! rise ( mona/icism & prie/ly celibacy4 ,a way ( life is n pure & holy :5 ano!r way is holi] & pur]2 ?is is peculi>ly true 9 ,*ri/ianity1 :i* dem&s ! ideal be/ ) su* int5sity z to ca/ reflection on :atev] falls bel[ ! highe/ /&>d4 ,f ! "t ( ! b>b>ian inroads1 on ?r\gh ! ,c>ol+ian p]iods1 & into ! lat] ,middle ,ages1 !re 0 en\gh b>b>ism & brutality to prev5t ! pres]vation1 or imp$e ! developm5t1 ( a high /&>d ( m>riage4 ,n mona/icism1 b 8 own half-b>b>ian1 lu/ful he>t l$ ,*>lemagne to m>ry & rem>ry at w1 & h _m mi/resses besides4 ,x 0 ! same ) ! c\ntless b>ons & m$iaeval k+s1 rude & half civiliz$4 ,?is 0 b>b>\s lu/1 n due to ! influ5ce ( mona/icism4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 always ! virg9 or celibate /ate t ! ,*ur* held be=e ! eyes ( all ?is semi-b>b>\s laity z ! ideal = a ,*ri/ian man or woman4 ,! ,*ur* sanction$ m>riage1 b h>dly laud$ x or held x up z a condition 9 :i* lives ( hol9ess & purity c\ld be l$4 ,su* 7 ! s5tim5ts 9 :i* ,helose 0 born & br$4 ,!y 7 subconsci\s factors 9 h] ?\ghts reg>d+ h]self & h] lov]4 ,devot$ & unselfi% 0 h] love2 und\bt$ly ,helose w\ld h sacrific$ h]self = ,abael>d "u any social conditions4 ,nev]!less1 ) h]1 m>riage add$ little to love2 x 0 a m]e =mal & b9d+ au?orization2 love 0 no pur] = x4 ,to h] m9d1 = a man 9 ,abael>d's situation to be entangl$ 9 a tempor>y am\r 0 bett] ?an to be *a9$ to 8 passion1 ) 8 c>e] irrevocably ru9$1 9 m>riage4 ,9 s f> z h] ?\ghts or ,abael>d's 7 influ5c$ by ! environm5t ( prie/ly ?9k+1 m>riage w\ld seem a r5d]+ p]man5t ( a passionate & s9ful /ate1 :i* x 7 be/ to ca/ (f altoge!r4 ,= h]self1 z %e said truly1 ! m>riage w\ld br+ obloquy r ?an re9/atem5t4 ,%e _h be5 mi/ress to a cl]k2 m>riage w\ld make h] ! p>tn] ( 8 ab&onm5t ( 8 vocation1 ! accomplice ( brok5 purposes if n ( brok5 v[s4 ,& f9ally1 z !re 0 !n no l9e ( disgrace z n[ betwe5 ba/>d & lawful issue1 ,helose _h no ?\ght t ! int]e/s ( h] son dem&$ t 8 "m %\ld become 8 fa!r's wife4 8,leav+ our son 9 my si/]'s c>e1 we /ole back to ,p>is1 & %ortly aft]1 hav+ 9 ! night celebrat$ our vigils 9 a c]ta9 *ur*1 we 7 m>ri$ at dawn 9 ! pres5ce ( h] uncle & "s ( 8 & our fri5ds4 ,we left at once sep>ately & ) secrecy1 & aft]w>ds saw ea* o!r only 9 privacy1 s z to conceal :at we _h done4 ,b h] uncle & 8 h\sehold began at once to ann\nce ! m>riage & violate 8 ^w2 :ile %e1 on ! contr>y1 prote/$ vehem5tly & swore t x 0 false4 ,at t he became enrag$ & treat$ h] vilely4 ,:5 ,i discov]$ ?is ,i s5t h] to ! conv5t ( ,arg5teuil1 ne> ,p>is1 :]e %e _h be5 educat$4 ,!re ,i _h h] take ! g>b ( a nun1 except ! veil4 ,he>+ ?is1 ! uncle & 8 relations ?\ght t ,i _h dup$ !m1 ridd+ myself ( ,helose by mak+ h] a nun4 ,s hav+ brib$ my s]vant1 !y came ^u me by night1 :5 ,i 0 sleep+1 & took on me a v5geance z cruel & irretrievable z x 0 vile & %ameful4 ,two ( ! p]petrators 7 pursu$ & v5geance tak54 8,9 ! morn+ ! :ole t[n 0 assembl$1 cry+ & lam5t+ my plight1 especially ! cl]ks & /ud5ts2 at :i* ,i 0 afflict$ ) m %ame ?an ,i suff]$ physical pa94 ,i ?\ght ( my ru9$ hopes & glory1 & !n saw t by ,god's j judgm5t ,i 0 puni%$ :]e ,i _h mo/ s9n$1 & t ,fulb]t _h ju/ly av5g$ trea*]y ) trea*]y4 ,b :at a figure ,i %\ld cut 9 public6 h[ ! _w w\ld po9t its f+] at me6 ,i 0 also conf\nd$ at ! ?\ght ( ! ,levitical law1 accord+ to :i* ,i _h become an abom9ation to ! ,*ur*4#b ,9 ?is mis]y ! confusion ( %ame--,i confess x--r ?an ! ard\r ( conv]sion drove me to ! cov] ( ! cloi/]1 aft] %e _h will+ly obey$ my comm& to take ! veil4 ,i became a monk 9 ! abbey ( ,/4 ,d5is1 & %e a nun 9 ! conv5t ( ,arg5teuil4 ,_m begg$ h] n to set t yoke ^u h] y\?2 at :i*1 amid h] te>s1 %e broke out 9 ,cornelia's lam5t3 #8,o great husb&6 undes]v+ ( my c\*6 ,has =tune rights ov] a head s high8 ,:y did ,i1 impi\s1 m>ry !e to make !e wret*$8 ,accept ^! p5alties1 :i* ,i gladly pay4'#c ,) ^! words1 %e w5t /raight to ! alt>1 receiv$ ! veil bless$ by ! bi%op1 & took ! v[s be=e !m all40 ,abael>d's ,hi/oria calamitatum n[ turns to tr\bles hav+ no connection ) ,helose3 8 difficulties ) ! monks ( ,/4 ,d5is1 ) o!r monks1 ) e "o1 9 fact1 except 8 s*ol>s2 8 arraignm5t be=e ! ,c\ncil ( ,soissons1 ! public burn+ ( 8 book1 ,de ,unitate et ,tr9itate div9a1 & v>i\s o!r tr\bles1 till1 seek+ a retreat1 he con/ruct$ an oratory on ! bank ( ! ,ardisson4 ,he nam$ x ! ,p>aclete1 & !re he taught & lectur$4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds elect$ abbot ( a mona/]y 9 ,brittany1 :]e he discov]$ t ^? "u him 7 savage bea/s r ?an monks4 ,"h ! ,hi/oria calamitatum 0 writt54 ,! monks ( ,/4 ,d5is _h nev] ceas$ to hate ,abael>d = 8 ass]tion t _! great ,sa9t 0 n really ,dionysius ! ,areopagite :o he>d ,paul prea*4 ,_! abbot n[ br\ght =w>d & prov$ an anci5t title to ! l& :]e /ood ! conv5t ( ,arg5teuil1 89 :i*10 to resume ,abael>d's acc\nt1 8%e1 once my wife1 n[ my si/] 9 ,*ri/1 _h tak5 ! veil1 & 0 at ?is "t prioress4 ,! nuns 7 rudely driv5 out4 ,news ( ?is came to me z a sugge/ion f ! ,"l to be?9k me ( ! des]t$ ,p>aclete4 ,go+ ?i!r1 ,i invit$ ,helose & h] nuns to come & take possession4 ,!y accept$1 & ,i gave x to !m4 ,aft]w>d ,pope ,innoc5t ,,ii4 confirm$ ?is grant to !m & _! successors 9 p]petuity4 ,!re = a "t !y liv$ 9 want2 b soon ! ,div9e ,pity %[$ itself ! true ,p>aclete1 & mov$ ! p ( ! neighb\rhood to take compassion on !m1 & !y soon knew no lack4 ,inde$ z wom5 are ! weak] sex1 _! ne$ moves m5 m readily to pity1 & _! virtues are ! m grateful to bo? ,god & man4 ,& on our si/] ! ,"l be/[$ su* fav\r 9 ! eyes ( all1 t ! bi%ops lov$ h] z a daught]1 ! abbots z a si/]1 ! laity z a "m2 & all wond]$ at h] piety1 h] wisdom1 & h] g5tle pati5ce 9 ev]y?+4 ,%e r>ely let h]self be se51 t %e might devote h]self m :olly to pray]s & m$itations 9 h] cell2 b all ! m p]si/5tly p s\ght h] spiritual c\nsel40 ,:at 7 ^? m$itations & ^? pray]s utt]$ or unutt]$ 9 t cell8 ,!y did n always ref] to ! k+dom ( heav51 judg+ f ! abbess's fir/ lett] to h] =m] lov]4 ,aft] ! in/allation ( ,helose & h] nuns1 ,abael>d r>ely visit$ ! ,p>aclete1 al?\gh 8 advice & in/ruction 0 desir$ !re4 ,8 visits gave rise to too mu* sc&al4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 h[ev]1 ! ,hi/oria calamitatum came into ! h&s ( ,helose1 & occasion$ ?is lett]1 :i* seems to issue =? out ( a long sil5ce2 t5 ye>s _h pass$ s9ce %e became a nun4 ,! sup]scription is z foll[s3 8,to h] ma/]1 r to a fa!r1 to h] husb&1 r to a bro!r1 8 maid or r daught]1 8 wife or r si/]1 to ,abael>d1 ,helose4 8,y\r lett]1 belov$1 writt5 to com=t a fri5d1 *anc$ rec5tly to rea* me4 ,see+ by its fir/ l9es f :om x 01 ,i burn$ to read x = ! love ,i be> ! writ]1 hop+ also f its words to recreate an image ( him ^: life ,i h ru9$4 ,^? words dropp$ gall & abs9! z !y br\ght back ! unhappy /ory ( our int]c\rse & ?y ceaseless crosses1 ,o my only "o4 ,truly ! lett] mu/ h conv9c$ ! fri5d t 8 tr\bles 7 light comp>$ ) y\rs1 z y %[$ ! trea*]y & p]secutions :i* _h foll[$ y1 ! calumnies ( enemies & ! burn+ ( y\r glori\s book1 ! ma*9ations ( false bro!rs1 & ! vile acts ( ^? wor?less monks :om y call y\r sons4 ,no "o c\ld read x ) dry eyes4 ,y\r p]ils h r5ew$ my griefs2 "h we all despair ( y\r life & ea* day ) trembl+ he>ts expect news ( y\r dea?4 ,9 ! "n ( ,*ri/1 :o s f> has someh[ pres]v$ !e = himself1 deign ) frequ5t lett]s to let ^! weak s]vants ( ,him & !e "k ( ! /orms ov]:elm+ ! swimm]1 s t we :o alone rema9 to !e may be p>ticipators ( ?y pa9 or joy4 ,"o :o grieves may ga9 consolation f ^? griev+ ) him2 a burd5 borne by _m is m lightly borne4 ,& if ?is tempe/ abates1 h[ happy %all we be to "k x4 ,:atev] ! lett]s may conta9 !y w %[ at lea/ t we are n =gott54 ,has n ,s5eca said 9 8 lett] to ,lucilius1 t ! lett]s ( an abs5t fri5d are sweet8 ,:5 no malice c /op y\r giv+ u ?is mu* ( y1 d n let neglect prove a b>4 8,y h writt5 t long lett] to console a fri5d ) ! /ory ( y\r own mis=tunes1 & h !reby r\s$ our grief & add$ to our desolation4 ,heal ^! new w\nds4 ,y owe to u a deep] debt ( fri5d%ip ?an to him1 = we are n only fri5ds1 b fri5ds ! de>e/1 & y\r daught]s4 ,aft] ,god1 y alone are ! f\nd] ( ?is place1 ! build] ( ?is oratory & ( ?is congregation4 ,?is new plantation = a holy purpose is y\r own2 ! delicate plants ne$ frequ5t wat]+4 ,he :o gives s mu* to 8 enemies1 %\ld consid] 8 daught]s4 ,or1 leav+ out ! o!rs "h1 ?9k h[ ?is is ow+ me f !e3 :at ?\ owe/ to all wom5 "u v[s1 ?\ %alt pay m devot$ly to ?9e only "o4 ,h[ _m books h ! holy fa!rs writt5 = holy wom51 = _! exhortation & in/ruction6 ,i m>vel at ?y =getfulness ( ^! frail beg9n+s ( our conv]sion4 ,nei!r respect ( ,god nor love ( u nor ! example ( ! bless$ fa!rs1 has l$ !e by spee* or lett] to console me1 ca/ ab\t1 & consum$ ) grief4 ,?is obligation 0 ! /rong]1 because ! sacram5t ( m>riage jo9$ !e to me1 & ,i--e "o sees x--cl+ to !e ) unmeasur$ love4 8,de>e/1 ?\ kn[e/--:o kn[s n8--h[ mu* ,i lo/ 9 !e1 & t an infam\s act ( trea*]y robb$ me ( !e & ( myself at once4 ,! great] my grief1 ! great] ne$ ( consolation1 n f ano!r b f !e1 t ?\ :o art alone my cause ( grief may be alone my consolation4 ,x is ?\ alone t can/ sadd5 me or gladd5 me or com=t me4 ,& ?\ alone owe/ ?is to me1 especially s9ce ,i h done ?y w s utt]ly t1 unable to (f5d !e1 ,i endur$ to wreck myself at ?y comm&4 ,nay1 m ?an ?is1 love turn$ to madness & cut itself (f f hope ( t :i* alone x s\ght1 :5 ,i ob$i5tly *ang$ my g>b & my he>t too 9 ord] t ,i might prove !e sole own] ( my body z well z ( my _s4 ,god kn[s1 ,i h ev] s\ght 9 !e only ?yself1 desir+ simply !e & n :at 0 ?9e4 ,i ask$ no matrimonial contract1 ,i look$ = no d[ry2 n my pleasure1 n my w1 b ?9e h ,i /riv5 to fulfil4 ,& if ! "n ( wife seem$ holi] or m pot5t1 ! ^w mi/ress 7amica7 0 always sweet] to me1 or ev5--be n angry6--concub9e or h>lot2 = ! m ,i l[]$ myself be=e !e1 ! m ,i hop$ to ga9 ?y fav\r1 & ! less ,i %\ld hurt ! glory ( ?y r5[n4 ,?is ?\ did/ graci\sly rememb]1 :5 condesc5d+ to po9t out 9 t lett] to a fri5d "s ( ! reasons 7b n all67 :y ,i pref]r$ love to w$lock & lib]ty to a *a94 ,i call ,god to witness t if ,augu/us1 ! ma/] ( ! _w1 w\ld hon\r me ) m>riage & inve/ me ) equal rule1 x w\ld /ill seem to me de>] & m hon\rable to be call$ ?y /rumpet ?an 8 empress4 ,he :o is ri* & p[]ful is n ! bett] man3 t is a matt] ( =tune1 ?is ( m]it4 ,& %e is v5al :o m>ries a ri* man soon] ?an a poor man1 & ye>ns = a husb&'s ri*es r ?an himself4 ,su* a woman des]ves pay & n affection4 ,%e is n seek+ ! man b 8 goods1 & w\ld wi%1 if possible1 to pro/itute h]self to "o /ill ri*]4 ,aspasia put ?is cle>ly :5 %e 0 try+ to effect a reconciliation betwe5 ,x5ophon & 8 wife3 #8,until y come to ?9k t !re is n[h]e else a bett] man or a woman m desirable1 y w be cont9ually look+ = :at y ?9k to be ! be/1 & w wi% to be m>ri$ to ! man or woman :o is ! v be/4' ,?is is inde$ a holy1 r ?an a philosophical s5tim5t1 & wisdom1 n philosophy1 speaks4 ,?is is ! holy error & bless$ deception betwe5 man & wife1 :5 affection p]fect & unimpair$ keeps m>riage inviolate n s mu* by cont95cy ( body z by *a/ity ( m9d4 ,b :at ) o!r wom5 is an error1 is1 9 my case1 ! manife/ tru?3 s9ce :at !y suppose 9 _! husb&s1 ,i--& ! :ole _w agrees--"k to be 9 !e4 ,my love = !e is tru?1 be+ free f all error4 ,:o among k+s or philosoph]s c vie ) y\r fame8 ,:at c\ntry1 :at city does n ?ir/ to see y8 ,:o1 ,i ask1 did n hurry to see y appe>+ 9 public & crane 8 neck to cat* a la/ glimpse z y dep>t$8 ,:at wife1 :at maid did n ye>n = y abs5t1 & burn :5 y 7 pres5t8 ,:at que5 did n envy me my joys & c\*8 ,!re 7 9 y two qualities by :i* y c\ld draw ! s\l ( any woman1 ! gift ( poetry & ! gift ( s++1 gifts :i* o!r philosoph]s h lack$4 ,z a di/raction f lab\r1 y compos$ love-songs bo? 9 metre & 9 rhyme1 :i* = _! sweet s5tim5t & music h be5 sung & resung & h kept y\r "n 9 e m\?4 ,y\r sweet melodies d n p]mit ev5 ! illit]ate to =get y4 ,because ( ^! gifts wom5 sigh$ = y\r love4 ,&1 z ^! songs sung ( our loves1 !y quickly spread my "n 9 _m l&s1 & made me ! envy ( my sex4 ,:at excell5ce ( m9d or body did n adorn y\r y\?8 ,no woman1 !n envi\s1 b n[ w\ld pity me b]eft ( su* delights4 ,:at enemy ev5 w\ld n n[ be s(t5$ by ! compassion due me8 8,i h br\ght !e evil1 ?\ kn[e/ h[ innoc5tly4 ,n ! result ( ! act b ! disposition ( ! do] makes ! crime2 ju/ice does n consid] :at happ5s1 b ?r\gh :at int5t x happ5s4 ,my int5t t[>ds !e ?\ only ha/ prov$ & alone can/ judge4 ,i commit ev]y?+ to ?y weigh+ & submit to ?y decree4 8,tell me "o ?+3 :y1 aft] our conv]sion1 comm&$ by !e1 did ,i drop into oblivion1 to be no m refre%$ by spee* ( ?9e or lett]8 ,tell me1 ,i say1 if y c1 or ,i w say :at ,i feel & :at e "o suspects3 desire r ?an fri5d%ip drew y to me1 lu/ r ?an love4 ,s :5 desire ceas$1 :atev] y 7 manife/+ = its sake likewise vani%$4 ,?is1 belov$1 is n s mu* my op9ion z ! op9ion ( all4 ,w\ld x 7 only m9e & t ?y love might f9d def5d]s to argue away my pa94 ,w\ld t ,i c\ld inv5t "s reason to excuse y & also cov] my *eapness4 ,li/51 ,i beg1 to :at ,i ask1 & x w seem small & v easy to y4 ,s9ce ,i am *eat$ ( y\r pres5ce1 at lea/ put v[s 9 words1 ( :i* y h a /ore1 & s keep be=e me ! sweetness ( ?9e image4 ,i %all va9ly expect y to be b\ntiful 9 acts if ,i f9d y a mis] 9 words4 ,truly ,i ?\ght t ,i m]it$ mu* f y1 :5 ,i _h done all = y\r sake & /ill cont9ue 9 ob$i5ce4 ,:5 little m ?an a girl ,i took ! h>d v[s ( a nun1 n f piety b at y\r comm&4 ,if ,i m]it no?+ f !e1 h[ va9 ,i deem my lab\r6 ,i c expect no rew>d f ,god1 z ,i h done no?+ f love ( ,him4 ,!e hurry+ to ,god ,i foll[$1 or r w5t be=e4 ,=1 z y rememb]$ h[ ,lot's wife turn$ back1 y fir/ deliv]$ me to ,god b\nd ) ! v[1 & !n y\rself4 ,t s+le act ( di/ru/1 ,i confess1 griev$ me & made me blu%4 ,god kn[s1 at y\r comm& ,i w\ld h foll[$ or prec$$ y to fi]y places4 ,= my he>t is n ) me1 b ) !e2 & n[ m ?an ev]1 if n ) !e x is n[h]e1 = x _c exi/ )\t !e4 ,t my he>t may be well ) !e1 see to x1 ,i beg2 & x w be well if x f9ds !e k9d1 r5d]+ grace = grace--a little = mu*4 ,belov$1 w\ld t ?y love 7 less sure ( me s t x might be m solicit\s2 ,i h made y s secure t y are neglig5t4 ,rememb] all ,i h done & ?9k :at y owe4 ,:ile ,i enjoy$ c>nal joy ) y1 _m p 7 unc]ta9 :e!r ,i act$ f love or lu/4 ,n[ ! end makes cle> ! beg9n+2 ,i h cut myself (f f pleasure to obey ?y w4 ,i h kept no?+1 save to be m ?an ev] ?9e4 ,?9k h[ wick$ x 7 9 !e :]e all ! m is due to r5d] less1 no?+ almo/2 especially :5 little is ask$1 & t s easy = y4 ,9 ! "n ( ,god to :om y h v[$ y\rself1 give me t ( !e :i* is possible1 ! consolation ( a lett]4 ,i promise1 ?us refre%$1 to s]ve ,god m readily4 ,:5 ( old y w\ld call me to pleasures1 y s\ght me ) frequ5t lett]s1 & nev] fail$ ) ?y songs to keep ?y ,helose on e tongue2 ! /reets1 ! h\ses re-e*o$ me4 ,h[ mu* fitt] t y %\ld n[ incite me to ,god ?an !n to lu/8 ,be?9k !e :at ?\ owe/2 he$ :at ,i ask2 & a long lett] ,i w conclude ) a brief end+3 f>ewell only "o60 ,rem>ks ^u ?is lett] w\ld seem to pr(ane a %r9e--_h ! man pr(an$ t %r9e8 ,he _h n always wor%ipp$ !re4 ,helose knew ?is1 = all h] love4 ,%e said x too1 writ+ 9 phraseology :i* _h be5 brutaliz$ ?r\gh ! d5\nc+ _s ( ,lat9 mona/icism4 ,h[ truly %e puts ! situation & h[ cle>ly %e ?9ks )al1 disc]n+ z x 7 ! beautiful & true 9 love & m>riage4 ,! :ole lett] is well arrang$1 & writt5 9 a /yle %[+ ! writ]'s tra9+ 9 ,lat9 m$iaeval rhetoric4 ,x 0 n ! less deeply felt because compos$ ) c>e & skill4 ,evid5tly ! writ] is ( ! ,middle ,ages2 h] occasional prolixity 0 n ( h] sex b ( h] "t2 & %e quotes ! anci5ts s naturally2 :at !y say %\ld be conv9c+4 ,h[ ! lett] b>es ! motives ( h] own conduct3 n = ,god's sake1 or ! k+dom ( heav5's sake1 b = ,abael>d's sake %e became a nun4 ,%e _h no incl9ation !reto2 h] lett]s d n indicate t %e ev] became really & spontane\sly devot$ to h] call+4 ,abael>d 0 h] ,god1 & z h] ,god %e held him to ! end2 ?\gh %e appli$ h]self to ! consid]ation ( religi\s topics1 z we %all see4 ,moreov]1 h] position z nun & abbess c\ld n fail to =ce su* topics on h] consid]ation4 ,is !re ano!r su* love-lett]1 sett+ =? a situation s triple-b>r$ & hopeless8 ,& ! love :i* fills ! lett]1 :i* ?robs & burns 9 x1 :i* speaks & argues 9 x1 h[ absolute is ?is love4 ,x is love c>ri$ out to its full conclusions2 x includes ! :ole woman & ! :ole ( h] life2 :atev] lies beyond its k5 & c>e is scorn$ & reject$4 ,?is love is extreme 9 its humility1 & yet realizes its own purity & wor?2 x is griev$ at ! ?\ght ( r\s+ a feel+ bas] ?an itself4 ,helose _h be5 & /ill 0 ,helose1 devot$ & self-sacrific+ 9 h] love4 ,b ! situation has become torture2 h] he>t is fill$ ) all mann] ( pa91 old & new1 till x is driv5 to ass]t its "r at lea/ to consolation4 ,?us ,helose's love becomes insi/5t & requir+4 ,0 x possibly burd5some to ! man :o n[ might wi% to ?9k no m ( passion8 :o might wi% no long] to be lov$ 9 t way8 ,9 8 reply ,abael>d does n unveil himself2 he seems to take an attitude :i* may h be5 ! mo/ fai?ful expression t he c\ld devise ( 8 *ang$ self4 8,to ,helose 8 belov$ si/] 9 ,*ri/1 ,abael>d h] bro!r 9 ! ,same40 ,?is sup]scription 0 a g5tle rem9d] ( _! pres5t relation%ip--9 ,*ri/4 ,! writ] beg9s3 8 n hav+ writt5 s9ce _! conv]sion 0 to be ascrib$ n to 8 neglig5ce1 b to 8 confid5ce 9 h] wisdom2 he did n ?9k t %e :o1 s full ( grace1 _h consol$ h] si/] nuns :5 prioress1 c\ld z abbess ne$ tea*+ or exhortation = ! guidance ( h] daught]s2 b if1 9 h] humility1 %e felt ! ne$ ( 8 in/ruction 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to ,god1 %e might write1 & he w\ld answ]1 z ! ,"l %\ld grant4 ,?anks be to ,god :o _h fill$ _! he>ts--h]s & h] nuns--) solicitude = 8 p]ils1 & _h made !m p>ticipators 9 8 afflictions2 ?r\gh _! pray]s ! div9e pity _h protect$ him4 ,he _h ha/5$ to s5d ! ,psalt]1 reque/$ by 8 si/]1 =m]ly de> to him 9 ! _w & n[ mo/ de> 9 ,*ri/1 to assi/ _! pray]s4 ,! pot5cy ( pray]1 ) ,god & ! sa9ts1 & especially ! pray] ( wom5 = ^? de> to !m1 is frequ5tly decl>$ 9 ,scripture2 he cites a numb] ( passages to prove x4 ,may ^! move h] to pray = him4 ,he ref]s ) affectionate gratitude to ! pray]s :i* ! nuns _h be5 (f]+ = him1 & encloses a %ort pray] = 8 safety1 :i* he begs & implores may be us$ 9 _! daily canonical h\rs4 ,if ! ,"l1 h[ev]1 deliv]s him into ! h&s ( 8 enemies to kill him1 or if he meet 8 dea? 9 any way1 he begs t 8 body may be br\ght to ! ,p>aclete = burial1 s t ! sight ( 8 sepul*re may move 8 daught]s & si/]s 9 ,*ri/ to pray = him2 no place c\ld be s safe & salut>y = ! s\l ( "o bitt]ly rep5t+ ( 8 s9s1 z t consecrat$ to ! true ,p>aclete--! ,com=t]2 nor c\ld fitt] ,*ri/ian burial be f\nd ?an among wom5 devot$ by _! v[s to ,*ri/4 ,he begs t ! great solicitude :i* !y n[ h = 8 bodily safety1 !y w !n h = ! salvation ( 8 s\l1 & by ! suffrage ( _! pray] = ! dead man %[ h[ !y _h lov$ him :5 alive4 ,! lett] closes1 n ) a p]sonal ^w to ,helose1 b ) ?is di/i*3 8,vive1 vale1 vivantque tuae valeantque sorores1 ,vivite1 s$ ,*ri/o1 quaeso1 mei memores40 ,?us z aga9/ ,helose's besee*+ love1 ,abael>d lift$ 8 h&s1 palms out1 repell+ x4 ,8 lett] ignor$ all t fill$ ! s\l & ! lett] ( ,helose4 ,8 reply did n lack words ( spiritual affection1 & its tone 0 n z =mal !n z x n[ seems4 ,:5 ,abael>d ask$ = ! pray]s ( ,helose & h] nuns1 he meant x2 he desir$ ! efficacy ( _! pray]s4 ,!n he wi%$ to be buri$ among !m4 ,we are t\*$ by ?is2 b1 aga91 ,abael>d meant x1 z he said1 = 8 s\l's welf>e2 x 0 no love s5tim5t4 ,! lett] /irr$ ! he>t ( ,helose to a rebelli\s outcry aga9/ ! cruelty ( ,god1 if n ( ,abael>d1 a s\l's cry aga9/ life & ! calm attitude ( "o :o no long] 0--or at lea/ meant to be no long]--:at he _h be5 to h]4 8,to h] only "o1 next to ,*ri/1 8 only "o 9 ,*ri/4 8,i wond]1 my only "o1 t contr>y to epi/ol>y cu/om & ! natural ord] ( ?+s1 9 ! salutation ( y\r lett] y h plac$ me be=e y1 a woman be=e a man1 a wife be=e a husb&1 a s]vant be=e h] "l1 a nun be=e a monk & prie/1 a deaconess be=e an abbot4 ,! prop] ord] is = "o writ+ to a sup]ior to put 8 own "n la/1 b :5 writ+ to an inf]ior1 ! writ]'s "n %\ld prec$e4 ,we also m>vell$1 t :]e y %\ld h af=d$ u consolation1 y add$ to our desolation1 & excit$ ! te>s y %\ld h quiet$4 ,h[ c\ld we re/ra9 our te>s :5 read+ :at y wrote t[>ds ! end3 #8,if ! ,"l %all deliv] me into ! h& ( my enemies to slay me'6 ,de>e/1 h[ c\ld/ ?\ ?9k or say t8 ,may ,god nev] =get ,8 h&maids1 to leave !m liv+ :5 y are no m6 ,may ,he nev] allot to u t life1 :i* w\ld be h>d] ?an any dea?6 ,x is = y to p]=m our obsequies & comm5d our s\ls to ,god1 & s5d be=e to ,god ^? :om y h ga!r$ = ,him--t y may h no fur!r anxiety1 & foll[ u ! m gladly because assur$ ( our safety4 ,refra91 my "l1 ,i beg1 f mak+ ! mis]able mo/ mis]able ) su* words2 de/roy n our life be=e we die4 #8,suffici5t unto ! day is ! evil !re('--& t day w come to all ) bitt]ness en\gh4 #8,:at ne$1' says ,s5eca1 #8to add to evil1 & de/roy life be=e dea?8' 8,?\ aske/1 only "o1 t1 9 ! ev5t ( ?y dea? :5 abs5t f u1 we %\ld h ?y body br\ght to our cemet]y1 9 ord] t1 be+ always 9 our memory1 ?\ %\ld/ obta9 great] b5efit f our pray]s4 ,did y ?9k t y\r memory c\ld slip f u8 ,h[ c\ld we pray1 ) di/ract$ m9ds8 ,:at use ( tongue or reason w\ld be left to u8 ,:5 ! m9d is craz$ aga9/ ,god x w n placate ,him ) pray] s mu* z irritate ,him ) compla9ts4 ,we c\ld only weep1 press+ to foll[ r ?an bury y4 ,h[ c\ld we live aft] we _h lo/ our life 9 y8 ,! ?\ght ( y\r dea? is dea? to u2 :at w\ld be ! actuality8 ,god grant we %all n h to pay ^? rites to "o f :om we look = !m2 may we g be=e & n foll[6 ,a he>t cru%$ ) grief is n calm1 nor is a m9d toss$ by tr\bles op5 to ,god4 ,d n1 ,i beg1 h9d] ! div9e s]vice to :i* we are d$icat$4 8,:at rema9s ( hope = me :5 ?\ art gone8 ,or :at reason to cont9ue 9 ?is pilgrimage1 :]e ,i h no solace save !e8 & ( !e ,i h b ! b>e k t ?\ do/ live1 s9ce ?y re/or+ pres5ce is n grant$ me4 ,oh6--if x is "r to say x--h[ cruel has ,god be5 to me6 ,inclem5t ,clem5cy6 ,=tune has empti$ h] quiv] aga9/ me1 s t o!rs h no?+ to fe>6 ,if inde$ a s+le d>t 7 left1 no place c\ld be f\nd 9 me = a new w\nd4 ,=tune fe>s only le/ ,i escape h] tortures by dea?4 ,wret*$ & unhappy6 9 !e ,i 0 lift$ above all wom52 9 !e am ,i ! m fatally ?r[n d[n4 ,:at glory did ,i h 9 !e6 :at ru9 h ,i n[6 ,=tune made me ! happie/ ( wom5 t %e might make me ! mo/ mis]able4 ,! injury 0 ! m outrage\s 9 t all ways ( "r 7 brok54 ,:ile we 7 ab&on$ to love's delights1 ! div9e sev]ity sp>$ u4 ,:5 we made ! =bidd5 lawful & by m>riage wip$ out =nication's /a9s1 ! ,"l's wra? broke on u1 impati5t ( an unsulli$ b$ :5 x long _h borne ) "o defil$4 ,a man tak5 9 adult]y w\ld h be5 amply puni%$ by :at came to y4 ,:at o!rs des]v$ = adult]y1 t y got f ! m>riage :i* y ?\ght _h made am5ds = ev]y?+4 ,adult]esses br+ _! p>am\rs :at y\r own wife br\ght y4 ,n :5 we liv$ = pleasure1 b :51 sep>at$1 we liv$ 9 *a/ity1 y presid+ at ! ,p>is s*ools1 ,i at ?y comm& dwell+ ) ! nuns at ,arg5teuil2 y devot$ to /udy1 ,i to pray] & holy read+2 x 0 !n t y alone paid ! p5alty = :at we _h done toge!r4 ,alone y bore ! puni%m5t1 :i* y des]v$ less ?an ,i4 ,:5 y _h humiliat$ y\rself & elevat$ me & all my k91 y little m]it$ t puni%m5t ei!r f ,god or f ^? traitors4 ,mis]able me1 begott5 to cause su* a crime6 ,o womank9d ev] ! ru9 ( ! noble/ m56#d 8,well ! ,tempt] kn[s h[ easy is man's ov]?r[ ?r\gh a wife4 ,he ca/ 8 malice ov] u1 & ! man :om he c\ld n ?r[ d[n ?r\gh =nication1 he tri$ ) m>riage1 us+ a good to br+ ab\t an evil :]e evil means _h fail$4 ,i ?ank ,god at lea/ = ?is1 t ! ,tempt] did n draw me to ass5t to t :i* became ! cause ( ! evil de$4 ,yet1 al?\gh 9 ?is my m9d absolves me1 too _m s9s _h gone be=e to leave me guiltless ( t crime4 ,= long a s]vant ( =bidd5 joys1 ,i e>n$ ! puni%m5t :i* ,i n[ suff] ( pa/ s9s4 ,let ! evil end be attribut$ to ill beg9n+s6 ,may my p5it5ce be meet = :at ,i h done1 & may long remorse 9 "s way comp5sate = ! p5alty y suff]$6 ,:at once y suff]$ 9 ! body1 may ,i ?r\gh contrition be> to ! end ( life1 t s ,i may make satisfaction to !e if n to ,god4 ,to confess ! infirmities ( my mo/ wret*$ s\l1 ,i c f9d no p5it5ce to (f] ,god1 :om ,i nev] cease to accuse ( utt] cruelty t[>ds y4 ,rebelli\s to ,8 rule1 ,i (f5d ,him ) indignation m ?an ,i placate ,him ) p5it5ce4 ,= t _c be call$ ! s9n]'s p5it5ce :]e1 :atev] be ! body's suff]+1 ! m9d reta9s ! w to s9 & /ill burns ) ! same desires4 ,x is easy 9 confession to accuse oneself ( s9s1 & also to d p5ance ) ! body2 b h>d inde$ to turn ! he>t f ! desire ( its greate/ joys6#e ,love's pleasures1 :i* we knew toge!r1 _c be made displeas+ to me nor driv5 f my memory4 ,:]ev] ,i turn1 !y press ^u me1 nor d !y sp>e my dreams4 ,ev5 9 ! solemn mom5ts ( ! ,mass1 :5 pray] %\ld be ! pure/1 _! phantoms cat* my s\l4 ,:5 ,i %\ld groan = :at ,i h done1 ,i sigh = :at ,i h lo/4 ,n only our acts1 b times & places /ick fa/ 9 my m9d1 & my body quiv]s4 ,o truly wret*$ me1 fit only to utt] ?is cry ( ! s\l3 #8,wret*$ t ,i am1 :o %all deliv] me f ! body ( ?is dea?8' ,w\ld ,i c\ld add ) tru? :at foll[s3--#8,i ?ank ,god ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,"l4' ,su* ?anksgiv+1 de>e/1 may be ?9e1 by "o bodily ill cur$ ( _m tortures ( ! s\l1 & ,god may h be5 m]ciful :]e ,he seem$ aga9/ y2 l a good physician :o does n sp>e ! pa9 ne$$ to save life4 ,b ,i am tortur$ ) passion & ! fires ( memory4 ,!y call me *a/e1 :o d n "k me = a hypocrite4 ,!y look ^u purity ( ! fle% z virtue--:i* is ( ! s\l1 n ( ! body4 ,hav+ "s praise f m51 ,i m]it none f ,god1 :o kn[s ! he>t4 ,i am call$ religi\s at a "t :5 mo/ religion is hypocrisy1 & :5 :oev] keeps f (f5ce aga9/ human law is prais$4 ,p]haps x seems praisewor?y & acceptable to ,god1 ?r\gh dec5t conduct1--:atev] ! int5t--to avoid sc&aliz+ ! ,*ur* or caus+ ! ,"l's "n to be blasphem$ or ! religi\s ,ord] discr$it$4 ,p]haps x may be ( grace j to ab/a9 f evil4 ,b ! ,scripture says1 #8,refra9 f evil & d good'2 & va9ly he attempts ei!r :o does n act f love ( ,god4 ,god kn[s t ,i h always fe>$ to (f5d !e m ?an ,i fe>$ to (f5d ,him2 & h desir$ to please !e r ?an ,him4 ,?y comm&1 n ! div9e love1 put on me ?is g>b ( religion4 ,:at a wret*$ life ,i lead if ,i va9ly endure all ?is "h & am to h no rew>d h]eaft]4 ,my hypocrisy has long deceiv$ y1 z x has o!rs1 & !re=e y desire my pray]s4 ,h no su* confid5ce2 ,i ne$ y\r pray]s2 d n )draw _! aid4 ,d n take away ! m$ic9e1 ?9k+ me :ole4 ,d n cease to ?9k me ne$y2 d n ?9k me /rong2 d n delay y\r help4 ,cease f prais+ me1 ,i beg4 ,no "o v]s$ 9 m$ic9e w judge ( inn] disease f outw>d view4 ,?y praise is ! m p]il\s because ,i love x1 & desire to please !e always4 ,be fe>ful r ?an confid5t reg>d+ me1 s t ,i may h ! help ( y\r c>e4 ,d n seek to spur me on1 by quot+1 #8,= /r5g? is made p]fect 9 weakness1' or #8,he is n cr[n$ unless he h cont5d$ lawfully4' ,i am n look+ = ! cr[n ( victory2 en\gh = me to escape p]il2--saf] to %un p]il ?an to wage w>6 ,9 :atev] little corn] ( heav5 ,god puts me1 t w satisfy me4 ,he> :at ,sa9t ,j]ome says3 #8,i confess my weakness2 ,i d n wi% to fight = ! hope ( victory1 le/ ,i lose4' ,:y give up c]ta9ties to foll[ ! unc]ta980 ,?is lett] gives a view ( ,helose's m9d1 its /rong grasp & its capacity = reason+1 ?\gh its reason+ is "h di/raught ) passion4 ,sca?+ly1 half-bl9d$ by h] pa91 %e decl>es ! p]v]sities ( ,provid5ce1 z !y gl>$ ^u h]4 ,su* a disclosure ( ! woman's m9d sugge/s h[ broadly bas$ 9 ?\ght & l>gely re>$ 0 t great love into :i* h] :ole s\l _h be5 p\r$1 ! m9d z well z he>t4 ,h] love 0 great1 unique1 n only f its =ce ( feel+1 b f ! p[] & scope ( ?\ght by :i* passion & feel+ 7 c>ri$ out s f> & fully to ! la/ conclusions ( devotion4 ,! lett] also %[s a woman driv5 by /ress ( mis]y to utt] cries & clut* at rem$ies t h] calm] self w\ld h put by4 ,x is n hypocrisy to conceal ! desires or imag9+s :i* "o w\ld nev] act ^u4 ,to tell ^! is n true disclosure ( oneself1 b sl&]4 ,torn by pa91 ,helose makes h]self m vile & ne$y ?an 9 o!r mom5ts %e knew h]self to be4 ,yet ! lett] also uncov]s h]1 & 9 nak$ness !re is "s tru?4 ,d\btless h] nun's g>b did clo! a hypocrite4 ,:atev] %e felt--& "h we see ! wor/ %e felt--be=e ! _w %e _h to act ! nun4 ,we %all soon see h[ %e =c$ h]self to act1 or be1 ! nun t[>d ,abael>d4 ,abael>d repli$ 9 a lett] fill$ ) religi\s argum5t & consolation4 ,x 0 self-controll$1 firm1 au?oritative1 & /rong 9 ^? argum5ts reg>d+ ,god's m]cy :i* h /ood ! te/ ( "t4 ,if !y sometimes fail to satisfy ! embitt]$ s\l1 at lea/ !y are ! be/ t man has kn[n4 ,& )al1 ! lett] is calmly & nobly affectionate--:at place 0 !re = love's prote/ations8 ,!y w\ld h increas$ ! evil1 add+ fuel to ,helose's passionate mis]y4 ,! ma/]-note is /ruck 9 ! address3 8,to ! sp\se ( ,*ri/1 ,8 s]vant40 ,! lett] seeks to turn ,helose's ?\ghts to h] nun's call+ & h] s\l's salvation4 ,x divides h] expressions ( compla9t "u f\r heads4 ,fir/1 he _h put h] "n fir/1 because %e _h become 8 sup]ior f ! mom5t ( h] bridal ) 8 ma/] ,*ri/4 ,j]ome writ+ to ,eu/o*ium call$ h] ,lady1 :5 %e _h become ! sp\se ( ,j]ome's ,"l4 ,abael>d %[s1 ) citations f ! ,song ( ,songs1 ! glory ( ! sp\se1 & h[ h] pray]s %\ld be s\ght by "o :o 0 ! s]vant ( h] ,husb&4 ,second1 z to ! t]rors r\s$ 9 h] by 8 m5tion ( 8 p]il & possible dea?1 he po9ts out t 9 h] fir/ lett] %e _h bidd5 him write ( ^? p]ils2 if !y br\ght him dea?1 %e %\ld deem t a k9d release4 ,%e %\ld n wi% to see 8 mis]ies drawn out1 ev5 = h] sake4 ,?ird1 he %[s t 8 praise ( h] 0 ju/ifi$ ev5 by h] disclaim] ( m]it--z x is writt51 ,:o humbles himself %all be exalt$4 ,he w>ns h] aga9/ false mode/y :i* may be vanity4 ,he turns at la/ to ! old & ceaseless pla9t :i* %e makes aga9/ ,god = cruelty1 :5 %e %\ld r glorify ,him2 he _h ?\ght t t bitt]ness _h dep>t$1 s dang]\s = h]1 s pa9ful to him4 ,if %e wi%$ to please him1 let h] lay x aside2 reta9+ x1 %e c\ld n please him or advance ) him to bless$ness2 let h] h ?is mu* religion1 n to sep>ate h]self f him ha/5+ to ,god2 let h] take com=t 9 _! j\rney+ to ! same goal4 ,he !n %[s h] t 8 puni%m5t 0 j z well z m]ciful2 he _h des]v$ x f ,god & also f ,fulb]t4 ,if %e w consid]1 %e w see 9 x ,god's ju/ice & ,8 m]cy2 ,god _h sav$ !m f %ipwreck2 _h rais$ a b>ri] aga9/ %ame & lu/4 ,= himself ! puni%m5t 0 purification1 n privation2 w n %e1 z 8 insep>able comrade1 p>ticipate 9 ! work+s ( ?is grace1 ev5 z %e %>$ ! guilt & its p>don8 ,once he _h ?\ght ( b9d+ h] to him 9 w$lock2 b ,god f\nd a means to turn !m bo? to ,him2 & ! ,"l 0 cont9u+ ,8 m]cy t[>ds h]1 caus+ h] to br+ =? spiritual daught]s1 :5 o!rwise %e w\ld only h borne *ildr5 9 ! fle%2 9 h] ! curse ( ,eve is turn$ to ! bless+ ( ,m>y4 ,god _h purifi$ !m bo?2 :om ,god love? ,he correcte?4 ,oh6 let h] ?\ghts dwell ) ! ,son ( ,god1 seiz$1 dragg$1 beat51 spit ^u1 cr[n$ ) ?orns1 hung on a vile cross4 ,let h] ?9k ( ,him z h] sp\se1 & = ,him let h] make lam5t2 ,he b\ght h] ) himself1 ,he lov$ h]4 ,9 comp>ison ) ,8 love1 8 own 7,abael>d's7 0 lu/1 seek+ ! pleasure x c\ld get f h]4 ,if he1 ,abael>d1 _h suff]$ = h]1 x 0 n will+ly nor = h] sake1 z ,*ri/ _h suff]$1 & = h] salvation4 ,let h] weep = ,him :o made h] :ole1 n = h] corrupt]2 = h] ,r$eem]1 n = h] defil]2 = ! ,"l :o di$ = h]1 n = ! liv+ s]vant1 himself j fre$ f ! dea?4 ,let 8 si/] accept ) pati5ce :at came to h] 9 m]cy f ,him :o w\nd$ ! body to save ! s\l4 8,we are "o 9 ,*ri/1 z ?r\gh m>riage we 7 "o fle%4 ,:atev] is ?9e is n ali5 to me4 ,*ri/ is ?9e1 because ?\ art ,8 sp\se4 ,& n[ ?\ ha/ me = a s]vant1 :o =m]ly 0 ?y ma/]--a s]vant unit$ to !e by spiritual love4 ,i tru/ 9 ?y plead+ ) ,him = su* def5ce z my own pray]s may n obta94 ,t no?+ may h9d] ?is petition ,i h compos$ ?is pray]1 :i* ,i s5d !e3 #8,o ,god1 :o =m$ woman f ! side ( man & did/ sanction ! sacram5t ( m>riage2 :o did/ be/[ ^u my frailty a cure = its incont95ce2 d n despise ! pray]s ( ?y h&maid1 & ! pray]s :i* ,i p\r out = my s9s & ^? ( my de> "o4 ,p>don our great crimes1 & may ! enormity ( our faults f9d ! greatness ( ?y ineffable m]cy4 ,puni% ! culprits 9 ! pres5t2 sp>e1 9 ! future4 ,?\ ha/ jo9$ u1 ,"l1 & ha/ divid$ u1 z x pleas$ !e4 ,n[ complete mo/ m]cifully :at ?\ ha/ begun 9 m]cy2 & ^? :om ?\ ha/ divid$ 9 ?is _w1 jo9 et]nally 9 heav51 ?\ :o art our hope1 our portion1 our expectation1 our consolation1 ,"l bless$ =ev]4 ,am54' 8,f>ewell 9 ,*ri/1 sp\se ( ,*ri/2 9 ,*ri/ f>ewell & 9 ,*ri/ live4 ,am540 ,9 h] next lett] ,helose obeys1 & turns h] p5 if n h] ?\ghts to ! topics sugge/$ by ,abael>d's admonitions4 ,! %ort s*ola/ically phras$ address _c be r5d]$ 9 any mod]n fa%ion3 8,dom9o specialit] sua s+ul>it]40 8,t y may h no fur!r reason to call me disob$i5t1 y\r comm& %all bridle ! words ( unre/ra9$ grief2 9 writ+ ,i w mod]ate my language1 :i* ,i might be unable to d 9 spee*4 ,no?+ is less 9 our p[] ?an our he>t2 :i* compels u to obey m (t5 ?an x obeys u4 ,:5 our affections goad u1 we _c keep ! sudd5 impulse f break+ out 9 words2 z x is writt51 #8,f ! fulness ( ! he>t ! m\? speake?4' ,s ,i w )hold my h& f writ+ :5ev] ,i am unable to control my words4 ,w\ld t ! sorr[+ he>t 7 z ready to obey z ! h& t writes6 ,y c af=d "s rem$y to grief1 ev5 :5 unable to dispel x q4 ,z "o nail driv5 9 drives out ano!r1 a new ?\ght pu%es away its pr$ecessor1 & ! m9d is fre$ = a "t4 ,a ?\ght1 moreov]1 takes ! m9d up & leads x f o!rs m effectually1 if ! subject ( ! ?\ght is excell5t & ( great importance40 ,! re/ ( ?is long lett] %[s ,helose putt+ h] pr9ciples 9 practice4 ,%e is =c+ h] m9d to consid] & h] p5 to disc\rse ^u topics :i* might prop]ly occupy an abbess's ?\ghts--topics1 moreov]1 :i* w\ld satisfy ,abael>d & call =? long lett]s 9 reply4 ,:e!r %e c>$ really = ^! matt]s or ev] came to c>e = !m2 or :e!r %e turn$ to !m to di/ract h] m9d & keep up "s poor make%ift ( int]c\rse ) "o :o w\ld & c\ld no long] be h] lov]2 or :e!r all ^! motives m+l$1 & 9 :at proportion1 p]haps may be/ be left to ,him :o tries ! he>t4 ,! abbess writes3 8,all ( u "h1 s]vants ( ,*ri/ & ?y daught]s1 make two reque/s ( ?y fa!r%ip :i* we deem mo/ ne$ful4 ,! "o is1 t y w\ld in/ruct u conc]n+ ! orig9s ( ! ord] ( nuns & ! au?ority = our call+4 ,! o!r is1 t y w\ld draw up a writt5 regula1 suitable = wom51 :i* %all prescribe & set ! ord] & usages ( our conv5t4 ,we d n f9d any adequate regula = wom5 among ! works ( ! holy ,fa!rs4 ,x is a manife/ defect 9 mona/ic in/itutions t ! same rules %\ld be impos$ ^u bo? monks & nuns1 & t ! weak] sex %\ld be> ! same mona/ic yoke z ! /rong]40 ,helose1 hav+ set ?is task = ,abael>d1 proce$s to %[ h[ ! v>i\s mona/ic regulae1 f ,b5$ict's d[nw>d1 fail$ to make suitable provision = ! habits & requirem5ts & weaknesses ( wom51 ! regulae hi!rto hav+ be5 conc]n$ ) ! weaknesses ( m54 ,%e ent]s ^u matt]s ( clo?+ & diet1 & ev]y?+ conc]n+ ! lives ( nuns4 ,%e writes z "o le>n$ 9 ,scripture & ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 & sets ! :ole matt] =?1 9 its details1 ) admirable und]/&+ ( its intricacies4 ,%e concludes1 rem9d+ ,abael>d t x is = him 9 8 lifetime to set a regula = !m to foll[ =ev]2 aft] ,god1 he is _! f\nd]4 ,!y might !reaft] h "s tea*] :o w\ld build 9 ali5 fa%ion2 su* a "o might h less c>e & und]/&+1 & might n be z readily obey$ z himself2 x is = him to speak1 & !y w li/54 ,vale4 ,! fir/ ( ,helose's lett]s is a great expression ( a great love2 9 ! second1 angui% drives ! writ]'s h&2 9 ! ?ird1 %e has ga9$ self-control2 %e suppresses h] he>t1 & writes a lett] :i* is discursive & imp]sonal f ! beg9n+ to ! little ,vale at ! end4 ,abael>d return$ a long epi/le ^u ! ,scriptural orig9 ( ! ord] ( nuns1 & soon foll[$ x ) ano!r1 /ill long]1 conta9+ in/ruction1 advice1 & rules = ! nuns ( ! ,p>aclete4 ,he also wrote !m a lett] ^u ! /udy ( ,scripture4 ,f ?is "t =? he prov$ 8 devotion to ,helose & h] nuns by ! l>ge body ( writ+s :i* he compos$ = _! edification4 ,helose s5t him a long li/ ( que/ions ^u obscure phrases & knotty po9ts ( ,scripture1 :i* he answ]$ dilig5tly 9 detail4#f ,he !n s5t h] a collection ( hymns writt5 or 8re>rang$0 by himself = ! use ( ! nuns1 accompani$ by a prefatory lett]3 8,at ?y pray]s1 my si/] ,helose1 once de> to me 9 ! _w1 n[ mo/ de> 9 ,*ri/1 ,i h compos$ :at 9 ,greek are call$ hymns1 & 9 ,hebrew tillim40 ,he !n expla9s :y1 yield+ to ! reque/s ( ! nuns1 he _h writt5 hymns1 ( :i* ! ,*ur* _h su* a /ore4 ,next he compos$ = !m a l>ge volume ( s]mons1 :i* he also s5t ) a lett] to ,helose3 8,hav+ complet$ ! book ( hymns & sequ5ces1 rev]$ 9 ,*ri/ & lov$ si/] ,helose1 ,i h ha/5$ to compose "s s]mons = y\r congregation2 ,i h paid m att5tion to ! mean+ ?an ! language4 ,b p]haps an un/udi$ /yle is well suit$ to simple auditors4 ,9 compos+ & arrang+ ^! s]mons ,i h foll[$ ! ord] ( ,*ur* fe/ivals4 ,f>ewell 9 ! ,"l1 s]vant ( ,81 once de> to me 9 ! _w1 n[ mo/ de> 9 ,*ri/3 9 ! fle% !n my wife1 n[ my si/] 9 ! _s & p>tn] 9 our sacr$ call+40 ,at a subsequ5t p]iod1 :5 8 op9ions 7 condemn$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,s5s1 he s5t to ,helose a confession ( fai?4 ,%ortly aft]w>d 8 /ormy life f\nd a la/ refuge 9 ! mona/]y ( ,cluny4 ,8 clos+ ye>s 7( peace87 are describ$ 9 a lett] to ,helose f ! good & rev]$ abbot1 ,pet] ! ,v5]able4 ,he writes t he _h receiv$ ) joy ! lett] :i* h] affection _h dictat$1#g & n[ took ! fir/ opportunity to express 8 recognition ( h] affection & 8 rev]5ce = h]self4 ,he ref]s to h] ke5ly prosecut$ /udies 7s r>e = wom57 be=e tak+ ! veil1 & !n to ! glori\s example ( h] sage & holy life 9 ! nun's sacr$ call+--h] victory ov] ! pr\d ,pr9ce ( ?is ,_w4 ,8 admiration = h] 0 deep2 8 expression ( x 0 extreme4 ,a le>n$1 wise1 & holy woman c\ld n be prais$ m ard5tly ?an ,helose is prais$ by ?is good man4 ,he _h spok5 ( ! advantages 8 mona/]y w\ld h d]iv$ f h] pres5ce1 & !n cont9u$3 8,b al?\gh ,god's provid5ce d5i$ u ?is1 x 0 grant$ u to enjoy ! pres5ce ( him--:o 0 y\rs--,ma/] ,pet] ,abael>d1 a man always to be spok5 ( ) hon\r z a true s]vant ( ,*ri/ & a philosoph]4 ,! div9e disp5sation plac$ him 9 ,cluny = 8 la/ ye>s1 & ?r\gh him enri*$ our mona/]y ) treasure ri*] ?an gold4 ,no brief writ+ c\ld d ju/ice to 8 holy1 humble1 & devot$ life among u4 ,i h n se5 8 equal 9 humility ( g>b & mann]4 ,:5 9 ! cr[d ( our bre?r5 ,i =c$ him to take a fir/ place1 9 meanness ( clo?+ he appe>$ z ! la/ ( all4 ,(t5 ,i m>vell$1 z ! monks walk$ pa/ me1 to see a man s great & fam\s ?us despise & abase himself4 ,he 0 ab/emi\s 9 food & dr9k1 refus+ & condemn+ ev]y?+ beyond ! b>e necessities4 ,he 0 assidu\s 9 /udy1 frequ5t 9 pray]1 always sil5t unless compell$ to answ] ! "q ( "s bro!r or exp\nd sacr$ !mes be=e u4 ,he p>took ( ! sacram5t z (t5 z possible4 ,truly 8 m9d1 8 tongue1 8 act1 taught & exemplifi$ religion1 philosophy1 & le>n+4 ,s he dwelt ) u1 a man simple & righte\s1 fe>+ ,god1 turn+ f evil1 consecrat+ to ,god ! latt] days ( 8 life4 ,at la/1 because ( 8 bodily infirmities1 ,i s5t him to a quiet & salubri\s retreat on ! banks ( ! ,saone4 ,!re he b5t ov] 8 books1 z long z 8 /r5g? la/$1 always pray+1 read+1 writ+1 or dictat+4 ,9 ^! sacr$ ex]cises1 n sleep+ b wat*+1 he 0 f\nd by ! heav5ly ,visitor2 :o summon$ him to ! et]nal w$d+-fea/ n z a fooli% b z a wise virg91 be>+ 8 lamp fill$ ) oil--! consci\sness ( a holy life4 ,:5 he came to pay humanity's la/ debt1 8 illness 0 brief4 ,) holy devotion he made confession ( ! ,ca?olic ,fai?1 !n ( 8 s9s4 ,! bro!rs :o 7 ) him c te/ify h[ dev\tly he receiv$ ! viaticum ( t la/ j\rney1 & ) :at f]v5t fai? he comm5d$ 8 body & s\l to 8 ,r$eem]4 ,?us ?is ma/]1 ,pet]1 complet$ 8 days4 ,he :o 0 kn[n ?r\gh\t ! _w by ! fame ( 8 tea*+1 ent]$ ! s*ool ( ,him :o said1 #8,le>n ( me1 = ,i am meek & l[ly ( he>t'2 & cont9u+ meek & l[ly he pass$ to ,him1 z we may believe4 8,v5]able & de>e/ si/] 9 ! ,"l1 ! man :o 0 once jo9$ to !e 9 ! fle%1 & !n by ! /rong] *a9 ( div9e love1 him 9 ?y /ead1 or z ano!r !e1 ! ,"l holds 9 ,8 bosom2 & at ! day ( ,8 com+1 ,8 grace w re/ore him to !e40 ,! abbot aft]w>ds visit$ ! ,p>aclete1 & on return+ to ,cluny receiv$ ?is lett] f ! abbess3 8,god's m]cy visit+ u1 we h be5 visit$ by ! fav\r ( y\r graci\sness4 ,we are glad1 k9de/ fa!r1 & we glory t y\r greatness condesc5d$ to our insignificance4 ,a visit f y is an hon\r ev5 to ! great4 ,! o!rs may "k ! great b5efit !y receiv$ f ! pres5ce ( y\r highness4 ,i _c tell 9 words1 or ev5 compreh5d 9 ?\ght1 h[ b5eficial & h[ sweet y\r com+ 0 to me4 ,y1 our abbot & our "l1 celebrat$ mass ) u ! sixte5? ( ! ,cal5ds ( la/ ,decemb]2 y comm5d$ u to ! ,holy ,_s2 y n\ri%$ u ) ! ,div9e ,^w2--y gave u ! body ( ! ma/]1 & confirm$ t gift f ,cluny4 ,to me also1 unwor?y to be y\r s]vant1 ?\gh by ^w & lett] y h call$ me si/]1 y gave z a pl$ge ( s9c]e love ! privilege ( a ,tric5>ium1 to be p]=m$ by ! bre?r5 ( ,cluny1 aft] my dea?1 = ! b5efit ( my s\l4 ,y h promis$ to confirm ?is "u y\r seal4 ,may y fulfil ?is1 my "l4 ,might x please y also to s5d to me t o!r seal$ roll1 conta9+ ! absolution ( ! ma/]1 t ,i may hang x on 8 tomb4 ,rememb] also1 = ! love ( ,god1 our--& y\r--,a/ralabius1 to obta9 = him a preb5d f ! bi%op ( ,p>is or ano!r4 ,f>ewell4 ,may ,god pres]ve y1 & grant to u sometime y\r pres5ce40 ,! good abbot repli$ ) a k9d & affectionate lett]1 confirm+ 8 gift ( ! ,tric5>ium1 promis+ to d all he c\ld = ,a/ralabius1 & s5d+ ) 8 lett] ! record ( ,abael>d's absolution1 z foll[s3 8,i1 ,pet]1 ,abbot ( ,cluny1 :o receiv$ ,pet] ,abael>d to be a monk 9 ,cluny1 & grant$ 8 body1 secretly transport$1 to ! ,abbess ,helose & ! nuns ( ! ,p>aclete1 absolve him1 9 ! p]=mance ( my (fice 7pro (ficio7 by ! au?ority ( ! omnipot5t ,god & all ! sa9ts1 f all 8 s9s40 ,abael>d di$ 9 ! ye> #aadb1 ag$ sixty-?ree4 ,tw5ty-"o ye>s aft]w>d ,helose di$ at ! same age1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! same tomb ) him at ! ,p>aclete3 8,hoc tumulo abbatissa jacet prud5s ,helossa40 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,g]man ,,consid]ations3 ,,wal!r ,,von ,,d] ,,vogelweide ,a criticism ( ! _w ( feudalism1 *ivalry1 & love may be _h f ! impressions & temp]am5tal reactions ( a c]ta9 ?9k+ atom revolv+ 9 ! same4 ,! atom ref]r$ to 0 ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide1 a ,g]man1 a knight1 a ,m9nes+]1 & a national poet ^: ?\ghts 7 mov$ by ! in/9cts ( 8 ca/e & race4 ,9 language1 temp]am5t1 & "*1 ! ,g]mans ea/ ( ! ,rh9e 7 ,g]mans /ill 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,!y _h accept$1 & ev5 vitally appropriat$1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity2 ^? ( !m :o 7 educat$ _h receiv$ a ,lat9 education4 ,yet _! natures1 ?\gh some:at temp]$1 %[$ l>gely & di/9ctly ,g]man4 ,moreov]1 ?r\gh ! c5turies1 !y _h acquir$--or r !y _h nev] lo/--a national antipa?y t[>d ^? ,roman papal well-spr+s ( au?ority1 :i* seem$ to suck back ,g]man gold & l&s 9 return = spiritual assurance & political betrayal4 ,a diff]5t & already m$iaevaliz$ elem5t _h also become "p ( ,g]man culture1 to wit1 ! matt] ( ! ,fr5* ,ar?urian romances & ! lyric fa%ions ( ,prov5ce1 :i*1 work+ toge!r1 _h captivat$ modi% ,g]man circles f ! ,rh9e to ! ,danube4 ,nev]!less ! ,g]man "* ma9ta9$ itself 9 ! ,m9neli$] :i* foll[$ ,prov5al poetry1 & 9 ! hfis* 7c\rtly7 epics :i* 7 palpable translations f ! ,fr5*4#h ,! di/+ui%$ gr\p ( ,g]man poets ^: lives fall ar\nd ! ye> #abjj1 7 z ,g]man z _! language1 al?\gh !y borr[$ f abroad ! =m & matt] ( _! compositions4 ,!re c\ld be no bett] ,g]mans ?an ! two mo/ ?\ghtful ( ?is gr\p1 ,wolfram von ,es*5ba* & ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide4 ,mo/ ,g]manically ! =m] wre/l$ ) t anci5t !me1 8f suff]+1 wisdom10 :i* he press$ into ! tale ( ,p>zival4 ,8 great poem1 a*iev$ ) toil & sweat1 0 mighty 9 its climaxes1 & fit to /r5g!n ! he>ts ( ^? m5 :o ?r\gh sorr[ & lonel9ess & despair's temptations 7 gr[+ 8sl[ly wise40 ,! virtues :i* ,wolfram prais$ & embodi$ 9 8 h]o 7 ^? prais$ 9 ! v]ses1 & ev51 "o may ?9k1 /ruggl+ly exemplifi$ 9 ! conduct1 ( ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide1#i mo/ fam\s ( ,m9nes+]s1 & a p[] 9 ! ,g]man l&s ?r\gh 8 ,spr*e1 or v]ses p]sonal & political4 ,less is kn[n ( 8 life ?an ( 8 :ole & manly views1 8 poetic fancies1 8 mus+s1 8 hopes1 & great depressions4 ,_m places h claim$ ! hon\r ( 8 bir?1 :i* took place some:at be=e #aagj4 ,he 0 poor1 & ?r\gh 8 y\? & manhood mov$ ab\t f ca/le to ca/le1 & f c\rt to c\rt1 seek+ to w9 "s recomp5se = 8 excell5t v]ses & good company4 ,?us he le>n$ mu* ( m51 8climb+ ano!r's /airs10 ) 8 fell[s1 at ! ,l&graf ,h]mann's ,w>tburg1 or at ! ,au/rian ducal ,c\rt4 ,wal!r's ,spr*e r5d] 8 moods mo/ surely1 & reflect 8 outlook on ! _w4 ,8 *>m+ ,m9neli$] be> m conv5tional evid5ce4 ,! c\rtly ,g]man love-songs pass+ by ?is "n 7 affect$ by ! conceits & conv5tions ( ! ,prov5al poetry ^u :i* !y 7 modell$4 ,a /rong nature might use su* ) p[]1 or break ) _! influ5ce4 ,wal!r made 8 own ! high conv5tion ( tr\vre & tr\bad\r1 t love uplifts ! lov]'s be+4 ,besides ?is1 & besides ! light] =ms & phrases curr5t 9 su* poetry1 8 ,li$] c>ry natural feel+1 joy1 & moral levity1 accord+ to ! !me2 !y also may express ,wal!r's convictions4 ,to take examples3 ,wal!r's ,tageli$#aj imitates ! ,prov5al alba 7dawn71 9 :i* knight & truant lady bewail ! com+ ( ! light & ! p>t+ :i* x br+s4 ,f> m joy\s1 & z immoral z "o pleases1 is ,unt] d] ,l9de1 mo/ fam\s ( 8 songs4 ,m>vell\sly x gives ! mood ( love's joy rememb]$--& anticipat$ too4 ,! immorality is complete 7if we w be s]i\s71 & is r5d]$ mo/ allur+ by ! utt] gladness ( ! girl's song--no rep5tance1 no regret2 only joy & rogui% laught]4 ,wal!r 0 "y1 he 0 a knight & a ,m9nes+]2 he _h d\btless lov$1 9 ?is way6 ,8 love-songs h pl5ty to say ( ! r$ m\?1 good = kiss+--,i c>e n :o kn[s x ei!r4 ,b he also realizes1 & greatly s+s1 ! height & bread? & wor? ( love ! true & /able1 ! bless+ & completion ( two lives1 :i* comes to a false he>t nev]4#aa ,he seems to feel x necess>y to def5d love = itself1 p]haps because m>riage 0 tak5 m s]i\sly 9 ?is imitative ,g]man lit]ature ?an 9 ! ,fr5* & ,prov5al orig9als3 8,:o says t love is s91 let him consid] well4 ,_m an hon\r dwells ) h]1 & tro? & happ9ess4 ,if "o does ill to ! o!r1 love is griev$4 ,i d n mean false love2 t 7 bett] nam$ un-love4 ,no fri5d ( t1 am ,i40 ,b 8 ?\ghts turn quickly to love z a la/+ union3 8,he happy man1 %e happy woman1 ^: he>ts are to ea* o!r true2 bo? lives increas$ 9 price & wor?2 bless$ _! ye>s & all _! days40#ab ,giv+ play to 8 cau/ic temp]1 ,wal!r puts scorn ^u ! light ( love3 8,fool he :o _c und]/& :at joy & good1 love br+s4 ,b ! light man is ev] pleas$ ) light ?+s1 z is fit60#ac ,?is ,m9nes+] appli$ mo/ e>ne/ /&>ds to life2 l(ty 8 praise ( ! qualities ( womanhood1 :i* are bett] ?an beauty or ri*es3 8woman0 is a high] ^w ?an 8lady0#ad--;x took a ,g]man to say ?is4 8,he :o c>ries hidd5 sorr[ 9 8 he>t1 let him ?9k ^u a good woman--he is fre$40#ae ,) a bur/ ( patriotism1 9 "o ( 8 greate/ poems ,wal!r praises ,g]man wom5 z ! be/ 9 all ! _w4#af ,b ev5 9 ! ,m9neli$]1 ,wal!r has 8 despond5cies4 ,"o ( ! mo/ def9ite1 & possibly conv5tional1 0 regret = love's lab\r lo/1 & ! days ( y\? sp5t 9 s]vice ( an ungraci\s fair4 ,! poet wond]s h[ x is t he :o has help$ o!r m5 is tongue-ti$ be=e 8 lady4 ,aga91 8 reflections broad5 f ?\ghts ( unresponsive fair ones to a conviction ( life's ?anklessness4 8,i h well s]v$ ! ,_w 7,frau ,welt1 ,society71 & gladly w\ld s]ve h] m1 b = h] evil ?anks & h] way ( pref]r+ fools to me4444 ,come1 ,_w1 give me bett] greet+--! loss is n all m9e40 ,he kn[s 8 good unb5d+ temp] :i* w n endure to he> ill spok5 ( ! upright4 ,b he ?9ks1 :at is ! use8 :y speak s sweetly1 :y s+1 :5 virtue & beauty are s lightly held1 & e "o does evil1 fe>+ n\ght8 ,! v]se :i* c>ries ^! reflections is toss+ 9 ! squally hav5 ( ,society2 soon ! poet w enc\nt] ! wild sea )\t4 ,/ill f ! w9dy h>b\r comes "o gr& lam5t ov] art's decl9e3 8,! wor/ songs please1 frogs' voices6 ,oh1 ,i laugh f ang]6 ,lady ,_w1 no score ( m9e is on y\r devil's slate4 ,_m a life ( man & woman h ,i made glad--might ,i s h gladd5$ m9e6 ,"h1 ,i make my ,w1 & bequea? my goods--to ! envi\s my ill-luck1 my sorr[s to ! li>s1 my follies to false lov]s1 & to ! ladies my he>t's pa940#ag ,he makes a solemn (f]+ ( 8 poems3 8,good wom51 wor?y m51 a lov+ greet+ is my due4 ,=ty ye>s h ,i sung fitt+ly ( love2 & n[1 take my songs :i* gladd51 z my gift to y4 ,y\r fav\r be my return4 ,& ) my /aff ,i w f>e on1 /ill woo+ wor? ) undi%e>t5$ "w1 z f my *ildhood4 ,s %all ,i be1 9 l[ly lot1 "o ( ! ,noble--= me en\gh40 ,to reli% ,wal!r's love-songs1 "o ne$ n "k :e!r %e 0 d>k or fair1 kept =e/-try/ or li/5$ by "s ca/le's he>?1 or 9 :at ,g]man l& t ca/le /ood4 ,likewise 9 8 ,spr*e1 :i* h o!r be>+1 ! roll ( 8 prote/+ voice c>ries ! univ]sal human4 ,to compreh5d !m x 7 well to "k t life 0 !n z n[ nigg>dly 9 rew>d+ virtue2 beyond ?is1 "o ne$s to h ! type-idea ( ! ,empire & ! ,papacy1 ^? two p[]s :i* 7 set1 some:at antagoni/ically1 on ! decree ( ,god2 bo? claim+ ! _w's head%ip2 ! "o1 ,roman 9 tradition1 b 9 /r5g? & temp] ,g]man1 & ( ?is _w decid$ly4 ,! o!r1 ,roman 9 ! g5ius ( its organization1 & ,*ri/ian 9 its subord9ation ( ! life bel[ to ! life to come1 if n 9 ! me?ods ( e/abli%+ ?is consummation2 ,*ri/ian too1 b m especially m$iaeval1 9 its =mal disda9 = :atev] belong$ to e>?4 ,9 ,g]many ^! two p>tial opposites 7 fur!r antagoniz$1 s9ce ! native res\rces recoil$ f ! =eign dra9 ^u !m1 & ! /ruggl+ patriotism ( a brok5 l& res5t$ ! pressure ( a /ate )9 & above ! /ate ( duke & k+ & emp]or4 ,9 ,wal!r's "t ,innoc5t ,,iii4 sway$ ! nations f ,pet]'s ?rone4 ,j be=e ,innoc5t's accession1 ,g]many's able emp]or1 ,h5ry ,,vi41 di$ sudd5ly 9 ,sicily 7,septemb] #aaig71 leav+ an heir n two ye>s old4 ,! que5-"m1 dy+ ! next ye>1 bequea!d ?is *ild1 ,fr$]ick1 to ! pat]nal c>e ( ,innoc5t1 8 feudal z well z gho/ly "l1 s9ce ! que51 = h]self & *ild1 _h accept$ ! ,pope z ! feudal suz]a9 ( _! k+dom ( ,sicily4 ,9 ,g]many 7us+ t "n loosely & broadly7 ,philip ,hoh5/auff51 ,h5ry's bro!r & ,duke ( ,suabia1 claim$ ! ?rone4 ,8 unequal oppon5t 0 ,otto ( ,brunswick1 ( ! ev]-rebelli\s h\se ( ,h5ry ! ,lion4 ,! ,pope oppos$ ! ,hoh5/auff52 b 0 oblig$ to ackn[l$ge him :5 ! c\rse ( ! t5 ye>s ( wa/+ civil w> 9 ,g]many decid$ 9 8 fav\r--:]eupon1 alack6 ,philip 0 murd]$ 7#abjg74 ,quickly ! ,pope turn$ back to ,otto2 b ! latt]1 aft] he _h be5 cr[n$ k+ & emp]or1 became intol]able to ,innoc5t ?r\gh ! compulsion ( 8 position z ! head ( an empire inh]5tly ho/ile to ! papacy4 ,to ?w>t him ,innoc5t set up 8 own w>d1 ,fr$]ick4 ,soon ?is precoci\s y\? began to make head aga9/ pope-=sak5 ,otto2 & !n ! excommunicat$ emp]or 0 ov]?r[n 9 #abad by ,philip ,augu/us ( ,france1 :o _h int]v5$ 9 ,fr$]ick's fav\r4 ,s ,otto pass$ away1 &1 "s "t aft]1 ,fr$]ick 0 cr[n$ ,g]man k+ at ,aix-la-,*apelle4#ah ,9 ! mean:ile ,innoc5t di$ 7#abaf71 & amity foll[$ betwe5 ,fr$]ick & ! g5tle ,honorius ,,iii41 :o cr[n$ ,fr$]ick emp]or at ,rome 9 #abbj4 ,?is peace end$ quickly :5 ! /]n] ,gregory ,,ix4 asc5d$ ! papal ?rone on ! dea? ( ,honorius 9 #abbg4 ,wal!r's life ext5d$ ?r\gh ^! ev5ts4 ,?\gh app>5tly *ang+ sides "u ! /ress ( 8 necessities1 he 0 patriotically ,g]man to ! end4 ,fir/ he clave to ! ,hoh5/auff51 ,philip1 z ! true uphold] ( ,g]man int]e/s aga9/ ,otto & ! ,pope4 ,on ,philip's dea?1 he turn$ to ,otto2 b ) all ! _w left him at la/ = ,fr$]ick4 ,x is kn[n t ,wal!r1 an easily ang]$ man1 felt himself ill-us$ by ,otto & ju/ifi$ 9 turn+ to ! op5-h&$ ,fr$]ick1 :o f9ally gave him a small fief4 ,to ! la/1 ,wal!r upheld him z ,g]many's sov]eign4 ,probably ! poet di$ 9 ! ye> #abbh1 j z ,gregory 0 succe$+ ,honorius1 & ! dea?-/ruggle ( ! ,empire ) ! ,papacy 0 op5+4 ,) no light he>t1 z well may be imag9$1 _h ,wal!r look$ ab\t him on ! dea? ( ! emp]or ,h5ry 9 #aaig4 8,i sat ^u a rock1 cross$ knee on knee1 & ) elb[ s support$1 *9 on h& ,i lean$4 ,anxi\sly ,i pond]$4 ,i c\ld see no way to w9 ga9 )\t loss4 ,hon\r & ri*es d n g h& 9 h&1 bo? ( less value ?an ,god's fav\r4 ,w\ld ,i h !m all8 ,alas6 ri*es & worldly hon\r & ,god's fav\r come n )9 ! closure ( "o he>t's wi%es4 ,! ways are b>r$2 p]fidy lurks 9 secret1 & might walks ! highroads4 ,peace & law are w\nd$40#ai ,! p]sonal dilemma ( ! poet ) 8 =tune to make1 b desir\s ( do+ "r1 mirrors ! desp]ate situation ( ! ,/ate3 8,woe is !e1 ,g]man tongue2 ill /& ?y ord] & ?y hon\r6--,i he> ! lies ( ,rome betray+ two k+s60 ,& 9 v]ses ( wra? ,wal!r inveighs aga9/ ! ,pope4 ,! sweep+ nature ( 8 d5unciation raises ! "q :e!r he m]ely attack$ ! suppos$ trea*]y ( ! reign+ pope1 or 0 oppos$ to ! papacy z an in/itution ho/ile to ! ,g]man nation4 ,! answ] is n cle>4 ,m$iaeval d5unciations ( ! ,*ur* range f indictm5ts ( p>ticul> abuses1 on ?r\gh m g5]al invectives1 to ! cle> prote/s ( h]etics impugn+ ! ecclesia/ical sy/em4 ,x is n always easy to asc]ta9 ! speak]'s mean+4 ,usually ! abuse & n ! sy/em is attack$4 ,ho/ility to ! latt]1 h[ev] sweep+ ! language ( satiri/ or prea*]1 is n lightly to be inf]r$4 ,! invectives ( ,/4 ,b]n>d & ,damiani are v broad2 b :]e _h ! ,*ur* m devot$ sons8 ,ev5 ! satiri/s compos+ 9 ,old ,fr5* r>ely int5d$ an assault ^u h] spiritual au?ority4 ,x w\ld seem z if1 at lea/ 9 ! ,romance c\ntries1 "o mu/ look = su* ho/ility to h]etical circles1 ! ,wald5ses = example4 ,& f ! or?odox m$iaeval /&po9t1 ?is 0 _! mo/ accurs$ h]esy4 ,x w\ld h be5 h>d = any ,g]man to use broad] language ?an "s ( ! ,fr5* satiri/s & ,lat9 ca/igators4 ,if !re 0 a diff]5ce1 x mu/ be s\ght 9 ! specific matt] ( ! ,g]man disapproval view$ 9 connection ) ! political situation4 ,0 a position ev] tak5 incompatible ) ! ,*ur*'s absolute spiritual au?ority8 or "o intr9sically irreconcilable ) ! secul> p[] ( ! papacy8 ,at any "t1 9 any c\ntry1 papal claims might become irreconcilable ) ! royal pr]ogative--z ,william ! ,conqu]or _h held ^? ( ,gregory ,,vii4 9 ,engl&1 & z1 two c5turies aft]w>ds1 ,philip ! ,fair 0 to hold ^? ( ,boniface ,,viii4 9 ,france4 ,b 9 nei!r case 0 !re su* %e] & fundam5tal antagonism z m5 felt to exi/ betwe5 ! ,empire & ! ,papacy4 ,p]haps x 0 possible 9 ! e>ly ?irte5? c5tury = a ,g]man ^: :ole he>t 0 on ! ,g]man side to dispute ev5 ! sac]dotal pr9ciple ( papal au?ority4 ,x is h>d to judge o!rwise ( ,freidank1 ! v ,g]man compos] or collector ( tr5*ant say+s 9 ! e>ly ?irte5? c5tury4 ,_m ( ^! sne] at ,rome & ! ,pope1 & "s ( !m /rike ! gi/ ( ! matt]3 8,sunde nieman mac v]geb5 wan ,got ale90 78,god alone c =give s9s074 ,?is is ! direct /atem5t2 he gives its scornful conv]se3 8,c\ld ! ,pope absolve me f my oa?s & duties1 ,i'd let o!r sureties g & fa/5 to him alone40#bj ,su* words mean d5ial ( ! ,*ur*'s au?ority to =give1 & ! ,pope's to grant absolution f oa?s ( allegiance4 ,freidank is v ne> reject+ ! pr9ciples ( ! ecclesia/ical sy/em4 ,wal!r1 ,freidank's contempor>y1 is m picturesque3 8,k+ ,con/ant9e1 he gave s mu*--z ,i w tell y--to ! ,*air ( ,rome3 spe>1 cross1 & cr[n4 ,at once ! angels cri$3 #8,alas6 ,alas6 ,alas6 ,*ri/5dom be=e /ood cr[n$ ) righte\sness4 ,n[ is poison fall5 on h]1 & h] honey turn$ to gall--sad = ! _w h5ce=?6' ,to-day ! pr9ces all live 9 hon\r2 only _! highe/ langui%es--s works ! prie/'s election4 ,be t d5\nc$ to !e1 sweet ,god6 ,! prie/s w\ld upset laym5's rights3 true is ! angels' prophecy40#ba ,on ,con/ant9e's apocryphal gift1 symboliz$ by ! emblems ( ,*ri/'s passion1 re/$ ! secul> au?ority ( ! popes1 :i* ,wal!r lam5ts ) ! angels4 8,! ,*air ( ,rome 0 fir/ set up by ,sorc]] ,g]b]t6 ,que] hi/ory ?is1 b we see :at he means4 ,he de/roy$ 8 own s\l only2 b ?is "o w\ld br+ d[n ,*ri/5dom ) him to p]dition4 ,:5 w all tongues call ,heav5 to arms1 & ask ,god h[ long ,he w sleep8 ,!y br+ to n\ght ,8 "w1 di/ort ,8 ,^w4 ,8 /ew>d /eals ,8 treasure2 ,8 judge robs "h & murd]s !re2 ,8 %eph]d has become a wolf among ,8 %eep40#bb ,! cl]gy po9t _! f+]s heav5w>d :ile !y travel fa/ to hell4#bc ,h[ laughs ! ,pope at u1 :5 at home ) 8 ,italians1 at ! way he empties our ,g]man pockets into 8 8poor boxes40#bd ,wal!r's hatr$ ( ! =eign ,pope is r\s$ at e po9t4 ,& at la/1 9 a ,spru* full ( impli$ mean+1 he decl>es t ,*ri/'s ^w z to ! tribute money meant t ! emp]or %\ld receive 8 royal due4#be ,^! utt]ances1 consid]$ 9 ! light ( ! political & racial situation1 seem to d5y1 at lea/ implicitly1 ! secul> p[] ( ! papacy4 ,yet 9 matt]s ( religion ,wal!r app>5tly 0 entirely or?odox1 & a pi\s ,*ri/ian4 ,he has left a sweet pray] to ,*ri/1 ) ample recognition ( ! angels & ! sa9ts1 & a beautiful v]se ( p5it5t contrition1 9 :i* he confesses 8 s9s to ,god v directly--h[ t he does ! wrong1 & leaves ! "r1 & fails 9 love ( neighb\r4 8,fa!r1 ,son1 may ?y ,_s light5 m9e2 h[ may ,i love him :o does me ill8 ,ev] de> to me is he :o treats me well60#bf ,wal!r's que/+ _s also pond]$ ov] ,god's greatness & incompreh5sibility4#bg ,8 op5 m9d is %[n by ! fam\s l9e3 8,him 7,god7 ,*ri/ians1 ,jews1 & hea!n s]ve10#bh a bread? ( view %>$ by 8 fri5d ,wolfram von ,es*5ba*1 :o speaks ( ! *a/e virtue ( a hea!n lady z equal to baptism4#bi ,! p]sonal lot ( ?is pr\d he>t 0 n an easy "o2 homelessness broke him d[n1 & ! bitt]ness ( eat+ o!rs' bread4 ,too well _h he le>n$ ( ! _w & all its *ang+ ways1 & h[ poor becomes ! s\l t foll[s !m4 ,mortality is a trite sorr[2 !re are worse3 8,we all compla9 t ! old die & pass away2 r let u lam5t ta9ts ( ano!r hue1 t tro? & seeml9ess & hon\r are dead40#cj ,at ! la/ ,wal!r's grey memory ( life & 8 va9ly ye>n+ hope took =m 9 a great elegy4 ,aft] long ye>s he seem$1 ) heavy /eps1 & lean+ on 8 w&]]'s /aff1 to be return+ to a home :i* 0 *ang$ =ev]3 8,alas6 :i!r are !y vani%$1 my _m ye>s6 ,did ,i dream my life1 or is x real8 :at ,i once deem$ x1 0 x t8 ,& n[ ,i wake1 & all ! ?+s & p once famili>1 /range6 ,my playmates1 dull & old6 ,& ! fields *ang$2 only t ! /reams /ill fl[ z !n !y fl[$1 my he>t w\ld break ) ?9k+ on ! glad days1 vani%$ 9 ! sea4 ,& ! "y p6 sl[ & mir?less6 & ! knights g clad z peasants6 ,ah6 ,rome6 ?y ban6 ,our groans h /ill$ ! song ( birds4 ,fool ,i1 to speak & s despair1--& ! e>? looks fair6 ,up knights aga93 y\r swords1 y\r arm\r6 w\ld to ,god ,i might f>e ) y\r victor b&1 & ga9 my pay too--n 9 l&s ( e>?6 ,oh6 might ,i w9 ! et]nal cr[n f t sweet voyage beyond ! sea1 !n w\ld ,i s+ ,o joy6 & nev] m1 alas--nev] m1 alas40#ca ,,book ,v ,,symbolism ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,scriptural ,,allegories ,,9 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,middle ,,ages2 ,,honorius ,,( ,,autun ,words1 pictures1 & o!r vehicles ( expression are symbols ( :atev] !y are int5d$ to designate4 ,a c]ta9 unavoidable symbolism also inh]es 9 human m5tal processes2 = ! m9d 9 kn[+ 8turns itself to images10 z ,aqu9as says foll[+ ,ari/otle2 & e /atem5t or =mulation is a ca/+ toge!r ( data 9 "s pres5table & repres5tative =m4 ,an example is ! ,apo/les' ,cre$1 call$ also by ?is v "n ( ,symbol1 be+ a ca/+ toge!r1 an elem5t>y =mula1 ( ! ess5tials ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?4 ,9 ! same s5se ! 8law ( gravitation0 or a moral precept is a d$uction1 induction1 or ga!r+ toge!r into a repres5tative symbol1 ( o!rwise unassembl$ & uncorrelat$ exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! pres5t & foll[+ *apt]s1 h[ev]1 ! t]m symbol w be us$ 9 its common acceptation to indicate a ?+1 an act1 or a ^w inve/$ ) an adv5titi\s repres5tative significance4 ,all /atem5ts or expressions 7?r\gh language or by means ( pictures7 :i* are int5d$ to c>ry1 besides _! palpable mean+1 ano!r :i* is veil$ & m spiritual1 are symbolical or figurative1 & m specifically are call$ allegories4#cb ,^! devices ( ! m9d h a hi/ory z old z humanity4 ,f inscrutable beg9n+s1 9 "t !y become recogniz$ z make%ifts2 yet !y rema9 prone to ent] new /ages ( confusion4 ,! m9d seek+ to express ! transc5d5tal1 avails itself ( symbols4 ,all religions h teem$ ) !m1 9 _! primitive phases sc>cely di/+ui%+ betwe5 symbol & fact2 !n a diff]5ce becomes evid5t to cle>]-m9d$ m51 :ile p]haps at ! same "t o!rs are elaborately ma9ta9+ t ! symbol magically is1 or br+s to pass1 t :i* x repres5ts4 ,su* obscur+ my/icism exi/$ n m]ely 9 confus$ ,egypt & ,brahm9ical ,india1 b ev]y:]e--9 antique ,greece & ,rome1 & !n aft]w>ds ?r\gh ! times ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ,fa!rs & ! entire ,middle ,ages4 ,fact & symbol are se5 con/antly clos+ toge!r & becom+ ea* o!r l ! s]p5t-s\ls 9 ! tw5ty-fif? canto ( ,dante's ,inf]no4 ,allegory prop]ly speak+1 :i* involves a consci\s & su/a9$ ef=t to inve/ concrete or mat]ial /atem5ts ) m g5]al or spiritual mean+1 play$ an int]e/+ rle 9 epo*s antec$5t to ! patri/ic & m$iaeval p]iods4 ,ev5 be=e ,plato's "t ! p]sonal my?s ( ! gods %ock$ ! ,greek e?ical intellect1 :i* !reupon proce$$ to conv]t !m into allegories4 ,greek allegorical int]pretation ( anci5t my? 0 apologetic to bo? ! critical m9d & ! moral s5se4 ,) ,philo1 ! ,hell5iz+ ,jew ( ,alex&ria1 ^: philosophy revolt$ f ! lit]al text ( ,g5esis1 ! motive = allegorical int]pretation 0 simil>4 ,b ! docum5t be=e him 0 mo/ unlike ! ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,g5esis conta9$ no palpably immoral /ories ( ,jehovah to be expla9$ away4 ,its acc\nt ( div9e creation & human beg9n+s m]ely ne$$ to be inve/$ ) fur!r e?ical mean+4 ,s ,philo made c>d9al virtues ( ! f\r riv]s ( ,ed51 & ?r\gh l allegorical conceits trans=m$ ! ,book ( ,g5esis into a sy/em ( ,hell5i/ic e?ics4 ,n cosmogonic my?s1 b moral mean+s1 he _h discov]$ 9 8 docum5t4 ,advanc+ along ! pa? :i* ,philo f\nd1 ,*ri/ian allegorical int]pretation und]took to sub/antiate ! validity ( ! ,gospel4 ,to ?is end x fix$ special symbolical mean+s ^u ! ,old ,te/am5t n>ratives1 s z to make !m into prefigurative te/imonies to ! tru? ( ,*ri/ian tea*+s4#cc ,allegory 0 also call$ on to ju/ify1 z aga9/ educat$ pagans1 c]ta9 acts ( t h]oic b peccant 8type0 ( ,*ri/1 ,david1 ! son ( ,jesse4 ,su* special apologetic ne$s h>dly affect$ ! allegorical int]pretation ( ! ,gospel itself1 :i* began at an e>ly day1 & f ! fir/ 0 spiritual & anagogic1 con/antly /ra9+ on to educe fur!r salut>y mean+ f ! text4 ,! ,greek & ,lat9 ,*ur* ,fa!rs creat$ ! mass ( doctr9e1 includ+ ,scriptural int]pretation1#cd ^u :i* m$iaeval !ologians 7 to exp5d _! sy/ematiz+ & recon/ructive lab\rs4 ,?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1 ! c\rse ( allegory & symbolism /rik+ly illu/rates ! m$iaeval way ( us+ ! patri/ic h]itage--fir/ pa9fully le>n+ x1 !n mak+ x _! own1 & at la/ creat+ by means ( t :i* !y _h organically appropriat$4 ,allegory & symbolism 7 to impress ! ,middle ,ages z p]haps no o!r elem5t ( _! inh]itance4 ,! m$iaeval man ?\ght & felt 9 symbols1 & ! sequ5ce ( 8 ?\ght mov$ z frequ5tly f symbol to symbol z f fact to fact4 ,! allegorical faculty ) ! ,fa!rs 0 dogmatic & !ological2 +5i\s 9 devis+ useful int]pretations1 b oblivi\s to all reasonable propriety 9 ! mean+ :i* x twi/$ into ! text3 controv]sial necessities readily ov]rode ! rational & moral requirem5ts ( ! 8hi/orical0 or 8lit]al0 mean+4 ,= ! deeply realiz$ allegorical significance 0 a law unto itself4 ,^! *>act]i/ics ( patri/ic allegory pass$ ov] to ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t 7 to impress human qualities ^u ! patri/ic mat]ial4 ,! ,ba?%eba & ,uriah episode 9 ! life ( ,david 0 ( c\rse tak5 allegorically1 & af=ds a curi\s example ( a patri/ic int]pretation orig9at+ 9 ! exig5cies ( controv]sy1 & !n becom+ au?oritative = lat] p]iods :5 ! e*oes ( ! old controv]sy _h long be5 sil5t4 ,augu/9e 0 call$ ^u to answ] ! book ( ! clev] ,mani*aean1 ,fau/us1 ! /ress ( ^: attacks 0 direct$ aga9/ ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,fau/us decl>$ t he did n blaspheme 8! law & ! prophets10 b reject$ m]ely ! special ,hebrew cu/oms & ! vile calumnies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t writ]s1 imput+ %ameful acts to prophets & patri>*s4 ,9 8 li/ ( %ock+ n>ratives to be reject$1 0 ! /ory 8t ,david aft] hav+ _h su* a numb] ( wives1 defil$ ! little woman ( ,uriah 8 soldi]1 & caus$ him to be sla9 9 battle40#ce ,augu/9e responds ) a g5]al exclamation at ! ,mani*aean's failure to und]/& ! sacram5tal symbols 7sacram5ta7 ( ! ,law & ! de$s ( ! prophets4 ,he !n speaks ( c]ta9 ,old ,te/am5t /atem5ts reg>d+ ,god & ,8 dem&s1 & proce$s to consid] ! nature ( s9 & ! que/ionable de$s ( ! prophets4 ,"s ( ! repreh5d$ de$s he ju/ifies1 z1 = in/ance1 ,abraham's int]c\rse ) ,hag> & 8 deceit 9 tell+ ,abimele* t ,s>a 0 8 si/] :5 %e 0 8 wife4 ,he also decl>es t ,s>a typifies ! ,*ur*1 :i* is ! secret sp\se ( ,*ri/4 ,proce$+ fur!r1 he does n ju/ify1 b palliates1 ! conduct ( ,lot & 8 daught]s1 & !n introduces its typological significance4 ,at l5g? he comes to ,david4 ,fir/ he gives a noble e/imate ( ,david's "*1 8 righte\sness1 8 liability to s91 & 8 quick p5it5ce4#cf ,aft]w>ds he consid]s1 briefly z he says1 :at ,david's s9 ) ,ba?%eba signifies prophetically4#cg ,! passage may be giv5 to %[ :at a mixture ( banality & disreg>d ( moral propriety 9 draw+ analogies might emanate f ! be/ m9d among ! ,lat9 ,fa!rs1 & be repeat$ by lat] transitional & m$iaeval comm5tators4 8,! names !mselves :5 int]pret$ indicate :at ?is de$ prefigur$4 ,david is int]pret$ #8,/rong ( h&' or #8,desirable4' ,& :at is /rong] ?an t ,lion ( ! tribe ( ,judah t ov]came ! _w8 & :at is m desirable ?an him ( :om ! prophet says3 #8,! desir$ ( all nations %all come' 7,hag4 ii4 #g78 ,ba?%eba means #8well ( satiety1' or #8sev5? well4' ,:i*ev] ( ^! int]pretations we adopt w suit4 ,= 9 ,canticles ! ,bride :o is ! ,*ur* is call$ a well ( liv+ wat] 7,cant4 iv4 #ae72 & to ?is well ! "n ( ! sev5? numb] is jo9$ 9 ! s5se ( ,holy ,_s2 & ?is because ( ,p5teco/ 7! fiftie?71 ! day on :i* ! ,holy ,_s came4 ,= t same fe/ival is ( ! weeks 7de septimanis con/>e7 z ! ,book ( ,tobit te/ifies4 ,!n to =ty-n9e1 :i* is sev5 times sev51 "o is add$1 :]eby unity is comm5d$4 ,by ?is spiritual1 t is #8,sev5-natur$' 7sept5>io7 gift ! ,*ur* is made a well ( satiety2 because !re is made 9 h] a well ( liv+ wat] spr++ up unto ev]la/+ life1 :i* :oso has %all nev] ?ir/ 7,john iv4 #ad74 ,uriah1 inde$1 :o _h be5 h] husb&1 :at b devil does 8 "n signify8 ,9 ^: vile/ w$lock all ^? 7 b\nd :om ! grace ( ,god sets free1 t ! ,*ur* )\t spot or wr9kle may be m>ri$ to h] own ,savi\r4 ,= ,uriah is int]pret$1 #8,my light ( ,god'2 & ,hittite means #8cut (f1' or he :o does n /& 9 tru?1 b by ! guilt ( pride is cut (f f ! sup]nal light :i* he _h f ,god2 or x means1 he :o 9 fall+ away f 8 true /r5g? :i* 0 lo/1 nev]!less fa%ione? himself into an angel ( light 7#b ,cor4 xi4 #ad71 d>+ to say3 #8,my light is ( ,god4' ,!re=e ?is ,david gravely & wick$ly s9n$2 & ,god rebuk$ 8 crime ?r\gh ! prophet ) a ?reat2 & he himself wa%$ x away by rep5t+4 ,yet likewise ,he1 ! desir$ ( all nations1 0 enam\r$ ( ! ,*ur* ba?+ ^u ! ro(1 t is cleans+ h]self f ! fil? ( ! _w1 & 9 spiritual contemplation surm\nt+ & trampl+ on h] h\se ( clay2 & k ( h] hav+ be5 _h at _! fir/ meet+1 ,he aft]w>ds kill$ ! devil1 ap>t f h]1 & jo9$ h] to himself 9 p]petual m>riage4 ,!re=e we hate ! s9 b w n qu5* ! prophecy4 ,let u love t 7illum7 ,david1 :o is s greatly to be lov$1 :o ?r\gh m]cy fre$ u f ! devil2 & let u also love t 7i/um7 ,david :o by ! humility ( p5it5ce heal$ 9 himself s deep a w\nd ( s940#ch ,augu/9e's int]pretation ( ! /ory ( ,david & ,ba?%eba 0 embodi$ v]batim 9 a "w ^u ! ,old ,te/am5t by ,isidore ( ,seville4#ci ,! volum9\s comm5tator ,rabanus ,maurus took ! same1 also v]batim1 ei!r f ,isidore or ,augu/9e4#dj ,8 pupil1 ,walafrid ,/rabo1 9 8 fam\s ,glossa ord9>ia1 cit$1 probably f ,rabanus1 ! fir/ "p ( ! passage z f> z ! ref]5ce to ! well ( liv+ wat] f ,john's ,gospel4 ,he abridg$ ! matt] some:at1 ?us %[+ ! smoo?+ compil]'s art :i* 0 to br+ 8 ,glossa ord9>ia into su* g5]al use4 ,walafrid omitt$ ! l9es decl>+ t ,uriah signifi$ ! devil4 ,he did cite1 h[ev]1 aga9 probably f ,rabanus1 "p ( a long passage1 tak5 by ,rabanus f ,gregory ! ,great1 :]e ,ba?%eba is decl>$ to be ! lett] ( ! ,law1 unit$ to a c>nal p1 :i* ,david 7,*ri/7 jo9s to himself 9 a spiritual s5se4 ,uriah is t c>nal p1 to wit1 ! ,jews4#da ,?us f> z to ! comm5ts on ! n>rative f ! elev5? *apt] ( ! ,second ,book ( ,samuel1 o!rwise call$ ! ,second ,book ( ,k+s4 ,:5 ,rabanus came to expla9 ! six? v]se ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,mat!w--8,& ,david begat ,solomon f h] :o 0 ! wife ( ,uriah0--he said3 8,uriah inde$1 t is int]pret$ #8,my light ( ,god1' signifies ! devil1 :o fa%ions himself into an angel ( light1 d>+ to say to ,god3 #8,my light ( ,god1' & #8,i w be l unto ! ,mo/ ,high' 7,isaiah xiv4740#db ,"h pupil ,walafrid foll[s 8 ma/]1 b adds3 8,^: bew$d$ ,*ur* ,*ri/ became enam\r$ ( f ! t]race ( ,8 pat]nal maje/y & jo9$ h]1 made beautiful1 to himself 9 matrimony40#dc ,) ,rabanus & ,walafrid1 z ) ,isidore & ! ,v5]able ,b$e :o 7 ! l9ks betwe5 ^! ,c>ol+ians & ! ,fa!rs1 ! int]e/ 9 ,scripture relates to its allegorical significance4 ,unm9dful ( ! obvi\s & lit]al mean+ ( ! text1 !y 7 unaba%$ by ! incongruity ( _! allegorical int]pretations4#dd ,rabanus1 = in/ance1 _h unb\nd$ en?usiasm = ,exodus1 because ( its ri* symbolism3 8,among ! ,scriptures embrac$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* ( ! ,law1 ! ,book ( ,exodus excels 9 m]it2 9 x almo/ all ! sacram5ts by :i* ! pres5t ,*ur* is f\nd$1 n\ri%$1 & rul$1 are figuratively set =?4 ,= !re1 ?r\gh ! corporeal exit ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel f ! t]re/rial ,egypt1 our exit f ! spiritual ,egypt is made cle>4 ,!re aga91 ?r\gh ! cross+ ( ! ,r$ ,sea & ! subm]sion ( ,ph>aoh & ! ,egyptians1 ! my/]y ( ,baptism & ! de/ruction ( spiritual enemies are figur$4 ,!re ! immolation ( ! typify+ lamb & ! celebration ( ! ,passov] sugge/ ! passion ( ! true ,lamb & our r$emption4 ,!re manna f heav5 & dr9k f a rock are giv5 9 ord] to tea* u to desire ! heav5ly bread & ! dr9k ( life4 ,!re precepts & judgm5ts are deliv]$ to ! p ( ,god ^u a m\nta9 9 ord] t we may le>n to be subject to sup]nal discipl9e4 ,!re ! con/ruction ( ! tab]nacle & its vessels is ord]$ to take place ) wor%ip & sacrifices1 t !re9 ! adornm5t ( ! m>vell\s ,*ur* & ! rites ( spiritual sacrifices may be indicat$4 ,!re ! p]fumes ( inc5se & ano9tm5t are prep>$1 9 ord] t ! sanctification ( ! ,holy ,_s & ! my/]y ( sacr$ pray]s may be comm5d$ to u40#de ,! same comm5tator compil$ a diction>y ( allegories entitl$ ,allegoriae 9 univ]sam sacram scripturam1#df say+ 9 8 lumb]+ ,preface3 8,:oev] desires to arrive at an und]/&+ ( ,holy ,scripture %\ld consid] :5 he %\ld take ! n>rative hi/orically1 :5 allegorically1 :5 anagogically1 & :5 tropologically4 ,= ^! f\r ways ( und]/&+1 to wit1 hi/ory1 allegory1 tropology1 anagogy1 we call ! f\r daught]s ( wisdom1 :o _c fully be se>*$ out )\t a prior k ( ^!4 ,?r\gh !m ,"m ,wisdom fe$s h] adopt$ *ildr51 giv+ to t5d] beg9n]s dr9k 9 ! milk ( hi/ory2 to ^? advanc+ 9 fai?1 ! food ( allegory2 to ! /r5u\s & sweat+ do]s ( good works1 satiety 9 ! sav\ry refection ( tropology2 & f9ally1 to ^? rais$ f ! dep?s ?r\gh contempt ( ! e>?ly & ?r\gh heav5ly desire progress+ t[>ds ! summit1 ! sob] intoxication ( !oretical contemplation 9 ! w9e ( anagogy4444 ,hi/ory1 ?r\gh ! ensample :i* x gives ( p]fect m51 incites ! read] to ! imitation ( hol9ess2 allegory1 9 ! revelation ( fai?1 leads to a k ( tru?2 tropology1 9 ! in/ruction ( morals1 to a love ( virtue2 anagogy1 9 ! display ( ev]la/+ joys1 to a desire ( et]nal felicity4 ,9 ! h\se ( our s\l1 hi/ory lays ! f\ndation1 allegory erects ! walls1 anagogy puts on ! ro(1 :ile tropology provides ornam5t1 )9 ?r\gh ! disposition1 )\t ?r\gh ! effect ( ! good "w40#dg ,?is "w1 alphabetically arrang$1 gave ! allegorical significations ( words us$ 9 ! ,vulgate1 ) examples2 = in/ance3 8,ag] 7field7 is ! _w1 z 9 ! ,gospel3 #8,to ! man :o s[$ good se$ 9 8 field1' t is to ,*ri/1 :o s[s prea*+ ?r\gh ! _w4 8,amicus 7fri5d7 is ,*ri/1 z 9 ,canticles3 #8,he is my fri5d1 daught]s ( ,j]usalem1' = ,he lov$ ,8 ,*ur* s mu* t ,he w\ld die = h]4444 8,ancilla 7h&maid7 is ! ,*ur*1 z 9 ! ,psalms3 #8,make safe ! son ( ?9e h&maid1' t is me1 :o am a memb] ( ! ,*ur*4 ,ancilla1 corruptible fle%1 z 9 ,g5esis3 #8,ca/ out ! h&maid & h] son1' t is1 despise ! fle% & its c>nal fruit4 ,ancilla1 prea*]s ( ! ,*ur*1 z 9 ,job3 #8,he w b9d h] ) 8 h&maids1'#dh because ! ,"l ?r\gh ,8 prea*]s conqu]$ ! devil4 ,ancilla1 ! effem9ate m9ds ( ! ,jews1 z 9 ,job3 #8,?y h&maids hold me z a /rang]1' because ! effem9ate m9ds ( ! ,jews knew me ?r\gh fai?4#di ,ancilla1 ! l[ly1 z 9 ,g5esis1 #8& meal = 8 h&maids1' because ,holy ,*ur* af=ds spiritual refection to ! l[ly4 8,aqua is ! ,holy ,_s1 ,*ri/1 subtle wisdom1 loquacity1 temporal gre$1 baptism1 ! hidd5 spee* ( ! prophets1 ! holy prea*+ ( ,*ri/1 compunction1 temporal prosp]ity1 adv]sity1 human k1 ?is _w's weal?1 ! lit]al mean+ c>nal pleasure1 et]nal reflection1 holy angels1 s\ls ( ! bless$1 sa9ts1 humility's lam5t1 ! devotions ( ! sa9ts1 s9s ( ! elect :i* ,god condones1 k ( ! h]etics1 p]secutions1 un/able ?\ghts1 ! bl&i%m5ts ( temptations1 ! pleasures ( ! wick$1 ! puni%m5ts ( hell4 8,mons1 m\nta9 79 ! s+ul>7 ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 montes 79 ! plural7 angels1 apo/les1 sublime precepts1 ! two ,te/am5ts1 inn] m$itations1 pr\d m51 ! ,g5tiles1 evil spirits40#ej ,?us ,rabanus dragg$ into 8 compilation e mean+ t _h ev] be5 ascrib$ to ! words def9$4 ,9 him & 8 contempor>ies1 ! allegorical mat]ial1 ap>t f its utility = salvation1 seems void ( human int]e/ or poetic quality1 z yet un/irr$ by a brea? ( life4 ,t 0 to ent]1 z allegory & all mann] ( symbolism began to =m ! temp] ( m$iaeval ?\ght1 & became a *os5 vessel ( ! m$iaeval _s 9 poetry & art4 ,! vital *ange _h tak5 place be=e ! twelf? c5tury _h turn$ its fir/ qu>t]4#ea ,!re fl\ri%$ at ?is "t a wor?y monk nam$ ,honorius ( ,autun1 also call$ 8! ,solit>y40 ,x has be5 argu$1 & vehem5tly contradict$1 t he 0 ( ,g]man bir?4 ,at all ev5ts1 monk he 0 & tea*] at ,autun4 ,^? ab\t him s\ght 8 in/ruction1 & also reque/$ him to put 8 disc\rses into writ+ = _! use2 _! reque/ reads z if at t "t ,honorius _h retir$ f among !m4#eb ,?is is all t is kn[n ( ! man :o compos$ ! mo/ popul> h&book ( s]mons 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,speculum ecclesiae4 ,honorius may nev] h prea*$ ^! s]mons2 b /ill 8 book exi/s ) s]mons = ,sundays1 sa9ts' days1 & o!r ,*ur* fe/ivals2 a s]mon also to be prea*$ at ,*ur* d$ications1 & "o 8s]mo g5]alis10 v useful1 s9ce x t\*$ up all ord]s ( society 9 succession1 & a prea*] might take or omit accord+ to 8 audi5ce4 ,be=e beg9n+1 ! prea*] is direct$ to make ! sign ( ! cross & invoke ! ,holy ,_s3 he is admoni%$ fir/ to pron\nce 8 text ( ,scripture 9 ! ,lat9 tongue1 & !n exp\nd x 9 ! v]nacul>2#ec he is in/ruct$ z to :at portions ( c]ta9 s]mons %\ld be us$ "u special circum/ances1 & :at p>ts he may omit 9 w9t] :5 ! *ur* is cold1 or :5 9 summ] x is too hot2 or ?is is left q to 8 discretion3 8,"h make an end if y wi%2 b if "t p]mits1 cont9ue ?us40 ,mo/ ( ^! s]mons are %ort1 & conta9 mu* excell5t moral advice put simply & directly4 ,!y also make con/ant use ( allegory1 & evid5tly ,honorius's *ief c>e 9 _! composition 0 to exp\nd 8 text allegorically & po9t ! allegory's application to ! ne$s ( 8 suppos$ audi5ce4 ,nei!r he nor any man ( 8 "t devis$ _m novel allegorical int]pretations2 b ! old ones _h at l5g? become "p ( ! m$iaeval _s & ! regul> means ( appreh5d+ ! =ce & mean+ ( ,scripture4 ,consequ5tly ,honorius h&les 8 allegories m easily1 & makes a m natural human application ( !m1 ?an ,rabanus or ,walafrid _h done4 ,sometimes ! allegory seems to ignore ! moral lesson ( ! lit]al facts2 b :ile a smile may escape u 9 read+ ,honorius1 ! allegories 9 8 s]mons are r>ely /ra9$ & %ock+1 likewise r>ely dull4 ,a g5]al po9t f :i* he reg>ds ! n>ratives & in/itutions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is summ$ up 9 8 /atem5t1 t = u ,*ri/ turn$ all provisions ( ! law into spiritual sacram5ts4#ed ,! :ole ,old ,te/am5t has pre-figurative significance & spiritual mean+2 & likewise e n>rative 9 ! ,gospels is spiritual4 ,two or ?ree examples w illu/rate ,honorius's edify+ way ( us+ allegory4 ,8 s]mon = ! elev5? ,sunday aft] ,p5teco/ is typical ( 8 mann]4 ,! text is f ! ?irty-fir/#ee ,psalm3 8,bless$ is ! man to :om ! ,"l w n impute s940 ,op5+ ) an exhortation to p5it5ce & te>s & almsgiv+1 ! prea*] turns to ! self-righte\s 8^: ob/9acy ! ,"l curbs 9 ! ,gospel = ! day1 tell+ h[ two w5t up into ! temple to pray1 ! "o a ,ph>isee1 to wit1 "o ( ! ,jewi% cl]gy1 ! o!r a ,publican40 ,aft] proce$+ = a :ile ) s\nd & obvi\s comm5t on ! situation1 ,honorius says3 8,by ! two m5 :o w5t up into ! temple to pray1 two peoples1 ! ,jewi% & ! ,g5tile1 are meant4 ,! ,ph>isee :o w5t close to ! alt> is ! ,jewi% p1 :o possess$ ! ,sanctu>y & ! ,ark4 ,he tells al\d 8 m]its 9 ! temple1 because 9 ! _w he boa/s ( 8 obs]vance ( ! law4 8,! ,publican :o /&s af> (f is ! ,g5tile p1 :o 7 f> (f f ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,he did n lift up 8 eyes to heav51 because ! ,g5tile 0 agape at ! ?+s ( e>?4 ,he beat 8 brea/ :5 he bewail$ 8 error ?r\gh p5it5ce2 & because he humbl$ himself 9 confession1 ,god exalt$ him ?r\gh p>don4 ,let u also1 belov$1 ?us /& af> (f1 deem+ ourselves unwor?y ( ! holy sacram5ts & ! companion%ip ( ! sa9ts4 ,let u n lift up our eyes to heav51 b deem ourselves unwor?y ( x4 ,let u beat our brea/s & puni% our misde$s ) te>s4 ,let u fall pro/rate be=e ,god2 & let u weep 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,"l :o made u1 s t ,he may turn our lam5t to joy1 r5d asund] our g>b ( m\rn+1 & clo! u ) happ9ess40 ,honorius l+]s a mom5t ) "s fur!r exhortations sugge/$ by 8 p>able1 & !n turns to ! edification to be f\nd 9 fables wisely compos$ by pr(ane writ]s4 ,let n ! congregation be sc&aliz$2 = ! *ildr5 ( ,israel despoil$ ! ,egyptians ( gold & gems & preci\s ve/ure1 :i* !y aft]w>ds devot$ to complet+ ! tab]nacle4 ,pi\s ,*ri/ians spoil ! ,egyptians :5 !y turn pr(ane /udies to spiritual acc\nt4 ,! philosoph]s tell ( a woman b\nd to a revolv+ :eel1 h] head n[ up n[ d[n4 ,! :eel is ?is _w's glory1 & ! woman is t =tune :i* dep5ds on x4 ,aga91 !y tell ( "o :o tries to roll a /one to ! top ( a m\nta92 b1 ne> ! top1 x hurls ! wret* pro/rate ) its weight & cra%es back to ! bottom2 & aga91 ( "o ^: liv] is eat5 by a vulture1 &1 :5 consum$1 gr[s aga94 ,! man :o pu%es up ! /one is he :o toilsomely amasses dignities1 to be plung$ by !m to hell2 & he ( ! liv] is ! man ^u ^: he>t lu/ fe$s4 ,f t pe/1 !y say1 ,m$usa sprang1 ) noble =m excit+ _m to lu/1 b ) h] look turn+ !m to /one4 ,%e is wantonness1 :o turns to /one ! he>ts ( ! lewd ?r\gh _! lu/ful pleasure4 ,p]seus slew h]1 cov]+ himself ) 8 cry/all9e %ield2 = ! /rong man1 gaz+ into virtue's mirror1 av]ts 8 he>t's c\nt5ance 7i4e4 f wantonness74 ,! sword ) :i* he kills h] is ! fe> ( ev]la/+ fire4 ,!n1 cont9ues ,honorius1 we read ( a boy br\ght up by "o ( ! ,fa!rs 9 a h]mitage2 b z he grew to y\? he 0 tickl$ ) lu/4 ,! ,fa!r comm&$ him to g alone into ! des]t & pass =ty days 9 fa/+ & pray]4 ,:5 "s tw5ty days _h pass$1 !re appe>$ a nak$ woman f\l & /9k+1 :o ?ru/ h]self ^u him1 & he1 unable to endure h] /5*1 began to repel h]4 ,at :i* %e ask$3 8,:y d y %udd] at ! sight ( me = :om y burn$8 ,i am ! image ( lu/1 :i* appe>s sweet to m5's he>ts4 ,if y _h n obey$ ! ,fa!r1 y w\ld h be5 ov]?r[n by me z o!rs h be540 ,s he ?ank$ ,god = snat*+ him f ! _s ( =nication4 ,_m o!r examples lead u to ! pa? ( life4 ,honorius closes ) ! /ory ( ! 8,?ree ,fools10 obs]v$ by a c]ta9 ,fa!r3 ! fir/ an ,e?iopian :o 0 unable to move a faggot ( wood1 :i* he w\ld cont9ually unb9d & make /ill heavi] by add+ fur!r /icks2 ! second1 a man p\r+ wat] into a vase :i* _h no bottom2 &1 ?irdly1 ! two m5 :o came be>+ be=e !m crosswise a beam ( wood2 z !y ne>$ ! city gate nei!r w\ld let ! o!r prec$e him ev5 a little1 & s bo? rema9$ )\t4 ,! ,e?iopian :o adds to 8 insupportable faggot is he :o cont9ually increases 8 weight ( s91 add+ new s9s to old ones unrep5t$ (2 he :o p\rs wat] into ! vase ) no bottom is he :o by 8 uncleanness loses ! m]it ( 8 good acts2 & ! two :o be> ! beam crosswise are ^? b\nd by ! yoke ( ,pride4#ef ,su* are good examples ( ! que] /ories to :i* prea*]s resort$4 ,"o notices t :atev] be ! s\rce f :i* ,honorius draws1 8 int]e/ is always 9 ! allegory f\nd 9 ! n>ratives4 ,ano!r v apt example ( 8 mann] is 8 treatm5t ( ! /ory ( ! ,good ,sam>itan1 s (t5 depict$ on ,go?ic *ur* w9d[s4 ,= u ?is p>able c>ries an exhau/less weal? ( direct application 9 human life2 x 0 reg>d$ v diff]5tly by ,honorius & ! glass pa9t]s1 ^: w9d[s are a pictorial transcription ( ! fir/ half ( 8 s]mon4#eg 8,bless$ is ! man :o walke? n 9 ! c\nsel ( ! ungodly0--?is is ! text2 & ,honorius proce$s3 8,adam 0 ! unhappy man :o ?r\gh ! c\nsel ( ! wick$ dep>t$ f 8 native l& ( ,p>adise & dragg$ all 8 desc5dants into ?is exile4 ,he ?us /ood 9 ! way ( s9n]s1 because he rema9$ /able 9 s94 ,he sat #89 ! seat ( ! scornful1' because by evil example he taught o!rs to s94 ,b ,*ri/ arose1 ! bless$ man :o walke? 9 ! c\nsel ( ! ,fa!r f ! hall ( heav5 into prison aft] ! lo/ s]vant4 ,he did n walk 9 ! c\nsel ( ! ungodly :5 ! devil %[$ ,him all ! k+doms ( ! _w2 ,he did n /& 9 ! way ( s9n]s1 because ,he committ$ no s92 ,he did n sit 9 ! seat ( ! scornful1 s9ce nei!r by ^w nor de$ did ,he tea* evil4 ,?us z t unhappy man drew all 8 c>nal *ildr5 into dea?1 ?is bless$ man br\ght all ,8 sons to life4 ,z ,he himself sets =? 9 ! ,gospel3 #8,a c]ta9 man w5t d[n f ,j]usalem to ,j]i*o1 & robb]s attack$ & w\nd$ him1 /ripp$ him & w5t away4 ,& by *ance !re came t way a c]ta9 prie/1 :o see+ him half-dead1 cross$ to ! o!r side4 ,likewise a ,levite pass$ by :5 he _h se5 him4 ,b a ,sam>itan com+ t same way1 _h compassion on ! poor wret*1 b\nd up 8 w\nds & p\r$ 9 oil & w9e1 & sett+ him on 8 own bea/1 br\ght him to an inn4 ,! next day he gave ! innkeep] two p5ce & ask$ t he c>e = him1 & if m 0 ne$$ ,he promis$ to repay ! innkeep] on ,8 return4' 8,surely man w5t d[n f ,j]usalem to ,j]i*o :5 our fir/ p>5t f ! joys ( ,p>adise ent]$ dea?'s eclipse4 ,= ,j]i*o1 :i* means moon1 designates ! eclipse ( our mortality4 ,:]eby man fell among ?ieves1 s9ce a sw>m ( demons at once surr\nd$ ! exile4 ,:]e=e also !y despoil$ him1 s9ce !y /ripp$ him ( ! ri*es ( ,p>adise & ! g>m5t ( immortality4 ,!y gave him w\nds1 = s9s fl[$ 9 ^u him4 ,!y left him half-dead1 because dead 9 s\l4 ,! prie/ pass$ d[n ! same way1 z ! ,ord] ( ,patri>*s proce$$ along ! pa? ( mortality4 ,! prie/ left him w\nd$1 hav+ no p[] to aid ! human race :ile himself sore w\nd$ ) s9s4 ,! ,levite w5t t way1 inasmu* z ! ,ord] ( ,prophets also _h to tread ! pa? ( dea?4 ,he too pass$ by ! w\nd$ man1 because he c\ld be> no human aid to ! lo/ :ile himself groan+ "u ! w\nds ( s94 ,! wret* half-dead 0 heal$ by ! ,sam>itan1 = ! man set ap>t ?r\gh ,*ri/ is made :ole4 8,sam>ia 0 ! *ief city ( ! ,israeliti% k+dom ^: *iefs 7 l$ away to idolatry 9 ,n9eveh1 & ,g5tiles 7 plac$ 9 h]4 ,! ,jews abhorr$ _! fell[%ip1 mak+ !m a byword ( mal$iction4 ,s :5 revil+ ! ,"l1 !y call$ ,him a ,sam>itan4 ,! ,"l 0 ! true ,sam>itan1 be+ call$ gu>dian 7cu/os7 s9ce ! human race is gu>d$ by ,him4 ,he w5t d[n ?is way :5 f heav5 ,he came into ?is _w4 ,he saw ! w\nd$ travell]1 inasmu* z ,he saw man held 9 mis]y & s94 ,he 0 mov$ ) compassion = him1 s9ce = man ,he und]goes all pa9s4 ,approa*+1 ,he b\nd 8 w\nds :51 proclaim+ et]nal life1 ,he taught man to cease f s94 ,he b\nd 8 w\nds toge!r ) ! two p>ts ( ! b&age :5 ,he quell$ s9s ?r\gh two fe>s--! s]vile fe> :i* =bids ?r\gh p5alties1 & ! filial fe> :i* exhorts ! holy to good works4 ,he drew tight ! l[] "p ( ! b&age :5 ,he /ruck m5's he>ts ) fe> ( hell4 ,_! worm1 ,he said1 does n die1 & _! fire is n qu5*$4 ,he drew tight ! upp] "p :5 ,he taught ! fe> :i* belongs to ! /udy ( good4 #8,! *ildr5 ( ! k+dom1' said ,he1 #8%all be ca/ into out] d>kness1 :]e !re is weep+ & gna%+ ( tee?4' ,he p\r$ 9 w9e & oil :5 ,he taught rep5tance & p>don4 ,he p\r$ 9 w9e :5 ,he said1 #8,rep5t ye'2 ,he add$ oil :5 ,he said1 #8= ! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&4' ,he set him ^u ,8 bea/ :5 ,he bore our s9s 9 ,8 body on ! ,cross4 ,he l$ him to ! inn :5 ,he jo9$ him to ! sup]nal ,*ur*4 ,! inn1 9 :i* liv+ be+s are assembl$ at night1 is ! pres5t ,*ur*1 :]e ! j are h>b\r$ amid ! d>kness ( ?is life until ! ,day ( ,et]nity bl[s & ! %ad[s ( mortality give way4 8,! next day ,he t5d]$ ! two p5ce4 ,! fir/ day 0 ( dea?1 ! next ( life4 ,! day ( dea? began ) ,adam1 :5 all die4 ,! day ( life took its beg9n+ f ,*ri/1 9 :om all %all be made alive4 ,be=e ,*ri/'s resurrection all m5 7 travell+ to dea?2 s9ce ,8 resurrection all ! fai?ful h be5 ris+ to life4 ,he t5d]$ ! two p5ce ! next day--:5 aft] ,8 resurrection ,he taught t ! two ,te/am5ts 7 fulfill$ by ! two precepts ( love4 ,he gave ! p5ce to ! innkeep] :5 ,he committ$ ! doctr9e ( ! law ( life to ! ,ord] ( ,doctors4 ,he direct$ him to t5d ! sick man :5 ,he comm&$ t ! human race %\ld be sav$ f s94 ,! /5* drove ! sick man f ! inn1 because ?is _w's tribulation drives ! righte\s to seek ! ?+s cele/ial4 ,two p5ce are giv5 to ! innkeep] :5 ! ,doctors are rais$ on high by ,scriptural k & temporal hon\r4 ,if !y %\ld require m1 ,he repays !m on ,8 return2 = if !y exemplify good prea*+ ) good works1 :5 ! true ,sam>itan returns to judgm5t & leads him1 a=etime w\nd$ b n[ heal$1 f ! inn to ! cele/ial mansion1 ,he w repay ! zeal\s /ew>ds ) et]nal rew>ds40#eh ,"h ,honorius proce$s to exp\nd ! allegory conta9$ 9 ! heal+ ( ! dumb man & ! t5 lep]s1 & closes 8 s]mon ) two n>ratives1 "o ( a poor idiot :o sang ! ,gloria )\t ceas+1 & 0 se5 9 glory aft] dea?2 ! o!r ( a lay nun 7conv]sa7 ar\nd ^: la/ h\rs 7 %$ sweet od\rs & a miracul\s light1 :ile ^? pres5t he>d ! *ant ( heav5ly voices4 ,! p>ables ( ,*ri/ pres5t types :i* we may apply 9 life accord+ to circum/ances4 ,9 ! concrete in/ance ( ! p>able we f9d ! univ]sal1 & we deem ,*ri/ meant x s4 ,?us we also view ! p>ables z symbols1 :i* !y 74 ,honorius1 ) ! va/ company ( m$iaeval & patri/ic exp\nd]s1 ord9>ily directs ! symbolism ( ! p>ables 9 a special mode1 :]eby--l ! /ories ( ! ,old ,te/am5t--!y become figurative ( ,*ri/ & ! ne$y s\l ( man1 or figurative ( ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation ) its hi/orical antec$5ts & its ,day ( ,judgm5t at ! end4 ,! l may be said ( ,honorius's allegorical int]pretation ( ,greek leg5ds4 ,^! anci5t /ories h ! p]5nial y\? ( human *>m & mean+ ev] new4 ,!y _h be5 good old /ories to ! ,greeks1 & !n acquir$ fur!r int5dm5t z lat] m5 disc]n$ a broad] symbolism 9 !m4 ,ev5 9 classic times1 ,hom]'s /ories _h be5 turn$ to allegories1 philosoph]s & critics sometimes f9d+ 9 !m a spiritual significance n unlike t :i* ! same tales may be> = u4 ,b ) ?is diff]5ce3 ! lat] ,greeks usually 7 try+ to expla9 away ! some:at untrammell$ ways ( ! ,hom]ic pan!on1 & !re=e ma9ta9$ t ,hom]'s /ories 7 compos$ z allegories1 ! wise & my/ic poet *oos+ ?us to veil 8 mean+4 ,to-day we f9d ! cl>ity ( daybreak 9 ,hom]'s tales1 & if we make symbols ( !m we "k ! symbolism is n 8 b ours4 ,honorius *ooses to ?9k t allegory _h always la9 9 ! old /ory2 he w n deem x ! inv5tion ( himself or o!r ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,"h 8 attitude is n unlike t ( ! apologetic ,greek critics4 ,b 8 int]pretations are apt to diff] f !irs z well z f our own4 ,= 8 symbolism t5ds to ab&on ! broadly human1 & to become1 l ! m$iaeval ,biblical int]pretations1 figurative ( ! t5ets ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?4 ,!re is an int]e/+ example ( ?is 9 ! s]mon = ,septuagesima ,sunday1 :i* 0 writt5 on a some:at bl9d text f ! tw5ty-eigh? *apt] ( ,job4 ,honorius proce$s exp\nd+ x ?r\gh a numb] ( /ra9$ allegories1 :i* he d\btless drew f ,gregory's ,moralia2 = t great pope 0 ! recogniz$ expositor ( ,job1 & ! ,book ( ,job 0 simply ,gregory ?r\gh all ! ,middle ,ages4 ,p]haps ,honorius felt t ?is s]mon 0 r soporific4 ,at all ev5ts he /ops 9 ! middle to give a piece ( advice to ! suppos$ prea*]3 8,(t5 put some?+ ( ?is k9d 9 y\r s]mon2 = s y w relieve ! t$ium40 ,& he cont9ues ?us3 8,bre?r51 on ?is holy day !re is mu* to say :i* ,i mu/ pass ov] 9 sil5ce1 le/ disgu/$ y %\ld wi% to leave ! *ur* be=e ! end4 ,= "s ( y h come f> & mu/ g a long way to rea* y\r h\ses4 ,or p]haps1 "s h gue/s at home1 or cry+ babies2 or o!rs are n swift & h to g else:]e1 :ile to "s a bodily infirmity br+s uneas9ess le/ !y expose !mselves4 ,s ,i omit mu* = ev]ybody's sake1 b /ill w\ld say a few words4 8,because to-day1 belov$1 we h laid aside ! song ( gladness & tak5 up ! song ( sadness1 ,i w\ld briefly tell y some?+ f ! books ( ! pagans1 to %[ h[ y %\ld reject ! melody ( ?is _w's pleasures 9 ord] t h]eaft] ) ! angels y may make sweet h>monies 9 heav54 ,= "o %\ld pick up a gem f\nd 9 dung & set x z a k+ly ornam5t2 ?us if we f9d any?+ useful 9 pagan books we %\ld turn x to ! build+ up ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* is ,*ri/'s sp\se4 ,! wise ( ?is _w write t !re 7 ?ree ,syr5s 9 an isl& ( ! sea1 :o us$ to *ant ! sweete/ song 9 div]s tones4 ,"o sang1 ano!r pip$1 ! ?ird play$ ^u a lyre4 ,!y _h ! faces ( wom51 ! talons & w+s ( birds4 ,!y /opp$ all pass+ %ips ) ! sweetness ( _! song2 !y r5t ! sailors heavy ) sleep2 !y sank ! %ips 9 ! br9e4 ,:5 a c]ta9 duke1 ,ulysses1 _h to sail by _! isl&1 he ord]$ 8 comrades to b9d him to ! ma/ & /uff _! e>s ) wax4 ,?us he escap$ ! p]il unh>m$1 & plung$ ! ,syr5s 9 ! waves4 ,^!1 belov$1 are my/]ies1 al?\gh writt5 by ! enemies ( ,*ri/4 ,by ! sea is to be und]/ood ?is age :i* rolls b5ea? ! unceas+ bla/s ( tribulations4 ,! isl& is e>?'s joy1 :i* is int]cept$ by cr[d+ pa9s1 z ! %ore is beat ^u by cr[d+ waves4 ,! ?ree ,syr5s :o ) sweet c>ess+ song ov]turn ! navigators 9 sleep1 are ?ree delights :i* s(t5 m5's he>ts = vice & lead !m into ! sleep ( dea?4 ,%e :o s+s ) human voice is ,av>ice1 & to h] he>]s ?us %e tunes h] song3 #8,?\ %\ld/ get toge!r mu*1 s z to be able to spread wide ?y fame1 & also visit ! ,"l's sepul*re & o!r places1 re/ore *ur*es1 aid ! poor & ?y relatives z well4' ,) su* baneful song %e *>ms ! mis]'s he>t1 until ! sleep ( dea? oppresses him4 ,!n %e te>s 8 fle%1 ! wave dev\rs ! %ip1 & ! wret* by fi]ce pa9s is wak$ f 8 ri*es & plung$ 9 et]nal flame4 ,%e :o plays ^u ! pipe is ,va+lory 7,jactantia71 & ?us %e pipes h] lay = h]s3 #8,?\ art 9 ?y y\?1 & noble2 make ?yself appe> glori\s4 ,sp>e no enemies1 b kill !m all :5 able4 ,!n p w call !e a good knight4' ,aga9 w %e *ant3 #8,?\ %\ld/ w9 ,j]usalem1 & give great alms4 ,!n ?\ wilt be fam\s1 & wilt be call$ good by all4' ,to ! lay bre?r5 7conv]sis7 %e s+s3 #8,?\ mu/ fa/ & pray always1 s++ ) l\d voice4 ,!n wilt ?\ he> ?yself laud$ z a sa9t by all4' ,su* song ) va9 he>t %e makes res\nd till ! :irlpool ( dea? dev\rs ! wret* empti$ ( wor?4 8,%e :o s+s to a lyre is ,wantonness 7,luxuria71 & %e *ants melodies l ^! to h] p>asites3 #8,?\ art 9 ?y y\?2 n[ is ! "t to sport ) ! girls--old age w d to re=m 94 ,"h is "o ) a f9e figure2 ?is "o is ri*2 f ?is "o y w\ld ga9 mu*4 ,!re is pl5ty ( "t to save y\r s\l4' ,9 su* way %e melts ! he>ts ( ! wanton till ,cocytus's waves engulf !m sudd5ly tripp$ by dea?4 8,!y h ! faces ( wom51 because no?+ s e/ranges man f ,god z ! love ( wom54 ,!y h w+s ( birds1 because ! desire ( worldl+s is always un/able1 _! appetites n[ crav+ "o ?+1 & aga9 _! lu/ fly+ to ano!r object4 ,!y h also ! talons ( birds1 because !y te> _! victims z !y snat* !m away to ! torm5ts ( hell4 ,ulysses is call$ ,wise4 ,unh>m$ he /e]s 8 c\rse by ! isl&1 because ! truly wise ,*ri/ian swims ov] ! sea ( ?is _w1 9 ! %ip ( ! ,*ur*4 ,by ! fe> ( ,god he b9ds himself to ! ma/ ( ! %ip1 t is1 to ! cross ( ,*ri/2 ) wax1 t is ) ! inc>nation ( ,*ri/1 he seals ! e>s ( 8 comrades1 t !y may turn _! he>ts f lu/s & vices & ye>n only = heav5ly ?+s4 ,! ,syr5s are subm]g$1 because he is protect$ f _! lu/s by ! /r5g? ( ! ,_s4 ,unh>m$ ! voyag]s avoid ! p]il1 inasmu* z ?r\gh victory !y rea* ! joys ( ! sa9ts40#ei ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,! ,,rationale ,,( ,,! ,,visible ,,_w3 ,,hugo ,,( ,,/4 ,,victor ,j z ! ,middle ,ages foll[$ ! allegorical int]pretation ( ,scripture elaborat$ by ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 s !y also accept$1 & ev5 made m precise1 ! patri/ic inculcation ( ! efficacy ( su* mo/ pot5t symbols z ! wat] ( baptism & ! bread & w9e transub/antiat$ 9 ! ,eu*>i/4#fj ,pass+ onw>d f ^! mighty bases ( conviction1 ! m$iaeval g5ius made f]tile use ( allegory 9 ! polemics ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 & exalt$ ! symbolical pr9ciple into an ultimate explanation ( ! visible univ]se4 ,notable 0 ! c>e] ( allegory 9 politics4 ,?r\gh\t ! long /ruggle ( ! ,papacy ) ! ,empire & o!r secul> mon>*ies1 argum5ts drawn f allegory nev] ceas$ to c>ry weight4 ,a v %ibbole? 0 ! witness ( ! 8two swords0 7,luke xxii4 #ch71 bo? ( :i*1 ! temporal z well z spiritual1 ! ,*ur* held to h be5 entru/$ to h] keep+ = ! ord]+ ( e>?ly affairs1 to ! end t m5's s\ls %\ld be sav$4 ,/ill m fluid 0 ! argum5tative no/rum ( mank9d conceiv$ z an ,organism1 or animate body 7unum corpus1 corpus my/icum74 ,?is metaphor 0 f\nd 9 m ?an "o ( ! ,lat9 classics2 b patri/ic & m$iaeval writ]s took x f ! works ( ,paul4#fa ,! lik5ess ( ! human body to ! body politic or ecclesia/ic 0 c>ri$ out 9 e imag9able detail1 & us$ acutely or absurdly by politicians & s*oolm5 f ! elev5? c5tury onw>d4#fb ,we turn to ! symbolical explanation ( ! univ]se4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury1 a pr(\ndly m$itative s\l1 ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor by "n1 attempt$ a sy/ematic exposition ( ! symbolical or sacram5tal plan inh]+ 9 ,god's s*eme ( creation4 ,( ! man1 z ) s _m monks & s*oolm5 ^: names & works survive1 little is kn[n beyond ! pres5tation ( 8 p]sonality af=d$ by 8 writ+s4 ,he taught 9 ! mona/ic s*ool ( ,/4 ,victor1 a community t _h a /ory1 ) :i* may be connect$ ! scanty facts ( ! %ort & happy pilgrimage to ,god1 :i* made ,hugo's life on e>?4#fc ,:5 ,william ( ,*ampeaux1 accord+ to ,abael>d's acc\nt1 0 r\t$ f 8 logical positions 9 ! ca!dral s*ool ( ,p>is1#fd he )drew f ! s*ool & f ! city to ! quiet ( a seclud$ spot on ! left bank ( ! ,se9e1 n f> di/ant f ,notre-,dame4 ,"h 0 an anci5t *apel d$icat$ to ,sa9t-,victor1 & "h ,william1 ) "s companions1 organiz$ !mselves into a mona/ic community accord+ to ! rule ( ! canons ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,?is 0 9 #aajh4 ,if = a "t ,william laid aside 8 /udies & lectur+1 he soon resum$ !m at ! solicitations ( 8 s*ol>s1 jo9$ to ^? ( 8 fri5d ,hildeb]t1 ,bi%op ( ,le ,mans4#fe ,& s ! fam\s s*ool ( ,sa9t-,victor began4 ,william rema9$ !re only f\r ye>s1 be+ made ,bi%op ( ,*alons 9 #aaab1 & !reaft] figur+ prom95tly 9 ,*ur* c\ncils1 frequ5t 9 ,france at ?is epo*4 ,"u ,william's disciple & successor1 ,gildu91 ! community fl\ri%$ & increas$4 ,k+ ,l\is ,,vi41 ^: confessor 0 ,gildu9 himself1 end[$ x lib]ally1 & o!r donors 7 n lack+4 ,sa9t-,victor became ri*1 & its fame = le>n+ & hol9ess spread f> & wide4#ff ,abbot ,gildu9 liv$ to see m ?an =ty h\ses ( monks or regul> canons#fg fl\ri%+ z dep5d5cies ( ,sa9t-,victor4 ,he di$ 9 #aaee1 "s ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! "y man ^: s*ol>%ip & g5ius 0 ! pride ( ! ,victor9e community4 ,not)/&+ a /atem5t 9 an old manuscript1 t ,hugo 0 born ne> ,ypres 9 ,fl&]s1 ! anci5t tradition ( ,sa9t-,victor1 confirm$ by ! records ( ! ca!dral ( ,halb]/adt1 %[s him to h be5 a son ( ! ,c\nt ( ,blankemb]g1 & born at ,h>t+am 9 ,saxony4#fh ,8 uncle ,re9h>d 0 ,bi%op ( ,halb]/adt1 :]e 8 great-uncle1 nam$ ,hugo l himself1 0 ar*deacon4 ,re9h>d _h be5 a pupil ( ,william ( ,*ampeaux at ,sa9t-,victor1 & aft] becom+ bi%op cont9u$ to *]i% a pr(\nd e/eem = him4 ,! "y ,hugo r5\nc$ 8 inh]itance & ent]$ a mona/]y n f> f ,halb]/adt2 b soon1 9 view ( ! di/urb$ affairs ( ,saxony1 8 uncle ,re9h>d urg$ him to g & pursue 8 /udies at ,sa9t-,victor4 ,! "y man p]suad$ 8 great-uncle ,hugo to accompany him4 ,by circuit\s r\tes1 visit+ v>i\s places ( pi\s int]e/ on ! way1 ! two rea*$ ,sa9t-,victor1 :]e !y 7 receiv$ ) all hon\r by ! abbot ,gildu94 ,?is 0 n f> f ! ye> #aaae1 & ,hugo 0 ab\t tw5ty at ! "t4 ,he 0 already an accompli%$ s*ol>1 & d\btless x is to 8 previ\s /udies t he ref]s :5 he speaks z foll[s 9 8 book ( elem5t>y in/ruction1 call$ ! ,didascalicon3 8,i d>e say t ,i nev] despis$ any?+ p]ta9+ to le>n+1 & le>n$ mu* t might /rike o!rs z light & va94 ,i practis$ memoriz+ ! names ( ev]y?+ ,i saw or he>d (1 ?9k+ t ,i c\ld n prop]ly /udy ! nature ( ?+s unless ,i knew _! names4 ,daily ,i exam9$ my notes ( topics1 t ,i might hold 9 my memory e proposition1 ) ! que/ions1 objections1 & solutions4 ,i w\ld in=m myself z to controv]sies & consid] ! prop] ord] ( ! argum5t on ei!r side1 c>efully di/+ui%+ :at p]ta9$ to ! (fice ( rhetoric1 oratory1 & sophi/ry4 ,i set problems ( numb]s2 ,i drew figures on ! pavem5t ) *>coal1 & ) ! figure be=e me ,i demon/rat$ ! diff]5t qualities ( ! obtuse1 ! acute & ! "r angle1 & also ( ! squ>e4 ,(t5 ,i wat*$ out ! nocturnal horoscope ?r\gh w9t] nights4 ,(t5 ,i /rung my h>p 7,saepe ad num]um prot5sum 9 ligno magadam duc]e solebam7 t ,i might p]ceive ! diff]5t s\nds & likewise delight my m9d ) ! sweet notes4 ,all ^! 7 boyi% occupations 7pu]ilia7 b n useless4 ,nor does x burd5 my /oma* to "k !m n[40#fi ,n long aft] ,hugo's arrival at ,sa9t-,victor he began to tea* at ! mona/]y s*ool1 & ^u ! dea? ( its director1 9 #aacc1 succe$$ to ! (fice1 :i* he held until 8 dea? 9 #aada4gj ,col\rless & grey are ! out] facts ( a monk's life1 c\nt+ b little4 ,! s\l ( a ,hugo ( ,sa9t-,victor did n soil itself ) any int]e/ 9 ! pleasures ( ! _w3 8,he is n solit>y ) :om is ,god1 nor is ! p[] ( joy ext+ui%$ because 8 appetite is kept f ?+s abject & vile4 ,he r does himself an inju/ice :o admits to ! society ( 8 joy :at is disgraceful or unwor?y ( 8 love40#ga ,hugo belong$ to ! ari/ocracy ( contemplative piety1 ) its scorn ( :atev] lies )\t ! pale ( ! s\l's companion%ip ) ,god4 ,9 8 indep5d5t way he foll[$ ,augu/9e1 & ,augu/9e's ,platonism1 :i* 0 s l>gely ! ,neo-,platonism ( ,plot9us & ,porphyry4 ,he also foll[$ ! real ,plato speak+ 9 ! ,timaeus1 ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$4 ,plato w\ld h no?+ to d ) allegorical int]pretation z a def5ce ( ,hom]'s gods2 b he c\ld himself make v pretty allegories1 & 8 !ory ( ideas z at once types & creative intellig5ces l5t itself to ,*ri/ian sy/ems ( symbolism4 ,9 ?is way he 0 a spiritual ance/or ( ,hugo1 :o f\nd 9 ,god ! type-ideas ( all ?+s t ,he creat$4 ,moreov]1 if n ,plato1 at lea/ 8 spiritual *ildr5--,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,orig51 ,plot9us--recogniz$ t ! highe/ tru?s mu/ be kn[n 9 modes transc5d+ reason & its syllogisms1 al?\gh ^! 7 ! necess>y av5ues ( approa*4 ,hugo likewise reg>d$ rational k z b ! pa? by :i* ! s\l asc5ds to ! plateau ( contemplation4 ,! g5]al aspects ( 8 philosophy w be consid]$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,"h he is to be view$ z a m$iaeval symboli/1 ^u :om press$ a s5se ( ! symbolism ( all visible ?+s4 ,an exam9ation ( 8 great ,de sacram5tis ,*ri/ianae fidei w disclose t ) ,hugo ! mat]ial creation 9 its deepe/ v]ity is a symbol2 t ,scripture1 besides its lit]al mean+1 is allegory f ,g5esis to ,revelation2 t ! means ( salvation provid$ by ! ,*ur* are sacram5tal1 & ?us ess5tially symbolical1 consi/+ ( p]fect$ & pot5t symbols :i* h be5 %ad[$ =? 9 ! unp]fect$ sacram5tal "* ( all ,god's works f ! beg9n+4#gb ,hugo's little ,preface 7praefatiuncula7 m5tions c]ta9 reque/s made to him to write a book on ! ,sacram5ts4 ,9 und]tak+ x1 he proposes to pres5t 9 bett] =m _m ?+s dictat$ f "t to "t r neglig5tly4 ,:atev] he has tak5 f 8 previ\s writ+s he has revis$ z seem$ be/4 ,%\ld !re appe> any inconsi/5cy betwe5 :at he may h said else:]e & ! language ( ! pres5t "w1 he begs ! read] to reg>d ! pres5t z ! bett] =m ( /atem5t4 ,8 me?od w be to treat 8 matt] 9 ! ord] ( "t2 & to ?is end 8 "w is divid$ into two ,books4 ,! fir/ discusses ! subject f ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,_w until ! ,inc>nation ( ! ,^w2 ! second cont9ues x f ! ,inc>nation to ! f9al ,consummation ( all ?+s4 ,he expla9s t z he has else:]e spok5 at l5g? ^u ! prim>y or hi/orical mean+ ( ,holy ,writ1#gc he w devote himself "h r to its second>y or allegorical significance4 ,hugo fur!r expla9s ! subject ( 8 treatise 9 a ,prologue3 8,! "w ( man's re/oration is ! subject-matt] 7mat]ia7 ( all ! ,scriptures4 ,!re are two works1 ! "w ( f\ndation & ! "w ( re/oration1 :i* include ev]y?+ :atsoev]4 ,! =m] is ! creation ( ! _w ) all its elem5ts2 ! latt] is ! inc>nation ( ! ,^w ) all its sacram5ts1 ^? :i* w5t be=e f ! beg9n+ & ^? :i* foll[ ev5 to ! end ( ! _w4 ,= ! inc>nate ,^w is our ,k+1 :o came into ?is _w to fight ! devil4 ,& all ! sa9ts :o 7 be=e ,8 com+1 7 z soldi]s go+ be=e ,8 face2 & ^? :o h come & w come aft]1 until ! end ( ! _w1 are z soldi]s :o foll[ _! k+4 ,he is ! ,k+ 9 ! c5tre ( ,8 army1 advanc+ girt by ,8 troops4 ,& al?\gh 9 su* a multitude div]s %apes ( arms appe> 9 ! sacram5ts & obs]vances ( ^? :o prec$e & come aft]1 yet all are soldi]s "u "o k+ & foll[ "o bann]2 !y pursue "o enemy & ) "o victory are cr[n$4 ,9 all ( ?is may be obs]v$ ! "w ( re/oration4 8,scripture gives fir/ a brief acc\nt ( ! "w ( creation4 ,= x c\ld n aptly %[ h[ man 0 re/or$ unless x _h previ\sly expla9$ h[ he _h fall52 nor c\ld x %[ h[ he _h fall51 )\t fir/ %[+ h[ ,god _h made him1 = :i* 9 turn x 0 necess>y to set =? ! creation ( ! :ole _w1 because ! _w 0 made = man4 ,! _s 0 creat$ = ,god's sake2 ! body = ! _s's sake1 & ! _w = ! body's sake1 s t ! _s might be subject to ,god1 ! body to ! _s1 & ! _w to ! body4 ,9 ?is ord]1 !re=e1 ,holy ,scripture describes fir/ ! creation ( ! _w :i* 0 made = man2 !n x tells h[ man 0 made & set 9 ! way ( righte\sness & discipl9e2 aft] t1 h[ man fell2 & f9ally h[ he 0 re/or$ 7rep>atus740 ,9 ^! fir/ little *apt]s ( 8 ,prologue1 ,hugo has gr\p$ 8 topics sugge/ively4 ,! _w 0 made = man1 & !re=e ! acc\nt ( its creation is ne$$ 9 ord] to und]/& man4 ,moreov]1 t man's body exi/s = 8 _s's sake1 at once sugge/s t a significance beyond ! lit]al mean+ is likely to dwell 9 t acc\nt ( ! mat]ial creation :i* enables u to und]/& man4 ,! s\l ne$s in/ruction & guidance2 & ,god 9 creat+ ! _w = man surely _h 9 view 8 mo/ important int]e/s1 :i* 7 n ^? ( 8 mortal body1 b ^? ( 8 s\l4 ,s ! creation ( ! _w subs]ves man's spiritual int]e/s1 & ! div9e acc\nt ( x c>ries spiritual in/ruction4 ,! allegorical significance ( ! _w's creation1 :i* answ]s to man's spiritual ne$s1 is z v]itable & real z ! facts ( ! _w's mat]ial f\ndation1 :i* answ]s to ! ne$s ( 8 body4 ,?us symbolism is root$ 9 ! "* & purpose ( ! mat]ial creation2 x lies 9 ! ,god-implant$ nature ( ?+s2 !re=e ! allegorical int]pretation ( ! ,scriptures corresponds to _! deepe/ mean+ & ! reveal$ plan ( ,god4 ,^! pr9ciples und]lie ,hugo's exposition ( ! ,*ri/ian sacram5ts1 ^: unp]fect$ prototypes exi/$ 9 ! "w ( ! ,creation4 ,no fact ( sacr$ hi/ory1 no s+le righte\s pre-,*ri/ian obs]vance1 0 unaffiliat$ ) !m4 ,an adequate und]/&+ ( _! nature involves a full k n only ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 b ( all o!r k pr(itable to m5--z ,hugo cle>ly indicates 9 ! rema9+ portion ( 8 ,prologue3 8,:5ce x appe>s h[ mu* div9e ,scripture 9 subtle pr(undity surpasses all o!r writ+s1 n only 9 its matt] b 9 ! way ( treat+ x4 ,9 o!r writ+s ! words alone c>ry mean+3 9 ,scripture n only ! words1 b ! ?+s may mean some?+4 ,:]e=e j z a k ( ! words is ne$$ 9 ord] to "k :at ?+s are signifi$1 s a k ( ! ?+s is ne$$ 9 ord] to det]m9e _! my/ical signification ( o!r ?+s :i* h be5 or ought to be done4 ,! k ( words falls "u two heads3 expression1 & ! sub/ance ( _! mean+4 ,gramm> relates only to expression1 dialectic only to mean+1 :ile rhetoric relates to bo?4 ,a k ( ?+s requires a k ( _! =m & ( _! nature4 ,=m consi/s 9 ext]nal configuration1 nature 9 int]nal quality4 ,=m is treat$ z numb]1 to :i* ari?metic applies2 or z proportion1 to :i* music applies2 or z dim5sion1 to :i* geometry applies2 or z motion1 to :i* p]ta9s a/ronomy4 ,b physics 7physica7 looks to ! inn] nature ( ?+s4 8,x foll[s t all ! natural arts s]ve div9e sci5ce1 & ! l[] k rightly ord]$ leads to ! high]4 ,hi/ory1 i4e4 ! hi/orical mean+1 is t 9 :i* words signify ?+s1 & its s]vants1 z already said1 are ! ?ree sci5ces1 gramm>1 dialectic1 & rhetoric4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ?+s signify facts my/ically1 we h allegory2 & :5 ?+s my/ically signify :at ought to be done1 we h tropology4 ,^! two are s]v$ by ari?metic1 music1 geometry1 a/ronomy1 & physics4 ,above & beyond all is t div9e some?+ to :i* div9e ,scripture leads1 ei!r 9 allegory or tropology4 ,( ?is ! "o "p 7:i* is 9 allegory7 is "r fai?1 & ! o!r 7:i* is 9 tropology7 is good conduct3 9 ^! consi/ k ( tru? & love ( virtue1 & ?is is ! true re/oration ( man40#gd ,hugo has n[ /at$ 8 position4 ,! rationale ( ! _w's creation lies 9 ! nature ( man4 ,! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts1 & incid5tally all human k1 9 h&maid5ly mann]1 promote an und]/&+ ( man z well z ( ! sav+ tea*+ conta9$ 9 ,scripture4 ,?is 0 ! common m$iaeval view2 b ,hugo proves x ?r\gh application ( ! pr9ciples ( symbolism & allegorical int]pretation4 ,by ^! in/rum5ts he ord]s ! arts & sci5ces accord+ to _! value 9 8 ,*ri/ian sy/em1 & makes all human k subs]ve ! intellectual economy ( ! s\l's progress to ,god4 ,an exposition ( ! ,"w ( ! ,six ,days op5s ! body ( ,hugo's treatise4 ,god creat$ all ?+s f no?+1 & at once4 ,8 creation 0 at fir/ un=m$2 n absolutely =mless1 b 9 ! =m ( confusion1 out ( :i* 9 ! six days ,he wr\ght ! =m ( ord]$ disposition4 ,! fir/ creation includ$ ! matt] ( corporeal ?+s & 79 ! angelic nature7 ! ess5ce ( ?+s invisible2 = ! rational creature may be said to be un=m$ until x take =m ?r\gh turn+ unto its ,creator1 :]eby x ga9s beauty & bless$ness f ,him ?r\gh ! conv]sion :i* is ( love4 ,?us ! matt] ( e corporeal ?+ :i* ,god aft]w>ds made1 exi/$ f ! "t ( ,8 fir/ creation1 & likewise ! image ( ev]y?+ invisible4 ,= al?\gh new s\ls are /ill creat$ e day1 _! image exi/$ previ\sly 9 ! angelic spirits4 ,!n ,god made light1 ! un=m$ mat]ial ( :i* ,he _h creat$ 9 ! beg9n+4 8,& at ! v mom5t :5 light 0 visibly & corporeally sep>at$ f d>kness1 ! good angels 7 invisibly set ap>t f ! wick$ angels :o 7 fall+ 9 ! d>kness ( s94 ,! good 7 illum9$ & conv]t$ to ! light ( righte\sness1 t !y might be light & n d>kness4 ,?us we ought to p]ceive a consonance 9 ! works ( ,god1 ! visible "w con=m+ to ! issue ( ! invisible 9 su* wise t ! ,wisdom :i* work$ 9 bo? may 9 ! =m] in/ruct by an example & 9 ! latt] execute judgm5t40 ,! sev]ance ( light f d>kness is ! mat]ial example ( h[ ,god executes judgm5t 9 divid+ ! good f ! evil4 ,9 ?is visible "w ( ,god a 8sacram5t0 is disc]nible1 s9ce e s\l1 s long z x is 9 s91 is 9 d>kness & confusion4 ,all ! visible works ( ,god (f] spiritual lessons 7spiritualia praef]unt docum5ta74 ,!y h sacram5tal qualities1 & yet are n p]fect$ & complet$ sacram5ts1 z w h]eaft] appe> f ,hugo's def9ition4 ,foll[+ ! ord] ( creation1 ,hugo n[ speaks ( ! firmam5t :i* ,god set 9 ! mid/ ( ! wat]s to divide !m3 8,he :o believes t ?is 0 made = 8 sake w n look = ! reason ( x outside ( himself4 ,= x all 0 made 9 ! image ( ! _w )9 him2 ! e>? :i* is bel[1 is ! s5sual nature ( man1 & ! heav5 above is ! purity ( 8 intellig5ce quick5+ to immortal life40 ,! rational & unse5 are a _w z well z ! mat]ial & visible4 ,! sacram5tal quality ( ! mat]ial _w lies 9 its correspond5ce to ! unse5 _w4 ,:5 ,hugo speaks ( ! 8sacram5ta0 9 ! creation ( light & ! wat]s divid$ by ! firmam5t1 he means t 9 addition to _! mat]ial nature z light & wat]1 !y are ess5tially symbols4 ,_! symbolism is z v]itably "p ( _! nature z ! symbolical "* ( ! ,eu*>i/ is "p ( ! nature ( ! consecrat$ bread & w9e4 ,! sacram5ts are among ! deepe/ v]ities ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?4 ,& ! same repres5tative v]ity t exi/s 9 !m1 exi/s1 9 less p]fect$ mode1 ?r\gh\t ,god's entire creation4 ,s ! argum5t c>ries out ! pr9ciples ( ! sacram5ts & ! pr9ciples ( symbolism to a full explanation ( ! _w2 & ,hugo's "w ^u ! ,sacram5ts pres5ts 8 !ory ( ! univ]se4 8,_m o!r my/]ies10 says ,hugo1 clos+ ! fir/ 8,"p0 ( 8 fir/ ,book1 8c\ld be po9t$ out 9 ! "w ( ! creation4 ,b we briefly speak ( ^! matt]s z a suitable approa* to ! subject set be=e u4 ,= our purpose is to treat ( ! sacram5t ( man's r$emption4 ,! "w ( creation 0 complet$ 9 six days1 ! "w ( re/oration 9 six ages4 ,! latt] "w we def9e z ! ,inc>nation ( ! ,^w & :at 9 & ?r\gh ! fle% ! ,^w p]=m$1 ) all ,8 sacram5ts1 bo? ^? :i* f ! beg9n+ prefigur$ ! ,inc>nation & ^? :i* foll[ to decl>e & prea* x till ! end40 ,x is unnecess>y to foll[ ,hugo ?r\gh ! discussion1 ^u :i* he n[ ent]s1 ( ! w1 k1 & p[] ( ! ,tr9ity1 or ?r\gh 8 consid]ation ( ! k :i* man may h ( ,god4 ,9 ,"p ,v4 ( ! fir/ ,book1 he consid]s ! creation ( angels1 _! qualities & nature1 & ! reasons :y a "p ( !m fell4 ,) ,"p ,,vi4 ! creation ( man is rea*$1 :i* ,hugo %[s to h be5 causally prior1 ?\gh lat] 9 "t1 to ! creation ( ! _w :i* ,god made = man4 ,f love ,god creat$ rational creatures1 ! angels purely spiritual1 & man a _s clo!d ) e>?4#ge ,hugo consid]s ! corporeal z well z ! spiritual nature & qualities ( man1 & 8 condition be=e ! ,fall4 ,! sev5? ,"p is devot$ to ! ,fall itself1 & discusses its "* & s9fulness4 ,at l5g?1 9 ! eigh? ,"p1 ,hugo rea*es ! true subject ( 8 treatise1 ! re/oration ( man4 ,man's fir/ s9 ( pride 0 foll[$ by a triple puni%m5t1 consi/+ 9 a p5alty1 & two entail$ defects1 ! p5alty be+ bodily mortality1 ! defects c>nal concupisc5ce & m5tal ignorance4 8,reg>d+ 8 rep>ation ?ree matt]s are to be consid]$1 ! "t1 ! place1 ! rem$y4 ,! "t is ! pres5t life1 f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! _w4 ,! place is ?is _w4#gf ,! rem$y is ?reefold1 & consi/s 9 fai?1 ! sacram5ts1 & good works4 ,long is ! "t1 t man may n be tak5 unprep>$4 ,h>d is ! place1 t ! transgressor may be ca/igat$4 ,efficaci\s is ! rem$y1 t ! sick "o may be heal$40 ,hugo !n sets =? ! situation1 ! case 9 c\rt z x 71 to :i* ,god1 ! devil1 & man1 are ! ?ree p>ties4 ,9 ?is trial 8444 ! devil is convict$ ( an injury to ,god 9 t he s$uc$ ,god's s]vant by fraud & holds him by viol5ce4 ,man also is convict$ ( an injury to ,god 9 t he despis$ ,8 comm& & wick$ly gave himself to evil s]vitude4 ,likewise ! devil is convict$ ( an injury t[>d man1 9 fir/ deceiv+ him & !n br++ evil ^u him4 ,! devil holds man unju/ly1 ?\gh man is ju/ly held40 ,s9ce ! devil's case aga9/ man 0 unju/1 man might defeat 8 lord%ip2 b he ne$$ an advocate 7patronus71 :i* c\ld be only ,god4 ,god1 angry at man's s91 did n wi% to und]take man's cause4 ,he mu/ be placat$2 & man _h no equival5t to (f] = ! injury he _h done ,him2 = he _h des]t$ ,god :5 rational & innoc5t1 & c\ld deliv] himself back to ,god only z an irrational & s9ful creature4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] t man might h :]e)al to placate ,god1 ,god ?r\gh m]cy gave man a man :om man might give 9 place ( him :o _h s9n$4 ,god became man = man & z man gave himself = man4 ,?us ,he :o _h be5 man's ,creator became also 8 ,r$eem]4 ,god might h r$eem$ man 9 "s o!r way1 b took ! way ( human nature z be/ suit$ to man's weakness4 ,aft] our fir/ p>5t _h be5 exil$ f ,p>adise = 8 s91 ! devil possess$ him viol5tly4 ,b ,god's provid5ce temp]$ ju/ice ) m]cy1 & f ! p5alty itself prep>$ a rem$y4 8,he set = man z a sign ! sacram5ts ( 8 salvation1 9 ord] t :oev] w\ld appreh5d !m ) "r fai? & firm hope1 might1 ?\gh "u ! yoke1 h "s fell[%ip ) fre$om4 ,he set ,8 edict in=m+ & in/ruct+ man1 s t :oev] %\ld elect to expect a savi\r1 %\ld prove 8 v[ ( election 9 obs]vance ( ! sacram5ts4 ,! devil also set 8 sacram5ts1 t he might "k & possess 8 own m surely4 ,! human race 0 at once divid$ into opposite p>ties1 "s accept+ ! devil's sacram5ts & "s ! sacram5ts ( ,*ri/4444 ,h5ce x is cle>1 t f ! beg9n+ !re 7 ,*ri/ians 9 fact1 if n 9 "n40 ,hugo proce$s to %[ t ! "t ( ! in/itution ( ! sacram5ts began :5 our fir/ p>5t1 expell$ f ,p>adise1 0 subject$ to ! exile ( ?is mortal life1 ) all 8 po/]ity until ! end4 8,z soon z man _h fall5 f 8 fir/ /ate ( incorruption1 he began to be sick1 9 body ?r\gh 8 mortality1 9 m9d ?r\gh 8 iniquity4 ,=?) ,god prep>$ ! m$ic9e ( 8 rep>ation ?r\gh ,8 sacram5ts4 ,9 div]s times & places ,god pres5t$ ^! = man's heal+1 z reason & ! cause dem&$1 "s ( !m be=e ! ,law1 "s "u ! ,law & "s "u grace4 ,?\gh diff]5t 9 =m !y _h ! "o effect & accompli%$ ! "o heal?4 ,if any "o inquires ! p]iod ( _! appo9tm5t he may "k t z long z !re is disease s long is ! "t ( ! m$ic9e4 ,! pres5t life1 f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! _w1 is ! "t ( sickness & ! "t ( ! rem$y4 ,:5 a sacram5t has fulfill$ its "t x ceases1 & o!rs take its place1 to br+ ab\t t same heal?4 ,^! 9 turn h be5 succe$$ at la/ by o!rs1 :i* are n to be sup]s$$40 ,hav+ foll[$ ,hugo's plan ?us f>1 "o sees :y x is only at ! comm5cem5t ( ! n9? ,"p ( 8 fir/ ,book t he rea*es ! def9ition & discussion ( ^? f9al & endur+ sacram5ts :i* foll[$ ! ,inc>nation4 ,he has hi!rto be5 develop+ 8 !me1 & n[ takes up its v ess5ce4 ,lay+ out ! matt] s*ola/ically1 he says 8!re are f\r ?+s to consid]3 fir/1 :at is a sacram5t2 second1 :y !y 7 in/itut$2 ?ird1 :at may be ! mat]ial ( ea* sacram5t1 9 :i* x is made & sanctifi$2 & f\r?1 h[ _m sacram5ts !re are4 ,?is is ! def9ition1 cause1 mat]ial1 & classification40 ,proce$+ to ! def9ition1 he says t ! doctors h briefly describ$ a sacram5t z ! tok5 ( ! sacr$ sub/ance 7sacrae rei signum74 8,= z !re is body & s\l 9 man1 & 9 ,scripture ! lett] & ! s5se1 s 9 e sacram5t !re is ! visible ext]nal :i* may be h&l$ & ! invisible )91 :i* is believ$ & taught4 ,! mat]ial ext]nal is ! sacram5t1 & ! invisible & spiritual is ! sacram5t's sub/ance 7res7 or virtus4 ,! ext]nal is h&l$ & sanctifi$2 t is ! signum ( ! spiritual grace1 :i* is ! sacram5t's res & is invisibly appreh5d$40 ,hav+ ?us expla9$ ! old def9ition1 ,hugo objects to x on ! gr\nd t n e signum rei sacrae is a sacram5t2 ! lett]s ( ! sacr$ text & ! pictures ( holy ?+s are signa rei sacrae1 & yet are n sacram5ts4 ,he !re=e (f]s ! foll[+ def9ition z adequate3 8,! sacram5t is ! corporeal or mat]ial elem5t set out s5sibly1 repres5t+ f its similitude1 signify+ f its in/itution1 & conta9+ f its sanctification1 "s invisible & spiritual grace40#gg ,?is1 he ma9ta9s1 is a p]fect def9ition1 s9ce all sacram5ts possess ^! ?ree qualities1 & :atev] lacks !m _c prop]ly be call$ a sacram5t4 ,z an example he in/ances ! baptismal wat]3 8,!re is ! visible elem5t ( wat]1 :i* is ! sacram5t2 & ^! ?ree are f\nd 9 "o3 repres5tation f similitude1 significance f appo9tm5t1 virtue f sanctification4 ,! similitude is f creation1 ! appo9tm5t f disp5sation1 ! sanctification f b5$iction4 ,! fir/ is imp>t$ to x ?r\gh ! ,creator1 ! second is add$ ?r\gh ! ,savi\r1 ! ?ird is giv5 ?r\gh ! adm9i/rator40#gh ,pass+ to ! second consid]ation1 ,hugo f9ds t ! sacram5ts 7 in/itut$ ) ?reefold purpose1 = man's humiliation1 in/ruction1 & discipl9e or ex]cise4 ,! man contemn+ !m _c be sav$4 ,yet ,god has sav$ _m )\t !m1 z ,j]emiah 0 sanctifi$ 9 ! womb1 & ,john ! ,bapti/1 & ^? :o 7 righte\s "u ! natural law4 8,= ^? :o "u ! natural law possess$ ! sub/ance 7res7 ( ! sacram5t 9 "r fai? & *>ity1 did n to _! damnation lack ! sacram5t40 ,& ,hugo w>ns :oev] might take a n>r[] view1 to bew>e le/ 9 hon\r+ ,god's sacram5ts1 ,8 p[] & goodness be made ( no avail4 8,do/ ?\ tell me t he :o has n ! sacram5ts ( ,god _c be sav$8 ,i tell !e t he :o has ! virtue ( ! sacram5ts ( ,god _c p]i%4 ,:i* is great]1 ! sacram5t or ! virtue ( ! sacram5t--wat] or fai?8 ,if ?\ w\ld/ speak truly1 answ]1 #8fai?4'0 ,"o notes t ! twelf? c5tury _h its broad-m9d$ness1 z well z ! tw5tie?4 ,:ile pass+ on discursively to consid] ! classification ( ! sacram5ts1 ,hugo consid]s _m matt]s1#gi & !n op5s 8 treatm5t ( ! sacram5ts ( ! natural law ) a recapitulation3 8,! sacram5ts f ! beg9n+ 7 in/itut$ = ! re/oration & heal+ ( man1 "s "u ! natural law1 "s "u ! writt5 law1 & o!rs "u grace4 ,^? :i* are lat] 9 "t w be f\nd m wor?y means ( spiritual grace4 ,= all ^? sacram5ts ( ! =m] "t1 "u ! natural or ! writt5 law1 7 signs & figures ( ^? n[ appo9t$ "u grace4 ,! spiritual effect ( ! =m] 9 _! "t 0 wr\ght ?r\gh ! virtue & sanctification drawn f ! latt]4 ,if any "o !re=e w\ld d5y t ^? prior sacram5ts 7 effectual = sanctification1 he does n seem to me to judge aright40#hj ,! sacram5ts ( ! natural law 7 z ! umbra v]itatis2 ^? ( ! writt5 law z ! imago vel figura v]itatis2 b ^? "u grace are ! corpus v]itatis4#ha ,! writt5 law1 ?\gh giv5 fully only ?r\gh ,moses1 began ) ,abraham1 ^u :om circumcision 0 enjo9$ z a sacram5t & sign ( sep>ation f ! hea!n peoples4 ,9 ob$i5ce to its precepts lies ! m]it1 9 its promises lies ! rew>d1 :ile its sacram5ts aid m5 to fulfil its precepts & obta9 its rew>d4 ,hugo discusses ! sacram5ts ( circumcision & burnt-(f]+s :i* 7 necess>y = ! remission ( s9s2 !n ^? :i* ex]cis$ ! fai?ful p 9 devotion--! peace-(f]+ is an example2 & aga9 ^? :i* aid$ ! p to cultivate piety1 z ! tab]nacle & its ut5sils4 ,hugo's second ,book1 :i* makes ! second half ( 8 "w1 is devot$ to ! 8"t ( grace0 inaugurat$ by ! ,inc>nation4 ,x treats 9 detail ! ,*ri/ian sacram5ts & o!r topics ( ! ,fai?1 d[n to ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 :5 ! wick$ are ca/ into hell1 & ! bless$ ent] ^u et]nal life1 :]e ,god w be se5 et]nally1 prais$ )\t we>9ess1 & lov$ )\t satiety4 ,?is bless$ lot fl[s f ! grace ( ! salvation br\ght by ,*ri/1 & is dep5d5t on ! sacram5ts1 ! endur+ means ( grace4 ,on _! "p1 ! sacram5ts1 :atev] m !y are1 are symbols1 9 ess5ce & function connect$ ) ! symbolical nature ( ,god's creation1 ) ! prefigurative significance ( ! =tunes ( ,god's *os5 p until ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 ) ! import & symbolism ( ,*ri/'s life & tea*+s1 & ) ! symbolism inh]5t 9 ! organization & build+ up ( ,*ri/'s holy ,*ur*4 ,symbolism & allegory are made "p ( ! con/itution ( ! _w & man2 !y connect man's body & environm5t ) 8 _s1 & l9k ! life ( ?is _w ) ! life to come4 ,hugo has ?us gr\nd$ & e/abli%$ symbolism 9 ! purposes ( ,god1 9 ! univ]sal s*eme ( ?+s1 & 9 ! nature & de/9ies ( man4#hb ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,ca!dral ,,& ,,mass2 ,,hymn ,,& ,,imag9ative ,,poem ,i4 ,,guilelmus ,,dur&us ,,& ,,v9c5t ,,( ,,beauvais4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,hymns ,,( ,,adam ,,( ,,/4 ,,victor ,,& ,,! ,anticlaudianus ( ,,alanus ,,( ,,lille4 ,"u sanction ( ,scriptural int]pretation & ! sacram5ts1 allegory & symbolism became accept$ pr9ciples ( spiritual v]ity1 s\rces ( political argum5t1 & modes ( transc5d5tal tru?4 ,!y p5etrat$ ! ,liturgy1 *>g+ e s5t5ce & c]emonial act ) sav+ significance & p[]2 & z pla/ic influ5ces !y imp>t$ =m & matt] to religi\s art & poetry1 :]e !y _h inde$ be5 pot5t f ! beg9n+4 ,i ,9 ! e>ly ,*ur* ! (fice ( ! ,mass1 ! ord9ation ( prie/s1 & ! d$ication ( *ur*es 7 n *>g$ ) ! elaborate symbolism c>ri$ by ^! c]emonies 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1#hc :5 ! ,liturgy1 or speak+ m specifically1 ! ,mass1 _h become symbolical f ! introit to ! la/ b5$iction2 & ,go?ic sculpture & glass pa9t+1 :i* 7 its visible illu/ration1 _h be5 impress$ ) correspond+ allegory4 ,m$iaeval liturgic lore is summ$ up by ,guilelmus ,dur&us 9 8 ,rationale div9orum (ficiorum1 :i* 0 compos$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & conta9s mu* t is mirror$ 9 ! art ( ! ,fr5* ca!drals4 ,x is impossible to review ! elaborate symbolical significance ( ! ,mass z set =? 9 ! au?oritative "w ( "o :o 0 a bi%op1 !ologian1 juri/1 & papal reg5t4#hd ,b a little ( x may be giv54 ,! (fice ( ! ,mass1 says ,dur&us1 is devis$ ) great =e?\ght1 s z to conta9 ! major "p ( :at 0 accompli%$ by & 9 ,*ri/ f ! "t :5 ,he desc5d$ f heav5 to ! "t :5 ,he asc5d$ into heav54 ,9 ! sacrifice ( ! ,mass all ! sacrifices ( ! ,anci5t ,law are repres5t$ & sup]s$$4 ,x may be celebrat$ at ! ?ird h\r1 because !n1 accord+ to ,m>k1 ,*ri/ asc5d$ ! cross1 & at t h\r also ! ,holy ,_s desc5d$ ^u ! ,apo/les 9 tongues ( fire2 or at ! six? h\r1 :51 accord+ to ,mat!w1 ,*ri/ 0 crucifi$2 or at ! n9? h\r1 :5 on ! cross ,he gave up ,8 _s4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! ,mass beg9s ) ! introit4 ,its antiphonal *ant+ signifies ! aspirations & de$s1 ! pray]s & praises ( ! patri>*s & prophets :o 7 look+ = ! com+ ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,! *orus ( *ant+ cl]gy repres5ts ?is ye>n+ multitude ( sa9ts ( ! ,anci5t ,law4 ,! bi%op1 clad 9 8 sacr$ ve/m5ts1#he at ! end ( ! procession1 em]g+ f ! sacri/y & advanc+ to ! alt>1 repres5ts ,*ri/1 ! expect$ ( ! nations1 em]g+ f ! ,virg9's womb & ent]+ ! _w1 ev5 z ! ,sp\se f ,8 secret *amb]4 ,! sev5 lights borne be=e him on ! *ief fe/ivals are ! sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,_s desc5d+ ^u ! head ( ,*ri/4 ,! two acolytes prec$+ him signify ! ,law & ! ,prophets1 %[n 9 ,moses & ,elias :o appe>$ ) ,*ri/ on ,m\nt ,tabor4 ,! f\r :o be> ! canopy are ! f\r evangeli/s1 decl>+ ! ,gospel4 ,! bi%op takes 8 seat & lays aside 8 mitre4 ,he is sil5t1 z 0 ,*ri/ dur+ ,8 e>ly ye>s4 ,! ,book ( ! ,gospels lies clos$ be=e him4 ,ar\nd him 9 ! company ( cl]gy are repres5t$ ! ,magi & o!rs4 ,! s]vices proce$1 e ^w & act fill$ ) symbolic import4 ,! read+ ( ! ,epi/le is rea*$--t is ! prea*+ ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 :o prea*es only to ! ,jews2 s ! read] turns to ! nor?1 ! region ( ! ,anci5t ,law4 ,! read+ end$1 he b[s be=e ! bi%op1 z ! ,bapti/ humbl$ himself be=e ,*ri/4 ,aft] ! ,epi/le comes ! ,gradual or responsorium1 :i* relates to p5it5ce & ! works ( ! active life4 ,! ,bapti/ is /ill ! ma9 figure1 until ! solemn mom5t :5 ! ,gospel is read1 :i* signifies ! beg9n+ ( ,*ri/'s prea*+4 ,! ,cre$ foll[s ! ,gospel1 z fai? foll[s ! prea*+ ( ! tru?4 ,its twelve p>ts ref] to ! call+ ( ! twelve apo/les4 ,!n ! bi%op beg9s 8 s]mon2 t is to say1 aft] ! call+ ( ! ,twelve1 ! ,^w ( ,god is prea*$ to ! p1 & x h5ce=? behoves ! ,*ur* to hold fa/ to ! ,cre$ :i* has j be5 recit$4#hf ,! au?oritative allegoriz+ ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies ext5d$ ! symbolism ( ! ,mass to ! edifice 9 :i* x 0 celebrat$2 z ! ,rationale sets =? 9 its op5+ *apt] entitl$ 8,de ecclesia et eius p>tibus40 ,!re x is %[n t ! corporeal *ur* is ! edifice1 :ile ! ,*ur*1 spiritually tak51 signifies ! fai?ful p drawn toge!r f all sorts ( m5 z ! edifice is con/ruct$ ( all sorts ( /ones4 ,! v>i\s names ecclesia1 synagogue1 basilica1 & tab]nacle are expla9$2 & !n :y ! ,*ur* is call$ ! ,body ( ,*ri/1 & also ,virg91 also ,sp\se1 ,"m1 ,daught]1 ,wid[1 & inde$ ,m]etrix1 z x %uts its bosom aga9/ no "o seek+ x4 ,! =m ( ! *ur* con=ms to t ( ,solomon's temple1 9 ! ant]ior "p ( :i* ! p he>d & pray$1 :ile ! cl]gy pray$ & prea*$1 gave ?anks & m9i/]$1 9 ! sanctu>y or sacr$ place4 ,solomon's temple 9 turn 0 modell$ on ! ,tab]nacle ( ! ,exodus1 :i*1 because x 0 con/ruct$ on a j\rney1 is ! type ( ! _w :i* passes away & ! lu/ !re(4 ,x 0 made ) ! f\r col\rs ( ! ar* ( heav51 z ! _w consi/s ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,s9ce ,god is 9 ! _w1 ,he is 9 ! tab]nacle 7:i* also means ! ,*ur* militant7 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! fai?ful congregation4 ,! ant]ior "p ( ! tab]nacle1 :]e ! p sacrific$1 is also ! ,vita activa1 9 :i* ! laity lab\r 9 neighb\rly love2 & ! portion :]e ! ,levites m9i/]$ is ! ,vita contemplativa4 ,! *ur* %\ld be erect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ! place ( its f\ndation %\ld be made ready--well-f\nd$ is ! h\se ( ! ,"l ^u a rock--& ! bi%op or lic5s$ prie/ %\ld spr9kle x ) holy wat] to dispel ! demons1 & %\ld lay ! fir/ /one1 on :i* %\ld be c>v$ a cross4 ,! head ( ! *ur*1 t is ! *ancel1 %\ld be set t[>d ! ris+ sun at ! "t ( ! equ9ox4 ,n[ if ! ,jews 7 comm&$ to build walls = ,j]usalem1 h[ mu* m ought we to build ! walls ( our *ur*es8 ,! mat]ial *ur* signifies ! ,holy ,*ur* built ( liv+ /ones 9 heav51 ) ,*ri/ ! corn]-/one1 ^u :i* are set ! f\ndations ( ,apo/les & ,prophets4 ,! walls above are ! ,jews & ,g5tiles1 :o believ+ come to ,*ri/ f ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,! fai?ful p pr$e/9$ to life are ! /ones !re(4 ,! mort> 9 :i* ! /ones are set is made ( lime1 s&1 & wat]4 ,lime is f]v5t love1 :i* takes to itself ! s&1 t is1 e>?ly toil2 !n wat]1 :i* is ! ,_s1 unites ! lime & s&4 ,z ! /ones ( ! wall w\ld h no /ability )\t ! mort>1 s m5 _c be set 9 ! walls ( ! heav5ly ,j]usalem )\t love1 :i* ! ,holy ,_s br+s4 ,! /ones ( ! wall are hewn & squ>$1 :i* means sanctifi$ & made clean4 ,"s /ones are borne1 b d n !mselves be> any burd51 & ^! are ! feeble 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,o!r /ones are borne1 yet also be>2 :ile /ill o!rs be>1 b are n borne1 save by ,*ri/ alone1 ! "o f\ndation2 & ! la/ are ! p]fect4 ,! ,jews 7 subject to ho/ile attack :ile build+ ! walls ( ,j]usalem1#hg s t ) "o h& !y set /ones1 :ile !y f\ght ) ! o!r4 ,likewise are we surr\nd$ by ho/ile vices z we build ! walls ( ! ,*ur*2 b we oppose !m ) ! %ield ( fai? & ! brea/plate ( righte\sness1 & ! sword ( ! ,^w ( ,god 9 our h&s4 ,! *ur* edifice is dispos$ l ! human body4 ,! *ancel1 :]e ! alt> is1 repres5ts ! head1 & ! cross 7transept7 ! arms & h&s4 ,! we/]n portion 7nave & aisles7 is ! re/ ( ! body4 ,b inde$ ,ri*>d ( ,/4 ,victor deems t ! ?ree p>ts ( ! edifice repres5t 9 ord] ( sanctity1 fir/ ! virg9s1 !n ! cont95t1 & la/ly m>ri$ p4 ,aga91 ! ,*ur* is built ) f\r walls2 t is1 by ! tea*+ ( ! f\r evangeli/s x rises broad & high into ! altitude ( ! virtues4 ,its l5g? is ! long-suff]+ ) :i* x endures adv]sity2 its bread? is love1 ) :i* x embraces its fri5ds 9 ,god1 & loves its enemies = ,8 sake2 its height is ! hope ( future rew>d4 ,aga91 9 ,god's temple ! f\ndation is fai?1 :i* is z to :at is n se52 ! ro( is *>ity1 :i* cov]s a multitude ( s9s4 ,! door is ob$i5ce--keep ! comm&m5ts if ?\ wilt ent] into life4#hh ,! pavem5t is humility4 ,! f\r walls are ! f\r virtues1 righte\sness1 7ju/itia71 =titude1 prud5ce1 & temp]ance4 ,! w9d[s are glad hospitality & free-h&$ pity4 ,"s *ur*es are cruci=m1 to tea* u t we are crucifi$ to ! _w1 or %\ld foll[ ! ,crucifi$4 ,"s are circul>1 :i* signifies t ! ,*ur* is spread ?r\gh ! circle ( ! _w4 ,! apse signifies ! fai?ful laity2 ! crypts1 ! h]mits4 ,! nave signifies ,*ri/1 ?r\gh :om lies ! way to ! heav5ly ,j]usalem2 ! t[]s are ! prea*]s & prelates1 & ! p9nacles repres5t ! prelates' m9ds :i* so> on high4 ,also a wea!r-cock on top ( ! *ur* signifies ! prea*]s1 :o r\se ! sleep+ f ! night ( s91 & turn+ ev] to ! w9d1 resi/ ! rebelli\s4 ,! iron rod uphold+ ! cock is ! prea*]'s s]mon2 & because ?is rod is plac$ above ! cross on ! *ur*1 x indicates ! ^w ( ,god f9i%$ & confirm$1 z ,*ri/ said 9 ,8 passion1 8,x is f9i%$40 ,! l(ty dome on :i* ! cross is set1 signifies h[ p]fect & inviolate %\ld be ! prea*+ & obs]vance ( ! ,ca?olic ,fai?4 ,! glass w9d[s ( ! *ur* are ! div9e ,scriptures1 :i* repel ! w9d & ra91 b admit ! light ( ! true sun1 to wit ,god1 into ! *ur*1 t is1 into ! he>ts ( ! fai?ful4 ,! w9d[s also signify ! five s5ses ( ! body4#hi ,! door ( ! *ur* 7aga97 is ,*ri/--8,i am ! ,door02 ! doors are also ! ,apo/les4 ,! pill>s are ! bi%ops & doctors2 _! bases are ! apo/olic bi%ops2 _! capitals are ! m9ds ( ! doctors & bi%ops4 ,! pavem5t is ! f\ndation ( fai?1 & also signifies ! 8poor 9 _s10 also ! common cr[d by ^: lab\rs ! *ur* is upheld4 ,! raft]s are ! pr9ces & prea*]s 9 ! _w1 :o def5d ! *ur* by de$ & ^w4 ,! seats 9 a *ur* are ! contemplative 9 :om ,god re/s )\t (f5ce4 ,! panels 9 ! ceil+ are also prea*]s :o adorn & /r5g!n4 ,! *ancel1 ! head ( ! *ur*1 by be+ l[] ?an ! re/1 indicates h[ great %\ld be ! humility ( ! cl]gy4 ,! scre5s by :i* ! alt> is sep>at$ f ! *oir signify ! sep>ation ( heav5ly be+s f ?+s ( e>?4 ,! *oir /alls indicate ! body's ne$ ( recreation4 ,! pulpit is ! life ( ! p]fect4 ,! horologe signifies ! dilig5ce ) :i* ! prie/s %\ld say ! canonical h\rs4 ,! tiles ( ! ro( are ! knights :o protect ! *ur* f pagans4 ,! spiral /airways conceal$ )9 ! walls are ! secret k _h only by ^? :o asc5d to ! heav5ly places4 ,! sacri/y1 :]e ! holy ut5sils are kept & ! prie/ puts on 8 ve/m5ts1 signifies ! womb ( ! mo/ holy ,virg91 9 :i* ,*ri/ put on ,8 sacr$ g>b ( fle%4 ,f !nce ! prie/ em]ges be=e ! public1 z ,*ri/ w5t =? f ! ,virg9's womb into ! _w4 ,! lamp signifies ,*ri/1 :o is ! light ( ! _w2 or ! lamps signify ! ,apo/les & o!r doctors1 ^: doctr9e lights ! *ur*4 ,moses also made sev5 lights1 :i* are ! sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,dur&us next devotes a :ole *apt] to ! symbolism ( ! alt>1 & ano!r to ! significance & function ( ornam5ts1 pictures1 & sculpture4 ,! latt] op5s ) ! words3 8,! pictures & ornam5ts 9 a *ur* are ! texts & scriptures 7lectiones et scripturae7 ( ! laity40 ,?is *apt] is long2 x expla9s h[ ,*ri/ & ! angels1 also sa9ts1 ,apo/les & o!rs1 %\ld be repres5t$1 & describes ! prop] k9ds ( *ur* ornam5t & ut5sils4 ,mu* ( ! detail is symbolical4 ,?us ,dur&us devis$ or br\ght toge!r mean+s to fit ea* bit ( ! *ur* edifice1 its mat]ials & furni%+s4 ,9 ! "w ( a contempor>y are /or$ ! allegorical mean+s ( ! subjects ( ,go?ic sculpture & pa9t$ glass4 ,! ?irte5? c5tury _h a weakness = ! ^w 8,speculum10 & ! idea x c>ri$ ( a mirror or comp5dium ( all human k4 ,! *ief ( m$iaeval encyclopa$i/s 0 ,v9c5t ( ,beauvais1 a protg ( ! sa9tly ,k+ ,l\is ,,ix4 ,an analysis ( 8 huge ,speculum majus is giv5 else:]e4#ij ,x 0 made up ( ! ,mirror ( ,nature1 ! ,mirror ( human ,k & ,e?ics1 & ! ,mirror ( ,hi/ory4 ,! compil] & 8 assi/ants lab\r$ dur+ ! be/ p]iod ( ,go?ic art1 & f _! "w1 indu/ry may draw an exhau/ive comm5t>y ^u ! s]ies ( topics pres5t$ by ! sculpture & glass ( a ca!dral4#ia ,! ,mirror ( ,nature appe>s c>v$ 9 ! sculpture ( ,*>tres or ,b\rges4 ,9 r5d]+ ! "w ( ! ,six ,days1 ! ,creator is %[n 7"u ! =m ( ,*ri/7#ib contemplat+ ,8 "w1 or re/+ f ,8 toil2 "h & !re a lion1 %eep1 or goat1 sugge/s ! animal creation1 & a few trees ! vegetable _w4 ,?is is ! necess>y symbolism ( ! sculptor's art4 ,b ,go?ic animals & plants sometimes h o!r def9ite symbolic mean+s1 z 9 ! in/ance ( ! well-kn[n signs ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s1 ! man1 ! lion1 ! ox1 ! eagle4 ,! allegorical int]pretations ( ,scripture 7 an exhau/less s\rce ( symbolism = ,go?ic sculptors2 ano!r 0 ! ,physiologus & its prog5y ( ,be/i>ies1 ) _! symbolic explanations ( ! leg5d>y attributes ( animals4 ,int5tional symbolism1 h[ev]1 did n inh]e 9 all ?is c>v+1 mu* ( :i* is %e] fancy & decoration4 ,su* 0 ! "* ( ! spl5did ,go?ic flora1 ( ! birds & bea/s t move 9 x1 & ( ! grotesque mon/]s4 ,!y 7 n out ( place1 s9ce ! ,go?ic ca!dral 0 itself a ,speculum or ,summa1 & %\ld include ! :ole ( ,god's creation1 n omitt+ ev5 ! devils :o beset m5's s\ls4 ,v9c5t may h drawn f ,hugo ( ,/ ,victor ! curr5t doctr9e t ! arts h "p 9 ! "w ( man's re/oration2 a doctr9e abundantly ju/ify+ ! pres5ce ( ! sci5ces & crafts 7compos+ ! ,mirror ( ,k7 9 ! sculpture & pa9t+ ( ! ca!dral4 ,!re ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts are r5d]$1 ?r\gh allegorical figures2 & ! mon?s ( ! ye> are symboliz$ 9 ! ,zodiac & ! lab\rs ( ! field :i* make up man's annual toil4 ,philosophy is %[n & ,=tune's :eel2 ! ,virtues & ,vices are repres5t$ 9 p]sonifications1 & ev5 _! conflict1 ! ,psy*oma*ia1 may be %[n4 ,at la/ ! ,mirror ( ,hi/ory is rea*$4 ,?is w tea* 9 concrete examples :at has be5 le>n$ f ! figures ( ! ab/ract ,virtues & ,vices4 ,its *ief s\rce is ! ,bible4 ,^? ,old ,te/am5t incid5ts 7 select$ :i* = c5turies _h be5 int]pret$ z prefigurem5ts ( ! life ( ,*ri/2 & ea* 0 pres5t$ z a p5dant to ! ,gospel sc5e :i* x typifi$4 ,^! make ! *ief subjects ( ! col\r$ glass ( ,*>tres & ,b\rges & o!r ca!drals :]e ! w9d[s are pres]v$4 ,"h may be se5 ! ,passion ( ,*ri/1 surr\nd$ by sc5es f ! ,old ,te/am5t typify+ x2 likewise ,8 ,resurrection & its anci5t types2 & o!r significant incid5ts 9 ! life ( ! ,savi\r & ,8 virg9 "m4#ic ,! latt] is typifi$ by ! burn+ bu%1 by ! fleece ( ,gideon1 by ! rod ( ,a>on1 ev5 z 9 ! hymns ( ,adam ( ,sa9t-,victor4#id ,besides ^! incid5ts1 lead+ p]sonages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are pres5t$ z prefigurative ( ,*ri/1 z 9 ! great s]ies ( /atues ( ,mel*iz$ek1 ,abraham1 ,moses1 ,samuel1 ,david1 on ! nor? portal ( ,*>tres2 :ile ! f\r great] & twelve m9or prophets are %[n z types ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s & ! twelve ,apo/les4 ,*ri/ himself is depict$ on a w9d[ at ,/4 ,d5is1 betwe5 ! allegorical figures ( ! ,anci5t ,law & ! ,gospel1--figures :i* are alli$ to ^? ( ! uncr[n$ & bl9d$ ,synagogue & ! triumphant ,*ur*1 s frequ5tly se5 toge!r ^u ca!drals4 ,ev]y:]e ! t5d5cy to symbolize is /rong4 ,p>ts ( ! ,crucifixion sc5e are r5d]$ symbolically1 & _m ( ! p>ables4 ,t ( ! ,good ,sam>itan con/antly appe>s ^u ! w9d[s1 & is always design$ s z to convey ! allegorical tea*+ drawn f x 9 ,honorius's s]mon4#ie ,obvi\sly ?is ,mirror ( ,hi/ory 0 *iefly sacr$ hi/ory4 ,pagan antiquity 0 scantily sugge/$ by ! ,sibyls1 :o /& = ! dumb pagan prophecy ( ,*ri/4 ,sc5es f ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian nations 7 m frequ5t2 b !y always told ( "s victory = ,*ri/1 l ! baptism ( ,clovis1 or ! crusad+ de$s ( ,*>lemagne1 ,rol& or ,godfrey ( ,b\illon4 ,god's drama clos$ ) ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 ! damnation ( ! damn$ & ! beatitude ( ! elect4 ,! ,la/ ,judgm5ts1 usually ov]-ar*+ ! tympanums above ca!dral doors1 are kn[n to all--z at ,rheims1 at ,*>tres1 at ,b\rges4 ,!y are full ( symbolism1 & full ( 8hi/oric0 reality z well4 ,! treatm5t becomes entirely allegorical :5 ! sculptor ent]s ,p>adise ) ! r$eem$1 & portrays 9 lovely p]sonifications ! beatitudes ( ! bless$1 z on ! nor? portal ( ,*>tres4 ,^? b&s ( nameless m5 :o c>v$ ! /atues & design$ ! col\r$ glass :i* 7 to make ,go?ic ca!drals speak1 fai?fully pres5t$ ! tea*+s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!y r5d]$ ! sacr$ drama ( mank9d's creation1 fall1 r$emption1 & f9al judgm5t unto hell or heav53 !y r5d]$ x 9 all its dogmatic symbolism1 & ) a pla/ic adequacy %[+ h[ completely !y ?\ght & felt 9 ! allegorical m$ium 9 :i* !y work$4 ,!y also creat$ mat*less ideals ( symbolism 9 art4 ,! /atu>y ( ! portals & faades ( ,rheims & ,*>tres are 9 _! way comp>able to ! sculptures ( ! p$im5t ( ! ,p>!non4 ,b unlike ^? ma/]pieces ( antique idealism1 ^! ,*ri/ian ma/]pieces d n seek to set =? mortal man 9 8 natural /r5g? & beauty & complet5ess4 ,r !y seek to %[ ! work+ ( ! human _s held )9 ! p[] & grace ( ,god4 ,!irs is n ! /r5g? & beauty ( ! fle%1 or ! excell5ce ( ! unconqu]able m9d ( man2 b 9 !m man's m9d & _s are palpably ! dev\t creatures ( ,god's omnipot5ce1 ob$i5t to ,8 w1 su/a9$ & r$eem$ by ,8 p[] & grace4 ,attitude1 =m1 feature1 alike design$ to express ! sacr$ beauty ( ! s\l1 are n inve/$ ) physical excell5ce = its own sake2 b e physical quality ( ^! /atues is a symbol ( "s holy & beautiful quality ( _s4 ,^! /atues atta9 a symbolic1 & n a natural1 ideal 9 art4 ,yet _m ( !m possess ! physical beauty ( =m & feature1 inasmu* z su* may be ! prop] envelope = ! *a/e & eag] s\l4#if ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! fill+ out ( ! illu/rative detail ( life on e>?1 ( h&icraft & art1 ! sculptor %[$ h[ he c\ld c>ve ^! actualities1 & pres5t e>?'s beauty 9 ! ca!dral's weal? ( v9e & fl[] & leaf4 ,! level commonplace ( humanity is deftly r5d]$1 ! daily do+s ( ! =ge & field & m>ket-place1 ! tugg+ lab\r]1 ! m]*ant ) 8 /uffs1 ! s*ol> ) 8 scrolls4 ,he knew life well1 ?is arti/1 & _h an eye = e cat*+ sc5e1 also = ,nature's subtle beauties4 ,sometimes a c]ta9 pass+ %[ 0 repres5t$ because a w9d[ 0 giv5 by "s drap]s' guild1 desir\s ( see+ its craft %[n 9 a place ( hon\r2 & ! arti/ lov$ 8 sc5es f busy life1 z he lov$ 8 ornam5t f ,nature4 ,su* sc5es 7:i* r>ely held specific allegory7 7 n unconnect$ ) ! re/ ( ! drama ( creation & r$emption mirror$ 9 ! ca!dral1 nor 0 ! exquisitely cut leaf & rose )\t its sugge/ion ( ! grace inc>nate 9 ! ,virg9 & h] ,son4 ,daily life & natural ornam5t _h at lea/ an illu/rative p]t95cy to ! :ole1 ( :i* !y 7 unobtrusive & lovely elem5ts2 & s9ce t :ole 0 prim>ily a visible symbol ( ! unse5 & div9e p[]1 ^! humble elem5ts _h "p 9 its unutt]able my/]y1 & 7 likewise symbols4 ,f9ally1 h n ^! nameless arti/s--ev5 z ,dante & our ,engli% ,bunyan--pres5t$ by _! art a syn!sis ( life's realities8 ,_! feet 7 on ! e>?2 ) sympa?y & k _! h&s work$ 9 ! m$ia ( ?+s se5 & h&l$1 & fa%ion$ ! little human matt]s :i* are b\nd$ by ! cradle & ! grave4 ,su* 7 ! mat]ials f :i* ,dante =m$ 8 ,comm$ia1 & ,bunyan drew ! ,progress ( 8 ,pilgrim s\l to ,god4 ,yet z ) ,bunyan & ,dante1 s ) ^! arti/s 9 /one & col\r$ light1 ! mortal & ! tangible 7 b ! elem5ts ?r\gh :i* ! poem or /ory1 or ! c>v$ or pa9t$ picture1 0 made ! realiz+ symbol ( ! unse5 & et]nal ,_s4 ,,ii ,b5ea? ! ,abbey ,*ur* ( ,sa9t-,victor !re 0 a crypt consecrat$ to ! ,"m ( ,god4 ,"h a c]ta9 monk 0 wont to retire & compose hymns 9 h] hon\r4 ,"o day 8 lips utt]$ ! l9es3 8,salve1 mat] pietatis1 ,et totius ,tr9itatis ,nobile tricl9ium2 ,v]bi tam5 inc>nati ,speciale maje/ati ,praep>ans hospitium60 ,:]eupon a flood ( light fill$ ! crypt1 & ! ,virg91 appe>+ to him1 incl9$ h] head4 ,! monk's "n 0 ,adam1#ig & he is deem$ ! be/ ( ,lat9 hymn-writ]s4 ,breton born1 he ent]$ ,sa9t-,victor 9 8 y\?1 ab\t ! ye> #aacj4 ,he 0 fav\r$ ) ! in/ruction ( ,hugo till ! ma/]'s dea? 9 #aada4 ,adam mu/ h be5 ( ne>ly ! same age z ,ri*>d ( ,sa9t-,victor1 t o!r pupil ( ,hugo :o makes ! ?ird memb] ( ! great ,victor9e trio4 ,_! works h be5 ! mona/]y's faire/ fame4 ,hugo 0 a ,saxon2 ,adam a ,breton2 ,ri*>d 0 ,scot*4 ,s ,sa9t-,victor drew h] brilliant sons f _m l&s4 ,ri*>d1 ^: writ+s wor?ily supplem5t$ ^? ( 8 ma/] ,hugo1#ih di$ 9 #aagc2 8 fri5d ,adam outliv$ him1 & di$ an old man z ! twelf? c5tury 0 clos+4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ! cloi/]1 & ov] him 0 plac$ an elegiac epitaph ^u human vanity & s91 9 "p 8 own composition4 ,adam's hymns 7 ,sequ5ces#ii int5d$ = *ur* use4 ,_! au?or 0 le>n$ 9 ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 skill$ 9 ! ,liturgy1 & saturat$ ) ! _s ( devotional symbolism4 ,8 symbolism1 :i* 8 gift ( v]se made into imag]y1 0 t ( ! m$iaeval *ur* & its und]/&+ ( ! ,liturgy2 he also %[s ! special influ5ce ( ,hugo4 ,adam's hymns1 ) _! p[]ful ,lat9 rhymes1 _c be reproduc$ 9 ,engli%2 b a translation may give ! cont5ts ( _! symbolism4 ,! hymn = ,ea/]1 beg9n+ 8,zyma vetus expurgetur10#ajj is an epitome ( ! symbolic prefiguration ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,ea* famili> allegorical int]pretation fla%es 9 a phrase4 ,lit]ally translat$1 or r maltreat$1 x is z foll[s3 8,let ! old leav5 be purg$ away t a new resurrection may be celebrat$ purely4 ,?is is ! day ( our hope2 wond]ful is ! p[] ( ?is day by ! te/imony ( ! law4 8,?is day despoil$ ,egypt1 & lib]at$ ! ,hebrews f ! fi]y furnace2 = !m 9 wret*$ /raits ! "w ( s]vitude 0 mud & brick & /raw4#aja 8,n[ z praise ( div9e virtue1 ( triumph1 ( salvation1 let ! voice break free6 ,?is is ! day :i* ! ,"l made1 ! day end+ our grief1 ! day br++ salvation4 8,! ,law is ! %ad[ ( ?+s to come1 ,*ri/ ! goal ( promises1 :o completes all4 ,*ri/'s blood blunts ! sword ! gu>dians remov$4#ajb 8,! ,boy1 type ( our laught]1 9 ^: /ead ! ram 0 sla91 seals life's joy4#ajc ,joseph issues f ! pit2#ajd ,*ri/ returns above aft] dea?'s puni%m5t4 8,?is s]p5t dev\rs ! s]p5ts ( ,ph>aoh secure f ! s]p5t's spite4#aje ,:om ! fire w\nd$1 !m ! braz5 s]p5t's pres5ce fre$4#ajf 8,! hook & r+ ( ,*ri/ pi]ce ! dragon's jaw2#ajg ! suck+ *ild puts 8 h& into ! cockatrice's d51 & ! old t5ant ( ! _w flees affright$4#ajh 8,! mock]s ( ,eli%a asc5d+ ! h\se ( ,god1 feel ! bald-head's wra?2#aji ,david1 feign+ madness1 ! goat ca/ =?1 & ! sp>r[ escape4#aaj 8,) a jaw-bone ,samson slays a ?\s& & spurns ! m>riage ( 8 tribe4 ,samson bur/s ! b>s ( ,gaza1 &1 c>ry+ its gates1 scales ! m\nta9's cre/4#aaa 8,s ! /rong ,lion ( ,judah1 %att]+ ! gates ( dreadful dea?1 rises ! ?ird day2 at ,8 fa!r's ro>+ voice1 ,he c>ries al(t ,8 spoils to ! bosom ( ! sup]nal "m4#aab 8,aft] ?ree days ! :ale gives back f 8 belly's n>r[ h\se ,jonas ! fugitive1 type ( ! true ,jonas4 ,! grape ( ,cyprus#aac blooms aga91 op5s & gr[s apace4 ,! synagogue's fl[] )]s1 :ile fl\ri%es ! ,*ur*4#aad 8,dea? & life f\ght toge!r3 truly ,*ri/ arose1 & ) ,him _m witnesses ( glory4 ,a new morn1 a glad morn %all wipe away ! te>s ( ev5+3 life ov]came de/ruction2 x is a "t ( joy4 8,jesu victor1 ,jesu life1 ,jesu life's beat5 way1 ?\ ^: dea? quell$ dea?1 bid u to ! pas*al bo>d 9 tru/4 ,o ,bread ( life1 ,o liv+ ,wave1 ,o true & fruitful ,v9e1 d ?\ fe$ u1 d ?\ cleanse u1 t ?y grace may save u f ! second dea?4 ,am540 ,f ! "t ( t old ?ird-c5tury hymn ascrib$ to ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1#aae hymns to ,*ri/ _h be5 fill$ ) symbolism1 ! symbolism ( lov+ p]sonification ( ,8 attributes1 z well z ) ! m =mal symbolism ( ,8 ,old ,te/am5t prefigurem5ts4 ,adam's symbolism is ( bo? k9ds4 ,x has feel+ ev5 :5 dogmatic1#aaf & ?robs ) devotion z its !me approa*es ! ,gospel ,*ri/4 ,prevail+ modes ( ?\ght & feel+ may prescribe topics = v]se :i* a succe$+ age w f9d curi\sly unpoetic4 ,yet if ! lat] "t h a sympa!tic und]/&+ = ! pa/1 x w recognize h[ f]vid & h[ songful 0 t bygone v]se--! v]se ( ,adam's hymns1 = in/ance4 ,9 "o = ,*ri/mas ,day1 beg9n+3 8,pote/ate1 non natura1 ,fit ,creator creatura10#aag a /anza t\*es on ! reason :y ! ,creator ?us became creature4 ,x w\ld be impossible to r5d] its feel+ 9 ,engli%1 & mu* circumlocution w\ld be ne$$ to express ev5 its lit]al mean+ 9 any language b m$iaeval ,lat94 ,?is /anza has twelve l9es3 8,causam qua]is1 modum rei3 ,causa prius omnes rei1 ,modus ju/um velle ,dei1 ,s$ conditum gratia40 8,?\ aske/ cause & modus ( ! fact3 ! causa rei 0 be=e all1 ! modus 0 ,god's righte\s will+1 b season$ ) grace40 ,^! l9es are s*ola/ic4 ,9 ! next f\r1 ! feel+ beg9s to rise1 yet ! phrases repel r ?an attract u3 8,o quam dulce condim5tum ,nobis mutans 9 pigm5tum1 ,cum aceto fel cru5tum ,degu/ante ,messya60 8,oh6 h[ sweet ! condim5t *ang+ = u into juice1 z ! ,messiah ta/es ! bloody gall & v9eg>40 ,! feel+ t\*es its climax ) ! f\r conclud+ l9es1 9 :i* ! p>able ( ! ,good ,sam>itan is inve/$ ) ! special allegorical significance set =? 9 ! s]mon ( ,honorius3#aah 8,o salubre sacram5tum1 ,quod nos ponit 9 jum5tum ,plagis no/ris dans ungu5tum ,ille de ,sam>ia40 8,o heal?-giv+ sacram5t :i* sets u on a bea/1 giv+ o9tm5t = our /ripes1--he ( ,sam>ia40#aai ,two /anzas f ano!r ( ,adam's ,*ri/mas hymns w %[ h[ curi\sly intricate c\ld be 8 symbolism4 ,hav+ spok5 ( ! ineffable wond] ( ! ,inc>nation1 he proce$s3 8,frondem1 florem1 nucem sicca ,virga pr(]t1 et pudica ,virgo ,dei ,filium4 ,f]t coele/em vellus rorem1 ,creatura creatorem1 ,creaturae pretium4 8,frondis1 floris1 nucis1 roris ,pietati ,salvatoris ,congruunt my/]ia4 ,frons e/ ,*ri/us proteg5do1 ,flos dulcore1 nux pasc5do1 ,ros coele/i gratia40#abj 8,a dry rod puts =? leafage1 fl[]1 nut1#aba & a *a/e ,virg9 br+s =? ! ,son ( ,god4 ,a fleece be>s heav5ly dew1#abb a creature ! ,creator1 ! creature's price4 8,! my/]ies ( leafage1 fl[]1 nut1 dew are suit$ to ! ,savi\r's t5d] love 7pietas74 ,! foliage by its protect+ is ,*ri/1 ! fl[] is ,*ri/ by its sweetness1 ! nut z x yields food1 ! dew by its cele/ial grace40 ,"o obs]ves t "h ! symbolism fir/ t\*es ,*ri/'s bir?1 ! dry rod & ! fleece repres5t+ ! ,virg94 ,!n ! leafage1 fl[]1 nut & dew typify ,8 qualities4 ,! rema9+ /anzas ( ?is hymn c>ry out 9 fur!r detail ! symbolism ( ! nut4 ,besides ! hymns devot$ to ! ,savi\r1 ! great] "p ( ,adam's hymns are symbolical ?r\gh\t4 ,^? writt5 = ! d$ication ( *ur*es are among ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,"o beg9n+ 8,quam dilecta tab]nacula0#abc sket*es ! ,old ,te/am5t facts :i* prefigure ,*ri/'s holy ,*ur*4 ,! keynote is 9 ! l9es3 8,quam decora fundam5ta ,p] conc9na sacram5ta ,umbra praecurr5tia60 8,h[ seemly ! f\ndations ?r\gh ! appropriate sacram5ts1 ! =]unn+ %ad[40 ,! %ad[ is ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ^! ?ree l9es sum up ! tea*+ ( ,hugo z to ! sacram5tal nature ( ! ,old ,te/am5t n>ratives4 ,?r\gh\t ?is hymn ,adam foll[s ,hugo closely4#abd ,9 ano!r d$icatory hymn#abe ,adam gives ! prefigurative mean+ ( ! p>ts ( ,solomon's temple4 ,!re is likewise mu* symbolism 9 ! gr& hymns address$ to ! ,virg94 ,"o = ! fe/ival ( ! ,assumption#abf gives ! figures ( ! ,virg9 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t--! ?rone ( ,solomon1 ! fleece ( ,gideon1 ! burn+ bu%4 ,!n ) m feel+ ! metaphorical epi!ts p\r =?1 voic+ ! he>t's gratitude to ! ,virg9's sav+ aid to man4 ,a /ill m spl5did example ( l symbolism & ard5t metaphor is ! great hymn beg9n+3 8,salve mat] ,salvatoris1 ,vas electum1 vas honoris10 :i* won ! ,virg9's greet+ = ! poet4#abg ,! lives ( ,honorius1 ( ,hugo1 ( ,adam1 f ^: works we h be5 draw+ illu/rations ( m$iaeval symbolism1 vie ) ea* o!r 9 obscurity2 & prop]ly en\gh s9ce !y 7 monks1 = :om self-effacem5t is becom+4 ,?is p]sonal obscurity culm9ates ) "o la/ example to be drawn f mona/ic s\rces4 ,! man himself 0 an impressive figure 9 8 "t2 a sight ( him 0 n to be =gott53 he 0 call$ magnus & doctor univ]salis4 ,nev]!less x has be5 que/ion$ :e!r he liv$ 9 ! twelf? or ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & :e!r "o man or two bore ! "n ( ,alanus de ,insulis4 ,!re 0 9 fact b "o1 & he belongs to ! twelf? c5tury1 dy+ almo/ a c5t5>ian1 9 ! ye> #abjb4 ,! cognom5 de ,insulis has also be5 an enigma4 ,f x he has be5 dubb$ a ,sicilian1 & !n a ,scot1 born on ! isl& ( ,mona4 ,b ! "n 9 reality ref]s to ! *ief t[n ( ,fl&]s1 :i* is call$ ,lisle2 & ,alanus d\btless 0 a ,flem+4 ,he became a le>n$ man1 & lectur$ at ,p>is4 ,t he 0 possess$ ) no small op9ion ( 8 tal5ts w\ld appe> f ! leg5d told ( him z well z ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,he _h ann\nc$ t on a c]ta9 day 9 a s+le lecture he w\ld set =? ! complete doctr9e ( ! my/]y ( ! mo/ ,holy ,tr9ity4 ,! aft]noon be=e ! day appo9t$1 he walk$ by ! riv]1 ?9k+ h[ he %\ld arrange 8 subject s z to include x all4 ,he *anc$ ^u a *ild :o 0 dipp+ up ! riv] wat] ) a snail %ell & dropp+ x into a little tr5*4 ,smil+1 he ask$ :at %\ld be ! object ( ?is2 & ! *ild told him t he 0 putt+ ! :ole riv] into 8 tr5*4 ,z ! great s*ol> 0 expla9+ t ?is c\ld n be done1 he sudd5ly felt himself *idd5 & taught--h[ mu* less might he p]=m :at he _h set = ! next morn+4 ,he /ood spee*less at 8 presumption1 & bur/ into te>s4 ,! next day asc5d+ ! plat=m he said to ! cr[d ( auditors1 8,let x suffice y to h se5 ,alanus02#abh & ) t he left !m all a/oni%$1 & himself ha/ily set out = ,citeaux4 ,on arrival he ask$ to be admitt$ z a conv]sus1 & 0 giv5 *>ge ( ! mona/]y's %eep4 ,pati5t & unkn[n1 he long pli$ ?is humble vocation4 ,b at l5g? x *anc$ t ! abbot took him to a c\ncil at ,rome1 9 ! capacity ( ho/l]4 ,& !re he beat d[n ! arrogance ( a h]etic ) su* argum5ts t ! latt] cri$ out t he 0 disput+ ei!r ) ! devil or ,alanus1 & w\ld say no m4 ,su* is "o /ory4 ,by ano!r he is made to seek ! mona/]y ( ,clairvaux1 & !re become a monk "u ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,x is also writt5 t he became an abbot1 & !n a bi%op1 b aft]w>ds resign$ 8 bi%opric4 ,h[ev] all ?is may h be51 he di$ & 0 buri$1 & 0 subject$ to _m epitaphs4 ,on :at purports to be an old copy ( 8 tomb at ,citeaux1 he is %[n ) ,/4 ,b]n>d1 & call$ ,alanus ,magnus4 ,! title ,doctor univ]salis has always clung to 8 memory1 :i* w n altoge!r fade4 ,= if ,adam ( ,sa9t-,victor 0 ! greate/ ( ,lat9 m$iaeval hymn-writ]s1 ,alanus has good claim to be call$ ! greate/ ( m$iaeval ,lat9 poets 9 ! field ( didactic & n>rative poetry4#abi ,! _m works ascrib$ to ,alanus include an allegorical ,comm5t>y on ,canticles1 a treatise on ! art ( prea*+1 a book ( s5t5tiae1 ano!r ( !ologicae regulae1 sundry s]mons1 & a l5g?y "w 8contra ha]eticos02 also a l>ge diction>y ( ,biblical allegorical int]pretations1 entitl$ ,lib] 9 di/9ctionibus dictionum !ologicalium4#acj ,all ^! are prose4 ,he compos$ besides 8 ,lib] de planctu naturae1#aca & 8 ,anticlaudianus1 a le>n$ & pr(\nd1 & likewise highly imag9ative allegorical poem ^u man4#acb ,its ,preface 9 prose ca/s a curi\s light ^u ! au?or's enigmatical p]sonality1 :i* comb9$ ! wont$ or conv5tional humility ( a monk ) ! t[]+ self-consci\sness ( a man ( g5ius4 8,! lightn+ scorns to sp5d its =ce on twigs1 b breaks ! pr\d tops ( exalt$ trees4 ,! w9d's imp]i\s rage passes ov] ! re$ & drives ! assaults ( its wild bla/s aga9/ ! highe/ summits4 ,:]e=e let n envy's flame /rike ! p9*$ humility ( my "w1 nor detraction's brea? ov]:elm ! driv5 pov]ty ( my little book1 :]e mis]y's wreck dem&s a port ( pity1 f> m ?an felicity provokes ! /+ ( spite40 ,m s5t5ces ( turgid deprecation foll[1 & ! au?or begs ! read] n to approa* 8 book ) disgu/ & irritation1 b ) pleasant anticipations ( novelty 7n all a monk speaks "h674 8,= al?\gh ! book may n bloom ) ! purple ve/m5t ( fl[]+ spee*1 nor %9e ) ! con/ellat$ light ( ! fla%+ p]iod1 /ill 9 ! t5uity ( ! fragile re$ ! honey's sweetness may be f\nd1 & p>*$ ?ir/ c be temp]$ ) ! scant wat] ( a rill4 ,9 ?is book let no?+ be made vulg> 7plebescat7 ) ribaldry1 nor let any?+ be op5 to bit+ repro(1 z if x smack$ ( ! co>s5ess ( ! mod]ns to :om does he ref]82 b let ! fl[] ( my tal5t be pres5t$1 & ! dignity ( dilig5ce2 = pigmy humility1 ?us rais$ ^u a height1 may ov]top ! giant4 ,let n ^? d>e to tire ( ?is "w1 :o are squall+ 9 ! cradles ( elem5t>y in/ruction1 suck+ milk f nurses' paps2 nor let ^? seek to cry x d[n1 :o are pl$g$ to ! s]vice ( ! high] le>n+2 nor ^? presume to discr$it x1 :o /rike heav5 f ! top-not* ( philosophy4 ,= 9 ?is "w1 ! sweetness ( ! lit]al mean+ w tickle ! pu]ile e>2 moral tea*+ w in/ruct ! m pr(ici5t und]/&+2 & ! f9] subtilty ( allegory w %>p5 ! f9i%$ intellect4 ,:]e=e let all ^? be kept f +ress :o1 ab&on$ to ! mirrors ( ! s5ses1 are n *>iote]$ by reason1 &1 pursu+ ! s5se-image1 h no appetite = reason's tru?1--le/ inde$ :at is holy be defil$ by dogs1 & ! pe>l be trampl$ by ! feet ( sw9e4 ,b su* z w n suff] ! ?