,transcrib]'s ,note4 ,v>iable spell+ & hyph5ation h be5 reta9$4 ,m9or punctuation inconsi/5cies h be5 sil5tly repair$4 ,! au?or's corrections1 additions & comm5ts h be5 appli$ 9 ! text4 ,*anges made by ! transcrib] c be f\nd at ! end ( ! book4 ,! orig9al text is pr9t$ 9 a two-column lay\t4 ,=matt+ & special *>act]s are indicat$ z foll[s3 italic ,illu/ration3 ,galileo ,galilei ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,galileo ,,galilei1 ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,advancem5t ,,( ,,exp]im5tal ,,philosophy4 ,,mdcccxxx4 ,,london4 ,,life ,,( ,,galileo3 ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,advancem5t ,,( ,,exp]im5tal ,,philosophy4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,introduction4 ,,! k :i* we at pres5t possess ( ! ph5om5a ( nature & ( _! connection has n by any means be5 regul>ly progressive1 z we might h expect$1 f ! "t :5 !y fir/ drew ! att5tion ( mank9d4 ,)\t ent]+ into ! "q t\*+ ! sci5tific acquirem5ts ( ea/]n nations at a remote p]iod1 x is c]ta9 t "s among ! e>ly ,greeks 7 9 possession ( sev]al tru?s1 h[ev] acquir$1 connect$ ) ! economy ( ! univ]se1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds suff]$ to fall into neglect & oblivion4 ,b ! philosoph]s ( ! old s*ool appe> 9 g5]al to h conf9$ !mselves at ! be/ to obs]vations2 v few traces rema9 ( _! hav+ in/itut$ exp]im5ts1 prop]ly s call$4 ,?is putt+ ( nature to ! torture1 z ,bacon calls x1 has occasion$ ! pr9cipal "p ( mod]n philosophical discov]ies4 ,! exp]im5tali/ may s ord] 8 exam9ation ( nature z to v>y at pleasure ! circum/ances 9 :i* x is made1 (t5 to disc>d accid5ts :i* complicate ! g5]al appe>ances1 & at once to br+ any !ory :i* he may =m to a decisive te/4 ,! prov9ce ( ! m]e obs]v] is necess>ily limit$3 ! p[] ( selection among ! ph5om5a to be pres5t$ is 9 great measure d5i$ to him1 & he may consid] himself =tunate if !y are su* z to lead him readily to a k ( ! laws :i* !y foll[4 ,p]haps to ?is imp]fection ( me?od x may be attribut$ t natural philosophy cont9u$ to be /ation>y1 or ev5 to decl9e1 dur+ a long s]ies ( ages1 until little m ?an two c5turies ago4 ,)9 ?is comp>atively %ort p]iod x has rapidly rea*$ a degree ( p]fection s diff]5t f its =m] degrad$ /ate1 t we c h>dly in/itute any comp>ison betwe5 ! two4 ,be=e t epo*1 a few insulat$ facts1 su* z might fir/ happ5 to be notic$1 (t5 inaccurately obs]v$ & always too ha/ily g5]aliz$1 7 f\nd suffici5t to excite ! naturali/'s lively imag9ation2 & hav+ once pleas$ 8 fancy ) ! suppos$ fitness ( 8 artificial s*eme1 8 p]v]t$ +5uity 0 !nce=w>d employ$ 9 =c+ ! obs]v$ ph5om5a into an imag9>y agreem5t ) ! result ( 8 !ory2 in/ead ( tak+ ! m rational1 & x %\ld seem1 ! m obvi\s1 me?od ( correct+ ! !ory by ! result ( 8 obs]vations1 & consid]+ ! "o m]ely z ! g5]al & abbreviat$ expression ( ! o!r4 ,b natural ph5om5a 7 n !n valu$ on _! own acc\nt1 & = ! pro(s :i* !y af=d ( a va/ & b5efic5t design 9 ! /ructure ( ! univ]se1 s mu* z = ! f]tile topics :i* ! fav\rite mode ( view+ ! subject suppli$ to ! _s ( s*ola/ic disputation3 & x is a humiliat+ reflection t mank9d nev] reason$ s ill z :5 !y mo/ pr(ess$ to cultivate ! art ( reason+4 ,h[ev] speci\s ! objects1 & allur+ ! ann\ncem5ts ( ?is art1 ! !n prevail+ mann] ( /udy+ x curb$ & corrupt$ all t is free & noble 9 ! human m9d4 ,innum]able fallacies lurk$ e :]e among ! mo/ g5]ally receiv$ op9ions1 & cr[ds ( dogmatic & self-suffici5t p$ants fully ju/ifi$ ! lively def9ition1 t logic is ! art ( talk+ un9telligibly on ?+s ( :i* we are ignorant4#a ,! error :i* lay at ! root ( ! philosophy ( ! middle ages 0 ?is3--f ! belief t g5]al laws & univ]sal pr9ciples might be discov]$1 ( :i* ! natural ph5om5a 7 effects1 x 0 ?\ght t ! prop] ord] ( /udy 01 fir/ to detect ! g5]al cause1 & !n to pursue x into its consequ5ces2 x 0 consid]$ absurd to beg9 ) ! effect in/ead ( ! cause2 :]eas ! real *oice lay betwe5 proce$+ f p>ticul> facts to g5]al facts1 or f g5]al facts to p>ticul> facts2 & x 0 "u ?is misrepres5tation ( ! real "q t all ! sophi/ry lurk$4 ,z soon z x is well und]/ood t ! g5]al cause is no o!r ?an a s+le fact1 common to a great numb] ( ph5om5a1 x is necess>ily p]ceiv$ t an accurate scrut9y ( ^! latt] mu/ prec$e any safe reason+ ) respect to ! =m]4 ,b at ! "t ( :i* we are speak+1 ^? :o adopt$ ?is ord] ( reason+1 & :o began _! inquiries by a m9ute & s$ul\s inve/igation ( facts1 7 treat$ ) disda91 z m5 :o degrad$ ! l(ty "n ( philosophy by be/[+ x ^u m]e me*anical op]ations4 ,among ! e>lie/ & noble/ ( ^! 0 ,galileo4 ,x is common1 especially 9 ?is c\ntry1 to "n ,bacon z ! f\nd] ( ! pres5t s*ool ( exp]im5tal philosophy2 we speak ( ! ,baconian or inductive me?od ( reason+ z synonim\s & conv]tible t]ms1 & we are apt to ov]look :at ,galileo _h already done be=e ,bacon's writ+s appe>$4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,italian did n range ov] ! circle ( ! sci5ces ) ! supreme & se>*+ glance ( ! ,engli% philosoph]1 b we f9d 9 e "p ( 8 writ+s philosophical maxims :i* d n lose by comp>ison ) ^? ( ,bacon2 & ,galileo des]ves ! additional praise1 t he himself gave to ! _w a spl5did practical illu/ration ( ! value ( ! pr9ciples :i* he con/antly recomm5d$4 ,9 support ( ?is view ( ! comp>ative des]ts ( ^! two celebrat$ m51 we are able to adduce ! au?ority ( ,hume1 :o w be readily admitt$ z a compet5t judge ( philosophical m]it1 :]e 8 prejudices _c bias 8 decision4 ,discuss+ ! "* ( ,bacon1 he says1 ,if we consid] ! v>iety ( tal5ts display$ by ?is man1 z a public speak]1 a man ( bus9ess1 a wit1 a c\rti]1 a companion1 an au?or1 a philosoph]1 he is ju/ly ! object ( great admiration4 ,if we consid] him m]ely z an au?or & philosoph]1 ! light 9 :i* we view him at pres5t1 ?\gh v e/imable1 he 0 yet inf]ior to 8 contempor>y ,galileo1 p]haps ev5 to ,kepl]4 ,bacon po9t$ out at a di/ance ! road to true philosophy3 ,galileo bo? po9t$ x out to o!rs1 & made himself consid]able advances 9 x4 ,! ,engli%man 0 ignorant ( geometry3 ! ,flor5t9e reviv$ t sci5ce1 excell$ 9 x1 & 0 ! fir/ t appli$ x1 toge!r ) exp]im5t1 to natural philosophy4 ,! =m] reject$ ) ! mo/ positive disda9 ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus3 ! latt] =tifi$ x ) new pro(s d]iv$ bo? f reason & ! s5ses4#b ,if we comp>e !m f ano!r po9t ( view1 n s mu* 9 respect ( _! intr9sic m]it1 z ( ! influ5ce :i* ea* ex]cis$ on ! philosophy ( 8 age1 ,galileo's sup]ior tal5t or bett] =tune1 9 arre/+ ! att5tion ( 8 contempor>ies1 seems indisputable4 ,! fate ( ! two writ]s is directly oppos$ ! "o to ! o!r2 ,bacon's works seem to be mo/ /udi$ & appreciat$ :5 8 read]s h come to _! p]usal1 imbu$ ) k & a philosophical _s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 !y h atta9$ indep5d5tly ( 8 assi/ance4 ,! pr\d appeal to po/]ity :i* he utt]$ 9 8 w1 ,= my "n & memory1 ,i leave x to m5's *>itable spee*es1 & to =eign nations1 & ! next ages1 ( itself indicates a consci\sness ( ! fact t 8 contempor>y c\ntrym5 7 b slightly affect$ by 8 philosophical precepts4 ,b ,galileo's p]sonal ex]tions *ang$ ! g5]al "* ( philosophy 9 ,italy3 at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 8 imm$iate pupils _h obta9$ possession ( ! mo/ celebrat$ univ]sities1 & 7 busily engag$ 9 practis+ & en=c+ ! lessons :i* he _h taught !m2 nor 0 x !n easy to f9d !re a s+le /ud5t ( natural philosophy :o did n readily ascribe ! =mation ( 8 pr9ciples to ! direct or remote influ5ce ( ,galileo's example4 ,unlike ,bacon's1 8 reputation1 & ! value ( 8 writ+s1 7 high] among 8 contempor>ies ?an !y h s9ce become4 ,?is judgm5t p]haps aw>ds ! highe/ intellectual prize to him ^: disreg>d$ s]vices rise 9 e/imation ) ! advance ( k2 b ! praise due to sup]ior usefulness belongs to him :o succe$$ 9 tra9+ r\nd him a s*ool ( imitators1 & !reby enabl$ 8 imitators to surpass himself4 ,! biography ( m5 :o h devot$ !mselves to philosophical pursuits seldom af=ds s v>i\s & /rik+ a succession ( incid5ts z t ( a soldi] or /atesman4 ,! life ( a man :o is %ut up dur+ ! great] "p ( 8 "t 9 8 /udy or laboratory supplies b scanty mat]ials = p]sonal details2 & ! lapse ( "t rapidly removes f u ! opportunities ( pres]v+ su* peculi>ities z might h be5 wor? record+4 ,an acc\nt ( x w !re=e consi/ *iefly 9 a review ( 8 works & op9ions1 & ( ! influ5ce :i* he & !y h ex]cis$ ov] 8 own & succe$+ ages4 ,view$ 9 ?is light1 few lives c be consid]$ m int]e/+ ?an t ( ,galileo2 & if we comp>e ! /ate 9 :i* he f\nd1 ) t 9 :i* he left1 ! /udy ( nature1 we %all feel h[ ju/ly an en?usia/ic panegyric pron\nc$ ^u ! age imm$iately foll[+ him may be transf]r$ to ?is e>li] p]iod4 ,?is is ! age :]e9 all m5's m9ds are 9 a k9d ( f]m5tation1 & ! _s ( wisdom & le>n+ beg9s to m\nt & free itself f ^? drossie & t]r5e imp$im5ts :]e) x has be5 s long clogg$1 & f ! insipid phlegm & caput mortuum ( useless notions 9 :i* x ha? endur$ s viol5t & long a fixation4 ,?is is ! age :]e91 me?9ks1 philosophy comes 9 ) a spr+ tide1 & ! p]ipatetics may z well hope to /op ! curr5t ( ! tide1 or1 ) ,x]xes1 to fett] ! ocean1 z h9d] ! ov]fl[+ ( free philosophy4 ,me?9ks ,i see h[ all ! old rubbi% mu/ be ?r[n away1 & ! rott5 build+s be ov]?r[n & c>ri$ away1 ) s p[]ful an inundation4 ,^! are ! days t mu/ lay a new f\ndation ( a m magnific5t philosophy1 nev] to be ov]?r[n1 t w empirically & s5sibly canvass ! ph5om5a ( nature1 d$uc+ ! causes ( ?+s f su* orig9als 9 nature z we obs]ve are producible by art1 & ! infallible demon/ration ( me*anics3 & c]ta9ly ?is is ! way1 & no o!r1 to build a true & p]man5t philosophy4#c ,,footnotes3 #a ,mnage4 #b ,hume's ,engl&1 ,james ,i4 #c ,p[]'s ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy1 #affc4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,galileo's ,bir?--,family--,education--,obs]vation ( ! ,p5dulum--,pulsilogies--,hydro/atical ,balance--,lectur] at ,pisa4 ,,galileo ,,galilei 0 born at ,pisa1 on ! #ae? day ( ,febru>y1 #aefd1 ( a noble & anci5t ,flor5t9e family1 :i*1 9 ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 adopt$ ?is surname in/ead ( ,bonajuti1 "u :i* sev]al ( _! ance/ors fill$ di/+ui%$ (fices 9 ! ,flor5t9e /ate4 ,"s misappreh5sion has occasionally exi/$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! id5tity ( 8 prop] "n ) t ( 8 family2 8 mo/ correct appellation w\ld p]haps be ,galileo de' ,galilei1 b ! surname usually occurs z we h writt5 x4 ,he is mo/ commonly spok5 ( by 8 ,*ri/ian "n1 agreeably to ! ,italian cu/om2 j z ,sanzio1 ,buon>otti1 ,s>pi1 ,r5i1 ,vecelli1 are univ]sally kn[n by _! ,*ri/ian names ( ,raphael1 ,mi*el ,angelo1 ,fra ,paolo1 ,guido1 & ,titian4 ,sev]al au?ors h foll[$ ,rossi 9 /yl+ ,galileo illegitimate1 b )\t hav+ any probable gr\nds ev5 :5 !y wrote1 & ! ass]tion has s9ce be5 completely disprov$ by an inspection ( ! regi/]s at ,pisa & ,flor5ce1 9 :i* are pres]v$ ! dates ( 8 bir?1 & ( 8 "m's m>riage1 eighte5 mon?s previ\s to x4#d ,8 fa!r1 ,v9c5zo ,galilei1 0 a man ( consid]able tal5t & le>n+1 ) a compet5t k ( ma!matics1 & p>ticul>ly devot$ to ! !ory & practice ( music1 on :i* he publi%$ sev]al e/eem$ treatises4 ,! only "o :i* x is at pres5t easy to procure--8 ,dialogue on anci5t & mod]n music--exhibits pro(s1 n only ( a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) 8 subject1 b ( a s\nd & vigor\s und]/&+ appli$ to o!r topics incid5tally discuss$4 ,!re is a passage 9 ! introductory "p1 :i* becomes int]e/+ :5 consid]$ z af=d+ "s traces ( ! precepts by :i* ,galileo 0 9 all probability tra9$ to rea* 8 preem95t /ation 9 ! intellectual _w4 ,x appe>s to me1 says "o ( ! speak]s 9 ! dialogue1 t !y :o 9 pro( ( any ass]tion rely simply on ! weight ( au?ority1 )\t adduc+ any argum5t 9 support ( x1 act v absurdly3 ,i1 on ! contr>y1 wi% to be all[$ freely to "q & freely to answ] y )\t any sort ( adulation1 z well becomes ^? :o are truly 9 se>* ( tru?4 ,s5tim5ts l ^! 7 ( r>e occurr5ce at ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & x is to be regrett$ t ,v9c5zo h>dly liv$ long en\gh to witness 8 idea ( a true philosoph] spl5didly realiz$ 9 ! p]son ( 8 son4 ,v9c5zo di$ at an advanc$ age1 9 #aeia4 ,8 family consi/$ ( ?ree sons1 ,galileo1 ,mi*el ,angelo1 & ,b5$etto1 & ! same numb] ( daught]s1 ,giulia1 ,virg9ia1 & ,livia4 ,aft] ,v9c5zo's dea? ! *ief support ( ! family devolv$ ^u ,galileo1 :o seems to h assi/$ !m to 8 utmo/ p[]4 ,9 a lett] to 8 "m1 dat$ #afjj1 relative to ! int5d$ m>riage ( 8 si/] ,livia ) a c]ta9 ,pompeo ,baldi1 he agrees to ! mat*1 b recomm5ds its tempor>y po/ponem5t1 z he 0 at t "t ex]t+ himself to furni% money to 8 bro!r ,mi*el ,angelo1 :o _h receiv$ ! (f] ( an advantage\s settlem5t 9 ,pol&4 ,z ! sum advanc$ to 8 bro!r1 :i* prev5t$ him f promot+ 8 si/]'s m>riage1 did n exce$ #bjj cr[ns1 x may be inf]r$ t ! family 7 9 a some:at /rait5$ condition4 ,h[ev] he promises1 z soon z 8 bro!r %\ld repay him1 to take measures = ! "y lady1 s9ce %e too is b5t ^u com+ out to prove ! mis]ies ( ?is _w4--,z ,livia 0 at ! date ( ?is lett] 9 a conv5t1 ! la/ expression seems to d5ote t %e _h be5 de/9$ to take ! veil4 ,?is propos$ m>riage nev] took place1 b ,livia 0 aft]w>ds m>ri$ to ,taddeo ,galletti3 h] si/] ,virg9ia m>ri$ ,b5$etto ,l&ucci4 ,galileo m5tions "o ( 8 si/]s1 7)\t nam+ h]7 z liv+ ) him 9 #afai at ,bellosgu>do4 ,mi*el ,angelo is probably ! same bro!r ( ,galileo :o is m5tion$ by ,liceti z hav+ communicat$ f ,g]many "s obs]vations on natural hi/ory4#e ,he f9ally settl$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,elector ( ,bav>ia2 9 :at situation is n kn[n1 b ^u 8 dea? ! ,elector grant$ a p5sion to 8 family1 :o !n took up _! abode at ,muni*4 ,on ! tak+ ( t city 9 #afcf1 9 ! c\rse ( ! bloody ?irty ye>s' w>1 :i* 0 !n rag+ betwe5 ! ,au/rians & ,sw$es1 8 wid[ & f\r ( 8 *ildr5 7 kill$1 & e ?+ :i* !y possess$ 0 ei!r burnt or c>ri$ away4 ,galileo s5t = 8 two nephews1 ,alb]to & a y\ng] bro!r1 to ,arcetri ne> ,flor5ce1 :]e he 0 !n liv+4 ,^! two 7 !n ! only survivors ( ,mi*el ,angelo's family2 & _m ( ,galileo's lett]s ab\t t date conta9 allusions to ! assi/ance he _h be5 af=d+ !m4 ,! la/ trace ( ,alb]to is on 8 return into ,g]many to ! ,elector1 9 ^: s]vice 8 fa!r _h di$4 ,^! details include almo/ e ?+ :i* is kn[n ( ! re/ ( ,v9c5zo's family4 ,galileo exhibit$ e>ly symptoms ( an active & intellig5t m9d1 & di/+ui%$ himself 9 8 *ildhood by 8 skill 9 ! con/ruction ( +5i\s toys & models ( ma*9]y1 supply+ ! defici5cies ( 8 in=mation f ! res\rces ( 8 own inv5tion2 & he conciliat$ ! univ]sal good-w ( 8 companions by ! ready good nature ) :i* he employ$ himself 9 _! s]vice & = _! amusem5t4 ,x is wor?y ( obs]vation1 t ! boyhood ( 8 great foll[] ,newton1 ^: g5ius 9 _m respects s closely resembl$ 8 own1 0 m>k$ by a simil> tal5t4 ,galileo's fa!r 0 n opul5t1 z has be5 already /at$3 he 0 burd5$ ) a l>ge family1 & 0 unable to provide exp5sive in/ructors = 8 son2 b ,galileo's own en]getic indu/ry rapidly suppli$ ! want ( bett] opportunities2 & he acquir$1 "u consid]able disadvantages1 ! ord9>y rudim5ts ( a classical education1 & a compet5t k ( ! o!r bran*es ( lit]ature :i* 7 !n usually /udi$4 ,8 leisure h\rs 7 appli$ to music & draw+2 = ! =m] accompli%m5t he inh]it$ 8 fa!r's tal5t1 be+ an excell5t p]=m] on sev]al in/rum5ts1 especially on ! lute2 ?is cont9u$ to be a fav\rite recreation dur+ ! :ole ( 8 life4 ,he 0 also passionately fond ( pa9t+1 & at "o "t he wi%$ to make x 8 pr(ession3 & 8 skill & judgm5t ( pictures 7 highly e/eem$ by ! mo/ em95t contempor>y arti/s1 :o did n scruple to own publicly _! def]5ce to "y ,galileo's criticism4 ,:5 he _h rea*$ 8 n9ete5? ye>1 8 fa!r1 becom+ daily m s5sible ( 8 sup]ior g5ius1 det]m9$1 al?\gh at a great p]sonal sacrifice1 to give him ! advantages ( an univ]sity education4 ,accord+ly1 9 #aeha1 he comm5c$ 8 academical /udies 9 ! univ]sity ( 8 native t[n1 ,pisa1 8 fa!r at ?is "t int5d+ t he %\ld adopt ! pr(ession ( m$ic9e4 ,9 ! matriculation li/s at ,pisa1 he is /yl$ ,galileo1 ! son ( ,v9c5zo ,galilei1 a ,flor5t9e1 ,s*ol> 9 ,arts4 ,8 in/ructor 0 ! celebrat$ botani/1 ,&reas ,csalp9us1 :o 0 pr(essor ( m$ic9e at ,pisa f #aefg to #aeib4 ,hi/4 ,acad4 ,pisan42 ,pisis1 #agia4 ,x is dat$ #e? ,novemb]1 #aeha4 ,viviani1 8 pupil1 fri5d1 & panegyri/1 decl>es t1 almo/ f ! fir/ day ( 8 be+ enroll$ on ! li/s ( ! academy1 he 0 notic$ = ! reluctance ) :i* he li/5$ to ! dogmas ( ! ,ari/otelian philosophy1 !n univ]sally taught2 & he soon became obnoxi\s to ! pr(essors f ! boldness ) :i* he promulgat$ :at !y /yl$ 8 philosophical p>adoxes4 ,8 e>ly habits ( free inquiry 7 irreconcileable ) ! m5tal quietude ( 8 in/ructors1 ^: philosophic d\bts1 :5 !y v5tur$ to ent]ta9 any1 7 spe$ily lull$ by a quotation f ,ari/otle4 ,galileo ?\ght himself capable ( giv+ ! _w an example ( a s\nd] & m orig9al mode ( ?9k+2 he felt himself de/9$ to be ! f\nd] ( a new s*ool ( rational & exp]im5tal philosophy4 ,( ?is we are n[ securely enjoy+ ! b5efits2 & x is difficult at ?is "t fully to appreciate ! ob/acles :i* !n pres5t$ !mselves to free inquiry3 b we %all see1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is n>rative1 h[ ardu\s _! /ruggle 0 :o happily effect$ ?is important revolution4 ,! v9dictive ranc\r ) :i* ! p>tisans ( ! old philosophy nev] ceas$ to assail ,galileo is ( itself a suffici5t pro( ( ! prom95t /ation :i* he occupi$ 9 ! conte/4 ,galileo's e>lie/ me*anical discov]y1 to ! sup]ficial obs]v] app>5tly an unimportant "o1 occurr$ dur+ ! p]iod ( 8 /udies at ,pisa4 ,8 att5tion 0 "o day arre/$ by ! vibrations ( a lamp sw++ f ! ro( ( ! ca!dral1 :i*1 :e!r great or small1 seem$ to recur at equal int]vals4 ,! in/rum5ts !n employ$ = measur+ "t 7 v imp]fect3 ,galileo attempt$ to br+ 8 obs]vation to ! te/ be=e quitt+ ! *ur*1 by comp>+ ! vibrations ) ! beat+s ( 8 own pulse1 & 8 m9d be+ !n pr9cipally employ$ ^u 8 int5d$ pr(ession1 x occurr$ to him1 :5 he _h fur!r satisfi$ himself ( _! regul>ity by repeat$ & v>i$ exp]im5ts1 t ! process he at fir/ adopt$ might be rev]s$1 & t an in/rum5t on ?is pr9ciple might be usefully employ$ 9 asc]ta9+ ! rate ( ! pulse1 & its v>iation f day to day4 ,he imm$iately c>ri$ ! idea into execution1 & x 0 = ?is sole & limit$ purpose t ! fir/ p5dulum 0 con/ruct$4 ,viviani tells u1 t ! value ( ! inv5tion 0 rapidly appreciat$ by ! physicians ( ! day1 & 0 9 common use 9 #afed1 :5 he wrote4 ,illu/ration3 ,in/rum5t ,no4 #a1 ,no4 #b1 ,no4 #c ,santorio1 :o 0 pr(essor ( m$ic9e at ,padua1 has giv5 repres5tations ( f\r diff]5t =ms ( ^! in/rum5ts1 :i* he calls pulsilogies1 7pulsilogias17 & /rongly recomm5ds to m$ical practition]s4#f ,^! in/rum5ts seem to h be5 us$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,no4 #a consi/s m]ely ( a weight fa/5$ to a /r+ & a graduat$ scale4 ,! /r+ be+ ga!r$ up into ! h& till ! vibrations ( ! weight co9cid$ ) ! beat+s ( ! pati5t's pulse1 ! l5g? 0 asc]ta9$ f ! scale1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 if great1 indicat$ a languid1 if %ort]1 a m lively action4 ,9 ,no4 #b ! improvem5t is introduc$ ( connect+ ! scale & /r+1 ! l5g? ( ! latt] is regulat$ by ! turns ( a peg at a1 & a bead ^u ! /r+ at b %[$ ! measure4 ,no4 #c is /ill m compact1 ! /r+ be+ %ort5$ by w9d+ ^u an axle at ! back ( ! dial-plate4 ,! con/ruction ( ,no4 #d1 :i* ,santorio claims z 8 own improvem5t1 is n giv51 b x is probable t ! pr9cipal index1 by its motion1 %ift$ a weight to diff]5t di/ances f ! po9t ( susp5sion1 & t ! p]iod ( vibration 0 /ill m accurately adju/$ by a small] weight connect$ ) ! second index4 ,v5turi seems to h mi/ak5 ! ?ird figure = t ( a p5dulum clock1 z he m5tions ?is z "o ( ! e>lie/ adaptations ( ,galileo's pr9ciple to t purpose2#g b x is obvi\s1 f ,santorio's description1 t x is no?+ m ?an a circul> scale1 ! index %[+1 by ! figure to :i* x po9ts1 ! l5g? ( /r+ rema9+ unw\nd ^u ! axis4 ,we %all1 = ! pres5t1 po/pone ! consid]ation ( ! inv5tion ( p5dulum clocks1 & ! exam9ation ( ! diff]5t claims to ! hon\r ( _! fir/ con/ruction4 ,at ! "t ( :i* we are speak+1 ,galileo 0 entirely ignorant ( ma!matics1 ! /udy ( :i* 0 !n at a l[ ebb1 n only 9 ,italy1 b 9 e "p ( ,europe4 ,comm&9e _h rec5tly reviv$ a ta/e = ! writ+s ( ,euclid & ,ar*im$es1 & ,vieta ,t>talea & o!rs _h made consid]able progress 9 algebra1 ,guido ,ubaldi & ,b5$etti _h done some?+ t[>ds e/abli%+ ! pr9ciples ( /atics1 :i* 0 ! only "p ( me*anics z yet cultivat$2 b ) ^! inconsid]able exceptions ! application ( ma!matics to ! ph5om5a ( nature 0 sc>cely ?\ght (4 ,galileo's fir/ inducem5t to acquire a k ( geometry arose f 8 p>tiality = draw+ & music1 & f ! wi% to und]/& _! pr9ciples & !ory4 ,8 fa!r1 fe>ful le/ he %\ld relax 8 m$ical /udies1 refus$ op5ly to enc\rage him 9 ?is new pursuit2 b he conniv$ at ! in/ruction :i* 8 son n[ began to receive 9 ! writ+s ( ,euclid1 f ! tuition ( an intimate fri5d1 nam$ ,o/ilio ,ricci1 :o 0 "o ( ! pr(essors 9 ! univ]sity4 ,galileo's :ole att5tion 0 soon direct$ to ! enjoym5t ( ! new s5sations ?us communicat$ to him1 insomu* t ,v9c5zo1 f9d+ 8 progno/ics v]ifi$1 began to rep5t 8 indirect sanction1 & privately reque/$ ,ricci to inv5t "s excuse = discont9u+ 8 lessons4 ,b x 0 =tunately too late2 ! impression 0 made & c\ld n be effac$2 f t "t ,hippocrates & ,gal5 lay unhe$$ be=e ! "y physician1 & s]v$ only to conceal f 8 fa!r's sight ! ma!matical volumes on :i* ! :ole ( 8 "t 0 really employ$4 ,8 progress soon reveal$ ! true nature ( 8 pursuits3 ,v9c5zo yield$ to ! irresi/ible pr$ilection ( 8 son's m9d1 & no long] attempt$ to turn him f ! speculations to :i* 8 :ole exi/5ce 0 !nce=w>d ab&on$4 ,aft] ma/]+ ! elem5t>y writ]s1 ,galileo proce$$ to ! /udy ( ,ar*im$es1 &1 :il/ p]us+ ! ,hydro/atics ( t au?or1 compos$ 8 e>lie/ "w1--an ,essay on ! ,hydro/atical ,balance4 ,9 ?is he expla9s ! me?od probably adopt$ by ,ar*im$es = ! solution ( ,hi]o's celebrat$ "q#h1 & %[s himself already well acqua9t$ ) ! true pr9ciples ( specific gravities4 ,?is essay _h an imm$iate & important influ5ce on "y ,galileo's =tunes1 = x introduc$ him to ! approv+ notice ( ,guido ,ubaldi1 !n "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ma!maticians ( ,italy4 ,at 8 sugge/ion ,galileo appli$ himself to consid] ! position ( ! c5tre ( gravity 9 solid bodies1 a *oice ( subject t suffici5tly %[$ ! e/imate ,ubaldi _h =m$ ( 8 tal5ts2 = x 0 a "q on :i* ,comm&9e _h rec5tly writt51 & :i* engag$ at t "t ! att5tion ( geometricians ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,galileo tells u himself t he discont9u$ ^! rese>*es on meet+ ) ,lucas ,val]io's treatise on ! same subject4 ,ubaldi 0 s mu* /ruck ) ! g5ius display$ 9 ! essay ) :i* ,galileo furni%$ him1 t he introduc$ him to 8 bro!r1 ! ,c>d9al ,del ,monte3 by ?is latt] he 0 m5tion$ to ,f]d9& de' ,m$ici1 ! reign+ ,duke ( ,tuscany1 z a "y man ( :om ! highe/ expectations might be ent]ta9$4 ,by ! ,duke's patronage he 0 nom9at$1 9 #aehi1 to ! lecture%ip ( ma!matics at ,pisa1 be+ !n 9 8 tw5ty-six? ye>4 ,8 public sal>y 0 fix$ at ! insignificant sum ( sixty cr[ns annually1 b he _h an opportunity ( greatly add+ to 8 income by private tuition4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,ery?ru1 ,p9aco!ca1 vol4 i42 ,salusbury's ,life ( ,galileo4 ,nelli1 ,vita di ,gal4 ,galilei4 #e ,de 8 qu diu vivunt4 ,patavii1 #afab4 #f ,comm5t1 9 ,avic5nam4 ,v5etiis1 #afbe4 #g ,essai sur les ,ouvrages de ,leon>d da ,v9ci4 ,p>is1 #agig4 #h ,see ,treatise on ,,hydro/atics4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,galileo at ,pisa--,ari/otle--,leon>do da ,v9ci--,galileo becomes a ,cop]nican--,ur/isius--,bruno--,exp]im5t s on fall+ bodies--,galileo at ,padua--,!rmomet]4 ,,no soon] 0 ,galileo settl$ 9 8 new (fice ?an he r5ew$ 8 inquiries into ! ph5om5a ( nature ) increas$ dilig5ce4 ,he in/itut$ a c\rse ( exp]im5ts = ! purpose ( putt+ to ! te/ ! me*anical doctr9es ( ,ari/otle1 mo/ ( :i* he f\nd unsupport$ ev5 by ! pret5ce ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is to be regrett$ t we d n m frequ5tly f9d detail$ 8 me?od ( exp]im5t+1 ?an occasionally 9 ! c\rse ( 8 dialogues1 & x is *iefly ^u ! ref]5ces :i* he makes to ! results ) :i* ! exp]im5ts furni%$ him1 & ^u ! av[$ & notori\s "* ( 8 philosophy1 t ! tru? ( ^! acc\nts mu/ be made to dep5d4 ,v5turi has f\nd sev]al unpubli%$ pap]s by ,galileo on ! subject ( motion1 9 ! ,gr& ,duke's private libr>y at ,flor5ce1 be>+ ! date ( #aeij1 9 :i* are _m ( ! !orems :i* he aft]w>ds develop$ 9 8 ,dialogues on ,motion4 ,^! 7 n publi%$ till fifty ye>s aft]w>ds1 & we %all res]ve an acc\nt ( _! cont5ts till we rea* t p]iod ( 8 life4 ,galileo 0 by no means ! fir/ :o _h v5tur$ to call 9 "q ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle 9 matt]s ( sci5ce1 al?\gh he 0 und\bt$ly ! fir/ ^: op9ions & writ+s produc$ a v m>k$ & g5]al effect4 ,nizzoli1 a celebrat$ s*ol> :o liv$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #af? c5tury1 _h condemn$ ,ari/otle's philosophy1 especially 8 ,physics1 9 v unequivocal & =cible t]ms1 decl>+ t1 al?\gh !re 7 _m excell5t tru?s 9 8 writ+s1 ! numb] 0 sc>cely less ( false1 useless1 & ridicul\s propositions4#i ,ab\t ! "t ( ,galileo's bir?1 ,b5$etti _h writt5 expressly 9 confutation ( sev]al propositions conta9$ 9 ,ari/otle's me*anics1 & _h exp\nd$ 9 a cle> mann] "s ( ! doctr9es ( /atical equilibrium4#aj ,)9 ! la/ =ty ye>s x has be5 e/abli%$ t ! celebrat$ pa9t] ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 :o di$ 9 #aeai1 amus$ 8 leisure h\rs 9 sci5tific pursuits2 & _m ideas appe> to h occurr$ to him :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,galileo at a lat] date4 ,x is n impossible 7?\gh !re are probably no means ( directly asc]ta9+ ! fact7 t ,galileo may h be5 acqua9t$ ) ,leon>do's inve/igations1 al?\gh !y rema9$1 till v lately1 almo/ unkn[n to ! ma!matical _w4 ,?is supposition is r5d]$ m probable f ! fact1 t ,maz5ta1 ! pres]v] ( ,leon>do's manuscripts1 01 at ! v "t ( _! discov]y1 a contempor>y /ud5t ) ,galileo at ,pisa4 ,kop]nik1 or1 z he is usually call$1 ,cop]nicus1 a native ( ,?orn 9 ,prussia1 _h publi%$ 8 great "w1 ,de ,revolutionibus1 9 #aedc1 re/or+ ! k ( ! true !ory ( ! sol> sy/em1 & 8 op9ions 7 gradually & sil5tly ga9+ gr\nd4 ,x is n satisfactorily asc]ta9$ at :at p]iod ,galileo embrac$ ! new a/ronomical !ory4 ,g]>d ,voss attributes 8 conv]sion to a public lecture ( ,m/l91 ! in/ructor ( ,kepl]2 & lat] writ]s 7among :om is ,laplace7 repeat ! same /ory1 b )\t ref]r+ to any additional s\rces ( in=mation1 & 9 mo/ in/ances m]ely transcrib+ ,voss's words1 s z to %ew indisputably :5ce !y d]iv$ _! acc\nt4 ,voss himself gives no au?ority1 & 8 g5]al inaccuracy makes 8 m]e ^w n ( mu* weight4 ,! ass]tion appe>s1 on _m acc\nts1 de/itute ( mu* probability4 ,if ! /ory 7 correct1 x seems likely t "s degree ( acqua9tance1 if n ( fri5dly int]c\rse1 w\ld h subsi/$ betwe5 ,m/l91 & 8 suppos$ pupil1 su* z 9 fact we f9d subsi/+ betwe5 ,m/l9 & 8 ackn[l$g$ pupil ,kepl]1 ! devot$ fri5d ( ,galileo2 b1 on ! contr>y1 we f9d ,m/l9 writ+ to ,kepl] himself ( ,galileo z an entire /rang]1 & 9 ! mo/ disp>ag+ t]ms4 ,if ,m/l9 c\ld lay claim to ! hon\r ( s celebrat$ a disciple1 x is n likely t he c\ld fail s entirely to compreh5d ! di/9ction x mu/ conf] ^u himself z to attempt dim9i%+ x by und]rat+ 8 pupil's reputation4 ,!re is a passage 9 ,galileo's works :i* m directly controv]ts ! claim advanc$ = ,m/l91 al?\gh ,salusbury1 9 8 life ( ,galileo1 hav+ app>5tly an imp]fect recollection ( its t5or1 ref]s to ?is v passage 9 confirmation ( ,voss's /atem5t4 ,9 ! second "p ( ! dialogue on ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 ,galileo makes ,sagr$o1 "o ( ! speak]s 9 x1 give ! foll[+ acc\nt3--,be+ v "y1 & hav+ sc>cely f9i%$ my c\rse ( philosophy1 :i* ,i left (f z be+ set ^u o!r employm5ts1 !re *anc$ to come into ^! p>ts a c]ta9 =eign] ( ,ro/o*1 ^: "n1 z ,i rememb]1 0 ,*ri/ianus ,ur/isius1 a foll[] ( ,cop]nicus1 :o1 9 an academy1 gave two or ?ree lectures ^u ?is po9t1 to :om _m flock$ z auditors2 b ,i1 ?9k+ !y w5t m = ! novelty ( ! subject ?an o!rwise1 did n g to he> him2 = ,i _h conclud$ ) myself t t op9ion c\ld be no o!r ?an a solemn madness2 & que/ion+ "s ( ^? :o _h be5 !re1 ,i p]ceiv$ !y all made a je/ !re(1 except "o1 :o told me t ! bus9ess 0 n altoge!r to be laugh$ at3 & because ! man 0 reput$ by me to be v intellig5t & w>y1 ,i rep5t$ t ,i 0 n !re1 & began f t "t =w>d1 z (t z ,i met ) any "o ( ! ,cop]nican p]suasion1 to dem& ( !m if !y _h be5 always ( ! same judgm5t4 ,( z _m z ,i exam9$ ,i f\nd n s mu* z "o :o told me n t he _h be5 a long "t ( ! contr>y op9ion1 b to h *ang$ x = ?is1 z conv9c$ by ! /r5g? ( ! reasons prov+ ! same2 & aft]w>ds que/ion+ !m "o by "o1 to see :e!r !y 7 well possess$ ( ! reasons ( ! o!r side1 ,i f\nd !m all to be v ready & p]fect 9 !m1 s t ,i c\ld n truly say t !y took ?is op9ion out ( ignorance1 vanity1 or to %[ ! acut5ess ( _! wits4 ,on ! contr>y1 ( z _m ( ! ,p]ipatetics & ,ptolemeans z ,i h ask$1 7& out ( curiosity ,i h talk$ ) _m17 :at pa9s !y _h tak5 9 ! book ( ,cop]nicus1 ,i f\nd v few t _h s mu* z sup]ficially p]us$ x1 b ( ^? :o ,i ?\ght _h und]/ood ! same1 n "o3 &1 moreov]1 ,i h inquir$ among/ ! foll[]s ( ! ,p]ipatetic doctr9e1 if ev] any ( !m _h held ! contr>y op9ion1 & likewise f\nd none t _h4 ,:]eupon1 consid]+ t !re 0 no man :o foll[$ ! op9ion ( ,cop]nicus t _h n be5 fir/ on ! contr>y side1 & t 0 n v well acqua9t$ ) ! reasons ( ,ari/otle & ,ptolemy1 &1 on ! contr>y1 t !re 0 n "o ( ! foll[]s ( ,ptolemy t _h ev] be5 ( ! judgm5t ( ,cop]nicus1 & _h left t to embrace ?is ( ,ari/otle2--consid]+1 ,i say1 ^! ?+s1 ,i began to ?9k t "o :o leave? an op9ion imbu$ ) 8 milk & foll[$ by v _m1 to take up ano!r1 own$ by v few1 & d5i$ by all ! s*ools1 & t really seems a great p>adox1 mu/ ne$s h be5 mov$1 n to say =c$1 by m p[]ful reasons4 ,= ?is cause ,i am become v curi\s to dive1 z !y say1 into ! bottom ( ?is bus9ess4 ,x seems improbable t ,galileo %\ld ?9k x wor? :ile to give s detail$ an acc\nt ( ! bir? & gr[? ( op9ion 9 any "o besides himself2 & al?\gh ,sagr$o is n ! p]sonage :o g5]ally 9 ! dialogue repres5ts ,galileo1 yet z ! real ,sagr$o 0 a "y nobleman1 a pupil ( ,galileo himself1 ! acc\nt _c ref] to him4 ,! circum/ance m5tion$ ( ! int]mission ( 8 philosophical /udies1 ?\gh 9 itself trivial1 agrees v well ) ,galileo's orig9al m$ical de/9ation4 ,ur/isius is n a fictiti\s "n1 z possibly ,salusbury may h ?\ght1 :5 allud+ to ?is passage2 he 0 ma!matical pr(essor at ,ble1 ab\t #aefg1 & sev]al treatises by him are /ill extant4 ,accord+ to ,k/n]1 8 ,g]man "n 0 ,wur/eis54 ,9 #aefh ,voss in=ms u t he publi%$ "s new que/ions on ,purba*'s ,!ory ( ! ,planets4 ,he di$ at ,ble 9 #aehf1 :5 ,galileo 0 ab\t tw5ty-two ye>s old4 ,x is n unlikely t ,galileo also1 9 "p1 ow$ 8 emancipation f popul> prejudices to ! writ+s ( ,giordano ,bruno1 an un=tunate man1 ^: unsp>+ boldness 9 expos+ fallacies & absurdities 0 rew>d$ by a judicial murd]1 & by ! "* ( h]etic & infidel1 ) :i* 8 execution]s endeav\r$ to /igmatize him = ! purpose ( cov]+ ov] _! own atroci\s crime4 ,bruno 0 burnt at ,rome 9 #afjj1 b n1 z ,montucla supposes1 on acc\nt ( 8 ,spaccio della ,be/ia trionfante4 ,! title ( ?is book has l$ him to suppose t x 0 direct$ aga9/ ! *ur* ( ,rome1 to :i* x does n 9 ! slighte/ degree relate4 ,bruno attack$ ! fa%ionable philosophy alt]nately ) reason & ridicule1 & num]\s passages 9 8 writ+s1 t$i\s & obscure z !y g5]ally are1 %[ t he _h completely out/ripp$ ! age 9 :i* he liv$4 ,among 8 a/ronomical op9ions1 he believ$ t ! univ]se consi/$ ( innum]able sy/ems ( suns ) assemblages ( planets revolv+ r\nd ea* ( !m1 l our own e>?1 ! smallness ( :i*1 alone1 prev5t$ _! be+ obs]v$ by u4 ,he rem>k$ fur!r1 t x is by no means improbable t !re are yet o!r planets revolv+ r\nd our own sun1 :i* we h n yet notic$1 ei!r on acc\nt ( _! m9ute size or too remote di/ance f u4 ,he decl9$ ass]t+ t all ! app>5tly fix$ />s are really s1 consid]+ ?is z n suffici5tly prov$1 because at su* enorm\s di/ances ! motions become difficult to e/imate1 & x is only by long obs]vation t we c det]m9e if any ( ^! move r\nd ea* o!r1 or :at o!r motions !y may h4 ,he ridicul$ ! ,ari/otelians 9 no v measur$ t]ms--,!y h>d5 !mselves1 & heat !mselves1 & embroil !mselves = ,ari/otle2 !y call !mselves 8 *ampions1 !y hate all b ,ari/otle's fri5ds1 !y are ready to live & die = ,ari/otle1 & yet !y d n und]/& s mu* z ! titles ( ,ari/otle's *apt]s4 ,& 9 ano!r place he introduces an ,ari/otelian inquir+1 ,d y take ,plato = an ignoramus--,ari/otle = an ass8 to :om he answ]s1 ,my son1 ,i nei!r call !m asses1 nor y mules1--!m baboons1 nor y apes1--z y w\ld h me3 ,i told y t ,i e/eem !m ! h]oes ( ! _w1 b ,i w n cr$it !m )\t suffici5t reason2 & if y 7 n bo? bl9d & deaf1 y w\ld und]/& t ,i mu/ disbelieve _! absurd & contradictory ass]tions4#aa ,bruno's works1 ?\gh 9 g5]al consid]$ ^? ( a vision>y & madman1 7 9 v ext5sive circulation1 probably n ! less eag]ly s\ght aft] f be+ includ$ among ! books prohibit$ by ! ,romi% *ur*2 & al?\gh x has be5 res]v$ = lat] obs]vations to furni% complete v]ification ( 8 mo/ d>+ speculations1 yet !re 0 en\gh1 ab/ract$ly tak51 9 ! wild fre$om ( 8 rem>ks1 to attract a m9d l ,galileo's2 & x is ) m satisfaction t we ref] ! =mation ( 8 op9ions to a man ( und\bt$ ?\gh ecc5tric g5ius1 l ,bruno1 ?an to su* z ,mae/l91 :o1 ?\gh a dilig5t & c>eful obs]v]1 seems seldom to h tak5 any v enl>g$ views ( ! sci5ce on :i* he 0 engag$4 ,) a few exceptions simil> to ^? above m5tion$1 ! re/ ( ,galileo's contempor>ies well des]v$ ! contemptu\s epi!t :i* he fix$ on !m ( ,pap] ,philosoph]s1 =1 to use 8 own words1 9 a lett] to ,kepl] on ?is subject1 ?is sort ( m5 fanci$ philosophy 0 to be /udi$ l ! neid or ,odyssey1 & t ! true read+ ( nature 0 to be detect$ by ! collation ( texts4 ,galileo's own me?od ( philosophiz+ 0 widely diff]5t2 seldom omitt+ to br+ ) e new ass]tion ! te/ ( exp]im5t1 ei!r directly 9 confirmation ( x1 or t5d+ to %[ its probability & consi/5cy4 ,we h already se5 t he engag$ 9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts to inve/igate ! tru? ( "s ( ,ari/otle's positions4 ,z fa/ z he succe$$ 9 demon/rat+ ! falsehood ( any ( !m1 he d5\nc$ !m f 8 pr(essorial *air ) an en]gy & success :i* irritat$ m & m aga9/ him ! o!r memb]s ( ! academic body4 ,!re seems some?+ 9 ! /ubborn opposition :i* he enc\nt]$ 9 e/abli%+ ! tru? ( 8 me*anical !orems1 /ill m /upidly absurd ?an 9 ! ill w to :i*1 at a lat] p]iod ( 8 life1 8 a/ronomical op9ions expos$ him3 x is intelligible t ! vulg> %\ld )hold _! ass5t f "o :o pret5d$ to discov]ies 9 ! remote heav5s1 :i* few possess$ in/rum5ts to v]ify1 or tal5ts to appreciate2 b x is difficult to f9d t]ms = /igmatiz+ ! obdurate folly ( ^? :o pref]r$ ! evid5ce ( _! books to t ( _! s5ses1 9 judg+ ( ph5om5a s obvi\s z ^?1 = in/ance1 pres5t$ by ! fall ( bodies to ! gr\nd4 ,ari/otle _h ass]t$1 t if two diff]5t weights ( ! same mat]ial 7 let fall f ! same height1 ! heavi] "o w\ld rea* ! gr\nd soon] ?an ! o!r1 9 ! proportion ( _! weights4 ,! exp]im5t is c]ta9ly n a v difficult "o1 b nobody ?\ght ( t me?od ( argum5t1 & consequ5tly ?is ass]tion _h be5 long receiv$1 ^u 8 ^w1 among ! axioms ( ! sci5ce ( motion4 ,galileo v5tur$ to appeal f ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle to t ( 8 own s5ses1 & ma9ta9$ t1 ) ! exception ( an inconsid]able diff]5ce1 :i* he attribut$ to ! disproportionate resi/ance ( ! air1 !y w\ld fall 9 ! same "t4 ,! ,ari/otelians ridicul$ & refus$ to li/5 to su* an idea4 ,galileo repeat$ 8 exp]im5ts 9 _! pres5ce f ! fam\s lean+ t[] at ,pisa3 & ) ! s\nd ( ! simultane\sly fall+ weights /ill r++ 9 _! e>s1 !y c\ld p]si/ 9 gravely ma9ta9+ t a weight ( t5 p\nds w\ld rea* ! gr\nd 9 a t5? "p ( ! "t tak5 by "o ( a s+le p\nd1 because !y 7 able to quote *apt] & v]se 9 :i* ,ari/otle assures !m t su* is ! fact4 ,a temp] ( m9d l ?is c\ld n fail to produce ill w t[>ds him :o felt no scruples 9 expos+ _! wilful folly2 & ! wat*ful malice ( ^! m5 soon f\nd ! means ( mak+ ,galileo desir\s ( quitt+ 8 situation at ,pisa4 ,don ,giovanni de' ,m$ici1 a natural son ( ,cosmo1 :o possess$ a slight k ( me*anics on :i* he prid$ himself1 _h propos$ a contrivance = cleans+ ! port ( ,leghorn1 on ! effici5cy ( :i* ,galileo 0 consult$4 ,8 op9ion 0 unfav\rable1 & ! viol5ce ( ! inv5tor's disappo9tm5t1 7= ,galileo's judgm5t 0 v]ifi$ by ! result17 took ! some:at unreasonable direction ( hatr$ t[>ds ! man ^: p5etration _h =ese5 ! failure4 ,galileo's situation 0 r5d]$ s unpleasant by ! ma*9ations ( ?is p]son1 t he decid$ on accept+ ov]tures else:]e1 :i* _h already be5 made to him2 accord+ly1 "u ! negotiation ( 8 /aun* fri5d ,guido ,ubaldi1 & ) ! cons5t ( ,f]d9&1 he procur$ f ! republic ( ,v5ice a nom9ation = six ye>s to ! pr(essor%ip ( ma!matics 9 ! univ]sity ( ,padua1 :i!r he remov$ 9 ,septemb] #aeib4 ,galileo's pr$ecessor 9 ! ma!matical *air at ,padua 0 ,moleti1 :o di$ 9 #aehh1 & ! situation _h rema9$ unfill$ dur+ ! int]v5+ f\r ye>s4 ,?is seems to %[ t ! directors attribut$ b little importance to ! k :i* x 0 ! pr(essor's duty to imp>t4 ,?is inf]5ce is /r5g!n$ by ! fact1 t ! am\nt ( ! annual sal>y atta*$ to x did n exce$ #ahj flor9s1 :il/ ! pr(essors ( philosophy & civil law1 9 ! same univ]sity1 7 rat$ at ! annual /ip5ds ( #adjj & #afhj flor9s4#ab ,galileo jo9$ ! univ]sity ab\t a ye> aft] its triumph ov] ! ,jesuits1 :o _h e/abli%$ a s*ool 9 ,padua ab\t ! ye> #aedb1 &1 increas+ ye>ly 9 influ5ce1 _h %[n symptoms ( a design to get ! :ole managem5t ( ! public education into ! h&s ( _! own body4#ac ,aft] sev]al viol5t disputes x 0 at l5g? decre$ by ! ,v5etian s5ate1 9 #aeia1 t no ,jesuit %\ld be all[$ to give in/ruction at ,padua 9 any ( ! sci5ces pr(ess$ 9 ! univ]sity4 ,x does n appe> t aft] ?is decree !y 7 aga9 tr\blesome to ! univ]sity1 b ?is fir/ decree aga9/ !m 0 foll[$1 9 #afjf1 by a second m p]emptory1 :i* bani%$ !m entirely f ! ,v5etian t]ritory4 ,galileo w\ld ( c\rse f9d 8 fell[-pr(essors mu* embitt]$ aga9/ t society1 & w\ld naturally feel incl9$ to make common cause ) !m1 s t x is n unlikely t ! hatr$ :i* ! ,jesuits aft]w>ds bore to ,galileo on p]sonal consid]ations1 might be en=c$ by _! recollection ( ! univ]sity to :i* he _h belong$4 ,galileo's writ+s n[ began to foll[ ea* o!r ) great rapidity1 b he 0 at ?is "t app>5tly s c>eless ( 8 reputation1 t _m ( 8 works & inv5tions1 aft] a long circulation 9 manuscript among 8 pupils & fri5ds1 f\nd _! way into ! h&s ( ^? :o 7 n a%am$ to publi% !m z _! own1 & to d5\nce ,galileo's claim to ! au?or%ip z ! pret5ce ( an impud5t plagi>i/4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 s mu* belov$ & e/eem$ by 8 fri5ds1 t !y vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 res5t+ affronts ( ?is nature (f]$ to him1 & 9 m ?an "o in/ance he 0 reliev$1 by _! full & triumphant answ]s1 f ! tr\ble ( v9dicat+ 8 own "*4 ,to ?is epo* ( ,galileo's life may be ref]r$ 8 re-inv5tion ( ! !rmomet]4 ,! orig9al idea ( ?is useful in/rum5t belongs to ! ,greek ma!matician ,h]o2 & ,santorio himself1 :o has be5 nam$ z ! inv5tor by ,italian writ]s1 & at "o "t claim$ x himself1 ref]s x to him4 ,9 #afch1 ,ca/elli wrote to ,ces>9i t he rememb]$ an exp]im5t %[n to him m ?an ?irty-five ye>s back by ,galileo1 :o took a small glass bottle1 ab\t ! size ( a h5's egg1 ! neck ( :i* 0 tw5ty-two in*es long1 & z n>r[ z a /raw4 ,hav+ well heat$ ! bulb 9 8 h&s1 & !n introduc+ its m\? into a vessel 9 :i* 0 a little wat]1 & )draw+ ! heat ( 8 h& f ! bulb1 ! wat] rose 9 ! neck ( ! bottle m ?an elev5 in*es above ! level 9 ! vessel1 & ,galileo employ$ ?is pr9ciple 9 ! con/ruction ( an in/rum5t = measur+ heat & cold4#ad ,9 #afac1 a ,v5etian nobleman nam$ ,sagr$o1 :o has be5 already m5tion$ z ,galileo's fri5d & pupil1 writes to him 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,i h br\ght ! in/rum5t :i* y inv5t$ = measur+ heat into sev]al conv5i5t & p]fect =ms1 s t ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 two rooms is se5 z f> z #ajj degrees4#ae ,?is date is ant]ior to ! claims bo? ( ,santorio & ,drebbel1 a ,dut* physician1 :o 0 ! fir/ to introduce x into ,holl&4 ,galileo's !rmomet]1 z we h j se51 consi/$ m]ely ( a glass tube end+ 9 a bulb1 ! air 9 :i*1 be+ p>tly expell$ by heat1 0 replac$ by wat] f a glass into :i* ! op5 end ( ! tube 0 plung$1 & ! diff]5t degrees ( temp]ature 7 indicat$ by ! expansion ( ! air :i* yet rema9$ 9 ! bulb1 s t ! scale w\ld be ! rev]se ( t ( ! !rmomet] n[ 9 use1 = ! wat] w\ld /& at ! highe/ level 9 ! colde/ wea!r4 ,x 01 9 tru?1 a b>omet] also1 9 consequ5ce ( ! communication betwe5 ! tube & ext]nal air1 al?\gh ,galileo did n int5d x = ?is purpose1 & :5 he attempt$ to det]m9e ! relative weight ( ! air1 employ$ a contrivance /ill m imp]fect ?an ?is rude b>omet] w\ld h be54 ,a passage among 8 po/hum\s fragm5ts intimates t he subsequ5tly us$ _s ( w9e in/ead ( wat]4 ,viviani attributes an improvem5t ( ?is imp]fect in/rum5t1 b )\t specify+ its nature1 to ,f]d9& ,,ii41 a pupil & subsequ5t patron ( ,galileo1 &1 aft] ! dea? ( 8 fa!r ,cosmo1 reign+ duke ( ,flor5ce4 ,x 0 /ill fur!r improv$ by ,f]d9&'s y\ng] bro!r1 ,leopold de' ,m$ici1 :o inv5t$ ! mod]n process ( expell+ all ! air f ! tube by boil+ ! _s ( w9e 9 x1 & ( h]metically seal+ ! end ( ! tube1 :il/ ! conta9$ liquid is 9 ?is exp&$ /ate1 :i* depriv$ x ( its b>ometrical "*1 & fir/ made x an accurate !rmomet]4 ,! f9al improvem5t 0 ! employm5t ( m]cury in/ead ( _s ( w9e1 :i* is recomm5d$ by ,lana s e>ly z #afgj1 on acc\nt ( its equable expansion4#af ,= fur!r details on ! hi/ory & use ( ?is in/rum5t1 ! read] may consult ! ,treatises on ! ,,!rmomet] & ,,pyromet]4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,antib>b>us ,philosophicus4 ,franc(urti1 #afgd4 #aj ,speculationum lib]4 ,v5etiis1 #aehe4 #aa ,de l',inf9ito ,univ]so4 ,dial4 #c4 ,la ,c5a de le ,c5]e1 #aehd4 #ab ,riccoboni1 ,comm5t>ii de ,gymnasio ,patav9o1 #aeih4 #ac ,nelli4 #ad ,nelli4 #ae ,v5turi4 ,memorie e ,lett]e di ,gal4 ,galilei4 ,mod5a1 #ahba4 #af ,prodromo all' ,arte ,mae/ra4 ,brescia1 #afgj4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,a/ronomy be=e ,cop]nicus--,fraca/oro--,bacon--,kepl]-- ,galileo's ,treatise on ! ,sph]e4 ,,?is p]iod ( ,galileo's lecture%ip at ,padua d]ives int]e/ f its includ+ ! fir/ notice :i* we f9d ( 8 hav+ embrac$ ! doctr9es ( ! ,cop]nican a/ronomy4 ,mo/ ( our read]s are aw>e ( ! pr9ciples ( ! !ory ( ! cele/ial motions :i* ,cop]nicus re/or$2 b ! numb] ( ^? :o possess mu* k ( ! cumbr\s & unwieldy sy/em :i* x sup]s$$ is p]haps m limit$4 ,! pres5t is n a fit opportunity to ent] into _m details respect+ x2 ^! w f9d _! prop] place 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy3 b a brief sket* ( its lead+ pr9ciples is necess>y to r5d] :at foll[s intelligible4 ,! e>? 0 suppos$ to be immoveably fix$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & imm$iately surr\nd+ x ! atmosph]es ( air & fire1 beyond :i* ! sun1 moon1 & planets1 7 ?\ght to be c>ri$ r\nd ! e>?1 fix$ ea* to a sep>ate orb or heav5 ( solid b transp>5t matt]4 ,! ord] ( di/ance 9 :i* !y 7 suppos$ to be plac$ ) reg>d to ! c5tral e>? 0 z foll[s3 ,! ,moon1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,! ,sun1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn4 ,x became a "q 9 ! ages imm$iately prec$+ ,cop]nicus1 :e!r ! ,sun 0 n ne>] ! ,e>? ?an ,m]cury1 or at lea/ ?an ,v5us2 & ?is "q 0 "o on :i* ! a/ronomical !ori/s 7 !n *iefly divid$4 ,we possess at ?is "t a curi\s record ( a =m] belief 9 ?is arrangem5t ( ! ,sun & planets1 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! days ( ! week h be5 nam$ f !m4 ,accord+ to ! dreams ( ,a/rology1 ea* planet 0 suppos$ to ex]t its influ5ce 9 succession1 reckon+ f ! mo/ di/ant d[n to ! ne>e/1 ov] ea* h\r ( ! tw5ty-f\r4 ,! planet :i* 0 suppos$ to pr$om9ate ov] ! fir/ h\r1 gave its "n to t day4#ag ,! g5]al read] w trace ?is curi\s fact m easily ) ! ,fr5* or ,lat9 names ?an ) ! ,engli%1 :i* h be5 translat$ into ! titles ( ! correspond+ ,saxon deities4 ,plac+ ! ,sun & planets 9 ! foll[+ ord]1 & beg9n+1 = in/ance1 ) ,monday1 or ! ,moon's day2 ,saturn rul$ ! second h\r ( t day1 ,jupit] ! ?ird1 & s r\nd till we come aga9 & aga9 to ! ,moon on ! #h?1 #ae?1 & #bb;d h\rs2 ,saturn rul$ ! #bc;d1 ,jupit] ! #bd?1 s t ! next day w\ld be ! day ( ,m>s1 or1 z ! ,saxons translat$ x1 ,tuisco's day1 or ,tuesday4 ,9 ! same mann] ! foll[+ days w\ld belong respectively to ,m]cury or ,wod51 ,jupit] or ,?or1 ,v5us or ,frea1 ,saturn or ,seat]1 ! ,sun1 & aga9 ! ,moon4 ,9 ?is mann] ! :ole week w be f\nd to complete ! cycle ( ! sev5 planets4 ,illu/ration3 ,cycle ( ! sev5 planets4 ,! o!r />s 7 suppos$ to be fix$ 9 an out] orb1 beyond :i* 7 two cry/all9e sph]es1 7z !y 7 call$17 & on ! outside ( all1 ! primum mobile or fir/ moveable1 :i* sph]e 0 suppos$ to revolve r\nd ! e>? 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & by its friction1 or r1 z mo/ ( ! philosoph]s ( t day *ose to t]m x1 by ! sort ( heav5ly influ5ce :i* x ex]cis$ on ! int]ior orbs1 to c>ry !m r\nd ) a simil> motion4 ,h5ce ! div]sity ( day & night4 ,b beside ?is pr9cipal & g5]al motion1 ea* orb 0 suppos$ to h "o ( its own1 :i* 0 int5d$ to acc\nt = ! app>5t *anges ( position ( ! planets ) respect to ! fix$ />s & to ea* o!r4 ,?is supposition1 h[ev]1 prov+ insuffici5t to acc\nt = all ! irregul>ities ( motion obs]v$1 two hypo!ses 7 introduc$4--,fir/1 t to ea* planet belong$ sev]al conc5tric sph]es or heav5s1 cas+ ea* o!r l ! coats ( an onion1 &1 secondly1 t ! c5tres ( ^! solid sph]es1 ) :i* ! planet revolv$1 7 plac$ 9 ! circumf]5ce ( a second>y revolv+ sph]e1 ! c5tre ( :i* second>y sph]e 0 situat$ at ! e>?4 ,!y ?us acquir$ ! names ( ,ecc5trics or ,epicycles1 ! latt] ^w signify+ a circle ^u a circle4 ,! :ole art ( a/ronom]s 0 !n direct$ t[>ds inv5t+ & comb9+ diff]5t ecc5tric & epicyclical motions1 s z to repres5t ) tol]able fidelity ! ev] v>y+ ph5om5a ( ! heav5s4 ,ari/otle _h l5t 8 p[]ful assi/ance 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r bran*es ( natural philosophy1 9 enabl+ ! false sy/em to prevail aga9/ & oblit]ate ! k ( ! true1 :i*1 z we ga!r f 8 own writ+s1 0 ma9ta9$ by "s philosoph]s be=e 8 "t4 ,( ^! anci5t op9ions1 only a few traces n[ rema91 pr9cipally pres]v$ 9 ! works ( ^? :o 7 adv]se to !m4 ,ar*im$es says expressly t ,ari/>*us ( ,samos1 :o liv$ ab\t #cjj ,b4 ,c41 taught ! immobility ( ! sun & />s1 & t ! e>? is c>ri$ r\nd ! c5tral sun4#ah ,ari/otle's words are3 ,mo/ ( ^? :o ass]t t ! :ole concave is f9ite1 say t ! e>? is situat$ 9 ! middle po9t ( ! univ]se3 ^? :o are call$ ,py?agoreans1 :o live 9 ,italy1 are ( a contr>y op9ion4 ,= !y say t fire is 9 ! c5tre1 & t ! e>?1 :i*1 accord+ to !m1 is "o ( ! />s1 occasions ! *ange ( day & night by its own motion1 ) :i* x is c>ri$ ab\t ! c5tre4 ,x might be d\btful1 ^u ?is passage alone1 :e!r ! ,py?agorean !ory embrac$ m ?an ! diurnal motion ( ! e>?1 b a little f>!r1 we f9d ! foll[+ passage3 ,"s1 z we h said1 make ! e>? to be "o ( ! />s3 o!rs say t x is plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,univ]se1 & revolves on a c5tral axis4#ai ,f :i*1 9 conjunction ) ! =m] extract1 x v pla9ly appe>s t ! ,py?agoreans ma9ta9$ bo? ! diurnal & annual motions ( ! e>?4 ,"s idea ( ! sup]]ogatory lab\r entail$ ^u a/ronom]s by ! adoption ( ! sy/em :i* places ! e>? 9 ! c5tre1 may be =m$ 9 a popul> mann] by obs]v+1 9 pass+ ?r\gh a ?ickly plant$ wood1 9 h[ complicat$ a mann] ! relative positions ( ! trees appe> at ea* /ep to be cont9ually *ang+1 & by consid]+ ! difficulty ) :i* ! laws ( _! app>5t motions c\ld be trac$1 if we 7 to attempt to ref] ^! *anges to a real motion ( ! trees in/ead ( ! travell]4 ,! app>5t complexity 9 ! heav5s is /ill great] ?an 9 ! case sugge/$2 because1 9 addition to ! e>?'s motions1 ) :i* all ! />s appe> to be impress$1 ea* ( ! planets has also a real motion ( its own1 :i* ( c\rse greatly contributes to p]plex & complicate ! g5]al appe>ances4 ,accord+ly ! heav5s rapidly became1 "u ?is sy/em1 ,) c5tric & ecc5tric scribbl$ o'er1 ,cycle & epicycle1 orb 9 orb2#bj cross+ & p5etrat+ ea* o!r 9 e direction4 ,mae/l9 has giv5 a concise enum]ation ( ! pr9cipal orbs :i* belong$ to ?is !ory4 ,aft] w>n+ ! read]s t !y are n m]e fictions :i* h no?+ to correspond ) !m out ( ! imag9ation1 b t !y exi/ really1 & bodily 9 ! heav5s1#ba he describes sev5 pr9cipal sph]es belong+ to ea* planet1 :i* he classes z ,ecc5trics1 ,epicycles1 & ,conc5trepicycles1 & expla9s _! use 9 acc\nt+ = ! planet's revolutions1 motions ( ! apogee1 & nodes1 c4 c4 ,9 :at mann] ?is multitude ( solid & cry/all9e orbs 7 secur$ f injur+ or int]f]+ ) ea* o!r 0 n v closely inquir$ into4 ,! read] w cease to expect any v intelligible explanation ( ?is & numb]less o!r difficulties :i* belong to ?is unwieldy ma*9]y :5 he is introduc$ to ! reason+ by :i* x 0 upheld4 ,g]olamo ,fraca/oro1 :o liv$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 writes 9 ! foll[+ t]ms1 9 8 "w entitl$ ,homoc5trica1 7c]ta9ly "o ( ! be/ productions ( ! day17 9 :i* he endeav\rs to simplify ! necess>y app>atus1 & to expla9 all ! ph5om5a 7z ! title ( 8 book implies7 by conc5tric sph]es r\nd ! e>?4 ,!re are "s1 n only ( ! anci5ts b also among ! mod]ns1 :o believe t ! />s move freely )\t any su* ag5cy2 b x is difficult to conceive 9 :at mann] !y h imbu$ !mselves ) ?is notion1 s9ce n only reason1 b ! v s5ses1 in=m u t all ! />s are c>ri$ r\nd fa/5$ to solid sph]es4 ,:at ideas ,fraca/oro ent]ta9$ ( ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses x is n n[ easy to guess1 b he goes on to give a specim5 ( ! reason+ :i* appe>$ to him s incontrov]tible4 ,! planets are obs]v$ to move "o :ile =w>ds1 !n backw>ds1 n[ to ! "r1 n[ to ! left1 quick] & sl[] by turns2 :i* v>iety is consi/5t ) a comp\nd /ructure l t ( an animal1 :i* possesses 9 itself v>i\s spr+s & pr9ciples ( action1 b is totally at v>iance ) our notion ( a simple & undecay+ sub/ance l ! heav5s & heav5ly bodies4 ,= t :i* is simple1 is altoge!r s+le1 & s+l5ess is ( "o only nature1 & "o nature c be ! cause ( only "o effect2 & !re=e x is altoge!r impossible t ! />s ( !mselves %\ld move ) su* v>iety ( motion4 ,& besides1 if ! />s move by !mselves1 !y ei!r move 9 an empty space1 or 9 a fluid m$ium l ! air4 ,b !re _c be su* a ?+ z empty space1 & if !re 7 su* a m$ium1 ! motion ( ! /> w\ld occasion cond5sation & r>efaction 9 diff]5t p>ts ( x1 :i* is ! prop]ty ( corruptible bodies & :]e !y exi/ "s viol5t motion is go+ on2 b ! heav5s are incorruptible & are n susceptible ( viol5t motion1 & h5ce1 & f _m o!r simil> reasons1 any "o :o is n ob/9ate may satisfy himself t ! />s _c h any indep5d5t motion4 ,"s p]sons may p]haps ?9k t argum5ts ( ?is =ce are unnecess>ily dragg$ f ! obscurity to :i* !y are n[ = ! mo/ "p happily consign$2 b x is ess5tial1 9 ord] to set ,galileo's "* & m]its 9 _! true light1 to %[ h[ l[ at ?is "t philosophy _h fall54 ,= we %all =m a v inadequate notion ( 8 p[]s & des]ts if we d n contemplate him 9 ! mid/ ( m5 :o1 ?\gh ( und\bt$ tal5t & +5uity1 c\ld s f> bewild] !mselves z to mi/ake su* a /r+ ( unmean+ phrases = argum5t3 we mu/ reflect on ! difficulty e "o exp]i5ces 9 deliv]+ himself f ! errone\s impressions ( infancy1 :i* w rema9 /amp$ ^u ! imag9ation 9 spite ( all ! ef=ts ( matur$ reason to erase !m1 & consid] e /ep ( ,galileo's c\rse z a triumph ov] difficulties ( a l nature4 ,we ought to be fully p5etrat$ ) ?is feel+ be=e we sit d[n to ! p]usal ( 8 works1 e l9e ( :i* w !n increase our admiration ( ! p5etrat+ acut5ess ( 8 inv5tion & unsw]v+ accuracy ( 8 judgm5t4 ,9 almo/ e page we discov] an allusion to "s new exp]im5t1 or ! g]m ( "s new !ory2 & amid all ?is wond]ful f]tility x is r>ely inde$ t we f9d ! exub]ance ( 8 imag9ation s$uc+ him f ! rigid pa? ( philosophical induction4 ,?is is ! m rem>kable z he 0 surr\nd$ by fri5ds & contempor>ies ( a diff]5t temp]am5t & mu* less cauti\s disposition4 ,a disadvantage\s contra/ is occasionally furni%$ ev5 by ! sagaci\s ,bacon1 :o c\ld s f> deviate f ! s\nd pr9ciples ( inductive philosophy1 z to write1 = in/ance1 9 ! foll[+ /ra91 bord]+ ^u ! wor/ mann] ( ! ,ari/otelians3--,motion 9 a circle has no limit1 & seems to emanate f ! appetite ( ! body1 :i* moves only = ! sake ( mov+1 & t x may foll[ itself & seek its own embraces1 & put 9 action & enjoy its own nature1 & ex]cise its peculi> op]ation3 on ! contr>y1 motion 9 a /raight l9e seems transitory1 & to move t[>ds a limit ( cessation or re/1 & t x may rea* "s po9t1 & !n put (f its motion4#bb ,bacon reject$ all ! ma*9]y ( ! primum mobile & ! solid sph]es1 ! ecc5trics & ! epicycles1 & c>ri$ 8 dislike ( ^! doctr9es s f> z to ass]t t no?+ %ort ( _! gross absurdity c\ld h driv5 !ori/s to ! extravagant supposition ( ! motion ( ! e>?1 :i*1 said he1 we "k to be mo/ false4#bc ,in/ances ( extravagant suppositions & premature g5]alizations are to be f\nd 9 almo/ e page ( 8 o!r great contempor>y1 ,kepl]4 ,x is ) pa9 t we obs]ve ,delambre tak+ e opportunity1 9 8 admirable ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy1 to und]value & sne] at ,galileo1 seem+ly = ! sake ( elevat+ ! "* ( ,kepl]1 :o appe>s 8 pr9cipal fav\rite1 b ^: m]it z a philosoph] _c safely be br\ght into competition ) t ( 8 illu/ri\s contempor>y4 ,delambre is especially dissatisfi$ ) ,galileo1 = tak+ no notice1 9 8 ,sy/em ( ! ,_w1 ( ! celebrat$ laws ( ! planet>y motions :i* ,kepl] discov]$1 & :i* are n[ insep>ably connect$ ) 8 "n4 ,! analysis ( ,newton & 8 successors has n[ id5tifi$ ^? app>5tly my/]i\s laws ) ! g5]al ph5om5a ( motion1 & has ?us entitl$ !m to an att5tion ( :i*1 be=e t "t1 !y 7 sc>cely wor?y2 at any rate n m ?an is at pres5t ! empirical law :i* includes ! di/ances ( all ! planets f ! sun 7r\ghly tak57 9 "o algebraical =mula4 ,! obs]vations ( ,kepl]'s day 7 sc>cely accurate en\gh to prove t ! relations :i* he discov]$ betwe5 ! di/ances ( ! planets f ! sun & ! p]iods ( _! revolutions ar\nd him 7 necess>ily to be receiv$ z demon/rat$ tru?s2 & ,galileo surely act$ mo/ prud5tly & philosophically 9 hold+ himself altoge!r alo( f ,kepl]'s fanciful devices & num]al conc9nities1 al?\gh1 ) all ! extravagance1 !y possess$ mu* ( ! g5ius ( ! ,platonic rev]ies1 & al?\gh x did happ5 t ,galileo1 by sy/ematically avoid+ !m1 fail$ to recognise "s important tru?s4 ,galileo probably 0 ?9k+ ( ^? v laws1 :5 he said ( ,kepl]1 ,he possesses a bold & free g5ius1 p]haps too mu* s2 b 8 mode ( philosophiz+ is widely diff]5t f m9e4 ,we %all h fur!r occasion 9 ! sequel to recognise ! ju/ice ( ?is rem>k4 ,9 ! treatise on ! ,sph]e :i* be>s ,galileo's "n1 & :i*1 if he be inde$ ! au?or ( x1 0 compos$ dur+ ! e>ly "p ( 8 resid5ce at ,padua1 he also adopts ! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 plac+ ! e>? immoveable 9 ! c5tre1 & adduc+ aga9/ its motion ! usual argum5ts1 :i* 9 8 subsequ5t writ+s he ridicules & refutes4 ,"s d\bts h be5 express$ ( its au!nticity2 b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 we h x "u ,galileo's own h& t he taught ! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 9 compliance ) popul> prejudices1 = "s "t aft] he _h privately become a conv]t to ! contr>y op9ions4 ,9 a lett]1 app>5tly ! fir/ :i* he wrote to ,kepl]1 dat$ f ,padua1 #aeig1 he says1 ackn[l$g+ ! receipt ( ,kepl]'s ,my/]ium ,cosmographicum1 ,i h z yet read no?+ beyond ! preface ( y\r book1 f :i* h[ev] ,i cat* a glimpse ( y\r mean+1 & feel great joy on meet+ ) s p[]ful an associate 9 ! pursuit ( tru?1 & consequ5tly su* a fri5d to tru? itself1 = x is deplorable t !re %\ld be s few :o c>e ab\t tru?1 & :o d n p]si/ 9 _! p]v]se mode ( philosophiz+2 b z ?is is n ! fit "t = lam5t+ ! melan*oly condition ( our times1 b = congratulat+ y on y\r elegant discov]ies 9 confirmation ( ! tru?1 ,i %all only add a promise to p]use y\r book dispassionately1 & ) a conviction t ,i %all f9d 9 x mu* to admire4 ,?is ,i %all d ! m will+ly because _m ye>s ago ,i became a conv]t to ! op9ions ( ,cop]nicus1#bd & by t !ory h succe$$ 9 fully expla9+ _m ph5om5a1 :i* on ! contr>y hypo!sis are altoge!r inexplicable4 ,i h arrang$ _m argum5ts & confutations ( ! opposite op9ions1 :i* h[ev] ,i h n yet d>$ to publi%1 fe>+ ! fate ( our ma/] ,cop]nicus1 :o1 al?\gh he has e>n$ immortal fame among a few1 yet by an inf9ite numb] 7= s only c ! numb] ( fools be measur$7 is explod$ & d]id$4 ,if !re 7 _m su* z y1 ,i w\ld v5ture to publi% my speculations2 b1 s9ce t is n s1 ,i %all take "t to consid] ( x4 ,?is int]e/+ lett] 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! fri5d%ip ( ^! two great m51 :i* la/$ un9t]rupt$ly till #afcj1 ! date ( ,kepl]'s dea?4 ,t extraord9>y g5ius nev] omitt$ an opportunity ( te/ify+ 8 admiration ( ,galileo1 al?\gh !re 7 n want+ p]sons envi\s ( _! good und]/&+1 :o ex]t$ !mselves to provoke coolness & qu>rel betwe5 !m4 ,?us ,brutius writes to ,kepl] 9 #afjb3be ,galileo tells me he has writt5 to y1 & has got y\r book1 :i* h[ev] he d5i$ to ,mag9i1 & ,i abus$ him = prais+ y ) too _m qualifications4 ,i "k x to be a fact t1 bo? 9 8 lectures1 & else:]e1 he is publi%+ y\r inv5tions z 8 own2 b ,i h tak5 c>e1 & %all cont9ue to d s1 t all ?is %all r$\nd n to 8 cr$it b to y\rs4 ,! only notice :i* ,kepl] took ( ^! repeat$ ins9uations1 :i* appe> to h be5 utt]ly gr\ndless1 01 by r5ew$ expressions ( respect & admiration1 to te/ify ! value he set ^u 8 fri5d & fell[-lab\r] 9 philosophy4 ,,footnotes3 #ag ,dion ,cassius1 lib4 #cg4 #ah ,! pret5d$ translation by ,rob]val ( an ,arabic v]sion ( ,ari/>*us1 ,de ,sy/emate ,mundi1 9 :i* ! ,cop]nican sy/em is fully develop$1 is spuri\s4 ,m5age ass]ts ?is 9 8 obs]vations on ,diog54 ,la]t4 lib4 #h1 sec4 #he1 tom4 ii41 p4 #chi4 7,ed4 ,am/4 #afib47 ,! comm5t>y conta9s _m au?orities well wor? consult+4 ,delambre1 ,hi/oire de l',a/ronomie1 inf]s x f its n conta9+ "s op9ions :i* ,ar*im$es tells u 7 held by ,ari/>*us4 ,a m direct pro( may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ blund] ( ! suppos$ translator4 ,a/ronom]s _h be5 long aw>e t ! e>? 9 diff]5t p>ts ( h] orbit is at diff]5t di/ances f ! sun4 ,rob]val wi%$ to claim = ,ari/>*us ! cr$it ( hav+ kn[n ?is1 & introduc$ into 8 book1 n only ! m5tion ( ! fact1 b an explanation ( its cause4 ,accord+ly he makes ,ari/>*us give a reason :y ! sun's apogee 7or place ( greate/ di/ance f ! e>?7 mu/ always be at ! nor? summ] sol/ice4 ,9 fact1 x 0 !re1 or ne>ly s1 9 ,rob]val's "t1 & he knew n b t x _h always be5 !re4 ,x is h[ev] moveable1 &1 :5 ,ari/>*us liv$1 0 ne>ly half way betwe5 ! sol/ices & equ9oxes4 ,he !re=e w\ld h>dly h giv5 a reason = ! necessity ( a ph5om5on ( :i*1 if he obs]v$ any?+ on ! subject1 he mu/ h obs]v$ ! contr>y4 ,! *ange 9 ! obliquity ( ! e>?'s axis to ! ecliptic 0 kn[n 9 ! "t ( ,rob]val1 & he accord+ly has introduc$ ! prop] value :i* x _h 9 ,ari/>*us's "t4 #ai ,de ,clo4 lib4 #b4 #bj ,p>adise ,lo/1 b4 viii4 v4 #hc4 #ba ,itaque tam circulos primi motus quam orbes secundorum mobilium rev] 9 cle/i corpore esse concludimus1 c4 ,non ergo sunt m]a figm5ta1 quibus extra m5tem nihil correspondeat4 ,m4 ,mae/l9i1 ,de ,a/ronomi ,hypo!sibus disputatio4 ,heidelb]g1 #aehb4 #bb ,opuscula ,philosophica1 ,!ma ,cli4 #bc ,nobis con/at falsissimum esse4 ,de ,aug4 ,sci5t4 lib4 iii4 c4 #c1 #afbc4 #bd ,id autum e lib5tius faciam1 quod 9 ,cop]nici s5t5tiam multis abh9c annis v5]im4--,kepl4 ,epi/ol4 #be ,kepl]i ,epi/ol4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,galileo re-elect$ ,pr(essor at ,padua--,new />--,compass ( proportion--,capra--,gilb]t--,proposals to return to ,pisa--,lo/ writ+s--,cavali]i4 ,,galileo',s reputation 0 n[ rapidly increas+3 8 lectures 7 att5d$ by _m p]sons ( ! highe/ rank2 among :om 7 ! ,ar*duke ,f]d9&1 aft]w>ds ,emp]or ( ,g]many1 ! ,l&grave ( ,hesse1 & ! ,pr9ces ( ,alsace & ,mantua4 ,on ! expiration ( ! fir/ p]iod = :i* he _h be5 elect$ pr(essor1 he 0 re*os5 = a simil> p]iod1 ) a sal>y increas$ to #cbj flor9s4 ,! imm$iate occasion ( ?is augm5tation is said by ,fabroni#bf1 to h aris5 out ( ! malice ( an ill wi%] ( ,galileo1 :o1 hop+ to d him diss]vice1 appriz$ ! s5ate t he 0 n m>ri$ to ,m>9a ,gamba1 !n liv+ ) him1 & ! "m ( 8 son ,v9c5zo4 ,:e!r or n ! s5ate might consid] !mselves entitl$ to inquire into ! morality ( 8 private life1 x 0 probably f a wi% to m>k _! s5se ( ! in=m]'s imp]t95ce1 t !y return$ ! brief answ]1 t if he _h a family to provide =1 he /ood ! m 9 ne$ ( an increas$ /ip5d4 ,dur+ ,galileo's resid5ce at ,padua1 &1 accord+ to ,viviani's intimation1 t[>ds ! ?irtie? ye> ( 8 age1 t is to say 9 #aeid1 he exp]i5c$ ! fir/ attack ( a disease :i* press$ heavily on him = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,he enjoy$1 :5 a "y man1 a heal?y & vigor\s con/itution1 b *anc+ to sleep "o aft]noon ne> an op5 w9d[1 ?r\gh :i* 0 bl[+ a curr5t ( air cool$ artificially by ! fall ( wat]1 ! consequ5ces 7 mo/ disa/r\s to him4 ,he contract$ a sort ( *ronic compla9t1 :i* %[$ itself 9 acute pa9s 9 8 limbs1 *e/1 & back1 accompani$ ) frequ5t hmorrhages & loss ( sleep & appetite2 & ?is pa9ful disord] !nce=w>d nev] left him entirely1 b recurr$ int]mitt+ly1 ) great] or less viol5ce1 z long z he liv$4 ,o!rs ( ! p>ty did n ev5 escape s well1 b di$ %ortly aft] committ+ ?is imprud5ce4 ,9 #afjd1 ! att5tion ( a/ronom]s 0 call$ to ! contemplation ( a new />1 :i* appe>$ sudd5ly ) great spl5d\r 9 ! con/ellation ,s]p5t>ius1 or ,ophiu*us1 z x is n[ m commonly call$4 ,mae/l91 :o 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ to notice x1 relates 8 obs]vations 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,h[ wond]ful is ?is new />6 ,i am c]ta9 t ,i did n see x be=e ! #bi? ( ,septemb]1 nor inde$1 on acc\nt ( sev]al cl\dy nights1 _h ,i a good view till ! #f? ( ,octob]4 ,n[ t x is on ! o!r side ( ! sun1 in/ead ( surpass+ ,jupit] z x did1 & almo/ rivall+ ,v5us1 x sc>cely mat*es ! ,cor ,leonis1 & h>dly surpasses ,saturn4 ,x cont9ues h[ev] to %9e ) ! same bright & /rongly sp>kl+ light1 & *anges its col\rs almo/ ) e mom5t2 fir/ tawny1 !n yell[1 pres5tly purple & r$1 &1 :5 x has ris5 above ! vap\rs1 mo/ frequ5tly :ite4 ,?is 0 by no means an unprec$5t$ ph5om5on2 & ! curi\s read] may f9d 9 ,riccioli#bg a catalogue ( ! pr9cipal new />s :i* h at diff]5t times appe>$4 ,!re is a tradition ( a simil> occurr5ce z e>ly z ! times ( ! ,greek a/ronom] ,hipp>*us1 :o is said to h be5 /imulat$ by x to ! =mation ( 8 catalogue ( ! />s2 & only ?irty-two ye>s be=e1 9 #aegb1 ! same rem>kable ph5om5on 9 ! con/ellation ,cassiopeia 0 ma9ly in/rum5tal 9 deta*+ ! celebrat$ ,ty*o ,brahe f ! *emical /udies1 :i* till !n divid$ 8 att5tion ) a/ronomy4 ,ty*o's /> disappe>$ at ! end ( two ye>s2 & at t "t ,galileo 0 a *ild4 ,on ! pres5t occasion1 he set himself e>ne/ly to consid] ! new ph5om5on1 & embodi$ ! results ( 8 obs]vations 9 ?ree lectures1 :i* h be5 un=tunately lo/4 ,only ! exordium ( ! fir/ has be5 pres]v$3 9 ?is he reproa*es 8 auditors ) _! g5]al ins5sibility to ! magnific5t wond]s ( creation daily expos$ to _! view1 9 no respect less admirable ?an ! new prodigy1 to he> an explanation ( :i* !y _h hurri$ 9 cr[ds to 8 lecture room4 ,he %[$1 f ! abs5ce ( p>allax1 t ! new /> c\ld n be1 z ! vulg> hypo!sis repres5t$1 a m]e meteor eng5d]$ 9 our atmosph]e & ne>] ! e>? ?an ! moon1 b mu/ be situat$ among ! mo/ remote heav5ly bodies4 ,?is 0 inconceivable to ! ,ari/otelians1 ^: notions ( a p]fect1 simple1 & un*angeable sky 7 q at v>iance ) ! introduction ( any su* new body2 & we may p]haps consid] ^! lectures z ! fir/ public decl>ation ( ,galileo's ho/ility to ! old ,ptolemaic & ,ari/otelian a/ronomy4 ,9 #afjf he 0 reappo9t$ to ! lecture%ip1 & 8 sal>y a second "t increas$1 be+ rais$ to #ebj flor9s4 ,8 public lectures 7 at ?is p]iod s mu* ?rong$ t ! ord9>y place ( meet+ 0 f\nd insuffici5t to conta9 8 auditors1 & he 0 on sev]al occasions oblig$ to adj\rn to ! op5 air1--ev5 f ! s*ool ( m$ic9e1 :i* 0 calculat$ to conta9 "o ?\s& p]sons4 ,ab\t ?is "t he 0 consid]ably annoy$ by a "y ,milanese1 ( ! "n ( ,bal?as> ,capra1 :o pirat$ an in/rum5t :i* ,galileo _h inv5t$ "s ye>s be=e1 & _h call$ ! geometrical & milit>y compass4 ,! orig9al (f5d] 0 a ,g]man nam$ ,simon ,may]1 :om we %all meet ) aft]w>ds arrogat+ to himself ! m]it ( "o ( ,galileo's a/ronomical discov]ies2 b on ?is occasion1 z soon z he f\nd ,galileo dispos$ to res5t ! injury done to him1 he ha/ily quitt$ ,italy1 leav+ 8 fri5d ,capra to be> alone ! %ame ( ! exposure :i* foll[$4 ,! in/rum5t is ( simple con/ruction1 consi/+ m]ely ( two /raight rul]s1 connect$ by a jo9t2 s t !y c be set to any requir$ angle4 ,?is simple & useful in/rum5t1 n[ call$ ! ,sector1 is to be f\nd 9 almo/ e case ( ma!matical in/rum5ts4 ,in/ead ( ! trigonometrical & log>i?mic l9es :i* are n[ g5]ally engrav$ ^u x1 ,galileo's compass m]ely conta9$1 on "o side1 ?ree pairs ( l9es1 divid$ 9 simple1 duplicate1 & triplicate proportion1 ) a f\r? pair on :i* 7 regi/]$ ! specific gravities ( sev]al ( ! mo/ common metals4 ,^! 7 us$ = multiplications1 divisions1 & ! extraction ( roots2 = f9d+ ! dim5sions ( equally heavy balls ( diff]5t mat]ials1 c4 ,on ! o!r side 7 l9es contriv$ = assi/+ to describe any requir$ polygon on a giv5 l9e2 = f9d+ polygons ( "o k9d equal 9 area to ^? ( ano!r2 & a multitude ( o!r simil> op]ations useful to ! practical eng9e]4 ,unless ! in/rum5t1 :i* is n[ call$ ,gunt]'s scale1 be mu* alt]$ f :at x orig9ally 01 x is difficult to und]/& on :at gr\nds ,salusbury *>ges ,gunt] ) plagi>ism f ,galileo's ,compass4 ,he decl>es t he has closely comp>$ ! two1 & c f9d no diff]5ce betwe5 !m4#bh ,!re has also be5 "s confusion1 by sev]al writ]s1 betwe5 ?is in/rum5t & :at is n[ commonly call$ ! ,proportional ,compass4 ,! latt] consi/s ( two slips ( metal po9t$ at ea* end1 & connect$ by a p9 :i*1 slid+ 9 a groove ?r\gh bo?1 c be %ift$ to diff]5t positions4 ,its use is to f9d proportional l9es2 = x is obvi\s t ! op5+s measur$ by ea* pair ( legs w be 9 ! same proportion 9 :i* ! slips are divid$ by ! c5tre4 ,! divisions usually m>k$ on x are calculat$ = f9d+ ! submultiples ( /raight l9es1 & ! *ords ( submultiple arcs4 ,montucla has m5tion$ ?is mi/ake ( "o in/rum5t = ! o!r1 & *>ges ,voltaire ) ! m inexcusable error ( conf\nd+ ,galileo's ) ! ,m>9]'s ,compass4 ,he ref]s to a treatise by ,hulsius = 8 au?ority 9 attribut+ ! ,proportional ,compass to ,burgi1 a ,swiss a/ronom] ( "s celebrity4 ,hor*] also has be5 /yl$ ! inv5tor2 b he did no m ?an describe its =m & application4 ,9 ! frontispiece ( 8 book is an engrav+ ( ?is compass exactly simil> to ^? :i* are n[ us$4#bi ,to ! description :i* ,galileo publi%$ ( 8 compass1 he add$ a %ort treatise on ! me?od ( measur+ heights & di/ances ) ! quadrant & plumb l9e4 ,! treatise1 :i* is pr9t$ by itself at ! end ( ! fir/ volume ( ! ,padua edition ( ,galileo's works1 conta9s no?+ m ?an ! demon/rations belong+ to ! same op]ations4 ,!y are q elem5t>y1 & conta9 little or no?+ t 0 new ev5 at t "t4 ,su* an in/rum5t z ,galileo's ,compass 0 ( mu* m importance be=e ! gr& discov]y ( log>i?ms ?an x c n[ be consid]$3 h[ev] x acquires an additional int]e/ f ! value :i* he himself set on x4 ,9 #afjg1 ,capra1 at ! in/igation ( ,may]1 publi%$ z 8 own inv5tion :at he calls ! proportional hoop1 :i* is a m]e copy ( ,galileo's in/rum5t4 ,?is produc$ f ,galileo a long essay1 entitl$ ,a ,def5ce ( ,galileo aga9/ ! ,calumnies & ,impo/ures ( ,bal?as> ,capra4 ,8 pr9cipal compla9t seems to h be5 ( ! misrepres5tations :i* ,capra _h publi%$ ( 8 lectures on ! new /> already m5tion$1 b he takes occasion1 aft] po9t+ out ! blund]s & falsehoods :i* ,capra _h committ$ on t occasion1 to add a complete pro( ( 8 piracy ( ! geometrical compass4 ,he %[$1 f ! au!nticat$ depositions ( workm51 & ( ^? = :om ! in/rum5ts _h be5 fabricat$1 t he _h devis$ !m z e>ly z ! ye> #aeig1 & _h expla9$ _! con/ruction & use bo? to ,bal?as> himself & to 8 fa!r ,aurelio ,capra1 :o 0 !n resid+ 9 ,padua4 ,he gives1 9 ! same essay1 ! m9utes ( a public meet+ betwe5 himself & ,capra1 9 :i* he prov$1 to ! satisfaction ( ! univ]sity1 t :]ev] ,capra _h endeav\r$ to introduce into 8 book propositions :i* 7 n to be met ) 9 ,galileo's1 he _h fall5 into ! greate/ absurdities1 & betray$ ! mo/ complete ignorance ( 8 subject4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is public exposure1 & ( ! report ( ! fam\s ,fra ,paolo ,s>pi1 to :om ! matt] _h be5 ref]r$1 0 a =mal prohibition by ! univ]sity ( ,capra's publication1 & all copies ( ! book !n on h& 7 seiz$1 & probably de/roy$1 ?\gh ,galileo has pres]v$ x f oblivion by incorporat+ x 9 8 own publication4 ,ne>ly at ! same "t1 #afjg1 or imm$iately aft]1 he fir/ turn$ 8 att5tion t[>ds ! load/one1 on :i* our c\ntryman ,gilb]t _h already publi%$ 8 rese>*es1 conduct$ 9 ! true _s ( ! inductive me?od4 ,v little t is orig9al is to be f\nd 9 ,galileo's works on ?is subject1 except "s allusions to 8 me?od ( arm+ magnets1 9 :i*1 z 9 mo/ ( 8 practical & me*anical op]ations1 he appe>s to h be5 s+ul>ly successful4 ,sir ,k5elm ,digby#cj ass]ts1 t ! magnets arm$ by ,galileo w\ld support twice z great a weight z "o ( ,gilb]t's ( ! same size4 ,galileo 0 well acqua9t$1 z appe>s f 8 frequ5t allusions 9 diff]5t p>ts ( 8 works1 ) :at ,gilb]t _h done1 ( :om he says1 ,i extremely praise1 admire1 & envy ?is au?or2--,i ?9k him1 moreov]1 wor?y ( ! greate/ praise = ! _m new & true obs]vations t he has made to ! disgrace ( s _m va9 & fabl+ au?ors1 :o write1 n f _! own k only1 b repeat e ?+ !y he> f ! fooli% vulg>1 )\t attempt+ to satisfy !mselves ( ! same by exp]i5ce1 p]haps t !y may n dim9i% ! size ( _! books4 ,galileo's reputation be+ n[ greatly increas$1 proposals 7 made to him1 9 #afji1 to return to 8 orig9al situation at ,pisa4 ,he _h be5 9 ! habit ( pass+ ov] to ,flor5ce dur+ ! academic vacation1 = ! purpose ( giv+ ma!matical in/ruction to ! y\ng] memb]s ( ,f]d9&'s family2 & ,cosmo1 :o _h n[ succe$$ 8 fa!r z duke ( ,tuscany1 regrett$ t s ma/]ly a g5ius _h be5 all[$ to leave ! univ]sity :i* he naturally %\ld h grac$4 ,a few extracts f ,galileo's answ]s to ^! ov]tures w s]ve to %[ ! nature ( 8 situation at ,padua1 & ! mann] 9 :i* 8 "t 0 !re occupi$4 ,i w n hesitate to say1 hav+ n[ lab\r$ dur+ tw5ty ye>s1 & ^? ! be/ ( my life1 9 deal+ out1 z "o may say1 9 detail1 at ! reque/ ( any body1 ! little tal5t :i* ,god has grant$ to my assiduity 9 my pr(ession1 t my wi% c]ta9ly w\ld be to h suffici5t re/ & leisure to enable me1 be=e my life comes to its close1 to conclude ?ree great works :i* ,i h 9 h&1 & to publi% !m2 :i* might p]haps br+ "s cr$it to me1 & to ^? :o _h fav\r$ me 9 ?is und]tak+1 & possibly may be ( great] & m frequ5t s]vice to /ud5ts ?an 9 ! re/ ( my life ,i c\ld p]sonally af=d !m4 ,great] leisure ?an ,i h "h ,i d\bt if ,i c\ld meet ) else:]e1 s long z ,i am compell$ to support my family f my public & private lectures1 7nor w\ld ,i will+ly lecture 9 any o!r city ?an ?is1 = sev]al reasons :i* w\ld be long to m5tion7 nev]!less n ev5 ! lib]ty ,i h "h is suffici5t1 :]e ,i am oblig$ to sp5d _m1 & (t5 ! be/ h\rs ( ! day at ! reque/ ( ?is & t man4--,my public sal>y "h is #ebj flor9s1 :i* ,i am almo/ c]ta9 w be advanc$ to z _m cr[ns ^u my re-election1 & ^! ,i c greatly increase by receiv+ pupils1 & f private lectures1 to any ext5t t ,i please4 ,my public duty does n conf9e me dur+ m ?an #fj half h\rs 9 ! ye>1 & ev5 t n s /rictly b t ,i may1 on occasion ( any bus9ess1 contrive to get "s vacant days2 ! re/ ( my "t is absolutely at my own disposal2 b because my private lectures & dome/ic pupils are a great h9drance & int]ruption ( my /udies1 ,i wi% to live entirely exempt f ! =m]1 & 9 great measure f ! latt]3 = if ,i am to return to my native c\ntry1 ,i %\ld wi% ! fir/ object ( 8 ,s]5e ,highness to be1 t leisure & opportunity %\ld be giv5 me to complete my works )\t employ+ myself 9 lectur+4--,&1 9 %ort1 ,i %\ld wi% to ga9 my bread f my writ+s1 :i* ,i w\ld always d$icate to my ,s]5e ,ma/]4--,! works :i* ,i h to f9i% are pr9cipally--two books on ! sy/em or /ructure ( ! ,univ]se1 an imm5se "w1 full ( philosophy1 a/ronomy1 & geometry2 ?ree books on ,local ,motion1 a sci5ce entirely new1 no "o1 ei!r anci5t or mod]n1 hav+ discov]$ any ( ! v _m admirable accid5ts :i* ,i demon/rate 9 natural & viol5t motions1 s t ,i may ) v great reason call x a new sci5ce1 & inv5t$ by me f its v fir/ pr9ciples2 ?ree books ( ,me*anics1 two on ! demon/ration ( pr9ciples & "o ( problems2 & al?\gh o!rs h treat$ ?is same matt]1 yet all t has be5 hi!rto writt51 nei!r 9 quantity1 nor o!rwise1 is ! qu>t] ( :at ,i am writ+ on x4 ,i h also diff]5t treatises on natural subjects2 ,on s\nd & spee*2 ,on light & col\rs2 ,on ! tide2 ,on ! composition ( cont9u\s quantity2 ,on ! motions ( animals2--,& o!rs besides4 ,i h also an idea ( writ+ "s books relat+ to ! milit>y art1 giv+ n only a model ( a soldi]1 b tea*+ ) v exact rules e ?+ :i* x is 8 duty to "k t dep5ds ^u ma!matics2 z ! k ( ca/rametation1 draw+ up battalions1 =tifications1 assaults1 plann+1 survey+1 ! k ( artill]y1 ! use ( in/rum5ts1 c4 ,i also wi% to repr9t ! ',use ( my ,geometrical ,compass1' :i* is d$icat$ to 8 highness1 & :i* is no long] to be met )2 = ?is in/rum5t has exp]i5c$ su* fav\r f ! public1 t 9 fact no o!r in/rum5ts ( ?is k9d are n[ made1 & ,i "k t up to ?is "t sev]al ?\s&s ( m9e h be5 made4--,i say no?+ z to ! am\nt ( my sal>y1 feel+ conv9c$ t z ,i am to live ^u x1 ! graci\sness ( 8 highness w\ld n deprive me ( any ( ^? com=ts1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i feel ! want ( less ?an _m o!rs2 & !re=e ,i say no?+ m on ! subject4 ,f9ally1 on ! title & pr(ession ( my s]vice1 ,i %\ld wi% t to ! "n ( ,ma!matician1 8 highness w\ld add t ( ,philosoph]1 z ,i pr(ess to h /udi$ a great] numb] ( ye>s 9 philosophy ?an mon?s 9 pure ma!matics2 & h[ ,i h pr(it$ by x1 & if ,i c or ought to des]ve ?is title1 ,i may let _! highnesses see z (t5 z x %all please !m to give me an opportunity ( discuss+ su* subjects 9 _! pres5ce ) ^? :o are mo/ e/eem$ 9 ?is k4 ,x may p]haps be se5 9 ! expressions ( ?is lett]1 t ,galileo 0 n incl9$ to und]value 8 own m]its1 b ! peculi> nature ( ! correspond5ce %\ld be tak5 into acc\nt1 :i* might ju/ify 8 indulg+ a little m ?an usual 9 self-praise1 & x w\ld h be5 p]haps almo/ impossible = him to h rema9$ entirely bl9d to 8 va/ sup]iority ov] 8 contempor>ies4 ,_m ( ! treatises :i* ,galileo "h m5tions1 z well z ano!r on diall+1 h be5 irrecov]ably lo/1 ?r\gh ! sup]/iti\s weakness ( "s ( 8 relations1 :o aft] 8 dea? suff]$ ! family confessor to exam9e 8 pap]s1 & to de/roy :atev] seem$ to him objectionable2 a portion :i*1 accord+ to ! notions !n preval5t1 0 l to comprise ! mo/ valuable "p ( ! pap]s submitt$ to ?is expurgation4 ,x is also suppos$ t _m 7 burnt by 8 infatuat$ gr&son ,cosimo1 :o conceiv$ he 0 ?us (f]+ a prop] & pi\s sacrifice be=e devot+ himself to ! life ( a mission>y4 ,a ,treatise on ,=tification1 by ,galileo1 0 f\nd 9 #agic1 & is conta9$ among ! docum5ts publi%$ by ,v5turi4 ,galileo does n pr(ess 9 x to give mu* orig9al matt]1 b to lay be=e 8 read]s a comp5dium ( ! mo/ approv$ pr9ciples !n already kn[n4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ,gu/avus ,adolphus ( ,sw$5 att5d$ ,galileo's lectures on ?is subject1 :il/ 9 ,italy2 b ! fact is n satisfactorily asc]ta9$4 ,galileo himself m5tions a ,pr9ce ,gu/avus ( ,sw$5 to :om he gave in/ruction 9 ma!matics1 b ! dates _c well be made to agree4 ,! "q des]ves notice only f its hav+ be5 made ! subject ( controv]sy4 ,! loss ( ,galileo's ,essay on ,cont9u\s ,quantity is p>ticul>ly to be regrett$1 z x w\ld be highly int]e/+ to see h[ f> he succe$$ 9 me?odiz+ 8 ?\ghts on ?is important topic4 ,x is to 8 pupil ,cavali]i 7:o refus$ to publi% 8 book s long z he hop$ to see ,galileo's pr9t$7 t we owe ,! ,me?od ( ,indivisibles1 :i* is univ]sally recogniz$ z "o ( ! fir/ g]ms ( ! p[]ful me?ods ( mod]n analysis4 ,?r\gh\t ,galileo's works we f9d _m indications ( 8 hav+ ?\ght mu* on ! subject1 b 8 rem>ks are vague1 & be> little1 if at all1 on ! application ( ! me?od4 ,to ?is ! *ief "p ( ,cavali]i's book is devot$1 ?\gh he 0 n s entirely reg>dless ( ! pr9ciples on :i* 8 me?od ( measur+ spaces is f\nd$1 z he is sometimes repres5t$4 ,?is me?od consi/$ 9 consid]+ l9es z made up ( an inf9ite numb] ( po9ts1 surfaces 9 l mann] z compos$ ( l9es1 & solids ( surfaces2 b !re is an obs]vation at ! beg9n+ ( ! #g? book1 :i* %ews cle>ly t ,cavali]i _h tak5 a mu* m pr(\nd view ( ! subject ?an is impli$ 9 ?is sup]ficial exposition1 & _h approa*$ v closely to ! app>5tly m exact !ories ( 8 successors4 ,anticipat+ ! objections to 8 hypo!sis1 he argues1 t !re is no necessity to suppose ! cont9u\s quantities made up ( ^! indivisible p>ts1 b only t !y w obs]ve ! same ratios z ^? p>ts d4 ,x ought n to be omitt$1 t ,kepl] also _h giv5 an impulse to ,cavali]i 9 8 ,new me?od ( ,gaug+1 :i* is ! e>lie/ "w ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 :]e pr9ciples ( ?is sort are employ$4#ca ,,footnotes3 #bf ,vit ,italorum ,illu/rium4 #bg ,almage/um ,novum1 vol4 i4 #bh ,ma?4 ,coll4 vol4 ii4 #bi ,con/ructio ,circ9i ,proportionum4 ,mogunti1 #afje4 #cj ,treatise ( ! ,nature ( ,bodies4 ,london1 #affe4 #ca ,nova ,/]eometria ,doliorum--,l9cii1 #afae4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,inv5tion ( ! telescope--,fraca/oro--,porta--,reflect+ telescope--,rog] ,bacon--,digges--,de ,dom9is--,jans5--,lipp]hey--,galileo con/ructs telescopes--,microscopes--,re-elect$ ,pr(essor at ,padua = life4 ,,! ye> #afji 0 signaliz$ by ,galileo's discov]y ( ! telescope1 :i*1 9 ! m9ds ( _m1 is ! pr9cipal1 if n ! sole inv5tion associat$ ) 8 "n4 ,x _c be d5i$ t 8 fame1 z ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool ( exp]im5tal philosophy1 has be5 9 an unm]it$ degree ca/ into ! %ade by ! spl5d\r ( 8 a/ronomical discov]ies2 yet ,lagrange#cb surely errs 9 ! opposite extreme1 :5 he almo/ d5ies t ^! =m any real or solid "p ( ! glory ( ?is great man2 & ,montucla#cc omits an important +r$i5t 9 8 m]it1 :5 he 79 o!r respects v ju/ly7 rem>ks1 t x requir$ f> less g5ius to po9t a telescope t[>ds ! heav5s ?an to trace ! unhe$$1 because daily recurr+1 ph5om5a ( motion up to its simple & prim>y laws4 ,we are to rememb] t 9 ! days ( ,galileo a telescope c\ld sc>cely be po9t$ to ! heav5s ) impunity1 & t a c\rage\s m9d 0 requir$ to contradict1 & a /rong "o to be> d[n1 a p>ty1 :o1 :5 invit$ to look on any object 9 ! heav5s :i* ,ari/otle _h nev] suspect$1 imm$iately refus$ all cr$it to ^? s5ses1 to :i*1 on o!r occasions1 !y s confid5tly appeal$4 ,x surely is a real & solid "p ( ,galileo's glory t he consum$ 8 life 9 labori\s & indefatigable obs]vations1 & t he p]sev]$ 9 ann\nc+ 8 discov]ies undisgu/$ by ! invectives1 & undismay$ by ! p]secutions1 to :i* !y subject$ him4 ,plagi>i/6 li>6 impo/or6 h]etic6 7 among ! expressions ( malignant hatr$ lavi%$ ^u him1 & al?\gh he also 0 n )\t "s viol5t & f\l-m\!d p>tisans1 yet x mu/ be told to 8 cr$it t he himself seldom condesc5d$ to notice ^! torr5ts ( abuse1 o!rwise ?an by good-hum\r$ retorts1 & by prosecut+ 8 obs]vations ) r5ew$ assiduity & zeal4 ,! use ( s+le l5ses 9 aid ( ! sight _h be5 long kn[n4 ,spectacles 7 9 common use at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & !re are sev]al h9ts1 m or less obscure1 9 _m e>ly writ]s1 ( ! effects :i* might be expect$ f a comb9ation ( glasses2 b x does n appe> ) c]ta9ty t any ( ^! au?ors _h attempt$ to r$uce _! ideas to practice4 ,aft] ! discov]y ( ! telescope1 almo/ e c\ntry endeav\r$ to f9d 9 ! writ+s ( its e>ly philosoph]s traces ( ! k ( su* an in/rum5t1 b 9 g5]al ) success v inadequate to ! zeal ( _! national prepossessions4 ,!re are two au?ors especially to :om ! att5tion ( ,kepl] & o!rs 0 turn$1 imm$iately ^u ! promulgation ( ! discov]y1 z conta9+ ! g]m ( x 9 _! works4 ,^! are ,bapti/a ,porta1 & ,g]olamo ,fraca/oro4 ,we h already _h occasion to quote ! ,homoc5trica ( ,fraca/oro1 :o di$ 9 #aeec2 ! foll[+ expressions1 ?\gh !y seem to ref] to actual exp]im5t1 yet fall %ort ( ! mean+ ) :i* x has be5 attempt$ to inve/ !m4 ,aft] expla9+ & comm5t+ on "s ph5om5a ( refraction ?r\gh diff]5t m$ia1 to :i* he 0 l$ by ! necessity ( reconcil+ 8 !ory ) ! v>iable magnitudes ( ! planets1 he goes on to say--,= :i* reason1 ^? ?