,illu/ration3 ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,,f>m ,,eng9es ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,run ,,!m ,,! ,,"y ,,eng9e]',s ,,guide ,a ,,simple1 ,,practical ,,h& ,,book1 ,,= ,,exp]ts ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,= ,,amateurs1 ,,fully ,,describ+ ,,e ,,"p ,,( ,,an ,,eng9e ,,& ,,boil]1 ,,giv+ ,,full ,,directions ,,= ,,! ,,safe ,,& ,,economical ,,managem5t ,,( ,,bo?2 ,,also ,,sev]al ,,hundr$ ,,que/ions ,,& ,,answ]s ,,(t5 ,,giv5 ,,9 ,,exam9ations ,,= ,,an ,,eng9e]',s ,,lic5se1 ,,& ,,*apt]s ,,on ,,f>m ,,eng9e ,,economy1 ,,) ,,special ,,att5tion ,,to ,,traction ,,& ,,gasol9e ,,f>m ,,eng9es1 ,,& ,a ,,*apt] ,,on ,! ,sci5ce ( ,successful ,?re%+ ,,by ,,james ,h4 ,,/eph5son ,& ,o!r ,exp]t ,eng9e]s ,,) ,,num]\s ,,illu/rations ,,%[+ ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,p>ts ,,( ,a ,,boil] ,,& ,,eng9e1 ,,& ,,ne>ly ,,e ,,make ,,( ,,traction ,,eng9e1 ,,) ,a ,,brief ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,di/9ctive ,,po9ts ,,9 ,,ea* ,,make4 ,illu/ration ,,*icago ,,fr$]ick ,j4 ,,drake ,,co4 ,,publi%]s ,,copyright1 #aijc ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,j4 ,,drake ,,co4 ,,*icago1 ,,ill41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface ,?is book makes no pret5sions to orig9ality4 ,x has tak5 ! be/ f e s\rce4 ,! au?or believes ! matt] has be5 arrang$ 9 a m simple & effective mann]1 & t m in=mation has be5 cr[d$ into ^! pages ?an w be f\nd )9 ! pages ( any simil> book4 ,! pr(essional eng9e]1 9 writ+ a book = "y eng9e]s1 is likely to =get t ! novice is unfamili> ) _m t]ms :i* are l daily bread to him4 ,! pres5t writ]s h tri$ to avoid t pitfall1 & to def9e ea* t]m z x naturally ne$s def9ition4 ,moreov]1 ! description ( p>ts & ! def9itions ( t]ms h prec$$ any sugge/ions on op]ation1 ! au?ors believ+ t ! "y eng9e] %\ld become ?or\ghly famili> ) 8 eng9e & its mann] ( work+1 be=e he is told :at is be/ to d & n to d4 ,if he is =c$ on too fa/ he is likely to get mix$4 ,! te/ que/ions at ! end ( ,*apt] ,,iii4 w %[ h[ p]fectly ! prec$+ pages h be5 ma/]$1 & ! /ud5t is n ready to g on till he c answ] all ^! que/ions readily4 ,! sy/em ( que/ions & answ]s has its uses & its limitations4 ,! au?ors h tri$ to use t sy/em :]e x w\ld d mo/ good1 & employ ! /raight n>rative discussion me?od :]e que/ions c\ld n help & w\ld only int]rupt ! progress ( ?\ght4 ,little te*nical matt] has be5 introduc$1 & t only = practical purposes4 ,! au?ors h _h traction eng9es 9 m9d = ! mo/ "p1 b ! directions w apply equally well to any k9d ( /eam eng9e4 ,! ?anks ( ! publi%]s are due to ! v>i\s traction eng9e & ?re%+ ma*9e manufactur]s = cuts & in=mation1 & especially to ! ,?re%]m5's ,review = ideas conta9$ 9 its 8,f>m ,eng9e ,economy10 to ! ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,?re%+ ,ma*9e ,co4 = ! use ( copyright$ matt] 9 _! 8,! ,sci5ce ( ,successful ,?re%+10 & to ! manag] ( ! ,columbus ,ma*9e ,co4 = valuable p]sonal in=mation furni%$ ! au?ors on gasol9e eng9es & h[ to run !m4 ,! pro( has be5 read & correct$ by ,mr4 ,t4 ,r4 ,butman1 kn[n 9 ,*icago = #be ye>s z "o ( ! lead+ exp]ts on eng9es & boil]s1 especially boil]s4 ,,! ,,"y ,,eng9e]s' ,,guide ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,buy+ ,,an ,,eng9e4 ,!re are a great _m makes ( good eng9es on ! m>ket to-day1 & ! competition is s ke5 t no eng9e mak] c af=d to turn out a v poor eng9e4 ,?is is especially true ( traction eng9es4 ,! diff]5t /yles & types all h _! advantages1 & are good 9 _! way4 ,= all t1 "o good eng9e may be valueless = y1 & !re are _m ways 9 :i* y may make a great mi/ake 9 pur*as+ an eng9e4 ,! foll[+ po9ts w help y to *oose wisely3 #a4 ,consid] :at y want an eng9e =4 ,if x is a /ation>y eng9e1 consid] ! "w to be done1 ! space x is to occupy1 & :at conv5i5ces w save y\r "t4 ,rememb]1 ,,"t ,,is ,,money1 & t means t ,,space ,,is ,,also ,,money4 ,*oose ! k9d ( eng9e t w be mo/ conv5i5t = ! position 9 :i* y wi% to place x & ! purpose or purposes = :i* y wi% to use x4 ,if buy+ a traction eng9e1 consid] also ! roads & an eng9e's pull+ qualities4 #b4 ,if y are buy+ a traction eng9e = ?re%+1 ! fir/ ?+ to consid] is ,,fuel4 ,:i* w be *eape/ = y1 wood1 coal or /raw8 ,is economy ( fuel mu* ( an object ) y--"o t w ju/ify y 9 great] c>e & m sci5tific /udy ( y\r eng9e8 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! direct flue1 firebox1 locomotive boil] & simple eng9e w be ! be/1 s9ce !y are ! easie/ to op]ate4 ,!y are n ! mo/ economical "u favorable conditions1 b a return flue boil] & a comp\nd eng9e w co/ y f> m ?an ! possible sav+ ( fuel unless y manage !m 9 a sci5tific way4 ,inde$1 if n rightly manag$ !y w wa/e m fuel ?an ! direct flue locomotive boil] & ! simple eng9e4 #c4 ,d n try to economize on ! size ( y\r boil]1 & at ! same "t nev] get too l>ge an eng9e4 ,if a #f-;horse p[] boil] w j d y\r "w1 an #h-;horse p[] w d x bett] & m economically1 because y won't be ov]work+ x all ! "t4 ,eng9es %\ld seldom be cr[d$4 ,at ! same "t y nev] "k :5 y may want a high] capacity ?an y h1 or h[ mu* y may lose by n hav+ x4 ,( c\rse y don't want an eng9e & boil] t are too big1 b y %\ld always all[ a fair m>g9 above y\r anticipat$ requirem5ts4 #d4 ,d n try to economize on appliances4 ,y %\ld h a good pump1 a good injector1 a good heat]1 an extra /eam gauge1 an extra fusible plug ready to put 91 a flue exp&] & a bead]4 ,y %\ld also c]ta9ly h a good =ce pump & hose to clean ! boil]1 & ! be/ oil & grease y c get4 ,nev] believe ! man :o tells y t some?+ n q ! be/ is j z good4 ,y w f9d x ! mo/ exp5sive ?+ y ev] tri$--if y h wit en\gh to f9d out h[ exp5sive x is4 #e4 ,if y want my p]sonal advice on ! prop] eng9e to select = v>i\s purposes1 ,i %\ld say by all means get a gasol9e eng9e = small p[]s ab\t ! f>m1 su* z pump+1 etc4 ,x is ! quicke/ to />t1 by f> ! mo/ economical to op]ate1 & ! simple/ to manage4 ,! day ( ! small /eam eng9e is pa/ & w nev] return1 & t5 gasol9e eng9es ( ?is k9d are sold = e /eam eng9e put out4 ,if y want a traction eng9e = ?re%+1 etc41 /ick to /eam4 ,gasol9e eng9es are n v good hill climb]s because ! application ( p[] is n /eady en\gh2 !y are n v good to get out ( mud holes ) = ! same reason1 & z yet !y are n p]fect$ = su* purposes4 ,y might use a portable gasol9e eng9e1 h[ev]1 ?\gh ! application ( p[] is n z /eady z ) /eam & ! fly:eels are heavy4 ,9 *oos+ a traction /eam eng9e1 ! direct flue locomotive boil] & simple eng9e1 ?\gh !oretically n s economical z ! return flue boil] & comp\nd eng9e1 w 9 _m cases prove s practically because !y are s mu* simpl] & !re is n ! *ance to g wrong ) !m t !re is ) ! o!rs4 ,if = any reason y want a v quick /eam]1 buy an upright4 ,if economy ( fuel is v important & y are prep>$ to make ! necess>y ef=t to secure x1 a return flue boil] w be a good inve/m5t1 & a really good comp\nd eng9e may be4 ,:]e a l>ge plant is to be op]at$ & a high p[] con/ant & /eady en]gy is dem&$1 /ick to /eam1 s9ce ! gasol9e eng9es ( ! l>g] size h n prov$ s successful1 & are c]ta9ly by no means s /eady2 & 9 su* a case ! exhau/ /eam c be us$ = heat+ & = v>i\s o!r purposes t w "w ! greate/ economy4 ,= su* a plant *oose a horizontal tubul> boil]1 set 9 masonry1 & a comp\nd eng9e 7! latt] if y h a sci5tific eng9e]74 ,9 g5]al1 9 ! traction eng9e1 look to ! conv5i5ce ( arrangem5t ( ! ?rottle1 rev]se lev]1 /e]+ :eel1 friction clut*1 indep5d5t pump & injector1 all ( :i* %\ld be )9 easy rea* ( ! footbo>d1 z su* an arrangem5t w save annoyance & (t5 damage :5 quick action is requir$4 ,! boil] %\ld be well set2 ! firebox l>ge1 ) l>ge grate surface if a locomotive type ( boil] is us$1 & ! numb] ( flues %\ld be suffici5t to all[ good combu/ion )\t =c$ draft4 ,a return flue boil] %\ld h a l>ge ma9 flue1 mat]ial ( ! requir$ #e-af-;in* ?ickness1 a mud drum1 & f\r to six h&-holes suitably situat$ = clean+ ! boil]4 ,!re %\ld be a r high av]age boil] pressure1 z high pressure is m economical ?an l[4 ,= a simple eng9e1 #hj p\nds & = a comp\nd #abe p\nds %\ld be m9imum4 ,a /ation>y eng9e %\ld h a solid f\ndation built by a mason :o und]/&s ! bus9ess1 & %\ld be 9 a light1 dry room--nev] 9 a d>k cell> or a damp place4 ,e f>m traction eng9e %\ld h a friction clut*4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,boil]s4 ,! fir/ boil]s 7 made z a s+le cyl9d] ( wr\ght iron set 9 brick "w1 ) provision = a fire "u "o end4 ,?is 0 us$ = _m ye>s1 b x produc$ /eam v sl[ly & ) great wa/e ( fuel4 ,! fir/ improvem5t to be made 9 ?is 0 a fire flue runn+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! int]ior ( ! boil]1 ) ! fire 9 "o end ( ! flue4 ,?is fire flue 0 entirely surr\nd$ by wat]4 ,!n a boil] 0 made ) two flues t came toge!r at ! smoke-box end4 ,fir/ "o flue 0 fir$ & !n ! o!r1 alt]nately1 ! cle> heat ( "o burn+ ! smoke ( ! o!r :5 x came into ! common passage4 ,! next /ep 0 to introduce conical tubes by :i* ! wat] c\ld circulate ?r\gh ! ma9 fire flue 7,gall[ay boil]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,orr ,,semb[]',s ,,/&>d ,,horizontal ,,boil]1 ,,) ,,full-,,ar* ,,front ,,sett+4 ,! object ( all ^! improvem5ts 0 to get l>g] heat+ surface4 ,to make /eam rapidly & economically1 ! heat+ surface mu/ be z l>ge z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,ga>1 ,,scott ,,co4',s ,,locomotive ,,boil]4 ,b !re is a limit 9 t ! boil] mu/ n be cumb]some1 x mu/ c>ry en\gh wat]1 & h suffici5t space = /eam4 ,! /ation>y boil] n[ mo/ commonly us$ is cyl9drical1 ! fire is built 9 a brick furnace "u ! %eet & returns ?r\gh fire tubes runn+ ! l5g? ( ! boil]4 7,fig4 #a47 ,,locomotive ,,fire ,,tube ,,type ,,( ,,boil]4 ,! e>lie/ ( ! mod]n /eam boil]s to come into use 0 ! locomotive fire tube type1 ) a special firebox4 ,by ref]5ce to ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #b7 y w see t ! boil] cyl9d] is p]=at$ ) a numb] ( tubes f #b to #d in*es 9 diamet] runn+ f ! l>ge firebox on ! left1 ?r\gh ! boil] cyl9d] fill$ ) wat]1 to ! smoke-box on ! "r1 above :i* ! smoke/ack rises4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,! ,,hub] ,,fire ,,box4 ,x w be notic$ t ! walls ( ! firebox are d\ble1 & t ! wat] circulates freely all ab\t ! firebox z well z all ab\t ! fire tubes4 ,! inn] walls ( ! firebox are held firmly 9 position by /ay bolts1 z w be se5 9 ,fig4 #c1 :i* also %[s ! position ( ! grate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,hub] ,,return ,,flue ,,boil]4 ,,return ,,flue ,,type ,,( ,,boil]4 ,! return flue type ( boil] consi/s ( a l>ge c5tral fire flue runn+ ?r\gh ! boil] cyl9d] to ! smoke box at ! front end1 :i* is entirely clos$4 ,! smoke passes back ?r\gh a numb] ( small tubes1 & ! smoke/ack is directly ov] ! fire at ! re> ( ! boil]1 ?\gh !re is no communication betwe5 ! fire at ! re> ( ! boil] & x except ?r\gh ! ma9 flue to ! front & back ?r\gh ! small return flues4 ,fig4 #d illu/rates ?is type ( boil]1 ?\gh x %[s b "o return flue4 ,! actual numb] may be se5 by ! sectional view 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,section ,,view ,,( ,,hub] ,,return ,,flue ,,boil]4 ,! fire is built 9 "o end ( ! ma9 flue1 & is entirely surr\nd$ by wat]1 z w be se5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! long passage = ! flame & heat$ gases enables ! wat] to absorb a maximum am\nt ( ! heat ( combu/ion4 ,!re is also an elem5t ( safety 9 ?is boil] 9 t ! small flues w be expos$ fir/ %\ld ! wat] become l[1 & less damage w be done ?an if ! l>ge cr[n %eet ( ! firebox boil] is expos$1 & ?is l>ge cr[n %eet is ! fir/ ?+ to be expos$ 9 t type ( boil]4 ,,wat] ,,tube ,,type ,,( ,,boil]4 ,! special diff]5ce betwe5 ! fire tube boil] & ! wat] tube boil] is t 9 ! =m] ! fire passes ?r\gh ! tubes1 :ile 9 ! latt] ! wat] is 9 ! tubes & ! fire passes ar\nd !