+s ( reason to re/ ) ! base images1 & d>e to lift _! view to =ms div9e1 may ?read ! n>r[ passes ( my book1 :ile !y weigh ) discretion's scales :at is suit$ to ! common e>1 & :at %\ld be buri$ 9 sil5ce40 ,?is ,preface ( /ra9$ s5t5ce & lab\r$ metaphor1 ( =c$ humility & ov]we5+ self-consci\sness1 h>dly augurs well = ! poem ( :i* x is ! prelude4 ,b prefaces are au?ors' pitfalls1 &1 moreov]1 _m writ]s h fl\nd]$ 9 "o m$ium ( spee* :ile 9 ano!r !y h mov$ ) ease4 ,f ! unga9ly prose ( ! ,p]sones ,tale1 no "o w\ld expect ! ease & =ce ( ,*auc]'s v]se4 ,& ! read] ( ,alanus's ,preface ne$ n be disc\rag$ f ent]+ ^u 8 poem4 ,its subject is man2 its philosophic or religi\s purpose is to exp\nd ! functions ( ,god1 ( ,nature1 ( ,=tune1 ( ,virtue & ,vice1 9 mak+ man & %ap+ 8 c>e]4 ,! poem is an allegory1 orig9al 9 its g5]al s*eme ( composition1 b 9 _m ( its p>ts foll[+ e>li] allegorical writ+s4 ,! op5+ l9es tell ( ,nature's solicitude to be/[ h] gifts s t ! f9i%$ "w may pres5t a fair h>mony3 z a pati5t workman %e =ges1 trims & files1 & fa%ions ) reason's *isel4 ,b :5 %e seeks to inve/ h] "w ) qualities beyond h] giv+1 %e is oblig$ to call on ! ,cele/ial ,c\ncil ( h] ,si/]s4 ,respond+1 pilgrim-l ! ,cr[n ( ,heav5's soldi]y comes f on high1 bright5s ! e>? ) its light1 & clo!s ! gr\nd ) bless$ footpr9ts4 ,lead+ ?is galaxy1 ,concord advances1 fo/]-*ild ( ,peace2 !n ,pl5ty comes1 & ,fav\r1 & ,y\? ) fav\r ano9t$1 & ,laught]1 bani%] ( m5tal mi/s2 !n ,%ame & ,mode/y1 & ,reason ! measure ( good1 & ,hone/y1 ,reason's happy comrade2 !n ,dignity 7decus7 & ,prud5ce balanc+ h] scales1 & ,piety & true ,fai?1 & ,virtue4 ,la/ ( all ,nobility 7nobilitas71 9 grace n q ! o!rs' equal4#acc ,9 ! mid/ ( a great wood bless$ ) f\nta9s & multitud9\s bird-song1 a cl\d-kiss+ m\nta9 rose ) level top4 ,nature's palace 0 erect$ "h1 gemm$ & gold52 & )9 0 a great hall hung ^u bronze columns4 ,"h ! pa9t]'s art _h r5d]$ ! ways ( m51 & inscriptions made pla9 ! pictur$ /ory4 8,o new wond]s ( pa9t+10 exclaims ! poet2 8:at _c be1 comes into be+2 & pa9t+1 ! ape ( tru?1 delud+ ) novel art1 turns %ad[s to realities1 & trans=ms p>ticul> falsehood into 7g5]al7 tru?40#acd ,!re might be se5 ! p[] ( logic press+ its argum5ts & conqu]+ sophi/ry4 ,!re ,ari/otle 0 prep>+ 8 arms1 &1 m div9ely1 ,plato mus$ on heav5's secrets4 ,!re ,s5eca moraliz$1 & ,ptolemy expla9$ ! />s 9 _! times & c\rses4 ,!re spoke ! ^w ( ,tully1 :ile ,virgil's muse pa9t$ _m lies1 & put tru?'s g>b on falsehood4 ,!re 0 also %[n ! might ( ,alcides & ,ulysses' wisdom1 ,turnus's val\r prodigal ( life1 & ,hippolytus's %ame1 undone by ,v5us's re9s4#ace ,su* & _m o!r tropes ( ?+s & dreams ( tru?1 ?is royal art set =?4 ,"h1 /&+ 9 ! mid/ ( h] ,c\ncil1 ,nature1 ) b[$ head1 spoke h] solemn words3 8,pa9fully ,i remake :at my h&'s solicitude has wr\ght4 ,b ! h&'s p5it5ce does n wipe out ! flaws4 ,! %ortcom+s ( our works mu/ be repair$ by "s p]fect model1 "s man div9e1 n smell+ ( ! e>? & e>?ly1 b ^: m9d %all hold to heav5 :ile 8 body walks ! e>?4 ,let him be ! mirror 9 :i* we may see :at our fai?1 our pot5cy1 & virtue ought to be4 ,z x is1 our %ame is ov] all ! e>?40 ,:5 ! ,c\ncil _h approv$ ^! words1 ,prud5ce arose 9 all h] beauty4#acf ,%e disc\rs$ ^u man's dual nature1 _s & body4 ,nature & h] help]s may be ! artific]s ( 8 mortal body1 b ! s\l dem&s its heav5ly ,artific]1 & laughs at our rude arts4 ,god's wisdom alone c create ! s\l1 z ,prud5ce %[s by an exposition ( its qualities4 ,n[ ,reason rais$ 8 rev]5d =m1 hold+ 8 triple glass 9 :i* appe> ! causes & effects & qualities ( ?+s4 ,he humbly disclaim$ ! p[] to in/ruct ,m9]va1#acg & applaud$ ! plan by :i* a new ,lucif] %\ld soj\rn 9 ! _w4 ,may he unite all ! gifts :i* !y c be/[1 & be _! *ampion aga9/ ! ,vices4 ,n[ let _! suppliant v[s be sp$ to ,him :o alone c create ! div9e m9d4 ,a legate %\ld be despat*$ above1 be>+ _! reque/4 ,= ?is (fice none is s fit z ,prud5ce1 to :om ! secrets ( ,heav5 are kn[n1 & ^: en]gy & wisdom w surm\nt ! difficulties ( ! way4 ,prud5ce at fir/ refuses2 b ,concordia rises1 ! inspir] ( *a/e loves1 %e :o knit ! s\ls ( ,david & ,jona?an1 ,piri?\s & ,!seus1 ,nisus & ,euryalus1 ,ore/es & ,pylades4 ,p]suasively %e speaks1 & po9ts out all ! ills ! _w _h suff]$ by disob$i5ce to h] behe/s4 ,prud5ce is won ov] to ! task1 & n[ wills only z h] si/]s w4 ,%e ?9ks ^u ! means & way4 ,wisdom ord]s a *>iot to be made1 9 :i* ! sea1 ! />s1 ! heav5s may be trav]s$4 ,its artific]s are h] sev5 daught]s1 wise & fair1 :o unite ! skill & k ( all ^? wise anci5ts :o _h excell$ 9 any ,art4 ,fir/ ,gramm> 7h] functions & great writ]s be+ told7 =ms ! pole :i* goes be=e ! axle-tree 7temo praeambulus axis74 ,!n ,logic makes ! axle-tree2 & ,rhetoric adorns ! pole ) gems & ! axle ) fl[]s4 ,ari?metic con/ructs "o :eel ( ! *>iot1 & ,music ! second1 ,geometry ! ?ird1 & ! f\r? :eel is made by ,a/ronomy4#ach ,n[ ,reason1 at ,nature's nod1 yokes to ! *>iot ! five horses1 to wit1 ! ,s5ses discipl9$ & controll$1 ,sight1 ,he>+1 ,smell1 ,ta/e1 & ,t\*4 ,he himself m\nts z *>iote]1 & bids ,prud5ce foll[4 ,amid ! f>ewells & plaudits ( all1 ! *>iot so>s al(t4 ,z x spe$s along1 ,prud5ce inve/igates atmosph]ic ph5om5a1 & !n ! spirits ( evil :o w&] ?r\gh ! air4 ,!y pass$ on ?r\gh ! upp] e!r1 rea*$ ! citadel & f\nt ( light1 :]e ! ,sun holds sway2 next 0 rea*$ ! region :]e ,v5us & ! /> ( ,m]cury s+ toge!r & ,lucif] exults1 ! h]ald ( ! day4 ,!n to _! rapid flight appe>$ ,m>s' flam+ palace1 see?+ ) fire & wra?4 ,onw>d !y pass$ to ! glad light & unhurtful flames ( ,jupit]1 & !n to ,saturn's sph]e4 ,at l5g? !y asc5d$ ! /ell> region :]e ! ,pole />s cont5d 9 brightness1 :]e are se5 ,h]cules & ,orion1 ,l$a's tw9s1 ! fi]y ,crab1 ! ,lion1 & ! re/ ( ! ,zodiac's con/ellations4#aci ,"h at heav5's entrance ! *>iot halt$4 ,^? five horses ( ! ,s5ses1 *>iote]$ by ,reason1 c\ld asc5d no f>!r4 ,b a damsel 0 se51 seat$ ^u ! summit ( ! ,pole4 ,%e scrut9izes ! hidd5 ,cause & ,end ( all ?+s1 hold+ scales 9 h] "r h& & 9 h] left a sceptre4 ,on h] ve/m5ts a subtile po9t traces ,god's secrets1 & ! =mless is figur$ 9 =m4 ,rev]5tly ,phronesis1 t is ,prud5ce1 salut$ ?is ,que5 ( ! ,pole1 & set =? ! purpose ( h] j\rney1 tell+ ( ,nature's desire & h] limitations4 ,9 reply ,!ology1 = x is %e1#adj (f]$ h]self z a companion1 & bade ,prud5ce leave h] *>iot1 b keep ! second c\rs] 7,he>+7 to be> h] on4 ,prud5ce n[ surm\nt$ ! />ry citadels1 & m>vell$ at heav5's nodes1 :]e ! f\r ways beg9 & ! cry/all9e wat]s fl[1 %ot ) agree+ fires2 = "h1 9 univ]sal h>mony transc5d+ ,nature's laws & ,reason's p[]1 ,concord unites ^? elem5ts :i* w> bel[4 ,onw>d leads ! way among ^? joys cele/ial :i* "k no te>s1 :]e !re is peace )\t hate1 & light above all brightness4 ,"h dwell ! angel b&s1 ! ,?und]]'s pr9ces1 regulators ( ! _w2 "h gl[ ! s]aphim1 & *]ubim dra9 draughts f ! m9d ( ,god2 & "h are ! ,?rones :]eon ,god balances ,8 weigh$ decrees1 & ) ,8 b& ( ,p[]s conqu]s ! tyrants4#ada ,"h also re/ ! sa9ts1 fre$ f e>?'s dross & passion1 clo!d 9 virg9 :ite or m>tyr's purple1 or we>+ ! ,doctor's laurel4 ,joyful alike are !y1 yet div]se 9 m]it1 %9+ ) unequal spl5d\r4#adb ,"h f9ally1 9 hon\r surpass+ all1 is ! ,virg9 ,"m1 clad 9 ! g>b ( our salvation--,/> ( ! ,sea1 ,way ( ,life1 ,port ( ,salvation1 ,limit ( ,piety1 ,"m ( ,pity1 ,g>d5 clos$1 ,seal$ ,font1 ,fruitful ,olive1 ,sweet ,p>adise1 ,rose )\t ,?orn1 ,guiltless ,grace1 ,way ( ! ,w&]]1 ,light ( ! ,bl9d1 ,re/ ( ! ,tir$--untold1 unnumb]$1 & unspeakable are h] praises4#adc ,phronesis _c be> ! sight4 ,que5 ,!ology calls to h] si/] ,fai? to aid ! fa9t+ "o4 ,fai? comes & holds h] ,mirror be=e ! eyes ( ,phronesis2 & 9 ?is glass h] eyes c endure ! %ad$ glory ( ! ov]p[]+ vision4 ,%e /agg]s on1 h] trembl+ /eps support$ by ,fai? & ,!ology4 ,9 ! glass %e sees ! et]nal & div9e1 ! endur+1 moveless1 sure2 species unborn1 cele/ial ideas1 ! =ms ( m5 & pr9ciples ( ?+s1 causes ( causes & ! c\rse ( fate1 ! ,?und]]'s m9d2 :y ,god condemns "s1 pr$e/9es o!rs1 prep>es t "o = life & f ?is "o )draws ,8 rew>ds2 :y pov]ty presses ^u "s & want is fill$ only ) te>s2 :y ri*es p\r on o!rs1 :y "o is wise1 ano!r lack+1 & :y ! wor?ies ( ! pa/ h be5 end[$ ea* ) 8 sev]al gifts4#add ,m>vell+ at all ^! sights1 ,prud5ce1 support$ by ! si/]s1 rea*$ at la/ ! palace ( ! ,k+1 & fell pro/rate be=e ,god himself4 ,he bade h] rise1 & speak4 ,humbly %e set =? ,nature's plight & ! evil ^u e>?1 & pres5t$ h] petition4 ,god acc$es b5ignantly4 ,he w n de/roy ! e>? aga91 b w s5d a human _s end[$ ) heav5ly gifts1 a pilgrim to ! e>?1 a m$ic9e = ! _w4 ,prud5ce wor%ips4 ,god summons ,m9d1 & ord]s him to fa%ion ! type-=m1 ! idea ( ! human m9d4 ,m9d se>*es among exi/+ be+s = ! traces ( ?is new idea or type4#ade ,8 difficult se>* succe$s at la/1 & 9 ! ,mirror :i* he con/ructs1 e grace takes its abode3 ,joseph's =m1 ! intellig5ce ( ,judi?1 ! pati5ce ( righte\s ,job1 ! mode/y ( ,moses1 ,jacob's simplicity1 ,abraham's fai?1 ,tobias's piety4 ,he pres5ts ?is patt]n-type to ,god1 :o sets an accordant s\l !re91 & !n entru/s ! new-made be+ to ,phronesis1 :ile ,m9d ano9ts x ) an ungu5t aga9/ ! attacks ( ! ,vices4 ,phronesis1 ) h] prize1 turn$ to ! way by :i* %e _h asc5d$1 rega9$ h] *>iot & ,reason h] *>iote]4 ,toge!r !y sp$ back to ! congratulations ( ,nature & h] ,c\ncil4 ,= ?is p]fect s\l ,nature n[ =ms a beautiful body4 ,concord unites ! two1 & a new man is =m$1 p]fect & free f flaw4 ,*a/ity & gu>dian ,mode/y end[ him ) _! gifts2 ,reason adds 81 & ,hone/y4 ,^! ,logic foll[s1 ) h] gift ( skill 9 argum5t2 ,rhetoric br+s h] /ores1 !n ,ari?metic1 next ,music1 next ,geometry1 next ,a/ronomy2#adf :ile ,!ology & ,piety are n beh9d ) !irs2 & to ^! ,fai? jo9s h] gifts ( fidelity & tru?4 ,la/ ( all comes ,nobility1 ,=tune's daught]4 ,b because %e has no?+ ( h] own to give1 & mu/ receive all f h] "m1 %e betakes h]self to ,=tune's h\se ( spl5did mutability4 ,:at w ,=tune give8 ,! two return to ,nature's palace1 & ,=tune's magnific5ce is pr(f]$ by h] daught]2 b ,reason1 /&+ by1 w all[ only a measur$ acceptance4#adg ,! report ( ?is ri*ly end[$ creature rea*$ ,alecto4 ,rag+ %e summon$ h] pe/s1 ! *iefs ( ,t>t>us1 do]s ( ill1 ma/]s ( e s9--,injury1 ,fraud1 ,p]jury1 ,!ft1 ,rap9e1 ,fury & ,ang]1 ,hate1 ,discord1 ,/rife1 ,disease & ,melan*oly1 ,lu/1 ,wantonness & ,ne$1 ,fe> & ,old ,age4 ,%e r\s$ !m ) a h>angue3 _! rule is ?reat5$ by ?is up/>t ,creature1 :om ,p>5t ,nature has prep>$ = w>2 b :at c 8 untri$ imbecility d aga9/ !m 9 arms8 ,all clam\r ass5t1 & 9 a tumult ( rage make ready = ! /rife4 ,! ho/ile ranks approa*4 ,! fir/ attack is made by ,folly 7,/ultitia7 & h] comrades1 ,slo?1 ,gam+1 ,idle ,je/+1 ,ease & ,sleep4 ,b fai?ful ,virtues protect ! con/ant y\? aga9/ ^! foes4 ,next ,discord leads its mut9\s b&1 b only to defeat4 ,onslaughts foll[ f ,pov]ty1 next f ,ill-,repute1 f ,old ,age & ,disease4 ,!n ,griev+ advances1 & is ov]?r[n by ,laught]4 ,m deadly /ill are ! attacks ( ,v5us & ,lu/2 !n ,excess & ,wantonness take up ! fray2 & at ! end ,impiety & ,fraud & ,av>ice4 ,b /ill ! man conqu]s ) ! aid ( 8 ,virtues ev] true4 ,! fight is ov]4 ,! ,virtues triumph & receive _! ,k+doms2 ,vice succumbs2 ,love reigns in/ead ( ,discord2 ! man is bless$2 & ! e>?1 adorn$ ) fl[]s 9 a new spr+ ( y\?1 br+s =? abundance4 ,! ,poet sums up 8 poem's tea*+3 ,f ,god mu/ ev]y?+ beg9 & 9 ,him end4 ,b our g5ius may n /& in]t2 ours is ! /rife z well1 accord+ to our /r5g? & faculty4 ,let ! m9d atta* itself to ! ?+s :i* are & d n pass1 ev5 z ,plato s+s1 f ?+s ( s5se rea*+ on ev] to ! grades ,angelic & ,olympus's /eeps4 ,!n x %all behold ! univ]sal praise ( ,god & ! true ascription ( all good to ,him4 ,he 9 himself is p]fect1 ,"p & likewise ,:ole1 & ev]y:]e uncircumscrib$4 ,no?+ has p[] 9 itself1 b all w\ld fall to no?+1 did ,he close ! flux ( hidd5 p[]4 ,alanus1 a good ,*ri/ian ,doctor1 is also an eclectic 9 8 ?\ght4 ,a consi/5t sy/em is h>dly to be drawn f 8 poem4 ,x sugge/s ,*ri/4 ,b its h]o is n ! ,god-man ( ! ,inc>nation4 ,its figures are semi-pagan4 ,! virtue ,fai?1 = example1 is ! ,fides1 ! ,good ,fai?1 ( ! antique ,roman1 ?\gh x is ! ,*ri/ian virtue ,fai? z well4 ,9 language ! poem is antique2 its v]se has vigor\s fl[2 its imag]y lacks nei!r beauty nor sublimity4 ,x is 9 fact a poem1 a creation1 hav+ a s*eme & unity ( its own1 al?\gh ! au?or borr[s cont9ually4 ,m>tianus ,capella is !re & ,dionysius ! ,areopagite2 !re also is ! ,psy*oma*ia ( ,prud5tius & its prog5y ( symbolic battles betwe5 ! ,virtues & ! ,vices4#adh ,yet ,alanus has a*iev$2 = he has wov5 8 mat]ial into a real poem & has re>$ 8 own l(ty allegory4 ,8 "w is ano!r gr& example ( m$iaeval symbolism4 ,?us we see ! ceaseless sweep ( allegory ?r\gh m5's m9ds4 ,!y felt & ?\ght & dream$ 9 allegories2 & also sp5t _! dry +5uity on allegorical con/ructions4 ,x 0 res]v$ = "o supreme poet to create1 out ( ?is atmosph]e1 a supreme poem :i* is z complete an allegory z ! ,anticlaudianus4 ,b ! ,div9a ,comm$ia has also ! p[] ( its human realities ( actually exp]i5c$ pa9 & joy1 & hate & love4 ,comp>$ ) x1 ! ,anticlaudianus betrays ! vap\r+s ( monk & doctor1 imag9ative inde$1 b ?94 ,! au?or's feet 7 n plant$ on ! e>? ( human life4 ,b ! ,middle ,ages did n dem& t allegory %\ld h its feet plant$ on ! e>?1 s long z its head nodd$ high among ! cl\ds--or its s5tim5ts w&]$ sweetly 9 fancy's g>d5s4 ,9 "o ( ^! dwelt t lovely ,rose1 ^: ,roman once _h vogue4 ,9 /ructure ! ,roman de la rose is an allegory f ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ "p by ,de ,lorris to ! v end ( t encyclopa$ic sequel add$ by ,de ,meun4 ,! /ory is well kn[n4#adi ,"o may recall ! fact t 9 ,de ,lorris's poem & ,de ,meun's sequel e quality & circum/ance ( ,love's s5tim5t & =tunes are figur$ 9 allegorical p]sonifications--all ! lov]'s hopes & fe>s & ! wav]+ *ances ( 8 que/4 ,9 ?is respect ! poem is ! c\rtly & romantic c\nt]p>t ( su* a philosophical or religi\s allegory z ! ,anticlaudianus4 ,p]sonifications ( ! arts & sci5ces1 ! vices & virtues1 curr5t s9ce ! "t ( ,prud5tius's ,psy*oma*ia & ,capella's ,nuptials ( ,philology1 7 all 9 ! ,anticlaudianus1 :ile 9 ! ,roman de la rose figure _! secul> & romantic k93 9 ,de ,lorris's "p1 ,love1 ,fair-,welcome1 ,dang]1 ,reason1 ,fran*ise1 ,pity1 ,c\rtesy1 ,%ame1 ,fe>1 ,idl5ess1 ,jeal\sy1 ,wick$-,tongue2 !n1 ) ,de ,meun1 o!rs besides3 ,ri*esse1 ,false-,seem+1 ,hypocrisy1 ,nature1 & ,g5ius4#aej ,! figures ( ! ,roman de la rose h div]se antec$5ts scatt]$ ?r\gh ! entire /ore ( k & classic lit]ature possess$ by ! ,middle ,ages2 p]haps _! imm$iate s\rce ( inspiration 0 ! s*eme ( c\rtly love :i* ! m$iaeval imag9ation elaborat$ & revell$ 94#aea ,! poem ( ,de ,lorris 0 a v]itable romantic allegory4 ,de ,meun1 9 8 sequel1 r plays ) ! allegorical =m1 :i* he cont9ues2 x has become a frame = 8 /ores ( le>n+1 8 k ( ! _w1 8 views ( life1 8 wit & satire1 & 8 great lit]>y & poetic gifts4 ,yet x ends 9 a regul> ,psy*oma*ia1 9 :i* ,love's b>ons are h>d beset by all ! foes ( ,love's delight1 ?\gh ,love has its w at la/4 ,,book ,,vi ,,lat9ity ,,& ,,law ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,! ,,spell ,,( ,,! ,,classics ,i4 ,,classical ,,read+4 ,,ii4 ,,gramm>4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,effect ,,^u ,,! ,,m$iaeval ,,man2 ,,hildeb]t ,,( ,,lav>d94 ,i ,dur+ all ! m$iaeval c5turies1 m5 approa*$ ! ,classics expect+ to le>n f !m4 ,! usual attitude t[>d ! classical h]itage 0 t ( docile pupils look+ = in/ruction4 ,"o may recall ! antec$5t reasons ( ?is1 :i* h already be5 /at$ at l5g?4 ,9 ,italy1 lett]s surviv$ z ! mo/ impressive legacy f an ov]%ad[+ pa/4 ,9 ! nor?1 save :]e !y l+]$ on f ! antique "t1 !y came 9 ! tra9 ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 & 7 (f]$ to m5 "u ! same impos+ conditions ( a high] civilization au?oritatively in/ruct+ rud] peoples4 ,moreov]1 betwe5 ! anci5t times :i* produc$ ! classic lit]ature & ! ,c>ol+ian p]iod !re int]v5$ c5turies ( deg5]acy & transition1 :5 ! ,classics 7 us$ p$agogically to tea* gramm> & rhetoric4 ,!n gramm>s 7 compos$ or revis$1 & o!r h&books ( elem5t>y in/ruction4 ,! ,classics /ill 7 lov$2 b h[ %all m5 love beyond _! own natures8 ,gift$ ,j]ome1 great ,augu/9e1 lov$ !m ) an ard\r br++ its own misgiv+s4 ,o!r lov]s1 l ,ausonius & ,apoll9>is ,sidonius1 7 p$antic imitators4 ,bo? nor? & s\? ( ! ,alps ano!r & obvi\sly endur+ cause fo/]$ ! habit ( reg>d+ ! ,classics z /oreh\ses ( k3 ! fact t !y 7 su* = all ! m$iaeval c5turies4 ,!y includ$ n only poetry & eloqu5ce1 b also hi/ory1 philosophy1 natural k1 law & polity4 ,! k conta9$ 9 !m exce$$ :at ! m5 ( we/]n ,europe o!rwise possess$4 ,z c5tury aft] c5tury pass$1 m$iaeval m5 le>n$ m = !mselves1 & also drew m l>gely on ! classic /ore4 ,yet x rema9$ unexhau/$4 ,! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies con/itute ! great m$iaeval epo*4 ,m5 7 !n op5+ _! eyes a little to obs]ve ! natural _w1 & 7 ?9k+ a little = !mselves4 ,nev]!less ! *ief increase 9 k issu$ f ! gradual discov]y & ma/]+ ( ! works ( ,ari/otle4 ,^! c5turies1 l _! pr$ecessors1 make cle> t m5 :o inh]it f a great] pa/ a univ]sal lit]ature conta9+ ! be/ !y c conceive & m k ?an !y c o!rwise atta91 w be likely to reg>d e "p ( ?is lit]ature z 9 "s way a s\rce ( k1 physical or metaphysical1 hi/orical or e?ical4 ,& ! ,classics m]it$ su* reg>d2 = :]e !y did n in/ruct 9 sci5ce1 !y imp>t$ k ( life1 & norms & in/ances ( conduct1 f :i* m5 /ill may draw guidance4 ,we h outle>n$ ! physics1 & p]haps ! metaphysics ( ! ,greeks2 _! k ( nature1 9 comp>ison ) ours1 0 b z a g5ial beg9n+2 _! polities & _! =mal e?ics we h tri$ & te/$2 b we h n ris5 above ! p[] & inspiration ( ! /ory ( ,greece & ,rome1 & ! exemplifications ( life 9 ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,classics4 ,x has n ceas$ to be true t he :o be/ loves ! ,classics1 & mo/ deeply feels & glories 9 _! unique excell5ce z lit]ature1 is he :o /ill draws life f !m1 & discipl9e & k4 ,_! true lov]s1 l ! true lov]s ( all noble lit]ature1 are always 9 a /ate ( pupilage to ! poems & ! hi/ories !y love4 ,obvi\sly !n no f9al ^w lies 9 ! /atem5t t ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages m5 turn$ to ! ,classics = in/ruction4 ,!y did inde$ turn to !m = all k9ds ( k1 & = discipl9e4 ,(t5 !y look$ = in/ruction f ,ovid or ,virgil 9 a way to make u smile4 ,(t5 !y 7 l s*oolboys1 dully conn+ words :i* !y did n feel & s did n und]/&4 ,b 9 ! t5? c5tury1 & 9 ! twelf?1 "s m5 admir$ & lov$ ! ,lat9 ,classics1 & drew f !m1 z we may1 lessons :i* are le>n$ only by ^? :o love aright4 ,x w\ld be h>d to say :at ! m5 ( ! ,middle ,ages did n ?us ga94 ,! pagan classical lit]ature 0 "o ( humanity 9 its full range ( int]e/s4 ,?is 0 true ( ! ,greek2 & f ! ,greek1 ! univ]sal human pass$ to ! ,lat91 :i* ! ,middle ,ages 7 to "k4 ,9 bo? lit]atures1 man 0 a d5iz5 ( e>?4 ,! laws ( mortality & fate 7 held be=e 8 eyes2 & ! action ( ! high] p[]s bore ^u mortal happ9ess1 r ?an ^u any life to come4 ,:5 reflect+ ^u ! use & influ5ce ( ! ,classics ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1 x is always to be kept 9 m9d t ! antique lit]ature 0 ! lit]ature ( ?is life & ( ?is _w2 t x 0 univ]sal 9 its humanity1 & /ill 9 ! ,middle ,ages might t\* e human love & human int]e/ n directly connect$ ) ! hopes & t]rors ( ! ,judgm5t ,day4 ,s :5ev] educat$ m$iaeval m5 7 drawn by ! ambitions or mov$ by ! f9] joys ( human life1 x lay 9 _! pa? to seek in/ruction or satisfaction f "s antique s\rce4 ,if a man wi%$ ! common education ( a cl]k1 he drew x f antique text-books & _! comm5t>ies4 ,gramm> & rhetoric meant ,lat9 gramm> & ,lat9 rhetoric2 dialectic also 0 ,lat9 & antique4 ,likewise ! quadrivium ( ari?metic1 geometry1 a/ronomy1 & music1 c\ld be /udi$ only 9 ,lat94 ,^! ord9>y bran*es ( education hav+ be5 ma/]$1 if !n ! man's ta/es or ambitions turn$ to ! int]e/s ( e>? 7& :o except ! sa9tly recluse 0 n s drawn87 he w\ld /ill look to ! antique4 ,a civilian or an ecclesia/ic w\ld ne$ "s k ( law1 :i* = ! mo/ "p 0 ,roman1 ev5 :5 disguis$ z ,canon law4#aeb ,did a man incl9e t[>d philosophy1 & ! scrut9y ( life's deep] problems1 aga9 ! s\rce 0 ! antique2 & :5 he lift$ 8 m9d to !ology1 he w\ld /ill f9d himself reason+ 9 categories ( antique dialectic4 ,f9ally1 & ?is 0 a broad field ( humane incl9ation1 if a cl]kly educat$ man lov$ poetry1 eloqu5ce1 & hi/ory1 = _! own sakes1 he also w\ld turn to ! antique4 ,!re is sc>cely ne$ to rev]t aga9 to ! use ( ! ,classics 9 ! e>li] ,middle ,ages4 ,we h se5 t 9 ,italy !y nev] ceas$ to =m ! consci\s backgr\nd to all intellectual life2 & t 9 ! nor?1 lett]s came a h&maid 9 ! tra9 ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity--a h&maid t 0 apt to ass]t h] own value1 & also *>m ! m9ds ( m54 ,f ! fir/1 x 0 ! or?odox view t ,lat9 lett]s %\ld provide ! education enabl+ m5 to und]/& ! ,*ri/ian religion adequately4 ,?is is ! object set =? 9 ,*>lemagne's ,capitul>ies ^u education4#aec ,?ree hundr$ ye>s lat] ,honorius ( ,autun says 9 8 s]moniz+ way3 8,n only1 belov$1 d ! sacr$ writ+s lead u to et]nal life1 b pr(ane lett]s also tea* u2 = edify+ matt] may be drawn f !m4 ,9 view ( sacr$ examples no "o %\ld be sc&aliz$ at ?is4 ,= ! *ildr5 ( ,israel spoil$ ! ,egyptians2 !y took gold & silv]1 gems & preci\s ve/m5ts1 :i* !y aft]w>ds turn$ into ,god's treasury to build ! tab]nacle40#aed ,honorius us$ ,augu/9e's ref]5ce to ! ,egyptians1 & foll[$ ?is ,augu/9ian view1 always recogniz$ z or?odox 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x 0 n>r[] ?an ! practice among ^? :o foll[$ lett]s4 ,g]b]t at ! close ( ! t5? c5tury lov$ to tea* & read ! pagan writ]s1 & drew f !m tra9+ & discipl9e4#aee ,9 ! next c5tury1 ! ,g]man monk ,fr\mund ( ,teg]nsee1 ) ,b]nw>d & ,godeh>d1 bi%ops ( ,hilde%eim1 are in/ances ( ,g]man love ( antique lett]s4#aef ,yet l(ty s\ls might *oose to limit _! read+ ( ! ,classics1 at lea/ 9 !ory1 to ! ne$s ( _! ,lat9ity4 ,su* a "o 0 ,hugo ( ,/4-,victor1 s*ol>1 !ologian1 man ( g5ius2#aeg he pr(ess$ to c>e m = ! ,*ri/ian ard\rs ( ! s\l ?an = le>n+ ev5 z a means ( righte\sness1 & *ose to take ! side ( ^? :o w\ld read ! classic au?ors only s f> z ! ne$s ( education dem&$3 8,!re are two k9ds ( writ+s1 fir/ ^? :i* are t]m$ ! artes prop]1 secondly1 ^? :i* are ! supplem5ts 7app5d5tia7 ( ! artes4 ,artes comprise ! works gr\p$ "u 7supponuntur7 philosophy1 ^? :i* conta9 "s fix$ & det]m9$ matt] ( philosophy1 z gramm>1 dialectic & ! l4 ,app5d5tia artium are ^? writ+s :i* t\* philosophy less ne>ly & are occupi$ ) "s subject ap>t f x2 & yet sometimes (f] flotsam & jetsam f ! artes1 or simply z n>ratives smoo? ! road to philosophy4 ,all ! songs ( poets are su*--trag$ies1 com$ies1 satires1 h]oics1 & lyrics too1 & iambics1 besides c]ta9 didactic works 7didascalica72 tales likewise1 & hi/ories2 also ! writ+s ( ^? n[adays call$ philosoph]s1 :o ext5d a brief matt] ) l5g?y circumlocution1 & ?us d>k5 a simple mean+4 8,note !n well ! di/9ction ,i h drawn = !e3 di/9ct & diff]5t 7duo7 are ! artes & _! app5ditia1 444 & (t5 f ! latt] ! /ud5t w ga9 mu* lab\r & little fruit4 ,! artes1 )\t _! app5ditia1 may make ! read] p]fect2 b ! latt]1 )\t ! artes1 c br+ no :it ( p]fection4 ,:]e=e "o %\ld fir/ ( all devote himself to ! artes1 :i* are s fundam5tal1 & to ! a=esaid sev5 above all1 :i* are ! means & in/rum5ts 7in/rum5ta7 ( all philosophy4 ,!n let ! re/ be read1 if "o has leisure1 s9ce sometimes ! playful m+l$ ) ! s]i\s especially delights u1 & we are apt to rememb] a moral f\nd 9 a tale40#aeh ,temp]am5t affect$ ,hugo's view4 ,he 0 ( ! spiritual ari/ocracy1 :o may be some:at disda9ful ( ! common means by :i* m5 get _! education & r\nd out _! natures4 ,! me*anical monotony ( p$agogy grat$ on him & evok$ ! ironical sket* ( a s*ool-room1 :i* he put 9 8 dialogue on ! ,vanity ( ! ,_w4 ,! little ,discipulus1 direct$ by 8 ,magi/]1 is survey+ human ?+s4 8,turn aga91 & look10 says ! latt]1 8& :at d y see80 8,i see ! s*ools ( le>n]s4 ,!re is a great cr[d1 & ( all ages1 boys & y\?s1 m5 "y & old4 ,!y /udy v>i\s ?+s4 ,"s practise _! rude tongue at ! alphabet & at words new to !m4 ,o!rs li/5 to ! inflection ( words1 _! composition & d]ivation2 !n by recit+ & repeat+ !m !y try to commit !m to memory4 ,o!rs furr[ ! wax5 tablets ) a /ylus4 ,o!rs1 guid+ ! calamus ) le>n$ h&1 draw figures ( diff]5t %apes & col\rs on p>*m5ts4 ,/ill o!rs ) %>p] zeal seem to dispute on grav] matt]s & try to trip ea* o!r ) twi/+s & impossibilities 7gryphis874 ,i see "s also mak+ calculations1 & "s produc+ v>i\s s\nds ^u a cord /ret*$ on a frame4 ,o!rs1 aga91 expla9 & demon/rate geometric figures2 & yet o!rs ) v>i\s in/rum5ts %[ ! positions & c\rses ( ! />s & ! movem5t ( ! heav5s4 ,o!rs1 f9ally1 consid] ! nature ( plants1 ! con/itution ( m51 & ! prop]ties & p[]s ( ?+s40 ,! ,disciple is captivat$ ) ?is _m-col\r$ %[ ( le>n+2 b ! ,ma/] decl>es x to be mo/ly fooli%ness1 di/ract+ ! /ud5t f und]/&+ 8 own nature1 8 ,creator1 & 8 future lot4#aei ,^! are examples1 :i* might be multipli$ indef9itely1 ( ! pi\s m$iaeval view t ! artes1 ) a v little read+ ( ! auctores1 7 prop] = ! educat$ ,*ri/ian1 ^: ne$ 0 to und]/& ,scripture4 ,sometimes1 /ung1 at lea/ rhetorically1 by fe> ( ! lu/ & idolatry ( ! antique1 m$iaeval s\ls cry out aga9/ its lures1 ev5 z ,j]ome's ,*ri/ianly prote/+ nature dream$ t fam\s dream ( exclusion f heav5 z a 8,cic]onian40 ,alcu91 :o l$ ! educational movem5t "u ,*>lemagne1 g5tly *ides "o ^: fondness = ,virgil made him =get 8 fri5d--8w\ld t ! ,gospels r ?an ! ,a5eid fill$ ?y brea/40#afj ,?ree hundr$ ye>s lat]1 ,/4 ,pet] ,damiani1 himself a virtuoso 9 lett]s & a sometime tea*] ( rhetoric1 arraigns ! monks = tea*+ gramm> r ?an ?+s spiritual4#afa ,damiani speaks ) ! h>%ness ( "o :o fe>s :at he loves4 ,9 ,france1 ab\t ! same "t1 our wor?y s]mon-writ]1 ,honorius ( ,autun1 lik$ ! pr(anities well en\gh1 & drew f !m apt moral tales1 :i* prea*]s might introduce to r\se dr[sy congregations4 ,yet he directs 8 pulpit-?und] at ! cives ,babyloniae1 ! sup]bi1 :o aft] _! sev]al ta/es f+] pr(ane lit]ature to _! p]il3 8,^? delight+ 9 quibbl+ le>n ,ari/otle3 ! lov]s ( w> h ,m>o1 & ! lu/ful idl]s _! ,naso4 ,lucan & ,/atius incite discords1 :ile ,horace & ,t]5ce equip ! p]t & wanton 7petulantes7--b s9ce ! names ( ^! are blott$ f ! book ( life1 ,i %all n commemorate !m ) my lips40#afb ,?is ) ! excell5t ,honorius 0 pi\s rhetoric4 ,yet ! love & fe> ( antique lett]s caus$ anxiety 9 _m a m$iaeval s\l1 deflect$ by !m f its n>r[ pa? to ! heav5ly ,j]usalem4 ,inde$ ! love ( lett]s & ( k 0 to play its "p1 & might take "o side or ! o!r1 accord+ to ! motive ( _! pursuit1 9 ! great m$iaeval psy*oma*ia betwe5 ! crav+s ( mortal life & ! militant insi/5cies ( ! s\l's salvation4 ,?is conflict1 n conf9$ to m$iaeval monks1 has its univ]sal aspects4 ,x e*oes 9 ! sigh ( ,mi*elangelo ov] ! 8affectuosa fantasia1 ,*e l' arte si fece idolo e mon>ca10 --:i* _h s long drawn 8 he>t f ,et]nity4#afc ,commonly1 h[ev]1 ?is conflict did n greatly di/urb s*ol>s :o felt 9 "s degree ! classic spell s manifold ( delight 9 !mes delightful1 ( pleasure someh[ drawn f cle> /atem5t & conv9c+ sequ5ce ( ?\ght1 ( ev5 deep] happ9ess spr++ f ! /irr+ ( ^? faculties ?r\gh :i* man rejoices 9 k4 ,to be sure1 read]s ( ! ,classics1 :o drew joy f !m or satisfaction1 or humane in/ruction1 7 comp>atively few 9 ! m$iaeval c5turies1 z !y are to-day4 ,& und\bt$ly 9 ! ,middle ,ages ! ,classics usually 7 read 9 un5light5$ s*oolboy fa%ion4 ,yet mak+ ^! res]vations1 we may be sure t lett]s yield$ up _! joys to ! *os5 few 9 e m$iaeval c5tury4 8,amor litt]>um ab ipso f]e initio pu]itiae mihi e/ innatus10 wrote ,lupus 9 ! n9?4#afd ,g]b]t might h said ! same1 & _m ( ! m5 :o taught at ,*>tres 9 ! g5]ations foll[+4 ,s likewise might h said ,john ( ,salisbury4 ,9 /udy+ ! ,classics he c]ta9ly look$ to !m = in/ruction4 ,b he also lov$ !m1 & f\nd companion%ip & solace 9 !m1 z he says1 & z ,cic]o be=e him _h said ( lett]s4 ,we may ask ourselves :at sort ( pleasure d we get f read+ ! ,classics8 n necess>ily a light di/ract+ ( ! m9d1 b r a deep] gratification3 ?\ght is ar\s$ & satisfi$1 & our nature is appeas$ by ! admirable pres5tation ( ?+s admirable4 ,at ! same "t we may be consci\s ( discipl9e & b5efit4 ,!re is good reason to suppose t a l pleasure1 or satisfaction1 ) discipl9e & in/ruction1 came to ?is exce$+ly clev] ,john f read+ ,t]5ce1 ,virgil & ,ovid1 ,horace1 ,juv5al1 ,lucan1 ,p]sius & ,/atius1 ,cic]o1 ,s5eca & ,qu9tilian--= he read !m all4#afe ,john is affect$1 impress$1 & tra9$ by 8 classic read+2 he has absorb$ 8 au?ors2 he quotes f !m z spontane\sly & aptly z he quotes f ,scripture4 ,a quotation f ! "o or ! o!r may give f9al po9t to an argum5t1 & h its own eloqu5t sugge/ions4 ,sometimes ! tone ( "o ( 8 own lett]s--:i* usually are excell5t 9 =m & language--may agree ) t ( ! pi?y antique quotation g>ni%+ x4 ,a m$iaeval writ] 0 n likely to say j :at we %\ld :5 express+ ourselves on ! same matt]4 ,yet ,john makes q cle> to u h[ he c>$ = antique lett]s1 9 ! ,prologue to 8 ,polycraticus1 8 *ief "w on philosophy & life2 & we may take 8 ^w z to ! satisfaction :i* he drew f !m1 s9ce 8 own writ+s prove 8 assiduity 9 _! cult4 ,?is prologue is some:at *]*1 & imbu$ ) a preciosity ( s5tim5t putt+ "o 9 m9d ( ,cic]o's oration ,pro ,ar*ia poeta4 8,mo/ delightful 9 _m ways1 b 9 ?is especially1 is ! fruit ( lett]s1 t bani%+ ! res]ve ( int]v5+ place & "t1 !y br+ fri5ds into ea* o!r's pres5ce1 & d n suff] notewor?y ?+s to be oblit]at$ by du/4 ,= ! arts w\ld h p]i%$1 laws w\ld h vani%$1 ! (fices ( fai? & religion w\ld h fall5 away1 & ev5 ! correct use ( language w\ld h fail$1 _h n ! div9e pity1 z a rem$y = human infirmity1 provid$ lett]s = ! use ( mortals4 ,anci5t examples1 :i* incite to virtue1 w\ld h correct$ & s]v$ no "o1 _h n ! pi\s solicitude ( writ]s transmitt$ !m to po/]ity4444 ,:o w\ld "k ! ,alex&]s & ! ,caes>s1 or admire ,/oics & ,p]ipatetics1 _h n ! monum5ts ( writ]s signaliz$ !m8 ,triumphal ar*es promote ! glory ( illu/ri\s m5 f ! c>v$ inscription ( _! de$s4 ,!reby ! obs]v] recognizes ! ,lib]ator ( 8 ,c\ntry1 ! ,e/abli%] ( ,peace4 ,! light ( fame endures = no "o save ?r\gh 8 own or ano!r's writ+4 ,h[ _m & h[ great k+s ?9ke/ ?\ !re h be51 ( :om !re is nei!r spee* nor cogitation8 ,va9ly h m5 /orm$ ! heights ( glory1 if _! fame does n %9e 9 ! light ( lett]s4 ,o!r fav\r or di/9ction is z fabl$ ,e*o1 or ! plaudits ( ! ,play1 ceas+ ! mom5t x has begun4 8,besides all ?is1 solace 9 grief1 recreation 9 lab\r1 *e]fulness 9 pov]ty1 mode/y amid ri*es & delights1 fai?fully are be/[$ by lett]s4 ,= ! s\l is r$eem$ f its vices1 & ev5 9 adv]sity refre%$ ) sweet & wondr\s *e]1 :5 ! m9d is int5d$ ^u read+ or writ+ :at is pr(itable4 ,?\ %alt f9d 9 human life no m pleas+ or m useful employm5t2 unless p]*ance :51 ) he>t dilat$ ?r\gh pray] & div9e love1 ! m9d p]ceives & arranges )9 itself1 z ) ! h& ( m$itation1 ! great ?+s ( ,god4 ,believe "o :o has tri$ x1 t all ! sweets ( ! _w1 comp>$ ) ^! ex]cises1 are wormwood40#aff ,h]eupon1 /ill address+ himself to 8 fri5d & patron1 ,?omas ,becket1 ,john sugge/s t ^! recreations are peculi>ly b5eficial to m5 9 _! circum/ances1 burd5$ ) affairs2 & he puts 8 pr9ciples 9 practice1 by laun*+ =? ^u 8 l5g?y "w ( le>n$ & philosophic disquisition4 ,to supplem5t ?is outl9e ( ,john's appreciation ( ! ,classics1 x w be int]e/+ to look into ! lit]>y int]pretation ( a classical poem1 f ! p5 ( "o ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,s little is kn[n ( ! au?or1 ,b]n>d ,silve/ris1 t he usually has be5 confus$ ) 8 m fam\s fell[1 ,b]n>d ( ,*>tres4 ,we may ref] to bo? ( !m aga94#afg ,"h our bus9ess is solely ) ! ,comm5tum ,b]n>di ,silve/ris sup] sex libros ,a5eidos ,virgilii4#afh ,! writ] draws f ! ,saturnalia ( ! fif?-c5tury gramm>ian1 ,macrobius2 b 8 allegorical int]pretation ( ! ,a5eid seems to be 8 own4 ,he f9ds 9 ! ,a5eid a tw(old consid]ation1 9 t its au?or meant to tea* philosophic tru?1 & at ! same "t 0 n inatt5tive to ! poetic plot4 8,s9ce !n ,virgil 9 ?is poem is bo? philosoph] & poet1 we %all fir/ exp\nd ! purpose & me?od ( ! poet4444 ,8 aim is to unfold ! calamities ( ,a5eas & o!r ,trojans1 & ! lab\rs ( ! exiles4 ,h]e9 disreg>d+ ! tru? ( hi/ory z told by ,d>es ! ,phrygian1#afi & seek+ to w9 ! fav\r ( ,augu/us1 he adorns ! facts ) figm5ts4 ,= ,virgil1 greate/ ( ,lat9 poets1 wrote 9 imitation ( ,hom]1 greate/ ( ,greek poets4 ,z ,hom] 9 ! ,iliad n>rates ! fall ( ,troy & 9 ! ,odyssey ! exile ( ,ulysses2 s ,virgil 9 ! second ,book briefly relates ! ov]?r[ ( ,troy1 & 9 ! re/ ! lab\rs ( ,a5eas4 ,consid] ! tw9 ord] ( n>ration1 ! natural & ! arti/ic 7artificialem74 ,! natural is :5 ! n>rative proce$s accord+ to ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 tell+ fir/ :at happ5$ fir/4 ,lucan & ,/atius keep to ?is ord]4 ,! arti/ic is :5 we beg9 9 ! middle ( ! /ory1 & !nce rev]t to ! comm5cem5t4 ,t]5ce writes ?us1 & ,virgil 9 ?is "w4 ,x w\ld h be5 ! natural ord] to h describ$ fir/ ! de/ruction ( ,troy1 & !n br\ght ! ,trojans to ,crete1 f ,crete to ,sicily1 & f ,sicily to ,libya4 ,b he fir/ br+s !m to ,dido1 & introduces ,a5eas relat+ ! ov]?r[ ( ,troy & ! o!r ?+s t he has suff]$4#agj 8,up to ?is po9t we %[ h[ he proce$s3 next let u obs]ve :y he does x s4 ,) poets !re is ! reason ( usefulness1 z ) a satiri/2 ! reason ( pleasure1 z ) a writ] ( com$ies2 & aga9 ^! two comb9$1 z ) ! hi/orical poet4 ,z ,horace says3 #8,aut prodesse volunt aut delect>e poetae1 ,aut simul et iucunda et idonea dic]e vitae4' 8,?is k9d ( a hi/orical poem is %[n by its figurative & poli%$ diction & 9 ! v>i\s mis*ances & de$s n>rat$4 ,if any "o w /udy to imitate x he w ga9 skill 9 writ+4 ,! n>rative also conta9s in/ances & argum5ts = foll[+ ! "r & avoid+ :at is evil4 ,h5ce a tw(old pr(it to ! read]3 skill 9 writ+1 ga9$ ?r\gh imitation1 & prud5ce 9 conduct1 drawn f example & precept4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! lab\rs ( ,a5eas we h an example ( endurance2 & "o ( piety1 9 8 affection = ,an*ises & ,ascanius4 ,f ! rev]5ce :i* he %[s ! gods1 f ! oracles :i* he supplicates1 f ! sacrifices :i* he (f]s1 f ! v[s & pray]s :i* he p\rs =?1 we feel drawn to religion3 :ile ?r\gh ,dido's unbridl$ love1 we are recall$ f desire = ! =bidd540 ,! above is excell5t1 b n p>ticul>ly orig9al4 ,x %[s1 h[ev]1 t ,b]n>d c\ld appreciate ! ,a5eid 9 ?is way4 ,8 allegorical int]pretation is ( a piece ) curr5t m$iaeval me?ods4 ,yet to take a poem allegorically 0 n di/9ctively m$iaeval2 = ,hom] & o!r poets _h be5 ?us exp\nd$ f ! days ( ,plato1 :o did n himself approve4 ,) ,b]n>d1 ea* ,book ( ! ,a5eid repres5ts "o ( ! ages ( man1 ! fir/ ,book betok5+ infancy1 ! second boyhood1 & s =?4 ,allegorical etymologies are appli$ to ! names ( ! p]sonages2 & 9 g5]al ! :ole natural c\rse & sett+ ( ! poem is tak5 allegorically4 8,! sea is ! human body mov$ & toss$ by drunk5ness & lu/s1 :i* are repres5t$ by waves40 ,a5eas1 to wit1 ! human s\l jo9$ to its body1 comes to ,c>?age1 ! mundane city :]e ,dido reigns1 :i* is lu/2 ?is allegory is unfold$ 9 detail4 ,s ! int]pretation ambles on1 n m & n less jejune ?an su* +5uities usually are4 99 99 99 99 99 ,classical /udies rea*$ _! z5i? 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,= 9 e way t c5tury surpass$ its pr$ecessors2 & 9 classical /udies x excell$ ! ?irte5?1 :i* devot$ to !m a small] portion ( its intellectual en]gies4 ,! twelf? c5tury1 to be sure1 0 prodigi\sly int]e/$ 9 dialectic & !ology4 ,yet ^! _h n q engulf$ ! humanities2 nor _h any newly awak5$ int]e/ 9 physical or exp]im5tal sci5ce di/ract$ ! eyes ( m5 f ! *>ms ( ! anci5t writt5 page4 ,! *ange took place 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,its be/ intellectual ef=ts1 nor? ( ! ,alps at lea/1 7 direct$ to ! /udy & !ological appropriation ( ! ,ari/otelian encyclopa$ia ( metaphysics & univ]sal k4#aga ,! effect ( ,ari/otle 0 totally unlit]>y4 ,& ! m9ds ( m51 absorb$ 9 ma/]+ ?is giant mass ( k & argum5t1 ceas$ to reg>d lit]>y =m & ! humane aspects ( ,lat9 lit]ature4 ,until ! ?irte5? c5tury1 dialectic & !ology 7 n completely sev]$ f belles lettres4 ,! ,platonic-,augu/9ian !ology ( ! twelf? c5tury _h be5 idealiz+ & imag9ative1 n to say poetical4 ,su* an int]e/+ expon5t ( x z ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor appe>s z a lit]>y p]sonage1 despite 8 /9t$ advocacy ( classical /udy4 ,"o notes t = 8 "t ! *ief s+le s\rce ( physical k 0 ! ,lat9 v]sion ( ! ,timaeus1 c]ta9ly n a prosaic composition4 ,?us1 = ! twelf? c5tury1 an effective cause ( ! cont9uance ( ! /udy ( lett]s lay h]e93 :atev] bran* ( natural k might allure ! /ud5t1 he c\ld n draw x bodily f a s]i\s b unlit]>y repository1 l ! ,physics or ,de animalibus ( ,ari/otle1 :i* 7 n yet available2 he mu/ foll[ 8 b5t ?r\gh ! writ+s ( v>i\s ,lat9 poets z well z prose-writ]s4 ,9 f9e1 ! s\rces ( pr(ane k op5 to ! twelf? c5tury 7 lit]>y 9 _! nature1 & might =m "p ( ! lit]ature :i* w\ld be read by a /ud5t ( gramm> or rhetoric4 ,"o sees ?is 9 ,john ( ,salisbury4 ,!re may h be5 a few m5 :o knew m ?an he did ( "s p>ticul> topic4 ,b 8 range & read9ess ( k 7 unique4 ,& x is evid5t f 8 writ+s t 8 k 7except 9 logic7 _h no special or sci5tific s\rce1 b 0 d]iv$ f a promiscu\s read+ ( ,lat9 lit]ature4 ,z a result1 he is himself a lit]>y man4 ,"o may say mu* ! same ( 8 y\ng] contempor>y1 ,alanus de ,insulis4#agb ,he too has ga!r$ k f lit]>y s\rces1 & he himself is "o ( ! be/ ,lat9 poets ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,ano!r extremely poetic philosoph] 0 ,b]n>d ,silve/ris1 ! int]pret] ( ,virgil4 ,8 ,de mundi unitate is a ,pan!i/ic exposition ( ! ,univ]se2 x is also a poem2 & incid5tally x af=ds ano!r illu/ration ( ! g5]al fact1 t be=e ! works ( ,ari/otle 7 made kn[n & exp\nd$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 all k9ds ( natural & quasi-philosophic k 7 drawn f a v>iety ( writ+s1 "s ( !m poor en\gh f any po9t ( view1 b none ( !m di/9ctly sci5tific & unlit]>y1 l ! works ( ,ari/otle4 ,=mal logic or dialectic1 z cultivat$ by ,abael>d = example1 appe>s z an exception4 ,x _h be5 specializ$ & m sci5tifically treat$ ?an any bran* ( sub/antial k2 = inde$ x 0 bas$ on ! logical treatises ( ,ari/otle1 mo/ ( :i* 7 9 use be=e ,abael>d's dea?1 & all ( :i* 7 kn[n to ,?i]ry ( ,*>tres & ,john ( ,salisbury4#agc ,! contra/ betwe5 ! ca!dral s*ool ( ,*>tres & ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is illu/rates ! *ange f ! twelf? to ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! =m] has be5 spok5 ( 9 a previ\s *apt]1 :]e its /ory 0 br\ght d[n to ! times ( its great tea*]s1 ,b]n>d & ,?i]ry1 ( :om we %all h to speak 9 connection ) ! tea*+ ( gramm> & ! read+ ( classical au?ors4 ,! s*ool fl\ri%$ exce$+ly until ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury4#agd ,by t "t ! s*ools ( ,p>is _h receiv$ an enorm\s impetus f ! popul>ity ( ,abael>d1 & s*ol>s _h begun to pu% ?i!r f all qu>t]s4 ,b x 0 n till ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury t ! ,univ]sity1 ) its organization ( ,ma/]s & ,faculties1 began visibly to em]ge out ( ! antec$5t ca!dral s*ool4#age ,*>tres 0 a home ( lett]s2 & !re ,lat9 lit]ature 0 read en?usia/ically4 ,b 9 ,p>is ,abael>d 0 pre-em95tly a dialectician2 & aft] he di$1 ?r\gh ^? decades :5 ! ,univ]sity 0 com+ into exi/5ce1 ! tide ( /udy set irresi/ibly t[>d !ology & metaphysics4 ,/ud5ts & ma/]s ( ! ,faculty ( ,arts outnumb]$ all ! o!r ,faculties2 nev]!less1 c\nt+ n by tumultu\s numb]s1 b by intellectual /r5g?1 ! great matt] 0 ,!ology1 & ! majority ( ! ,ma/]s 9 ! ,arts 7 /ud5ts 9 ! div9e sci5ce4 ,! ,arts 7 reg>d$ z a prep>atory discipl9e4 ,s ?r\gh its great p]iod1 :i* r\ghly co9cides ) ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is 0 = all ,europe ! supreme seat ( ,dialectic1 ,metaphysics1 & ,!ology1 & yet no k9dly nurse ( belles lettres4 ,! t5d5cies ( ,ox=d 7 n q ! same z ^? ( ,p>is1 yet ,lat9 lit]ature z su* does n seem to h be5 cultivat$ !re = its own fair sake4 ,?is app>5tly 0 unaffect$ by ! fact t a movem5t = 8close0 or exact s*ol>%ip exi/$ at ! ,engli% univ]sity4 ,grossete/e1 its fir/ great *ancellor1 tea*] & inspir]1 unque/ionably introduc$1 or enc\rag$1 ! /udy ( ,greek2 & 8 fam\s pupil1 ,rog] ,bacon1 0 a s]i\s ,greek s*ol>1 & wrote a gramm> ( t tongue4 ,b nei!r ,grossete/e nor ,bacon appe>s to h be5 mov$ by any lit]>y int]e/ 9 ,greek lit]ature2 bo? "o & ! o!r urg$ ! importance ( ,greek1 & ( ,hebrew too & ,arabic1 9 ord] to rea* a sur] k ( ,scripture & ,ari/otle4 ,!y s\ght to op5 ! v]itable f\nts ( !ology & natural k1 an intellig5t aim inde$1 b q unlit]>y4 ,9 _s bo? ^! m5 belong to ! ?irte5? c5tury1 n to ! twelf?4#agf ,9 ,italy1 "o does n f9d t ! passage f ! twelf? to ! ?irte5? c5tury displays ! decl9e 9 classical /udies :i* is app>5t nor? ( ! ,alps4 ,! reasons seem obvi\s4 ,! passion = metaphysical !ology did n invade ?is l& ( practical ecclesia/icism & urban liv+1 :]e pagan antiquity1 dumb1 brok51 & defac$1 yet ev]y:]e surviv+1 0 ! m$ium ( life & ?\ght & temp]am5tal incl9ation 9 ! ?irte5? z well z 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,nor 0 ,italy z yet becom+ sci5tific1 or greatly int]e/$ 9 physical hypo!sis2 al?\gh m$ic9e 0 cultivat$ 9 v>i\s c5tres1 ,sal]no1 = example1 & ,bologna4 ,b = ! twelf?1 & = ! ?irte5? c5tury z well1 ,italy's great intellectual a*ievem5t 0 9 ! two closely neighb\r+ sci5ces ( canon & civil law4 ,^! made ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna z pre-em95t 9 law z ,p>is 0 9 !ology4 ,!re _h be5 s*ools ( gramm> & rhetoric at ,bologna & ,rav5na1 be=e ! lectur+ ( ,irn]ius on ! ,p&ects drew to ! fir/-nam$ t[n ! conc\rse ( mature & seemly /ud5ts :o 7 gradually to organize !mselves into a univ]sity4#agg ,?us at ,bologna law fl\ri%$ & grew great1 spr++ upw>d f an antec$5t base ( grammatical if n lit]>y /udies4 ,! /udy ( ! law nev] cut itself away f ?is f\ndation4 ,= ! exig5cies ( legal bus9ess dem&$ tra9+ 9 ! scriv5]'s & not>ial arts ( indit+ epi/les & draw+ docum5ts1 = :i* ! ars dictam9is1 to wit1 ! art ( composition 0 ( prim>y utility4 ,?is ars1 tea*+ z x did bo? ! g5]al rules ( composition & ! m specific =ms ( legal or o!r =mal docum5ts1 p]ta9$ to law z well z gramm>4 ,( ! latt] /udy x 0 p]haps 9 ,italy ! ma9 elem5t1 or1 r1 end4 ,b ev5 )\t ?is hybrid l9k ( ! dictam51 gramm> 0 ne$$ = ! int]pretation ( ! ,p&ects2 & inde$ "s ( ! glosses ( ,irn]ius & o!r e>ly glossators are grammatical r ?an legal explanations ( ! text4 ,we %\ld be> 9 m9d t ?is augu/ body ( jurisprud5tial law exi/$ n 9 ! inflat$ /atutory ,lat9 ( ,ju/9ian's "t1 b 9 ! sonor\s & correct language ( ! e>li] empire1 :5 ! great ,juri/s liv$1 z well z ,qu9tilian4 ,accord+ly a close /udy ( ! ,p&ects requir$1 z well z yield$1 a k ( classical ,lat9ity4 ,?us law t5d$ to fo/]1 r ?an repress1 gramm> & rhetoric2 & _h no unfav\rable effect on classical /udies4 ,& ev5 z su* /udies 8fl\ri%$0 9 ,italy 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies1 !y did n cease to 8fl\ri%10 !re 9 ! ?irte5?1 9 ! same g5]al ?\gh r dull & uncreative way4 ,= x w h]eaft] appe> t ! productions ( ! ,lat9 poets & rhetoricians ( ,italy 7 bel[ ! lit]>y level ( ^? compos$ nor? ( ! ,loire 9 ,france1 or 9 ,engl&4 ,,ii ,f ! days ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ! /udy ( gramm> 01 & nev] ceas$ to be1 ! basis ( ! consci\s & rational k ( ! ,lat9 tongue4 ,! ,roman boys /udi$ x at ,rome2 ! ,lat9-speak+ prov9cials /udi$ x1 & all p ( education :o rema9$ 9 ! l&s ( we/]n ,europe :i* once _h =m$ "p ( ! ,empire2 its /udy 0 r5ew$ "u ,*>lemagne2 he & ,alcu9 & all ! s*ol>s ( ! n9? c5tury 7 deeply int]e/$ 9 :at to !m repres5t$ tangible ,lat9ity1 & 9 fact 0 to be a *ief means by :i* _! m$iaeval civilization %\ld ma9ta9 its cont9uity ) its s\rce4 ,= gramm> 0 mo/ in/rum5tal 9 pres]v+ m$iaeval ,lat9 f viol5t deflections1 :i* w\ld h left ! anci5t lit]ature z ! lit]ature ( a =gott5 tongue4 ,_h m$iaeval ,lat9 fail$ to keep itself v]itable ,lat92 _h x in/ead suff]$ transmutation into local ,romance dialects1 ! ,lat9 classics1 & all t hung f !m1 might h become z unkn[n to ! ,middle ,ages z ! ,greek1 & ev5 h be5 lo/ =ev]4 ,x 0 ! /udy ( ,lat9 gramm>1 ) classic texts to illu/rate its rules1 t kept ,lat9 ,lat91 & pres]v$ /&>ds ( univ]sal usage ?r\gh\t we/]n ,europe1 by :i* "o language 0 read & spok5 ev]y:]e by educat$ p4 ,f c5tury to c5tury ?is language suff]$ modification1 & v>i$ accord+ to ! k & tra9+ ( ^? :o us$ x2 yet its *anges 7 nev] su* z to de/roy its id5tity z a language1 or prev5t ! ,lat9 writ] ( "o age or c\ntry f und]/&+ :atev] 9 any l& or c5tury _h be5 writt5 9 t p]5nial tongue4 ,!re=e =tunately1 z ! ,c>ol+ian s*ol>s /udi$ ,lat9 gramm>1 s likewise did ^? ( all succe$+ m$iaeval g5]ations1 !reby hold+ !mselves to at lea/ a homog5eity1 ?\gh n an unv>y+ uni=mity1 ( usage4 ,evid5tly1 h[ev]1 ! me?od ( grammatical in/ruction _h to v>y ) ! ne$s ( ! le>n]s & ! tea*]s' skill4 ,! ,romans prattl$ ,lat9 on _! mo!rs' knees2 & s1 ) gradually wid5+ deflections1 did ! ,lat9iz$ prov9cials4 ,nei!r ,roman nor ,prov9cial prattl$ ,cic]onian p]iods1 or us$ q ! vocabul>y ( ,virgil2 yet x 0 ,lat9 t !y talk$4 ,!nce=w>d !re 0 to be a diff]5ce betwe5 ! p :o liv$ 9 c\ntries :]e ,romance dialects _h em]g$ f ! spok5 ,lat9 & prevail$1 & ^? p :o spoke a ,teuton spee*4 ,al?\gh always draw+ away1 ! natal spee* ( ,romance peoples 0 s l ,lat91 t 9 le>n+ x !y seem$ r to correct _! vulg> tongue ?an to acquire a new language4 ,s x 0 9 ! ,*ri/ian p>ts ( ,spa91 9 ,gaul1 &1 above all1 9 ,italy1 :]e ! vulg> dialects 7 t>die/ 9 tak+ di/9ctive =m4 ,nev]!less1 z ! ,romance dialects1 = in/ance 9 ! c\ntry nor? ( ! ,loire1 develop$ into ! v>i\s =ms ( :at is call$ ,old ,fr5*1 "y p at s*ool w\ld h to le>n ,lat9 z a quasi-=eign tongue4 ,across ! ,rh9e 9 ,g]many boys ord9>ily _h to le>n x at s*ool1 z a /range language1 j z !y mu/ to-day2 & e ef=t 0 devot$ to ?is end4#agh ,x 0 n likely t ! gramm>s compos$ = ,roman boys1 or at lea/ = boys :o spoke ,lat9 f _! infancy1 w\ld altoge!r meet ! ne$s ( ,g]man1 or ev5 ,fr5*1 y\?4 ,yet only gradually & sl[ly 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7 gramm>s put toge!r to make good ! insuffici5cies ( ,donatus & ,priscian4 ,! =m] 0 ! tea*] ( ,/4 ,j]ome4 ,he compos$ a %ort "w1 9 ! =m ( que/ions & answ]s1 expla9+ ! eight p>ts ( spee*1 b giv+ no rules ( g5d]1 or =ms ( decl5sion & conjugation1 ne$$ = ! in/ruction ( ^? :o1 unlike ! ,roman y\?1 c\ld n speak ! language4 ,?is little book w5t by ! "n ( ! ,ars m9or4 ,! same gramm>ian compos$ a m ext5sive "w1 ! ?ird book ( :i* 0 call$ ! ,b>b>ismus1 aft] its op5+ *apt]4 ,x def9$ ! figures ( spee* 7figurae1 locutiones71 & 0 mu* us$ ?r\gh ! m$iaeval p]iod4 ,! ,ars m9or expla9$ 9 simple fa%ion ! elem5ts ( spee*4 ,b ! ,in/itutiones grammaticae ( ,priscian1 a contempor>y ( ,cassiodorus1 (f]$ a m9e ( k4 ,( its eighte5 books ! fir/ sixte5 7 devot$ to ! p>ts ( spee* & _! =ms1 consid]$ "u ! v>iations ( g5d]1 decl5sion1 & conjugation4 ,! rema9+ two treat$ ( con/ructio or syntax4 ,z e>ly z ! t5? c5tury ,priscian 0 sep>at$ into ^! two p>ts1 :i* came to be kn[n z ,priscianus major & m9or4 ,! ,priscian manuscripts1 ^: "n is legion1 usually pres5t ! =m]4 ,diffuse 9 language1 confus$ 9 arrangem5t1 & ov]lad5 p]haps ) its ?\s&s ( examples1 x 0 b]at$ = its labyr9?9e qualities ev5 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 yet its sixte5 books rema9$ ! *ief s\rce ( etymological k4 ,priscianus m9or 0 less widely us$4 ,! gramm>ians ( ! n9?1 t5?1 & elev5? c5turies foll[$ ,donatus & ,priscian1 mak+ extracts f _! works1 or abridgem5ts1 & n[ & !n introduc+ examples ( deviation f ! anci5t usage4 ,! la/ came usually f ! ,vulgate text ( ,scripture1 :i* sometimes dep>t$ f ! idioms or ev5 ^w-=ms approv$ by ! old au?orities4#agi ,! ,ars m9or ( ,donatus became envelop$ 9 comm5t>ies2 b ,priscian 0 s =midable t 9 ^! e>ly c5turies he 0 m]ely gloss$1 t is1 annotat$ 9 brief m>g9al fa%ion4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to dwell ^u m$iaeval grammatical /udies4 ,b ! t5d5cies *>act]iz+ !m 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies may be indicat$ briefly4 ,! sub/ance ( ! ,priscianus major 0 foll[$ by m$iaeval gramm>ians4 ,t is to say1 :ile admitt+ c]ta9 novelties1#ahj !y adh]$ to its rules & examples relat+ to ! =ms ( words1 _! decl5sion & conjugation4 ,b ! ,priscianus m9or1 al?\gh us$1 0 dep>t$ f4 ,9 ! fir/ place its treatm5t ( its subject 7syntax7 0 confus$ & inadequate4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a broad] reason = seek+ rules else:]e4 ,m$iaeval ,lat91 9 its progress z a liv+ or quasi-liv+ language1 dep>t$ f ! classical norms f> m 9 syntax & composition ?an 9 ^w-=ms4 ,! latt] cont9u$ mu* ! same z 9 antiquity4 ,b ! popul> & s to speak ,romance t5d5cies ( m$iaeval ,lat9 br\ght radical *anges ( ^w-ord] & /yle1 :i* work$ back necess>ily ^u ! rules ( syntax4 ,^! _h be5 b hazily /at$ by ! old writ]s1 & ! task ( con/ruct+ an adequate ,lat9 syntax rema9$ undone4 ,x 0 a task ( vital importance = ! pres]vation ( ! ,lat9 tongue4 ,^w-=ms alone w n pres]ve ! cont9uity ( a language2 x is ess5tial t _! use 9 spee* & writ+ %\ld be kept congru\s ?r\gh appropriate pr9ciples ( syntax4 ,su* 7 intellig5tly =mulat$ by m$iaeval gramm>ians4 ,! result 0 n exactly :at x w\ld h be5 _h ! task be5 c>ri$ out 9 ! f\r? c5tury3 yet x has endur$ 9 spite ( ! attacks1 pseudo-attacks inde$1 ( ! c9quec5to2 & ! m$iaeval treatm5t ( ,lat9 syntax is ! basis ( ! mod]n treatm5t4 ,"o may add t syntax or con/ructio 0 tak5 broadly z embrac+ n only ! agreem5ts ( numb] & g5d]1 & ! gov]n+#aha ( cases1 b also ! ord] ( words 9 a s5t5ce1 :i* _h *ang$ s utt]ly betwe5 ! "t ( ,cic]o & ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,^! g5]al /atem5ts f9d illu/ration 9 ! fam\s ,doctr9ale ( ,alex&] de ,villa-,dei1 ^: au?or 0 born 9 ,norm&y 9 ! latt] half ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,he /udi$ at ,p>is1 & 9 c\rse ( "t 0 summon$ by ! ,bi%op ( ,dol to in/ruct 8 nepotes 9 gramm>4 ,:ile act+ z _! tutor1 he appe>s to h help$ _! memory by sett+ 8 rules 9 rhyme2 & ! bi%op ask$ him to write a ,summa ( gramm> 9 "s su* fa%ion4 ,comply+1 he compos$ ! ,doctr9ale 9 ! ye> #aaii1 putt+ 8 "w into leon9e or rhym+ hexamet]1 to make x easi] to memorize4 ,r>ely has a s*ool-book met ) su* success4 ,x soon came into use 9 ,p>is & else:]e1 & = "s ?ree hundr$ ye>s 0 ! common manual ( grammatical tea*+ ?r\gh\t we/]n ,europe4 ,x 0 !n attack$ & app>5tly driv5 f ! field by ! s-call$ ,humani/s1 :o1 h[ev]1 fail$ to (f] any?+ bett] 9 its place1 & plagi>iz$ f ! "w :i* !y pr(ess$ to execrate4#ahb ,! etymological portions ( ! ,doctr9ale foll[ ! tea*+s ( ! ,priscianus major2 ! "p devot$ to syntax1 or con/ructio1 %[s traces ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,priscianus m9or4 ,b ,alex&]'s treatm5t ( syntax is m sy/ematic & elaborate ?an ,priscian's2 & he did n hesitate to def] to ! ,vulgate & o!r ,*ri/ian ,lat9 writ+s4 ,?us he made 8 "w con=m to contempor>y usage1 :i* its purpose 0 to set =?4 ,he did ! same 9 ! section on ,prosody1 9 :i* he says t ! anci5t metricians di/+ui%$ a numb] ( feet no long] us$1 & he w conf9e himself to six--! dactyl1 spondee1 tro*ee1 anapae/1 iambus1 & tribra*4#ahc ,9 contradiction to classical usage he condemns elision2#ahd & 9 8 *apt] on acc5t he ?r[s ov] ! anci5t rules3 8,acc5tus normas legitur posuisse vetu/as2 ,non tam5 has cr$o s]v&as tempore no/ro40#ahe ,alex&] 0 n really an innovator4 ,he foll[$ previ\s gramm>ians 9 condemn+ elision1 & 9 :at he says ( quantity & acc5t4 ,9 8 syntax he endeav\r$ to set =? rules con=m+ to ! be/ ,lat9 usage ( 8 "t1 l o!r m$iaeval gramm>ians be=e him4 ,he 0 inde$ vehem5t 9 8 advocacy ( rec5t & ,*ri/ian au?ors z /&>ds ( writ+1 & he inveigh$ aga9/ ! s*ol>s ( ,orleans1 :o read ! ,classics1 & w\ld h u sacrifice to ! gods & obs]ve ! indec5t fe/ivals ( ,faunus & ,jove4#ahf ,b o!rs def5d$ ! ,orleans s*ool1 & p]haps /ill reg>d$ ! ,classics z ! be/ arbit]s ( gramm> & eloqu5ce4 ,!re exi/ ?irte5?-c5tury gramm>s :i* foll[ ,priscian m closely ?an ,alex&] does4#ahg ,yet 8 "w repres5ts ! dom9ant t5d5cies ( 8 "t4 ,twelf? & ?irte5? c5tury gramm>ians recomm5d$ to _! pupils a v>iety ( read+1 9 :i* m$iaeval & e>ly ,*ri/ian compositions held z l>ge a place z ,virgil & ,ovid4 ,! ,doctr9ale advocates no "w m emphatically ?an ,petrus ,riga's ,aurora1 a v]sifi$ p>aphrase ( ,scripture4 ,its au?or 0 a *ori/] 9 ,rheims1 & di$ 9 #abji4ahh ,! works ( s*ola/ic philosoph]s 7 n cit$ z frequ5tly z ! compositions ( v]se-writ]s2 yet m$iaeval gramm>ians 7 influ5c$ by ! language ( philosophy1 & drew f its tra9+ pr9ciples :i* !y appli$ to _! own sci5ce4 ,gramm> c\ld n help becom+ dialectical :5 ! intellectual _w 0 turn+ to logic & metaphysics4 ,comm5c+ 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ov]ma/]+ly 9 ! ?irte5?1 logic p5etrat$ gramm> & compell$ an application ( its pr9ciples4 ,(t5 gramm>ians might bett] h look$ to l+ui/ic usage ?an to dialectic2 yet if gramm> 0 to become a rational sci5ce1 x _h to sy/ematize itself ?r\gh pr9ciples ( logic1 & make use ( dialectic 9 its endeav\r to /ate a reason = its rules4 ,^? :o appli$ logic to gramm> at lea/ endeav\r$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two1 n always fruitfully4 ,b a real diff]5ce c\ld n fail to ass]t itself inasmu* z logic 0 9 tru? ( univ]sal application1 :ile m$iaeval gramm> nev] ceas$ to be ! gramm> ( ! ,lat9 language4 ,nev]!less its t]m9ology 0 l>gely drawn f logic4#ahi ,s dialectic br\ght bo? good & ill1 prov+ itself helpful 9 ! regulation ( syntax1 b banefully affect+ gramm>ians ) ! conviction t language 0 ! creature ( reason1 & mu/ con=m to pr9ciples ( logic4 ,"o likewise notes ) curi\s int]e/1 t1 f _! dialectic tra9+ app>5tly1 gramm>ians fir/ f\nd z _m species ( gramm> z languages1#aij & !n =sook ?is idea = ! view t1 9 ord] to be a sci5ce1 gramm> mu/ be univ]sal1 or1 z !y phras$ x1 "o1 & mu/ possess pr9ciples n applicable specially to ,greek or ,lat91 b to congru\s con/ruction 9 ! ab/ract2 8de con/ructione congrua secundum quod ab/rahit ab omni l+ua speciali10 are ! words ( ! ,engli% ?irte5?-c5tury philosoph] & gramm>ian1 ,rob]t ,kilw>dby4#aia ,a l idea affect$ ,rog] ,bacon1 :o compos$ a ,greek gramm>1#aib :i* appe>s to h be5 int5d$ z ! fir/ "p ( a "w ^u ! gramm>s ( ! le>n$ languages o!r ?an ,lat94 ,x 0 adapt$ to af=d a gr\nd+ 9 ! elem5ts ( ,greek3 yet x t\*es matt]s 9 a way %[+ t ! writ] _h ?\ght deeply on ! aff9ities ( languages & ! common pr9ciples ( gramm>4 ,( ?is ! foll[+ passage is evid5ce3 8,!re=e1 because ,i wi% to treat ( ! prop]ties ( ,greek gramm>1 x %\ld be kn[n t !re are diff]5ces 9 ! ,greek language1 to be h]eaft] not$ 9 giv+ ! names ( ^! dialects 7idiomata74 ,& ,i call !m idiomata & n l+uas1 because !y are n diff]5t languages1 b diff]5t prop]ties :i* are peculi>ities 7idiomata7 ( ! same language4#aic ,wi%+ to set =? ,greek gramm>1 = ! use ( ! ,lat9s1 x is necess>y to comp>e x ) ,lat9 gramm>1 because ,i commonly speak ,lat9 myself1 see+ t ! cr[d does n "k ,greek2 also because gramm> is ( "o & ! same sub/ance 9 all languages1 al?\gh v>y+ 9 its non-ess5tials 7accid5talit]71 also because ,lat9 gramm> 9 a c]ta9 special way is d]iv$ f ,greek1 z ,priscian says1 & o!r gramm>ians40#aid ,! dialecticiz+ ( gramm> took place 9 ! nor?1 "u influ5ces radiat+ f ,p>is1 ! *ief dialectic c5tre4 ,^! did n deeply affect grammatical /udies 9 ,italy1 or 9 ! ,midi ( ,france1 :i* 9 "s respects exhibit$ l intellectual t5d5cies4 ,gramm> 0 zeal\sly /udi$ 9 ,italy1 b x did n !re become ei!r speculative or dialectical4 ,to be sure nor!rn manuals 7 us$1 especially ! ,doctr9ale2 b ! /udy rema9$ practical1 an art r ?an a sci5ce1 & its *ief elem5t1 or end1 0 ! ars dictam9is or dict&i4 ,! grammatical treatises ( ,italians 7 treatises ^u ?is art ( epi/ol>y composition & ! prop] ways ( draw+ docum5ts4 ,^! works 7 /udi$ also 9 ! ,nor?1 :]e ! ars dictam9is 0 by no means neglect$4#aie ,lat9 gramm>1 al?\gh ov]-dialecticiz$ 9 ! ,nor?1 & 9 ,italy made v practical1 rema9$ ( necessity ! f\ndation ( classical /udies1 & ( m$iaeval lit]>y ef=t1 9 prose & v]se4 ,z ! basis ( lib]al /udies1 x _h no tru] home ?an ! ca!dral s*ool ( ,*>tres4#aif ,contempor>y writ]s picture ! mann] 9 :i* ?is /udy 0 !re made to p]=m its mo/ lib]al (fice1 "u fav\rable m$iaeval conditions1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! "t ant$ates ! ,doctr9ale1 & "o notes at once t ! ,*>trian ma/]s us$ ! anci5t grammatical au?orities4 ,?is is %[n by ! ,eptateu*on ( ,?i]ry1 :o 0 headma/] 7s*ola/icus7 & !n ,*ancellor !re = a numb] ( ye>s betwe5 #aabj & #aaej4 ,z its "n implies1 ! "w 0 a manual1 or r an encyclopa$ia1 ( ! ,sev5 ,arts4 ,?i]ry compil$ x f ! writ+s ( ! 8*ief doctors on ! arts40 ,he transcrib$ ! ,ars m9or ( ,donatus & !n portions ( 8 l>g] "w4 ,hav+ comm5d$ ?is au?or = 8 concis5ess & subtilty1 ,?i]ry next copi$ out ! :ole ( ,priscian4 ,z text-books = ! second bran* ( ! ,trivium1 he gives ,cic]o's ,de inv5tione rhetorica libri #b1 ,rhetoricorum ad ,h]5nium libri #d1 ,de p>titione oratoria dialogus1 & concludes ) ! rhetorical writ+s ( ,m>tianus ,capella & ,j4 ,sev]ianus4#aig ,s mu* = ! books4 ,n[ = ! me?od ( tea*+ z describ$ by ,john ( ,salisbury4 ,he gives ! practice ( ,b]n>d ( ,*>tres1 ,?i]ry's eld] bro!r1 :o 0 s*ola/icus & ,*ancellor be=e him1 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,john has be5 advocat+ ! /udy ( gramm> z ! fundam5tum atque radix ( ^? ex]cises by :i* virtue & philosophy are rea*$2 & he is advis+ a g5]\s read+ ( ! ,classics by ! /ud5t1 & _! con/ant use by ! pr(essor1 to illu/rate 8 tea*+4 8,?is me?od 0 foll[$ by ,b]n>d ( ,*>tres1 exundissimus mod]nis temporibus fons litt]>um 9 ,gallia4 ,by citations f ! au?ors he %[$ :at 0 simple & regul>2 he br\ght into relief ! grammatical figures1 ! rhetorical col\rs1 ! artifices ( sophi/ry1 & po9t$ out h[ ! text 9 h& bore ^u o!r /udies2 n t he s\ght to tea* ev]y?+ 9 a s+le session1 = he kept 9 m9d ! capacity ( 8 audi5ce4 ,he inculcat$ correctness & propriety ( diction1 & a fitt+ use ( congru\s figures4 ,realiz+ t practise /r5g!ns memory & %>p5s faculty1 he urg$ 8 pupils to imitate :at !y _h he>d1 incit+ "s by admonitions1 o!rs by :ipp+ & p5alties4 ,ea* pupil recit$ ! next day some?+ f :at he _h he>d on ! prec$+4 ,! ev5+ ex]cise1 call$ ! decl9atio1 0 fill$ ) su* an abundance ( gramm> t any "o1 ( fair intellig5ce1 by att5d+ x = a ye>1 w\ld h at 8 f+]s' ends ! art ( writ+ & speak+1 & w\ld "k ! mean+ ( all words 9 common use4 ,b s9ce no day & no s*ool ought to be vacant ( religion1 ,b]n>d w\ld select = /udy a subject edify+ to fai? & morals4 ,! clos+ "p ( ?is decl9atio1 or r philosophical recitation1 0 /amp$ ) piety3 ! s\ls ( ! dead 7 comm5d$1 a p5it5tial ,psalm 0 recit$1 & ! ,"l's ,pray]4 8,= ^? boys :o _h to write ex]cises 9 prose or v]se1 he select$ ! poets & orators1 & %[$ h[ !y %\ld be imitat$ 9 ! l9k+ ( words & ! elegant end+ ( passages4 ,if any "o sew$ ano!r's clo? into 8 g>m5t1 he 0 reprov$ = ! !ft1 b usually 0 n puni%$4 ,yet ,b]n>d g5tly po9t$ out to awkw>d borr[]s t :oev] imitat$ ! anci5ts 7majores7 %\ld himself become wor?y ( imitation by po/]ity4 ,he impress$ ^u 8 pupils ! virtue ( economy1 & ! values ( ?+s & words3 he expla9$ :]e a meagr5ess & t5uity ( diction 0 fitt+1 & :]e copi\sness or ev5 excess %\ld be all[$1 & ! advantage ( due measure ev]y:]e4 ,he admoni%$ !m to g ?r\gh ! hi/ories & poems ) dilig5ce1 & daily to fix passages 9 _! memory4 ,he advis$ !m1 9 read+1 to avoid ! sup]flu\s1 & conf9e !mselves to ! works ( di/+ui%$ au?ors4 ,=1 he said 7quot+ f ,qu9tilian7 t to foll[ out :at e contemptible p]son has said1 is irksome & va+lori\s1 & de/ructive ( ! capacity :i* %\ld rema9 free = bett] ?+s4 ,to ! same effect he cit$ ,augu/9e1 & rem>k$ t ! anci5ts ?\ght x a virtue 9 a gramm>ian to be ignorant ( some?+4 ,b s9ce 9 s*ool ex]cises no?+ is m useful ?an to practise :at %\ld be accompli%$ by ! art1 8 s*ol>s wrote daily 9 prose & v]se1 & prov$ !mselves 9 discussions40#aih ,?is passage indicates ) :at g5]\s use ( ! auctores ,b]n>d exp\nd$ gramm> & expla9$ ! orators & poets2 h[ he assign$ portions ( _! works = memoriz+1 & ) :at c>e he correct$ 8 pupils' prose & metrical compositions1 criticiz+ _! k & _! ta/e4 ,he 0 a man m9dful ( 8 ,*ri/ian piety t[>d ! dead & liv+1 b c>+ greatly = ! ,classics1 & lov+ /udy4 8,! old man ( ,*>tres 7s5ex ,c>not5sis710 says ,john ( ,salisbury1 mean+ ,b]n>d1 8nam$ wisdom's keys 9 a few l9es1 & ?\gh ,i am n tak5 ) ! sweetness ( ! metre1 ,i approve ! s5se3 #8,m5s humilis1 /udium qua]5di1 vita quieta1 ,scrut9ium tacitum1 paup]tas1 t]ra ali5a4444'0#aii ,b]n>d1 ,?i]ry1 & o!r ma/]s & s*ol>s ( _! s*ool1 z ! advocates ( classical education1 dete/$ ! m5 call$ by ,john ( ,salisbury ,cornificiani1 :o 7 = %ort5+ ! academic c\rse1 z "o w\ld say to-day1 s t ! /ud5t might f9i% x up 9 two or ?ree ye>s1 & proce$ to ! bus9ess ( life4 ,a good _m 9 ! twelf? c5tury adopt$ ?is notion1 & turn$ f ! pagan classics1 n z impi\s1 b z a wa/e ( "t4 ,"s ( ! good s*ol>s ( ,*>tres lo/ he>t1 among !m ,william ( ,con*es & a c]ta9 ,ri*>d1 bo? tea*]s ( ,john ( ,salisbury4 ,!y _h foll[$ ,b]n>d's me?ods2 8b :5 ! "t came t s _m m51 to ! great prejudice ( tru?1 pref]r$ to seem1 r ?an be1 philosoph]s & pr(essors ( ! arts1 engag+ to imp>t ! :ole ( philosophy 9 less ?an ?ree ye>s1 or ev5 two1 !n my ma/]s vanqui%$ by ! clam\r ( ! ignorant cr[d1 /opp$4 ,s9ce !n1 less "t has be5 giv5 to gramm>4 ,s x has come ab\t t ^? :o pr(ess to tea* all ! arts1 bo? lib]al & me*anical1 are ignorant ( ! fir/ ( !m1 )\t :i* va9ly w "o try to get ! re/40#bjj ,^u ^! p :o seem$ *>latans1 & yet may h repres5t$ t5d5cies ( ! com+ "t1 ,?i]ry1 ,gilb]t de la ,porre1#bja & ,john ( ,salisbury p\r$ _! s>casms4 ,! controv]sy may h cl>ifi$ ,b]n>d's consci\sness ( ! value ( classical /udies & deep5$ 8 s5se ( obligation to ! anci5ts1 until x drew f him p]haps ! f9e/ ( m$iaeval utt]ances t\*+ ! matt]3 8,b]n>d ( ,*>tres us$ to say t we 7 l dw>fs seat$ on ! %\ld]s ( giants4 ,if we see m & fur!r ?an !y1 x is n due to our own cle> eyes or tall bodies1 b because we are rais$ on high & upborne by _! gigantic bigness40#bjb ,e*oes ( ?is same controv]sy--h !y ev] q di$ away8--are he>d 9 lett]s ( ! s*ol>ly ,pet] ( ,blois1 :o 0 educat$ at ,p>is 9 ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury1 became a secret>y ( ,h5ry ,plantag5et & sp5t ! great] "p ( 8 life 9 ,engl&1 dy+ ab\t ! ye> #abjj4 ,he writes to a fri5d3 8,y greatly comm5d y\r nephew1 say+ t nev] h y f\nd a man ( subtl] ve93 because1 =soo?1 skimm+ ov] gramm>1 & skipp+ ! read+ ( ! classical au?ors1 he has fl[n to ! trick]ies ( ! logicians1 :]e n 9 ! books !mselves b f ab/racts & note-books1 he has le>n$ dialectic4 ,k ( lett]s _c re/ on su*1 & ! subtilty y praise may be p]nici\s4 ,= ,s5eca says1 no?+ is m odi\s ?an subtilty :5 x is only subtilty4 ,"s p1 )\t ! elem5ts ( education1 w\ld discuss po9t & l9e & sup]ficies1 fate1 *ance & free-w1 physics & matt] & ! void1 ! causes ( ?+s & ! secrets ( nature & ! s\rces ( ! ,nile6 ,our t5d] ye>s us$ to be sp5t 9 rules ( gramm>1 analogies1 b>b>isms1 solecisms1 tropes1 ) ,donatus1 ,priscian1 & ,b$e1 :o w\ld n h devot$ pa9s to ^! matt]s _h !y suppos$ t a solid basis ( k c\ld be got )\t !m4 ,qu9tilian1 ,caes>1 ,cic]o1 urge y\?s to /udy gramm>4 ,:y condemn ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts8 x is writt5 t 9 antiquis e/ sci5tia4 ,y rise f ! d>kness ( ignorance to ! light ( sci5ce only by _! dilig5t /udy4 ,j]ome glories 9 hav+ read ,orig52 ,horace boa/s ( read+ ,hom] ov] & ov]4 ,x 0 mu* to my pr(it1 :5 z a little *ap ,i 0 /udy+ h[ to make v]ses1 t1 z my ma/] bade me1 ,i took my matt] n f fables b f tru?ful hi/ories4 ,& ,i pr(it$ f ! lett]s ( ,hildeb]t ( ,le ,mans1 ) _! elegance ( /yle & sweet urbanity2 = z a boy ,i 0 made to le>n "s ( !m by he>t4 ,besides o!r books1 well kn[n 9 ! s*ools1 ,i ga9$ f keep+ company ) ,trogus ,pompeius1 ,josephus1 ,suetonius1 ,hegesippus1 ,qu9tus ,curtius1 ,tacitus & ,livy1 all ( :om ?r[ into _! hi/ories mu* t makes = moral edification & ! advance ( lib]al sci5ce4 ,& ,i read o!r books1 :i* _h no?+ to d ) hi/ory--v _m ( !m4 ,f all ( !m we may pluck sweet fl[]s1 & cultivate ourselves f _! urbane suavity ( spee*40#bjc ,9 ano!r lett] ,pet] writes to 8 bi%op ( ,ba?1 z t\*+ ! accusation ( "s 8hidd5 detractor10 t he1 ,pet]1 is b a useless compil]1 :o fills lett]s & s]mons ) ! plund] ( ! anci5ts & ,holy ,writ3 8,let him cease1 or he w he> :at he does n l2 = ,i am full ( cracks1 & c hold 9 no?+1 z ,t]5ce says4 ,let him try 8 h& at compil+1 z he calls x4--,b :at ( x6 ,?\gh dogs may b>k & pigs may grunt1 ,i %all always patt]n on ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts2 ) !m %all be my occupation2 nor ev]1 :ile ,i am able1 %all ! sun f9d me idle40#bjd ,x is evid5t h[ broadly ,pet] ( ,blois1 or ,john ( ,salisbury1 or ! ,*>trians1 7 read 9 ! ,lat9 ,classics4 ,pet] m5tions ev5 ,tacitus1 a writ] n ?\ght to h be5 mu* read 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,we h be5 look+ at ! matt] r 9 reg>d to poetry & eloqu5ce--belles lettres4 ,b "o may also note ! same broad read+ 7among ! few :o read at all7 on ! "p ( ^? :o s\ght = ! e?ical wisdom ( ! anci5ts4 ,?is is app>5t 7p]haps m app>5t ?an real7 ) ,abael>d1 :o is ready ) a /ore ( antique e?ical citations4#bje ,x is also borne witness to by ! treatise ,moralis philosophia de hone/o et utili1 plac$ among ! works ( ,hildeb]t ( ,le ,mans1#bjf b probably f ! p5 ( ,william ( ,con*es1 grammaticus po/ ,b]n>dum ,c>not5sem opul5tissimus1 z ,john ( ,salisbury calls him4#bjg ,9 "s manuscripts x is entitl$ ,summa moralium philosophorum1 q appropriately4 ,"o might h>dly comp>e x = organic inclusiv5ess ) ! ,*ri/ian ,summa ( ,?omas ,aqu9as2 b x may v well be lik5$ to ! m compact ,s5t5ces ( ! ,lomb>d#bjh :i* 7 s solidly put toge!r ab\t ! same "t4 ,! ,lomb>d drew 8 ,s5t5ces f ! writ+s ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs2 ,william's "w consi/s ( moral extracts1 ma9ly f ,cic]o1 ,s5eca1 ,sallu/1 ,t]5ce1 ,horace1 ,lucan1 & ,bo?ius4 ,! fir/ "p1 ,de hone/o1 reviews ,prud5tia1 ,ju/itia1 ,=titudo1 & "u ^! a numb] ( p>ticul> virtues 9 correspond5ce ) :i* ! extracts are arrang$4 ,! ,de utili consid]s ! adv5titi\s goods ( circum/ance & =tune4 ,! extracts =m+ ! sub/ance ( ?is "w 7 intellig5tly select$ & smoo?ly jo9$2 & ! treatise 0 mu* us$ by ^? :o /udi$ ! antique philosophy ( life4 ,x 0 drawn ^u1 = in/ance1 by t trucul5t & well-born ,wel%man1 ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 9 8 ,de in/ructione pr9cipum1 :i* ! au?or wrote p>tly to %[ h[ evilly ,h5ry ,plantag5et p]=m$ ! functions ( a k+4 ,?is irrepressible claimant ( ,/4 ,david's ,see _h be5 long a prickly ?orn = ,h5ry's side4#bji ,b he 0 a s*ol>1 & quotes f ! :ole range ( ! ,lat9 ,classics4 ,,iii ,:5 a man is n a m]e transcrib]1 b puts some?+ ( himself into ! product ( 8 p51 8 "w w reflect 8 p]sonality1 & may disclose ! v>i\s factors ( 8 spiritual con/itution4 ,to discov] f ! writ+s ( m$iaeval s*ol>s ! effect ( _! classical /udies ^u _! *>act]s is ( great] int]e/ ?an to trace f _! citations ! au?ors read by !m4 ,su* a compilation z ! ,summa moralium :i* has j be5 notic$1 :ile pla9ly disclos+ ! latt] in=mation1 tells no?+ ( ! p]sonality ( him :o /rung ! extracts toge!r4 ,yet he _h read writ+s :i* c\ld h>dly h fail$ to influ5ce him4 ,cic]o & ,s5eca d n leave _! read] un*ang$1 especially if he be seek+ e?ical in/ruction4 ,& !re 0 a "w kn[n to ?is p>ticul> compil] :i* mov$ m5 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,deep mu/ h be5 ! effect ( t book s widely read & pond]$ on & lov$1 ! ,de consolatione ( ,bo?ius ) its intimate consol+s1 its ways ( reason+ & look+ ^u life1 its sett+ ( ! intellectual above ! physical1 its insi/5ce t m9d r ?an body makes ! man4 ,imag9e x br\ght home to a vigor\s /ruggl+ p]sonality--imag9e ,alfr$ read+ & translat+ x1 & add+ to x f ! tea*+s ( 8 own exp]i5ce4#baj ,! /udy ( su* a book might =m ! turn+ ( a m$iaeval life2 at lea/ c\ld n fail to temp] ! convulsions ( a s\l /orm-driv5 amid unreconcilable spiritual conflicts4 ,"o may look back ev5 to ! "t ( ,alfr$ or ,*>lemagne & note sugge/ions com+ f classical read+4 ,= in/ance1 ! antique civilization be+ ess5tially urban1 words d5ot+ qualities ( discipl9$ & poli%$ m5 _h sprung f city life1 z contra/$ ) ru/ic rud5ess4 ,?us ! ^w urbanitas pass$ ov] into m$iaeval use :5 ! quality itself h>dly exi/$ outside ( ! transmitt$ ,lat9 lit]ature4 ,= an ,anglo-,saxon or a ,frank to use & ev5 p>tly compreh5d its significance meant 8 introduction to a new idea4 ,alcu9 writes to ,*>lemagne t he kn[s h[ x rejoices ! latt] to meet ) zeal = le>n+ & *ur* discipl9e1 & h[ pleas+ to him is any?+ :i* is season$ ) a t\* ( wit--urbanitatis sale conditum4#baa ,& aga91 9 m curi\s phrase1 he complim5ts a c]ta9 wor?y ^u 8 metrical exposition ( ! cre$1 8:]e9 ,i h f\nd gold-sp\t+ :irlpools 7aurivomos gurgites7 ( spiritual mean+s ab\nd+ ) gems ( s*ola/ic wit 7s*ola/icae urbanitatis740#bab ,?\gh d\btless ?is 8s*ola/ic wit0 0 flat en\gh1 x 0 some?+ = ^! m5 to get ! notion ( :at 0 witty & ent]ta9+ ?r\gh a ^w s vocaliz$ ) city life z urbanitas1 a ^w t we h se5 us$ q kn[+ly by ! m sophi/icat$ s*ol>1 ,pet] ( ,blois4 ,aga91 x is matt] ( common obs]vation t a feel+ = nature's lovel9ess dep5ds some:at on ! gr[? ( t[ns4 ,b m$iaeval m5 con/antly _h ! idea sugge/$ to !m by ! classic poetry ( city-dwell+ poets4 ,"h are "s l9es by ,alcu9 or "o ( 8 fri5ds1 express+ s5tim5ts :i* nev] came to !m f ! woods ) :i* !y 7 disagreeably famili>3 8,o mea cella1 mihi habitatio1 dulcis1 amata1 ,semp] 9 aet]num1 o mea cella1 vale4 ,undique te c+it ramis resonantibus arbos1 ,silvula florig]is semp] onu/a comis40#bac ,^! are little h9ts ( ! effect ( ! antique lit]ature ^u m5 :o /ill 7 some:at r\gh-hewn4 ,advanc+ a c5tury & a half1 ! influ5ce ( classic /udy is se51 z x 71 89 ! r\nd0 9 ,g]b]t4#bad ,x is likewise cle> & full 9 ,john ( ,salisbury1 ( :om we h spok51 & %all speak aga94#bae ,= an admirable example1 h[ev]1 ( ! subtle work+ ( ! antique lit]ature ^u "* & temp]am5t1 we may look to t s*ol>-prelate ^: lett]s ! y\?ful ,pet] ( ,blois /udi$ ) pr(it1 ,hildeb]t ( ,lav>d91 ,bi%op ( ,le ,mans1 & ,ar*bi%op ( ,t\rs4 ,he %[s ! effect ( ! antique n s /rik+ly 9 ! k :i* he possess$ or ! p>ticul> op9ions :i* he ent]ta9$1 z 9 ! balance & temp]ance ( 8 views1 & incid5tally 9 8 f9e facility ( s*ol>%ip4 ,hildeb]t 0 born at ,lav>d91 a village ne> ! m\? ( ! ,loire1 ab\t ! ye> #ajee4 ,he belong$ to an unimportant b g5tle family4 ,dubi\s tradition has x t "o ( 8 tea*]s 0 ,b]5g> ( ,t\rs1 & t he pass$ "s "t 9 ! mona/]y ( ,cluny1 ( ^: great abbot1 ,hugh1 he wrote a life4 ,x is m probable t he /udi$ at ,le ,mans4 ,b :atev] appe>s to h be5 ! "* ( 8 e>ly environm5t1 ,hildeb]t belongs ess5tially to ! secul> cl]gy1 & nev] 0 a monk4 ,:ile comp>atively "y1 he 0 made head ( ! ca!dral s*ool ( ,le ,mans1 & !n ar*deacon4 ,9 ! ye> #ajif1 ! old bi%op ( ,le ,mans di$1 & ,hildeb]t1 !n ab\t =ty ye>s ( age1 0 some:at quickly *os5 8 successor1 by ! cl]gy & p ( ! t[n1 9 spite ( ! prote/s ( c]ta9 ( ! canons ( ! ca!dral4 ,! none too happy s*ol>-bi%op f\nd himself at once a p[]less b n negligible elem5t ( a viol5tly complicat$ feudal situation4 ,!re 0 ! noble ,helias1 ,c\nt ( ,ma9e1 :o 0 hold+ 8 doma9 aga9/ ,rob]t de ,bellesme1 ! latt] slackly support$ by ,william ,rufus ( ,engl&1 :o claim$ ! ov]lord%ip ( ! l&4 ,helias reluctantly acquiesc$ 9 ,hildeb]t's election4 ,n s ,rufus1 :o nev] ceas$ to hate & p]secute ! man t _h obta9$ ! see :i* _h be5 9 ! gift ( 8 fa!r1 ,william ! ,conqu]or4 ,x happ5$ soon aft] t ,c\nt ,helias 0 tak5 prison] by 8 oppon5t1 & 0 deliv]$ ov] to ,rufus at ,r\54 ,b ,fulk ( ,anj\ n[ ?ru/ himself into ?is feudal mle1 appe>$ at ,le ,mans1 ent]$1 & 0 ackn[l$g$ z its "l4 ,he left a g>rison1 & dep>t$ be=e ! ,r$ ,k+ rea*$ ! t[n4 ,! latt] began its siege1 b soon made t]ms ) ,fulk1 by :i* ,le ,mans 0 to be giv5 to ,rufus1 ,helias 0 to be set free1 & _m o!r matt]s 7 left q unsettl$4 ,n[ ,rufus ent]$ ! t[n 7#ajih71 :]e ,hildeb]t n]v\sly receiv$ him2 ,helias1 set free by ! ,k+1 (f]$ to become 8 feudal reta9]2 ,rufus w\ld h none ( him2 s ,helias defi$ ! ,k+1 & 0 p]mitt$ to g 8 way by t /range man1 :o held 8 knightly hon\r sacr$1 b o!rwise might commit any atrocity prompt$ by rage or gre$4 ,x 0 well = ,helias t tr\ble ) ! ,fr5* ,k+ n[ drew ,rufus to ! nor?4 ,! next ye>1 #ajii1 ,rufus 9 ,engl& he>d t ! ,c\nt _h r5ew$ ! w>1 & captur$ ,le ,mans1 except ! citadel4 ,he hurri$ across ! *annel1 ru%$ ?r\gh ! l&1 ent]$ ,le ,mans1 & pass$ on ?r\gh x1 *as+ ,helias4 ,b ! w> langui%$1 & ,rufus return$ to ,le ,mans1 or to :at 0 left ( x4 ,hildeb]t _h cause to tremble4 ,he _h met ! ,k+ on ! latt]'s hurri$ arrival f ,engl& = ! w>4 ,rufus _h spok5 him fair4 ,b n[1 at ,le ,mans1 he 0 accus$ be=e ! mon>* ( complicity 9 ! revolt4 ,quickly fl>$ ! ,k+'s ang] aga9/ ! man :om he nev] _h ceas$ to dete/4 ,he ord]$ him to pull d[n ! t[]s ( 8 ca!dral1 :i* rose ?reat5+ & massive ov] ! city's ru9s & ! citadel ( ! ,k+4 ,:at c\ld ! def5celess bi%op d to av]t disgrace & ! desolation ( 8 belov$ *ur*8 ,words 7 left him1 b !y did n prove effectual4 ,rufus comm&$ him to *oose betwe5 imm$iate compliance & go+ to ,engl&1 !re to submit himself to ! judgm5t ( ! ,engli% bi%ops4 ,he accept$ ! latt] alt]native1 & foll[$ ! ,k+1 leav+ 8 diocese ru9$ & 8 p disp]s$4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,rufus dangl$ him along betwe5 fe> & hope1 till at la/ ! di%e>t5$ prelate return$ to ! ,cont95t1 hav+ ambigu\sly cons5t$ to pull d[n ^? t[]s4 ,b in/ead1 he set to "w to repair ! deva/ation ( 8 diocese4 ,! reit]at$ m&ate ( ! ,k+ 0 n long 9 foll[+ him1 & ?is "t c\pl$ ) an accusation ( treason4 ,hildeb]t's /ate 0 desp]ate4 ,8 cl]gy 7 =bidd5 to obey him1 8 palace 0 sack$1 8 own prop]ty de/roy$4 ,su* 7 ,william's me?ods ( p]suasion4 ,!n ! ,k+ propos$ t ! bi%op %\ld purge himself by ! ordeal ( hot iron4 ,hildeb]t1 ! bi%op1 ! !ologian1 ! s*ol>1 0 almo/ on ! v]ge ( tak+ up ! *all5ge1 :5 a lett] f ,yves1 ! sa9tly ,bi%op ( ,*>tres1 dissuad$ him4 ,at ?is mom5t1 ) ru9 = 8 portion1 & no escape1 an arr[ end$ ! ,r$ ,k+'s life 9 ! ,new ,=e/4 ,x 0 ! ye> ( grace #aajj4 ,n[1 :at a *ange6 ,h5ry ,beaucl]c 0 f ! fir/ 8 fri5d1 z ,william ,rufus to ! la/ _h be5 8 enemy4 ,hi!rto ,hildeb]t has appe>$ weakly endeav\r+ to elude de/ruction1 & p]haps ) no un%ak5 loyalty 9 8 bosom t[>d any cause except 8 dire necessities4 ,h5ce=?1 sail+ a calm] sea1 he repays ,h5ry's fav\r ) adh]5ce & admiration4 ,he has no support to (f] ,anselm ( ,cant]bury1 /ill /ruggl+ ) ! ,engli% mon>*y ov] inve/itures2 nor has he "o ^w ( c5sure = ! clev] cold-ey$ s*ol> ,k+ :o kept 8 bro!r1 ,rob]t ( ,norm&y1 a prison] = tw5ty-eight ye>s till he di$4 ,hildeb]t _h /ill ?irty ye>s ( life be=e him2 nor 7 !y all to be untr\bl$4 ,%ortly aft] ! ,r$ ,k+'s dea?1 he made a voyage to ,rome1 to obta9 ! papal b5$iction4 ,to judge f 8 poems1 he 0 deeply impress$ ) ! ru9s ( ! anci5t city4 ,return+ he devot$ himself to ! affairs ( 8 diocese & to rebuild+ ! ca!dral & o!r *ur*es ( ,le ,mans4 ,9 #aabe1 9 spite ( 8 unwill+ness1 = he 0 sev5ty ye>s old1 he 0 en?ron$ ,ar*bi%op ( ,t\rs1 :]e he 0 to be worri$ by disputes ) ,l\is le ,gros ( ,france ov] inve/itures4 ,b he acquitt$ himself ) vig\r1 especially ?r\gh 8 lett]s4 ,a fam\s "o relates to ?is /ruggle ( 8 clos+ ye>s3 8,9 adv]sity x is a com=t to hope = happi] times4 ,long has ?is hope flatt]$ me2 & z ! h>ve/ 9 ! fields *e]s ! c\ntryman1 ! expectation ( a fair season has com=t$ my s\l4 ,b n[ ,i no long] hope = ! cle>+ ( ! cl\dy wea!r1 nor see :]e ! /orm-driv5 %ip1 on ^: deck ,i sit1 may ga9 ! h>b\r ( re/4 8,fri5ds are sil5t2 sil5t are ! prie/s ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,& ^? also are sil5t ?r\gh ^: pray]s ,i ?\ght ! k+ w\ld be reconcil$ ) me4 ,i ?\ght inde$1 b 9 _! sil5ce ! k+ has add$ to ! pa9 ( my w\nds4 ,yet x 0 !irs to resi/ ! injury to ! canonical in/itutes ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!irs 0 x1 if ! matt] _h dem&$ x1 to raise a wall be=e ! h\se ( ,israel4 ,yet ) ! mo/ s]5e k+ !re is call = exhortation r ?an ?reat1 = advice r ?an comm&1 = in/ruction r ?an ! rod4 ,by ^! he %\ld h be5 drawn to agree1 by ^! rev]5tly taught n to %ea? 8 arr[s 9 an ag$ prie/1 nor make void ! canonical laws1 nor p]secute ! a%es ( a *ur* already buri$1 a%es 9 :i* ,i eat ! bread ( grief1 9 :i* ,i dr9k ! cup ( m\rn+1 f :i* to be snat*$ away & escape is to pass f dea? to life4 8,yet amid ^! dire /raits1 ang] has nev] triumph$ ov] me1 t ,i %\ld raise a hue & cry aga9/ ! ano9t$ ( ! ,"l1 or wre/ peace f him ) ! /rong h& & by ! arm ( ! ,*ur*4 ,suspect is ! peace to :i* high pot5tates are br\ght n by love1 b by =ce4 ,easily is x brok51 & sometimes ! f9al /ate is worse ?an ! fir/4 ,!re is ano!r way by :i*1 ,*ri/ lead+1 ,i c bett] rea* x4 ,i w ca/ my ?\ght ^u ! ,"l1 & ,he w give me ! desire ( my he>t4 ,! ,"l rememb]$ ,joseph1 =gott5 by ,ph>aoh's *ief butl] :5 prosp]ity _h return$ to him2 ,he rememb]$ ,david ab&on$ by 8 own son4 ,p]haps ,he w rememb] ev5 me1 & br+ ! toss+ %ip to re/ on ! desir$ %ore4 ,he x is :o looks ^u ! petition ( ! meek1 & does n spurn _! pray]s4 ,he x is 9 ^: h& ! he>ts ( k+s are wax4 ,if ,i %all h f\nd grace 9 ,8 eyes1 ,i %all easily obta9 ! grace ( ! k+ or advantage\sly lose x4 ,= to (f5d man = ! sake ( ,god is to w9 ,god's grace40#baf ,hildeb]t 0 a classical s*ol>1 & 9 8 "t unmat*$ z a writ] ( ,lat9 prose & v]se4 ,_m ( 8 elegiac poems survive1 "s ( !m s antique 9 s5tim5t & s correct 9 metre z to h be5 tak5 = products ( ! pagan p]iod4 ,"o ( ! be/ is an elegy on ,rome obvi\sly inspir$ by 8 visit to t city ( ru9s3 8,p> tibi1 ,roma1 nihil1 cum sis prope tota ru9a40 ,its clos+ l9es are int]e/+3 8,hic sup]m =mas sup]i mirantur et ipsi1 ,et cupiunt fictis vultibus esse p>es4 ,non potuit natura deos hoc ore cre>e ,quo mir&a dem signa creavit homo4 ,vultus ade/ 8 num9ibus1 potiusque coluntur ,artificum /udio quam deitate sua4 ,urbs felix1 si vel dom9is urbs illa c>]et1 ,vel dom9is esset turpe c>]e fide60 ,su* phrases1 su* frank admiration = ! idols ( pagan ,rome1 are />tl+ f ! p5 ( a contempor>y ( ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,! spell ( ! antique lay on ,hildeb]t1 z on o!rs ( 8 "t4 8,! gods !mselves m>vel at _! own images1 & desire to equal _! sculptur$ =ms4 ,nature 0 unable to make gods ) su* visages z man has creat$ 9 ^! wondr\s images ( ! gods4 ,!re is a look 7vultus7 ab\t ^! deities1 & !y are wor%ipp$ = ! skill ( ! sculptor r ?an = _! div9ity40#bag ,hildeb]t 0 n only a bi%op1 he 0 a ,*ri/ian2 b ! s5se & feel+ ( anci5t ,rome _h ent]$ into him4 ,besides ! poem j quot$1 he wrote ano!r1 ei!r 9 ,rome or aft] 8 return1 ,*ri/ian 9 ?\ght b mo/ antique 9 sympa?y & turn ( phrase4 8,dum simulacra mihi1 dum num9a vana plac]5t1 ,militia1 populo1 mo5ibus alta fui2 99 99 99 99 99 ruit alta s5atus ,gloria1 procumbunt templa1 !atra jac5t40 ,! antique feel+ ( ^! l9es is h>dly balanc$ by ! express$ s5tim5t3 8plus ,caes>e ,petrus60#bah ,& aga9 we he> ! e*o ( ! antique 9 8,nil artes1 nil pura fides1 nil gloria l+uae1 ,nil fons +5ii1 nil probitas s9e re40#bai ,hildeb]t has also a poem 8,on 8 ,exile10 p]haps writt5 :ile 9 ,engl& ) ! ,r$ ,k+4 ,q 9 antique /yle x s+s ! loss ( fri5ds & fields1 g>d5s & gran>ies1 :i* ! writ] possess$ :ile prosp]a fata smil$4 ,!n 8,jur>es sup]os intra mea vota t5]i60 --a v antique s5tim5t4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian fai? ( ! despoil$ & exil$ bi%op reass]ts itself z ! poem closes4#bbj ,did ,hildeb]t also write ! /ill m palpably 8antique0 elegiacs on ,h]maphrodite1 & o!r que/ionable subjects8#bba ,t is h>d to say4 ,he may or may n h be5 ! au?or ( a some:at scurril\s squib aga9/ a woman :o seems to h s5t him v]ses3 8,fem9a p]fida1 fem9a sordida1 digna cat5is4 8,o mis]abilis1 insatiabilis1 insatiata1 ,des9e scrib]e1 des9e mitt]e1 c>m9a bl&ia1 ,c>m9a turpia1 c>m9a mollia1 vix memor&a1 ,nec tibi mitt]e1 nec tibi scrib]e1 disposui me4 8,m5s tua vitrea1 plumbea1 saxea1 f]rea1 nequam1 ,f+]e1 fall]e1 prod]e1 p]d]e1 rem putat aequam40#bbb ,) all 8 classical lean+s1 ! major "p ( ,hildeb]t 0 ,*ri/ian4 ,8 !ological writ+s :i* survive1 8 zeal aga9/ c]ta9 riot\s h]etics1 & 9 g5]al 8 lett]s1 leave no d\bt ( ?is4 ,x is f ! ,*ri/ian po9t ( view t he gives 8 s9c]e/ c\nsels2 x is f t t he balances ! advantages ( an active or contemplative life1 ! claims ( ! ,*ri/ian vita activa & vita contemplativa4 ,yet 8 classic ta/es gave temp]ance to 8 ,*ri/ian views1 & (t5 drew him to %e] s*ol>ly pleasures & to an antique consid]ation ( ! incid5ts ( life4 ,h[ sweetly ! elem5ts 7 mix$ 9 him appe>s 9 a fam\s lett] writt5 to ,william ( ,*ampeaux1 t ,golia? ( realism :om ,abael>d discomfit$ 9 ! ,p>is s*ools4 ,! unhappy ,william retreat$ a little way across ! ,se9e1 & laid ! f\ndations ( ! abbey ( ,/4 ,victor 9 ! ye>s betwe5 #aajh & #aaac4 ,he s\ght to ab&on 8 /udies & 8 lectures1 & surr5d] himself to ! au/]e salvation ( 8 s\l1 & yet sc>cely ) su* irrevocable purpose z w\ld rebuff ! temp]ate advice ( ,hildeb]t's lett] pr(f]$ ) tactful und]/&+4 8,ov] ?y *ange ( life my s\l is glad & exults1 t at l5g? x has come to !e to det]m9e to philosophize4 ,= ?\ had/ n ! true od\r ( a philosoph] s long z ?\ did/ n cull beauty ( conduct f ?y philosophic k4 ,n[1 z honey f ! honeycomb1 ?\ ha/ drawn f t a wor?y rule ( liv+4 ,?is is to ga!r all ( !e )9 virtue's b\nd>ies1 no long] huck/]+ ) nature = ?y life1 b att5d+ less to :at ! fle% is able =1 ?an to :at ! _s wills4 ,?is is truly to philosophize2 to live ?us is already to ent] ! fell[%ip ( ^? above4 ,easily %alt ?\ come to !m if ?\ do/ advance disburd5$4 ,! m9d is a burd5 to itself until x ceases to hope & fe>4 ,because ,diog5es look$ = no fav\r1 he fe>$ ! p[] ( no "o4 ,:at ! cynic infidel abhorr$1 ! ,*ri/ian doctor f> m amply mu/ abhor1 s9ce 8 pr(ession is s mu* m fruitful ?r\gh fai?4 ,= su* are /umbl+-blocks ( conduct1 imp$+ ^? :o move t[>d virtue4 8,b ! report comes t y h be5 p]suad$ to ab/a9 f lectur+4 ,he> me z to ?is4 ,x is virtue to furni% ! mat]ial ( virtue4 ,?y new way ( life calls = no p>tial sacrifice1 b a holocau/4 ,(f] ?yself altoge!r to ! ,"l1 s9ce s ,he sacrific$ ,himself = !e4 ,gold %9es m :5 scatt]$ ?an :5 lock$ up4 ,k also :5 di/ribut$ takes increase1 & unless giv5 =?1 scorn+ ! mis]ly possessor1 x slips away4 ,!re=e d n close ! /reams ( ?y le>n+40#bbc ,ev5tually ,william foll[$ ?is1 or o!r l advice4 ,"o sees ,hildeb]t's sympa!tic po9t ( view2 he entirely approves ( ,william's r5unciation ( ! _w--a good bi%op ( ! twelf? c5tury might also h wi%$ to r5\nce its tr\bl\s hon\rs6 ,yes1 ,william has at la/ turn$ to ! true & mo/ disburd5$ way ( liv+4 ,b ?is ab&onm5t ( worldly ends entails no ab&onm5t ( ,*ri/ian k or surr5d] ( ! cause ( ,*ri/ian le>n+4 ,nay1 let ,william resume1 & h]e9 give himself to ,god's w )\t res]ve4 ,s ! lett] pres5ts a temp]ate & noble view ( ! matt]1 a view z s\nd 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury z 9 ! twelf?4 ,& a l broad consid]ation ,hildeb]t br+s to a m p>ticul> discussion ( ! two modes ( ,*ri/ian liv+1 ! vita activa & ! vita contemplativa1 ,leah & ,ra*el1 ,m>?a & ,m>y4 ,he amply di/+ui%es ^! two ways ( s]v+ ,god f any mode ( life ) selfi% aims4 ,x happ5$ t a dev\t monk & fri5d ( ,hildeb]t 0 made abbot ( ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,le ,mans4 ,! adm9i/rative duties ( an abbot might be z press+ z a bi%op's1 & ?is good man deplor$ 8 )drawal f a life ( m complete contemplation4 ,s ,hildeb]t wrote him a long discursive lett]1 ( :i* our extracts w give ! ?read ( argum5t3 8,y bewail ! peace ( contemplation :i* is snat*$ away1 & ! impos$ burd5 ( active responsibilities4 ,y 7 sitt+ ) ,m>y at ! feet ( ! ,"l ,jesus1 :5 lo1 y 7 ord]$ to s]ve ) ,m>?a4 ,y confess t ^? di%es :i* ,m>y receives1 sitt+ & li/5+1 are m sav\ry ?an ^? :i* zeal\s ,m>?a prep>es4 ,9 ^!1 inde$1 is ! bread ( m51 9 ^? ! bread ( angels40 ,& ,hildeb]t descants ^u ! raptures ( ! vita contemplativa1 ( :i* 8 fri5d is n[ b]eft4 8,! contemplative & ! active life1 my de>e/ bro!r1 y sometimes f9d 9 ! same p]son1 & sometimes ap>t4 ,z ! examples ( ,scripture %[ u4 ,jacob 0 jo9$ to bo? ,leah & ,ra*el2 ,*ri/ tea*es 9 ! fields1 anon ,he prays on ! m\nta9s2 ,moses is 9 ! t5ts ( ! p1 & aga9 speaks ) ,god ^u ! heights4 ,s ,pet]1 s ,paul4 ,aga91 action alone is f\nd1 z 9 ,leah & ,m>?a1 :ile contemplation gleams 9 ,m>y & ,ra*el4 ,m>?a1 z ,i ?9k1 repres5ts ! cl]gy ( our "t1 ) :om ! press ( bus9ess closes ! %r9e ( contemplation1 & dries up ! sacrifice ( te>s4 8,no "o c speak ) ! ,"l :ile he has to prattle ) ! :ole _w4 ,su* a prattl] am ,i1 & su* a prie/1 :o :5 ,i sp5d ! livelong day c>+ = ! h]ds1 h n a mom5t = ! c>e ( s\ls4 ,affairs1 ! enemies ( my _s1 come ^u me2 !y claim me = _! own1 !y ?ieve ! private h\r ( pray]1 !y defraud ! s]vices ( ! sanctu>y1 !y irritate me ) _! /+s by day & infe/ my sleep2 & :at ,i c sc>cely speak ( )\t te>s1 ! creep+ furtive memory ( disputes foll[s me mis]able to ! alt>'s sacram5ts1--all su* are ev5 z ! vultures :i* ,abraham drove away f ! c>cases 7,g54 xv4 #aa74 8,nay m1 :at untold loss ( virtue is entail$ by ^! occupations ( ! captive m9d6 ,:ile "u _! p[] we d n ev5 s]ve ) ,m>?a4 ,%e m9i/]$1 b to ,*ri/2 %e bu/l$ ab\t1 b = ,*ri/4 ,we truly1 :o l ,m>?a bu/le ab\t1 &1 l ,m>?a1 m9i/]1 nei!r bu/le ab\t = ,*ri/ nor m9i/] to ,him4 ,= if 9 su* bu/l+ m9i/ry ?\ seeke/ to w9 ?9e own desire1 art tak5 ) ! gossip ( ! mob1 or ) p&]+ to c>nal pleasures1 ?\ art nei!r ! ,m>?a :om ?\ do/ c\nt]feit nor ! ,m>y = :om ?\ do/ sigh4 8,9 t case1 de>e/ bro!r1 y w\ld h j cause = grief & te>s4 ,b if y d ! "p ( ,m>?a simply1 y d well2 if1 l ,jacob1 y ha/5 to & fro betwe5 ,leah & ,ra*el1 y d bett]2 if ) ,m>y y sit & li/51 y d be/4 ,= action is good1 ^: press+ in/ancy1 ?\gh x kill contemplation1 draws back ! bro!r w&]+ f ,*ri/4 ,yet x is bett]1 sometimes seat$1 to lay aside adm9i/rative c>es1 & amid ! irksome nights ( ,leah1 draw fre% life f ,ra*el's lov$ embrace4 ,f ?is int]mixture ! c\rse to ! cele/ials becomes m inclusive1 = !reby ! same s\l n[ /rives = ! bless$ness ( m5 & anon p>ticipates 9 t ( ! angels4 ,b ( ! zeal s+le = ,m>y1 :y %\ld ,i speak8 ,is n ! ,savi\r's ^w en\gh1 #8,m>y ha? *os5 ! be/ "p1 :i* %all n be tak5 f h]4'0 ,& 9 clos+1 ,hildeb]t %[s 8 fri5d ! abbot t = him ! true c\rse is to foll[ ,jacob int]*ang+ ,leah & ,ra*el2 & !n 9 ! wat*es ( 8 pa/oral duties ! cele/ial vision %all be also 84#bbd ,c\ld any "o adju/ m fairly ?is conte/1 s insi/5t ?r\gh\t ! annals ( m$iaeval piety1 betwe5 active duties & heav5ly contemplation8 ,! only solution = abbot & bi%op 0 to jo9 ,leah ) ,ra*el4 ,& h[ cle>ly ,hildeb]t sees ! p]vasive p]il ( ! active life1 t ! prelate be drawn to s]ve 8 pleasures & n ,*ri/4 ,_m s\ls ( prelates _h t ca/ into hell6 ,9 !ory ,hildeb]t is cle> z day1 & altoge!r ,*ri/ian1 s f> z we h foll[$ ! c\nsels ( ^! lett]s4 ,b 9 fact ! quiet life _h = him a temptation1 to :i* he yield$ himself m g5]\sly ?an to any ( ! gross] lures ( 8 high prelacy4 ,?is temptation1 s allur+ & insidi\s1 s fairly mask$ "u ! pr(f] ( le>n+ lead+ to full] ,*ri/ian k1 0 ( c\rse ! all too belov$ pagan lit]ature1 & ! all too humanly conv9c+ plausibilities ( pagan philosophy4 ,hildeb]t's writ+s ev9ce t k9d ( classical s*ol>%ip :i* spr+s only f great /udy & great love4 ,8 s\l does n appe> to h be5 riv5 by a consci\sness ( s9 9 ?is beho(4 ,sometimes he passes s g5tly f ,*ri/ian to pagan e?ics1 z to lead "o to suspect t he did n deeply feel ! inconsi/5cy betwe5 !m4 ,or aga91 he seems satisfi$ ) ! moral reason+s ( paganism1 & sets !m =? )\t a qualm4 ,= !re 0 ! antique pagan side ( our good bi%op2 & h[ pagan ?\ghts & views ( life _h become a "p ( ,hildeb]t's nature1 appe>s 9 a mo/ int]e/+ lett] writt5 to ,k+ ,h5ry1 consol+ him ^u ! loss ( 8 son & ! noble company s gaily sail+ f ,norm&y 9 t ill-/>r$ ,:ite ,%ip 9 ! ye> #aabj4 ,hildeb]t beg9s rem9d+ ! ,k+ h[ mu* m x is = a mon>* to rule himself ?an o!rs4 ,hi!rto he has triumph$ ov] =tune1 if =tune be any?+2 n[ %e has w\nd$ him ) h] %>pe/ d>t4 ,yet t _c p5etrate ! well-gu>d$ m9d4 ,x is wisdom n to vaunt oneself 9 prosp]ity1 nor be ov]:elm$ ) grief 9 adv]sity4 ,hildeb]t !n reasons on ! excell5ce ( man's nature & w2 he speaks ( ! effect ( ,adam's s9 9 loss ( grace & entailm5t ( mis]y on ! human race4 ,he quotes f ! ,old ,te/am5t & f ,virgil4 ,!n he proce$s m specifically ) 8 =tify+ argum5ts4 ,_! sum is1 let ! brea/ ( man ab\nd 9 weapons ( def5ce & contemn ! ?ru/s ( =tune2 !re is no?+ ov] :i* ! triumphant s\l may n triumph4 8,unhappy he :o lacks ?is armam5t2 & mo/ unhappy he :o besides does n "k x4 ,"h ,democritus f\nd matt] = laught]1 ,demo/h5es 7sic7 matt] = te>s4 ,f> be x f !e t ! *ance ca/ ( ?+s %\ld affect !e s1 & ! loss ( wisdom foll[ ! loss ( (fspr+4 ,?\ ha/ suff]$ on dry l& m griev\s %ipwreck ?an ?y son 9 ! br9e1 if =tune's /orm has wre/$ wisdom f ! wise40 ,aft] a :ile ,hildeb]t passes on to consid] :at is man1 & :]e9 consi/s 8 welf>e3 8,to any "o c>efully consid]+ :at man is1 no?+ w seem m probable ?an t he is a div9e animal1 di/+ui%$ by a c]ta9 %>e ( div9ity 7num9is74 ,by bone & fle% he smacks ( ! e>?4 ,by reason 8 aff9ity to ,god is %[n4 ,moses1 inspir$1 c]tifies t by ?is pr]ogative man 0 creat$ 9 ! image ( ,god4 ,:5ce x also foll[s = man1 t he %\ld ?r\gh reason recognize & love 8 true good4 ,n[ reason tea*es t :at p]ta9s to virtue is ! true good1 & t x is )9 u4 ,! ?+s we temporally possess are good only by op9ion 7op9ione1 i4e4 n ratione71 & ^! are ab\t u4 ,:at is ab\t u is n )9 our jus b ano!r's 7alt]ius juris sunt74 ,*ance directs !m2 !y nei!r come nor /& "u our arbitram5t4 ,= u !y are at ! l5d]'s w 7prec>ia71 l a slave belong+ to ano!r4#bbe ,?r\gh su*1 true felicity is nei!r _h nor lo/4 ,inde$ no "o is happy1 no "o is wret*$ by reason ( :at is ano!r's4 ,x is 8 own t makes a man's good or ill1 & :atev] is n )9 him is n 8 own40 ,!n ,hildeb]t speaks ( dignities1 ( wife & *ild1 ( ! fruits ( ! e>? & ri*es--bona vaga1 bona sunt p5nata haec omnia4 ,m5 qu>rel & /ruggle ab\t all ^! ?+s--ecce vides quanta mundus laboret insania4#bbf ,no "o ne$ po9t out h[ mu* m natural ?is reason+ w\ld h be5 f ! lips ( ,s5eca ?an f ^? ( an ar*iepiscopal contempor>y ( ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,"o may1 h[ev]1 comm5t on ! pat5t fact t ?is reflection ( ! antique 9 ,hildeb]t's e?ical consolation reflects a mann] ( reason+ r ?an an emotional mood1 & 9 ?is x is an in/ance ( ! g5]al fact t m$iaeval me?ods ( reason+ consci\sly or unconsci\sly foll[$ ! antique2 :ile ! emotion1 ! love & ye>n+1 ( m$iaeval religion 0 m l>gely ! gift ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,evolution ,,( ,,m$iaeval ,,lat9 ,,prose ,classical antiquity lay f> back ( ! m$iaeval p]iod1 :ile 9 ! ne>] backgr\nd press$ ! c5turies ( transition1 ! "t ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs4 ,! patri/ic mat]ial & a crude k ( ! antique pass$ ov] to ! e>ly ,middle ,ages4 ,m$iaeval progress 0 to consi/1 v l>gely1 9 ! ma/]y & appropriation ( ! "o & ! o!r4 ,! v>i$ illu/ration ( ^! propositions has fill$ a l>ge portion ( ?is "w4 ,9 ?is & ! next *apt] we are conc]n$ ) lit]ature1 prop]ly speak+2 & ) ! effect ( ! ,classics1 ! pure lit]>y antique1 ^u m$iaeval lit]>y productions4 ,! latt] are to be view$ z lit]ature2 n consid]+ _! sub/ance1 b _! =m1 _! composition1 /yle1 & temp]am5tal %ad+1 qualities :i* %[ ! faculties & temp] ( _! au?ors4 ,we are to discov]1 if we c1 :]e9 ! qualities ( m$iaeval lit]ature reflect ! ,lat9 ,classics1 or 9 any way betray _! influ5ce4 ,x is an affair ( dull dilig5ce to le>n :at ,classics 7 read by ! v>i\s m$iaeval writ]s2 & likewise is x a dull affair to note 9 m$iaeval writ+s ! direct borr[+ f ! ,classics ( fact1 op9ion1 s5tim5t1 or phrase4 ,su* borr[+ 0 incessant1 resort$ to z ( c\rse :]ev] opportunity (f]$ & ! k 0 at h&4 ,x w\ld n commonly occur to a m$iaeval writ] to /ate 9 8 own way :at he c\ld take f an anci5t au?or1 save 9 s f> z *ange ( m$ium--f prose to v]se1 or f ,lat9 to ! v]nacul>--compell$ him4 ,s ! *ur* build]s 9 ,rome nev] ?\ght ( hew+ new blocks ( /one1 or mak+ new columns1 :5 "s anci5t palace or temple af=d$ a qu>ry4 ,! details ( su* spoliations (f] little int]e/ 9 comp>ison ) ! effect ( antique ar*itecture ^u lat] /yles4 ,s we %\ld l to discov] ! effect ( ! anci5t compositions ^u ! m$iaeval1 & obs]ve h[ f> ! faculties & m5tal processes ( classic au?ors1 incorporate 9 _! writ+s1 7 transmitt$ to m$iaeval m51 to become incorporate 9 !irs4 ,unless y are ,virgil or ,cic]o1 y _c write l ,virgil or ,cic]o4 ,writ+1 real writ+1 t is to say1 creative self-expressive composition1 is ! p]sonal product & closely mirror$ reflex ( ! writ]'s temp]am5t & m5tality4 ,x gives =? indirectly ! influ5ces :i* h bl5d$ 9 him1 education & environm5t1 8 pa/ & pres5t4 ,8 p]sonality makes 8 /yle1 8 untransmittable /yle4 ,yet a gr\p ( m5 affect$ by ! same pa/1 & liv+ at ! same "t & place1 or "u l spiritual influ5ces1 may %[ a l faculty & ta/e4 ,hav+ m 9 common ) "o ano!r ?an ) m5 ( o!r "t1 _! m5tal processes1 & !re=e _! ways ( writ+1 w pres5t m common qualities4 ,ar\nd & above !m1 z well z ?r\gh _! natal & acquir$ faculties1 sweeps ! g5ius ( ! language1 itself ! age-long product ( a l-m9d$ race4 ,9 h>mony ) x1 n 9 opposition & repugnancy1 ea* writ] mu/1 if he w write t language1 %ape 8 m p]sonal diction4 ,obvi\sly ! p]sonal elem5ts 9 classic writ+s 7 no m capable ( transmission ?an ! p]sonal qualities ( ! writ]s4 ,likewise1 ! g5ius ( ! ,lat9 language1 ?\gh "o might ?9k x fix$ 9 approv$ compositions1 *ang$ ) ! spiritual =tune ( ! ,roman p1 & con/antly transmitt$ an alt]$ self & novel t5ets ( con/ruction to control ! l+ui/ic usages ( succe$+ m54 ,none b himself c\ld h writt5 ,cic]o's lett]s4 ,no man ( ,juv5al's "t c\ld h writt5 ! ,a5eid1 nor any man ( ! "t ( ,diocletian ! hi/ories ( ,tacitus4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 common elem5ts 9 ^! compositions1 all ( !m possess+ c]ta9 qualities :i* are associat$ ) classical writ+4 ,^! may be difficult to =mulate1 b !y become cle> en\gh 9 contra/ ) ! qualities ( m$iaeval ,lat9 lit]ature4 ,! m$iaeval man did n feel & reason l a contempor>y ( ,virgil or ,cic]o2 he _h n ! same tra9+ 9 ,greek lit]ature2 he did n h ! same def9itude ( conception1 did n c>e s mu* t a composition %\ld h limit & ! unity spr++ f adh]5ce to a s+le topic2 he did n1 9 f9e1 /& on ! same level ( atta9m5t & faculty & ta/e ) m5 ( ! ,augu/an "t4 ,he _h 8 own heights & dep?s1 8 own temp]am5t & pr$ilections1 8 own capacities4 ,read+ ! ,classics _h n trans=m$ him into ,cic]o or ,s5eca1 or set 8 feet 9 ! ,roman ,=um4 ,8 feet w&]$ 9 ! ways ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & :atev] he wrote 9 prose or v]se1 9 ,lat9 or 9 8 own v]nacul>1 0 himself & ( himself1 & b indirectly due to ! antec$5t influ5ces :i* _h be5 transmut$ ev5 9 ent]+ 8 nature & becom+ "p ( 8 temp] & faculty4 ,any consid]ation ( ! k & appreciation ( ! ,classics 9 ! ,middle ,ages w\ld be foll[$ naturally by a consid]ation ( _! effect ^u m$iaeval composition2 :i* 9 turn =ms "p ( any discussion ( ! lit]>y qualities ( m$iaeval ,lat9 lit]ature4 ,b inasmu* z m$iaeval =m & diction t5d to remove fur!r & fur!r f classical /&>ds1 ! :ole discussion may seem a lucus a non luc5do = all ! light x ?r[s ^u ! effect ( ! ,classics on m$iaeval lit]ature4 ,our be/ plan w be to note ! beg9n+s ( m$iaeval ,lat9ity 9 t po/-,augu/an & l>gely patri/ic diction :i* _h be5 enri*$ & re9vigorat$ ) _m phrases f daily spee*2 & !n to foll[ ! liv+ if sluggi% riv] z x moves on1 receiv+ increm5t along its c\rse1 its curr5ts mottl$ ) ! silt ( m$iaeval ,italy1 ,france1 ,g]many4 ,we %all suppose ?is flood to divide 9 riv]s ( ,lat9 prose & v]se2 & we may foll[ !m1 & see :]e !y ov]fl[ _! *annels1 c>ry+ antique flotsam into ! ample m>%es ( v]nacul> poetry4 ,!re has always be5 a diff]5ce 9 diction betwe5 spee* & lit]ature4 ,at ,rome1 ,cic]o & ,caes>1 & ( c\rse ! poets1 did n1 9 writ+1 use q ! language ( ! p4 ,all ! words ( daily spee* 7 n tak5 into ! lit]>y or classical vocabul>y1 :i* _h (t5 q o!r words ( its own4 ,moreov] ! writ]s1 9 =m+ _! prose & v]se & con/ruct+ _! compositions1 7 affect$ deeply by _! /udy ( ,greek lit]ature4#bbg ,if ,caes>1 ,cic]o1 ,virgil1 & _! fri5ds spoke diff]5tly f ! ,roman %opkeep]s1 !re 0 a /ill great] diff]5ce betwe5 _! writ+s & ! p>lance ( ! t[n4 ,no "o ne$ be told t x 0 ! spok51 & n ! classical ,lat91 :i* 9 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,prov5ce1 & ,nor!rn ,france develop$ into ,italian1 ,spani%1 ,prov5al1 & ,fr5*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! desc5t ( writt5 m$iaeval ,lat9 f ! classical diction or ! popul> spee*1 or bo?1 is n s cle>1 or at lea/ n s simple4 ,x _c be said t m$iaeval ,lat9 came /raight f ! classical2 & manife/ly x _c h sprung f ! popul> spok5 ,lat91 l ! ,romance tongues1 )\t o!r influ5ce or admixture2 because !n1 in/ead ( rema9+ ,lat91 x w\ld h become ,romance2 :i* x did n4 ,evid5tly m$iaeval ,lat91 ! lit]>y & to "s ext5t ! spok5 m$ium ( educat$ m5 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 mu/ h c>ri$ classic /ra9s1 or h kept itself ,lat9 by ! /udy ( ,lat9 gramm> & a consci\s adh]5ce to a v]itable1 if n classical1 ,lat9 diction4 ,! m$iaeval read+ ( ! ,classics1 & ! e>ne/ & con/ant /udy ( ,lat9 gramm> spok5 ( 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 7 ! *ief means by :i* m$iaeval ,lat9 ma9ta9$ its ,lat9ity4 ,nev]!less1 :ile x kept ! ^w =ms & inflections ( classical ,lat91 ) mo/ ( ! classical vocabul>y1 x also took up an indef9ite supplem5t ( words f ! spok5 ,lat9 ( ! late imp]ial or patri/ic p]iod4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! g5esis & qualities ( m$iaeval ,lat91 "o mu/ be> 9 m9d 7z ) mo/ ?+s m$iaeval7 t its imm$iate antec$5ts lie 9 ! transitional f\r?1 fif?1 & six? c5turies1 & n 9 ! classical p]iod4#bbh ,^? c5turies w5t f> t[>d declassiciz+ ,lat9 prose1 by dep>t+ f ! balanc$ /ructure ( ! classic s5t5ces & introduc+ words f ! spok5 tongue4 ,! /yle became less correct1 fre]1 & bett] suit$ to ! expression ( ! novel ?\ghts & int]e/s com+ ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,! *ange is se5 9 ! works ( ! m5 to :om x 0 l>gely due1 ,t]tullian1 ,j]ome1 & o!r great patri/ic writ]s4#bbi ,su* m5 knew ! ,classics well1 & reg>d$ !m z lit]>y models1 & yet wrote diff]5tly4 ,= a new _s 0 ^u !m & new necessities ( expression1 & !y liv$ :51 ev5 outside ( ,*ri/ian circles1 ! classic =ms ( /yle 7 loos5+ ) ! fall+ away ( ! /r5u\s intellectual temp]1 ! poise1 ! self-reliance & ! self-control di/+ui%+ ! classical epo*4 ,! /yli/ic g5ius ( ,augu/9e & ,j]ome 0 n ! g5ius ( ! =mative beg9n+s ( ! ,romance tongues1 )1 = in/ance1 its inability to rely on ! close logic ( ! case end+1 & its ne$ to help ! mean+ by ! m explicit preposition4 ,yet ! _s ( ^! two great m5 0 turn+ t way4 ,!y 7 n classic writ]s1 b /ud5ts ( ! ,classics1 :o assi/$ _! own g5ius by ! /udy ( :at no long] 0 !mselves4 ,s 9 ! foll[+ c5turies ! mo/ c>eful ,lat9 writ]s are /ud5ts ( ! ,classics1 & d n /udy ,j]ome & ,augu/9e = /yle4 ,yet _! writ+s c>ry out ! t5d5cies beg9n+ 7or r n beg9n+7 ) ^! two4 ,x 0 n 9 diction alone t ! ,fa!rs 7 ! =]unn]s ( m$iaeval writ]s4 ,classic ,lat9 au?ors1 bo? f !mselves & ?r\gh _! /udy ( ,greek lit]ature1 _h ! s5se & faculty ( =m4 ,_! works ma9ta9 a cle> sequ5ce ( ?\ght1 along ) /rict p]t95cy to ! ma9 topic1 or adh]5ce to ! c5tral curr5t ( ! n>rative1 avoid+ digression & refra9+ f excessive amplification4 ,! classic writ] did n lose himself 9 8 subject1 or w&] ) x :]ev] x might lead him4 ,b 9 patri/ic writ+s ! subject is apt to dom9ate ! man1 draw him aft] its own necessities1 or by its casual sugge/ions cause him to digress4 ,! ,fa!rs 9 _! polemic or expository works became prolix & circum/antial1 int5t1 l a lawy] ) a brief1 on prov+ e po9t & leav+ no loophole to ! adv]s>y4 ,9 _! works lit]>y unity & /rict sequ5ce ( argum5t may be ca/ to ! w9ds4 ,above all1 z x seems to u1 & z x w\ld h seem$ to ,caes> or ,cic]o or ,tacitus1 allegorical int]pretation c>ries !m at its own errant & fanta/ic w into footless mazes4 ,yet :oev] w und]/& & appreciate ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs & ( ! m$iaeval g5]ations aft] !m1 %\ld bew>e ( inela/ic notions4 ,! "q ( unity hangs on :at ! writ] deems ! v]itable topic ( 8 "w1 & t may be ! univ]sal c\rse ( ! provid5ce ( ,god1 :i* 0 ! subject ( ,augu/9e's ,civitas ,dei4 ,inde$1 ! inf9ite relation%ip ( any ,*ri/ian topic 0 l en\gh to break ?r\gh academic limits ( lit]>y unity4 ,likewise1 ! prop] sequ5ce ( ?\ght dep5ds on :at con/itutes ! true connection betwe5 "o matt] & ano!r2 x mu/ foll[ :at ) ! writ] are ! v]itable relation%ips ( 8 topics4 ,if ! visible facts ( a man's environm5t & ! n>ratives ( hi/ory are to him prim>ily nei!r actual facts nor lit]al n>ratives1 b symbols & allegories ( spiritual ?+s1 !n ! true sequ5ce ( ?\ght = him is f symbol to symbol & f allegory to allegory4 ,he is ju/ifi$ 9 ignor+ ! app>5t connection ( visible facts & ! logic ( ! lit]al /ory1 & 9 surr5d]+ himself to t sequ5ce ( ?\ght :i* foll[s :at is = him ! v]itable significance ( ! matt]4 ,yet "h we mu/ apply ano!r /&>d besides t ( ! writ]'s conception ( 8 subject's significance4 ,he %\ld be wise1 & n fooli%4 ,o!r m5 & lat] ages w judge him accord+ to _! own be/ wisdom4 ,& ) respect to ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs view$ z lit]ature1 ! mod]n critic _c fail to see !m ent]+ ^u t c\rse ( prolixity :i* 9 m$iaeval writ+s w develop into ! endless2 look+ =w>d1 he w see _! errant habits resolv+ into ! m$iaeval lack ( det]m9$ topic1 & _! symbolically driv5 sequ5ces ( ?\ght turn+ into ! mo/ ridicul\s topical transitions1 z ! less cog5t faculties ( lat] m5 p]mit !mselves to be sugge/$ any:i!r4 ,! ,fa!rs develop$ _! di/+ui%+ qualities ( /yle & language "u ! dem&s ( ! topics absorb+ !m1 & ! influ5ce ( modes ( feel+ com+ ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y 7 compell+ an e/abli%$ language to express novel matt]4 ,9 ! c5turies aft] !m1 fur!r *anges 7 to come ?r\gh ! l+ui/ic t5d5cies m\ld+ ! evolution ( ! ,romance tongues1 ?r\gh ! c\nt] influ5ce ( ! /udy ( gramm> & rhetoric1 & also ?r\gh ! ignorance & intellectual limitations ( ! writ]s4 ,b z ) ! ,lat9 ( ! ,fa!rs1 s ) ! ,lat9 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! *ange ( /yle & language 0 intimately & spiritually dep5d5t ^u ! m9ds & temp]am5ts ( ! writ]s & ! qualities ( ! subjects = :i* !y 7 seek+ an expression4 ,a pr(\nd influ5ce 9 ! evolution ( m$iaeval ,lat9 0 ! cont9ual endeav\r ( ! m$iaeval g5ius to express ! ?\ghts & feel+s ?r\gh :i* x 0 becom+ itself4 ,) impressive adequacy & p[] ! ,*ri/ian writ]s ( ! ,middle ,ages m\ld$ _! inh]it$ & acquir$ ,lat9 tongue to utt] ! v>i$ matt]s :i* mov$ _! m9ds & lift$ up _! he>ts4 ,we m>vel to see a language :i* once _h told ! /ately tale ( ,rome "h l[]$ to fanta/ic incid5t & dull /upidity1 !n ) almo/ gospel simplicity tell+ ! mov+ /ory ( "s sa9tly life2 aga9 sonor\sly utt]+ ?\ghts to lift m5 f ! e>? & d5unciations cru%+ !m to hell2 quiv]+ ) hope & fe> & love1 & *ant+ ! la/ v]ities ( ! human s\l4 ,z to ! evolution ( v>i\s /yles ( writt5 ,lat9 f ! close ( ! patri/ic p]iod on ?r\gh ! foll[+ c5turies1 "o may premise ! rem>k t !re w\ld commonly be two opposite influ5ces ^u ! writ]2 t ( ! g5ius ( 8 native tongue1 & t ( 8 education 9 ,lat9ity4 ,if he liv$ 9 a l& :]e ,teutonic spee* _h nev] giv5 way to ! spok5 ,lat9 ( ! ,empire1 8 native tongue w\ld be s diff]5t f ! ,lat9 :i* he le>n$ at s*ool1 t :ile x might imp$e1 x c\ld h>dly draw to its own g5ius ! le>n$ language4 ,b 9 ,romance c\ntries !re 0 no su* absolute diff]5ce betwe5 ! v]nacul> & ! ,lat91 & ! analytic g5ius ( ! gr[+ ,romance dialects did n fail to affect ! latt]4 ,accord+ly 9 ,france1 = example1 ! spok5 ,lat9 dialect1 or "o may say ! g5ius t 0 =m+ ! old ,fr5* dialects to :at !y 7 to be1 t5ds to break up ! anci5t p]iods1 to introduce ! auxili>y v]b 9 ! place ( elaborate inflections1 & rely on prepositions in/ead ( case end+s1 :i* 7 disappe>+ & ^: =ce 0 ceas+ to be felt4 ,"o result 0 to simplify ! ord] ( words 9 a s5t5ce2 = x 0 n possible to move a n\n ) its accompany+ preposition :]ev] x _h be5 feasible to place a n\n ^: relation to ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce 0 felt f its case end+4 ,gregory ( ,t\rs is ! fam\s example ( ^! t5d5cies1 ) 8 ,hi/oria francorum1 an ideal =]unn] ( ,froiss>t4 ,he became ,bi%op ( ,t\rs 9 ! ye> #egc4 ,9 8 writ+s he foll[$ ! in/9cts ( ! in*oate ,romance tongues4 ,he ackn[l$ges & p]haps ov]/ates 8 ignorance ( ,lat9 gramm> & ! rules ( composition4 ,su* ignorance 0 de/9$ to become /ill blank]2 & ignorance 9 itself 0 a dis9tegrat+ influ5ce ^u writt5 ,lat91 & also gave fre] play to ! ga!r+ t5d5cies ( ,romance spee*4 ,evid5tly1 _h all ^! influ5ces work$ un*eck$1 !y w\ld h oblit]at$ ,lat9ity f m$iaeval ,lat94 ,grammatical & rhetorical education c\nt]$ !m effectively1 & ! mighty g5ius ( ! anci5t language endur$ 9 ! extant ma/]pieces4 ,nev]!less ! _s ( classical ,lat9ity 0 nev] aga9 to be a spontane\s creative p[]4 ,! mo/ t m5 !nce=? c\ld d 0 to /udy1 & endeav\r to imitate1 ! =ms 9 :i* x _h embodi$ its liv+ self4 ,9 brief1 "s ( ! *ief influ5ces ^u ! writ+ ( ,lat9 9 ! ,middle ,ages 73 ! classical g5ius dead1 leav+ only its works = imitation2 ! s*ool education 9 ,lat9 gramm> & rhetoric2 endeav\r to foll[ classic models & write correctly2 inability to d s f lack ( capacity & k2 consci\s disreg>d ( classicism2 ! _s ( ! ,teutonic tongues clogg+ ,lat9ity1 & t ( ! ,romance tongues deflect+ x f classical con/ructions2 & f9ally1 ! pla/ic faculties ( advanc+ ,*ri/ian m$iaeval civilization educ+ p[] f confusion1 & creat+ modes ( language suit$ to express ! ?\ghts & feel+s ( m$iaeval m54 ,! life1 t is to say ! liv+ developm5t1 ( m$iaeval ,lat9 prose1 0 to lie 9 ! capacity ( successive g5]ations ( educat$ m5 to ma9ta9 a suffici5t grammatical correctness1 :ile at ! same "t writ+ ,lat91 n classically1 b 9 accordance ) ! necessities & _s ( _! times4 ,!re result$ an enorm\s lit]ature :i* 0 n dead1 nor altoge!r liv+1 & lack$ ?r\gh\t ! spontaneity ( writ+s 9 a "m tongue2 = ,lat9 0 n ! spee* ( he>? & home1 nor ev]y:]e ! tongue ( ! m>ket-place & camp4 ,b x 0 ! language ( m$iaeval education & acquir$ culture2 x 0 ! language also ( ! univ]sal *ur*1 &1 above all o!r tongues1 express$ ! ?\ghts by :i* m5 7 sav$ or damn$4 ,m pr(\ndly ?an any v]nacul> m$iaeval lit]ature1 ! ,lat9 lit]ature ( ! ,middle ,ages expresses ! m$iaeval m9d4 ,x ?und]$ ) ! au?ority t held ! keys ( heav52 x 0 resonant ) feel+1 & ?r\gh long c5turies gave voice to emotions1 %att]+1 t]ror-/rick51 convulsively lov+4 ,:51 say ) ! close ( ! elev5? c5tury1 ! m$iaeval peoples _h absorb$ ) p[] ! tea*+s ( patri/ic ,*ri/ianity1 & _h und]gone "s c5turies ( ,lat9 s*ool+1 & :5 "u ^! two *ief influ5ces c]ta9 di/9ctive & homog5e\s ways ( ?9k+1 feel+1 & look+ ^u life1 _h be5 rea*$2 :51 9 f9e1 ! ,middle ,ages _h become !mselves & _h evolv$ a g5ius t c\ld create1--!n & f t "t appe>s ! adaptability & p[] ( m$iaeval ,lat9 to s]ve ! ends ( intellectual ef=t & ! expression ( emotion4 ,to e/imate ! lit]>y qualities ( classical ,lat9 is a simpl] task ?an to judge ! ,lat9ity & /yle ( ! ,lat9 lit]ature ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,classic ,lat9 prose has a common lik5ess4 ,9 g5]al "o feels t :at ,cic]o & ,caes> w\ld h reject$1 ,tacitus & ,qu9tilian w\ld n h admitt$4 ,! syntax ( ^! writ]s %[s /ill great] uni=mity4 ,no su* common lik5ess1 or avoidance ( /yli/ic ab]ration & grammatical solecism1 obta9s 9 m$iaeval prose or v]se4 ,! "o & ! o!r include _m k9ds ( ,lat91 & v>y f c5tury to c5tury1 div]sifi$ 9 idiom & deflect$ f l+ui/ic uni=mity by influ5ces ( race & native spee*1 ( ignorance & k4 ,he :o w\ld appreciate m$iaeval ,lat9 w be diffid5t ( academic /&>ds1 & mi/ru/ 8 classical pr$ilections le/ he see ab]ration & b>b>ism :]e he might discov] ! evolution ( new con/ructions & novel /yles2 le/ he be/[ encomium ^u clev] imitations ( classical models1 & )hold x f m liv+ creations ( ! m$iaeval _s4 ,he w realize t to appreciate m$iaeval ,lat9 lit]ature1 he mu/ %elve 8 ,virgil & 8 ,cic]o4#bcj ,! foll[+ pages d n (f] !mselves ev5 z a slight sket* ( m$iaeval ,lat9 lit]ature4 ,_! purpose is to indicate ! /ages ( developm5t ( ! prose & ! phases ( evolution ( ! v]se2 & to illu/rate ! way 9 :i* antique !mes & antique k pass$ into v]nacul> poetry4 ,classical /&>ds w supply u less ) a po9t ( view ?an ) a po9t ( dep>ture4 ,no?+ m ne$ be said ( ! ,lat9 ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs & ,gregory ( ,t\rs4 ,b "o mu/ ref] to ! ,c>ol+ian p]iod1 9 ord] to appreciate ! ,lat9 /yles ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies4 ,! revival ( education & classical s*ol>%ip "u ! /rong rule & fo/]+ c>e ( ! greate/ ( m$iaeval mon>*s has n always be5 rightly judg$4 ,! vision ( t prodigi\s p]sonality rul+1 *ri/ianiz+1 /riv+ to civilize masses ( b>b>ians & b>b>iz$ desc5dants ( ,romans & prov9cials2 at ! same "t ) eag] int]e/ endeav\r+ to revive ! culture ( ! pa/1 & press x into ! s]vice ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?2 ! /rik+ success ( 8 endeav\rs1 m5 ( le>n+ com+ f ,irel&1 ,engl&1 ,spa91 & ,italy1 creat+ a p]ipatetic c5tre ( k at ! imp]ial c\rt1 & e/abli%+ s*ools 9 _m a mona/]y & episcopal resid5ce--all ?is has nev] fail$ to ar\se en?usiasm = ! great a*ievem5t1 & has veil$ ! creative deadness ( x all1 a deadness :i* 9 "s prov9ces ( intellectual endeav\r 0 q v]itably moribund1 :ile 9 o!rs x betok5$ ! necess>y prep>ation = creative epo*s to come4#bca ,c>ol+ian s*ol>%ip 0 direct$ to ! ma/]y ( ,lat94 ,gramm> 0 taught1 & ! rules ( composition4 ,!n ! s*ol>s 7 bidd51 or bade !mselves1 d likewise4 ,s !y wrote v]se or prose accord+ to _! s*ool lessons4 ,!y might write correctly2 b !y _h no /yle ( _! own4 ,?is 0 hopelessly true z to _! metrical v]ses2#bcb x 0 only some:at less tangibly true ( _! prose4 ,! 8classic0 ( ! p]iod1 9 ! eyes ( mod]n classical s*ol>s & also 9 ! op9ion ( ! m$iaeval c5turies1 is ,e9h>d's ,life ( ,*>lemagne4 ,numb]less encomiums h be5 pass$ on x1 & ju/ly too4 ,x 0 an excell5t imitation ( ,suetonius's ,life ( ,augu/us2 & ! writ] _h made a c>eful /udy ( ,caes> & ,livy4#bcc ,!re is no ne$ to quote f a writ+ s accessible & well kn[n4 ,yet "o rem>k may be add$ to :at o!rs h said3 if ,e9h>d's composition 0 an excell5t copy ( classical ,lat9 x 0 no?+ else2 x has no /yli/ic individuality4#bcd ,turn+ f ?is fam\s biography1 we w illu/rate our po9t by quot+ f ! lett]s ( him :o /&s z ! type ( ! ,c>ol+ian revival1 ! ,anglo-,saxon ,alcu94 ,all praise to ?is noble educational coadjutor ( ,*>lemagne2 8 le>n+ 0 consci5ti\s2 8 "w 0 important1 8 "* 0 lovable4 ,8 affectionate nature speaks 9 a lett] to 8 =m] bre?r5 at ,york1 :]e 8 home _h be5 be=e he ent]$ ,*>lemagne's s]vice4 ,"h is a s5t5ce3 8,o omnium dilectissimi patres et fratres1 memores mei e/ote2 ego ve/] ero1 sive 9 vita1 sive 9 morte4 ,et =te mis]ebitur mei ,deus1 ut cujus infantiam alui/is1 ejus s5ectutem sepeliatis40#bce ,x 7 invidi\s to f9d fault ) ?is ,lat91 9 :i* ! homesick man expresses 8 hope ( sepulture 9 8 old home4 ,note also ! balance ( ! foll[+1 writt5 to a sick fri5d3 8,gratias agamus ,deo ,jesu1 vuln]anti et m$5ti1 flagellanti et consolanti4 ,dolor corporis salus e/ animae1 et infirmitas temporalis1 sanitas p]petua4 ,lib5t] accipiamus1 pati5t] f]amus voluntatem ,salvatoris no/ri40#bcf ,?is too is excell5t1 9 language z 9 s5tim5t4 ,s is ano!r1 & la/1 s5t5ce f our au?or1 9 a lett] congratulat+ ,*>lemagne on 8 f9al subjugation ( ! ,huns1 ?r\gh :i* ! survivors 7 br\ght to a k ( ! tru?3 8,qualis erit tibi gloria1 ,o beatissime rex1 9 die aet]nae retributionis1 qu&o hi omnes qui p] tuam sollicitud9em ab adolatriae cultura ad cognosc5dum v]um ,deum conv]si sunt1 te ante tribunal ,dom9i no/ri ,jesu ,*ri/i 9 beata sorte /antem sequ5tur60#bcg ,aga91 ! only tr\ble is /ylelessness4 ,9 f9e1 an abs5ce ( quality *>act]izes ,c>ol+ian prose1 ( :i* a la/ example may be tak5 f ! ,spani>d ,!odulphus1 ,bi%op ( ,orleans1 8an accompli%$ ,lat9 poet10 & an educator yield+ 9 importance to ,alcu9 alone4 ,! s5t5ce is f an (ficial admonition to ! cl]gy1 w>n+ !m to atta* m value to salvation ?an to lucre3 8,admon5di sunt qui negotiis ac m]cationibus r]um invigilant1 ut non plus t]r5am quam viam cupiant sempit]nam4 ,nam qui plus de rebus t]r5is quam de animae suae salute cogitat1 valde a via v]itatis ab]rat40#bch ,evid5tly !re 0 a good k ( ,lat9 among ^! ,c>ol+ians1 :o lab\r$ = ! revival ( education & ! pres]vation ( ! ,classics4 ,! nadir ( classical le>n+ falls 9 ! succe$+ p]iod ( break-up1 confusion1 & dawn+ re-adju/m5t4 ,9 ! c5tury or two foll[+ ! ye> #hej1 ! writ]s 7 too unskill$ 9 ,lat9 & (t5 too cumb]$ by x1 to manife/ 9 _! writ+s t unhamp]$ & di/9ctive reflex ( a p]sonality :i* we t]m /yle4 ,a r>e exception w\ld appe> 9 su* a pot5t s*ol> z ,g]b]t1 :o ma/]$ :atev] he le>n$1 & made x "p ( 8 own faculties & temp]am5t4 ,8 lett]s1 consequ5tly1 h an individual /yle1 h[ev] good or bad we may be dispos$ to deem x4#bci ,accord+ly1 until aft] ! mill5nial ye> ,lat9 prose %[s little beyond a clumsy heav9ess result+ f ! writ]'s insuffici5t ma/]y ( 8 m$ium2 & !re are _m in/ances ( b>b>ism & corruption ( ! tongue )\t any comp5sat+ positive qualities4 ,a dreadful example is af=d$ by ! ,*ronicon ( ,b5$ictus1 a monk ( ,/4 ,&rews 9 ,monte ,soracte1 :o liv$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,he relates1 z hi/ory1 ! fable ( ,*>lemagne's j\rney to ! ,holy ,l&2 & 8 own eyes may h witness$ ! atroci\s times ( ,john ,,xii41 ( :om he speaks z foll[s3 8,int] haec non multum tempus ,agapitus papa decessit 7an4 #ief74 ,octabianus 9 s$e sanctissima susceptus e/1 et vocatus e/ ,johannes duodecimi pape4 ,factus e/ tam lubricus sui corporis1 et tam audaces1 quantum nunc 9 g5tilis populo solebat fi]i4 ,habebat consuetud9em sepius v5&i non quasi apo/olicus s$ quasi homo f]us4 ,erat enim cogitio ejus vanum2 diligebat collectio fem9>um1 odibiles aecclesi>um1 amabilis juv5is f]ocitantes4 ,tanta d5ique libid9e sui corporis ex>sit1 quanta nunc 7non87 possumus en>r>e40#bdj ,no ne$ to draw fur!r f ?is writ+1 :i* is *>act]iz$ ?r\gh\t by crass ignorance ( gramm> & all else p]ta9+ to ,lat94 ,x has no individual qualities2 x has no /yle4 ,leav+ ?is example ( illit]acy1 let u turn to a man ( m k1 ,odo1 "o ( ! greate/ ( ! abbots ( ,cluny1 :o di$ 9 ! ye> #idc4 ,he left l5g?y writ+s1 "o ( !m a bulky epitome ( ! fam\s ,moralia ( ,gregory ! ,great4#bda ,m orig9al 7 8 ?ree dull books ( ,collationes1 or moral comm5ts ^u ! ,scriptures4 ,!y op5 ) a heavy note :i* _! au?or might h drawn f ! d>k temp]am5t ( t great pope :om he s deeply admir$2 b ! language has a lead5 quality :i* is n ,gregory's1 b ,odo's4 8,auctor igitur et judex hom9um ,deus1 licet ab illa felicitate p>adisi g5us no/rum ju/e repul]it1 suae tam5 bonitatis memor1 ne totus reus homo quod m]etur incurrat1 hujus p]egr9ationis mole/ias multis b5eficiis demulcet40 ,&1 aga91 a little fur!r on3 8,omnis v]o ejusdem ,scripturae int5tio e/1 ut nos ab hujus vitae pravitatibus compescat4 ,nam idcirco t]ribilibus suis s5t5tiis cor no/rum1 quasi quibusdam /imulis pungit1 ut homo t]rore pulsatus expavescat1 et div9a judicia quae aut voluptate c>nis aut t]r5a sollicitud9e discissus oblivisci facile solet1 ad memoriam r$ucat40#bdb ,"o feels ! dull heav9ess ( ?is4 ,odo1 l _m ( 8 contempor>ies1 knew en\gh ( ,lat9 gramm>1 & _h read "s ( ! ,classics4 ,b he _h n ma/]$ :at he knew1 & 8 k 0 n conv]t$ into p[]4 ,! t5? c5tury 0 /ill pa9fully le>n+ ! lessons ( its ,*ri/ian & classical h]itage4 ,a simil> lack ( p]sonal facility may be obs]v$ 9 ,ruotg]'s biography ( ,bruno1 ! wor?y bro!r ( ! great emp]or ,otto ,i41 & ,ar*bi%op ( ,cologne4 ,bruno di$ 9 #ife1 & ,ruotg]1 :o _h be5 8 companion1 wrote 8 ,life )\t delay4 ,x has n ! didactic pond]\sness ( ,odo's writ+1 b its language is clumsy4 ,! foll[+ passage is ( int]e/ z %[+ ,bruno's education & ! k9d ( le>n$ man x made him4 8,de9de ubi prima grammaticae artis rudim5ta p]cepit1 sicut ab ipso 9 ,dei omnipot5tis gloriam hoc saepius rum9ante didicimus1 ,prud5tium poetam trad5te magi/ro leg]e coepit4 ,qui sicut e/ et fide int5tioneque ca?olicus1 et eloqu5tia v]itateque praecipuus1 et metrorum librorumque v>ietate elegantissimus1 tanta mox dulc$9e palato cordis ejus complacuit1 ut jam non tantum ext]iorum v]borum sci5tiam1 v]um intimi m$ullam s5sus1 et nect> ut ita dicam liquidissimum1 majori quam dici possit aviditate hauriret4 ,po/ea nullum p5itus erat /udiorum lib]alium g5us 9 omni ,graeca vel ,lat9a eloqu5tia1 quod +5ii sui vivacitatem aufug]et4 ,nec v]o1 ut solet1 aut diviti>um afflu5tia1 aut turb>um circum/rep5tium assiduitas1 aut ullum aliunde subrep5s fa/idium ab hoc nobili otio animum ejus unquam av]tit4444 ,saepe int] ,graecorum et ,lat9orum doctissimos de philosophiae sublimitate aut de cujuslibet 9 illa flor5tis discipl9ae subtilitate disputantes doctus int]pres m$ius ipse cons$it1 et disputantibus ad plausum omnium1 quo nihil m9us amav]at1 satisfecit40#bdc ,! gradual improvem5t 9 ! writ+ ( ,lat9 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! evolution ( di/9ctive m$iaeval /yles1 did n result f a l>g] acqua9tance ) ! ,classics1 or a bett] k ( gramm> & s*ool rhetoric4 ,! range ( classical read+ might ext5d1 or f "t to "t contract1 & ,donatus & ,priscian 7 us$ 9 ! n9? c5tury z well z 9 ! twelf?4 ,x is true t ! /udy ( gramm> became m intellig5t 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies1 & its tea*]s def]r$ less absolutely to ! old rules & illu/rations4 ,!y recogniz$ ,*ri/ian /&>ds ( diction3 fir/ ( all ! ,vulgate2 next1 e>ly ,*ri/ian poets l ,prud5tius2 & !n gradually ! m$iaeval v]sifi]s :o wrote & won approval 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,?us gramm> s\ght to foll[ curr5t usage4#bdd ,?is endeav\r culm9at$ at ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury 9 ! ,doctr9ale ( ,alex&] ( ,villa ,dei4#bde ,be=e ?is1 mu* ( ! be/ m$iaeval ,lat9 prose & v]se _h be5 writt51 & ! p]iod mo/ devot$ to ! ,classics _h come & 0 already wan+4 ,t p]iod 0 ?is same twelf? c5tury4 ,dur+ its e>li] half1 ,lat9ity ga9$ d\btless f su* improvem5t 9 ! c\rses ( ! ,trivium z took place at ,*>tres1 = example1 an improvem5t connect$ ) ! intellectual gr[? ( ! "t4 ,b ! increase 9 ! k ( ,lat9 0 ma9ly su* z a mature man may realize )9 himself1 if he has kept up 8 ,lat9 read+1 h[ev] little he seem to h add$ to 8 k s9ce leav+ 8 ,alma ,mat]4 ,s ! developm5t ( m$iaeval ,lat9 prose 7& also v]se7 advanc$ ) ! matur+ ( m$iaeval civilization4 ,t :i* 0 at ! same "t a liv+ factor 9 ?is gr[? & a result ( x1 0 ! m organic appropriation ( ! classical & ,*ri/ian h]itages ( culture & religion4 ,z intellectual faculties /r5g!n$1 & m5 drew p[] f ! pa/1 !y ga9$ facility 9 m\ld+ _! ,lat9 to _! purposes4 ,writ+s beg9 to reflect ! p]sonalities ( ! writ]s2 ! diction ceases to be t ( clumsy or clev] s*ool compositions1 & pres5ts an evolution ( tangible m$iaeval /yles4 ,h5ce=?1 al?\gh a man be an eag] /ud5t ( ! ,classics1 l ,john ( ,salisbury = example1 & try to imitate _! excell5ces1 he w /ill write m$iaeval ,lat91 & ) a p]sonal /yle if he be a /rong p]sonality4 ,! classical models no long] trammel1 b assi/ him to be m effectively himself on a high] plane4 ,if m$iaeval civilization is to be reg>d$ z t :i* ! peoples ( we/]n ,europe atta9$ "u ! two univ]sal influ5ces ( ,*ri/ianity & antique culture1 !n no?+ m m$iaeval w be se5 ?an m$iaeval ,lat94 ,to make x1 ! antique ,lat9 _h be5 modifi$ & re9spir$ & loos$ by ! ,*ri/ian en]gies ( ! ,fa!rs2 & _h !n pass$ on to peoples :o nev] _h be51 or no long] 71 antique4 ,!y b>b>iz$ ! language d[n to ! rud5ess ( _! faculties4 ,z !y !mselves advanc$1 !y br\ght up ,lat9 ) !m1 z x 71 f ! dep?s ( ! n9? & t5? c5turies1 b a ,lat9 :i* 9 ! crude natures ( ^! m5 _h be5 /ripp$ ( classical quality2 a ,lat9 b>b>\s & nak$1 & ready to be clo!d ^u ) novel qualities :i* %\ld make x a new creature4 ,?r\gh\t all ?is process1 :ile ,lat9 0 s9k+ & re-em]g+1 x 0 work$ ^u & inspir$ by ! _s ( ! uses to :i* x 0 pr$om9antly appli$1 :i* 7 ^? ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* & ( ! intimacies ( ! ,*ri/ian s\l1 press+ to expression 9 ! le>n$ tongue :i* !y 7 trans=m+4 ,9 consid]+ ! ,lat9 writ+s ( ! ,middle ,ages "o %\ld be> 9 m9d ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,italy & ! ,nor? ) respect to ! anci5t language4 ,^! 7 important ?r\gh ! e>li] ,middle ,ages1 :5 modes ( diction suffici5tly *>act]i/ic to be call$ /yles1 7 =m+4 ,! m5 ( ,lat9-sodd5 ,italy might h a flu5t ,lat9 :5 ^? ( ! ,nor? /ill _h !irs to le>n4 ,?us !re 7 ,italians 9 ! elev5? c5tury :o wrote q a di/9ctive ,lat9 prose4#bdf ,among !m 7 ,/4 ,pet] ,damiani1 & ,/4 ,anselm ( ,ao/a1 ,bec1 & ,cant]bury4 ,! =m] di$ full ( virtue 9 ! ye> #ajgb4 ,we h else:]e obs]v$ 8 "* & foll[$ 8 c>e]4#bdg ,he 01 to 8 great anxiety1 a classical s*ol>1 :o _h e>n$ l>ge sums z a tea*] ( rhetoric be=e natural incl9ation & fe>s = 8 s\l drove him to an ascetic life4 ,he 0 a ma/] ( ! ,lat9 :i* he us$4 ,8 /yle is int5se1 eloqu5t1 p]sonal to himself z well z suit$ to 8 matt]1 & reflects 8 ard5t "* & ke5 p]ceptions4 ,! foll[+ is a rhetorical yet beautiful description ( a 8la/ leaf10 tak5 f "o ( 8 compositions 9 praise ( ! h]mit way ( salvation4 8,videamus 9 arbore folium sub ipsis pru9is hiemalibus lapsabundum1 et consumpto autumnalis clem5tiae virore1 jamjam p5e casurum1 ita ut vix ramusculo1 cui dep5det1 inha]eat1 s$ ap]tissima levis ru9ae signa praet5dat3 inhorrescunt flabra1 v5ti fur5tes hic inde concutiunt1 brumalis horror crassi a]is rigore d5satur3 atque1 ut magis /upeas1 deflu5tibus reliquis undique foliis t]ra /]nitur1 et depositis comis arbor suo decore nudatur2 cum illud solum nullo man5te p]maneat1 et velut coha]$um sup]/es 9 frat]nae possessionis jura succ$at4 ,quid autem intellig5dum 9 hujus rei consid]atione rel9quitur1 nisi quia nec arboris folium pote/ cad]e1 nisi div9um praesumat imp]ium80#bdh ,anselm's diction1 9 spite ( its frequ5t cloi/] rhetoric1 has a simple & mod]n ^w-ord]4 ,an acc\nt has already be5 giv5 ( 8 life & ( 8 ?\ghts1 s beautifully sky-blue1 unpurpl$ ) ! crimson ( human passion1 :i* made ! words ( ,augu/9e m v]itably inc&esc5t4#bdi ,! great ,african 0 ! /ronge/ individual influ5ce ^u ,anselm's ?\ght & language4 ,b ! latt]'s /yle has dep>t$ fur!r f ! classical s5t5ce1 & ( itself indicates t ! writ] belongs nei!r to ! patri/ic p]iod nor to ! ,c>ol+ian "t1 busi$ ) its re>rangem5t ( patri/ic ?\ght4 ,! foll[+ is f 8 ,proslogion ^u ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,?r\gh ?is disc\rse1 ,deity & ! ,s\l are address$ 9 ! second p]son aft] ! mann] ( ,augu/9e's ,confessions4 8,excita nunc1 anima mea1 et erige totum intellectum tuum1 et cogita quantum potes quale et quantum sit illud bonum 7i4e4 ,deus74 ,si enim s+ula bona delectabilia sunt1 cogita int5te quam delectabile sit illud bonum quod cont9et jucunditatem omnium bonorum2 et non qualem 9 rebus creatis sumus exp]ti1 s$ tanto diff]5tem quanto diff]t ,creator a creatura4 ,si enim bona e/ vita creata1 quam bona e/ vita creatrix6 ,si jucunda e/ salus facta1 quam jucunda e/ salus quae fecit omnem salutem6 ,si amabilis e/ sapi5tia 9 cognitione r]um condit>um1 quam amabilis e/ sapi5tia quae omnia condidit ex nihilo6 ,d5ique1 si multae et magnae delectationes sunt 9 rebus delectabilibus1 qualis et quanta delectatio e/ 9 illo qui fecit ipsa delectabilia60#bej ,9 a m emotional passage ,anselm ar\ses 9 8 s\l ! t]ror ( ! ,judgm5t4 ,x is f a 8,m$itatio03 8,ta$et animam meam vitae meae2 viv]e erubesco1 mori p]timesco4 ,quid ergo re/at tibi1 o peccator1 nisi ut 9 tota vita tua plores totam vitam tuam1 ut ipsa tota se ploret totam8 ,s$ e/ 9 hoc quoque anima mea mis]abilit] mirabilis et mirabilit] mis]abilis1 quia non tantum dolet quantum se noscit2 s$ sic secura torpet1 velut quid patiatur ignoret4 ,o anima /]ilis1 quid agis8 quid torpes1 anima peccatrix8 ,dies judicii v5it1 juxta e/ dies ,dom9i magnus1 juxta et velox nimis1 dies irae dies illa1 dies tribulationis et angu/iae1 dies calamitatis et mis]iae1 dies t5ebr>um et calig9is1 dies nebulae et turb9is1 dies tubae et clangoris4 ,o vox diei ,dom9i am>a6 ,quid dormitas1 anima tepida et digna evomi80#bea ,damiani wrote 9 ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury1 ,anselm 9 ! latt] "p4 ,! nor!rn l&s c\ld z yet %[ no su* *>act]i/ic /yles1#beb al?\gh ! classically educat$ ,g]man1 ,lamb]t ( ,h]sfeld1 wrote z correctly & p]spicu\sly z ei!r4 ,8 ,annals h won admiration = _! cle> & correct ,lat9ity1 modell$ ^u ! /yles ( ,sallu/ & ,livy4 ,he di$ 9 #ajgg1 ! ye> ( ,canossa1 8 ,annals cov]+ ! conflict betwe5 ,h5ry ,,iv4 & ,hildebr& up to t ev5t4 ,! n>rative moves ) _s1 z "o may see by read+ 8 description ( ,k+ ,h5ry & 8 consort /ruggl+ ?r\gh ,alp9e ice & sn[ to rea* t ca/le nev] to be =gott51 & ga9 absolution f ! ,pope be=e ! ban %\ld h complet$ ,h5ry's ru94#bec ,= ! ,nor?1 ! be/ p]iod ( m$iaeval ,lat91 prose z well z v]se1 op5s ) ! twelf? c5tury4 ,x 0 inde$ ! great lit]>y p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,= ! v]nacul> lit]atures fl\ri%$ z well z ! ,lat94 ,prov5al lit]ature began z ! elev5? c5tury clos$1 & 0 /ifl$ 9 ! ?irte5? by ! ,albig5sian ,crusade4 ,s ! twelf? 0 its great p]iod4 ,likewise ) ! ,old ,fr5* lit]ature3 except ! ,rol& :i* is e>li]1 ! *ief *ansons de ge/e belong to ! twelf? c5tury2 also ! romances ( antiquity1 to be spok5 ( h]eaft]2 also ! romances ( ! ,r\nd ,table1 & a great mass ( *ansons & fabliaux4 ,! ,old ,g]man--or r1 ,mittel ,ho*deuts*--lit]ature t\*es its height z ! c5tury closes & ! next beg9s1 9 ! works ( ,he9ri* von ,veldeke1 ,gottfri$ von ,/rassburg1 ,wolfram von ,es*5ba*1 & ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide4 ,! be/ ,lat9 writ]s ( ! c5tury liv$1 or soj\rn$1 or 7 educat$1 = ! mo/ "p 9 ! ,france nor? ( ! ,loire4 ,n t all ( !m 7 natives ( t t]ritory2 = "s 7 ,g]man born1 "s saw ! light 9 ,engl&1 & ! bir?place ( _m is unkn[n4 ,yet !y seem to belong to ,france4 ,ne>ly all 7 ecclesia/ics1 secul> or regul>4 ,_m ( !m 7 notables 9 !ology1 l ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor1 ,abael>d1 ,alanus de ,insulis 7,lille72 _m 7 poets z well1 l ,alanus & ,hildeb]t & ,john ( ,salisbury too2 "o 0 a ?und]] on ! e>?1 & a mo/ deft politician1 ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux4 ,"s aga9 are kn[n only z poets1 sacr$ or pr(ane1 l ,adam ( ,/4 ,victor1 & ,walt] ( ,*atillon--b ( ^! h]eaft]4 ,! be/ ,lat9 prose writ+ ( ?is1 or any o!r1 m$iaeval p]iod1 _h its def9ite purpose1 metaphysical1 !ological1 or pieti/ic2 & ! writ]s h be5 or w be spok5 ( 9 connection ) _! specific fields ( intellectual a*ievem5t or religi\s f]v\r4 ,"h1 )\t discuss+ ! m5 or _! works1 "s fav\rable examples ( _! writ+ w be giv54 ,9 ! la/ passage quot$ f ,anselm1 ! read] mu/ h felt ! work+ ( cloi/] rhetoric1 & h notic$ ! anti!ses & rhymes1 to :i* m$iaeval ,lat9 l5t itself s readily4 ,yet x is a slight affair comp>$ ) ! conf\nd+ sonor\sness1 ! fl>+ pictures1 & t]rify+ climaxes ( ,/4 ,b]n>d :5 prea*+ ^u ! same topic--! ,judgm5t ,day4 ,9 "o ( 8 fam\s s]mons on ,canticles1 ! sa9t has be5 sugge/+ to 8 audi5ce1 ! monks ( ,cl>a ,vallis1 t al?\gh ! ,fa!r might ignore faults1 n s ! ,dom9us & ,creator3 8et qui p>cit filio1 non p>cet figm5to1 non p>cet s]vo nequam40 ,li/5 to ! c>ry+ out & po9t+ ( ?is ?\ght3 8,p5sa cujus sit =mid9is et horroris tuum atque omnium contempsisse factorem1 (f5disse ,dom9um maje/atis4 ,maje/atis e/ tim]i1 ,dom9i e/ tim]i1 et maxime hujus maje/atis1 hujusque ,dom9i4 ,nam si reum regiae maje/atis1 quamvis humanae1 humanis legibus plecti capite sancitum sit1 quis f9is contemn5tium div9am omnipot5tiam erit8 ,tangit montes1 et fumigant2 et tam trem5dam maje/atem audet irrit>e vilis pulvisculus1 uno levi flatu mox disp]g5dus1 et m9ime recollig5dus8 ,ille1 ille tim5dus e/1 qui po/quam accid]it corpus1 pote/atem habet mitt]e et 9 geh5nam4 ,paveo geh5nam1 paveo judicis vultum1 ipsis quoque trem5dum angelicis pote/atibus4 ,contremisco ab ira pot5tis1 a facie furoris ejus1 a fragore ru5tis mundi1 a conflagratione elem5torum1 a tempe/ate valida1 a voce ar*angeli1 et a v]bo asp]o4 ,feel ! climax ( ?is s5t5ce1 :i* tells ! end ( ! s9n]4 ,contremisco a d5tibus be/iae inf]nalis1 a v5tre inf]i1 a rugi5tibus praep>atis ad escam4 ,horreo v]mem rod5tem1 et ignem torr5tem1 fumum1 et vaporem1 et sulphur1 et spiritum procell>um2 horreo t5ebras ext]iores4 ,quis dabit capiti meo aquam1 et oculis meis fontem lacrym>um ut praev5iam fletibus fletum1 et /ridorem d5tium1 et manuum p$umque dura v9cula1 et pondus cat5>um prem5tium1 /r+5tium1 ur5tium1 nec consum5tium8 ,heu me1 mat] mea6 utquid me g5ui/i filium doloris1 filium am>itud9is1 indignationis et plorationis aet]nae8 ,cur exceptus g5ibus1 cur lactatus ub]ibus1 natus 9 combu/ionem1 et cibus ignis80#bed ,z "o recov]s f ! s\nd & p[] ( ?is high-wr\ght passage1 he notices h[ readily x might be turn$ into ! =m ( a ,lat9 hymn2 & also h[ v mod]n is its sequ5ce ( words4 ,b]n>d's ,lat9 c\ld :isp] intimate love1 z well z ?und] t]ror4 ,he says1 prea*+ on ! m$ic9a1 ! heal+ p[]1 ( ,jesu's "n3 8,hoc tibi electu>ium habes1 o anima mea1 reconditum 9 vasculo vocabuli hujus quod e/ ,jesus1 salutif]um1 c]te1 quodque nulli unquam pe/i tuae inv5iatur inefficax40#bee ,) ! music ( ?is prose "o may comp>e ! sweet p]sonal pla9t ( ! foll[+3 8,felices quos abscondit 9 tab]naculo suo 9 umbra al>um su>um sp]antes1 donec transeat iniquitas4 ,caet]um ego infelix1 paup] et nudus1 homo natus ad laborem1 implumis avicula p5e omni tempore nidulo exsulans1 v5to exposita et turb9i1 turbatus sum et motus sum sicut ebrius1 et omnis consci5tia mea devorata e/40#bef ,extracts c give no idea ( ,b]n>d's lit]>y p[]s1 any m ?an a small volume c\ld tell ! /ory ( t life :i*1 s to speak1 0 magna p>s ( all contempor>y hi/ory4 ,b s9ce he 0 "o ( ! be/ ( ,lat9 lett]-writ]s1 "o %\ld n omit an example ( 8 v>i$ epi/ol>y /yle1 :i* c be kn[n 9 its compass only f a l>ge read+ ( 8 lett]s4 ,! foll[+ is a %ort lett]1 writt5 to w9 back to ! cloi/] a delicately nurtur$ y\? ^: p>5ts _h lur$ him out into ! _w4 8,doleo sup] te1 fili mi ,gaufride1 doleo sup] te4 ,et m]ito4 ,quis enim non doleat florem juv5tutis tuae1 quem laetantibus angelis ,deo illibatum obtul]as 9 odorem suavitatis1 nunc a daemonibus conculc>i1 vitiorum spurcitiis1 et saeculi sordibus inqu9>i8 ,quomodo qui vocatus eras a ,deo1 revocantem diabolum sequ]is1 et quem ,*ri/us trah]e coep]at po/ se1 rep5te p$em ab ipso introitu gloriae retraxi/i8 ,9 te exp]ior nunc v]itatem s]monis ,dom9i1 quem dixit3 ,inimici hom9is1 dome/ici ejus 7,matt4 x4 #cf74 ,amici tui et proximi tui adv]sum te approp9quav]unt1 et /et]unt4 ,revocav]unt te 9 fauces leonis1 et 9 portis mortis it]um collocav]unt te4 ,collocav]unt te 9 obscuris1 sicut mortuos saeculi3 et jam p>um e/ ut desc5das 9 v5trem inf]i2 jam te deglutire fe/9at1 ac rugi5tibus praep>atis ad escam trad]e devor&um4 8,rev]t]e1 quaeso1 rev]t]e1 priusquam te absorbeat pr(undum1 et urgeat sup] te puteus os suum2 priusquam dem]g>is1 unde ult]ius non em]gas2 priusquam ligatis manibus et p$ibus projici>is 9 t5ebras ext]iores1 ubi e/ fletus et /ridor d5tium2 priusquam detrud>is 9 locum t5ebrosum1 et op]tum mortis calig9e4 ,erubescis =te r$ire1 quia ad horam cessi/i4 ,erubesce fugam1 et non po/ fugam rev]ti 9 proelium1 et rursum pugn>e4 ,necdum f9is pugnae1 necdum ab invicem dimicantes acies discess]unt3 adhuc victoria prae manibus e/4 ,si vis1 nolumus v9c]e s9e te1 nec tuam tibi invidemus gloriae portionem4 ,laeti occuremus tibi1 laetis te recipiemus amplexibus1 dicemusque3 ,epul>i et gaud]e oportet1 quia hic filius no/] mortuus fu]at1 et revixit2 p]i]at1 et inv5tus e/0 7,luc4 xv4 #cb74beg ,! argum5t ( ?is lett] is1 f ! /&po9t ( ,b]n>d's "t1 z resi/less z ! /yle4 ,did x w9 back ! little monk8 ,_m wond]ful examples ( lov+ expression c\ld be drawn f ,b]n>d's lett]s2#beh b in/ead an in/ance may be giv5 ( 8 none too subtle way ( utt]+ 8 hate3 8,arnaldus de ,brixia1 cujus conv]satio mel et doctr9a v55um1 cui caput columbae1 cauda scorpionis e/1 quem ,brixia evomuit1 ,roma exhorruit1 ,francia repulit1 ,g]mania abom9atur1 ,italia non vult recip]e1 f]tur esse vobiscum40#bei ,& !n he proce$s to w>n 8 correspond5t ( ! dang] ( int]c\rse ) ?is ar*-enemy ( ! ,*ur*4 ,consid]+ t ,lat9 0 a tongue :i* y\?s le>n$ at s*ool r ?an at _! mo!rs' knees1 su* writ+ z ,b]n>d's is a triumphant reca/+ ( an anci5t language4 ,"o notices 9 him1 z g5]ally ) m$iaeval religi\s writ]s1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,vulgate1 :i* 0 ma9ly 9 ! language ( ,/4 ,j]ome--( ,j]ome :5 n writ+ z a lit]>y virtuoso1 b z a s*ol> occupi$ ) r5d]+ ! mean+1 & will+ to accept su* l+ui/ic innovations z s]v$ 8 purpose4#bfj ,b beyond ?is influ5ce1 "o sees h[ ma/]ful is ,b]n>d's diction1 q fre$ f obs]vance ( classical pr9ciples1 q ( ! writ] & 8 "t1 adapt+ itself ) ease & p[] to ! topic & "* ( ! composition1 & always expressive ( ! p]sonality ( ! mighty sa9t4 ,hildeb]t ( ,le ,mans 0 a few ye>s old] ?an ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,z an example ( 8 prose a lett] may be cit$1 ( :i* ! translation has be5 giv54 ,x 0 writt5 9 #aabh1 :5 he 0 ,ar*bi%op ( ,t\rs1 9 prote/ aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( ! royal p[] ( ! ,fr5* k+1 ,l\is ! ,fat1 ^u ! rights ( ! ,ar*iepiscopacy ( ,t\rs 9 ! matt] ( ecclesia/ical appo9tm5ts )9 t diocese3 8,9 adv]sis nonnullum solatium e/1 tempora sp]>e laetiora4 ,diutius spes haec mihi bl&ita e/1 et velut agricolam messis 9 h]ba1 sic animum meum prosp]itatis expectatio con=tavit4 ,caet]um jam nihil e/ quo s]5itatem nimbosi temporis exspectem1 nihil e/ quo navis1 9 cujus puppi s$eo1 crebris agitata turb9ibus1 portum quietis att+at4 8,sil5t amici1 sil5t sac]dotes ,jesu ,*ri/i4 ,d5ique sil5t et illi quorum suffragio cr$idi regem mecum 9 gratiam r$iturum4 ,cr$idi quidem1 s$ sup] dolorem vuln]um meorum rex1 illis sil5tibus1 adjecit4 ,eorum tam5 erat gravam9i ecclesiae canonicis obvi>e in/itutis4 ,eorum erat1 si res po/ulasset1 oppon]e murum pro domo ,israel4 ,v]um apud s]5issimum regem opus e/ exhortatione potius quam increpatione1 consilio quam praecepto1 doctr9a quam virga4 ,8 ille conv5i5dus fuit1 8 rev]5t] in/ru5dus1 ne sagittas suas 9 s5e compl]et sac]dote1 ne sanctiones canonicas evacu>et1 ne p]sequ]etur c9]es ,ecclesiae jam sepultae1 c9]es 9 quibus ego panem doloris m&uco1 9 quibus bibo calicem luctus1 de quibus eripi et evad]e1 de morte ad vitam transire e/4 8,int] has tam5 angu/ias1 nunquam de me sic ira triumphavit1 ut aliquem sup] ,*ri/o ,dom9i clamorem depon]e vellem1 seu pacem ipsius 9 manu =ti et bra*io ,ecclesiae adipisci4 ,suspecta e/ pax ad quam1 non amore s$ vi1 sublimes v5iunt pote/ates4 ,ea facile resc9detur1 et fiunt aliqu&o novissima pejora prioribus4 ,alia e/ via qua comp5diosius ad eam ,*ri/o p]duc5te p]t+am4 ,jactabo cogitatum meum 9 ,dom9o1 et ipse dabit mihi petitionem cordis mei4 ,recordatus e/ ,dom9us ,joseph1 cujus p9c]na ,ph>aonis oblitus1 dum prosp]a succ$]5t1 int]v5i5di pro eo curam abjecit4444 ,=tassis recordabitur et mei1 atque 9 desid]ato littore navem si/et fluctuantem4 ,ipse enim e/ qui respicit 9 orationem humilium1 et non sp]nit preces eorum4 ,ipse e/ 9 cujus manu corda regum c]ea sunt4 ,si inv5]o gratiam 9 oculis ejus1 gratiam regis vel facile consequ>1 vel utilit] amittam4 ,siquidem (f5d]e hom9em prop] ,deum lucr>i e/ gratiam ,dei40#bfa ,john ( ,salisbury 7#aaaj-aahj71 mu* y\ng] ?an ,hildeb]t & a little y\ng] ?an ,b]n>d1 seems to h be5 ! be/ s*ol> ( 8 "t4 ,) ! ,classics he is z "o 9 ! company ( fri5ds2 he cites !m z readily z ,scripture2 _! s5t5tiae h become "p ( 8 views ( life4 ,john 0 an eag] humani/1 :o foll[$ 8 /udies to :atev] t[n & to ! feet ( :atsoev] tea*] !y might lead him4 ,s he li/5$ to ,abael>d & _m o!rs4 ,8 writ+ is always lively & (t5 =cible1 especially :5 vitup]at+ ! set :o despis$ classic read+4 ,8 mo/ vivaci\s "w1 ! ,metalogicus1 0 direct$ aga9/ _! unnam$ prophet1 :om he dubs 8,cornificus40#bfb ,its op5+ passage is ( int]e/ z ,john's exordium1 & because a some:at consci\sly int5d+ /yli/ l our ,john is likely to exhibit 8 utmo/ virtuosity 9 ! op5+ s5t5ces ( an important "w3 8,adv]sus insigne donum naturae p>5tis et gratiae1 calumniam vet]em et majorum no/rorum judicio condemnatam excitat improbus litigator1 et conquir5s undique imp]itiae suae solatia1 sibi pr(ic]e sp]at ad gloriam1 si multos similes sui1 id e/ si eos vid]it imp]itos2 habet enim hoc proprium arrogantiae tumor1 ut se commetiatur aliis1 bona sua1 si qua sunt1 eff]5s1 deprim5s ali5a2 defectumque proximi1 suum putet esse pr(ectum4 ,omnibus autem recte sapi5tibus indubium e/ quod natura1 clem5tissima p>5s omnium1 et dispositissima mod]atrix1 int] caet]a quae g5uit animantia1 hom9em privilegio rationis extulit1 et usu eloquii insignivit3 id ag5s s$ulitate (ficiosa1 et lege dispositissima1 ut homo qui grav$9e faecul5tioris naturae et molis corporeae t>ditate premebatur et trahebatur ad ima1 8 quasi subvectus alis1 ad alta asc5dat1 et ad obt95dum v]ae beatitud9is bravium1 omnia alia felici comp5dio antecebat4 ,dum itaque naturam fecundat gratia1 ratio rebus p]spici5dis et exam9&is invigilat2 naturae s9us excutit1 metitur fructus et efficaciam s+ulorum3 et innatus omnibus amor boni1 naturali urg5te se appetitu1 hoc1 aut solum1 aut prae caet]is sequitur1 quod p]cipi5dae beatitud9i maxime videtur esse accommodum40#bfc ,"o p]ceives ! effect ( classical /udies2 yet ! passage is good twelf?-c5tury ,lat91 q diff]5t f ! compositions ( ! ,c>ol+ian epo*1 ^?1 = example1 f ! p5 ( ,alcu91 :o _h /udi$ ! ,classics l ,john1 b unlike him _h no p]sonal /yle4 ,"o ga9s simil> impressions f ! diction ( ! ,polycraticus1 a l5g?y1 discursive "w 9 :i* ,john surprises u ) 8 classical equipm5t4 ,al?\gh conta9+ _m quot$ passages1 x is n made ( extracts /rung toge!r2 b reflects ! s5tim5ts or tells ! op9ions ( anci5t philosoph]s 9 ! writ]'s own way4 ,! foll[+ %[s ,john's k ( e>ly ,greek philosoph]s1 & is a fair example ( 8 ord9>y /yle3 8,alt]um v]o philosophorum g5us e/1 quod ,ionicum dicitur et a ,graecis ult]ioribus traxit orig9em4 ,horum pr9ceps fuit ,?ales ,milesius1 unus illorum septem1 qui dicti sunt sapi5tes4 ,i/e cum r]um naturam scrutatus1 int] caet]os emicuisset1 maxime admirabilis ex/itit1 quod a/rologiae num]is compreh5sis1 solis et lunae defectus pra$icebat4 ,huic successit ,anaxim&] ejus auditor1 qui ,anaxim5em discipulum reliquit et successorem4 ,diog5es quoque ejusdem auditor ex/itit1 et ,anaxagoras1 qui omnium r]um quas videmus1 effectorem div9um animum docuit4 ,ei successit auditor ejus ,ar*elas1 cujus discipulus ,socrates fuisse p]hibetur1 magi/] ,platonis1 qui1 te/e ,apuleio1 prius ,ari/oteles dictus e/1 s$ de9de a latitud9e pectoris ,plato1 et 9 tantam em95tiam philosophiae1 et vigore +5ii1 et /udii ex]citio1 et omnium morum v5u/ate1 eloquii quoque suavitate et copia subvectus e/1 ut quasi 9 ?rono sapi5tiae resid5s1 praecepta quadam auctoritate visus e/1 tam antecessoribus quam successoribus philosophis1 imp]>e4 ,et primus quidem ,socrates univ]sam philosophiam ad corrig5dos compon5dosque mores flexisse memoratur1 cum ante illum omnes physicis1 id e/ rebus naturalibus p]scrut&is1 maximam op]am d$]9t40#bfd ,^! extracts f ! writ+s ( sa9ts & s*ol>s may be supplem5t$ by two extracts f compositions ( ano!r class4 ,! m$iaeval *ronicle has n a good reputation4 ,its cr$ulity & uncritical _s v>i$ ) ! "t & man4 ,little c be said 9 fav\r ( its g5]al =m1 :i* usually is /upidly *ronological1 or annali/ic4 ,! example ( classical hi/orical composition 0 lo/ on m$iaeval annali/s4 ,yet _! "w is n always dull2 &1 by ! twelf? c5tury1 _! diction _h become z m$iaeval z t ( ! !ologian rhetoricians1 al?\gh x r>ely cry/allizes to p]sonal /yle by reason ( ! insignificance ( ! writ]s4 ,a well-kn[n "w ( ?is k9d is ! ,ge/a ,dei p] ,francos1 by ,guib]t ( ,nog5t1 :o wrote 8 acc\nt ( ! ,fir/ ,crusade a few ye>s aft] its turmoil _h pass$ by4 ,! foll[+ passage tells ( proce$+s ^u ! conclusion ( ,urban's great crusad+ oration at ! ,c\ncil ( ,cl]mont 9 #ajii3 8,p]orav]at vir excell5tissimus1 et omnes qui se ituros vov]ant1 beati ,petri pote/ate absolvit1 eadem1 ipsa apo/olica auctoritate firmavit1 et signum satis conv5i5s hujus tam hone/ae pr(essionis in/ituit1 et veluti c+ulum militiae1 vel potius militaturis ,deo passionis ,dom9icae /igma trad5s1 crucis figuram1 ex cujuslibet mat]iae panni1 tunicis1 byrris et palliis iturorum1 assui m&avit4 ,quod si quis1 po/ hujus signi acceptionem1 aut po/ evid5tis voti pollicitationem ab i/a b5evol5tia1 prava po5itud9e1 aut aliquorum suorum affectione resil]et1 ut exlex p]petuo hab]etur omn9o praecepit1 nisi resipisc]et2 idemque quod omis]at fo$e repet]et4 ,praet]ea omnes illos atroci damnavit ana!mate1 qui eorum uxoribus1 filiis1 aut possessionibus1 qui hoc ,dei it] aggr$]5tur1 p] integrum tri5nii tempus1 mole/iam aud]5t inf]re4 ,ad extremum1 cuidam viro omnimodis laudibus eff]5do1 ,podi5sis urbis episcopo1 cujus nom5 doleo quia neque usquam rep]i1 nec audivi1 curam sup] eadem exp$itione reg5da contulit1 et vices suas ipsi1 sup] ,*ri/iani populi quocunque v5ir5t in/itutione1 commisit4 ,unde et manus ei1 m apo/olorum1 data p>it] b5$ictione1 imposuit4 ,quod ille quam sagacit] sit exsecutus1 docet mirabilis op]is tanti exitus40#bfe ,?is ,fr5*man ,guib]t is almo/ vivaci\s4 ,a c]ta9 y\ng] contempor>y ( 81 ( ,engli% bir?1 c\ld con/ruct 8 n>rative q z well4 ,ord]icus ,vitalis 7d4 #aadb7 is said to h be5 born at ,wroxet]1 ?\gh he sp5t mo/ ( 8 life z monk ( ,/4 ,evr\lt 9 ,norm&y4 ,!re he wrote 8 ,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica ( ,norm&y & ,engl&4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! loss ( ! ,:ite ,%ip 9 #aabj tells ! /ory3 8,?omas1 filius ,/ephani1 regem adiit1 eique m>cum auri (f]5s1 ait3 #8,/ephanus1 ,air>di filius1 g5itor meus fuit1 et ipse 9 omni vita sua patri tuo 9 m>i s]vivit4 ,nam illum1 9 sua puppe vectum1 9 ,angliam conduxit1 qu&o contra ,h>aldum pugnaturus1 9 ,angliam p]rexit4 ,hujusmodi autem (ficio usque ad mortem famul&o ei placuit1 et ab eo multis honoratus ex5iis1 int] contribules suos magnifice floruit4 ,hoc feudum1 dom9e rex1 a te requiro1 et vas quod ,c&ida-,navis appellatur1 m]ito ad regalem famulatum optime in/ructum habeo4' ,cui rex ait3 #8,gratum habeo quod petis4 ,mihi quidem aptam navim elegi1 quam non mutabo2 s$ filios meos1 ,guillelmum et ,ri*>dum1 quos sicut me diligo1 cum multa regni mei nobilitate1 nunc tibi comm5do4' 8,8 auditis1 nautae gavisi sunt1 filioque regis adulantes1 v9um ab eo ad bib5dum po/ulav]unt4 ,at ille tres v9i modios ipsis d>i praecepit4 ,quibus acceptis1 bib]unt1 sociisque abundant] prop9av]unt1 nimiumque potantes inebriati sunt4 ,jussu regis multi b>ones cum filiis suis puppim asc5d]unt1 et f]e trec5ti1 ut op9or1 9 infau/a nave fu]unt4 ,duo siquidem mona*i ,tironis1 et ,/ephanus comes cum duobus militibus1 ,guillelmus quoque de ,rolm>a1 et ,rabellus ,cam]>ius1 ,edu>dus de ,salesburia1 et alii plures inde exi]unt1 quia nimiam multitud9em lascivae et pompaticae juv5tutis inesse conspicati sunt4 ,p]iti enim remiges qu9quag9ta ibi erant1 et f]oces epibatae1 qui jam 9 navi s$es nacti turgebant1 et suimet prae ebrietate immemores1 vix aliquem rev]5t] agnoscebant4 ,heu6 quamplures illorum m5tes pia devotione erga ,deum habebant vacuas #8,qui m>is immodicas mod]atur et a]is iras4' ,unde sac]dotes1 qui ad b5$ic5dos illos illuc access]ant1 aliosque m9i/ros qui aquam b5$ictam def]ebant1 cum d$ecore et ca*9nis subsannantes abig]unt2 s$ paulo po/ d]isionis suae ultionem recep]unt4 8,soli hom9es1 cum !sauro regis et vasis m]um f]5tibus1 ,?omae c>9am implebant1 ipsumque ut regiam classem1 quae jam aequora sulcabat1 summop]e prosequ]etur1 commonebant4 ,ipse v]o1 quia ebrietate desipiebat1 9 virtute sua1 satellitumque suorum confidebat1 et audact]1 quia omnes qui jam praecess]ant praeiret1 spondebat4 ,t&em navig&i signum d$it4 ,porro s*ippae remos haud segnit] arripu]unt1 et alia laeti1 quia quid eis ante oculos p5d]et nesciebant1 armam5ta coaptav]unt1 navemque cum impetu magno p] pontum curr]e fec]unt4 ,cumque remiges ebrii totis navig>5t conatibus1 et infelix gub]nio male int5d]et cursui dirig5do p] pelagus1 +5ti saxo quod quotidie fluctu rec$5te detegitur et rursus accessu m>is coop]itur1 s9i/rum latus ,c&idae-,navis vehem5t] illisum e/1 confractisque duabus tabulis1 ex insp]ato1 navis1 proh dolor6 subv]sa e/4 ,omnes igitur 9 tanto discrim9e simul exclamav]unt2 s$ aqua mox impl5te ora1 p>it] p]i]unt4 ,duo soli virgae qua velum p5debat manus injec]unt1 et magna noctis p>te p5d5tes1 auxilium quodlibet prae/olati sunt4 ,unus erat ,ro?omag5sis c>nifex1 nom9e ,b]oldus1 et alt] g5]osus pu]1 nom9e ,goisfr$us1 ,gisleb]ti de ,aquila filius4 8,tunc luna 9 signo ,tauri nona decima fuit1 et f]e ix horis radiis suis mundum illu/ravit1 et navigantibus m>e lucidum r$didit4 ,?omas naucl]us po/ primam subm]sionem vires resumpsit1 suique memor1 sup] undas caput extulit1 et vid5s capita eorum qui ligno utcunque inha]ebant1 int]rogavit3 #8,filius regis quid dev5it8' ,cumque naufragi respondiss5t illum cum omnibus collegis suis dep]isse3 #8,mis]um1' inquit1 #8e/ amodo meum viv]e4' ,hoc dicto1 male desp]ans1 maluit illic occumb]e1 quam furore irati regis pro p]nicie prolis oppet]e1 seu longas 9 v9culis po5as lu]e40#bff ,our examples ?us f> belong to ! twelf? c5tury4 ,z t\*+ its successor1 x w be int]e/+ to obs]ve ! qualities ( two opposite k9ds ( writ+1 ! "o spr++ f ! intellectual activities1 & ! o!r f ! religi\s awak5+1 ( ! "t4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 sci5tific & s*ola/ic writ+ 0 ( repres5tative importance1 & deeply affect$ ! developm5t ( ,lat9 prose4 ,v diff]5t 9 /yle 7 ! ,lat9 /ories & vitae ( ! bless$ ,francis ( ,assisi & o!r sa9ts1 compos$ 9 ,italy4 ,rog] ,bacon1 ( :om !re w be mu* to say1 compos$ mo/ ( 8 extant works ab\t ! ye> #abfg4bfg ,8 language is (t5 r\gh & involv$1 f 8 impetuosity & eag]ness to utt] :at 0 9 him4 ,b x is always vigor\s4 ,he took pa9s to say j :at he meant1 & :at 0 wor? say+2 & frequ5tly rewrote 8 s5t5ces4 ,8 writ+s %[ little rhetoric2 yet !y are /amp$ ) a ,baconian /yle1 :i* has a cumulative =ce4 ,! ^w-ord] is mod]n ) sc>cely a trace ( ! antique4 ,p]haps we may say t he wrote ,lat9 l an ,engli%man ( vehem5t temp] & great intellect4 ,he is p[]ful 9 cont9u\s exposition2 yet in/ances ( 8 g5]al1 & v /rik+ /atem5ts1 w illu/rate 8 diction at its be/4 ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce he recognizes ! progressiv5ess ( k1 a r>e idea 9 ! ,middle ,ages3 8,nam semp] po/]iores addid]unt ad op]a priorum1 et multa correx]unt1 et plura mutav]unt1 sicut maxime p] ,ari/otelem patet1 qui omnes s5t5tias praec$5tium discussit40#bfh ,aga91 he animadv]ts ^u ! duty ( ?irte5?-c5tury ,*ri/ians to supply ! defects ( ! old philosoph]s3 8,quapropt] antiquorum defectus deb]emus nos po/]iores suppl]e1 quia introivimus 9 labores eorum1 p] quos1 nisi simus as9i1 possumus ad meliora excit>i2 quia mis]rimum e/ semp] uti inv5tis et nunquam inv5i5dis40#bfi ,speak+ ( language1 he says3 8,impossibile e/ quod proprietas unius l+uae s]vetur 9 alia40#bgj 78,! idioms ( "o language _c be pres]v$ 9 a translation407 ,& aga93 8,omnes philosophi fu]unt po/ patri>*as et prophetas 444 et leg]unt libros prophet>um et patri>*>um qui sunt 9 sacro textu40#bga 78,! philosoph]s ( ,greece came aft] ! prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & read _! works conta9$ 9 ! sacr$ text407 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! s5t5ces ,bacon %[s 8 l+ui/ic insight2 9 ! second he reflects an uncritical view ent]ta9$ s9ce ! "t ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs2 9 bo?1 he writes ) an ord] ( words requir+ no *ange 9 an ,engli% translation4 ,9 8 "t1 ,bacon _h b a sorry fame1 & 8 works no influ5ce4 ,! writ+s ( 8 y\ng] contempor>y ,?omas ,aqu9as ex]t$ great] influ5ce ?an ^? ( any man aft] ,augu/9e4 ,!y repres5t ! culm9ation ( s*ola/icism4 ,he 0 ,italian born1 & 8 language1 h[ev] difficult ! matt]1 is lucidity itself4 ,x is nev] rhetorical2 b measur$1 temp]ate1 & balanc$2 prop]ly proce$+ f ! m9d :i* weigh$ e proposition 9 ! scales ( univ]sal consid]ation4 ,sometimes x ga9s a c]ta9 f]v\r f ! cl>ity & import ( ! /atem5t :i* x s lucidly conveys4 ,9 article eigh?1 ( ! fir/ ,que/io1 ( ,p>s ,prima ( ! ,summa !ologiae1 ,?omas ?us decides t ,!ology is a rational 7argum5tativa7 sci5ce3 8,respondeo dic5dum quod1 sicut aliae sci5tiae non argum5tantur ad sua pr9cipia prob&a1 s$ ex pr9cipiis argum5tantur ad o/5d5dum alia 9 ipsis sci5tiis2 ita haec doctr9a non argum5tatur ad sua pr9cipia prob&a1 quae sunt articuli fidei2 s$ ex eis proc$it ad aliquid aliud o/5d5dum2 sicut ,apo/olus ,i ad ,cor4 xv41 ex resurrectione ,*ri/i argum5tatur ad resurrectionem communem prob&am4 8,s$ tam5 consid]&um e/ 9 sci5tiis philosophicis1 quod inf]iores sci5tiae nec probant sua pr9cipia1 nec contra negantem pr9cipia disputant1 s$ hoc rel9quunt sup]iori sci5tiae3 suprema v]o int] eas1 scilicet metaphysica1 disputat contra negantem sua pr9cipia1 si adv]s>ius aliquid conc$it3 si autem nihil conc$it1 non pote/ cum eo disput>e1 pote/ tam5 solv]e rationes ipsius4 ,unde sacra scriptura 7i4e4 ,!ology71 cum non habeat sup]iorem1 disputat cum negante sua pr9cipia3 argum5t&o quidem1 si adv]s>ius aliquid conc$at eorum quae p] div9am revelationem hab5tur2 sicut p] auctoritates sacrae doctr9ae disputamus contra h]eticos1 et p] unum articulum contra negantes alium4 ,si v]o adv]s>ius nihil cr$at eorum quae div9itus revelantur1 non remanet amplius via ad prob&um articulos fidei p] rationes1 s$ ad solv5dum rationes1 si quas inducit1 contra fidem4 ,cum enim fides infallibili v]itati innitatur1 impossibile autem sit de v]o demon/r>i contr>ium1 manife/um e/ probationes quae contra fidem inducuntur1 non esse demon/rationes1 s$ solubilia argum5ta40#bgb ,( a diff]5t intellectual temp]am5t 0 ,john ( ,fidanza1 kn[n z ,/4 ,bonav5tura4#bgc ,he also 0 born & pass$ 8 y\? 