+s :i* are se5 at ! bottom ( wat]1 appe> great] ?an ^? :i* are at ! top2 & if any "o look ?r\gh two eyeglasses1 "o plac$ ^u ! o!r1 he w see e ?+ mu* l>g] & ne>]4#cd ,x %\ld seem t ?is passage 7z ,delambre has already rem>k$7 r ref]s to ! close application ( "o glass ^u ano!r1 & x may fairly be d\bt$ :e!r any?+ analog\s to ! composition ( ! telescope 0 9 ! writ]'s ?\ghts4 ,bapti/a ,porta writes on ! same subject m fully2--,concave l5ses %[ di/ant objects mo/ cle>ly1 convex ^? :i* are ne>]1 :5ce !y may be us$ to assi/ ! sight4 ,) a concave glass di/ant objects w be se51 small1 b di/9ct2 ) a convex "o ^? ne> at h&1 l>g]1 b confus$2 if y "k rightly h[ to comb9e "o ( ea* sort1 y w see bo? f> & ne> objects l>g] & cle>]4#ce ,^! words %[1 if ,porta really 0 !n unacqua9t$ ) ! telescope1 h[ close x is possible to pass by an inv5tion )\t light+ on x1 = ( precisely su* a comb9ation ( a convex & concave l5s1 fitt$ to ! ends ( an organ pipe by way ( tube1 did ! :ole ( ,galileo's telescope consi/4 ,if ,porta _h /opp$ "h he might m securely h enjoy$ ! reputation ( ! inv5tion1 b he !n pr(esses to describe ! con/ruction ( 8 in/rum5t1 :i* has no relation :atev] to 8 previ\s rem>ks4 ,i %all n[ endeav\r to %[ 9 :at mann] we may contrive to recognize our fri5ds at ! di/ance ( sev]al miles1 & h[ ^? ( weak sight may read ! mo/ m9ute lett]s f a di/ance4 ,x is an inv5tion ( great utility1 & gr\nd$ on optical pr9ciples1 nor is x at all difficult ( execution2 b x mu/ be s divulg$ z n to be und]/ood by ! vulg>1 & yet be cle> to ! %>psight$4 ,! description :i* foll[s seems f> en\gh remov$ f ! appreh5d$ dang] ( be+ too cle>1 & inde$ e writ] :o has hi!rto quot$ x has m]ely giv5 ! passage 9 its orig9al ,lat91 app>5tly despair+ ( an intelligible translation4 ,) "s alt]ations 9 ! punctuation1 :i* appe> necess>y to br+ x into any grammatical con/ruction1#cf x may be suppos$ to be> some?+ l ! foll[+ mean+3--,let a view be contriv$ 9 ! c5tre ( a mirror1 :]e x is mo/ effective4 ,all ! sol> rays are exce$+ly disp]s$1 & d n 9 ! lea/ come toge!r 79 ! true c5tre72 b !re is a conc\rse ( all ! rays 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! said mirror1 half way t[>ds ! o!r c5tre1 :]e ! cross diamet]s meet4 ,?is view is contriv$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,a concave cyl9drical mirror plac$ directly 9 front1 b ) its axis incl9$1 mu/ be adapt$ to t focus3 & let obtuse angl$ or "r angl$ triangles be cut out ) two cross l9es on ea* side drawn f ! c5tre1 & a glass 7specillum7 w be complet$ fit = ! purposes we m5tion$4 ,if x 7 n = ! ^w specillum1 :i*1 9 ! passage imm$iately prec$+ ?is1 ,porta#cg contra/s ) speculum1 & :i* he aft]w>ds expla9s to mean a glass l5s1 x w\ld be v cle> t ! =ego+ passage 7suppos+ x to h any mean+7 mu/ be ref]r$ to a reflect+ telescope1 & x is a little s+ul> t :ile ?is obscure passage has attract$ univ]sal att5tion1 no "o1 s f> z we are aw>e1 has tak5 any notice ( ! foll[+ unequivocal description ( ! pr9cipal "p ( ,newton's con/ruction ( ! same in/rum5t4 ,x is 9 ! #e? *apt] ( ! #ag? book1 :]e ,porta expla9s by :at device exce$+ly m9ute lett]s may be read )\t difficulty4 ,place a concave mirror s t ! back ( x may lie aga9/ y\r brea/2 opposite to x1 & )9 ! burn+ po9t1 place ! writ+2 put a plane mirror beh9d x1 t may be "u y\r eyes4 ,!n ! images ( ! lett]s :i* are 9 ! concave mirror1 & :i* ! concave has magnifi$1 w be reflect$ 9 ! plane mirror1 s t y may read )\t difficulty4 ,we h n be5 able to meet ) ! ,italian translation ( ,porta's ,natural ,magic1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #afaa1 "u 8 own sup]9t5d5ce2 b ! ,engli% translator ( #afeh w\ld probably h kn[n if any intelligible int]pretation 7 !re giv5 ( ! my/]i\s passage above quot$1 & 8 translation is s devoid ( mean+ z /rongly to militate aga9/ ?is idea4 ,porta1 inde$1 claim$ ! inv5tion z 8 own1 & is believ$ to h ha/5$ 8 dea?1 7:i* happ5$ 9 #afae1 he be+ !n #hj ye>s old17 by ! fatigue ( compos+ a ,treatise on ! ,telescope1 9 :i* he _h promis$ to exhau/ ! subject4 ,we d n "k :e!r ?is is ! same "w :i* 0 publi%$ aft] 8 dea? by ,/elliola1#ch b :i* conta9s no allusion to ,porta's claim1 & possibly ,/elliola may h ?\ght x mo/ = 8 fri5d's reputation to suppress x4 ,s*ott#ci says1 a fri5d ( 8 _h se5 ,porta's book 9 manuscript1 & t x did at t "t conta9 ! ass]tion ( ,porta's title to ! inv5tion4 ,aft] all x is n improbable t he may h d]iv$ 8 notions ( magnify+ di/ant objects f our celebrat$ c\ntryman ,rog] ,bacon1 :o di$ ab\t ! ye> #acjj4 ,he has be5 suppos$1 n )\t good gr\nds1 to h be5 "o ( ! fir/ :o recognis$ ! use ( s+le l5ses 9 produc+ di/9ct vision1 & he has "s expressions ) respect to _! comb9ation :i* promise effects analog\s to ^? held out by ,porta4 ,9 ,! ,admirable ,=ce ( ,art & ,nature1 he says1 ,physical figurations are f> m /range1 = 9 su* mann] may we frame p]spects & look+-glasses t "o ?+ %all appe> to be _m1 z "o man %all seeme a :ole armie2 & div]s sunnes & moones1 yea1 z _m z we please1 %all appe>e at "o "t1 c4 ,& s may ! p]spects be fram$1 t ?+s mo/ f>re (f may seeme mo/ nigh unto u1 & clean contr>ie1 soe t we may reade v small lett]s an incr$ible di/ance f u1 & behold ?+s h[ little soev] !y be1 & make />s to appe>e :]esoev] we w1 c4 ,&1 besides all ^!1 we may s frame p]spects t any man ent]+ into a h\se he %all inde$ see gold1 & silv]1 & preci\s /ones1 & :at else he w1 b :5 he make? ha/e to ! place he %all f9d j no?+4 ,x seems pla91 t ! au?or is "h speak+ solely ( mirrors1 & we mu/ n too ha/ily draw ! conclusion1 because 9 ! fir/ & la/ ( ^! ass]tions he is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 borne out by facts1 t he !re=e 0 9 possession ( a me?od ( accompli%+ ! middle problem also4 ,9 ! previ\s *apt]1 he gives a long li/ ( notable ?+s1 7mu* 9 ! /yle ( ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/]'s ,c5tury ( ,inv5tions7 :i* if we c really p]suade ourselves t he 0 capable ( accompli%+1 we mu/ all[ ! pres5t age to be /ill immeasurably inf]ior to him 9 sci5ce4 ,?omas ,digges1 9 ! preface to 8 ,pantometria1 7publi%$ 9 #aeia7 decl>es1 ,my fa!r1 by 8 cont9uall pa9full practises1 assi/$ ) demon/rations ma!maticall1 0 able1 & sundry times ha? by proportionall glasses1 duely situate 9 conv5i5t angles1 n only disc\]$ ?+s f>re (f1 read lett]s1 numb]$ peeces ( money1 ) ! v]ye coyne & sup]scription !re(1 ca/ by "s ( 8 fre5ds ( purpose1 ^u d[nes 9 op5 fields2 b also1 seu5 miles (f1 decl>$ :at ha? be5e doone at t in/ant 9 priuate places4 ,he ha? also sundrie times1 by ! sunne beames1 fir$ p[d] & dis*>gde ordnance halfe a mile & m di/ante2 :i* ?+s ,i am ! b\ld] to report1 = t !re are yet liv+ div]se 7( ^! 8 doo+s7 occulati te/es1 7eye witnesses7 & _m o!r matt]s f>re m /range & r>e1 :i* ,i omit z imp]t95t to ?is place4 ,we f9d ano!r pret5d] to ! hon\r ( ! discov]y ( ! telescope 9 ! celebrat$ ,antonio de ,dom9is1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,spalatro1 fam\s 9 ! annals ( optics = be+ "o ( ! fir/ to expla9 ! !ory ( ! ra9b[4 ,montucla1 foll[+ ,p4 ,boscovi*1 has sc>cely done ju/ice to ,de ,dom9is1 :om he treats z a m]e pret5d] & ignorant p]son4 ,! indisposition ( ,boscovi* t[>ds him is suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by ! circum/ance ( 8 be+ a ,ca?olic prelate :o _h embrac$ ! cause ( ,prote/antism4 ,8 nom9al reconciliation ) ! ,*ur* ( ,rome w\ld probably n h sav$ him f ! /ake1 _h n a natural dea? releas$ him :5 imprison$ on t acc\nt at ,rome4 ,judgm5t 0 pron\nc$ ^u him not)/&+1 & 8 body & books 7 publicly burnt 9 ! ,campo de ,fiori1 9 #afbd4 ,8 treatise1 ,de ,radiis1 7:i* is v r>ely to be met )7 0 publi%$ by ,b>tolo aft] ! ackn[l$g$ inv5tion ( ! telescope by ,galileo2 b ,b>tolo tells u1 9 ! preface1 t ! manuscript 0 communicat$ to him f a collection ( pap]s writt5 #bj ye>s be=e1 on 8 inquir+ ! ,ar*bi%op's op9ion ) respect to ! newly discov]$ in/rum5t1 & t he got leave to publi% x1 ) ! addition ( "o or two *apt]s4 ,! treatise conta9s a complete description ( a telescope1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is pr(ess$ m]ely to be an improvem5t on spectacles1 & if ! au?or's int5tion _h be5 to int]polate an aft]writt5 acc\nt1 9 ord] to secure to himself ! undes]v$ hon\r ( ! inv5tion1 x seems improbable t he w\ld h suff]$ an ackn[l$gm5t ( additions1 previ\s to publication1 to be ins]t$ 9 ! preface4 ,besides1 ! :ole tone ( ! "w is t ( a c&id & tru?-seek+ philosoph]1 v f> inde$ remov$ f be+1 z ,montucla calls him1 conspicu\s = ignorance ev5 among ! ignorant m5 ( 8 age4 ,he gives a draw+ ( a convex & concave l5s1 & traces ! passage ( ! rays ?r\gh !m2 to :i* he subjo9s1 t he has n satisfi$ himself ) any det]m9ation ( ! precise di/ance to :i* ! glasses %\ld be sep>at$1 accord+ to _! convexity & concavity1 b recomm5ds ! prop] di/ance to be f\nd by actual exp]im5t1 & tells u1 t ! effect ( ! in/rum5t w be to prev5t ! confusion aris+ f ! int]f]5ce ( ! direct & refract$ rays1 & to magnify ! object by increas+ ! visible angle "u :i* x is view$4 ,^!1 among ! _m claimants1 are c]ta9ly ! au?ors :o approa*$ ! mo/ ne>ly to ! discov]y3 & ! read] may judge1 f ! passages cit$1 :e!r ! k ( ! telescope c ) probability be ref]r$ to a p]iod e>li] ?an ! comm5cem5t ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,at all ev5ts1 we c f9d no e>li] trace ( its be+ appli$ to any practical use2 ! k1 if x exi/$1 rema9$ speculative & b>r54 ,9 #afji1 ,galileo1 !n be+ on a visit to a fri5d at ,v5ice1 he>d a rum\r ( ! rec5t inv5tion1 by a ,dut* spectacle-mak]1 ( an in/rum5t :i* 0 said to repres5t di/ant objects ne>] ?an !y usually appe>$4 ,accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 ?is g5]al rum\r1 :i* 0 confirm$ to him by lett]s f ,p>is1 0 all t he le>n$ on ! subject2 & return+ to ,padua1 he imm$iately appli$ himself to consid] ! means by :i* su* an effect c\ld be produc$4 ,fucc>ius1 9 an abusive lett] :i* he wrote on ! subject1 ass]ts t "o ( ! ,dut* telescopes _h be5 at t "t actually br\ght to ,v5ice1 & t he 7,fucc>ius7 _h se5 x2 :i*1 ev5 if true1 is p]fectly consi/5t ) ,galileo's /atem5t2 & 9 fact ! "q1 :e!r or n ,galileo saw ! orig9al in/rum5t1 becomes important only f 8 expressly ass]t+ ! contr>y1 & pr(ess+ to give ! tra9 ( reason+ by :i* he discov]$ its pr9ciple2 s t any ins9uation t he _h actually se5 ! ,dut* glass1 becomes a direct impea*m5t ( 8 v]acity4 ,x is c]ta91 f ! foll[+ extract ( a lett] f ,lor5zo ,pignoria to ,paolo ,gualdo1 t "o at lea/ ( ! ,dut* glasses _h be5 s5t to ,italy4 ,x is dat$ ,padua1 #ca/ ,augu/1 #afji4dj ,we h no news1 except ! return ( ,8 ,s]5e ,highness1 & ! re-election ( ! lectur]s1 among :om ,sign4 ,galileo has contriv$ to get #ajjj flor9s = life2 & x is said to be on acc\nt ( an eyeglass1 l ! "o :i* 0 s5t f ,fl&]s to ,c>d9al ,borghese4 ,we h se5 "s "h1 & truly !y succe$ well4 ,x is all[$ by e "o t ! ,dut*man1 or r ,zeal&]1 made 8 discov]y by m]e accid5t1 :i* greatly d]ogates f any hon\r atta*$ to x2 b ev5 ?is dim9i%$ degree ( cr$it has be5 fi]cely disput$4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt1 :i* appe>s consi/5t & probable1 x _h be5 made = sometime be=e its importance 0 9 ! slighte/ degree und]/ood or appreciat$1 b 0 set up 9 ! optician's %op z a curi\s philosophical toy1 %[+ a l>ge & inv]t$ image ( a wea!rcock1 t[>ds :i* x 0 direct$4 ,! ,m>quis ,sp9ola1 *anc+ to see x1 0 /ruck ) ! ph5om5on1 pur*as$ ! in/rum5t1 & pres5t$ x ei!r to ! ,ar*duke ,alb]t ( ,au/ria1 or to ,pr9ce ,maurice ( ,nassau1 ^: "n appe>s 9 e v]sion ( ! /ory1 & :o fir/ ent]ta9$ ! idea ( employ+ x 9 milit>y reconnoissances4 ,za*>ias ,jans51 & ,h5ry ,lipp]hey1 two spectacle-mak]s1 liv+ close to ea* o!r1 ne> ! *ur* ( ,middleburg1 h bo? _h /r5u\s support]s ( _! title to ! inv5tion4 ,a ?ird pret5d] appe>$ aft]w>ds 9 ! p]son ( ,james ,metius ( ,alkma]1 :o is m5tion$ by ,huygh5s & ,des ,c>tes1 b 8 claims re/ ^u no au?ority :atev] comp>able to t :i* supports ! o!r two4 ,ab\t half a c5tury aft]w>ds1 ,borelli 0 at ! pa9s to collect & publi% a numb] ( lett]s & depositions :i* he procur$1 z well on "o side z on ! o!r4#da ,x seems t ! tru? lies betwe5 !m1 & t "o1 probably ,jans51 0 ! inv5tor ( ! microscope1 :i* application ( ! pr9ciple 0 unque/ionably ( an e>li] date1 p]haps z f> back z #aeij4 ,jans5 gave "o ( 8 microscopes to ! ,ar*duke1 :o gave x to ,cornelius ,drebbel1 a sal>i$ ma!matician at ! c\rt ( our ,james ! fir/1 :]e ,william ,borelli 7n ! au?or above m5tion$7 saw x _m ye>s aft]w>ds1 :5 ambassador f ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces to ,engl&1 & got f ,drebbel ?is acc\nt ( ! qu>t] :5ce x came4 ,lipp]hey aft]w>ds1 9 #afji1 accid5tally hit ^u ! telescope1 & on ! fame ( ?is discov]y x w\ld n be difficult = ,jans51 already 9 possession ( an in/rum5t s mu* resembl+ x1 to p]ceive ! slight diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 & to con/ruct a telescope indep5d5tly ( ,lipp]hey1 s t ea*1 ) "s %[ ( reason1 might claim ! priority ( ! inv5tion4 ,a notion ( ?is k9d reconciles ! te/imony ( _m conflict+ witnesses on ! subject1 "s ( :om d n seem to di/+ui% v accurately :e!r ! telescope or microscope is ! in/rum5t to :i* _! evid5ce ref]s4 ,borelli arrives at ! conclusion1 t ,jans5 0 ! inv5tor2 b n satisfi$ ) ?is1 he endeav\rs1 ) a gl>+ p>tiality :i* makes 8 =m] det]m9ation suspici\s1 to secure = him & 8 son ! m solid reputation ( hav+ anticipat$ ,galileo 9 ! useful employm5t ( ! inv5tion4 ,he has h[ev] ins]t$ 9 8 collections a lett] f ,john ! son ( ,za*>ias1 9 :i* ,john1 omitt+ all m5tion ( 8 fa!r1 speaks ( 8 own obs]vation ( ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 evid5tly seek+ to ins9uate t !y 7 e>li] ?an ,galileo's2 & 9 ?is s5se ! lett] has s9ce be5 quot$1#db al?\gh x appe>s f ,john's own deposition1 pres]v$ 9 ! same collection1 t at ! "t ( _! discov]y he c\ld n h be5 m ?an six ye>s old4 ,an ov]sight ( ?is sort ?r[s d\bt on ! :ole ( ! pret5d$ obs]vations1 & inde$ ! lett] has mu* ! air ( be+ ! production ( a p]son imp]fectly in=m$ on ! subject on :i* he writes1 & probably 0 compil$ to suit ,borelli's purposes1 :i* 7 to make ,galileo's %>e 9 ! inv5tion appe> z small z possible4 ,galileo himself gives a v intelligible acc\nt ( ! process ( reason+1 by :i* he detect$ ! secret4--,i argu$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! contrivance consi/s ei!r ( "o glass or ( m--"o is n suffici5t1 s9ce x mu/ be ei!r convex1 concave1 or plane2 ! la/ does n produce any s5sible alt]ation 9 objects1 ! concave dim9i%es !m3 x is true t ! convex magnifies1 b x r5d]s !m confus$ & indi/9ct2 consequ5tly1 "o glass is insuffici5t to produce ! desir$ effect4 ,proce$+ to consid] two glasses1 & be>+ 9 m9d t ! plane glass causes no *ange1 ,i det]m9$ t ! in/rum5t c\ld n consi/ ( ! comb9ation ( a plane glass ) ei!r ( ! o!r two4 ,i !re=e appli$ myself to make exp]im5ts on comb9ations ( ! two o!r k9ds1 & ?us obta9$ t ( :i* ,i 0 9 se>*4 ,x has be5 urg$ aga9/ ,galileo t1 if he really inv5t$ ! telescope on !oretical pr9ciples1 ! same !ory ought at once to h conduct$ him to a m p]fect in/rum5t ?an t :i* he at fir/ con/ruct$2#dc b x is pla91 f ?is /atem5t1 t he does n pr(ess to h !oriz$ beyond ! det]m9ation ( ! species ( glass :i* he %\ld employ 9 8 exp]im5ts1 & ! re/ ( 8 op]ations he av[s to h be5 purely empirical4 ,besides1 we mu/ take into acc\nt ! difficulty ( gr9d+ ! glasses1 p>ticul>ly :5 fit tools 7 yet to be made1 & some?+ mu/ be attribut$ to ,galileo's eag]ness to br+ 8 results to ! te/ ( actual exp]im5t1 )\t wait+ = t improvem5t :i* a long] delay might & did sugge/4 ,galileo's language be>s a resemblance to ! fir/ passage :i* we quot$ f ,bapti/a ,porta1 suffici5tly close to make x n improbable t he might be assi/$ 9 8 inquiries by "s recollection ( x1 & ! same passage seems1 9 l mann]1 to h recurr$ to ! m9d ( ,kepl]1 z soon z he he>d ( ! inv5tion4 ,galileo's telescope consi/$ ( a plano-convex & plano-concave l5s1 ! latt] ne>e/ ! eye1 di/ant f ea* o!r by ! diff]5ce ( _! focal l5g?s1 be+1 9 pr9ciple1 exactly ! same ) ! mod]n op]a-glass4 ,he seems to h ?\ght t ! ,dut* glass 0 ! same1 b ?is c\ld n be ! case1 if ! above quot$ p>ticul> ( ! inv]t$ wea!rcock1 :i* belongs to mo/ traditions ( ! /ory1 be correct2 because x is ! peculi>ity ( ?is k9d ( telescope n to inv]t objects1 & we %\ld be ?us furni%$ ) a demon/rative pro( ( ! falsehood ( ,fucc>ius's ins9uation3 9 t case ! ,dut* glass mu/ h be5 simil> to :at 0 aft]w>ds call$ ! a/ronomical telescope1 consi/+ ( two convex glasses di/ant f ea* o!r by ! sum ( _! focal l5g?s4 ,?is supposition is n controv]t$ by ! fact1 t ?is sort ( telescope 0 nev] employ$ by a/ronom]s till long aft]w>ds2 = ! fame ( ,galileo's obs]vations1 & ! sup]ior excell5ce ( ! in/rum5ts con/ruct$ "u 8 sup]9t5d5ce1 induc$ e "o 9 ! fir/ in/ance to imitate 8 con/ructions z closely z possible4 ,! a/ronomical telescope 0 h[ev] ev5tually f\nd to possess sup]ior advantages ov] t :i* ,galileo imag9$1 & x is on ?is latt] pr9ciple t all mod]n refract+ telescopes are con/ruct$2 ! inv]sion be+ c\nt]act$ 9 ^? :i* are int5d$ = t]re/rial obs]vations1 by ! introduction ( a second pair ( simil> glasses1 :i* re/ore ! inv]t$ image to its orig9al position4 ,= fur!r details on ! improvem5ts :i* h be5 subsequ5tly introduc$1 & on ! reflect+ telescope1 :i* 0 n br\ght into use till ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,treatise on ,,optical ,,in/rum5ts4 ,galileo1 ab\t ! same "t1 con/ruct$ microscopes on ! same pr9ciple1 = we f9d t1 9 #afab1 he pres5t$ "o to ,sigismund1 ,k+ ( ,pol&2 b 8 att5tion be+ pr9cipally devot$ to ! employm5t & p]fection ( 8 telescope1 ! microscope rema9$ a long "t imp]fect 9 8 h&s3 twelve ye>s lat]1 9 #afbd1 he wrote to ,p4 ,f$]igo ,cesi1 t he _h delay$ to s5d ! microscope1 ! use ( :i* he !re describes1 because he _h only j br\ght x to p]fection1 hav+ exp]i5c$ "s difficulty 9 work+ ! glasses4 ,s*ott tells an amus+ /ory1 9 8 ,magic ( ,nature1 ( a ,bav>ian philosoph]1 :o1 travell+ 9 ! ,tyrol ) "o ( ! newly inv5t$ microscopes ab\t him1 0 tak5 ill on ! road & di$4 ,! au?orities ( ! village took possession ( 8 baggage1 & 7 proce$+ to p]=m ! la/ duties to 8 body1 :51 on exam9+ ! little glass in/rum5t 9 8 pocket1 :i* *anc$ to conta9 a flea1 !y 7 /ruck ) ! greate/ a/oni%m5t & t]ror1 & ! poor ,bav>ian1 condemn$ by acclamation z a sorc]] :o 0 9 ! habit ( us+ a portable famili>1 0 decl>$ unwor?y ( ,*ri/ian burial4 ,=tunately = 8 "*1 "s bold sceptic v5tur$ to op5 ! in/rum5t1 & discov]$ ! true nature ( ! imprison$ fi5d4 ,z soon z ,galileo's fir/ telescope 0 complet$1 he return$ ) x to ,v5ice1 & ! extraord9>y s5sation :i* x excit$ t5ds also /rongly to refute ,fucc>ius's ass]tion t ! ,dut* glass 0 already kn[n !re4 ,dur+ m ?an a mon? ,galileo's :ole "t 0 employ$ 9 exhibit+ 8 in/rum5t to ! pr9cipal inhabitants ( ,v5ice1 :o ?rong$ to 8 h\se to satisfy !mselves ( ! tru? ( ! wond]ful /ories 9 circulation2 & at ! end ( t "t ! ,doge1 ,leon>do ,donati1 caus$ x to be intimat$ to him t su* a pres5t w\ld n be deem$ unacceptable by ! s5ate4 ,galileo took ! h9t1 & 8 complaisance 0 rew>d$ by a m&ate confirm+ him = life 9 8 pr(essor%ip at ,padua1 at ! same "t d\bl+ 8 ye>ly sal>y1 :i* 0 ?us made to am\nt to #ajjj flor9s4 ,x 0 long be=e ! phr5zy ( public curiosity abat$4 ,sirturi describes a ludicr\s viol5ce :i* 0 done to himself1 :51 ) ! fir/ telescope :i* he _h succe$$ 9 mak+1 he w5t up into ! t[] ( ,/4 ,m>k1 at ,v5ice1 9 ! va9 hope ( be+ !re entirely unmole/$4 ,unluckily he 0 se5 by "s idl]s 9 ! /reet3 a cr[d soon collect$ r\nd him1 :o insi/$ on tak+ possession ( 8 in/rum5t1 &1 h&+ x "o to ! o!r1 deta9$ him !re = sev]al h\rs till _! curiosity 0 satiat$1 :5 he 0 all[$ to return home4 ,he>+ !m also inquire eag]ly at :at inn he lodg$1 he ?\ght x bett] to quit ,v5ice e>ly ! next morn+1 & prosecute 8 obs]vations 9 a less inquisitive neighb\rhood4#dd ,in/rum5ts ( an inf]ior description 7 soon manufactur$1 & v5d$ e :]e z philosophical play?+s1 mu* 9 ! way 9 :i*1 9 our own "t1 ! kaleidoscope spread ov] ,europe z fa/ z travell]s c\ld c>ry !m4 ,b ! fabrication ( a bett] sort 0 long conf9$1 almo/ solely1 to ,galileo & ^? :om he imm$iately in/ruct$2 & s late z ! ye> #afcg1 we f9d ,ga]tn]1 or z he *ose to call himself1 ,hort5sius1 assur+ ,galileo t none c\ld be met ) 9 ,holl& suffici5tly good to %[ ,jupit]'s disc well def9$2 & 9 #afcd ,gass5di begs = a telescope f ,galileo1 in=m+ him t he 0 unable to procure a good "o ei!r 9 ,v5ice1 ,p>is1 or ,am/]dam4 ,! in/rum5t1 on its fir/ inv5tion1 0 g5]ally kn[n by ! names ( ,galileo's tube1 ! p]spective1 ! d\ble eye-glass3 ! names ( telescope & microscope 7 sugge/$ by ,demisiano1 z we are told by ,lagalla 9 8 treatise on ! ,moon4#de ,,footnotes3 #cb ,mecanique ,analytique4 #cc ,hi/oire des ,ma?matiques1 tom4 ii4 #cd ,p] duo specilla ocul>ia si quis p]spiciat1 alt]o alt]i sup]posito1 majora multo et prop9quiora videbit omnia4--,fraca/4 ,homoc5trica1 #b1 c4 #h4 #ce ,si utrumque recte compon]e nov]is1 et long9qua et proxima majora et cl>a videbis4--,mag4 ,nat4 lib4 #ag4 #cf ,! passage 9 ! orig9al1 :i* is pr9t$ alike 9 ! editions ( #aeih1 #afjg1 #afai1 & #afej1 is z foll[s3 ,visus con/ituatur c5tro val5tissimus speculi1 ubi fiet1 et val5tissim univ]sales sol>es radii disp]guntur1 et coeunt m9im1 s$ c5tro prdicti speculi 9 illius m$io1 ubi diametri transv]sales1 omnium ibi concursus4 ,con/ituitur hoc modo speculum concavum column>e quidi/antibus lat]ibus1 s$ lat]i uno obliquo sectionibus illis accomodetur1 trianguli v]o obtusianguli1 vel or?ogonii sec5tur1 h9c inde duobus transv]salibus l9eis1 ex-c5tro eductis4 ,et confectum erit specillum1 ad id1 quod diximus utile4 #cg ,diximus de ,ptolemi speculo1 sive specillo potius1 quo p] sexc5t5a millia p]v5i5tes naves conspiciebat4 #ch ,il ,telescopio1 #afbg4 #ci ,magia ,natur et ,artis ,h]bipoli1 #afeg4 #dj ,lettre d',uom9i illu/ri4 ,v5ezia1 #agdd4 #da ,borelli4 ,de v]o ,telescopii inv5tore1 #afee4 #db ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,art4 ,,telescope4 #dc ,ibid4 #dd ,telescopium1 ,v5etiis1 #afai4 #de ,de phnom5is 9 orbe ,lun4 ,v5etiis1 #afab4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,discov]y ( ,jupit]'s satellites--,kepl]--,sizzi--,a/rolog]s-- ,m/l9--,horky--,may]4 ,,z soon z ,galileo _h provid$ himself ) a second in/rum5t1 he began a c>eful exam9ation ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & a s]ies ( spl5did discov]ies soon rew>d$ 8 dilig5ce4 ,aft] consid]+ ! beautiful appe>ances :i* ! v>i$ surface ( ! moon pres5t$ to ?is new in/rum5t1 he turn$ 8 telescope t[>ds ,jupit]1 & 8 att5tion 0 soon arre/$ by ! s+ul> position ( ?ree small />s1 ne> ! body ( t planet1 :i* appe>$ almo/ 9 a /raight l9e ) x1 & 9 ! direction ( ! ecliptic4 ,! foll[+ ev5+ he 0 surpris$ to f9d t two ( ! ?ree :i* _h be5 to ! ea/w>d ( ! planet1 n[ appe>$ on ! contr>y side1 :i* he c\ld n reconcile ) ! app>5t motion ( ,jupit] among ! fix$ />s1 z giv5 by ! tables4 ,obs]v+ ^! night aft] night1 he c\ld n fail to rem>k t !y *ang$ _! relative positions4 ,a f\r? also appe>$1 & 9 a %ort "t he c\ld no long] refuse to believe t ^! small />s 7 f\r moons1 revolv+ r\nd ,jupit] 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* our e>? is accompani$ by its s+le att5dant4 ,9 hon\r ( 8 patron ,cosmo1 he nam$ !m ! ,m$ican />s4 ,z !y are n[ h>dly kn[n by ?is appellation1 8 d\bts1 :e!r he %\ld call !m ,m$ican1 aft] ,cosmo's family1 or ,cosmical1 f 8 individual "n1 are become ( less int]e/4 ,an extract f a lett] :i* ,galileo receiv$ on ?is occasion f ! c\rt ( ,france1 w s]ve to %[ h[ highly ! hon\r ( giv+ a "n to ^! new planets 0 at t "t appreciat$1 & also h[ mu* 0 expect$ f ,galileo's fir/ success 9 exam9+ ! heav5s4 ,! second reque/1 b ! mo/ press+ "o :i* ,i c make to y1 is1 t y %\ld det]m9e1 if y discov] any o!r f9e />1 to call x by ! "n ( ! great /> ( ,france1 z well z ! mo/ brilliant ( all ! e>?2 &1 if x seems fit to y1 call x r by 8 prop] "n ( ,h5ri1 ?an by ! family "n ( ,b\rbon3 ?us y w h an opportunity ( do+ a ?+ j & due & prop] 9 itself1 & at ! same "t w r5d] y\rself & y\r family ri* & p[]ful = ev]4 ,! writ] !n proce$s to enum]ate ! diff]5t claims ( ,h5ri ,,iv4 to ?is hon\r1 n =gett+ t he m>ri$ into ! family ( ! ,m$ici1 c4 ,! result ( ^! obs]vations 0 giv5 to ! _w1 9 an ,essay :i* ,galileo entitl$ ,nuncius ,sid]eus1 or ! ,intellig5c] ( ! ,/>s2 & x is difficult to describe ! extraord9>y s5sation :i* its publication produc$4 ,_m d\bt$1 _m positively refus$ to believe1 s novel an ann\ncem5t2 all 7 /ruck ) ! greate/ a/oni%m5t1 accord+ to _! respective op9ions1 ei!r at ! new view ( ! univ]se ?us (f]$ to !m1 or at ! d>+ audacity ( ,galileo 9 inv5t+ su* fables4 ,we %all proce$ to extract a few passages f contempor>y writ]s relative to ?is book1 & ! discov]ies ann\nc$ 9 x4 ,kepl] des]ves prec$5ce1 bo? f 8 own celebrity1 & f ! lively & *>act]i/ic acc\nt :i* he gives ( 8 fir/ receiv+ ! intellig5ce3--,i 0 sitt+ idle at home1 ?9k+ ( y1 mo/ excell5t ,galileo1 & y\r lett]s1 :5 ! news 0 br\ght me ( ! discov]y ( f\r planets by ! help ( ! d\ble eye-glass4 ,wa*5fels /opp$ 8 c>riage at my door to tell me1 :5 su* a fit ( wond] seiz$ me at a report :i* seem$ s v absurd1 & ,i 0 ?r[n into su* agitation at see+ an old dispute betwe5 u decid$ 9 ?is way1 t betwe5 8 joy1 my col\r+1 & ! laught] ( bo?1 conf\nd$ z we 7 by su* a novelty1 we 7 h>dly capable1 he ( speak+1 or ,i ( li/5+4 ,my amazem5t 0 increas$ by ! ass]tion ( ,wa*5fels1 t ^? :o s5t ?is news f ,galileo 7 celebrat$ m51 f> remov$ by _! le>n+1 weight1 & "*1 above vulg> folly2 t ! book 0 actually 9 ! press1 & w\ld be publi%$ imm$iately4 ,on our sep>at+1 ! au?ority ( ,galileo _h ! greate/ influ5ce on me1 e>n$ by ! accuracy ( 8 judgm5t1 & excell5ce ( 8 und]/&+2 s ,i imm$iately fell to ?9k+ h[ !re c\ld be any addition to ! numb] ( ! planets )\t ov]turn+ my ,my/]ium ,cosmographicum1 publi%$ ?irte5 ye>s ago1 accord+ to :i* ,euclid's five regul> solids d n all[ m ?an six planets r\nd ! sun4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! _m wild notions ( ,kepl]'s fanciful bra91 among :i* he 0 lucky en\gh at l5g? to hit ^u ! real & pr9cipal laws ( ! planet>y motions4 ,8 !ory may be briefly giv5 9 8 own words3--,! orbit ( ! e>? is ! measure ( ! re/4 ,ab\t x circumscribe a dodecah$ron4 ,! sph]e includ+ ?is w be t ( ,m>s4 ,ab\t ,m>s' orbit describe a tetrah$ron3 ! sph]e conta9+ ?is w be ,jupit]'s orbit4 ,r\nd ,jupit]'s describe a cube3 ! sph]e includ+ ?is w be ,saturn's4 ,)9 ! e>?'s orbit inscribe an icosah$ron3 ! sph]e inscrib$ 9 x w be ,v5us's orbit4 ,9 ,v5us inscribe an octah$ron3 ! sph]e inscrib$ 9 x w be ,m]cury's4 ,y h n[ ! reason ( ! numb] ( ! planets3 = z !re are no m ?an ! five regul> solids "h enum]at$1 ,kepl] conceiv$ ?is to be a satisfactory reason :y !re c\ld be nei!r m nor less ?an six planets4 ,8 lett] cont9ues3--,i am s f> f disbeliev+ ! exi/5ce ( ! f\r circumjovial planets1 t ,i long = a telescope to anticipate y1 if possible1 9 discov]+ two r\nd ,m>s1 7z ! proportion seems to me to require17 six or eight r\nd ,saturn1 & p]haps "o ea* r\nd ,m]cury & ,v5us4 ,! read] has "h an opportunity ( v]ify+ ,galileo's obs]vation1 t ,kepl]'s me?od ( philosophiz+ diff]$ widely f 8 own4 ,! prop] l9e is c]ta9ly difficult to hit betwe5 ! m]e !ori/ & ! m]e obs]v]4 ,x is n difficult at once to condemn ! =m]1 & yet ! latt] w deprive himself ( an important1 & (t5 indisp5sable assi/ance1 if he neglect f "t to "t to consolidate 8 obs]vations1 & !nce to conjecture ! c\rse ( future obs]vation mo/ likely to rew>d 8 assiduity4 ,?is _c be m =cibly express$ ?an 9 ! words ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci3#df ,!ory is ! g5]al1 exp]im5ts are ! soldi]s4 ,! int]pret] ( ! works ( nature is exp]im5t2 t is nev] wrong2 x is our judgm5t :i* is sometimes deceiv$1 because we are expect+ results :i* exp]im5t refuses to give4 ,we mu/ consult exp]im5t1 & v>y ! circum/ances1 till we h d$uc$ g5]al rules1 = x alone c furni% u ) !m4 ,b y w ask1 :at is ! use ( ^! g5]al rules8 ,i answ]1 t !y direct u 9 our inquiries into nature & ! op]ations ( art4 ,!y keep u f deceiv+ ourselves & o!rs1 by promis+ ourselves results :i* we c nev] obta94 ,9 ! in/ance be=e u1 x is well kn[n t1 adopt+ "s ( ! op9ions ( ,bruno & ,brutti1 ,galileo1 ev5 be=e he _h se5 ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 _h all[$ ! possibility ( ! discov]y ( new planets2 & we c sc>cely suppose t !y _h weak5$ 8 belief 9 ! probability ( fur!r success1 or disc\rag$ him f exam9+ ! o!r heav5ly bodies4 ,kepl] on ! contr>y _h tak5 ! opposite side ( ! argum5t2 b no soon] 0 ! fallacy ( 8 fir/ position und5iably demon/rat$1 ?an1 pass+ at once f "o extreme to ! o!r1 he fram$ an unsupport$ !ory to acc\nt = ! numb] ( satellites :i* 7 r\nd ,jupit]1 & = ^? :i* he expect$ to meet ) else:]e4 ,kepl] has be5 /yl$ ! legislator ( ! skies2 8 laws 7 promulgat$ r too arbitr>ily1 & !y (t5 fail$1 z all laws mu/ d :i* are n drawn f a c>eful obs]vation ( ! nature ( ^? :o are to be gov]n$ by !m4 ,a/ronom]s h reason to be grateful = ! !orems :i* he 0 ! fir/ to e/abli%2 b s f> z reg>ds ! progress ( ! sci5ce ( inductive reason+1 x is p]haps to be regrett$1 t ! sev5te5 ye>s :i* he wa/$ 9 r&om & unconnect$ guesses %\ld h be5 f9ally rew>d$1 by discov]ies spl5did en\gh to %$ deceitful lu/re ^u ! me?od by :i* he arriv$ at !m4 ,galileo himself cle>ly p]ceiv$ ! fallaci\s nature ( ^! speculations on numb]s & proportions1 & has express$ 8 s5tim5ts conc]n+ !m v unequivocally4 ,h[ great & common an error appe>s to me ! mi/ake ( ^? :o p]si/ 9 mak+ _! k & appreh5sion ! measure ( ! appreh5sion & k ( ,god2 z if t alone 7 p]fect1 :i* !y und]/& to be s4 ,b ,i1 on ! contr>y1 obs]ve t ,nature has o!r scales ( p]fection1 :i* we _c compreh5d1 & r seem dispos$ to class among imp]fections4 ,= in/ance1 among ! relations ( diff]5t numb]s1 ^? appe> to u mo/ p]fect :i* exi/ betwe5 numb]s ne>ly relat$ to ea* o!r2 z ! d\ble1 ! triple1 ! proportion ( ?ree to two1 c42 ^? appe> less p]fect :i* exi/ betwe5 numb]s remote f1 & prime to ea* o!r2 z #aa to #g1 #ag to #ac1 #ec to #cg1 c42 & mo/ imp]fect ( all d ^? appe> :i* exi/ betwe5 incomm5surable quantities1 :i* by u are nameless & inexplicable4 ,consequ5tly1 if ! task _h be5 giv5 to a man1 ( e/abli%+ & ord]+ ! rapid motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 accord+ to 8 notions ( p]fect proportions1 ,i d\bt n t he w\ld h arrang$ !m accord+ to ! =m] rational proportions2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ,god1 ) no reg>d to our imag9>y symmetries1 has ord]$ !m 9 proportions n only incommeasurable & irrational1 b altoge!r inappreciable by our intellect4 ,a man ignorant ( geometry may p]haps lam5t1 t ! circumf]5ce ( a circle does n happ5 to be exactly ?ree times ! diamet]1 or 9 "s o!r assignable proportion to x1 r ?an su* t we h n yet be5 able to expla9 :at ! ratio betwe5 !m is2 b "o :o has m und]/&+ w "k t if !y 7 o!r ?an !y are1 ?\s&s ( admirable conclusions w\ld h be5 lo/1 & t none ( ! o!r prop]ties ( ! circle w\ld h be5 true3 ! surface ( ! sph]e w\ld n be quadruple ( a great circle1 nor ! cyl9d] be to ! sph]e z ?ree to two3 9 %ort1 no "p ( geometry w\ld be true1 & z x n[ is4 ,if "o ( our mo/ celebrat$ ar*itects _h _h to di/ribute ?is va/ multitude ( fix$ />s ?r\gh ! great vault ( heav51 ,i believe he w\ld h dispos$ !m ) beautiful arrangem5ts ( squ>es1 hexagons1 & octagons2 he w\ld h disp]s$ ! l>g] ones among ! middle siz$ & ! less1 s z to correspond exactly ) ea* o!r2 & !n he w\ld ?9k he _h contriv$ admirable proportions3 b ,god1 on ! contr>y1 has %ak5 !m out f ,8 h& z if by *ance1 & we1 =soo?1 mu/ ?9k t ,he has scatt]$ !m up yond] )\t any regul>ity1 symmetry1 & elegance4 ,x is wor? rem>k+ t ! dang]\s ideas ( aptitude & congru5ce ( numb]s _h tak5 su* deep & g5]al root1 t long aft]w>ds1 :5 ! reality ( ,jupit]'s satellites 0 inconte/ably e/abli%$1 & ,huygh5s _h discov]$ a simil> satellite ne> ,saturn1 he 0 s ra% z to decl>e 8 belief1 7unw>n$ by ! va/ progress :i* a/ronomy _h made 9 8 own "t17 t no m satellites w\ld be discov]$1 s9ce ! "o :i* he discov]$ ne> ,saturn1 ) ,jupit]'s f\r1 & our moon1 made up ! numb] six1 exactly equal to ! numb] ( ! pr9cipal planets4 ,e read] kn[s t ?is notion1 s unwor?y ! g5ius ( ,huygh5s1 has be5 s9ce explod$ by ! discov]y bo? ( new planets1 & new satellites4 ,francesco ,sizzi1 a ,flor5t9e a/ronom]1 took ! matt] up 9 a some:at diff]5t /ra9 f ,kepl]4#dg--,!re are sev5 w9d[s giv5 to animals 9 ! domicile ( ! head1 ?r\gh :i* ! air is admitt$ to ! re/ ( ! tab]nacle ( ! body1 to enlight51 to w>m1 & n\ri% x1 :i* are ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! 7or little _w72 two no/rils1 two eyes1 two e>s1 & a m\?2 s 9 ! heav5s1 z 9 a 7or great _w71 !re are two fav\rable />s1 two unpropiti\s1 two lum9>ies1 & ,m]cury alone undecid$ & indiff]5t4 ,f :i* & _m o!r simil> ph5om5a ( nature1 su* z ! sev5 metals1 c41 :i* x 7 t$i\s to enum]ate1 we ga!r t ! numb] ( planets is necess>ily sev54 ,moreov]1 ! satellites are invisible to ! nak$ eye1 & !re=e c ex]cise no influ5ce on ! e>?1 & !re=e w\ld be useless1 & !re=e d n exi/4 ,besides1 z well ! ,jews & o!r anci5t nations z mod]n ,europeans h adopt$ ! division ( ! week into sev5 days1 & h nam$ !m f ! sev5 planets3 n[ if we increase ! numb] ( ! planets ?is :ole sy/em falls to ! gr\nd4 ,to ^! rem>ks ,galileo calmly repli$1 t :atev] _! =ce might be1 z a reason = believ+ be=eh& t no m ?an sev5 planets w\ld be discov]$1 !y h>dly seem$ ( suffici5t weight to de/roy ! new ones :5 actually se54 ,o!rs1 aga91 took a m dogg$ l9e ( opposition1 )\t v5tur+ into ! subtle analogies & argum5ts ( ! philosoph] j cit$4 ,!y cont5t$ !mselves1 & satisfi$ o!rs1 ) ! simple ass]tion1 t su* ?+s 7 n1 & c\ld n be1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y ma9ta9$ !mselves 9 _! incr$ulity 0 suffici5tly ludicr\s4 ,oh1 my de> ,kepl]1#dh says ,galileo1 h[ ,i wi% t we c\ld h "o he>ty laugh toge!r4 ,"h1 at ,padua1 is ! pr9cipal pr(essor ( philosophy1 :om ,i h repeat$ly & urg5tly reque/$ to look at ! moon & planets ?r\gh my glass1 :i* he p]t9aci\sly refuses to d4 ,:y are y n "h8 :at %\ts ( laught] we %\ld h at ?is glori\s folly6 & to he> ! pr(essor ( philosophy at ,pisa lab\r+ be=e ! gr& duke ) logical argum5ts1 z if ) magical incantations1 to *>m ! new planets out ( ! sky4 ,ano!r oppon5t ( ,galileo des]ves to be nam$1 7 x only = ! s+ul> impud5ce ( ! *>ge he v5tures to br+ aga9/ him4 ,we are n to ?9k1 says ,*ri/mann1 9 ! ,app5dix to 8 ,nodus ,gordius1 t ,jupit] has f\r satellites giv5 him by nature1 9 ord]1 by revolv+ r\nd him1 to immortalize ! "n ( ! ,m$ici1 :o fir/ _h notice ( ! obs]vation4 ,^! are ! dreams ( idle m51 :o love ludicr\s ideas bett] ?an our labori\s & indu/ri\s correction ( ! heav5s4--,nature abhors s horrible a *aos1 & to ! truly wise su* vanity is dete/able4 ,galileo 0 also urg$ by ! a/rolog]s to attribute "s influ5ce1 accord+ to _! fanta/ic notions1 to ! satellites1 & ! acc\nt :i* he gives 8 fri5d ,d9i ( 8 answ] to "o ( ?is class is well wor? extract+1 z a specim5 ( 8 me?od ( unit+ s>casm ) s]i\s expo/ulation2 ,i mu/1 says he1 tell y :at ,i said a few days back to "o ( ^? nativity-ca/]s1 :o believe t ,god1 :5 he creat$ ! heav5s & ! />s1 _h no ?\ghts beyond :at !y c !mselves conceive1 9 ord] to free myself f 8 t$i\s importunity2 = he prote/$1 t unless ,i w\ld decl>e to him ! effect ( ! ,m$ican planets1 he w\ld reject & d5y !m z ne$less & sup]flu\s4 ,i believe ?is set ( m5 to be ( ,sizzi's op9ion1 t a/ronom]s discov]$ ! o!r sev5 planets1 n by see+ !m corporally 9 ! skies1 b only f _! effects on e>?1--mu* 9 ! mann] 9 :i* "s h\ses are discov]$ to be haunt$ by evil spirits1 n by see+ !m1 b f ! extravagant pranks :i* are play$ !re4 ,i repli$1 t he ought to reconsid] ! hundr$ or ?\s& op9ions :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life1 he might h giv51 & p>ticul>ly to exam9e well ! ev5ts :i* he _h pr$ict$ ) ! help ( ,jupit]1 & if he %\ld f9d t all _h succe$$ con=mably to 8 pr$ictions1 ,i bid him prophecy m]rily on1 accord+ to 8 old & wont$ rules2 = ,i assur$ him t ! new planets w\ld n 9 any degree affect ! ?+s :i* are already pa/1 & t 9 future he w\ld n be a less =tunate conjuror ?an he _h be53 b if1 on ! contr>y1 he %\ld f9d ! ev5ts dep5d+ on ,jupit]1 9 "s trifl+ p>ticul>s n to h agre$ ) 8 dogmas & progno/icat+ aphorisms1 he ought to set to "w to f9d new tables = calculat+ ! con/itution ( ! f\r ,jovial circulators at e bygone mom5t1 &1 p]haps1 f ! div]sity ( _! aspects1 he w\ld be able1 ) accurate obs]vations & multipli$ conjunctions1 to discov] ! alt]ations & v>iety ( influ5ces dep5d+ ^u !m2 & ,i rem9d$ him1 t 9 ages pa/ !y _h n acquir$ k ) little lab\r1 at ! exp5se ( o!rs1 f writt5 books1 b t ! fir/ inv5tors acquir$ ! mo/ excell5t k ( ?+s natural & div9e ) /udy & contemplation ( ! va/ book :i* nature holds ev] op5 be=e ^? :o h eyes 9 _! =ehead & 9 _! bra92 & t x 0 a m hon\rable & praisewor?y ent]prize ) _! own wat*+1 toil1 & /udy1 to discov] some?+ admirable & new among ! inf9ite numb] :i* yet rema9 conceal$ 9 ! d>ke/ dep?s ( philosophy1 ?an to pass a li/less & lazy exi/5ce1 lab\r+ only to d>k5 ! toilsome inv5tions ( _! neighb\rs1 9 ord] to excuse _! own c[>dice & inaptitude = reason+1 :ile !y cry out t no?+ c be add$ to ! discov]ies already made4 ,! extract giv5 above f ,kepl]1 is tak5 f an ,essay1 publi%$ ) ! lat] editions ( ! ,nuncius1 ! object & _s ( :i* seem to h be5 greatly misund]/ood1 ev5 by "s ( ,kepl]'s intimate fri5ds4--,!y consid]$ x z a cov]t attack ^u ,galileo1 &1 accord+ly1 ,mae/l9 ?us writes to him3--,9 y\r ,essay 7:i* ,i h j receiv$7 y h pluck$ ,galileo's fea!rs well2 ,i mean1 t y h %[n him n to be ! inv5tor ( ! telescope1 n to h be5 ! fir/ :o obs]v$ ! irregul>ities ( ! moon's surface1 n to h be5 ! fir/ discov]] ( m worlds ?an ! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ )1 c4 ,"o s\rce ( exultation 0 /ill left him1 f ! appreh5sion ( :i* ,m>t9 ,horky has n[ entirely deliv]$ me4 ,x is difficult to discov] 9 :at "p ( ,kepl]'s book ,mae/l9 f\nd all ?is1 = x is "o cont9u$ encomium ^u ,galileo2 insomu* t ,kepl] almo/ apologizes 9 ! preface = :at may seem 8 intemp]ate admiration ( 8 fri5d4 ,"s might wi% ,i _h spok5 9 m mod]ate t]ms 9 praise ( ,galileo1 9 consid]ation ( ! di/+ui%$ m5 :o are oppos$ to 8 op9ions1 b ,i h writt5 no?+ fulsome or ins9c]e4 ,i praise him1 = myself2 ,i leave o!r m5's judgm5ts free2 & %all be ready to jo9 9 condemnation :5 "s "o wis] ?an myself %all1 by s\nd reason+1 po9t out 8 errors4 ,h[ev]1 ,mae/l9 0 n ! only "o :o misund]/ood ,kepl]'s int5tions3 ! ,m>t9 ,horky ( :om he speaks1 a "y ,g]man1 also signaliz$ himself by a va9 attack ^u ! book :i* he ?\ght 8 patron ,kepl] condemn$4 ,he 0 !n travell+ 9 ,italy1 :5ce he wrote to ,kepl] 8 fir/ undet]m9$ ?\ghts ab\t ! new discov]ies4 ,!y are wond]ful2 !y are /up5d\s2 :e!r !y are true or false ,i _c tell4#di ,he seems soon to h decid$ t mo/ reputation 0 to be ga9$ on ! side ( ,galileo's oppon5ts1 & 8 lett]s accord+ly became fill$ ) ! mo/ rancor\s abuse ( him4 ,at ! same "t1 t ! read] may appreciate ,horky's own "*1 we %all quote a %ort s5t5ce at ! end ( "o ( 8 lett]s1 :]e he writes ( a paltry piece ( di%one/y ) z great glee z if he _h solv$ an +5i\s & sci5tific problem4 ,aft] m5tion+ 8 meet+ ,galileo at ,bologna1 & be+ indulg$ ) a trial ( 8 telescope1 :i*1 he says1 does wond]s ^u ! e>?1 b repres5ts cele/ial objects falsely2#ej he concludes ) ! foll[+ hon\rable s5t5ce3--,i mu/ confide to y a !ft :i* ,i committ$4 ,i contriv$ to take a m\ld ( ! glass 9 wax1 )\t ! k ( any "o1 &1 :5 ,i get home1 ,i tru/ to make a telescope ev5 bett] ?an ,galileo's own4 ,horky hav+ decl>$ to ,kepl]1 ,i w nev] conc$e 8 f\r new planets to t ,italian f ,padua ?\gh ,i die = x1 foll[$ up ?is decl>ation by publi%+ a book aga9/ ,galileo1 :i* is ! "o allud$ to by ,mae/l91 z hav+ de/roy$ ! little cr$it :i*1 accord+ to 8 view1 ,kepl]'s publication _h left him4 ,?is book pr(esses to conta9 ! exam9ation ( f\r pr9cipal que/ions t\*+ ! alleg$ planets2 #a/1 ,:e!r !y exi/8 #bnd1 ,:at !y are8 #crd1 ,:at !y are l8 #d?1 ,:y !y are8 ,! fir/ "q is soon dispos$ (1 by ,horky's decl>+ positively t he has exam9$ ! heav5s ) ,galileo's own glass1 & t no su* ?+ z a satellite ab\t ,jupit] exi/s4 ,to ! second1 he decl>es solemnly1 t he does n m surely "k t he has a s\l 9 8 body1 ?an t reflect$ rays are ! sole cause ( ,galileo's errone\s obs]vations4 ,9 reg>d to ! ?ird "q1 he says1 t ^! planets are l ! smalle/ fly comp>$ to an elephant2 &1 f9ally1 concludes on ! f\r?1 t ! only use ( !m is to gratify ,galileo's ?ir/ ( gold1 & to af=d himself a subject ( discussion4#ea ,galileo did n condesc5d to notice ?is imp]t95t folly2 x 0 answ]$ by ,r(f9i1 a pupil ( ,mag9i1 & by a "y ,scot*man ( ! "n ( ,w$d]burn1 !n a /ud5t at ,padua1 & aft]w>ds a physician at ! ,c\rt ( ,vi5na4 ,9 ! latt] reply we f9d x m5tion$1 t ,galileo 0 also us+ 8 telescope = ! exam9ation ( insects1 c4#eb ,horky s5t 8 p]=mance triumphantly to ,kepl]1 &1 z he return$ home be=e receiv+ an answ]1 he pres5t$ himself be=e 8 patron 9 ! same misappreh5sion "u :i* he _h writt51 b ! philosoph] receiv$ him ) a bur/ ( indignation :i* rapidly undeceiv$ him4 ,! conclusion ( ! /ory is *>act]i/ic en\gh to be giv5 9 ,kepl]'s own acc\nt ( ! matt] to ,galileo1 9 :i*1 aft] v5t+ 8 wra? aga9/ ?is scum ( a fell[1 ^: obscurity _h giv5 him audacity1 he says1 t ,horky begg$ s h>d to be =giv51 t ,i h tak5 him aga9 into fav\r ^u ?is prelim9>y condition1 to :i* he has agre$3--t ,i am to %ew him ,jupit]'s satellites1 ,,& ,,he ,,is ,,to ,,see ,,!m1 & own t !y are !re4 ,9 ! same lett] ,kepl] writes1 t al?\gh he has himself p]fect confid5ce 9 ! tru? ( ,galileo's ass]tions1 yet he wi%es he c\ld furni% him ) "s corroborative te/imonies1 :i* ,kepl] c\ld quote 9 argu+ ! po9t ) o!rs4 ,?is reque/ produc$ ! foll[+ reply1 f :i* ! read] w also le>n ! new *ange :i* _h n[ tak5 place 9 ,galileo's =tunes1 ! result ( ! correspond5ce ) ,flor5ce1 "p ( :i* we h already extract$4#ec ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i return y my ?anks t y fir/1 & almo/ alone1 be=e ! "q _h be5 sift$ 7su* is y\r c&\r & ! l(t9ess ( y\r m9d71 put fai? 9 my ass]tions4 ,y tell me y h "s telescopes1 b n suffici5tly good to magnify di/ant objects ) cle>ness1 & t y anxi\sly expect a sight ( m9e1 :i* magnifies images m ?an a ?\s& times4 ,x is m9e no long]1 = ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany has ask$ x ( me1 & int5ds to lay x up 9 8 museum1 among 8 mo/ r>e & preci\s curiosities1 9 et]nal remembrance ( ! inv5tion3 ,i h made no o!r ( equal excell5ce1 = ! me*anical lab\r is v great3 ,i h1 h[ev]1 devis$ "s in/rum5ts = figur+ & poli%+ !m :i* ,i am unwill+ to con/ruct "h1 z !y c\ld n conv5i5tly be c>ri$ to ,flor5ce1 :]e ,i %all 9 future reside4 ,y ask1 my de> ,kepl]1 = o!r te/imonies3--,i produce1 = "o1 ! ,gr& ,duke1 :o1 aft] obs]v+ ! ,m$ican planets sev]al times ) me at ,pisa dur+ ! la/ mon?s1 made me a pres5t1 at p>t+1 wor? m ?an a ?\s& flor9s1 & has n[ invit$ me to atta* myself to him ) ! annual sal>y ( "o ?\s& flor9s1 & ) ! title ( ,philosoph] & ,pr9cipal ,ma!matician to ,8 ,highness2 )\t ! duties ( any (fice to p]=m1 b ) ! mo/ complete leisure2 s t ,i c complete my ,treatises on ,me*anics1 on ! ,con/itution ( ! ,univ]se1 & on ,natural & ,viol5t ,local ,motion1 ( :i* ,i h demon/rat$ geometrically _m new & admirable ph5om5a4 ,i produce1 = ano!r witness1 myself1 :o1 al?\gh already end[$ 9 ?is college ) ! noble sal>y ( "o ?\s& flor9s1 su* z no pr(essor ( ma!matics ev] be=e receiv$1 & :i* ,i might securely enjoy dur+ my life1 ev5 if ^! planets _h deceiv$ me & %\ld disappe>1 yet quit ?is situation1 & betake me :]e want & disgrace w be my puni%m5t %\ld ,i prove to h be5 mi/ak54 ,x is difficult n to regret t ,galileo %\ld be ?us call$ on to resign 8 be/ glasses1 b x appe>s probable t on becom+ m famili> ) ! ,gr& ,duke1 he v5tur$ to sugge/ t ?is telescope w\ld be m advantage\sly employ$ 9 8 own h&s1 ?an pomp\sly laid up 9 a museum2 = 9 #afcg we f9d him say+1 9 answ] to a reque/ f 8 fri5d ,micanzio to s5d him a telescope--,i am sorry t ,i _c oblige y ) ! glasses = y\r fri5d1 b ,i am no long] capable ( mak+ !m1 & ,i h j p>t$ ) two tol]ably good ones :i* ,i _h1 res]v+ only my old discov]] ( cele/ial novelties :i* is already promis$ to ! ,gr& ,duke4 ,cosmo 0 dead 9 #afcg1 & x is 8 son ,f]d9& :o is "h meant1 :o appe>s to h inh]it$ 8 fa!r's love ( sci5ce4 ,galileo tells u1 9 ! same lett]1 t ,f]d9& _h be5 amus+ himself = "s mon?s ) mak+ object-glasses1 & always c>ri$ "o ) him to "w at :]ev] he w5t4 ,:5 =w>d+ ?is telescope to ,cosmo 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ,galileo adds1 ) a v natural feel+--,i s5d x to 8 highness unadorn$ & unpoli%$1 z ,i made x = my own use1 & beg t x may always be left 9 ! same /ate2 = none ( ! old p>ts ought to be displac$ to make room = new ones1 :i* w h _h no %>e 9 ! wat*+s & fatigues ( ^! obs]vations4 ,a telescope 0 9 exi/5ce1 ?\gh ) ! object glass brok51 at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 & probably /ill is 9 ! ,museum at ,flor5ce1 :i* 0 %ewn z ! discov]] ( ,jupit]'s satellites4 ,nelli1 on ^: au?ority ?is is m5tion$1 appe>s to "q its g5u95ess4 ,! fir/ reflect+ telescope1 made ) ,newton's own h&s1 & sc>cely possess+ less int]e/ ?an ! fir/ ( ,galileo's1 is pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,by degrees ! enemies ( ,galileo & ( ! new />s f\nd x impossible to p]sev]e 9 _! disbelief1 :e!r real or pret5d$1 & at l5g? seem$ resolv$ to comp5sate = ! sluggi%ness ( _! p]ception1 by its acut5ess :5 br\ght into action4 ,simon ,may] publi%$ 8 ,mundus ,jovialis 9 #afad1 9 :i* he claims to h be5 an orig9al obs]v] ( ! satellites1 b1 ) an affectation ( c&\r1 all[s t ,galileo obs]v$ !m probably ab\t ! same "t4 ,! e>lie/ obs]vation :i* he has record$ is dat$ #bi? ,decemb]1 #afji1 b1 n to m5tion ! total want ( probability t ,may] w\ld n h imm$iately publi%$ s int]e/+ a discov]y1 x is to be obs]v$1 t1 z he us$ ! old /yle1 ?is date ( #bi? ,decemb] agrees ) ! #h? ,janu>y1 #afaj1 ( ! new /yle1 :i* 0 ! date ( ,galileo's second obs]vation1 & ,galileo v5tur$ to decl>e 8 op9ion1 t ?is pret5d$ obs]vation 0 9 fact a plagi>ism4 ,s*e9] c\nt$ five1 ,rheita n9e1 & o!r obs]v]s1 ) increas+ contempt = ,galileo's imp]fect ann\ncem5ts1 c>ri$ ! numb] z high z twelve4#ed ,9 imitation ( ,galileo's nom5clature1 & to hon\r ! sov]eigns ( ! respective obs]v]s1 ^! suppos$ additional satellites 7 dignifi$ ) ! names ( ,vladislavian1 ,agripp9e1 ,urbanoctavian1 & ,f]d9&ot]tian planets2 b a v %ort "t s]v$ to %[ x 0 z unsafe to exce$ z to fall %ort ( ! numb] :i* ,galileo _h fix$ ^u1 = ,jupit] rapidly remov$ himself f ! neighb\rhood ( ! fix$ />s1 :i* gave rise to ^! pret5d$ discov]ies1 c>ry+ ) him only 8 f\r orig9al att5dants1 :i* cont9u$ 9 e "p ( 8 orbit to revolve regul>ly ab\t him4 ,p]haps we _c bett] w9d up ?is acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( ,jupit]'s satellites1 & ( ! int5se int]e/ !y h at all times inspir$1 ?an 9 ! words ( "o :o inh]its a "n wor?y to be rank$ ) t ( ,galileo 9 ! li/ ( a/ronomical discov]]s1 & :o takes 8 own place among ! mo/ accompli%$ ma!maticians ( ! pres5t times4 ,! discov]y ( ^! bodies 0 "o ( ! fir/ brilliant results ( ! inv5tion ( ! telescope2 "o ( ! fir/ great facts :i* op5$ ! eyes ( mank9d to ! sy/em ( ! univ]se1 :i* taught !m ! comp>ative insignificance ( _! own planet1 & ! sup]ior va/ness & nic] me*anism ( ^? o!r bodies1 :i* _h be=e be5 di/+ui%$ f ! />s only by _! motion1 & :]e9 none b ! bolde/ ?9k]s _h v5tur$ to suspect a community ( nature ) our own globe4 ,?is discov]y gave ! hold+ turn to ! op9ions ( mank9d respect+ ! ,cop]nican sy/em2 ! analogy pres5t$ by ^! little bodies 7little h[ev] only 9 comp>ison ) ! great c5tral body ab\t :i* !y revolve7 p]=m+ _! beautiful revolutions 9 p]fect h>mony & ord] ab\t x1 be+ too /rong to be resi/$4 ,?is elegant sy/em 0 wat*$ ) all ! curiosity & int]e/ ! subject naturally inspir$4 ,! eclipses ( ! satellites spe$ily attract$ att5tion1 & ! m :5 x 0 disc]n$1 z x spe$ily 01 by ,galileo himself1 t !y af=d$ a ready me?od ( det]m9+ ! diff]5ce ( longitudes ( di/ant places on ! e>?'s surface1 by obs]vations ( ! in/ants ( _! disappe>ances & reappe>ances1 simultane\sly made4 ,?us ! fir/ a/ronomical solution ( ! great problem ( ! longitude1 ! fir/ mighty /ep :i* po9t$ out a connection betwe5 speculative a/ronomy & practical utility1 & :i*1 replac+ ! fa/ dissipat+ dreams ( a/rology by nobl] visions1 %[$ h[ ! />s might really1 & )\t fiction1 be call$ arbit]s ( ! de/9ies ( empires1 we owe to ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 ^? atoms imp]ceptible to ! nak$ eye1 & float+ l motes 9 ! beam ( _! prim>y--itself an atom to our sight1 notic$ only by ! c>eless vulg> z a l>ge />1 & by ! philosoph]s ( =m] ages z some?+ mov+ among ! />s1 !y knew n :at1 nor :y3 p]haps only to p]plex ! wise ) fruitless conjectures1 & h>ass ! weak ) fe>s z idle z _! !ories4#ee ,,footnotes3 #df ,v5turi4 ,essai sur les ouvrages de ,leo4 da ,v9ci4 #dg ,dianoia ,a/ronomica1 ,v5etiis1 #afaj4 #dh ,kepl]i ,epi/ol4 #di ,kepl]i ,epi/ol4 #ej ,x may seem extraord9>y t any "o c\ld support an argum5t by ?is p>tial disbelief 9 ! in/rum5t1 :i* 0 all[$ on all h&s to repres5t t]re/rial objects correctly4 ,a simil> in/ance ( ob/9acy1 9 an almo/ id5tical case ?\gh 9 a m unpret5d+ /ation1 once came "u ! writ]'s own obs]vation4 ,a f>m] 9 ,cambridge%ire1 :o _h acquir$ "s confus$ notions ( ! use ( ! quadrant1 consult$ him on a new me?od ( det]m9+ ! di/ances & magnitudes ( ! sun & moon1 :i* he decl>$ 7 f> diff]5t f ! quantities usually assign$ to !m4 ,aft] a little conv]sation1 ! root ( 8 error1 c]ta9ly suffici5tly gross1 appe>$ to be t he _h conf\nd$ ! angul> measure ( a degree1 ) #fi miles1 ! l9e> measure ( a degree on ! e>?'s surface4 ,z a %ort way ( %[+ 8 mi/ake1 he 0 desir$ to det]m9e1 9 ! same mann]1 ! height ( 8 b>n :i* /ood ab\t #cj y>ds di/ant2 he lift$ ! quadrant to 8 eye1 b p]ceiv+1 probably1 ! mon/r\s size to :i* 8 pr9ciples 7 =c+ him1 he said1 ,oh1 ,sir1 ! quadrant's only true = ! sky4 ,he mu/ h be5 an objector ( ?is k9d1 :o said to ,galileo1--,oh1 ,sir1 ! telescope's only true = ! e>?4 #ea ,v5turi4 #eb ,quatuor probl4 confut4 p] ,j4 ,w$d]bornium1 ,scotobritannum4 ,patavii1 #afaj4 #ec ,see page #ah4 #ed ,%]burne's ,sph]e ( ,manilius4 ,london1 #afge4 #ee ,h]s*el's ,address to ! ,a/ronomical ,society1 #ahbg4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,obs]vations on ! ,moon--,nebul--,saturn--,v5us--,m>s4 ,,!re 7 o!r discov]ies ann\nc$ 9 ,galileo's book ( great & unprec$5t$ importance1 & :i* sc>cely excit$ less discussion ?an ! controv]t$ ,m$ican planets4 ,8 obs]vations on ! moon ?rew additional light on ! con/itution ( ! sol> sy/em1 & cle>$ up ! difficulties :i* encumb]$ ! explanation ( ! v>i$ appe>ance ( h] surface4 ,! diff]5t !ories curr5t at t day1 to acc\nt = ^! ph5om5a1 are collect$ & describ$ by ,b5$etti1 & also ) "s livel9ess1 9 a my?ological poem1 by ,m>9i4#ef ,we are told1 t1 9 ! op9ion ( "s1 ! d>k %ades on ! moon's surface arise f ! int]position ( opaque bodies float+ betwe5 h] & ! sun1 :i* prev5ts 8 light f rea*+ ^? p>ts3 o!rs ?\ght1 t on acc\nt ( h] vic9ity to ! e>?1 %e 0 p>tly ta9t$ ) ! imp]fection ( our t]re/rial & elem5t>y nature1 & 0 n ( t entirely pure & ref9$ sub/ance ( :i* ! m remote heav5s consi/3 a ?ird p>ty look$ on h] z a va/ mirror1 & ma9ta9$ t ! d>k p>ts ( h] surface 7 ! reflect$ images ( our e>?ly =e/s & m\nta9s4 ,galileo's glass taught him to believe t ! surface ( ?is planet1 f> f be+ smoo? & poli%$1 z 0 g5]ally tak5 = grant$1 really resembl$ our e>? 9 its /ructure2 he 0 able di/9ctly to trace on x ! outl9es ( m\nta9s & o!r inequalities1 ! summits ( :i* reflect$ ! rays ( ! sun be=e ^! rea*$ ! l[] p>ts1 & ! sides ( :i*1 turn$ f 8 beams1 lay buri$ 9 deep %ad[4 ,he recognis$ a di/ribution into some?+ simil> to cont95ts ( l&1 & oceans ( wat]1 :i* reflect ! sun's light to u ) great] or less vivacity1 accord+ to _! con/itution4 ,^! conclusions 7 utt]ly odi\s to ! ,ari/otelians2 !y _h =m$ a preconceiv$ notion ( :at ! moon ought to be1 & !y loa!d ! doctr9es ( ,galileo1 :o took delight1 z !y said1 9 di/ort+ & ru9+ ! faire/ works ( nature4 ,x 0 9 va9 he argu$1 z to ! imag9>y p]fection ( ! sph]ical =m1 t al?\gh ! moon1 or ! e>?1 7 x absolutely smoo?1 w\ld inde$ be a m p]fect sph]e ?an 9 its pres5t r\gh /ate1 yet t\*+ ! p]fection ( ! e>?1 consid]$ z a natural body calculat$ = a p>ticul> purpose1 e "o mu/ see t absolute smoo?ness & sph]icity w\ld make x n only less p]fect1 b z f> f be+ p]fect z possible4 ,:at else1 he dem&$1 w\ld x be b a va/ unbless$ des]t1 void ( animals1 ( plants1 ( cities & ( m52 ! abode ( sil5ce & inaction2 s5seless1 lifeless1 s\lless1 & /ript ( all ^? ornam5ts :i* make x n[ s v>i\s & s beautiful8 ,he reason$ to no purpose ) ! slaves ( ! anci5t s*ools3 no?+ c\ld console !m = ! de/ruction ( _! smoo? unalt]able surface1 & to su* an absurd l5g? 0 ?is halluc9ation c>ri$1 t "o oppon5t ( ,galileo1 ,lodovico delle ,colombe1 con/ra9$ to all[ ! evid5ce ( ! s5sible inequalities ( ! moon's surface1 attempt$ to reconcile ! old doctr9e ) ! new obs]vations1 by ass]t+1 t e "p ( ! moon1 :i* to ! t]re/rial obs]v] appe>$ holl[ & sunk51 0 9 fact entirely & exactly fill$ up ) a cle> cry/al sub/ance1 p]fectly imp]ceptible by ! s5ses1 b :i* re/or$ to ! moon h] accurately sph]ical & smoo? surface4 ,galileo met ! argum5t 9 ! mann] mo/ fitt+1 accord+ to "o ( ,ari/otle's own maxims1 t x is fooli% to refute absurd op9ions ) too mu* curiosity4 ,truly1 says he1 ! idea is admirable1 its only fault is t x is nei!r demon/rat$ nor demon/rable2 b ,i am p]fectly ready to believe x1 provid$ t1 ) equal c\rtesy1 ,i may be all[$ to raise ^u y\r smoo? surface1 cry/al m\nta9s 7:i* nobody c p]ceive7 t5 times high] ?an ^? :i* ,i h actually se5 & measur$4 ,by ?reat5+ to proce$ to su* extremities1 he seems to h sc>$ ! opposite p>ty into mod]ation1 = we d n f9d t ! cry/all9e !ory 0 p]sev]$ 94 ,9 ! same essay1 ,galileo also expla9$ at "s l5g? ! cause ( t "p ( ! moon be+ visible1 :i* is un5light5$ directly by ! sun 9 h] fir/ & la/ qu>t]4 ,mae/l91 & be=e him ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 _h already decl>$ ?is to arise f :at may be call$ e>?%9e1 or ! reflection ( ! sun's light f ! t]re/rial globe1 exactly simil> to t :i* ! moon af=ds u :5 we are simil>ly plac$ betwe5 h] & ! sun2 b ! notion _h n be5 fav\rably receiv$1 because "o ( ! argum5ts aga9/ ! e>? be+ a planet1 revolv+ l ! re/ r\nd ! sun1 01 t x did n %9e l !m1 & 0 !re=e ( a diff]5t nature2 & ?is argum5t1 weak z x 0 9 itself1 ! !ory ( t]re/rial reflection completely ov]turn$4 ,! m popul> op9ions ascrib$ ?is feeble light1 "s to ! fix$ />s1 "s to ,v5us1 "s to ! rays ( ! sun1 p5etrat+ & %9+ ?r\gh ! moon4 ,ev5 ! sagaci\s ,b5$etti adopt$ ! notion ( ?is light be+ caus$ by ,v5us1 9 ! same s5t5ce 9 :i* he expla9s ! true reason ( ! fa9t light obs]v$ dur+ a total eclipse ( ! moon1 po9t+ out t x is occasion$ by ^? rays ( ! sun1 :i* rea* ! moon1 aft] be+ b5t r\nd ! sides ( ! e>? by ! action ( our atmosph]e4#eg ,galileo also ann\nc$ ! detection ( innum]able />s1 invisible to ! unassi/$ sight2 & ^? rem>kable appe>ances 9 ! heav5s1 g5]ally call$ nebul1 ! mo/ consid]able ( :i* is famili> to all "u ! "n ( ! milky way1 :5 exam9$ by 8 in/rum5t1 7 f\nd to resolve !mselves into a va/ collection ( m9ute />s1 too closely congregat$ to produce a sep>ate impression ^u ! unassi/$ eye4#eh ,b5$etti1 :o div9$ t ! d>k %ades on ! moon's surface arose f ! con/itution ( ^? p>ts :i* suff]$ mu* ( ! light to pass into !m1 & consequ5tly reflect$ a less portion ( x1 _h ma9ta9$ t ! milky way 0 ! result ( ! conv]se ( ! same ph5om5on1 & decl>$1 9 ! language ( 8 a/ronomy1 t x 0 a "p ( ! eigh? orb1 :i* did n1 l ! re/1 all[ ! sun's light to trav]se x freely1 b reflect$ a small "p feebly to our sight4 ,! ,anti-,cop]nicans w\ld probably h be5 well pleas$1 if by ^! et]nally r5ew$ discussions & disputes1 !y c\ld h occupi$ ,galileo's "t suffici5tly to deta9 8 att5tion f 8 telescope & a/ronomical obs]vations2 b he knew too well :]e 8 real /r5g? lay1 & !y _h sc>cely "t to comp\nd any ?+ l an argum5t aga9/ him & 8 !ories1 be=e !y f\nd him 9 possession ( "s new facts1 :i* !y 7 unprep>$ to meet1 o!rwise ?an by ! nev]-fail+ res\rce ( abuse & affect$ contempt4 ,! ye> _h n expir$ be=e ,galileo _h new intellig5ce to communicate ( ! highe/ importance4 ,p]haps he _h be5 taught caution f ! num]\s piracies :i* _h be5 committ$ ^u 8 discov]ies1 & he fir/ ann\nc$ 8 new discov]ies enigmatically1 veil+ _! real import by transpositions ( ! lett]s 9 ! words :i* describ$ !m1 7a practice !n common1 & n disus$ ev5 at a mu* lat] date17 & invit+ all a/ronom]s to decl>e1 )9 a c]ta9 "t1 if !y _h not$ any ?+ new 9 ! heav5s wor?y ( obs]vation4 ,! transpos$ lett]s :i* he publi%$ 7-- ,smaismrmilme poeta leumi bvne nugttaviras4 ,kepl]1 9 ! true _s ( 8 riddl+ philosophy1 endeav\r$ to decyph] ! mean+1 & fanci$ he _h succe$$ :5 he =m$ a b>b>\s ,lat9 v]se1 ,salve umbi/9eum gem9atum ,m>tia proles1 conceiv+ t ! discov]y1 :atev] x might be1 relat$ to ! planet ,m>s1 to :i* ,kepl]'s att5tion _h be=e be5 p>ticul>ly direct$4 ,! read]1 h[ev]1 ne$ n we>y himself 9 seek+ a translation ( ?is solution1 = at ! reque/ ( ! ,emp]or ,rodolph1 ,galileo spe$ily s5t to him ! real read+-- ,altissimum planetam t]gem9um obs]vavi2 t is1 ,i h obs]v$ t ! mo/ di/ant planet is triple1 or1 z he fur!r expla9s ! matt]1 ,i h ) great admiration obs]v$ t ,saturn is n a s+le />1 b ?ree toge!r1 :i* z x 7 t\* ea* o!r2 !y h no relative motion1 & are con/itut$ 9 ?is =m ,symbol3 o,oo ! middle be+ some:at l>g] ?an ! lat]al ones4 ,if we exam9e !m ) an eye-glass :i* magnifies ! surface less ?an #ajjj times1 ! ?ree />s d n appe> v di/9ctly1 b ,saturn has an oblong appe>ance1 l ! appe>ance ( an olive1 ?us ,symbol3 horizontal #j4 ,n[ ,i h discov]$ a c\rt = ,jupit]1 & two s]vants = ?is old man1 :o aid 8 /eps & nev] quit 8 side4 ,galileo 01 h[ev]1 no mat* 9 ?is /yle ( writ+ = ,kepl]1 :o disapprov$ 8 fri5d's metaphor1 &1 9 8 usual fanciful & amus+ /ra91--,i w n1 said he1 make an old man ( ,saturn1 nor slaves ( 8 att5dant globes1 b r let ?is tricorporate =m be ,g]yon1 s %all ,galileo be ,h]cules1 & ! telescope 8 club2 arm$ ) :i*1 he has conqu]$ t di/ant planet1 & dragg$ him f ! remote/ dep?s ( nature1 & expos$ him to ! view ( all4 ,galileo's glass 0 n ( suffici5t p[] to %ew him ! real con/itution ( ?is extraord9>y planet2 x 0 res]v$ = ,huygh5s1 ab\t ! ye> #afef1 to decl>e to ! _w t ^! suppos$ att5dant />s are 9 fact "p ( a r+ :i* surr\nds1 & yet is completely di/9ct f ! body ( ,saturn2#ei & ! /ill m accurate obs]vations ( ,h]s*el h asc]ta9$ t x consi/s ( two conc5tric r+s revolv+ r\nd ! planet1 & sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a space :i* our mo/ p[]ful telescopes sc>cely enable u to measure4 ,galileo's second /atem5t conclud$ ) ! rem>k1 t 9 ! o!r planets no?+ new 0 to be obs]v$2 b a mon? _h sc>cely elaps$1 be=e he communicat$ to ! _w ano!r enigma1 ,hc immatura me jam fru/ra leguntur oy1 :i*1 z he said1 conta9$ ! ann\ncem5t ( a new ph5om5on1 9 ! highe/ degree important to ! tru? ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,! int]pretation ( ?is is1 ,cyn?i figuras mulatur mat] amorum1 t is to say1--,v5us rivals ! appe>ances ( ! moon--= ,v5us be+ n[ arriv$ at t "p ( h] orbit 9 :i* %e is plac$ betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun1 & consequ5tly1 ) only a "p ( h] enlight5$ surface turn$ t[>ds ! e>?1 ! telescope %ew$ h] 9 a cresc5t =m1 l ! moon 9 a simil> position1 & trac+ h] ?r\gh ! :ole ( h] orbit r\nd ! sun1 or at lea/ s long z %e 0 n invisible f 8 ov]p[]+ light1 ,galileo _h ! satisfaction ( see+ ! enlight5$ portion 9 ea* position assume ! =m appropriate to t hypo!sis4 ,x 0 ) reason1 !re=e1 t he laid /ress on ! importance ( ?is obs]vation1 :i* also e/abli%$ ano!r doctr9e sc>cely less obnoxi\s to ! ,anti-,cop]nicans1 namely1 t a new po9t ( resemblance 0 "h f\nd betwe5 ! e>? & "o ( ! pr9cipal planets2 & z ! reflection f ! e>? ^u ! moon _h %ewn x to be lum9\s l ! planets :5 subject$ to ! rays ( ! sun1 s ?is *ange ( app>5t figure demon/rat$ t "o ( ! planets n ne> ! e>?1 & !re=e probably all1 7 9 _! own nature n lum9\s1 & only reflect$ ! sun's light :i* fell ^u !m2 an inf]5ce1 ( :i* ! probability 0 /ill f>!r increas$ a few ye>s lat] by ! obs]vation ( ! transit ( ,m]cury ov] ! sun's disc4 ,x is curi\s t only tw5ty-five ye>s be=e ?is discov]y ( ! phases 7or appe>ances7 ( ,v5us1 a comm5tator ( ,ari/otle1 "u ! "n ( ,lucillus ,philal?u1 _h advanc$ ! doctr9e t all ! planets except ! moon are lum9\s ( !mselves1 & 9 pro( ( 8 ass]tion _h urg$1 t if ! o!r planets & fix$ />s receiv$ _! light f ! sun1 !y w\ld1 z !y approa*$ & rec$$ f him1 or z he approa*$ & rec$$ f !m1 assume ! same phases z ! moon1 :i*1 he adds1 we h nev] yet obs]v$4--,he fur!r rem>ks1 t ,m]cury & ,v5us w\ld1 9 ! suppos$ case ( _! be+ ne>] ! e>? ?an ! sun1 eclipse x occasionally1 j z eclipses are occasion$ by ! moon4 ,p]haps x is /ill m rem>kable1 t ^! v passages1 9 :i* ! reason+ is s correct1 ?\gh ! facts are too ha/ily tak5 = grant$1 7! common error ( t s*ool17 are quot$ by ,b5$etti1 expressly to %ew ! ignorance & presumption ( ! au?or4 ,cop]nicus1 ^: want ( in/rum5ts _h prev5t$ him f obs]v+ ! horn$ appe>ance ( ,v5us :5 betwe5 ! e>? & sun1 _h p]ceiv$ h[ =midable an ob/acle ! non-appe>ance ( ?is ph5om5on pres5t$ to 8 sy/em2 he endeav\r$1 ?\gh unsatisfactorily1 to acc\nt = x by suppos+ t ! rays ( ! sun pass$ freely ?r\gh ! body ( ! planet1 & ,galileo takes occasion to praise him = n be+ det]r$ f adopt+ ! sy/em1 :i*1 on ! :ole1 appe>$ to agree be/ ) ! ph5om5a1 by meet+ ) "s :i* x did n enable him to expla94 ,milton1 ^: poem is fill$ ) allusions to ,galileo & 8 a/ronomy1 has n suff]$ ?is beautiful ph5om5on to pass unnotic$4 ,aft] describ+ ! creation ( ! ,sun1 he adds3-- ,hi!r1 z to _! f\nta91 o!r />s ,repair+1 9 _! gold5 urns draw light1 ,& h5ce ! morn+ planet gilds h] horns4#fj ,galileo also assur$ himself1 at ! same "t1 t ! fix$ />s did n receive _! light f ! sun4 ,?is he asc]ta9$ by comp>+ ! vividness ( _! light1 9 all positions1 ) ! feebl5ess ( t ( ! di/ant planets1 & by obs]v+ ! diff]5t degrees ( brightness ) :i* all ! planets %one at diff]5t di/ances f ! sun4 ,! m remote planets did n1 ( c\rse1 af=d equal facilities ) ,v5us = s decisive an obs]vation2 b ,galileo ?\ght he obs]v$1 t :5 ,m>s 0 9 quadratures1 7or 9 ! qu>t]s1 ! middle po9ts ( 8 pa? on ei!r side17 8 figure v>i$ slightly f a p]fect circle4 ,galileo concludes ! lett]1 9 :i* he ann\nces ^! la/ obs]vations to 8 pupil ,ca/elli1 ) ! foll[+ expressions1 %ew+ h[ ju/ly he e/imat$ ! opposition !y enc\nt]$3--,y almo/ make me laugh by say+ t ^! cle> obs]vations are suffici5t to conv9ce ! mo/ ob/9ate3 x seems y h yet to le>n t long ago ! obs]vations 7 en\gh to conv9ce ^? :o are capable ( reason+1 & ^? :o wi% to le>n ! tru?2 b t to conv9ce ! ob/9ate1 & ^? :o c>e = no?+ beyond ! va9 applause ( ! /upid & s5seless vulg>1 n ev5 ! te/imony ( ! />s w\ld suffice1 7 !y to desc5d on e>? to speak = !mselves4 ,let u !n endeav\r to procure "s k = ourselves1 & re/ cont5t$ ) ?is sole satisfaction2 b ( advanc+ 9 popul> op9ion1 or ga9+ ! ass5t ( ! book-philosoph]s1 let u ab&on bo? ! hope & ! desire4 ,,footnotes3 #ef ,adone di ,m>9i1 ,v5etiis1 #afbc1 ,cant4 x4 #eg ,speculat4 ,lib ,v5etiis1 #aehe1 ,epi/ol4 #eh ,?is op9ion1 ) respect to ! milky way1 _h be5 held by "s ( ! anci5t a/ronom]s4 ,see ,manilius4 ,lib4 i4 v4 #gec4 ,anne magis d5s /ell>um turba coron ,contexit flammas1 et crasso lum9e c&et1 ,et fulgore nitet collato cl>ior orbis4 #ei ,huygh5s ann\nc$ 8 discov]y 9 ?is =m3 a a a a a a a c c c c c d e e e e e g h i i i i i i i l l l l m m n n n n n n n n n o o o o p p q r r s t t t t t u u u u u1 :i* he aft]w>ds recompos$ into ! s5t5ce4 ,annulo c+itur1 t5ui1 plano1 nusquam cohr5te1 ad eclipticam incl9ato4 ,de ,saturni ,lun4 ,hag1 #afef4 #fj ,b4 vii4 v4 #cfd4 ,o!r passages may be exam9$ 9 ,b4 i4 #bhf2 iii4 #efe-eij1 #gbb-gcc2 iv4 #ehi2 v4 #bfa1 #dad2 vii4 #egg2 viii4 #a-agh4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,acc\nt ( ! ,academia ,l9cea--,del ,cim5to--,royal ,society4 ,,galileo',s resignation ( ! ma!matical pr(essor%ip at ,padua occasion$ mu* dissatisfaction to all ^? :o 7 connect$ ) t univ]sity4 ,p]haps n fully appreciat+ 8 desire ( return+ to 8 native c\ntry1 & ! importance to him & to ! sci5tific _w 9 g5]al1 ( ! complete leisure :i* ,cosmo secur$ to him at ,flor5ce1 7= by ! t]ms ( 8 diploma he 0 n ev5 requir$ to reside at ,pisa1 nor to give any lectures1 except on extraord9>y occasions1 to sov]eign pr9ces & o!r /rang]s ( di/9ction17 ! ,v5etians rememb]$ only t !y _h (f]$ him an hon\rable asylum :5 almo/ driv5 f ,pisa2 t !y _h increas$ 8 sal>y to f\r times ! sum :i* any previ\s pr(essor _h enjoy$2 &1 f9ally1 by an almo/ unprec$5t$ decree1 t !y _h b j secur$ him 9 8 po/ dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,_m took su* (f5ce z to refuse to h any fur!r communication ) him2 & ,sagr$o1 a con/ant fri5d ( ,galileo1 wrote him ^w t he _h be5 ?reat5$ ) a simil> des]tion unless he %\ld concur 9 ! same p]emptory resolution1 :i* ?reats1 h[ev]1 ,sagr$o1 at ! same "t1 intimates 8 int5tion ( brav+4 ,e>ly 9 ! ye> #afaa1 ,galileo made 8 fir/ appe>ance 9 ,rome1 :]e he 0 receiv$ ) m>ks ( di/+ui%$ consid]ation1 & :]e all ranks 7 eag] to %>e ! pleasure ( contemplat+ ! new discov]ies4 ,:e!r we consid] c>d9al1 pr9ce1 or prelate1 he f\nd an hon\rable reception f !m all1 & _h _! palaces z op5 & free to him z ! h\ses ( 8 private fri5ds4#fa ,among o!r di/9ctions he 0 solicit$ to become a memb] ( ! newly-=m$ philosophical society1 ! once celebrat$ ,academia ,l9cea1 to :i* he readily ass5t$4 ,! f\nd] ( ?is society 0 ,f$]igo ,cesi1 ! ,m>*ese di ,monticelli1 a "y ,roman nobleman1 ! devotion ( ^: "t & =tune to ! int]e/s ( sci5ce has n be5 by any means rew>d$ ) a reputation comm5surate ) 8 des]ts4 ,if ! en]gy ( 8 m9d _h be5 less wor?ily employ$ ?an 9 fo/]+ ! cause ( sci5ce & tru?1 & 9 ext5d+ ! advantages ( 8 bir? & =tune to z _m z 7 will+ to co-op]ate ) him1 ! "n ( ,f$]igo ,cesi might h appe>$ m prom95tly on ! page ( hi/ory4 ,cesi _h sc>cely complet$ 8 #ah? ye>1 :51 9 #afjc1 he =m$ ! plan ( a philosophical society1 :i* 9 ! fir/ in/ance consi/$ only ( himself & ?ree ( 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds1 ,hecke1 a ,flemi% physician1 ,/elluti1 & ,ana/asio de ,filiis4 ,cesi's fa!r1 ! ,duca d',acquasp>ta1 :o 0 ( an arbitr>y & extravagant temp]1 consid]$ su* pursuits & associates z d]ogatory to 8 son's rank2 he endeav\r$ to ?w>t ! design by ! mo/ viol5t & unju/ifiable proce$+s1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 ,cesi 9 ! beg9n+ ( #afje privately quitt$ ,rome1 ,hecke 0 oblig$ to leave ,italy altoge!r f fe> ( ! ,inquisition1 :i* 0 excit$ aga9/ him1 & ! academy 0 = a "t virtually dissolv$4 ,! details ( ^! transactions are =eign to ! pres5t n>rative3 x w be en\gh to m5tion t1 9 #afji1 ,cesi1 :o _h nev] altoge!r ab&on$ 8 s*eme1 f\nd ! opposition decay+ :i* he at fir/ exp]i5c$1 & ) bett] success he r5ew$ ! plan :i* he _h sket*$ six ye>s be=e4 ,a few extracts f ! ,regulations w s]ve to %ew ! _s 9 :i* ?is di/+ui%$ society 0 conceiv$3-- ,! ,lyncean ,society desires = its academicians1 philosoph]s eag] = real k1 :o w give !mselves to ! /udy ( nature1 & especially to ma!matics2 at ! same "t x w n neglect ! ornam5ts ( elegant lit]ature & philology1 :i* l a graceful g>m5t adorn ! :ole body ( sci5ce4--,9 ! pi\s love ( wisdom1 & to ! praise ( ! mo/ good & mo/ high ,god1 let ! ,lynceans give _! m9ds1 fir/ to obs]vation & reflection1 & aft]w>ds to writ+ & publi%+4--,x is n )9 ! ,lyncean plan to f9d leisure = recitations & declamatory assemblies2 ! meet+s w nei!r be frequ5t nor full1 & *iefly = transact+ ! necess>y bus9ess ( ! society3 b ^? :o wi% to enjoy su* ex]cises w 9 no respect be h9d]$1 provid$ !y att5d !m z accessory /udies1 dec5tly & quietly1 & )\t mak+ promises & pr(essions ( h[ mu* !y are ab\t to d4 ,= !re is ample philosophical employm5t = e "o by himself1 p>ticul>ly if pa9s are tak5 9 travell+ & 9 ! obs]vation ( natural ph5om5a1 & 9 ! book ( nature :i* e "o has at home1 t is to say1 ! heav5s & ! e>?2 & en\gh may be le>n$ f ! habits ( con/ant correspond5ce ) ea* o!r1 & alt]nate (fices ( c\nsel & assi/ance4--,let ! fir/ fruits ( wisdom be love2 & s let ! ,lynceans love ea* o!r z if unit$ by ! /ricte/ ties1 nor suff] any int]ruption ( ?is s9c]e bond ( love & fai?1 emanat+ f ! s\rce ( virtue & philosophy4--,let !m add to _! names ! title ( ,lyncean1 :i* has be5 advis$ly *os5 z a w>n+ & con/ant /imulus1 especially :5 !y write on any lit]>y subject1 also 9 _! private lett]s to _! associates1 & 9 g5]al :5 any "w comes f !m wisely & well p]=m$4--,! ,lynceans w pass ov] 9 sil5ce all political controv]sies & qu>rels ( e k9d1 & wordy disputes1 especially gratuit\s ones1 :i* give occasion to deceit1 unfri5dl9ess1 & hatr$2 l m5 :o desire peace1 & seek to pres]ve _! /udies free f mole/ation1 & to avoid e sort ( di/urbance4 ,& if any "o by comm& ( 8 sup]iors1 or f "s o!r necessity1 is r$uc$ to h&le su* matt]s1 s9ce !y are =eign to physical & ma!matical sci5ce1 & consequ5tly ali5 to ! object ( ! ,academy1 let !m be pr9t$ )\t ! ,lyncean "n4#fb ,! society :i* 0 ev5tually organiz$ =m$ b a v trifl+ "p ( ! compreh5sive s*eme :i* ,cesi orig9ally propos$ to himself2 x _h be5 8 wi% to e/abli% a sci5tific ,ord] :i* %\ld h correspond+ lodges 9 ! pr9cipal t[ns ( ,europe1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! globe1 ea* consi/+ ( n m ?an five nor less ?an ?ree memb]s1 besides an unlimit$ numb] ( ,academicians n re/rict$ to any p>ticul> resid5ce or regulations4 ,! mortifications & difficulties to :i* he 0 subject$ f 8 fa!r's unpr9cipl$ behavi\r1 r5d] x mo/ extraord9>y & admirable t he %\ld h v5tur$ to und]take ev5 s mu* z he actually c>ri$ into execution4 ,he promis$ to furni% to ! memb]s ( 8 society su* assi/ance z !y might require 9 ! prosecution ( _! respective rese>*es1 & also to defray ! *>ges ( publi%+ su* ( _! works z %\ld be ?\ght wor?y ( appe>+ ) ! common sanction4 ,su* lib]al (f]s 7 n likely to meet ) an unfav\rable reception3 !y 7 ?ankfully accept$ by _m well qualifi$ to c>ry 8 design into execution1 & ,cesi 0 soon enabl$ =mally to op5 8 academy1 ! di/9ctive title ( :i* he borr[$ f ! ,lynx1 ) ref]5ce to ! pi]c+ sight :i* t animal has be5 suppos$ to possess4 ,?is quality seem$ to him an appropriate emblem ( ^? :i* he desir$ to f9d 9 8 academicians1 = ! purpose ( inve/igat+ ! secrets ( nature2 & al?\gh1 at ! pres5t day1 ! "n may appe> to bord] on ! grotesque1 x 0 conceiv$ 9 ! _s ( ! age1 & ! fanta/ic names ( ! numb]less societies :i* 7 rapidly =m$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,italy f> exce$ :atev] degree ( qua9tness may be ?\ght to belong to ! ,lyncean "n4 ,! ,inflam$--! ,trans=m$--! ,uneasy--! ,humori/s--! ,fanta/ic--! ,intricate--! ,indol5t--! ,s5seless--! ,undeceiv$--! ,valiant--! !rial ,societies are select$ f a va/ numb] ( simil> in/itutions1 ! names ( :i*1 n[ almo/ _! sole rema9s1 are collect$ by ! indu/ry ( ,morh( & ,tirabos*i4#fc ,! ,humori/s are nam$ by ,morh( z ! only ,italian philosophical society ant]ior to ! ,lynceans2 _! f\nd] 0 ,paolo ,manc9o1 & ! di/9ctive symbol :i* !y adopt$ 0 ra9 dropp+ f a cl\d1 ) ! motto ,r$it agm9e dulci2--_! title is d]iv$ f ! same metaphor4 ,! object ( _! union appe>s to h be5 simil> to t ( ! ,lynceans1 b !y at no "t atta9$ to ! celebrity to :i* ,cesi's society rose f ! mom5t ( its incorporation4 ,cesi took ! presid5cy = 8 life1 & ! celebrat$ ,bapti/a ,porta 0 appo9t$ vice presid5t at ,naples4 ,/elluti act$ z ! legal repres5tative ( ! society1 ) ! title ( procuratore4 ,( ! o!r two orig9al memb]s ,ana/asio de ,filiis 0 dead1 & al?\gh ,hecke return$ to ,italy 9 #afad1 & rejo9$ ! ,academy1 yet he 0 soon aft]w>ds /ruck (f ! li/ 9 consequ5ce ( 8 laps+ into insanity4 ,among ! academicians we f9d ! names ( ,galileo1 ,fabio ,colonna1 ,lucas ,val]io1 ,guiducci1 ,wels]1 ,giovanni ,fabro1 ,t]r5tio1 ,virg9io ,ces>9i1 ,ciampoli1 ,molitor1 ,c>d9al ,b>b]9o1 7nephew ( ,pope ,urban ,,viii47 ,/elliola1 ,salviati1 c4 ,! pr9cipal monum5t /ill rema9+ ( ! zeal & indu/ry to :i* ,cesi incit$ 8 academicians is ! ,phytobasanos1 a comp5dium ( ! natural hi/ory ( ,mexico1 :i* mu/ be consid]$ a surpris+ p]=mance = ! times 9 :i* x appe>$4 ,x 0 writt5 by a ,spani>d nam$ ,h]n&ez2 & ,rec*o1 :o (t5 has ! cr$it ( ! :ole "w1 made great additions to x4 ,dur+ fifty ye>s ! manuscript _h be5 neglect$1 :5 ,cesi discov]$ x1 & employ$ ,t]r5tio1 ,fabro1 & ,colonna1 all ,lynceans1 to publi% x enri*$ ) _! notes & em5dations4 ,cesi himself publi%$ sev]al treatises1 two ( :i* are extant2 8 ,tabul ,phytosophic1 & a ,diss]tation on ,bees entitl$ ,api>ium1 ! only kn[n copy ( :i* la/ is 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,vatican4 ,8 great "w1 ,!atrum ,natur1 0 nev] pr9t$2 a circum/ance :i* t5ds to %ew t he did n assemble ! society r\nd him = ! purpose ( m9i/]+ to 8 own vanity1 b po/pon$ ! publication ( 8 own productions to ! lab\rs ( 8 coadjutors4 ,?is1 & _m o!r valuable works belong+ to ! academy exi/$ 9 manuscript till lately 9 ! ,albani ,libr>y at ,rome4 ,cesi collect$1 n a l>ge1 b an useful libr>y = ! use ( ! academy1 7:i* 0 aft]w>ds augm5t$ on ! premature dea? ( ,ces>9i by ! donation ( 8 books72 he fill$ a botanical g>d5 ) ! r>] specim5s ( plants1 & arrang$ a museum ( natural curiosities2 8 palace at ,rome 0 con/antly op5 to ! academicians2 8 purse & 8 influ5ce 7 employ$ ) equal lib]ality 9 _! s]vice4 ,cesi's dea?1 9 #afcb1 put a sudd5 /op to ! prosp]ity ( ! society1 a consequ5ce :i* may be attribut$ to ! munific5ce ) :i* he _h f ! fir/ su/a9$ x3 no "o c\ld be f\nd to fill 8 place 9 ! pr9cely mann] to :i* ! academicians 7 accu/om$1 & ! society1 aft] l+]+ "s ye>s "u ! nom9al patronage ( ,urban ,,viii41 gradually decay$1 till1 by ! dea? ( its pr9cipal memb]s1 & disp]sion ( ! re/1 x became entirely ext9ct4#fd ,bian*i1 ^: sket* ( ! academy 0 almo/ ! only "o till ! appe>ance ( ,odescal*i's hi/ory1 made an attempt to revive x 9 ! succe$+ c5tury1 b )\t any p]man5t effect4 ,a society "u ! same "n has be5 =m$ s9ce #aghd1 & is /ill fl\ri%+ 9 ,rome4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject x may be m5tion$1 t "o ( ! e>lie/ notices t ,bacon's works 7 kn[n 9 ,italy is to be f\nd 9 a lett] to ,cesi1 dat$ #afbe2 9 :i* ,pozzo1 :o _h gone to ,p>is ) ,c>d9al ,b>b]9o1 m5tions hav+ se5 !m !re ) great admiration1 & sugge/s t ,bacon w\ld be a fit p]son to be propos$ z a memb] ( _! society4 ,aft] ,galileo's dea?1 ?ree ( 8 pr9cipal foll[]s1 ,viviani1 ,torricelli1 & ,aggiunti =m$ ! plan ( e/abli%+ a simil> philosophical society1 & ?\gh ,aggiunti & ,torricelli di$ be=e ! s*eme c\ld be realiz$1 ,viviani press$ x =w>d1 &1 "u ! auspices ( ,f]d9& ,,ii41 =m$ a society1 :i*1 9 #afeg1 m]g$ 9 ! fam\s ,academia del ,cim5to1 or ,exp]im5tal ,academy4 ,?is latt] held its occasional meet+s at ! palace ( ,f]d9&'s bro!r1 ,leopold de' ,m$ici3 x 0 compos$ *iefly1 if n entirely1 ( ,galileo's pupils & fri5ds4 ,dur+ ! few ye>s t ?is society la/$1 "o ( ! pr9cipal objects ( :i* 0 decl>$ to be ! repetition & developem5t ( ,galileo's exp]im5ts1 x kept up a correspond5ce ) ! pr9cipal philosoph]s 9 e "p ( ,europe1 b :5 ,leopold 01 9 #afff1 creat$ a c>d9al1 x appe>s to h be5 dissolv$1 sc>cely t5 ye>s aft] its in/itution4#fe ,?is digression may be excus$ 9 fav\r ( s int]e/+ an e/abli%m5t z ! ,academia ,l9cea1 :i* prec$$ by half a c5tury ! =mation ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 & ,acadmie ,franoise ( ,p>is4 ,^! latt] two are m5tion$ toge!r1 probably = ! fir/ "t1 by ,salusbury4 ,! passage is curi\s 9 an hi/orical po9t ( view1 & wor? extract+3--,9 imitation ( ^! societies1 ,p>is & ,london h erect$ !irs ( ,les ,beaux ,esprits1 & ( ! ,virtuosi3 ! "o by ! c\nt5ance ( ! mo/ em95t ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu1 ! o!r by ! royal enc\ragem5t ( 8 sacr$ ,maje/y t n[ is4 ,! ,beaux ,esprits h publi%$ sundry volumes ( _! moral & physiological conf]5ces1 ) ! laws & hi/ory ( _! fell[%ip2 & ,i hope ! l 9 due "t f our ,royal ,society2 t s su* z envie _! fame & felicity1 & su* z suspect _! ability & c&or1 may be sil5c$ & disappo9t$ 9 _! detractions & expectations4#ff ,,footnotes3 #fa ,salusbury1 ,ma?4 ,coll4 #fb ,p]haps x 0 to deprecate ! ho/ility ( ! ,jesuits t1 at ! close ( ^! ,regulations1 ! ,lynceans are direct$ to address _! pray]s1 among o!r ,sa9ts1 especially to ,ignatius ,loyola1 z to "o :o greatly fav\r$ ! int]e/s ( le>n+4 ,odescal*i1 ,memorie dell',acad4 de' ,l9cei1 ,roma4 #ahjf4 #fc ,polyhi/or ,lit]>ius1 c4--,/oria della ,lett]at4 ,ital4 ,! /ill exi/+ society ( ,*aff1 m g5]ally kn[n by its ,italian title1 ,della ,crusca1 belongs to ! same p]iod4 #fd ,f4 ,colonn ,phytobasanus ,jano ,planco ,auctore4 ,flor5t1 #agdd4 #fe ,nelli ,saggio di ,/oria ,lit]>ia ,fior5t9a1 ,lucca1 #agei4 #ff ,salusbury's ,ma?4 ,coll4 vol4 ii4 ,london1 #affd4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,spots on ! ,sun--,essay on ,float+ ,bodies--,s*e9]--,*ange 9 ,saturn4 ,,galileo did n indulge ! curiosity ( 8 ,roman fri5ds by exhibit+ only ! wond]s already m5tion$1 :i* n[ began to lose ! gloss ( novelty1 b disclos$ a new discov]y1 :i* appe>$ /ill m extraord9>y1 &1 to ! opposite faction1 m hateful ?an any?+ ( :i* he _h yet spok54 ,?is 0 ! discov]y1 :i* he fir/ made 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 #afaa1 ( d>k spots on ! body ( ! sun4 ,a curi\s fact1 & "o :i* well s]ves to illu/rate ,galileo's sup]iority 9 see+ ?+s simply z !y are1 is1 t ^! spots _h be5 obs]v$ & record$ c5turies be=e he exi/$1 b1 = want ( c>eful obs]vation1 _! true nature _h be5 con/antly misappreh5d$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ occasions 0 9 ! ye> #hjg ( our era1 9 :i* a d>k spot is m5tion$ z visible on ! face ( ! sun dur+ sev5 or eight days4 ,x 0 !n suppos$ to be ,m]cury4#fg ,kepl]1 ^: a/ronomical k w\ld n suff] him to ov]look t x 0 impossible t ,m]cury c\ld rema9 s long 9 conjunction ) ! sun1 pref]r$ to solve ! difficulty by suppos+ t1 9 ,aimo9's orig9al acc\nt1 ! expression 0 n octo dies 7eight days71 b octoties--a b>b>\s ^w1 :i* he suppos$ to h be5 writt5 = octies 7eight times72 & t ! o!r acc\nts 79 :i* ! numb] ( days m5tion$ is diff]5t7 copy+ loosely f ! fir/1 _h bo? mi/ak5 ! ^w1 & misquot$ ! "t :i* !y ?\ght !y f\nd m5tion$ !re4 ,x is impossible to look on ?is explanation z satisfactory1 b ,kepl]1 :o at t "t did n dream ( spots on ! sun1 0 p]fectly cont5t$ ) x4 ,9 #afji1 he himself obs]v$ ^u ! sun a black spot1 :i* he 9 l mann] mi/ook = ,m]cury1 & unluckily ! day1 be+ cl\dy1 did n all[ him to contemplate x suffici5tly long to discov] 8 error1 :i* ! sl[ness ( its app>5t motion w\ld soon h po9t$ out4#fh ,he ha/5$ to publi% 8 suppos$ obs]vation1 b no soon] 0 ,galileo's discov]y ( ! sol> spots ann\nc$1 ?an he1 ) t c&\r :i* z mu* z 8 flighty disposition c]ta9ly *>act]iz$ him at all times1 retract$ 8 =m] op9ion1 & own$ 8 belief t he _h be5 mi/ak54 ,9 fact x is kn[n f ! m accurate !ory :i* we n[ possess ( ,m]cury's motions1 t x did n pass ov] ! sun's face at ! "t :5 ,kepl] ?\ght he p]ceiv$ x !re4 ,galileo's obs]vations 7 9 _! consequ5ces to him p>ticul>ly un=tunate1 z 9 ! c\rse ( ! controv]sy 9 :i* !y engag$ him1 he fir/ became p]sonally embroil$ ) ! p[]ful p>ty1 ^: prevail+ influ5ce 0 "o ( ! *ief causes ( 8 subsequ5t mis=tunes4 ,be=e we ent] ^u t discussion1 x w be prop] to m5tion ano!r fam\s treatise :i* ,galileo produc$ soon aft] 8 return f ,rome to ,flor5ce1 9 #afab4 ,?is is1 8 ,disc\rse on ,float+ ,bodies1 :i* re/or$ ,ar*im$es' !ory ( hydro/atics1 & has1 ( c\rse1 met ) ! opposition :i* few ( ,galileo's works fail$ to enc\nt]4 ,9 ! comm5cem5t1 he ?