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,freeman ,,v]tical ,,boil]4 ,9 ?is type ( boil] !re is an upp] cyl9d] 7or m ?an "o7 fill$ ) wat]2 a s]ies ( small tubes runn+ at an angle f ! front or fire door end ( ! upp] cyl9d] to a po9t bel[ & back ( ! grates1 :]e !y meet 9 ano!r cyl9d] or pipe1 :i* is connect$ ) ! o!r end ( ! upp] cyl9d]4 ,! portions ( ! tubes directly ov] ! fire w be hotte/1 & ! wat] "h w become heat$ & rise to ! front end ( ! upp] cyl9d]1 :ile to fill ! space left1 cold] wat] is drawn 9 f ! back pipe1 f ! re> end ( ! upp] cyl9d]1 d[n to ! l[] ends ( ! wat] tubes1 to pass along up ?r\gh !m to ! front end aga94 ,?is type ( boil] gives great heat+ surface1 & s9ce ! tubes are small !y w h ample /r5g? ) mu* ?9n] walls4 ,great fre$om ( circulation is important 9 ?is type ( boil]1 !re be+ no contract$ cells 9 ! passage4 ,?is is n adapt$ = a portable eng9e4 ,,upright ,,or ,,v]tical ,,type ,,( ,,boil]4 ,9 ! upright type ( boil] ! boil] cyl9d] is plac$ on end1 ! fire is built at ! l[] end1 :i* is a firebox surr\nd$ by a wat] jacket1 & ! smoke & gases ( combu/ion rise /raight up ?r\gh v]tical fire flues4 ,! am\nt ( wat] c>ri$ is relatively small1 & ! /eam space is also small1 :ile ! heat+ surface is relatively l>ge if ! boil] is suffici5tly tall4 ,y c get up /eam 9 ?is type ( boil] quick] ?an 9 any o!r1 & 9 case ( ! /ation>y eng9e1 ! space occupi$ is a m9imum4 ,! majority ( small /ation>y eng9es h ?is type ( boil]1 & !re is a traction eng9e ) upright boil] :i* has be5 widely us$1 b x is op5 to ! objection t ! upp] or /eam ends ( ! tubes easily get ov]heat$ & s become leaky4 ,!re is also (t5 tr\ble f mud & scale deposits 9 ! wat] leg1 ! bottom area ( :i* is v small4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,t]ms ,,us$ ,,9 ,,connection ,,) ,,boil]s4 ,%ell--,! ma9 cyl9drical /eel %eets :i* =m ! pr9cipal "p ( ! boil]4 ,boil]-heads--,! ends ( ! boil] cyl9d]4 ,tube ,%eets--,! %eets 9 :i* ! fire tubes are ins]t$ at ea* end ( ! boil]4 ,fire-box--,a ne>ly squ>e space at "o end ( a boil]1 9 :i* ! fire is plac$4 ,prop]ly x is surr\nd$ on all sides by a d\ble wall1 ! space betwe5 ! two %ells ( ^! walls be+ fill$ ) wat]4 ,all flat surfaces are securely fa/5$ by /ay bolts & cr[n b>s1 b cyl9drical surfaces are self-brac+4 ,wat]-leg--,! space at sides ( fire-box & bel[ x 9 :i* wat] passes4 ,cr[n-%eet--,! %eet ( /eel at ! top ( ! firebox1 j "u ! wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,?is cr[n %eet is expos$ to sev]e heat1 b s long z x is cov]$ ) wat]1 ! wat] w conduct ! heat away1 & ! metal c nev] become any hott] ?an ! wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is n cov]$ ) wat]1 b only by /eam1 x quickly becomes ov]heat$1 s9ce ! /eam does n conduct ! heat away z ! wat] does4 ,x may become s hot x w s(t5 & sag1 b ! great dang] is t ! ?9 lay] ( wat] ne> ?is ov]heat$ cr[n %eet w be sudd5ly turn$ into a great volume ( /eam & cause an explosion4 ,if "s ( ! pressure is tak5 (f1 ?is ov]heat$ wat] may sudd5ly bur/ into /eam & cause an explosion1 z ! safety valve bl[s (f1 = example 7s9ce ! safety valve relieves "s ( ! pressure74 ,smoke-box--,! space at ! end ( ! boil] opposite to t ( ! fire1 9 :i* ! smoke may accumulate be=e pass+ up ! /ack 9 ! locomotive type1 or ?r\gh ! small flues 9 ! return type ( boil]4 ,/eam-dome--,a drum or projection at ! top ( ! boil] cyl9d]1 =m+ ! highe/ po9t :i* ! /eam c rea*4 ,! /eam is tak5 f ! boil] ?r\gh pip+ lead+ f ! top ( ?is dome1 s9ce at ?is po9t x is lea/ likely to be mix$ ) wat]1 ei!r ?r\gh foam+ or %ak+ up ( ! boil]4 ,ev5 "u normal conditions ! /eam at ! top ( ! dome is dri] ?an any:]e else4 ,mud-drum--,a cyl9drical-%ap$ receptacle at ! bottom ( ! boil] simil> to ! /eam-dome at ! top1 b n s deep4 ,impurities 9 ! wat] accumulate "h1 & x is ( great value on a return flue boil]4 ,9 a locomotive boil] ! mud accumulates 9 ! wat] leg1 bel[ ! firebox4 ,man-holes--,are l>ge op5+s into ! int]ior ( a boil]1 ?r\gh :i* a man may pass to clean out ! inside4 ,h&-holes--,are small] holes at v>i\s po9ts 9 ! boil] into :i* ! nozzle ( a hose may be introduc$ = clean+ out ! int]ior4 ,all ^! op5+s mu/ be securely cov]$ ) /eam-tight plates1 call$ man-hole & h&-hole plates4 ,a boil] jacket--,a non-conduct+ cov]+ ( wood1 pla/]1 hair1 rags1 felt1 pap]1 asbe/os or ! l1 :i* prev5ts ! boil] %ell f cool+ too rapidly ?r\gh radiation ( heat f ! /eel4 ,^! mat]ials are usually held 9 place aga9/ ! boil] by %eet iron4 ,an int]v5+ air-space betwe5 ! jacket & ! boil] %ell w add to ! effici5cy ( ! jacket4 ,a /eam-jacket--,a space ar\nd an eng9e cyl9d] or ! l :i* may be fill$ ) live /eam s z to keep ! int]ior f cool+ rapidly4 ,a%-pit--,! space directly "u ! grates1 :]e ! a%es accumulate4 ,dead-plates--,solid %eets ( /eel on :i* ! fire lies ! same z on ! grates1 b ) no op5+s ?r\gh to ! a%-pit4 ,dead-plates are sometimes us$ to prev5t cold air pass+ ?r\gh ! fire into ! flues1 & are common on /raw-burn+ boil]s4 ,!y %\ld seldom if ev] be us$ on coal or wood fir+ boil]s4 ,grate ,surface--,! :ole space occupi$ by ! grate-b>s1 usually measur$ 9 squ>e feet4 ,=c$ ,draft--,a draft produc$ by any means o!r ?an ! natural t5d5cy ( ! heat$ gases ( combu/ion to rise4 ,= example1 a draft caus$ by lett+ /eam escape into ! /ack4 ,heat+ ,surface--,! entire surface ( ! boil] expos$ to ! heat ( ! fire1 or ! area ( /eel or iron %eet+ or tub+1 on "o side ( :i* is wat] & on ! o!r heat$ air or gases4 ,/eam-space--,! cubical cont5ts ( ! space :i* may be occupi$ by /eam above ! wat]4 ,wat]-space--,! cubical cont5ts ( ! space occupi$ by wat] bel[ ! /eam4 ,diaphragm-plate--,a p]=at$ plate us$ 9 ! domes ( locomotive boil]s to prev5t wat] da%+ into ! /eam supply pipe4 ,a dry-pipe is a pipe ) small p]=ations1 us$ = tak+ /eam f ! /eam-space1 in/ead ( f a dome ) diaphragm-plate4 ,,! ,,atta*m5ts ,,( ,a ,,boil]4#a ,be=e proce$+ to a consid]ation ( ! c>e & managem5t ( a boil]1 let u briefly indicate ! *ief work+ atta*m5ts ( a boil]4 ,unless ! nature & uses ( ^! atta*m5ts are fully und]/ood1 x w be impossible to h&le ! boil] 9 a ?or\ghly safe & sci5tific fa%ion1 ?\gh "s eng9e]s d h&le boil]s )\t kn[+ all ab\t ^! atta*m5ts4 ,_! ignorance 9 _m cases co/s !m _! lives & ! lives ( o!rs4 ,footnote #a3 ,unless o!rwise indicat$1 cuts ( fitt+s %[ ^? manufactur$ by ! ,lunk5heim] ,co41 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio4 ,! fir/ duty ( ! eng9e] is to see t ! boil] is fill$ ) wat]4 ,?is he usually does by look+ at ! glass wat]-gauge4 ,,! ,,wat] ,,gauge ,,& ,,cocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two-,,rod ,,wat] ,,gauge4 ,!re is a cock at ea* end ( ! glass tube4 ,:5 ^! cocks are op5 ! wat] w pass ?r\gh ! l[] into ! glass tube1 :ile /eam comes ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,! level ( ! wat] 9 ! gauge w !n be ! same z ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! boil]1 & ! wat] %\ld nev] fall out ( sight bel[ ! l[] end ( ! glass1 nor rise above ! upp] end4 ,bel[ ! l[] gauge cock !re is ano!r cock us$ = dra9+ ! gauge & bl[+ x (f :5 !re is a pressure ( /eam on4 ,by occasionally op5+ ?is cock1 all[+ ! heat$ wat] or /eam to bl[ ?r\gh x1 ! eng9e] may always be sure t ! passages into ! wat] gauge are n /opp$ up by any means4 ,by clos+ ! upp] cock & op5+ ! l[]1 ! passage into ! l[] may be cle>$ by bl[+ (f ! dra9 cock2 by clos+ ! l[] gauge cock & op5+ ! upp] ! passage f ! /eam space may be cle>$ & te/$ 9 ! same way :5 ! dra9 cock is op5$4 ,if ! glass breaks1 bo? upp] & l[] gauge cocks %\ld be clos$ in/antly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gauge ,,or ,,try ,,cock4 ,9 addition to ! glass wat] gauge1 !re are ! try-cocks = asc]ta9+ ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,!re %\ld be two to f\r ( ^!4 ,!y op5 directly out ( ! boil] %eet1 & by op5+ !m 9 turn x is possible to tell approximately :]e ! wat] /&s4 ,!re %\ld be "o cock ne> ! level ( ! cr[n %eet1 or slightly above x1 ano!r ab\t ! level ( ! l[] gauge cock1 ano!r ab\t ! middle ( ! gauge1 ano!r ab\t ! level ( ! upp] gauge1 & /ill ano!r1 p]haps1 a little high]4 ,b "o above & "o bel[ ! wat] l9e w be suffici5t4 ,if wat] /&s above ! level ( ! cock1 x w bl[ (f :ite mi/ :5 op5$2 if ! cock op5s f /eam-space1 x w bl[ (f blue /eam :5 op5$4 ,! try-cocks %\ld be op5$ f "t to "t 9 ord] to be sure ! wat] /&s at ! prop] level 9 ! boil]1 = v>i\s ?+s may int]f]e ) ! work+ ( ! glass gauge4 ,try-cocks are (t5 call$ gauge cocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,try ,,cock4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,gauge4 ,! /eam gauge is a delicate in/rum5t arrang$ s z to indicate by a po9t] ! p\nds ( pressure :i* ! /eam is ex]t+ )9 ! boil]4 ,x is extremely important1 & a defect 9 x may cause mu* damage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pressure ,,gauge4 ,! /eam gauge 0 inv5t$ 9 #ahdi by ,eug5e ,b\rdon1 ( ,france4 ,he discov]$ t a flat tube b5t 9 a simple curve1 held fa/ at "o end1 w\ld exp& & contract if made ( prop] spr+ mat]ial1 ?r\gh ! pressure ( ! wat] )9 ! tube4 ,! free end op]ates a clock-"w t moves ! po9t]4 ,x is important t ! /eam gauge be atta*$ to ! boil] by a siphon1 or ) a knot 9 ! tube1 s t ! /eam may op]ate on wat] conta9$ 9 ! tube1 & ! wat] _c become displac$ by /eam1 s9ce /eam might int]f]e ) ! correct work+ ( ! gauge by exp&+ ! gauge tube ?r\gh its excessive heat4 ,/eam gauges frequ5tly get out ( ord]1 & %\ld be te/$ occasionally4 ,?is may conv5i5tly be done by atta*+ !m to a boil] :i* has a correct gauge already on x4 ,if bo? regi/] alike1 x is probable t bo? are accurate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/eam ,,gauge ,,siphon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,front ,,cyl9d] ,,cock4 ,!re are also self-te/+ /eam gauges4 ,) all pressure (f1 ! po9t] w return to #j4 ,!n a s]ies ( weights are arrang$ :i* may be hung on ! gauge & cause ! po9t] to indicate correspond+ numb]s4 ,! *ief s\rce ( v>iation is 9 ! loos5+ ( ! indicator ne$le4 ,?is %[s itself usually :5 ! pressure is (f & ! po9t] does n return exactly to z]o4 ,,safety ,,valve4 ,! safety valve is a valve held 9 place by a weight$ lev]#b or by a spiral spr+ 7on traction eng9es7 or "s simil> device1 & is adju/able by a screw or ! l s t x c be set to bl[ (f at a giv5 pressure ( /eam1 usually ! rat$ pressure ( ! boil]1 :i* on traction eng9es is f #aaj to #acj p\nds4 ,! valve is suppli$ ) a h&le by :i* x c be op5$1 & x %\ld be op5$ occasionally to make sure x is work+ all "r4 ,:5 x bl[s (f ! /eam gauge %\ld be not$ to see t x agrees ) ! pressure = :i* ! safety valve 0 set4 ,if !y d n agree1 some?+ is wrong2 ei!r ! safety valve does n "w freely1 or ! /eam gauge does n regi/] accurately4 ,footnote #b3 ,?is k9d ( safety valve is n[ be+ entirely disc>d$ z mu* m dang]\s ?an ! spr+ or pop valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sectional ,,view ,,( ,,kunkle ,,pop ,,valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,safety ,,valve4 ,! cut %[s ! ,kunkle safety valve4 ,to set x1 unscrew ! jam nut & apply ! key to ! pressure screw4 ,= m pressure1 screw d[n2 = less1 unscrew4 ,aft] hav+ ! desir$ pressure1 screw ! jam nut d[n tight on ! pressure screw4 ,to regulate ! op5+ & clos+ ( ! valve1 take ! po9t$ end ( a file & apply x to ! tee? ( ! regulator4 ,if valve closes ) too mu* boil] pressure1 move ! regulator to ! left4 ,if ) too little1 move ! regulator to ! "r4 ,?is c be done :5 ! valve is at ! po9t ( bl[+ (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,phantom ,,view ,,( ,,m>% ,,indep5d5t ,,/eam ,,pump4 ,o!r types ( valves are manag$ 9 a simil> way1 & exact directions w always be furni%$ by ! manufactur]s4 ,,fill+ ,,! ,,boil] ,,) ,,wat]4 ,!re are ?ree ways 9 :i* a boil] is commonly fill$ ) wat]4 ,fir/1 be=e />t+ a boil] x mu/ be fill$ ) wat] by h&1 or ) a h& =ce-pump4 ,!re is usually a fill] plug1 :i* mu/ be tak5 out1 & a funnel c be atta*$ 9 its place4 ,op5 "o ( ! gauge cocks to let out ! air z ! wat] goes 94 ,:5 ! boil] has a suffici5t am\nt ( wat]1 z may be se5 by ! glass wat] gauge1 replace ! fill] plug4 ,aft] /eam is up ! boil] %\ld be suppli$ ) wat] by a pump or injector4 ,,! ,,boil] ,,pump4 ,!re are two k9ds ( pumps commonly us$ on traction eng9es1 ! ,indep5d5t pump1 & ! ,cross-head pump4 ,! ,indep5d5t pump is virtually an indep5d5t eng9e ) pump atta*$4 ,!re are two cyl9d]s1 "o receiv+ /eam & convey+ =ce to ! pi/on2 ! o!r a wat] cyl9d]1 9 :i* a plung] works1 draw+ ! wat] into itself by suction & =c+ x out ?r\gh ! connection pipe into ! boil] by =ce ( /eam pressure 9 ! /eam cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/raight ,,globe ,,valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,angle ,,globe ,,valve4 ,x is to be not$ t all suction pumps receive _! wat] by reason ( ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e on ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! supply tank or well4 ,?is atmosph]ic pressure is ab\t #ae p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 & is suffici5t to support a column ( wat] #bh to #cc feet high1 #cc feet be+ ! height ( a column ( wat] :i* ! atmosph]e w support !oretically at ab\t sea level4 ,at great] altitudes ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e decreases4 ,pumps d n "w v well :5 draw+ wat] f a dep? ov] #bj or #bb feet4 ,wat] c be =c$ to almo/ any height by pressure ( /eam on ! plung]1 & x is tak5 f deep wells by deep well pumps1 :i* suck ! wat] #bj to #be feet1 & =ce x ! re/ ( ! way by pressure on a plung]4 ,! am\nt ( wat] pump$ is regulat$ by a cock or globe valve 9 ! suction pipe4 ,a ,cross-head boil] pump is a pump atta*$ to ! cross-head ( an eng9e4 ,! =ce ( ! eng9e pi/on is transmitt$ to ! plung] ( ! pump4 ,! pump portion works exactly ! same1 :e!r ( ! indep5d5t or cross-head k9d4 ,! cut repres5ts an indep5d5t pump t uses ! exhau/ /eam to heat ! wat] z x is pump$ 7,m>% pump74 ,illu/ration3 ,,valve ,,) ,,int]nal ,,screw4 ,e boil] fe$-pump mu/ h at lea/ two *eck valves4 ,a *eck valve is a small sw++ gate valve 7usually7 conta9$ 9 a pipe1 & s arrang$ t :5 wat] is fl[+ 9 "o direction ! valve w automatically op5 to let ! wat] pass1 :ile if wat] %\ld be =c$ 9 ! o!r direction1 ! valve w automatically close tight & prev5t ! wat] f pass+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sectional ,,view ,,( ,,sw+ ,,*eck ,,valve4 ,!re is "o *eck valve 9 ! supply pipe :i* conducts ! wat] f ! tank or well to ! pump cyl9d]4 ,:5 ! plung] is drawn back or rais$1 a vacuum is creat$ 9 ! pump cyl9d] & ! outside atmosph]ic pressure =ces wat] ?r\gh ! supply pipe into ! cyl9d]1 & ! *eck valve op5s to let x pass4 ,:5 ! plung] returns1 ! *eck valve closes1 & ! wat] is =c$ into ! fe$-pipe to ! boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sectional ,,view ,,( ,,case ,,heat]4 ,!re are usually two *eck valves betwe5 ! pump cyl9d] & ! boil]1 bo? sw++ away f ! pump or t[>d ! boil]4 ,9 ord] t ! wat] may fl[ /eadily into ! boil] !re is an air *amb]1 :i* may be p>tly fill$ ) wat] at ea* /roke ( ! plung]4 ,z ! wat] comes 91 ! air mu/ be compress$1 & z x exp&s x =ces ! wat] ?r\gh ! fe$ pipe into ! boil] 9 a /eady /ream4 ,!re is "o *eck valve betwe5 ! pump cyl9d] & ! air *amb]1 to prev5t ! wat] f com+ back into ! cyl9d]1 & ano!r betwe5 ! air *amb] & ! boil]1 to prev5t ! /eam pressure =c+ itself or ! wat] f ! boil] or wat] heat] back into ! air *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sectional ,,view ,,( ,,p5b]?y ,,injector4 ,illu/ration3 ,u4 ,s4 ,,automatic ,,injector4 7,am]ican ,injector ,co47 ,all ?ree ( ^! *eck valves mu/ "w easily & fit tight if ! pump is to be s]viceable4 ,!y usually close ) rubb] fac+s :i* 9 "t w get worn1 & dirt is liable to "w into ! h+e & o!rwise prev5t tight & easy clos+4 ,!y c always be op5$ = inspection1 & new ones c be put 9 :5 ! old are too mu* worn4 ,only cold wat] c be pump$ successfully1 z /eam f hot wat] w exp&1 & s prev5t a vacuum be+ =m$4 ,?us no suction w take place to draw ! wat] f ! supply s\rce4 ,!re %\ld always be a globe valve or cock 9 ! fe$ pipe ne> ! boil] to make x possible to cut out ! *eck valves :5 ! boil] is "u pressure4 ,x is nev] to be clos$ except :5 requir$ = ?is purpose4 ,be=e pass+ into ! boil] ! wat] f ! pump goes ?r\gh ! heat]4 ,?is is a small cyl9d]1 ) a coil ( pipe inside4 ,! fe$ pipe f ! pump is connect$ ) "o end ( ?is inn] coil ( pipe1 :ile ! o!r end ( ! coil leads into ! boil] itself4 ,! exhau/ /eam f ! eng9e cyl9d] is admitt$ into ! cyl9d] & passes ar\nd ! coil ( pipe1 aft]w>ds com+ out ( ! smoke /ack to help increase ! draft4 ,z ! fe$ wat] passes ?r\gh ?is heat] x becomes heat$ ne>ly to boil+ be=e x ent]s ! boil]1 & has no t5d5cy to cool ! boil] (f4 ,heat+ ! fe$ wat] results 9 an economy ( ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,automatic ,,injector4 ,! ,injector is ano!r means ( =c+ wat] f a supply tank or well into ! boil]1 & at ! same "t heat+ x1 by use ( /eam f ! boil]4 ,x is a necessity :5 a cross-head pump is us$1 s9ce su* a pump w n "w :5 ! eng9e is %ut d[n4 ,x is useful 9 any case to heat ! wat] be=e x goes into ! boil] :5 ! eng9e is n work+ & !re is no exhau/ /eam = ! heat]4 ,!re are v>i\s types ( injectors1 b !y all "w on practically ! same pr9ciple4 ,! /eam f ! boil] is l$ ?r\gh a tap]+ nozzle to a small *amb] into :i* !re is an op5+ f a wat] supply pipe4 ,?is /eam nozzle ?r[s out its spray ) great =ce & creates a p>tial vacuum 9 ! *amb]1 caus+ ! wat] to fl[ 94 ,z ! pressure ( ! /eam has be5 r$uc$ :5 x passes into ! injector1 x _c1 ( c\rse1 =ce its way back into ! boil] at fir/1 & f9ds an outlet at ! ov]fl[4 ,:5 ! wat] comes 91 h[ev]1 ! /eam jet /rikes ! wat] & is cond5s$ by x4 ,at ! same "t x c>ries ! wat] & ! cond5s$ /eam along t[>d ! boil] ) su* =ce t ! back pressure ( ! boil] is ov]come & a /ream ( heat$ wat] is pass$ into x4 ,9 ord] t ! injector may "w1 its p>ts mu/ be nicely adju/$1 & ) v>y+ /eam pressures x takes "s +5uity to get x />t$4 ,usually ! full /eam pressure is turn$ on & ! cock admitt+ ! wat] supply is op5$ a v>y+ am\nt accord+ to ! pressure4 ,fir/ ! valve betwe5 ! *eck valve & ! boil] %\ld be op5$1 s t ! fe$ wat] may ent] freely2 !n op5 wide ! valve next ! /eam dome1 & any o!r valve betwe5 ! /eam supply pipe & ! injector2 la/ly op5 ! wat] supply valve4 ,if wat] appe>s at ! ov]fl[1 close ! supply valve & op5 x aga91 giv+ x j ! prop] am\nt ( turn4 ,! injector is regulat$ by ! am\nt ( wat] admitt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pla9 ,,:i/le4 ,9 sett+ up an injector ( any type1 ! foll[+ rules %\ld be obs]v$3 ,all connect+ pipes z /raight & %ort z possible4 ,! int]nal diamet] ( all connect+ pipes %\ld be ! same or great] ?an ! diamet] ( ! hole 9 ! correspond+ "p ( ! injector4 ,:5 !re is dirt or p>ticles ( wood or o!r mat]ial 9 ! s\rce ( wat] supply1 ! end ( ! wat] supply pipe %\ld be provid$ ) a /ra9]4 ,inde$1 inv>iably a /ra9] %\ld be us$4 ,! holes 9 ?is /ra9] mu/ be z small z ! smalle/ op5+ 9 ! deliv]y tube1 & ! total area ( ! op5+s 9 ! /ra9] mu/ be mu* great] ?an ! area ( ! wat] supply 7cross-section74 ,! /eam %\ld be tak5 f ! highe/ "p ( ! dome1 to avoid c>ry+ any wat] f ! boil] ov] ) x4 ,wet /eam cuts & grooves ! /eam nozzle4 ,! /eam %\ld n be tak5 f ! pipe lead+ to ! eng9e unless ! pipe is q l>ge4 ,be=e us+ new injectors1 aft] !y are fitt$ to ! boil] x is advisable to disconnect !m & clean !m out well by lett+ /eam bl[ ?r\gh !m or =c+ wat] ?r\gh4 ,?is w prev5t lead or loose scale gett+ into ! injector :5 9 use4 ,set ! injector z l[ z possible1 z x works be/ ) smalle/ possible lift4 ,ejectors & jet pumps are us$ = lift+ & =c+ wat] by /eam pressure1 & are employ$ 9 fill+ tanks1 etc4 ,,bla/ ,,& ,,bl[-,,(f ,,devices4 ,9 traction eng9es !re is small pipe ) a valve1 lead+ into ! smoke /ack f ! boil]4 ,:5 ! valve is op5$1 ! /eam all[$ to bl[ (f into ! smoke /ack w create a vacuum & s increase ! draft4 ,bla/ or bl[ pipes are us$ only 9 />t+ ! fire1 & are ( little value be=e ! /eam pressure rea*es #ae p\nds or s4 ,! exhau/ nozzle f ! eng9e cyl9d] also leads into ! smoke /ack1 & :5 ! eng9e is runn+ ! exhau/ /eam is suffici5t to keep up ! draft )\t us+ ! bl[]4 ,bl[-(f cocks are us$ = bl[+ s$im5t out ( ! bottom ( a boil]1 or bl[+ scum (f ! top ( ! wat] to prev5t foam+4 ,a boil] %\ld nev] be bl[n out at high pressure1 z !re is great dang] ( injur+ x4 ,bett] let ! boil] cool (f some:at be=e bl[+ (f4 ,,sp>k ,,arre/]4 ,traction eng9es are suppli$ z a usual ?+ ) sp>k arre/]s if !y burn wood or /raw4 ,coal sp>ks are heavy & h little life1 & ) "s eng9es no sp>k arre/] is ne$$4 ,b !re is great dang] ( sett+ a fire if an eng9e is run ) wood or /raw )\t ! sp>k arre/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diamond ,,sp>k ,,arre/]4 ,sp>k arre/]s are ( diff]5t types4 ,! mo/ usual =m is a l>ge scre5 dome plac$ ov] ! top ( ! /ack4 ,?is scre5 mu/ be kept well clean$ by bru%+1 or ! draft ( ! eng9e w be impair$ by x4 ,9 ano!r =m ( sp>k arre/]1 ! smoke is made to pass ?r\gh wat]1 :i* effectually kills e possible sp>k4 ,! ,diamond ,sp>k ,arre/] does n int]f]e ) ! draft & is s con/ruct$ t all sp>ks are c>ri$ by a c\nt] curr5t ?r\gh a tube into a pail :]e wat] is kept4 ,! inv]t$ cone1 z %[n 9 cut1 is made ( /eel wire clo?1 :i* p]mits smoke & gas to escape1 b no sp>ks4 ,!re is no possible *ance to set fire to any?+ by sp>ks4 ,x is adapt$ to any /eam eng9e t exhau/s into ! smoke /ack4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,simple ,,eng9e4 ,! eng9e is ! "p ( a p[] plant :i* conv]ts /eam pressure into p[] 9 su* =m t x c d "w4 ,prop]ly speak+1 ! eng9e has no?+ to d ) g5]at+ /eam4 ,t is done exclusively 9 ! boil]1 :i* has already be5 describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,( ,,simple ,,cyl9d]4 7,j4 ,i4 ,case ,?re%+ ,ma*9e ,co47 ,! /eam eng9e 0 inv5t$ by ,james ,watt1 9 ,engl&1 betwe5 #agfe & #agij1 & he und]/ood all ! ess5tial p>ts ( ! eng9e z n[ built4 ,x 0 improv$1 h[ev]1 by ,segu91 ,ericsson1 ,/eph5son1 ,fulton1 & _m o!rs4 ,let u fir/ consid]3 ,,! ,,/eam ,,cyl9d]1 ,,its ,,p>ts ,,& ,,connections4 ,! cyl9d] prop] is con/ruct$ ( a s+le piece ( ca/ iron bor$ out smoo?4 ,! cyl9d] heads are ! flat discs or caps bolt$ to ! ends ( ! cyl9d] itself4 ,sometimes "o cyl9d] head is ca/ 9 ! same piece ) ! eng9e frame4 ,! pi/on is a circul> disc work+ back & =? 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,x is usually a holl[ ca/+1 & to make x fit ! cyl9d] /eam tight1 x is suppli$ on its circumf]5ce ) pi/on r+s4 ,^! are made ( slightly l>g] diamet] ?an ! pi/on1 & s]ve z spr+s aga9/ ! sides ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! foll[] plate & bolts cov] ! pi/on r+s on ! pi/on head & hold !m 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,connect+ ,,rod ,,& ,,cross-,,head4 7,j4 ,i4 ,case ,?re%+ ,ma*9e ,co47 ,! pi/on rod is ( wr\ght iron or /eel1 & is fitt$ firmly & rigidly into ! pi/on at "o end4 ,x runs f ! pi/on ?r\gh "o head ( ! cyl9d]1 pass+ ?r\gh a /eam-tight 8/uff+ box40 ,"o end ( ! pi/on rod is atta*$ to ! cross-head4 ,! cross-head works betwe5 guides1 & has %oes above & bel[4 ,x is practically a jo9t1 necess>y 9 conv]t+ /raight back & =? motion into rot>y4 ,! cross-head itself works /raight back & =?1 j z ! pi/on does1 :i* is fa/5$ firmly to "o end4 ,at ! o!r end is atta*$ ! connect+ rod1 :i* works on a be>+ 9 ! cross-head1 call$ ! wri/ p91 or cross-head p94 ,! connect+ rod is wr\ght iron or /eel1 work+ at "o end on ! be>+ kn[n z ! wri/ p91 & on ! o!r on a be>+ call$ ! crank p94 ,! crank is a %ort lev] :i* transmits ! p[] f ! connect+ rod to ! crank %aft4 ,x may also be a disc1 call$ ! crank disc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cross-,,head4 7,j4 ,i4 ,case ,?re%+ ,ma*9e ,co47 ,let u n[ return to ! /eam cyl9d] itself4 ,! /eam leaves ! boil] ?r\gh a pipe lead+ f ! top ( ! /eam dome1 & is let on or cut (f by ! ?rottle valve1 :i* is usually op5$ & clos$ by "s sort ( lev] h&le4 ,x passes on to ! ,/eam-*e/1 usually a "p ( ! same ca/+ z ! cyl9d]4 ,x has a cov] call$ ! /eam-*e/ cov]1 :i* is securely bolt$ 9 place4 ,! /eam valve1 usually spok5 ( simply z ! valve1 s]ves to admit ! /eam alt]nately to ea* end ( ! cyl9d] 9 su* a mann] t x works ! pi/on back & =?4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( valves1 ! simple/ 7%[n 9 ! diagram7 be+ ! ,d-valve4 ,x slides back & =? on ! bottom ( ! /eam-*e/1 :i* is call$ ! valve seat1 & alt]nately op5s & closes ! two /eam ports1 :i* are long1 n>r[ passages ?r\gh :i* ! /eam ent]s ! cyl9d]1 fir/ ?r\gh "o port to "o end1 !n ?r\gh ! o!r port to ! o!r end4 ,! exhau/ /eam also passes out at ^! same ports4 ,! exhau/ *amb] 9 ! type ( eng9e n[ "u consid]ation is an op5+ on ! l[] side ( ! valve1 & is always op5 into ! exhau/ port1 :i* connects ) ! exhau/ pipe1 :i* f9ally dis*>ges itself ?r\gh ! exhau/ nozzle into ! smoke /ack ( a locomotive or traction eng9e1 or 9 o!r types ( eng9es1 into ! cond5s]4 ,! valve is work$ by ! valve /em1 :i* works ?r\gh ! valve /em /uff+-box4 ,( c\rse ! pi/on does n "w q ! full l5g? ( ! cyl9d]1 else x w\ld p\nd aga9/ ! cyl9d] heads4 ,! cle>ance is ! di/ance betwe5 ! cyl9d] head at ei!r end & ! pi/on :5 ! pi/on has rea*$ ! limit ( its /roke 9 t direction4 ,9 mo/ eng9es ! valve is s set t x op5s a trifle j be=e ! pi/on rea*es ! limit ( its movem5t 9 ei!r direction1 ?us lett+ "s /eam 9 be=e ! pi/on is ready to move back4 ,?is op5+1 :i* usually am\nts to #a-cb to #c-af ( an in*1 is call$ ! lead4 ,! /eam ?us let 9 be=e ! pi/on rea*es ! limit ( its /roke =ms cu%ion1 & helps ! pi/on to rev]se its motion )\t any j>1 9 an easy & sil5t mann]4 ,( c\rse ! cu%ion mu/ be z slight z possible & s]ve its purpose1 else x w t5d to /op ! eng9e1 & result 9 loss ( en]gy4 ,"s eng9es h no lead4 ,sett+ a valve is adju/+ x on its seat s t ! lead w be equal at bo? ends & suffici5t = ! ne$s ( ! eng9e4 ,by %ort5+ ! movem5t ( ! valve back & =?1 ! lead c be increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,?is is usually effect$ by *ang+ ! ecc5tric or valve ge>4 ,! lap ( a slide valve is ! di/ance x ext5ds ov] ! edges ( ! ports :5 x is at ! middle ( its travel4 ,lap on ! /eam side is call$ outside lap2 lap on ! exhau/ side is call$ inside lap4 ,! object ( lap is to secure ! b5efit ( work+ /eam expansively4 ,hav+ lap1 ! valve closes "o /eam port be=e ! o!r is op5$1 & be=e ! pi/on has rea*$ ! end ( its /roke2 also ( c\rse be=e ! exhau/ is op5$4 ,?us = a %ort "t ! /eam t has be5 let into ! cyl9d] to drive ! pi/on is %ut up ) nei!r inlet nor outlet1 & x drives ! pi/on by its own expansive =ce4 ,:5 x passes out at ! exhau/ x has a consid]ably r$uc$ pressure1 & less ( its =ce is wa/$4 ,let u n[ consid] ! ,,valve ,,ge>4 ,! me*anism by :i* ! valve is op5$ & clos$ is some:at complicat$1 z v>i\s ?+s are accompli%$ by x besides simply op5+ & clos+ ! valve4 ,if an eng9e has a rev]se lev]1 x works ?r\gh ! valve ge>2 & ! gov]nor :i* regulates ! spe$ ( ! eng9e may also op]ate ?r\gh ! valve ge>4 ,x is !re=e v important4 ,! simple/ valve ge> dep5ds = its action on a fix$ ecc5tric4 ,an ecc5tric consi/s ( a c5tral disc call$ ! %eave1 key$ to ! ma9 %aft at a po9t to "o side ( its true c5t]1 & a groov$ r+ or /rap surr\nd+ x & slid+ loosely ar\nd x4 ,! /rap is usually made ( brass or "s anti-friction metal4 ,x is 9 two p>ts1 :i* are bolt$ toge!r s t !y c be tight5$ up z ! /rap we>s4 ,! ecc5tric rod is ei!r bolt$ to ! /rap or =ms a s+le piece ) x1 & ?is rod transmits its motion to ! valve4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t ! ecc5tric is no?