9 ,italy4 ,?is sa9t$ ,g5]al ( ! ,franciscan ,ord] 0 a few ye>s old] ?an ! great ,dom9ican1 :o 0 8 fri5d4 ,bo? doctors di$ 9 ! ye> #abgd4 ,bonav5tura's p[]s ( con/ructive reason+ 7 excell5t4 ,8 diction is cle> & beautiful1 & eloqu5t ) a spiritual f]v\r :5ev] ! matt] is su* z to evoke x4 ,8 acc\nt ( h[ he came to write 8 fam\s little ,it9]>ium m5tis 9 ,deum is full ( temp]am5t4 8,cum igitur exemplo beatissimi patris ,francisci hanc pacem anhelo spiritu qua]]em1 ego peccator1 qui loco ipsius patris beatissimi po/ eius transitum septimus 9 g5]ali fratrum m9i/]io p] omnia indignus succ$o2 contigit1 ut nutu div9o circa ,beati ipsius transitum1 anno trigesimo t]tio ad montem ,alv]nae tanquam ad locum quietum amore qua]5di pacem spiritus decl9>em1 ibique exi/5s1 dum m5te tract>em aliquas m5tales asc5siones 9 ,deum1 int] alia occurrit illud miraculum1 quod 9 pra$icto loco contigit ipsi beato ,francisco1 de visione scilicet ,s]aph alati ad in/> ,crucifixi4 ,9 cuius consid]atione /atim visum e/ mihi1 quod visio illa praet5d]et ipsius patris susp5sionem 9 contempl&o et viam1 p] quam p]v5itur ad eam40#bgd ,& ,bonav5tura at ! end ( 8 ,it9]>ium speaks ( ! p]fect pass+ ( ,francis into ,god ?r\gh ! v my/ic climax ( contemplation1 conclud+ ?us3 8,si autem qua]as1 quomodo haec fiant1 int]roga gratiam1 non doctr9am2 desid]ium1 non intellectum2 gemitum orationis1 non /udium lectionis2 sponsum1 non magi/rum2 ,deum1 non hom9em2 calig9em1 non cl>itatem2 non lucem1 s$ ignem totalit] inflammantem et 9 ,deum excessivis unctionibus et ard5tissimis affectionibus transf]5tem40#bge ,bonav5tura's f]v5t diction w s]ve to c>ry u ov] f ! m unmitigat$ intellectuality ( ,bacon & ,?omas to ! simpl] matt] ( ^? p]sonal & pi\s n>ratives f :i* may be drawn conclud+ illu/rations ( m$iaeval ,lat9 prose4 ,"s ( ! au?ors w %[ ! skill :i* comes f tra9+2 o!rs are q innoc5t ( gramm>1 & _! ,lat9 has made a happy surr5d] to ! g5ius ( _! v]nacul> spee*1 :i* 0 ! l+ua vulg>is ( nor!rn ,italy4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ biograph]s ( ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi 0 ,?omas ( ,celano1 a skill$ ,lat9i/1 :o 0 enraptur$ ) ! lovel9ess ( ,francis's life4 ,8 diction is limpid & rhy?mical4 ,a well-kn[n passage 9 8 ,vita prima 7= he wrote two ,lives7 tells ( ,francis's joy\s assurance ( ! great "w :i* ,god w\ld accompli% ?r\gh ! simple b& :o =m$ ! beg9n+s ( ! ,ord]4 ,?is assurance cry/alliz$ 9 a vision ( multitudes hurry+ to jo94 ,francis speaks to ! bre?r53 8,con=tam9i1 *>issimi1 et gaudete 9 ,dom9o1 nec1 quia pauci videm9i1 efficiam9i tri/es4 ,ne vos det]reat mea1 vel ve/ra simplicitas1 quoniam sicut mihi a ,dom9o 9 v]itate o/5sum e/1 9 maximam multitud9em faciet vos cresc]e ,deus1 et usque ad f9es orbis multiplicit] dilatabit4 ,vidi multitud9em magnam hom9um ad nos v5i5tium1 et 9 habitu sanctae conv]sationis beataeque religionis regula nobiscum vol5tium conv]s>i2 et ecce adhuc sonitus eorum e/ 9 auribus meis1 euntium1 et r$euntium secundum ob$i5tiae sanctae m&atum3 vidique vias ipsorum multitud9e pl5as ex omni f]e natione 9 8 p>tibus conv5ire4 ,v5iunt ,francig5ae1 fe/9ant ,hispani1 ,teu?onici1 et ,anglici currunt1 et ali>um div]s>um l+u>um accel]at maxima multitudo4 8,quod cum audiss5t fratres1 repleti sunt gaudio ,salvatoris sive propt] gratiam1 quam dom9us ,deus contul]at sancto suo1 sive quia proximorum lucrum sitiebant ard5t]1 quos desid]abant ut salvi ess5t1 9 idipsum quotidie augm5t>i40#bgf ,we feel ! fl[ & rhy?m1 & note ! agreeable balanc+ ( clauses4 ,francis di$ 9 #abbf4 ,! ,vita prima by ,celano 0 approv$ by ,gregory ,,ix4 9 #abbi4 ,already o!r matt] t\*+ ! sa9t 0 ga!r+ 9 anecdote & n>rative4 ,mu* ( x 0 br\ght toge!r 9 ! s-call$ ,speculum p]fectionis1 :i* has be5 confid5tly b v que/ionably ascrib$ to ,francis's p]sonal disciple1 ,bro!r ,leo4 ,bro!r ,leo1 or :oev] may h be5 ! n>rator or compil]1 0 no s*ol>2 8 ,lat9 is naively incorrect1 & has also ! simplicity ( ,gospel n>rative4 ,inde$ ?is ,lat9 is z effectively 8vulg>iz$0 z ! ,greek ( ,mat!w's ,gospel4 ,an int]e/+ passage tells ) :at lov+ wisdom ,francis int]pret$ a text ( ,scripture3 8,man5te ipso apud ,s5as v5it ad eum quidam doctor sacrae !ologiae de ord9e ,pra$icatorum1 vir utique humilis et spiritualis valde4 ,quum ipse cum beato ,francisco de v]bis ,dom9i simul aliquamdiu contuliss5t int]rogavit eum magi/] de illo v]bo ,eze*ielis3 ,si non annuntiav]is impio impietatem suam animam ejus de manu tua requiram4 ,dixit enim3 #8,multos1 bone pat]1 ego cognosco 9 peccato mortali quibus non annuntio impietatem eorum1 numquid de manu mea ipsorum animae requir5tur8' 8,cui beatus ,franciscus humilit] dixit se esse idiotam et ideo magis exp$ire sibi doc]i ab eo quam sup] scripturae s5t5tiam respond]e4 ,tunc ille humilis magi/] adjecit3 #8,frat]1 licet ab aliquibus sapi5tibus hujus v]bi expositionem audiv]im1 tam5 lib5t] sup] hoc ve/rum p]cip]em intellectum4' ,dixit ergo beatus ,franciscus3 #8,si v]bum debeat g5]alit] intelligi1 ego talit] accipio ipsum quod s]vus ,dei sic debet vita et sanctitate 9 seipso ard]e vel fulg]e ut luce exempli et l+ua sanctae conv]sationis omnes impios repreh5dat4 ,sic1 inquam1 spl5dor ejus et odor famae ipsius annuntiabit omnibus iniquitates eorum4' 8,plurimum itaque doctor ille a$ificatus rec$5s dixit sociis beati ,francisci3 #8,fratres mei1 !ologia hujus viri puritate et contemplatione subnixa e/ aquila volans1 no/ra v]o sci5tia v5tre graditur sup] t]ram4'0#bgg ,ano!r passage has ,francis break+ out 9 song f ! joy ( 8 love ( ,*ri/3 8,ebrius amore et compassione ,*ri/i beatus ,franciscus qu&oque talia faciebat1 nam dulcissima melodia spiritus intra se ipsum ebulli5s frequ5t] ext]ius gallice dabat sonum et v5a div9i susurrii quam auris ejus suscipiebat furtive gallicum erumpebat 9 jubilum4 8,lignum qu&oque colligebat de t]ra ipsumque s9i/ro bra*io sup]pon5s aliud lignum p] modum arcus 9 manu dext]a trahebat sup] illud1 quasi sup] viellam vel aliud in/rum5tum atque ge/us ad hoc idoneos faci5s gallice cantabat de ,dom9o ,jesu ,*ri/o4 ,t]m9abatur d5ique tota haec tripudiatio 9 lacrymas et 9 compassionem passionis ,*ri/i hic jubilus solvebatur4 8,9 8 trahebat cont9ue suspiria et +em9atis gemitibus eorum quae t5ebat 9 manibus oblitus susp5debatur ad caelum40#bgh ,?is ,lat9 is z *ildlike z ! ,old ,italian ( ! ,fioretti ( ,/4 ,francis2 x has a l ^w-ord]1 & "o might almo/ add1 a l vocabul>y4 ,! simple1 ignorant writ] seems z if held by a direct & p]sonal inspiration f ! famili> life ( ! sweet sa9t4 ,8 language reflects t inspiration1 & mirrors 8 own *ildlike "*4 ,h5ce he has a /yle1 direct1 effective1 mov+ to te>s & joy1 l 8 impression ( ! bless$ ,francis4 ,a n dissimil> k9d ( *ildlike ,lat9 c\ld atta9 to a rem>kable symmetry & balance4 ,! ,leg5da aurea is be=e u1 writt5 by ! ,dom9ican ,jacobus ,vorag9e1 by race a ,g5oese1 & liv+ t[>d ! close ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,?is book 0 ! mo/ popul> comp5d ( sa9ts' lives 9 use 9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages4 ,its /ories are told ) fasc9at+ navet4 ,we cite ! op5+ s5t5ces f its *apt] on ! ,annunciation1 j to %[ ! h>mony & balance ( its p]iods4 ,! passage is exceptional & almo/ =mal 9 ^! qualities3 8,annunciatio dom9ica dicitur1 quia 9 tali die ab angelo adv5tus filii ,dei 9 c>nem fuit annuntiatus1 congruum enim fuit1 ut inc>nationem praec$]et angelica annuntiatio1 triplici ratione4 ,primo ratione ord9is connot&i1 ut scilicet ordo rep>ationis respond]et ord9i praev>icationis4 ,unde sicut dyabolus t5tavit muli]em1 ut eam p]trah]et ad dubitationem et p] dubitationem ad cons5sum et p] cons5sum ad lapsum1 sic angelus nuntiavit virg9i1 ut nunti&o excit>et ad fidem et p] fidem ad cons5sum et p] cons5sum ad concipi5dum ,dei filium4 ,secundo ratione m9i/]ii angelici1 quia enim angelus e/ ,dei m9i/] et s]vus et beata virgo electa erat1 ut esset ,dei mat]1 et congruum e/ m9i/rum dom9ae famul>i1 conv5i5s fuit1 ut beatae virg9i annuntiatio p] angelum fi]et4 ,t]tio ratione lapsus angelici rep>&i4 ,quia enim inc>natio non tantum faciebat ad rep>ationem humani lapsus1 s$ etiam ad rep>ationem ru9ae angelicae1 ideo angeli non debu]unt excludi4 ,unde sicut sexus muli]is non excluditur a cognitione my/]ii inc>nationis et resurrectionis1 sic etiam nec angelicus nuntius4 ,imo ,deus utrumque angelo m$iante nuntiat muli]i1 scilicet inc>nationem virg9i ,m>iae et resurrectionem ,magdel5ae40#bgi ,^! extracts br+ u f> into ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,two hundr$ ye>s lat]1 m$iaeval ,lat9 prose1 if "o may say s1 sang its swan song 9 t little book :i* is a la/1 sweet1 & composite e*o ( all melliflu\s m$iaeval piety4 ,yet p]haps ?is ,de imitatione ,*ri/i ( ,?omas ,kempis c sc>cely be class$ z prose1 s full is x ( assonances & rhy?ms fit = *ant+4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,evolution ,,( ,,m$iaeval ,,lat9 ,,v]se ,i4 ,,metrical ,,v]se4 ,,ii4 ,,sub/itution ,,( ,,acc5t ,,= ,,quantity4 ,,iii4 ,,sequ5ce-,,hymn ,,& ,,/ud5t-,,song4 ,,iv4 ,,passage ,,( ,,!mes ,,into ,,! ,,v]nacul>4 ,9 m$iaeval ,lat9 poetry ! endeav\r to pres]ve a classical /yle & ! irresi/ible t5d5cy to evolve new =ms are m palpably di/+ui%able ?an 9 ! prose4 ,= !re is a visible p>t+ ( ! ways betwe5 ! ret5tion ( ! antique metres & _! fruitful ab&onm5t 9 v]ses built ( acc5tual rhyme4 ,moreov]1 ?is =mal div]g5ce corresponds to a sub/antial diff]5ce1 inasmu* z !re 0 usually a l>g] survival ( antique feel+ & allusion 9 ! m$iaeval metrical attempts ?an 9 ! rhym+ poems4 ,z 9 ! prose1 s 9 ! poetry1 ! l9es ( developm5t may be foll[$ f ! ,c>ol+ian "t4 ,b a diff]5ce w be f\nd betwe5 ,italy & ! ,nor?2 = 9 ,italy ! c\rse 0 quick]1 b a less organic evolution result$ 9 v]se less excell5t & less di/9ctly m$iaeval4 ,by ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury ,lat9 poetry 9 ,italy1 rhym+ or metrical1 seems to h drawn itself along z f> z x 0 de/9$ to progress2 b 9 ! ,nor? a ri*] gr[? culm9ates a c5tury lat]4 ,inde$ ! mo/ orig9ative l9e ( evolution ( m$iaeval ,lat9 v]se w\ld seem to h be5 conf9$ to ! ,nor?1 9 ! ma9 if n exclusively4 ,! foll[+ pages (f] no hi/ory ( m$iaeval ,lat9 poetry1 ev5 z ! previ\s *apt] made no attempt to sket* ! hi/ory ( ! prose4 ,_! object is to po9t out ! g5]al l9es along :i* ! v]se-=ms 7 develop$1 or 7 p]haps ret>d$4 ,?ree may be di/+ui%$4 ,! fir/ is m>k$ by ! ret5tion ( quantity & ! endeav\r to pres]ve ! anci5t measures4 ,9 ! second1 acc5t & rhyme gradually take ! place ( metre )9 ! old v]se-=ms4 ,! ?ird is t ( ! ,sequ5ce1 :]e9 ! acc5tual rhym+ hymn spr+s f ! *ant$ prose1 :i* _h sup]s$$ ! *ant+ ( ! f9al a ( ! ,alleluia4#bhj ,i ,! lov] ( classical ,greek & ,lat9 poetry kn[s ! beautiful fitness ( ! anci5t measures = ! ?\ght & feel+ :i* !y enfram$4 ,if 8 eyes *ance to fall on "s twelf?-c5tury ,lat9 hymn1 he w be /ruck by its diff]5t quality4 ,he w quickly p]ceive t classic =ms w\ld h be5 unsuit$ to ! ,*ri/ian & romantic s5tim5t ( ! m$iaeval p]iod1#bha & w realize t "s vehicle besides metrical v]se w\ld h be5 ne$$ = ?is ?or\ghly declassiciz$ feel+1 ev5 _h metrical quantity rema9$ a vital elem5t ( language1 in/ead ( pass+ away "s c5turies be=e4 ,metre 0 b resuscitation & conv5tion 9 ! "t ( ,*>lemagne4 ,yet x kept its sway ) s*ol>s1 & c\ld n lack vot>ies s long z classical poetry made "p ( ! ,ars grammatica or 0 read = delectation4 ,metrical composition did n cease ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b x 0 n ! true m$iaeval /yle1 & became obvi\sly academic z acc5tual v]se 0 p]fect$ & made fit to c>ry spiritual emotion4 ,nev]!less ! simpl] metres 7 cultivat$ successfully by ! be/ s*ol>s ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,mo/ ( ! ,lat9 poetry ( ! ,c>ol+ian p]iod 0 metrical1 if we are to judge f ! mass t rema9s4 ,rem9isc5ce ( ! antique envelop$ educat$ m51 ) :om ! m$iaeval _s _h n rea*$ di/9ctness ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,s ! poetry resembl$ ! contempor>y sculpture & pa9t+1 9 :i* ! antique 0 /ill unsup]s$$ by any new /yle4 ,foll[+ ! antique metres1 us+ antique phrase & commonplace1 (t5 copy+ antique s5tim5t1 ?is poetry 0 z dull z might be expect$ f m5 :o 7 amus$ by call+ ea* o!r ,hom]1 ,virgil1 ,horace1 or ,david4 ,usually ! poets 7 ecclesia/ics1 & int]e/$ 9 !ology2#bhb b _m ( ! pieces are conv5tionally pr(ane 9 topic1 & z humani/ic z ! ,lat9 poetry ( ,petr>*4#bhc ,moreov]1 j z ,petr>*'s ,lat9 poetry 0 /ill-born1 :ile 8 ,italian sonnets live1 s ! ,c>ol+ian poetry1 :5 x =gets itself & falls away f metre to acc5tual v]se1 ga9s "s degree ( life4 ,at ?is e>ly p]iod ! ,romance tongues 7 n a fit poetic vehicle1 & consequ5tly liv+ ?\ghts1 :i* ) ,dante & ,petr>* f\nd voice 9 ,italian1 9 ! n9? c5tury began to /amm] 9 ,lat9 v]ses t 7 fre$ f ! dead rules ( quantity1 & 7 already vibrant ) a vital feel+ = acc5t & rhyme4#bhd ,?r\gh ! t5? c5tury metrical composition became r\gh]1 yet sometimes drew a c]ta9 =ce f its rud5ess4 ,a good example is ! fam\s ,walt>ius1 or ,wal?>ili$1 ( ,ekkeh>t ( ,/4 ,gall1 compos$ 9 ! ye> #ifj z a s*ool ex]cise4#bhe ,! !me 0 a ,g]man /ory f\nd 9 v]nacul> poetry4 ,ekkeh>t's hexamet]s h a /rong ,teuton flav\r1 & d\btless "s ( ! vig\r ( 8 p>aphrase 0 due to ! ,g]man orig9al4 ,! metrical poems ( ! elev5? c5tury h be5 spok5 ( already1 especially ! m int]e/+ ones writt5 9 ,italy4#bhf ,mo/ ( ! ,lat9 poetry emanat+ f t classic l& 0 metrical1 or s int5d$4 ,frequ5tly x tells ! /ory ( w>s1 or gives ! ,ge/a ( notable lives1 mak+ a k9d ( v]sifi$ biography4 ,"o feels z if v]se 0 employ$ z a refuge f ! dead annali/ic =m4 ,?is poetry 0 a semi-b>b>iz+ ( ! antique1 )\t new =mal or sub/antial elem5ts4 ,italy1 "o may say1 nev] became ess5tially & creatively m$iaeval3 ! pressure ( antique survival seems to h b>r$ orig9al developm5t2 ,italians took little "p 9 ! great m$iaeval milit>y religi\s movem5ts1 ! ,crusades2 no /rik+ly new ar*itecture arose ) !m2 _! fir/ v]nacul> poetry 0 an imitation or a borr[+ f ,prov5ce & ,france2 & by f> ! great] "p ( _! ,lat9 poetry pres5ts an uncreative b>b>iz+ ( ! antique metres4 ,^! rem>ks f9d illu/ration 9 ! pr9cipal ,lat9 poems compos$ 9 ,italy 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,among !m "o obs]ves diff]5ces 9 skill1 k1 & t5d5cy4 ,"s ( ! writ]s made use ( leon9e hexamet]s1 o!rs avoid$ ! rhyme4 ,b !y 7 all ak9 9 lack ( excell5ce & orig9ality bo? 9 composition & v]se-=m4 ,!re 0 ! monk ,donizo ( ,canossa1 :o wrote ! ,vita ( ! great ,c\ntess ,matilda2#bhg !re 0 ,william ( ,apulia1 ,norman 9 _s if n 9 blood1 :o wrote ( ! ,norman conque/s 9 ,apulia & ,sicily2#bhh also ! anonym\s & b>b>\s ,de bello et excidio urbis ,com5sis1 9 :i* is told ! de/ruction ( ,como by ,milan betwe5 #aaah & #aabg2bhi !n ! metrically j+l+ ,pisan *ronicle n>rat+ ! conque/ ( ! isl& ( ,majorca1 & beg9n+ 7l ! ,a5eid67 ) 8,arma1 rates1 populum v9dictam coelitus octam ,scribimus1 ac duros t]rae pelagique labores40#bij ,we also note ,pet] ( ,ebulo1 ) 8 n>rative 9 laudation ( ! emp]or ,h5ry ,,vi41 writt5 ab\t #aaid2 ,h5ry ( ,septimella & 8 elegies ^u ! *eck]$ =tunes ( div]s great m52#bia & la/ly ! m fam\s ,godfrey ( ,vit]bo1 ( probable ,g]man blood1 & not>y or scribe to ?ree successive emp]ors1 ) 8 cantafable ,pan!on or ,memoria saecul>um4#bib ,godfrey's poetry is rhym$ aft] a mann] ( 8 own4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 or m specifically speak+ 9 ! l& ( ,france nor? ( ! ,loire1 ! twelf? c5tury br\ght bett] metrical poetry ?an 9 ,italy4 ,yet x _h some?+ ( ! deadness ( imitation1 s9ce ! vis vivida ( song _h pass$ ov] into rhym+ v]se4 ,/ill f ! academic po9t ( view1 metre 0 ! prop] vehicle ( poetry2 z "o sees1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,ars v]sificatoria ( ,mat!w ( ,v5dome1#bic writt5 t[>d ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury4 8,v]sus e/ metrica descriptio10 says he1 & !n elaborates 81 = ! mo/ "p borr[$1 def9ition3 8,v]se is metrical description proce$+ concisely & l9e by l9e ?r\gh ! comely m>riage ( words to fl[]s ( ?\ght1 & conta9+ no?+ trivial or irrelevant40 ,a neat conception ?is ( poetry2 & ! same writ] d5\nces leon9e rhym+ z unseemly1 b praises ! fav\rite metre ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! elegiac2 = he reg>ds ! hexamet] & p5tamet] z toge!r =m+ ! p]fect v]se4 ,x 0 9 ?is metre t ,hildeb]t wrote 8 almo/ classic elegy ov] ! ru9s ( ,rome4 ,a few l9es h be5 quot$ f x2#bid b ! :ole poem1 :i* is n long1 is ( int]e/ z "o ( ! v be/ examples ( a m$iaeval ,lat9 elegy3 8,p> tibi1 ,roma1 nihil1 cum sis prope tota ru9a2 ,quam magni fu]is integra fracta doces4 ,longa tuos fa/us aetas de/ruxit1 et arces ,caes>is et sup]um templa palude jac5t4 ,ille labor1 labor ille ruit quem dirus ,araxes ,et /antem tremuit et cecidisse dolet2 ,quem gladii regum1 quem provida cura s5atus1 ,quem sup]i r]um con/itu]e caput2 ,quem magis optavit cum crim9e solus hab]e ,caes>1 quam socius et pius esse soc]1 ,qui1 cresc5s /udiis tribus1 ho/es1 crim51 amicos ,vi domuit1 secuit legibus1 emit ope2 ,9 quem1 dum fi]et1 vigilavit cura priorum3 ,juvit opus pietas hospitis1 unda1 locus4 ,mat]iem1 fabros1 exp5sas axis ut]que ,misit1 se muris obtulit ipse locus4 ,exp5d]e duces !sauros1 fata favorem1 ,artifices /udium1 totus et orbis opes4 ,urbs cecidit de qua si quicquam dic]e dignum ,moli>1 hoc pot]o dic]e3 ,roma fuit4 ,non tam5 annorum s]ies1 non flamma1 nec ensis ,ad pl5um potuit hoc abol]e decus4 ,cura hom9um potuit tantam compon]e ,romam ,quantam non potuit solv]e cura deum4 ,conf] opes m>morque novum sup]umque favorem1 ,artificum vigil5t 9 nova facta manus1 ,non tam5 aut fi]i p> /anti ma*9a muro1 ,aut re/aur>i sola ru9a pote/4 ,tantum re/at adhuc1 tantum ruit1 ut neque p>s /ans ,aequ>i possit1 diruta nec refici4 ,hic sup]um =mas sup]i mirantur et ipsi1 ,et cupiunt fictis vultibus esse p>es4 ,non potuit natura deos hoc ore cre>e ,quo mir&a deum signa creavit homo4 ,vultus ade/ 8 num9ibus1 potiusque coluntur ,artificum /udio quam deitate sua4 ,urbs felix1 si vel dom9is urbs illa c>]et1 ,vel dom9is esset turpe c>]e fide40#bie ,! elegiac metre 0 us$ by ,abael>d 9 8 didactic poem to 8 son ,a/ralabius1#bif & by ,john ( ,salisbury 9 8 ,en!ticus4 ,! hexamet] also 0 a fav\rite measure1 us$1 = in/ance1 by ,alanus ( ,lille 9 ! ,anticlaudianus1 p]haps ! noble/ ( m$iaeval n>rative or allegorical poems 9 ,lat94#big ,ano!r excell5t composition 9 hexamet] 0 ! ,alex&reis ( ,walt]1 born1 l ,alanus1 app>5tly at ,lille1 b commonly call$ ( ,*atillon4 ,z poets & z classical s*ol>s1 ^! two m5 7 wor?y contempor>ies4 ,walt]'s poem foll[s1 or r enl>ges ^u ! ,life ( ,alex&] by ,qu9tus ,curtius4#bih ,he is said to h writt5 x on ! *all5ge ( ,mat!w ( ,v5dome1 him ( ! ,ars v]sificatoria4 ,! ,ligur9us ( a c]ta9 ,ci/]cian ,gun!r is /ill ano!r good example ( a long n>rative poem 9 hexamet]s4 ,x sets =? ! c>e] ( ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa1 & 0 writt5 %ortly aft] ! op5+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,its au?or1 l ,walt] & ,alanus1 %[s himself widely read 9 ! ,classics4#bii ,! sapphic 0 a ?ird n infrequ5tly attempt$ metre1 ( :i* ! ,de planctu naturae ( ,alanus conta9s examples4 ,?is "w 0 compos$ 9 ! =m ( ! ,de consolatione philosophiae ( ,bo?ius1 :]e lyrics alt]nate ) prose4 ,! g5]al topic 0 ,nature's compla9t ov] man's disob$i5ce to h] laws4 ,! au?or apo/rophizes h] 9 ! foll[+ sapphics3 8,o ,dei proles1 g5itrixque r]um1 ,v9culum mundi1 /abilisque nexus1 ,gemma t]r5is1 speculum caducis1 ,lucif] orbis4 ,pax1 amor1 virtus1 regim51 pote/as1 ,ordo1 lex1 f9is1 via1 dux1 origo1 ,vita1 lux1 spl5dor1 species1 figura ,regula mundi4 ,quae tuis mundum mod]as hab5is1 ,cuncta concordi /abilita nodo ,nectis et pacis glut9o m>itas ,coelica t]ris4 ,quae noys 77 plures recol5s ideas ,s+ulas r]um species monetans1 ,res togas =mis1 *lamidemque =mae ,pollice =mas4 ,cui favet coelum1 famulatur a]1 ,quam colit ,tellus1 v5]atur unda1 ,cui velut mundi dom9ae tributum ,s+ula solvunt4 ,quae diem nocti vicibus cat5ans ,c]eum solis tribuis diei1 ,lucido lunae speculo soporans ,nubila noctis4 ,quae polum /ellis v>iis inauras1 ,ae!ris no/ri solium s]5ans ,sid]um gemmis1 v>ioque coelum ,milite compl5s4 ,quae novis coeli faciem figuris ,pro!ans mutas aridumque vulgus ,a]is no/ri regione donans1 ,legeque /r+is4 ,cujus ad nutum juv5escit orbis1 ,silva crispatur folii capillo1 ,et tua florum tunicata ve/e1 ,t]ra sup]bit4 ,quae m9as ponti sepelis1 et auges1 ,syncopans cursum pelagi furori ,ne soli tractum tumul>e possit ,aequoris ae/us40#cjj ,practically all ( our examples h be5 tak5 f works compos$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 & 9 ! l& compris$ "u ! "n ( ,france4 ,! pre-excell5ce ( ?is p]iod w likewise appe> 9 acc5tual rhym+ ,lat9 poetry1 :i* 0 m spontane\s & liv+ ?an its l(tily desc5d$ relative4 ,,ii ,! academic vogue ( metre 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,ages did n prev5t ! gr[? ( m natural poetry4 ,! ,iri% _h _! ,gaelic poems2 p ( ,teutonic spee* _h _! r\gh v]se bas$ on allit]ation & ! c\nt ( ! /rong syllables4 ,! ,romance tongues em]g+ f ! common ,lat9 7 z yet poetically untri$4 ,b 9 ! prop] ,lat91 :i* _h become z unquantitative & acc5tual z any ( its vulg> =ms1 !re 0 a tonic poetry t 0 no long] unequipp$ ) rhyme4 ,?ree rhy?mic elem5ts made up ?is natural mode ( ,lat9 v]sification3 ! succession ( acc5t$ & unacc5t$ syllables2 ! numb] ( syllables 9 a l9e2 & t regul>ly recurr+ sam5ess ( s\nd :i* is call$ rhyme4 ,! s\rce ( ! fir/ ( ^! seems obvi\s4 ,acc5t hav+ driv5 quantity f spee*1 came to sup]s$e x 9 v]se1 ) ! acc5t$ syllable tak+ ! place ( ! long syllable & ! unacc5t$ ! place ( ! %ort4 ,9 ! ,c>ol+ian p]iod acc5tual v]se foll[$ ! old metrical =ms1 ) ?is exception3 ! metrical pr9ciple t "o long is equival5t to two %orts 0 n adopt$4 ,consequ5tly ! numb] ( syllables 9 ! successive l9es ( an acc5tual /rophe w\ld rema9 ! same1 :]e 9 ! metrical antec$5t !y might h v>i$4 ,?is is also suffici5t to acc\nt = ! second elem5t1 ! obs]vance ( regul>ity 9 ! numb] ( syllables4 ,= ?is regul>ity seems to foll[ ^u ! acceptance ( ! pr9ciple t 9 rhy?mic v]se an acc5t$ syllable is n equal to two unacc5t$ ones4 ,! qu]y might p]haps be made :y ?is ,lat9 acc5tual v]se did n take up ! pr9ciple ( regul>ity 9 ! numb] ( /rong syllables 9 a l9e1 l ,old ,high ,g]man poetry = example1 :]e ! numb] ( unacc5t$ syllables1 )9 reasonable limits1 is indiff]5t4 ,a ready answ] is t ^! ,lat9 v]ses 7 made by p ( ,lat9 spee* :o _h be5 acqua9t$ ) metrical =ms ( poetry1 9 :i* ! numb] ( syllables might v>y1 b 0 nev] indiff]5t2 = ! metrical rule 0 rigid t "o long 0 equival5t to two %ort2 & to no m & no less4 ,h5ce ! %ort syllables 7 z fix$ 9 numb] z ! long4#cja ,! orig9 ( ! ?ird elem5t1 rhyme1 is 9 dispute4 ,9 "s in/ances x may h pass$ into ,greek & ,lat9 v]ses f ,syrian hymns4#cjb ,b on ! o!r h& x _h long be5 an occasional elem5t 9 ,greek & ,lat9 rhetorical prose4 ,probably rhyme 9 ,lat9 acc5tual v]se _h no specific orig94 ,x gradually became ! %>p5+1 def9+ elem5t ( su* v]se4 ,acc5tual ,lat9 l5t itself s naturally to rhyme1 t _h n rhyme become a fix$ "p ( ?is v]se1 !re inde$ w\ld h be5 a fact to expla94 ,^!1 !n1 7 ! elem5ts3 acc5t1 numb] ( syllables1 & rhyme4 ,mo/ int]e/+ is ! developm5t ( v]se-=ms4 ,rhy?mic ,lat9 poetry came ?r\gh ! sub/itution ( acc5t = quantity1 & probably _h _m prototypes 9 ! old j+les ( ,roman soldi]s & prov9cials1 :i* s f> z kn[n 7 acc5tual1 r ?an metrical4 ,*ri/ian acc5tual poetry reta9$ ^? simple =ms ( iambic & tro*aic v]se :i* mo/ readily submitt$ to ! *ange f metre to acc5t1 or p]haps "o %\ld say1 _h = c5turies (f]$ !mselves z natural =ms ( acc5tual v]se4 ,app>5tly ! *ange f metre to acc5t )9 ! old =ms gradually took place betwe5 ! six? & ! t5? c5turies4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod !re 0 slight advance 9 ! evolution ( new v]ses2 nor 0 ! p]iod creative 9 o!r respects1 z we h se54 ,b !reaft]1 z ! m$iaeval c5turies advanc$ f ! basis ( a ma/]$ patri/ic & antique h]itage1 & began to create1 !re foll[$ an admirable evolution ( v]se-=ms3 9 "s in/ances app>5tly issu+ f ! old metrico-acc5tual =ms1 & 9 o!rs develop+ indep5d5tly by virtue ( ! faculty ( song meet+ ! ne$ ( s++4 ,?is factor wr\ght ) p[]--! human ne$ & cognate faculty ( song1 a ne$ & faculty /imulat$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages by religi\s s5tim5t & emotion4 ,9 ! fus+ ( melody & words into an utt]ance ( song--at la/ into a /rophe--music work$ pot5tly1 %ap+ ! composition ( ! l9es1 m\ld+ !m to rhy?m1 insi/+ ^u sonor\sness 9 ! words1 promot+ _! assonance & at la/ compell+ !m to rhyme s z to meet ! /ress1 or m>k ! end+1 ( ! musical p]iods4 ,?us ! exig5cies ( melody help$ to evoke ! f9i%$ v]se1 :ile ! words reciprocat+ ?r\gh _! vocal capabilities & ?r\gh ! inspiration ( _! mean+1 aid$ ! evolution ( ! melodies4 ,9 f9e1 words & melody1 ea* quick5$ by ! o!r1 & ea* m\ld+ ! o!r to itself1 atta9$ a p]fect$ /rophic unison2 & m$iaeval musician-poets a*iev$ at la/ ! f9i%$ v]ses ( hymns or ,sequ5ces & /ud5t-songs4 ,!re 7 two di/9ct l9es ( evolution ( acc5tual ,lat9 v]se 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 & al?\gh ! faculty ( song 0 a mov+ en]gy 9 bo?1 x work$ 9 "o ( !m m visibly ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,along ! "o l9e acc5tual v]se develop$ pursuant to ! anci5t =ms1 displac+ quantity ) acc5t1 & evolv+ rhyme4 ,! o!r l9e ( evolution _h no connection ) ! antique4 ,x began ) phrases ( sonor\s prose1 replac+ in>ticulate *ant4 ,^!1 "u ! influ5ce ( music1 ?r\gh ! creative p[] ( song1 7 by degrees trans=m$ to v]se4 ,! evolution ( ! ,sequ5ce-hymn w be ! *ief illu/ration4 ,) ! f9i%$ acc5tual ,lat9 poetry ( ! twelf? c5tury x may become impossible to tell :i* l9e ( rhy?mic evolution holds ! antec$5t ( a giv5 poem4 ,9 tru?1 ?is f9al & p]fect$ v]se may (t5 h a d\ble ance/ry1 desc5d+ f ! rhy?ms :i* _h sup]s$$ metre1 & be+ also ! *ild ( m$iaeval melody4 ,yet !re is no difficulty 9 trac+ by examples ! two l9es ( evolution4 ,to illu/rate ! /ra9 ( v]se :i* took its orig9 9 ! displacem5t ( metre by acc5t & rhyme1 we mu/ look back z f> z ,=tunatus4 ,he 0 born ab\t ! ye> #ecj 9 nor!rn ,italy1 b he pass$ 8 ev5tful life among ,franks & ,?ur+ians4 ,a s*ol> & also a poet1 he _h a fair ma/]y ( metre2 yet "s ( 8 poems ev9ce ! _s ( ! com+ m$iaeval "t bo? 9 s5tim5t & =m4 ,he wrote two fam\s hymns1 "o ( !m 9 ! popul> tro*aic tetramet]1 ! o!r 9 ! equally simple iambic dimet]4 ,! fir/1 a hymn to ! ,cross1 beg9s ) ! nev]-to-be-=gott5 8,pange1 l+ua1 gloriosi proelium c]tam9is02 & has su* l9es z 8,crux fidelis1 int] omnes arbor una nobilis 99 99 99 99 99 ,dulce lignum1 dulce clavo dulce pondus su/95s60 ,9 ^! ! m$iaeval feel+ = ! ,cross %[s itself1 & :ile ! metre is correct1 x is s facile t "o may read or s+ ! l9es acc5tually4 ,9 ! o!r hymn1 also to ! ,cross1 assonance & rhyme =etell ! com+ trans=mation ( metre to acc5tual v]se4 ,"h are ! fir/ two /anzas3 8,vexilla regis prodeunt1 ,fulget crucis my/]ium1 ,quo c>ne c>nis conditor ,susp5sus e/ patibulo4 ,confixa clavis visc]a ,t5d5s manus1 ve/igia ,r$emtionis gratia ,hic immolata e/ ho/ia40 ,pass+ to ! ,c>ol+ian epo*1 "s l9es f a poem celebrat+ ! victory ( ,*>lemagne's son ,pipp9 ov] ! ,av>s 9 #gif1 w illu/rate ! popul> tro*aic tetramet] :i* _h become acc5tual1 & already t5d$ to rhyme3 8,multa mala iam fec]unt ab antico tempore1 ,fana dei de/rux]unt atque mona/]ia1 ,vasa aurea sacrata1 arg5tea1 fictilia40#cjc ,next we turn to a piece by ! p]secut$ & int]e/+ ,gotts*alk1 writt5 9 ! latt] "p ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,a "y lad has ask$ = a poem4 ,b h[ c he s+1 ! exil$ & imprison$ monk :o might r weep z ! ,jews by ! wat]s ( ,babylon8#cjd yet he w s+ a hymn to ! ,tr9ity1 & bewail 8 pite\s lot be=e ! highe/ pity+ ,godhead4 ,! v]ses h a lyric unity ( mood1 & are t\*+ ) _! sad refra94 ,_! rhyme1 if n q pure1 is abundant & cat*+1 & _! ne>e/ metrical aff9ity w\ld be a tro*aic dimet]4 8#a4 ,ut quid iubes1 pusiole1 qu>e m&as1 filiole1 c>m5 dulce me cant>e1 cum sim longe exul valde intra m>e8 o cur iubes can]e8 #b4 ,magis mihi1 mis]ule1 fi]e libet1 pu]ule1 plus plor>e quam cant>e c>m5 tale1 iubes quale1 amor c>e1 o cur iubes can]e8 #c4 ,mallem scias1 pusillule1 ut velles tu1 frat]cule1 pio corde condol]e mihi atque prona m5te conlug]e4 o cur iubes can]e8 #d4 ,scis1 div9e tyruncule1 scis1 sup]ne cli5tule1 hic diu me exul>e1 multa die sive nocte tol]>e4 o cur iubes can]e8 #e4 ,scis captive plebicule ,israheli cognom9e praeceptum 9 ,babilone decant>e extra longe f9es ,iude4 o cur iubes can]e8 #f4 ,non potu]unt utique1 nec debu]unt itaque c>m5 dulce coram g5te ali5e no/ri t]re reson>e4 o cur iubes can]e8 #g4 ,s$ quia vis omnimode1 consodalis egregie1 canam patri filioque simul atque proc$5te ex utroque4 hoc cano ultronee4 #h4 ,b5$ictus es1 dom9e1 pat]1 nate1 p>aclite1 deus tr9e1 deus une1 deus summe1 deus pie1 deus iu/e4 hoc cano spontanee4 #i4 ,exul ego diuscule hoc 9 m>e sum1 dom9e3 annos nempe duos f]e no/i =e1 s$ iam iamque mis]]e4 hoc rogo humillime4 #aj4 ,int]im cum pusione psallam ore1 psallam m5te1 psallam voce 7psallam corde71 psallam die1 psallam nocte c>m5 dulce tibi1 rex piissime40#cje ,gotts*alk 7& = ?is x is h>d to love him7 0 "o ( ! initiators ( ! leon9e hexamet]1 9 :i* a syllable 9 ! middle ( ! l9e rhymes ) ! la/ syllable4 8,sept5o ,augu/as decimo praeeunte ,kal5das0 is ! op5+ hexamet] 9 8 ,epi/le to 8 fri5d ,ratramnus4#cjf ,to :at horrid j+le su* v]ses c\ld atta9 may be se5 f "s leon9e hexamet]-p5tamet]s ( two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s lat]1 on ! ,fall ( ,troy1 beg9n+3 8,viribus1 arte1 m9is1 ,danaum cl>a ,troja ru9is1 ,annis bis qu9is fit rogus atque c9is40#cjg ,hector & ,troy1 & ! dire wiles ( ! ,greeks nev] left ! m$iaeval imag9ation4 ,a poem ( ! e>ly t5? c5tury1 :i* bade ! wat*]s on ,mod5a's walls be vigilant1 draws its inspiration f t unfad+ memory1 & = u illu/rates :at iambics might become :5 acc5t _h replac$ quantity4 ,! l9es ?r\gh\t end 9 a f9al rhym+ a4 8,o tu1 qui s]vas armis i/a mo5ia1 ,noli dormire1 moneo1 s$ vigila4 ,dum ,hector vigil extitit 9 ,troia1 ,non eam cepit fraudul5ta ,graecia40#cjh ,& f a sc>cely lat] "t1 = x also is ( ! t5? c5tury1 rise ^? v]ses to ,roma1 t old 8,roma aurea et et]na10 & =ev] 8caput mundi10 sung by pilgrim b&s z _! eyes caught ! fir/ gleam ( t[]1 *ur*1 & ru93 8,o ,roma nobilis1 orbis et dom9a1 ,cunct>um urbium excell5tissima1 ,roseo m>tyrum sangu9e rubea1 ,albis et virg9um liliis c&ida3 ,salutem dicimus tibi p] omnia1 ,te b5$icimus3 salve p] secula40#cji ,?is v]se1 :i* /ill lifts ! he>t ( :osoev] he>s or reads x1 may close our examples ( m$iaeval v]ses desc5d$ f metrical =ms4 ,x w be notic$ t all ( !m are f ! e>ly m$iaeval c5turies2 a circum/ance :i* may be tak5 z a sugge/ion ( ! fact t by f> ! great] "p ( ! e>li] acc5tual ,lat9 poetry 0 compos$ 9 =ms 9 :i* acc5t simply _h displac$ ! antique quantity4 ,,iii ,we turn to t o!r g5esis ( m$iaeval ,lat9 v]se1 aris+ n out ( antique =ms1 b r f ! m$iaeval ne$ & faculty ( song4 ,9 ! *ief in/ance select$ = illu/ration1 ?is l9e ( evolution took its inception 9 ! exig5cies & inspiration ( ! ,alleluia *ant or jubilation4 ,dur+ ! celebration ( ! ,mass1 z ! ,gradual end$ 9 its la/ ,alleluia1 ! *oir cont9u$ *ant+ ! f9al syllable ( t ^w 9 cad5ces ( musical exult+s4 ,! melody or cad5ce to :i* ?is f9al a ( ! ,alleluia 0 *ant$1 0 call$ ! sequ5tia4 ,! words :i* came to be sub/itut$ = its cad5c$ reit]ation 7 call$ ! prosa4 ,by ! twelf? c5tury ! two t]ms seem to h be5 us$ int]*angeably4 ,?us arose ! prose ,sequ5ce1 s pla/ic 9 its capability ( be+ m\ld$ by melody to v]se4 ,its songful qualities lay 9 ! sonor\sness ( ! words & 9 _! syllabic correspond5ce ) ! notes ( ! melody to :i* !y 7 sung4#caj ,9 ! ye> #hfj1 ,norsem5 sack$ ! cloi/] ( ,jumiges 9 ,norm&y1 & a flee+ bro!r c>ri$ 8 preci\s ,antiphon>y f> away to ! safe retreat ( ,/4 ,gall4 ,!re a "y monk nam$ ,notk]1 por+ ov] its cont5ts1 p]ceiv$ t words _h be5 writt5 9 ! place ( ! repetitions ( ! f9al a ( ! ,alleluia4 ,tak+ ! cue1 he set to "w to compose m fitt+ words to correspond ) ! notes to :i* ?is f9al a 0 sung4 ,s ^! l9es ( euphoni\s & fitt+ words appe> to h _h _! beg9n+ 9 ,notk]'s scann+ ( t fugitive ,antiphon>y1 & 8 devis+ lab\r4 ,_! prim>y purpose 0 a musical "o2 = !y 7 a device--mnemote*nic1 if "o w--to facilitate ! *ant+ ( cad5ces previ\sly vocaliz$ ) difficulty ?r\gh ! s++ ( "o simple v[el s\nd4 ,notk] %[$ 8 "w to 8 ma/]1 ,iso1 :o rejoic$ at :at 8 gift$ pupil _h accompli%$1 & spurr$ him on by po9t+ out t 9 8 composition "o syllable 0 /ill sometimes repeat$ or drawn out ?r\gh sev]al successive notes4 ,"o syllable to ea* note 0 ! pr9ciple :i* ,notk] n[ set himself to realize2 & he succe$$4 ,he compos$ "s fifty ,sequ5ces4 ,9 8 "w1 z well z 9 t ( o!rs aft] him1 ! device ( words began to modify & develop ! melodies !mselves4 ,sometimes ,notk] adapt$ 8 v]bal compositions to ^? cad5ces or melodies to :i* ! ,alleluia _h long be5 sung2 sometimes he compos$ bo? melody & words2 or1 aga91 he took a curr5t melody1 sacr$ or secul>1 to :i* ! ,alleluia nev] _h be5 sung1 & compos$ words = x1 to be *ant$ z a ,sequ5ce4 ,9 ^! borr[$ melodies1 z well z 9 ^? compos$ by ,notk]1 ! musical p]iods 7 m develop$ ?an 9 ! ,alleluia cad5ces4 ,?us ! musical gr[? ( ! ,sequ5ces 0 promot$ by ! use ( sonor\s words1 :ile ! improv$ melodies 9 turn drew ! words on to a m p]fect rhy?mic ord]+4 ,notk] di$ 9 #iab4 ,8 ,sequ5ces 7 prose1 yet ) a c]ta9 p>allelism 9 _! con/ruction2 &1 ev5 ) ,notk] 9 8 lat] ye>s1 ! words began to take on assonances1 *iefly 9 ! v[el s\nd ( a4 ,!reaft] ! melodies1 seiz+ ^u ! words1 z x 71 by ! pr9ciple ( _! syllabic correspond5ce to ! notation1 m\ld$ !m to rhy?m ( movem5t & regul>ity ( l9e2 :ile conv]sely ) ! bett] ord]+ ( ! words = s++1 ! melodies 9 turn made ga9 & progress1 & !n aga9 react$ on ! words1 until aft] two c5turies !re em]g$ ! f9i%$ v]ses ( an ,adam ( ,/4 ,victor4 ,?us ^! ,sequ5ces h become v]se be=e our eyes1 & we realize t x is ! v c5tral curr5t ( ! evolution ( m$iaeval ,lat9 poetry t we h be5 foll[+4 ,h[ free & h[ spontane\s 0 ?is evolution ( ! ,sequ5ce4 ,x 0 ! *ild ( ! ,*ri/ian ,middle ,ages1 see+ ! light 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! n9? c5tury1 b requir+ a long p]iod ( gr[? be=e x rea*$ ! glory ( its climact]ic4 ,x 0 born ( musical *ant+1 & x grew z song1 nev] unsung or conceiv$ ( z sev]able f its melody4 ,only z x atta9$ its p]fect$ /rophic =ms1 x necess>ily made use ( tro*aic & o!r rhy?ms :i* long be=e _h *ang$ f quantity to acc5t & s _h pass$ on into ! v]se-mak+ habitudes ( ! ,middle ,ages4#caa ,if !re be any ,lat9 composition 9 virtue ( orig9 & gr[? absolutely un-antique1 x is ! m$iaeval ,sequ5ce1 :i* 9 its f9al =ms is s glori\s a repres5tative ( ! m$iaeval ,hymn4 ,& we %all also see t mu* popul> ,lat9 poetry1 8,c>m9a ,burana0 & /ud5t-songs1 7 compos$ 9 v]ses & (t5 sung to tunes tak5--or p>odi$--f ! ,sequ5ce-hymns ( ! ,liturgy4 ,!re 7 _m ways ( *ant+ ,sequ5ces4 ,! musical phrases ( ! melodies usually 7 repeat$ once1 except at ! beg9n+ & ! close2 & ! ,sequ5ce w\ld be r5d]$ by a d\ble *oir s++ antiphonally4 ,ord9>ily ! words respond$ to ! repetition ( ! musical phrases ) a p>allelism ( _! own4 ,! l9es 7aft] ! fir/7 v>i$ 9 l5g? by pairs1 ! second & ?ird l9es hav+ ! same numb] ( syllables1 ! f\r? & fif? likewise equal to ea* o!r1 b diff]+ 9 l5g? f ! second & ?ird2 & s on ?r\gh ! ,sequ5ce1 until ! la/ l9e1 :i* commonly /ood alone & diff]$ 9 l5g? f ! prec$+ pairs4 ,! ,sequ5ce call$ 8,no/ra tuba0 is a good example4 ,probably x 0 compos$ by ,notk]1 & 9 8 lat] ye>s2 = x is fill$ ) assonances1 & exhibits a regul> p>allelism ( /ructure4 8,no/ra tuba ,regatur =tissime ,dei dextra et preces audiat ,aura placatissima et s]5a2 ita enim no/ra ,laus erit accepta1 voce si quod canimus1 canat p>it] et pura consci5tia4 ,et1 ut haec possimus1 omnes div9a nobis semp] flagitemus adesse auxilia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o bone ,rex1 pie1 ju/e1 mis]icors1 qui es via et janua1 ,portas regni1 quaesumus1 nobis res]es1 dimittasque fac9ora ,ut laudemus nom5 nunc tuum atque p] cuncta saecula40#cab ,"h1 aft] ! op5+1 ! fir/ pair has sev5te5 syllables1 & ! next pair tw5ty-six4 ,! la/ pair quot$ has tw5ty2 & ! f9al l9e ( sev5te5 syllables has no fell[4 ,a fur!r rhy?mical advance seems rea*$ by ! foll[+ ,sequ5ce f ! abbey ( ,/4 ,m>tial at ,limoges4 ,x may h be5 writt5 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,x is giv5 "h ) ! fir/ & second l9e ( ! c\plets opposite to ea* o!r1 z /rophe & anti/rophe2 & ! l9es !mselves are divid$ to %[ ! assonances 7or rhymes7 :i* appe> to h correspond$ ) pauses 9 ! melody3 87#a7 ,canat omnis turba 7#b;a7 ,fonte r5ata 7#b;b7 ,laude jucunda ,spiritusque gratia et m5te p]spicua 7#c;a7 ,jam re/ituta 7#c;b7 ,sicque jactura p>s e/ decima coele/is illa fu]at quae culpa completur 9 laude p]dita4 div9a4 7#d;a7 ,ecce praecl>a 7#d;b7 ,enitet ampla dies dom9ica p] orbis spatia1 7#e;a7 ,exsultat 9 qua 7#e;b7 ,quia de/ructa plebs omnis r$empta1 mors e/ p]petua40#cac ,a ,sequ5ce ( ! elev5? c5tury w af=d a f9al illu/ration ( approa* to a regul> /rophic /ructure1 & ( ! use ( ! f9al "o-syllable rhyme 9 a1 ?r\gh\t ! ,sequ5ce3 #a 8,alleluia1 ,turma1 proclama leta2 ,laude canora1 ,facta prome div9a1 ,jam in/ituta ,sup]na discipl9a1 #b ,*ri/i sacra ,p] magnalia ,es quia de morte lib]ata ,ut de/ructa ,inf]ni clau/ra ,januaque celi patefacta6 #c ,jam nunc omnia ,cele/ia ,t]re/ria ,virtute gub]nat et]na4 ,9 quibus sua ,judicia ,semp] equa ,dat auctoritate pat]na40 99 99 99 99#cad ,z ! elev5? c5tury clos$ & ! great twelf? c5tury dawn$1 ! =ces ( m$iaeval gr[? quick5$ to a mighti] vitality1 & di/9ctively m$iaeval creations appe>$4 ,our eyes1 ( c\rse1 are fix$ ^u ! nor!rn l&s1 :]e ! ,sequ5ce grew f prose to v]se1 & :]e d]ivative or analog\s =ms ( popul> poetry develop$ also4 ,up to ?is "t1 ?r\gh\t m$iaeval life & ?\ght1 progress _h be5 some:at uncr[n$ ) palpable a*ievem5t4 ,yet ! fir/ brilliant creations ( a ma/]-workman are ! fruit ( 8 appr5tice ye>s1 dur+ :i* 8 progress has be5 z real z :5 8 works beg9 to make x visible4 ,s x 0 no sudd5 bir? ( p[]1 b r faculties rip5+ ?r\gh appr5tice c5turies1 :i* illum9e ! p]iod op5+ ab\t ! ye> #aajj4 ,?is p]iod w\ld c>ry no human tea*+ if its accompli%m5t 9 in/itutions1 9 philosophy1 9 art & poetry1 _h be5 a heav5-bl[n accid5t1 & n ! fruit ( antec$5t discipl9e4 ,! poetic advance repres5t$ by ! ,sequ5ces ( ,adam ( ,/4 ,victor may r\se our admiration = ! poet's g5ius1 b %\ld n bl9d our eyes to ! cont9uity ( developm5t lead+ to x4 ,adam is ! f9al arti/ & 8 "w a v]itable creation2 yet 8 antec$5ts made "p ( 8 creative faculty4 ,! elem5ts ( 8 v]ses & ! g5]al idea & =m ( ! sequ5ce 7 giv5 him2--all hon\r to ! man's holy g5ius :i* made ^! into poems4 ,! elem5ts ref]r$ to consi/$ 9 acc5tual measures & 9 ! two-syllabl$ ,lat9 rhyme :i* appe>s to h be5 f9ally a*iev$ by ! close ( ! elev5? c5tury4#cae ,9 us+ !m ,adam 0 no borr[]1 b an arti/ :o p]=ce work$ 9 ! m$ium ( 8 art4 ,tro*aic & iambic rhy?ms !n con/itut$ ! *ief measures = acc5tual v]se1 z !y _h = c5turies1 & d /ill4 ,=1 al?\gh acc5tual rhy?ms admit dactyls & anapae/s1 ^! h n prov$ g5]ally s]viceable4 ,likewise ! inevitable progress ( ,lat9 v]se _h develop$ assonances into rhymes2 & inde$ into rhymes ( two syllables1 = ,lat9 words l5d !mselves z readily to rhymes ( two syllables z ,engli% words to rhymes ( "o4 ,!re exi/$ also ! idea & =m ( ! ,sequ5ce1 consi/+ ( pairs ( l9es :i* _h rea*$ assonance & "s degree ( rhy?m1 & v>i$ 9 l5g?1 pair by pair1 foll[+ ! music ( ! melodies to :i* !y 7 sung4 ,= ! ,sequ5ce-melody did n keep to ! same recurr+ tune ?r\gh\t1 b v>i$ f c\plet to c\plet4 ,9 consequ5ce1 a ,sequ5ce by ,adam ( ,/4 ,victor may conta9 a v>iety ( v]se-=ms4 ,moreov]1 a numb] ( ! ,sequ5ces ( :i* he may h be5 ! au?or %[ survivals ( ! old rhy?mical irregul>ities1 & ( assonance z yet unsup]s$$ by pure rhyme4 ,be=e giv+ examples ( ,adam's poems1 a tribute %\ld be paid to 8 great =]unn] 9 ! art ( ,lat9 v]se4 ,adam d\btless 0 famili> ) ! hymns#caf ( ! mo/ brilliant intellectual lum9>y ( ! dep>t+ g5]ation1 "o ,pet] ,abael>d1 :om he may h se5 9 ! fle%4 ,^? once fam\s love-songs1 writt5 = ,helose1 p]i%$ 7s f> z we "k7 ) ! love !y sang4 ,ano!r fate--& p]haps ,abael>d wi%$ x s--0 9 /ore = ! _m hymns :i* he wrote = 8 si/]s 9 ,*ri/1 ! abbess & h] nuns4 ,!y /ill exi/1#cag & display a ri*ness ( v]se-=ms sc>cely equall$ ev5 by ! ,sequ5ces ( ,adam4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ,lat9 v]se1 ,abael>d is ,adam's imm$iate pr$ecessor2 8 v]ses be+1 z x 71 j "o /age inf]ior to ,adam's 9 sonor\sness ( l9e1 9 c]ta9ty ( rhy?m1 & 9 purity ( rhyme4 ,! 8prose0 ,sequ5ces 7 n ! direct antec$5ts ( ,abael>d's hymns4 ,yet bo? sprang f ! freely devis+ _s ( melody & song2 & !re=e ^? hymns are ( ?is free-born l9eage m truly ?an !y are desc5dants ( antique =ms4 ,to be sure1 e possible acc5tual rhy?m1 built z x mu/ be ( tro*ees1 iambics1 anapae/s1 or dactyls1 has unavoidably "s antique quantitative antec$5t2 because ! antique measures exhau/$ ! possibilities ( syllabic comb9ation4 ,yet antec$5ce is n s\rce1 & mo/ ( ,abael>d's v]ses by _! =m & _s proclaim _! g5esis 9 ! creative exig5cies ( song z l\dly z !y disav[ any antique p>5tage4 ,= example1 !re may be "s f> e*o ( metrical asclepiads 9 ! foll[+ acc5tual & rhyme-h>ness$ twelve-syllable v]se3 8,adv5it v]itas1 umbra praet]iit1 ,po/ noctem cl>itas diei subiit1 ,ad ortum rutilant sup]ni lum9is ,legis my/]ia pl5a calig9is40 ,b ! e*o if audible is fa9t1 & surely no antique :isp] is he>d 9 8,e/ 9 ,rama ,vox audita ,ra*el fl5tis ,sup] natos ,int]fectos ,ejulantis40 ,nor 9 8,golias pro/ratus e/1 ,resurrexit ,dom9us1 ,ense jugulatus e/ ,ho/is proprio2 ,cum suis subm]sus e/ ,ille ,ph>ao40 ,! v>iety ( ,abael>d's v]se seems endless4 ,"o or two fur!r examples may or may n sugge/ any antec$5ts 9 ^? old] =ms ( acc5tual v]se :i* foll[$ ! =m] metres3 8,orn>unt t]ram g]m9a1 ,nunc caelum lum9>ia4 ,sole1 luna1 /ellis dep+itur1 ,quorum multus usus cognoscitur40 ,9 ?is v]se ! fir/ two l9es are acc5tual iambic dimet]s2 :ile ! la/ two beg9 ea* ) two tro*ees1 & close app>5tly ) two dactyls4 ,! la/ =m ( l9e is kept ?r\gh\t 9 ! foll[+3 8,gaude virgo virg9um gloria1 ,matrum decus et mat]1 jubila1 ,quae commune sanctorum omnium ,m]ui/i conf]re gaudium40 ,next come "s simple five-syllable l9es1 ) a cat*+ rhyme3 8,lignum am>as ,indulcat aquas ,eis immissum4 ,omnes agones ,sunt sanctis dulces ,p] crucifixum40 ,9 ! foll[+ l9es ( t5 syllables a dactyl appe>s to foll[ a tro*ee twice 9 ea* l9e3 8,tuba ,dom9i1 ,paule1 maxima1 ,de caele/ibus dans tonitrua1 ,ho/es dissipans1 cives aggrega4 ,doctor g5tium es praecipuus1 ,vas 9 poculum factus omnibus1 ,sapi5tiae pl5um hau/ibus40 ,^! examples ( ,abael>d's rhy?ms may close ) ! foll[+ curi\sly complicat$ v]se3 8,tu quae c>nem edomet ,ab/95tiam1 ,tu quae c>nem decoret ,cont95tiam1 ,tu velle quod bonum e/ 8 +]is ,ac ipsum p]fic]e tu tribuis4 ,in/rum5ta ,sunt 8 tua ,p] quos mira p]agis1 ,et humana ,moves corda ,signis et prodigiis40 ,9 g5]al1 "o obs]ves 9 ^! v]ses t ,abael>d does n use a pure two-syllable rhyme4 ,! rhyme is always pure 9 ! la/ syllable1 & 9 ! p5ult may ei!r exi/ z a pure rhyme or simply z an assonance1 or n at all4#cah ,probably ,abael>d wrote 8 hymns 9 #aacj1 p]haps ! v ye> :5 ,adam z a y\? ent]$ ! conv5t ( ,/4 ,victor1 ly+ across ! ,se9e f ,p>is4 ,! latt] appe>s to h liv$ until #aaib4 ,_m ,sequ5ces h be5 improp]ly ascrib$ to him1 & among ! d\btful ones are a numb] hav+ aff9ities ) ! old] types4 ,^! may be ant]ior to ,adam2 = ! great] "p ( 8 unque/ionable ,sequ5ces are p]fect$ ?r\gh\t 9 _! v]sification4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 "o w\ld expect "s progression 9 works compos$ 9 ! c\rse ( a long life devot$ to su* composition--a life cov]+ a p]iod :5 progressive *anges 7 tak+ place 9 ! _w ( ?\ght beyond ,/4 ,victor's walls4 ,we take ?ree examples ( ^! ,sequ5ces4 ,! fir/ conta9s occasional assonance 9 place ( rhyme1 & uses _m rhymes ( "o syllable4 ,x appe>s to be an old] composition improp]ly ascrib$ to ,adam4 ,! second is unque/ionably 81 9 8 mo/ p]fect =m2 ! ?ird may or may n be ,adam's2 b is giv5 = its own sake z a lovely lyric4#cai ,! fir/ example1 probably writt5 n mu* lat] ?an ! ye> #aajj1 0 design$ = ! ,mass at ! d$ication ( a *ur*4 ,! v>iety 9 ! succession ( c\plets & /rophes indicates a correspond+ v>iation 9 ! melody4 #a 8,cl>a *orus dulce pangat voce nunc alleluia1 ,ad aet]ni regis laudem qui gub]nat omnia6 #b ,cui nos univ]salis sociat ,ecclesia1 ,scala nit5s et p]t+5s ad poli fa/igia2 #c ,ad honorem cujus laeta psallamus melodia1 ,p]solv5tes hodi]nas laudes illi debitas4 #d ,o felix aula1 quam vicissim ,confrequ5tant agm9a coelica1 ,div9is v]bis alt]natim ,jung5tia mellea cantica6 #e ,domus haec1 de qua vetu/a sonuit hi/oria ,et mod]na prote/atur ,*ri/um f>i pag9a3 #8,quoniam elegi eam ?ronum s9e macula1 #8,requies haec erit mea p] aet]na saecula4 #f ,turris supra montem sita1 ,indissolubili bitum9e fundata ,vallo p]5ni munita1 ,atque aurea columna ,miris ac v>iis lapidibus di/9cta1 ,/ylo subtili polita6 #g ,ave1 mat] praeelecta1 ,ad quam ,*ri/us fatur ita ,prophetae facundia3 #8,sponsa mea speciosa1 #8,int] filias =mosa1 #8,supra solem spl5dida6 #h #8,caput tuum ut ,c>melus #8,et ipsius comae t9ctae regis uti purpura2 #8,oculi ut columb>um1 #8,g5ae tuae punicorum ceu malorum fragm9a6 #i #8,mel et lac sub l+ua tua1 favus /illans labia2 #8,collum tuum ut columna1 turris et eburnea6' #aj ,ergo nobis ,sponsae tuae ,famulantibus1 o ,*ri/e1 pietate solita ,clem5s adesse dign>e ,et 9 tuo salut>i nos ubique visita4 #aa ,ipsaque m$iatrice1 summe rex1 p]petue1 ,voce pura ,flagitamus1 da gaud]e ,p>adisi gloria4 ,alleluia60#cbj ,! second example is ,adam's fam\s ,sequ5ce = ,/4 ,/eph5's ,day1 :i* falls on ! day aft] ,*ri/mas4 ,x is ?r\gh\t su/a9$ & p]fect 9 v]sification1 & 9 sub/ance a spl5did hymn ( praise4 #a 8,h]i mundus exultavit ,et exultans celebravit ,*ri/i natalitia2 ,h]i *orus angelorum ,prosecutus e/ coelorum ,regem cum laetitia4 #b ,protom>tyr et levita1 ,cl>us fide1 cl>us vita1 ,cl>us et miraculis1 ,sub hac luce triumphavit ,et triumphans insultavit ,/ephanus incr$ulis4 #c ,fremunt ergo tanquam f]ae ,quia victi defec]e ,lucis adv]s>ii3 ,falsos te/es /atuunt1 ,et l+uas exacuunt ,vip]>um filii4 #d ,agoni/a1 nulli c$e1 ,c]ta c]tus de m]c$e1 ,p]sev]a1 ,/ephane2 ,in/a falsis te/ibus1 ,confuta s]monibus ,synagogam ,satanae4 #e ,te/is tuus e/ 9 coelis1 ,te/is v]ax et fidelis1 ,te/is innoc5tiae4 ,nom5 habes coronati3 ,te torm5ta decet pati ,pro corona gloriae4 #f ,pro corona non m>c5ti ,p]f] brevis vim torm5ti2 ,te manet victoria4 ,tibi fiet mors natalis1 ,tibi po5a t]m9alis ,dat vitae primordia4 #g ,pl5us ,sancto ,spiritu1 ,p5etrat intuitu ,/ephanus coele/ia4 ,vid5s ,dei gloriam1 ,crescit ad victoriam1 ,suspirat ad praemia4 #h ,en a dextris ,dei /antem1 ,jesum pro te dimicantem1 ,/ephane1 consid]a3 ,tibi coelos res]>i1 ,tibi ,*ri/um revel>i1 ,clama voce lib]a4 #i ,se comm5dat ,salvatori1 ,pro quo dulce ducit mori ,sub ipsis lapidibus4 ,saulus s]vat omnium ,ve/es lapidantium1 ,lapidans 9 omnibus4 #aj ,ne peccatum /atuatur ,8 a quibus lapidatur1 ,g5u ponit1 et precatur1 ,condol5s insaniae4 ,9 ,*ri/o sic obdormivit1 ,qui ,*ri/o sic ob$ivit1 ,et cum ,*ri/o semp] vivit1 ,m>tyrum primitiae40 99 99 99 99#cba ,! la/ example1 9 hon\r ( ,/4 ,ni*olas's ,day1 is a lovely poem by :omsoev] writt54 ,its v]ses are extremely div]sifi$4 ,x beg9s ) some:at =mal *ant+ ( ! sa9t's virtues1 9 dignifi$ c\plets4 ,sudd5ly x *anges to a joyful lyric1 & s+s ( a c]ta9 sweet sea-miracle wr\ght by ,ni*olas4 ,!n x spiritualizes ! conception ( 8 sa9tly aid to meet ! call ( ! s9-toss$ s\l4 ,x closes 9 /ately mann] 9 h>mony ) its liturgical function4 #a 8,congaud5tes exultemus vocali concordia ,ad beati ,nicolai fe/iva solemnia6 #b ,qui 9 cunis adhuc jac5s s]v&o jejunia ,a papilla coepit summa prom]]i gaudia4 #c ,adolesc5s amplexatur litt]>um /udia1 ,ali5us et immunis ab omni lascivia4 #d ,felix confessor1 cujus fuit dignitatis vox de coelo nuntia6 ,p] quam provectus1 praesulatus sublimatur ad summa fa/igia4 #e ,erat 9 ejus animo pietas eximia1 ,et oppressis imp5debat multa b5eficia4 #f ,auro p] eum virg9um tollitur infamia1 ,atque patris e>umdem levatur inopia4 #g ,quidam nautae navigantes1 ,et contra fluctuum saevitiam luctantes1 ,navi p5e dissoluta1 ,jam de vita desp]antes1 ,9 tanto positi p]iculo1 clamantes ,voce dicunt omnes una3 #h #8,o beate ,nicolae1 ,nos ad m>is portum trahe ,de mortis angu/ia4 ,trahe nos ad portum m>is1 ,tu qui tot auxili>is1 ,pietatis gratia4' #i ,dum clam>5t1 nec incassum1 #8,ecce' quidam dic5s1 #8assum ,ad ve/ra praesidia4' ,/atim aura datur grata ,et tempe/as fit s$ata3 ,quiev]unt m>ia4 #aj ,nos1 qui sumus 9 hoc mundo1 ,vitiorum 9 pr(undo ,jam passi naufragia1 ,gloriose ,nicolae ,ad salutis portum trahe1 ,ubi pax et gloria4 #aa ,illam nobis unctionem ,impetres ad ,dom9um1 ,prece pia1 ,qua sanavit laesionem ,multorum peccam9um ,9 ,m>ia4 #ab ,hujus fe/um celebrantes gaudeant p] saecula1 ,et coronet eos ,*ri/us po/ vitae curricula60#cbb ,! =ego+ examples ( religi\s poetry may be supplem5t$ by illu/rations ( ! p>allel evolution ( m pr(ane if n m popul> v]se4 ,any priority 9 "t1 z betwe5 ! two1 %\ld lie ) ! =m]2 ?\gh x may be ! tru] view to f9d a g5]al syn*ronism 9 ! secul> & religi\s phases ( lyric gr[?4 ,b priority ( orig9ality & creativ5ess c]ta9ly belongs to t l9e ( lyric evolution :i* sprang f religi\s s5tim5ts & emotions4 ,= ! vagrant cl]kly poet ( ! ,c\rt1 ! roadside1 & ! inn1 us$ ! =ms ( v]se fa%ion$ by ! religi\s muse 9 ! cloi/] & ! s*ool4 ,?us ! developm5t ( secul> ,lat9 v]se pres5ts a d]ivative p>allel to ! ess5tially prim>y evolution ( ! ,sequ5ce or ! hymn4 ,x 0 9 ,g]many t ! composition ( ,sequ5ces 0 mo/ zeal\sly cultivat$ dur+ ! c5tury foll[+ ,notk]'s dea?2 & x 0 9 ,g]many t ! ,sequ5ce1 9 its e>li] =ms1 ex]t$ mo/ palpable influ5ce ^u popul> songs4#cbc ,9 ^! s-call$ ,modi 7,modus song71 z 9 ! ,sequ5ce1 rhy?mical compositions may be se5 progress+ 9 ! direction ( regul> rhy?m1 rhyme1 & /rophic =m4 ,z 9 ! ,sequ5ces1 ! tune m\ld$ ! words1 :i* 9 turn influ5c$ ! melody4 ,! foll[+ is f ! ,modus ,ott9c1 a popul> song compos$ ab\t ! ye> #ajjj 9 hon\r ( a victory ( ,otto ,,iii4 ov] ! ,hung>ians3 8,8 inc5si bella fremunt1 arma poscunt1 ho/es vocant1 signa secuntur1 tubis canunt4 ,clamor passim oritur et milibus c5tum ,!utones inmisc5tur4 ,pauci c$unt1 plures cadunt1 ,francus in/at1 ,p>?us fugit2 vulgus exangue undis ob/at2 ,licus rub5s sangu9e ,danubio cladem ,p>?icam o/5debat40 ,ano!r example is ! ,modus florum ( approximately ! same p]iod1 a song ab\t a k+ :o promis$ 8 daught] to :oev] c\ld tell su* a lie z to =ce ! k+ to call him a li>4 ,x op5s z foll[s3 8,m5dosam quam cantil5am ago1 pu]ulis comm5datam dabo1 quo modulos p] m5daces risum auditoribus +5tem f]ant4 ,lib]alis et decora cuidam regi erat nata quam sub lege hujusmodi procis opponit qua]5dam40 99 99 99 99#cbd ,"h ! rhyme /ill is rude & ! rhy?m irregul>4 ,! foll[+ dirge1 writt5 ?irty or =ty ye>s lat] on ! dea? ( ! ,g]man emp]or1 ,h5ry ,,ii41 %[s improvem5t3 8,lam5temur no/ra1 ,socii1 peccata1 am5temur et ploremus6 ,qu>e tacemus8 ,pro iniquitate corruimus late2 scimus coeli h9c (f5sum regem imm5sum4 ,he9rico requiem1 rex ,*ri/e1 dona p]5nem40#cbe ,we may pass on into ! twelf? c5tury1 /ill foll[+ ! traces ( t developm5t ( popul> v]se :i* p>allel$ ! evolution ( ! ,sequ5ce4 ,we fir/ note "s cat*y rhymes ( a ,g]man /ud5t sett+ out = ,p>is 9 que/ ( le>n+ & intellectual novelty3 8,hospita 9 ,gallia nunc me vocant /udia4 ,vadam ergo2 fl5s a t]go socios rel9quo4 ,plangite discipuli1 lugubris discidii tempore prop9quo4 ,vale1 dulcis patria1 suavis ,suevorum ,suevia6 ,salve dilecta ,francia1 philosophorum curia6 ,suscipe discipulum 9 te p]egr9um1 ,quem po/ di]um circulum remittes ,socrat9um40#cbf ,?is ,suabian1 s++ 8 unc\? ,lat9 rhymes1 & foot+ 8 way to ,p>is1 sugge/s ! common1 delocaliz$ influ5ces :i* 7 develop+ a mass ( /ud5t-songs1 8,c>m9a ,burana10 or 8,goli>dic0 poetry4 ,! au?ors belong$ to t l>ge & broad class ( cl]ks made up ( any & all p]sons :o knew ,lat94 ,! songs circulat$ ?r\gh we/]n ,europe1 & _! home 0 ev]y:]e1 if n _! orig94 ,"s ( !m betray1 z m ( !m d n1 ! au?or's l& & race4 ,frequ5tly ( diabolic clev]ness1 gib+1 amor\s1 convivial1 !y %[ ! virtuosity 9 rhyme ( _! _m mak]s4 ,l ! hymns & lat] ,sequ5ces1 !y employ$ ( necessity ^? acc5tual measures :i* once _h _! quantitative prototypes 9 antique metres4 ,b1 aga9 l ! hymns & ,sequ5ces1 !y nei!r imitate nor borr[1 b make use ( tro*aic1 iambic1 or o!r rhy?ms z ! natural & unavoidable mat]ial ( v]se4 ,_! /rophes are new /rophes1 & n imitations ( any?+ 9 quantitative poetry4 ,s ^! songs 7 free-born1 & _! developm5t 0 z indep5d5t ( antique influ5ce z ! melodies :i* ev] m\ld$ !m to m p]fect music4 ,_m & div]s 7 _! measures4 ,b z t great /rophe ( ,adam's ,h]i mundus exultavit 7! /rophe ( ! ,/abat ,mat]7 0 ( mightie/ dom9ance among ! hymns1 s = ^! /ud5t-songs !re 0 also "o measure t 0 *ief4 ,?is 0 ! ?irte5-syllable tro*aic l9e1 ) its lilt+ *ange ( /ress aft] ! sev5? syllable1 & its pure two-syllable rhyme4 ,x is ! l9e ( ! ,confessio poetae1 or ,confessio ,goliae1 :]e ne/s t "o m$iaeval ,lat9 v]se :i* ev]ybody /ill kn[s by he>t3 8,meum e/ propositum 9 tab]na mori1 ,v9um sit appositum mori5tis ori1 ,tunc cantabunt laetius angelorum *ori1 #8,sit ,deus propitius huic potatori4'0 ,x is also ! l9e ( ! q *>m+ ,phyllis & ,flora ( ! ,c>m9a ,burana3 8,erant ambae virg9es et ambae reg9ae1 ,phyllis coma lib]a1 ,flora compto cr9e3 ,non sunt =mae virg9um1 s$ =mae div9ae1 ,et respond5t facie luci matut9ae40#cbg ,ano!r common measure is ! twelve-syllable dactylic l9e ( ! fam\s ,apocalypsis ,goliae ,episcopi3 8,ipsam ,py?agorae =mam aspicio1 ,inscriptam artium s*emate v>io4 ,an extra corpus sit haec revelatio1 ,utrum 9 corpore1 ,deus scit1 nescio4 ,9 fronte micuit ars a/rologica2 ,d5tium s]iem regit grammatica2 ,9 l+ua pulcrius v]nat rhetorica1 ,concussis ae/uat 9 labiis logica40 ,an example ( ! n infrequ5t eight-syllable l9e is af=d$ by t trem5d\s satire aga9/ papal ,rome1 beg9n+3 8,propt] ,sion non tacebo1 ,s$ ru9am ,romae flebo1 ,qu\sque ju/itia ,rursus nobis oriatur1 ,et ut lampas acc5datur ,ju/us 9 ecclesia40 ,"h ! la/ l9e ( ! v]se has b sev5 syllables1 z is ! case 9 ! foll[+ v]se ( f\r l9es3 8,v9um bonum et suave1 ,bonis bonum1 pravis prave1 ,cunctis dulcis sapor1 ave1 ,mundana laetitia60 ,b ! eight-syllable l9es may be kept ?r\gh\t1 z 9 ! foll[+ lam5t ov] life's lovely1 p]nici\s *>m1 s t\*+ 9 its expression ( ! mortal he>tbreak ( m$iaeval mona/icism3 8,heu6 ,heu6 mundi vita1 ,qu>e me delectas ita8 ,cum non possis mecum />e1 ,quid me cogis te am>e8 99 99 99 99 ,vita mundi1 res morbosa1 ,magis fragilis quam rosa1 ,cum sis tota lacrymosa1 ,cur es mihi graciosa80#cbh ,,iv ,our consid]ation ( ! diff]5t /yles ( m$iaeval ,lat9 prose & ! _m novel =ms ( m$iaeval ,lat9 v]se has %[n h[ radical 0 ! dep>ture ( ! "o & ! o!r f ,cic]o & ,virgil4 ,?r\gh su* *anges ,lat9 cont9u$ to prove itself a liv+ language4 ,yet its vitality 0 doom$ to wane be=e ! rivalry ( ! v]nacul> tongues4 ,! vivida vis1 ! capability ( gr[?1 _h well-nigh pass$ f ,lat9 :5 ,petr>* 0 born4 ,9 endeav\r+ to ma9ta9 its supremacy z a lit]>y vehicle he 0 to hold a los+ brief1 nor did he /r5g!n 8 cause by attempt+ to resuscitate a classic /yle ( prose & metre4 ,! victory ( ! v]nacul> 0 ann\nc$ 9 ,dante's ,de vulg>i eloqu5tia & demon/rat$ beyond dispute 9 8 ,div9a ,comm$ia4 ,a long & = ! mo/ "p peaceful & unconsci\s conflict _h l$ up to ! victory ( :at might h be5 deem$ ! bas] side4 ,= ,lat9 0 ! sole m$iaeval lit]ature t 0 born 9 ! purple1 ) its /ately l9eage ( ! patri/ic & ! classical back ( x4 ,lat9 0 ! language ( ! ,roman _w & ! vehicle ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 ! language ( ! ,*ur* & its cl]gy1 & ! language ( all educat$ p4 ,naturally ! entire cont5ts ( exi/+ & progressive ,*ri/ian & antique culture 7 conta9$ 9 ! m$iaeval ,lat9 lit]ature1 ! lit]ature ( religion & ( law & gov]nm5t1 ( education & ( all s]i\s k4 ,x 0 to be ! prim>y lit]ature ( m$iaeval ?\ght2 f :i* pass$ ov] ! *ief "p ( :atev] ?\ght & k ! v]nacul> lit]atures 7 to receive4 ,= s*ol>s :o foll[1 z we h tri$ to1 ! intellectual & ! deep] emotional life ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! ,lat9 lit]ature yields ! incomp>ably great] "p ( ! mat]ial ( our /udy4 ,x has be5 our home c\ntry1 f :i* we h made casual excursions into ! v]nacul> lit]atures4 ,^! exi/$1 h[ev]1 f ! e>lie/ m$iaeval p]iods1 beg9n+1 if "o may say s1 9 oral r ?an writt5 docum5ts4 ,we read t ,*>lemagne caus$ a book to be made ( ,g]manic poems1 :i* till !n presumably _h be5 c>ri$ 9 m5's memories4 ,! ,hildebr&sli$ is suppos$ to h be5 "o ( !m4#cbi ,9 ! ,norse l&s1 ! ,eddas & ! matt] ( ! ,sagas 7 repeat$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 long be=e !y 7 writt5 d[n4 ,! habit1 if n ! art1 ( writ+ came ) ,*ri/ianity & ! ,lat9 education accompany+ x4 ,gradually a writt5 lit]ature 9 ! ,teutonic languages 0 accumulat$4 ,( ?is !re 0 ! hea!n side1 well repres5t$ 9 ,anglo-,saxon & ! ,norse2 :ile 9 ,old ,high ,g]man ! ,hildebr&sli$ rema9s1 hea!n & savage4 ,!reaft]1 a popul> & ev5 national or r racial poetry cont9u$1 develop$1 & grew l>ge1 not)/&+ ! spread ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh ,teutonic l&s4 ,( ?is ! ,niebelung5li$ & ! ,gudrun are great examples4 ,b individual /ill fam\s poets1 :o felt & ?\ght z ,g]mans1 7 also compos+ /urdily 9 _! v]nacul>--a lack ( education possibly caus+ !m to dictate 7dicti]51 di*t57 r ?an to write4 ,( ^! ! greate/ 7 ,wolfram von ,es*5ba* & ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide4 ,) !m & aft] !m1 or foll[+ ^u ! ,niebelung5li$1 came a mass ( secul> poetry1 "s ( :i* 0 popul> & national1 reflect+ ,g]manic /ory1 :ile "s ( x 0 c\rtly1 transcrib+ ! c\rtly poetry :i* by ! twelf? c5tury fl\ri%$ 9 ,old ,fr5*4 ,?us b\rgeon$ ! secul> bran*es ( ,g]man lit]ature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 f ! "t ( ,*ri/ianity's introduction1 ! ,g]mans felt ! ne$ to h ! new religion pres5t$ to !m 9 _! own tongues4 ,! lab\r ( translation beg9s ) ,ulfilas1 & is cont9u$ ) consci5ti\s r5d]+s ( ,scripture & ,lat9 educational treatises1 & also ) su* epic p>aphrase z ! ,heli& & ! m elegiac poems ( ! ,anglo-,saxon ,cynewulf4#ccj ,also1 at lea/ 9 ,g]many1 !re comes into exi/5ce a full religi\s lit]ature1 n /ol$ or mitr$1 b popul>1 non-academic1 & non-liturgical2 ( :i* quantities rema9 9 ! ,middle ,high ,g]man ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies4#cca ,obvi\sly ! ,romance v]nacul> lit]atures _h a diff]5t comm5cem5t4 ,! languages 7 ,lat91 simply ,lat91 9 _! inception1 & nev] ceas$ to be legitimate cont9uations & developm5ts ( ! popul> or ,vulg> ,lat9 ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,b z ! spee* ( *ildr51 wom51 & unlett]$ p1 !y 7 n ?\ght ( z lit]>y m$ia4 ,all :o c\ld write und]/ood p]fectly ! bett] ,lat9 f :i* ^! popul> dialects 7 sl[ly diff]5tiat+ !mselves4 ,& z !y progress$ to languages1 /ill _! life & progress lay among peoples ^: ance/ral tongue 0 ! prop] ,lat91 :i* all educat$ m5 & wom5 /ill und]/ood & us$ 9 ! s]i\s bus9ess ( life4 ,b soon] or lat] m5 w talk & s+ & ?9k & compose 9 ! spee* :i* is close/ to !m4 ,! ,romance tongues became lit]>y ?r\gh ?is human ne$ ( natural expression4 ,!re always _h be5 songs 9 ! old ,vulg> ,lat92 & su* did n cease z x gradually became :at "o may call ,romance4 ,moreov]1 ! cl]gy might be impell$ to use ! popul> spee* 9 prea*+ to ! laity1 or "s unle>n$ p]son might compose religi\s v]ses4 ,almo/ ! olde/ monum5t ( ,old ,fr5* is ! hymn 9 hon\r ( ,/e4 ,eulalie4 ,!n z civilization advanc$ f ! t5? to ! twelf? c5tury1 9 s\!rn & nor!rn ,france = example1 & ! langue d'oc & ! langue d'oil became indep5d5t & develop$ languages1 unle>n$ m51 or m5 ) unle>n$ audi5ces1 w\ld unavoidably set !mselves to compos+ poetry 9 ^! tongues4 ,9 ! ,nor? ! *ansons de ge/e came into exi/5ce2 9 ! ,s\? ! knightly ,tr\bad\rs made love-lyrics4 ,someh[1 ^! poems 7 writt5 d[n1 & !re 0 lit]ature = m5's eyes z well z = m5's e>s4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury & ! ?irte5?1 ! audi5ces = ,romance poetry1 especially ?r\gh ! regions ( s\!rn & nor!rn ,france1 increas$ & became div]sifi$4 ,!y 7 made up ( all classes1 save ! brute s]f1 & ( bo? sexes4 ,! *ansons de ge/e met ! ta/e ( ! feudal b>ons2 ! ,ar?urian ,cycle *>m$ ! feudal dames2 ! co>se fabliaux pleas$ ! b\rgeoisie2 & *ansons ( all k9ds might be f\nd div]t+ by v>i\s p4 ,if ! religi\s side 0 less /rongly repres5t$1 x 0 because ! clos5ess ( ! language to ! cl]kly & liturgical ,lat9 left no su* ne$ ( translations z 0 felt f ! beg9n+ among peoples ( ,g]manic spee*4 ,/ill ! ,gospels1 especially ! apocryphal1 7 put into ,old ,fr5*1 & miracles de ,notre ,dame )\t numb]2 also leg5ds ( ! sa9ts1 & dev\t tales ( _m k9ds4 ,! acc5tual v]ses ( ! ,romance tongues _h _! s\rce 9 ! popul> acc5tual ,lat9 v]se ( ! lat] ,roman p]iod4 ,_! developm5t 0 n unrelat$ to ! ,lat9 acc5tual v]se :i* 0 sup]s$+ metrical composition 9 ! c5turies ext5d+1 "o may say1 f ! fif? to ! elev5?4 ,div]g5ces betwe5 ! ,lat9 & ,romance v]se w\ld be caus$ by ! l+ui/ic evolution ?r\gh :i* ! ,romance tongues 7 becom+ indep5d5t languages4 ,nor 0 ?is div]g5ce un9flu5c$ by ! fact t ,romance poetry 0 popul> & usually conc]n$ ) topics ( ?is life1 :ile ,lat9 poetry 9 ! mo/ /rik+ l9es ( its evolution 0 liturgical2 & ev5 :5 secul> 9 topic t5d$ to become le>n$1 s9ce x 0 ! product ( ! academically educat$ classes4 ,mu* ( ! v]nacul> 7,romance z well z ,g]manic7 poetry 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 compos$ by unle>n$ m5 :o _h at mo/ b a speak+ acqua9tance ) ,lat91 & knew little ( ! antique lit]ature4 ,?is 0 true1 g5]ally1 ( ! ,tr\bad\rs ( ,prov5ce1 ( ! au?ors ( ! ,old ,fr5* *ansons de ge/e1 & ( su* a c\rtly poet z ,*rti5 de ,troies2 true likewise ( ! great ,g]man ,m9nes+]s1 epic poets r1 ,gottfri$ von ,/rassburg1 ,wolfram von ,es*5ba*1 & ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide4 ,on ! o!r h&1 v]nacul> poetry might be writt5 by highly le>n$ m51 ( :om ! t[]+ ?\gh late example w\ld be ,dante ,alighi]i4 ,an in/ance some:at ne>] to u at pres5t is ,jean ,clop9el or de ,meun1 ! au?or ( ! second "p ( ! ,roman de la rose4 ,8 extraord9>y ,voltairean production embodies all ! le>n+ ( ! "t2 & its s*ol>-au?or 0 a man ( g5ius1 :o incorporat$ 8 le>n+ & ! fruit !re( v organically 9 8 poem4 ,b "h1 at ! close ( our consid]ation ( ! m$iaeval appreciation ( ! ,classics1 & ! relations betwe5 ! ,classics & m$iaeval ,lat9 lit]ature1 we are n occupi$ ) ! v loose & g5]al "q ( ! am\nt ( classical le>n+ to be f\nd 9 ! v]nacul> lit]atures ( we/]n ,europe4 ,t 0 a casual matt] dep5d+ on ! education & le>n+1 or lack !re(1 ( ! au?or ( ! giv5 piece4 ,b x may be pr(itable to glance at ! pass+ ov] ( antique !mes ( /ory into m$iaeval v]nacul> lit]ature1 & ! mann] ( _! refa%ion+4 ,?is is a huge subject1 b we %all n g into x deeply1 or pursue ! v>i\s antique !mes ?r\gh _! endless propagations4 ,antique /ories ar\s$ & po9t$ ! m$iaeval imag9ation2 !y made "p ( ! nev]-abs5t antique influ5ce :i* help$ to br+ ! m$iaeval peoples on & evoke 9 !m an articulate p[] to fa%ion & create all k9ds ( m$iaeval ?+s4 ,b ) antique /ory z ) o!r antique mat]ial1 ! ,middle ,ages _h to turn x ov] & absorb x1 & also _h to become !mselves ) p[]1 be=e !y c\ld refa%ion ! antique !me or create along its l9es4 ,all ?is _h tak5 place by ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,z to *oice ( matt]1 twelf?-c5tury refa%ion]s w\ld ei!r select an antique !me suit$ to _! h&l+1 or extract :at appeal$ to !m f "s classic /ory4 ,9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r !y might reca/1 enl>ge1 or inv5t z _! faculties p]mitt$4 ,m$iaeval ta/e took naturally to ! deg5]ate productions ( ! late antique or transition c5turies4 ,! ,greek novels seem to h be5 unkn[n1 except ! ,apollonius ( ,tyre4#ccb ,b ! cong5ially prepo/]\s /ory ( ,alex&] by ! ,pseudo-,calli/h5es 0 available 9 a six?-c5tury ,lat9 v]sion1 & 0 made mu* (4 ,equally popul> 0 ! debasem5t & int5tional di/ortion ( ! ,tale ( ,troy 9 ! "w ( 8,d>es0 & 8,dictys02 o!r tales 7 aptly pres5t$ 9 ,ovid's ,metamorphoses2 & ! /ories ( ,h]o & ,le&]1 ( ,pyramus & ,?isbe1 ( ,n>cissus1 ,orpheus1 ,cadmus1 ,da$alus1 7 widely kn[n & (t5 told 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! m$iaeval writ]s made z if !y believ$ ^! tales4 ,at lea/ !y accept$ !m z !y w\ld h _! own audi5ces accept _! reca/+1 ) little reflection z to :e!r tru? or fable4 ,b 0 ! "w ( ! refa%ion]s consci\s fiction8 ,sc>cely1 :5 x simply reca/ ! old /ory 9 m$iaevaliz+ p>aphrase2 b :5 ! poet w5t on & wove out ( t5 l9es a ?\s&1 he mu/ h kn[n himself devis+4 ,! m$iaeval treatm5t ( classic !mes ( hi/ory & epic poetry %[s h[ ! ,middle ,ages refa%ion$ & re9spir$ aft] _! own image :atev] !y took f ! antique4 ,if x 0 p>tly _! fault1 x 0 also _! unavoidable mis=tune t !y receiv$ ^! great !mes 9 ! lit]>y di/ortions ( ! transition c5turies4 ,d\btless !y pref]r$ encyclopa$ic dulness to epic unity2 !y lov$ fantasy r ?an hi/ory1 & ( c\rse delight$ 9 ! prepo/]\s1 z !y f\nd x 9 ! ,lat9 v]sion ( ! ,life & ,de$s ( ,alex&]4 ,z = ! ,tale ( ,troy1 ! real ,hom] nev] rea*$ !m3 & p]haps m$iaeval peoples :o 7 pleas$1 l ,virgil's ,romans1 to draw _! orig9s f ,trojan h]oes1 w\ld h reject$ ,hom]'s /ory j z 8,d>es0 & 8,dictys10 :oev] !y 71 did4#ccc ,! true m$iaeval rifacim5ti1 to wit1 ! retell+s ( ^! tales 9 ! v]nacul>1 mirror ! m$iaeval m9d1 ! m$iaeval "*1 & ! :ole panorama ( m$iaeval life & fantasy4 ,! *ief epic !mes drawn f ! antique 7 ! ,tales ( ,troy & ,!bes & ! /ory ( ,a5eas4 ,9 v]se & prose !y 7 retold 9 ! v]nacul> lit]atures & also 9 m$iaeval ,lat94#ccd ,we %all1 h[ev]1 limit our view to ! prim>y ,old ,fr5* v]sions1 :i* =m$ ! basis ( compositions 9 ,g]man1 ,italian1 ,engli%1 z well z ,fr5*4 ,!y 7 compos$ betwe5 #aaej & #aagj by ,norman-,fr5* tr\vres4 ,! names ( ! au?ors ( ! ,roman de ,!bes & ! ,eneas are unkn[n2 ! ,roman de ,troie 0 writt5 by ,b5oit de ,/4 ,m4 ,^! poems pres5t a univ]sal sub/itution ( m$iaeval mann]s & s5tim5t4 ,= in/ance1 "o obs]ves t ! epic p>ticipation ( ! pagan gods is m9imiz$1 & 9 ! ,roman de ,troie ev5 disc>d$2 necromancy1 on ! o!r h&1 ab\nds4 ,a m int]e/+ *ange is ! trans=mation ( ! love episode4 ,t _h become an epic adjunct 9 ,alex&rian ,greek lit]ature z e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,x exi/$ 9 ! antique s\rces ( all ^! m$iaeval poems4 ,nev]!less ! romantic n>ratives ( c\rtly love 9 ! latt] are m$iaeval creations4 ,! ,eneas relates ! love ( ,lav9ia = ! h]o1 mo/ correctly reciprocat$ by him4 ,! acc\nt ( x fills f\rte5 hundr$ l9es1 & has no prec$5t 9 ,virgil's poem1 :i* 9 o!r respects is foll[$ closely4 ,lav9ia sees ,a5eas f h] t[]1 & at once und]/&s a previ\s disc\rse ( h] "m on ! subject ( love4 ,%e utt]s love's pla9ts1 & !n fa9ts because ,a5eas does n seem to notice h]4 ,aft] :i* %e passes a sleepless night4 ,! next morn+ %e tells h] "m1 :o is furi\s1 s9ce %e fav\rs ,turnus z a suitor4 ,! girl falls s5seless1 b com+ to h]self :5 alone1 %e recalls love's /ratagems1 & atta*es a lett] to an arr[ :i* is %ot s z to fall at ,a5eas's feet4 ,a5eas reads ! lett]1 & turns & salutes ! fair "o furtively1 t 8 foll[]s may n see4 ,!n he ent]s 8 t5t & falls s sick ) love t he takes to 8 b$4 ,! next day ,lav9ia wat*es = him1 & ?9ks him false1 till at la/1 pale & feeble1 he appe>s1 & h] he>t acquits him2 amor\s glances n[ fly back & =? betwe5 !m4#cce ,to h ?is jad$ jilt gr[ sick ) love is a little too mu* = u1 & ,a5eas is absurd2 b ! univ]sal human t\*es u q o!rwise 9 ! sweet *ang+ he>t ( ,briseida 9 ! ,roman de ,troie4 ,!re is no gr\nd = d5y+ to ,b5oit ( ,/4 ,m 8 me$ ( fame = creat+ ?is *>m+ p]son & />t+ h] ^u h] c>e]4 ,foll[+ 8,d>es10 ,b5oit calls h] ,briseida2 b %e becomes ! ,griseis ( ,boccaccio's ,filo/rato2 & :at good man does n sigh & love h] "u ! "n ( ,cressid 9 ,*auc]'s poem1 ?\gh he may deplore h] some:at braz5 he>tlessness 9 ,%akespe>e's play4 ,x is n giv5 to all m51 or wom51 9 pres5ce or abs5ce1 9 life & dea?1 to love once & =ev]4 ,"o has ! /able he>t1 ano!r's fancy is quickly turn$4 ,sometimes1 ( c\rse1 our moral sl$ge-hamm]s %\ld be br\ght to be>2 b a little hopeless smile may be ju/]1 z we sigh 8%e 7x is m (t5 8he07 c\ldn't help x40 ,su* 0 ,briseida1 ! sweet1 lov+1 helpless--coquette8 jilt8 flirt8 ^! words are all too belittl+ to tell h] truly4 ,b5oit knew bett]4 ,he took h] dry-z-du/ *>act]ization f 8,d>es02 he gave x life1 & !n let 8 fair creature d j ! ?+s %e might1 )\t ceas+ to be %e4 ,! abject 8,d>es0 7,b5oit may h _h a bett] /ory "u t "n7 9 8 catalogue ( *>act]s has ?is3 8,briseidam =mosam1 alta /atura1 c&idam1 capillo flavo et molli1 sup]ciliis junctis1 oculis v5u/is1 corpore aequali1 bl&am1 affabilem1 v]ecundam1 animo simplici ,o ye gods61 piam40 ,he makes no o!r m5tion ( ?is tall1 graceful girl1 ) h] lovely eyes & eyebr[s meet+ above1 h] mode/1 pleasant mi51 & simple s\l2 = simple %e 01 & !re9 lies ! dire/ bit ( tru? ab\t h]4 ,= x is simple & uncomplex to take ! col\r ( new sc5es & faces1 & ( new pr(f]$ love :5 ! old is f> away4 ,n[ see :at ,b5oit does ) ?is du/3 ,briseida is ! daught] ( ,cal*as1 a ,trojan se] :o _h pass$ ov] to ! ,greeks1 w>n$ by ,apollo4 ,he is 9 ! ,grecian ho/1 b 8 daught] is 9 ,troy4 ,b5oit says1 %e 0 engag+1 loveli] & fair] ?an ! fleur de lis--?\gh h] eyebr[s grew r too close toge!r4 8,beaux yeux0 %e _h1 8de gr&e manire10 & *>m+ 0 h] talk1 & faultless h] bre$+ z h] dress4 ,mu* 0 %e lov$ & mu* %e lov$1 al?\gh h] he>t *ang$2 & %e 0 v lov+1 simple1 & k9d3 8,molt fu ame et molt ameit1 ,mes sis corages li *angeit2 ,et si e/eit molt amorose1 ,simple et almosni]e et pitose40#ccf ,cal*as wants 8 daught]1 & ,priam decides to s5d h]4 ,!re is truce betwe5 ! armies4 ,troilus1 ,troy's glori\s "y knight1 mat*less 9 beauty1 9 arms second only to 8 bro!r ,hector1 is beside himself4 ,he loves ,briseida1 & %e him4 ,:at te>s & prote/ations1 & :at v[s6 ,b ! girl mu/ g to h] fa!r4 ,on ! morr[ ! "y dame has o!r c>es--to see to ! pack+ ( h] lovely dresses & put on ! lovelie/ ( !m2 ov] all %e ?rew a mantle inwov5 ) ! fl[]s ( ,p>adise4 ,! ,trojan ladies add _! te>s to ! damsel's2 = %e is ready to die ( grief at leav+ h] lov]4 ,b5oit assures u t %e w n weep long2 x is n woman's way1 he cont9ues some:at m$iaevally4 ,! brilliant cortge is met by "o /ill m di/+ui%$ f ! ,grecian ho/4 ,troilus mu/ turn back1 & ! lady passes to ! escort ( ,diom$e4 ,%e 0 "y2 he 0 impetu\s2 he looks once1 & !n greets h] ) a torr5tial decl>ation ( love4 ,he nev] lov$ be=e66 ,he is h]s1 body & s\l & high emprize4 ,briseida speaks him fair3 8,at ?is "t x w\ld be wrong = me to say a ^w ( love4 ,y w\ld deem me light inde$6 ,:y1 ,i h>dly "k y6 & girls s (t5 are deceiv$ by m54 ,:at y h said _c move a he>t griev+1 l m9e1 to lose my--fri5d1 & o!rs :om ,i may nev] see aga94 ,= "o ( my /ation to speak to y ( love6 ,i h no m9d = t4 ,yet y seem ( su* rank & pr[ess t no girl "u heav5 ought to refuse y4 ,x is only t ,i h no he>t to give4 ,if ,i _h1 surely ,i c\ld hold none de>] ?an y4 ,b ,i h nei!r ! ?\ght nor p[]1 & may ,god nev] give x to me60#ccg ,"o ne$ n tell ! fla% ( joy t !n 0 ,diom$e's1 nor ! _m tr\bles t 7 to be 8 be=e at la/ ,briseida f9ds t h] he>t has inde$ turn$ to ?is new lov]1 always at h&1 c\rt+ dang] = h] sake1 & at la/ w\nd$ almo/ to dea? by ,troilus's spe>4 ,! end ( ! /ory is assur$ 9 h] fir/ discreetly halt+ words4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ h[ f> ,b5oit 0 f ,om]s qui fu cl]s m]veillos1 & :at a /ory 9 "s ?irty ?\s& l9es he has made ( ! dry data ( 8,d>es0 & 8,dictys40 ,8 ,briseida1 ) h] *ang+ he>t1 0 to rival /eadi]-m9d$ b n m lovable wom5 ( m$iaeval fiction--,iseult or ,gu9ev]e4 ,& al?\gh ! f>-(f e*o ( ,briseid's "n comes f ! anci5t c5turies1 none ! less %e is z entirely a m$iaeval creation z ,lancelot's or ,tri/ram's que54 ,?us ! ,middle ,ages took ! antique n>rative1 & creat$ = !mselves )9 ! alt]$ l9es ( ! old tale4#cch ,! trans=mation ( !mes ( epic /ory 9 v]nacul> m$iaeval v]sions is p>allel$ by m$iaeval refa%ion+s ( hi/orical subjects :i* _h be5 fictioniz$ be=e ! antique p]iod clos$4 ,a *ief example is ! romance ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,! antique s\rce 0 ! conqu]or's ,life & ,de$s1 writt5 by "o :o took ! "n ( ,alex&]'s physician1 ,calli/h5es4 ,! au?or 0 "s ,egyptian ,greek ( ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,8 "w is prepo/]\s f ! beg9n+ to ! end1 & pres5ts a succession ( impossible m>vels p]=m$ by ! some:at indi/+ui%able h]oes ( ! /ory4 ,its qualities 7 reflect$ 9 ! ,lat9 v]sions1 :i* 9 turn 7 drawn ^u by ! ,old ,fr5* rhym+ romanc]s4 ,! latt] m$iaevaliz$ & feudaliz$ ! tale4 ,nor 7 !y halt$ by any absurdity1 or consci\s ( ! *>act]lessness ( ! puppets ( ! tale4#cci ,fur!r to pursue ! =tunes ( antique !mes 9 m$iaeval lit]ature w\ld lead u beyond b\nds4 ,yet m5tion %\ld be made ( ! h&l+ ( m9or n>ratives1 z ! ,metamorphoses ( ,ovid4 ,!y 7 v popul>1 & f ! twelf? c5tury on1 p>aphrases or refa%ion+s 7 made ( _m ( !m4 ,^! add$ to ! old tale ! int]e/+ m$iaeval elem5t ( ! moral or didactic allegory4 ,! mo/ prodigi\s in/ance ( ?is moraliz+ ( ,ovid 0 ! "w ( ,*rti5 ,lg\ais1 a ,fr5* ,franciscan :o wrote at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,9 "s sev5ty ?\s& l9es he pres5t$ ! /ories ( ! ,metamorphoses1 ! allegories :i* he discov]$ 9 !m1 & ! moral tea*+ ( ! same4#cdj ,equally int]e/+ 0 ! application ( allegory to ,ovid's ,ars amatoria4 ,! fir/ translators treat$ ?is frivol\s production z an au?oritative treatise ^u ! art ( w9n+ love4 ,s x 0 p]haps1 only ,ovid 0 amus+ himself by mak+ a p>able ( 8 y\?ful div]sions4 ,m$iaeval imitators *ang$ ! habits ( ! gild$ y\? ( ,rome to suit ! society ( _! "t4 ,b !y did m1 be+ vot>ies ( c\rtly love4 ,su* love 9 ! ,middle ,ages _h its laws :i* 7 prone to d$uce _! l9eage f ,ovid's v]ses4 ,b its uplift$ _s revell$ 9 symbolism2 & t5d$ to *ange to spiritual allegory :atev] au?ority x imag9$ itself bas$ ^u1 ev5 ?\gh ! au?ority 7 a book z dissolute1 :5 s]i\sly consid]$1 z ! ,ars amatoria4 ,x is /range to ?9k ( ?is poem z ! v f> (f /reet-walk+ prototype ( ,de ,lorris's ,roman de la rose4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,,m$iaeval ,,appropriation ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,law ,i4 ,,! ,,fontes ,,juris ,,civilis4 ,,ii4 ,,roman ,,& ,,b>b>ian ,,codification4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,m$iaeval ,,appropriation4 ,,iv4 ,,*ur* ,,law4 ,v4 ,,political ,,!oriz+4 ,classical /udies1 & ! gradual developm5t ( m$iaeval prose & v]se1 discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 illu/rate modes ( m$iaeval progress4 ,b ( all examples ( m$iaeval intellectual gr[? ?r\gh ! appropriation ( ! antique1 none is m completely illum9at+ ?an ! m$iaeval use ( ,roman law4 ,z ) patri/ic !ology & antique philosophy1 ! ,roman law 0 crudely tak5 & !n pa9fully le>n$1 till 9 ! end1 vitally & broadly ma/]$1 x became ev5 a means & mode ( m$iaeval ?9k+4 ,its m$iaeval appropriation illu/rates ! legal capacity ( ! ,middle ,ages & _! conc]n ) law bo? z a practical bus9ess & an intellectual int]e/4 ,i ,primitive law is practical2 x develops ?r\gh ! adju/m5t ( social exig5cies4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 9 an intellig5t community :i* is progress+ "u fav\r+ influ5ces1 "s def9ite consci\sness ( legal propriety1 utility1 or ju/ice1 makes itself articulate 9 /atem5ts ( g5]al pr9ciples ( legal "r & 9 a /eady endeav\r to adju/ legal relation%ips & adjudicate actual controv]sies 9 accordance4 ,?is endeav\r to =mulate j & useful pr9ciples1 & decide novel que/ions 9 accordance ) !m1 & enunciate new rules 9 h>mony ) ! body ( ! exi/+ law1 is jurisprud5ce1 :i* ?us works always = concord1 co-ord9ation1 & sy/em4 ,!re 0 a jurisprud5tial elem5t 9 ! e>ly law ( ,rome4 ,! ,twelve ,tables are tr5*ant ann\ncem5ts ( rules ( proc$ure & sub/antial law4 ,!y h ! =m ( ! g5]al imp]ative3 8,?us let x be2 ,if "o summons ano!r to c\rt1 let him g2 ,z a man %all h appo9t$ by 8 ,w1 s let x be2 ,:5 "o makes a bond or pur*ase1#cda z ! tongue %all h pron\nc$ x1 s let x be40 ,^! /atem5ts ( legal rules are f> f primitive2 !y are ela/ic1 inclusive1 & suit$ to =m ! f\ndation ( a l>ge & free legal developm5t4 ,& ! consi/5cy ) :i* ! law ( debt 0 c>ri$ out to its fur!/ cruel conclusion1 ! p]mitt$ division ( ! body ( ! default+ debtor among sev]al cr$itors1#cdb gave e>ne/ ( ! logic :i* 0 to %ape ! ,roman law 9 its human] p]iods4 ,moreov]1 !re is jurisprud5ce 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! ,laws ( ! ,twelve ,tables4 ,nev]!less ! jurisprud5tial elem5t is /ill b in*oate4 ,! ,romans 7 end[$ ) a g5ius = law4 ,"u ! lat] ,republic & ! ,empire1 ! m9ds ( _! juri/s 7 tra9$ & broad5$ by ,greek philosophy & ! /udy ( ! laws ( ,m$it]ranean peoples2 ,rome 0 becom+ ! comm]cial z well z social & political c5tre ( ! _w4 ,f ?is happy comb9ation ( causes result$ ! mo/ compreh5sive body ( law & ! noble/ jurisprud5ce ev] evolv$ by a p4 ,! great jurisconsults ( ! ,empire1 work+ ^u ! prior lab\rs ( long l9es ( old] praetors & juri/s1 p]fect$ a body ( law ( well-nigh univ]sal applicability1 & ?r\gh\t logically consi/5t ) g5]al pr9ciples ( law & equity1 recogniz$ z fundam5tal4 ,^! 7 9 "p sugge/$ by ,greek philosophy1 especially by ,/oicism z adapt$ to ! ,roman temp]am5t4 ,!y repres5t$ ! be/ e?ics1 ! be/ ju/ice ( ! "t4 ,z pr9ciples ( law1 h[ev]1 !y w\ld h hung 9 ! air1 _h n ! practical z well z !oriz+ g5ius ( ! jurisconsults be5 equal to ! task ( embody+ !m 9 legal propositions1 & apply+ ! latt] to ! decision ( cases4 ,?us 0 evolv$ a body ( practical rules ( law1 controll$1 co-ord9at$1 &1 z "o may say1 univ]saliz$ ?r\gh ! con/ant logical employm5t ( s\nd pr9ciples ( legal ju/ice4#cdc ,! ,roman law1 broadly tak51 0 het]og5e\s 9 orig91 & complex 9 its modes ( gr[?4 ,! great jurisconsults ( ! ,empire recogniz$ its div]sity ( s\rce1 & di/+ui%$ its v>i\s *>act]i/ics accord+ly4 ,!y assum$ 7& ?is 0 a pure assumption7 t e civiliz$ p liv$ "u two k9ds ( law1 ! "o its own1 spr++ f "s recogniz$ law-mak+ s\rce )9 ! community2 ! o!r ! jus g5tium1 or ! law inculcat$ among all peoples by natural reason or common ne$s4 ,! suppos$ orig9 ( ! jus g5tium 0 n simple4 ,back 9 ! "t ( ! ,republic x _h become necess>y to recognize a law = ! _m /rang]s 9 ,rome1 :o 7 n entitl$ to ! protection ( ,rome's jus civile4 ,! edict ( ! praetor ,p]egr9us cov]$ _! sub/antial rights1 & sanction$ simple modes ( sale & lease :i* did n obs]ve ! =ms prescrib$ by ! jus civile4 ,s ?is edict became ! *ief s\rce ( ! jus g5tium s-call$1 to wit1 ( ^? lib]al rules ( law :i* ignor$ ! peculi> =malities ( ! /rict] law ( ,rome4 ,probably =eign laws1 t is to say1 ! comm]cial cu/oms ( ! ,m$it]ranean _w1 7 9 fact recogniz$2 & _! /udy l$ to a p]ception ( elem5ts common to ! laws ( _m peoples4 ,at all ev5ts1 9 c\rse ( "t ! jus g5tium came to be reg>d$ z consi/+ ( univ]sal rules ( law :i* all peoples might naturally foll[4 ,! recognition ( ^! simple modes ( contract+ obligations1 & p]haps ! k t c]ta9 rules ( law obta9$ among _m peoples1 fo/]$ ! conception ( common or natural ju/ice1 :i* human reason 0 suppos$ to inculcate ev]y:]e4 ,su* a conception c\ld n fail to spr+ up 9 ! m9ds ( ,roman juri/s :o 7 educat$ 9 ,/oical philosophy1 ! e?ics ( :i* _h mu* to say ( a common human nature4 ,inde$ ! idea naturalis ratio 0 9 ! air1 & ! ?\ght ( common elem5ts ( law & ju/ice :i* naturalis ratio int] omnes hom9es con/ituit1 lay s close at h& t x 7 p]haps a mi/ake to try to trace x to any s+le s\rce4 ,practically ! jus g5tium became id5tical ) jus naturale1 :i* ,ulpian imag9$ z taught by nature to all animals2 ! jus g5tium1 h[ev]1 belong$ to m5 alone4#cdd ,?us rules :i* 7 conceiv$ z ^? ( ! jus g5tium came to repres5t ! pr9ciples ( rational law1 & impress$ !mselves ^u ! developm5t ( ! jus civile4 ,!y in=m$ ! :ole gr[? & application ( ,roman law ) a bread? ( legal reason4 ,& conceptions ( a jus naturale & a jus g5tium became cognate legal fictions1 by ! aid ( :i* praetor & jurisconsult might ju/ify ! validity ( in=mal modes ( contract4 ,9 _! application1 judge & juri/ le>n$ h[ & :5 to disreg>d ! =mal requirem5ts ( ! old] & /rict] ,roman law1 & f\nd a way to ! recognition ( :at 0 j & conv5i5t4 ,^! fictions agre$ ) ! suppos$ nature & dem&s ( aequitas1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( progressive & discrim9at+ legal ju/ice4 ,law itself 7jus7 0 id5tical ) aequitas conceiv$ 7aft] ,celsus's fam\s phrase7 z ! ars boni et aequi4 ,! ,roman law prop]1 ! jus civile1 _h multif>i\s s\rces4 ,fir/ ! leges1 enact$ by ! p2 !n ! plebiscita1 sanction$ by ! ,plebs2 ! s5atus consulta1 pass$ by ! ,s5ate2 ! con/itutiones & rescripta#cde pr9cipum1 orda9$ by ! ,emp]or4 ,except+ ! rescripta1 ^! 7to cov] !m ) a mod]n expression7 7 /atutory4 ,!y 7 laws ann\nc$ at a specific "t to meet "s def9ite exig5cy4 ,"u ! ,empire1 ! con/itutiones pr9cipum became ! mo/ important1 & !n practically ! only k9d ( legal enactm5t4 ,two or ?ree o!r s\rces ( ,roman law rema9 = m5tion3 fir/1 ! edicta ( ^? judicial magi/rates1 especially ! praetors1 :o _h ! au?ority to issue !m4 ,9 8 edict ! praetor ann\nc$ :at he held to be ! law & h[ he w\ld apply x4 ,! edict ( ea* successive praetor 0 a r5ewal & expansion or modification ( t ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,pap9ian calls ?is s\rce ( law ! 8jus praetorium1 :i* ! praetors h introduc$ to aid1 supplem5t1 or correct ! jus civile = ! sake ( public utility40 ,next1 ! responsa or auctoritas jurisprud5tium1 by :i* 7 int5d$ ! judicial decisions & ! au?ority ( ! legal writ+s ( ! fam\s jurisconsults4 ,imp]ial rescripts recogniz$ ^! responsa z au?oritative = ! ,roman c\rts2 & "s ( ! emp]ors embodi$ portions ( !m 9 =mally promulgat$ collections1 !reby giv+ !m ! =ce ( law4 ,ju/9ian's ,dige/ is ! great example ( ?is me?od ( codification4#cdf ,"o ne$ sc>cely add t ! au?oritative writ+s & responsa ( ! jurisconsults ext5d$ & appli$ ! jus g5tium1 t is to say1 ! rules & pr9ciples ( ! be/-consid]$ jurisprud5ce1 fre$ s f> z might be f ! =mal peculi>ities ( ! jus civile /rictly speak+4 ,& ! same 0 true ( ! praetorian edict4 ,! ,roman law also gave legal effect to invet]ata consuetudo1 ! law :i* is sanction$ by cu/om3 8= s9ce ! laws b9d u because e/abli%$ by ! decision ( ! p1 ^? unwritt5 cu/oms :i* ! p h approv$ are b9d+40#cdg ,simply nam+ ! s\rces ( ,roman law indicates ! ways 9 :i* x grew1 & ! "p tak5 by ! jurisconsults 9 its developm5t z a univ]sal & ela/ic sy/em4 ,x 0 due to _! lab\rs t legal pr9ciples 7 logically c>ri$ out ?r\gh ! mass ( enactm5ts & decisions2 t is1 x 0 due to _! l>ge consid]ation ( ! body ( exi/+ law1 t ea* novel decision--ea* case ( fir/ impression--%\ld be a true legal d$uction1 & n a solecism2 & t ev5 ! new enactm5ts %\ld n create discordant law4 ,& x 0 due to _! lab\rs t z rules ( law 7 call$ =?1 !y 7 /at$ cle>ly & 9 t]ms ( well-nigh univ]sal applicability4 ,! ,laws ( ! ,twelve ,tables %[$ ! action ( legal intellig5ce & ! result ( mu* exp]i5ce4 ,!y sanction$ a l>ge contractual fre$om1 if )9 /rict =ms2 !y /at$ broadly ! "r ( te/am5t>y disposition4 ,_m ( _! provisions1 :i* commonly 7 b au?oritative recognitions1 7 expressions ( basic legal pr9ciples1 ! application ( :i* might be ext5d$ to meet ! ne$s ( advanc+ civic life4 ,& ?r\gh ! enl>gem5t ( ?is fundam5tal collection ( law1 or deviat+ f x 9 accordance ) pr9ciples :i* x implicitly embodi$1 ! juri/s ( ! ,republic & ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,empire =m$ & develop$ a body ( private & public law f :i* ! jurisprud5ce ( ,europe & ,am]ica has nev] ev5 s\ght to free itself4 ,roman jurisprud5ce 0 f9ally incorporat$ 9 ,ju/9ian's ,dige/1 :i* op5s ) a /atem5t ( ! mo/ g5]al pr9ciples1 ev5 ^? :i* w\ld h hung 9 ! air b = ! ,roman g5ius ( logical & practical application to ! concrete in/ance4 8,jus e/ ars boni et aequi0--x is bett] to leave ^! words untranslat$1 su* is ! weal? ( significance & connotation :i* !y h acquir$4 8,ju/itia e/ con/ans et p]petua voluntas jus suum cuique tribu5di4 ,juris praecepta sunt haec3 hone/e viv]e1 alt]um non la$]e1 suum cuique tribu]e4 ,jurisprud5tia e/ div9>um atque human>um r]um notitia1 ju/i atque inju/i sci5tia40 ,! fir/ pregnant phrase is f ! old] juri/ ,celsus2 ! long] passage is by ! lat] ,ulpian1 & may be tak5 z an expansion ( ! fir/4 ,bo? ! "o & ! o!r express$ ! mo/ advanc$ & philosophic e?ics ( ! anci5t _w4 ,!y are bo? 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,dige/1 :]e9 !y become enactm5ts4 ,an extract f ,paulus foll[s3 8,jus has diff]5t mean+s2 t :i* is always aequum ac bonum is call$ jus1 to wit1 ! jus naturale3 jus also means ! jus civile1 t :i* is exp$i5t 7utile7 = all or mo/ 9 any /ate4 ,& 9 our /ate we h also ! praetorian jus40 ,?is passage indicates ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( ! ,roman law3 ! fundam5tal & ceaselessly gr[+ core ( specifically ,roman law1 ! jus civile2 its cont9ual equitable application & enl>gem5t1 :i* 0 ! praetor's contribution2 & ! con/ant application ( ! aequum ac bonum1 obs]v$ p]haps 9 legal rules common to _m peoples1 b m surely exi/+ 9 ! high reason+ ( juri/s in/ruct$ 9 ! be/ e?ics & philosophy ( ! anci5t _w1 & le>n$ & practis$ 9 ! law4 ,n[ notice "s ( ! /ill g5]al1 b di/9ctly legal1 r ?an e?ical1 rules collect$ 9 ! ,dige/3 ,! laws _c provide specifically = e case t may arise2 b :5 _! int5t is pla91 he :o is adjudicat+ a cause %\ld proce$ ad similia1 & ?us decl>e ! law 9 ! case4#cdh ,"h is /at$ ! g5]al & important =mative pr9ciple1 t new cases %\ld be decid$ consi/5tly & elegant]1 :i* means logically & 9 accordance ) e/abli%$ rules4 ,yet legal solecisms w exi/1 p]haps 9 a /atute or 9 "s rule ( law evok$ by a special exig5cy4 ,_! application is n to be ext5d$4 ,= !m ! rule is3 8,:at has be5 accept$ contra rationem juris1 is n to be drawn out 7produc5dum7 to its consequ5ces10#cdi or aga93 8,:at 0 introduc$ n by pr9ciple1 b at fir/ ?r\gh error1 does n obta9 9 l cases40#cej ,^! are true pr9ciples mak+ = ! consi/5t developm5t ( a body ( law4 ,obs]ve ! scope & p5etration ( "s o!r g5]al rules3 8,nuptias non concubitus1 s$ cons5sus facit40#cea ,?is goes to ! legal root ( ! :ole conception ( matrimony1 & is /ill ! recogniz$ />t+-po9t ( all law ^u t subject4 ,aga93 8,an agreem5t to p]=m :at is impossible w n su/a9 a suit40#ceb ,?is is /ill ev]y:]e a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! law ( contracts4 ,aga93 8,no "o c transf] to ano!r a great] "r ?an he w\ld h himself10#cec ano!r pr9ciple ( fundam5tal validity1 b1 ( c\rse1 l all rules ( law subject 9 its application to ! qualify+ op]ation ( o!r legal rules4 ,roman jurisprud5ce recogniz$ ! dang] ( def9ition3 8,omnis def9itio 9 jure civili p]iculosa e/40#ced ,yet x c\ld =mulate admirable ones2 = example3 8,inh]itance is succession to ! sum total 7univ]sum jus7 ( ! rights ( ! deceas$40#cee ,?is def9ition excels 9 ! complet5ess ( its legal view ( ! matt]1 & is n injur$ by ! obvi\s omission to exclude ^? p]sonal privileges & rights ( ! deceas$ :i* t]m9ate ^u 8 dea?4 ,?us we note ! s\rces & con/ructive pr9ciples ( ! ,roman law4 ,we obs]ve t :ile c]ta9 ( ! =m] might be call$ 8/atutory10 ! *ief means & me?od ( developm5t 0 ! decl>ative edict ( ! praetor & ! tra9$ lab\r ( ! jurisconsults4 ,9 ^! appe>s ! consummate g5ius ( ,roman jurisprud5ce1 a jurisprud5ce mat*less 9 its rational conception ( pr9ciples ( ju/ice :i* 7 root$ 9 a philosophic consid]ation ( human life2 mat*less also 9 its c>ry+ ?r\gh ( su* pr9ciples into ! body ( ! law & ! decision ( e case4 ,,ii ,! ,roman law 0 ! creation ( ! g5ius ( ,rome & also ! product ( ! complex civilization ( :i* ,rome 0 ! k9etic c5tre4 ,z ! ,roman p[] crumbl$1 ,teutonic invad]s e/abli%$ k+doms )9 t]ritories =m]ly subject to ,rome & to h] law--a law1 h[ev]1 :i* commonly _h be5 modifi$ to suit ! peoples ( ! prov9ces4 ,^? t]ritories reta9$ _! population ( prov9cials4 ,! invad]s1 ,burgundians1 ,visigo?s1 & ,franks1 plant+ !mselves 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ,gaul1 br\ght _! own law1 "u :i* !y cont9u$ to live1 b :i* !y did n =ce ^u ! prov9cial population4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,burgundian & ,visigo?ic k+s promulgat$ codes ( ,roman law = ! latt]4 ,& ^! repres5t ! =ms 9 :i* ! ,roman law fir/ pass$ ov] into modes ( acceptance & application no long] fully ,roman1 b p>tly ,teutonic & incipi5tly m$iaeval4 ,!y exemplify1 moreov]1 ! fact1 s _m aspects ( :i* h be5 already notic$1 ( transitional & p>tly b>b>iz$ communities draw+ f a great] pa/ accord+ to _! simpl] ne$s4 ,"o may say t ^! codes c>ri$ on processes ( decl9e f ! full creative g5ius ( ,roman jurisprud5ce1 :i* _h irrevocably set 9 "u ! ,empire 9 ! f\r? & fif? c5turies4 ,! decl9e lay 9 a weak5+ ( ! intellectual p[] devot$ to ! law & its developm5t4 ,! liv+ gr[? ( ! praetorian edict _h long s9ce come to an end2 & n[ a wan+ jurisprud5tial intellig5ce fir/ ceas$ to advance ! developm5t ( law1 & !n fail$ to save f desuetude ! a*iev$ jurisprud5ce ( ! pa/4 ,s ! jurisprud5tial & juridical elem5ts 7jus7 fell away f ! law1 & ! imp]ial con/itutions 7leges7 rema9$ ! sole legal vehicle & means ( am5dm5t4 ,! ne$ ( codification 0 felt1 & t pres]v+ & elim9at+ process 0 ent]$ ^u4 ,roman codification nev] became a re=mulation4 ,! ,roman ,codex 0 a collection ( exi/+ con/itutions4 ,a c]ta9 juri/ 78,gregorianus07 made an ord]ly & compreh5sive collection ( su* z e>ly z ! close ( ,diocletian's reign2 x 0 supplem5t$ by ! "w ( ano!r juri/ 78,h]mog5ianus07 9 ! "t ( ,con/ant9e4 ,ea* compilation 0 ! "w ( a private p]son1 :o1 )\t au?ority to re/ate1 c\ld b compile ! imp]ial con/itutions4 ,! same me?od 0 adopt$ by ! lat] codifications1 :i* 7 made & promulgat$ "u imp]ial decree4 ,!re 7 two :i* 7 to be ( supreme importance = ! legal future ( we/]n ,europe1 ! ,!odosian ,code & ! legislation ( ,ju/9ian4 ,! =m] 0 promulgat$ 9 #dch by ,!odosius ,,ii4 & ,val5t9ianus4 ,! emp]ors =mally ann\nce t 89 imitation 7ad similitud9em7 ( ! ,code ( ,gregorianus & ,h]mog5ianus we h decre$ t all ! ,con/itutions %\ld be collect$0 :i* h be5 promulgat$ by ,con/ant9e & 8 successors1 includ+ ourselves4#cef ,s ! ,!odosian ,code conta9s _m laws ( ! emp]ors :o decre$ x4#ceg ,x 0 ?us a compilation ( imp]ial con/itutions already 9 exi/5ce1 or decre$ f ye> to ye> :ile ! codification 0 9 process 7#dbi-dch74 ,e con/itution is giv5 9 ! words ( its orig9al ann\ncem5t1 & ) ! "n ( ! emp]or4 ,evid5tly ?is code 0 n a revision ( ! law4 ,! codification ( ,ju/9ian began ) ! promulgation ( ! ,codex 9 #ebi4 ,t 0 int5d$ to be a compilation ( ! con/itutions conta9$ 9 ! previ\s codes & /ill 9 =ce1 z well z ^? :i* _h be5 decre$ s9ce ! "t ( ,!odosius4 ,! compil]s receiv$ au?ority to omit1 abbreviate1 & supplem5t4 ,! ,codex 0 revis$ & promulgat$ anew 9 #ecd4 ,! con/itutions :i* 7 decre$ dur+ ! rema9d] ( ,ju/9ian's long reign 7 collect$ aft] 8 dea? & publi%$ z ,novellae4 ,s f> !re 0 no?+ radically novel4 ,b1 "u ,ju/9ian1 life & art seem$ to h reviv$ 9 ! ,ea/2 & ,tribonian1 ) ! o!rs :o assi/$ 9 ^! lab\rs1 _h l>g] views ( legal re=m & jurisprud5tial cons]vation ?an ! m5 :o work$ = ,!odosius4 ,ju/9ian & 8 coadjutors _h also s]i\s plans = improv+ ! tea*+ ( ! law1 9 ! fur!rance ( :i* ! fam\s little book ( ,in/itutes 0 compos$ aft] ! model1 & to "s ext5t 9 ! words1 ( ! ,in/itutes ( ,gaius4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 #ecc4 ,! great lab\r1 h[ev]1 :i* ,ju/9ian & 8 lawy]s 7 z by ,provid5ce inspir$ to a*ieve 0 ! encyclopa$ic codification ( ! jurisprud5tial law4 ,"p ( ! emp]or's high-s\nd+ comm& runs ?us3 8,we !re=e comm& y to read & sift out f ! books p]ta9+ to ! jus ,romanum compos$ by ! anci5t le>n$ juri/s 7antiqui prud5tes7 to :om ! mo/ sacr$ emp]ors grant$ au?ority to indite & int]pret ! laws1 s t ! mat]ial may all be tak5 f ^! writ]s1 & incongruity avoid$--= o!rs h writt5 books :i* h be5 nei!r us$ nor recogniz$4 ,:5 by ! fav\r ( ! ,deity ?is mat]ial %all h be5 collect$1 x %\ld be re>$ ) toil mo/ beautiful1 & consecrat$ z ! own & mo/ holy temple ( ju/ice1 & ! :ole law 7totum jus7 %\ld be arrang$ 9 fifty books "u specific titles40#ceh ,! language ( ! anci5t juri/s 0 to be pres]v$ ev5 critically1 t is to say1 ! compil]s 7 direct$ to em5d app>5t errors & re/ore :at seem$ 8v]um et optimum et quasi ab initio scriptum40 ,x 0 n ! lea/ ( ! provid5tial m]cies connect$ ) ! compilation ( ?is great body ( jurisprud5tial law1 t ,ju/9ian & 8 commission did n ab&on ! phras+ ( ! old jurisconsults1 & re/ate _! op9ions 9 su* language z we h a sample ( 9 ! con/itution f :i* ! above extract is tak54 ,?is jurisprud5tial "p ( ,ju/9ian's ,codification 0 nam$ ! ,dige/ or ,p&ects4#cei ,inasmu* z ,ju/9ian's brief reconque/ ( we/]n portions ( ! ,roman ,empire did n ext5d nor? ( ! ,alps1 8 codification 0 n promulgat$ 9 ,gaul or ,g]many4 ,ev5 9 ,italy 8 legislation did n ma9ta9 itself 9 g5]al dom9ance1 especially 9 ! nor? :]e ! ,lomb>d law n>r[$ its application4 ,moreov]1 ?r\gh\t ! p59sula1 ! ,p&ects quickly became z if !y 7 n1 & fell into desuetude1 if t c be said ( a "w :i* _h n come into use4 ,?is body ( jurisprud5tial law 0 beyond ! legal s5se ( ^? mon>*ically-m9d$ & b>b>iz+ c5turies1 :i* knew law only z ! comm& ( a royal lawgiv]4 ,! ,codex & ! ,novellae 7 ( ?is nature4 ,!y1 & n ! ,dige/1 repres5t ! influ5ce ^u ,italy ( ,ju/9ian's legislation until ! r5ew$ int]e/ 9 jurisprud5ce br\ght ! ,p&ects to ! front at ! close ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,b ,codex & ,novellae 7 too bulky = a p]iod t ne$$ to h its intellectual lab\rs made easy4 ,f ! fir/1 ! ,novellae 7 *iefly kn[n & us$ 9 ! cond5s$ =m giv5 !m 9 ! excell5t ,epitome ( ,julianus1 app>5tly a ,byzant9e ( ! la/ "p ( ,ju/9ian's reign4#cfj ,! cutt+ d[n & epitomiz+ ( ! ,codex is m obscure2 probably x began at once2 ! incomplete or cond5s$ =ms 7 ^? 9 common use4#cfa ,x is1 h[ev]1 ) ! ,!odosian ,code & c]ta9 survivals ( ! works ( ! great juri/s t we h imm$iately to d4 ,= ^! 7 ! s\rces ( ! codes enact$ by ,go?ic & ,burgundian k+s = _! ,roman or ,gallo-,roman subjects4 ,app>5tly ! e>lie/ ( !m 0 prep>$ soon aft] ! ye> #ejb1 at ! comm& ( ,gondebaud1 ,k+ ( ! ,burgundians4 ,?is1 :i* lat] 0 dubb$ ! ,papianus1#cfb 0 ! "w ( a skill$ ,roman lawy]1 & seems q z mu* a text-book z a code4 ,x set =? ! law ( ! topics important = ! ,roman prov9cials liv+ 9 ! ,burgundian k+dom1 n m]ely mak+ extracts f its s\rces1 b /at+ _! cont5ts & ref]r+ to !m z au?orities4 ,^! s\rces 7 sub/antially ! same z ^? us$ by ! ,visigo?ic ,brevi>ium1 :i* 0 soon to sup]s$e ! ,papianus ev5 9 ,burgundy4 ,brevi>ium 0 ! popul> "n ( ! code enact$ by ! ,visigo?ic k+ ,al>ic ,,ii4 ab\t ! ye> #ejf = 8 prov9ciales 9 ! s\? ( ,gaul4#cfc ,x pres]v$ ! integrity ( its s\rces1 giv+ ! texts 9 ! same ord]1 & ) ! same rubrics1 z 9 ! orig9al4 ,! pr9cipal s\rce 0 ! ,!odosian ,code2 next 9 importance ! collections ( ,novellae ( ,!odosius & succe$+ emp]ors3 a few texts 7 tak5 f ! ,codes ( 8,gregorianus0 & 8,h]mog5ianus40 ,^! p>ts ( ! ,brevi>ium consi/$ ( leges1 t is1 ( con/itutions ( ! emp]ors4 ,two s\rces ( q a diff]5t "* 7 also drawn ^u4 ,"o 0 ! ,in/itutes ( ,gaius1 or r an old epitome :i* _h be5 made f x4 ,! o!r 0 ! ,s5t5tiae ( ,paulus1 ! fam\s 8,five ,books ( ,s5t5ces ad filium40 ,?is "w ( elem5t>y jurisprud5ce des]v$ its great repute2 yet its use 9 ! ,brevi>ium may h be5 due to ! special sanction :i* _h be5 giv5 x 9 "o ( ! con/itutions ( ! ,!odosian ,code1 also tak5 ov] into ! ,brevi>ium3 8,pauli quoque s5t5tias semp] val]e praecipimus40#cfd ,! same con/itution confirm$ ! ,in/itutes ( ,gaius1 among o!r great jurisconsults4 ,presumably ^! two works 7 ! mo/ commonly kn[n z well z ! cle>e/ & be/ ( elem5t>y jurisprud5tial compositions4 ,an int]e/+ feature ( ! ,brevi>ium1 & de/9$ to be ( great importance1 0 ! ,int]pretatio accompany+ all its texts1 except ^? drawn f ! epitome ( ,gaius4 ,?is 0 n ! "w ( ,al>ic's compil]s1 b probably repres5ts ! approv$ exposition ( ! leges1 ) ! exposition ( ! already ar*aic ,s5t5ces ( ,paulus1 curr5t 9 ! law s*ools ( s\!rn ,gaul 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,! ,int]pretatio ?us tak5 into ! ,brevi>ium _h1 l ! texts1 ! =ce ( royal law1 & soon 0 to surpass !m 9 practice by reason ( its p]spicuity & mod]nity4 ,_m manuscripts conta9 only ! ,int]pretatio & omit ! texts4 ,! ,brevi>ium became ! s\rce ( ,roman law1 inde$ ! ,roman law p> excell5ce1 = ! ,m]ov+ian & !n ! ,c>ol+ian realm1 outside ( ,italy4 ,x 0 soon subject$ to ! epitomiz+ process1 & its epitomes exi/1 dat+ f ! eigh? to ! t5? c5tury3 !y r$uc$ x 9 bulk1 & did away ) ! practical inconv5i5ce ( lex & int]pretatio4 ,fur!r1 ! ,brevi>ium1 & ev5 ! epitomes1 7 gloss$ ) num]\s m>g9al or int]l9e> notes made by transcrib]s or /ud5ts4 ,^! range f def9itions ( words1 sometimes tak5 f ,isidore's ,etymologiae1 to brief explanations ( difficulties 9 ! text4#cfe ,9 l mann] 9 ,italy1 ! ,codex & ,novellae ( ,ju/9ian 71 z has be5 said1 r$uc$ to epitomes1 & also equipp$ ) glosses4 ,^! b>b>ic codes ( ,roman law m>k ! passage ( ,roman law into incipi5tly m$iaeval /ages4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9 ,lat9 codes ( b>b>ian law pres5t ! laws ( ! ,teutons t\*$ ) ,roman conceptions1 & likewise becom+ in*oately m$iaeval4 ,fre$om1 ! effici5t fre$om ( ! individual1 belongs to civilization r ?an to b>b>ism4 ,! actual z well z imag9>y p]ils surr\nd+ ! lives ( m5 :o d n dwell 9 a safe society1 entail a /ate ( close mutual dep5d5ce r ?an ( lib]ty4 ,law 9 a civiliz$ community has ! tw(old purpose ( pres]v+ ! fre$om ( ! individual & ( ma9ta9+ peace4 ,) ea* advance 9 human progress1 ! latt] purpose1 at lea/ 9 ! field ( private civil law1 rec$es a little f>!r1 :ile ! importance ( private law1 z comp>$ ) p5al law1 con/antly increases4 ,! law ( unciviliz$ peoples lacks ! fir/ ( ^! purposes4 ,its sole consci\s object is to ma9ta91 or at lea/ provide a me?od ( ma9ta9+ peace2 x is sc>cely aw>e t 9 ma9ta9+ peace x is enhanc+ ! fre$om ( e individual4 ,! di/9ct & consci\s purpose ( e>ly ,teutonic law 0 to promote peace )9 ! tribe1 or among ! memb]s ( a w>b&4 ,?us 0 law reg>d$ by ! p--z a means ( peace4 ,its communication or orda9m5t might be ascrib$ to a ,god or a div9e ,k+4 ,b 9 reality its *ief s\rce lay 9 sl[ly gr[+ regulative cu/om4#cff ,! =ce ( law1 or m te*nically speak+ ! legal sanction1 lay 9 ! p[] ( ! tribe to uphold its realiz$ purpose z a tribe2 = ! p[] to ma9ta9 its solid>ity & organization 0 ! f9al te/ ( its law-uphold+ /r5g?4 ,prim>ily ! old ,teutonic law look$ to ! tribe & its sub-units1 & sc>cely reg>d$ ! special claims ( an individual1 or notic$ mitigat+ or aggravat+ elem5ts 9 8 culpability--answ]ability r4 ,x prescrib$ = 8 peace & protection z a memb] ( a family1 or z "o includ$ )9 ! b&s ( ,sippe 7blood relation%ip72 or z "o ( a w>b& or a *ief's close foll[]1 "o ( 8 comitatus4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! law 0 /iff1 n>r[1 & ung5]aliz$ 9 its recogniz$ rules4 ,! fir/ ,lat9 codifications ( ,teutonic law are n to be comp>$ = bread? & ela/icity ( /atem5t to ! ,law ( ! ,twelve ,tables4 ,& _! sub/ance 0 m primitive4#cfg ,! e>lie/ ( ^! fir/ codifications 0 ! ,lex ,salica1 codifi$ "u ,clovis ne> ! ye> #ejj4 ,unque/ionably1 contact ) ,roman in/itutions sugge/$ ! idea1 ev5 z ! ,lat9 language 0 ! vehicle1 ( ?is code4 ,o!rwise ! ,lex ,salica is un-,*ri/ian & un-,roman1 al?\gh probably x 0 put toge!r aft] ,clovis's baptism4 ,x 0 n a compreh5sive codification1 & omitt$ mu* t 0 common k at ! "t2 :i* n[ makes x some:at enigmatical4 ,"o f9ds 9 x li/s ( !fts ( e sort ( object t might be /ol51 & ( ! v>i\s injuries to ! p]son t might be done1 & ! sum ( money to be paid 9 ea* case z atonem5t or comp5sation4 ,su* s*$ules did n set light /ore on life & prop]ty4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y 7 e>ne/ly int5d$ z ! mo/ available protection ( elem5tal human rights1 & z ! be/ me?od ( peaceful r$ress4 ,! sums aw>d$ z ,w]geld 7 l>ge1 & 7 reckon$ accord+ to ! sla9 man's rank4 ,by committ+ a homicide1 a man might ru9 himself & ev5 8 blood relatives 7,sippe7 & ( c\rse on failure to atone might incur s]vitude or dea? or outlawry4 ,! ,salic law is sc>cely t\*$ by ! law ( ,rome4 ,f ?is piece ( intact ,teutonism ! codes ( o!r ,teuton peoples %ade (f into bodies ( law p>tially ,romaniz$1 t is1 affect$ by ! prov9cializ$ ,roman law curr5t 9 ! locality :]e ! ,teutonic tribe f\nd a home4 ,! codes ( ! ,burgundians & ! ,visigo?s 9 s\!rn ,france are examples ( ?is ,teutonic-,romanesque comm+l+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,lomb>d codes1 ?\gh lat] 9 "t1 held !mselves ev5 h>%ly ,teutonic1 z oppos$ to any influ5ce f ! law ( ! conqu]$ ,italian population1 = :om ! ,lomb>ds _h less reg>d ?an ,burgundians & ,visigo?s _h = _! subject prov9cials4 ,moreov]1 z ! ,franki% realm ext5d$ its p[] ov] o!r ,gallo-,teuton /ates1 ! v>i\s ,teuton laws modifi$ ea* o!r & t5d$ t[>d uni=mity4 ,naturally ! law ( ! ,franks1 fir/ ! ,salic & !n ! p>tly d]ivative ,ribu>ian code1 ex]t$ a dom9at+ influ5ce4#cfh ,^! ,teuton peoples reg>d$ law z p]ta9+ to ! tribe4 ,!re 0 little consci\s int5tion on _! "p ( =c+ _! laws on ! conqu]$4 ,:5 ! ,visigo?s e/abli%$ _! k+dom 9 s\!rn ,france !y _h no idea ( *ang+ ! law ( ! ,gallo-,roman prov9cials liv+ )9 ! ,visigo?ic rule2 & %ortly aft]w>ds1 :5 ! ,franks ext5d$ _! p[] ov] ! /ill ,roman p>ts ( ,gaul1 & !n ov] ,alemanni1 ,burgundians1 & ,visigo?s1 !y likewise _h no ?\ght ( =c+ _! laws ei!r ^u ,gallo-,romans or ^u ! ,teuton p previ\sly dom9ant )9 a giv5 t]ritory4 ,?is rema9$ true ev5 ( ! lat] ,franki% p]iod1 :5 ! ,c>ol+ians conqu]$ ! ,lomb>d k+dom 9 upp] ,italy4 ,inde$1 to all ^! ,teutons & to ! ,roman prov9cials z well1 x seem$ z a matt] ( c\rse t tribal or local laws %\ld be p]mitt$ to endure among ! peoples !y belong$ to4 ,^! assumptions & ! conditions ( ! gr[+ ,franki% ,empire evok$1 z x 71 a m acute mobilization ( ! pr9ciple t to ea* p belong$ its law4 ,= prov9cials & ,teuton peoples 7 m+l+ ?r\gh\t ! ,franki% realm1 & ! fir/ obvi\s solution ( ! legal problems aris+ 0 to hold t prov9cials & ,teutons ev]y:]e %\ld rema9 am5able & entitl$ to _! own law1 :i* 0 assum$ to att5d !m z a p]sonal appurt5ance4 ,( c\rse ?is solution became intol]able z tribal blood & delimitations 7 obscur$1 & m5 mov$ ab\t ?r\gh ! t]ritories ( "o great realm4 ,ar*bi%op ,agob>d ( ,lyons rem>ks t "o might see five m5 sitt+ toge!r1 ea* am5able to a diff]5t law4#cfi ,! escape f ?is legal confusion 0 to rev]t to ! idea ( law & cu/om z apply+ to e "o )9 a giv5 t]ritory4 ,! p]sonal pr9ciple gradually gave way to ?is conception 9 ! c\rse ( ! n9?1 t5?1 & elev5? c5turies4#cgj ,9 ! mean:ile dur+ ! ,m]ov+ian1 & m pot5tly 9 ! ,c>ol+ian p]iod1 k+'s law1 z di/+ui%$ f p's law1 _h be5 an influ5ce mak+ = legal uni=mity ?r\gh\t t wide conglom]ate empire :i* ackn[l$g$ ! au?ority ( ! ,franki% k+ or emp]or4 ,! k+'s law might emanate f ! delegat$ au?ority1 & arise f ! practices1 ( royal function>ies2 x 0 mo/ =mally promulgat$ 9 ,capitul>ies1 :i* ) ,*>lemagne rea* su* volume & importance4 ,"s ( ^! royal ord9ances relat$ to a t[n or di/rict only4 ,o!rs 7 = ! realm1 & ! latt] n only 7 in/ances ( law apply+ univ]sally1 b also t5d$ to promote1 or sugge/1 ! h>moniz+ ( laws :i* !y did n modify directly4 ,,iii ,! ,roman law always exi/$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,prov9cializ$ & *ang$1 x 0 int]wov5 9 ! law & cu/om ( ! l& ( ! langue d'oc & ev5 9 ! cu/om>y law ( ! l&s :]e ! langue d'oil 0 spok54 ,?r\gh ! same t]ritory x exi/$ also 9 ! ,brevi>ium & its epitomes4 ,!re 0 v little ( x 9 ,engl&1 & sc>cely a trace 9 ! ,g]many ea/ ( ! ,rh9e4 ,9 ,italy x 0 appli$ :5 n sup]s$$ by ! ,lomb>d codes1 & 0 drawn f works bas$ on ! ,codex & ,novels ( ,ju/9ian4 ,b ! jurisprud5tial law conta9$ 9 ,ju/9ian's ,dige/ 0 z well =gott5 9 ,italy z 9 any l& nor? ( ! ,alps1 :]e ! ,codification ( ,ju/9ian _h nev] be5 promulgat$4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! classic =ms ( ,roman law 7 kn[n or unkn[n1 un=gott5 or =gott51 0 no accid5t z ( codices or o!r writ+s lo/ accid5tally4 ,x hung ^u l>g] conditions--:e!r society _h rea*$ t /age ( civiliz$ exig5cy dem&+ ! application ( an advanc$ comm]cial law1 & :e!r !re 7 m5 capable ( und]/&+ & apply+ x4 ,?is ne$ & ! capacity to und]/& w\ld be closely jo9$4#cga ,! hi/ory ( ! k & und]/&+ ( ,roman law 9 ! ,middle ,ages might be resolv$ into a consid]ation ( ! s\rces drawn ^u1 & ! ext5t & mann] ( _! use1 f c5tury to c5tury4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury1 :5 ! ,!odosian ,code 0 promulgat$1 law 0 ?\ght ( *iefly z ! m&ate ( a rul]4 ,! ,!odosian ,code 0 compos$ ( con/itutiones pr9cipum4 ,likewise ! ,brevi>ium1 bas$ ^u x1 & o!r b>b>ian codes ( ,roman law1 7 orda9$ by k+s2 & s 7 ! codes ( ,teutonic law4 ,= law1 m5 look$ directly to ! visible rul]4 ,! jus1 reason$ out by ! wisdom ( tra9$ juri/s1 _h lo/ au?ority & int]e/4 ,to be sure1 a hundr$ ye>s lat] ,ju/9ian's ,commission put toge!r 9 ! ,dige/ ! body ( jurisprud5tial law2 b ev5 9 ,italy :]e 8 codification 0 promulgat$1 ! ,dige/ fell /ill-born4 ,nev] 0 an (ficial compilation ( less effect ^u its own "t1 or ( su* mighty import = times to come4 ,! ,brevi>ium became p> excell5ce ! code ( ,roman law = ! c\ntries includ$ 9 ! pres5t ,france4 ,) its accompany+ ,int]pretatio x 0 a "w indicat+ intellig5ce on ! "p ( its compil]s1 ^: *ief c>e 0 z to arrangem5t & explanation4 ,b ! "t 0 n progressive1 & a ga!r+ m5tal decad5ce 0 %[n by ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,brevi>ium 0 treat$ & us$1 to wit1 epitomiz$ 9 _m epitomes1 & practically sup]s$$ by !m4 ,"h 0 d\ble evid5ce ( decay2 = ! sup]session ( su* a "w by su* epitomes indicates a dim9i%+ legal k 9 ! epitomiz]s1 & also a n>r[+ ( social & comm]cial ne$s 9 ! community1 = :i* ! orig9al "w conta9$ mu* t 0 no long] useful4 ,!re 71 ( c\rse1 epitomes & epitomes4 ,su* a "w z ! ,epitome ,juliani1 9 :i* a good ,byzant9e lawy] ( ,ju/9ian's "t pres5t$ ! sub/ance ( ! ,novellae1 0 an excell5t comp5dium1 & des]v$ ! fame x won4 ,( a l[] ord] 7 ! lat] manipulations ( ,ju/9ian's ,codex1 by :i* app>5tly ! ,codex 0 sup]s$$ 9 ,italy4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! ,summa ,p]us9a ( ! n9? or t5? c5tury1 a wret*$ "w1 & "o ( ! bl9de/4#cgb ,ju/9ian's ,codex & ,julian's ,epitome 7 equipp$ ) glosses1 "s ( :i* are z e>ly z ,ju/9ian's "t2 b ! great] "p are lat]4 ,! glosses to ,ju/9ian's legislation resemble ^? ( ! ,brevi>ium be=e ref]r$ to4 ,t is to say1 z ! c5turies pass d[nw>d t[>d ! t5?1 ! glosses answ] to crud] ne$s3 !y become l>gely translations ( words1 (t5 tak5 f ,isidore's ,etymologiae4#cgc ,inde$ _m ( !m appe> to h _h m]ely a grammatical int]e/1 z if ! text 0 us$ z an aid 9 ! /udy ( ! ,lat9 language4 ,! la/ rem>k indicates a way 9 :i* a v sup]ficial acqua9tance ) ! ,roman law 0 kept up ?r\gh ! c5turies prior to ! twelf?3 x 0 commonly taught 9 ! s*ools devot$ to elem5t>y in/ruction1 t is to say1 to ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts4 ,9 _m in/ances ! in/ructors _h only su* k z !y d]iv$ f ,isidore1 t fri5d ( e man4 ,t is1 !y _h no special k ( law1 b imp>t$ v>i\s def9itions to _! pupils1 j z !y might tea* !m ! names ( diseases & rem$ies1 a li/ ( :i* 7& no?+ m7 !y w\ld also f9d 9 ,isidore4 ,x 0 all j z "o might h expect$4 ,elem5t>y m$iaeval education 0 encyclopa$ic 9 its *ildi% way2 &1 9 accordance ) ! me?ods & traditions ( ! transition c5turies1 all bran*es ( in/ruction 7 apt to be turn$ to gramm> & rhetoric1 & made l+ui/ic1 s to speak--m]e subjects = curi\s def9ition4 ,?us x happ5$ to law z well z m$ic9e4 ,yet "s ( ! tea*]s may h _h a practical acqua9tance ) legal matt]s1 ) an und]/&+ = legal docum5ts & skill to draw !m up4 ,! ass]tion also is w>rant$ t at c]ta9 c5tres ( le>n+ sub/antial legal in/ruction 0 giv52 "o may ev5 speak ( s*ools ( law4 ,scatt]$ in=mation t\*+ all ! e>ly m$iaeval p]iods %[s t !re 0 no "t :5 in/ruction 9 ,roman law c\ld n be obta9$ some:]e 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,to ref] to ,france1 ! ,roman law 0 v e>ly taught at ,n>bonne2 at ,orleans x 0 taught f ! "t ( ,bi%op ,!odulphus1 ,*>lemagne's contempor>y1 & probably ! tea*+ ( x long cont9u$4 ,"o may speak 9 ! same way ( ,lyons2 & 9 ! elev5? c5tury ,ang]s 0 fam$ = ! /udy ( law4 ,our in=mation is less brok5 z to an ,italy :]e ?r\gh ! e>ly ,middle ,ages m g5]al opportunities (f]$ = elem5t>y education1 & :]e ! ,roman law1 ) ,ju/9ian's ,codification z a base1 made 9 g5]al ! law ( ! l&4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t x 0 n taught4 ,contempor>y allusions be> witness to ! exi/5ce ( a s*ool ( law 9 ,rome 9 ! "t ( ,cassiodorus & aft]w>ds1 :i* is confirm$ by a /atem5t ( ! juri/ ,od(r$us 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,at ,pavia !re 0 a s*ool ( law 9 ! "t ( ,ro?>i1 ! legislat+ ,lomb>d k+2 ?is rea*$ ! z5i? ( its repute 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,legal /udies also fl\ri%$ at ,rav5na1 & succumb$ be=e ! ris+ /> ( ! ,bologna s*ool at ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury4#cgd ,9 ^! & d\btless _m o!r cities#cge /ud5ts 7 in/ruct$ 9 legal practices & =mulae1 & "s sub/ance ( ! ,roman law 0 taught4 ,extant legal docum5ts ( v>i\s k9ds af=d1 especially = ,italy1 ample evid5ce ( ! cont9u\s application ( ! ,roman law4#cgf ,z = ! m]its & defici5cies ( legal in/ruction 9 ,italy & 9 ,france1 an idea may be ga9$ f ! v>i\s manuals t 7 prep>$ ei!r = use 9 ! s*ools ( law or = ! practition]4 ,because ( ! unc]ta9ty1 h[ev]1 ( _! age & prov5ance1 x is difficult to connect !m ) a def9ite foy] ( in/ruction4 ,until ! op5+ ( ! twelf? c5tury1 or at all ev5ts until ! la/ qu>t] ( ! elev5?1 ! legal lit]ature ev9ces sc>cely any orig9ality or critical capacity4 ,!re are glosses1 epitomes1 & collections ( extracts1 m or less cond5s$ or confus$ f :atev] text ! compil] _h be=e him4 ,little jurisprud5tial intellig5ce appe>s 9 any writ+s :i* are kn[n to prec$e ! close ( ! elev5? c5tury2 none1 = in/ance1 9 ! epitomes ( ! ,brevi>ium & ! glosses relat+ to t code2 none 9 ^? works ( ,italian orig9 ! mat]ial = :i* 0 drawn directly or indirectly f ! ,codex or ,novels ( ,ju/9ian1 = in/ance ! ,summa ,p]us9a & ! ,lex ,romana canonice compta1 bo? ( :i* probably belong to ! n9? c5tury4 ,su* compilations 7 put toge!r = practical use1 or p]haps z aids to tea*+4 ,?us1 s f> z inf]5ce may be drawn f ! extant writ+s1 ! legal tea*+ 9 any s*ool dur+ ?is long p]iod h>dly rose above an uncritical & un5light5$ explanation ( ,roman law some:at m$iaevaliz$ & deflect$ f its classic =m & sub/ance4 ,!re 0 also practical in/ruction 9 curr5t legal =ms & cu/oms4 ,int]e/ 9 ! law _h n ris5 above practical ne$s1 nor 0 capacity %[n = any?+ above a me*anical h&l+ ( ! matt]4 ,legal /udy 0 on a level ) ! o!r intellectual ph5om5a ( ! p]iod4 ,9 an opusculum#cgg writt5 %ortly aft] ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury1 ,pet] ,damiani be>s unequivocal1 if some:at ho/ile1 witness to ! /udy ( law at ,rav5na2 & x is cle> t 9 8 "t legal /udies 7 progress+ 9 bo? ,france & ,italy4 ,x is unsafe to speak m def9itely1 because ( ! difficulty 9 fix+ ! "t & place ( c]ta9 r fam\s pieces ( legal lit]ature1 :i* %[ a m>k$ advance ^u ! productions to be ascrib$ ) c]ta9ty to an e>li] "t4 ,! ref]5ce is to ! ,petri exceptiones & ! ,bra*ylogus4 ,! critical que/ions relat+ to ! =m] are too complex ev5 to outl9e "h4 ,bo? its "t & place are 9 dispute4 ,! ascrib$ dates range f ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! elev5? c5tury to ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! twelf?1 a matt] ( importance1 s9ce ! op5+ ( ! twelf? c5tury is m>k$ by ! rise ( ! ,bologna s*ool4 ,z = ! place1 "s s*ol>s /ill adh]e to ! s\? ( ,france1 :ile o!rs look to ,pavia or ,rav5na4 ,on ! :ole1 ! weight ( argum5t seems to fav\r ,italy & a date n f> f #ajge4cgh ,! ,petrus1 z x is famili>ly call$1 is drawn f imm$iately prior & /ill extant compilations4 ,! compil] wi%$ to give a comp5di\s if n sy/ematic pres5tation ( law z accept$ & approv$ 9 8 "t1 t is to say1 ( ,roman law some:at m$iaevaliz$ 9 tone1 & ) c]ta9 extrane\s elem5ts f ! ,lomb>d codes4 ,! ultimate ,roman s\rces 7 ! ,codification ( ,ju/9ian1 & inde$ all ( x1 ,dige/1 ,codex1 & ,novels1 ! la/ 9 ! =m to :i* !y _h be5 br\ght 9 ,julian's ,epitome4 ,! purpose ( ! compilation is giv5 9 ! ,prologue1#cgi :i* 9 sub/ance is z foll[s3 8,s9ce = _m div]s reasons1 on acc\nt ( ! great & manifold difficulties 9 ! laws1 ev5 ! ,doctors ( ! laws _c )\t pa9s rea* a c]ta9 op9ion1 we1 tak+ acc\nt ( bo? laws1 to wit1 ! jus civile & ! jus naturale1 unfold ! solution ( controv]sies "u pla9 & pat5t heads4 ,:atev] is f\nd 9 ! laws t is useless1 void1 or contr>y to equity1 we trample "u our feet4 ,:atev] has be5 add$ & surely held to1 we set =? 9 its integral mean+ s t no?+ may appe> unju/ or provocative ( appeal f ?y judgm5ts1 ,odilo2#chj b all may make = ! vig\r ( ju/ice & ! praise ( ,god40 ,! arrangem5t ( topics 9 ! ,petrus h>dly ev9ces any cle> design4 ,! sub/ance1 h[ev]1 is well pres5t$4 ,if !re be a "q to be solv$1 x is pla9ly /at$1 & ! solution arriv$ at may be int]e/+4 ,= example1 a case seems to h aris5 :]e ! son ( "o :o di$ inte/ate _h seiz$ ! :ole prop]ty to ! exclusion ( ! *ildr5 ( two deceas$ daught]s4 ,! sons ( "o daught] acquiesc$4 ,! sons ( ! o!r p] placitum et gu]ram =c$ _! uncle to give up _! %>e4 ,!reupon ! sup9e c\s9s dem&$ to %>e 9 :at _h s be5 won4 ,! =m] conte/ants resi/$ on ! plea t ! latt] _h borne no aid 9 ! conte/ & t !y _h obta9$ only _! own portion4 ,! decision 0 t ! sup9e c\s9s might claim _! h]itage f :oev] held x1 & %\ld receive _! %>e 9 :at ! successful conte/ants _h won2 b t ! latt] c\ld by c\nt]-actions compel !m to pay _! %>e ( ! necess>y exp5ses ( ! prior conte/4#cha ,sometimes ! ,petrus seems to draw a g5]al rule ( law f ! app>5t in/ances ( its application 9 ,ju/9ian's ,codification4 ,!re9 c]ta9 =malities 7 prescrib$ 9 mak+ a te/am5t1 9 adopt+ a son1 or emancipat+ a slave4 ,! ,petrus draws f !m ! g5]al pr9ciple t :]e ! law prescribes =malities1 ! transaction is n valid if !y are omitt$4#chb ,9 f9e1 unsy/ematiz$ z is ! arrangem5t ( topics1 ! "w pres5ts an advance 9 legal intellig5ce ov] m$iaeval law-writ+s e>li] ?an ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,if ! ,petrus 0 adapt$ = use 9 practice1 ! ,bra*ylogus1 on ! o!r h&1 0 pla9ly a book ( elem5t>y in/ruction1 =m$ on ! model ( ,ju/9ian's ,in/itutes4 ,b x made use ( 8 entire codification1 ! ,novels1 h[ev]1 only z cond5s$ 9 ,julian's ,epitome4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,brevi>ium is also noticeable2 :i* might lead "o to ?9k t ! treatise 0 writt5 9 ,orleans or ! neighb\rhood1 s9ce ! ,brevi>ium 0 n 9 use 9 ,italy1 :ile ! ,codification ( ,ju/9ian 0 kn[n 9 ,france by ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? is ! date usually giv5 to ! ,bra*ylogus4 ,x does n belong to ! ,bologna s*ool ( glossators1 b r imm$iately prec$es !m1 :]ev] x 0 compos$4#chc ,! ,bra*ylogus1 z a book ( ,in/itutes1 comp>es fav\rably ) its model1 f ! language ( :i* x dep>t$ at w4 ,bo? works are divid$ into f\r libri2 b ! libri ( ! ,bra*ylogus correspond bett] to ! logical divisions ( ! law4 ,aga91 frequ5tly ! au?or ( ! ,bra*ylogus breaks up ! *apt]s ( ,ju/9ian's ,in/itutes & gives ! subject-matt] "u m p]t95t head+s4 ,sometimes ! /atem5ts ( ! old] "w are improv$ by re>rangem5t4 ,! def9itions ( ! ,bra*ylogus are pi?y & concise1 ev5 to a fault4 ,(t5 ! exposition is well adapt$ to ! purposes ( an elem5t>y text-book1#chd :i* 0 meant to be supplem5t$ by oral in/ruction4 ,on ! :ole1 ! "w %[s t ! au?or is no long] encumb]$ by ! mass or by ! advanc$ "* ( 8 s\rces4 ,he re/ates _! sub/ance intellig5tly1 & ?9ks = himself4 ,he is no compil]1 & 8 "w has rea*$ ! rank ( a treatise4 ,! m]its ( ! ,bra*ylogus z an elem5t>y text-book are surpass$ by ^? ( ! s-call$ ,summa ,codicis ,irn]ii1 a book :i* may m>k ! beg9n+ ( ! ,bologna s*ool ( law1 & may ev5 be ! composition ( its f\nd]4 ,_m argum5ts are adduc$ = ?is au?or%ip4#che ,! book has o!rwise be5 deem$ a production ( ! la/ days ( ! s*ool ( law at ,rome j be=e ! s*ool 0 brok5 up by "s cata/rophe z to :i* !re is little in=mation4 ,9 t case ! "w w\ld belong to ! clos+ ye>s ( ! elev5? c5tury1 :]eas ! au?or%ip ( ,irn]ius w\ld br+ x to ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf?4 ,at all ev5ts1 its lucid jurisprud5tial reason+ precludes ! likelihood ( an e>li] orig94 ,?is ,summa is an exposition ( ,roman law1 foll[+ ! arrangem5t & titles ( ,ju/9ian's ,codex1 b mak+ ext5sive use ( ! ,dige/4 ,x ?us conta9s ,roman jurisprud5tial law1 & may be reg>d$ z a comp5di\s text-book = law /ud5ts1 =m+ app>5tly ! basis ( a c\rse ( lectures :i* treat$ ! topics m at l5g?4#chf ,! au?or's comm& ( 8 mat]ial is admirable1 & 8 pres5tation ma/]ly4 ,:e!r he 0 ,irn]ius or "s "o else1 he 0 a great tea*]4 ,8 "w may be also call$ academic1 9 t 8 /&po9t is always t ( ! ,ju/9ianean law1 al?\gh he limits 8 exposition to ^? topics :i* _h liv+ int]e/ = ! twelf? c5tury4 ,private sub/antial law =ms ! *ief matt]1 b proc$ure is set =? & p5al law t\*$ ^u4 ,! au?or appreciates ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! ,roman law & ! "* ( its v>i\s s\rces--praetorian law1 con/itutiones pr9cipum1 & responsa prud5tium4 ,he also %[s indep5d5ce1 & a reg>d = legal reason+ & ! dem&s ( ju/ice4 ,:ile he sets =? ! jus civile1 8 exposition & approval foll[ ! dictates ( ! jus naturale4 8,! e/abli%$ laws are to be und]/ood b5ignly1 s z to pres]ve _! _s1 & prev5t _! dep>ture f equity2 = ! ,judge recognizes orda9m5ts z legitimate :5 !y con=m to ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice 7ratio equitatis74444 ,int]pretation is sometimes g5]al & imp]ative1 z :5 ! lawgiv] decl>es x3 !n x mu/ be appli$ n only to ! matt] = :i* x is ann\nc$1 b 9 all l cases4 ,sometimes an int]pretation is imp]ative1 b only = ! special case1 l ! int]pretation :i* is decl>$ by ^? adjudicat+ a cause4 ,x is !n to be accept$ 9 t cause1 b n 9 l in/ances2 = n by prec$5ts1 b by ! laws are matt]s to be adju/$4 ,!re is ano!r k9d ( int]pretation :i* b9ds no "o1 t made by tea*]s expla9+ an ambigu\s law1 = al?\gh x may be admissible because s\nd1 /ill x compels no "o4 ,= e int]pretation %\ld s be made z n to dep>t f ju/ice1 & t all absurdity may be avoid$ & no door op5$ to fraud40#chg ,"o mu/ suppose t su* concise /atem5ts 7 expla9$ & qualifi$ 9 ! au?or's lectures4 ,b ev5 z !y /&1 !y af=d an exposition ( ,roman pr9ciples ( int]pretation4 ,n only "u ! ,roman ,empire1 b subsequ5tly 9 m$iaeval times1 ! ,roman lawy] or ! canoni/ did n pay ! def]5ce to adjudicat$ prec$5t :i* is felt by ! ,engli% or ,am]ican judge4 ,! passage 9 ! ,codex :i* 8,irn]ius0 0 exp\nd+ comm&s t ! judge1 9 decid+ a case1 %all foll[ ! laws & ! reason+ ( ! great juri/s1 r ?an ! decision ( a l controv]sy4 ,s9ce ! au?or ( ?is ,summa weighs ! ju/ice1 ! reason1 & ! conv5i5ce ( ! laws1 & comp>es !m ) ea* o!r1 8 book is a "w ( jurisprud5ce4 ,its qualities may be obs]v$ 9 its discussion ( possession & ! rights aris+ !refrom4 ,! writ] has j be5 exp\nd+ ! usucapio1 an in/itution ( ! jus civile /rictly speak+1 :]eby ! law ( ,rome 9 c]ta9 in/ances protect$ &1 aft] ?ree ye>s1 p]fect$1 ! title to prop]ty :i* "o _h 9 good fai? acquir$ f a v5dor :o 0 n ! own]3 8,n[ we mu/ discuss ! ratio possessionis4 ,usucapio 9 ! jus civile h+es on possession1 & own]%ip by ! jus naturale may take its orig9 9 possession4 ,!re are _m diff]5ces 9 ! ways ( acquir+ possession1 :i* mu/ be consid]$4 ,& s9ce 9 ! con/itutiones & responsa prud5tium div]s reasons are adduc$ reg>d+ possession1 my associates h begg$ t ,i w\ld exp\nd ?is important & obscure subject 9 :i* is m+l$ ! ratio bo? ( ! civil & ! natural law4 ,s ,i w d my be/4 ,fir/ "o mu/ consid] :at possession is1 h[ x is acquir$1 ma9ta9$1 or lo/4 ,possession 7"h ! au?or foll[s ,paulus & ,labeo 9 ! ,dige/7 is z :5 "o's feet are set ^u a ?+1 :5 body naturally re/s on body4 ,to acquire possession is to beg9 to possess4 ,h]e9 "o consid]s bo? ! fact & ! "r4 ,! fact arises ?r\gh ourselves or our repres5tative4 ,x is und]/ood diff]5tly z to movables & z to l&2 = ! movable we take 9 our h&1 b we take possession ( a f>m by go+ ^u x ) ?is int5t & lay+ hold ( a sod4 ,! int5t to possess is crucial4 ,?us a r+ put 9 ! h& ( a sleep] is n possess$ = lack ( int5t on 8 "p4 ,y possess naturally :5 ) m9d & body 7y\rs or ano!r's :o repres5ts y7 y hold or sit ^u ) int5t to possess4 ,corporeal ?+s y prop]ly possess1 & acquire possession (1 by y\r own or y\r ag5t's h&4 ,9 ! same mann] y reta94 ,incorporeal ?+s _c be possess$ prop]ly speak+1 b ! civil law accords a quasi possession ( !m40 ,!n foll[s a discussion ( ! p]sons ?r\gh :om ano!r may h possession1 & ( ! v>i\s modes ( possess+ longa manu )\t actual t\*3 8,x is "o ?+ :5 ! possession beg9s ) y1 & ano!r :5 x is transf]r$ to y by a prior possessor3 = possession beg9s 9 ?ree ways1 by occupation1 accession1 & transf]4 ,y occupy ! ?+ t belongs to no "o4 ,by accession y acquire possession 9 two ways4 ,?us ! increm5t may be possess$1 z ! fruit ( ?y h&maid2 or ! accession consi/s 9 ! union ) a l>g] ?+ :i* is y\rs1 z :5 alluvium is deposit$ on y\r l&4 ,aga9 possession is transf]r$ to y10 volunt>ily or o!rwise4 ,he n[ discusses ! v>i\s modes 9 :i* possession is acquir$ by transf]1 !n ! nature ( ! ju/a or inju/a causa ) :i* possession may beg91 & ! effect on ! rights ( ! possessor1 & !n "s matt]s m peculi> to ! "t ( ,ju/9ian4 ,aft] :i* he passes to ! loss ( possession1 & concludes ) say+ t he has endeav\r$ to g ov] ! :ole subject1 & :atev] is omitt$ or insuffici5tly treat$1 he begs t x be laid to ! fault ( humanae imbecillitatis4 ,! discussion reads l a c>efully drawn outl9e :i* 8 lecture %\ld exp&4#chh ,! k & und]/&+ ( ! ,roman law 9 ! m$iaeval c5turies %\ld be view$ 9 conjunction ) ! g5]al progress ( intellectual aptitude dur+ ! same p]iods4 ,! gr[? ( legal k w !n %[ itself z a "p ( m$iaeval developm5t1 z "o phase ( ! fl[]+ ( ! m$iaeval intellect4 ,= ! treatm5t ( ,roman law pres5ts /ages ess5tially analog\s to ^? by :i* ! ,middle ,ages rea*$ _! und]/&+ & appropriation ( o!r portions ( _! great inh]itance f classical antiquity & ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,let u recapitulate3 ! ,roman law1 adapt$1 or corrupt$ if "o w1 epitomiz$ & kn[n *iefly 9 its lat] enact$ =ms1 0 nev] unappli$ nor ! /udy ( x q ab&on$4 ,x con/itut$ a great "p ( ! law ( ,italy & s\!rn ,france2 9 ^! two regions likewise 0 its /udy lea/ neglect$4 ,we h obs]v$ ! sup]ficial & ma9ly l+ui/ic nature ( ! glosses :i* ?is e>ly m$iaeval p]iod int]l9$ or wrote on ! m>g9s ( ! s\rce-books drawn ^u1 also ! rude & b>b>\s nature ( ! e>li] summ>ies & compilations4 ,!y 7 helps to a crude practical k ( ! law4 ,gradually ! treatm5t seems to become m intellig5t1 a little ne>] ! level ( ! matt] exc]pt$ or made use (4 ,?r\gh ! elev5? c5tury x is evid5t t social conditions 7 dem&+ & also facilitat+ an increase 9 legal k2 & at t c5tury's close a by no means /upid compilation appe>s1 ! ,petri exceptiones1 & p]haps su* a fairly intellig5t manual = elem5t>y in/ruction z ! ,bra*ylogus4 ,^! works indicate t ! in/ruction 9 ! law 0 improv+4 ,we h also ! sp>se ref]5ces to s*ools ( law1 at ,rome1 at ,rav5na1 at ,orleans4 ,!n we come ^u ! ,summa ,codicis call$ ( ,irn]ius1 ( unc]ta9 prov5ance1 l ! ,petrus & ,bra*ylogus4 ,b !re is no ne$ to be in=m$ specifically ( its place & date 9 ord] to recognize its advance 9 legal intellig5ce1 9 v]itable jurisprud5ce4 ,! writ] 0 a ma/] ( ! law1 an adept 9 its exposition1 & 8 oral tea*+ mu/ h be5 ( a high ord]4 ,) ?is book we h unque/ionably t\*$ ! level ( ! /rong beg9n+s ( ! greate/ ( m$iaeval s*ools ( ,roman law4 ,its seat 0 ,bologna1 "o ( ! *ief c5tres ( ! civic & comm]cial life ( ,lomb>dy4 ,! ,lomb>ds !mselves _h %[n a p]si/5t legal g5ius3 _! own ,teutonic codes1 enact$ 9 ,italy1 _h ma9ta9$ !mselves 9 t l& ( ,roman law & cu/om4 ,lomb>d codification _h almo/ rea*$ a jurisprud5ce ( its own1 at ,pavia1 ! juridical c5tre ( ,lomb>dy4 ,! provisions ( v>i\s codes _h be5 comp>$ & put toge!r 9 a sort ( ,concordia1 z e>ly z ! n9? c5tury4#chi ,possibly ! rivalry ( ,lomb>d law might /imulate ^? le>n$ 9 ! law ( ,rome to %>p] ef=ts to exp\nd x & prove its sup]iority4 ,moreov]1 all sides ( civic life & culture 7 fl\ri%+ 9 t region :]e novel comm]cial relations 7 call+ = a correspond+ progress 9 ! law1 & especially = a bett] k ( ! ,roman law :i* alone af=d$ provision = _! regulation4 ,z "s long c\rse ( human developm5t approa*es its climax1 ! advance app>5tly becomes s rapid z to give ! impression ( some?+ sudd5ly happ5+1 a sudd5 leap upw>d ( ! human _s4 ,! velocity ( ! movem5t seems to quick5 z ! summit is ne>$4 ,"o easily f9ds examples1 = in/ance ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ 9 ,greek art1 or ! f\r? c5tury 9 ,greek philosophy1 or aga9 ! excell5ce s quickly rea*$ app>5tly by ! ,middle ,high ,g]man poetry j ab\t ! ye> #abjj4 ,b may n ! seem+ sudd5ness ( ! ph5om5on be due to lack ( in=mation z to antec$5ts8 & ! fl>e ( ! f9al a*ievem5t ev5 d>k5 :at w5t be=e8 ,yet1 9 fact1 z a movem5t ne>s its climax1 x may become m rapid4 ,=1 z ! promot+ en]gies & fav\r+ conditions meet 9 conjunction1 _! jo9t action becomes m effective4 ,=ces free !mselves f cumbrances & draw aid f "o ano!r4 ,?us :5 ! gradual gr[? ( intellectual faculty effects a conjunction ) circum/ances :i* (f] a fair field1 & ! prizes ( life z a rew>d1 a rapid increase ( p[] may ev9ce itself 9 novel & timely productivity4 ,?is may sugge/ ! mann] ( ! app>5tly sudd5 rise ( ! ,bologna s*ool ( ,roman law1 :i*1 be x not$1 took place b a little be=e ! "t ( ,gratian's a*ievem5t 9 ! ,canon law1 itself contemporane\s ) ! appe>ance ( ,pet] ,lomb>d's novel ,books ( ,s5t5ces4#cij ,! prep>ation1 al?\gh obscure1 exi/$2 & ! s*ool aft] its comm5cem5t pass$ onw>d ?r\gh /ages ( developm5t1 to its be/ accompli%m5t1 & !n into a condition ( /asis1 if n decl9e4 ,irn]ius app>5tly 0 its fir/ ma/]2 & ( 8 life little is kn[n4 ,he 0 a native ( ,bologna4 ,8 "n z causidicus is atta*$ to a ,/ate pap] ( ! ye> #aaac4 ,!reaft] he appe>s 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,g]man emp]or ,h5ry ,v4 ,we h no sure trace ( him aft] #aaah1 ?\gh !re is no reason to suppose t he did n live & lab\r = "s fur!r ye>s4 ,he _h taught ! ,arts at ,rav5na & ,bologna be=e tea*+1 or p]haps s]i\sly /udy+1 ! law4 ,b 8 c>e] z a tea*] ( ! law d\btless began be=e ! ye> #aaac1 :5 he is fir/ met ) z a man ( affairs4 ,acc\nts agree 9 ascrib+ to him ! f\ndation ( ! s*ool4 ,unless ! ,summa ,codicis already m5tion$1 & a book ( ,quae/iones1 be really 81 8 glosses ^u ,ju/9ian's ,dige/1 ,codex1 & ,novels1 are all we h ( him2#cia ( ! re/ we "k by report4 ,! glosses !mselves indicate t ?is juri/ _h be5 a gramm>ian1 & us$ ! le>n+ ( 8 =m] pr(ession 9 8 exposition ( ! law4 ,8 int]l9e> glosses are explanations ( words1 & w\ld seem to repres5t 8 e>li]1 m t5tative1 "w :5 he 0 himself le>n+ ! mean+ ( ! law4 ,b ! m>g9al glosses are %ort expositions ( ! passages to :i* !y are atta*$1 & p]haps belong to ! "t ( 8 full] comm& ov] ! legal mat]ial4 ,!y indicate1 besides1 a critical consid]ation ( ! text1 & ev5 ( ! orig9al connection :i* ! passage 9 ! ,dige/ held 9 ! "w ( ! jurisconsult f :i* x _h be5 tak54 ,"s ( !m %[ an und]/&+ ( ! *ronological sequ5ce ( ! s\rces ( ! ,roman law1 e4g4 t ! law-mak+ p[] _h exi/$ 9 ! p & !n pass$ to ! emp]ors4 ,^! glosses ( ,irn]ius repres5t a cle> advance 9 jurisprud5ce ov] any previ\s legal comm5t subsequ5t to ! ,int]pretatio atta*$ to ! ,brevi>ium4 ,x 0 also "p ( 8 plan to equip 8 manuscripts ( ! ,codex ) extracts tak5 f ! text ( ! ,novels1 & n f ! ,epitome ( ,julian4 ,he appe>s also z a lawy] v]s$ 9 ! practice ( ! law4 ,= he wrote a book ( =ms = not>ies & a treatise on proc$ure1 nei!r ( :i* is extant4#cib ,! accompli%m5t ( ! ,bologna s*ool may be judg$ m fully f ! works1 /ill extant1 ( "s ( its *ief repres5tatives 9 ! g5]ations foll[+ ,irn]ius4 ,a wor?y "o 0 ,plac5t9us1 a native ( ,piac5za4 ,! ye> ( 8 bir? is unkn[n1 b he di$ 9 #aaib1 aft] a presumably full span ( life1 pass$ *iefly z a /ud5t & tea*] ( ! law4 ,he taught 9 ,mantua & ,montpelli]1 z well z 9 ,bologna4 ,he 0 an accompli%$ juri/ & a lov] ( ! classic lit]ature4 ,8 "w entitl$ ,de v>ietate actionum 0 app>5tly ! fir/ attempt to set =? ! ,roman law 9 an arrangem5t & =m t did n foll[ ! s\rces4#cic ,he op5s 8 treatise ) an allegory ( a noble dame1 hight ,jurisprud5tia1 )9 ! circle ( ^: sweet & honi$ utt]ances _m eag] y\?s 7 ?rong+4 ,plac5t9us drew ne>1 & receiv$ f h] ! book :i* he n[ gives to o!rs4#cid ,?is little allegory sav\rs ( ! ,de consolatione ( ,bo?ius1 or1 if "o w1 ( ,capella's ,de nuptiis ,philologiae4 ,! mo/ admirable surviv+ "w ( ,plac5t9us is 8 ,summa ( ! ,codex ( ,ju/9ian4 ,8 autobiographical proemium %[s him n lack+ 9 self-e/eem1 & tells :y he und]took ! "w4 ,he _h ?\ght at fir/ to complete ! ,summa ( ,rog]ius1 an old] glossator1 b !n decid$ to put t book to sleep1 & compose a full ,summa ( ! ,codex himself1 f ! beg9n+ to ! end4 ,?is by ! fav\r ( ,god he has done2 x is ! "w ( 8 own h&s1 f head to heel1 & all ! matt] is 8 own--n borr[$4 ,next he wrote = beg9n]s a ,summa ( ! ,in/itutes4 ,aft] :i* he return$ to 8 own t[n1 & %ortly proce$$ !nce to ,bologna1 :i!r he _h be5 call$4 8,!re 9 ! citadel 79 ca/ello7 = two ye>s ,i exp\nd$ ! laws to /ud5ts2 ,i br\ght ! o!r tea*]s to ! ?re%old ( envy2 ,i empti$ _! b5*es ( /ud5ts4 ,! hidd5 places ( ! law ,i laid op51 ,i reconcil$ ! conflicts ( enactm5ts1 ,i unlock$ ! secrets mo/ pot5tly40 ,8 success 0 great1 & he 0 bes\ght to cont9ue 8 c\rse ( lectures4 ,he compli$1 & rema9$ two ye>s m1 & !n return$ to ,montpelli]1 9 ord] to compose a ,summa ( ! ,dige/4#cie ,if inde$ ,plac5t9us speaks bomba/ically ( 8 "w1 its excell5ce excuses him4 ,8 well-e>n$ reputation z a juri/ & s*ol> long endur$4 ,quae/iones1 ,di/9ctiones1 ,libri disputationum1 ,summae ( ! ,codex or ! ,in/itutions1 & o!r legal writ+s1 are extant 9 goodly bulk & numb] f ! ,bologna s*ool4 ,! names ( ! m5 are almo/ legion1 & _m 7 ( great repute 9 _! day bo? z juri/s & z m5 ( affairs4 ,we may m5tion ,azo & ,accursius1 ( a little lat] "t4 ,azo's "n appe>s 9 public docum5ts f ! ye> #aaij to #abbj--;& he may h surviv$ ! latt] date by "s ye>s4 ,8 works 7 ( su* compass & excell5ce z to sup]s$e ^? ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,8 glosses /ill survive1 & 8 ,lectura on ! ,codex1 8 ,summae ( ! ,codex & ! ,in/itutes1 & 8 ,quae/iones1 & ,broc>da1 ! la/ a sort ( "w /at+ g5]al legal propositions & ^? contradict+ !m4 ,azo's glosses 7 s complete z to con/itute a cont9u\s exposition ( ! entire legislation ( ,ju/9ian4 ,8 ,summae ( ! ,codex & ,in/itutes drove ^? ( ,plac5t9us out ( use1 :i* we note ) a smile4#cif ,none ( ! glossators is bett] kn[n ?an ,accursius4 ,he comes be=e u z a ,flor5t9e1 & app>5tly a peasant's son4 ,he di$ an old man ri* & fam\s1 ab\t ! ye> #abfj4 ,azo 0 8 tea*]4 ,9 #abeb he 0 ,pode/a ( ,bologna1 :i* indicates ! respect 9 :i* m5 held him4 ,villani1 ! ,flor5t9e hi/orian1 describes him z ( m>tial =m1 grave1 ?\ghtful1 ev5 melan*oly 9 aspect1 z if always m$itat+2 a man ( brilliant tal5ts & extraord9>y memory1 sob] & *a/e 9 life1 b delight+ 9 noble ve/ure4 ,8 he>]s drank 9 ! laws ( liv+ f 8 mi5 & mann]s no less ?an f ! diss]tations ( 8 m\?4#cig ,late 9 life he retir$ to 8 villa1 & !re 9 quiet work$ on 8 great ,glossa till he di$4 ,?is fam\s1 p]haps all too fam\s1 ,glossa ord9>ia 0 a dige/ &1 z x prov$1 a f9al "o1 ( ! glosses ( 8 pr$ecessors & contempor>ies4 ,he drew n only f _! glosses1 b also on _! ,summae & o!r writ+s4 ,he add$ a good deal ( 8 own4 ,great z 0 ! feat1 ! some:at dead5$ tal5t ( a compil] %[s 9 ! result1 :i* flatt5$ out ! individual lab\rs ( s _m juri/s4 ,x came at once into g5]al use 9 ! c\rts & outside ( !m2 = x 0 a complete comm5t>y on ! ,ju/9ianean law1 s comp5di\s & conv5i5t t !re 0 no fur!r ne$ ( ! glosses ( e>li] m54 ,?is book m>k$ ! turn+-po9t ( ! ,bologna s*ool1 aft] :i* its productivity less5$4 ,its "w 0 done3 ,codex1 ,novels1 & above all ! ,p&ects 7 rescu$ f oblivion1 & fully exp\nd$1 s f> z ! matt] 9 !m 0 /ill ( int]e/4 ,:5 ! lab\rs ( ! s*ool _h be5 conv5i5tly heap$ toge!r 9 "o huge ,glossa1 !re 0 no vital inducem5t to d ?is "w aga94 ,! s*ool ( ! glossators 0 functus (ficio4 ,naturally ) ! less5+ ( ! call1 productivity dim9i%$4 ,little 0 left to d save to gloss ! glosses1 an epigonic lab\r :i* w\ld n attract m5 ( tal5t4 ,moreov]1 treat+ ! old] glosses1 in/ead ( ! orig9al text1 z ! matt] to be int]pret$ 0 unfav\rable to progress 9 ! und]/&+ ( ! latt]4 ,yet1 = a little1 ! brea? ( life 0 /ill to /ir 9 ! s*ool ( ! glossators4 ,!re 0 a man ( fame1 a humani/ inde$1 nam$ ,c9o1 ^: beautiful tomb /ill draws ! lov] ( ?+s lovely to ,pi/oia4 ,c9o 0 also a juri/1 & x came to him to be ! tea*] ( "o ^: "n is second to none among ! legi/s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?is 0 ,b>tolus1 born probably 9 ! ye> #acad at ,sass(]rato 9 ! du*y ( ,urb9o4 ,he 0 a s*ol>1 le>n$ 9 geometry & ,hebrew1 also a man ( affairs4 ,he taught ! law at ,pisa & ,p]ugia1 & 9 ! la/-nam$ t[n he di$ 9 #aceg1 n yet =ty-f\r ye>s old4 ,b>tolus wrote & compil$ full comm5t>ies on ! entire ,corpus juris civilis2 & yet he produc$ no "w diff]+ 9 k9d f works ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,moreov]1 betwe5 him & ! body ( ! law rose ! great mass ( gloss & comm5t already 9 exi/5ce1 ?r\gh :i* he did n always p5etrate to ! v]itable ,corpus4 ,yet 8 lab\rs 7 inspir$ ) ! en]gy ( a vigor\s nature1 & he put fre% ?\ghts into 8 comm5t>ies4#cih ,! s*ool ( glossators pres5t$ ! full ,roman law to ,europe4 ,! c>eful & critical int]pretation ( ! text ( ,ju/9ian's ,codification1 ( ! ,dige/ above all1 0 _! great s]vice4 ,9 p]=m+ x1 ^! juri/s also _h educat$ !mselves & develop$ _! own intellig5ce4 ,!y _h also put toge!r 9 ,summae ! results ( _! own education 9 ! law4 ,^! works facilitat$ legal /udy & %>p5$ ! faculties ( /ud5ts & pr(essors4 ,books ( ,quae/iones1 legal disputations1 works ^u legal process & =mulae1 s]v$ ! same ends4#cii ,^! m5 7 defici5t 9 hi/orical k4 ,yet !y comp>$ ,dige/1 ,codex1 & ,novels2 !y tri$ to re-e/abli% ! purity ( ! text2 !y weigh$ & !y exp\nd$4 ,!irs 0 an intellectual ef=t to ma/] ! jurisprud5ce ( ,rome3 _! lab\rs con/itut$ a r5aissance ( jurisprud5ce2 & ! fact t !y 7 (t5 m5 ( affairs z well z pr(essors1 kept !m f ignor+ ! practical be>+s ( ! matt]s :i* !y taught4 ,! "w ( ! glossators may be comp>$ ) t ( ! !ologian philosoph]s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury--,alex&] ( ,hales1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,?omas ,aqu9as--:o 7 w9n+ = ! _w a new & compreh5sive k ( ,ari/otle4 ,bo? juri/s & philosoph]s1 9 _! diff]5t sph]es1 c>ri$ ?r\gh a m pr(\nd /udy1 & rea*$ a m compreh5sive k1 ( a great /ore ( antique ?\ght1 ?an previ\s m$iaeval c5turies conceiv$ (4 ,moreov]1 ! int]pretation ( ! ,corpus juris 0 q z successful z ! int]pretation ( ,ari/otle4 ,x 0 9 fact sur]1 because fre] f ! deflections ( religi\s motive4 ,no consid]ation ( agreem5t or disagreem5t ) ,scripture tr\bl$ ! glossators' int]pretation ( ! ,dige/1 ?\gh inde$ !y may h be5 int]e/$ 9 f9d+ support = :atev] political views !y held ^u ! claims ( emp]or & pope4 ,b ?is did n di/urb !m z mu* z ,ari/otle's op9ion t ! univ]se 0 et]nal1 worri$ ,alb]tus & ,aqu9as4 ,,iv ,! ,*ur*1 f ! "t ( its fir/ recognition by ! ,roman ,empire1 liv$ "u ! ,roman law2#djj & ! con/itutions safegu>d+ its au?ority 7 l>ge & ample be=e ! ,empire fell4 ,con/ant9e1 to be sure1 nev] dream$ ( ! fam\s 8,donation ( ,con/ant9e0 =g$ by a lat] "t1 yet 8 enactm5ts fairly laun*$ ! great m$iaeval ,ca?olic ,*ur* ^u ! c>e] :i* 0 to br+ x m dom9ation ?an 0 grant$ 9 ?is pseudo-*>t] ( its p[]4 ,a numb] ( ,con/ant9e's enactm5ts 7 pres]v$ by ! ,!odosian ,code1 9 :i* ! p[]s & privileges ( ,*ur* & cl]gy 7 port5t\sly set =?4 ,! ,!odosian ,code fre$ ! prop]ty ( ! ,*ur* f mo/ fiscal burd5s1 & ! cl]gy f taxes1 f public & milit>y s]vice1 & f _m o!r obligations :i* sometimes ! ,code gr\ps "u ! head ( sordida mun]a4 ,! ,*ur* might receive all mann] ( beque/s1 & x inh]it$ ! prop]ty ( su* ( its cl]gy z did n leave ne> relatives surviv+ !m4 ,its prop]ty g5]ally 0 inali5able2 & ! cl]gy 7 accord$ _m special safegu>ds4 ,slaves might be manumitt$ 9 a *ur*4 ,! *ur* edifices 7 decl>$ asylums ( refuge f pursu]s1 a privilege :i* _h pass$ to ! *ur*es f ! hea!n fanes & ! /atues ( ! emp]ors4 ,con/itution aft] con/itution 0 hurl$ aga9/ ! ,*ur*'s enemies4 ,! ,!odosian ,code has "o *apt] conta9+ sixty-six con/itutions direct$ aga9/ h]etics1 ! comb9$ result ( :i* 0 to deprive !m1 if n ( life & prop]ty1 at lea/ ( protect$ legal exi/5ce4 ,( enorm\s import 0 ! sweep+ recognition on ! ,empire's "p ( ! validity ( episcopal jurisdiction4 ,no bi%op might be summon$ be=e a secul> c\rt z a def5dant1 or compell$ to give te/imony4 ,falsely to accuse "o ( ! cl]gy r5d]$ ! accus] infam\s4 ,all matt]s p]ta9+ to religion & *ur* discipl9e might be br\ght only be=e ! bi%op's c\rt1 :i* likewise _h pl5>y jurisdiction ov] controv]sies among ! cl]gy4 ,x 0 also op5 to ! laity = ! settlem5t ( civil disputes4 ,! comm& n to g to law be=e ! hea!n came d[n f ,paul 7#a ,cor4 vi471 & toge!r ) ! sev]$ & p]secut$ condition ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian communities1 may be reg>d$ z ! f> s\rce ( ! episcopal jurisdiction1 :i* ?us div9ely sanction$ t5d$ to ext5d its arbitram5t to all mann] ( legal controv]sies4#dja ,to be sure1 "u ! ,*ri/ian ,roman ,empire ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* z well z its privileges re/$ ^u imp]ial law4 ,yet ! emp]ors recogniz$1 r ?an actually creat$1 ! ecclesia/ical au?ority4 ,& :5 ! ,empire 0 %att]$1 !re /ood ! ,*ur* erect amid ! d[nfall ( ! imp]ial gov]nm5t1 & capable ( support+ itself 9 ! new ,teutonic k+doms4 ,! con/itutions ( ,*ri/ian emp]ors did n f _! own =ce & validity become ,ecclesia/ical or ,canon law--! law relat+ to ,*ri/ians z su*1 & especially to ! ,*ur* & its functions4 ,! s\rce ( t law 0 ,god2 ! ,*ur* 0 its decl>ative organ4 ,acceptance on ! ,*ur*'s "p 0 requisite be=e any secul> law c\ld become a law ( ! ,*ur*4 ,canon law may be tak5 to include !ology1 or may be limit$ to ! law ( ! organization & functions ( ! ,*ur* tak5 9 a l>ge s5se z inclusive ( ! laity 9 _! relations to ! religion ( ,*ri/4#djb ,obvi\sly "p comes f ,*ri/ directly1 ?r\gh ! ,old ,te/am5t z well z ,new4 ,! o!r "p1 & 9 bulk f> great]1 emanates f ,8 f\ndation1 ! ,*ur*1 "u ! guidance ( ,8 ,_s1 & may be add$ to & modifi$ by ! ,*ur* f age to age4 ,x is express$ 9 cu/om1 univ]sal & e/abli%$1 & x is f\nd 9 writt5 =m 9 ! works ( ! ,fa!rs1 9 ! decrees ( ,c\ncils1 9 ! decretals ( ! popes1 & 9 ! concordats & conv5tions ) secul> sov]eignties4 ,f ! beg9n+1 canon law tacitly or expressly adopt$ ! con/itutions ( ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors relat+ to ! ,*ur*1 z well z ! ,roman law g5]ally1 "u :i* ! ,*ur* liv$ 9 its civil relations4 ,! ,*ur* arose )9 ! ,roman ,empire1 & :o %all say t its wond]fully effici5t & complete organization at ! close ( ! patri/ic p]iod 0 n ! f9al creation ( ! legal & con/ructive g5ius ( ,rome1 newly inspir$ by ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,b ! c5tre ( int]e/ _h be5 transf]r$ f e>? to heav51 & human aims _h be5 reca/ by ! ,gospel & ! und]/&+ ( x rea*$ by ,*ri/ian doctors4 ,evid5tly s9ce ! ideals ( ! ,*ur* 7 to be o!r ?an ^? ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ! law :i* x accept$ or evolv$ w\ld h ideals diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,roman law4 ,if ! great ,roman juri/s creat$ a legal =mulation & r5d]+ ( ju/ice adequate = ! highly develop$ social & comm]cial ne$s ( ,roman citiz5s1 ! law ( ! ,*ur*1 :ile x might borr[ phrases1 rules1 & ev5 g5]al pr9ciples1 f t sy/em1 c\ld n fail to put new mean+ 9 !m4 ,= example1 ! con/ant w to r5d] ea* 8 due1 :i* 0 ju/itia 9 ! ,roman law1 might involve diff]5t consid]ations :]e ! s\l's salvation1 & n ! j allotm5t ( ! goods ( ?is _w1 0 ! law's *ief aim4 ,aga91 :at new mean+ might atta* to ! hone/e viv]e & ! alt]um non la$]e ( pagan legal e?ics4 ,hone/e viv]e might mean to d no s9 imp]ill+ ! s\l2 alt]um non la$]e w\ld acquire ! mean+ ( do+ no?+ to ano!r :i* might imp$e 8 progress t[>d salvation4 ,injuries to a man 9 8 temporalities 7 less important4 ,fur!r1 ,*ri/ianity al?\gh conceiv$ z a religion = all mank9d1 0 f\nd$ on a def9ite code & revelation4 ,! prim>y /atem5t 0 conta9$ 9 ! canonical books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,^! 7 = all m51 univ]sal 9 application & ( irrefragable validity & tru?4 ,"h 0 "s correspond5ce to ! conception ( ! jus g5tium z repres5tative ( univ]sal pr9ciples ( ju/ice & exp$i5cy1 & !re=e z equival5t to ! jus naturale4 ,!re 0 some?+ ( logical necessity 9 ! transf]5ce ( ?is conception to ! law ( ,*ri/4 ,says ,gratian at ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,decretum3 8,x is jus naturae :i* is conta9$ 9 ! ,law & ! ,gospel1 by :i* e "o is comm&$ to d to ano!r z he w\ld be done by1 & =bidd5 to inflict on him :at he does n wi% to happ5 to himself40 ,s9ce ! ,law & ! ,gospel repres5t ! f9al law ( life = all m51 !y are p> excell5ce ! jus naturae1 z well z lex div9a4 ,gratian quotes f ,augu/9e3 8,div9um jus 9 scripturis div9is habemus1 humanum 9 legibus regum40#djc ,& !n adds3 8,by its au?ority ! jus naturale prevails ov] cu/om & con/itution4 ,:atev] 9 cu/oms or writ+s is contr>y to ! jus naturale is to be held va9 & invalid40 ,aga9 he says m explicitly3 8,s9ce !re=e no?+ is comm&$ by natural law o!r ?an :at ,god wills to be1 & no?+ is =bidd5 except :at ,god prohibits1 & s9ce no?+ may be f\nd 9 ! canonical ,scripture except :at is 9 ! div9e laws1 ! laws w re/ div9ely 9 nature 7div9e leges natura consi/5t74 ,x is evid5t1 t :atev] is prov$ to be contr>y to ! div9e w or canonical ,scripture1 is likewise oppos$ to natural law4 ,:]e=e :atev] %\ld give way be=e div9e w or ,scripture or ! div9e laws1 ov] t ought ! jus naturale to prevail4 ,!re=e :atev] ecclesia/ical or secul> con/itutions are contr>y to natural law are to be %ut out40#djd ,! canon law is a va/ sea4 ,its gr[?1 its age-long agglom]ate accretion1 ! sy/ematization ( its huge cont5ts1 h long be5 subjects = controv]siali/s & s*ol>s4 ,its s\rces 7 z multif>i\s z ^? ( ! ,roman law4 ,fir/ ! ,scriptures & ! e>ly quasi-apo/olic & pseudo-apo/olic writ+s2 !n ! traditions ( primitive ,*ri/ianity & also ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs2 likewise ecclesia/ical cu/oms1 long accept$ & legitimate1 & f9ally ! two great writt5 s\rces1 ! decretals or decisions ( ! popes & ! decrees ( c\ncils4 ,f patri/ic times collections 7 made ( ! la/4 ,^! collections f a *ronological gradually acquir$ a topical & m sy/emic arrangem5t1 :i* ! compil]s foll[$ m completely aft] ! op5+ ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,! decisions ( ! popes also _h be5 collect$1 & !n 7 jo9$ to concili> compilations & arrang$ aft] ! same topical plan4 ,9 all ( !m !re 0 unau!ntic matt]1 accept$ z if its pseudo-au?or%ip or pseudo-s\rce 7 g5u9e4 ,b 9 ! /ormy times ( ! n9? c5tury foll[+ ! dea? ( ,*>lemagne1 ! me?od ( argum5t ?r\gh =g$ au?ority 0 exceptionally creative4 ,x produc$ two ma/]pieces :i* won univ]sal acceptance4 ,! fir/ 0 a collection ( false ,capitul>ies ascrib$ to ,*>lemagne & ,l\is ! ,pi\s1 & o/5sibly ! "w ( a c]ta9 ,b5$ictus ,levita1 deacon ( ! ,*ur* ( ,ma9z1 :o work$ 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,f> m fam\s & important 0 ! book ( ,false ,decretals1 put toge!r & l>gely writt51 t is =g$1 ab\t ! same "t1 probably 9 ! diocese ( ,rheims1 & appe>+ z ! "w ( ,sa9t ,isidore ( ,seville4 ,?is conta9$ _m =g$ lett]s ( ! e>ly popes & o!r =g$ matt]1 includ+ ! ,epi/le or 8,donation0 ( ,con/ant9e2 also g5u9e papal lett]s & concili> decrees4 ,^! false collections 7 accept$ by c\ncils & popes1 & =m$ "p ( subsequ5t compilations4 ,f ! t5? c5tury onw>d _m su* compilations 7 made1 all ( !m uncritical z to ! g5u95ess ( ! matt] tak51 & frequ5tly ill-arrang$ & discordant4 ,!y 7 de/9$ to be sup]s$$ by ! great "w 9 :i* appe>s ! bett] me?ods & m highly tra9$ intellig5ce develop+ at ! ,bologna ,s*ool 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,its au?or 0 ,gratianus1 a monk ( ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,felix at ,bologna4 ,he 0 a y\ng] contempor>y ( ,irn]ius & ( ,pet] ,lomb>d4 ,leg5d made him ! latt]'s bro!r1 ) "s propriety2 = ! compil] ( ^? epo*-mak+ ,s5t5ces repres5ts ! same /age 9 ! appropriation ( ! patri/ic !ological h]itage ( ! ,middle ,ages1 t ,gratian repres5ts 9 ! h&l+ ( ! canon law4 ,! ,lomb>d's ,s5t5ces made a sy/ematic & ev5 h>moniz+ pres5tation ( ! !ology ( ! ,fa!rs 9 _! own language2 & ! equally immortal ,decretum ( ,gratian accompli%$ a l "w = ! canon law4 ,?is is ! "n by :i* 8 "w is kn[n1 b n ! "n he gave x4 ,t appe>s to h be5 ,concordia discordantium canonum1 :i* indicates 8 me?odical pres5tation ( 8 matt] & 8 endeav\r to reconcile conflict+ propositions4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! ,decretum 0 entitl$ 8,de jure naturae et con/itutionis40 ,x pres5ts ! s\rces ( ! law1 ! ,*ur*'s organization & adm9i/ration1 ! ord9ation & rank+ ( ! cl]gy1 ! election & consecration ( bi%ops1 ! au?ority ( legates & primates4 ,! second "p treats ( ! proc$ure ( ecclesia/ical c\rts1 also ! law regulat+ ! prop]ty ( ! ,*ur*1 ! law ( monks & ! contract ( m>riage4 ,! ?ird "p is devot$ to ! ,sacram5ts & ! ,liturgy4 ,gratian's usual me?od is z foll[s3 ,he w op5 ) an au?oritative proposition4 ,if he f9ds x univ]sally accept$1 x /&s z valid4 ,b if !re are oppos+ /atem5ts1 he tries to reconcile !m1 ei!r po9t+ out ! diff]5ce 9 date 7= ! law ( ! ,*ur* may be progressive71 or %[+ t "o ( ! discordant rules _h b local or o!rwise limit$ application1 or t ! fir/ proposition is ! rule1 :ile ! o!rs make ! exceptions4 ,if he /ill fails to e/abli% concord1 he se>*es to f9d :i* rule _h be5 foll[$ 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 & accepts t z au?oritative4 ,a rule be+ ?us made c]ta91 he proce$s ) subdivisions & di/9ctions1 treat+ !m z d$uctions f ! ma9 rule & adju/+ ! support+ texts4 ,or he w suppose a controv]sy 7causa7 & discuss its ma9 & second>y issues4 ,?r\gh\t he accompanies 8 au?oritative matt] ) 8 own comm5t>y--commonly cit$ z ! ,dicta ,gratiani4#dje ,! ,decretum 0 *>act]iz$ by sagacity ( int]pretation & reconcilem5t1 by va/ le>n+1 & cle> ord]+ ( ! matt]4 ,only x 0 uncritical z to ! g5u95ess ( its mat]ials2 & a numb] ( ,gratian's own /atem5ts 7 subsequ5tly disapprov$ 9 papal decretals4 ,! ,dicta ,gratiani nev] receiv$ su* =mal sanction by pope or c\ncil z ! writ+s ( ,roman juri/s receiv$ by be+ tak5 into ,ju/9ian's ,dige/4 ,! papal decretals _h become ! great s\rce ( canonical law4 ,gratian's "w 0 soon supplem5t$ by v>i\s compilations kn[n z ,app5dices ad ,decretum or ,decretales extravagantes1 to wit1 ^? :i* ! ,decretum did n conta94 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 sup]s$$ by ! collection1 or r codification1 made at ! comm& ( ! great canoni/ ,gregory ,,ix4 & complet$ 9 ! ye> #abcd4 ,?is au?oritative "w pres]v$ ,gratian's ,decretum intact1 b suppress$1 or abridg$ & reord]$1 ! decretals conta9$ 9 subsequ5t collections4 ,arrang$ 9 five books1 x =ms ! second "p ( ! ,corpus juris canonici4 ,9 #abih ,boniface ,,viii4 promulgat$ a supplem5t>y book kn[n z ! ,sextus ( ,boniface4 ,?is ) a new collection promulgat$ "u ! au?ority ( ,clem5t ,v4 9 #acac1 call$ ! ,clem5t9ae1 & ! ,extravagantes ( 8 successor ,john ,,xxii4 & c]ta9 o!r popes1 con/itute ! la/ portions ( ! ,corpus juris canonici4#djf ,accord+ to ! law ( ! ,empire ! emp]or's au?ority ext5d$ ov] ! ,*ur*1 its doctr9e1 its discipl9e1 & its prop]ty4 ,su* au?ority 0 ex]cis$ by ! emp]ors f ,con/ant9e to ,ju/9ian4 ,b ! ,*ur* _h always /ood ^u ! pr9ciple t x 0 bett] to obey ,god r ?an man4 ,?is _h be5 ma9ta9$ aga9/ ! p[] ( ! pagan ,empire1 & 0 n to be sunn$ out ( exi/5ce by imp]ial fav\r4 ,x 0 /ill bett] to obey ,god r ?an ! emp]or4 ,! ,*ur* /ill %\ld say :o 7 its memb]s & entitl$ to p>ticipate 9 ! salvation :i* x m$iat$4 ,ecclesia/ical au?orities c\ld excommunicate2 t 0 _! eng9e ( co]cion4 ,^! pr9ciples 7 inc>nate 9 ,ambrose1 ,bi%op ( ,milan1 )/&+ & prohibit+ ,!odosius f ,*ri/ian fell[%ip until he _h done p5ance = ! massacre at ,!ssalonica4 ,( necessity !y inh]$ 9 ! ,*ur*2 !y 7 ( ! ess5ce ( its /r5g? to fulfil its purpose2 !y /ood = ! duly con/itut$ p[] ( ,*ri/ian resolution to uphold & advance ! p]emptory tru? ( ,*ri/4 ,s su* pr9ciples p]si/$ ?r\gh ! "t ( ! ho/ile & !n ! fav\r+ ,roman ,empire4 ,& :5 ! ,empire 9 fact crumbl$ & fell1 :at de facto & de jure au?ority 0 be/ fitt$ to take ! place ( ! imp]ial supremacy8 ,! ,empire repres5t$ a univ]sal secul> dom9ion2 ! ,*ur* 0 also univ]sal1 & ) a univ]sality n[ rea*+ out beyond ! ,empire's %r9k+ b\nd>ies4 ,9 ! mid/ ( political fragm5ts o!rwise disjo9$1 ! ,*ur* endur$ z ! univ]sal unity4 ,! p[] ( ea* ,teutonic k+ 0 great 9 fact & law )9 8 realm4 ,yet he 0 b a local pot5cy1 :ile ! ,*ur* exi/$ ?r\gh 8 & o!r realms4 ,& :5 ! p[] ( "o ,teutonic l9e 7! ,c>ol+ian7 rea*$ some?