\ght x necess>y to apologize = writ+ on a subject s diff]5t f t :i* *iefly occupi$ ! public att5tion1 & decl>$ t he _h be5 too closely occupi$ 9 calculat+ ! p]iods ( ! revolutions ( ,jupit]'s satellites to p]mit him to publi% any?+ e>li]4 ,^! p]iods he _h succe$$ 9 det]m9+ dur+ ! prec$+ ye>1 :il/ at ,rome1 & he n[ ann\nc$ !m to complete _! circuits1 ! fir/ 9 ab\t #a day1 #ah h\rs2 ! second 9 #c days1 #ac h\rs1 #bj m9utes2 ! ?ird 9 #g days1 #d h\rs2 & ! out]mo/ 9 #af days1 #ah h\rs4 ,all ^! numb]s he gave m]ely z approximately true1 & promis$ to cont9ue 8 obs]vations1 = ! purpose ( correct+ ! results4 ,he !n adds an ann\ncem5t ( 8 rec5t discov]y ( ! sol> spots1 :i*1 z !y *ange _! situation1 (f] a /rong argum5t1 ei!r t ! sun revolves on itself1 or t1 p]haps1 o!r />s1 l ,v5us & ,m]cury1 revolve ab\t x1 invisible at all o!r times1 on acc\nt ( ! small di/ance to :i* !y are remov$ f him4 ,to ?is he aft]w>ds subjo9$1 t1 by cont9u$ obs]vation1 he _h satisfi$ himself t ^! sol> spots 7 9 actual contact ) ! surface ( ! sun1 :]e !y are cont9ually appe>+ & disappe>+2 t _! figures 7 v irregul>1 "s be+ v d>k1 & o!rs n s black2 t "o w\ld (t5 divide into ?ree or f\r1 &1 at o!r times1 two1 ?ree1 or m w\ld unite into "o2 besides :i*1 t !y _h all a common & regul> motion1 ) :i* !y revolv$ r\nd ) ! sun1 :i* turn$ ^u its axis 9 ab\t ! "t ( a lun> mon?4 ,hav+ by ^! prefatory obs]vations assuag$ ! public ?ir/ = a/ronomical novelties1 he v5tures to introduce ! pr9cipal subject ( ! treatise above m5tion$4 ,! "q ( float+ bridges _h be5 discuss$ at "o ( ! sci5tific p>ties1 assembl$ at ! h\se ( ,galileo's fri5d ,salviati1 & ! g5]al op9ion ( ! company appe>+ to be t ! float+ or s9k+ ( a body dep5d$ pr9cipally ^u its %ape1 ,galileo und]took to conv9ce !m ( _! error4 ,if he _h n pref]r$ m direct argum5ts1 he might m]ely h told !m t 9 ?is in/ance !y 7 oppos$ to _! fav\rite ,ari/otle1 ^: words are v unequivocal on ! po9t 9 dispute4 ,=m is n ! cause :y a body moves d[nw>ds r ?an upw>ds1 b x does affect ! swiftness ) :i* x moves2#fi :i* is exactly ! di/9ction :i* ^? :o call$ !mselves ,ari/otelians 7 unable to p]ceive1 & to :i* ! op9ions ( ,ari/otle himself 7 n always true4 ,galileo /ates ! discussion to h imm$iately aris5 f ! ass]tion ( "s "o 9 ! company1 t cond5sation is ! effect ( cold1 & ice 0 m5tion$ z an in/ance4 ,on ?is1 ,galileo obs]v$1 t ice is r wat] r>efi$ ?an cond5s$1 ! pro( ( :i* is1 t ice always floats ^u wat]4#gj ,x 0 repli$1 t ! reason ( ?is ph5om5on 01 n ! sup]ior lightness ( ! ice1 b its incapacity1 ow+ to its flat %ape1 to p5etrate & ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! wat]4 ,galileo d5i$ ?is1 & ass]t$ t ice ( any %ape w\ld float ^u wat]1 & t1 if a flat piece ( ice 7 =cibly tak5 to ! bottom1 x w\ld ( itself rise aga9 to ! surface4 ,^u ?is ass]tion x appe>s t ! conv]sation became s clamor\s1 t ,galileo ?\ght x p]t95t to comm5ce 8 ,essay ) ! foll[+ obs]vation on ! advantage ( deliv]+ sci5tific op9ions 9 writ+1 because 9 conv]sational argum5ts1 ei!r "o or o!r p>ty1 or p]haps bo?1 are apt to get ov]w>m1 & to speak ov]l\d1 & ei!r d n suff] ea* o!r to be he>d1 or else1 transport$ ) ! ob/9acy ( n yield+1 w&] f> away f ! orig9al proposition1 & conf\nd bo? !mselves & _! auditors ) ! novelty & v>iety ( _! ass]tions4 ,aft] ?is g5tle rebuke he proce$s ) 8 argum5t1 9 :i* he takes occasion to /ate ! fam\s hydro/atical p>adox1 ( :i* ! e>lie/ notice is to be f\nd 9 ,/ev9's works1 a contempor>y ,flemi% eng9e]1 & ref]s x to a pr9ciple on :i* we %all enl>ge 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,he !n expla9s ! true !ory ( buoyancy1 & refutes ! false reason+ on :i* ! contr>y op9ions 7 f\nd$1 ) a v>iety ( exp]im5ts4 ,! :ole value & int]e/ ( exp]im5tal processes g5]ally dep5ds on a v>iety ( m9ute circum/ances1 ! detail ( :i* w\ld be p>ticul>ly unsuit$ to a sket* l ! pres5t "o4 ,= ^? :o are desir\s ( becom+ m famili> ) ,galileo's mode ( conduct+ an argum5t1 x is =tunate t su* a s]ies ( exp]im5ts exi/s z t conta9$ 9 ?is essay2 exp]im5ts :i*1 f _! simplicity1 admit ( be+ = ! mo/ "p concisely enum]at$1 & at ! same "t possess s mu* intr9sic beauty & *>act]i/ic p[] ( =c+ conviction4 ,!y also pres5t an admirable specim5 ( ! tal5t = :i* ,galileo 0 s des]v$ly fam\s1 ( inv5t+ +5i\s argum5ts 9 fav\r ( 8 adv]s>ies' absurd op9ions be=e he condesc5d$ to cru% !m1 %ew+ t no?+ b 8 love ( tru? /ood 9 ! way ( 8 be+ a m subtle sophi/ ?an any among/ !m4 ,9 addition to ^! reasons = giv+ ^! exp]im5ts some:at 9 detail1 is ! fact t all explanation ( "o ( ! pr9cipal ph5om5a to :i* !y allude is omitt$ 9 _m m mod]n treatises on ,hydro/atics2 & 9 "s x is ref]r$ precisely to ! false doctr9es "h confut$4 ,! m>r[ ( ! dispute is includ$ 9 ,galileo's ass]tion1 t ,! div]sity ( figure giv5 to any solid _c be 9 any way ! cause ( its absolutely s9k+ or float+2 s t if a solid1 :5 =m$ = example into a sph]ical figure1 s9ks or floats 9 ! wat]1 ! same body w s9k or float 9 ! same wat]1 :5 put into any o!r =m4 ,! bread? ( ! figure may inde$ ret>d its velocity1 z well ( asc5t z desc5t1 & m & m accord+ z ! said figure is r$uc$ to a great] bread? & ?9ness2 b t x may be r$uc$ to su* a =m z absolutely to put an end to its motion 9 ! same fluid1 ,i hold to be impossible4 ,9 ?is ,i h met ) great contradictors :o1 produc+ "s exp]im5ts1 & 9 p>ticul> a ?9 bo>d ( ebony1 & a ball ( ! same wood1 & %ew+ t ! ball 9 wat] s9ks to ! bottom#ga1 & t ! bo>d if put lightly on ! surface floats1 h held & confirm$ !mselves 9 _! op9ion ) ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle1 t ! cause ( t re/ is ! bread? ( ! figure1 unable by its small weight to pi]ce & p5etrate ! resi/ance ( ! wat]'s ?ickness1 :i* is readily ov]come by ! o!r sph]ical figure4--,= ! purpose ( ^! exp]im5ts1 ,galileo recomm5ds a sub/ance su* z wax1 :i* may be easily m\ld$ into any %ape1 & ) :i*1 by ! addition ( a few fil+s ( lead1 a sub/ance may be readily made ( any requir$ specific gravity4 ,he !n decl>es t if a ball ( wax ( ! size ( an orange1 or bigg]1 be made 9 ?is mann] heavy en\gh to s9k to ! bottom1 b s lightly t if we take f x only "o gra9 ( lead x returns to ! top2 & if ! same wax be aft]w>ds m\ld$ into a broad & ?9 cake1 or into any o!r figure1 regul> or irregul>1 ! addition ( ! same gra9 ( lead w always make x s9k1 & x w aga9 rise :5 we remove ! lead f x4--,b me?9ks ,i he> "s ( ! adv]s>ies raise a d\bt ^u my produc$ exp]im5t3 &1 fir/1 !y (f] to my consid]ation t ! figure1 z a figure simply1 & disjunct f ! matt]1 works no effect1 b requires to be conjo9$ ) ! matt]2 &1 moreov]1 n ) e matt]1 b ) ^? only :]e) x may be able to execute ! desir$ op]ation4 ,j z we see by exp]i5ce t an acute & %>p angle is m apt to cut ?an an obtuse2 yet always provid$ t bo? "o & ! o!r are jo9$ ) a matt] fit to cut1 z = in/ance1 /eel4 ,!re=e a knife ) a f9e & %>p edge cuts bread or wood ) mu* ease1 :i* x w n d if ! edge be blunt & ?ick2 b if1 in/ead ( /eel1 any "o w take wax & m\ld x into a knife1 und\bt$ly he w nev] le>n ! effects ( %>p & blunt edges1 because nei!r ( !m w cut2 ! wax be+ unable1 by reason ( its flexibility1 to ov]come ! h>dness ( ! wood & bread4 ,& !re=e1 apply+ ! l disc\rse to our argum5t1 !y say t ! diff]5ce ( figure w %ew diff]5t effects ) reg>d to float+ & s9k+1 b n conjo9$ ) any k9d ( matt]1 b only ) ^? matt]s :i* by _! weight are able to ov]come ! viscosity ( ! wat] 7l ! ebony :i* !y h select$72 & he t w select cork or o!r light wood to =m solids ( diff]5t figures1 w\ld 9 va9 seek to f9d out :at op]ation figure has 9 s9k+ or float+1 because all w\ld swim1 & t n ?r\gh any prop]ty ( ?is or t figure1 b ?r\gh ! debility ( ! matt]4 ,:5 ,i beg9 to exam9e "o by "o all ! p>ticul>s "h produc$1 ,i all[ n only t figures1 simply z su*1 d n op]ate 9 natural ?+s1 b also t !y are nev] sep>at$ f ! corporeal sub/ance1 nor h ,i ev] alleg$ !m to be /ript ( s5sible matt]3 & also ,i freely admit1 t 9 our endeav\rs to exam9e ! div]sity ( accid5ts :i* dep5d ^u ! v>iety ( figures1 x is necess>y to apply !m to matt]s :i* ob/ruct n ! v>i\s op]ations ( ^? v>i\s figures4 ,i admit & grant t ,i %\ld d v ill if ,i 7 to try ! influ5ce ( a %>p edge ) a knife ( wax1 apply+ x to cut an oak1 because no %>pness 9 wax is able to cut t v h>d wood4 ,b yet1 su* an exp]im5t ( ?is knife w\ld n be beside ! purpose to cut curd$ milk1 or o!r v yield+ matt]2 nay1 9 su* matt]s1 ! wax is m conv5i5t ?an /eel = f9d+ ! diff]5ce dep5d+ on ! acut5ess ( ! angles1 because milk is cut indiff]5tly ) a razor1 or a blunt knife4 ,we mu/ !re=e h reg>d n only to ! h>dness1 solidity1 or weight ( ! bodies :i*1 "u diff]5t figures1 are to divide "s matt]s asund]2 b also1 on ! o!r h&1 to ! resi/ance ( ! matt] to be p5etrat$4 ,&1 s9ce ,i h *os5 a matt] :i* does p5etrate ! resi/ance ( ! wat]1 & 9 all figures desc5ds to ! bottom1 my antagoni/s c *>ge me ) no defect2 nor 7to rev]t to _! illu/ration7 h ,i attempt$ to te/ ! efficacy ( acut5ess by cutt+ ) matt]s unable to cut4 ,i subjo9 )al1 t all caution1 di/9ction1 & election ( matt] w\ld be sup]flu\s & unnecess>y1 if ! body to be cut %\ld n at all resi/ ! cutt+3 if ! knife 7 to be us$ 9 cutt+ a mi/1 or smoke1 "o ( pap] w\ld s]ve ! purpose z well z "o ( ,damascus /eel2 & ,i ass]t t ?is is ! case ) wat]1 & t !re is n any solid ( su* lightness or ( su* a figure1 t be+ put on ! wat] x w n divide & p5etrate its ?ickness2 & if y w exam9e m c>efully y\r ?9 bo>ds ( wood1 y w see t !y h "p ( _! ?ickness "u wat]2 &1 moreov]1 y w see t ! %av+s ( ebony1 /one1 or metal1 :5 !y float1 h n only ?us brok5 ! cont9uity ( ! wat]1 b are ) all _! ?ickness "u ! surface ( x2 & t m & m1 accord+ z ! float+ sub/ance is heavi]1 s t a ?9 float+ plate ( lead w be l[] ?an ! surface ( ! surr\nd+ wat] by at lea/ twelve times ! ?ickness ( ! plate1 & gold w dive bel[ ! level ( ! wat] almo/ tw5ty times ! ?ickness ( ! plate1 z ,i %all %ew pres5tly4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate m cle>ly ! non-resi/ance ( wat] to p5etration1 ,galileo !n directs a cone to be made ( wood or wax1 & ass]ts t :5 x floats1 ei!r ) its base or po9t 9 ! wat]1 ! solid cont5t ( ! "p imm]s$ w be ! same1 al?\gh ! po9t is1 by its %ape1 bett] adapt$ to ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! wat] to division1 if t 7 ! cause ( ! buoyancy4 ,or ! exp]im5t may be v>i$ by temp]+ ! wax ) fil+s ( lead1 till x s9ks 9 ! wat]1 :5 x w be f\nd t 9 any figure ! same cork mu/ be add$ to x to raise x to ! surface4--,?is sil5ces n my antagoni/s2 b !y say t all ! disc\rse hi!rto made by me imports little to !m1 & t x s]ves _! turn1 t !y h demon/rat$ 9 "o in/ance1 & 9 su* mann] & figure z pleases !m be/1 namely1 9 a bo>d & a ball ( ebony1 t "o1 :5 put into ! wat]1 s9ks to ! bottom1 & t ! o!r /ays to swim at ! top2 & ! matt] be+ ! same1 & ! two bodies diff]+ 9 no?+ b 9 figure1 !y affirm t ) all p]spicuity !y h demon/rat$ & s5sibly manife/$ :at !y und]took4 ,nev]!less ,i believe1 & ?9k ,i c prove t ?is v exp]im5t proves no?+ aga9/ my !ory4 ,& fir/ x is false t ! ball s9ks1 & ! bo>d n2 = ! bo>d w s9k too1 if y d to bo? ! figures z ! words ( our "q require2 t is1 if y put !m bo? 9 ! wat]2 = to be 9 ! wat] implies to be plac$ 9 ! wat]1 & by ,ari/otle's own def9ition ( place1 to be plac$ imports to be environ$ by ! surface ( ! ambi5t body2 b :5 my antagoni/s %ew ! float+ bo>d ( ebony1 !y put x n into ! wat]1 b ^u ! wat]2 :]e1 be+ deta9$ by a c]ta9 imp$im5t 7( :i* m anon7 x is surr\nd$1 p>tly ) wat]1 p>tly ) air1 :i* is contr>y to our agreem5t1 = t 0 t ! bodies %\ld be 9 ! wat]1 & n "p 9 ! wat]1 "p 9 ! air4 ,i w n omit ano!r reason1 f\nd$ also ^u exp]i5ce1 &1 if ,i deceive n myself1 conclusive aga9/ ! notion t figure1 & ! resi/ance ( ! wat] to p5etration h any?+ to d ) ! buoyancy ( bodies4 ,*oose a piece ( wood or o!r matt]1 z = in/ance walnut-wood1 ( :i* a ball rises f ! bottom ( ! wat] to ! surface m sl[ly ?an a ball ( ebony ( ! same size s9ks1 s t cle>ly ! ball ( ebony divides ! wat] m readily 9 s9k+ ?an does ! walnut 9 ris+4 ,!n take a bo>d ( walnut-tree equal to & l ! float+ ebony "o ( my antagoni/s2 & if x be true t ?is latt] floats by reason ( ! figure be+ unable to p5etrate ! wat]1 ! o!r ( walnut-tree1 )\t all "q1 if ?ru/ to ! bottom ought to /ay !re1 z hav+ ! same imp$+ figure1 & be+ less apt to ov]come ! said resi/ance ( ! wat]4 ,b if we f9d by exp]i5ce t n only ! ?9 bo>d1 b e o!r figure ( ! same walnut-tree w return to float1 z unque/ionably we %all1 !n ,i mu/ desire my oppon5ts to =be> to attribute ! float+ ( ! ebony to ! figure ( ! bo>d1 s9ce ! resi/ance ( ! wat] is ! same 9 ris+ z 9 s9k+1 & ! =ce ( asc5sion ( ! walnut-tree is less ?an ! ebony's =ce = go+ to ! bottom4 ,n[1 let u return to ! ?9 plate ( gold or silv]1 or ! ?9 bo>d ( ebony1 & let u lay x lightly ^u ! wat]1 s t x may /ay !re )\t s9k+1 & c>efully obs]ve ! effect4 ,x w appe> cle>ly t ! plates are a consid]able matt] l[] ?an ! surface ( ! wat] :i* rises up1 & makes a k9d ( ramp>t r\nd !m on e side1 9 ! mann] %ewn 9 ! annex$ figure1 9 :i* ,,bdlf repres5ts ! surface ( ! wat]1 & ,,aeio ! surface ( ! plate4 ,b if x h already p5etrat$ & ov]come ! cont9uity ( ! wat]1 & is ( its own nature heavi] ?an ! wat]1 :y does x n cont9ue to s9k1 b /op & susp5d itself 9 t little dimple t its weight has made 9 ! wat]8 ,my answ] is1 because 9 s9k+ till its surface is bel[ ! wat] :i* rises up 9 a bank r\nd x1 x draws aft] & c>ries along ) x ! air above x1 s t t :i* 9 ?is case desc5ds & is plac$ 9 ! wat]1 is n only ! bo>d ( ebony or plate ( iron1 b a comp\nd ( ebony & air1 f :i* composition results a solid no long] specifically heavi] ?an ! wat]1 z 0 ! ebony or gold alone4 ,b1 ,g5tlem51 we want ! same matt]2 y are to alt] no?+ b ! %ape1 & !re=e h ! goodness to remove ?is air1 :i* may be done simply by wa%+ ! upp] surface ( ! bo>d1 = ! wat] hav+ once got betwe5 ! bo>d & air w run toge!r1 & ! ebony w g to ! bottom2 & if x does n1 y h won ! day4 ,b me?9ks ,i he> "s ( my antagoni/s cunn+ly oppos+ ?is1 & tell+ me t !y w n on any acc\nt all[ _! bo>d to be wett$1 because ! weight ( ! wat] s add$1 by mak+ x heavi] ?an x 0 be=e1 draws x to ! bottom1 & t ! addition ( new weight is contr>y to our agreem5t1 :i* 0 t ! matt] %\ld be ! same4 ,illu/ration ,to ?is ,i answ] fir/1 t nobody c suppose bodies to be put into ! wat] )\t _! be+ wet1 nor d ,i wi% to d m to ! bo>d ?an y may d to ! ball4 ,moreov]1 x is n true t ! bo>d s9ks on acc\nt ( ! weight ( ! wat] add$ 9 ! wa%+2 = ,i w put t5 or tw5ty drops on ! float+ bo>d1 & s long z !y /& sep>ate x %all n s9k2 b if ! bo>d be tak5 out1 & all t wat] wip$ (f1 & ! :ole surface ba!d ) "o s+le drop1 & put x aga9 ^u ! wat]1 !re is no "q b x w s9k1 ! o!r wat] runn+ to cov] x1 be+ no long] h9d]$ by ! air4 ,9 ! next place x is altoge!r false t wat] c 9 any way increase ! weight ( bodies imm]s$ 9 x1 = wat] has no weight 9 wat]1 s9ce x does n s9k4 ,n[1 j z he :o %\ld say t brass by its own nature s9ks1 b t :5 =m$ into ! %ape ( a kettle1 x acquires f t figure a virtue ( ly+ 9 ! wat] )\t s9k+1 w\ld say :at is false1 because t is n purely brass :i* !n is put into ! wat]1 b a comp\nd ( brass & air2 s is x nei!r m nor less false1 t a ?9 plate ( brass or ebony swims by virtue ( its dilat$ & broad figure4 ,also ,i _c omit to tell my oppon5ts1 t ?is conceit ( refus+ to ba! ! surface ( ! bo>d1 might beget an op9ion 9 a ?ird p]son ( a pov]ty ( argum5ts on _! side1 especially z ! conv]sation began ab\t flakes ( ice1 9 :i* x w\ld be simple to require t ! surfaces %\ld be kept dry2 n to m5tion t su* pieces ( ice1 :e!r wet or dry1 always float1 & z my antagoni/s say1 because ( _! %ape4 ,"s may wond] t ,i affirm ?is p[] to be 9 ! air ( keep+ ! plate ( brass or silv] above wat]1 z if 9 a c]ta9 s5se ,i w\ld attribute to ! air a k9d ( magnetic virtue = su/a9+ heavy bodies ) :i* x is 9 contact4 ,to satisfy all ^! d\bts1 ,i h contriv$ ! foll[+ exp]im5t to demon/rate h[ truly ! air does support ^! solids2 = ,i h f\nd1 :5 "o ( ^! bodies :i* floats :5 plac$ lightly on ! wat]1 is ?or\ghly ba!d & sunk to ! bottom1 t by c>ry+ d[n to x a little air )\t o!rwise t\*+ x 9 ! lea/1 ,i am able to raise & c>ry x back to ! top1 :]e x floats z be=e4 ,to ?is effect ,i take a ball ( wax1 & ) a little lead make x j heavy en\gh to s9k v sl[ly to ! bottom1 tak+ c>e t its surface be q smoo? & ev54 ,?is1 if put g5tly into ! wat]1 subm]ges almo/ entirely1 !re rema9+ visible only a little ( ! v top1 :i*1 s long z x is jo9$ to ! air1 keeps ! ball afloat2 b if we take away ! contact ( ! air by wett+ ?is top1 ! ball s9ks to ! bottom1 & rema9s !re4 ,n[ to make x return to ! surface by virtue ( ! air :i* be=e su/a9$ x1 ?ru/ into ! wat] a glass1 ) ! m\? d[nw>ds1 :i* w c>ry ) x ! air x conta9s2 & move ?is d[n t[>ds ! ball1 until y see by ! transp>5cy ( ! glass t ! air has rea*$ ! top ( x2 !n g5tly draw ! glass upw>ds1 & y w see ! ball rise1 & aft]w>ds /ay on ! top ( ! wat]1 if y c>efully "p ! glass & wat] )\t too mu* di/urb+ x4#gb ,!re is !re=e a c]ta9 aff9ity betwe5 ! air & o!r bodies1 :i* holds !m unit$1 s t !y sep>ate n )\t a k9d ( viol5ce1 j z betwe5 wat] & o!r bodies2 = 9 draw+ !m :olly out ( ! wat]1 we see ! wat] foll[ !m1 & rise s5sibly above ! level be=e x quits !m4 ,hav+ e/abli%$ ?is pr9ciple by ?is exce$+ly +5i\s & conv9c+ exp]im5t1 ,galileo proce$s to %ew f x :at mu/ be ! dim5sions ( a plate ( any sub/ance :i* w float z ! wax does1 assum+ 9 ea* case t we "k ! greate/ height at :i* ! ramp>t ( wat] w /& r\nd x4 ,9 l mann] he %[s t a pyramidal or conical figure may be made ( any sub/ance1 su* t by help ( ! air1 x %all re/ ^u ! wat] )\t wett+ m ?an its base2 & t we may s =m a cone ( any sub/ance t x %all float if plac$ g5tly on ! surface1 ) its po9t d[nw>ds1 :]eas no c>e or pa9s w enable x to float ) its base d[nw>ds1 ow+ to ! diff]5t proportions ( air :i* 9 ! two positions rema9 connect$ ) x4 ,) ?is p>t+ bl[ at 8 antagoni/'s !ory we close our extracts f ?is admirable essay4 ,! fir/ elem5ts ( ! !ory ( runn+ wat]s 7 res]v$ = ,ca/elli1 an intimate fri5d & pupil ( ,galileo4 ,on ! pres5t occasion1 ,ca/elli appe>$ z ! o/5sible au?or ( a def5ce aga9/ ! attacks made by ,v9c5zio di ,grazia & by ,lodovico delle ,columbe 7! au?or ( ! cry/all9e composition ( ! moon7 on ! obnoxi\s !ory4 ,aft] de/roy+ all ! objections :i* !y produc$1 ! writ] taunt+ly bids !m rememb]1 t he 0 m]ely ,galileo's pupil1 & consid] h[ mu* m effectually ,galileo himself w\ld h confut$ !m1 _h he ?\ght x wor? :ile4 ,x 0 n kn[n till sev]al ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 t ?is ,essay 0 9 fact writt5 by ,galileo himself4#gc ,^! compositions m]ely occupi$ ! leisure "t :i* he c\ld )hold f ! controv]sy on ! sol> spots to :i* we h already allud$4 ,a ,g]man ,jesuit nam$ ,*ri/oph] ,s*e9]1 :o 0 pr(essor ( ma!matics at ,+ol/adt1 9 imitation ( ,galileo _h comm5c$ a s]ies ( obs]vations on !m1 b adopt$ ! !ory :i*1 z we h se51 ,galileo _h exam9$ & reject$1 t ^! spots are planets circulat+ at "s di/ance f ! body ( ! sun4 ,! same op9ion _h be5 tak5 up by a ,fr5* a/ronom]1 :o 9 hon\r ( ! reign+ family call$ !m ,borbonian />s4 ,s*e9] promulgat$ 8 notions 9 ?ree lett]s1 address$ to _! common fri5d ,wels]1 "u ! qua9t signature ( ,apelles lat5s po/ tabulam4 ,galileo repli$ to ,s*e9]'s lett]s by ?ree o!rs1 also address$ to ,wels]1 & al?\gh ! dispute 0 c>ri$ on amid mutual pr(essions ( respect & e/eem1 x laid ! f\ndation ( ! total e/rangem5t :i* aft]w>ds took place betwe5 ! two au?ors4 ,galileo's "p ( ?is controv]sy 0 publi%$ at ,rome by ! ,lyncean ,academy 9 #afac4 ,to ! la/ ( 8 lett]s1 writt5 9 ,decemb]1 #afab1 is annex$ a table ( ! expect$ positions ( ,jupit]'s satellites dur+ ! mon?s ( ,m>* & ,april ( ! foll[+ ye>1 :i*1 imp]fect z x necess>ily 01 _c be look$ ^u )\t ! greate/ int]e/4 ,9 ! same lett] x is m5tion$ t ,saturn pres5t$ a novel appe>ance1 :i*1 = an in/ant1 almo/ induc$ ,galileo to mi/ru/ ! accuracy ( 8 e>li] obs]vations4 ,! lat]al app5dages ( ?is planet _h disappe>$1 & ! accompany+ extract w %[ ! uneas9ess :i* ,galileo c\ld n conceal at ! sight ( ?is ph5om5on1 al?\gh x is admirable to see ! contempt ) :i*1 ev5 9 t try+ mom5t1 he expresses 8 consci\sness t 8 adv]s>ies 7 unwor?y ( ! triumph !y appe>$ on ! po9t ( celebrat+4--,look+ on ,saturn )9 ^! few days1 ,i f\nd x solit>y1 )\t ! assi/ance ( its accu/om$ />s1 & 9 %ort1 p]fectly r\nd & def9$ l ,jupit]1 & su* x /ill rema9s4 ,n[ :at c be said ( s /range a metamorphosis8 are p]haps ! two small] />s consum$1 l ! spots on ! sun8 h !y sudd5ly vani%$ & fl$8 or has ,saturn dev\r$ 8 own *ildr58 or 0 ! appe>ance inde$ fraud & illusion1 ) :i* ! glasses h = s long a "t mock$ me1 & s _m o!rs :o h (t5 obs]v$ ) me4 ,n[ p]haps ! "t is come to revive ! )]+ hopes ( ^?1 :o1 guid$ by m pr(\nd contemplations1 h fa?om$ all ! fallacies ( ! new obs]vations & recognis$ _! impossibility6 ,i _c resolve :at to say 9 a *ance s /range1 s new1 & s unexpect$2 ! %ortness ( ! "t1 ! unexampl$ occurr5ce1 ! weakness ( my intellect1 & ! t]ror ( be+ mi/ak51 h greatly conf\nd$ me4 ,^! fir/ expressions ( al>m are n to be wond]$ at2 h[ev]1 he soon recov]$ c\rage1 & v5tur$ to =etel ! p]iods at :i* ! lat]al />s w\ld aga9 %[ !mselves1 prote/+ at ! same "t1 t he 0 9 no respect to be und]/ood z class+ ?is pr$iction among ! results :i* dep5d on c]ta9 pr9ciples & s\nd conclusions1 b m]ely on "s conjectures :i* appe>$ to him probable4 ,f "o ( ! ,dialogues on ! ,sy/em1 we le>n t ?is conjecture 01 t ,saturn might revolve ^u 8 axis1 b ! p]iod :i* he assum$ is v diff]5t f ! true "o1 z might be expect$ f its be+ int5d$ to acc\nt = a ph5om5on ( :i* ,galileo _h n rightly appreh5d$ ! "*4 ,he clos$ ?is lett] ) r5ew$ pr(essions ( c\rtesy & fri5d%ip t[>ds ,apelles1 enjo9+ ,wels] n to communicate x )\t add+ 8 excuses1 if he %\ld be ?\ght to diss5t too viol5tly f 8 antagoni/'s ideas1 decl>+ t 8 only object 0 ! discov]y ( tru?1 & t he _h freely expos$ 8 own op9ion1 :i* he 0 /ill ready to *ange1 s soon z 8 errors %\ld be made manife/ to him2 & t he w\ld consid] himself "u special obligation to any "o :o w\ld be k9d en\gh to discov] & correct !m4 ,^! lett]s 7 writt5 f ! villa ( 8 fri5d ,salviati at ,selve ne> ,flor5ce1 :]e he pass$ great "p ( 8 "t1 p>ticul>ly dur+ 8 frequ5t indispositions1 conceiv+ t ! air ( ,flor5ce 0 prejudicial to him4 ,cesi 0 v anxi\s = _! appe>ance1 s9ce !y 7 79 8 own words7 s h>d a morsel = ! tee? ( ! ,p]ipatetics1 & he exhort$ ,galileo1 9 ! "n ( ! society1 to cont9ue to give !m1 & ! nameless ,jesuit1 some?+ to gnaw4 ,,footnotes3 #fg ,aimo9i ,hi/4 ,francorum4 ,p>isiis4 #aefg4 #fh ,m]curius 9 sole visus4 #afji4 #fi ,de ,clo4 lib4 #d4 #gj ,= a discussion ( ?is s+ul> ph5om5on1 see ,treatise on ,heat1 p4 #ab2 & x is wor? :ile to rem>k 9 pass+1 :at an admirable in/ance x af=ds ( ,galileo's in/antane\s ab&onm5t ( a !ory s soon z x became inconsi/5t ) exp]im5t4 #ga ,ebony is "o ( ! few woods heavi] ?an wat]4 ,see ,treatise on ,hydro/atics4 #gb ,9 mak+ ?is v beautiful exp]im5t1 x is be/ to keep ! glass a few seconds 9 ! wat]1 to give "t = ! surface ( ! ball to dry4 ,x w also succe$ ) a light ne$le1 if c>efully conduct$4 #gc ,nelli4 ,saggio di ,/or4 ,lit]4 ,fior5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,lett] to ,*ri/9a1 ,ar*-,du*ess ( ,tuscany--,cacc9i--,galileo revisits ,rome--,in*(f]--,problem ( ,longitudes4 ,,! uncompromis+ boldness ) :i* ,galileo publi%$ & support$ 8 op9ions1 ) little reg>d to ! p[] & au?ority ( ^? :o advocat$ ! contr>y doctr9es1 _h rais$ aga9/ him a ho/ ( enemies1 :o ea* _h objections to him peculi> to !mselves1 b :o n[ began to p]ceive ! policy ( unit+ _! /r5g? 9 ! common cause1 to cru% if possible s dang]\s an innovator4 ,all ! pr(essors ( ! old op9ions1 :o sudd5ly f\nd ! k on :i* _! reputation 0 f\nd$ /ruck f "u !m1 & :o c\ld n reconcile !mselves to _! new situation ( le>n]s1 7 unit$ aga9/ him2 & to ?is p[]ful cabal 0 n[ add$ ! /ill great] influ5ce ( ! jesuits & pseudo-!ological p>ty1 :o fanci$ !y saw 9 ! _s ( ,galileo's writ+s ! same inquisitive temp] :i* !y _h already f\nd s inconv5i5t 9 ,lu!r & 8 adh]5ts4 ,! al>m became great] e day1 inasmu* z ,galileo _h succe$$ 9 tra9+ r\nd him a num]\s b& ( foll[]s :o all appe>$ imbu$ ) ! same dang]\s _s ( innovation1 & 8 fav\rite s*ol>s 7 successful c&idates = pr(essor%ips 9 _m ( ! mo/ celebrat$ univ]sities ( ,italy4 ,at ! close ( #afac1 ,galileo address$ a lett] to 8 pupil1 ! ,abb ,ca/elli1 9 :i* he endeav\r$ to %ew t !re is z mu* difficulty 9 reconcil+ ! ,ptolemaic z ! ,cop]nican sy/em ( ! _w ) ! a/ronomical expressions conta9$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 & ass]t$1 t ! object ( ! ,scriptures n be+ to tea* a/ronomy1 su* expressions are !re us$ z w\ld be intelligible & con=mable to ! vulg> belief1 )\t reg>d to ! true /ructure ( ! univ]se2 :i* argum5t he aft]w>ds amplifi$ 9 a lett] address$ to ,*ri/9a1 ,gr& ,du*ess ( ,tuscany1 ! "m ( 8 patron ,cosmo4 ,he disc\rses on ?is subject ) ! mod]ation & good s5se :i* s peculi>ly *>act]iz$ him4 ,i am1 says he1 incl9$ to believe1 t ! int5tion ( ! sacr$ ,scriptures is to give to mank9d ! in=mation necess>y = _! salvation1 & :i*1 surpass+ all human k1 c by no o!r means be accr$it$ ?an by ! m\? ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,b ,i d n hold x necess>y to believe1 t ! same ,god :o has end[$ u ) s5ses1 ) spee*1 & intellect1 int5d$ t we %\ld neglect ! use ( ^!1 & seek by o!r means = k :i* !y are suffici5t to procure u2 especially 9 a sci5ce l a/ronomy1 ( :i* s little notice is tak5 9 ! ,scriptures1 t none ( ! planets1 except ! sun & moon1 &1 once or twice only1 ,v5us "u ! "n ( ,lucif]1 are s mu* z nam$ !re4 ,?is !re=e be+ grant$1 me?9ks t 9 ! discussion ( natural problems we ought n to beg9 at ! au?ority ( texts ( ,scripture1 b at s5sible exp]im5ts & necess>y demon/rations3 =1 f ! div9e ^w1 ! sacr$ ,scripture & nature did bo? alike proce$1 & ,i conceive t1 conc]n+ natural effects1 t :i* ei!r s5sible exp]i5ce sets be=e our eyes1 or necess>y demon/rations d prove unto u1 ought n ^u any acc\nt to be call$ into "q1 mu* less condemn$1 ^u ! te/imony ( ,scriptural texts1 :i* may "u _! words c\* s5ses seem+ly contr>y !reto4 ,aga91 to comm& ! v pr(essors ( a/ronomy t !y ( !mselves see to ! confut+ ( _! own obs]vations & demon/rations1 is to enjo9 a ?+ beyond all possibility ( do+2 = x is n only to comm& !m n to see t :i* !y d see1 & n to und]/& t :i* !y d und]/&1 b x is to ord] !m to seek = & to f9d ! contr>y ( t :i* !y happ5 to meet )4 ,i w\ld entreat ^! wise & prud5t fa!rs1 t !y w\ld ) all dilig5ce consid] ! diff]5ce t is betwe5 op9ionative & demon/rative doctr9es3 to ! end t well weigh+ 9 _! m9ds ) :at =ce necess>y inf]5ces urge u1 !y might ! bett] assure !mselves t x is n 9 ! p[] ( ! pr(essors ( demon/rative sci5ces to *ange _! op9ions at pleasure1 & adopt fir/ "o side & !n ano!r2 & t !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 comm&+ a ma!matician or a philosoph]1 & ! dispos+ ( a lawy] or a m]*ant2 & t ! demon/rat$ conclusions t\*+ ! ?+s ( nature & ( ! heav5s _c be *ang$ ) ! same facility z ! op9ions are t\*+ :at is lawful or n 9 a contract1 b>ga91 or bill ( ex*ange4 ,!re=e1 fir/ let ^! m5 apply !mselves to exam9e ! argum5ts ( ,cop]nicus & o!rs1 & leave ! condemn+ ( !m z errone\s & h]etical to :om x belonge?2 yet let !m n hope to f9d su* ra% & precipit\s det]m9ations 9 ! w>y & holy fa!rs1 or 9 ! absolute wisdom ( him :o _c err1 z ^? into :i* !y suff] !mselves to be hurri$ by "s p>ticul> affection or int]e/ ( _! own4 ,9 ^! & su* o!r positions1 :i* are n directly articles ( fai?1 c]ta9ly no man d\bts b ,8 ,hol9ess ha? always an absolute p[] ( admitt+ or condemn+ !m1 b x is n 9 ! p[] ( any creature to make !m to be true or false1 o!rwise ?an ( _! own nature1 & 9 fact !y are4 ,we h be5 m p>ticul> 9 extract+ ^! passages1 because x has be5 advanc$ by a writ] ( high reputation1 t ! treatm5t :i* ,galileo subsequ5tly exp]i5c$ 0 solely 9 consequ5ce ( 8 p]si/+ 9 ! endeav\r to prove t ! ,scriptures 7 reconcileable ) ! ,cop]nican !ory#gd1 :]eas we see "h di/9ctly t1 = ! reasons we h briefly /at$1 he reg>d$ ?is z a matt] altoge!r indiff]5t & beside ! "q4 ,galileo _h n ent]$ ^u ?is discussion till driv5 to x by a mo/ indec5t attack1 made on him f ! pulpit1 by a ,dom9ican fri> nam$ ,cacc9i1 :o ?\ght x n unbecom+ 8 habit or religion to play ^u ! words ( a ,scriptural text = ! purpose ( attack+ ,galileo & 8 p>tisans ) m p]sonality4#ge ,galileo compla9$ =mally ( ,cacc9i's conduct to ,luigi ,m>affi ! g5]al ( ! ,dom9icans1 :o apologis$ amply to him1 add+ t he himself 0 to be piti$ = f9d+ himself implicat$ 9 all ! brutal conduct ( ?irty or =ty ?\s& monks4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ! inquisitors at ,rome _h tak5 ! al>m1 & 7 already1 9 #afae1 busily employ$ 9 collect+ evid5ce aga9/ ,galileo4 ,lor9i1 a bro!r ,dom9ican ( ,cacc9i1 _h giv5 !m notice ( ! lett] to ,ca/elli ( :i* we h spok51 & ! utmo/ address 0 employ$ to get ! orig9al into _! h&s1 :i* attempt h[ev] 0 fru/rat$1 z ,ca/elli _h return$ x to ! writ]4 ,cacc9i 0 s5t = to ,rome1 settl$ !re ) ! title ( ,ma/] ( ! ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,m>y ( ,m9]va1 & employ$ to put ! depositions aga9/ ,galileo into ord]4 ,galileo 0 n at ?is "t fully aw>e ( ! ma*9ations aga9/ him1 b suspect+ some?+ ( _! nature1 he solicit$ & obta9$ p]mission f ,cosmo1 t[>ds ! end ( #afae1 to make a j\rney to ,rome1 = ! purpose ( m directly confront+ 8 enemies 9 t city4 ,!re 0 a rum\r at ! "t t ?is visit 0 n volunt>y1 b t ,galileo _h be5 cit$ to appe> at ,rome4 ,a contempor>y decl>es t he he>d ?is f ,galileo himself3 at any rate1 9 a lett] :i* ,galileo %ortly aft]w>ds wrote to ,pic*5a1 ! ,gr& ,duke's secret>y1 he expresses himself well satisfi$ ) ! results ( ?is /ep1 :e!r =c$ or n1 & ,qu]5ghi ?us describes to ! ,c>d9al d',e/e ! public effect ( 8 appe>ance3 ,y\r ,em95ce w\ld be delight$ ) ,galileo if y he>d him hold+ =?1 z he (t5 does1 9 ! mid/ ( fifte5 or tw5ty1 all viol5tly attack+ him1 sometimes 9 "o h\se1 sometimes 9 ano!r4 ,b he is arm$ aft] su* fa%ion t he laughs all ( !m to scorn--& ev5 if ! novelty ( 8 op9ions prev5ts entire p]suasion1 at lea/ he convicts ( empt9ess mo/ ( ! argum5ts ) :i* 8 adv]s>ies endeav\r to ov]:elm him4 ,he 0 p>ticul>ly admirable on ,monday la/1 9 ! h\se ( ,signor ,fr$]ico ,ghisili]i2 & :at especially pleas$ me 01 t be=e reply+ to ! contr>y argum5ts1 he amplifi$ & en=c$ !m ) new gr\nds ( great plausibility1 s z to leave 8 adv]s>ies 9 a m ridicul\s plight :5 he aft]w>ds ov]turn$ !m all4 ,among ! malici\s /ories :i* 7 put into circulation1 x _h be5 said1 t ! ,gr& ,duke _h )drawn 8 fav\r1 :i* embold5$ _m1 :o w\ld n o!rwise h v5tur$ on su* op5 opposition1 to decl>e aga9/ ,galileo4 ,8 appe>ance at ,rome1 :]e he 0 lodg$ 9 ! palace ( ,cosmo's ambassador1 & :5ce he kept up a close correspond5ce ) ! ,gr& ,duke's family1 put an imm$iate /op to rum\rs ( ?is k9d4 ,9 little m ?an a mon? he 0 app>5tly triumphant1 s f> z reg>d$ himself2 b ! "q n[ began to be agitat$ :e!r ! :ole sy/em ( ,cop]nicus ought n to be condemn$ z impi\s & h]etical4 ,galileo aga9 writes to ,pic*5a1 s f> z conc]ns ! cle>+ ( my own "*1 ,i might return home imm$iately2 b al?\gh ?is new "q reg>ds me no m ?an all ^? :o = ! la/ eighty ye>s h support$ ^! op9ions bo? 9 public & private1 yet1 z p]haps ,i may be ( "s assi/ance 9 t "p ( ! discussion :i* dep5ds on ! k ( tru?s asc]ta9$ by means ( ! sci5ces :i* ,i pr(ess1 ,i1 z a zeal\s & ,ca?olic ,*ri/ian1 nei!r c nor ought to )hold t assi/ance :i* my k af=ds2 & ?is bus9ess keeps me suffici5tly employ$4 ,de ,lambre1 ^: read9ess to depreciate ,galileo's m]it we h already notic$ & lam5t$1 sne]+ly & ungratefully rem>ks on ?is "p ( 8 life1 t x 0 sc>cely wor? :ile to compromise 8 tranquillity & reputation1 9 ord] to become ! *ampion ( a tru? :i* c\ld n fail e day to acquire new p>tisans by ! natural effect ( ! progress ( enlight5$ op9ions4 ,we ne$ n /op to consid] :at ! natural effects might h be5 if none _h at any "t be5 f\nd :o ?\ght _! tranquillity wor?ily (f]$ up 9 su* a cause4 ,x has be5 h9t$ by sev]al1 & is inde$ probable1 t ,galileo's /ay at ,rome r injur$ ! cause 7s f> z provok+ ! inquisitorial c5sures c\ld injure x7 :i* x 0 8 e>ne/ desire to s]ve1 = we _c (t5 en\gh repeat ! ass]tion1 t x 0 n ! doctr9e itself1 s mu* z ! free1 unyield+ mann] 9 :i* x 0 support$1 :i* 0 orig9ally obnoxi\s4 ,cop]nicus _h be5 all[$ to d$icate 8 great "w to ,pope ,paul ,,iii41 & f ! "t ( its fir/ appe>ance "u t sanction 9 #aedc1 to ! ye> #afaf1 ( :i* we are n[ writ+1 ?is !ory 0 left 9 ! h&s ( ma!maticians & philosoph]s1 :o alt]nately attack$ & def5d$ x )\t receiv+ ei!r support or mole/ation f ecclesia/ical decrees4 ,b ?is 0 h5ce=w>d no long] ! case1 & a high] degree ( importance 0 giv5 to ! controv]sy f ! religi\s h]esies :i* 7 ass]t$ to be involv$ 9 ! new op9ions4 ,we h already giv5 specim5s ( ! s call$ philosophical argum5ts br\ght aga9/ ,cop]nicus2 & ! read] may be curi\s to "k ! =m ( ! !ological ones4 ,^? :i* we select are tak5 f a "w1 :i* inde$ did n come =? till ! "t ( ,galileo's ?ird visit to ,rome1 b x is relative to ! matt] n[ be=e u1 z x pr(ess$ to be1 & its au?or's p>ty affect$ to consid] x1 a complete refutation ( ! lett]s to ,ca/elli & ! ,ar*du*ess ,*ri/9a4#gf ,x 0 ! "w ( a ,jesuit1 ,mel*ior ,in*(f]1 & x 0 greatly extoll$ by 8 companions1 z diff]+ s entirely f ! pruri5cy ( ! ,py?agorean writ+s4 ,he quotes ) approbation an au?or :o1 fir/ ref]r+ to ! fir/ v]se ( ,g5esis = an argum5t t ! e>? 0 n creat$ till aft] ! heav5s1 obs]ves t ! :ole "q is ?us r$uc$ to ! exam9ation ( ?is purely geometrical difficulty--,9 ! =mation ( a sph]e1 does ! c5tre or circumf]5ce fir/ come into exi/5ce8 ,if ! latt] 7:i* we presume ,mel*ior's fri5d f\nd good reason = decid+ ^u71 ! consequ5ce is inevitable4 ,! e>? is 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,x may n be unpr(itable to contra/ ! extracts :i* we h giv5 f ,galileo's lett]s on ! same subject ) ! foll[+ passage1 :i* appe>s "o ( ! mo/ subtle & argum5tative :i* is to be f\nd 9 ,mel*ior's book4 ,he pr(esses to be enum]at+ & refut+ ! pr9cipal argum5ts :i* ! ,cop]nicans adduc$ = ! motion ( ! e>?4 ,fif? argum5t4 ,hell is 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & 9 x is a fire torm5t+ ! damn$2 !re=e x is absolutely necess>y t ! e>? is moveable4 ,! antec$5t is pla94 7,in*(f] !n quotes a numb] ( texts ( ,scripture on :i*1 accord+ to him1 ! ,cop]nicans reli$ 9 pro( ( ?is "p ( ! argum5t47 ,! consequ5t is prov$3 because fire is ! cause ( motion1 = :i* reason ,py?agoras1 :o1 z ,ari/otle reports1 puts ! place ( puni%m5t 9 ! c5tre1 p]ceiv$ t ! e>? is animate & end[$ ) action4 ,i answ]1 ev5 all[+ t hell is 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & a fire 9 x1 ,i d5y ! consequ5ce3 & = pro( ,i say1 if ! argum5t is wor? any ?+1 x proves also t lime-kilns1 ov5s1 & fire-grates are animat$ & spontane\sly moveable4 ,i say1 ev5 all[+ t hell is 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>?3 = ,gregory1 book #d1 dial4 *ap4 #db1 says1 t he d>e n decide ra%ly on ?is matt]1 al?\gh he ?9ks m probable ! op9ion ( ^? :o say t x is "u ! e>?4 ,/4 ,?omas1 9 ,opusc4 #aj1 art4 #ca1 says3 ,:]e hell is1 :e!r 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>? or at ! surface1 does n 9 my op9ion1 relate to any article ( fai?2 & x is sup]flu\s to be solicit\s ab\t su* ?+s1 ei!r 9 ass]t+ or d5y+ !m4 ,& ,opusc4 #aa1 art4 #bd1 he says1 t x seems to him t no?+ %\ld be ra%ly ass]t$ on ?is matt]1 p>ticul>ly z ,augu/9 ?9ks t nobody kn[s :]e x is2 b ,i d n1 says he1 ?9k t x is 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,i %\ld be lo?1 h[ev]1 t x %\ld be h5ce inf]r$ by "s p t hell is 9 ! e>?1 t we are ignorant :]e hell is1 & !re=e t ! situation ( ! e>? is also unkn[n1 &1 9 conclusion1 t x _c !re=e be ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,! argum5t %all be retort$ 9 ano!r fa%ion3 = if ! place ( ! e>? is unkn[n1 x _c be said to be 9 a great circle1 s z to be mov$ r\nd ! sun4 ,f9ally ,i say t 9 fact x is kn[n :]e ! e>? is4 ,x is n impossible t "s p]sons adopt$ ! ,cop]nican !ory1 f an affectation ( s+ul>ity & free?9k+1 )\t be+ able to give v s\nd reasons = _! *ange ( op9ion1 ( :om we h an in/ance 9 ,origanus1 ! a/rological in/ructor ( ,wall5/e9's fam\s att5dant ,s5i1 :o edit$ 8 "w4 ,8 argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! e>?'s motion are q on a level ) ^? advanc$ on ! opposite side 9 fav\r ( its immobility2 b we h n f\nd any traces :atev] ( su* absurdities z ^! hav+ be5 urg$ by any ( ! lead]s ( t p>ty1 & x is f> m probable t !y are ! creatures ( ,mel*ior's own imag9ation4 ,at any rate x is wor? rem>k+ h[ completely he disreg>ds ! real physical argum5ts1 :i* he ought1 9 ju/ice to 8 cause1 to h attempt$ to controv]t4 ,8 book 0 aim$ at ,galileo & 8 adh]5ts1 & x is sc>cely possible t he c\ld s]i\sly p]suade himself t he 0 /at+ & ov]turn+ argum5ts simil> to ^? by :i* ,galileo _h made s _m conv]ts to ! op9ions ( ,cop]nicus4 ,:atev] may be our judgm5t ( 8 c&\r1 we may at lea/ feel assur$ t if ?is _h inde$ be5 a fair specim5 ( ,galileo's philosophy1 he might to ! end ( 8 life h taught t ! e>? mov$ r\nd ! sun1 or if 8 fancy l$ him to a diff]5t hypo!sis1 he might l ! ,abb ,baliani h s5t ! e>? sp9n+ r\nd ! /ation>y moon1 & l him h rema9$ unmole/$ by pontifical c5sures4 ,x is true t ,baliani own$ 8 op9ion to be mu* %ak51 on obs]v+ x to be oppos$ to ! decree ( ^? 9 ^: h&s 0 plac$ ! p[] ( judg+ articles ( fai?4 ,b ,galileo's uncompromis+ _s ( analytical inve/igation1 & ! sob] b inv9cible =ce ( reason+ ) :i* he beat d[n e sophism oppos$ to him1 ! in/rum5ts ) :i* he work$1 7 m odi\s ?an ! "w itself1 & ! condemnation :i* he _h va9ly hop$ to av]t 0 probably on 8 v acc\nt accel]at$4 ,galileo1 accord+ to 8 own /ory1 _h 9 ,m>* #afaf a mo/ graci\s audi5ce ( ! pope1 ,paul ,v41 :i* la/$ = ne>ly an h\r1 at ! end ( :i* 8 hol9ess assur$ him1 t ! ,congregation 7 no long] 9 a hum\r to li/5 lightly to calumnies aga9/ him1 & t s long z he occupi$ ! papal *air1 ,galileo might ?9k himself out ( all dang]4 ,b nev]!less he 0 n all[$ to return home1 )\t receiv+ =mal notice n to tea* ! op9ions ( ,cop]nicus1 t ! sun is 9 ! c5tre ( ! sy/em1 & t ! e>? moves ab\t x1 f t "t =w>d1 9 any mann]4 ,t ^! 7 ! lit]al ord]s giv5 to ,galileo w be pres5tly prov$ f ! recital ( !m 9 ! fam\s decree aga9/ him1 sev5te5 ye>s lat]4 ,= ! pres5t1 8 lett]s :i* we h m5tion$1 z well z "o ( a simil> t5d5cy by ,fosc>9i1 a ,c>melite fri>--a comm5t>y on ! book ( ,jo%ua by a ,spani>d nam$ ,diego ,zuniga--,kepl]'s ,epitome ( ! ,cop]nican ,!ory--& ,cop]nicus's own "w1 7 ins]t$ 9 ! li/ ( =bidd5 books1 nor 0 x till f\r ye>s aft]w>ds1 9 #afbj1 t1 on reconsid]ation1 ,cop]nicus 0 all[$ to be read ) c]ta9 omissions & alt]ations !n decid$ ^u4 ,galileo quitt$ ,rome sc>cely able to conceal 8 contempt & indignation4 ,two ye>s aft]w>ds ?is _s _h b little subsid$1 = 9 =w>d+ to ! ,ar*duke ,leopold 8 ,!ory ( ! ,tides1 he accompani$ x ) ! foll[+ rem>ks3--,?is !ory occurr$ to me :5 9 ,rome1 :il/ ! !ologians 7 debat+ on ! prohibition ( ,cop]nicus's book1 & ( ! op9ion ma9ta9$ 9 x ( ! motion ( ! e>?1 :i* ,i at t "t believ$2 until x pleas$ ^? g5tlem5 to susp5d ! book1 & decl>e ! op9ion false & repugnant to ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,n[1 z ,i "k h[ well x becomes me to obey & believe ! decisions ( my sup]iors1 :i* proce$ out ( m pr(\nd k ?an ! weakness ( my intellect c atta9 to1 ?is !ory :i* ,i s5d y1 :i* is f\nd$ on ! motion ( ! e>?1 ,i n[ look ^u z a fiction & a dream1 & beg y\r highness to receive x z su*4 ,b1 z poets (t5 le>n to prize ! creations ( _! fancy1 s1 9 l mann]1 d ,i set "s value on ?is absurdity ( m9e4 ,x is true t :5 ,i sket*$ ?is little "w1 ,i did hope t ,cop]nicus w\ld n1 aft] #hj ye>s1 be convict$ ( error1 & ,i _h int5d$ to develope & amplify x f>!r1 b a voice f heav5 sudd5ly awak5$ me1 & at once annihilat$ all my confus$ & entangl$ fancies4 ,x might h be5 pr$ict$1 f ! tone ( ?is lett] alone1 t x w\ld n be long be=e ,galileo w\ld aga9 br+ himself "u ! c5sur+ notice ( ! a/ronomical hi]>*y1 & inde$ he _h1 s e>ly z #afaj1 collect$ "s ( ! mat]ials = ! "w :i* caus$ ! f9al explosion1 & on :i* he n[ employ$ himself ) z little int]mission z ! weak /ate ( 8 heal? p]mitt$4 ,he _h be5 be=e ?is "t engag$ 9 a correspond5ce ) ! c\rt ( ,spa91 on ! me?od ( obs]v+ longitudes at sea1 = ! solution ( :i* important problem ,philip ,,iii4 _h (f]$ a consid]able rew>d1 an example :i* has s9ce be5 foll[$ 9 our own & o!r c\ntries4 ,galileo _h no soon] discov]$ ,jupit]'s satellites1 ?an he recogniz$ ! use :i* might be made ( !m = t purpose1 & devot$ himself ) peculi> assiduity to acquir+ z p]fect a k z possible ( _! revolutions4 ,! read] w easily und]/& h[ !y 7 to be us$1 if _! motion c\ld be s well asc]ta9$ z to enable ,galileo at ,flor5ce to pr$ict ! exact times at :i* any rem>kable configurations w\ld occur1 z1 = in/ance1 ! times at :i* any "o ( !m w\ld be eclips$ by ,jupit]4 ,a m>9] :o 9 ! middle ( ! ,atlantic %\ld obs]ve ! same eclipse1 & comp>e ! "t ( night at :i* he made ! obs]vation 7:i* he might "k by sett+ 8 wat* by ! sun on ! prec$+ day7 ) ! "t m5tion$ 9 ! pr$ictions1 w\ld1 f ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 le>n ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! h\r at ,flor5ce & ! h\r at ! place :]e ! %ip at t "t happ5$ to be4 ,z ! e>? turns uni=mly r\nd ?r\gh #cfj ( longitude 9 #bd h\rs1 t is1 ?r\gh #ae 9 ea* h\r1 ! h\rs1 m9utes1 & seconds ( "t :i* express ?is diff]5ce mu/ be multipli$ by #ae1 & ! respective products w give ! degrees1 m9utes1 & seconds ( longitude1 by :i* ! %ip 0 !n di/ant f ,flor5ce4 ,?is /atem5t is m]ely int5d$ to give ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) a/ronomy1 a g5]al idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 propos$ to use ^! satellites4 ,our moon _h already be5 occasionally employ$ 9 ! same way1 b ! comp>ative frequ5cy ( ! eclipses ( ,jupit]'s moons1 & ! sudd5ness ) :i* !y disappe>1 gives a decid$ advantage to ! new me?od4 ,bo? me?ods 7 emb>rass$ by ! difficulty ( obs]v+ ! eclipses at sea4 ,9 addition to ?is1 x 0 requisite1 9 bo? me?ods1 t ! sailors %\ld be provid$ ) accurate means ( kn[+ ! h\r1 :]ev] !y might *ance to be1 :i* 0 f> f be+ ! case1 = al?\gh 79 ord] n to int]rupt ! explanation7 we h above spok5 ( _! wat*es1 yet ! wat*es & clocks ( t day 7 n su* z c\ld be reli$ on suffici5tly1 dur+ ! int]val :i* mu/ necess>ily occur betwe5 ! two obs]vations4 ,?is consid]ation l$ ,galileo to reflect on ! use :i* might be made ( 8 p5dulum = ?is purpose2 &1 ) respect to ! o!r difficulty1 he contriv$ a peculi> k9d ( telescope1 ) :i* he flatt]$ himself1 some:at prematurely1 t x w\ld be z easy to obs]ve on %ip-bo>d z on %ore4 ,dur+ 8 /ay at ,rome1 9 #afae1 & ! foll[+ ye>1 he disclos$ "s ( ^! ideas to ! ,conte di ,lemos1 ! vic]oy ( ,naples1 :o _h be5 presid5t ( ! c\ncil ( ! ,spani% ,indies1 & 0 fully aw>e ( ! importance ( ! matt]4 ,galileo 0 9 consequ5ce invit$ to communicate directly ) ! ,duke ( ,l]ma1 ! ,spani% m9i/]1 & in/ructions 7 accord+ly s5t by ,cosmo1 to ! ,conte ,orso d',elci1 8 ambassador at ,madrid1 to conduct ! bus9ess !re4 ,galileo ent]$ w>mly into ! design1 ( :i* he _h no o!r means ( v]ify+ ! practicability2 = z he says 9 "o ( 8 lett]s to ,spa9--,y\r excell5cy may well believe t if ?is 7 an und]tak+ :i* ,i c\ld conclude by myself1 ,i w\ld nev] h gone ab\t begg+ fav\rs f o!rs2 b 9 my /udy !re are nei!r seas1 nor ,indies1 nor isl&s1 nor ports1 nor %oals1 nor %ips1 = :i* reason ,i am compell$ to %>e ! ent]prise ) great p]sonages1 & to fatigue myself to procure ! acceptance ( t1 :i* ought ) eag]ness to be ask$ ( me2 b ,i console myself ) ! reflection t ,i am n s+ul> 9 ?is1 b t x commonly happ5s1 ) ! exception ( a little reputation1 & t too (t5 obscur$ & black5$ by envy1 t ! lea/ "p ( ! advantage falls to ! %>e ( ! inv5tors ( ?+s1 :i* aft]w>ds br+ great ga91 hon\rs1 & ri*es to o!rs2 s t ,i w nev] cease on my "p to d e ?+ 9 my p[]1 & ,i am ready to leave "h all my com=ts1 my c\ntry1 my fri5ds1 & family1 & to cross ov] into ,spa91 to /ay z long z ,i may be want$ 9 ,seville1 or ,lisbon1 or :]ev] x may be conv5i5t1 to implant ! k ( ?is me?od1 provid$ t due assi/ance & dilig5ce be n want+ on ! "p ( ^? :o are to receive x1 & :o %\ld solicit & fo/] x4 ,b he c\ld n1 ) all 8 en?usiasm1 r\se ! att5tion ( ! ,spani% c\rt4 ,! negotiation langui%$1 & al?\gh occasionally r5ew$ dur+ ! next t5 or twelve ye>s1 0 nev] br\ght to a satisfactory issue4 ,"s explanation ( ?is o!rwise unacc\ntable apa?y ( ! ,spani% c\rt1 ) reg>d to ! solution ( a problem :i* !y _h c]ta9ly mu* at he>t1 is giv5 9 ,nelli's life ( ,galileo2 :]e x is ass]t$1 on ! au?ority ( ! ,flor5t9e records1 t ,cosmo requir$ privately f ,spa91 79 return = ! p]mission grant$ = ,galileo to leave ,flor5ce1 9 pursuance ( ?is design17 ! privilege ( s5d+ e ye> f ,leghorn two m]*antm51 duty free1 to ! ,spani% ,indies4 ,,footnotes3 #gd ,ce philosophe 7,galile7 ne fut po9t p]secut comme bon a/ronome1 mais comme mauvais ?ologi54 ,c'e/ son enttem5t v\loir concili] la ,bible avec ,cop]nic qui lui donna des juges4 ,mais v+t auteurs1 surt\t p>mi les prote/ans1 ont crit que ,galile fut p]secut et imprisonn p\r avoir s\t5u que la t]re t\rne aut\r du soleil1 que ce sy/me a t condann p> l'inquisition comme faux1 erron et contraire la ,bible1 c4--,b]gi]1 ,encyclopdie ,m?odique1 ,p>is1 #agij1 ,art4 ,,sci5ces ,,huma9es4 #ge ,viri ,galili1 quid /atis adspici5tes 9 clum4 ,acts ,i4 #aa4 #gf ,tractatus ,syllepticus4 ,rom1 #afcc4 ,! title-page ( ?is rem>kable production is decorat$ ) an emblematical figure1 repres5t+ ! e>? includ$ 9 a triangle2 & 9 ! ?ree corn]s1 grasp+ ! globe ) _! =e feet1 are plac$ ?ree bees1 ! arms ( ,pope ,urban ,,viii4 :o condemn$ ,galileo & 8 writ+s4 ,! motto is ,8 fixa quiescit1 ,fix$ by ^! x is at re/4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,controv]sy on ,comets--,saggiatore--,galileo's reception by ,urban ,,viii--,8 family4 ,,! ye> #afah 0 rem>kable = ! appe>ance ( ?ree comets1 on :i* almo/ e a/ronom] 9 ,europe f\nd some?+ to say & write4 ,galileo publi%$ "s ( 8 op9ions ) respect to !m1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,m>io ,guiducci4 ,?is a/ronom] deliv]$ a lecture be=e ! ,flor5t9e academy1 ! heads ( :i* he 0 suppos$ to h receiv$ f ,galileo1 :o1 dur+ ! :ole "t ( ! appe>ance ( ^! comets1 0 conf9$ to 8 b$ by sev]e illness4 ,?is essay 0 pr9t$ 9 ,flor5ce at ! sign ( ,! ,m$icean ,/>s4#gg ,:at pr9cipally des]ves notice 9 x1 is ! op9ion ( ,galileo1 t ! di/ance ( a comet _c be safely det]m9$ by its p>allax1 f :i* we le>n t he incl9$ to believe t comets are no?+ b meteors occasionally appe>+ 9 ! atmosph]e1 l ra9b[s1 p>helia1 & simil> ph5om5a4 ,he po9ts out ! diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 a fix$ object1 ! di/ance ( :i* may be calculat$ f ! diff]5ce ( direction 9 :i* two obs]v]s 7at a kn[n di/ance f ea* o!r7 are oblig$ to turn !mselves 9 ord] to see x1 & meteors l ! ra9b[1 :i* are simultane\sly =m$ 9 diff]5t drops ( wat] = ea* spectator1 s t two obs]v]s 9 diff]5t places are 9 fact contemplat+ diff]5t objects4 ,he !n w>ns a/ronom]s n to engage ) too mu* w>m? 9 a discussion on ! di/ance ( comets be=e !y assure !mselves to :i* ( ^! two classes ( ph5om5a !y are to be ref]r$4 ,! rem>k is 9 itself p]fectly j1 al?\gh ! op9ion :i* occasion$ x is n[ z c]ta9ly kn[n to be errone\s1 b x is que/ionable :e!r ! obs]vations :i*1 up to t "t1 _h be5 made ^u comets1 7 suffici5t1 ei!r 9 numb] or quality1 to ju/ify ! c5sure :i* has be5 ca/ on ,galileo = 8 op9ion4 ,! !ory1 moreov]1 is m]ely introduc$ z an hypo!sis 9 ,guiducci's essay4 ,! same op9ion 0 = a %ort "t embrac$ by ,cass9i1 a celebrat$ ,italian a/ronom]1 invit$ by ,l\is ,,xiv4 to ! ,obs]vatory at ,p>is1 :5 ! sci5ce 0 consid]ably m advanc$1 & ,newton1 9 8 ,pr9cipia1 did n ?9k x unwor?y ( him to %[ on :at gr\nds x is unt5able4 ,galileo 0 become ! object ( animosity 9 s _m qu>t]s t none ( 8 publi%$ op9ions1 :e!r correct or incorrect1 ev] want$ a ready antagoni/4 ,! *ampion on ! pres5t occasion 0 aga9 a ,jesuit2 8 "n 0 ,oratio ,grassi1 :o publi%$ ,! ,a/ronomical & ,philosophical ,balance1 "u ! disguis$ signature ( ,lot>io ,s>si4 ,galileo & 8 fri5ds 7 anxi\s t 8 reply to ,grassi %\ld appe> z quickly z possible1 b 8 heal? _h become s prec>i\s & 8 frequ5t illnesses occasion$ s _m int]ruptions1 t x 0 n until ! autumn ( #afbc t ,il ,saggiatore 7or ,! ,assay]7 z he call$ 8 answ]1 0 ready = publication4 ,?is 0 pr9t$ by ! ,lyncean ,academy1 & z ,c>d9al ,maffeo ,b>b]9o1 :o _h j be5 elect$ ,pope1 7) ! title ( ,urban ,,viii47 _h be5 closely connect$ ) t society1 & 0 also a p]sonal fri5d ( ,cesi & ( ,galileo1 x 0 ?\ght a prud5t precaution to d$icate ! pamphlet to him4 ,?is essay enjoys a peculi> reputation among ,galileo's works1 n only = ! matt] conta9$ 9 x1 b also = ! /yle 9 :i* x is writt52 insomu* t ,&rs#gh1 :5 eulogiz+ ,galileo z "o ( ! e>lie/ :o adorn$ philosophical tru?s ) ! graces & ornam5ts ( language1 expressly in/ances ! ,saggiatore1 :i* is also quot$ by ,frisi & ,alg>otti1 z a p]fect model ( ?is sort ( composition4 ,9 ! latt] p>ticul>1 x is unsafe to int]f]e ) ! decisions ( an ,italian critic2 b ) respect to its sub/ance1 ?is fam\s composition sc>cely appe>s to des]ve its preem95t reputation4 ,x is a prolix & r t$i\s exam9ation ( ,grassi's ,essay2 nor d ! argum5ts seem s satisfactory1 nor ! reason+s s compact z is g5]ally ! case 9 ,galileo's o!r writ+s4 ,x does h[ev]1 l all 8 o!r works1 conta9 _m v rem>kable passages1 & ! celebrity ( ?is production requires t we %\ld extract "o or two ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic4 ,! fir/1 ?\gh a v %ort "o1 w s]ve to %ew ! tone :i* ,galileo _h tak5 ) respect to ! ,cop]nican sy/em s9ce its condemnation at ,rome1 9 #afaf4 ,9 conclusion1 s9ce ! motion attribut$ to ! e>?1 :i* ,i1 z a pi\s & ,ca?olic p]son1 consid] mo/ false1 & n to exi/1 accommodates itself s well to expla9 s _m & su* diff]5t ph5om5a1 ,i %all n feel sure1 unless ,s>si desc5ds to m di/9ct consid]ations ?an ^? :i* he has yet produc$1 t1 false z x is1 x may n j z delud+ly correspond ) ! ph5om5a ( comets4 ,s>si _h quot$ a /ory f ,suidas 9 support ( 8 argum5t t motion always produces heat1 h[ ! ,babylonians us$ to cook _! eggs by :irl+ !m 9 a sl+2 to :i* ,galileo replies3 ,i _c refra9 f m>vell+ t ,s>si w p]si/ 9 prov+ to me1 by au?orities1 t :i* at any mom5t ,i c br+ to ! te/ ( exp]im5t4 ,we exam9e witnesses 9 ?+s :i* are d\btful1 pa/1 & n p]man5t1 b n 9 ^? ?+s :i* are done 9 our own pres5ce4 ,if discuss+ a difficult problem 7 l c>ry+ a weight1 s9ce sev]al horses w c>ry m sacks ( corn ?an "o alone w1 ,i w\ld agree t _m reason]s avail m ?an "o2 b disc\rs+ is l c\rs+1 & n l c>ry+1 & "o b>b by himself w run f>!r ?an a hundr$ ,friesl& horses4 ,:5 ,s>si br+s up su* a multitude ( au?ors1 x does n seem to me t he 9 ! lea/ degree /r5g!ns 8 own conclusions1 b he ennobles ! cause ( ,signor ,m>io & myself1 by %ew+ t we reason bett] ?an _m m5 ( e/abli%$ reputation4 ,if ,s>si insi/s t ,i believe1 on ,suidas' cr$it1 t ! ,babylonians cook$ eggs by swiftly :irl+ !m 9 a sl+1 ,i w believe x2 b ,i mu/ ne$s say1 t ! cause ( su* an effect is v remote f t to :i* x is attribut$1 & to f9d ! true cause ,i %all reason ?us4 ,if an effect does n foll[ ) u :i* foll[$ ) o!rs at ano!r "t1 x is because1 9 our exp]im5t1 some?+ is want+ :i* 0 ! cause ( ! =m] success2 & if only "o ?+ is want+ to u1 t "o ?+ is ! true cause4 ,n[ we h eggs1 & sl+s1 & /rong m5 to :irl !m1 & yet !y w n become cook$2 nay1 if !y 7 hot at fir/1 !y m quickly become cold3 & s9ce no?+ is want+ to u b to be ,babylonians1 x foll[s t be+ ,babylonians is ! true cause :y ! eggs became h>d1 & n ! friction ( ! air1 :i* is :at ,i wi%$ to prove4--,is x possible t 9 travell+ po/1 ,s>si has nev] notic$ :at fre%ness is occasion$ on ! face by ! cont9ual *ange ( air8 & if he has felt x1 w he r tru/ ! relation by o!rs1 ( :at 0 done two ?\s& ye>s ago at ,babylon1 ?an :at he c at ?is mom5t v]ify 9 8 own p]son8 ,i at lea/ w n be s wilfully wrong1 & s ungrateful to nature & to ,god1 t hav+ be5 gift$ ) s5se & language1 ,i %\ld volunt>ily set less value on su* great end[m5ts ?an on ! fallacies ( a fell[ man1 & bl9dly & blund]+ly believe :atev] ,i he>1 & b>t] ! fre$om ( my intellect = slav]y to "o z liable to error z myself4 ,our f9al extract %all exhibit a sample ( ,galileo's metaphysics1 9 :i* may be obs]v$ ! g]m ( a !ory v closely alli$ to t :i* 0 aft]w>ds develop$ by ,locke & ,b]keley4--,i h n[ only to fulfil my promise ( decl>+ my op9ions on ! proposition t motion is ! cause ( heat1 & to expla9 9 :at mann] x appe>s to me t x may be true4 ,b ,i mu/ fir/ make "s rem>ks on t :i* we call heat1 s9ce ,i /rongly suspect t a notion ( x prevails :i* is v remote f ! tru?2 = x is believ$ t !re is a true accid5t1 affection1 & quality1 really inh]5t 9 ! sub/ance by :i* we feel ourselves heat$4 ,?is mu* ,i h to say1 t s soon z ,i conceive a mat]ial or corporeal sub/ance1 ,i simultane\sly feel ! necessity ( conceiv+ t x has its b\nd>ies1 & is ( "s %ape or o!r2 t1 relatively to o!rs1 x is great or small2 t x is 9 ?is or t place1 9 ?is or t "t2 t x is 9 motion1 or at re/2 t x t\*es1 or does n t\* ano!r body2 t x is unique1 r>e1 or common2 nor c ,i1 by any act ( ! imag9ation1 disjo9 x f ^! qualities3 b ,i d n f9d myself absolutely compell$ to appreh5d x z necess>ily accompani$ by su* conditions1 z t x mu/ be :ite or r$1 bitt] or sweet1 sonor\s or sil5t1 smell+ sweetly or disagreeably2 & if ! s5ses _h n po9t$ out ^! qualities1 x is probable t language & imag9ation alone c\ld nev] h arriv$ at !m4 ,because1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ^! ta/es1 smells1 col\rs1 c41 ) reg>d to ! subject 9 :i* !y appe> to reside1 are no?+ m ?an m]e names1 & exi/ only 9 ! s5sitive body2 insomu* t1 :5 ! liv+ creature is remov$1 all ^! qualities are c>ri$ (f & annihilat$2 al?\gh we h impos$ p>ticul> names ^u !m1 & diff]5t f ^? ( ! o!r fir/ & real accid5ts1 & w\ld fa9 p]suade ourselves t !y are truly & 9 fact di/9ct4 ,b ,i d n believe t !re exi/s any ?+ 9 ext]nal bodies = excit+ ta/es1 smells1 & s\nds1 b size1 %ape1 quantity1 & motion1 swift or sl[2 & if e>s1 tongues1 & noses 7 remov$1 ,i am ( op9ion t %ape1 numb]1 & motion w\ld rema91 b !re w\ld be an end ( smells1 ta/es1 & s\nds1 :i*1 ab/ract$ly f ! liv+ creature1 ,i take to be m]e words4 ,9 ! spr+ foll[+ ! publication ( ! ,saggiatore1 t is to say1 ab\t ! "t ( ,ea/]1 9 #afbd1 ,galileo w5t a ?ird "t to ,rome to complim5t ,urban on 8 elevation to ! pontifical *air4 ,he 0 oblig$ to make ?is j\rney 9 a litt]2 & x appe>s f 8 lett]s t = "s ye>s he _h be5 seldom able to be> any o!r mode ( conveyance4 ,9 su* a /ate ( heal? x seems unlikely t he w\ld h quitt$ home on a m]e visit ( c]emony1 :i* suspicion is /r5g!n$ by ! beg9n+ ( a lett] f him to ,pr9ce ,cesi1 dat$ 9 ,octob]1 #afbc1 9 :i* he says3 ,i h receiv$ ! v c\rte\s & prud5t advice ( y\r excell5cy ab\t ! "t & mann] ( my go+ to ,rome1 & %all act ^u x2 & ,i w visit y at ,acqua ,sp>ta1 t ,i may be completely in=m$ ( ! actual /ate ( ?+s at ,rome4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 no?+ c\ld be m gratify+ ?an 8 public reception !re4 ,8 /ay 9 ,rome did n exce$ two mon?s1 7f ! beg9n+ ( ,april till ,june17 & dur+ t "t he 0 admitt$ to six long & satisfactory int]views ) ! ,pope1 & on 8 dep>ture receiv$ ! promise ( a p5sion = 8 son ,v9c5zo1 & 0 himself pres5t$ ) a f9e pa9t+1 two m$als1 "o ( gold & ! o!r ( silv]1 & a good quantity ( agnus dei4 ,he _h also mu* communication ) sev]al ( ! c>d9als1 "o ( :om1 ,c>d9al ,hoh5zoll]1 told him t he _h repres5t$ to ! pope on ! subject ( ,cop]nicus1 t all ! h]etics 7 ( t op9ion1 & consid]$ x z und\bt$2 & t x w\ld be necess>y to be v circumspect 9 com+ to any resolution3 to :i* 8 hol9ess repli$1 t ! *ur* _h n condemn$ x1 nor 0 x to be condemn$ z h]etical1 b only z ra%2 add+1 t !re 0 no fe> ( any "o und]tak+ to prove t x mu/ necess>ily be true4 ,urban also address$ a lett] to ,f]d9&1 :o _h succe$$ 8 fa!r ,cosmo z ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 expressly = ! purpose ( recomm5d+ ,galileo to him4 ,= ,we f9d 9 him n only lit]>y di/9ction1 b also ! love ( piety1 & he is /rong 9 ^? qualities by :i* pontifical good-w is easily obta9$4 ,& n[1 :5 he has be5 br\ght to ?is city to congratulate ,u on ,our elevation1 ,we h v lov+ly embrac$ him2--nor c ,we suff] him to return to ! c\ntry :i!r y\r lib]ality recalls him )\t an ample provision ( pontifical love4 ,& t y may "k h[ de> he is to ,u1 ,we h will$ to give him ?is hon\rable te/imonial ( virtue & piety4 ,& ,we fur!r signify t e b5efit :i* y %all conf] ^u him1 imitat+1 or ev5 surpass+ y\r fa!r's lib]ality1 w conduce to ,our gratification4 ,hon\r$ ) ^! unequivocal m>ks ( approbation1 ,galileo return$ to ,flor5ce4 ,8 son ,v9c5zo is soon aft]w>ds spok5 ( z be+ at ,rome2 & x is n improbable t ,galileo s5t him ?i!r on ! appo9tm5t ( 8 fri5d & pupil1 ! ,abb ,ca/elli1 to be ma!matician to ! pope4 ,v9c5zo _h be5 legitimat$ by an edict ( ,cosmo 9 #afai1 &1 accord+ to ,nelli1 m>ri$1 9 #afbd1 ,se/ilia1 ! daught] ( ,c>lo ,boc*9]i4 ,!re are no traces to be f\nd ( ,v9c5zo's "m aft] #afaj1 & p]haps %e di$ ab\t t "t4 ,galileo's family by h] consi/$ ( ,v9c5zo & two daught]s1 ,julia & ,poliss5a1 :o bo? took ! veil 9 ! conv5t ( ,sa9t ,mat!w at ,arcetri1 "u ! names ( ,si/] ,arcangiola & ,si/] ,m>ia ,cele/e4 ,! latt] is said to h possess$ extraord9>y tal5ts4 ,! date ( ,v9c5zo's m>riage1 z giv5 by ,nelli1 appe>s some:at inconsi/5t ) ! correspond5ce betwe5 ,galileo & ,ca/elli1 9 :i*1 s late z #afbi1 ,galileo is app>5tly writ+ ( 8 son z a /ud5t "u ,ca/elli's sup]9t5d5ce1 & intimates ! am\nt ( pocket-money he c af=d to all[ him1 :i* he fixes at ?ree cr[ns a mon?2 add+1 t he ought to be cont5t$ ) z _m cr[ns1 z1 at 8 age1 ,i possess$ groats4 ,ca/elli _h giv5 b an unfav\rable acc\nt ( ,v9c5zo's conduct1 *>act]iz+ him z dissolute1 ob/9ate1 & impud5t2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* behavi\r1 ,galileo seems to h ?\ght t ! p5sion ( sixty cr[ns1 :i* _h be5 grant$ by ! pope1 might be turn$ to bett] acc\nt ?an by employ+ x on 8 son's education2 & accord+ly 9 8 reply he reque/$ ,ca/elli to dispose ( x1 obs]v+ t ! proce$s w\ld be useful 9 assi/+ him to dis*>ge a great load ( debt ) :i* he f\nd himself saddl$ on acc\nt ( 8 bro!r's family4 ,besides ?is p5sion1 ano!r ( "o hundr$ cr[ns 0 9 a few ye>s grant$ by ,urban to ,galileo himself1 b x appe>s to h be5 v irregul>ly paid1 if at all4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,galileo f\nd himself m5ac$ ei!r ) ! deprivation ( 8 /ip5d z extraord9>y pr(essor at ,pisa1 or ) ! loss ( t leisure :i*1 on 8 removal to ,flor5ce1 he _h be5 s anxi\s to secure4 ,9 #afbi1 ! "q 0 agitat$ by ! p>ty oppos$ to him1 :e!r x 7 9 ! p[] ( ! gr& duke to assign a p5sion out ( ! funds ( ! ,univ]sity1 aris+ out ( ecclesia/ical dues1 to "o :o nei!r lectur$ nor resid$ !re4 ,?is scruple _h slept dur+ n9ete5 ye>s :i* _h elaps$ s9ce ,galileo's e/abli%m5t 9 ,flor5ce1 b probably ^? :o n[ rais$ x reckon$ ^u f9d+ 9 ,f]d9& ,,ii41 !n sc>cely ( age1 a less firm support] ( ,galileo ?an 8 fa!r ,cosmo _h be54 ,b ! matt] did n proce$ s f>2 =1 aft] full delib]ation1 ! preval5t op9ion ( ! !ologians & juri/s :o 7 consult$ appe>$ to be 9 fav\r ( ?is ex]cise ( pr]ogative1 & accord+ly ,galileo reta9$ 8 /ip5d & privileges4 ,,footnotes3 #gg ,9 ,fir5ze nella ,/amp]ia di ,pietro ,cecconcelli alle /elle ,m$icee1 #afai4 #gh ,dell',orig9e d'ogni ,lit]atura3 ,p>ma1 #aghg4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,publication ( ,galileo's ',sy/em ( ! ,_w'--,8 ,condemnation & ,abjuration4 ,,9 ! ye> #afcj1 ,galileo br\ght to its conclusion 8 great "w1 ,! ,dialogue on ! ,ptolemaic & ,cop]nican ,sy/ems1 & began to take ! necess>y /eps = procur+ p]mission to pr9t x4 ,?is 0 to be obta9$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance f an (fic] at ,rome1 entitl$ ! ma/] ( ! sacr$ palace2 & aft] a little negotiation ,galileo f\nd x w\ld be necess>y = him aga9 to return ?i!r1 z 8 enemies 7 /ill busy 9 ?w>t+ 8 views & wi%es4 ,niccolo ,ricc>di1 :o at t "t fill$ ! (fice ( ma/] ( ! palace1 _h be5 a pupil ( ,galileo1 & 0 well dispos$ to facilitate 8 plans2 he po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 "s expressions 9 ! "w :i* he ?\ght x necess>y to erase1 &1 ) ! und]/&+ t ?is %\ld be done1 he return$ ! manuscript to ,galileo ) 8 subscrib$ approbation4 ,! unheal?y season 0 draw+ ne>1 & ,galileo1 unwill+ to face x1 return$ home1 :]e he int5d$ to complete ! index & d$ication1 & !n to s5d x back to ,rome to be pr9t$ 9 t city1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,f$]igo ,cesi4 ,?is plan 0 disconc]t$ by ! premature dea? ( t accompli%$ nobleman1 9 ,augu/ #afcj1 9 :om ,galileo lo/ "o ( 8 /eadie/ & mo/ effective fri5ds & protectors4 ,?is un=tunate ev5t det]m9$ ,galileo to attempt to procure p]mission to pr9t 8 book at ,flor5ce4 ,a contagi\s disord] _h brok5 out 9 ,tuscany ) su* sev]ity z almo/ to int]rupt all communication betwe5 ,flor5ce & ,rome1 & ?is 0 urg$ by ,galileo z an additional reason = grant+ 8 reque/4 ,ricc>di at fir/ seem$ incl9$ to insi/ t ! book %\ld be s5t to him a second "t1 b at la/ cont5t$ himself ) inspect+ ! comm5cem5t & conclusion1 & cons5t$ t 7on its receiv+ also a lic5se f ! inquisitor-g5]al at ,flor5ce1 & f "o or two o!rs ^: names appe> on ! title-page7 x might be pr9t$ :]e ,galileo wi%$4 ,^! protract$ negotiations prev5t$ ! publication ( ! "w till late 9 #afcb2 x !n appe>$1 ) a d$ication to ,f]d9&1 "u ! foll[+ title3--,a ,dialogue1 by ,galileo ,galilei1 ,extraord9>y ,ma!matician ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,pisa1 & ,pr9cipal ,philosoph] & ,ma!matician ( ! ,mo/ ,s]5e ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany2 9 :i*1 9 a conv]sation ( f\r days1 are discuss$ ! two pr9cipal ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w1 ! ,ptolemaic & ,cop]nican1 indet]m9ately propos+ ! ,philosophical ,argum5ts z well on "o side z on ! o!r4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! introduction1 :i* is address$ ,to ! discreet ,read]1 is mu* too *>act]i/ic to be pass$ by )\t notice4--,"s ye>s ago1 a salut>y edict 0 promulgat$ at ,rome1 :i*1 9 ord] to obviate ! p]il\s sc&als ( ! pres5t age1 enjo9$ an opportune sil5ce on ! ,py?agorean op9ion ( ! e>?'s motion4 ,"s 7 n want+1 :o ra%ly ass]t$ t ?is decree orig9at$1 n 9 a judici\s exam9ation1 b 9 ill in=m$ passion2 & compla9ts 7 he>d t c\nsellors totally inexp]i5c$ 9 a/ronomical obs]vations ought n by ha/y prohibitions to clip ! w+s ( speculative m9ds4 ,my zeal c\ld n keep sil5ce :5 ,i he>d ^! ra% lam5tations1 & ,i ?\ght x prop]1 z be+ fully in=m$ ) reg>d to t mo/ prud5t det]m9ation1 to appe> publicly on ! !atre ( ! _w z a witness ( ! actual tru?4 ,i happ5$ at t "t to be 9 ,rome3 ,i 0 admitt$ to ! audi5ces1 & enjoy$ ! approbation ( ! mo/ em95t prelates ( t c\rt1 nor did ! publication ( t decree occur )\t my receiv+ "s prior intimation ( x4#gi ,:]e=e x is my int5tion 9 ?is pres5t "w1 to %[ to =eign nations t z mu* is kn[n ( ?is matt] 9 ,italy1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,rome1 z ultramontane dilig5ce c ev] h =m$ any notion (1 & collect+ toge!r all my own speculations on ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 to give !m to und]/& t ! k ( all ^! prec$$ ! ,roman c5sures1 & t f ?is c\ntry proce$ n only dogmas = ! salvation ( ! s\l1 b also +5i\s discov]ies = ! gratification ( ! und]/&+4 ,) ?is object1 ,i h tak5 up 9 ! ,dialogue ! ,cop]nican side ( ! "q1 treat+ x z a pure ma!matical hypo!sis2 & endeav\r+ 9 e artificial mann] to repres5t x z hav+ ! advantage1 n ov] ! op9ion ( ! /ability ( ! e>? absolutely1 b accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* t op9ion is def5d$ by "s1 :o inde$ pr(ess to be ,p]ipatetics1 b reta9 only ! "n1 & are cont5t$ )\t improvem5t to wor%ip %ad[s1 n philosophiz+ ) _! own reason1 b only f ! recollection ( f\r pr9ciples imp]fectly und]/ood4--,?is v flimsy veil c\ld sc>cely bl9d any "o z to ,galileo's real views 9 compos+ ?is "w1 nor does x seem probable t he fram$ x ) any expectation ( appe>+ neutral 9 ! discussion4 ,x is m likely t he flatt]$ himself t1 "u ! new gov]nm5t at ,rome1 he 0 n likely to be mole/$ on acc\nt ( ! p]sonal prohibition :i* he _h receiv$ 9 #afaf1 n to believe or tea* ! motion ( ! e>? 9 any mann]1 provid$ he kept himself )9 ! lett] ( ! limits ( ! m public & g5]al ord]1 t ! ,cop]nican sy/em 0 n to be br\ght =w>d o!rwise ?an z a m]e ma!matically conv5i5t1 b 9 fact unreal supposition4 ,s long z ?is decree rema9$ 9 =ce1 a due reg>d to consi/5cy w\ld compel ! ,roman ,inquisitors to notice an unequivocal violation ( x2 & ?is is probably :at ,urban _h impli$ 9 ! rem>k quot$ by ,hoh5zoll] to ,galileo4#hj ,!re 7 n want+ circum/ances :i* might comp5sate = ! loss ( ,cosmo & ( ,f$]igo ,cesi2 ,cosmo _h be5 succe$$ by 8 son1 :o1 ?\gh he _h n yet atta9$ 8 fa!r's en]gy1 %[$ himself z fri5dly z possible to ,galileo4 ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e1 :o _h be5 ma9ly in/rum5tal 9 procur+ ! decree ( #afaf1 0 dead2 ,urban on ! contr>y1 :o _h be5 among ! few ,c>d9als :o !n oppos$ x z uncall$ = & ill-advis$1 0 n[ possess$ ( supreme p[]1 & 8 rec5t affability seem$ to prove t ! increas$ diff]5ce 9 _! /ations _h n caus$ him to =get _! e>ly & long-cont9u$ intimacy4 ,x is probable t ,galileo w\ld n h f\nd himself mi/ak5 9 ?is e/imate ( 8 position1 b = an unlucky circum/ance1 ( :i* 8 enemies imm$iately saw ! importance1 & :i* !y 7 n sl[ 9 mak+ available aga9/ him4 ,! dialogue ( ,galileo's "w is conduct$ betwe5 ?ree p]sonages2--,salviati & ,sagr$o1 :o 7 two noblem51 fri5ds ( ,galileo1 & ,simplicio1 a "n borr[$ f a not$ comm5tator ^u ,ari/otle1 :o wrote 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,salviati is ! pr9cipal philosoph] ( ! "w2 x is to him t ! o!rs apply = solutions ( _! d\bts & difficulties1 & on him ! pr9cipal task falls ( expla9+ ! t5ets ( ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,sagr$o is only a half conv]t1 b an acute & +5i\s "o2 to him are allott$ ! objections :i* seem to h "s real difficulty 9 !m1 z well z lively illu/rations & digressions1 :i* might h be5 ?\ght inconsi/5t ) ! gravity ( ,salviati's "*4 ,simplicio1 ?\gh c&id & mode/1 is ( c\rse a confirm$ ,ptolemai/ & ,ari/otelian1 & is made to produce successively all ! popul> argum5ts ( t s*ool 9 support ( 8 ma/]'s sy/em4 ,plac$ betwe5 ! wit & ! philosoph]1 x may be guess$ t 8 success is v indiff]5t1 & 9 fact he is alt]nately ridicul$ & confut$ at e turn4 ,z ,galileo rack$ 8 memory & inv5tion to leave unansw]$ no argum5t :i* 0 or c\ld be advanc$ aga9/ ,cop]nicus1 x un=tunately happ5$1 t he introduc$ "s :i* ,urban himself _h urg$ ^u him 9 _! =m] controv]sies on ?is subject2 & ,galileo's oppon5ts f\nd means to make ,8 ,hol9ess believe t ! "* ( ,simplicio _h be5 sket*$ 9 p]sonal d]ision ( him4 ,we d n ?9k x necess>y to exon]ate ,galileo f ?is *>ge2 ! obvi\s folly ( su* an useless piece ( +ratitude speaks suffici5tly = itself4 ,b self-love is easily irritat$2 & ,urban1 :o aspir$ to a reputation = lit]ature & sci5ce1 0 peculi>ly s5sitive on ?is po9t4 ,8 own expressions almo/ prove 8 belief t su* _h be5 ,galileo's design1 & x seems to expla9 ! o!rwise inexplicable *ange :i* took place 9 8 conduct t[>ds 8 old fri5d1 on acc\nt ( a book :i* he _h himself und]tak5 to exam9e1 & ( :i* he _h au?oris$ ! publication4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ notices ( :at 0 approa*+1 is f\nd 9 ! dispat*es1 dat$ ,augu/ #bd1 #afcb1 f ,f]d9&'s m9i/]1 ,&rea ,cioli1 to ,francesco ,nicol9i1 ! ,tuscan ambassador at ! c\rt ( ,rome4 ,i h ord]s to signify to ,y\r ,excell5cy t ,8 ,highness rema9s greatly a/oni%$ t a book1 plac$ by ! au?or himself 9 ! h&s ( ! supreme au?ority 9 ,rome1 read & read aga9 !re mo/ att5tively1 & 9 :i* e ?+1 n only ) ! cons5t1 b at ! reque/ ( ! au?or1 0 am5d$1 alt]$1 add$1 or remov$ at ! w ( 8 sup]iors1 :i* 0 aga9 subject$ "h to ! same exam9ation1 agreeably to ord]s f ,rome1 & :i* f9ally 0 lic5s$ bo? !re & "h1 & "h pr9t$ & publi%$1 %\ld n[ become an object ( suspicion at ! end ( two ye>s1 & ! au?or & pr9t] be prohibit$ f publi%+ any m4--,9 ! sequel is intimat$ ,f]d9&'s desire t ! *>ges1 ( :atev] nature !y might be1 ei!r aga9/ ,galileo or 8 book1 might be r$uc$ to writ+ & =w>d$ to ,flor5ce1 t he might prep>e = 8 ju/ification2 b ?is reasonable dem& 0 utt]ly disreg>d$4 ,x appe>s to h be5 ow+ to ! mean subs]vi5cy ( ,cioli to ! c\rt ( ,rome1 t ,f]d9& refra9$ f int]f]+ m /r5u\sly to protect ,galileo4 ,cioli's words are3 ,! ,gr& ,duke is s enrag$ ) ?is bus9ess ( ,galileo1 t ,i d n "k :at w be done4 ,i "k1 at lea/1 t ,8 ,hol9ess %all h no reason to compla9 ( 8 m9i/]s1 or ( _! bad advice4#ha ,a lett] f ,galileo's ,v5etian fri5d ,micanzio1 dat$ ab\t a mon? lat]1 is 9 r a bold] & less =mal /yle3--,! ef=ts ( y\r enemies to get y\r book prohibit$ w occasion no loss ei!r to y\r reputation1 or to ! intellig5t "p ( ! _w4 ,z to po/]ity1 ?is is j "o ( ! sure/ ways to h& ! book d[n to !m4 ,b :at a wret*$ set ?is mu/ be to :om e good ?+1 & all t is f\nd$ 9 nature1 necess>ily appe>s ho/ile & odi\s6 ,! _w is n re/rict$ to a s+le corn]2 y w see ! book pr9t$ 9 m places & languages ?an "o2 & j = ?is reason1 ,i wi% !y w\ld prohibit all good books4 ,my disgu/ arises f see+ myself depriv$ ( :at ,i mo/ desire ( ?is sort1 ,i mean y\r o!r dialogues2 & if1 f ?is cause1 ,i fail 9 hav+ ! pleasure ( see+ !m1 ,i %all devote to a hundr$ ?\s& devils ^! unnatural & godless hypocrites4 ,at ! same "t1 ,?omas ,campanella1 a monk1 :o _h already di/+ui%$ himself by an apology = ,galileo 7publi%$ 9 #afbb71 wrote to him f ,rome3--,i le>n ) ! greate/ disgu/1 t a congregation ( angry !ologians is =m+ to condemn y\r ,dialogues1 & t no s+le memb] ( x has any k ( ma!matics1 or famili>ity ) ab/ruse speculations4 ,i %\ld advise y to procure a reque/ f ! ,gr& ,duke t1 among ! ,dom9icans & ,jesuits & ,!at9s1 & secul> prie/s :om !y are putt+ on ?is congregation aga9/ y\r book1 !y %\ld admit also ,ca/elli & myself4 ,x appe>s1 f subsequ5t lett]s bo? f ,campanella & ,ca/elli1 t ! requir$ lett] 0 procur$ & s5t to ,rome1 b x 0 n ?\ght prud5t to irritate ! opposite p>ty by a reque/ :i* x 0 !n cle>ly se5 w\ld h be5 made 9 va94 ,n only 7 ^! fri5ds ( ,galileo n admitt$ to ! congregation1 b1 ^u "s pretext1 ,ca/elli 0 ev5 s5t away f ,rome1 z if ,galileo's enemies desir$ to h z few enlight5$ witnesses z possible ( _! proce$+s2 & on ! contr>y1 ,scipio ,*i>amonte1 :o _h be5 long kn[n = "o ( ! /aun*e/ & mo/ bigot$ def5d]s ( ! old sy/em1 & :o1 z ,montucla says1 seems to h sp5t a long life 9 no?+ b ret>d+1 z f> z he 0 able1 ! progress ( discov]y1 0 summon$ f ,pisa to complete _! numb]4 ,f ?is p]iod we h a tol]ably cont9u\s acc\nt ( ! proce$+s aga9/ ,galileo 9 ! dispat*es :i* ,nicol9i s5t regul>ly to 8 c\rt4 ,x appe>s f !m t ,nicol9i _h sev]al int]views ) ! ,pope1 :om he f\nd highly inc5s$ aga9/ ,galileo1 & 9 "o ( ! e>lie/ he receiv$ an intimation to advise ! ,duke n to engage himself 9 ?is matt] z he _h done 9 ! o!r bus9ess ( ,alidosi1#hb because he w\ld n get ?r\gh x ) hon\r4 ,f9d+ ,urban 9 ?is hum\r1 ,nicol9i ?\ght x be/ to temporize1 & to avoid ! appe>ance ( any ?+ l direct opposition4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,septemb]1 probably z soon z ! fir/ report on ,galileo's book _h be5 made1 ,nicol9i receiv$ a private notice f ! ,pope1 9 especial tok5 ( ! e/eem 9 :i* he held ! ,gr& ,duke1 t he 0 unable to d less ?an consign ! "w to ! consid]ation ( ! ,inquisition4 ,nicol9i 0 p]mitt$ to communicate ?is to ! ,gr& ,duke only1 & bo? 7 decl>$ liable to ! usual c5sures ( ! ,inquisition 9 case ( divulg+ ! secret4 ,! next /ep 0 to summon ,galileo to ,rome1 & ! only answ] return$ to all ,nicol9i's repres5tations ( 8 advanc$ age ( sev5ty ye>s1 ! v infirm /ate ( 8 heal?1 & ! discom=ts :i* he mu/ necess>ily suff] 9 su* a j\rney1 & 9 keep+ qu>ant9e1 0 t he might come at leisure1 & t ! qu>ant9e %\ld be relax$ z mu* z possible 9 8 fav\r1 b t x 0 indisp5sably necess>y t he %\ld be p]sonally exam9$ be=e ! ,inquisition at ,rome4 ,accord+ly1 on ! #ad? ( ,febru>y1 #afcc1 ,nicol9i ann\nces ,galileo's arrival1 & t he _h (ficially notifi$ 8 pres5ce to ! ,assessor & ,commiss>y ( ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,c>d9al ,b>b]9o1 ,urban's nephew1 :o seems on ! :ole to h act$ a fri5dly "p t[>ds ,galileo1 intimat$ to him t 8 mo/ prud5t c\rse w\ld be to keep himself z mu* at home & z quiet z possible1 & to refuse to see any b 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds4 ,) ?is advice1 :i* 0 repeat$ to him f sev]al qu>t]s1 ,galileo ?\ght x be/ to comply1 & kept himself entirely seclud$ 9 ,nicol9i's palace1 :]e he 0 z usual ma9ta9$ at ! exp5se ( ! ,gr& ,duke4 ,nelli quotes two lett]s1 :i* pass$ betwe5 ,f]d9&'s m9i/] ,cioli & ,nicol9i1 9 :i* ! =m] intimat$ t ,galileo's exp5ses 7 to be defray$ only dur+ ! fir/ mon? ( 8 resid5ce at ,rome4 ,nicol9i return$ a spirit$ answ]1 t 9 t case1 aft] ! "t specifi$1 he %\ld cont9ue to treat him z be=e at 8 own private co/4 ,! p]mission to reside at ! ambassador's palace :il/ 8 cause 0 p5d+1 0 grant$ & receiv$ z an extraord9>y indulg5ce on ! "p ( ! ,inquisition1 & inde$ if we e/imate ! proce$+s ?r\gh\t aga9/ ,galileo by ! usual practice ( t dete/able tribunal1 x w appe> t he 0 treat$ ) unusual consid]ation4 ,ev5 :5 x became necess>y 9 ! c\rse ( ! inquiry to exam9e him 9 p]son1 :i* 0 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,april1 al?\gh 8 removal to ! ,holy ,(fice 0 !n insi/$ ^u1 yet he 0 n committ$ to close or /rictly solit>y conf9em5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 he 0 hon\rably lodg$ 9 ! ap>tm5ts ( ! ,fiscal ( ! ,inquisition1 :]e he 0 all[$ ! att5dance ( 8 own s]vant1 :o 0 also p]mitt$ to sleep 9 an adjo9+ room1 & to come & g at pleasure4 ,8 table 0 /ill furni%$ by ,nicol9i4 ,b1 not)/&+ ! di/9ction ) :i* he 0 ?us treat$1 ,galileo 0 annoy$ & uneasy at be+ 7?\gh little m ?an nom9ally7 )9 ! walls ( ! ,inquisition4 ,he became exce$+ly anxi\s t ! matt] %\ld be br\ght to a conclusion1 & a sev]e attack ( 8 con/itutional compla9ts r5d]$ him /ill m fretful & impati5t4 ,on ! la/ day ( ,april1 ab\t t5 days aft] 8 fir/ exam9ation1 he 0 unexpect$ly p]mitt$ to return to ,nicol9i's h\se1 al?\gh ! proce$+s 7 yet f> f be+ br\ght to a conclusion4 ,nicol9i attributes ?is fav\r to ,c>d9al ,b>b]9o1 :o1 he says1 lib]at$ ,galileo on 8 own responsibility1 9 consid]ation ( ! enfeebl$ /ate ( 8 heal?4 ,9 ! society ( ,nicol9i & 8 family1 ,galileo recov]$ some?+ ( 8 c\rage & ord9>y *e]fulness1 al?\gh 8 return appe>s to h be5 p]mitt$ on express condition ( a /rict seclusion2 = at ! latt] end ( ,may1 ,nicol9i 0 oblig$ to apply = p]mission t ,galileo %\ld take t ex]cise 9 ! op5 air :i* 0 necess>y = 8 heal?2 on :i* occasion he 0 p]mitt$ to g into ! public g>d5s 9 a half-clos$ c>riage4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! #bj? ( ,june1 r m ?an f\r mon?s aft] ,galileo's arrival 9 ,rome1 he 0 aga9 summon$ to ! ,holy ,(fice1 :i!r he w5t ! foll[+ morn+2 he 0 deta9$ !re dur+ ! :ole ( t day1 & on ! next day 0 conduct$ 9 a p5it5tial dress#hc to ! ,conv5t ( ,m9]va1 :]e ! ,c>d9als & ,prelates1 8 judges1 7 assembl$ = ! purpose ( pass+ judgm5t ^u him1 by :i* ?is v5]able old man 0 solemnly call$ ^u to r5\nce & abjure1 z impi\s & h]etical1 ! op9ions :i* 8 :ole exi/5ce _h be5 consecrat$ to =m & /r5g!n4 ,z we are n aw>e t ?is rem>kable record ( intol]ance & bigot$ folly has ev] be5 pr9t$ entire 9 ,engli%1 we subjo9 a lit]al translation ( ! :ole s5t5ce & abjuration4 ,! ,s5t5ce ( ! ,inquisition on ,galileo4 ,we1 ! und]sign$1 by ! ,grace ( ,god1 ,c>d9als ( ! ,holy ,roman ,*ur*1 ,inquisitors ,g5]al ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,*ri/ian ,republic1 ,special ,deputies ( ! ,holy ,apo/olical ,*air aga9/ h]etical depravity1 ,:]eas y1 ,galileo1 son ( ! late ,v9c5zo ,galilei ( ,flor5ce1 ag$ sev5ty ye>s1 7 d5\nc$ 9 #afae to ?is ,holy ,(fice1 = hold+ z true a false doctr9e taught by _m1 namely1 t ! sun is immoveable 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & t ! e>? moves1 & also ) a diurnal motion2 also1 = hav+ pupils :om y in/ruct$ 9 ! same op9ions2 also1 = ma9ta9+ a correspond5ce on ! same ) "s ,g]man ma!maticians2 also = publi%+ c]ta9 lett]s on ! sol> spots1 9 :i* y develop$ ! same doctr9e z true2 also1 = answ]+ ! objections :i* 7 cont9ually produc$ f ! ,holy ,scriptures1 by gloz+ ! said ,scriptures accord+ to y\r own mean+2 & :]eas !reupon 0 produc$ ! copy ( a writ+1 9 =m ( a lett]1 pr(ess$ly writt5 by y to a p]son =m]ly y\r pupil1 9 :i*1 foll[+ ! hypo!ses ( ,cop]nicus1 y include sev]al propositions contr>y to ! true s5se & au?ority ( ! ,holy ,scripture3 !re=e ?is holy tribunal be+ desir\s ( provid+ aga9/ ! disord] & mis*ief :i* 0 !nce proce$+ & increas+ to ! detrim5t ( ! holy fai?1 by ! desire ( ,8 ,hol9ess1 & ( ! ,mo/ ,em95t ,lords ,c>d9als ( ?is supreme & univ]sal ,inquisition1 ! two propositions ( ! /ability ( ! sun1 & motion ( ! e>?1 7 qualifi$ by ! ,!ological ,qualifi]s z foll[s3 #a/4 ,! proposition t ! ,sun is 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w & immoveable f its place1 is absurd1 philosophically false1 & =mally h]etical2 because x is expressly contr>y to ! ,holy ,scripture4 #b;dly4 ,! proposition t ! ,e>? is n ! c5tre ( ! _w1 nor immoveable1 b t x moves1 & also ) a diurnal motion1 is also absurd1 philosophically false1 &1 !ologically consid]$1 at lea/ errone\s 9 fai?4 ,b :]eas be+ pleas$ at t "t to deal mildly ) y1 x 0 decre$ 9 ! ,holy ,congregation1 held be=e ,8 ,hol9ess on ! #be? day ( ,febru>y1 #afaf1 t ,8 ,em95ce ! ,"l ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e %\ld enjo9 y to give up altoge!r ! said false doctr9e2 if y %\ld refuse1 t y %\ld be ord]$ by ! ,commiss>y ( ! ,holy ,(fice to rel9qui% x1 n to tea* x to o!rs1 nor to def5d x1 nor ev] m5tion x1 & 9 default ( acquiesc5ce t y %\ld be imprison$2 & 9 execution ( ?is decree1 on ! foll[+ day at ! palace1 9 pres5ce ( ,8 ,em95ce ! said ,"l ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e1 aft] y _h be5 mildly admoni%$ by ! said ,"l ,c>d9al1 y 7 comm&$ by ! act+ ,commiss>y ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 be=e a not>y & witnesses1 to rel9qui% altoge!r ! said false op9ion1 & 9 future nei!r to def5d nor tea* x 9 any mann]1 nei!r v]bally nor 9 writ+1 & ^u y\r promis+ ob$i5ce y 7 dismiss$4 ,& 9 ord] t s p]nici\s a doctr9e might be altoge!r root$ out1 nor ins9uate itself f>!r to ! heavy detrim5t ( ! ,ca?olic tru?1 a decree emanat$ f ! ,holy ,congregation ( ! ,index#hd prohibit+ ! books :i* treat ( ?is doctr9e2 & x 0 decl>$ false1 & altoge!r contr>y to ! ,holy & ,div9e ,scripture4 ,& :]eas a book has s9ce appe>$1 publi%$ at ,flor5ce la/ ye>1 ! title ( :i* %ew$ t y 7 ! au?or1 :i* title is3 ,! ,dialogue ( ,galileo ,galilei1 on ! two pr9cipal sy/ems ( ! _w1 ! ,ptolemaic & ,cop]nican2 & :]eas ! ,holy ,congregation has he>d t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pr9t+ ( ! said book1 ! false op9ion ( ! e>?'s motion & /ability ( ! sun is daily ga9+ gr\nd2 ! said book has be5 tak5 into c>eful consid]ation1 & 9 x has be5 detect$ a gl>+ violation ( ! said ord]1 :i* _h be5 intimat$ to y2 inasmu* z 9 ?is book y h def5d$ ! said op9ion1 already & 9 y\r pres5ce condemn$2 al?