+ m ?an a sort ( disc crank1 :i*1 h[ev]1 does n ne$ to be atta*$ to ! end ( a %aft 9 ! mann] ( an ord9>y crank4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t] ( ! ecc5tric %eave & ! c5t] ( ! %aft is call$ ! ?r[ ( ! ecc5tric or ! ecc5tricity4 ,! ecc5tric usually conveys its =ce ?r\gh a connect+ rod to ! valve /em1 :i* moves ! valve4 ,! fir/ modification ( ! simple ecc5tric valve ge> is ,,! ,,rev]s+ ,,ge>4 ,x is v desirable to control ! movem5t ( ! /eam valve1 s t if desir$ ! eng9e may be run 9 ! opposite direction2 or ! /eam =ce may be br\ght to be> to /op ! eng9e quickly2 or ! travel ( ! valve regulat$ s t x w let into ! cyl9d] only z mu* /eam z is ne$$ to run ! eng9e :5 ! load is light & ! /eam pressure 9 ! boil] high4 ,!re is a great v>iety ( rev]s+ ge>s2 b we w consid] "o ( ! commone/ & simple/ fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hub] ,,s+le ,,ecc5tric ,,rev]se4 ,if ! ecc5tric %eave c\ld be slipp$ ar\nd on ! %aft to a position opposite to t 9 :i* x 0 key$ to %aft 9 its ord9>y motion1 ! motion ( ! valve w\ld be rev]s$1 & x w\ld let /eam 9 front ( ! advanc+ end ( ! pi/on1 :i* w\ld *eck its movem5t1 & />t x 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! l9k ge>1 inv5t$ by ,/eph5son1 accompli%es ?is 9 a natural & easy mann]4 ,!re are two ecc5trics plac$ j opposite to ea* o!r on ! crank %aft1 _! connect+ rods t]m9at+ 9 :at is call$ a l9k1 ?r\gh :i* motion is communicat$ to ! valve /em4 ,! l9k is a curv$ slide1 "o ecc5tric be+ connect$ to "o end1 ! o!r ecc5tric to ! o!r end1 & ! l9k-block1 ?r\gh :i* motion is convey$ to ! valve1 slides freely f "o end to ! o!r4 ,l[] ! l9k s t ! block is opposite ! end ( ! fir/ rod1 & ! valve w be mov$ by ! correspond+ ecc5tric2 raise ! l9k1 s t ! block is opposite ! end ( ! o!r rod1 & ! valve w be mov$ by ! o!r ecc5tric4 ,9 ! middle !re w\ld be a dead c5t]1 & if ! block /opp$ "h1 ! valve w\ld n move at all4 ,at any int]m$iate po9t1 ! travel ( ! valve w\ld be correspond+ly %ort5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,valve ,,& ,,l9k ,,rev]se4 ,su* is ! !oretical effect ( a p]fect l9k2 b ! dead c5t] is n absolute1 & ! motion ( ! l9k is v>i$ by ! po9t at :i* ! rod is atta*$ :i* lifts & l[]s x1 & also by ! l5g? ( ?is rod4 ,9 full ge> ! block is n all[$ to come q to ! end ( ! l9k1 & ?is surplus di/ance is call$ ! cle>ance4 ,! radius ( a l9k is ! di/ance f ! c5t] ( ! driv+ %aft to ! c5t] ( ! l9k1 & ! curve ( ! l9k is t ( a circle ) t radius4 ,! l5g? ( ! radius may v>y consid]ably1 b ! po9t ( susp5sion is important4 ,if a l9k is susp5d$ by its c5t]1 x w c]ta9ly cut (f /eam soon] 9 ! front /roke ?an 9 ! back4 ,usually x is susp5d$ f t po9t :i* is mo/ us$ 9 runn+ ! eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,woolf ,,rev]se ,,valve ,,ge>4 ,! ,woolf rev]s+ ge> employs b "o ecc5tric1 to ! /rap ( :i* is ca/ an arm hav+ a block pivot$ at its end4 ,?is block slides 9 a pivot$ guide1 ! angle ( :i* is controll$ by ! rev]se lev]4 ,to ! ecc5tric arm is atta*$ ! ecc5tric rod1 :i* transmits ! motion to ! valve rod ?r\gh a rock] arm on simple eng9es & ?r\gh a slide1 z %[n 9 cut1 on comp\nd eng9es4 ,! ,mey] valve ge> does n actually rev]se an eng9e1 b controls ! admission ( /eam by means ( an additional valve rid+ on ! back ( ! ma9 valve & controll+ ! cut-(f4 ,! ma9 valve is l an ord9>y ,d-valve1 except t ! /eam is n admitt$ ar\nd ! ends1 b ?r\gh ports runn+ ?r\gh ! valve1 ^! ports be+ p>tially op5$ or clos$ by ! motion ( ! rid+ valve1 :i* is controll$ by a sep>ate ecc5tric4 ,if ?is rid+ valve is connect$ ) a gov]nor1 x w regulate ! spe$ ( an eng9e2 & by ! addition ( a l9k ! ge> may be made rev]sible4 ,! *ief objection to x is ! excessive friction ( ! valves on _! seats4 ,,gov]nors4 ,a gov]nor is a me*anism by :i* ! supply ( /eam to ! cyl9d] is regulat$ by revolv+ balls1 or ! l1 :i* runs fa/] or sl[] z ! spe$ ( ! eng9e increases or dim9i%es4 ,?us ! spe$ ( an eng9e is regulat$ to v>y+ loads & conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sectional ,,view ,,%[+ ,,valve ,,( ,,wat]s ,,gov]nor4 ,! simple/ type ( gov]nor1 & ! "o commonly us$ on traction eng9es1 is t :i* is only a modification ( ! "o inv5t$ by ,watt4 ,two balls revolve ar\nd a sp9dle 9 su* a way z to rise :5 ! spe$ ( ! eng9e is high1 & fall :5 x is l[1 & 9 ris+ & fall+ !y op5 & close a valve simil> to ! ?rottle valve4 ,! am\nt t ! gov]nor valve is op5$ or clos$ by ! rise & fall ( ! gov]nor balls is usually regulat$ by a ?umb screw at ! top or side1 or by :at is call$ a h&le nut1 :i* is usually held firm by a *eck nut directly ov] x1 :i* %\ld be screw$ firm aga9/ ! h&le nut4 ,motion is convey$ to ! gov]nor balls by a belt & a b& :eel work+ on a me*anism ( metr$ cogs4 ,!re is consid]able friction ab\t a gov]nor ( ?is type & mu* en]gy is wa/$ 9 keep+ x go+4 ,! valve /em or sp9dle passes ?r\gh a /eam-tight /uff+ box1 :]e x is liable to /ick if ! pack+ is too tight2 & if ?is /uff+ box leaks /eam1 !re w be imm$iate loss ( p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pick]+ ,,horizontal ,,gov]nor4 ,su* a gov]nor z has j be5 describ$ is call$ a ?rottle valve gov]nor4 ,on high grade eng9es ! difficulties inh]5t 9 ?is type ( gov]nor are ov]come by mak+ ! gov]nor control1 n a valve 9 ! /eam supply pipe1 b ! admission ( /eam to ! /eam cyl9d] ?r\gh ! /eam valve & its ge>4 ,su* eng9es are describ$ z hav+ an 8automatic cut-(f40 ,sometimes ! gov]nor is atta*$ to ! l9k1 sometimes to a sep>ate valve1 z 9 ! ,mey] ge> already describ$4 ,usually ! gov]nor is atta*$ to ! fly-:eel1 & consequ5tly gov]nors ( ?is type are call$ fly-:eel gov]nors4 ,an automatic cut-(f gov]nor is f #ae p] c5t to #bj p] c5t m effective ?an a ?rottle valve gov]nor4 ,,crank1 ,,%aft ,,& ,,j\rnals4 ,we h already se5 h[ ! pi/on conveys its p[] ?r\gh ! pi/on rod1 ! cross-head1 & ! connect+ rod1 to ! crank p9 & crank1 & h5ce to ! %aft4 ,! key1 gib1 & /rap are ! effective means by :i* ! connect+ rod is atta*$1 fir/ to ! wri/ p9 9 ! cross-head1 & secondly to ! crank p9 on ! crank4 ,! /rap is usually made ( two or ?ree pieces ( wr\ght iron or /eel bolt$ toge!r s z to hold ! brasses1 :i* are 9 two p>ts & loosely surr\nd ! p94 ,! brasses d n q meet1 & z !y we> may be tight5$ up4 ,?is is effect$ by ! gib1 back ( :i* is ! key1 :i* is commonly a w$ge :i* may be driv5 91 or a screw1 :i* presses on ! back ( ! gib1 :i* 9 turn =ces toge!r ! brasses2 & ?us ! l5g? ( ! pi/on ge> is kept uni=m 9 spite ( ! we>1 becom+ nei!r %ort] nor long]4 ,:5 ! brasses are s worn t !y h be5 =c$ toge!r1 !y mu/ be tak5 out & fil$ equally on all f\r ( ! meet+ ends1 & %ims1 or ?9 pieces ( %eet iron or ! l plac$ back ( !m to equalize ! we>1 & prev5t ! pi/on ge> f be+ %ort5$ or o!rwise alt]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,connect+ ,,rod ,,& ,,boxes4 7,a4 ,w4 ,/ev5s ,co47 ,! crank is a simple lev] atta*$ to ! %aft by :i* ! %aft is rotat$4 ,!re are two types ( crank 9 common use1 ! side crank1 :i* works by :at is virtually a b5d 9 ! %aft4 ,!re is also :at is call$ ! disc crank1 a v>iation ( ! side crank1 9 :i* ! p[] is appli$ to ! circumf]5ce ( a disc in/ead ( to ! end ( a lev] arm4 ,! boss ( a crank is t "p :i* surr\nds ! %aft & butts aga9/ ! ma9 be>+1 & is usually ab\t twice ! diamet] ( ! crank %aft j\rnal4 ,! web ( ! crank is ! portion betwe5 ! %aft & ! p94 ,to secure noiseless runn+1 ! crank p9 %\ld be turn$ ) great exactness1 & %\ld be set exactly p>allel ) ! direction ( ! %aft4 ,:5 ! pressure on ! p9 or any be>+ is ov] #hjj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 oil is no long] able to lubricate x prop]ly4 ,h5ce ! be>+ surface %\ld always be l>ge en\gh to prev5t a great] pressure ?an #hjj p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,to secure ! prop] proportions ! crank p9 %\ld h a diamet] ( "o-f\r? ! bore ( ! cyl9d]1 & its l5g? %\ld be "o-?ird t ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! %aft is made ( wr\ght iron or /eel1 & mu/ n only be able to )/& ! twi/+ motion ( ! crank1 b ! b5d+ =ce ( ! eng9e /roke4 ,to prev5t b5d+1 ! %aft %\ld h a be>+ z ne> ! crank z possible4 ,! j\rnals are ^? portions ( ! %aft :i* "w 9 be>+s4 ,! ma9 be>+s are also call$ p$e/als1 pill[ blocks1 & j\rnal boxes4 ,!y usually consi/ ( boxes made ( brass or "s o!r anti-friction mat]ial c>ri$ 9 iron p$e/als4 ,! pill[ blocks are usually adju/able4 ,,! ,,fly-,,:eel4 ,?is is a heavy :eel atta*$ to ! %aft4 ,its object is to regulate ! v>iable action ( ! pi/on1 & to make ! motion uni=m ev5 :5 ! load is v>iable4 ,by its in]tia x /ores en]gy1 :i* w\ld keep ! eng9e runn+ = "s "t aft] ! pi/on ceas$ to apply any =ce or p[]4 ,,lubricators4 ,all be>+s mu/ be /eadily & effectively lubricat$1 9 ord] to remove friction z f> z possible1 or ! work+ p[] ( ! eng9e w be greatly r$uc$4 ,besides1 )\t complete & effective lubrication1 ! be>+s w 8cut10 or we> 9 irregul> grooves1 etc41 quickly ru9+ ! eng9e4 ,be>+s are lubricat$ ?r\gh automatic lubricator cups1 :i* hold oil or grease & dis*>ge x uni=mly ^u ! be>+ ?r\gh a suitable hole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,detroit0 ,,z]o ,,d\ble ,,connection ,,lubricator4 ,,description4 ,c #a--;,body or ,oil ,res]voir4 ,c #c--;,fill] ,plug4 ,c #d--,wat] ,valve4 ,c #e--,plug = ins]t+ ,sight-,fe$ ,glass4 ,c #f--,sight-,fe$ ,dra9 ,/em4 ,c #g--,regulat+ ,valve4 ,c #h--;,dra9 ,valve4 ,c #i--,/eam ,valve4 ,c#aj--,union ,nut4 ,c#aa--,tail ,piece4 ,h--,sight-,fe$ ,glass4 ,a sight fe$ ord9>y cup p]mits ! drops ( oil to be se5 z !y pass d[nw>d ?r\gh a glass tube1 & also ! eng9e] may see h[ mu* oil !re is 9 ! cup4 ,su* a cup is suitable = all p>ts ( an eng9e except ! crank p91 cross-head1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! cyl9d]4 ,! crank p9 oil] is an oil cup s arrang$ z to =ce oil into ! be>+ only :5 ! eng9e is work+1 & m rapidly z ! eng9e works m rapidly4 ,9 "o =m1 :i* uses liquid oil1 ! oil /&s bel[ a disc1 f :i* is ! op5+ ?r\gh ! %ank to ! be>+4 ,z ! eng9e spe$s up1 ! c5trifugal =ce t5ds to =ce ! oil to ! top ( ! cup & s on to ! be>+1 & ! high] ! spe$ ! great] ! am\nt ( oil ?r[n into ! crank p94 ,h>d oil or grease has ( late be5 com+ into ext5sive use4 ,x is plac$ 9 a compression cup1 at ! top ( :i* a disc is press$ d[n by a spr+1 & also by "s k9d ( a screw4 ,f "t to "t ! screw is tight5$ up by h&1 & ! spr+ automatically =ces d[n ! grease4 ,illu/ration3 ,,glass ,,oil ,,cup4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sectional ,,view ,,ideal ,,grease ,,cup4 ,! ,cyl9d] ,lubricator is con/ruct$ on a diff]5t pr9ciple1 & uses an entirely diff]5t k9d ( oil1 call$ 8cyl9d] oil40 ,a sight-fe$ automatic oil] is s arrang$ t ! oil passes ?r\gh wat] drop by drop1 s t ea* drop c be se5 beh9d glass be=e x passes into ! /eam pipe lead+ f ! boil] to ! cyl9d]4 ,! oil m+les ) ! /eam & passes into ! /eam *e/1 & !nce into ! cyl9d]1 lubricat+ ! valve & pi/on4 ,! dis*>ge ( ! oil may n only be wat*$1 b regulat$1 & "s judgm5t is necess>y to make sure t en\gh oil is pass+ into ! cyl9d] to prev5t x f cutt+4 ,! oil is =c$ into ! /eam by ! weight ( ! column ( wat]1 s9ce ! /eam pressure is ! same at bo? ends4 ,!re is a small cock by :i* ?is wat] ( cond5sation may be dra9$ (f :5 ! eng9e is %ut d[n 9 cold wea!r4 ,oil]s are also injur$ by /ra9+ f heat+ caus$ by ! /eam act+ on cold oil :5 all ! cocks are clos$4 ,!re is a relief cock to prev5t ?is /ra91 & x %\ld be slightly op5$1 except :5 oil] is be+ fill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,acorn ,,oil ,,pump4 ,!re are a numb] ( diff]5t types ( oil]s1 ) _! cocks arrang$ 9 diff]5t ways2 b ! manufactur] always gives diagrams & in/ructions fully expla9+ ! work+ ( ! oil]4 ,oil pumps s]v+ ! same purpose are n[ (t5 us$4 ,,diff]5tial ,,ge>4 ,! ge>+ by :i* ! traction :eels ( a traction eng9e are made to drive ! eng9e is an important item4 ,( c\rse1 x is desirable to apply ! p[] ( ! eng9e to bo? traction :eels2 yet if bo? h9d :eels 7 ge>$ /iff1 ! eng9e c\ld n turn f a /raight l9e1 s9ce 9 turn+ "o :eel mu/ move fa/] ?an ! o!r4 ,! diff]5tial or comp5sat+ ge> is a device to leave bo? :eels free to move "o ahead ( ! o!r if occasion requires4 ,! pr9ciple is mu* ! same z 9 case ( a ra*et on a ge>$ :eel1 if p[] 7 appli$ to ! rat*et to make ! :eel turn2 if = any reason ! :eel _h a t5d5cy ( its own to turn fa/] ?an ! rat*et =c$ x1 x w\ld be free to d s4 ,:5 corn]s are turn$ ! p[] is appli$ to "o :eel only1 & ! o!r :eel is p]mitt$ to move fa/] or sl[] ?an ! :eel to :i* ! ge>+ applies ! p[]4 ,!re are sev]al =ms ( diff]5tial ge>s1 diff]+ l>gely z to comb9ation ( spur or bevel cogs4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n uses f\r little bevel$ p9ions1 :i* are plac$ 9 ! ma9 driv+ :eel z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,bevel$ cogs "w into ^! on ei!r side ( ! ma9 :eel4 ,if "o traction :eel moves fa/] ?an ! o!r ^! p9ions move ar\nd & adju/ ! ge>s on ei!r side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,hub] ,,spur ,,comp5sat+ ,,ge>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aultman ,,taylor ,,bevel ,,comp5sat+ ,,ge>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diff]5tial ,,ge>1 ,,%[+ ,,cu%ion ,,spr+s ,,& ,,bevel ,,p9ion4 ,,friction ,,clut*4 ,! p[] ( an eng9e is usually appli$ to ! traction :eel by a friction clut* work+ on ! inside ( ! fly-:eel4 7,see plan ( ,frick ,eng9e47 ,! traction :eels are ! two l>ge1 broad-rimm$ h9d :eels1 & are provid$ ) projections to give !m a firm foot+ on ! road4 ,traction eng9es are also provid$ ) mud %oes & :eel clean+ devices = mud & sn[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,frick ,,company ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,plan view ( 8,eclipse0 ,traction ,eng9e1 %[+ arrangem5t ( ,pat5t ,rev]se ,ge> & ,friction ,clut* = ,driv+ ,p9ion4 ,,! ,,fusible ,,plug4 ,! fusible plug is a simple screw plug1 ! c5t] ( :i* is bor$ out & subsequ5tly fill$ ) "s o!r metal t w melt at a l[] temp]ature ?an /eel or iron4 ,?is plug is plac$ 9 ! cr[n %eet ( a locomotive boil] z a precaution = safety4 ,%\ld ! cr[n %eet become free ( wat] :5 ! fire is v hot1 ! s(t metal 9 ! fusible plug w\ld melt & run out1 & ! ov]heat$ /eam w\ld escape into ! firebox1 putt+ out ! fire & giv+ ! boil] relief s t an explosion w\ld be avoid$4 ,9 "s /ates a fusible plug is requir$ by law1 & "o is f\nd 9 ne>ly e boil] :i* has a cr[n %eet4 ,return flue boil]s & o!rs :i* d n h cr[n %eets 7z = example ! v]tical7 d n h fusible plugs4 ,to be ( value a fusible plug %\ld be r5ew$ or *ang$ once a mon?4 ,,/uff+ ,,boxes4 ,any arrangem5t to make a /eam-tight jo9t ab\t a mov+ rod1 su* z a pi/on rod or /eam valve rod1 w\ld be call$ a /uff+ box4 ,usually ! /uff+ box gives free play to a pi/on rod or valve rod1 )\t all[+ any /eam to escape4 ,a /uff+ box is also us$ on a pump pi/on sometimes1 or a compress$ air pi/on4 ,9 all ^! cases x consi/s ( an annul> space ar\nd ! mov+ rod :i* c be p>tly fill$ by "s pliable ela/ic mat]ial su* z hemp1 cotton1 rubb]1 or ! l2 & ?is fill+ is held 9 place & made tight] or loos] by :at is call$ a gl&1 :i* is =c$ into ! p>tly fill$ box by screw+ up a cap on ! outside ( ! cyl9d]4 ,/uff+ boxes mu/ be repack$ occasionally1 s9ce ! pack+ mat]ial w get h>d & dead1 & w ei!r leak /eam or cut ! rod4 ,,cyl9d] ,,cocks4 ,^! cocks are = ! purpose ( draw+ ! wat] =m$ by cond5sation ( /eam out ( ! cyl9d]4 ,!y %\ld be op5$ :5ev] ! eng9e is /opp$ or />t$1 & %\ld be left op5 :5 ! eng9e is %ut d[n1 especially 9 cold wea!r to prev5t freez+ ( wat] & consequ5t damage4 ,att5tion to ^! cocks is v important4 ,^! are small cocks arrang$ ab\t ! pump & at o!r places = ! purpose ( te/+ ! inside action4 ,by !m x is possible to see if ! pump is work+ prop]ly1 etc4 ,,/eam ,,indicator4 ,! /eam indicator is an in/rum5t t c be atta*$ to ei!r end ( a /eam cyl9d]1 & w indicate ! "* ( ! /eam pressure dur+ ! entire /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,x %[s cle>ly :e!r ! lead is "r1 h[ mu* cu%ion !re is1 etc4 ,x is v important 9 /udy+ ! economical use & di/ribution ( /eam1 expansive =ce ( /eam1 etc4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,atta*m5ts ,,= ,,traction ,,eng9e ,,& ,,boil]4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( brasses1 etc41 :i* are pack$ ) ! ,case traction eng9e w be useful = ref]5ce 9 connection ) any simil> traction eng9e & boil]4 ,! "y eng9e] %\ld rapidly run ov] e new eng9e & locate ea* ( ^! p>ts1 :i* w be diff]5tly plac$ on diff]5t eng9es3 #a ,/eam ,gauge ) siphon4 #a ,safety ,valve4 #a ,l>ge ,lubricator4 #a ,small ,lubricator = ,pump4 #a ,glass ,wat] ,gauge complete ) glass & rods4 #b ,gauge ,cocks4 #a ,:i/le4 #a ,injector ,complete4 #a ,globe ,valve = ,bl[-(f4 #a ,compression ,grease ,cup = ,cross ,head4 #a ,grease ,cup = ,crank ,p94 #a ,oil] = ,rev]se ,block4 #a ,glass ,oil] = ,guides4 #a ,small ,oil] = ,ecc5tric ,rod4 #a ,cyl9d] ,cock 7#a is left 9 place47 #b ,/op ,cocks to dra9 ,heat]4 #a ,/op ,cock = ,hose ,c\pl+ on ,pump4 #a ,bibb ,nose ,cock = ,pump4 #a ,pet ,cock = ,?rottle4 #b ,pet ,cocks = ,/eam ,cyl9d] ( ,pump4 #a ,pet ,cock = ,wat] ,cyl9d] ( ,pump4 #a ,pet ,cock = ,fe$ ,pipe f ,pump4 #a ,pet ,cock = ,fe$ ,pipe f ,injector4 #a ,gov]nor ,belt4 #a ,flue ,clean]4 #ae ft4 #a 94 ,suction ,hose4 #e ft4 ,spr9kl+ ,hose4 #a ,/ra9] = ,suction ,hose4 #a ,/ra9] = ,funnel4 #d ft4 #f 94 ( 94 ,hose = ,injector4 #e ft4 #f 94 ( 94 ,hose = ,pump4 #b ,nipples #b 94 = ,hose4 #b 94 ,hose ,clamps4 #b 94 ,hose ,/ra9]s4 ,,te/ ,,que/ions ,,on ,,boil] ,,& ,,eng9e ,q4 ,h[ is ! mod]n /ation>y fire-flue boil] arrang$8 ,q4 ,h[ does ! locomotive type ( boil] diff]8 ,q4 ,:at is a return flue boil]8 ,q4 ,:at is a wat]-tube boil] & h[ does x diff] f a fire-flue tubul> boil]8 ,q4 ,:at is a v]tical boil] & :at are its advantages8 ,q4 ,:at is ! %ell8 ,q4 ,:at are ! boil] heads8 ,q4 ,:at are ! tube %eets8 ,q4 ,:at is ! firebox8 ,q4 ,:at is ! wat] leg8 ,q4 ,:at is ! cr[n-%eet8 ,q4 ,:]e is ! smoke-box locat$8 ,q4 ,:at is ! /eam dome int5d$ =8 ,q4 ,:at is ! mud-drum =8 ,q4 ,:at are man-holes & h&-holes =8 ,q4 ,:at is a boil] jacket8 ,q4 ,:at is a /eam jacket8 ,q4 ,:]e is ! a%-pit8 ,q4 ,:at are dead-plates8 ,q4 ,h[ is grate surface measur$8 ,q4 ,:at is =c$ draft8 ,q4 ,h[ is heat+ surface measur$8 ,q4 ,:at is /eam space8 ,q4 ,:at is wat] space8 ,q4 ,:at is a diaphragm plate8 ,q4 ,:at is ! fir/ duty ( an eng9e] 9 tak+ *>ge ( a new boil]8 ,q4 ,:at are ! wat] gauge & try cocks =1 & h[ are !y plac$8 ,q4 ,:at is ! /eam gauge & h[ may x be te/$8 ,q4 ,:at is a safety valve8 ,%\ld x be t\*$ by ! eng9e]8 ,h[ may he te/ x ) ! /eam gauge8 ,q4 ,h[ is a boil] fir/ fill$ ) wat]8 ,q4 ,h[ is x fill$ :5 "u pressure8 ,q4 ,:at is an indep5d5t pump8 ,:at is a cros%ead pump8 ,q4 ,:at is a *eck valve1 & :at is its use1 & :]e locat$8 ,q4 ,:at is a heat] & h[ does x "w8 ,q4 ,:at is an injector1 & :at is ! pr9ciple ( its op]ation8 ,q4 ,:]e are ! bl[-(f cocks locat$8 ,h[ %\ld !y be us$8 ,q4 ,9 :at cases %\ld sp>k arre/] be us$8 ,q4 ,:o inv5t$ ! /eam eng9e1 & :58 ,q4 ,:at are ! ess5tial p>ts ( a /eam eng9e8 ,q4 ,:at is ! cyl9d]1 & h[ is x us$8 ,q4 ,:at is ! pi/on1 & h[ does x "w8 ,! pi/on-r+s8 ,q4 ,:at is ! pi/on rod & h[ mu/ x be fa/5$8 ,q4 ,:at is ! cros%ead1 & h[ does x move8 ,:at are guides or ways8 ,%oes8 ,q4 ,:at is ! connect+ rod8 ,wri/ p98 ,crank p98 ,q4 ,:at is ! crank8 ,crank %aft8 ,q4 ,:]e is ! ?rottle valve locat$1 & :at does op5+ & clos+ x d8 ,q4 ,:at is ! /eam *e/ =1 & :]e is x plac$8 ,q4 ,:at is a /eam valve8 ,valve seats8 ,ports8 ,q4 ,:at is ! exhau/8 ,exhau/ *amb]8 ,exhau/ port8 ,exhau/ nozzle8 ,:at is a cond5s]8 ,q4 ,h[ is ! valve work$1 & :at duties does x p]=m1 & h[8 ,q4 ,:at is cle>ance8 ,q4 ,:at is lead8 ,q4 ,:at is cu%ion8 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y set a valve8 ,:at is lap8 ,q4 ,h[ is a /eam valve mov$ back & =? 9 its seat8 ,q4 ,h[ may an eng9e be rev]s$8 ,q4 ,:at is a gov]nor1 & h[ does x "w8 ,q4 ,:at is an ecc5tric8 ,ecc5tric %eave8 ,/rap8 ,rod8 ,q4 ,:at is ! ?r[ ( an ecc5tric8 ,q4 ,h[ does ! l9k rev]s+ ge> "w8 ,q4 ,h[ does ! ,woolf rev]se ge> "w8 ,q4 ,h[ does ! ,mey] valve ge> "w8 ,w x rev]se an eng9e8 ,q4 ,:at are ! *ief difficulties 9 ! work+ ( a gov]nor8 ,q4 ,:at are key1 gib1 & /rap8 ,brasses8 ,q4 ,:at is ! boss ( a crank8 ,web8 ,q4 ,h[ may noiseless runn+ ( a crank be secur$8 ,q4 ,:at are j\rnals8 ,p$e/als8 ,pill[ blocks8 ,j\rnal boxes8 ,q4 ,:at is ! object 9 hav+ a fly :eel8 ,q4 ,:at diff]5t k9ds ( lubricators are !re8 ,:]e may h>d oil or grease be us$8 ,is ! oil us$ = lubricat+ ! cyl9d] ! same z t us$ = re/ ( ! eng9e8 ,q4 ,h[ does a cyl9d] lubricator "w8 ,q4 ,:at is diff]5tial ge>1 & :at is x =8 ,q4 ,:at is ! use ( a fusible plug1 & h[ is x arrang$8 ,q4 ,:at are /uff+-boxes1 & h[ are !y con/ruct$8 ,q4 ,:at are cyl9d] cocks1 & :at are !y us$ =8 ,q4 ,:at are pet cocks8 ,q4 ,:at is a /eam indicator8 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,manage ,a ,,traction ,,eng9e ,,boil]4 ,we w suppose t ! "y eng9e] fully und]/&s all p>ts ( ! boil] & eng9e1 z expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,x is well to run ov] ! que/ions sev]al times1 to make sure t e po9t has be5 fully cov]$ & is well und]/ood4 ,we w suppose t y h an eng9e 9 good runn+ ord]4 ,if y h a new eng9e & x />ts (f nice & easy 7! lone eng9e )\t load7 ) tw5ty p\nds /eam pressure 9 ! boil]1 y may make up y\r m9d t y h a good eng9e to h&le & "o t w give b little tr\ble4 ,b if x requires fifty or sixty p\nds to />t x1 y want to keep y\r eyes op51 = some?+ is tight4 ,b don't beg9 tak+ ! eng9e to pieces1 = y might get m pieces ?an y "k :at to d )4 ,oil e be>+ fully1 & !n />t y\r eng9e & let x run = a :ile4 ,!n notice :e!r y f9d any?+ gett+ w>m4 ,if y d1 /op & loos5 up a v little & />t aga94 ,if ! heat+ /ill cont9ues1 loos5 aga9 z be=e4 ,b rememb]1 loos5 b little at a "t1 = a box or j\rnal w heat f be+ too loose z quickly z f be+ too tight1 & if y h f\nd a w>m box1 don't let t box take all y\r att5tion1 b keep y\r eye on ! o!r be>+s4 ,9 ! case ( a new eng9e1 ! cyl9d] r+s may be a little tight1 & s m /eam pressure w be requir$ to />t ! eng9e2 b ?is is no fault1 = 9 a day or two !y w be work+ all "r if kept well oil$4 ,9 />t+ a new eng9e tr\ble sometimes comes f ! pres5ce ( a coal c9d] 9 "s ( ! boxes1 :i* has work$ 9 dur+ %ipm5t4 ,be=e />t+ a new eng9e1 ! boxes & oil holes %\ld !re=e be ?or\ghly clean$ out4 ,= ?is purpose ! eng9e] %\ld always h "s cotton wa/e or an oil$ rag ready = con/ant use4 ,a new eng9e %\ld be run sl[ly & c>efully until x is f\nd to be 9 p]fect runn+ ord]4 ,if y are beg9n+ on an old eng9e 9 good runn+ ord]1 ! above in/ructions w n be ne$$2 b x is well to take note ( !m4 ,n[ if y\r eng9e is all "r1 y may run ! pressure up to ! po9t ( bl[+ (f1 :i* is #ajj to #acj p\nds1 at :i* mo/ safety valves are set at ! factory4 ,x is n uncommon = a new pop to /ick1 & z ! /eam runs up x is well to try x by pull+ ! relief lev]4 ,if on lett+ x g x /ops ! escap+ /eam at once1 x is all "r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! /eam cont9ues to escape ! valve /icks 9 ! *amb]4 ,usually a slight tap ) a wr5* or hamm] w /op x at once2 b don't get excit$ if ! /eam cont9ues to escape4 ,z long z y h pl5ty ( wat] 9 ! boil]1 & "k t y h x1 y are all "r4 ,,/>t+ ,,up ,a ,,boil]4 ,almo/ ! only dang] f explosion ( a boil] is f n hav+ suffici5t wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,! boil] is fill$ 9 ! fir/ place1 z has already be5 expla9$1 by h& ?r\gh a funnel at ! fill] plug1 or by a =ce pump4 ,! wat] %\ld /& an in* & a half 9 ! glass ( ! wat] gauge be=e ! fire is />t$4 ,x %\ld be heat$ up sl[ly s z n to /ra9 ! boil] or connections4 ,:5 ! /eam pressure z %[n by ! /eam gauge is t5 or fifte5 p\nds1 ! bl[] may be us$ to increase ! draft4 ,if y let ! wat] get above ! top ( ! glass1 y are liable to knock out a cyl9d] head2 & if y let ! wat] get bel[ ! bottom ( ! glass1 y are likely to explode y\r boil]4 ,! glass gauge is n to be dep5d$ ^u1 h[ev]1 = a numb] ( ?+s may happ5 to int]f]e ) its work+4 ,"s "o may inadv]t5tly turn (f ! gauge cocks1 & ?\gh ! wat] /&s at ! prop] height 9 ! glass1 ! wat] 9 ! boil] w be v diff]5t4 ,a prop]ly made boil] is suppli$ ) two to f\r try-cocks1 "o bel[ ! prop] wat] l9e1 & "o above x4 ,if !re are m ?an two !y w be di/ribut$ at suitable po9ts betwe54 ,:5 ! boil] is "u pressure1 turn on ! l[] try-cock & y %\ld get wat]4 ,y w "k x because x w appe> z :ite mi/4 ,!n try ! upp] try-cock1 & y w get /eam1 :i* w appe> blue4 ,,nev] ,,fail ,,to ,,use ,,! ,,try-,,cocks ,,frequ5tly4 ,?is is necess>y n only because y nev] "k :5 ! glass is deceiv+ y2 b if y fail to use !m !y w get /opp$ up ) lime or mud1 & :5 y ne$ to use !m !y w n "w4 ,9 ord] also to keep ! wat] gauge 9 prop] condition1 x %\ld be frequ5tly bl[n out 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,%ut (f ! top gauge cock & op5 ! dra9 cock at ! bottom ( ! gauge4 ,?is all[s ! wat] & /eam to bl[ ?r\gh ! l[] cock ( ! wat] gauge1 & y "k t x is op54 ,any lime or mud t has begun to accumulate w also be c>ri$ (f4 ,aft] all[+ ! /eam to escape a few seconds1 %ut (f ! l[] gauge cock1 & op5 ! upp] "o1 & all[ x to bl[ (f ab\t ! same "t4 ,!n %ut ! dra9 cock & op5 bo? gauge cocks1 :5 y w see ! wat] seek its level1 & y c feel assur$ t x is reliable & 9 good work+ condition4 ,?is little op]ation y %\ld p]=m e day y run y\r eng9e4 ,if y d y w n ?9k y h suffici5t wat] 9 ! boil]1 b w "k4 ,! eng9e] :o always kn[s he has wat] 9 ! boil] w n be likely to h an explosion4 ,especially %\ld y nev] />t y\r fire 9 ! morn+ simply because y see wat] 9 ! gauge4 ,y %\ld "k t !re is wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,n[ if y\r pump & boil] are 9 good work+ condition1 & y leave ! globe valve 9 ! supply pipe to ! pump op51 ) ! hose 9 ! tank1 y w probably come to y\r eng9e 9 ! morn+ & f9d ! boil] ne>ly full ( wat]1 & y w ?9k "s "o has be5 tamp]+ ) ! eng9e4 ,! tru? is1 h[ev]1 t z ! /eam cond5s$1 a vacuum 0 =m$1 & ! wat] fl[$ 9 on acc\nt ( atmosph]ic pressure1 j z x fl[s into a suction pump :5 ! plung] rises & creates a vacuum 9 ! pump4 ,*eck valves are arrang$ to prev5t any?