+ l univ]sal sway1 ! ,*ur* 0 also !re )9 & )\t4 ,x held ! le>n+ ( ! "t1 & ! culture :i* l>ge-m9d$ secul>s respect$2 & q z mu* z ! empire ( ,*>lemagne1 x held ! pre/ige ( ,rome4 ,witness ! attitude ( ,*>les ,m>tel & ,pipp9 t[>d ,boniface ! great apo/le1 & ! attitude ( ,boniface t[>d ! ,gregories ^: legate he proclaim$ himself1 & ^u ^: c5tral au?ority he bas$ 8 claims to be obey$4 ,?r\gh ! re=ms ( ! ,franki% ,*ur*1 c>ri$ out by him ) ! support ( ,*>les ,m>tel & ,pipp91 ! ecclesia/ical supremacy ( ,rome 0 e/abli%$4 ,*>lemagne1 inde$1 f ! nature & necessities ( 8 own transc5d5t p[]1 possess$ 9 fact ! ecclesia/ical au?ority ( ! ,roman emp]ors1 :om m5 deem$ 8 pr$ecessors4 ,b aft] him ! secul> p[] fell aga9 into fragm5ts sc>cely locally effici5t1 :ile ! ,*ur*'s univ]sality ( au?ority endur$4 ,9 ! un/able fragm5tation ( secul> rule 9 ! n9? c5tury1 ! ,isidorean ,decretals pres5t$ ! tru? ( ! situation z x 0 to be1 al?\gh n z x _h be5 9 ! times ( ! ,*ur* dignit>ies ^: names 7 =g$ = t collection4 ,& !reaft]1 z ! ,*ur* recov]$ f its t5?-c5tury dis9tegration1 x advanc$ to ! pragmatic demon/ration ( ! validity ( ^? false ,decretals1 on ?r\gh ! tempe/s ( ! age ( ,hildebr& to ! f9al triumph ( ,innoc5t ,,iii4 at ! op5+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,evid5tly ! canon law1 :atev] might be its imm$iate or remote s\rce1 drew its au?ority f ! sanction ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 :i* enunciat$ x & made x into a body correspond+ to ! ,*ur*'s functions4 ,x 0 :at ! ,*ur* promulgat$ z ! law ( ! ecclesia/ical hi]>*y & ! k+dom ( ,god on e>?4 ,x %\ld be ! temporal & legal c\nt]p>t ( ! ,*ur*'s spiritual purposes4 ,its g5]al t5d5cy & purpose 0 ! promotion ( ! ,*ur*'s sav+ aim1 :i* reg>d$ all ?+s 9 ! light ( _! relation%ip to life et]nal4 ,!re=e ! ,*ur*'s law c\ld n b def9e & consid] all worldly int]e/s1 all p]sonal & prop]ty rights & secul> au?ority1 ) con/ant reg>d to m5's ne$ ( salvation4 ,! advancem5t ( t mu/ be ! f9al appellate /&>d ( legal "r4 ,su* 0 ! ev5t4 ,! entire canon law might be lodg$ )9 ^? propositions :i* ,hildebr& enunciat$ & ,innoc5t ,,iii4 realiz$4 ,= ! salvation ( s\ls1 all au?ority on e>? _h be5 entru/$ by ,*ri/ to ,pet] & 8 successors4 ,!irs 0 ! spiritual sword2 secul> p[]1 ! sword mat]ial1 0 to be ex]cis$ "u ! pope's m&ate & p]mission4 ,no k+ or emp]or1 no layman :atsoev]1 0 exempt f ! supreme au?ority ( ! pope1 :o also 0 ! absolute head ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* _h become a mon>*y4 8,! ,"l entru/$ to ,pet] n only ! univ]sal ,*ur*1 b ! gov]nm5t ( ! :ole _w10 writes ,innoc5t ,,iii41 ^: pontificate almo/ made ?is pr9ciple a fact4 ,9 private matt]s no memb] ( ! cl]gy c\ld be br\ght be=e a secul> c\rt2 & ! jurisdiction ( ! ecclesia/ical c\rts ov] ! laity ?reat5$ to r$uce ! secul> jurisdiction to n>r[ functions4#djg ,! prop]ty ( ! ,*ur* might n be tax$ or levi$ on by any temporal rul] or gov]nm5t2 nor c\ld ! ,*ur*'s functions & au?ority be controll$ or limit$ by any secul> decree4 ,univ]sally ?r\gh\t e k+dom ! ,*ur* 0 a sov]eignty1 n only 9 matt]s spiritual1 b ) respect to all ! p]sonal & mat]ial relation%ips t might be connect$ 9 any way ) ! welf>e ( s\ls4#djh ,v ,! exposition ( ! ,corpus juris civilis 9 ! s*ool ( ! glossators 0 ( great mom5t 9 ! evolution ( m$iaeval political !ory1 :i* 9 its turn yields "o m example ( ! m$iaeval application ( ?\ghts d]iv$ f antique & patri/ic s\rces4 ,political ?9k+ 9 ! ,middle ,ages s\ght its sure/ f\ndation 9 !ology2 !n x built itself up ) concepts drawn f ! philosophy & social !ory ( ! antique _w2 & la/ly x laid hold on jurisprud5ce1 us+ ! sub/ance & reason+ ( ! ,roman & ! ,canon law4 ,m$iaeval ideas ^u gov]nm5t & ! relations betwe5 ! individual & 8 e>?ly sov]eign1 />t$ f !ological premises1 ( patri/ic orig93 e4g4 t ! univ]se & man 7 made by ,god1 a miracul\s creation1 spr++ f no o!r cause1 & subject to no o!r fundam5tal law1 ?an ,god's unse>*able w1 :i* nev] ceases to direct ! :ole creation to ! ,creator's ends4 ,a fur!r premise 0 ! ,scriptural revelation ( ,god's purpose z to man1 ) all ! cont5ts ( t revelation t\*+ ! ov]we5+ importance ( man's dea?less s\l4 ,unity--! unity ( ! creation--spr+s f ^! premises1 or is "o ( !m4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is unity is ,god's w4 ,)9 ! univ]sal :ole1 mank9d also con/itutes a unit1 a community1 specially orda9$ & ord]$4 ,! ,middle ,ages1 foll[+ ! example ( ! patri/ic "t1 7 deliv]$ ov] to allegory1 & to an unbridl$ recognition ( ! d$uctions ( allegorical reason+4 ,mank9d 0 a community4 ,mank9d 0 also an organism1 ! my/ical body :]e( ! head 0 ,*ri/4 ,"h 0 an allegory pot5t = fooli%ness or wisdom4 ,x 0 us$ to symbolize ! my/]y ( ! on5ess ( all mank9d 9 ,god1 & ! organic co-ord9ation ( all sorts & conditions ( m5 ) "o ano!r 9 ! div9e commonweal? on e>?2 x 0 also drawn out into e detail ( banal an?ropomorphic comp>ison4 ,f ,john ( ,salisbury to ,ni*olas ,cusanus1 ,occam & ,dante1 no po9t ( fanci$ analogy betwe5 ! p>ts & memb]s ( ! body & ! v>i\s functions ( ,*ur* & ,/ate 0 left unexploit$4#dji ,mank9d !n is "o community2 also an organism4 ,b )9 ! human organism abides ! duality ( s\l & body2 & ! ,community ( ,mank9d on e>? is con/itut$ ( two ord]s1 ! spiritual & temporal1 ,*ur* & ,/ate4#daj ,!re mu/ be ei!r co-ord9ation betwe5 ,/ate & ,*ur*1 body & s\l1 or subord9ation ( ! temporal & mat]ial to ! et]nal & spiritual4 ,to evoke an adju/m5t ( :at 0 felt to be an actually univ]sal opposition1 0 ! *ief problem ( m$iaeval polity1 & =ms ! w>p & wo( ( conflict+ !ories4 ,! ,*ur* ass]t$ a full spiritual supremacy ev5 9 ?+s temporal1 &1 to support ! claim1 br\ght s\nd argum5ts z well z fooli% allegory--allegory pret5d+ to be horror-/rick5 at ! vision ( an animal ) two heads1 a bicephalic mon/rosity4 ,b does n ! ,*ur* comprise all mank9d8 ,did n ,god f\nd x8 ,is n ,*ri/ its head1 & "u ,him 8 viceg]5t ,pet] & all ! popes8 ,!n %all n ! pope :o comm&s ! great]1 :i* is ! spiritual1 mu* m comm& ! less1 ! temporal8 ,& all ! argum5tation ( ! two swords1 deliv]$ to ,pet]1 comes into play4 ,t !re are two swords is b a propriety ( adm9i/ration4 ,secul> rul]s wield ! secul> sword at ! pope's comm&4 ,!y are in/rum5ts ( ! ,*ur*4 ,fundam5tally ! ,/ate is an ecclesia/ical in/itution1 & ! b\nds ( secul> law are set by ! law spiritual3 ! canon law ov]rides ! laws ( e ,/ate4 ,true1 9 ?is division1 ! ,/ate also is orda9$ ( ,god1 b only z subord9ate4 ,& div9ely orda9$ ?\gh x be1 ! orig9 ( ! ,/ate lies 9 s92 = s9 alone made gov]nm5t & law ne$ful = man4#daa ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p>tisans ( ! ,/ate upheld co-ord9ation z ! true pr9ciple4#dab ,! two swords repres5t di/9ct p[]s1 ,sac]dotium & ,imp]ium4 ,! latt] z well z ! =m] is f ,god2 & ! two are co-ord9ates1 al?\gh ( c\rse ! ,*ur* :i* wields ! spiritual sword is ! high]4 ,?is !ory creates no bicephalic mon/]4 ,god is ! univ]sal head4 ,& ev5 z man is body z well z s\l1 ! human community is ,/ate z well z ,*ur*2 & ! ,/ate ne$s ! emp]or = its head1 z ! ,*ur* has ! pope4 ,! ,roman ,dom9ion1 imp]ium mundi1 0 legitimate1 & by div9e appo9tm5t has pass$ ov] to ! ,roman-,g]man emp]or4 ,o!r views su/a9+ ! s*eme ( co-ord9ation upheld a plurality ( /ates1 r ?an "o univ]sal ,imp]ium4 ,( c\rse ^! oppos+ views ( subord9ation or co-ord9ation ( ,/ate & ,*ur* took on e %ade ( div]sity4 ,z to bo? ,*ur* & ,/ate1 m$iaeval political !ory 0 pr$om9antly mon>*ical4 ,ideally ?is fl[$ f ! ?\ght ( ,god z ! true mon>* ( ! univ]se4 ,practically x comport$ ) m$iaeval social conditions4 ,"u ,innoc5t ,,iii41 if n "u ,gregory ,,vii41 ! ,*ur* _h become a mon>*y well-nigh absolute4#dac ,! pope's p[] cont9u$ pl5>y until ! great s*ism & ! age ( c\ncils evok$ by x4 ,= ! secul> /ate1 ! common voice likewise fav\r$ mon>*y4 ,! unity ( ! social organism is be/ effect$ by ! s+l5ess ( its head4 ,?omas ,aqu9as au?oritatively reasons ?us1 & ,dante ma9ta9s t z ! unify+ pr9ciple is ,w1 ! w ( "o man is ! be/ means to realize x4#dad ,b mon>*y is no absolute "r exi/+ = ! rul]'s b5efit1 r x is an (fice to be righte\sly ex]cis$ = ! good ( ! community4 ,! mon>*'s p[] is limit$1 & if 8 comm& outrages law or "r1 x is a nullity2 8 subjects ne$ n obey1 & ! pr9ciple applies1 t x is bett] to obey ,god ?an man4 ,ev5 :51 z 9 ! days ( ! ,hoh5/auf51 ! civil juri/s claim$ = ! emp]or ! pl5itudo pote/atis ( a ,roman ,caes>1 ! opposite doctr9e held /rong1 :i* gave him only a limit$ p[]1 9 its nature condition$ on its rightful ex]cise4 ,moreov]1 rights ( ! community 7 n unrecogniz$1 & inde$ 7 support$ by elaborate !ories z ! ,middle ,ages advanc$ to _! climact]ic4 ,! ?\ght ( a contract betwe5 rul] & p frequ5tly appe>s1 & ref]5ce to ! contract made at ,hebron betwe5 ,david & ! p ( ,israel 7#b ,sam4 v4 #c74 ,! civil juri/ also look$ back to ! pr9ciple ( ! jus g5tium giv+ to e free p ! "r to *oose a rul]2 also to t fam\s text ( ! ,dige/1 :]e1 ?r\gh ! lex regia1 ! p 7 said to h conf]r$ _! p[]s ^u ! pr9ceps4#dae ,) su* ?\ghts ( ! p's rights came !ories ( repres5tation & ( ! mon>* z ! p's repres5tative2 & ,roman corporation law suppli$ ! rules = m$iaeval repres5tative assemblies1 lay & cl]ical4#daf ,! old ,g]manic /ate 0 a conglom]ate ( positive law & specific cu/om1 hav+ no exi/5ce beyond ! laws1 :i* 7 its =mative con/itu5ts4 ,su* a conception did n satisfy m$iaeval publici/s1 imbu$ ) antique views ( ! ,/ate's fur!r aims & pot5cy4 ,nor 7 all m5 satisfi$ ) ! ,/ate's div9ely ord]$ orig9 9 human s9fulness4 ,an ultimate gr\nd = its exi/5ce 0 s\ght1 comm5surate ) its broade/ aims4 ,su* 0 f\nd1 n 9 positive1 b 9 natural law--aga9 an antique conception4 ,t a v]itable natural law exi/$1 all m5 agre$2 also t its s\rce lay back ( human conv5tions1 someh[ 9 ! nature ( ,god4 ,all admitt$ its absolute supremacy1 b9d+ alike ^u popes & secul> mon>*s1 & r5d]+ void all acts & positive laws contrav5+ x4 ,x mu/ be ! ,/ate's ultimate con/itu5t gr\nd4 ,god 0 ! s\rce ( natural law4 ,"s argu$ t x proce$$ f ,8 w1 z a comm&1 o!rs t its s\rce 0 et]nal ,reason ann\nc+ h] necess>y & unalt]able dictates2 aga9 its s\rce 0 held to lie m def9itely 9 ! ,reason t 0 id5tical ) ,god ! summa ratio 9 ,deo exi/5s1 z ,aqu9as puts x4 ,f t spr+s ! ,lex naturalis1 orda9$ to re/ on ! p>ticipation ( man1 z a rational creature1 9 ! moral ord] :i* he p]ceives by ! light ( natural reason4 ,?is lex naturalis 7or jus naturale7 is a true promulgat$ law1 s9ce ,god implants x = recognition 9 ! m9ds ( m54#dag ,absolute unconditional supremacy 0 ascrib$ to x1 & also to ! jus div9um1 :i* ,god reveal$ sup]naturally = a supramundane end4 ,a cognate supremacy 0 ascrib$ to ! jus commune g5tium1 :i* 0 compos$ ( rules ( ! jus naturale adapt$ to ! conditions ( fall5 human nature4 ,su* law 0 above ! ,/ate1 to :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 positive law 0 subject4 ,:5ev] ! rul] 0 conceiv$ z sov]eign or absolute1 he likewise 0 deem$ above positive law1 b b\nd by ^! high] laws4 ,!y 7 ! s\rce & sanction ( ! innate & inde/ructible rights ( ! individual1 to prop]ty & lib]ty & life z !y 7 =mulat$ at a lat] p]iod4 ,x is evid5t h[ ! recognition ( su* rights fell 9 ) ! ,*ri/ian revelation ( ! absolute value ( e individual 9 & = himself & 8 immortal life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9 rights ( ! ,/ate1 or ! community1 7 also inde/ructible & inali5able by virtue ( ! nature ( _! s\rce 9 natural law4#dah ,?is ab/ract ( political !ory has be5 /at$ 9 t]ms g5]aliz$ to vagu5ess1 & ) no attempt to foll[ ! details or trace ! hi/orical developm5t4 ,! purpose has be5 to give ! g5]al flav\r ( m$iaeval ?\ght conc]n+ ,*ur* & ,/ate1 & ! ,individual z a memb] ( !m bo?4 ,"o obs]ves h[ ! patri/ic & m$iaeval ,*ri/ian ?\ght m+les ) ! antique2 & "o may assume ! intellectual acum5 appli$ by legi/1 canoni/1 & s*ola/ic !ologian to ! discussion & =mulation ( ^! high argum5ts4 ,! m$iaeval g5ius = ab/ractions is evid5t1 & ! m$iaeval faculty ( l9k+ !m to ! affairs ( life2 cle> also is ! baneful effect ( m$iaeval allegory4 ,ev5 z m5 n[-a-days are dispos$ to re/ 9 ! app>5t reality ( ! tangible ph5om5on1 s ! m$iaeval man j z commonly s\ght = 8 reality 9 :at ! ph5om5on might be conceiv$ to symbolize4 ,!re=e 9 ! high] political controv]sies1 ev5 z 9 o!r int]e/s ( ! human _s1 argum5t ?r\gh allegory 0 accept$ z legitimate1 if n conv9c+2 & a prop] sequ5ce ( ?\ght 0 deem$ to lie f "o symbolical mean+ to ano!r1 ) ev5 a deep] validity ?an f "o palpable fact to t :i* foll[$ f x4 ,,book ,,vii ,,ultimate ,,intellectual ,,int]e/s ,,( ,,! ,,twelf? ,,& ,,?irte5? ,,c5turies ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,,s*ola/icism3 ,,_s1 ,,scope1 ,,& ,,me?od ,! religi\s philosophy or !ology ( ! ,middle ,ages is commonly call$ s*ola/icism1 & its expon5ts are call$ ! s*ola/ics4 ,! "n applies mo/ prop]ly to ! respectable academic ?9k]s4 ,^!1 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 usually 7 monks liv+ 9 mona/]ies1 l ,/4 ,anselm1 = in/ance1 :o 0 ,abbot ( ,bec 9 ,norm&y be=e1 to 8 sorr[1 he 0 made ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 :ile ^! respect$ ?9k]s /ill 7 monks1 or r m5dicant fri>s1 !y 7 also univ]sity pr(essors4 ,alb]tus ,magnus & ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ! great ,dom9icans1 & _! fri5d ,/4 ,bonav5tura1 :o became ! head ( ! ,franciscan ,ord]1 all lectur$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 ! *ief univ]sity ( ! ,middle ,ages 9 ! doma9 ( philosophy & !ology4 ,moreov]1 z ! s*ola/ics 7 respectable & academic1 s !y 7 usually or?odox ,*ur*m51 good ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,! conduct or op9ions ( "s ( !m1 ,abael>d = example1 became suspect to ! ,*ur* au?orities2 yet ,abael>d1 al?\gh 8 book _h be5 condemn$1 kept )9 ! ,*ur*'s pale1 & di$ a monk ( ,cluny4 ,!re 7 pl5ty ( obdurate h]etics 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 b _! biz>re ideas1 sometimes com+ d[n f ,mani*aean s\rces1 7 sc>cely g]mane to ! c5tral l9es ( m$iaeval ?\ght4#dai ,"o he>s ( s*ola/ic philosophy & s*ola/ic !ology2 & assur$ly ^! m$iaeval !ologian-philosoph]s endeav\r$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r phase ( ! matt]s :i* occupi$ _! m9ds4 ,! di/9ction 0 intelligibly drawn &1 9 _m treatises1 d\btless affect$ ! *oice & ord]+ ( topics4 ,:e!r x 0 consi/5tly obs]v$ 9 ! h&l+ ( ^? topics1 is ano!r "q1 :i* p]haps %\ld be answ]$ 9 ! negative4 ,at all ev5ts1 to attempt to obs]ve ?is di/9ction 9 consid]+ ! ultimate intellectual int]e/s ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 might sap ! matt] ( ! human int]e/ atta*+ to x1 to wit1 t int]e/ & validity possess$ by all s]i\s ef=t to "k--& to be sav$4 ,^! 7 ! motives ( ! s*ola/ics1 :e!r !y us$ _! reason1 or clung to revelation1 or did bo?1 z !y always did4 ,m$iaeval me?ods ( ?9k+ & topics ( ?\ght are no long] 9 vogue4 ,= ! "t1 m5 h turn$ f ! discussion ( univ]sals & ! common unity or sep>ate individuality ( m9d1 & are z little conc]n$ ) transub/antiation z ) ! old dispute ov] inve/itures4 ,b ! s*ola/ics 7 m5 & s are we4 ,our humanity is "o ) !irs4 ,m5 are /ill "u ! necessity ( reflect+ ^u _! own exi/5ce & ! _w )\t1 & /ill feel ! ne$ to rea* conclusions & ! impulse to =mulate consi/5tly :at seem to !m vital propositions4 ,h]e9 we are blood k9 to ,g]b]t & ,anselm1 to ,abael>d & ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor1 to ,?omas ,aqu9as z well z ,rog] ,bacon3 & our highe/ nature is "o ) !irs 9 ! intellectual fell[%ip ( human endeav\r to ?9k out & pres5t t :i* %all appease ! m9d4 ,because ( ?is k9%ip ) ! s*ola/ics1 & ! sympa?y :i* we feel = ! /ruggle :i* is ! same 9 u & !m1 _! intellectual endeav\rs1 _! a*iev$ conclusions1 al?\gh n[ appe>+ z b apt or necessitat$ phrases1 may h = u ! immortal int]e/ ( ! et]nal human4 ,let u !n approa* m$iaeval ?\ght z man meets man1 & seek 9 x = :at may /ill be valid1 or at lea/ real to u1 because agree+ ) :at we f9d )9 ourselves4 ,be+ m5 z well z s*ol>s1 we w\ld w9 f its p>*m5t-cov]$ tomes ^? elem5ts :i* if !y d n repres5t ev]la/+ v]ities1 are at lea/ symbols ( ! p]man5t necessities ( ! human m9d4 ,:atev] else !re is 9 m$iaeval ?\ght1 z t\*+ u less ne>ly1 may be consid]$ by way ( hi/orical sett+ & explanation4 ,9 diff]5t m5 ! impulse to "k be>s diff]5t relation%ips to ! re/ ( life4 ,x sometimes seems self-impell$1 & aga9 palpably inspir$ by a motive beyond itself4 ,9 "s =m1 h[ev]1 x w9ds itself into e action ( our m5tal faculties1 & no prov9ce ( life appe>s unt\*$ by ?is crav+ ( ! m9d4 ,nev]!less to "k is n ! :ole matt]2 = ) k comes appetition or av]sion1 admiration or contempt1 love or abhorr5ce2 & o!r impulses--emotional1 desid]ative1 lov+--impel ! human creature to realize its nature 9 /ates ( height5$ consci\sness t are n palpable modes ( kn[+1 ?\gh !y may be replete ) all ! k t ! man has ga9$4 ,^! ultimate crav+s :i* we recognize 9 ourselves1 inspir$ m$iaeval ?\ght4 ,its c\rse1 its progress1 its v>i\s phases1 its cont5ts & complet$ sy/ems1 all repres5t ! op]ation ( human faculty press+ to expression & realization "u ! accid5tal or 8hi/orical0 conditions ( ! m$iaeval p]iod4 ,we may be sure t _m k9ds ( human crav+ & correspond+ faculty realiz$ !mselves 9 m$iaeval philosophy1 !ology1 piety & my/icism--! la/ a ^w us$ provisionally1 until we succe$ 9 resolv+ x into t]ms ( cle>] significance4 ,& we also note t 9 ^! prov9ces1 realization is expression4 ,e faculty1 e en]gy1 9 man seeks to function1 to realize its p[] 9 act4 ,! %e] body--if !re be %e] body--acts bodily1 op]ates1 & s makes actual its p[]s4 ,b ^? human en]gies :i* are in=m$ ) m9d1 realize !mselves 9 ard5t or rational ?\ght1 or 9 utt]$ words1 or 9 products ( ! artfully devis+ h&4 ,all ?is cle>ly is expression1 & corresponds1 if x is n "o & ! same1 ) ! pass+ ( en]gy f pot5cy to ! actuality :i* is its end & consummation4 ,?us love1 seek+ its end1 !reby seeks expression1 ?r\gh :i* x is enhanc$1 & 9 :i* x is realiz$4 ,likewise1 impell$ by ! desire to "k1 ! faculties ( cognition & reason realize !mselves 9 expression2 & 9 expression ea* "p ( rational k is cl>ifi$1 complet$1 r5d]$ accordant ) ! data ( obs]vation & ! laws or necessities ( ! m9d4 ,human faculties =m a correlat$ :ole2 & ?is composite human nature seeks to act1 to function4 ,?us ! :ole man /rives to realize ! fulle/ actuality ( 8 be+1 & satisfy or express ! :ole ( him1 & n alone 8 reason1 nor yet 8 emotions1 or 8 appetites4 ,?is utt]mo/ realization ( human be+--man's summum bonum or summa necessitas--_c unite ! incompatible )9 its syn!sis4 ,x mu/ be kept a consi/5t ideal1 a possible :ole4 ,"h ! demiurge is ! discrim9at+ & con/ructive intellig5ce1 :i* builds toge!r ! p]man5t & valuable elem5ts ( be+1 & excludes :atev] _c coexi/ 9 concord ) !m4 ,yet ! intellig5ce does n always set its own rational activities z man's fur!/ goal ( realization4 ,x may place love above reason4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 its discrim9at+ judgm5t w be affect$ by curr5t k & by dom9ant beliefs z to man & 8 de/9y1 ! univ]se & ,god4 ,manife/ly :atev] ! ?\ghtful idealiz+ man 9 any p]iod 7& our att5tion may at once focus itself ^u ! ,middle ,ages7 adjudges to belong to ! f9al realization ( 8 nature1 w become an object ( intellectual int]e/ = him2 & he w deem x a prop] subject = /udy & m$itation4 ,! rational1 spiritual1 or ev5 physical elem5ts1 :i* may ent] & compose ?is1 8 summum bonum1 repres5t ^? intellectual int]e/s :i* may be t]m$ ultimate1 = ! v reason1 t !y relate to :at ! ?9k] deems 8 beatitude4 ,^! ultimate intellectual int]e/s possess an absolute sanction1 = ! lack ( :i* :atev] lies outside ( !m t5ds to adjudge itself va94 ,! philosophy1 !ology1 & ! pr(\ndly felt & reason$ piety1 ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies made up t p]iod's ultimate intellectual int]e/s4 ,we are n conc]n$ ) o!r matt]s occupy+ its att5tion1 save z !y bore on man's supreme beatitude1 :i* 0 held to consi/ 9 8 ev]la/+ salvation & all t might con/itute 8 bliss 9 t un5d+ /ate4 ,! elem5ts ( ?is bless$ness 7 n deem$ to lie altoge!r 9 rational cognition & its processes2 = ! conception ( ! s\l's beatitude 0 ca?olic2 & :ile ) "s m5 ! intellectual elem5ts 7 dom9ant1 ) o!rs salvation's summit 0 atta9$ along ! pa?s ( spiritual emotion4 ,obvi\sly1 f ! side ( ! emotions1 !re c\ld come no l>ge & la/+ happ9ess1 unless emotional desire & devotion 7 direct$ to t :i* might also satisfy ! m9d1 or at all ev5ts1 w\ld n conflict ) its judgm5t4 ,h5ce ! emotional side ( ! ultimate m$iaeval ideal 0 pieti/ic2 because ! m$iaeval dogmatic fai? reg>d$ ! emotional impulses betwe5 "o human be+ & ano!r z di/ract+1 if n wick$4 ,su* mortal impulses 7 s v difficult to h>monize ) ! et]nal beatitude :i* consi/$ 9 ! cognition & love ( ,god4 ,?is pr9ciple 0 proclaim$ by monks & !ologians1 or philosoph]s2 x 0 ev5 recogniz$ 7al?\gh n foll[$7 9 ! lit]ature :i* glorifi$ ! love ( man & woman1 b 9 :i* ! lov]-knight s (t5 ends a h]mit1 & ! conv5t at la/ receives 8 s9ful mi/ress4 ,on ! o!r h&1 reason1 ) its practical & speculative k1 is /]ile :5 unmix$ ) piety & love4 ,?is is ! sum ( ,bonav5tura's f]vid argum5ts1 & is z cle>ly1 if m quietly1 recogniz$ by ,aqu9as1 ) :om fides )\t c>itas is in=mis1 =mless1 v f> inde$ f its true actuality or realization4 ,?us1 = ! full realization ( man's highe/ good 9 ev]la/+ salvation1 ! two complem5t>y phases ( ! human _s _h to act & function 9 concord4 ,toge!r !y mu/ realize !mselves 9 su* ca?olic expression z %\ld exclude only ! fr[>d or evil elem5ts1 non-elem5ts r1 ( man's nature4 ,bo? repres5t ultimate m$iaeval int]e/s & desires2 & p]haps deep d[n & v intimately1 ev5 inscrutably1 !y may be "o1 ev5 z !y cle>ly are complem5t>y phases ( ! human s\l4 ,yet ) c]ta9 natures :o p]haps fail to hold ! balance betwe5 !m1 ! two phases seem to draw ap>t1 or1 at lea/1 to ev9ce !mselves 9 di/9ct expression1 & inde$ 9 all m5 !y are usually di/+ui%able4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! conception ( man's div9ely m$iat$ salvation1 & ( ! elem5ts ( human be+ :i* might be c>ri$ on1 & realiz$ 9 a /ate ( ev]la/+ beatitude1 prescrib$ ! range ( ultimate intellectual int]e/s = ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! same _h be5 despotically true ( ! patri/ic p]iod4 ,augu/9e w\ld "k ,god & ! s\l2 ,ambrose express$ equally emphatic views ^u ! vanity ( all k t did n contribute to an und]/&+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?4 ,?is view 0 held ) temp]am5tal & b>b>iz+ n>r[ness by ,gregory ! ,great4 ,x 0 admitt$1 z ( c\rse1 ?r\gh\t ! ,c>ol+ian p]iod1 al?\gh humani/ically-m9d$ m5 play$ ) ! pagan lit]ature4 ,nor 0 x s]i\sly disput$ 9 ! elev5? or twelf? c5tury1 :5 m5 began to delight 9 dialectic1 & "s c>$ = pagan lit]ature2 nor yet 9 ! ?irte5? :5 an increas+ numb] 7 ask+ _m ?+s f philosophy & natural k1 :i* _h b di/ant be>+ on ! s\l's salvation4 ,"o ( ^! m5 0 ,rog] ,bacon1 ^: sci5tific /udies 7 pursu$ ) ceaseless en]gy4 ,b he c\ld also /ate emphatically ! pr9ciple ( ! wor?lessness ( :atev] does n help m5 to und]/& ! div9e tru?s by :i* !y are sav$4 ,9 ,bacon's "t1 ! love ( k 0 enl>g+ its compass1 :ile1 really or nom9ally z ! individual case might be1 ! crit]ion ( relevancy to ! ,fai? /ill obta9$1 & set ! topics ) :i* m5 %\ld occupy !mselves4 ,all matt]s ( philosophy or natural sci5ce _h to relate !mselves to ! summum bonum ( salvation 9 ord] to possess ultimate human int]e/4 ,!re=e1 if philosophy 0 to pres]ve ! /ronge/ reason = its exi/5ce1 x _h to rema9 ! h&maid ( !ology4 ,/ill1 to be sure1 ! conception ( man's beatitude w\ld become m compreh5sive ) ! expansion & v>iegation ( ! desire = k4 ,z ! summum bonum ( salvation prescrib$ ! topics ( ultimate intellectual int]e/ = ! ,middle ,ages1 s ! /ress :i* x laid ^u "o topic r ?an ano!r t5d$ to direct _! ord]+ or classification1 z well z ! proportion ( att5tion devot$ to ea* "o4 ,likewise ! =m or me?od ( pres5tation 0 controll$ by ! au?ority ( ! ,scriptural /atem5t ( ! way & means ( salvation1 & ! well-nigh equally au?oritative int]pretation ( ! same by ! beatifi$ ,fa!rs4 ,?us ! nature ( ! summum bonum & ! "* ( its ,scriptural /atem5t & patri/ic exposition sugge/$ ! arrangem5t ( topics1 & set ! me?od ( _! treatm5t 9 ^? works ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies :i* af=d ! mo/ important pres5tations ( ! ultimate intellectual int]e/s ( t "t4 ,obvi\s examples w be ,abael>d's ,sic et non & 8 ,!ologia1 ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor's ,de sacram5tis1 ! ,lomb>d's ,books ( ,s5t5ces1 & ! ,summa !ologiae ( ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,x w be se5 9 ! next *apt] t ! arrangem5t ( topics 9 ^! compreh5sive treatises diff]$ f :at w\ld h be5 evolv$ ?r\gh ! requirem5ts ( a sy/ematic pres5tation ( human k4 ,aqu9as sets =? ! reasons :y "o mode ( treatm5t is suitable to philosophy & ano!r to sacr$ sci5ce1 & :y ! latt] may omit matt]s prop] = ! =m]1 or treat !m f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,! supremacy ( sacr$ sci5ce is incid5tally %[n by ! argum5t4 ,9 8 ,contra ,g5tiles#dbj *apt] f\r1 book second1 be>s ! title3 8,quod alit] consid]at de creaturis ,philosophus et alit] ,!ologus0 78,t ! philosoph] views ! creation 9 "o way & ! !ologian 9 ano!r074 ,9 ! text he says3 8,! sci5ce 7doctr9a7 ( ,*ri/ian fai? consid]s creatures s f> z !re may be 9 !m "s lik5ess ( ,god1 & s f> z error reg>d+ !m might lead to error 9 ?+s div9e4444 ,human philosophy consid]s !m aft] _! own k9d1 & its p>ts are s devis$ z to correspond ) ! diff]5t classes 7g5]a7 ( ?+s2 b ! fai? ( ,*ri/ consid]s !m1 n aft] _! own k9d1 z = example1 fire z fire1 b z repres5t+ ! div9e altitude4444 ,! philosoph] consid]s :at belongs to !m accord+ to _! own nature2 ! believ] 7fidelis7 reg>ds 9 creatures only :at p]ta9s to !m 9 _! relation%ip to ,god1 z t !y are creat$ by ,him & subject to ,him4 ,:]e=e ! sci5ce ( ! ,fai? is n to be deem$ incomplete1 if x passes ov] _m prop]ties ( ?+s1 z ! %ape ( ! heav5 or ! quality ( motion4444 ,x also foll[s t ! two sci5ces d n proce$ 9 ! same ord]4 ,) philosophy1 :i* reg>ds creatures 9 !mselves1 & f !m draws on into a k ( ,god1 ! fir/ consid]ation is 9 reg>d to ! creatures & ! la/ is z to ,god4 ,b 9 ! sci5ce ( fai?1 :i* views creatures only 9 _! relation%ip to ,god 79 ord9e ad ,deum71 ! fir/ consid]ation is ( ,god1 & next ( ! creatures40 ,obvi\sly sacra doctr9a1 :i* is to say1 !ologia1 proce$s diff]5tly f philosophia humana1 & evid5tly x has to d ) matt]s ( ultimate importance1 & !re=e ( ultimate intellectual int]e/4 ,! passage quot$ f ! ,contra ,g5tiles may be tak5 z introductory to ! m elaborate /atem5t at ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,summa !ologiae1 :]e ,?omas sets =? ! pr9ciples by :i* sacra doctr9a is di/+ui%$ f ! philosophicae discipl9ae1 to wit1 ! v>i\s sci5ces ( human philosophy3 8,x 0 necess>y to human salvation t !re %\ld be a sci5ce 7doctr9a7 accord+ ) div9e revelation1 besides ! philosophical discipl9es :i* are pursu$ by human reason4 ,because man 0 =m$ 7ord9atur7 t[>d ,god z t[>d an end exce$+ reason's compreh5sion4 ,t end %\ld be kn[n to m51 :o ought to regulate _! int5tions & actions t[>d an end4 ,:]e=e x 0 necess>y = salvation t man %\ld "k c]ta9 matt]s ?r\gh revelation1 :i* surpass human reason40 ,?omas n[ po9ts out t1 on acc\nt ( _m errors1 x also 0 necess>y = man to be in/ruct$ ?r\gh div9e revelation z to ^? sav+ tru?s conc]n+ ,god :i* human reason 0 capable ( inve/igat+4 ,he next proce$s to %[ t sacra doctr9a is sci5ce4 8,b !re are two k9ds ( sci5ces4 ,!re are ^? :i* proce$ f ! pr9ciples kn[n by ! natural light ( ! m9d1 z ari?metic & geometry4 ,!re are o!rs :i* proce$ f pr9ciples kn[n by ! light ( a sup]ior sci5ce3 z p]spective proce$s f pr9ciples made kn[n ?r\gh geometry1 & music f pr9ciples kn[n ?r\gh ari?metic4 ,& sacra doctr9a is sci5ce 9 ?is way1 because x proce$s f pr9ciples kn[n by ! light ( a sup]ior sci5ce or k :i* is ! k belong+ to ,god & ! beatifi$4 ,?us z music believes ! pr9ciples deliv]$ to x by ari?metic1 s sacr$ doctr9e believes ! pr9ciples reveal$ to x f ,god40 ,! "q !n is rais$ :e!r sacra doctr9a is "o sci5ce1 or _m4 ,& ,?omas answ]s1 t x is "o1 by reason ( ! unity ( its =mal object4 ,= x views ev]y?+ discuss$ by x z div9ely reveal$2 & all ?+s :i* are subjects ( revelation 7revelabilia7 h "p 9 ! =mal conception ( ?is sci5ce2 & s are compreh5d$ "u sacra doctr9a1 z "u "o sci5ce4 ,nev]!less x ext5ds to subjects belong+ to v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( k s f> z !y are kn[able ?r\gh div9e illum9ation4 ,z "s ( ^! may be practical & "s speculative1 x foll[s t sacr$ sci5ce includes bo? ! practical & ! speculative1 ev5 z ,god ) ! same k kn[s himself & also ! ?+s ,he makes4 8,yet ?is sci5ce is m speculative ?an practical1 because on pr9ciple x treats ( div9e ?+s r ?an human actions1 :i* x treats 9 s f> z man by means ( !m is direct$ 7ord9atur7 to p]fect cognition ( ,god1 :]e9 et]nal beatitude consi/s4 ,?is sci5ce 9 its speculative z well z practical functions transc5ds o!r sci5ces1 speculative & practical4 ,"o speculative sci5ce is said to be wor?i] ?an ano!r1 by reason ( its c]titude1 or ! dignity ( its matt]4 ,9 bo? respects ?is sci5ce surpasses o!r speculative sci5ces1 because ! o!rs h c]titude f ! natural light ( human reason1 :i* may err2 b ?is has c]titude f ! light ( ! div9e k1 :i* _c be deceiv$2 likewise by reason ( ! dignity ( its matt]1 because prim>ily x relates to matt]s too high = reason1 :ile o!r sci5ces consid] only ^? :i* are subject$ to reason4 ,x is wor?i] ?an ! practical sci5ces1 :i* are orda9$ = an ult]ior end2 = s f> z ?is sci5ce is practical1 its end is et]nal beatitude1 unto :i* z an ult]ior end all o!r ends ( ! practical sci5ces are orda9$ 7ord9antur74 8,moreov] al?\gh ?is sci5ce may accept some?+ f ! philosophical sci5ces1 x requires !m m]ely = ! l>g] manife/ation ( ! matt]s :i* x tea*es4 ,= x takes its pr9ciples1 n f o!r sci5ces1 b imm$iately f ,god ?r\gh revelation4 ,s x does n receive f !m z f sup]iors1 b uses !m z s]vants4 ,ev5 s1 x uses !m n because ( any defect ( its own1 b because ( ! defectiv5ess ( our intellect :i* is m easily conduct$ 7manuducitur7 by natural reason to ! ?+s above reason :i* ?is sci5ce tea*es40 ,?omas n[ %[s1 ) s*ola/ic =malism1 t ,god is ! subjectum ( ?is sci5ce2 s9ce all ?+s 9 x are treat$ ) ref]5ce to ,god 7sub ratione ,dei71 ei!r because !y are ,god himself1 or because !y be> relation%ip 7hab5t ord9em7 to ,god z t[>d _! cause & end 7pr9cipium et f9em74 ,! f9al "q is :e!r ?is sci5ce be argum5tativa1 us+ argum5ts & pro(s2 & ,?omas ?us sets =? 8 ma/]ly solution3 8,i reply1 x %\ld be said t z o!r sci5ces d n prove _! fir/ pr9ciples1 b argue f !m 9 ord] to prove o!r matt]s1 s ?is sci5ce does n argue to prove its pr9ciples1 :i* are articles ( ,fai?1 b proce$s f !m to prove some?+ else1 z ! ,apo/le1 9 #a ,cor9?ians xv41 argues f ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ to prove ! resurrection ( u all4 ,"o %\ld be> 9 m9d t 9 ! philosophic sci5ces ! l[] sci5ce nei!r proves its own fir/ pr9ciples nor disputes ) him :o d5ies !m1 b leaves t to a high] sci5ce4 ,b ! sci5ce :i* is ! highe/ among !m1 t is metaphysics1 does dispute ) him :o d5ies its pr9ciples1 if ! adv]s>y w conc$e any?+2 if he conc$e no?+ x _c ?us argue ) him1 b c only ov]?r[ 8 argum5ts4 ,likewise sacra ,scriptura 7or doctr9a or sacr$ sci5ce1 !ology71 s9ce x owns no high] sci5ce1 disputes ) him :o d5ies its pr9ciples1 by argum5t inde$1 if ! adv]s>y w conc$e any ( ! matt]s :i* x accepts ?r\gh revelation4 ,?us ?r\gh ,scriptural au?orities we dispute aga9/ h]etics1 & adduce "o article aga9/ ^? :o d5y ano!r4 ,b if ! adv]s>y w give cr$5ce to no?+ :i* is div9ely reveal$1 sacr$ sci5ce has no argum5ts by :i* to prove to him ! articles ( fai?1 b has only argum5ts to refute 8 reason+s aga9/ ! ,fai?1 %\ld he adduce any4 ,= s9ce fai? re/s on infallible tru?1 its contr>y _c be demon/rat$3 manife/ly ! pro(s :i* are br\ght aga9/ x are n pro(s1 b controv]tible argum5ts4 8,to argue f au?ority is mo/ appropriate to ?is sci5ce2 = its pr9ciples re/ on revelation1 & x is prop] to cr$it ! au?ority ( ^? to :om ! revelation 0 made4 ,nor does ?is d]ogate f ! dignity ( ?is sci5ce2 = al?\gh pro( f au?ority bas$ on human reason may be weak1 yet pro( f au?ority bas$ on div9e revelation is mo/ effective4 8,yet sacr$ sci5ce also makes use ( human reason2 n inde$ to prove ! ,fai?1 because ?is w\ld take away ! m]it ( believ+2 b to make manife/ o!r ?+s :i* may be treat$ 9 ?is sci5ce4 ,= s9ce grace does n annul nature1 b p]fects x1 natural reason %\ld s]ve fai?1 ev5 z ! natural incl9ation con=ms itself to love 7c>itas74 ,h5ce sacr$ sci5ce uses ! philosoph]s also z au?ority1 :]e !y 7 able to "k ! tru? ?r\gh natural reason4 ,x uses au?orities ( ?is k9d z extrane\s argum5ts hav+ probability4 ,b x uses ! au?orities ( ! canonical ,scriptures argu+ f its own premises & ) c]ta9ty4 ,& x uses ! au?orities ( o!r doctors ( ! ,*ur*1 z argu+ ^u its own gr\nd1 yet only ) probability4 ,= our fai? re/s ^u ! revelation made to ! ,apo/les & ,prophets1 :o wrote ! canonical books2 & n ^u ! revelation1 if !re 0 any1 made to o!r doctors40#dba ,m$iaeval ?\ght 0 beset beh9d & be=e by ! compulsion ( its conditions4 ,its mighty antec$5ts liv$ 9 x1 & wr\ght z m\ld+ =ces4 ,well we "k !m1 two 9 numb]1 ! "o1 ( c\rse1 ! antique philosophy2 ! o!r1 aga9 ( c\rse1 ! dogmatic ,*ri/ian ,fai?1 itself %ot ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) antique metaphysics1 9 ! t]ms ( :i* x _h be5 =mulat$4 ,^! two1 v dual & yet jo9$1 antagoni/ic & aga9 unit$1 con/itut$ ! =m-giv+ pr9ciples ( m$iaeval ?9k+4 ,!y 71 speak+ 9 s*ola/ic phrase1 ! sub/antial z well z accid5tal =ms ( m$iaeval !ology1 philosophy1 & k4 ,:i* means t !y set ! l9es ( m$iaeval !ology or philosophy1 & caus$ ! "o & ! o!r to be :at x became1 r ?an some?+ else2 & also t !y suppli$ ! k :i* m$iaeval m5 lab\r$ to acquire1 & attempt$ to adju/ _! ?9k+ to4 ,?us1 ?r\gh ! twelf?1 ! ?irte5?1 & ! f\rte5? c5turies1 !y rema9$ ! inwork+ =mal causes ( m$iaeval ?\ght2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! mov+ & effici5t causes 7/ill speak+ 9 s*ola/ic-,ari/otelian phrase7 7 ! human impulses :i* ^? =mal causes m\ld$1 or inde$ sugge/$1 & ! faculties :i* !y tra9$4 ,! patri/ic sy/em ( dogma ) ! antique philosophy1 set ! =ms ( m$iaeval expression1 fix$ ! di/9ctive qualities ( m$iaeval ?\ght1 furni%$ its topics1 & ev5 necessitat$ its problems--9 two ways3 ,fir/1 ?r\gh ! specific sub/ance :i* pass$ ov] & fill$ ! m$iaeval productions2 & secondly1 simply by reason ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a va/ au?oritative body ( antique & patri/ic op9ion1 k1 dogma1 :i* ! ,middle ,ages _h to accept & ma/]1 & beyond :i* ! sub/ance ( m$iaeval ?9k+ 0 h>dly de/9$ to advance4 ,! fir/ way is obvi\s en\gh1 inasmu* z patri/ic & antique matt] palpably make ! sub/ance ( m$iaeval !ology & philosophy4 ,! second is less obvi\s1 b equally important4 ,?is mass ( dogma1 k1 & op9ion1 exi/$ f9i%$ & complete4 ,m5 imp]fectly equipp$ to compreh5d x 7 br\ght to x by ! conviction t x 0 necess>y to _! salvation1 & !n gradually by ! p]suasion also t x (f]$ ! only means ( intellectual progress4 ,! /ruggle to ma/] su* a volume ( k issu+ f a m creative pa/1 gave rise to novel problems1 or promot$ old ones to a novel prom95ce4 ,! problem ( univ]sals 0 tak5 directly f ! antique dialectic4 ,x play$ a mon/r\s rle 9 ! twelf? c5tury because x 0 9 v ess5ce a fundam5tal problem ( cognition1 ( kn[+1 & s press$ ^u m5 :o 7 driv5 by ! ne$ to ma/] cont9ually unfold+ cont95ts ( ?\ght4#dbb ,?is is an in/ance ( a problem transmitt$ f ! pa/1 b bl[n up to extraord9>y importance by m$iaeval intellectual conditions4 ,s ?r\gh\t ! :ole s*ola/ic range1 attitude & me?od alike are fix$ by ! fact t s*ola/icism 0 prim>ily an appropriation ( transmitt$ propositions4 ,9 consid]+ ! *>act]i/ics ( m$iaeval ?\ght1 x is well to be> 9 m9d ^! div]se ways 9 :i* its antec$5ts made x :at x 03 ?r\gh _! sub/ance transmitt$ to x2 ?r\gh ! receptive attitude =c$ ^u m5 by exi/+ accumulations ( au?oritative doctr9e1 & ! me?od entail$ ^u m$iaeval ?\ght by its s*ola/ic r ?an orig9ative "*4 ,also "o w n omit to notice :i* elem5ts came f ! action ( ! patri/ic body ( antec$5ts1 r ?an f ! antique gr\p1 & vice v]sa4 ,s9ce ! antique & patri/ic con/itut$ well-nigh ! :ole sub/ance ( philosophy & !ology 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 a sep>ate consid]ation ( :at 0 ?us transmitt$ w\ld am\nt to a hi/ory ( m$iaeval ?\ght f a some:at unillum9at+ po9t ( view4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o may le>n mu* z to ! qualities ( m$iaeval ?\ght f obs]v+ ! attitudes ( v>i\s m5 9 successive c5turies t[>d ,greek philosophy & patri/ic !ology4 ,! ,fa!rs _h us$ ! concepts ( ! =m] 9 ! con/ruction ( _! sy/ems ( acceptance ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?4 ,b ! _s ( inquiry f :i* ,greek philosophy _h sprung1 0 v diff]5t f ! _s 9 :i* ! ,fa!rs us$ its concepts & argum5ts1 9 ord] to sub/antiate :at !y accept$ on ! au?ority ( ,scripture & tradition4 ,x is true t ,greek philosophy 9 ! ,neo-,platonism ( ,porphyry & ,iamblicus 0 n f> f ! patri/ic attitude t[>d k4 ,b ! _s ( ^! decl9+ moods ( ,neo-,platonism 0 n ! _s :i* _h c>ri$ ! philosophy ( ! ,greeks to its intellectual culm9ation 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 & to its atta9m5t ( ! e?ically rational 9 ,/oicism & ! sy/em ( ,epicurus4 ,?us patri/ic ?9k+ 0 ess5tially diff]5t 9 purpose & me?od f ! philosophy :i* x =c$ to s]ve its uses2 & ! two diff]$ by e diff]5ce ( me?od1 _s1 & int5t :i* 7 de/9$ to appe> among ! v>i\s k9ds ( m$iaeval ?9k]s4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,greek philosoph] & ,*ur* ,fa!r 0 deep] ?an any t ev] c\ld exi/ among m$iaeval m54 ,"s ( ! la/ might be conv5tionally or?odox & passionately pi\s1 :ile o!rs c>$ m di/9ctly = ! fruits ( k4 ,b ev5 ^! c\ld n be z ,greek philosoph]s1 because !y 7 accu/om$ to rely on au?ority1 & because !y :o drew _! k f an exi/+ /ore w\ld n h ! indep5d5ce & orig9ality di/+ui%+ ! ,greeks1 :o _h creat$ s mu* ( t /ore f :i* !y drew4#dbc ,moreov]1 :ile nei!r ,plato's inquiry = tru?1 nor ,ari/otle's ca?olic se>* = k1 0 isolat$ f its be>+ on ei!r ! conduct or ! ev5t ( life1 nev]!less ) !m rational inquiry 0 a f9al motive repres5t+ 9 itself t :i* 0 mo/ div9ely human1 & s ! be/ = man4#dbd ,b ) ! philosoph]s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 x nev] 0 q s4 ,= ! ne$ ( salvation _h work$ 9 m5's blood = g5]ations4 ,& salvation1 man's highe/ good1 did n consi/ 9 humanly-atta9$ k or 9 virtue won by human /r5g?2 b 0 div9ely m$iat$ & _h to be accept$ ^u au?ority4 ,h5ce1 ev5 9 ! great twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 intellectual inquiry 0 nev] unlimb]$ f b&s ( def]5ce1 nor ev] q dispassionately rational or unaffect$ by ! mortal ne$ to atta9 a salvation :i* 0 be/[$ or )held by ,god accord+ to ,8 plan au?oritatively decl>$4 ,accord+ly all m$iaeval v>iances ( ?\ght %[ common similitudes3 to wit1 "s consci\sness ( ne$ ( sup]-rational & sup]human salvation2 def]5ce to "s au?ority2 & f9ally a p]vasive s*ola/icism1 s9ce m$iaeval ?\ght 0 ( necessity dilig5t1 acceptant1 reflective1 r ?an orig9al4 ,"o w be impress$ ) ! =mal "* ( m$iaeval ?\ght4 ,= be+ ?us s*ola/ic1 x 0 occupi$ ) devis+ =ms ?r\gh :i* to express1 or re-express1 ! mass ( k pr(f]$ to x4 ,besides1 =mal logic 0 a prom95t "p ( ! transmitt$ cont5ts ( antique philosophy2 & became a *ief discipl9e = m$iaeval /ud5ts2 because !y accept$ x along ) all ! re/1 & f\nd its tra9+ helpful = m5 burd5$ ) su* intellectual tasks z !irs4 ,)9 ! l9es ( ^! univ]sal qualities w9d ! div]g5cies ( m$iaeval ?\ght2 & "o w notice h[ !y consi/ 9 lean+s t[>d ! ways ( ,greek philosophy1 or a reliance m or less complete ^u ! cont5ts & me?od ( patri/ic !ology4 ,"o common quality1 ( :i* we note ! v>iations1 is t ( def]5ce to ! au?ority ( ! pa/4 ,! m$iaeval s*ol> c\ld h>dly read a classic poet )\t f9d+ au?oritative /atem5ts ^u e topic bru%$ by ! poet's fancy1 & ( c\rse ! matt] ( m s]i\s writ+s1 hi/ory1 logic1 natural sci5ce1 0 implicitly accept$4 ,if ! pagan le>n+ 0 ?us reg>d$1 h[ mu* m absolute 0 ! def]5ce to sacr$ doctr9e4 ,"h all 0 au?ority4 ,scripture 0 ! prim>y s\rce2 next came ! cre$1 & ! dogmas e/abli%$ by c\ncils2 & !n ! expositions ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,?us ! mean+ ( ! au?oritative ,scripture 0 press$ into au?oritative dogma1 & !n au?oritatively sy/ematiz$4 ,! process _h be5 intellectual & rational1 yet ) ! driv5 rationality ( ,*ur* ,fa!rs /ruggl+ to =mulate & express ! accept$ import ( ! ,fai? deliv]$ to ! sa9ts4 ,au?ority1 fai?1 held ! primacy1 & 9 two s5ses1 = n only 0 x supreme & f9al1 b x 0 also prior 9 initiative effici5cy4 ,t]tullian's c]tum e/1 quia impossibile e/1 0 an extreme p>adox4 ,b ,augu/9e's cr$imus ut cognoscamus 0 fundam5tal1 & rema9$ un%ak54 ,anselm lays x at ! basis ( 8 argum5ts2 ) ,b]n>d & _m o!rs x is cr$o fir/ ( all1 let ! intellig]e come z x may1 & z x w accord+ to ! fulness ( our fai?4 ,! same pr9ciple ( fai?'s effici5t primacy is temp]am5tally z well z logically fundam5tal ) ,bonav5tura4 ,"h !n 0 a fir/ g5]al quality ( m$iaeval ?\ght3 def]5ce to au?ority4 ,n[ = ! v>iances4 ,sc>cely div]g+1 save 9 emphasis1 f ,augu/9e & ,bonav5tura1 are ! greate/ ( ! s*oolm51 ,alb]t & ,?omas4 ,!y def] to au?ority & recognize ! primacy ( fai?1 & yet !y w1 ) abundant use ( reason1 delim9ate ! respective prov9ces ( grace & human k1 & di/+ui% ! absolute au?ority ( ,scripture f ! /atem5ts ev5 ( ! sa9ts1 :i* may be weigh$ & criticiz$4 ,9 secul> philosophy1 ^! two w1 :5 _! fai? admits1 accept ! views ( ! philosoph]s--,ari/otle above all--yet us+ _! own reason4 ,!y are pr(\ndly int]e/$ 9 k & metaphysical dialectic1 b foll[ x ) def]5tial temp]s & believ+ ,*ri/ian s\ls4 ,outside ! company ( su*1 are m5 ( m indep5d5t temp]1 ^: attitude t5ds to weak5 ! pr9ciple ( acceptance ( au?ority 9 sacr$ doctr9e4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 ,eriug5a ) 8 explicit /atem5t t reason is great] ?an au?ority2 yet we may assume t he 0 n int5d+ to impugn ,scripture4 ,c5turies lat] ano!r *ief example is ,abael>d1 ^: dialectic temp] leads him to wi% to prove ev]y?+ by reason4 ,n t he /at$1 or w\ld h admitt$ ?is2 yet ! extreme rationaliz+ t5d5cy ( ! man is project$ ?r\gh su* a passage z ! foll[+ f 8 ,hi/oria calamitatum1 :]e he alludes to ! circum/ances ( ! composition ( 8 "w ^u ! ,tr9ity4 ,he _h become a monk 9 ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,d5is1 b /ud5ts 7 /ill ?rong+ to he> him1 to ! wra? ( "s ( 8 sup]iors4 8,!n x came ab\t t ,i 0 br\ght to exp\nd ! v f\ndation ( our fai? by apply+ ! analogies ( human reason1 & 0 l$ to compose = my pupils a !ological treatise on ! div9e ,unity & ,tr9ity4 ,!y 7 call+ = human & philosophical argum5ts1 & insi/+ ^u some?+ intelligible1 r ?an m]e words1 say+ t !re _h be5 m ?an en\gh ( talk :i* ! m9d c\ld n foll[2 t x 0 impossible to believe :at 0 n und]/ood 9 ! fir/ place2 & t x 0 ridicul\s = any "o to set =? to o!rs :at nei!r he nor !y c\ld rationally conceive 7intellectu cap]e740 ,& ,abael>d cites ! v]se f ,mat!w ab\t ! bl9d lead]s ( ! bl9d1 & goes on to tell ( ! success ( 8 treatise1 :i* pleas$ ev]ybody1 yet provok$ ! great] envy because ( ! difficulty ( ! que/ions :i* x elucidat$2 & at la/ envy blew up ! condemnation ( 8 book1 at ! ,c\ncil ( ,soissons1 9 ! ye> ( grace #aaba4dbe ,"h "o has ! pla9 rev]sal4 ,we mu/ fir/ und]/& 9 ord] to believe4 ,d\btless ! dem&s ( ,abael>d's /ud5ts to h ! pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai? expla9$1 t !y might be und]/ood & accept$ rationally1 e*o$ ! ma/]'s imp]ative intellectual ne$4 ,n t ,abael>d w\ld brea! ! fa9te/ d\bt ( ^! v]ities2 !y 7 absolute & unque/ionable4 ,he accept$ !m ^u au?ority j z implicitly 7he might ?9k7 z ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,h]e9 he %[s ! m$iaeval quality ( def]5ce4 ,b he w und]/& ) 8 m9d ! pr(\nde/ tru?s enunciat$ by au?ority2 he w expla9 !m rationally1 t ! m9d may rationally compreh5d !m4 ,m5 ( an opposite ca/ ( m9d =esaw ! outcome ( ?is rationalization ( dogma m surely ?an ! subtle dialectician = :om ?is process 0 bo? p]emptory & prop]4 ,& ! ,*ur* act$ ) a true in/9ct 9 condemn+ ,abael>d 9 spite ( 8 prote/ations ( belief1 j z ) a l true in/9ct ,fri> ,bacon's own ,franciscan ,ord] look$ askance on "o ^: m9d 0 suspici\sly set ^u obs]vation & exp]im5t--& cavill+ at o!rs4 ,celui-ci tu]a cela6 ,! ultra-sci5tific _s is dang]\s to fai?--& ,bacon's assev]ations t no k 0 ( value save z x help$ ! s\l's salvation1 0 d\btless reg>d$ z a conv5tional ins9c]ity4 ,yet ,rog] ,bacon _h 8 m$iaeval def]5ces1 z w appe>4#dbf ,nei!r "o extreme view nor ! o!r 0 to repres5t ! attitude ( ?\ghtful & believ+ ,*ri/5dom2 n ,william ( ,/4 ,?i]ry & ,/ ,b]n>d1 nor yet 7on ^! po9ts7 ,abael>d & ,fri> ,bacon %\ld prevail2 b ! all-balanc+ & all-consid]+ ,aqu9as4 ,he w draw ! l9es betwe5 fai? & reason1 & bulw>k !m ) argum5ts :i* %all seem to r5d] unto reason ! ?+s ( reason1 & unto fai? its due4 ,yet x is actually ,rog] ,bacon :o accuses ,?omas ( mak+ 8 ,!ology out ( dialectic & v human reason+s4 ,x 0 true2 & we are aga9 rem9d$ h[ v>iant views %ad$ into ea* o!r 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & all )9 c]ta9 l9es ( simil>ity4 ,practically all m$iaeval ?9k]s def] to au?ority--m or less2 & all hold to "s pr9ciple ( fai?1 to ! necessity ( believ+ some?+1 = ! s\l's salvation4 ,!re is likewise "s simil>ity 9 _! attitudes t[>d intellectual int]e/s4 ,= all recogniz$ _! propriety1 & gave cr$it to ! human desire to "k4 ,likewise all saw t salvation1 ! summum bonum = man1 includ$ m ?an intellection2 & felt t x held "s consummation ( o!r human impulses2 t x held love--! love ( ,god along ) ! intellectual ard\r ( contemplation2 & well-nigh all recogniz$ also t ! fai? held my/]y1 n to be solv$ by reason4 ,?us all 7 rational--"s m1 "s less2 & all 7 devotional & believ+1 pieti/ic1 ard5t--"s m1 "s less2 accord+ z ! intellectual nature dom9at$ ov] ! emotional1 or ! emotions quell$ ! consci\s ex]cise ( reason1 yet rea*$ out & upw>d f :at k & reason _h giv5 z a base to spr+ f4 ,?us ! m$iaeval _s1 v>iant )9 its l9es ( lik5ess2 & ( a piece ) x 0 ! field x work$ 91 :i* made its range & scope4 ,"h z well1 a sav+ k ( ,god & ! s\l 0 c5tral & *ief among all intellectual int]e/s4 ,none d5i$ ?is4 ,augu/9e1 ! univ]sal prototype ( ! m$iaeval m9d1 _h cri$1 8,god & ! s\l1 ^! w ,i "k1 & ^! are all40 ,b wide _h be5 ! scope ( 8 k ( ,god & ! s\l2 & 9 ! c5turies :i* hung ^u 8 words1 wide also 0 ! range ( k subsum$ "u ^? capitals4 ,h[ w\ld "o "k ,god & ! s\l8 ,might "o n "k ,god 9 all ,8 univ]se1 9 ! height & bread? !re(1 & backw>ds & =w>ds ?r\gh ! rea* ( "t8 ,might n "o also "k ! s\l 9 all its op]ations1 all its qu]ies & desires2 w\ld n x & !y1 & _! activities1 make up ! complem5t>y side ( k--complem5t>y to ! primal object1 ,god1 kn[n 9 ,8 et]nity1 9 ,8 temporal creation1 9 ,8 ev]la/+ gov]nance8 ,wide or n>r[ might be ! intellectual int]e/s includ$ )9 a k ( ,god & ! s\l4 ,& :ile _m m5 kept close to ! c5tre & sav+ nexus ( ^! pot5tially univ]sal !mes1 o!rs might become absorb$ ) data ( ! creature-_w1 or ) ! manifold actions ( ! m9d ( man1 s z to =get to keep all duly ord]$ & connect$ ) ! c5tral ?\ght4 ,s ! se>* = k might roam afield4 ,likewise z to its motive2 practically ) _m m5 x 01 9 itself1 a joy & end2 al?\gh !y might cont9ue to connect ?is end =mally ) ! salvation ( ! s\l4 ,rog] ,bacon ( a surety 0 su* a "o4 ,ano!r 0 ,alb]tus ,magnus4 ,! labori\s cull+ ( tw5ty tomes ( univ]sal k surely _h ! joy ( kn[+ z ! active motive4 ,& ,aqu9as too2 no "o c\ld be su* an acquisitive & reason+ g5ius1 )\t ! love ( k 9 8 s\l4 ,yet ,?omas nev] let ?is love po9t untrue to its goal ( rese>* & devotion1 to wit1 sacr$ doctr9e1 !ology1 ! ,*ri/ian ,fai? 9 its v wide/ compass1 yet 9 its unity ( sav+ purpose4 ,9 ,?omas ,aqu9as ! c]titude ( fai?1 ! s5se ( grace1 ! ard\r ( love1 nev] qu5*$ ! consci\s action ( ! reason+ & kn[+ m9d2 nor did reason+ qu5* devotion4 ,a balance too1 ?\gh p]haps ) "o scale high] ?an ! o!r1 0 kept by ,bonav5tura1 ^: m9d _h reason's faculty1 b ^: he>t burn$ p]petually t[>d ,god4 ,ano!r rationally ard5t s\l 0 ,bonav5tura's intellectual =]unn]1 ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor4 ,9 ^! m5 intellect did n out/rip ! f]v\rs ( contemplation4 ,b su* ca?olic balance did n hold ) ,abael>d & ,bacon1 :o lack$ ! pieti/ic temp]am5t4 ,) o!rs1 conv]sely1 ! /r5g? ( ! pieti/ic & emotional nature ov]bore ! intellect2 ! m9d 0 less exact+2 & devotional ard\r us$ reason solely = its purposes4 ,! mightie/ ( ^! 7 ,b]n>d & ,francis4 ,to ! same key might *ime ! woman1 ,/4 ,hildeg>d ( ,b+54 ,we n>r[ d[n f ^! to hectic s\ls cont5t ) a few ?\ghts :i* s]ve z a basis = ! he>t's f]v\rs4 ,! v>y+ attitudes ( m$iaeval ?9k]s t[>d reason & au?ority1 & ev5 _! diff]5t views ^u ! limits ( ! field ( salut>y k1 are exemplifi$ 9 _! me?ods1 or r 9 ! v>iations ( _! common me?od4 ,"h ! factors 7 aga9 au?ority & ! intellect :i* consid]s ! au?ority1 & 9 t]ms ( its own rational processes reacts ^u ! proposition "u view4 ,! intellect might simply accept au?ority2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 x might1 ?r\gh dialectic1 seek a conclusion ( its own4 ,b midway betwe5 a m]e acceptance ( au?ority1 & ! endeav\r ( dialectic = a conclusion ( its own1 !re is ! reason+ process :i* p]ceives div]g5ce among au?orities1 comp>es1 discrim9ates1 int]prets1 & at la/ acts z umpire4 ,?is 0 ! comb9$ & ca?olic s*ola/ic me?od4 ,x conta9$ ! two factors ( its necess>y duality2 & its v>iations 7besides ! gradual p]fect+ ( its =m f "o g5]ation to ano!r7 consi/$ 9 ! pr$om9ant employm5t ( "o factor or ! o!r4 ,! beg9n+ 0 9 ! ,c>ol+ian "t1 :5 ,rabanus compil$ 8 au?orities f s\rces sacr$ & pr(ane1 sc>cely discrim9at+ except to ma9ta9 ! pre-em95ce ( ! sacr$ matt]4 ,8 y\ng] contempor>y1 ,eriug5a1 0 a translator ( 8 own *ief s\rce1 ,pseudo-,dionysius1 him ( ! ,hi]>*ies1 ,cele/ial & ,ecclesia/ical4 ,yet he compos$ also a v]itable book1 ,de divisione naturae1 9 :i* he put 8 matt] toge!r organically & ) argum5t4 ,& :ile pr(ess+ to hold to ! au?ority ( ,scripture & ! ,fa!rs1 he n only took ^u himself to select f _! /atem5ts1 b prop\nd$ ! proposition t ! au?ority :i* is n confirm$ by reason appe>s weak4 ,eriug5a made 8 au?orities yield him :at 8 reason requir$4 ,8 argum5tative me?od became an indep5d5t reh&l+ ( matt] drawn f !m4 ,x 0 v diff]5t f ! plodd+ exc]pt-ga!r+ ( ,rabanus4 ,we pass d[n ! c5turies to ,anselm4 ,contemplative & religi\s1 8 rev]5ce = au?ority 0 unimpair$ by any consci\s ne$ to refa%ion its mean+4 ,?\gh he possess$ creative intellectual p[]s1 !y 7 incit$ & controll$ by 8 deep piety4 ,h5ce 8 works 7 con/ruct$ ( orig9al & l(ty argum5ts1 b su* z did n infr+e ^u ei!r ! effici5t or ! f9al priority ( fai?4 ,) ,abael>d ( _m-sid$ fame ! duality ( me?od becomes explicit1 & is1 if "o may say s1 set by ! e>s4 ,on ! "o h&1 he advances 9 8 con/ructive !ological treatises t[>d a port5t\s application ( reason to expla9 ! cont5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?2 on ! o!r1 some:at s>donically1 he devises a s*eme = ! employm5t & pres5tation ( au?orities ^u ^! sacr$ matt]s1 a s*eme s obvi\sly apt t once made kn[n x c\ld n b be foll[$ & p]fect$4 ,! div]s works ( a man are likely to be> "s relation & resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,abael>d 0 a reason]1 m specifically speak+1 a dialectician accord+ to ! ways ( ,ari/otelian logic4 ,& 9 categories ( =mal logic he s\ght to rationalize e matt] appreh5d$ by 8 m9d4 ,sway$ by ! ma/]-int]e/ ( ! "t1 he turn$ to !ology2 & 8 own nature impell$ him to apply a con/ructive dialectic to its sy/ematic =mulation4 ,! result is exemplifi$ 9 ! extant portion ( 8 ,!ologia 7mis-call$ ,introductio ad ,!ologiam71 :i* 0 condemn$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,s5s 9 #aada1 ! ye> be=e ! ma/]'s dea?4 ,! _s ( ?is "w appe>s 9 ! passage already quot$ f ! ,hi/oria calamitatum1 ref]r+ to :at 0 sub/antially an e>li] =m ( ! ,!ologia4#dbg ,! ,!ologia argues = a free use ( dialectic 9 exp\nd+ dogma1 especially 9 ord] to refute ^? h]etics :o w n li/5 to au?ority1 b dem& reasons4 ,l ,abael>d's previ\s !ological treatises1 x is fill$ ) citations ( au?ority1 pr9cipally ,augu/9e2 & ! read] feels ! au?or's hesitancy to reveal t dialectic is ! ar*itect4 ,nor1 9 fact1 is ! "w an exclusively dialectic /ructure2 yet x illu/rates 7if x does n always inculcate7 ! application ( ! argum5ts ( human reason to ! exposition & sub/antiation ( ! fundam5tal & mo/ deeply hidd5 cont5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?4 ,obvi\sly ,abael>d 0 n an initiator "h4 ,augu/9e _h devot$ 8 life to =tify+ ! ,fai? ) argum5t & explanation2 ,eriug5a1 ) a f> weak] realization ( its cont5ts1 _h employ$ a m di/ort+ metaphysics 9 its pres5tation2 & sa9tly ,anselm _h fl[n 8 v]itable eagle flights ( reason4 ,b ,abael>d's m sy/ematic "w repres5ts a fur!r /age 9 ! application ( indep5d5t dialectic to dogma1 & an innovat+ fre$om 9 ! citation ( pagan philosoph]s to demon/rate its philosophic reasonabl5ess4 ,nev]!less 8 /atem5t t he _h ga!r$ ^! citations f writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 & n f ! books ( ! philosoph]s 7quorum pauca novi71#dbh %[s t he 0 only us+ :at ! ,fa!rs _h made use ( be=e him1 & also indicates ! slightness ( 8 indep5d5t k ( ,greek philosophy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,abael>d's way ( pres5t+ au?orities = & aga9/ a !ological proposition 0 m di/9ctly orig9al4 ,he seems to h be5 ! fir/ purposefully to sy/ematize ! me?od ( /at+ ! problem1 & !n giv+ 9 ord] ! au?orities on "o side & ! o!r--sic et non2 z he entitl$ 8 fam\s "w4 ,b ! trail ( 8 nature lay ?r\gh ?is app>5tly innoc5t composition1 ! evid5t int5t ( :i* 0 to emphasize1 if n exagg]ate1 ! opposition among ! patri/ic au?orities1 & )\t a c\nt]balanc+ attempt to %[ any sub/antial accord among !m4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is n /at$ 9 ! ,prologue1 :i* h[ev]1 l ev]y?+ t ,abael>d wrote1 discloses 8 fatal facility ( putt+ 8 h& on ! raw spot 9 ! matt]2 :i* un=tunately is likely to be ! vuln]able po9t also4 ,9 x he rem>ks on ! difficulty ( int]pret+ ,scripture1 ^u ! corruption ( ! text 7a p]il\s subject71 & ! introduction ( apocryphal writ+s4 ,!re are discrepancies ev5 9 ! sacr$ texts1 & contradictions 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,) a pr(use back+ ( au?ority he %[s t ! latt] are n to be read cum cr$5di necessitate1 b cum judic&i lib]tate4 ,assur$ly1 z to any?+ 9 ! canonical ,scriptures1 8x is n p]mitt$ to say3 #8,! ,au?or ( ?is book did n hold ! tru?'2 b r #8! codex is false or ! int]pret] errs1 or ?\ do/ n und]/&4' ,b 9 ! works ( ! lat] ones 7po/]iorum1 ,abael>d's inclusive designation ( ! ,fa!rs71 :i* are conta9$ 9 books )\t numb]1 if passages are deem$ to dep>t f ! tru?1 ! read] is at lib]ty to approve or disapprove40 ,?is view 0 support$ by ,abael>d's citations f ! ,fa!rs !mselves2 & yet1 s abruptly made1 x 0 n a pleasant /atem5t = ! e>s ( ^? to :om ! writ+s ( ! holy ,fa!rs 7 sacr$4 ,no?+ 0 sacr$ to ! man :o wrote ?is prologue--s x seem$ to 8 pi\s contempor>ies4 ,& :o among !m c\ld approve ( ! ,prologue's f9al utt]ance ^u ! me?od & purpose ( ! book8 8,:]e=e we decid$ to collect ! div]se /atem5ts ( ! holy ,fa!rs1 z !y might occur to our memory1 ?us rais+ an issue f _! app>5t repugnancy1 :i* might incite ! t5]os lectores to se>* out ! tru? ( ! matt]1 & r5d] !m ! %>p] = ! inve/igation4 ,= ! fir/ key to wisdom is call$ int]rogation1 dilig5t & unceas+4444 ,by d\bt+ we are l$ to inquiry2 & f inquiry we p]ceive ! tru?40 ,to use ! discordant /atem5ts ( ! ,fa!rs to %>p5 ! wits ( ! "y6 ,0 n t to uncov] _! %ame8 ,& ! "* ( ! "w did n salve ! ,prologue's /+4 ,abael>d select$ & arrang$ 8 extracts f pagan z well z ,*ri/ian writ]s1 & prep>$ s>donic titles = ! que/ions "u :i* he ord]$ 8 mat]ial4 ,"t & aga9 ^! titles flaunt an opposition :i* ! citations sc>cely be> out4 ,= example1 title iv43 8,quod sit cr$5dum 9 ,deum solum1 et contra0--c]ta9ly a flam+ po9t2 yet ! exc]pts display m]ely ! v]b cr$]e1 us$ 9 ! palpably diff]5t s5ses borne by ! ^w 8believe40 ,!re is no real repugnancy among ! citations4 ,& aga91 9 title lviii43 8,quod ,adam salvatus sit1 et contra0--!re is no citation contra4 ,& ! longe/ *apt] 9 ! book 7cxvii47 has ?is bri/l+ title3 8,de sacram5to alt>is1 quod sit ess5tialit] ipsa v]itas c>nis ,*ri/i et sangu9is1 et contra40 ,because ( su* prickly traits ! ,sic et non did n itself come into common use4 ,b ! sugge/ions ( its me?od once made1 7 ( too obvi\s utility to be ab&on$4 ,fir/1 among ,abael>d's own pupils ! result appe>s 9 ,books ( ,s5t5ces1 :i*1 9 ! arrangem5t ( _! matt]1 foll[$ ! topical division n ( ! ,sic et non1 b ( ,abael>d's ,!ologia1 ) its ?reefold division ( ,!ology into ,fides1 ,c>itas1 & ,sacram5tum4#dbi ,b ! arrangem5t ( ! ,!ologia 0 n made use ( 9 ! be/ & mo/ fam\s ( ^! compositions1 ,pet] ,lomb>d's ,s5t5ti>um libri quatuor4 ,?is "w employ$ ! me?od 7n ! arrangem5t7 ( ! ,sic et non1 & exp\nd$ ! cont5ts ( ,fai? me?odically1 8,di/9ctio0 aft] 8,di/9ctio10 /at+ ! proposition1 cit+ ! au?orities be>+ ^u x1 & end+ ) "s conciliat+ or di/+ui%+ /atem5t ( ! true result4 ,9 canon law ! same me?od 0 appli$ 9 ,gratian's ,decretum1 ( :i* ! prop] "n 0 ,concordia discordantium canonum4 ,^! ,books ( ,s5t5ces h sometimes be5 call$ ,summae1 inasmu* z _! scope embrac$ ! entire cont5ts ( ! ,fai?4 ,b ! t]m ,summa may prop]ly be conf9$ to ^? l>g] & /ill m encyclopa$ic compositions 9 :i* ?is s*ola/ic me?od rea*$ its f9al developm5t4 ,! *ief mak]s ( ^!1 ! v]itable ,summae !ologiae1 71 9 ord] ( "t1 ,alex&] ( ,hales1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 & ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,! ,books ( ,s5t5ces 7 books ( s5t5ces4 ,! ,summa proce$$ by ! same me?od1 or r issu$ f x1 z its consummation & p]fect logical =m2 ?us ! s*ola/ic me?od arriv$ at its highe/ con/ructive en]gy4 ,9 ! ,s5t5ces "o exc]pt$ op9ion 0 giv5 & ano!r possibly div]g5t1 & at ! end an adju/m5t 0 pres5t$4 ,?is comp>ative =mlessness atta9s 9 ! ,summa a s]ri$ syllogi/ic /ructure4 ,?omas1 :o f9ally p]fects x1 pres5ts 8 connect$ & successive topics divid$ into quae/iones1 :i* are subdivid$ into articuli1 ^: titles give ! po9t to be discuss$4 ,he /ates fir/1 & frequ5tly 9 8 own syllogi/ic t]ms1 ! successive negative argum5ts2 & !n ! c\nt]-proposition1 :i* usually is a citation f ,scripture or f ,augu/9e4 ,!n ) cle> logic he con/ructs ! true positive conclusion 9 accordance ) ! au?ority :i* he has la/ adduc$4 ,he !n refutes ea* ( ! adv]se argum5ts 9 turn4 ,?us ! me?od ( ! ,s5t5ces is r5d]$ dialectically organic2 & ) ! p]fect+ ( ! =m ( quae/io & articulus1 & ! logical l9k+ ( successive topics1 ! :ole composition1 f a cong]ies1 becomes a /ructure1 organic likewise1 a v]itable ,summa1 & a ,summa ( a sci5ce :i* has unity & consi/5cy4 ,?is sci5ce is sacra doctr9a1 !ologia4 ,moreov]1 z comp>$ ) ! ,s5t5ces1 ! cont5ts ( ! ,summa are enorm\sly enl>g$4 ,= betwe5 ! "t ( ! ,lomb>d & t ( ,?omas1 !re has come ! :ole ( ,ari/otle1 & :at is m1 ! ma/]y ( ! :ole ( ,ari/otle1 :i* ,?omas incorporates 9 a complete & organic /atem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian s*eme ( salvation4#dcj ,,*apt] ,,xxxv ,,classification ,,( ,,topics2 ,,/ages ,,( ,,evolution ,i4 ,,philosophic ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces2 ,,! ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,v9c5t',s ,,encyclopa$ia1 ,,( ,,! ,,lomb>d',s ,,s5t5ces1 ,,( ,,aqu9as',s ,,summa ,,!ologiae4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,/ages ,,( ,,developm5t3 ,,gramm>1 ,,logic1 ,,metalogics4 ,i ,hav+ consid]$ ! _s1 ! field1 & ! dual me?od1 ( m$iaeval ?\ght1 !re rema9 its classifications ( topics4 ,! problem ( classification pres5t$ itself to ,g]b]t z "o involv$ 9 ! rational /udy ( ! anci5t mat]ial4#dca ,b z s*ola/icism culm9at$ 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 ! problem became "o ( arrangem5t & pres5tation ( ! mass ( k & argum5t :i* ! ,middle ,ages _h at l5g? made _! own1 & 7 prep>$ to re-express4 ,?is ord]+ 0 influ5c$ by a tw(old pr9ciple ( classification2 =1 z abundantly %[n by ,aqu9as1#dcb !ology 9 :i* all is ord]$ ) ref]5ce to ,god1 w prop]ly foll[ an arrangem5t ( topics q unsuitable to ! natural or human sci5ces1 :i* treat ( ?+s ) respect to !mselves4 ,b ! m$iaeval practice 0 m confus$ ?an ! !ory2 because ! int]e/ 9 human k 0 apt to be t\*$ by motives s\nd+ 9 ! ne$ ( div9e salvation2 & speculation c\ld n free itself ( ! mov+ pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an enorm\s quantity ( human dialectic1 & a prodigi\s mass ( :at /rikes u z pr(ane in=mation1 or mis9=mation1 0 c>ri$ into ! m$iaeval ,summa1 & /ill m into ^? encyclopa$ias1 :i* attempt$ to include all k1 & /ill 7 influ5c$ 9 _! aim by a religi\s purpose4#dcc ,z ! human sci5ces came f ! pagan antique1 ! accept$ classifications ( !m naturally 7 tak5 f ,greek philosophy4 ,!y foll[$ ei!r ! s-call$ ,platonic division1 into ,physics1 ,e?ics1 & ,logic1#dcd or ! ,ari/otelian division ( philosophy into !oretical & practical4 ,! =m] s*eme1 ( :i* x is n c]ta9 t ,plato 0 ! au?or1 pass$ on ?r\gh ! ,/oic & ,epicurean sy/ems ( philosophy1 0 recogniz$ by ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 & receiv$ ,augu/9e's approval4 ,x 0 made kn[n to ! ,middle ,ages ?r\gh ,cassiodorus1 ,isidore1 ,alcu91 ,rabanus1 ,eriug5a & o!rs4 ,nev]!less ! ,ari/otelian division ( philosophy into !oretical & practical 0 de/9$ to prevail4 ,x 0 introduc$ to ! we/]n ,middle ,ages ?r\gh ,bo?ius's ,comm5t>y on ,porphyry's ,isagoge1#dce & adopt$ by ,g]b]t2 lat] x pass$ ov] ?r\gh translations ( ,arabic writ+s4 ,x 0 accept$ by ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor1 by ,alb]tus ,magnus & by ,?omas1 to m5tion only ! greate/ names2 & 0 set =? 9 detail ) explanation & comm5t 9 a numb] ( treatises1 su* z ,gundissal9us's ,de divisione philosophiae1 & ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor's ,eruditio didascalica1#dcf :i* 7 =mal & s*ematic introductions to ! /udy ( philosophy & its v>i\s bran*es4 ,! usual subdivisions ( ^! two g5]al p>ts ( philosophy 7 z foll[s4 ,!oretica 7or ,!orica7 0 divid$ into 7#a7 ,physics1 or sci5tia naturalis1 7#b7 ,ma!matics1 & 7#c7 ,metaphysics or ,!ology1 or div9a sci5tia1 z x might be call$4 ,physics & ,ma!matics 7 aga9 divid$ into m special sci5ces4 ,practica 0 divid$ commonly into ,e?ics1 ,economics1 ,politics1 or into ,e?ics & ,artes me*anicae4 ,!re 0 a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :at to d ) ,logic4 ,x _h1 to be sure1 its position 9 ! curr5t ,trivium1 along ) gramm> & rhetoric4 ,b ?is 0 m]ely curr5t1 & might n approve itself on deep] reflection4 ,gundissal9us speaks ( ?ree propa$eutic sci5ces1 ! sci5tiae eloqu5tiae1 gramm>1 poetics1 & rhetoric1 & !n puts ,logic aft] !m z a sci5tia m$ia betwe5 ^! prim>y educational matt]s & philosophy1 i4e4 ! :ole range ( k1 !oretical & practical4 ,aga91 ov] aga9/ philosophia realis1 :i* conta9s bo? ! !oretica 7or speculativa7 & ! practica1 ,?omas ,aqu9as sets ! philosophia rationalis1 or logic2 & ,ri*>d ,kilw>dby opposes logica1 ! sci5tia rationalis1 to practica1 9 8 division4#dcg ,! la/-nam$ philosoph] 0 ! pupil & !n ! ho/ile critic ( ,aqu9as1 & also became ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( a c>eful & elaborate classification ( ! p>ts ( philosophy1 entitl$ ,de ortu et divisione philosophiae4#dch ,9 x1 foll[+ ! broad di/9ction betwe5 res div9ae & res humanae1 ,kilw>dby divides philosophy into speculativa & practica4 ,speculativa is divid$ into naturalis 7physics71 ma!matica1 & div9a 7metaphysics74 ,he does n divide ! fir/ & ?ird ( ^!2 b he divides ma!matica into ^? sci5ces :i* treat ( quantity 9 cont9uity & sep>ation respectively 7quantitas cont9ua & quantitas discreta74 ,! =m] embrace geometry1 a/ronomy & a/rology1 & p]spective2 ! latt]1 music & ari?metic4 ,practica1 :i* is conc]n$ ) res humanae1 is divid$ into activa & s]moc9alis3 because res humanae consi/ ei!r ( op]ationes or locutiones4 ,! activa embraces ,e?ics & me*anics2 ! sci5tia s]moc9alis embraces gramm>1 logic1 & rhetoric4 ,su* are ,kilw>dby's b>e captions2 8 treatise l5g?ily treats ( ! int]relations ( ^! v>i\s bran*es ( k4 ,an idea ( ! s*ola/ic discussion ( ! classification ( sci5ces may be _h by foll[+ ,alb]tus ,magnus's pond]\s approa* to a consid]ation ( logic3 :e!r x be a sci5ce1 &1 if s1 :at place %\ld be allott$ x4 ,we draw f ! op5+ ( 8 lib] on ! ,pr$icables1#dci t is to say1 8 exposition ( ,porphyry's ,introduction4 ,alb]t w consid] 8:at k9d ( a sci5ce 7qualis sci5tia7 logic may be1 & :e!r x is any "p ( philosophy2 :at ne$ !re is ( x1 & :at may be its use2 !n ( :at x treats1 & :at are its divisions40 ,! anci5ts seem to h disagre$1 "s say+ t logic is no sci5ce1 s9ce x is r a modus 7mode1 mann] or me?od7 ( e sci5ce or bran* ( k4 ,b ^!1 cont9ues ,alb]tus1 h n reflect$ t al?\gh !re are _m sci5ces1 & ea* has its special modus1 yet !re is "o modus common to all sci5ces1 p]ta9+ to t :i* is common to !m all3 ! pr9ciple1 to wit1 t ?r\gh reason's inquiry1 f :at is kn[n "o arrives at k ( ! unkn[n4 ,?is mode or me?od common to e sci5ce may be consid]$ 9 itself1 & s may be ! subject ( a special sci5ce4 ,aft] fur!r balanc+ ( ! reasons & au?orities pro & con1 ,alb]tus concludes3 8,x is !re=e cle> t logic is a special sci5ce j z 9 ironwork+ !re is ! special art ( mak+ a hamm]1 yet its use p]ta9s to ev]y?+ made by ! ironwork]'s craft4 ,s ?is process ( discov]+ ! unkn[n ?r\gh ! kn[n1 is some?+ special1 & may be /udi$ z a special art & sci5ce2 yet ! use ( x p]ta9s to all sci5ces40 ,he next consid]s :e!r logic is a "p ( philosophy4 ,"s say no1 s9ce !re are 7z !y say7 only ?ree divisions ( philosophy1 physics1 ma!matics1 & metaphysics2 o!rs say t logic is a modus ( philosophy & n "o ( its divisions4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 x is %[n by o!rs t ?is view ( philosophy omits ! practical side1 = philosophy's scope compreh5ds ! tru? ( ev]y?+ :i* man may und]/&1 includ+ ! tru? ( t :i* is 9 ourselves1 & /rives to compreh5d bo? tru? & ! process ( advanc+ f ! kn[n to a k ( ! unkn[n4 ,^! po9t out t 8444 ! ,p]ipatetics divid$ philosophy fir/ into ?ree p>ts1 to wit1 into physicam g5]alit] dictam1 & e?icam g5]alit] dictam & rationalem likewise tak5 broadly4 ,i call physica g5]alit] dicta t :i* embraces sci5tia naturalis1 discipl9alis1 & div9a 7i4e4 physics 9 a n>r[] s5se1 ma!matics :i* is call$ sci5tia discipl9alis1 & metaphysics :i* is sci5tia div9a74 ,& ,i call e?ica1 t :i*1 broadly tak51 conta9s ! sci5tia mona/ica1 oeconomica & civilis4 ,& ,i call t ! sci5tia rationalis1 broadly tak51 :i* includes e mode ( proce$+ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,f :i* x is evid5t t logic is a "p ( philosophy40 ,& f9ally x may be %[n t 8if any?+ is )9 ! scope ( philosophy x mu/ be t )\t :i* philosophy _c rea* any k4 ,he :o is ignorant ( logic c acquire no p]fect cognition ( ! unkn[n1 because he is ignorant ( ! way 9 :i* he %\ld proce$ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n40 ,f ^! latt] argum5ts1 approv$ by him & 9 "p /at$ z 8 own1 ,alb]tus advances to a classification ( ! p>ts ( logic1 :i* he makes to include rhetoric1 poetics1 & dialectic1 & to be demon/rative1 sophi/ical or disputati\s1 accord+ to ! use to :i* logic 7broadly tak57 is appli$ & ! mann] 9 :i* x may 9 ea* case proce$1 9 advanc+ f ! kn[n to "s f>!r asc]ta9m5t or demon/ration4#ddj ,soon aft] ?is1 9 discuss+ ! subject ( ?is sci5ce1 ,alb]tus po9ts out h[ logic diff]s f rhetoric & poetics1 al?\gh ) !m x may treat ( s]mo1 or spee*1 & be call$ a sci5tia s]monalis2 =1 unlike !m1 x treats ( s]mo m]ely z a means ( draw+ conclusions1 & n 9 & = itself4 ,f ! purely philosophical division ( ! sci5ces we pass to ! hybrid arrangem5t adopt$ by ,v9c5t ( ,beauvais1 :o di$ 9 #abfd4 ,?is man 0 a prodigi\s dev\r] ( books1 & = a suffici5t pabulum1 ,/4 ,l\is set be=e him 8 collection ( twelve hundr$ volumes4 ,!reupon ,v9c5t compil$ ! mo/ fam\s ( m$iaeval encyclopa$ias1 employ+ 9 t lab\r enorm\s dilig5ce & a numb] ( assi/ants4 ,8 pond]\s ,speculum majus is drawn f ! mo/ s]viceable s\rces1 includ+ ! works ( ,alb]tus1 8 contempor>y1 & great s*ola/ics l ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor1 :o 7 no m4 ,x consi/$ ( ! ,speculum naturale1 doctr9ale1 & hi/oriale2 & a f\r?1 ! ,speculum morale1 0 add$ by a lat] h&4#dda ,turn+ its leaves1 & read+ snat*es "h & !re1 especially f its ,prologues1 we %all ga9 a suffici5t illu/ration ( ! arrangem5t ( topics foll[$ by ?is writ]1 ^: faculties seem to dr[n 9 8 %oreless und]tak+4#ddb ,9 8 turgid g5]alis prologus to ! ,speculum naturale1 ,v9c5t pres5ts 8 motives = collect+ 9 "o volume 8444 c]ta9 fl[]s accord+ to my modicum ( faculty1 ga!r$ f e "o ,i h be5 able to read1 :e!r ( our ,ca?olic ,doctors or ! ,g5tile philosoph]s & poets4 ,especially h ,i drawn f !m :at seem$ to p]ta9 ei!r to ! build+ up ( our dogma1 or to moral in/ruction1 or to ! incitem5t ( *>ity's devotion1 or to ! my/ic exposition ( div9e ,scripture1 or to ! manife/ or symbolical explanation ( its tru?4 ,?us by "o gr& opus ,i w\ld appease my /udi\sness1 & p]*ance1 by my lab\rs1 pr(it ^? :o1 l me1 try to read z _m books z possible1 & cull _! fl[]s4 ,inde$ ( mak+ _m books !re is no end1 & nei!r is ! eye ( ! curi\s read] satisfi$1 nor ! e> ( ! auditor40 ,he !n ref]s to ! evils ( false copy+ & ! ascription ( extracts to ! wrong au?or4 ,& x seems to him t ,*ur* ,hi/ory has be5 r neglect$1 :ile m5 h be5 int5t on exp\nd+ knotty problems4 ,& n[ consid]+ h[ to proce$ & gr\p 8 v>i\s matt]s1 ,v9c5t c\ld f9d no bett] me?od ?an ! "o he has *os51 8to wit1 t aft] ! ord] ( ,holy ,scripture1 ,i %\ld treat fir/ ( ! ,creator1 next ( ! creation1 !n ( man's fall & rep>ation1 & !n ( ev5ts 7rebus ge/is7 *ronologically40 ,he proposes to give a summ>y ( titles at ! end ( ! "w4 ,sometimes he may /ate z 8 own1 ?+s he has _h f 8 tea*]s or f v well-kn[n books2 & he admits t he did n h "t to collate ! ge/a m>tyrum1 & s "s ( ! ab/racts :i* he gives ( ^! are n by 8 own h&1 b by ! h& ( scribes 7not>iorum74 ,v9c5t proposes to call ! :ole "w ,speculum majus1 a ,speculum inde$1 or an ,imago mundi1 8conta9+ 9 brief :atev]1 f unnumb]$ books1 ,i h be5 able to ga!r1 wor?y ( consid]ation1 admiration1 or imitation z to ?+s :i* h be5 made or done or said 9 ! visible or invisible _w f ! beg9n+ until ! end1 & ev5 ( ?+s to come40 ,he briefly adv]ts to ! utility ( 8 "w1 & !n gives 8 motive = includ+ hi/ory4 ,?is he ?9ks w help u to und]/& ! /ory ( ,*ri/2 & f a p]usal ( ! w>s :i* took place 8be=e ! adv5t ( our pacific ,k+1 ! read] w p]ceive ) :at zeal we %\ld fight aga9/ our spiritual foes1 = our salvation & ! et]nal glory promis$ u40 ,f ! great slaught] ( m5 9 _m w>s1 may be realiz$ also ! sev]ity ( ,god aga9/ ! wick$1 :o are sla9 l %eep1 & p]i% body & s\l4#ddc ,z to nature1 ,v9c5t says3 8,moreov] ,i h dilig5tly describ$ ! nature ( ?+s1 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 no "o w deem useless1 :o1 9 ! light ( grace1 has read ( ! p[]1 wisdom & goodness ( ,god1 creator1 rul] & pres]v]1 9 t same book ( ! ,creation appo9t$ = u to read40 ,moreov]1 to "k ab\t ?+s is useful = prea*]s & !ologians1 z ,augu/9e says4 ,b ,v9c5t is consci\s ( ano!r motive also3 8,v]ily h[ great is ev5 ! humble/ beauty ( ?is _w1 & h[ pleas+ to ! eye ( reason dilig5tly consid]+ n only ! modes & numb]s & ord]s ( ?+s1 s decor\sly appo9t$ ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 b also ! revolv+ ages :i* are ceaselessly uncoil$ ?r\gh abatem5ts & successions1 & are m>k$ by ! dea? ( :at is born4 ,i confess1 s9n] z ,i am1 ) m9d bef\l$ 9 fle%1 t ,i am mov$ ) spiritual sweetness t[>d ! creator & rul] ( ?is _w1 & hon\r ,him ) great] v5]ation1 :5 ,i behold at once ! magnitude1 & beauty & p]man5ce ( ,8 creation4 ,= ! m9d1 lift+ itself f ! dunghill ( its affections1 & ris+1 z x is able1 into ! light ( speculation1 sees z f a height ! greatness ( ! univ]se conta9+ 9 itself inf9ite places fill$ ) ! div]s ord]s ( creatures40 ,"h ,v9c5t feels x well to apologize = ! limitlessness ( 8 matt]1 be+ only an exc]ptor1 & n really kn[+ ev5 a s+le sci5ce2 & he ref]s to ! example ( ,isidore's ,etymologiae4 ,he proce$s to enum]ate ! v>i\s s\rces ^u :i* he relies1 & !n to summ>ize ! head+s ( 8 "w2 :i* 9 brief are z foll[s3 ,! ,creator4 ,! empyrean heav5 & ! nature ( angels2 ! /ate ( ! good1 & ! ru9 ( ! pr\d1 angels4 ,! =mless mat]ial & ! mak+ ( ! _w1 & ! nature & prop]ties ( ea* creat$ be+1 accord+ to ! ord] ( ! ,works ( ! ,six ,days4 ,! /ate ( ! fir/ man4 ,! nature & en]gies ( ! s\l1 & ! s5ses & p>ts ( ! human body4 ,god's re/ & way ( work+4 ,! /ate ( ! fir/ man & ! felicity ( ,p>adise4 ,man's fall & puni%m5t4 ,s94 ,! rep>ation ( ! ,fall4 ,! prop]ties ( fai? & o!r virtues 9 ord]1 & ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,_s1 & ! beatitudes4 ,! numb] & matt] ( all ! sci5ces4 ,*ronological hi/ory ( ev5ts 9 ! _w1 & memorable say+s1 f ! beg9n+ to our "t1 ) a consid]ation ( ! /ate ( s\ls sep>at$ f _! bodies1 ( ! times to come1 ( ,anti*ri/1 ! end ( ! ,_w1 ! resurrection ( ! dead1 ! glorification ( ! sa9ts & ! puni%m5ts ( ! wick$4 ,"o may /& agha/ at ! programme4 ,yet practically all ( x w\ld g into a ,summa !ologiae1 except+ ! human hi/ory1 & ! matt] ( :at we %\ld call ! arts & sci5ces6 ,a programme l ?is might be h&l$ summ>ily1 accord+ to ! broad captions "u :i* x is /at$2 or x might be c>ri$ out 9 su* detail z to include all available in=mation1 or op9ion1 t\*+ e "p ( e topic includ$ "u ^! univ]sal heads4 ,! latt] is ,v9c5t's way4 ,practically he tries to include all k ^u ev]y?+4 ,! fir/ ( 8 tomes 7! ,speculum naturale7 is to be devot$ to a full description ( ! =ms & species ( creat$ be+s1 :i* make up ! visible _w4 ,yet x includes mu* relat+ to be+s commonly invisible2 = ,v9c5t beg9s ) a treatm5t ( ! angels4 ,he !n passes to a consid]ation ( ! sev5 heav5s2 & !n to ! physical ph5om5a ( nature2 !n on to e kn[n species ( plant1 ! cultivation ( trees & v9es1 & ! mak+ ( w9e2 !n to ! cele/ial bodies1 & aft] ?is to liv+ ?+s1 birds1 fi%es1 savage bea/s1 reptiles1 ! anatomy ( animals1--& at la/ comes to man4 ,he discusses him body & s\l1 8 psy*ology1 & ! ph5om5a ( sleep & wak+2 !n human anatomy--nor c he keep f consid]ations t\*+ ! :ole creation2 !n human g5]ation1 & a description ( ! c\ntries & regions ( ! e>?1 ) a brief comp5dium ( hi/ory until ! "t ( ,anti*ri/ & ! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,( c\rse he is utt]ly uncritical1 ev5 ! pseudo-,turp9's fictions z to ,*>lemagne s]v+ him = au?ority4 ,v9c5t's ,prologue to 8 second tome1 ! ,speculum doctr9ale1 briefly m5tions ! topics ( ! tota naturalis hi/oria1 conta9$ 9 8 fir/ giant tome4 ,9 t he _h br\ght 8 matt] d[n to ,god's creation ( humana natura1 omnium r]um f9is ac summa--& its spoliation 7de/itutio7 ?r\gh s94 ,humana natura z con/itut$ by ,god1 0 a univ]sitas ( all nature or creat$ be+1 corporeal & spiritual4 ,n[ 89 ?is second "p1 9 l fa%ion we propose to treat ( ! pl5>y re/itution ( t de/itute nature4444 ,& s9ce t re/itution1 or re/oration1 is effect$ & p]fect$ by doctr9a 7imp>t$ k1 sci5ce71 ?is "p n improp]ly is call$ ! ,speculum doctr9ale4 ,= ( a surety ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to recov]+ or def5d+ man's spiritual or temporal welf>e 7salutem7 is embrac$ "u doctr9a4 ,9 ?is book1 ! sci5ces 7doctr9ae7 & arts are treat$ ?us3 ,fir/ conc]n+ all ( !m 9 g5]al1 to wit1 conc]n+ _! inv5tion1 orig91 & species2 & conc]n+ ! me?od ( acquir+ !m4 ,!n conc]n+ ! s+ul> arts & sci5ces 9 p>ticul>4 ,& "h fir/ conc]n+ ^? ( ! ,trivium1 :i* are devot$ to language 7gramm>1 rhetoric1 logic72 = )\t ^!1 ! o!rs _c be le>n$ or communicat$4 ,next conc]n+ ! practical ones 7practica71 because ?r\gh !m1 ! eyes ( ! m9d be+ cl>ifi$1 "o asc5ds to ! speculative 7!orica74 ,!n also conc]n+ ! me*anical ones2 s9ce1 z !y consi/ 9 mak+ 7op]atio71 !y are jo9$ by aff9ity to ! practica4 ,f9ally conc]n+ ! speculative sci5ces 7!orica71 because ! end & aim 7f9is7 ( all ! re/ is plac$ by ! wise 9 !m4 ,& s9ce 7z ,j]ome says7 "o _c "k ! p[] 7vis7 ( ! antidote unless ! p[] ( ! poison fir/ is und]/ood1 !re=e to ! rep>atio doctr9alis ( ! human race1 ! subject ( ! book1 some?+ is prefix$ z a brief epilogue f ! =m] book1 conc]n+ ! fall & mis]y ( man1 9 :i* he /ill lab\rs1 z ! p5alty = 8 s91 9 lam5table exile40 ,s ,v9c5t beg9s ) ! fall & mis]y ( man2 ! peccatum & ! supplicium4 ,!n he proce$s to discuss ! goods 7bona7 :i* ,god be/[s1 l ! m5tal p[]s1 by :i* man may le>n wisdom1 & h[ to /rive aga9/ error & vice1 & be ov]come solely by ! desire ( ! highe/ & immutable good4 ,he speaks also ( ! corporeal goods be/[$ on man1 & ! beauty & utility ( visible ?+s2 & !n ( ! pr9cipal evils2--ignorance :i* corrupts ! div9e image 9 man1 concupisc5ce :i* de/roys ! div9e similitude1 sickness :i* de/roys 8 orig9al bodily immortality4 8,& ! rem$ies are ?ree by :i* ^! ?ree evils may be repell$1 & ! ?ree goods re/or$1 to wit1 ,wisdom1 ,virtue1 & ,ne$40 ,"h we t\* ! gi/ ( ! ord]+ ( topics 9 ! ,speculum doctr9ale1 :i* treats ( all ! arts & sci5ces3 8,= ! obta9+ ( ^! ?ree rem$ies e art & e discipl9a 0 inv5t$4 ,9 ord] to ga9 ,wisdom1 ,!orica 0 devis$2 & ,practica = ! sake ( virtue2 & = ,ne$'s sake1 ,me*anica4 ,!orica driv+ out ignorance1 illum9ates ,wisdom2 ,practica %utt+ out vice1 /r5g!ns ,virtue2 ,me*anica provid+ aga9/ p5ury1 temp]s ! infirmities ( ! pres5t life4 ,!orica1 9 all t is & t is n1 *ooses to inve/igate ! true4 ,practica det]m9es ! correct way ( liv+ & ! =m ( discipl9e1 accord+ to ! in/itution ( ! virtues4 ,me*anica occupi$ ) fleet+ ?+s1 /rives to provide = ! ne$s ( ! body4 ,= ! end & aim ( all human actions & /udies1 :i* reason regulates1 ought to look ei!r to ! rep>ation ( ! integrity ( our nature or to alleviat+ ! ne$s to :i* life is subject$4 ,! integrity ( our nature is repair$ by ,wisdom1 to :i* ,!orica relates1 & by ,virtue1 :i* ,practica cultivates4 ,ne$ is alleviat$ by ! adm9i/ration ( temporalities1 to :i* ,me*anica att5ds4 ,la/ f\nd ( all is ,logic1 s\rce ( eloqu5ce1 ?r\gh :i* ! wise :o und]/& ! a=esaid pr9cipal sci5ces & discipl9es1 may disc\rse ^u !m m correctly1 truly & elegantly2 m correctly1 ?r\gh ,gramm>2 m truly ?r\gh ,dialectic2 m elegantly ?r\gh ,rhetoric40#ddd ,?us ! entire r\nd ( arts & sci5ces is connect$ ) man's corporeal & spiritual welf>e1 & is made to be> directly or indirectly on 8 salvation4 ,all con/itutes doctr9a1 & by doctr9a man is sav$4 ,?is is ! reason = includ+ ! arts & sci5ces 9 "o tome1 rightly call$ ! ,speculum doctr9ale4 ,we ne$ n foll[ ! detail1 b may view z f af> ! long c\rse pl\gh$ by ,v9c5t ?r\gh 8 matt]4 ,he fir/ sket*es ! hi/ory ( antique philosophy1 & !n turns to books & language1 & pres5ts a gloss>y ( ,lat9 synonyms4 ,book ,,ii4 treats ( ,gramm>1 ,book ,,iii4 ( ,logic1 ,book ,,iv4 ( ,practica sci5tia or ,e?ica1 fir/ giv+ pagan e?ics & !n pass+ on to ! virtues ( ! mona/ic life4 ,book ,v4 is a cont9uation ( ?is subject4 ,book ,,vi4 conc]ns ! ,sci5tia oeconomica1 treat+ ( dome/ic economy1 !n ( agriculture4 ,books ,,vii4 & ,,viii4 take up ,politica1 &1 hav+ discuss$ political in/itutions1 proce$ to a treatm5t ( law--! law ( p]sons1 ?+s1 & actions1 accord+ to ! canon & ! civil law4 ,books ,,ix4 & ,x4 consid] ,crimes--simony1 h]esy1 p]jury1 sacrilege1 homicide1 rape1 adult]y1 robb]y1 usury4 ,book ,,xi4 is m *e]ful1 ,de arte me*anica1 & tells ( build+1 ! milit>y art1 navigation1 al*emy1 & metals4 ,book ,,xii4 is ,m$ic9e1 & ,books ,,xiii4 & ,,xiv4 discuss ,physics1 9 connection ) ! heal+ art4 ,book ,,xv4 is ,natural ,philosophy--animals & plants4 ,book ,,xvi41 ,de ma!matica1 treats ( ari?metic1 music1 geometry1 a/ronomy1 & metaphysics cursorily4 ,book ,,xvii4 likewise ?9s out 9 a some:at slight discussion ( ,!ology1 :i* 0 to =m ! topic ( ! tome t ,v9c5t did n write4 ,b ,v9c5t did complete ano!r tome1 ! ,speculum hi/oriale4 ,x is a loosely *ronological compilation ( tradition1 my?1 & hi/ory1 ) discursions ^u ! lit]>y works ( ! *>act]s com+ "u review4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to foll[ its exc]pt$ pres5tation ( ! pr(ane & sacr$ matt]4 ,we may leave ,v9c5t1 ) ! obvi\s reflection t 8 "w is a conglom]ate1 bo? 9 arrangem5t & cont5ts4 ,x has ! pi\s aim ( contribut+ to man's salvation1 & yet is an attempt$ univ]sal encyclopa$ia ( human k1 mu* ( :i* is pla9ly secul> & mundane4 ,! mon/r\s scope & dual purpose ( ! "w prev5t$ any unity 9 me?od & arrangem5t4 ,m s+le 9 aim1 & bett] arrang$ 9 consequ5ce1 are ! ,s5t5ces ( ,pet] ,lomb>d & ! ,summa !ologiae ( ,aqu9as4 ,= al?\gh _! scope1 at lea/ ! scope ( ! ,summa1 is wide1 all is ord]$ ) respect to ! true aim ( sacra doctr9a1 j z ,?omas expla9$ 9 ! passage :i* we h already giv54 ,! alleg$ pr9ciple ( ! ,lomb>d's division /rikes "o z curi\s2 yet he got x f ,augu/9e3 ,signum & res--! symbol & ! ?+3 v]ily an age-long play ( spiritual t5d5cy lay back ( ^! contra/$ concepts4 ,*ri/ian doctr9a relat$1 p]haps *iefly1 to ! significance ( signa1 signs1 symbols1 allegories1 my/]ies1 sacram5ts4 ,x 0 n s /range t ! ,lomb>d made ?is anti!sis ! gr\nd ( 8 arrangem5t4 ,q z ( c\rse he beg9s by say+ x is cle> to any "o :o consid]s1 ) ,god's grace1 t ! 8cont5ts ( ! ,old & ,new ,law are occupi$ ei!r ) res or signa4 ,= z ! em95t doctor ,augu/9e says 9 8 ,doctr9a ,*ri/iana1 all tea*+ is ( ?+s or signs2 b ?+s also are le>n$ ?r\gh signs4 ,prop]ly ^? are call$ res :i* are n employ$ 9 ord] to signify some?+2 :ile signa are ^? ^: use is to signify40 ,!n ! ,lomb>d sep>ates ! sacram5ts f o!r signa1 because !y n only signify1 b also conf] sav+ aid2 & he po9ts out t evid5tly a signum is also "s sort ( a ?+2 b n ev]y?+ is a signum4 ,he w treat fir/ ( res & !n ( signa4 ,z to res1 "o mu/ be> 9 m9d1 z ,augu/9e says1 t "s ?+s are to be enjoy$ 7fru5dum71 z f love we cleave to !m = _! own sake2 & o!rs are to be us$ 7ut5dum7 z a means2 & /ill o!rs to be bo? enjoy$ & us$4 8,^? :i* are to be enjoy$ make u bless$ 7beatos72 ^? :i* are to be us$1 aid u /riv+ = bless$ness4444 ,we ourselves are ! ?+s :i* are bo? to be enjoy$ & us$1 & also ! angels & ! sa9ts4444 ,! ?+s :i* are to be enjoy$ are ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,_s2 & s ! ,tr9ity is summa res40 ,s ! ,lomb>d's fir/ two ,books consid] res 9 ! desc5d+ ord] ( _! excell5ce2 ! ?ird consid]s ! ,inc>nation1 :i*1 if n itself a sacram5t1 & ! *ief & sum ( all sacram5ts1 is ! s\rce ( ^? ( ! ,new ,law1 consid]$ 9 ! f\r? ,book4 ,! s*eme is s+le & ord]ly2 ! difficulty w be 9 actually arrang+ ! v>i\s topics )9 x4 ,endeav\r+ to d s1 ! ,lomb>d 9 ,book ,i4 puts toge!r ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 ! ?ree ,p]sons compos+ x1 & _! attributes & qualities4 ,book ,,ii4 consid]s 9 ord]1 ! ,angels1 & v briefly1 ! "w ( ! ,six ,days d[n to ! creation ( man2 !n ! ,*ri/ian doctr9a z to man is pres5t$3 8 creation & its reasons2 ! creation ( 8 anima2 ! creation ( woman2 ! condition ( man & woman be=e ! ,fall2 _! s92 next free-w & grace4 ,book ,,iii4 treats ( ! ,inc>nation1 9 all ! aspects 9 :i* x may be kn[n1 & ( ! nature ( ,*ri/1 ,8 sav+ m]it1 & ! grace :i* 0 9 ,him2 also ( ! virtues ( fai?1 hope1 & *>ity1 ! sev5 gifts ( ! ,_s1 & ! exi/5ce ( !m all 9 ,*ri/4 ,book ,,iv4 consid]s ! ,sacram5ts ( ! ,new ,law3 ,baptism1 ,confirmation1 ! ,eu*>i/1 p5ance1 extreme unction1 ord9ation to holy ord]s1 m>riage4 ,x concludes ) sett+ =? ! ,resurrection & ! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,! fir/ *apt]s ( ,g5esis 7 ! ultimate s\rce ( ! ,lomb>d's actual arrangem5t4 ,& ! ,summa w foll[ ! same ord] ( treatm5t4 ,"o may p]ceive h[ naturally ! adoption ( ?is ord] came to ,*ri/ian !ologians by glanc+ ov] ,augu/9e's ,de ,g5esi ad litt]am4#dde ,?is ,comm5t>y 0 p>tially con/ructive1 & n simply exegetical2 & af=d$ a cadre1 or frame1 ( topical ord]+1 :i* c\ld readily be fill$ out ) ! cont5ts ( ! ,s5t5ces or ev5 ( ! ,summa3 ,god1 9 ,8 unity & tr9ity1 ! ,creation1 man especially1 8 fall1 ! ,inc>nation z ! sav+ means ( 8 re/oration1 & !n ! ,sacram5ts1 & ! f9al ,judgm5t unto heav5 & hell4 ,"o may say t ?is 0 ! natural & prop] ord] ( pres5t+ ! cont5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian sacra doctr9a4 ,s ! great ,summa !ologiae ( ,?omas ,aqu9as adopts ! same ord] :i* ! ,lomb>d _h foll[$4 ,! ,p>s prima beg9s ) def9+ sacra doctr9a4#ddf ,x !n proce$s to consid] ,god--:e!r ,he exi/s2 !n treats ( ,8 simplicitas & p]fectio2 next ( ,8 attributes2 ,8 bonitas1 inf9itas1 immutabilitas1 aet]nitas1 unitas2 !n ( our k ( ,him2 !n ( ,8 k1 & !re9 ( tru? & falsity2 !reupon are consid]$ ! div9e w1 love1 ju/ice1 & pity2 ! div9e provid5ce & pr$e/9ation2 ! div9e p[] & beatitude4 ,all ?is p]ta9s to ! unitas ( ! div9e ess5ce2 & n[ ,?omas passes on to ! ,tr9itas p]son>um1 or ! m di/9ctive portions ( ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,he treats ( ! processio & relationes ( ! div9ae ,p]sonae1 & !n ( !mselves--,fa!r1 ,son1 ,holy ,_s1 & !n ( _! ess5tial relation%ip & prop]ties4 ,next he discusses ! missio ( ! div9e ,p]sons1 & ! relations betwe5 ,god & ,8 ,creation4 ,fir/ comes ! consid]ation ( ! pr9ciple ( creation1 ! processio creatur>um a ,deo1 & ( ! nature ( creat$ ?+s1 ) "s discussion ( evil1 :e!r x be a ?+4 ,among creat$ be+s1 ,?omas treats fir/ ( angels1 & at great l5g?2 !n ( ! physical creation1 9 its ord]--! "w ( ! six days1 b ) no great detail4 ,!n man1 creat$ ( spiritual & corporeal sub/ance--8 complex nature is to be analys$ & fa?om$ to its dep?s4 ,?omas discusses ! union ( ! anima ad corpus2 !n ! p[]s ( ! anima1 9 g5]ali & 9 speciali--! intellectual faculties1 ! appetites1 ! w & its fre$om ( *oice2 h[ ! anima kn[s--! full ,ari/otelian !ory ( cognition is giv54 ,next1 m specifically z to ! creation ( ! s\l & body ( ! fir/ man1 & ! nature ( ! image & similitude ( ,god )9 him2 !n z to man's condition & faculties :ile 9 a /ate ( innoc5ce2 also z to ,p>adise4 ,?is closes ! treatm5t ( ! creatio et di/9ctio r]um2 & ,?omas passes to _! gub]natio1 & ! problem ( h[ ,god cons]ves & moves ! corporeal & spiritual2 !n conc]n+ ! action ( "o creature on ano!r1 & h[ ! angels are rang$ 9 hi]>*ies1 & al?\gh purely spiritual be+s1 m9i/] to m5 & gu>d !m2 !n conc]n+ ! action ( corporeal ?+s1 conc]n+ fate1 & ! action ( m5 ^u m54 ,"h ends ,p>s prima4 ,! fir/ section ( ! second "p 7,prima secundae7 beg9s4 ,9 a %ort ,prologue ,?omas says3 8,because man is made 9 ! image ( ,god1 t is1 free 9 8 ?\ght & w1 & able to act ?r\gh himself 7p] se pote/ativum71 aft] :at has be5 said conc]n+ ! ,exempl>1 ,god1 & ev]y?+ proce$+ f ! div9e p[] accord+ to ,8 w1 x rema9s = u to consid] ,8 image1 to wit1 man1 9 s f> z he is ! s\rce or cause 7pr9cipium7 ( 8 own works1 hav+ free-w & p[] ov] !m40 ,h]eupon ,?omas takes up 9 ord]3 ! ultimate end ( man2 ! nature ( man's beatitude1 & :]e9 x consi/s1 & h[ x may be atta9$2 !n volunt>y & involunt>y acts1 & ! nature & action ( w2 !n fruition1 int5tion1 election1 delib]ation1 cons5t1 & actions good & bad1 fl[+ f ! w2 !n ! passions2 concupisc5ce & pleasure1 sadness1 hope & despair1 fe>1 ang]2 next habits 7habitus7 & ! virtues1 intellectual1 c>d9al1 !ological2 ! gifts ( ! ,_s1 & ! beatitudes2 ! vices1 & s91 & p5alty4 ,!reupon x becomes prop] to consid] ! ext]nal causes 7pr9cipia7 ( acts3 8,! ext]nal cause 7pr9cipium7 mov+ t[>d good is ,god2 :o in/ructs u ?r\gh law1 & aids u ?r\gh grace4 ,!re=e we mu/ speak1 fir/ ( law1 !n ( grace40 ,s ,?omas discusses3 ! ess5tia ( law1 & ! diff]5t k9ds ( law--lex aet]na1 lex naturalis1 lex humana--_! effect & validity2 !n ! precepts ( ! ,old ,law 7( ! ,old ,te/am5t72 !n z to ! law ( ! ,gospel & ! ne$ ( grace2 & la/ly1 conc]n+ grace & human m]it4 ,! ,secunda secundae 7! second division ( ! second "p7 op5s ) a ,prologue1 9 :i* ! au?or says t1 hav+ consid]$ g5]ally ! virtues & vices1 & o!r ?+s p]ta9+ to ! matt] ( e?ics1 x is ne$ful to consid] ^! same matt]s m p>ticul>ly1 ea* 9 turn2 8= g5]al moral /atem5ts 7s]mones morales univ]sales7 are less useful1 inasmu* z actions are always 9 p>ticul>ibus40 ,a m special /atem5t ( moral rules may proce$ 9 two ways3 ! "o f ! side ( ! moral mat]ial1 discuss+ ?is or t virtue or vice2 ! o!r consid]s :at applies to special ord]s 7speciales /atus7 ( m51 = in/ance prelates & ! l[] cl]gy1 or m5 devot$ to ! active or contemplative religi\s life4 8,we %all1 !re=e1 consid] specially1 fir/ :at applies to all conditions ( m51 & !n :at applies to c]ta9 ord]s 7det]m9atos /atus740 ,?omas adds t x w be be/ to consid] 9 ea* case ! virtue & correspond+ gift1 & ! oppos+ vice1 toge!r2 also t 8virtues are r$ucible to sev51 ! ?ree !ological1#ddg & ! f\r c>d9al virtues4 ,( ! intellectual virtues1 "o is ,prud5ce1 :i* is numb]$ ) ! c>d9al virtues2 b ars does n p]ta9 to morals1 :i* relate to :at is to be done1 :ile ars is ! correct faculty ( mak+ ?+s 7recta ratio factibilium74#ddh ,! o!r ?ree intellectual virtues1 sapi5tia1 intellectus1 et sci5tia1 be> ! names ( c]ta9 gifts ( ! ,holy ,_s1 & are consid]$ ) !m4 ,moral virtues are all r$ucible to ! c>d9al virtues2 & !re=e1 9 consid]+ ea* c>d9al virtue1 all ! virtues relat$ to x are consid]$1 & ! opposite vices40 ,?is classification ( ! virtues seems any?+ b cle>4 ,& p]haps ! weake/ feature ( ! ,summa is ?is sc>cely successful ord]+1 or comb9ation1 ( ! ,ari/otelian virtues ) ^? m g]mane to ! ,*ri/ian s*eme4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! au?or ( ! ,summa proce$s to consid] 9 ord]3 fides1 & ! gifts 7dona7 ( intellectus & sci5tia :i* correspond to ! virtue fai?2 next ! oppos+ vices3 infidelitas1 ha]esis1 apo/asia1 blasphemia1 & caecitas m5tis 7spiritual bl9dness74 ,next 9 ord] come ! virtue spes1 & ! correspond+ gift ( ! ,_s1 timor1 & ! oppos+ vices ( desp]atio & praesumptio4#ddi ,next1 c>itas1 ) its dilectio1 its gaudium1 its pax1 its mis]icordia1 its b5efic5tia & eleemosyna1 & its correctio frat]na2 !n ! opposite vices1 odium1 ac$ia1 invidia1 discordia1 cont5tio1 s*isma1 bellum1 rixa1 s$itio1 sc&alum4 ,next ! donum sapi5tiae1 & its opposite1 /ultitia2 next1 prud5tia1 & its correspond5t gift1 consilium2 & its connect$ vices1 imprud5tia1 neglig5tia1 & its evil semblances1 dolus & fraus4 ,says ,?omas3 ,consequ5t] po/ prud5tiam consid]&um e/ de ,ju/itia4 ,:]eupon foll[s a juri/ic treatm5t ( jus1 ju/itia1 judicium1 re/itutio1 acceptio p]son>um2 !n homicide & o!r crimes recogniz$ by law4 ,!n come ! virtues1 connect$ ) ju/itia1 to wit1 religio1 & its acts1 devotio1 oratio1 adoratio1 sacrificium1 oblatio1 decimae1 votum1 juram5tum2 !n ! vices oppos$ to religio3 sup]/itio1 idolatria1 t5tatio ,dei1 p]jurium1 sacrilegium1 simonia4 ,next is consid]$ ! virtue ( pietas2 !n obs]vantia1 ) its p>ts1 i4e4 dulia 7s]vice71 ob$i5tia1 & its opposite1 inob$i5tia4 ,next1 gratia 7?anks7 or gratitudo1 & its opposite1 +ratitudo2 next1 v9dicatio 7puni%m5t72 next1 v]itas1 ) its opposites1 hypocrisis1 jactantia 7boa/+71 & ironia2 next1 amicitia1 ) ! vices ( adulatio & litigium4 ,next1 ! virtue ( lib]alitas1 & its vices1 av>itia & prodigalitas2 next1 epieikeia 7aequitas74 ,f9ally1 clos+ ?is discussion ( all t is connect$ ) ,ju/itia1 ,?omas speaks ( its correspond+ gift ( ! ,_s1 pietas4 ,n[ comes ! ?ird c>d9al virtue1 ,=titudo--"u :i* m>tyrium is ! type ( virtu\s act2 intimiditas & audacia are ! two vices4 ,!n ! p>ts ( ,=titudo1 to wit1 magnanimitas1 magnific5tia1 pati5tia1 p]sev]antia1 & ! obvi\s oppos+ vices4 ,next1 ! f\r? c>d9al virtue1 ,temp]antia1 its obvi\s oppos+ vices1 & its p>ts1 to wit1 v]ecundia1 hone/as1 ab/95tia1 sobrietas1 ca/itas1 clem5tia1 mode/ia1 humilitas1 & ! v>i\s appropriate acts & oppos+ vices relat$ to ^! special virtues4 ,s f>1#dej ,?omas has be5 consid]+ ! virtues prop] = all m52 & n[ he comes to ^? specially p]ta9+ to c]ta9 k9ds ( m51 accord+ to _! gifts ( grace1 _! modes ( life1 or ! div]sity ( _! (fices1 or /ations4 ,( ! special virtues relat$ to gifts ( grace1 ! fir/ is prophetia1 next raptus 7vision71 !n gratia l+u>um1 & gratia miraculorum4 ,aft] ?is1 ! vita activa & contemplativa1 ) _! appropriate virtues1 are consid]$4 ,& !n ,?omas proce$s to speak ,de (ficiis et /atibus hom9um1 & _! respective virtues4 ,"h ends ! ,secunda secundae1 & ,p>s t]tia op5s ) ?is ,prologue3 8,inasmu* z our ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/ 7z witnesse? ! ,angel1 populum suum salvum faci5s a peccatis eorum7 has %[n 9 himself ! way ( tru?1 ?r\gh :i* we are able to come to ! beatitude ( immortal life by ris+ aga91 x is necess>y1 = ! consummation ( ! :ole !ological matt]1 aft] ! consid]ation ( ! f9al end ( human life1 & ( ! virtues & vices1 t our att5tion %\ld be fix$ ^u ! ,savi\r ( all & ,8 b5efactions to ! human race4 8,z to :i*1 fir/ "o mu/ consid] ! ,savi\r himself2 secondly1 ,8 sacram5ts1 by :i* we obta9 salvation2 ?irdly1 conc]n+ ! end 7f9is71 immortal life1 to :i* we come by ris+ aga9 ?r\gh ,him4 8,z to ! fir/1 "o has to consid] ! my/]y ( ! ,inc>nation1 9 :i* ,god 0 made man = our salvation1 & !n ^? ?+s t 7 done & suff]$ by our ,savi\r1 t is1 ,god inc>nate40 ,?is ,prologue indicates suffici5tly ! ord] ( topics 9 ! ,p>s t]tia ( ! ,summa1 ?r\gh ,quae/io xc41 at :i* po9t ! h& ( ! ,angelic ,doctor 0 fold$ to et]nal re/4 ,he 0 !n consid]+ p5ance1 ! f\r? 9 8 ord] ( ,sacram5ts4 ,all t he _h to say z to ! p]son1 & attributes1 & acts & passion ( ,*ri/ _h be5 writt52 & he _h consid]$ ! ,sacram5ts ( baptism1 confirmation1 & ! eu*>i/2 he 0 occupi$ ) po5it5tia2 & /ill o!r sacram5ts rema9$1 z well z 8 f9al treatm5t ( ! matt]s :i* lie beyond ! grave4 ,s he left 8 "w unf9i%$1 &1 9 spite ( _m ef=ts1 unf9i%able by any ( 8 pupils or successors4#dea ,,ii ,inasmu* z ! matt] ( _! ?\ghts 0 transmitt$ to ! m5 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & 0 n drawn f _! own obs]vation or con/ructive reason+1 ! fundam5tal intellectual endeav\r = m$iaeval m5 0 to appreh5d & make _! own1 & re-express4 ,_! intellectual progress foll[$ ?is process ( appropriation1 & falls into ?ree /ages--le>n+1 organically appropriat+1 & re-express+ ) add$ elem5ts ( ?\ght4 ,logically1 & g5]ally 9 "t1 ^! ?ree /ages 7 successive4 ,yet1 ( c\rse1 !y ov]lapp$1 & may be obs]v$ progress+ simultane\sly4 ,?us1 = example1 :at 0 kn[n ( ,ari/otle at ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury 0 slight comp>$ ) ! k ( 8 philosophy t 0 op5$ to we/]n ,europe 9 ! latt] "p ( ! twelf? & ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5?4 ,& :ile1 by ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ! elem5ts ( ,ari/otle's logic _h be5 ?or\ghly appropriat$1 ! sub/antial ,ari/otelian philosophy _h /ill to be le>n$ & ma/]$1 be=e x c\ld be re=mulat$ & re-express$ z "p ( m$iaeval ?\ght4 ,look+ solely to ! out] =m1 ! ?ree /ages ( m$iaeval ?\ght are exemplifi$ 9 ! ,scriptural ,comm5t>y ( ! lat] ,c>ol+ian "t1 9 ! twelf?-c5tury ,books ( ,s5t5ces1 & at la/ 9 ! m organic ,summa !ologiae4 ,) ?is significant evolution & *ange ( out] =m1 proce$$ ! m sub/antial evolution consi/+ 9 le>n+1 appropriat+1 & re-express+ ! inh]it$ mat]ial4 ,9 bo? cases1 ^! ?ree /ages 7 necessitat$ by ! greatness ( ! transmitt$ matt]2 = ! intellectual en]gies ( ! m$iaeval p]iod 7 fully occupi$ ) ma/]+ ! data pr(f]$ s press+ly1 ) pres5t+ & re-pres5t+ ?is sup]abundant mat]ial1 & reca/+ x 9 new =ms ( /atem5t1 :i* 7 also expressions1 or realizations1 ( ! m$iaeval g5ius4 ,s ! m$iaeval product may be reg>d$ z giv5 by ! pa/1 & by ! same tok5 necessitat$ & controll$4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ea* /age ( intellectual progress r5d]$ possible ! next "o4 ,! fir/ /age ( le>n+ is repres5t$ by ! ,c>ol+ian p]iod1 :i* we h consid]$4 ,x 0 !n t ! patri/ic mat]ial 0 extract$ f ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 & re>rang$ & reappli$1 to meet ! ne$s ( ! "t4 ,! ma/]y ( ?is mat]ial _h sc>cely made su* vital progress z to enable ! m5 ( ! n9? & t5? & elev5? c5turies to re-express x l>gely 9 t]ms ( _! own ?9k+4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury1 ,eriug5a af=ds an extraord9>y exception ) 8 dra/ic re/atem5t ( :at he _h drawn f ,pseudo-,dionysius & o!rs2 & at ! end comes ,anselm1 ^: g5ius is metaphysically con/ructive4 ,b ,anselm t\*es ! com+ "t2 & ! spr+s ( ,eriug5a's g5ius are hidd5 f u4 ,z = ! antique ?\ght dur+ ^! ,c>ol+ian c5turies1 ,eriug5a dealt 9 8 ma/]ful way ) :at he knew ( x ?r\gh patri/ic & semi-patri/ic *annels4 ,b let u r seek x 9 ! curriculum ( ! ,trivium & ,quadrivium4 ,:at progress ,g]b]t made 9 ! ,quadrivium1 t is1 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( ma!matics :i* he taught1 has be5 not$1 & to :at ext5t 8 example 0 foll[$ by 8 pupil ,fulb]t1 at ! ca!dral s*ool ( ,*>tres4#deb ,! c\rses ( ! ,trivium--gramm>1 rhetoric1 logic--dem& our clos] att5tion2 = !y 7 ! key ( ! situation4 ,we mu/ keep 9 m9d t we are approa*+ m$iaeval ?\ght f ! side ( ! innate human ne$ ( intellectual expression--! impulse to "k & ! ne$ to =mulate "o's conceptions & express !m consi/5tly4 ,= m$iaeval m5 ! fir/ indisp5sable means to ?is end 0 gramm>1 includ+ rhetoric1 & ! next 0 logic or dialectic4 ,! ,lat9 language conta9$ ! sum ( k transmitt$ to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,& x _h to be le>n$4 ,?is 0 true ev5 9 ,italy & ,spa9 & ,france1 :]e ea* ye> ! curr5t ways ( ,romance spee* 7 dep>t+ m def9itely f ! p>5t /ock2 x 0 m pat5tly true 9 ! c\ntries ( ,teutonic spee*4 ,c5turies be=e1 ! ,roman y\? _h /udi$ gramm> t !y might speak & write correctly4 ,n[ x 0 necess>y to /udy ,lat9 gramm>1 to wit1 ! true =ms & lit]>y usages ( ! ,lat9 tongue1 9 ord] to acquire any bran* ( k :atsoev]1 & express "o's correspond+ ?\ghts4 ,& m5 w\ld n at fir/ di/+ui% %>ply betwe5 ! m$iat+ value ( ! le>n$ tongue & ! le>n+ :i* x held4#dec ,?us gramm>1 ! /udy ( ! ,lat9 language1 repres5t$ ! fir/ /age ( k = m$iaeval m54 ,?is 0 to rema9 true ?r\gh all ! m$iaeval c5turies2 s9ce all y\?s :o became s*ol>s _h to le>n ! language be=e !y c\ld /udy :at 0 conta9$ 9 x alone4 ,"o may also say1 & yet n speak fanta/ically1 t gramm>1 ! /udy ( ! correct use ( ! language itself1 correspond$ spiritually ) ! ma9 intellectual lab\r ( ! ,c>ol+ian p]iod4 ,alcu9's att5tion is commonly fix$ ^u ! significance ( language1 ,lat9 ( c\rse4 ,& ! lab\rs ( 8 pupil ,rabanus1 & ! latt]'s pupil ,walafrid1 are z x 7 devot$ to ! gramm> ( le>n+4 ,t is to say1 !y read & endeav\r to und]/& ! works ( ! ,fa!rs2 !y comp>e & collate1 & make volumes ( extracts1 :i* !y arrange = ! mo/ "p z ,scripture comm5t>ies2 comm5t>ies1 t is1 ^u ! significance ( ! canonical writ+s :i* 7 ! sub/ance ( all wisdom1 b ne$$ mu* explication4 ,su* works 7 ! v gramm> ( k1 be+ devot$ to ! exposition ( ! mean+ ( ! ,scriptures & ! va/ burd5 ( patri/ic ?\ght4 ,a l purpose 0 ev9c$ 9 ! ef=ts ( ! great emp]or himself to re-e/abli% s*ools ( gramm>1 9 ord] t ! ,scriptures might be m correctly und]/ood1 & ! expositions ( ! holy ,fa!rs4 ,9 f9e1 j z k ( ! ,lat9 tongue 0 ! end & aim ( gramm>1 s a correct und]/&+ ( :at 0 conta9$ 9 ,lat9 books 0 ! aim ( ! intellectual lab\rs ( ?is p]iod4 ,x all repres5t$ ! fir/ /age 9 ! m$iaeval acquisition ( k1 or 9 ! pres5tation or expression ( ! same2 & ?us ! fir/ /age 9 ! m$iaeval endeav\r to realize ! human impulse to "k4 ,! next c\rse ( ! ,trivium 0 logic2 & likewise its /udy w repres5t truly ! second /age 9 ! m$iaeval realization ( ! human impulse to "k1 to wit1 ! second /age 9 ! appropriation & expression ( ! k transmitt$ f ! pa/4 ,we h spok5 at "s l5g? ( ! logical /udies ( ,g]b]t1 & 8 endeav\rs to adju/ 8 ?9k+ & classify ! bran*es ( k by means ( =mal logic4#ded ,^? discussions ( 8 :i* seem some:at pu]ile to u1 7 ess5tial to 8 endeav\rs to =mulate :at he _h le>n$1 & pres5t x z rational & ord]$ k4 ,logic is prop]ly ! /age succe$+ gramm> 9 ! =mulation ( rational k4 ,at lea/ x 0 = m5 ( ,g]b]t's "t1 & ! foll[+ c5turies4 ,rightly en\gh !y look$ on logic z a sci5tia s]motionalis1 :i* on "o side t\*$ %e] l+ui/ics1 & on ! o!r1 _h = its field ! fur!r processes ( reason4 ,?us ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor1 ,abael>d's v great contempor>y1 says3 8,logic is nam$ f ! ,greek ^w logos1 :i* has a tw(old int]pretation4 ,= logos means ei!r s]mo or ratio2 & !re=e logic may be t]m$ ei!r a sci5tia s]motionalis or a sci5tia rationalis4 ,logica rationalis embraces dialectic & rhetoric1 & is call$ discretiva 7argum5tative & ex]cis+ judgm5t72 logica s]motionalis is ! g5us :i* includes gramm>1 dialectic & rhetoric1 to wit1 discursive sci5ce 7dis]tiva740#dee ,! close connection betwe5 gramm> & logic is evid5t4 ,logic treats ( language us$ 9 rational expression1 z well z ( ! reason+ processes c>ri$ on 9 language4 ,its elem5t>y *apt]s tea* a rational use ( language1 :]eby m5 may rea* a m deeply consi/5t expression ( _! ?\ghts ?an is ga9$ f gramm>4 ,yet gramm> also is logic1 & bas$ on logical pr9ciples4 ,all ?is is exemplifi$ 9 ! logical treatises compos+ ! ,ari/otelian ,organon1 :i* ! ,middle ,ages us$4 ,fir/ comes ,porphyry's ,isagoge1 :i* cle>ly is b\nd up 9 language4 ,likewise ,ari/otle's ,categories treat ( ! rational & consi/5t use ( language1 or ( :at may be /at$ 9 language4 ,next x is obvi\s t ! ,de int]pretatione treats ( language us$ to express ?\ght1 its g5]ic function4 ,! m advanc$ treatises ( ! ,organon1 ! ,prior & ,po/]ior ,analytics1 ! ,topics1 & ,sophi/ical ,el5*i1 treat directly & elaborately ( ! reason+ processes !mselves4 ,s "o p]ceives ! grammatical aff9ities ( ! simpl] treatises 9 ! ,organon4 ,! m advanc$ ones seem to /& to !m z oratorical rhetoric /&s to elem5t>y gramm>4 ,= ! ,analytics1 ,topics1 & ,sophi/ical ,el5*i are a k9d ( eri/ic1 tra9+ ! /ud5t to use ! processes ( ?\ght & _! expression 9 ord] to atta9 an end1 commonly argum5tative4 ,! prior treatises h taught ! elem5ts1 z x 7 ! or?ography & etymology ( ! rational expression ( ?\ght 9 language2 ! latt] 7ev5 z syntax & rhetoric71 tra9 ! /ud5t 9 ! use ( ^! elem5ts4 ,& "o obs]ves a nice hi/orical fitness 9 ! fact t only ! simpl] treatises ( ! ,organon 7 9 common use 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 s9ce !y alone 7 necess>y to ! fir/ /age 9 ! appropriation ( ! sub/ance ( patri/ic & antique ?\ght4 ,! full ,organon 0 r$iscov]$1 & retak5 into use 9 ! middle or latt] "p ( ! twelf? c5tury1 :5 m5 _h progress$ to a m organic appropriation ( ! patri/ic mat]ial & :at !y knew ( ! antique philosophy4 ,?us 9 m$iaeval education1 & 9 ! successive ord] ( appropriat+ ! patri/ic & ! antique1 logic /ood on gramm>'s %\ld]s4 ,x 0 gramm>'s rationaliz$ /age1 & treat$ language z ! means ( express+ ?\ght consi/5tly & validly2 t is1 s z n to contrav5e ! necessities ( t :]e( x 0 ! vehicle4 ,& s9ce language ?us treat$ 0 9 accord ) rational ?\ght1 x w\ld accord ) ! realities to :i* ?\ght corresponds2 & might be tak5 z express+ !m4 ,?is la/ reflection introduces metaphysics4 ,& prop]ly4 ,= ! ?ree /ages 9 ! m$iaeval appropriation & expression ( k 7 gramm>1 logic1 metaphysics4 ,logic has to d ) ! processes ( ?\ght2 ) ! posit+ ( premises & ! draw+ ( ! conclusion4 ,x does n necess>ily consid] :e!r ! cont5ts ( its premises repres5t realities4 ,?is is matt] = ontology1 metaphysics4 ,n[ m$iaeval metaphysics1 :i* 7 ^? ( ,greek philosophy1 7 extremely pre-,kantian1 9 assum+ a correspond5ce betwe5 ! necessities or conclusions ( ?\ght & ! supreme realities1 ,god & ! ,univ]se4 ,nor did m$iaeval logic d\bt t its processes c\ld elucidate & express ! v]itable natures ( ?+s4 ,s m$iaeval logic readily w&]$ into ! prov9ce ( metaphysics1 & ignor$ ! l9e betwe5 ! two4 ,yet !re is little metaphysics 9 ! ,organon2 none 9 its simpl] treatises4 ,s !re 0 none 9 ! elem5t>y logical in/ruction ( ! s*ools be=e ! twelf? c5tury at lea/4#def ,"o may always di/+ui% betwe5 logic & metaphysics2 & x is to our purpose to d s "h4 ,= z we h tak5 logic to repres5t ! second /age 9 ! m$iaeval appropriation ( k1 s metaphysics1 pois$ 9 turn on logic's %\ld]s1 is v repres5tative ( ! ?ird /age1 to wit1 ! /age ( sy/ematic & organic re-expression ( ! anci5t matt]1 ) elem5ts add$ by ! great s*oolm54 ,metaphysics 0 v prop]ly ! f9al /age4 ,! grammatical repres5t$ an elem5t>y le>n+ ( :at ! pa/ _h transmitt$2 ! logical a fur!r retry+ ( ! matt]1 an attempt to und]/& & express x1 =mulate p>ts ( x anew1 ) deep] consi/5cy ( expression4 ,!n foll[s ! attempt = f9al & univ]sal consi/5cy3 f9al inasmu* z ?\ght p5etrates to ! nature ( ?+s & expresses realities & ! relation%ips ( realities2 & univ]sal1 9 t x seeks to ord] & sy/ematize all its concepts1 & br+ !m to unity 9 a ,summa--a p]fect$ s*eme ( rational pres5tation ( ,god & ,8 creation4 ,?is w be1 l>gely speak+1 ! f9al endeav\r ( ! m$iaeval man to ease 8 m9d1 & realize 8 impulse to "k & express himself ) utt]mo/ consi/5cy4 ,s = m$iaeval m51 metaphysics /ood on logic's %\ld]s & repres5t$ ! f9al completion ( _! ?\ght1 9 a univ]sal sy/em & s*eme ( ,god & man & ?+s4#deg ,b ! fir/ "p ( ?is proposition _h n be5 true ) ,greek philosophy4 ,metaphysics is prop]ly occupi$ ) be+1 9 its ultimate ess5ce & relation%ips2 ) ! consi/5t putt+ toge!r ( ?+s1 to wit1 ! pres5tation or expression ( !m s z n to disagree ) any ( ! data recogniz$ z p]t95t4 ,! ?9k] consid]s pr(\ndly1 seek+ to p5etrate ! ultimate reality & relation%ips ( ?+s1 ?r\gh :i* a univ]sal :ole is con/itut$4 ,?is makes ontology1 metaphysics--! sci5ce ( be+1 ( causes1 & s ! sci5ce ( ! fir/ ,cause1 ,god4 ,ari/otle call$ ?is ! 8fir/0 philosophy1 because ly+ at ! base ( all bran*es ( k1 & dep5d+ on no?+ beyond itself4 ,"s "t aft] 8 dea?1 ! ,p]ipatetics & !n ! ,neo-,platoni/s call$ ?is fir/ sci5ce by ! "n ( ,metaphysics1 8aft]0 or 8beyond0 physics1 if "o w1 p]haps because ( ! actual ord] ( treatm5t 9 ! s*ools4 ,! t]m ,metaphysics is vague en\gh2 ei!r 8fir/0 philosophy or 8ontology0 is pref]able4 ,yet z to ,greek philosophy ! t]m has apt hi/orical sugge/iv5ess4 ,= x did come aft] physics 9 "t1 & 0 9 fact evok$ by ! imp]fect me?od & consequ5t contradictions ( ! e>li] philosophies4 ,f ! beg9n+1 ,greek philosophy drove /raight at ! cause or orig9 ( ?+s--surely ! c5tral problem ( metaphysics4 ,?ales & ! o!r ,ionians began ) rational1 ?\gh crude1 hypo!ses z to ! s\rces ( ! univ]se4 ,^! 7 fir/ attempts to rea* a consi/5t expression ( its orig9 & nature4 ,ea* succe$+ philosoph] consid]$ fur!r1 f ! vantage-gr\nd ( ! recogniz$ inconsi/5cies or inadequacies 9 ! !ories ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he 0 ?us l$ on to consid] m pr(\ndly ! ess5tial relation%ips ( ?+s1 ! v tru? ( _! relation%ips1 & on & on into ! problem ( _! be+4 ,= ! v]ity ( relations mu/ be accord+ to ! v]ity ( be+ ( ! ?+s relat$4 ,! _w ab\t u consi/s 9 relation%ips1 ( antec$5ts & sequ5ces1 ( cause & effect2 & our ?\ght ( x is made up ( consi/5cies or contradictions1 :i* la/ we /ruggle to elim9ate1 or to trans=m to consi/5cies4 ,^! e>ly philosoph]s look$ only to ! ,ari/otelian mat]ial cause = ! orig9 & cause ( ?+s2 yet reflection plung$ !m deep] into a consid]ation ( ! nature ( be+ & relation%ips4 ,! o!r causes 7 evok$ by ,anaxagoras & !n by ,plato1 & by !m 7 l$ into ! ar5a ( debate2 & philosoph]s discuss$ ! effici5t & f9al cause z well z ! mat]ial4 ,su* discussions are recogniz$ by ,plato1 & f9ally by ,ari/otle z relat+ to ! fir/ pr9ciples ( cognition & be+1 & s z con/itut+ metaphysics4 ,! con/ant se>* = a deep] consi/5cy ( explanation _h l$ on & on ?r\gh a manifold consid]ation ( ^? palpable relation%ips :i* make up ! visible _w2 x _h disclos$ ! s]ies ( necess>y assumptions requir$ by ^? visible relation%ips2 & ?us ! se>* = causality & orig9s1 & ess5tial relation%ips1 became "o & ! same--metaphysics4 ,metaphysics 0 n ineptly call$ s1 s9ce x _h 9 "t come aft] ! crud] physical hypo!ses4 ,b su* 0 n ! ord] ( m$iaeval intellectual progress4 ,! ,middle ,ages pass$ ?r\gh no prelim9>y c\rse ( physical hypo!ses1 explanatory ( ! univ]se4 ,n physics1 b logic 7introduc$ by gramm>7 l$ up to ! f9al con/ruction--or r adoption & recon/ruction--( ultimate hypo!ses z to ,god & man1 l$ up to ! all-ord]+ & all-compass+ ,!ologia4 ,metalogics1 r ?an ,metaphysics1 w\ld be ! prop] "n = ^! f9al expressions or actualizations ( ! m$iaeval impulse to "k4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi ,,twelf?-,,c5tury ,,s*ola/icism ,i4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,univ]sals3 ,,abael>d4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,my/ic ,,/ra93 ,,hugo ,,& ,,b]n>d4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,lat] ,,decades3 ,,b]n>d ,,silve/ris2 ,,gilb]t ,,de ,,la ,,porr,e2 ,,william ,,( ,,con*es2 ,,john ,,( ,,salisbury1 ,,& ,,alanus ,,( ,,lille4 ,i ,f ! some:at elaborate g5]al consid]ations :i* h occupi$ ! la/ two *apt]s1 we turn to ! repres5tative manife/ations ( m$iaeval ?\ght 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,^! belong 9 "p to ! second or 8logical10 & 9 "p to ! ?ird or 8meta-logical10 /age ( ! m$iaeval m9d4 ,! fir/ or 8grammatical0 /age 0 repres5t$ by ! ,c>ol+ian p]iod2 & 9 review+ ! m5tal aspects ( ! elev5? c5tury1 we ent]$ ^u ! second /age1 t ( logic1 or dialectic1 to use ! m specific m$iaeval t]m4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! t5? c5tury ,g]b]t 0 f\nd /r5u\sly occupy+ himself ) logic1 & us+ x z a means ( ord]+ ! bran*es ( k4 ,at ! end ( ! elev5?1 ,anselm has n only consid]$ c]ta9 logical problems1 b has vault$ ov] into con/ructive metaphysical !ology4 ,look+ back ov] ,anselm's "w1 f ! vantage-gr\nd ( ! twelf? c5tury's fur!r reflections1 "o may be consci\s ( a c]ta9 g5ial y\?fulness 9 8 reliance ^u s+le argum5ts1 noble & beautiful so>+s ( ! _s1 :i* h[ev] pay little reg>d to ! firmness ( ! premises f :i* !y spr+1 & /ill less to a numb] ( cognate & p]t95t consid]ations1 :i* ! twelf? c5tury 0 to analyze4 ,anselm's ?\ghts p]haps ov]leap$ logic4 ,at all ev5ts he appe>s only occasionally absorb$ ) its =mal problems4 ,yet he liv$ 9 a "t ( dawn+ logical controv]sy4 ,roscell9 0 ev5 !n bl[+ up ! problem ( univ]sals1 a problem occasion$ by ! ent]+ ( m$iaeval ?\ght ^u ! 8logical0 /age ( its appropriation ( ! patri/ic & antique4 ,! problem ( univ]sals1 or g5]al ideas1 f ! /&po9t ( logic1 lies at ! basis ( consi/5t ?9k+4 ,x rev]ts to ! "t :5 ,ari/otle's ass]tion ( ! pre-em95tly real exi/5ce ( individuals broke away f ! ,platonic doctr9e ( ,ideas4 ,= ! e>ly m$iaeval philosoph]s1 x took its rise 9 a fam\s passage 9 ,porphyry's ,introduction to ! ,categories1 ! conclud+ s5t5ce ( :i*1 z translat$ into ,lat9 by ,bo?ius1 puts ! "q ?us3 8,mox de g5]ibus et speciebus illud quidem sive subsi/ant sive 9 nudis intellectibus posita s9t1 sive subsi/5tia corporalia s9t an incorporalia1 et utrum sep>ata a s5sibilibus an 9 s5sibilibus posita et circa haec consi/5tia1 dic]e recusabo40 8,next z to g5]a & species1 d !y actually exi/ or are !y m]ely 9 ?\ght2 are !y corporeal or incorporeal exi/5ces2 are !y sep>ate f s5sible ?+s or only 9 & ( !m8--,i refuse to answ]10 says ,porphyry2 8x is a v l(ty bus9ess1 unsuit$ to an elem5t>y "w40 ,?us1 9 ?ree pairs ( crude alt]natives1 ! "q came ov] to ! e>ly ,middle ,ages4 ,! m5 ( ! ,c>ol+ian p]iod took "o position or ano!r1 )\t s5s+ its difficulties1 or obs]v+ h[ x lay a?w>t ! pa? ( k4 ,/ud5ts 7 n z yet attempt+ su* a dynamic appropriation ( ! anci5t mat]ial z w\ld evoke ?is v]itable problem ( cognition4 ,ev5 ,g]b]t at ! close ( ! t5? c5tury 0 /ill s busy ) ! out] =ms & figm5ts ( logic t he _h no "t to ent] on ^? ult]ior problems :]e logic l9ks itself to metaphysics4 ,"o ,roscell91 liv+ & tea*+ app>5tly at ,besanon 9 ! latt] "p ( ! elev5? c5tury1 seems to h be5 ! fir/ to attack ! curr5tly accept$ 8realism0 ) "s s5se ( ! matt]'s ?orny intricacies4 ,) 8 own 8nom9ali/ic0 position we are acqua9t$ only ?r\gh 8 adv]s>ies1 :o imput$ to him views :i* a ?\ghtful p]son c\ld h>dly h ent]ta9$--t univ]sals 7 m]ely words & brea? 7flatus vocis74 ,roscell9 seems at all ev5ts to h be5 a man /rongly held by ! reality ( individuals1 & "o :o f\nd x difficult to ascribe a suffici5t intellectual actuality to ! g5]al idea z di/+ui%$ f ! p]ception ( ?+s & ! dem&s ( ! concepts ( _! individual exi/5ces4 ,8 logical difficulties impell$ him to !ological h]esy4 ,! unity 9 ! ,tr9ity became an impossibility2 he c\ld only conceive ( ?ree be+s1 j z he might ?9k ( ?ree angels2 & he w\ld h spok5 ( ?ree ,gods _h usage n =bidd5 x1 says ,/4 ,anselm4#deh ,z x 01 he said en\gh to draw on him ! condemnation ( a ,c\ncil held at ,soissons 9 #ajib1 be=e :i* he quail$ & recant$4 ,= ! rema9d] ( 8 life he s con/ra9$ ! expression ( 8 ?\ghts z to ensure 8 safety4 ,"o may say t ,plato's !ory ( ideas 0 a metaphysical pres5tation ( ! univ]se1 s\nd+ 9 conceptions ( reality4 ,b = ! ,middle ,ages1 ! problem :e!r g5]a & species exi/ :5 ab/ract$ f _! p>ticul>s1 sprang f logical controv]sy4 ,x 0 a problem ( cognition1 cognizance1 und]/&+3 h[ %\ld "o und]/& & analyze ! cont5ts ( a /atem5t1 e4g4 ,socrates is a man4 ,moreov]1 x 0 a fundam5tal & univ]sal problem ( cognition2 = x 0 n m]ely occupi$1 l all m5tal processes1 ) br++ data to consi/5t =mulation1 b p]ta9$ to ^? processes !mselves by :i* any & all data are /at$ or =mulat$4 ,x t\*$ e =mulation ( tru?1 ask+1 9 f9e1 h[ are we to ?9k our /atem5ts8 ,! philosoph]s ( ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies1 h[ev]1 did n view ?is problem z "o p]ta9+ to ! m9d's processes1 & z hav+ to d solely ) ! und]/&+ ( ! cont5ts ( a /atem5t4 ,r1 ev5 z ,plato _h done1 !y approa*$ x z if x 7 a problem ( modes ( exi/5ce2 & = ?is v reason x _h pu%$ ,roscell9 into !ological error4 ,! discussion 0 to pass ?r\gh v>i\s /ages2 & ea* /age may seem to u to repres5t ! po9t rea*$ by ! ?9k] 9 8 analysis ( 8 consci\s mean+ 9 /at+ a proposition4 ,moreov]1 ea* solution may be valid = him :o gives x1 because ( its correspond5ce to ! mean+ ( 8 utt]ances s f> z he has analyz$ !m4 ,b m$iaeval m5 c\ld n take x 9 ?is way4 ,_! intellectual task lay 9 appropriat+1 & 9 _! own way re-express+1 all t _h come to !m f an au?oritative pa/4 ,! problem ( univ]sals _h be5 /at$ by a great au?ority1 :o put x z p]ta9+ to ! objective reality ( g5]a & species4 ,h[ !n might m$iaeval m5 take x o!rwise1 especially :5 at all ev5ts x p]ta9$ 9 all v]ity to _! endeav\r to grasp & re-express ! cont5ts ( transmitt$ tru?8 ,x became = a :ile ! crucial problem1 ! answ] to :i* might indicate ! ?9k]'s g5]al intellectual attitude4 ,f> f keep+ to logic1 to ! organon or in/rum5tal "p ( ! m$iaeval endeav\r to "k1 x w\nd itself ?r\gh metaphysics & !ology4 ,obvi\sly ! ?9k]'s answ] to ! problem w\ld be> relation to 8 ?\ghts ^u ! transc5d5t reality ( spiritual ess5ces4 ,! m5 :o fir/ became impress$ ) ! importance ( ?is problem1 gave extreme answ]s to x1 sometimes crassly d5y+ ! real exi/5ce ( univ]sals1 b m (t5 hail+ !m z antec$5t & all-p]meat+ realities4 ,if ,roscell9us took ! =m] position1 a pupil ( 81 ,william ( ,*ampeaux1 held ! extreme opposite view1 :5 bo? he & ! twelf? c5tury 7 /ill "y4 ,"o may1 h[ev]1 be> 9 m9d t z ! views ( ! old] nom9ali/ are report$ only by 8 enemies1 s our k ( ,william's lucubrations comes ma9ly f ! exac]bat$ p5 ( ,pet] ,abael>d4 ,william held app>5tly 8t ! same ?+1 9 its totality & at ! same "t1 exi/$ 9 its s+le individuals1 among :i* !re 0 no ess5tial diff]5ce1 b m]ely a v>iety ( accid5ts40#dei ,abael>d appe>s to h p]=m$ a r$uctio ad absurdum ^u ?is view t ! total g5us exi/s 9 ea* individual4 ,he po9t$ out t 9 su* case ! total g5us homo w\ld at ! same "t exi/ 9 ,socrates & also 9 ,plato1 :5 "o ( !m might be 9 ,rome & ! o!r 9 ,a!ns4 8,at ?is ,william *ang$ 8 op9ion10 cont9ues ,abael>d1 8& taught t ! g5us exi/$ 9 ea* individual n ess5tialit] b indiff]5t] or z "s texts read individualit]40 ,:i* seems to mean t ,william no long] held t ! total g5us exi/$ 9 ea* individual actually1 b 8indi/+ui%ably10 or 8individually40 ,& ! /ud5ts flock$ away ) ,abael>d1 he also says2 & ,william fl$ ! lecture *air4 ,william & ,pet]2 %all we say ( !m arcades ambo8 ,?is w\ld be b a h>mless depreciation ( ,abael>d1 9 ! face ( ! univ]sal & correct tradition z to 8 epo*-mak+ intellectual progressiv5ess4 ,inde$ x might be well to let ! phrase s\nd 9 our e>s1 j = ! rem9d]'s sake1 t ,abael>d 01 l ,william1 a man ( logic1 al?\gh f> m exp]t bo? 9 manipulat+ ! dialectic processes & 9 apply+ !m to !ology4 ,be=e endeav\r+ briefly to recon/ruct ! intellectual qualities ( ,abael>d f 8 writ+s1 let u see h[ ! fam\s op5 lett] to a fri5d1 9 giv+ an apologetic /ory ( ! writ]'s life1 discloses ! fatalities ( 8 "*4 ,?is ,hi/oria calamitatum su>um makes x pla9 en\gh :y ! crises ( 8 life 7 all ( !m cata/rophes--ev5 leav+ out ( view 8 liaison ) ,helose & its p5alty4 ,a fatal impulse to annoy seems to drive him f fate to fate2 ! old ^w ( ,h]aclitus 7"* is a man's g5ius7 0 s pat5tly true ( him4 ,mu* t he said 0 to receive or?odox approval aft] 8 "t4 ,q true4 ,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$1 t ! h]esy ( "o age is ! accept$ doctr9e ( ! next1 ev5 )9 ! ,*ur*4 ,b w\ld ! h]etic h be5 p]sona grata to ! lat] "t8 ,p]haps n4 ,pet] ,abael>d at all ev5ts w\ld h l$ o!rs & himself a life ( ?orns 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 or ! f\rte5? _h he be5 born aga91 :5 "s ( 8 me?ods & op9ions _h become accept$ commonplace4 ,did he h an eye = logical & human tru? m pi]c+ ?an 8 twelf?-c5tury fell[s8 ,app>5tly4 ,0 8 ne$ to speak out 8 tru? s mu* ! m imp]ative ?an !irs8 ,possibly4 ,at all ev5ts1 he 0 c]ta9ly possess$ ) an inord9ate impulsion to undo 8 rivals4 ,he sits d[n be=e _! =tress walls by night1 & :5 !y see him !re1 !y "k n :e!r !y look on fri5d or foe--9 ?is auditor4 ,!y w f9d out soon en\gh4 ,he /udi$ dialectic "u ,william ( ,*ampeaux at ,p>is1 z all m5 7 to "k4 ,he got :at ,william _h to tea*1 & mov$ on1 to lecture 9 ,melun & else:]e4 ,!n he return$ & sat at ,william's feet a:ile to le>n rhetoric1 z he ann\nc$4 ,b quickly he rose up1 & assail$ 8 ma/]'s doctr9e ( univ]sals1 & ov]?rew him1 z we h se54 ,! victim's fri5ds made ,abael>d's eri/ically won lectur]'s seat a prickly "o4 ,he left ,p>is = a :ile1 & !n return$ & taught on ,m\nt ,/4 ,g5evive1 outside ! city4 ,up to ?is "t he _h n be5 kn[n to /udy !ology4 ,b 9 #aaac1 at ! age ( ?irty-f\r1 he w5t to ,laon to li/5 to a fam\s !ologian nam$ ,anselm1 :o himself _h /udi$ at ,bec "u a great] ,anselm4 ,says ,abael>d 9 8 ,hi/oria calamitatum3 8,s ,i came to ?is old man1 ^: repute 0 a tradition1 r ?an m]it$ by tal5t or le>n+4 ,any "o :o br\ght 8 unc]ta9ties to him1 w5t away m unc]ta9 /ill6 ,he 0 a m>vel 9 ! eyes ( 8 he>]s1 b a nobody be=e a que/ion]4 ,he _h a wond]ful wordfl[1 b ! s5se 0 contemptible & ! reason+ abject40 ,well1 ,i didn't li/5 to him long1 ,abael>d intimates2 b began to abs5t myself f 8 lectures1 & 0 br\ght to task by 8 auditors1 to :om jok+ly ,i said1 ,i1 too1 c\ld lecture on ,scripture2 & ,i 0 tak5 up4 ,no?+ loa?1 ! next day ,i lectur$ to !m on ! passage !y _h *os5 f ,ezekiel's obscure prophecies4 ,s1 all unprep>$1 & tru/+ 9 my g5ius1 ,i began to lecture1 at fir/ to sp>se audi5ces1 b !y quickly grew4 ,su* is ! sub/ance ( ,abael>d's own acc\nt1 & he goes on to tell h[ 8! old man a=esaid 0 viol5tly mov$ ) envy10 & %ortly ,abael>d _h to take 8 lectur+s else:]e4 ,he return$ to ,p>is1 & we h ! episode ( ,helose1 = :om1 z 8 life w5t on1 he ev9c$ a devot$ affection4#dfj ,n[ he is monk 9 ! abbey ( ,/4 ,d5is2 & !re aga9 he lectures1 & takes up c]ta9 !mes aga9/ ,roscell9us1 :om he seems to resurrect f ! quiet ( old age to make a t>get (4 ,?is old man1 too1 hits back1 & o!r vici\s p bl[ up a cl\d ( envy1 until ! gift$ lectur] f9ds himself an accus$ be=e ! ,c\ncil ( ,soissons1 & 8 book condemn$4 ,untaught by ! burn+ ( 8 book1 ,abael>d returns to 8 conv5t1 & proce$s to une>? /atem5ts ( ! ,v5]able ,b$e %[+ t ,dionysius ! ,areopagite :o he>d ,paul prea*1 0 n ! ,/4 ,d5is :o became patron sa9t ( ,france1 & f\nd] ( ! great abbey :i* ev5 n[ 0 %elt]+ a c]ta9 ,abael>d1 & draw+ p[] & rev5ue f ! fame ( its reput$ almo/ apo/olic f\nd]4 ,its abbot & monks did n c>e to h ! abbey walls und]m9$ by tru?1 & ,abael>d 0 hunt$ =? f among !m4 ,x 0 aft] ?is t he made = himself a lonely refuge1 :i* he nam$ ! ,p>aclete1 n f> f ,troyes1 & ?i!r aga9 8 pupils foll[$ him 9 sw>ms1 & built _! huts ar\nd him 9 ! wild]ness4 ,b /ill mighti] foes--or _! phantoms--rise aga9/ ?is hunt$ head4 ,! ,hi/oria seems to allude to ,/4 ,norb]t & to ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,:atev] ! /orm 01 x 0 escap$ by flight to a remote ,breton conv5t :i*--/ill = 8 s9s6--_h *os5 ,abael>d its abbot4 ,!re 9 due c\rse !y tri$ to murd] him1 & aga9 he fl$1 ?is "t back to 8 cong5ial sph]e1 ! s*ools ( ,p>is1 :]e he lectur$1 n[ at ! summit ( fame1 to en?usia/ic multitudes ( /ud5ts4 ,"s ye>s pass1 & !n ! pi\s jackal1 ,william ( ,/4 ,?i]ry1 r\ses 8 lion ,b]n>d to cont5d ) ,abael>d & cru% him1 n ) dialectic1 at ! ,c\ncil ( ,s5s 9 #aada4 ,9 a ye> he di$1 a brok5 man1 9 ,cluny's %elt]4 ,! conflict _h n be5 ( 8 seek+4 ,p]haps1 _h he be5 less va91 he might h avoid$ x4 ,:5 x 0 ^u him1 ! unhappy a?lete ( ! s*ools f\nd himself a pigmy mat*$ aga9/ ! giant ( ,clairvaux--! ,?or & ,loki ( ! ,*ur*6 ,:e!r or n ! unequal battle raises ,abael>d 9 our e/eem1 its outcome comm5ds him to our pity2 & all our sympa?y /ays ) him to ! la/ days ( a life t 01 z if physically1 cru%$4 ,?is accumulation ( sad =tune be>s witness en\gh to ! "* ( ! man on ^: neck x did n fall by accid5t4 ,n[ let u try to recon/ruct him intellectually4 ,we h h]et(ore obs]v$ ! g5ius & not$ ! some:at swaddl+ dialectic categories ( a c]ta9 eag] intellect be>+ ! "n ( ,g]b]t4#dfa ,abael>d's m5tal processes h advanc$ beyond su* logical /amm]+s4 ,he & 8 "t are 9 ! fulness ( y\?1 & feel ! /r5g? & joyful assurance ( an intellectual progress1 to be br\ght ab\t by a new-f\nd pr(ici5cy 9 dialectic4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ! intellectual g5ius ( ! "t--& ,abael>d 0 its qu9tess5ce--knew itself advanc+ by ?is means 9 tru?4 ,a l intellectual consci\sness _h rejoic$ ! disputants 9 ,plato's academy1 "u ! inspiration ( t beautiful reason]'s exquisite dialectic4 ,! "o "t1 l ! o!r1 0 ju/ifi$ 9 its confid5ce4 ,= 9 su* epo*s1 language1 reason+1 & k advance ) equal /ep2 ?\ght cle>s up ) l+ui/ic & logical analysis2 x becomes cle> & illum9at$ because m di/9ctly consci\s ( ! "* ( its processes1 & ! nature ( /atem5t4 ,!re is ?us a v]itable progress1 at lea/ 9 ! me?odology ( tru?4 ,9 ,abael>d's "t m5 _h already /udi$ gramm>1 ! gramm> ( ! ,lat9 tongue1 & ! quasi-gramm> ( re>rangem5t & fir/ pa9ful le>n+ ( ! k :i* x held4 ,!y _h /udi$ logic too1 its simpl] elem5ts1 ^? :i* consi/ ma9ly 9 a fur!r cle>+ up ( ! mean+s ( language4 ,"s m5--,anselm ( ,cant]bury--_h already made sudd5 flights beyond gramm>1 & out ( logic's pale4 ,& ! lab\r ( logical & organic appropriation1 ) "s recon/ruction ( ! anci5t mat]ial1 0 to g on 9 ?is fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury1 :5 ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor liv$ z well z ,abael>d4 ,progress by means ( dialectic controv]sy1 & fir/ attempts at sy/ematic con/ruction1 m>k ?is p]iod intellectually4 ,abael>d liv$ & mov$ & _h 8 be+ 9 dialectic4 ,! fur!r int]e/ ( ,!ology 0 l5t him by ! _s ( 8 "t4 ,?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! "o he reason$ analytically2 & 9 ! prov9ce ( ! o!r he appli$ 8 reason+ con/ructively1 us+ patri/ic mat]ials & ! fragm5ts ( ,greek philosophy scatt]$ ?r\gh !m4 ,?us ,abael>d1 a true man ( ! twelf? c5tury1 passes on ?r\gh logic to !ology or metaphysics4 ,= ! complet5ess ( 8 logical k he liv$ & work$ tw5ty or ?irty ye>s too soon4 ,he 0 unacqua9t$ ) ! m elaborate logical treatises ( ,ari/otle1 to wit1 ! ,prior & ,po/]ior ,analytics1 ! ,topics1 & ,sophi/ical ,el5*i4 ,! s\rces ( 8 own treatises ^u ,dialectic are ,porphyry's ,introduction1 ,ari/otle's ,categories & ,de int]pretatione1 & c]ta9 treatises ( ,bo?ius4#dfb ,a fir/ result ( ! elem5t>y & quasi-grammatical "* ( ! s\rces ( logic ^u :i* he drew1 is t ! connection betwe5 logic & gramm> is v pla9 ) him4 ,note1 = example1 ?is p>agraph ( 81 ! sub/ance ( :i* is drawn f ,ari/otle's ,categories3 8,b nei!r c sub/ances be comp>$1#dfc s9ce comp>ison relates to attribute1 & n to sub/ance2 s x is %[n t comp>ison lies n z to n\ns1 b z to _! attributes4 ,?us we say :it] b n :it5ess]4 ,mu* m are sub/ances :i* h no attribute 7adjac5tiam7 immune f comp>ison4 ,m or less _c be pr$icat$ ( n\ns 7nom9a sub/antiva74 ,= "o _c say m man or less man1 z m or less :ite40#dfd ,evid5tly ?is elem5t>y sort ( logic1 :e!r ) ,ari/otle or ,abael>d1 repres5ts a cle>+ up ( ! m9d on curr5t modes ( expression4 ,& sometimes f su* /udies m5 make discov]ies l t ( ,molire's ,b\rgeois ,g5tilhomme1 :o discov]$ t he _h always be5 talk+ prose4 ,"s ( ! po9ts on :i* ! m9ds ( ,abael>d's contempor>ies requir$ cl>ification1 w\ld be fooli% ^w-play to ourselves1 z1 = in/ance1 :e!r ! significance ( ! s5t5ce homo e/ animal is conta9$ 9 ! subject1 copula1 or pr$icate1 or only 9 all ?ree2 & :e!r :5 a ^w is spok51 ! v same ^w & ! :ole ( x comes to ! e>s ( all ! he>]s at ! same "t3 8utrum ipsa vox ad aures div]sorum simul et tota aequalit] v5iat40#dfe ,su* que/ions1 z 0 obs]v$ reg>d+ ! problems ( logical arrangem5t 9 ,g]b]t's m9d1 may be p]t95t & reasonable en\gh1 if view$ 9 connection ) ! intellectual conditions ( a p]iod2 j z _m que/ions n[ make dem& on u = solution1 be+ l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( our k1 or mann] ( reason+4 ,b future m5 may pass !m by z n ly+ 9 _! pa? to progressive k ( ! univ]se & man4 ,s ! problem ( univ]sals 0 /ill c>d9al ) ,abael>d & 8 fell[-logicians1 :o ?r\gh logic 7 advanc+1 z !y believ$1 along ! pa? ( objective tru?4 ,its solution w\ld det]m9e ! nature ( ! categories into :i* logic 0 fitt+ :atev] might be enunciat$ or express$4 ,! inquiry repres5t$ an ultimate analysis ( /atem5t1 ( ! g5]al nature ( propositions2 & also relat$ to _! assum$ correspond5ce ) realities4 ,:at ,william ( ,*ampeaux _h unqualifi$ly alleg$1 ,abael>d tri$ to det]m9e m analytically1 to wit1 ! value ( ! proposition 8si aliquid sit ea res quae e/ species1 id e/ vel homo vel equus et caet]a1 sit quaelibet res quae eorum g5us e/1 veluti animal aut corpus aut sub/antia10--if species be some?+1 z man1 horse1 & s =?1 !n t :i* is ! g5us ( ^! may be some?+1 z animal1 body1 or sub/ance4#dff ,abael>d's discussion ( ?is matt] is a discussion ( ! true cont5t ( propositions4 ,8 conclusion is n s cle> z to h occasion$ no dispute4 ,"o mu/ n ?9k ( him z an ,ari/otelian--= he knew little ( ! sub/antial philosophy ( ,ari/otle4 ,our dialectician _h absorb$ m ( ,plato1 ?r\gh turbid patri/ic *annels & ! curr5t translation ( ! ,timaeus4 ,s 8 solution ( ! "q ( g5us & species may prove an analytic bit ( eclecticism1 an imag9$ reconcilem5t ( ! two great ma/]s4 ,! univ]sal or g5]al is1 says he1 8quod natum e/ de pluribus pra$ic>i10 t :i* is by its nature adapt$ to be pr$icat$ ( a numb] ( ?+s4 ,! univ]sal consi/s nei!r 9 ?+s z su* nor 9 words z su*2 x consi/s r 9 g5]al pr$icability2 x is s]mo1 s]mo pra$icabilis1 t :i* may be /at$1 z a pr$icate1 ( _m4 ,z su* x is n a m]e ^w3 s]mo is n m]ely vox2 t is n ! true g5]al pr$icable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o ?+ _c be ! pr$icate ( ano!r2 res de re non pra$icatur3 !re=e s]mo is n res4 ,yet ,abael>d does n limit ! exi/5ce ( ! univ]sal to ! concept ( him :o ?9ks x4 ,x surely exi/s 9 ! individuals1 s9ce sub/antia speci]um is n diff]5t f ! ess5tia individuorum4 ,b does n ! g5]al concept exi/ z an objective unity8 ,app>5tly ,abael>d w\ld answ]3 ,yes1 x does ?us exi/ z a common sam5ess 7consimilitudo74 ,all ?is is any?+ b cle>4 ,& ! v>i\s twelf?-c5tury op9ions on univ]sals no long] possess human int]e/4 ,x is h>d = u to di/+ui% betwe5 !m1 or und]/& !m cle>ly1 or /ate !m intelligibly4 ,!y are b\nd up 9 a phraseology untranslatable into mod]n language1 because ! discussion no long] corresponds to mod]n ways ( ?\ght4 ,b "o is int]e/$ 9 ! human ne$ :i* drove ,abael>d & 8 fell[s ^u ! horns ( ?is problem1 & 9 ! nature ( _! endeav\rs to =mulate _! ?\ght s z to escape ^? oppos+ horns--( an extreme realism :i* might issue 9 pan!ism1 & an extreme nom9alism :i* seem$ to deprive pr$ication ( sub/ance & validity4#dfg ,s mu* = ,abael>d z %e] logician1 =mal adju/] ( ! in/rum5tal processes ( ?9k+4 ,dialectic 0 = him a fir/ /age 9 ! actualization ( ! impulse to "k1 & br+ k to consi/5t expression4 ,x 0 also 8 way ( approa* to ! fur!r sy/ematic pres5tation ( 8 ?\ghts ^u ,god & man1 human society & ju/ice1 div9e & human4 8,a new calumny aga9/ me1 h my rivals lately devis$1 because ,i write ^u ! dialectic art2 affirm+ t x is n lawful = a ,*ri/ian to treat ( ?+s :i* d n p]ta9 to ! ,fai?4 ,n only !y say t ?is sci5ce does n prep>e u = ! ,fai?1 b t x de/roys fai? by ! implications ( its argum5ts4 ,b x is wond]ful if ,i mu/ n discuss :at is p]mitt$ !m to read4 ,if !y all[ t ! art militates aga9/ fai?1 surely !y deem x n to be sci5ce 7sci5tia74 ,= ! sci5ce ( tru? is ! compreh5sion ( ?+s1 ^: species is ! wisdom 9 :i* fai? consi/s4 ,tru? is n oppos$ to tru?4 ,= n z falsehood may be oppos$ to falsity1 or evil to evil1 c ! true be oppos$ to ! true1 or ! good to ! good2 b r all good ?+s are 9 accord4 ,all k is good1 ev5 t :i* relates to evil1 because a righte\s man mu/ h x4 ,s9ce he %\ld gu>d aga9/ evil1 x is necess>y t he %\ld "k x be=eh&3 o!rwise he c\ld n %un x4 ,?\gh an act be evil1 k reg>d+ x is good2 ?\gh x be evil to s91 x is good to "k ! s91 :i* o!rwise we c\ld n %un4 ,nor is ! sci5ce ma!matica to be deem$ evil1 ^: practice 7a/rology7 is evil4 ,nor is x a crime to "k ) :at s]vices & immolations ! demons may be compell$ to d our w1 b to use su* k4 ,= if x 7 evil to "k ?is1 h[ c\ld ,god be absolv$1 :o kn[s ! desires & cogitations ( all ,8 creatures1 & h[ ! concurr5ce ( demons may be obta9$8 ,if !re=e x is n wrong to "k1 b to d1 ! evil is to be ref]r$ to ! act & n to ! k4 ,h5ce we are conv9c$ t all k1 :i* inde$ comes f ,god alone & f ,8 b\nty1 is good4 ,:]e=e ! /udy ( e sci5ce %\ld be conc$$ to be good1 because t :i* is good comes f x2 & especially "o mu/ insi/ ^u ! /udy ( t doctr9a by :i* ! great] tru? is kn[n4 ,?is is dialectic1 ^: function is to di/+ui% betwe5 e tru? & falsity3 z lead] 9 all k x holds ! primacy & rule ( all philosophy4 ,! same also is %[n to be ne$ful to ! ,ca?olic ,fai?1 :i* _c )\t its aid resi/ ! sophi/ries ( s*ismatics40#dfh ,9 ?is passage ! man himself is speak+1 & disclos+ 8 inn]mo/ convictions4 ,= ,abael>d's nature 0 set ^u und]/&+ all ?+s ?r\gh reason1 ev5 ! my/]ies ( ! ,fai?4 ,he does n say1 or q ?9k1 t he w disbelieve :atev] he _c und]/&2 b 8 reason+ & temp] po9t to ! conclusion4 ,?is 0 obvi\sly true ( ,abael>d's e?ical op9ions2 8 enemies said x 0 true ( 8 !ology4 ,su* a man w\ld naturally plead = fre$om ( discussion1 ev5 = fre$om ( conclusion2 b )9 c]ta9 b\nds2 = :o 9 ! twelf? c5tury c\ld ma9ta9 t h]etics or infidels did rightly 9 reject+ ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?8 ,yet ,abael>d says h]etics %\ld be compell$ 7co]c5di7 by reason r ?an =ce4#dfi ,& he c\ld at lea/ conceive ( ! rejection ( ! ,fai? ^u1 say1 imp]fect rational gr\nds4 ,9 8 dialogue betwe5 ,philosoph]1 ,jew1 & ,*ri/ian1 ! ,*ri/ian says to ! ,philosoph]3 ,"o _c argue aga9/ y f ! au?ority ( ,scripture1 :i* y d n recognize2 = no "o c be refut$ save ) argum5ts drawn f :at he admits3 ,nemo quippe argui nisi ex concessis pote/4#dgj ,h[ev] ?is s\nd$ 9 ,abael>d's "t1 ! same 0 enunciat$ by ,?omas ,aqu9as aft] him1 9 a passage already giv54#dga ,b x is d\btful :e!r ,?omas w\ld h c>$ to foll[ ,abael>d 9 "s ( ! argum5ts ( 8 ,e?ics or ,book call$1 ,"k ,?yself1 9 :i* he ma9ta9s t no act is a s9 unless ! actor 0 consci\s ( its s9fulness2 & !re=e t kill+ ! m>tyrs c\ld n be imput$ z s9 to ^? p]secutors :o deem$ !mselves !reby to be do+ a s]vice acceptable to ,god4#dgb ,! titles giv5 by ,abael>d to 8 v>i\s treatises are indicative ( ! critical insi/5cy ( 8 nature4 ,he call$ 8 ,e?ica1 ,scito te ipsum1 ,"k ,?yself3 und]/& ?y good & ill int5tions1 & :at may be vice or virtue 9 !e4 ,?r\gh ! book1 ! discussion ( "r & wrong directs itself z p]t9aci\sly to consid]ations ( human nature z 0 possible 9 an age :5 !ological dogma held ! f9al crit]ia ( human conduct4 ,& ,abael>d is capable ( a l(ty insight t\*+ ! relation%ip betwe5 ,god & man4 8,p5it5ce10 says he1 8is truly fruitful :5 grief & contrition proce$ f love ( ,god1 reg>d$ z b5ignant1 r ?an f fe> ( p5alties4 ,s9 _c endure ) ?is groan+ & contrition ( he>t3 = s9 is contempt ( ,god1 or cons5t to evil1 & ! love ( ,god 9 inspir+ our groan+1 suff]s no ill40#dgc ,possibly :5 read+ ! ,scito te ipsum "o is consci\s ( a dialectician draw+ di/9ctions1 r ?an ( a morali/ se>*+ ! he>t ( ! matt]4 ,ev]y?+ is set =? s reasonably4 ,yet ,abael>d's imp>tial delight 9 a rational view ( belief & conduct %[s n[h]e q z obvi\sly z 9 8 ,dialogue betwe5 ,philosoph] & ,jew & ,*ri/ian4 ,ea* 9 turn is made to set =? ! be/ argum5ts 8 position admits (4 ,! au?or does 8 be/ = ea*1 & p]haps seems temp]am5tally drawn to ! position ( ! ,philosoph]1 :om he p]mits to call ! ,jews /ultos & ! ,*ri/ians insanos4 ,?is philosoph] naturally is no ,greek ( ,plato's or ,ari/otle's "t1 b a good ,roman1 :o reg>ds moralis philosophia z ! f9is omnium discipl9>um1 & hangs all intellectual consid]ations ^u a discussion ( ! summum bonum4 ,8 well-worn argum5ts are put ) e>ne/ness4 ,he deprecates ! bl9d acceptance ( beliefs by *ildr5 f _! fa!rs1 & ! n>r[ness ( m9d :i* keeps m5 f p]ceiv+ ! possible tru? 9 o!rs' op9ions3 8s t :omsoev] !y see diff]+ f !mselves 9 belief1 !y deem ali5 f ! m]cy ( ,god4 ,?us condemn+ all o!rs1 !y vaunt !mselves alone z bless$4 ,long reflect+ on ?is bl9dness & pride ( ! human race1 ,i h unceas+ly bes\ght ! ,div9e ,pity t ,he w\ld deign to draw me =? f ?is mis]able ,*>ibdian :irlpool ( error1 & guide me to a port ( safety4 ,s y address+ bo? ,jew & ,*ri/ian behold me solicit\s & att5tive z a disciple1 to ! docum5ts ( y\r argum5ts40#dgd ,! qualities cultivat$ by dialectic1 & ! imp>tial rational temp]1 "h display$1 reappe> 9 ! works ( ,abael>d devot$ to sacr$ doctr9e4 ,en\gh has be5 said ( ! me?od & some:at capti\s qualities ( ! ,sic et non4#dge ,unque/ionably its mann] ( pres5t+ ! contradictory op9ions ( ! ,fa!rs1 )\t any attempt to reconcile !m1 t5d$ to br+ into view ! difficulties inh]+ 9 ! =mulation ( ,*ri/ian belief4 ,& inde$ ! book made prom95t all ! diabolic insoluble problems ( ! ,fai?1 or r ( life itself & any view ( ,god & man3 ,pr$e/9ation1 = example2 :e!r ,god causes evil2 :e!r ,he is omnipot5t2 :e!r ,he is free4 ,! ,lomb>d's ,s5t5ces & ,?omas's ,summa consid]$ all ^! que/ions2 b !y /rove to solve !m2 & ,?omas did solve e "o1 leav+ no loose ends to 8 !ology4 ,m pot5tly ?an ,abael>d did ! ,angelic ,doctor employ dialectic 9 8 f9i%$ s*eme4 ,) him1 ?is propa$eutic discipl9e1 ?is tool ( tru?1 p]fectly p]=ms its task ( con/ruction4 ,s also ,abael>d int5d$ to "w ) x2 b 8 some:at unconsid]$ use ( ! tool did n meet ! approval ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,accord+ly1 9 8 m con/ructive !ological treatises 8 impulse to "k & /ate appe>s f9ally actualiz$ 9 ! sy/ematic =mulation ( convictions ^u topics ( ultimate int]e/1 to wit1 !ology1 ! cont5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?1 ! full relation%ip ( ,god & man4 ,did he sev] !ology f philosophy8 ,nay1 r1 ) him !ology 0 ultimate philosophy4 ,sev]al times ,abael>d rewrote :at 0 sub/antially ! same g5]al "w ^u ,!ology4 ,9 "o ( its e>lie/ =ms x 0 burnt by ! ,c\ncil ( ,soissons 9 #aaba4dgf ,9 ano!r =m x exi/s "u ! title ,!ologia ,*ri/iana2#dgg & ! fir/ "p ( its app>5tly f9al revision is n[ improp]ly entitl$1 ,introductio ad !ologiam4#dgh ,! fir/ ,book ( ! ,!ologia ,*ri/iana is an exposition ( ! ,tr9ity1 n cl9*$ 9 syllogisms1 b consi/+ ma9ly ( an ord]ly pres5tation ( ! patri/ic au?orities support+ ! au?or's view ( ! matt]4 ,! te/imonies ( pr(ane writ]s are also giv54 ,lib] ,,ii4 op5s by say+ t 9 ! =m] "p ( ! "w 8we h collect$ ! te/imonia ( prophets & philosoph]s1 9 support ( ! fai? ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity40 ,h]eupon1 by ! same me?od ( adduc+ au?orities1 ,abael>d proce$s to refute ^? :o _h blam$ him = cit+ ! pagan philosoph]s4 ,he m>%als 8 support+ exc]pts f ! ,fa!rs1 & rem>ks3 8,t no?+ is m ne$ful = ! def5ce ( our fai? ?an t z aga9/ ! importunities ( all ! infidels we %\ld h witness f !mselves :]e) to refute !m40 ,!n he po9ts to ! moral wor? ( "s ( ! philosoph]s1 to _! true tea*+ ( ! s\l's immortality1 & quotes ,horace's 8,od]unt pecc>e boni virtutis amore40 ,he cont9ues at "s l5g? sett+ =? _! well-nigh evangelical virtue1 & speaks ( ! ,gospel z re=matio legis naturalis4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,lib] ,,iii4 comes ! /atem5t3 8,we set ! fai? ( ! bless$ ,tr9ity z ! f\ndation ( all good40 ,:]eupon ,abael>d breaks out 9 a d5unciation ( ^? :o misuse dialectic2 b aga9 he passes to a def5ce ( ! art z an art & bran* ( k1 & %[s its ne$ z a weapon aga9/ ^? wrangl]s :o w be quiet$ nei!r by ! au?ority ( ! sa9ts nor ! philosoph]s3 aga9/ :om1 he1 ,abael>d1 tru/+ 9 ! div9e aid1 w turn ?is weapon z ,david did ! sword ( ,golia?4 ,he n[ /ates ! true object ( 8 "w3 8,fir/ !n is to be set =? ! !me ( our :ole lab\r1 & ! sum ( fai?2 ! unity ( ! div9e sub/ance & ! ,tr9ity ( p]sons1 :i* are 9 ,god1 & are "o ,god4 ,next we /ate ! objections to our !ses1 & !n ! solutions ( ^? objections40 ,& he gives ! sub/ance ( ! ,a?anasian ,cre$4 ,f ?is po9t1 8 "w becomes m dialectical & con/ructive1 al?\gh ( c\rse cont9u+ to quote au?orities4 ,he is embold5$ to discuss ! deepe/ my/]ies1 ! v p5etralia ( ! ,tr9ity1 & 9 a way :i* might well al>m m5 l ,b]n>d1 :o desir$ acceptance ( ! ,fai?1 ) rhetoric1 b )\t discussion4 ,to be sure ,abael>d pauses to ju/ify himself by rev]t+ to 8 apologetic purpose3 8,h]etics mu/ be co]c$ ) reason r ?an by =ce40 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! "w h5ce=? %[s ! pass+ on ( logic to ! ex]cise ( its ar*itectonic functions 9 con/ruct+ a sy/ematic !ological metaphysics4 ,! miscall$ ,introductio ad !ologiam1 z might be expect$ ( a la/ revision ( ! au?or's ,!ology1 is a m organic "w4 ,9 ! ,prologue1 ,abael>d speaks ( x z a ,summa sacrae eruditionis or an ,introductio to ,div9e ,scripture4 ,& aga9 he /ates ! ju/ify+ purpose ( 8 lab\r1 or r puts x into ! m\?s ( 8 disciples :o h ask$ = su* a "w f him3 8,s9ce our fai?1 ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?1 seems entangl$ 9 su* difficult que/ions1 & to /& ap>t f human reason 7et ab humana ratione longius absi/]e71 x %\ld be =tifi$ by s mu* ! /rong] argum5ts1 especially aga9/ ! attacks ( ^? :o call !mselves philosoph]s40 ,cont9u+1 ,abael>d prote/s t if 9 any way1 = 8 s9s1 he %\ld deviate f ! ,ca?olic und]/&+ & /atem5t1 he w on see+ 8 error revise ! same1 l ! bless$ ,augu/9e4 ,! "w itself op5s ) a /atem5t ( its int5d$ divisions3 8,9 ?ree matt]s1 z ,i judge1 re/s ! sum ( human salvation3 ,fides1 c>itas1 & sacram5tum02 & he gives 8 def9ition ( fai?1 :i* 0 s obnoxi\s to ,b]n>d & o!rs1 z ! exi/imatio r]um non app>5tium4 ,! ?ree extant ,books d n conclude ! treatm5t ev5 ( ! fir/ ( ^! ?ree topics4 ,b "o readily sees t 7 ! "w complete1 its arrangem5t might correspond ) t ( ,?omas's ,summa4#dgi ,"o may reit]ate t x 0 m con/ructively argum5tative ?an ! ,!ologia ,*ri/iana1 ev5 9 ! mann] ( us+ ! cit$ au?orities4 ,= in/ance1 ,abael>d's m9d is fix$ on ! analogy betwe5 ! ,neo-,platonic ,tr9ity ( ,deus1 n\s1 & anima mundi1 & t ( ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/4 ,! n\s fitly repres5ts ,*ri/1 :o is ! ,sapi5tia ,dei--:i* ,abael>d sets =?2 b !n ) ev5 great] insi/5cy he id5tifies ! ,holy ,_s ) ! _w-s\l4 ,no?+ gave a /rong] w>rant to ! accusations ( h]esy br\ght aga9/ him ?an ?is la/ doctr9e1 ) :i* he 0 obsess$4 ,yet :at r\s$ ,/4 ,b]n>d & 8 jackals 0 n s mu* any p>ticul> op9ion ( ,abael>d1 z 8 dialectic & critical _s1 :i* insi/$ ^u und]/&+ & expla9+1 be=e believ+4 8,! fai? ( ! righte\s believes2 x does n dispute4 ,b t man1 suspici\s ( ,god 7,deum hab5s suspectum71 has no m9d to believe :at 8 reason has n previ\sly argu$40#dhj ,/ill1 :5 ,b]n>d says t fai? does n discuss1 b believes1 he /ates a conviction ( 8 m9d1 a conviction correspond+ ) an inn] ne$ ( 8 own to =mulate & express 8 ?\ght4 ,only1 ) ,abael>d ! ne$ to consid] & analyse 0 m consci\sly imp]ative4 ,he c\ld n avoid ! con/ant qu]y3 ,h[ %all ,i ?9k ?is ?+--?is ?+1 = example1 :i* is decl>$ by revelation8 ,j z o!r que/ion+ spirits 9 o!r times might be driv5 ^u ! qu]y3 ,h[ %all we ?9k ^! ?+s :i* are disclos$ by ! v>iegat$ walls ( our physical environm5t8 ,^? yield data1 or refuse !m1 & =ce ! m9d to put _m qu]ies1 & come to "s adju/m5t4 ,s exp]i5ce pres5ts data = adju/m5t1 j z dogma1 ,scripture1 revelation pres5t t :i* reason mu/ br+ )9 ! action ( its processes1 & endeav\r to f9d rational expression =4 ,,ii ,! greate/ dialectician ( ! e>ly twelf? c5tury felt no problems put him by ! physical _w4 ,t did n attract 8 inquiry2 x did n t\* ! reason+s evolv$ by 8 self-consci\sness1 any m ?an x impress$ ! f]vid m9d ( 8 great adv]s>y1 ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,! natural _w1 h[ev]1 /irr$ ! m9d ( ,abael>d's contempor>y1 ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor4#dha ,its col\rs wav$ be=e 8 rev]ies1 & its visible sublimities drew 8 m9d al(t to ! contemplation ( ,god3 = him its ?+s 7 all ! ?+s ( ,god--opus conditionis or opus re/aurationis2#dhb ! "w ( f\ndation1 :]eby ,god creat$ ! physical _w = ! support & edification ( its cr[n+ creature man2 & ! "w ( re/oration1 to wit1 ! inc>nation ( ! ,^w1 & all its sacram5ts4 ,hugo 0 a ,platonic & v ,*ri/ian !ologian4 ,he w\ld reason & exp\nd1 & yet 0 well aw>e t reason c\ld n fa?om ! nature ( ,god1 or br+ man to salvation4 8,logic1 ma!matics1 physics tea* "s tru?1 yet d n rea* t tru? :]e9 is ! s\l's safety1 )\t :i* :atev] is is va940#dhc ,s ,hugo 0 n prim>ily a logician1 l ,abael>d2 nor did he c>e *iefly = ! k9d ( tru? :i* might be _h ?r\gh logic4 ,nev]!less ! productions ( 8 %ort life prove ! excell5ce ( 8 m9d & 8 l>ge en?usiasm = k4 ,z ,hugo 0 ! head ( ! s*ool ( ,/4 ,victor = "s ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 c]ta9 ( 8 works cov] topics ( ord9>y m$iaeval education1 secul> & religi\s2 :ile o!rs advance to a m pr(\nd expression ( ! intellectual1 or spiritual1 int]e/s ( _! au?or4 ,= elem5t>y religi\s in/ruction1 he compos$ a v]itable book ( ,s5t5ces1#dhd :i* prec$$ ! ,lomb>d's 9 "t1 b 0 lat] ?an ,abael>d's ,sic et non4 ,)\t /rik+ features1 x lucidly & amiably c>ri$ out its g5]al purpose ( sett+ =? ! au?oritative explanations ( ! elem5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?4 ,! writ] did n hesitate to quote oppos+ views1 :i* 7 n h]ald$1 h[ev]1 by su* dang]-signals ( contradiction z fl>e f ! *apt] head+s ( ! ,sic et non4 ,! correspond+ treatise ^u pr(ane le>n+--! ,eruditio didascalica--is ( great] int]e/4#dhe ,x comm5ces 9 elem5t>y fa%ion1 z a manual ( /udy3 8,!re are two ?+s by :i* we ga9 k1 to wit1 read+ & m$itation2 read+ comes fir/40 ,! book is to be a guide to ! /ud5t 9 ! /udy bo? ( secul> & div9e writ+s2 x tea*es h[ to /udy ! artes1 & !n h[ to /udy ! ,scriptures4#dhf ,ev5 9 ?is manual1 ,hugo %[s himself a m$itative s\l1 & "o :o seeks to base 8 mo/ elem5t>y expositions ^u ! nature & ne$s ( man4 ,! m9d1 says he1 is di/ract$ by ?+s ( s5se1 & does n "k itself4 ,x is r5ew$ ?r\gh /udy1 s t x le>ns aga9 n to look )\t = :at itself af=ds4 ,le>n+ is life's solace1 :i* he :o f9ds is happy1 & he :o makes 8 own is bless$4#dhg ,= ,hugo1 philosophy is t :i* inve/igates ! rationes ( ?+s human & div9e1 seek+ ev] ! f9al wisdom1 :i* is k ( ! primaeva ratio3 ?is di/+ui%es philosophy f ! practical sci5ces1 l agriculture3 x foll[s ! ratio1 & !y adm9i/] ! matt]4 ,aga9 & aga91 ,hugo returns to ! ?\ght t ! object ( all human actiones & /udia is to re/ore ! integrity ( our nature or mitigate its weaknesses1 re/ore ! image ( ! div9e similitude 9 u1 or m9i/] to ! ne$s ( life4 ,?is lik5ess is r5ew$ by speculatio v]itatis1 or ex]citium virtutis4#dhh ,su* is a pretty broad basis ( !ory = a high s*ool manual4 ,hugo proce$s to set =? ! s*eme1 r ?an ! sub/ance1 ( ! arts & sci5ces1 paus+ occasionally to admoni% ! read] to hold no sci5ce vile1 s9ce k always is good2 & he po9ts out t all k hangs toge!r 9 a common coh]5cy4 ,he sket*es#dhi ! true /ud5t's life3 ,:oev] seeks le>n+1 mu/ n neglect discipl9e6 ,he mu/ be humble1 & n a%am$ to le>n f any "o2 he mu/ obs]ve dec5t mann]s1 & n play ! fool & make faces at lectur]s on div9ity1 = !reby he insults ,god4 ,yea1 & let him m9d ! example ( ! anci5t sages1 :o = le>n+'s sake spurn$ hon\rs1 reject$ ri*es1 rejoic$ 9 insults1 des]t$ ! companion%ip ( m51 & gave !mselves up to philosophy 9 des]t solitudes1 t !y might be m free = m$itation4 ,dilig5t se>* = wisdom 9 quietude becomes a s*ol>2 & likewise pov]ty1 & likewise exile3 he is v delicate :o cl+s to 8 fa!rl&2 8,he is brave to :om e l& is home 7patria72 & he is p]fect to :om ! :ole _w is an exile60#dij ,hugo has mu* to say ( ! pul*ritudo & ! decor ( ! creature-_w4 ,b ) him ! _w & its beauty po9t to ,god4 ,"o %\ld obs]ve x because ( its sugge/iv5ess1 ! visible sugge/+ ! invisible4 ,hugo has already be5 foll[$ 9 8 argum5t t ! _w1 9 its v]ie/ reality1 is a symbol4#dia ,"h we foll[ him along 8 pa? ( k1 :i* leads on & upw>d f cogitatio1 ?r\gh m$itatio1 to contemplatio4 ,! /eps 9 ,hugo's s*eme are rational1 ?\gh ! summit lies beyond4 ,?is pa? to tru?1 lead+ on f ! visible symbol to ! unse5 p[]1 is = him ! reason & ju/ification ( /udy2 draw+ to ,god x makes = man's salvation4 ,hugo has put p]haps 8 mo/ lucid exposition ( ! ?ree grades ( k into ! fir/ ( 8 ,n9ete5 ,s]mons on ,ecclesia/es4#dib ,he is fond ( c]ta9 numb]s1 & "h 8 ?\ght revolves 9 categories ( ! numb] ?ree4 ,solomon compos$ ?ree works1 ! ,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 & ,canticles4 ,9 ! fir/1 he addresses 8 son pat]nally1 admoni%+ him to pursue virtue & %un vice2 9 ! second1 he %[s ! gr[n man t no?+ 9 ! _w is /able2 f9ally1 9 ,canticles1 he br+s ! consummate "o1 :o has spurn$ ! _w1 to ! ,bridegroom's arms4 8,?ree are ! modes ( cognition 7visiones7 belong+ to ! rational s\l3 cogitation1 m$itation1 contemplation4 ,x is cogitation :5 ! m9d is t\*$ ) ! ideas ( ?+s1 & ! ?+ itself is by its image pres5t$ sudd5ly1 ei!r ent]+ ! m9d ?r\gh s5se or ris+ f memory4 ,m$itation is ! assidu\s & sagaci\s revision ( cogitation1 & /rives to expla9 ! involv$1 & p5etrate ! hidd54 ,contemplation is ! m9d's p]spicaci\s & free att5tion1 diffus$ ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! range ( :atev] may be explor$4 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 m$itation & contemplation3 m$itation relates always to ?+s hidd5 f our intellig5ce2 contemplation relates to ?+s made manife/1 ei!r accord+ to _! nature or our capacity4 ,m$itation always is occupi$ ) "s "o matt] to be inve/igat$2 contemplation spreads abroad = ! compreh5d+ ( _m ?+s1 ev5 ! univ]se4 ,?us m$itation is a c]ta9 inquisitive p[] ( ! m9d1 sagaci\sly /riv+ to look into ! obscure & unravel ! p]plex$4 ,contemplation is t acum5 ( intellig5ce :i*1 keep+ all ?+s op5 to view1 compreh5ds all ) cle> vision4 ,?us contemplation has :at m$itation seeks4 8,!re are two k9ds ( contemplation3 ! fir/ is = beg9n]s1 & consid]s creatures2 ! k9d :i* comes lat]1 belongs to ! p]fect1 & contemplates ! ,creator4 ,9 ! ,prov]bs1 ,solomon proce$s z ?r\gh m$itation4 ,9 ,ecclesia/es he asc5ds to ! fir/ grade ( contemplation4 ,9 ! ,song ( ,songs he transports himself to ! f9al grade4 ,9 m$itation !re is a wre/l+ ( ignorance ) k2 & ! light ( tru? gleams z 9 a fog ( error4 ,s fire is k9dl$ ) difficulty 9 a heap ( gre5 wood2 b !n fann$ ) /rong] brea?1 ! flame burns high]1 & we see volumes ( smoke roll+ up1 ) flame fla%+ ?r\gh4 ,little by little ! damp is exhau/$1 & ! leap+ fire dispels ! smoke4 ,!n victrix flamma d>t+ ?r\gh ! heap ( crackl+ wood1 spr+s f bran* to bran*1 & ) lamb5t grasp cat*es ^u e twig2 nor does x re/ until x p5etrates ev]y:]e & draws into itself all t x f9ds :i* is n flame4 ,at l5g? ! :ole combu/ible mat]ial is purg$ ( its own nature & passes into ! similitude & prop]ty ( fire2 !n ! d9 is hu%$1 & ! voraci\s fire hav+ subdu$ all1 & br\ght all into its own lik5ess1 composes itself to a high peace & sil5ce1 f9d+ no?+ m t is ali5 or oppos$ to itself4 ,fir/ !re 0 fire ) flame & smoke2 !n fire ) flame1 )\t smoke2 & at la/ pure fire ) nei!r flame nor smoke40 ,s ! victrix flamma a*ieves ! ?ree /ages ( spiritual insight1 fight+ its way ?r\gh ! smoke ( cogitation1 ?r\gh ! smoke & flame ( m$itation1 & at la/ ?r\gh ! flame ( creature contemplation1 to ! high peace ( ,god1 :]e all is love's ard5t vision1 )\t flame or smoke4 ,x is ?us ?r\gh ! grades ( k t ! s\l rea*es at la/ t fulness ( intellig5ce :i* may be made p]fect & inflam$ ) love1 9 ! contemplation ( ,god4 ,all k is good accord+ to its grade2 only let x always lead on to ,god1 & ) humility4 ,hugo makes 8 pr9ciples cle> at ! op5+ ( 8 comm5t>y on ! ,cele/ial ,hi]>*y ( ,dionysius4#dic 8,! ,jews seek a sign1 & ! ,greeks wisdom4 ,!re 0 a c]ta9 wisdom :i* seem$ su* to !m :o knew n ! true wisdom4 ,! _w f\nd x1 & began to be puff$ up1 ?9k+ itself great 9 ?is4 ,confid+ 9 its wisdom1 x presum$1 & boa/$ t x w\ld atta9 ! highe/ wisdom4444 ,& x made itself a ladd] ( ! face ( ! creation1 %9+ t[>d ! invisible ?+s ( ! ,creator4444 ,!n ^? ?+s :i* 7 se5 7 kn[n1 & !re 7 o!r ?+s :i* 7 n kn[n2 & ?r\gh ^? :i* 7 manife/ !y expect$ to rea* ^? :i* 7 hidd52 & !y /umbl$ & fell into ! falsehoods ( _! own imag9+s4444 ,s ,god made fooli% ! wisdom ( ?is _w2 & ,he po9t$ out ano!r wisdom1 :i* seem$ fooli%ness1 & 0 n4 ,= x prea*$ ,*ri/ crucifi$1 9 ord] t tru? might be s\ght 9 humility4 ,b ! _w despis$ x1 wi%+ to contemplate ! works ( ,god1 :i* ,he _h made to be m>vell$ at1 & x did n wi% to v5]ate :at ,he _h set = imitation4 ,nei!r did x look to its own disease1 & seek a m$ic9e ) piety2 b presum+ on a false heal?1 x gave itself ov] ) va9 curiosity to ! /udy ( ali5 matt]s40 ,?is /udy made ! wisdom ( ! _w1 :]eby x devis$ ! arts & sci5ces :i* we /ill le>n4 ,b ! _w 9 its pride did n read aright ! great book ( nature4 ,x _h n ! k ( ! true ,exempl>1 = ! sanitation ( its inn] vision1 to wit1 ! fle% ( ! et]nal ,^w 9 ! humanity ( ,jesus4 8,!re 7 two images 7simulacra7 set = man1 9 :i* he might p]ceive ! unse53 "o consi/+ ( nature1 ! o!r ( grace4 ,! =m] image 0 ! face ( ?is _w2 ! latt] 0 ! humanity ( ! ,^w4 ,& ,god is %[n 9 bo?1 b ,he is n und]/ood 9 bo?2 s9ce ! appe>ance ( nature discloses ! artific]1 b _c illum9ate ! eyes ( him :o contemplates x40 ,hugo !n classifies ! sci5ces 9 ! usual ,ari/otelian way1 & %[s t ,*ri/ian !ology is ! end ( all philosophy4 ,! fir/ "p ( philosophia !orica is ma!matics1 :i* speculates z to ! visible =ms ( visible ?