\gh 9 ! said book y lab\r ) _m circumlocutions to induce ! belief t x is left by y undecid$1 & 9 express t]ms probable3 :i* is equally a v grave error1 s9ce an op9ion c 9 no way be probable :i* has be5 already decl>$ & f9ally det]m9$ contr>y to ! div9e ,scripture4 ,!re=e by ,our ord] y h be5 cit$ to ?is ,holy ,(fice1 :]e1 on y\r exam9ation ^u oa?1 y h ackn[l$g$ ! said book z writt5 & pr9t$ by y4 ,y also confess$ t y began to write ! said book t5 or twelve ye>s ago1 aft] ! ord] a=esaid _h be5 giv54 ,also1 t y dem&$ lic5se to publi% x1 b )\t signify+ to ^? :o grant$ y ?is p]mission t y _h be5 comm&$ n to hold1 def5d1 or tea* ! said doctr9e 9 any mann]4 ,y also confess$ t ! /yle ( ! said book 01 9 _m places1 s compos$ t ! read] might ?9k ! argum5ts adduc$ on ! false side to be s word$ z m effectually to entangle ! und]/&+ ?an to be easily solv$1 alleg+ 9 excuse1 t y h ?us run into an error1 =eign 7z y say7 to y\r int5tion1 f writ+ 9 ! =m ( a dialogue1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! natural complac5cy :i* e "o feels ) reg>d to 8 own subtilties1 & 9 %[+ himself m skilful ?an ! g5]ality ( mank9d 9 contriv+1 ev5 9 fav\r ( false propositions1 +5i\s & app>5tly probable argum5ts4 ,&1 ^u a conv5i5t "t be+ giv5 to y = mak+ y\r def5ce1 y produc$ a c]tificate 9 ! h&-writ+ ( ,8 ,em95ce ! ,"l ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e1 procur$1 z y said1 by y\rself1 t y might def5d y\rself aga9/ ! calumnies ( y\r enemies1 :o report$ t y _h abjur$ y\r op9ions1 & _h be5 puni%$ by ! ,holy ,(fice2 9 :i* c]tificate x is decl>$1 t y _h n abjur$1 nor _h be5 puni%$1 b m]ely t ! decl>ation made by ,8 ,hol9ess1 & promulgat$ by ! ,holy ,congregation ( ! ,index1 _h be5 ann\nc$ to y1 :i* decl>es t ! op9ion ( ! motion ( ! e>?1 & /ability ( ! sun1 is contr>y to ! ,holy ,scriptures1 &1 !re=e1 _c be held or def5d$4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce no m5tion is !re made ( two articles ( ! ord]1 to wit1 ! ord] 'n to tea*1' & '9 any mann]1' y argu$ t we ought to believe t1 9 ! lapse ( f\rte5 or sixte5 ye>s1 !y _h escap$ y\r memory1 & t ?is 0 also ! reason :y y 7 sil5t z to ! ord]1 :5 y s\ght p]mission to publi% y\r book1 & t ?is is said by y n to excuse y\r error1 b t x may be attribut$ to va9-glori\s ambition1 r ?an to malice4 ,b ?is v c]tificate1 produc$ on y\r behalf1 has greatly aggravat$ y\r (f5ce1 s9ce x is !re9 decl>$ t ! said op9ion is contr>y to ! ,holy ,scripture1 & yet y h d>$ to treat ( x1 to def5d x1 & to argue t x is probable2 nor is !re any ext5uation 9 ! lic5ce artfully & cunn+ly extort$ by y1 s9ce y did n intimate ! comm& impos$ ^u y4 ,b :]eas x appe>$ to ,u t y _h n disclos$ ! :ole tru? ) reg>d to y\r int5tions1 ,we ?\ght x necess>y to proce$ to ! rigor\s exam9ation ( y1 9 :i* 7)\t any prejudice to :at y _h confess$1 & :i* is above detail$ aga9/ y1 ) reg>d to y\r said int5tion7 y answ]$ l a good ,ca?olic4 ,!re=e1 hav+ se5 & maturely consid]$ ! m]its ( y\r cause1 ) y\r said confessions & excuses1 & e ?+ else :i* ought to be se5 & consid]$1 ,we h come to ! und]writt5 f9al s5t5ce aga9/ y4 ,invok+1 !re=e1 ! mo/ holy "n ( ,our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ( ,8 ,mo/ ,glori\s ,virg9 ,"m ,m>y1 by ?is ,our f9al s5t5ce1 :i*1 sitt+ 9 c\ncil & judgm5t = ! tribunal ( ! ,rev]5d ,ma/]s ( ,sacr$ ,!ology1 & ,doctors ( bo? ,laws1 ,our ,assessors1 ,we put =? 9 ?is writ+ t\*+ ! matt]s & controv]sies be=e ,u1 betwe5 ,! ,magnific5t ,*>les ,s9c]us1 ,doctor ( bo? ,laws1 ,fiscal ,proctor ( ?is ,holy ,(fice ( ! "o "p1 & y1 ,galileo ,galilei1 an exam9$ & confess$ crim9al f ?is pres5t writ+ n[ 9 progress z above ( ! o!r "p1 ,we pron\nce1 judge1 & decl>e1 t y1 ! said ,galileo1 by reason ( ^! ?+s :i* h be5 detail$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is writ+1 & :i*1 z above1 y h confess$1 h r5d]$ y\rself vehem5tly suspect$ by ?is ,holy ,(fice ( h]esy3 t is to say1 t y believe & hold ! false doctr9e1 & contr>y to ! ,holy & ,div9e ,scriptures1 namely1 t ! sun is ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & t x does n move f ea/ to we/1 & t ! e>? does move1 & is n ! c5tre ( ! _w2 also t an op9ion c be held & support$ z probable aft] x has be5 decl>$ & f9ally decre$ contr>y to ! ,holy ,scripture1 & consequ5tly t y h incurr$ all ! c5sures & p5alties enjo9$ & promulgat$ 9 ! sacr$ canons1 & o!r g5]al & p>ticul> con/itutions aga9/ del9qu5ts ( ?is description4 ,f :i* x is ,our pleasure t y be absolv$1 provid$ t1 fir/1 ) a s9c]e he>t & unfeign$ fai?1 9 ,our pres5ce1 y abjure1 curse1 & dete/ ! said errors & h]esies1 & e o!r error & h]esy contr>y to ! ,ca?olic & ,apo/olic ,*ur* ( ,rome1 9 ! =m n[ %[n to y4 ,b1 t y\r griev\s & p]nici\s error & transgression may n g altoge!r unpuni%$1 & t y may be made m cauti\s 9 future1 & may be a w>n+ to o!rs to ab/a9 f del9qu5cies ( ?is sort1 ,we decree t ! book ( ! dialogues ( ,galileo ,galilei be prohibit$ by a public edict1 & ,we condemn y to ! =mal prison ( ?is ,holy ,(fice = a p]iod det]m9able at ,our pleasure2 &1 by way ( salut>y p5ance1 ,we ord] y1 dur+ ! next ?ree ye>s1 to recite once a week ! sev5 p5it5tial psalms1 res]v+ to ,ourselves ! p[] ( mod]at+1 commut+1 or tak+ (f ! :ole or "p ( ! said puni%m5t & p5ance4 ,& s ,we say1 pron\nce1 & by ,our s5t5ce decl>e1 decree1 & res]ve1 9 ?is & 9 e o!r bett] =m & mann]1 :i* lawfully ,we may & c use4 ,s ,we1 ! subscrib+ ,c>d9als1 pron\nce4 ,felix1 ,c>d9al di ,ascoli1 ,guido1 ,c>d9al ,b5tivoglio1 ,desid]io1 ,c>d9al di ,cremona1 ,antonio1 ,c>d9al ,s4 ,on(rio1 ,b]l+]o1 ,c>d9al ,gessi1 ,fabricio1 ,c>d9al ,v]ospi1 ,m>t9o1 ,c>d9al ,g9etti4 ,we _c suppose t ,galileo1 ev5 brok5 d[n z he 0 ) age & infirmities1 & ov]aw$ by ! m]ciless tribunal to ^: p[] he 0 subject$1 c\ld )\t extreme reluctance ?us =mally give ! lie to 8 :ole life1 & call ^u ,god to witness 8 r5unciation ( ! op9ions :i* ev5 8 bigot$ judges mu/ h felt t he /ill clung to 9 8 he>t4 ,we "k inde$ t 8 fri5ds 7 unanim\s 9 recomm5d+ an unqualifi$ acquiesc5ce 9 :atev] might be requir$1 b "s p]sons h n be5 able to f9d an adequate explanation ( 8 submission1 ei!r 9 _! exhortations1 or 9 ! m]e dread ( ! alt]native :i* might await him 9 case ( non-compliance4 ,x has 9 %ort be5 suppos$1 al?\gh ! suspicion sc>cely re/s ^u gr\nds suffici5tly /rong to w>rant ! ass]tion1 t ,galileo did n submit to ?is abjuration until =c$ to x1 n m]ely by ! appreh5sion1 b by ! actual exp]i5ce ( p]sonal viol5ce4 ,! argum5ts on :i* ?is horrible idea appe>s to be ma9ly f\nd$ are ! two foll[+3 ,fir/1 ! ,inquisitors decl>e 9 _! s5t5ce t1 n satisfi$ ) ,galileo's fir/ confession1 !y judg$ x necess>y to proce$ to ! rigor\s exam9ation ( him1 9 :i* he answ]$ l a good ,ca?olic4#he ,x is pret5d$ by ^? :o are m famili> ) inquisitorial language ?an we c pr(ess to be1 t ! words il rigoroso esame1 =m ! (ficial phrase = ! application ( ! torture1 & accord+ly !y int]pret ?is passage to mean1 t ! desir$ answ]s & submission _h ?us be5 extort$ f ,galileo1 :i* 8 judges _h o!rwise fail$ to get f him4 ,&1 secondly1 ! p>tisans ( ?is op9ion br+ =w>d 9 corroboration ( x1 t ,galileo imm$iately on 8 dep>ture f ,rome1 9 addition to 8 old compla9ts1 0 f\nd to be afflict$ ) h]nia1 & ?is 0 a common consequ5ce ( ! torture ( ! cord1 :i* !y suppose to h be5 inflict$4 ,x is "r to m5tion t no o!r trace c be f\nd ( ?is suppos$ tortur+ 9 all ! docum5ts relative to ! proce$+s aga9/ ,galileo1 at lea/ ,v5turi 0 s assur$ by "o :o _h inspect$ ! orig9als at ,p>is4#hf ,al?\gh ! argum5ts we h m5tion$ appe> to u slight1 yet nei!r c we atta* mu* importance to ! contra/ :i* ! fav\r]s ( ! opposite op9ion pr(ess to consid] s incr$ible betwe5 ! hon\rable mann] 9 :i* ,galileo 0 treat$ ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! inquiry1 & ! suspect$ h>% proce$+ aga9/ him4 ,:e!r ,galileo %\ld be lodg$ 9 a prison or a palace1 0 a matt] ( f> o!r importance to ! ,inquisitors & to _! hold ^u public op9ion1 ?an ! "q :e!r or n he %\ld be suff]$ to exhibit a p]sev]+ resi/ance to ! c5sures :i* !y 7 prep>$ to ca/ ^u him4 ,nor ne$ we %r9k f ! idea1 z we might f suspect+ ( "s gross crime1 on trivial gr\nds1 "o ( hi!rto unblemi%$ innoc5ce & "*4 ,! "q may be dis5cumb]$ ( all su* scruples1 s9ce "o atrocity m or less c d little t[>ds affect+ our judgm5t ( ! unholy ,(fice ( ! ,inquisition4 ,delambre1 :o c\ld f9d s mu* to repreh5d 9 ,galileo's =m] uncompromis+ boldness1 is deeply p5etrat$ ) ! ins9c]ity ( 8 behavi\r on ! pres5t occasion4 ,he seems to h =gott5 t a tribunal :i* f9ds x conv5i5t to c>ry on its inquiries 9 secret1 is always liable to ! suspicion ( putt+ words into ! m\? ( its victims2 & if x 7 wor? :ile1 !re is suffici5t int]nal evid5ce t ! language :i* ,galileo is made to hold 9 8 def5ce & confession1 is r to be read z ! composition ( 8 judges ?an 8 own4 ,= in/ance1 9 "o ( ! lett]s :i* we h extract$#hg1 x may be se5 t ?is obnoxi\s "w 0 already 9 =w>d prep>ation z e>ly z #afaj1 & yet he is made to confess1 & ! circum/ance appe>s to be br\ght =w>d 9 aggravation ( 8 guilt1 t he began to write x aft] ! prohibition :i* he _h receiv$ 9 #afaf4 ,! abjuration 0 drawn up 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- ,! ,abjuration ( ,galileo4 ,i ,galileo ,galilei1 son ( ! late ,v9c5zo ,galilei1 ( ,flor5ce1 ag$ #gj ye>s1 be+ br\ght p]sonally to judgm5t1 & kneel+ be=e y1 ,mo/ ,em95t & ,mo/ ,rev]5d ,lords ,c>d9als1 ,g5]al ,inquisitors ( ! univ]sal ,*ri/ian republic aga9/ h]etical depravity1 hav+ be=e my eyes ! ,holy ,gospels1 :i* ,i t\* ) my own h&s1 swe>1 t ,i h always believ$1 & n[ believe1 & ) ! help ( ,god w 9 future believe1 e article :i* ! ,holy ,ca?olic & ,apo/olic ,*ur* ( ,rome holds1 tea*es1 & prea*es4 ,b because ,i _h be5 enjo9$ by ?is ,holy ,(fice altoge!r to ab&on ! false op9ion :i* ma9ta9s t ! sun is ! c5tre & immoveable1 & =bidd5 to hold1 def5d1 or tea*1 ! said false doctr9e 9 any mann]1 & aft] x _h be5 signifi$ to me t ! said doctr9e is repugnant ) ! ,holy ,scripture1 ,i h writt5 & pr9t$ a book1 9 :i* ,i treat ( ! same doctr9e n[ condemn$1 & adduce reasons ) great =ce 9 support ( ! same1 )\t giv+ any solution1 & !re=e h be5 judg$ griev\sly suspect$ ( h]esy2 t is to say1 t ,i held & believ$ t ! sun is ! c5tre ( ! _w & immoveable1 & t ! e>? is n ! c5tre & moveable4 ,will+1 !re=e1 to remove f ! m9ds ( ,y\r ,em95ces1 & ( e ,ca?olic ,*ri/ian1 ?is vehem5t suspicion rightfully ent]ta9$ t[>ds me1 ) a s9c]e he>t & unfeign$ fai?1 ,i abjure1 curse1 & dete/1 ! said errors & h]esies1 & g5]ally e o!r error & sect contr>y to ! said ,holy ,*ur*2 & ,i swe>1 t ,i w nev] m 9 future say or ass]t any?+ v]bally1 or 9 writ+1 :i* may give rise to a simil> suspicion ( me3 b if ,i %all "k any h]etic1 or any "o suspect$ ( h]esy1 t ,i w d5\nce him to ?is ,holy ,(fice1 or to ! ,inquisitor & ,ord9>y ( ! place 9 :i* ,i may be4 ,i swe>1 moreov]1 & promise1 t ,i w fulfil1 & obs]ve fully1 all ! p5ances :i* h be51 or %all be laid on me by ?is ,holy ,(fice4 ,b if x %all happ5 t ,i violate any ( my said promises1 oa?s1 & prote/ations1 7:i* ,god av]t67 ,i subject myself to all ! pa9s & puni%m5ts1 :i* h be5 decre$ & promulgat$ by ! sacr$ canons1 & o!r g5]al & p>ticul> con/itutions1 aga9/ del9qu5ts ( ?is description4 ,s may ,god help me1 & 8 ,holy ,gospels1 :i* ,i t\* ) my own h&s4 ,i1 ! above-nam$ ,galileo ,galilei1 h abjur$1 sworn1 promis$1 & b\nd myself1 z above1 & 9 witness !re( ) my own h& h subscrib$ ?is pres5t writ+ ( my abjuration1 :i* ,i h recit$ ^w = ^w4 ,at ,rome 9 ! ,conv5t ( ,m9]va1 #bb;d ,june1 #afcc4 ,i1 ,galileo ,galilei1 h abjur$ z above ) my own h&4 ,x is said t ,galileo1 z he rose f 8 knees1 /amp$ on ! gr\nd1 & :isp]$ to "o ( 8 fri5ds1 ,e pur si muove--7,x does move ?\gh74 ,copies ( ,galileo's s5t5ce & abjuration 7 imm$iately promulgat$ 9 e direction1 & ! pr(essors at sev]al univ]sities receiv$ directions to read !m publicly4 ,at ,flor5ce ?is c]emony took place 9 ! *ur* ( ,/a4 ,croce1 :i!r ,guiducci1 ,aggiunti1 & all o!rs :o 7 kn[n 9 t city z firm adh]5ts to ,galileo's op9ions1 7 specially summon$4 ,! triumph ( ! ,pap] ,philosoph]s 0 s f> complete1 & ! al>m occasion$ by ?is pro( ( _! dy+ p[] ext5d$ ev5 beyond ,italy4 ,i h be5 told1 writes ,desc>tes f ,holl& to ,m]s5ne at ,p>is1 t ,galileo's sy/em 0 pr9t$ 9 ,italy la/ ye>1 b t e copy has be5 burnt at ,rome1 & himself condemn$ to "s sort ( p5ance1 :i* has a/oni%$ me s mu* t ,i h almo/ det]m9$ to burn all my pap]s1 or at lea/ nev] to let !m be se5 by any "o4 ,i _c collect t he1 :o is an ,italian & ev5 a fri5d ( ! ,pope1 z ,i und]/&1 has be5 crim9at$ on any o!r acc\nt ?an = hav+ attempt$ to e/abli% ! motion ( ! e>?4 ,i "k t ?is op9ion 0 =m]ly c5sur$ by "s ,c>d9als1 b ,i ?\ght ,i _h s9ce he>d1 t no objection 0 n[ made to its be+ publicly taught1 ev5 at ,rome4 ,! s5tim5ts ( all :o felt !mselves secur$ aga9/ ! appreh5sion ( p]sonal dang] c\ld take b "o direction1 =1 z ,pascal well express$ x 9 "o ( 8 celebrat$ lett]s to ! ,jesuits--,x is 9 va9 t y h procur$ aga9/ ,galileo a decree f ,rome condemn+ 8 op9ion ( ! e>?'s motion4 ,assur$ly1 t w nev] prove x to be at re/2 & if we h un]r+ obs]vations prov+ t x turns r\nd1 n all mank9d toge!r c keep x f turn+1 nor !mselves f turn+ ) x4 ,! assembly ( doctors ( ! ,sorbonne at ,p>is n>r[ly escap$ f pass+ a simil> s5t5ce ^u ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus4 ,! "q 0 laid be=e !m by ,ri*elieu1 & x appe>s t _! op9ion 0 = a mom5t 9 fav\r ( confirm+ ! ,roman decree4 ,x is to be wi%$ t ! "n _h be5 pres]v$ ( "o ( its memb]s1 :o1 by 8 /rong & philosophical repres5tations1 sav$ t celebrat$ body f ?is disgrace4 ,^? :o saw no?+ 9 ! puni%m5t ( ,galileo b passion & bl9d$ sup]/ition1 took occasion to rev]t to ! hi/ory ( a simil> blund] ( ! ,c\rt ( ,rome 9 ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,a ,bav>ian bi%op1 nam$ ,virgil1 em95t bo? z a man ( lett]s & politician1 _h ass]t$ ! exi/5ce ( ,antipodes1 :i* excit$ 9 ! ignorant bigots ( 8 "t no less al>m ?an did ! motion ( ! e>? 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,pope ,za*>y1 :o 0 sc&aliz$ at ! idea ( ano!r e>?1 inhabit$ by ano!r race ( m51 & enlight5$ by ano!r sun & moon 7= ?is 0 ! %ape :i* ,virgil's sy/em assum$ 9 8 eyes71 s5t out positive ord]s to 8 legate 9 ,bav>ia4 ,) reg>d to ,virgil1 ! philosoph]1 7,i "k n :e!r to call him prie/17 if he own ^! p]v]se op9ions1 /rip him ( 8 prie/hood1 & drive him f ! *ur* & alt>s ( ,god4 ,b ,virgil _h himself occasionally act$ z legate1 & 0 moreov] too necess>y to 8 sov]eign to be easily displac$4 ,he utt]ly disreg>d$ ^! d5unciations1 & dur+ tw5ty-five ye>s :i* elaps$ be=e 8 dea?1 reta9$ 8 op9ions1 8 bi%opric ( ,salzburg1 & 8 political p[]4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds canoniz$4#hh ,ev5 ! mo/ zeal\s advocates ( ! au?ority ( ,rome 7 emb>rass$ 9 endeav\r+ to ju/ify ! treatm5t :i* ,galileo exp]i5c$4 ,tirabos*i has attempt$ to draw a some:at subtle di/9ction betwe5 ! bulls ( ! ,pope & ! inquisitorial decrees :i* 7 sanction$ & approv$ by him2 he dwells on ! reflection t no "o1 ev5 among ! mo/ zeal\s ,ca?olics1 has ev] claim$ infallibility z an attribute ( ! ,inquisition1 & looks ^u x z a special m>k ( grace accord$ to ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 t dur+ ! :ole p]iod 9 :i* mo/ !ologians reject$ ! op9ions ( ,cop]nicus1 z contr>y to ! ,scriptures1 ! head ( t ,*ur* 0 nev] p]mitt$ to compromise 8 infallible "* by =mally condemn+ x4#hi ,:atev] may be ! value ( ?is consolation1 x c h>dly be conc$$1 unless x be at ! same "t admitt$ t _m scrupul\s memb]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome h be5 suff]$ to rema9 9 s+ul> misappreh5sion ( ! nature & sanction ( ! au?ority to :i* ,galileo _h yield$4 ,! words ( ! bull ( ,sixtus ,v41 by :i* ! ,congregation ( ! ,index 0 remodell$ 9 #aehh1 are quot$ by a pr(essor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,l\va91 a zeal\s antagoni/ ( ,galileo1 z foll[s3 ,!y are to exam9e & expose ! books :i* are repugnant to ! ,ca?olic doctr9es & ,*ri/ian discipl9e1 & aft] report+ on !m to u1 !y are to condemn !m by our au?ority4#ij ,nor does x appe> t ! le>n$ editors ( :at is commonly call$ ! ,jesuit's edition ( ,newton's ,pr9cipia 7 ( op9ion1 t 9 adopt+ ! ,cop]nican sy/em !y %\ld transgress a m&ate emanat+ f any ?+ %ort ( infallible wisdom4 ,! rem>kable words :i* !y 7 compell$ to prefix to _! book1 %[ h[ s5sitive ! c\rt ( ,rome rema9$1 ev5 s late z #agdb1 ) reg>d to ?is ra%ly condemn$ !ory4 ,9 _! preface !y say3 ,newton 9 ?is ?ird book supposes ! motion ( ! e>?4 ,we c\ld n expla9 ! au?or's propositions o!rwise ?an by mak+ ! same supposition4 ,we are !re=e =c$ to su/a9 a "* :i* is n our own2 b we pr(ess to pay ! obsequi\s rev]5ce :i* is due to ! decrees pron\nc$ by ! supreme ,pontiffs aga9/ ! motion ( ! e>?4#ia ,?is coy reluctance to admit :at nobody any long] d\bts has surviv$ to ! pres5t "t2 = ,bailli in=ms u1#ib t ! utmo/ endeav\rs ( ,lal&e1 :5 at ,rome1 to obta9 t ,galileo's "w %\ld be eras$ f ! ,index1 7 entirely ineffectual1 9 consequ5ce ( ! decree :i* _h be5 fulm9at$ aga9/ him2 & 9 fact bo? x1 & ! book ( ,cop]nicus1 ,nisi ,corrigatur1 are /ill to be se5 on ! =bidd5 li/ ( #ahbh4 ,! condemnation ( ,galileo & 8 book 0 n ?\ght suffici5t4 ,urban's indignation also v5t$ itself ^u ^? :o _h be5 in/rum5tal 9 obta9+ ! lic5ce = him4 ,! ,inquisitor at ,flor5ce 0 reprim&$2 ,ricc>di1 ! ma/] ( ! sacr$ palace1 & ,ciampoli1 ,urban's secret>y1 7 bo? dismiss$ f _! situations4 ,_! puni%m5t appe>s r anomal\s & inconsi/5t ) ! proce$+s aga9/ ,galileo1 9 :i* x 0 assum$ t 8 book 0 n prop]ly lic5s$2 yet ! o!rs suff]$ on acc\nt ( grant+ t v lic5ce1 :i* he 0 accus$ ( hav+ surreptiti\sly obta9$ f !m1 by conceal+ circum/ances ) :i* !y 7 n b\nd to be o!rwise acqua9t$4 ,ricc>di1 9 exculpation ( 8 conduct1 produc$ a lett] 9 ! h&-writ+ ( ,ciampoli1 9 :i* 0 conta9$ t ,8 ,hol9ess1 9 ^: pres5ce ! lett] pr(ess$ to be writt51 ord]$ ! lic5ce to be giv54 ,urban only repli$ t ?is 0 a ,ciampolism2 t 8 secret>y & ,galileo _h circumv5t$ him2 t he _h already dismiss$ ,ciampoli1 & t ,ricc>di mu/ prep>e to foll[ him4 ,z soon z ! c]emony ( abjuration 0 conclud$1 ,galileo 0 consign$1 pursuant to 8 s5t5ce1 to ! prison ( ! ,inquisition4 ,probably x 0 nev] int5d$ t he %\ld long rema9 !re1 = at ! end ( f\r days1 he 0 reconduct$ on a v slight repres5tation ( ,nicol9i to ! ambassador's palace1 !re to await 8 fur!r de/9ation4 ,flor5ce 0 /ill suff]+ "u ! be=e-m5tion$ contagion2 & ,si5na 0 at la/ fix$ on z ! place ( 8 relegation4 ,he w\ld h be5 %ut up 9 "s conv5t 9 t city1 if ,nicol9i _h n recomm5d$ z a m suitable resid5ce1 ! palace ( ! ,ar*bi%op ,piccolom9i1 :om he knew to be among ,galileo's w>me/ fri5ds4 ,urban cons5t$ to ! *ange1 & ,galileo f9ally left ,rome = ,si5na 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,july4 ,piccolom9i receiv$ him ) ! utmo/ k9dness1 controll$ ( c\rse by ! /rict injunctions :i* 7 dispat*$ f ,rome1 n to suff] him on any acc\nt to quit ! conf9es ( ! palace4 ,galileo cont9u$ at ,si5na 9 ?is /ate ( seclusion till ,decemb] ( ! same ye>1 :5 ! contagion hav+ ceas$ 9 ,tuscany1 he appli$ = p]mission to return to 8 villa at ,arcetri4 ,?is 0 all[$1 subject to ! same re/rictions "u :i* he _h be5 resid+ ) ! ar*bi%op4 ,,footnotes3 #gi ,delambre quotes ?is s5t5ce f a passage :i* is s obvi\sly ironical ?r\gh\t1 z an in/ance ( ,galileo's mis-/atem5t ( facts6--,hi/4 de l',a/r4 ,mod41 vol1 i4 p4 #fff4 #hj ,page #ed4 #ha ,galuzzi4 ,/oria di ,toscana4 ,fir5ze1 #ahbb4 #hb ,alidosi 0 a ,flor5t9e nobleman1 ^: e/ate ,urban wi%$ to confiscate on a *>ge ( h]esy4--,galuzzi4 #hc ,s'irrito il ,papa1 e lo fece abjur>e1 comp>5do il pov] uomo con uno /raccio di camicia indosso1 *e faceva compassione1 ,,ms4 nella ,bibl4 ,magliab4 ,v5turi4 #hd ,! ,index is a li/ ( books1 ! read+ ( :i* is prohibit$ to ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,?is li/1 9 ! e>ly p]iods ( ! ,re=mation1 0 (t5 consult$ by ! curi\s1 :o 7 enl>g+ _! libr>ies2 & a /ory is curr5t 9 ,engl&1 t1 to prev5t ?is mis*ief1 ! ,index itself 0 ins]t$ 9 its own =bidd5 catalogue4 ,! orig9 ( ?is /ory is1 t an ,index 0 publi%$ 9 ,spa91 p>ticul>iz+ ! objectionable passages 9 su* books z 7 only p>tially condemn$2 & al?\gh compil$ ) ! be/ int5tions1 ?is 0 f\nd to be s racy1 t x became necess>y to =bid ! circulation ( ?is edition 9 subsequ5t li/s4 #he ,giudicassimo ess] necess>io v5ir contro di te al rigoroso esame nel quale risponde/i cattolicam5te4 #hf ,! fate ( ^! docum5ts is curi\s2 aft] be+ long pres]v$ at ,rome1 !y 7 c>ri$ away 9 #ahji1 by ord] ( ,buonap>te1 to ,p>is1 :]e !y rema9$ till 8 fir/ abdication4 ,j be=e ! hundr$ days1 ! late k+ ( ,france1 wi%+ to inspect !m1 ord]$ t !y %\ld be br\ght to 8 own ap>tm5ts = t purpose4 ,9 ! ha/y flight :i* soon aft]w>ds foll[$1 ! manuscripts 7 =gott51 & x is n kn[n :at became ( !m4 ,a ,fr5* translation1 begun by ,napoleon's desire1 0 complet$ only d[n to ! #cj? ( ,april1 #afcc1 ! date ( ,galileo's fir/ return to ,nicol9i's palace4 #hg ,page #ah4 #hh ,annalium ,bolorum1 libri vii4 ,+ol/adii1 #aeed4 #hi ,la ,*iesa non ha mai di*i>ati eretici i so/5itori del ,si/ema ,cop]nicano1 e que/a troppo rigorosa c5sura non usci *e dal tribunale della ,romana ,inquisizione a cui niuno tra ,cattolici ancor piu zelanti ha mai attribuito x diritto dell'infallibilit4 ,anzi 9 cio ancora d' ammir>si la provid5za di ,dio favor della ,*iesa1 p]cio*e 9 un tempo 9 cui la maggior p>te dei teologi f]mam5te cr$avano *e il ,si/ema ,cop]nicano fosse all' autorit delle sacre ,c>te contr>io1 pur non p]mise *e dalla ,*iesa si pr(]isse su cio un sol5ne giudizio4--,/or4 della ,lett4 ,ital4 #ij ,lib4 ,fromondi ,ant>i/>*us1 ,antw]pi1 #afca4 #ia ,newtoni ,pr9cipia1 ,coloni1 #agfj4 #ib ,hi/oire de l',a/ronomie ,mod]ne4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,extracts f ! ,dialogues on ! ,sy/em4 ,,aft] n>rat+ ! treatm5t to :i* ,galileo 0 subject on acc\nt ( 8 admirable ,dialogues1 x w n be irrelevant to endeav\r1 by a few extracts1 to convey "s idea ( ! /yle 9 :i* !y are writt54 ,x has be5 m5tion$1 t he is consid]$ to surpass all o!r ,italian writ]s 7unless we except ,ma*iavelli7 9 ! purity & beauty ( 8 language1 & inde$ 8 pr9cipal foll[]s1 :o av[$ly imitat$ 8 /yle1 make a di/+ui%$ gr\p among ! classical au?ors ( mod]n ,italy4 ,he pr(ess$ to h =m$ himself f ! /udy ( ,ario/o1 ^: poems he passionately admir$1 insomu* t he c\ld repeat ! great] "p ( !m1 z well z ^? ( ,b]ni & ,petr>ca1 all :i* he 0 9 ! frequ5t habit ( quot+ 9 conv]sation4 ,! fa%ion & almo/ univ]sal practice ( t day 0 to write on philosophical subjects 9 ,lat92 & al?\gh ,galileo wrote v passably 9 t language1 yet he g5]ally pref]r$ ! use ( ,italian1 = :i* he gave 8 reasons 9 ! foll[+ *>act]i/ic mann]3-- ,i wrote 9 ,italian because ,i wi%$ e "o to be able to read :at ,i wrote2 & = ! same cause ,i h writt5 my la/ treatise 9 ! same language3 ! reason :i* has induc$ me is1 t ,i see "y m5 br\ght toge!r indiscrim9ately to /udy to become physicians1 philosoph]s1 c41 & :il/ _m apply to su* pr(essions :o are mo/ unfit = !m1 o!rs :o w\ld be compet5t rema9 occupi$ ei!r ) dome/ic bus9ess1 or ) o!r employm5ts ali5 to lit]ature2 :o1 al?\gh furni%$1 z ,ruzzante might say1 ) a dec5t set ( bra9s1 yet1 n be+ able to und]/& ?+s writt5 9 gibb]i%1 take x into _! heads1 t 9 ^! crabb$ folios !re mu/ be "s gr& hocus pocus ( logic & philosophy mu* too high up = !m to ?9k ( jump+ at4 ,i want !m to "k1 t z ,nature has giv5 eyes to !m j z well z to philosoph]s = ! purpose ( see+ h] works1 %e has also giv5 !m bra9s = exam9+ & und]/&+ !m4 ,! g5]al /ructure ( ! dialogues has be5 already describ$2#ic we %all !re=e premise no m ?an ! judgm5t pron\nc$ on !m by a highly gift$ writ]1 to supply ! defici5cies ( our necess>ily imp]fect analysis4 ,"o =ms a v imp]fect idea ( ,galileo1 f consid]+ ! discov]ies & inv5tions1 num]\s & spl5did z !y are1 ( :i* he 0 ! undisput$ au?or4 ,x is by foll[+ 8 reason+s1 & by pursu+ ! tra9 ( 8 ?\ghts1 9 8 own elegant1 ?\gh some:at diffuse exposition ( !m1 t we become acqua9t$ ) ! f]tility ( 8 g5ius--) ! sagacity1 p5etration1 & compreh5siv5ess ( 8 m9d4 ,! s]vice :i* he r5d]$ to real k is to be e/imat$1 n only f ! tru?s :i* he discov]$1 b f ! errors :i* he detect$--n m]ely f ! s\nd pr9ciples :i* he e/abli%$1 b f ! p]nici\s idols :i* he ov]?rew4 ,! dialogues on ! sy/em are writt5 ) su* s+ul> felicity1 t "o reads !m at ! pres5t day1 :5 ! tru?s conta9$ 9 !m are kn[n & admitt$1 ) all ! delight ( novelty1 & feels "o's self c>ri$ back to ! p]iod :5 ! telescope 0 fir/ direct$ to ! heav5s1 & :5 ! e>?'s motion1 ) all its tra9 ( consequ5ces1 0 prov$ = ! fir/ "t4#id ,! fir/ ,dialogue is op5$ by an attack ^u ! argum5ts by :i* ,ari/otle pret5d$ to det]m9e priori ! necess>y motions belong+ to diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 & on 8 fav\rite pr9ciple t p>ticul> motions belong naturally to p>ticul> sub/ances4 ,salviati 7repres5t+ ,galileo7 !n objects to ! ,ari/otelian di/9ctions betwe5 ! corruptible elem5ts & incorruptible skies1 in/anc+ among o!r ?+s ! sol> spots & newly appe>+ />s1 z argum5ts t ! o!r heav5ly bodies may probably be subject$ to *anges simil> to ^? :i* are cont9ually occurr+ on ! e>?1 & t x is ! great di/ance alone :i* prev5ts _! be+ obs]v$4 ,aft] a long discussion on ?is po9t1 ,sagr$o exclaims1 ,i see into ! he>t ( ,simplicio1 & p]ceive t he is mu* mov$ by ! =ce ( ^! too conclusive argum5ts2 b me?9ks ,i he> him say--',oh1 to :om mu/ we betake ourselves to settle our disputes if ,ari/otle be remov$ f ! *air8 ,:at o!r au?or h we to foll[ 9 our s*ools1 our /udies1 & academies8 ,:at philosoph] has writt5 on all ! p>ts ( ,natural ,philosophy1 & s me?odically z n to h ov]look$ a s+le conclusion8 ,mu/ we !n desolate ?is fabric1 by :i* s _m travell]s h be5 %elt]$8 ,mu/ we de/roy ?is asylum1 ?is ,prytaneum :]e9 s _m /ud5ts h f\nd a conv5i5t re/+-place1 :]e )\t be+ expos$ to ! injuries ( ! wea!r1 "o may acquire an intimate k ( nature1 m]ely by turn+ ov] a few leaves8 ,%all we level ?is bulw>k1 beh9d :i* we are safe f e ho/ile attack8' ,i pity him no less ?an ,i d "o :o at great exp5se ( "t & treasure1 & ) ! lab\r ( hundr$s1 has built up a v noble palace2 & !n1 because ( insecure f\ndations1 sees x ready to fall--unable to be> t ^? walls be /ripp$ t are adorn$ ) s _m beautiful pictures1 or to suff] ^? columns to fall t uphold ! /ately gall]ies1 or to see ru9$ ! gild$ ro(s1 ! *imney-pieces1 ! friezes1 & m>ble cornices erect$ at s mu* co/1 he goes ab\t x ) gird]s & props1 ) %ores & buttresses1 to h9d] its de/ruction4 ,salviati proce$s to po9t out ! _m po9ts ( simil>ity betwe5 ! e>? & moon1 & among o!rs :i* we h already m5tion$1 ! foll[+ rem>k des]ves especial notice3-- ,j z f ! mutual & univ]sal t5d5cy ( ! p>ts ( ! e>? to =m a :ole1 x foll[s t !y all meet toge!r ) equal incl9ation1 & t !y may unite z closely z possible1 assume ! sph]ical =m2 :y ought we n to believe t ! moon1 ! sun1 & o!r mundane bodies are also ( a r\nd figure1 f no o!r reason ?an f a common in/9ct & natural conc\rse ( all _! compon5t p>ts2 ( :i* if by accid5t any "o %\ld be viol5tly sep>at$ f its :ole1 is x n reasonable to believe t spontane\sly1 & ( its natural in/9ct1 x w\ld return8 ,x may be add$ t if any c5tre ( ! univ]se may be assign$1 to :i* ! :ole t]r5e globe if !nce remov$ w\ld seek to return1 we %all f9d mo/ probable t ! sun is plac$ 9 x1 z by ! sequel y %all und]/&4 ,_m :o are b sup]ficially acqua9t$ ) ! ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy1 are apt to suppose t ,newton's great m]it 0 9 8 be+ ! fir/ to suppose an attractive =ce exi/+ 9 & betwe5 ! diff]5t bodies compos+ ! sol> sy/em4 ,?is idea is v errone\s2 ,newton's discov]y consi/$ 9 conceiv+ & prov+ ! id5tity ( ! =ce ) :i* a /one falls1 & t by :i* ! moon falls1 t[>ds ! e>? 7on an assumption t ?is =ce becomes weak] 9 a c]ta9 proportion z ! di/ance increases at :i* x op]ates71 & 9 g5]aliz+ ?is idea1 9 apply+ x to all ! visible creation1 & trac+ ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal gravitation ) ! assi/ance ( a mo/ ref9$ & beautiful geometry into _m ( its mo/ remote consequ5ces4 ,b ! g5]al notion ( an attractive =ce betwe5 ! sun1 moon1 & planets1 0 v commonly ent]ta9$ be=e ,newton 0 born1 & may be trac$ back to ,kepl]1 :o 0 probably ! fir/ mod]n philosoph] :o sugge/$ x4 ,! foll[+ extraord9>y passages f 8 ,a/ronomy w %ew ! nature ( 8 conceptions on ?is subject3-- ,! true doctr9e ( gravity is f\nd$ on ^! axioms3 e corporeal sub/ance1 s f> =? z x is corporeal1 has a natural fitness = re/+ 9 e place :]e x may be situat$ by itself beyond ! sph]e ( influ5ce ( its cognate body4 ,gravity is a mutual affection betwe5 cognate bodies t[>ds union or conjunction 7simil> 9 k9d to ! magnetic virtue71 s t ! e>? attracts a /one mu* r ?an ! /one seeks ! e>?4 ,heavy bodies 7if 9 ! fir/ place we put ! e>? 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w7 are n c>ri$ to ! c5tre ( ! _w 9 its quality ( c5tre ( ! _w1 b z to ! c5tre ( a cognate r\nd body1 namely ! e>?4 ,s t :]esoev] ! e>? may be plac$ or :i!rsoev] x may be c>ri$ by its animal faculty1 heavy bodies w always be c>ri$ t[>ds x4 ,if ! e>? 7 n r\nd heavy bodies w\ld n t5d f e side 9 a /raight l9e t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 b to diff]5t po9ts f diff]5t sides4 ,if two /ones 7 plac$ 9 any "p ( ! _w ne> ea* o!r & beyond ! sph]e ( influ5ce ( a ?ird cognate body1 ^! /ones1 l two magnetic ne$les1 w\ld come toge!r 9 ! int]m$iate po9t1 ea* approa*+ ! o!r by a space proportional to ! comp>ative mass ( ! o!r4 ,if ! moon & e>? 7 n reta9$ 9 _! orbits by _! animal =ce or "s o!r equival5t1 ! e>? w\ld m\nt to ! moon by a fifty-f\r? "p ( _! di/ance1 & ! moon fall t[>ds ! e>? ?r\gh ! o!r fifty-?ree p>ts1 & w\ld !re meet1 assum+ h[ev] t ! sub/ance ( bo? is ( ! same d5sity4 ,if ! e>? %\ld cease to attract its wat]s to itself1 all ! wat]s ( ! sea w\ld be rais$1 & w\ld fl[ to ! body ( ! moon4#ie ,he also conjectur$ t ! irregul>ities 9 ! moon's motion 7 caus$ by ! jo9t action ( ! sun & e>?1 & recogniz$ ! mutual action ( ! sun & planets1 :5 he decl>$ ! mass & d5sity ( ! sun to be s great t ! unit$ attraction ( ! o!r planets _c remove x f its place4 ,among ^! bold & brilliant ideas1 8 temp]am5t l$ him to introduce o!rs :i* %[ h[ unsafe x 0 to foll[ 8 guidance1 & :i* acc\nt =1 if !y d n altoge!r ju/ify1 ! s>ca/ic rem>k ( ,ross1 t ,kepl]'s op9ion t ! planets are mov$ r\nd by ! sunne1 & t ?is is done by s5d+ =? a magnetic virtue1 & t ! sun-beames are l ! tee! ( a :eele tak+ hold ( ! planets1 are s5slesse crot*ets fitt] = a :eel] or a mill] ?an a philosoph]4#if ,rob]val took up ,kepl]'s notions1 especially 9 ! tract :i* he falsely attribut$ to ,ari/>*us1 & x is mu* to be regrett$ t ,rob]val %\ld des]ve cr$it = any?+ connect$ ) t impud5t fraud4 ,! pr9ciple ( univ]sal gravitation1 ?\gh n ! v>y+ proportion1 is di/9ctly assum$ 9 x1 z ! foll[+ passages w suffici5tly prove3 ,9 e s+le p>ticle ( ! e>?1 & ! t]re/rial elem5ts1 is a c]ta9 prop]ty or accid5t :i* we suppose common to ! :ole sy/em ( ! _w1 by virtue ( :i* all its p>ts are =c$ toge!r1 & reciprocally attract ea* o!r2 & ?is prop]ty is f\nd 9 a great] or less degree 9 ! diff]5t p>ticles1 accord+ to _! d5sity4 ,if ! e>? be consid]$ by itself1 its c5tres ( magnitude & virtue1 or gravity1 z we usually call x1 w co9cide1 to :i* all its p>ts t5d 9 a /raight l9e1 z well by _! own ex]tion or gravity1 z by ! reciprocal attraction ( all ! re/4 ,9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 ,rob]val repeats ^! passages ne>ly 9 ! same words1 apply+ !m to ! :ole sol> sy/em1 add+1 t ! =ce ( ?is attraction is n to be consid]$ z resid+ 9 ! c5tre itself1 z "s ignorant p ?9k1 b 9 ! :ole sy/em ^: p>ts are equally dispos$ r\nd ! c5tre4#ig ,?is v curi\s "w 0 repr9t$ 9 ! ?ird volume ( ! ,reflexiones ,physico-,ma!matic ( ,m]s5ne1 f :om ,rob]val pret5d$ to h receiv$ ! ,arabic manuscript1 & :o is ?us irretrievably implicat$ 9 ! =g]y4#ih ,! la/ rem>k1 d5y+ ! attractive =ce to be due to any prop]ty ( ! c5tral po9t1 seems aim$ at ,ari/otle1 :o1 9 a no less curi\s passage1 ma9ta9+ exactly ! opposite op9ion1 says1 ,h5ce1 we may bett] und]/& :at ! anci5ts h relat$1 t l ?+s are wont to h a t5d5cy to ea* o!r4 ,= ?is is n absolutely true2 = if ! e>? 7 to be remov$ to ! place n[ occupi$ by ! moon1 no "p ( ! e>? w\ld !n h a t5d5cy t[>ds t place1 b w\ld /ill fall t[>ds ! po9t :i* ! e>?'s c5tre n[ occupies4#ii ,m]s5ne consid]$ ! consequ5ces ( ! attractive =ce ( ea* p>ticle ( matt] s f> z to rem>k1 t if a body 7 suppos$ to fall t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 x w\ld be ret>d$ by ! attraction ( ! "p ?r\gh :i* x _h already fall54#ajj ,galileo _h n altoge!r neglect$ to speculate on su* a supposition1 z is pla9 f ! foll[+ extract4 ,x is tak5 f a lett] to ,c>caville1 dat$ f ,arcetri1 9 #afcg4 ,i w say f>!r1 t ,i h n absolutely & cle>ly satisfi$ myself t a heavy body w\ld arrive soon] at ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 if x began to fall f ! di/ance only ( a s+le y>d1 ?an ano!r :i* %\ld />t f ! di/ance ( a ?\s& miles4 ,i d n affirm ?is1 b ,i (f] x z a p>adox4#aja ,x is v difficult to (f] any satisfactory comm5t ^u ?is passage2 x may be suffici5t to obs]ve t ?is p>adoxical result 0 aft]w>ds d$uc$ by ,newton1 z "o ( ! consequ5ces ( ! g5]al law ) :i* all nature is p]vad$1 b ) :i* !re is no reason to believe t ,galileo _h any acqua9tance2 inde$ ! idea is fully negativ$ by o!r passages 9 ?is same lett]4 ,?is is "o ( ! _m in/ances f :i* we may le>n to be cauti\s h[ we inve/ deta*$ passages ( ! e>li] ma!maticians ) a mean+ :i* 9 _m cases _! au?ors did n contemplate4 ,! progressive developm5t ( ^! ideas 9 ! h&s ( ,wallis1 ,huygh5s1 ,hook1 ,wr51 & ,newton1 w\ld lead u too f> f our pr9cipal subject4 ,!re is ano!r passage 9 ! ?ird dialogue connect$ ) ?is subject1 :i* x may be z well to notice 9 ?is place4 ,! p>ts ( ! e>? h su* a prop5sity to its c5tre1 t :5 x *anges its place1 al?\gh !y may be v di/ant f ! globe at ! "t ( ! *ange1 yet mu/ !y foll[4 ,an example simil> to ?is is ! p]petual sequ5ce ( ! ,m$icean />s1 al?\gh always sep>at$ f ,jupit]4 ,! same may be said ( ! moon1 oblig$ to foll[ ! e>?4 ,& ?is may s]ve = ^? simple ones :o h difficulty 9 compreh5d+ h[ ^! two globes1 n be+ *a9$ toge!r1 nor /rung ^u a pole1 mutually foll[ ea* o!r1 s t on ! accel]ation or ret>dation ( ! "o1 ! o!r also moves quick] or sl[]4 ,! second ,dialogue is appropriat$ *iefly to ! discussion ( ! diurnal motion ( ! e>?2 & ! pr9cipal argum5ts urg$ by ,ari/otle1 ,ptolemy1 & o!rs1 are successively br\ght =w>d & confut$4 ,! oppos]s ( ! e>?'s diurnal motion ma9ta9$1 t if x 7 turn+ r\nd1 a /one dropp$ f ! top ( a t[] w\ld n fall at its foot2 b1 by ! rotation ( ! e>? to ! ea/w>d c>ry+ away ! t[] ) x1 w\ld be left at a great di/ance to ! we/w>d2 x 0 common to comp>e ?is effect to a /one dropp$ f ! ma/-head ( a %ip1 & )\t any reg>d to tru? x 0 boldly ass]t$ t ?is w\ld fall consid]ably ne>] ! /]n ?an ! foot ( ! ma/1 if ! %ip 7 9 rapid motion4 ,! same argum5t 0 pres5t$ 9 a v>iety ( =ms1--su* z t a cannon-ball %ot p]p5dicul>ly upw>ds w\ld n fall at ! same spot2 t if fir$ to ! ea/w>d x w\ld fly f>!r ?an to ! we/w>d2 t a m>k to ! ea/ or we/ w\ld nev] be hit1 because ( ! ris+ or s9k+ ( ! horizon dur+ ! flight ( ! ball2 t ladies' r+lets w\ld all /& out to ! we/w>d1#ajb ) o!r conceits ( ! l nature3 to :i* ! g5]al reply is giv51 t 9 all ^! cases ! /one1 or ball1 or o!r body1 p>ticipates equally 9 ! motion ( ! e>?1 :i*1 !re=e1 s f> z reg>ds ! relative motion ( its p>ts1 may be disreg>d$4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is is illu/rat$1 appe>s 9 ! foll[+ extract f ! dialogue3--,sagr$o4 ,if ! nib ( a writ+ p5 :i* 0 9 ! %ip dur+ my voyage direct f ,v5ice to ,alex&ria1 _h _h ! p[] ( leav+ a visible m>k ( all its pa?1 :at trace1 :at m>k1 :at l9e w\ld x h left8--,simplicio4 ,x w\ld h left a l9e /ret*$ out ?i!r f ,v5ice n p]fectly /raight1 or to speak m correctly1 n p]fectly ext5d$ 9 an exact circul> arc1 b "h & !re m & less curv$ accord+ly z ! vessel _h pit*$ m or less2 b ?is v>iation 9 "s places ( "o or two y>ds to ! "r or left1 or up or d[n 9 a l5g? ( _m hundr$ miles1 w\ld h occasion$ b slight alt]ation 9 ! :ole c\rse ( ! l9e1 s t x w\ld h be5 h>dly s5sible1 & )\t any great error we may speak ( x z a p]fectly circul> arc4--,sagr$4 ,s t ! true & mo/ exact motion ( ! po9t ( ! p5 w\ld also h be5 a p]fect arc ( a circle if ! motion ( ! vessel1 ab/ract+ f ! fluctuations ( ! waves1 _h be5 /eady & g5tle2 & if ,i _h held ?is p5 con/antly 9 my h&1 & _h m]ely mov$ x an in* or two "o way or ! o!r1 :at alt]ation w\ld t h made 9 ! true & pr9cipal motion8--,simpl4 ,less ?an t :i* w\ld be occasion$ 9 a l9e a ?\s& y>ds long1 by v>y+ "h & !re f p]fect /raightness by ! quantity ( a flea's eye4--,sagr$4 ,if !n a pa9t] on our quitt+ ! port _h begun to draw ) ?is p5 on pap]1 & _h cont9u$ 8 draw+ till we got to ,alex&ria1 he w\ld h be5 able by its motion1 to produce an accurate repres5tation ( _m objects p]fectly %ad[$1 & fill$ up on all sides ) l&scapes1 build+s1 & animals1 al?\gh all ! true1 real1 & ess5tial motion ( ! po9t ( 8 p5 w\ld h be5 no o!r b a v long & v simple l9e2 & z to ! peculi> "w ( ! pa9t]1 he w\ld h drawn x exactly ! same if ! %ip _h /ood /ill4 ,!re=e1 ( ! v protract$ motion ( ! p51 !re rema9 no o!r traces ?an ^? m>ks drawn ^u ! pap]1 ! reason ( ?is be+ t ! great motion f ,v5ice to ,alex&ria 0 common to ! pap]1 ! p51 & ev]y?+ t 0 9 ! %ip2 b ! trifl+ motion =w>ds & backw>ds1 to ! "r & left1 communicat$ by ! pa9t]'s f+]s to ! p51 & n to ! pap]1 f be+ peculi> to ! p51 left its m>k ^u ! pap]1 :i* z to ?is motion 0 immoveable4 ,?us x is likewise true t 9 ! supposition ( ! e>?'s rotation1 ! motion ( a fall+ /one is really a long track ( _m hundr$s & ?\s&s ( y>ds2 & if x c\ld h del9eat$ its c\rse 9 ! calm air1 or on any o!r surface1 x w\ld h left beh9d x a v long transv]sal l9e2 b t "p ( all ?is motion :i* is common to ! /one1 ! t[]1 & ourselves1 is imp]ceptible by u & ! same z if n exi/+1 & only t "p rema9s to be obs]v$ ( :i* nei!r we nor ! t[] p>take1 :i* 9 %ort is ! fall ( ! /one along ! t[]4 ,! me*anical doctr9es introduc$ into ?is second dialogue w be notic$ on ano!r occasion2 we %all pass on to o!r extracts1 illu/rative ( ! g5]al "* ( ,galileo's reason+3-- ,salviati4 ,i did n say t ! e>? has no pr9ciple1 ei!r int]nal or ext]nal1 ( its motion ( rotation1 b ,i d say t ,i "k n :i* ( ! two x has1 & t my ignorance has no p[] to take its motion away2 b if ?is au?or kn[s by :at pr9ciple o!r mundane bodies1 ( ! motion ( :i* we are c]ta91 are turn$ r\nd1 ,i say t :at moves ! ,e>? is some?+ l t by :i* ,m>s & ,jupit]1 &1 z he believes1 ! />ry sph]e1 are mov$ r\nd2 & if he w satisfy me z to ! cause ( _! motion1 ,i b9d myself to be able to tell him :at moves ! e>?4 ,nay m2 ,i und]take to d ! same if he c tea* me :at x is :i* moves ! p>ts ( ! e>? d[nw>ds4--,simpl4 ,! cause ( ?is effect is notori\s1 & e "o kn[s t x is ,gravity4--,salv4 ,y are out1 ,ma/] ,simplicio2 y %\ld say t e "o kn[s t x is call$ ,gravity2 b ,i d n ask y ! "n b ! nature ( ! ?+1 ( :i* nature y d n "k "o tittle m ?an y "k ( ! nature ( ! mov+ cause ( ! rotation ( ! />s1 except x be ! "n :i* has be5 giv5 to ! "o1 & made famili> & dome/ic1 by ! frequ5t exp]i5ce we h ( x _m ?\s& times 9 a day2 b ( ! pr9ciple or virtue by :i* a /one falls to ! gr\nd1 we really "k no m ?an we "k ( ! pr9ciple :i* c>ries x upw>ds :5 ?r[n into ! air1 or :i* c>ries ! moon r\nd its orbit1 except1 z ,i h said1 ! "n ( gravity :i* we h peculi>ly & exclusively assign$ to x2 :]eas we speak ( ! o!r ) a m g5]ic t]m1 & talk ( ! virtue impress$1 & call x ei!r an assi/+ or an in=m+ intellig5ce1 & are cont5t to say t ,nature is ! cause ( an inf9ite numb] ( o!r motions4 ,simplicio is made to quote a passage f ,s*e9]'s book ( ,conclusions aga9/ ,cop]nicus1 to ! foll[+ effect3--',if ! :ole e>? & wat] 7 annihilat$1 no hail or ra9 w\ld fall f ! cl\ds1 b w\ld only be naturally c>ri$ r\nd 9 a circle1 nor w\ld any fire or fi]y ?+ asc5d1 s9ce1 accord+ to ! n improbable op9ion ( ^! o!rs1 !re is no fire 9 ! upp] regions4'--,salv4 ,! =esight ( ?is philosoph] is mo/ admirable & praisewor?y1 = he is n cont5t ) provid+ = ?+s t might happ5 dur+ ! common c\rse ( nature1 b p]si/s 9 %ew+ 8 c>e = ! consequ5ces ( :at he v well kn[s w nev] come to pass4 ,nev]!less1 = ! sake ( he>+ "s ( 8 notable conceits1 ,i w grant t if ! e>? & wat] 7 annihilat$ !re w\ld be no m hail or ra91 nor w\ld fi]y matt] asc5d any m1 b w\ld cont9ue a motion ( revolution4 ,:at is to foll[8 ,:at conclusion is ! philosoph] go+ to draw8--,simpl4 ,?is objection is 9 ! v next words--',:i* nev]!less 7says he7 is contr>y to exp]i5ce & reason4'--,salv4 ,n[ ,i mu/ yield3 s9ce he has s great an advantage ov] me z exp]i5ce1 ) :i* ,i am q unprovid$4 ,= hi!rto ,i h nev] happ5$ to see ! t]re/rial e>? & wat] annihilat$1 s z to be able to obs]ve :at ! hail & fire did 9 ! confusion4 ,b does he tell u = our in=mation at lea/ :at !y did8--,simp4 ,no1 he does n say any ?+ m4--,salv4 ,i w\ld give some?+ to h a ^w or two ) ?is p]son1 to ask him :e!r1 :5 ?is globe vani%$1 x also c>ri$ away ! common c5tre ( gravity1 z ,i fancy x did1 9 :i* case ,i take x t ! hail & wat] w\ld rema9 /upid & conf\nd$ among/ ! cl\ds1 )\t kn[+ :at to d ) !mselves4444 ,& la/ly1 t ,i may give ?is philosoph] a less equivocal answ]1 ,i tell him t ,i "k z mu* ( :at w\ld foll[ aft] ! annihilation ( ! t]re/rial globe1 z he c\ld h kn[n :at 0 ab\t to happ5 9 & ab\t x1 be=e x 0 creat$4 ,great "p ( ! ?ird ,dialogue is tak5 up ) discussions on ! p>allax ( ! new />s ( #aegb & #afjd1 9 :i* ,delambre notices t ,galileo does n employ log>i?ms 9 8 calculations1 al?\gh _! use _h be5 kn[n s9ce ,napi] discov]$ !m 9 #afaf3 ! dialogue !n turns to ! annual motion fir/ tak5 f ! ,sun & conf]r$ ^u ! ,e>? by ,ari/>*us ,samius1 & aft]w>ds by ,cop]nicus4 ,salviati speaks ( 8 contempor>y philosoph]s ) great contempt--,if y _h ev] be5 worn out z ,i h be5 _m & _m a "t ) he>+ :at sort ( /uff is suffici5t to make ! ob/9ate vulg> unp]suadable1 ,i d n say to agree )1 b ev5 to li/5 to ^! novelties1 ,i believe y\r wond] at f9d+ s few foll[]s ( ^! op9ions w\ld greatly fall (f4 ,b little reg>d 9 my judgm5t is to be _h ( ^? und]/&+s :o are conv9c$ & immoveably p]suad$ ( ! fix$ness ( ! e>?1 by see+ t !y are n able to breakfa/ ?is morn+ at ,con/ant9ople1 & sup 9 ! ev5+ 9 ,japan1 & :o feel satisfi$ t ! e>?1 s heavy z x is1 _c climb up above ! sun1 & !n come tumbl+ 9 a breakneck fa%ion d[n aga96#ajc ,?is rem>k s]ves to introduce sev]al speci\s argum5ts aga9/ ! annual motion ( ! e>?1 :i* are successively confut$1 & x is %ewn h[ readily ! app>5t /ations & retrogradations ( ! planets are acc\nt$ = on ?is supposition4 ,! foll[+ is "o ( ! frequ5tly recurr+ passages 9 :i* ,galileo1 :il/ argu+ 9 fav\r ( ! enorm\s di/ances at :i* ! !ory ( ,cop]nicus necess>ily plac$ ! fix$ />s1 inveighs aga9/ ! arrogance ) :i* m5 pret5d to judge ( matt]s remov$ above _! compreh5sion4 ,simpl4 ,all ?is is v well1 & x is n to be d5i$ t ! heav5s may surpass 9 bigness ! capacity ( our imag9ations1 z also t ,god might h creat$ x yet a ?\s& times l>g] ?an x really is1 b we ought n to admit any?+ to be creat$ 9 va91 & useless 9 ! univ]se4 ,n[ :il/ we see ?is beautiful arrangem5t ( ! planets1 dispos$ r\nd ! e>? at di/ances proportion$ to ! effects !y are to produce on u = our b5efit1 to :at purpose %\ld a va/ vacancy be aft]w>ds int]pos$ betwe5 ! orbit ( ,saturn & ! />ry sph]es1 conta9+ n a s+le />1 & altoge!r useless & unpr(itable8 to :at end8 = ^: use & advantage8--,salv4 ,me?9ks we arrogate too mu* to ourselves1 ,simplicio1 :5 we w h x t ! c>e ( u alone is ! adequate & suffici5t "w & b\nd1 beyond :i* ! div9e wisdom & p[] does & disposes ( no?+4 ,i feel confid5t t no?+ is omitt$ by ! ,div9e ,provid5ce ( :at conc]ns ! gov]nm5t ( human affairs2 b t !re may n be o!r ?+s 9 ! univ]se dep5dant ^u ,8 supreme wisdom1 ,i _c = myself1 by :at my reason holds out to me1 br+ myself to believe4 ,s t :5 ,i am told ( ! uselessness ( an imm5se space int]pos$ betwe5 ! orbits ( ! planets & ! fix$ />s1 empty & valueless1 ,i reply t !re is tem]ity 9 attempt+ by feeble reason to judge ! works ( ,god1 & 9 call+ va9 & sup]flu\s e "p ( ! univ]se :i* is ( no use to u4--,sagr4 ,say r1 & ,i believe y w\ld say bett]1 t we h no means ( kn[+ :at is ( use to u2 & ,i hold x to be "o ( ! greate/ pieces ( arrogance & folly t c be 9 ?is _w to say1 because ,i "k n ( :at use ,jupit] or ,saturn are to me1 t !re=e ^! planets are sup]flu\s2 nay m1 t !re are no su* ?+s 9 nature4 ,to und]/& :at effect is work$ ^u u by ?is or t heav5ly body 7s9ce y w h x t all _! use mu/ h a ref]5ce to u71 x w\ld be necess>y to remove x = a :ile1 & !n ! effect :i* ,i f9d no long] produc$ 9 me1 ,i may say t x dep5d$ ^u t />4 ,besides1 :o w d>e say t ! space :i* !y call too va/ & useless betwe5 ,saturn & ! fix$ />s is void ( o!r bodies belong+ to ! univ]se4 ,mu/ x be s because we d n see !m3 !n ,i suppose ! f\r ,m$icean planets1 & ! companions ( ,saturn1 came into ! heav5s :5 we fir/ began to see !m1 & n be=e6 &1 by ! same rule1 ! o!r innum]able fix$ />s did n exi/ be=e m5 saw !m4 ,! nebul 7 till lately only :ite flakes1 till ) ! telescope we h made ( !m con/ellations ( bright & beautiful />s4 ,oh presumptu\s6 r1 ,oh ra% ignorance ( man6 ,aft] a discussion on ,gilb]t's ,!ory ( ,t]re/rial ,magnetism1 introduc$ by ! p>allelism ( ! e>?'s axis1 & ( :i* ,galileo praises v highly bo? ! me?od & results1 ! dialogue proce$s z foll[s3--,simpl4 ,x appe>s to me t ,sig4 ,salviati1 ) a f9e circumlocution1 has s cle>ly expla9$ ! cause ( ^! effects1 t any common und]/&+1 ev5 ?\gh unacqua9t$ ) sci5ce1 may compreh5d x3 b we1 conf9+ ourselves to ! t]ms ( art1 r$uce ! cause ( ^! & o!r simil> natural ph5om5a to sympa?y1 :i* is a c]ta9 agreem5t & mutual appet5cy aris+ betwe5 ?+s :i* h ! same qualities1 j z1 on ! o!r h&1 t disagreem5t & av]sion1 ) :i* o!r ?+s naturally repel & abhor ea* o!r1 we /yle antipa?y4--,sagr4 ,& ?us ) ^! two words !y are able to give a reason = ! great numb] ( effects & accid5ts :i* we see1 n )\t admiration1 to be produc$ 9 ,nature4 ,b x /rikes me t ?is mode ( philosophis+ has a great sympa?y ) ! /yle 9 :i* "o ( my fri5ds us$ to pa9t3 on "o "p ( ! canvas he w\ld write ) *alk--!re ,i w h a f\nta91 ) ,diana & h] nymphs2 "h "s h>ri]s2 9 ?is corn] ,i w h a huntsman1 ) a /ag's head2 ! re/ may be a l&scape ( wood & m\nta92 & :at rema9s to be done may be put 9 by ! col\rman3 & ?us he flatt]$ himself t he _h pa9t$ ! /ory ( ,acton1 hav+ contribut$ no?+ to x beyond ! names4 ,! f\r? ,dialogue is devot$ entirely to an exam9ation ( ! tides1 & is a developm5t & ext5sion ( ! treatise already m5tion$ to h be5 s5t to ! ,ar*duke ,leopold1 9 #afah4ajd ,galileo 0 uncommonly p>tial to 8 !ory ( ! tides1 f :i* he ?\ght to d]ive a direct pro( ( ! e>?'s motion 9 h] orbit2 & al?\gh 8 !ory 0 errone\s1 x requir$ a f>!r advance 9 ! sci5ce ( motion ?an _h be5 atta9$ ev5 at a mu* lat] p]iod to po9t out ! insuffici5cy ( x4 ,x is well kn[n t ! problem ( expla9+ ! cause ( ?is alt]nate motion ( ! wat]s _h be5 consid]$ f ! e>lie/ ages "o ( ! mo/ difficult t c\ld be propos$1 & ! solutions ) :i* diff]5t inquir]s 7 oblig$ to re/ cont5t$1 %ew t x long des]v$ ! "n giv5 to x1 ( ! grave ( human curiosity4#aje ,riccioli has enum]at$ sev]al ( ! op9ions :i* 9 turn _h _! fav\r]s & support]s4 ,"o p>ty suppos$ ! rise ( ! wat]s to be occasion$ by ! influx ( riv]s into ! sea2 o!rs comp>$ ! e>? to a l>ge animal1 ( :i* ! tides indicat$ ! respiration2 a ?ird !ory suppos$ ! exi/5ce ( subt]rane\s fires1 by :i* ! sea 0 p]iodically made to boil2 o!rs attribut$ ! cause ( a simil> *ange ( temp]ature to ! sun & moon4 ,!re is an unf\nd$ leg5d1 t ,ari/otle dr[n$ himself 9 despair ( be+ able to inv5t a plausible explanation ( ! extraord9>y tides 9 ! ,euripus4 ,8 curiosity on ! subject does n appe> to h be5 s acute 7judg+ f 8 writ+s7 z ?is /ory w\ld imply4 ,9 "o ( 8 books he m]ely m5tions a rum\r1 t !re are great elevations or swell+s ( ! seas1 :i* recur p]iodically1 accord+ to ! c\rse ( ! moon4 ,lal&e1 9 ! f\r? volume ( 8 ,a/ronomy1 has giv5 an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! op9ion ( ! connection ( ! tides ) ! moon's motion4 ,py!as ( ,m>seilles1 a contempor>y ( ,ari/otle1 0 ! fir/ :o has be5 record$ z obs]v+1 t ! full tides occur at full moon1 & ! ebbs at new moon4#ajf ,?is is n q correctly /at$2 = ! tide ( new moon is kn[n to be /ill high] ?an ! rise at ! full1 b x is likely en\gh1 t ! seem+ inaccuracy %\ld be attribut$1 n to ,py!as1 b to 8 biograph] ,plut>*1 :o1 9 _m in/ances1 appe>s to h view$ ! op9ions ( ! old philosoph]s ?r\gh ! mi/ ( 8 own prejudices & imp]fect in=mation4 ,! fact is1 t1 on ! same day :5 ! tide rises highe/1 x also ebbs l[e/2 & ,py!as1 :o1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 _h record$ a tide 9 ,brita9 ( eighty cubits1 c\ld n h be5 ignorant ( ?is4 ,posidonius1 z quot$ by ,/rabo1 ma9ta9$ ! exi/5ce ( ?ree p]iods ( ! tide1 daily1 mon?ly1 & annual1 9 sympa?y ) ! moon4#ajg ,pl9y1 9 8 va/ collection ( natural obs]vations1 n unaptly /yl$ ! ,encyclopdia ( ! ,anti5ts1 has ! foll[+ curi\s passages3--,! fl[ & ebb ( ! tide is v wond]ful2 x happ5s 9 a v>iety ( ways1 b ! cause is 9 ! sun & moon4#ajh ,he !n v accurately describes ! c\rse ( ! tide dur+ a revolution ( ! moon1 & adds3 ,! fl[ takes place e day at a diff]5t h\r2 be+ wait$ on by ! />1 :i* rises e day 9 a diff]5t place f t ( ! day be=e1 & ) gre$y draught drags ! seas ) x4#aji ,:5 ! moon is 9 ! nor?1 & fur!r remov$ f ! e>?1 ! tides are m g5tle ?an :5 digress+ to ! s\?1 %e ex]ts h] =ce ) a clos] ef=t4#aaj ,! ,college ( ,jesuits at ,coimbra appe>s to des]ve ! cr$it ( fir/ cle>ly po9t+ out ! true relation betwe5 ! tides & ! moon1 :i* 0 also ma9ta9$ a few ye>s lat] by ,antonio de ,dom9is & ,kepl]4 ,9 ! ,society's comm5t>y on ,ari/otle's book on ,meteors1 aft] refut+ ! notion t ! tides are caus$ by ! light ( ! sun & moon1 !y say1 ,x appe>s m probable to u1 )\t any r>efaction1 ( :i* !re appe>s no ne$ or indication1 t ! moon raises ! wat]s by "s inh]5t p[] ( impulsion1 9 ! same mann] z a magnet moves iron2 & accord+ to its diff]5t aspects & approa*es to ! sea1 & ! obtuse or acute angles ( its be>+1 at "o "t to attract & raise ! wat]s along ! %ore1 & !n aga9 to leave !m to s9k d[n by _! own weight1 & to ga!r into a l[] level4#aaa ,! !ory ( ,univ]sal ,gravitation seems "h )9 ! grasp ( ^! philosoph]s1 b un=tunately x did n occur to !m t possibly ! same attraction might be ex]t$ on ! e>? z well z ! wat]1 & t ! tide 0 m]ely an effect ( ! dim9ution ( =ce1 ow+ to ! increase ( di/ance1 ) :i* ! c5tre ( ! e>? is attract$1 z comp>$ ) t ex]t$ on its surface4 ,?is idea1 s happily seiz$ aft]w>ds by ,newton1 might at once h furni%$ !m ) a satisfactory explanation ( ! tide1 :i* is obs]v$ on ! opposite side ( ! e>? z well z imm$iately "u ! moon4 ,!y might h se5 t 9 ! latt] case ! c5tre ( ! e>? is pull$ away f ! wat]1 j z 9 ! =m] ! wat] is pull$ away f ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 ! s5sible effect to u be+ 9 bo? cases precisely ! same4 ,= want ( ?is g5]alization1 ! inf]ior tide z x is call$ pres5t$ a =midable ob/acle to ?is !ory1 & ! mo/ plausible explanation t 0 giv5 01 t ?is magnetic virtue radiat$ out f ! moon 0 reflect$ by ! solid heav5s1 & conc5trat$ aga9 z 9 a focus on ! opposite side ( ! e>?4 ,! majority ( mod]n a/ronom]s :o did n admit ! exi/5ce ( any solid matt] fit = produc+ ! effect assign$ to x1 f\nd a reasonable difficulty 9 acquiesc+ 9 ?is explanation4 ,galileo1 :o m5tions ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,spalatro's book1 treat$ ! !ory ( attraction by ! moon z absurd4 ,?is motion ( ! seas is local & s5sible1 made 9 an imm5se mass ( wat]1 & _c be br\ght to obey light1 & w>m?1 & pr$om9ancy ( occult qualities1 & su* l va9 fancies2 all :i* are s f> f be+ ! cause ( ! tide1 t on ! contr>y ! tide is ! cause ( !m1 inasmu* z x gives rise to ^! ideas 9 bra9s :i* are m apt = talkativ5ess & o/5tation1 ?an = speculation & inquiry into ! secrets ( ,nature2 :o1 r ?an see !mselves driv5 to pron\nce ^! wise1 +5u\s1 & mode/ words--,i d n "k1--w blurt out f _! tongues & p5s all sorts ( extravagancies4 ,galileo's own !ory is introduc$ by ! foll[+ illu/ration1 :i* inde$ probably sugge/$ x1 z he 0 9 ! habit ( suff]+ no natural ph5om5a1 h[ev] trivial 9 appe>ance1 to escape him4 ,he felt ! advantage ( ?is cu/om 9 be+ furni%$ on all occasions ) a /ock ( homely illu/rations1 to :i* ! daily exp]i5ce ( 8 he>]s readily ass5t$1 & :i* he c\ld %ew to be id5tical 9 pr9ciple ) ! ph5om5a "u discussion4 ,t he 0 mi/ak5 9 apply+ 8 obs]vations 9 ! pres5t in/ance _c be urg$ aga9/ ! incalculable value ( su* a habit4 ,we may expla9 & r5d] s5sible ^! effects by ! example ( "o ( ^? b>ks :i* come cont9ually f ,lizza ,fus9a1 ) fre% wat] = ! use ( ! city ( ,v5ice4 ,let u suppose "o ( ^! b>ks to come !nce ) mod]ate velocity along ! canal1 c>ry+ g5tly ! wat] ) :i* x is fill$1 & !n1 ei!r by t\*+ ! bottom1 or f "s o!r h9drance :i* is oppos$ to x1 let x be notably ret>d$2 ! wat] w n on t acc\nt lose l ! b>k ! impetus x has already acquir$1 b w =?) run on t[>ds ! pr[ :]e x w s5sibly rise1 & be depress$ at ! /]n4 ,if on ! contr>y ! said vessel 9 ! middle ( its /eady c\rse %all receive a new & s5sible increase ( velocity1 ! conta9$ wat] be=e giv+ into x w p]sev]e = "s "t 9 its sl[ness1 & w be left beh9d t is to say t[>ds ! /]n :]e consequ5tly x w rise1 & s9k at ! head4--,n[1 my ma/]s1 t :i* ! vessel does 9 respect ( ! wat] conta9$ 9 x1 & t :i* ! wat] does 9 respect ( ! vessel conta9+ x1 is ! same to a hair z :at ! ,m$it]ranean vase does 9 respect ( ! wat] :i* x conta9s1 & t ! wat]s d 9 respect ( ! ,m$it]ranean vase :i* conta9s !m4 ,we h n[ only to demon/rate h[1 & 9 :at mann] x is true t ! ,m$it]ranean1 & all o!r gulfs1 & 9 %ort all ! p>ts ( ! e>? move ) a motion s5sibly n uni=m1 al?\gh no motion results !nce to ! :ole globe :i* is n p]fectly uni=m & regul>4 ,?is unequable motion is d]iv$ f a comb9ation ( ! e>?'s motion on h] axis1 & 9 h] orbit1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* is t a po9t "u ! sun is c>ri$ 9 ! same direction by ! annual & diurnal velocities1 :]eas a po9t on ! opposite side ( ! globe is c>ri$ 9 opposite directions by ! annual & diurnal motions1 s t 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! absolute motion ?r\gh space ( e po9t 9 ! e>? completes a cycle ( v>y+ swiftness4 ,^? read]s :o are unacqua9t$ ) ! ma!matical !ory ( motion mu/ be satisfi$ ) ! assurance t ?is speci\s repres5tation is fallaci\s1 & t ! oscillation ( ! wat] does n 9 ! lea/ result f ! causes "h assign$ to x3 ! reason+ necess>y to prove ?is is n elem5t>y en\gh to be introduc$ "h ) propriety4 ,besides ! pr9cipal daily oscillation ( ! wat]1 !re is a mon?ly inequality 9 ! rise & fall1 ( :i* ! extremes are call$ ! spr+ & neap tides3 ! mann] 9 :i* ,galileo attempt$ to br+ 8 !ory to be> ^u ^! ph5om5a is exce$+ly curi\s4 ,x is a natural & necess>y tru?1 t if a body be made to revolve1 ! "t ( revolution w be great] 9 a great] circle ?an 9 a less3 ?is is univ]sally all[$1 & fully confirm$ by exp]im5ts1 su* = in/ance z ^!3--,9 :eel clocks1 especially 9 l>ge ones1 to regulate ! go+1 ! workm5 fit up a b> capable ( revolv+ horizontally1 & fa/5 two lead5 weights to ! ends ( x2 & if ! clock goes too sl[1 by m]ely approa*+ ^! weights some:at t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! b>1 !y make its vibrations m frequ5t1 at :i* "t !y are mov+ 9 small] circles ?an be=e4#aab--,or1 if y fa/5 a weight to a cord :i* y pass r\nd a pulley 9 ! ceil+1 & :il/ ! weight is vibrat+ draw 9 ! cord t[>ds y1 ! vibrations w become s5sibly accel]at$ z ! l5g? ( ! /r+ dim9i%es4 ,we may obs]ve ! same rule to hold among ! cele/ial motions ( ! planets1 ( :i* we h a ready in/ance 9 ! ,m$icean planets1 :i* revolve 9 su* %ort p]iods r\nd ,jupit]4 ,we may !re=e safely conclude1 t if ! moon = in/ance %all cont9ue to be =c$ r\nd by ! same mov+ p[]1 & 7 to move 9 a small] circle1 x w\ld %ort5 ! "t ( its revolution4 ,n[ ?is v ?+ happ5s 9 fact to ! moon1 :i* ,i h j advanc$ on a supposition4 ,let u call to m9d t we h already conclud$ ) ,cop]nicus1 t x is impossible to sep>ate ! moon f ! e>?1 r\nd :i* )\t d\bt x moves 9 a mon?3 we mu/ also rememb] t ! globe ( ! e>?1 accompani$ always by ! moon1 revolves 9 ! great circle r\nd ! sun 9 a ye>1 9 :i* "t ! moon revolves r\nd ! e>? ab\t ?irte5 times1 :5ce x foll[s t ! moon is sometimes ne> ! sun1 t is to say betwe5 ! e>? & sun1 sometimes f> f x1 :5 %e is on ! outside ( ! e>?4 ,n[ if x be true t ! p[] :i* moves ! e>? & ! moon r\nd ! sun rema9s ( ! same efficacy1 & if x be true t ! same moveable1 act$ on by ! same =ce1 passes ov] simil> arcs ( circles 9 a "t :i* is lea/ :5 ! circle is smalle/1 we are =c$ to ! conclusion t at new moon1 :5 9 conjunction ) ! sun1 ! moon passes ov] great] arcs ( ! orbit r\nd ! sun1 ?an :5 9 opposition at full moon2 & ?is inequality ( ! moon w be %>$ by ! e>? also4 ,s t exactly ! same ?+ happ5s z 9 ! balance ( ! clocks2 = ! moon "h repres5ts ! lead5 weight1 :i* at "o "t is fix$ at a great] di/ance f ! c5tre to make ! vibrations sl[]1 & at ano!r "t ne>] to accel]ate !m4 ,wallis adopt$ & improv$ ?is !ory 9 a pap] :i* he ins]t$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #afff1 9 :i* he decl>es1 t ! circul> motion r\nd ! sun %\ld be consid]$ z tak+ place at a po9t :i* is ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! e>? & moon4 ,to ! fir/ objection1 t x appe>s n h[ two bodies t h no tie c h "o common c5tre ( gravity1 ,i %all only answ]1 t x is h>d] to %[ h[ !y h x1 ?an t !y h x4#aac ,z ,wallis 0 p]fectly compet5t f ! "t at :i* he liv$1 & 8 k ( ! f>!/ advances ( sci5ce 9 8 "t1 to appreciate ! value ( ,galileo's writ+s1 we %all conclude ?is *apt] ) ! judgm5t t he has pass$ ^u !m 9 ! same pap]4 ,s9ce ,galileo1 & aft] him ,torricelli & o!rs h appli$ me*anical pr9ciples to ! solv+ ( philosophical difficulties1 natural philosophy is well kn[n to h be5 r5d]$ m intelligible1 & to h made a mu* great] progress 9 less ?an a hundr$ ye>s ?an be=e = _m ages4 ,,footnotes3 #ic ,see page #ef4 #id ,playfair's ,diss]tation1 ,supp4 ,encyc4 ,brit4 #ie ,a/ronomia ,nova4 ,prag4 #afji4 #if ,! new ,planet no ,planet1 or ! ,e>? no w&]+ ,/>1 except 9 ! w&]+ heads ( ,galileans4 ,london1 #afdf4 #ig ,ari/>*i ,samii de ,mundi ,sy/emate4 ,p>isiis #afdd4 #ih ,see page #ab4 #ii ,de ,clo1 lib4 iv4 cap4 #c4 #ajj ,reflexiones ,physico-,ma!matic1 ,p>isiis1 #afdg4 #aja ,v5turi4 #ajb ,riccioli4 #ajc ,! notions commonly ent]ta9$ ( 'up' & 'd[n1' z connect$ ) ! obs]v]'s own situation1 _h long be5 a /umbl+-block 9 ! way ( ! new doctr9es4 ,:5 ,columbus held out ! c]ta9ty ( arriv+ 9 ,india by sail+ to ! we/w>d on acc\nt ( ! e>?'s r\ndness1 x 0 gravely object$1 t x might be well en\gh to sail d[n to ,india1 b t ! *ief difficulty w\ld consi/ 9 climb+ up back aga94 #ajd ,see page #ej4 #aje ,riccioli ,almag4 ,nov4 #ajf ,plut>*1 ,de placit4 ,philos4 lib4 iii4 c4 #ag4 #ajg 4 ,geographi1 lib4 iii4 #ajh ,hi/oria ,naturalis1 lib4 ii4 c1 #ig4 #aji ,ut ancillante sid]e1 trah5teque secum avido hau/u m>ia4 #aaj ,edem ,aquiloni1 et t]ris longius rec$5te1 mitiores quam cum1 9 ,au/ros digress1 propiore nisu vim suam ex]cet4 #aaa ,comm5t>ii ,collegii ,conimbric5sis4 ,coloni1 #afjc4 #aab ,see fig4 #a4 p4 #if4 #aac ,phil4 ,trans41 ,no4 #af1 ,augu/ #afff4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,galileo at ,arcetri--,becomes ,bl9d--,moon's ,libration--,publication ( ! ,dialogues on ,motion4 ,,we h already allud$ to ! imp]fect /ate ( ! k possess$ ) reg>d to ,galileo's dome/ic life & p]sonal habits2 !re is reason h[ev] to ?9k t unpubli%$ mat]ials exi/ f :i* ^! outl9es might be 9 "p fill$ up4 ,v5turi in=ms u t he _h se5 9 ! collection f :i* he d]iv$ a great "p ( ! sub/ance ( 8 ,memoirs ( ,galileo1 ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty manuscript lett]s1 dat$ betwe5 ! ye>s #afbc & #afcc1 address$ to him by 8 daught] ,m>ia1 :o ) h] si/] _h atta*$ h]self to ! conv5t ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 close to ,galileo's usual place ( resid5ce4 ,x is difficult n to ?9k t mu* int]e/+ in=mation might be obta9$ f ^!1 ) respect to ,galileo's dome/ic "*4 ,! v few publi%$ extracts confirm our fav\rable impressions ( x1 & convey a pleas+ idea ( ?is 8 fav\rite daught]4 ,ev5 :51 9 h] affectionate eag]ness to soo! h] fa!r's w\nd$ feel+s at ! close ( 8 imprisonm5t 9 ,rome1 %e dwells ) delight ^u h] hopes ( be+ all[$ to relieve him1 by tak+ on h]self ! p5it5tial recitations :i* =m$ a "p ( 8 s5t5ce1 ! preval5t feel+ excit$ 9 e "o by ! p]usal mu/ surely be sympa?y ) ! filial t5d]ness :i* x is impossible to misund]/&4 ,! joy %e _h anticipat$ 9 aga9 meet+ h] p>5t1 & 9 comp5sat+ to him by h] att5tive affection ! insults ( 8 malignant enemies1 0 de/9$ to be b ( %ort duration4 ,almo/ 9 ! same mon? 9 :i* ,galileo return$ to ,arcetri %e 0 seiz$ ) a fatal illness2 & already 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,april1 #afcd1 we le>n h] dea? f ! fruitless condol5ce ( 8 fri5ds4 ,he 0 deeply & bitt]ly affect$ by ?is additional bl[1 :i* came ^u him :5 he 0 himself 9 a weak & decl9+ /ate ( heal?1 & 8 answ]s brea! a _s ( ! mo/ hopeless & gloomy despond5cy4 ,9 a lett] writt5 9 ,april to ,boc*9]i1 8 son's fa!r-9-law1 he says3 ,! h]nia has return$ worse ?an at fir/3 my pulse is int]mitt+1 accompani$ ) a palpitation ( ! he>t2 an immeasurable sadness & melan*oly2 an entire loss ( appetite2 ,i am hateful to myself2 & 9 %ort ,i feel t ,i am call$ incessantly by my de> daught]4 ,9 ?is /ate1 ,i d n ?9k x advisable t ,v9c5zo %\ld set out on 8 j\rney1 & leave me1 :5 e h\r some?+ may occur1 :i* w\ld make x exp$i5t t he %\ld be "h4 ,9 ?is extremity ( ill heal?1 ,galileo reque/$ leave to g to ,flor5ce = ! advantage ( m$ical assi/ance2 b f> f obta9+ p]mission1 x 0 intimat$ t any additional importunities w\ld be notic$ by depriv+ him ( ! p>tial lib]ty he 0 !n all[$ to enjoy4 ,aft] sev]al ye>s conf9em5t at ,arcetri1 dur+ ! :ole ( :i* "t he suff]$ f cont9ual indisposition1 ! inquisitor ,f>iano wrote to him 9 #afch1 t ! ,pope p]mitt$ 8 removal to ,flor5ce1 = ! purpose ( recov]+ 8 heal?2 requir+ him at ! same "t to pres5t himself at ! ,(fice ( ! ,inquisition1 :]e he w\ld le>n ! conditions on :i* ?is fav\r _h be5 grant$4 ,^! 7 t he %\ld nei!r quit 8 h\se nor receive 8 fri5ds !re2 & s closely 0 ! lett] ( ^! in/ructions adh]$ to1 t he 0 oblig$ to obta9 a special p]mission to g out to att5d mass dur+ ,passion week4 ,! /rictness ) :i* all p]sonal int]c\rse ) 8 fri5ds 0 int]rupt$1 is manife/ f ! result ( ! foll[+ lett] f ! ,duke ( ,tuscany's secret>y ( /ate to ,nicol9i1 8 ambassador at ,rome4 ,signor ,galileo ,galilei1 f 8 great age & ! illnesses :i* afflict him1 is 9 a condition soon to g to ano!r _w2 & al?\gh 9 ?is ! et]nal memory ( 8 fame & value is already secur$1 yet 8 ,highness is greatly desir\s t ! _w %\ld su/a9 z little loss z possible by 8 dea?2 t 8 lab\rs may n p]i%1 b = ! public good may be br\ght to t p]fection :i* he w n be able to give !m4 ,he has 9 8 ?\ghts _m ?+s wor?y ( him1 :i* he _c be prevail$ on to communicate to any b ,fa!r ,b5$etto ,ca/elli1 9 :om he has entire confid5ce4 ,8 ,highness wi%es !re=e t y %\ld see ,ca/elli1 & induce him to procure leave to come to ,flor5ce = a few mon?s = ?is purpose1 :i* 8 ,highness has v mu* at he>t2 & if he obta9s p]mission1 z 8 ,highness hopes1 y w furni% him ) money & e ?+ else he may require = 8 j\rney4 ,ca/elli1 x w be rememb]$1 0 at ?is "t sal>i$ by ! c\rt ( ,rome4 ,nicol9i answ]$ t ,ca/elli _h be5 himself to ! ,pope to ask leave to g to ,flor5ce4 ,urban imm$iately intimat$ 8 suspicions t 8 design 0 to see ,galileo1 & ^u ,ca/elli's /at+ t c]ta9ly x w\ld be impossible = him to refra9 f attempt+ to see him1 he receiv$ p]mission to visit him 9 ! company ( an (fic] ( ! ,inquisition4 ,at ! end ( "s mon?s ,galileo 0 rem&$ to ,arcetri1 :i* he nev] aga9 quitt$4 ,9 addition to 8 o!r infirmities1 a disord] :i* "s ye>s be=e _h affect$ ! sight ( 8 "r eye return$ 9 #afcf2 9 ! c\rse ( ! ensu+ ye> ! o!r eye began to fail also1 & 9 a few mon?s he became totally bl9d4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d any ev5 among ^? :o are ! mo/ c>eless to make a prop] use ( ! invaluable bless+ ( sight1 :o c\ld be> unmov$ to be depriv$ ( x1 b on ,galileo ! loss fell ) peculi> & t]rible sev]ity2 on him :o _h boa/$ t he w\ld nev] cease f us+ ! s5ses :i* ,god _h giv5 him1 9 decl>+ ! glory ( 8 works1 & ! bus9ess ( ^: life _h be5 ! spl5did fulfilm5t ( t und]tak+4 ,! noble/ eye is d>k5$1 said ,ca/elli1 :i* nature ev] made3 an eye s privileg$1 & gift$ ) su* r>e qualities1 t x may ) tru? be said to h se5 m ?an all ( ^? :o are gone1 & to h op5$ ! eyes ( all :o are to come4 ,8 own pati5ce & resignation "u ?is fatal calamity are truly wond]ful2 & if occasionally a ^w ( compla9t escap$ him1 x 0 9 ! *a/5$ tone ( ! foll[+ expressions--,alas6 y\r de> fri5d & s]vant ,galileo has become totally & irrep>ably bl9d2 s t ?is heav51 ?is e>?1 ?is univ]se1 :i* ) wond]ful obs]vations ,i _h enl>g$ a hundr$ & ?\s& times beyond ! belief ( by-gone ages1 h5ce=w>d = me is %runk into ! n>r[ space :i* ,i myself fill 9 x4--,s x pleases ,god3 x %all !re=e please me also4 ,hopes 7 at fir/ ent]ta9$ by ,galileo's fri5ds1 t ! bl9dness 0 occasion$ by cat>acts1 & t he might look =w>d to relief f ! op]ation ( c\*+2 b x v soon appe>$ t ! disord] 0 n 9 ! hum\rs ( ! eye1 b 9 a cl\d9ess ( ! cornea1 ! symptoms ( :i* all ext]nal rem$ies fail$ to alleviate4 ,z long z ! p[] 0 left him1 he _h indefatigably cont9u$ 8 a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,j be=e 8 sight began to decay1 he _h obs]v$ a new ph5om5on 9 ! moon1 :i* is n[ kn[n by ! "n ( ! moon's libration1 ! nature ( :i* we w %ortly expla94 ,a rem>kable circum/ance connect$ ) ! moon's motion is1 t ! same side is always visible f ! e>?1 %[+ t ! moon turns once on h] own axis 9 exactly ! "t ( h] mon?ly revolution4#aad ,b ,galileo1 :o 0 by ?is "t famili> ) ! :ole ( ! moon's visible surface1 obs]v$ t ! above-m5tion$ effect does n accurately take place1 b t a small "p on ei!r side comes alt]nately =w>d into sight1 & !n aga9 rec$es1 accord+ to ! moon's v>i\s positions 9 ! heav5s4 ,he 0 n long 9 detect+ "o ( ! causes ( ?is app>5t libratory or rock+ motion4 ,x is p>tly occasion$ by our di/ance z spectators f ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 :i* is also ! c5tre ( ! moon's motion4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 z ! moon rises 9 ! sky we get an additional view ( ! l[] half1 & lose sight ( a small "p ( ! upp] half :i* 0 visible to u :ile we 7 look+ d[n ^u h] :5 l[ 9 ! horizon4 ,! o!r cause is n q s simple1 nor is x s c]ta9 t ,galileo adv]t$ to x3 x is h[ev] readily intelligible ev5 to ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) a/ronomy1 if !y w receive z a fact t ! mon?ly motion ( ! moon is n uni=m1 b t %e moves quick] at "o "t ?an ano!r1 :il/ ! motion ( rotation on h] own axis1 l t ( ! e>?1 is p]fectly uni=m4 ,a v little reflection w %[ t ! obs]v$ ph5om5on w necess>ily foll[4 ,if ! moon did n turn on h] axis1 e side ( h] w\ld be successively pres5t$1 9 ! c\rse ( a mon?1 t[>ds ! e>?2 x is ! motion ( rotation :i* t5ds to c>ry ! newly discov]$ p>ts out ( sight4 ,let u suppose ! moon to be 9 t "p ( h] orbit :]e %e moves ) h] av]age motion1 & t %e is mov+ t[>ds ! "p :]e %e moves mo/ quickly4 ,if ! motion 9 ! orbit 7 to rema9 ! same all ! way r\nd1 ! motion ( rotation w\ld be j suffici5t at e po9t to br+ r\nd ! same "p ( ! moon directly 9 front ( ! e>?4 ,b s9ce1 f ! suppos$ po9t1 ! moon is mov+ = "s "t r\nd ! e>? ) a motion cont9ually gr[+ quick]1 ! motion ( rotation is n suffici5tly quick to c>ry out ( sight ! entire "p discov]$ by ! motion ( translation4 ,we !re=e get a glimpse ( a n>r[ /rip on ! side f :i* ! moon is mov+1 :i* /rip gr[s broad] & broad]1 till %e passes ! po9t :]e %e moves mo/ swiftly1 & rea*es ! po9t ( av]age swiftness on ! opposite side ( h] orbit4 ,h] motion is n[ cont9ually gr[+ sl[]1 & !re=e f ?is po9t ! motion ( rotation is too swift1 & c>ries too mu* out ( sight1 or 9 o!r words1 br+s into sight a /rip on ! side t[>ds :i* ! moon is mov+4 ,?is increases till %e passes ! po9t ( lea/ swiftness1 & arrives at ! po9t f :i* we began to trace h] c\rse1 & ! ph5om5a are repeat$ 9 ! same ord]4 ,?is int]e/+ obs]vation closes ! long li/ ( ,galileo's discov]ies 9 ! heav5s4 ,aft] 8 abjuration1 he o/5sibly )drew himself 9 a great measure f 8 a/ronomical pursuits1 & employ$ himself till #afcf pr9cipally ) 8 ,dialogues on ,motion1 ! la/ "w ( consequ5ce t he publi%$4 ,9 t ye> he ent]$ into correspond5ce ) ! ,elzevirs1 ?r\gh 8 fri5d ,micanzio1 on ! project ( pr9t+ a complete edition ( 8 writ+s4 ,among ! lett]s :i* ,micanzio wrote on ! subject is "o intimat+ t he _h enjoy$ ! gratification1 9 8 quality ( ,!ologian to ! ,republic ( ,v5ice1 ( refus+ 8 sanction to a "w writt5 aga9/ ,galileo & ,cop]nicus4 ,! temp] h[ev] 9 :i* ?is refusal 0 ann\nc$1 contra/s s+ul>ly ) t ( ! ,roman ,inquisitors4 ,a book 0 br\ght to me :i* a ,v]onese ,capu*9 has be5 writ+1 & wi%$ to pr9t1 d5y+ ! motion ( ! e>?4 ,i 0 incl9$ to let x g1 to make ! _w laugh1 = ! ignorant bea/ entitles e "o ( ! twelve argum5ts :i* compose 8 book1 ',an irrefragable & und5iable demon/ration1' & !n adduces no?+ b su* *ildi% tra% z e man ( s5se has long disc>d$4 ,= in/ance1 ?is poor animal und]/&s s mu* geometry & ma!matics1 t he br+s =w>d z a demon/ration1 t if ! e>? c\ld move1 hav+ no?+ to support x1 x mu/ necess>ily fall4 ,he ought to h add$ t !n we %\ld cat* all ! quails4 ,b :5 ,i saw t he speaks indec5tly ( y1 & has _h ! impud5ce to put d[n an acc\nt ( :at pass$ lately1 say+ t he is 9 possession ( ! :ole ( y\r process & s5t5ce1 ,i desir$ ! man :o br\ght x to me to g & be hang$4 ,b y "k ! +5uity ( imp]t95ce2 ,i suspect he w succe$ else:]e1 because he is s enam\r$ ( 8 absurdities1 t he believes !m m firmly ?an 8 ,bible4 ,aft] ,galileo's condemnation at ,rome1 he _h be5 plac$ by ! ,inquisition 9 ! li/ ( au?ors ! :ole ( ^: writ+s1 'edita et ed5da1' 7 /rictly =bidd54 ,micanzio c\ld n ev5 obta9 p]mission to repr9t ! ,essay on ,float+ ,bodies1 9 spite ( 8 prote/ations t x did n 9 any way relate to ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,?is 0 ! greate/ /igma ) :i* ! ,inquisition 7 9 ! habit ( br&+ obnoxi\s au?ors2 &1 9 consequ5ce ( x1 :5 ,galileo _h complet$ 8 ,dialogues on ,motion1 he f\nd great difficulty 9 contriv+ _! publication1 ! nature ( :i* may be le>n$ f ! acc\nt :i* ,pi]oni s5t to ,galileo ( 8 endeav\rs to pr9t !m 9 ,g]many4 ,he fir/ took ! manuscript to ,vi5na1 b f\nd t e book pr9t$ !re mu/ receive ! approbation ( ! ,jesuits2 & ,galileo's old antagoni/1 ,s*e9]1 happ5+ to be 9 t city1 ,pi]oni fe>$ le/ he %\ld int]f]e to prev5t ! publication altoge!r1 if ! k ( x %\ld rea* him4 ,?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ,c>d9al ,dietri*/e91 he !re=e got p]mission to h x pr9t$ at ,olmutz1 & t x %\ld be approv$ by a ,dom9ican1 s z to keep ! :ole bus9ess a secret f ,s*e9] & 8 p>ty2 b dur+ ?is negociation ! ,c>d9al sudd5ly di$1 & ,pi]oni be+ besides dissatisfi$ ) ! ,olmutz type1 c>ri$ back ! manuscript to ,vi5na1 f :i* he he>d t ,s*e9] _h gone into ,silesia4 ,a new approbation 0 !re procur$1 & ! "w 0 j on ! po9t ( be+ s5t to press1 :5 ! dread$ ,s*e9] re-appe>$ 9 ,vi5na1 on :i* ,pi]oni aga9 ?\ght x advisable to susp5d ! impression till 8 dep>ture4 ,9 ! mean "t 8 own duty z a milit>y ar*itect 9 ! ,emp]or's s]vice c>ri$ him to ,prague1 :]e ,c>d9al ,h>ra*1 on a =m] occasion1 _h (f]$ him ! use ( ! newly-erect$ ,univ]sity press4 ,b ,h>ra* happ5$ n to be at ,prague1 & ?is plan l ! re/ became abortive4 ,9 ! meantime ,galileo1 we>i$ ) ^! delays1 _h engag$ ) ,l\is ,elzevir1 :o und]took to pr9t ! ,dialogues at ,am/]dam4 ,x is abundantly evid5t f ,galileo's correspond5ce t ?is edition 0 pr9t$ ) 8 full concurr5ce1 al?\gh1 9 ord] to obviate fur!r annoyance1 he pret5d$ t x 0 pirat$ f a manuscript copy :i* he s5t into ,france to ! ,comte de ,noailles1 to :om ! "w is d$icat$4 ,! same dissimulation _h be5 previ\sly ?\ght necess>y1 on occasion ( ! ,lat9 translation ( ,! ,dialogues on ! ,sy/em1 by ,b]negg]1 :i* ,galileo expressly reque/$ ?r\gh 8 fri5d ,deodati1 & ( :i* he m ?an once privately signifi$ 8 approbation1 pres5t+ ! translator ) a valuable telescope1 al?\gh he publicly prote/$ aga9/ its appe>ance4 ,! /ory :i* ,b]negg] introduc$ 9 8 preface1 t5d+ to exculpate ,galileo f any %>e 9 ! publication1 is by 8 own confession a m]e fiction4 ,noailles _h be5 ambassador at ,rome1 &1 by 8 conduct !re1 well des]v$ ! complim5t :i* ,galileo paid him on ! pres5t occasion4 ,z an introduction to ! acc\nt ( ?is "w1 :i* ,galileo consid]$ ! be/ he _h ev] produc$1 x w become necess>y to premise a slight sket* ( ! nature ( ! me*anical philosophy :i* he f\nd prevail+1 ne>ly z x _h be5 deliv]$ by ,ari/otle1 ) ! same view ) :i* we introduc$ specim5s ( ! a/ronomical op9ions curr5t :5 ,galileo began to write on t subject3 !y s]ve to %[ ! nature & objects ( ! reason+ :i* he _h to oppose2 &1 )\t "s exposition ( !m1 ! aim & value ( _m ( 8 argum5ts w\ld be imp]fectly und]/ood & appreciat$4 ,,footnotes3 #aad ,frisi says t ,galileo did n p]ceive ?is conclusion 7,elogio del ,galileo72 b see ,! ,dial4 on ! ,sy/em1 ,dial4 #a4 pp4 #fa1 #fb1 #he4 ,edit4 #agdd4 ,plut>* says1 7,de ,placitis ,philos4 lib4 ii4 c4 #bh17 t ! ,py?agoreans believ$ ! moon to h inhabitants fifte5 times z l>ge z m51 & t _! day is fifte5 times z long z ours4 ,x seems probable1 t ! =m] ( ^! op9ions 0 engraft$ on ! latt]1 :i* is true1 & implies a p]ception ( ! fact 9 ! text4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,/ate ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,motion be=e ,galileo4 ,,x is g5]ally difficult to trace any bran* ( human k up to its orig91 & m especially :51 z 9 ! case ( me*anics1 x is v closely connect$ ) ! imm$iate wants ( mank9d4 ,little has be5 told to u :5 we are in=m$ t s soon z a man might wi% to remove a heavy /one1 he w\ld be l$1 by natural in/9ct1 to slide "u x ! end ( "s long in/rum5t1 & t ! same in/9ct w\ld tea* him ei!r to raise ! fur!r end1 or to press x d[nw>ds1 s z to turn r\nd ^u "s support plac$ z ne> to ! /one z possible4#aae ,montucla's hi/ory w\ld h lo/ no?+ 9 value1 if1 omitt+ ?is philosophical view ( ! bir? ( ! art1 he _h cont5t$ himself ) 8 previ\s rem>k1 t !re c be little d\bt t m5 7 famili> ) ! use ( me*anical contrivances long be=e ! idea occurr$ ( enum]at+ or describ+ !m1 or ev5 ( exam9+ v closely ! nature & limits ( ! aid !y are capable ( af=d+4 ,! mo/ c>eless obs]v] inde$ c\ld sc>cely ov]look t ! weights heav$ up ) a lev]1 or roll$ along a slope into _! int5d$ places1 rea*$ !m m sl[ly ?an ^? :i* ! workm5 c\ld lift directly 9 _! h&s2 b x probably ne$$ a mu* long] "t to enable !m to see ! exact relation :i*1 9 ^! & all o!r ma*9es1 exi/s betwe5 ! increase ( ! p[] to move1 & ! decreas+ swiftness ( ! ?+ mov$4 ,9 ! preface to ,galileo's ,treatise on ,me*anical ,sci5ce1 publi%$ 9 #aeib1 he is at "s pa9s to set 9 a cle> light ! real advantages belong+ to ! use ( ma*9es1 :i* 7says he7 ,i h ?\ght x necess>y to d1 because1 if ,i mi/ake n1 ,i see almo/ all me*anics deceiv+ !mselves 9 ! belief t1 by ! help ( a ma*9e1 !y c raise a great] weight ?an !y are able to lift by ! ex]tion ( ! same =ce )\t x4--,n[ if we take any det]m9ate weight1 & any =ce1 & any di/ance :atev]1 x is beyond d\bt t we c move ! weight to t di/ance by means ( t =ce2 because ev5 al?\gh ! =ce may be exce$+ly small1 if we divide ! weight into a numb] ( fragm5ts1 ea* ( :i* is n too mu* = our =ce1 & c>ry ^! pieces "o by "o1 at l5g? we %all h remov$ ! :ole weight2 nor c we reasonably say at ! end ( our "w1 t ?is great weight has be5 mov$ & c>ri$ away by a =ce less ?an itself1 unless we add t ! =ce has pass$ sev]al times ov] ! space ?r\gh :i* ! :ole weight has gone b once4 ,f :i* x appe>s t ! velocity ( ! =ce 7und]/&+ by velocity ! space gone ?r\gh 9 a giv5 "t7 has be5 z _m times great] ?an t ( ! weight1 z ! weight is great] ?an ! =ce3 nor c we on t acc\nt say t a great =ce is ov]come by a small "o1 contr>y to nature3 !n only might we say t nature is ov]come :5 a small =ce moves a great weight z swiftly z itself1 :i* we ass]t to be absolutely impossible ) any ma*9e ei!r already or h]eaft] to be contriv$4 ,b s9ce x may occasionally happ5 t we h b a small =ce1 & want to move a great weight )\t divid+ x into pieces1 !n we mu/ h rec\rse to a ma*9e by means ( :i* we %all remove ! giv5 weight1 ) ! giv5 =ce1 ?r\gh ! requir$ space4 ,b nev]!less ! =ce z be=e w h to travel ov] t v same space z _m times repeat$ z ! weight surpasses its p[]1 s t1 at ! end ( our "w1 we %all f9d t we h d]iv$ no o!r b5efit f our ma*9e ?an t we h c>ri$ away ! same weight altoge!r1 :i* if divid$ into pieces we c\ld h c>ri$ )\t ! ma*9e1 by ! same =ce1 ?r\gh ! same space1 9 ! same "t4 ,?is is "o ( ! advantages ( a ma*9e1 because x (t5 happ5s t we h a lack ( =ce b abundance ( "t1 & t we wi% to move great weights all at once4 ,?is comp5sation ( =ce & "t has be5 fancifully p]sonifi$ by say+ t ,nature _c be *eat$1 & 9 sci5tific treatises on me*anics1 is call$ ! pr9ciple ( virtual velocities1 consi/+ 9 ! !orem t two weights w balance ea* o!r on any ma*9e1 no matt] h[ complicat$ or intricate ! connect+ contrivances may be1 :5 "o weight be>s to ! o!r ! same proportion t ! space ?r\gh :i* ! latt] w\ld be rais$ be>s to t ?r\gh :i* ! =m] w\ld s9k1 9 ! fir/ in/ant ( _! motion1 if ! ma*9e 7 /irr$ by a ?ird =ce4 ,! :ole !ory ( ma*9es consi/s m]ely 9 g5]aliz+ & foll[+ out ?is pr9ciple into its consequ5ces2 comb9$1 :5 ! ma*9es are 9 a /ate ( motion1 ) ano!r pr9ciple equally elem5t>y1 b to :i* our pres5t subject does n lead u to allude m p>ticul>ly4 ,! cr$it ( mak+ kn[n ! pr9ciple ( virtual velocities is univ]sally giv5 to ,galileo2 & s f> des]v$ly1 t he und\bt$ly p]ceiv$ ! importance ( x1 & by introduc+ x ev]y:]e into 8 writ+s succe$$ 9 recomm5d+ x to o!rs2 s t five & tw5ty ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 ,borelli1 :o _h be5 "o ( ,galileo's pupils1 calls x t me*anical pr9ciple ) :i* ev]ybody is s famili>#aaf1 & f t "t to ! pres5t x has cont9u$ to be taught z an elem5t>y tru? 9 mo/ sy/ems ( me*anics4 ,b al?\gh ,galileo _h ! m]it 9 ?is1 z 9 s _m o!r cases1 ( famili>iz+ & reconcil+ ! _w to ! reception ( tru?1 !re are rem>kable traces be=e 8 "t ( ! employm5t ( ?is same pr9ciple1 "s ( :i* h be5 /rangely disreg>d$4 ,lagrange ass]ts#aag t ! anci5ts 7 entirely ignorant ( ! pr9ciple ( virtual velocities1 al?\gh ,galileo1 to :om he ref]s x1 di/9ctly m5tions t he himself f\nd x 9 ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle4 ,montucla quotes a passage f ,ari/otle's ,physics1 9 :i* ! law is /at$ g5]ally1 b adds t he did n p]ceive its imm$iate application to ! lev]1 & o!r ma*9es4 ,! passage to :i* ,galileo alludes is 9 ,ari/otle's ,me*anics1 :]e1 9 discuss+ ! prop]ties ( ! lev]1 he says expressly1 ! same =ce w raise a great] weight1 9 proportion z ! =ce is appli$ at a great] di/ance f ! fulcrum1 & ! reason1 z ,i h already said1 is because x describes a great] circle2 & a weight :i* is f>!r remov$ f ! c5tre is made to move ?r\gh a great] space4#aah ,x is true1 t 9 ! la/ m5tion$ treatise1 ,ari/otle has giv5 o!r reasons :i* belong to a v diff]5t k9d ( philosophy1 & :i* may lead u to d\bt :e!r he fully saw ! =ce ( ! "o we h j quot$4 ,x appe>$ to him n wond]ful t s _m me*anical p>adoxes 7z he call$ !m7 %\ld be connect$ ) circul> motion1 s9ce ! circle itself seem$ ( s p>adoxical a nature4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is made up ( an immoveable c5tre1 & a moveable radius1 qualities :i* are contr>y to ea* o!r4 #b;dly4 ,its circumf]5ce is bo? convex & concave4 #c;dly4 ,! motion by :i* x is describ$ is bo? =w>d & backw>d1 = ! describ+ radius comes back to ! place f :i* x />t$4 #d?ly4 ,! radius is "o2 b e po9t ( x moves 9 describ+ ! circle ) a diff]5t degree ( swiftness4 ,p]haps ,ari/otle may h borr[$ ! idea ( virtual velocities1 contra/+ s /rongly ) 8 o!r physical notions1 f "s old] writ]2 possibly f ,ar*ytas1 :o1 we are told1 0 ! fir/ to r$uce ! sci5ce ( me*anics to me?odical ord]2#aai & :o by ! te/imony ( 8 c\ntrym5 0 gift$ ) extraord9>y tal5ts1 al?