+ pass+ out ( ! boil]1 b !re is no?+ to prev5t wat] pass+ 94 ,! only o!r cause ( an explosion1 beside poor mat]ial 9 ! manufacture ( ! boil]1 is too high /eam pressure1 due to a defective safety valve or imp]fect /eam gauge4 ,! /eam gauge is likely to get out ( ord] 9 a numb] ( ways1 & s is ! safety valve4 ,to make sure t bo? are all "r1 ! "o %\ld frequ5tly be te/$ by ! o!r4 ,! lev] ( ! safety valve %\ld frequ5tly be tri$ f "t to "t1 to make sure ! valve op5s & closes easily1 & :5ev] ! safety valve bl[s (f1 ! /eam gauge %\ld be not$ to see if x indicates ! pressure at :i* ! safety has be5 set4 ,,:5 ,,y\r ,,eng9e ,,is ,,all ,,"r1 ,,let ,,x ,,alone4 ,"s eng9e]s are always loos5+ a nut "h1 tight5+ up a box !re1 adju/+ ?is1 alt]+ t4 ,:5 an eng9e is all "r !y keep at x till x is all wrong4 ,z a result !y are 9 tr\ble mo/ ( ! "t4 ,:5 an eng9e is runn+ all "r1 ,,let ,,x ,,alone4 ,don't ?9k y are n e>n+ y\r sal>y because y are m]ely sitt+ /ill & look+ on4 ,if y mu/ be at "w1 keep at x ) an oily rag1 clean+ & poli%+ up4 ,t is ! way to f9d out if any?+ is really ! matt]4 ,z ! practis$ h& ( ! skill$ eng9e] goes ov] an eng9e1 8 e>s wide op5 = any peculi>ity ( s\nd1 any?+ t is n z x %\ld be w make itself decid$ly app>5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an eng9e] :o does n keep 8 eng9e clean & bright by con/antly pass+ 8 h& ov] x ) an oily rag1 is c]ta9 to ov]look some?+1 :i* p]haps 9 ! end w co/ ! own] a good _m doll>s to put "r4 ,says an old eng9e]#c we "k1 8,:5 ,i see an eng9e] wat*+ 8 eng9e closely :ile runn+1 ,i am mo/ c]ta9 to see ano!r comm5dable feature 9 a good eng9e]1 & t is1 :5 he /ops 8 eng9e he w pick up a greasy rag & g ov] 8 eng9e c>efully1 wip+ e work+ "p1 wat*+ or look+ c>efully at e po9t t he t\*es4 ,if a nut is work+ loose1 he f9ds x2 if a be>+ is hot1 he f9ds x2 if any "p ( 8 eng9e has be5 cutt+1 he f9ds x4 ,he picks up a greasy rag in/ead ( a wr5*1 = ! eng9e] t und]/&s 8 bus9ess & att5ds to x nev] picks up a wr5* unless he has some?+ to d ) x40 ,footnote #c3 ,j4 ,h4 ,magg>d1 au?or ( 8,r\gh & ,tumble ,eng9e]+10 to :om we are indebt$ = a numb] ( valuable sugge/ions 9 ?is *apt]4 ,?is same eng9e] goes on ) "s m mo/ excell5t advice4 ,says he3 8,n[1 if y\r eng9e runs irregul>ly1 t is1 if x runs up to a high] spe$ ?an y want1 & !n runs d[n1 y are likely to say at once1 #8,oh1 ,i "k :at ! tr\ble is1 x is ! gov]nor4' ,well1 suppose x is4 ,:at are y go+ to d ab\t x8 ,are y go+ to %ut d[n at once & g to t9k]+ ) x8 ,no1 don't d t4 ,/ay close to ! ?rottle valve & wat* ! gov]nor closely4 ,keep y\r eye on ! gov]nor /em1 & :5 ! eng9e />ts (f on "o ( its spe$ tilts1 y w see ! /em g d[n ?r\gh ! /uff+ box & !n /op & /ick 9 "o place until ! eng9e sl[s d[n bel[ its regul> spe$1 & x !n lets loose & goes up quickly & y\r eng9e lopes (f aga94 ,y h n[ locat$ ! tr\ble4 ,x is 9 ! /uff+ box ar\nd ! little brass rod or gov]nor /em4 ,! pack+ has become dry & by loos5+ x up & apply+ oil y may rem$y ! tr\ble until su* "t z y c repack x ) fre% pack+4 ,c&le wick is z good = ?is purpose z any?+ y c use4 8,b if ! gov]nor does n act z ,i h describ$1 & ! /em seems to be p]fectly free & easy 9 ! box1 & ! gov]nor /ill acts que]ly1 />t+ (f & runn+ fa/ = a few seconds & !n sudd5ly conclud+ to take x easy & away goes ! eng9e aga91 see if ! gov]nor belt is all "r1 & if x is x w\ld be well = y to /op & see if a :eel is n loose4 ,x might be ei!r ! little belt :eel or "o ( ! little cog :eels4 ,if y f9d ^! are all "r1 exam9e ! spool on ! crank %aft f :i* ! gov]nor is run1 & y w probably f9d x loose4 ,if ! eng9e has be5 run = any l5g? ( "t1 y w always f9d ! tr\ble 9 "o ( ^! places2 b if x is a new "o1 ! gov]nor valve might "w a little tight 9 ! valve *amb]1 & y may h to take x out & use a little em]y pap] to take (f ! r\gh projections on ! valve4 ,nev] use a file on ?is valve if y c get em]y pap]1 & ,i %\ld advise y always to h "s ( x ) y4 ,x w (t5 come h&y40 ,?is is good advice 9 reg>d to any tr\ble y may h ) an eng9e4 ,wat* ! affect$ "p closely2 ?9k ! matt] ov] c>efully1 & see if y _c locate ! difficulty be=e y ev5 /op y\r eng9e4 ,if y f9d ! tr\ble & "k t y h f\nd x1 y w soon be able to correct ! defect1 & no "t w be lo/4 ,at ! same "t y w n ru9 y\r eng9e by try+ all sorts ( rem$ies at r&om 9 ! ?\ght t y may ultimately hit ! "r ?+4 ,! *ances are t be=e y d hit ! "r po9t1 y w h put half a doz5 o!r matt]s wrong1 & x w take half a day to get ! matt] "r aga94 ,z !re are _m diff]5t types ( gov]nors 9 use1 x w\ld be impossible to give exact directions = regulat+ t w\ld apply to !m all2 b ! foll[+ sugge/ions apply+ to ! ,wat]s gov]nor 7"o widely us$ on ?re%+ eng9es7 w give a g5]al idea ( ! me?od = all3 ,!re are two little brass nuts on ! top ( ! /em ( ! gov]nor1 "o a ?umb nut & ! o!r a loose jam nut4 ,to increase ! spe$1 loos5 ! jam nut & !n turn ! ?umb nut back sl[ly1 wat*+ ! motion ( ! eng9e all ! "t4 ,:5 ! requir$ spe$ has be5 obta9$1 !n tight5 up z snug z y c ) y\r f+]s 7n us+ a wr5*74 ,to decrease ! spe$1 loos5 ! jam nut z be=e1 runn+ x up a few turns1 & !n turn d[n ! ?umb nut till ! spe$ meets y\r requirem5ts1 :5 ! ?umb nut is made fa/ z be=e4 ,9 any case1 be v c>eful n to press d[n on ! /em :5 turn+ ! ?umb nut1 z ?is w make ! eng9e run a little sl[] ?an w be ! case :5 y\r h& has be5 remov$4 ,if y\r eng9e does n />t ) an op5 ?rottle1 look to see if ! gov]nor /em has n be5 screw$ d[n tight4 ,?is is usually ! case ) a new eng9e1 :i* has be5 screw$ d[n = safety 9 transportation4 ,,wat] ,,= ,,! ,,boil]4 ,!re is no?+ t ne$s su* con/ant wat*+ & is likely to cause s mu* tr\ble if x is n c>$ =1 z ! supply ( wat]4 ,h>d well wat] w coat ! inside ( ! boil] ) lime & soon r$uce its /eam+ p[] 9 a s]i\s degree1 to say no?+ ( /opp+ up pipes1 cocks1 etc4 ,at ! same "t1 ra9 wat] t is p]fectly pure 7!oretically7 w be f\nd to h a little acid or alkali 9 x t w eat ?r\gh ! iron or /eel & d equal damage4 ,h[ev]1 an eng9e] mu/ use :at wat] he c4 ,he _c h x made to ord] = him1 b he mu/ take x f well1 f brook1 or ci/]n1 or roadside dit*1 z circum/ances may require4 ,! problem = ! eng9e] is n to get ! be/ wat]1 b to make ! be/ use ( :atev] wat] he c get1 always1 ( c\rse1 *oos+ ! be/ & pure/ :5 !re is su* a ?+ z *oos+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all supply pipes 9 wat] t is muddy or likely to h /icks1 leaves1 or ! l 9 x1 %\ld be furni%$ ) /ra9]s4 ,if /icks or leaves get into ! valve1 ! exp5se 9 "t & worry to get !m out w be t5 times ! co/ ( a /ra9]4 ,if ! wat] is ra9 wat]1 & ! boil] is a new "o1 x w\ld be well to put 9 a little lime to give ! iron a slight coat+ t w protect x f any acid or alkali corrosion4 ,if ! wat] is h>d1 "s comp\nd or sal ammonia %\ld be us$4 ,no specific directions c be giv51 s9ce wat] is made h>d by hav+ diff]5t sub/ances dissolv$ 9 x1 & ! "r comp\nd or *emical is t :i* is adapt$ to ! p>ticul> sub/ance y are to c\nt]act4 ,an old eng9e] says 8 advice is to use no comp\nd at all1 b to put a hatful ( potatoes 9 ! boil] e morn+4 ,occasionally us+ ra9 wat] = a day or two previ\s to clean+ is "o ( ! be/ ?+s 9 ! _w to remove & ?r[ d[n all scale4 ,x beats comp\nds at e po9t4 ,x is nature's rem$y = ! bad effects ( h>d wat]4 ,! important ?+1 h[ev]1 is to clean ! boil] ?or\ghly & (t54 ,9 no case %\ld ! lime be all[$ to bake on ! iron4 ,if x gets ?ick1 ! iron or /eel is sure to burn1 & ! lime to bake s h>d x w be almo/ impossible to get x (f4 ,b if ! boil] is clean$ (t51 su* a ?+ w n happ54 ,mud or s$im5t c be bl[n (f by op5+ ! valve f ! mud drum or ! firebox at ! bottom ( ! boil] :5 ! pressure is n ov] #ae or #bj p\nds2 & at ?is pressure mu* ( ! lime di/ribut$ ab\t ! boil] may be bl[n (f4 ,b ?is is n en\gh4 ,! inside ( ! boil] %\ld be scrap$ & ?or\ghly wa%$ out ) a hose & =ce-pump j z (t5 z ! condition ( ! wat] requires x4 ,9 clean+ ! boil]1 always be c>eful to scrape all ! lime (f ! top ( ! fusible plug4 ,,! ,,pump4 ,9 ord] to manage ! pump successfully1 ! "y eng9e] mu/ und]/& ?or\ghly its con/ruction z already describ$4 ,x is also necess>y to und]/& some?+ ( ! !ory ( atmosph]ic pressure1 lift+ p[]1 & =c+ p[]4 ,fir/ see t ! cocks or globe valves 7:i*ev] are us$7 are op5 bo? betwe5 ! boil] & ! pump & betwe5 ! pump & ! wat] supply4 ,! globe valve next ! boil] %\ld nev] be clos$1 except :5 exam9+ ! boil] *eck valve4 ,!n op5 ! little pet cock betwe5 ! two upp] horizontal *eck valves4 ,be sure t ! *eck valves are 9 good ord]1 s t wat] c pass only 9 "o direction4 ,a cle>1 %>p click ( ! *eck valves is c]ta9 evid5ce t ! pump is work+ well4 ,if y _c he> ! click1 take a /ick or p5cil betwe5 y\r tee? at "o end1 put ! o!r end on ! valve1 /uff y\r f+]s 9 y\r e>s1 & y w he> ! movem5t ( ! valve z pla9ly z if x 7 a sl$ge-hamm]4 ,! small dra9 cock betwe5 ! horizontal *eck valves is us$ to dra9 hot wat] out ( ! pump 9 />t+1 = a pump w nev] "w well ) hot wat] 9 x2 & to dra9 (f all wat] 9 clos+ d[n 9 cold wea!r1 to prev5t damage f freez+4 ,x also assi/s 9 te/+ ! work+ ( ! pump4 ,9 />t+ up x may be left op54 ,if wat] fl[s f ! dra9 cock1 we "k ! pump is work+ all "r1 & !n close ! dra9 cock4 ,if y are at any "t 9 d\bt z to :e!r wat] is go+ into ! boil] prop]ly1 y may op5 ?is dra9 cock & see if cold wat] fl[s freely4 ,if x does1 ev]y?+ is work+ z x %\ld4 ,if hot wat] appe>s1 y may "k some?+ is wrong4 ,also1 to te/ ! pump1 place y\r h& on ! two *eck valves1 & if !y are cold1 ! pump is all "r2 if !y are hot1 some?+ is wrong1 s9ce ! heat mu/ come f ! boil]1 & no hot wat] or /eam %\ld ev] be all[$ to pass f ! boil] back to ! pump4 ,a /op cock next ! boil] is decid$ly pref]able to a globe valve1 s9ce y c tell if x is op5 by simply look+ at x2 :]eas y mu/ put y\r h& on a globe valve & turn x4 ,tr\ble (t5 arises ?r\gh inadv]t5tly clos+ ! valve or cock next ! boil]1 9 :i* case1 ( c\rse1 no wat] c pass into ! boil]1 & ! pump is likely to be ru9$1 s9ce ! wat] mu/ get out some:]e4 ,"s "p ( ! pump w\ld be sure to bur/ if work$ aga9/ a clos$ boil] cock or valve4 ,%\ld ! pump sudd5ly cease to "w or /op1 fir/ see if y h any wat] 9 ! tank4 ,if !re is wat]1 /oppage may be due to air 9 ! pump *amb]1 :i* c get 9 only ?r\gh ! /uff+-box4 ,if ?is is true1 tight5 up ! pump plung] /uff+-box nut a little4 ,if n[ ! pump />ts (f well1 y h f\nd ! difficulty2 b at ! fir/ opportunity y ought to repack ! /uff+-box4 ,if ! /uff+-box is all "r1 exam9e ! supply suction hose4 ,see t no?+ is clogg+ ! /ra9]1 & asc]ta9 :e!r ! wat] is suck$ 9 or n4 ,if x is suck$ 9 & !n is =c$ out aga9 7:i* y c asc]ta9 by hold+ y\r h& lightly ov] ! suction pipe71 y may "k some?+ is ! matt] ) ! fir/ *eck valve4 ,probably a /ick or /one has gott5 into x & prev5ts x f %utt+ d[n4 ,if !re is no suction1 exam9e ! second *eck valve4 ,if !re is some?+ "u x t prev5ts its clos+1 ! wat] w fl[ back into ! pump *amb] aga9 z soon z ! plung] is drawn back4 ,y c always tell :e!r ! tr\ble is 9 ! second *eck or 9 ! hot wat] *eck valve by op5+ ! little dra9 cock4 ,if hot wat] fl[s f x1 y may "k t ! hot wat] *eck valve is out ( ord]2 if only cold wat] fl[s1 y may be pretty sure ! hot wat] *eck is all "r4 ,if !re is any reason to suspect ! hot wat] *eck valve1 close ! /op cock or valve next ! boil] be=e y t\* ! *eck 9 any way4 ,to tamp] ) ! hot wat] *eck :ile ! /eam pressure is ^u x w\ld be highly dang]\s1 = y are liable to get badly burn$ ) escap+ /eam or hot wat]4 ,at ! same "t1 be v sure ! /op cock or valve next ! boil] is op5 aga9 be=e y />t ! pump4 ,ano!r reason = *eck valves refus+ to "w besides hav+ some?+ "u !m1 is t ! valve may /ick 9 ! valve *amb] because ( a r\gh place 9 ! *amb]1 or a little projection on ! valve4 ,light tapp+ ) a wr5* may rem$y ! matt]4 ,if t does n "w1 try ! foll[+ plan sugge/$ by an old eng9e]#d3 8,take ! valve out1 bore a hole 9 a bo>d ab\t "o-half in* deep1 & l>ge en\gh to p]mit ! valve to be turn$4 ,drop a little em]y du/ 9 ?is hole4 ,if y hav5't any em]y du/1 scrape "s grit f a :et/one4 ,if y h no :et/one1 put "s f9e s& or gritty soil 9 ! hole1 put ! valve on top ( x1 put y\r brace on ! valve & turn x vigor\sly = a few m9utes1 & y w remove all r\ghness40 ,footnote #d3 ,j4 ,h4 ,magg>d4 ,sometimes ! burr on ! valve comes f long use2 b ! above treatm5t w make x z good z new4 ,,injectors4 ,all injectors are greatly affect$ by conditions1 su* z ! lift1 ! /eam pressure1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat]1 etc4 ,an injector w n use hot wat] well1 if at all4 ,z ! lift is great]1 ! /eam pressure requir$ to />t is great]1 & at ! same "t ! highe/ /eam pressure "u :i* ! injector w "w at all is greatly decreas$4 ,! same applies to ! lift+ ( w>m wat]3 ! high] ! temp]ature1 ! great] ! /eam pressure requir$ to />t1 & ! less ! /eam pressure :i* c be us$ z a maximum4 ,x is important = ! sake ( economy to use ! "r siz$ injector4 ,be=e buy+ a new injector1 f9d out fir/ h[ mu* wat] y ne$ = y\r boil]1 & !n buy an injector ( ab\t ! capacity requir$1 ?