+s4 ,! second is physics1 :i* scrut9izes ! invisible causes ( visible ?+s4 ,! ?ird1 !ology1 alone contemplates invisible sub/ances & _! invisible natures4 ,h]e9 is a c]ta9 progression2 & ! m9d m\nts to k ( ! true4 ,?r\gh ! visible =ms ( visible ?+s1 x comes to invisible causes ( visible ?+s2 & ?r\gh ! invisible causes ( visible ?+s1 x asc5ds to invisible sub/ances1 & to kn[+ _! natures4 ,?is is ! summit ( philosophy & ! p]fection ( tru?4 ,9 ?is1 z already said1 ! wise ( ?is _w 7 made fooli%2 because proce$+ by ! natural docum5t alone1 mak+ acc\nt only ( ! elem5ts & appe>ance ( ! _w1 !y miss$ ! in/ructive in/ances ( ,grace3 :i* 9 spite ( humble guise af=d ! cle>] insight into tru?4 ,?is is ,hugo's s*eme ( k2 x beg9s ) cogitatio1 !n proce$s ?r\gh m$itatio to contemplatio ( ! creature _w1 & f9ally ( ! ,creator4 ,! arts & sci5ces1 z well z ! face ( nature1 af=d a simulacrum ( ! unse5 ,p[]2 b all ?is k by itself w n br+ man to ! p]fect k ( ,god4 ,= ?is he ne$s ! exempl>ia ( ,grace1 %[n ?r\gh ! inc>nation ( ! ,^w4 ,only by virtue ( ?is add$ means1 may man atta9 to p]fect contemplation ( ! tru? ( ,god4 ,t end & f9al summit is beyond reason's rea*2 b ! atta9m5t ( rational k makes "p ( ! pa? ?i!r4 ,ke5 z 0 ,hugo's intellectual nature1 8 int]e/ 9 reason 0 c\pl$ ) a deep] int]e/ 9 t :i* reason might nei!r include nor und]/&4 ,! intellect does n include ! emotional & imm$iately desid]ative elem5ts ( human nature2 nei!r c x compreh5d ! inf9ite :i* is ,god2 & ,hugo drew t[>d ,god n only ?r\gh 8 intellect1 b likewise ?r\gh 8 desid]ative nature1 ) its ye>n+s ( religi\s love4 ,t love ) him 0 rational1 s9ce its object satisfi$ 8 m9d z f> z 8 m9d c\ld compreh5d x4 ,s ,hugo's intellectual int]e/s 7 connect$ ) ! emotional side ( human nature1 & also l$ up to :at transc5d$ reason4 ,?us !y l$ to :at 0 a my/]y because too great = human reason1 & !y includ$ t :i* also 0 some:at ( a my/]y to reason because ly+ p>tly outside its sph]e4 ,hugo is an in/ance ( ! intellectual nature :i* w n re/ 9 reason's prov9ce1 b feels equally impell$ to f9d expression = matt]s t ei!r exce$ ! m9d1 or d n altoge!r belong to x4 ,su* an intellect is impell$ to =mulate its convictions 9 reg>d to ^!2 its negative conviction t x _c compreh5d !m1 & :y x _c2 & its m positive conviction ( _! value--( ! absolute wor? ( ,god1 & ( man's ne$ ( ,him1 & ( ! love & fe> by :i* m5 may come close to ,him1 or avoid ,8 wra?4 ,:at ,hugo has _h to say z to cogitation1 m$itation1 & contemplation1 repres5ts 8 analysis ( ! /ages by :i* a suffic+ s5se may be rea*$ ( ! ,creator & ,8 _w ( creature-k9d4 ,9 ?is f9al wisdom & ard\r ( contemplation1 bo? human reason & human love h "p4 ,! intellect advances along its l9es1 consid]+ ! _w1 & draw+ inf]5ces z to ! unse5 ,be+ :o creat$ & su/a9s x4 ,m9d's unaid$ p[] w n rea*4 ,b by ! grace ( ,god1 supremely manife/$ 9 ! ,inc>nation1 ! man is humbl$1 & 8 he>t is t\*$ & drawn to love ! p[] ( ! div9e pity & humility4 ,! lesson ( ! ,inc>nation & its guid+ grace1 embold5s ! he>t & enlight5s ! m9d2 & ! man's faculties are /r5g!n$ & uplift$ to ! contemplation ( ,god1 :]e9 ! m9d is satisfi$ & ! he>t at re/4 ,we h "h ! elem5ts ( piety1 intellectual & devotional4 ,hugo is an example ( _! union2 !y also pres]ve _! equal weight 9 ,aqu9as4 ,b because ,hugo emphasizes ! limitations ( ! intellect1 & s ard5tly recognizes ! he>t's ye>n+ & imm$iacy ( app]ception1 he is :at is /yl$ a my/ic2 a t]m :i* we are n[ 9 a position to consid]1 & to "s ext5t ex*ange = o!r phrases ( m def9ite significance4#did ,q to avoid ! t]m is n possible1 inasmu* z ! conception c]ta9ly includes :at is my/]i\s because unkn[able ?r\gh reason4 ,= x includes a s5se ( ! supreme1 a s5se ( ,god1 :o is too great = human reason to compreh5d1 & !re=e a my/]y4 ,& x includes a ye>n+ t[>d ,god1 ! desire ( ,him1 & ! feel+ ( love4 ,! la/ is also my/]i\s1 9 t x has n exclusive "p ) reason1 b spr+s z well f feel+4 ,yet ! ess5ce or nature ( ?is _s ( piety :i* we w\ld analyse1 consi/s 9 consci\sness ( ! reality ( ! object ( its ye>n+ or devotion4 ,n altoge!r ?r\gh induction or d$uction1 b ) an irrational imm$iacy ( conviction1 x feels & kn[s its object4 ,9 place ( ! k :i* is m$iat$ ?r\gh rational processes1 is sub/itut$ a conviction upheld by ye>n+1 love's conviction inde$1 ( ! reality & pres5ce ( t :i* is all ! great] & m wor?y because x baffles reason4 ,& ! f9al goal atta9able by ?is my/ic love is1 ev5 z ! goal ( o!r love1 union ) ! ,belov$4 ,! my/ic _s is an ess5tial "p ( all piety or religion1 :i* relates always & =ev] to ! rationally unkn[n1 & !re=e my/]i\s4 ,)\t a consci\sness ( my/]y1 !re c be nei!r piety nor religion4 ,nor c !re be piety )\t "s devotion to ,god1 nor ! deepe/ & mo/ ard5t =ms ( piety1 )\t f]v5t love ( ,god4 ,?is devotion & ?is love supply /r5g? ( conviction1 creat+ a realness ( communion ) ! div9e1 & an assurance ( ! s\l's re/ & peace !re94 ,b t ! intellect has "p1 ,hugo abundantly demon/rates4 ,"o mu/ h p]ceptions1 & ?\ght's sev]e/ wre/l+s--cogitatio & m$itatio--be=e rea*+ t fir/ /age ( wide & sure intellig5ce1 :i* relates to ! creature _w1 & af=ds a broad basis ( assurance1 :5ce at la/ ! s\l %all spr+ to ,god4 ,intellectual p]ceptions & rational k1 & all ! m9d's putt+s toge!r ( its data 9 inductions & d$uctions & con/ructions1 =m a basis = contemplation1 & yield mat]ial ^u :i* ! emotional side ( human nature may ex]cise itself 9 ye>n+ & devotion4 ,h]e9 ! con/ructive imag9ation works2 :i* is intellectual faculty illum9at$ & impell$ by ! emotions4 ,?is _s actualizes itself 9 ! p[] & scope ( its resultant conviction1 by :i* x makes real to itself ! qualities1 attributes1 & actions ( its object1 ,god1 & ! nature ( man's relation%ip or union ) ! div9e4 ,9 its f9al en]gy1 :5 only p>tly consci\s ( its intellectual inductions1 x disc>ds syllogisms1 q dissatisfi$ ) _! devi\s & hesitat+ approa*4 ,in/ead1 by ! p[] ( love1 x spr+s directly to its ,god4 ,nev]!less ! s\l :i* feels ! inadequacy ( reason ev5 to voice ! s\l's desires1 w seek means ( expression :]e9 reason /ill w play a subm]g$ "p4 ,! s\l is seek+ to express :at is n altoge!r expressible 9 direct & rational /atem5t4 ,x seeks adumbrations1 p>tial unveil+s ( its s5tim5ts1 :i* %all p]haps make up 9 w>m? ( col\r :at !y lack 9 def9it5ess ( l9e4 ,9 f9e1 x seeks symbols4 ,su* symbolism mu/ be l>ge & ela/ic1 9 ord] to %ad[ =? ! s\l's relations ) ! ,inf9ite2 x mu/ also be capable ( c>ry+ passion1 t x may satisfy ! s\l's crav+ to give voice to its great love4 ,9 ,greek ?\ght z well z 9 ! ,hell5iz+ ,judaism ( a ,philo1 symbolism1 or m specifically speak+1 allegorical int]pretation1 0 obvi\sly apologetic1 seek+ to cl\d 9 naturali/ic int]pretations ! do+s ( ! r ov]-human gods ( ,greece4#die ,b x sprang also f ! unre/+ ne$ ( man to f9d expression = t s5se ( ?+s :i* w n fit def9ite /atem5t4 ,?is 0 ! ne$ :i* became creative1 & ( necessity fancifully creative1 ) ,plato4 ,?\gh he w\ld h no?+ to d ) falsify+ apologetics1 all ! m he felt ! ne$ ( allegories1 to sugge/ :at 8 dialectic c\ld n =mulate4 ,9 ! e>ly times ( ! ,*ur* militant ( ,*ri/1 allegorical int]pretation 0 exploit$ to def5d ! ,fai?2 9 ! lat] patri/ic p]iod1 ! ,fai? _h s f> triumph$1 t allegory z a sword ( def5ce & attack might be %ea!d1 or j all[$ to glitt] n[ & !n half-drawn4 ,b piety's o!r ne$1 ) increas+ en]gy1 compell$ ! use ( symbols & articulate allegory to express ! directly inexpressible4 ,!reaft] ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1 :ile ! use ( allegory z a def5ce aga9/ ! ,g5tiles slumb]$1 s mu* m ! o!r ne$ ( x1 & ! s5se ( ! univ]sal symbolism ( mat]ial ?+s1 fill$ ! m9ds ( m52 & 9 age-long answ] to ?is ne$1 allegory1 symbolism1 became "p ( ! v _s ( ! m$iaeval "t4 ,?us x became ! univ]sal vehicle ( pi\s expression3 x may be said almo/ to h co-ext5d$ ) all m$iaeval piety4 ,x 0 ard5tly lov+1 z ) ,/4 ,b]n>d2 x might be fill$ ) sc>let passion1 z ) ,me*?ild ( ,magdeburg2 or x might be us$ 9 ! self-consci\s1 & yet inspir$ vision-pictures ( ,hildeg>d ( ,b+54 ,& inde$ ) almo/ any m$iaeval man or woman1 x might keep talk+1 z a way ( spee*1 obtrusively1 conv5tionally1 ad nauseam4 ,= inde$ 9 treatise aft] treatise ev5 ( ! bett] m51 allegory seems on ! "o h& to become v fooli% & p]v]se1 banal1 intol]ably talk+ on & on beyond ! po9t2 or aga9 we s5se its me*anism1 he> ! creak+ ( its jaws1 :ile no liv+ voice em]ges1--& we suspect t ! my/]y ( life1 if x may n be compass$ by direct /atem5t1 also lies deep] ?an allegorical conv5tions4 ,hugo's great ,de sacram5tis %[$ ! equipoise ( intellectual & pieti/ic int]e/s 9 him1 & ! ,platonic quality ( 8 m9d's sure s5se ( ! reality ( ! sup]s5sual4#dif ,o!r treatises ( 8 %[ 8 ye>n+ piety1 & ! ,augu/9ian quality ( 8 s\l1 8made t[>d !e1 & unquiet till x re/s 9 !e40 ,! ,de arca ,noe morali1#dig t is to say1 ! ,ark ( ,noah view$ 9 its moral significance1 is *>m+ 9 its spiritual ref9em5t1 & int]e/+ 9 its ca?olic intellectual reflections4 ,! ,prologue pres5ts a situation3 8,z ,i 0 sitt+ once among ! bre?r51 & !y 7 ask+ que/ions1 & ,i reply+1 & _m matt]s _h be5 cit$ & adduc$1 x came ab\t t all ( u at once began to m>vel vehem5tly at ! un/abl5ess & disquiet ( ! human he>t2 & we began to sigh4 ,!n !y plead$ ) me t ,i w\ld %[ !m ! cause ( su* :irl+s ( ?\ght 9 ! human he>t2 & !y bes\ght me to set =? by :at art or ex]cise ( discipl9e ?is evil might be remov$4 ,i inde$ wi%$ to satisfy my bre?r51 s f> z ,god might aid me1 & untie ! knot ( _! que/ions1 bo? by au?ority & by argum5t4 ,i knew x w\ld please !m mo/ if ,i %\ld compose my matt] to read to !m at table4 8,x 0 my plan to %[ fir/ :5ce arise su* viol5t *anges 9 man's he>t1 & !n h[ ! m9d may be l$ to keep itself 9 /able peace4 ,& al?\gh ,i _h no d\bt t ?is is ! prop] "w ( grace1 r ?an ( human lab\r1 nev]!less ,i "k t ,god wi%es u to co-op]ate4 ,besides x is well to "k ! magnitude ( our weakness & ! mode ( its repair+1 s9ce s mu* ! deep] w be our gratitude4 8,! fir/ man 0 s creat$1 t if he _h n s9n$1 he w\ld always h beheld 9 pres5t contemplation 8 ,creator's face1 & by always see+ ,him1 w\ld h lov$ ,him always1 &1 by lov+1 w\ld always h clung close to ,him1 & by cl++ to ,him :o 0 et]nal1 w\ld h possess$ life )\t end4 ,evid5tly ! "o true good ( man 0 p]fect k ( 8 ,creator4 ,b he 0 driv5 f ! face ( ! ,"l1 s9ce = 8 s9 he 0 /ruck ) ! bl9dness ( ignorance1 & pass$ f t intimate light ( contemplation2 & he incl9$ 8 m9d to e>?ly desires1 z he began to =get ! sweetness ( ! div9e4 ,?us he 0 made a w&]] & fugitive ov] ! e>?4 ,a w&]] inde$1 because ( disord]$ concupisc5ce2 & a fugitive1 ?r\gh guilty consci5ce1 :i* feels e man's h& aga9/ x4 ,= e temptation w ov]come ! man :o has lo/ ,god's aid4 8,s man's he>t :i* _h be5 kept secure by div9e love1 & "o by lov+ "o1 aft]w>ds began to fl[ "h & !re ?r\gh e>?ly desires4 ,= ! m9d :i* kn[s n to love its true good1 is nev] /able & nev] re/s4 ,h5ce re/lessness1 & ceaseless lab\r1 & disquiet1 until ! man turns & adh]es to ,him4 ,! sick he>t wav]s & quiv]s2 ! cause ( its disease is love ( ! _w2 ! rem$y1 ! love ( ,god40 ,hugo's object is to give re/ to ! re/less he>t1 by direct+ its love to ,god4 ,"o /ill be>s 9 m9d 8 ?ree pla9s ( k1 =m+ p]haps ! ?ree /ages ( asc5t1 at ! top ( :i* is f\nd ! k t turns to div9e contemplation & love4 ,!re may be a direct & simple love ( ,god = simple s\ls2 b = ! man ( m9d1 k prec$es love4 8,9 two ways ,god dwells 9 ! human he>t1 to wit1 ?r\gh k & ?r\gh love2 yet ! dwell+ is "o1 s9ce e "o :o kn[s ,him1 loves1 & no "o c love )\t kn[+4 ,k ?r\gh cognition ( ! ,fai? erects ! /ructure2 love ?r\gh virtue1 pa9ts ! edifice ) col\r40#dih ,!n make a habitation = ,god 9 ?y he>t4 ,?is is ! great matt]1 & inde$ all3 = ?is1 ,scripture exi/s1 & ! _w 0 made1 & ,god became fle%1 ?r\gh ,8 humility mak+ man sublime4 ,! ,ark ( ,noah is ! type ( ?is spiritual edifice1 z x is also ! type ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! piety & allegory ( ?is "w rise z f a basis ( k4 ,! allegory inde$ is drawn out & out1 until x seems to become %e] circumlocution4 ,?is 0 ! m$iaeval way1 & ,hugo's too1 alas6 ,we w n foll[ fur!r 9 ?is treatise1 nor take up 8 ,de arca ,noe my/ica1#dii :i* c>ries out into /ill fur!r detail ! symbolism ( ! ,ark1 & applies x to ! ,*ur* & ! p ( ,god4 ,hugo has also left a colloquy betwe5 man & 8 s\l on ! true love1 :i* lies 9 spiritual m$itation4#ejj ,b x is cle> t ! rea*es ( ,hugo's ye>n+ are /ill gr\nd$ 9 intellectual consid]ations1 ?\gh ^! may be no long] pres5t 9 ! m9d ( him ^: consci\sness is trans=m$ to love4 ,"o may disc]n ! same progression1 f pa9ful ?\ght to sur] contemplation1 & !nce to ! he>t's devot$ communion1 9 him :om we h call$ ! ,?or & ,loki ( ! ,*ur*4 ,no twelf?-c5tury s\l lov$ ,god m zeal\sly ?an ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,he 0 n /rong 9 ab/ract reason+4 ,8 m9d ne$$ ! compulsion ( ! passions to move x to sublime conclusions4 ,commonly he is dubb$ a my/ic4 ,b 8 piety & love ( ,god poise !mselves on a basis ( consid]ation be=e spr++ to so> on o!r w+s4 ,9 8 ,de consid]atione1#eja ,b]n>d expla9s t ^w 9 ! s5se giv5 by ,hugo to m$itatio1 :ile he uses contemplatio v mu* z ,hugo does4 ,x applies to ?+s t h become c]ta9 to ! m9d1 :ile 8consid]atio is busy inve/igat+4 ,9 ?is s5se contemplatio may be def9$ z ! true & c]ta9 intuition ( ! m9d 7intuitus animi7 reg>d+ any?+1 or ! sure appreh5sion ( ! true3 :ile consid]atio is ?\ght int5tly se>*+1 or ! m9d's endeav\r to track out ! true40#ejb ,contemplatio1 ev5 ?\gh x =get itself 9 ec/asy1 mu/ be bas$ on prior consid]ation2 !n x may take w+s ( its own1 or r 7) or?odox ,hugo & ,b]n>d7 w+s ( grace1 & fly to ! bosom ( its ,god4 ,?is flight is ! imm$iacy ( conviction & ! ec/asy :i* foll[s4 ,"o may ev5 p]ceive ! ?9k+ go+ on dur+ ! s\l's outp\r ( love4 ,= ! m9d /ill supports ! s\l's ard\r ) reason+s1 orig9al or borr[$1 z appe>s 9 ! second s]mon ( t long s]ies prea*$ by ,b]n>d on ,canticles to 8 own spiritual lite ( ,clairvaux4#ejc ,! sa9tly orator is ye>n+1 ye>n+ = ,*ri/ ,himself2 he w h naught ( ,moses or ,isaiah2 nor does he desire dreams1 or c>e = angels' visits3 ipse1 ipse me osculetur1 cries 8 s\l 9 ! words ( ,canticles--let ,him kiss me4 ,! phras+ seems symbolical2 b ! ye>n+ is direct1 & at lea/ rhetorically ov]ma/]+4 ,! emotion is ju/ifi$ by its reasons4 ,!y lie 9 ! p]sonality ( ,*ri/ & ,b]n>d's love ( ,him1 ris+ f all 8 k ( ,him1 ev5 f 8 exp]i5ce ( ,jesus' :isp]+s to ! s\l4 ,he kn[s h[ va/ly ,jesus surpasses ! human prophets :o prefigur$ or =etold ,him3 ipsos longe sup]at ,jesus meus--! ^w meus is love's v articulation4 ,! orator cries3 8,li/56 ,let ! kiss+ m\? be ! ,^w assum+ fle%2 & ! m\? kiss$ be ! fle% :i* is assum$2 !n ! kiss :i* is consummat$ betwe5 !m is ! p]sona compact$ ( ! two1 to wit1 ! m$iator ( ,god & m51 ! man ,*ri/ ,jesus40 ,?is id5tical allegory goes back to ,orig5's ,comm5t>y on ,canticles4 ,b]n>d has k9dl$ x ) an intimate love ( ,jesus1 :i* is n ,orig5's4 ,b ! ?\ght expla9s & ju/ifies ,b]n>d's desire to be kiss$ by ! kiss ( ,8 m\?1 & s to be infold$ 9 ! div9e love :i* 8gave ,8 only-begott5 ,son10 & also became fle%4 ,os osculans signifies ! ,inc>nation3 "o realizes ! emotional p[] :i* t sav+ ?\ght w\ld take ?r\gh su* a metaphor4 ,at ! end ( 8 s]mon1 ,b]n>d sums up ! conclusion1 s t 8 he>]s may c>ry x away3 8,x is pla9 t ?is holy kiss 0 a grace ne$$ by ! _w1 to give fai? to ! weak1 & satisfy ! desire ( ! p]fect4 ,! kiss itself is none o!r ?an ! m$iator ( ,god & m51 ! man ,*ri/ ,jesus1 :o ) ! ,fa!r & ! ,holy ,_s lives & reigns ,god1 p] omnia saecula saeculorum1 ,am540 ,,iii ,!re is small propriety 9 speak+ ( ^! m5 ( ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury z ,platoni/s or ,ari/otelians2 nor is !re great int]e/ 9 try+ to f9d 9 ,plato or ,ari/otle or ,plot9us ! specific orig9 ( any ( _! ?\ghts4 ,!y 7 apt to draw on ! s\rce ne>e/ & mo/ conv5i5t2 & "o mu/ rememb] t _! imm$iate philosophic antec$5ts 7 n ! di/9ct sy/ems ( ,plato & ,ari/otle & ,plot9us1 b r ! late pagan eras ( eclecticism1 foll[$ by t /rongly motiv$ syn!ticism ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs :i* select$ :atev] might accord ) _! ,*ri/ian s*eme4 ,s ,abael>d mu/ n be call$ an ,ari/otelian4 ,nei!r he nor 8 contempor>ies knew :at an ,ari/otelian 01 & :5 !y call$ ,abael>d ,p]ipateticus1 !y meant "o skill$ 9 ! logic :i* 0 d]iv$ f ! simpl] treatises ( ,ari/otle's ,organon4 ,nor w we call ,hugo a ,platoni/1 9 spite ( 8 f9e aff9ities ) ,plato2 = _m ( ,hugo's ?\ghts1 8 classification ( ! sci5ces = example1 po9t$ back to ,ari/otle4 ,abael>d1 ,hugo1 ,/4 ,b]n>d sugge/ ! triangulation ( ! epo*'s intellectual int]e/s4 ,pet] ,lomb>d1 some:at _! junior1 pres5ts its comp5d ( accept$ & p>tly dige/$ !ology4 ,he took 8 me?od f ,abael>d1 & drew :ole *apt]s ( 8 "w f ,hugo2 b 8 great s\rce1 :i* 0 also !irs1 0 ,augu/9e4 ,! ,lomb>d 01 & 0 to be1 a repres5tative man2 = 8 ,s5t5ces br\ght toge!r ! ultimate problems :i* ex]cis$ ! m9ds ( ! m5 ( 8 "t & aft]4 ,! e>ly & c5tral decades ( ! twelf? c5tury (f] o!r p]sons :o may s]ve to r\nd out our g5]al notion ( ! "* ( ! intellectual int]e/s :i* occupi$ ! p]iod be=e ! r$iscov]y ( ,ari/otle1 t is1 ( ! sub/antial ,ari/otelian encyclopa$ia ( k4 ,among su* ,adel>d ( ,ba? 7,engl&7 0 some:at old] ?an ,abael>d4 ,8 ke5 pursuit ( k made him "o ( its e>ly pilgrims to ,spa9 & ,greece4 ,he compil$ a book ( ,quae/iones naturales1 & ano!r call$ ,de eodem et div]so1#ejd 9 :i* he /ruggl$ ) ! problem ( univ]sals1 & ) palpable problems ( psy*ology4 ,8 cosmology %[s a g5ial cull+ f ! ,timaeus fragm5t ( ,plato1 & su* o!r bits ( ,greek philosophy z he _h access to4 ,adel>d 0 influ5c$ by ! views ( m5 :o taught or /udi$ at ,*>tres4 ,b]n>d ( ,*>tres1 ! fir/ ( ! great ,*>trian tea*]s ( ! e>ly twelf? c5tury1#eje wrote on ,porphyry1 & aft] 8 dea? 0 call$ by ,john ( ,salisbury p]fectissimus int] ,platonicos saeculi no/ri4 ,he 0 "o ( ^? extreme reali/s ^: tea*+s might be> pan!i/ic fruit 9 8 disciples2 he _h also a ,platoni/ic imag9ation1 lead+ him to see 9 ,nature a liv+ organism4 ,b]n>d's y\ng] bro!r1 ,?i]ry1 also call$ ( ,*>tres1 ext5d$ 8 range ( /udies1 & compil$ num]\s works on natural k1 indicat+ 8 wide read+ & receptive nature4 ,8 realism br\ght him v close to pan!ism1 :i* inde$ fl[]$ poetically 9 8 admir] or pupil1 ,b]n>d ,silve/ris ( ,t\rs4 ,if we %\ld analyze ! cont5ts ( ! latt]'s ,de mundi univ]sitate1 x might be necess>y to affirm t ! au?or 0 a duali/ic ?9k]1 9 t he recogniz$ two fir/ pr9ciples1 ,god & matt]2 & also t he 0 a pan!i/1 because ( ! way 9 :i* he sees 9 ,god ! s\rce ( ,nature3 8,?is m9d 7n\s7 ( ! supreme ,god is s\l 7intellectus71 & f its div9ity ,nature is born40#ejf ,"o %\ld n1 h[ev]1 drive ! het]og5e\s ?\ghts ( ^! twelf?-c5tury p to _! opposite conclusions4 ,a mod]ate degree ( hi/orical insight %\ld prev5t our int]pret+ _! glean+s f ! pa/ by =mulas ( our own great] k4 ,d\btless _! books--,hugo's z well z ,?i]ry's & ,b]n>d ,silve/]'s--h en\gh ( contradiction if we w probe = x ) a _s n _! own4 ,b if we w see ) _! eyes & p]ceive ) _! feel+s1 we %all f9d ourselves re/+ ) ea* ( !m 9 "s unity ( p]sonal temp]am5t2 & t1 r ?an any half-borr[$ ?\ght1 is ,hugo or ,?i]ry or ,b]n>d ,silve/ris4 ,silve/]'s book1 ,de mundi univ]sitate1 sive ,megacosmus et microcosmus1 is a half poem1 l ,bo?ius's ,de consolatione & a numb] ( m$iaeval productions to :i* !re has be5 occasion to allude4 ,x is fruitless to dissect su* a composite ( prose & v]se4 ,9 x ,natura speaks to ,n\s1 & !n ,n\s to ,natura2 ! f\r elem5ts come into play1 & n9e hi]>*ies ( angels2 ! />s 9 _! firmam5ts1 & ! g5esis ( ?+s on e>?2 ,physics & h] daught]s1 ,!orica & ,practica1 & all ! figures ( ,greek my?ology4 ,an analysis ( su* a book w turn x to nons5se1 & de/roy ! brea? ( t twelf?-c5tury temp]am5t :i* lov$ to ga!r driftwood f ! wreckage ( ! anci5t _w ( ?\ght4 ,?us p]haps !y expect$ to draw to !mselves1 ev5 f ! pagan flotsam1 "s cong5ial explanation ( ! univ]se & man4 ,a f> m acute ?9k] 0 ,gilb]t de la ,porre1#ejg :o taught at ,*>tres = a numb] ( ye>s1 be=e advanc+ ^u ,p>is 9 #aada4 ,he next became ,bi%op ( ,poicti]s1 & di$ 9 #aaed4 ,l ,abael>d1 he 0 prim>ily a logician1 & occupi$ himself ) ! problem ( univ]sals1 tak+ a position n s diff]5t f ,abael>d's4 ,l ,abael>d also1 ,gilb]t 0 br\ght to task be=e a c\ncil1 9 :i* ,/ ,b]n>d s\ght to be ! guid+1 scilicet1 condemn+ _s4 ,b ! condemnation 0 conf9$ to c]ta9 s5t5ces1 :i* :5 cut f _! context & pres5t$ 9 di/ort+ isolation1 ! au?or will+ly sacrific$ to ! flames4 ,he refus$1 "s "t aft]w>ds1 to discuss 8 views privately ) ! ,abbot ( ,clairvaux1 say+ t ! latt] 0 too inexp]t a !ologian to und]/& !m4 ,gilb]t's mo/ fam\s "w1 ,de sex pr9cipiis1 attempt$ to complete ! la/ six ( ,ari/otle's t5 ,categories1 :i* ! philosoph] _h treat$ cursorily2 x 0 almo/ to rival ! "w ( ! ,/agirite 9 au?ority1 = in/ance1 ) ,alb]tus ,magnus1 :o wrote a ,comm5t>y ^u x 9 ! same _s ) :i* he comm5t$ on ! logical treatises ( ! ,organon4 ,9 ! same ye> ) ,gilb]t 7#aaed7 di$ a man ( diff]5t m5tal t5d5cies1 ,william ( ,con*es1#ejh :o likewise _h be5 a pupil ( ,b]n>d ( ,*>tres4 ,he 0 = a "t ! tutor ( ,h5ry ,plantag5et4 ,william 0 int]e/$ 9 natural k1 & some?+ ( a humani/4 ,he made a ,comm5t>y on ! ,timaeus1 & wrote v>i\s works on ! philosophy ( ,nature1 9 :i* he wav]$ ar\nd an atomi/ic explanation ( ! _w1 yet held fa/ to ! ,biblical ,creation1 to save 8 or?odoxy4 ,he also pursu$ ! /udy ( m$ic9e1 :i* 0 a specialty at ,*>tres2 ?r\gh ! treatises ( ,con/ant9us ,africanus#eji he _h "s k ( ! pa?ological !ories ( ,gal5 & ,hippocrates4 ,= 8 int]e/ 9 physical k1 he may be reg>d$ z a precursor ( ,rog] ,bacon4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he 0 a humani/ 9 8 /rife aga9/ ^? 8,cornificiani0 :o w\ld "k no m ,lat9 ?an 0 ne$ful2#eaj & he compil$ f ! pagan morali/s a sort ( ,summa4 ,x is call$1 9 fact1 a ,summa moralium philosophorum 7an int]e/+ title1 connect+ x ) ! ,*ri/ian ,summae s5t5ti>um74#eaa ,x treats ! virtues "u ! head ( de hone/o2 & "u t ( de utile1 reviews ! o!r good ?+s ( m9d1 body1 & e/ate4 ,x also discusses :e!r !re may be a conflict betwe5 ! hone/um & ! utile4 ,^! m5 ( ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury liv$ be=e ! new reveal+ ( ! ,ari/otelian philosophy & natural k com+ at ! c5tury's close4 ,_! mu/] is f9ally complet$ by two y\ng] m51 ! "o an ,engli%man & ! o!r a ,l[l&]4 ,! y\?ful ye>s ( bo? syn*ronize ) ! old age ( ! m5 ( :om we h be5 speak+4 ,= ,john ( ,salisbury 0 born n f> f ! ye> #aaae1 & di$ 9 #aahj2 & ,alanus de ,insulis 7,lille7 0 probably born 9 #aabh1 & liv$ to ! beg9n+ ( ! next c5tury4 ,!y are spiritually connect$ ) ! old] m5 because !y 7 taught by !m1 & because !y _h small %>e 9 ! com+ encyclopa$ic k4 ,b !y close ! gr\p3 ,john ( ,salisbury clos+ x by virtue ( 8 critical e/imate ( its a*ievem5t2 ,alanus by virtue ( 8 f9al reh&l+ ( ! body ( intellectual data at its disposal1 to :i* he may h made "s slight addition4 ,abael>d knew & us$ ! simpl] treatises ( ! ,ari/otelian ,organon ( logic4 ,he _h n /udi$ ! ,analytics & ! ,topics1 & ( c\rse 0 unacqua9t$ ) ! body ( ,ari/otle's philosophy outside ( logic4 ,john ( ,salisbury & ,alanus "k ! entire ,organon2 b nei!r "o nor ! o!r kn[s ! re/ ( ,ari/otle1 :i* ,alex&] ( ,hales 0 ! fir/ to make l>ge use (4 ,john ( ,salisbury1 ,little ,john1 ,johannes ,p>vus1 z he 0 call$1 0 ! be/ classical s*ol> ( 8 "t4#eab ,8 0 an acute & active intellect1 :i* nev] tir$ ( he>+ & weigh+ ! views ( o!r m54 ,he 01 moreov]1 a man ( l>ge exp]i5ce1 travell+ mu*1 & li/5+ to all ! tea*]s prom95t 9 8 y\?4 ,also he 0 active 9 affairs1 be+ at "o "t secret>y to ,?ibaut1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 & !n ! intimate ( ,becket1 ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 & ,pope ,adrian ,,iv46 ,a f9i%$ s*ol>1 :o knew n "o ?+1 b :atev] might be kn[n1 & 0 enlight5$ by ! tra9+ ( ! _w1 ,little ,john critically e/imates ! le>n+ & philosophy ( ! m5 he le>ns f4 ,hav+ always an indep5d5t po9t ( view he makes acute rem>ks ^u x all1 & admirable contributions to ! sum ( curr5t ?\ght4 ,b *iefly he seems to u z "o :o looks ) ev5 eye ^u :atsoev] comes )9 8 vision4 ,he kn[s ! weaknesses ( m5 & ! limitations ( bran*es ( discipl9e2 kn[s1 = in/ance1 t dialectic is /]ile by itself1 b effici5t z an aid to o!r discipl9es4 ,s1 z to logic1 ,john keeps 8 own po9t ( view1 & is always reasonable & practical4#eac ,likewise1 ) op5 m9d1 he consid]s :at !re may be 9 ! alleg$ sci5ce ( ! ,ma!maticians1 i4e4 div9]s & a/rolog]s4 ,he uses su* phrases z 8probabilia quidem sunt haec 444 s$ tam5 ! v5om lies "u ! honey60 ,= ?is sci5ce sets a fatal necessity on ?+s1 & w\ld ev5 intrude into ! k ( ! future res]v$ = ,god's maje/y4 ,& z ,john consid]s ! ord] ( ev5ts to come1 & ! div9]'s art1 cornua succrescunt--! horns ( m ?an "o dilemma gr[4#ead ,john knew m ?an any man ( ! anci5t philosophies4#eae ,= himself1 ( c\rse he lov$ k2 yet he w\ld n dissev] x f its value 9 ! art ( liv+4 8,wisdom inde$ is a f\nta91 f :i* p\r =? ! /reams :i* wat] ! :ole e>?2 !y fill n alone ! g>d5 ( delights ( ! div9e page1 b fl[ on to ! ,g5tiles1 & d n altoge!r fail ev5 ! ,e?iopians4444 ,x is c]ta9 t ! fai?ful & wise read]1 :o f love keeps le>n+'s wat*1 escapes vice & draws ne> to life40#eaf ,philosophy is ! mod]atrix omnium 7a fav\rite phrase ) ,john72 ! true philosoph]1 z ,plato says1 is a lov] ( ,god3 & s philosophia is amor div9itatis4 ,its precept is to love ,god ) all our /r5g?1 & our neighb\r z ourselves3 8,he :o by philosophiz+ has rea*$ *>itas1 has atta9$ philosophy's true end40#eag ,john goes on to %[ h[ deeply !y err :o ?9k philosophy is b a ?+ ( words & argum5ts3 _m ( ^? :o multiply words1 by s do+ burd5 ! m9d4 ,virtue insep>ably accompanies wisdom2 ?is is ,john's sum ( ! matt]4 ,cle>ly he is n always1 or commonly1 wre/l+ ) ultimate metaphysical problems2 he busies himself1 acutely b n metaphysically1 ) ! wisdom ( life4 ,he too c use ! language ( piety & contemplation4 ,9 ! six? *apt] ( 8 ,de septem sept5is 7,! sev5 ,sev5s7 he gives ! sev5 grades ( contemplation--m$itatio1 soliloquium1 circumspectio1 asc5sio1 revelatio1 emissio1 inspiratio4#eah ,he pres5ts ! matt] succ9ctly1 ?us p]haps giv+ cl>ity to curr5t pieti/ic phraseology4 ,alanus de ,insulis 0 a man ( r5[n 9 8 life-"t1 & aft] 8 dea? won ! title ( ,doctor ,univ]salis4 ,al?\gh ! fame ( s*ol>1 philosoph]1 !ologian1 poet1 may h uplift$ him dur+ 8 ye>s ( /r5g?1 he di$ a monk at ,citeaux1 9 ! ye> #abjb4 ,fame came ju/ly to him1 = he 0 le>n$ 9 ! antique lit]ature1 & a gift$ ,lat9 poet1 :ile z ?9k] & !ologian he made skilful & ca?olic use ( 8 ?or\gh k ( :atev] ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury _h a*iev$ 9 ?\ght & sy/em4 ,else:]e he has be5 consid]$ z a poet2#eai "h we m]ely obs]ve 8 position & accompli%m5t 9 matt]s ( salvation & philosophy4#ebj ,alanus possess$ imag9ation1 language1 & a faculty ( acute exposition4 ,8 s5t5ces1 especially 8 def9itions1 are pi?y1 sugge/ive1 & vivid4 ,he project$ mu* ?\ght z well z fantasy into 8 poem1 ,anticlaudianus1 & 8 cantafable1 ,de planctu naturae4 ,he %[$ himself a man ( might1 & insight too1 9 8 ,contra ha]eticos4 ,8 sugge/ive pi?9ess ( diction l5ds int]e/ to 8 encyclopa$ia ( def9itions1 ,di/9ctiones dictionum !ologicalium2 & 8 ke5 p[] ( reason+ succ9ctly f axiomatic premises is ev9c$ 9 8 ,de arte fidei ca?olicae4 ,! intellectual activities ( ,alanus fell 9 ! latt] decades ( ! twelf? c5tury1 :5 m$iaeval ?\ght seem$ = ! mom5t to be m5d+ its nets1 & prep>+ = a fur!r ca/ 9 ! new wat]s ( ,ari/otelianism4 ,alanus is busy ) :at has already be5 won2 he is unconsci\s ( ! new great] k1 :i* 0 prep>+ its revelations4 ,he is n ev5 a man ( ! transition f ! less] to ! great] intellectual e/ate2 b is r a f9al comp5dium ( ! less]4 ,himself no epo*-mak+ reason]1 he uses ! a*ievem5ts ( ,abael>d & ,hugo1 ( ,gilb]t de la ,porre & ,william ( ,con*es1 & o!rs4 ,nei!r d 8 works unify & sy/ematize ! results ( 8 /udies4 ,he is r a re-phras]4 ,yet 8 refa%ion+ is n a m]e ?+ ( words2 x proce$s ) ! vitaliz+ p[] ( ! man's pla/ic & creative temp]am5t4 ,"o may speak ( him z ke5 & acquisitive intellectually1 & creative ?r\gh 8 temp]am5t4 ,alanus %[s a ca?olic receptivity = all ! m+l$ /ra9s ( ?\ght1 ,platonic1 ,ari/otelian1 ,neo-,platonic & ,py?agorean1 :i* f$ ! lab\rs ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he has /udi$ ! old] s\rces1 ! ,timaeus fragm5t1 also ,apuleius & ,bo?ius ( c\rse4 ,8 *ief blund] is 8 misconception ( ,ari/otle z a logician & confus] ( words 7v]borum turbator7--a phrase1 p]haps1 consci\sly us$ ) poetic lic5se4 ,= he has made use ( mu* t came orig9ally f ! ,/agirite4 ,)9 8 range ( opportunity1 ,alanus 0 a univ]sal read]1 & 8 writ+s discov] traces ( ! m5 ( importance f ,pseudo-,dionysius & ,eriug5a d[n to ,john ( ,salisbury & ,gundissal9us4 ,^! rem>ks may take ! place ( any specific pres5tation ( ,alanus's "w 9 logic1 ( 8 view ( univ]sals1 ( 8 notions ( physics1 ( nature1 ( matt] & =m1 ( man's m9d & body1 & ( ! ,triune ,godhead4#eba ,9 8 cosmology1 h[ev]1 we may note 8 imag9atively orig9al employm5t ( ! conception or p]sonification ( ,nature4 ,god is ! ,creator1 & ,nature is ,8 creature1 & ,8 vice-reg5t or vic>i\s mak]1 work+ ! g5]ation & decay ( ?+s mat]ial & *angeable4#ebb ,?is ?\ght1 imag9atively treat$1 makes a good "p ( ! poetry ( ! ,de planctu & ! ,anticlaudianus4 ,! conception ) him is full ( *>m+ fantasy1 & we look back ?r\gh ,b]n>dus ,silve/ris & o!r writ]s to ,plato's div9e fool+ 9 ! ,timaeus1 n z ! specific1 b g5]ic1 orig9 ( su* imag9ative views ( ! cont5ts & g5]ation ( ! _w4 ,su* imag9+s 7 z fantasy to sci5ce1 :5 comp>$ ) ! solid & compreh5sive consid]ation ( ! mat]ial _w :i* 0 to come a few ye>s aft] ,alanus's dea? ?r\gh ! encyclopa$ic ,ari/otelian k pres5t$ 9 ! works ( ,alex&] ( ,hales & ,alb]tus ,magnus4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii ,,! ,,univ]sities1 ,,ari/otle1 ,,& ,,! ,,m5dicants ,intellectually1 ! ?irte5? c5tury 9 we/]n ,europe is m>k$ by ?ree closely connect$ ph5om5a3 ! gr[? ( ,univ]sities1 ! discov]y & appropriation ( ,ari/otle1 & ! activities ( ,dom9icans & ,franciscans4 ,^! movem5ts 7 univ]sal1 9 t ! range ( none ( !m 0 limit$ by racial or prov9cial b\nd>ies4 ,yet a l9e may /ill be drawn betwe5 ,italy1 :]e law & m$ic9e 7 cultivat$1 & ! ,nor?1 :]e !ology ) logic & metaphysics 7 supreme4 ,absorption 9 ^! subjects produc$ a common lik5ess 9 ! intellectual processes ( m5 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,g]many1 ^: writ+s 7 to be no long] m>k$ly affect$ by racial idiosyncrasies4 ,?is 0 true ( ! logical controv]sy reg>d+ univ]sals1 s prom95t 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,x 0 v true ( ! great intellectual movem5t ( ! lat] twelf? & ! ?irte5? c5turies1 to wit1 ! com+ ( ,ari/otle to dom9ance1 9 spite ( ! c\nt]-curr5ts ( ,platonic ,augu/9ianism4 ,! m5 :o foll[$ ! new k _h slight reg>d = ties ( home1 & travell$ eag]ly 9 se>* ( le>n+4 ,s1 ev5 z f f> & wide ^? :o c\ld /udy ,roman law came to ,bologna1 ! /udy ( !ology & all t philosophy includ$ drew m5 to ,p>is4 ,?i!r came ! ke5-m9d$ f ,italy & f ,engl&2 f ! ,l[ ,c\ntries & f ,g]many2 & f ! _m v diff]5t regions n[ cov]$ by ! "n ( ,france4 ,:]ev] born & ( :atev] race1 ! devotees ( philosophy & !ology at "s p]iod ( _! c>e] rea*$ ,p>is1 le>n$ & taught !re1 & 7 affect$ by ! univ]saliz+ influ5ce ( an int]national aggregate ( s*ol>%ip4 ,s _h x be5 ) ,breton ,abael>d1 ) ,g]man ,hugo1 & ) ,lomb>d ,pet]2 s ) ,engli% ,john1 hight ( ,salisbury4 ,& 9 ! foll[+ times ( culm9ation1 ,alb]tus ,magnus comes 9 8 maturity f ,g]many2 & 8 m>vell\s pupil ,?omas1 born ( noble ,norman /ock 9 s\!rn ,italy1 foll[s 8 ma/]1 ev5tually to ,p>is4 ,s ,bonav5tura ( l[ly mid-,italian bir? likewise le>ns & tea*es !re2 & t unique ,engli%man1 ,rog] ,bacon1 & aft] him ,duns ,scotus4 ,^! few greate/ names symbolize ! c5traliz+ ( ?\ght 9 ! cr[d$ & huddl$ lecture-rooms ( ! ,city on ! ,se9e4 ,! orig9s ( ! great m$iaeval ,univ]sities c sc>cely be accommodat$ to simple /atem5t4 ,_! hi/ory is frequ5tly obscure1 & always intricate2 & ! selection ( a specific date or factor z det]m9+ ! inception1 or di/9ctive developm5t1 ( ^! m$iaeval creations is likely to be b arbitr>y4 ,!y _h no antique prototype3 no?+ ei!r 9 ,a!ns or ,rome ev] resembl$ ^! corporations ( ma/]s & /ud5ts1 ) _! au?oritative privileges1 _! fix$ curriculum1 & _! grades ( =mally c]tifi$ atta9m5t4 ,ev5 ! ,alex&ria ( ! ,ptolemies1 ) all ! p$antry ( its le>n$ litt]ateurs & _! m9ute /udy ( ! pa/1 has no?+ to (f] l ! s*ola/ic obsequi\sness ( ! m$iaeval ,univ]sity1 :i* s\ght to set ^u "o ?rone ! antique philosophy & ! ,*ri/ian revelation1 t x might ) "o & ! same g5uflection b[ d[n be=e !m bo?4 ,x behoves u to adv]t to ! conditions influ5c+ ! gr[? ( ,univ]sities1 & give a little space to ^? :i* 7 *ief among !m4 ,! en]getic human advance di/+ui%+ ! twelf? c5tury 9 we/]n ,europe exhibits among its mo/ obvi\s ph5om5a an increas$ mobility 9 all classes ( society1 & a t5d5cy to ga!r into l>g] communities & =m /rong corporate associations = pr(it or protection4 ,new t[ns came into be+1 & old ones grew apace4 ,"s ( !m 9 ! nor? ( ,europe wre/$ _! fre$om f feudal lords2 & bo? 9 ! nor? & s\?1 municipalities atta9$ a m complex organization1 :ile )9 !m gr\ps ( m5 ) common int]e/s =m$ !mselves into p[]ful guilds4 ,z /rang]s ( all k9ds--m]*ants1 craftsm51 /ud5ts--came & w5t1 _! ne$ ( protection became press+1 & 0 met 9 v>i\s ways4 ,no k9d ( m5 7 m quickly t\*$ by ! new mobility ?an ! ?\s&s ( y\?ful le>n]s :o desir$ to ext5d _! k1 or1 9 "s def9ite field1 p]fect _! education4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury1 su* w\ld commonly h s\ght a mona/]y1 ne> or f>4 ,9 ! twelf? & !n 9 ! ?irte5?1 !y foll[$ ! human curr5ts to ! cities1 :]e k fl\ri%$ z well z trade1 & tol]able accommodation might be _h = tea*]s & /ud5ts4 ,c]ta9 t[ns1 "s = m1 "s = less1 obvi\s reasons1 became homes ( /udy4 ,bologna1 ,p>is1 ,ox=d are ! *ief examples4 ,irn]ius1 fam$ z ! f\nd] ( ! sy/ematic /udy ( ! ,roman law1 & ,gratian1 ! equally fam\s ord]] ( ! ,canon law1 taught or wrote at ,bologna :5 ! twelf? c5tury 0 "y4 ,_! fame drew cr[ds ( laym5 & ecclesia/ics1 :o desir$ to equip !mselves = advancem5t ?r\gh ! bus9ess ( ! law1 civil or ecclesia/ical4 ,at ! same "t1 hundr$s1 :i* grew to ?\s&s1 7 attract$ to ! ,p>is s*ools--! s*ool ( ,notre ,dame1 :]e ,william ( ,*ampeaux held =?2 ! s*ool ( ,/4 ,victor1 :]e he aft]w>ds e/abli%$ himself1 & :]e ,hugo taught2 & ! s*ool ( ,/4 ,g5evive1 :]e ,abael>d lectur$ on dialectic & !ology4 ,^! 7 palpable ga!r+s toge!r ( mat]ial = a ,univ]sity4 ,:at fir/ br\ght ma/]s & /ud5ts to ,ox=d a few decades lat] is n s cle>4 ,b ,ox=d _h be5 an important t[n long be=e a ,univ]sity lodg$ itself !re4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury1 citiz5%ip sc>cely protect$ "o beyond ! city walls4 ,a man c>ri$ b little safety ) him4 ,only an insignificant fraction ( ! /ud5ts at ,bologna1 & ( bo? ma/]s & /ud5ts at ,p>is & ,ox=d1 7 citiz5s ( ^? t[ns4 ,! re/ _h come f ev]y:]e4 ,p>is & ,bologna held an utt]ly cosmopolitan1 int]national1 conc\rse ( s*ol>-folk4 ,& ^! s*ol>s1 turbul5t en\gh !mselves1 & dwell+ 9 a turbul5t =eign city1 ne$$ affiliation !re1 & protection & support4 ,organization 0 an obvi\s necessity1 & if possible ! erection ( a civitas )9 a civitas1 a ,univ]sity )9 a none too fri5dly t[n4 ,?is 0 ! primal situation1 & ! primal ne$4 ,?r\gh some:at diff]5t processes1 & "u diff]5t circum/ances1 ^! exig5cies evok$ a ,univ]sity 9 ,bologna1 ,p>is1 & ,ox=d4#ebc ,9 ,italy1 :]e ! in/9cts ( anci5t ,rome nev] 7 ext+ui%$1 :]e "s urban life ma9ta9$ itself ?r\gh ! e>ly helpless m$iaeval c5turies1 :]e dur+ ! same p]iod an infantile humanism did n cease to /amm]2 :]e 8gramm>0 0 /udi$ & taught by laym51 & ! 8ars dictam9is0 practis$ m5 9 ! =ms ( legal in/rum5ts1 x 0 b natural t ! new intellectual en]gies ( ! twelf? c5tury %\ld address !mselves to ! /udy ( ! ,roman law1 :i*1 al?\gh debas$ & b>b>iz$1 _h nev] pass$ into desuetude4 ,& inasmu* z ab/ract !ology did n attract ! ,italian temp]am5t or meet ! conditions ( papal politics 9 ,italy1 x 0 likewise natural t ecclesia/ical en]gies %\ld be direct$ to ! equally useful & closely relat$ canon law4 ,su* /udies ) _! practical ends c\ld be/ be prosecut$ at "s civic c5tre4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ,irn]ius lectur$ at ,bologna ^u ! civil law2 a g5]ation lat]1 ,gratian publi%$ 8 ,decretum !re4 ,! specific reasons induc+ ! =m] to op5 8 lectures 9 t city are n kn[n2 b a l>ge & ?rifty t[n set at ! meet+ ( ! great roads f c5tral ,italy to ! nor? & ea/1 0 an admirable place = a civil doctor & 8 audi5ce1 z ! ev5t prov$4 ,gratian 0 a monk 9 a ,bologna conv5t1 & may h li/5$ to ,irn]ius4 ,! publication ( 8 ,decretum f ,bologna1 by t "t 7cir4 #aadb7 fam\s = jurisprud5ce1 l5t au?ority to ?is "w1 ^: univ]sal recognition 0 to enhance 9 turn ,bologna's reputation4 ,f ! "t ( ?is inception ( juri/ic /udies1 ! tal5ts ( ! doctors1 & ! city's fame1 drew a prodigi\s conc\rse ( /ud5ts f all ! l&s ( we/]n ,europe4 ,! ,doctors ( ! ,civil & ,canon ,laws organiz$ !mselves into "o1 & subsequ5tly into two1 ,colleges4 ,app>5tly !y _h become an effici5t association by ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,b ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna 0 to be con/itut$ p> excell5ce1 n ( "o or m colleges ( doctors1 b ( societies ( /ud5ts4 ,! p]sons :o came = legal in/ruction 7 n boys gett+ _! fir/ education 9 ! ,arts4 ,!y 7 m5 /udy+ a pr(ession1 & among !m 7 _m individuals ( weal? & consequ5ce1 hold+ p]haps civil or ecclesia/ic (fice 9 ! places :5ce !y came4 ,! va/ majority _h ?is 9 common1 t !y 7 =eign]s1 ) no civil rights 9 ,bologna4 ,x behov$ !m to organize = _! protection & mutual support1 & = ! fur!rance ( ! purposes = :i* !y _h come4 ,t a body ( m5 9 a =eign city %\ld live "u ! law ( _! own home1 or ! law ( _! own mak+1 did n appe> extraord9>y 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,x 0 n s long s9ce ! pr9ciple t m5 c>ri$ ! law ( _! home ) !m1 _h be5 widely recogniz$1 & 9 all c\ntries ! cl]gy /ill liv$ "u ! law ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! ga9s accru+ f ! pres5ce ( a great numb] ( =eign /ud5ts might induce ! au?orities ( ,bologna to p]mit !m to organize z /ud5t guilds1 & regulate _! affairs by rules ( _! own1 ev5 z 0 done by o!r guilds 9 mo/ ,italian cities4 ,at ,bologna ! p[] ( ,guelf & ,ghibel9e clubs1 & ( craftsm5's guilds1 rivall$ t ( ! city magi/rates4 ,!re is "s indirect evid5ce t ^! /ud5ts fir/ divid$ !mselves into f\r ,nationes4 ,if s1 ! arrangem5t did n la/4 ,= by ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury !y are f\nd organiz$ 9 two ,univ]sitates1 or corporations1 a ,univ]sitas ,citramontanorum & a ,univ]sitas ,ultramontanorum2 ea* "u its own ,rector4 ,^! two corporations ( =eign /ud5ts con/itut$ ! ,univ]sity4 ,! ,pr(essors did n belong to !m1 & !re=e 7 n memb]s ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,inde$ !y f\ght aga9/ ! recognition ( ?is ,univ]sity ( /ud5ts1 ass]t+ t ! /ud5ts 7 b _! pupils4 ,b ! /ud5ts prevail$1 /rong 9 _! numb]s1 & 9 ! weapon :i* !y did n hesitate to use1 t ( migration to ano!r city1 :i* cut (f ! incomes ( ! ,pr(essors & dim9i%$ ! repute & rev5ue ( ,bologna4 ,s great became ! p[] ( ! /ud5t body1 t x br\ght ! ,pr(essors to complete subjection1 pay+ !m _! sal>ies1 regulat+ ! "t & mode ( lectur+1 & compell+ !m to swe> ob$i5ce to ! ,rectors4 ,! ,pr(essors prote/$1 b submitt$4 ,to make good its dom9ation ov] !m1 & its indep5d5ce z aga9/ ! city1 ! /ud5t ,univ]sity migrat$ to ,arezzo 9 #abae & to ,padua 9 #abbb4ebd ,9 orig9 z well z organization1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is diff]$ f ,bologna4 ,x 0 ! direct successor ( ! ca!dral s*ool ( ,notre ,dame4 ,?is _h ris5 to prom95ce "u ,william ( ,*ampeaux4 ,b ,abael>d drew to ,p>is ?\s&s ( /ud5ts = ,william's hundr$s 7or at lea/ hundr$s = ,william's t5s72 & ,abael>d at ! height ( 8 popul>ity taught at ! s*ool ( ,/4 ,g5evive1 across ! ,se9e4 ,!re=e ?is s*ool also1 al?\gh fad+ out aft] ,abael>d's "t1 %\ld be reg>d$ z a causal pr$ecessor ( ! ,p>is ,univ]sity4 ,s1 = t matt]1 %\ld ! neighb\r+ s*ool ( ,/4 ,victor1 f\nd$ by ! discomfit$ ,william2 = its reputation "u ,hugo & ,ri*>d drew dev\t /ud5ts f ne> & f>1 & augm5t$ ! s*ola/ic fame ( ,p>is4 ,x 0 bo? ! privilege & duty ( ! ,*ancellor ( ,notre ,dame to lic5se compet5t ,ma/]s to op5 s*ools ne> ! ca!dral4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ^! ,ma/]s =m$ an ,association1 & assum$ ! "r to admit to _! ,society ! lic5tiates ( ! ,*ancellor1 to wit1 ! new ,ma/]s :o 7 ab\t to beg9 to tea*4 ,9 ! decades foll[+ ,abael>d's dea?1 ! ,ma/]s :o lectur$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,notre ,dame increas$ 9 numb]4 ,!y spread ) _! s*ools beyond ! isl&1 & taught 9 h\ses on ! bridges4 ,!y 7 ,ma/]s1 t is1 tea*]s1 9 ! ,arts4 ,z ! twelf? c5tury gave way to ! ?irte5?1 int]e/ 9 ! ,arts wan$ be=e ! absorb+ passion = metaphysical !ology4 ,?is 0 a high] bran* ( /udy1 = :i* ! ,arts _h come to be look$ on z a prep>ation4 ,s ! s*ol>s ( ! s*ools ( ,arts became impati5t to graduate1 t is1 to rea* ! grade ( ,ma/]1 9 ord] to pass on to ! high] /udy ( !ology4 ,a result 0 t ! c\rse ( /udy 9 ! ,arts 0 %ort5$1 :ile ,ma/]s multipli$ 9 numb]4 ,_! ,society seems to h become a def9ite & =mal corporate body or guild1 n lat] ?an ! ye> #aage4 ,h]e9 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,p>is ,univ]sity4 ,x _h become a /udium g5]ale1 l ,bologna1 because !re 7 _m ,ma/]s1 & /ud5ts f ev]y:]e 7 admitt$ to /udy 9 _! s*ools4 ,gradually ! ,univ]sity came to full corporate exi/5ce4 ,f ab\t #abaj1 writt5 /atutes exi/1 pass$ by ! ,society ( ,ma/]s2 at ! same date a ,bull ( ,innoc5t ,,iii4 recognizes ! ,society z a ,corporation4 ,!n began a long /ruggle = supremacy1 betwe5 ! ,ma/]s & ! ,*ancellor3 x 0 ! ,*ancellor's function to grant ! lic5ce to become a ,ma/]2 b x 0 ! privilege ( ! ,society to admit ! lic5tiate to memb]%ip4 ,! action ( bo? be+ ?us requisite1 "t alone c\ld tell ) :om ! control ev5tually %\ld re/4 ,0 ! self-gov]n+ ,univ]sity to prevail1 or ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ca!dral8 ,! =m] won ! victory4 ,! ,ma/]s 9 ,arts con/itut$ p> excell5ce ! ,univ]sity1 because !y f> outnumb]$ ! ,ma/]s 9 ! upp] ,faculties ( ,!ology1 ,law1 & ,m$ic9e4 ,!y 7 ! dom9ant body2 :at !y decid$ on1 ! o!r ,faculties acquiesc$ 94 ,^! ,ma/]s 9 ,arts1 besides be+ num]\s1 7 "y1 n old] ?an ! law /ud5ts at ,bologna4 ,) _! /ill y\ng] /ud5ts1#ebe !y made ! bulk ( ! entire ,univ]sity1 & 7 ! p]sons :o mo/ ne$$ protection 9 _! lawful or unlawful conduct4 ,at "s indet]m9ate p]iod !y divid$ !mselves into ! f\r ,nationes1 ,fr5*1 ,normans1 ,pic>ds1 & ,engli%4 ,!y vot$ by ,nationes 9 _! meet+s2 b f a p]iod app>5tly z e>ly z _! organization1 a ,rector 0 elect$ = all f\r ,nationes1 & n "o ,rector = ea*4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 occasional s*isms or failures to agree4 ,x 0 to be ! =tune ( ! ,rector ?us elect$ to supplant ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ca!dral z ! real head ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,! va/ly great] numb] ( ! ,ma/]s 9 ,arts 7 actually /ud5ts 9 ! high] ,faculties ( ,!ology1 ,law1#ebf or ,m$ic9e1 = :i* graduation 9 ! ,arts 0 ! ord9>y pr]equisite4 ,! ,ma/]s or ,doctors ( ^! ?ree high] ,faculties1 at lea/ f ! ye> #abac1 det]m9$ ! qualifications ( c&idates 9 _! dep>tm5ts4 ,nev]!less ! ,rector ( ! ,faculty ( ,arts cont9u$ 8 advance t[>d ! head%ip ( ! :ole ,univ]sity4 ,! oa? tak5 by ! ,ba*elors 9 ! ,arts1 ( ob$i5ce to t ,faculty & its ,rector1 0 /r5g!n$ 9 #abef1 s z to b9d ! oa?-tak] s long z he %\ld cont9ue a memb] ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,! ,univ]sity _h n obta9$ its privileges )\t insi/5ce1 nor )\t ! prote/ ( action z well z ^w4 ,its fir/ *>t] ( privileges f ! k+ 0 grant$ 9 #abjj1 ^u its prote/s aga9/ ! conduct ( ! ,provo/ ( ,p>is 9 attack+ riot\s /ud5ts4 ,next1 9 combat+ ! jurisdiction ( ! ,*ancellor1 x obta9$ privileges f ! ,pope2 & 9 #abbi1 ^u failure to obta9 r$ress = an attack f ! ,provo/'s soldi]s1 ord]$ by ! que51 ,blan*e ( ,ca/ile1 ! ,univ]sity disp]s$4 ,?us x resort$ to ! weapon by :i* ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna _h won ! confirmation ( its rights4 ,9 ! ye> #abca ! great ,papal ,bull1 ,p>5s sci5ti>um1 f9ally confirm$ ! ,p>is ,univ]sity 9 its cont5tions & dem&s3 ! "r to susp5d lectures 0 sanction$1 :5ev] satisfaction = outrage _h be5 refus$ = fifte5 days2 likewise ! au?ority ( ! ,univ]sity to make /atutes1 & expel memb]s = a brea* ( !m4 ,! ,*ancellor ( ,notre ,dame & ! ,bi%op ( ,p>is 7 bo? con/ra9$ by ! same ,bull4 ,a diff]5t /ruggle /ill await$ ! ,univ]sity1 9 :i* x 0 its good =tune n to be altoge!r successful2 = x 0 cont5d+ aga9/ in/rum5ts ( intellectual & spiritual r5ovation1 to wit1 ! ,m5dicant ,ord]s4 ,! details are difficult to unravel at ?is di/ance ( "t4 ,b ! ,dom9icans & ,franciscans1 9 ! lifetime ( _! f\nd]s1 e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ,p>is1 & op5$ s*ools ( !ology4 ,_! ,pr(essors 7 lic5s$ by ! ,*ancellor1 & yet seem to h be5 unwill+ to fall 9 ) ! cu/oms ( ! ,univ]sity1 &1 = example1 cease f tea*+ & disp]se1 :5 x saw fit to d s4 ,! doctors ( ! !ological ,faculty became suspici\s1 & oppos$ ! admission ( ,m5dicants to ! !ological ,faculty4 ,! /ruggle la/$ ?irty ye>s1 until ! ,dom9icans obta9$ two *airs 9 t ,faculty1 & ! ,franciscans p]haps ! same numb]1 on t]ms :i* look$ l a victory = ! ,ord]s1 b 9 fact repres5t$ a compromise2 = ! ,m5dicant doctors 9 ! end app>5tly submitt$ to ! /atutes ( ! ,univ]sity4#ebg ,! orig9 ( ,ox=d ,univ]sity 0 diff]5t1 & "o may say m adv5titi\s ?an t ( ,p>is or ,bologna4 ,= ,ox=d 0 n ! capital ( a k+dom1 nor is x kn[n to h be5 an anci5t seat ( le>n+4 ,! city 0 n ev5 a bi%op's seat1 a fact :i* _h a m>k$ effect ^u ! con/itution ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,! old t[n lay at ! edge ( ,essex & ,m]cia1 & its position e>ly gave x importance politically1 or r /rategically1 & z a place ( trade4 ,h[ or :5ce came ! nucleus ( ,ma/]s & /ud5ts t %\ld gr[ into a ,univ]sity is unkn[n4 ,an int]e/+ hypo!sis#ebh is t x 0 a colony f ,p>is1 %ak5 (f by "s academic or political di/urbance4 ,?is surmise has be5 connect$ ) ! ye> #aafg4 ,"s evid5ce exi/s ( a s*ool hav+ exi/$ !re be=e4 ,next comes a di/9ct /atem5t f ! ye> #aahe1 ( ! read+ ( a book be=e ! ,ma/]s & /ud5ts4#ebi ,aft] ?is date ! ref]5ces multiply4 ,9 #abji1 "o has a v]itable 8disp]sion10 9 prote/ aga9/ ! hang+ ( "s s*ol>s4 ,a *>t] f ! papal legate 9 #abad accords c]ta9 privileges1 among o!rs t a cl]k arre/$ by ! t[n %\ld be surr5d]$ on dem& ( ! ,bi%op ( ,l9coln#ecj or ! ,ar*deacon1 or ! ,*ancellor1 :om ! ,bi%op %all set ov] ! s*ol>s4 ,?is docum5t po9ts to ! beg9n+ ( ! *ancellor%ip4 ,! title probably 0 copi$ f ,p>is2 b 9 ,ox=d ! (fice 0 to be totally diff]5t4 ,! ,p>is ,*ancellor 0 prim>ily a function>y ( a great ca!dral1 :o naturally ma9ta9$ its pr]ogatives aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( univ]sity privilege4 ,b at ,ox=d !re 0 no ca!dral2 ! ,*ancellor 0 ! head ( ! ,univ]sity1 probably *os5 f its ,ma/]s1 & _h *iefly its int]e/s at he>t4 ,mak+ all[ance = ?is important diff]5ce 9 ! ,*ancellor's (fice1 ! developm5t ( ! ,univ]sity closely resembl$ t ( ,p>is4 ,its fir/ extant /atute1 ( ! ye> #abeb1 prescribes t no "o %all be lic5s$ 9 ,!ology :o has n previ\sly graduat$ 9 ! ,arts4 ,to ! same ye> belongs a settlem5t ( disputes betwe5 ! ,iri% & nor!rn s*ol>s4 ,! =m] 7 includ$ 9 ! ,au/rales or s\!rn]s1 "o ( ! two ,nationes compos+ ! ,faculty ( ,arts4 ,! ,au/rales includ$ ! natives ( ,irel&1 ,wales1 & ,engl& s\? ( ! ,tr5t2 ! o!r ,natio1 ! ,boreales1 embrac$ ! ,engli% & ,scot* com+ f nor? ( t riv]4 ,b ! division into ,nationes 0 less important ?an 9 ! cosmopolitan ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 & soon ceas$ to exi/4 ,! ,faculty ( ,arts1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ ev5 m dom9ant ?an at ,p>is4 ,!re 0 no s]i\s qu>rel ) ! ,m5dicant ,ord]s1 :o e/abli%$ !mselves at ,ox=d--! ,dom9icans 9 #abba1 & ! ,franciscans ?ree ye>s lat]4 ,! curriculum ( /udies appe>s mu* ! same at bo? ,univ]sities1 &1 z foll[$ 9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 may be ?us summ>iz$4 ,= ! l[] degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,arts1 f\r or five ye>s 7 requir$2 & ?ree or f\r ye>s m = ! ,ma/]'s privileges4 ,! c\rse ( /udy embrac$ gramm> 7,priscian71 also rhetoric1 & 9 logic ! entire ,organon ( ,ari/otle1 prec$$ by ,porphyry's ,isagoge1 & ) ! ,sex pr9cipia ( ,gilb]t de la ,porre add$ to ! c\rse4 ,! ma!matical bran*es ( ! ,quadrivium also 7 requir$3 ari?metic1 music1 geometry1 & a/ronomy4 ,& f9ally a goodly "p ( ! sub/antial philosophy ( ,ari/otle 0 /udi$1 ) consid]able *oice p]mitt$ to ! /ud5t 9 8 selection f ! works ( ! philosoph]4 ,at ,ox=d he might *oose betwe5 ! ,physics or ! ,de coelo et mundo1 or ! ,de anima or ! ,de animalibus4 ,! ,metaphysics & ,e?ics or ,politics 7 also requir$ be=e ! ,ba*elor c\ld be lic5s$ z a ,ma/]4 ,9 ,!ology ! c\rse ( /udy 0 extremely l5g?y1 especially at ,p>is1 :]e eight ye>s made ! m9imum1 & ! degree ( ,doctor 0 n giv5 be=e ! c&idate _h rea*$ ! age ( ?irty-five4 ,! *ief subjects 7 ,scripture & ! ,s5t5ces ( ,pet] ,lomb>d4 ,besides :i*1 ! c&idate _h to approve himself 9 s]mons & disputations4 ,! latt] might am\nt to a trial ( n]ve & endurance1 z well z pr(ici5cy 9 le>n+1 s9ce ! c&idate 0 expect$ to milit>e 9 s*olis1 aga9/ a succession ( oppon5ts f six 9 ! morn+ till six 9 ! ev5+1 ) b an h\r's refre%m5t at noon4#eca ,9 spite ( ! _m resemblances ( ,ox=d to ,p>is 9 organization & curriculum1 ! intellectual t5d5cies ( ! two ,univ]sities 7 n altoge!r simil>4 ,at ,p>is1 speculative !ology1 ) metaphysics & o!r bran*es ( 8philosophy10 reg>d$ z its adjuncts1 7 ( absorb+ int]e/4 ,at ,ox=d1 :ile ! same matt]s 7 p]haps supreme1 a clos] s*ol>%ip 9 language or philology 0 cultivat$ by ,grossete/e1 & 8 pupils1 ,adam ( ,m>% & ,rog] ,bacon4 ,! g5ius ( obs]vation 0 /irr+ !re2 & a natural sci5ce 0 com+ into be+1 :i* 0 n to repose solely ^u ! au?ority ( anci5t books1 b 0 to proce$ by ! way ( obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,yet ,rog] ,bacon impos$ ^u bo? 8 philology & 8 natural sci5ce a c]ta9 ultimate purpose3 t !y %\ld subs]ve ! sur] asc]ta9m5t ( div9e & sav+ tru?1 & ?us /ill rema9 h&maids ( !ology1 at lea/ 9 !ory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ye> #abjj may be tak5 to symbolize ! middle ( a p]iod notable = ! enl>gem5t ( k4 ,if "o %\ld take ! "t ( ?is increase to ext5d fifty ye>s on ei!r side ( ! c5tral po9t1 "o might say t ! /ud5t ( ! ye> #abej /ood to 8 intellectual ance/or ( ! ye> #aaej1 z a man 9 ! full possession & use ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica w\ld /& t[>d 8 fa!r :o _h sav$ up ! pur*ase money = ! same4 ,! mo/ obvi\s cause ( ?is 0 an increas+ acqua9tance ) ! productions ( ! s-call$ ,arabian philosophy1 & m especially ) ! works ( ,ari/otle1 fir/ ?r\gh translations f ! ,arabic1 & !n ?r\gh translations f ! ,greek1 :i* 7 made 9 ord] to obviate ! insuffici5cy ( ! =m]4 ,x w\ld ne$ a long excursus to review ! f> f simple c\rse ( s-call$ ,arabian ?\ght1 philosophic & religi\s4 ,x beg9s 9 ! ,ea/1 & foll[s ! sett+ sun4 ,ev5 be=e ! ,hegira 7#fbb7 ! ,arabs _h rubb$ up aga9/ ! inhabitants ( ,syria1 ,*ri/ian 9 "n1 ea/]n or ,hell5ic 9 culture & proclivity4 ,!n 9 a c5tury or two1 :5 ! fir/ impulsion ( ,mohamm$an conque/ 0 sp5t1 ! works ( ,ari/otle & 8 lat] ,greek comm5tators 7 translat$ into ,arabic f ,syrian v]sions1 "u ! enc\ragem5t ( ! rul]s ( ,bagdad4 ,! ,syrian v]sions1 z we may imag9e1 7 some:at eclecticiz$ &1 m especially1 ,neo-,platoniz$4 ,s x 0 n ! pure ,ari/otle t pass$ on into ,arabic philosophy1 b ! ,ari/otelian sub/ance int]pret$ ?r\gh lat] phases ( ,greek & ,ori5tal ?\ght4 ,/ill1 ,ari/otle 0 ! great "n1 & 8 sy/em furni%$ ! nucleus ( doctr9e repres5t$ 9 ?is ,p]ipatetic eclecticism :i* 0 to con/itute1 p> excell5ce1 ,arabic philosophy4 ,also ,greek ma!matical & m$ical treatises 7 translat$ into ,arabic f ,syrian v]sions4 ,el-,f>abi 7d4 #iej7 & ,avic5na 7#ihj-ajcf7 7 ! *ief glories ( ! ,arabic philosophy ( ,bagdad4 ,^! two gift$ m5 7 comm5tators ^u ! works ( ! ,/agirite1 & au?ors ( _m int]e/+ lucubrations ( _! own4#ecb ,arabian philosophy decl9$ 9 ! ,ea/ ) ,avic5na's dea?2 b only to revive 9 ,mussulman ,spa94 ,!re its great repres5tative 0 ,av]roes1 ^: life fill$ ! la/ ?ree qu>t]s ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,s great became 8 au?ority z an ,ari/otelian1 ) ! ,s*ola/ics1 t he receiv$ ! "n ( ,comm5tator1 p> excell5ce1 ev5 z ,ari/otle 0 p> excell5ce1 ,philosophus4 ,we ne$ n consid] ! ideas ( ^! m5 :i* 7 _! own r ?an ! ,/agirite's2 nor discuss ! pieti/ic & fanatical sects among ! ,mussulmans1 :o ei!r s\ght to h>monize ,ari/otle ) ! ,koran1 or disapprov$ ( ,greek philosophy4 ,"o readily p]ceives t 9 its task ( acquisition & int]pretation1 ) "s indep5d5t ?9k+1 & /ill m temp]am5tal feel+1 ,arabic philosophy 0 ! analogue ( ,*ri/ian s*ola/icism1 ( :i* x 01 s to speak1 ! collat]al ance/or4#ecc ,& 9 ?is wise4 ,! ,comm5t>ies ( ,av]roes1 = example1 7 translat$ into ,lat92 &1 ?r\gh\t all ! m$iaeval c5turies1 ! ,comm5t>y t5d$ to supplant ! "w comm5t$ on1 :e!r t "w 0 ,holy ,scripture or a treatise ( ,ari/otle4 ,by ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury all ! important works ( ,av]roes _h be5 translat$ into ,lat91 & he _h _m foll[]s at ,p>is2 & be=e !n1 f ! ,college ( ,tol$o1 _h come translations ( ! pr9cipal works ( ! o!r *ief ,arabian philosoph]s4 ,( /ill great] importance = ! ,*ri/ian ,we/ 0 ! "w ( ,jews & ,*ri/ians 9 ,spa9 & ,prov5ce1 9 translat+ ! ,arabic v]sions ( ,ari/otle into ,lat91 sometimes directly1 & sometimes fir/ into ,hebrew & !n into ,lat94 ,!y attempt$ a lit]al translation1 :i*1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly fail$ to give ! significance ev5 ( ! ,arabic v]sion4 ,^! ,arabic-,lat9 translations 7 ( prim>y importance = ! fir/ introduction ( ,ari/otle to ! !ologian philosoph]s ( ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ,!y 7 n to rema9 ! only ones4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury1 a numb] ( ,we/]n s*ol>s made excursions into ! ,ea/2 & ! capture ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,crusad]s 9 #abjd enl>g$ _! opportunities ( /udy+ ! ,greek language & philosophy4 ,attempts at direct translation into ,lat9 began4 ,"o ( ! fir/ translators 0 ! /urdy ,engli%man1 ,rob]t ,grossete/e4 ,he 0 born 9 ,suffolk ab\t #aage2 /udi$ at ,l9coln1 !n at ,ox=d1 !n at ,p>is1 :5ce he return$ to become ,*ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,he 0 made ,bi%op ( ,l9coln 9 #abcf1 & di$ sev5te5 ye>s lat]4 ,x 0 he :o laid ! f\ndation ( ! /udy ( ,greek at ,ox=d1 & ,rog] ,bacon 0 8 pupil4 ,b ! mo/ important & adequate translations 7 ! "w ( two ,dom9icans1 ! ,flem+1 ,william ( ,mo]beke1 & ,h5ry ( ,brabant1 :o translat$ ! works ( ,ari/otle at ! in/ance ( ,?omas ,aqu9as1 possibly all work+ toge!r at ,rome1 9 #abfc & ! ye>s foll[+4 ,aqu9as recogniz$ ! inadequacy ( ! old] translations1 & bas$ 8 own ,ari/otelian ,comm5t>ies ^u ^! made by 8 collaborators1 le>n$ 9 ! ,greek tongue4 ,! jo9t lab\r ( translation & comm5t>y seems to h be5 und]tak5 at ! comm& ( ,pope ,urban ,,iv41 :o _h r5ew$ ! =m] prohibitions put ^u ! use ( ,ari/otle at ! ,p>is ,univ]sity1 9 ! old]1 %all we say1 ,av]roi/ic v]sions4 ,if ^! prohibitions1 :i* did n t\* ! logical treatises1 7 meant to be tak5 absolutely1 su* _h be5 f> f _! effect4 ,9 #abaj & aga9 9 #abae1 an int]dict 0 put ^u ! naturalis philosophia & ! me?afisica ( ! ,/agirite4 ,x 0 n revok$1 b r provisionally r5ew$1 9 #abca1 until ^? works %\ld be prop]ly expurgat$4 ,a ,commission 0 appo9t$ :i* accompli%$ no?+2 & ! old int]dict /ill hung 9 ! air1 unresc9d$1 yet ignor$ 9 practice4 ,s ,pope ,urban ref]r$ to x z /ill effective--:i* x 0 n--9 #abfc4 ,= ,ari/otle _h be5 m & m ?or\ghly exploit$ 9 ! ,p>is ,univ]sity1 & by #abee ! ,faculty ( ,arts =mally plac$ 8 works ^u ! li/ ( books to be /udi$ & lectur$ ^u4#ecd ,s ! f\nd+ ( ,univ]sities & ! enl>g$ & sur] k br\ght by a /udy ( ! works ( ,ari/otle 7 factors ( p[] 9 ! enorm\s intellectual advance :i* took place 9 ! la/ half ( ! twelf? & ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,yet ^! factors c\ld n h op]at$ z !y did1 b = ! antec$5t intellectual developm5t4 ,be=e ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury _h pass$1 ! patri/ic mat]ial _h be5 ma/]$1 along ) ! curr5t notions ( antique philosophy1 = ! mo/ "p conta9$ 9 x4 ,/r5g!n$ by ?is discipl9e1 m5 7 prep>$ = an ext5sion & solidify+ ( _! k ( ! univ]se & man4 ,n only _h !y appropriat$ :at ! available s\rces _h to (f]1 b1 :5 we ?9k ( ,abael>d & ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor1 we see t organic re/atem5ts _h be5 made ( :at _h be5 acquir$4 ,/ill1 m5 really knew too little4 ,x is v well to exploit logic1 & con/ruct s\l-satisfy+ s*emes ( cosmogonic symbolism1 9 ord] to repres5t ! deepe/ tru? ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,b ! evid5t s5se-realities ( ?+s are importunate4 ,! m9ds ev5 ( spiritual m5 may1 9 "t1 crave explanation ( ?is side ( _! consci\sness4 ,abael>d seems to h be5 oblivi\s to natural ph5om5a2 ,hugo recognizes !m 9 ord] to elicit _! spiritual mean+2 & ,alanus de ,insulis1 a g5]ation & m aft]w>ds1 takes a poet's view ( ,nature4 ,o!r m5 _h a m h>d-head$ int]e/ 9 ^! ph5om5a2 b !y knew too little to attempt s]i\sly to put !m toge!r 9 "s s5se-rational s*eme4 ,! natural k pres5t$ by ! writ+s ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs 0 little m ?an fooli%ness2 ! e>ly s*oolm5 7 _! heirs4 ,!y obs]v$ a little = !mselves2 b v little4 ,!re is an abysmal diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( natural k exhibit$ by any writ+ ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & ! works ( ,alb]tus ,magnus belong+ say to ! middle ( ! ?irte5?4 ,! obvi\s reason ( ?is is1 t ! latt] _h drawn ^u ! great volume ( natural obs]vation & hypo!sis :i* = ! prec$+ five hundr$ ye>s _h be5 actually clos$ to we/]n ,europe1 & = five hundr$ ye>s be=e t _h be5 spiritually clos$1 because ( ! ineptitude ( m5 to read !re94 ,t volume 0 ( c\rse ! encyclopa$ic ,natural ,philosophy ( ,ari/otle1 complet$1 & treat$ 9 its ultimate causal relation%ips1 by 8 ,metaphysics4 ,! ,metaphysics1 ! ,fir/ ,philosophy1 gave complet5ess & unity to ! v>i\s prov9ces ( natural k exp\nd$ 9 8 special treatises4 ,= ?is reason1 "o f9ds 9 ! works ( ,alb]tus a fund ( natural k solid ) ! solidity ( ! e>? ^u :i* "o may plant 8 feet1 & totally unlike ! beautiful dream+ :i* drew its prototypal orig9s f ! skyey m9d ( ,plato4 ,! utilization ( ,ari/otle's philosophy by ! ,engli%man1 ,alex&] ( ,hales1 :o became a ,franciscan ne> ! ye> #abcj1 :5 he _h already lectur$ = "s ?irty ye>s at ,p>is2 its f> m elaborate & complete exposition by ! v ,teutonic ,dom9ican1 ,alb]tus ,magnus2 & its ev5 clos] exposition & f9al incorporation )9 ! sum ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 by ,?omas1--?is ?ree-/ag$ a*ievem5t is ! great m$iaeval in/ance ( return to a g5u9e & *ief s\rce ( ,greek philosophy4 ,^! ?ree s*oolm5 w5t back ( ! acc\nts & views ( ,greek philosophy conta9$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,& 9 s do+ !y also w5t back ( :at 0 transmitt$ to ! ,middle ,ages by ,bo?ius & o!r 8transmitt]s40#ece ,b ! a*ievem5t ( ^! s*oolm5 _h o!r import4 ,_! "w repres5ts ! culm9ation ( ! ?ird /age ( m$iaeval ?\ght3 t ( sy/ematic & organic re/atem5t ( ! sub/ance ( ! patri/ic & antique1 ) add$ elem5ts2 = !re c be no organic re/atem5t :i* does n hold & pres5t some?+ f him :o a*ieves x4 ,! result1 atta9$ at lea/ by ,?omas1 0 ev5 m ?an ?is4 ,bas$ ^u ! data & assumptions ( s*ola/icism1 x 0 a complete & f9al /atem5t ( ! nature ( ,god s f> z t might be kn[n1 ( ! creature _w1 corporeal & incorporeal1 & especially ( man1 8 nature1 8 qualities1 8 relation%ip to ,god & f9al de/9y4 ,& h]e91 9 its complet5ess1 x 0 satisfy+4 ,! human m9d 9 seek+ explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( its consci\sness--presumably a reflex ( ! univ]se )\t--t5ds to seek a unity ( explanation4 ,a unity ( explanation requires a complet5ess 9 ! m5tal s*eme ( :at is to be expla9$4 ,?\ghtful m5 9 ! ,middle ,ages crav$ a s*eme ( life complete ev5 9 detail1 :i* %\ld educe life's curr5ts f a primal ,godhead1 & project !m compact$1 ) none left /ray+ or po9t+ n[hi!r1 on t[>d univ]sal fulfilm5t ( ,8 w4 ,m$iaeval ?\ght _h be5 prec$$ by :ole views1 entire s*emes ( life4 ,greek philosophy _h held only su* f ! "t :5 ,?ales said t wat] 0 ! cause ( all ?+s4 ,plato's view or s*eme also 0 beautiful 9 its ideally pyramid$ /ructure1 ) ! ,idea ( ! ,good at ! apex4 ,= ,ari/otle1 k 0 to be a syllogi/ic1 or at lea/ rational & jo9t$1 encyclopa$ia1 r\nd$1 unifi$1 complete4 ,aft] ! pagan times1 ano!r :ole s*eme 0 t ( ,augu/9e1 or aga91 t ( ,gregory ! ,great1 ?\gh b>b>iz$ & h>d5$4 ,?us z patt]ns = _! own ?9k+1 m$iaeval m5 knew only ( entire s*emes ( ?\ght4 ,_! cre$ 01 9 e s5se1 a symbol ( a complet$ s*eme4 ,& no m$iaeval philosoph] or !ologian suspect$ himself ( fragm5t>9ess4 ,yet1 9 fact1 at fir/ !y did b select & compile4 ,aft] a c5tury & m ( ?is1 !y began to make organic /atem5ts ( p>ts ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,s we h ,anselm's ,proslogium & ,cur ,deus ,homo4 ,abael>d's ,!ologia is f> m complete2 & s is ,hugo's ,de sacram5tis1 :i* (f]s an entire s*eme1 symbolical1 sacram5tal1 ,*ri/ian1 ( ,god & ! _w & man4 ,hugo's s*eme might be ideally satisfy+2 b little concrete k 0 repres5t$ 9 x4 ,& :5 9 ! g5]ations foll[+ 8 dea?1 ! co-ord9at$ ,ari/otelian encyclopa$ia 0 br\ght to light & /udi$1 !n & !reaft] any :ole view ( ! _w mu/ take acc\nt ( ?is new volume ( argum5t & concrete k4 ,alex&] ( ,hales beg9s ! lab\r ( us+ x 9 a ,*ri/ian ,summa2 ,alb]tus makes prodigi\s advance1 at lea/ 9 ! mass+ & prep>ation ( ! full ,ari/otelian mat]ial4 ,bo? try = :ole views & compreh5sive results4 ,!n ,?omas1 mo/ highly fav\r$ 9 8 ma/] ,alb]t1 & gift$ ) a g5ius = acquisition & syn!tic exposition1 incorporates ,ari/otle1 & ,ari/otle's :ole views1 into ! :ole view pres5t$ by ! ,ca?olic ,fai?4 ,?omas's view1 to be satisfy+1 _h to be complete4 ,x 0 k unit$ & amalgamat$ into a s*eme ( salvation4 ,b a s*eme ( salvation is a *a91 :i* c hold only 9 virtue ( its complet5ess2 break "o l9k1 & x snaps2 leave "o rivet loose1 & x may also snap4 ,a s*eme ( salvation mu/ answ] e problem put to x2 a s+le unansw]$ problem may imp]il x4 ,! problem1 = example1 ( ,god's =ekn[l$ge & pr$e/9ation--t 7 inde$ an op5 l9k1 :i* ,?omas w by no means leave unweld$4 ,h5ce = u mod]n m5 also1 ^: views ( ! univ]se are s %amelessly p>tial1 leav+ s mu* unansw]$ & s mu* unkn[n1 ! philosophy ( ,?omas may be re/ful1 & *>m by its complet5ess4 ,x is ( great int]e/ to obs]ve ! app>5tly unlikely ag5cies by :i* ?is new volume ( k 0 made g5]ally available4 ,9 fact1 x 0 ! new k & ! dem& = x t =c$ ^! ag5cies to fulfil ! mission ( exploit+ x4 ,= !y _h be5 creat$ = o!r purposes1 :i* !y also fulfill$4 ,v]ily x happ5$ t ! *ief means ?r\gh :i* ! new k 0 ga9$ & publi%$ 7 ! two new unmona/ic ,ord]s ( monks1 fri>s r we may call !m4 ,francis ( ,assisi 0 born 9 #aahb & di$ 9 #abbf2 ,dom9ic 0 born 9 #aagg & di$ 9 #abba4 ,! ,ord]s ( ,m9orites & ,prea*]s 7 f\nd$ by !m respectively 9 #abji & #abae4 ,nei!r ,ord] 0 f\nd$ to promote secul> k4 ,francis organiz$ 8 ,m9orites t !y might imitate ! lives ( ,*ri/ & ,8 apo/les1 & prea* rep5tance to ! _w4 ,dom9ic f\nd$ 8 ,ord] to save s\ls ?r\gh prea*+3 8,= our ,ord] is kn[n f ! beg9n+ to h be5 in/itut$ especially = prea*+ & ! sav+ ( s\ls1 & our /udy 7/udium no/rum7 %\ld h z ! *ief object ( its lab\r to enable u to be useful to our neighb\rs' s\ls 7ut proximorum animabus possimus utiles esse740#ecf ,)9 an app>5t simil>ity ( aim1 ea* ,ord] f ! fir/ reflect$ ! temp] ( its f\nd]2 & ! temp] ( ,francis 0 n t ( ,dom9ic4 ,= our purpose "h1 ! diff]5ce may p]haps be symboliz$ by ! ,dom9ican maxim to prea* ! ,gospel ?r\gh\t ! _w equally by ^w & example 7v]bo p>it] et exemplo72 & ! ,franciscan maxim1 to exhort all plus exemplo quam v]bo4#ecg ,a g5]ation lat] ,/ ,bonav5tura puts x ?us3 8,alii 7scilicet1 ,pra$icatores7 pr9cipalit] int5dunt speculationi 444 et po/ea unctioni4 ,alii 7scilicet1 ,m9ores7 pr9cipalit] unctioni et po/ea speculationi40#ech ,x is safe to say t ,/ ,francis _h no ?\ght ( secul> /udies2 & z = ! ,ord] ( ,prea*]s1 ! ,con/itutions ( #abbh =bade ! ,dom9icans to /udy libros g5tilium & secul>es sci5tias4 ,!y are to /udy libros !ologicos4#eci ,francis1 also1 recogniz$ ! necessity ( ,scriptural /udy = ^? ,m9orites :o 7 all[$ to prea*4 ,9 ^! views ! e>ly ,franciscans & ,dom9icans 7 n peculi>2 b r repres5t$ ! attitude ( ! old] mona/ic ,ord]s & ( ! /rict] secul> cl]gy4 ,! ,gospel tea*+ ( ,*ri/ _h no?+ to d ) secul> k--explicitly4 ,b ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ur* p]ceiv$ t its def5d]s %\ld be equipp$ ) ! ,g5tile le>n+1 into :i* inde$ !y _h be5 born4 ,& :ile ,francis 0 little ( a !ologian1 & ,dom9ic's p]sonality & c>e] rema9 curi\sly obscure1 "o c safely say t bo? f\nd]s saw ! ne$ ( sacr$ /udies1 & left no au?oritative expression prohibit+ _! ,ord]s f pursu+ !m to ! be/ advantage = ! cause ( ,*ri/4 ,yet we are n call$ on to suppose t ei!r f\nd]1 9 f\nd+ 8 ,ord] = a def9ite purpose1 =esaw all ! means :i* aft] 8 dea? might be employ$ to atta9 t purpose--or "s o!r6 ,! new ,ord] come?1 ! old ru/e?4 ,s has x commonly be5 ) ,mona/icism4 ,und\bt$ly ^! uncloi/]$ ,ord]s embodi$ novel pr9ciples ( effici5cy = ! uphold+ ( ! ,fai?3 _! soldi]s m>*$ abroad evangeliz+1 & did n keep )9 _! fa/nesses ( hol9ess4 ,! ,m5dicant ,ord]s 7 /ill "y1 & fre% f ! inspiration ( _! f\nd]s4 ,9 ^? ye>s !y mov$ m5's he>ts & drew !m to ! ideal :i* _h be5 set = !mselves4 ,! result 01 t 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ! great] "p ( ,*ri/ian religi\s en]gy gird$ its lo9s ) ! cords ( ,francis & ,dom9ic4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( t c5tury1 :5 ! ,ord]s ( ,m9orites & ,prea*]s 7 f\nd$1 ! _w ( ,we/]n ?\ght 0 prep>$ to make its own ! new ,ari/otelian volume ( k & appli$ reason4 ,once t 0 op5$ & its cont5ts p]ceiv$1 ! old ,augu/9ian-,neo-,platonic ways ( ?9k+ c\ld no long] proce$ ) _! idealiz+ con/ructions1 ignor+ ! p]t95ce ( ! new data & _! possible application to su* pres5tations ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e z ,hugo's ,de sacram5tis or ! ,lomb>d's ,s5t5ces4 ,! new k1 ) its me?ods1 0 ( su* insi/5t import1 t x _h at once to be consid]$1 & ei!r invalidat$ by argum5t1 or accept$1 & p]haps correct$1 & !n accommodat$ )9 an enl>g$ ,*ri/ian ,philosophy4 ,! spiritual =ce animat+ a new religi\s movem5t attracts ! intellectual en]gies ( ! p]iod1 & furni%es !m a new reality ( purpose4 ,?is 0 true ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 & likewise true ( ! fre% religi\s impulse :i* proce$$ f ,francis's en]gy ( love & ! organiz+ zeal ( ,dom9ic4 ,f ! v ye>s ( _! f\ndation1 #abji & #abae1 ! rapid increase ( ! two ,ord]s realiz$ _! f\nd]s' visions ( multitudes hurry+ f among all nations to become ,m9orites or ,prea*]s4 ,& m & m _! numb]s 7 recruit$ f among ! cl]gy4 ,! lay memb]s1 important 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ,francis's lab\rs1 7 soon wellnigh subm]g$ by ! cl]icals2 & ! educat$ or le>n$ elem5t became pr$om9ant 9 ! ,franciscan ,ord] z x 0 f ! fir/ 9 ! ,dom9ican4 ,consid] = an in/ant ! spread ( ! =m]4 ,9 #abaf1 ,c>d9al ,jacques ( ,vitry f9ds ! ,m9orites 9 ,lomb>dy1 ,tuscany1 ,apulia1 & ,sicily4 ,! next ye> five ?\s& are report$ to h assembl$ at ! g5]al meet+ ( ! ,ord]4 ,two ye>s lat] ,francis proce$s to c>ry out 8 plan ( _w-conque/ by apportion+ ! ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 & s5d+ ! bre?r5 into ,france1 ,g]many1 ,hung>y1 ,spa91 & ?r\gh\t ,italy4#edj ,x 0 a p]iod :5 9 ! mid/ ( g5]al ignorance on ! "p ( ! cl]gy z well z laity1 ,univ]sities 7g5]alia /udia7 7 ris+ 9 ,italy1 ,france1 & ,engl&4 ,! popes1 ,innoc5t ,,iii4 7di$ #abaf71 ,honorius ,,iii4 7di$ #abba71 & ,gregory ,,ix4 7di$ #abda71 7 seek+ to raise ! education & ev5 ! le>n+ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,_! ef=ts f\nd 9 ! zeal ( ! ,m5dicants a ready response :i* 0 n =?com+ f ! secul> cl]gy4 ,! ,m5dicants 7 zeal\s = ! ,fai?1 & loyal liegem5 ( ! popes1 :o 7 _! su/a9]s & ! gu>antors ( _! fre$om f local ecclesia/ical int]f]5ce4 ,:at m fitt+ in/rum5ts c\ld be f\nd to advance ! cause ( sacr$ le>n+ at ! ,univ]sities1 & enl>ge x ) ! new k :i* mu/ ei!r s]ve ! ,fai? or be its enemy4 ,if all ?is 0 n evid5t 9 ! fir/ decades ( ! c5tury1 x _h become s by ! middle ( x1 :5 ! ,franciscan ,bonav5tura & ! ,dom9icans ,alb]tus & ,?omas 7 ! intellectual glories ( ! "t4 ,& ?us1 :ile ! ard\r ( ! new ,ord]s drew to _! ranks ! le>n+ & spiritual en]gy ( ! ,*ur*1 ! intellectual curr5ts ( ! "t caught up ^? same ,bro!rhoods1 :i* _h s entru/$ _! own salvation to ! mission ( sav+ o!r s\ls abroad 9 ! _w1 :]e ^? curr5ts fl[$4 ,! ,univ]sities1 above all ! ,univ]sity p> excell5ce1 7 9 ! h&s ( ! secul> cl]gy2 & long & intricate is ! /ory ( _! jeal\s endeav\rs to exclude ! ,m5dicants f ,pr(essors' *airs4 ,! ,dom9icans e/abli%$ !mselves at ,p>is 9 #abag1 ! ,franciscans two ye>s lat]4 ,! =m] succe$$ 9 obta9+ "o *air ( !ology at ! ,univ]sity 9 #abbi1 & a second 9 #abca2 & ab\t ! same "t ! ,franciscans obta9$ _! fir/ *air1 & fill$ x ) ,alex&] ( ,hales4 ,:5 he di$ an old man1 fifte5 ye>s lat]1 !y wrote ^u 8 tomb3 8,gloria ,doctorum1 decus et flos ,philosophorum1 ,auctor scriptorum vir ,alex&] v>iorum10 clos+ ! epitaph ) ! words3 8primus ,doctor eorum10 to wit1 ( ! ,m9orites4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( ! fir/ ,summa !ologiae1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* t t]m fits ! "w ( ,alb]t & ,?omas4 ,& !re is no h>m 9 repeat+ t ?is ,summa ( ,alex&]'s 0 ! fir/ "w ( a m$iaeval s*oolman 9 :i* use 0 made ( ! physics1 metaphysics1 & natural hi/ory1 ( ,ari/otle4#eda ,he di$ 9 #abde1 :5 ! ,franciscans appe> to h possess$ two *airs at ! ,univ]sity4 ,"o ( !m 0 fill$ 9 #abdh by ,bonav5tura1 :o n9e ye>s lat] 0 tak5 f 8 pr(essor%ip1 to become ,m9i/]-,g5]al ( 8 ,ord]4 ,x 0 inde$ only 9 ?is ye> #abeg t ! ,univ]sity itself _h be5 br\ght by papal injunctions =mally to recognize z magi/] ?is mo/ eloqu5t ( ! ,franciscans1 & ! greate/ ( ! ,dom9icans1 ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,! latt]'s ma/]1 ,alb]t1 _h be5 recogniz$ z magi/] by ! ,univ]sity 9 #abde4 ,be=e ! intellectual a*ievem5ts ( ^! two m51 ! ,franciscan fame = le>n+ pal$4 ,b t ,ord] w5t on w9n+ fame across ! ,*annel1 :i* ! ,dom9icans _h cross$ be=e !m4 ,9 #abbd !y came to ,ox=d1 & 7 receiv$ z gue/s by an e/abli%m5t ( ,dom9icans3 ?is 0 b n9e ye>s aft] ! f\ndation ( ! prea*+ ,ord]6 ,p]haps ! ,franciscan glories ov]%one ! ,dom9ican at ,ox=d1 :]e ,grossete/e belongs to !m & ,adam ( ,m>% & ,rog] ,bacon4 ,b :i*ev] ,ord] l$1 !re c be no d\bt t toge!r !y includ$ ! great] "p ( ! intellectual productivity ( ! matur+ ?irte5? c5tury4 ,nev]!less1 9 spite ( ! va/ "w ( ! ,ord]s 9 ! field ( secul> k1 x w be borne 9 m9d t ! advancem5t ( sacra doctr9a1 !ology1 ! sav+ und]/&+ ( ,scripture1 0 ! end & purpose ( all /udy ) ,dom9icans & ,franciscans1 z x 0 univ]sally ) all or?odox m$iaeval s*oolm52 al?\gh = _m ! nom9al purpose seems a m]e conv5tion4 ,few m5 ( ! twelf? or ?irte5? c5tury c>$ to dispute ! pr9ciple t ! ,c>m9a poet>um & ! ,dicta philosophorum 8%\ld be read n = _! own sake1 b 9 ord] t we may le>n holy ,scripture to ! be/ advantage3 ,i say !y are to be (f]$ z fir/-fruits1 = we %\ld n gr[ old 9 !m1 b spr+ f _! ?re%olds to ! sacr$ page1 = ^: sake we 7 /udy+ !m = a :ile40#edb ,)9 ! two ,ord]s1 especially ! ,franciscan1 m5 diff]$ %>ply z to ! desirability ( le>n+4 ,s did _! contempor>ies among ! secul> cl]gy1 & _! m$iaeval & patri/ic pr$ecessors z f> back z ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & ,t]tullian4 ,on ?is matt] a l>ge v>iance ( op9ion might exi/ )9 ! compass ( or?odoxy2 = ,ca?olicism did n =bid m5 to value secul> k1 provid$ !y did n cleave to op9ions contradict+ ,*ri/ian v]ity4 ,?is 0 h]esy1 & inde$ 0 ! sum ( :at 0 call$ ,av]roism1 ! *ief intellectual h]esy ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x consi/$ 9 a %e] foll[+ ( ,ari/otle & 8 infidel comm5tator1 :]esoev] ! op9ions ( ! ,philosoph]1 s int]pret$1 might lead4 ,!y 7 n to be correct$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ,*ri/ian tru?4 ,a repres5tative ,av]roi/1 & "o s important z to draw ! fire ( ,aqu9as1 z well z ! c5sures ( ! ,*ur*1 0 ,sig] de ,brabant4 ,he foll[$ ,ari/otle & 8 comm5tator 9 ma9ta9+3 ,! univ]sal on5ess ( ! 7human7 intellig5ce1 ! anima intellectiva1 an op9ion :i* involv$ ! d5ial ( an individual immortality1 ) its rew>ds & puni%m5ts2 ! et]nity ( ! visible _w1--uncreat$ & ev]la/+2 a rational necessit>ianism :i* preclud$ fre$om ( human action & moral responsibility4 ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d !ses m fundam5tally oppos$ to ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?4 ,yet ,sig] may h deem$ himself a ,*ri/ian4 ,) o!r ,av]roi/s1 he s\ght to pres]ve 8 religi\s /&+ by ma9ta9+ t ^! op9ions 7 true accord+ to philosophy1 b n accord+ to ! ,ca?olic ,fai?3 8,dicunt enim ea esse v]a secundum philosophiam1 s$ non secundum fidem ca?olicam40#edc ,) :at s9c]ity ,sig] held ?is unt5able position is h>d to say4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii ,,bonav5tura ,! range & "* ( ! ultimate intellectual int]e/s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury may be /udi$ 9 ! works ( f\r m53 ,/4 ,bonav5tura1 ,alb]tus ,magnus & ,/4 ,?omas1 & la/ly1 ,rog] ,bacon4 ,! fir/ & la/ 7 z diff]5t z might be2 & bo? 7 ,franciscans4 ,alb]tus & ,?omas repres5t ! successive /ages ( "o a*ievem5t1 ! greate/ 9 ! c\rse ( m$iaeval ?\ght4 ,9 "s respects1 _! position is int]m$iate betwe5 ,bonav5tura & ,bacon4 ,bonav5tura reflects _m twelf?-c5tury ways ( ?9k+2 ,alb]t & ,?omas embody p> excell5ce ! intellectual movem5t ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 9 :i* !y all liv$2 & ,rog] ,bacon /&s = mu*1 ! exce$+ import ( :i* 0 n to be recogniz$ until long aft] he 0 =gott54 ,! f\r 7 contempor>ies1 &1 ) ! possible exception ( ,bacon1 knew ea* o!r well4 ,?omas 0 ,alb]t's pupil2 ,?omas & ,bonav5tura taught at ! same "t 9 ! ,faculty ( ,!ology at ,p>is1 & /ood toge!r 9 ! academic conflict betwe5 _! ,ord]s & ! ,secul>s4 ,alb]tus & ,bonav5tura also mu/ h kn[n ea* o!r1 tea*+ at ! same "t 9 ! !ological faculty4 ,z = ,bacon1 he 0 likewise at ,p>is /udy+ & tea*+1 :5 ! o!rs 7 !re1 & may h kn[n !m4#edd ,alb]t & ,?omas came ( pr9cely /ock1 & sacrific$ _! =tune 9 ! _w = !ology's sake4 ,bacon's family 0 well-to-d2 ,bonav5tura 0 l[ly born4 ,john ( ,fidanza1 :o "u ! "n ( ,bonav5tura 0 to become ,m9i/]-,g5]al ( 8 ,ord]1 ,c>d9al1 ,sa9t1 & ,doctor ,s]aphicus1 saw ! light 9 ! ,tuscan village ( ,bagnorea4 ,t he 0 ( ,italian1 half ,lat9-speak+1 /ock is app>5t f 8 own flu5t ,lat94 ,probably 9 ! ye> #abch1 :5 sev5te5 ye>s old1 he jo9$ ! ,franciscan ,ord]2 & f\r ye>s lat] 0 s5t to ,p>is1 :]e he /udi$ "u ,alex&] ( ,hales4 ,9 #abdh he 0 lic5s$ to lecture publicly1 & !nce=? devot$ himself at ,p>is to tea*+ & writ+1 & def5d+ 8 ,ord] aga9/ ! ,secul>s1 until #abeg1 :51 j z ! ,univ]sity conf]r$ on him ! title ( ,magi/]1 he 0 *os5 ,m9i/]-,g5]al ( 8 ,ord]1 9 ! ?irty-sev5? ye> ( 8 age4 ,! great] "p ( 8 writ+s 7 compos$ be=e ! burd5s ( ?is primacy drew him f 8 /udies4 ,he 0 /ill to become ,pr9ce ( ! ,*ur*1 = he 0 made ,c>d9al ( ,albano 9 #abgc1 ! ye> be=e 8 dea?4 ,= all ! ,middle ,ages ! ma/] 9 !ology 0 ,augu/9e4 ,ei!r he 0 /udi$ directly 9 8 own writ+s1 or 8 views desc5d$ ?r\gh ! m turbid *annels ( ! works ( m5 he influ5c$4 ,m$iaeval !ology 0 ov]:elm+ly ,augu/9ian until ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2 & s9ce !ology 0 philosophy's que51 m$iaeval philosophy con=m$ to t :i* ,augu/9e employ$ 9 8 !ology4 ,?is1 if trac$ backw>d to its s\rce1 %\ld be call$ ,platonism1 or ,neo-,platonism if we turn our m9d to ! modes 9 :i* ,augu/9e made use ( x4 ,8 ,neo-,platonism 0 n unaffect$ by ,p]ipatetic & lat] sy/ems ( ,greek philosophy2 yet x 0 f> m ,platonic ?an ,/oical or ,ari/otelian4 ,^? fir/ tea*]s1 :o 9 ! maturity ( _! p[]s became ,bro!rs ,m9orites1 7 ,augu/9ians 9 !ology1 & consequ5tly ,platoni/s1 9 s f> z ,platonism made "p ( ,augu/9e's doctr9es4 ,?us x 0 ) ! fir/ great tea*] at ! ,m9orites s*ool 9 ,ox=d1 ,rob]t ,grossete/e1 & ) ! fir/ great ,m9orite tea*] at ,p>is1 ,alex&] ( ,hales4 ,bo? ( ^! m5 7 promot]s ( ! /udy ( ,ari/otle2 yet nei!r became s imbu$ ) ,ari/otelianism z to revise ei!r 8 !ological sy/em or ! ,platonic doctr9es :i* seem$ g]mane to x4 ,moreov]1 9 s f> z we may imag9e ,/4 ,francis to h _h a !ology1 we mu/ feel t ,augu/9e1 ) 8 h& on ,plato's %\ld]1 w\ld h be5 m cong5ial to him ?an ,ari/otle4 ,& s 9 fact x 0 to be ) 8 ,ord]4 ,augu/9e's f]v5t piety1 8 imag9ation & religi\s temp]am5t1 held ! ,franciscans fa/4 ,surely he 0 v close to ! s\l ( t eloqu5t ,franciscan tea*]1 :o call$ ,alex&] ( ,hales 8ma/] & fa!r10 sat at 8 feet1 & nev] ?\ght ( himself z deliv]+ new tea*+s4 ,x w\ld h be5 /range inde$ if ,bonav5tura _h brok5 f ! influ5ces :i* _h =m$ 8 s\l1 ?is ,bonav5tura ^: mo/ cong5ial precursor liv$ & wrote & foll[$ ,augu/9e f> back 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 & bore ! "n ( ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor4 ,bonav5tura's writ+s did mu* to fix ,augu/9ianism ^u 8 ,ord]2 rivalry ) ! ,dom9icans d\btless help$ to make x fa/2 = ! latt] 7 foll[+ ano!r sy/em "u ! dom9ance ( _! two ,titan lead]s1 :o _h !mselves come to maturity ) ! new ,ari/otelian influ5ces1 :]e( !y 7 magna p>s4 ,b j z ,grossete/e & ,alex&] made use ( :at !y knew ( ,ari/otle1 s ,bonav5tura _h no ?\ght ( mispriz+ him :o 0 becom+ 9 we/]n ,europe 8! ma/] ( ^? :o "k40 ,9 specific po9ts ?is wise ,augu/9ian might pref] ,ari/otle to ,plato4 ,= example1 he *ose to /&1 ) ! =m]1 ^u ! t]ra firma ( s5se p]ception1 r ?an keep ev] on ! w+ 9 ! upp] region ( ideal concepts4 8,al?\gh ! anima1 accord+ to ,augu/9e1 is l9k$ to et]nal pr9ciples 7legibus aet]nis71 s9ce someh[ x does rea* ! light ( ! high] reason1 /ill x is unque/ionable1 z ! ,philosoph] says1 t cognition orig9ates 9 u by ! way ( ! s5ses1 ( memory1 & ( exp]i5ce1 out ( :i* ! univ]sal is d$uc$1 :i* is ! beg9n+ ( art & k 7artis et sci5tiae74 ,h5ce1 s9ce ,plato ref]r$ all c]ta9 cognition to ! intelligible or ideal _w1 he 0 rightly criticiz$ by ,ari/otle4 ,n because he spoke ill 9 say+ t !re are ideas & et]nal rationes2 b because1 despis+ ! _w ( s5se1 he wi%$ to ref] all c]ta9 cognition to ^? ,ideas4 ,& ?us1 al?\gh ,plato seems to make firm ! pa? ( wisdom 7sapi5tiae7 :i* proce$s accord+ to ! et]nal rationes1 he de/roys ! way ( k1 :i* proce$s accord+ to ! rationes ( creat$ ?+s 7rationes creatas74 ,s x appe>s t1 among philosoph]s1 ! ^w ( wisdom 7s]mo sapi5tiae7 0 giv5 to ,plato1 & ! ^w ( k 7sci5tiae7 to ,ari/otle4 ,= t "o *iefly look$ to ! ?+s above1 & ?is "o consid]$ ?+s bel[4#ede ,b bo? ! ^w ( wisdom & ( k1 ?r\gh ! ,holy ,_s1 0 giv5 to ,augu/9e1 z ! pre-em95t decl>] ( ! entire ,scripture40#edf ,s !re is ,ari/otelian balla/ 9 ,bonav5tura's ,platonic-,augu/9ian !ology4 ,8 *ief div]g5ce f ,alb]t & ,?omas 7:o1 ( c\rse1 likewise held ,augu/9e 9 hon\r1 & drew on ,plato :5 !y *ose7 is to be f\nd 9 8 temp]am5tal attitude1 t[>d life1 t[>d ,god1 or t[>d !ology & le>n+4 ,8 ,augu/9ian s\l held to ! pre-em95ce ( ! good above ! true1 & t5d$ to %ape ! second to ! fir/4 ,s he ma9ta9$ ! primacy ( will+ ov] kn[+4 ,man atta9s ,god ?r\gh goodness ( w & ?r\gh love4 ,! way ( k is less prom95t ) ,bonav5tura ?an ) ,aqu9as4 ,surely ! latt]1 & 8 ma/] ,alb]t1 saw ! ma9 sanction ( secul> k 9 its m9i/ry to sacra doctr9a2 b _! he>ts may seem to t>ry ) ! h&maid4 ,bonav5tura's position is ! same2 b 8 he>t nev] t>ries ) ! h&maid2 = ) him he>t & m9d are ev] con/ant to ! que51 ,!ology4 ,yet he recognizes ! que5's ne$ ( ! h&maid4 ,holy ,writ is n = babes2 ! fulness ( k is ne$$ = its und]/&+3 8,non pote/ intelligi sacra ,scriptura s9e ali>um sci5ti>um p]itia40#edg ,& )\t philosophy _m matt]s ( ! ,fai? _c be intellig5tly discuss$4 ,!re is no k :i* may n be sanctifi$ to ! purpose ( und]/&+ ,scripture2 only let ?is purpose really guide ! m9d's pursuits4 ,bonav5tura wrote a %ort treatise to emphasize ^! univ]sally admitt$ pr9ciples1 & to %[ h[ e =m ( human k con=m$ to ! supreme illum9ation af=d$ by ,scripture1 & might be r$uc$ to ! t]ms & me?ods ( ,!ology1 :i* is ,scripture rightly und]/ood4 ,he nam$ ! tract ,de r$uctione artium ad !ologiam#edh 7,! lead+ back ( ! ,arts to ,!ology74 8#8,e good & p]fect gift is f above1 com+ d[n f ! ,fa!r ( lights1' says ,james4 ,?is indicates ! s\rce ( all illum9ation1 & ! /ream+ ( all enlight5m5t f t fontal light4 ,:ile e illum9ation is inn] k 7omnis illum9atio cognitio int]na sit7 we may di/+ui% ! ext]nal light1 7lum5 ext]ius71 to wit1 ! light ( me*anical art2 ! l[] light1 to wit1 ! light ( s5se p]ception2 ! int]ior light1 to wit1 ! light ( philosophical cognition2 ! sup]ior light1 to wit1 ! light ( grace & ,holy ,scripture4 ,! fir/ illum9ates z to ! arts & crafts2 ! second z to natural =m2 ! ?ird z to intellectual tru?2 ! f\r? z to sav+ tru?40 ,he enum]ates ! me*anical arts1 draw+ f ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor2 !n he foll[s ) ,augu/9e's explanation ( ! second lum51 z t :i* disc]ns corporeal ?+s4 ,he next speaks ( ! ?ird lum5 :i* light5s u to ! inve/igation ( tru?s intelligible1 scrut9iz+ ! tru? ( words 7,logic71 or ! tru? ( ?+s 7,physics71 or ! tru? ( morals 7,e?ics74 ,! f\r? lum51 ( ,holy ,scripture1 comes n by seek+1 b desc5ds ?r\gh inspiration f ! ,fa!r ( lights4 ,x includes ! lit]al1 ! spiritual1 moral & anagogic signification ( ,scripture1 tea*+ ! et]nal g5]ation & inc>nation ( ,*ri/1 ! way to live1 & ! union ( ,god & ! s\l4 ,! fir/ ( ^! bran*es p]ta9s to fai?1 ! second to morals1 & ! ?ird to ! aim & end ( bo?4 8,let u see10 cont9ues ,bonav5tura1 8h[ ! o!r illum9ations h to be r$uc$ to ! light ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,& fir/ z to ! illum9ation f s5se cognition1 z to :i* we consid] its means1 its ex]cise1 & its delight 7oblectam5tum740 ,its means is ! ,^w et]nally g5]at$1 & inc>nat$ 9 "t2 its ex]cise is 9 ! s5se p]ception ( an ord]$ way ( liv+1 foll[+ ! suitable & avoid+ ! nocu\s2 & z = its object ( delight1 z e s5se pursues t :i* delights x1 s ! s5se ( our he>t %\ld seek ! beautiful1 h>moni\s1 & sweet-smell+4 ,9 ?is way div9e wisdom dwells hidd5 9 s5se cognition4 ,next1 z to ! illum9ation ( me*anical art1 :i* is conc]n$ ) ! production ( ! works ( craft4 ,h]e9 likewise may be obs]v$ analogies ) ! light f ,holy ,scripture1 :i* reveals ! ,^w1 ! ord] ( liv+1 & ! union ( ,god & ! s\l4 ,no creature proce$s f ! great ,artific]1 save ?r\gh ! ,^w2 & ! human artific] works to produce a beautiful1 useful1 & endur+ "w2 :i* corresponds to ! ,scriptural ord] ( liv+4 ,ea* human artific] makes 8 "w t x may br+ him praise or use or delight2 z ,god made ! rational s\l1 to praise & s]ve & take delight 9 ,him1 ?r\gh love4 ,by simil> me?ods ( reason+ ,bonav5tura next 8r$uces10 or leads back1 ,logic1 & ,natural & ,moral ,philosophy to ! ways & purposes ( ,!ology1 & %[s h[ 8! multi=m wisdom ( ,god1 :i* is set =? lucidly by ,scripture1 lies hidd5 9 e cognition1 & 9 e nature4 ,x is also evid5t t all k9ds ( k m9i/] to ,!ology2 & t ,!ology takes illu/rations1 & uses phrases1 p]ta9+ to e k9d ( k 7cognitionis74 ,x is also pla9 h[ ample is ! illum9at+ pa?1 & h[ 9 e ?+ t is s5s$ or p]ceiv$1 ,god himself lies conceal$40#edi ,ways ( reason+ *ange1 :ile conclusions sometimes endure4 ,bonav5tura's reason+ 9 ! above treatise is = u ab/ruse & fanciful2 yet _m w agree ) ! conclusion1 t all k9ds ( k may m9i/] to our ?\ght ( ,god1 & ( man's relation%ip to ,him4 ,& ) ,bonav5tura1 all 8 k1 8 /udy ( secul> philosophy1 8 logic & p[]s ( pres5tation1 _h !ology unfail+ly 9 view1 & m9i/]$ to ! satisfaction1 ! actualization 7to use our old ^w7 ( 8 religi\s nature4 ,he belongs among ^? intellectually gift$ m5--,augu/9e1 ,anselm1 ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor--^: m5tal & emotional p[]s draw always to ,god1 & m9i/] to ! conception ( ! s\l's union ) ! liv+ spr+ ( its be+4 ,! life1 ! lab\rs ( ,bonav5tura 7 z ! title ( ! little book we h j be5 worry+ )1 a r$uctio artium ad !ologiam1 a con/ant adapt+ ( all k & ways ( m$itation1 to ! s5se ( ,god & ! s\l's inclusion 9 ! love div9e4 ,no "o %\ld expect to f9d among 8 compositions any indep5d5t treatm5t ( secul> k = its own sake4 ,r ?r\gh\t 8 writ+s ! reason+s ( philosophy are f\nd always m9i/]+ to ! sov]eign !me4 ,! mo/ elaborate ( ,bonav5tura's doctr9al works 0 8 ,comm5t>y ^u ! ,lomb>d's ,s5t5ces4 ,9 =m & sub/ance x 0 a ,summa !ologiae4#eej ,he also made a brief & salut>y !ological comp5d1 :i* he call$ ! ,breviloquium4#eea ,! note ( devotional piety is /ruck by ! op5+ s5t5ce1 tak5 f ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 & is held ?r\gh\t ! "w3 8#8,i b[ my knees unto ! ,fa!r ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 f :om ! :ole fa!rhood 9 heav5 & e>? is nam$1 t ,he w\ld grant y accord+ to ! ri*es ( ,8 glory to be /r5g!n$ by ,8 ,_s 9 ! inn] man2 t ,*ri/ may dwell 9 y\r he>ts ?r\gh fai?2 t ye1 be+ root$ & gr\nd$ 9 love1 may be able to compreh5d ) all sa9ts1 :at is ! bread? & l5g? & height & dep?2 & to "k ! love ( ,*ri/ :i* passe? k1 t ye might be fill$ 9 all ! fulness ( ,god4' ,! great doctor ( ! ,g5tiles discloses 9 ^! words ! s\rce1 progress1 & /ate 7ortus1 progressus1 /atus7 ( ,holy ,scripture1 :i* is call$ ,!ology2 indicat+ t ! s\rce is to be ?\ght ^u accord+ to ! grace 7influ5tiam7 ( ! mo/ bless$ ,tr9ity2 ! progress ) ref]5ce to ! ne$s ( human capacity2 & ! /ate or fruit ) respect to ! sup]abundance ( a sup]pl5>y felicity4 8,= ! ,s\rce lies n 9 human inve/igation1 b 9 div9e revelation1 :i* fl[s f ! ,fa!r ( lights1 f :om all fa!rhood 9 heav5 & e>? is nam$1 f :om1 ?r\gh ,8 ,son ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,holy ,_s fl[s 9 u2 & ?r\gh ! ,holy ,_s be/[+1 z ,he wills1 gifts on ea*1 fai? is giv51 & ?r\gh fai? ,*ri/ dwells 9 our he>ts4 ,?is is ! k ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 f :i*1 z f a s\rce1 comes ! c]titude & und]/&+ ( ! :ole ,scripture4 ,:]e=e x is impossible t any "o %\ld advance 9 its k1 unless he fir/ has ,*ri/ infus$ 9 him4444 8,! ,progress ( ,holy ,scripture is n b\nd to ! laws ( reason+s & def9itions1 l ! o!r sci5ces2 b1 con=mably to sup]natural light1 proce$s to give to man ! wayf>] 7hom9i viatori7 a k ( ?+s suffic+ = 8 salvation1 by pla9 words 9 "p1 & 9 "p my/ically3 x pres5ts ! cont5ts ( ! univ]se z 9 a ,summa1 9 :i* is obs]v$ ! bread?2 x describes ! desc5t 7f above7 9 :i* is consid]$ ! l5g?2 x describes ! goodness ( ! sav$1 9 :i* is consid]$ ! height2 x describes ! mis]y ( ! damn$1 9 :i* consi/s ! dep? n only ( ! univ]se itself b ( ! div9e judgm5t4444 8,! ,/ate or fruit ( ,holy ,scripture is ! pl5titude ( et]nal felicity4 ,= ! ,book conta9+ words ( et]nal life 0 writt5 n only t we might believe1 b t we might h et]nal life1 9 :i* we %all see1 we %all love1 & all our desires %all be fill$1 :]eupon we %all "k ! love :i* passe? k1 & be fill$ 9 all ! fulness ( ,god4444 8,z to ! progress ( ,scripture1 fir/ is to be consid]$ ! bread?1 :i* consi/s 9 ! multitude ( p>ts4444 ,rightly is ,holy ,scripture divid$ into ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 & n 9 !orica & practica1 l philosophy2 because s9ce ,scripture is f\nd$ on ! k ( fai?1 :i* is a virtue & ! basis ( morals1 x is n possible to sep>ate 9 ,scripture ! k ( ?+s1 or ( :at is to be believ$1 f ! k ( morals4 ,x is o!rwise ) philosophy1 :i* h&les n only ! tru? ( morals1 b ! true1 speculatively consid]$4 ,!n z ,holy ,scripture is k 7notitia7 mov+ to good & recall+ f evil1 ?r\gh fe> & love1 s x is divid$ into two ,te/am5ts1 ^: diff]5ce1 briefly1 is fe> & love4444 8,holy ,scripture has also l5g?1 :i* consi/s 9 ! description ( times & ages f ! beg9n+ to ! day ( ,judgm5t4444 ,! progress ( ! :ole _w is describ$ by ,scripture1 z 9 a beautiful poem1 :]e9 "o may foll[ ! desc5t ( "t1 & contemplate ! v>iety1 manifoldness1 equity1 ord]1 righte\sness1 & beauty ( ! multitude ( div9e judgm5ts proce$+ f ! wisdom ( ,god rul+ ! _w3 & z ) a poem1 s ) ?is ord]+ ( ! _w1 "o _c see its beauty save by consid]+ ! :ole4444 8,no less has ,sacr$ ,scripture height 7sublimitatem71 consi/+ 9 description ( ! rang$ hi]>*ies1 ! ecclesia/ical1 angelic1 & div9e4444 ,ev5 z ?+s h be+ 9 matt] or nature1 !y h also be+ 9 ! anima ?r\gh its acquir$ k2 !y h also be+ 9 ! anima ?r\gh grace1 also ?r\gh glory2 & !y h also be+ 9 ! way ( ! et]nal--9 arte aet]na4 ,philosophy treats ( ?+s z !y are 9 nature1 or 9 ! anima accord+ to ! k :i* is naturally implant$ or acquir$4 ,b !ology z a sci5ce 7sci5tia7 f\nd$ ^u fai? & reveal$ by ! ,holy ,_s1 treats ( ^? matt]s :i* belong to grace & glory & to ! et]nal wisdom4 ,:5ce plac+ philosophic cognition b5ea? itself1 & draw+ f nature 7de naturis r]um7 z mu* z x may ne$ to make a mirror yield+ a reflection ( ?+s div9e1 x con/ructs a ladd] :i* presses ! e>? at ! base1 & t\*es heav5 at ! top3 & all ?is ?r\gh t "o hi]>* ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o ?r\gh 8 assumption ( human nature1 is hi]>* n 9 ! ecclesia/ical hi]>*y alone1 b also 9 ! angelic2 & is ! m$ial p]son 9 ! div9e hi]>*y ( ! mo/ bless$ ,tr9ity40#eeb ,! dep? 7pr(unditas7 ( ,scripture consi/s 9 its manifold my/ic mean+s4 ,x reveals ^! mean+s ( ! creature _w = ! edification ( man j\rney+ to 8 fa!rl&4 ,scripture ?r\gh\t its bread?1 l5g?1 height1 & dep? uses n>rative1 ?reat1 exhortation1 & promise all = "o end4 8,= ?is doctr9a exi/s 9 ord] t we may become good & be sav$1 :i* comes n ?r\gh nak$ consid]ation1 b r ?r\gh incl9ation ( ! w4444 ,"h examples h m effect ?an argum5ts1 promises are m mov+ ?an ratioc9ations1 & devotion is bett] ?an def9ition40 ,h5ce ,scripture does n foll[ ! me?od & divisions ( o!r sci5ces1 b uses its own div]se means = its sav+ end4 ,! ,prologue closes ) rules ( ,scriptural int]pretation4#eec ,9 our plan ( foll[+ :at is ( human int]e/ 9 m$iaeval philosophy or !ology1 prologues & introductions are sometimes ( m importance ?an ! works :i* !y preface2 = !y disclose ! writ]'s int5t & purpose1 & ! endeav\r )9 him1 :i* may be m intimately himself1 ?an 8 p]=mance4 ,s m space has be5 giv5 to ,bonav5tura's ,prologue ?an ! body ( ! treatise w require4 ,! ord] ( topics is t ( ! ,lomb>d's ,s5t5ces or ,aqu9as's ,summa4 ,sev5 successive p>tes consid] ! ,tr9ity1 ! creation1 ! corruption f s91 ! ,inc>nation1 ! grace ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ! sacram5tal m$ic9e1 & ! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,ea* p>s is divid$ into *apt]s sett+ =? "s special topic4 ,bonav5tura's me?od1 pursu$ 9 e *apt]1 is to /ate fir/ ! scriptural or dogmatic propositions1 & !n give _! reason1 :i* he introduces ) su* words z3 ,ratio autem ad pra$ictorum intellig5tiam haec e/4 ,! "w is a complete sy/ematic comp5d ( ,*ri/ian !ology2 its concis5ess & lucidity ( /atem5t are admirable4 ,= an example ( its me?od & quality1 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! six? "p may be giv51 ^u ! orig9 ( ,sacram5ts4 8,hav+ treat$ ( ! ,tr9ity ( ,god1 ( ! creation ( ! _w1 ! corruption ( s91 ! inc>nation ( ! ,^w1 & ! grace ( ! ,holy ,_s1 x is "t to treat ( ! sacram5tal m$ic9e1 reg>d+ :i* !re are sev5 matt]s to consid]3 ! orig9 ( ! sacram5ts1 _! v>iation1 di/9ction1 appo9tm5t1 disp5sation1 repetition1 & ! integrity ( ea*4 8,conc]n+#eed ! orig9 ( ! ,sacram5ts ?is is to be held1 t sacram5ts are s5sible signs div9ely appo9t$ z m$icam5ts1 9 :i* "u cov] ( ?+s s5sible1 div9e virtue secretly op]ates2 also t f lik5ess !y repres5t1 f appo9tm5t !y signify1 f sanctification !y conf]1 "s spiritual grace1 ?r\gh :i* ! s\l is heal$ f ! infirmities ( vice2 & = ?is z _! f9al end !y are orda9$2 yet !y avail = humility1 in/ruction1 & ex]cise z = a subsidi>y end4 8,! reason & explanation ( ! a=esaid is ?is3 ,! rep>ative pr9ciple 7pr9cipium71 is ,*ri/ crucifi$1 to wit1 ! ,^w inc>nate1 t directs all ?+s mo/ compassionately because div9e1 & mo/ compassionately heals because div9ely inc>nate4 ,x mu/ repair1 heal1 & save ! sick human race1 9 a way suit$ to ! sick "o1 ! sickness & ! occasion ( x1 & ! cure ( ! sickness4 ,! physician is ! inc>nate ,^w1 to wit1 ,god invisible 9 a visible nature4 ,! sick man is n simply _s1 nor simply fle%1 b _s 9 mortal fle%4 ,! disease is orig9al s91 :i* ?r\gh ignorance infects ! m9d1 & ?r\gh concupisc5ce infects ! fle%4 ,:ile ! orig9 ( ?is fault prim>ily lay 9 reason's cons5t1 yet its occasion came f ! s5ses ( ! body4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ord] t ! m$ic9e %\ld correspond to ^! conditions1 x %\ld be n simply spiritual1 b %\ld h some:at ( s5sible signs2 = z ?+s s5sible 7 ! occasion ( ! s\l's fall+1 !y %\ld be ! occasion ( its ris+ aga94 ,yet s9ce visible signs ( !mselves h no effici5cy orda9$ = grace1 al?\gh repres5tative ( its nature1 x 0 necess>y t !y %\ld by ! au?or ( grace be appo9t$ to signify & %\ld be bless$ 9 ord] to sanctify2 s t !re %\ld be a repres5tation f natural lik5ess1 a signification f appo9tm5t1 & a sanctification & prep>$ness = grace f ! add$ b5$iction1 ?r\gh :i* our s\l may be cur$ & made :ole4 8,aga91 s9ce curative grace is n giv5 to ! puff$ up1 ! unbeliev+1 & disda9ful1 s ^! s5sible signs div9ely giv51 ought to be su* z n only w\ld sanctify & conf] grace1 & heal1 b also w\ld in/ruct by _! signification1 humble by _! acceptance1 & ex]cise ?r\gh _! div]sity2 t ?us ?r\gh ex]cise despond5cy 7ac$ia7 %\ld be %ut out f ! desid]ative nature1 ?r\gh in/ruction ignorance be %ut out f ! rational nature1 ?r\gh humiliation pride be %ut out f ! irascible nature1 & ! :ole s\l become curable by ! grace ( ! ,holy ,_s1 :i* remakes u accord+ to ^! ?ree capacities 7pot5tias7#eee into ! image ( ! ,tr9ity & ,*ri/4 ,f9ally1 :]eas ! grace ( ! ,holy ,_s is receiv$ ?r\gh ^! s5sible signs div9ely appo9t$1 x is f\nd 9 !m z an accid5t4 ,h5ce sacram5ts ( ?is k9d are call$ ! vessels & cause ( grace3 n t grace is ( _! sub/ance or produc$ by !m z by a cause2 = its place is 9 ! s\l1 & x is infus$ by ,god alone2 b because x is orda9$ by div9e decree1 t 9 !m & ?r\gh !m we %all draw ! grace ( cure f ! supreme physician1 ,*ri/2 al?\gh ,god has n fett]$ ,8 grace to ! sacram5ts4#eef 8,f ! premises1 !re=e1 appe>s n only :at may be ! orig9 ( ! sacram5ts1 b also ! use & fruit4 ,= _! orig9 is ,*ri/ ! ,"l2 _! use is ! act :i* ex]cises1 tea*es1 & humbles2 _! fruit is ! cure & salvation ( m54 ,x is also evid5t t ! effici5t cause ( ! sacram5ts is ! div9e appo9tm5t2 _! mat]ial cause is ! figurem5t ( ! s5sible sign2 _! =mal cause ! sanctification by grace2 _! f9al cause ! m$ic9al heal+ ( m54 ,& because !y are nam$ f _! =m & end !y are call$ sacram5ts1 z x 7 m$icam5ta sanctificantia4 ,?r\gh !m ! s\l is l$ back f ! fil? ( vice to p]fect sanctification4 ,& s1 al?\gh corporeal & s5sible1 !y are m$ic9al1 & to be v5]at$ z holy because !y signify holy my/]ies1 & make ready = ! holy gifts 7*>ismata7 giv5 by mo/ holy ,god2 & !y are div9ely consecrat$ by holy in/itution & b5$iction = ! holie/ wor%ip ( ,god appo9t$ 9 holy *ur*1 s t rightly !y %\ld be call$ sacram5ts40 ,! ,breviloquium 0 ,bonav5tura's rational comp5dium ( ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,x (f]$ 9 brief compass z complete a sy/em z ! bulkie/ ,summa c\ld c>ry out to doctr9al elaboration4 ,q diff]5t 9 me?od & int5t 0 8 equally fam\s ,it9]>ium m5tis 9 ,deum1#eeg ! praise ( :i*1 accord+ to ! great ,*ancellor ,g]son1 c\ld n fitly be utt]$ by mortal m\?4 ,we h se5 h[ 9 ! ,r$uctio artium ad !ologiam ,bonav5tura con=m$ all modes ( p]ception & k to ! uses & modes ( !ology2 ! f9al end ( :i* is man's salvation1 consi/+ 9 ! union ( ! s\l ) ,god1 ?r\gh e =m ( enlight5m5t & all ! p[] ( love4 ,! ,breviloquium has giv5 ! sum ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 an intellig5t & he>t-felt und]/&+ ( :i* leads to salvation4 ,& n[ ! ,it9]>ium--well1 x is be/ to let ,bonav5tura tell h[ he came to compose x1 & ( its purpose & "*4 8,s9ce1 aft] ! example ( our mo/ bless$ fa!r ,francis1 ,i pant 9 _s = ! peace :i* he prea*$ 9 ! mann] ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,i a s9n] :o am ! sev5?1 all unwor?y1 ,m9i/]-,g5]al ( ! ,bre?r51--x happ5$ t by ,god's w 9 ! ?irty-?ird ye> aft] our bless$ fa!r's dea?1 ,i turn$ aside to ! m\nta9 ( ,alv]na1 z to a quiet place1 seek+ ! _s's peace4 ,:ile ,i l+]$ !re my m9d dwelt on ! asc5sions ( ! _s1 &1 among o!rs1 on ! miracle :i* 9 t v spot came to bless$ ,francis1 :5 he saw ! w+$ ,s]aph 9 ! lik5ess ( ! ,crucifi$4 ,& x seem$ to me 8 vision repres5t$ ! susp5sion ( our fa!r 9 contemplation1 & ! way by :i* he came to x4 ,= by ^? six w+s may be und]/ood ! susp5sions ( ! six illum9ations1 by :i* ! s\l1 z by /eps & j\rneys1 ?r\gh ec/atic outp\r+s ( ,*ri/ian wisdom1 is prep>$ to pass beyond to peace4 ,= ! way lies only ?r\gh love ( ! ,crucifi$1 :i* s trans=m$ ,paul c>ri$ to ! ?ird heav51 t he c\ld say3 #8,i am crucifi$ ) ,*ri/3 nev]!less ,i live2 yet n ,i1 b ,*ri/ live? 9 me4' ,s ! image ( ! six s]aph's w+s repres5ts ! six rungs ( illum9ation1 :i* beg9 ) ! creatures & lead on to ,god1 to :om no "o c come save ?r\gh ! ,crucifi$4444 8,= "o is n prep>$ = ! div9e contemplations1 :i* lead to ! rapt visions ( ! m9d1 unless he be ) ,daniel1 a man ( desires4#eeh ,desires are /irr$ )9 u by ! cry ( pray] & ! bright light ( speculation4 ,i %all invite ! read] fir/ to ! sigh+s ( pray] ?r\gh ,*ri/ crucifi$1 le/ p]*ance he believe t /udy might suffice )\t unction1 or dilig5ce )\t piety1 k )\t *>ity1 zeal )\t div9e grace1 or ! mirror 7speculum7 )\t ! wisdom div9ely inspir$4 ,!n to ^? humble & dev\t ones1 to :om grace fir/ has come1 to ^? lov]s ( ! div9e wisdom1 :o burn ) desire ( x1 & are will+ to be /ill1 = ! magnify+ ( ,god1 ,i %all propose p]t95t speculations1 %[+ h[ little or no?+ is x to turn ! mirror outw>d unless ! mirror ( our m9d be rubb$ & poli%$40 ,?us ,bonav5tura writes 8 prologue to ?is devotional tract1 :i* w also hold 8p]t95t speculations40 ,rem>kable is ! intellectuality & compact$ ?\ght :i* he fuses 9 emotional expression4 ,he w write sev5 *apt]s1 on ! sev5 /eps1 or degrees1 9 ! asc5t to ,god1 :i* is ! m9d's true it9]>ium4 ,s9ce we _c by ourselves lift ourselves above ourselves1 pray] is ! v "m & s\rce ( our upw>d /ruggle4 ,pray] op5s our eyes to ! /eps 9 ! asc5t4 ,plac$ 9 ! univ]se ( ?+s1 we f9d 9 x ! corporeal & temporal footpr9t 7ve/igium7 lead+ into ! way ( ,god4 ,!n we ent] our m9d1 :i* is ! ev]la/+ & spiritual image ( ,god2 & ?is is to ent] ! tru? ( ,god4 ,:]eupon we %\ld rise above u to ! et]nal mo/ spiritual fir/ cause2 & ?is is to rejoice 9 ! k ( ,god's maje/y4 ,?is is ! ?reefold illum9ation1 by :i* we recognise ! triple exi/5ce ( ?+s1 9 matt]1 9 ! intellig5ce1 & 9 ! div9e way--9 arte div9a4 ,& likewise our m9d has ?ree outlooks1 "o ^u ! corporeal _w )\t1 :i* is call$ s5se1 ano!r into & )9 itself1 :i* is call$ spiritus1 & a ?ird above itself1 :i* is call$ m5s4 ,by means ( all ?ree1 man %\ld set himself to ris+ t[>d ,god1 & love ,him ) ! :ole m9d1 & he>t1 & s\l4 ,!n ,bonav5tura makes fur!r analysis ( 8 triple illum9ation into 8six degrees or p[]s ( ! s\l1 to wit1 s5se1 imag9ation1 reason1 intellect1 intellig5ce1 & apex m5tis seu synt]esis sc9tilla4 ,^! degrees are plant$ )9 u by nature1 de=m$ ?r\gh fault1 re=m$ ?r\gh grace1 purg$ ?r\gh righte\sness1 ex]cis$ ?r\gh k1 p]fect$ ?r\gh wisdom4444 ,:oev] wi%es to asc5d to ,god %\ld %un ! s9s :i* de=m nature1 & /ret* =? 8 natural p[]s1 9 pray]1 t[>d re=m+ grace1 9 mode ( life1 t[>d purify+ righte\sness1 9 m$itation1 t[>d illum9at+ k1 9 contemplation t[>d ! wisdom :i* makes p]fect4 ,= z no "o rea*es wisdom except ?r\gh grace1 righte\sness1 & k1 s no "o rea*es contemplation1 except ?r\gh m$itation1 a holy life1 & dev\t pray]40 ,*apt] "o closes ) little t is novel2 = we seem to be retrac+ ! ?\ghts ( ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor4 ,! second *apt] is on ! 8,contemplation ( ,god 9 ,8 ,footpr9ts 9 ! ,s5sible ,_w40 ,?is is ! next grade ( speculation1 because we %all n[ contemplate ,god n only ?r\gh ,8 footpr9ts1 b 9 !m also1 s f> z ,he is 9 !m ?r\gh ess5ce1 p[]1 or pres5ce4 ,! s5sible _w1 ! macrocosmus1 ent]s ! microcosmus1 :i* is ! anima1 ?r\gh ! gates ( ! five s5ses4 ,! au?or sket*es ! processes ( s5se-p]ception1 ?r\gh :i* out] facts are appreh5d$ accord+ to _! species1 & delight$ 9 if pleas+1 & !n adjudg$ accord+ to ! ratio ( _! delightfulness1 to wit1 _! beauty1 sweetness1 salubrity1 & proportion4 ,su* are ! footpr9ts 9 :i* we may contemplate our ,god4 ,all ?+s kn[able possess ! quality ( g5]at+ _! species 9 our m9ds1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( our p]ceptions2 & ?us we are l$ to contemplate ! et]nal g5]ation ( ! ,^w--image & ,son--f ! ,fa!r4 ,likewise sweetness & beauty po9t on to _! fontal s\rce4 ,& f speculation on ! local1 ! temporal1 & mutable1 our reason c>ries u to ! ?\ght ( ! immutable1 ! uncircumscrib$ & et]nal4 ,!n f ! beauty & delightfulness ( ?+s1 we pass to ! ?\ght ( numb] & proportion1 & judge ( _! irrefragable laws1 :]e9 are ,god's wisdom & p[]4 8,! creatures ( ?is s5sible _w signify ! invisible ?+s ( ,god2 9 "p because ,god is ! s\rce & exempl> & end ( e creature2 9 "p ?r\gh _! prop] lik5ess2 9 "p f _! prophetic prefigur+2 9 "p f angelic op]ations2 & 9 "p ?r\gh sup]add$ orda9m5t4 ,= e creature by nature is an effigy ( ! et]nal wisdom2 especially :atev] creature 9 ,scripture is tak5 by ! _s ( prophecy z a type ( ! spiritual2 b m especially ^? creatures 9 ! lik5ess ( :i* ,god will$ to appe> by an angelic m9i/]2 & mo/ especially t creature :i* he *ose to m>k z a sacram5t40 ,f ^! fir/ grades ( speculation1 :i* contemplate ! footpr9ts ( ,god 9 ! _w1 we are l$ to contemplate ! div9e image 9 ! natural p[]s ( our m9ds4 ,we f9d ! image ( ! mo/ bless$ ,tr9ity 9 our memory1 our rational intellig5ce1 & our w2 ! jo9t action ( :i* leads on to ! desire ( ! summum bonum4 ,next we contemplate ! div9e image 9 our m9ds remade by ! gifts ( grace ^u :i* we mu/ ent] by ! door ( ! fai?1 hope1 & love ( ! ,m$iator ( ,god & m51 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,z philosophy help$ u to see ! image ( ,god 9 ! natural qualities ( our m9d1 s ,scripture n[ is ne$$ to br+ u to ^! ?ree !ological virtues 7fai?1 hope1 & love71 :i* enable ! m9d ( fall5 man to be repair$ & made anew ?r\gh grace4 ,f ?is f\r? grade1 9 :i* ,god is /ill contemplat$ 9 8 image1 we rise to consid] ,god z pure be+1 :]e9 !re is nei!r privation1 nor b\nd1 nor p>ticul>ity2 & next 9 8 goodness1 ! highe/ communicability 7summam communicabilitatem7 ( :i* may be contemplat$1 b n compreh5d$1 9 ! my/]y ( ! mo/ bless$ ,tr9ity4 8,9 :om ! p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity x is necess>y because ( ! summa bonitas t !re %\ld be ! summa communicabilitas1 & because ( ! latt]1 ! summa consub/antialitas1 & because ( ?is ! summa configurabilitas1 & f ^! ! summa coaequalitas1 & ?r\gh ?is ! summa coaet]nitas1 & f all ! prec$+ ! summa co9timitas1 by :i* ea* is 9 ! o!r1 & "o works ) ! o!r ?r\gh e conceivable indivisibility 7indivisionem7 ( ! sub/ance1 virtue1 & op]ation ( ! same mo/ bless$ ,tr9ity44440 8,& :5 ?\ contemplate/ ?is10 adds ,bonav5tura1 8d n ?9k to compreh5d ! incompreh5sible40 ,f age to age ! religi\s s\l f9ds traces ( its ,god 9 nature & 9 its inmo/ self4 ,its ways ( f9d+ *ange1 v>y+ ) ! prevail+ curr5ts ( k2 yet /ill x ev] f9ds ^! ve/igia1 :i* repres5t ! wide/ d$uctions ( its reason+1 ! ultimate resultants ( its ?\ght1 & its own brood+ peace4 ,!re=e may we n foll[ sympa!tically ! ,it9]>ium ( ,bonav5tura's m9d z x traces ! footpr9ts ( its ,god8 ,?us f> ! way has advanc$ by reason1 uplift$ by grace1 & yet /ill reason4 ,?is reason has compreh5d$ :at x might compreh5d ( ! traces & evid5ces ( ,god 9 ! visible creation & ! s\l ( man2 x has s\ght to appreh5d ! be+ ( ,god1 b has humbly recogniz$ its inability to p5etrate ! m>vels ( 8 goodness 9 ! my/]y ( ! mo/ bless$ ,tr9ity4 ,!re x /ops at ! six? grade ( contemplation2 yet n baffl$1 or r5d]$ va91 = x has p]=m$ its function & br\ght ! s\l on to :]e %e may fl+ =? f reason's /eeps1 & f9d h]self aga91 buoyant & blissful1 9 a m$ium ( sup]-rational contemplation4 ,?is makes ! la/ *apt] ( ! m9d's ,it9]>ium2 x is ! apex m5tis1 ! summit ( all contemplations 9 :i* ! m9d has re/4 ,h5ce=? 8,*ri/ is ! way & door1 ! ladd] & ! vehicle1 z ! propitiation plac$ on ! ,ark ( ,god1 & ! sacram5t hidd5 f ! _w4 ,he :o looks on ?is propitiation1 ) 8 look full fix$ on him :o hangs ^u ! cross1 ?r\gh fai?1 hope1 & *>ity1 & all devotion1 he makes 8 ,passov]1 & ?r\gh ! rod ( ! cross %all pass ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea1 out ( ,egypt ent]+ ! des]t1 & !re ta/e ! hidd5 manna1 & re/ ) ,*ri/ 9 ! tomb1 dead to all )\t2 & %all realize1 ?\gh z "o /ill on ! way1 ! ^w ( ,*ri/ to ! believ+ ?ief3 #8,to-day ?\ %alt be ) me 9 ,p>adise4' ,:i* 0 also reveal$ to ! bless$ ,francis :5 9 ec/asy ( contemplation on ! high m\nta91 ! ,s]aph ) six w+s1 nail$ on a cross1 appe>$ to him4 ,!re1 z we h he>d f 8 companion1 he pass$ into ,god ?r\gh ec/asy ( contemplation1 & 0 set z an exempl> ( p]fect contemplation1 :]eby ,god %\ld invite all truly spiritual m5 to ?is transit & ec/asy1 by example r ?an by ^w4 ,9 ?is pass+ ov]1 if x be p]fect1 all ! ways ( reason are rel9qui%$1 & ! apex affectus is transf]r$ & trans=m$ into ,god4 ,?is is ! my/ic secret kn[n by no "o :o does n receive x1 & receiv$ by none :o does n desire x1 & desir$ only by him ^: he>t's core is aflame f ! fire ( ! ,holy ,_s1 :om ,*ri/ s5t on e>?4444 ,s9ce !n nature avails no?+ "h1 & dilig5ce b little1 we %\ld give ourselves less to inve/igation & m to unction2 little %\ld be giv5 to spee*1 & mo/ to inn] gladness2 little to ! writt5 ^w1 & all to ,god's gift ! ,holy ,_s2 little or no?+ is to be ascrib$ to ! creature1 & all to ! creative ess5ce1 ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,_s40 ,"h ,bonav5tura loses himself 9 an untranslatable extract f ,eriug5a's v]sion ( ! ,areopagite1 & !n proce$s3 8,if ?\ aske/ h[ may ^! ?+s be1 int]rogate grace & n doctr9e1 desire & n k1 ! groan+ ( pray] r ?an /udy1 ! ,sp\se r ?an ! tea*]1 ,god & n man1 mi/ r ?an cl>ity1 n light b fire all aflame & be>+ on to ,god by devotion & gl[+ affection4 ,:i* fire is ,god1 & ! man ,*ri/ k9dles x 9 ! f]v\r ( 8 passion1 z only he p]ceives :o says3 #8,my s\l *oose? /rangl+ & my bones1 dea?4' ,he :o loves ?is dea? %all see ,god4 ,!n let u die & pass into d>kness1 & sil5ce our solicitudes1 our desires1 & phantasies2 let u pass ov] ) ,*ri/ crucifi$ f ?is _w to ! ,fa!r2 t ! ,fa!r %[n u1 we may say ) ,philip3 #8x suffice? u4' ,let u he> ) ,paul3 #8,my grace is suffici5t = !e4' ,let u exult ) ,david1 say+3 #8,defecit c>o mea et cor meum1 ,deus cordis mei et p>s mea ,deus 9 aet]num'40#eei ,x is be/ to leave ! sa9t & doctor "h1 & n foll[ 9 o!r treatises ! curr5t ( 8 ye>n+ ?\ght till x divides 9 /reamlets :i* press on _! tortu\s ways ?r\gh allegory & ! adumbration ( :at ! m9d disclaims ! p[] to express directly4 ,^? m elaborate treatises ( 81 :i* are call$ my/ic1 are difficult = u to read4 ,z ) ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor1 f :om he drew s l>gely1 ,bonav5tura's expression ( 8 religi\s ye>n+s may int]e/ & move u2 b "o ne$s p]haps ! cloi/]'s quiet to foll[ on ?r\gh ! allegorical elaboration ( ?is pietism4 ,bonav5tura's ,soliloquium might we>y u aft] ! ,it9]>ium1 & we %\ld read 8 ,de septem it9]ibus aet]nitatis ) no m pleasure ?an ,hugo's ,my/ic ,ark ( ,noah4 ,x is en\gh to witness ! spiritual attitude ( ^! m5 )\t track+ !m ?r\gh ! 8selva oscura0 to _! lairs ( m$itation4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix ,,alb]tus ,,magnus ,alb]t ! ,great 0 prodigi\s 9 ! mass ( 8 accompli%m5t4 ,!re9 lay 8 importance = ! age he liv$ 92 !re9 lies 8 int]e/ = u4 ,= him1 sub/antial philosophy1 z di/+ui%$ f ! in/rum5tal rle ( logic1 _h ?ree p>ts1 set by nature1 r ?an devis$ by man2 !y are physics1 ma!matics1 & metaphysics4 8,x is our int5tion10 says ,alb]t at ! beg9n+ ( 8 exposition ( ,ari/otle's ,physics1 8to make all ! said p>ts intelligible to ! ,lat9s40 ,& he did4 ,p]haps ! _w has _h no great] purveyor ( a k n 8 own4 ,he is comp>able ) ,bo?ius1 :o gave ! ,lat9 _w ! ,ari/otelian ,organon1 a gift b half avail$ ( = _m c5turies4 ,alb]t gave 8 ,lat9 _w ! re/ ( ,ari/otle1 ! philosophia realis4 ,8 _w 0 z ready to receive ?is great donation1 z ! "t ( ,bo?ius 0 unready to pr(it by any intellectual gift dem&+ m5tal en]gies = its assimilation4 ,bo?ius /ood alone 9 8 und]tak+2 if 8 h& fail$ !re 0 none to take up 8 task4 ,fate /ay$ 8 h&2 & ! purpose t 0 81 to r5d] ! :ole ( ,plato & ,ari/otle intelligible to ! ,lat9 _w1 p]i%$ ) him1 ! ,lat9 _w be+ by no means eag] = ! :ole ( ,ari/otle & ,plato1 & unfit to receive x _h x be5 pr(f]$4 ,b ,alb]t's "t 0 eag]2 x 0 importunate = ! v enl>gem5t ( k :i* ,alb]t1 m ?an any o!r man1 0 br++ x4 ,an age obta9s :at x dem&s4 ,alb]t _h fell[-lab\r]s1 "s prec$+1 "s assi/+1 & o!rs foll[+ him1 to p]fect ! k 9 :i* he work$1 & build x into ! s*ola/ic ,*ri/ian s*eme4 ,b 9 ?is lab\r ( purveyor%ip he ov]topp$ ! re/1 ! giant ( !m all4 ,he 0 born ,c\nt ( ,boll/adt1 9 ,suabia1 probably 9 ! ye> #aaic4 ,:e!r 8 y\? 0 pass$ 9 ! pr(ession ( arms1 or 9 /udy1 is n q cle>4 ,b :ile /ill "y he began 8 ye>s ( /udi\s travel1 & at ,padua 9 #abbc he jo9$ ! ,dom9ican ,ord]4 ,he became a miracle ( le>n+1 reput$ also z "o :o c\ld expla9 ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,f #abbh to #abde he taught 9 ,g]man cities1 *iefly at ,cologne4 ,!n ! sc5e *ang$ to ,p>is1 :]e he lectur$ & won fame f #abde to #abdh4 ,) ?is p]iod beg9s ! publication ( 8 philosophical encyclopa$ia4 ,p]haps x 0 fir/ complet$ 9 #abef4 ,b ,alb]t kept supplem5t+ & revis+ x until 8 dea?4 ,9 #abdh he 0 rem&$ to ,cologne to e/abli% a s*ool !re4 ,8 life cont9u$ devot$ to /udy & tea*+1 yet ) int]ruptions4 ,= he fill$ ! (fice ( ,prov9cial ( 8 ,ord] = ,g]many f #abed to #abeg1 & 0 compell$ to be ,bi%op ( ,reg5sburg f #abfj to #abfb4 ,!n he insi/$ on resign+1 & retir$ to a cloi/] at ,cologne4 ,naturally he 0 engag$ 9 a numb] ( le>n$ controv]sies1 & 0 burd5$ ) num]\s ecclesia/ical affairs4 ,9 #abgg = ! la/ "t he set 8 face t[>d ,p>is1 to def5d ! doctr9es & memory ( 8 great pupil1 :o _h di$ ?ree ye>s be=e4 ,8 own illu/ri\s life clos$ at ,cologne on ! fifte5? ( ,novemb]1 #abhj4 ,alb]t 0 a man ( piety1 con=m+ /rictly to ! rules ( 8 ,ord]4 ,x is said t he refus$ to own ev5 ! manuscripts :i* he indit$2 & z ,dom9ican ,prov9cial ( ,g]many he walk$ b>efoot on 8 j\rneys ?r\gh ! va/ t]ritory set "u 8 sup]vision4 ,tradition has him exce$+ small ( /ature4 ,alb]t's lab\rs f9ally put )9 rea* ( 8 contempor>ies ! sum ( philosophy & sci5ce conta9$ 9 ! works ( ,ari/otle1 & 8 anci5t1 z well z ,arabian1 comm5tators4 ,! und]tak+ 0 gr&ly conceiv$2 x 0 c>ri$ out ) tireless en]gy & massive le>n+4 ,let u obs]ve ! pr9ciples :i* in=m$ ! m9d ( ?is mighty ,teuton s*ol>4 ,he transcrib$ approv+ly ! op9ion express$ by ,ari/otle at ! op5+ ( ! ,metaphysics1 t ! love ( k is natural to man2 & he recogniz$ ! pleasure aris+ f k ( ! s5sible _w1 ap>t f consid]ations ( utility4#efj ,he took ?is ?\ght f ,ari/otle2 b ! pro( t he made x 8 own ) p[] lay 9 ^? fifty ye>s ( intellectual toil :i* produc$ ! greate/ ( all m$iaeval /oreh\ses ( k4 ,9 8 reliance on 8 s\rces1 ,alb]t is m$iaeval2 8 t5d5cy is to accept ! op9ion :i* he is reproduc+1 especially :5 x is ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle4 ,yet he prote/$ aga9/ reg>d+ ev5 him z infallible4 8,he :o believes t ,ari/otle 0 ,god1 ought to believe t he nev] err$4 ,if "o reg>ds him z a man1 !n surely he may err z well z we40#efa ,alb]t 0 no ,av]roi/ to adh]e to all ! views ( ! ,philosoph]2 he po9t$ly diff]$ f him :]e or?odoxy dem&$ x1 ma9ta9+1 = in/ance1 ! creation ( ! _w 9 "t1 contr>y to ! op9ion ( ! ,p]ipatetics4 ,alb]t1 & ) him ,aqu9as1 _h n accept$ m]ely ! task ( exp\nd+ ,ari/otle1 b also t ( correct+ him :]e ,tru? 7) a l>ge ,*ri/ian capital7 requir$ x4 ,alb]t held t ,ari/otle might err1 & t he did n "k ev]y?+4 ,! developm5t ( sci5ce 0 n clos$ by 8 dea?3 8,dic5dum quod sci5tiae demon/rativae non omnes factae sunt1 s$ plures re/ant adhuc inv5i5dae40#efb ,?is is n ,rog] ,bacon speak+1 b ,alb]tus2 & /ill m might "o ?9k to he> ! voice ( ! recalcitrant ,franciscan 9 ! words3 8,oportet exp]im5tum non 9 uno modo1 s$ secundum omnes circum/antias prob>e40#efc ,yet ^! words too are ,alb]t's1 & he is speak+ ( ! obs]vation ( nature's ph5om5a2 reg>d+ :i* "o %all n simply transcribe ! anci5t /atem5t2 b obs]ve ) 8 own eyes & m9d4 ,?is 0 9 ! _s ( ,ari/otle2 ,alb]t recognizes & approves4 ,b did he make ! exp]im5tal pr9ciple 8 own ) p[]1 z he did ! ?\ght t ! desire to "k is inborn8 ,?is is a fundam5tal "q z to ,alb]t4 ,no "o d5ies 8 le>n+1 8 enorm\s book-dilig5ce4 ,b 0 he also an obs]v] ( natural ph5om5a8 ,"o :o s\ght to te/ f 8 own obs]vation ! /atem5ts ( ! books he read8 ,x is be/ "h to avoid ei!r a categorical affirmation or d5ial4 ,! /&>d by :i* "o %apes "o's answ] is important4 ,are we to comp>e ,alb]t ) a ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ^: m$itations %ut 8 eyes to m\nta9s1 lakes1 & woods8 ,or are we to apply ! /&>ds ( a natural sci5ce :i* looks always to ! te/$ results ( obs]vation8 ,!re is suffici5t evid5ce 9 ,alb]t's writ+s to %[ t he kept 8 eyes op51 & took notice ( int]e/+ ph5om5a1 se51 = in/ance1 on 8 j\rneys4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is absurd to imag9e t he dream$ ( te/+ ! writt5 matt] :i* he p>aphras$1 or ( mat]ially add+ to x1 by sy/ematic obs]vation ( nature4 ,acc\nts ( 8 obs]vations d n always raise our op9ion ( 8 sci5ce4 ,he transcribes ! description ( c]ta9 worms1 & says t !y may come f horse-hairs1 = he has se5 horse-hairs1 9 /ill wat]1 turn+ into worms4#efd ,! tr\ble 0 t ,alb]t _h no g5]al und]/&+ ( ! processes ( nature4 ,consequ5tly1 9 8 ,de animalibus = in/ance1 he gives ! fabul\s z readily z ! m reasonable4 ,nev]!less let no "o ?9k t natural k did n really int]e/ & delight him4 ,8 /udy ( plants has l$ ! *ief hi/orian ( botany to ass]t t ,alb]t 0 ! fir/ real botani/1 aft] ! anci5t ,!ophra/us1 inasmu* z he /udi$ = ! sake ( le>n+ ! nature ( plants1 irrespective ( _! m$ical or agricultural uses4#efe ,! writ+s ( ,alb]tus ,magnus repres5t1 p]haps m fully ?an ^? ( any o!r man1 ! r\nd ( k & intellectual int]e/ attract+ ! att5tion ( we/]n ,europe 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,at fir/ glance !y seem to sep>ate into ^? :i* 9 =m & sub/ance are p>aphrases ( ,ari/otelian treatises1 or borr[$ expositions ( ,ari/otelian topics2 & ^? :i* are m indep5d5t compositions4 ,yet ! latt]1 l ! ,summa de creaturis1 = example1 w be f\nd to consi/ l>gely ( borr[$ mat]ial2 ! matt] is re>rang$1 & pres5t$ 9 "s new connection1 or ) a purpose o!r ?an t ( its s\rce4 ,9 8 ,ari/otelian p>aphrases1 :i* 7 ?ickly s[n ) digressive expositions1 ,alb]t's me?od1 z he /ates at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,physica1 is 8to foll[ ! ord] & op9ions ( ,ari/otle1 & to give 9 addition :atev] is ne$$ 9 ! way ( explanation & support2 yet )\t reproduc+ ,ari/otle's text 7tam5 quod textus eius nulla fiat m5tio74 ,& we %all also compose digressiones to exp\nd :atev] is obscure40 ,! titles ( ! *apt]s w indicate :e!r _! sub/ance is f ,ari/otle4 ,?us in/ead ( giv+ ! ,ari/otelian text1 ) an atta*$ comm5t>y1 ,alb]t comb9es p>aphrase & supplem5t>y exposition4 ,evid5tly ! =m] me?od w\ld h pres5t$ ,ari/otle's mean+ m surely1 & w\ld h ?us subs]v$ a clos] s*ol>%ip4 ,b = ?is ! ,ari/otelian comm5t>ies ( ,aqu9as mu/ be await$4 ,! compass ( ,alb]t's a*ievem5t z a purveyor ( anci5t k may be se5 f a cursory survey ( 8 writ+s2 :i* w likewise af=d an idea ( ! quality ( 8 "w1 & h[ mu* !re 0 ( ,alb]t 9 x4#eff ,to beg9 )1 he sets =? ) volum9\s exposition ! entire ,ari/otelian ,organon4 ,! prelim9>y que/ions z to ! nature ( logic 7 treat$ 9 ! ,de pra$icabilibus1#efg :i* exp&$ ! sub/ance ( ,porphyry's ,isagoge4 ,9 ?is treatise ,alb]t exp\nds 8 conclusions z to univ]sals1 ! univ]sal be+ t :i* is 9 "o yet is fit 7aptum7 to be 9 _m1 & is pr$icable ( _m4 8,et hoc modo pr\t ratio e/ pra$icabilitatis1 ad logicam p]t9et de univ]sali tract>e2 quamvis secundum quod e/ natura qua$am et diff]5tia entis1 tract>e de ipso p]t9eat ad metaphysicam40 ,t is to say1 ,x p]ta9s to logic to treat ( ! univ]sal 9 respect to its pr$icability2 b 9 s f> z ! "q relates to ! nature & diff]5ces ( ess5tial be+1 x p]ta9s to metaphysics4 ,?is s5t5ce is an example ( ,alb]t's awkw>d ,lat92 b x %[s h[ firmly he di/+ui%es betwe5 ! logical & ! metaphysical mat]ial4 ,8 treatm5t ( logic is exhau/ive1 r ?an acutely discrim9at+4 ,he works con/antly ) ! mat]ial ( o!rs1 & ! result is m inclusive ?an organic4#efh ,9 8 pond]\s treatm5t ( logical !mes1 no possible consid]ation is omitt$4 ,! ,de pra$icabilibus is foll[$ by ! ,de pra$icam5tis1 ,alb]t's treatise on ! ,categories4 ,next comes 8 ,lib] de sex pr9cipiis1 :i* is a p>aphras+ exposition ( ! "w ( ,gilb]t de la ,porre4 ,!n comes 8 ,p]ih]m5ias1 :i* keeps ! ,greek title ( ! ,de int]pretatione4 ,^! writ+s are succe$$ by elaborate expositions ( ! m advanc$ logical treatises ( ,ari/otle1 all ( !m1 ( c\rse1 ,analytics 7,prior & ,po/]ior71 ,topics1 & ,el5*i4 ,! total production is detail$1 exhau/ive1 awful2 x is +5s truly1 only n q in=mis2 & ,teutonically pa9/ak+ & consci5ti\s4 ,?us logic makes ,tome ,i4 ( ! tw5ty-"o tomes ( ,alb]t's ,op]a4 ,tome ,,ii4 conta9s 8 expository p>aphrases ( ,ari/otle's ,physics & less] treatises ^u physical topics1 cele/ial & t]re/rial4 ,f ! op5+ *apt] we h already tak5 ! programme ( 8 l>ge int5tion to make kn[n all ,ari/otle to ! ,lat9s4 ,9 ?is *apt] likewise he proce$s to lay out ! divisions ( philosophia realis into ,ari/otelian conceptions ( metaphysica1 ma!matica1 & physica4 ,) *apt] two he falls into ! fir/ ( 8 int]m9able digressions1 tak+ up :at 7 call$ 8! objections ( ,h]acleitus0 to any sci5ce ( physics4 ,ano!r digressive *apt] consid]s ! prop] subject ( physical sci5ce1 to wit1 corpus mobile1 & ano!r consid]s its divisions4 ,aft] a :ile he takes up ! op9ions ( ! anci5ts ^u ! beg9n+s 7pr9cipia7 ( ?+s1 & !n reasons out ! true op9ion 9 ! matt]4 ,lib] ,,ii4 ( 8 ,physica is devot$ to ,natura1 consid]$ 9 _m ways1 b *iefly z ! pr9cipium intr9secum omnium eorum quae naturalia sunt4 ,x is ! pr9ciple ( motion 9 ! mobile sub/ance4 ,next he passes to a discussion ( causes2 & 9 ! succe$+ books he consid]s movem5t1 place1 "t1 & et]nity4 ,alb]t's p>aphrase is replete ) logical =ms ( ?9k+2 x seems l =mal logic appli$ 9 physical sci5ce4 ,! _w ab\t u /ill furni%es1 or is1 data = our ?\ghts2 & we try to conceive x consi/5tly1 s z to satisfy our ?9k+2 s did ,ari/otle & ,alb]tus4 ,b !y av[$ly work$ out _! conceptions ( ! ext]nal _w accord+ to ! laws det]m9+ ! consi/5cy ( _! own m5tal processes2 & deem$ ?is a prop] way ( approa* to natural sci5ce4 ,yet ! "w ( ,ari/otle repres5ts a real consid]ation ( ! univ]se1 & a trem5d\s mass ( natural k4 ,! a*ievem5t ( ,alb]tus 9 r5d]+ x available to ! s*ol>-_w ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 an ext5sion ( k :i* seems ! m prodigi\s z we note its enorm\s range4 ,?is cont9ues to impress u z we turn ov] ,alb]t's next treatises1 p>aphras+ ^? ( ,ari/otle1 z _! names indicate3 ,de coelo et mundo2 ,de g5]atione et corruptione2 ,libri ,,iv4 meteorum2 ,de m9]alibus1 :i* ends ,tome ,,ii4 & ! physical treatises prop]4 ,tome ,,iii4 introduces u to ano!r region1 op5+ ) ,alb]t's exhau/ive p>aphrase1 ,de anima4 ,x is plac$ "h because ! sci5tia de anima is a "p ( naturalis sci5tia1 & comes aft] m9]als & o!r topics ( physics1 b prec$es ! sci5ce ( animate bodies--corporum animatorum2 = ! la/ _c be kn[n except ?r\gh kn[+ _! animae4 ,9 ?is1 z well z 9 o!r works ( ,alb]t1 psy*ological mat]ial is ga!r$ f _m s\rces4 ,"o may h>dly speak ( ! psy*ology ( ,alb]tus ,magnus1 s9ce 8 matt] has no organic unity4 ,x is l>gely ,ari/otelian1 ) ! ?\ghts ( ,arab comm5tators tak5 into x1 z 9 ,alb]t's ,ari/otelian p>aphrases g5]ally4 ,b x is also ,augu/9ian1 & ,platonic & ,neo-,platonic4 ,alb]t is capable ( def5d+ opposite views 9 ! same treatise2 & 9 spite ( be/ int5tions1 he does n succe$ 9 h>moniz+ :at he draws f ,ari/otle1 ) :at he takes f ,augu/9e4 ,h5ce 8 works n[h]e pres5t a sy/em ( psy*ology :i* might be call$ ,alb]t's1 ei!r ?r\gh creation or consi/5t selection4 ,b at lea/ he has ga!r$1 & be/[$ some:]e1 all ! accessible mat]ial4#efi ,tome ,,iii4 ( ,alb]t's ,op]a conta9s also 8 ,ari/otelian p>aphrase1 ,metaphysicorum libri ,,xiii4 ,9 ?is v]a sapi5tia philosophiae1 he foll[s ,ari/otle closely1 save :]e or?odoxy compels deviation4#egj ,tome ,,iv4 conta9s 8 p>aphras+ expositions1 ,e?ica & ,9 octo libros politicorum ,ari/otelis comm5t>ii4 ,tome ,v4 conta9s p>aphrases ( ,ari/otle's m9or natural treatises1--p>va naturalia2 to wit1 ! ,lib] de s5su et s5sato1 treat+ problems ( s5se-p]ception2 next ! ,lib] de memoria et rem9isc5tia1 9 :i* ! two are ?us di/+ui%$3 8,memoria motus cont9uus e/ 9 rem1 et uni=mis4 ,rem9iscibilitas autem e/ motus quasi int]ceptus et abscissus p] oblivionem40 ,treatises foll[3 ,de somno et vigilia2 ,de motibus animalium2 ,de aetate1 sive de juv5tute et s5ectute2 ,de spiritu et respiratione2 ,de morte et vita2 ,de nutrim5to et nutribile2 ,de natura et orig9e animae2 ,de unitate intellectus contra ,av]roem 7a controv]sial tract72 ,de intellectu et intelligibile 7an important psy*ological writ+72 ,de natura locorum2 ,de causis proprietatum elem5torum2 ,de passionibus a]is1 sive de vaporum impressionibus2 & next & la/1 sav+ "s m9or tracts1 ,alb]t's *ief botanical "w1 ,de vegetabilibus4 ,ari/otle's ,botany 0 lo/1 & ,alb]t's "w 0 bas$ on ! ,de plantis ( ,nicolas ( ,damascus1 a %ort comp5d vulg>ly ascrib$ to ,ari/otle1 b really made 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 & pass+ ?r\gh num]\s translations f "o language to ano!r1 be=e ,alb]t accept$ x z ! composition ( ! ,/agirite4 ,x consi/$ ( two %ort books2 ,alb]t's "w conta9$ sev5 long ones1 & made ! mo/ important "w on botany s9ce ! times ( ,ari/otle & 8 pupil ,!ophra/us4 ,9 op5+1 ,alb]t says t g5]alities applicable to all animate ?+s h be5 already pres5t$1 & n[ x is "t to consid] m especially & 9 turn1 vegetabilia1 s5sibilia1 rationabilia4 ,9 ! fir/ eight *apt]s ( 8 fir/ book1 ,alb]t foll[s 8 suppos$ ,ari/otelian s\rce1 & !n rem>ks t ! translation ( ! ,philosoph]'s treatise is s ignorantly made t he w himself take up 9 ord] ! six problems ?us f> incompet5tly discuss$4 ,s he consid]s :e!r plants h s\ls2 :e!r plant-s\ls feel & desire2 :e!r plants sleep2 z to sex 9 plants2 :e!r )\t sex !y c propagate _! species2 & z to _! hidd5 life4 ,9 ! second book1 hav+ aga9 bewail$ ! insuffici5cy ( 8 s\rce1 ,alb]t takes up ! classification ( plants1 & proce$s ) a description ( _! v>i\s p>ts1 !n passes on to ! %ape ( leaves1 ! g5]ation & nature ( fl[]s1 _! col\r1 od\r1 & %ape4 ,lib] ,,iii41 /ill z an indep5d5t digressio1 discusses se$s & fruit4 ,9 ,lib] ,,iv4 ,alb]t returns to 8 unhappy s\rce1 & 8 matt] decl9es 9 int]e/2 b aga91 9 ,lib] ,v41 he frees himself 9 a digressio on ! prop]ties & effects ( plants1 ga!r$ f _m s\rces1 "s ( :i* are fooli% en\gh4 ,8 six? book is a description ( trees & o!r plants 9 alphabetical ord]4 ,! la/ & sev5? is devot$ to agriculture4#ega ,9 ! ,de vegetabilibus1 ,alb]t1 z an exp\nd] ( natural k1 is at 8 be/4 ,a less indep5d5t & intellig5t production is 8 enorm\s treatise ,de animalibus libri ,,xxvi41 :i* fills ! :ole ( ,tome ,,iv4 ( ,alb]t's ,op]a4 ,a c]ta9 ,?omas ( ,cantimpr1 an admir+ pupil ( ,alb]t1 may h anticipat$ ! above-nam$ "w ( 8 tea*] by 8 own compilation1 ,de naturis r]um1 :i* appe>s to h be5 compos$ %ortly be=e ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,its descriptions ( animals1 al?\gh borr[$ & uncritical1 7 at lea/ int5d$ to describe !m actually1 & 7 n m]ely fa%ion$ = ! moral's sake1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,physiologus1#egb & _m a compilation ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages4 ,yet ! "w conta9s moralities en\gh1 & pl5ty ( ! fabul\s4 ,b ,?omas dilig5tly ga!r$ in=mation z he might1 & f ,ari/otle m ?an any o!r4 ,?us1 9 8 less] way1 he1 z well z ,alb]t1 repres5ts ! t5d5cy ( ! p]iod to int]e/ itself 9 ! realities1 z well z 9 ! symbolisms1 ( ! natural _w4 ,alb]t's "w is n su* an inorganic compilation z ,?omas's4 ,he has p>aphras$ ! t5 books ( ,ari/otle's natural hi/ories1 8 f\r books on ! p>ts ( animals1 & 8 five books on _! g5]ation4 ,to ^! n9ete51 he has add$ sev5 books on ! nature ( animal bodies & on _! grades ( p]fection2 & !n on quadrup$s1 birds1 aquatic animals1 snakes1 & small bloodless creatures4 ,besides ,ari/otle1 he draws on ,avic5na1 ,gal51 ,ambrose 7671 & o!rs1 includ+ ,?omas ( ,cantimpr4 ,?us1 8 "w is made up ma9ly ( ! anci5t writt5 mat]ial4 ,moreov]1 ,alb]t is kept f a natural view ( 8 subject ?r\gh ! ne$ he feels to measure animals by ! /&>ds ( human capacity1 & le>n to "k !m ?r\gh kn[+ man4 ,8 digressiones usually discuss ab/ract problems1 z1 = in/ance1 :e!r beyond ! f\r elem5ts1 any fif? pr9ciple ent]s ! composition ( animal bodies4 ,z = 8 anatomy1 he describes ! muscles1 & calls ! ve9s n]ves1 hav+ no real k ( ! latt]4 ,he corrects few anci5t errors1 ei!r anatomical or physiological2 & 8 own obs]vations1 occasionally ref]r$ to 9 8 "w1 sc>cely w9 our respect4 ,nor does he exclude fabul\s /ories1 or ! curr5t sup]/itions z to ! m$ic9al or magical effect ( p>ts ( c]ta9 animals4 ,on ! :ole1 ,alb]t's m]it 9 ! prov9ce ( ,zoology lies 9 8 introduction ( ! ,ari/otelian data & conceptions to ! m$iaeval ,lat9 ,we/4#egc ,aft] ,tome ,,iv4 ( ,alb]t's ,op]a1 foll[ _m portly tomes1 ! cont5ts ( :i* ne$ n deta9 u4 ,!re are enorm\s comm5t>ies on ! ,psalms & ,prophets1 & ! ,gospels 7,tomes ,,vii4-,,xi472 !n a tome ( s]mons1 !n a tome ( comm5t>ies on ! ,hi]>*ies ( ,pseudo-,dionysius2 & ?ree tomes ( comm5t>ies on ! ,lomb>d's ,s5t5ces1--comm5t>ies1 t is to say1 ^u works :i* /ood close to ,scripture 9 au?ority4 ,) ^! we rea* ! end ( ,alb]t's lab\rs 9 p>aphrase & comm5t>y1 & pass to 8 m con/ructive "w4 ,( c\rse1 ! fir/ & *ief is 8 ,summa !ologiae1 conta9$ 9 ,tomes ,,xvii4 & ,,xviii4 ( ! ,op]a4 ,) ,alb]t1 !ology is a sci5ce1 a bran* ( sy/ematic k1 ! highe/ inde$1 & yet "o among o!rs4 ,?is sci5ce1 says he 9 ! ,prologue to 8 ,summa1 8444 is ( all sci5ces ! mo/ entitl$ to cr$5ce--c]tissimae cr$ulitatis et fidei4 ,o!r sci5ces1 conc]n+ creatures1 possess rationes immobiles1 yet ^? rationes are mobiles because !y are 9 creat$ ?+s4 ,b ?is sci5ce f\nd$ 9 rationibus aet]nis is immutable bo? secundum esse & secundum rationem4 ,& s9ce x is n con/itut$ ( ! s5sible & imag9able1 :i* are n q cle>$ ( ! hang+s ( matt]1 pla9ly x1 alone or supremely1 is sci5ce3 = ! div9e intellect is altoge!r intellectual1 be+ ! light & cause ( ev]y?+ intelligible2 & f x to u is ! div9e sci5ce40 ,alb]t's dialectic is turgid en\gh1 & lacks ! lucidity ( 8 pupil4 ,yet 8 reason+ may be weighty & ev5 conv9c+4 ,intellect1 ,reason & its realm ( t :i* is kn[n ?r\gh ,reason1 is high] ?an s5se p]ceptions & imag9ations spr++ f !m3 x af=ds ! sure/ k2 ! sci5ce t treats ( pure reason1 :i* is 9 ,god1 is ! sure/ & noble/ ( sci5ces4 ,alb]t cle>ly def9es ! prov9ce & nature ( !ology4 8,x is sci5tia secundum pietatem2 x is n conc]n$ ) ! kn[able 7scibile7 simply z su*1 nor ) ! kn[able univ]sally2 b only z x incl9es u to ,piety4 ,piety1 z ,augu/9e says1 is ! wor%ip ( ,god1 p]fect$ by fai?1 hope1 *>ity1 pray]1 & sacrifices4 ,?us !ology is ! sci5ce ( :at p]ta9s to salvation2 = piety conduces to salvation40#egd ,! ,summa !ologiae treats ( ! encyclopa$ic matt] ( ! sacr$ sci5ce1 9 ! ord] & arrangem5t ) :i* we are famili>4#ege ,x is foll[$ 7,tome ,,xix47 by ,alb]t's ,summa de creaturis1 a pres5tation ( ,god's creation1 omitt+ ! special topics set =? 9 ! ,de vegetabilibus & ,de animalibus4 ,x treats ( creation1 ( matt]1 ( "t & et]nity1 ( ! heav5s & cele/ial bodies1 ( angels1 _! qualities & functions1 & ! hi]>*ies ( !m2 ( ! /ate ( ! wick$ angels1 ( ! works ( ! six days1 briefly2 & !n ( man1 s\l & body1 v fully2 ( man's habitation & ! ord] & p]fection ( ! univ]se4 ,?us ! ,summa de creaturis treats ( ! _w & man z ,god's creation2 b x is n directly conc]n$ ) man's salvation1 :i* is ! di/+ui%+ purpose ( a ,summa !ologiae1 h[ev] encyclopa$ic su* a "w may be4 ,two tomes rema9 ( ,alb]t's op]a1 conta9+ mu* t is v diff]5t f any?+ already consid]$4 ,tome ,,xx4 is devot$ to ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 & is *iefly made up ( two prodigi\s tracts3 ,de laudibus beatae ,m>iae ,virg9is libri ,,xii41 & ! ,m>iale1 sive quae/iones sup] evangelium1 ,missus e/ angelus ,gabriel4 ,^! works--x is disput$ :e!r ,alb]t 0 _! au?or--are a glorification1 inde$ a deification1 ( ,m>y4 ,!y are prodigi\s2 !y are a/\nd+4 ,! wor%ip ( ,m>y is ga!r$ up 9 !m1 ( ,m>y ! *ief & be/ belov$ religi\s creation ( ! ,middle ,ages2 only n a creation1 /rictly speak+1 = ! ,div9e ,virg91 equipp$ ) attribute & quality1 sprang f ! fecund matrix ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,! works be=e u repres5t a simpl] piety ?an ,alb]t's ,summa !ologiae4 ,!y conta9 satisfy+1 consol+ /atem5ts1 n wov5 ( dialectic4 ,& ! end is all t ! ,m>y-lov+ s\l c\ld wi%4 8,*ri/ protects ! s]vants ( ,8 g5etrix3--& s does ,m>y1 z may be read 9 h] miracles1 protect u f our bodily enemies1 & f ! s$uc]s ( s\ls40#egf ,! praises ( ,m>y w seem m>vell\s inde$ to anyone turn+ ov] ! tituli ( books & *apt]s4 ,!re is "h a :ole my?ology1 & a univ]sal symbolism4 ,symbolically1 ,m>y is ev]y?+ imag9able2 %e has e virtue & a mass ( p[] & privileges4 ,%e is ! adorable & *ief effici5t ,goddess m$iat+ betwe5 ! ,tr9ity & ! creature man4 ,tome ,,xxi41 la/ tome ( all1 has a v>iety ( writ+s1 "s ( :i* may n be ,alb]t's4 ,among !m is a "w ( sweet & simple piety1 a "w ( turn+ to ,god z a little *ild2 & "o w\ld be loa? to take x away f ?is man ( le>n+4 ,de adha]5do ,deo is its title1 :i* tells ! /ory4 ,alb]t wi%$ at la/ to write some?+ pres5t+ man's ultimate p]fection1 s f> z t might be realiz$ 9 ?is life4 ,s he writes ?is little tract ( *amb]-piety1 z to h[ "o %\ld cl+ to ,*ri/ alone4 ,yet he _c dis5cumb] himself ( 8 lifelong me?ods ( composition4 ,he might conceive & desire2 b x 0 n = him to write a tract to move ! he>t4 ,! be/ he c say is t ! end ( all our /udy & discipl9e is int5d]e et quiesc]e 9 ,dom9o ,deo intra te p] purissimum intellectum1 et devotissimum affectum s9e phantasmatibus et implicationibus4 ,! great s*ol> w\ld come home at la/1 l a little *ild1 if he only c\ld4 ,,*apt] ,,xl ,,?omas ,,aqu9as ,i4 ,,?omas',s ,,conception ,,( ,,human ,,beatitude4 ,,ii4 ,,man',s ,,capacity ,,to ,,"k ,,god4 ,,iii4 ,,h[ ,,god ,,kn[s4 ,,iv4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,angels ,,"k4 ,v4 ,,h[ ,,m5 ,,"k4 ,,vi4 ,,k ,,?r\gh ,,fai? ,,p]fect$ ,,9 ,,love4 ,i ,) ,alb]t x seem$ mo/ illum9at+ to outl9e ! masses ( 8 "w ( ,ari/otelian purveyor%ip & in*oate recon/ruction ( ! ,*ri/ian encyclopa$ia 9 con=mity ) ! new philosophy4 ,su* a treatm5t w n avail = ,?omas4 ,8 a*ievem5t1 ev5 measur$ by its bulk1 0 z great z ,alb]t's4 ,b its size & encyclopa$ic inclusiv5ess d n repres5t its integral excell5ces4 ,! intellectual qualities ( ,?omas1 ev9c$ 9 8 "w1 are ( a high] ord] ?an ^? includ$ 9 intellig5t dilig5ce1 h[ev] exceptional4 ,!y mu/ be dis5gag$ f out ( ! va/ product ( _! en]gies1 9 ord] t !y may be br\ght toge!r1 & made to appe> 9 ! organic correlation :i* !y held 9 ! m9d ( ! mo/ pot5t g5ius ( s*ola/icism4 ,we are pleas$ to f9d "s clue to a man's g5ius 9 ! race & place f :i* he draws 8 orig94 ,s = :atev] may be its explanatory value z to ,?omas1 "o may note t he came ( ,teutonic /ocks1 :i* = "s g5]ations _h be5 domicil$ 9 ! =m-giv+ ,italian l&4 ,! m+l$ blood ( pr9cely ,suabian & ,norman l9es fl[$ 9 him2 ! nobility ( 8 fa!r's h\se1 ! ,c\nts ( ,aqu9um1 0 equall$ by 8 "m's l9eage4 ,probably 9 #abbe he 0 born1 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 n f> f ,monte ,cass9o4 ,?i!r1 z a *ild1 he 0 s5t to s*ool to ! monks1 & /ay$ ) !m ?r\gh *ildhood's =mative p]iod4 ,8 education did n create ! m9d :i* x may h _h "p 9 direct+ to sacr$ /udy4 ,ne> 8 t5? ye>1 ! extraord9>y boy 0 return$ to ,naples1 !re to /udy ! humanities & philosophy "u select$ ma/]s4 ,:5 eighte51 he laun*$ himself ^u ! intellectual curr5ts ( ! age by jo9+ ! ,dom9ican ,ord]4 ,/ories h come d[n ( ! viol5t1 b fruitless opposition ( 8 family4 ,9 two ye>s1 ) true in/9ct1 ,?omas _h made 8 way f ,naples to ! feet ( ,alb]t 9 ,cologne4 ,!nce=? ! two 7 to be toge!r1 z _! tasks p]mitt$1 & ! loyal relation%ip betwe5 ma/] & s*ol> 0 undi/urb$ by ! latt]'s transc5d5t g5ius4 ,plato _h ! greate/ pupil1 & ,ari/otle ! greate/ ma/]1 kn[n to fame4 ,t pupil's "w 0 a r$irect+ ( philosophy4 ,! "w ( pupil ,?omas p]fect$ f9ally ! matt] ^u :i* 8 ma/] lab\r$2 & ! ma/]'s ag$ eyes beheld ! f9i%$ /ructure t 0 p>tly 81 :5 ! pupil's eyes _h clos$4 ,?omas1 dy+1 left ,alb]t to def5d ! sy/em t 0 to be call$ 8,?omi/10 aft] him :o con/ruct$ & f9i%$ x to its v turret po9ts1 r ?an 8,alb]ti/10 aft] him :o prep>$ ! mat]ials4 ,to return to ! "t :5 bo? /ill lab\r$4 ,?omas 9 #abde accompani$ 8 ma/] to ,p>is1 & ?ree ye>s lat] w5t back ) him to ,cologne4 ,!reaft] _! duties (t5 sep>at$ !m4 ,we "k t 9 #abeb ,?omas 0 lectur+ at ,p>is1 & t he !re receiv$ ) ,bonav5tura ! title ( magi/] 9 #abeg4 ,aft] ?is he is f\nd s\? ( ! ,alps2 x 0 9 ! ye> #abfc t ,urban ,,iv4 at ,rome enc\rag$ him to und]take a critical comm5t>y ^u ,ari/otle1 bas$ on a clos] r5d]+ into ,lat9 ( ! ,greek4 ,9 #abfh1 at ! height ( 8 academic fame1 he is once m at ,p>is2 :i* he leaves = ! la/ "t 9 #abgb1 hav+ be5 direct$ to e/abli% a /udium g5]ale at ,naples4 ,two ye>s lat] he di$1 on 8 way to advise ! lab\rs ( ! ,c\ncil assembl$ at ,lyons4#egg ,?omas wrote comm5t>ies ^u ! ,ari/otelian ,de int]pretatione & ,po/]ior ,analytics2 ! ,physics1 ! ,de coelo et mundo1 ! ,meteorum1 ! ,metaphysics1 ,e?ics1 ,politics1 & c]ta9 o!r ,ari/otelian treatises4 ,8 "w %[s su* a close und]/&+ ( ,ari/otle z ! _w _h n kn[n s9ce ! days ( ! anci5t ,p]ipatetics4 ,( c\rse1 he lectur$ on ! ,s5t5ces1 & ! result rema9s 9 8 ,comm5t>ies on !m4 ,he lectur$1 & ! result+ ,comm5t>ies exi/ 9 _m tomes1 on ! great] "p ( bo? ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,x w\ld little help our purpose to catalogue 9 detail 8 m con/ructive & orig9al works1 :]e9 he p]fect$ a sy/em ( philosophy & sacr$ k4 ,*ief among !m 7 ! ,summa contra ,g5tiles & ! ,summa !ologiae1 ! latt] ! mo/ influ5tial "w ( all we/]n m$iaeval s*ola/icism4 ,_m ( 8 m important %ort] treatises are includ$ 9 ! ,quae/iones disputatae1 & ! ,quodlibetalia4 ,!y treat ( _m matt]s f9ally put toge!r 9 ! ,summa !ologiae4 ,de malo 9 communi1 de peccatis1 etc42 ,de anima2 ,de virtutibus 9 communi1 etc42 ,de v]itate2 ,de ideis2 ,de cognitione angelorum2 ,de bono2 ,de voluntate2 ,de lib]o arbitrio2 ,de passionibus animae2 ,de gratia2--su* are titles drawn f ! ,quae/iones4 ,! ,quodlibetalia 7 academic disputations held 9 ! !ological faculty1 ^u any imag9able !sis hav+ !ological be>+4 ,"s ( !m /ill appe> philosophical1 :ile _m seem biz>re to u2 = example3 ,:e!r an angel c move f "o extreme to ! o!r )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! middle4 ,"o may rememb] t su* que/ions _h be5 put1 & put aga91 f ! "t ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs4 ,?is "q answ]$ by ,?omas :e!r an angel may pass f "o extreme to ! o!r )\t trav]s+ ! middle is p]t95t to ! conception ( angels z completely immat]ial be+s1--a conception ^u ! elaboration ( :i* !ologians exp5d$ mu* +5i\s ?\ght4 ,9 ! e>li] ,middle ,ages1 :5 m5 7 busy putt+ toge!r ! anci5t matt]1 ! p]sonalities ( ! writ]s may n cle>ly appe>4 ,x is diff]5t 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 & v diff]5t 9 ! ?irte5?1 :5 ! figures ( at lea/ its great] m5 are ?r[n out pla9ly by _! writt5 works4 ,bonav5tura is se5 lucidly reason+1 b ) 8 ard5tly envision+ piety ev] rea*+ out beyond2 ! p]sonality ( ,alb]t mo/ ,teutonically wre/les itself into sali5ce ?r\gh ! _m-tom$ results ( 8 v visible ef=ts2 :5 we come to ,rog] ,bacon1 we %all f9d wormwood1 & _m high] qualities ( m9d1 fl[+ 9 8 s5t5ces4 ,& ! consummate fa%ion+ faculty1 ! dev\t & intellectual temp]am5t ( ,?omas1 are writ l>ge 9 8 treatises4 ,8 "w has unity2 x is a sy/em2 x corresponds to ! s*ola/ically creative p]sonality1 f ! effici5t concord ( ^: faculties x proce$$4 ,! unity ( ,?omas's p]sonality lay 9 8 conception ( man's summum bonum1 :i* sprang f 8 ,*ri/ian fai?1 b 0 con/ruct$ by reason f f\ndation to p9nacle2 & x is ev9c$ 9 ! compulsion ( an intellectual temp]am5t t nev] let ! pi\s reason]'s en]gies or appetitions /ray loit]+ or ab]rant f t goal4 ,likewise ! unity ( 8 sy/em consi/s 9 its purpose1 :i* is to pres5t t same summum bonum1 cr$it$ by fai?1 emp[]$1 if n empassion$1 by piety1 & con/ruct$ by reason4 ,to fulfil ?is purpose 9 its utmo/ compass1 reason works ) ! mat]ial ( all p]t95t k2 fa%ion+ ! same to complete logical consi/5cy ( expression4 ,!re=e1 x is f 8 conception ( ?is summum bonum z f a c5tre ( illum9ation1 t we may trace ! *>act]i/ic qualities alike ( ,?omas & 8 "w4 ,8 fai?1 8 piety1 & 8 intellectual nature are reveal$ 9 8 ?\ght ( supreme felicity4 ,man's *ief good be+ ! gr\nd ( ! sy/em1 ! ?\ght & /udy :i* ,?omas puts ^u ! creat$ univ]se & ^u ,god1 reg>d$ bo? z ,creator & 9 ! relation%ips ( ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,_s1 conduce to make l>ge & sure & ample ?is same *ief good ( man4 ,to x likewise conduce ! ,inc>nation1 & ! ,sacram5ts spr++ !refrom2 9 accord ) x1 ,?omas accepts or con/ructs 8 metaphysics1 8 psy*ology1 8 entire ?\ght ( human capacity & de/9y1 & sets =? h[ ne>ly man's reason may br+ him to ?is goal1 & :]e !re is ne$ ( div9e grace4 ,9 ?is goal1 moreov]1 %all be f\nd ! sanction ( human k1 & ! ju/ification ( ! "r enjoym5t ( human faculties2 x det]m9es :at elem5ts ( mortal life may be ga!r$ up & c>ri$ on1 to =m "p ( ! s\l's et]nal beatitude4 ,?omas's intellectual p[]s "w toge!r 9 ord] to set 8 ?\ght ( man's summum bonum on its sure/ f\ndations1 & make cle> its scope3 8 faculty ( arrangem5t1 & s]i\s & lucid pres5tation2 8 c>eful reason+1 :i* nev] trips1 nev] ov]looks1 & nev] ei!r hurries or is tak5 unprep>$2 8 m>vell\s un=getfulness ( ev]y?+ :i* might remotely be> on ! subject2 8 intellectual poise1 & 8 j weigh+ ( e matt] t %\ld be tak5 into ! scales ( 8 det]m9ation4 ,obs]v+ ^!1 we may realize h[ he seem$ to 8 "t a new intellectual manife/ation ( ,god's illum9at+ grace4 ,!re 0 9 him some?+ unkn[n be=e2 8 argum5t1 8 exposition1 0 new 9 p[]1 9 int]e/1 9 lucidity4 ,on ! quality ( newness ! wret*$ old biograph] r+s 8 reit]ation3 8,= 9 8 lectures he put out new topics 7articulos71 inv5t+ a new & cle> way ( draw+ conclusions & br++ new reasons into !m1 s t no "o1 :o _h he>d him tea* new d\bts & allay !m by new argum5ts1 w\ld h d\bt$ t ,god _h illum9$ ) rays ( new light "o :o became /raightway ( su* sure judgm5t1 t he did n hesitate to tea* & write new op9ions1 :i* ,god _h deign$ newly to inspire40#egh ,8 biograph]'s view is ju/ifi$4 ,?omas 0 ! greate/ ( ! s*oolm54 ,8 way ( tea*+1 8 transluc5t exposition1 came to 8 he>]s z a new inspiration4 ,only ,bonav5tura 7likewise ,italian-born7 may be comp>$ ) him = cle>ness ( exposition--( solution inde$2 & ,?omas is m judicial1 m supremely intellectual2 8 way ( treatm5t 0 a /rong] incitem5t & satisfaction to at lea/ ! m9ds ( 8 auditors4 ,alb]t1 ) 8 mass ( b half-conqu]$ mat]ial1 c\ld n fail to %[1 :e!r he w\ld or n1 ! d\bt-bre$+ difficulties ( ! new philosophy1 :i* 0 yet to be work$ into ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,?omas expos$ e difficulty & reveal$ its dep?s2 b !n he solv$ & adju/$ ev]y?+ ) an argum5tation f ^: c>eful inclusiv5ess no que/ions /ray$ un%eph]d$4 ,plac$ ) ,?omas1 ,alb]t %[s z ! ,titan ^: /r5g? assembles ! mat]ials1 :ile ,?omas is ! god :o erects ! edifice4 ,! mat]ial t ,?omas works )1 & _m ( 8 ?\ghts & argum5ts1 are to be f\nd 9 ,alb]t2 & ! pupil knew 8 indebt$ness to ! great ma/]1 :o surviv$ him to def5d 8 doctr9es4 ,b :at is n 9 ,alb]t1 is ,?omas1 ,?omas himself1 ) 8 dis5tangl$ reason+1 8 cl>ity1 8 organic exposition1 8 f9al con/ruction ( ! m$iaeval ,*ri/ian s*eme4#egi ,9 ! ?ird book ( 8 ,summa philosophica contra ,g5tiles1 & 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,p>s prima secundae ( 8 ,summa !ologiae1 ,?omas exp\nds man's f9al end1 ultimus f9is1 :i* is 8 supreme good or p]fect beatitude4 ,! exposition 9 ! =m] "w1 dat+ f ! e>li] ye>s ( ! au?or's academic activities1 seems ! simpl] at fir/ read+2 b ! o!r includes m surely ,?omas's la/ reason+1 plac$ 9 ! sett+ ( argum5t & relation%ip :i* he gave x 9 8 greate/ "w4 ,we %all foll[ ! latt]1 borr[+1 h[ev]1 f ! =m] :5 its phrases seem to pres5t ! matt] m aptly to our non-s*ola/ic m9ds4 ,! g5]al position ( ! topic is ! same 9 bo? ,summae2 & ,?omas gives ! reason 9 ! ,prologus to ,p>s prima secundae ( ! ,summa !ologiae4 ,8 way ( do+ ?is is significant3 8,man is decl>$ to be made 9 ! image ( ,god 9 ?is s5se 7z ,damasc5us#ehj says7 t by #8image' is meant intellectual1 free to *oose1 & self-pot5t to act4 ,!re=e1 aft] :at has be5 said ( ! ,exempl> ,god1 & ( ^? ?+s :i* proce$ f ! div9e p[] accord+ to its w1 !re rema9s = u to consid] ,8 image1 to wit1 man1 9 s f> z he is himself ! s\rce 7pr9cipium7 ( 8 acts1 possess+ free w & p[] ov] !m40 ,!reupon ,?omas cont9ues1 op5+ 8 fir/ ,quae/io3#eha 8,fir/ "o mu/ consid] ! f9al end 7ultimus f9is7 ( human life1 & !n ^? ?+s ?r\gh :i* man may atta9 ?is end1 or deviate f x4 ,= "o mu/ accept f an end ! rationale ( ^? ?+s :i* are orda9$ to t end40 ,assum+ ! f9al end ( human life to be beatitude1 ,?omas consid]s :]e9 man z a rational creature may prop]ly h "o f9al end1 on acc\nt ( :i* he wills all t he wills4 ,quae/io ii4 %[s t man's beatitude _c consi/ 9 ri*es1 hon\rs1 fame1 p[]1 pleasures ( ! body1 or 9 any creat$ good1 n ev5 9 ! s\l4 ,man ga9s 8 beatitude ?r\gh ! s\l2 b 9 itself ! s\l is n man's f9al end4 ,! next ,quae/io is devot$ to ! gi/ ( ! matt]3 :at beatitude is1 & :at is ne$$ = x4 ,?omas fir/ %[s 9 :at s5se beatitude is some?+ increate 7increatum74 ,he has already po9t$ out t end 7f9is7 has a tw(old mean+3 ! ?+ itself :i* we desire to obta91 & ! fruition ( x4 8,9 ! fir/ s5se1 ! f9al end ( man is an increate good1 to wit ,god1 :o alone ) ,8 inf9ite goodness c p]fectly fulfil ! wi% 7voluntas7 ( man4 ,9 ! second s5se ! f9al end ( man is some?+ creat$ exi/+ 9 himself2 :i* is n\ght else ?an atta9m5t or fruition 7adeptio vel fruitio7 ( ! f9al end4 ,! f9al end is call$ beatitude4 ,if !n man's beatitude is view$ z cause or object1 x is some?+ increate2 b if x is consid]$ 9 its beatific ess5ce 7quantum ad ipsam ess5tiam beatitud9is7 x is some?+ creat$40 ,?omas next %[s3 8444 t inasmu* z man's beatitude is some?+ creat$ exi/+ 9 himself1 x is necess>y to reg>d x z action 7op]atio74 ,= beatitude is man's ultimate p]fection4 ,b ev]y?+ is p]fect 9 s f> z x is actually 7actu1 i4e4 9 realiz$ actuality73 = pot5tiality )\t actuality is imp]fect4 ,!re=e beatitude %\ld consi/ 9 man's ultimate actuality4 ,b manife/ly action 7op]atio7 is ! f9al actuality ( ! actor 7op]antis72 z ! ,philosoph] %[s1 demon/rat+ t ev]y?+ exi/s = its action 7propt] suam op]ationem74 ,h5ce x foll[s ( necessity t man's beatitude is action40 ,! next po9t to consid] is :e!r beatitude is ! action ( man's s5ses or 8 intellect4 ,draw+ di/9ctions1 ,?omas po9ts out t 8! action ( s5se _c p]ta9 to beatitude ess5tially2 because man's beatitude ess5tially consi/s 9 unit+ himself to ! increate good2 to :i* he _c be jo9$ ?r\gh ! action ( ! s5ses4 ,yet s5se-action may p]ta9 to beatitude z an antec$5t or consequ5ce3 z an antec$5t1 = ! imp]fect beatitude atta9able 9 ?is life1 :]e ! action ( ! s5ses is a pr]equisite to ! action ( ! m9d2 z a consequ5ce1 9 t p]fect beatitude :i* is look$ = 9 heav52 because1 aft] ! resurrection1 z ,augu/9e says1 f ! v beatitude ( ! s\l1 !re may be a c]ta9 fl[+ back into ! body & its s5ses1 p]fect+ !m 9 _! actions4 ,b n ev5 !n w ! action by :i* ! human m9d is jo9$ to ,god dep5d on s5se40 ,beatitude !n is ! action ( man's intellectual "p2 & ,?omas next inquires1 :e!r x is an action ( ! intellig5ce or w 7intellectus aut voluntatis74 ,) ?is inquiry we t\* ! pivot ( ,?omas's attitude1 :]e9 he dep>ts f ,augu/9e1 9 app>5t reliance on ! ^w ( ,john3 8,?is is et]nal life t !y %\ld "k !e1 ! "o true ,god40 ,life et]nal is man's f9al end2 & !re=e man's beatitude consi/s 9 k ( ,god1 :i* is an act ( m9d4 ,?omas argues ?is at "s l5g?4 ,he ref]s to ! di/9ction betwe5 :at is ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( beatitude1 & :at is jo9$ to x p] accid5s1 l enjoym5t 7delectatio74 8,i say !n1 t beatitude 9 its ess5ce _c consi/ 9 an act ( w4 ,= x has appe>$ t beatitude is ! obta9+ 7consecutio7 ( ! f9al end4 ,b obta9+ does n consi/ 9 any act ( w2 = w atta*es to ! abs5t :5 "o desires x1 z well z to ! pres5t 9 :i* "o re/s delight$4 ,x is evid5t t ! desire = an end is n an obta9+ ( x1 b a movem5t t[>d x4 ,enjoym5t atta*es to w f ! pres5ce ( ! end2 b n conv]sely does any?+ become pres5t because ! w %all delight 9 x4 ,!re=e !re mu/ be some?+ besides an act ( w1 ?r\gh :i* ! end may become pres5t to ! w4 ,?is is pla9 respect+ ! ends ( s5se 7f9es s5sibiles74 ,= if to obta9 money 7 an act ( w1 ! mis] w\ld h obta9$ x f ! beg9n+4 ,& s x comes to pass ) respect to an end conceiv$ by ! m9d2 we obta9 x :5 x becomes pres5t to u ?r\gh an act ( ! intellect2 & !n ! delight$ w re/s 9 ! end obta9$4 ,?us1 !re=e1 ! ess5ce ( beatitude consi/s 9 an act ( m9d4 ,b ! delight :i* foll[s beatitude p]ta9s to w1 ev5 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,augu/9e says3 #8beatitudo e/ gaudium de v]itate1' because inde$ joy is ! consummation ( beatitude40 ,! supremely intellectual attitude ( ! ,angelic ,doctor1 %[s at once1 & z x 7 univ]sally1 9 8 conviction ( ! primacy ( ! true ov] ! good1 & ( k ov] w4 ,sometimes he argues ^! po9ts directly2 & aga91 8 temp]am5tal attitude appe>s 9 ! c\rse ( argum5t ^u o!r po9ts4 ,= example1 ,quae/io xvi4 ( ,p>s prima has = its subject ,v]itas4 ,& 9 ! fir/ article1 :i* discusses :e!r tru? is 9 ! ?+ 79 re7 or only 9 ! m9d1 he argues ?us3 8,z good signifies t ^u :i* desire 7appetitus7 is b5t1 s true signifies t at :i* und]/&+ aims4 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 desire & und]/&+ or any k9d ( cognition3 cognition exi/s 9 s f> z :at is kn[n 7cognitum7 is 9 ! kn[]2 b desire is z ! desir\s incl9es t[>d ! desir$4 ,?us ! end 7t]m9us f9is7 ( desire1 :i* is ! good1 is 9 ! desirable ?+2 b ! end ( kn[+1 :i* is ! true1 is 9 m9d itself40 ,9 ,articulus #d1 ,?omas comes to 8 po9t3 t ! true secundum rationem 7i4e4 accord+ to its =mal nature7 is prior to ! good4 8,al?\gh bo? ! good & ! true h be5 tak5 z conv]tible ) be+1 yet !y diff] 9 _! conception 7ratione72 & t ! true is prior to ! good appe>s f two consid]ations3 ,fir/1 ! true is m closely relat$ to be+1 :i* is prior to ! good2 = ! true reg>ds be+ itself1 simply & directly2 :ile ! ratio ( ! good foll[s be+ z 9 "s way p]fect1 & !re=e desirable4 ,secondly1 cognition naturally prec$es desire4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! true reg>ds cognition1 & ! good reg>ds desire1 ! true is prior to ! good secundum rationem40 ,?is argum5t1 :atev] validity x may h1 is significant ( its au?or's pr$om9antly intellectual temp]am5t1 & consi/5t ) 8 conception ( man's supreme beatitude z ! intellectual vision ( ,god4 ,obvi\sly1 moreov]1 ! sett+ ( ! true above ! good is ano!r way ( /at+ ! primacy ( k ov] w1 :i* is also ma9ta9$3 8,w & und]/&+ 7intellectus7 mutually include ea* o!r3 = ! und]/&+ kn[s ! w2 & ! w wills t ! und]/&+ %\ld "k40#ehb ,evid5tly all rational be+s h w z well z und]/&+2 ,god wills1 ! ,angels w1 man wills4 ,inde$1 h[ c\ld k progress b = ! w to "k8 ,yet ( ! two1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 und]/&+ is high] ?an w-- 8= its object is ! ratio1 ! v ess5tial nature1 ( ! desir$ good1 :ile ! object ( w is ! desir$ good ^: ratio is 9 ! und]/&+4444 ,yet w may be ! high]1 if x is set ^u some?+ high] ?an ! und]/&+4444 ,:5 ! ?+ 9 :i* is ! good is nobl] ?an ! s\l itself1 9 :i* is ! rational cognizance 7ratio intellecta71 ! w1 ?r\gh relation to t ?+1 is high] ?an ! und]/&+4 ,b :5 ! ?+ 9 :i* is ! good1 is l[] ?an ! s\l1 !n 9 relation to t ?+1 ! und]/&+ is high] ?an ! w4 ,:]e=e ! love ( ,god is bett] ?an ! cognizance 7cognitio72 b ! cognizance ( corporeal ?+s is bett] ?an ! love4 ,yet tak5 absolutely1 ! und]/&+ is high] ?an ! w40#ehc ,^! positions ( ! ,angelic ,doctor 7 %>ply oppos$ 9 8 lifetime & aft]w>ds4 ,)\t ent]+ ! li/s1 let u r foll[ him on 8 evid5tly ,ari/otelian pa?1 :i* quickly br+s him to 8 next conclusion3 8,t beatitude consi/s 9 ! action ( ! speculative r ?an ! practical intellect1 z is evid5t f ?ree argum5ts3 8,fir/1 if man's beatitude is action1 x ought to be ! man's be/ 7optima7 action4 ,b man's be/ action is t ( 8 be/ faculty 9 respect to ! be/ object4 ,! be/ faculty is intellig5ce1 ^: be/ object is ! div9e good1 :i* is n an object ( ! practical1 b ( ! speculative intellig5ce4 ,:]e=e1 9 su* action1 to wit1 9 contemplation ( ?