\gh none ( 8 works h come d[n to u4 ,! o!r pr9ciples & maxims ( ,ari/otle's me*anical philosophy1 :i* we %all h occasion to cite1 are scatt]$ ?r\gh 8 books on ,me*anics1 on ! ,heav5s1 & 9 8 ,physical ,lectures1 & w !re=e foll[ r unconnect$ly1 ?\gh we h endeav\r$ to arrange !m ) z mu* regul>ity z possible4 ,aft] def9+ a body to be t :i* is divisible 9 e direction1 ,ari/otle proce$s to inquire h[ x happ5s t a body has only ! ?ree dim5sions ( l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness2 & seems to ?9k he has giv5 a reason 9 say+ t1 :5 we speak ( two ?+s1 we d n say all1 b bo?1 & ?ree is ! fir/ numb] ( :i* we say all4#abj ,:5 he comes to speak ( motion1 he says1 ,if motion is n und]/ood1 we _c b rema9 ignorant ( ,nature4 ,motion appe>s to be ( ! nature ( cont9u\s quantities1 & 9 cont9u\s quantity inf9ity fir/ makes its appe>ance2 s z to furni% "s ) a def9ition :o say t cont9u\s quantity is t :i* is inf9itely divisible4--,moreov]1 unless !re be "t1 space1 & a vacuum1 x is impossible t !re %\ld be motion4#aba--;,few propositions ( ,ari/otle's physical philosophy are m notori\s ?an 8 ass]tion t nature abhors a vacuum1 on :i* acc\nt ?is la/ passage is ! m rem>kable1 z he c]ta9ly did n g s f> z to d5y ! exi/5ce ( motion1 & !re=e ass]ts "h ! necessity ( t ( :i* he aft]w>ds attempts to %[ ! absurdity4--,motion is ! en]gy ( :at exi/s 9 p[] s f> =? z s exi/+4 ,x is t act ( a moveable :i* belongs to its p[] ( mov+4#abb ,aft] /ruggl+ ?r\gh su* passages z ! prec$+ we come at la/ to a re/+-place4--,x is difficult to und]/& :at motion is4--,:5 ! same "q 0 once propos$ to ano!r ,greek philosoph]1 he walk$ away1 say+1 ,i _c tell y1 b ,i w %[ y2 an answ] intr9sically wor? m ?an all ! subtleties ( ,ari/otle1 :o 0 n humble-m9d$ en\gh to discov] t he 0 task+ 8 g5ius beyond ! limits m>k$ out = human compreh5sion4 ,he lab\rs 9 ! same mann] & ) ! same success to v>y ! idea ( space4 ,he beg9s ! next book ) decl>+1 t ^? :o say !re is a vacuum ass]t ! exi/5ce ( space2 = a vacuum is space1 9 :i* !re is no sub/ance2 & aft] a long & t$i\s reason+ concludes t1 n only :at space is1 b also :e!r !re be su* a ?+1 _c b be d\bt$4#abc ,( "t he is cont5t to say m]ely1 t x is cle> t "t is n motion1 b t )\t motion !re w\ld be no "t2#abd & !re is p]haps little fault to be f\nd ) ?is rem>k1 und]/&+ motion 9 ! g5]al s5se 9 :i* ,ari/otle "h applies x1 ( e description ( *ange4 ,proce$+ aft] ^! rem>ks on ! nature ( motion 9 g5]al to ! motion ( bodies1 we are told t all local motion is ei!r /raight1 circul>1 or comp\nd$ ( ^! two2 = ^! two are ! only simple sorts ( motion4 ,bodies are divid$ into simple & concrete2 simple bodies are ^? :i* h naturally a pr9ciple ( motion1 z fire & e>?1 & _! k9ds4 ,by simple motion is meant ! motion ( a simple body4#abe ,by ^! expressions ,ari/otle did n mean t a simple body _c h :at he calls a comp\nd motion1 b 9 t case he call$ ! motion viol5t or unnatural2 ?is division ( motion into natural & viol5t runs ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! me*anical philosophy f\nd$ ^u 8 pr9ciples4 ,circul> motion is ! only "o :i* c be endless2#abf ! reason ( :i* is giv5 9 ano!r place3 = t _c be do+1 :i* _c be done2 & !re=e x _c be t a body %\ld be mov+ t[>ds a po9t 7i4e4 ! end ( an inf9ite /raight l9e7 :i!r no motion is suffici5t to br+ x4#abg ,bacon seems to h _h ^! passages 9 view :5 he indulg$ 9 ! reflections :i* we h quot$ 9 page #ad4 ,!re are f\r k9ds ( motion ( "o ?+ by ano!r3 ,draw+1 ,pu%+1 ,c>ry+1 ,roll+4 ,( ^!1 ,c>ry+ & ,roll+ may be ref]r$ to ,draw+ & ,pu%+4#abh--,! prime mov] & ! ?+ mov$ are always 9 contact4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! composition ( motions is /at$ v pla9ly3 :5 a moveable is urg$ 9 two directions ) motions be>+ an indef9itely small ratio to ea* o!r1 x moves necess>ily 9 a /raight l9e1 :i* is ! diamet] ( ! figure =m$ by draw+ ! two l9es ( direction 9 t ratio2#abi & adds1 9 a s+ul>ly curi\s passage1 b :5 x is urg$ = any "t ) two motions :i* h an indef9itely small ratio "o to ano!r1 ! motion _c be /raight1 s t a body describes a curve1 :5 x is urg$ by two motions be>+ an indef9itely small ratio "o to ano!r1 & la/+ an indef9itely small "t4#acj ,he seem$ on ! po9t ( discov]+ "s ( ! real laws ( motion1 :5 he 0 l$ to ask--,:y are bodies 9 motion m easily mov$ ?an ^? :i* are at re/8--,& :y does ! motion cease ( ?+s ca/ into ! air8 ,is x t ! =ce has ceas$ :i* s5t !m =?1 or is !re a /ruggle aga9/ ! motion1 or is x ?r\gh ! disposition to fall1 does x become /rong] ?an ! projectile =ce1 or is x fooli% to ent]ta9 d\bts on ?is "q1 :5 ! body has quitt$ ! pr9ciple ( its motion8 ,a comm5tator at ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury says on ?is passage3 ,!y fall because e ?+ recurs to its nature2 = if y ?r[ a /one a ?\s& times into ! air1 x w nev] accu/om itself to move upw>ds4 ,p]haps we %all n[ f9d x difficult n to smile at ! idea we may =m ( ?is luckless exp]im5tali/1 tea*+ /ones to fly2 yet x may be useful to rememb] t x is only because we h already collect$ an op9ion f ! results ( a va/ numb] ( obs]vations 9 ! daily exp]i5ce ( life1 t our ridicule w\ld n be altoge!r misplac$1 & t we are totally unable to det]m9e by any k9d ( reason+1 unaccompani$ by exp]im5t1 :e!r a /one ?r[n into ! air w\ld fall aga9 to ! e>?1 or move = ev] upw>ds1 or 9 any o!r conceivable mann] & direction4 ,! op9ion :i* ,ari/otle held1 t motion mu/ be caus$ by some?+ 9 contact ) ! body mov$1 l$ him to 8 fam\s !ory t fall+ bodies are accel]at$ by ! air ?r\gh :i* !y pass4 ,we w %[ h[ x 0 attempt$ to expla9 ?is process :5 we come to speak ( m mod]n au?ors4 ,he class$ natural bodies into heavy & light1 rem>k+ at ! same "t t x is cle> t !re are "s bodies possess+ nei!r gravity nor levity4#aca ,by light bodies he und]/ood ^? :i* h a natural t5d5cy to move f ! e>?1 obs]v+ t t :i* is light] is n always light4#acb ,he ma9ta9$ t ! heav5ly bodies 7 altoge!r devoid ( gravity2 & we h already _h occasion to m5tion 8 ass]tion1 t a l>ge body falls fa/] ?an a small "o 9 proportion to its weight4#acc ,) ?is op9ion may be class$ ano!r great mi/ake1 9 ma9ta9+ t ! same bodies fall ?r\gh diff]5t m$iums1 z air or wat]1 ) velocities reciprocally proportional to _! d5sities4 ,by a s+ul> inv]sion ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 ,c>dan1 rely+ on ?is ass]tion1 propos$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury to det]m9e ! d5sities ( air & wat] by obs]v+ ! diff]5t times tak5 by a /one 9 fall+ ?r\gh !m4#acd ,galileo inquir$ aft]w>ds :y ! exp]im5t %\ld n be made ) a cork1 :i* p]t95t "q put an end to ! !ory4 ,!re are curi\s traces /ill pres]v$ 9 ! poem ( ,lucretius ( a me*anical philosophy1 ( :i* ! cr$it is 9 g5]al giv5 to ,democritus1 :]e _m pr9ciples are inculcat$ /rongly at v>iance ) ,ari/otle's notions4 ,we f9d absolute levity d5i$1 & n only ! ass]tion t 9 a vacuum all ?+s w\ld fall1 b t !y w\ld fall ) ! same velocity2 & ! inequalities :i* we obs]ve are attribut$ to ! "r cause1 ! imp$im5t ( ! air1 al?\gh ! error rema9s ( believ+ ! velocity ( bodies fall+ ?r\gh ! air to be proportional to _! weight4#ace ,su* specim5s ( ?is e>li] philosophy may well indispose u t[>ds ,ari/otle1 :o 0 z successful 9 ! sci5ce ( motion z he 0 9 a/ronomy 9 suppress+ ! k ( a !ory s mu* s\nd] ?an t :i* he impos$ s long ^u ! cr$ulity ( 8 bl9d$ admir]s4 ,an agreeable contra/ to ,ari/otle's my/ical say+s & fruitless syllogisms is pres5t$ 9 ,ar*im$es' book on ,equilibrium1 9 :i* he demon/rates v satisfactorily1 ?\gh ) great] cumbr\sness ( app>atus ?an is n[ ?\ght necess>y1 ! pr9cipal prop]ties ( ! lev]4 ,?is & ! ,treatise on ! ,equilibrium ( ,float+ ,bodies are ! only me*anical works :i* h rea*$ u ( ?is writ]1 :o 0 by common cons5t "o ( ! mo/ accompli%$ ma!maticians ( antiquity4 ,ptolemy ! a/ronom] wrote also a ,treatise on ,me*anics1 n[ lo/1 :i* probably conta9$ mu* t w\ld be int]e/+ 9 ! hi/ory ( me*anics2 = ,pappus says1 9 ! ,preface to ! ,eigh? ,book ( 8 ,ma!matical ,collections3 ,!re is no occasion = me to expla9 :at is meant by a heavy1 & :at by a light body1 & :y bodies are c>ri$ up & d[n1 & 9 :at s5se ^! v words 'up' & 'd[n' are to be tak51 & by :at limits !y are b\nd$2 = all ?is is decl>$ 9 ,ptolemy's ,me*anics4#acf ,?is book ( ,ptolemy's appe>s to h be5 also kn[n by ,eutocius1 a comm5tator ( ,ar*im$es1 :o liv$ ab\t ! end ( ! fif? c5tury ( our era2 he intimates t ! doctr9es conta9$ 9 x are gr\nd$ ^u ,ari/otle's2 if s1 its loss is less to be lam5t$4 ,pappus's own book des]ves att5tion = ! enum]ation :i* he makes ( ! me*anical p[]s1 namely1 ! :eel & axle1 ! lev]1 pullies1 ! w$ge & ! screw4 ,he gives ! cr$it to ,h]o & ,philo ( hav+ %[n1 9 works :i* h n rea*$ u1 t ! !ory ( all ^! ma*9es is ! same4 ,9 ,pappus we also f9d ! fir/ attempt to discov] ! =ce necess>y to support a giv5 weight on an incl9$ plane4 ,?is 9 fact is involv$ 9 ! !ory ( ! screw2 & ! same vici\s reason+ :i* ,pappus employs on ?is occasion 0 probably f\nd 9 ^? treatises :i* he quotes ) s mu* approbation4 ,num]\s z are ! faults ( 8 pret5d$ demon/ration1 x 0 receiv$ und\bt+ly = a long p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,*a94 ,! cr$it ( fir/ giv+ ! true !ory ( equilibrium on ! incl9$ plane is usually ascrib$ to ,/ev91 al?\gh1 z we %all pres5tly %[1 ) v little reason4 ,/ev9 suppos$ a *a9 to be plac$ ov] two incl9$ planes1 & to hang d[n 9 ! mann] repres5t$ 9 ! figure4 ,he !n urg$ t ! *a9 w\ld be 9 equilibrium2 = o!rwise1 x w\ld incessantly cont9ue 9 motion1 if !re 7 any cause :y x %\ld beg9 to move4 ,?is be+ conc$$1 he rem>ks fur!r1 t ! p>ts ,,ad & ,,bd are also 9 equilibrium1 be+ exactly simil> to ea* o!r2 & !re=e if !y are tak5 away1 ! rema9+ p>ts ,,ac & ,,bc w also be 9 equilibrium4 ,! weights ( ^! p>ts are proportional to ! l5g?s ,,ac & ,,bc2 & h5ce ,/ev9 conclud$ t two weights w\ld balance on two incl9$ planes1 :i* are to ea* o!r z ! l5g?s ( ! planes includ$ betwe5 ! same p>allels to ! horizon4#acg ,?is conclusion is ! correct "o1 & !re is c]ta9ly great +5uity 9 ?is contrivance to facilitate ! demon/ration2 x mu/ n h[ev] be mi/ak5 = an priori pro(1 z x sometimes seems to h be53 we %\ld rememb] t ! exp]im5ts :i* l$ to ! pr9ciple ( virtual velocities are also necess>y to %[ ! absurdity ( suppos+ a p]petual motion1 :i* is made ! f\ndation ( ?is !orem4 ,t pr9ciple _h be5 appli$ directly to det]m9e ! same proportion 9 a "w writt5 long be=e1 :]e x has rema9$ s+ul>ly conceal$ f ! notice ( mo/ :o h writt5 on ?is subject4 ,! book be>s ! "n ( ,jordanus1 :o liv$ at ,namur 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury2 b ,comm&9e1 :o ref]s to x 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ,pappus1 consid]s x z ! "w ( an e>li] p]iod4 ,! au?or takes ! pr9ciple ( virtual velocities = ! gr\ndwork ( 8 explanations1 bo? ( ! lev] & incl9$ plane2 ! latt] w n occupy mu* space1 & 9 an hi/orical po9t ( view is too curi\s to be omitt$4 ,qu/4 #aj4--;,if two weights desc5d by pa?s ( diff]5t obliquities1 & ! proportion be ! same ( ! weights & ! incl9ations tak5 9 ! same ord]1 !y w h ! same desc5d+ =ce4 ,by ! incl9ations1 ,i d n mean ! angles1 b ! pa?s up to ! po9t 9 :i* bo? meet ! same p]p5dicul>4#ach ,let1 !re=e1 e be ! weight ^u dc1 & h ^u da1 & let e be to h z dc to da4 ,i say ^! weights1 9 ?is situation1 are equally effective4 ,take dk equally incl9$ ) dc1 & ^u x a weight equal to e1 :i* call #f4 ,if possible let e desc5d to l1 s z to raise h to m1 & take #fn equal to hm or el1 & draw ! horizontal & p]p5dicul> l9es z 9 ! figure4 ,illu/ration ,!n nz3n#f 33 db3dk & mh3mx 33 da3db !re=e nz3mx 33 da3dk 33 h3#f1 & !re=e s9ce er is n able to raise #f to n1 nei!r w x be able to raise h to m2 !re=e !y w rema9 z !y are4#aci ,! passage 9 ,italics tacitly assumes ! pr9ciple 9 "q4 ,t>talea1 :o edit$ ,jordanus's book 9 #aefe1 has copi$ ?is !orem v]batim into "o ( 8 own treatises1 & f t "t x appe>s to h attract$ no fur!r att5tion4 ,! re/ ( ! book is ( an inf]ior description4 ,we f9d ,ari/otle's doctr9e repeat$1 t ! velocity ( a fall+ body is proportional to its weight2 t ! weight ( a heavy body *anges ) its =m2 & o!r simil> op9ions4 ,! mann] 9 :i* fall+ bodies are accel]at$ by ! air is giv5 9 detail4 ,by its fir/ motion ! heavy body w drag aft] x :at is beh9d1 & move :at is j bel[ x2 & ^! :5 put 9 motion move :at is next to !m1 s t by be+ set 9 motion !y less imp$e ! fall+ body4 ,9 ?is mann] x has ! effect ( be+ heavi]1 & impels /ill m ^? :i* give way be=e x1 until at la/ !y are no long] impell$1 b beg9 to drag4 ,& ?us x happ5s t its gravity is increas$ by _! attraction1 & _! motion by its gravity1 :5ce we see t its velocity is cont9ually multipli$4 ,9 ?is %ort review ( ! /ate ( me*anical sci5ce be=e ,galileo1 ! "n ( ,guido ,ubaldi ought n to be omitt$1 al?\gh 8 works conta9 little or no?+ orig9al4 ,we h already m5tion$ ,b5$etti z hav+ successfully attack$ "s ( ,ari/otle's /atical doctr9es1 b x is to be notic$ t ! laws ( motion 7 little if at all exam9$ by any ( ^! writ]s4 ,!re are a few !orems connect$ ) ?is latt] subject 9 ,c>dan's extraord9>y book ,on ,proportions1 b = ! mo/ "p false & contradictory4 ,9 ! sev5ty-fir/ proposition ( 8 fif? book1 he exam9es ! =ce ( ! screw 9 support+ a giv5 weight1 & det]m9es x accurately on ! pr9ciple ( virtual velocities2 namely1 t ! p[] appli$ at ! end ( ! horizontal lev] mu/ make a complete circuit at t di/ance f ! c5tre1 :il/ ! weight rises ?r\gh ! p]p5dicul> height ( ! ?read4 ,! v next proposition 9 ! same page is to f9d ! same relation betwe5 ! p[] & weight on an incl9$ plane2 & al?\gh ! id5tity ( pr9ciple 9 ^! two me*anical aids 0 well kn[n1 yet ,c>dan decl>es ! necess>y su/a9+ =ce to v>y z ! angle ( incl9ation ( ! plane1 = no bett] reason ?an t su* an expression w prop]ly repres5t x at ! two limit+ angles ( incl9ation1 s9ce ! =ce is no?+ :5 ! plane is horizontal1 & equal to ! weight :5 p]p5dicul>4 ,?is aga9 %[s h[ cauti\s we %\ld be 9 attribut+ ! full k ( g5]al pr9ciples to ^! e>ly writ]s1 on acc\nt ( occasional indications ( _! hav+ employ$ !m4 ,,footnotes3 #aae ,hi/oire des ,ma?matiques1 vol4 i4 p4 #ig4 #aaf ,de vi ,p]cussionis1 ,bononi1 #affg4 #aag ,mec4 ,analyt4 #aah ,me*anica4 #aai ,diog4 ,la]t4 ,9 vit4 ,ar*yt4 #abj ,de ,clo1 lib4 i4 c4 #a4 #aba ,phys4 lib4 i4 c4 #c4 #abb ,lib4 iii4 c4 #b4 ,! ,ari/otelians di/+ui%$ betwe5 ?+s z exi/+ 9 act or en]gy 77 & ?+s 9 capacity or p[] 774 ,= ! advantage ( ^? :o may ?9k ! di/9ction wor? att5d+ to1 we give an illu/ration ( ,ari/otle's mean+1 f a v acute & le>n$ comm5tator3--,x 7motion7 is some?+ m ?an dead capacity2 some?+ less ?an p]fect actuality2 capacity r\s$1 & /riv+ to quit its lat5t "*2 n ! capable brass1 nor yet ! actual /atue1 b ! capacity 9 en]gy2 t is to say1 ! brass 9 fusion :ile x is becom+ ! /atue & is n yet become4--,! b[ moves n because x may be b5t1 nor because x is b5t2 b ! motion lies betwe52 lies 9 an imp]fect & obscure union ( ! two toge!r2 is ! actuality 7if ,i may s say7 ev5 ( capacity itself3 imp]fect & obscure1 because su* is capacity to :i* x belongs4--,h>ris1 ,philosophical ,arrangem5ts4 #abc ,lib4 iv4 c4 #a4 #abd ,lib4 iv4 c4 #aa4 #abe ,de ,clo1 lib4 i4 c4 #b4 #abf ,phys4 lib4 vii4 c4 #h4 #abg ,de ,clo1 lib4 i4 c4 #f4 #abh ,phys4 lib4 vii4 c4 #b4 #abi ,me*anica4 #acj 1 4 1 4--i4e4 v ds_/dt #aca ,de ,clo1 lib4 i4 c4 #c4 #acb ,lib4 iv4 c4 #b4 #acc ,phys41 lib4 iv4 c4 #h4 #acd ,de ,proport4 ,basile1 #aegj4 #ace ,nunc locus e/1 ut op9or1 9 8 illud quoque rebus ,confirm>e tibi1 nullam rem posse su vi ,corpoream sursum f]ri1 sursumque me>e4-- ,nec quom subsiliunt ignes ad tecta domorum1 ,et cel]i flamm degu/ant tigna trabeisque ,sponte su fac]e id s9e vi subic5te put&um e/4 --,nonne vides etiam quant vi tigna trabeisque ,respuat humor aqu8 ,nam quod magi' m]simus altum ,direct et magn vi multi pressimus gre3-- ,tam cupide sursum revomit magis atque remittit ,plus ut p>te =as em]gant1 exsiliantque3 --,nec tam5 hc1 quantu'/ 9 s$ubitamus1 op9or1 ,qu9vacuum p] inane deorsum cuncta f]antur1 ,sic igitur deb5t flamm quoque posse p] auras ,a]is express sursum subsid]e1 quamquam ,pond]a quantum 9 se e/ deorsum d$uc]e pugn5t4 --,quod si =te aliquis cr$it ,graviora potesse ,corpora1 quo citius rectum p] ,inane f]untur1 --,avius a v] longe ratione rec$it4 ,nam p] ,aquas qucunque cadunt atque ,a]a deorsum ,hc pro pond]ibus casus cel]>e necesse '/ ,propt]ea quia corpus ,aqu1 naturaque t5uis ,a]is haud possunt que rem quamque mor>i3 ,s$ citius c$unt ,gravioribus exsup]ata4 ,at contra nulli de null p>te1 neque ullo ,tempore ,inane pote/ ,vacuum subsi/]e reii ,qu91 sua quod natura petit1 consid]e p]gat3 ,omnia qu propt] deb5t p] ,inane quietum que pond]ibus non quis concita f]ri4 ,de ,r]um ,natura1 lib4 ii1 v4 #ahd-bci4 #acf ,ma?4 ,coll4 ,pisani1 #affb4 #acg uvres ,ma?matiques4 ,leyde1 #afcd4 #ach ,?is is n a lit]al translation1 b by :at foll[s1 is evid5tly ! ,au?or's mean+4 ,8 words are1 ,proportionem igitur decl9ationum dico non angulorum1 s$ l9e>um usque ad quidi/antem resecationem 9 qu qualit] sumunt de directo4 #aci ,opusculum ,de ,pond]ositate4 ,v5etiis1 #aefe4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,galileo's !ory ( ,motion--,extracts f ! ,dialogues4 ,,dur+ ,galileo's resid5ce at ,si5na1 :5 8 rec5t p]secution _h r5d]$ a/ronomy an ungrateful1 & inde$ an unsafe occupation = 8 ev] active m9d1 he return$ ) increas$ pleasure to ! fav\rite employm5t ( 8 e>li] ye>s1 an inquiry into ! laws & ph5om5a ( motion4 ,8 manuscript treatises on motion1 writt5 ab\t #aeij1 :i* are m5tion$ by ,v5turi to be 9 ! ,ducal libr>y at ,flor5ce1 seem1 f ! publi%$ titles ( ! *apt]s1 to consi/ pr9cipally ( objections to ! !ory ( ,ari/otle2 a few only appe> to ent] on a new field ( speculation4 ,! #aa?1 #ac?1 & #ag? *apt]s relate to ! motion ( bodies on v>i\sly incl9$ planes1 & ( projectiles4 ,! title ( ! #ad? implies a new !ory ( accel]at$ motion1 & ! ass]tion 9 t ( ! #af?1 t a body fall+ naturally = h[ev] great a "t w\ld nev] acquire m ?an an assignable degree ( velocity1 %[s t at ?is e>ly p]iod ,galileo _h =m$ j & accurate notions ( ! action ( a resi/+ m$ium4 ,x is haz>d\s to conjecture h[ mu* he might h !n acquir$ ( :at we %\ld n[ call m elem5t>y k2 a saf] c\rse w be to trace 8 progress ?r\gh exi/+ docum5ts 9 _! *ronological ord]4 ,9 #afjb we f9d ,galileo apologiz+ 9 a lett] address$ to 8 e>ly patron ! ,m>*ese ,guido ,ubaldi1 = press+ aga9 ^u 8 att5tion ! iso*ronism ( ! p5dulum1 :i* ,ubaldi _h reject$ z false & impossible4 ,x may n be sup]flu\s to obs]ve t ,galileo's results are n q accurate1 = !re is a p]ceptible increase 9 ! "t occupi$ by ! oscillations 9 l>g] arcs2 x is !re=e probable t he 0 induc$ to speak s confid5tly ( _! p]fect equality1 f attribut+ ! increase ( "t :i* he c\ld n avoid rem>k+ to ! increas$ resi/ance ( ! air dur+ ! l>g] vibrations4 ,! analytical me?ods !n kn[n w\ld n p]mit him to discov] ! curi\s fact1 t ! "t ( a total vibration is n s5sibly alt]$ by ?is cause1 except s f> z x dim9i%es ! ext5t ( ! sw+1 & ?us 9 fact1 7p>adoxical z x may s\nd7 r5d]s ea* oscillation successively m rapid1 ?\gh 9 a v small degree4 ,he does inde$ make ! same rem>k1 t ! resi/ance ( ! air w n affect ! "t ( ! oscillation1 b t ass]tion 0 a consequ5ce ( 8 errone\s belief t ! "t ( vibration 9 all arcs is ! same4 ,_h he be5 aw>e ( ! v>iation1 !re is no reason to ?9k t he c\ld h p]ceiv$ t ?is result is n affect$ by x4 ,9 ?is lett] is ! fir/ m5tion ( ! !orem1 t ! times ( fall d[n all ! *ords drawn f ! l[e/ po9t ( a circle are equal2 & ano!r1 f :i* ,galileo aft]w>ds d$uc$ ! curi\s result1 t x takes less "t to fall d[n ! curve ?an d[n ! *ord1 not)/&+ ! latt] is ! direct & %orte/ c\rse4 ,9 conclusion he says1 ,up to ?is po9t ,i c g )\t exce$+ ! limits ( me*anics1 b ,i h n yet be5 able to demon/rate t all arcs are pass$ 9 ! same "t1 :i* is :at ,i am seek+4 ,9 #afjd he address$ ! foll[+ lett] to ,s>pi1 sugge/+ ! false !ory sometimes call$ ,baliani's1 :o took x f ,galileo4 ,illu/ration3 ,a- ,b- ,c- ,d- ,return+ to ! subject ( motion1 9 :i* ,i 0 entirely )\t a fix$ pr9ciple1 f :i* to d$uce ! ph5om5a ,i h obs]v$1 ,i h hit ^u a proposition1 :i* seems natural & likely en\gh2 & if ,i take x = grant$1 ,i c %[ t ! spaces pass$ 9 natural motion are 9 ! d\ble proportion ( ! times1 & consequ5tly t ! spaces pass$ 9 equal times are z ! odd numb]s beg9n+ f unity1 & ! re/4 ,! pr9ciple is ?is1 t ! swiftness ( ! moveable increases 9 ! proportion ( its di/ance f ! po9t :5ce x began to move2 z = in/ance1--if a heavy body drop f ,a t[>ds ,d1 by ! l9e ,,abcd1 ,i suppose ! degree ( velocity :i* x has at ,b to be> to ! velocity at ,c ! ratio ( ,,ab to ,,ac4 ,i %all be v glad if y\r ,rev]5ce w consid] ?is1 & tell me y\r op9ion ( x4 ,if we admit ?is pr9ciple1 n only1 z ,i h said1 %all we demon/rate ! o!r conclusions1 b we h x 9 our p[] to %[ t a body fall+ naturally1 & ano!r project$ upw>ds1 pass ?r\gh ! same degrees ( velocity4 ,= if ! projectile be ca/ up f ,d to ,a1 x is cle> t at ,d x has =ce en\gh to rea* ,a1 & no f>!r2 & :5 x has rea*$ ,c & ,b1 x is equally cle> t x is /ill jo9$ to a degree ( =ce capable ( c>ry+ x to ,a3 ?us x is manife/ t ! =ces at ,d1 ,c & ,b decrease 9 ! proportion ( ,,ab1 ,,ac1 & ,,ad2 s t if1 9 fall+1 ! degrees ( velocity obs]ve ! same proportion1 t is true :i* ,i h hi!rto ma9ta9$ & believ$4 ,we h no means ( kn[+ h[ e>ly ,galileo discov]$ ! fallacy ( ?is reason+4 ,9 8 ,dialogues on ,motion1 :i* conta9 ! correct !ory1 he has put ?is errone\s supposition 9 ! m\? ( ,sagr$o1 on :i* ,salviati rem>ks1 ,y\r disc\rse has s mu* likelihood 9 x1 t our au?or himself did n d5y to me :5 ,i propos$ x to him1 t he also _h be5 = "s "t 9 ! same mi/ake4 ,b t :i* ,i aft]w>ds extremely wond]$ at1 0 to see discov]$ 9 f\r pla9 words1 n only ! falsity1 b ! impossibility ( a supposition c>ry+ ) x s mu* ( seem+ tru?1 t al?\gh ,i propos$ x to _m1 ,i nev] met ) any "o b did freely admit x to be s2 & yet x is z false & impossible z t motion is made 9 an in/ant3 = if ! velocities are z ! spaces pass$1 ^? spaces w be pass$ 9 equal times1 & consequ5tly all motion mu/ be in/antane\s4 ,! foll[+ mann] ( putt+ ?is reason+ w p]haps make ! conclusion cle>]4 ,! velocity at any po9t is ! space t w\ld be pass$ 9 ! next mom5t ( "t1 if ! motion be suppos$ to cont9ue ! same z at t po9t4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! "t1 :5 ! body is at re/1 ! motion is none2 & !re=e1 on ?is !ory1 ! space pass$ 9 ! next mom5t is none1 & ?us x w be se5 t ! body _c beg9 to move accord+ to ! suppos$ law4 ,a curi\s fact1 notic$ by ,guido ,gr&i 9 8 comm5t>y on ,galileo's ,dialogues on ,motion1 is t ?is false law ( accel]ation is precisely t :i* w\ld make a circul> arc ! %orte/ l9e ( desc5t betwe5 two giv5 po9ts2 & al?\gh 9 g5]al ,galileo only decl>$ t ! fall d[n ! arc is made 9 less "t ?an d[n ! *ord 79 :i* he is q correct71 yet 9 "s places he seems to ass]t t ! circul> arc is absolutely ! %orte/ l9e ( desc5t1 :i* is n true4 ,x has be5 ?\ght possible t ! law1 :i* on reflection he p]ceiv$ to be impossible1 might h orig9ally recomm5d$ itself to him f 8 p]ception t x satisfi$ 8 prejudice 9 ?is respect4 ,john ,b]n\illi1 "o ( ! fir/ ma!maticians 9 ,europe at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 has giv5 u a pro( t su* a reason might impose ev5 on a /rong und]/&+1 9 ! foll[+ argum5t urg$ by him 9 fav\r ( ,galileo's second & correct !ory1 t ! spaces v>y z ! squ>es ( ! times4 ,he _h be5 inve/igat+ ! curve ( swifte/ desc5t1 & f\nd x to be a cycloid1 ! same curve 9 :i* ,huygh5s _h already prov$ t all oscillations are made 9 accurately equal times4 ,i ?9k x1 says he1 wor?y ( rem>k t ?is id5tity only occurs on ,galileo's supposition1 s t ?is alone might lead u to presume x to be ! real law ( nature4 ,= nature1 :i* always does ev]y?+ 9 ! v simple/ mann]1 ?us makes "o l9e d d\ble "w1 :]eas on any o!r supposition1 we mu/ h _h two l9es1 "o = equal oscillations1 ! o!r = ! %orte/ desc5t4#adj ,v5turi m5tions a lett] address$ to ,galileo 9 ,may #afji by ,luca ,val]io1 ?ank+ him = 8 exp]im5ts on ! desc5t ( bodies on incl9$ planes4 ,8 me?od ( mak+ ^! exp]im5ts is detail$ 9 ! ,dialogues on ,motion3--,9 a rule1 or r plank ( wood1 ab\t twelve y>ds long1 half a y>d broad "o way1 & ?ree in*es ! o!r1 we made ^u ! n>r[ side or edge a groove ( little m ?an an in* wide3 we cut x v /raight1 &1 to make x v smoo? & sleek1 we glu$ ^u x a piece ( vellum1 poli%$ & smoo!d z exactly z possible1 & 9 t we let fall a v h>d1 r\nd1 & smoo? brass ball1 rais+ "o ( ! ends ( ! plank a y>d or two at pleasure above ! horizontal plane4 ,we obs]v$1 9 ! mann] t ,i %all tell y pres5tly1 ! "t :i* x sp5t 9 runn+ d[n1 & repeat$ ! same obs]vation aga9 & aga9 to assure ourselves ( ! "t1 9 :i* we nev] f\nd any diff]5ce1 no1 n s mu* z ! t5? "p ( "o beat ( ! pulse4 ,hav+ made & settl$ ?is exp]im5t1 we let ! same ball desc5d ?r\gh a f\r? "p only ( ! l5g? ( ! groove1 & f\nd ! measur$ "t to be exactly half ! =m]4 ,cont9u+ our exp]im5ts ) o!r portions ( ! l5g?1 comp>+ ! fall ?r\gh ! :ole ) ! fall ?r\gh half1 two-?irds1 ?ree-f\r?s1 9 %ort1 ) ! fall ?r\gh any "p1 we f\nd by _m hundr$ exp]im5ts t ! spaces pass$ ov] 7 z ! squ>es ( ! times1 & t ?is 0 ! case 9 all incl9ations ( ! plank2 dur+ :i*1 we also rem>k$ t ! times ( desc5t1 on diff]5t incl9ations1 obs]ve accurately ! proportion assign$ to !m f>!r on1 & demon/rat$ by our au?or4 ,z to ! e/imation ( ! "t1 we hung up a great bucket full ( wat]1 :i* by a v small hole pi]c$ 9 ! bottom squirt$ out a f9e ?read ( wat]1 :i* we caught 9 a small glass dur+ ! :ole "t ( ! diff]5t desc5ts3 !n weigh+ f "t to "t1 9 an exact pair ( scales1 ! quantity ( wat] caught 9 ?is way1 ! diff]5ces & proportions ( _! weights gave ! diff]5ces & proportions ( ! times2 & ?is ) su* exactness t1 z ,i said be=e1 al?\gh ! exp]im5ts 7 repeat$ aga9 & aga91 !y nev] diff]$ 9 any degree wor? notic+4 ,9 ord] to get rid ( ! friction1 ,galileo aft]w>ds sub/itut$ exp]im5ts ) ! p5dulum2 b ) all 8 c>e he err$ v widely 9 8 det]m9ation ( ! space ?r\gh :i* a body w\ld fall 9 #a1 if ! resi/ance ( ! air & all o!r imp$im5ts 7 remov$4 ,he fix$ x at #d braccia3 ,m]s5ne has engrav$ ! l5g? ( ! 'braccia' us$ by ,galileo1 9 8 ,h>monie ,univ]selle1 f :i* x appe>s to be ab\t #bc ,engli% in*es1 s t ,galileo's result is r less ?an eight feet4 ,m]s5ne's own result f direct obs]vation 0 ?irte5 feet3 he also made exp]im5ts 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 ) a p5dulum #cbe feet long1 ! vibrations ( :i* 7 made 9 #aj2 f ?is ! fall 9 #a might h be5 d$uc$ r m ?an sixte5 feet1 :i* is v close to ! tru?4 ,f ano!r lett] also writt5 9 ! e>ly "p ( #afji1 we le>n t ,galileo 0 !n busi$ ) exam9+ ! /r5g? & resi/ance ( beams ( diff]5t sizes & =ms1 & h[ mu* weak] !y are 9 ! middle ?an at ! ends1 & h[ mu* great] weight !y c support laid along _! :ole l5g?1 ?an if su/a9$ on a s+le po9t1 & ( :at =m !y %\ld be s z to be equally /rong ?r\gh\t4 ,he 0 also speculat+ on ! motion ( projectiles1 & _h satisfi$ himself t _! motion 9 a v]tical direction is unaffect$ by _! horizontal velocity2 a conclusion :i*1 comb9$ ) 8 o!r exp]im5ts1 l$ him aft]w>ds to det]m9e ! pa? ( a projectile 9 a non-resi/+ m$ium to be p>abolical4 ,t>talea is suppos$ to h be5 ! fir/ to rem>k t no bullet moves 9 a horizontal l9e2 b 8 !ory beyond ?is po9t 0 v errone\s1 = he suppos$ ! bullet's pa? ?r\gh ! air to be made up ( an asc5d+ & desc5d+ /raight l9e1 connect$ 9 ! middle by a circul> arc4 ,?omas ,digges1 9 8 treatise on ! ,newe ,sci5ce ( ,great ,artill]ie1 came mu* ne>] ! tru?2 = he rem>k$#ada1 t ,! bullet viol5tlye ?r[ne out ( ! peece by ! furie ( ! p\ld] ha? two motions3 ! "o viol5t1 :i* endeuore? to c>ry ! bullet "r out 9 8 l9e diagonall1 accord+ to ! direction ( ! peece's axis1 f :5ce ! viol5t motion proce$e?2 ! o!r naturall 9 ! bullet itselfe1 :i* endeuore? /ill to c>rye ! same directlye d[new>d by a "r l9e p]p5dicul>e to ! horizon1 & :i* doo? ?\gh ins5siblye eu5 f ! beg9n+ by little & little drawe x f t direct & diagonall c\rse4 ,& a little f>!r he obs]ves t ,^! middle curve arkes ( ! bullet's circuite1 comp\nd$ ( ! viol5t & naturall motions ( ! bullet1 albeit !y be inde$ m]e helicall1 yet h !y a v great resemblance ( ! ,arkes ,conical4 ,& 9 r&ons above #de !y doe mu* resemble ! ,hyp]bole1 & 9 all vnd] ! ,ellepsis4 ,b exactlye !y neu] accorde1 be+ inde$ ,spirall mixte & ,helicall4 ,p]haps ,digges des]ves no great] cr$it f ?is latt] passage ?an ! praise ( a %>p & accurate eye1 = he does n appe> to h f\nd$ ?is det]m9ation ( ! =m ( ! curve on any !ory ( ! direct fall ( bodies2 b ,galileo's arrival at ! same result 0 prec$$1 z we h se51 by a c>eful exam9ation ( ! simple/ ph5om5a into :i* ?is comp\nd motion may be resolv$4 ,b x is "t to proce$ to ! analysis ( 8 ,dialogues on ,motion1 ^! prelim9>y rem>ks on _! subject matt] hav+ be5 m]ely int5d$ to %[ h[ long be=e _! publication ,galileo 0 9 possession ( ! pr9cipal !ories conta9$ 9 !m4 ,desc>tes1 9 "o ( 8 lett]s to ,m]s5ne1 ins9uates t ,galileo _h tak5 _m ?+s 9 ^! ,dialogues f him3 ! two :i* he especially in/ances are ! iso*ronism ( ! p5dulum1 & ! law ( ! spaces v>y+ z ! squ>es ( ! times4#adb ,desc>tes 0 born 9 #aeif3 we h %[n t ,galileo obs]v$ ! iso*ronism ( ! p5dulum 9 #aehc1 & knew ! law ( ! spaces 9 #afjd1 al?\gh he 0 !n attempt+ to d$uce x f an errone\s pr9ciple4 ,z ,desc>tes on m ?an "o occasion has be5 made to usurp ! cr$it due to ,galileo1 79 no in/ance m gl>+ly s ?an :5 he has be5 absurdly /yl$ ! =]unn] ( ,newton17 x w n be misplac$ to m5tion a few ( 8 op9ions on ^! subjects1 record$ 9 8 lett]s to ,m]s5ne 9 ! collection ( 8 lett]s j cit$3--,i am a/oni%$ at :at y tell me ( hav+ f\nd by exp]im5t t bodies ?r[n up 9 ! air take nei!r m nor less "t to rise ?an to fall aga92 & y w excuse me if ,i say t ,i look ^u ! exp]im5t z a v difficult "o to make accurately4 ,?is proportion ( increase accord+ to ! odd numb]s #a1 #c1 #e1 #g1 c41 :i* is 9 ,galileo1 & :i* ,i ?9k ,i wrote to y "s "t back1 _c be true1 z ,i believe ,i intimat$ at ! same "t1 unless we make two or ?ree suppositions :i* are entirely false4 ,"o is ,galileo's op9ion1 t motion increases gradually f ! sl[e/ degree2 & ! o!r is1 t ! air makes no resi/ance4 ,9 a lat] lett] to ! same p]son he says1 app>5tly ) "s uneas9ess1 ,i h be5 revis+ my notes on ,galileo1 9 :i* ,i h n said expressly1 t fall+ bodies d n pass ?r\gh e degree ( sl[ness1 b ,i said t ?is _c be det]m9$ )\t kn[+ :at weight is2 :i* comes to ! same ?+4 ,z to y\r example1 ,i grant t x proves t e degree ( velocity is inf9itely divisible1 b n t a fall+ body actually passes ?r\gh all ^! divisions4--,x is c]ta9 t a /one is n equally dispos$ to receive a new motion or increase ( velocity1 :5 x is already mov+ v quickly1 & :5 x is mov+ sl[ly4 ,b ,i believe t ,i am n[ able to det]m9e 9 :at proportion ! velocity ( a /one increases1 n :5 fall+ 9 a vacuum1 b 9 ?is sub/antial atmosph]e4--,h[ev] ,i h n[ got my m9d full ( o!r ?+s1 & ,i _c amuse myself ) hunt+ ?is out1 nor is x a matt] ( mu* utility4 ,he aft]w>ds returns once m to ! same subject3--,z to :at ,galileo says1 t fall+ bodies pass ?r\gh e degree ( velocity1 ,i d n believe t x g5]ally happ5s1 b ,i all[ x is n impossible t x may happ5 occasionally4 ,aft] ?is ! read] w "k :at value to atta* to ! foll[+ ass]tion by ! same ,desc>tes3--,i see no?+ 9 ,galileo's books to envy him1 & h>dly any ?+ :i* ,i w\ld own z m9e2 & !n may judge h[ f> ,salusbury's blunt decl>ation is borne out1 ,:]e or :5 did any "o appe> t dur/ ent] ! li/s ) our ,galileus8 save only "o bold & un=tunate ,fr5*man1 :o yet no soon] came )9 ! r+ b he 0 hiss$ out aga94#adc ,! pr9cipal m]it ( ,desc>tes mu/ und\bt$ly be d]iv$ f ! great advances he made 9 :at are g5]ally t]m$ ,ab/ract or ,pure ,ma!matics2 nor 0 he sl[ to po9t out to ,m]s5ne & 8 o!r fri5ds ! ackn[l$g$ inf]iority ( ,galileo to himself 9 ?is respect4 ,we h n suffici5t pro( t ?is diff]5ce w\ld h exi/$ if ,galileo's att5tion _h be5 equally direct$ to t object2 ! s+ul> elegance ( "s ( 8 geometrical con/ructions indicates great tal5t = ?is z well z = 8 own m fav\rite speculations4 ,b he 0 f> m pr(itably employ$3 geometry & pure ma!matics already f> out/ripp$ any useful application ( _! results to physical sci5ce1 & x 0 ! bus9ess ( ,galileo's life to br+ up ! latt] to ! same level4 ,he f\nd ab/ract !orems already demon/rat$ 9 suffici5t numb] = 8 purpose1 nor 0 !re occasion to task 8 g5ius 9 se>* ( new me?ods ( inquiry1 till all 0 exhau/$ :i* c\ld be le>n$ f ^? already 9 use4 ,! result ( 8 lab\rs 0 t 9 ! age imm$iately succe$+ ,galileo1 ! /udy ( nature 0 no long] 9 arre> ( ! ab/ract !ories ( numb] & measure2 & :5 ! g5ius ( ,newton press$ x =w>d to a /ill high] degree ( p]fection1 x became necess>y to discov] at ! same "t m p[]ful in/rum5ts ( inve/igation4 ,?is alt]nat+ process has be5 successfully cont9u$ to ! pres5t "t2 ! analy/ acts z ! pione] ( ! naturali/1 s t ! ab/ract rese>*es1 :i* at fir/ h no value b 9 ! eyes ( ^? to :om an elegant =mula1 9 its own beauty1 is a s\rce ( pleasure z real & z ref9$ z a pa9t+ or a /atue1 are (t5 f\nd to furni% ! only means = p5etrat+ into ! mo/ intricate & conceal$ ph5om5a ( natural philosophy4 ,desc>tes & ,delambre agree 9 suspect+ t ,galileo pref]r$ ! dialogi/ic =m = 8 treatises1 because x af=d$ a ready opportunity = him to praise 8 own inv5tions3 ! reason :i* he himself gave is1 ! great] facility = introduc+ new matt] & collat]al inquiries1 su* z he seldom fail$ to add ea* "t t he rep]us$ 8 "w4 ,we %all select 9 ! fir/ place en\gh to %[ ! ext5t ( 8 k on ! pr9cipal subject1 motion1 & %all !n allude z well z our limits w all[ to ! v>i\s o!r po9ts incid5tally br\ght =w>d4 ,! dialogues are betwe5 ! same speak]s z 9 ! ,sy/em ( ! ,_w2 & 9 ! fir/ ,simplicio gives ,ari/otle's pro(1#add t motion 9 a vacuum is impossible1 because accord+ to him bodies move ) velocities 9 ! comp\nd proportion ( _! weights & ! r>ities ( ! m$iums ?r\gh :i* !y move4 ,& s9ce ! d5sity ( a vacuum be>s no assignable ratio to t ( any m$ium 9 :i* motion has be5 obs]v$1 any body :i* %\ld employ "t 9 mov+ ?r\gh ! latt]1 w\ld pass ?r\gh ! same di/ance 9 a vacuum in/antane\sly1 :i* is impossible4 ,salviati replies by d5y+ ! axioms1 & ass]ts t if a cannon ball weigh+ #bjj lbs41 & a musket ball weigh+ half a p\nd1 be dropp$ toge!r f a t[] #bjj y>ds high1 ! =m] w n anticipate ! latt] by s mu* z a foot2 & ,i w\ld n h y d z "s are wont1 :o fa/5 ^u "s say+ ( m9e t may want a hair's bread? ( ! tru?1 & "u ?is hair !y seek to hide ano!r man's blund] z big z a cable4 ,ari/otle says t an iron ball weigh+ #ajj lbs4 w fall f ! height ( #ajj y>ds :ile a weight ( "o p\nd falls b "o y>d3 ,i say !y w rea* ! gr\nd toge!r4 ,!y f9d ! bigg] to anticipate ! less by two in*es1 & "u ^! two in*es !y seek to hide ,ari/otle's #ii y>ds4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 reply to ?is argum5t ,salviati =mally ann\nces ! pr9ciple :i* is ! f\ndation ( ! :ole ( ,galileo's !ory ( motion1 & :i* mu/ !re=e be quot$ 9 8 own words3--,a heavy body has by nature an intr9sic pr9ciple ( mov+ t[>ds ! common c5tre ( heavy ?+s2 t is to say1 to ! c5tre ( our t]re/rial globe1 ) a motion cont9ually accel]at$ 9 su* mann] t 9 equal times !re are always equal additions ( velocity4 ,?is is to be und]/ood z hold+ true only :5 all accid5tal & ext]nal imp$im5ts are remov$1 among/ :i* is "o t we _c obviate1 namely1 ! resi/ance ( ! m$ium4 ,?is opposes itself1 less or m1 accord+ly z x is to op5 m sl[ly or ha/ily to make way = ! moveable1 :i* be+ by its own nature1 z ,i h said1 cont9ually accel]at$1 consequ5tly enc\nt]s a cont9ually increas+ resi/ance 9 ! m$ium1 until at la/ ! velocity rea*es t degree1 & ! resi/ance t p[]1 t !y balance ea* o!r2 all fur!r accel]ation is prev5t$1 & ! moveable cont9ues ev] aft] ) an uni=m & equable motion4 ,t su* a limit+ velocity is n great] ?an "s :i* may be exhibit$ may be prov$ z ,galileo sugge/$ by fir+ a bullet upw>ds1 :i* w 9 its desc5t /rike ! gr\nd ) less =ce ?an x w\ld h done if imm$iately f ! m\? ( ! gun2 = he argu$ t ! degree ( velocity :i* ! air's resi/ance is capable ( dim9i%+ mu/ be great] ?an t :i* c\ld ev] be rea*$ by a body fall+ naturally f re/4 ,i d n ?9k ! pres5t occasion a fit "o = exam9+ ! cause ( ?is accel]ation ( natural motion1 on :i* ! op9ions ( philosoph]s are mu* divid$2 "s ref]r+ x to ! approa* t[>ds ! c5tre1 "s to ! cont9ual dim9ution ( t "p ( ! m$ium rema9+ to be divid$1 "s to a c]ta9 extrusion ( ! ambi5t m$ium1 :i* unit+ aga9 beh9d ! moveable presses & hurries x =w>ds4 ,all ^! fancies1 ) o!rs ( ! l sort1 we might sp5d our "t 9 exam9+1 & ) little to ga9 by resolv+ !m4 ,x is en\gh = our au?or at pres5t t we und]/& 8 object to be ! inve/igation & exam9ation ( "s ph5om5a ( a motion s accel]at$1 7no matt] :at may be ! cause17 t ! mom5ta ( velocity1 f ! beg9n+ to move f re/1 increase 9 ! simple proportion 9 :i* ! "t increases1 :i* is z mu* z to say1 t 9 equal times are equal additions ( velocity4 ,& if x %all turn out t ! ph5om5a demon/rat$ on ?is supposition are v]ifi$ 9 ! motion ( fall+ & naturally accel]at$ weights1 we may !nce conclude t ! assum$ def9ition does describe ! motion ( heavy bodies1 & t x is true t _! accel]ation v>ies 9 ! ratio ( ! "t ( motion4 ,:5 ,galileo fir/ publi%$ ^! ,dialogues on ,motion1 he 0 oblig$ to re/ 8 demon/rations ^u ano!r pr9ciple besides1 namely1 t ! velocity acquir$ 9 fall+ d[n all incl9$ planes ( ! same p]p5dicul> height is ! same4 ,z ?is result 0 d]iv$ directly f exp]im5t1 & f t only1 8 !ory 0 s f> imp]fect till he c\ld %[ its consi/5cy ) ! above suppos$ law ( accel]ation4 ,:5 ,viviani 0 /udy+ ) ,galileo1 he express$ 8 dissatisfaction at ?is *asm 9 ! reason+2 ! consequ5ce ( :i* 01 t ,galileo1 z he lay ! same night1 sleepless ?r\gh indisposition1 discov]$ ! pro( :i* he _h long s\ght 9 va91 & introduc$ x into ! subsequ5t editions4 ,! ?ird dialogue is pr9cipally tak5 up ) !orems on ! direct fall ( bodies1 _! times ( desc5t d[n diff]5tly incl9$ planes1 :i* 9 planes ( ! same height he det]m9$ to be z ! l5g?s1 & ) o!r inquiries connect$ ) ! same subject1 su* z ! /raight l9es ( %orte/ desc5t "u diff]5t data1 c4 ,illu/ration ,! f\r? dialogue is appropriat$ to projectile motion1 det]m9$ ^u ! pr9ciple t ! horizontal motion w cont9ue ! same z if !re 7 no v]tical motion1 & ! v]tical motion z if !re 7 no horizontal motion4 ,let ,,ab repres5t a horizontal l9e or plane plac$ on high1 on :i* let a body be c>ri$ ) an equable motion f ,a t[>ds ,b1 & ! support ( ! plane be+ tak5 away at ,b1 let ! natural motion d[nw>ds due to ! body's weight come ^u x 9 ! direction ( ! p]p5dicul> ,,bn4 ,moreov] let ! /raight l9e ,,be drawn 9 ! direction ,,ab be tak5 to repres5t ! fl[1 or measure1 ( ! "t1 on :i* let any numb] ( equal p>ts ,,bc1 ,,cd1 ,,de1 c4 be m>k$ at pleasure1 & f ! po9ts ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 let l9es be drawn p>allel to ,,bn2 9 ! fir/ ( ^! let any "p ,,ci be tak51 & let ,,df be tak5 f\r times z great z ,,ci1 ,,eh n9e times z great1 & s on1 proportionally to ! squ>es ( ! l9es ,,bc1 ,,bd1 ,,be1 c41 or1 z we say1 9 ! d\ble proportion ( ^! l9es4 ,n[ if we suppose t :il/ by its equable horizontal motion ! body moves f ,b to ,c1 x also desc5ds by its weight ?r\gh ,,ci1 at ! end ( ! "t d5ot$ by ,,bc x w be at ,i4 ,moreov] 9 ! "t ,,bd1 d\ble ( ,,bc1 x w h fall5 f\r times z f>1 = 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! ,treatise x has be5 %ewn t ! spaces fall5 ?r\gh by a heavy body v>y z ! squ>es ( ! times4 ,simil>ly at ! end ( ! "t ,,be1 or ?ree times ,,bc1 x w h fall5 ?r\gh ,,eh1 & w be at ,h4 ,& x is pla9 t ! po9ts ,i1 ,f1 ,h1 are 9 ! same p>abolical l9e ,,bifh4 ,! same demon/ration w apply if we take any numb] ( equal p>ticles ( "t ( :atev] duration4 ,! curve call$ "h a ,p>abola by ,galileo1 is "o ( ^? :i* results f cutt+ /raight ?r\gh a ,cone1 & !re=e is call$ also "o ( ! ,conic ,sections1 ! curi\s prop]ties ( :i* curves _h drawn ! att5tion ( geometricians long be=e ,galileo ?us began to po9t out _! intimate connexion ) ! ph5om5a ( motion4 ,aft] ! proposition we h j extract$1 he proce$s to anticipate "s objections to ! !ory1 & expla9s t ! c\rse ( a projectile w n be accurately a p>abola = two reasons2 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! resi/ance ( ! air1 & p>tly because a horizontal l9e1 or "o equidi/ant f ! e>?'s c5tre1 is n /raight1 b circul>4 ,! latt] cause ( diff]5ce w1 h[ev]1 z he says1 be ins5sible 9 all su* exp]im5ts z we are able to make4 ,! re/ ( ! ,dialogue is tak5 up ) diff]5t con/ructions = det]m9+ ! circum/ances ( ! motion ( projectiles1 z _! range1 greate/ height1 c42 & x is prov$ t1 ) a giv5 =ce ( projection1 ! range w be greate/ :5 a ball is project$ at an elevation ( #de1 ranges ( all angles equally incl9$ above & bel[ #de correspond+ exactly to ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ subjects discuss$ 9 ^! dialogues is ! fam\s notion ( ,nature's horror ( a vacuum or empty space1 :i* ! old s*ool ( philosophy consid]$ z impossible to be obta9$4 ,galileo's notions ( x 7 v diff]5t2 = al?\gh he /ill unadvis$ly adh]$ to ! old phrase to d5ote ! resi/ance exp]i5c$ 9 endeav\r+ to sep>ate two smoo? surfaces1 he 0 s f> f look+ ^u a vacuum z an impossibility1 t he has describ$ an app>atus by :i* he endeav\r$ to measure ! =ce necess>y to produce "o4 ,?is consi/$ ( a cyl9d]1 into :i* is tightly fitt$ a pi/on2 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! pi/on passes a rod ) a conical valve1 :i*1 :5 drawn d[n1 %uts ! ap]ture closely1 support+ a basket4 ,! space betwe5 ! pi/on & cyl9d] be+ fill$ full ( wat] p\r$ 9 ?r\gh ! ap]ture1 ! valve is clos$1 ! vessel rev]s$1 & weights are add$ till ! pi/on is drawn =cibly d[nw>ds4 ,galileo conclud$ t ! weight ( ! pi/on1 rod1 & add$ weights1 w\ld be ! measure ( ! =ce ( resi/ance to ! vacuum :i* he suppos$ w\ld take place betwe5 ! pi/on & l[] surface ( ! wat]4 ,! defects 9 ?is app>atus = ! purpose int5d$ are ( no consequ5ce1 s f> z reg>ds ! pres5t argum5t1 & x is p]haps ne$less to obs]ve t he 0 mi/ak5 9 suppos+ ! wat] w\ld n desc5d ) ! pi/on4 ,?is exp]im5t occasions a rem>k f ,sagr$o1 t he _h obs]v$ t a lift+-pump w\ld n "w :5 ! wat] 9 ! ci/]n _h sunk to ! dep? ( ?irty-five feet bel[ ! valve2 t he ?\ght ! pump 0 injur$1 & s5t = ! mak] ( x1 :o assur$ him t no pump ^u t con/ruction w\ld lift wat] f s great a dep?4 ,?is /ory is sometimes told ( ,galileo1 z if he _h said sne]+ly on ?is occasion t ,nature's horror ( a vacuum does n ext5d beyond ?irty-five feet2 b x is v pla9 t if he _h made su* an obs]vation1 x w\ld h be5 s]i\sly2 & 9 fact by su* a limitation he depriv$ ! notion ( ! pr9cipal "p ( its absurdity4 ,he evid5tly _h adopt$ ! common notion ( suction1 = he comp>es ! column ( wat] to a rod ( metal susp5d$ f its upp] end1 :i* may be l5g!n$ till x breaks ) its own weight4 ,x is c]ta9ly v extraord9>y t he fail$ to obs]ve h[ simply ^! ph5om5a may be expla9$ by a ref]5ce to ! weight ( ! ela/ic atmosph]e1 :i* he 0 p]fectly well acqua9t$ )1 & endeav\r$ by ! foll[+ +5i\s exp]im5t to det]m9e3--,take a l>ge glass flask ) a b5t neck1 & r\nd its m\? tie a lea!rn pipe ) a valve 9 x1 ?r\gh :i* wat] may be =c$ into ! flask ) a syr+e )\t suff]+ any air to escape1 s t x w be compress$ )9 ! bottle4 ,x w be f\nd difficult to =ce 9 m ?an ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( :at ! flask w hold1 :i* mu/ be c>efully weigh$4 ,! valve mu/ !n be op5$1 & j s mu* air w ru% out z w\ld 9 its natural d5sity occupy ! space n[ fill$ by ! wat]4 ,weigh ! vessel aga92 ! diff]5ce w %[ ! weight ( t quantity ( air4#ade ,by ^! means1 :i* ! mod]n exp]im5tali/ w see 7 sc>cely capable ( mu* accuracy1 ,galileo f\nd t air 0 f\r hundr$ times light] ?an wat]1 in/ead ( t5 times1 :i* 0 ! proportion fix$ on by ,ari/otle4 ,! real proportion is ab\t #hcj times4 ,! true !ory ( ! rise ( wat] 9 a lift+-pump is commonly dat$ f ,torricelli's fam\s exp]im5t ) a column ( m]cury1 9 #afdd1 :5 he f\nd t ! greate/ height at :i* x w\ld /& is f\rte5 times less ?an ! height at :i* wat] w /&1 :i* is exactly ! proportion ( weight betwe5 wat] & m]cury4 ,! foll[+ curi\s lett] f ,baliani1 9 #afcj1 %[s t ! orig9al m]it ( sugge/+ ! real cause belongs to him1 & r5d]s x /ill m unacc\ntable t ,galileo1 to :om x 0 address$1 %\ld n at once h adopt$ ! same view ( ! subject3--,i h believ$ t a vacuum may exi/ naturally ev] s9ce ,i knew t ! air has s5sible weight1 & t y taught me 9 "o ( y\r lett]s h[ to f9d its weight exactly1 ?\gh ,i h n yet succe$$ ) t exp]im5t4 ,f t mom5t ,i took up ! notion t x is n repugnant to ! nature ( ?+s t !re %\ld be a vacuum1 b m]ely t x is difficult to produce4 ,to expla9 myself m cle>ly3 if we all[ t ! air has weight1 !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 air & wat] except 9 degree4 ,at ! bottom ( ! sea ! weight ( ! wat] above me compresses ev]y?+ r\nd my body1 & x /rikes me t ! same ?+ mu/ happ5 9 ! air1 we be+ plac$ at ! bottom ( its imm5sity2 we d n feel its weight1 nor ! compression r\nd u1 because our bodies are made capable ( support+ x4 ,b if we 7 9 a vacuum1 !n ! weight ( ! air above our heads w\ld be felt4 ,x w\ld be felt v great1 b n inf9ite1 & !re=e det]m9able1 & x might be ov]come by a =ce proportion$ to x4 ,9 fact ,i e/imate x to be su* t1 to make a vacuum1 ,i believe we require a =ce great] ?an t ( a column ( wat] ?irty feet high4#adf ,illu/ration ,?is subject is introduc$ by "s obs]vations on ! =ce ( cohesion1 ,galileo seem+ to be ( op9ion t1 al?\gh x _c be adequately acc\nt$ = by ! great & pr9cipal resi/ance to a vacuum1 yet t p]haps a suffici5t cause may be f\nd by consid]+ e body z compos$ ( v m9ute p>ticles1 betwe5 e two ( :i* is ex]t$ a simil> resi/ance4 ,?is rem>k s]ves to lead to a discussion on indivisibles & inf9ite quantities1 ( :i* we %all m]ely extract :at ,galileo gives z a curi\s p>adox sugge/$ 9 ! c\rse ( x4 ,he supposes a bas9 to be =m$ by scoop+ a hemisph]e out ( a cyl9d]1 & a cone to be tak5 ( ! same dep? & base z ! hemisph]e4 ,x is easy to %[1 if ! cone & scoop$ cyl9d] be bo? suppos$ to be cut by ! same plane1 p>allel to ! "o on :i* bo? /&1 t ! area ( ! r+ ,,cdef ?us discov]$ 9 ! cyl9d] is equal to ! area ( ! correspond+ circul> section ,,ab ( ! cone1 :]ev] ! cutt+ plane is suppos$ to be4#adg ,he !n proce$s ) ^! rem>kable words3--,if we raise ! plane high] & high]1 "o ( ^! areas t]m9ates 9 ! circumf]5ce ( a circle1 & ! o!r 9 a po9t1 = su* are ! upp] rim ( ! bas9 & ! top ( ! cone4 ,n[ s9ce 9 ! dim9ution ( ! two areas !y to ! v la/ ma9ta9 _! equality to "o ano!r1 x is 9 my ?\ghts prop] to say t ! highe/ & ultimate t]ms#adh ( su* dim9utions are equal1 & n "o inf9itely bigg] ?an ! o!r4 ,x seems !re=e t ! circumf]5ce ( a l>ge circle may be said to be equal to "o s+le po9t4 ,& :y may n ^! be call$ equal if !y be ! la/ rema9d]s & ve/iges left by equal magnitudes#adi8 ,we ?9k no "o c refuse to admit ! probability1 t ,newton may h f\nd 9 su* passages z ^! ! fir/ g]m ( ! idea ( 8 prime & ultimate ratios1 :i* aft]w>ds became 9 8 h&s an in/rum5t ( su* p[]4 ,z to ! p>adoxical result1 ,desc>tes und\bt$ly has giv5 ! true answ] to x 9 say+ t x only proves t ! l9e is n a great] area ?an ! po9t is4 ,:il/ on ?is subject1 x may n be un9t]e/+ to rem>k t some?+ simil> to ! doctr9e ( fluxions seems to h be5 ly+ dormant 9 ! m9ds ( ! ma!maticians ( ,galileo's era1 = ,in*(f] illu/rates 8 argum5t 9 ! treatise we h already m5tion$1 t ! ,cop]nicans may d$uce "s true results f :at he t]ms _! absurd hypo!sis1 by obs]v+1 t ma!maticians may d$uce ! tru? t a l9e is l5g? )\t bread?1 f ! false & physically impossible supposition t a po9t fl[s1 & t a l9e is ! fluxion ( a po9t4#aej ,a sugge/ion t p]haps fire dissolves bodies by ins9uat+ itself betwe5 _! m9ute p>ticles1 br+s on ! subject ( ! viol5t effects ( heat & light2 on :i* ,sagr$o inquires1 :e!r we are to take = grant$ t ! effect ( light does or does n require "t4 ,simplicio is ready ) an answ]1 t ! dis*>ge ( artill]y proves ! transmission ( light to be in/antane\s1 to :i* ,sagr$o cauti\sly replies1 t no?+ c be ga!r$ f t exp]im5t except t light travels m swiftly ?an s\nd2 nor c we draw any decisive conclusion f ! ris+ ( ! sun4 ,:o c assure u t he is n 9 ! horizon be=e 8 rays rea* our sight8 ,salviati !n m5tions an exp]im5t by :i* he endeav\r$ to exam9e ?is "q4 ,two obs]v]s are ea* to be furni%$ ) a lant]n3 z soon z ! fir/ %ades 8 light1 ! second is to discov] 81 & ?is is to be repeat$ at a %ort di/ance till ! obs]v]s are p]fect 9 ! practice4 ,! same ?+ is to be tri$ at ! di/ance ( sev]al miles1 & if ! fir/ obs]v] p]ceive any delay betwe5 %ad+ 8 own light & ! appe>ance ( 8 companion's1 x is to be attribut$ to ! "t tak5 by ! light 9 trav]s+ twice ! di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,he all[s t he c\ld discov] no p]ceptible int]val at ! di/ance ( a mile1 at :i* he _h tri$ ! exp]im5t1 b recomm5ds t ) ! help ( a telescope x %\ld be tri$ at mu* great] di/ances4 ,sir ,k5elm ,digby rem>ks on ?is passage3 ,x may be object$ 7if !re be "s obs]vable t>dity 9 ! motion ( light7 t ! sunne w\ld nev] be truly 9 t place 9 :i* unto our eyes he appe>e? to be2 because t x be+ se5e by means ( ! light :i* issue? f x1 if t light requir$ "t to move 91 ! sunne 7^: motion is s swifte7 w\ld be remov$ f ! place :]e ! light left x1 be=e x c\ld be ) u to give tid+s ( him4 ,to ?is ,i answ]1 all[+ p]adv5ture t x may be s1 :o kn[e? ! contr>y8 ,or :at inconv5i5ce w\ld foll[ if x be admitt$#aea8 ,! pr9cipal ?+ rema9+ to be notic$ is ! application ( ! !ory ( ! p5dulum to musical concords & dissonances1 :i* are expla9$1 9 ! same mann] z by ,kepl] 9 8 ,h>monices ,mundi1 to result f ! concurr5ce or opposition ( vibrations 9 ! air /rik+ ^u ! drum ( ! e>4 ,x is sugge/$ t ^! vibrations may be made manife/ by rubb+ ! f+] r\nd a glass set 9 a l>ge vessel ( wat]2 & if by pressure ! note is sudd5ly made to rise to ! octave above1 e "o ( ! undulations :i* w be se5 regul>ly spread+ r\nd ! glass1 w sudd5ly split into two1 prov+ t ! vibrations t occasion ! octave are d\ble ^? belong+ to ! simple note4 ,galileo !n describes a me?od he discov]$ by accid5t ( measur+ ! l5g? ( ^! waves m accurately ?an c be done 9 ! agitat$ wat]4 ,he 0 scrap+ a brass plate ) an iron *isel1 to take out "s spots1 & mov+ ! tool rapidly ^u ! plate1 he occasionally he>d a hiss+ & :i/l+ s\nd1 v %rill & audible1 & :5ev] ?is occurr$1 & !n only1 he obs]v$ ! light du/ on ! plate to arrange itself 9 a long r[ ( small p>allel /reaks equidi/ant f ea* o!r4 ,9 repeat$ exp]im5ts he produc$ diff]5t tones by scrap+ ) great] or less velocity1 & rem>k$ t ! /reaks produc$ by ! acute s\nds /ood clos] toge!r ?an ^? f ! l[ notes4 ,among ! s\nds produc$ 7 two1 :i* by comp>ison ) a viol he asc]ta9$ to diff] by an exact fif?2 & measur+ ! spaces occupi$ by ! /reaks 9 bo? exp]im5ts1 he f\nd ?irty ( ! "o equal to =ty-five ( ! o!r1 :i* is exactly ! kn[n proportion ( ! l5g?s ( /r+s ( ! same mat]ial :i* s\nd a fif? to ea* o!r4#aeb ,salviati also rem>ks1 t if ! mat]ial be n ! same1 z = in/ance if x be requir$ to s\nd an octave to a note on catgut1 on a wire ( ! same l5g?1 ! weight ( ! wire mu/ be made f\r times z great1 & s = o!r int]vals4 ,! imm$iate cause ( ! =ms ( musical int]vals is nei!r ! l5g?1 ! t5sion1 nor ! ?ickness1 b ! proportion ( ! numb]s ( ! undulations ( ! air :i* /rike ^u ! drum ( ! e>1 & make x vibrate 9 ! same int]vals4 ,h5ce we may ga!r a plausible reason ( ! diff]5t s5sations occasion$ to u by diff]5t c\ples ( s\nds1 ( :i* we he> "s ) great pleasure1 "s ) less1 & call !m accord+ly concords1 m or less p]fect1 :il/ "s excite 9 u great dissatisfaction1 & are call$ discords4 ,! disagreeable s5sation belong+ to ! latt] probably arises f ! disord]ly mann] 9 :i* ! vibrations /rike ! drum ( ! e>2 s t = in/ance a mo/ cruel discord w\ld be produc$ by s\nd+ toge!r two /r+s1 ( :i* ! l5g?s are to ea* o!r z ! side & diagonal ( a squ>e1 :i* is ! discord ( ! false fif?4 ,on ! contr>y1 agreeable consonances w result f ^? /r+s ( :i* ! numb]s ( vibrations made 9 ! same "t are comm5surable1 to ! end t ! c>tilage ( ! drum may n und]go ! incessant torture ( a d\ble inflexion f ! disagree+ p]cussions4 ,some?+ simil> may be exhibit$ to ! eye by hang+ up p5dulums ( diff]5t l5g?s3 if ^! be proportion$ s t ! times ( _! vibrations correspond ) ^? ( ! musical concords1 ! eye w obs]ve ) pleasure _! cross+s & int]weav+s /ill recurr+ at appreciable int]vals2 b if ! times ( vibration be incomm5surate1 ! eye w be we>i$ & worn out ) foll[+ !m4 ,! second dialogue is occupi$ entirely ) an inve/igation ( ! /r5g? ( beams1 a subject :i* does n appe> to h be5 exam9$ by any "o be=e ,galileo beyond ,ari/otle's rem>k1 t long beams are weak]1 because !y are at once ! weight1 ! lev]1 & ! fulcrum2 & x is 9 ! developm5t ( ?is obs]vation t ! :ole !ory consi/s4 ,! pr9ciple assum$ by ,galileo z ! basis ( 8 inquiries is1 t ! =ce ( cohesion ) :i* a beam resi/s a cross fracture 9 any section may all be consid]$ z act+ at ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! section1 & t x breaks always at ! l[e/ po9t3 f ?is he d$uc$ t ! effect ( ! weight ( a prismatic beam 9 ov]com+ ! resi/ance ( "o end by :i* x is fa/5$ to a wall1 v>ies directly z ! squ>e ( ! l5g?1 & inv]sely z ! side ( ! base4 ,f ?is x imm$iately foll[s1 t if = in/ance ! bone ( a l>ge animal be ?ree times z long z ! correspond+ "o 9 a small] bea/1 x mu/ be n9e times z ?ick to h ! same /r5g?1 provid$ we suppose 9 bo? cases t ! mat]ials are ( ! same consi/5ce4 ,an elegant result :i* ,galileo also d$uc$ f ?is !ory1 is t ! =m ( su* a beam1 to be equally /rong 9 e "p1 %\ld be t ( a p>abolical prism1 ! v]tex ( ! p>abola be+ ! f>!/ remov$ f ! wall4 ,z an easy mode ( describ+ ! p>abolic curve = ?is purpose1 he recomm5ds trac+ ! l9e 9 :i* a heavy flexible /r+ hangs4 ,?is curve is n an accurate p>abola3 x is n[ call$ a cat5>y2 b x is pla9 f ! description ( x 9 ! f\r? dialogue1 t ,galileo 0 p]fectly aw>e t ?is con/ruction is only approximately true4 ,9 ! same place he makes ! rem>k1 :i* to _m is s p>adoxical1 t no =ce1 h[ev] great1 ex]t$ 9 a horizontal direction1 c /ret* a heavy ?read1 h[ev] sl5d]1 into an accurately /raight l9e4 ,! fif? & six? dialogues 7 left unf9i%$1 & annex$ to ! =m] ones by ,viviani aft] ,galileo's dea?3 ! fragm5t ( ! fif?1 :i* is on ! subject ( ,euclid's ,def9ition ( ,ratio1 0 at fir/ int5d$ to h =m$ a "p ( ! ?ird1 & foll[$ ! fir/ proposition on equable motion3 ! six? 0 int5d$ to h embodi$ ,galileo's rese>*es on ! nature & laws ( ,p]cussion1 on :i* he 0 employ$ at ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,consid]+ ^! solely z fragm5ts1 we %all n "h make any extracts f !m4 ,,footnotes3 #adj ,joh4 ,b]n\illi1 ,op]a ,omnia1 ,lausann1 #agdd4 tom4 i4 p4 #aib4 #ada ,pantometria1 #aeia4 #adb ,lettres de ,desc>tes4 ,p>is1 #afeg4 #adc ,ma?4 ,coll4 vol4 ii4 #add ,phys4 ,lib4 iv4 c4 #h4 #ade ,x has be5 rec5tly propos$ to det]m9e ! d5sity ( high-pressure /eam by a process analog\s to ?is4 #adf ,v5turi1 vol4 ii4 #adg ,galileo also reasons 9 ! same way on ! equality ( ! solids /&+ on ! cutt+ plane1 b "o is suffici5t = our pres5t purpose4 #adh ,gli altissimi e ultimi t]m9i4 #adi ,le ultime reliquie e ve/igie lasciate da gr&ezze eguali4 #aej ,punctum flu]e1 et l9eam esse fluxum puncti4 ,tract4 ,syllept4 ,rom1 #afcc4 #aea ,treatise ( ! ,nature ( ,bodies4 ,london1 #affe4 #aeb ,?is beautiful exp]im5t is m easily tri$ by draw+ ! b[ ( a viol9 across ! edge ( glass /rew$ ) f9e dry s&4 ,^? :o wi% to see m on ! subject may consult ,*ladni's ',ac\/ique4' ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,correspond5ce on ,longitudes4--,p5dulum ,clock4 ,,9 ! spr+ ( #afcf1 hav+ f9i%$ 8 ,dialogues on ,motion1 ,galileo resum$ ! plan ( det]m9+ ! longitude by means ( ,jupit]'s satellites4 ,p]haps he suspect$ some?+ ( ! private intrigue :i* ?w>t$ 8 =m] expectations f ! ,spani% gov]nm5t1 & ?is may h induc$ him on ! pres5t occasion to negotiate ! matt] )\t apply+ = ,f]d9&'s assi/ance & recomm5dation4 ,accord+ly he address$ himself to ,lor5z ,real1 :o _h be5 ,gov]nor ,g5]al ( ! ,dut* possessions 9 ,india1 freely & unconditionally (f]+ ! use ( 8 !ory to ! ,/ates ,g5]al ( ,holl&4 ,n long be=e1 8 op9ion _h be5 reque/$ by ! commission]s appo9t$ at ,p>is to exam9e & report on ! practicability ( ano!r me?od propos$ by ,mor91#aec :i* consi/$ 9 obs]v+ ! di/ance ( ! moon f a kn[n />4 ,mor9 0 a ,fr5* philosoph]1 pr9cipally kn[n z an a/rolog] & zeal\s ,anti-,cop]nican2 b 8 "n des]ves to be record$ z und\bt$ly "o ( ! fir/ to recomm5d a me?od1 :i*1 "u ! "n ( a ,lun> di/ance1 is n[ 9 univ]sal practice4 ,! mon?ly motion ( ! moon is s rapid1 t h] di/ance f a giv5 /> s5sibly v>ies 9 a few m9utes ev5 to ! unassi/$ eye2 & ) ! aid ( ! telescope1 we c ( c\rse appreciate ! *ange m accurately4 ,mor9 propos$ t ! di/ances ( ! moon f a numb] ( fix$ />s ly+ ne> h] pa? 9 ! heav5s %\ld be be=eh& calculat$ & regi/]$ = e day 9 ! ye>1 at a c]ta9 h\r1 9 ! place f :i* ! longitudes 7 to be reckon$1 z = in/ance at ,p>is4 ,j z 9 ! case ( ! eclipses ( ,jupit]'s satellites1 ! obs]v]1 :5 he saw t ! moon _h arriv$ at ! regi/]$ di/ance1 w\ld "k ! h\r at ,p>is3 he might also make all[ance = int]m$iate di/ances4 ,obs]v+ at ! same in/ant ! h\r on bo>d 8 %ip1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two w\ld %[ 8 position 9 reg>d ( longitude4 ,9 us+ ?is me?od z x is n[ practis$1 sev]al modifications are to be att5d$ to1 )\t :i* x w\ld be :olly useless1 9 consequ5ce ( ! refraction ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! proximity ( ! moon to ! e>?4 ,ow+ to ! latt] cause1 if two spectators %\ld at ! same in/ant ( "t1 b 9 diff]5t places1 measure ! di/ance ( ! moon 9 ! ,ea/1 f a /> /ill m to ! ea/w>d1 x w\ld appe> great] to ! m ea/]ly spectator ?an to ! o!r obs]v]1 :o z se5 f ! /> w\ld be /&+ m directly beh9d ! moon4 ,! mode ( all[+ = ^! alt]ations is taught by trigonometry & a/ronomy4 ,! success ( ?is me?od dep5ds altoge!r ^u ! exact k :i* we n[ h ( ! moon's c\rse1 & till t k 0 p]fect$ x w\ld h be5 f\nd altoge!r illusory4 ,su* 9 fact 0 ! judgm5t :i* ,galileo pron\nc$ ^u x4 ,z to ,mor9's book on ! me?od ( f9d+ ! longitude by means ( ! moon's motion1 ,i say freely t ,i conceive ?is idea to be z accurate 9 !ory1 z fallaci\s & impossible 9 practice4 ,i am sure t nei!r y nor any "o ( ! o!r f\r g5tlem5 c d\bt ! possibility ( f9d+ ! diff]5ce ( longitude betwe5 two m]idians by means ( ! moon's motion1 provid$ we are sure ( ! foll[+ requisites3 ,fir/1 an ,ephem]is ( ! moon's motion exactly calculat$ = ! fir/ m]idian f :i* ! o!rs are to be reckon$2 secondly1 exact in/rum5ts1 & conv5i5t to h&le1 9 tak+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! moon & a fix$ />2 ?irdly1 great practical skill 9 ! obs]v]2 f\r?ly1 n less accuracy 9 ! sci5tific calculations1 & a/ronomical computations2 fif?ly1 v p]fect clocks to numb] ! h\rs1 or o!r means ( kn[+ !m exactly1 c4 ,suppos+1 ,i say1 all ^! elem5ts free f error1 ! longitude w be accurately f\nd2 b ,i reckon x m easy & likely to err 9 all ( ^! toge!r1 ?an to be practically "r 9 "o alone4 ,mor9 ought to require 8 judges to assign1 at _! pleasure1 eight or t5 mom5ts ( diff]5t nights dur+ f\r or six mon?s to come1 & pl$ge himself to pr$ict & assign by 8 calculations ! di/ances ( ! moon at ^? det]m9$ in/ants f "s /> :i* w\ld !n be ne> h]4 ,if x is f\nd t ! di/ances assign$ by him agree ) ^? :i* ! quadrant or sextant#aed w actually %[1 ! judges w\ld be satisfi$ ( 8 success1 or r ( ! tru? ( ! matt]1 & no?+ w\ld rema9 b to %[ t 8 op]ations 7 su* z c\ld be p]=m$ by m5 ( mod]ate skill1 & also practicable at sea z well z on l&4 ,i incl9e mu* to ?9k t an exp]im5t ( ?is k9d w\ld d mu* t[>ds abat+ ! op9ion & conceit :i* ,mor9 has ( himself1 :i* appe>s to me s l(ty1 t ,i %\ld consid] myself ! eigh? sage1 if ,i knew ! half ( :at ,mor9 presumes to "k4 ,x is probable t ,galileo 0 biass$ by a pr$ilection = 8 own me?od1 on :i* he _h exp5d$ s mu* "t & lab\r2 b ! objections :i* he raises aga9/ ,mor9's proposal 9 ! =ego+ lett] are no o!r ?an ^? to :i* at t p]iod x 0 und\bt$ly op54 ,) reg>d to 8 own1 he _h already1 9 #afab1 giv5 a r\gh pr$iction ( ! c\rse ( ,jupit]'s satellites1 :i* _h be5 f\nd to agree tol]ably well ) subsequ5t obs]vations2 & s9ce t "t1 amid all 8 o!r employm5ts1 he _h almo/ un9t]mitt+ly dur+ tw5ty-f\r ye>s cont9u$ 8 obs]vations1 = ! sake ( br++ ! tables ( _! motions to z high a /ate ( p]fection z possible4 ,?is 0 ! po9t to :i* ! inquiries ( ! ,/ates 9 _! answ] to ,galileo's frank proposal 7 pr9cipally direct$4 ,!y imm$iately appo9t$ commission]s to communicate ) him1 & report ! v>i\s po9ts on :i* !y requir$ in=mation4 ,!y also s5t him a gold5 *a91 & assur$ him t 9 ! case ( ! design prov+ successful1 he %\ld h no cause to compla9 ( _! want ( gratitude & g5]osity4 ,! commission]s imm$iately comm5c$ an active correspond5ce ) him1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he ent]$ into m m9ute details ) reg>d to ! me?ods by :i* he propos$ to obviate ! practical difficulties ( ! necess>y obs]vations4 ,x is wor? notic+ t ! secret>y to ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 :o 0 ma9ly in/rum5tal 9 =m+ ?is commission1 0 ,con/ant9e ,huygh5s1 fa!r ( ! celebrat$ ma!matician ( t "n1 ( :om x has be5 said t he seem$ de/9$ to complete ! discov]ies ( ,galileo2 & x is n a little rem>kable1 t ,huygh5s n[h]e 9 8 publi%$ works makes any allusion to ?is connexion betwe5 8 fa!r & ,galileo1 n ev5 dur+ ! discussion t arose "s ye>s lat] on ! subject ( ! p5dulum clock1 :i* mu/ necess>ily h =c$ x ^u 8 recollection4 ,! ,dut* commission]s _h *os5 "o ( _! numb] to g into ,italy = ! purpose ( communicat+ p]sonally ) ,galileo1 b he disc\rag$ ?is s*eme1 f a fe> ( its giv+ umbrage at ,rome4 ,! correspond5ce be+ c>ri$ on at s great a di/ance necess>ily exp]i5c$ _m t$i\s delays1 till 9 ! v mid/ ( ,galileo's lab\rs to complete 8 tables1 he 0 seiz$ ) ! bl9dness :i* we h already m5tion$4 ,he !n resolv$ to place all ! pap]s conta9+ 8 obs]vations & calculations = ?is purpose 9 ! h&s ( ,r5i]i1 a =m] pupil ( 81 & !n pr(essor ( ma!matics at ,pisa1 :o und]took to f9i% & to =w>d !m into ,holl&4 ,be=e ?is 0 done1 a new delay 0 occasion$ by ! dea?s :i* spe$ily foll[$ ea* o!r ( e "o ( ! f\r commission]s2 & = two or ?ree ye>s ! correspond5ce ) ,holl& 0 entirely int]rupt$4 ,con/ant9e ,huygh5s1 :o 0 capable ( appreciat+ ! value ( ! s*eme1 succe$$ aft] "s tr\ble 9 r5ew+ x1 b only j be=e ! dea? ( ,galileo himself1 by :i* ( c\rse x 0 a second "t brok5 (f2 & to complete ! s+ul> s]ies ( ob/acles by :i* ! trial ( ?is me?od 0 imp$$1 j z ,r5i]i1 by ord] ( ! ,duke ( ,tuscany1 0 ab\t to publi% ! ephem]is & tables :i* ,galileo _h entru/$ to him1 & :i* ! ,duke told ,viviani he _h se5 9 8 possession1 he also 0 attack$ ) a mortal malady2 & ^u 8 dea? ! manuscripts 7 n[h]e to be f\nd1 nor has x s9ce be5 discov]$ :at became ( !m4 ,montucla has intimat$ 8 suspicions t ,r5i]i himself de/roy$ !m1 f a consci\sness t !y 7 insuffici5t = ! purpose to :i* x 0 int5d$ to apply !m2 a bold conjecture1 & "o :i* ought to re/ ^u some?+ m ?an m]e surmise3 = al?\gh x may be consid]$ c]ta91 t ! practical value ( ^! tables w\ld be v inconsid]able 9 ! pres5t advanc$ /ate ( k1 yet x is ne>ly z sure t !y 7 unique at t "t1 & ,r5i]i 0 aw>e ( ! value :i* ,galileo himself _h set ^u !m1 & %\ld n be lightly accus$ ( betray+ 8 tru/ 9 s gross a mann]4 ,9 #affe1 ,borelli calculat$ ! places ( ! satellites = e day 9 ! ensu+ ye>1 :i* he pr(ess$ to h d$uc$ 7by desire ( ! ,gr& ,duke7 f ,galileo's tables2#aee b he does n say :e!r or n ^! tables 7 ! same t _h be5 9 ,r5i]i's possession4 ,we h delay$ till ?is opportunity to exam9e h[ f> ! inv5tion ( ! p5dulum clock belongs to ,galileo4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t ! iso*ronism ( ! p5dulum _h be5 notic$ by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 b ! passage on :i* ?is ass]tion is f\nd$ 7z translat$ f 8 manuscripts by ,v5turi7 sc>cely w>rants ?is conclusion4 ,a rod :i* engages itself 9 ! opposite tee? ( a spur-:eel c act l ! arm ( ! balance 9 clocks1 t is to say1 x w act alt]nately1 fir/ on "o side ( ! :eel1 !n on ! opposite "o1 )\t int]ruption4 ,if ,da ,v9ci _h con/ruct$ a clock on ?is pr9ciple1 & recogniz$ ! sup]iority ( ! p5dulum ov] ! old balance1 he w\ld surely h done m ?an m]ely m5tion x z af=d+ an un9t]mitt$ motion l ! arm ( ! balance4 ,! use ( ! balance is suppos$ to h be5 introduc$ at lea/ z e>ly z ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,v5turi m5tions ! draw+ & description ( a clock 9 "o ( ! manuscripts ( ! ,k+'s ,libr>y at ,p>is1 dat$ ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :i* z he says ne>ly resembles a mod]n wat*4 ,! balance is !re call$ ,! circle fa/5$ to ! /em ( ! pallets1 & mov$ by ! =ce ) x4#aef ,9 t s+ul>ly wild & extravagant book1 entitl$ ,a ,hi/ory ( bo? ,worlds1 by ,rob]t ,flud1 are giv5 two draw+s ( ! :eel-"w ( ! clocks & wat*es 9 use be=e ! application ( ! p5dulum4 ,an inspection ( !m w %[ h[ little rema9$ to be done :5 ! iso*ronism ( ! p5dulum 0 discov]$4 ,fig4 #a4 repres5ts ! l>ge clocks mov$ by a weight1 su* z are put up 9 *ur*es & turrets2 fig4 #b4 ! small ones mov$ by a spr+1 su* z are worn r\nd ! neck1 or plac$ on a %elf or table4 ,! use ( ! *a9 is to equalize ! spr+1 :i* is /ronge/ at ! beg9n+ ( its motion4#aeg ,?is contrivance ( ! *a9 is m5tion$ by ,c>dan1 9 #aegj1 & is probably /ill old]4 ,9 bo? figures ! "n giv5 to ! cross b>1 ) ! weight atta*$ to x1 is ! "t or balance 7tempus seu libratio7 by :i* ! motion is equaliz$4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,huygh5s fir/ appli$ ! p5dulum is %[n 9 fig4 #c4aeh ,! action 9 ! old clocks ( ! balance1 or rake1 z x 0 also call$1 0 by *eck+ ! motion ( ! desc5d+ weight till its in]tia 0 ov]come2 x 0 !n =c$ r\nd till ! opposite pallet engag$ 9 ! too!d :eel4 ,! balance 0 ?us sudd5ly & =cibly r$uc$ to a /ate ( re/1 & aga9 set 9 motion 9 ! opposite direction4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ^! balances want$ ! spiral spr+ introduc$ 9 all mod]n wat*es1 :i* has a prop]ty ( iso*ronism simil> to t ( ! p5dulum4 ,hooke is g5]ally nam$ z ! discov]] ( ?is prop]ty ( spr+s1 & z ! au?or ( its application to ! improvem5t ( wat*es1 b ! inv5tion is disput$ ) him by ,huygh5s4 ,lahire ass]ts#aei t ! iso*ronism ( spr+s 0 communicat$ to ,huygh5s at ,p>is by ,hautefeuille1 & t ?is 0 ! reason :y ,huygh5s fail$ to obta9 ! pat5t he solicit$ = ! con/ruction ( spr+ wat*es4 ,a great numb] ( curi\s contrivances at ?is e>ly p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,horology1 may be se5 9 ,s*ott's ,magia ,natur1 publi%$ at ,nuremb]g 9 #affd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #c4 ,galileo 0 e>ly conv9c$ ( ! importance ( 8 p5dulum to ! accuracy ( a/ronomical obs]vations2 b ! progress ( inv5tion is su* t ! /eps :i* on look+ back seem ! easie/ to make1 are (t5 ^? :i* are ! longe/ delay$4 ,galileo recogniz$ ! pr9ciple ( ! iso*ronism ( ! p5dulum1 & recomm5d$ x z a measur] ( "t 9 #aehc2 yet fifty ye>s lat]1 al?\gh con/antly us+ x1 he _h n devis$ a m conv5i5t me?od ( do+ s1 ?an is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ description tak5 f 8 ,a/ronomical ,op]ations4 ,a v exact "t-measur] = m9ute int]vals ( "t1 is a heavy p5dulum ( any size hang$ by a f9e ?read1 :i*1 if remov$ f ! p]p5dicul> & all[$ to sw+ freely1 always completes its vibrations1 be !y great or small1 9 exactly ! same "t4#afj ,! mode ( f9d+ exactly by means ( ?is ! quantity ( any "t r$uc$ to h\rs1 m9utes1 seconds1 c41 :i* are ! divisions commonly us$ among a/ronom]s1 is ?is3--,fit up a p5dulum ( any l5g?1 z = in/ance ab\t a foot long1 & c\nt pati5tly 7only = once7 ! numb] ( vibrations dur+ a natural day4 ,our object w be atta9$ if we "k ! exact revolution ( ! natural day4 ,! obs]v] mu/ !n fix a telescope 9 ! direction ( any />1 & cont9ue to wat* x till x disappe>s f ! field ( view4 ,at t in/ant he mu/ beg9 to c\nt ! vibrations ( ! p5dulum1 cont9u+ all night & ! foll[+ day till ! return ( ! same /> )9 ! field ( view ( ! telescope1 & its second disappe>ance1 z on ! fir/ night4 ,be>+ 9 recollection ! total numb] ( vibrations ?us made 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! "t correspond+ to any o!r numb] ( vibrations w be imm$iately giv5 by ! ,gold5 ,rule4 ,a second extract out ( ,galileo's ,dut* correspond5ce1 9 #afcg1 w %[ ! ext5t ( 8 improvem5ts at t "t3--,i come n[ to ! second contrivance = increas+ imm5sely ! exactness ( a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,i allude to my "t-measur]1 ! precision ( :i* is s great1 & su*1 t x w give ! exact quantity ( h\rs1 m9utes1 seconds1 & ev5 ?irds1 if _! recurr5ce c\ld be c\nt$2 & its con/ancy is su* t two1 f\r1 or six su* in/rum5ts w g on toge!r s equably t "o w n diff] f ano!r s mu* z ! beat ( a pulse1 n only 9 an h\r1 b ev5 9 a day or a mon?4--,i d n make use ( a weight hang+ by a ?read1 b a heavy & solid p5dulum1 made = in/ance ( brass or copp]1 9 ! %ape ( a circul> sector ( twelve or fifte5 degrees1 ! radius ( :i* may be two or ?ree palms1 & ! great] x is ! less tr\ble w !re be 9 att5d+ x4 ,?is sector1 su* z ,i h describ$1 ,i make ?icke/ 9 ! middle radius1 tap]+ gradually t[>ds ! edges1 :]e ,i t]m9ate x 9 a tol]ably %>p l9e1 to obviate z mu* z possible ! resi/ance ( ! air1 :i* is ! sole cause ( its ret>dation4--,^! la/ words des]ve notice1 because1 9 a previ\s discussion1 ,galileo _h obs]v$ t ! p>ts ( ! p5dulum ne>e/ ! po9t ( susp5sion h a t5d5cy to vibrate quick] ?an ^? at ! o!r end1 & seems to h ?\ght errone\sly t ! /oppage ( ! p5dulum is p>tly to be attribut$ to ?is cause4--,?is is pi]c$ 9 ! c5tre1 ?r\gh :i* is pass$ an iron b> %ap$ l ^? on :i* /eely>ds hang1 t]m9at$ bel[ 9 an angle1 & plac$ on two bronze supports1 t !y may we> away less dur+ a long motion ( ! sector4 ,if ! sector 7:5 accurately balanc$7 be remov$ sev]al degrees f its p]p5dicul> position1 x w cont9ue a reciprocal motion ?r\gh a v great numb] ( vibrations be=e x w /op2 & 9 ord] t x may cont9ue its motion z long z is want$1 ! att5dant mu/ occasionally give x a sm>t pu%1 to c>ry x back to l>ge vibrations4 ,galileo !n describes z be=e ! me?od ( c\nt+ ! vibrations 9 ! c\rse ( a day1 & gives ! rule t ! l5g?s ( two simil> p5dulums w h ! same proportion z ! squ>es ( _! times ( vibration4 ,he !n cont9ues3 ,n[ to save ! fatigue ( ! assi/ant 9 cont9ually c\nt+ ! vibrations1 ?is is a conv5i5t contrivance3 ,a v small & delicate ne$le ext5ds out f ! middle ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! sector1 :i* 9 pass+ /rikes a rod fix$ at "o end2 ?is rod re/s ^u ! tee? ( a :eel z light z pap]1 plac$ 9 a horizontal plane ne> ! p5dulum1 hav+ r\nd x tee? cut l ^? ( a saw1 t is to say1 ) "o side ( ea* too? p]p5dicul> to ! rim ( ! :eel & ! o!r incl9$ obliquely4 ,! rod /rik+ aga9/ ! p]p5dicul> side ( ! too? moves x1 b z ! same rod returns aga9/ ! oblique side1 x does n move x ! contr>y way1 b slips ov] x & falls at ! foot ( ! foll[+ too?1 s t ! motion ( ! :eel w be always 9 ! same direction4 ,& by c\nt+ ! tee? y may see at w ! numb] ( tee? pass$1 & consequ5tly ! numb] ( vibrations & ( p>ticles ( "t elaps$4 ,y may also fit to ! axis ( ?is fir/ :eel a second1 ) a small numb] ( tee?1 t\*+ ano!r great] too!d :eel1 c4 ,b x is sup]flu\s to po9t out ?is to y1 :o h by y m5 v +5i\s & well skill$ 9 mak+ clocks & o!r admirable ma*9es2 & on ?is new pr9ciple1 t ! p5dulum makes its great & small vibrations 9 ! same "t exactly1 !y w inv5t contrivances m subtle ?an any ,i c sugge/2 & z ! error ( clocks consi/s pr9cipally 9 ! disability ( workm5 hi!rto to adju/ :at we call ! balance ( ! clock1 s t x may vibrate regul>ly1 my v simple p5dulum1 :i* is n liable to any alt]ation1 af=ds a mean ( ma9ta9+ ! measures ( "t always equal4 ,! contrivance ?us describ$ w\ld be some:at simil> to ! annex$ repres5tation1 b x is almo/ c]ta9 t no su* in/rum5t 0 actually con/ruct$4 ,illu/ration ,x mu/ be own$ t ,galileo greatly ov]rat$ ! accuracy ( 8 timekeep]2 & 9 ass]t+ s positively t :i* he _h c]ta9ly n exp]i5c$1 he seems to dep>t f 8 own pr9ciples ( philosophiz+4 ,x w be rem>k$ t 9 ?is passage he /ill is ( ! errone\s op9ion1 t all ! vibrations great or small ( ! same p5dulum take exactly ! same "t2 & we h n be5 able to f9d any trace ( 8 hav+ ev] held a diff]5t op9ion1 unless p]haps 9 ! ,dialogues1 :]e he says1 ,if ! vibrations are n exactly equal1 !y are at lea/ ins5sibly diff]5t4 ,?is is v mu* at v>iance ) ! /atem5t 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academia del ,cim5to1 edit$ by _! secret>y ,magalotti1 on ! cr$it ( :i* ,galileo's claim to ! p5dulum-clock *iefly re/s4 ,x is !re said t exp]i5ce %[s t ! smalle/ vibrations are r ! quicke/1 z ,galileo ann\nc$ aft] ! obs]vation1 :i* 9 #aehc he 0 ! fir/ to make ( _! approximate equality4 ,x is n possible imm$iately 9 connexion ) s gl>+ a mis/atem5t1 to give implicit cr$5ce to ! ass]tion 9 ! next s5t5ce1 t to obviate ?is inconv5i5ce ,galileo 0 ! fir/ to contrive a clock1 con/ruct$ 9 #afdi1 by 8 son ,v9c5zo1 9 :i*1 by ! action ( a weight or spr+1 ! p5dulum 0 con/ra9$ to move always f ! same height4 ,inde$ x appe>s z if ,magalotti did n always tell ?is /ory 9 ! same mann]1 = he is ref]r$ to z ! au?or ( ! acc\nt giv5 by ,be*]1 t ,galileo himself made a p5dulum-clock "o ( :i* 0 s5t to ,holl&1 pla9ly ins9uat+ t ,huygh5s 0 a m]e copyi/4#afa ,^! two acc\nts !re=e s]ve to invalidate ea* o!r's cr$ibility4 ,tirabos*i#afb ass]ts t1 at ! "t he wrote1 ! ma!matical pr(essor at ,pisa 0 9 possession ( ! id5tical clock con/ruct$ by ,treffl] "u ,v9c5zo's directions2 & quotes a lett] f ,campani1 to :om x 0 %[n by ,f]d9&1 old1 ru/y1 & unf9i%$ z ,galileo's son made x be=e #afdi4 ,viviani on ! o!r h& says t ,treffl] con/ruct$ ?is same clock "s "t aft] ,v9c5zo's dea? 7:i* happ5$ 9 #afdi71 on a diff]5t pr9ciple f ,v9c5zo's ideas1 al?\gh he says di/9ctly t he he>d ,galileo describe an application ( ! p5dulum to a clock simil> to ,huygh5s' contrivance4 ,campani did n actually see ?is clock till #afei1 :i* 0 ?ree ye>s aft] ,huygh5s' inv5tion1 s t p]haps ,huygh5s 0 too easily satisfi$ :51 on occasion ( ! answ] :i* ,f]d9& s5t to 8 compla9ts ( ! ,memorie del ,cim5to he wrote to ,b\illaud1 ,i mu/ h[ev] believe1 s9ce su* a pr9ce assures me1 t ,galileo _h ?is idea be=e me4 ,!re is ano!r circum/ance almo/ am\nt+ to a pro( t x 0 an aft]?\ght to attribute ! m]it ( con/ruct+ ! p5dulum-clock to ,galileo1 = on ! rev]se ( a m$al /ruck by ,viviani1 & inscrib$ to ! memory ( 8 excell5t in/ructor1#afc is a rude exhibition ( ! pr9cipal objects to :i* ,galileo's att5tion 0 direct$4 ,! p5dulum is repres5t$ simply by a weight atta*$ to a /r+ hang+ on ! face ( a rock4 ,x is probable t1 9 a design expressly int5d$ to commemorate ,galileo's inv5tions1 ,viviani w\ld h introduc$ ! timekeep] 9 ! mo/ p]fect =m to :i* x _h be5 br\ght by him4 ,riccioli1#afd ^: indu/ry 0 unwe>i$ 9 collect+ e fact & argum5t :i* relat$ 9 any way to ! a/ronomical & me*anical k & op9ions ( 8 "t1 expressly recomm5ds sw++ a p5dulum1 or p]p5dicul> z x 0 (t5 call$ 7only a few ye>s be=e ,huygh5s' publication71 z mu* m accurate ?an any clock4#afe ,jo9 to all ^! argum5ts ,huygh5s' positive ass]tion1 t if ,galileo _h conceiv$ any su* idea1 he at lea/ 0 entirely ignorant ( x1#aff & no d\bt c rema9 t ! m]it ( ! orig9al inv5tion 7su* z x 07 re/s entirely ) ,huygh5s4 ,! /ep inde$ seems simple en\gh = a less g5ius ?an 83 = ! prop]ty ( ! p5dulum 0 kn[n1 & ! conv]sion ( a rotatory into a reciprocat+ motion 0 kn[n2 b ! connexion ( ! "o ) ! o!r hav+ be5 s long delay$1 we mu/ suppose t difficulties exi/$ :]e we are n n[ able to p]ceive !m1 = ,huygh5s' improvem5t 0 receiv$ ) univ]sal admiration4 ,!re may be _m :o w consid] ! p5dulum z undes]v+ s long a discussion2 :o d n "k or rememb] t ! telescope itself has h>dly done m = ! precision ( a/ronomical obs]vations ?an ?is simple in/rum5t1 n to m5tion ! invaluable conv5i5ce ( an uni=m & accurate timekeep] 9 ! daily int]c\rse ( life4 ,! pati5ce & indu/ry ( mod]n obs]v]s are (t5 ! !me ( well-m]it$ praise1 b we mu/ look ) a /ill high] degree ( wond] on su* m5 z ,ty*o ,brahe & 8 contempor>ies1 :o 7 driv5 by ! want ( any timekeep] on :i* !y c\ld dep5d to ! mo/ labori\s exp$i5ts1 & :o nev]!less p]sev]$ to ! be/ ( _! ability1 undisgu/$ ei!r by ! t$ium ( su* processes1 or by ! disc\rag+ consci\sness ( ! necess>y imp]fection ( _! mo/ approv$ me?ods & in/rum5ts4 ,! inv>iable regul>ity ( ! p5dulum's motion 0 soon made subs]vi5t to ult]ior purposes beyond t ( m]ely regi/]+ "t4 ,we h se5 ! important assi/ance x af=d$ 9 e/abli%+ ! laws ( motion2 & :5 ! !ory f\nd$ on ^? laws 0 ext5d$ & improv$1 ! p5dulum 0 aga9 in/rum5tal1 by a species ( approximate reason+ famili> to all :o are acqua9t$ ) physical inquiries1 9 po9t+ out by its m9ute irregul>ities 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?1 a correspond+ *ange 9 ! weight ( all bodies 9 ^? diff]5t situations1 suppos$ to be ! consequ5ce ( a great] di/ance f ! axis ( ! e>?'s rotation2 s9ce t w\ld occasion ! =ce ( attraction to be c\nt]balanc$ by an increas$ c5trifugal =ce4 ,! !ory :i* kept pace ) ! con/antly increas+ accuracy ( su* obs]vations1 prov+ consi/5t 9 all trials ( x1 has left little room = future d\bts2 & 9 ?is mann] ! p5dulum 9 intellig5t h&s became ! simple/ in/rum5t = asc]ta9+ ! =m ( ! globe :i* we inhabit4 ,an ,engli% a/ronom]1 :o correspond$ ) ,kepl] "u ! signature ( ,brutius 7^: real "n p]haps might be ,bruce71 _h already decl>$ 8 belief 9 #afjc1 t ! e>? on :i* we tread is nei!r r\nd nor globul>1 b m ne>ly ( an oval figure4#afg ,!re is no?+ to guide u to ! gr\nds on :i* he =m$ ?is op9ion1 :i* 0 p]haps only a lucky guess4 ,kepl]'s note ^u x is3 ,?is is n altoge!r to be contemn$4 ,a f>!r use ( ! p5dulum is 9 furni%+ a g5]al & unp]i%+ /&>d ( measure4 ,?is application is sugge/$ 9 ! ?ird volume ( ! ',reflections' ( ,m]s5ne1 publi%$ 9 #afdg1 :]e he obs]ves t x may be be/ = ! future n to divide "t into h\rs1 m9utes1 & seconds1 b to express its p>ts by ! numb] ( vibrations ( a p5dulum ( giv5 l5g?1 sw++ ?r\gh a giv5 arc4 ,x 0 soon se5 t x w\ld be m conv5i5t to inv]t ?is process1 & to *oose z an unit ( l5g? ! p5dulum :i* %\ld make a c]ta9 numb] ( vibrations 9 ! unit ( "t1 naturally det]m9$ by ! revolution ( ! e>? on its axis4 ,our ,royal ,society took an active "p 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 :i* seem1 not)/&+ _! utility1 to h met f ! fir/ ) mu* ( ! same ridicule :i* 0 lavi%$ ^u !m by ! ignorant1 :5 rec5tly repeat$ = ! same purpose4 ,i cont5d1 says ,graunt#afh 9 a d$ication to ! ,royal ,society1 dat$ #affb1 aga9/ ! envi\s s*ismatics ( y\r society 7:o ?9k y d no?