\gh ( c\rse an injector mu/ always h a maximum capacity 9 excess ( :at w be requir$4 ,if ! fe$ wat] is cold1 a good injector ought to />t ) #be p\nds /eam pressure & "w up to #aej p\nds = a #b-;foot lift4 ,if ! lift is eight feet1 x w />t at #cj p\nds & "w up to #acj4 ,if ! wat] is heat$ to #ajj degrees ,fahr5heit x w />t = a #b-;foot lift ) #bf p\nds & "w up to #abj p\nds1 or = an #h-;foot lift1 x w />t ) #cc p\nds & "w up to #ajj4 ,^! figures apply to ! s+le tube injector4 ,! d\ble tube injector %\ld "w f #ad p\nds to #bej1 & f #ae to #baj "u same conditions z above4 ,! d\ble tube injector is n commonly us$ on f>m eng9es1 h[ev]4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! injector is n s ne> ! boil] z to become heat$1 else x w n "w4 ,if x gets too hot1 x mu/ be cool$ by p\r+ cold wat] on ! outside1 fir/ hav+ cov]$ x ) a clo? to hold ! wat]4 ,if ! injector is cool1 & ! /eam pressure & lift are all "r1 & /ill ! injector does n "w1 y may be sure !re is "s ob/ruction some:]e4 ,%ut (f ! /eam f ! boil]1 & run a f9e wire d[n ?r\gh ! cone valve or cyl9d] valve1 aft] hav+ remov$ ! cap or plug nut4 ,/>t+ an injector always requires "s skill1 & injectors diff]4 ,"s />t by manipulat+ ! /eam valve2 "s require t ! /eam be turn$ on fir/1 & !n ! wat] turn$ on 9 j ! "r am\nt1 usually ) a quick %ort twi/ ( ! supply valve4 ,(t5 "s pati5ce is requir$ to get j ! "r turn on x s t x w />t4 ,( c\rse y mu/ be sure t all jo9ts are air-tight1 else ! injector w n "w "u any conditions4 ,nev] use an injector :]e a pump c be us$1 z ! injector is mu* m wa/eful ( /eam4 ,x is = an em]g5cy or to ?r[ wat] 9 a boil] :5 eng9e is n runn+4 ,no lubricator is ne$$ on an injector4 ,,! ,,heat]4 ,! con/ruction ( ! heat] has already be5 expla9$4 ,x has two *eck valves1 "o on ! side ( ! pump & "o on ! side ( ! boil]1 bo? op5+ t[>d ! boil]4 ,! exhau/ /eam is usually at a temp]ature ( #bae to #bbj degrees :5 x ent]s ! heat] *amb]1 & heats ! wat] ne>ly or q to boil+ po9t z x passes ?r\gh4 ,! injector heats ! wat] almo/ z hot4 ,! heat] requires little att5tion1 & ! *eck valves seldom get out ( ord]4 ,! pump is to be us$ :5 ! eng9e is runn+1 & ! injector :5 ! eng9e is clos$ d[n4 ,! pump is ! m economical2 b :5 ! eng9e is n work+ ! exhau/ /eam is n suffici5t to heat ! wat] 9 ! heat]2 & pump+ cold wat] into ! boil] w quickly br+ d[n ! pressure & injure ! boil]4 ,,economical ,,fir+4 ,! managem5t ( ! fire is "o ( ! mo/ important ?+s 9 runn+ a /eam eng9e4 ,on x dep5d two ?+s ( ! greate/ consequ5ce--success 9 gett+ up /eam quickly & keep+ x at a /eady pressure "u all conditions2 & economy 9 ! use ( fuel4 ,an eng9e] :o und]/&s fir+ 9 ! mo/ economical way w probably save 8 wages to 8 employ] ov] ! eng9e] :o is indiff]5t or unsci5tific ab\t x4 ,!re=e ! "y eng9e] %\ld give ! subject great att5tion4 ,fir/1 let u consid] fir+ ) coal4 ,all exp]t eng9e]s advise a 8?90 fire4 ,?is means t y %\ld h a ?9 b$ ( coals1 say ab\t f\r in*es ?ick1 all ov] ! grate4 ,!re %\ld be no holes or dead places 9 ?is1 = if !re are any1 cold air w %ort-circuit into ! fire flues & cool (f ! boil]4 ,! be/ way ( fir+ is to spread ! coal on ) a small h& %ovel1 a v little at a "t1 scatt]+ x well ov] ! fire4 ,ano!r way1 recomm5d$ by "s1 is to h a small pile ( fre% fuel at ! front ( ! grate1 pu%+ x back ov] ! grate :5 x is well light$4 ,to manage ?is well w require "s practice & skill1 & = a beg9n]1 we recomm5d scatt]+ small %ovelsful all ov] ! fire4 ,all lump coal %\ld be brok5 to a uni=m size4 ,no piece l>g] ?an a man's fi/ %\ld be put 9 a firebox4 ,seldom use ! pok] above ! fire1 = no?+ has su* a t5d5cy to put out a coal fire z /irr+ x ) a pok] above4 ,& :5 !re is a good gl[ all ov] ! grate bel[1 ! pok] is n ne$$ bel[4 ,:5 ! grate becomes cov]$ ) dead a%es1 !y %\ld be cauti\sly b fully remov$1 & cl9k]s mu/ be lift$ out ) ! pok] f above1 c>e be+ ex]cis$ to cov] up ! holes ) live coals4 ,h>d coal if us$ %\ld be damp5$ be=e be+ put on ! fire4 ,:5 ! fire is burn+ a little too briskly1 close ! draft b d n tamp] ) ! fire itself4 ,%\ld x become important on a sudd5 em]g5cy to *eck ! fire at any "t quickly1 nev] da% wat] ^u x1 b r ?r[ pl5ty ( fre% fuel ^u x4 ,fre% fuel always l[]s ! heat at fir/4 ,if all drafts are clos$ tight1 x w l[] ! heat consid]ably = q a "t4 ,9 *eck+ a fire1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t v sudd5 cool+ w almo/ surely crack ! boil]4 ,if !re is dang] ( an explosion x may be necess>y to draw ! fire out entirely2 b "u no circum/ances %\ld cold wat] be ?r[n on4 ,aft] draw+ ! fire close all doors & damp]s4 ,,fir+ ,,) ,,wood4 ,always keep ! fire door %ut z mu* z possible1 z cold air ?us admitt$ w *eck ! fire & ru9 ! boil]4 ,fir+ ) wood is 9 _m ways ! exact rev]se ( fir+ ) coal4 ,! firebox %\ld be fill$ full ( wood at all times4 ,! wood %\ld be ?r[n 9 9 e direction1 9 pieces ( mod]ate size1 & z x burns away1 fre% pieces %\ld be put 9 at ! front s t !y w get light$ & ready to burn be=e be+ pu%$ back ne> ! boil]4 ,x (t5 helps a wood fire1 too1 to /ir x ) a pok]4 ,wood makes mu* less a% ?an coal1 & :at little accumulates 9 ! grate w n d mu* h>m4 ,sometimes gre5 wood w n burn because x gets too mu* cold air4 ,9 t case ! /icks %\ld be pack$ z close toge!r z possible1 /ill leav+ a place = ! air to pass4 ,also a wood fire1 especially "o ) gre5 wood1 %\ld be kept up to a high temp]ature all ! "t2 = if x is all[$ to drop d[n ! wood w sudd5ly cease to burn at all4 ,,fir+ ,,) ,,/raw4 ,9 fir+ ) /raw x is important to keep ! %ute full ( /raw all ! "t s t no cold air c get 9 on top ( ! fire4 ,don't pu% ! /raw 9 too fa/1 ei!r1 b keep x mov+ at a uni=m rate1 ) small =kfulls4 ,n[ & !n x is well to turn ! =k ov] & run x d[n into ! fire to keep ! fire level4 ,a%es may be all[$ to fill up 9 re> ( a% box1 b fifte5 in*es %\ld be kept cle> 9 front to provide draft4 ,! brick ar* may be wat*$ f ! side op5+ 9 ! firebox1 & %\ld %[ a cont9u\s /ream ( :ite flame com+ ov] x4 ,if too mu* /raw is =c$ 91 t w *eck ! flame4 ,! flame %\ld nev] be *eck$4 ,if damp /raw gets aga9/ ! ends ( ! flues1 x %\ld be scrap$ (f ) ! pok] f side door4 ,clean ! tubes well once a day4 ,! draft mu/ always be kept /rong en\gh to produce a :ite heat1 & if ?is _c be done o!rwise1 a small] nozzle may be us$ on ! exhau/ pipe2 b ?is %\ld be avoid$ :5 possible1 s9ce x causes back pressure on ! eng9e4 ,nev] let ! front end ( ! boil] /& on l[ gr\nd4 ,eng9e %\ld be level1 or front end high1 if x has a firebox locomotive boil]2 if a return flue boil]1 be c>eful to keep x always level4 ,9 burn+ /raw take p>ticul> notice t ! sp>k scre5 9 /ack does n get fill$ up4 ,,! ,,a% ,,pit4 ,9 burn+ coal x is exce$+ly important t ! a%es be kept clean$ out1 z ! hot c9d]s fall+ d[n on ! heap ( a%es almo/ z high z ! grate w ov]heat ! grate 9 a v %ort "t & w>p x all out ( %ape1 s ru9+ x4 ,) wood & /raw1 on ! contr>y1 an accumulation ( a%es w (t5 help & w seldom d any h>m1 because no v hot c9d]s c drop d[n bel[ ! grates1 & ! hotte/ "p ( ! fire is "s di/ance above ! grates4 ,,/>t+ ,a ,,fire4 ,y mu/ make up y\r m9d t x w take half an h\r to an h\r or s to get up /eam 9 any boil] t is p]fectly cold4 ,! metal exp&s & %r9ks a great deal ) ! heat & cold1 & a sudd5 application ( heat w\ld ru9 a boil] 9 a %ort "t4 ,h5ce x is necess>y = reasons ( eng9e economy to make *anges ( temp]ature1 ei!r cool+ (f or heat+ up1 gradually4 ,fir/ see t !re is wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,/>t a brisk fire ) p9e k9dl+s1 gradually putt+ on coal or wood1 z ! case may be1 & spread+ ! fire ov] ! grate s t all p>ts w be cov]$ ) gl[+ coals4 ,:5 y h #ae or #bj p\nds ( /eam1 />t ! bl[]4 ,z has already be5 describ$1 ! bl[] is a pipe ) a nozzle lead+ f ! /eam space ( ! boil] to ! smoke /ack1 & fitt$ ) a globe valve4 ,! =ce ( ! /eam drives ! air out ( ! /ack1 caus+ a vacuum1 :i* is imm$iately fill$ by ! hot gases f ! firebox com+ ?r\gh ! boil] tubes4 ,little is to be ga9$ by us+ ! bl[] ) less ?an #ae p\nds ( /eam1 z ! bl[] has s little /r5g? bel[ t1 t x draws (f ab\t z mu* /eam z is made & no?+ is ga9$4 ,! bl[] is seldom ne$$ :5 ! eng9e is work+1 z ! exhau/ /eam %\ld be suffici5t to keep ! fire go+ briskly4 ,if x is n1 y %\ld conclude t some?+ is ! matt]4 ,!re are times1 h[ev]1 :5 ! bl[] is requir$ ev5 :5 ! eng9e is go+4 ,= example1 if y are work+ ) v light load & small use ( /eam1 ! exhau/ may be insuffici5t to keep up ! fire2 & ?is w be especially true if ! fuel is v poor4 ,9 su* a case1 turn on ! bl[] v slightly4 ,b rememb] t y are wa/+ /eam if y c get along )\t ! bl[]4 ,exam9e ! nozzle ( ! bl[] n[ & !n to see t x does n become lim$ up1 or turn$ s z to direct ! /eam to "o side ( ! /ack1 :]e its =ce w\ld be wa/$4 ,bew>e1 also1 ( creat+ too mu* draft2 = too mu* draft w use up fuel & make little /eam4 ,,smoke4 ,coal smoke is no?+ m or less ?an unburn$ c>bon4 ,! m smoke y get1 ! less w be ! heat f a giv5 am\nt ( fuel4 ,great cl\ds ( black smoke f an eng9e all ! "t are a v bad sign 9 an eng9e]4 ,!y %[ t he does n "k h[ to fire4 ,he has n foll[$ ! directions already giv51 to h a ?91 hot fire1 ) few a%es "u 8 grate4 ,in/ead1 he ?r[s on great %ovelsful ( coal at a "t1 & has ! coal up to ! firebox door4 ,8 fuel is always mak+ smoke1 :i* soon clogs up ! smoke flues & less5s ! am\nt ( /eam he is gett+4 ,if he _h kept 8 fire v 8?910 b v hot1 ?r[+ on a small h& %ovel ( coal at a "t1 seldom pok+ 8 fire except to lift out cl9k]s or clean away dead a%es "u ! grate1 & keep+ 8 a%pit free f a%es1 !re w\ld be only a little puff ( black smoke :5 ! fre% coal w5t on1 & !n ! smoke w\ld quickly disappe>1 :ile ! fire flues w\ld burn clean & n get clogg$ up ) soot4 ,x is important1 h[ev]1 to keep ! small fire flues especially well clean$ out ) a good flue clean]2 = all accumulation ( soot prev5ts ! heat f pass+ ?r\gh ! /eel1 & s r$uces ! heat+ capacity ( ! boil]4 ,clean+ ! tubes ) a /eam bl[] is nev] advisable1 z x =ms a pa/e on ! tube t greatly impairs its commodity4 ,,sp>ks4 ,) coal !re is little dang] ( fires caus$ by sp>ks f ! eng9e4 ,:at sp>ks !re are are heavy & dead1 & w ev5 fall on a pile ( /raw )\t sett+ x on fire4 ,on a v w9dy day1 h[ev]1 :5 y are runn+ y\r eng9e v h>d1 especially if x is ( ! direct locomotive boil] type1 y want to be c>eful ev5 ) coal4 ,) wood x is v diff]5t2 & likewise ) /raw4 ,wood & /raw sp>ks are always dang]\s1 & an eng9e %\ld nev] be run = ?re%+ ) wood or /raw )\t us+ a sp>k-arre/]4 ,x sometimes happ5s t :5 coal is us$ x w give out1 & y w be ask$ to f9i% y\r job ) wood4 ,9 su* a case1 x is ! duty ( an eng9e] to /ate fully & frankly ! dang] ( fir+ ) wood )\t a sp>k arre/]1 & he %\ld g on only :5 ord]$ to d s by ! proprietor1 aft] he has be5 fully w>n$4 ,9 t case all responsibility is %ift$ f ! eng9e] to ! own]4 ,,! ,,fusible ,,plug4 ,! c>eful eng9e] w nev] h occasion to d any?+ to ! fusible plug except to clean ! scale (f f ! top ( x on ! inside ( ! boil] once a week1 & put 9 a fre% plug once a mon?4 ,x is put 9 m]ely z a precaution to provide = c>elessness4 ,! eng9e] :o all[s ! fusible plug to melt out is by t v fact m>k$ z a c>eless man1 & ought to f9d x s mu* ! h>d] to get a job4 ,z has already be5 expla9$1 ! fusible plug is a plug fill$ 9 ! middle ) "s metal t w melt at a comp>atively l[ temp]ature4 ,s long z x is cov]$ ) wat]1 no am\nt ( heat w melt x1 s9ce ! wat] conducts ! heat away f ! metal & nev] all[s x to rise above a c]ta9 temp]ature4 ,:5 ! plug is no long] cov]$ ) wat]1 h[ev]1--9 %ort1 :5 ! wat] has fall5 bel[ ! dang] l9e 9 ! boil]--! metal 9 ! plug w fuse1 or melt1 & make an op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! /eam w bl[ into ! firebox & put out ! fire4 ,h[ev]1 if ! top ( ! fusible plug has be5 all[$ to become ?ickly coat$ ) scale1 ?is safety precaution may n "w & ! boil] may explode4 ,9 any case ! fusible plug is n to be dep5d$ on4 ,at ! same "t a good eng9e] w take e precaution1 & "o ( ^! is to keep ! top ( ! plug well clean$4 ,also he w h an extra plug all ready & fill$ ) composition metal1 to put 9 %\ld ! plug 9 ! boil] melt out4 ,!n he w refill ! old plug z soon z possible4 ,?is may be done by putt+ a little moi/ clay 9 "o end to prev5t ! hot metal f runn+ ?r\gh1 & !n p\r+ into ! o!r end ( ! plug z mu* melt$ metal z x w hold4 ,:5 cold1 tamp d[n solidly4 ,,leaky ,,flues4 ,"o common cause ( leaky flues is leav+ ! fire door op5 s t curr5ts ( cold air w ru% 9 on ! heat$ flues & cause !m1 or "s o!r p>ts ( ! boil]1 to contract too sudd5ly4 ,! be/ boil] made may be ru9$ 9 "t by all[+ cold curr5ts ( air to /rike ! heat$ int]ior4 ,once or twice w n d x2 b cont9ually leav+ ! fire door op5 w c]ta9ly "w mis*ief 9 ! end4 ,( c\rse1 if flues 9 a new boil] leak1 x is ! fault ( ! boil] mak]4 ,! tubes 7 n l>ge en\gh to fill ! holes 9 ! tube %eets prop]ly4 ,b if a boil] runs = a season or s & !n ! flues beg9 to leak1 ! *ances are t x is due to ! c>elessness ( ! eng9e]4 ,x may be he has be5 mak+ 8 fires too hot2 x may be leav+ ! firebox door op52 x may be runn+ ! boil] at too high pressure2 x may be bl[+ out ! boil] :5 x is too hot2 or bl[+ out ! boil] :5 !re is /ill "s fire 9 ! firebox2 x may be due to lime encru/$ on ! inside ( ! tube %eets1 caus+ !m to ov]heat4 ,flues may also be made to leak by pump+ cold wat] into ! boil] :5 ! wat] inside is too l[2 or p\r+ cold wat] into a hot boil] w d x4 ,"s eng9e]s bl[ out _! boil]s to clean !m1 & !n be+ 9 a hurry to get to "w1 refill !m :ile ! metal is hot4 ,! flues _c /& ?is1 s9ce !y are ?9n] ?an ! %ell ( ! boil] & cool mu* m quickly2 h5ce !y w contract mu* fa/] ?an ! re/ ( ! boil] & some?