+s div9e1 beatitude *iefly consi/s4 ,& because e "o seems to be t :i* is be/ 9 him1 z is said 9 ! ,e?ics1 s su* action is mo/ prop] to man & mo/ enjoyable4 8,secondly1 ! same conclusion appe>s f ?is1 t contemplation above all is s\ght on acc\nt ( itself4 ,! p]fection 7actus1 full realization7 ( ! practical intellig5ce is n s\ght on acc\nt ( itself1 b = ! sake ( action3 ! actions !mselves are direct$ t[>d "s end4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ! f9al end _c consi/ 9 ! vita activa1 :i* belongs to ! practical intellig5ce4 8,?irdly1 x is pla9 f ?is1 t 9 ! vita contemplativa man has "p ) ^? above him1 to wit1 ,god & ! ,angels1 unto :om he is made l ?r\gh beatitude2 b 9 ^? matt]s :i* belong to ! vita activa1 o!r animals1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 h someh[ "p ) him4 8,& s ! f9al & p]fect beatitude :i* is look$ = 9 ! life to come1 9 pr9ciple consi/s altoge!r 9 contemplation4 ,b ! imp]fect beatitude :i* may be _h "h1 consi/s fir/ & 9 pr9ciple 9 contemplation1 & secondly 9 ! true op]ation ( ! practical intellect direct+ human actions & passions1 z is said 9 ! t5? book ( ! ,e?ics40 ,x be+ ?us %[n t p]fect beatitude lies 9 ! action ( ! speculative intellig5ce1 ,?omas next %[s t x _c consi/ 9 consid]ation ( ! speculative sci5ces-- 8= ! consid]ation ( a sci5ce does n rea* beyond ! pot5cy 7virtus7 ( ! pr9ciples ( t sci5ce1 see+ t ! :ole sci5ce is conta9$ pot5tially 7virtualit]7 9 its pr9ciples4 ,b ! pr9ciples ( speculative sci5ces are receiv$ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 z ! ,philosoph] makes cle>4 ,!re=e ! entire consid]ation ( ! speculative sci5ces _c be ext5d$ beyond t to :i* a cognition ( s5se-objects 7s5sibilium7 is able to lead4 ,man's f9al beatitude1 :i* is 8 p]fection1 _c consi/ 9 ! cognition ( s5se-objects4 ,= no ?+ is p]fect$ by some?+ inf]ior1 except z !re may be 9 ! inf]ior "s p>ticipation 9 a sup]ior4 ,evid5tly ! nature 7=ma7 ( a /one1 or any o!r s5sible ?+1 is inf]ior to man1 save 9 s f> z some?+ high] ?an ! human intellig5ce has "p 9 x1 l ! light ( reason4444 ,b s9ce !re is 9 s5sible =ms "s p>ticipation 9 ! similitude ( spiritual sub/ances1 ! consid]ation ( ! speculative sci5ces is1 9 a c]ta9 way1 p>ticipation 9 true & p]fect beatitude40 ,nei!r c p]fect beatitude consi/ 9 k ( ! high]1 entirely immat]ial1 or1 z ,?omas calls !m1 sep>ate 7sep>atae7 sub/ances1 to wit1 ! ,angels4 ,because x _c consi/ 9 t :i* is ! p]fection ( intellig5ce only f p>ticipation4 ,! object ( ! intellig5ce is ! true4 ,:atev] has tru? only ?r\gh p>ticipation 9 some?+ else _c make ! contemplat+ intellig5ce p]fect ) a f9al p]fection4 ,b ! angels h _! be+ 7esse7 z !y h _! tru?1 f ! p>ticipation ( ! div9e 9 !m4 ,:5ce x rema9s t only ! contemplation ( ,god1 ,:o alone is tru? ?r\gh ,8 ess5tial be+1 c make p]fectly bless$4 8,b10 adds ,?omas1 8no?+ precludes ! expectation ( "s imp]fect beatitude f contemplat+ ! angels1 & ev5 a high] beatitude ?an lies 9 ! consid]ation ( ! speculative sci5ces40 ,s ! conclusion is t 8! f9al & p]fect beatitude c be only 9 ! vision ( ! div9e ess5ce4 ,! pro( ( ?is lies 9 ! consid]ation ( two matt]s3 fir/1 t man is n p]fectly bless$ 7beatus7 s long z !re rema9s any?+ = him to desire or seek2 secondly1 t ! p]fection ( e capacity 7pot5tiae71 is adjudg$ accord+ to ! nature 7ratio7 ( its object40 ,& a pat5t l9e ( argum5t leads to ! unavoidable conclusion3 8,= p]fect beatitude x is necess>y t ! intellect %\ld atta9 to ! v ess5ce ( ! fir/ cause4 ,& ?us x w h its p]fection ?r\gh union ) ,god z its object40 ,!re are few novel ?\ghts 9 ,?omas's conception ( man's supreme beatitude4 ,b he has tak5 cognizance ( all p]t95t consid]ations1 & put ! :ole matt] toge!r ) /able coh]5cy4 ,he cont9ues1 discuss+ 9 ! succe$+ ,quae/iones a numb] ( important matt]s incid5tal to 8 c5tral det]m9ation ( ! nature ( man's supreme good4 ,?us he %[s h[ joy 7delectatio7 is a necess>y accompanim5t ( beatitude1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 pr9ciple consi/s 9 ! action ( ! m9d1 :i* is visio1 r ?an 9 ! result+ delectatio4 ,! latt] consi/s 9 a quiet+ or satisfy+ ( ! w1 ?r\gh ! goodness ( t 9 :i* x is satisfi$4 ,:5 ! w is satisfi$ 9 any action1 t results f ! goodness ( ! action2 & ! good lies 9 ! action itself r ?an 9 ! quiet+ ( ! w4#ehd ,"h ,?omas's reason+ po9ts to an active ideal1 an ideal ( en]giz+1 r ?an repose4 ,b he concludes t = beatitude 8!re mu/ be a concurr5ce ( visio1 :i* is ! p]fect cognizance ( ! intelligible end2 ! gett+ x1 :i* implies its pres5ce2 & ! joy or fruition1 :i* implies ! quiet+ ( t :i* loves 9 t :i* is lov$40#ehe ,?omas also %[s h[ rectitude ( w is ne$$1 & discusses :e!r a body is ess5tial2 8 conclusion be+ t a body is n requir$ = ! p]fect beatitude ( ! life to come2 yet he gives ! c\nt] consid]ations1 %[+ ! conduciv5ess ( ! p]fect$ body to ! s\l's beatitude ev5 !n4 ,next he foll[s ,ari/otle 9 po9t+ out h[ mat]ial goods may be necess>y = ! atta9m5t ( ! imp]fect beatitude possible on e>?1 :ile !y are q imp]t95t to ! p]fect beatitude ( see+ ,god2 & likewise he %[s h[ ! society ( fri5ds is ne$$ "h1 b n ess5tial h]eaft]1 & yet a concomitant to our supreme felicity4 ,! c\rse ( argum5t ( ! ,lib] iii4 ( ! ,contra ,g5tiles is n dissimil>4 ,a numb] ( prelim9>y *apt]s %[ h[ all ?+s t5d to an end2 t ! end ( all is ,god2 & t to "k ,god is ! end ( e intellectual be+4 ,next1 t human felicitas does n consi/ 9 all ^? matt]s1 9 :i* ! ,summa !ologiae also %[s t beatitude does n lie2 b t x consi/s 9 contemplation ( ,god4 ,he puts 8 argum5t simply3 8,x rema9s t ! ultimate felicity ( man lies 9 contemplation ( tru?4 ,= ?is is ! sole action 7op]atio7 ( man :i* is prop] to man alone4 ,?is alone is direct$ to no?+ else1 z an end2 s9ce ! contemplation ( tru? is s\ght = its own sake4 ,?r\gh ?is action1 likewise1 man is jo9$ to high] sub/ances 7be+s7 ?r\gh lik5ess ( action1 & ?r\gh kn[+ !m 9 "s way4 ,= ?is action1 moreov]1 man is mo/ suffici5t by himself1 ne$+ b little ext]nal aid4 ,to ?is also all o!r human acts seem to be direct$ z to an end4 ,= to ! p]fection ( contemplation1 s\ndness ( body is ne$$1 to :i* all ! arts ( liv+ are direct$4 ,also quiet f ! di/urbance ( passions is requir$1 to :i* "o comes ?r\gh ! moral virtues1 & prud5ce2 & quiet also f tumults1 to :i* end all rules ( civil life are orda9$2 & s1 if rightly conceiv$1 all human bus9ess seems to s]ve ! contemplation ( tru?4 ,nor is x possible = ! f9al felicity ( man to consi/ 9 ! contemplation :i* is conf9$ to an intellig5ce ( beg9n+s 7pr9cipiorum71 :i* is mo/ imp]fect & g5]al 7univ]salis71 conta9+ a k ( ?+s pot5tially3 x is ! beg9n+1 n ! end ( human /udy4 ,nor c t felicity lie 9 ! contemplation ( ! sci5ces1 :i* p]ta9 to ! l[e/ ?+s1 s9ce felicity ought to lie 9 ! action ( ! intellig5ce 9 relation%ip to ! noble/ intelligible v]ities4 ,x rema9s t man's f9al felicity consi/s 9 ! contemplation ( wisdom pursuant to a consid]ation ( ?+s div9e4 ,f :i* x also is evid5t by ! way ( induction1 :at 0 be=e prov$ by argum5ts1 t ! f9al felicity ( man consi/s only 9 contemplation ( ,god40#ehf ,hav+ rea*$ ?is c5tral conclusion ( ! ,contra ,g5tiles1 z well z ( ! ,summa !ologiae1 ,?omas proce$s to trim x fur!r1 s z cle>ly to diff]5tiate t k ( ,god 9 :i* lies ! ultimate felicity ( intellig5t be+s f o!r ways ( kn[+ ,god1 :i* d n fully repres5t ?is supreme & f9al bliss4 ,he fir/ excludes ! sort ( common & confus$ k ( ,god1 :i* almo/ all m5 draw f obs]v+ ! natural ord] ( ?+s2 !n he %uts out ! k ( ,god d]iv$ f logical demon/ration1 ?r\gh :i*1 inde$1 "o r approa*es a prop] k ( ,him2#ehg next1 he w n admit t supreme felicity lies 9 ! cognition ( ,god ?r\gh fai?2 s9ce t is /ill imp]fect4 ,?is felicity consi/s 9 see+#ehh ! div9e ess5ce1 an impossibility 9 ?is life1 :5 we see z 9 a glass4 ,! supreme felicity is atta9able only aft] dea?4 ,h]eupon ,?omas cont9ues ) ! v crucial discussion ( ! capacity ( ! rational creature to "k ,god4 ,b in/ead ( foll[+ him fur!r 9 ! ,contra ,g5tiles1 we w r turn to 8 f9al pres5tation ( ?is "q 9 8 ,summa !ologiae4 ,,ii ,! great ,summa1 hav+ op5$ ) an introductory consid]ation ( ! "* ( sacra doctr9a1#ehi at once fixes its att5tion ^u ! exi/5ce & attributes ( ,god4 ,^! hav+ be5 review$1 ,?omas beg9s ,quae/io xii4 by say+1 t 8z we h n[ consid]$ :at ,god is 9 ,8 own nature 7secundum se ipsum7 x rema9s to consid] :at ,he is 9 our cognition1 t is1 h[ ,he is kn[n by creatures40 ,! fir/ "q is :e!r any creat$ intellig5ce :atsoev] may be able to see ,god p] ess5tiam4 ,hav+ /at$ ! c\nt] argum5ts1 & rely+ on ,john's 8we %all see ,him z ,he is10 ,?omas proce$s ) 8 solution ?us3 8,s9ce ev]y?+ may be kn[able s f> z x exi/s 9 actuality1#eij ,god1 :o is pure actuality1 )\t any m+l+ ( pot5tiality1 is 9 ,himself1 mo/ kn[able4 ,b :at is mo/ kn[able 9 itself1 is n kn[able to e intellig5ce because ( ! exce$+ greatness ( t :i* is to be kn[n 7propt] excessum intelligibilis supra intellectum72 z ! sun1 :i* is mo/ visible1 may n be se5 by a bat1 because ( ! excess ( light4 ,m9dful ( ?is1 "s h ass]t$ t no creat$ intellig5ce c\ld behold ! ess5tial nature 7ess5tiam7 ( ,god4 8,b ?is is a solecism4 ,= s9ce man's f9al beatitude consi/s 9 8 highe/ action1 :i* is ! action ( ! intellig5ce1 if ! creat$ intellig5ce is nev] to be able to see ! ess5tial nature ( ,god1 ei!r x w nev] obta9 beatitude1 or its beatitude w consi/ 9 some?+ besides ,god3 :i* is repugnant to ! fai?4 ,= ! ultimate p]fection ( a rational creature lies 9 t :i* is ! s\rce or pr9ciple 7pr9cipium7 ( its be+4 ,likewise ! argum5t is aga9/ reason4 ,= !re is 9 man a natural desire to "k ! cause1 :5 he obs]ves ! effect2 & f ?is1 wond] rises 9 m54 ,if !n ! intellig5ce ( ! rational creature is incapable ( atta9+ to ! fir/ cause ( ?+s1 an inane desire mu/ be ascrib$ to nature4 8,:]e=e x is simply to be conc$$ t ! bless$ may see ! ess5tial nature ( ,god40 ,s ?is g5]al conclusion1 or assumption1 is bas$ on fai?1 & also leaps1 z f ! head ( ,jove1 ! creature ( unconqu]able human ne$1 :i* nev] w admit ! inan5ess ( its ye>n+s4 ,& n[1 assum+ ! possibility ( see+ ,god 9 8 true nature1 ,?omas proves t ,he _c be se5 ?us ?r\gh ! similitude ( any creat$ ?+3 9 ord] to behold ,god's ess5ce "s div9e lik5ess mu/ be imp>t$ f ! see+ p[] 7ex p>te visivae pot5tiae71 to wit1 ! light ( div9e glory 7:i* is consummat$ grace7 /r5g!n+ ! intellig5ce t x may see ,god4 ,& he next %[s t x is impossible to see ,god by ! s5se ( sight1 or any o!r s5se or p[] ( man's s5sible nature4 ,= ,god is incorporeal4 ,!re=e ,he _c be se5 ?r\gh ! imag9ation1 b only ?r\gh ! intellig5ce4 ,nor c any creat$ intellig5ce ?r\gh its natural faculties see ! div9e ess5ce4 8,cognition takes place 9 s f> z ! kn[n is 9 ! kn[]4 ,b ! kn[n is 9 ! kn[] accord+ to ! mode & capacity 7modus7 ( ! kn[]4 ,:5ce any kn[]'s k is accord+ to ! measure ( 8 nature4 ,if !n ! be+ ( ! ?+ to be kn[n exce$s ! measure ( ! kn[+ nature1 k ( x w be beyond ! nature ( t kn[]40 ,9 ord] to see ,god 9 ,8 ess5tial nature1 ! creat$ intellect ne$s light creat$ by ,god3 ,9 lum9e tuo videbimus lum54 ,& x may be giv5 to "o creat$ intellect to see m p]fectly ?an ano!r4 ,d ^? :o see ,god p] ess5tiam1 compreh5d ,him8 ,no4 8,to compreh5d ,god is impossible = any creat$ intellig5ce4 ,to h any true ?\ght ( ,god is a great beatitude4444 ,s9ce ! creat$ light ( glory receiv$ by any creat$ intellig5ce1 _c be inf9ite1 x is impossible t any creat$ intellig5ce %\ld "k ,god inf9itely1 & compreh5d ,him40 ,aga9 he reasons2 ,!y :o %all see ,god 9 ,8 ess5ce w see :at !y see ?r\gh ! div9e ess5ce unit$ to _! intellig5ce2 !y w see :atev] !y see at once1 & n successively2 = ! cont5ts ( ?is intellectual1 ,god-grant$ vision are n appreh5d$ by means ( ! respective species or g5]al images1 b 9 & ?r\gh ! "o div9e ess5ce4 ,b 9 ?is life1 man may n see ,god 9 ,8 ess5tial nature3 8,! mode ( cognition con=ms to ! nature ( ! kn[]4 ,b our s\l1 s long z we live 9 ?is life1 has its exi/5ce 7esse7 9 corporeal matt]4 ,:]e=e1 by nature1 x kn[s only ?+s t h mat]ial =m1 or may ?r\gh su* be kn[n4 ,evid5tly ! div9e ess5ce _c be kn[n ?r\gh ! natures ( mat]ial ?+s4 ,any cognition ( ,god ?r\gh any creat$ lik5ess :atsoev]1 is n a vision ( ,8 ess5ce4444 ,our natural cognition draws its orig9 f s5se2 x may ext5d itself s f> z x c be conduct$ 7manuduci7 by ?+s ( s5se 7s5sibilia74 ,b f !m our intellig5ce may n atta9 to see+ ! div9e ess5ce4444 ,yet s9ce s5sible creatures are effects1 dep5dant on a cause1 we "k f !m t ,god exi/s1 & t z fir/ cause ,he exce$s all t ,he has caus$4 ,f :i* we may le>n ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,himself & ,8 creatures1 to wit1 t ,he is n any ( ^? ?+s :i* ,he has caus$4444 8,?r\gh grace a m p]fect k ( ,god is _h ?an ?r\gh natural reason4 ,= cognition ?r\gh natural reason ne$s bo? images 7phantasmata7 receiv$ f ?+s ( s5se1 & ! natural light ( intellig5ce1 ?r\gh ^: virtue we ab/ract intelligible conceptions f !m4 ,9 bo? respects human cognition is aid$ ?r\gh ! revelation ( grace4 ,= ! natural light ( ! intellect is /r5g!n$ ?r\gh ! infusion ( light graci\sly giv5 7lum9is gratuiti72 :ile ! images 9 ! man's imag9ation are div9ely =m$ s t !y are expressive ( ?+s div9e1 r ?an ( :at naturally is receiv$ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 z appe>s f ! visions ( ! prophets40#eia ,natural reason /ops ) ! unity ( ,god1 & c give no k ( ! ,tr9ity ( div9e ,p]sons4 ,says ,?omas3#eib 8,x has be5 %[n t ?r\gh natural reason man c "k ,god only f ,8 creatures4 ,creatures lead to k ( ,god z effects lead to "s k ( a cause4 ,only t may be kn[n ( ,god by natural reason :i* necess>ily belongs to ,him z ! s\rce ( all exi/5ces4 ,! creative virtue ( ,god is common to ! :ole ,tr9ity2 x p]ta9s to ! unity ( ess5ce1 n to ! di/9ction ( p]sons4 ,?r\gh natural reason1 !re=e1 ^? ?+s conc]n+ ,god may be kn[n :i* p]ta9 to ! unity ( ess5ce1 b n ^? :i* p]ta9 to ! di/9ction ( p]sons4444 ,:o /rives to prove ! ,tr9ity ( ,p]sons by natural reason1 d\bly disp>ages fai?3 fir/ z reg>ds ! dignity ( fai? itself1 :i* conc]ns invisible ?+s surpass+ human reason2 secondly z d]ogat+ f its effici5cy 9 draw+ m5 to x4 ,= :5 any "o 9 ord] to prove ! fai? adduces reasons :i* are n cog5t1 he falls "u ! d]ision ( ! fai?less2 = !y ?9k t we use su* argum5ts1 & t we believe because ( !m4 ,"o %all n attempt to prove ?+s ( fai? save by au?orities1 & 9 discussion ) ^? :o receive ! au?orities4 ,) o!rs x is en\gh to argue t :at ! fai? ann\nces is n impossible40 ,"h ,?omas seems rationally to recognize ! limits ^u reason 9 discov]+ ! div9e nature4 ,9 ! regions ( fai?1 reason's feet lack ! mat]ial foot+ ^u :i* to m\nt4 ,s ,?omas w\ld ass]t4 ,b w he /& to 8 ass]tion8 ,! %ad[y l9e betwe5 reason & fai? wav]s ) him4 ,at lea/ s x seems to u1 = :om ontological reason+ has lo/ reality1 & :o f9d pro(s ( ,god n s mu* easi] ?an pro(s ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,b ,?omas & ! o!r s*ola/ics dwelt 9 ! region ( ! metaphysically ideal4 ,to !m x 0 n only real1 b ! mo/ real2 & x 0 s natural to /ep across ! l9e ( fai?1 trail+ cl\ds ( reason4 ,! feet ( su* z ,?omas are z firmly plant$ on ! "o side ( ! l9e z on ! o!r4 ,& n[1 z x might also seem1 ,?omas1 hav+ ?us =mally res]v$ ! realm ( fai?1 quickly /eps across ! l9e1 to und]take a trem5d\s metaphysical exposition ( ! ,tr9ity1 ( ! di/9ctions betwe5 its ,p]sons1 ( _! prop]ties1 respective functions1 & relation%ips2 & all ?is is c>ri$ on l>gely 9 ! categories ( ,ari/otelian philosophy4 ,yet is he n /ill consi/5t ) himself8 ,= he surely did n conceive ! elem5ts ( 8 discussion to lie 9 ! lucubrations or discov]ies ( ! natural reason2 b 9 ! data ( revelation1 & _! explanation by sa9tly doctors4 ,& 0 n he also a vessel ( _! inspiration1 a son ( fai?1 :o might humbly hope = ! light ( grace1 to transfigure & glorify 8 natural p[]s 9 ! s]vice ( reveal$ tru?8 ,?omas's ideal is intellectual1 & yet ends 9 fai?4 ,8 intellectual int]e/s1 by fai? embold5$1 /r5g!n$1 & po9t$ heav5w>d1 make on t[>d ! realisation ( t intellectual beatitude :i* is to be consummate h]eaft]1 :5 ! sav$ s\l's grace-illum9$ eye %all re-awak5 :]e x may see face to face4 ,,iii ,k1 !n1 supplem5t$ 9 ?is life by fai?1 is ! prim>y elem5t ( bless$ness4 ,we n[ turn our att5tion to ! =ms ( k & modes ( kn[+ appropriate to ! ?ree rational sub/ances3 ,god1 angel1 man4 ,! fir/ is ! absolute incorporeal be+1 ! primal mov]1 9 :om !re is no pot5tiality1 b actuality simple & p]fect4 ,! second is ! creat$ immat]ial or 8sep>at$0 sub/ance1 :i* is all t x is ?r\gh p>ticipation 9 ! uncreate be+ ( its ,creator4 ,! ?ird is ! composite creature man1 made ( bo? s\l & body1 8 capacities condition$ ^u ! necessities ( 8 dual nature1 8 s5se-p]ception & imag9ation be+ z necess>y to 8 k1 z 8 rational und]/&+2 = :om alone x is true t s5se-appreh5sion may lead to ! intelligible v]ities ( ,god3 8etiam s5sibilia intellecta manuducunt ad intelligibilia div9orum40#eic ,! e>li] ,quae/iones ( ,p>s prima1 on ! nature ( ,god1 lead on to a consid]ation ( ,god's k & ways ( kn[+4 ,^? ,quae/iones exp\nd$ ! qualities ( ,god q z f> z comport$ ) ,?omas's realization ( ! limitation ( ! human capacity to "k ,god 9 ?is life4 ,quae/io iii4 ^u ! ,simplicitas ( ,god1 %[s t ,god is n body 7corpus72 t 9 ,him !re is no composit5ess ( =m & mat]ial2 t ?r\gh\t ,8 nature1 ,he is "o & ! same1 & !re=e t ,he is ,8 ,deitas1 ,8 vita1 & :atev] else may be pr$icat$ ( ,him4 ,next x is %[n 7,qu4 iv47 t ,god is p]fect2 t 9 ,him are ! p]fectiones ( all ?+s1 s9ce :atev] !re may be ( p]fection 9 an effect1 %\ld be f\nd 9 ! effective cause2 & z ,god is self-exi/5t be+1 ,he mu/ conta9 ! :ole p]fection ( be+ 9 ,himself 7totam p]fectionem ess5di 9 se74 ,next1 t ,god is ! good 7bonum7 & ! summum bonum2 ,he is inf9ite2 ,he is 9 all ?+s 7,qu4 viii4 ,art4 #a7 n z a "p ( _! ess5ce1 b z accid5s1 & z ! do] is 9 8 de$s2 & n only 9 _! beg9n+1 b s long z !y exi/2 ,he acts ^u ev]y?+ imm$iately1 & no?+ is di/ant f ,him2 ,god is ev]y:]e3 z ! s\l is altoge!r 9 e "p ( ! body1 s ,god entire is 9 all ?+s & 9 ea*4 ,god is 9 all ?+s creat$ by ,him z ! work+ cause2 b ,he is 9 ! rational creature1 ?r\gh grace2 z ! object ( action is 9 ! actor1 z ! kn[n is 9 ! kn[]1 & ! desir$ 9 ! wi%ful4 ,god is immutable 7,qu4 ix472 = z f9al actuality 7actus purus71 ) no admixture ( pot5tiality1 ,he _c *ange2 nor c ,he be mov$2 s9ce ,8 inf9itude compreh5ds ! pl5itude ( all p]fection1 !re is no?+ t ,he c acquire1 & no :i!r = ,him to ext5d4 ,god is et]nal 7,qu4 x472 = him !re is no beg9n+1 nor any succession ( "t2 b an int]m9able n[1 an all at once 7tota simul71 :i* is ! ess5ce ( et]nity1 z di/+ui%$ f ! successiv5ess ( ev5 inf9ite "t4 ,& ,god is ,"o 7,qu4 xi474 8,"o does n add any?+ to be+1 save negation ( division4 ,= ,"o signifies no?+ else ?an undivid$ be+ 7ens indivisum74 ,& f ?is x foll[s t ,"o is conv]tible ) be+40 ,t ,god is ,"o1 is prov$ by ,8 simplicitas2 by ! inf9it5ess ( ,8 p]fection2 & by ! on5ess ( ! _w4 8,aft] a consid]ation10 n[ says ,?omas1 8( ^? matt]s :i* p]ta9 to ! div9e sub/ance1 we may consid] ^? :i* p]ta9 to its action 7op]atio74 ,& because c]ta9 k9ds ( action rema9 9 ! do]1 :ile o!rs pass out into ext]nal effect1 we fir/ treat ( k & w 7= kn[+ is 9 ! kn[] & will+ 9 him :o wills72 & !n ( ,god's p[]1 :i* is reg>d$ z ! s\rce ( ! div9e action pass+ out into ext]nal effect4 ,!n1 s9ce kn[+ is a k9d ( liv+1 aft] consid]+ ! div9e k1 ! div9e life w be consid]$4 ,& because k is ( ! true1 !re w be ne$ to consid] tru? & falsity4 ,aga9 s9ce e cognition is 9 ! kn[]1 ! rationes 7types1 ess5tial natures7 ( ?+s z !y are 9 ,god ! ,kn[] 7,deo cognosc5te7 are call$ ideas 7ideae72 & a consid]ation ( ^! w be jo9$ to ! consid]ation ( k40#eid ,?us cle>ly lay+ out 8 topic1 ,?omas beg9s 8 discussion ( ,god's k 7sci5tia ,dei72 ( ! modes 9 :i* ,god kn[s & ! k :i* ,he has4 ,9 ,god is ! mo/ p]fect k4 ,god kn[s ,himself ?r\gh ,himself2 9 ,him k & ,kn[] 7intellectum & intellectus7 are ! same4#eie ,he p]fectly compreh5ds ,himself2 = ,he kn[s ,himself s f> z ,he is kn[able2 & ,he is absolutely kn[able be+ utt] reality 7actus purus74 ,likewise ,he kn[s ?+s o!r ?an ,himself4 ,= ,he kn[s ,himself p]fectly1 :i* implies a k ( ^? ?+s to :i* ,8 p[] 7virtus7 ext5ds4 ,moreov]1 ,he kn[s all ?+s 9 _! special natures & di/9ctions f ea* o!r3 = ! p]fection1 or p]fect$ actuality1 ( ev]y?+ is conta9$ 9 ,him2 & !re=e ,god 9 ,himself is able to "k all ?+s p]fectly1 & ! special nature ( ev]y?+ exi/s ?r\gh "s mann] ( p>ticipation 9 ! div9e p]fection4 ,god kn[s all ?+s 9 "o1 to wit1 ,himself2 & n successively1 or by means ( discursive reason+4 8,god's k is ! cause ( ?+s4 ,x /&s to all creat$ be+s z ! k ( ! artific] to ! ?+s he makes4 ,god causes ?+s ?r\gh ,8 k1 s9ce ,8 be+ is ,8 kn[+ 7cum suum esse sit suum intellig]e740 ,8 k causes ?+s :5 x has ! w jo9$ ) x1 &1 9 s f> z x is ! cause ( ?+s1 is call$ sci5tia approbationis4 ,god kn[s ?+s :i* are n actually 7actu74 ,:atev] has be5 or w be1 ,he kn[s by ! k ( sight 7sci5tia visionis1 :i* by implication is equival5t to sci5tia approbationis74 ,= ,god's kn[+1 :i* is ,8 be+1 is measur$ by et]nity2 & et]nity includes all "t1 z pres5t1 & )\t succession2 s ! pres5t vision 7intuitus7 ( ,god embraces all "t & all ?+s exi/+ at any "t1 z if pres5t4 ,z = :atev] is 9 ! p[] ( ,god or creature1 b :i* nev] has be5 or w be1 ,god kn[s x n z 9 vision1 b simply kn[s x4 ,god also kn[s evil4 8,:oev] kn[s any?+ p]fectly %\ld "k :atev] might happ5 to x4 ,!re are "s good ?+s to :i* x may happ5 to be corrupt$ ?r\gh evils3 :]e=e ,god w\ld n "k ! good p]fectly1 unless ,he also knew ! evil4 ,ev]y?+ is kn[able s f> z x is2 b ! be+ 7esse7 ( evil is ! privation ( good3 h5ce inasmu* z ,god kn[s good1 ,he kn[s evil1 z d>kness is kn[n ?r\gh light40 ,?omas n[ takes up a po9t curi\s p]haps to u1 b ( importance to him & ,ari/otle3 does ,god "k individuals 7s+ul>ia71 ! p>ticul> z oppos$ to ! univ]sal8 ,?is po9t might seem dispos$ ( 9 ! argum5t by :i* ,?omas ma9ta9$ t ,god knew ?+s 9 _! special & di/9ct natures4 ,b he n[ proves t ,god kn[s s+ul>ia by an argum5t :i* be>s on 8 cont5tion t man does n "k s+ul>ia ?r\gh ! intellig5ce1 b p]ceives !m ?r\gh s5se2 & z we %all see1 t ! angels h no direct k ( individuals1 be+ immat]ial sub/ances4 8,god kn[s individuals 7cognoscit s+ul>ia74 ,= all p]fections f\nd 9 creatures pre-exi/ 9 high] mode 9 ,god4 ,to "k 7cognosc]e7 individuals p]ta9s to our p]fection4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ,god mu/ "k !m4 ,! ,philosoph] 7,ari/otle7 holds x to be illogical t any?+ %\ld be kn[n to u1 & n to ,god4444 ,b ! p]fections :i* are divid$ 9 inf]ior be+s1 exi/ simply & z "o 9 ,god4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh ?r\gh "o faculty we "k univ]sals & :at is immat]ial1 & ?r\gh ano!r1 individuals & :at is mat]ial2 yet ,god simply1 ?r\gh ,8 intellig5ce1 kn[s bo?4444 ,"o mu/ hold t s9ce ,god is ! cause ( ?+s ?r\gh ,8 k1 ! k ( ,god ext5ds itself z f> z ,8 causality ext5ds4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce ,god's active virtue ext5ds itself n only to =ms1 f :i* is receiv$ ! ratio ( ! univ]sal1 b also to matt]1 x is necess>y t ,god's k %\ld ext5d itself to individuals1 :i* are su* ?r\gh matt]40 ,& reply+ to a c\nt]-argum5t ,?omas cont9ues3 8,our intellig5ce ab/racts ! intelligible species f ! individuat+ pr9ciples4 ,!re=e ! intelligible species ( our intellig5ce _c be ! lik5ess ( ! individual pr9ciples2 &1 = ?is reason1 our intellig5ce does n "k individuals4 ,b ! intelligible species ( ! div9e intellig5ce1 :i* is ! ess5ce ( ,god1 is n immat]ial ?r\gh ab/raction1 b ?r\gh itself2 & exi/s z ! pr9ciple ( all pr9ciples ent]+ ! composition ( ! ?+1 :e!r pr9ciples ( species or ( ! individual4 ,!re=e ?r\gh ,8 ess5ce ,god kn[s bo? univ]sals & individuals40#eif ,) ^! argum5ts /ill e*o+1 ,?omas %[s t ,god c "k inf9ite ?+s2 also future cont+5cies2 also :atev] may be /at$ 7enuntiabilia74 ,8 k1 :i* is ,8 sub/ance1 does n *ange4 ,x is speculative k1 9 s f> z relat+ to ,8 own un*angeable nature1 & to :atev] ,he c d1 b does n2 x is practical k s f> z x relates to any?+ :i* ,he does4 ,?omas concludes 8 direct discussion ( ,god's k1 by an application ( ! ,platonic !ory ( ideas1 9 :i* he ma9ly foll[s ,augu/9e4 8,x is necess>y to place ideas 9 ! div9e m9d4 ,idea is ! ,greek = ! ,lat9 =ma4 ,?us ?r\gh ideas are und]/ood ! =ms ( ?+s exi/+ beyond ! ?+s !mselves4 ,by :i* we mean ! prototype 7exempl>7 ( t ( :i* x is call$ ! =m2 or ! pr9ciple ( its cognition1 9 s f> z ! =ms ( ?+s kn[able are said to be 9 ! kn[]40 ,!re mu/ be _m ideas or 7z ,augu/9e phrases x7 /able rationes ( ?+s4 ,!re is a ratio 9 ! div9e m9d correspond+ to :atev] ,god does or kn[s4 8,ideas 7 set by ,plato z ! pr9ciples bo? ( ! cognition & ! g5]ation ( ?+s1 & 9 bo? s5ses !y are to be plac$ 9 ! div9e m9d4 ,s f> z idea is ! pr9ciple ( ! mak+ ( a ?+1 x may be call$ ! prototype 7exempl>71 & p]ta9s to practical k 7practicam cognitionem72 b z ! pr9ciple ( cognition 7pr9cipium cognoscitivum71 x is prop]ly call$ ratio1 & may also p]ta9 to speculative k4 ,9 ! signification ( exempl>1 x relates to ev]y?+ creat$ at any "t by ,god3 b :5 x means pr9cipium cognoscitivum1 x relates to all ?+s :i* are kn[n by ,god1 al?\gh nev] com+ into exi/5ce40#eig ,su* are ! div9e modes ( k4 ,?omas proce$s to discuss o!r aspects ( ! div9e nature1 ! life & p[]1 w & love1 :i* may be ascrib$ to ,god4 ,he !n passes on to a discussion ( ! ,p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,?is complet$1 he turns to ! _w ( creat$ sub/ances2 into :i* we w foll[ him s f> z to obs]ve ! =ms ( k & ways ( kn[+ prop] to angels & mank9d4 ,we %all h]eaft] h to speak ( ! div9e & angelic love1 & ( man's love ( ,god2 b "h1 z our field is intellectual1 we w simply recall to m9d t ,?omas applies a l intellectual conception ( beatitude to bo? ,god & ,8 rational creatures3 8,beatitude1 z has be5 said1 signifies ! p]fect good ( ! intellectual nature2 z ev]y?+ desires its p]fection1 ! intellectual sub/ance desires to be beata4 ,t :i* is mo/ p]fect 9 e intellectual nature1 is ! intellectual op]ation :]e91 9 a measure1 x grasps all ?+s4 ,:]e=e ! beatitude ( any creat$ intellectual nature consi/s 9 kn[+ 79 intellig5do740#eih ,,iv ,?omas reg>ds ! creation z a processio1 a go+ out ( all creatures f ,god4 ,e be+ 7ens7 t 9 any mann] 7quocumque modo7 is1 is f ,god4 8,god is ! prima causa exempl>is ( all ?+s4444 ,= ! production ( any?+1 !re is ne$$ a prototype 7exempl>71 9 ord] t ! effect may foll[ a det]m9$ =m4444 ,! det]m9ation ( =ms mu/ be s\ght 9 ! div9e wisdom4 ,h5ce "o ought to say t 9 ! div9e wisdom are ! rationes ( all ?+s3 ^! we h call$ ideas1 to wit1 prototypal =ms exi/+ 9 ! div9e m9d4 ,al?\gh su* may be multipli$ 9 respect to ?+s1 yet really !y are n o!r ?an ! div9e ess5ce1 accord+ z its similitude c be p>ticipat$ 9 by div]s ?+s 9 div]s ways4 ,?us ,god ,himself is ! fir/ exempl> ( all4 ,!re may also be said to be 9 creat$ ?+s c]ta9 exempl>ia ( o!r ?+s1 :5 !y are made 9 ! lik5ess ( su* o!rs1 or accord+ to ! same species or aft] ! analogy ( "s resemblance40#eii ,god n only is ! effici5t & exempl>y cause1 b also ! f9al cause ( all ?+s 7,div9a bonitas e/ f9is omnium r]um74 8,! emanation 7emanatio7 ( all be+ f ! univ]sal cause1 :i* is ,god1 we call creation40#fjj ,god alone may be said to create4 ,! function p]ta9s n to any ,p]son1 b to ! :ole ,tr9ity 9 common4 ,& !re is f\nd "s image ( ! ,tr9ity 9 rational creatures 9 :om is intellig5ce & w2 & 9 all creatures may be f\nd "s ve/iges ( ! creator4 ,?omas1 aft] a :ile1 takes up ! di/9ction betwe5 spiritual & corporeal creatures1 & consid]s fir/ ! purely spiritual1 call$ ,angels4 ,we ent] ) him ^u ! contemplation ( ^! conceptions1 :i* s*ola/icism did n inde$ create1 b elaborat$ ) m>vell\s logic1 & ref9$ to a consi/5t intellectual beauty4 ,none _h l>g] %>e 9 p]fect+ ! logical conception ( ! angelic nature1 z immat]ial & ess5tially intellectual1 ?an our ,angelic ,doctor4 ,a volume might well be devot$ to trac+ ! gr[? ( ^! be+s ( ! m9d1 f _! n unmilitant c>e] 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,jewi% ,apocrypha1 _! brief b classically beautiful m5tion 9 ! ,gospels1 & _! /orm-r$ action 9 ! ,apocalypse2 !n ?r\gh _! treatm5t by ! ,fa!rs1 to _! hi]>*ic ord]+ by ! great ,pseudo-,areopagite2 & s on & on1 ?r\gh ! e>li] ,s*ola/ics1 ! ,lomb>d's ,s5t5ces1 & ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor's appreciative pres5tation2 up to ! ga!r+ ( all ! angelic matt] by ,alb]tus ,magnus1 its fur!r encyclopa$iz+ by ,v9c5t ( ,beauvais1 & f9ally its p]fect intellectual disembodim5t by ,?omas2--:ile all ! "t ! p's my?opoeic love w5t on end[+ ^! gu>dian spirits ) he>t & s\l1 & fa%ion+ responsive /ories ( _! do+s4 ,= m5 lov$ & fe>$ !m1 & look$ to !m z ,god's peculi> mess5g]s4 ,?us !y fla% pa/ u 9 ! ,div9a ,comm$ia2 & _! =ms become lovely 9 ,*ri/ian art4 ,z we ent] ^u ! contemplation ( ! angelic nature1 let u n z ( c\rse reg>d angels simply z imag9ative conceptions ( ,scripture & ( ! patri/ic & m$iaeval m9d4 ,?omas w %[ 8 reasons = _! necess>y exi/5ce1 :i* may n conv9ce u4 ,yet we may believe 9 angels1 inasmu* z any real conception ( ! _w's gov]nance by ,god requires ! fulfill+ ( ,8 ?\ghts ?r\gh m$ia t br+ !m d[n to move & live & realize !mselves ) ea* ( u4 ,:o1 9 /riv+ to express1 c d m ?an symbolize1 ! ways ( ,god8 ,:at symbols tru] ?an angels h be5 devis$8 8,x is necess>y10 op5s ,?omas1#fja 8to affirm 7pon]e7 t !re are incorporeal creatures4 ,= 9 creat$ ?+s ,god *iefly int5ds ! good1 :i* consi/s 9 assimilation to ,him4 ,p]fect assimilation ( ! effect to ! cause is se5 :5 ! effect resembles ! cause 9 t ?r\gh :i* ! cause produces ! effect4 ,god produces ! creature ?r\gh intellig5ce & w4 ,consequ5tly ! p]fection ( ! univ]se requires t !re %\ld be intellectual creatures4 ,to "k _c be ! act 7actus7 ( ! body or ( any corporeal faculty 7virtus72 because all body is limit$ to "h & n[4 ,!re=e x is necess>y1 9 ord] t ! univ]se may be p]fect1 t !re %\ld be incorporeal creatures40#fjb ,?omas !n argues t ! intellectual sub/ance is entirely immat]ial4 8,angelic sub/ances are above our und]/&+4 ,s our und]/&+ _c atta9 to appreh5d+ !m z !y are 9 !mselves2 b only 9 its own fa%ion z x appreh5ds composite ?+s40 ,^! immat]ial sub/ances exi/ 9 exce$+ great numb]1 & ea* is a species1 because !re _c be sev]al immat]ial be+s ( "o species1 any m ?an !re c\ld be sep>ate :it5esses or _m humanities4 ,angels 9 _! nature are imp]i%able4 ,= no?+ is corrupt$ save z its =m is sep>at$ f its matt]4 ,b ^! immat]ial sub/ances are n compos$ ( matt] & =m1 be+ !mselves subsi/+ =ms & inde/ructible4 ,brass may h & lose a circul> %ape2 b ! circul> %ape _c be sep>at$ f ! circle1 :i* x is4 ,?omas next %[s 7,p>s prima1 ,qu4 li47 t angels h no bodies by nature jo9$ to !m4 ,body is n ( ! ratio ( intellectual sub/ances4 ,^! 7:5 p]fect & n l ! human s\l7 h no ne$ to acquire k ?r\gh s5sation4 ,b ?\gh angels are intellectual sub/ances1 sep>ate 7sep>atae7 f bodies1 !y sometimes assume bodies4 ,9 ^! !y c p]=m ^? actions ( life :i* h some?+ 9 common ) o!r k9ds ( acts2 z spee*1 a liv+ act1 has some?+ 9 common ) inanimate s\nds4 ,?us f> only c physical acts be p]=m$ by angels1 & n :5 su* acts ess5tially belong to liv+ bodies4 ,angels may appe> z liv+ m51 b are n2 nei!r are !y s5ti5t ?r\gh ! organs ( _! assum$ bodies2 !y d n eat & dige/ food2 !y move only p] accid5s1 incid5tally to ! inanimate motion ( _! assum$ bodies2 !y d n beget1 nor d !y really speak2 8b x is some?+ l spee*1 :5 ^! bodies make s\nds 9 ! air l human voices40 ,dropp+ ! sole rem>k1 t s*ola/icism has no s5se ( hum\r1 we pass on to ,?omas's c>eful consid]ation ( ! angelic relations to space or locality 7,qu4 lii4 & liii474 8,equivocally only may x be said t an angel is 9 a place 79 loco73 ?r\gh application ( ! angelic virtue to "s corporeal spot1 ! angel may be said 9 "s s5se to be !re40 ,b1 z angels are f9ite1 :5 "o is said1 9 ?is s5se1 to be 9 a place1 he is n else:]e too 7l ,god74 ,yet ! place :]e ! angel is ne$ n be an indivisible po9t1 b may be l>g] or small]1 z ! angel wills to apply 8 virtue to a l>g] or small] body4 ,two angels may n be 9 ! same place at ! same "t1 8because x is impossible t !re %\ld be two complete imm$iate causes ( "o & ! same ?+40 ,angels are said1 likewise equivocally1 to move1 9 a s5se analog\s to t 9 :i* !y are said to be 9 a place4 ,su* equivocal motion may be cont9u\s or n4 ,if n cont9u\s1 evid5tly ! angel may pass f "o place to ano!r )\t trav]s+ ! int]v5+ spaces4 ,! angelic movem5t mu/ take place 9 "t2 !re mu/ be a be=e & aft] to x1 & yet n necess>ily ) any p]iod int]v5+4 ,n[ z to angelic k3 ,de cognitione ,angelorum4 ,kn[+ is no easy ?+ = man2 & we %all see t x is n a simple matt] to "k1 )\t ! s5ses to provide ! data & help build up k 9 ! m9d4 ,! function ( s5se1 or its abs5ce1 conditions mu* besides ! m]e acquisition ( ! elem5ts f :i* m5 =m _! ?\ghts4 ,?omas's exposition ( angelic k & modes ( kn[+ is a logical & consi/5t pres5tation ( a sup]s5sual psy*ology & !ory ( k4 ,ent]+ ^u 8 subject1 ,?omas %[s 7,qu4 liv47 t kn[+ 7intellig]e7 is n ! sub/antia or ! esse ( an angel4 ,kn[+ is actio1 :i* is ! actuality ( faculty1 z be+ 7esse7 is ! actuality ( sub/ance4 ,god alone is actus purus 7absolute realiz$ actuality71 free f pot5tiality4 ,8 sub/antia is ,8 be+ & ,8 action 7suum esse & suum ag]e74 8,b nei!r 9 an angel1 nor 9 any creature1 is virtus or ! pot5tia op]ativa ! same z ! creature's ess5tia10 or its esse or sub/antia4 ,! difficult s*ola/ic-,ari/otelian categories ( intellectus ag5s & possibilis d n apply to angelic cognition 7= :i* ! read] & ! angels may be ?ankful74 ,! angels1 be+ immat]ial intellig5ces1 h no %>e 9 ^? faculties ( ! human s\l1 l sight or he>+1 :i* are ex]cis$ ?r\gh bodily organs4 ,!y possess only intellig5ce & w4 8,x accords ) ! ord] ( ! univ]se t ! supreme intellectual creature %\ld be intellig5t altoge!r1 & n intellig5t 9 "p1 l our s\ls40 ,quae/io lv41 conc]n+ ! m$ium cognitionis angelicae1 is a s*ola/ic discussion sc>cely to be r5d]$ 9 mod]n language4 ,! angelic intellig5ce is capable ( kn[+ all ?+s2 & !re=e an angel does n "k ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 8 ess5tia or sub/antia1 :i* are limit$4 ,god alone kn[s all ?+s ?r\gh ,8 ess5tia4 ,! angelic intellect is made p]fect = kn[+ by means ( c]ta9 =ms or ideas 7species74 ,^! are n receiv$ f ?+s1 b are "p ( ! angelic nature 7connaturales74 ,! angelic intellig5ce 7pot5tia intellectiva7 is complet$ ?r\gh g5]al concepts1 ( ! same nature ) itself 7species intelligibiles connaturales74 ,^! come to angels f ,god at ! same "t ) _! be+4 ,su* concepts or ideas cov] ev]y?+ t !y c "k by nature 7naturalit]74 ,& ,?omas proves t ! high] angels "k ?r\gh few] & m univ]sal concepts ?an ! l[]4 8,9 ,god an entire pl5itude ( intellectual cognition is held 9 "o1 to wit1 9 ! div9e ess5ce ?r\gh :i* ,god kn[s all ?+s4 ,intellig5t creatures possess su* cognition 9 inf]ior mode & less simply4 ,:at ,god kn[s ?r\gh "o1 inf]ior intellig5ces "k ?r\gh _m2 & ?is _m becomes m z ! inf]iority increases4 ,h5ce ! high] angel may "k ! sum total ( ! intelligible 7univ]sitatem intelligibilium7 ?r\gh few] ideas or concepts 7species72 :i*1 h[ev]1 are m univ]sal s9ce ea* concept ext5ds to m ?+s4 ,we f9d illu/ration ( ?is among our fell[s4 ,"s are incapable ( grasp+ intelligible tru?1 unless x be set =? ?r\gh p>ticul> examples4 ,?is comes f ! weakness ( _! intellig5ce4 ,b o!rs1 ( /rong] m9d1 c seize _m ?+s f a few /atem5ts0 7,qu4 lv4 ,art4 #c74 ,?r\gh ?is argum5t1 & ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( 8 exposition ( ! k ( ,god1 angel1 & man1 we p]ceive t1 ) ,?omas1 k is sup]ior & m delightful1 z x is ab/ract 9 "*1 & univ]sal 9 applicability4 ,by kn[+ ! ab/ract & ! univ]sal we become l to ,god & ! angels2 k ( & ?r\gh ! p>ticul> is b a necessity ( our half-mat]ial nature4 ,?omas turns n[ to consid] ! k _h by angels ( immat]ial be+s1 i4e4 !mselves & ,god 7,qu4 lvi473 8,an angel1 be+ immat]ial1 is a subsi/+ =m1 & !re=e intelligible actually 7actu1 i4e4 n pot5tially74 ,:]e=e1 ?r\gh its =m1 :i* is its sub/ance1 x kn[s itself40 ,!n z to k ( ea* o!r3 ,god f ! beg9n+ impress$ ^u ! angelic m9d ! lik5esses ( ?+s :i* ,he creat$4 ,= 9 ,him1 f ! beg9n+1 7 ! rationes ( all ?+s1 bo? spiritual & corporeal4 ,?r\gh ! impression ( ^! rationes ^u ! angelic m9d1 an angel kn[s o!r angels z well z corporeal creatures4 ,_! natures also yield !m "s k ( ,god4 ,! angelic nature is a mirror hold+ ! div9e similitude4 ,yet )\t ! illum9ation ( grace ! angelic nature kn[s n ,god 9 ,8 ess5ce1 because no creat$ lik5ess may repres5t t4 ,z = mat]ial ?+s 7,qu4 lvii471 angels h k ( !m ?r\gh ! intelligible species or concepts impress$ by ,god on ! angelic m9d4 ,b d !y "k p>ticul>s--s+ul>ia8 ,to d5y x1 says ,?omas1 w\ld detract f ! fai? :i* accords to angels ! m9i/ration ( affairs4 ,?is matt] may be ?\ght ?us3 8,?+s fl[ =? f ,god bo? z !y subsi/ 9 _! own natures & z !y are 9 ! angelic cognition4 ,evid5tly :at fl[$ f ,god 9 ?+s p]ta9$ n only to _! univ]sal nature1 b to _! pr9ciples ( individuation4444 ,& z ,he causes1 s ,he also kn[s4444 ,likewise ! angel1 ?r\gh ! concepts 7species7 plant$ 9 him by ,god1 kn[s ?+s n only accord+ to _! univ]sal nature1 b also accord+ to _! s+ul>ity1 9 s f> z !y are manifold repres5tations ( ! "o & simple ess5ce40 ,"o obs]ves t ! :ole s*ola/ic discussion ( univ]sals lies back ( argum5ts l ^!4 ,! ma9 pr9ciples ( angelic k h n[ be5 set =?2 & ,?omas pauses to po9t out to :at ext5t ! angels "k ! future1 ! secret ?\ghts ( our he>ts1 & ! my/]ies ( grace4 ,he has /ill to consid] ! mode & measure ( ! angelic k f o!r po9ts ( view4 ,:atev] ! angels may "k ?r\gh _! implant$ natures1 !y "k p]fectly 7actu72 b x may be o!rwise z to :at is div9ely reveal$ to !m4 ,:at !y "k1 !y "k )\t ! ne$ ( argum5t4 ,& ! discussion closes ) rem>ks on ,augu/9e's phrase & conception ( ! matut9a & vesp]t9a k ( angels3 ! =m] be+ ! k ( ?+s z !y are 9 ! ,^w2 ! latt] be+ ! k ( ?+s z !y are 9 _! own natures4#fjc ,v ,t ! ab/ract & ! univ]sal is ! noble & delectable1 we le>n f ?is exposition ( angelic k4 ,we may le>n ! same f ,?omas's pres5tation ( ! modes & cont5ts ( human und]/&+4 ,! ,summa !ologiae foll[s ! ,scriptural ord] ( pres5tation2#fjd :i* is d\btless ! reason :y ,?omas1 in/ead ( pass+ f immat]ial creatures to ! p>tly immat]ial creature man1 consid]s fir/ ! creation ( physical ?+s--! ,scriptural "w ( ! six days4 ,aft] ?is he takes up ! la/ act ( ! ,creation--man4 ,9 ! ,summa he consid]s man s f> z 8 composite nature comes )9 ! scope ( !ology4 ,accord+ly ! pr9cipal topic is ! human s\l 7anima72 & ! body is reg>d$ only 9 relation to ! s\l1 its qualities & its fate4 ,?omas w foll[ ,dionysius 7,pseudo-,areopagite7 9 consid]+ fir/ ! nature 7ess5tia7 ( ! s\l1 !n its faculties 7virtus sive pot5tiae71 & ?irdly1 its mode ( action 7op]atio74 ,"u ! fir/ head he argues 7,p>s prima1 ,qu4 lxxv47 t ! s\l1 :i* is ! primum pr9cipium ( life1 is n body1 b ! body's consummation 7actus7 & =ma4 ,fur!r1 inasmu* z ! s\l is ! pr9cipium ( m5tal action1 x mu/ be an incorporeal pr9ciple exi/+ by itself4 ,x _c prop]ly be said to be ! man2 = man is n s\l alone1 b a composite ( s\l & body4 ,b ! s\l1 be+ immat]ial & intellectual1 is n a composite ( =m & matt]4 ,x is n subject to corruption4 ,conc]n+ its union ) ! body 7,qu4 lxxvi471 8x is necess>y to say t ! m9d 7intellectus71 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( intellectual action1 is ! =m 7=ma7 ( ! human body40 ,"o & ! same intellectual pr9ciple does n p]ta9 to all human bodies3 !re is no common human s\l1 b z _m s\ls z !re are m54#fje ,yet no man has a plurality ( s\ls4 8,if inde$ ! anima intellectiva 7 n unit$ to ! body z =m1 b only z motor 7z ! ,platoni/s affirm71 x w\ld be necess>y to f9d 9 man ano!r sub/antial =m1 ?r\gh :i* ! body %\ld be set 9 its be+4 ,b if1 z we h %[n1 ! s\l is unit$ to ! body z sub/antial =m1 !re _c be ano!r sub/antial =m beside x0 7,qu4 lxxvi4 ,art4 #d74 ,! human s\l is fitly jo9$ to its body2 = x holds ! l[e/ grade among intellectual sub/ances1 hav+ no k ( tru? implant$ 9 x1 z ! angels h2 x has to ga!r k p] viam s5sus4 8,b nature nev] omits :at is necess>y4 ,h5ce ! anima intellectiva mu/ h n only ! faculty ( kn[+1 b ! faculty ( feel+ 7s5ti5di74 ,s5se-action c take place only ?r\gh a corporeal in/rum5t4 ,!re=e ! anima intellectiva ought to be unit$ to su* a body1 :i* %\ld be to x a conv5i5t organ ( s5se0 7,art4 #e74 ,moreov]1 8s9ce ! s\l is unit$ to ! body z =m1 x is altoge!r 9 any & e "p ( ! body0 7,art4 #h74 ,x is a c>d9al po9t 7,qu4 lxxvii47 ) ,?omas t ! s\l's ess5tia is n its pot5tia3 ! s\l is n its faculties4 ,t is true only ( ,god4 ,9 ,him !re is no div]sity4 ,!re is "s div]sity ( faculty 9 an angel2 & m 9 man1 a creature on ! conf9es ( ! corporeal & spiritual creation1 9 :om concur ! p[]s ( bo?4 ,!re is ord] & priority among ! p[]s ( ! s\l3 ! pot5tiae intellectivae are high] ?an ! pot5tiae s5sitivae1 & control !m2 :ile ! latt] are above ! pot5tiae nutritivae4 ,yet ! ord] ( _! g5]ation is ! rev]se4 ,! highe/ ( ! s5sitive faculties is sight4 ,! anima is ! subject 9 :i* are ! p[]s ( kn[+ & will+ 7pot5tiae intellectivae72 b ! subject 9 :i* are ! p[]s ( s5sation is ! comb9ation ( ! s\l & body4 ,all ! p[]s ( ! s\l1 :e!r ! subject be s\l alone or s\l & body1 fl[ f ! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 z f a s\rce 7pr9cipium74 ,?omas foll[s 7,qu4 lxxviii47 ,ari/otle 9 divid+ ! p[]s ( ! s\l into vegetative1 s5sitive1 appetitive1 motor1 & intellectual4 ,9 tak+ up ! la/1 he po9ts out 7,qu4 lxxix47 t intellig5ce 7intellectus7 is a p[] ( ! s\l1 & n ! s\l itself4 ,he !n foll[s ! ,philosoph] 9 %[+ h[ intellig5ce 7intellig]e7 is to be reg>d$ z a passive p[]1 & he pres5ts ! difficult ,ari/otelian device ( ! intellectus ag5s1 & argues t memory & reason are n to be reg>d$ z p[]s di/9ct f ! intellig5ce 7intellectus74 ,h[ does ! s\l1 :ile unit$ to ! body 7! anima conjuncta71 7#a7 "k corporeal ?+s :i* are b5ea? x8 7#b7 h[ does x "k itself & :at is 9 itself8 & 7#c7 h[ does x "k immat]ial sub/ances :i* are above x8 ,! exposition ( ^! problems is introduc$ by 7,qu4 lxxxiv47 a hi/orical discussion ( ! primi philosophi :o ?\ght !re 0 no?+ b body 9 ! _w4 ,!n came ,plato1 seek+ 8to save "s c]ta9 cognition ( tru?0 by means ( 8 !ory ( ,ideas4 ,b ,plato seems to h err$ 9 ?9k+ t ! =m ( ! kn[n mu/ be 9 ! kn[] z x is 9 ! kn[n4 ,?is is n necess>y4 ,9 s5se-p]ception ! =m ( ! ?+ is n 9 s5se z x is 9 ! ?+4 8,& likewise ! intellig5ce receives ! species 7,ideas7 ( mat]ial & mobile bodies immat]ially & immutably1 aft] its own mode2 = ! receiv$ is 9 ! recipi5t aft] ! mode ( ! recipi5t4 ,h5ce x is to be held t ! s\l ?r\gh ! intellig5ce kn[s bodies by immat]ial1 univ]sal1 & necess>y cognition40 ,?omas sets ?is matt] =? 9 a mann] v illum9at+ z to 8 g5]al position reg>d+ k3 8,x foll[s t mat]ial ?+s :i* are kn[n mu/ exi/ 9 ! kn[]1 n mat]ially1 b immat]ially4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is t ! act ( cognition ext5ds itself to ^? ?+s :i* are outside ( ! kn[]4 ,= we "k ?+s outside ( u4 ,b ?r\gh matt]1 ! =m ( ! ?+ is limit$ to :at is s+le 7aliquid unum74 ,h5ce x is pla9 t ! ratio 7prop] nature7 ( cognition is ! opposite ( ! ratio ( mat]iality4 ,& !re=e ?+s1 l plants1 :i* receive =ms only mat]ially1 are 9 no way cognoscitivae1 z is said 9 ! second book ( ,de anima4 ,! m immat]ially any?+ possesses ! =m ( ! ?+ kn[n1 ! m p]fectly x kn[s4 ,:]e=e ! intellig5ce1 :i* ab/racts ! species 7,idea7 n only f matt]1 b also f individualiz+ mat]ial conditions1 kn[s m p]fectly ?an s5se1 :i* receives ! =m ( ! ?+ kn[n )\t matt] inde$1 b ) mat]ial conditions4 ,among ! s5ses !mselves1 sight is ! mo/ cognoscitivus1 because lea/ mat]ial4 ,& among intellig5ces1 t is ! m p]fect :i* is ! m immat]ial0 7,qu4 lxxxiv4 ,art4 #b74 ,!n ,?omas aga9 diff]s f ,plato1 & holds ) ,ari/otle1 t ! intellig5ce ?r\gh :i* ! s\l kn[s has n its ideas writt5 ^u x by nature1 b f ! fir/ is capable ( receiv+ !m all 7s$ e/ 9 pr9cipio 9 pot5tia ad hujusmodi species omnes74 ,h]eupon1 & ) fur!r argum5ts1 ,?omas %[s 8t ! species intelligibiles1 by :i* our s\l kn[s1 d n arise f sep>ate =ms0 or ideas4 ,to ! conv]se "q1 :e!r intellig5t cognition comes f ?+s ( s5se1 ,?omas answ]s1 foll[+ ,ari/otle3 8,"o _c say t s5se p]ception is ! :ole cause ( intellectual cognition1 b r 9 a c]ta9 way is ! matt] ( ! cause 7mat]ia causae740 ,on ! o!r h&1 8x is impossible t ! m9d1 9 ! /ate ( ! pres5t life1 :]e9 x is jo9$ to ! passive body 7passibili corpori71 %\ld "k any?+ actually 7actu7 except by turn+ itself to images 7phantasmata74 ,& ?is appe>s f two argum5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 s9ce ! m9d itself is a p[] 7vis7 us+ no bodily organ1 its action w\ld n be int]rupt$ by an injury to any bodily organ1 if = its action !re 0 n ne$$ ! action ( "s faculty us+ a bodily organ4 ,s5se & imag9ation use a bodily organ4 ,h5ce z to :at ! m9d kn[s actually 7actu71 !re is ne$$ ! action ( ! imag9ation & o!r faculties1 bo? 9 receiv+ new k & 9 us+ k already acquir$4 ,= we see t :5 ! action ( ! imag9ative faculty is int]rupt$ by injury to an organ1 z ) ! deliri\s1 ! man is prev5t$ f actually kn[+ ^? ?+s ( :i* he has k4 ,secondly 7z any "o may obs]ve 9 himself71 :5ev] he attempts to "k 7intellig]e7 any?+1 he =ms images by way ( example1 9 :i* he may contemplate :at he is try+ to "k4 ,& :5ev] we wi% to make any "o else und]/&1 we sugge/ examples1 f :i* he may make = himself images to "k by4 8,! reason ( ?is is t ! kn[+ faculty is suit$ to ! kn[able 7pot5tia cognoscitiva proportionatur cognoscibili74 ,! appropriate object ( ! intellig5ce ( an angel1 :o is sep>ate f all body1 is intelligible immat]ial sub/ance 7sub/antia intelligibilis a corpore sep>ata72 ?r\gh ?is k9d ( intelligible he cognizes also mat]ial ?+s4 ,b ! appropriate object ( ! human m9d1 :i* is jo9$ to a body1 is ! ess5ce or nature 7quidditas sive natura7 exi/+ 9 mat]ial body2 & ?r\gh ! natures ( visible ?+s ( ?is sort x asc5ds to "s cognition ( invisible ?+s4 ,x belongs to ! idea 7ratio7 ( ?is nature t x %\ld exi/ 9 "s individual hav+ corporeal matt]1 z x is ( ! concept 7ratio7 ( ! nature ( /one or horse t x %\ld be 9 ?is /one or ?is horse4 ,h5ce ! nature ( a /one or any mat]ial ?+ _c be kn[n completely & truly1 unless x is kn[n z exi/+ 9 "s p>ticul> in/ance4 ,we appreh5d ! p>ticul> ?r\gh s5se & imag9ation2 & s x is necess>y1 9 ord] t ! m9d %\ld "k its appropriate object1 t x %\ld turn itself to images1 9 ord] to behold ! univ]sal nature exi/+ 9 ! p>ticul>4 ,if1 inde$1 ! appropriate object ( our intellig5ce 7 ! sep>ate =m1 or if ! =m ( s5sible ?+s did n subsi/ 9 ! p>ticul> in/ances1 z ! ,platoni/s say1 our m9d 9 kn[+ w\ld h no ne$ always to turn itself to images0 7,qu4 lxxxiv4 ,art4 #g74 ,x is next qu]i$ :e!r ! judgm5t ( ! m9d is imp$$ ?r\gh b9d+ 7p] ligam5tum7 ! s5ses4 ,9 view ( ! prec$+ argum5t ! answ] is1 t s9ce 8all t we "k 9 our pres5t /ate1 becomes kn[n to u ?r\gh comp>ison ) s5sible ?+s1 x is impossible t !re %\ld be 9 u p]fect m5tal judgm5t :5 ! s5ses are ti$1 ?r\gh :i* we take cognizance ( s5sible ?+s0 7,qu4 lxxxiv4 ,art4 #h74 ,?is entire argum5t %[s 9 :at firm ,ari/otelian mann]1 s*ola/icism1 9 ! p]son ( ,?omas1 set itself ^u a basis ( s5se p]ception2 ?r\gh :i* x /ill press$ to a k ( ! sup]s5sible & ab/ract4 ,9 ?is argum5t we also see1 z always ) ,?omas1 t k is p]fect & bless$1 ! m immat]ial & ab/ract are its modes4 ,all ( :i* w cont9ue to impress u z we foll[ ,?omas1 briefly1 ?r\gh 8 exposition ( ! modus & ordo ( kn[+ 7intellig5di7 7,qu4 lxxxv474 ,! fir/ "q is :e!r our m9d kn[s corporeal ?+s by ab/ract+ ! species f ! images--! type f ! p>ticul>4 ,!re are ?ree grades ( ! cogniz+ faculty 7virtutis cognoscitivae74 ,! l[e/ is s5sation1 :i* is ! act ( a bodily organ4 ,its appropriate object is =m z exi/+ 9 matt]4 ,& s9ce matt] is ! pr9ciple ( individuation 7i4e4 ! p>ticul>iz+ pr9ciple f :i* results ! p>ticul> or individual71 s5se p]ception is conf9$ to ! p>ticul>4 ,! highe/ grade ( ! cogniti5t faculty is t :i* is indep5d5t ( bodily organs & sep>ate f matt]1 z ! angelic intellig5ce2 & its object is =m subsi/+ )\t matt]4 ,= ?\gh angels "k mat]ial ?+s1 !y view !m only 9 ! immat]ial1 to wit1 !mselves or ,god4 ,betwe5 ! two is ! human m9d1 :i* 8is ! =ma ( ! body4 ,s x naturally kn[s =m exi/+ individually 9 corporeal matt]1 & yet n z =m is 9 su* matt]4 ,b to "k =m1 :i* is 9 concrete matt]1 & yet "k x n z x is 9 su* matt]1 is to ab/ract x f ?is p>ticul> matt] :i* ! images repres5t4 ,x foll[s t our intellig5ce kn[s mat]ial ?+s by ab/ract+ !m f images2 & ?r\gh reflect+ on ^! mat]ial ab/ractions we rea* "s cognition ( ! immat]ial1 j z conv]sely ! angels "k ! mat]ial ?r\gh ! immat]ial0 7,qu4 lxxxv4 ,art4 #a74 ,x is next prov$ t ! s\l1 ?r\gh ! intelligible species or =ms ab/ract$ f p>ticul>s1 kn[s ?+s :i* are outside ! s\l4 ,9 a way1 intellection arises f s5se p]ception2 !re=e ! s5se p]ception ( ! p>ticul> prec$es ! intellectual k ( univ]sals4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! intellig5ce1 9 com+ to p]fect cognition1 proce$s f ! undi/+ui%$ to ! di/+ui%$1 f ! m to ! less g5]al1 & s kn[s animal be=e x kn[s homo1 & homo be=e x kn[s ,socrates4 ,! next conclusion reads v neatly 9 s*ola/ic ,lat91 b is difficult to p>aphrase3 x is t ! intellig5ce may "k _m ?+s at once 7simul7 p] modum unius1 b n p] modum multorum2 t is to say1 ! m9d may grasp at once :atev] x may grasp "u "o species1 b _c "k a numb] ( ?+s at once :i* fall "u diff]5t species4 ,next z to :at our m9d kn[s 9 mat]ial ?+s 7,qu4 lxxxvi474 ,x does n "k ! p>ticul> or s+ul> 7s+ul>ia7 9 !m directly2 = ! pr9ciple ( s+ul>ity 9 mat]ial ?+s is ! p>ticul> matt]4 ,b our m9d kn[s by ab/ract+ f su* ! species1 t is1 ! univ]sal4 ,?is x kn[s directly4 ,b x kn[s s+ul>ia indirectly1 inasmu* z1 :5 x has ab/ract$ ! intelligible species1 x mu/ /ill1 9 ord] to "k completely 7actu71 turn itself to ! images 9 :i* x kn[s ! species4 ,h[ does ! anima intellectiva "k itself1 & ^? ?+s :i* are 9 x 7,qu4 lxxxvii478 ,ev]y?+ is kn[able 9 s f> z x is actually 79 actu7 & n m]ely pot5tially4 ,s ! human intellig5ce kn[s itself n ?r\gh its ess5ce1 :i* is /ill b pot5tial1 b 9 s f> z x has actually realiz$ itself2 kn[s itself1 t is1 ?r\gh its actuality4 ,! p]man5t qualities 7habitus7 ( ! s\l exi/ 9 a condition betwe5 pot5tiality & actuality4 ,! m9d kn[s !m :5 !y are actually pres5t or op]ative4 ,does ! human intellig5ce "k its own act--"k t x kn[s8 ,9 ,god1 kn[+ & be+ are "o4 ,al?\gh ?is is n true ( ! angelic intellig5ce1 nev]!less ) an angel ! prime object ( k is 8 own ess5ce4 ,) "o & ! same act an angel kn[s t x kn[s1 & kn[s its ess5ce4 ,b ! primal object ( ! human intellig5ce is nei!r its k 7kn[+1 intellig]e7 nor its ess5ce1 b some?+ extr9sic1 to wit1 ! nature ( ! mat]ial ?+4 ,h5ce t is ! fir/ object kn[n by ! human intellig5ce2 & next is kn[n its own actus1 by :i* t fir/ object is kn[n4 ,likewise ! human intellig5ce kn[s ! acts ( w4 ,an act ( w is no?+ b a c]ta9 incl9ation t[>d "s =m ( ! m9d 7=mam intellectam7 z natural appetite is an incl9ation t[>d a natural =m4 ,! act ( w is 9 ! kn[+ m9d & s is kn[n by x4 ,s f> z to h[ ! s\l kn[s mat]ial ?+s1 :i* are bel[ x1 & its own nature & qualities4 ,x is ano!r "q :e!r ! s\l kn[s ^? ?+s :i* are above x1 to wit1 ! immat]ial sub/ances4 ,c ! s\l 9 ! /ate ( ! pres5t life "k ! angels 9 !mselves8 ,) l5g?y argum5t1 diff]+ f ,plato & adh]+ to ,ari/otle1 ,?omas proves ! negative3 t 9 ! pres5t life we _c "k sub/antias sep>atas immat]iales secundum seipsas4 ,nor c we come to a k ( ! angelic sub/ances ?r\gh kn[+ mat]ial ?+s4 8,= immat]ial sub/ances are altoge!r ( ano!r nature 7ratio7 f ! :atnesses 7quidditates7 ( mat]ial ?+s2 & h[ev] mu* our intellig5ce ab/racts f matt] ! ess5ce 7quidditas7 ( ! mat]ial ?+1 x w nev] arrive at any?+ l an immat]ial sub/ance4 ,& s1 ?r\gh mat]ial sub/ances1 we _c "k immat]ial sub/ances p]fectly0 7,qu4 lxxxviii4 ,art4 #b74 ,mu* less c we ?us "k ,god4 ,! discussion hi!rto has be5 conf9$ to ! intellectual capacities ( s\ls unit$ to _! bodies4 ,z to ! k :i* ! 8sep>at$0 s\l may h1 o!r consid]ations arise ak9 to ^? t\*+ ! k possess$ by ! sep>at$ sub/ances call$ angels4 ,is ! sep>at$ s\l able to "k8 ,?omas has %[n t s long z ! s\l is jo9$ to ! body x _c "k any?+ except by turn+ itself to images4 ,if ?is 7 a m]e accid5t ( ! s\l1 incid5tal to its exi/5ce 9 ! body1 !n ) t imp$im5t remov$1 x w\ld return to its own nature & "k simply4 ,b if1 z we suppose1 ?is turn+ to images is ( ! nature ( ! s\l1 ! difficulty gr[s4 ,yet ! s\l has "o mode ( exi/5ce :5 unit$ to ! body1 & ano!r :5 sep>at$1 b ) its nature rema9+4 ,s\ls unit$ to bodies may "k ?r\gh resort to images ( bodies1 :i* are 9 ! bodily organs2 b :5 sep>at$1 !y may "k by turn+ to t :i* is intelligible simply1 z o!r sep>ate sub/ances d4 ,yet /ill ?is raises d\bt2 = :y did n ,god appo9t a nobl] way = ! s\l to "k ?an t :i* is natural to x :5 jo9$ to ! body8 ,! p]fection ( ! univ]se requir$ t !re %\ld be div]se grades among intellectual sub/ances4 ,! s\l is ! l[e/ ( !m4 ,its feeble intellig5ce 0 n fit to receive p]fect k ?r\gh univ]sal conceptions1 save :5 assi/$ by concrete examples4 ,)\t ^!1 s\ls w\ld h _h b a confus$ k4 ,h5ce1 = _! m p]fect k ( ?+s1 !y are naturally unit$ to bodies1 & s receive a k f ?+s ( s5se prop] to _! condition2 j z rude m5 c be l$ to "k only ?r\gh examples4 ,s x 0 = a high] end t ! s\l 0 unit$ to ! body1 & kn[s ?r\gh resort to images2 yet1 :5 sep>at$1 x w be capable ( ano!r way ( kn[+4#fjf ,sep>at$ f ! body1 ! s\l c "k itself ?r\gh itself4 ,x c "k o!r sep>at$ s\ls p]fectly1 b ! angels1 :o are high] natures1 only imp]fectly1 at lea/ ?r\gh ! k :i* ! sep>at$ s\l has f its nature2 b t may be increas$ ?r\gh grace & glory4 ,! sep>at$ s\l w "k natural objects ?r\gh ! species 7ideas7 receiv$ f ! infl[+ div9e light2 yet less p]fectly ?an ! angels4 ,likewise1 less univ]sally ?an angels1 w sep>at$ s\ls1 by l means ( species receiv$ f ! div9e light1 "k p>ticul> ?+s1 & only su* z !y previ\sly knew1 or may "k ?r\gh "s affection or aptitude or ! div9e decree4 ,= ! habit & aptitude ( k1 & ! k already acquir$1 w rema9 9 ! sep>at$ s\l1 s f> z relates to ! k :i* is 9 ! intellect1 & no long] 9 ! l[] p]ceptive faculties4 ,nei!r w di/ance f ! object affect ! s\l's k1 s9ce x w "k ?r\gh ! influx ( =ms 7species7 f ! div9e light4 8,yet ?r\gh ! cognition belong+ to _! nature1 sep>at$ s\ls d n "k :at is do+ "h bel[4 ,= su* s\ls "k ! p>ticul> & concrete 7s+ul>ia7 only z f ! traces 7ve/igia7 ( previ\s cognition or affection1 or by div9e appo9tm5t4 ,& ! s\ls ( ! dead by div9e decree1 & 9 accordance ) _! mode ( exi/5ce1 are sep>at$ f ! int]c\rse ( ! liv+ & jo9$ to ! society ( spiritual sub/ances4 ,!re=e !y are ignorant ( ^? ?+s :i* are done among u40 ,nev]!less1 x w\ld seem1 accord+ to ! op9ions ( ,augu/9e & ,gregory1 8t ! s\ls ( ! sa9ts :o see ,god "k all t is done "h4 ,yet1 p]fectly jo9$ to ! div9e righte\sness1 !y are n griev$1 nor d !y take "p 9 ! affairs ( ! liv+1 save z ! div9e disposition requires40 8,/ill ! s\ls ( ! dead are able to c>e = ! affairs ( ! liv+1 al?\gh ignorant ( _! condition2 j z we h c>e = ! dead1 ?\gh ignorant ( _! /ate1 by invok+ ! suffrages ( ! ,*ur*4 ,& ! s\ls ( ! dead may be in=m$ ( ! affairs ( ! liv+ f s\ls lately dep>t$ h5ce1 or ?r\gh angels or demons1 or by ! reveal+ _s ( ,god4 ,b if ! dead appe> to ! liv+1 x is by ,god's special disp5sation1 & to be reckon$ z a div9e miracle0 7,qu4 lxxxix4 ,art4 #h74 ,,vi ,we h ?us trac$ ,?omas's view ( ! faculty ( k1 ! prim>y con/itu5t ( beatitude 9 ,god1 & 9 angels & m54 ,!re are o!r elem5ts :i* n only supplem5t ! faculty ( k1 b ev5 fl[ z ( necessity f a full & true conception ( t faculty & its p]fect en]giz+4 ,^! ne$ful1 yet supplem5t>y1 factors are ! faculties ( w & love & natural appetite2 ?\gh ! la/ does n exi/ 9 ,god or angel or 9 8sep>at$ s\l40 ,! composite creature man %>es x ) brutes3 x is ( enorm\s importance1 s9ce x may affect 8 spiritual progress 9 ?is life1 & s det]m9e 8 /ate aft] dea?4 ,let u obs]ve ^! qualities 9 ,god1 9 ! immat]ial sub/ances call$ angels1 & 9 man4 ,9 ,god !re is volition z well z intellig5ce2 = voluntas intellectum consequitur2 & z ,god's be+ 7esse7 is ,8 kn[+ 7intellig]e71 s likewise ,8 be+ is ,8 w 7velle74#fjg ,ess5tially alike 9 ,god & man & angel are ! con/itu5ts ( spiritual beatitude & exi/5ce--kn[+1 will+1 lov+4 ,f ,creator d[n to man1 k diff]s 9 mode & 9 degree1 yet is ess5tially ! same4 ,! l is true ( w4 ,z to love1 because passion is ( ! body1 love & e mode ( turn+ f or to an object is passionless 9 ,god & ! angels4 ,yet man ?r\gh love1 z well z ?r\gh will+ & ?r\gh kn[+1 may prove 8 k9%ip ) angels & ) ,god4 ,god is love1 says ,john's ,epi/le4 8,x is necess>y to place love 9 ,god10 says ,?omas4 8,= ! fir/ movem5t ( w & any appetitive faculty 7appetitivae virtutis7 is love 7amor740 ,x is object$ t love is a passion2 & ! passionless ,god _c love4 ,answ]s ,?omas1 8,love & joy & delight are passions 9 s f> z !y signify acts 7or actualities1 actus7 ( ! appetitus s5sitivi2 b !y are n passions :5 !y signify ! actus ( ! appetitus intellectivi2 & ?us are !y plac$ 9 ,god0 7,p>s prima1 ,qu4 xx4 ,art4 #a74 ,god loves all exi/5ces4 ,n[ all exi/5ces1 9 s f> z !y are1 are good4 ,= be+ itself 7esse7 is 9 a s5se ! good ( any ?+1 & likewise its p]fection4 ,x has be5 %[n t ,god's w is ! cause ( all ?+s2 & ?us x is prop] t a ?+ %\ld h be+1 or good1 9 s f> z x is will$ by ,god4 ,god wills "s good to e exi/5t ?+4 ,& s9ce to love is no?+ else ?an to w good to some?+1 x is evid5t t ,god loves all ?+s t are1 yet n 9 ! way we love4 ,= s9ce our w is n ! cause ( ! goodness ( ?+s1 b is mov$ by x z by an object1 our love by :i* we w good to any?+ is n ! cause ( its goodness2 b its goodness calls =? ! love by :i* we wi% to pres]ve & add to ! good x has2 & = ?is we "w4 ,b ,god's love imp>ts & creates goodness 9 ?+s4 ,! div9e love embraces all ?+s 9 "o & ! same act ( w2 b inasmu* z ,8 love creates goodness1 !re c\ld be no great] goodness 9 "o ?+ ?an 9 ano!r unless ,he will$ great] good to "o ?an to ! o!r3 9 ?is s5se ,he may be said to love "o creature m ?an ano!r2 & 9 ?is way ,he loves ! bett] ?+s m4 ,besides love1 ! ord] ( ! univ]se proves ,god's ju/itia2 an attribute :i* is to be ascrib$ to ,him1 z ,dionysius says1 9 t ,he grants to all ?+s :at is appropriate1 accord+ to ! dignity ( ! exi/5ce ( ea*1 & pres]ves ! nature ( ea* 9 its own ord] & virtue4 ,likewise mis]icordia is to be ascrib$ to ,god1 n z if ,he 7 affect$ by pity+ sadness1 b 9 t ,he rem$ies ! mis]y or defects ( o!rs4 ,?us f> z to w & love 9 ,god4 ,next1 z to ^! qualities 9 ,angels4 ,h angels w8 7,p>s prima1 ,qu4 lix474 ,?omas argues3 ,all ?+s proce$ f ! div9e w1 & all p] appetitum incl9e t[>d good4 ,9 plants ?is is call$ natural appetite4 ,next above !m come ^? creatures :o p]ceive ! p>ticul> good z ( ! s5ses2 _! incl9ation t[>d x is appetitus s5sitivus4 ,/ill above !m are su* z "k ! ratio ( ! good univ]sally1 ?r\gh _! intellig5ce4 ,su* are ! angels2 & 9 !m incl9ation t[>d ! good is w4 ,moreov]1 s9ce !y "k ! nature ( ! good1 !y are able to =m a judgm5t z to x2 & s !y h free w3 ubicumque e/ intellectus1 e/ lib]um arbitrium4 ,& z _! k is above t ( m51 s 9 !m free w exi/s m excell5tly4 ,! angels h only ! appetitus intellectivus :i* is w2 !y are n irascible or concupisc5t1 s9ce ^! belong to ! appetitus s5sitivus4 ,only metaphorically c furor & evil concupisc5ce be ascrib$ to demons1 z ang] is to ,god--propt] similitud9em effectus4 ,consequ5tly amor & gaudium d n exi/ z passions 9 angels4 ,b 9 s f> z ^! qualities signify solely an act ( w1 !y are intellectual4 ,9 ?is s5se1 to love is to w good to any?+1 & to rejoice 7gaud]e7 is to re/ ! w 9 a good obta9$4 ,simil>ly1 c>itas & spes1 9 s f> z !y are virtues1 lie n 9 appetite1 b 9 w2 & ?us exi/ 9 angels4 ,) man ! virtues ( temp]ance & =titude may relate to ?+s ( s5se2 b n s ) angels1 :o h no passions to be bridl$ by ^! virtues4 ,temp]ance is ascrib$ to !m :5 !y temp] _! w accord+ to ! w div9e1 & =titude1 :5 !y firmly execute x 7,qu4 lix4 ,art4 #d74 ,9 a subsequ5t portion ( ,p>s prima 7,qu4 cx47 ,?omas has occasion to po9t out t1 z 9 human affairs1 ! m p>ticul> p[] is gov]n$ by ! m univ]sal1 s among ! angels4 8,! high] angels :o preside ov] ! l[] h m univ]sal k4 ,x is likewise cle> t ! virtus ( a body is m p>ticul> ?an ! virtus ( a spiritual sub/ance2 = e corporeal =m is =m p>ticul>iz$ 7individuata7 ?r\gh matt]1 & limit$ to ! "h & n[4 ,b immat]ial =ms are uncondition$ & intelligible4 ,& z ! l[] angels1 :o h =ms less univ]sal1 are rul$ by ! high] angels1 s all corporeal ?+s are rul$ by angels4 ,& ?is is ma9ta9$ n only by ! holy ,doctors1 b by all philosoph]s :o h recogniz$ incorporeal sub/ances40 ,next ,?omas consid]s ! action ( angels ^u m51 & %[s t m5 may h _! m9ds illum9$ by ! l[] ord]s ( angels1 :o pres5t to m5 intelligibilem v]itatem sub similitud9ibus s5sibilium4 ,god s5ds ! angels to m9i/] to corporeal creatures2 9 :i* mission _! acts proce$ f ,god z a cause 7pr9cipio74 ,!y are ,8 in/rum5ts4 ,!y are s5t z cu/odians ( m51 to guide & move !m to good4 8,to e man an angel is appo9t$ = 8 gu>d3 ( :i* ! reason is1 t ! gu>dian%ip 7cu/odia7 ( ! angels is an execution ( div9e provid5ce 9 reg>d to m540 ,e man1 :ile z viator he walks life's via non tuta1 has 8 gu>dian angel4 ,& ! ar*angels h c>e ( multitudes ( m5 7,qu4 cxiii474 ,?us ,?omas's1 or r1 say ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e z to angels1 becomes a coroll>y necess>y to ,*ri/ian !ism1 & true at lea/ symbolically4 ,b--& ?is is ! la/ po9t z to ^! m9i/]+ spirits--d ! angels :o love )\t passion1 grieve & suff] :5 ^? ov] :om !y m9i/] are lo/8 8,angels grieve nei!r ov] ! s9s nor ! puni%m5t ( m54 ,=1 z says ,augu/9e1 sadness & grief arise only f :at contrav5es ! w4 ,b no?+ happ5s 9 ! _w t is contr>y to ! w ( ! angels & o!r bless$ ones4 ,= _! w is entirely fix$ 7totalit] inha]et7 9 ! ord] ( ! div9e righte\sness 7,ju/itiae72 & no?+ takes place 9 ! _w1 save :at takes place & is p]mitt$ by ! same4 ,& s1 9 brief1 no?+ takes place 9 ! _w contr>y to ! w ( ! bless$0 7,qu4 cxiii4 ,art4 #g74 ,we come to man4 ,he has w1 & free w or *oice1 z ! angels h4 ,w is "p ( ! intellectual nature3 x is z ! intellectivus appetitus4 ,b man diff]s f ! angels 9 possess+ appetites :i* belong to 8 s5se-nature & d n p]ceive ! good 9 its common aspects2 because s5se does n appreh5d ! univ]sal1 b only ! p>ticul>4#fjh ,sometimes ,?omas speaks ( amor z includ+ e =m ( desire1 intellectual or p]ta9+ to ! _w ( s5se4 8,! fir/ movem5t ( w & ( any appetitive faculty 7virtus7 is amor40#fji ,s 9 ?is mo/ g5]al signification amor 8is some?+ belong+ to appetite2 = ! object ( bo? is ! good40 8,! fir/ effect ( ! desirable 7appetibilis7 ^u ! appetitus1 is call$ amor2 !nce foll[s desid]ium1 or ! movem5t t[>d ! desirable2 & at la/ ! quies :i* is gaudium4 ,s9ce !n amor consi/s 9 an effect ^u ! appetitus1 x is evid5tly passio2 mo/ prop]ly speak+ :5 x relates to ! ye>n+ elem5t 7concupiscibile71 b less prop]ly :5 x relates to w0 7,p>s prima1 ,qu4 xxvi4 ,art4 #b74 ,fur!r di/+ui%+ def9itions are n[ 9 ord]3 8,f\r names are appli$ to :at p]ta9s to ! same3 amor1 dilectio1 c>itas1 et amicitia4 ,( ! ?ree fir/1 amor has ! broade/ mean+4 ,= all dilectio or c>itas is amor2 b n conv]sely4 ,dilectio adds to amor a prec$5t *oice 7electionem praec$5tem7 z its "n indicates4 ,h5ce dilectio is n 9 ! concupisc5t nature1 b 9 ! w1 & !re=e 9 ! rational nature4 ,c>itas adds to amor a c]ta9 p]fectionem amoris1 inasmu* z :at is lov$1 is e/eem$ z v preci\s1 z ! "n %[s0 7,ibid4 ,art4 #c74 ,moreov]1 amor may be divid$ into amor amicitiae1 :]eby we wi% good to ! amicus1 & amor concupisc5tiae1 :]eby prop]ly we desire a good to ourselves4 ,! ,good is ! object &1 9 t s5se1 ! cause1 ( amor 7,qu4 xxvii474 8,b love requires a cognition ( ! good :i* is lov$4 ,!re=e ! ,philosoph] says1 t bodily sight is ! cause ( amoris s5sitivi4 ,likewise contemplation ( spiritual beauty or goodness is ! cause ( amoris spiritualis4 ,?us1 !re=e1 cognition is ! cause ( love1 inasmu* z ! good _c be lov$ unless kn[n40 ,f ?is broad conception ( amor ! argum5t rises to amor 9 its pure/ phases1 :i* correspond to ! highe/ modes ( k man is capable (4 ,!y are consid]$ 9 _! nature1 9 _! causes1 & effects4 ,x is evid5t :i!r we are travell+ 9 ?is matt]4 8,love 7amor7 may be p]fect or imp]fect4 ,p]fect love is t by :i* "s "o is lov$ = himself1 z a man loves a fri5d4 ,imp]fect love is t by :i* "s "o loves a ?+1 n = itself1 b 9 ord] t t good may come to him1 z a man loves ! ?+ he desires4 ,! fir/ love p]ta9s to c>itas :i* cleaves to ,god 7inha]et ,deo7 = ,himself 7secundum seipsum740#faj ,c>itas is "o ( ! !ological virtues1 & z su* ,?omas treats x4 ,to x corresponds ! 8gift0 ( sapi5tia1 likewise a virtue be/[$ by ,god1 b m p>ticul>ly reg>d$ z ! 8gift0 ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,c>itas is set n 9 ! appetitus s5sitivus1 b 9 ! w4 ,yet z x exce$s our natural faculties1 8x is n 9 u by nature1 nor acquir$ ?r\gh our natural p[]s2 b ?r\gh ! infusion ( ! ,holy ,_s1 :o is ! amor ,patris et ,filii40 ,he infuses c>itas accord+ to ,8 w2 & x w increase z we draw ne> to ,god2 nor is !re any b\nd to its augm5tation4 ,may c>itas be p]fect 9 ?is life8 ,9 "o s5se x nev] c be p]fect1 because no creature ev] c love ,god accord+ to ,8 inf9ite lovabl5ess4 8,b on ! "p ( him :o wills to love 7ex p>te dilig5tis71 c>itas is p]fect :5 he loves z mu* z he is able4 ,:i* may be tak5 9 ?ree ways4 ,9 "o way1 z ! :ole he>t ( man is always borne t[>d ,god2 & ?is is ! p]fection ( ! love ( home 7c>itas patriae71 unatta9able "h1 :]e because ( ?is life's infirmities x is impossible always actually to ?9k ^u ,god1 & be drawn t[>d ,him by volunt>y love 7dilectione74 ,9 ano!r way1 z a man may /rive to keep himself free = ,god & ?+s div9e1 lay+ o!r matt]s aside1 save z life's ne$ requires3 & t is ! p]fection ( c>itas1 possible 9 ?is life1 yet n = all :o h c>itas4 ,& ! ?ird way1 :5 any "o habitually sets 8 he>t on ,god1 s t he ?9ks & wills no?+ t is contr>y to ! div9e love3 ?is p]fection is common to all :o h c>itas40#faa ,! c>itas ) :i* we love ,god1 ext5ds to our neighb\rs1 & ev5 to our enemies1 = ,god's sake2 also to ourselves1 includ+ our bodies2 x embraces s9n]s1 b n _! s9fulness4 ,x embraces ! angels4 ,!re is ord] & grade 9 c>itas1 accord+ to its relation%ip to ,god1 ! s\rce ( beatitude & volunt>y love 7dilectionis74 ,god is to be lov$ ex c>itate above all2 = ,he is lov$ z ! cause ( beatitude1 :ile our neighb\r is lov$ z a p>ticipant ) u 9 ! beatitude f ,god4 ,we %\ld love ,god m ?an ourselves2 because beatitude is 9 ,god z 9 ! common & fontal s\rce ( all ?+s t p>ticipate 9 beatitude4 8,b1 aft] ,god1 man %\ld love himself1 9 s f> z he is _s 7secundum naturam spiritualem71 m ?an any "o else4 ,?is is pla9 f ! v reason ( lov+4 ,god is lov$ z ! pr9ciple ( good1 on :i* ! dilectio c>itatis is bas$4 ,man loves himself ex c>itate = ! reason t he is a p>ticipator 9 t good4 ,he loves 8 neighb\r because ( 8 association 7societas7 9 t good4444 ,p>ticipation 9 ! div9e good is a /rong] reason = lov+1 ?an association 9 ?is p>ticipation4 ,!re=e1 man ex c>itate %\ld love himself m ?an 8 neighb\r2 & ! m>k 7signum7 ( ?is is1 t man %\ld n commit any s9 b>r+ 8 p>ticipation 9 ?is beatitude1 9 ord] to free 8 neighb\r f s94444 ,b "o %\ld love 8 neighb\r's salvation m ?an 8 own body40#fab ,we may love "s ( our neighb\rs m ?an o!rs2 = ^? b\nd to u by natural ties & proximity c be lov$ m & 9 m actual ways4 ,! ord] & grades ( love w endure :5 our natures are p]fect$ 9 glory4 ,love 7c>itas7 is ! supreme !ological virtue4 ,x comes to u 9 ?is life ?r\gh grace2 x c be p]fect$ only :5 grace is consummat$ 9 glory4 ,likewise ! highe/ k possible 9 ?is life comes ?r\gh grace1 to be p]fect$ 9 glory4 ,all is f ,god1 & t :i*1 ( all ! re/1 seems mo/ freely giv5 is ! div9e influ5ce dispos+ ! intellig5ce & w t[>d good1 & illum9at+ ^! be/ ,god-giv5 faculties4 ,?is1 z p> excell5ce1 ?r\gh ! exce$+ b\nty ( its free be/[al1 is call$ gratia 7grace74 ,x is a c]ta9 habitual disposition ( ! s\l2 x is n ! same z virtus1 b a div9ely implant$ disposition1 9 :i* ! virtues mu/ be root$2 x is ! imp>t$ similitude ( ! div9e nature1 & p]fects ! nature ( ! s\l1 s f> z t has "p 9 lik5ess to ! div9e3 x is ! m$ial /ate betwe5 nature & t fur!r consummation ( ! grace-illum9$ nature1 :i* is glory2 & s x is ! beg9n+1 ! in*oatio1 ( our glorifi$ beatitude4 ,cle>ly1 grace is no "p ( our inborn nature1 & does n belong to our natural faculties4 ,x is a div9ely be/[$ increm5t1 direct+ our natural faculties t[>d ,god & uplift+ !m to high] capacities ( kn[+ & lov+4 ,to foll[ ,?omas's exposition ( grace a little m closely3#fac man1 ?r\gh 8 natural p[]s1 may "k tru?1 b n ! highe/2 & )\t grace1 our fall5 nature _c w all ! good belong+ to x 7connaturale71 nor love ,god above all else1 nor m]it et]nal life4 8,grace is some?+ sup]natural 9 man com+ f ,god40 ,x 8is n ! same z virtue2 & its subject 7i4e4 its possessor1 t 9 :i* x is set7 _c be a faculty 7pot5tia7 ( ! s\l2 = ! s\l's faculties1 z p]fect$1 are conceiv$ to be virtues4 ,grace1 :i* is prior to virtue1 is set1 n 9 ! faculties1 b 9 ! ess5ce ( ! s\l4 ,?us1 z ?r\gh 8 faculty ( kn[+ 7pot5tiam intellectivam71 man %>es ! div9e k by ! virtue ( fai?1 & ?r\gh ! faculty ( w %>es ! div9e love by ! virtue ( c>itas1 s by means ( a c]ta9 similitude he %>es 9 ! div9e nature ?r\gh "s reg5]ation or recreation0 7,p>s ,i4 ii41 ,qu4 cx4 ,art4 #d74 ,grace may be conceiv$ ei!r z 8div9e aid1 mov+ u to will+ & do+ "r1 or z a =mative & abid+ 7habituale7 gift1 div9ely plac$ 9 u0 7,qu4 cxi4 ,art4 #b74 8,! gift ( grace exce$s ! p[] ( any creat$ nature2 & is no?+ else ?an a %>+ 7p>ticipatio7 ( ! div9e nature0 7,qu4 cxii4 ,art4 #a74 ,s x is cle> t )\t grace man _c rise to ! highe/ k & ! pure/ love ( :i* he is capable 9 ?is life2 f> less c he rea* t f9al & p]fect$ bless$ness :i* is expect$ h]eaft]4 ,= ?is he mu/ possess ! virtue ( ,fai?1 :i* comes n )\t grace4 8,! p]fection ( ! rational creature consi/s n only 9 t :i* may be 81 9 accordance ) 8 nature2 b also 9 t :i* may come to him f "s sup]natural %>+ 9 ! div9e goodness4 ,! f9al beatitude ( man consi/s 9 "s sup]natural vision ( ,god4 ,man c atta9 to t only ?r\gh "s mode ( le>n+ f ,god ! ,tea*]1 & he mu/ believe ,god z a disciple believes 8 ma/]0 7,p>s ,,ii4 ii41 ,qu4 ii4 ,art4 #c74 ,)9 ! prov9ce ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai? 8x is necess>y t man %\ld accept p] modum fidei n only :at is above reason1 b also :at may be kn[n ?r\gh reason40 7,art4 #d74 ,he mu/ believe explicitly ! prima cr$ibilia1 t is to say1 ! ,articles ( ,fai?2 x is en\gh if he believes o!r cr$ibilia implicitly1 by hold+ 8 m9d prep>$ to accept :atev] ,scripture tea*es 7,art4 #e74 8,to believe is an act ( ! intellect 7actus intellectus7 z mov$ by w to ass5t+4 ,x proce$s f ! w & f ! intellect4444 ,yet x is ! imm$iate act ( ! intellect1 & !re=e fai? is 9 ! intellect z 9 a subject i4e4 possessor0 7,qu4 iv4 ,art4 #b74 ,& ,?omas1 hav+ %[n ! function ( w 9 any act ( fai?1 passes on by ! same pa? to connect fides ) c>itas3 8,volunt>y acts take _! species f ! end :i* is ! object ( volition4 ,t f :i* any?+ receives its species1 occupies ! place held by =m 9 mat]ial ?+s4 ,h5ce1 z x 71 ! =m ( any volunt>y act is ! end to :i* x is direct$ 7ord9atur74 ,manife/ly1 an act ( fai? is direct$ to ! object will$ 7:i* is ! good7 z to an end4 ,b good :i* is ! end ( fai?1 to wit1 ! div9e good1 is ! prop] object ( c>itas4 ,& s c>itas is call$ ! =m ( fai?1 9 s f> z ?r\gh c>itas ! act ( fai? is p]fect$ & giv5 =m0 7,qu4 iv4 ,art4 #c74 ,?omas makes 8 conclusion m precise3 8,z fai? is ! consummation ( ! intellect1 t :i* p]ta9s to ! intellect1 p]ta9s1 p] se1 to fai?4 ,:at p]ta9s to w1 does n1 p] se1 p]ta9 to fai?4 ,! increm5t mak+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fai? :i* has =m & fai? :i* lacks x 7fides =mata1 fides in=mis71 consi/s 9 t :i* p]ta9s to w1 to wit1 to c>itas1 & n 9 :at p]ta9s to intellect0 7,qu4 iv4 ,art4 #d74 ,only ! fides :i* is =m$ & complet$ 9 c>itas is a virtue 7,art4 #e74 ,& ,?omas says concisely 7,qu4 vi4 ,art4 #a7 :at 9 _m ways has be5 made evid5t be=e3 ,= ,fai?1 x is necess>y t ! cr$ibilia %\ld be prop\nd$1 & !n t !re %\ld be ass5t to !m2 b s9ce man1 9 ass5t+ to ^? ?+s :i* are ( ! ,fai?1 is lift$ above 8 nature1 8 ass5t mu/ proce$ f a sup]natural pr9ciple work+ )9 him1 :i* is ,god mov+ him ?r\gh grace4 ,x is n h>d to see :y two gifts 7dona7 ( ! ,holy ,_s %\ld belong to ! virtue ,fai?1 to wit1 und]/&+ & k1 intellectus et sci5tia4 ,?omas gives ! reasons 9 an argum5t g]mane to 8 ,ari/otelian !ory ( cognition3 8,! object ( ! kn[+ faculty is t :i* is4444 ,_m k9ds ( ?+s lie hidd5 )91 to :i* ! intellectus ( man %\ld p5etrate4 ,b5ea? ! accid5s ! sub/antial nature ( ! ?+ lies hidd52 b5ea? words lie _! mean+s2 b5ea? similes & figures1 lies ! figur$ tru?--v]itas figurata 7= ?+s intelligible are1 z x 71 )9 ?+s s5sible72 & 9 causes lie hidd5 ! effects1 & conv]sely4 ,n[1 s9ce human cognition beg9s ) s5se1 z f )\t1 x is cle> t ! /rong] ! light ( ! intellect1 ! fur!r x w p5etrate to ! inmo/ dep?s4 ,b ! light ( our natural intellect is ( f9ite virtue1 & may rea* only to :at is limit$4 ,!re=e man ne$s ! sup]natural light1 9 ord] to p5etrate to ! k :i* ?r\gh ! natural light he is n able to "k2 & t sup]natural light giv5 to man is call$ ! donum intellectus0 7,qu4 viii4 ,art4 #a74 ,?is gift foll[s grace4 ,grace is m p]fect ?an nature4 ,x does n abrogate1 b p]fects ! natural faculties4 ,nor does x fail 9 ^? matt]s 9 :i* man's natural p[] is compet5t 7,qu4 ix4 ,art4 #a74 ,s1 besides ! donum intellectus1 to ,fai? belongs ! donum sci5tiae also1 :i* br+s & guides k ( human ?+s 7,art4 #b74 ,& n[ we %all n be surpris$ to f9d sapi5tia1 ! v highe/ gift ( ! ,_s1 atta*$ to ! grace-giv5 virtue c>itas4 ,= c>itas is ! in=m+ pr9ciple ( ,fai?1 & ! highe/ virtue ( ! grace-illum9$ w4 ,! w1 be x rememb]$1 belongs to man's intellectual nature2 its object is ! good :i* is kn[n by ! m9d 7bonum intellectum74 8,sapi5tia 7wisdom1 "r k z to ! highe/ cause1 :i* is ,god7 signifies rectitude ( judgm5t 9 accordance ) ! rationes div9ae10 ! ideas & reasons :i* exi/ 9 ,god4 ,rectitude ( judgm5t reg>d+ ?+s div9e may arise f rational inquiry2 9 :i* case x p]ta9s to ! sapi5tia :i* is an intellectual virtue4 ,b x may also spr+ f aff9ity to ^? ?+s !mselves2 & !n x is a gift ( ! ,holy ,_s 7,,ii4 ii41 ,qu4 xlv4 ,art4 #b74 ,says ,?omas3 8,by ! "n beatitude is und]/ood ! f9al p]fection ( ! rational or intellectual nature4 ,?is consi/s = ?is life 9 su* contemplation z we may h "h ( ! highe/ intelligible good1 :i* is ,god2 b above ?is felicity is t o!r felicity :i* we expect :5 we %all see ,god z ,he is0 7,p>s ,i41 ,qu4 lxii ,art #a74 ,b m>k3 ! p]fection ( ! intellectual nature does n consi/ m]ely 9 kn[+1 n>r[ly tak54 ,! "r action ( w is also ess5tial1 ( ! w direct$ t[>d ! highe/ good1 :i* is ,god3 & ?is is c>itas1 ( :i* ! correspond+ gift f ! ,_s is wisdom4 ,9 accord ) ?is full consummation ( human nature1 compris+ ! p]fection ( cognition & w1 ,?omas outl9es 8 conception ( ! vita contemplativa1 ! life ( mo/ p]fect beatitude atta9able on e>?3 8,! vita contemplativa is !irs ^: resolve is set ^u ! contemplation ( tru?4 ,resolve is an act ( w2 because resolve is ) respect to ! end1 :i* is ! object ( w4 ,?us ! vita contemplativa1 accord+ to ! ess5ce ( its action1 is ( ! intellig5ce2 b s f> z x p]ta9s to :at moves u to engage 9 su* action1 x is ( ! w1 :i* moves all ! o!r faculties1 includ+ ! intellig5ce1 to act4 ,appetitive en]gy 7vis appetitiva7 moves t[>d contemplat+ some?+1 ei!r s5sibly or intellectually3 sometimes f love ( ! ?+ se51 & sometimes f love ( ! k itself1 :i* arises f contemplation4 ,& because ( ?is1 ,gregory sets ! vita contemplativa 9 ! love ( ,god--9 c>itate ,dei--to wit1 inasmu* z "s "o1 f a will+ love 7dilectio7 ( ,god burns to behold ,8 beauty4 ,& because any "o is rejoic$ :5 he atta9s :at he loves1 ! vita contemplativa is direct$ t[>d dilectio#fad :i* lies 9 affect 79 affectu72 by :i* amor also is int5d$0 7,,ii4 ii41 ,qu4 clxxx4 ,art4 #a74 ,! moral virtues1 cont9ues ,?omas1 d n p]ta9 ess5tially to ?is vita4 ,b !y may promote x1 by regulat+ ! passions & quiet+ ! tumult ( outside affairs4 ,9 pr9ciple x is fix$ ^u ! contemplation ( tru?1 :i* "h we see b 9 a glass d>kly2 & s we help ourselves along by contemplat+ ! effects ( ! div9e cause 9 ! _w4 ,?us f9al beatitude1 & its mortal approa* 9 ! vita contemplativa ( ?is e>?1 is ( ! m9d1 bo? 9 its k & its love4 ,immat]iality1 spirituality1 is ) ,?omas prim>ily intellectual4 ,yet 8 beatitude is n limit$ to ! kn[+ faculties4 ,x embraces w & love4 ,! grace ( ,god & ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,_s t\* love z well z k1 rais+ "o & bo? to f9al unison ( aim4 ,?us f> 9 ?is life1 :ile 9 ! life to come1 ^! grace-uplift$ qualities ( k1 & t *oos+ love 7dilectio7 :i* rises f k ( ! good1 are p]fect$ 9 gloria4 ,fur!r ?an ?is we %all n g ) ,?omas1 nor foll[ him1 = example1 ?r\gh 8 exposition ( ! means ( salvation--! ,inc>nation & ! sacram5ts4 ,nor ne$ we fur!r m>k ! prodigi\s range ( 8 !ology1 or 8 metaphysics1 logic1 or physics4 ,to all ?is _m books h be5 devot$4 ,we are b seek+ to realise 8 intellectual int]e/s & qualities1 9 su* way z to br+ !m )9 ! compass ( our sympa?y4 ,a m encyclopa$ic & sy/ematic pres5tation ( 8 tea*+ is prop] = ^? :o w\ld trace1 or p]haps atta* !mselves to1 p>ticul> doctr9es2 or w\ld f9d 9 s*ola/icism1 ev5 9 ,?omas1 "s special au?oritativ5ess4 ,= u ^! doctr9es h b ! validity ( all human /riv+ aft] tru?4 ,moreov]1 p]haps a tru] view ( ,?omas1 ! !ologian & philosoph]1 is ga9$ f foll[+ a few typical =ms ( 8 tea*+ pres5t$ 9 8 own exposition1 ?an by analyz+ 8 ?\ght ) lat] solv5ts :i* he did n apply1 & pres5t+ 8 matt] classifi$ z he w\ld n h ord]$ x1 & 9 mod]n phrases1 :i* h z _m mean+s =eign to s*ola/icism z s*ola/icism has ?\ghts n to be translat$ into mod]n ways ( ?9k+4 ,,*apt] ,,xli ,,rog] ,,bacon ,( all m$iaeval m51 ,?omas ,aqu9as a*iev$ ! mo/ organic & compreh5sive union ( ! results ( human reason+ & ! data ( ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,he may be reg>d$ z ! f9al expon5t ( s*ola/icism1 p]fect$ 9 me?od1 univ]sal 9 scope1 & /ill integral 9 purpose4 ,! s*ola/ic me?od 0 soon to be impugn$ & ! s*ola/ic univ]sality brok54 ,! premature attack ^u ! me?od came f ,rog] ,bacon2#fae ! fatal brea* 9 ! s*ola/ic :ol5ess result$ f ! con/ructive1 z well z critical1 a*ievem5ts ( ,duns ,scotus & ,occam4 ,bacon is a p]plex+ p]sonality4 ,) o!r m$iaeval ?9k]s "o quickly feels ! po9t ( view f :i* to reg>d !m4 ,n s ) ?is mo/ disp>ate g5ius ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,read+ 8 rugg$ /atem5ts1 & try+ to =m a coh]5t ?\ght ( him1 we are puzzl$ at ! contradictions ( 8 m9d4 ,"o may n say t he 0 n ( 8 "t4 ,e man is ( 8 "t1 & _c raise himself v f> out ( ! mass ( k & op9ion furni%$ by x1 any m ?an a swimm] c lift himself out ( ! wat] t su/a9s him4 ,yet p]sonal temp] & incl9ation may al9e a man ) less pot5t t5d5cies1 :i* are obscur$ & hamp]$ by ! dom9ant intellectual int]e/s ( ! p]iod4 ,assur$ly1 ?r\gh all ! ,middle ,ages1 !re 7 m5 :o notic$ su* physical ph5om5a z bore ^u _! lives1 ev5 m5 :o c>$ = ! dumb beg9n+s ( :at ev5tually might lead to natural sci5ce4 ,b !y 7 n repres5tative ( _! epo*'s ma/] en]gies2 & 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 z always1 ! man ( evid5t & great a*ievem5t w be "o :o1 l ,aqu9as1 /&s ^u ! :ole atta9m5t ( 8 age4 ,rog] ,bacon1 on ! contr>y1 0 z "o ab\t ^: lo9s ! curr5ts ( 8 "t drag & pull2 !y did n aid him1 & yet he c\ld n extricate himself4 ,x 0 8 intellectual mis=tune t he 0 held by 8 "t s fatally1 s fatally1 at lea/1 = ! prop] do+ ( ! "w :i* 0 to be 8 contribution to human enlight5m5t1 a contribution well ignor$ :ile he liv$1 & = long aft]w>d4 ,bacon accept$ ! dom9ant m$iaeval convictions3 ! entire tru? ( ,scripture2 ! absolute validity ( ! reveal$ religion1 ) its dogmatic =mulation2 also 7to 8 detrim5t7 ! univ]sally prevail+ view t ! end ( all ! sci5ces is to s]ve _! que51 !ology4 ,yet he hat$ ! ways ( m$iaeval natural selection & survival ( ! m$iaeval fitte/1 & ! me?ods by :i* ,alb]t or ,?omas or ,v9c5t ( ,beauvais 7 at la/ pres5t+ ! sum ( m$iaeval k & conviction4 ,well might he dete/ ^? ways & me?ods1 see+ t he 0 ,rog] ,bacon1 "o impell$ by 8 g5ius to critical /udy1 to obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,he 0 impassion$ = l+ui/ics1 = ma!matics1 = a/ronomy1 optics1 *emi/ry1 & = an exp]im5tal sci5ce :i* %\ld confirm ! cont5ts ( all ^!1 & also enl>ge ! scope ( human +5uity4 ,yet he 0 held fa/1 & 8 ?9k+ 0 confus$1 by :at he took f 8 "t4 ,especially he 0 obsess$ by ! idea t philosophy1 includ+ e bran* ( k1 mu/ s]ve !ology1 & ev5 9 t s]vice f9d its ju/ification4 ,b :at has *emi/ry to d ) !ology8 ,:at has ma!matics8 ,& :at has ! physical exp]im5tal me?od8 ,by ma9ta9+ ! utility ( ^! = !ology1 ,bacon sav$ 8 m$iaeval or?odoxy1 & x may be1 8 sk9 f ! fire4 ,b x wreck$ ! work+ ( 8 g5ius4 ,8 writ+s rema91 su* ( !m z are kn[n1 a/\nd+ 9 _! orig9ality & insight1 & almo/ z rem>kable = _! inconsi/5cies2 !y are m>k$ by a confusion ( me?od & a di/ortion ( purpose1 :i* sprang f ! contradictions betwe5 ,bacon's g5ius & ! curr5t views :i* he adopt$4 ,! c>e] ( ,bacon 0 an intellectual trag$y1 con=m+ to ! old pr9ciples ( tragic art3 t ! h]o's "* %all be l>ge & noble1 b n flawless1 inasmu* z ! fatal consummation mu/ issue f "*1 & n happ5 ?r\gh *ance4 ,he di$ an old man1 z 9 8 y\?1 s 9 8 age1 a devotee ( tangible k4 ,8 pursuit ( a k :i* 0 n altoge!r le>n+ _h be5 ob/ruct$ by ! ,ord] ( :i* he 0 an unhappy & rebelli\s memb]2 q z fatally 8 a*ievem5t 0 de=m$ f )9 by ! pr9ciples :i* he accept$ f 8 "t4 ,b he 0 responsible = 8 acceptance ( curr5t op9ions2 & z 8 views r\s$ ! di/ru/ ( 8 bro!r ,fri>s1 8 intractable temp] drew _! ho/ility 7( :i* we "k v little7 on 8 head4 ,p]suasiv5ess & tact 7 ne$$ by "o :o w\ld impress su* novel views z 8 ^u 8 fell[s1 or1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 escape p]secution = _! divulg5ce4 ,bacon attack$ dead & liv+ wor?ies1 tactlessly1 fatu\sly1 & unfairly4 ,( 8 life sc>cely any?+ is kn[n1 save f 8 allusions to himself & o!rs2 & ^! are insuffici5t = ! con/ruction ( ev5 a slight consecutive n>rative4 ,born2 /udi$ at ,ox=d2 w5t to ,p>is1 /udi$1 exp]im5t$2 is at ,ox=d aga91 & a ,franciscan2 /udies1 tea*es1 becomes suspect to 8 ,ord]1 is s5t back to ,p>is1 kept "u surveillance1 receives a lett] f ! pope1 writes1 writes1 writes1--8 ?ree be/-kn[n works2 is aga9 9 tr\ble1 conf9$ = _m ye>s1 releas$1 & dead1 s v dead1 body & fame alike1 until p>tly une>!d aft] five c5turies4 ,inf]5ce & con/ruction may fill out ?is sombre outl9e4 ,engl& 0 ! l& ( ,bacon's bir?1 & ,il*e/] is said to h be5 ! natal spot4 ,! approximate date may be guess$ at f 8 ref]5ce to himself z s5ex 9 #abfg1 & 8 rem>k t he _h !n be5 /udy+ =ty ye>s4 ,8 family seems to h be5 weal?y4 ,besides ! lett] ( ,pope ,clem5t1 h]eaft] to be quot$1 !re is "o contempor>y ref]5ce to him4 ,ma!w ,p>is has a /ory ( a c]ta9 cl]icus de curia1 scilicet ,rog]us ,bacum1 speak+ up ) bold wit to ,k+ ,h5ry ,,iii4 at ,ox=d 9 #abcc4 ,bacon :5 a "y man /udi$ !re "u ,rob]t ,grossete/e & ,adam ( ,m>%4 ,he frequ5tly ref]s to bo?1 & always ) respect4 ,8 *ief en?usiasm is = ! =m]4 ,= ye>s ?is admirable man 0 *ancellor ( ,ox=d2 until made bi%op ( ,l9coln 9 #abce4 ,al?\gh nev] a ,franciscan1 he 0 ! ,ord]'s devot$ fri5d1 & lectur$ 9 its h\se at ,ox=d4 ,grossete/e f\nd$ ! /udy ( ,greek at ,ox=d1 & collect$ treatises ^u ,greek gramm>4 ,bacon1 foll[+ him1 wrote a ,greek gramm>4 ,grossete/e1 be=e ,bacon1 devot$ himself to physics & ma!matics1 & all t ^! _m-bran*$ sci5ces might include4 ,besides a ta/e = ^! /udies ,bacon may h _h f him ! idea t !y 7 useful = !ology4 8,no "o10 says ,bacon1 8knew ! sci5ces save ,"l ,rob]t1 ,bi%op ( ,l9coln1 f 8 l5g? ( life & exp]i5ce1 & /udi\sness & indu/ry1 & because he knew ma!matics & optics1 & 0 able to "k all ?+s2 & he knew en\gh ( ! languages to und]/& ! sa9ts & philosoph]s ( antiquity2 b n en\gh to translate !m1 unless t[>ds ! end ( 8 life :5 he invit$ ,greeks1 & _h books ( ,greek gramm> ga!r$ f ,greece & else:]e40#faf ,!re is evid5ce t o!rs at ,ox=d1 besides ,grossete/e1 7 int]e/$ 9 ! /udy ( ,greek & natural sci5ce4 ,f ,ox=d ,bacon w5t to ,p>is1 :]e app>5tly he rema9$ = a numb] ( ye>s2 he 0 made a doctor !re1 & aft]w>ds became a ,franciscan4 ,s9ce a monk c\ld own no?+1 "o may p]haps inf] t ,bacon did n jo9 ! ,ord] until aft] ! lapse ( c]ta9 tw5ty ye>s ( sci5tific rese>*1 9 :i* he sp5t mu* money1 z he says 9 #abfg1 9 an (t5-quot$ passage ( ! ,opus t]tium3 8,= n[ ,i h lab\r$ f my y\? 9 ! sci5ces & languages1 & = ! fur!rance ( /udy1 gett+ toge!r mu* t is useful4 ,i s\ght ! fri5d%ip ( all wise m5 among ! ,lat9s1 & caus$ y\? to be in/ruct$ 9 languages1 & geometric figures1 9 numb]s & tables & in/rum5ts1 & _m ne$ful matt]s4 ,i exam9$ ev]y?+ useful to ! purpose1 & ,i "k h[ to proce$1 & ) :at means1 & :at are ! imp$im5ts3 b ,i _c g on = lack ( ! funds :i* are ne$$4 ,?r\gh ! tw5ty ye>s 9 :i* ,i lab\r$ specially 9 ! /udy ( wisdom1 c>eless ( ! cr[d's op9ion1 ,i sp5t m ?an two ?\s& p\nds 9 ^! pursuits on occult books 7libros secretos7 & v>i\s exp]im5ts1 & languages & in/rum5ts1 & tables & o!r ?+s40#fag ,aft] 8 fir/ /ay at ,p>is ,bacon return$ to ,ox=d4 ,!re he d\btless cont9u$ 8 rese>*es1 & divulg$ !m1 or taught 9 "s way4 ,= he r\s$ ! suspicions ( 8 ,ord]1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t 0 s5t or conduct$ back to ,p>is1 :]e con/ra9t seems to h be5 put ^u 8 actions & utt]ances4 ,l ! fir/1 ?is second1 possibly en=c$1 /ay 0 a long "o2 he speaks ( himself 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,opus t]tium z 8= t5 ye>s an exile40 ,yet "h z always1 "o is n q c]ta9 h[ lit]ally to take ,bacon's p]sonal /atem5ts1 ei!r t\*+ himself or o!rs4 ,a %ort p]iod ( elation 0 at h&4 ,he _h evid5tly be5 =bidd5 to write1 or spread 8 ideas2 he _h be5 discipl9$ at times ) a diet ( bread & wat]4 ,all ?is _h fail$ to sweet5 8 temp]1 or con=m 8 m9d to curr5t views4 ,9 #abfe1 an op5-m9d$ man :o _h be5 a juri/1 a w>rior1 & ! c\nsellor ( a k+1 be=e becom+ an ecclesia/ic1 0 made ,pope ,clem5t ,,iv4 ,:ile liv+ 9 ,p>is he _h be5 int]e/$ 9 ,bacon's "w4 ,soon aft] ! papal election our sore-be/ead philosoph] manag$ to communicate ) him1 z appe>s by ! pope's reply1 writt5 f ,vit]bo1 9 ,july #abff3 8,to our belov$ son1 ,bro!r ,rog]1 call$ ,bacon1 ( ! ,ord] ( ,bro!rs ,m9orites4 ,we h receiv$ ) pleasure ! lett] ( ?y devotion2 & we h well consid]$ :at our belov$ son call$ ,bonecor1 ,knight1 has by ^w ( m\? set =? to u1 ) fidelity & prud5ce4 ,s !n1 t we may und]/& m cle>ly :at ?\ purpose/1 x is our w1 & we comm& !e by our ,apo/olic m&ate t1 not)/&+ ! prohibition ( any prelate1 or any con/itution ( ?y ,ord]1 ?\ s5de/ to u spe$ily 9 good script t "w :i*1 :ile we held a m9or (fice1 we reque/$ !e to communicate to our belov$ son ,raymond1 ( ,laudunum4 ,also1 we comm& !e to set =? 9 a lett] :at rem$ies ?\ deeme/ %\ld be appli$ to ^? matt]s :i* ?\ did/ rec5tly speak ( z fraught ) su* p]il4 ,d ?is z secretly z possible )\t delay40#fah ,poor ,bacon6 ,! pope's lett] r\s$ him to ec/asy1 !n put him 9 a qu&>y1 & elicit$ elaborate apologies1 & ! flood ( p]suasive exposition :i* he p\r$ =? ) tremul\s ha/e 9 ! eighte5 mon?s foll[+4 ,delight at be+ solicit$ by ! head ( ,*ri/5dom breaks out 9 hyp]bole1 n to be wond]$ at3 he is uplift$ & ca/ prone2 t 8 littl5ess & multiple ignorance1 8 tongue-ti$ m\? & rasp+ p51 & himself unli/5$ to by all m51 a buri$ man deliv]$ to oblivion1 %\ld be call$ on by ! pope's wisdom = wisdom's writ+s 7sapi5tales scripturas76 8,! ,savi\r's vic>1 ! rul] ( ! orb1 has deign$ to solicit me1 :o am sc>cely to be numb]$ among ! p>ticles ( ! _w--int] p>tes univ]sae6 ,yet1 :ile my weakness is oppress$ ) ! glory ( ?is m&ate1 ,i am rais$ above my own p[]s2 ,i feel a f]v\r ( _s2 ,i rise up 9 /r5g?4 ,& inde$ ,i ought to ov]fl[ ) gratitude s9ce y\r beatitude comm&s :at ,i h desir$1 :at ,i h work$ out ) sweat1 & glean$ ?r\gh great exp5ditures40#fai ,! ^w 8exp5ditures0 t\*es "o horn ( ,bacon's dilemma4 ,he is a ,franciscan2 !re=e p5niless2 &1 besides t1 app>5tly "u ! re/ra9+ ban ( 8 own ,ord]4 ,! pope has enjo9$ secrecy2 !re=e ,bacon _c set up ! papal m&ate aga9/ ! probable int]f]5ce ( 8 own sup]iors4 ,! pope has s5t no funds2 sitt+ 9 culm9e mundi he 0 too busy ) high affairs to ?9k ( t4#fbj ,& n[ comes ! *ief matt] = ,bacon's apologies3 8 ,beatitude misappreh5ds1 has be5 mis9=m$3 ! "w is n yet writt52 x is /ill to be compos$4 ,9 spite ( ^! ob/acles ! fri5dless b res\rceful philosoph] someh[ obta9$ opportunity to write1 & ! means ne$$ = ! fair copy4 ,& !n 9 ^? great eighte51 or p]haps b fifte51 mon?s1 :at a flood ( enlight5m5t1 ( re=m+ criticism1 ( plans ( /udy & me?ods ( inve/igation1 ( examples & sket*es ( ! matt] to be prep>$ or discov]$1 is p\r$ =?4 ,f\r works we "k (1#fba & !y may h made ! great] "p ( all t ,bacon ev] actually wrote4 ,) v>iations ( emphasis1 ( abridgem5t & elaboration1 ! f\r h ! "o purpose to conv9ce ! pope ( ! enorm\s value ( ,bacon's s*eme ( useful & sav+ k4 ,to a great ext5t !y set =? ! same matt]s2 inde$ ! ,opus t]tium 0 int5d$ to convey ! sub/ance ( ! ,opus majus1 %\ld t fail to rea* ! pope4 ,s !re is mu* repetition & "s disord] 9 ^! eag]1 hurri$ works1 defects :i* emphasise ! dramatic situation ( ! impetu\s g5ius ^: p5t-up utt]ance 0 loos$ at la/4 ,! ,opus m9us & ! ,vatican ,fragm5t are z f a man ov]p[]$ by ! eag]ness to say ev]y?+ at once1 le/ ! night close 9 be=e he h *ance ( spee*4 ,& :5 ! ,opus majus 0 at la/ s5t =?1 accompani$ by ! ,opus m9us1 z a battle%ip by a light arm$ cruis]1 ! ,opus t]tium 0 despat*$ aft] !m1 fill$ ) ! same militant exposition1 = fe> ! =m] two %\ld p]i% en voyage4 ,did !y ev] rea* ! pope8 ,we may presume s4 ,did he read any "o ( !m8 ,"h !re is no in=mation4 ,popes 7 ! busie/ m5 9 ,europe1 & dea? 0 s apt to cut %ort _! indu/ry4 ,clem5t di$ ! next ye>1 & s f> z kn[n1 no syllable ( ackn[l$gem5t f him ev] rea*$ ! fev]i%ly expectant philosoph]4 ,a few words w tell ! re/4 ,9 #abga1 app>5tly1 ,bacon wrote 8 ,comp5dium /udii philosophiae1 tak+ ! occasion to d5\nce ! corruptions ( ,*ur* & society 9 unmeasur$ t]ms4 ,he r>ely measur$ 8 vitup]ation6 ,8 life 0 sett+ on t[>d its long la/ trial4 ,9 #abgg1 ,j]ome ( ,ascoli1 ! ,g5]al ( ! ,franciscan ,ord]1 held a ,*apt] at ,p>is1 & ,bacon 0 condemn$ to imprisonm5t 7c>c]i condempnatus7 because ( 8 tea*+s1 :i* conta9$ aliquas novitates suspectas4#fbb ,j]ome became ,pope ,ni*olas ,,iv4 ,at a ,*apt] ( ! ,ord] held 9 ,p>is 9 #abib1 j aft] 8 dea?1 c]ta9 prison]s condemn$ 9 #abgg1 7 set free4 ,rog] ,bacon probably 0 among ! numb]4 ,if s1 x 0 9 ! ye> ( 8 lib]ation t he wrote a tract entitl$ ,comp5dium !ologiae2 = t 0 writt5 9 #abib4 ,?is is ! la/ we he> ( him4 ,b z he mu/ n[ h be5 h>d on to eighty1 probably he did n live mu* long]4 ,!re seems to h be5 no?+ exceptional 9 ,bacon's attitude t[>d ,scripture & ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he deem$1 ) o!r m$iaeval m51 t ,scripture held1 at lea/ implicitly1 ! sum ( k useful or inde$ possible = m54 ,true1 nei!r ! ,old ,te/am5t nor ! ,new treats ( gramm>1 or physics1 or ( m9]als1 or plants1 or animals4 ,nev]!less1 ! /atem5ts 9 ^! reveal$ writ+s are made ) complete k ( e topic or ?+ consid]$ or ref]r$ to--bird1 bea/1 & plant1 ! c\rses ( ! />s1 ! e>? & its wat]s1 yea1 ! arts ( song or agriculture1 & ! pr9ciples ( e sci5ce4 ,conv]sely 7& "h ,bacon ev5 gave fre% emphasis & novel po9t+s to ! curr5t view7 all k :atsoev]1 e art & sci5ce1 is ne$$ = ! full und]/&+ ( ,scripture1 sacra doctr9a1 9 a ^w1 !ology4 ,?is op9ion may hold l>ge tru?2 b ,bacon's advocacy ( x sometimes affects u z a r$uctio ad absurdum1 especially :5 he is proce$+ on ! assumption t ! patri>*s & prophets _h k ( all sci5ces1 includ+ a/rology & ! connection betwe5 ! c\rses ( ! />s & ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re 0 likewise no?+ />tl+ 9 ,bacon's view ( ! ,fa!rs1 & _! k & au?oritativ5ess4 ,?omas did n reg>d !m z inspir$4 ,nei!r did ,bacon2 he respects !m1 yet disc]ns limitations to _! k2 by reason ( _! circum/ances !y may h neglect$ c]ta9 ( ! sci5ces2 b ?is is no reason :y we %\ld4#fbc ,z = ! anci5t philosoph]s1 ,bacon holds to _! p>tial inspiration4 8,god illum9at$ _! m9ds to desire & p]ceive ! tru?s ( philosophy4 ,he ev5 disclos$ ! tru? to !m40#fbd ,!y receiv$ _! k f ,god1 indirectly z x 71 ?r\gh ! prophets1 to :om ,god reveal$ x directly4 ,m ?an once & ) e detail ( baseless tradition1 he sets =? ! common view t ! ,greek philosoph]s /udi$ ! prophets1 & drew _! wisdom f t s\rce4#fbe ,b _! k 0 n complete2 & x behoves u to "k mu* t is n 9 ,ari/otle4#fbf 8,! /udy ( wisdom may always increase 9 ?is life1 because no?+ is p]fect 9 human discov]ies4 ,!re=e1 we lat] m5 ought to supplem5t ! defects ( ! anci5ts1 s9ce we h ent]$ into _! lab\rs1 ?r\gh :i*1 unless we are asses1 we may be incit$ to improve ^u !m4 ,x is mo/ wret*$ always to be us+ :at has be5 atta9$1 & nev] rea* fur!r = "o's self40#fbg ,x may be t ,bacon 0 suspect$ ( rais+ ! philosoph]s too ne> ! ,*ri/ian level2 & p]haps 8 argum5t t _! k _h come f ! prophets may h seem$ a va9 excuse4 ,says he1 = example3 8,!re 0 a great book ( ,ari/otle ^u civil sci5ce1#fbh well agree+ ) ! ,*ri/ian law2 = ! law ( ,ari/otle has precepts l ! ,*ri/ian law1 al?\gh mu* is add$ 9 ! latt] excell+ all human sci5ce4 ,! ,*ri/ian law takes :atev] is wor?y 9 ! civil philosophical law4 ,= ,god gave ! philosoph]s all tru?1 z ! sa9ts1 & especially ,augu/9e1 decl>e4444 ,& :at noble ?\ghts h !y express$ ^u ,god1 ! bless$ ,tr9ity1 ! ,inc>nation1 ,*ri/1 ! bless$ ,virg91 & ! angels40#fbi ,possibly "o is "h rem9d$ ( ,abael>d1 & 8 ?\ght ( ,*ri/ianity z re=matio legis naturalis4 ,yet ,*ri/ _h said1 ,he came n to de/roy1 b to fulfil2 & ! *ief ,*ri/ian !ologians _h foll[$ ,augu/9e 9 8despoil+ ! ,egyptians0 z he phras$ x2 ! v process :i* 9 fact 0 mak+ ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle supreme 9 ,bacon's "t4 ,s !re 0 little t 0 peculi> or suspici\s 9 ,bacon's admiration ( ! philosoph]s4 ,! tr\ble ) ,bacon becomes cle>] z we turn to 8 views ^u ! /ate ( k 9 8 "t1 & ! me?ods ( contempor>y doctors 9 r5d]+ x worse1 r ?an bett]4 ,^! doctors 7 l>gely engag$ ^u sacra doctr9a2 !y 7 prim>ily !ologians & exp\nd]s ( ! tru? ( revelation4 ,bacon's criticism ( _! me?ods might disp>age t to :i* ^? me?ods 7 appli$4 ,8 cau/ic enum]ation ( ! f\r ev]la/+ causes ( error1 & ! sev5 vices infect+ ! /udy ( !ology1 w %[ reason en\gh :y 8 error-/rick5 & infect$ contempor>ies wi%$ to close 8 m\?4 ,! anxi\sness ( "s might s\r to enmity "u ! ac]bity ( 8 attack2 nor w\ld _! he>ts be s(t5$ by ,bacon's boa/+ t ^! v>i\s doctors1 ( c\rse includ+ ,alb]t1 c\ld n write 9 t5 ye>s :at he is s5d+ to ! pope4#fcj ,bacon decl>es t !re is at ,p>is a great man 70 x ,alb]t8 0 x ,?omas871 :o is set up z an au?ority 9 ! s*ools1 l ,ari/otle or ,av]roes2 & 8 works display m]ely 8inf9ite pu]ile vanity10 8ineffable falsity10 sup]flu\s v]biage1 & ! omission ( ! mo/ ne$ful p>ts ( philosophy4#fca ,bacon is n cont5t ) abus+ memb]s ( ! rival ,dom9ican ,ord]2 b includes 9 8 contempt ! v5]able ,alex&] ( ,hales1 ! defunct light ( ! ,franciscans4 8,nullum ord9em excludo10 cries he1 9 8 sweep+ d5unciation ( 8 epo*'s rampant s9s4 ,z = ! secul>s1 :y1 !y c only lecture by /eal+ ! copy-books ( ! 8boys0 9 ! 8a=esaid ,ord]s40#fcb 8,nev]10 says ,bacon 9 ! ,comp5dium /udii f :i* ! la/ phrases are tak51 8has !re be5 su* a %[ ( wisdom1 nor su* prosecution ( /udy 9 s _m faculties ?r\gh s _m regions z 9 ! la/ =ty ye>s4 ,doctors are spread ev]y:]e1 especially 9 !ology1 9 e city1 ca/le1 & burg1 *iefly ?r\gh ! two /ud5t ,ord]s4 ,yet !re 0 nev] s great ignorance & s mu* error--z %all appe> f ?is writ+40#fcc ,bacon nev] loses a *ance ( /at+ ! f\r causes ( ! error & ignorance ab\t him4 ,^! causes prey$ ^u 8 m9d--he w\ld h said !y prey$ ^u ! age4 ,!y are elaborately exp\nd$ 9 p>s i4 ( ! ,opus majus3#fcd 8,!re are f\r pr9cipal /umbl+ blocks 7(f5dicula7 to compreh5d+ tru?1 :i* h9d] well-nigh e "o3 ! example ( frail & unwor?y au?ority1 long-e/abli%$ cu/om1 ! s5se ( ! ignorant cr[d 7vulgi s5sus imp]iti71 & ! hid+ ( "o's own ignorance "u ! pret5ce ( wisdom4 ,9 ^!1 e man is involv$ & e /ate beset4 ,= 9 e act ( life1 or bus9ess1 or /udy1 ^! ?ree wor/ argum5ts are us$ = ! same conclusion3 ?is 0 ! way ( our ance/ors1 ?is is ! cu/om1 ?is is ! common view3 !re=e %\ld be held4 ,b ! opposite ( ?is conclusion foll[s mu* bett] f ! premises1 z ,i w prove ?r\gh au?ority1 exp]i5ce1 & reason4 ,if ^! ?ree are sometimes refut$ by ! glori\s p[] ( reason1 ! f\r? is always ready1 z a gloss = fooli%ness2 s t1 ?\gh a man "k no?+ ( any value1 he w impud5tly magnify x1 & ?us1 soo?+ 8 wret*$ folly1 defeat tru?4 ,f ^! deadly pe/s come all ! evils ( ! human race2 = ! noble/ & mo/ useful docum5ts ( wisdom are ignor$1 & ! secrets ( ! arts & sci5ces4 ,worse ?an ?is1 m5 bl9d$ by ! d>kness ( ^! f\r d n see _! ignorance1 b take e c>e to palliate t = :i* !y d n f9d ! rem$y2 & :at is ! wor/1 :5 !y are 9 ! d5se/ %ades ( error1 !y deem !mselves 9 ! full light ( tru?40#fce ,!re=e !y ?9k ! true ! false1 & sp5d _! "t & money va9ly1 says ,bacon ) _m /ra9+s ( phrase4 8,!re is no rem$y10 cont9ues ,bacon1 8aga9/ ! fir/ ?ree causes ( error save z ) all our /r5g? we set ! s\nd au?ors above ! weak ones1 reason above cu/om1 & ! op9ions ( ! wise above ! hum\rs ( ! cr[d2 & d n tru/ 9 ! triple argum5t3 ?is has prec$5t1 ?is is cu/om>y1 ?is is ! common view40 ,b ! f\r? cause ( error is ! wor/ ( all4 8,= ?is is a lone & savage bea/1 :i* dev\rs & de/roys all reason1--?is desire ( seem+ wise1 ) :i* e man is born40 ,bacon arraigns ?is cause ( evil1 ?r\gh num]\s witnesses1 sacr$ & pr(ane4 ,x has two sides3 display ( pret5d$ k1 & excus+ ( ignorance4 ,inf9ite are ! v]ities ( ,god & ! creation3 let no "o boa/ ( k4 ,x is n = man to glory 9 8 wisdom2 fai? goes beyond man's k2 & /ill mu* is unreveal$4 ,9 =ty ye>s we le>n no m ?an c\ld be taught y\? 9 "o4 ,i h pr(it$ m f simple m5 8?an f all my fam\s doctors40 ,bacon's f\r univ]sal causes ( ignorance indicate 8 g5]al attitude4 ,m specific criticisms ^u ! academic me?ods ( 8 "t are conta9$ 9 8 septem peccata /udii pr9cipalis quod e/ !ologiae4 ,?is is giv5 9 ! ,opus m9us4#fcf ,bacon1 x w be rememb]$1 says aga9 & aga9 t all sci5ces mu/ s]ve !ology1 & f9d _! value f t s]vice3 ! sci5ce ( !ology includes e sci5ce1 & %\ld use ea* z a h&maid = its own ends4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ,bacon speaks ( ! sev5 vices ( ! /udium pr9cipale quod e/ !ologia1 we may expect him to po9t out vici\s me?ods t\*+ all bran*es ( /udy1 yet ) an eye to _! common s]vice ( _! mi/ress4 8,sev5 are ! vices ( ! *ief /udy :i* is !ology2 ! fir/ is t philosophy 9 practice dom9ates !ology4 ,b x ought n to dom9ate 9 any prov9ce beyond itself1 & surely n ! sci5ce ( ,god1 :i* leads to et]nal life4444 ,! great] "p ( all ! quae/iones 9 a ,summa !ologiae is pure philosophy1 ) argum5ts & solutions2 & !re are inf9ite quae/iones conc]n+ ! heav5s1 & conc]n+ matt] & be+1 & conc]n+ species & ! similitudes ( ?+s1 & conc]n+ cognition ?r\gh su*2 also conc]n+ et]nity & "t1 & h[ ! s\l is 9 ! body1 & h[ angels move locally1 & h[ !y are 9 a place1 & an inf9itude ( l matt]s :i* are det]m9$ 9 ! books ( ! philosoph]s4 ,to inve/igate ^! difficulties does n belong to !ologians1 accord+ to ! ma9 int5t & subject ( _! "w4 ,!y ought briefly to recite ^! tru?s z !y f9d !m det]m9$ 9 philosophy4 ,moreov]1 ! o!r matt] ( ! quae/iones :i* conc]ns :at is prop] to !ology1 z conc]n+ ! ,bless$ ,tr9ity1 ! ,inc>nation1 ! ,sacram5ts1 is discuss$ pr9cipally ?r\gh ! au?orities1 argum5ts1 & di/9ctions ( philosophy40 ,evid5tly1 ?is fir/ vice ( !ological /udy infect$ ! me?od ( ,alb]t & ,?omas1 & ( practically all o!r !ologians6 ,its correction might call = a complete rev]sal ( me?od4 ,b ! rev]sal desir$ by ,bacon w\ld sc>cely h l$ back to ,gospel simplicity1 z may be se5 f :at foll[s4 8,! second vice is t ! be/ sci5ces1 :i* are ^? mo/ cle>ly p]t95t to !ology1 are n us$ by !ologians4 ,i ref] to ! gramm> ( ! =eign tongues f :i* all !ology comes4 ,( ev5 m value are ma!matics1 optics1 moral sci5ce1 exp]im5tal sci5ce1 & al*emy4 ,b ! *eap sci5ces 7sci5tiae viles7 are us$ by !ologians1 l ,lat9 gramm>1 logic1 natural philosophy 9 its bas] "p1 & a c]ta9 side ( metaphysics4 ,9 ^! !re is nei!r ! good ( ! s\l1 nor ! good ( ! body1 nor ! good ?+s ( =tune4 ,b moral philosophy draws out ! good ( ! s\l1 z f> z philosophy may4 ,al*emy is exp]im5tal &1 ) ma!matics & optics1 promotes ! good ( ! body & ( =tune4444 ,:ile ! gramm> ( o!r tongues gives !ology & moral philosophy to ! ,lat9s4444 ,oh6 :at madness is x to neglect sci5ces s useful = !ology1 & be sunk 9 ^? :i* are imp]t95t6 8,! ?ird vice is t ! !ologians are ignorant ( ^? f\r sci5ces :i* !y use2 & !re=e accept a mass ( false & futile propositions1 tak+ ! d\btful = c]ta91 ! obscure = evid5t2 !y suff] alike f sup]fluity & ! lack ( :at is necess>y1 & s /a9 !ology ) inf9ite vices :i* proce$ f %e] ignorance40 ,= !y are ignorant ( ,greek & ,hebrew & ,arabic1 & !re=e ignorant ( all ! sci5ces conta9$ 9 ^! tongues2 & !y h reli$ on ,alex&] ( ,hales & o!rs z ignorant z !mselves4 ,! f\r? vice is t !y /udy & lecture on ! ,s5t5ces ( ! ,lomb>d1 in/ead ( ! text ( ,scripture2 & ! lectur]s on ! ,s5t5ces are pref]r$ 9 hon\r1 :ile any "o :o w\ld lecture on ,scripture has to beg = a room & h\r to be set him4 8,! fif? fault is great] ?an all ! prec$+4 ,! text ( ,scripture is horribly corrupt 9 ! ,vulgate copy at ,p>is40 ,bacon goes at "s l5g? into ! errors ( ! ,vulgate1 & gives a good acc\nt ( ! v>i\s ,lat9 v]sions ( ! ,bible4 ,next1 ! 8sextum peccatum is f> grav] ?an all1 & may be divid$ into two peccata maxima3 "o is t ?r\gh ^! errors ! lit]al s5se ( ! ,vulgate has inf9ite falsities & intol]able unc]ta9ties1 s t ! tru? _c be kn[n4 ,f ?is foll[s ! o!r peccatum1 t ! spiritual s5se is infect$ ) ! same d\bt & error40 ,^! errors1 fir/ 9 ! lit]al mean+1 & !nce 9 ! spiritual or allegorical significance1 spr+ f ignorance ( ! orig9al tongues1 & f ignorance ( ! birds & bea/s & objects ( all sorts spok5 ( 9 ! ,bible4 8,by f> ! great] cause ( error1 bo? 9 ! lit]al & spiritual mean+1 rises f ignorance ( ?+s 9 ,scripture4 ,= ! lit]al s5se is 9 ! natures & prop]ties ( ?+s1 9 ord] t ! spiritual mean+ may be elicit$ ?r\gh conv5i5t adaptations & congru5t similitudes40 ,bacon cites ,augu/9e to %[ t we _c und]/& ! precept1 ,e/ote prud5tes sicut s]p5tes1 unless we "k t x is ! s]p5t's habit to expose 8 body 9 def5ce ( 8 head1 z ! ,*ri/ian %\ld expose all ?+s = ! sake ( 8 head1 :i* is ,*ri/4 ,alack6 is x = su* ends z ^! t ,bacon w\ld h a clos] s*ol>%ip fo/]$1 & natural sci5ce prosecut$8 ,! text ( ! ,opus m9us is brok5 at ?is po9t1 & "o _c say :e!r ,bacon _h /ill a sev5? peccatum to allege1 or :e!r ! s]ies end$ ) ! second ( ! vices into :i* he divid$ ! six?4 ,bacon's /rictures ^u ! errors ( 8 "t 7 connect$ ) 8 lab\rs to rem$y !m1 & w9 a firm] k ?an dialectic c\ld supply4 ,to ?is end he advocat$ ! /udy ( ! anci5t languages1 :i* he held to be 8! fir/ door ( wisdom1 & especially = ! ,lat9s1 :o h n ! text1 ei!r ( !ology or philosophy1 except f =eign languages40#fcg ,8 own k ( ,greek 0 suffici5t to enable him to read passages 9 t tongue1 & to compose a ,greek gramm>4#fch ,b he %[s no int]e/ 9 ! classical ,greek lit]ature1 nor is !re evid5ce ( 8 hav+ /udi$ any important ,greek philosoph] 9 ! orig9al4 ,he 0 likewise zeal\s = ! /udy ( ,hebrew1 ,*aldee1 & ,arabic1 ! o!r =eign tongues :i* held ! le>n+ s inadequately repres5t$ by ,lat9 v]sions4 ,he spoke ) "s exagg]ation ( ! dem]its ( ! exi/+ translations2#fci b he recognis$ ! ardu\sness ( ! translator's task1 f div]sity ( idiom & ! difficulty ( f9d+ an equival5t 9 ,lat9 = ! /atem5ts1 = example1 9 ! ,greek4 ,! ,lat9 vocabul>y (t5 prov$ inadequate2 & words _h to be tak5 bodily f ! orig9al tongue4 ,likewise he saw1 & s _h o!rs1 ?\gh none _h decl>$ x s cle>ly1 t ! translator %\ld n only be ma/] ( ! two languages1 b h k ( ! subject treat$ by ! "w to be translat$4#fdj ,aft] ! languages1 ,bacon urg$ ! pursuit ( ! sci5ces1 :i* he conceiv$ to be int]dep5d5t & corroborative2 ! conclusions ( ea* ( !m susceptible ( pro( by ! me?ods & data ( ! o!rs4 8,next to languages10 says ,bacon 9 *apt] xxix4 ( ! ,opus t]tium1 8,i hold ma!matics necess>y 9 ! second place1 to ! end t we may "k :at may be kn[n4 ,x is n plant$ 9 u by nature1 yet is close/ to inborn k1 ( all ! sci5ces :i* we "k ?r\gh discov]y & le>n+ 7inv5tionem et doctr9am74 ,= its /udy is easi] ?an all o!r sci5ces1 & boys le>n its bran*es readily4 ,besides1 ! laity c make diagrams1 & calculate1 & s+1 & use musical in/rum5ts4 ,all ^! are ! op]a ( ma!matics40 ,?us1 ) antique & m$iaeval loos5ess1 ,bacon conceiv$ ?is sci5ce4 ,he devotes to x ! long ,p>s qu>ta ( ! ,opus majus3 say+ at ! beg9n+ t (-- 8! f\r great sci5ces ! gate & key is ma!matics1 :i* ! sa9ts f\nd out 7inv5]unt7 f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 & us$ m ?an all ! o!r sci5ces4 ,its neglect = ! pa/ ?irty or =ty ye>s has ru9$ ! /udies 7/udium7 ( ! ,lat9s4 ,= :oso is ignorant ( x _c "k ! o!r sci5ces1 nor ! ?+s ( ?is _w4 ,b k ( ?is sci5ce prep>es ! m9d & lifts x to ! te/$ cognition 7c]tificatam cognitionem7 ( all ?+s40 ,bacon adduces au?orities to prove ! ne$ ( ma!matics = ! /udy ( gramm> & logic2 he %[s t its processes rea* indubitable c]titude ( tru?2 & 8if 9 o!r sci5ces we w\ld rea* c]titude free f d\bt1 & tru? )\t error1 we mu/ set ! f\ndations ( cognition 9 ma!matics40#fda ,he po9ts out its obvi\s necessity 9 ! /udy ( ! heav5s1 & 9 ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to speculative & practical a/rologia2 also = ! /udy ( physics & optics4 ,?us 8 int]e/ lay *iefly 9 its application4 ,z human sci5ce is n\ght unless x may be appli$ to ?+s div9e1 ma!matics mu/ f9d its supreme usefulness 9 its application to ! matt]s ( !ology4 ,x %\ld aid u 9 asc]ta9+ ! position ( p>adise & hell1 & promote our k ( ,scriptural geography1 & m especially1 sacr$ *ronology4 ,next x af=ds u k ( ! exact =ms ( ?+s m5tion$ 9 ,scripture1 l ! ark1 ! tab]nacle1 & ! temple1 s t f an accurate asc]ta9m5t ( ! lit]al s5se1 ! true spiritual mean+ may be d$uc$4 ,x %\ld n be confus$ ) its evil namesake magic1#fdb yet ! true sci5ce is useful 9 det]m9+ ! influ5ce ( ! />s on ! =tunes ( /ates4 ,moreov]1 ma!matics1 ?r\gh a/rology1 is ( great importance 9 ! c]tification ( ! fai?1 /r5g!n+ x aga9/ ! sect ( ,anti*ri/2#fdc !n 9 ! correction ( ! ,*ur*'s cal5d>2 & f9ally1 z all ?+s & regions ( ! e>? are affect$ by ! heav5s1 a/rology & ma!matics are p]t95t to a consid]ation ( geography4 ,& ,bacon concludes ,p>s qu>ta ) an elaborate description ( ! regions1 c\ntries1 & cities ( ! kn[n _w4 ,bacon likewise 0 pr(\ndly int]e/$ 9 optics1 ! sci5tia p]spectiva1 :i* he sets =? elaborately 9 ,p>s qu9ta ( ! ,opus majus4 ,mu* space w\ld be ne$$ to discuss 8 !ories ( light & vision1 & ! propagation ( physical =ce1 treat$ 9 ! ,de multiplicatione speci]um4 ,he knew all t 0 to be le>n$ f ,greek & ,arabic s\rces1 &1 unlike ,alb]t1 :o compil$ mu* ( ! same mat]ial1 he us$ 8 k to build )4 ,bacon _h a g5ius = ^! sci5ces3 8 ,sci5tia p]spectiva is no m]e compilation1 & no "w us$ by him pres5t$ ei!r a !ory ( =ce or ( vision1 conta9+ z _m adumbrations ( lat] !oriz+4#fdd ,yet he fails to ca/ (f 8 obsession ) ! 8spiritual mean+0 & ! utility ( sci5ce = !ology4 ,he discuss$ ! composition ( ,adam's body :ile 9 a /ate ( innoc5ce1#fde a po9t t may seem no m tangible ?an ,?omas's reason+s ^u ! movem5ts ( ,angels1 :i* ,bacon ridicules4 ,aga9 9 8 ,optics1 aft] an int]e/+ discussion ( refraction & reflection1 he _c =ego a consid]ation ( ! spiritual significations ( refract$ rays4#fdf ,ev5 8 discussion ( exp]im5tal sci5ce has t\*es ( m$iaevalism1 :i* are peculi>ly dissonant 9 ?is mo/ orig9al & 8advanc$0 product ( ,bacon's g5ius1 :i* n[ mu/ be consid]$ m specifically4 ,! speculative intellect ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies 0 s widely absorb$ ) ! matt] & me?ods ( ! dom9ant s*ola/icism1 t no "o is likely to ?9k ( ! em95t s*ola/ics z isolat$ ph5om5a4 ,pla9ly !y 7 b z ! highe/ peaks :i* some:at ov]top ! o!r m\nta9s1 ?r\gh ^: aggregation & support !y 7 lift$ to _! supreme altitude4 ,b ) ,bacon ! dang] is real le/ he seem sep>ate & unsupport$2 = ! influ5ces :i* help$ to make him are n ov]-evid5t4 ,yet he did n make himself4 ,! direct+ ( 8 att5tion to l+ui/ics is suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by ! influ5ce ( ,grossete/e & o!rs1 :o _h inaugurat$ ! /udy ( ,greek1 & p]haps ,hebrew at ,ox=d4 ,z = physics or optics1 o!rs also 7 int]e/$--or !re w\ld h be5 no translations ( ,greek & ,arabic treatises = him to use2#fdg & 9 ma!matics !re 0 a c]ta9 old] contempor>y1 ,jordanus ,nemor>ius 7n to m5tion ,leon>do ,fibonacci71 :o f> ov]topp$ him4 ,x is safe to assume t 9 ! ?irte5?1 z 9 ! twelf? & previ\s c5turies1 !re 7 m5 :o /udi$ ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,b !y h left scant record4 ,a p]iod is rememb]$ by ^? features ( its ma9 accompli%m5t :i* are n sup]s$$ or oblit]at$ by ! fur!r advance ( lat] times4 ,no?+ has oblit]at$ ! "w ( ! s*ola/ics = ^? :o may /ill c>e = su* reason+s2 & ,aqu9as to-day holds sway 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sp>se footpr9ts ( ! m$iaeval m5 :o essay$ ! pa?s ( natural sci5ce h long s9ce be5 trodd5 out by myriad feet pass+ f> beyond !m1 along ^? ways4 ,yet !re 7 ^! wayf>]s1 :o made little /ir 9 _! own "t1 & h long be5 well =gott54 ,_h x n be5 = ! lett] f ,pope ,clem5t1 ,bacon himself might be among !m2 & only 8 writ+s keep f utt] oblivion ! "n ( an individual :o1 accord+ to ,bacon1 c>ri$ ! practice ( 8exp]im5tal sci5ce0 fur!r ?an he c\ld hope to d4 ,x may be fruitful to approa* ,bacon's pres5tation ( ?is sci5ce1 or sci5tific me?od1 ?r\gh 8 ref]5ces to ?is extraord9>y ,pic>d1 nam$ ,pet] ( ,mah>ncuria1 or ,m>ic\rt4 ,9 ! ,opus t]tium1 ,bacon has be5 consid]+ optics & ma!matics1 & has spok5 ( ?is ,pet] z pr(ici5t 9 !m2 & ?us he op5s *apt] xiii41 :i* is devot$ to ! sci5tia exp]im5talis3 8,b beyond ^! sci5ces is "o m p]fect ?an all1 :i* all s]ve1 & :i* 9 a wond]ful way c]tifies !m all3 ?is is call$ ! exp]im5tal sci5ce1 :i* neglects argum5ts1 s9ce !y d n make c]ta91 h[ev] /rong !y may be1 unless at ! same "t !re is pres5t ! exp]i5tia ( ! conclusion4 ,exp]im5tal sci5ce tea*es exp]iri1 t is1 to te/1 by obs]vation or exp]im5t1 ! l(ty conclusions ( all sci5ces40 ,?is sci5ce none b ,ma/] ,pet] kn[s4 ,by foll[+ ! text fur!r1 we may be able to appreciate :at ,bacon w %ortly say ( him3 8,ano!r dignity ( ?is sci5ce is t x atte/s ^! noble tru?s 9 t]ms ( ! o!r sci5ces1 :i* !y _c prove or inve/igate3 l ! prolongation ( human life2 = ?is tru? is 9 t]ms ( m$ic9e1 b ! art ( m$ic9e nev] ext5ds itself to ?is tru?1 nor is !re any?+ ab\t x 9 m$ical treatises4 ,b ! fidelis exp]im5tator has consid]$ t ! eagle1 & ! /ag1 & ! s]p5t1 & ! pho5ix prolong life1 & r5ew _! y\?1 & kn[s t ^! ?+s are giv5 to brutes = ! in/ruction ( m54 ,:]e=e he has ?\ght out noble plans 7vias nobiles7 ) ?is 9 view1 & has comm&$ al*emy to prep>e a body ( l con/itution 7aequalis complexionis71 t he may use x40 ,x may be p]t95t to our e/imate ( ,bacon's exp]im5tal sci5ce to qu]y :]e ! exp]im5tator ev] obs]v$ an eagle or a pho5ix r5ew+ its y\?1 outside ( ! ,physiologus8 8,! ?ird dignity ( ?is sci5ce is t x does n accept tru?s 9 t]ms ( ! o!r sci5ces1 yet uses !m z h&maids4444 ,& ?is sci5ce atte/s all natural & artificial data specifically & 9 ! prop] prov9ce1 p] exp]i5tiam p]fectam2 n ?r\gh argum5ts1 l ! purely speculative sci5ces1 & n ?r\gh weak & imp]fect exp]i5tias1 l ! op]ative sci5ces 7sci5tiae op]ativae74#fdh ,s ?is is ! mi/ress ( all1 & ! goal ( all speculation4 ,b x requires great exp5ditures = its prosecution2 ,ari/otle1 by ,alex&]'s au?ority1 besides ^? :om he us$ at home 9 exp]i5tia1 s5t _m ?\s&s ( m5 ?r\gh ! _w to exam9e 7ad exp]i5dum7 ! natures & prop]ties ( all ?+s1 z ,pl9y tells4 ,& c]ta9ly to set on fire at any di/ance w\ld co/ m ?an a ?\s& m>ks1 be=e adequate glasses c\ld be prep>$2 b !y w\ld be wor? an army aga9/ ! ,turks & ,s>ac5s4 ,= ! p]fect exp]im5t] c\ld de/roy any ho/ile =ce by ?is combu/ion ?r\gh ! sun's rays4 ,?is is a m>vell\s ?+1 yet !re are _m o!r ?+s m wond]ful 9 ?is sci5ce2 b v few p are devot$ to x1 f lack ( money4 ,i "k b "o1 :o des]ves praise = ! prosecution ( its works2 he c>es n = wordy controv]sies1 b prosecutes ! works ( wisdom1 & 9 !m re/s4 ,s :at o!rs z purbl9d m5 try to see1 l bats 9 ! twilight1 he views 9 ! full brightness ( day1 because he is dom9us exp]im5torum4 ,he kn[s natural matt]s p] exp]i5tiam1 & ^? ( m$ic9e & al*emy1 & all ?+s cele/ial & bel[4 ,he is a%am$ if any layman1 or old woman1 or knight1 or ru/ic1 kn[s :at he does n4 ,he has /udi$ ev]y?+ 9 metal ca/+s1 & gold & silv] "w1 & ! use ( o!r metals & m9]als2 he kn[s ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to w> & arms & hunt+2 he has exam9$ into agriculture & survey+2 also into ! exp]im5ts & =tune-tell+s ( old wom51 kn[s ! spells ( wiz>ds2 likewise ! tricks & devices ( juggl]s4 ,9 f9e1 no?+ escapes him t he ought to "k1 & he kn[s h[ to expose ! frauds ( magic40 ,x is impossible to complete philosophy1 usefully & ) c]titude1 )\t ,pet]2 b he is n to be _h = a price2 he c\ld h _h e hon\r f pr9ces2 & if he wi%$ to publi% 8 works1 ! :ole _w ( ,p>is w\ld foll[ him4 ,b he c>es n a :it = hon\rs or ri*es1 ?\gh he c\ld get !m any "t he *ose ?r\gh 8 wisdom4 ,?is man has work$ at su* a burn+-glass = ?ree ye>s1 & soon w p]fect x by ! grace ( ,god4 ,!re is a great deal ( ,rog] ,bacon 9 ^! curi\s passages2 mu* ( 8 inductive g5ius1 mu* ( 8 sangu9e hopefulness1 n to say inv5tive imag9ation2 & en\gh ( 8 cr$ulity4 ,no "o ev] knew or c\ld p]=m all he ascribes to ?is a/\nd+ ,pet]1 f :om1 app>5tly1 !re is extant a c]ta9 intellig5t treatise ^u ! magnet4#fdi ,& z = ^? burn+-glasses1 or possibly reflectors1 by :i* di/ant fleets & armies %\ld be set afire--did !y ev] exi/8 ,did ,ar*im$es ev] burn ) !m ! ,roman %ips at ,syracuse8 ,7 !y ev] m ?an a my?8 ,x is1 at all ev5ts1 safe to say t no device f ! h& & bra9 ( ,pet] ( ,mah>ncuria ev] ?reat5$ ,turk or ,s>ac54 ,x is k t gives insight4 ,mod]n critical me?ods am\nt *iefly to ?is1 t we "k m4 ,bacon did n h su* k ( animal physiology z w\ld assure him ( ! absurdity ( ! notion t an eagle or any animal c\ld r5ew its y\?4 ,nor did he "k en\gh to realise ! va/ improbability ( ,greek philosoph]s draw+ _! k f ! books ( ,hebrew prophets4 ,& "o sees h[ loose mu/ h be5 ! practice1 or ! dreams1 ( 8 8exp]im5tal sci5ce40 ,8 fundam5tal conception seems to wav]3 ,sci5tia exp]im5talis1 is x a sci5ce1 or is x a means & me?od univ]sally applicable to all sci5tific inve/igation8 ,! sci5ces s]ve x z h&maids1 says ,bacon2 & he also says1 t x alone c te/ & c]tify1 make sure & c]ta91 ! conclusions ( ! o!r sci5ces4 ,p]haps he ?\ght x ! ma/]-key fitt+ all ! doors ( k2 & held t all sci5ces1 s f> z possible1 %\ld proce$ f exp]i5ce1 ?r\gh fur!r obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,b he has n said q ?is4 ,he is little to be blam$ = 8 vagu5ess1 & greatly to be admir$ = hav+ rea*$ 8 possibly inconsi/5t conception4 ,obs]vation & exp]im5t 7 z old z human ?\ght ^u human exp]i5ce4 ,& ,alb]t ! ,great says t ! conclusions ( all sci5ces %\ld be te/$ by !m4 ,b he ev9ces no =mal conception ( ei!r an exp]im5tal sci5ce or me?od2 ?\gh he has mu* to say z to logic1 & pond]\sly consid]s :e!r x is a sci5ce or ! means or me?od ( all sci5ces4#fej ,h]e9 he is discuss+ consci\sly ) respect to logic1 ! v po9t z to :i* ,bacon1 9 respect to exp]im5tal sci5ce1 r unconsci\sly wav]s3 is x a sci5ce1 & almo/ ! que58 ,or is x ! true sci5tific me?od to be foll[$ by all sci5ces :5 applicable8#fea ,bacon _h no high reg>d = ! /udy ( logic1 deem+ t ! ?\ghts ( untaught m5 naturally foll[$ its laws4#feb ,?is 0 d\btless true1 & j z true1 moreov]1 ( exp]im5tal sci5ce z ( logic4 ,! "o & ! o!r 7 built up f ! ways ( ! common man & univ]sal processes ( ?\ght4 ,yet ! logic ( ! tra9$ m9d is ! sur]2 & s exp]im5tal sci5ce may rea* out beyond ! crude obs]vations ( unsci5tific m54 ,manife/ly ) ,rog] ,bacon ! sci5tia exp]im5talis held ! place :i* logic held ) ,alb]t1 or que5ly dialectic ) ,abael>d4 ,he repeats himself cont9ually 9 /at+ its prop]ties & pr]ogatives1 yet )\t advanc+ to great] cle>ness ( conception4 ,p>s sexta ( ! ,opus majus is devot$ to x3 & we may take "o la/ glance to see :e!r ! /atem5ts !re ?r[ any fur!r light ^u ! matt]4 8,! roots ( ! wisdom ( ! ,lat9s hav+ be5 plac$ & set 9 ,languages1 ,ma!matics1 & ,p]spective1 ,i n[ wi% to re-exam9e ^! radices f ! side ( sci5tia exp]im5talis2 because1 )\t exp]i5tia no?+ c be kn[n adequately4 ,!re are two modes ( arriv+ at k 7cognosc5di71 to wit1 argum5t & exp]im5tum4 ,argum5t draws a conclusion & =ces u to conc$e x1 b does n make x c]ta9 or remove d\bt1 s t ! m9d may re/ 9 ! p]ception ( tru?1 unless ! m9d f9d tru? by ! way ( exp]i5ce40 ,& ,bacon says1 z illu/ration1 t y c\ld nev] by m]e argum5t conv9ce a man t fire w\ld burn2 also t 89 spite ( ! demon/ration ( ! prop]ties ( an equilat]al triangle1 ! m9d w\ld n /ick to ! conclusion s9e exp]i5tia40 ,aft] ref]r+ to ,ari/otle1 & adduc+ "s examples ( fooli% ?+s believ$ by le>n$ & common m5 alike1 because !y _h n appli$ ! te/s ( obs]vation1 he concludes3 8,oportet ergo omnia c]tific>i p] viam exp]i5tiae40 ,he cont9ues ) some?+ unexpect$3 8,s$ duplex e/ exp]i5tia3 "o is ?r\gh ! ext]nal s5ses1 & ?us ^? exp]im5ta take place :i* are made ?r\gh suitable in/rum5ts 9 a/ronomy1 & by ! te/s ( obs]vation z to ?+s bel[4 ,& :atev] l matt]s may n be obs]v$ by u1 we "k f o!r wise m5 :o h obs]v$ !m4 ,?is exp]i5tia is human & philosophical2 b x is n suffici5t = man1 because x does n give pl5>y assurance z to ?+s corporeal2 & z to ?+s spiritual x rea*es no?+4 ,! intellect ( man ne$s o!r aid1 & s ! holy patri>*s & prophets1 :o fir/ gave ! sci5ces to ! _w1 receiv$ inn] illum9ations & did n /& on s5se alone4 ,likewise _m believ]s aft] ,*ri/4 ,= ! grace ( fai? illum9ates mu*1 & div9e inspirations1 n only 9 spiritual b corporeal ?+s1 & 9 ! sci5ces ( philosophy4 ,z ,ptolemy says1 ! way ( com+ to a k ( ?+s is duplex1 "o ?r\gh ! exp]i5tia ( philosophy1 & ! o!r ?r\gh div9e inspiration1 :i* is mu* bett]40#fec ,any d\bt z to ! religi\s & ,*ri/ian mean+ ( ! la/ passage is remov$ by ,bacon's /atem5t ( ! 8sev5 grades ( ?is inn] sci5ce3 ! fir/ is ?r\gh illum9ationes pure sci5tiales2 ! next consi/s 9 virtues1 = ! bad man is ignorant2 444 ! ?ird is 9 ! sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,_s1 :i* ,isaiah enum]ates2 ! f\r? is 9 ! beatitudes :i* ! ,"l def9es 9 ! ,gospel2 ! fif? is 9 ! s5sibus spiritualibus2 ! six? is 9 fructibus1 f :i* is ! peace ( ,god :i* passes omnem s5sum2 ! sev5? consi/s 9 raptures 79 raptibus7 & _! modes1 z 9 v>i\s ways div]s m5 h be5 enraptur$1 s t !y saw _m ?+s :i* x is n lawful = man to tell4 ,& :o is dilig5tly ex]cis$ 9 ^! exp]i5ces1 or "s ( !m1 c c]tify bo? to himself & o!rs n only z to spiritual ?+s1 b z to all human sci5ces40#fed ,^! utt]ances are religi\s1 & br+ u back to ! religi\s1 or practical1 motive ( ,bacon's entire endeav\r aft] k3 k %\ld h its utility1 its practical be>+2 & ! ultimate utility is t :i* promotes a s\nd & sav+ k ( ,god4 ,! true me?od ( rese>*1 says ,bacon 9 ! ,comp5dium /udii1 8444 is to /udy fir/ :at prop]ly comes fir/ 9 any sci5ce1 ! easi] be=e ! m difficult1 ! g5]al be=e ! p>ticul>1 ! less be=e ! great]4 ,! /ud5t's bus9ess %\ld lie 9 *os5 & useful topics1 because life is %ort2 & ^! %\ld be set =? ) cle>ness & c]titude1 :i* is impossible )\t exp]i5tia4 ,because1 al?\gh we "k ?r\gh ?ree means1 au?ority1 reason1 & exp]i5tia1 yet au?ority is n wise unless its reason be giv5 7auctoritas non sapit nisi detur ejus ratio71 nor does x give k1 b belief4 ,we believe1 b d n "k1 f au?ority4 ,nor c reason di/+ui% sophi/ry f demon/ration1 unless we "k t ! conclusion is atte/$ by facts 7exp]iri p] op]a74 ,yet ! fruits ( /udy are insignificant at ! pres5t "t1 & ! secret & great matt]s ( wisdom are unkn[n to ! cr[d ( /ud5ts40#fee ,x is z ) an e*o ( ?is ?\ght1 t ,bacon beg9s ! second *apt] ( 8 exposition ( exp]im5tal sci5ce 9 ! six? "p ( ! ,opus majus1 f :i* we h b n[ )drawn our att5tion4 ,he anxi\sly reit]ates :at he has already said m ?an once1 z to ! prop]ties & pr]ogatives ( ?is sci5tia exp]im5talis4 ,!n he gives 8 mo/ int]e/+ & elaborate example ( its application 9 ! inve/igation ( ! ra9b[1 an example too l5g?y & too difficult to reproduce4 ,9 /at+ ! ?ree pr]ogatives1 he makes b slight *ange ( phras+2 yet 8 re/atem5t ( ! la/ ( !m3--8,! ?ird dignitas ( ?is sci5ce is t x inve/igates ! secrets ( nature by its own compet5cy & out ( its own qualities1 irrespective ( any connection ) ! o!r sci5ces10--signifies an autonom\s sci5ce1 r ?an a me?od applicable to all inve/igation4 ,! illu/rations :i* ,bacon n[ gives1 range free inde$2 yet 9 ! ma9 relate to 8useful discov]ies0 z "o might say3 to ev]-burn+ lamps1 ,greek fire1 explosives1 antidotes = poison1 & matt]s useful to ! ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,along ^! l9es ( discov]y ?r\gh exp]im5t1 ,bacon lets 8 imag9ation travel & lead him on to surmises ( inv5tions t long aft] him 7 realis$4 8,ma*9es = navigat+ are possible )\t r[]s1 l great %ips suit$ to riv] or ocean1 go+ ) great] velocity ?an if !y 7 full ( r[]s3 likewise wagons may be mov$ cum impetu inae/imabili1 z we deem ! *>iots ( antiquity to h be54 ,& !re may be fly+ ma*9es1 s made t a man may sit 9 ! middle ( ! ma*9e & direct x by "s devise3 & aga91 ma*9es = rais+ great weights40#fef ,! mod]n reality has outdone ?is m$iaeval dream4 ,,*apt] ,,xlii ,,duns ,,scotus ,,& ,,occam ,! ?irte5? c5tury 0 a "t ( pot5t ,*ur* unity1 :5 ! papacy1 triumphant ov] emp]ors & k+s1 0 draw+ fur!r /r5g? f ! devotion ( ! two ,ord]s1 :o 7 r5ew+ ! spiritual en]gies ( ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom4 ,s*ola/icism 0 /ill :ole & unbrok51 9 spite ( ,rog] ,bacon1 :o attack$ its me?ods ) weapons ( 8 own =g+1 yet ass]t+ l\dly ! s+le-ey$ subs]vi5ce ( all ! sci5ces to !ology4 ,?is ass]tion f a man ( ,bacon's views1 0 z va9 z ! ,unam sanctam ( ,pope ,boniface ,,viii41 fulm9at$ 9 #acjb1 arrogat+ = ! papacy e p[] on e>?4 ,9 e>li] decades su* pret5sions _h be5 almo/ acquiesc$ 92 b ! ,unam sanctam 0 a s5ile outcry f a papacy vanqui%$ by ! new-gr[n p[] ( ! ,fr5* k+1 su/a9$ by ! awak5+ ( a ,fr5* nation4 ,! op5+ ye>s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 s fatal = ! papacy1 7 also port5t\s = s*ola/icism4 ,! ,summa ( ,?omas 0 impugn$ by ,joannes ,duns ,scotus1 ^: entire "w1 con/ructive z well z critical1 0 impress$ ) qualities ( f9ality1 signify+ t 9 ! =ms ( reason+ repres5t$ by him z well z ,?omas1 ?\ght %\ld advance no f>!r4 ,bacon's attack ^u s*ola/ic me?ods _h prov$ abortive f its tactlessness & confusion1 & because m5 did n c>e =1 & p]haps did n und]/&1 8 argum5ts4 ,x 0 n s ) ! argum5ts ( ,duns ,scotus4 ,?r\gh\t ! academic _w1 ?\ght /ill 0 set to *ords ( metaphysics2 & al?\gh m5 _h nev] li/5$ to q su* dialectic or*e/ration z ,duns provid$1 !y lik$ x1 p]ceiv$ its motives1 & compreh5d$ ! mean+ ( its !mes4 ,s 8 g5]ation und]/ood & appreciat$ him4 ,t he 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! end ( ! s*ola/ic sy/em1 c\ld n be kn[n until ! mann] ( t end+ _h disclos$ itself m fully4 ,we1 h[ev]1 disc]n ! symptoms ( s*ola/ic dissolution 9 8 "w4 ,8 criticism ( 8 pr$ecessors 0 dis9tegrat+1 ev5 :5 n de/ructive4 ,8 own dialectic 0 s surpass+ly intricate & dizzy t1 l ! *oir ( ,beauvais1 x might "s day collapse4 ,) ,duns ,scotus1 s*ola/icism reason$ itself out ( human rea*4 ,& ) him also1 ! :ol5ess ( ! s*ola/ic purpose f9ally broke4 ,= he no long] ma9ta9$ ! union ( metaphysics & !ology4 ,! latt]1 to be sure1 0 valid absolutely2 b1 f a speculative1 x has become a practical sci5ce4 ,x nei!r draws its pr9ciples f metaphysics1 nor subord9ates ! o!r sci5ces--all human k--to its s]vice4 ,al?\gh rational 9 cont5t1 x possesses pro(s /rong] ?an dialectic1 & /&s on revelation4 ,!re _h always be5 m5 :o ma9ta9$ simil> propositions4 ,b x 0 q ano!r matt] t ! sev]ance betwe5 metaphysics & !ology %\ld be demon/rat$ by a prodigi\s metaphysical !ologian aft] a diff]5t view _h be5 c>ri$ to its f>!/ rea*es by ! great ,aqu9as4 ,h5ce=? philosophy & !ology 7 set on opposite p9nacles1 only ) !ology's p9nacle ! high]4 ,9 spite ( ! la/ circum/ance1 ! com+ "t %[$ t m5 _c = long possess 9 peace two /&>ds ( tru?--philosophy & revelation2 b w be driv5 to hold to ! "o & ignore ! o!r4 ,by break+ ! rational union ( philosophy & !ology1 ,duns ,scotus prep>$ ! way = ,occam4 ,! latt] also ass]ts vocif]\sly ! sup]iority ( ! div9e tru? ov] human k & its reason+s4 ,b ! popes are at ,avignon1 & ! ,*ri/ian _w no long] b[s d[n be=e ^? will+ ,babylonian captives4 ,"u su* a bla/$ condition ( ! ,*ur*1 h[ %\ld any inclusive ,*ri/ian syn!sis ( ?\ght & fai? be ma9ta9$8 ,duns ,scotus#feg c\ld n h be5 :at he 01 _h he n liv$ aft] ,?omas4 ,he 0 inde$ ! p9nacle ( s*ola/icism2 set ^u all ! re/4 ,yet ?is p9nacle _h its m p>ticul> supports--or antec$5ts4 ,& _! special l9e may be not$ )\t int5d+ !reby to sugge/ t ! influ5ces affect+ ! ?\ght ( ,duns ,scotus did n include all ! m5 he he>d or read1 & criticis$4 ,t ,duns ,scotus 0 educat$ at ,ox=d1 & became a ,franciscan1 & n a ,dom9ican1 _h done mu* to set ! l9es ( ?\ght reflect$ 9 8 doctr9es4 ,anselm ( ,ao/a1 ( ,bec1 ( ,cant]bury1 _h be5 an intellectual =ce 9 ,engl&4 ,duns 0 /rongly influ5c$ by 8 bold realism1 by 8 emphasis ^u ! p[] & fre$om ( ! w1 & by 8 doctr9e ( ! atonem5t4#feh ,b ,anselm also affect$ ,scotus indirectly ?r\gh ! ,engli% wor?y :o /&s betwe5 !m4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 0 ,rob]t ,grossete/e1 to :om we h _h occasion to ref]1 yet1 despite ( 8 intr9sic wor?1 always 9 relation to 8 effect on o!rs4 ,he 0 a great man2 9 8 day a _m-sid$ =ce1 /rong 9 ! bus9ess ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 /rong 9 c5sur+ & bridl+ ! wick$1 /rong 9 ! guidance ( ! "y univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 & a mighty fri5d ( ! ,franciscan ,ord]1 !n e/abli%+ itself !re4 ,to 8 pupils1 & _! pupils app>5tly1 he 0 a fruitful inspiration2 yet ! hi/orian ( ?\ght may be less int]e/$ 9 ! ma/] ?an 9 c]ta9 ( ^! pupils :o br\ght to explicit =m div]s matt]s :i* 9 ,grossete/e seem to h be5 b in*oate4#fei ,"o ?9ks imm$iately ( ,rog] ,bacon1 :o 0 8 pupil2 & !n ( ,duns1 ! metaphysician1 :o possibly may h li/5$ to "s ag$ pupil ( ,grossete/e4 ,9 diff]5t ways1 ,duns z well z ,bacon took mu* f ! ma/]4 ,& x is possible to see h[ ! great tea*] & bi%op may h incit$ ! g5ius ( ,scotus z well z t ( ,bacon to p]=m its task4 ,= ,grossete/e 0 a r>ely capable & cle>-ey$ man1 hone/ & resolute1 :o ) ! entire /r5g? ( a p[]ful p]sonality insi/$ ^u go+ to ! he>t ( e proposition1 & te/+ its validity by ! sure/ means obta9able4 ,by virtue ( 8 tra9+ & intellectual inh]itance1 he 0 an ,augu/9ian & a ,platoni/2 a successor ( ,anselm1 r ?an a pr$ecessor ( ! great ,dom9ican ,ari/otelians4 ,he 0 accord+ly an emphatic reali/1 yet "o :o w\ld co-ord9ate ! reality ( 8 8univ]sals0 ) ! reality ( exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 _h he n be5 an ,augu/9ian1 su* a ma/]ful "* w\ld h realis$ ! p[] ( ! human w1 & felt ! practical insi/5cies ( ! art ( human salvation1 :i* 0 ! sci5ce ( !ology4 ,views l ^! prevail$ at ,ox=d4 ,!y may be f\nd cle>ly /at$ by ,ri*>d ( ,middleton1 an ,ox=d ,franciscan some:at old] ?an ,duns ,scotus4 ,he decl>es t !ology is a practical sci5ce1 & emphasises ! primacy & fre$om ( ! w4 ,voluntas e/ nobilissima pot5tia 9 anima4 ,aga93 ,voluntas simplicit] nobilior e/ quam intellectus3 ! intellect inde$ goes be=e ! ,w1 z ! s]vant :o c>ries ! c&le be=e 8 "l4 ,s ! idea ( ! ,good1 t[>d :i* ! ,w directs itself1 is high] ?an t ( ! ,true1 :i* is ! object ( ! m9d2 & lov+ is great] ?an kn[+4#ffj ,rog] ,bacon _h also held t ,w 7,voluntas7 0 high] ?an ! kn[+ faculty 7intellectus72 & s did ,h5ry ( ,gh5t1#ffa a man ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 doctor solemnis hight1 & a rul+ _s at ! ,p>is ,univ]sity 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,_m ( 8 doctr9es sub/antially resembl$ ^? ( ,scotus1 al?\gh attack$ by him4 ,s we seem to see ! pit 9 :i* ,duns may h digg$4 ,?is man1 :o 0 no m]e fossor1 b a build]1 & might h des]v$ ! "n ( ,poliorcetes1 z ! ov]?r[] ( _m bulw>ks1 has left few traces ( himself1 beyond 8 tw5ty tomes ( metaphysics1 :i* conta9 no p]sonal ref]5ces to _! au?or4 ,! bir?place ( ,johannes ,duns ,scotus1 :e!r 9 ,scotl&1 ,engl& or ,irel&1 is unkn[n4 ,! commonly accept$ date1 #abgd1 probably %\ld be ab&on$ = an e>li] ye>4 ,x is kn[n t he 0 a ,franciscan1 & t ! great] "p ( 8 life z /ud5t & tea*] 0 pass$ at ,ox=d4 ,9 a lett] ( comm5dation1 writt5 by ! ,g5]al ( 8 ,ord] 9 #acjd1 he is already t]m$ subtilissimus4 ,he 0 !n leav+ = ,p>is1 :]e1 two or ?ree ye>s lat]1 9 #acjg1 he 0 made a ,doctor4 ,! foll[+ ye> he 0 s5t to ,cologne1 & !re he di$ an enigmatical dea? on ,novemb] #h1 #acjh4 ,report has x t he 0 buri$ alive :ile 9 a trance4#ffb ,probably !re 0 little to tell ( ! life ( ,duns ,scotus4 ,8 p]sonality1 z well z 8 c>e]1 seems completely includ$ & exhau/$ 9 8 works4 ,yet back ( !m1 besides a mo/ acutely reason+ m9d1 lay an indomitable w4 ,! man nev] falt]$ 9 8 lab\r any m ?an 8 reason+ wav]$ 9 its labyr9?ic c\rse to its conclusions4 ,8 le>n+ 0 complete3 he knew ! ,bible & ! ,fa!rs2 he 0 a ma/] ( !ology1 ( philosophy1 ( a/ronomy1 & ma!matics4 ,! con/ructive processes ( 8 g5ius appe> to issue out ( ! action ( its critical en]gies4 ,duns 0 ! mo/ p5etrat+ critic produc$ by s*ola/icism4 ,:atev] he consid]$ f ! sy/ems ( o!r m5 he subject$ to te/s t 7 apt to leave ! argum5t 9 tatt]s4 ,no logical inconsequ5ce escap$ him4 ,& :5 e po9t _h be5 exam9$ ) respect to its rational consi/5cy1 ?is dialectic g5ius 0 incl9$ to br+ ! matt] to ! b> ( psy*ological exp]i5ce4 ,on ! o!r h& he 0 a *ur*man1 hold+ t ev5 z ,scripture & dogma 7 above "q1 s 7 ! decrees ( ! ,*ur*1 ,god's sanction$ e>?ly ,civitas4 ,hav+ ?us te/$ :atev] 0 pres5t$ by human reason1 & accept+ :at 0 decl>$ by ,scripture or ! ,*ur*1 ,duns proce$s to build out 8 doctr9e z ! case may call =4 ,no man ev] drove ei!r con/ructive logic or ! subtilties ( critical di/9ctions clos] to ! limits ( human compreh5sion or human pati5ce ?an ,duns ,scotus4 ,& "h lies ! tr\ble ) him4 ,! endless ramification & ref9em5t ( 8 dialectic1 8 devi\s processes ( conclusion1 make 8 "w a r$uctio ad absurdum ( s*ola/ic ways ( reason+4 ,logically1 eri/ically1 ! argum5tation is in]rant4 ,x nev] w&]s aimlessly1 b w9d+ & circl+1 at la/ x rea*es a conclusion f "s po9t un=ese54 ,w\ld y run a c\rse ) ?is ma/] ( ! syllogism8 ,if y ent] 8 li/s1 y are lo/4 ,! "r way to attack him1 is to /& )\t1 & laugh4 ,t is :at 0 done aft]w>ds1 :5 :oev] c>$ = su* reason+s 0 call$ a ,dunce1 aft] ! "n ( ?is mo/ subtle ( m$iaeval metaphysicians4 ,?us a man is judg$ by 8 =m & me?od1 & by ! bulk ( 8 accompli%m5t4 ,=m1 me?od1 bulk ( accompli%m5t1 ) ,scotus 7 prepo/]\s4 ,:5 ! ta/e or mania = su* dialectics pass$ away1 ?is k9d ( =m1 ?is maze ( me?od1 ?is hopelessness ( bulk1 made an unfit vehicle = a philosophy ( life4 ,m5 w\ld n se>* x ?r\gh to f9d ! liv+ pr9ciples4 ,yet liv+ pr9ciples 7 !re2 or1 at lea/1 t5able & consi/5t views4 ,! ma9 positions ( ,duns ,scotus1 "s ( :i* he held 9 opposition to ,?omas1 may /rike u z q reasonable3 we may be incl9$ to agree ) him4 ,p]haps x w surprise u to f9d sane doctr9e s well hidd5 9 su* dialectic4 ,he held1 = example1 t !re is no real diff]5ce betwe5 ! s\l & its faculties4 ,?omas nev] demon/rat$ ! contr>y q satisfactorily4 ,aga91 ,duns ,scotus 0 a reali/3 ! ,idea exi/s1 s9ce x is conceiv$4 ,= ! intellect is passive1 & is mov$ by ! intelligible4 ,!re=e ! ,univ]sal mu/ be a some?+1 9 ord] to occasion ! conception ( x4 ,?us ! reality ( ! concept proves ! actuality ( ! ,idea4#ffc ,duns adds fur!r explanations & di/9ctions reg>d+ ! actuality ( univ]sals1 :i* are some:at beyond ! compreh5sion ( ! mod]n m9d4 ,b "o may rem>k t he rea*es 8 views ( ! actuality ( univ]sals ?r\gh analysis ( ! processes ( ?\ght4 ,s5se-p]ception occasions ! ,idea 9 u2 !re mu/ exi/ "s objective correspond5ce to our g5]al concepts1 z !re mu/ also be 9 ?+s "s objective correspond5ce to our p]ception ( !m z individuals1 :]eby !y become to u ?is or t individual ?+4 ,su* individual objectivity is con/itut$ by ! ?isness ( ! ?+1 its haecceitas :i* is to be contra-di/+ui%$ f its g5]al ess5ce1 to wit1 its :atness1 or quidditas4 ,duns holds t we ?9k individual ?+s directly z we ?9k ab/ract ,ideas2 & s _! haecceitas is z true an object ( our ?\ght z _! quidditas4 ,?is seems a reasonable conclusion1 see+ t ! individual & n ! type is ! f9al end ( creation4 ,s our conceptions prove = u ! actuality bo? ( ! univ]sal & ! concrete2 & ! pro( ( "o & ! o!r is root$ 9 s5se-p]ception4 ,no?+ 0 ( great] import ) ,duns ?an ! doctr9e ( ! primacy ( ! ,w ov] ! intellect4 ,duns supports x ) intricate argum5t4 ,! s\l 9 sub/ance is id5tical ) its faculties2 b ! latt] are =mally di/+ui%able f x & f ea* o!r4 ,kn[+ & will+ are faculties or prop]ties ( ! s\l4 ,! w is purely spiritual1 & to be di/+ui%$ f s5se-appetite3 ! w1 & ! w alone1 is free2 absolutely undet]m9$ by any cause beyond itself4 ,ev5 ! intellect1 t is ! kn[+ faculty1 is det]m9$ f )\t4 ,al?\gh "s cognition prec$es ! act ( will+1 ! w is n det]m9$ by cognition1 b uses x4 ,s ! w1 be+ free1 is high] ?an ! intellect4 ,x is ! w t con/itutes man's greatness2 x raises him above nature1 & lib]ates him f h] co]cions4 ,n ! intellect1 b ! w directs itself t[>d ! goal ( bless$ness1 & is ! subject ( ! moral virtues4 ,su* seems to be ,duns's ma9 position2 b he di/+ui%es & ref9es ! matt] beyond ! limits ( our compreh5sion4#ffd ,ano!r fundam5tal doctr9e ) ,duns ,scotus is t !ology is n a speculative1 b a practical1 sci5ce--a position :i* ,duns un=tunately disprov$ ) 8 tomes ( metaphysics6 ,b 9 spite ( ! p]sonal r$uctio ad absurdum ( 8 argum5t1 ! position tak5 by him betok5s ! break+ up ( ! s*ola/ic sy/em4 ,! subject ( !ology1 at lea/ = m51 is ! revelation ( ,god conta9$ 9 ,scripture4 8,holy ,scripture is a k9d ( k 7qua$am notitia7 div9ely giv5 9 ord] to direct m5 to a sup]natural end--9 f9em sup]naturalem40#ffe ,! k reveal$ 9 ,scripture relates to ,god's free w & orda9m5t = man2 :i* is1 t man %\ld atta9 bless$ness4 ,!re=e ! tru?s ( ,scripture are practical1 hav+ an end 9 view2 !y are su* z are necess>y = ,salvation4 ,! ,*ur* has au?ority to decl>e ! mean+ ( ,scripture1 & supplem5t x ?r\gh its ,ca?olic tradition4 ,is !ology1 !n1 prop]ly a sci5ce8 ,duns w n d5y x2 b ?9ks x may m prop]ly be call$ a sapi5tia1 s9ce accord+ to its nature1 x is r a k ( pr9ciples ?an a me?od ( conclusions4 ,x consi/s 9 k ( ,god directly reveal$4 ,!re=e its pr9ciples are n ^? ( ! human sci5ces3 = example1 x does n accept its pr9ciples f metaphysics1 al?\gh t sci5ce treats ( mu* t is conta9$ 9 !ology4 ,nor are ! sci5ces--we c h>dly say ! o!r sci5ces--subord9at$ to x2 s9ce _! prov9ce is natural k obta9$ ?r\gh natural means4 ,!ology1 if x be a sci5ce1 is "o ap>t f ! re/4 ,! k :i* makes its sub/ance is nev] its end1 b always means to its end2 :i* is to say1 t x is practical & n speculative4 ,by virtue ( its primacy z well z "*1 !ology p]ta9s to ! ,w1 & works itself out 9 practice3 practical alike are its pr9ciples & conclusions4 ,app>5tly1 ) ,duns1 !ology is a sci5ce only 9 ?is respect1 t its sub/ance1 :i* is mo/ rational1 may be logically treat$ ) a view to a complete & consi/5t und]/&+ ( x4#fff ,9 entire consi/5cy ) ^! fundam5tal views1 ,duns held t man's supreme beatitude lay 9 ! complete & p]fect function+ ( 8 w 9 accordance ) ! w ( ,god4 ,?is 0 a /rong & noble view ( man1 free to ?9k & act & w & love1 accord+ to ! w1 & aid$ by ! ,grace1 ( ! ,creator ( 8 w & m9d4 ,! tr\ble lay1 z said be=e1 9 ! me?od by :i* all 0 set =? & prov$4 ,! truly consequ5t p]son :o made !ology a practical matt]1 0 su* a "o z ,francis ( ,assisi1 ) 8 ceaselessly-burn+ ,*ri/like love actualiz+ itself 9 liv+ act & ^w--or possibly su* a "o z ,bonav5tura ) 8 piety4 ,b c x ev] seem o!r ?an fanta/ic1 to /ate ?is pr9ciple1 & !n bulw>k x ) volumes ( dialectic & a metaphysics beyond ! grasp ( human und]/&+8 ,n f su* does "o le>n to d ! w ( ,god4 ,?is 0 sc>cely ! way to make good ! ultimate practical "* ( religion1 z aga9/ ,?omas's frankly intellectual view4 ,duns is z intellectual z ,?omas2 b ,?omas is ! m consi/5t4 ,& %all we say1 t ) ,duns all makes t[>d ,god1 z ! f9al end1 ?r\gh ! /rong action ( ! human w & love8 ,s be x--,?omas said1 ?r\gh intellection & ?r\gh love4 ,aga9 "o qu]ies1 did ! ,scotian reason+ ev] fo/] love8 ,& !n ,duns set !ology ap>t1--& supreme4 ,aga91 s be x4 ,let ! impulsive religion ( ! s\l ass]t its primacy4 ,b ?is 0 n ! way ( ,duns4 ,!ology & philosophy d n re/ on ! same pr9ciples1 says he2 b h[ does he demon/rate x8 ,by sub/antiat+ ?is sev]ance by means ( metaphysical dialectic1 & us+ ! same dialectic & ! same metaphysics to prove t !ology c d )\t ei!r4 ,n by dialectic & metaphysics c !ology free itself f !m1 & set itself on o!r f\ndations4 ,duns ,scotus ex]t$ great influ5ce1 bo? directly & ?r\gh ! reaction occasion$ by c]ta9 ( 8 tea*+s4 ,! next g5]ations 7 full ( ,scoti/s1 :o 7 pr\d if only !y might be reput$ m subtle ?an _! ma/]4 ,!y succe$$ 9 becom+ m inane4 ,!re 7 o!r m51 :om ! critical processes ( ,duns l$ to d5y ! validity ( 8 con/ructive metaphysics4 ,( ^? :o pr(it$ by 8 tea*+1 yet repres5t$ ?is reaction aga9/ p>ts ( x1 ! able/ 0 ! ,franciscan1 ,william ( ,occam1 a man b few ye>s y\ng] ?an ,duns4 ,he 0 born 9 ,engl&1 9 ! c\nty ( ,surrey2 & /udi$ "u ,duns at ,p>is4 ,x is kn[n t 9 #acbj he 0 lectur+ ) di/9ction at ?is c5tre ( intellectual life4 ,?ree ye>s aft]w>d1 he quitt$ 8 *air1 & 9 ! controv]sies !n r5d+ 8 ,ord]1 hotly esp\s$ ! cause ( ! ,spirituales--! ,franciscans :o w\ld c>ry out ! precepts ( ,francis to ! lett]4 ,next1 he ?rew himself ) all ! ard\r ( 8 temp] into ! conflict ) ! papacy1 & became ! lit]>y *ampion ( ! rights ( ! ,/ate4 ,he 0 cit$ be=e ! pope1 & imprison$ at ,avignon1 b escap$1 9 #acbh1 & fl$ to ! ,c\rt ( ! emp]or1 ,l\is ( ,bav>ia1 to :om1 z ! acc\nts decl>e1 he address$ ! pr\d ^w3 ,tu me def5das gladio1 ego te def5dam calamo4 ,he di$ ab\t #acdg4 ,! succession1 z x 71 ( ,occam to ,duns ,scotus1 is ( great int]e/4 ,x 0 port5t\s = s*ola/icism4 ,! pupil1 = pupil 9 l>ge measure he 01 pr(it$ by ! critical me?ods & negations ( ! ma/]4 ,b he d5i$ ! validity ( ! metaphysical con/ructions :]eby ,duns s\ght to rebuild :at 8 criticism _h ca/ d[n or %ak54 ,especially1 ,occam w\ld n accept ! subtle ,doctor's fabrication ( an ext]nal _w 9 accord ) ! app>5t necessities ( ?\ght4 ,= ) all ,duns's critical insi/5cy1 nev] did a man m unhesitat+ly make a univ]se to fit ! syllogi/ic processes ( 8 reason1 project$ into ! ext]nal _w4 ,"h ,occam w\ld n foll[ him1 z ,ari/otle w\ld n foll[ ,plato4 ,x 7 well to consid] m specifically ^! two sides ( ,occam's succession to ,duns ,scotus1 %[n 9 8 acceptance & rejection ( ! ma/]'s tea*+4 ,he foll[$ him1 ( c\rse1 9 emphasis+ ! functions ( ! w2 & accept$ ! conception ( !ology z practical1 & n speculative1 9 its ends2 &1 l ,duns1 he di/+ui%$1 nay r1 sev]$1 !ology f philosophy1 wid5+ ! cleft betwe5 !m4 ,if1 ) ,duns1 !ology 0 /ill1 9 a s5se1 a sci5ce2 ) ,occam x c\ld h>dly be call$ "o4 ,al?\gh ,duns d5i$ t !ology 0 to be controll$ by pr9ciples drawn f metaphysics1 he lab\r$ to produce a metaphysical c\nt]feit1 :]e9 !ology1 f\nd$ on revelation & *ur* law1 %\ld pres5t a close p>allel to :at x w\ld h be51 _h its controll+ pr9ciples be5 ^? ( metaphysics4 ,occam q z resolutely z 8 ma/]1 proves ! unt5ability ( curr5t !ological reason+s4 ,m unres]v$ly ?an ,duns1 he int]dicts ! te/+ ( !ology by reason3 & goes beyond him 9 re/rict+ ! sph]e ( rationally demon/rable tru?1 d5y+1 = in/ance1 t reason c demon/rate ,god's unity1 inf9ity1 or ev5 exi/5ce4 ,unlike ,duns1 he w\ld n attempt to erect a quasi-sci5tific !ology1 9 ! place ( ! sy/ems he rejects4 ,to make up = ?is negative result1 ,occam ass]t$ ! v]ity ( ,scripture unqualifi$ly1 z ,duns also did4 ,) ,occam1 ,scripture1 revelation1 is absolutely infallible1 nei!r requir+ nor admitt+ ! pro(s ( reason4 ,to be sure he co-ord9ates ) x ! ,law ( ,nature1 :i* ,god has implant$ 9 our m9ds4 ,b o!rwise !ology1 fai?1 /&s alone1 v isolat$1 al?\gh on ! alleg$ mo/ c]ta9 ( f\ndations4 ,! prov9ces ( sci5ce & fai? are diff]5t4 ,fai?'s ass5t is n requir$ = :at is kn[n ?r\gh evid5ce2 sci5ce does n dep5d on fai?4 ,nor does fai? or !ology dep5d on sci5tia4 ,& s9ce1 )\t fai?1 no "o c ass5t to ^? v]ities :i* are to be believ$ 7v]itatibus cr$ibilibus71 !re is no sci5tia proprie dicta respect+ !m4 ,s ! brea* 9 ! old s*ola/ic1 ,?omi/1 unity 0 made utt] & irrep>able4 ,!ology /&s on ! sure/ ( bases1 b isolat$1 unsupport$2 philosophy1 all human k1 ext5ds ar\nd & bel[ x1 & is discr$it$ because irrelevant to highe/ tru?4 ,?us f> z to ,occam's loyal & rebelli\s succession to ! !ology ( ,duns4 ,9 philosophy1 x 0 mu* ! same4 ,he accept$ 8 critical me?ods1 b w\ld n foll[ him 9 8 con/ructive metaphysics4 ,al?\gh ! old] man 0 pre-em95tly a metaphysician1 ! critical side ( 8 intellect drew empiric processes )9 ! sweep ( its en]gies4 ,occam1 unconv9c$ ( ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! logic ( concepts & ! facts ( ! ext]nal _w1 seeks to limit ! pr9ciples ( ! =m] to ! processes ( ! m9d4 ,accord+ly1 he rejects ! inf]5ces ( ! ,scotian dialectic :i* project !mselves outw>d1 z pro(s ( ! objective exi/5ce ( ab/ract or g5]al ideas4 ,x is ?us f a m ?or\ghgo+ application ( ! ,scotian analysis ( m5tal processes1 & a m ?or\ghgo+ te/+ ( ! evid5ce furni%$ by exp]i5ce1 t ,occam refuses to recognise ! exi/5ce ( univ]sals save 9 ! m9d1 :]e evid5tly !y are necess>y elem5ts ( ?9k+4 ,manife/ly1 he is /riv+ v e>ne/ly n to g beyond ! evid5ce2 & he is also /riv+ to elim9ate all unevid5c$ & unnecess>y elem5ts1 & ^? *im]as ( ! m9d1 :i* become actual untru?s :5 posit$ z realities ( ! out] _w4 ,su* 7 ! motives ( ,occam's f> f simple !ory ( cognition4 ,9 x1 m5tal p]ceptions1 or cognitions1 7 reg>d$ z symbols 7signa1 t]m9i7 ( ! objects repres5t$ by !m4 ,!y are natural1 z contra/$ ) ! artificial symbols ( spee* & writ+4 ,!y fall into ?ree classes2 fir/1 s5se-p]ception ( ! concrete object1 & ?irdly1 s to speak1 ! ab/ract concept repres5tative ( _m objects1 or ( "s ideal figm5t or quality4 ,int]m$iate betwe5 ! two1 ,occam puts notitia intuitiva1 :i* relates to ! exi/5ce ( concrete ?+s4 ,x s]ves z a basis = ! cognition ( _! comb9ations & relation%ips1 & =ms a necess>y antec$5t to ab/ract k4 ,notitia ab/ractiva praesupponit intuitivam4#ffg ,occam holds t notitia intuitiva pres5ts ! concrete ?+ z x exi/s4 ,o!rwise ) ab/ract or g5]al concepts4 ,!y are signa ( m5tal pres5tations1 or processes2 & !re is no gr\nd = transf]r+ !m to ! _w ( out] realities4 ,_! exi/5ce is conf9$ to ! m9d1 :]e !y are =m$ f ! common elem5ts ( o!r signa1 especially ^? ( our notitia intuitiva4 8,& s10 says ,occam1 8! g5us is n common to _m ?+s ?r\gh any sam5ess 9 !m1 b ?r\gh ! common nature 7communitatem7 ( ! signum1 by :i* ! same signum is common to _m ?+s signifi$40#ffh ,^! univ]sals furni% pr$icates = our judgm5ts1 s9ce ?r\gh !m we conceive ( realities z conta9+ a common elem5t ( nature4 ,!y are n m]e words2 b h a real exi/5ce 9 ! m9d1 :]e !y p]=m functions ess5tial to ?9k+4 ,indirectly1 ?r\gh _! bases ( notitiae intuitivae1 !y ev5 reflect out] realities4 8,! ,univ]sal is no m]e figm5t1 to :i* !re is no correspond5ce ( any?+ l x 7cui non correspondet aliquod consimile7 9 objective be+1 z t is figur$ 9 ! ?9k]40 ,x results f ! =ego+ argum5t1 t sci5ce1 ord]$ k1 :i* seeks co-ord9ation & unity1 has n to d ) ?+s2 b ) propositions1 its object be+ t :i* is kn[n1 r ?an t :i* is4 ,?+s are s+ul>1 :ile sci5ce treats ( g5]al ideas1 :i* are only 9 ! m9d4 8,x %\ld be und]/ood1 t any sci5ce1 :e!r realis or rationalis1 is only conc]n$ ) propositions 7propositionibus72 because propositions alone are kn[n40#ffi ,x 0 n s v great a leap f ! realism ( ,duns1 :i* ascrib$ a c]ta9 objective exi/5ce to g5]al ideas1 to ! nom9alism1 or r conceptualism1 ( ,occam1 :i* d5i$ x1 yet recognis$ ! real exi/5ce & necess>y functions ( univ]sals1 9 ! m9d4 ,! metaphysically prov$ realities ( ,duns 7 r spectral1 & ,occam's univ]sals1 subjective ?\gh !y 71 liv$ a real & active life4 ,"o feels t ! realities ( ,duns's metaphysics sc>cely ext5d$ beyond ! ?9k]'s m9d4 ,9 _m respects ,occam's philosophy 0 a /r5u\s c>ry+ out ( ,duns's tea*+s2 & :5 x 0 n1 we see ! y\ng] man pu%$1 or r repell$1 to ! positions :i* he took1 by ! unsatisfy+ metaphysics ( 8 tea*]4 ,hi/ory %[s o!r reb\nds ( ?\ght1 :i* seem abrupt1 & yet 7 consequ5tial 9 ! same dual way t ,occam's doctr9e foll[$ t ( ,duns4 ,out ( ! ,brahm9 ,absolute came ! ,buddhi/ :eel ( *ange2 ev5 z ,p>m5ides 0 foll[$ h>d by ,h]aclitus4 ,& h[ (t5 ,a!ism /eps on ,pan!ism's heels6 ,?us1 develop+1 revis+1 & *ang+1 ,occam c>ri$ out ! "w ( ,duns1 & promulgat$ a !ory ( k :i* po9t$ on to mu* lat] phases ( ?9k+4 ,9 8 s*ool he came to be call$ v5]abilis inceptor1 a prop] title = ! man :o %ook loose f s mu* previ\s ?\ght1 & became ! s\rce ( s _m novel views4 ,he _h1 inde$1 little fe> ( novelty4 8,novelties 7novitates7 are n altoge!r to be reject$2 b z :at is old 7vetu/a71 on becom+ burd5some1 %\ld be aboli%$1 s novelties :51 to ! s\nd judgm5t1 !y are useful1 fruitful1 necess>y1 exp$i5t1 are ! m boldly to be embrac$40#fgj ,x is n1 h[ev]1 z ! inceptor ( new philosophies or ( novel views on ! relations betwe5 ,/ate & ,papacy t we are view+ ,occam "h at ! close ( ?is long pres5tation ( ! ultimate intellectual int]e/s ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies4 ,b r z ! man :o repres5t$ ! ways 9 :i* ! old 0 break+ up1 & embodi$ ! ?\ghts r5d+ ! s*ola/ic sy/em2 :o ev5 0 a factor 9 ! palpable decad5ce ( s*ola/ic ?9k+ t _h set 9 be=e 8 eyes 7 clos$4 ,= f him came a new impulse to a r5ew$ ov]/udy ( =mal logic--) ,?omas1 = example1 logic _h b fill$ its prop] rle4 ,)draw+ f metaphysics ! matt] p]ta9+ to ! problem ( univ]sals & mu* m besides1 ,occam transf]r$ ! same to logic1 :i* he call$ omnium artium aptissimum in/rum5tum4#fga ,?is re9/atem5t ( logic z ! in/rum5t & means ( all k 0 to be ! p]dition ( empti]-m9d$ m51 :o felt no diff]5ce betwe5 philosophy & ! w> ( words4 ,& 9 ?is respect at lea/ ! decad5ce ( s*ola/icism took its inception f ?is bold & virile m9d :i* _h small rev]5ce = popes or = ! idols ( ! s*ools4 ,we %all n foll[ ! l9es ( ?is decay1 b simply notice :]e !y />t4 ,9 ! gr[? & decl9e ( ?\ght1 ?+s s g h& 9 h& t x is h>d to say :at draws & :at is drawn4 ,9 ! s*ola/ic decad5ce1 ! prepo/]\s use ( logic 0 a palpable elem5t4 ,yet 0 x cause or effect8 ,obvi\sly bo?4 ,s*ola/icism 0 los+ its grasp ( life2 & ! univ]sities 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury 7 cr[d$ ) m5 ^: m9ds mi/ook words = ?\ghts2 & because ( ?is !y gave !mselves to hyp]trophic logic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is w9dy /udy promot$ ! increas+ empt9ess ( philosophy4 ,likewise1 z cause & effect1 inextricably b\nd toge!r1 ! o!r factors "w1 & are work$ ^u4 ,! numb] ( univ]sities increases2 pr(essors & /ud5ts multiply2 b !re is an awful de>? ( ?9k]s among !m4 ,!re ceases ev5 to be a ?or\gh k ( ! s*ola/ic sy/ems2 m5 /udy f comp5dia2 & !reby rema9 mo/ deeply ignorant1 & unfecundat$ by ! ?\ghts ( _! =be>s4 ,cause & effect aga96 ,we c h>dly blame !m1 :5 tomes & encyclopa$ias 7 be+ heap$ m\nta9 high1 ) life cru%$ b5ea? ! mon/r\s pile1 or escap+ f x4 ,b :e!r cause or effect1 ! en]gies ( /udy slack5$1 & ev5 rott$1 bo? at ! univ]sities & g5]ally among ! memb]s ( ! two ,/ud5t ,ord]s1 f :om _h come ! la/ creators--& p]haps de/roy]s--( s*ola/icism4 ,next3 ! language ( philosophy det]iorat$1 becom+ turbid ) ! b>b>isms ( hair-splitt+ te*nicalities4 ,likewise ! me?od ( pres5tation lo/ coh]5ce & cl>ity4 ,all ( :i* 0 ! result ( academic decad5ce1 & promot$ x4 ,s decay work$ on )9 ! sy/em1 ea* fail+ elem5t be+ bo? effect & cause1 9 a g5]al subsid5ce ( m]it4 ,!re 7 also causes1 z x 71 f )\t2 :i* possibly 7 likewise effects ( ?is s*ola/ic decay ,z ! life ( ! _w once _h gone out ( paganism1 & put on ! new vig\r ( ,*ri/ianity1 s ! life ( ! _w 0 n[ =sak+ s*ola/icism1 & d]id+1 %all we say1 ! womb x _h escap$ f4 ,0 ! embryo ripe1 t ! womb _h become its mephitic prison8 ,at all ev5ts1 ! f\rte5? c5tury br\ght =?1 & ! next 0 fill$ )1 ^! m5 :o call$ ! read]s ( ,duns ,scotus ,dunces--& ! ^w /ill lives4 ,m5 _h new ?\ghts2 ! p[] ( ! popes 0 %att]$1 & )9 ! ,*ur*1 popes & c\ncils f\ght = supremacy2 !re 0 no long] any actual unity ( ! ,*ur* to pres]ve ! unity ( ?\ght2 ,wicliffe _h ris52 ,huss & ,lu!r 7 close to ! horizon2 a new sci5ce ( obs]vation 0 also /irr+1 & a new humanism 0 abroad4 ,! life ( m5 _h n less5$ nor _! en]gies & p[]s ( ?\ght4 ,yet life & p[] no long] puls$ & wr\ght )9 ! old =ms2 b _h gone out f !m1 & disda9fully 7 fl\t+ ! empti$ husks4 ,,*apt] ,,xliii ,,! ,,m$iaeval ,,syn!sis3 ,,dante ,x lies be=e u to draw ! l9es ( m$iaeval developm5t toge!r4 ,we h be5 consid]+ ! ,middle ,ages v l>gely1 endeav\r+ to fix 9 m9d ! m int]e/+ ( _! intellectual & emotional ph5om5a4 ,we h f\nd ?r\gh\t a c]ta9 spiritual homog5eity2 b h also se5 t ! m$iaeval p]iod ( we/]n ,europe is n to be =c$ to a fictiti\s unity ( intellectual & emotional quality--contradict$ by a disp>ity ( traits & int]e/s exi/+ !n z n[4 ,yet j z c]ta9 ways ( disc]n+ facts & e/imat+ _! importance di/+ui% our own "t1 mak+ x an 8age0 or epo*1 s 9 spite ( div]sity & conflict1 ! same 0 true ( ! m$iaeval p]iod4 ,f ! n9? to ! f\rte5? c5tury1 int]-relat$ processes ( ?