+ unless y pres5tly transmute metals1 make butt] & *eese )\t milk1 &1 z _! own ballad ha? x1 make lea!r )\t hides71 by ass]t+ ! usefulness ( ev5 all y\r prep>atory & lucif]\s exp]im5ts1 be+ n ! c]emonies1 b ! sub/ance & pr9ciples ( useful arts4 ,= ,i f9d 9 trade ! want ( an univ]sal measure1 & h he>d musicians wrangle ab\t ! j & uni=m keep+ ( "t 9 _! consorts1 & !re=e _c ) pati5ce he> t y\r lab\rs ab\t vibrations1 em95tly conduc+ to bo?1 %\ld be slight$1 nor y\r p5dula call$ sw+-swangs ) scorn4#afi ,,footnotes3 #aec ,"o ( ! ,commission]s 0 ! fa!r ( ,blaise ,pascal4 #aed ,^! in/rum5ts 7 v inf]ior to ^? n[ 9 use "u ! same "n4 ,see ,treatise on ,opt4 ,in/rum4 #aee ,!oric ,m$iceorum ,planet>um1 ,flor5ti1 #afff4 #aef ,circulus affixus virg paletorum qui cum e de vi movetur4 #aeg ,utriusque ,cosmi ,hi/oria4 ,opp5hemii1 #afag4 #aeh ,huyg5ii ,op]a4 ,lugduni1 #agbd4 #aei ,mmoires de l',academie1 #agag4 #afj ,see page #hd4 #afa ,de nova ,temporis dimeti5di ratione4 ,lond9i1 #afhj4 #afb ,/oria della ,lett4 ,ital4 #afc ,museum ,mazu*ellianum1 vol4 ii4 ,tab4 cvii4 p4 #bi4 #afd ,almage/um ,novum1 vol4 i4 #afe ,quovis horologio accuratius4 #aff ,cl>orum ,belg>um ad ,ant4 ,magliabe*4 ,epi/ol4 ,flor5ce1 #agde1 tom4 i4 p4 #bce4 #afg ,kepl]i ,epi/ol4 #afh ,natural & ,political ,obs]vations4 ,london1 #affe4 #afi ,see also ,hudibras1 ,"p ,,ii4 ,cant4 ,,iii4 ,!y're guilty by _! own confessions ,( felony1 & at ! ,sessions ,^u ! b5* ,i w s h&le 'em1 ,t ! vibration ( ?is p5dulum ,%all make all taylors' y>ds ( "o ,unanim\s op9ion2 ,a ?+ he long has vaunt$ (1 ,b n[ %all make x out ( pro(4 ,hudibras 0 c]ta9ly writt5 be=e #affc3 t5 ye>s lat] ,huygh5s speaks ( ! idea ( s employ+ ! p5dulum z a common "o4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,"* ( ,galileo--,miscellane\s details--8 ,dea?--,conclusion4 ,,! rema9+ ye>s ( ,galileo's life 7 sp5t at ,arcetri1 :]e inde$1 ev5 if ! ,inquisition _h grant$ 8 lib]ty1 8 increas+ age & infirmities w\ld probably h deta9$ him4 ,! rigid caution ) :i* he _h be5 wat*$ 9 ,flor5ce 0 9 great measure relax$1 & he 0 p]mitt$ to see ! fri5ds :o cr[d$ r\nd him to express _! respect & sympa?y4 ,! ,gr& ,duke visit$ him frequ5tly1 & _m di/+ui%$ /rang]s1 su* z ,gass5di & ,deodati1 came into ,italy solely = ! purpose ( te/ify+ _! admiration ( 8 "*4 ,among o!r visitors ! "n ( ,milton w be read ) int]e/3 we may probably ref] to ! effects ( ?is int]view ! allusions to ,galileo's discov]ies1 s frequ5tly introduc$ into 8 poem4 ,milton m5tions 9 8 ',areopagitica1' t he saw ,galileo :il/ 9 ,italy1 b ent]s into no details ( 8 visit4 ,galileo 0 fond ( society1 & 8 *e]ful & popul> mann]s r5d]$ him an univ]sal fav\rite among ^? :o 7 admitt$ to 8 intimacy4 ,among ^!1 ,viviani1 :o =m$ "o ( 8 family dur+ ! ?ree la/ ye>s ( 8 life1 des]ves p>ticul> notice1 on acc\nt ( ! /rong atta*m5t & almo/ filial v5]ation ) :i* he ev] reg>d$ 8 ma/] & b5efactor4 ,8 long life1 :i* 0 prolong$ to ! completion ( 8 #ha/ ye> 9 #agjc1 enabl$ him to see ! triumphant e/abli%m5t ( ! tru?s on acc\nt ( :i* ,galileo _h endur$ s _m insults2 & ev5 9 8 old age1 :5 9 8 turn he _h acquir$ a claim to ! rev]5ce ( a y\ng] g5]ation1 our ,royal ,society1 :o invit$ him among !m 9 #afif1 felt t ! complim5t>y language 9 :i* !y address$ him z ! fir/ ma!matician ( ! age w\ld h be5 incomplete & unsatisfactory )\t an allusion to ! fri5d%ip t ga9$ him ! *]i%$ title ( ,! la/ pupil ( ,galileo4#agj ,torricelli1 ano!r ( ,galileo's mo/ celebrat$ foll[]s1 became a memb] ( 8 family 9 ,octob]1 #afda3 he fir/ le>n$ ma!matics f ,ca/elli1 & occasionally lectur$ = him at ,rome1 9 :i* mann] he 0 employ$ :5 ,galileo1 :o _h se5 8 book ',on ,motion1' & augur$ ! greate/ success f su* a beg9n+1 invit$ him to 8 h\se--an (f] :i* ,torricelli eag]ly embrac$1 al?\gh he enjoy$ ! advantages ( x b = a %ort "t4 ,he aft]w>ds succe$$ ,galileo 9 8 situation at ! c\rt ( ,flor5ce1#aga b surviv$ him only a few ye>s4 ,x is f ! acc\nts ( ,viviani & ,gh]>d9i t we pr9cipally draw ! foll[+ p>ticul>s ( ,galileo's p]son & "*3--,signor ,galileo 0 ( a *e]ful & pleasant c\nt5ance1 especially 9 8 old age1 squ>e built1 & well proportion$ 9 /ature1 & r above ! middle size4 ,8 complexion 0 fair & sangu9e1 8 eyes brilliant1 & 8 hair ( a r$di% ca/4 ,8 con/itution 0 naturally /rong1 b worn out by fatigue ( m9d & body1 s z frequ5tly to be r$uc$ to a /ate ( ! utmo/ weakness4 ,he 0 subject to attacks ( hypo*ondria1 & (t5 mole/$ by sev]e & dang]\s illnesses1 occasion$ 9 great measure by 8 sleepless nights1 ! :ole ( :i* he frequ5tly sp5t 9 a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,dur+ upw>ds ( =ty-eight ye>s ( 8 life1 he 0 torm5t$ ) acute rheumatic pa9s1 suff]+ p>ticul>ly on any *ange ( wea!r4 ,he f\nd himself mo/ free f ^! pa9s :il/ resid+ 9 ! c\ntry1 ( :i* consequ5tly he became v fond3 besides1 he us$ to say t 9 ! c\ntry he _h great] fre$om to read ! book ( ,nature1 :i* lay !re op5 be=e him4 ,8 libr>y 0 v small1 b well *os51 & op5 to ! use ( ! fri5ds :om he lov$ to see assembl$ r\nd him1 & :om he 0 accu/om$ to receive 9 ! mo/ hospitable mann]4 ,he ate sp>+ly himself2 b 0 p>ticul>ly *oice 9 ! selection ( 8 w9es1 :i* 9 ! latt] "p ( 8 life 7 regul>ly suppli$ out ( ! ,gr& ,duke's cell>s4 ,?is ta/e gave an additional /imulus to 8 agricultural pursuits1 & _m ( 8 leisure h\rs 7 sp5t 9 ! cultivation & sup]9t5d5ce ( 8 v9ey>ds4 ,x %\ld seem t he 0 consid]$ a good judge ( w9e2 = ,viviani has pres]v$ "o ( 8 receipts 9 a collection ( miscellane\s exp]im5ts4 ,9 x he /rongly recomm5ds t = w9e ( ! fir/ quality1 t juice only %\ld be employ$1 :i* is press$ out by ! m]e weight ( ! heap$ grapes1 :i* w\ld probably be t ( ! ripe/ fruit4 ,! foll[+ lett]1 writt5 9 8 #gd? ye>1 is dat$1 ,f my prison at ,arcetri4--,i am =c$ to avail myself ( y\r assi/ance & fav\r1 agreeably to y\r oblig+ (f]s1 9 consequ5ce ( ! excessive *ill ( ! wea!r1 & ( old age1 & f hav+ dra9$ out my gr& /ock ( a hundr$ bottles1 :i* ,i laid 9 two ye>s ago2 n to m5tion "s m9or p>ticul>s dur+ ! la/ two mon?s1 :i* ,i receiv$ f my ,s]5e ,ma/]1 ! ,mo/ ,em95t ,"l ,c>d9al1 _! ,highnesses ! ,pr9ces1 & ! ,mo/ ,excell5t ,duke ( ,guise1 besides clean+ out two b>rels ( ! w9e ( ?is c\ntry4 ,n[1 ,i beg t ) all due dilig5ce & indu/ry1 & ) consid]ation1 & tak+ c\nsel ) ! mo/ ref9$ palates1 y w provide me ) two cases1 t is to say1 ) =ty flasks ( diff]5t w9es1 ! mo/ exquisite t y c f9d3 take no ?\ght ( ! exp5se1 because ,i /9t myself s mu* 9 all o!r pleasures t ,i c af=d to lay out some?+ at ! reque/ ( ,bac*us1 )\t giv+ (f5ce to 8 two companions ,c]es & ,v5us4 ,y mu/ be c>eful to leave out nei!r ,scillo nor ,c>9o 7,i believe !y meant to call !m ,scylla & ,*>ybdis71 nor ! c\ntry ( my ma/]1 ,ar*im$es ( ,syracuse1 nor ,greek w9es1 nor cl>ets1 c4 c4 ,! exp5se ,i %all easily be able to satisfy1 b n ! inf9ite obligation4 ,9 8 exp5diture ,galileo obs]v$ a j mean betwe5 av>ice & pr(usion3 he sp>$ no co/ necess>y = ! success ( 8 _m & v>i\s exp]im5ts1 & sp5t l>ge sums 9 *>ity & hospitality1 & 9 assi/+ ^? 9 :om he discov]$ excell5ce 9 any art or pr(ession1 _m ( :om he ma9ta9$ 9 8 own h\se4 ,8 temp] 0 easily ruffl$1 b /ill m easily pacifi$4 ,he seldom conv]s$ on ma!matical or philosophical topics except among 8 intimate fri5ds2 & :5 su* subjects 7 abruptly br\ght be=e him1 z 0 (t5 ! case by ! numb]less visitors he 0 9 ! habit ( receiv+1 he %[$ great read9ess 9 turn+ ! conv]sation into m popul> *annels1 9 su* mann] h[ev] t he (t5 contriv$ to introduce some?+ to satisfy ! curiosity ( ! inquir]s4 ,8 memory 0 uncommonly t5aci\s1 & /or$ ) a va/ v>iety ( old songs & /ories1 :i* he 0 9 ! con/ant habit ( quot+ & allud+ to4 ,8 fav\rite ,italian au?ors 7 ,ario/o1 ,petr>ca1 & ,b]ni1 great "p ( ^: poems he 0 able to repeat4 ,8 excessive admiration ( ,ario/o det]m9$ ! side :i* he took aga9/ ,tasso 9 ! virul5t & unnecess>y controv]sy :i* has divid$ ,italy s long on ! respective m]its ( ^! two great poets2 & he 0 accu/om$ to say t read+ ,tasso aft] ,ario/o 0 l ta/+ cucumb]s aft] melons4 ,:5 q a y\?1 he wrote a great numb] ( critical rem>ks on ,tasso's ,g]usalemme ,lib]ata1 :i* "o ( 8 fri5ds borr[$1 & =got to return4 ,= a long "t x 0 ?\ght t ! manuscript _h p]i%$1 till ! ,abb ,s]assi discov]$ x1 :il/ collect+ mat]ials = 8 ,life ( ,tasso1 publi%$ at ,rome 9 #aghe4 ,s]assi be+ a viol5t p>tizan ( ,tasso1 b also unwill+ to lose ! cr$it ( ! discov]y1 copi$ ! manuscript1 b )\t any int5tion ( publi%+ x1 till he c\ld f9d leisure = reply+ prop]ly to ! sophi/ical & unf\nd$ attacks ( a critic s celebrat$ on o!r acc\nts4 ,he ann\nc$ 8 discov]y z hav+ be5 made 9 "o ( ! fam\s libr>ies at ,rome1 :i* vague indication he ) "s reason consid]$ insuffici5t to lead to a second discov]y4 ,on ,s]assi's dea? 8 copy 0 f\nd1 conta9+ a ref]5ce to ! situation ( ! orig9al2 ! criticisms 7 publi%$1 & =m ! greate/ "p ( ! la/ volume ( ! ,milan edition ( ,galileo's works4 ,! manuscript 0 imp]fect at ! "t ( ?is second discov]y1 sev]al leaves hav+ be5 torn out1 x is n kn[n by :om4 ,! op9ion ( ! mo/ judici\s ,italian critics appe>s to be1 t x w\ld h be5 m = ,galileo's cr$it if ^! rem>ks _h nev] be5 made public3 !y are writt5 9 a _s ( flippant viol5ce1 su* z might n be extraord9>y 9 a common juv5ile critic1 b :i* x is pa9ful to notice f ! p5 ( ,galileo4 ,two or ?ree sonnets are extant writt5 by ,galileo himself1 & 9 two in/ances he has n scrupl$ to appropriate ! conceits ( ! poet he affect$ to und]value4#agb ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t ,galileo's matur$ ta/e r rec$$ f ! viol5ce ( 8 e>ly prejudices1 = at a lat] p]iod ( 8 life he us$ to %un comp>+ ! two2 & :5 =c$ to give an op9ion he said1 t ,tasso's appe>$ ! f9] poem1 b t ,ario/o gave him ! great] pleasure4 ,besides ^! sonnets1 !re is extant a %ort burlesque poem writt5 by him1 ,9 abuse ( ,g[ns1 :51 on 8 fir/ becom+ ,pr(essor at ,pisa1 he f\nd himself oblig$ by cu/om to we> 8 pr(essional habit 9 e company4 ,x is writt5 n )\t hum\r1 b does n be> comp>ison ) ,b]ni1 :om he imitat$4 ,!re are sev]al deta*$ subjects treat$ ( by ,galileo1 :i* may be notic$ 9 ?is place4 ,a lett] by him conta9+ ! solution ( a problem 9 ,*ances is probably ! e>lie/ notice extant ( ! application ( ma!matics to t int]e/+ subject3 ! correspond5ce betwe5 ,pascal & ,f]mat1 ) :i* its hi/ory is g5]ally made to beg91 n hav+ tak5 place till at lea/ twelve ye>s lat]4 ,!re c be little d\bt aft] ! cle> acc\nt ( ,c>lo ,dati1 t ,galileo 0 ! fir/ to exam9e ! curve call$ ! ,cycloid1 describ$ by a po9t 9 ! rim ( a :eel roll+ on a /raight l9e1 :i* he recomm5d$ z a graceful =m = ! ar* ( a bridge at ,pisa4 ,he ev5 div9$ t ! area conta9$ betwe5 x & its base is exactly ?ree times t ( ! g5]at+ circle4 ,he seems to h be5 unable to v]ify ?is guess by /rict geometrical reason+1 = ,viviani tells an odd /ory1 t 9 ord] to satisfy 8 d\bts he cut out sev]al l>ge cycloids ( pa/ebo>d1 b f9d+ ! weight 9 e trial to be r less ?an ?ree times t ( ! circle1 he suspect$ ! proportion to be irrational1 & t !re 0 "s error 9 8 e/imation2 ! inquiry he ab&on$ 0 aft]w>ds resum$ ) success by 8 pupil ,torricelli4#agc ,! acc\nt :i* ,lagalla gives ( an exp]im5t %[n 9 8 pres5ce by ,galileo1 c>ries ! obs]vation ( ! phosphoresc5ce ( ! ,bologna /one at lea/ z f> back z #afab4agd ,o!r writ]s m5tion ! "n ( an al*ymi/1 :o accord+ to !m discov]$ x accid5tally 9 #afjc4 ,cesi1 ,lagalla1 & "o or two o!rs1 _h pass$ ! night at ,galileo's h\se1 ) ! int5tion ( obs]v+ ,v5us & ,saturn2 b1 ! night be+ cl\dy1 ! conv]sation turn$ on o!r matt]s1 & especially on ! nature ( light1 on :i* ,galileo took a small wood5 box at daybreak be=e sunrise1 & %[$ u "s small /ones 9 x1 desir+ u to obs]ve t !y 7 n 9 ! lea/ degree lum9\s4 ,hav+ !n expos$ !m = "s "t to ! twilight1 he %ut ! w9d[ aga92 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! d>k room %[$ u ! /ones1 %9+ & gli/5+ ) a fa9t light1 :i* we saw pres5tly decay & become ext+ui%$4 ,9 #afdj1 ,liceti attempt$ to ref] ! effect ( ! e>?%9e ^u ! moon to a simil> phosphoresc5t quality ( t lum9>y1 to :i* ,galileo1 !n ag$ #gf1 repli$ by a long & able lett]1 en=c+ ! true explanation he _h =m]ly giv54 ,al?\gh q bl9d1 & ne>ly deaf1 ! intellectual p[]s ( ,galileo rema9$ to ! end ( 8 life2 b he occasionally felt t he 0 ov]work+ himself1 & us$ to compla9 to 8 fri5d ,micanzio t he f\nd 8 head too busy = 8 body4 ,i _c keep my re/less bra9 f gr9d+ on1 al?\gh ) great loss ( "t2 = :atev] idea comes into my head ) respect to any novelty1 drives out ( x :atev] ,i _h be5 ?9k+ ( j be=e4 ,he 0 busily engag$ 9 consid]+ ! nature ( ! =ce ( p]cussion1 & ,torricelli 0 employ$ 9 arrang+ 8 inve/igations = a cont9uation ( ! ',dialogues on ,motion1' :5 he 0 seiz$ ) an attack ( fev] & palpitation ( ! he>t1 :i*1 aft] an illness ( two mon?s1 put an end to 8 long1 labori\s1 & useful life1 on ! #h? ( ,janu>y1 #afdb1 j "o ye> be=e 8 great successor ,newton 0 born4 ,! malice ( 8 enemies 0 sc>cely allay$ by 8 dea?4 ,8 "r ( mak+ a w 0 disput$1 z hav+ di$ a prison] to ! ,inquisition1 z well z 8 "r to burial 9 consecrat$ gr\nd4 ,^! 7 at la/ conc$$1 b ,urban anxi\sly int]f]$ to prev5t ! design ( erect+ a monum5t to him 9 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,croce1 9 ,flor5ce1 = :i* a l>ge sum _h be5 subscrib$4 ,8 body 0 accord+ly buri$ 9 an obscure corn] ( ! *ur*1 :i* = upw>ds ( ?irty ye>s aft] 8 dea? 0 unm>k$ ev5 by an inscription to 8 memory4 ,x 0 n till a c5tury lat] t ! spl5did monum5t 0 erect$ :i* n[ cov]s 8 & ,viviani's rema9s4 ,:5 _! bodies 7 dis9t]r$ 9 #agcg = ! purpose ( be+ remov$ to _! new re/+-place1 ,capponi1 ! presid5t ( ! ,flor5t9e ,academy1 9 a _s ( spuri\s admiration1 mutilat$ ,galileo's body1 by remov+ ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! "r-h&1 & "o ( ! v]tebr ( ! back1 :i* are /ill pres]v$ 9 "s ( ! ,italian museums4 ,! monum5t 0 put up at ! exp5se ( 8 biograph]1 ,nelli1 to :om ,viviani's prop]ty desc5d$1 *>g$ ) ! condition ( erect+ x4 ,nor 0 ?is ! only public te/imony :i* ,viviani gave ( 8 atta*m5t4 ,! m$al :i* he /ruck 9 hon\r ( ,galileo has already be5 m5tion$2 he also1 z soon z x 0 safe to d s1 cov]$ e side ( ! h\se 9 :i* he liv$ ) laudatory inscriptions to ! same effect4 ,a bu/ ( ,galileo 0 plac$ ov] ! door1 & two bas-reliefs on ea* side repres5t+ "s ( 8 pr9cipal discov]ies4 ,n less ?an five o!r m$als 7 /ruck 9 hon\r ( him dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,padua & ,flor5ce1 :i* are all engrav$ 9 ,v5turi's ,memoirs4 ,!re are sev]al good portraits ( ,galileo extant1 two ( :i*1 by ,titi & ,subt]manns1 are engrav$ 9 ,nelli's ,life ( ,galileo4 ,ano!r by ,subt]manns is 9 ! ,flor5t9e ,gall]y1 & an engrav+ f a copy ( ?is is giv5 by ,v5turi4 ,!re is also a v f9e engrav+ f ! orig9al picture4 ,an engrav+ f ano!r orig9al picture is 9 ! frontispiece ( ! ,padua edition ( 8 works4 ,salusbury seems 9 ! foll[+ passage to describe a portrait ( ,galileo pa9t$ by himself3 ,he did n contemn ! o!r inf]ior arts1 = he _h a good h& 9 sculpture & c>v+2 b 8 p>ticul> c>e 0 to pa9t well4 ,by ! p5cil he describ$ :at 8 telescope discov]$2 9 "o he exce$$ art1 9 ! o!r1 nature4 ,osorius1 ! eloqu5t bi%op ( ,sylva1 e/eems "o piece ( ,m5doza ! wise ,spani% m9i/]'s felicity1 to h be5 ?is1 t he 0 contempor>y to ,titian1 & t by 8 h& he 0 drawn 9 a fair tablet4 ,& ,galilu1 le/ he %\ld want ! same good =tune1 made s great a progress 9 ?is curi\s art1 t he became 8 own ,buon>ota2 & because !re 0 no o!r copy wor?y ( 8 p5cil1 drew himself4 ,no o!r au?or makes ! slighte/ allusion to su* a pa9t+2 & x appe>s m likely t ,salusbury %\ld be mi/ak5 ?an t s int]e/+ a portrait %\ld h be5 entirely lo/ sight (4 ,galileo's h\se at ,arcetri 0 /&+ 9 #ahba1 :5 ,v5turi visit$ x1 & f\nd x 9 ! same /ate 9 :i* ,galileo might be suppos$ to h left x4 ,x is situat$ ne>ly a mile f ,flor5ce1 on ! s\?-ea/]n side1 & ab\t a gun-%ot to ! nor?-we/ ( ! conv5t ( ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,nelli plac$ a suitable inscription ov] ! door ( ! h\se1 :i* belong$ 9 #ahba to a ,signor ,alim>i4#age ,al?\gh ,nelli's ,life ( ,galileo disappo9t$ ! expectations t _h be5 =m$ ( x1 x is impossible = any admir] ( ,galileo n to feel ! greate/ degree ( gratitude t[>ds him1 = ! successful activity ) :i* he rescu$ s _m records ( ! illu/ri\s philosoph] f de/ruction4 ,aft] ,galileo's dea?1 ! pr9cipal "p ( 8 books1 manuscripts1 & in/rum5ts1 7 put into ! *>ge ( ,viviani1 :o 0 himself at t "t an object ( great suspicion2 mo/ ( !m he ?\ght x prud5t to conceal1 till ! sup]/iti\s outcries aga9/ ,galileo %\ld be sil5c$4 ,at ,viviani's dea?1 he left 8 libr>y1 conta9+ a v complete collection ( ! works ( all ! ma!maticians :o _h prec$$ him 7& among/ !m ^? ( ,galileo1 ,torricelli1 & ,ca/elli1 all :i* 7 enri*$ ) notes & additions by himself71 to ! hospital ( ,/4 ,m>y at ,flor5ce1 :]e an ext5sive libr>y already exi/$4 ,! directors ( ! hospital sold ?is unique collection 9 #agha1 :5 x became entirely disp]s$4 ,! manuscripts 9 ,viviani's possession pass$ to 8 nephew1 ! ,abb ,panzan9i1 toge!r ) ! portraits ( ! *ief p]sonages ( ! ,galilean s*ool1 ,galileo's in/rum5ts1 &1 among o!r curiosities1 ! em]ald r+ :i* he wore z a memb] ( ! ,lyncean ,academy4 ,a great numb] ( ^! books & manuscripts 7 pur*as$ at diff]5t times by ,nelli1 aft] ! dea? ( ,panzan9i1 f 8 relations1 :o 7 ignorant or reg>dless ( _! value4 ,"o ( 8 *ief acquisitions 0 made by an extraord9>y accid5t1 relat$ by ,tozzetti ) ! foll[+ details1 :i* we repeat1 z !y seem to au!nticate ! /ory3--,9 ! spr+ ( #agci1 ! fam\s ,doctor ,lami w5t out accord+ to 8 cu/om to breakfa/ ) "s ( 8 fri5ds at ! inn ( ! ,bridge1 by ! />t+-place2 & z he & ,sig4 ,nelli 7 pass+ ?r\gh ! m>ket1 x occurr$ to !m to buy "s ,bologna sausages f ! pork-but*]1 ,cioci1 :o 0 suppos$ to excel 9 mak+ !m4 ,!y w5t into ! %op1 _h _! sausages cut (f & roll$ 9 pap]1 :i* ,nelli put into 8 hat4 ,on rea*+ ! inn1 & call+ = a plate to put !m 91 ,nelli obs]v$ t ! pap] 9 :i* !y _h be5 roll$ 0 "o ( ,galileo's lett]s4 ,he clean$ x z well z he c\ld ) 8 napk91 & put x into 8 pocket )\t say+ a ^w to ,lami2 & z soon z he return$ into ! city1 & c\ld get cle> ( him1 he flew to ! %op ( ,cioci1 :o told him t a s]vant :om he did n "k br\ght him f "t to "t simil> lett]s1 :i* he b\ght by weight z wa/e pap]4 ,nelli b\ght all t rema9$1 & on ! s]vant's next reappe>ance 9 a few days1 he le>n$ ! qu>t] :5ce !y came1 & aft] "s "t succe$$ at a small exp5se 9 gett+ into 8 own possession an old corn-*e/1 conta9+ all t /ill rema9$ ( ! preci\s treasures :i* ,viviani _h conceal$ 9 x n9ety ye>s be=e4#agf ,! e>lie/ biographical notice ( ,galileo is t 9 ! ,obitu>y ( ! ,m]curio ,italico1 publi%$ at ,v5ice 9 #afdg1 by ,vittorio ,siri4 ,x is v %ort1 b conta9s an exact enum]ation ( 8 pr9cipal works & discov]ies4 ,rossi1 :o wrote "u ! "n ( ,janus ,nicius ,ery?ru1 introduc$ an acc\nt ( ,galileo 9 8 ,p9aco!ca ,imag9um ,illu/rium1 9 :i* ! /ory ( 8 illegitimacy fir/ made its appe>ance4 ,9 #affd1 ,salusbury publi%$ a life ( ,galileo 9 ! second volume ( 8 ,ma!matical ,collections1 ! great] "p ( :i* is a translation ( ,galileo's pr9cipal works4 ,almo/ ! :ole edition ( ! second volume ( ,salusbury's book 0 burnt 9 ! great fire ( ,london4 ,*auffepi says t only "o copy is kn[n to be extant 9 ,engl&3 ?is is n[ 9 ! well-kn[n libr>y ( ! ,e>l ( ,macclesfield1 to ^: k9dness ! au?or is mu* indebt$ = ! use he has be5 all[$ to make ( ?is unique volume4 ,a fragm5t ( ?is second volume is 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y at ,ox=d4 ,! translations 9 ! prec$+ pages are mo/ly f\nd$ ^u ,salusbury's v]sion4 ,salusbury's acc\nt1 al?\gh t ( an en?usia/ic admir] ( ,galileo1 is too prolix to be int]e/+3 ! g5]al /yle ( ! p]=mance may be guess$ f ! title ( ! fir/ *apt]--',( ,man 9 g5]al1 & h[ he excelle? all ! o!r ,animals4' ,aft] in=m+ 8 read]s t ,galileo 0 born at ,pisa1 he proce$s3--,italy is affirm$ to h be5 ! fir/ t peopl$ ! _w aft] ! univ]sal deluge1 be+ gov]n$ by ,janus1 ,cameses1 & ,saturn1 c4 ,8 description ( ,galileo's *ildhood is some:at qua9t4 ,be=e o!rs _h left mak+ ( dirt pyes1 he 0 fram+ ( diagrams2 & :il/ o!rs 7 :ipp+ ( toppes1 he 0 consid]+ ! cause ( _! motion4 ,x is on ! :ole tol]ably correct1 especially if we take into acc\nt t ,salusbury _h n yet se5 ,viviani's ,life1 ?\gh compos$ "s ye>s e>li]4 ,! ,life ( ,galileo by ,viviani 0 fir/ writt5 z an outl9e ( an int5d$ l>g] "w1 b ?is latt] 0 nev] complet$4 ,?is sket* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,flor5t9e ,academy1 ( :i* ,galileo _h be5 "o ( ! annual presid5ts1 & aft]w>ds prefix$ to ! complete editions ( ,galileo's works2 x is writt5 9 a v agreeable & fl[+ /yle1 & has be5 ! gr\ndwork ( mo/ subsequ5t acc\nts4 ,ano!r orig9al memoir by ,niccol ,gh]>d9i1 0 publi%$ by ,tozzetti4 ,a great numb] ( ref]5ces to au?ors :o h treat$ ( ,galileo is giv5 by ,sa* 9 8 ,onoma/icon4 ,an approv$ ,lat9 memoir by ,br5na is 9 ! fir/ volume ( ,fabroni's ,vit ,italorum ,illu/rium2 he has h[ev] fall5 into sev]al errors3 ?is same "w conta9s ! lives ( sev]al ( 8 pr9cipal foll[]s4 ,! article 9 ,*auffepi's ,cont9uation ( ,bayle's ,diction>y does n conta9 any?+ :i* is n 9 ! e>li] acc\nts4 ,&rs wrote an essay entitl$ ',saggio sulla ,filos(ia del ,galileo1' publi%$ at ,mantua #aggf2 & ,jagemann publi%$ 8 ',ges*i*te des ,leb5 des ,galileo' at ,leipzig1 9 #aghg2agg nei!r ( ^! ! au?or has be5 able to meet )4 ,an analysis ( ! latt] may be se5 9 ,k/n]'s ',ges*i*te d] ,ma!matik1 ,gtt+51 #ahjj1' f :i* x does n appe> to conta9 any additional details4 ,! ',elogio del ,galileo' by ,paolo ,frisi1 fir/ publi%$ at ,leghorn 9 #agge1 is1 z its title expresses1 r 9 ! nature ( a panegyric ?an ( a cont9u\s biographical acc\nt4 ,x is writt5 ) v great elegance & intimate k ( ! subjects ( :i* x treats4 ,nelli gave sev]al curi\s p>ticul>s ) respect to ,galileo 9 8 ',saggio di ,/oria ,lett]>ia ,fior5t9a1 ,lucca1 #agei2' & 9 #agic publi%$ 8 l>ge "w entitl$ ',vita e ,comm]cio ,lett]>io di ,galileo ,galilei4' ,s un9t]e/+ a book 0 probably nev] writt5 f su* excell5t mat]ials4 ,two ?ick qu>to volumes are fill$ ) repetitions ( ! acc\nts t 7 already 9 pr9t1 ! bulky prep>ation ( :i* compell$ ! au?or to =ego ! publication ( ! va/ collection ( orig9al docum5ts :i* 8 unwe>i$ zeal & indu/ry _h collect$4 ,?is defect has be5 9 great measure suppli$ by ,v5turi 9 #ahah & #ahba1 :o has n only incorporat$ 9 8 "w _m ( ,nelli's manuscripts1 b has br\ght toge!r a numb] ( scatt]$ notices ( ,galileo & 8 writ+s f a v>iety ( outly+ s\rces--a s]vice :i* ! writ] is able to appreciate f hav+ gone ?r\gh ! greate/ "p ( ! same lab\r be=e he 0 =tunate en\gh to meet ) ,v5turi's book4 ,/ill !re are _m lett]s cit$ by ,nelli1 :i* d n appe> ei!r 9 8 book or ,v5turi's4 ,c>lo ,dati1 9 #affc1 quotes ! regi/]s ( ,galileo's correspond5ce arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord]1 9 t5 l>ge volumes4#agh ,! writ] has no means ( asc]ta9+ :at collection ?is may h be52 x is difficult to suppose t "o s arrang$ %\ld h be5 lo/ sight (4 ,x is und]/ood t a life ( ,galileo is prep>+ at ?is mom5t 9 ,flor5ce1 by desire ( ! pres5t ,gr& ,duke1 :i* w probably ?r[ mu* additional light on ! "* & m]its ( ?is great & useful philosoph]4 ,! fir/ editions ( 8 v>i\s treatises1 z m5tion$ by ,nelli1 are giv5 bel[4 ,clem5t1 9 8 ',biblio?que ,curieuse1' has po9t$ out su* among !m1 & ! _m o!rs :i* h be5 pr9t$1 z h become r>e4 ,! ,flor5t9e edition is ! "o us$ by ! ,academia della ,crusca = _! ref]5ces2 = :i* reason its pag+ is m>k$ 9 ! m>g9 ( ! edition ( ,padua1 :i* is mu* m complete1 & is ! "o :i* has be5 on ! pres5t occasion pr9cipally consult$4 ,! latt] conta9s ! ,dialogue on ! ,sy/em1 :i* 0 n suff]$ to be pr9t$ 9 ! =m] editions4 ,! twelve fir/ volumes ( ! la/ edition ( ,milan are a m]e transcript ( t ( ,padua3 ! ?irte5? conta9s 9 addition ! ,lett] to ! ,gr& ,du*ess1 ! ,comm5t>y on ,tasso1 ) "s m9or pieces4 ,a complete edition is /ill want$1 embody+ all ! rec5tly discov]$ docum5ts1 & omitt+ ! v]bose comm5t>ies1 :i*1 h[ev] useful :5 !y 7 writt51 n[ convey little in=mation t _c be m agreeably & m pr(itably le>n$ 9 treatises ( a lat] date4 ,su* 0 ! life1 & su* 7 ! pursuits1 ( ?is extraord9>y man4 ,! numb]less inv5tions ( 8 acute indu/ry2 ! use ( ! telescope1 & ! brilliant discov]ies to :i* x l$2 ! pati5t inve/igation ( ! laws ( weight & motion2 mu/ all be look$ ^u z =m+ b a "p ( 8 real m]its1 z m]ely p>ticul> demon/rations ( ! _s 9 :i* he ev]y:]e )/ood ! despotism ( ignorance1 & appeal$ boldly f traditional op9ions to ! judgm5ts ( reason & common s5se4 ,he claim$ & bequea!d to u ! "r ( ex]cis+ our faculties 9 exam9+ ! beautiful creation :i* surr\nds u4 ,idoliz$ by 8 fri5ds1 he des]v$ _! affection by numb]less acts ( k9dness2 by 8 good hum\r1 8 affability1 & by ! b5evol5t g5]osity ) :i* he devot$ himself & a great "p ( 8 limit$ income to advance _! tal5ts & =tunes4 ,if an int5se desire ( be+ useful is ev]y:]e wor?y ( hon\r2 if its value is immeasurably increas$1 :5 unit$ to g5ius ( ! highe/ ord]2 if we feel = "o :o1 not)/&+ su* titles to reg>d1 is h>ass$ by cruel p]secution1--!n none des]ve our sympa?y1 our admiration1 & our gratitude1 m ?an ,galileo4 ,li/ ( ,galileo's ,works4 ,le ,op]azioni del ,compasso ,geom4 e ,milit4 ,padova1 #afjf4 ,fol4 ,difesa di ,gal4 ,galilei contr4 all4 cal4 et impo/4 di ,bald4 ,capra ,v5ezza1 #afjg4 #dto4 ,syd]eus ,nuncius ,v5etiis1 #afaj4 #dto4 ,discorso int4 alle cose *e /anno 9 su l',acqua ,fir5ze1 #afab4 #dto4 ,novantiqua ,,ss4 ,,pp4 ,doctr9a de ,s4 ,scriptur ,te/imoniis ,arg5t1 #afab4 #dto4 ,i/oria e ,demo/r4 int4 alle ,mac*ie ,sol>i ,roma1 #afac4 #dto4 ,risp4 alle oppos4 del ,s4 ,lod4 delle ,colombe e del ,s4 ,v9c4 di ,grazia ,fir5ze1 #afae4 #dto4 ,discorso delle ,comete di ,m>io ,guiducci ,fir5ze1 #afai4 #dto4 ,dialogo sopra i due ,massimi ,si/emi del ,mondo ,fir5ze1 #afcb4 #dto4 ,discorso e ,demo/r4 intorno alle due nuove ,sci5ze ,leida1 #afch4 #dto4 ,della ,sci5za ,meccanica ,rav5na1 #afdi4 #dto4 ,trattato della ,sf]a ,roma1 #afee4 #dto4 ,discorso sopra il ,flusso e ,reflusso4 7,sci5ze ,fisi*e di ,tozzetti47 ,fir5ze1 #aghj4 #dto4 ,consid]azioni sul ,tasso ,roma1 #agic4 ,trattato della ,=tificazione4 7,memorie di ,v5turi47 ,mod5a1 #ahah4 #dto4 ,! editions ( 8 collect$ works 79 :i* is conta9$ mu* t 0 nev] publi%$ sep>ately7 are-- ,op]e di ,gal4 ,galilei1 ,l9c4 ,nob4 ,fior4 c4 ,bologna1 #afef4 #b vols4 #dto4 ,op]e di ,gal4 ,galilei1 ,nob4 ,fior4 ,accad4 ,l9c4 c4 ,fir5ze1 #agah4 #c vols4 #dto4 ,op]e di ,gal4 ,galilei ,padova1 #agdd4 #d vols4 #dto4 ,op]e di ,gal4 ,galilei ,milano1 #ahaa4 #ac vols4 #hvo4 ,,corrections4 ,page ,co4 ,l9e4 #e #a #b1 ,add3 ,8 in/ructor 0 ! celebrat$ botani/1 ,&reas ,csalp9us1 :o 0 pr(essor ( m$ic9e at ,pisa f #aefg to #aeib4 ,hi/4 ,acad4 ,pisan42 ,pisis1 #agia4 #h #b #ah1 ,add3 ,accord+ to ,k/n]1 8 ,g]man "n 0 ,wur/eis54 #h #b #ba1 = #aehh read #aehf4 #ae #a #eg1 = #afcb read #afcj4 #ag #a #bi1 ,salusbury alludes to ! in/rum5t describ$ & figur$ 9 ,! ,use ( ! ,sector1 ,crosse ,/affe1 & o!r ,in/rum5ts4 ,london1 #afbd4 ,x is exactly ,galileo's ,compass4 #ag #a #eb1 = ,burg1 a ,g]man1 read ,burgi1 a ,swiss4 #bg #b #ag1 ,! au?or "h call$ ,brutti 0 an ,engli%man3 8 real "n1 p]haps1 0 ,bruce4 ,see p4 #ii4 #ej #a #ad1 ,kepl]'s ,epitome 0 n publi%$ till #afai3 x 0 !n ins]t$ 9 ! ,index4 #gc #a #fj1 = "u read turn$ f4 #hj #b #dd1 = any read an indef9itely small4 ,,footnotes3 #agj ,! words ( 8 diploma are3 ,galili 9 ma!maticis discipl9is discipulus1 9 rumnis socius1 ,italicum +5ium ita p]polivit optimis artibus ut int] ma!maticos sculi no/ri facile pr9ceps p] orbem litt]>ium num]etur4--,tirabos*i4 #aga ,on ?is occasion ! ta/e ( ! "t %[$ itself 9 ! foll[+ anagram3-- ,evangeli/a ,torricellieus1 ,en virescit ,galilu alt]4 #agb ,comp>e ,son4 ii4 v4 #h #i2 & ,son4 iii4 v4 #b #c1 ) ,g]4 ,lib4 c4 iv4 /4 #gf1 & c4 vii4 /4 #ai4--,! au?or gladly owns 8 obligation = ^! rem>ks to ! k9dness ( ,sig4 ,panizzi1 ,pr(essor ( ,italian 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 #agc ,lett]a di ,timauro ,antiate4 ,fir5ze1 #affc4 #agd ,de phnom5is 9 orbe ,lun4 ,v5etiis1 #afab4 #age ,v5turi4 #agf ,notizie sul ,+r&im5to delle ,sci5ze ,fisi*e4 ,fir5ze1 #aghj4 #agg ,v5turi4 #agh ,lett]a di ,timauro ,antiate4 ,,life ,,( ,,kepl]4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,introduction--,bir? & ,education ( ,kepl]--,he is appo9t$ ,a/ronomical ,pr(essor at ,gratz--,publi%es ! ',my/]ium ,cosmographicum4' ,,9 ! acc\nt ( ! life & discov]ies ( ,galileo1 we h endeav\r$ to inculcate ! safety & fruitfulness ( ! me?od foll[$ by t great re=m] 9 8 se>* aft] physical tru?4 ,z 8 success furni%es ! be/ in/ance ( ! value ( ! inductive process1 s ! failures & blund]s ( 8 adv]s>ies supply equally good examples ( ! dang]s & ! b>r5ness ( ! opposite c\rse4 ,! hi/ory ( ,,john ,,kepl] might1 at ! fir/ view1 sugge/ conclusions some:at inconsi/5t ) ?is rem>k4 ,e "o :o is b mod]ately acqua9t$ ) a/ronomy is famili> ) ! discov]ies :i* t sci5ce owes to him2 ! mann] 9 :i* he made !m is1 p]haps1 n s g5]ally kn[n4 ,?is extraord9>y man pursu$1 almo/ inv>iably1 ! hypo!tical me?od4 ,8 life 0 pass$ 9 speculat+ on ! results ( a few pr9ciples assum$ by him1 f v prec>i\s analogies1 z ! causes ( ! ph5om5a actually obs]v$ 9 ,nature4 ,we nev]!less f9d t he did1 9 spite ( ?is unphilosophical me?od1 arrive at discov]ies :i* h s]v$ z guides to "s ( ! mo/ valuable tru?s ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,! difficulty w disappe> if we att5d m closely to ! details ( ,kepl]'s inve/igations4 ,we %all p]ceive t to an unusual degree ( ra%ness 9 ! =mation ( 8 sy/ems1 he add$ a quality v r>ely possess$ by philosoph]s ( ! hypo!tical s*ool4 ,"o ( ! greate/ intellectual vices ( ! latt] 0 a wilful bl9dness to ! discrepancy ( facts f _! cre$1 a p]v]se & ob/9ate resi/ance to physical evid5ce1 lead+ n unfrequ5tly to an attempt at disguis+ ! tru?4 ,f ?is besett+ s9 ( ! s*ool1 :i* f an intellectual fault (t5 deg5]at$ into a moral "o1 ,kepl] 0 absolutely free4 ,s*eme aft] s*eme1 re/+ orig9ally ^u little beyond 8 own gl[+ imag9ation1 b exam9$ & ende>$ by ! ceaseless lab\r ( ye>s1 0 unhesitat+ly sacrific$1 z soon z its insuffici5cy became indisputable1 to make room = o!rs z little des]v+ support4 ,! hi/ory ( philosophy af=ds no m rem>kable in/ance ( s9c]e uncompromis+ love ( tru?4 ,to ?is virtue he ow$ 8 great discov]ies3 x mu/ be attribut$ to 8 unhappy me?od t he made no m4 ,9 consid]+ ?is op9ion ^u ! real nature ( ,kepl]'s title to fame1 x ought n to be =gott5 t he has expos$ himself at a disadvantage on :i* c]ta9ly v few philosoph]s w\ld v5ture4 ,8 s+ul> c&\r all[$ him to comm5t ^u 8 own errors ) ! same fre$om z if scrut9iz+ ! "w ( a /rang]2 c>eless :e!r ! impression on 8 read]s 7 fav\rable or o!rwise to himself1 provid$ x 0 in/ructive4 ,few writ]s h spok5 s mu*1 & s freely ( !mselves1 z ,kepl]4 ,he records1 on almo/ e occasion1 ! tra9 ( ?\ght by :i* he 0 l$ to ea* ( ! discov]ies t ev5tually repaid 8 p]sev]ance2 & he has ?us giv5 u a mo/ curi\s & int]e/+ view ( ! work+s ( a m9d ( great1 ?\gh ecc5tric p[]4 ,9 :at foll[s1 says he 7:5 introduc+ a long /r+ ( suppositions1 ( :i* he _h already discov]$ ! fallacy71 let ! read] p>don my cr$ulity1 :il/ work+ out all ^! matt]s by my own +5uity4 ,= x is my op9ion t ! occasions by :i* m5 h acquir$ a k ( cele/ial ph5om5a are n less admirable ?an ! discov]ies !mselves4 ,agree+ altoge!r ) ?is op9ion 9 its wide/ application1 we h n scrupl$1 9 ! foll[+ sket*1 to introduce at "s l5g? an acc\nt ev5 ( ,kepl]'s errone\s speculations2 !y are 9 !mselves v amus+1 & w h ! additional utility ( prov+ ! dang]\s t5d5cy ( 8 me?od2 !y w %[ by h[ _m absurd !ories1 & h[ _m ye>s ( wa/$ lab\r1 8 real discov]ies & s]vices to sci5ce lie surr\nd$4 ,,john ,,kepl] 0 born 7z we are assur$ by 8 e>lie/ biograph] ,hants*7 9 long4 #bi #g1 lat4 #dh #ed1 on ! #ba/ day ( ,decemb]1 #aega4 ,on ?is spot /&s ! imp]ial city ( ,weil1 9 ! du*y ( ,wirtemb]g4 ,8 p>5ts 7 ,h5ry ,kepl] & ,ca!r9e ,guld5mann1 bo? ( noble1 ?\gh decay$ families4 ,h5ry ,kepl]1 at ! "t ( 8 m>riage1 0 a petty (fic] 9 ! ,duke ( ,wirtemb]g's s]vice2 & a few ye>s aft] ! bir? ( 8 elde/ son ,john1 he jo9$ ! army !n s]v+ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,8 wife foll[$ him1 leav+ _! son1 !n 9 8 fif? ye>1 at ,leonb]g1 "u ! c>e ( 8 gr&fa!r4 ,he 0 a sev5 mon?s *ild1 v weak & sickly2 & aft] recov]+ ) difficulty f a sev]e attack ( small-pox1 he 0 s5t to s*ool 9 #aegg4 ,h5ry ,kepl]'s limit$ income 0 /ill f>!r r$uc$ on 8 return into ,g]many1 ! foll[+ ye>1 9 consequ5ce ( ! abscond+ ( "o ( 8 acqua9tance1 = :om he _h incauti\sly become surety4 ,8 circum/ances 7 s mu* n>r[$ by ?is mis=tune1 t he 0 oblig$ to sell 8 h\se1 & ne>ly all t he possess$1 & = sev]al ye>s he support$ 8 family by keep+ a tav]n at ,elm5d+54 ,?is occasion$ great int]ruption to "y ,kepl]'s education2 he 0 tak5 f s*ool1 & employ$ 9 m5ial s]vices till 8 twelf? ye>1 :5 he 0 aga9 plac$ 9 ! s*ool at ,elm5d+54 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he 0 aga9 seiz$ ) a viol5t illness1 s t 8 life 0 almo/ despair$ (4 ,9 #aehf1 he 0 admitt$ into ! mona/ic s*ool ( ,maulbronn1 :]e ! co/ ( 8 education 0 defray$ by ! ,duke ( ,wirtemb]g4 ,?is s*ool 0 "o ( ^? e/abli%$ on ! suppression ( ! mona/]ies at ! ,re=mation1 & ! usual c\rse ( education foll[$ !re requir$ t ! /ud5ts1 aft] rema9+ a ye> 9 ! sup]ior classes1 %\ld (f] !mselves = exam9ation at ! college ( ,tub+5 = ! degree ( ba*elor3 !y !n return$ to _! s*ool ) ! title ( vet]ans2 & aft] complet+ ! /udies taught !re1 !y 7 admitt$ z resid5t /ud5ts at ,tub+51 proce$$ 9 ab\t a ye> to ! degree ( ma/]1 & 7 !n all[$ to comm5ce _! c\rse ( !ology4 ,! ?ree ye>s ( ,kepl]'s life foll[+ 8 admission to ,maulbronn1 7 m>k$ by p]iodical returns ( sev]al ( ! disord]s :i* _h well nigh prov$ fatal to him 9 8 *ildhood4 ,dur+ ! same "t disagreem5ts arose betwe5 8 p>5ts1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* 8 fa!r quitt$ 8 home1 & soon aft] di$ abroad4 ,aft] 8 fa!r's dep>ture1 8 "m also qu>rell$ ) h] relations1 hav+ be5 treat$1 says ,hants*1 ) a degree ( b>b>ity by h] husb& & bro!r-9-law t 0 h>dly exce$$ ev5 by h] own p]v]s5ess3 "o ( 8 bro!rs di$1 & ! family-affairs 7 9 ! greate/ confusion4 ,not)/&+ ^! disadvantages1 ,kepl] took 8 degree ( ma/] 9 ,augu/ #aeia1 atta9+ ! second place 9 ! annual exam9ation4 ,! fir/ "n on ! li/ 0 ,john ,hippolytus ,br5tius4 ,:il/ he 0 ?us engag$ at ,tub+51 ! a/ronomical lecture%ip at ,gratz1 ! *ief t[n ( ,/yria1 became vacant by ! dea? ( ,george ,/adt1 & ! situation 0 (f]$ to ,kepl]4 ,( ?is fir/ occasion ( turn+ 8 ?\ghts t[>ds a/ronomy1 he has himself giv5 ! foll[+ acc\nt3 ,z soon z ,i 0 ( an age to feel ! *>ms ( philosophy1 ,i embrac$ e "p ( x ) int5se desire1 b paid no especial reg>d to a/ronomy4 ,i _h inde$ capacity en\gh = x1 & le>n$ )\t difficulty ! geometrical & a/ronomical !orems occurr+ 9 ! usual c\rse ( ! s*ool1 be+ well gr\nd$ 9 figures1 numb]s1 & proportions4 ,b ^? 7 compulsory /udies--!re 0 no?+ to %[ a p>ticul> turn = a/ronomy4 ,i 0 educat$ at ! exp5se ( ! ,duke ( ,wirtemb]g1 & :5 ,i saw su* ( my companions z ! duke select$ to s5d abroad %r9k 9 v>i\s ways f _! employm5ts1 out ( fondness = home1 ,i1 :o 0 m call\s1 _h e>ly made up my m9d to g ) ! utmo/ read9ess :i!rsoev] ,i might be s5t4 ,! fir/ (f]+ itself 0 an a/ronomical po/1 :i* ,i 0 9 fact =c$ to accept by ! au?ority ( my tutors2 n t ,i 0 al>m$1 9 ! mann] ,i _h condemn$ 9 o!rs1 by ! remot5ess ( ! situation1 b by ! unexpect$ & contemptible nature ( ! (fice1 & by ! slightness ( my in=mation 9 ?is bran* ( philosophy4 ,i ent]$ on x1 !re=e1 bett] furni%$ ) tal5t ?an k3 ) _m prote/ations t ,i 0 n ab&on+ my claim to be provid$ = 9 "s o!r m brilliant pr(ession4 ,:at progress ,i made 9 ! fir/ two ye>s ( my /udies1 may be se5 9 my ',my/]ium ,cosmographicum2' & ! enc\ragem5t giv5 me by my tutor1 ,m/l91 to take up ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy1 may be read 9 ! same book1 & 9 8 lett] :i* is prefix$ to ! ',n>rative ( ,rheticus4' ,i look$ on t discov]y z ( ! highe/ importance1 & /ill m s1 because ,i saw h[ greatly x 0 approv$ by ,m/l94 ,! nature ( ! s+ul> "w to :i* ,kepl] ?us ref]s ) s mu* complac5cy1 w be be/ %[n by quot+ "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable p>ts ( x1 & especially ! preface1 9 :i* he briefly details "s ( ! !ories he successively exam9$ & reject$1 be=e detect+ 7z he imag9$ he _h "h done7 ! true cause ( ! numb] & ord] ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! o!r bran*es ( philosophy ) :i* he occupi$ himself 9 8 y\ng] ye>s1 7 ^? treat$ by ,scalig] 9 8 ',exot]ic ,ex]cises1' to ! /udy ( :i* book ,kepl] attribut$ ! =mation ( _m ( 8 op9ions2 & he tells u t he devot$ mu* "t to ! exam9ation ( ! nature ( heav51 ( s\ls1 ( g5ii1 ( ! elem5ts1 ( ! ess5ce ( fire1 ( ! cause ( f\nta9s1 ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tide1 ! %ape ( ! cont95ts1 & inl& seas1 & ?+s ( ?is sort4 ,he also says1 t by 8 fir/ success ) ! heav5s1 8 hopes 7 greatly inflam$ ( discov]+ simil> analogies 9 ! re/ ( ! visible _w1 & = ?is reason1 nam$ 8 book m]ely a ,prodromus1 or ,=]unn]1 mean+1 at "s future p]iod1 to subjo9 ! ,aft]com]1 or ,sequel4 ,b ?is int5tion 0 nev] fulfill$2 ei!r 8 imag9ation fail$ him1 or1 :at is m likely1 ! labori\s calculations 9 :i* 8 a/ronomical !ories engag$ him1 left him little "t = turn+ 8 att5tion to objects unconnect$ ) 8 fir/ pursuit4 ,x is seldom t we are admitt$ to trace ! progress ( ?\ght 9 ^? :o h di/+ui%$ !mselves by tal5t & orig9ality2 & al?\gh ! :ole ( ! foll[+ speculations beg9 & end 9 error1 yet !y are s *>act]i/ic1 & exhibit su* an extraord9>y picture ( ! extravagances into :i* ,kepl]'s lively imag9ation 0 cont9ually hurry+ him1 t we _c refra9 f cit+ ne>ly ! :ole preface4 ,f x1 bett] ?an f any enum]ation ( peculi>ities1 ! read] w at once appreh5d ! nature ( 8 disposition4 ,:5 ,i 0 att5d+ ! celebrat$ ,m/l91 six ye>s ago1 at ,tub+51 ,i 0 di/urb$ by ! manifold inconv5i5ces ( ! common !ory ( ! univ]se1 & s delight$ ) ,cop]nicus1 :om ,m/l9 0 frequ5tly 9 ! habit ( quot+ ) great respect1 t ,i n only (t5 def5d$ 8 propositions 9 ! physical disputations ( ! c&idates1 b also wrote a correct essay on ! prim>y motion1 ma9ta9+1 t x is caus$ by ! rotation ( ! e>?4 ,& ,i 0 !n at t po9t t ,i attribut$ to ! e>? ! motion ( ! sun on physical 7or1 if y w1 on metaphysical7 gr\nds1 z ,cop]nicus _h done = ma!matical reasons4 ,&1 by ?is practice1 ,i came by degrees1 p>tly f ,m/l9's in/ructions1 & p>tly f my own ef=ts1 to und]/& ! sup]ior ma!matical conv5i5ce ( ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus beyond ,ptolemy's4 ,?is lab\r might h be5 sp>$ me1 by ,joa*im ,rheticus1 :o has %ortly & cle>ly expla9$ ev]y?+ 9 8 fir/ ,n>rative4 ,:ile incid5tally engag$ 9 ^! lab\rs1 9 ! int]mission ( my !ology1 x happ5$ conv5i5tly t ,i succe$$ ,george ,/adt 9 8 situation at ,gratz1 :]e ! nature ( my (fice connect$ me m closely ) ^! /udies4 ,ev]y?+ ,i _h le>n$ f ,m/l91 or _h acquir$ ( myself1 0 !re ( great s]vice to me 9 expla9+ ! fir/ elem5ts ( a/ronomy4 ,&1 z 9 ,virgil1 ',fama mobilitate viget1 viresque acquirit eundo1' s x 0 ) me1 t ! dilig5t ?\ght on ^! ?+s 0 ! occasion ( /ill fur!r ?9k+3 until1 at la/1 9 ! ye> #aeie1 :5 ,i _h "s int]mission ( my lectures all[$ me1 ,i brood$ ) ! :ole en]gy ( my m9d on ?is subject4 ,!re 7 ?ree ?+s 9 p>ticul>1 ( :i* ,i p]t9aci\sly s\ght ! causes :y !y are n o!r ?an !y are3 ! numb]1 ! size1 & ! motion ( ! orbits4 ,i attempt$ ! ?+ at fir/ ) numb]s1 & consid]$ :e!r "o ( ! orbits might be d\ble1 triple1 quadruple1 or any o!r multiple ( ! o!rs1 & h[ mu*1 accord+ to ,cop]nicus1 ea* diff]$ f ! re/4 ,i sp5t a great deal ( "t 9 t lab\r1 z if x 7 m]e sport1 b c\ld f9d no equality ei!r 9 ! proportions or ! diff]5ces1 & ,i ga9$ no?+ f ?is beyond impr9t+ deeply 9 my memory ! di/ances z assign$ by ,cop]nicus2 unless1 p]haps1 read]1 ?is record ( my v>i\s attempts may =ce y\r ass5t1 backw>ds & =w>ds1 z ! waves ( ! sea2 until tir$ at l5g?1 y w will+ly repose y\rself1 z 9 a safe hav51 on ! reasons expla9$ 9 ?is book4 ,h[ev]1 ,i 0 com=t$ 9 "s degree1 & my hopes ( success 7 support$ z well by o!r reasons :i* w foll[ pres5tly1 z by obs]v+ t ! motions 9 e case seem$ to be connect$ ) ! di/ances1 & t :]e !re 0 a great gap betwe5 ! orbits1 !re 0 ! same betwe5 ! motions4 ,& ,i reason$1 t if ,god _h adapt$ motions to ! orbits 9 "s relation to ! di/ances1 x 0 probable t he _h also array$ ! di/ances !mselves 9 relation to some?+ else4 ,f9d+ no success by ?is me?od1 ,i tri$ ano!r1 ( s+ul> audacity4 ,i ins]t$ a new planet betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]1 & ano!r betwe5 ,v5us & ,m]cury1 bo? ( :i* ,i suppos$ invisible1 p]haps on acc\nt ( _! smallness1 & ,i attribut$ to ea* a c]ta9 p]iod ( revolution4#agi ,i ?\ght t ,i c\ld ?us contrive "s equality ( proportions1 increas+ betwe5 e two1 f ! sun to ! fix$ />s4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,e>? is ne>] ,v5us 9 p>ts ( ! t]re/rial orbit1 ?an ,m>s is to ! ,e>? 9 p>ts ( ! orbit ( ,m>s4 ,b n ev5 ! int]position ( a new planet suffic$ = ! enorm\s gap betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]2 = ! proportion ( ,jupit] to ! new planet 0 /ill great] ?an t ( ,saturn to ,jupit]4 ,& al?\gh1 by ?is supposition1 ,i got "s sort ( a proportion1 yet !re 0 no reasonable conclusion1 no c]ta9 det]m9ation ( ! numb] ( ! planets ei!r t[>ds ! fix$ />s1 till we %\ld get z f> z !m1 nor ev] t[>ds ! ,sun1 because ! division 9 ?is proportion ( ! residu>y space )9 ,m]cury might be cont9u$ )\t end4 ,nor c\ld ,i =m any conjecture1 f ! mobility ( p>ticul> numb]s1 :y1 among an inf9ite numb]1 s few %\ld be moveable4 ,! op9ion advanc$ by ,rheticus 9 8 ,n>rative is improbable1 :]e he reasons f ! sanctity ( ! numb] six to ! numb] ( ! six moveable heav5s2 = he :o is inquir+ ( ! frame ( ! _w itself1 mu/ n d]ive reasons f ^! numb]s1 :i* h ga9$ importance f ?+s ( lat] date4 ,i s\ght aga91 9 ano!r way1 :e!r ! di/ance ( e planet is n z ! residuum ( a s9e2 & its motion z ! residuum ( ! s9e ( ! complem5t 9 ! same quadrant4 ,illu/ration ,conceive ! squ>e ,,ab to be con/ruct$1 ^: side ,,ac is equal to ! semidiamet] ( ! univ]se4 ,f ! angle ,b opposite to ,a ! place ( ! sun1 or c5tre ( ! _w1 describe ! quadrant ,,dc ) ! radius ,,bc4 ,!n 9 ,,ac1 ! true radius ( ! _w1 let ! sun1 fix$ />s1 & planets be m>k$ at _! respective di/ances1 & f ^! po9ts draw l9es p>allel to ,,bc1 meet+ ! quadrant4 ,i imag9$ ! mov+ =ce act+ on ea* ( ! planets to be 9 ! proportion ( ^! p>allels4 ,9 ! l9e ( ! sun is inf9ity1 because ,,ad is t\*$1 & n cut1 by ! quadrant3 !re=e ! mov+ =ce is inf9ite 9 ! sun1 z d]iv+ no motion except f its own act4 ,9 ,m]cury ! inf9ite l9e is cut (f at ,k1 & !re=e at ?is po9t ! motion is comp>able ) ! o!rs4 ,9 ! fix$ />s ! l9e is altoge!r lo/1 & compress$ into a m]e po9t ,c2 !re=e at t po9t !re is no mov+ =ce4 ,?is 0 ! !orem1 :i* 0 to be tri$ by calculation2 b if any "o w reflect t two ?+s 7 want+ to me1 fir/1 t ,i did n "k ! size ( ! ,s9us ,totus1 t is1 ! radius ( ! propos$ quadrant2 secondly1 t ! en]gies ( ! motions 7 n ?us express$ o!rwise ?an 9 relation "o to ano!r2 :oev]1 ,i say1 well consid]s ?is1 w d\bt1 n )\t reason1 z to ! progress ,i 0 likely to make 9 ?is difficult c\rse4 ,& yet1 ) unremitt+ lab\r1 & an inf9ite reciprocation ( s9es & arcs1 ,i did get s f> z to be conv9c$ t ?is !ory c\ld n hold4 ,almo/ ! :ole summ] 0 lo/ 9 ^! annoy+ lab\rs2 at la/1 by a trifl+ accid5t1 ,i light$ m ne>ly on ! tru?4 ,i look$ on x z an int]position ( ,provid5ce1 t ,i %\ld obta9 by *ance1 :at ,i _h fail$ to discov] ) my utmo/ ex]tions2 & ,i believ$ ?is ! m1 because ,i pray$ con/antly t ,i might succe$1 if ,cop]nicus _h really spok5 ! tru?4 ,x happ5$ on ! #i? or #ai?#ahj day ( ,july1 9 ! ye> #aeie1 t1 hav+ occasion to %[1 9 my lecture-room1 ! passages ( ! great conjunctions ?r\gh eight signs1 & h[ !y pass gradually f "o tr9e aspect to ano!r1 ,i inscrib$ 9 a circle a great numb] ( triangles1 or quasi-triangles1 s t ! end ( "o 0 made ! beg9n+ ( ano!r4 ,9 ?is mann] a small] circle 0 %ad[$ out by ! po9ts 9 :i* ! l9es cross$ ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,s*eme ( ! great ,conjunctions ( ,,saturn ,,jupit]1 _! leaps ?r\gh eight ,signs1 & _! passages ?r\gh all ! f\r ,triplicities ( ! ,zodiac4 ,! radius ( a circle inscrib$ 9 a triangle is half ! radius ( t describ$ ab\t x2 !re=e ! proportion betwe5 ^! two circles /ruck ! eye z almo/ id5tical ) t betwe5 ,saturn & ,jupit]1 & ! triangle is ! fir/ figure1 j z ,saturn & ,jupit] are ! fir/ planets4 ,on ! spot ,i tri$ ! second di/ance betwe5 ,jupit] & ,m>s ) a squ>e1 ! ?ird ) a p5tagon1 ! f\r? ) a hexagon4 ,& z ! eye aga9 cri$ out aga9/ ! second di/ance betwe5 ,jupit] & ,m>s1 ,i comb9$ ! squ>e ) a triangle & a p5tagon4 ,!re w\ld be no end ( m5tion+ e trial4 ,! failure ( ?is fruitless attempt 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ =tunate "o2 = ,i reflect$1 t 9 ?is way ,i %\ld nev] rea* ! sun1 if ,i wi%$ to obs]ve ! same rule ?r\gh\t2 nor %\ld ,i h any reason :y !re 7 six1 r ?an tw5ty or a hundr$ moveable orbits4 ,& yet figures pleas$ me1 z be+ quantities1 & z hav+ exi/$ be=e ! heav5s2 = quantity 0 creat$ ) matt]1 & ! heav5s aft]w>ds4 ,b if 7?is 0 ! curr5t ( my ?\ghts71 9 relation to ! quantity & proportion ( ! six orbits1 z ,cop]nicus has det]m9$ !m among ! inf9ite o!r figures1 five only c\ld be f\nd hav+ peculi> prop]ties above ! re/1 my bus9ess w\ld be done4 ,& !n aga9 x /ruck me1 :at h plane figures to d among solid orbits8 ,solid bodies ought r to be introduc$4 ,?is1 read]1 is ! inv5tion & ! :ole sub/ance ( ?is little "w2 = if any "o1 ?\gh b mod]ately skill$ 9 geometry1 %\ld he> ^! words h9t$1 ! five regul> solids w directly occur to him ) ! proportions ( _! circumscrib$ & inscrib$ sph]es3 he has imm$iately be=e 8 eyes t s*olium ( ,euclid to ! #ah? proposition ( 8 #ac? ,book1 9 :i* x is prov$ to be impossible t !re %\ld be1 or be imag9$1 m ?an five regul> bodies4 ,:at is wor?y ( admiration 7s9ce ,i _h !n no pro( ( any pr]ogatives ( ! bodies ) reg>d to _! ord]7 is1 t employ+ a conjecture :i* 0 f> f be+ subtle1 d]iv$ f ! di/ances ( ! planets1 ,i %\ld at once atta9 my end s happily 9 arrang+ !m1 t ,i 0 n able to *ange any?+ aft]w>ds ) ! utmo/ ex]cise ( my reason+ p[]s4 ,9 memory ( ! ev5t1 ,i write d[n "h = y ! s5t5ce1 j z x fell f me1 & 9 ! words 9 :i* x 0 t mom5t conceiv$3--,! ,e>? is ! circle1 ! measur] ( all2 r\nd x describe a dodecah$ron1 ! circle includ+ ?is w be ,m>s4 ,r\nd ,m>s describe a tetrah$ron1 ! circle includ+ ?is w be ,jupit]4 ,describe a cube r\nd ,jupit]1 ! circle includ+ ?is w be ,saturn4 ,n[1 inscribe 9 ! ,e>? an icosah$ron1 ! circle inscrib$ 9 x w be ,v5us4 ,inscribe an octah$ron 9 ,v5us1 ! circle inscrib$ 9 x w be ,m]cury4 ,?is is ! reason ( ! numb] ( ! planets4 ,illu/ration ,?is 0 ! cause1 & su* ! success1 ( my lab\r3 n[ read my propositions 9 ?is book4 ,! int5se pleasure ,i h receiv$ f ?is discov]y nev] c be told 9 words4 ,i regrett$ no m ! "t wa/$2 ,i tir$ ( no lab\r2 ,i %unn$ no toll ( reckon+2 days & nights ,i sp5t 9 calculations2 until ,i c\ld see :e!r ?is op9ion w\ld agree ) ! orbits ( ,cop]nicus1 or :e!r my joy 0 to vani% into air4 ,i will+ly subjo9 t s5tim5t ( ,ar*ytas1 z giv5 by ,cic]o3 ',if ,i c\ld m\nt up into heav51 & ?or\ghly p]ceive ! nature ( ! _w1 & beauty ( ! />s1 t admiration w\ld be )\t a *>m = me1 unless ,i _h "s "o l y1 read]1 c&id1 att5tive1 & eag] = k1 to :om to describe x4' ,if y ackn[l$ge ?is feel+1 & are c&id1 y w refra9 f blame1 su* z n )\t cause ,i anticipate2 b if1 leav+ t to itself1 y fe> le/ ^! ?+s be n asc]ta9$1 & t ,i h %\t$ triumph be=e victory1 at lea/ approa* ^! pages1 & le>n ! matt] 9 consid]ation3 y w n f9d1 z j n[1 new & unkn[n planets int]pos$2 t boldness ( m9e is n approv$1 b ^? old ones v little loos5$1 & s furni%$ by ! int]position 7h[ev] absurd y may ?9k x7 ( rectil9e> figures1 t 9 future y may give a reason to ! ru/ics :5 !y ask = ! hooks :i* keep ! skies f fall+4--,f>ewell4 ,9 ! ?ird *apt] ,kepl] m5tions1 t a ?ickness mu/ be all[$ to ea* orb suffici5t to include ! greate/ & lea/ di/ance ( ! planet f ! sun4 ,! =m & result ( 8 comp>ison ) ! real di/ances are z foll[s3-- ,book ,v4 ,if ! ,saturn be tak5 ,jupit] #egg #fce ,*4 #i inn] ,jupit] at #ajjj ,m>s #ccc ,accord+ to #ccc--ad ,surface ,m>s !n ! ,e>? #gie ,cop]nicus #geg--ai ( ! ,e>? out] ,v5us #gie !y are #gid--ba1 #bb orbit ( ,v5us "o ( ,m]cury #egg #gbc--bg ,x w be obs]v$1 t ,kepl]'s results 7 f> f be+ entirely satisfactory2 b he seems to h flatt]$ himself1 t ! diff]5ces might be attribut$ to errone\s measurem5ts4 ,inde$1 ! sci5ce ( obs]vation 0 !n s mu* 9 its infancy1 t su* an ass]tion might be made )\t incurr+ mu* risk ( decisive refutation4 ,kepl] next endeav\r$ to det]m9e :y ! regul> solids foll[$ 9 ?is r ?an any o!r ord]2 & 8 imag9ation soon creat$ a v>iety ( ess5tial di/9ctions betwe5 ! cube1 pyramid1 & dodecah$ron1 belong+ to ! sup]ior planets1 & ! o!r two4 ,! next "q exam9$ 9 ! book1 is ! reason :y ! zodiac is divid$ into #cfj degrees2 & on ?is subject1 he soon becomes envelop$ 9 a v>iety ( subtle consid]ations1 7n v intelligible 9 ! orig9al1 & /ill m difficult to expla9 %ortly to o!rs unacqua9t$ ) x17 9 relation to ! divisions ( ! musical scale2 ! orig9 ( :i* he id5tifies ) 8 five fav\rite solids4 ,! tw5tie? *apt] is appropriat$ to a m int]e/+ inquiry1 conta9+ ! fir/ traces ( 8 f9ally successful rese>*es into ! proportion betwe5 ! di/ances ( ! planets1 & ! times ( _! motions r\nd ! sun4 ,he beg9s ) ! g5]ally admitt$ fact1 t ! m di/ant planets move m sl[ly2 b 9 ord] to %[ t ! proportion1 :atev] x may be1 is n ! simple "o ( ! di/ances1 he exhibits ! foll[+ little ,table3-- ---------- ,d4 ,scr4 ------------------- #ajgei4ab ,d4 ,scr4 --------------------------- #faei #dccb4cg ,d4 ,scr4 ---------------------------------- #aghe #abhb #fhf4ei ,d4 ,scr4 ---------------------------------------- - #aagd #hdc #deb #cfe4ae ,d4 ,scr4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #hdd #fjf #cbe #bfb4cj #bbd4db ,d4 ,scr4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #dcd #cab #afg #ace #aae #hg4eh ,at ! head ( ea* v]tical column is plac$ ! real "t 79 days & sexagesimal p>ts7 ( ! revolution ( ! planet plac$ above x1 & und]nea? ! days due to ! o!r inf]ior planets1 if !y obs]v$ ! proportion ( di/ance4 ,h5ce x appe>s t ?is proportion 9 e case gives a "t great] ?an ! tru?2 z = in/ance1 if ! e>?'s rate ( revolution 7 to ,jupit]'s 9 ! proportion ( _! di/ances1 ! second column %[s t ! "t ( h] p]iod w\ld be #hdc in/ead ( #cfe days2 s ( ! re/4 ,8 next attempt 0 to comp>e !m by two by two1 9 :i* he f\nd t he arriv$ at a proportion some?+ l ! proportion ( ! di/ances1 al?\gh z yet f> f obta9+ x exactly4 ,?is process am\nts to tak+ ! quoti5ts obta9$ by divid+ ! p]iod ( ea* planet by ! p]iod ( ! "o next beyond4 #ajgei4bg be successively tak5 to #djc #dccb4cg consi/ ( #ajjj equal #aei #fhf4ei p>ts1 ! planet next #ecb ,= if ea* ( ! #cfe4ae bel[ w conta9 #fae p]iods ( #bdd4db ( ^? p>ts 9 #cib ,b if ! di/ance ( ea* planet 9 #egb succession be tak5 to consi/ ( #bij #ajjj equal p>ts1 ! di/ance ( #feh ! next bel[ w conta91 accord+ #gai to ,cop]nicus1 9 #ejj ,f ?is table he argu$ t to make ! proportions agree1 we mu/ assume "o ( two ?+s1 ei!r t ! mov+ intellig5ces ( ! planets are weake/ 9 ^? :i* are f>!/ f ! ,sun1 or t !re is "o mov+ intellig5ce 9 ! ,sun1 ! common c5tre =c+ !m all r\nd1 b ^? mo/ viol5tly :i* are ne>e/1 & t x langui%es 9 "s sort1 & gr[s weak] at ! mo/ di/ant1 because ( ! remot5ess & ! att5uation ( ! virtue4 ,we /op "h to ins]t a note add$ by ,kepl] to ! lat] editions1 & %all take advantage ( ! same int]ruption to w>n ! read] n to conf\nd ?is notion ( ,kepl] ) ! !ory ( a gravitat+ =ce t[>ds ! ,sun1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we n[ use ^? words4 ,accord+ to our !ory1 ! effect ( ! pres5ce ( ! ,sun ^u ! planet is to pull x t[>ds ! c5tre 9 a /raight l9e1 & ! effect ( ! motion ?us produc$ comb9$ ) ! motion ( ! planet1 :i* if undi/urb$ w\ld be 9 a /raight l9e incl9$ to ! direction ( ! radius1 is1 t x describes a curve r\nd ! ,sun4 ,kepl] consid]$ 8 planets z p]fectly quiet & unwill+ to move :5 left alone2 & t ?is virtue suppos$ by him to proce$ 9 e direction out ( ! ,sun1 swept !m r\nd1 j z ! sails ( a w9dmill w\ld c>ry r\nd any?+ :i* became entangl$ 9 !m4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( 8 works ,kepl] m5tions hav+ speculat$ on a real attractive =ce 9 ! c5tre2 b z he knew t ! planets are n always at ! same di/ance f ! ,sun1 & conceiv$ errone\sly1 t to remove !m f _! lea/ to _! greate/ di/ance a repulsive =ce mu/ be suppos$ alt]nat+ ) an attractive "o1 he laid aside ?is notion z improbable4 ,9 a note he ackn[l$ges t :5 he wrote ! passage j quot$1 imbu$ z he !n 0 ) ,scalig]'s notions on mov+ intellig5ces1 he lit]ally believ$ t ea* planet 0 mov$ by a liv+ _s1 b aft]w>ds came to look on ! mov+ cause z a corporeal ?\gh immat]ial sub/ance1 some?+ 9 ! nature ( light :i* is obs]v$ to dim9i% simil>ly at increas$ di/ances4 ,he !n proce$s z foll[s 9 ! orig9al text4 ,let u !n assume1 z is v probable1 t motion is disp5s$ by ! sun 9 ! same mann] z light4 ,! proportion 9 :i* light emanat+ f a c5tre is dim9i%$1 is taught by optical writ]s3 = !re is ! same quantity ( light1 or ( ! sol> rays1 9 ! small circles z 9 ! l>ge2 & !re=e1 z x is m cond5s$ 9 ! =m]1 m att5uat$ 9 ! latt]1 a measure ( ! att5uation may be d]iv$ f ! proportion ( ! circles !mselves1 bo? 9 ! case ( light & ( ! mov+ virtue4 ,!re=e1 by h[ mu* ! orbit ( ,v5us is great] ?an t ( ,m]cury1 9 ! same proportion w ! motion ( ! latt] be /rong]1 or m hurri$1 or m swift1 or m p[]ful1 or by :atev] o!r ^w y l to express ! fact1 ?an t ( ! =m]4 ,b a l>g] orbit w\ld require a proportionably long] "t ( revolution1 ev5 ?\gh ! mov+ =ce 7 ! same4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! "o cause ( a great] di/ance ( ! planet f ! ,sun1 produces a d\ble effect 9 increas+ ! p]iod1 & conv]sely ! increase ( ! p]iods w be d\ble ! diff]5ce ( ! di/ances4 ,!re=e1 half ! increm5t add$ to ! %ort] p]iod ought to give ! true proportion ( ! di/ances1 s t ! sum %\ld repres5t ! di/ance ( ! sup]ior planet1 on ! same scale on :i* ! %ort] p]iod repres5ts ! di/ance ( ! int]ior "o4 ,= in/ance1 ! p]iod ( ,m]cury is ne>ly #hh days2 t ( ,v5us is #bbd1 ! diff]5ce is #acf3 half ( ?is is #fh1 :i*1 add$ to #hh1 gives #aef4 ,! mean di/ance ( ,v5us ought1 !re=e1 to be1 9 proportion to t ( ,m]cury1 z #aef to #hh4 ,if ?is be done ) all ! planets1 we get ! foll[+ results1 tak+ successively1 z be=e1 ! di/ance ( ea* planet at #ajjj4 ,! di/ance 9 p>ts ( :i* #egd ,b accord+ #egb ! di/ance ( ! next #bgd to ,cop]nicus #bij sup]ior planet conta9s #ajjj1 #fid !y are #feh is at #gfb respectively #gai #efc #ejj ,z y see1 we h n[ got ne>] ! tru?4 ,f9d+ t ?is !ory ( ! rate ( dim9ution w\ld n br+ him q close to ! result he desir$ to f9d1 ,kepl] imm$iately imag9$ ano!r4 ,?is latt] occasion$ him a great deal ( p]plexity1 & af=ds ano!r ( ! frequ5tly recurr+ in/ances ( ! wa/e ( "t & +5uity occasion$ by 8 impetu\s & precipitate temp]am5t4 ,assum+ ! di/ance ( any planet1 z = in/ance ( ,m>s1 to be ! unit ( space1 & ! virtue at t di/ance to be ! unit ( =ce1 he suppos$ t z _m p>ticles z ! virtue at ! ,e>? ga9$ ^u t ( ,m>s1 s _m p>ticles ( di/ance did ! ,e>? lose4 ,he endeav\r$ to det]m9e ! respective positions ( ! planets ^u ?is !ory1 by ! rules ( false position1 b 0 mu* a/oni%$ at f9d+ ! same exactly z on 8 =m] hypo!sis4 ,! fact 01 z he himself discov]$1 al?\gh n until aft] sev]al ye>s1 t he _h become confus$ 9 8 calculation2 & :5 half ?r\gh ! process1 _h retrac$ 8 /eps s z ( c\rse to arrive aga9 at ! numb]s f :i* he />t$1 & :i* he _h tak5 f 8 =m] results4 ,?is 0 ! real secret ( ! id5tity ( ! two me?ods2 & if1 :5 he _h tak5 ! di/ance ( ,m>s at #ajjj1 in/ead ( assum+ ! di/ance ( ! e>? at #fid1 z he did1 he _h tak5 any o!r numb]1 & op]at$ ^u x 9 ! same mann]1 he w\ld h _h ! same reason = rely+ on ! accuracy ( 8 supposition4 ,z x 01 ! result utt]ly conf\nd$ him2 & he 0 oblig$ to leave x ) ! rem>k1 t ! two !ories are ?us prov$ to be ! same 9 fact1 & only diff]5t 9 =m2 al?\gh h[ t c possibly be1 ,i h nev] to ?is day be5 able to und]/&4--,8 p]plexity 0 v reasonable2 !y are by no means ! same2 x 0 only 8 me?od ( juggl+ ) ! figures :i* seem$ to connect !m4 ,not)/&+ all its faults1 ! g5ius & unwe>i$ p]sev]ance display$ by ,kepl] 9 ?is book1 imm$iately rank$ him among a/ronom]s ( ! fir/ class2 & he receiv$ ! mo/ flatt]+ encomiums f _m ( ! mo/ celebrat$2 among o!rs1 f ,galileo & ,ty*o ,brahe1 ^: op9ion he invit$ ^u 8 p]=mance4 ,galileo cont5t$ himself ) prais+ 9 g5]al t]ms ! +5uity & good fai? :i* appe>$ s conspicu\sly 9 x4 ,ty*o ,brahe ent]$ into a m detail$ criticism ( ! "w1 &1 z ,kepl] %rewdly rem>k$1 %[$ h[ highly he ?\ght ( x by advis+ him to try to adapt some?+ ( ! same k9d to ! ,ty*onic sy/em4 ,kepl] also s5t a copy ( 8 book to ! imp]ial a/ronom]1 ,raim>1 ) a complim5t>y lett]1 9 :i* he exalt$ him above all o!r a/ronom]s ( ! age4 ,raim> _h surreptiti\sly acquir$ a notion ( ,ty*o ,brahe's !ory1 & publi%$ x z 8 own2 & ,ty*o1 9 8 lett]1 compla9$ ( ,kepl]'s extravagant flatt]y4 ,?is drew a long apologetical reply f ,kepl]1 9 :i* he attribut$ ! admiration he _h express$ ( ,raim> to 8 own want ( in=mation at t "t1 hav+ s9ce met ) _m ?+s 9 ,euclid & ,regiomontanus1 :i* he !n believ$ orig9al 9 ,raim>4 ,) ?is explanation1 ,ty*o pr(ess$ himself p]fectly satisfi$4 ,,footnotes3 #agi ,! foll[+ scrupul\s note add$ by ,kepl] 9 #afba to a subsequ5t edition ( ?is "w1 des]ves to be quot$4 ,x %[s h[ entirely sup]ior he 0 to ! paltr9ess ( attempt+ to appropriate ! discov]ies ( o!rs1 ( :i* _m ( 8 contempor>ies _h exhibit$ in/ances ev5 on slight] pret5ces ?an ?is passage might h af=d$ him4 ,! note is z foll[s3 ,n circulat+ r\nd ,jupit] l ! ,m$ican />s4 ,be n deceiv$4 ,i nev] _h !m 9 my ?\ghts1 b1 l ! o!r prim>y planets1 includ+ ! sun 9 ! c5tre ( ! sy/em )9 _! orbits4 #ahj ,?is inconv5i5t mode ( dat+ 0 necess>y be=e ! new or ,gregorian /yle 0 univ]sally adopt$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,kepl]'s ,m>riage--,he jo9s ,ty*o ,brahe at ,prague--,is appo9t$ ,imp]ial ,ma!matician--,treatise on ! ,new ,/>4 ,,! publication ( ?is extraord9>y book1 e>ly z x occurs 9 ! hi/ory ( ,kepl]'s life1 0 yet prec$$ by 8 m>riage4 ,he _h contemplat$ ?is /ep s e>ly z #aeib2 b t suit hav+ be5 brok5 (f1 he paid 8 addresses1 9 #aeif1 to ,b>b>a ,mull] von ,muhleckh4 ,?is lady 0 already a wid[ = ! second "t1 al?\gh two ye>s y\ng] ?an ,kepl] himself4 ,on occasion ( ?is alliance he 0 requir$ to prove ! nobility ( 8 family1 & ! delay consequ5t ^u ! inquiry po/pon$ ! m>riage till ! foll[+ ye>4 ,he soon became involv$ 9 difficulties 9 consequ5ce ( ?is inconsid]ate engagem5t3 8 wife's =tune 0 less ?an he _h be5 l$ to expect1 & he became embroil$ on t acc\nt ) h] relations4 ,/ill m s]i\s inconv5i5ce result$ to him f ! tr\bl$ /ate 9 :i* ! prov9ce ( ,/yria 0 at t "t1 aris+ out ( ! disputes 9 ,bohemia & ! two great religi\s p>ties into :i* ! empire 0 n[ divid$1 ! "o head$ by ,rodolph1 ! feeble m9d$ emp]or1--! o!r by ,mat?ias1 8 ambiti\s & ent]pris+ bro!r4 ,9 ! ye> foll[+ 8 m>riage1 he ?\ght x prud5t1 on acc\nt ( "s op9ions he _h unadvis$ly promulgat$1 7( :at nature does n v di/9ctly appe>17 to )draw himself f ,gratz into ,hung>y4 ,!nce he transmitt$ sev]al %ort treatises to 8 fri5d ,zeh5tmai]1 at ,tub+5--,on ! ,magnet1 ,on ! ,cause ( ! ,obliquity ( ! ,ecliptic1 & ,on ! ,div9e ,wisdom1 z %[n 9 ! ,creation4 ,little is kn[n ( ^! works beyond ! notice tak5 ( !m 9 ,zeh5tmai]'s answ]s4 ,kepl] has himself told u1 t 8 magnetic philosophy 0 built ^u ! inve/igations ( ,gilb]t1 ( :om he always ju/ly spoke ) ! greate/ respect4 ,ab\t ! same "t a m viol5t p]secution _h driv5 ,ty*o ,brahe f 8 obs]vatory ( ,uraniburg1 9 ! little isl& ( ,hue51 at ! entrance ( ! ,baltic4 ,?is _h be5 be/[$ on him by ! munific5ce ( ,fr$]ick ,i4 ( ,d5m>k1 :o lib]ally furni%$ him ) e means ( prosecut+ 8 a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,aft] ,fr$]ick's dea?1 ,ty*o f\nd himself unable to )/& ! p>ty :i* _h con/antly oppos$ him1 & 0 =c$1 at a great loss & mu* inconv5i5ce1 to quit 8 fav\rite isl&4 ,on ! invitation ( ! emp]or1 ,rudolph ,,ii41 he !n betook himself1 aft] a %ort /ay at ,hamburg1 to ! ca/le ( ,b5a*1 ne> ,prague1 :i* 0 assign$ to him ) an annual p5sion ( ?ree ?\s& flor9s1 a truly munific5t provision 9 ^? times & t c\ntry4 ,kepl] _h be5 eag] to see ,ty*o ,brahe s9ce ! latt] _h intimat$ t 8 obs]vations _h l$ him to a m accurate det]m9ation ( ! exc5tricities ( ! orbits ( ! planets4 ,by help ( ?is1 ,kepl] hop$ t 8 !ory might be made to accord m ne>ly ) ! tru?2 & on le>n+ t ,ty*o 0 9 ,bohemia1 he imm$iately set out to visit him1 & arriv$ at ,prague 9 ,janu>y1 #afjj4 ,f !nce he wrote a second lett] to ,ty*o1 n hav+ receiv$ ! answ] to 8 =m] apology1 aga9 excus+ himself = ! "p he _h appe>$ to take ) ,raim> aga9/ him4 ,ty*o repli$ imm$iately 9 ! k9de/ mann]1 & begg$ he w\ld repair to him directly3--,come n z a /rang]1 b z a v welcome fri5d2 come & %>e 9 my obs]vations ) su* in/rum5ts z ,i h ) me1 & z a de>ly belov$ associate4 ,dur+ 8 /ay ( ?ree or f\r mon?s at ,b5a*1 x 0 settl$ t ,ty*o %\ld apply to ! emp]or1 to procure him ! situation ( assi/ant 9 ! obs]vatory4 ,kepl] !n return$ to ,gratz1 hav+ previ\sly receiv$ an intimation1 t he might d s 9 safety4 ,! plan1 z x _h be5 arrang$ betwe5 !m 01 t a lett] %\ld be procur$ f ! emp]or to ! /ates ( ,/yria1 reque/+ t ,kepl] might jo9 ,ty*o ,brahe = two ye>s1 & reta9 8 sal>y dur+ t "t3 a hundr$ flor9s 7 to be add$ annually by ! emp]or1 on acc\nt ( ! great] de>ness ( liv+ at ,prague4 ,b be=e ev]y?+ 0 conclud$1 ,kepl] f9ally ?rew up 8 situation at ,gratz1 9 consequ5ce ( new diss5sions4 ,fe>+ t ?is w\ld utt]ly put an end to 8 hopes ( connect+ himself ) ,ty*o1 he det]m9$ to revive 8 claims on ! patronage ( ! ,duke ( ,wirtemb]g4 ,) ?is view he ent]$ into correspond5ce ) ,m/l9 & "s ( 8 o!r fri5ds at ,tub+51 int5d+ to prosecute 8 m$ical /udies1 & (f] himself = ! pr(essor%ip ( m$ic9e 9 t univ]sity4 ,he 0 dissuad$ f ?is s*eme by ! press+ in/ances ( ,ty*o1 :o und]took to ex]t himself 9 procur+ a p]man5t settlem5t = him f ! emp]or1 & assur$ him1 ev5 if t attempt %\ld fail1 t ! language he _h us$ :5 =m]ly invit+ him to visit him at ,hamburg1 %\ld n be =gott54 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is enc\ragem5t1 ,kepl] ab&on$ 8 =m] s*eme1 & travell$ aga9 ) 8 wife to ,prague4 ,he 0 deta9$ a long "t on ! road by viol5t illness1 & 8 money became entirely exhau/$4 ,on ?is he wrote compla9+ly to ,ty*o1 t he 0 unable )\t assi/ance to travel ev5 ! %ort di/ance :i* /ill sep>at$ !m1 f> less to await mu* long] ! fulfilm5t ( ! promises held out to him4 ,by 8 subsequ5t admissions1 x appe>s t = a consid]able "t he liv$ entirely on ,ty*o's b\nty1 & by way ( return1 he wrote an essay aga9/ ,raim>1 & aga9/ a ,scot*man nam$ ,liddell1 pr(essor at ,ro/o* & ,helm/adt1 :o1 l ,raim>1 _h appropriat$ to himself ! cr$it ( ! ,ty*onic sy/em4 ,kepl] nev] adopt$ ?is !ory1 & inde$1 z ! "q m]ely reg>d$ priority ( inv5tion1 !re c\ld be no occasion1 9 ! discussion1 = an exam9ation ( its pr9ciples4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by a transaction1 n mu* to ,kepl]'s cr$it1 :o 9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ ye>1 & dur+ a second abs5ce f ,prague1 fanci$ t he _h "s reason to compla9 ( ,ty*o's behavi\r1 & wrote him a viol5t lett]1 fill$ ) reproa*es & insults4 ,ty*o appe>s to h behav$ 9 ?is affair ) great mod]ation3 pr(ess+ to be himself occupi$ ) ! m>riage ( 8 daught]1 he gave ! c>e ( reply+ to ,kepl]'s *>ges1 to ,ericks51 "o ( 8 assi/ants1 :o1 9 a v k9d & temp]ate lett]1 po9t$ out to him ! +ratitude ( 8 behavi\r1 & ! gr\ndlessness ( 8 dissatisfaction4 ,8 pr9cipal compla9t seems to h be51 t ,ty*o _h n suffici5tly suppli$ 8 wife ) money dur+ 8 abs5ce4 ,ericks5's lett] produc$ an imm$iate & entire *ange 9 ,kepl]'s temp]1 & x is only f ! humble recantation :i* he in/antane\sly (f]$ t we le>n ! ext5t ( 8 previ\s viol5ce4 ,mo/ noble ,ty*o1 ^! are ! words ( 8 lett]1 h[ %all ,i enum]ate or rightly e/imate y\r b5efits conf]r$ on me6 ,= two mon?s y h lib]ally & gratuit\sly ma9ta9$ me1 & my :ole family2 y h provid$ = all my wi%es2 y h done me e possible k9dness2 y h communicat$ to me ev]y?+ y hold mo/ de>2 no "o1 by ^w or de$1 has int5tionally injur$ me 9 any?+3 9 %ort1 n to y\r *ildr51 y\r wife1 or y\rself h y %[n m indulg5ce ?an to me4 ,?is be+ s1 z ,i am anxi\s to put ^u record1 ,i _c reflect )\t con/]nation t ,i %\ld h be5 s giv5 up by ,god to my own intemp]ance1 z to %ut my eyes on all ^! b5efits2 t1 in/ead ( mode/ & respectful gratitude1 ,i %\ld indulge = ?ree weeks 9 cont9ual moros5ess t[>ds all y\r family1 9 headlong passion1 & ! utmo/ insol5ce t[>ds y\rself1 :o possess s _m claims on my v5]ation f y\r noble family1 y\r extraord9>y le>n+1 & di/+ui%$ reputation4 ,:atev] ,i h said or writt5 aga9/ ! p]son1 ! fame1 ! hon\r1 & ! le>n+ ( y\r excell5cy2 or :atev]1 9 any o!r way1 ,i h injuri\sly spok5 or writt51 7if !y admit no o!r m fav\rable int]pretation17 z to my grief ,i h spok5 & writt5 _m ?+s1 & m ?an ,i c rememb]2 all & ev]y?+ ,i recant1 & freely & hone/ly decl>e & pr(ess to be gr\ndless1 false1 & incapable ( pro(4 ,h(fmann1 ! presid5t ( ! /ates ( ,/yria1 :o _h tak5 ,kepl] to ,prague on 8 fir/ visit1 ex]t$ himself to p]fect ! reconciliation1 & ?is ha/y qu>rel 0 entirely pass$ ov]4 ,on ,kepl]'s return to ,prague1 9 ,septemb]1 #afja1 he 0 pres5t$ to ! ,emp]or by ,ty*o1 & hon\r$ ) ! title ( ,imp]ial ,ma!matician1 on condition ( assi/+ ,ty*o 9 8 calculations4 ,kepl] desir$ no?+ m ?an ?is condition1 s9ce ,ty*o 0 at t "t probably ! only p]son 9 ! _w :o possess$ obs]vations suffici5t = ! re=m :i* he n[ began to m$itate 9 ! !ory ( a/ronomy4 ,rudolph appe>s to h valu$ bo? ,ty*o ,brahe & ,kepl] z a/rolog]s r ?an a/ronom]s2 b al?\gh unable to appreciate rightly ! importance ( ! task !y und]took1 ( compil+ a new set ( a/ronomical tables f\nd$ ^u ,ty*o's obs]vations1 yet 8 vanity 0 flatt]$ ) ! prospect ( 8 "n be+ connect$ ) su* a "w1 & he made lib]al promises to defray ! exp5se ( ! new ,rudolph9e ,tables4 ,ty*o's pr9cipal assi/ant at ?is "t 0 ,longomontanus1 :o alt]$ 8 "n to ?is =m1 accord+ to ! preval5t fa%ion ( giv+ to e "n a ,lat9 t]m9ation4 ,lomborg or ,longbi]g 0 ! "n1 n ( 8 family1 b ( ! village 9 ,d5m>k1 :]e he 0 born1 j z ,mll] 0 seldom call$ by any o!r "n ?an ,regiomontanus1 f 8 native t[n ,knigsb]g1 z ,george ,joa*im ,rheticus 0 s surnam$ f ,rhetia1 ! c\ntry ( ! ,grisons1 & z ,kepl] himself 0 sometimes call$ ,leonmontanus1 f ,leonb]g1 :]e he pass$ 8 infancy4 ,x 0 agre$ betwe5 ,longomontanus & ,kepl]1 t 9 discuss+ ,ty*o's obs]vations1 ! =m] %\ld apply himself especially to ! ,moon1 & ! latt] to ,m>s1 on :i* planet1 ow+ to its fav\rable position1 ,ty*o 0 !n p>ticul>ly engag$4 ,! nature ( ^! lab\rs w be expla9$ :5 we come to speak ( ! celebrat$ book ,on ! ,motions ( ,m>s4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 di/urb$ by ! return ( ,longomontanus into ,d5m>k1 :]e he _h be5 (f]$ an a/ronomical pr(essor%ip1 & /ill m by ! sudd5 dea? ( ,ty*o ,brahe himself 9 ! foll[+ ,octob]4 ,kepl] att5d$ him dur+ 8 illness1 & aft] 8 dea? und]took to arrange "s ( 8 writ+s4 ,b1 9 consequ5ce ( a misund]/&+ betwe5 him & ,ty*o's family1 ! manuscripts 7 tak5 out ( 8 h&s2 & :51 soon aft]w>ds1 ! book appe>$1 ,kepl] compla9$ heavily t !y _h publi%$1 )\t 8 cons5t or k1 ! notes & int]l9eations add$ by him = 8 own private guidance :il/ prep>+ x = publication4 ,on ,ty*o's dea?1 ,kepl] succe$$ him z pr9cipal ma!matician to ! emp]or2 b al?\gh he 0 ?us nom9ally provid$ ) a lib]al sal>y1 x 0 almo/ always 9 arre>4 ,! pecuni>y emb>rassm5ts 9 :i* he con/antly f\nd himself involv$1 drove him to ! res\rce ( ga9+ a livelihood by ca/+ nativities4 ,8 peculi> temp]am5t r5d]$ him n av]se f su* speculations1 & he enjoy$ consid]able reputation 9 ?is l9e1 & receiv$ ample remun]ation = 8 pr$ictions4 ,b al?\gh he did n scruple1 :5 consult$1 to avail himself 9 ?is mann] ( ! cr$ulity ( 8 contempor>ies1 he pass$ ov] few occasions 9 8 works ( prote/+ aga9/ ! futility ( ?is p>ticul> g5e?liac a/rology4 ,8 own a/rological cre$ 0 9 a diff]5t /ra91 m s+ul>1 b n less extravagant4 ,we %all def] ent]+ into any details conc]n+ x1 till we come to treat ( 8 book on ,h>monics1 9 :i* he has collect$ & recapitulat$ ! sub/ance ( 8 scatt]$ op9ions on ?is /range subject4 ,8 next works des]v+ notice are ^? publi%$ on occasion ( ! new /> :i* %one out ) great spl5d\r 9 #afjd1 9 ! con/ellation ,cassiopeia4#aha ,imm$iately on its appe>ance1 ,kepl] wrote a %ort acc\nt ( x 9 ,g]man1 m>k$ ) all ! oddity :i* *>act]ises mo/ ( 8 productions4 ,we %all see en\gh ( 8 a/ronomical calculations :5 we come to 8 book on ,m>s2 ! foll[+ passage w probably be f\nd m amus+4 ,aft] comp>+ ?is /> ) t ( #aegb1 & m5tion+ t _m p]sons :o _h se5 x ma9ta9$ ?is to be ! bright] ( ! two1 s9ce x 0 ne>ly twice ! size ( its ne>e/ neighb\r1 ,jupit]1 he proce$s z foll[s3--,yond] "o *ose = its appe>ance a "t no way rem>kable1 & came into ! _w q unexpect$ly1 l an enemy /orm+ a t[n1 & break+ into ! m>ket-place be=e ! citiz5s are aw>e ( 8 approa*2 b ours has come exactly 9 ! ye> ( :i* a/rolog]s h writt5 s mu* ab\t ! fi]y trigon t happ5s 9 x2#ahb j 9 ! mon? 9 :i* 7accord+ to ,cyprian7 ,m>s comes up to a v p]fect conjunction ) ! o!r two sup]ior planets2 j 9 ! day :5 ,m>s has jo9$ ,jupit]1 & j 9 ! place :]e ?is conjunction has tak5 place4 ,!re=e ! app>ition ( ?is /> is n l a secret ho/ile irruption1 z 0 t "o ( #aegb1 b ! spectacle ( a public triumph1 or ! entry ( a mighty pot5tate2 :5 ! c\ri]s ride 9 "s "t be=e1 to prep>e 8 lodg+s1 & ! cr[d ( "y ur*9s beg9 to ?9k ! "t ov]-long to wait3 !n roll 91 "o aft] ano!r1 ! ammunition1 & money1 & baggage waggons1 & pres5tly ! trampl+ ( horse1 & ! ru% ( p f e side to ! /reets & w9d[s2 & :5 ! cr[d h gaz$ ) _! jaws all agape at ! troops ( knights2 !n at la/1 ! trumpet]s1 & ar*]s1 & lackeys1 s di/+ui% ! p]son ( ! mon>*1 t !re is no occasion to po9t him out1 b e "o cries out ( 8 own accord--',"h we h him6'--,:at x may port5d is h>d to det]m9e1 & ?us mu* only is c]ta91 t x comes to tell mank9d ei!r no?+ at all1 or high & weighty news1 q beyond human s5se & und]/&+4 ,x w h an important influ5ce on political & social relations2 n inde$ by its own nature1 b1 z x 71 accid5tally ?r\gh ! disposition ( mank9d4 ,fir/1 x port5ds to ! booksell]s great di/urbances1 & tol]able ga9s2 = almo/ e ,!ologus1 ,philosophicus1 ,m$icus1 & ,ma!maticus1 or :oev] else1 hav+ no labori\s occupation intru/$ to him1 seeks 8 pleasure 9 /udiis1 w make p>ticul> rem>ks ^u x1 & w wi% to br+ ^! rem>ks to ! light4 ,j s w o!rs1 le>n$ & unle>n$1 wi% to "k its mean+1 & !y w buy ! au?ors :o pr(ess to tell !m4 ,i m5tion ^! ?+s m]ely by way ( example1 because1 al?\gh ?us mu* c be easily pr$ict$ )\t great skill1 yet may x happ5 j z easily1 & 9 ! same mann]1 t ! vulg>1 or :oev] else is ( easy fai?1 or x may be1 crazy1 may wi% to exalt himself into a great prophet2 or x may ev5 happ5 t "s p[]ful "l1 :o has good f\ndation & beg9n+ ( great dignities1 w be *e]$ on by ?is ph5om5on to v5ture on "s new s*eme1 j z if ,god _h set up ?is /> 9 ! d>kness m]ely to enlight5 !m4 ,x w\ld h>dly be suppos$1 f ! t5or ( ?is la/ passage1 t ! writ] ( x 0 n a det]m9$ enemy to a/rological pr$ictions ( e description4 ,9 #afjb he _h publi%$ a disputation1 n n[ easily met )1 ,on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,a/rology1 9 :i* x seems t he treat$ ! pr(ess$ a/rolog]s ) great sev]ity4 ,! ess5ce ( ?is book is probably conta9$ 9 ! second treatise on ! new />1 :i* he publi%$ 9 #afjf4ahc ,9 ?is volume he inveighs repeat$ly aga9/ ! vanity & wor?lessness ( ord9>y a/rology1 decl>+ at ! same "t1 t ! pr(essors ( t art "k t ?is judgm5t is pron\nc$ by "o well acqua9t$ ) its pr9ciples4 ,= if ! vulg> are to pron\nce :o is ! be/ a/rolog]1 my reputation is kn[n to be ( ! highe/ ord]2 if !y pref] ! judgm5t ( ! le>n$1 !y are already condemn$4 ,:e!r !y /& ) me 9 ! eyes ( ! populace1 or ,i fall ) !m be=e ! le>n$1 9 bo? cases ,i am 9 _! ranks2 ,i am on a level ) !m2 ,i _c be r5\nc$4 ,! !ory :i* ,kepl] propos$ to sub/itute is intimat$ %ortly 9 ! foll[+ passage3 ,i ma9ta9 t ! col\rs & aspects1 & conjunctions ( ! planets1 are impress$ on ! natures or faculties ( sublun>y ?+s1 & :5 !y occur1 t ^! are excit$ z well 9 =m+ z 9 mov+ ! body ov] ^: motion !y preside4 ,n[ let no "o conceive a prejudice t ,i am anxi\sly seek+ to m5d ! deplorable & hopeless cause ( a/rology by f>-fet*$ subtilties & mis]able quibbl+4 ,i d n value x suffici5tly1 nor h ,i ev] %unn$ hav+ a/rolog]s = my enemies4 ,b a mo/ unfail+ exp]i5ce 7z f> z c be hop$ 9 natural ph5om5a7 ( ! excitem5t ( sublun>y natures by ! conjunctions & aspects ( ! planets1 has in/ruct$ & compell$ my unwill+ belief4 ,aft] exhau/+ o!r topics sugge/$ by ?is new />1 he exam9es ! diff]5t op9ions on ! cause ( its appe>ance4 ,among o!rs he m5tions ! ,epicurean notion1 t x 0 a =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms1 ^: appe>ance 9 ?is =m 0 m]ely "o ( ! inf9ite numb] ( ways 9 :i*1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( "t1 !y h be5 comb9$4 ,hav+ descant$ = "s "t on ?is op9ion1 & decl>$ himself altoge!r ho/ile to x1 ,kepl] proce$s z foll[s3--,:5 ,i 0 a y\?1 ) pl5ty ( idle "t on my h&s1 ,i 0 mu* tak5 ) ! vanity1 ( :i* "s gr[n m5 are n a%am$1 ( mak+ anagrams1 by transpos+ ! lett]s ( my "n1 writt5 9 ,greek1 s z to make ano!r s5t5ce3 out ( ,i made 2#ahd 9 ,lat91 out ( ,joannes ,kepl]us came ,s]p5s 9 akuleo4#ahe ,b n be+ satisfi$ ) ! mean+ ( ^! words1 & be+ unable to make ano!r1 ,i tru/$ ! ?+ to *ance1 & tak+ out ( a pack ( play+ c>ds z _m z !re 7 lett]s 9 ! "n1 ,i wrote "o ^u ea*1 & !n began to %uffle !m1 & at ea* %uffle to read !m 9 ! ord] !y came1 to see if any mean+ came ( x4 ,n[1 may all ! ,epicurean gods & goddesses conf\nd ?is same *ance1 :i*1 al?\gh ,i sp5t a good deal ( "t ov] x1 nev] %[$ me any?+ l s5se ev5 f a di/ance4#ahf ,s ,i gave up my c>ds to ! ,epicurean et]nity1 to be c>ri$ away into inf9ity1 &1 x is said1 !y are /ill fly+ ab\t !re1 9 ! utmo/ confusion among ! atoms1 & h nev] yet come to any mean+4 ,i w tell ^! disputants1 my oppon5ts1 n my own op9ion1 b my wife's4 ,ye/]day1 :5 we>y ) writ+1 & my m9d q du/y ) consid]+ ^! atoms1 ,i 0 call$ to supp]1 & a salad ,i _h ask$ = 0 set be=e me4 ,x seems !n1 said ,i al\d1 t if pewt] di%es1 leaves ( lettuce1 gra9s ( salt1 drops ( wat]1 v9eg>1 & oil1 & slices ( egg1 _h be5 fly+ ab\t 9 ! air f all et]nity1 x might at la/ happ5 by *ance t !re w\ld come a salad4 ,yes1 says my wife1 b n s nice & well dress$ z ?is ( m9e is4 ,,footnotes3 #aha ,see ,life ( ,galileo1 p4 #af4 #ahb ,! fi]y trigon occurs ab\t once 9 e #hjj ye>s1 :5 ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 & ,m>s are 9 ! ?ree fi]y signs1 ,aries1 ,leo1 & ,sagitt>ius4 #ahc ,! copy ( ?is "w 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is ,kepl]'s pres5tation copy to our ,james ,i4 ,on ! blank leaf1 opposite ! title-page1 is ! foll[+ inscription1 app>5tly 9 ! au?or's h&-writ+3--,regi philosophanti1 philosophus s]vi5s1 ,platoni ,diog5es1 ,britannias t55ti1 ,prag /ipem m5dicans ab ,alex&ro1 e dolio conductitio1 hoc suum philosophema misit et comm5davit4 #ahd ,! tap/] ( ! ,sir5s4 #ahe ,a s]p5t 9 8 /+4 #ahf ,9 "o ( 8 anonym\s writ+s ,kepl] has anagrammatiz$ 8 "n1 ,joannes ,kepl]us1 9 a v>iety ( o!r =ms1 probably select$ f ! luckie/ ( 8 %uffles3--,kleopas ,h]5nius1 ,hel5or ,kapu5sis1 ,rasp9us ,enkeleo1 ,kanones ,pu]iles4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,kepl] publi%es 8 ,supplem5t to ,vitellion--,!ory ( ,refraction4 ,,dur+ sev]al ye>s ,kepl] rema9$1 z he himself =cibly express$ x1 begg+ 8 bread f ! emp]or at ,prague1 & ! spl5d\r ( 8 nom9al income s]v$ only to increase 8 irritation1 at ! real neglect "u :i* he nev]!less p]sev]$ 9 8 lab\rs4 ,8 family 0 increas+1 & he _h little :]e) to support !m beyond ! unc]ta9 proce$s ( 8 writ+s & nativities4 ,8 sal>y 0 *>g$ p>tly on ! /ates ( ,silesia1 p>tly on ! imp]ial treasury2 b x 0 9 va9 t repeat$ ord]s 7 procur$ = ! paym5t ( ! arre>s due to him4 ,! res\rces ( ! empire 7 dra9$ by ! con/ant dem&s ( an engross+ w>1 & ,kepl] _h n suffici5t influ5ce to en=ce 8 claims aga9/ ^? :o ?\ght ev5 ! smalle/ sum be/[$ ^u him ill sp5t1 9 fo/]+ pr(itless speculations4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is nigg>dl9ess1 ,kepl] 0 =c$ to po/pone ! publication ( ! ,rudolph9e ,tables1 :i* he 0 engag$ 9 con/ruct+ f 8 own & ,ty*o ,brahe's obs]vations1 & appli$ himself to o!r works ( a less co/ly description4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ a ,treatise on ,comets1 writt5 on occasion ( "o :i* appe>$ 9 #afjg3 9 ?is he sugge/s t !y are planets mov+ 9 /raight l9es4 ,! book publi%$ 9 #afjd1 :i* he entitles ,a ,supplem5t to ,vitellion1 may be consid]$ z conta9+ ! fir/ reasonable & consi/5t !ory ( optics1 especially 9 t bran* ( x usually t]m$ dioptrics1 :i* relates to ! !ory ( vision ?r\gh transp>5t sub/ances4 ,9 x 0 fir/ expla9$ ! true use ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! eye1 to ! k ( :i* ,bapti/a ,porta _h already approa*$ v ne>ly1 ?\gh he /opp$ %ort ( ! accurate tru?4 ,kepl] rem>k$ ! id5tity ( ! me*anism 9 ! eye ) t beautiful inv5tion ( ,porta's1 ! cam]a obscura2 %[+1 t ! light :i* falls f ext]nal objects on ! eye is refract$ ?r\gh a transp>5t sub/ance1 call$1 f its =m & composition1 ! cry/all9e l5s1 & makes a picture on ! f9e net-"w ( n]ves1 call$ ! ret9a1 :i* lies at ! back ( ! eye4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! exi/5ce ( ?is col\r$ picture on ! ret9a causes to ! individual ! s5sation ( sight1 belongs to a !ory n purely physical2 & beyond ?is po9t ,kepl] did n attempt to g4 ,! direction into :i* rays ( light 7z !y are usually call$7 are b5t or refract$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! air & o!r transp>5t sub/ances or m$iums1 is discuss$ 9 ?is treatise at great l5g?4 ,ty*o ,brahe _h be5 ! fir/ a/ronom] :o recogniz$ ! necessity ( mak+ "s all[ance on ?is acc\nt 9 ! obs]v$ heights ( ! />s4 ,a long controv]sy arose on ?is subject betwe5 ,ty*o ,brahe & ,ro?man1 ! a/ronom] at ,hesse ,cassel1 a man ( unque/ionable tal5t1 b ( odd & ecc5tric habits4 ,nei!r 0 altoge!r 9 ! "r1 al?\gh ,ty*o _h ! advantage 9 ! argum5t4 ,he fail$ h[ev] to e/abli% ! true law ( refraction1 & ,kepl] has devot$ a *apt] to an exam9ation ( ! same "q4 ,x is m>k$ by precisely ! same qualities z ^? appe>+ s conspicu\sly 9 8 a/ronomical writ+s3--great +5uity2 wond]ful p]sev]ance2 bad philosophy4 ,t ?is may n be tak5 solely ^u ass]tion1 "s samples ( x are subjo9$4 ,! writ+s ( ! au?ors ( ?is p]iod are little read or kn[n at ! pres5t day2 & x is only by copi\s extracts t any accurate notion c be =m$ ( ! nature & value ( _! lab\rs4 ,! foll[+ t$i\s specim5 ( ,kepl]'s mode ( exam9+ physical ph5om5a is advis$ly select$ to contra/ ) 8 a/ronomical rese>*es3 ?\gh ! luck & consequ5tly ! fame t att5d$ 8 div9ation 7 widely diff]5t on ! two occasions1 ! me?od pursu$ 0 ! same4 ,aft] comm5t+ on ! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ,ro?man & ,ty*o ,brahe1 ,kepl] proce$s to enum]ate 8 own endeav\rs to discov] ! law ( refraction4 ,i did n leave untri$ :e!r1 by assum+ a horizontal refraction accord+ to ! d5sity ( ! m$ium1 ! re/ w\ld correspond ) ! s9es ( ! di/ances f ! v]tical direction1 b calculation prov$ t x 0 n s3 & inde$ !re 0 no occasion to h tri$ x1 = ?us ! refractions w\ld increase accord+ to ! same law 9 all m$iums1 :i* is contradict$ by exp]im5t4 ,! same k9d ( objection may be br\ght aga9/ ! cause ( refraction alleg$ by ,alhaz5 & ,vitellion4 ,!y say t ! light seeks to be comp5sat$ = ! loss su/a9$ at ! oblique impact2 s t 9 proportion z x is enfeebl$ by /rik+ aga9/ ! d5s] m$ium1 9 ! same degree does x re/ore its en]gy by approa*+ ! p]p5dicul>1 t x may /rike ! bottom ( ! d5s] m$ium ) great] =ce2 = ^? impacts are mo/ =cible :i* are direct4 ,& !y add "s subtle notions1 ,i "k n :at1 h[ ! motion ( obliquely incid5t light is comp\nd$ ( a motion p]p5dicul> & a motion p>allel to ! d5se surface1 & t ?is comp\nd motion is n de/roy$1 b only ret>d$ by meet+ ! d5s] m$ium4 ,illu/ration ,i tri$ ano!r way ( measur+ ! refraction1 :i* %\ld include ! d5sity ( ! m$ium & ! incid5ce3 =1 s9ce a d5s] m$ium is ! cause ( refraction1 x seems to be ! same ?+ z if we 7 to prolong ! dep? ( ! m$ium 9 :i* ! rays are refract$ into z mu* space z w\ld be fill$ by ! d5s] m$ium "u ! =ce ( ! r>] "o4 ,let ,a be ! place ( ! light1 ,,bc ! surface ( ! d5s] m$ium1 ,,de its bottom4 ,let ,,ab1 ,,ag1 ,,af be rays fall+ obliquely1 :i* w\ld arrive at ,d1 ,i1 ,h1 if ! m$ium 7 uni=m4 ,b because x is d5s]1 suppose ! bottom to be depress$ to ,,kl1 det]m9$ by ?is t !re is z mu* ( ! d5s] matt] conta9$ 9 ! space ,,dc z ( ! r>] 9 ,,lc3 & ?us1 on ! s9k+ ( ! :ole bottom ,,de1 ! po9ts ,d1 ,i1 ,h1 ,e w desc5d v]tically to ,l1 ,m1 ,n1 ,k4 ,jo9 ! po9ts ,,bl1 ,,gm1 ,,fn1 cutt+ ,,de 9 ,o1 ,p1 ,q2 ! refract$ rays w be ,,abo1 ,,agp1 ,,afq4--,?is me?od is refut$ by exp]im5t2 x gives ! refractions ne> ! p]p5dicul> ,,ac too great 9 respect ( ^? ne> ! horizon4 ,:oev] has leisure may v]ify ?is1 ei!r by calculation or compasses4 ,x may be add$ t ! reason+ itself is n v sure-foot$1 &1 :il/ seek+ to measure o!r ?+s1 sc>cely takes 9 & compreh5ds itself4 ,?is reflection mu/ n be mi/ak5 = ! dawn ( suspicion t 8 exam9ation ( philosophical que/ions began n altoge!r at ! "r end3 x is m]ely an ackn[l$gm5t t he _h n yet contriv$ a !ory ) :i* he 0 q satisfi$ be=e x 0 disprov$ by exp]im5t4 ,aft] "s exp]i5ce ( ,kepl]'s miracul\s good =tune 9 seiz+ tru?s across ! wilde/ & mo/ absurd !ories1 x is n easy to keep cle> ( ! opposite feel+ ( surprise :5ev] any ( 8 extravagancies fail to discov] to him "s beautiful law ( nature4 ,b we mu/ foll[ him z he plunges deep] 9 ?is unsuccessful inquiry2 & ! read] mu/ rememb]1 9 ord] fully to appreciate ?is me?od ( philosophiz+1 t x is almo/ c]ta9 t ,kepl] lab\r$ ^u e "o ( ! gratuit\s suppositions t he makes1 until positive exp]im5t satisfi$ him ( _! incorrectness4 ,i g on to o!r me?ods4 ,s9ce d5sity is cle>ly connect$ ) ! cause ( ! refractions1 & refraction itself seems a k9d ( compression ( light1 z x 71 t[>ds ! p]p5dicul>1 x occurr$ to me to exam9e :e!r !re 0 ! same proportion betwe5 ! m$iums 9 respect ( d5sity & ! p>ts ( ! bottom illum9at$ by ! light1 :5 let into a vessel1 fir/ empty1 & aft]w>ds fill$ ) wat]4 ,?is mode bran*es out into _m3 = ! proportion may be imag9$1 ei!r 9 ! /raight l9es1 z if "o %\ld say t ! l9e ,,eq1 illum9at$ by refraction1 is to ,,eh illum9at$ directly1 z ! d5sity ( ! "o m$ium is to t ( ! o!r--,or ano!r may suppose ! proportion to be betwe5 ,,fc & ,,fh--,or x may be conceiv$ to exi/ among surfaces1 or s t "s p[] ( ,,eq %\ld be to "s p[] ( ,,eh 9 ?is proportion1 or ! circles or simil> figures describ$ on !m4 ,9 ?is mann] ! proportion ( ,,eq to ,,ep w\ld be d\ble t ( ,,eh to ,,ei--,or ! proportion may be conceiv$ exi/+ among ! solidities ( ! pyramidal fru/ums ,,fhec1 ,,fqec--,or1 s9ce ! proportion ( ! m$iums involves a ?reefold consid]ation1 s9ce !y h d5sity 9 l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness1 ,i proce$$ also to exam9e ! cubic proportions among ! l9es ,,eq1 ,,eh4 ,i also consid]$ o!r l9es4 ,f any ( ! po9ts ( refraction z ,g1 let a p]p5dicul> ,,gy be dropp$ ^u ! bottom4 ,x may become a "q :e!r possibly ! triangle ,,igy1 t is1 ! base ,,iy1 is divid$ by ! refract$ ray ,,gp1 9 ! proportion ( ! d5sities ( ! m$iums4 ,i h put all ^! me?ods "h toge!r1 because ! same rem>k disproves !m all4 ,=1 9 :atev] mann]1 :e!r z l9e1 plane1 or pyramid1 ,,ei obs]ves a giv5 proportion to ,,ep1 or ! abbreviat$ l9e ,,yi to ,,yp1 namely1 ! proportion ( ! m$iums1 x is sure t ,,ei1 ! tang5t ( ! di/ance ( ! po9t ,a f ! v]tex1 w become inf9ite1 & w1 !re=e make ,,ep or ,,yp1 also inf9ite4 ,!re=e1 ,,igp1 ! angle ( refraction1 w be entirely lo/2 &1 z x approa*es ! horizon1 w gradually become less & less1 :i* is contr>y to exp]im5t4 ,i tri$ aga9 :e!r ! images are equally remov$ f _! po9ts ( refraction1 & :e!r ! ratio ( ! d5sities measures ! lea/ di/ance4 ,= in/ance1 suppos+ ,e to be ! image1 ,c ! surface ( ! wat]1 ,k ! bottom1 & ,,ce to ,,ck 9 ! proportion ( ! d5sities ( ! m$iums4 ,n[1 let ,f1 ,g1 ,b1 be ?ree o!r po9ts ( refraction & images at ,s1 ,t1 ,v1 & let ,,ce be equal to ,,fs1 ,,gt1 & ,,bv4 ,b accord+ to ?is rule an image ,e w\ld /ill be some:at rais$ 9 ! p]p5dicul> ,,ak1 :i* is contr>y to exp]im5t1 n to m5tion o!r contradictions4 ,?irdly1 :e!r ! proportion ( ! m$iums holds betwe5 ,,fh & ,,fx1 suppos+ ,h to be ! place ( ! image8 ,n at all4 ,= s1 ,,ce w\ld be 9 ! same proportion to ,,ck1 s t ! height ( ! image w\ld always be ! same1 :i* we h j refut$4 ,f\r?ly1 :e!r ! rais+ ( ! image at ,e is to ! rais+ at ,h1 z ,,ce to ,,fh8 ,n 9 ! lea/2 = s ! images ei!r w\ld nev] beg9 to be rais$1 or1 hav+ once begun1 w\ld at la/ be inf9itely rais$1 because ,,fh at la/ becomes inf9ite4 ,fif?ly1 :e!r ! images rise 9 proportion to ! s9es ( ! incl9ations8 ,n at all2 = s ! proportion ( asc5t w\ld be ! same 9 all m$iums4 ,six?ly1 are !n ! images rais$ at fir/1 & 9 p]p5dicul> radiation1 accord+ to ! proportion ( ! m$iums1 & d !y subsequ5tly rise m & m accord+ to ! s9es ( ! incl9ations8 ,= s ! proportion w\ld be comp\nd1 & w\ld become diff]5t 9 diff]5t m$iums4 ,!re is no?+ 9 x3 = ! calculation disagre$ ) exp]im5t4 ,& g5]ally x is 9 va9 to h reg>d to ! image or ! place ( ! image1 = t v reason1 t x is imag9>y4 ,= !re is no connexion betwe5 ! d5sity ( ! m$ium or any real quality or refraction ( ! light1 & an accid5t ( vision1 by an error ( :i* ! image happ5s4 ,up to ?is po9t1 !re=e1 ,i _h foll[$ a ne>ly bl9d mode ( inquiry1 & _h tru/$ to good =tune2 b n[ ,i op5$ ! o!r eye1 & hit ^u a sure me?od1 = ,i pond]$ ! fact1 t ! image ( a ?+ se5 "u wat] approa*es closely to ! true ratio ( ! refraction1 & almo/ measures x2 t x is l[ if ! ?+ is view$ directly f above2 t by degrees x rises z ! eye passes t[>ds ! horizon ( ! wat]4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 ! reason alleg$ above1 proves t ! measure is n to be s\ght 9 ! image1 because ! image is n a ?+ actually exi/+1 b arises f a deception ( vision :i* is purely accid5tal4 ,by a comp>ison ( ^! conflict+ argum5ts1 x occurr$ to me at l5g?1 to seek ! causes !mselves ( ! exi/5ce ( ! image "u wat]1 & 9 ^! causes ! measure ( ! refractions4 ,?is op9ion 0 /r5g!n$ 9 me by see+ t opticians _h n rightly po9t$ out ! cause ( ! image :i* appe>s bo? 9 mirrors & 9 wat]4 ,& ?is 0 ! orig9 ( t lab\r :i* ,i und]took 9 ! ?ird *apt]4 ,nor1 inde$1 0 t lab\r trifl+1 :il/ hunt+ d[n false op9ions ( all sorts among ! pr9ciples1 9 a matt] r5d]$ s intricate by ! false traditions ( optical writ]s2 :il/ /rik+ out half a doz5 diff]5t pa?s1 & beg9n+ anew ! :ole bus9ess4 ,h[ (t5 did x happ5 t a ra% confid5ce made me look ^u t :i* ,i s\ght ) su* ard\r1 z at l5g? discov]$6 ,at l5g? ,i cut ?is worse ?an ,gordian knot ( catoptrics by analogy alone1 by consid]+ :at happ5s 9 mirrors1 & :at mu/ happ5 analogically 9 wat]4 ,9 mirrors1 ! image appe>s at a di/ance f ! real place ( ! object1 n be+ itself mat]ial1 b produc$ solely by reflection at ! poli%$ surface4 ,:5ce x foll[$ 9 wat] also1 t ! images rise & approa* ! surface1 n accord+ to ! law ( ! great] or less d5sity 9 ! wat]1 z ! view is less or m oblique1 b solely because ( ! refraction ( ! ray ( light pass+ f ! object to ! eye4 ,on :i* assumption1 x is pla9 t e attempt ,i _h hi!rto made to measure refractions by ! image1 & its elevation1 mu/ fall to ! gr\nd4 ,& ?is became m evid5t :5 ,i discov]$ ! true reason :y ! image is 9 ! same p]p5dicul> l9e ) ! object bo? 9 mirrors & 9 d5se m$iums4 ,:5 ,i _h succe$$ ?us f> by analogy 9 ?is mo/ difficult inve/igation1 z to ! place ( ! image1 ,i began to foll[ out ! analogy fur!r1 l$ on by ! /rong desire ( measur+ refraction4 ,= ,i wi%$ to get hold ( "s measure ( "s sort1 no matt] h[ bl9dly1 hav+ no fe> b t s soon z ! measure %\ld be accurately kn[n1 ! cause w\ld pla9ly appe>4 ,i w5t to "w z foll[s4 ,9 convex mirrors ! image is dim9i%$1 & j s 9 r>] m$iums2 9 d5s] m$iums x is magnifi$1 z 9 concave mirrors4 ,9 convex mirrors ! c5tral p>ts ( ! image approa*1 & rec$e 9 concave f>!r ?an t[>ds ! circumf]5ce2 ! same ?+ happ5s 9 diff]5t m$iums1 s t 9 wat] ! bottom appe>s depress$1 & ! surr\nd+ p>ts elevat$4 ,h5ce x appe>s t a d5s] m$ium corresponds ) a concave reflect+ surface1 & a r>] "o ) a convex "o3 x 0 cle>1 at ! same "t1 t ! plane surface ( ! wat] affects a prop]ty ( curvature4 ,i 01 !re=e1 to excogitate causes consi/5t ) its hav+ ?is effect ( curvature1 & to see if a reason c\ld be giv51 :y ! p>ts ( ! wat] surr\nd+ ! incid5t p]p5dicul> %\ld repres5t a great] d5sity ?an ! p>ts j "u ! p]p5dicul>4 ,& s ! ?+ came r\nd aga9 to my =m] attempts1 :i* be+ refut$ by reason & exp]im5t1 ,i 0 =c$ to ab&on ! se>* aft] a cause4 ,i !n proce$$ to measurem5ts4 ,kepl] !n endeav\r$ to connect 8 measurem5ts ( diff]5t quantities ( refraction ) ! conic sections1 & 0 tol]ably well pleas$ ) "s ( 8 results4 ,!y 7 h[ev] n entirely satisfactory1 on :i* he breaks (f ) ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 ,n[1 read]1 y & ,i h be5 deta9$ suffici5tly long :il/ ,i h be5 attempt+ to collect into "o faggot ! measure ( diff]5t refractions3 ,i ackn[l$ge t ! cause _c be connect$ ) ?is mode ( measurem5t3 = :at is !re 9 common betwe5 refractions made at ! plane surfaces ( transp>5t m$iums1 & mixtil9e> conic sections8 ,:]e=e1 quod ,deus b5e vortat1 we w n[ h _h en\gh ( ! causes ( ?is measure2 & al?\gh1 ev5 n[1 we are p]haps err+ some?+ f ! tru?1 yet x is bett]1 by work+ on1 to %[ our indu/ry1 ?an our laz9ess by neglect4 ,not)/&+ ! great l5g? ( ?is extract1 we mu/ add ! conclud+ p>agraph ( ! ,*apt]1 direct$1 z we are told 9 ! m>g91 aga9/ ! ,ty*onoma/icks3-- ,i "k h[ _m bl9d m5 at ?is day dispute ab\t col\rs1 & h[ !y long = "s "o to give "s assi/ance by argum5t to _! ra% insults ( ,ty*o1 & attacks ^u ?is :ole matt] ( refractions2 :o1 if !y _h kept to !mselves _! pu]ile errors & nak$ ignorance1 might h escap$ c5sure2 = t may happ5 to _m great m54 ,b s9ce !y v5ture =? publicly1 & ) ?ick books & s\nd+ titles1 lay baits = ! applause ( ! unw>y1 7= n[-a-days !re is m dang] f ! abundance ( bad books1 ?an h]et(ore f ! lack ( good ones17 !re=e let !m "k t a "t is set = !m publicly to am5d _! own errors4 ,if !y long] delay do+ ?is1 x %all be op51 ei!r to me or any o!r1 to d to ^! unhappy m$dl]s 9 geometry z !y h tak5 ^u !mselves to d ) respect to m5 ( ! highe/ reputation4 ,& al?\gh ?is lab\r w be despicable1 f ! vile nature ( ! follies aga9/ :i* x w be direct$1 yet s mu* m necess>y ?an t :i* !y h und]tak5 aga9/ o!rs1 z he is a great] public nuisance1 :o endeav\rs to sl&] good & necess>y inv5tions1 ?an he :o fancies he has f\nd :at is impossible to discov]4 ,mean:ile1 let !m cease to plume !mselves on ! sil5ce :i* is ano!r ^w = _! own obscurity4 ,al?\gh ,kepl] fail$1 z we h se51 to detect ! true law ( refraction1 7:i* 0 discov]$ "s ye>s lat] by ,willibrord ,snell1 a ,flemi% ma!matician17 !re are _m ?+s well des]v+ notice 9 8 inve/igations4 ,he rem>k$1 t ! quantity ( refraction w\ld alt]1 if ! height ( ! atmosph]e %\ld v>y2 & also1 t x w\ld be diff]5t at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,bo? ^! s\rces ( v>iation are n[ con/antly tak5 into acc\nt1 ! b>omet] & !rmomet] giv+ exact indications ( ^! *anges4 ,!re is also a v curi\s passage 9 "o ( 8 lett]s to ,bregg]1 writt5 9 #afje1 on ! subject ( ! col\rs 9 ! ra9b[4 ,x is 9 ^! words3--,s9ce e "o sees a diff]5t ra9b[1 x is possible t "s "o may see a ra9b[ 9 ! v place ( my sight4 ,9 ?is case1 ! m$ium is col\r$ at ! place ( my vision1 to :i* ! sol> ray comes to me ?r\gh wat]1 ra91 or aque\s vap\rs4 ,= ! ra9b[ is se5 :5 ! sun is %9+ betwe5 ra91 t is to say1 :5 ! sun also is visible4 ,:y !n d ,i n see ! sun gre51 yell[1 r$1 & blue1 if vision takes place accord+ to ! mode ( illum9ation8 ,i w say some?+ = y to attack or exam9e4 ,! sun's rays are n col\r$1 except ) a def9ite quantity ( refraction4 ,:e!r y are 9 ! optical *amb]1 or /&+ opposite glass globes1 or walk+ 9 ! morn+ dew1 ev]y:]e x is obvi\s t a c]ta9 & def9ite angle is obs]v$1 "u :i*1 :5 se5 9 dew1 9 glass1 9 wat]1 ! sun's spl5d\r appe>s col\r$1 & "u no o!r angle4 ,!re is no col\r+ by m]e reflexion1 )\t ! refraction ( a d5s] m$ium4 ,h[ closely does ,kepl] appe>1 9 ?is passage1 to approa* ! discov]y :i* =ms n ! lea/ "p ( ,newton's fame6 ,we also f9d 9 ?is "w a def5ce ( ! op9ion t ! planets are lum9\s ( !mselves2 on ! gr\nd t ! inf]ior planets w\ld1 on ! contr>y supposition1 display phases l ^? ( ! moon :5 pass+ betwe5 u & ! sun4 ,! use ( ! telescope 0 n !n kn[n2 &1 :5 "s ye>s lat] ! =m ( ! disk ( ! planets 0 m cle>ly def9$ ) _! assi/ance1 ,kepl] _h ! satisfaction ( f9d+ 8 ass]tions v]ifi$ by ! discov]ies ( ,galileo1 t ^! *anges d actually take place4 ,9 ano!r ( 8 speculations1 connect$ ) ! same subject1 he 0 less =tunate4 ,9 #afjg a black spot appe>$ on ! face ( sun1 su* z may almo/ always be se5 ) ! assi/ance ( ! telescope1 al?\gh !y are seldom l>ge en\gh to be visible to ! unassi/$ eye4 ,kepl] saw x = a %ort "t1 & mi/ook x = ! planet ,m]cury1 & ) 8 usual precipitancy ha/5$ to publi% an acc\nt ( 8 obs]vation ( ?is r>e ph5om5on4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 ,galileo discov]$ ) 8 glasses1 a great numb] ( simil> spots2 & ,kepl] imm$iately retract$ ! op9ion ann\nc$ 9 8 treatise1 & ackn[l$g$ 8 belief t previ\s acc\nts ( ! same occurr5ce :i* he _h se5 9 old au?ors1 & :i* he _h f\nd great difficulty 9 reconcil+ ) 8 m accurate k ( ! motions ( ,m]cury1 7 to be ref]r$ to a l mi/ake4 ,on ?is occasion ( ! inv5tion ( ! telescope1 ,kepl]'s c&\r & real love ( tru? appe>$ 9 a mo/ fav\rable light4 ,disreg>d+ entirely ! disagreeable necessity1 9 consequ5ce ( ! discov]ies ( ?is new in/rum5t1 ( retract+ sev]al op9ions :i* he _h ma9ta9$ ) consid]able w>m?1 he rang$ himself at once on ! side ( ,galileo1 9 opposition to ! bitt] & det]m9$ ho/ility ev9c$ by mo/ ( ^? ^: !ories 7 endang]$ by ! new views ?us (f]$ ( ! heav5s4 ,kepl]'s qu>rel ) 8 pupil1 ,horky1 on ?is acc\nt1 has be5 m5tion$ 9 ! ,life ( ,galileo2 & ?is is only a select$ in/ance f ! num]\s occasions on :i* he esp\s$ ! same unpopul> side ( ! argum5t4 ,he publi%$ a diss]tation to accompany ,galileo's ,intellig5c] ( ! ,/>s1 9 :i* he w>mly express$ 8 admiration ( t illu/ri\s inquir] into nature4 ,8 conduct 9 ?is respect 0 ! m rem>kable1 z "s ( 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds _h tak5 a v opposite view ( ,galileo's m]it1 & seem to h lab\r$ mu* to di/urb _! mutual reg>d2 ,m/l9 especially1 ,kepl]'s e>ly in/ructor1 seldom m5tion$ to him ! "n ( ,galileo1 )\t "s contemptu\s expression ( dislike4 ,^! /atem5ts h r di/urb$ ! *ronological ord] ( ! acc\nt ( ,kepl]'s works4 ,we n[ return to ! ye> #afji1 9 :i* he publi%$ 8 great & extraord9>y book1 ,on ! ,motions ( ,m>s2 a "w :i* holds ! int]m$iate place1 & is 9 tru? ! connect+ l9k1 betwe5 ! discov]ies ( ,cop]nicus & ,newton4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,sket* ( ! ,a/ronomical ,!ories be=e ,kepl]4 ,,kepl] _h begun to lab\r ^u ^! comm5t>ies f ! mom5t :5 he fir/ made ,ty*o's acqua9tance2 & x is on ?is "w t 8 reputation %\ld be made ma9ly to re/4 ,x is m>k$ 9 _m places ) 8 *>act]i/ic precipitancy1 & inde$ "o ( ! mo/ important discov]ies ann\nc$ 9 x 7fam\s among a/ronom]s by ! "n ( ! ,equable ,description ( ,areas7 0 blund]$ ^u by a lucky comp5sation ( errors1 ( ! nature ( :i* ,kepl] rema9$ ignorant to ! v la/4 ,yet !re is m ( ! inductive me?od 9 ?is ?an 9 any ( 8 o!r publications2 & ! unwe>i$ p]sev]ance ) :i* he exhau/$ ye>s 9 hunt+ d[n 8 (t5 r5ew$ !ories1 till at l5g? he seem$ to arrive at ! true "o1 almo/ by hav+ previ\sly disprov$ e o!r1 excites a feel+ ( a/oni%m5t ne>ly approa*+ to awe4 ,x is wond]ful h[ he contriv$ to reta9 8 vivacity & creative fancy among/ ! cl\ds ( figures :i* he conjur$ up r\nd him2 = ! slighte/ h9t or %ade ( probability 0 suffici5t to plunge him into ! mid/ ( ! mo/ labori\s computations4 ,he 0 by no means an accurate calculator1 accord+ to ! foll[+ "* :i* he has giv5 ( himself3--,some?+ ( ^! delays mu/ be attribut$ to my own temp]1 = non omnia possumus omnes1 & ,i am totally unable to obs]ve any ord]2 :at ,i d sudd5ly1 ,i d confus$ly1 & if ,i produce any ?+ well arrang$1 x has be5 done t5 times ov]4 ,sometimes an error ( calculation committ$ by hurry1 delays me a great l5g? ( "t4 ,i c\ld inde$ publi% an inf9ity ( ?+s1 = ?\gh my read+ is conf9$1 my imag9ation is abundant1 b ,i gr[ dissatisfi$ ) su* confusion3 ,i get disgu/$ & out ( hum\r1 & ei!r ?r[ !m away1 or put !m aside to be look$ at aga92 or1 9 o!r words1 to be writt5 aga91 = t is g5]ally ! end ( x4 ,i entreat y1 my fri5ds1 n to condemn me = ev] to gr9d 9 ! mill ( ma!matical calculations3 all[ me "s "t = philosophical speculations1 my only delight4 ,he 0 v seldom able to af=d ! exp5se ( ma9ta9+ an assi/ant1 & 0 =c$ to g ?r\gh mo/ ( ! drudg]y ( 8 calculations by himself2 & ! mo/ confirm$ & m]e/ ari?metician c\ld n h toil$ m dogg$ly ?an ,kepl] did 9 ! "w ( :i* we are ab\t to speak4 ,9 ord] t ! language ( 8 a/ronomy may be und]/ood1 x is necess>y to m5tion briefly "s ( ! old] !ories4 ,:5 x _h be5 discov]$ t ! planets did n move regul>ly r\nd ! e>?1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be fix$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w1 a me*anism 0 contriv$ by :i* x 0 ?\ght t ! app>5t irregul>ity c\ld be repres5t$1 & yet ! pr9ciple ( uni=m motion1 :i* 0 adh]$ to ) sup]/iti\s rev]5ce1 might be pres]v$4 ,?is1 9 its simple/ =m1 consi/$ 9 suppos+ ! planet to move uni=mly 9 a small circle1 call$ an epicycle1 ! c5tre ( :i* mov$ ) an equal angul> motion 9 ! opposite direction r\nd ! e>?4#ahg ,! circle ,dd1 describ$ by ,d1 ! c5tre ( ! epicycle1 0 call$ ! def]5t4 ,= in/ance1 if ! planet 0 suppos$ to be at ,a :5 ! c5tre ( ! epicycle 0 at ,d1 its position1 :5 ! c5tre ( ! epicycle _h remov$ to d1 w\ld be at p1 f\nd by draw+ dp p>allel to ,,da4 ,?us1 ! angle adp1 measur+ ! motion ( ! planet 9 its epicycle1 w\ld be equal to ,,ded1 ! angle describ$ by ! c5tre ( ! epicycle 9 ! def]5t4 ,! angle p,ed betwe5 ,ep1 ! direction 9 :i* a planet s mov+ w\ld be se5 f ! e>?1 suppos$ to be at ,e1 & ,ed ! direction 9 :i* x w\ld h be5 se5 _h x be5 mov+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! def]5t1 0 call$ ! equation ( ! orbit1 ! ^w equation1 9 ! language ( a/ronomy1 signify+ :at mu/ be add$ or tak5 f an irregul>ly v>y+ quantity to make x v>y uni=mly4 ,illu/ration ,z ! accuracy ( obs]vations increas$1 m9or irregul>ities 7 discov]$1 :i* 7 attempt$ to be acc\nt$ = by mak+ a second def]5t ( ! epicycle1 & mak+ ! c5tre ( a second epicycle revolve 9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! fir/1 & s on1 or else by suppos+ ! revolution 9 ! epicycle n to be complet$ 9 exactly ! "t 9 :i* its c5tre is c>ri$ r\nd ! def]5t4 ,hipp>*us 0 ! fir/ to make a rem>k by :i* ! geometrical repres5tation ( ^! inequalities 0 consid]ably simplifi$4 ,9 fact1 if ,,ec be tak5 equal to pd1 ,cd w be a p>allelogram1 & consequ5tly ,cp equal to ,ed1 s t ! ma*9]y ( ! fir/ def]5t & epicycle am\nts to suppos+ t ! planet revolves uni=mly 9 a circle r\nd ! po9t ,c1 n co9cid5t ) ! place ( ! e>?4 ,?is 0 consequ5tly call$ ! exc5tric !ory1 9 opposition to ! =m] or conc5tric "o1 & 0 receiv$ z a great improvem5t4 ,z ! po9t d is n repres5t$ by ?is con/ruction1 ! equation to ! orbit 0 measur$ by ! angle ,cp,e1 :i* is equal to p,ed4 ,x is n necess>y to give any acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! old a/ronom]s det]m9$ ! magnitudes & positions ( ^! orbits1 ei!r 9 ! conc5tric or exc5tric !ory1 ! pres5t object be+ little m ?an to expla9 ! mean+ ( ! t]ms x w be necess>y to use 9 describ+ ,kepl]'s inve/igations4 ,to expla9 ! irregul>ities obs]v$ 9 ! o!r planets1 x became necess>y to introduce ano!r hypo!sis1 9 adopt+ :i* ! sev]ity ( ! pr9ciple ( uni=m motion 0 some:at relax$4 ,! ma*9]y consi/$ p>tly ( an exc5tric def]5t r\nd ,e1 ! e>?1 & on x an epicycle1 9 :i* ! planet revolv$ uni=mly2 b ! c5tre ( ! epicycle1 in/ead ( revolv+ uni=mly r\nd ,c1 ! c5tre ( ! def]5t1 z x _h hi!rto be5 made to d1 0 suppos$ to move 9 its circumf]5ce ) an uni=m angul> motion r\nd a ?ird po9t1 ,q2 ! necess>y effect ( :i* supposition 01 t ! l9e> motion ( ! c5tre ( ! epicycle ceas$ to be uni=m4 ,!re 7 ?us ?ree po9ts to be consid]$ )9 ! def]5t2 ,e1 ! place ( ! e>?2 ,c1 ! c5tre ( ! def]5t1 & sometimes call$ ! c5tre ( ! orbit2 & ,q1 call$ ! c5tre ( ! equant1 because1 if any circle 7 describ$ r\nd ,q1 ! planet w\ld appe> to a spectator at ,q1 to be mov+ equably 9 x4 ,x 0 long unc]ta9 :at situation %\ld be assign$ to ! c5tre ( ! equant1 s z be/ to repres5t ! irregul>ities to a spectator on ! e>?1 until ,ptolemy decid$ on plac+ x 79 e case b t ( ,m]cury1 ! obs]vations on :i* 7 v d\btful7 s t ,c1 ! c5tre ( ! orbit1 lay j half way 9 ! /raight l9e1 jo9+ ,q1 ! c5tre ( equable motion1 & ,e1 ! place ( ! e>?4 ,?is is ! fam\s pr9ciple1 kn[n by ! "n ( ! bisection ( ! exc5tricity4 ,illu/ration ,! fir/ equation requir$ = ! planet's motion 0 ?us suppos$ to be due to ! displacem5t ( ,e1 ! e>?1 f ,q1 ! c5tre ( uni=m motion1 :i* 0 call$ ! exc5tricity ( ! equant3 x might be repres5t$ by ! angle d,,em1 draw+ ,,em p>allel to ,qd2 = cle>ly ,m w\ld h be5 ! place ( ! c5tre ( ! epicycle at ! end ( a "t proportional to ,dd1 _h x mov$ ) an equable angul> motion r\nd ,e in/ead ( ,q4 ,?is angle d,,em1 or its equal ,ed,q1 0 call$ ! equation ( ! c5tre 7i4e4 ( ! c5tre ( ! epicycle72 & is cle>ly great] ?an if ,,eq1 ! exc5tricity ( ! equant1 _h be5 no great] ?an ,,ec1 call$ ! exc5tricity ( ! orbit4 ,! second equation 0 measur$ by ! angle subt5d$ at ,e by d1 ! c5tre ( ! epicycle1 & p ! planet's place 9 its circumf]5ce3 x 0 call$ indiff]5tly ! equation ( ! orbit1 or ( ! argum5t4 ,9 ord] to acc\nt = ! app>5t /ations & retrogradations ( ! planets1 x became necess>y to suppose t _m revolutions 9 ! latt] 7 complet$ dur+ "o ( ! =m]4 ,! v>iations ( latitude ( ! planets 7 exhibit$ by suppos+ n only t ! planes ( _! def]5ts 7 oblique to ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 & t ! plane ( ! epicycle 0 also oblique to t ( ! def]5t1 b t ! incl9ation ( ! two latt] 0 cont9ually *ang+1 al?\gh ,kepl] d\bts :e!r ?is latt] complication 0 admitt$ by ,ptolemy4 ,9 ! inf]ior planets1 x 0 ev5 ?\ght necess>y to give to ! plane ( ! epicycle two oscillatory motions on axes at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,! a/ronom]s at ?is p]iod 7 mu* /ruck ) a rem>kable connexion betwe5 ! revolutions ( ! sup]ior planets 9 _! epicycles1 & ! app>5t motion ( ! sun2 = :5 9 conjunction ) ! sun1 z se5 f ! e>?1 !y 7 always f\nd to be 9 ! apogee1 or po9t ( greate/ di/ance f ! e>?1 ( _! epicycle2 & :5 9 opposition to ! ,sun1 !y 7 z regul>ly 9 ! p]igee1 or po9t ( ne>e/ approa* ( ! epicycle4 ,?is correspond5ce betwe5 two ph5om5a1 :i*1 accord+ to ! old a/ronomy1 7 entirely unconnect$1 0 v p]plex+1 & x seems to h be5 "o ( ! facts :i* l$ ,cop]nicus to sub/itute ! !ory ( ! e>?'s motion r\nd ! sun4 ,z "t wore on1 ! sup]/ructure ( exc5trics & epicycles1 :i* _h be5 /ra9$ into repres5t+ ! appe>ances ( ! heav5s at a p>ticul> mom5t1 grew out ( %ape1 & ! natural consequ5ce ( su* an artificial sy/em 01 t x became next to impossible to =esee :at ru9 might be produc$ 9 a remote "p ( x by any attempt to repair ! d]angem5ts & refit ! p>ts to ! *anges1 z !y began to be rem>k$ 9 any p>ticul> po9t4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury ( our era1 ,ptolemy's tables 7 already useless1 & all ^? t 7 contriv$ ) unceas+ toil to supply _! place1 rapidly became z uns]viceable z !y4 ,/ill ! triumph ( g5ius 0 se5 9 ! v5]ation t cont9u$ to be paid to ! assumptions ( ,ptolemy & ,hipp>*us2 & ev5 :5 ! great re=m]1 ,cop]nicus1 appe>$1 he did n = a long "t int5d to d m ?an slightly modify _! pr9ciples4 ,t :i* he f\nd difficult 9 ! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 0 none ( ! inconv5i5ces by :i*1 s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ! new sy/em1 x has become common to demon/rate ! inf]iority ( ! old "o2 x 0 ! displacem5t ( ! c5tre ( ! equant f ! c5tre ( ! orbit t pr9cipally indispos$ him aga9/ x1 & l$ him to endeav\r to repres5t ! appe>ances by "s o!r comb9ations ( really uni=m circul> motions4 ,!re 0 an old sy/em1 call$ ! ,egyptian1 accord+ to :i* ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 & ! ,sun circulat$ r\nd ! e>?1 ! sun c>ry+ ) x1 z two moons or satellites1 ! o!r two planets1 ,v5us & ,m]cury4 ,?is sy/em _h nev] entirely lo/ cr$it3 x _h be5 ma9ta9$ 9 ! fif? c5tury by ,m>tianus ,capella#ahh1 & inde$ x 0 almo/ sanction$1 ?\gh n =mally taught1 by ,ptolemy himself1 :5 he made ! mean motion ( ! sun ! same z t ( ! c5tres ( ! epicycles ( bo? ^! planets4 ,! rem>k :i* _h also be5 made by ! old a/ronom]s1 ( ! connexion betwe5 ! motion ( ! sun & ! revolutions ( ! sup]ior planets 9 _! epicycles1 l$ him /raight to ! expectation t he might1 p]haps1 produce ! uni=mity he s\ght by ext5d+ ! ,egyptian sy/em to ^! also1 & ?is appe>s to h be5 ! %ape 9 :i* 8 re=m 0 orig9ally project$4 ,x 0 already all[$ t ! c5tre ( ! orbits ( all ! planets 0 n co9cid5t ) ! e>?1 b remov$ f x by ! space ,,ec4 ,?is fir/ *ange m]ely made ,,ec ! same = all ! planets1 & equal to ! mean di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun4 ,?is sy/em aft]w>ds acquir$ great celebrity ?r\gh its adoption by ,ty*o ,brahe1 :o believ$ x orig9at$ ) himself4 ,x might p]haps h be5 at ?is p]iod ( 8 rese>*es1 t ,cop]nicus 0 /ruck ) ! passages 9 ! ,lat9 & ,greek au?ors1 to :i* he ref]s z te/ify+ ! exi/5ce ( an old belief 9 ! motion ( ! e>? r\nd ! sun4 ,he imm$iately recognis$ h[ mu* ?is alt]ation w\ld fur!r 8 pr9ciples ( uni=mity1 by ref]r+ all ! planet>y motions to "o c5tre1 & did n hesitate to embrace x4 ,! idea ( expla9+ ! daily & pr9cipal app>5t motions ( ! heav5ly bodies by ! revolution ( ! e>? on its axis1 w\ld be ! conclud+ *ange1 & became almo/ a necess>y consequ5ce ( 8 previ\s improvem5ts1 z x 0 manife/ly at v>iance ) 8 pr9ciples to give to all ! planets & />ry worlds a rapid daily motion r\nd ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 n[ t ! latt] 0 remov$ f its =m] suppos$ po/ 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & 0 itself c>ri$ ) an annual motion r\nd ano!r fix$ po9t4 ,illu/ration ,! read] w\ld1 h[ev]1 =m an inaccurate notion ( ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus1 if he suppos$ t x compris$ no m ?an ! !ory t ea* planet1 includ+ ! e>? among !m1 revolv$ 9 a simple circul> orbit r\nd ! sun4 ,cop]nicus 0 too well acqua9t$ ) ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 n to be aw>e t su* orbits w\ld n accurately repres5t !m2 ! motion he attribut$ to ! e>? r\nd ! sun1 0 at fir/ m]ely int5d$ to acc\nt = ^? :i* 7 call$ ! second inequalities ( ! planets1 accord+ to :i* !y appe> "o :ile to move =w>ds1 !n backw>ds1 & at int]m$iate p]iods1 /ation>y1 & :i* !nce=w>d 7 also call$ ! optical equations1 z be+ m]ely an optical illusion4 ,) reg>d to :at 7 call$ ! fir/ inequalities1 or physical equations1 aris+ f a real inequality ( motion1 he /ill reta9$ ! ma*9]y ( ! def]5t & epicycle2 & all ! alt]ation he attempt$ 9 ! orbits ( ! sup]ior planets 0 an ext5sion ( ! conc5tric !ory to supply ! place ( ! equant1 :i* he consid]$ ! blot ( ! sy/em4 ,8 !ory = ?is purpose is %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagram1 :]e ,s repres5ts ! sun1 ,dd1 ! def]5t or mean orbit ( ! planet1 on :i* revolves ! c5tre ( ! great epicycle1 ^: radius1 ,,df1 0 tak5 at ( ,ptolemy's exc5tricity ( ! equant2 & r\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ?is revolv$1 9 ! opposite direction1 ! c5tre ( ! little epicycle1 ^: radius1 ,,fp1 0 made equal to ! rema9+ ( ! exc5tricity ( ! equant4 ,! planet ,p revolv$ 9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! little epicycle1 9 ! same direction ) ! c5tre ( ! great epicycle 9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! def]5t1 b ) a d\ble angul> velocity4 ,! planet 0 suppos$ to be 9 ! p]igee ( ! little epicycle1 :5 its c5tre 0 9 ! apogee ( ! great]2 & :il/1 = in/ance1 ,d mov$ equably ?\gh ! angle ,,dsd1 ,f mov$ ?r\gh hdf ,,dsd1 & ,p ?r\gh rfp #b ,,dsd4 ,x is easy to %[ t ?is con/ruction gives ne>ly ! same result z ,ptolemy's2 = ! def]5t & great epicycle h be5 already %[n exactly equival5t to an exc5tric circle r\nd ,s1 & inde$ ,cop]nicus latt]ly s repres5t$ x3 ! effect ( 8 con/ruction1 z giv5 above1 may !re=e be reproduc$ 9 ! foll[+ simpl] =m1 9 :i* only ! small] epicycle is reta9$3 ,illu/ration ,9 ?is con/ruction1 ! place ( ! planet is f\nd at ! end ( any "t proportional to ,f f by draw+ fr p>allel to ,,sf1 & tak+ rfp #b;,f (4 ,h5ce x is pla91 if we take ,,oq1 equal to ,,fp1 7already assum$ equal to ( ,ptolemy's exc5tricity ( ! equant17 s9ce ,,s is equal to ( ! same1 t ,,sq is ! :ole ( ,ptolemy's exc5tricity ( ! equant2 & !re=e1 t ,q is ! position ( ! c5tre ( 8 equant4 ,x is also pla9 if we jo9 ,qp1 s9ce rfp #b;,f (1 & o,q fp1 t p,q is p>allel to fo1 &1 !re=e1 p,,qp is proportional to ! "t2 s t ! planet moves uni=mly ab\t ! same po9t ,q1 z 9 ,ptolemy's !ory2 & if we bisect ,,sq 9 ,c1 :i* is ! position ( ! c5tre ( ,ptolemy's def]5t1 ! planet w1 accord+ to ,cop]nicus1 move v ne>ly1 ?\gh n exactly1 9 ! same circle1 ^: radius is ,,cp1 z t giv5 by ! simple exc5tric !ory4 ,! explanation (f]$ by ,cop]nicus1 ( ! motions ( ! inf]ior planets1 diff]$ aga9 9 =m f t ( ! o!rs4 ,he "h introduc$ :at 0 call$ a hypocycle1 :i*1 9 fact1 0 no?+ b a def]5t n includ+ ! sun1 r\nd :i* ! c5tre ( ! orbit revolv$4 ,an epicycle 9 addition to ! hypocycle 0 introduc$ into ,m]cury's orbit4 ,9 ?is epicycle he 0 n suppos$ to revolve1 b to librate1 or move up & d[n 9 its diamet]4 ,cop]nicus _h rec\rse to ?is complication to satisfy an errone\s ass]tion ( ,ptolemy ) reg>d to "s ( ,m]cury's inequalities4 ,he also reta9$ ! oscillatory motions ascrib$ by ,ptolemy to ! planes ( ! epicycles1 9 ord] to expla9 ! unequal latitudes obs]v$ at ! same di/ance f ! nodes1 or int]sections ( ! orbit ( ! planet ) ! ecliptic4 ,into ?is intricacy1 also1 he 0 l$ by plac+ too mu* confid5ce 9 ,ptolemy's obs]vations1 :i* he 0 unable to satisfy by an unv>y+ obliquity4 ,o!r v important errors1 su* z 8 belief t ! l9e ( nodes always co9cid$ ) ! l9e ( apsides1 or places ( greate/ & lea/ di/ance f ! c5tral body1 7:]eas1 at t "t1 9 ! case ( ,m>s1 = in/ance1 !y 7 ne>ly #ij asund]17 prev5t$ him f accurately repres5t+ _m ( ! cele/ial ph5om5a4 ,^! brief details may s]ve to %[ t ! adoption or rejection ( ! !ory ( ,cop]nicus 0 n altoge!r s simple a "q z sometimes x may h be5 consid]$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n a little rem>kable1 :ile x is /rongly illu/rative ( ! _s ( ! times1 t ^! v intricacies1 ) :i* ,kepl]'s !ories h enabl$ u to disp5se1 7 ! only p>ts ( ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus t 7 at fir/ receiv$ ) approbation4 ,8 !ory ( ,m]cury1 especially1 0 consid]$ a ma/]piece ( subtle inv5tion4 ,ow+ to 8 dread ( ! unfav\rable judgm5t he anticipat$ on ! ma9 pr9ciples ( 8 sy/em1 8 "w rema9$ unpubli%$ dur+ =ty ye>s1 & 0 at la/ giv5 to ! _w only j 9 "t to all[ ,cop]nicus to receive ! fir/ copy ( x a few h\rs be=e 8 dea?4 ,,footnotes3 #ahg ,by ! opposite direction is meant1 t :ile ! motion 9 ! circumf]5ce ( "o circle appe>$1 z view$ f its c5tre1 to be f left to "r1 ! o!r1 view$ f its c5tre1 appe>$ f "r to left4 ,?is mu/ be und]/ood :5ev] ^! or simil> expressions are repeat$4 #ahh ,v5us ,m]curiusque1 licet ortus occasusque quotidianos o/5dunt1 tam5 eorum circuli t]ras omn9o non ambiunt1 s$ circa solem laxiore ambitu circulantur4 ,d5ique circulorum suorum c5tron 9 sole con/ituunt4--,de ,nuptiis ,philologi et ,m]curii4 ,vic5ti4 #adii4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,acc\nt ( ! ,comm5t>ies on ! motions ( ,m>s--,discov]y ( ! ,law ( ! equable description ( ,areas1 & ( ,elliptic ,orbits4 ,,we may n[ proce$ to exam9e ,kepl]'s innovations1 b x w\ld be do+ inju/ice to "o ( ! brighte/ po9ts ( 8 "*1 n to preface !m by 8 own animat$ exhortation to 8 read]s4 ,if any "o be too dull to compreh5d ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy1 or too feeble-m9d$ to believe 9 ,cop]nicus )\t prejudice to 8 piety1 my advice to su* a "o is1 t he %\ld quit ! a/ronomical s*ools1 & condemn+1 if he has a m9d1 any or all ( ! !ories ( philosoph]s1 let him look to 8 own affairs1 & leav+ ?is worldly travail1 let him g home & pl\gh 8 fields3 & z (t5 z he lifts up to ?is goodly heav5 ^? eyes ) :i* alone he is able to see1 let him p\r out 8 he>t 9 praises & ?anksgiv+ to ,god ! ,creator2 & let him n fe> b he is (f]+ a wor%ip n less acceptable ?an 8 to :om ,god has grant$ to see yet m cle>ly ) ! eyes ( 8 m9d1 & :o bo? c & w praise 8 ,god = :at he has s discov]$4 ,kepl] did n by any means und]rate ! importance ( 8 lab\rs1 z is suffici5tly %ewn by ! sort ( colloquial motto :i* he prefix$ to 8 "w4 ,x consi/s 9 ! fir/ in/ance ( an extract f ! writ+s ( ! celebrat$ & un=tunate ,pet] ,ramus4 ,?is di/+ui%$ philosoph] 0 pr(essor ( ma!matics 9 ,p>is1 & 9 ! passage 9 "q1 aft] call+ on 8 contempor>ies to turn _! ?\ghts t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em ( ,a/ronomy unassi/$ by any hypo!sis1 he promis$ z an additional inducem5t to vacate 8 own *air 9 fav\r ( any "o :o %\ld succe$ 9 ?is object4 ,ramus p]i%$ 9 ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 & ,kepl] apo/rophizes him z foll[s3--,x is well1 ,ramus1 t y h =feit$ y\r pl$ge1 by quitt+ y\r life & pr(essor%ip toge!r3 = if y /ill held x1 ,i w\ld c]ta9ly claim x z ( "r belong+ to me on acc\nt ( ?is "w1 z ,i c\ld conv9ce y ev5 ) y\r own logic4 ,x 0 r bold 9 ,kepl] to ass]t 8 claim to a rew>d held out = a !ory re/+ on no hypo!sis1 by "r ( a "w fill$ ) hypo!ses ( ! mo/ />tl+ description2 b ( ! va/ importance ( ?is book !re c be no d\bt2 & ?r\gh\t ! _m wild & ecc5tric ideas to :i* we are introduc$ 9 ! c\rse ( x1 x is fit always to be> 9 m9d t !y =m "p ( a "w :i* is almo/ ! basis ( mod]n ,a/ronomy4 ,! introduction conta9s a curi\s criticism ( ! commonly-receiv$ !ory ( gravity1 accompani$ ) a decl>ation ( ,kepl]'s own op9ions on ! same subject4 ,"s ( ! mo/ rem>kable passages 9 x h be5 already quot$ 9 ! life ( ,galileo2 b1 nev]!less1 !y are too important to ,kepl]'s reputation to be omitt$ "h1 conta9+ z !y d a di/9ct & positive enunciation ( ! law ( univ]sal gravitation4 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 t ,kepl] e/imat$ rightly ! importance ( ! !ory "h trac$ out by him1 s9ce on e o!r occasion he advocat$ pr9ciples ) :i* x is sc>cely reconcileable4 ,! discussion is introduc$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- ,! motion ( heavy bodies h9d]s _m f believ+ t ! e>? is mov$ by an animal motion1 or r a magnetic "o4 ,let su* consid] ! foll[+ propositions4 ,a ma!matical po9t1 :e!r ! c5tre ( ! univ]se or n1 has no p[]1 ei!r effectively or objectively1 to move heavy bodies to approa* x4 ,let physicians prove if !y c1 t su* p[] c be possess$ by a po9t1 :i*1 nei!r is a body1 nor is conceiv$ unless by relation alone4 ,x is impossible t ! =m#ahi ( a /one %\ld1 by mov+ its own body1 seek a ma!matical po9t1 or 9 o!r words1 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 )\t reg>d ( ! body 9 :i* t po9t exi/s4 ,let physicians prove if !y c1 t natural ?+s h any sympa?y ) t :i* is no?+4 ,nei!r d heavy bodies t5d to ! c5tre ( ! univ]se by reason t !y are avoid+ ! extremities ( ! r\nd univ]se2 = _! di/ance f ! c5tre is ins5sible1 9 proportion to _! di/ance f ! extremities ( ! univ]se4 ,& :at reason c\ld !re be = ?is hatr$8 ,h[ /rong1 h[ wise mu/ ^? heavy bodies be1 to be able to escape s c>efully f an enemy ly+ on all sides ( !m3 :at activity 9 ! extremities ( ! _w to press _! enemy s closely6 ,nei!r are heavy bodies driv5 into ! c5tre by ! :irl+ ( ! fir/ moveable1 z happ5s 9 revolv+ wat]4 ,= if we assume su* a motion1 ei!r x w\ld n be cont9u$ d[n to u1 or o!rwise we %\ld feel x1 & be c>ri$ away ) x1 & ! e>? also ) u2 nay1 r1 we %\ld be hurri$ away fir/1 & ! e>? w\ld foll[2 all :i* conclusions are all[$ by our oppon5ts to be absurd4 ,x is !re=e pla9 t ! vulg> !ory ( gravity is errone\s4 ,! true !ory ( gravity is f\nd$ on ! foll[+ axioms3--,e corporeal sub/ance1 s f> =? z x is corporeal1 has a natural fitness = re/+ 9 e place :]e x may be situat$ by itself beyond ! sph]e ( influ5ce ( a body cognate ) x4 ,gravity is a mutual affection betwe5 cognate bodies t[>ds union or conjunction 7simil> 9 k9d to ! magnetic virtue71 s t ! e>? attracts a /one mu* r ?an ! /one seeks ! e>?4 ,heavy bodies 7if we beg9 by assum+ ! e>? to be 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w7 are n c>ri$ to ! c5tre ( ! _w 9 its quality ( c5tre ( ! _w1 b z to ! c5tre ( a cognate r\nd body1 namely1 ! e>?2 s t :]esoev] ! e>? may be plac$1 or :i!rsoev] x may be c>ri$ by its animal faculty1 heavy bodies w always be c>ri$ t[>ds x4 ,if ! e>? 7 n r\nd1 heavy bodies w\ld n t5d f e side 9 a /raight l9e t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 b to diff]5t po9ts f diff]5t sides4 ,if two /ones 7 plac$ 9 any "p ( ! _w ne> ea* o!r1 & beyond ! sph]e ( influ5ce ( a ?ird cognate body1 ^! /ones1 l two magnetic ne$les1 w\ld come toge!r 9 ! int]m$iate po9t1 ea* approa*+ ! o!r by a space proportional to ! comp>ative mass ( ! o!r4 ,if ! moon & e>? 7 n reta9$ 9 _! orbits by _! animal =ce or "s o!r equival5t1 ! e>? w\ld m\nt to ! moon by a fifty-f\r? "p ( _! di/ance1 & ! moon fall t[>ds ! e>? ?r\gh ! o!r fifty-?ree p>ts & !y w\ld !re meet2 assum+ h[ev] t ! sub/ance ( bo? is ( ! same d5sity4 ,if ! e>? %\ld cease to attract its wat]s to itself1 all ! wat]s ( ! sea w\ld be rais$ & w\ld fl[ to ! body ( ! moon4 ,! sph]e ( ! attractive virtue :i* is 9 ! moon ext5ds z f> z ! e>?1 & entices up ! wat]s2 b z ! moon flies rapidly across ! z5i?1 & ! wat]s _c foll[ s quickly1 a fl[ ( ! ocean is occasion$ 9 ! torrid zone t[>ds ! we/w>d4 ,if ! attractive virtue ( ! moon ext5ds z f> z ! e>?1 x foll[s ) great] reason t ! attractive virtue ( ! e>? ext5ds z f> z ! moon1 & mu* f>!r2 & 9 %ort1 no?+ :i* consi/s ( e>?ly sub/ance any h[ con/itut$1 al?\gh ?r[n up to any height1 c ev] escape ! p[]ful op]ation ( ?is attractive virtue4 ,no?+ :i* consi/s ( corporeal matt] is absolutely light1 b t is comp>atively light] :i* is r>]1 ei!r by its own nature1 or by accid5tal heat4 ,& x is n to be ?\ght t light bodies are escap+ to ! surface ( ! univ]se :ile !y are c>ri$ upw>ds1 or t !y are n attract$ by ! e>?4 ,!y are attract$1 b 9 a less degree1 & s are driv5 outw>ds by ! heavy bodies2 :i* be+ done1 !y /op1 & are kept by ! e>? 9 _! own place4 ,b al?\gh ! attractive virtue ( ! e>? ext5ds upw>ds1 z has be5 said1 s v f>1 yet if any /one %\ld be at a di/ance great en\gh to become s5sible1 comp>$ ) ! e>?'s diamet]1 x is true t on ! motion ( ! e>? su* a /one w\ld n foll[ altoge!r2 its own =ce ( resi/ance w\ld be comb9$ ) ! attractive =ce ( ! e>?1 & ?us x w\ld extricate itself 9 "s degree f ! motion ( ! e>?4 ,:o1 aft] p]us+ su* passages 9 ! works ( an au?or1 ^: writ+s 7 9 ! h&s ( e /ud5t ( a/ronomy1 c believe t ,newton wait$ = ! fall ( an apple to set him ?9k+ = ! fir/ "t on ! !ory :i* has immortaliz$ 8 "n8 ,an apple may h fall51 & ,newton may h se5 x2 b su* speculations z ^? :i* x is ass]t$ to h be5 ! cause ( orig9at+ 9 him _h be5 long famili> to ! ?\ghts ( e "o 9 ,europe pret5d+ to ! "n ( natural philosoph]4 ,z ,kepl] always pr(ess$ to h d]iv$ 8 notion ( a magnetic attraction among ! planet>y bodies f ! writ+s ( ,gilb]t1 x may be wor? :ile to ins]t "h an extract f ! ,new ,philosophy ( t au?or1 to %[ 9 :at =m he pres5t$ a simil> !ory ( ! tides1 :i* af=ds ! mo/ /rik+ illu/ration ( t attraction4 ,?is "w 0 n publi%$ till ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b a k ( its cont5ts may1 9 sev]al in/ances1 be trac$ back to ! p]iod 9 :i* x 0 writt53-- ,!re are two prim>y causes ( ! motion ( ! seas--! moon1 & ! diurnal revolution4 ,! moon does n act on ! seas by its rays or its light4 ,h[ !n8 ,c]ta9ly by ! common ef=t ( ! bodies1 & 7to expla9 x by some?+ simil>7 by _! magnetic attraction4 ,x %\ld be kn[n1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! :ole quantity ( wat] is n conta9$ 9 ! sea & riv]s1 b t ! mass ( e>? 7,i mean ?is globe7 conta9s moi/ure & _s mu* deep] ev5 ?an ! sea4 ,! moon draws ?is out by sympa?y1 s t !y bur/ =? on ! arrival ( ! moon1 9 consequ5ce ( ! attraction ( t />2 & = ! same reason1 ! quicks&s :i* are 9 ! sea op5 !mselves m1 & p]spire _! moi/ure & spirits dur+ ! fl[ ( ! tide1 & ! :irlpools 9 ! sea disgorge copi\s wat]s2 & z ! /> retires1 !y dev\r ! same aga91 & attract ! spirits & moi/ure ( ! t]re/rial globe4 ,h5ce ! moon attracts1 n s mu* ! sea z ! subt]ranean spirits & hum\rs2 & ! int]pos$ e>? has no m p[] ( resi/ance ?an a table or any o!r d5se body has to resi/ ! =ce ( a magnet4 ,! sea rises f ! greate/ dep?s1 9 consequ5ce ( ! asc5d+ hum\rs & spirits2 & :5 x is rais$ up1 x necess>ily fl[s on to ! %ores1 & f ! %ores x ent]s ! riv]s4#aij ,?is passage sets 9 ! /ronge/ light "o ( ! mo/ notori\s errors ( ! old] philosophy1 to :i* ,kepl] himself 0 rem>kably addict$4 ,if ,gilb]t _h ass]t$1 9 direct t]ms1 t ! moon attract$ ! wat]1 x is c]ta9 t ! notion w\ld h be5 /igmatiz$ 7z x 0 = a long "t 9 ,newton's h&s7 z arbitr>y1 occult1 & unphilosophical3 ! idea ( ^! subt]ranean hum\rs 0 likely to be treat$ ) mu* m indulg5ce4 ,a simple /atem5t1 t :5 ! moon 0 ov] ! wat] ! latt] _h a t5d5cy to rise t[>ds x1 0 ?\ght to convey no in/ruction2 b ! ass]tion t ! moon draws out subt]ranean spirits by sympa?y1 c>ri$ ) x a m impos+ appe>ance ( !ory4 ,! f>!r remov$ ^! hum\rs 7 f common exp]i5ce1 ! easi] x became to discuss !m 9 vague & g5]al language2 & ^? :o call$ !mselves philosoph]s c\ld endure to he> attributes be/[$ on ^! fictiti\s elem5ts :i* revolt$ _! imag9ations :5 appli$ to ?+s ( ^: reality at lea/ "s evid5ce exi/$4 ,x is n necess>y to dwell ^u ! sy/em ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 :i* 0 id5tical1 z we h said1 ) "o reject$ by ,cop]nicus1 & consi/$ 9 mak+ ! sun revolve ab\t ! e>?1 c>ry+ ) x all ! o!r planets revolv+ ab\t him4 ,ty*o w5t s f> z to d5y ! rotation ( ! e>? to expla9 ! vicissitudes ( day & night1 b ev5 8 fav\rite assi/ant ,longomontanus diff]$ f him 9 ?is "p ( 8 !ory4 ,! great m]it ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 & ! s]vice he r5d]$ to a/ronomy1 0 entirely indep5d5t ( any !ory2 consi/+ 9 ! va/ accumulation ( obs]vations made by him dur+ a resid5ce ( fifte5 ye>s at ,uraniburg1 ) ! assi/ance ( in/rum5ts1 & ) a degree ( c>e1 v f> sup]ior to any?+ kn[n be=e 8 "t 9 practical a/ronomy4 ,kepl] is c>eful repeat$ly to rem9d u1 t )\t ,ty*o's obs]vations he c\ld h done no?+4 ,! degree ( reliance t might be plac$ on ! results obta9$ by obs]v]s :o ackn[l$g$ _! inf]iority to ,ty*o ,brahe1 maybe ga!r$ f an incid5tal rem>k ( ,kepl] to ,longomontanus4 ,he _h be5 exam9+ ,ty*o's regi/]s1 & _h occasionally f\nd a diff]5ce am\nt+ sometimes to #d 9 ! "r asc5sions ( ! same planet1 d$uc$ f diff]5t />s on ! same night4 ,longomontanus c\ld n d5y ! fact1 b decl>$ t x 0 impossible to be always correct )9 su* limits4 ,! read] %\ld nev] lose sight ( ?is unc]ta9ty 9 ! obs]vations1 :5 endeav\r+ to e/imate ! difficulty ( f9d+ a !ory t w\ld prop]ly repres5t !m4 ,:5 ,kepl] fir/ jo9$ ,ty*o ,brahe at ,prague1 he f\nd him & ,longomontanus v busily engag$ 9 correct+ ! !ory ( ,m>s1 & accord+ly x 0 ?is planet to :i* he also fir/ direct$ 8 att5tion4 ,!y _h =m$ a catalogue ( ! mean oppositions ( ,m>s dur+ tw5ty ye>s1 & _h discov]$ a position ( ! equant1 :i* 7z !y said7 repres5t$ !m ) tol]able exactness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y 7 mu* emb>rass$ by ! unexpect$ difficulties !y met 9 apply+ a sy/em :i* seem$ on ! "o h& s accurate1 to ! det]m9ation ( ! latitudes1 ) :i* x c\ld 9 no way be made to agree4 ,kepl] _h already suspect$ ! cause ( ?is imp]fection1 & 0 confirm$ 9 ! view he took ( _! !ory1 :51 on a m c>eful exam9ation1 he f\nd t !y ov]rat$ ! accuracy ev5 ( _! longitudes4 ,! errors 9 ^!1 in/ead ( am\nt+ z !y said1 ne>ly to #b1 rose sometimes above #ba4 ,9 fact !y _h reason$ ill on _! own pr9ciples1 & ev5 if ! f\ndations ( _! !ory _h be5 correctly laid1 c\ld n h arriv$ at true results4 ,b ,kepl] _h satisfi$ himself ( ! contr>y1 & ! foll[+ diagram %ews ! nature ( ! fir/ alt]ation he introduc$1 n p]haps s celebrat$ z "s ( 8 lat] discov]ies1 b at lea/ ( equal consequ5ce to a/ronomy1 :i* c\ld nev] h be5 extricat$ f ! confusion into :i* x _h fall51 till ?is important *ange _h be5 effect$4 ,illu/ration ,! practice ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 inde$ ( all a/ronom]s till ! "t ( ,kepl]1 _h be5 to fix ! position ( ! planet's orbit & equant f obs]vations on its mean oppositions1 t is to say1 on ! times :5 x 0 precisely six signs or half a circle di/ant f ! mean place ( ! sun4 ,9 ! annex$ figure1 let ,s repres5t ! sun1 ,c ! c5tre ( ! e>?'s orbit1 ,tt4 ,ty*o ,brahe's practice am\nt$ to ?is1 t if ,q 7 suppos$ ! place ( ! c5tre ( ! planet's equant1 ! c5tre ( ,pp its orbit 0 tak5 9 ,,qc1 & n 9 ,,qs1 z ,kepl] sugge/$ t x ought to be tak54 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is errone\s practice 01 t ! obs]vations 7 depriv$ ( ! "* = :i* oppositions 7 select$1 ( be+ entirely free f ! second inequalities4 ,x foll[$ !re=e t z "p ( ! second inequalities 7 made conducive t[>ds fix+ ! relative position ( ! orbit & equant1 to :i* !y did n naturally belong1 !re 0 an additional p]plexity 9 acc\nt+ = ! rema9d] ( !m by ! size & motion ( ! epicycle4 ,z ! l9e ( nodes ( e planet 0 also made to pass ?r\gh ,c in/ead ( ,s1 !re c\ld n fail to be correspond+ errors 9 ! latitudes4 ,x w\ld only be 9 ! r>e case ( an opposition ( ! planet 9 ! l9e ,,cs1 t ! "t ( its tak+ place w\ld be ! same1 :e!r ,o1 ! c5tre ( ! orbit1 0 plac$ 9 ,,cq or ,,sq4 ,e o!r opposition w\ld involve an error1 s mu* ! great] z x 0 obs]v$ at a great] di/ance f ! l9e ,,cs4 ,x 0 long h[ev] be=e ,ty*o ,brahe c\ld be made to acquiesce 9 ! propriety ( ! propos$ alt]ation2 &1 9 ord] to remove 8 d\bts z to ! possibility t a me?od c\ld be errone\s :i*1 z he /ill ?\ght1 _h giv5 him su* accurate longitudes1 ,kepl] und]took ! ungrateful lab\r ( ! fir/ "p ( 8 ,comm5t>ies4 ,he !re %ew$1 9 ! ?ree sy/ems ( ,cop]nicus1 ,ty*o ,brahe1 & ,ptolemy1 & 9 bo? ! conc5tric & exc5tric !ories1 t ?\gh a false position 7 giv5 to ! orbit1 ! longitudes ( a planet might be s repres5t$1 by a prop] position ( ! c5tre ( ! equant1 z nev] to err 9 oppositions above #e f ^? giv5 by obs]vation2 ?\gh ! second inequalities & ! latitudes w\ld !reby be v greatly d]ang$4 ,! *ange ,kepl] introduc$1 ( obs]v+ app>5t in/ead ( mean oppositions1 made x necess>y to be v accurate 9 8 r$uctions ( ! planet's place to ! ecliptic2 & 9 ord] to be able to d ?is1 a previ\s k ( ! p>allax ( ,m>s became indisp5sable4 ,8 next lab\r 0 !re=e direct$ to ?is po9t2 & f9d+ t ! assi/ants to :om ,ty*o ,brahe _h previ\sly committ$ ?is lab\r _h p]=m$ x 9 a neglig5t & imp]fect mann]1 he began afre% ) ,ty*o's orig9al obs]vations4 ,hav+ satisfi$ himself z to ! probable limits ( 8 errors 9 ! p>allax on :i* he f9ally fix$1 he proce$$ to det]m9e ! incl9ation ( ! orbit & ! position ( ! l9e ( nodes4 ,9 all ^! op]ations 8 tal5t = a/ronomical inquiries appe>$ pre-em95t 9 a v>iety ( new me?ods by :i* he comb9$ & avail$ himself ( ! obs]vations2 b x mu/ be suffici5t m]ely to m5tion ?is fact1 )\t ent]+ into any detail4 ,"o important result may be m5tion$1 at :i* he arriv$ 9 ! c\rse ( !m1 ! con/ancy ( ! incl9ation ( ! planet's orbit1 :i* naturally /r5g!n$ him 9 8 new !ory4 ,hav+ gone ?r\gh ^! prelim9>y inquiries1 he came at la/ to fix ! proportions ( ! orbit2 &1 9 do+ s1 he det]m9$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 n to assume1 z ,ptolemy appe>$ to h done arbitr>ily1 ! bisection ( ! exc5tricity1 b to inve/igate its proportion along ) ! o!r elem5ts ( ! orbit1 :i* resolution involv$ him 9 mu* m labori\s calculations4 ,aft] he _h gone ov] all ! /eps ( 8 !ory no less ?an sev5ty times--an appall+ lab\r1 especially if we rememb] t log>i?ms 7 n !n inv5t$--8 f9al result 01 t 9 #aehg1 on ! #f? ( ,m>*1 at #g #bc1 ! longitude ( ! aphelion ( ,m>s 0 #d #bh #dh #ee2 t ! planet's mean longitude 0 #f #j #ea #ce2 t if ! semidiamet] ( ! orbit 0 tak5 at #ajjjjj1 ! exc5tricity 0 #aaccb2 & ! exc5tricity ( ! equant #ahefd4 ,he fix$ ! radius ( ! great] epicycle at #adihh1 & t ( ! small] at #cfbh4 ,:5 he came to comp>e ! longitudes z giv5 by ?is1 :i* he aft]w>ds call$ ! vic>i\s !ory1 ) ! obs]vations at opposition1 ! result seem$ to promise him ! mo/ brilliant success4 ,8 greate/ error did n exce$ #b2 b1 not)/&+ ^! flatt]+ anticipations1 he soon f\nd by a comp>ison ( longitudes out ( opposition & ( latitudes1 t x 0 yet f> f be+ s complete z he _h imag9$1 & to 8 inf9ite vexation he soon f\nd t ! lab\r ( f\r ye>s1 :i* he _h exp5d$ on ?is !ory1 mu/ be consid]$ almo/ entirely fruitless4 ,ev5 8 fav\rite pr9ciple ( divid+ ! exc5tricity 9 a diff]5t ratio f ,ptolemy1 0 f\nd to lead him into great] error ?an if he _h reta9$ ! old bisection4 ,by re/or+ t1 he made 8 latitudes m accurate1 b produc$ a correspond+ *ange = ! worse 9 8 longitudes2 & al?\gh ! errors ( #h1 to :i* !y n[ am\nt$1 w\ld probably h be5 disreg>d$ by =m] !ori/s1 ,kepl] c\ld n rema9 satisfi$ till !y 7 acc\nt$ =4 ,accord+ly he f\nd himself =c$ to ! conclusion t "o ( ! two pr9ciples on :i* ?is !ory re/$ mu/ be errone\s2 ei!r ! orbit ( ! planet is n a p]fect circle1 or !re is no fix$ po9t )9 x r\nd :i* x moves ) an uni=m angul> motion4 ,he _h once be=e admitt$ ! possibility ( ! =m] ( ^! facts1 conceiv+ x possible t ! motion ( ! planets is n at all curvil9e>1 b t !y move 9 polygons r\nd ! sun1 a notion to :i* he probably incl9$ 9 consequ5ce ( 8 fav\rite h>monics & geometrical figures4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! failure ( a !ory conduct$ ) su* c>e 9 all its practical details1 ,kepl] det]m9$ t 8 next trial %\ld be ( an entirely diff]5t complexion4 ,in/ead ( fir/ satisfy+ ! fir/ inequalities ( ! planet1 & !n endeav\r+ to acc\nt = ! second inequalities1 he resolv$ to rev]se ! process1 or1 9 o!r words1 to asc]ta9 z accurately z possible :at "p ( ! planet's app>5t motion %\ld be ref]r$ solely to ! optical illusion produc$ by ! motion ( ! e>?1 be=e proce$+ to any inquiry ( ! real inequality ( ! planet's prop] motion4 ,x _h be5 hi!rto tak5 = grant$1 t ! e>? mov$ equably r\nd ! c5tre ( its orbit2 b ,kepl]1 on resum+ ! consid]ation ( x1 recurr$ to an op9ion he _h ent]ta9$ v e>ly 9 8 a/ronomical c>e] 7r f 8 conviction ( ! exi/5ce ( g5]al laws1 ?an t he _h !n felt ! want ( su* a supposition71 t x requir$ an equant di/9ct f its orbit no less ?an ! o!r planets4 ,he n[ saw1 t if ?is 7 admitt$1 ! *anges x w\ld ev]y:]e introduce 9 ! optical "p ( ! planet's irregul>ities might p]haps relieve him f ! p]plexity 9 :i* ! vic>i\s !ory _h involv$ him4 ,accord+ly he appli$ himself ) r5ew$ assiduity to ! exam9ation ( ?is important "q1 & ! result ( 8 calculations 7f\nd$ pr9cipally on obs]vations ( ,m>s' p>allax7 soon satisfi$ him n only t ! e>?'s orbit does require su* an equant1 b t its c5tre is plac$ accord+ to ! g5]al law ( ! bisection ( ! exc5tricity :i* he _h previ\sly f\nd indisp5sable 9 ! o!r planets4 ,?is 0 an innovation ( ! fir/ magnitude1 & accord+ly ,kepl] did n v5ture to proce$ f>!r 9 8 !ory1 till by evid5ce ( ! mo/ v>i$ & satisfactory nature1 he _h e/abli%$ x beyond ! possibility ( cavil4 ,x may be "h rem>k$1 t ?is pr9ciple ( ! bisection ( ! ecc5tricity1 s famili> to ! ,ptolemaic a/ronom]s1 is id5tical ) ! !ory aft]w>ds kn[n by ! "n ( ! simple elliptic hypo!sis1 advocat$ by1 ,se? ,w>d & o!rs4 ,t hypo!sis consi/$ 9 suppos+ ! sun to be plac$ 9 "o focus ( ! elliptic orbit ( ! planet1 ^: angul> motion 0 uni=m r\nd ! o!r focus4 ,9 ,ptolemaic phraseology1 t o!r focus 0 ! c5tre ( ! equant1 & x is well kn[n t ! c5tre ( ! ellipse lies 9 ! middle po9t betwe5 ! two foci4 ,x 0 at ?is p]iod also1 t ,kepl] fir/ v5tur$ ^u ! new me?od ( repres5t+ inequalities :i* t]m9at$ 9 "o ( 8 mo/ celebrat$ discov]ies4 ,we h already se51 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,my/]ium ,cosmographicum1 t he 0 speculat+1 ev5 at t "t1 on ! effects ( a :irl+ =ce ex]t$ by ! sun on ! planets ) dim9i%$ en]gy at increas$ di/ances1 & on ! proportion obs]v$ betwe5 ! di/ances ( ! planets f ! sun1 & _! p]iods ( revolution4 ,he seems ev5 !n to h believ$ 9 ! possibility ( discov]+ a relation betwe5 ! times & di/ances 9 diff]5t planets4 ,ano!r analog\s consequ5ce ( 8 !ory ( ! radiation ( ! :irl+ =ce w\ld be1 t if ! same planet %\ld rec$e to a great] di/ance f ! c5tral body1 x w\ld be act$ on by a dim9i%$ en]gy ( revolution1 & consequ5tly1 a relation might be f\nd betwe5 ! velocity at any po9t ( its orbit1 & its di/ance at t po9t f ! sun4 ,h5ce he expect$ to d]ive a m direct & natural me?od ( calculat+ ! inequalities1 ?an f ! imag9>y equant4 ,b ^! +5i\s ideas _h be5 *eck$ 9 ! outset by ! errone\s belief :i* ,kepl]1 9 common ) o!r a/ronom]s1 !n ent]ta9$ ( ! co9cid5ce ( ! e>?'s equant ) its orbit2 9 o!r words1 by ! belief t ! e>?'s l9e> motion 0 uni=m1 ?\gh x 0 kn[n n to rema9 con/antly at ! same di/ance f ! sun4 ,z soon z ?is prejudice 0 remov$1 8 =m] ideas recurr$ to him ) increas$ =ce1 & he set himself dilig5tly to consid] :at relation c\ld be f\nd betwe5 ! velocity & di/ance ( a planet f ! sun4 ,! me?od he adopt$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is inquiry 0 to assume z approximately correct ,ptolemy's doctr9e ( ! bisection ( ! exc5tricity1 & to inve/igate "s simple relation ne>ly repres5t+ ! same effect4 ,9 ! annex$ figure1 ,s is ! place ( ! sun1 ,c ! c5tre ( ! planet's orbit ,,abab1 ,q ! c5tre ( ! equant repres5t$ by ! equal circle ,,dede1 ,,ab1 ab1 two equal small arcs describ$ by ! planet at ! apsides ( its orbit3 !n1 accord+ to ,ptolemy's pr9ciples1 ! arc ,,de ( ! equant w\ld be proportional to ! "t ( pass+ along ,,ab1 on ! same scale on :i* de w\ld repres5t ! "t ( pass+ ?r\gh ! equal arc ab4 ,illu/ration ,,qd3,,qa 33 ,,de3,,ab1 ne>ly2 & because ,,qs is bisect$ 9 ,c1 ,,qa1 ,,ca or ,,qd1 & ,,sa1 are 9 ari?metical proportion3 &1 !re=e1 s9ce an ari?metical mean1 :5 ! diff]5ce is small1 does n diff] mu* f a geometrical mean1 ,,qd3,,qa 33 ,,sa3,,qd1 ne>ly4 ,!re=e1 ,,de3,,ab 33 ,s ,a3,,qd1 ne>ly1 & 9 ! same mann] de3ab 33 ,sa3,qd ne>ly2 & !re=e ,,de3de 33 ,,sa3,sa ne>ly4 ,!re=e at ! apsides1 ! times ( pass+ ov] equal spaces1 on ,ptolemy's !ory1 are ne>ly z ! di/ances f ! sun1 & ,kepl]1 ) 8 usual ha/9ess1 imm$iately conclud$ t ?is 0 ! accurate & g5]al law1 & t ! errors ( ! old !ory arose solely f hav+ dep>t$ f x4 ,x foll[$ imm$iately f ?is assumption1 t aft] leav+ ! po9t ,a1 ! "t 9 :i* ! planet w\ld arrive at any po9t ,p ( its orbit w\ld be proportional to1 & might be repres5t$ by1 ! sums ( all ! l9es t c\ld be drawn f ,s to ! arc ,,ap1 on ! same scale t ! :ole p]iod ( revolution w\ld be d5ot$ by ! sum ( all ! l9es drawn to e po9t ( ! orbit4 ,kepl]'s fir/ attempt to v]ify ?is supposition approximately1 0 made by divid+ ! :ole circumf]5ce ( ! orbit into #cfj equal p>ts1 & calculat+ ! di/ances at e "o ( ! po9ts ( division4 ,!n suppos+ ! planet to move uni=mly1 & to rema9 at ! same di/ance f ! sun dur+ ! "t ( pass+ ea* "o ( ^! divisions1 7a supposition :i* manife/ly w\ld n diff] mu* f ! =m] "o1 & w\ld co9cide ) x m ne>ly1 ! great] 0 ! numb] ( divisions tak57 he proce$$ to add toge!r ^! calculat$ di/ances1 & hop$ to f9d t ! "t ( arriv+ at any "o ( ! divisions bore ! same ratio to ! :ole p]iod1 z ! sum ( ! correspond+ set ( di/ances did to ! sum ( ! :ole #cfj4 ,?is !ory 0 errone\s2 b by almo/ miracul\s good =tune1 he 0 l$ by x 9 ! foll[+ mann] to ! true measure4 ,! discov]y 0 a consequ5ce ( ! t$i\sness ( 8 fir/ me?od1 :i* requir$1 9 ord] to "k ! "t ( arriv+ at any po9t1 t ! circle %\ld be subdivid$1 until "o ( ! po9ts ( division fell exactly ^u ! giv5 place4 ,kepl] !re=e endeav\r$ to discov] "s %ort] me?od ( repres5t+ ^! sums ( ! di/ances4 ,! idea !n occurr$ to him ( employ+ = t purpose ! area inclos$ betwe5 ! two di/ances1 ,,sa1 ,,sp1 & ! arc ,,ap1 9 imitation ( ! mann] 9 :i* he rememb]$ t ,ar*im$es _h f\nd ! area ( ! circle1 by divid+ x into an inf9ite numb] ( small triangles by l9es drawn f ! c5tre4 ,he hop$ !re=e to f9d1 t ! "t ( pass+ f ,a to ,p bore ne>ly ! same ratio to ! :ole p]iod ( revolution t ! area ,,asp bore to ! :ole circle4 ,?is la/ proportion is 9 fact accurately obs]v$ 9 ! revolution ( "o body r\nd ano!r1 9 consequ5ce ( an attractive =ce 9 ! c5tral body4 ,newton aft]w>ds prov$ ?is1 gr\nd+ 8 demon/ration ^u laws ( motion altoge!r irreconcileable ) ,kepl]'s op9ions2 & x is impossible n to admire ,kepl]'s s+ul> good =tune 9 arriv+ at ?is correct result 9 spite1 or r ?r\gh ! means1 ( 8 errone\s pr9ciples4 ,x is true t ! lab\r :i* he be/[$ unsp>+ly ^u e "o ( 8 successive guesses1 jo9$ ) 8 admirable c&\r1 g5]ally pres]v$ him f long reta9+ a !ory altoge!r at v>iance ) obs]vations2 & if any relation subsi/$ betwe5 ! times & di/ances :i* c\ld any way be express$ by any ( ! geometrical quantities "u consid]ation1 he c\ld sc>cely h fail$--x might be tw5ty ye>s e>li] or tw5ty ye>s lat]1--to light ^u x at la/1 hav+ once put 8 indefatigable fancy ^u ?is sc5t4 ,b 9 ord] to prev5t an ov]-e/imate ( 8 m]it 9 detect+ ?is beautiful law ( nature1 let u = a mom5t reflect :at might h be5 8 fate _h he endeav\r$ 9 ! same mann]1 & ) ! same p]sev]ance1 to discov] a relation1 :]e1 9 reality1 none exi/$4 ,let u take = example ! incl9ations or ! exc5tricities ( ! planet>y orbits1 among :i* no relation has yet be5 discov]$2 & if any exi/s1 x is probably ( too complicat$ a nature to be hit at a v5ture4 ,if ,kepl] _h ex]t$ 8 +5uity 9 ?is direction1 he might h wa/$ 8 life 9 fruitless lab\r1 & :atev] reputation he might h left beh9d him z an indu/ri\s calculator1 x w\ld h be5 v f> inf]ior to t :i* has procur$ = him ! pr\d title ( ! ,legislator ( ! ,heav5s4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! imm$iate consequ5ce ( ?us light+ ^u ! real law obs]v$ by ! e>? 9 its passage r\nd ! sun 01 t he f\nd himself 9 possession ( a mu* m accurate me?od ( repres5t+ its inequalities ?an _h be5 rea*$ by any ( 8 pr$ecessors2 & ) r5ew$ hopes he aga9 attack$ ! planet ,m>s1 ^: pa? he 0 n[ able to consid] undi/ort$ by ! illusions aris+ out ( ! motion ( ! e>?4 ,_h ! pa? ( ,m>s be5 accurately circul>1 or ev5 z ne>ly approa*+ a circle z t ( ! e>?1 ! me?od he *ose ( det]m9+ its position & size by means ( ?ree di/ances c>efully calculat$ f 8 obs]v$ p>allaxes1 w\ld h giv5 a satisfactory result2 b f9d+1 z he soon did1 t almo/ e set ( ?ree di/ances l$ him to a diff]5t result1 he began to suspect ano!r error 9 ! long-receiv$ op9ion1 t ! orbits ( ! planets mu/ consi/ ( a comb9ation ( circles2 he !re=e1 det]m9$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to fix ! di/ances ( ! planet at ! apsides )\t any ref]5ce to ! =m ( ! int]m$iate orbit4 ,half ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be ! exc5tricity ( ! orbit2 & z ?is quantity came out v ne>ly ! same z _h be5 det]m9$ on ! vic>i\s !ory1 x seem$ cle> t ! error ( t !ory1 :atev] x might be1 did n lie 9 ^! elem5ts4 ,kepl] also f\nd t 9 ! case ( ?is planet likewise1 ! times ( describ+ equal arcs at ! apsides 7 proportional to its di/ances f ! sun1 & he naturally expect$ t ! me?od ( areas w\ld measure ! planet's motion ) z mu* accuracy z he _h f\nd 9 ! case ( ! e>?4 ,?is hope 0 disappo9t$3 :5 he calculat$ ! motion ( ! planet by ?is me?od1 he obta9$ places too mu* advanc$ :5 ne> ! apsides1 & too little advanc$ at ! mean di/ances4 ,he did n1 on t acc\nt1 imm$iately reject ! op9ion ( circul> orbits1 b 0 r incl9$ to suspect ! pr9ciple ( measurem5t1 at :i* he felt t he _h arriv$ 9 r a prec>i\s mann]4 ,he 0 fully s5sible t 8 areas did n accurately repres5t ! sums ( any di/ances except ^? measur$ f ! c5tre ( ! circle2 & = "s "t he ab&on$ ! hope ( be+ able to use ?is sub/itution1 :i* he always consid]$ m]ely z an approximate repres5tation ( ! true measure1 ! sum ( ! di/ances4 ,b on exam9ation he f\nd t ! errors ( ?is sub/itution 7 ne>ly ins5sible1 & ^? x did 9 fact produce1 7 9 ! contr>y direction ( ! errors he 0 at ?is "t combat+4 ,z soon z he _h satisfi$ himself ( ?is1 he v5tur$ once m on ! supposition1 :i* by ?is "t _h1 9 8 eyes1 almo/ acquir$ ! =ce ( demon/ration1 t ! orbits ( ! planets are n circul>1 b ( an oval =m1 retir+ )9 ! circle at ! mean di/ances1 & co9cid+ ) x at ! apsides4 ,?is notion 0 n altoge!r new2 x _h be5 sugge/$ 9 ! case ( ,m]cury1 by ,purba*1 9 8 ,!ories ( ! ,planets4 ,9 ! edition ( ?is "w publi%$ by ,re9hold1 ! pupil ( ,cop]nicus1 we read ! foll[+ passage4 ,six?ly1 x appe>s f :at has be5 said1 t ! c5tre ( ,m]cury's epicycle1 by reason ( ! motions above-m5tion$1 does n1 z is ! case ) ! o!r planets1 describe ! circumf]5ce ( a circul> def]5t1 b r ! p]iph]y ( a figure resembl+ a plane oval4 ,to ?is is add$ ! foll[+ note by ,re9hold4 ,! c5tre ( ! ,moon's epicycle describes a pa? ( a l5ticul> %ape2 ,m]cury's on ! contr>y is egg-%ap$1 ! big end ly+ t[>ds 8 apogee1 & ! little end t[>ds 8 p]igee4#aia ,! exc5tricity ( ,m]cury's orbit is1 9 fact1 mu* great] ?an t ( any ( ! o!r planets1 & ! m]it ( mak+ ?is fir/ /ep _c reasonably be )held f ,purba* & 8 comm5tator1 al?\gh !y did n pursue ! inquiry s f> z ,kepl] f\nd himself 9 a condition to d4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! consid]ation ( ! p>ticul> oval :i* ,kepl] fix$ ^u 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 x w be necess>y1 9 ord] to r5d] intelligible ! s\rce ( _m ( 8 d\bts & difficulties1 to make kn[n some?+ m ( 8 !ory ( ! mov+ =ce by :i* he suppos$ ! planets to be c>ri$ r\nd 9 _! orbits4 ,9 con=mity ) ! plan hi!rto pursu$1 ?is %all be done z mu* z possible 9 8 own words4 ,x is "o ( ! commone/ axioms 9 natural philosophy1 t if two ?+s always happ5 toge!r & 9 ! same mann]1 & admit ! same measure1 ei!r ! "o is ! cause ( ! o!r1 or bo? are ! effect ( a common cause4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 ! increase or languor ( motion inv>iably corresponds ) an approa* to or dep>ture f ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,!re=e1 ei!r ! languor is ! cause ( ! dep>ture ( ! />1 or ! dep>ture ( ! languor1 or bo? h a common cause4 ,b no "o c be ( op9ion t !re is a concurr5ce ( any ?ird ?+ to be a common cause ( ^! two effects1 & 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s x w be made cle> t !re is no occasion to imag9e any su* ?ird ?+1 s9ce ! two are ( !mselves suffici5t4 ,n[1 x is n agreeable to ! nature ( ?+s t activity or languor 9 l9e> motion %\ld be ! cause ( di/ance f ! c5tre4 ,=1 di/ance f ! c5tre is conceiv$ ant]iorly to l9e> motion4 ,9 fact l9e> motion _c exi/ )\t di/ance f ! c5tre1 s9ce x requires space = its accompli%m5t1 b di/ance f ! c5tre c be conceiv$ )\t motion4 ,!re=e di/ance is ! cause ( ! activity ( motion1 & a great] or less di/ance ( a great] or less delay4 ,& s9ce di/ance is ( ! k9d ( relative quantities1 ^: ess5ce consi/s 9 b\nd>ies1 7= !re is no efficacy 9 relation p] se )\t reg>d to b\nds17 x foll[s t ! cause ( ! v>y+ activity ( motion re/s 9 "o ( ! b\nd>ies4 ,b ! body ( ! planet nei!r becomes heavi] by rec$+1 nor light] by approa*+4 ,besides1 x w\ld p]haps be absurd on ! v m5tion ( x1 t an animal =ce resid+ 9 ! moveable body ( ! planet = ! purpose ( mov+ x1 %\ld ex]t & relax itself s (t5 )\t we>9ess or decay4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 t ! cause ( ?is activity & languor resides at ! o!r b\nd>y1 t is1 9 ! v c5tre ( ! _w1 f :i* ! di/ances are comput$4--,let u cont9ue our inve/igation ( ?is mov+ virtue :i* resides 9 ! sun1 & we %all pres5tly recognize its v close analogy to light4 ,& al?\gh ?is mov+ virtue _c be id5tical ) ! light ( ! sun1 let o!rs look to x :e!r ! light is employ$ z a sort ( in/rum5t1 or vehicle1 to convey ! mov+ virtue4 ,!re are ^! seem+ contradictions3--fir/1 light is ob/ruct$ by opaque bodies1 = :i* reason if ! mov+ virtue travell$ on ! light1 d>kness w\ld be foll[$ by a /oppage ( ! moveable bodies4 ,aga91 light fl[s out 9 "r l9es sph]ically1 ! mov+ virtue 9 "r l9es also1 b cyl9drically2 t is1 x turns 9 "o direction only1 f we/ to ea/2 n 9 ! opposite direction1 n t[>ds ! poles1 c4 ,b p]haps we %all be able pres5tly to reply to ^! objections4 ,9 conclusion1 s9ce !re is z mu* virtue 9 a l>ge & remote circle z 9 a n>r[ & close "o1 no?+ ( ! virtue p]i%es 9 ! passage f its s\rce1 no?+ is scatt]$ betwe5 ! s\rce & ! moveable4 ,!re=e ! efflux1 l t ( light1 is n mat]ial1 & is unlike t ( od\rs1 :i* are accompani$ by a loss ( sub/ance1 unlike heat f a rag+ furnace1 unlike e o!r emanation by :i* m$iums are fill$4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 t z light :i* illum9ates all e>?ly ?+s1 is ! immat]ial species ( t fire :i* is 9 ! body ( ! sun1 s ?is virtue1 embrac+ & mov+ all ! planet>y bodies1 is ! immat]ial species ( t virtue :i* resides 9 ! sun itself1 ( incalculable en]gy1 & s ! prim>y act ( all mundane motion4--,i %\ld l to "k :o ev] said t !re 0 any?+ mat]ial 9 light6--,guid$ by our notion ( ! efflux ( ?is species 7or ar*etype71 let u contemplate ! m intimate nature ( ! s\rce itself4 ,= x seems z if some?+ div9e 7 lat5t 9 ! body ( ! sun1 & comp>able to our own s\l1 :5ce t species emanates :i* drives r\nd ! planets2 j z f ! m9d ( a sl+] ! species ( motion /icks to ! /ones1 & c>ries !m =w>d1 ev5 aft] he :o ca/ !m has drawn back 8 h&4 ,b to ^? :o wi% to proce$ sob]ly1 reflections diff]+ a little f ^! w be (f]$4 ,our read]s w1 p]haps1 be satisfi$ ) ! assurance1 t ^! sob] consid]ations w n enable !m to =m a mu* m accurate notion ( ,kepl]'s mean+ ?an ! passages already cit$4 ,we %all !re=e proce$ to ! v>i\s op9ions he ent]ta9$ on ! motion ( ! planets4 ,he consid]$ x z e/abli%$ by 8 !ory1 t ! c5tre ,e ( ! planet's epicycle 7see fig4 p4 #cc47 mov$ r\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! def]5t ,dd1 accord+ to ! law ( ! planet's di/ances2 ! po9t rema9+ to be settl$ 0 ! motion ( ! planet 9 ! epicycle4 ,if x 7 made to move accord+ to ! same law1 s t :5 ! c5tre ( ! epicycle rea*$ ,e1 ! planet %\ld be at ,f1 tak+ ! angle ,,bef equal to ,,bsa1 x has be5 %ewn 7p4 #ai7 t ! pa? ( ,f w\ld /ill be a circle1 exc5tric f ,dd by ,,da ! radius ( ! epicycle4 ,b ,kepl] fanci$ t he saw _m s\nd reasons :y ?is c\ld n be ! true law ( motion 9 ! epicycle1 on :i* reasons he reli$ mu* m firmly ?an on ! indisputable fact1 :i* he m5tions z a collat]al pro(1 t x 0 contradict$ by ! obs]vations4 ,"s ( ^! reasons are subjo9$3 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! "w x has be5 decl>$ to be mo/ absurd1 t a planet 7ev5 ?\gh we suppose x end[$ ) m9d7 %\ld =m any notion ( a c5tre1 & a di/ance f x1 if !re be no body 9 t c5tre to s]ve = a di/+ui%+ m>k4 ,& al?\gh y %\ld say1 t ! planet has respect to ! sun1 & kn[s be=eh&1 & rememb]s ! ord] 9 :i* ! di/ances f ! sun are compris$1 s z to make a p]fect exc5tric2 9 ! fir/ place1 ?is is r f>-fet*$1 & requires1 9 any m9d1 means = connect+ ! effect ( an accurately circul> pa? ) ! sign ( an increas+ & dim9i%+ diamet] ( ! sun4 ,b !re are no su* means1 except ! position ( ! c5tre ( ! exc5tric at a giv5 di/ance f ! sun2 & ,i h already said1 t ?is is beyond ! p[] ( a m]e m9d4 ,i d n d5y t a c5tre may be imag9$1 & a circle r\nd x2 b ?is ,i d say1 if ! circle exi/s only 9 imag9ation1 ) no ext]nal sign or division1 t x is n possible t ! pa? ( a moveable body %\ld be really ord]$ r\nd x 9 an exact circle4 ,besides1 if ! planet *ooses f memory its j di/ances f ! sun1 s z exactly to =m a circle1 x mu/ also take f ! same s\rce1 z if out ( ! ,prussian or ,alphons9e tables1 equal exc5tric arcs1 to be describ$ 9 unequal times1 & to be describ$ by a =ce extrane\s f ! sun2 & ?us w\ld h1 f its memory1 a =ekn[l$ge ( :at effects a virtue1 s5seless & extrane\s f ! sun1 0 ab\t to produce3 all ^! consequ5ces are absurd4 ,x is !re=e m agreeable to reason t ! planet takes no ?\ght1 ei!r ( ! exc5tric or epicycle2 b t ! "w :i* x accompli%es1 or jo9s 9 effect+1 is a libratory pa? 9 ! diamet] ,bb ( ! epicycle1 9 ! direction t[>ds ! sun4 ,! law is n[ to be discov]$1 accord+ to :i* ! planet arrives at ! prop] di/ances 9 any "t4 ,& inde$ 9 ?is inquiry1 x is easi] to say :at ! law is n ?an :at x is4--,"h1 accord+ to 8 cu/om1 ,kepl] enum]ates sev]al laws ( motion by :i* ! planet might *oose to regulate its en]gies1 ea* ( :i* is successively condemn$4 ,only "o ( !m is "h m5tion$1 z a specim5 ( ! re/4 ,:at !n if we 7 to say ?is8 ,al?\gh ! motions ( ! planet are n epicyclical1 p]haps ! libration is s arrang$ t ! di/ances f ! sun are equal to :at !y w\ld h be5 9 a real epicyclical motion4--,?is leads to m incr$ible consequ5ces ?an ! =m] suppositions1 & yet 9 ! de>? ( bett] op9ions1 let u = ! pres5t cont5t ourselves ) ?is4 ,! great] numb] ( absurd conclusions x w be f\nd to involve1 ! m ready w a physician be1 :5 we come to ! fifty-second *apt]1 to admit :at ! obs]vations te/ify1 t ! pa? ( ! planet is n circul>4 ,! fir/ oval pa? on :i* ,kepl] 0 induc$ to fix1 by ^! & _m o!r simil> consid]ations1 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance v diff]5t f ! true elliptical =m4 ,mo/ au?ors w\ld h ?\ght x unnecess>y to deta9 _! read]s ) a !ory :i* !y _h once ent]ta9$ & reject$2 b ,kepl]'s "w 0 writt5 on a diff]5t plan4 ,he ?us introduces an explanation ( 8 fir/ oval4 ,z soon z ,i 0 ?us taught by ,brahe's v accurate obs]vations t ! orbit ( a planet is n circul>1 b m compress$ at ! sides1 on ! in/ant ,i ?\ght t ,i und]/ood ! natural cause ( ?is deflection4 ,b ! old prov]b 0 v]ifi$ 9 my case2--! m ha/e ! less spe$4--,= hav+ viol5tly lab\r$ 9 ! #ci? *apt]1 9 consequ5ce ( my inability to f9d a suffici5tly probable cause :y ! orbit ( ! planet %\ld be a p]fect circle1 7"s absurdities always rema9+ ) respect to t virtue :i* resides 9 ! body ( ! planet17 & hav+ n[ discov]$ f ! obs]vations1 t ! orbit is n a p]fect circle1 ,i felt furi\sly incl9$ to believe t if ! !ory :i* _h be5 recogniz$ z absurd1 :5 employ$ 9 ! #ci? *apt] = ! purpose ( fabricat+ a circle1 7 modulat$ into a m probable =m1 x w\ld produce an accurate orbit agree+ ) ! obs]vations4 ,if ,i _h ent]$ on ?is c\rse a little m w>ily1 ,i might h detect$ ! tru? imm$iately4 ,b1 be+ bl9d$ by my eag]ness1 & n suffici5tly reg>dful ( e "p ( ! #ci? *apt]1 & cl++ to my fir/ op9ion1 :i* (f]$ itself to me ) a wond]ful %[ ( probability1 on acc\nt ( ! equable motion 9 ! epicycle1 ,i got entangl$ 9 new p]plexities1 ) :i* we %all n[ h to /ruggle 9 ?is #de? *apt] & ! foll[+ ones z f> z ! #ej? *apt]4 ,9 ?is !ory1 ,kepl] suppos$ t :il/ ! c5tre ( ! epicycle 0 mov+ r\nd a circul> def]5t accord+ to ! law ( ! planets' di/ances 7or areas7 ! planet itself mov$ equably 9 ! epicycle1 ) ! mean angul> velocity ( its c5tre 9 ! def]5t4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is supposition1 s9ce at ,d1 :5 ! planet is at ,a ! aphelion1 ! motion 9 ! def]5t is less ?an ! mean motion1 ! planet w h advanc$ ?r\gh an angle ,,bep great] ?an ,,bef or ,,bsa1 ?r\gh :i* ! c5tre ( ! epicycle has mov$2 & consequ5tly1 ! pa? w lie ev]y:]e )9 ! circle ,aa1 except at ! apsides4 ,"h 0 a new tra9 ( labori\s calculations to und]go = ! purpose ( draw+ ! curve ,,apa accord+ to ?is law1 & ( measur+ ! area ( any "p ( x4 ,aft] a v>iety ( fruitless attempts1 = ?is curve is "o ( s+ul> complexity1 he 0 r$uc$1 z a la/ res\rce1 to suppose x ins5sibly diff]5t f an ellipse on ! same pr9cipal axes1 z an approximate means ( e/imat+ its area4 ,n cont5t ev5 ) ! results s obta9$1 & n be+ able to see v cle>ly :at might be ! effect ( 8 alt]ation 9 sub/itut+ ! ellipse = ! oval1 & 9 o!r simplifications introduc$ by him1 he _h c\rage en\gh to obta9 ! sums ( ! #cfj di/ances by direct calculation1 z he _h done 9 ! old circul> !ory4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! preface to 8 book he _h spok5 ( 8 lab\rs "u ! allegory ( a w> c>ri$ on by him aga9/ ! planet2 & :5 exult+ 9 ! e>ly prospects ( success ?is calculation seem$ to (f]1 he did n omit once m to w>n 8 read]s1 9 8 peculi> /ra91 t ?is exultation 0 premature4 ,all[ me1 g5tle read]1 to enjoy s spl5did a triumph = "o little day 7,i mean ?r\gh ! five next *apt]s71 meantime be all rum\rs suppress$ ( new rebellion1 t our prep>ations may n p]i%1 yield+ u no delight4 ,h]eaft] if any?+ %all come to pass1 we w g ?r\gh x 9 its own "t & season2 n[ let u be m]ry1 z !n we w be bold & vigor\s4 ,at ! "t =etold1 t is to say1 at ! end ( ! five m]ry *apt]s1 ! bad news c\ld no long] be kept a secret4 ,x is ann\nc$ 9 ! foll[+ bullet93--,:ile ?us triumph+ ov] ,m>s1 & prep>+ = him1 z = "o altoge!r vanqui%$1 tabul> prisons1 & equat$ ecc5tric fett]s1 x is buzz$ "h & !re t ! victory is va91 & t ! w> is rag+ anew z viol5tly z be=e4 ,= ! enemy1 left at home a despis$ captive1 has bur/ all ! *a9s ( ! equations1 & brok5 =? ( ! prisons ( ! tables4 ,= no me?od ( geometrically adm9i/]+ ! !ory ( ! #de? *apt] 0 able to come ne> ! accuracy ( approximation ( ! vic>i\s !ory ( ! #af? *apt]1 :i* gave me true equations d]iv$ f false pr9ciples4 ,skirmi%]s1 dispos$ all r\nd ! circuit ( ! exc5tric1 7,i mean ! true di/ances17 r\t$ my =ces ( physical causes levi$ out ( ! #de? *apt]1 & %ak+ (f ! yoke1 rega9$ _! lib]ty4 ,& n[ !re 0 little to prev5t ! fugitive enemy f effect+ a junction ) 8 rebelli\s support]s1 & r$uc+ me to despair1 _h ,i n sudd5ly s5t into ! field a res]ve ( new physical reason+s on ! r\t & disp]sion ( ! vet]ans1 & dilig5tly foll[$1 )\t all[+ him ! slighte/ respite1 9 ! direction 9 :i* he _h brok5 out4 ,9 pla9] t]ms1 ,kepl] f\nd1 aft] ?is lab\r 0 complet$1 t ! errors 9 longitude he 0 /ill subject to 7 precisely ( an opposite nature to ^? he _h f\nd ) ! circle2 in/ead ( be+ too quick at ! apsides1 ! planet 0 n[ too sl[ !re1 & too mu* accel]at$ 9 ! mean di/ances2 & ! di/ances obta9$ f direct obs]vation 7 ev]y:]e great]1 except at ! apsides1 ?an ^? furni%$ by ?is oval !ory4 ,x 0 9 ! c\rse ( ^! t$i\s inve/igations t he e/abli%$1 /ill m satisfactorily ?an he _h be=e done1 t ! incl9ations ( ! planets' orbits are inv>iable1 & t ! l9es ( _! nodes pass ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! ,sun1 & n1 z be=e 8 "t _h be5 suppos$1 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! ecliptic4 ,:5 ,kepl] f\nd ) c]ta9ty t ?is oval f :i* he expect$ s mu* w\ld n satisfy ! obs]vations1 8 vexation 0 extreme1 n m]ely f ! mortification ( f9d+ a !ory confut$ on :i* he _h sp5t su* excessive lab\r1 = he 0 accu/om$ to disappo9tm5ts ( t k9d1 b pr9cipally f _m anxi\s & fruitless speculations z to ! real physical causes :y ! planet did n move 9 ! suppos$ epicycle1 t be+ ! po9t ( view1 z has be5 already %ewn1 f :i* he always pref]r$ to beg9 8 inquiries4 ,"o "p ( ! reason+ by :i* he reconcil$ himself to ! failure exhibits mu* too curi\s a view ( ! /ate ( 8 m9d to be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,! argum5t is f\nd$ on ! difficulty :i* he met )1 z above m5tion$1 9 calculat+ ! proportions ( ! oval pa? he _h imag9$4 ,9 ord] t y may see ! cause ( ! impracticability ( ?is me?od :i* we h j gone ?r\gh1 consid] on :at f\ndations x re/s4 ,! planet is suppos$ to move equably 9 ! epicycle1 & to be c>ri$ by ! ,sun unequably 9 ! proportion ( ! di/ances4 ,b by ?is me?od x is impossible to be kn[n h[ mu* ( ! oval pa? corresponds to any giv5 "t1 al?\gh ! di/ance at t "p is kn[n1 unless we fir/ "k ! l5g? ( ! :ole oval4 ,b ! l5g? ( ! oval _c be kn[n1 except f ! law ( ! entry ( ! planet )9 ! sides ( ! circle4 ,b nei!r c ! law ( ?is entry be kn[n be=e we "k h[ mu* ( ! oval pa? corresponds to any giv5 "t4 ,"h y see t !re is a petitio pr9cipii2 & 9 my op]ations ,i 0 assum+ t ( :i* ,i 0 9 se>*1 namely1 ! l5g? ( ! oval4 ,?is is at lea/ n ! fault ( my und]/&+1 b x is also mo/ ali5 to ! prim>y ,orda9] ( ! planet>y c\rses3 ,i h nev] yet f\nd s ungeometrical a contrivance 9 8 o!r works4 ,!re=e we mu/ ei!r hit ^u "s o!r me?od ( r$uc+ ! !ory ( ! #de? *apt] to calculation2 or if t _c be done1 ! !ory itself1 suspect$ on acc\nt ( ?is petitio pr9cipii1 w tott]4 ,:il/ 8 m9d 0 ?us occupi$1 "o ( ^? extraord9>y accid5ts :i* x has be5 said nev] occur b to ^? capable ( d]iv+ advantage f !m 7b :i*1 9 fact1 are nev] notic$ :5 !y occur to any "o else71 =tunately put him once m ^u ! "r pa?4 ,half ! extreme bread? betwe5 ! oval & ! circle ne>ly repres5t$ ! errors ( 8 di/ances at ! mean po9t1 & he f\nd t ?is half 0 #dbi p>ts ( a radius1 consi/+ ( #ajjjjj p>ts2 & happ5+ to adv]t to ! greate/ optical inequality ( ,m>s1 :i* am\nts to ab\t #e #ah1 x /ruck him t #dbi 0 precisely ! excess ( ! secant ( #e #ah above ! radius tak5 at #ajjjjj4 ,?is 0 a ray ( light1 &1 to use 8 own words1 x r\s$ him z out ( sleep4 ,9 %ort1 ?is s+le obs]vation 0 en\gh to produce conviction 9 8 s+ul>ly con/itut$ m9d1 t in/ead ( ! di/ances ,,sf1 he %\ld ev]y:]e sub/itute ,,fv1 det]m9$ by draw+ ,,sv p]p5dicul> on ! l9e ,,fc1 s9ce ! excess ( ,,sf above ,,fv is manife/ly t ( ! secant above ! radius 9 ! optical equation ,,sfc at t po9t4 ,x is /ill m extraord9>y t a sub/itution made = su* a reason %\ld h ! luck1 z is aga9 ! case1 to be ! "r "o4 ,?is sub/itution 9 fact am\nt$ to suppos+ t ! planet1 in/ead ( be+ at ! di/ance ,,sp or ,,sf1 0 at ,sn2 or1 9 o!r words1 t in/ead ( revolv+ 9 ! circumf]5ce1 x librat$ 9 ! diamet] ( ! epicycle1 :i* 0 to him an additional recomm5dation4 ,^u ?is new supposition a fre% set ( di/ances 0 rapidly calculat$1 & to ,kepl]'s inexpressible joy1 !y 7 f\nd to agree ) ! obs]vations )9 ! limits ( ! errors to :i* ! latt] 7 necess>ily subject4 ,not)/&+ ?is success1 he _h to und]go1 be=e arriv+ at ! successful t]m9ation ( 8 lab\rs1 "o m disappo9tm5t4 ,al?