\ght1 beliefs1 & /&>ds prevail$ & imp>t$ a spiritual col\r to ! "t4 ,:ile n affect+ all m5 equally1 ^! spiritual habits t5d$ to dom9ate ! m9ds & temp]s ( ^? m5 :o 7 ! arbit]s ( op9ion1 = example1 ! *ur* dignit>ies1 or ! !ologian-philosoph]s4 ,m5 :o ?\ght effectively1 or ^u :om x fell to decide = o!rs1 or to con/ruct or imag9e = !m1 su*1 :e!r pleasure-lov+1 secul>ly ambiti\s1 or imm]s$ 9 contemplation ( ! life beyond ! grave1 accept$ c]ta9 beliefs1 recogniz$ c]ta9 au?oritatively prescrib$ ideals ( conduct & well-be+1 & did n reject ! processes ( pro( support+ !m4 ,! causes mak+ ! ,middle ,ages a *>act]izable p]iod 9 human hi/ory h be5 scann$4 ,we obs]v$ ! antec$5t influ5ces z !y f9ally took =m & temp] 9 ! intellectual atmosph]e ( ! latt]-day pagan _w & ! cognate m5talities ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs4 ,we foll[$ ! pre-,*ri/ian ,lat9iz+ ( ,prov5ce1 ,spa91 ,gaul1 & ! diffusion ( ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh\t ! same c\ntries1 :]e1 save = sporadic dispossession1 ,*ri/ianity & ,lat9 7 to cont9ue1 & become1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 m$iaeval & ,romance4 ,z waves ( b>b>ism wa%$ ov] ! some:at decad5t society ( ,italy & h] ,lat9 daught]s1 we saw a new ignorance sett+ a f9al seal ^u ! inability ( ^! epigoni to emulate bygone a*ievem5ts4 ,pla9ly !re 0 ne$ ( ef=t to rescue ! disjecta membra ( ! antique & ,*ri/ian h]itages4 ,! wreck]s 7 fam\s m51 "y ,bo?ius1 old ,cassiodorus1 ! great pope ,gregory1 & pr9cely ,isidore4 ,= _! own p !y 7 ga!r]s & cons]v]s2 b !y prov$ v]itable transmitt]s = ,franks1 ,anglo-,saxons & ,g]mans1 :o 7 made acqua9t$ ) ,*ri/ianity & ,lat9ity betwe5 ! six? & ! n9? c5turies1 ! p]iod 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! ,m]ov+ian k+doms 7 sup]s$$ by ! ,c>ol+ian ,empire4 ,) ! ,c>ol+ian p]iod ! ,middles ,ages unque/ionably are ^u u4 ,! factors & mat]ial ( m$iaeval developm5t1 h[soev] !y h come into conjunction1 are f\nd 9 int]play4 ,x 0 = ! m$iaeval peoples1 n[ 9 pres5ce ( _! spiritual =tunes1 to gr[ & draw f life4 ,_! task1 z has appe>$ f _m po9ts ( view1 0 to ma/] ! ,*ri/ian & antique mat]ial1 & *ange its sub/ance into p]sonal faculty4 ,"u diff]5t guises ?is task 0 = all1 :e!r liv+ 9 ,italy or dwell+ :]e ! antique _h weak] root or _h be5 newly introduc$4 ,?is ,c>ol+ian "t ( s mu* %e] introduction to ! tea*+ ( ! pa/ pres5t$ little intellectual discrim9ation4 ,t w\ld come v gradually1 :5 m5 _h ma/]$ _! lesson & c\ld set !mselves to fur!r /udy ( ! p>ts suit$ to _! ta/e4 ,nev]!less1 !re 0 ev5 9 ! ,c>ol+ian p]iod ano!r sort ( discrim9ation1 t[>ds :i* m5's consci5ces 7 drawn by ! contra/ betwe5 _! antique & ,*ri/ian h]itages1 & because ! latt] held a crit]ion ( selection & rejection1 t\*+ all ! elem5ts ( human life4 ,:oev] reflects ^u 8 life & its compass ( ?\ght1 ( incl9ation1 ( passion1 action1 & capacity = happ9ess or desolation1 is likely to consid] h[ he may be/ h>monize its elem5ts4 ,he w h to *oose & reject2 & )9 him may arise a conflict :i* he mu/ br+ to reconcilem5t if he w h peace4 ,he may ne$ to sacrifice c]ta9 ( 8 impulses or ev5 rational desires4 ,z ) a ?\ghtful individual1 s ) ?\ghtful p ( an epo*1 among :om l /&>ds ( discrim9ation may be f\nd prevail+4 ,! n9? c5tury receiv$1 ) patri/ic ,*ri/ianity1 a /&>d ( selection & rejection4 ,9 con=mity ) x1 m51 c5tury aft] c5tury1 7 to make _! *oice1 & try to br+ _! lives to a discrim9at+ unity & c]ta9 peace4 ,yet 9 e m$iaeval c5tury ! s\l's peace 0 brok5 9 ways dem&+ o!r modes ( reconcilem5t4 ,:at pr(ite? a man to ga9 ! _w & lose 8 et]nal life8 ,"h 0 ! ,gospel basis ( ! matt]4 ,&1 foll[+ _! conception ( ,*ri/'s tea*+1 ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* elaborat$ & def9$ ! conditions ( atta9m5t ( et]nal life ) ,god1 :i* 0 salvation4 ,?is 0 man's :ole good1 embrac+ e valid & righte\s elem5t ( life4 ,?us x _h be5 ) ,*ri/2 ?us x 0 ) ,augu/9e2 ?us x 0 ) ,b5$ict ( ,nursia & ,gregory ! ,great2 only 9 ,b5$ict & ,gregory ! salvation :i* repres5t$ ! true & uncorrupt life ( man on e>?1 z well z ! assur$ prep>ation = et]nal life ) ,god1 _h %runk5 f ! univ]sality ( ,*ri/1 & ev5 f ! fulness ( desire ) :i* ,augu/9e s\ght to "k ,god & ! s\l4 ,9 ^! lat] m5 ! conception ( salvation _h contract$ ?r\gh ascetic exclusion & b>b>ic fe>4 ,yet ) ,b5$ict & ,gregory1 9 :om !re 0 mu* con/ructive sanity1 & inde$ ) all m5 :o 7 n maniacally con/ra9$1 !re 0 recognition t salvation 0 ( ! m9d z well z ?r\gh fai? & love1 or abhorr5t fe>4 ,x is necess>y to "k ! tru?2 & surely x is absolutely good to desire to "k ! tru? =ev]1 )\t ! cumbrances ( fle%ly mortality4 ,?is desire is a true "p ( ev]la/+ life4 ,?r\gh x ,orig51 ,hil>y ( ,poicti]s1 ,augu/9e l>gely1 & aft] !m ! great s*ola/ics ) ,dante at _! close1 a*iev$ salvation4 ,b :y %\ld "o desire to "k ! tru? utt]ly & =ev]1 7 n ! tru? desirable1 lovable8 ,naturally "o loves t :i* ?r\gh desire & ef=t "o has come to "k4 ,love is requir$ & also fai? by him :o w h & "k ! salvation :i* is et]nal life2 ! emotions mu/ take active "p4 ,yet salvation comes n ?r\gh ! unguid$ s5se-desid]ative nature4 ,x is = reason to direct passionate desire1 & raise x to desire rationally approv$1 :i* is volition4 ,?us salvation n only requires ! action ( ! :ole man1 b is 9 & ( 8 entire nature4 ,x pres5ts a unity prim>ily because ( its agreem5t ) ! w ( ,god1 & !n because ( its unqualifi$ & univ]sal insi/5ce t x1 salvation1 life et]nal1 be set absolutely fir/ 9 man's endeav\r4 ,:at inde$ c\ld be m irrational1 & m loveless & fai?less1 ?an t any desire %\ld prevail ov] ! entire good ( man & ! w ( ,god z well8 ,on5ess & peace consi/ 9 s+l5ess ( purpose & endeav\r = salvation4 ,h]e9 lies ! /&>d ( conduct & ( discrim9ation z t\*+ e elem5t ( mortal life4 ,) m$iaeval m51 ! application ( ! crit]ion ( salvation dep5d$ on h[ ! w ( ,god = man1 & man's accordant conduct1 0 conceiv$4 ,:at k9d ( conduct1 :at elem5ts ( ! intellectual & emotional life 7 prop] = ! ,k+dom ( ,heav58 ,:at matt]s b>r$ ! way1 or 7 unfit = ! et]nal spiritual /ate8 ,! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght lies )9 ^! qu]ies4 ,an au?oritative cons5sus ( op9ion 0 repres5t$ by ! ,*ur* at l>ge1 hold+ f c5tury to c5tury a ju/e milieu ( doctr9e1 by no means lax & yet n go+ to ascetic extremes4 ,seem+ly ! ,*ur* ma9ta9$ v>y+ /&>ds ( conduct = diff]5t ord]s ( m54 ,yet 9 tru? x 0 apply+ "o /&>d accord+ to ! responsibilities ( individuals & _! v[s4 ,! ,*ur* 7mean+1 = our purpose1 ! au?oritative cons5sus ( m$iaeval ecclesia/ical or religi\s approvals7 always upheld z ! ideal ( p]fect liv+ ! religi\s life1 l$ "u ! sanction & guidance ( "s recogniz$ mona/ic regula4 ,s liv$ monks & nuns1 & 9 m extreme or sporadic in/ances1 an*orites & reclusae4 ,! ma9 p]il ( ?is /rait & n>r[ pa? 0 its =sak+1 ! break+ ( its v[s4 ,less au/]ely gu>d$ & expos$ to fur!r dang]s 7 ! secul> cl]gy1 liv+ 9 ! _w1 occupi$ ) ! c>e ( lay s\ls1 & ) o!r c>es t h>dly t\*$ salvation4 ,! _w av[$ly1 ! fle% 9 reality1 & ! devil 9 all probability1 beset ! s\ls ( bi%ops & o!r cl]gy4 ,9 view ( _! expos$ positions 89 ! _w10 a less au/]ely ascetic life 0 expect$ ( ! secul>s1 ^: lapses f absolute hol9ess ,god might--or p]haps might n--condone4 ,ar\nd1 & = ! mo/ "p bel[1 regul>s & secul>s 7 ! laity ( bo? sexes1 ( all ages1 positions1 & degrees ( in/ruction or ignorance4 ,!y _h tak5 no v[s ( utt] devotion to ,god's s]vice1 & 7 expect$ to m>ry1 beget *ildr51 fight & b>t]1 & f5d = !mselves amid ! temptations & exig5cies ( affairs4 ,well = !m inde$ if !y c\ld live 9 communion ) ! ,*ur*1 & die rep5tant & absolv$1 eligible = purgatory4 ,= all ^! k9ds ( m5 & wom5 l virtues 7 prescrib$1 al?\gh _! fulfilm5t 0 look$ = ) v>y+ degrees ( expectation4 ,= in/ance1 ! di/9ctly !ological virtues1 fai?1 hope1 & *>ity1 especially ! fir/1 c\ld n be completely atta9$ by ! ignorance & imp]fect consecration ( laym54 ,! vices1 likewise1 7 ! same = all1 pride1 ang]1 hypocrisy1 & ! re/2 only ) m>ri$ p a v5ial un*a/ity 0 sacram5tally decl>$ n to con/itute mortal s94 ,= ?is "o case1 human weakness1 also mank9d's necessity1 0 recogniz$2 :ile1 9 practice1 ! ,*ur*1 ?r\gh its b\ndless opportunities = p5it5ce & absolution1 m]cifully condon$ all del9qu5cy save ob/9ate pride1 imp5it5ce1 & disbelief4 ,^! 7 ! b>e poles e?ical ( ! or?odox m$iaeval ,*ri/ian s*eme4 ,h[ z to its intellectual & emotional inclusiv5ess8 ,! _m-phas$ int]e/ ( ! m9d1 i4e4 ! desire to "k1 0 9 pr9ciple accept$1 b ) ! condition t ! ultimate end ( k %\ld be ! atta9m5t ( salvation4 ,x 0 /at$ & re-emphasiz$ by well-nigh e type ( m$iaeval ?9k]1 t ,!ology 0 ! que5 ( sci5ces1 & h] s]vice alone ju/ifi$ h] h&maids4 ,all k %\ld make = ! k ( ,god1 & enl>ge ! s\l's relation%ip to its ,creator & ,judge4 8,he t is n ) me is aga9/ me40 ,k :i* does n aid man to "k 8 ,god & save 8 s\l1 all intellectual pursuits :i* are n loyal to ?is end1 m9i/] to ! ob/9acy & va+lory ( man1 /iff-neck$1 disob$i5t1 unsubmissive to ! w ( ,god4 ,k is ju/ifi$ or condemn$ accord+ to its ultimate purpose4 ,likewise e de$1 bus9ess1 occupation1 :i* c fill out ! active life ( man4 ,z !y make = ,*ri/ & salvation1 ! functions ( rul]1 w>rior1 lawy]1 artisan1 prie/1 are ju/ifi$ & bless$--or ! rev]se4 ,b h[ z to ! appetites & ! emotions8 ,h[ z to love1 betwe5 ! sexes1 p>5t & *ild1 among fri5ds8 ,! /&>d ( discrim9ation is /ill ! same1 ?\gh its application v>y4 ,appetite = food1 if unre/ra9$1 is gluttony2 x mu/ be held f h9d]+ ! great end4 ,"o mu/ gu>d aga9/ love's obsession1 aga9/ s5se-passion1 :i* is s =getful ( ! ultimate good3 concupisc5ce is s9ful4 ,?r\gh bodily begett+1 ! ta9t ( orig9al s9 is transmitt$2 & 9 all c>nal desire1 ?\gh sanction$ by ! m>riage sacram5t1 is lu/ & spiritual =getfulness4 ,:5 9 =nication & adult]y its acts contrav5e ,god's law1 !y are mortal s9s :i* w1 if unabsolv$1 ca/ ! s9n] into hell4 ,few m5 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7 ins5sible to _! future lot1 & !re=e ! crit]ion ( salvation unto et]nal life w\ld r>ely be reject$4 ,b (t5 !re 0 conflict )9 ! s\l be=e x acquiesc$ 9 :at x felt compell$ to recognize2 & sometimes !re 0 cle> revolt aga9/ curr5t convictions1 or practical insi/5ce t a l>g] volume ( ! elem5ts ( human nature 7 fit = life et]nal4 ,conflict be=e acquiesc5ce _h agitat$ ! natures ( sa9t$ ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 :o m>k$ out ! pa? to salvation :i* ! ,middle ,ages 7 to tread4 ,"o ?9ks at once ( ,j]ome's nev]-=gott5 dream ( exclusion f ,p>adise because ( too great delight 9 classic read+4 ,ano!r phase 0 ,augu/9e's1 set =? some:at retrospectively 9 8 ,confessions4 ,!re91 z w\ld seem1 ! draw+s ( ! fle% 7 mo/ importunate4 ,yet n )\t sighs & wav]+s did ! m9d ( ,augu/9e settle to its purpose ( kn[+ only ,god & ! s\l4 ,at all ev5ts ! *af+s ( mortal curiosity1 ! prompt+s ( cultivat$ ta/e1 & ! crav+s ( ! fle%1 7 ! mov+ =ces ( ! ,psy*oma*ia :i* pass$ ) ,patri/ic ,*ri/ianity to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( ard5t s\ls 7 to exp]i5ce ?is conflict be=e conv9c+ !mselves t classic /udies %\ld be foll[$ only z !y l$ heav5w>d1 & t c>nal love 0 an evil ?+ :i*1 ev5 :5 sacram5tally sanction$1 might deflect ! s\l4 ,! revolt aga9/ ! au?oritatively accept$ /&>d decl>$ itself along ! same l9es ( conflict1 b did n end 9 acquiesc5ce & r5unciation4 ,x cont5d$ r = a peace & reconcilem5t :i* %\ld include mu* t 0 look$ ^u askance4 ,x 0 n always viol5t1 & might be dumb to ! v]ge ( unconsci\sness1 m]ely a tacit dep>ture f /&>ds m univ]sally recogniz$ ?an foll[$4 ,!re 7 c\ntless in/ances ( ?is sil5t dep>ture f ! /&>d ( salvation4 ,) cultivat$ m51 x realiz$ itself 9 classical /udies1 z ) ,hildeb]t ( ,le ,mans or ,john ( ,salisbury4 ,x does n appe> t ei!r ( !m exp]i5c$ qualms ( consci5ce or suff]$ rebuke f _! bre?r54 ,no m did ,g]b]t1 an e>li] in/ance ( ca?olic int]e/ 9 pr(ane k1 ?\gh leg5ds ( que/ionable practices 7 to encircle 8 fame4 ,o!r m5 pursu$ k1 rational or physical1 9 su* a way z to r\se ho/ile att5tion to its irrelevancy or repugnancy to sav+ fai?1 & ?is ev5 9 spite ( =mal demon/ration by ! inve/igator--,rog] ,bacon is 9 our m9d--( ! advantage ( 8 rese>*es to ! ,que5 ,!ology4 ,bacon might n h be5 s suspect to 8 bre?r51 & 8 demon/ration ( ! !ological s]viceabl5ess ( natural k w\ld h pass$1 _h he n put =? bri/l+ manife/os d5\nc+ ! bl9d acceptance ( cu/om & au?ority4 ,moreov]1 ! obvi\s t5d5cies ( me?ods ( inve/igation advocat$ by him c\nt]$ me?ods ( fai?2 = ! m$iaeval & patri/ic conception ( salvation1 :atev] collat]al supports x might f9d 9 reason1 0 f\nd$ on ! au?ority ( revelation4 ,inde$ x 0 ! lift+ up ( ! /&>d ( rational inve/igation :i* di/+ui%$ ! v]itable revolt f ^? prelim9>y inn] conflicts :i* (t5 /r5g!n$ f9al acquiesc5ce4 ,& x 0 ! ob/9ate elevation ( "o's individual wisdom 7z x appe>$ to ! or?odox7 t sep>at$ ! accr$it$ support]s ( ! ,*ur* among !ologians & philosoph]s1 f ^? :o 7 suspect4 ,we m>k ! l9e ( ! latt] rea*+ back ?r\gh ,abael>d to ,eriug5a4 ,su* m51 al?\gh possibly n>r[] 9 _! intellectual int]e/s ?an "s :o m surely abode )9 ! ,*ur*'s pale1 may be held z broad] 9 pr9ciple4 ,= inasmu* z !y t5d$ to set reason above au?ority1 x w\ld seem t !re 0 no b\nd to _! pursuit ( rational k1 :]e) to exp& & =tify _! reason4 ,b if ! intellectual side ( man press$ ^u ! absolutism ( ! /&>d ( salvation1 m bellig]5t 0 ! insi/5cy ( love--n ( ! ,crucifi$4 ,to ! ,*ur*'s disp>agem5t ( ! fle%1 love made answ] op5ly1 n sl9k+ beh9d h$ges or clos$ doors1 nor ev5 %elt]+ itself )9 w$lock's lawfulness4 ,x1 love1 )\t reg>d to prie/ly sanction1 proclaim$ itself a c\nt]-pr9ciple ( wor?4 ,! love ( man = woman 0 to be an inspiration to high de$s & noble liv+ z well z a s\rce ( ennobl+ p[]4 ,x pres5t$ an ideal = knights & poets4 ,x c\ld conf] no immortality on lov]s save t ( undy+ fame3 b x promis$ ! highe/ happ9ess & wor? 9 mortal life4 ,if only knights & ladies might n h gr[n old1 ! supremacy ( love & its emprize w\ld h be5 impregnable4 ,b age mu/ come1 & ! gha/ly m$iaeval fe> ( dea? 0 l to drive lov] & mi/ress at ! la/ )9 "s conv5t refuge4 ,fe> br\ght compunction & p]haps its te>s4 ,r5unciation ( ! joy ( life seem$ a fit p5ance to dis>m ! ,judge's wra?4 ,s at ! end ( life ! ideal ( love 0 prone to make surr5d] to salvation4 ,asceticism ev5 ent]s its lit]ature1 z ) ! monki% ,galahad4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 ano!r way ( reconcilem5t betwe5 ! c>nal & ! spiritual1 ! secul> & ! et]nal1 by :i* ! secul> & c>nal 7 trans=m$ to symbols ( ! spiritual & et]nal--! way ( ! ,vita nuova & ! ,div9a ,comm$ia1 z we %all see4 ,s 9 spite ( conflicts or sil5t treasons )9 ! natures ( _m :o f\ght b5ea? ! ,*ri/ian bann]1 9 spite ( op5 mut9ies ( ! m9d & decl>$ revolts ( ! he>t1 salvation rema9$ ! triumphant /&>d ( discrim9ation by :i* ! elem5ts ( m$iaeval life 7 to be e/eem$ or reject$4 ,:at !n 7 ^! elem5ts to :i* ?is /&>d1 or deflections f x1 %\ld apply8 ,h[ specify _! m$iaeval guise & "*8 ,x w\ld be possible to pass 9 review synoptically ! cont5ts ( ?is "w4 ,we might return1 & !n once m travel hi!rw>d ov] ! m$iaeval pa?1 ! _m pa?s & byways ( m$iaeval life4 ,we might foll[ & aga9 see appli$--or unappli$--^! /&>ds ( discrim9ation1 salvation ov] all1 & ! deviations ( pret5d$ acquiesc5ce or subconsci\s dep>ture4 ,we might p]haps make "o f9al attempt to draw ! curr5ts ( m$iaeval life toge!r1 or obs]ve ! angles ( _! div]g5ce1 & note once m ! disp>ity ( ta/e & int]e/ mak+ s motley ! m$iaeval picture4 ,b ?is has be5 done s excell5tly1 9 col\rs ( life1 & pres5t$ 9 ! p]son ( a man 9 :om m$iaeval ?\ght & feel+ 7 :ole1 organic1 liv+--an a*ievem5t by ! ,arti/ mov+ ! antec$5t s*eme ( ?+s :i* made ?is man ,dante :at he 04 ,we %all f9d 9 him ! conflict1 ! sil5t dep>tures1 & ! reconcilem5t at la/ ( recalcitrant elem5ts br\ght )9 salvation z ! /&>d ( univ]sal discrim9ation4 ,dante accompli%es ?is reconcilem5t 9 p]sonal yet full m$iaeval mann] by transmut+ ! mat]ial to ! spiritual1 ! mortal to ! et]nal1 ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( symbolism4 ,he is n m]ely m$iaeval2 he is ! end ( ! m$iaeval developm5t & ! prop] issue ( ! m$iaeval g5ius4 ,yes1 !re is unity ?r\gh\t ! div]sity ( m$iaeval life2 & ,dante is ! pro(4 ,= ! elem5ts ( m$iaeval gr[? comb9e 9 him1 demon/rat+ _! congruity by work+ toge!r 9 ! /ature ( ! full-gr[n m$iaeval man4 ,:5 ! cont5ts ( patri/ic ,*ri/ianity & ! surviv+ antique culture _h be5 conceiv$ anew1 & _h be5 felt z well1 & novel =ms ( s5tim5t evolv$1 at la/ comes ,dante to possess ! :ole1 to ?9k x1 feel x1 visualize its sum1 & make ( x a poem4 ,he _h ma/]$ ! field ( m$iaeval k1 dilig5tly cultivat+ p>ts ( x1 l ! ,graeco-,arabian a/ronomy2 he ?\ght & reason$ 9 ! t]ms & assumptions ( s*ola/ic 7*iefly ,?omi/-,ari/otelian7 philosophy2 8 intellectual int]e/s 7 m$iaeval2 he felt ! m$iaeval rev]5ce = ! pa/1 be+ impassion$ ) ! anci5t greatness ( ,rome & ! l9eage ( virtue & au?ority mov+ f x to him & ?irte5?-c5tury ,italy & ! already %att]$ ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,he took e>ne/ joy 9 ! ,lat9 ,classics1 approa*+ !m f m$iaeval po9ts ( view1 accept+ _! cont5ts uncritically4 ,he 0 affect$ ) ! preciosity ( c\rtly or *ivalric love1 :i* ,italy _h made h] own along ) ! songs ( ! ,tr\bad\rs & ! poetry ( nor!rn ,france4 ,8 emotions fl[$ 9 *annels ( curr5t conv5tion1 save t !y ov]fill$ !m2 ?is 0 true z to 8 e>ly love1 & true z to 8 f9al range ( religi\s & poetic feel+4 ,8 0 ! emotion & ! cruelty ( m$iaeval religi\s conviction2 :ile 9 8 m9d 7s work$ ! g5ius ( symbolism7 e fact's app>5t mean+ 0 clo!d ) ! significance ( o!r modes ( tru?4 ,dante 0 also an ,italian ( ! p]iod 9 :i* he liv$2 & he 0 a m>vell\s poet4 ,"o may note 9 him :at 0 m$iaeval1 :at 0 specifically ,italian1 & :at1 app>5tly1 0 p]sonal4 ,?is s*ol> c\ld n b draw 8 education1 8 views ( life & dea?1 8 dom9ant incl9ations & ! l>ge curr5ts ( 8 purpose1 f ! antec$5t m$iaeval p]iod & ! /ill great] pa/ :i* _h work$ ^u x s mightily4 ,8 ,italian nature & environm5t gave po9t & piquancy & v concrete life to ^! m$iaeval elem5ts2 & 8 p]sonal g5ius produc$ f x all a supreme poetic creation4 ,! ,italian "p ( ,dante comes betwe5 ! m$iaeval & ! p]sonal1 z species comes betwe5 ! g5us & ! individual4 ,! trem5d\s feel+ :i* he discloses = ! ,roman pa/ seems1 9 him1 specifically ,italian3 *ild ( ,italy1 he holds himself a ,lat9 & a direct heir ( ! ,republic4 ,yet (t5 8 attitude t[>d ! antique w be t ( m$iaeval m5 9 g5]al1 z 9 8 disposition to accept anci5t my? = fact2 :ile 8 own g5ius appe>s 9 8 beautifully apt appropriation ( ! ,virgilian incid5t or image2 :]e9 he excels 8 8,mantuan0 ma/]1 ^: borr[+s f ,hom] 7 n always felicit\s4 ,frequ5tly ! specifically ,italian 9 ,dante1 8 ye>n+ hate ( ,flor5ce1 = example1 may sc>cely be di/+ui%$ f 8 p]sonal temp]2 b its civic bitt]ness is diff]5t f ! feudal animosities or promiscu\s rages :i* 7 m g5]ically m$iaeval4 ,z a light] example1 !re are ?ree l9es 9 ! f\r? canto ( ! ,purgatorio :i* d n reflect ! ,middle ,ages1 nor yet p]ta9 to ,dante's "*1 b are1 we feel1 ,italian4 ,!y are ^!3 8,?i!r we drew2 & !re 7 p]sons :o 7 /ay+ 9 ! %ad[ beh9d ! rock1 z "o ?r\gh indol5ce sets himself to /ay40 ,aga91 ,dante's argum5ts 9 ! ,de mon>*ia#fgb seem to be ^? ( an ,italian ,ghibell9e4 ,yet beyond 8 int5se realization ( ,italy's direct succession to ! ,roman pa/1 8 reason+ is s*ola/ic & m$iaeval1 or spr+s occasionally f 8 own reflections4 ,! ,italian contribution to ! book t5ds to coalesce ei!r ) ! g5]al or ! p]sonal elem5ts4 ,dante argues t ! rew>ds or fruits ( virtue belong$ to ! ,roman p because ( ! pre-em95t virtue1 high l9eage1 & royal m>riage-connections1 ( _! ance/or ,a5eas4#fgc ,"h1 ( c\rse1 ! /atem5ts ( ,virgil are accept$ lit]ally1 & "o notes t :ile ! argum5t is m$iaeval 9 its absurdity1 x w be made ,italian 9 its application4 ,likewise 8 fur!r argum5ts mak+ = ! same conclusion1 h[ev] ,italianiz$ 9 _! po9t+1 are m$iaeval1 or patri/ic1 9 _! prov5ance3 = example1 t ! ,roman ,empire 0 div9ely help$ by miracles2 t ! div9e arbitram5t decid$ ! _w-/ruggle or duellum 9 its fav\r2 & t ,*ri/ 0 born & suff]$ legally to r$eem mank9d "u ! ,empire's au?ority & jurisdiction4#fgd ,moreov]1 9 refut+ ! v m$iaeval papal argum5ts f 8! keys10 f 8! two swords10 & f ! analogy ( ! sun & moon1 ,dante himself reasons s*ola/ically4#fge ,! ,de vulg>i eloqu5tia illu/rates ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,dante accept+ & reproduc+ m$iaeval views1 & ,dante ?9k+ = himself4 ,9 op5+ he speaks ( mix+ ! /rong] potions ( o!rs ) ! wat] ( 8 own tal5t1 to make a bev]age ( sweete/ hydromel--we h he>d su* phrases be=e6 ,!n ! fir/ *apt]s give ! curr5t ideas t\*+ ! nature & orig9 ( spee*1 & describe ! confusion ( language at ! build+ ( ,babel3 ea* gr\p ( workm5 engag$ 9 ! same sort ( "w f\nd !mselves speak+ a new tongue und]/ood only by !mselves2 :ile ! sacr$ ,hebrew spee* endur$ ) t se$ ( ,%em :o _h tak5 no "p 9 ! impi\s con/ruction4 ,aft] ?is fooli%ness1 ! eigh? *apt] ( ,book ,i4 becomes />tl+ly intellig5t z ,dante discusses ! contempor>y ,romance tongues ( ,europe & takes up ! idioma :i* uses ! p>ticle si4 ,out ( its _m dialects he deta*es 8 ?\ght ( a volg>e1 a "m tongue1 :i* %all be ! illu/ri\s1 noble1 & c\rtly spee* 9 ,latium1 & %all seem to be ( e ,latian city & yet ( none1 & af=d a /&>d by :i* ! spee* ( ea* city may be criticiz$4 ,! m$iaeval p]iod (f]s no su* p5etrat+ l+ui/ic obs]vation2 & 9 ! ,de ,vulg>i ,eloqu5tia1 z 9 ! ,convito1 ,dante is deeply consci\s ( ! wor? ( ! ,romance v]nacul>4 ,writt5 9 ! volg>e1 ! /yle ( ! latt] nondescript "w be>s curi\s lik5ess to sci5tific ,lat9 writ+4 ,! ,lat9 s*ola/ic ?\ght %[s pla9ly ?r\gh ?is involv$ & s*ola/ic volg>e1 :ile ! s*ola/ic sub/ance is r5d]$ 9 a sc>cely alt]$ m$ium4 ,! ,convito is inde$ a curi\s "w :i* "o ne$ n lam5t t ,dante did n c>ry out to its m$iaeval int]m9abl5ess 9 f\rte5 books4 ,! f\r t he wrote suffice to %[ its futility & app>5t confusion 9 conception & =m4 ,besides incid5tally expla9+ ! ?\ght ( ! idyllic ,vita nuova1 x pr(ess$ to be a comm5t>y ^u f\rte5 ( ,dante's canzone1 ! mean+ ( :i* _h be5 misund]/ood4 ,inde$ !y _h be5 suspect$ ( disclos+ a passion be>+ a morganatic relation%ip to ! love ( ,beatrice4 ,truly und]/ood !y ref]r$ to t love :i* is ! love ( k1 philosophy to wit2 & _! comm5t>y %\ld exp\nd t1 & might prop]ly set =? ! cont5ts ( ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts & ! high] div9e rea*es ( k4 ,! ,convito seems also to m>k a /age 9 ,dante's life3 ! "t p]haps :5 he turn$1 or imag9$ himself z turn+1 to philosophy = consolation 9 y\?ful grief1 or ! "t p]haps :5 8 nature look$ coldly ^u its e>ly fai? & s\ght to /ay itself ) rational k4 ,! book might ?us seem a ,de consolatione philosophiae1 aft] ! temp]1 if n ! mann]1 ( ,bo?ius' "w1 :i* !n 0 mu* 9 ,dante's m9d4 ,yet x 0 to be a sett+ =? ( k = ! ignorant1 a sort ( ,summa contra ,g5tiles1 z is h9t$ 9 ! la/ complet$ *apt]4 ,^! ?ree purposes fall 9 ) ! fact t ! "w 0 app>5tly ! expression ( ,dante's intellectual nature1 & ( 8 spiritual condition betwe5 ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,vita nuova & ! "t or /ate ( ! ,comm$ia4#fgf ,c]ta9ly ! ,convito gives evid5ce t\*+ ! writ]'s m5tal processes & ! int]e/s ( 8 m9d4 ,except = its l(ty advocacy ( ! volg>e & its p]sonal apologetic ref]5ces1 x conta9s little t is n blankly m$iaeval4 ,& _h x kept on to its completion1 s z to h become no torso1 b a full ,summa or ,tesoro ( lib]al k1 its :imsical =m z a comm5t>y ^u canzone w\ld h made x "o ( ! mo/ biz>re ( m$iaeval compositions4 ,"o %\ld n take ?is mo/ repell5t ( ,dante's writ+s z an adequate expression ( ! intellectual side ( 8 nature2 ?\gh a significant phrase may be drawn f x3 8,philosophy is a lov+ use ( wisdom 7uno amoroso uso di sapi5za7 :i* *iefly is 9 ,god1 s9ce 9 ,him is utmo/ wisdom1 utmo/ love1 & utmo/ actuality40#fgg ,a lov+ use ( wisdom--) ,dante ! pursuit ( k 0 no m]e intellectual se>*1 b a pilgrimage ( ! :ole nature1 lov+ he>t z well z kn[+ m9d1 & ! work+ virtues too4 ,?is pilgrimage is set =? 9 ! ,comm$ia1 p]haps ! supreme creation ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & a "w t by reason ( ! beautiful aff9ity ( its spee* ) ,lat91#fgh exquisitely express$ ! matt]s :i* 9 ,lat9 _h be5 com+ to =mulation ?r\gh ! m$iaeval c5turies4 ,! ,comm$ia 7,inf]no1 ,purgatorio1 ,p>adiso7 is a ,summa1 a ,summa salvationis1 a sum ( sav+ k4 ,x is su* j z surely z ! f9al "w ( ,aqu9as is a ,summa !ologiae4 ,b ,aqu9as 0 ! supreme m$iaeval !ologian-philosoph]1 :ile ,dante 0 ! supreme !ologian-poet2 & ) bo? ,aqu9as & ,dante1 !ology includes ! k ( all ?+s1 b *iefly ( man 9 relation to ,god4 ,su* 0 ! matt] ( ! div9a sci5tia ( ,?omas1 & su* 0 ! subject ( ! ,comm$ia1 :i* 0 soon recogniz$ z ! ,div9a ,comm$ia 9 ! v s5se 9 :i* ,!ology 0 ! div9e sci5ce4 ,! ,summa ( ,?omas 0 sci5tia n only 9 sub/ance1 b 9 =m2 ! ,comm$ia 0 sci5tia1 or sapi5tia1 9 sub/ance1 :ile 9 =m x 0 a poem1 ! epic ( man ! pilgrim ( salvation4 ,9 e s5se1 ,ari/otelian & o!rwise1 x 0 a "w ( art2 & h]e9 if we _c comp>e x ) a ,summa1 we may c]ta9ly lik5 x to a ,ca!dral1 :i* also 0 a "w ( art & a ,summa salvationis wr\ght 9 /one4 ,= a ,ca!dral--x is ! great ,fr5* type we h 9 m9d--0 a ,summa ( sav+ k1 z well z a place = sav+ acts4 ,& pres5t+ ! sub/ance ( k 9 ! =ms ( art1 v true art1 ! matt] ( :i* _h long be5 pond]$ on & lov$ or hat$1 ! ,ca!dral 9 its feel+ & beauty1 z well z 9 ! ord] ( its manife/$ ?\ght1 0 a ,comm$ia2 = x too 0 a poem ) a happy end+1 at lea/ = ^? :o %\ld be sav$4 ,! ,ca!dral _h gr[n f dumb b>rel-vault$ ,romanesque to ,go?ic1 speak+ 9 all ! t]ms ( sculpture & pa9t$ glass4 ,x grew out ( its antec$5ts4 ,! ,comm$ia re/$ ^u ! entire evolution ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!re9 _h la9 its spiritual prep>ation4 ,to be sure x _h its casual =]unn]s 7precursori73 n>ratives1 real or feign$1 ( m5 f>+ to ! regions ( ! dead4#fgi ,b ^! signifi$ little2 = ev]y:]e ?\ghts ( ! o!r life press$ ^u m5's m9ds3 fe> ( x blan*$ _! he>ts2 its heav5ly or helli% mess5g]s _h be5 se51 & n a few m5 dream$ t !y _h walk$ )9 ^? gates & witness$ clang+ horrors or purgatorial pa94 ,heav5 !y _h m r>ely visit$4 ,dante gave little att5tion to any s-call$ 8=]unn]s10 save only two1 ,paul & ,virgil4 ,! =m] 0 a w>rant = ! poet's retic5ce z to ! mann] ( 8 asc5t to ,heav52#fhj ! latt] suppli$ mu* ( 8 s*eme ( ,hell4 ,yet !re 7 "o or two o!rs possess$ ( "s aff9ity ( s\l ) ! great ,flor5t9e1 :o p]haps knew no?+ ( !m4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ,hildeg>d ( ,b+51 ) h] vision ( ! spirits 9 ! cl\d1 & h] pung5t sights ( ! bitt]ness ( ! pa9s ( hell4#fha ,ano!r sort ( aff9ity is disclos$ 9 ! allegorical ,anticlaudianus ( ,alanus de ,insulis1 9 :i* ,reason c take ,prud5tia j s f> ^u h] heav5ly j\rney1 & !n gives place to ,!ology1 ev5 z ,virgil1 symbol ( rational wisdom1 gives place to ,beatrice at ! summit ( ! ,m\nt ( ,purgatory4#fhb ,dante might h drawn /ill m enlight5m5t f ! ,de sacram5tis ( ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor1 9 :i* ! rational basis ( ! univ]sal s*eme ( ?+s is %[n to lie 9 ! pr9ciple ( allegorical int5dm5t4 ,yet "o f9ds few traces ( ,hugo 9 ,dante except ?r\gh ,hugo's pupil1 ,ri*>d1 ^: works he _h read4 ,t su* apt =]unn]s %\ld sc>cely h affect$ him %[s h[ he 0 taught & inspir$1 n by individuals1 b by ! entire ,middle ,ages4 ,"o obs]ves m$iaeval *>act]i/ics 9 ! ,comm$ia rais$ to a high] p[]4 ,! m$iaeval p]iod 0 m>k$ by contra/s ( quality & ( conduct su* z _c be f\nd 9 ! antique or ! mod]n age4 ,& :at o!r poem c vie ) ! ,comm$ia 9 contra/s ( ! beautiful & ! loa?some1 ! heav5ly & ! helli%1 exquisite ref9em5t ( expression & lapses into ! rev]se1#fhc love & hate1 pity & cruelty1 rev]5ce & disda98 ,^! contra/s n only are pres5t$ by ! /ory2 !y ev9ce !mselves 9 ! "* ( ! au?or4 ,_m sc5es ( ! ,inf]no are loa?some3#fhd ,dante's own words & conduct !re may be cruel & hateful#fhe or %[ t5d] pity2 & e read] kn[s ! poetic beauty :i* glorifies ! ,p>adiso1 r5d]s lovely ! ,purgatorio1 & ev] & anon breaks ?r\gh ! gloom ( ,hell4 ,ano!r m$iaeval quality1 sublimat$ 9 ,dante's poem1 is t ( elaborate plan1 int5d$ symmetry ( composition1 ! balance ( "o incid5t or subject aga9/ ano!r4#fhf ,& f9ally "o obs]ves ! m$iaeval inclusiv5ess :i* belongs to ! scope & purpose ( ! ,comm$ia z a ,summa ( salvation4 ,dante br+s 9 ev]y?+ t c illum9ate & fill out 8 !me4 ,ev5 z ! ,summa ( ,/4 ,?omas1 s ! ,comm$ia mu/ pres5t a :ole doctr9al s*eme ( salvation1 & leave no loopholes1 loose ends1 brok5 l9ks ( argum5t or explanation4 ,! sub/ance ( ! ,comm$ia1 practically its :ole cont5t ( ?\ght1 op9ion1 s5tim5t1 _h s\rce 9 ! m$iaeval /ore ( antique culture & ! p>tly affiliat$1 if n p>tly d]ivative1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,! m$iaeval appreciation ( ! ,classics1 & ( ! cont5ts ( anci5t philosophy1 is n to be s v %>ply di/+ui%$ f ! attitude ( ! fifte5? or sixte5?1 nay1 if "o w1 ! eighte5?1 c5tury1 :5 ! ,f$]ali/ 9 ! "y in*oately ,unit$ ,/ates1 & _m an orator 9 ! revolution>y assemblies ( ,france1 quot$ ,cic]o & ,plut>* z arbit]s ( civic exp$i5cy4 ,nev]!less1 if we *oose to recognize def]5ce to anci5t op9ion1 acceptance ( antique my? & poetry z fact1#fhg unb\nd$ admiration = a %ad[y & mu* di/ort$ anci5t _w1 z *>act]iz+ ! m$iaeval attitude t[>d :atev] once belong$ to ,rome & ,greece1 !n we mu/ say t su* also is ,dante's attitude1 s*ol> z he 02#fhh & t 9 8 use ( ! ,classics he diff]$ f o!r m$iaeval m5 only 9 s f> z above !m all he 0 a poet4 ,l9es ( illu/rative examples beg9 ) ! op5+ canto ( ! ,inf]no1 :]e ,dante addresses ,virgil z famoso saggio1 an appellative /rictly correspond+ ) ! curr5t m$iaeval view ( ! 8,mantuan40 ,m$iaeval also is ! gr\p+ ( ! great poets :o rise to meet ,virgil1 fir/ ,hom]1 !n ,orazio satiro1 & ,ovid & ,lucan4#fhi ,m n>r[ly m$iaeval1 t is1 p]ta9+ p>ticul>ly to ! ?irte5? c5tury1 is ,dante's pr(\nd rev]5ce = ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle1 il mae/ro di color *e sanno4#fij ,x may be t ! poet's s5se ( ! enorm\s1 elect1 importance ( ,a5eas1#fia & 8 putt+ ,rhipeus1 mo/ righte\s ( ! ,trojans1 z ! fif? regal _s 9 ! ,eagle's eye1#fib belong$ m especially to ,dante z ! ,ghibell9e au?or ( ! ,de mon>*ia4 ,b g5]ically m$iaeval 0 8 acceptance ( antique my? = fact1 a mo/ curi\s in/ance ( :i* is 8 ref]r+ to ! consum+ ( ,meleag] ) ! consum+ ( ! br&1 to illu/rate a po9t ( physiological psy*ology4#fic ,antique h]oes1 ev5 mon/]s1 seem z real to him z ! p ( ,scripture & hi/ory4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 8 m$iaevalism1 b 8 own greatness t enables him to lift 8 treatm5t ( !m to ! level ( _! pres5tation 9 ! ,classics4 ,noble z an antique demigod is ! damn$ ,jason1 sil5t & te>less1 among ! sc\rg$2#fid & ,ulysses is z great 9 ! tale he tells f out ! lamb5t flame z he 0 9 ! palace ( ,alc9oos1 tell+ ! tale :i* ,dante nev] read4#fie ,! poet1 especially 9 ! ,purgatorio1 con/antly balances moral examples alt]nately drawn f pagan & sacr$ /ory4 ,?is prop5sity 0 q m$iaeval2 = ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages ! antique au?ority 0 us$ to =tify or p>allel ! ,*ri/ian argum5t4 ,yet h]e91 z always1 ,dante is ,dante z well z a m$iaeval man2 & 8 moral examples1 = ! aid ( s\ls :o are purg+ !mselves = ,heav51 are int]e/+ & curi\s en\gh4 ,on ! pavem5t ( ! fir/ l$ge ( ,purgatory1 ,lucif] is figur$ fall+ f ,heav5 & ,bri>eus transfix$ by ! bolt ( ,jove2 !n ,nimrod1 ,niobe1 ,saul1 ,ara*ne1 ,rehoboam1 ,eriphyle & ,s5na*]ib1 ! ,assyrians r\t$ aft] ,holoph]nes' dea?1 & ,troy 9 a%es4#fif ,on ! ?ird l$ge1 z in/ances ( g5tle =giv+ness1 he sees 9 vision ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 & !n appe> ,peisi/ratus 7tyrant ( ,a!ns7 refus+ to av5ge himself1 & ,/eph5 ask+ p>don = 8 slay]s4#fig ,b ! mo/ wond]ful in/ance ( ?is comb9+ ( ! ,*ri/ian & ! antique1 ea* at its height ( feel+1 occurs 9 ! ?irtie? canto ( ! ,purgatorio1 :]e angels h]ald ! appe>ance ( ,beatrice ) ! *ant1 ,b5$ictus qui v5is1 &1 z !y scatt] fl[]s1 s+ ,manibus o date lilia pl5is4 ,?is unison ( ! hail to ,*ri/ ^u ,8 sacrificial entry into ,j]usalem & ! ,virgilian he>tbreak ov] ! "y ,m>cellus1 %[s h[ ,dante rose 9 8 comb9+s1 & h[ pot5t an elem5t ( 8 imag9ation 0 ! antique4#fih ,( c\rse ! plan ( ,hell reflects ! six? ,book ( ! ,a5eid1 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,comm$ia ! ,virgilian phrase rises aptly to ! poet's lips4 8,?\ w\ld/ t ,i r5ew ! desp]ate grief :i* presses my he>t ev5 be=e ,i put x into words10 says ,ugol9o1 ne>ly z ,a5eas speaks to ,dido4#fii ,& 9 ! ,p>adiso ! p[] ( ! ,dantesque rem9isc5ce r\ses ! read]1 spiritually z x 71 to emulate ! glori\s ones :o pass$ to ,col*os4#gjj ,a m desp]ate passage 0 ! lot ( ^? :o mu/ drop f ,a*]on's bank into ,*>on's boat2--! :ole sc5e "h is q rem9isc5t ( ,virgil4 ,! simile3 8,quam multa 9 silvis auctumni frigore primo ,lapsa cadunt folia10 is ev5 beautifi$ & made m pregnant ) significance 9 ,dante's 8,come d'autunno si levan le foglie ,l'una appresso dell'altra44440#gja ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ?reefold attempt ( ,a5eas to embrace ,an*ises is /ripp$ ( its beautiful dream-simile 9 ,dante's use4#gjb ,a loveli] bit ( borr[+ is t ( ! quick spr++ up aga9 ( ! ru%1 ! symbol ( humility1 l'umile pianta1 ) :i* ! poet is girt be=e proce$+ up ! ,m\nt ( ,purgatory4#gjc ,) ,dante ! pagan antique repres5t$ mu* t 0 philosophically true1 if n v]itably div9e4 ,9 8 m9d1 app>5tly1 ! hea!n good /ood = ! ,*ri/ian good1 & ! conflict ( ! hea!n deities ) ,titan mon/]s symboliz$1 if inde$ x did n cont9ue to make "p (1 ! ,*ri/ian /ruggle aga9/ ! p[] ( s94#gjd ,we may be j>r$ by ! apo/rophe3 8444 ,o sommo ,giove1 ,*e fo/i 9 t]ra p] noi crucifisso40#gje ,b ?is is a k9d ( ,*ri/ian-antique phrase by no means unexampl$ 9 m$iaeval poetry4 ,& we feel ! poetic bread? & beauty ( ! invocation 9 :i* ,apollo symbolizes or repres5ts1 exactly :at we w n presume to say1 b at all ev5ts "s v]itable spiritual p[]1 z ,m9]va does1 app>5tly1 9 ano!r passage4#gjf ,9 su* in/ances ! antique image :i* beautifies ! poem is transfigur$ to a ,*ri/ian symbol1 if x does n pres5t actual tru?4 ,yet h[ev] univ]sally ,dante's m9d 0 solicit$ by ! antique matt] & 8 poet's nature *>m$1 he 0 pr(\ndly & m$iaevally ,*ri/ian4 ,! ,comm$ia is a m$iaeval ,*ri/ian poem4 ,its fabric1 spr++ f ! life ( e>?1 enfolds ! ?reefold quasi-o!r _w ( damn$1 ( purg+1 & ( f9ally purifi$1 spirits4 ,x is dramatic & doctr9al4 ,its drama ( action & suff]+1 l ! n>ratives ( ,scripture1 (f]s lit]al fact1 moral tea*+1 & allegorical or spiritual significance4 ,! doctr9al cont5ts are held p>tly )9 ! poem's dramatic action & p>tly 9 expositions :i* are n fus$ 9 ! drama4 ,?us :atev] else x is1 ! poem is a ,summa ( sav+ doctr9e1 :i* is driv5 home by illu/rations ( ! sov]eign good & abysmal ill com+ to man "u ! provid5ce ( ,god4 ,"o may p]haps disc]n a tw(old purpose 9 x1 s9ce ! poet works out 8 own salvation & gives precepts & examples to aid o!rs & help tru? & righte\sness on e>?4 ,! subject is man z rew>d$ or puni%$ et]nally by ,god--says ,dante 9 ! lett] to ,c ,gr&e4 ,?is subject c\ld h>dly be conceiv$ z v]itable1 & /ill less c\ld x be execut$1 by a poet :o _h no c>e = ! effect ( 8 poem ^u m54 ,dante _h su* c>e4 ,b :e!r he1 :o 0 fir/ & always a poet1 wrote ! ,comm$ia 9 ord] to lift o!rs out ( error to salvation1 or ev5 9 ord] to "w out 8 own salvation1--let him say :o kn[s ! m9d ( ,dante4 ,no div9ation1 h[ev]1 is requir$ to trace ! c\rse ( ! sav+ tea*+1 :i*1 :e!r dramatically exemplifi$ or exp\nd$ 9 doctr9al /atem5t1 is embodi$ 9 ! great poem2 nor is x h>d to note h[ ,dante drew its sub/ance f ! m$iaeval pa/4 ,! ,inf]no1 :i* is ! mo/ dramatic & reali/ic1 8,dantesque10 "p ( ! ,comm$ia1 & replete ) t]re/rial int]e/1 is doctr9ally ! lea/ ri*4 ,its doctr9e *iefly lies 9 its s*eme ( puni%m5t1 or div9e v5geance1 = diff]5t s9s4 ,h]e9 ,dante foll[$ no set s]ies l ! sev5 deadly s9s expiat$ 9 ,purgatory4 ,nei!r ! ,*ur* nor au?oritative writ]s _h laid out ! plan ( ,hell4 ,dante _h 9 m9d ,?omas ,aqu9as & ,ari/otle1 also ,cic]o's ,de (ficiis1#gjg &1 /ructurally1 ,virgil4 ,8 s*eme also 0 affect$ by 8 own "*1 situation1 & av]sions1 & assur$ly by ! movem5t ( its own composition4 ,at ! m\? ( ,hell ! wor?less nameless ones & ! neutral angels receive _! due4 ,!n aft] ! sad calm ( ! place ( ! unbaptiz$ & ! great blameless hea!n1 ! v]itable ,hell beg9s1 & ! s]ies ( tortures unfold1 ! lighte/ be+ su* z puni% incont95ce1 :ile ! mo/ awful are res]v$ = ^? fraudul5t ones :o h betray$ a tru/4 ,dante's p[] ( pres5t+ ! humanly loa?some does n let ! progress ( helli% torm5t fail 9 climax ev5 to ! end1 :]e ,brutus1 ,cassius1 & ,judas are crun*$ 9 ! dripp+ m\?s ( ,lucif] at ! bottom ( ! l[e/ pit ( ,hell4 ,! g5]al idea ( hell torm5ts came to ! poet f curr5t beliefs & au?oritative utt]ances1 rang+ f ! 8out] d>kness0 ( ! ,gospel to ! lurid oratory ( ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,dante's ?\ghts 7 drawn g5]ically f ! /ores ( m$iaeval convictions1 approvals1 & imag9+s3 !y 7 giv5 to him by 8 epo*4 ,( necessity--innoc5tly1 "o may say--he made !m into concrete realities because he 0 ,dante4 ,t]rify+ phrases & crude gha/l9ess 7 rais$ ?r\gh 8 dramatic p[] to liv+ exp]i5ces4 ,! read] goes ?r\gh ,hell1 sees ) 8 own eyes1 he>s ) 8 own e>s1 & /ifles 9 ! *ok+ air4 ,d\btless ! n>rative br\ght fe> & contrition to ! m5 ( ,dante's "t4 ,b = u ! disproportion ( ! v5geance to ! crime1 ! outrage ( ev]la/+ torm5ts = mom5t>y1 ev5 impulsive s91 is %ock+ & prepo/]\s4#gjh ,! torm5ts !mselves pres5t conditions :i* become un?9kable :5 we try to conceive !m z endur+ et]nally4 ,human fle%1 or implicat$ _s c\ld n la/ b5ea? !m4 ,& z = our impulses1 !re is _m a tortur$ s\l ) :om we w\ld keep company1 = in/ance1 ) ! excell5t b& ( ,sodomites--,priscian 767 ,brunetto ,lat9i1 & ^? ?ree ,flor5t9es ^: 8hon\r$ names0 ! poet greets ) rev]5ce & affection4#gji ,"o might ev5 wi% to make a ?ird 9 ! flame :i* enwraps ,diom$e & ,ulysses4 ,9 fact1 ,dante's dramatic g5ius has br\ght ! m$iaeval hell to a r$uctio ad absurdum1 to our m9ds4 ,! poet is ( x too4 ,he c pity ^? :o t\* 8 pity4 ,& h[ great he c be1 h[ absolute4 ,!re is compact$ 9 ! /ory ( ,francesca all t c be ?\ght or felt ov] unhappy love4 ,yet ,dante nev] d\bts ! ju/ice ( ! puni%m5t he describes2 sometimes he calmly or cruelly approves4 ,nel mio bel ,san ,giovanni6 ,h[ _m ?\s&s h quot$ ^! deta*$ words to %[ ! poet's love ( 8 beautiful bapti/]y4 ,b1 9 fact1 he ref]s to ! little cyl9drical places :]e /ood ! baptiz+ prie/s1 9 ord] to br+ home to ! read] ! size ( ! holes 9 ! burn+ rock f :i* protrud$ ! quiv]+ feet ( ,simoniacs6#gaj ,x appe>s t ! s\ls ( all ! damn$ w suff] m :5 !y %all aga9 be jo9$ to _! bodies aft] ! resurrection4#gaa ,! ,inf]no fully exemplifies ! doctr9al /atem5t obscurely set ov] ! gate :i* %ut out hope3 mov$ by ju/ice1 ! ,tr9ity1 8div9e p[]1 supreme wisdom1 primal love1 creat$ me 7,hell7 to endure et]nally40 ,dante foll[s ?is curr5t au?oritative op9ion1 /at$ by ,aqu9as4 ,"h "o may repeat t ,dante is ! *ild ( ! ,middle ,ages1 r ?an a disciple ( any s+le tea*]4 ,if he foll[s ,aqu9as m ?an any o!r s*ola/ic1 he foll[s ,bonav5tura also ) bread? & balance4 ,^! two1 h[ev]1 7 !mselves f9al results ( l9es ( previ\s developm5t4 ,bo? 7 rational & also my/ically contemplative1 ?\gh ! =m] quality pr$om9ates 9 ,?omas & ! latt] 9 ,bonav5tura4 ,& 9 ,dante's poem1 at ! end ( ! ,p>adiso1 ,!ology1 ! rational appreh5sion ( div9e tru?1 gives place to contemplation's l(ti] insight4 ,dante is k9 to bo? ^! m52 b :5 he ?9ks1 m frequ5tly he ?9ks l ,?omas1 & ! intellectual realization ( life is dom9ant ) him4 ,?is 0 evid5t 9 ! ,convito2 & t ! intellectual vision con/itutes ! sub/ance ( ! ,comm$ia1 becomes lum9\sly app>5t 9 ! ,p>adiso4#gab ,x is ev5 sugge/$ at ! gate ( ,hell1 )9 :i* ! wret*$ p w be se51 :o h lo/ ! good ( ! ,intellect1#gac by :i* is meant k ( ,god4 ,! ,purgatorio pres5ts m sav+ doctr9e ?an ! cantica ( damnation4 ,its ,m\nt ) ! e>?ly p>adise at ! top1 may h be5 8 own1 b might h be5 tak5 f ! ,v5]able ,b$e or ,alb]tus ,magnus4#gad ,! ante-purgatory appe>s z a creation ( ! poet1 influ5c$ by c]ta9 passages ( ! ,a5eid & by anci5t discipl9>y practices :i* kept ! p5it5ts wait+ outside ! *ur*4#gae ,! tea*+ ( ! :ole cantica relates to ! purgation ( pride1 envy1 ang]1 accidia 7slo?71 av>ice1 gluttony1 lu/4 ,^! are ! sev5 deadly s9s ^: prov5ance is e>ly mona/icism4#gaf ,?r\gh _! purgation man is made pure & fit to m\nt to ! />s4 ,we %all n foll[ ,dante ?r\gh ! ,purgatorio & ,p>adiso1 or obs]ve 9 detail ! tea*+s set =? & ! s\rces :5ce !y 7 d]iv$4#gag ,b a brief ref]5ce to ! successive incid5ts & topics ( in/ruction w %[ h[ ! ,comm$ia t\*es e key ( sav+ doctr9e4 ,! s\l ent]+ ,purgatory goes seek+ lib]ty f s91#gah & z a fir/ lesson le>ns to deta* itself f memories ( ! damn$4#gai ,x receives "s slight sugge/ion ( ! limits ( human reason2#gbj & is told t accord+ to ! correct tea*+ !re is "o s\l 9 man ) sev]al faculties4#gba ,x le>ns ! risk ( rep5tance 9 ! h\r ( dea?2#gbb & ! efficacy ( ! pray]s ( o!rs to help s\ls ?r\gh _! purify+ expiation2 also1 t1 aft] dea?1 s\ls c advance only by ! aid ( grace4#gbc ,! symbolism ( ! gate ( ,purgatory tea*es ! ne$ ( contrition & confession4 ,^u ! fir/ l$ge1 ! pr\d d p5ance1 discipl9$ ) examples ( humility1 & ?r\gh ! ,"l's ,pray] are taught man's entire dep5d5ce ^u ,god4 ,x is fitt+ t ,pride %\ld be ! fir/ s9 expiat$1 s9ce x lies at ! base ( all s9s 9 ! ,*ri/ian s*eme4 ,mu* doctr9e is inculcat$ by ! treatm5t ( ! diff]5t s9s & ! apposit5ess ( ! hymns sung by ! p5it5ts4#gbd ,asc5d+ ! second l$ge1 ,virgil1 i4e4 human reason1 exp\nds ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! doctr9e ( t love :i* is ( ! ,good4#gbe ,next is set =? ! !ory ( human free-w & ! effect ( ! sph]es 9 direct+ human incl9ation--all 9 /rict accord ) ! tea*+ ( ,?omas2#gbf & !n1 /ill 9 accord ) ,?omas1 ! full] nature ( love 7or desire7 is exp\nd$1 & ! allotm5t ( purgatorial pa9s 9 expiation ( ! v>i\s modes ( evil desire or failure to love aright4#gbg ,^! fitt+ pa9s are z a solace to ! s\l ye>n+ to accompli% its purgation4#gbh ,next1 g5]ation is expla9$1 ! creation ( ! s\l1 & ! mann] ( its exi/5ce aft] sep>ation f ! body1 accord+ to dom9ant s*ola/ic !ories4#gbi ,9 ! conclud+ cantos ( ! ,purgatorio1 mu* ,*ur* doctr9e is symbolically set =? by ! ,my/ic ,procession & ! riv]s ( ! e>?ly p>adise1 ,le! & ,eunoe--! latt] repres5t+ sacram5tal grace ?r\gh :i* good works1 kill$ by lat] s9s1 are made to live aga94#gcj ,! e>?ly p>adise symbolizes ! p]fect happ9ess ( life 9 ! fle%1 & ! /ate :]e9 man is fit to pass to ! heav5ly ,p>adise4 ,besides doctr9e directly be>+ on ,salvation1 ! ,comm$ia conta9s explanations by ! way1 ne$$ to und]/& ,dante's j\rney ?r\gh ! e>? & heav5s1 & give x v]isimilitude4 ,app>5tly ^! explanations 7 also int5d$ to af=d a suffici5t k ( ! /ructure ( ! univ]se4 ,! ,p>adiso ab\nds 9 ?is k9d ( in=mation1 l>gely physical & a/ronomical4 ,its fir/ canto (f]s a g5]al /atem5t1 beautifully put1 ( ! ord]+ ( creat$ ?+s4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 ! in/ruction is n exclusively a/ronomical or physical1#gca b t\*es ^u animat$ creatures1 & foll[s ,?omi/ tea*+4 ,ano!r int]e/+ in/ance is ! explanation 9 ! second canto ( ! spots on ! moon & !n ( ! influ5ce ( ! heav5s4 ,"h ! a/ronomical matt] runs on into elucidations t\*+ human nature1 ev5 t human nature :i* is to be sav$ ?r\gh sav+ doctr9e4 ,9 ?is way ! ,*ri/ian-,?omi/-,dantesque s*eme ( k holds toge!r4 ,! ,comm$ia is ! pilgrimage ( ! s\l aft] all wisdom1 & includes1 implicitly at lea/1 ! matt] ( ! ,convito4 ,! ,p>adiso conta9s ! *ief /ore ( sav+ k4 ,x sets =? ! ultimate problems ( human life & div9e salvation1 ) due emphasis laid ^u ! limitations ( human und]/&+4 ,dante1 consci\s ( ! /r5u\sness ( 8 high argum5t1 w>ns (f all b ! *os5 few4 ,a fir/ po9t le>n$ 9 ! heav5ly voyage is t no s\l 9 ,p>adise desires aught save :at x has2 s9ce su* desire w\ld contrav5e ! w ( ,god4 ,p>adise is ev]y:]e 9 ,heav51 ?\gh ! div9e grace ra9s n ^u all 9 "o mode4#gcb ,beatifi$ s\ls d n dwell 9 any p>ticul> />1 ?\gh ,plato seems to say s4 ,scripture condesc5ds to figure ! intelligible "u ! guise ( s5sible =ms1 z ,plato may h done4#gcc ,brok5 v[s & _! rep>ation are n[ consid]$4 ,!n ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman ,eagle br+s out ! fact t ,*ri/ 0 crucifi$ "u ,tib]ius & ,8 dea? av5g$ by ,titus1 :i* leads on to ! explanation ( ! ,fall & ! ,r$emption1 occupy+ ! sev5? canto4 ,! next (f]s comm5t ^u ! div9e goodness & ! div]sity ( human lots2 & %[s h[ ! bitt] may rise f ! sweet4 ,) deep consi/5cy ! poet exclaims aga9/ ! ins5sate toilsome reason+s ?r\gh :i* mortals beat _! w+s d[nw>d1 away f ,god4#gcd ,9 canto ?irte5 ! read] is enlight5$ reg>d+ ! wisdom ( ,adam1 ( ,solomon1 & ( ,*ri/2 & !n z to ! exi/5ce ( ! beatifi$ s\l be=e & aft] x is clo!d ) ! glorifi$ body ( ! ,resurrection4#gce ,incid5tally ! ju/ice ( et]nal puni%m5t is adv]t$ to4#gcf ,! dep? ( ! div9e righte\sness is next pres5t$1#gcg & its application to ! hea!n1 ) illu/rations ( ,god's sav+ ways1 9 ! in/ances ( c]ta9 pr9ces :o lov$ righte\sness1 includ+ ,trajan & ! ,trojan ,rhipeus4#gch ,! incompreh5sibility ( ,pr$e/9ation next receives att5tion4 ,n[ int]v5es ! m>vell\s & illum9ative beauty ( canto tw5ty-?ree1 prec$+ ,dante's decl>ation ( 8 cre$1 ^u int]rogatories f ! apo/les1 ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john4 ,9 ?is way he /ates ! dogmatic fundam5tals ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?1 & ! sub/antiat+ rles ( philosophic argum5t & au?ority4#gci ,aft] ?is1 ! vision ( ! hi]>*ies ( angels leads on to disc\rse ^u _! creation & nature1 ! imm$iate fall ( ^? :o fell1 ! exaltation ( ! /eadfa/ ) add$ grace1 & ! mode & measure ( _! k4 ,?omas is foll[$ 9 ?is s*ola/ic argum5t4 ,) ! vision ( ! ,rose1 rational !ology gives place to my/ic contemplation2#gdj & fur!r visions ( ! div9e ord]+ prec$e ! pray] to ! ,virg91 ) :i* ! la/ canto op5s--t pray] s beautiful & s expressive ( m$iaeval ?\ght & feel+ z to ! mo/ k9d & bless$ ,lady ( ,heav54 ,?is pray] or hymn is made ( phrases :i* ! m$iaeval m9d & he>t _h be5 reca/+ & p]fect+ = c5turies4 ,x is almo/ a great c5to1 l ! ,dies ,irae4 ,aft] ! ,lady's answ]+ b5$iction1 !re comes to ,dante1 9 grace1 ! f9al my/ic vision ( ! ,tr9ity1 enfold+ all exi/5ce--sub/ance1 accid5ts & _! modes1 b\nd ) love 9 "o volume4 ,supreme dogmatic tru? is set =?1 & ! fur!/ /ra9+s ( reason are /ill$ 9 sup]s5sual & sup]-rational vision1 :i* satisfies all intellectual desire4 ,?is vision1 v\*saf$ ?r\gh ! ,virg9's grace1 assures ! pilgrim s\l3 ! goal is rea*$ alike ( k & salvation4 ,"o may say t ! ,comm$ia beg9s & ends ) ! ,virg94 ,x 0 %e :o s5t ,beatrice into ! gates ( ,hell to move ,virgil--mean+ human reason--to g to ,dante's aid4 ,! pray] :i* obta9s h] b5$iction1 & ! vision foll[+1 close ! ,p>adiso4 ,s ! tea*+ ( ! poem ends 9 m$iaeval /ra9s4 ,= ! ,virg9 0 ! m$iaeval goddess1 belov$ & univ]sally ador$1 helpful 9 e way1 & ! *ief aid 9 br++ man to ,heav54 ,b no m ) ,dante ?an ) o!r m$iaeval m5 is %e ! end ( wor%ip & devotion4 ,h] eyes are turn$ on ,god4 ,s are ^? ( ,beatrice1 ( ,ra*el1 & ( all ! sa9ts 9 ,p>adise4 ,z = man on e>?1 he is viator1 j\rney+ on ?r\gh discipl9e1 9 righte\sness & b5efic5ce1 b above all 9 fai? & hope & love ( ,god1 ) 8 eyes ( k & desire set on ,god4 ,god is ! goal1 ev5 ( ! vita activa1 :i* is also tra9+ & enlight5m5t4 ,lov+ 8 bro!r :om he ha? se51 man may le>n to love ,god--practis+ himself 9 love4 ,ev5 ,*ri/'s p>able1 8,inasmu* z ye did x unto "o ( ! lea/ ( ^!10 rightly int]pret$1 implies t ! end ( human *>ity is ,god3 ! human *>ity is prep>ation1 ob$i5ce1 means ( enlight5m5t4 ,! bro!r = :om ,*ri/ di$--t is he :om ?\ %alt love1 & t is :y ?\ %alt love him4 ,9 !mselves human relation%ips are discipl9>y1 ancill>y1 z all ! sci5ces are ancill>y to ,!ology4 ,m$iaeval religion is turn$ utt]ly t[>d ,god2 ! relation%ip ( ! s\l to ,god is its :ole matt]4 ,x is n humanit>ian3 n human1 b div9a sci5tia1 fides1 et amor1 make m$iaeval ,*ri/ianity4 ,?us ,dante's doctr9e is m$iaeval4 ,t[>d ,god moves ! desire ( ! viatores 9 ,purgatory1 ?\gh !y /ill are incid5tally m9dful ( e>?'s memories4 ,9 ,p>adise ! eyes ( all ! bless$ are set on ,him4 ,because ( ! div9e love !y may = a mom5t turn ! eyes ( _! k & desire to aid a fell[-creature2 ! occasion pa/1 !y fix !m aga9 on ,god3 ?us ! ,virg91 ?us ,b]n>d1 ?us ,beatrice4 ,z a son ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ,dante 0 possess$ ) ! _s ( symbolism4 ,allegory1 ) him1 0 n m]ely a way ( express+ t :i* might transc5d direct /atem5t3 x embodi$ a pr9ciple ( tru?4 ,! univ]sally accept$ allegorical int]pretation ( ,scripture ju/ifi$ ! view t a deep] v]ity lay 9 allegorical significance ?an 9 lit]al mean+4 ,?is pr9ciple appli$ to o!r writ+s also4 8,n[ s9ce ! lit]al s5se ( ! fir/ canzone is suffici5tly expla9$1 x is "t to proce$ to ! allegorical & true int]pretation40#gda ,9 ! ,vita ,nuova & some:at m lifelessly 9 ! ,convito1 ,dante expla9s t x is 8 way to inve/ 8 poetry ) a second>y or allegorical s5se4 ,he proposes 9 ! latt] "w to c>ry out ! =mal notion ( ! f\r k9ds ( mean+ conta9$ 9 pr(\nd writ+s--lit]al1 allegorical1 moral1 anagogical4#gdb ,he nev] holds himself1 h[ev]1 to ! l9es ( any su* obsession1 b is cont5t 9 practice ) ! lit]al & ! broadly allegorical s5se4#gdc ,ev5 !n ! great ,flor5t9e occasionally c be jejune en\gh4 ,! conception ( ! t5 heav5s figur+ ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts along ) metaphysics1 e?ics1 & !ology1 z a plan ( composition = ! ,convito1#gdd 0 on a level ) ! /ructural symbolism ( ! ,de nuptiis ,philologiae et ,m]curii ( ,capella4 ,yet ! lik5+ ( ,e?ics to ! primum mobile & ,!ology to ! ,empyrean has be>+ on ,dante's1 & ! m$iaeval1 s*eme ( ! sci5ces1 among :i* ,!ology is *ief4 ,allegory m\lds ! /ructure & p]meates ! sub/ance ( ! ,comm$ia4 ,= ?is ,dante himself v\*es 9 ! fam\s d$icatory lett] to ,c ,gr&e1 :]e 8 ?\ghts may be he>d creak+ s*ola/ically1 z he describes ! nature ( 8 poem1 & expla9s :y he entitl$ x ,comm$ia3 8,lit]ally1 ! subject is ! /ate ( s\ls aft] dea? tak5 simply4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! "w be accept$ allegorically1 ! subject is man1 accord+ z by m]it or dem]it ?r\gh fre$om ( *oice 7arbitrii lib]tatem7 he is subject to ,ju/ice1 rew>d+ or punitive40 ,?is is ! positive /atem5t emanat+1 9 all probability1 f ! poet4 ,p]haps x is z well t he did n live to inaugurate ! s]ies ( ,comm5t>ies ^u 8 poem1 :i* began )9 a few ye>s ( 8 dea? & %[ no signs ( ceas+4#gde ,s x has be5 left to o!rs to det]m9e ! metes & b\nds & special features ( ! ,comm$ia's allegorical int5t4 ,! task has prov$ haz>d\s1 because ,dante 0 su* a great poet1 s reali/ic 9 8 visualiz+ & s ma/]ful 9 =c+ ! diff]5t phases ( 8 _m-sid$ ?\ghts to comb9e 9 concrete creations4 ,8 drama is s liv+ t "o c h>dly ?9k x an allegory4 ,evid5tly c]ta9 matt]s1 l ! ,my/ic ,procession & its apocalyptic appurt5ances 9 ! la/ cantos ( ! ,purgatorio1 are %e] allegory4 ,su*1 :ile suit$ to sugge/ !ological t5ets1 are =mal & lifeless1 a little l ! hi]atic allegorical mosaics ( ! f\r? & fif? c5turies1 :i* 7 compos$ be=e ,*ri/ian art _h become imbu$ ) ,*ri/ian feel+4#gdf ,inde$1 d(f+ = an in/ant "o's rev]5ce = ! great poet1 "o may say t f ! po9t ( view ( art & life1 ,dante's symbolism becomes jejune1 or at lea/ ceases to draw u1 accord+ z x becomes palpable allegory4#gdg ,beyond su* incid5ts "o recognizes t ! g5]al c\rse ( ! poem1 its m po9t$ occurr5ces1 toge!r ) its *ief *>act]s & ! sc5es amid :i* !y move1 h commonly bo? lit]al & allegorical mean+4#gdh ,usually x is wise n to press ei!r side too rigor\sly4 ,! poet's m9d work$ 9 ! cle>ly imag9$ sett+ & dramatic action ( 8 poem1 :]e fact & symbolism comb9$ 9 t reality :i* is bo? art & life4 ,surely ! ,comm$ia 0 complet$ & r5d]$ real & beautiful ?r\gh _m a t\* & incid5t :i* _h no allegorical int5t4 ,ev5 z 9 a ,fr5* ca!dral1 ! ma9 sculptur$ & pa9t$ subjects h doctr9al1 t is to say1 allegorical1 significance1 besides _! lit]al tru?2 b !re is also mu* lovely c>v+ ( scroll & fl[]$ ornam5t & bea/ & bird1 :i* beautifies ! build+4 ,= ,dante's purpose1 to set out ! /ate ( disembodi$ spirits aft] dea?1 allegory might prove prejudicial1 because ( ! int5sity ( 8 arti/'s vision4 ,mu* ( ! poem's symbolism1 especially 9 ! ,p>adiso1 belongs to t unavoidable imag]y to :i* e "o is driv5 :5 attempt+ to describe spiritual facts4 ,su* symbolism1 h[ev]1 :5 con/ruct$ ) ! pla/ic p[] ( a ,dante1 may become itself s conv9c+ or compell+ z to r$uce ! int5d$ spiritual signification to ! t]ms ( its concrete embodim5t 9 ! symbol4 ,9 view ( ! c>nality ( mo/ s91 "o is n surpris$ to f9d ! place ( puni%m5t a conv]g+ cavity )9 ! e>?4 ,) ,dante1 z ) ,hildeg>d1 ! sights & torm5ts ( ,hell are reali/ically giv5 q z ( c\rse4 ,p]haps ,dante's ,m\nt ( ,purgatory beg9s to give u pause1 & its cornic$ mise en scne t5ds to enfle% ! idea ( _s & mat]ialize its purgation4 ,b ! limit+ effect ( symbolism is mo/ ke5ly felt 9 ! ,p>adiso1 not)/&+ ! beauty ( t cantica2 = its v concrete symbolism seems sometimes to ensph]e ! int5d$ tru?s ( _s 9 a sort ( cry/all9e transluc5cy4 ,x is all a m>vell\sly imag9$ description ( ! /ate ( bless$ s\ls4 ,yet 9 ! f9al pure & glori\s image ( a :ite rose 7c&ida rosa7 ! company ( ! glorifi$ spirits is s visualiz$ z to become1 surely n !atrical1 b z if assembl$ ^u ! r\nd+ ti]s ( seats occupi$ by an audi5ce4#gdi ,!re are topics 9 :i* ! %e] ratioc9ation ( ,?omas is m completely spiritual ?an ! poetic vision ( ,dante4 ,dante's mo/ admirable symbolic creation 0 also 8 de>e/ reality--,beatrice4 ,& :ile ?is be+ 9 :i* he has immortaliz$ 8 fame & h]s1 is em95tly ! creation ( 8 g5ius1 ! elem5ts 7 drawn f ! _m-*amb]$ m$iaeval pa/4 ,"s issu$ out ( ! va/ matt] ( *ivalric love1 ) its high he>t ( s]vice & s5se ( its own wor?1 its sci5ce1 its fooli% & mo/ wise reason+1 its preciosity ( temp]--,dante & 8 lit]>y fri5ds 7 virtuosos 9 ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to its und]/&+4#gej ,?is love 0 ( ! f9e-reason+ m9d4 ,! fir/ canzone ( ! ,vita ,nuova does n beg9 8,donne1 *e s5tite amore10 b3 8,donne1 *' avete intelletto d' amore40 ,?r\gh t book love is :at x nev] ceases to be ) ,dante1 intellig5za3 8,intellig5za nuova1 *e l' ,amore ,piang5do mette 9 lui44440 ,! piang5do1 ! te>s1 h likewise "p2 )\t !m love is n _h or ev5 und]/ood4 ,! enorm\s s5se ( love's supreme wor?--t too is 9 ,dante4 ,x _h all be5 ) ! ,tr\bad\rs ( ,prov5ce1 ) ,*rti5 de ,troies1 & ) ! great ,m9nes+]s1 & _h be5 reason$ on1 appreciat$1 felt & wept ov]1 by ladies & knights :o li/5$ to _! poems4 ,f ,france & ,prov5ce love & its reason+s _h come to ,italy ev5 be=e ,dante's eyes _h op5$ to x & o!r matt]s4 ,?is 0 "o /ra9 t ent]$ ! ,beatrice ( ! ,vita ,nuova1 ( ! ,convito1 ( ! ,comm$ia4 ,b ,beatrice is some?+ else3 %e is1 or becomes1 ,!ology1 ! ,god-giv5 sci5ce ( ! div9e & human4 ,long _h ,!ologia 7div9a sci5tia7 be5 a que52 & ev5 be=e h]1 ,philosophia1 z ) ,bo?ius1 _h be5 a que5ly woman g[n$ ) z full symbolical p>ticul>ity z ev] ! ,beatrice ( ,dante4 ,inde$ f ! "t ( ! ,psy*oma*ia ( ,prud5tius to ! ,roman de la ,rose ( ,de ,lorris & ,de ,meun1 e human quality1 & _m an aspect ( human circum/ance1 _h be5 p]sonifi$1 = ! mo/ "p "u ! =ms ( graci\s or s$uctive wom54 ,above all ( ^! rose1 sweet1 graci\s1 & pot5t1 ! ,virg9 ,que5 ( ,heav54 ,x came z ( c\rse to ,dante to symbolize 8 conception ( div9e wisdom 9 a woman's =m4 ,! a*ievem5t ( 8 g5ius 0 ! transfus+ comb9ation ( elem5ts ( c\rtly love1 didactic allegory1 & div9a sci5tia1 9 a creature be=e :om ! :ole man ,dante1 he>t & reason & religi\s fai?1 c\ld /& & gaze & love & wor%ip4 ,beatrice 0 8 & ( him always2 b ) ! visions & exp]i5ce ( t mature & grace-illum9at$ manhood1 :i* express$ itself 9 ! ,comm$ia1 %e comes to be mu* t %e _h n be5 :5 %e liv$ on e>? or _h j left x1 & ,dante 0 a mak] ( exquisite v]ses 9 ,flor5ce2 & mu* too t %e _h sc>ce become :ile ! poet 0 consol+ himself ) philosophy = 8 b]eavem5t & ! dull+ ( 8 e>ly fai?4 ,beatrice lives & moves & has h] ev] m uplift$ be+ z ! reality z well z symbol ( ,dante's ?\ghts ( life4 ,) all fir/ love's idealism1 he lov$ a girl2 !n %e1 hav+ pass$ f e>?1 becomes ! inspiration & object ( address ( ! "y mak] ( sonnets & canzoni1 :o ) su* intellectual preciosity 0 int5t on build+ ^! v]ses ( f9e-spun s5tim5t4 ,!reaft]1 :5 he is 9 d>k] mood1 %e does n altoge!r leave him1 :atev] v>iant attitudes 8 ?\ght & temp] take4 ,& at la/ ! ye>n+ self-fulfilm5ts ( 8 r5ew$ life draw toge!r 9 ! ,beatrice ( ! ,comm$ia4 ,x is v beautiful1 & ! gr[?1 z well z "w1 ( g5ius2 b x is n /range4 ,= !re is no b\nd to ! idealiz+ ( ! love :i* fir/ transfuses a y\?'s nature ) a mortal gold5 flame1 & awak5s x to new und]/&+4 ,out ( :atev] ( exp]i5ce ( life & joy & sorr[ may come to ! man1 ?is fir/ love may /ill vivify itself anew--(t5 9 dreams--& become aga9 liv+ & beautiful1 9 te>s1 & w awak5 new p]ceptions & disclose fur!r vi/as ( ! intellig5za nuova :i* love nev] ceases to imp>t to him :o has lov$4 ,dante's m9d 0 always turn+ f ! obvi\s s5se-actuality ( ! fact to its symbolism2 :i* held ! tru] reality4 ,) su* a man x is n /range t ! belov$ & ador$ woman1 ! love ( :om 0 virtue & enlight5m5t1 %\ld1 :5 dead to e>?1 become t div9e wisdom :i* op5s ,heav5 to ! lov] :o w\ld foll[1 = all et]nity1 :i!r 8 belov$ has s surely gone4 ,no1 x 0 n /range1 b only z wond]ful z all ! works ( ,god1 t %e :o :ile liv+ _h be5 ! spr+ ( virtue ( all k9ds & mean+s 9 ! poet's brea/1 %\ld aft] dea? become ! emblem1 ev5 ! reality1 ( t :]eby man is taught h[ to w9 8 heav5ly salvation4 ,passage aft] passage 9 ! ,purgatorio & ,p>adiso %[ t ,beatrice is ?is div9a sci5tia1 & yet has nev] ceas$ to be "o :om ! poet loves4#gea ,?us x is cle> t m$iaeval developm5t conv]ges at la/ 9 ,dante4 ,he1 or 8 ,comm$ia1 might be ! f9al ,summa1 7 n he1 or r x1 ! f9al poem4 ,man & "w include ! emotions & ! intellectual int]e/s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 embrac+ :at _h be5 kn[n1--,physics1 ,a/ronomy1 ,politics1 ,hi/ory1 ,pagan ,my?ology1 ,*ri/ian ,!ology1--all b5t & m\ld$ at la/ to ! matt] ( ! book4 ,n ! cont5ts ( ! ,comm$ia is ,dante's own1 b ! poem itself--t is 8 creation4 ,yet ev5 ! poem itself 0 a climax long l$ up to4 ,! p[] ( its feel+ _h be5 prep>+ 9 ! conceptions1 ev5 9 ! reason+s1 :i* ?r\gh ! c5turies _h be5 ga9+ ard\r z !y became "p ( ! entire natures ( m5 & wom54 ,?us _h m$iaeval ?\ght become emotionaliz$ & pla/ic & liv+ 9 poetry & art4 ,o!rwise1 ev5 ,dante's g5ius c\ld n h fus$ ! cont5ts ( m$iaeval ?\ght into a poem4 ,h[ _m passages 9 ! ,comm$ia illu/rate ?is--l ! lovely picture ( ,lia mov+ 9 ! fl[]+ mead[1 ) h] fair h&s mak+ h] a g>l&4 ,! tw5ty-?ird canto ( ! ,p>adiso1 tell+ ( ! triumph ( ,*ri/ & ! ,virg91 yields a l>g] illu/ration2 & )9 x1 z a v concrete lyric in/ance1 floats t fl[] ( angelic love1 ! song ( ,gabriel circl+ ! ,lady ( ,heav5 ) its melody1 & giv+ qu9tess5tial utt]ance to ! love & adoration :i* ! ,middle ,ages _h inton$ to ! ,virg94 ,yes1 if x be ,dante's g5ius1 x is also ! ga!r+ emotion ( ! c5turies1 :i* lifts ! la/ cantos ( ! ,p>adiso f glory to glory1 & makes ?is clos+ s++ ( ! ,comm$ia su* supreme poetry4 ,nor is x ! emotional elem5t alone t rea*es its f9al voice 9 ,dante4 ,passage aft] passage ( ! ,p>adiso is ! apo!osis ( s*ola/ic ?\ght & ways ( /at+ x1 ! v apo!osis1 = example1 ( ^? h>ness$ phrases 9 :i* ! l9e ( great s*ola/ics _h endeav\r$ to put 9 words ! univ]salities ( sub/ance & accid5t & ! absolute qualities ( ,god4 ,yet "o m feature ( ,dante's typify+ inclusiv5ess ( ! pa/4 ,its elem5ts exi/ 9 him at fir/ )\t consci\s opposition & yet n subord9at$ "o to ano!r1 ! less wor?y to ^? ( et]nal validity4 ,!n conflict arises2 ! m$iaeval ,psy*oma*ia awakes 9 ,dante4 ,evid5tly he :o wrote ! ,convito aft] ! ,vita ,nuova1 _h n cont9u$ spiritually undi/urb$4 ,_h !re come dull+s ( 8 e>ly fai?8 ,did 8 m9d seek too exclusive satisfaction 9 k8 ,_h he possibly sw]v$ a little f "s high int5tion8 ,! facts are veil$4 ,dante we>s nei!r 8 m9d nor 8 he>t ^u 8 sleeve4 ,yet a reconcilem5t 0 atta9$ by him1 ?\gh p]haps he _h to fet* x out ( ,hell4 ,he a*iev$ x 9 8 great poem1 :i* 9 its long mak+ made ! poet into ! lik5ess ( itself4 ,fitness = salvation is ! ultimate crit]ion ) ,dante respect+ ! elem5ts ( mortal life1 z x _h be5 ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages4 ,& ! ,comm$ia--truly ! ,div9a ,comm$ia--:ile x pres5ts ! s*eme ( salvation = univ]sal man1 is ! a*iev$ salvation ( ! poet4 ,,index ,,note4--,( sev]al ref]5ces to ! same matt] ! m important are %[n by heavy type4 ,abael>d1 ,pet]1 c>e] (1 ii4 #cdb-e2 at ,p>is1 ii4 #cdc1 #cdd1 #chc2 popul>ity !re1 ii4 #aai2 love = ,helose1 ii4 #d-e1 #cdd2 love-songs1 ii4 #ac1 #bjg2 ,helose's love =1 i4 #ehe2 ii4 #c1 #e1 #h1 #i1 #ae-af2 e>ly relations ) ,helose1 ii4 #d-e2 sugge/ion ( m>riage oppos$ by h]1 ii4 #f-i2 m>riage1 ii4 #i2 suff]s v5geance ( ,fulb]t1 ii4 #i2 becomes a monk at ,/4 ,d5is1 ii4 #aj2 at ! ,p>aclete1 ii4 #aj1 #cdd2 at ,breton mona/]y1 ii4 #aj2 ,/4 ,b]n>d's d5unciations (1 i4 #bbi1 #dja2 ii4 #cdd-e1 #cee2 lett]s to1 f ,helose quot$1 ii4 #aa-ae1 #ag-bj1 #bc1 #bd2 lett]s f1 to ,helose quot$1 ii4 #af-ag1 #ba-c1 #bd-e2 clos+ ye>s at ,cluny1 ii4 #be1 #bf1 #cde2 dea? (1 ii4 #bg1 #cde2 e/imate (1 ii4 #d1 #cdb2 rationaliz+ temp]1 i4 #bbi2 ii4 #bih-i2 skill 9 dialectic1 ii4 #cjc1 #cde-f1 #cec2 n an ,ari/otelian1 ii4 #cfi2 works on !ology1 ii4 #ceb-e2 ,de ,unitate et ,tr9itate div9a1 ii4 #aj1 #bih-i1 #ceb & n4 #c2 ,!ologia1 ii4 #cjc-d1 #cie2 ,scito te ipsum1 ii4 #cej-a2 ,sic et non1 i4 #ag2 ii4 #cjd-f1 #ceb1 #ceg2 ,dialectica1 ii4 #cdf & nn41 #cdi-ej2 ,dialogue betwe5 ,philosoph]1 ,jew1 & ,*ri/ian1 ii4 #cej1 #cea2 ,hi/oria calamitatum1 ii4 #d-aa1 #bih-i1 #cdc2 ,c>m5 ad ,a/ralabium filium1 ii4 #aib2 hymns1 ii4 #bjg-i2 o!rwise m5tion$1 ii4 #acd1 #bhc & n4 ,abbo1 ,abbot1 i4 #bid & n41 #cbd ,abbots3 ,arm$ =ces1 )1 i4 #dgc ,ci/]cian1 position (1 i4 #cfb-c & n4 ,inve/iture (1 lay1 i4 #bdd ,social class (1 i4 #dgc ,accursius1 ,glossa ord9>ia (1 ii4 #bfb1 #bfc ,adalb]on1 ,abp4 ( ,rheims1 i4 #bdj1 #bhb-c1 #bhg ,adam ( ,m>%1 ii4 #chi1 #djj1 #dhg ,adam ( ,/4 ,victor1 editions ( hymns (1 ii4 #hg n4 #a2 examples ( ! hymns1 ii4 #hg seqq42 ,lat9 orig9als1 ii4 #bjf1 #bji-ae ,adamnan cit$1 i4 #acd n4 #b1 #acg ,adel>d ( ,ba?1 ii4 #cgj ,a$h1 i4 #acb ,agob>d1 ,abp4 ( ,lyons1 i4 #bae1 #bcb-c2 cit$1 ii4 #bdg ,aidan1 ,/41 i4 #agd ,aimo91 ,vita ,abbonis by1 i4 #bid & n4 ,aix1 ,synod (1 i4 #cei ,aix-la-,*apelle3 ,*apel at1 i4 #bab n4 ,s*ool at1 see ,c>ol+ian p]iod--,palace s*ool ,alans1 i4 #aac1 #aaf1 #aai ,alanus de ,insulis1 c>e] (1 ii4 #ib-d2 e/imate (1 ii4 #cge-f2 works (1 ii4 #dh n4 #a1 #id1 #cge n4 #e1 #cgf2 ,anticlaudianus1 ii4 #id-ajc1 #aib1 #cgg1 #eci2 ,de planctu naturae1 ii4 #aib-c & n4 #a1 #cgf ,al>ic1 i4 #aab ,al>ic ,,ii41 i4 #aag2 ii4 #bdc ,alb]ic1 ,c>d41 i4 #beb n4 #b ,alb]ic1 ,m>kgrave ( ,cam]9o1 i4 #bdb ,alb]ic1 son ( ,m>ozia1 i4 #bdb-c ,alb]tus ,magnus1 c>e] (1 ii4 #dba2 e/imate (1 ii4 #bih1 #cja1 #dba2 e/imate ( "w (1 ii4 #cic1 #cie2 attitude t[>d ,gilb]t de la ,porre1 ii4 #cgb2 comp>$ ) ,bacon1 ii4 #dbb2 ) ,aqu9as1 ii4 #dcc1 #dch2 relations ) ,aqu9as1 ii4 #dcd2 on logic1 ii4 #cad-ae2 me?od (1 ii4 #cae n42 edition ( works1 ii4 #dbd n4 #a2 ,de pra$icabilibus1 ii4 #cad & n41 #cae1 #dbd-e2 "w on ! re/ ( ,ari/otle1 ii4 #dbj-a2 analysis ( ?is "w1 ii4 #dbd seqq42 attitude t[>d ! orig9al1 ii4 #dbb2 ,summa !ologiae1 ii4 #dcj1 #dca2 ,summa de creaturis1 ii4 #dcj-a2 ,de adha]5do ,deo1 ii4 #dcb2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #ag2 ii4 #hb n4 #b1 #bhc1 #cab1 #djb1 #eda n4 #b ,albig5ses1 i4 #di2 p]secution (1 i4 #cff-g1 #dfa1 #dha1 #egb2 ii4 #afh ,albo9 ! ,lomb>d1 i4 #aae ,al*emy1 ii4 #dif-g ,alcu9 ( ,york1 c>e] (1 i4 #bad2 works (1 i4 #baf-ba & n4 #b2 extracts f lett]s (1 ii4 #aei2 /ylelessness (1 ii4 #aei1 #agd2 v]ses by1 quot$1 ii4 #acf-g2 on urbanitas1 ii4 #acf2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #bab1 #bdj1 #cdc2 ii4 #aab1 #cab1 #ccb ,aldhelm1 i4 #ahe ,alemanni1 i4 #i1 #aba1 #abb1 #ade n4 #b1 #agd1 #aib ,alemannia1 ,boniface's "w 91 i4 #aii ,alex&] ! ,great1 ,pseudo-,calli/h5es' ,life (1 ii4 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbi-bcj2 ,walt] ( ,lille's "w on1 ii4 #bcj n4 #a ,alex&] ,,ii41 ,pope1 i4 #bfb n41 #bfc & n4 #a ,alex&] de ,villa-,dei1 ,doctr9ale (1 ii4 #abe-g1 #afc ,alex&] ( ,hales--at ,p>is1 i4 #dgf2 ii4 #cii2 ,bacon's attack on1 ii4 #did1 #dig2 e/imate ( "w (1 ii4 #cic1 #cie1 #cii2 ,augu/9ianism (1 ii4 #djc-d ,alfr$1 ,k+ ( ,engl&1 i4 #add & n4 #b1 #ahg-ij ,allegory 7,see also ,symbolism73 ,diction>ies (1 ii4 #dg-h & n4 #a1 #di ,greek examples (1 ii4 #db1 #cfd ,metaphor di/+ui%$ f1 ii4 #da n4 ,politics1 91 ii4 #fj-a1 #bge-f1 #bhj ,roman de la rose z exemplify+1 ii4 #ajc ,scripture1 see "u ,scriptures ,two uses (1 ii4 #cfe ,almsgiv+1 i4 #bfh ,alphanus1 i4 #bec-d ,amadas1 i4 #efe ,ambrose1 ,/41 ,abp4 ( ,milan1 on miracles1 i4 #he-f2 attitude t[>d secul> /udies1 i4 #cjj2 ii4 #bhh2 ,hexam]on (1 i4 #gb-d2 ,de (ficiis1 i4 #if2 hymns1 i4 #cdg-h2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #gj1 #ge1 #gf1 #ajd1 #ahf1 #ced2 ii4 #de n41 #bgb ,anacletus ,,ii41 ,pope1 i4 #cid ,an*orites1 see ,h]mits ,&rew ! ,*apla91 ,flos amoris (1 i4 #ege-f ,angels3 ,aqu9as' discussion (1 ii4 #cbd-e1 #dce1 #deg seqq41 #dfi1 #dgc-e ,dante's views on1 ii4 #eea ,emotionaliz+ ( conception (1 i4 #cdh n4 #d ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor on1 ii4 #fh1 #fi ,symbols1 reg>d$ z1 ii4 #deg ,v9c5t's ,speculum z conc]n+1 ii4 #cai ,writ+s reg>d+1 summ>y (1 ii4 #deg ,angilb]t1 i4 #bcd-e ,angles1 i4 #adj ,anglo-,saxons3 ,brita9 conqu]$ by1 i4 #ada ,*>act]i/ics (1 i4 #adb1 #aif ,*ri/ian missions by1 i4 #aif1 #aig ,*ri/ian missions to1 i4 #agb1 #agd1 #ahj seqq4 ,cu/oms (1 i4 #ada ,poetry (1 i4 #adb-d ,roman influ5ce slight on1 i4 #cb ,aniane mona/]y1 i4 #ceh-i ,annals1 i4 #bcd & n4 #a ,anselm 7at ,laon71 ii4 #cdc-d ,anselm1 ,/41 ,abp4 ( ,cant]bury1 dream (1 i4 #bfi-gj2 e>ly c>e]1 i4 #bgj2 at ,bec1 i4 #bga-b2 relations ) ,rufus1 i4 #bgc1 #bge2 j\rney to ,italy1 i4 #bge2 e/imate (1 i4 #bgd1 #bgf-g2 ii4 #cjc1 #ccj1 #cch2 /yle (1 i4 #bgf2 ii4 #aff-g2 influ5ce (1 on ,duns ,scotus1 ii4 #eaa2 works (1 i4 #bge seqq42 ,cur ,deus homo1 i4 #bge1 #bgg n4 #a1 #bgi2 ii4 #cie2 ,monologion1 i4 #bge-g2 ,proslogion1 i4 #bgf-h2 ii4 #aff1 #cie2 ,m$itationes1 i4 #bgf1 #bgi2 ,de grammatico1 i4 #bgg n4 #b2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #af1 #ai1 #cja-b2 ii4 #aci1 #bhc1 #big1 #cdj ,anselm ( ,besate1 i4 #bei ,an?ony1 ,/41 i4 #cfe-f2 ,life (1 by ,a?anasius1 i4 #dg1 #eb & n4 ,antique lit]ature1 see ,greek ?\ght & ,lat9 classics ,antique /ories1 !mes (1 9 v]nacul> poetry1 ii4 #bbc seqq4 ,apoll9>is ,sidonius1 ii4 #ajg ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 i4 #dd ,apollonius ( ,tyre1 ii4 #bbd & n4 ,aqu9as1 ,?omas1 family (1 ii4 #dcc-d2 c>e]1 ii4 #dcd-e2 relations ) ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ii4 #dcd2 translations ( ,ari/otle obta9$ by1 ii4 #cia2 ,vita (1 by ,guilielmus de ,?oco1 ii4 #dce n42 works (1 ii4 #dce2 e/imate (1 & ( 8 "w1 i4 #ag1 #ah2 ii4 #cja1 #dcf-h1 #dhd2 complet5ess ( 8 philosophy1 ii4 #cic-e2 pivot ( 8 attitude1 ii4 #ddj2 pres5t position (1 ii4 #eja2 /yle1 ii4 #ahj2 ma/]y ( dialectic1 ii4 #ceb2 comp>$ ) ,eriug5a1 i4 #bca n4 #a2 ) ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ii4 #dcc1 #dch2 ) ,bonav5tura1 ii4 #dcg2 ) ,duns1 ii4 #eag2 ,dante comp>$ ) & influ5c$ by1 ii4 #eda n4 #b1 #edg1 #edi1 #eea1 #eee2 on mon>*y1 ii4 #bgg2 on fai?1 ii4 #bhh2 on diff]5ce betwe5 philosophy & !ology1 ii4 #bij2 on logic1 ii4 #cac2 ,summa !ologiae1 i4 #ag1 #ah2 ii4 #bij seqq42 /yle ( ! "w1 ii4 #ahj-a2 ,bacon's *>ge aga9/ x1 ii4 #cjj2 ,pet] ,lomb>d's "w contra/$ ) x1 ii4 #cjg-aj2 its me?od1 ii4 #cjg2 its classification s*eme1 ii4 #cbd-i2 analysis ( ! "w1 ii4 #dch seqq41 #ddg seqq42 ,summa philosophica contra ,g5tiles1 ii4 #bij1 #dch1 #dde-f2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #fi n4 #b2 ii4 #bhc1 #bih1 #cjj1 #cab1 #djb ,aquita9e1 i4 #bi1 #bdj1 #egc ,arabian philosophy1 ii4 #chi-ij1 #djj-a ,arabs1 ,spani% conque/ by1 i4 #i1 #aah ,ar*im$es1 i4 #dj ,ar*itecture1 ,go?ic3 ,evolution (1 i4 #cje2 ii4 #eci ,great p]iod (1 i4 #cdf ,arg5teuil conv5t1 ii4 #i1 #aj ,arianism3 ,teutonic acceptance (1 i4 #abj1 #aib1 #aid ,visigo?ic ab&onm5t (1 i4 #aah nn4 ,ari/otle1 e/imate (1 i4 #cg-h2 works (1 i4 #cg-h2 unlit]>y "* ( writ+s (1 ii4 #aah1 #aai2 philosophy z classifi$ by1 ii4 #cab2 attitude (1 to discussions ( f9al cause1 ii4 #ccf2 ! ,organon1 i4 #cg1 #ga2 progressive "* ( its treatises1 ii4 #ccc-d2 ,bo?ius' translation ( ! "w1 i4 #ga1 #ia-b2 advanc$ treatises 8lo/0 till #ab? c5t41 ii4 #bdh n41 #ccd2 ,porphyry's ,introduction to ! ,categories1 i4 #de1 #ib1 #ajb2 ii4 #cab1 #cad n41 #ccc1 #cci2 ,arabian translations ( works1 ii4 #chi-ij2 introduction ( complete works1 i4 #ag2 ,lat9 translations made 9 #ac? c5t41 ii4 #cia2 ?ree /ages 9 s*ola/ic appropriation ( ! ,natural ,philosophy & ,metaphysics1 ii4 #cic2 ,p>is ,univ]sity /udy (1 ii4 #cia-b & n42 ,alb]tus ,magnus' "w on1 ii4 #dbj-a1 #dbd seqq42 ,aqu9as' ma/]y (1 i4 #ag1 #ah2 ,dom9ican acceptance ( sy/em (1 ii4 #djd2 ,dante's rev]5ce =1 ii4 #edb ,ari?metic3 ,abacus1 !1 i4 #bii ,bo?ius' "w on1 i4 #gb1 #ij ,music 9 relation to1 ii4 #bia ,patri/ic treatm5t (1 i4 #gb ,s*ola/ic classification (1 ii4 #cac ,arnold ( ,brescia1 i4 #dja2 ii4 #aga ,arnulf1 ,abp4 ( ,rheims1 i4 #bhc-d ,art1 ,*ri/ian 7,= p>ticul> arts1 see _! names73 ,demons z depict$ 91 ii4 #edj n4 #b ,e>ly1 i4 #cde n4 ,emotionaliz+ (1 i4 #cde-g ,evolution (1 i4 #ai-bj ,g]many1 9 7#aa? c5t471 i4 #cab ,symbolism ! inspiration (1 i4 #ba2 ii4 #hb-f ,ar?ur1 ,k+1 /ory ( y\? (1 i4 #efh-efi2 relations ) ,lancelot & ,gu9ev]e1 i4 #ehd2 ) ,p>zival1 i4 #eib1 #eii-fjj1 #fab ,ar?urian romances3 ,comp>ison (1 ) ,*ansons de ge/e1 i4 #efd-e ,g]man culture influ5c$ by1 ii4 #bh ,orig9 & au?or%ip (1 "q z to1 i4 #efe-g ,univ]sal vogue (1 i4 #efe1 #egc1 #egg o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #eca1 #ech ,arts1 ! 7,see also ,lat9 classics73 ,classifications (1 ii4 #cab seqq4 ,c\rse (1 %ort5+ (1 ii4 #acb1 #chd ,dictam51 ii4 #aba1 #abi1 #cha ,gramm>1 see t head+ ,ma/]s 91 at ,p>is & ,ox=d1 ii4 #chd-e2 c\rse =1 ii4 #chh ,sev5 ,lib]al1 see t head+ ,asceticism3 ,*ri/ian3 ,c>?usian1 i4 #chd ,e>ly gr[? (1 i4 #ccc-e ,mani*ean1 i4 #di ,wom5's practice (1 i4 #ddd1 #dfb-c ,neo-,platonic1 i4 #dc1 #dd1 #df1 #ej1 #cca1 #ccd ,a/ralabius1 ii4 #f1 #i1 #bg2 ,abael>d's poem to1 ii4 #aia-b & n4 #a ,a/rology1 i4 #dd & n42 ii4 #cgd3 ,bacon's views on1 ii4 #dii-ejj ,a/ronomy3 ,*>tres /udy (1 i4 #bii ,g]b]t's tea*+ (1 i4 #bhh-i ,patri/ic attitude t[>d1 i4 #gb ,ataulf1 i4 #aab1 #aaf ,a?anasius1 ,/41 e/imate ( "w (1 i4 #ed1 #fh2 ,life ( ,/4 ,an?ony by1 i4 #dg1 #eb & n41 #hd2 ,orationes1 i4 #fh ,atlantis1 i4 #cf ,attila ! ,hun1 i4 #aab-ac2 9 leg5d1 i4 #ade-g ,augu/9e1 ,abp4 ( ,cant]bury1 i4 #f1 #aga1 #ahj-b2 ,gregory's lett]s to1 cit$1 i4 #ajb ,augu/9e1 ,/41 ,bp4 ( ,hippo1 ,platonism (1 i4 #ee2 p]sonal aff9ity (1 ) ,plot9us1 i4 #ee-g2 b>b>ization (1 by ,gregory ! ,great1 i4 #ih1 #ajb2 comp>$ ) ,gregory ! ,great1 i4 #ih-i2 ) ,anselm1 i4 #bgi2 ) ,guigo1 i4 #che1 #cij2 ov]:elm+ influ5ce (1 9 ,middle ,ages1 ii4 #djc2 on numb]s1 i4 #gb & n4 #b1 #aje2 attitude t[>d physical sci5ce1 i4 #cjj2 on love ( ,god1 i4 #cdb1 #cdd2 allegoriz+ ( ,scripture by1 ii4 #dd-e2 modification by1 ( classical ,lat91 ii4 #aeb2 ,confessions1 i4 #fc2 ii4 #eca2 ,de ,tr9itate1 i4 #fd1 #fh1 #gd1 #if2 ,civitas ,dei1 i4 #fd-fe1 #fi n4 #b1 #ha-hb2 ,de moribus ,ecclesiae1 i4 #fe1 #fg-h2 ,de doctr9a ,*ri/iana1 i4 #ff-g2 classification s*eme bas$ on ! ,doctr9a1 ii4 #cbb2 ,de spiritu et litt]a1 i4 #fi2 ,de cura pro mortuis1 i4 #hf2 ,de g5esi ad litt]am1 ii4 #cbd2 ,alcu9's comp5ds ( works (1 i4 #bbj2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #e1 #ec1 #ga1 #ge1 #hb1 #hg1 #hi1 #ajd1 #ahf1 #bbe1 #cdj1 #ced1 #cff1 #cgj2 ii4 #ajg1 #bfi1 #big1 #cab ,augu/us1 ,emp41 i4 #bf1 #bi ,aurillac mona/]y1 i4 #bha ,ausonius1 i4 #abf n4 #b2 ii4 #ajg ,au/rasia3 ,*ur* organization 91 i4 #aii ,feudal dis9tegration (1 i4 #bdj ,iri% mona/]ies f\nd$ 91 i4 #agd ,rise (1 "u ,pipp91 i4 #bji ,au?ority v4 reason1 see ,reason ,aux]re1 i4 #ejf-g ,av]roes1 ii4 #cij ,av]roism1 ii4 #djj-a ,av]roi/s1 ii4 #bhd n41 #bif n4 #a ,avic5na1 ii4 #cij ,avitus1 ,bp4 ( ,vi5ne1 i4 #abf n4 #b ,azo1 ii4 #bfb-c ,bacon1 ,rog]1 c>e] (1 ii4 #dhf-g trag$y ( c>e]1 ii4 #dhf2 relations ) ,franciscan ,ord]1 ii4 #bii1 #dhf1 #dhh1 #dij-a2 enc\ragem5t to1 f ,clem5t ,,iv41 ii4 #dhi-ij & n4 #a2 e/imate (1 ii4 #dhd-f2 e/imate ( "w (1 ii4 #djb2 /yle (1 ii4 #agi-hj2 attitude t[>d ! classics1 ii4 #abj2 pr$ilection = physical sci5ce1 ii4 #bhi1 #dhf-g2 ,alb]tus ,magnus comp>$ )1 ii4 #dbb2 on f\r causes ( ignorance1 ii4 #did-e2 on sev5 errors 9 !ological /udy1 ii4 #die-h2 on exp]im5tal sci5ce1 ii4 #ejb-h2 on logic1 ii4 #eje2 on fai?1 ii4 #ejg2 editions ( works (1 ii4 #dhd n42 ,greek ,gramm> by1 ii4 #abh & n4 #e1 #dhd n41 #dhg1 #dih2 ,multiplicatio speci]um1 ii4 #dhd n41 #ejj2 ,opus t]tium1 ii4 #dhh1 #dij & nn41 #dia1 #dib1 #dih1 #dii2 ,opus majus1 ii4 #dij-a1 #dib1 #did-e1 #dih1 #dii-ejj1 #ejf-h2 ,optics1 ii4 #ejj2 ,opus m9us1 ii4 #dij-a1 #die-h2 ,vatican fragm5t1 ii4 #dij & n4 #b1 #eje n4 #a2 ,comp5dium /udii philosophiae1 ii4 #dia1 #dic-d1 #ejg-h2 ,comp5dium !ologiae1 ii4 #dia2 o!rwise m5tion$1 ii4 #bhd n41 #cce n41 #chi1 #eca-b ,b>tolomaeus1 ,de proprietatibus r]um (1 ii4 #caf n4 #b ,b>tolus1 ii4 #bfd ,baudri1 ,abbot ( ,b\rgueil1 ii4 #aib n4 #a ,bav>ia3 ,iri% mona/]ies f\nd$ 91 i4 #agd ,m]ov+ian rule 91 i4 #aba ,otto's relations )1 i4 #bda ,reorganization ( ,*ur* 91 #aih-i ,bav>ians1 i4 #ade n4 #b1 #bji1 #baj ,beauty1 love (1 i4 #cdj ,bec mona/]y1 i4 #bfb n41 #bgj-b ,b$e1 e/imate (1 i4 #ahe-f2 allegoriz+ ( ,scripture by1 ii4 #dg n4 #a2 ,*ur* ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p1 i4 #agb1 #ahf1 #bcd n4 #b2 ,de arte metrica1 i4 #ahg1 #bih2 ,lib] de temporibus1 #cjj2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #ahd1 #bab ,begh>ds ( ,lige1 i4 #cfe ,belgae1 i4 #abf ,belgica1 i4 #bi1 #cb ,b5$ict1 ,prior1 i4 #beh ,b5$ict1 ,/41 ( ,nursia1 i4 #he & n4 #b1 #id1 #ajj n4 #d2 ,regula (1 see "u ,mona/icism ,b5$ictus1 ,*ronicon (1 ii4 #afj-a ,b5$ictus ,levita1 ,deacon1 ii4 #bgj ,b5oit de ,/4 ,m1 ,roman de ,troie by1 ii4 #bbe1 #bbg-i ,be[ulf1 i4 #ada1 #adc-d & n4 #a ,b]5g>1 ,k+1 i4 #bef ,b]5g> ( ,t\rs1 i4 #big1 #bii1 #cjb-c2 ii4 #acg ,b]n>d1 ,bro41 ( ,qu9tavalle1 i4 #ejb ,b]n>d1 disciple ( ,/4 ,francis1 i4 #dbe-f ,b]n>d ( ,*>tres1 ii4 #acj-b1 #cgj ,b]n>d1 ,/41 ,abbot ( ,clairvaux1 at ,citeaux1 i4 #cfj1 #cic2 inspires ,templ>s' regula1 i4 #eca2 d5\nces & cru%es ,abael>d1 i4 #bbi1 #dja2 ii4 #cdd-e1 #cee2 d5\nces ,arnold ( ,brescia1 i4 #dja2 ii4 #aga2 relations ) ,gilb]t de la ,porre1 ii4 #cgb2 ,lives (1 i4 #cib n41 #cic n4 #a2 appe>ance & *>act]i/ics (1 i4 #cib-c2 e/imate (1 i4 #cid2 ii4 #cfg-h2 love & t5d]ness (1 i4 #cdd1 #cde1 #cid seqq42 ii4 #cfe2 sev]ity (1 i4 #djj-a2 8 love ( ,clairvaux1 i4 #dja-b2 ( 8 bro!r1 i4 #djb-d2 ,lat9 /yle (1 ii4 #afi-ga2 on *ur* corruption1 i4 #dgd2 on fai?1 ii4 #bih2 unconc]n$ ) physics1 ii4 #cef2 ,/4 ,francis comp>$ )1 i4 #dae-af2 extracts f lett]s (1 i4 #cie seqq42 ii4 #agj-a2 ,s]mons on ,canticles--cit$1 #ccg n42 quot$1 i4 #dji-ac2 ii4 #afi1 #cfh-i2 ,de consid]atione1 ii4 #cfh2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #ag1 #bj1 #bgi1 #cjb1 #dgb1 #eja2 ii4 #cd1 #afh ,b]n>d ,morlan5sis1 ,de contemptu mundi by1 ii4 #aii n4 #c ,b]n>d ,silve/ris1 ,comm5tum 444 (1 ii4 #aaf-ag & n4 #b2 ,de mundi univ]sitate1 ii4 #aai1 #cga & n4 ,b]n>done1 ,pet]1 i4 #dai1 #dbc-d ,b]nw>d1 ,bp4 ( ,hilde%eim1 i4 #cab & n4 #a ,bible1 see ,scriptures ,biscop1 ,b5$ict1 i4 #ahd ,bi%ops3 ,arm$ =ces1 )1 i4 #dgc ,francis ( ,assisi's attitude t[>d1 i4 #dcj ,gallo-,roman & ,franki%1 position (1 i4 #aia-b1 #aid & nn41 #aih1 #bja n4 ,inve/iture (1 lay1 i4 #bdd-e & n4 #d2 ii4 #adj ,jurisdiction & privileges (1 ii4 #bff ,papacy's asc5dancy ov]1 i4 #cjd ,reluctance to be consecrat$1 i4 #dgb ,social class (1 i4 #dgc ,ve/m5ts (1 symbolism (1 ii4 #gg n4 #b ,blanc&r91 i4 #efe ,bobbio mona/]y1 i4 #agh1 #bhb-c ,bo?ius1 dea? (1 i4 #hi1 #ic2 e/imate (1 i4 #hi1 #ib1 #ajb2 ,alb]tus ,magnus comp>$ )1 ii4 #dbj2 works (1 i4 #ij-c2 ,g]b]t's famili>ity ) works (1 i4 #bhi2 works (1 /udi$ at ,*>tres1 i4 #bih-i2 _! importance1 i4 #bih2 ,de ari?metica1 i4 #gb1 #ij2 ,de geometria1 i4 #ij2 comm5t>y on ,porphyry's ,isagoge1 i4 #ib2 ii4 #cab2 translation ( ! ,organon1 i4 #ga1 #ia-b2 8loss0 ( advanc$ works1 ii4 #bdh n41 #ccd2 ,de consolatione philosophiae1 i4 #hi1 #ahh1 #ahi-ij1 #bii2 m$iaeval /udy ( ! "w1 i4 #hi2 ii4 #ace-f ,bologna3 ,clubs & guilds 91 ii4 #chb ,fight (1 aga9/ ,p>ma1 i4 #dig ,law s*ool at1 ii4 #aba1 #bea1 #bei-fb1 #cgh ,m$ical s*ool at1 ii4 #aba1 #chc n4 ,univ]sity1 ,law1 inception & "* (1 ii4 #aba1 #cha-c2 affiliat$ univ]sities1 ii4 #chc n4 ,bonav5tura1 ,/4 7,john ( ,fidanza71 c>e] (1 ii4 #djc2 at ,p>is1 ii4 #cii1 #djc2 e/imate (1 ii4 #cja2 /yle (1 ii4 #aha-b2 contra/$ ) ,alb]tus1 ii4 #dje2 comp>$ ) ,aqu9as1 ii4 #dje1 #dcg2 ) ,dante1 ii4 #edg2 on fai?1 ii4 #bih2 on ,m9orites & ,prea*]s1 ii4 #cif2 attitude t[>d ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ii4 #djd-e2 t[>d ,scriptures1 ii4 #dje seqq42 ,de r$uctione artium ad !ologiam1 ii4 #djf-h2 ,breviloquium1 ii4 #djh-ac2 ,it9]>ium m5tis 9 ,deum1 ii4 #dac-ah2 o!rwise m5tion$1 ii4 #bhc1 #bhh ,boniface1 see ,w9ifri$-,boniface ,boniface ,,viii41 ,pope1 ,sextus (1 ii4 #bgb2 ,unam sanctam bull (1 ii4 #eji ,books ( ,s5t5ces1 me?od (1 ii4 #cjg 7,see also "u ,lomb>d7 ,botany1 ii4 #dbg-h ,bretons1 i4 #aac ,brevi>ium1 i4 #aag1 #bci1 #bdc-d ,brita93 ,anglo-,saxon conque/ (1 i4 #ada ,antique culture 9 relation to1 be=e ,middle ,ages1 i4 #aj-aa ,celts 91 i4 #abg n4 ,*ri/ianity (1 i4 #aga-b ,romanization (1 i4 #cb ,brude 7,bridius71 ,k+ ( ,picts1 i4 #agc ,brunhilde1 i4 #agf1 #agh ,bruno1 ,abp4 ( ,cologne1 i4 #cji-aj1 #chc-d2 ,ruotg]'s ,life (1 i4 #caj2 ii4 #afb & n4 #a ,burgundians3 ,*ri/ianiz+ (1 i4 #aic ,*ur*'s attitude t[>d1 i4 #abj ,roman law code promulgat$ by 7,papianus71 ii4 #bci1 #bdb ,roman subjects (1 i4 #aba o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #i-aj1 #aac1 #ade ,burgundy1 i4 #age1 #bdc n4 #a ,byzant9e ar*itecture1 #bab n4 ,byzant9e ,empire1 see ,ea/]n ,empire ,cdmon1 i4 #ahc1 #cdc ,caes>1 ,c4 ,julius1 cit$1 i4 #bg-i1 #ach1 #bif ,caes> ( ,hei/]ba*1 ,life ( ,engelb]t by1 i4 #dhb-f & n42 ,dialogi miraculorum1 cit$1 i4 #dhh n41 #dia4 ,canon law3 ,au?ority (1 ii4 #bgd ,basis (1 ii4 #bfg-i ,bulk (1 ii4 #bfi ,concili> decrees1 collections (1 ii4 #bfi ,decretals3 ,collections (1 ii4 #bfi1 #bga-b1 #bge n4 ,false1 ii4 #bgj1 #bgc ,gratian's ,decretum1 ii4 #bfh-i1 #bgj-a1 #cjf ,jus naturale 91 ii4 #bfh-i ,lex romana canonice compta1 ii4 #beb ,scope (1 ii4 #bfg ,s\rces (1 ii4 #bfi ,supremacy (1 ii4 #bgg ,canossa1 i4 #bdd ,cantafables1 i4 #aeg n4 #a ,canticles1 i4 #cej2 ,orig5's int]pretation (1 #ccc2 ,/4 ,b]n>d's ,s]mons on1 i4 #ccg n41 #dji-ac2 ii4 #afi1 #cfh-i ,capella1 ,m>tianus1 ,de nuptiis ,philologiae et ,m]curii (1 i4 #ga & n4 #c2 ii4 #eec ,c>itas1 ii4 #dgf-h2 9 relation to fai?1 ii4 #dgi-ha2 to wisdom1 ii4 #dha ,c>loman1 ,k+ ( ,au/rasia1 i4 #aii-bjj & n41 #bji ,c>loman 7son ( ,pipp971 i4 #bji-aj ,c>nuti1 i4 #bif ,c>ol+ian p]iod3 ,brevi>ium epitomes curr5t dur+1 ii4 #bdd1 #bdi ,cont9uity (1 ) ,m]ov+ian1 i4 #baj-ab ,criticism ( records non-exi/5t 91 i4 #bcd ,def9it5ess ( /atem5t a *>act]i/ic (1 i4 #bbe1 #bbg ,educational revival 91 #bah-ai1 #bbb1 #bcf2 ii4 #abb1 #aeh2 palace s*ool1 i4 #bad1 #bah1 #bbi1 #bce ,fir/ /age ( m$iaeval le>n+ repres5t$ by1 ii4 #ccj1 #ccb ,hi/ory z compil$ 91 i4 #bcd-e ,k+'s law 91 ii4 #bdg ,lat9 poetry (1 ii4 #ahh1 #aid1 #aig ,lat9 prose (1 ii4 #aeh ,orig9ality 91 circum/ances evok+1 i4 #bcb-c ,re/atem5t ( antique & patri/ic matt] 91 i4 #bcg1 #cdb-c ,c>?ag9ians1 i4 #be ,c>?usian ,ord]1 orig9 (1 i4 #chc-d ,cassian's ,in/itutes & ,conlocations1 i4 #cce ,cassiodorus1 life & works (1 i4 #ic-g2 ,*ronicon1 i4 #id2 ,v>iae epi/olae1 i4 #id2 ,de anima1 #id-e2 ,in/itutiones div9>um et saecul>ium litt]>um1 i4 #ie-f2 ii4 #ceg n4 #b2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #f1 #hh-i1 #aae2 ii4 #cab ,ca?>i1 i4 #di2 ii4 #bhc n4 ,catullus1 i4 #be ,cavall9i1 i4 #cdg ,celsus cit$1 ii4 #bce1 #bcg ,celtic language1 date ( disuse (1 i4 #ca & n4 ,celts3 ,gaul1 91 i4 #abe & n41 #abf-g1 #abi n4 #a ,goidelic & ,bry?onic1 i4 #abg n4 ,irel&1 91 see ,iri% ,italy invad$ by 7#crd c5t4 ,b4,c471 i4 #bd ,lat9iz$1 i4 #abd ,teutons comp>$ )1 i4 #abe ,*ampagne1 i4 #bdj1 #egc ,*&os1 ,sir ,john1 i4 #eed-e ,*anson de ,rol&1 i4 #ab n41 #ebh & n4 #b1 #eei-fb ,*ansons de ge/e1 i4 #eeh seqq42 ii4 #bbb ,*>lemagne1 age (1 see ,c>ol+ian p]iod2 e/imate (1 i4 #bac2 relations (1 ) ! ,*ur*1 i4 #bja1 #bci2 ii4 #bgc2 relations ) ,angilb]t1 i4 #bcd-e2 educational revival by1 i4 #bac-ad2 ii4 #aaj1 #abb1 #aeh1 #ccb2 book ( ,g]manic poems compil$ by ord] (1 ii4 #bbj2 ,capitul>ies (1 ii4 #aaj1 #bdh2 op5 lett]s (1 i4 #bac n42 ,e9h>d's ,life (1 ii4 #aeh-i2 poetic fame (1 i4 #baj2 false ,capitul>ies ascrib$ to1 ii4 #bgj2 empire (1 non-endur+1 i4 #bch2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #i1 #aae1 #aec1 #efb2 ii4 #h ,*>les ,m>tel1 i4 #aig1 #aih1 #bji2 ii4 #bgc ,*>les ,,ii4 7! ,bald71 ,k+ ( ,france1 i4 #bbh1 #bce ,*>les ,,iii4 7! ,simple71 ,k+ ( ,france1 i4 #bci-dj ,*>les ,,iv41 ,k+ ( ,france1 i4 #eea ,*>tres ,ca!dral1 sculpture (1 i4 #bj1 #big2 ii4 #hb-e ,*>tres ,s*ools3 ,classics ! /udy (1 i4 #bih2 ii4 #aai ,fulb]t's "w at1 i4 #bif-g1 #bii ,gramm> z /udi$ at1 ii4 #abi-cj ,m$ic9e /udi$ at1 ii4 #cgb ,orleans ! rival (1 ii4 #aai n4 #b ,trivium & quadrivium at1 i4 #bih-i2 ii4 #afc m5tion$1 i4 #bhg1 #bic ,*>treuse1 ,la ,gr&e1 f\nd+ (1 i4 #chd 7,see also ,c>?usian7 ,*auc]1 ii4 #ie ,*ild]ic1 ,k+1 i4 #aai1 #abb ,*ivalry3 ,lit]ature (3 ,ar?urian romances1 see t head+ ,aube 7alba7 poetry1 i4 #ega2 ii4 #cj ,*ansons de ge/e1 i4 #eeh seqq4 ,nature (1 i4 #bj ,pa/orelle1 i4 #ega ,pieti/ic ideal recogniz$ 91 ii4 #bhh1 #ecc ,poems ( v>i\s nations cit$1 i4 #egj n4 ,religi\s phraseology 9 love poems1 i4 #cej n4 #b ,romans d'av5ture1 i4 #efd-e1 #ega n4 #b ,?ree bran*es (1 i4 #eeh ,nature (1 i4 #ebb1 #egj n4 ,ord] (1 evolution (1 i4 #ebd seqq4 7,see also ,knigh?ood7 ,*rti5 de ,troies1 romances by1 i4 #eff-g2 ,tri/an1 i4 #efg2 ,p]ceval1 i4 #efg1 #ehh-i2 ,erec 7,g]a9t71 i4 #efg1 #ehf2 ii4 #bi n42 ,lancelot or ,le ,conte de la *>rette1 i4 #efg1 #efi-gj1 #ehb-e2 ,cligs1 i4 #efg1 #ehf n4 #b2 ,iva91 i4 #ega n4 #b1 #ehf n4 #c2 ii4 #bi n42 translation ( ,ovid's ,ars amatoria1 i4 #egd ,*ri/ianity3 ,appropriation (1 by m$iaeval peoples1 /ages 91 i4 #ag-ah ,aqu9as' ,summa z conc]n+1 ii4 #cbd ,art1 91 see ,art ,atonem5t doctr9e1 ,anselm's views on1 i4 #bgi ,basis (1 ii4 #bfh ,brita91 91 i4 #aga-b ,buddhism contra/$ )1 i4 #cij ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 see ,*ur* ,complet5ess ( s*eme (1 ii4 #cid-e ,duali/ic elem5t 91 i4 #ei ,elev5? c5tury1 position 91 i4 #af ,emotional elem5ts 93 ,fe>1 i4 #ajc1 #cci1 #cdb1 #chc ,hate1 i4 #ccb1 #cci ,love1 i4 #cca1 #cde ,syn!tic treatm5t (1 i4 #ccc ,emotionaliz+ (1 angels z reg>d$ 91 i4 #cdh n4 #d ,et]nal puni%m5t doctr9e (1 i4 #fe1 #cci1 #dhf ,fai? (1 see ,fai? ,feudalism 9 relation to1 i4 #ebd1 #ebg-i & n4 #b1 #ecj ,fif? c5tury1 position 91 i4 #ae ,gallo-,roman1 i4 #aia-b ,g]man language affect$ by1 i4 #bjb ,greek ,fa!rs' contribution to1 i4 #e ,greek philosophic admixture 91 i4 #cc-d ,hell-fe> 91 i4 #ajc1 #cci1 #cdb1 #chc ,hymns1 see t head+ ,ideal v4 actual1 i4 #ced-e ,inc>nation doctr9e (1 ii4 #cfi ,iri% mission>ies (1 see "u ,iri% ,lat9 z modifi$ = expression (1 ii4 #aeb1 #aed1 #aef1 #afd1 #aga ,m>riage z reg>d$ by1 ii4 #h1 #ebi ,m>tyrs =1 see ,m>tyrs ,m$iaeval developm5t 9 relation to1 i4 #aa1 #agj ,m$iation doctr9e (1 i4 #ed1 #ei-fj ,militant "* (1 9 e>ly c5turies1 i4 #fi-gj1 #ge ,miracles1 attitude t[>d1 i4 #ej-a ,mona/icism1 see t head+ ,neo-,platonism comp>$ )1 i4 #ea ,pagan e?ics inconsi/5t )1 i4 #ff ,pessimism (1 t[>d mortal life1 i4 #fd ,sa9ts1 see t head+ ,salvation3 ,ma/] motive1 z1 i4 #ei1 #fa1 #gi1 #hi ,s*ola/icism's ma9 int]e/1 z1 ii4 #bif-g1 #cjj1 #caa ,/&>d ( discrim9ation1 z1 ii4 #ecj1 #ecc1 #eei ,scriptures1 see t head+ ,teutonic acceptance (1 see "u ,teutons ,tr9ity doctr9e (3 ,abael>d's works on1 ii4 #aj1 #bih-i1 #ceb-c1 #cee ,aqu9as on1 ii4 #ddi-ej1 #def ,bonav5tura on1 ii4 #daf-ag ,dante's vision1 ii4 #eea ,pet] ,lomb>d's ,book on1 ii4 #cbc ,roscell9 on1 ii4 #cdj ,v]nacul> pres5tation (1 ii4 #bba ,visions1 see t head+ ,*ronicles1 m$iaeval1 ii4 #age ,*ryso/om1 i4 #ec ,*ur*1 ,roman ,ca?olic3 ,au?ority (1 ,duns' views on1 ii4 #eaf ,bi%ops1 see t head+ ,briti% ,*ur*'s div]g5cies f1 #aga-b ,canon ,law1 see t head+ ,*>lemagne's relations )1 i4 #bja1 #bci2 ii4 #bgc ,classical /udy z reg>d$ by1 i4 #bfj2 ii4 #aaj seqq41 #cif-g ,cl]gy1 see t head+ ,confession doctr9e (1 i4 #dhi ,con/ant9e's relations )1 ii4 #bff ,creation (1 i4 #aa1 #fh1 #hf-g ,decretals1 etc41 see "u ,canon ,law ,d5unciations (1 i4 #dgd-e2 ii4 #cd-e ,diocesan organization (1 among ,g]mans1 i4 #aif ,doctr9al lit]ature (1 i4 #fh-gj ,duns' attitude t[>ds1 ii4 #eac ,ea/ & ,we/1 solid>ity ( developm5t (1 i4 #ee ,empire's relations )1 see "u ,papacy ,et]nal puni%m5t doctr9e (1 i4 #fe1 #cci1 #dhf2 ii4 #eej ,eu*>i/ic controv]sy1 see t head+ ,fa!rs ( !1 see ,greek ?\ght1 patri/ic2 ,lat9 ,fa!rs2 & *iefly ,patri/ic ?\ght ,feudalism z affect$ by1 i4 #ebd1 #ebg-i & n4 #b1 #ecj ,feudalism z affect+1 i4 #bdd1 #dgc ,franki%1 see "u ,franks ,gallo-,roman1 i4 #aia-b1 #aid ,hildeg>d's visions reg>d+1 i4 #deg ,intol]ance (1 see subhead+ ,p]secutions ,inve/iture controv]sy1 see "u ,bi%ops ,iri% ,*ur*'s relations )1 i4 #agb-d & n4 #a ,isidore's treatise on liturgical practices (1 i4 #ajf ,knights' v[ ( ob$i5ce to1 i4 #ecj ,mass1 !3 ,alleluia *ant & ,sequ5ce-hymn1 ii4 #aif1 #bja seqq4 ,symbolism (1 ii4 #gg-h ,nic5e ,cre$1 i4 #fi ,papacy1 ,popes1 see ^? head+s ,pas*al controv]sy1 see ,eu*>i/ic ,p5ance doctr9e (1 i4 #aja1 #aie ,p]secutions by1 i4 #cci2 ( ,albig5ses1 i4 #cff-g1 #dfa1 #dha1 #egb2 ii4 #afh2 ( ,jews1 i4 #aah1 #ccb2 ( ,montani/s1 i4 #ccb ,popes1 see t head+ ,pr$e/9ation1 attitude t[>d1 i4 #bbh ,prop]ty (1 enactm5ts reg>d+1 ii4 #bff ,rationali/s 91 i4 #cje ,re=ms 9 7#aa? c5t471 i4 #cjd ,roman law =1 ii4 #bfe & n4 #b ,sacram5ts3 ,def9ition ( ! ^w1 ii4 #gb & n4 #a ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor on1 ii4 #fd1 #ff1 #fh-i1 #ga1 #gb-d1 #ij n4 #b ,orig9 (1 ,bonav5tura on1 ii4 #daa-ac ,pagan analogy )1 i4 #ec1 #ei-fj ,secul>ization ( dignities (1 i4 #dgb ,simony 91 i4 #bdd1 #dge ,spa91 91 see "u ,spa9 ,/&>ds set by1 ii4 #ebh-i ,suspects to1 e/imate (1 ii4 #ecb ,synod ( ,aix 7#hag71 i4 #cei ,!odosian ,code z conc]n+1 ii4 #bff-g & n4 #a ,transub/antiation doctr9e (1 i4 #bbf-bbg 8,truce ( ,god0 promulgat$ by1 i4 #ebi n4 #b ,*ur*es3 ,build+ (1 symbolism 91 ii4 #gh-hb ,d$ication (1 sequ5ce design$ =1 ii4 #baj-aa ,cic]o1 i4 #bf n4 #c1 #ci1 #gh1 #bai ,c9o1 ii4 #bfd ,ci/]cian ,ord]3 ,*>ta *>itatis1 i4 #cfa-c ,clairvaux f\nd$1 i4 #cic ,cluniac controv]sies )1 i4 #cfj ,citeaux mona/]y3 ,b]n>d at1 i4 #cfj1 #cic ,f\ndation & rise (1 i4 #cfj-c ,cities & t[ns3 ,gr[? (1 9 #ab? c5t41 i4 #cje2 ii4 #cgi-hj ,italian1 see "u ,italy ,cities 7civitates7 ( ,roman prov9ces1 i4 #bi-cj ,clairvaux 7,cl>a ,vallis73 ,f\nd+ (1 i4 #cfj1 #cic ,position (1 i4 #cfb ,/4 ,b]n>d's love (1 i4 #dja-b ,classics1 see ,lat9 classics ,claudius1 ,bp4 ( ,tur91 i4 #bae1 #bca-b & n4 #a ,claudius1 ,emp41 i4 #cj ,clem5t ,,ii41 ,pope1 i4 #bdc ,clem5t ,,iv41 ,pope1 ii4 #dhi-ia ,clem5t ,v41 ,pope1 ,decretales ,clem5t9ae (1 ii4 #bgb ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ii4 #fd ,cl]gy3 ,accusations aga9/1 false1 p5alty =1 ii4 #bff ,legal /atus (1 ii4 #chb ,regul>1 see ,mona/icism ,secul>3 ,concub9age (1 i4 #bdd ,francis ( ,assisi's attitude t[>d1 i4 #dcj1 #ddj ,m>riage (1 i4 #dgb n4 #a ,re=ms (1 i4 #cei ,/&>d ( conduct =1 i4 #dga2 ii4 #ebi ,t]m1 scope (1 i4 #cef ,cl]val1 ,abb1 cit$1 i4 #cjj n4 #a ,clop9el1 ,jean1 see ,de ,meun ,clovis 7,*lod[eg71 i4 #aad1 #aag1 #aai-ba1 #abb1 #ach1 #aic-d2 ii4 #bde ,cluny mona/]y3 ,abael>d at1 ii4 #be1 #bf1 #cde ,*>act]i/ics (1 i4 #cei-fj ,mona/ic re=ms accompli%$ by1 i4 #bic1 #cjd ,cologne1 i4 #bi1 #ca ,columba1 ,/41 ( ,iona1 i4 #acc-g1 #agc ,columbanus1 ,/41 ( ,luxeuil & ,bobbio1 i4 #f1 #acc1 #agd-i1 #aif2 ,life & works (1 #agd n4 #b ,combat1 trial by1 i4 #bcb ,comm5t>ies1 m$iaeval3 ,bo?ius'1 i4 #ic ,exc]pts z *>act]i/ic (1 i4 #ajd ,g5]al addiction to1 ii4 #cij1 #eec n4 #d ,orig9als supplant$ by1 ii4 #cij ,raban's1 i4 #bbb-c ,comp5ds3 ,f\rte5? c5tury use (1 ii4 #ebc ,m$iaeval pref]5ce =1 i4 #id ,m$ical1 9 ,italy1 i4 #bea ,sa9ts' lives1 ( 7,leg5da aurea71 ii4 #ahd ,conrad1 ,duke ( ,franconia1 i4 #bda ,conrad ,,ii41 ,emp41 i4 #bdc ,con/ant9e1 ,emp41 ii4 #bff2 8,donation0 (1 ii4 #ce1 #bfe1 #bgj ,con/ant9us ,africanus1 i4 #bea & n42 ii4 #cgb ,cordova1 i4 #be ,cornelius ,nepos1 i4 #be ,cornificiani1 ii4 #acb1 #cgc ,cosmogony3 ,aqu9as' !ory (1 ii4 #def ,m$iaeval allegoriz+ (1 ii4 #fe seqq4 ,patri/ic attitude t[>d1 i4 #gb-d ,cosmology1 ,alan's1 9 ,anticlaudianus1 ii4 #cgg ,cremona1 i4 #bd ,cross1 ,*ri/ian3 ,magic safegu>d1 z1 i4 #bid-e ,m$iaeval feel+ =1 ii4 #aig ,crusades3 ,con/ant9ople1 capture (1 z affect+ ,we/]n le>n+1 ii4 #cia ,fir/3 ,*ansons conc]n+1 i4 #ecg-h ,"* (1 i4 #ece-g ,guib]t's acc\nt (1 ii4 #age ,hymn conc]n+1 quot$1 i4 #cdi & n4 ,italians little conc]n$ 91 ii4 #ahi ,jo9ville's acc\nt (1 quot$1 i4 #edf-i ,language (1 i4 #eca ,results (1 i4 #cje ,second1 i4 #cid ,_s (1 i4 #ece-g ,cu*ula91 i4 #abi & nn4 #b1 #c ,cynewulf's ,*ri/1 i4 #ahc ,cyprian quot$1 i4 #ccg n4 ,cyril ( ,alex&ria1 i4 #bbg ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 i4 #ec ,da ,romano1 ,alb]ic1 i4 #eae-af ,da ,romano1 ,eccel9o1 i4 #eje-f1 #eaf ,dacia1 ,visigo?s 91 i4 #aab ,damiani1 ,/4 ,pet]1 ,c>d4 ,bp4 ( ,o/ia1 c>e] (1 i4 #bfb-d2 attitude (1 to ! classics1 i4 #bfj2 ii4 #aab1 #afe2 on ! h]mit life1 i4 #cfi-gj2 on te>s1 i4 #cga & n42 extract illu/rat+ ,lat9 /yle (1 ii4 #afe & n4 #c2 works (1 i4 #bfc n4 #a2 writ+s quot$1 i4 #bfc-g2 ,lib] ,gomorrhianus1 i4 #bfe1 #dgd2 ,vita ,romualdi1 i4 #cgb seqq42 biography ( ,dom9icus ,loricatus1 i4 #cha-b2 ,de p>5telae gradibus1 ii4 #beb2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #ag1 #ai1 #bj1 #bfj1 #cdc1 #cde1 #cia2 ii4 #cd ,damianus1 i4 #bfb1 #bfe ,danes1 i4 #adb1 #aec ,dante1 e/imate (1 ii4 #ecd-e2 s*ol>%ip (1 ii4 #eda n4 #b2 possess$ by _s ( allegory1 ii4 #eeb-e2 comp>$ ) ,aqu9as & influ5c$ by him1 ii4 #eda n4 #b1 #edg1 #edi1 #eea1 #eee2 comp>$ ) ,bonav5tura1 ii4 #edg2 attitude to ,beatrice1 ii4 #eee-h2 on love1 ii4 #eee-f2 on mon>*y1 ii4 #bgh2 ,de mon>*ia1 ii4 #ece2 ,de vulg>i eloqu5tia1 ii4 #bai1 #ecf2 ,vita nuova1 ii4 #eef1 #eei2 ,convito1 ii4 #ecg-h1 #eec2 ,div9a ,comm$ia1 i4 #ab n42 ii4 #hf1 #ii n4 #a1 #ajc1 #bai2 comm5t>ies on ?is "w1 ii4 #eec-d2 e/imate ( x1 ii4 #ech1 #edj-a1 #edd1 #eec-d2 ,inf]no cit$1 ii4 #db1 #eda-c1 #ede-g2 ,purgatorio cit$1 ii4 #ece1 #edb-c1 #edh-i1 #eed1 #eeh2 ,p>adiso cit$1 i4 #cie2 ii4 #edb-c1 #edi-ea1 #eeh ,d>es ! ,phrygian1 ii4 #aaf & n4 #c1 #bbd-e & nn41 #bbf-g ,de bello et excidio urbis ,com5sis1 ii4 #ahi-ij ,de ,boron1 ,rob]t1 i4 #efg ,de casu ,diaboli1 i4 #bgi ,de consolatione philosophiae1 see "u ,bo?ius ,de ,lorris1 ,guillaume1 ,roman de la rose by1 i4 #ehf-g2 ii4 #ajc & n4 #a1 #ajd ,de ,meun1 ,jean 7,clop9el71 ,roman de la rose by1 ii4 #ajc & n4 #a1 #ajd1 #bbc ,d5is1 ,/41 i4 #bcj ,d]mot 7,di>maid1 ,di>muid71 ,high-,k+ ( ,irel&1 i4 #acb-c1 #ace1 #acf ,desid]ius1 ,bp4 ( ,vi5ne1 i4 #ii ,desid]ius1 ,pope1 i4 #bec1 #bfc ,devil1 !3 ,m$iaeval beliefs & /ories z to1 i4 #dhg seqq4 ,romuald's conflicts )1 i4 #cgd1 #cgi-hj ,dialectic 7,see also ,logic73 ,abael>d's skill 91 ii4 #aah1 #aai1 #cde-f1 #cec2 8 subjection ( dogma to1 ii4 #cjd2 8 ,dialectica1 ii4 #cdf & nn41 #cdi-ej ,*>tres /udy (1 i4 #bih ,duns ,scotus' ma/]y (1 ii4 #eaj1 #ead ,gramm> p5etrat$ by1 ii4 #abg seqq4 ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor on1 ii4 #fg ,raban's view (1 i4 #bbb ,?irte5? c5tury /udy (1 ii4 #aah-bj ,di>maid 7,di>muid71 see ,d]mot ,dictam51 ii4 #aba1 #abi1 #cha ,dictys ! ,cretan1 ii4 #bbd1 #bbe & n4 #a ,dies irae1 i4 #cdh ,dionysius ! ,areopagite1 ii4 #aj1 #ajb1 #cdd ,div9a ,comm$ia1 see "u ,dante ,div9ation1 ii4 #cgd ,dom9ic1 ,/41 i4 #cff-g1 #dig2 ii4 #cif ,dom9ican ,ord]3 ,ari/otelianism (1 ii4 #djd ,f\nd+ (1 i4 #cff2 ii4 #cif ,gr[? (1 i4 #dih2 ii4 #cih ,object (1 ii4 #cif ,ox=d ,univ]sity1 at1 ii4 #chg ,papacy1 relations )1 ii4 #cih1 #eji ,p>is ,univ]sity1 position 91 ii4 #chf1 #cii ,dom9icus ,loricatus1 i4 #bfc1 #cha-c ,donatus1 i4 #ga1 #big2 ,ars m9or & ,b>b>ismus (1 ii4 #abc-d ,donizo ( ,canossa1 ii4 #ahi & n4 #b ,druids3 ,gallic1 i4 #bh1 #bif ,iri%1 i4 #acc ,du ,guescl91 ,b]tr&1 ,con/able ( ,france1 i4 #eed-f1 #eeg n4 ,duns ,scotus1 education (1 ii4 #eaa2 c>e] (1 ii4 #eac2 e/imate (1 ii4 #eac2 intricacy ( /yle (1 ii4 #eaj1 #ead1 #eaf n4 #b2 on logic1 ii4 #ejd n4 #b2 ,occam's attitude t[>d1 ii4 #eah seqq42 editions ( works (1 ii4 #eaa n4 #a2 e/imate ( 8 "w1 ii4 #eji-aj1 #ead ,dun/an1 ,/41 ,abp4 ( ,cant]bury1 i4 #cbc-d ,dur&us1 ,guilelmus1 ,rationale div9orum (ficiorum (1 ii4 #gf seqq4 ,eadm]1 i4 #bfi1 #bgc1 #bgg ,ea/]n ,empire3 ,franki% relations )1 i4 #abc ,huns' relations )1 i4 #aab-ac ,norse m]c5>ies (1 i4 #aec ,o/rogo?s' relations )1 i4 #aad ,roman re/oration by1 i4 #aae ,ebro91 i4 #bji ,eckb]t1 ,abbot ( ,s*nau1 i4 #ddd ,ec/asy3 ,b]n>d's views on1 ii4 #cfh ,examples (1 i4 #ddd1 #ddf ,eddas1 ii4 #bbj ,education3 ,c>ol+ian p]iod1 91 i4 #bac-ad1 #bah-ai1 #bbb1 #bcf2 ii4 #aaj1 #abb1 #aeh1 #ccb ,*>tres me?od (1 ii4 #acj-a ,gramm> a *ief /udy 91 ii4 #abb seqq41 #cca-b ,italy1 91 see "u ,italy ,lat9 culture ! means & me?od (1 i4 #ab2 ii4 #aji ,s*ools1 cl]ical & mona/ic1 i4 #bej n4 #b1 #bic ,s*ools1 lay1 i4 #bdi-ea ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts1 see t head+ ,%ort5+ ( academic c\rse1 advocates (1 ii4 #acb1 #cgc ,edw>d ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,engl&1 i4 #eea ,edw>d ,,iii41 ,k+ ( ,engl&1 i4 #eej-a ,edw>d ! ,black ,pr9ce1 i4 #eed-f ,e9h>d ! ,frank1 i4 #bcd n4 #a2 ,life ( ,*>lemagne by1 i4 #bae2 ii4 #aeh-i ,ekkeh>t family1 i4 #cji ,ekkeh>t ( ,/4 ,gall1 ,walt>ius 7,wal?>ili$7 by1 ii4 #ahh ,el-,f>abi1 ii4 #cij ,elev5? c5tury3 ,*>act]i/ics (1 i4 #cja2 9 ,france1 i4 #cja1 #cjd1 #cbh2 9 ,g]many1 i4 #cjg-i2 9 ,engl&1 i4 #cbd2 9 ,italy1 i4 #cbg ,*ri/ianity 91 position (1 i4 #af ,elias1 ,m9i/]-,g5]al ( ! ,m9orites1 i4 #dii ,elizabe?1 ,/41 ( ,hung>y1 i4 #cia1 #dfe n4 #a ,elizabe?1 ,/41 ( ,s*nau1 visions (1 i4 #ddd-f ,emotional developm5t1 secul>1 i4 #cdi-ej & n4 #b ,empire1 !1 see ,holy ,roman ,empire ,encyclopa$ias1 m$iaeval1 ii4 #caf n4 #b2 ,v9c5t's ,speculum majus1 ii4 #cae-bb ,eneas1 ii4 #bbe1 #bbf ,engelb]t1 ,abp4 ( ,cologne1 i4 #dha-f2 e/imate (1 i4 #dhb ,engl& 7,see also ,brita973 ,dani% ,vik+ invasion (1 i4 #aec ,elev5? c5tury conditions 91 i4 #cbd ,law 91 pr9ciples (1 i4 #ada-b2 ,roman law almo/ non-exi/5t 9 ,middle ,ages1 ii4 #bdh ,norman conque/ (1 l+ui/ic result (1 i4 #cbd ,engli% language1 "* (1 i4 #cbd ,epicureanism1 i4 #da1 #gj2 ii4 #bif1 #cab ,eriug5a1 ,john ,scotus1 e/imate (1 i4 #bae1 #bbh-i1 #bca2 ii4 #ccj2 on reason v4 au?ority1 ii4 #bih1 #cjb2 works (1 /udi$ at ,*>tres1 i4 #bii2 ,de divisione naturae1 i4 #bcj-a2 ii4 #cjb2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #af2 ii4 #bhb n41 #cab ,ess5es1 i4 #ccd ,e!lb]t1 ,k+ ( ,k5t1 i4 #ahj-a ,etymologies ( ,isidore1 i4 #cc1 #aje & n4 #a1 #ajg-i2 ii4 #cah2 law codes gloss$ f1 ii4 #bej ,eu*>i/ic 7,pas*al7 controv]sy3 ,b]5g>'s contribution to1 i4 #cjb-c ,pas*asius' contribution to1 i4 #bbe-g ,eu*]ius1 ,bp4 ( ,lyons1 ii4 #dh n4 #a ,euclid1 i4 #dj ,eudemus ( ,rhodes1 i4 #ch ,eunapius1 i4 #dg1 #eb ,euric1 ,k+ ( ! ,visigo?s1 i4 #aag & n4 #a ,eusebius1 i4 #ha n4 #b ,evil or s93 ,abael>d's views conc]n+1 ii4 #cej ,eriug5a's views conc]n+1 i4 #bbh ,orig9al s91 realism 9 relation to1 ii4 #cdj n4 ,pet] ,lomb>d & ,aqu9as contra/$ z to1 ii4 #cjh-aj ,exp]im5tal sci5ce1 ,bacon on1 ii4 #ejb-h ,fabliaux1 i4 #eba n4 #b2 ii4 #bbb ,facts1 unlimit$ actuality (1 i4 #gi-hj ,fai?3 ,abael>d's def9ition (1 ii4 #ced ,bacon's views on1 ii4 #ejg ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux's attitude t[>d1 ii4 #cee ,c>itas 9 relation to1 ii4 #dgi-ha ,cognition ?r\gh1 ,aqu9as' views on1 ii4 #ddf ,occam's views on1 ii4 #eai ,pro( ( matt]s (1 ,aqu9as on1 ii4 #dej ,w z function+ 91 ii4 #dgi ,false ,decretals1 i4 #ajd n41 #aah n4 #a ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* 7,see also ,patri/ic ?\ght73 ,greek1 see ,greek ?\ght1 patri/ic ,lat91 see ,lat9 ,fa!rs ,fau/us1 ii4 #dd ,felix1 ,/41 i4 #hf ,feudalism 7,see also ,knigh?ood73 ,an>*y (1 modification (1 i4 #cjd ,au/rasian dis9tegration by1 i4 #bdj ,*ansons reg>d+1 i4 #eei seqq41 #efi ,*ri/ianity 9 relation to1 i4 #ebd1 #ebg-i & n4 #b1 #ecj ,*ur* affect$ by1 i4 #bdd1 #dgc ,italy n greatly "u1 i4 #bda ,m>riage z affect$ by1 i4 #ega1 #ehf ,obligations (1 i4 #ecc-d ,orig9 (1 #ebb-c ,pr9ciple & practice (1 at v>iance1 i4 #ebb ,fibonacci1 ,leon>do1 ii4 #eja ,f9nian1 i4 #acf ,flam5ca1 i4 #efe ,flore et ,blan*efleur1 i4 #efe ,florus1 ,deacon1 ( ,lyons1 i4 #bbi & n4 ,fonte ,avellana h]mitage1 i4 #bfb-c1 #cha ,=ms1 new1 creation (1 see ,m$iaeval ?\ght--,re/atem5t ,=tunatus1 ,hymns by1 ii4 #aif-g ,f\rte5? c5tury3 ,academic decad5ce 91 ii4 #ebc ,papal position 91 ii4 #eji-aj ,france 7,= p>ticul> di/ricts1 t[ns1 etc41 see _! names73 ,antique1 !1 9 relation to1 be=e ,middle ,ages1 i4 #i-aj ,ar?urian romances develop$ 91 i4 #eff ,ca!drals (1 ii4 #eci1 #eed-e ,*ur* 91 secul>ization (1 i4 #dgb-c ,elev5? c5tury conditions 91 i4 #cja1 #cjd1 #cbh ,hi/ory (1 9 #aa? c5tury1 i4 #cjj ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w>1 i4 #eej seqq4 ,jacqu]ie 9 7#aceh71 i4 #eef ,language modifications 91 ii4 #aee ,lit]>y celebrities 9 7#ab? c5t471 ii4 #afh ,mon>*y (1 advance (1 i4 #cje ,nor? & ,s\?1 *>act]i/ics (1 i4 #cbh ,rise (1 9 #ad? c5tury1 ii4 #eji ,t[n-dwell]s (1 i4 #die1 #ejh ,francis1 ,/41 ( ,assisi1 bir? (1 i4 #dae2 p>5tage1 i4 #dai2 y\?1 i4 #dbj-c2 brea* ) 8 fa!r1 i4 #dbc-d2 mona/ic c>e]1 i4 #dbg seqq42 ,fr5* songs sung by1 i4 #dai & n4 #b1 #dbg1 #dcb2 ,lives (1 i4 #dae n42 /yle ( ,?omas ( ,celano's ,life1 ii4 #ahb-c2 ,speculum p]fectionis1 i4 #dae n41 #daf n41 #dch n4 #c2 ii4 #ahc2 lit]al acceptance ( ,scripture by1 i4 #cfe1 #djf-g2 on ,scripture int]pretation1 i4 #dbg n4 #a2 ii4 #ahc2 univ]sality ( outlook1 i4 #dag2 m$iaevalism1 i4 #dag2 ,*ri/-influ5ce1 i4 #dag1 #dah1 #dcb-c2 inspiration1 i4 #dai n4 #a1 #dda2 gaiety ( _s1 i4 #dba1 #dbg-h1 #dca-b2 poetic temp]am5t1 i4 #dbb1 #dce2 love ( ,god1 man1 & nature1 i4 #cff1 #dbh1 #dcb-c1 #dce-g2 simplicity1 i4 #dbi2 ob$i5ce & humility1 i4 #cfe n41 #dbi-cj2 humanism1 i4 #die2 ,/4 ,b]n>d comp>$ )1 i4 #dae-af2 ,/4 ,dom9ic contra/$ )1 ii4 #cif2 ,fioretti1 ii4 #ahd2 ,canticle ( ,bro!r ,sun1 i4 #dcc-d1 #dci-dj2 la/ te/am5t (1 i4 #ddj-a2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #bj1 #ba1 #bgi1 #cdd1 #cde1 #cee-f2 ii4 #cjb ,franciscan ,ord]3 ,attractiv5ess (1 i4 #dih ,augu/9ianism (1 ii4 #djd ,bacon's relations )1 ii4 #dhf1 #dhh1 #dij-a ,*>act]i/ics (1 i4 #cff ,f\nd+ (1 i4 #dbg2 ii4 #cif ,grossete/e's relations1 ii4 #dhg1 #eaa ,object (1 ii4 #cif ,ox=d ,univ]sity1 at1 ii4 #chg1 #djj ,papacy1 relations )1 ii4 #cih1 #eji ,p>is ,univ]sity1 91 ii4 #chf1 #cii ,rise (1 ii4 #cih ,franconia1 i4 #bda ,franks 7,see also ,g]mans73 ,*ri/ianity z accept$ by1 i4 #aic ,*ur* among3 ,bi%ops1 position (1 i4 #aid & nn41 #aih1 #bja n4 ,*>lemagne's relations )1 i4 #bja1 #bci2 ii4 #bgc ,clovis1 "u1 i4 #aid ,l&s held by1 i4 #aid1 #aii-bjj2 immunities (1 i4 #bja & n4 ,organization (1 i4 #aii ,re=m (1 by ,boniface1 i4 #aif2 ii4 #bgc ,roman "* (1 i4 #bja ,division ( ! k+dom a cu/om (1 i4 #bch-i ,gallo-,roman relations )1 i4 #abc ,language (1 i4 #ade n4 #b ,law (1 ii4 #bde-f ,missi dom9ici1 i4 #baa ,ripu>ian1 i4 #aai1 #aba2 ii4 #bdf ,romaniz+ (1 p>tial1 i4 #i-aj ,salian1 i4 #aac1 #aai2 ,code1 ii4 #bde-f ,s>ac5s defeat$ by1 i4 #bji-aj n4 #a ,trojan orig9 (1 belief z to1 ii4 #bbe & n4 #a ,fr$]ic1 ,c\nt ( ,is5burg1 i4 #dhc-f ,fr$]ick ,i4 7,b>b>ossa71 ,emp41 i4 #ddh ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 ,emp41 "u ,innoc5t's gu>dian%ip1 ii4 #cb-c2 cr[n$1 ii4 #cc2 e/imate (1 i4 #dig2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #bej n4 #d1 #dag1 #dha1 #eje1 #eaj1 #eag ,free1 mean+ ( t]m1 i4 #ebf n4 #c ,free ,companies1 i4 #eef ,free w3 ,angelic1 ii4 #dgc ,duns ,scotus on1 ii4 #eae ,human1 ii4 #dge ,ri*>d ( ,middleton on1 ii4 #eab ,freidank1 i4 #dge2 ii4 #ce ,frescoes1 i4 #cdf-g ,fri5d%ip1 *ivalric1 i4 #efa-b1 #efi-gj1 #ehc ,frisians1 i4 #afi1 #agd2 mission>y "w among1 i4 #aig1 #bjj1 #bji ,froiss>t1 ,sir ,john1 ,*ronicles (1 i4 #edi seqq42 e/imate ( ! "w1 i4 #eeg ,fr\mund ( ,teg]nsee1 i4 #cab-ac2 ii4 #aaj ,fulb]t1 ,bp4 ( ,*>tres1 i4 #bhg1 #bif-g1 #bii ,fulb]t1 ,canon1 ii4 #d-f1 #i ,fulco1 ,bp4 ( ,t\l\se1 i4 #dfa ,fulda mona/]y1 i4 #aih1 #bba n4 #b ,fulk ( ,anj\1 ii4 #ach ,gaius1 ,in/itutes (1 ii4 #bda1 #bdc ,galahad1 i4 #efi-gj1 #ehc1 #ehd & n4 #b ,gal5 ( ,p]gamos1 i4 #dj1 #bea ,gall1 ,/41 i4 #f1 #agh1 #aif ,gallo-,romans3 ,feudal sy/em among1 i4 #ebc ,franki% rule ov]1 i4 #abj1 #abc ,lit]ature (1 i4 #abf n4 #b ,g&]%eim cloi/]1 i4 #caa ,gaul 7,= p>ticul> di/ricts1 t[ns1 etc41 see _! names73 ,celtic inhabitants (1 i4 #abe & n41 #abf-g1 #abi n4 #a ,druidism 91 i4 #bh1 #bif ,e?nology (1 i4 #abf ,hea!nism 91 late survival (1 i4 #aia n4 #a ,lat9ization (1 i4 #i-aj1 #bi-cb ,visigo?ic k+dom 9 s\? (1 i4 #aab1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aba ,gauls1 *>act]i/ics & cu/oms (1 i4 #bg-h ,ge(frey ( ,beaulieu1 ,life ( ,/4 ,l\is by1 i4 #eci-db ,gepidae1 i4 #aac1 #aae ,g]aldus1 ,/41 i4 #bha ,g]>d1 bro!r ( ,/4 ,b]n>d1 i4 #djb-d ,g]b]t ( ,aurillac1 see ,sylve/] ,,ii4 ,g]man language3 ,*ri/ianity z affect+1 i4 #bjb ,high & ,l[1 sep>ation (1 i4 #ade n4 #b ,middle ,high ,g]man lit]ature1 ii4 #afh1 #bba ,old ,high ,g]man poetry1 ii4 #aid1 #bbj ,g]mans 7,saxons7 7,see also ,franks73 ,*>act]i/ics (1 i4 #ach-dj1 #adg1 #aea-b ,language (1 see ,g]man language ,lat9 z /udi$ by1 i4 #cjg-i2 ii4 #abc1 #aee ,lit]ature (1 ii4 #bbj-a 7,see also subhead+ ,poetry7 ,m>riage z reg>d$ by1 ii4 #cj ,nationalism (1 9 #ac? c5t41 ii4 #bh ,poetry (3 ,hildebr&sli$1 i4 #ade-g ,kudrun 7,gudrun71 i4 #adh1 #adi-eb2 ii4 #bbj ,nibelung5li$1 i4 #ade-f1 #adh-i1 #aeb1 #aic1 #bjc n4 #b2 ii4 #bbj ,walt>ius1 i4 #adg & n41 #adh o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #aac1 #aae1 #aai1 #agd1 #bji1 #baj ,g]many3 ,antique1 !1 9 relation to1 be=e ,middle ,ages1 i4 #aj-aa ,art 9 7#aa? c5t471 i4 #cab ,*ur* 91 secul>ization (1 i4 #dgb ,italy contra/$ )1 z to culture1 i4 #bdi-ej ,m]ov+ian supremacy 91 i4 #aba ,papacy z reg>d$ by1 ii4 #bh1 #cc1 #cd-e ,sequ5ce-composition 91 ii4 #bae ,g]trude ( ,hackeborn1 ,abbess1 i4 #dff ,gilb]t de la ,porre1 ,bp4 ( ,poicti]s1 ii4 #acb1 #cgb ,gildu91 ,abbot ( ,/4 ,victor1 ii4 #fb & n4 #b ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 ii4 #ace & n4 ,gir>d1 ,bro41 ( ,mod5a1 i4 #dih ,glab]1 ,radulphus1 ,hi/ories (1 i4 #dhh n4 ,glass-pa9t+1 ii4 #hb-f ,gno/icism1 i4 #ea n4 #a ,gno/ics1 ,eriug5a comp>$ )1 i4 #bca & n4 #a ,godeh>d1 ,bp4 ( ,hilde%eim1 i4 #cab ,godfrey ( ,b\illon1 i4 #ece-h ,godfrey ( ,vit]bo1 ii4 #aij & n4 #d ,gondebaud1 ,k+ ( ! ,burgundians1 ii4 #bdb ,good & ! true comp>$1 ii4 #dda1 #eab ,go?s 7,see also ,visigo?s73 ,*ri/ianity (1 i4 #aib1 #aid ,roman ,empire invad$ by1 i4 #aaa seqq4 ,gottfri$ von ,/rassburg1 i4 #efg2 ii4 #bbc2 ,tri/an (1 i4 #egg-hb ,gotts*alk1 i4 #bae1 #bba n4 #b1 #bbd-e1 #bbg-h2 v]ses by1 ii4 #aig-i ,gov]nm5t3 ,*ur* v4 ,/ate controv]sy1 ii4 #bgf-g 7,see also ,papacy--,empire7 ,ecclesia/ical1 see ,canon ,law ,mon>*ical1 ii4 #bgg-h ,natural law 9 relation to1 ii4 #bgh-i ,repres5tative assemblies1 ii4 #bgh ,grace1 ,aqu9as' def9ition (1 ii4 #dgh-i ,grail1 !1 i4 #ehi1 #eif-g1 #fjg1 #fjh1 #fac ,gramm>3 ,*>tres /udies 91 i4 #bih2 ii4 #abi-cj ,curr5t usage foll[$ by1 ii4 #afc & n4 #a ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor on1 ii4 #fg ,importance & pr$om9ance (1 9 ,middle ,ages1 i4 #aji & n41 #bib2 ii4 #cca-b ,italian /udy (1 ii4 #abi1 #cha ,language cont9uity pres]v$ by1 ii4 #abb-c1 #aea1 #aee ,law /udies 9 relation to1 ii4 #aba ,logic 9 relation to1 ii4 #abg seqq41 #ccc-d2 9 ,abael>d's "w1 ii4 #cdf ,raban's view (1 i4 #bbb ,s*ola/ic classification (1 ii4 #cac ,syntax1 connotation ( t]m1 ii4 #abe ,works on--,donatus1 ,priscian1 ,alex&]1 ii4 #abc seqq4 ,gramm>ian1 mean+ ( t]m1 i4 #bej ,gratianus1 ,decretum (1 ii4 #bfh-i1 #bgj-a1 #cjf1 #chj-b2 dicta1 ii4 #bga ,greek classics1 see ,greek ?\ght1 pagan ,greek language3 ,ox=d /udies 91 ii4 #abj1 #cia1 #dhg ,translations f1 direct1 9 #ac? c5t41 ii4 #cia ,greek leg5ds1 m$iaeval allegoriz+ (1 ii4 #eb1 #ef-i ,greek novels1 ii4 #bbd & n4 ,greek ?\ght1 pagan3 ,bacon's attitude t[>d1 ii4 #dib-c ,bread? ( int]e/ (1 ii4 #aji ,*ri/ian /&po9t contra/$ )1 i4 #cij2 ii4 #bie-f ,*ur* ,fa!rs p]meat$ by1 i4 #cc-d ,complet5ess ( s*emes pres5t$ by1 ii4 #cid ,limitless1 !1 abhorr5t to1 i4 #cec-d ,love z reg>d$ by1 i4 #ege ,metaphysics 91 ii4 #cce-g ,s*ola/icism contra/$ )1 ii4 #bif ,summa moralium philosophorum1 ii4 #cgc ,symbolism 91 ii4 #db1 #ef ,transmutation (1 ?r\gh ,lat9 m$ium1 i4 #d ,greek ?\ght1 patri/ic 7,see also ,patri/ic ?\ght73 ,comp>ison (1 ) ,lat91 i4 #fh ,pagan philosophic ?\ght contra/$ )1 ii4 #bie-f ,symbolism 91 ii4 #dc ,transmutation (1 ?r\gh ,lat9 m$ium1 i4 #e1 #cd & n4 ,gregorianus1 ii4 #bdj1 #bdc ,gregory1 ,bp4 ( ,t\rs1 i4 #aba2 ,hi/oria ,francorum by1 i4 #bcd n4 #b2 ii4 #aee ,gregory ,i4 7! ,great71 ,pope1 family & education (1 i4 #ig2 ,augu/9e ( ,hippo comp>$ )1 i4 #ih-i2 ,augu/9ianism b>b>iz$ by1 i4 #ih1 #ajb2 s5ds mission to ,engl&1 i4 #f1 #cc1 #ahj-a & n4 #a2 e/imate (1 i4 #ef1 #hi1 #ajb-c1 #cdb2 e/imate ( 8 writ+s1 i4 #ced2 on miracles1 i4 #ajj1 #ahb2 on secul> /udies1 ii4 #bhh2 lett] to ,!octi/a cit$1 i4 #ajb n4 #a2 editions ( works (1 i4 #ig n42 works (1 translat$ by ,k+ ,alfr$1 i4 #ahg2 ,dialogues on ! ,lives & ,miracles ( ! ,italian ,sa9ts1 i4 #he & n4 #b1 #ajj2 ,moralia1 i4 #ig1 #ajj2 ii4 #eg2 ,odo's epitome ( ?is "w1 ii4 #afa2 ,comm5t>y on ,k+s1 i4 #ajj n4 #a2 ,pa/oral ,rule1 i4 #ajb1 #ahg-h2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #af & n4 #d1 #fe1 #hg1 #ajd1 #aaf ,gregory ,,ii41 ,pope1 i4 #aig-h2 ii4 #bgc ,gregory ,,iii41 ,pope1 i4 #aih2 ii4 #bgc ,gregory ,,vii41 ,pope 7,hildebr&71 claims (1 i4 #bdd-e2 ii4 #bgd2 relations ) ,damiani1 i4 #bfc2 exile (1 i4 #bdd1 #bec2 e/imate (1 i4 #bfa2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #ag1 #agd n4 #a1 #bdc1 #cjd ,gregory ,,ix41 ,pope1 codification by1 ( ,canon law1 ii4 #bgb2 ef=ts (1 to improve education ( ! ,*ur*1 ii4 #cih2 m5tion$1 i4 #dgf2 ii4 #cc ,gregory ( ,nyssa1 i4 #ec1 #hj1 #hg1 #cdj ,grossete/e1 ,rob]t1 ,*ancellor ( ,ox=d ,univ]sity & ,bp4 ( ,l9coln1 ,greek /udies promot$ by1 ii4 #abj1 #cia1 #dhg2 e/imate (1 ii4 #eaa-ab2 ,augu/9ianism (1 ii4 #djc-d2 attitude t[>d ! classics1 ii4 #abj1 #chi2 relations ) ,franciscan ,ord]1 ii4 #dhg1 #eaa2 ,bacon's relations )1 ii4 #dhg ,gudrun 7,kudrun71 i4 #adh1 #adi-eb2 ii4 #bbj ,guigo1 ,prior1 e/imate (1 i4 #cij-a2 relations ) ,/4 ,b]n>d1 i4 #dje2 ,consuetud9es ,c>?usiae by1 i4 #chd2 ,m$itationes (1 i4 #che-ij ,gu9ev]e1 i4 #efi1 #ehd & n4 #a1 #ehe ,guiot de ,prov5s1 8,bible0 (1 i4 #dge-f & n4 #a ,guisc>d1 ,rob]t1 ii4 #ahi n4 #b ,gumpoldus1 ,bp4 ( ,mantua1 ,life ( ,w5ceslaus by1 ii4 #afb n4 #a ,gundissal9us1 ,ar*deacon ( ,segovia1 ii4 #cab & n4 #d1 #cac ,gun!r1 ,ligur9us (1 ii4 #aib & n4 #d ,gunzo ( ,nov>a1 i4 #beg-h ,h>d+1 ,/eph51 ,abbot ( ,citeaux1 i4 #cfj1 #cfa1 #cic ,h>old ,fairhair1 i4 #aec ,h>tmann von ,aue1 i4 #cdh-i & n41 #efg2 ii4 #bi n4 ,h>un al ,ras*id1 ,caliph1 i4 #baj ,he9ri* von ,veldeke1 i4 #efg2 ii4 #bi n4 ,heli&1 i4 #bjc & nn41 #cjh ,helias1 ,c\nt ( ,ma9e1 ii4 #ach ,hell3 ,dante's descriptions (1 ii4 #edf-g ,fe> (1 i4 #ajc1 #cci1 #cdb1 #chc ,visions (1 i4 #ded-e1 #def n4 ,helose1 ,abael>d's love =1 ii4 #d-e1 #cdd2 8 love-songs to1 ii4 #ac1 #bjg2 love (1 = ,abael>d1 i4 #ehe2 ii4 #c1 #e1 #h1 #i1 #ae-af2 bir? ( ,a/ralabius1 ii4 #f2 opposes m>riage ) ,abael>d1 ii4 #f-i2 m>riage1 ii4 #i2 at ,arg5teuil1 ii4 #i1 #aj2 takes ! veil1 ii4 #aj2 at ! ,p>aclete1 ii4 #aj seqq42 lett]s (1 to ,abael>d quot$1 ii4 #aa-ae1 #ag-bj1 #bc1 #bd2 ,abael>d's lett]s to1 quot$1 ii4 #af-ag1 #ba-c1 #bd-e2 ,pet] ! ,v5]able's lett]1 ii4 #be-g2 lett] (1 to ,pet] ! ,v5]able1 ii4 #bg2 dea? (1 ii4 #bg2 intellectual capacity (1 ii4 #c ,h5ry ! ,f[l]1 i4 #bda ,h5ry ,,ii41 ,emp41 i4 #bdc2 dirge on dea? (1 ii4 #baf ,h5ry ,,iv41 ,emp41 i4 #bdd2 ii4 #afg ,h5ry ,,vi41 ,emp41 ii4 #cb1 #aij ,h5ry ,i41 ,k+ ( ,engl&1 ii4 #aci1 #adf1 #agf-h ,h5ry ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,engl&1 ii4 #acc1 #ace1 #cgb ,h5ry ( ,brabant1 ii4 #cia ,h5ry ( ,gh5t1 ii4 #eab ,h5ry ( ,hunt+ton cit$1 i4 #ebe ,h5ry ( ,septimella1 ii4 #aij & n4 #c ,h]etics 7,= p>ticul> sects1 see _! names73 ,abael>d's views on co]cion (1 ii4 #cej1 #ced ,insignificance (1 9 relation to m$iaeval ?\ght1 ii4 #bhc & n4 ,!odosian enactm5ts aga9/1 ii4 #bff ,twelf? c5tury1 91 i4 #cje ,h]lu91 ,abbot ( ,bec1 i4 #bga ,h]mann1 ,l&graf ( ,?r+51 i4 #ehi2 ii4 #bi ,h]mann ,contractus1 i4 #cad-ae & n4 #a ,h]mits3 ,iri%1 i4 #acc ,motives (1 i4 #cce1 #cfc ,temp] (1 i4 #cfh seqq4 ,h]mog5ianus1 ii4 #bdj1 #bdc ,h]odotus1 i4 #gg ,hesse1 ,boniface's "w 91 i4 #aig-h ,hil>ion1 ,/41 i4 #hf ,hil>y1 ,bp4 ( ,poicti]s1 i4 #fc1 #fh1 #gj ,hildeb]t ( ,lav>d91 ,bp4 ( ,le ,mans & ,abp4 ( ,t\rs1 c>e] (1 ii4 #acg-dj2 love ( ! classics1 ii4 #ada-b1 #adf1 #eca2 lett]s (1 quot$1 ii4 #adj1 #adc1 #add-e1 #adf-g2 ,lat9 text ( lett]1 ii4 #agb2 ,lat9 elegy by1 ii4 #aia2 o!rwise m5tion$1 ii4 #fa1 #acd1 #cgc n4 #b ,hildebr&1 see ,gregory ,,vii4 ,hildebr&sli$1 ii4 #bbj ,hildeg>d1 ,/41 ,abbess ( ,b+51 d$ication (1 i4 #ddg2 visions (1 i4 #bfg1 #ddi-ei2 aff9ity (1 ) ,dante1 ii4 #eci2 correspond5ce (1 i4 #ddh2 works (1 i4 #ddf n42 ,book ( ! ,rew>ds ( ,life1 i4 #deb-f2 ,scivias1 i4 #deg-i2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #bj1 #cde1 #ddc2 ii4 #cjb1 #cfe ,hilde%eim1 bi%ops ( 7#aa? c5t471 i4 #cab ,hildu91 ,abbot1 i4 #bcj ,h9cm>1 i4 #bae1 #bcj1 #bcc n4 #a ,hipp>*us1 i4 #dj ,hippocrates1 i4 #dj ,hi/ory3 ,c>ol+ian treatm5t (1 i4 #bcd-e ,classical attitude t[>d1 i4 #gg-h ,elev5? c5tury treatm5t (1 i4 #cjj ,hi/oria trip>tita ( ,cassiodorus1 i4 #if-g ,patri/ic attitude t[>d1 i4 #hj-d ,sev5 ,books ( ,hi/ories adv]sum paganos by ,orosius1 i4 #hb-c ,holy ,roman ,empire3 ,burgundy add$ to1 i4 #bdc n4 #a ,g]man "* (1 ii4 #cb ,papacy1 relations )1 see "u ,papacy ,ref\nd+ (1 by ,otto1 i4 #bdc ,rise (1 "u ,*>lemagne1 i4 #bab ,honorius ,,ii41 ,pope1 i4 #eca ,honorius ,,iii41 ,pope1 i4 #cff1 #dhb1 #dig2 ii4 #cc1 #che n41 #cih ,honorius ( ,autun--on classical /udy1 ii4 #aaj1 #aab-ac2 ,speculum ecclesiae (1 ii4 #ej seqq42 ,gemma animae1 ii4 #gg n4 #a ,hosius1 ,bp4 ( ,cordova1 i4 #aah n4 #a ,hospitall]s1 i4 #eca ,hrotsvi?a1 i4 #caa & n4 #b1 ii4 #bae n4 #b ,huesca 7,osca71 i4 #be ,hugh1 ,abbot ( ,cluny1 ii4 #acg ,hugh ,capet1 i4 #bci-dj & n4 ,hugh ! ,great1 ,c\nt ( ,p>is1 i4 #bda ,hugh ( ,payns1 i4 #eca ,hugo1 ,ar*deacon ( ,halb]/adt1 ii4 #fb ,hugo1 ,bro41 ( ,montpelli]1 i4 #eaj-ad ,hugo1 ,k+1 i4 #bdb ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor1 e/imate (1 ii4 #fc1 #aaa1 #aah1 #cja1 #cef2 allegoriz+ by1 ii4 #cfg2 on classical /udy1 ii4 #aaj-aa2 on logic1 ii4 #ccc2 pupils (1 ii4 #hg2 works (1 ii4 #fa n4 #b2 ,didascalicon1 ii4 #dh n4 #b1 #fc1 #aaa1 #cab1 #ceg & nn4 #b-e2 ,de sacram5tis ,*ri/ianae fidei1 ii4 #dh n4 #b1 #fd seqq41 #cfe1 #cie1 #edj2 ,expositio 9 regulam beati ,augu/9i1 ii4 #fb n4 #b2 ,de arca ,no morali1 ii4 #ge n41 #cfe-g2 ,de arca ,no my/ica1 ii4 #cfg2 ,de vanitate mundi1 ii4 #ge n41 #aaa-ab2 ,summa s5t5ti>um1 ii4 #cef2 ,s]mons on ,ecclesia/es1 ii4 #ceh-i2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #ag1 #bj1 #deg2 ii4 #djd ,humani/s1 ii4 #abf ,humiliati ( ,lomb>dy1 i4 #cfe ,hung>ians1 i4 #bda-b ,huns1 i4 #aab1 #aai1 #aic ,huon de ,bordeaux1 i4 #efd ,hy 7,iona7 ,isl&1 i4 #acf1 #agc ,hymns1 ,*ri/ian3 ,abael>d1 by1 ii4 #be1 #bjg-i ,e/imate (1 i4 #ba ,evolution (1 i4 #cdg-i & n42 ii4 #aif1 #bjj seqq4 ,hildeg>d's visions reg>d+1 i4 #dei ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor1 by1 ii4 #hf seqq4 ,sequ5ces1 developm5t (1 ii4 #aif1 #bja-f2 ,adam ( ,/4 ,victor's1 ii4 #bji-ae ,iamblicus1 i4 #db1 #dg1 #ea1 #ef-g2 ii4 #bie ,icel&1 ,norse settlem5t 91 i4 #aec ,icel&]s1 *>act]i/ics & cu/oms (1 i4 #aed ,icel&ic ,sagas1 see ,sagas ,ideal v4 actual1 i4 #cec seqq4 ,innoc5t ,,ii41 ,pope1 i4 #cid2 ii4 #aj ,innoc5t ,,iii41 ,pope1 i4 #dag1 #dha1 #dig2 ii4 #cb1 #bgd1 #chd1 #cih ,innoc5t ,,iv41 ,pope1 i4 #ejf ,intellectus ag5s1 ii4 #dfd1 #ejg n4 #b ,iona 7,hy7 ,isl&1 i4 #acf1 #agc ,irel&3 ,celts 91 see ,iri% ,*ur* (1 mission>y zeal (1 i4 #acc1 #acf1 #agb seqq4 ,dani% settlem5ts 91 i4 #aec ,mona/]ies 91 i4 #aec n4 #a1 #agc ,norse invasion (1 i4 #acd ,s*ol>%ip 91 i4 #ahj n41 #ahd-e ,ir5aeus1 ,bp4 ( ,lyons1 i4 #bbe ,iri%3 ,art (1 i4 #abh n4 #a ,*>act]i/ics (1 i4 #abh1 #acj1 #acc1 #agi ,hi/ory (1 i4 #abg & n4 ,influ5ce (1 on m$iaeval feel+1 i4 #agi & n4 ,lit]ature (1 i4 #abh & n4 #b1 #abi seqq41 #acd2 poetry1 ii4 #aid ,mission>y lab\rs (1 i4 #acc1 #acf1 #agb seqq42 defect (1 i4 #agi1 #aif ,norse h>ry+s (1 i4 #acc-d2 int]c\rse )1 i4 #aeb n4 #c ,ox=d ,univ]sity1 at1 ii4 #chg ,irn]ius1 ii4 #aba1 #bfj1 #chj-a2 ,summa codicis (1 ii4 #bee-i ,irrationality 7,see also ,miracles73 ,neo-,platonic tea*+ z to1 i4 #db-d1 #dh1 #eb ,patri/ic doctr9e z to1 i4 #ea-c ,isabella1 ,que51 wife ( ,edw>d ,,ii41 i4 #eej-a ,isidore1 ,abp4 ( ,seville1 e/imate (1 i4 #hi1 #ajc1 #aah n4 #a2 ,b$e comp>$ )1 i4 #ahe-g2 ,false ,decretals attribut$ to1 i4 #aah n4 #a2 ii4 #bgj1 #bgc2 works (1 i4 #ajd-i2 ,etymologiae1 see ,etymologies ( ,isidore2 ,orig9es1 i4 #bcf1 #cjj2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #f1 #hh2 ii4 #df1 #cab ,italian p 9 relation to ! antique1 i4 #g-h ,italy 7,= p>ticul> di/ricts1 t[ns1 etc41 see _! names73 ,celtic inroads into 7#crd c5t4 ,b4,c471 i4 #bd ,*ur* 91 secul>ization (1 i4 #dgb ,cities 93 ,cont9uity (1 ?r\gh d>k ages1 i4 #bdh1 #did-e2 ii4 #cha ,fight+ among/1 i4 #dig-h ,importance (1 i4 #bda1 #cbf1 #did-e ,cont9uity ( culture & "* 91 i4 #cbf1 #die2 ii4 #abj-b ,dante z influ5c$ by1 ii4 #ecd-e ,education 9--lay1 p]si/5ce (1 i4 #bdi-ea2 cl]ical & mona/ic1 i4 #bej n4 #b ,elev5?-c5tury conditions 91 i4 #cbg ,feudalism n widely fix$ 91 i4 #bda ,feuds 91 i4 #eae-af ,gramm> z /udi$ 91 i4 #bej & n4 #b2 ii4 #abi ,iri% mona/]ies f\nd$ 91 i4 #agd ,lit]ature (1 m$iaeval1 lack ( orig9ality 91 ii4 #ahi2 elev5?-c5tury v]se1 i4 #bea seqq42 ii4 #afe n4 #a1 #ahf ,lomb>d k+dom ( 7#f? c5t471 i4 #aae-af ,m$ic9e /udi$ 91 i4 #bej & n4 #d1 #bea2 ii4 #aba ,unification (1 "u ,rome1 i4 #bc ,jacobus ,vorag9e1 ,leg5da aurea by1 ii4 #ahd ,jacques de ,vitry1 ,bp4 & ,c>d4 ( ,tusculum1 i4 #dfa & n42 ,exempla (1 i4 #dhh n41 #dij ,j]ome1 ,/41 e/imate (1 i4 #cdd1 #ced2 lett] (1 on asceticism1 i4 #cce & n4 #a2 love ( ! classics1 ii4 #ajg1 #aab1 #eca2 modification by1 ( classical ,lat91 ii4 #aeb1 #aga2 two /yles (1 ii4 #aga & n4 #d2 ,life ( ,paulus by1 i4 #hd1 #hf2 ,life ( ,hil>ion1 i4 #hf2 ,contra ,vigilantium1 i4 #hf2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #ef1 #ge1 #gf1 #ajd ,j]ome ( ,ascoli 7,pope ,ni*olas ,,iv471 ii4 #dia ,jews3 ,agob>d's tracts aga9/1 i4 #bcb-c ,gregory ! ,great's attitude t[>d1 i4 #ajb ,l\is ,,ix4's attitude t[>d1 i4 #ede ,p]secution (1 i4 #aah1 #ccb ,joa*im1 ,abbot ( ,flora1 ,evangelicum et]num (1 #ejb n41 #eaj1 #eab-ac1 #eag ,john1 ,bro41 ( ,vic5za1 i4 #ejc-d ,john ,x41 ,pope1 i4 #bdb ,john ,,xi41 ,pope1 i4 #bdb ,john ,,xii41 ,pope1 i4 #bdc2 ii4 #afj-a ,john ,,xiii41 ,pope1 i4 #bhb ,john ,,xxii41 ,pope1 ,decretales extravaganes (1 ii4 #bgb ,john ( ,damascus1 ii4 #dci n4 #a ,john ( ,fidanza1 see ,bonav5tura ,john ( ,p>ma1 ,m9i/]-,g5]al ( ,franciscans1 i4 #ejg1 #ejh1 #eaj-aa ,john ( ,salisbury1 e/imate (1 ii4 #aah1 #cgc-d2 ,*>tres /udies describ$ by1 ii4 #acj-b2 attitude (1 to ! classics1 ii4 #aad1 #afd1 #agc1 #eca2 ,lat9 /yle (1 ii4 #agc-d2 ,polycraticus1 ii4 #aad-ae1 #agd-e2 ,metalogicus1 ii4 #agc-d2 ,en!ticus1 ii4 #aib2 ,de septem sept5is1 ii4 #cge ,john ! ,deacon1 ,*ronicon ,v5etum by1 i4 #cbe-f ,jo9ville1 ,sire de1 ,hi/ories ( ,/4 ,l\is by1 i4 #eci1 #edb-i ,jordanes1 comp5d ( ,go?ic hi/ory by1 i4 #id ,jordanes ( ,osnabrck cit$1 ii4 #bgf n4 #b ,joseph ( ,exet]1 ii4 #bbe n4 #b ,jotsaldus1 ,life ( ,odilo by1 i4 #bie-f ,judaism1 emotional elem5ts 91 i4 #cca-b ,julianus1 ,epitome (1 ii4 #bdb1 #bdi1 #bed ,jumiges cloi/]1 ii4 #bja ,jurisprud5ce 7,see also ,roman law73 ,irn]ius an expon5t (1 ii4 #bef1 #bei ,m$iaeval r5aissance (1 ii4 #bfe ,roman law1 91 beg9n+s (1 ii4 #bcb ,ju/9ian1 ,codex1 ,in/itutes1 ,novellae (1 see "u ,roman law2 ,dige/ (1 see ,roman law--,p&ects ,jutes1 i4 #adj ,jutta1 i4 #ddg ,keat+ quot$1 i4 #acf ,kilw>dby1 ,ri*>d1 ,abp4 ( ,cant]bury1 ,de ortu et divisione philosophiae (1 ii4 #cac ,kilw>dby1 ,rob]t1 ii4 #abh ,knigh?ood1 ord] (3 ,admission to1 p]sons eligible =1 i4 #ebg ,code (1 i4 #ebd ,hospitall]s1 i4 #eca ,inve/iture c]emony1 i4 #ebe-h ,love ! s]vice (1 i4 #efh1 #egc ,templ>s1 i4 #eca-e ,virtues & ideals (1 i4 #ebi-ca1 #efg-h ,k3 ,cogitation1 m$itation1 contemplation 7,hugo's s*eme71 ii4 #ceh seqq4 ,=ms & modes (1 ,aqu9as on--div9e1 ii4 #dea-e2 angelic1 ii4 #dei-fb2 human1 ii4 #dfc seqq4 ,grades (1 ,aqu9as on1 ii4 #dfa1 #dfg ,primacy (1 ov] w ma9ta9$ by ,aqu9as1 ii4 #ddj-a ,la ,f]t ,mona/]y1 i4 #cfb ,lamb]t ( ,h]sfeld1 ,annals (1 i4 #cac2 ii4 #afg ,lamb]tus ,audom>5sis1 ,lib] ,floridus (1 ii4 #caf n4 #b ,lancelot ( ! ,lake1 i4 #efg1 #efi-gj1 #ehb-e2 ,old ,fr5* prose v]sion (1 i4 #ehc seqq4 ,l& t5ure1 feudal1 i4 #ebc-d ,lanfranc1 ,primate ( ,engl&1 i4 #agd n4 #a1 #bfa n41 #bgc ,langue d'oc1 ii4 #bbb1 #bdh ,langue d'oil1 ii4 #bbb1 #bdh ,langu$oc1 *ivalric society ( 7#aa? & #ab? c5turies71 i4 #egb ,lat9 classics3 ,abael>d's ref]5ce to1 ii4 #cec ,alex&rian antec$5ts ( ! v]se1 ii4 #aeb n4 #a ,artificial "* ( ! prose1 ii4 #aea n4 ,bread? ( int]e/ (1 ii4 #aji ,*>act]i/ics (1 ii4 #aec ,*>tres a home (1 i4 #bih2 ii4 #aai ,common elem5ts 91 ii4 #adi1 #aeg ,dante's attitude t[>d1 ii4 #eda1 #edd2 8 quotations f1 ii4 #edc n4 #a ,ecclesia/ical attitude t[>d1 i4 #bfj2 ii4 #aaj seqq41 #cif-g ,famili>ity )1 ( ,damiani1 i4 #bfj2 ii4 #afe2 ,g]b]t1 i4 #bhg-h2 ii4 #aaj2 ,john ( ,salisbury1 ii4 #aad1 #afd1 #agc1 #eca2 ,b]n>d ( ,*>tres1 ii4 #acb-c2 ,pet] ( ,blois1 ii4 #acc-d2 ,hildeb]t1 ii4 #ada-b1 #adf1 #eca ,k-/oreh\ses = ! ,middle ,ages1 z1 ii4 #ajh ,ma/]y (1 complete1 z affect+ m$iaeval writ+s1 ii4 #afd ,rev]5tial attitude ( m$iaevals t[>d1 ii4 #ajg-i ,scripture /udy z aid$ by /udy (1 ii4 #aaj1 #aab1 #abj ,sugge/ions ( new ideas f1 = ,nor!rn peoples1 ii4 #acf ,!mes (1 9 v]nacul> poetry1 ii4 #bbc seqq4 ,twelf?-c5tury /udy (1 ii4 #aag-ah ,lat9 ,fa!rs 7,see also _! names & ,patri/ic ?\ght73 ,comp>ison (1 ) ,greek1 i4 #fh ,/yle & diction (1 ii4 #aej1 #aeb seqq4 ,symbolism 91 ii4 #dc-f ,transmutation by1 ( ,greek ?\ght1 i4 #e1 #cd & n4 ,lat9 language3 ,brita91 position 91 i4 #aj1 #cb ,*ildr5's lett]s 91 ii4 #abc n4 ,*ri/ianity z modify+1 ii4 #aeb1 #aed1 #aef1 #afd1 #aga ,cont9uity (1 pres]v$ by univ]sal /udy ( gramm>1 ii4 #abb-c1 #aea1 #aee 8,cornificiani0 9 reg>d to1 ii4 #acb1 #cgc ,educational m$ium z1 ii4 #aji ,g5ius (1 susceptible ( *ange1 ii4 #adi ,g]man acquisition (1 i4 #aj1 #cb1 #cjg-h1 #cac2 ii4 #abc1 #aee ,gramm> (1 see ,gramm> ,m$iaeval modifications 91 ii4 #abe1 #afd ,patri/ic modifications (1 ii4 #aej1 #aeb seqq42 ,j]ome's1 ii4 #aeb1 #aga ,spell+ (1 m$iaeval1 i4 #bai ,sph]e (1 ii4 #bai-bj ,supremacy ( 7dur+ ,roman conque/ p]iod71 i4 #d1 #bc-d & n4 #a1 #be1 #cj-a ,translations f1 scanty nature (1 ii4 #cca n4 #b ,translations into1 difficulties (1 ii4 #dih ,univ]sality (1 z language ( s*ol>s1 ii4 #bai1 #cca n4 #b ,v]nacul>1 developm5ts (1 ii4 #aea ,vitality (1 9 relation to v]nacul> tongues1 ii4 #bai ,lat9 prose1 m$iaeval3 ,antec$5ts (1 ii4 #aea seqq4 ,be/ p]iod (1 ii4 #afg-h ,bulk (1 ii4 #aeg n4 ,c>ol+ian1 ii4 #aeh-fj ,*>act]i/ics (1 ii4 #aef ,e/imation (1 difficulties (1 ii4 #aeg & n4 ,influ5ces ^u1 summ>y (1 ii4 #aef ,prolixity & inconsequ5ce (1 ii4 #aed ,range (1 ii4 #aed ,simplicity ( ^w-ord] 91 ii4 #afc n4 #a ,/ages ( developm5t (1 ii4 #aeg seqq4 ,/yle 91 beg9n+s (1 ii4 #afd ,/ylelessness (1 9 ,c>ol+ian p]iod1 ii4 #aeh-fj ,?irte5?-c5tury /yles1 ii4 #agi ,value (1 z express+ ! m$iaeval m9d1 ii4 #aef1 #afd ,lat9 v]se1 m$iaeval3 ,acc5tual & rhym+ compositions1 ii4 #aid2 two k9ds (1 ii4 #aif ,antec$5ts (1 ii4 #ahg n4 #a ,c>m9a ,burana 7,goli>dic poetry71 ii4 #bjc1 #bag-ai & n4 ,developm5t (1 /ages 91 ii4 #ahg ,leon9e hexamet]s1 ii4 #aii & n4 #c ,metrical composition1 ii4 #ahg seqq42 elegiac v]se1 ii4 #aij-b & n4 #a2 hexamet]s1 ii4 #aib2 ,sapphics1 ii4 #aib-c & n4 #a ,modi1 ii4 #bae-af ,rhyme1 developm5t (1 ii4 #aie1 #bjf ,law3 ,b>b>ian1 ,lat9 codes (1 ii4 #bdd seqq4 ,b>b>ic conception (1 ii4 #bde1 #bdh-i ,brevi>ium1 see "u ,roman law ,canon1 see ,canon law ,engli%1 pr9ciples (1 i4 #ada-b ,gramm> 9 relation to1 ii4 #aba ,lomb>d codes1 i4 #aae2 ii4 #bdb1 #bdf1 #bdh1 #bec2 ,concordia1 ii4 #bei ,natural3 ,gratian on1 ii4 #bfh-i ,jus g5tium 9 relation to1 ii4 #bcd & n41 #bfh ,occam on1 ii4 #eai ,sacram5ts (1 ii4 #gd & n4 #a ,supremacy (1 ii4 #bfi1 #bgi ,roman1 see ,roman law ,salic1 ii4 #bde-f ,t]ritorial basis (1 i4 #abc2 ii4 #bdg ,tribal basis (1 i4 #abc2 ii4 #bde-g ,visigo?ic codification (1 9 ,spa91 i4 #aah ,le&]1 ,bp4 ( ,seville1 i4 #aah n4 #a ,lgonais1 ,*rti51 ii4 #bcj & n4 #b ,leo1 ,bro!r1 ,speculum p]fectionis by1 ii4 #ahc-d ,leo ,i4 7! ,great71 ,pope1 i4 #aac1 #aaf ,leo ,,ix41 ,pope1 i4 #bdc ,leon1 ,sir ,guy de1 i4 #eeb-c ,leon1 ,sir ,h]v de1 i4 #eeb-c ,le[igild1 i4 #aag n4 #b1 #aah n4 #a ,l]9s mona/]y1 i4 #aie ,lewis1 ,"l1 ( ,spa91 i4 #eeb-c ,lib]al arts1 see ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts ,liutg>d ( ,tong]n1 i4 #dfc-e ,liutpr&1 ,bp4 ( ,cremona i4 #bef-g2 ii4 #afa n4 #a ,liutpr&1 ,k+ ( ,lomb>ds1 i4 #aae-af ,logic 7,see also ,dialectic73 ,alb]tus ,magnus on1 ii4 #cac-ae1 #ejd1 #ejf ,ari/otelian1 m$iaeval appreh5sion (1 ii4 #cbi 7,see also ,ari/otle--,organon7 ,bacon's attitude t[>d1 ii4 #eje ,g]b]t's preoccupation )1 i4 #bhb1 #bhi1 #bib ,gramm> 9 relation to1 ii4 #abg seqq41 #ccc-d2 9 ,abael>d's "w1 ii4 #cdf ,importance (1 9 ,middle ,ages1 i4 #bcf2 ii4 #big ,nature (1 ii4 #ccc2 s*oolm5's views on1 ii4 #cac-ae1 #ccc ,occam's views on1 ii4 #ebb ,patri/ic attitude t[>d1 i4 #ga ,raban's view (1 i4 #bbb ,s*ola/ic classification (1 ii4 #cac seqq4 ,s*ola/ic decay 9 relation to1 ii4 #ebc ,second /age ( m$iaeval developm5t repres5t$ by1 ii4 #ccb-d ,specialisation (1 9 #ab? c5t41 ii4 #aai ,!ology 9 relation to1 ii4 #cdj n41 #cdf ,tw(old int]pretation (1 ii4 #ccc ,univ]sals1 problem (1 ii4 #cci seqq42 ,abael>d's treatm5t (1 ii4 #cdb1 #cdh ,lomb>d1 ,pet]1 e/imate (1 ii4 #cgj2 ,gratian comp>$ )1 ii4 #bgj2 ,bacon's attitude t[>d1 ii4 #dig2 ,books ( ,s5t5ces by1 i4 #ag1 #ah2 ii4 #acd1 #cgj2 me?od ( ! "w1 ii4 #cjf2 ,aqu9as' ,summa contra/$ ) x1 ii4 #cjg-aj2 its classification s*eme1 ii4 #cbb-d2 ,bonav5tura's comm5t>y on x1 ii4 #djh ,lomb>ds3 ,italian k+dom ( 7#f? c5t471 i4 #aae-af ,italian influ5ce on1 i4 #g1 #bdi ,law codes (1 see "u ,law ,l\is ( ,bav>ia1 ,emp41 ii4 #eah ,l\is ,i4 7! ,pi\s71 ,k+ ( ,france1 i4 #bcc1 #bci1 #cei2 false capitul>ies ascrib$ to1 ii4 #bgj ,l\is ,,vi4 7! ,fat71 ,k+ ( ,france1 i4 #cjd-e1 #cid1 #djj2 ii4 #fb2 ,hildeb]t's lett] on encroa*m5ts (1 ii4 #adj1 #agb ,l\is ,,ix4 7! ,sa9t71 ,k+ ( ,france1 ,ge(frey's ,vita (1 i4 #eci-db2 ,jo9ville's ,hi/oire (1 i4 #edb-i2 ,te/am5t (1 i4 #edj n4 #a2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #dgf1 #ejg-i1 #eae ,love1 ,aqu9as on di/+ui%+ def9itions (1 ii4 #dge-f ,love1 *ivalric3 ,antique conception ( love contra/$ )1 i4 #ege ,*ansons de ge/e z conc]n$ )1 i4 #efd ,code (1 by ,&rew ! ,*apla91 i4 #ege-f ,dante's exposition (1 ii4 #eee-f ,e/imate (1 m$iaeval1 i4 #efh1 #egj ,lit]ature (1 see ,*ivalry--,lit]ature ,m>riage 9 relation to1 i4 #ega & n4 #b ,m9neli$] z depict+1 ii4 #cj ,nature (1 i4 #egb-e1 #ehb-g ,/ories exemplify+--,tri/an1 i4 #egg seqq42 ,lancelot1 #ehb seqq4 ,love1 spiritual3 ,aqu9as' discussion (1 ii4 #dgb-c1 #dgf ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux z exemplify+1 i4 #cid seqq4 ,lupus1 ,s]vatus1 ,abbot ( ,f]rires1 i4 #bae2 ii4 #aac ,luxeuil1 i4 #age-g ,lyons3 ,diet ( ! 8,?ree ,gauls0 at1 i4 #cj ,law /udies at1 ii4 #bej ,macrobius1 ,saturnalia (1 ii4 #aaf & n4 #d ,magic1 i4 #df-h2 ii4 #ejj & n4 #a ,majolus1 ,abbot ( ,cluny1 i4 #cei ,mani*aeism1 i4 #di2 ii4 #dd1 #bhc ,manny1 ,sir ,walt]1 i4 #eeb-d ,mapes 7,map71 ,walt]1 i4 #dge1 #efg2 ii4 #bai n4 ,m>ie1 ,c\ntess1 de ,*ampagne1 i4 #eff1 #egc1 #egf ,m>ie de ,france1 i4 #eff1 #efg1 #egc2 ,eliduc by1 i4 #ega n4 #b ,m>9us 7h]mit71 i4 #cgc ,m>ozia1 i4 #bdb ,m>riage3 ,*ri/ian attitude t[>d1 ii4 #h2 ecclesia/ical view1 ii4 #ebi ,feudalism z affect+1 i4 #ega1 #ehf ,g]man view (1 ii4 #cj ,m>silius ( ,padua1 ii4 #bgg n4 #b ,m>t91 ,/41 ( ,t\rs1 i4 #ccd2 ,life (1 i4 #eb & n41 #hd1 #he n4 #b1 #hf ,m>tyrs3 ,m$iaeval view (1 i4 #dhc ,patri/ic attitude t[>d1 i4 #hf ,m>y1 ,/41 ( ,ognies1 i4 #dfb-c2 nature ( visions (1 i4 #dei ,massilia1 i4 #bf ,ma!matics3 ,bacon's views on1 ii4 #dii-ejj ,g]b]t's pr(ici5cy 91 i4 #bhb1 #bhh ,ma!w ,p>is cit$1 ii4 #dhg ,mat!w ( ,v5dome1 ,ars v]sificatoria by1 ii4 #aij & n4 #e ,maurus1 ,rabanus1 see ,rabanus ,mayors ( ! palace1 i4 #bdj ,me*?ild ( ,magdeburg1 i4 #bj1 #cde2 ii4 #cfe2 ,book (1 i4 #dfe & n4 #b-gj ,m$iaeval ?\ght3 ,ab/ractions1 g5ius =1 ii4 #bhj ,*>act]i/ics (1 i4 #ac ,comm5t>ies *>act]i/ic (1 ii4 #cij1 #eec n4 #d ,conflict inh]5t 91 i4 #bb2 ii4 #bic-d ,def]5ce (1 t[>d ! pa/1 i4 #ac2 ii4 #ecd ,emotionaliz+ by1 ( patri/ic ,*ri/ianity1 i4 #cde ,metalogics r ?an metaphysics ! f9al /age (1 ii4 #ccg ,m\ld+ =ces (1 i4 #c1 #e1 #ab2 ii4 #bic-d ,or?odox "* (1 ii4 #bhc & n4 ,political !oriz+1 ii4 #bge seqq4 ,problems (1 orig9s (1 ii4 #bid-e ,re/atem5t & re>rangem5t ( antique matt] ! "w (1 i4 #ac-ae1 #bbd1 #bcg1 #bib1 #cdb2 ii4 #big1 #cbi1 #cda3 ,culm9ation ( ?ird /age 91 ii4 #cid ,emotional trans=mations ( ! antique1 i4 #ah seqq4 ,intellectual trans=mations ( ! antique1 i4 #ad seqq4 ,salvation ! ma9 int]e/ (1 i4 #eh-i1 #ccd2 ii4 #bif-g1 #cjj ,s*ola/icism1 see t head+ ,sup]/itions accept$ by1 i4 #dhg ,symbolism ! great influ5ce 91 ii4 #dc1 #ajb1 #cfe ,?ree /ages (1 ii4 #cbi seqq4 ,ultimate intellectual int]e/s (1 ii4 #bhg seqq4 ,m$ic9e3 ,relics us$ 91 i4 #bii ,smatt]+ (1 includ$ 9 ,arts c\rse1 ii4 #bej ,/udy (--9 ,italy1 i4 #bej & n4 #d1 #bea2 ii4 #chc n4 at ,*>tres1 i4 #bii2 ii4 #cgb ,m5dicant ,ord]s1 see ,dom9ican & ,franciscan ,m]ov+ian ,k+dom3 ,"* (1 i4 #bjh ,*ur* "u1 i4 #aid ,ext5t (1 i4 #baj n4 #c ,g]man conque/s (1 i4 #aba1 #ach ,m]ov+ian p]iod3 ,b>b>ism (1 i4 #i ,cont9uity (1 ) ,c>ol+ian1 i4 #baj-ab ,k+'s law 91 ii4 #bdg ,m]ov+ians1 e/imate (1 i4 #aie ,metaphor di/+ui%$ f allegory1 ii4 #da n4 7,see also ,symbolism7 ,metaphysics3 ,f9al /age ( m$iaeval developm5t repres5t$ by1 ii4 #cce-g ,logic1 m$iaeval1 9 relation to1 ii4 #ccd ,!ology dissociat$ f1 by ,duns1 ii4 #eaj1 #eaf1 #eag ,mi*elangelo quot$1 ii4 #aac ,middle ,ages 7,see also ,m$iaeval ?\ght73 ,beg9n+ (1 i4 #f ,extremes *>act]i/ic (1 i4 #cee ,milan1 lawy]s 91 ii4 #bea n4 #b ,miles1 signification ( ^w1 i4 #ebe-f & n4 #b ,m9neli$]1 ii4 #bh-ca ,m9orites1 i4 #dcj 7,see also ,franciscan ,ord]7 ,miracles 7,see also ,irrationality73 ,devil1 conc]n$ )1 i4 #dhh seqq4 ,no/re ,dame1 ,miracles de1 i4 #dia-b ,patri/ic attitude t[>d1 i4 #he-f1 #ajj1 #ahb ,roman ,empire aid$ by1 belief z to1 ii4 #ecf ,salimb5e's in/ance (1 i4 #eaf ,univ]sal acceptance (1 i4 #gd1 #ahb ,vitae sanctorum 9 reg>d to1 i4 #he & n4 #b ,mi?raism1 i4 #di ,mod5a 7,mut9a71 i4 #bd ,modi1 ii4 #bae-af ,mona/]ies3 ,immunities grant$ to1 i4 #ebc & n4 ,regula (1 mean+ (1 ii4 #fb ,mona/icism 7,= p>ticul> ,mona/]ies1 ,ord]s1 etc41 see _! names73 ,abuses (1 i4 #ceg-h2 ,rigaud's ,regi/] quot$1 i4 #dgg-dha ,b5$ict9e rule3 ,adoption (--9 ,engl&1 i4 #ahd2 among ! ,franks1 i4 #aii1 #bja2 g5]ally1 i4 #ceh ,papal approval (1 i4 #cce ,cassiodorus a pione] 9 lit]>y functions (1 i4 #id ,g5]al m$iaeval view reg>d+1 i4 #dgb2 ii4 #ebi ,ideal v4 actual1 i4 #cee ,irel&1 91 i4 #ace n4 #a ,lam5t ov] deprivations (1 ii4 #bah-ai ,modifications (1 by ,/4 ,francis1 i4 #cff ,motives (1 i4 #ceg ,nature (1 i4 #ccf-g ,nuns1 see ,wom5--mona/ic life ,orig9 (1 i4 #cce ,pagan lit]ature condemn$ by1 i4 #bfj ,popul>ity (1 9 #e? & #f? c5turies1 i4 #aie-f ,pov]ty--( monks1 i4 #cfe2 ( ,ord]s1 i4 #cff1 #dbe1 #dcj ,re=ms (1 i4 #ceh seqq4 ,s*ools1 mona/ic1 9 ,italy1 i4 #bej n4 #b ,sex-relations z reg>d$ by1 i4 #cch ,/udies (1 9 #f? c5t41 i4 #id1 #ie ,subord9ate mona/]ies1 sup]vision (1 i4 #cfa ,uncloi/]$1 see ,dom9ican & ,franciscan ,vita activa accept$ by1 i4 #cfc-f ,vita contemplativa1 see t title ,wom5 vilifi$ by devotees (1 i4 #ced n41 #eba n4 #b1 #ecb1 #ecc2 ii4 #eh ,montani/s1 #ccb ,monte ,cass9o1 i4 #bej n4 #b1 #beb-c ,mont=t1 ,c\ntess (1 i4 #eeb-d ,moori% conque/ ( ,spa91 i4 #i1 #aah ,morimond mona/]y1 i4 #cfb ,mosaics1 i4 #cde-g ,music3 ,ari?metic 9 relation to1 ii4 #bia ,*>tres /udies 91 i4 #bii ,poetry &1 int]action (1 ii4 #aie-f1 #bja-b ,s*ola/ic classification (1 ii4 #cac ,my/icism3 ,hugo's /ra9 (1 ii4 #cfa-c ,nature (1 i4 #ddc n4 #a2 ii4 #cfc & n4 #d ,symbolism z express+1 see ,symbolism ,n>bo1 i4 #bf ,n>bon5sis1 see ,prov9cia ,n>bonne1 law /udies at1 ii4 #bej ,natural hi/ory & sci5ce1 see ,physical sci5ce ,nemor>ius1 ,jordanus1 ii4 #eja ,neo-,platonism3 ,arabian v]sions ( ,ari/otle t\*$ )1 ii4 #chi ,augu/9ian1 i4 #ee2 ii4 #djc ,*ri/ianity comp>$ )1 i4 #ea2 ,patri/ic habit ( m9d comp>$1 ii4 #bie ,ec/asy z reg>d$ by1 i4 #cca ,metaphysics s nam$ by1 ii4 #ccf ,pseudo-,dionysian1 i4 #ed & n4 #a ,t5ets & nature (1 i4 #da-i2 a m$iatorial sy/em1 i4 #ej1 #ed1 #eg-h1 #gj ,tr9ity (1 ii4 #cee ,neu/ria1 i4 #bjj1 #bji1 #bci ,nibelung5li$1 i4 #ade-f1 #adh-i1 #aeb1 #aic1 #bjc n4 #b2 ii4 #bbj ,ni*olas ,,ii41 ,pope1 i4 #bdc n4 #b ,ni*olas ,,iii41 ,pope1 i4 #ejd ,ni*olas ,,iv41 ,pope 7,j]ome ( ,ascoli71 ii4 #dia ,ni*olas1 ,/41 sequ5ce = fe/ival (1 ii4 #bac-ae ,nicolas ( ,damascus1 ii4 #dbg ,nilus1 ,/41 ,abbot ( ,crypta-,f]rata1 i4 #cgd n4 ,ni?>d1 ,c\nt1 i4 #bcd-e ,nom9alism1 i4 #cjc ,norb]t1 ii4 #cdd ,norm&y1 ,norse occupation (1 i4 #aec ,norsem5 7,sc&9avians1 ,vik+s73 ,*>act]i/ics (1 i4 #ach1 #aed-e ,cont95tal & insul> hold+s (1 i4 #aec ,eddic poems (1 i4 #aed-e & n4 #c ,iri% h>ass$ by1 i4 #acc-d2 lat] relations1 i4 #aeb n4 #c ,jumiges cloi/] sack$ by1 ii4 #bja ,metal-work+ among1 i4 #aeb n4 #c ,ravages by1 9 #h? & #i? c5turies1 i4 #aeb-c ,sagas (1 i4 #aee seqq4 ,settl+ d[n (1 i4 #bdj ,notk]1 i4 #cjh-i & n4 #a2 sequ5ces (1 ii4 #bja-b ,numb]s1 symbolic phantasies reg>d+1 i4 #gb & nn4 #a1 #b2 ii4 #di n4 #c ,ob]on1 fairy k+1 i4 #efd & n4 ,occam1 ,william (1 c>e] (1 ii4 #eah2 e/imate ( 8 "w1 ii4 #ebb-c2 attitude t[>d ,duns1 ii4 #eah seqq42 on fai? & reason1 ii4 #eai2 on ,univ]sals1 ii4 #ebj-a ,odilo1 ,abbot ( ,cluny1 i4 #bid-e1 #cei2 ,jotsaldus' biography (1 quot$1 i4 #bie-f ,odo1 ,abbot ( ,cluny1 i4 #cdc & n4 #c1 #cei2 ,epitome by1 ( ,gregory's ,moralia1 i4 #af n4 #d2 ii4 #afa & n4 #b2 ,lat9 /yle ( ,collationes1 ii4 #afa-b ,odo ( ,t\rnai1 ii4 #cdj n4 ,odoac]1 i4 #aad1 #ade ,olaf1 ,/41 i4 #aef1 #afj-a ,olaf ,tryggvason1 ,k+1 i4 #aef1 #afa-b ,old ,fr5*3 ,=mation (1 ii4 #aee ,lat9 z /udi$ by speak]s (1 ii4 #abc ,poetry1 ii4 #bbb1 #bbe seqq4 ,ontology1 see ,metaphysics ,ordeal1 trial by1 i4 #bcb-c & n4 #a ,ord]icus ,vitalis1 i4 #ebe2 ,hi/oria ecclesia/ica by1 ii4 #agf-h ,organon1 see "u ,ari/otle ,orig51 e/imate (1 i4 #ea1 #fb-c2 on ,canticles1 i4 #ccc2 ii4 #cfi2 ,de pr9cipiis1 i4 #fh2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #ec1 #gf1 #hj1 #hg1 #ajd1 #daa2 ii4 #fd ,orleans ,s*ool3 ,classical /udies at1 ii4 #aai n4 #b1 #abg ,law /udies at1 ii4 #bej ,rivalry (1 ) ,*>tres1 ii4 #aai n4 #b ,orosius1 i4 #hb & n4 #a1 #ahh ,o/rogo?s1 i4 #g1 #aac1 #aad-ae1 #abj ,otfrid ! ,frank1 i4 #bjc-d1 #cjh ,o!r _w3 ,iri% beliefs z to1 i4 #aca & n4 #b ,voyages to1 m$iaeval n>ratives (1 i4 #ddd n4 #a ,o?loh1 i4 #cae2 visions (1 i4 #ddc2 ,book conc]n+ ! ,temptations ( a c]ta9 ,monk1 i4 #caf-bc ,otric1 i4 #bhi-ia ,otto ,i4 7! ,great71 ,emp41 i4 #bda-c1 #bef-g1 #cji ,otto ,,ii41 ,emp41 i4 #bdc1 #bhb-c1 #bhi ,otto ,,iii41 ,emp41 i4 #bdc1 #bhc1 #bhd2 ,modus ,ott9c 9 hon\r (1 ii4 #bae-baf ,otto ,,iv4 7( ,brunswick71 ,emp41 i4 #dag2 ii4 #cb-c ,otw91 ,bp4 ( ,hilde%eim1 i4 #cab ,ovid1 ,ars amatoria (1 i4 #egd-e2 m$iaeval allegoriz+ (1 & ( ,metamorphoses1 ii4 #bcj ,ox=d ,univ]sity3 ,*>act]i/ics (1 ii4 #chh-i ,curriculum at1 ii4 #chg-h ,f\ndation (1 ii4 #chj1 #chf-g ,franciscan fame at1 ii4 #djj ,greek /udies at1 ii4 #abj1 #cia1 #dhg ,palladius1 ,bp41 i4 #agb ,p&ects1 see "u ,roman law ,papacy 7,see also ,*ur* & ,popes73 ,asc5dancy (1 ov] prelacy1 i4 #cjd ,"* (1 ii4 #cb ,d5unciations aga9/1 i4 #dge2 ii4 #cd-e1 #bah ,empire's relations )3 ,concordat ( ,worms1 i4 #bde n4 #d ,conflict 7#aa? c5t471 i4 #bdd2 7#ab? c5t471 i4 #bde n4 #d2 ii4 #bgc2 7#ac? c5t471 ii4 #cc1 #cd-e2 7#ad? c5t471 ii4 #eah2 allegory z a weapon 91 ii4 #fj ,recognition ( ecclesia/ical au?ority1 ii4 #bfe-g1 #bgb-c ,re=ms by ,otto ,i41 i4 #bdc ,gregory ,,vii4's claims =1 i4 #bde2 ii4 #bgd ,m5dicant ,ord]s' relations )1 ii4 #cih1 #eji ,nepotism (1 i4 #ejd-e1 #eaa ,s*isms ( popes & anti-popes1 i4 #bfd ,temporal p[] (1 rise (1 i4 #aaf2 claims advanc$1 i4 #bde2 realiz$1 ii4 #bgd1 #bgf-g ,pap9ian cit$1 ii4 #bce ,p>aclete oratory3 ,abael>d at1 ii4 #aj1 #cdd ,helose at1 ii4 #aj seqq4 ,p>adise3 ,dante's ,p>adiso1 see "u ,dante ,hildeg>d's visions (1 i4 #dee-f ,p>is3 ,s*ools3 ,gr[? (1 ii4 #chj ,notre ,dame & ,/4 ,g5evive1 ii4 #chc ,/4 ,victor1 ii4 #fa-c1 #adc1 #chc ,univ]sity3 ,ari/otle prohibit$ at1 ii4 #cia-b ,au?orities on1 ii4 #cha n4 ,bacon at1 ii4 #dhh ,bonav5tura at1 ii4 #djc ,curriculum at1 ii4 #chg-h ,dom9icans & ,franciscans at1 ii4 #cii ,prom95ce (1 9 philosophy & !ology1 ii4 #bhc1 #cgh-i ,rise1 con/itution1 & /ruggles (1 ii4 #aai-bj1 #chc-f ,vik+ sieges (1 i4 #aec ,p>ma1 i4 #dig1 #eje-f ,p>sival3 ,*rti5's v]sion (1 i4 #efg1 #ehh-i ,wolfram's v]sion (1 i4 #ab n41 #ega n4 #b1 #ehi-fac2 ii4 #bi ,pas*al controv]sy1 see ,eu*>i/ic ,pas*asius1 ,radb]tus1 ,abbot ( ,corbie i4 #bae1 #bbe-g ,patrick1 ,/41 i4 #agb-c ,patri/ic ?\ght & doctr9e 7,see also ,greek ?\ght1 patri/ic1 & ,lat9 ,fa!rs73 ,abael>d's attitude t[>d1 ii4 #cje ,a*ievem5t ( expon5ts (1 i4 #hf-g ,bacon's attitude t[>d1 ii4 #dib ,complet5ess ( s*emes pres5t$ by1 ii4 #cid ,emotion z syn!siz$ by1 i4 #cdj-b ,intellectual r ?an emotional1 i4 #cdc-d2 emotionaliz+ (1 by m$iaeval ?9k]s1 i4 #cde ,lat9 m$ium (1 i4 #e ,logic z reg>d$ by1 i4 #ga ,m$iaeval attitude t[>d1 i4 #af ,miracle accept$ by1 i4 #ea-c1 #he-f ,natural k z treat$ by1 i4 #fa seqq41 #gb-c1 #gf-g1 #ii2 ii4 #cic ,pagan philosophy p]meat+ expon5ts (1 i4 #cc-d1 #eh1 #fa ,philosophy z classifi$ by1 ii4 #cab ,re>rangem5t (1 und]tak5 9 ,c>ol+ian p]iod1 i4 #bbd1 #bcg ,symbolism (1 see "u ,symbolism ,paul9us ( ,aquileia1 i4 #bae ,paul9us1 ,/41 ( ,nola1 i4 #hf1 #abf n4 #b ,paulus--on jus1 ii4 #bcg3 ,s5t5tiae (1 ii4 #bdc ,paulus1 ,/41 i4 #hd1 #hf ,paulus ,diaconus1 i4 #bad-ae1 #beb ,pavia1 law s*ool at1 ii4 #bea1 #bei ,p$ro1 ,don1 ( ,ca/ille1 i4 #eed-e ,pelagians1 i4 #bbe ,pelagius1 i4 #agb n4 ,p]ipatetic ,s*ool1 i4 #ch-i 7,see also ,ari/otle7 ,pet]1 ,bro41 ( ,apulia1 i4 #eab-ad ,pet]1 disciple ( ,/4 ,francis1 i4 #dbf ,pet] ,damiani1 see ,damiani ,pet] ( ,blois1 ii4 #acc-d ,pet] ( ,ebulo1 ii4 #aij ,pet] ( ,mah>ncuria1 ii4 #ejb-d ,pet] ( ,pisa1 i4 #bad ,pet] ! ,v5]able1 ,abbot ( ,cluny1 i4 #cfj2 lett] (1 to ,helose1 ii4 #be-g ,petr>*1 ii4 #ahh1 #bai ,petrus ,riga1 ,aurora (1 ii4 #abg ,philip ,,vi41 ,k+ ( ,france1 i4 #eea ,philip ,augu/us1 ,k+ ( ,france1 ii4 #cc ,philip ,hoh5/auff51 ,duke ( ,suabia1 i4 #dha2 ii4 #cb1 #cc ,philo1 i4 #cg1 #bca2 allegoriz+ (1 ii4 #db1 #cfd ,philosophy3 ,division (1 s*emes (1 ii4 #cab seqq4 ,end (3 ,abael>d's & ,hugo's views on1 ii4 #ceb1 #cfa ,john ( ,salisbury on1 ii4 #cge ,philosophy1 antique3 ,div9e s\rce (1 ,bacon's view z to1 ii4 #ejg n4 #b 8,fir/0 7,ari/otelian71 ii4 #cce ,position (1 9 ,roman ,empire 7#crd-#f? c5t471 i4 #cd 7,see also ,greek ?\ght7 ,philosophy1 ,arabian1 ii4 #chi-ij1 #djj-a ,philosophy1 s*ola/ic3 ,complet5ess (1 9 ,aqu9as1 ii4 #cie ,divisions (1 ii4 #cab seqq4 ,importance (1 z intellectual int]e/1 ii4 #bhg-h ,physical sci5ces includ$ 91 see ,physical sci5ce ,!ology z ! end ( 7,abael>d's & ,hugo's view71 ii4 #ceb1 #cfa ,!ology di/+ui%$ f1 ii4 #bhd1 #bhh2 by ,aqu9as1 ii4 #bij1 #caa2 by ,bonav5tura1 ii4 #daj & n42 consid]$ z sup]ior to1 by ,aqu9as1 ii4 #bhi-ij1 #bib2 dom9at$ by 7,bacon's cont5tion71 ii4 #dif2 dissociat$ f1 by ,duns & ,occam1 ii4 #eaj1 #eag1 #eai ,physical sci5ce3 ,alb]tus ,magnus' attitude t[>d1 ii4 #dbc2 8 works on1 ii4 #dbe-i ,bacon's pr$ilection =1 ii4 #dhf-g ,classifications (1 ii4 #cab seqq4 ,exp]im5tal sci5ce or me?od1 ii4 #ejb-h ,m$iaeval attitude t[>d1 i4 #cjj ,ox=d s*ool (1 ii4 #chi ,patri/ic attitude t[>d1 i4 #fc1 #ff-g1 #gb-c1 #gf-g1 #ii2 ii4 #cic ,!ology z subs]v$ by1 ii4 #fg1 #aaa1 #bhi1 #dhf1 #dib1 #dif1 #ejj1 #ecj2 d5ial ( ! !ory--by ,duns1 ii4 #eaj2 by ,occam1 ii4 #eai-bj ,physiologus1 i4 #gf-g & n41 #cjj2 ii4 #hc ,pipp9 ( ,h]i/al1 i4 #bjh-i2 ii4 #aig ,pipp9 ( ,neu/ria1 i4 #aae1 #bjj1 #bji1 #baj & n4 #a2 ii4 #bgc ,pipp91 son ( ,*>lemagne1 ii4 #aig ,plac5tia 7,piac5za71 i4 #bd ,plac5t9us1 ii4 #bfa-b ,plato1 supra-rationalism (1 i4 #db2 allegoriz+ by1 i4 #cf2 ii4 #cfd2 doctr9e ( ideas1 i4 #ce2 ii4 #cci-cdj2 ,aqu9as on ?is doctr9e1 ii4 #dee1 #dfe2 ,augu/9e ( ,hippo z influ5c$ by1 ii4 #djc2 8salvation0 sugge/ion 91 ii4 #bif n4 #b2 ,republic1 i4 #cf2 ,timaeus1 i4 #ce-f1 #bia2 ii4 #fd1 #fi1 #aah1 #cdh1 #cgj1 #cgb1 #cgg ,platonism3 ,alanus' ,anticlaudianus1 91 ii4 #ajj n4 #b ,augu/9ian1 i4 #ee ,nature (1 i4 #ce-f1 #eg1 #ei ,philosophy z classifi$ by1 ii4 #cab ,pl9y ! ,eld]1 ,hi/oria naturalis by1 i4 #ci-dj1 #ge ,plot9us1 e/imate (1 i4 #dc1 #de2 p]sonal aff9ity ( ,augu/9e )1 i4 #ee-g2 philosophic sy/em (1 i4 #db-f1 #ej1 #ea2 ,enneads (1 i4 #ee2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #ej1 #ea2 ii4 #fd ,plut>*1 i4 #dd ,poetry1 m$iaeval3 ,c>m9a ,burana 7,goli>dic poetry71 ii4 #bjc1 #bag-ai & n4 ,*ivalric1 see ,*ivalry--,lit]ature ,hymns1 see t head+ ,italian1 ( #aa? c5t41 i4 #bea seqq42 ii4 #ahf ,lat91 see ,lat9 v]se ,modi1 ii4 #bae-af ,music &1 int]action (1 ii4 #aie-f1 #bja-b ,old ,high ,g]man1 ii4 #aid ,popul> v]se1 see sub-head+s ,c>m9a & ,modi2 also ,v]nacul> ,prosody1 ,alex&] de ,villa-,dei on1 ii4 #abf ,v]nacul>3 ,g]manic1 ,norse1 & ,anglo-,saxon1 ii4 #bbj-a ,romance1 ii4 #bba-c1 #bbe seqq4 ,pontigny mona/]y1 i4 #cfb ,poor ( ,lyons 7,wald5ses71 i4 #cfd1 #cfe n42 ii4 #cd ,popes 7,see also ,papacy2 & = p>ticul> popes see _! names73 ,avignon1 at1 ii4 #eaj ,decretals (1 see "u ,canon law ,degradation ( 7#aj? c5t471 i4 #bdb ,election (1 fre$ f lay control1 i4 #bdc n4 #b ,popul> rights1 gr[? (1 9 #ab? c5t41 i4 #cje ,porphyry1 i4 #db1 #dd-g1 #ej1 #ea1 #ef2 ii4 #bie2 ,isagoge 7,introduction to ! ,categories ( ,ari/otle71 i4 #de1 #ib1 #ajb2 ii4 #cab1 #cad n41 #ccc1 #cci ,prea*+ ,fri>s1 see ,dom9ican ,ord] ,pr$e/9ation1 ,gotts*alk's controv]sy z to1 i4 #bbd-e1 #bbg-h ,priscianus1 i4 #ga2 ii4 #aai n4 #b2 ,in/itutiones grammaticae ( 7,priscianus major & m9or71 ii4 #abd-e ,prosp] ( ,aquita9e1 i4 #ajf n4 #a ,prov5al lit]ature1 i4 #ega2 ii4 #afh2 ,alba 7aube7 poetry1 i4 #bj1 #ega2 ii4 #cj ,prov9cia 7,n>bon5sis73 ,antique1 !1 9 relation to1 be=e ,middle ,ages1 i4 #i ,lat9ization (1 i4 #bf-g & n4 #a ,ligurian inhabitants (1 i4 #abf ,teutonic invasion (1 i4 #abe ,prud5tius1 ii4 #fc2 ,psy*oma*ia (1 ii4 #ajb-d ,pseudo-,calli/h5es1 ,life & ,de$s ( ,alex&] by1 ii4 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbi-bcj ,pseudo-,dionysius1 ii4 #cjb2 ,cele/ial ,hi]>*y by1 i4 #ed & n4 #a ,pseudo-,turp91 ii4 #cai ,ptolemy ( ,alex&ria1 i4 #dj ,purgatory3 ,dante's ,purgatorio1 see "u ,dante ,hildeg>d's visions z to1 i4 #def n4 ,popul> belief z to1 i4 #dhf ,quadrivium1 see "u ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts ,rabanus ,maurus1 ,abp4 ( ,ma9z1 allegoriz+ ( ,scripture by1 ii4 #df-g2 int]e/ 9 ! v]nacul>1 i4 #cjh2 works (1 i4 #bbb-da2 ,de univ]so1 i4 #cjj2 ii4 #caf n4 #b2 ,allegoriae 9 univ]sam sacram scripturam1 ii4 #dh-i2 ,de laudibus sanctae crucis1 ii4 #di n4 #c2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #af1 #ajj1 #bae2 ii4 #cjb-cjc1 #cab1 #ccb ,race1 te/s = det]m9+1 i4 #abd n4 ,radb]tus1 see ,pas*asius ,ra\l de ,cambrai1 i4 #efc-d ,ra!rius1 i4 #cji & n4 #b ,ratramnus ( ,corbie1 i4 #bae1 #bbg2 ii4 #aii ,rav5na3 ,g]b]t's disputation 91 i4 #bhi-ia ,gramm> & rhetoric /udies at1 ii4 #aba ,law /udies at1 ii4 #bea1 #beb ,s4 ,apoll9>is 9 ,classe1 i4 #cgc1 #cgg ,raymond ( ,agiles quot$1 i4 #ecf ,realism1 ,duns' exposition (1 ii4 #ead & n4 ,reason v4 au?ority controv]sy3 ,b]5g>'s position 91 i4 #cjb-c ,eriug5a's contribution to1 i4 #bbi-cj ,recc>$1 i4 #aah nn4 ,re9h>d1 ,bp4 ( ,halb]/adt1 ii4 #fb ,relics ( sa9ts & m>tyrs3 ,arms en%r9+1 i4 #ebh ,curative use (1 i4 #bii ,patri/ic attitude t[>d1 i4 #hf1 #aja n4 ,r5aissance1 mislead+ nature ( t]m1 i4 #baa n4 ,r5aud de ,montaubon1 i4 #efd ,rheims ca!dral s*ool1 i4 #bic ,rhetoric3 ,*>tres /udy (1 i4 #bih ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor on1 ii4 #fg ,pr$om9ance (1 i4 #aji & n4 ,ri*>d1 ,abbot ( ,jumiges1 i4 #dhj-a ,ri*>d ( ,middleton1 ii4 #eab ,ri*>d ( ,/4 ,victor1 ii4 #hj1 #hg & n4 #b1 #cfg n4 #b1 #edj ,ri*]1 ,abbot ( ,monte ,cass9o1 i4 #beb1 #cjj n4 #b2 hi/ory ( ,g]b]t by1 quot$1 i4 #bhg-ia ,ricim]1 ,c\nt1 i4 #aac ,riddles1 didactic1 i4 #bah-ai & n4 #a ,rigaud1 ,eude 7,oddo ,rigaldus71 ,abp4 ( ,r\51 i4 #dgf1 #ejh1 #eji2 ,regi/] (1 quot$1 i4 #dgf-ha ,rob]t1 c\s9 ( ,/4 ,b]n>d1 i4 #cie-g ,rob]t ( ,norm&y1 ii4 #aci ,rollo1 ,duke1 ( ,norm&y1 i4 #aec1 #bci-dj ,roman de la rose1 i4 #ehf-g2 ii4 #ajc & nn41 #ajd1 #bbc ,roman de ,!bes1 ii4 #bbg1 #bbi n4 ,roman ,empire3 ,b>b>ization (1 i4 #e1 #g1 #aaa seqq4 ,billet+ ( soldi]s1 cu/om z to1 i4 #aad n41 #aag ,*ri/ianity accept$ by1 i4 #cde ,*ur*1 relations )1 ii4 #bfe-g1 #bgb-c ,cities enjoy+ citiz5%ip (--9 ,spa91 i4 #bf & n4 #b2 9 ,gaul1 i4 #cj ,city life (1 i4 #bg1 #cbf ,cli5tage sy/em "u1 i4 #aag n4 #b ,dante's views on1 ii4 #ecf ,decad5ce (1 i4 #hd1 #ig1 #aaa ,ea/]n1 see ,ea/]n ,empire ,endur+ nature (1 conditions (1 i4 #bch n4 ,greek ?\ght diffus$ by1 i4 #d ,italian p "u1 i4 #g ,jurisconsults (1 au?ority & capacity (1 ii4 #bcb-c & n41 #bcf ,lat9ization ( ,we/]n ,europe due to1 i4 #bc seqq41 #aaj ,m$iaeval attitude t[>d1 i4 #aa ,sc&9avians "u influ5ce (1 i4 #aeb n4 #c ,roman law3 ,auditory1 ,imp]ial or ,praetorian1 ii4 #bcc n41 #bce n4 #a ,bologna fam$ = /udy (1 ii4 #aba1 #bea1 #bei-fb1 #cgh ,bra*ylogus1 ii4 #bed-e ,brevi>ium & its ,int]pretatio1 i4 #aag2 ii4 #bdc-d2 ,epitomes (1 ii4 #bdd1 #bdi-ej2 ,bra*ylogus influ5c$ by1 ii4 #bed ,burgundian tol]ance (1 i4 #aba2 code 7,papianus71 ii4 #bci1 #bdb ,*ur* "u1 ii4 #bfe & n4 #b ,codes (3 ,b>b>ic1 nature (1 ii4 #bdd 7,see also sub-head+s ,brevi>ium & ,burgundian7 ,gregorianus'1 ii4 #bdj1 #bdc ,h]mog5ianus'1 ii4 #bdj1 #bdc ,nature (1 ii4 #bci-dj ,!odosian1 ii4 #bdj & n4 #b1 #bda n4 #b1 #bdb-c1 #bdi1 #bff-g & n4 #a ,codex ( ,ju/9ian1 ii4 #bdj1 #bdb1 #bec3 ,azo's & ,accursius' "w on1 ii4 #bfc-d ,glosses to1 ii4 #bdi-ej ,plac5t9us' ,summa (1 ii4 #bfb ,summa ,p]us9a an epitome (1 ii4 #bdi1 #beb ,con/itutiones & rescripta pr9cipum1 ii4 #bce & n4 #a1 #bci1 #bdj ,cu/om recogniz$ by1 ii4 #bcf ,dige/ (1 by ,ju/9ian1 see subhead+ ,p&ects ,elem5t>y education includ+ smatt]+ (1 ii4 #bej ,epitomes (1 v>i\s1 ii4 #bdi-ej2 ,epitome ( ,julianus1 ii4 #bdb1 #bdi1 #bed ,glosses3 ,accursius' ,glossa ord9>ia1 ii4 #bfc-d ,irn]ius'1 ii4 #bfa & n4 #a ,ju/9ian's ,codex1 to1 ii4 #bdi-ej ,go?ic adoption (1 i4 #aad ,in/itutes ( ,gaius1 ii4 #bda1 #bdc ,in/itutes ( ,ju/9ian1 ii4 #bda1 #bdc1 #bed3 ,azo's ,summa (1 ii4 #bfc ,plac5t9us' ,summa (1 ii4 #bfb ,jurisprud5tial elem5t 9 e>ly /ages (1 ii4 #bcb ,jus id5tifi$ ) aequitas1 ii4 #bce ,jus civile1 ii4 #bcg1 #beg ,jus g5tium3 ,jus naturale 9 relation to1 ii4 #bcd & n4 ,orig9 (1 ii4 #bcc-d ,popul> rights z reg>d$ by1 ii4 #bgh ,jus praetorium1 ii4 #bce ,lex romana canonice compta1 ii4 #beb ,lomb>d attitude t[>d1 i4 #aae ,novellae ( ,ju/9ian1 ii4 #bdj1 #bdb ,p&ects 7,ju/9ian's ,dige/71 ii4 #bce & n4 #b1 #bcf-h1 #bda-b1 #bdh1 #bec1 #bee3 ,accursius' ,glossa on1 ii4 #bfd ,glossators' int]pretation (1 ii4 #bfe ,p]man5ce (1 ii4 #bcf ,petrus 7,petri exceptiones71 ii4 #beb-d ,plac5t9us' "w 91 ii4 #bfa-b ,pr9ciples (1 examples (1 ii4 #bcg-h2 possession & its rights1 ii4 #bef-h ,pr9ciples ( int]pretation (1 ii4 #bef ,prov9cia1 91 i4 #bg n4 #a ,responsa or auctoritas jurisprud5tium1 ii4 #bce-f ,s\rces (1 multif>i\s1 ii4 #bce ,sph]e (1 ii4 #bdh ,/udy (1 c5tres =--9 ,france1 ii4 #bej2 9 ,italy1 ii4 #aba1 #bea & n4 #b1 #bei-fb1 #cgh ,summa codicis ,irn]ii1 ii4 #bee ,!odosian ,code1 see "u subhead+ ,codes ,treatises on1 m$iaeval1 ii4 #beb seqq4 ,twelve ,tables1 ii4 #bcb1 #bcf ,visigo?ic code (1 see subhead+ ,brevi>ium ,romance1 _s (1 i4 #dah ,romance languages 7,see also ,old ,fr5*73 ,*>act]i/ics (1 ii4 #aeb ,dante's attitude t[>d1 ii4 #ecg ,lat9 z modifi$ by1 ii4 #aee ,lit]ature (1 ii4 #bba-c 7,see also ,prov5al lit]ature7 ,/r5g? (1 i4 #i ,romance nations1 m$iatorial rle (1 i4 #aaj-aa1 #abd ,romans d'av5ture1 i4 #efd-e1 #ega n4 #b ,rome3 ,bi%ops (1 see ,popes ,factions 9 7#aj? c5t471 i4 #bdb ,law ,s*ool 91 ii4 #bea1 #bee ,mosaics 91 i4 #cdg ,v]ses to1 i4 #cdh2 ii4 #bjj ,romualdus1 ,/41 y\? (1 i4 #cgc2 au/]ities (1 i4 #cgd1 #cgi1 #cha2 relations ) 8 fa!r1 i4 #cgd-e2 h>%ness & egotism (1 i4 #cge-g2 at ,vallis de ,ca/ro1 i4 #cgf-g1 #chj2 at ,sytrio1 i4 #cgh-i2 dea? (1 i4 #cgb n4 #c1 #chj2 ,comm5t>y (1 on ! ,psalt]1 i4 #cgi ,romulus ,augu/ulus1 ,emp41 i4 #aad ,roncesvalles1 battle (1 i4 #eei n4 #b-fb ,roscell9us1 i4 #cjc-d2 ii4 #cci-dj ,ro?>i1 ,k+ ( ,lomb>ds1 i4 #aae2 ii4 #bea ,ruadhan1 ,/41 i4 #acb-c ,ruotg]1 ,life ( ,abp4 ,bruno by1 i4 #caj2 ii4 #afb & n4 #a ,sacra doctr9a1 see ,!ology ,sacram5ts1 see "u ,*ur* ,sagas1 ,norse3 ,"* (1 i4 #ab n41 #aee seqq4 ,egil1 i4 #afb-d ,gisli1 i4 #aeh ,heimskr+la1 i4 #afj-b & n4 #b ,njala1 i4 #aeg & n41 #aei1 #afd-g ,oral tradition (1 ii4 #bbj ,/4 ,d5is mona/]y1 ii4 #aj1 #cdd ,/4 ,emm]am conv5t 7,ratisbon71 i4 #cae1 #caf ,/4 ,gall mona/]y1 i4 #beg-h2 ,notk]'s "w at1 ii4 #bja-b ,/4 ,victor mona/]y & s*ool1 ii4 #fa-c1 #adc1 #chc ,sa9ts3 ,au/]ities (1 i4 #cgd & n41 #cge ,int]v5tions (1 m$iaeval beliefs z to1 i4 #dhg-h1 #dij ,iri% cl]gy s call$1 i4 #ace n4 #b ,lives (3 ,comp5d4 ( 7,leg5da ,aurea71 ii4 #ahd ,conv5tionaliz$ descriptions 91 i4 #cic n4 #a ,defects (1 i4 #did ,e/imate (1 i4 #hd-e & nn4 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #bih1 #cjj ,relics (1 see ,relics ,visions (1 i4 #ddd-e ,wor%ip (1 i4 #aja ,sal]no m$ical s*ool1 i4 #bej n4 #d1 #bea2 ii4 #aba ,salian ,franks1 see "u ,franks ,salimb5e1 i4 #dif-g1 #dii-ejj2 ,*ronica (1 quot$ & cit$1 i4 #dih seqq42 editions & translations ( ! "w1 i4 #dif n4 ,salvation1 see "u ,*ri/ianity ,salvian1 ,de gub]natione ,dei by1 i4 #hd ,s>ac5s3 ,crusades aga9/1 see ,crusades ,franki% victories aga9/1 i4 #bji-aj n4 #a ,w>s )1 necessitat+ m\nt$ w>riors1 i4 #ebe o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #bci1 #beb1 #bgd1 #ccb ,saxons1 see ,anglo-,saxons & ,g]mans ,sc&9avians1 see ,norsem5 ,s*ola/icism3 ,arab analogy )1 ii4 #cij & n4 #b ,ari/otle's advanc$ works1 /ages ( appropriation (1 ii4 #cic-e ,bacon's attack on1 ii4 #dhd1 #dic-d1 #dif1 #eji ,classification ( topics by3 ,s*emes (1 v>i\s1 ii4 #cab seqq4 ,tw(old pr9ciple (1 ii4 #caa ,conceptualism1 ii4 #ebj-a ,cont5t (1 i4 #cja ,def]5ce to au?ority a *>act]i/ic (1 ii4 #big1 #cjj ,dis9tegration (--?r\gh ,duns1 ii4 #eaj1 #eaf2 ?r\gh ,occam1 ii4 #ebb-c ,elem5t>y nature ( discussions (1 ii4 #cdg ,evil1 problem (1 see ,evil ,expon5ts (1 ii4 #bhc & n4 ,f9al exposition (1 by ,aqu9as1 ii4 #dhd ,greek ?\ght contra/$ )1 ii4 #bif ,hum\r non-exi/5t 91 ii4 #dei ,me?od (1 ii4 #cjb1 #cjf-g1 #cae n42 prototype (1 i4 #ie ,nom9alism1 ii4 #cdj ,philosophy (1 see ,philosophy1 s*ola/ic ,phraseology (1 untranslatable1 ii4 #cdh1 #dhc ,pra$icables1 ii4 #cad n4 ,pres5t int]e/ (1 ii4 #bhe ,realism1 ii4 #cdj2 ,pan!ism 9 relation to1 ii4 #cgj ,salvation a ma9 int]e/ (1 ii4 #bif-g1 #cjj1 #caa ,scriptural au?ority1 position (1 ii4 #bhi1 #bia-b ,secul> /udies z reg>d$ by1 ii4 #cdi1 #ceg ,/ages ( developm5t (1 ii4 #ccc seqq4 ,sympa!tic /udy (1 ! key to contradictions1 ii4 #cga ,!ology (1 see ,!ology ,univ]sals1 problem (3 ,aqu9as' treatm5t (1 ii4 #dfb ,duns' treatm5t (1 ii4 #eae ,occam's contribution t[>d1 ii4 #ebj-a ,roscell9's views on1 i4 #cjc-d ,sci5ces1 classifications (1 ii4 #cab seqq4 7,see also ,physical sci5ce7 ,scotl&1 ,*ri/ianiz+ (1 i4 #agc ,scriptures1 ,*ri/ian3 ,allegoriz+ (3 ,examples (3 ,david & ,ba?%eba episode1 ii4 #dd-f ,exodus1 ,book (1 ii4 #dg ,good ,sam>itan p>able1 ii4 #ec-f1 #hd1 #ij ,hannah1 /ory (1 ii4 #dg n4 #a ,ph>isee & ,publican p>able1 ii4 #ea-b ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor's view (1 ii4 #fe n4 ,writ]s exemplify+--,philo1 ii4 #db-dc2 ! ,fa!rs1 ii4 #dc seqq41 #fh-i & n4 #b2 ,rabanus1 ii4 #df-ej2 ,b$e1 ii4 #dg n4 #a2 ,honorius ( ,autun1 ii4 #ea seqq42 ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor1 ii4 #fg seqq4 ,anglo-,saxon v]sion (1 i4 #adb n4 #b1 #ahc ,au?ority (--9 patri/ic doctr9e1 ii4 #bie2 ackn[l$g$ by ,eriug5a1 i4 #bca2 by ,b]5g>1 i4 #cjc2 9 s*ola/icism1 ii4 #bhj1 #bia-b ,bacon's attitude t[>d1 ii4 #dia-b1 #dig ,bonav5tura's attitude t[>d1 & writ+s on1 ii4 #dje seqq4 ,canon law bas$ on1 ii4 #bfg-i ,classical /udies 9 relation to1 see subhead+ ,secul> ,classification ( topics bas$ on1 ii4 #cag1 #cbd ,comm5t>ies on--,alcu9's1 i4 #bbj-a2 ,raban's1 i4 #bbb-c ,duns' attitude t[>d1 ii4 #eaf ,francis ( ,assisi's lit]al acceptance (1 i4 #cfe1 #dbf-g2 8 realization ( _s (1 i4 #dbg n4 #a2 ii4 #ahc ,go?ic v]sion (1 i4 #adc n4 ,heli&1 i4 #bjc & nn41 #cjh ,hymns bas$ on1 ii4 #hh seqq4 ,int]pretation (--by ! ,fa!rs1 i4 #dc seqq41 #fh-i & n4 #b2 by ,eriug5a1 i4 #bca2 by ,b]5g>1 i4 #cjc ,isidore's writ+s on1 i4 #ajd-e ,love1 human1 z treat$ 9 ,old ,te/am5t1 i4 #ccb-c ,sc5es f1 9 ,go?ic art1 ii4 #hb seqq4 ,secul> k 9 relation to1 i4 #fc1 #ff2 ii4 #aaj1 #aab1 #abj1 #dii ,song ( ,songs1 see ,canticles ,/udy (1 by monks1 i4 #id2 ,cassiodorus' ,in/itutiones1 i4 #ie-f ,!ology id5tifi$ )1 ii4 #djf1 #djh ,vulgate1 !3 ,corruption 9 ,p>is copy (1 ii4 #dig ,language (1 ii4 #aga ,sculpture1 ,go?ic3 ,ca!drals1 evolution (1 ii4 #ech-i ,symbolism (1 i4 #deg n4 #b2 ii4 #hb-f ,s$ulius ,scotus1 i4 #bae ,s5eca1 i4 #bf1 #da ,s5t5ces1 ,books (3 ,isidore's1 i4 #ajf & n4 #a ,paulus' ,s5t5tiae1 ii4 #bdc ,pet] ,lomb>d's1 see "u ,lomb>d ,prosp]'s1 i4 #ajf n4 #a ,sequ5ce-hymns1 developm5t (1 ii4 #aif1 #bja-f2 ,adam ( ,/4 ,victor's1 ii4 #bji-bae ,s]5us1 ,bp4 ( ,m>seilles1 i4 #ajb ,s]mons1 allegoriz+3 ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux1 by1 i4 #ccg n41 #dji-ac2 ii4 #afi1 #cfh-i ,honorius ( ,autun1 by1 ii4 #ej seqq4 ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts 7,see also sep>ate head+s ,gramm>1 ,logic1 etc473 ,alanus de ,insulis on functions (1 ii4 #ih n4 #a ,c>ol+ian /udy (1 i4 #bcf ,cl]ical education 91 i4 #bba-b ,comp5d (1 by ,cassiodorus1 i4 #if ,de nuptiis z conc]n$ )1 i4 #ga n4 #c ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor on function (1 ii4 #fg1 #aaa ,lat9 ! m$ium =1 ii4 #aji ,law smatt]+ includ$ )1 ii4 #bej ,quadrivium3 ,bo?ius on1 i4 #ij & n4 #b ,*>tres1 at1 i4 #bii ,?i]ry's encyclopa$ia (1 ii4 #acj ,trivium3 ,*>tres1 at1 i4 #bih-i2 ii4 #afc ,c\rses (1 z repres5t+ /ages ( m$iaeval developm5t1 ii4 #cca seqq4 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #bag2 ii4 #eec ,sev]9us1 ,/41 i4 #aib ,sev]us1 ,sulpicius1 i4 #abf n4 #b2 ,life ( ,/4 ,m>t9 by1 i4 #eb1 #hd1 #he n4 #b1 #hf ,sidonius1 ,apoll9>is1 i4 #abf n4 #b2 cit$1 i4 #aag n4 #a1 #adj ,sig] de ,brabant1 ii4 #dja & n4 ,sippe1 i4 #abb ,sm>agdus1 ,abbot1 i4 #bae ,socrates1 i4 #cd-e2 ii4 #g ,songs1 see ,poetry ,sophi/s1 ,greek1 i4 #ce ,sorbon1 ,rob]t de1 i4 #edd-e ,sorc]y1 i4 #df ,spa93 ,antique1 !1 9 relation to1 be=e ,middle ,ages1 i4 #i ,arabian philosophy 91 ii4 #cij ,*ur* 91 i4 #i1 #ajc1 #aah & n4 ,lat9ization (1 i4 #be-f & n4 #b ,moori% conque/ (1 i4 #i1 #aah ,visigo?s 91 i4 #aac1 #aaf-ag & n4 #b1 #aah ,/abat ,mat]1 i4 #cdh ,/atius1 ii4 #bbi n4 ,/atius ,caecilius1 i4 #be ,/eph5 ,,ix41 ,pope1 i4 #bfc ,/eph51 ,/41 sequ5ce = fe/ival (1 ii4 #baa-ac ,/eph5 ( ,b\rbon quot$1 i4 #cfe n4 ,/ili*o1 i4 #aab ,/oicism3 ,emotion z reg>d$ by1 i4 #ccj ,nature (1 i4 #da1 #eg1 #ei ,neo-,platonism contra/$ )1 ii4 #bif ,philosophy z classifi$ by1 ii4 #cab ,roman law z affect$ by1 ii4 #bcb o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #dj1 #gj ,/rabo1 ,walafrid1 see ,walafrid ,suevi1 i4 #aaf-ag & n4 #b1 #aci ,summae1 me?od (1 ii4 #cjf-g 7,see also "u ,!ology7 ,summum bonum1 ,aqu9as' discussion (1 ii4 #dch seqq41 #def ,switz]l&1 ,iri% mona/]ies f\nd$ 91 i4 #agd ,sylve/] ,,ii41 ,pope 7,g]b]t ( ,aurillac71 c>e] (1 i4 #bha-d2 disputation ) ,otric1 i4 #bhi-ia2 e/imate (1 i4 #bha1 #bhe-g2 love ( ! classics1 i4 #bhg-h2 ii4 #aaj2 ,lat9 /yle (1 ii4 #afj2 logical /udies (1 ii4 #ccb1 #cch1 #cci1 #cde2 lett]s (1 quot$1 i4 #bhc-g2 e/imat$1 i4 #bhd-e2 editions ( works (1 i4 #bhj n42 ,libellus de rationali et ratione uti1 i4 #bib n41 #bii2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #bdi2 ii4 #ce ,symbolism3 ,alanus' ,anticlaudianus z exemplify+1 ii4 #id-ajc ,angels z symbols1 ii4 #deg ,art1 m$iaeval1 inspir$ by1 i4 #ba ,augu/9e & ,gregory comp>$ z to1 i4 #ef-g ,c>ol+ian1 nature & examples (1 ii4 #df-ej ,*ur* edifices1 (1 ii4 #gh-hb ,dante p]meat$ )1 ii4 #ecd1 #eeb-e ,greek1 nature (1 ii4 #ef-g ,hildeg>d's visions1 91 i4 #def seqq4 ,m>riage relation%ip1 91 i4 #dac-ad ,mass1 ( !1 ii4 #gg-h ,m$iaeval ?\ght deeply impress$ by1 ii4 #dc1 #ej n4 #a1 #ajb1 #cfe ,my/icism 9 relation to1 ii4 #cfd ,neo-,platonic1 i4 #eb ,ovid's works int]pret$ by1 ii4 #bcj ,patri/ic1 i4 #cg1 #dc-f1 #eb1 #ec1 #eh1 #hj ,platonic1 i4 #cf ,raban's addiction to1 i4 #bbc & n4 #b ,signum et res classification1 ii4 #cbb-c ,twelf? c5tury--9 ,honorius ( ,autun1 ii4 #ea seqq42 9 ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor1 ii4 #fd seqq4 ,univ]sal 9 m5tal processes1 ii4 #da1 #eeb n4 ,univ]se expla9$ by1 ii4 #fd1 #ff seqq4 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #ae1 #bb ,sytrio1 ,romualdus at1 i4 #cgh-i ,tacitus1 i4 #gh2 ii4 #acd ,te>s1 grace (1 i4 #cgj-a & n41 #dfb1 #dfc ,templ>s1 i4 #eca-e ,t5? c5tury1 see ,c>ol+ian p]iod ,t]tullian1 i4 #e1 #eh1 #hg1 #ii1 #aga1 #ccb1 #cdd1 #ced n42 ii #aeb2 p>adox (1 i4 #ea2 ii4 #big2 ,adv]sus ,m>cionem1 i4 #fh ,teutons 7,see also ,anglo-,saxons1 ,danes1 ,g]mans1 ,norsem573 ,celts comp>$ )1 i4 #abe ,*>act]i/ics (1 i4 #ach ,*ri/ianiz+ (3 ,mann] (1 i4 #aha-c1 #aif-g1 #aic2 results (1 i4 #e1 #agj-a ,motives ( conv]ts1 i4 #aic ,cu/oms (1 i4 #abb1 #aci1 #ada1 #ebc ,law (1 e>ly1 tribal nature (1 ii4 #bde-g ,rle (1 9 m$iaeval evolution1 i4 #abe ,roman ,empire p]meat$ by1 i4 #aaa seqq4 ,!odora1 i4 #bdb ,!odore1 ,abp4 ( ,cant]bury1 i4 #ahd ,!odoric ( ,freiburg1 ii4 #eja n4 ,!odoric ! ,o/rogo?1 i4 #hi1 #ia n4 #b1 #ic1 #aad-ae1 #abj-a1 #ach1 #bdi2 9 leg5d1 i4 #ade-f2 ,edict (1 ii4 #bdd n4 ,!odosius ! ,great1 ,emp41 i4 #aab2 ii4 #bgb2 ,code (1 ii4 #bdj & n4 #b1 #bda n4 #b1 #bdb1 #bdi1 #bff-g & n4 #a ,!odulphus1 ,bp4 ( ,orleans1 i4 #i1 #bae2 ,lat9 diction (1 ii4 #afj ,!ology1 s*ola/ic3 ,abael>d's treatises on1 see "u ,abael>d ,aqu9as' ,summa (1 see "u ,aqu9as ,argum5tative nature (1 ii4 #bib-c ,augu/9ian "* (1 ii4 #djc ,c\rse ( /udy 91 ii4 #chh ,importance (1 z intellectual int]e/1 ii4 #bhg-h ,logic 9 relation to1 ii4 #cdj n41 #cdf ,my/icism (1 ii4 #cfc-d ,natural sci5ces1 etc41 z h&maids to1 ii4 #fg1 #aaa1 #bhi1 #dhf1 #dib1 #dif1 #ejj1 #ecj2 d5ial ( ! !ory--by ,duns1 ii4 #eaj2 by ,occam1 ii4 #eai-ebj 7,see also ,physical sci5ce--,patri/ic attitude t[>d7 ,p>is ! c5tre =1 ii4 #bhc1 #cgi ,philosophy 9 relation to1 see "u ,philosophy ,practical1 n speculative1 reg>d$ z1 ii4 #eab1 #eae1 #eai ,sci5tific nature (1 z reg>d$ by ,alb]tus1 ii4 #bia1 #dcj ,scripture id5tifi$ )1 ii4 #djf1 #djh ,summae (--by ,alex&] ( ,hales1 ii4 #cii2 by ,bonav5tura1 ii4 #djh2 by ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ii4 #dcj-a2 by ,aqu9as1 see "u ,aqu9as ,?irte5?-c5tury /udy (1 ii4 #aah-abj ,!ophra/us1 i4 #ch ,!resa1 ,/41 i4 #ddc n4 #a ,!urgic practice1 i4 #df-h ,?i]ry1 ,*ancellor ( ,*>tres1 ii4 #aai1 #cgj-a2 ,eptateu*on (1 ii4 #acj & n4 ,?irte5? c5tury3 ,intellectual int]e/s (1 ultimate1 ii4 #bhg ,lat9 prose /yles (1 ii4 #agi ,papal position 91 ii4 #eji ,p]sonalities ( writ]s em]g5t 91 ii4 #dcf ,!ology & dialectic ! *ief /udies (1 ii4 #aah-bj ,?ree ph5om5a m>k+1 ii4 #cgh ,?omas ,kempis1 ,de imitatione ,*ri/i by1 ii4 #ahe ,?omas ,aqu9as1 see ,aqu9as ,?omas ( ,brittany1 ,tri/an fragm5t by1 i4 #ehb ,?omas ( ,cantimpr1 ii4 #dbh-i ,?omas ( ,celano1 ,life ( ,/4 ,francis by1 quot$1 i4 #dce1 #dcf-h2 /yle ( ! "w1 ii4 #ahb-c ,?ucydides1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w> by1 i4 #gg-h ,?ur+ia3 ,boniface's "w 91 i4 #aig-h ,m]ov+ian rule 91 i4 #aba ,?ur+ians1 language (1 i4 #ade n4 #b ,torriti1 i4 #cdg ,trance1 see ,ec/asy ,trves1 i4 #cj1 #ca1 #aib ,tri/an3 ,*rti5's v]sion (1 i4 #efg ,gottfri$ von ,/rassburg's v]sion (1 i4 #egg-hb ,trivium1 see "u ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts ,tr\bad\rs 7tr\vres71 i4 #egb-c & nn4 ,troy1 tales (1 9 m$iaeval lit]ature1 ii4 #bjj1 #bbd-e & n4 #b1 #bbg-i ,true & ! good comp>$1 ii4 #dda1 #eab ,tru?1 ,guigo's ,m$itationes z conc]n+1 i4 #che-f ,twelf? c5tury3 ,classical /udies at z5i? 91 ii4 #aag-aah ,gr[? 91 v>i\s1 i4 #cje-f ,intellectual int]e/s (1 ultimate1 ii4 #bhg ,lit]>y z5i? 91 ii4 #afh1 #bje-f ,mobility increas$ dur+1 ii4 #cgi ,ulfilas1 i4 #aib2 ii4 #bba ,ulpian--on jus naturale & jus g5tium1 ii4 #bcd & n42 on ju/itia1 jus & jurisprud5tia1 ii4 #bcg ,ul/] ,cycle1 ,sagas (1 i4 #abh & n4 #b1 #abi seqq4 ,univ]sals1 see "u ,s*ola/icism ,univ]sities1 m$iaeval 7,= p>ticul> univ]sities see _! names73 ,increase 9 7#ad? c5t471 ii4 #ebc ,rise (1 ii4 #cgi1 #cha seqq4 ,/udies at1 ii4 #chh & n4 ,urban ,,ii41 ,pope1 ii4 #age ,urban ,,iv41 ,pope1 ii4 #cia-b1 #dcd ,utre*t1 bi%opric (1 i4 #aig ,vallombrosa1 i4 #cgg ,v&als1 i4 #aab1 #aac1 #abj ,v>ro1 ,t]5tius1 i4 #ci1 #ga1 #gh ,v]c+etorix1 i4 #bh ,v]nacul> poetry1 see "u ,poetry ,v]se1 see ,poetry ,vik+s1 see ,danes & ,norsem5 ,vilg>d1 i4 #bei-fj ,v9c5t ( ,beauvais1 ,speculum majus (1 ii4 #hb & n4 #b1 #cae-bb ,virgil1 ,b]n>d ,silve/ris' ,comm5tum on1 ii4 #aaf-ag & n4 #b2 ,dante 9 relation to1 ii4 #ece1 #ecf1 #eci1 #edc ,virg9 ,m>y3 ,dante's ,p>adiso z conc]n+1 ii4 #eea ,hymns to1 by ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor1 ii4 #hf-g1 #ib ,int]v5tions (1 aga9/ ! devil1 i4 #dhg1 #dij-b ,m$iaeval attitude t[>d1 i4 #ec1 #ed & n4 #b2 ii4 #dca1 #eea1 #eeh ,virtues3 ,aqu9as' classification (1 ii4 #cbf-h ,odilo's ,c>d9ales discipl9ae1 i4 #bie ,virtues & vices1 poetic treatm5t (--by ,alanus1 ii4 #ajb n42 by ,de ,lorris & ,de ,meun1 ii4 #ajc ,visigo?s3 ,arianism (1 i4 #abj ,dacian settlem5t (1 i4 #aab ,gaul1 ,s\!rn1 k+dom 91 i4 #g1 #aab1 #aaf2 ,clovis' conque/ (1 i4 #aba ,roman law code promulgat$ by1 see ,roman law--,brevi>ium ,spa91 91 i4 #i1 #aac1 #aaf-ag & n4 #b1 #aah ,visions3 ,examples (1 i4 #ddd-f1 #dea1 #deb-i ,mona/ic atmosph]e 91 i4 #ahd & n4 #b ,nature (1 i4 #ddc1 #ddi & n4 #c1 #dej1 #dea & n4 ,vita contemplativa3 ,aqu9as' views on1 ii4 #ddc1 #dha-b ,hildeb]t on1 ii4 #add-e ,vitae sanctorum1 see ,sa9ts--,lives ( ,walafrid ,/rabo1 i4 #ajj1 #bae2 ii4 #ccb2 ,glossa ord9>ia (1 i4 #af1 #bba n4 #b2 ii4 #df2 ,de cultura hortorum1 ii4 #ahh n4 #b ,wald5ses1 i4 #cfe n42 ii4 #cd ,walt] ( ,lille 7( ,*atillon71 ,alex&reis (1 ii4 #aib & n4 #c1 #bcj n4 #a ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide1 political views (1 ii4 #cc2 attitude (1 t[>d ,papacy1 ii4 #cd-f2 piety & crusad+ zeal (1 ii4 #cf2 melan*oly1 ii4 #cf-g2 ,m9neli$] (1 ii4 #bi-ca2 ,spr*e1 ii4 #bi1 #cb1 #cf2 ,tageli$1 ii4 #cj2 ,unt] d] ,l9de1 ii4 #cj2 o!rwise m5tion$1 i4 #dge1 #dhb1 #ehi2 ii4 #bbc ,w]geld1 i4 #abb1 #aci2 ii4 #bdf ,w1 primacy (1 ov] intellect1 ii4 #eab1 #eae ,william1 ,abbot ( ,hirs*au1 i4 #cae ,william ,,ii4 7,rufus71 ,k+ ( ,engl&1 i4 #bgc1 #bge2 ii4 #ach-i ,william ( ,apulia1 ii4 #ahi & n4 #c ,william ( ,*ampeaux--wor/$ by ,abael>d1 ii4 #cdb-c2 f\nds ,/4 ,victor1 ii4 #fa1 #adc2 ,hildeb]t's lett] to1 quot$1 ii4 #adc ,william ( ,con*es1 ii4 #acb2 /udies & works (1 ii4 #cgb-c2 ,summa moralium philosophorum1 ii4 #acd-e1 #cgc & n4 #b ,william ( ,malmsbury cit$1 i4 #ebe ,william ( ,mo]beke1 ii4 #cia ,william ( ,occam1 see ,occam ,william ( ,/4 ,?i]ry1 ii4 #cjj1 #cdd ,willibrord1 ,/41 i4 #aig ,w9ifri$-,boniface1 ,/41 i4 #f1 #aig-bjj1 #cjh2 ii4 #bgc ,wisdom1 ,aqu9as on1 ii4 #dha ,witelo1 ,p]spectiva by1 ii4 #eja n4 ,witiza ( ,aquita9e1 i4 #ceh-i ,wolfram von ,es*5ba*1 ii4 #bbc2 ,p>zival by1 i4 #ab n41 #adi n4 #a1 #aeb1 #efg1 #ega n4 #b1 #ehi-fac2 ii4 #cf2 e/imate ( ! "w1 i4 #ehh2 ii4 #bi ,wom53 ,emotion reg>d+1 i4 #cdi-ej ,emotional ,*ri/-love exp]i5c$ by1 i4 #ddb1 #dei seqq4 ,fabliaux' tone t[>d1 i4 #eba n4 #b ,g]man prae-m$iaeval attitude t[>d1 i4 #aci1 #aej2 m$iaeval1 ii4 #ca ,mona/ic life1 93 ,abuses among1 i4 #dia-b2 ,rigaud's ,regi/] z conc]n+1 i4 #dgi-dhj ,consecration (1 i4 #ccg & n4 ,g&]%eim nuns1 i4 #caa ,visions (1 i4 #ddb seqq41 #dfc seqq4 ,monki% vilification (1 i4 #ced n41 #eba n4 #b1 #ecb1 #ecc2 ii4 #eh ,romantic lit]ature z conc]n$ )1 i4 #efd ,romantic poems = audi5ces (1 i4 #efe ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide on1 ii4 #ca ,worms1 ,concordat ( 7#aabb71 i4 #bde n4 #d ,x5ophon's ,cyropa$ia1 i4 #gh ,ye>-books 7,annales71 i4 #bcd & n4 #a ,yves1 ,bp4 ( ,*>tres1 i4 #bfb n42 ii4 #aci ,za*>ias1 ,pope1 i4 #aii ,zoology3 ,alb]tus ,magnus' works on1 ii4 #dbi ,ari/otle's "w 91 i4 #ch ,physiologus1 i4 #gf-g & n41 #cjj2 ii4 #hc ,,! ,,end ,pr9t$ by ,r4 ,r4 ,,cl>k1 ,,limit$1 ,ed9burgh4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxvi41 ,i4 #b ,lev4 xxi4 #bj2 ,deut4 xxiii4 #a4 #c ,lucan1 ,ph>salia1 viii4 #id4 #d ,helose "h 9 m$iaeval fa%ion cites a numb] ( examples f ,scripture %[+ ! ills & tr\bles br\ght by wom5 to m54 #e ,aga9 %e quotes to prove ?is1 f ,job & ,/4 ,gregory & ,ambrose4 #f ,helose's la/ problema did n relate to ,scripture1 & may h be5 sugge/$ by h] own life4 8,we ask :e!r "o c s9 9 do+ :at is p]mitt$ or comm&$ by ! ,"l80 ,abael>d answ]s ) a discussion ( :at is p]missible betwe5 man & wife4 #g ,?is lett] ( ,helose is n extant4 #h ,! ,tri/an ( ,gottfri$ von ,/rassburg & ! ,p>zival ( ,wolfram von ,es*5ba* h be5 giv54 ,"o may also ref] to works ( old] contempor>ies1 e4g4 to ! ,a5eid ( ,he9ri* von ,veldeke1 translat$ 7#aahd7 f a ,fr5* r5d]+ ( ,virgil2 & ! two c\rtly n>rative poems1 ! ,erec & ,iva9 7,knight ( ! ,lion7 tak5 f ,*rti5 ( ,troies by ,h>tmann von ,aue1 :o fl\ri%$ z ! twelf? c5tury 0 pass+ into ! ?irte5?4 #i ,on ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide1 see ,wilmann1 ,leb5 und ,di*tung ,wal!rs1 etc4 7,bonn1 #ahhb72 ,s*nba*1 ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide 7#bnd ed41 ,b]l91 #ahie74 ,! citations f 8 poems 9 ?is *apt] foll[ ! ,pfeiff]-,b>ts* edition4 #aj ,no4 #c 9 ! ,pfeiff]-,b>ts* edition4 #aa #ahd4 #ab #cc4 #ac #bb4 #ad #ad1 #af1 #fi4 #ae #ah4 #af #ci4 #ag ,see ,li$]1 #df1 #ea1 #ef1 #ei1 #fa1 #fb1 #ga1 #gb1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg4 #ah ,a lucid acc\nt ( ?is /ruggle is giv5 9 ,lu*aire1 ,innoc5t ,,iii41 vol4 iii4 78,la ,papaut et l',empire071 ,p>is1 #aijf4 #ai #ha4 #bj ,f 8,freidank 9 ,auswahl10 9 ,hildebr&'s ,didaktik aus d] ,zeit d] ,kreuzzge1 p4 #ccf 7,deuts*e ,nat4 ,lit474 #ba #he1 cf4 #afd4 #bb #aaj4 #bc #aac1 cf4 #aaa1 #aab4 #bd #aae1 #aaf4 #be #acc4 ,my /atem5t ( ! opposition to ! papacy might be mu* m analytical1 & conta9 fur!r apt di/9ctions4 ,b ?is w\ld remove x too f> f ! anti-papal feel+ ( ! common man2 & ! p]iod1 moreov]1 is n yet t ( ,occam & ,m>silius ( ,padua--z to :om see ,gi]ke1 ,political ,!ories ( ! ,middle ,age1 trans4 by ,maitl& 7,cambridge1 #aijj74 #bf #hh1 #acg4 #bg #aeh4 ,walt] %>$ ! crusad+ _s4 ,! inf]5ce t he 0 himself a ,crusad] is unsafe2 b he wrote /irr+ crusad+ poems1 "o op5+ ) a l9e t 9 sudd5 p[] may be comp>$ ) ,milton's 8,av5ge1 ,o ,"l1 ,?y slaught]$ sa9ts40 8,ri*1 hrre1 di* und d9e muot]1 meg$e k9t40 #afg4 ,see also #gh1 #gi4 #bh #hg4 #bi ,p>zival1 i4 #hbd4 #cj #ahf4 #ca #ahh4 #cb ,:ile an allegory is a /atem5t hav+ ano!r consci\sly int5d$ mean+1 metaphor is ! c>ry+ ov] or deflection ( a mean+ f its prim>y application4 ,accord+ to good usage1 :i* has kept ^! t]ms di/9ct1 allegory implies a def9ite & usually a su/a9$ int5tion1 & sugge/s ! spiritual2 :ile metaphor sugge/s figures ( spee* & l+ui/ic *anges (t5 unconsci\s4 ,language develops ?r\gh ! metaphorical 7n allegorical7 ext5sion or modification ( ! mean+s ( words4 ,! orig9al mean+ sometimes is obscur$ 7e4g4 9 pr(ane or dep5d71 & sometimes cont9ues to exi/ ) ! new "o4 ,9 a va/ numb] ( languages1 su* words z /raight1 oblique1 crook$1 seem always to h _h bo? a direct & a metaphorical mean+4 ,moral & intellectual conceptions necess>ily are express$ 9 phrases prim>ily applicable to physical ph5om5a4 #cc ,cf4 ,taylor1 ,classical ,h]itage1 p4 #ig sqq4 #cd ,ante1 ,*apt]s ,,iv41 ,v4 #ce ,contra ,fau/um1 xxii4 #a-e4 #cf ,contra ,fau/um1 xxii4 #ff-fh4 #cg ,augu/9e's me?od 9 ?is tw5ty-second ,book is fir/ to consid] ! actual s9fulness or ju/ification ( ^! de$s1 & aft]w>ds to take up 9 succession _! typological significance4 ,s1 = example1 he discusses ! blamefulness ( ,judah's conduct ) ,tam> 9 p>4 #fa-fd & its typology 9 #hc-hf4 #ch ,contra ,fau/um1 xxii4 #hg4 ,/4 ,ambrose1 9 8 ,apologia ,prophetae ,david1 cap4 iii4 7,migne #ad1 col4 #heg71 writt5 "s ye>s be=e ,augu/9e's treatise aga9/ ,fau/us1 f9ds ,ba?%eba to signify ! 8congregatio nationum quae non erat ,*ri/o legitimo quodam fidei copulata connubio40 #ci ,quae/iones 9 ,vet4 ,te/am4 9 ,regum ,,ii4 7,migne #hc1 col4 #daa74 ,isidore di$ ,a4,d4 #fcf 7ante1 ,*apt] ,v47 #dj ,comm5t4 9 ,libros ,,iv4 ,regum1 9 lib4 ii4 cap4 xi42 ,migne1 ,pat4 ,lat4 #aji1 col4 #ih 7writt5 9 #hcd74 ,on ,rabanus & ,walafrid see ante1 ,*apt] ,x4 #da ,glossa ord9>ia1 ,lib4 ,regum1 ii4 cap4 xi4 7,migne #aac1 col4 #ega1 #egb74 #db ,comm5t4 9 ,mat?aeum 7,migne #ajg1 col4 #gcd74 #dc ,migne #aad1 col4 #fg4 #dd ,x 0 ! way ( ,b$e 9 8 comm5t>ies to speak briefly ( ! lit]al or hi/oric mean+ ( ! text1 & !n give ! usual symbolical int]pretations1 pay+ special att5tion to ! significance ( ! ,old ,te/am5t n>ratives z types ( ! c>e] ( ,*ri/ 7see e4g4 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,comm5t>y on ,exodus1 ,migne #ib1 col4 #bhe sqq42 & ,prologue to ! allegorical ,comm5t>y on ,samuel1 ,migne #ib1 col4 #eja1 #ejb74 ,= example1 9 ! op5+ ( ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,samuel1 ,elkanah is a type ( ,*ri/1 & 8 two wives ,p59nah & ,hannah repres5t ! ,synagogue & ! ,*ur*4 ,:5 ,samuel is born to ,hannah he also is a type ( ,*ri/2 & ,b$e says x ne$ n a/oni% "o t ,hannah's sp\se & ,hannah's son %\ld bo? be types ( ,*ri/1 s9ce ! ,m$iator betwe5 ,god & man is at once ! sp\se & son ( ,holy ,*ur*3 ,he is h] sp\se z ,he aids h] ) ,8 confid5ce & hope & love1 & h] son :5 by grace ,he ent]s ! he>ts ( ^? :o believe & hope & love4 ,9 ,samuelam1 cap4 iii4 7,migne #ia1 col4 #ejh74 ,b$e's mona/ic m9d balk$ at ! lit]al /atem5t t ,elkanah _h two wives 7see ! ,prologue1 ,migne #ia1 col4 #dii74 #de ,com4 9 ,exodum1 ,praefatio 7,migne #ajh1 col4 #i74 #df ,migne #aab1 col4 #hdi-ajhh4 ,a numb] ( ^! diction>ies 7 compil$1 ! e>lie/ be+ ! ,de =mulis spiritalis intelleg5tiae ( ,eu*]ius1 ,bi%op ( ,lyons1 :o di$ 9 #dej1 ed4 by ,pauly #ahhd4 ,9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages ,alanus de ,insulis 7po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxix47 compil$ "o4 #dg ,^! di/9ctions1 n commonly obs]v$1 are frequ5tly reit]at$4 ,says ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor 7see po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxviii47 9 ! ,prologue to 8 ,de sacram5tis3 8,div9e ,scripture1 ) ?reefold mean+1 consid]s its matt] hi/orically1 allegorically1 & tropologically4 ,hi/ory is ! n>rative ( facts1 & foll[s ! prim>y mean+ ( words2 we h allegory :5 ! fact :i* is told signifies "s o!r fact 9 ! pa/1 pres5t1 or future2 & tropology :5 ! n>rat$ fact signifies t some?+ %\ld be done40 ,cf4 ,hugo's ,didascalicon1 v4 cap4 #b1 :]e ,hugo illu/rates 8 mean+1 & po9ts out t ?is ?reefold significance is n to be f\nd 9 e passage ( ,scripture4 ,9 ibid4 v4 cap4 #d1 he gives sev5 curi\s rules ( int]pretation 7,migne #agf1 col4 #ghi-gic74 ,9 8 ,de ,scripturis1 etc41 pra5otatiunculae1 cap4 #c 7,migne #age1 col4 #aa sqq471 ,hugo speaks ( ! anagogical significance 9 ! place ( ! tropological4 #dh ,raban's ,lat9 is 8,ligabit e>n ancillis suis0--! v]se 9 ,job xl4 #bd reads 8,ligabis e>n ancillis tuis80 ,9 ! ,engli% v]sion ! v]se is ,job xli4 #e1 8,wilt ?\ b9d him = ?y maid5s80 #di 8,p] fidem me cognov]unt02 ,i surmise a non is omitt$4 #ej ,! ,scriptural citations are omitt$4 ,rabanus wrote an allegorical ,de laudibus sanctae crucis 7,migne #ajg1 col4 #acc-bid71 compos$ 9 metre ) prose explanations1 :i* expla9 v little4 ,! metrical portion is a puzzle consi/+ ( tw5ty-eight 8figures10 or l9eal del9eations int]wov5 9 hexamet] v]ses2 ! words & lett]s conta9$ )9 ea* figure 8make s5se0 :5 read by !mselves1 & =m v]ses 9 metres o!r ?an hexamet]s4 ,! :ole is z incompreh5sible 9 mean+ z x is indescribable 9 =m4 ,angels1 *]ubim & s]aphim1 tetragons1 ! virtues1 mon?s1 w9ds1 elem5ts1 signs ( ! ,zodiac1 & o!r twelvefold my/]ies1 ! days ( ! ye>1 ! numb] sev51 ! five books ( ,moses1 ! f\r evangeli/s1 ! sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ! eight beatitudes1 ! my/]y ( ! numb] =ty1 ! sacram5t %[n by ! numb] fifty1--all ^! & mu* besides contribute to ! glory ( ! ,cross1 & are del9eat$ & arrang$ 9 cruci=m mann]1 s z to be includ$ )9 ! scope ( ! cross's symbolical significance4 #ea ,s9ce allegory & ! _s ( symbolism p]vad$ all m$iaeval ?\ght1 ! pres5t & two foll[+ *apt]s aim only at sett+ =? ! elem5ts 7) p]t95t examples7 ( ?is q limitless subject4 #eb ,see prefatory epi/le to ,speculum ecclesiae1 ,migne #agb1 col4 #hac4 ,comp>e ! prefatory epi/le to ! ,gemma animae1 ibid4 col4 #eda1 & ! ,preface to ! ,elucid>ium1 ibid4 col4 #aaji4 ,probably ,honorius di$ ab\t #aacj4 #ec ,we h ^! s]mons only 9 ,lat94 ,presumably a prea*] us+ !m1 gave !m 9 t language or r5d]$ !m 9 ! v]nacul> z he ?\ght fit4 #ed 8,ommia legalia ,*ri/us nobis conv]tit 9 sacram5ta spiritualia0 is ,honorius's apt phrase 7:i* may be borr[$671 ,migne #agb1 col4 #hdb4 ,8 special ref]5ce is to circumcision4 #ee ,ps4 xxxi4 ,vulgate2 ,ps4 xxxii4 #b1 ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion4 #ef ,speculum ecclesiae1 8,dom9ica ,,xi40 7,migne #agb1 col4 #ajec sqq474 #eg ,yet1 curi\sly en\gh1 ne> ! "t :5 ,i 0 mak+ ! foll[+ translation1 ,i he>d an eld]ly c\ntry cl]gyman prea* sub/antially ?is s]mon ( ,honorius--:]ev] he may h cull$ x1 p]haps f "s useful 8,homiletical0 ,comm5t>y4 #eh ,speculum ecclesiae1 8,dom9ica ,,xiii40 7,migne #agb1 col4 #ajei-ajfa74 #ei ,speculum ecclesiae1 8,dom9ica 9 ,septuagesima0 7,migne #agb1 col4 #hee-heg74 ,honorius may h =gott5 ! we>9ess ( 8 suppos$ audi5ce2 = 8 s]mon goes on ) fur!r admonition z to h[ ! victory is to be won4 ,! allegorical int]pretation ( ,scripture is exemplifi$ 9 ! :ole limitless mass ( m$iaeval s]mons4 ,illu/rations f ,/4 ,b]n>d's s]mons on ,canticles are giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,xvii41 also po/1 9 ,*apt] ,,xxxvi41 ,,ii4 #fj ,= ! ,eu*>i/ 9 ! ,c>ol+ian p]iod see ante1 ,*apt] ,x4 ,b]5g> ( ,t\rs is spok5 ( 9 ,*apt] ,,xii41 ,,iv4 #fa ,_m memb]s 9 "o body1 "o body 9 ,*ri/ 7,rom4 xii4 #d1 #e74 #fb ,cf4 po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxiii41 ,v4 #fc ,! works ( ,hugo ( ,sa9t-,victor are conta9$ 9 ,migne's ,patrologia ,lat9a1 #age-agg 7,p>is1 #ahed2 ! repr9t ( #ahhb is full ( mispr9ts74 ,! ,prolegom5a 79 ,fr5*7 ( ,mgr4 ,hugon9 are elaborate & valuable4 ,mignon1 ,les ,orig9es de la s*ola/ique et ,hugues de ,sa9t-,victor 7#b vols41 ,p>is1 #ahie71 foll[s ,hugon9's writ+ & adds little ( value4 ,an exposition ( ,hugo's philosophy is to be f\nd 9 ,/ckl1 ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie des ,mittelalt]s1 ,b& ,i4 pp4 #cje-cee 7,ma9z1 #ahfd74 ,on ! au!nticity ( ! writ+s ascrib$ to him see ,haurau1 ,les uvres de ,hugues de ,sa9t-,victor 7#bnd ed41 ,p>is1 #ahhf74 ,= ,hugo's position 9 ! hi/ory ( s*ola/icism & my/icism see po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxvi41 ,,ii4 #fd ,po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxi41 ,i4 #fe ,hildeb]t's lett] is giv5 po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxx41 ,,iii4 #ff ,on ! neighb\r+ s*ools ( ,notre-,dame & ,/4 ,g5evieve see po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 #fg ,at ! op5+ ( 8 ,expositio 9 regulam beati ,augu/9i1 ,migne #agf1 col4 #hha1 ,hugo expla9s t ! precepts "u :i* a mona/ic community lives are call$ ! regula1 & :at we call a regula is call$ a canon by ! ,greeks2 & ^? are call$ canonici or regul>es1 :o 8juxta regul>ia praecepta sanctorum ,patrum canonice atque apo/olice vivunt40 ,?us ! 8regul> canons0 ( ,/4 ,augu/9e 7 monks :o liv$ accord+ to ! rule ascrib$ to t sa9t4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,victor9es ! rule 0 drawn up *iefly by ,abbot ,gildu94 ,see ,prolegom5a to ! works ( ,hugo1 ,migne #age1 col4 xxiv4 sqq4 #fh ,see ! ,prolegom5a to ! works ( ,hugo de ,sa9t-,victor1 by ,hugon91 ,migne #age1 col4 xl4 sqq4 #fi ,didascalicon1 vi4 #c 7,migne #agf1 col4 #gii74 ,o!r cont5ts ( ?is "w are giv5 po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxvi41 ,i4 #gj ,8 dea? is t\*+ly describ$ 9 a lett] ( ,osb]t1 ! canon 9 *>ge ( ! infirm>y4 ,see ,migne #age1 col4 xlvii & clxi4 #ga ,hugo1 ,de arrha animae1 ,migne #agf1 col4 #ied4 ,yet ,hugo sometimes 0 /ung ) an irrelevant pang = ! ,g]man fa!rl&1 :i* he _h left3 8,i h be5 an exile s9ce my boyhood1 & ,i "k h[ ! m9d grieves to =sake "s poor hut's n>r[ he>?1 & h[ easily x may !n despise ! m>ble hall & frett$ ro(0 7,didascalicon1 iii4 #bj2 ,migne #agf1 col4 #ggh74 ,comp>e ! s+le lett] ( ,hugo t has a p]sonal note1 ,ep4 i4 7,migne #agf1 col4 #ajaa74 #gb ,! ,de sacram5tis ,*ri/ianae fidei is pr9t$ 9 ,migne #agf1 col4 #agd-fah4 ,x is ?us a l5g?y "w4 #gc ,hugo evid5tly ref]s to 8 ,de ,scripturis et scriptoribus sacris pra5otatiunculae1 & 8 v>i\s ,adnotationes elucidatoriae1 :i* w be f\nd pr9t$ 9 vol4 #age ( ,migne's ,patrologia ,lat9a4 ,9 *ap4 v4 ( ! "w fir/ m5tion$ 7,migne #age1 col4 #ac7 he speaks s5sibly ( ! folly ( ^? :o pr(ess n to c>e = ! lit]al hi/orical mean+ ( ! sacr$ text1 b1 9 ignorance1 spr+ at once to v inept allegorical int]pretations4 #gd ,de sacram5tis1 ,prologus 7,migne #agf1 col4 #ahc-ahe74 ,a m elem5t>y /atem5t may be f\nd 9 ,de ,scripturis1 etc41 cap4 xiii4 7,migne #age1 col4 #bj74 #ge ,god is p]fect & utt]ly good4 ,8 beatitude _c be increas$ or dim9i%$1 b x c be imp>t$4 ,!re=e ! primal cause = creat+ rational creatures 0 ,god's wi% t !re %\ld be p>tak]s ( ,8 beatitude4 ,?is reason+ may be ,*ri/ian2 b x is also close to ! doctr9e ( ,plato's ,timaeus1 :i* ,hugo _h read4 #gf ,hugo also takes a wid] view ( ! 8place0 ( mank9d's re/oration1 & f9ds t x includes 7#a7 heav51 :]e ! good are confirm$ & made p]fect2 7#b7 hell1 :]e ! bad receive _! des]ts2 7#c7 ! fire ( purgatory1 :]e !re is correction & p]fect+2 7#d7 p>adise ! place ( good beg9n+s2 & 7#e7 ! _w1 ! place ( pilgrimage = ^? :o ne$ re/or+4 #gg 8,sacram5tum e/ corporale vel mat]iale elem5tum =is s5sibilit] propositum ex similitud9e repraes5tans1 et ex in/itutione significans1 et ex sanctificatione cont95s aliquam invisibilem et spiritalem gratiam0 7p>s ix4 #b2 ,migne #agf1 col4 #cag74 ,9 spite ( ,hugo ! old def9ition held its gr\nd1 be+ adopt$ by ,pet] ,lomb>d & o!rs aft] him4 #gh ,"h we see cle>ly t ! works ( ! ,creation h ! sacram5tal quality ( similitude &1 9 a way1 ! quality ( in/itution1 s9ce _! similitude to spiritual ?+s 0 int5d$ by ! ,creator = ! in/ruction ( man4 ,!y lack1 h[ev]1 ! ?ird quality ( sanctification1 :i* enables ! mat]ial signum to convey its spiritual res4 #gi e4g4 ! mat]ial ( ! sacram5t1 :i* may consi/ 9 ?+s1 z 9 bread & w9e1 or 9 actions 7z 9 mak+ ! sign ( ! cross71 or 9 words1 z 9 ! invocation ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,he also %[s h[ fai? itself may be reg>d$ z a sacram5t1 inasmu* z x is t :]eby we n[ see 9 a glass d>kly & behold b an image4 ,b we %all h]eaft] see cle>ly ?r\gh contemplation4 ,fai? !n is ! image1 i4e4 ! sacram5t1 ( ! future contemplation :i* is ! sacram5t's real v]ity1 ! res4 #hj ,de sacr4 lib4 i4 p>s xi4 cap4 #a4 ,! sacram5ts ( ! natural law includ$ ti!s1 oblations1 & sacrifices4 ,hugo also consid]s ! good works :i* ! natural law prescrib$4 ,?is p]iod ceases ) ! writt5 law giv5 implicitly ?r\gh ,abraham & explicitly ?r\gh ,moses4 ,see ,de sacr4 lib4 i4 p>s xii4 cap4 i4 ,hugo appe>s to me to v>y 8 po9t ( view reg>d+ ! natural law & its "t1 = sometimes he reg>ds x z ! law prevail+ till ! "t ( ,abraham or ,moses1 & aga9 z ! law "u :i* pagan peoples liv$1 :o did n "k ! ,mosaic law4 #ha ,de sacr4 lib4 i4 p>s xi4 cap4 #f 7,migne #agf1 col4 #cdf74 #hb ,:oev] %\ld wi% = fur!r illu/ration ( ,hugo's allegorical me?ods may exam9e 8 treatises entitl$ ,de arca ,no morali & ,de arca ,no my/ica 7,migne #agf1 col4 #fah-gjb71 :]e e detail ( ! ,ark1 :i* signifies ! ,*ur*1 is allegorically appli$ to ! ,*ri/ian s*eme ( life & salvation4 ,) ^! treatises1 ,hugo's ,de vanitate mundi 7,migne #agf1 col4 #gjc-gdj7 is connect$4 ,!y w be ref]r$ to :5 consid]+ ,hugo's position 9 m$iaeval philosophy1 po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxvi41 ,,ii4 #hc ,see ,du*esne1 ,orig9es du culte *rti54 #hd ,see ! epitaph f 8 tomb 9 ,s4 ,m>ia sopra ,m9]va 9 ,rome1 giv5 by ,savigny1 ,ges*i*te des ,rmis*5 ,re*ts1 v4 #ega sqq41 :o also gives a sket* ( 8 life4 ,) ! "w ( ,dur&us1 ! ,gemma animae ( ,honorius ( ,autun 7,books ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii42 ,migne #agb1 col4 #eda sqq47 %\ld be comp>$1 z m>k+ a some:at e>li] /age 9 ! int]pretation ( ! ,liturgy4 ,x also gives ! symbolism ( ! *ur* & its p>ts1 its m9i/]s1 & s]vices4 #he ,e article worn or borne by ! bi%op 7or celebrat+ prie/7 has symbolic significance4 #hf ,all ?is 7:i* is tak5 f ,book ,,iv4 ( ! ,rationale7 is b ! fir/ "p ( ! ,mass4 ,! maze ( symbolism increases 9 va/ness & intricacy z ! (fice proce$s4 #hg ,neh4 iv4 #hh ,matt4 xix4 #ag4 #hi ,_m p>ts ( ! *ur* h m ?an "o significance4 ,! w9d[s 7 said be=e to repres5t hospitality & pity4 #ij ,po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxv41 ,i4 #ia ,! application ( ,v9c5t's "w to ! sculpture & pa9t+ ( a ,go?ic ca!dral is due to ,didron1 ,iconographie *rti5ne1 hi/oire de ,dieu1 ,introduction 7#ahdc74 ,o!r writ]s h foll[$ him1 l mile ,male 9 8 ,l',art religieux du ,,xiiie sicle en ,france 7#bnd ed41 ,p>is1 #aijb71 to :i* ! pres5t writ] is mu* indebt$4 ,x goes )\t say+1 t ! s\rces f :i* ,v9c5t drew 7e4g4 ! works ( ,alb]tus ,magnus7 likewise =m a comm5t>y ^u ! subjects ( ,go?ic glass & sculpture1 & may ev5 h sugge/$ ! mann] ( _! pres5tation4 #ib ,! op5+ v]ses ( ,john's ,gospel acc\nt = ?is4 ,*ri/1 or ,god 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 is %[n 9 ,old ,te/am5t sc5es z e>ly z ! f\r? c5tury ^u s>cophagi 9 ! ,lat]an at ,rome4 #ic ,^! subjects illu/rat$ ! s]ies ( ev5ts celebrat$ 9 ! cal5d> ( *ur* s]vices4 #id ,po/1 pp4 #hf sqq4 #ie ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxvii4 #if ,s ! composition & ! arrangem5t ( topics 9 ! ca!dral sculpture & glass h sc>cely ! excell5ce ( natural gr\p+4 ,! arrangem5t is int5d$ to illu/rate ! s]ies ( successive acts mak+ up ,god's own arti/-composition1 itself symbolical ( ,8 purpose 9 ! creation & r$emption ( man4 #ig ,adam's hymns are edit$ ) notes & an introductory essay by ,l4 ,gauti]1 uvres potiques d',adam de ,s4-,victor 7#crd ed41 ,p>is1 #ahid74 ,a numb] ( 8 hymns w be f\nd 9 ,migne #aif1 col4 #adbb sqq42 & also 9 ,clem5t's ,c>m9a e poetis *ri/ianis exc]pta4 ,on ,adam's v]se see po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxii41 ,,iii4 #ih ,dante draws mu* f ,ri*>d ( ,/4 ,victor4 #ii ,see po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxii41 ,,iii4 #ajj ,gauti]1 o4c4 p4 #df 7,migne #aif1 col4 #adcg74 #aja ,! ,hebrews 9 bondage to ! ,egyptians are ! symbol ( all m5 9 ! bonds ( s94 #ajb ,z ,*ri/ expires ! *]ubim at ! gate ( ,ed5 l[] ! flam+ sword1 s t ! m5 ba!d ) ,8 blood may pass 94 #ajc ,isaac 0 always a type ( ,*ri/2 8 "n 0 int]pret$ laught] 7risus7 f ,g54 xxi4 #f3 8,& ,s>ah said1 ,god ha? made me to laugh1 s t all t he> w laugh ) me40 #ajd ,joseph ano!r type ( ,*ri/4 #aje ,?is s]p5t1 i4e4 ,*ri/ ! rod ( ,a>on1 safe f ! devil's spite1 consumes ! false idols4 #ajf ,! ,braz5 ,s]p5t1 a type ( ,*ri/4 ,cf4 ,john iii4 #ad4 #ajg ,cf4 ,job xli4 #a4 ,! hook 7hamus7 is ,*ri/'s div9ity1 :]eby ,he pi]ces ! devil's jaw4 #ajh ,cf4 ,isa4 xi4 #h4 ,! guiltless *ild is ,*ri/1 & ! cockatrice is ! devil4 #aji ,! *ildr5 :o mock$ ,eli%a repres5t ! ,jews mock+ ,*ri/ z ,he asc5d$ ,calv>y2 ! be> is ,vespasian & ,titus :o de/roy ,j]usalem4 #aaj ,^! aga9 are types ( ,*ri/3 ,david feign+ madness among ! ,phili/9es1 #a ,sam4 xxi4 #ab-ae2 ! goat ca/ =? = ! p's s9s1 ,lev4 xvi4 #ba1 #bb2 & ! sp>r[ 9 ! rite ( cleans+ f leprosy1 ,lev4 xiv4 #b-g4 #aaa ,samson a type ( ,*ri/1 w n w$ a woman ( 8 tribe 7,judges xiv4 #a-c7 z ,*ri/ *ooses ! ,g5tiles2 ,samson bur/s op5 ,gaza's gates z ,*ri/ ! gates ( dea? & hell4 #aab ,! allusion "h is to ! /atem5t ( m$iaeval ,be/i>ies t ! lion cub1 :5 born1 lies lifeless = ?ree days1 till awak5$ by 8 fa!r's ro>4 ,! sup]nal "m is ! ,*ur* triumphant4 #aac ,! body ( ,*ri/1 i4e4 ! ,*ur*4 #aad ,a topic ev]y:]e repres5t$ 9 *ur* w9d[s & ca!dral sculpture4 #aae ,pr9t$ at ! end ( 8 ,pa$agogus2 see ,taylor1 ,classical ,h]itage ( ! ,middle ,ages1 pp4 #bec-bee1 :]e x is translat$4 #aaf ,al?\gh ! dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity 7 =mulat$ by reason1 !y 7 cradl$ 9 love & hate4 ,n[adays1 9 a "t :5 dogmas are apt to be ?\ght useless clogs to ! _s1 x is well = ! hi/orically-m9d$ to rememb] ! p[] ( emotional devotion :i* !y h inspir$ 9 o!r times4 #aag ,gauti]1 uvres d',adam 7#a/ ed41 vol4 i4 p4 #aa72 ,gauti] 7#crd ed41 p4 #bfi7 d\bts :e!r ?is hymn is ,adam's4 ,b = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ ! symbolism ( ! twelf?-c5tury hymn1 ! "q ( au?or%ip is n important4 #aah ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxvii4 #aai ,9 ^! clos+ l9es ! 8salubre sacram5tum0 is 9 apposition to 8,ille de ,sam>ia0--i4e4 ! 8sacram5tum0 is ! ,savi\r1 :o is also typifi$ by ! ,good ,sam>itan4 ,9 ano!r hymn = ,*ri/mas1 ,adam speaks ( ! concurr5ce 9 "o p]sona ( ,^w1 fle%1 & _s1 & !n uses ! phrase 8,tantae rei sacram5tum0 7,gauti]1 o4c4 p4 #e74 ,"h ! sacram5tum designates ! visible human p]son ( ,*ri/1 :i* 0 ! life-giv+ signum or symbol ( s great a m>vel 7tantae rei7 z ! ,inc>nation4 ,adam has ,hugo's tea*+ 9 m9d1 & ! full significance ( 8 phrase w appe> by tak+ x 9 connection ) ,hugo's def9ition ( ! ,sacram5t1 ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxviii4 #abj ,gauti]1 o4c4 p4 #aj4 #aba ,! ref]5ce is to ,a>on's rod 9 ,numb]s xvii4 #abb ,! ref]5ce is to ,gideon's fleece1 ,judges vi4 #cg1 :i* is a type ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 #abc ,gauti]1 o4c4 #a/ ed41 i4 #aee 7,migne #aif1 col4 #adfd74 ,9 8 ?ird edition1 ,gauti] is d\btful ( ,adam's au?or%ip ( ?is hymn because ( its irregul> rhyme4 #abd ,cf4 ,gauti]'s notes to ?is hymn1 ,gauti]1 o4c4 #a/ ed41 i4 #aei-afg4 #abe ,gauti]1 o4c4 i4 #afh4 #abf ,gauti]1 o4c4 ii4 #abg4 #abg ,gauti]1 #crd ed41 p4 #ahf4 ,?is is 9 ,migne #aif1 col4 #aejb4 #abh ,a *>latan 9 ,salimb5e's ,*ronicle1 ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxi41 uses a l phrase4 #abi ,= ! data z to ,alanus see ! ,prolegom5a to ,migne1 ,pat4 ,lat4 #baj1 :i* volume conta9s 8 works4 ,see also ,haurau1 ,mm4 de l'acad4 des inscriptions et des belles lettres1 tome #cb 7#ahhf71 p4 #a1 etc42 also ,hi/4 lit4 de ,france1 tome #af1 p4 #cif1 etc4 ,on ,alanus & 8 place 9 s*ola/ic philosophy1 see po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxvi41 ,,iii4 #acj ,migne #baj1 col4 #fhf-ajab4 #aca ,migne #baj1 col4 #dca-dha4 ,see po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxii41 ,i4 #acb ,! significance ( ! title is n q cle>4 ,! poem is writt5 9 hexametre1 & is n f> f #dgjj l9es 9 l5g?4 ,x is pr9t$ 9 ,migne #baj1 col4 #dhf-egf2 also edit$ by ,?os4 ,wright1 ,ma/] ( ! ,rolls ,s]ies1 vol4 #ei1 ii4 7#ahgb74 #acc ,! poem is highly imag9ative 9 ! del9eation ( its allegorical figures4 #acd ,^! curi\s l9es are z foll[s3 8,o nova picturae miracula1 transit ad esse ,quod nihil esse pote/6 picturaque simia v]i1 ,arte nova lud5s1 9 res umbracula r]um ,v]tit1 et 9 v]um m5dacia s+ula mutat40 ,anticlaudianus1 i4 cap4 iv4 7,migne #aif1 col4 #dia47 #ace ,! allusion "h is to ! fate ( ,hippolytus1 ^: *>iot-horses1 madd5$ by ! wiles ( ,v5us1 da%$ ! *>iot to pieces & caus$ _! "l's dea?4 #acf i4 cap4 vi4 ,h] g>b & attributes are elaborately told4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! poem %e is usually call$ ,phronesis4 #acg ,a fav\rite commonplace2 ,helose uses x4 #ach ,! functions ( ^! virg9s1 ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts1 are poetically told4 ,! ,anticlaudianus is no text-book4 ,b ! poet app>5tly is foll[+ ! ,de nuptiis ,philologiae et ,m]curii ( ,m>tianus ,capella1 ante1 ,*apt] ,,iv4 #aci ,comp>e ! succession ( ,heav5s 9 ,dante's ,p>adiso4 #adj ,"o may recall ,raphael's pa9t+ ( ,!ology on ! ceil+ ( ! ,/anza del ,segnatura 9 ! ,vatican4 ,x is impossible n to comp>e ! rles ( ,alan's ,reason & ,!ology ) ^? ( ,virgil & ,beatrice 9 ! ,comm$ia4 #ada ,"h we are back 9 ! ,cele/ial ,hi]>*y ( ,dionysius ! ,areopagite4 #adb ,z 9 ,dante's ,p>adiso4 #adc ,mo/ ( ^! epi!ts ( ! ,virg9 come f allegorical int]pretations ( ! text ( ! ,vulgate4 #add ,comp>e ! f9al vision ( ,dante 9 ,p>adiso1 xxxiii4 #ade ,! read] w notice ! ,platonism & ,neo-,platonism ( all ?is4 #adf ,notice t ! ,arts are "h equipp+ & p]fect+ ! man = 8 fight aga9/ s92--:i* corresponds ) ! common m$iaeval view ( ! function ( education4 #adg ,! poem gives a full description ( ,=tune & h] h\se1 & un/able spl5did gifts4 #adh ,b ! diff]5t names ( ,alanus's ,virtues & ,vices1 & _! novel antagonisms1 indicate an orig9al view ( morality ) him4 ,on ! ,psy*oma*ia see ,taylor1 ,classical ,h]itage1 pp4 #bgh sqq4 & #cgi4 ,allegorical combats & dbats 7bo? 9 ,lat9 & 9 ! v]nacul> tongues7 are frequ5t 9 m$iaeval lit]ature4 ,cf4 e4g4 po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,aga91 9 c]ta9 p>abolae ascrib$ to ,/4 ,b]n>d 7,migne #ahc1 col4 #geg sqq47 ! v>i\s virtues1 ,prud5tia1 ,=titude1 ,discretio1 ,temp]antia1 ,spes1 ,timor1 ,sapi5tia1 are s naturally made to act & speak1 t "o feels !y _h become p]sonalities prop] = poetry & art4 ,comp>e ,hildeg>d's *>act]izations ( ! ,vices1 ante1 ,*apt] ,,xix4 #adi ,! ,engli% read] w d]ive mu* pleasure f ,f4 ,s4 ,ellis's admirable v]se translation3 ,! ,romance ( ! ,rose 7,d5t & ,co41 ,london1 #aijj74 ,ea* ( ! ?ree little volumes ( ?is translation has a conv5i5t synopsis ( ! cont5ts4 ,^? :o w\ld "k :at is kn[n ( ! tale & its au?ors %\ld read ,langlois's *apt] on x1 9 ,hi/oire de la langue et de la littrature franaise1 edit$ by ,petit de ,julleville4 ,x may be said "h1 = ^? ^: memories ne$ refre%+1 t ,william de ,lorris wrote ! fir/ "p1 "s =ty-two hundr$ l9es1 ab\t ! ye> #abcg1 & di$ leav+ x unf9i%$2 ,john de ,meun took up ! poem "s ?irty ye>s aft]w>ds1 & add$ 8 sequel ( m ?an eighte5 ?\s& l9es4 #aej ,! names are ,engli%$ aft] ,ellis's translation4 #aea ,see ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxiii42 ,de ,meun took mu* f ! ,de planctu naturae ( ,alanus4 #aeb ,po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 #aec ,ante1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bac4 #aed ,migne1 ,pat4 ,lat4 #agb1 col4 #ajef4 #aee ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xii41 ,i4 #aef ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xiii41 ,i4 #aeg ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxviii4 #aeh ,didascalicon1 iii4 #d 7,migne #agf1 col4 #gfh-gfi74 #aei ,de vanitate mundi1 i4 7,migne #agf1 col4 #gji1 #gaj74 #afj ,ep4 #afi 7,migne1 ,pat4 ,lat4 #ajj1 col4 #dda74 #afa ,opusc4 xiii42 ,de p]fectione mona*i1 cap4 xi4 7,migne #add1 col4 #cjf74 ,see ante1 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 #afb ,speculum ecclesiae 7,migne #agb1 col4 #ajhe74 #afc ,sonnet #ef4 #afd ,ep4 i4 7,migne #aai1 col4 #dcc74 #afe ,john approv$ ( read+ ! auctores1 = educational purposes1 & n conf9+ ! pupil to ! artes4 ,see ,metalogicus1 i4 #bc1 #bd 7,migne1 ,pat4 ,lat4 #aii1 col4 #dec74 ,on ,john1 cf4 po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxi4 & ,,xxxvi41 ,,iii4 #aff ,polycraticus1 ,prologus 7,migne1 ,pat4 ,lat4 #aii1 col4 #che74 #afg ,po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxvi41 ,,iii4 #afh ,i draw ^u ! extracts giv5 9 ! !sis ( ,m4 ,demimuid1 ,de ,b]n>do ,c>not5si grammatico pr(essore et int]prete ,virgilii 7,p>is1 #ahgc71 :o1 z appe>s by 8 title1 confuses ! two ,b]n>ds4 #afi ,! au?or ( a ba/>d epitome on ! ,trojan ,w>1 see po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxii41 ,,iv4 #agj ,! above1 9 sub/ance1 is tak5 f ,macrobius4 #aga ,po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 #agb ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxix41 ,,ii41 & po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxvi41 ,,iii4 #agc ,po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxvi41 ,i4 #agd ,= a successor or fri5dly rival to ,*>tres1 9 ! int]e/ tak5 9 gramm> & classical lit]ature1 "o %\ld prop]ly look to ,orleans1 :]e app>5tly ^? /udies cont9u$ to fl\ri%4 ,cf4 ,l4 ,delisle1 8,les coles d',orlans au d\zime sicle10 ,annuaire-,bullet9 de la ,societ de l',hi/oire de ,france1 t4 vii4 7#ahfi71 p4 #aci sqq4 ,9 a ,bataille des septs arts1 by ,h5ri d',&eli1 ( ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,logic1 f its /ronghold ( ,p>is1 vanqui%es ,gramm>1 ^: /ronghold is ,orleans4 ,9 ! conflict1 ) mu* symbolic tru?1 ,ari/otle ov]?r[s ,priscian1 ,hi/oire littraire de la ,france1 t4 xxiii4 p4 #bbe4 #age ,po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 #agf ,see po/1 ,*apt] ,,xli4 & ,,xlii4 = ! "w ( ,grossete/e4 #agg ,cf4 po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 & ,,xxxvii4 #agh ,cf4 ,spe*t1 ,ges*i*te des ,unt]ri*tswes5s 9 ,deuts*l&1 etc4 7,/uttg>d1 #ahhe71 p4 #ge & passim4 ,yet h[ soon & ) :at *ildi% prattle y\?s might beg9 to speak & write ,lat9 is t\*+ly %[n by a boy's lett]1 writt5 f a mona/ic s*ool1 to 8 p>5ts4 ,x j asks = v>i\s little ?+s1 & its sup]scription is3 8,p>5tibus suis ,a4 agnus ablactatus pium balatum03 :i* seems to mean3 8,to 8 p>5ts1 ,a1 a wean$ lamb1 s5ds a lov+ bah40 ,?is & o!r curi\s little lett]s are ascrib$ to "o ,rob]tus ,met5sis 7cir4 ,a4,d4 #ijj7 7,migne #acb1 col4 #ecc74 #agi ,see ,?urot1 ,hi/oire des doctr9es grammaticales au moy5 ge2 ,notices et extraits des ,,mss4 vol4 #bb1 "p #b1 p4 #he4 ,= :at is said 9 ! prec$+ & foll[+ pages ! writ]'s obligations are deep to ?is well-kn[n "w ( ,?urot1 & to ,rei*l+'s edition ( ! ,doctr9ale ( ,alex&] de ,villa-,dei 7,mon4 ,g]m4 pa$agogica1 ,,xii41 ,b]l91 #ahic74 ,paet['s ,arts ,c\rse at ,m$ieval ,univ]sities 7,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 #aiaj7 treats le>n$ly ( ^! matt]s4 #ahj ,see ,?urot1 o4c4 p4 #bjd sqq4 #aha ,reg]e1 a m$iaeval t]m n us$ 9 ?is s5se by ,priscian4 #ahb ,see ! ,e9leitung to ,rei*l+'s edition ( ! ,doctr9ale already ref]r$ to2 also ,?urot1 ,de ,alex&ri de ,villa-,dei doctr9ali 7,p>is1 #ahej74 ,! *ief m$iaeval rival ( ! ,doctr9ale 0 ! ,graecismus ( ,eb]h>d ( ,be?une1 writt5 a little lat]4 ,see ,paet[1 o4c4 p4 #ch4 #ahc ,doctr9ale1 l9e #aefa sqq4 #ahd ,doctr9ale1 #afjc sqq4 #ahe ,doctr9ale1 #bccj-bcca4 #ahf ,see passage 9 ,rei*l+'s ,e9leitung1 p4 xxvii4 #ahg ,see e4g4 ,une ,grammaire lat9e 9dite du ,,xiiie sicle1 p> ,*4 ,fi]ville 7,p>is1 #ahhf74 #ahh ,see ,rei*l+1 o4c4 ,e9leitung1 p4 xix2 ,?urot1 ,n4 et extr4 xxii4 #b1 p4 #aab sqq4 #ahi ,see e4g4 ,?urot1 o4c4 p4 #agf sqq42 p4 #baf sqq4 #aij ,?urot1 o4c4 pp4 #abf-abg4 #aia ,?urot1 o4c4 p4 #abg4 #aib ,! ,greek ,gramm> ( ,rog] ,bacon1 ed4 by ,nolan & ,hirs* 7,cambridge1 #aijb74 #aic ,bacon def9es idioma 8z ! det]m9$ peculi>ity 7proprietas7 ( language1 :i* "o g5s uses aft] its cu/om2 & ano!r g5s uses ano!r idioma ( ! same language0 7,greek ,gramm>1 p4 #bf74 ,dialect is ! mod]n t]m4 #aid ,greek ,gramm>1 p4 #bg4 ,bacon appe>s to h foll[$ ,priscian *iefly4 ,z to :e!r he us$ ,byzant9e models1 or o!r s\rces1 see ! ,introduction to ,nolan & ,hirs*'s edition ( ! ,greek ,gramm>4 ,^! ?\ghts inspir+ ,bacon's ,gramm> became a v]itable metaphysics 9 ! ,grammatica speculativa ascrib$ to ,duns ,scotus1 see po/1 ,*apt] ,,xlii4 #aie ,cf4 ,l4 ,rock+]1 8,die ,ars ,dict&i 9 ,itali510 ,sitzungsb]4 bay]is*4 ,akad41 #ahfa1 pp4 #ih-aea4 ,= examples ( ^! dictam9a1 see ,l4 ,delisle1 8,dictam9a ,magi/ri ,b]>di de ,neapoli0 7a papal not>y equally v]s$ 9 law & rhetoric71 ,notices et extraits des ,,mss41 etc41 vol4 #bg1 "p #b1 p4 #hg sqq42 ,*4 ,v4 ,langlois1 8,=mulaires de lettres10 etc41 ,n4 et ext4 vol4 #cb 7#b71 p4 #a sqq42 ibid4 vol4 #cd 7#a71 p4 #a sqq4 & p4 #cje sqq4 & vol4 #ce 7#b71 p4 #dji sqq4 #aif ,= ! hi/ory ( ?is s*ool 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 see ante1 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,iii4 #aig ,! ,eptateu*on exi/s 9 manuscript4 ,i h tak5 ! above f ,cl]val1 ,les coles de ,*>tres au moy5 ge 7,*>tres1 #ahie71 p4 #bba sqq4 ,?i]ry appe>s to h writt5 a comm5t>y on ,cic]o's ,rhetoric4 ,see ,mlanges ,graux1 pp4 #da-df4 #aih ,metalogicus1 i4 cap4 xxiv4 7,migne1 ,pat4 ,lat4 #aii1 col4 #hec-hef74 #aii ,polycraticus1 vii4 #ac 7,migne #aii1 col4 #fff74 #bjj ,metalogicus1 i4 #bd 7,migne #aii1 col4 #hef74 #bja ,cf4 ,cl]val1 o4c4 p4 #baa sqq4 & p4 #bbg sqq4 #bjb ,metalogicus1 iii4 #d 7,migne #aii1 col4 #ijj74 #bjc ,petrus ,bles5sis1 ,epi/4 #aja 7,migne #bjg1 col4 #cab74 #bjd ,epi/4 #ib 7,migne #bjg1 col4 #bhi74 ,^! lett]s are cit$ by ,cl]val4 #bje ,see po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,i4 #bjf ,migne1 ,pat4 ,lat4 #aga1 col4 #ajjg-ajef4 #bjg ,metalogicus1 i4 #e4 #bjh ,see po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,i4 #bji ,! works ( ,giraldus ,cambr5sis are publi%$ 9 ,ma/] ( ,rolls ,s]ies1 #ba1 9 eight volumes4 ,! la/ conta9s ! ,de in/ructione pr9cipum4 ,giraldus liv$ f ab\t #aadg to #abbj4 #baj ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,viii4 #baa ,alcu91 ,ep4 #hj 7,migne #ajj1 col4 #bfj74 #bab ,alcu91 ,ep4 #aac1 ad ,paul9um patri>*am 7,migne #ajj1 col4 #cda74 #bac ,traube1 ,potae ,lat4 ,aevi ,c>ol9i 7,mon4 ,g]m471 #a1 p4 #bdc4 ,cf4 8,v]sus 9 laude ,l>ii laci10 by ,paulus ,diaconus1 ibid4 p4 #db4 #bad ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xii4 #bae ,po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,iii4 #baf ,ep4 ii4 #cc 7,migne #aga1 col4 #bef74 ,= ! ,lat9 text ( ?is lett] see po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxi4 #bag ,= ! entire poem1 :i* is ( int]e/ ?r\gh\t1 see po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,i4 #bah ,= ! poem see ,haurau1 ,mlanges potiques d',hildeb]t de ,lav>d91 p4 #fd 7,p>is1 #ahhb74 #bai ,haurau1 o4c4 p4 #ef4 #bbj ,ibid4 p4 #hb4 #bba ,ibid4 p4 #add4 #bbb ,migne1 ,pat4 ,lat4 #aga1 col4 #adbh4 ,?is volume ( ,migne also conta9s ! poems criticiz$ & 7"s ( !m7 edit$ by ,haurau 9 ! book already ref]r$ to4 #bbc ,hildeb]t1 ,epis4 i4 #a 7,migne #aga1 col4 #ada74 #bbd ,hildeb]t1 ,ep4 i4 #bb 7,migne #aga1 col4 #aig74 #bbe ,a te*nical illu/ration f ,roman law4 #bbf ,hildeb]ti1 ,ep4 ii4 #ab 7,migne #aga1 col4 #agb-agg74 ,comp>e ,ep4 i4 #ag1 consol+ a fri5d on loss ( place & dignities4 ,hildeb]t's works are 9 vol4 #aga ( ,migne's ,pat4 ,lat4 ,a numb] ( 8 poems are m c>efully edit$ by ,haurau 9 ,notices et extraits des ,,mss41 etc41 vol4 #bh1 ii4 p4 #bhi sqq42 & "s ( !m 9 vol4 #bi1 ii4 p4 #bca sqq4 ( ! same s]ies4 ,! matt] is m conv5i5tly giv5 by ,haurau 9 8 ,mlanges potiques d',hildeb]t de ,lav>d94 ,on ! man & 8 writ+s see ,de s]vill]s1 ,hildeb]t et son temps 7,p>is1 #ahgf72 ,heb]t ,dup]ron1 ,de ,v5]abilis ,hildeb]ti vita et scriptis 7,bajocis1 #ahee72 also vol4 xi4 ( ,hi/4 lit4 de la ,france2 & 7be/ ( all7 ,dieudonn1 ,hildeb]t de ,lav>d91 sa vie1 ses lettres1 etc4 7,p>is1 #ahih74 #bbg ,x is well kn[n t ! great ,lat9 prose1 9 spite ( v>iances ( /yli/ic int5t & faculty among ! individual writ]s1 0 an arti/ic1 n to say artificial creation1 =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,greek models4 ,cic]o is ! supreme example ( ?is1 & he is also ! greate/ ( all ,lat9 prose writ]s4 ,aft] 8 "t "s great writ]s 7e4g4 ,tacitus1 ,qu9tilian7 pres]v$ a l tradition2 o!rs 7e4g4 ,s5eca7 paid less att5tion to x4 ,& likewise on ?r\gh ! patri/ic p]iod1 & ! ,middle ,ages too1 "s m5 endeav\r$ to pres]ve a classic /yle1 :ile o!rs wrote m naturally4 #bbh ,ev5 z x is necess>y1 9 ord] to appreciate "s ( ! me?ods ( ! ,lat9 classical poetry1 to realize t _! imm$iate antec$5ts lay 9 ,greek ,alex&rian lit]ature r ?an 9 ! old] ,greek ,classics4 #bbi ,see ,taylor1 ,classical ,h]itage1 *apt] viii4 #bcj ,a palpable difficulty 9 judg+ m$iaeval ,lat9 lit]ature is its bulk4 ,! extant ,lat9 classics c\ld be tuck$ away 9 a small corn] ( x4 ,e well-equipp$ /ud5t ( ! ,classics has probably read !m all4 ,"o mortal life w\ld h>dly suffice to read a mod]ate "p ( m$iaeval ,lat94 ,&1 f9ally1 :ile !re are hi/ories ( ! classic lit]ature 9 e mod]n tongue1 !re exi/s no g5]al "w ^u m$iaeval ,lat9 writ+s reg>d$ z lit]ature4 ,eb]t's indisp5sable ,allgeme9e ,ges*i*te d] ,lit]atur des ,mittelalt]s ends ) ! t5? c5tury4 ,! au?or di$4 ,)9 ! scope ( its purpose ,dr4 ,s&ys' ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,s*ol>%ip is compact & good4 #bca ,ante1 ,*apt] ,x4 #bcb ,po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxii41 ,i4 #bcc ,see ,s&ys1 ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,s*ol>%ip1 i4 #dfc-dfd4 #bcd ,!re 0 no attempt at classicism 9 ! n>rative 9 :i* he rec\nt$ ! ,translation ( ! relics ( ! m>tyrs ,m>cell9us & ,pet] f ,rome to 8 own new mona/]y at ,selig5/adt 7,migne #ajd1 col4 #ecg-eid74 ,x 0 an ent]ta9+ /ory ( a pi\s !ft1 & "o may be sure t he wrote x m easily1 & 9 a /yle m natural to himself ?an t %[n 9 8 consci\sly imitative ma/]piece4 #bce ,ep4 vi4 7,migne #ajj1 col4 #adf74 #bcf ,ep4 xxxii4 7,migne #ajj1 col4 #ahg74 #bcg ,ep4 xxxiii4 7,migne #ajj1 col4 #ahg74 #bch ,capitula ad ,presbyt]os 7,migne #aje1 col4 #bjb74 #bci ,see ante1 ,*apt] ,,xii4 #bdj ,*ronicon1 cap4 #ce 7,migne #aci1 col4 #df74 ,! s5se is easy to foll[1 b ! impossible con/ructions r5d] an exact translation q impossible4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ?is ,b5$ictus 0 an ,italian4 ,! ,italian writ+ ( ?is p]iod1 l t ( ,liutpr&1 is easi] ?an among m pa9ful /ud5ts nor? ( ! ,alps4 ,b o!rwise its qualities are r>ely m pron\nc$4 ,ease is %[n1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,*ronicon ,v5etum ( ,john ! ,deacon 7d4 cir4 #ajjh74 ,see ante1 ,*apt] ,,xiii41 ,,iii4 #bda ,migne #acc4 ,?is "w fills f\r hundr$ columns 9 ,migne4 ,on ,odo see ante1 ,*apt] ,,xii41 ,,ii4 #bdb ,odo ( ,cluny1 ,collationes1 lib4 i4 cap4 i4 7,migne #acc1 col4 #eai & #ebj74 8,!re=e ,god1 ,creator & ,judge ( mank9d1 al?\gh ,he h ju/ly driv5 our race f t felicity ( ,p>adise1 yet m9dful ( ,8 goodness1 le/ man all guilt %\ld incur :at he des]ves1 s(t5s ! sorr[s ( ?is pilgrimage ) _m b5efits4444 ,inde$ ! purpose ( t same ,scripture is to press u f ! depravities ( ?is life4 ,= to t end ) its dreadful utt]ances1 z ) s _m goads1 x pricks our he>t1 t man /ruck by fe> may %udd]1 & may recall to memory ! div9e judgm5ts :i* he is wont s easily to =get1 cut (f by lu/ ( ! fle% & ! solicitudes ( e>?40 #bdc ,ruotg]us1 ,vita ,brunonis1 cap4 #d & #f2 ,p]tz1 ,mon4 ,g]m4 ,script4 iv4 p4 #bed1 & ,migne #acd1 col4 #idd & #idf4 ,a translation ( ?is passage is giv5 ante1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #caj4 ,see ibid41 p4 #cad1 = ! s*ol>%ip & writ+s ( ,h]mannus ,contractus1 an elev5?-c5tury ,g]man4 ,ruotg]'s clumsy ,lat9 is outdone by ! l+ui/ic involutions ( ! ,life ( ,w5ceslaus1 ! m>tyr duke ( ,bohemia1 writt5 t[>d ! close ( ! t5? c5tury by ,gumpoldus1 ,bi%op ( ,mantua1 :o seems to h cultivat$ classical rhetoric mo/ disa/r\sly 7,p]tz1 ,mon4 ,g]m4 ,script4 iv4 p4 #baa1 & 9 ,migne #ace1 col4 #ibc sqq474 #bdd ,f ,?urot1 ,notices et extraits1 etc41 #bb 7#b71 p4 #hg1 & p4 #cda sqq41 "o may see t ! pr9ciples ( con/ruction /at$ by m$iaeval gramm>ians foll[$ ! usage ( m$iaeval writ]s 9 adopt+ a simpl] or m natural ord] ?an t ( classical prose4 ,an extract1 = example1 f an elev5?-c5tury ,,mss4 indicates ! simple ord] :i* ?is gramm>ian au?or approv$3 e4g4 8,johannes hodie v5it de civitate2 ,petrus1 quem ,arnulfus g5uit et nutrivit1 intellexit multa0 7,?urot1 p4 #hg74 #bde ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxx41 ,,ii4 #bdf ,s likewise 9 reg>d to v]se1 ! p]fect$ two-syllable rhyme came fir/ 9 ,italy1 & m sl[ly 9 ! ,nor?1 al?\gh ! ,nor? 0 to produce bett] ,lat9 poetry4 #bdg ,ante1 ,*apt]s ,,xi41 ,,iv41 & ,,xvi4 #bdh ,opusc4 xiv41 ,de ord9e erimit>um 7,migne #ade1 col4 #cbi74 8,we may see ^u a tree a leaf ready to succumb b5ea? ! w9try fro/s1 &1 ) ! sap ( autumnal clem5cy consum$1 ev5 n[ ab\t to fall1 s t x b>ely cleaves to ! twig x hangs f1 b displays mo/ evid5t signs ( 7its7 light ru94 ,! bla/s are quiv]+1 wild w9ds /rike x f all sides1 ! mid-w9t] horror ( heavy air congeals ) cold2 & t y may m>vel ! m1 ! gr\nd is /rewn ) ! re/ ( ! leaves ev]y:]e fl[+ d[n1 &1 ) its locks laid l[1 ! tree is /ripp$ ( its grace2 yet t alone1 none o!r rema9+1 endures1 &1 z ! survivor ( co-heirs1 succe$s to ! rights ( ! bro!rhood's possession4 ,:at !n is left to be und]/ood f consid]ation ( ?is ?+1 save t a leaf ( a tree _c fall unless x receive be=eh& ! div9e comm&80 ,?is description is rhetorically elaborat$2 b ,damiani commonly wrote m directly1 z 9 ?is s5t5ce f a lett] to a nobleman1 9 :i* ,damiani urges him n to fail 9 8 duty to 8 "m ?r\gh affection = 8 wife3 8,s$ =te dices3 mat] mea me frequ5t] exasp]at1 duris v]bis meum et uxoris meae corda p]turbat2 non possumus tot injuri>um probra p]f]re1 non valemus au/]itatis ejus et sev]ae correptionis mole/ias tol]>e0 7,ep4 vii4 #c2 ,migne #add1 col4 #dff74 ,?is ne$s no translation4 #bdi ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xi41 ,,iv4 #bej ,proslogion1 cap4 #bd 7,migne #aeh1 col4 #bci74 8,awak5 n[1 my s\l1 & r\se all ?y m9d1 & consid]1 z ?\ art able1 ( :at nature & h[ great is t ,good 7,god74 ,= if s+le goods are objects ( delight1 consid] int5tly h[ delightful is t good :i* conta9s ! joy ( all goods2 & n su* z 9 ?+s creat$ we h tri$1 b diff]+ z greatly z diff]s ! ,creator f ! creature4 ,= if life creat$ is good1 h[ good is ! life creatrix6 ,if joyful is ! salvation wr\ght1 h[ joyful is ! salvation :i* wr\ght all salvation6 ,if lovely is wisdom 9 ! k ( ?+s creat$1 h[ lovely is ! wisdom :i* creat$ all f no?+4 ,9 f9e1 if !re are _m & great delectations 9 ?+s delightful1 ( :at quality & greatness is delectation 7i4e4 ! delectation t we take7 9 ,him :o made ! delights !mselves60 ,! read] may obs]ve t ! ^w-ord] ( ,anselm's ,lat9 is pres]v$ almo/ un*ang$ 9 ! translation4 #bea 8,m$itatio ,,ii40 7,migne #aeh1 col4 #gbb74 8,my s\l is (f5d$ ) my life4 ,i blu% to live2 ,i fe> to die4 ,:at !n rema9s = !e1 ,o s9n]1 save t all ?y life ?\ weepe/ ov] all ?y life1 t x all may lam5t its :ole self4 ,b 9 ?is also is my s\l mis]ably wond]ful & wond]fully mis]able1 s9ce x does n grieve z mu* z x kn[s itself 7i4e4 to ! full ext5t ( its self-k7 b secure1 is li/less z if x knew n :at x may be suff]+4 ,o b>r5 s\l1 :at art ?\ do+8 :y art ?\ dr[s+1 s9n] s\l8 ,! ,day ( ,judgm5t is com+1 ne> is ! great day ( ! ,"l1 ne> & too swift ! day ( wra?1 7t day67 day ( tribulation & di/ress1 day ( calamity & mis]y1 day ( %ades & d>kness1 day ( cl\d & :irlw9d1 day ( ! trump & ! ro>6 ,o voice ( ! day ( ! ,"l--h>%6 ,:y sleepe/ ?\1 s\l lukew>m & fit to be spew$ out80 #beb ,p]haps x may seem que/ionable to treat ,anselm z an ,italian1 s9ce he left ,lomb>dy :5 a "y man4 ,und\bt$ly 8 !ological int]e/s 7 affect$ by 8 nor!rn environm5t4 ,b 8 temp]am5t & language1 8 diction1 8 /yle1 seem to me m closely connect$ ) native temp]am5t4 #bec ,annals = ! ye> #ajgg 7,migne #adf1 col4 #abcd sqq472 also 9 ,mon4 ,g]m4 ,script4 iii4 #bed ,s]mo xvi4 7,migne #ahc1 col4 #hea74 ,! p[] ( ?is passage keeps x f be+ hy/]ical4 ,b ! monki% hy/]ia1 )\t ! p[]1 may be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,b]n>d's jackal1 ,william ( ,/4 ,?i]ry1 pr9t$ 9 ,migne1 ,pat4 ,lat4 #ahj4 ,notice 8 ,m$itationes1 = example2 also 8 ,de contempl&o ,deo1 pr9t$ among ,/4 ,b]n>d's works 7,migne #ahd1 col4 #cfe sqq474 #bee ,s]mo xv4 7,migne #ahc1 col4 #hdg74 ,translat$ ante1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #daa4 #bef ,ep4 xii41 ad ,guigonem 7,migne #ahb1 col4 #aaf74 #beg ,b]n>d1 ,ep4 #aab1 ad ,gaufridum 7,migne #ahb1 col4 #bee74 ,= translation see ante1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #cih4 #beh ,e4g4 ,ep4 i4 & #add 7,migne #ahb1 col4 #gj & #cjj74 #bei ,ep4 #aif1 ad ,guidonem 7,migne #ahb1 col4 #cfc74 ,translat$ ante1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #dja4 ,see also ! prec$+ lett]1 #aie4 #bfj ,z to ,j]ome's two /yles see ,goelz]1 ,la ,lat9it de ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,introduction4 #bfa ,ep4 ii4 #cc 7,migne #aga1 col4 #bef74 ,translation ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxx41 ,,iii4 #bfb ,see ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxx41 ,i4 #bfc 8,aga9/ t signal gift ( p>5t nature & grace1 a %ameless wrangl] has /irr$ up an old calumny1 condemn$ by ! judgm5t ( our ance/ors2 &1 seek+ ev]y:]e com=t = 8 ignorance1 he hopes to advance himself t[>d glory1 if he %all see _m l himself1 see !m ignorant1 t is to say4 ,= he has ?is special tum\r ( arrogance1 t he w\ld be mak+ himself ! equal ( o!rs1 exalt+ 8 own good qualities 7if !y exi/71 & depreciat+ ^? ( o!rs4 ,& he deems 8 neighb\r's defect to be 8 own advancem5t4 8,n[ x is indubitable to all truly wise1 t ,nature1 k9de/ p>5t ( all1 & be/-ord]+ directress1 among ! o!r liv+ be+s :i* %e br\ght =?1 di/+ui%$ man ) ! pr]ogative ( reason & ennobl$ him ) ! ex]cise ( eloqu5ce 7or #8) ! use ( spee*'73 execut+ ?is ) unremitt+ zeal & be/-ord]+ decree1 9 ord] t man :o 0 press$ & dragg$ to ! l[e/ by ! heav9ess ( a clodlike nature & ! sl[ness ( corporeal bulk1 borne al(t z x 7 by ^! w+s might asc5d to ! heights1 & by obta9+ ! cr[n ( true bless$ness excel all o!rs 9 happy rew>d4 ,:ile ,grace ?us fecundates ,nature1 ,reason wat*es ov] ! matt]s to be inspect$ & consid]$2 ,nature's bosom gives =?1 metes out ! fruits & faculty ( individuals2 & ! inborn love ( good1 /imulat+ itself by its natural appetite1 foll[s ?is 7i4e4 ! good7 ei!r solely or be=e all else1 s9ce x seems be/ adapt$ to ! bliss descri$0 7,metal4 i4 #a2 ,migne #aii1 col4 #hbe74 ,^! translations are kept close to ! orig9al1 9 ord] to %[ ! con/ruction ( ! s5t5ces4 #bfd 8,!re is ano!r class ( philosoph]s call$ ! ,ionic1 & x took its orig9 f ! m remote ,greeks4 ,! *ief ( ^! 0 ,?ales ! ,milesian1 "o ( ^? sev5 :o 7 call$ #8wise4' ,he1 :5 he _h se>*$ out ! nature ( ?+s1 %one among 8 fell[s1 & especially /ood =? z admirable because1 compreh5d+ ! laws ( a/rology1 he pr$ict$ eclipses ( ! sun & moon4 ,to him succe$$ 8 he>]1 ,anaxim&]1 :o 79 turn7 left ,anaxim5es z disciple & successor4 ,diog5es1 likewise 8 he>]1 arose & ,anaxagoras :o taught t ! div9e m9d 0 ! au?or ( all ?+s t we see4 ,to him succe$$ 8 pupil ,ar*elaus1 ^: disciple is said to h be5 ,socrates1 ! ma/] ( ,plato1 :o1 accord+ to ,apuleius1 0 fir/ call$ ,ari/otle1 b !n ,plato f 8 bread? ( *e/1 & 0 borne al(t to su* height ( philosophy1 by vig\r ( g5ius1 by assiduity ( /udy1 by graci\sness 9 all 8 ways1 & by sweetness & =ce ( eloqu5ce1 t1 z if seat$ on ! ?rone ( wisdom1 he has seem$ to comm& by a c]ta9 orda9$ au?ority ! philosoph]s be=e & aft] him4 ,& inde$ ,socrates is said to h be5 ! fir/ to h turn$ univ]sal philosophy to ! improvem5t & ord]+ ( mann]s2 s9ce be=e him all _h devot$ !mselves *iefly to physics1 t is to exam9+ ! ?+s ( nature0 7,polycraticus1 vii4 #e2 ,migne #aii1 col4 #fdc74 #bfe 8,! mo/ excell5t man conclud$ 8 oration1 & by ! p[] ( ! bless$ ,pet] absolv$ all :o _h tak5 ! v[ to g1 & by ! same apo/olic au?ority confirm$ x2 & he in/itut$ a suitable sign ( ?is s hon\rable v[2 & z a badge ( soldi]+ 7or knigh?ood71 or r1 ( be+ ab\t to soldi]1 = ,god1 he took ! m>k ( ! ,"l's ,passion1 ! figure ( a cross1 made f mat]ial ( any k9d ( clo?1 & ord]$ x to be sew$ ^u ! tunics & cloaks ( ^? ab\t to g4 ,b if any "o1 aft] receiv+ ?is sign1 or aft] mak+ op5 promise1 %\ld draw back f t good int5t1 by base rep5t+ or ?r\gh affection = 8 k91 he orda9$ t he %\ld be held an outlaw utt]ly & p]petually1 unless he turn & set himself aga9 to ! neglect$ p]=mance ( 8 pl$ge4 8,fur!rmore1 ) t]rible ana!ma he damn$ all :o )9 ! t]m ( ?ree ye>s %\ld d>e to d ill to ! wives1 *ildr51 or prop]ty ( ^? sett+ =? on ?is j\rney ( ,god4 ,& f9ally he committ$ to a c]ta9 & praisewor?y man 7a bi%op ( "s city on ! ,po1 ^: "n ,i am sorry nev] to h f\nd or he>d7 ! c>e & regulation ( ! exp$ition1 & conf]r$ 8 own au?ority ^u him ov] ! tribute 787 ( ,*ri/ian p :]ev] !y %\ld come4 ,:]eupon giv+ 8 b5$iction1 9 ! apo/olic mann]1 he plac$ 8 h&s ^u him4 ,h[ sagaci\sly t "o execut$ ! behe/1 is %[n by ! m>vell\s outcome ( s great an und]tak+0 7,guib]t ( ,nog5t1 ,ge/a ,dei p] ,francos1 ii4 #b2 ,migne #aef1 col4 #gjb74 #bff ,hi/4 ecclesia/ica1 p>s iii4 lib4 xii4 cap4 #ad 7,migne #ahh1 col4 #hhi-hib74 8,?omas1 son ( ,/eph51 approa*$ ! k+1 & (f]+ him a m>k ( gold1 said3 #8,/eph51 son ( ,air>d1 0 my sire1 & all 8 life he s]v$ ?y fa!r 7,william ! ,conqu]or7 on ! sea4 ,= him1 borne on 8 %ip1 he convey$ to ,engl&1 :5 he proce$$ to ,engl& 9 ord] to make w> on ,h>old4 ,9 ?is mann] ( s]vice s]v+ him until dea? he gave him satisfaction1 & hon\r$ ) _m rew>ds f him1 he fl\ri%$ gr&ly among 8 p4 ,?is privilege1 "l k+1 ,i claim ( !e1 & ! vessel :i* is call$ ,:ite ,%ip ,i h ready1 fitt$ out 9 ! be/ mann] = royal ne$s4' ,to :om ! k+ said3 #8,i grant y\r petition4 ,= myself inde$ ,i h select$ a prop] %ip1 :i* ,i %all n *ange2 b my sons1 ,william & ,ri*>d1 :om ,i *]i% z myself1 ) mu* nobility ( my realm1 ,i comm5d n[ to !e4' 8,he>+ ^! words ! sailors 7 m]ry1 & b[+ d[n be=e ! k+'s son1 ask$ ( him w9e to dr9k4 ,he ord]$ ?ree measures ( w9e to be giv5 !m4 ,receiv+ ^! !y drank & pl$g$ _! comrades' heal? abundantly1 & ) deep potations became drunk4 ,at ! k+'s ord] _m b>ons ) _! sons w5t abo>d ! %ip1 & !re 7 ab\t ?ree hundr$1 z ,i op9e1 9 t fatal b>k4 ,!n two monks ( ,tiron1 & ,c\nt ,/eph5 ) two knights1 also ,william ( ,rolm>1 & ,rabellus ! *amb]la91 & ,edw>d ( ,salisbury1 & a numb] ( o!rs1 w5t out f x1 because !y saw su* a cr[d ( wanton %[y y\? abo>d4 ,& fifty tri$ r[]s 7 !re & insol5t m>9es1 :o hav+ seiz$ seats 9 ! %ip 7 braz5+ x1 =gett+ !mselves ?r\gh drunk5ness1 & %[$ respect = sc>cely any "o4 ,alas6 h[ _m ( !m _h m9ds void ( pi\s devotion t[>d ,god6--#8,:o temp]s ! exce$+ rages ( ! sea & air4' ,& s ! prie/s1 :o _h gone up !re to bless !m1 & ! o!r m9i/rants :o bore ! holy wat]1 !y drove away ) d]ision & l\d guffaws2 b soon aft] !y paid ! p5alty ( _! mock+4 8,only m51 ) ! k+'s treasure & ! vessels hold+ ! w9e1 fill$ ! keel ( ,?omas2 & !y press$ him eag]ly to foll[ ! royal fleet :i* 0 already cutt+ ! waves4 ,& he himself1 because he 0 silly f dr9k1 tru/$ 9 8 skill & t ( 8 satellites1 & ra%ly promis$ to out/rip all :o 7 n[ ahead ( him4 ,!n he gave ! ^w to put to sea4 ,at once ! sailors snat*$ _! o>s1 & glad = ano!r reason because !y did n "k :at hung be=e _! eyes1 !y adju/$ _! tackle1 & made ! %ip />t ov] ! sea ) a great b\nd4 ,n[ :ile ! drunk5 r[]s 7 putt+ =? all _! /r5g?1 & ! wret*$ pilot 0 pay+ slack att5tion to /e]+ 8 c\rse ov] ! gulf1 ^u a great rock :i* daily is uncov]$ by ! ebb+ wave & aga9 is cov]$ :5 ! sea is at flood1 ! left side ( ,:ite ,%ip /ruck viol5tly1 & ) two timb]s sma%$1 all unexpect$ly ! %ip1 alas6 0 capsiz$4 ,all cri$ out toge!r 9 su* a cata/rophe2 b ! wat] quickly fill+ _! m\?s1 !y p]i%$ alike4 ,two only ca/ _! h&s ^u ! boom f :i* hung ! sail1 & cl++ to x a great "p ( ! night1 wait$ = "s aid4 ,"o 0 a but*] ( ,r\5 nam$ ,b]old1 & ! o!r a well-born lad nam$ ,ge(frey1 son ( ,gisleb]t ( ,aquila4 8,! moon 0 !n at its n9ete5? 9 ! sign ( ! ,bull1 & light$ ! e>? = ne>ly n9e h\rs ) its beams1 mak+ ! sea bright = navigators4 ,capta9 ,?omas aft] 8 fir/ subm]sion rega9$ 8 /r5g?1 & be?9k+ himself1 pu%$ 8 head above ! waves1 & see+ ! heads ( ^? cl++ to "s piece ( wood1 ask$1 #8,:at has become ( ! k+'s son8' ,:5 ! %ipwreck$ answ]$ t he _h p]i%$ ) all 8 companions1 #8,mis]able1' said he1 #8is my life h5ce=?4' ,say+ ?is1 & evilly despair+1 he *ose to s9k !re1 r ?an meet ! fury ( ! k+ enrag$ = ! de/ruction ( 8 *ild1 or und]go long puni%m5t 9 *a9s40 #bfg ,po/1 ,*apt] ,,xli4 #bfh ,opus majus1 p>s i4 cap4 #f4 #bfi ,op4 maj4 ii4 cap4 #ad4 #bgj ,op4 maj4 iii4 #a4 #bga ,op4 maj4 ii4 #ad4 #bgb ,= translation see po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 #bgc ,po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 #bgd ,it9]>ium m5tis 9 ,deum1 ,prologus1 #b4 #bge ,ibid4 cap4 vii4 #f4 ,= translations see po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 #bgf ,vita prima1 cap4 xi4 ,translat$ ante1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #dbg1 note #a4 #bgg ,spec4 p]fectionis1 ed4 ,sabati]1 cap4 #ec4 ,translat$ ante1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #dbg4 #bgh ,ibid4 cap4 #ic4 ,translat$ ante1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #dcb4 #bgi ,cap4 li41 ed4 ,graesse4 8,annunciation ,sunday 7,adv5t7 is s call$1 because on t day by an angel ! adv5t ( ! ,son ( ,god 9 ! fle% 0 ann\nc$1 = x 0 fitt+ t ! angelical annunciation %\ld prec$e ! inc>nation1 = a ?reefold reason4 ,= ! fir/ reason1 ( betok5+ ! ord]1 t to wit ! ord] ( rep>ation %\ld answ] to ! ord] ( transgression4 ,accord+ly z ! devil tempt$ ! woman1 t he %\ld draw h] to d\bt & ?r\gh d\bt to cons5t & ?r\gh cons5t to fall1 s ! angel ann\nc$ to ! ,virg91 t by ann\nc+ he %\ld ar\se h] to fai? & ?r\gh fai? to cons5t & ?r\gh cons5t to conceiv+ ,god's son4 ,= ! second reason1 ( ! angelic m9i/ry1 because s9ce ! angel is ,god's m9i/] & s]vant1 & ! bless$ ,virg9 0 *os5 9 ord] t %e might be ,god's "m1 & x is fitt+ t ! m9i/] %\ld s]ve ! mi/ress1 s x 0 prop] t ! annunciation to ! bless$ ,virg9 %\ld take place ?r\gh an angel4 ,= ! ?ird reason1 ( repair+ ! angelical fall4 ,because s9ce ! inc>nation 0 made n only = ! rep>ation ( ! human fall1 b also = ! rep>ation ( ! angelical cata/rophe1 !re=e ! angels ought n to be exclud$4 ,accord+ly z ! sex ( ! woman does n exclude h] f k ( ! my/]y ( ! inc>nation & resurrection1 s also nei!r ! angelical mess5g]4 ,behold1 ,god twice ann\nces to a woman by a m$iat+ angel1 to wit ! inc>nation to ! ,virg9 ,m>y & ! resurrection to ! ,magdal5e40 ,! ord] ( ! ,lat9 words is sc>cely *ang$ 9 ! translation4 #bhj ,9 ord] t no read] may be surpris$ by ! abs5ce ( discussion ( ! antique antec$5ts ( ! m p>ticul> g5res ( m$iaeval poetry 7,lat9 & ,v]nacul>71 ,i w\ld emphasize ! impossibility ( ent]+ ^u su* exhau/less topics4 ,probably ! v g5]al assumption w be correct 9 mo/ cases1 t g5res ( m$iaeval poetry 7e4g4 ! ,conflicts or ,dbats 9 ,lat9 & ,old ,fr5*7 rev]t to antec$5ts suffici5tly m>k$ = id5tification1 9 ! antique ,lat9 7or ,greek7 poetry1 or 9 ! 7extant or lo/7 productions ( ! 8l[0 ,lat9 p]iod f ! ?ird c5tury d[nw>d4 ,an idea ( ! difficulty & range ( su* matt]s may be ga9$ f ,jeanroy1 ,les ,orig9es de la posie lyrique en ,france au moy5 ge 7,p>is1 #ahhi71 & ! admirable review ( ?is "w by ,ga/on ,p>is 9 ! ,j\rnal des savants = #ahia & #ahib 7f\r articles74 ,cf4 also ,bati\*k( 9 ,romania1 xx4 7#ahia71 pages #a sqq4 & #eac sqq4 #bha ,cf4 ,taylor1 ,classical ,h]itage ( ! ,middle ,ages1 *ap4 ix4 #bhb ,!re is mu* v]se f not$ m51 ,alcu91 ,paulus ,diaconus1 ,walafrid ,/rabo1 ,rabanus ,maurus1 ,!odulphus4 ,x is all to be f\nd 9 ! collection ( ,dmml] & ,traube1 ,poetae ,lat9i aevi ,c>ol9i 7,mon4 ,g]m4 #ahhj-ahif74 #bhc ,x is amus+ to f9d a poem by ,walafrid ,/rabo turn+ up z a fav\rite among sixte5?-c5tury humani/s4 ,! poem ref]r$ to1 8,de cultura hortorum0 7,poet4 ,lat4 aev4 ,c>4 ii4 #cce-cej71 is a poetic treatm5t ( g>d5+1 rem9isc5t ( ! ,georgics1 b n imitat+ _! /ructure4 ,x has _m allusions to pagan my?ology4 #bhd ,po/1 p4 #aic sqq4 #bhe ,ante1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #adg4 #bhf ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xi41 ,,iii4 #bhg ,! foll[+ leon9e hexamet]s are attribut$ to ,donizo3 8,*rysopolis dudum ,graecorum dicitur usu1 ,aurea sub l+ua sonat haec ,urbs esse ,lat9a1 ,scilicet ,urbs ,p>ma1 quia grammatica manet alta1 ,artes ac septem /udiose sunt ibi lectae40 ,muratori1 ,antiquitates1 iii4 p4 #iab4 #bhh ,william 0 a few ye>s old] ?an ,donizo1 & di$ ab\t ! ye> #aajj4 ,8 h]o is ,rob]t ,guisc>d1 & 8 poem closes ) ?is bid = ! fav\r ( 8 son1 ,rog]3 8,no/ra1 ,rog]e1 tibi cognoscis c>m9a scribi1 ,m5te tibi laeta /uduit p>]e ,poeta3 ,semp] et auctores hil>es m]u]e datores2 ,tu duce ,romano ,dux dignior ,octaviano1 ,sis mihi1 quaeso1 boni spes1 ut fuit ille ,m>oni40 ,muratori1 ,scriptores1 v4 #bdg-bdh4 #bhi ,muratori1 ,script4 v4 #djg-deg4 #bij ,muratori1 ,script4 vi4 #aaj-afa2 also 9 ,migne4 #bia ,writt5 at ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,on ^! p see ,ronca1 ,cultura m$ioevale e poesia ,lat9a d' ,italia 7,rome1 #ahib74 #bib ,muratori1 vii4 pp4 #cdi-dhb2 ,waitz1 ,mon4 ,g]m4 xxii4 #a-cch4 ,godfrey liv$ f ab\t #aabj to ! close ( ! c5tury4 ,! ,pan!on 0 complet$ 9 #aahe4 ,cf4 ,l4 ,delisle1 ,in/ructions du comit des travaux hi/oriques1 etc42 ,littrature lat9e1 p4 #da 7,p>is1 #ahij74 #bic ,mat?aei ,v9doc95sis ars v]sificatoria1 ,l4 ,b\rga9 7,p>is1 #ahgi74 #bid ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxx41 ,,iii4 #bie ,text f ,haurau1 ,les ,mlanges poetiques d',hildeb]t de ,lav>d91 p4 #fj3 also 9 ,notices des manuscrits de la bib4 nat4 t4 #bh1 #bnd "p 7#ahgh71 p4 #cca4 #bif ,haurau gives a critical text ( ! ,c>m5 ad ,a/ralabium filium1 9 ,notices et extraits1 etc41 #cd1 "p ii41 p4 #aec sqq4 ,o!r n unpleas+ in/ances ( elegiac v]se are af=d$ by ! poems ( ,baudri1 ,abbot ( ,b\rgueil 7d4 #aacj74 ,!y are occasional & fugitive pieces--nugae1 if we w4 ,see ,l4 ,delisle1 ,romania1 i4 #bb-ej4 #big ,! sub/ance ( ?is poem has be5 giv5 ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,on ,alanus see also po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxvi41 ,,iii4 #bih ,x is pr9t$ 9 ,migne #bji4 ,cf4 po/1 p4 #bcj1 note #a4 #bii ,! ,ligur9us is pr9t$ 9 tome #bab ( ,migne's ,patrol4 ,lat4 ,on its au?or see ,pann5borg1 ,=s*ung5 zur deuts*5 ,ges*i*te1 ,b& ii4 pp4 #afa-cja1 & ,b& xiii4 pp4 #bbe-cca 7,gtt+51 #ahga & #ahgc74 #cjj ,alanus de ,insulis1 ,de planctu naturae 7,migne #baj1 col4 #ddg74 ,a translation ( ! "w has be5 made by ,d4 ,m4 ,m(fat 7,new ,york1 #aijh74 ,= o!r examples ( ,sapphic & ,alcaic v]ses see ,haurau 9 ,notices et extraits1 etc41 #ca 7#b71 p4 #afe sqq4 #cja ,wilhelm ,mey]1 a lead+ au?ority ^u m$iaeval ,lat9 v]se-/ructure1 d]ives ! pr9ciple ( a l numb] ( syllables 9 e l9e f ea/]n ,semitic influ5ce ^u ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,see ,fragm5ta ,burana 7,b]l91 #aija71 pp4 #aea1 #aff4 ,t may h _h its effect2 b ,i d n see ! ne$ ( any cause f af> to acc\nt = ! syllabic regul>ity ( ,lat9 acc5tual v]se4 #cjb ,aga9 ,wilhelm ,mey]'s view3 see l4c4 & ! same au?or's 8,anfnge d] late94 und grie*4 rhy?mis*5 ,di*tung10 ,abh&4 d] ,bairi%4 ,akad4 ,philos41 philol4 ,klasse1 #ahhf4 #cjc ,poet4 ,lat4 aev4 ,c>4 i4 #aaf4 ,cf4 ,eb]t1 ,ges*4 etc4 ii4 #hf4 ,= simil> v]ses see ^? on ! battle at ,fontanetum 7,a4,d4 #hda71 ,poet4 ,lat4 aev4 ,c>4 ii4 #ach1 & ! c>m5 aga9/ ! t[n ( ,aquilegia1 ibid4 p4 #aej4 #cjd ,cf4 ante1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #bbg1 #bbh4 #cje ,traube1 ,poetae ,lat4 aevi ,c>4 iii4 p4 #gca4 ,cf4 ,eb]t1 ,ges*4 etc4 ii4 #afi & #cbe4 #cjf ,poet4 ,lat4 aev4 ,c>4 iii4 #gcc4 #cjg ,du ,m]il1 ,posies populaires lat9es1 i4 #djj4 ,p]haps ! mo/ successful attempt to write hexamet]s conta9+ rhymes or assonances is ! twelf?-c5tury poem ( ,b]n>d ,morlan5sis1 a monk ( ,cluny1 beg9n+ ) ! fam\s l9es3 8,hora novissima1 tempora pessima sunt1 vigilemus4 ,ecce m9acit] imm9et arbit] ille supremus40 ,b]n>di ,morlan5sis1 ,de contemptu mundi1 ed4 by ,?os4 ,wright1 ,ma/] ( ! ,rolls ,s]ies1 vol4 #ei 7ii471 #ahgb4 ,b]n>d says 9 8 ,preface1 z to 8 measures3 8,id g5us metri1 tum dactylum cont9uum exceptis f9alibus1 tum etiam sonoritatem leonicam s]vans44440 #cjh 8,c>m9a ,mut95sia10 ,poet4 ,lat4 aev4 ,c>4 iii4 #gjc4 ,! poem has =ty-two l9es1 ( :i* ! above are ! fir/ f\r4 ,! usual date assign$ is #ibd1 b ,traube 9 ,poet4 aev4 ,c>4 has put x back to #hib4 #cji ,see fur!r text & discussion 9 ,traube1 8,o ,roma nobilis10 ,abh&4 ,bairi%4 ,akad4 ,philos41 philol4 ,klasse1 #ahia4 #caj ,! v]bal ,sequ5ce or prosa 0 ?us a species ( trope4 ,tropes 7 int]polations or additions to ! old] text ( ! ,liturgy4 ,! ,sequ5ces 7 ! tropes app5d$ to ! la/ ,alleluia ( ! ,gradual1 ! psalm *ant$ 9 ! celebration ( ! ,mass1 betwe5 ! read+ ( ! ,epi/le & ! ,gospel4 ,cf4 ,leon ,gauti]1 ,posie liturgique au moy5 ge1 *ap4 iii4 7,p>is1 #ahhf72 ibid4 uvres potiques d',adam de ,sa9t-,victor1 p4 #bha sqq4 7#crd ed41 ,p>is1 #ahid74 #caa ,on ! ,sequ5ce see ,leon ,gauti]1 ,posie liturgique au moy5 ge 7,p>is1 #ahhf71 passim1 & especially ! compreh5sive summ>y 9 ! notes f p4 #aed to p4 #aei4 ,also see ,s*ubig]1 ,die ,sng]s*ule ,/4 ,gallus 7#aheh71 9 :i* _m ( ,notk]'s ,sequ5ces are giv5 ) ! music2 also v4 ,w9t]feld1 8,die ,di*t]s*ule ,/4 ,gallus und ,rei*5au10 ,neue ,jahrb*] f4 d4 klassis*4 ,alt]tum1 ,bd4 v4 7#aijj71 p4 #cda sqq4 ,! pres5t writ] has f\nd ,wilhelm ,mey]'s ,fragm5ta ,burana 7,b]l91 #aija7 mo/ sugge/ive2 & 9 all matt]s p]ta9+ to m$iaeval ,lat9 v]se-=ms1 use has be5 made ( ! same writ]'s exhau/ive /udy3 8,ludus de ,anti*ri/o und b] lat4 ,ry?m510 ,sitzungsb]4 ,bairis*4 ,akad4 ,philos41 philol4 ,klasse1 #ahhb4 ,see also ,*4 ,?urot1 8,notices1 etc41 de div]s ,,mss4 lat9s p\r s]vir l'hi/oire des doctr9es grammaticales au moy5 ge10 9 vol4 xxii4 7#b7 ( ,notices et extraits des ,,mss4 pp4 #dag-deg4 #cab 8,may our trumpet be guid$ mightily by ,god's "r h&1 & may ,he he> our pray]s ) g5tle & tranquil e>3 = our praise w be accept$ if :at we s+ ) ! voice a pure consci5ce s+s likewise4 ,& t we may be able1 let u all besee* div9e aid to be always pres5t ) u4444 ,o good ,k+1 k9d1 j1 & pity+1 :o art ! way & ! door1 unlock ! gates ( ! k+dom = u1 we beg1 & p>don our (f5ces1 t we may praise ?y "n n[ & ?r\gh all ! ages40 #cac ,g4 ,m4 ,dreves1 8,die ,pros5 d] ,abtei ,/4 ,m>tial zu ,limoges10 p4 #ei 7vol4 vii4 ( ,dreves's ,analecta hymnica m$ii aevi2 ,leipzig1 #ahhi74 8,let e b& s+ ) f\nt r5ew$ & ! ,_s's grace ) joyful praise & cle> m9d4 ,n[ is made good ! t5? "p 7i4e4 ! fall5 angels71 undone by fault2 & ?us t cele/ial ca/+ out is made good 9 div9e praise4 ,lo6 ! bright day ( ! ,"l gleams ?r\gh ! broad spaces ( ! _w3 9 :i* all ! r$eem$ p exult because ev]la/+ dea? is de/roy$40 #cad ,publi%$ by ,b\*]ie1 8,mlanges ,lat9s1 etc410 ,revue des langues romanes1 t4 vii4 7#ahge71 p4 #ce4 8,alleluia6 ,o flock1 proclaim joy2 ) melodi\s praise utt] de$s div9e n[ fix$ by reveal$ doctr9e4 ,?r\gh ! great sacrifice ( ,*ri/ ?\ art lib]at$ f dea?2 ! gates ( hell de/roy$1 op5$ are heav5's doors4 ,n[ ,he rules all ?+s cele/ial & t]re/rial by et]nal p[]2 :]e9 by ! ,fa!r's au?ority ,he gives judgm5t always j40 #cae ,see ,gauti]1 ,posie liturgique1 p4 #adg sqq4 ,x came some:at e>li] 9 ,italy4 ,see ,ronca1 ,cultura m$ioevale1 etc41 p4 #cdh sqq4 7,rome1 #ahib74 #caf ,:ile ,sequ5ces may be call$ hymns1 all hymns are n ,sequ5ces4 ,= ! hymn is ! g5]al t]m designat+ a v]bal composition sung 9 praise ( ,god or ,8 sa9ts4 ,a ,sequ5ce !n w\ld be a hymn hav+ a peculi> hi/ory & a c]ta9 place 9 ! ,liturgy4 #cag ,conta9$ 9 ,migne #agh1 col4 #agga sqq4 ,!y h n be5 prop]ly edit$ or ev5 fully publi%$4 #cah ,ref]5ce %\ld also be made to ! six lam5ts 7planctus7 compos$ by ,abael>d 7,migne #agh1 col4 #ahag-ahbc74 ,!y are p[]ful elegies1 & exhibit a ri*ness & v>iety ( poetic measures4 ,x may be m5tion$ t ! pure two-syllable rhyme is f\nd 9 hymns ascrib$ to ,sa9t ,b]n>d4 #cai ,leon ,gauti]1 ! editor ( ! uvres potiques d',adam de ,sa9t-,victor1 9 8 ?ird edition ( #ahid1 has ?r[n out f among ,adam's poems our fir/ & ?ird examples4 ,on ,adam see ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxix41 ,,ii4 #cbj ,gauti]1 uvres potiques d',adam de ,sa9t-,victor1 i4 #agd4 #cba ,gauti]1 o4c4 #crd edition1 p4 #hg4 #cbb ,gauti]1 o4c4 #a/ edition1 i4 #bja4 #cbc ,did ! ,sequ5ce ex]t an influ5ce ^u ,hrotsvi?a1 ! tiresome b unque/ionably immortal nun ( ,g&]%eim1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! middle & latt] "p ( ! t5? c5tury8 ,%e wrote n>rative poems1 l ! ,ge/a ,ottonis 7,otto ,i47 9 leon9e hexamet]s4 ,h] p5tamet] l9es also commonly h a ^w 9 ! middle rhym+ ) ! la/ syllable ( ! l9e4 ,b x is 9 ^? fam\s pi\s plays ( h]s1 =m$ aft] ! models ( ,t]5ce1 t we may look = a k9d ( writ+ correspond+ to t :i* 0 to progress to cle>] =m 9 ! ,sequ5ce4 ,)\t discuss+ to :at ext5t ! ,lat9 ( ^! plays may be call$ rhy?mical1 "o or two ?+s are cle>4 ,x is fill$ ) assonances & rude rhymes1 usually ( "o syllable4 ,x has no cle> v]se-/ructure1 & ! utt]ances ( ! dramatis p]sonae app>5tly obs]ve no regul>ity 9 ! numb] ( syllables1 su* z l9es ( v]se require4 #cbd ,= ^! & o!r songs1 writt5 aft] ! mann] ( ,sequ5ces1 see ,du ,m]il1 ,posies pop4 lat4 i4 p4 #bgc sqq4 ,!y are also pr9t$ by ,pip] 9 ,na*trge zur lt]5 deuts*5 ,lit4 7,deuts*e ,nat4 ,lit47 p4 #bjf sqq4 & p4 #bcd sqq4 ,see also ,w4 ,mey]1 ,fragm5ta ,burana1 p4 #agd sqq4 & ,eb]t1 ,allgeme9e ,ges*4 etc4 ii4 #cdc sqq4 #cbe ,du ,m]il1 ibid4 i4 p4 #bhe4 #cbf ,wil4 ,mey]1 ,fragm5ta ,burana1 p4 #ahj4 #cbg ,! be/ text ( ! 8,phillidis et ,florae alt]catio0 is ,haurau's 9 ,notices et extraits1 #cb 7#a71 p4 #bei sqq4 ,! same article has "s o!r disputes or causae1 e4g4 causa paup]is s*ol>is cum presbyt]o1 p4 #bhi4 #cbh ,du ,m]il1 ,posies pop4 lat4 ii4 p4 #ajh sqq4 ,! piece is a c5to1 & its tone *anges & becomes brutal fur!r on4 ,! poems1 f :i* are tak5 ! prec$+ citations1 are to be f\nd 9 ,wright's ,lat9 ,poems commonly attribut$ to ,walt] ,mapes 7,london1 #ahda1 ,camd5 ,society72 ,c>m9a ,burana1 ed4 ,j4 ,a4 ,s*mell]2 8,g$i*te auf ,k4 ,fri$ri* ,i4 7ar*ipoeta710 9 vol4 iii4 ( ,grimm's ,kle9]e ,s*rift54 ,cf4 also ,hubats*1 ,die late9is*5 ,vagant5li$] 7,gorlitz1 #ahgj74 ,! be/ texts ( _m ( ^! & o!r 8,c>m9a ,burana10 & su* l poems1 are to be f\nd 9 ! contributions ( ,haurau to ! ,notices et extraits1 etc42 especially 9 tome #bi 7#b71 pp4 #bca-cfh2 tome #ca 7#a71 p4 #ea sqq4 #cbi ,ante1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #ade4 #ccj ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,ix41 ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 #cca ,= g5]\s samples ( x1 see ,gei/li*e ,lit4 des ,mittelalt]s1 ed4 ,p4 ,pip] 7,deuts*e ,national ,lit]atur74 #ccb ,= ?is novel1 a ,greek orig9al is usually assum$2 b ! ,middle ,ages _h x only 9 a six?-c5tury ,lat9 v]sion4 ,x 0 copi$ 9 ,j\rda9 de ,blaie1 a *anson de ge/e4 ,see ,hag51 ,d] ,roman von ,knig ,apollonius 9 se95 v]s*i$55 ,be>beitung5 7,b]l91 #ahgh74 ,! o!r ,greek novels d\btless w\ld h be5 z popul> _h ! ,middle ,ages kn[n !m4 ,9 fact1 ! ,e?iopica ( ,heliodorus1 & o!rs ( ^! novels1 did become popul> en\gh ?r\gh translations 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 #ccc ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor says 9 ! twelf? c5tury3 8,apud g5tiles primus ,d>hes ,phrygius ,trojanam hi/oriam edidit1 quam 9 foliis palm>um ab eo scriptam esse f]unt0 7,erud4 didas4 iii4 cap4 #c2 ,migne #agf1 col4 #gfg74 ,on ! ,trojan orig9 ( ! ,franks1 ,britons1 & o!r peoples1 see ,joly 9 8 8,b5oit de ,/4 ,m et le ,roman de ,troie10 pp4 #fjf-fce 7,mem4 de la ,soc4 des ,antiquaires de ,norm&ie1 vol4 vii4 #cme s]41 #ahfi72 also ,graf1 ,roma nella memoria1 etc41 del m$io aevo4 ,! ,trojan orig9 ( ! ,franks 0 a commonplace 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 see e4g4 ,aimo9us ( ,fleury 9 beg9n+ ( 8 ,hi/oria ,francorum1 ,migne #aci1 col4 #fcg4 ,on ,d>es ! ,phrygian & ,dictys ! ,cretan see 8,d>es & ,dictys10 ,n4 ,e4 ,griff9 7,johns ,hopk9s ,/udies1 ,baltimore1 #aijg72 ,taylor1 ,classical ,h]itage1 pp4 #dj & #cfj 7au?orities72 also1 g5]ally1 ,l4 ,con/ans1 8,l'pope antique10 9 ,petit de ,julleville's ,hi/oire de la langue et de la littrature franaise1 vol4 i4 7,p>is1 #ahif74 #ccd ,joseph ( ,exet] or de ,iscano1 z he is call$1 at ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury compos$ a ,lat9 poem 9 six books ( hexamet]s entitl$ ,de bello ,trojano4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ m$iaeval productions 9 t metre4 ,! au?or foll[$ ,d>es1 b 8 diction %[s a /udy ( ,virgil1 ,ovid1 ,/atius1 & ,claudian4 ,see ,j4 ,j4 ,juss]&1 ,de ,josepho ,exoni5si vel ,iscano 7,p>is1 #ahgg72 ,a4 ,s>rad91 ,de ,josepho ,iscano1 ,belli ,trojani1 etc4 7,v]sailles1 #ahgh74 #cce ,eneas1 ed4 by ,salv]da de ,grave 7,halle1 #ahia71 l9es #gheg-ibfb4 #ccf ,roman de ,troie1 #ebeg-ebgj1 ed4 ,joly2 8,b5oit de ,/4 ,m et le ,roman de ,troie1 etc410 ,mem4 de la ,soc4 des ,antiquaires de ,norm&ie1 vol4 vii4 #cme s]41 #ahfi4 ,on its s\rces see also ,l4 ,con/ans1 9 ,petit de ,julleville's ,hi/4 de la langue et de la litt4 franaise1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ahh-bbj4 #ccg ,roman de ,troie1 #acbce sqq4 #cch ,! ,roman de ,!bes1 ! ?ird ( ^! l>ge poems1 is temp]ate 9 ! adaptation & ext5sion ( its !me4 ,its t5 ?\s& or m l9es ( eight-syllable rhym+ v]se are no long] ?an ! ,!baid ( ,/atius1 & z a n>rative make q z int]e/+ read+4 ,/atius1 :o liv$ "u ,domitian1 0 a poet ( consid]able skill1 b ) no g5ius = ! con/ruction ( an epic4 ,8 "w reads well 9 pat*es1 b does n move4 ,sev]al books are tak5 up ) gett+ ! ,argive army 9 motion1 & :5 ! read] & ,jove himself are we>i$1 x moves on--to ! next halt4 ,& s =? ?r\gh ! :ole twelve books4 ,see ,nis>d1 tudes sur les potes lat9s de la dcad5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfa sqq4 7#bnd ed41 ,p>is1 #ahdi72 ,pi*on1 ,hi/4 de la litt4 lat4 p4 #fjf 7#bnd ed41 ,p>is1 #ahih74 ,! ,roman de ,!bes 0 n drawn directly f ! "w ( ,/atius1 b ?r\gh ! *annels1 app>5tly1 ( int]v5+ prose comp5dia4 ,x also evid5tly drew f o!r works1 z x conta9s matt]s n f\nd 9 ,/atius's ,!baid4 ,x is easy1 if n inspir+ read+4 ,! /yle is cle>1 & ! n>rative moves4 ,( c\rse x pres5ts a g5]al m$iaevaliz+ ( ! mann]s ( ,/atius's some:at fu/ian antique h]oes2 x introduces c\rtly love 7e4g4 ! love betwe5 ,p>?onopeus & ,antigone1 l9es #cgic sqq471 m$iaeval commonplaces1 & feudal cu/oms4 ,x drops ! antique conception ( accurs$ fate z a fundam5tal motive ( ! plot1 sub/itut+ 9 its place ! v>i$ play ( romantic & *ivalric s5tim5t4 ,leopold ,con/ans has made ! ,roman de ,!bes 8 own4 ,hav+ foll[$ ! /ory ( ,o$ipus ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages 9 8 ,lg5de d'dipe1 etc4 7,p>is1 #ahha7 he has correct$ "s ( 8 views 9 8 critical edition ( ! poem1 8,le ,roman de ,?bes10 #b vols41 #ahij 7,soc4 des anci5s textes franais71 & has treat$ ! same matt]s m popul>ly 9 ,petit de ,julleville's ,hi/4 de la langue et de la litt4 franaise1 vol4 i4 pp4 #agj-ahh4 ,^! works fully discuss ! s\rces1 date1 & language ( ! poem1 & ! lat] r$actions 9 prose & v]se ?r\gh ,europe4 #cci ,on ,pseudo-,calli/h5es see ,paul ,mey]1 ,alex&re le ,gr& dans la littrature franaise du moy5 ge 7,p>is1 #ahhf72 ,taylor1 ,classical ,h]itage1 etc41 pp4 #ch & #cfj4 ,9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! twelf? c5tury ,walt] ( ,lille1 call$ also ,walt] ( ,*atillon1 wrote 8 ,alex&reis 9 t5 books ( easy-fl[+ hexamet]s4 ,x is pr9t$ 9 ,migne1 ,pat4 ,lat4 #bji1 col4 #dfc-egb4 ,cf4 ante1 page #aib4 ,8 "w %[s t a m$iaeval s*ol>-poet c\ld reproduce a hi/orical !me q sob]ly4 ,8 poem 0 read by o!r bookm52 b ! ,alex&] ( ! ,middle ,ages rema9$ ! ,alex&] ( ! fabul\s v]nacul> v]sions4 #cdj ,see ,ga/on ,p>is1 8,*rti5 ,lg\ais et autres imitateurs d',ovide10 ,hi/4 litt4 de la ,france1 t4 xxix41 pp4 #dee-ebe4 #cda ,! words 8nexum mancipiumque0 are m =mal & special ?an ! ,engli% giv5 above4 #cdb ,! e>ly law _h z yet devis$ no execution aga9/ ! debtor's prop]ty4 #cdc ,! jurisconsults ^: op9ions 7 au?oritative fl\ri%$ 9 ! second & ?ird c5turies4 ,! great five 7 ,gaius1 ,julian1 ,pap9ian1 ,ulpian1 ,paulus4 ,inasmu* z ^! jurisconsults ( ! ,empire 7 memb]s ( ! ,imp]ial 7or1 lat]1 ,praetorian7 ,auditory1 !y 7 judges 9 a c\rt ( la/ resort1 & _! 8responsa0 7 decisions ( actual cases4 ,!y subsequ5tly 8dige/$0 !m 9 _! books4 ,see ,munroe ,smi?1 8,problems ( ,roman ,legal ,hi/ory10 ,columbia ,law ,review1 #aijd1 p4 #ech4 #cdd ,dig4 i4 #a 78,de ,j4 et jure07 #a4 ,see ,savigny1 ,sy/em des heutig5 rmis*5 ,re*ts1 i4 p4 #aji sqq4 ,app>5tly "s ( ! juri/s 7e4g4 ,gaius1 ,ins4 i4 #a7 draw no sub/antial di/9ctions betwe5 ! jus naturale & ! jus g5tium4 ,o!rs seem to di/+ui%4 ,) ! latt]1 jus naturale might repres5t natural or in/9ctive pr9ciples ( ju/ice common to all m51 & jus g5tium1 ! laws & cu/oms :i* exp]i5ce _h l$ m5 to adopt4 ,= in/ance1 lib]tas is jure naturali1 :ile dom9atio or s]vitus is introduc$ ex g5tium jure 7,dig4 i4 #e1 #d2 ,dig4 xii4 #f1 #fd74 ,jus g5tium repres5t$ common exp$i5cy1 b its in/itutions 7e4g4 s]vitus7 might or might n accord ) natural ju/ice4 ,= manumissio z well z s]vitus 0 ex jure g5tium 7,dig4 i4 #a1 #d71 & s 7 common modes & pr9ciples ( contract4 ,ulpian's notion ( ! jus naturale z p]ta9+ to all animals1 & jus g5tium z belong+ to m5 alone1 0 b a cat*+ classification1 & did n repres5t any commonly foll[$ di/9ction4 #cde ,con/itutio is ! m g5]al t]m1 embrac+ :atev] ! emp]or ann\nces 9 writ+ z a law4 ,! t]m rescript prop]ly applies to ! emp]or's writt5 answ]s to que/ions address$ to him by magi/rates1 & to ! decisions ( 8 ,auditory r5d]$ 9 8 "n4 #cdf ,= ?is :ole matt]1 see vol4 i4 ( ,savigny's ,sy/em des heutig5 rmis*5 ,re*ts2 ,gaius1 ,in/itutes1 ! op5+ p>agraphs2 & ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ! fir/ ,book ( ,ju/9ian's ,dige/4 #cdg ,dig4 i4 #c1 #cb4 #cdh ,dig4 i4 #c1 #aj1 & #ab4 #cdi ,dig4 i4 #c1 #ad4 #cej ,ibid4 #ci4 #cea ,dig4 l4 #ag1 #cj4 #ceb ,dig4 l4 #ag1 #ca4 #cec ,ibid4 #ed4 #ced ,ibid4 #bjb4 #cee ,dig4 l4 #af1 #bd2 ,ibid4 #ag1 #fb4 #cef ,cod4 ,!od4 7ed4 by ,momms5 & ,mey]7 i4 #a1 #e4 #ceg ,) ! ,!odosian ,code ! ^w lex1 leges1 beg9s to be us$ = ! con/itutiones or o!r decrees ( a sov]eign4 #ceh ,f ! con/itution direct+ ! compilation ( ! ,dige/1 usually cit$ z ,deo auctore4 #cei ,! orig9al plan ( ,!odosius embrac$ ! project ( a ,codex ( ! jurisprud5tial law4 ,see 8 con/itution ( ! ye> #dbi 9 ,!od4 ,c4 i4 #a1 #e4 ,_h ?is be5 c>ri$ out1 z x 0 n1 ,ju/9ian's ,dige/ w\ld h _h a =]unn]4 #cfj ,juliani epitome ,lat9a ,novell>um ,ju/9iani1 ed4 by ,g4 ,ha5el 7,leipzig1 #ahgc74 #cfa ,conrat1 ,ges4 d] ,quell5 und ,lit4 des rm4 ,re*ts1 pp4 #dh-ei1 & #afa sqq42 ,momms51 ,zeits*rift fr ,re*tsges4 #ba 7#aijj71 ,roman4 ,abteilung1 pp4 #aej-aee4 #cfb ,ed4 by ,bluhme1 ,mon4 ,g]m4 leges1 iii4 #egi-fcj4 ,cf4 ,t>dif1 ,s\rces du droit franais1 #abd-abh4 ,a code ( ,burgundian law _h already be5 made4 #cfc ,edit$ by ,ha5el1 ) ! epitomes ( x 9 p>allel columns1 "u ! "n ( ,lex ,romana ,visigo?orum 7,leipzig1 #ahdi74 ,see ,t>dif1 o4c4 #abi-adc4 #cfd ,cod4 ,!od4 i4 #d1 #c2 ,brev4 i4 #d1 #a4 #cfe ,on ^! epitomes & glosses see ,conrat1 ,ges4 d] ,quell51 etc41 pp4 #bbb-beb4 ,m5tion %\ld be made ( ! ,edict ( ,!odoric ! ,o/rogo?1 a piece ( legislation contempor>y ) ! ,brevi>ium & ! ,papianus4 ,9 pursuance ( ,!odoric's policy ( amalgamat+ ,go?s & ,romans1 ! ,edict 0 made = bo? 7,b>b>i ,romanique74 ,its s\rces 7 sub/antially ! same z ^? ( ! ,brevi>ium1 except t ,gaius 0 n us$4 ,! s\rces are n giv5 v]batim1 b _! cont5ts are re/at$1 (t5 q bungl+ly4 ,naturally a ,teutonic influ5ce runs ?r\gh ?is %ort & incomplete code1 :i* conta9s m crim9al ?an private law4 ,no fur!r ref]5ce ne$ be made to x because its influ5ce practically ceas$ ) ! reconque/ ( ,italy by ,ju/9ian4 ,x is edit$ by ,bluhme1 9 ,mon4 ,g]4 leges1 v4 #ade-afi4 ,see z to x1 ,savigny1 ,ges*i*te des rm4 ,re*ts1 ii4 #agb-aha2 ,salvioli1 ,/oria del diritto italiano1 #crd ed41 pp4 #de-dg4 #cff ,cf4 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 i4 p4 #aji sqq4 #cfg ,= ! *>act]i/ics & elem5ts ( e>ly ,teutonic law see ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ,bd4 i4 #cfh ,see ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 i4 p4 #bed sqq41 & #cch-cdj4 #cfi 8,adv]sus ,gundobadi legem10 c4 #d 7,mon4 ,g]m4 leges1 iii4 #ejd74 ,z to ,agob>d see ante1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bcb4 #cgj ,! matt] is sugge/$ "h only 9 its g5]al aspects4 ,! details pres5t e k9d ( complication 7= "s purposes to-day a c\rt w apply ! law ( ! litigant's domicile74 ,! pr(essio 7pr(essus sum or pr(essa sum71 by :i* a man or woman =mally decl>es by :at law he or %e lives1 rema9$ common 9 ,italy = five c5turies aft] ,pipp9's conque/1 & indicates ! legal situation !re1 especially ( ! ,teutonic newcom]s4 #cga ,"o sees an analogy 9 ! =tunes ( ! ,bo?ian translations ( ! m advanc$ treatises ( ,ari/otle's ,organon4 ,!y fell into disuse 7or nev] came into use7 & s 7 8lo/0 until !y came to light1 i4e4 into use1 9 ! la/ "p ( ! twelf? c5tury4 #cgb ,see ,conrat1 ,ges4 d] ,quell51 pp4 #ahb-ahg4 #cgc ,see ,conrat1 ,ges4 d] ,quell51 etc41 pp4 #afb-aff1 #afh-ahb1 #aib-bjb1 #bdj-beb4 #cgd ,see ,salvioli1 ,/oria di diritto italiano1 #crd ed41 #ahii1 pp4 #hd-ij2 ibid4 ,l' ,i/ruzione pubblica 9 ,italia nei secoli ,,viii4 ,,ix4 ,x42 ,t>dif1 ,hi/4 des s\rces du droit franais1 p4 #bha sqq42 ,savigny1 ,ges*i*te1 etc41 iv4 pp4 #a-i2 ,fitt+1 8,zur ,ges*i*te d] ,re*tswiss5s*aft im ,mittelalt]10 ,zeits*rift fr ,rges4 ,sav4 ,/ift41 ,roman4 ,abteil41 ,bd4 vi41 #ahhe1 pp4 #id-ahf2 ibid4 ,juri/is*e ,s*rift5 des frh]5 ,mittelalt]s1 #ajh sqq4 7,halle1 #ahgf74 #cge ,a contempor>y notice speaks ( ! enorm\s numb] ( judges1 lawy]s1 & not>ies 9 ,milan ab\t ! ye> #ajjj4 ,salvioli1 ,l' ,i/ruzione pubblica1 etc41 p4 #gh4 ,x is h>d to imag9e t no legal in/ruction c\ld be _h !re4 #cgf ,! evid5ce is ga!r$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,savigny's ,ges*i*te4 #cgg ,de p>5telae gradibus1 see ,savigny1 ,ges*i*te1 ,bd4 iv4 p4 #a sqq4 #cgh ,see ,savigny1 ,ges*i*te1 ,bd4 ii4 pp4 #acd-afc 7! text is publi%$ 9 an ,app5dix to t volume1 pp4 #cba-dbh72 ,conrat1 ,ges4 d] ,quell51 etc41 pp4 #dbj-edi2 ,t>dif1 ,hi/4 des s\rces du droit franais1 pp4 #bac-bdf4 #cgi ,?is foll[s ! s-call$ ,tb+5 ,,mss41 ! l>ge/ imm$iate s\rce ( ! ,petrus4 ,z well-nigh ! entire sub/ance ( ! ,petrus is drawn f ! imm$iately prior compilations 7:i* are /ill unpubli%$7 its *>act]i/ics are really !irs4 #chj ,app>5tly ! *ief magi/rate ( ,val5ce3 8,val5t9ae civitatis magi/ro magnifico40 #cha ,petri exceptiones1 iii4 #fi4 #chb ,petrus1 i4 #ff4 #chc ,see ,conrat1 ,ges4 d] ,quell51 etc41 #eej-ehb2 ,t>dif1 ,hi/4 des s\rces1 etc41 pp4 #bjg-bac2 ,fitt+1 ,zeits*rift fr ,rges4 ,bd4 vi4 p4 #ada4 ,x is edit$ by ,bock+ 7,b]l91 #ahbi7 "u ! title ( ,corpus legum sive ,bra*ylogus juris civilis4 #chd ,= in/ance1 ,bra*4 ii4 #ab1 8,de juris et facti ignorantia10 is %ort & cle>4 ,x foll[s ma9ly ,dige/ xxii4 #f4 #che ,summa ,codicis des ,irn]ius1 ed4 by ,fitt+ 7,b]l91 #ahid74 ,see ,introduction1 & also ,fitt+ 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,re*tsges*i*te1 ,bd4 xvii4 7#ahif71 ,romanis*e ,abteilung1 pp4 #a-if4 #chf ,cf4 ,summa ,codicis ,irn]ii1 vii4 #bc1 & vii4 #ca4 #a4 #chg ,summa ,codicis ,irn]ii1 i4 #ad4 ,! correspond+ passages 9 ,ju/9ian's ,codification are ,dig4 i4 #c1 lex #ab & #ch1 & ,codex vii4 #de1 lex #ac4 #chh ,summa ,codicis ,irn]ii1 vii4 #bb & #bc4 ,! *ief ,ju/9ianean s\rces are ,dig4 xli4 #b1 & ,cod4 xii4 #cb4 #chi ,see ,salvioli1 ,manuale1 etc41 pp4 #fe-fh2 ibid4 ,l' ,i/ruzione pubblica 9 ,italia1 pp4 #gb-ge2 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 i4 p4 #chg sqq4 #cij ,po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxv41 ,i4 #cia ,! ,bologna s*ool is commonly call$ ! s*ool ( ! glossators4 ,_! "w 0 to exp\nd ! law ( ,ju/9ian2 & _! glosses1 or explanatory notes1 7 ! "p ( _! writ+s :i* _h ! mo/ p]man5t influ5ce4 ,! glosses 7 orig9ally writt5 betwe5 ! l9es or on ! m>g9s ( ! codices ( ! ,dige/1 ,codex1 ,novels1 & ,in/itutes4 #cib ,savigny gives examples ( ,irn]ius's glosses 9 an app5dix to ! f\r? volume ( 8 ,ges*i*te4 ,pescatore 7,die ,gloss5 des ,irn]ius1 ,greifswald1 #ahhh7 ma9ta9s t ,savigny ov]/ates ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! int]l9e> & ! m>g9al glosses ( ,irn]ius4 #cic ,on ,plac5t9us see ,savigny1 ,ges*i*te1 iv4 pp4 #bdd-bhe4 #cid ,proemium to ,de v>4 actionum1 giv5 by ,savigny1 iv4 p4 #edj4 #cie ,?is is f ! proemium atta*$ to "o old edition1 & is giv5 9 ,sav4 ,ges4 iv4 p4 #bde4 ,9 an app5dix1 p4 #edb1 ,savigny gives an ev5 m florid proemium to ! ,summa ,codicis f a manuscript4 #cif ,on ,azo1 see ,savigny1 ,ges4 v4 pp4 #a-dd4 #cig ,quot$ by ,savigny4 ,on ,accursius see ,sav4 ,ges4 v4 pp4 #bfb-cje4 #cih ,on ,b>tolus see ,savigny1 ,ges4 etc4 vi4 pp4 #acg-ahd4 #cii ,cf4 ,savigny1 ,ges4 v4 pp4 #bbb-bfa4 #djj 8,ecclesia vivit lege ,romana10 ,lex ,ribu>ia1 #eh4 ,?is 0 univ]sally recogniz$1 al?\gh ! individual cl]icus might rema9 am5able to ! law ( 8 bir?4 #dja ,= ^! matt]s see prim>ily ! sixte5? book ( ! ,!odosian ,code1 & book i4 *ap4 #bg4 ,also ! suspect$ ,con/itutiones ,sirmondianae atta*$ to t ,code4 ,ju/9ian's ,codex & ,novellae add mu*4 ,zorn1 9 8 ,kir*5re*t1 p4 #bi sqq41 gives a conv5i5t synopsis ( ! matt]4 #djb ,"o obs]ves t ! op5+ *apt] ( ,ju/9ian's ,dige/ speaks ( jurisprud5tia z k ( div9e z well z human matt]s4 #djc ,decretum1 i4 di/4 viii4 c4 i4 #djd ,decretum1 i4 di/4 ix4 c4 xi42 see ibid4 di/4 xiii41 op5+4 #dje ,t>dif1 ,s\rces du droit canonique1 p4 #age sqq41 has be5 *iefly foll[$ "h4 #djf ,on ! above matt]s see 7) ! au?orities & bibliographies !re9 giv57 ,maas51 ,ges*i*te d] ,quell51 etc41 d] canonis*5 ,re*ts 7,bd4 i41 to ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury72 ,t>dif1 ,s\rces du droit canonique 7,p>is1 #ahhg72 ,zorn1 ,lehrbu* des ,kir*5re*ts 7,/uttg>t1 #ahhh72 ,g]la*1 ,lehrbu* des ca?olis*5 ,kir*5re*ts 7#e? edition1 ,pad]born1 #ahij72 ,h9s*ius1 ,decretales pseudo-,isidorianae 7,leipzig1 #ahfc72 ,corpus juris canonici1 ed4 by ,fri$b]g 7,leipzig1 #ahgi-ahha74 #djg ,jurisdiction ( ! ecclesia/ical c\rts embrac$ m>riage & divorce1 wills & inh]itance1 &1 by virtue ( _! surveillance ( usury & v[s & oa?s1 practically ! :ole relation%ip betwe5 debtor & cr$itor4 #djh ,volume ii4 ( ,r4 ,w4 & ,a4 ,j4 ,c>lyle's ,hi/ory ( ,m$iaeval ,political ,!ory 9 ! ,we/ 7#aiji7 ma9ta9s t ! /atem5ts ( papal pret5sions :i* 7 incorporat$ 9 ! recogniz$ collections ( ,decretals 7 less extreme ?an ^? emanat+ f ! papacy "u /ress ( controv]sy4 #dji ,see ,gi]ke1 ,political ,!ories ( ! ,middle ,ages1 trans4 by ,maitl& 7,cambridge1 #aijj71 p4 #bb sqq4 & notes4 ,i w\ld express my indebt$ness to ?is book = ^! pages on m$iaeval political !ories4 ,dunn+'s ,hi/ory ( ,political ,!ories is a conv5i5t outl9e2 ,c>lyle's ,hi/ory ( ,m$iaeval ,political ,!ory gives ! s\rces c>efully4 #daj ,occasionally /udium 7k1 /udy1 or sci5ce7 is introduc$ z a ?ird "p or elem5t ( ! human community or ( human life4 ,?us 9 ! fam\s /atem5t ( ,jordanes ( ,osnabrck--! ,romans receiv$ ! ,sac]dotium1 ! ,g]mans ! ,imp]ium1 ! ,fr5* ! ,/udium4 ,see ,gi]ke1 ,political ,!ories1 p4 #ajd1 note #h4 #daa ,cf4 ,gi]ke1 o4c4 p4 #aji1 note #af4 ,b comp>e ,c>lyle1 o4c4 vol4 ii4 "p ii4 *aps4 vii4-xi4 #dab ,ev5 t[>d ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages ,m>silius ( ,padua 0 almo/ alone 9 posit+ ! absolute supremacy ( ! ,/ate1 says ,gi]ke4 #dac ,see ,gi]ke1 o4c4 p4 #add1 note #aca1 & comp>e notes #acb1 #acc1 & #ahc = attacks ^u ! pl5>y p[] ( ! pope4 #dad ,gi]ke1 o4c4 pp4 #ca-cb1 & p4 #aci1 notes #ajg & #ajh4 #dae ,dig4 i4 #d1 #a2 ,gi]ke1 o4c4 p4 #ci & pp4 #adf1 #adg4 #daf ,gi]ke1 o4c4 p4 #fd4 #dag ,gi]ke1 o4c4 p4 #agb1 note #bef4 ,cf4 ante1 p4 #bfh4 #dah ,see ,gi]ke1 o4c4 pp4 #gc-hf1 & correspond+ notes4 #dai ,little w be said 9 ^! pages ( palpable crass h]etics l ! ,ca?>i1 = example4 ,! philosophic ideas ( su* seem ga!r$ f ! flotsam & jetsam ( ! lat] antique _w2 _! /ock 0 n ( ! be/1 & bore little int]e/+ fruit = lat] times4 ,su* m$iaeval h]esies pres5t no cont9u\s evolution l t ( ! prop] s*ola/icism4 ,progress 9 philosophy & !ology came ?r\gh academic p]sonages1 :o at all ev5ts laid claim to or?odoxy4 ,all l9es ( advance lead+ on to lat] phases ( philosophic1 sci5tific1 & religi\s ?\ght1 lay )9 ! lab\rs ( su*1 "s ( :om1 h[ev]1 7 suspect$ or ev5 condemn$ by ! ,*ur*1 l ,eriug5a1 ,abael>d1 or ,rog] ,bacon4 ,b ^! m5 did n /& ap>t f or?odox academic circles1 & 7 nev] ca/ out by ! ,*ur*4 ,?\ght & le>n+ 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7 domicil$ 9 mona/ic1 episcopal1 or univ]sity circles2 & ^! 7 at lea/ conv5tionally or?odox4 ,x has be5 said1 to be sure1 t ! h]esy ( "o g5]ation becomes ! or?odoxy ( ano!r2 b ?is is true only ( t5d5cies l ^? ( ,abael>d1 :i* repres5t ! gradual expansion & cle>+ up ( s*ola/ic processes4 ,= ! "t !y may be condemn$1 p]haps because ( ! va9 & cont5ti\s "* ( ! suspect$ ?9k]2 b 9 ! end !y are recogniz$ z admissible4 ,! ,av]roi/s con/itute an app>5t exception4 ,yet !y 7 a philosophic & academic sect1 ^: h]esy consi/$ 9 an implicit foll[+ ( ,ari/otle z int]pret$ by ,av]roes4 ,moreov]1 !y s\ght to save _! or?odoxy by _! doctr9e ( ! two k9ds ( tru?1 philosophic & !ological or dogmatic4 ,x is n cle> t mu* fruitful ?\ght came f _! s*ool4 ,! positions ( ,sig] de ,brabant1 a prom95t ,av]roi/ & contempor>y ( ,aqu9as1 are ref]r$ to po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,! be/ acc\nt ( ,av]roism is ,m&onnet's ,sig] de ,brabant et l'av]roisme lat9 au ,,xiiie sicle 7a second edition1 ,l\va91 is 9 prep>ation74 ,see also ,de ,wulf1 ,hi/4 ( ,m$ieval ,philosophy 7#crd4 ed41 ,longmans1 #aiji7 p4 #cgi sqq4 ) au?orities cit$4 #dbj ,call$ also 8 ,summa philosophica1 to di/+ui% x f 8 ,summa !ologiae4 #dba ,summa !ologiae1 i4 i41 quae/io i4 art4 #a-h4 #dbb ,po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxvi41 ,i4 #dbc ,ev5 ! ,av]roi/s 7 m m$iaeval ?an ,greek1 inasmu* z !y pr(ess$ to foll[ ,ari/otle implicitly4 ,cf4 po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxvii41 at ! end4 #dbd ,a t\* ( 8salvation10 or salvation's ne$1 is on ,plato :5 8 8philosophy0 becomes a consid]ation ( dea? 7 7 & a process ( gr[+ z l to ,god 7 7 z man c4 ,pha$o1 #hj ,e1 & ,!aetetus1 #agf ,a4 #dbe ,hi/oria calamitatum1 cap4 #i & #aj4 ,cf4 po/1 p4 #cjc4 #dbf ,po/1 ,*apt] ,,xli4 #dbg ,ante1 p4 #bih4 ,i _c avoid ref]r+ to ,abael>d sev]al times be=e consid]+ ! man & 8 "w m specifically1 & 9 ! prop] place2 po/1 ,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,i4 #dbh ,introductio ad !ologiam1 lib4 ii4 7,migne #agh1 col4 #ajci74 #dbi ,see ,d5ifle1 8,die ,s5t5z5 ,abael>d's und die ,be>beitung5 se9] ,!ologia10 ,ar*iv fr ,lit]atur und ,kir*5ges*i*te1 i4 p4 #djb sqq4 & p4 #ehd sqq4 ,also ,picavet1 8,abl>d et ,alex&] de ,hales1 crateurs de la m?ode s*ola/ique10 ,bib4 de l'cole des hautes tudes1 sci5ces religieuses1 t4 vii4 p4 #bba sqq4 #dcj ,two extracts1 "o f ! ,s5t5ces & "o f ! ,summa1 t\*+ ! same matt]1 w illu/rate ! /age 9 ! s*ola/ic process rea*$ by ,pet] ,lomb>d1 ab\t ! ye> #aaej1 & t atta9$ by ,?omas ,aqu9as a hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,! ,lomb>d's ,f\r ,books ( ,s5t5ces are divid$ into ,di/9ctiones1 ) sub-titles to ! latt]4 ,di/9ctio xlvi4 ( ! fir/ ,book be>s ! g5]al title3 8,! op9ion 7s5t5tia7 decl>+ t ! w ( ,god :i* is himself1 _c be fru/rat$1 seems to be oppos$ by "s op9ions40 ,! fir/ subdivision ( ! text beg9s3 8,"h ! "q rises4 ,= x is said by ! au?orities above adduc$ ! prec$+ ,di/9ctio _h discuss$ 8,! w ( ,god :i* is ,8 ess5ce1 "o & et]nal0 t ! w ( ,god1 :i* is himself1 & is call$ ,8 good pleasure 7b5eplacitum7 _c be fru/rat$1 because by t w fecit quaecumque voluit 9 caelo et 9 t]ra1 :i*--witness ! ,apo/le--nihil resi/it4 ,i leave ! ,scriptural quotations 9 ,lat91 s z to m>k !m4 ,x is qu]i$1 !re=e1 h[ "o %\ld und]/& :at ! ,apo/le says conc]n+ ! ,"l1 #a ,tim4 #b3 ,qui vult omnes hom9es salvos fi]i4 ,= s9ce all are n sav$1 b _m are damn$1 t :i* ,god wills to take place1 seems n to take place 7become1 fi]i71 ! human w ob/ruct+ ! w ( ,god4 ,! ,"l also 9 ! ,gospel reproa*+ ! wick$ city1 ,matt1 xxiii41 says3 ,quoties volui congreg>e filios tuos1 sicut gall9a congregat pullos suos sub alis1 et nolui/i4 ,?us x might seem f ^!1 t ! w ( ,god may be ov]come by ! w ( m51 &1 resi/$ by ! unwill+ness ( ! weake/1 ! ,mo/ ,/rong may prove unable to d :at ,he will$4 ,:]e !n is t omnipot5ce by :i* 9 coelo et t]ra1 accord+ to ! ,prophet1 omnia quaecumque voluit fecit8 ,& h[ does no?+ )/& ,8 w1 if ,he wi%$ to ga!r ! *ildr5 ( ,j]usalem1 & did n8 ,= ^! say+s seem inde$ to oppose :at has be5 /at$40 ,! second p>agraph proce$s3 8,b let u see ! solution1 & fir/ he> h[ :at ! ,"l said %\ld be und]/ood4 ,= x 0 n int5d$ to mean 7z ,augu/9e says1 ,en*iridion1 c4 #ig1 solv+ ?is "q7 t ! ,"l wi%$ to ga!r ! *ildr5 ( ,j]usalem1 & did n d :at ,he will$ because %e w\ld n2 b r %e did n wi% h] *ildr5 to be ga!r$ by ,him1 yet 9 spite ( h] unwill+ness 7qua tam5 nol5te7 ,he ga!r$ all ,he will$ ( h] *ildr54444 ,& ! s5se is3 ,z _m z ,i h ga!r$ by my w1 always effective1 ,i h ga!r$1 ?\ be+ unwill+4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ^! words ( ! ,"l are n oppos$ to ! au?orities ref]r$ to40 7,p>agraph #c7 8,n[ x rema9s to see h[ ! a=esaid words d n contradict :at ! ,apo/le said ( ! ,"l3 ,vult omnes hom9es salvos fi]i4 ,because ( ^! words _m h w&]$ f ! tru?1 say+ t ,god will$ _m ?+s :i* did n come to pass4 ,b ! say+ is n ?us to be und]/ood1 z if ,god will$ any to be sav$1 & !y 7 n4 ,= :o c be s impi\sly fooli% z to say t ,god _c *ange ! evil wills ( m5 to good :5 & :]e ,he w8 ,surely :at is said 9 ,psalm #aac1 ,quaecumque voluit fecit1 is n true1 if ,he will$ any?+ & did n accompli% x4 ,or1--7& ?is is /ill m %ameful7 = t reason ,he did n d x1 because :at ! ,omnipot5t will$ to come to pass1 ! w ( man ob/ruct$4 ,h5ce :5 we read 9 ,holy ,scripture velit omnes hom9es salvos fi]i1 we %\ld n detract f ! w ( omnipot5t ,god1 b und]/& ! text to mean t no man is sav$ except :om ,he wills to be sav$3 n t !re is no man :om ,he does n w to be sav$1 b t no man may be sav$ except :om ,he wills %\ld be sav$4444 ,?us also is to be und]/ood ! text f ,john i43 ,illum9at omnem hom9em v5i5tem 9 hunc mundum2 n z if !re is no man :o is n light$1 b t none is light$ save f ,him44440 ,! next & f\r? p>agraph takes up ! problem :e!r evil1 t is s91 takes place by ! w ( ,god1 or ,he unwill+ 7eo nol5te74 8,z to ?is1 div]s m5 ?9k+ div]sely h be5 f\nd 9 contradiction4 ,= "s say t ,god wills evils to be or become 7esse vel fi]i7 yet does n w evils4 ,b o!rs say t ,he nei!r wills evils to be nor to become4 ,yet ^! & ^? agree 9 decl>+ t ,god does n w evils4 ,yet ea* ) argum5ts z well z au?orities /rives to make good 8 ass]tion40 ,we w n foll[ ! ,lomb>d ?r\gh ?is ?orny problem4 ,he cuts 8 way ) passages f 8 *ief patri/ic au?ority1 ,augu/9e1 & 9 ! end concludes3 8,leav+ ?is & o!r l fooli% op9ions1 & fav\r+ ! s\nd] view1 :i* is m fully sanction$ by ! te/imonies ( ! ,sa9ts1 we may say t ,god nei!r wills evils to become1 nor wills t !y %\ld n become1 nor yet is ,he unwill+ 7nolle7 t !y %\ld become4 ,all t ,he wills to become1 becomes1 & all t ,he wills n to become does n become4 ,yet _m ?+s become :i* ,he does n w to become1 z e evil40 ,?us ! ,lomb>d4 ,n[ let u see h[ ,?omas1 9 8 ,summa !ologiae1 ,p>s ,prima1 ,quae/io xix4 ,articulus ix4 exp\nds ! po9t3 utrum voluntas ,dei sit malorum4 8,z to ! n9? articulus ?us "o proce$s4 7#a7 ,x seems ,videtur1 =mula = /at+ ! initial argum5t :i* w n be approv$ t ! w ( ,god is ! cause ( evils4 ,= ,god wills e good t becomes 7i4e4 comes into exi/5ce74 ,b x is good t evils %\ld come2 = ,augu/9e says 9 ! ,en*iridion3 #8,al?\gh ^? ?+s :i* are evils1 9 s f> z !y are evils1 are n goods2 yet x is good 7bonum7 t !re %\ld be n only goods 7bona7 b evils4' ,!re=e ,god wills evils40 87#b7 ,moreov] ,praet]ea1 ,?omas's regul> =mula = introduc+ ! succe$+ argum5ts1 :i* he w n approve ,dionysius says1 iv4 cap4 de div9is nom9ibus3 #8,!re w be evil mak+ = ! p]fection ( ! :ole4' ,& ,augu/9e says 9 ! ,en*iridion3 #8,out ( all 7?+s7 ! admirable beauty ( ! univ]se arises2 :]e9 ev5 t :i* is call$ evil1 well ord]$ & set 9 its place1 comm5ds ! good m highly2 s9ce ! good pleases m1 & is ! m praisewor?y1 :5 comp>$ ) evil4' ,b ,god wills ev]y?+ t p]ta9s to ! p]fection & grace ( ! univ]se2 s9ce ?is is :at ,god *iefly wills 9 ,8 creation4 ,!re=e ,god wills evils40 87#c7 ,moreov]1 ! occurr5ce & non-occurr5ce ( evils 7mala fi]i1 et non fi]i7 are contradictory opposites4 ,b ,god does n w evils n to occur2 because s9ce "s evils d occur1 ! w ( ,god w\ld n be fulfill$4 ,!re=e ,god wills evils to occur40 8,s$ contra e/ ,?omas's =mula = /at+ ! op9ion :i* he w approve :at ,augu/9e says 9 8 book ( ,eighty-?ree ,que/ions3 #8,no wise man is ! au?or ( man's det]ioration2 yet ,god is m excell5t ?an any wise man2 mu* less !n1 is ,god ! au?or ( any "o's det]ioration4 ,b ,he is said to be ! au?or :5 ,he is spok5 ( z will+ any?+4 ,!re=e man becomes worse1 ,god n will+ x4 ,b ) e evil1 some?+ becomes worse4 ,!re=e ,god does n w evils4'0 8,respondeo dic5dum quod ,?omas's =mula = comm5c+ 8 elucidation s9ce ! reason 7or gr\nd or cause1 ratio7 ( ! good is likewise ! reason ( ! desirable 7z discuss$ previ\sly71 evil is oppos$ to good3 x is impossible t any evil1 z evil1 %\ld be desir$1 ei!r by ! natural appetite or ! animal1 or ! intellectual1 :i* is w4 ,b "s evil may be desir$ p] accid5s1 9 s f> z x conduces to "s good4 ,& ?is is app>5t 9 any appetite4 ,= ! natural impulse 7ag5s naturale7 does n aim at privation or de/ruction 7corruptio72 b at =m1 to :i* ! privation ( ano!r =m may be jo9$ 7i4e4 ne$$1 conjungitur72 & at ! g5]ation ( "o1 :i* is ! de/ruction ( ano!r4 ,?us a lion1 kill+ a /ag1 aims at food1 to :i* is jo9$ ! kill+ ( an animal4 ,likewise ! =nicator aims at enjoym5t1 to :i* is jo9$ ! de=mity ( guilt4 8,?us evil :i* is jo9$ to "s good1 is privation ( ano!r good4 ,nev]1 !re=e1 is evil desir$1 n ev5 p] accid5s1 unless ! good to :i* ! evil is jo9$ appe>s great] ?an ! good :i* is annull$ ?r\gh ! evil4 ,b ,god wills no good m ?an ,8 goodness2 yet ,he wills "s "o good m ?an "s o!r good4 ,h5ce ! evil ( guilt1 :i* de/roys relation%ip to div9e good 7quod privat ord9em ad bonum div9um71 ,god 9 no way wills4 ,b ! evil ( natural defect1 or ! evil ( p5alty1 ,he wills 9 will+ "s good to :i* su* evil is jo9$2 z1 9 will+ righte\sness ,he wills p5alty2 & 9 will+ t ! ord] ( nature be pres]v$1 ,he wills c]ta9 natural corruptions4 8,ad primum ergo dic5dum ,?omas's =mula = comm5c+ 8 reply to ! fir/ false argum5t t c]ta9 ones h said t al?\gh ,god does n w evils1 ,he wills evils to be or become3 because1 al?\gh evils are n goods1 yet x is good t evils %\ld be or become4 ,!y said ?is = ! reason t ^? ?+s :i* are evil 9 !mselves1 are orda9$ = "s good2 & !y deem$ ?is orda9m5t involv$ 9 say+ mala esse vel fi]i4 ,b t is n said rightly4 ,because evil is n orda9$ = good p] se b p] accid5s4 ,= x is beyond ! s9n]'s int5t1 t good %\ld come ( x2 j z x 0 beyond ! int5t ( ! tyrants t f _! p]secutions ! pati5ce ( ! m>tyrs %\ld %9e =?4 ,& !re=e x _c be said t su* orda9m5t = good is involv$ 9 say+ t x is good = evil to be or become3 because no?+ is adjudg$ accord+ to :at p]ta9s to x p] accid5s b accord+ to :at p]ta9s to x p] se40 8,ad secundum dic5dum t evil is n wr\ght = ! p]fection or beauty ( ! :ole except p] accid5s1 z has be5 %[n4 ,h5ce ?is :i* ,dionysius says t evil makes = ! p]fection ( ! :ole may lead to an illogical conclusion40 8,ad t]tium dic5dum t al?\gh ! occurr5ce & non-occurr5ce ( evils are oppos$ z contradictories2 yet to w ! occurr5ce & to w ! non-occurr5ce ( evils1 are n oppos$ z contradictories1 s9ce bo? "o & ! o!r may be affirmative4 ,god !re=e nei!r wills ! occurr5ce nor ! non-occurr5ce ( evils2 b wills to p]mit _! occurr5ce4 ,& ?is is good40 #dca ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xii4 #dcb ,ante1 pp4 #bhi sqq4 #dcc ,! ,speculum majus ( ,v9c5t ( ,beauvais w af=d ! pr9cipal example ( ! result+ hybrid arrangem5t4 #dcd ,ludwig ,baur1 ,dom9icus ,gundissal9us1 ,de divisione philosophiae 7,baeumk]'s ,beitrge1 ,mn/]1 #aijc71 p4 #aic sqq41 to :i* ,i am indebt$ = :at ,i h to say 9 ! next few pages4 #dce ,migne1 ,pat4 ,lat4 #fd1 col4 #aj sqq4 #dcf ,^! works 7 writt5 ne> ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,gundissal9us 0 ,ar*deacon ( ,segovia & drew ^u ,arab writ+s4 #dcg ,see ,l4 ,baur1 ,gundissal9us1 etc41 p4 #cgf sqq4 #dch ,! treatise is n pr9t$4 ,its captions are giv5 by ,l4 ,baur 9 8 ,gundissal9us1 pp4 #cfh-cge1 f :i* ,i h borr[$ :at ,i give ( !m4 #dci ,lib] de pra$icabilibus 7tome #a ( ,alb]tus's works71 :i* 9 s*ola/ic logic means ! five 8univ]sals10 g5us1 species1 diff]5ce1 prop]ty1 accid5t1 7also call$ ! qu9que voces7 discuss$ 9 ,porphyry's ,introduction to ! ,categories4 ,! ,categories !mselves are call$ pra$icam5ta4 #ddj ,! above gives ! argum5ts ( *apt]s i4 & ii4 ( ! "w4 ,"o notices t ,alb]tus 9 ?is exposition ( ! subject ( ,porphyry's treatise1 is us+ ! me?od :i* ,?omas br+s to syllogi/ic p]fection 9 8 ,summa4 #dda ,x 0 pr9t$1 m ?an once1 9 ! late fifte5? c5tury2 ! mo/ readable edition is t pr9t$ at ,d\ai 9 #afbd1 9 f\r huge folios4 #ddb ,b\ndless z ! "w appe>s1 nei!r 9 m5tal p[]s1 nor le>n+1 nor 9 massiv5ess ( a*ievem5t1 is its au?or to be comp>$ ) ,alb]tus ,magnus4 ,! ,de univ]so ( ,rabanus ,maurus1 ,migne #aaa1 col4 #i-fab1 is 9 its arrangem5t & me?od a =]unn] ( ,v9c5t's ,speculum4 ,lat] pr$ecessors 7 ! ,engli% ,franciscan ,b>tolomaeus1 ^: encyclopa$ic ,de proprietatibus r]um 0 writt5 a little be=e ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury 7see ,feld]1 ,/udi5 9 ,franciscan]ord]1 etc41 pp4 #bea-bec72 & ,lamb]tus ,audom>5sis 7,/4 ,om]7 ) 8 ,lib] floridus1 a g5]al dige/ ( k1 hi/orical1 ecclesia/ical1 & natural1 tak5 f _m writ]s1 an acc\nt ( :i* is giv5 9 ,migne #afc1 col4 #ajjd sqq4 #ddc ,"h1 ( c\rse1 we h ! h&s ( ,esau1 b ! voice ( ,augu/9e & ,orosius6 #ddd ,! above is f cap4 #i ( lib] i4 ( ! ,speculum doctr9ale4 #dde ,migne1 ,pat4 ,lat4 #cd1 col4 #bdf-dhe4 #ddf ,ante1 p4 #bij4 #ddg ,! ?ree !ological virtues are fides1 spes1 & c>itas4 ,!y are call$ ?us because ,deum hab5t pro objecto2 & because !y are p\r$ 7infunduntur7 into u by ,god alone4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ f ! moral & intellectual virtues because _! object surpasses our reason1 :ile ! object ( ! moral & intellectual virtues c be compreh5d$ by human reason 7,summa1 ,p>s prima secundae1 ,quae/io lxii41 ,art4 #a-d74 #ddh 1 ,ari/4 ,ni*4 ,e?ics1 vi4 #d4 #ddi ,"o notes t ^! two1 l _m o!r ( ! vices enum]at$1 are vices 9 t !y are extremes1 9 ! ,ari/otelian s5se4 #dej ,we are at ,quae/io clxxi4 ( ,secunda secundae4 #dea ,! ord] :i* ,?omas w\ld h foll[$ 9 ! unf9i%$ conclusion ( 8 ,summa !ologiae1 may be inf]r$ f ! ord] ( ! la/ half ( ,book ,,iv4 ( 8 ,contra ,g5tiles1 or inde$ f ! la/ "p ( ! f\r? ,book ( ! ,lomb>d's ,s5t5ces4 #deb ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xii4 #dec ,!re 71 ( c\rse1 attempts at translation1 notably ^? ( ,notk] ! ,g]man 7see ante1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #cjh7 & ,alfr$'s translation ( ,bo?ius's ,de consolatione4 ,b su* 7 made only ( ! popul> p>ts ( ,scripture 7e4g4 ! ,psalms7 or ( v elem5t>y pr(ane treatises4 ,to :at ext5t ,notk]'s translations 7 us$1 is h>d to say4 ,b at all ev5ts any "o really seek+ le>n+1 /udi$ & work$ & ?\ght 9 ! m$ium ( ,lat92 = ! bulk ( ! patri/ic writ+s nev] 7 translat$2 & :5 ! works ( ,ari/otle _h at la/ rea*$ ! ,middle ,ages 9 ! ,lat9 tongue1 !y 7 /udi$ 9 t tongue4 ,because ( ! crud5ess ( ! v]nacul> tongues1 ! ,lat9 classics 7 ev5 m untranslatable 9 ! t5? or elev5? c5tury ?an n[4 ,"o may add1 t x 0 =tunate = ! progress ( m$iaeval le>n+ t ,lat9 0 ! "o language us$ by all s*ol>s 9 all c\ntries4 ,?is facilitat$ ! diffusion ( k4 ,h[ sl[ & pa9ful w\ld h be5 t diffusion if ! diff]5t v]nacul> tongues _h be5 us$ 9 _! respective c\ntries1 = s]i\s writ+4 #ded ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xii41 ,i4 #dee ,eruditio didascalica1 i4 cap4 #ab 7,migne1 ,pat4 ,lat4 #agf1 col4 #gej74 #def ,cf4 ,abelson1 ,! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts 7,new ,york1 #aijf74 #deg ,i am speak+ g5]ally1 t is to say1 omitt+ = ! pres5t ! ab]rant or special or intrusive t5d5cies f\nd 9 a man l ,rog] ,bacon1 = example4 ,!y 7 ( importance = :at 0 to come !reaft]2 b are n broadly repres5tative ( ! ,middle ,ages4 #deh ,/4 ,anselm1 ,epi/4 lib4 iii4 #da1 ad ,fulconem 7,migne1 ,pat4 ,lat4 #aeh1 col4 #aaib74 ,s ,roscell9 %[$ 9 8 own case h[ problems prim>ily logical c\ld pass ov] to metaphysics or !ology4 ,likewise1 al?\gh on ! o!r side ( ! controv]sy1 "o1 ,odo ( ,t\rnai1 a good contempor>y reali/1 f\nd realism an effici5t aid 9 expla9+ ! transmission ( orig9al s92 s9ce = him all m5 =m$ b "o sub/ance1 :i* 0 infect$ once = all by ! s9 ( ! fir/ p>5ts4 ,cf4 ,haurau1 ,hi/4 de la philosophie s*ola/ique1 i4 pp4 #big-cjh2 ,de ,wulf1 ,hi/4 ( ,m$ieval ,philosophy1 p4 #aef1 #crd ed4 #dei ,abael>d1 ,hi/4 calamitatum1 *ap4 #b4 #dfj ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxv4 #dfa ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xii41 ,i4 #dfb ,abael>d's ,dialectica 0 publi%$ by ,c\s91 ,ouvrages 9dits d',abl>d 7,p>is1 #ahcf74 ,= a ?or\gh exposition ( ,abael>d's logic see ,prantl1 ,ges4 d] ,logik1 ii4 p4 #afj sqq4 #dfc ,i4e4 z positive1 comp>ative1 & sup]lative4 #dfd ,c\s91 ,ouvr4 9dits1 p4 #age4 ,cf4 ,ari/otle's ,categories1 ii4 v4 #bj4 ,! op5+ ( ,p>s t]tia ( ,abael>d's ,dialectica 79 ,c\s9's edition1 p4 #cbd sqq47 af=ds an int]e/+ example ( ?is logical analysis & recon/ruction ( /atem5t1 :i* seems to orig9ate 9 %e] gramm>1 & !n advance beyond x4 #dfe ,c\s91 o4c4 pp4 #aij1 #aib4 #dff ,c\s91 o4c4 p4 #cca4 #dfg ,prantl's ,ges*i*te d] ,logik1 vol4 ii41 conta9s an exhau/ive discussion ( ! v>i\s phases ( ?is controv]sy3 its language is little less difficult ?an t ( ! twelf?-c5tury ^w-twi/]s4 #dfh ,c\s91 o4c4 pp4 #dcd1 #dce4 #dfi ,!ologia ,*ri/iana1 iv4 7,migne #agh1 col4 #abhd74 #dgj ,migne1 ,pat4 ,lat4 #agh1 col4 #afda4 #dga ,ante1 p4 #bib4 #dgb ,scito te ipsum1 cap4 #ac 7,migne #agh1 col4 #fec74 #dgc ,scito te ipsum1 cap4 #ai 7,migne #agh1 col4 #ffd74 #dgd ,migne #agh1 col4 #afae4 #dge ,ante1 pp4 #cjd sqq4 #dgf ,?is has be5 publi%$ by ,/lzle3 ,abael>ds #aaba zu ,soissons v]urteilt] ,tractatus de ,unitate et ,tr9itate div9a 7#ahia74 #dgg ,migne #agh1 col4 #aabc-accj2 ,c\s9 & ,j\rda91 ,p4 ,abael>di op]a1 ii4 pp4 #ceg-eff 7#ahei74 #dgh ,migne #agh1 col4 #igi-aaad2 ,c\s9 & ,j\rda91 o4c4 pp4 #a-adi4 #dgi ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxxv41 ,i4 #dhj ,b]n>d1 ,ep4 #cch 7,migne #ahb1 col4 #edb74 #dha ,^: sacram5tal !ory ( ! ,creation has already be5 giv5 at l5g?1 ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,= ! incid5ts ( ,hugo's life see ! same *apt]4 ,bibliography1 note to page #fa4 ,see also ,o/l]1 8,die ,psy*ologie des ,hugo von ,/4 ,viktor0 7,baeumk]'s ,beitrge1 ,mn/]1 #aijf74 #dhb ,de script4 cap4 #b 7,migne #age1 col4 #aa74 #dhc ,de script4 cap4 #b 7,migne #age1 col4 #aj74 #dhd ,summa s5t5ti>um 7,migne #agf1 col4 #db-agd72 also "u title ( ,tractatus !ologicus1 wrongly ascrib$ to ,hildeb]t ( ,lav>d91 9 ,migne #aga1 col4 #ajfg-aaej4 #dhe ,migne #agf1 col4 #gdj-hch4 #dhf ,i ?9k ( no previ\s "w s closely resembl+ ! ,erud4 didas4 z ! ,in/itutiones div9>um et saecul>um lectionum ( ,cassiodorus4 #dhg ,erud4 did4 i4 #b4 #dhh ,"h "o sees ! s\rce ( mu* t we quot$ f ,v9c5t de ,beauvais1 ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxxv41 #a4 #dhi ,lib4 iii4 cap4 #ac sqq4 #dij ,erud4 did4 iii4 cap4 #bj4 ,cf4 ante1 p4 #fc4 #dia ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxviii4 #dib ,migne1 ,pat4 ,lat4 #age1 col4 #aae sqq4 #dic ,migne1 ,pat4 ,lat4 #age1 col4 #ibc sqq4 #did ,! foll[+ consid]ation ( ! my/icism ( ,*ri/ian !ologians is n int5d$ to include o!r =ms ( 8my/icism0 7,pan!i/ic1 poetical1 pa?ological1 neurotic1 intellectual1 & s5su\s7 )9 or )\t ! ,*ri/ian pale4 #die ,ante1 p4 #db sqq4 #dif ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxviii4 #dig ,migne1 ,pat4 ,lat4 #agf1 col4 #fag-fhj4 #dih ,de arca ,noe morali1 i4 cap4 #b 7,migne #agf1 col4 #fba74 #dii ,migne #agf1 col4 #fha-gjc4 ,) ,hugo's pupil1 ,ri*>d ( ,/4 ,victor1 ?is con/ant allegory1 especially ! con/ant allegorical use ( ,scripture names1 becomes p$antic1 precieux1 impossible4 ,see e4g4 8 ,b5jam9 major 9 ,migne #aif1 col4 #fd-bjb4 #ejj ,de arrha animae1 ,migne #agf1 col4 #iea-igj4 #eja ,migne #ahb1 col4 #gbg-hjh4 ,a translation is ann\nc$ by ,george ,lewis 9 ! ,ox=d ,libr>y ( ,translations4 #ejb ,de consid4 lib4 ii4 cap4 #b4 #ejc ,migne #ahc1 col4 #ghi sqq4 ,*apt] ,,xvii41 ante1 is devot$ to ,b]n>d1 & 8 lett]s & s]mons4 #ejd ,ed4 by ,willn] 7,baeumk]'s ,beitrge1 ,mn/]1 #aijc74 #eje ,see ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxx41 #a4 #ejf ,b]n>dus ,silve/ris1 ,de mundi univ]sitate1 i4 #b 7ed4 by ,b>a* & ,wrobel2 ,innsbrck1 #ahgf74 ,z to ,b]n>d ,silve/ris1 see ,cl]val1 coles de ,*>tres au moy5 ge1 p4 #bei sqq4 & passim2 also ,haurau 7:o confuses him ) ,b]n>d ( ,*>tres71 ,hi/4 de la phil4 s*ola/ique1 ii4 #djg sqq4 #ejg ,see ,haurau1 ,hi/4 etc4 ii4 #ddg-dgb2 ,r4 ,l4 ,poole1 ,illu/rations ( ,m$iaeval ,?\ght1 *ap4 vi4 ,8 ,lib] de sex pr9cipiis is pr9t$ 9 ,migne #ahh1 col4 #abeg-abgj4 #ejh ,w]n]1 8,die ,kosmologie und ,naturlehre des s*ola/is*5 ,mittelalt]s1 mit speciall] ,beziehung auf ,wilhelm von ,con*es10 ,sitzungsb4 ,k4 ,akad41 philos4 ,klasse1 #ahgc1 ,bd4 lxxv42 ,haurau1 ,hi/4 etc4 i4 #dca-ddf2 ibid4 ,s+ul>its littraires1 etc4 #eji ,ante1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bea4 #eaj ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxx41 ,i4 #eaa ,"u ano!r title1 ,moralis philosophia de hone/o et utile1 x has be5 ascrib$ to ,hildeb]t ( ,lav>d91 ,migne #aga1 col4 #ajjg-ajef4 #eab ,= examples ( ,john's ,lat91 see ante1 p4 #agc4 #eac ,see e4g4 8 treatm5t ( logic 9 ,lib4 ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 ( ! ,metalogicus 7,migne #aii74 #ead ,polycraticus1 ii4 #ai-ba sqq4 ,!re is n[ a critical edition ( ?is "w by ,c4 ,c4 ,j4 ,webb 7,joannis ,s>esb]i5sis ,policratici libri ,,viii42 ,cl>5don ,press1 #aiaj74 #eae ,polycraticus1 lib4 vii41 is devot$ to a hi/ory ( antique philosophy4 #eaf ,polycraticus1 vii4 cap4 #aj4 #eag ,polycrat4 vii4 cap4 #aa4 #eah ,migne #aii1 col4 #iee4 #eai ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxix41 #aa4 & ,,xxxii41 #a4 #ebj ,! works ( ,alanus are collect$ 9 ,migne1 ,pat4 ,lat4 #baj4 ,:at foll[s 9 ! text is mu* indebt$ to ,m4 ,baumg>tn]1 8,die ,philosophie des ,alanus de ,insulis0 7,baeumk]'s ,beitrge1 ,mn/]1 #ahif74 #eba ,all ?is is ?or\ghly done by ,baumg>tn]1 o4c4 #ebb ,see ,baumg>tn]1 p4 #gf sqq4 & citations4 #ebc ,:at ,i h felt oblig$ to say ^u ! organization ( m$iaeval ,univ]sities1 ,i h l>gely drawn f ,ra%dall's ,univ]sities ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7,ox=d1 #ahie74 ,! subject is too l>ge & complex = indep5d5t inve/igation1 except ( ! mo/ l5g?y & ?or\gh "*4 ,extracts f illu/rative m$iaeval docum5ts1 ) consid]able in=mation t\*+ m$iaeval ,univ]sities1 are br\ght toge!r by ,ar?ur ,o4 ,norton 9 8 ,m$iaeval ,univ]sities 7,read+s 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,education1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 #aiji74 ,= ! ,p>is ,univ]sity1 ! mo/ important s\rce is ! ,*>tul>ium ,univ]sitatis ,p>isi5sis1 ed4 by ,d5ifle & ,*atela9 7#ahhi-ahia74 ,see also ,*4 ,?urot1 ,l',organisation de l'enseignem5t dans l',univ]sit de ,p>is 7,p>is1 #ahej71 & ,d5ifle1 ,die ,univ]sitt5 des ,mittelalt]s 7,b]l91 #ahhe74 #ebd ,:at has be5 said applies to ! ,bologna ,law ,univ]sity4 ,t _h be5 prec$$ by a s*ool ( ,arts1 & lat] !re grew up a fl\ri%+ s*ool ( ,m$ic9e1 :]e surg]y 0 also taught4 ,^! s*ools became affiliat$ ,univ]sities1 b nev] equall$ ! ,law ,univ]sity 9 importance4 #ebe ,! ,ma/]s :o taught 7 call$ ,reg5tes4 #ebf ,bo? civil & canon law 7 /udi$ till #abai1 :5 a ,bull ( ,honorius ,,iii4 =bade ! /udy ( ! =m] at ,p>is4 #ebg ,see po/1 p4 #cii4 #ebh ,mr4 ,ra%dall's4 #ebi ,ra%dall1 o4c4 ii4 p4 #cda4 #ecj ,ox=d lay 9 ! diocese ( ,l9coln4 #eca ,= ! c\rse ( m$ic9e & ! li/ ( books /udi$ or lectur$ on1 especially at ,montpelli]1 f :i* we h ! mo/ complete li/1 see ,ra%dall1 ii4 p4 #aah sqq4 & ibid4 p4 #ghj4 ,9 ,h>v>d ,/udies 9 ,classical ,philology1 vol4 xx41 #aiji1 ,c4 ,h4 ,hask9s publi%es ,an unpubli%$ ,li/ ( ,text-books1 belong+ to ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury1 :5 classical /udies _h n z yet be5 ov]%ad[$ by ,dialectic4 ,see also1 g5]ally1 ,paet[1 ,! ,arts ,c\rse at ,m$ieval ,univ]sities 7,univ4 ( ,ill9ois1 #aiaj74 #ecb ,see g5]ally1 ,c>ra de ,vaux1 ,avic5ne 7,p>is1 #aijj72 also ,gazali1 by ! same au?or4 #ecc ,:oev] w read ! two monographs ( ! ,b>on ,c>ra de ,vaux1 ,avic5ne & ,gazali1 w be /ruck by ! closely analog\s c\rses ( ,moslem & ,*ri/ian ?\ght2 ea* %[+ ! p>allel phases ( s*ola/ic rationalism 7reliant ^u reason & rational au?ority7 & s*ola/ic !ological piety1 or my/icism 7reliant ^u ! au?ority ( ,revelation & sceptical z to ! validity ( human reason74 #ecd ,see = ?is matt] ,m&onnet1 ,o4,p41 ,ari/ote et la m\vem5t intellectuel du moy5 ge1 conta9$ 9 8 ,sig] de ,brabant1 & pr9t$ sep>ately2 ,de ,wulf1 ,hi/ory ( ,m$ieval ,philosophy1 #crd ed41 pp4 #bdc-bec & au?orities2 ,c4 ,m>*esi1 ,l' ,etica ,nicoma*ea nella tradizione m$ievale 7,mess9a1 #aijd74 #ece ,ante1 ,*apt] ,v4 #ecf ,con/itutiones des ,pr$ig]-,ord5s vom ,jahre #abbh1 ,prologus2 ,h4 ,d5ifle1 ,ar*iv fr ,litt4 und ,kir*5ges4 des ,mittelalt]s1 ,bd i4 7#ahhe71 p4 #aid4 #ecg ,see ,feld]1 ,wiss5s*aftli*5 ,/udi5 im ,franciskan]ord51 p4 #bd 7,freiburg im ,breisgau1 #aijd72 a valuable "w4 #ech ,see ,feld]1 o4c4 p4 #bi4 #eci ,con/itutiones1 etc41 cap4 #bh-ca4 #edj ,cf4 ,feld]1 o4c4 p4 #ajg sqq4 #eda ,cf4 ,feld]1 o4c4 p4 #agg sqq4 #edb ,f ,d5ifle1 ,univ]sitt5 des ,mittelalt]s1 i4 #ii1 note #aib4 #edc ,see g5]ally1 ,m&onnet1 ,sig] de ,brabant et l'av]roisme lat9 au moy5 ge 7,frib\rg1 ,switz]l&1 #ahii72 ,baeumk] 7,beitrge1 #ahih71 ,die ,impossibilia des ,sig] von ,brabant2 ,de ,wulf1 ,hi/4 ( ,m$ieval ,philosophy1 #crd ed41 p4 #cgi sqq4 7,longmans1 #aiji74 #edd ,alb]t 0 born probably 9 #aaic1 & di$ 9 #abhj2 ,bacon 0 born "s tw5ty ye>s lat]1 & di$ ab\t #abib4 ,bonav5tura 0 born 9 #abba1 & ,?omas 9 #abbe or #abbg2 !y bo? di$ 9 #abgd4 #ede ,s ,raphael repres5ts !m 9 8 8,s*ool ( ,a!ns40 #edf ,bonav5tura1 ,s]mo ,,iv41 ,qu>ac*i edition1 tome v4 p4 #egb 7cit$ by ,de ,wulf1 ,hi/4 etc4 p4 #cjd1 note74 ,) all _! ,augu/9ian-,platonism1 ! ,franciscans made a good second to ! ,dom9icans 9 ! /udy ( ,ari/otle1 z is prov$ by ! great numb] ( comm5t>ies ^u 8 works by memb]s ( ! =m] ,ord]4 ,see ,feld]1 o4c4 p4 #dgi4 #edg ,epi/4 de tribus quae/ionibus1 #ab4 #edh ,tome v4 7,qu>ac*i ed47 pp4 #cai-cbe4 #edi ,?is is f #bf1 ! la/ 9 ! "w4 ,bonav5tura has already said 7 #g73 8,omnes i/ae cognitiones ad cognitionem ,sacrae ,scripturae ord9antur1 9 ea clauduntur et 9 illa p]ficiuntur1 et m$iante illa ad aet]nam illum9ationem ord9antur40 78,all k9ds ( k are orda9$ = ! k ( ,holy ,scripture1 are 9 x enclos$ & !reby are p]fect$2 & ?r\gh its m$iation are ord]$ = et]nal illum9ation407 #eej ,x is conta9$ 9 tomes i4-iv4 ( ! ,qu>ac*i edition4 #eea ,t4 v4 pp4 #bja-bia4 #eeb ,breviloquium1 ,prologus4 #eec ,"o feels ! reality ( ,bonav5tura's di/9ctions "h betwe5 !ology & philosophy4 ,!y are enunciations ( 8 religi\s s5se1 & possess a /rong] validity ?an any elaborate attempt to di/+ui% by argum5t betwe5 ! two4 ,?omas di/+ui%es !m ) excell5t reason+4 ,x lacks conv9c+ness p]haps f ! fact t ,?omas's !ology is s l>gely philosophy1 z ,rog] ,bacon said4 #eed ,z ?is *apt] op5s a p>s1 x beg9s ) a recapitulation ( :at has prec$$ & a summ>y ( :at is to come4 ,! specific topic ( ! *apt] comm5ces "h4 #eee ,i4e4 ! desid]ative1 rational1 & irascible elem5ts 9 man4 #eef ,bonav5tura closely foll[s ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor's ,de sacram5tis1 see ante1 ,*ap4 ,,xxviii41 especially p4 #gb4 #eeg ,op]a1 t4 v4 pp4 #bie-cac4 #eeh ,vir desid]iorum1 ,dan4 ix4 #bc 7,vulgate74 #eei ,! ,breviloquium & ,it9]>ium are conv5i5tly edit$ by ,hefele 9 a little volume 7,tb+51 #ahfa74 #efj ,alb]tus1 ,metaphysicorum libri ,,xiii41 lib4 i4 tract4 #a1 cap4 #d4 #efa ,physic4 lib4 viii4 tract4 #a1 cap4 #ad4 #efb ,po/]4 ,analyt4 lib4 i4 tract4 #a1 cap4 #a4 ,?is & ! previ\s citation are f ,m&onnet's ,sig] de ,brabant4 #efc ,e?ic4 lib4 vi4 tract4 #b1 cap4 #be4 #efd ,c>us1 ,ges4 d] ,zoologie1 p4 #bca4 #efe ,ern/ ,mey]1 ,ges4 d] ,botanik1 ,bd4 iv4 p4 #gg4 #eff ,! works ( ,alb]tus 7 edit$ by ! ,dom9ican ,jammy 9 tw5ty-"o volumes 7,lyons1 #afea72 !y are repr9t$ by ,borgnet 7,p>is1 #ahij et seq474 ,my ref]5ces to volumes foll[ ,jammy's edition4 #efg ,see ante1 pp4 #cad sqq4 #efh ,prantl1 ,ges4 d] ,logik1 iii4 #hi sqq41 calls him an 8unkl>] ,kopf10 incapable ( consi/5t ?9k+4 #efi ,?is is ! view ( ,a4 ,s*neid]1 ,die ,psy*ologie ,alb]ts des ,gross5 7,baeumk]'s ,beitrge1 ,mn/]1 #aijc74 ,! au?or pres5ts analytically ! disp>ate elem5ts--,ari/otelian1 ,neo-,platonic1 & !ological-,augu/9ian1 :i* are f\nd 9 ,alb]t's writ+s4 #egj ,see ,endriss1 ,alb]tus ,magnus als ,int]pret d] ,ari/otelis*5 ,metaphysik 7,muni*1 #ahhf74 #ega ,! above is ma9ly drawn f ,e4 ,mey]'s ,ges4 d] ,botanik1 ,bd4 iv4 pp4 #ch-gh4 #egb ,ante1 ,volume ,i4 p4 #gf4 #egc ,see ,c>us1 ,ges*i*te d] ,zoologie1 pp4 #baa-bci4 #egd ,sum4 !ol4 p>s prima1 tract4 ,i1 quae/4 ii4 #ege ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxxv41 ,i4 #egf ,tome xx4 p4 #da;a4 #egg ,! ,vita ( ,?omas by ,guilielmus de ,?oco1 ,acta sanctorum1 ,m>tius1 tome i4 folio #feg sqq4 7,m>* #g71 is wret*$ly confus$4 #egh ,vita1 cap4 iii4 #ae4 #egi ,"o may see ! tru? ( ?is by comp>+ ! treatm5t ( a matt] 9 ,alb]t's ,summa !ologiae ) ! correspond+ sections 9 ,?omas4 ,= example1 comp>e ,alb]t's ,summa !ol4 prima1 ,tract4 vii4 ,quae/4 xxx4-xxxiii41 on g5]atio1 processio1 missio ( ! div9e p]sons1 ) ,?omas1 ,sum4 !ol4 prima1 ,quae/4 xxvii4 & xliii4 #ehj ,john ( ,damascus1 an important ,greek !ologian ( ! eigh? c5tury1 (t5 cit$ by ,?omas4 #eha ,quae/iones are ! l>g] divisions ( ! argum5t4 #ehb ,p>s prima1 ,qu4 xvi4 ,art4 #c4 #ehc ,p>s prima1 ,qu4 lxxxii4 ,art4 #c4 #ehd ,prima sec4 ,qu4 iv4 ,art4 #b4 #ehe ,prima sec4 ,qu4 iv4 ,art4 #c4 #ehf ,sum4 ,phil4 contra ,g5tiles1 iii4 #cg4 #ehg ,"o _c avoid apply+ ! mascul9e pron\ns to ,god1 & to ! angels also4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 ?is is a m]e conv5i5ce ( spee*4 ,?omas ascribes no sex ei!r to ,god or ! angels4 #ehh ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be borne 9 m9d1 t ,?omas's use ( vid]e & visio to express man's p]ception ( ,god's ess5tial nature1 does n mean a physical b an intellectual see+4 #ehi ,giv5 ante1 pp4 #bij sqq4 #eij ,secundum quod e/ 9 actu1 i4e4 9 realiz$ actuality z di/+ui%$ f pot5tiality 7,ari/otelian conceptions74 #eia ,! =ego+ is tak5 f ! ?irte5 articuli into :i* ,quae/io xii4 is divid$4 #eib ,p>s prima1 ,quae/io xxxii4 ,art4 #a4 #eic ,quae/iones disputatae3 ,de ,v]itate1 x4 #f4 ,cit+ ,rom4 i4 #bj4 #eid ,prooemium to ,qu4 xiv4 ,p>s prima4 #eie ,qu4 xiv4 ,art4 #b--;a po9t :i* ,?omas reasons out 9 int]e/+ s*ola/ic ,ari/otelian fa%ion1 b 9 language too te*nical to translate4 #eif ,p>s prima1 ,qu4 xiv4 ,art4 #aa4 #eig ,p>s prima1 ,qu4 xv4 ,art4 #a-c4 #eih ,p>s prima1 ,qu4 xxvi4 ,art4 #b4 #eii ,p>s prima1 ,qu4 xliv4 ,art4 #c4 #fjj ,p>s prima1 ,qu4 xlv4 ,art4 #a4 #fja ,summa !ol4 p>s prima1 ,qu4 l4 ,z h]et(ore1 ,i foll[ ! exposition ( ! ,summa !ologiae4 ,b ,?omas began a l>ge & almo/ hi/orical treatm5t ( angels 9 8 unf9i%$ ,tract4 de sub/antiis sep>atis1 seu de ,angelorum natura 7unf9i%$1 9 ,opuscula !ol474 ,he has ano!r & important tractatus1 ,de cognitione ,angelorum1 ,quae/iones disput4 de v]itate1 viii4 #fjb ,p>s prima1 ,qu4 l4 ,art4 #a4 ,?omas goes on to contradict ,ari/otle1 9 hold+ quod nullum ens esset nisi corpus4 #fjc ,all t has be5 giv5 conc]n+ ! k ( angels relates to :at !y "k ?r\gh _! own natures z creat$4 ,fur!r enlight5m5t 7z ) m57 comes ?r\gh grace z soon z !y become beati ?r\gh turn+ to good4 ,p>s prima1 ,qu4 lxii4 ,art4 #a sqq4 #fjd ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xxxv41 #a4 #fje ,a burn+ controv]sy betwe5 ! ,av]roi/s & ! or?odox s*oolm54 #fjf ,?is is ! sub/ance ( ,qu4 lxxxix4 ,art4 #a4 #fjg ,p>s prima1 ,qu4 xix4 ,art4 #a4 #fjh ,p>s prima1 ,qu4 lxxxii4 & lxxxiii4 #fji ,p>s prima1 ,qu4 xx4 #a4 #faj ,summa !ol41 ,p>s secunda secundae1 ,qu4 xvii4 ,art #h4 #faa ,p>s secunda secundae1 ,qu4 xxiv4 ,art4 #h4 #fab ,p>s secunda secundae1 ,qu4 xxvi4 ,art4 #d & #e4 #fac ,p>s prima secundae1 ,qu4 cix4 sqq4 #fad ,ano!r read+ is delectatio1 i4e4 enjoym5t4 #fae ,bacon's ,opus majus 0 edit$ 9 incomplete =m by ,jebb 9 #agcc1 & repr9t$ 9 #agej at ,v5ice4 ,?is edition is sup]s$$ by t ( ,bridges1 9 two volumes1 publi%$ ) ! ,moralis philosophia & ,multiplicatio speci]um by ! ,cl>5don ,press 9 #ahig4 ,! text ( ?is edition _h _m errors1 :i* h be5 correct$ by a ?ird volume publi%$ 9 #aijj by ,williams & ,norgate1 :o are n[ ! publi%]s ( ! ?ree volumes4 ,9 #ahei ,brew] edit$ ! ,opus t]tium1 ! ,opus m9us1 & ,comp5dium philosophiae = ! ,ma/] ( ! ,rolls ,s]ies4 8,an unpubli%$ ,fragm5t ( a "w by ,rog] ,bacon0 0 discov]$ by ,f4 ,a4 ,gasquet 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,engli% ,hi/orical ,review = ,july #ahig4 ,x appe>s to be a lett] to ,clem5t ,,iv41 writt5 9 #abfg4 ,9 #ahfa appe>$ ! excell5t monograph by mile ,*>les1 entitl$ ,rog] ,bacon1 sa vie1 ses ouvrages1 ses doctr9es4 ,to ?is "o /ill mu/ turn = extracts f ! ,comp5dium !ologiae1 & ! ,communia naturalium4 ,! la/-nam$ "w1 ) ! ,comp5dium philosophiae & ! ,multiplicatio speci]um 7:i* appe>s n to be an intr9sic "p ( ! ,opus majus71 may h be5 compos$ z p>ts ( :at 0 to be ! writ]'s ,opus pr9cipale4 ,bacon's ,greek ,gramm> has be5 edit$ by ,nolan & ,hirs* 7,cambridge1 #aijb74 #faf ,opus t]tium1 *ap4 xxv4 p4 #ia 7,brew]'s text74 #fag ,opus t]tium1 *ap4 xvii4 7pp4 #eh-ei1 ,brew]'s ed474 #fah ,brew]1 ,r4 ,bacon1 ,op]a in$ita1 p4 #a4 #fai ,opus t]tium1 pp4 #g & #h4 #fbj ,9 ,opus t]tium1 *ap4 iii4 7,brew]1 p4 #ae71 ,bacon pla9ly tells ! pope ! difficulties 9 :i* he _h be5 plac$ by ?is injunction ( secrecy3 8,! fir/ cause ( delay came ?r\gh ^? :o are ov] me4 ,s9ce y h writt5 no?+ to !m 9 my excuse1 & ,i c\ld n reveal to !m y\r secret1 !y insi/$ ) unspeakable viol5ce t ,i %\ld obey _! w2 b ,i refus$1 because ( ! bond ( y\r m&ate1 :i* b\nd me to y\r "w1 not)/&+ any ord] f my prelates4 ,&1 ( a surety1 z ,i 0 n excus$ by y1 ,i met ) ob/acles too great & _m to enum]ate4444 ,& ano!r ob/acle1 en\gh to defeat ! :ole bus9ess1 0 ! lack ( funds40 #fba ,^! are1 ( c\rse1 ! ,opus majus1 ! ,opus m9us1 & ! ,opus t]tium2 also ! ,vatican ,fragm5t1 ! position ( :i* is n q cle>2 b x is "p ( ! writ+s ( ?is ye>1 & con/itutes app>5tly ! introductory lett] to ,clem5t4 #fbb ,! au?ority = ?is is ! ,*ronica ,,xxiv41 ,g5]alium ,ord9is ,m9orum2 see ,bridges1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aeh4 #fbc ,see ,op4 t]tium1 p4 #bf sqq4 7,brew]74 #fbd ,opus majus1 p>s ii4 end ( *ap4 v4 & beg9n+ ( *ap4 vi4 7,bridges1 iii4 p4 #di72 see ,op4 t]tium 7,brew]71 p4 #ha4 #fbe ,op4 maj4 p>s ii4 *ap4 xv4 7,bridges1 iii4 p4 #ga74 #fbf ,op4 t]tium1 p4 #ci4 #fbg ,op4 maj4 p>s ii4 7,bridges1 iii4 pp4 #fi-gj74 ,cf4 ante1 p4 #ahj4 #fbh ,! ref]5ce seems to be to ! ,e?ics & ,politics4 #fbi ,comp5dium /udii1 p4 #dbd 7,brew]74 #fcj ,op4 t]tium1 p4 #ad4 #fca ,op4 t]tium1 p4 #cj4 #fcb ,comp5dium /udii phil41 p4 #dbi 7,brew]74 #fcc ,ibid4 p4 #cih--writt5 9 #abga4 #fcd ,i foll[ ! pag+ ( ,bridges1 vol4 iii4 ,^! f\r causes ( error are also giv5 9 ,opus t]tium1 p4 #fi1 ,comp5dium /udii1 p4 #dad 7,brew]71 & ! ,gasquet ,fragm5t1 p4 #ejd4 #fce ,op4 maj4 pp4 #b & #c4 #fcf ,p4 #cbb sqq4 7,brew]74 #fcg ,opus t]tium1 p4 #ajb4 #fch ,ante1 p4 #abh4 #fci ,z1 e4g4 :]e he says t x w\ld h be5 bett] = ! ,lat9s 8t ! wisdom ( ,ari/otle %\ld n h be5 translat$1 ?an to h be5 translat$ ) su* p]v]s5ess & obscurity40 ,comp5d4 /udii1 p4 #dfi1 7,brew]74 #fdj ,see ,opus majus1 p>s iii4 #fda ,opus majus1 ,bridges1 vol4 i4 p4 #ajf4 #fdb ,commonly call$ 8ma!matica40 #fdc ,opus majus 7,bridges1 i4 p4 #bec74 ,bacon goes into ?is matt] elaborately4 #fdd ,cf4 ,s4 ,vogl1 ,die ,physik ,rog] ,bacos 7,erlang51 #aijf74 ,gives ,bacon's s\rces4 #fde ,opus m9us1 pp4 #cfg-cga4 #fdf ,opus majus1 p>s v4 di/4 iii4 7,bridges1 ii4 p4 #aei sqq474 #fdg ,a contempor>y ( ,bacon nam$ ,witelo compos$ a ,p]spectiva ab\t #abgj1 foll[+ an ,arab s\rce2 & a few ye>s lat] a ,dom9ican1 ,!odoric ( ,freiburg1 0 devot$ to optics1 & wrote on light1 col\r1 & ! ra9b[4 ,baeumk]1 8,witelo1 e9 ,philosoph und ,natur=s*] des ,,xiii4 ,jahrh40 7,beitrge1 etc41 ,mn/]1 #aijh72 ,krebs1 8,mei/] ,dietri*1 se9 ,leb51 etc40 7,baeumk]'s ,beitrge1 #aijf74 #fdh ,) ,bacon1 exp]i5tia does n always mean obs]vation2 & may mean ei!r exp]i5ce or exp]im5t4 #fdi ,see ,*>les1 ,rog] ,bacon1 pp4 #ag-ah4 #fej ,ante1 pp4 #cac-cae4 ,duns ,scotus puts cle>ly ! d\ble aspect ( logic1 :i* ,alb]tus ,magnus approa*$3 8,x %\ld be und]/ood t logic is to be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 s f> z x is doc5s 7in/ructs1 holds its own s*ool73 & f its own necess>y & prop] pr9ciples proce$s to necess>y conclusions1 & is !re=e a sci5ce4 ,secondly1 9 s f> z we use x1 by apply+ x to ^? matt]s 9 :i* x is us$3 & !n x is n a sci5ce0 7,sup] univ]salia ,porphyrii1 ,quae/rio i41 ,duns ,scotus1 ,op]a1 t4 i4 p4 #ea74 #fea ,! two aspects ( ! exp]im5tal sci5ce appe> 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t f ! ,gasquet ,fragm5t3 8,! antep5ultima sci5ce is call$ exp]im5tal2 & is ! mi/ress ( ^? :i* prec$e x2 = x excels ! o!rs 9 ?ree *ief pr]ogatives4 ,"o is t all ! sci5ces except ?is ei!r use argum5ts alone to prove _! conclusions1 l ! purely speculative sci5ces1 or possess g5]al & imp]fect exp]i5ces4 ,b only ! p]fect exp]i5ce 7exp]i5tia p]fecta1 i4e4 ! sci5tific exp]im5t or obs]vation71 sets ! m9d at re/ 9 ! light ( tru?2 :i* is c]ta9 & is prov$ 9 t "p ( my "w4 ,:]e=e x 0 necess>y t !re %\ld be "o sci5ce :i* %\ld c]tify = u1 all ! magnific5t tru?s ( ! o!r sci5ces1 ?r\gh ! tru? ( exp]i5ce1 & ?is is t :]e( ,i say t x is call$ sci5tia exp]im5talis ( its own "r f ! tru? ( exp]i5ce 7p] autonomasiam ab exp]i5ciae v]itate72 & ,i %[ by ! illu/ration ( ! ra9b[ & o!r ?+s1 h[ ?is pr]ogative is res]v$ to t sci5ce4 8,! second pr]ogative is ! dignity :i* relates to ^? *ief tru?s :i*1 al?\gh !y are to be =mulat$ 7nom9&ae7 9 ! t]ms 7vocabulis7 ( ! o!r sci5ces1 yet ! o!r sci5ces _c furni% 7procur>e7 !m2 & ( ?is "* are ! prolongation ( life ?r\gh rem$ies to c\nt]act ! lack ( a hygi5ic regim5 f infancy1 or con/itutional debility inh]it$ f p>5ts :o h n foll[$ su* a regim54 ,i %all %[ h[ x is possible ?us to prolong life to ! t]m set by ,god4 ,b m51 ?r\gh neglect+ ! rules ( heal?1 pass quickly to old age1 & die be=e rea*+ t t]m4 ,! art ( m$ic9e is n able to furni% 7d>e7 ^! rem$ies1 nor does x2 b x says !y are possible 7s$ fatetur ea possibilia71 & s exp]im5tal sci5ce has devis$ rem$ies kn[n to ! wise/ m5 alone1 by :i* ! ills ( old age are delay$1 or are mitigat$ :5 !y arrive4 8,! ?ird pr]ogative ( ?is sci5ce belongs to x secundum se et absolute2 = "h x leaves ! two ways already t\*$ on1 & addresses itself to all ?+s :i* d n conc]n ! o!r sci5ces1 save t (t5 x requires ! s]vice ( ! o!rs4 ,z a mi/ress x comm&s ! o!rs z s]vants 444 & ord]s !m to d its "w1 & furni% ! wise in/rum5ts :i* x uses2 z navigation directs ! art ( c>p5try1 to make a %ip = x2 & ! milit>y art directs ! =g]'s art to make x a brea/plate & o!r arms4 ,9 l mann]1 ?is sci5ce ! exp]im5tal1 z a mi/ress1 directs geometry to make x a burn+-glass1 :i* %all set on fire ?+s ne> or f>1 "o ( ! mo/ sublime wond]s t c come to pass ?r\gh geometry4 ,s x comm&s ! o!r sci5ces 9 all ! wond]ful & hidd5 ?+s ( nature & art0 7pp4 #eaj-eaa74 #feb ,opus t]tium1 *ap4 xxviii4 #fec ,opus majus1 p>s vi4 #a 7,bridges1 ii4 p4 #afi74 #fed ,ibid4 p4 #aga4 ,d\btless ! mean+ ( ! above is connect$ ) ,bacon's view ( ! ,ari/otelian intellectus ag5s1 :i* he takes to signify ! direct illum9ation ( ! m9d ( man by ,god4 8,all ! wisdom ( philosophy is reveal$ by ,god & giv5 to ! philosoph]s1 & x is ,himself t illum9ates ! m9ds ( m5 9 all wisdom4 ,t :i* illum9ates our m9ds is n[ call$ by ! !ologians intellectus ag5s4 ,b my position is t ?is intellectus ag5s is ,god pr9cipalit]1 & second>ily1 ! angels1 :o illum9ate u0 7,opus t]tium1 p4 #gd2 cf4 ,op4 majus1 p>s i4 *ap4 v474 #fee ,comp5dium /udii 7,brew]71 p4 #cig4 #fef ,de secretis op]ibus artis et naturae1 et de nullitate magiae1 p4 #ecc 7,brew]74 ,cf4 ,*>les1 ,rog] ,bacon1 p4 #bif sqq4 #feg ,! mo/ conv5i5t edition ( ! works ( ,joannes ,duns ,scotus is t publi%$ by ,vives1 at ,p>is 7#ahia sqq47 9 tw5ty-six volumes4 ,x is little m ?an a repr9t ( ,wadd+'s ,edition4 #feh ,see ,seeb]g1 ,die ,!ologie des ,johannes ,duns ,scotus 7,leipzig1 #aijj71 p4 #h sqq41 a "w to :i* ! foll[+ pages owe mu*4 #fei ,grossete/e's philosophical or !ological works are /ill unpubli%$ or v difficult ( access2 & !re is no suffici5t exposition ( 8 doctr9es4 #ffj ,seeb]g1 o4c4 p4 #af sqq4 #ffa ,see ,de ,wulf1 ,hi/ory ( ,m$ieval ,philosophy1 p4 #cfc sqq4 #ffb ,see ,seeb]g1 o4c4 p4 #cd sqq4 #ffc ,! k]nel ( ,duns's pro( is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ passage1 :i* is r simple 9 its ,scotian ,lat93 8,dic5dum1 quod ,univ]sale e/ ens1 quia sub ratione non entis1 nihil intelligitur3 quia intelligibile movet intellectum4 ,cum enim intellectus sit virtus passiva 7p] ,ari/otelem #c1 de ,anima1 cont4 #e et inde saepe71 non op]atur1 nisi moveatur ab objecto2 non ens non pote/ mov]e aliquid ut objectum2 quia mov]e e/ entis 9 actu2 ergo nihil intelligitur sub ratione non entis4 ,quidquid autem intelligitur1 intelligitur sub ratione ,univ]salis3 ergo illa ratio non e/ omn9o non ens0 7,sup] univ]salia ,porphyrii1 ,quae/io iv474 #ffd ,cf4 ! f> f cle> exposition 9 ,seeb]g1 o4c4 p4 #hf sqq4 & #ffj sqq4 #ffe ,miscell4 quae/4 #f1 #ah1 cit$ by ,seeb]g1 o4c4 p4 #aad4 #fff ,! la/ two or ?ree pages h be5 drawn ma9ly f ,seeb]g1 o4c4 p4 #aac sqq4 ,9 discuss+ ,duns ,scotus1 ,i h giv5 less f 8 writ+s ?an has be5 my wont ) o!r philosoph]s4 ,& = two reasons4 ,! fir/1 z ,i frankly av[1 is t ,i h read less ( him ?an ,i h ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,) ! exception ( su* a curi\s treatise z ! 7d\btful7 ,grammatica speculativa 7tome i4 ( ! ,p>is edition72 & ! elem5t>y1 & comp>atively lucid1 ,de r]um pr9cipio 7tome iv4 ( ! ,p>is edition7--) ^! exceptions ,duns is to me unreadable4 ,my second reason = omitt+ exc]pts f 8 writ+s1 is t ,i wi%$ nei!r to misrepres5t _! quality1 nor to cause my read] to lay d[n my book1 :i* is heavy en\gh anyh[6 ,if ,i select$ lucid & simple extracts1 !y w\ld give no idea ( ! intricacy & prolixity ( ,duns4 ,8 comm5t>y on ! ,s5t5ces fills ?irte5 tomes ( ! ,p>is edition6 ,no %ort & simple extract w illu/rate t6 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i c\ld n br+ myself by l5g?y or impossible quotations to vilify ,duns4 ,x is unju/ to expose a man's wor/ features1 nak$ly & alone1 to ^? :o d n "k 8 bett] side & ! conditions :i* p>tly expla9 ! re/ ( him4 #ffg ,quodlibetalia1 i4 ,qu4 #ad1 cit$ by ,de ,wulf1 o4c4 p4 #dbb4 #ffh ,expos4 aurea1 cit$ by ,de ,wulf1 o4c4 p4 #dbc1 ^: exposition ( ,occam's !ory ,i h foll[$ "h4 #ffi ,on ,occam1 see ,seeb]g's article 9 ,hauck's ,encyclopa$ia2 ,siebeck1 8,occams ,erk5ntnislehre1 etc410 9 ,ar*iv fr ,ges4 d] ,philosophie1 ,bd4 x41 ,neue ,folge 7#ahig74 #fgj ,quot$ by ,seeb]g4 #fga ,de ,wulf1 o4c4 p4 #dbe4 #fgb ,9 view ( ! enorm\s lit]ature ^u ,dante1 popul> z well z le>n$1 x w\ld be absurd to give any bibliographical1 biographical or hi/orical in=mation z to 8 works1 himself1 or 8 ,italian circum/ances4 #fgc ,de mon4 ii4 #c4 #fgd ,de mon4 ii4 *aps4 #d1 #aj1 #ab4 #fge ,de mon4 iii4 #d sqq4 #fgf ,all ?is seems support$ by ,conv4 i4 #a1 & ii4 #ac1 ! ma9 explanatory *apt]s ( ! "w4 #fgg ,conv4 iii4 #ab4 #fgh e4g4 8b5igna volontade10 ,p>4 xv4 #a4 #fgi ,cf4 ,a4 d',ancona1 ,i ,precursori di ,dante 7,flor5ce1 #ahgd72 ,m4 ,dods1 ,=]unn]s ( ,dante 7,ed9burgh1 #aijc72 ,a4 ,j4 ,butl]1 ,=]unn]s ( ,dante 7,ox=d1 #aiaj72 ,hett+]1 ,gttli*e ,komdie1 p4 #gi 7#bnd ed41 ,freiburg im ,breisgau1 #ahhi74 ,mussafia1 8,monum5ti anti*i di dialetti italiani10 ,sitzungsb]4 philos4 hi/4 ,classe 7,vi5na ,academy71 vol4 #de1 #ahfd1 p4 #acf sqq41 gives two old ,italian descriptions1 "o ( ! heav5ly ,j]usalem1 ! o!r ( ! inf]nal ,babylon4 #fhj #b ,cor4 xii4 #b2 ,p>adiso1 i4 #gc-ge4 #fha ,ante1 ,*apt] ,,xix4 #fhb ,ante1 pp4 #ih-ajj4 #fhc ,! co>s5ess ( ,inf4 xxi4 #acg-aci is ( a piece ) ! way ( m$iaeval art 9 mak+ demons horrible ?r\gh a grotesquely indec5t r5d]+ ( _! p]sons4 #fhd e4g4 ,inf4 xviii4 #ajj sqq42 & ,inf4 xxviii4 & xxix4 #fhe ,inf4 viii4 #cg sqq42 xxxii4 #ig sqq42 xxxiii4 #aaf & #adi4 #fhf ,cf4 ,moore1 ,dante ,/udies1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bff-bfg4 #fhg ,any "o :o looks ?r\gh ! fir/ volume ( ,tirabos*i's great ,/oria della lett]atura italiana1 writt5 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 w f9d a g5]\s acceptance ( my? z fact2 j z he w\ld f9d ! same 9 ! ,hi/oire anci5ne ( ! good ,roll91 writt5 a c5tury or m be=e4 #fhh ,dante has frequ5tly be5 spok5 ( z ! 8fir/ s*ol>0 ( 8 "t4 ,i d n myself "k en\gh reg>d+ ! s*ol>%ip ( e s*ol> 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies to confirm or d5y ?is4 ,p]sonally1 ,i d n reg>d him z a ,titanic s*ol>1 l ,alb]tus ,magnus = example4 ,he /udi$ all ! classic ,lat9 au?ors available4 ,d\btless he _h a memory correspond+ to 8 o!r extraord9>y p[]s4 ,8 also 0 ! intellectual po9t ( view1 & ! intellectual int]e/ 9 k & its d$uctions4 ,8 view ( life 0 z intellectual z t ( ,aqu9as4 ,b z ,dante's p[]s ( pla/ic visualization 7 unequall$1 s also1 x seems to me1 7 8 faculties ( us+ z a poet :at he _h acquir$ z a s*ol>4 ,reg>d+ ! ext5t ( ,dante's use & read+ ( ! ,classics1 no?+ c\ld be add$ to ,dr4 ,moore's ,/udies 9 ,dante1 ,fir/ ,s]ies2 ?\gh ,i ?9k :at ,dr4 ,moore has to say ( 8,dante & ,ari/otle0 w\ld h ca/ a m direct light ^u ! matt]1 _h he cit$ z f> z possible f ! ,lat9 translation probably us$ by ,dante1 in/ead ( f ! orig9al ,greek4 #fhi ,inf4 iv4 #hh4 ,cf4 ,moore1 ,/udies 9 ,dante1 i4 p4 #f4 ,! application ( ! t]m satiri/ to ,horace is peculi>ly m$iaeval4 #fij ,inf4 iv4 #aca4 #fia ,inf4 ii4 #bj4 #fib ,p>4 xx4 #fh4 #fic ,purg4 xxv4 #bb4 #fid ,inf4 xviii4 #hc sqq4 #fie ,inf4 xxvi4 #hh sqq4 #fif ,purg4 xii4 #fig ,purg4 xv4 #fih ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,moore1 ,dante quotes or ref]s to ! 8,vulgate m ?an #ejj times1 to ,ari/otle m ?an #cjj1 ,virgil ab\t #bjj1 ,ovid ab\t #ajj1 ,cic]o & ,lucan ab\t #ej ea*1 ,/atius & ,bo?ius betwe5 #cj & #dj ea*1 ,horace1 ,livy1 & ,orosius betwe5 #aj & #bj ea*10--& o!r scatt]+ ref]5ces4 #fii ,inf4 xxxiii4 #d2 ,a54 ii4 #c4 #gjj ,p>4 ii4 #af4 #gja ,a54 vi4 #cji2 ,inf4 iii4 #aab4 #gjb ,a54 vi4 #gjj2 ,purg4 ii4 #hj4 #gjc ,purg4 i4 #ace2 cf4 ,a54 vi4 #adc 8,primo avulso non deficit alt]1 etc40 #gjd ,see ,inf4 xxxi42 ,purg4 xii4 #be sqq4 #gje ,purg4 vi4 #aah3 8,o highe/ ,jove t wa/ on e>? crucifi$ = u40 #gjf ,p>4 i4 #ac sqq42 ,p>4 ii4 #h4 #gjg ,! prov5ance1 etc41 ( ,dante's classification ( s9s 9 ! ,inf]no1 l ev]y?+ else 9 ,dante1 has be5 int]m9ably discuss$4 ,! ref]5ce to ! ,de (ficiis ( ,cic]o is due to ,dr4 ,moore4 ,see 8,classification ( ,s9s 9 ! ,inf]no & ,purgatorio10 ,/udies 9 ,dante1 #bnd ,s]ies4 ,also cf4 ,hett+]1 ,die gttli*e ,kmdie1 pp4 #aei-afb1 & notes #f & #bc on p4 #bjd & #bjg 7#bnd ed41 ,freiburg 9 ,breisgau1 #ahhi74 ,dante's ma9 /atem5t is 9 ,inf4 xi4 #gjh ,9 :om does n ! awful angui% ( ! suicides 7,inf4 xiii47 ar\se grief & horror8 #gji ,inf4 xvi4 #ei4 ,!y are m respectable ?an ! bless$ d5iz5s ( ! ,heav5 ( ,v5us1 ,p>4 ix4 #gaj ,inf4 xix4 #gaa ,inf4 vi4 #ajc sqq4 #gab ,! intellectual temp]am5t f9ds voice 9 _m great expressions1 :i* are v ,dante & also v ,?omas1 z ,p>4 xxviii4 #ajf-aad2 xxix4 #ag2 xxx4 #dj-db4 #gac ,inf4 iii4 #ah4 #gad ,hett+]1 o4c4 p4 #bed4 #gae ,a5eid vi4 #cbg sqq42 ,hett+]1 o4c4 p4 #bbf4 #gaf ,see ,taylor1 ,classical ,h]itage1 p4 #afb4 #gag ,^! are po9t$ out 9 ! ,comm5t>ies 7e4g4 ,sc>tazz9i's7 & 9 _m monographs4 ,hett+]'s ,gttli*e ,kmdie is s]viceable3 also ,moore's ,/udies 9 ,dante & ,toynbee's ,dante ,/udies4 #gah ,purg4 i4 #ga2 ,john viii4 #cf4 #gai ,purg4 i4 #hi4 #gbj ,purg4 iii4 #cd sqq4 #gba ,purg4 iv4 #d sqq4 #gbb ,purg4 v4 #aje sqq4 #gbc ,purg4 vii4 #ed2 iv4 #acc-ace4 #gbd ,cf4 e4g4 ,purg4 xii4 #aji4 #gbe ,purg4 xv4 #dj sqq4 #gbf ,purg4 xvi4 #fd sqq4 #gbg ,purg4 xvii4 #he sqq41 & xviii42 ,hett+]1 o4c4 p4 #bce sqq41 & pp4 #bfa-bfd4 #gbh ,purg4 xxiii4 #gb2 xxvi4 #ad4 #gbi ,purg4 xxv4 ,! notes 9 ,hett+]1 o4c41 are q full 9 citations ( passages f ,?omas & o!r s*ola/ics4 #gcj ,?omas1 ,summa1 iii4 ,qu4 #hi1 ,art4 #e4 #gca ,z x is r 9 ,p>4 xxvii4 #gf sqq4 #gcb ,p>4 iii4 #eb1 #fd1 #hi4 #gcc ,p>4 iv4 #gcd ,p>4 xi4 #a sqq4 #gce ,p>4 xiv4 #gcf ,p>4 xv4 #aj4 #gcg ,p>4 xix4 #dj sqq4 #gch ,p>4 xx4 #gci ,p>4 xxiv4-xxvi4 #gdj ,typifi$ 9 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ,p>4 xxxi4 & foll[+4 ,suitable reasons = ?is *oice may be sugge/$ by ! extracts f ,b]n>d's ,de delig5do ,deo & ,s]mons on ,canticles1 ante1 ,*apt] ,,xvii4 #gda ,conv4 ii4 #ac4 ,! symbolism inh]5t 9 all human m5tal processes seems indicat$ by ! argum5t ( ,aqu9as 7ante1 p4 #dff7 t ! m9d kn[s 8! p>ticul> ?r\gh s5se & imag9ation2 444 x mu/ turn itself to images 9 ord] to behold ! univ]sal nature exi/+ 9 ! p>ticul>40 ,?is is a necessity ( our half mat]ial nature4 #gdb ,convito ii4 #a4 ,lett] to ,c ,gr&e1 p>4 #g4 #gdc ,9 ! ,c ,gr&e lett]1 hav+ /at$ ?is f\rfold significance1 ,dante does n proce$ to exemplify x 9 ! int]pretation :i* foll[s ( ! op5+ l9es ( ! ,p>adiso4 ,possibly ^? l9es did n admit ( ! f\rfold int]pretation2 yet1 9 g5]al1 ,dante does n try to c>ry x out 9 practice1 any m ?an o!r m$iaeval writ]s commonly4 #gdd ,convito ii4 *4 #ad & #ae4 #gde ,d\btless ! comm5tator habit is fix$ 9 ! nature ( man2 b x 0 pre-em95tly m$iaeval4 ,we h se5 en\gh else:]e ( ! multiplication ( ,comm5t>ies on ! ,s5t5ces ( ! ,lomb>d & o!r s*ola/ic works4 ,dante's fri5d1 ,guido ,cavalcanti1 wrote a little poem beg9n+ ,donna mi priego1 ^u :i* we h eight ,comm5t>ies1 ! fir/ f ,egidio ,colonna 9 #acaf4 #gdf ,yet1 h[ev] obvi\s ! mean+1 ty+ ! pole ( ! ,*>iot to ! ,tree ( ,life 0 a great /roke 7,purg4 xxxii4 #di74 #gdg ,!re is a piece ( allegory 9 ! ,p>adiso :i* almo/ gets on "o's n]ves1 i4e4 ! ceaseless :irl+ ( ! bless$ spirits1 usually 9 :eel =mations3 e4g4 ,p>4 xii4 #c2 xxi4 #ha2 xxiv4 #aj sqq43 cf4 x4 #ade2 xiii4 #bj4 #gdh ,"o notes t all ! symboliz+ p]sonages ( ! poem--,virgil1 ,/atius1 ,matilda1 ,lia1 ,beatrice--h lit]al reality1 h[ev] subtle or f>-rea*+ may be ! allegorical int5dm5t ) :i* ! poet has inve/$ !m4 #gdi ,see e4g4 ,p>4 xxxi4 #fg4 #gej ,cf4 ,de ,sanctis1 ,/oria della lett]atura italiana1 i4 p4 #df sqq4 #gea ,comp>e ,purg4 xxvii4 #cd sqq42 xxx42 xxxi42 ,p>4 xviii4 #ac sqq42 xxiii42 xxx42 xxxi42 xxxii4 #h4 ,,works ,,on ,,philosophy ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,ideas4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,we/]m>ck1 ,ph4,d4 ,two vols4 #hvo4 #ads4 net ea*4 ,a ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,by ,,reg9ald ,a4 ,p4 ,,rog]s1 ,fell[ & ,tutor ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl94 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,spr+1 #aiaa4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,gass5di4 ,by ,g4 ,s4 ,,brett4 #hvo4 #ajs4 net4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,) ,especial ,ref]5ce to ! ,=mation & ,developm5t ( its ,problems & ,conceptions4 ,by ,dr4 ,w4 ,,w9delb&4 ,translat$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,,tufts4 #hvo4 #ags4 net4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,problems ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,by ,,paul ,,janet & ,,gabriel ,s,,ailles4 ,translat$ by ,,ada ,,monahan1 & ,edit$ by ,,h5ry ,,jones1 ,,ll4,d4 ,two vols4 #hvo4 #ajs4 net4 ea*4 ,,idola ,,!atri3 ,a ,criticism ( ,ox=d ,?\ght & ,?9k]s f ! ,/&po9t ( ,p]sonal ,idealism4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,/urt4 #hvo4 #ajs4 net4 ,,p]sonal ,,idealism4 ,philosophical ,essays4 ,edit$ by ,,h5ry ,,/urt4 #hvo4 #ajs4 net4 ,,humanism4 ,philosophical ,essays4 ,by ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,,s*ill]1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc4 #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,humanism4 ,by ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,,s*ill]1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc4 #hvo4 #ajs4 net4 ,,philosophical ,,rema9s ,,( ,r4 ,l4 ,,nettle%ip4 ,edit$1 ) ,biographical ,sket*1 by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,bradley4 ,second ,edition4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,! ,,republic ,,( ,,plato4 ,by ,r4 ,l4 ,,nettle%ip4 ,edit$ by ,g4 ,r4 ,,b5son4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 net4 ,a ,,h&book ,,( ,,moral ,,philosophy4 ,by ,rev4 ,,h5ry ,,cald]wood1 ,,ll4,d4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd41 ,,london4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by italics4 ,passages 9 bold are indicat$ by bold4 ,sup]script$ *>act]s are indicat$ by sup]script4