\gh ! di/ance correspond+ to a "t f ! aphelion repres5t$ approximately by ! area ,,asf1 0 ?us f\nd to be accurately repres5t$ by ! l9e ,sn1 !re 0 /ill an error ) reg>d to ! direction 9 :i* t di/ance 0 to be measur$4 ,kepl]'s fir/ idea 0 to set x (f 9 ! direction ,,sf1 b ?is he f\nd to lead to inaccurate longitudes2 & x 0 n until aft] mu* p]plexity1 driv+ him1 z he tells u1 almo/ to insanity1 t he satisfi$ himself t ! di/ance ,,sq equal to ,,fv ought to be tak5 t]m9at+ 9 ,fm1 ! l9e f ,f p]p5dicul> to ,aa1 ! l9e ( apsides1 & t ! curve s trac$ out by ,q w\ld be an accurate ellipse4 ,illu/ration ,he !n f\nd to 8 equal gratification & amazem5t1 a small "p ( :i* he endeav\r$ to express by a triumphant figure on ! side ( 8 diagram1 t ! error he _h committ$ 9 tak+ ! area ,,asf to repres5t ! sums ( ! di/ances ,,sf1 0 exactly c\nt]balanc$2 = ?is area does accurately repres5t ! sums ( ! di/ances ,,fv or ,,sq4 ,?is comp5sation1 :i* seem$ to ,kepl] ! greate/ confirmation ( 8 !ory1 is altoge!r accid5tal & immat]ial1 result+ f ! relation betwe5 ! ellipse & circle4 ,if ! laws ( planet>y attraction _h *anc$ to h be5 any o!r ?an ^? :i* cause !m to describe ellipses1 ?is la/ s+ul> confirmation ( an errone\s !ory c\ld n h tak5 place1 & ,kepl] w\ld h be5 =c$ ei!r to ab&on ! !ory ( ! areas1 :i* ev5 !n w\ld h cont9u$ to measure & def9e _! motions1 or to r5\nce ! physical op9ions f :i* he pr(ess$ to h d$uc$ x z an approximative tru?4 ,^! are two ( ! ?ree celebrat$ !orems call$ ,kepl]'s laws3 ! fir/ is1 t ! planets move 9 ellipses r\nd ! sun1 plac$ 9 ! focus2 ! second1 t ! "t ( describ+ any arc is proportional 9 ! same orbit to ! area includ$ betwe5 ! arc & ! two b\nd+ di/ances f ! sun4 ,! ?ird w be m5tion$ on ano!r occasion1 z x 0 n discov]$ till twelve ye>s lat]4 ,on ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! two !orems1 x became important to discov] a me?od ( measur+ su* elliptic areas1 b ?is is a problem :i* _c be accurately solv$4 ,kepl]1 9 (f]+ x to ! att5tion ( geometricians1 /at$ 8 belief t its solution 0 unatta9able by direct processes1 on acc\nt ( ! incomm5surability ( ! arc & s9e1 on :i* ! measurem5t ( ! two p>ts ,,aqm1 ,,sqm dep5ds4 ,?is1 says he 9 conclusion1 ?is is my belief1 & :oev] %all %ew my mi/ake1 & po9t out ! true solution1 ,is erit mihi magnus ,apollonius4 ,,footnotes3 #ahi ,x is n v easy to c>ry ! und]/&+ aright among ^! ,ari/otelian ideas4 ,_m at ! pres5t day might ?9k !y und]/ood bett] :at is meant1 if = =m _h be5 writt5 nature4 #aij ,de mundo no/ro sublun>i1 ,philosphia ,nova4 ,am/elodami1 #afea4 #aia ,!oric nov planet>um4 ,g4 ,purba*ii1 ,p>isiis1 #aeec4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,kepl] appo9t$ ,pr(essor at ,l9z--,8 second m>riage--,publi%es 8 new ,me?od ( ,gaug+--,refuses a ,pr(essor%ip at ,bologna4 ,,:5 pres5t+ ?is celebrat$ book to ! emp]or1 ,kepl] gave notice t he contemplat$ a f>!r attack ^u ,m>s's relations1 fa!r ,jupit]1 bro!r ,m]cury1 & ! re/2 & promis$ t he w\ld be successful1 provid$ ! emp]or w\ld n =get ! s9ews ( w>1 & ord] him to be furni%$ anew ) means = recruit+ 8 army4 ,! dea? ( 8 unhappy patron1 ! ,emp]or ,rodolph1 :i* happ5$ 9 #afab1 b>ely 9 "t to save him f ! la/ disgrace ( deposition f ! ,imp]ial ?rone1 seem$ to put additional difficulties 9 ! way ( ,kepl]'s receiv+ ! arre>s s unju/ly d5i$ to him2 b on ! accession ( ,rodolph's bro!r1 ,mat?ias1 he 0 aga9 nam$ to 8 po/ ( ,imp]ial ,ma!matician1 & _h also a p]man5t pr(essor%ip assign$ to him 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,l9z4 ,he quitt$ ,prague )\t mu* regret1 :]e he _h /ruggl$ aga9/ pov]ty dur+ elev5 ye>s4 ,:atev] dis9cl9ation he might feel to dep>t1 arose f 8 unwill+ness to loos5 /ill m ! hold he yet reta9$ ^u ! wreck ( ,ty*o ,brahe's in/rum5ts & obs]vations4 ,t5gnagel1 son-9-law ( ,ty*o1 _h ab&on$ a/ronomy = a political c>e]1 & ! o!r memb]s ( 8 family1 :o 7 pr9cipally females1 suff]$ ! co/ly in/rum5ts to lie neglect$ & =gott51 al?\gh !y _h ob/ruct$ ) ! utmo/ jeal\sy ,kepl]'s attempts to cont9ue _! utility4 ,! only two in/rum5ts ,kepl] possess$ ( 8 own prop]ty1 7 ,an iron sextant ( #b feet diamet]1 & a brass azimu?al quadrant1 ( #c feet diamet]1 bo? divid$ into m9utes ( a degree4 ,^! 7 ! gift ( 8 fri5d & patron1 ,h(fman1 ! ,presid5t ( ,/yria1 & ) ^! he made all ! obs]vations :i* he add$ to ^? ( ,ty*o ,brahe4 ,8 con/itution 0 n fav\rable to ^! /udies1 8 heal? be+ always delicate1 & suff]+ mu* f exposure to ! night air2 8 eyes also 7 v weak1 z he m5tions himself 9 sev]al places4 ,9 ! summ>y ( 8 "* :i* he drew up :5 propos+ to become ,ty*o ,brahe's assi/ant1 he describes himself z foll[s3--,= obs]vations my sight is dull2 = me*anical op]ations my h& is awkw>d2 9 politics & dome/ic matt]s my nature is tr\blesome & *ol]ic2 my con/itution w n all[ me1 ev5 :5 9 good heal?1 to rema9 a long "t s$5t>y 7p>ticul>ly = an extraord9>y "t aft] d9n]72 ,i mu/ rise (t5 & walk ab\t1 & 9 diff]5t seasons am =c$ to make correspond+ *anges 9 my diet4 ,! ye> prec$+ 8 dep>ture to ,l9z 0 d5\nc$ by him z pregnant ) mis=tune & mis]y4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,i c\ld get no money f ! c\rt1 & my wife1 :o _h = a long "t be5 suff]+ "u l[ spirits & despond5cy1 0 tak5 viol5tly ill t[>ds ! end ( #afaj1 ) ! ,hung>ian fev]1 epilepsy1 & phr5itis4 ,%e 0 sc>cely convalesc5t :5 all my ?ree *ildr5 7 at once attack$ ) small-pox4 ,leopold ) 8 army occupi$ ! t[n beyond ! riv]1 j z ,i lo/ ! de>e/ ( my sons1 him ^: nativity y w f9d 9 my book on ! new />4 ,! t[n on ?is side ( ! riv] :]e ,i liv$ 0 h>ass$ by ! ,bohemian troops1 ^: new levies 7 insubord9ate & insol5t3 to complete ! :ole1 ! ,au/rian army br\ght ! plague ) !m into ! city4 ,i w5t into ,au/ria1 & endeav\r$ to procure ! situation :i* ,i n[ hold4 ,return+ 9 ,june1 ,i f\nd my wife 9 a decl9e f h] grief at ! dea? ( h] son1 & on ! eve ( an infecti\s fev]2 & ,i lo/ h] also1 )9 elev5 days aft] my return4 ,!n came fre% annoyance1 ( c\rse1 & h] =tune 0 to be divid$ ) my /ep-si/]s4 ,! ,emp]or ,rodolph w\ld n agree to my dep>ture2 va9 hopes 7 giv5 me ( be+ paid f ,saxony2 my "t & money 7 wa/$ toge!r1 till on ! dea? ( ! emp]or1 9 #afab1 ,i 0 nam$ aga9 by 8 successor1 & suff]$ to dep>t to ,l9z4 ,^!1 me?9ks1 7 reasons en\gh :y ,i %\ld h ov]look$ n only y\r lett]s1 b ev5 a/ronomy itself4 ,kepl]'s fir/ m>riage _h n be5 a happy "o2 b ! necessity 9 :i* he felt himself ( provid+ "s "o to take *>ge ( 8 two surviv+ *ildr51 ( :om ! elde/1 ,susanna1 0 born 9 #afjb1 & ,l\is 9 #afjg1 det]m9$ him on ent]+ a second "t into ! m>ri$ /ate4 ,! acc\nt he has left u ( ! v>i\s negotiations :i* prec$$ 8 f9al *oice1 does n1 9 any po9t1 belie ! oddity ( 8 "*4 ,8 fri5ds seem to h receiv$ a g5]al commission to look out = a suitable mat*1 & 9 a long & mo/ amus+ lett] to ! ,b>on ,/rahl5dorf1 we are made acqua9t$ ) ! pret5sions & qualifications ( no less ?an elev5 ladies among :om 8 incl9ations wav]$4 ,! fir/ on ! li/ 0 a wid[1 an intimate fri5d ( 8 fir/ wife's1 & :o1 on _m acc\nts1 appe>$ a mo/ eligible mat*4 ,at fir/ %e seem$ fav\rably incl9$ to ! proposal2 x is c]ta9 t %e took "t to consid] x1 b at la/ %e v quietly excus$ h]self4 ,x mu/ h be5 f a recollection ( ?is lady's good qualities t ,kepl] 0 induc$ to make 8 (f]2 = we le>n r unexpect$ly1 aft] be+ in=m$ ( h] decision1 t :5 he soon aft]w>ds paid 8 respects to h]1 x 0 = ! fir/ "t t he _h se5 h] dur+ ! la/ six ye>s2 & he f\nd1 to 8 great relief1 t !re 0 no s+le pleas+ po9t ab\t h]4 ,! tru? seems to be t he 0 nettl$ by h] answ]1 & he is at great] pa9s ?an appe> necess>y1 consid]+ ?is la/ discov]y1 to det]m9e :y %e w\ld n accept 8 (f]$ h&4 ,among o!r reasons he sugge/$ h] *ildr51 among :om 7 two m>riageable daught]s2 & x is div]t+ aft]w>ds to f9d !m also 9 ! catalogue :i* ,kepl] appe>$ to be mak+ ( all 8 female acqua9tance4 ,he seems to h be5 mu* p]plex$ 9 attempt+ to reconcile 8 a/rological !ory ) ! fact ( 8 hav+ tak5 s mu* tr\ble ab\t a negotiation n de/9$ to succe$4 ,h ! />s ex]cis$ any influ5ce "h8 ,= j ab\t ?is "t ! direction ( ! ,mid-,heav5 is 9 hot opposition to ,m>s1 & ! passage ( ,saturn1 ?r\gh ! asc5d+ po9t ( ! zodiac1 9 ! s*eme ( my nativity1 w happ5 aga9 next ,novemb] & ,decemb]4 ,b if ^! are ! causes1 h[ d !y act8 ,is t explanation ! true "o :i* ,i h else:]e giv58 ,= ,i c nev] ?9k ( h&+ ov] to ! />s ! (fice ( deities to produce effects4 ,let u !re=e suppose x acc\nt$ = by ! />s1 t at ?is season ,i am viol5t 9 my temp] & affections1 9 ra%ness ( belief1 9 a %ew ( pitiful t5d]-he>t$ness2 9 cat*+ at reputation by new & p>adoxical notions1 & ! s+ul>ity ( my actions2 9 busily inquir+ into1 & weigh+ & discuss+1 v>i\s reasons2 9 ! uneas9ess ( my m9d ) respect to my *oice4 ,i ?ank ,god t t did n happ5 :i* might h happ5$2 t ?is m>riage did n take place3 n[ = ! o!rs4 ,( ^! o!rs1 "o 0 too old1 ano!r 9 bad heal?1 ano!r too pr\d ( h] bir? & qu>t]+s2 a f\r? _h le>n$ no?+ b %ewy accompli%m5ts1 n at all suitable to ! sort ( life %e w\ld h to lead ) me4 ,ano!r grew impati5t1 & m>ri$ a m decid$ admir]1 :il/ he 0 hesitat+4 ,! mis*ief 7says he7 9 all ^! atta*m5ts 01 t :il/ ,i 0 delay+1 comp>+1 & balanc+ conflict+ reasons1 e day saw me inflam$ ) a new passion4 ,by ! "t he rea*$ ! eigh?1 he f\nd 8 mat* 9 ?is respect4 ,=tune at l5g? has av5g$ h]self on my d\btful incl9ations4 ,at fir/ %e 0 q comply+1 & h] fri5ds also3 pres5tly1 :e!r %e did or did n cons5t1 n only ,i1 b %e h]self did n "k4 ,aft] ! lapse ( a few days1 came a r5ew$ promise1 :i* h[ev] _h to be confirm$ a ?ird "t2 & f\r days aft] t1 %e aga9 rep5t$ h] confirmation1 & begg$ to be excus$ f x4 ,^u ?is ,i gave h] up1 & ?is "t all my c\nsellors 7 ( "o op9ion4 ,?is 0 ! longe/ c\rt%ip 9 ! li/1 hav+ la/$ ?ree :ole mon?s2 & q di%e>t5$ by its bad success1 ,kepl]'s next attempt 0 ( a m timid complexion4 ,8 advances to ,no4 #i1 7 made by confid+ to h] ! :ole /ory ( 8 rec5t disappo9tm5t1 prud5tly det]m9+ to be guid$ 9 8 behavi\r1 by obs]v+ :e!r ! treatm5t he _h exp]i5c$ met ) a prop] degree ( sympa?y4 ,app>5tly ! exp]im5t did n succe$2 & almo/ r$uc$ to despair1 ,kepl] betook himself to ! advice ( a fri5d1 :o _h = "s "t pa/ compla9$ t %e 0 n consult$ 9 ?is difficult negotiation4 ,:5 %e produc$ ,no4 #aj1 & ! fir/ visit 0 paid1 ! report ^u h] 0 z foll[s3--,%e has1 und\bt$ly1 a good =tune1 is ( good family1 & ( economical habits3 b h] physiognomy is mo/ horribly ugly2 %e w\ld be />$ at 9 ! /reets1 n to m5tion ! /rik+ disproportion 9 our figures4 ,i am lank1 lean1 & sp>e2 %e is %ort & ?ick3 9 a family notori\s = fatness %e is consid]$ sup]flu\sly fat4 ,! only objection to ,no4 #aa seems to h be5 h] excessive y\?2 & :5 ?is treaty 0 brok5 ( on t acc\nt1 ,kepl] turn$ 8 back ^u all 8 advis]s1 & *ose = himself "o :o _h figur$ z ,no4 #e 9 ! li/1 to :om he pr(esses to h felt atta*$ ?r\gh\t1 b f :om ! repres5tations ( 8 fri5ds _h hi!rto deta9$ him1 probably on acc\nt ( h] humble /ation4 ,! foll[+ is ,kepl]'s summ>y ( h] "*4 ,h] "n is ,susanna1 ! daught] ( ,john ,reu?+] & ,b>b>a1 citiz5s ( ! t[n ( ,ef]d+52 ! fa!r 0 by trade a cab9et-mak]1 b bo? h] p>5ts are dead4 ,%e has receiv$ an education well wor? ! l>ge/ d[ry1 by fav\r ( ! ,lady ( ,/ahr5b]g1 ! /rictness ( ^: h\sehold is fam\s ?r\gh\t ! prov9ce4 ,h] p]son & mann]s are suitable to m9e2 no pride1 no extravagance2 %e c be> to "w2 %e has a tol]able k h[ to manage a family2 middle-ag$1 & ( a disposition & capability to acquire :at %e /ill wants4 ,h] ,i %all m>ry by fav\r ( ! noble b>on ( ,/ahr5b]g at twelve o'clock on ! #cj? ( next ,octob]1 ) all ,ef]d+5 assembl$ to meet u1 & we %all eat ! m>riage-d9n] at ,maurice's at ! ,gold5 ,lion4 ,hants* has made an absurd mi/ake ) reg>d to ?is m>riage1 9 /at+ t ! bride 0 only twelve ye>s old4 ,k/n] & o!r biograph]s h be5 cont5t to repeat ! same ass]tion )\t any comm5t1 not)/&+ its evid5t improbability4 ,! orig9 ( ! blund] is to be f\nd 9 ,kepl]'s correspond5ce ) ,b]negg]1 to :om1 speak+ ( 8 wife1 he says ,%e has be5 educat$ = twelve ye>s by ! ,lady ( ,/ahr5b]g4 ,?is is by no means a s+le in/ance ( c>elessness 9 ,hants*2 ,k/n] has po9t$ out o!rs ( great] consequ5ce4 ,x 0 ow+ to ?is m>riage1 t ,kepl] took occasion to write 8 new me?od ( gaug+1 = z he tells u 9 8 own peculi> /yle la/ ,novemb] ,i br\ght home a new wife1 & z ! :ole c\rse ( ,danube 0 !n cov]$ ) ! produce ( ! ,au/rian v9ey>ds1 to be sold at a reasonable rate1 ,i pur*as$ a few casks1 ?9k+ x my duty z a good husb& & a fa!r ( a family1 to see t my h\sehold 0 well provid$ ) dr9k4 ,:5 ! sell] came to asc]ta9 ! quantity1 ,kepl] object$ to 8 me?od ( gaug+1 = he all[$ no diff]5ce1 :atev] might be ! proportion ( ! bulg+ p>ts4 ,! reflections to :i* ?is incid5t gave rise1 t]m9at$ 9 ! publication ( ! above-m5tion$ treatise1 :i* claims a place among ! e>lie/ specim5s ( :at is n[ call$ ! mod]n analysis4 ,9 x he ext5d$ sev]al prop]ties ( plane figures to segm5ts ( cones & cyl9d]s1 f ! consid]ation t ^! solids are incorporat$ circles1 &1 !re=e1 t ^? prop]ties are true ( ! :ole :i* belong to ea* compon5t "p4 ,t ! book might end z oddly z x began1 ,kepl] conclud$ x ) a p>ody ( ,catullus3 ,et cum pocula mille m5si ermus ,conturbabimus illa1 ne sciamus4 ,8 new resid5ce at ,l9z 0 n long undi/urb$4 ,he qu>rell$ !re1 z he _h done 9 ! e>ly "p ( 8 life at ,gratz1 ) ! ,roman ,ca?olic p>ty1 & 0 excommunicat$4 ,judge1 says he to ,pet] ,h(fman1 h[ f> ,i c assi/ y1 9 a place :]e ! prie/ & s*ool-inspector h comb9$ to br& me ) ! public /igma ( h]esy1 because 9 e "q ,i take t side :i* seems to me to be consonant ) ! ^w ( ,god4 ,! p>ticul> dogma :i* occasion$ 8 excommunication1 0 connect$ ) ! doctr9e ( transub/antiation4 ,he publi%$ 8 cre$ 9 a copy ( ,lat9 v]ses1 pres]v$ by 8 biograph] ,hants*4 ,be=e ?is occurr5ce1 ,kepl] _h be5 call$ to ! diet at ,ratisbon to give 8 op9ion on ! propriety ( adopt+ ! ,gregorian re=mation ( ! cal5d>1 & he publi%$ a %ort essay1 po9t+ out ! respective conv5i5ce ( do+ s1 or ( alt]+ ! old ,julian ,cal5d> 9 "s o!r mann]4 ,not)/&+ ! read9ess ( ! diet to avail !mselves ( 8 tal5ts = ! settlem5t ( a difficult "q1 ! arre>s ( 8 sal>y 7 n paid mu* m regul>ly ?an !y _h be5 9 ,rodolph's "t1 & he 0 driv5 to provide himself ) money by ! publication ( 8 almanac1 ( :i* necessity he heavily & ju/ly compla9$4 ,9 ord] to pay ! exp5se ( ! ,ephem]is = ^! two ye>s1 ,i h also writt5 a vile prophesy+ almanac1 :i* is sc>cely m respectable ?an begg+2 unless x be because x saves ! emp]or's cr$it1 :o ab&ons me entirely2 & ) all 8 frequ5t & rec5t ord]s 9 c\ncil1 w\ld suff] me to p]i% ) hung]4 ,kepl] publi%$ ?is ,ephem]is annually till #afbj2 t5 ye>s lat] he add$ ^? belong+ to ! ye>s f #afbj to #afbh4 ,9 #afag ,kepl] 0 invit$ into ,italy1 to succe$ ,mag9i z ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics at ,bologna4 ,! (f] tempt$ him2 b1 aft] mature consid]ation1 he reject$ x1 on gr\nds :i* he ?us expla9$ to ,r(f9i3--,by bir? & _s ,i am a ,g]man1 imbu$ ) ,g]man pr9ciples1 & b\nd by su* family ties1 t ev5 if ! emp]or %\ld cons5t1 ,i c\ld n1 )\t ! greate/ difficulty1 remove my dwell+-place f ,g]many into ,italy4 ,& al?\gh ! glory ( hold+ s di/+ui%$ a situation among ! v5]able pr(essors ( ,bologna /imulates me1 & !re appe>s great likelihood ( notably increas+ my =tune1 z well f ! great conc\rse to ! public lectures1 z f private tuition2 yet1 on ! o!r h&1 t p]iod ( my life is pa/ :i* 0 once excit$ by novelty1 or :i* might promise itself a long enjoym5t ( ^! advantages4 ,besides1 f a boy up to my pres5t ye>s1 liv+ a ,g]man among ,g]mans1 ,i am accu/om$ to a degree ( fre$om 9 my spee* & mann]s1 :i*1 if p]sev]$ 9 on my removal to ,bologna1 seems likely to draw ^u me1 if n dang]1 at lea/ notoriety1 & might expose me to suspicion & p>ty malice4 ,not)/&+ ?is answ]1 ,i h yet hopes t y\r mo/ hon\rable invitation w be ( s]vice to me1 & may make ! imp]ial treasur] m ready ?an he has hi!rto be5 to fulfil 8 ma/]'s int5tions t[>ds me4 ,9 t case ,i %all ! soon] be able to publi% ! ,rudolph9e ,tables & ! ,ephem]ides1 ( :i* y _h ! s*eme s _m ye>s back2 & 9 ?is mann] y & y\r advis]s may h no reason to regret ?is invitation1 ?\gh = ! pres5t x seems fruitless4 ,9 #afai1 ! ,emp]or ,mat?ias di$1 & 0 succe$$ by ,f]d9& ,,iii41 :o reta9$ ,kepl] 9 ! po/ he _h fill$ "u 8 two pr$ecessors on ! imp]ial ?rone4 ,k/n]1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,ma!matics1 has correct$ a gross error ( ,hants*1 9 ass]t+ t ,kepl] progno/icat$ ,mat?ias's dea?4 ,! lett] to :i* ,hants* ref]s1 9 support ( 8 /atem5t1 does inde$ m5tion ! emp]or's dea?1 b m]ely z a notori\s ev5t1 = ! purpose ( recall+ a date to ! memory ( 8 correspond5t4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,kepl] publi%es 8 ,h>monics--,acc\nt ( 8 ,a/rological ,op9ions & ,discov]y ( ! ,law ( ! ,p]iods ( ! ,planet>y ,revolutions--,sket* ( ,newton's pro( ( ,kepl]'s ,laws4 ,,! ,cosmographical ,my/]y 0 writt51 z has be5 already m5tion$1 :5 ,kepl] 0 only tw5ty-six1 & ! wildness ( its !ories might be consid]$ z due m]ely to ! vivacity ( a "y man2 b z if purposely to %ew t 8 matur] age did n r5\nce ! creations ( 8 y\?ful fancy1 he repr9t$ ! ,my/]y 9 #afai1 ne>ly at ! same "t :5 he publi%$ 8 celebrat$ "w on ,h>monics2 & ! extravagance ( ! latt] publication does n at all lose 9 comp>ison ) its pr$ecessor4 ,x is d$icat$ to ,james ,i4 ( ,engl&1 & divid$ into five books3 ,! fir/1 ,geometrical1 on ! orig9 & demon/ration ( ! laws ( ! figures :i* produce h>moni\s proportions2--! second1 ,ar*itectonical1 on figurate geometry1 & ! congru5ce ( plane & solid regul> figures2--! ?ird1 prop]ly ,h>monic1 on ! d]ivation ( musical proportions f figures1 & on ! nature & di/9ction ( ?+s relat+ to song1 9 opposition to ! old !ories2--! f\r?1 ,metaphysical1 ,psy*ological1 & ,a/rological1 on ! m5tal ess5ce ( h>monies1 & ( _! k9ds 9 ! _w1 especially on ! h>mony ( rays emanat+ on ! e>? f ! heav5ly bodies1 & on _! effect 9 nature1 & on ! sublun>y & human s\l2--! fif?1 ,a/ronomical & ,metaphysical1 on ! v exquisite h>monies ( ! cele/ial motions1 & ! orig9 ( ! exc5tricities 9 h>moni\s proportions4 ,! two fir/ books are almo/ /rictly1 z ,kepl] /yles !m1 geometrical1 relat+ 9 great measure to ! inscription ( regul> polygons 9 a circle4 ,! foll[+ passage is curi\s1 pres5t+ an analog\s idea to t conta9$ 9 "o ( ! extracts already giv5 f ! ,comm5t>ies on ,m>s4 ,! heptagon1 & all o!r polygons & />s beyond x1 :i* h a prime numb] ( sides1 & all o!r figures d]iv$ f !m1 _c be inscrib$ geometrically 9 a circle2 al?\gh _! sides h a necess>y magnitude1 x is equally a matt] ( necessity t we rema9 ignorant ( x4 ,?is is a "q ( great importance1 = on ?is acc\nt is x t ! heptagon1 & o!r figures ( ?is k9d1 h n be5 employ$ by ,god 9 ! adornm5t ( ! _w1 z ! o!r intelligible figures are employ$ :i* h be5 already expla9$4 ,kepl] !n introduces ! algebraical equation1 on ! solution ( :i* ?is problem dep5ds1 & makes a rem>k :i* is curi\s at ?is p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( algebra--t ! root ( an equation :i* _c be accurately f\nd1 may yet be f\nd )9 any degree ( approximation by an exp]t calculator4 ,9 conclusion he aga9 rem>ks t ! side ( ! heptagon has no place among sci5tific exi/5ces1 s9ce its =mal description is impossible1 & !re=e x _c be kn[n by ! human m9d1 s9ce ! possibility ( description prec$es ! possibility ( k2 nor is x kn[n ev5 by ! simple et]nal act ( an omnisci5t m9d1 because its nature belongs to ?+s :i* _c be kn[n4 ,& yet ?is sci5tific non5tity has "s sci5tific prop]ties1 = if a heptagon 7 describ$ 9 a circle1 ! proportion ( its sides w\ld h analog\s proportions4 ,! ?ird book is a treatise on music1 9 ! conf9$ & ord9>y s5se 9 :i* we n[ use t ^w1 & app>5tly a sob] & rational "o1 at lea/ z ne>ly s z ,kepl] c\ld be tru/$ to write on a subject s dang]\s to 8 discretion4 ,all ! extravagance ( ! "w seems res]v$ = ! f\r? book1 ! title ( :i* already conveys "s notion ( ! nature ( its cont5ts4 ,9 ?is book he has collect$ ! sub/ance ( ! a/rological op9ions scatt]$ ?r\gh 8 o!r works4 ,we %all cont5t ourselves ) m]ely cit+ 8 own words1 )\t any attempt to expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! a/rology :i* he believ$1 & t :i* he contemptu\sly reject$4 ,! di/9ctive l9e seems v f9ely drawn1 & z bo? "o & ! o!r are n[ disc>d$ by all :o enjoy ! full use ( _! reason+ p[]s1 x is n ( mu* consequ5ce t x %\ld be accurately trac$4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t he does n 9 ?is treatise modify or recant any?+ ( 8 e>li] op9ions1 b ref]s to ! fav\rable judgm5t ( 8 contempor>y philosoph]s z a reason = embody+ !m 9 a regul> =m4 ,s9ce _m v celebrat$ pr(essors ( philosophy & m$ic9e are ( op9ion t ,i h creat$ a new & mo/ true philosophy1 ?is t5d] plant1 l all novelties1 ought to be c>efully nurs$ & *]i%$1 s t x may /rike root 9 ! m9ds ( philosoph]s1 & n be *ok$ by ! excessive hum\rs ( va9 sophi/ications1 or wa%$ away by ! torr5ts ( vulg> prejudices1 or froz5 by ! *ill ( public neglect2 & if ,i succe$ 9 gu>d+ x f ^! dang]s1 ,i h no fe> t x w be cru%$ by ! /orms ( calumny1 or p>*$ by ! sun ( /]l+ criticism4 ,"o ?+ is v rem>kable 9 ,kepl]'s cre$1 t he ^: c&\r is s indisputable 9 e o!r "p ( 8 conduct1 pr(ess$ to h be5 =c$ to adopt 8 a/rological op9ions f direct & positive obs]vation4--,x is n[ m ?an tw5ty ye>s s9ce ,i began to ma9ta9 op9ions l ^! on ! pr$om9ant nature ( ! elem5ts1 :i*1 adopt+ ! common "n1 ,i call sublun>y4 ,i h be5 driv5 to ?is n by /udy+ or admir+ ,plato1 b s+ly & solely by obs]v+ seasons1 & not+ ! aspects by :i* !y are produc$4 ,i h se5 ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e almo/ uni=mly di/urb$ z (t5 z ! planets are 9 conjunction1 or 9 ! o!r configurations s celebrat$ among a/rolog]s4 ,i h notic$ its tranquil /ate1 ei!r :5 !re are none or few su* aspects1 or :5 !y are transitory & ( %ort duration4 ,i h n =m$ an op9ion on ?is matt] )\t good gr\nds1 l ! common h]d ( prophesi]s1 :o describe ! op]ations ( ! />s z if !y 7 a sort ( deities1 ! lords ( heav5 & e>?1 & produc+ ev]y?+ at _! pleasure4 ,!y nev] tr\ble !mselves to consid] :at means ! />s h ( work+ any effects among u on ! e>?1 :il/ !y rema9 9 ! sky1 & s5d d[n no?+ to u :i* is obvi\s to ! s5ses except rays ( light4 ,?is is ! pr9cipal s\rce ( ! fil?y a/rological sup]/itions ( t vulg> & *ildi% race ( dream]s1 ! progno/icators4 ,! real mann] 9 :i* ! configurations ( ! />s op]ate1 accord+ to ,kepl]1 is z foll[s3--,l "o :o li/5s to a sweet melodi\s song1 & by ! gladness ( 8 c\nt5ance1 by 8 voice1 & by ! beat+ ( 8 h& or foot attun$ to ! music1 gives tok5 t he p]ceives & approves ! h>mony3 j s does sublun>y nature1 ) ! notable & evid5t emotion ( ! b[els ( ! e>?1 be> l witness to ! same feel+s1 especially at ^? times :5 ! rays ( ! planets =m h>moni\s configurations on ! e>?4--,i h be5 confirm$ 9 ?is !ory by t :i* might h det]r$ o!rs2 ,i mean1 by obs]v+ t ! emotions d n agree nicely ) ! in/ants ( ! configurations2 b ! e>? sometimes appe>s lazy & ob/9ate1 & at ano!r "t 7aft] important & long-cont9u$ configurations7 %e becomes exasp]at$1 & gives way to h] passion1 ev5 )\t ! cont9uation ( aspects4 ,= 9 fact ! e>? is n an animal l a dog1 ready at e nod2 b m l a bull1 or an elephant1 sl[ to become angry1 & s mu* ! m furi\s :5 inc5s$4 ,?is s+ul> doctr9e mu/ n be mi/ak5 = "o ( ,kepl]'s fav\rite allegories2 he actually & lit]ally pr(ess$ to believe t ! e>? 0 an enorm\s liv+ animal2 & he has enum]at$1 ) a p>ticul>ity ( details into :i* we =be> to foll[ him1 ! analogies he recogniz$ betwe5 its habits & ^? ( m5 & o!r animals4 ,a few samples ( ^! may speak = ! re/4 ,if any "o :o has climb$ ! peaks ( ! highe/ m\nta9s ?r[ a /one d[n _! v deep clefts1 a s\nd is he>d f !m2 or if he ?r[ x into "o ( ! m\nta9 lakes1 :i* beyond d\bt are bottomless1 a /orm w imm$iately arise1 j z :5 y ?ru/ a /raw into ! e> or nose ( a tickli% animal1 x %akes its head1 or runs %udd]+ away4 ,:at s l brea?+1 especially ( ^? fi% :o draw wat] into _! m\?s & sp\t x out aga9 ?r\gh _! gills1 z t wond]ful tide6 ,= al?\gh x is s regulat$ accord+ to ! c\rse ( ! moon1 t1 9 ! preface to my ',comm5t>ies on ,m>s1' ,i h m5tion$ x z probable t ! wat]s are attract$ by ! moon z iron is by ! load/one2 yet1 if any "o uphold t ! e>? regulates its brea?+ accord+ to ! motion ( ! sun & moon1 z animals h daily & nightly alt]nations ( sleep & wak+1 ,i %all n ?9k 8 philosophy unwor?y ( be+ li/5$ to2 especially if any flexible p>ts %\ld be discov]$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>? to supply ! functions ( lungs or gills4 ,f ! next extract1 we mu/ leave ! read] to le>n z well z he may1 h[ mu* ,kepl] did1 & h[ mu* he did n believe on ! subject ( g5e?liac a/rology4--,h5ce x is t human spirits1 at ! "t ( cele/ial aspects1 are p>ticul>ly urg$ to complete ! matt]s :i* !y h 9 h&4 ,:at ! goad is to ! ox1 :at ! spur or ! r[el is to ! horse1 to ! soldi] ! bell & trumpet1 an animat$ spee* to an audi5ce1 to a cr[d ( ru/ics a p]=mance on ! fife & bagpipes1 t to all1 & especially 9 ! aggregate1 is a heav5ly configuration ( suitable planets2 s t e s+le "o is excit$ 9 8 ?\ghts & actions1 & all become m ready to unite & associate _! ef=ts4 ,= in/ance1 9 w> y may see t tumults1 battles1 fights1 invasions1 assaults1 attacks1 & panic fe>s1 g5]ally happ5 at ! "t ( ! aspects ( ,m>s & ,m]cury1 ,m>s & ,jupit]1 ,m>s & ! ,sun1 ,m>s & ,saturn1 c4 ,9 epidemic diseases1 a great] numb] ( p]sons are attack$ at ! times ( ! p[]ful aspects1 !y suff] m sev]ely1 or ev5 die1 ow+ to ! failure ( nature 9 h] /rife ) ! disease1 :i* /rife 7& n ! dea?7 is occasion$ by ! aspect4 ,x is n ! sky :i* does all ^! ?+s imm$iately1 b ! faculty ( ! vital s\l1 associat+ its op]ation ) ! cele/ial h>monies1 is ! pr9cipal ag5t 9 ?is s-call$ influ5ce ( ! heav5s4 ,inde$ ?is ^w influ5ce has s fasc9at$ "s philosoph]s t !y pref] rav+ ) ! s5seless vulg>1 to le>n+ ! tru? ) me4 ,?is ess5tial prop]ty is ! pr9cipal f\ndation ( t admirable g5e?liac art4 ,= :5 any?+ beg9s to h its be+ :5 t is work+ h>monies1 ! s5sible h>mony ( ! rays ( ! planets has peculi> influ5ce on x4 ,?is !n is ! cause :y ^? :o are born "u a season ( _m aspects among ! planets1 g5]ally turn out busy & indu/ri\s1 :e!r !y accu/om !mselves f *ildhood to amass weal?1 or are born or *os5 to direct public affairs1 or f9ally1 h giv5 _! att5tion to /udy4 ,if any "o ?9k t ,i might be tak5 z an in/ance ( ?is la/ class1 ,i d n grudge him ! k ( my nativity4 ,i am n *eck$ by ! reproa* ( boa/fulness1 not)/&+ ^? :o1 by spee* or conduct1 condemn z folly all k9ds ( writ+ on ?is subject2 ! idiots1 ! half-le>n$1 ! inv5tors ( titles & trapp+s1 to ?r[ du/ 9 ! eyes ( ! p1 & ^? :om ,picus calls ! plebeian !ologians3 among ! true lov]s ( wisdom1 ,i easily cle> myself ( ?is imputation1 by ! advantage ( my read]2 = !re is no "o ^: nativity or ^: int]nal disposition & temp] ,i c le>n s well z ,i "k my own4 ,well !n1 ,jupit] ne>e/ ! nonagesimal _h pass$ by f\r degrees ! tr9e ( ,saturn2 ! ,sun & ,v5us1 9 conjunction1 7 mov+ f ! latt] t[>ds ! =m]1 ne>ly 9 sextiles ) bo?3 !y 7 also remov+ f quadratures ) ,m>s1 to :i* ,m]cury 0 closely approa*+3 ! moon drew ne> ! tr9e ( ! same planet1 close to ! ,bull's ,eye1 ev5 9 latitude4 ,! #be? degree ( ,gem9i 0 ris+1 & ! #bb;d ( ,aqu>ius culm9at+4 ,t !re 0 ?is triple configuration on t day--namely1 ! sextile ( ,saturn & ! ,sun1 ! sextile ( ,m>s & ,jupit]1 ! quadrature ( ,m]cury & ,m>s1 is prov$ by ! *ange ( wea!r2 =1 aft] a fro/ ( "s days1 t v day became w>m]1 !re 0 a ?aw & a fall ( ra94#aib ,i d n wi% ?is s+le in/ance to be tak5 z a def5ce & pro( ( all ! aphorisms ( a/rolog]s1 nor d ,i attribute to ! heav5s ! gov]nm5t ( human affairs3 :at a va/ int]val /ill sep>ates ^! philosophical obs]vations f t folly or madness z x %\ld r be call$4 ,=1 foll[+ up ?is example1 ,i knew a lady#aic1 born "u ne>ly ! same aspects1 ^: disposition1 inde$1 0 exce$+ly re/less1 b :o n only makes no progress 9 lit]ature 7t is n /range 9 a woman71 b tr\bles h] :ole family1 & is ! cause to h]self ( deplorable mis]y4 ,:at1 9 my case1 assi/$ ! aspects 0--fir/ly1 ! fancy ( my "m :5 pregnant ) me1 a great admir] ( h] "m-9-law1 my gr&mo!r1 :o _h "s k ( m$ic9e1 my gr&fa!r's pr(ession2 a second cause is1 t ,i 0 born a male1 & n a female1 = a/rolog]s h s\ght 9 va9 to di/+ui% sexes 9 ! sky2 ?irdly1 ,i d]ive f my "m a habit ( body1 m fit = /udy ?an o!r k9ds ( life2 f\r?ly1 my p>5ts' =tune 0 n l>ge1 & !re 0 no l&$ prop]ty to :i* ,i might succe$ & become atta*$2 fif?ly1 !re 7 ! s*ools1 & ! lib]ality ( ! magi/racy t[>ds su* boys z 7 apt = le>n+4 ,b n[ if ,i am to speak ( ! result ( my /udies1 :at ,i pray c ,i f9d 9 ! sky1 ev5 remotely allud+ to x4 ,! le>n$ confess t sev]al n despicable bran*es ( philosophy h be5 newly extricat$ or am5d$ or br\ght to p]fection by me3 b "h my con/ellations 71 n ,m]cury f ! ea/1 9 ! angle ( ! sev5?1 & 9 quadratures ) ,m>s1 b ,cop]nicus1 b ,ty*o ,brahe1 )\t ^: books ( obs]vations ev]y?+ n[ set by me 9 ! cle>e/ light mu/ h rema9$ buri$ 9 d>kness2 n ,saturn pr$om9at+ ,m]cury1 b my ,lords ! ,emp]ors ,rodolph & ,mat?ias2 n ,capricorn1 ! h\se ( ,saturn1 b ,upp] ,au/ria1 ! home ( ! ,emp]or1 & ! ready & unexampl$ b\nty ( 8 nobles to my petition4 ,"h is t corn]1 n ! we/]n "o ( ! horoscope1 b on ! ,e>?1 :i!r1 by p]mission ( my imp]ial ma/]1 ,i h betak5 myself f a too uneasy c\rt2 & :5ce1 dur+ ^! ye>s ( my life1 :i* n[ t5ds t[>ds its sett+1 emanate ^! ,h>monies1 & ! o!r matt]s on :i* ,i am engag$4 ,h[ev]1 x may be ow+ to ,jupit]'s asc5dancy t ,i take great] delight 9 ! application ( geometry to physics1 ?an 9 t ab/ract pursuit :i* p>takes ( ! dryness ( ,saturn2 & x is p]haps ! gibb\s moon1 9 ! bright con/ellation ( ! ,bull's =ehead1 :i* fills my m9d ) fanta/ic images4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ?+ conta9$ 9 ! #e? ,book1 is ! ann\ncem5t ( ! celebrat$ law connect+ ! mean di/ances ( ! planets ) ! p]iods ( _! revolution ab\t ! ,sun4 ,?is law is express$ 9 ma!matical language1 by say+ t ! squ>es ( ! times v>y z ! cubes ( ! di/ances4#aid ,kepl]'s rapture on detect+ x 0 unb\nd$1 z may be se5 f ! exult+ rhapsody ) :i* he ann\nc$ x4 ,:at ,i propheci$ two-&-tw5ty ye>s ago1 z soon z ,i discov]$ ! five solids among ! heav5ly orbits--:at ,i firmly believ$ long be=e ,i _h se5 ,ptolemy's ',h>monics'--:at ,i _h promis$ my fri5ds 9 ! title ( ?is book1 :i* ,i nam$ be=e ,i 0 sure ( my discov]y--:at1 sixte5 ye>s ago1 ,i urg$ z a ?+ to be s\ght--t = :i* ,i jo9$ ,ty*o ,brahe1 = :i* ,i settl$ 9 ,prague1 = :i* ,i h devot$ ! be/ "p ( my life to a/ronomical contemplations1 at l5g? ,i h br\ght to light1 & h recogniz$ its tru? beyond my mo/ sangu9e expectations4 ,great z is ! absolute nature ( ,h>monics ) all its details1 z set =? 9 my ?ird book1 x is all f\nd among ! cele/ial motions1 n inde$ 9 ! mann] :i* ,i imag9$1 7t is n ! lea/ "p ( my delight17 b 9 ano!r v diff]5t1 & yet mo/ p]fect & excell5t4 ,x is n[ eighte5 mon?s s9ce ,i got ! fir/ glimpse ( light1 ?ree mon?s s9ce ! dawn1 v few days s9ce ! unveil$ sun1 mo/ admirable to gaze on1 bur/ out ^u me4 ,no?+ holds me2 ,i w indulge 9 my sacr$ fury2 ,i w triumph ov] mank9d by ! hone/ confession1 t ,i h /ol5 ! gold5 vases ( ! ,egyptians#aie1 to build up a tab]nacle = my ,god f> away f ! conf9es ( ,egypt4 ,if y =give me1 ,i rejoice2 if y are angry1 ,i c be> x3 ! die is ca/1 ! book is writt52 to be read ei!r n[ or by po/]ity1 ,i c>e n :i*3 x may well wait a c5tury = a read]1 z ,god has wait$ six ?\s& ye>s = an obs]v]4 ,he has told1 ) 8 usual p>ticul>ity1 ! mann] & precise mom5t ( ! discov]y4 ,ano!r "p ( my ',cosmographical ,my/]y1' susp5d$ tw5ty-two ye>s ago1 because x 0 !n undet]m9$1 is complet$ & introduc$ "h1 aft] ,i _h discov]$ ! true int]vals ( ! orbits1 by means ( ,brahe's obs]vations1 & _h sp5t ! cont9u\s toil ( a long "t 9 inve/igat+ ! true proportion ( ! p]iodic times to ! orbits1 ,s]a quidem respexit in]tem1 ,respexit tam51 et longo po/ tempore v5it4 ,if y w\ld "k ! precise mom5t1 ! fir/ idea came across me on ! #h? ,m>* ( ?is ye>1 #afah2 b *anc+ to make a mi/ake 9 ! calculation1 ,i reject$ x z false4 ,i return$ aga9 to x ) new =ce on ! #ae? ,may1 & x has dissipat$ ! d>kness ( my m9d by su* an agreem5t betwe5 ?is idea & my sev5te5 ye>s' lab\r on ,brahe's obs]vations1 t at fir/ ,i ?\ght ,i mu/ be dream+1 & _h tak5 my result = grant$ 9 my fir/ assumptions4 ,b ! fact is p]fect1 ! fact is c]ta91 t ! proportion exi/+ betwe5 ! p]iodic times ( any two planets is exactly ! sesquiplicate proportion ( ! mean di/ances ( ! orbits4 ,!re is high au?ority = n attempt+ ov] anxi\sly to und]/& ! re/ ( ! "w4 ,delambre sums x up z foll[s3--,9 ! music ( ! cele/ial bodies x appe>s t ,saturn & ,jupit] take ! bass1 ,m>s ! t5or1 ! ,e>? & ,v5us ! c\nt]-t5or1 & ,m]cury ! treble4 ,if ! pati5ce ( ?is indefatigable hi/orian gave way1 z he confesses1 9 ! p]usal1 any fur!r notice ( x "h may be well excus$4 ,kepl] became engag$1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is publication1 9 an angry controv]sy ) ! ecc5tric ,rob]t ,fludd1 :o 0 at lea/ ,kepl]'s mat* 9 wild extravagance & my/icism1 if f> inf]ior to him 9 g5ius4 ,x is div]t+ to he> ea* reproa*+ ! o!r ) obscurity4 ,9 ! ,epitome ( ! ,cop]nican ,a/ronomy1 :i* ,kepl] publi%$ ab\t ! same "t1 we f9d ! mann] 9 :i* he endeav\r$ to d$uce ! beautiful law ( p]iodic times1 f 8 pr9ciples ( motion & radiation ( :irl+ =ces4 ,?is "w is 9 fact a summ>y ( all 8 a/ronomical op9ions1 drawn up 9 a popul> /yle 9 ! =m ( "q & answ]4 ,we f9d !re a s+ul> argum5t aga9/ believ+1 z "s did1 t ea* planet is c>ri$ r\nd by an angel1 = 9 t case1 says ,kepl]1 ! orbits w\ld be p]fectly circul>2 b ! elliptic =m1 :i* we f9d 9 !m1 r smacks ( ! nature ( ! lev] & mat]ial necessity4 ,! inve/igation ( ! relation betwe5 ! p]iodic times & di/ances ( ! planets is introduc$ by a qu]y :e!r or n !y are to be consid]$ heavy4 ,! answ] is giv5 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3--,al?\gh none ( ! cele/ial globes are heavy1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we say on e>? t a /one is heavy1 nor light z fire is light ) u1 yet h !y1 by reason ( _! mat]iality1 a natural inability to move f place to place3 !y h a natural in]tness or quietude1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y rema9 /ill 9 e situation :]e !y are plac$ alone4 ,p4 ,is x !n ! sun1 :i* by its turn+ c>ries r\nd ! planets8 ,h[ c ! sun d ?is1 hav+ no h&s to seize ! planet at s great a di/ance1 & =ce x r\nd along ) itself8--,its bodily virtue1 s5t =? 9 /raight l9es into ! :ole space ( ! _w1 s]ves in/ead ( h&s2 & ?is virtue1 be+ a corporeal species1 turns ) ! body ( ! sun l a v rapid vortex1 & travels ov] ! :ole ( t space :i* x fills z quickly z ! sun revolves 9 its v conf9$ space r\nd ! c5tre4 ,p4 ,expla9 :at ?is virtue is1 & belong+ to :at class ( ?+s8--,z !re are two bodies1 ! mov] & ! mov$1 s are !re two p[]s by :i* ! motion is obta9$4 ,! "o is passive1 & r belong+ to matt]1 namely1 ! resemblance ( ! body ( ! planet to ! body ( ! sun 9 its corporeal =m1 & s t "p ( ! planet>y body is fri5dly1 ! opposite "p ho/ile to ! sun4 ,! o!r p[] is active1 & be>+ m relation to =m1 namely1 ! body ( ! sun has a p[] ( attract+ ! planet by its fri5dly "p1 ( repell+ x by ! ho/ile "p1 & f9ally1 ( reta9+ x if x be plac$ s t nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r be turn$ directly t[>ds ! sun4 ,p4 ,h[ c x be t ! :ole body ( ! planet %\ld be l or cognate to ! body ( ! sun1 & yet "p ( ! planet fri5dly1 "p ho/ile to ! sun8--,j z :5 "o magnet attracts ano!r1 ! bodies are cognate2 b attraction takes place only on "o side1 repulsion on ! o!r4 ,p4 ,:5ce1 !n1 arises t diff]5ce ( opposite p>ts 9 ! same body8--,9 magnets ! div]sity arises f ! situation ( ! p>ts ) respect to ! :ole4 ,9 ! heav5s ! matt] is a little diff]5tly arrang$1 = ! sun does n1 l ! magnet1 possess only on "o side1 b 9 all ! p>ts ( its sub/ance1 ?is active & en]getic faculty ( attract+1 repell+1 or reta9+ ! planet4 ,s t x is probable t ! c5tre ( ! sol> body corresponds to "o extremity or pole ( ! magnet1 & its :ole surface to ! o!r pole4 ,p4 ,if ?is 7 s1 all ! planets w\ld be re/or$#aif 9 ! same "t ) ! sun8--,true1 if ?is 7 all3 b x has be5 said already t1 besides ?is c>ry+ p[] ( ! sun1 !re is also 9 ! planets a natural in]tness to motion1 :i* causes t1 by reason ( _! mat]ial sub/ance1 !y are incl9$ to rema9 ea* 9 its place4 ,! c>ry+ p[] ( ! sun1 & ! impot5ce or mat]ial in]tness ( ! planet1 are ?us 9 opposition4 ,ea* %>es ! victory2 ! sun moves ! planet f its place1 al?\gh 9 "s degree x escapes f ! *a9s ) :i* x 0 held by ! sun1 & s is tak5 hold ( successively by e "p ( ?is circul> virtue1 or1 z x may be call$1 sol> circumf]5ce1 namely1 by ! p>ts :i* foll[ ^? f :i* x has j extricat$ itself4 ,p4 ,b h[ does "o planet extricate itself m ?an ano!r f ?is viol5ce--,fir/1 because ! virtue emanat+ f ! sun has ! same degree ( weakness at diff]5t di/ances1 z ! di/ances or ! wid? ( ! circles describ$ on ^! di/ances4#aig ,?is is ! pr9cipal reason4 ,secondly1 ! cause is p>tly 9 ! great] or less in]tness or resi/ance ( ! planet>y globes1 :i* r$uces ! proportions to "o-half2 b ( ?is m h]eaft]4 ,p4 ,h[ c x be t ! virtue emanat+ f ! sun becomes weak] at a great] di/ance8 ,:at is !re to hurt or weak5 x8--,because t virtue is corporeal1 & p>tak+ ( quantity1 :i* c be spread out & r>efi$4 ,!n1 s9ce !re is z mu* virtue diffus$ 9 ! va/ orb ( ,saturn z is collect$ 9 ! v n>r[ "o ( ,m]cury1 x is v r>e & !re=e weak 9 ,saturn's orbit1 v d5se & !re=e p[]ful at ,m]cury4 ,p4 ,y said1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is inquiry into motion1 t ! p]iodic times ( ! planets are exactly 9 ! sesquiplicate proportion ( _! orbits or circles3 pray :at is ! cause ( ?is8--,f\r causes concur = l5g!n+ ! p]iodic "t4 ,fir/1 ! l5g? ( ! pa?2 secondly1 ! weight or quantity ( matt] to be c>ri$2 ?irdly1 ! degree ( /r5g? ( ! mov+ virtue2 f\r?ly1 ! bulk or space into :i* is spread out ! matt] to be mov$4 ,! circul> pa?s ( ! planets are 9 ! simple ratio ( ! di/ances2 ! weights or quantities ( matt] 9 diff]5t planets are 9 ! subduplicate ratio ( ! same di/ances1 z has be5 already prov$2 s t ) e increase ( di/ance1 a planet has m matt]1 & !re=e is mov$ m sl[ly1 & accumulates m "t 9 its revolution1 requir+ already z x did m "t by reason ( ! l5g? ( ! way4 ,! ?ird & f\r? causes comp5sate ea* o!r 9 a comp>ison ( diff]5t planets3 ! simple & subduplicate proportion comp\nd ! sesquiplicate proportion1 :i* !re=e is ! ratio ( ! p]iodic times4 ,?ree ( ! f\r suppositions "h made by ,kepl] to expla9 ! beautiful law he _h detect$1 are n[ indisputably kn[n to be false4 ,nei!r ! weights nor ! sizes ( ! diff]5t planets obs]ve ! proportions assign$ by him1 nor is ! =ce by :i* !y are reta9$ 9 _! orbits 9 any respect simil> 9 its effects to ^? attribut$ by him to x4 ,! wond] :i* might naturally be felt t he %\ld nev]!less rea* ! desir$ conclusion1 w be consid]ably abat$ on exam9+ ! mode 9 :i* he arriv$ at & satisfi$ himself ( ! tru? ( ^! ?ree suppositions4 ,x has be5 already m5tion$ t 8 notions on ! exi/5ce ( a :irl+ =ce emanat+ f ! sun1 & decreas+ 9 en]gy at increas$ di/ances1 are altoge!r inconsi/5t ) all ! exp]im5ts & obs]vations we are able to collect4 ,8 reason = ass]t+ t ! sizes ( ! diff]5t planets are proportional to _! di/ances f ! sun1 0 simply because he *ose to take = grant$ t ei!r _! solidities1 surfaces1 or diamet]s1 mu/ necess>ily be 9 t proportion1 & ( ! ?ree1 ! solidities appe>$ to him lea/ liable to objection4 ,! la/ elem5t ( 8 prec>i\s reason+ re/$ ^u equally gr\ndless assumptions4 ,tak+ z a pr9ciple1 t :]e !re is a numb] ( diff]5t ?+s !y mu/ be diff]5t 9 e respect1 he decl>$ t x 0 q unreasonable to suppose all ! planets ( ! same d5sity4 ,he ?\ght x indisputable t !y mu/ be r>] z !y 7 f>!r f ! sun1 & yet n 9 ! proportion ( _! di/ances1 = ?us we %\ld s9 aga9/ ! law ( v>iety 9 ano!r way1 & make ! quantity ( matt] 7accord+ to :at he _h j said ( _! bulk7 ! same 9 all4 ,b if we assume ! ratio ( ! quantities ( matt] to be half t ( ! di/ances1 we %all obs]ve ! be/ mean ( all2 = ?us ,saturn w be half z heavy aga9 z ,jupit]1 & ,jupit] half aga9 z d5se z ,saturn4 ,& ! /ronge/ argum5t ( all is1 t unless we assume ?is proportion ( ! d5sities1 ! law ( ! p]iodic times w n answ]4 ,?is is ! pro( allud$ to1 & x is cle> t by su* reason+ any requir$ result might be d$uc$ f any giv5 pr9ciples4 ,x may n be un9/ructive to subjo9 a sket* ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,newton e/abli%$ ! same celebrat$ results1 />t+ f pr9ciples ( motion diametrically oppos$ to ,kepl]'s1 & x ne$ sc>cely be add$1 reason+ ^u !m 9 a mann] n less diff]5t4 ,= ?is purpose1 a v few prefatory rem>ks w be f\nd suffici5t4 ,! diff]5t motions se5 9 nature are be/ analys$ & classifi$ by suppos+ t e body 9 motion1 if left to itself1 w cont9ue to move =w>d at ! same rate 9 a /raight l9e1 & by consid]+ all ! obs]v$ deviations f ?is mann] ( mov+1 z exceptions & di/urbances occasion$ by "s ext]nal cause4 ,to ?is suppos$ cause is g5]ally giv5 ! "n ( ,=ce1 & x is said to be ! fir/ law ( motion1 t1 unless act$ on by "s =ce1 e body at re/ rema9s at re/1 & e body 9 motion proce$s uni=mly 9 a /raight l9e4 ,_m employ ?is language1 )\t p]ceiv+ t x involves a def9ition ( =ce1 on ! admission ( :i*1 x is r$uc$ to a truism4 ,we see common in/ances ( =ce 9 a bl[1 or a pull f ! end ( a /r+ fa/5$ to ! body3 we %all also h occasion pres5tly to m5tion "s =ces :]e no visible connexion exi/s betwe5 ! mov+ body & t t[>ds :i* ! motion takes place1 & f :i* ! =ce is said to proce$4 ,illu/ration3 c ,c ------------- _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ ------------- ,b ,c' ,a second law ( motion1 f\nd$ ^u exp]im5t1 is ?is3 if a body h motion communicat$ to x 9 two directions1 by "o ( :i* motions alone x w\ld h pass$ ?r\gh a giv5 space 9 a giv5 "t1 z = in/ance1 ?r\gh ,,bc 9 "o second1 & by ! o!r alone ?r\gh any o!r space ,bc 9 ! same "t1 x w1 :5 bo? are giv5 to x at ! same in/ant1 pass 9 ! same "t 79 ! pres5t in/ance 9 "o second7 ?r\gh ,,bc ! diagonal ( ! p>allelogram ( :i* ,,bc & ,bc are sides4 ,illu/ration3 _/ ,s _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ ---------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,let a body1 act$ ^u by no =ce1 be mov+ along ! l9e ,,ae2 t means1 accord+ to :at has be5 said1 let x pass ov] ! equal /raight l9es ,,ab1 ,,bc1 ,,cd1 ,,de1 c41 9 equal times4 ,if we take any po9t ,s n 9 ! l9e ,,ae1 & jo9 ,,z1 ,,bs1 c41 ! triangles ,,asb1 ,,bsc1 c4 are also equal1 hav+ a common altitude & /&+ on equal bases1 s t if a /r+ 7 conceiv$ rea*+ f ,s to ! mov+ body 7be+ l5g!n$ or %ort5$ 9 ea* position to suit its di/ance f ,s71 ?is /r+1 z ! body mov$ along ,,ae1 w\ld sweep ov] equal triangul> areas 9 equal times4 ,illu/ration ,let u n[ exam9e h[ f> ^! conclusions w be alt]$ if ! body f "t to "t is =c$ t[>ds ,s4 ,we w suppose x mov+ uni=mly f ,a to ,b z be=e1 no matt] = ! pres5t h[ x got to ,a1 or into ! direction ,,ab4 ,if left to itself x w\ld1 9 an equal "t 7say #a7 g ?r\gh ,,bc 9 ! same /raight l9e ) & equal to ,,ab4 ,b j z x rea*es ,b1 & is beg9n+ to move along ,,bc1 let x be sudd5ly pull$ t[>ds ,s ) a motion :i*1 _h x be5 at re/1 w\ld h c>ri$ x 9 ! same "t1 #a ?r\gh any o!r space ,bc4 ,accord+ to ! second law ( motion1 its direction dur+ ?is #a1 9 consequ5ce ( ! two motions comb9$1 w be along ,,bc1 ! diagonal ( ! p>allelogram ( :i* ,,bc1 ,bc1 are sides4 ,9 ?is case1 z ?is figure is drawn1 ,,bc1 ?\gh pass$ 9 ! same "t1 is long] ?an ,,ab2 t is to say1 ! body is mov+ quick] ?an at fir/4 ,h[ is x ) ! triangul> areas1 suppos$ z be=e to be swept by a /r+ con/antly /ret*$ betwe5 ,s & ! body8 ,x w soon be se5 t ^! /ill rema9 equal1 not)/&+ ! *ange ( direction1 & increas$ swiftness4 ,= s9ce ,,cc is p>allel to ,bc1 ! triangles ,,scb1 ,,sc,b are equal1 be+ on ! same base ,,sb1 & betwe5 ! same p>allels ,,sb1 ,,cc1 & ,,sc,b is equal to ,,sba z be=e1 !re=e ,,scb1 ,,sba are equal4 ,! body is n[ mov+ uni=mly 7?\gh quick] ?an along ,,ab7 along ,,bc4 ,z be=e1 x w\ld 9 a "t equal to ! "t ( pass+ along ,,bc1 g ?r\gh an equal space ,,cd 9 ! same /raight l9e4 ,b if at ,c x has a second pull t[>ds ,s1 /rong en\gh to c>ry x to d 9 ! same "t1 its direction w *ange a second "t to ,,cd1 ! diagonal ( ! p>allelogram1 ^: sides are ,,cd1 ,cd2 & ! circum/ances be+ exactly simil> to ^? at ! fir/ pull1 x is %ewn 9 ! same mann] t ! triangul> area ,,sdc ,,scb ,,sba4 ,?us x appe>s1 t 9 consequ5ce ( ^! int]mitt+ pulls t[>ds ,s1 ! body may be mov+ r\nd1 sometimes fa/]1 sometimes sl[]1 b t ! triangles =m$ by any ( ! /raight portions ( its pa? 7:i* are all describ$ 9 equal times71 & ! l9es jo9+ ,s to ! ends ( t portion1 are all equal4 ,! pa? x w take dep5ds ( c\rse1 9 o!r respects1 ^u ! frequ5cy & /r5g? ( ! diff]5t pulls1 & x might happ51 if !y 7 duly proportionate1 t :5 at ,h1 & mov+ (f 9 ! direction ,,ha1 ! pull ,ha might be su* z j to c>ry ! body back to ,a1 ! po9t f :i* x />t$1 & ) su* a motion1 t aft] "o pull m1 ,ab1 at ,a1 x might move along ,,ab z x did at fir/4 ,if ?is 7 s1 ! body w\ld cont9ue to move r\nd 9 ! same polygonal pa?1 alt]nately approa*+ & rec$+ f ,s1 z long z ! same pulls 7 repeat$ 9 ! same ord]1 & at ! same int]vals4 ,x seems almo/ unnecess>y to rem>k1 t ! same equality :i* subsi/s betwe5 any two ( ^! triangul> areas subsi/s also betwe5 an equal numb] ( !m1 f :atev] "p ( ! pa? tak52 s t1 = in/ance1 ! f\r pa?s ,,ab1 ,,bc1 ,,cd1 ,,de1 correspond+ to ! f\r areas ,,asb1 ,,bsc1 ,,csd1 ,,dse1 t is1 to ! area ,,abcdes1 are pass$ 9 ! same "t z ! f\r ,,ef1 ,,fg1 ,,gh1 ,,ha1 correspond+ to ! equal area ,,efghas4 ,h5ce x may be se51 if ! :ole "t ( revolution f ,a r\nd to ,a aga9 be call$ a ye>1 t 9 half a ye> ! body w h got to ,e1 :i* 9 ! pres5t figure is m ?an half way r\nd1 & s ( any o!r p]iods4 ,! m frequ5tly ! pulls are suppos$ to recur1 ! m frequ5tly w ! body *ange its direction2 & if ! pull 7 suppos$ con/antly ex]t$ 9 ! direction t[>ds ,s1 ! body w\ld move 9 a curve r\nd ,s1 = no ?ree successive positions ( x c\ld be 9 a /raight l9e4 ,^? :o are n famili> ) ! me?ods ( measur+ curvil9e> spaces mu/ "h be cont5t$ to obs]ve1 t ! law holds1 h[ev] close ! pulls are br\ght toge!r1 & h[ev] closely ! polygon is consequ5tly made to resemble a curve3 !y may1 if !y please1 consid] ! m9ute portions into :i* ! curve is s divid$1 z diff]+ ins5sibly f little rectil9e> triangles1 any equal numb] ( :i*1 accord+ to :at has be5 said above1 :]ev] tak5 9 ! curve1 w\ld be swept 9 equal times4 ,! !orem admits1 9 ?is case also1 a rigor\s pro(2 b x is n easy to make x entirely satisfactory1 )\t ent]+ into explanations :i* w\ld deta9 u too long f our pr9cipal subject4 ,! proportion 9 :i* ! pull is /rong or weak at diff]5t di/ances f ! c5tral spot1 is call$ ! law ( ! c5tral or c5tripetal =ce1 & x may be obs]v$1 t aft] assum+ ! laws ( motion1 our inve/igations cease to h any?+ hypo!tical or exp]im5tal 9 !m2 & t if we wi%1 accord+ to ^! pr9ciples ( motion1 to det]m9e ! law ( =ce necess>y to make a body move 9 a curve ( any requir$ =m1 or conv]sely to discov] ! =m ( ! curve describ$1 9 consequ5ce ( any assum$ law ( =ce1 ! inquiry is purely geometrical1 dep5d+ ^u ! nature & prop]ties ( geometrical quantities only4 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 :at is hypo!tical1 & :at necess>y tru?1 ought nev] to be lo/ sight (4 ,z ! object ( ! pres5t treatise is n to tea* geometry1 we %all describe1 9 v g5]al t]ms1 ! mann] 9 :i* ,newton1 :o 0 ! fir/ :o sy/ematically ext5d$ ! laws ( motion to ! heav5ly bodies1 id5tifi$ _! results ) ! two rema9+ laws ( ,kepl]4 ,8 ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,philosophy conta9 g5]al propositions ) reg>d to any law ( c5tripetal =ce1 b t :i* he suppos$ to be ! true "o 9 our sy/em1 is express$ 9 ma!matical language1 by say+ t ! c5tripetal =ce v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 :i* means1 t if ! =ce at any di/ance be tak5 = ! unit ( =ce1 at half t di/ance1 x is two times twice1 or f\r times z /rong2 at "o-?ird ! di/ance1 ?ree times ?rice1 or n9e times z /rong1 & s = o!r di/ances4 ,he %ew$ ! probability ( ?is law 9 ! fir/ in/ance by comp>+ ! motion ( ! moon ) t ( heavy bodies at ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,tak+ ,,lp to repres5t "p ( ! moon's orbit describ$ 9 "o m9ute1 ! l9e ,,pm betwe5 ! orbit & ! tang5t at ,l w\ld %ew ! space ?r\gh :i* ! c5tral =ce at ! e>? 7assum+ ! above pr9ciples ( motion to be correct7 w\ld draw ! moon4 ,f ! kn[n di/ance & motion ( ! moon1 ?is l9e ,,pm is f\nd to be ab\t sixte5 feet4 ,! di/ance ( ! moon is ab\t sixty times ! radius ( ! e>?1 & !re=e if ! law ( ! c5tral =ce 9 ?is in/ance 7 su* z has be5 suppos$1 ! =ce at ! e>?'s surface w\ld be #fj times #fj1 or #cfjj times /rong]1 & at ! e>?'s surface1 ! c5tral =ce w\ld make a body fall ?r\gh #cfjj times #af feet 9 "o m9ute4 ,galileo _h already taught t ! spaces ?r\gh :i* a body w\ld be made to fall1 by ! con/ant action ( ! same unv>y+ =ce1 w\ld be proportional to ! squ>es ( ! times dur+ :i* ! =ce 0 ex]t$1 & !re=e accord+ to ^! laws1 a body at ! e>?'s surface ought 7s9ce !re are sixty seconds 9 a m9ute7 to fall ?r\gh #af feet 9 "o second1 :i* 0 precisely ! space previ\sly e/abli%$ by num]\s exp]im5ts4 ,illu/ration ,) ?is confirmation ( ! supposition1 ,newton proce$$ to ! purely geometrical calculation ( ! law ( c5tripetal#aih =ce necess>y to make a mov+ body describe an ellipse r\nd its focus1 :i* ,kepl]'s obs]vations _h e/abli%$ to be ! =m ( ! orbits ( ! planets r\nd ! sun4 ,! result ( ! inquiry %ew$ t ?is curve requir$ ! same law ( ! =ce1 v>y+ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 :i* !re=e ( c\rse receiv$ additional confirmation4 ,8 me?od ( do+ ?is may1 p]haps1 be und]/ood by ref]r+ to ! la/ figure b "o1 9 :i* ,cd1 = in/ance1 repres5t+ ! space fall5 f any po9t ,c t[>ds ,s1 9 a giv5 "t1 & ! area ,,csd be+ proportional to ! correspond+ "t1 ! space ?r\gh :i* ! body w\ld h fall5 at ,c 9 any o!r "t 7:i* w\ld be great]1 by ,galileo's law1 9 proportion to ! squ>es ( ! times71 might be repres5t$ by a quantity v>y+ directly z ,cd1 & inv]sely 9 ! duplicate proportion ( ! triangul> area ,,csd1 t is to say1 proportional to ,cd_/7,,sc ,dk71 if ,dk be drawn f ,d p]p5dicul> on ,,sc4 ,if ?is polygon repres5t an ellipse1 s t ,,cd repres5ts a small arc ( ! curve1 ( :i* ,s is ! focus1 x is f\nd by ! nature ( t curve1 t ,cd_/7,dk7 is ! same at all po9ts ( ! curve1 s t ! law ( v>iation ( ! =ce 9 ! same ellipse is repres5t$ solely by #a_/7,,sc74 ,if ,cd1 c4 are drawn s t ,cd_/7,dk7 is n ! same at e po9t1 ! curve ceases to be an ellipse ^: focus is at ,s1 z ,newton has %ewn 9 ! same "w4 ,! l9e to :i* 7,dk7_/,cd is f\nd to be equal1 is "o drawn ?r\gh ! focus at "r angles to ! longe/ axis ( ! ellipse till x meets ! curve2--?is l9e is call$ ! latus rectum1 & is a ?ird proportional to ! two pr9cipal axes4 ,kepl]'s ?ird law foll[s z an imm$iate consequ5ce ( ?is det]m9ation2 =1 accord+ to :at has be5 already %[n1 ! "t ( revolution r\nd ! :ole ellipse1 or1 z x is commonly call$1 ! p]iodic "t1 be>s ! same ratio to ! unit ( "t z ! :ole area ( ! ellipse does to ! area describ$ 9 t unit4 ,! area ( ! :ole ellipse is proportional 9 diff]5t ellipses to ! rectangle conta9$ by ! two pr9cipal axes1 & ! area describ$ 9 an unit ( "t is proportional to ,,sc ,dk1 t is to say1 is 9 ! subduplicate ratio ( ,,sc ,dk1 or ,dk_/,cd1 :5 ! =ce v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance ,,sc2 & 9 ! ellipse1 z we h said already1 ?is is equal to a ?ird proportional to ! pr9cipal axes2 consequ5tly ! p]iodic times 9 diff]5t ellipses1 :i* are proportional to ! :ole areas ( ! ellipses directly1 & ! areas describ$ 9 ! unit ( "t inv]sely1 are 9 ! comp\nd ratio ( ! rectangle ( ! axes directly1 & subduplicately z a ?ird proportional to ! axes inv]sely2 t is to say1 ! squ>es ( ^! times are proportional to ! cubes ( ! longe/ axes1 :i* is ,kepl]'s law4 ,,footnotes3 #aib ,?is mode ( v]ify+ configurations1 ?\gh some?+ ( ! bolde/1 0 by no means unusual4 ,on a =m] occasion ,kepl]1 wi%+ to ca/ ! nativity ( 8 fri5d ,zeh5tmai]1 & be+ unable to procure m accurate in=mation ?an t he 0 born ab\t ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon ( ! #ba/ ( ,octob]1 #agea1 suppli$ ! defici5cy by a record ( fev]s & accid5ts at kn[n p]iods ( 8 life1 f :i* he d$uc$ a m exact horoscope4 #aic ,kepl] probably meant 8 own "m1 ^: horoscope he 9 _m places decl>$ to be ne>ly ! same z 8 own4 #aid ,see ,prelim9>y ,treatise1 p4 #ac4 #aie ,9 allusion to ! ,h>monics ( ,ptolemy4 #aif ,?is is a ^w borr[$ f ! ,ptolemaic a/ronomy1 accord+ to :i* ! sun & planets are hurri$ f _! places by ! daily motion ( ! primum mobile1 & by _! own peculi> motion seek to rega9 or be re/or$ to _! =m] places4 #aig ,9 o!r p>ts ( 8 works1 ,kepl] assumes ! dim9ution to be proportional to ! circles !mselves1 n to ! diamet]s4 #aih ,9 _m curves1 z 9 ! circle & ellipse1 !re is a po9t to :i* ! "n ( c5tre is giv51 on acc\nt ( peculi> prop]ties belong+ to x3 b ! t]m c5tripetal =ce always ref]s to ! place t[>ds :i* ! =ce is direct$1 :e!r or n situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! curve4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! ,epitome prohibit$ at ,rome--,log>i?mic ,tables--,trial ( ,ca?>9e ,kepl]--,kepl] invit$ to ,engl&--,rudolph9e ,tables--,dea?--,conclusion4 ,,kepl]',s ,epitome1 almo/ imm$iately on its appe>ance1 enjoy$ ! hon\r ( be+ plac$ by ! side ( ! "w ( ,cop]nicus1 on ! li/ ( books prohibit$ by ! congregation ( ! ,index at ,rome4 ,he 0 consid]ably al>m$ on receiv+ ?is intellig5ce1 anticipat+ t x might occasion difficulties 9 publi%+ 8 future writ+s4 ,8 words to ,remus1 :o _h communicat$ ! news to him1 are z foll[s3--,i le>n f y\r lett]1 = ! fir/ "t1 t my book is prohibit$ at ,rome & ,flor5ce4 ,i p>ticul>ly beg ( y1 to s5d me ! exact words ( ! c5sure1 & t y w in=m me :e!r t c5sure w\ld be a sn>e = ! au?or1 if he 7 caught 9 ,italy1 or :e!r1 if tak51 he w\ld be enjo9$ a recantation4 ,x is also ( consequ5ce = me to "k :e!r !re is any *ance ( ! same c5sure be+ ext5d$ into ,au/ria4 ,= if ?is be s1 n only %all ,i nev] aga9 f9d a pr9t] !re1 b also ! copies :i* ! booksell] has left 9 ,au/ria at my desire w be endang]$1 & ! ultimate loss w fall ^u me4 ,x w am\nt to giv+ me to und]/&1 t ,i mu/ cease to pr(ess ,a/ronomy1 aft] ,i h gr[n old 9 ! belief ( ^! op9ions1 hav+ be5 hi!rto ga9say$ by no "o1--&1 9 %ort1 ,i mu/ give up ,au/ria itself1 if room is no long] to be left 9 x = philosophical lib]ty4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 tranquilliz$1 9 a great degree1 by ! reply ( 8 fri5d1 :o told him t ! book is only prohibit$ z contr>y to ! decree pron\nc$ by ! holy (fice two ye>s ago4 ,?is has be5 p>tly occasion$ by a ,neapolitan monk 7,fosc>9i71 :o 0 spread+ ^! notions by publi%+ !m 9 ,italian1 :5ce 7 aris+ dang]\s consequ5ces & op9ions3 & besides1 ,galileo 0 at ! same "t plead+ 8 cause at ,rome ) too mu* viol5ce4 ,cop]nicus has be5 correct$ 9 ! same mann] = "s l9es1 at lea/ 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 fir/ book4 ,b by obta9+ a p]mission1 !y may be read 7&1 z ,i suppose1 ?is ,epitome also7 by ! le>n$ & skilful 9 ?is sci5ce1 bo? at ,rome & ?r\gh\t all ,italy4 ,!re is !re=e no gr\nd = y\r al>m1 ei!r 9 ,italy or ,au/ria2 only keep y\rself )9 b\nds1 & put a gu>d ^u y\r own passions4 ,we %all n dwell ^u ,kepl]'s diff]5t works on comets1 beyond m5tion+ t !y 7 divid$1 on ! plan ( _m ( 8 o!r publications1 into ?ree p>ts1 ,a/ronomical1 ,physical1 & ,a/rological4 ,he ma9ta9$ t comets move 9 /raight l9es1 ) a v>y+ degree ( velocity4 ,lat] !ories h %ewn t !y obey ! same laws ( motion z ! planets1 diff]+ f !m only 9 ! extreme exc5tricity ( _! orbits4 ,9 ! second book1 :i* conta9s ! ,physiology ( ,comets1 !re is a pass+ rem>k t comets come out f ! remote/ p>ts ( e!r1 z :ales & mon/]s f ! dep? ( ! sea2 & ! sugge/ion is ?r[n out t p]haps comets are some?+ ( ! nature ( silkworms1 & are wa/$ & consum$ 9 sp9n+ _! own tails4 ,among 8 o!r labori\s employm5ts1 ,kepl] yet f\nd "t to calculate tables ( log>i?ms1 he hav+ be5 "o ( ! fir/ 9 ,g]many to appreciate ! full importance ( ! facilities !y af=d to ! num]ical calculator4 ,9 #afah he wrote to 8 fri5d ,s*ickh>d3 ,!re is a ,scotti% ,b>on 7^: "n has escap$ my memory71 :o has made a fam\s contrivance1 by :i* all ne$ ( multiplication & division is suppli$ by m]e addition & subtraction2 & he does x )\t s9es4 ,b ev5 he wants a table ( tang5ts#aii1 & ! v>iety1 frequ5cy1 & difficulty ( ! additions & subtractions1 9 "s cases1 is great] ?an ! lab\r ( multiply+ & divid+4 ,kepl] d$icat$ 8 ,ephem]is = #afbj to ! au?or ( ?is celebrat$ inv5tion1 ,b>on ,napi]1 ( ,m]*i/\n2 & 9 #afbd1 publi%$ :at he call$ ,*ilias ,log>i?morum1 conta9+ ! ,napi]ian log>i?ms ( ! quoti5ts ( #ajj1jjj divid$ by ! fir/ t5 numb]s1 !n proce$+ by ! quoti5ts ( e t5 to #ajj1 & by hundr$s to #ajj1jjj4 ,9 ! supplem5t publi%$ ! foll[+ ye>1 is a curi\s notice ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?is subtle contrivance 0 at fir/ receiv$3 ,9 ! ye> #afba1 :5 ,i _h gone into ,upp] ,au/ria1 & _h conf]r$ ev]y:]e ) ^? skill$ 9 ma!matics1 on ! subject ( ,napi]'s log>i?ms1 ,i f\nd t ^? ^: prud5ce _h increas$1 & ^: read9ess _h dim9i%$1 ?r\gh age1 7 hesitat+ :e!r to adopt ?is new sort ( numb]s1 in/ead ( a table ( s9es2 because !y said x 0 disgraceful to a pr(essor ( ma!matics to exult l a *ild at "s comp5di\s me?od ( work+1 & mean:ile to admit a =m ( calculation1 re/+ on no legitimate pro(1 & :i* at "s "t might entangle u 9 error1 :5 we lea/ fe>$ x4 ,!y compla9$ t ,napi]'s demon/ration re/$ on a fiction ( geometrical motion1 too loose & slipp]y = a s\nd me?od ( reasonable demon/ration to be f\nd$ on x4#bjj ,?is l$ me =?) to conceive ! g]m ( a legitimate demon/ration1 :i* dur+ t same w9t] ,i attempt$1 )\t ref]5ce to l9es or motion1 or fl[1 or any o!r :i* ,i may call s5sible quality4 ,n[ to answ] ! "q2 :at is ! use ( log>i?ms8 ,exactly :at t5 ye>s ago 0 ann\nc$ by _! au?or1 ,napi]1 & :i* may be told 9 ^! words4--,:]esoev] 9 common ari?metic1 & 9 ! ,rule ( ,?ree1 come two numb]s to be multipli$ toge!r1 !re ! sum ( ! log>i?ms is to be tak52 :]e "o numb] is to be divid$ by ano!r1 ! diff]5ce2 & ! numb] correspond+ to ?is sum or diff]5ce1 z ! case may be1 w be ! requir$ product or quoti5t4 ,?is1 ,i say1 is ! use ( log>i?ms4 ,b 9 ! same "w 9 :i* ,i gave ! demon/ration ( ! pr9ciples1 ,i c\ld n satisfy ! unfl$g$ ari?metical *ick5s1 gre$y ( facilities1 & gap+ ) _! beaks wide op51 at ! m5tion ( ?is use1 z if to bolt d[n e p>ticul> gobbet1 till !y are cramm$ ) my precepticles4 ,! ye> #afbb 0 m>k$ by ! cata/rophe ( a s+ul> adv5ture :i* befell ,kepl]'s "m1 ,ca?>9e1 !n ne>ly sev5ty ye>s old1 & by :i* he _h be5 greatly h>ass$ & annoy$ dur+ sev]al ye>s4 ,f h] y\? %e _h be5 not$ = a rude & passionate temp]1 :i* on ! pres5t occasion involv$ h] 9 s]i\s difficulties4 ,"o ( h] female acqua9tance1 ^: mann] ( life _h be5 by no means unblemi%$1 0 attack$ aft] a misc>riage by viol5t heada*es1 & ,ca?>9e1 :o _h (t5 tak5 occasion to sne] at h] notori\s reputation1 0 accus$ ) hav+ produc$ ^! consequ5ces1 by ! adm9i/ration ( poison\s potions4 ,%e repell$ ! *>ge ) viol5ce1 & in/itut$ an action ( sc&al aga9/ ?is p]son1 b 0 unlucky 7accord+ to ,kepl]'s /atem5t7 9 ! *oice ( a "y doctor1 :om %e employ$ z h] advocate4 ,consid]+ ! suit to be v in/ructive1 he delay$ its t]m9ation dur+ five ye>s1 until ! judge be=e :om x 0 tri$ 0 displac$4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ano!r1 already indispos$ aga9/ ,ca?>9e ,kepl]1 :o on "s occasion _h taunt$ him ) 8 sudd5 accession to weal? f a v inf]ior situation4 ,h] oppon5t1 aw>e ( ?is advantage1 turn$ ! tables on h]1 & 9 h] turn became ! accus]4 ,! end ( ! matt] 01 t 9 ,july1 #afbj1 ,ca?>9e 0 imprison$1 & condemn$ to ! torture4 ,kepl] 0 !n at ,l9z1 b z soon z he le>n$ 8 "m's dang]1 hurri$ to ! sc5e ( trial4 ,he f\nd ! *>ges aga9/ h] support$ only by evid5ce :i* nev] c\ld h be5 li/5$ to1 if h] own intemp]ate conduct _h n giv5 advantage to h] adv]s>ies4 ,he arriv$ 9 "t to save h] f ! "q1 b %e 0 n f9ally acquitt$ & releas$ f prison till ,novemb] 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,kepl] !n return$ to ,l9z1 leav+ beh9d him 8 "m1 ^: _s seem$ 9 no degree brok5 by ! unexpect$ turn 9 ! c\rse ( h] litigation4 ,%e imm$iately comm5c$ a new action = co/s & damages aga9/ ! same antagoni/1 b ?is 0 /opp$ by h] dea?1 9 ,april #afbb1 9 h] sev5ty-fif? ye>4 ,9 #afbj ,kepl] 0 visit$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,wotton1 ! ,engli% ambassador at ,v5ice1 :o f9d+ him1 z inde$ he might h be5 f\nd at e p]iod ( 8 life1 oppress$ by pecuni>y difficulties1 urg$ him to g ov] to ,engl&1 :]e he assur$ him ( a welcome & hon\rable reception2 b ,kepl] c\ld n resolve ^u ! propos$ j\rney1 al?\gh 9 8 lett]s he (t5 return$ to ! consid]ation ( x4 ,9 "o ( !m1 dat$ a ye> lat]1 he says1 ,! fires ( civil w> are rag+ 9 ,g]many--!y :o are oppos$ to ! hon\r ( ! empire are gett+ ! upp] h&--ev]y?+ 9 my neighb\rhood seems ab&on$ to flame & de/ruction4 ,%all ,i !n cross ! sea1 :i!r ,wotton invites me8 ,i1 a ,g]man8 a lov] ( firm l&8 :o dread ! conf9em5t ( an isl&8 :o presage its dang]s1 & mu/ drag along ) me my little wife & flock ( *ildr58 ,besides my son ,l\is1 n[ ?irte5 ye>s old1 ,i h a m>riageable daught]1 a two-ye> old son by my second m>riage1 an infant daught]1 & its "m b j recov]+ f h] conf9em5t4 ,six ye>s lat]1 he says aga91--,z soon z ! ,rudolph9e ,tables are publi%$1 my desire w be to f9d a place :]e ,i c lecture on !m to a consid]able assembly2 if possible1 9 ,g]many2 if n1 :y !n 9 ,italy1 ,france1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 or ,engl&1 provid$ ! sal>y is adequate = a travell]4 ,9 ! same ye> 9 :i* he receiv$ ?is invitation an affront 0 put ^u ,kepl] by 8 e>ly patrons1 ! ,/ates ( ,/yria1 :o ord]$ all ! copies ( 8 ,cal5d>1 = #afbd1 to be publicly burnt4 ,kepl] decl>es t ! reason ( ?is 01 t he _h giv5 prec$5ce 9 ! title-page to ! ,/ates ( ,upp] ,ens1 9 ^: s]vice he !n 01 above ,/yria4 ,z ?is happ5$ dur+ 8 abs5ce 9 ,wirtemb]g1 x 0 imm$iately c\pl$ by rum\r ) 8 ha/y dep>ture f ,l9z3 x 0 said t he _h incurr$ ! ,emp]or's displeasure1 & t a l>ge sum 0 set ^u 8 head4 ,at ?is p]iod ,mat?ias _h be5 succe$$ by ,f]d9& ,,iii41 :o /ill cont9u$ to ,kepl] 8 b>r5 title ( imp]ial ma!matician4 ,9 #afbd ,kepl] w5t to ,vi5na1 9 ! hopes ( gett+ money to complete ! ,rudolph9e ,tables1 b 0 oblig$ to be satisfi$ ) ! sum ( #fjjj flor9s & ) recomm5datory lett]s to ! ,/ates ( ,suabia1 f :om he also collect$ "s money due to ! emp]or4 ,on 8 return he revisit$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,tub+51 :]e he f\nd 8 old preceptor1 ,m/l91 /ill alive1 b almo/ worn out ) old age4 ,m/l9 _h well des]v$ ! reg>d ,kepl] always appe>s to h ent]ta9$ = him2 he _h treat$ him ) great lib]ality :il/ at ! ,univ]sity1 :]e he refus$ to receive any remun]ation = 8 in/ruction4 ,kepl] took e opportunity ( %ew+ 8 gratitude2 ev5 :il/ he 0 /ruggl+ ) pov]ty he contriv$ to s5d 8 old ma/] a h&some silv] cup1 9 ackn[l$g+ ! receipt ( :i* ,m/l9 says1--,y\r "m _h tak5 x into h] head t y ow$ me two hundr$ flor9s1 & _h br\ght fifte5 flor9s & a *&eli] t[>ds r$uc+ ! debt1 :i* ,i advis$ h] to s5d to y4 ,i ask$ h] to /ay to d9n]1 :i* %e refus$3 h[ev]1 we h&sell$ y\r cup1 z y "k %e is ( a ?ir/y temp]am5t4 ,! publication ( ! ,rudolph9e ,tables1 :i* ,kepl] always _h s mu* at he>t1 0 aga9 delay$1 not)/&+ ! rec5t grant1 by ! di/urbances aris+ out ( ! two p>ties into :i* ! ,re=mation _h divid$ ! :ole ( ,g]many4 ,kepl]'s libr>y 0 seal$ up by desire ( ! ,jesuits1 & no?+ b 8 connexion ) ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt secur$ to him 8 own p]sonal indemnity4 ,!n foll[$ a popul> insurrection1 & ! peasantry blockad$ ,l9z1 s t x 0 n until #afbg t ^! celebrat$ tables f9ally made _! appe>ance1 ! e>lie/ calculat$ on ! supposition t ! planets move 9 elliptic orbits4 ,ptolemy's tables _h be5 succe$$ by ! ,alphons9e1 s call$ f ,alphonso1 ,k+ ( ,ca/ile1 :o1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 0 an enlight5$ patron ( a/ronomy4 ,aft] ! discov]ies ( ,cop]nicus1 ^! aga9 made way = ! ,prussian1 or ,prut5ic tables1 calculat$ by 8 pupils ,re9hold & ,rheticus4 ,^! rema9$ 9 use till ! obs]vations ( ,ty*o ,brahe %[$ _! insuffici5cy1 & ,kepl]'s new !ories enabl$ him to improve ^u !m4 ,! necess>y types = ^! tables 7 ca/ at ,kepl]'s own exp5se4 ,!y are divid$ into f\r p>ts1 ! fir/ & ?ird conta9+ a v>iety ( log>i?mic & o!r tables1 = ! purpose ( facilitat+ a/ronomical calculations4 ,9 ! second are tables ( ! elem5ts ( ! sun1 moon1 & planets4 ,! f\r? gives ! places ( #ajjj />s z det]m9$ by ,ty*o1 & also at ! end 8 table ( refractions1 :i* appe>s to h be5 diff]5t = ! sun1 moon1 & />s4 ,ty*o ,brahe assum$ ! horizontal refraction ( ! sun to be #g #cj1 ( ! moon #h1 & ( ! o!r />s #c4 ,he consid]$ all refraction ( ! atmosph]e to be ins5sible above #de ( altitude1 & ev5 at half t altitude 9 ! case ( ! fix$ />s4 ,a m detail$ acc\nt ( ^! tables is "h obvi\sly unsuitable3 x w be suffici5t to say m]ely1 t if ,kepl] _h done no?+ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 :ole life b con/ruct ^!1 he w\ld h well e>n$ ! title ( a mo/ useful & indefatigable calculator4 ,"s copies ( ^! tables h prefix$ to !m a v rem>kable map1 divid$ by h\r l9es1 ! object ( :i* is ?us expla9$3-- ,! use ( ?is nautical map is1 t if at a giv5 h\r ! place ( ! moon is kn[n by its edge be+ obs]v$ to t\* any kn[n />1 or ! edges ( ! sun1 or ! %ad[ ( ! e>?2 & if t place %all 7if necess>y7 be r$uc$ f app>5t to real by cle>+ x ( p>allax2 & if ! h\r at ,uraniburg be comput$ by ! ,rudolph9e tables1 :5 ! moon occupi$ t true place1 ! diff]5ce w %[ ! obs]v]'s m]idian1 :e!r ! picture ( ! %ores be accurate or n1 = by ?is means x may come to be correct$4 ,?is is probably "o ( ! e>lie/ ann\ncem5ts ( ! me?od ( det]m9+ longitudes by occultations2 ! imp]fect !ory ( ! moon long rema9$ a pr9cipal ob/acle to its introduction 9 practice4 ,ano!r int]e/+ passage connect$ ) ! same object may be introduc$ "h4 ,9 a lett] to 8 fri5d ,crug]1 dat$ 9 #afaf1 ,kepl] says3 ,y propose a me?od ( obs]v+ ! di/ances ( places by sundials & automata4 ,x is good1 b ne$s a v accurate practice1 & confid5ce 9 ^? :o h ! c>e ( ! clocks4 ,let !re be only "o clock1 & let x be transport$2 & 9 bo? places let m]idian l9es be drawn ) :i* ! clock may be comp>$ :5 br\ght4 ,! only d\bt rema9+ is1 :e!r a great] error is likely f ! unequal t5sion 9 ! automaton1 & f its motion1 :i* v>ies ) ! /ate ( ! air1 or f actually measur+ ! di/ances4 ,= if we tru/ ! latt]1 we c easily det]m9e ! longitudes by obs]v+ ! diff]5ces ( ! height ( ! pole4 ,9 an ,app5dix to ! ,rudolph9e ,tables1 or1 z ,kepl] calls x1 an alms dol$ out to ! nativity ca/]s1 he has %[n h[ !y may use 8 tables = _! a/rological pr$ictions4 ,ev]y?+ 9 8 h&s became an allegory2 & on ?is occasion he says1--,a/ronomy is ! daught] ( ,a/rology1 & ?is mod]n ,a/rology1 aga91 is ! daught] ( ,a/ronomy1 be>+ some?+ ( ! l9eam5ts ( h] gr&mo!r2 &1 z ,i h already said1 ?is fooli% daught]1 ,a/rology1 supports h] wise b ne$y "m1 ,a/ronomy1 f ! pr(its ( a pr(ession n g5]ally consid]$ cr$itable4 ,soon aft] ! publication ( ^! tables1 ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany s5t him a gold5 *a92 & if we rememb] ! high cr$it 9 :i* ,galileo /ood at ?is "t 9 ,flor5ce1 x does n seem too mu* to attribute ?is hon\rable m>k ( approbation to 8 repres5tation ( ! value ( ,kepl]'s s]vices to a/ronomy4 ,?is 0 soon foll[$ by a new & f9al *ange 9 8 =tunes4 ,he receiv$ p]mission f ! emp]or to atta* himself to ! celebrat$ ,duke ( ,fri$l&1 ,alb]t ,wall5/e91 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable m5 9 ! hi/ory ( t "t4 ,wall5/e9 0 a firm believ] 9 a/rology1 & ! reception ,kepl] exp]i5c$ by him 0 probably due1 9 great measure1 to 8 reputation 9 t art4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ,kepl] f\nd 9 him a m munific5t patron ?an any "o ( 8 ?ree emp]ors2 b he 0 n de/9$ long to enjoy ! appe>ance ( bett] =tune4 ,almo/ ! la/ "w :i* he publi%$ 0 a comm5t>y on ! lett] address$1 by ! mission>y ,t]r5tio1 f ,*9a1 to ! ,jesuits at ,+ol/adt4 ,! object ( ?is communication 0 to obta9 f ,europe means = c>ry+ into effect a project$ s*eme = improv+ ! ,*9ese cal5d>4 ,9 ?is essay ,kepl] ma9ta9s ! op9ion1 :i* has be5 discuss$ ) s mu* w>m? 9 m mod]n times1 t ! pret5d$ anci5t obs]vations ( ! ,*9ese 7 obta9$ by comput+ !m backw>ds f a mu* m rec5t date4 ,wall5/e9 furni%$ him ) an assi/ant = 8 calculations1 & ) a pr9t+ press2 & ?r\gh 8 influ5ce nom9at$ him to ! pr(essor%ip 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ro/o*1 9 ! ,du*y ( ,meckl5burg4 ,8 claims on ! imp]ial treasury1 :i* am\nt$ at ?is "t to #hjjj cr[ns1 & :i* ,f]d9& w\ld gladly h transf]r$ to ! *>ge ( ,wall5/e91 /ill rema9$ unsatisfi$4 ,kepl] made a la/ attempt to obta9 !m at ,ratisbon1 :]e ! imp]ial meet+ 0 held1 b )\t success4 ,! fatigue & vexation occasion$ by 8 fruitless j\rney br\ght on a fev]1 :i* unexpect$ly put an end to 8 life1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,novemb]1 #afcj1 9 8 fifty-n9? ye>4 ,8 old ma/]1 ,m/l91 surviv$ him = ab\t a ye>1 dy+ at ! age ( eighty-"o4 ,kepl] left beh9d him two *ildr5 by 8 fir/ wife1 ,susanna & ,l\is2 & ?ree sons & two daught]s1 ,sebald1 ,cordelia1 ,fri$man1 ,hildeb]t1 & ,anna ,m>ia1 by 8 wid[4 ,susanna m>ri$1 a few mon?s be=e h] fa!r's dea?1 a physician nam$ ,jacob ,b>ts*1 ! same :o latt]ly assi/$ ,kepl] 9 prep>+ 8 ,ephem]is4 ,he di$ v %ortly aft] ,kepl] himself4 ,l\is /udi$ m$ic9e1 & di$ 9 #affc1 :il/ practis+ z a physician at ,konigsb]g4 ,! o!r *ildr5 di$ "y4 ,^u ,kepl]'s dea? ! ,duke ( ,fri$l& caus$ an inv5tory to be tak5 ( 8 effects1 :5 x appe>$ t ne> #bd1jjj flor9s 7 due to him1 *iefly on acc\nt ( 8 sal>y f ! emp]or4 ,8 daught] ,susanna1 ,b>ts*'s wid[1 manag$ to obta9 a "p ( ^! arre>s by refus+ to give up ,ty*o ,brahe's obs]vations till h] claims 7 satisfi$4 ,! wid[ & y\ng] *ildr5 7 left 9 v /raight5$ circum/ances1 :i* induc$ ,l\is1 ,kepl]'s elde/ son1 to pr9t1 = _! relief1 "o ( 8 fa!r's works1 :i* _h be5 left by him unpubli%$4 ,x 0 n )\t mu* reluctance1 9 consequ5ce ( a sup]/iti\s feel+ :i* he did n attempt to conceal or d5y4 ,kepl] himself1 & 8 son-9-law1 ,b>ts*1 _h be5 employ$ 9 prep>+ x = publication at ! "t ( _! respective dea?s2 & ,l\is confess$ t he did n approa* ! task )\t appreh5sion t he 0 incurr+ "s risk ( a simil> fate4 ,?is little rhapsody is entitl$ a ,dream on ,lun> ,a/ronomy2 & 0 int5d$ to illu/rate ! appe>ances :i* w\ld pres5t !mselves to an a/ronom] liv+ ^u ! moon4 ,! n>rative 9 ! dream is put into ! m\? ( a p]sonage1 nam$ ,duracoto1 ! son ( an ,icel&ic en*antress1 ( ! "n ( ,fiolxhildis4 ,kepl] tells u t he *ose ! la/ "n f an old map ( ,europe 9 8 h\se1 9 :i* ,icel& 0 call$ ,fiolx3 ,duracoto seem$ to him analog\s to ! names he f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ,scotl&1 ! neighb\r+ c\ntry4 ,fiolxhildis 0 9 ! habit ( sell+ w9ds to m>9]s1 & us$ to collect h]bs to use 9 h] incantations on ! sides ( ,m\nt ,hecla1 on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john4 ,duracoto cut op5 "o ( 8 "m's bags1 9 puni%m5t ( :i* %e sold him to "s trad]s1 :o br\ght him to ,d5m>k1 :]e he became acqua9t$ ) ,ty*o ,brahe4 ,on 8 return to ,icel&1 ,fiolxhildis receiv$ him k9dly1 & 0 delight$ ) ! progress he _h made 9 a/ronomy4 ,%e !n in=m$ him ( ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 spirits1 or demons1 f :om1 al?\gh no travell] h]self1 %e acquir$ a k ( o!r c\ntries1 & especially ( a v rem>kable c\ntry1 call$ ,livania4 ,duracoto reque/+ fur!r in=mation1 ! necess>y c]emonies 7 p]=m$ = invok+ ! demon2 ,duracoto & 8 "m envelop$ _! heads 9 _! clo?+1 & pres5tly ! screak+ ( a h>% dissonant voice began to speak 9 ! ,icel&ic tongue4 ,! isl& ( ,livania is situat$ 9 ! dep?s ( e!r1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t #bejjjj miles2 ! road !nce or ?i!r is v seldom op51 & ev5 :5 x is passable1 mank9d f9d ! j\rney a mo/ difficult & dang]\s "o4 ,! demon describes ! me?od employ$ by 8 fell[ spirits to convey su* travell]s z are ?\ght fit = ! und]tak+3 ,we br+ no s$5t>y p into our company1 no corpul5t or delicate p]sons2 b we pick out ^? :o wa/e _! life 9 ! cont9ual use ( po/-horses1 or :o sail frequ5tly to ! ,indies2 :o are accu/om$ to live ^u biscuit1 g>lic1 dri$ fi%1 & su* abom9able fe$+4 ,^? )]$ old hags are exactly fit = u1 ( :om ! /ory is famili> t !y travel imm5se di/ances by night on goats1 & =ks1 & old petticoats4 ,! ,g]mans d n suit u at all2 b we d n reject ! dry ,spani>ds4 ,?is extract w probably be suffici5t to %[ ! /yle ( ! "w4 ,! inhabitants ( ,livania are repres5t$ to be divid$ into two classes1 ! ,privolvans & ,subvolvans1 by :om are meant ^? suppos$ to live 9 ! hemisph]e fac+ ! e>?1 :i* is call$ ! ,volva1 & ^? on ! opposite half ( ! moon3 b !re is no?+ v /rik+ 9 ! acc\nt giv5 ( ! v>i\s ph5om5a z respects ^! two classes4 ,9 "s notes :i* 7 add$ "s "t aft] ! book 0 fir/ writt51 are "s odd insights into ,kepl]'s me?od ( compos+4 ,fiolxhildis _h be5 made to invoke ! dmon ) tw5ty-"o *>act]s2 ,kepl] decl>es1 9 a note1 t he _c rememb] :y he fix$ on ?is numb]1 except because t is ! numb] ( lett]s 9 ,a/ronomia ,cop]nicana1 or because !re are tw5ty-"o comb9ations ( ! planets1 two toge!r1 or because !re are tw5ty-"o diff]5t ?r[s ^u two dice4 ,! dream is abruptly t]m9at$ by a /orm1 9 :i*1 says ,kepl]1 ,i sudd5ly wak$2 ! ,demon1 ,duracoto1 & ,fiolxhildis 7 gone1 & in/ead ( _! cov]$ heads1 ,i f\nd myself roll$ up among ! blankets4 ,besides ?is trifle1 ,kepl] left beh9d him a va/ mass ( unpubli%$ writ+s1 :i* came at la/ into ! h&s ( 8 biograph]1 ,hants*4 ,9 #agad1 ,hants* issu$ a prospectus = publi%+ !m by subscription1 9 tw5ty-two folio volumes4 ,! plan met no enc\ragem5t1 & no?+ 0 publi%$ b a s+le folio volume ( lett]s to & f ,kepl]1 :i* seem to h furni%$ ! pr9cipal mat]ials = ! memoir prefix$ to !m4 ,aft] v>i\s unavail+ attempts to int]e/ diff]5t le>n$ bodies 9 _! appe>ance1 ! manuscripts 7 pur*as$ = ! libr>y at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 :]e ,eul]1 ,lexell1 & ,kraft1 und]took to exam9e !m1 & select ! mo/ int]e/+ p>ts = publication4 ,! result ( ?is exam9ation does n appe>4 ,kepl]'s body 0 buri$ 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s *ur*y>d at ,ratisbon1 & a simple inscription 0 plac$ on 8 tomb/one4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 de/roy$ n long aft]1 9 ! c\rse ( ! w>s :i* /ill desolat$ ! c\ntry4 ,9 #aghf1 a proposal 0 made to erect a m>ble monum5t to 8 memory1 b no?+ 0 done4 ,k/n]1 on ^: au?ority x is m5tion$1 says ^u ?is1 r bitt]ly1 t x matt]s little :e!r or n ,g]many1 hav+ almo/ refus$ him bread dur+ 8 life1 %\ld1 a c5tury & a half aft] 8 dea?1 (f] him a /one4 ,delambre m5tions1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy1 t ?is design 0 resum$ 9 #ahjc by ! ,pr9ce ,bi%op ( ,con/ance1 & t a monum5t has be5 erect$ 9 ! ,botanical ,g>d5 at ,ratisbon1 ne> ! place ( 8 int]m5t4 ,x is built 9 ! =m ( a temple1 surm\nt$ by a sph]e2 9 ! c5tre is plac$ a bu/ ( ,kepl]1 9 ,c>r>a m>ble4 ,delambre does n m5tion ! orig9al ( ! bu/2 b says x is n unlike ! figure engrav$ 9 ! frontispiece ( ! ,rudolph9e ,tables4 ,t frontispiece consi/s ( a portico ( t5 pill>s1 support+ a cupola cov]$ ) a/ronomical emblems4 ,cop]nicus1 ,ty*o ,brahe1 ,ptolemy1 ,hipp>*us1 & o!r a/ronom]s1 are se5 among !m4 ,9 "o ( ! comp>tm5ts ( ! common p$e/al is a plan ( ! obs]vatory at ,uraniburg2 9 ano!r1 a pr9t+ press2 9 a ?ird is ! figure ( a man1 meant = ,kepl]1 seat$ at a table4 ,he is id5tifi$ by ! titles ( 8 works1 :i* are r\nd him2 b ! :ole is s small z to convey v little idea ( 8 figure or c\nt5ance4 ,! only portrait kn[n ( ,kepl] 0 giv5 by him to 8 assi/ant ,gr+allet1 :o pres5t$ x to ,b]negg]2 & x 0 plac$ by ! latt] 9 ! libr>y at ,/rasburg4 ,hants* _h a copy tak5 = ! purpose ( engrav+ x1 b di$ be=e x 0 complet$4 ,a portrait ( ,kepl] is engrav$ 9 ! sev5? "p ( ,boiss>d's ,biblio!ca ,*alcographica4 ,x is n kn[n :5ce ?is 0 tak51 b x may1 p]haps1 be a copy ( t :i* 0 engrav$ by desire ( ,b]negg] 9 #afbj4 ,! lik5ess is said n to h be5 well pres]v$4 ,8 he>t & g5ius1 says ,k/n]1 are fai?fully depict$ 9 8 writ+s2 & t may console u1 if we _c entirely tru/ 8 portrait4 ,9 ! prec$+ pages1 x has be5 endeav\r$ to select su* passages f 8 writ+s z might ?r[ ! greate/ light on 8 "*1 ) a subord9ate ref]5ce only to ! importance ( ! subjects treat$4 ,9 conclusion1 x may be well to support ! op9ion :i* has be5 v5tur$ on ! real nature ( 8 triumphs1 & on ! dang] ( attempt+ to foll[ 8 me?od 9 ! pursuit ( tru?1 by ! judgm5t pron\nc$ by ,delambre1 z well on 8 failures z on 8 success4 ,consid]+ ^! matt]s 9 ano!r po9t ( view1 x is n impossible to conv9ce ourselves t ,kepl] may h be5 always ! same4 ,ard5t1 re/less1 burn+ to di/+ui% himself by 8 discov]ies1 he attempt$ ev]y?+2 & hav+ once obta9$ a glimpse ( "o1 no lab\r 0 too h>d = him 9 foll[+ or v]ify+ x4 ,all 8 attempts _h n ! same success1 &1 9 fact1 t 0 impossible4 ,^? :i* h fail$ seem to u only fanciful2 ^? :i* h be5 m =tunate appe> sublime4 ,:5 9 se>* ( t :i* really exi/$1 he has sometimes f\nd x2 :5 he devot$ himself to ! pursuit ( a *im]a1 he c\ld n b fail2 b ev5 !re he unfold$ ! same qualities1 & t ob/9ate p]sev]ance t mu/ triumph ov] all difficulties b ^? :i* are insurm\ntable4#bja ,li/ ( ,kepl]'s publi%$ ,works4 ,e9 ,cal5d] ,gratz1 #aeid ,prodromus ,diss]tat4 ,cosmograph4 ,tub+1 #aeif1 #dto4 ,de fundam5tis ,a/rologi ,prag1 #afjb1 #dto4 ,p>alipom5a ad ,vitellionem ,franc(urti1 #afjd1 #dto4 ,epi/ola de ,solis deliquio #afje ,de /ell nov ,prag1 #afjf1 #dto4 ,vom ,komet5 ,halle1 #afjh1 #dto4 ,antwort an ,rsl9 ,prag1 #afji1 #dto4 ,a/ronomia ,nova ,prag1 #afji1 fol4 ,t]tius int]v5i5s ,frankfurt1 #afaj1 #dto4 ,diss]tatio cum ,nuncio ,sid]eo ,franc(urti1 #afaj1 #dto4 ,/r5a1 seu ,de dive sexangul ,frankfurt1 #afaa1 #dto4 ,dioptrica ,franc(urti1 #afaa1 #dto4 ,vom ,geburts ,jahre des ,heyl&es ,/rasburg1 #afac1 #dto4 ,respons4 ad epi/ ,s4 ,calvisiii ,franc(urti1 #afad1 #dto4 ,eclog ,*ronic ,frankfurt1 #afae1 #dto4 ,nova ,/]eometria ,l9cii1 #afae1 #dto4 ,ephem]ides #afag-afbj ,l9cii1 #afaf1 #dto4 ,epitomes ,a/ron4 ,cop]n4 ,libri i4 ii4 iii4 ,l5tiis1 #afah1 #hvo4 ,de ,cometis ,aug4 ,v9delic4 #afai1 #dto4 ,h>monice ,mundi ,l9cii1 #afai1 fol4 ,kanones ,pu]iles ,ulm1 #afbj ,epitomes ,a/ron4 ,cop]n4 ,lib] iv4 ,l5tiis1 #afbb1 #hvo4 ,epitomes ,a/ron4 ,cop]n4 ,libri v4 vi4 vii4 ,franc(urti1 #afbb1 #hvo4 ,discurs von d] gross5 ,conjunction ,l9z4 #afbc1 #dto4 ,*ilias ,log>i?morum ,m>purgi1 #afbd1 fol4 ,supplem5tum ,l5tiis1 #afbe1 #dto4 ,hyp]aspi/es ,franc(urti1 #afbe1 #hvo4 ,tabul ,rudolph9 ,ulm1 #afbg1 fol4 ,resp4 ad epi/4 ,j4 ,b>ts*ii ,sagani1 #afbi1 #dto4 ,de anni #afca phnom5is ,lips1 #afbi1 #dto4 ,t]r5tii epi/olium cum comm5tatiuncul ,sagani1 #afcj1 #dto4 ,ephem]ides4 ,sagani1 #afcj1 #dto4 ,somnium ,franc(urti1 #afcd1 #dto4 ,tabul mannales ,arg5torati1 #agjj1 #abmo4 ,,footnotes3 #aii ,! mean+ ( ?is passage is n v cle>3 ,kepl] evid5tly _h se5 & us$ log>i?ms at ! "t ( writ+ ?is lett]2 yet !re is no?+ 9 ! me?od to ju/ify ?is expression1--,at tam5 opus e/ ipsi ,tang5tium canone4 #bjj ,?is 0 ! objection orig9ally made to ,newton's ,fluxions1 & 9 fact1 ,napi]'s idea ( log>i?ms is id5tical ) t me?od ( conceiv+ quantities4 ,?is may be se5 at once f a few ( 8 def9itions1 #a ,def4 ,a l9e is said to increase uni=mly1 :5 ! po9t by :i* x is describ$ passes ?r\gh equal int]vals1 9 equal times4 #b ,def4 ,a l9e is said to dim9i% to a %ort] "o proportionally1 :5 ! po9t pass+ along x cuts (f 9 equal times segm5ts proportional to ! rema9d]4 #f ,def4 ,! log>i?m ( any s9e is ! numb] mo/ ne>ly d5ot+ ! l9e1 :i* has increas$ uni=mly1 :il/ ! radius has dim9i%$ to t s9e proportionally1 ! initial velocity be+ ! same 9 bo? motions4 7,mirifici log>i?morum canonis descriptio1 ,ed9burgi #afad47 ,?is la/ def9ition conta9s :at we %\ld n[ call ! diff]5tial equation betwe5 a numb] & ! log>i?m ( its reciprocal4 #bja ,hi/oire del',a/ronomie ,mod]ne1 ,p>is1 #ahba4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes4 ,corrections4 ,! fir/ l9e indicates ! orig9al1 ! second ! correction4 ,life ( ,galileo ,galilei p4 #bj3 success v inadeqnate to ! zeal success v inadequate to ! zeal p4 #bj3 ,new me?od ( ,guag+1 ,new me?od ( ,gaug+1 p4 #bc3 ! kn[lege1 if x exi/$ ! k1 if x exi/$ p4 #cj1 note3 to repres5t t]re/ial objects correctly4 to repres5t t]re/rial objects correctly4 p4 #fd3 ! palace ( ! ,ar*i%op ,piccolom9i ! palace ( ! ,ar*bi%op ,piccolom9i p4 #fh3 t ladies r+lets t ladies' r+lets p4 #fi3 ,= hi!rto ,i h nev] happ5$ to see ! t]re/ial e>? ,= hi!rto ,i h nev] happ5$ to see ! t]re/rial e>? p4 #ajf3 #hj #a #ej1 = any read an indef9itely small4 #hj #b #dd1 = any read an indef9itely small4 ,life ( ,kepl] p4 #f3 ,n[1 inscribe 9 ! ,e>? an icosa$ron1 ! circle inscrib$ 9 x w be ,v5us4 ,n[1 inscribe 9 ! ,e>? an icosah$ron1 ! circle inscrib$ 9 x w be ,v5us4 ,inscribe an octa$ron 9 ,v5us1 ! circle inscrib$ 9 x w be ,m]cury4 ,inscribe an octah$ron 9 ,v5us1 ! circle inscrib$ 9 x w be ,m]cury4 p4 #cb3 ,but!re are no su* means ,b !re are no su* means p4 #dh3 ! comp\nd ratio ( ! rectangle ( ! axes directly1 & subduplicatly ! comp\nd ratio ( ! rectangle ( ! axes directly1 & subduplicately p4 #eb3 & 0 9-int5d$ to illu/rate ! appe>ances & 0 int5d$ to illu/rate ! appe>ances