+ has to come loose4 ,once a flue />ts to leak+1 x is n likely to /op till x has be5 repair$2 & "o leaky flue w make o!rs leak4 ,n[ :at %all y d ) a leaky flue8 ,to repair a leaky flue y %\ld h a flue exp&] & a calk+ tool1 ) a light hamm]4 ,if y are small en\gh y w creep 9 at ! firebox door ) a c&le 9 y\r h&4 ,fir/1 clean (f ! ends ( ! flues & flue %eet ) "s cotton wa/e4 ,!n =ce ! exp&] into ! leaky flue1 br++ ! %\ld] well up aga9/ ! end ( ! flue4 ,!n drive 9 ! tap]+ p94 ,be v c>eful n to drive x 9 too f>1 = if y exp& ! flue too mu*1 y w /ra9 ! flue %eet & cause o!r flues to leak4 ,y mu/ use y\r judgm5t & proce$ cauti\sly4 ,x is bett] to make two or ?ree trials ?an to spoil y\r boil] by bad "w4 ,! roll] exp&] is pref]able to ! ,pross] 9 ! h&s ( a novice4 ,! tube %\ld be exp&$ only en\gh to /op ! leak4 ,f>!r exp&+ w only d injury4 ,:5 y ?9k ! flue has be5 exp&$ en\gh1 hit ! p9 a side bl[ to loos5 x4 ,!n turn ! exp&] a qu>t] r\nd1 & drive 9 ! p9 aga94 ,loos5 up & cont9ue till y h turn$ ! exp&] entirely ar\nd4 ,f9ally remove ! exp&]1 & use ! calk+ tool to bead ! end4 ,x is be/1 h[ev]1 to exp& all leaky flues be=e do+ any bead+4 ,! bead+ is done by plac+ ! guide or gauge inside ! flue1 & !n p\nd+ ! ends ( ! flue d[n aga9/ ! flue %eet by light bl[s4 ,be v c>eful n to bruise ! flue %eet or flues1 & use no heavy bl[s1 nor ev5 a heavy hamm]4 ,g sl[ly & c>efully ar\nd ! end ( ea* flue2 & if y h done y\r "w ?or\ghly & c>efully ! flues w be all "r4 ,b y %\ld te/ y\r boil] be=e /eam+ up1 to make sure t all ! leaks are /opp$1 especially if !re h be5 bad ones4 ,!re are v>i\s ways to te/+ a boil]4 ,if wat]works are h&y1 connect ! boil] ) a hydrant & aft] fill+ ! boil]1 let x receive ! hydrant pressure4 ,!n exam9e ! calk$ flues c>efully1 & if y see any seep+ ( wat]1 use y\r bead] lightly till ! wat] /ops4 ,9 case no wat]works ) good pressure are at h&1 y c use a hydraulic pump or a good =ce pump4 ,! am\nt ( pressure requir$ 9 te/+ a boil] %\ld be t at :i* ! safety valve is set to bl[ (f1 say #aaj to #acj lbs4 ,?is w be suffici5t4 ,if y are 9 ! field ) no hydrant or =ce pump h&y1 y may te/ y\r boil] 9 ?is way3 ,take (f ! safety valve & fill ! boil] full ( wat] ?r\gh ! safety valve op5+4 ,!n screw ! safety back 9 its place4 ,y %\ld be sure t e bit ( space 9 ! boil] is fill$ entirely full ( wat]1 ) all op5+s tightly clos$4 ,!n get back 9 ! boil] & h a bundle ( /raw burn$ "u ! firebox1 or "u ! wai/ ( ! boil]1 s t at "s po9t ! wat] w be slightly heat$4 ,?is w cause pressure4 ,if y\r safety valve is 9 p]fect ord]1 y w "k z soon z wat] beg9s to escape at ! safety valve :e!r y\r flues are calk$ tight en\gh or n4 ,! wat] is heat$ only a few degrees1 & ! pressure is cold wat] pressure4 ,9 v cold wea!r ?is me?od _c be us$1 h[ev]1 z wat] has no expansive =ce )9 five degrees ( freez+4 ,! above me?ods are n int5d$ = te/+ ! safety ( a boil]1 b only = te/+ = leaky flues4 ,if y wi% to h y\r boil] te/$1 x is bett] to get an exp]t to d x4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,manage ,a ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,a traction eng9e is usually ! simple/ k9d ( an eng9e made4 ,if x 7 n1 x w\ld require a highly exp]t eng9e] to run x1 & ?is w\ld be too co/ly = a f>m] or ?re%]man contractor4 ,!re=e ! build]s ( traction eng9es make !m ( ! fewe/ possible p>ts1 & 9 ! mo/ durable & simple /yle4 ,/ill1 ev5 ! simple/ eng9e requires a c]ta9 am\nt ( bra9s to manage x prop]ly1 especially if y are to get ! maximum ( "w out ( x at ! l[e/ co/4 ,if ! eng9e is 9 p]fect ord]1 ab\t all y h to d is to see t all be>+s are prop]ly lubricat$1 & t ! automatic oil] is 9 good work+ condition4 ,b z soon z an eng9e has be5 us$ = a c]ta9 "t1 !re w be we>1 :i* w appe> fir/ 9 ! j\rnals1 boxes & valve1 & x is ! fir/ duty ( a good eng9e] to adju/ ^!4 ,to adju/ !m accurately requires skill2 & x is ! possession ( t skill t goes to make a real eng9e]4 ,y\r fir/ att5tion w probably be requir$ = ! cross-head & crank boxes or brasses4 ,! crank box & p9 w probably we> fir/2 b bo? ! cross-head & crank boxes are s ne>ly alike t :at is said ( "o w apply to ! o!r4 ,y w f9d ! wri/ box 9 two p>ts4 ,9 a new eng9e ^! p>ts d n q meet4 ,!re is p]haps an eigh? ( an in* wa/e space betwe5 !m4 ,!y are br\ght up to ! box 9 mo/ f>m eng9es by a w$ge-%ap$ key4 ,?is %\ld be driv5 d[n a little at a "t z ! boxes we>1 s z to keep !m snug up to ! p91 ?\gh n too tight4 ,y cont9ue to drive 9 ! key & tight5 up ! boxes z !y we> until ! two halves come tight toge!r4 ,!n y c no long] accompli% any?+ 9 ?is way4 ,:5 ! brasses h worn s t !y c be =c$ no clos] toge!r1 !y mu/ be tak5 (f & ! ends ( !m fil$ :]e !y come toge!r4 ,file (f a sixte5? ( an in* f ea* end4 ,d x ) c>e1 & be sure y get ! ends p]fectly ev54 ,:5 y h done ?is y w h ano!r eigh? ( an in* to all[ = we>4 ,n[1 by reflection y w see t z ! wri/ box we>s1 & ! w$ge-%ap$ key is driv5 91 ! pitman 7or pi/on arm7 is l5g!n$ to ! am\nt t ! half ( ! box f>!/ f ! pi/on has worn away4 ,:5 ! brasses meet1 ?is w am\nt to "o-sixte5? ( an in*4 ,n[ if y file ! ends (f & ! boxes we> s z to come toge!r once m1 ! pitman w h be5 %ort5$ "o-eigh? ( an in*2 & pretty soon ! cle>ance ( ! pi/on 9 ! cyl9d] w h be5 (fset1 & ! eng9e w beg9 to p\nd4 ,9 any case1 ! cle>ance at "o end ( ! cyl9d] w be "o-sixte5? or "o-eigh? ( an in* less1 & 9 ! o!r end "o-sixte5? or "o-eigh? ( an in* m4 ,:5 ?is is ! case y w f9d t ! eng9e is n work+ well4 ,to correct ?is1 :5 y file ! brasses ei!r ( ! cross-head box or ! crank box y mu/ put 9 "s fill+ back ( ! brass f>!/ f ! pi/on1 suffici5t to equalize ! we> t has tak5 place1 t is1 "o-sixte5? ( an in* ea* "t y h to file (f a sixte5? ( an in*4 ,?is fill+ may be "s flat pieces ( t9 or %eet copp]1 commonly call$ %ims1 & ! process is call$ %imm+4 ,z to ! front half ( ! box1 no %ims are requir$1 s9ce ! tap]+ key br+s t box up to its prop] place4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ :5 driv+ 9 ! tap]+ key or w$ge to tight5 up ! boxes1 n to drive x 9 too h>d4 ,_m eng9e]s ?9k ?is is a sure rem$y = 8knock+0 9 an eng9e1 & e "t !y he> a knock !y drive 9 ! crank box key4 ,(t5 ! knock is f "s o!r s\rce1 su* z f a loose fly :eel1 or ! l4 ,y\r e> is likely to deceive y2 = a knock f any "p ( an eng9e is likely to s\nd z if x came f ! crank box4 ,if y insi/ on driv+ 9 ! key too h>d & too (t51 y w ru9 y\r eng9e4 ,9 tight5+ up a key1 fir/ loos5 ! set screw t holds ! key2 !n drive d[n ! key till y ?9k x is tight2 !n drive x back aga91 & ?is "t =ce x d[n ) y\r fi/ z f> z y c4 ,by us+ y\r fi/ 9 ?is way aft] y h once driv5 ! p9 9 tight & loos5$ x aga9 y may be pretty c]ta9 y are n go+ to get x s tight x w cause ! box to heat4 ,,:at ,,causes ,,an ,,eng9e ,,to ,,knock4 ,! mo/ common sign t some?+ is loose ab\t an eng9e is 8knock+10 z x is call$4 ,if any box we>s a little loose1 or any :eel or ! l gets a trifle loose1 ! eng9e w beg9 to knock4 ,:5 an eng9e beg9s to knock or run h>d1 x is ! duty ( ! eng9e] to locate ! knock def9itely4 ,he mu/ n guess at x4 ,:5 he has /udi$ ! problem out c>efully1 & kn[s :]e ! knock is1 !n he may proce$ to rem$y x4 ,nev] adju/ m ?an "o "p at a "t4 ,z we h said1 a knock is usually due to loos5ess some:]e4 ,! j\rnals ( ! ma9 %aft may be loose & cause knock+4 ,!y are held 9 place by set bolts & jam nuts1 & are tight5$ by simply screw+ up ! nuts4 ,b a small turn ( a nut may make ! box s tight x w beg9 to heat at once4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 9 tight5+ up su* a box to be sure n to get x too tight4 ,once a box beg9s to cut1 x %\ld be tak5 out & ?or\ghly clean$4 ,knock+ may be due to a loose ecc5tric yoke4 ,!re is pack+ betwe5 ! two halves ( ! yoke1 & to tight5 up y mu/ take out a ?9 lay] ( ?is pack+4 ,b be c>eful n to take out too mu*1 or ! ecc5tric w /ick & beg9 to slip4 ,ano!r cause ( knock+ is ! pi/on rod loose 9 ! cross-head4 ,if ! pi/on rod is key$ to ! cross-head x is less liable to get loose ?an if x 7 fa/5$ by a nut2 b if ! key cont9ues to get loose1 x w be be/ to replace x ) a new "o4 ,unless ! pi/on rod is kept tight 9 ! cross-head1 !re is liability ( a bad crack4 ,a small /ra9 w br+ ! pi/on out ( ! cross-head entirely1 :5 ! *ances are y w knock out "o or bo? cyl9d]-heads4 ,if a nut is us$1 !re w be ! same dang] if x comes (f4 ,x %\ld !re=e be c>efully wat*$4 ,! be/ way is to tra9 ! e> to cat* any usual s\nd1 :5 loos5+ ( ! key or nut w be detect$ at once4 ,ano!r s\rce ( knock+ is loos5ess ( ! cross-head 9 ! guides4 ,provision is usually made = tak+ up ! we>2 b if !re is n1 y c take (f ! guides & file !m or h !m plan$ (f4 ,y %\ld take c>e to see t !y are kept ev51 s t !y w we> smoo? ) ! cros%ead %oes4 ,if ! fly-:eel is 9 ! lea/ loose x w also cause knock+1 & x w puzzle y n a little to locate x4 ,x may appe> to be tight2 b if ! key is ! lea/ bit too n>r[ = ! groove 9 ! %aft1 x w cause an eng9e to bump horribly1 v mu* z too mu* 8lead0 w4 ,,lead4 ,we h already expla9$ :at 8lead0 is4 ,x is op5+ ( ! port at ei!r end ( ! /eam cyl9d] all[$ by ! valve :5 ! eng9e is on a dead c5tre4 ,to f9d out :at ! lead is1 ! cov] ( ! /eam *e/ mu/ be tak5 (f1 & ! eng9e plac$ at ea* dead c5tre 9 succession4 ,if ! lead is great] at "o end ?an x is at ! o!r1 ! valve mu/ be adju/$ to equalize x4 ,z a rule ! eng9e is adju/$ ) a suitable am\nt ( lead if x is equaliz$4 ,! correct am\nt ( lead v>ies ) ! eng9e & ) ! port op5+4 ,if ! port op5+ is long & n>r[1 ! lead %\ld obvi\sly be less ?an if ! port is %ort & wide4 ,if ! lead is insuffici5t1 !re w n be en\gh /eam let into ! cyl9d] = cu%ion1 & ! eng9e w knock4 ,if !re is too mu* lead ! spe$ ( ! eng9e w be less5$1 & x w n d ! "w x ought4 ,to adju/ ! lead de novo is by no means an easy task4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,set ,a ,,simple ,,valve4 ,9 ord] to set a valve ! eng9e mu/ be br\ght to a dead c5tre4 ,?is _c be done accurately by ! eye4 ,an old eng9e]#e gives ! foll[+ directions = f9d+ ! dead c5tre accurately4 ,says he3 8,fir/ provide y\rself ) a #8tram4' ,?is is a rod ( "o-f\r? in* iron ab\t eighte5 in*es long1 ) two in*es at "o end b5t ov] to a %>p angle4 ,%>p5 bo? ends to a po9t4 ,fa/5 a block ( h>d wood some:]e ne> ! face ( ! fly-:eel1 s t :5 ! /raight end ( y\r tram is plac$ at a def9ite po9t 9 ! block1 ! hook$ end w rea* ! cr[n ( ! fly-:eel4 ,! block mu/ be held firmly 9 its place1 & ! tram mu/ always t\* x at exactly ! same po9t4 ,footnote #e3 ,j4 ,h4 ,magg>d4 8,y are n[ ready to set ab\t f9d+ ! dead c5tre4 ,9 do+ ?is1 rememb] to turn ! fly-:eel always 9 ! same direction4 8,br+ ! eng9e ov] till x ne>ly rea*es "o ( ! dead c5tres1 b n q4 ,make a di/9ct m>k across ! cross-head & guides4 ,also g ar\nd to ! fly:eel1 & plac+ ! /raight end ( ! tram at ! select$ po9t on ! block ( wood1 make a m>k across ! cr[n or c5tre ( face ( ! fly-:eel4 ,n[ turn y\r eng9e pa/ ! c5tre1 & on to a po9t at :i* ! m>k on ! cross head w once m exactly correspond ) ! l9e on ! guides1 mak+ a s+le /raight l9e4 ,once m place ! tram z be=e & make ano!r m>k across ! cr[n ( ! fly-:eel4 ,by use ( divid]s1 f9d ! exact c5tre betwe5 ! two m>ks made on ! fly-:eel1 & m>k ?is po9t di/9ctly ) a c5tre pun*4 ,n[ br+ ! fly-:eel to ! po9t :]e ! tram1 set ) its /raight end at ! requir$ po9t on ! block ( wood1 w t\* ?is po9t ) ! hook$ end1 & y w h "o ( ! dead c5tres4 8,turn ! eng9e ov] & proce$ 9 ! same way to f9d ! o!r dead c5tre40 ,n[1 sett+ ! eng9e on "o ( ! dead c5tres1 remove ! cov] ( ! /eam *e/ & proce$ to set y\r valve4 ,assum+ t ! eng9e mak] gave ! valve ! prop] am\nt ( lead 9 ! fir/ place1 y c proce$ on ! !ory t x is m]ely necess>y to equalize ! lead at bo? ends4 ,assume "s conv5i5t lead1 z "o-sixte5? ( an in*1 & set ! valve to t4 ,!n turn ! eng9e ov] & see if ! lead at ! o!r end is ! same4 ,if x is ! same1 y h set ! valve correctly4 ,if x is less at ! o!r end1 y may conclude t ! lead at bo? ends %\ld be less ?an "o-sixte5? ( an in*1 & mu/ proce$ to equalize x4 ,?is y c d by fitt+ into ! op5 space a little w$ge ( wood1 *ang+ ! valve a little until ! w$ge goes 9 to j ! same di/ance at ea* end4 ,!n y may "k t ! lead at "o end is ! same z at ! o!r end4 ,y c m>k ! w$ge = =c+ x aga9/ ! metal1 or m>k x aga9/ ! seat ( ! valve ) a p5cil4 ,! valve is set by loos5+ ! set screws t hold ! ecc5tric on ! %aft4 ,:5 ^! are loos5$ up ! valve may be mov$ freely4 ,:5 x is correctly set ! screws %\ld be tight5$1 & ! relative position ( ! ecc5tric on ! %aft may be p]man5tly m>k$ by sett+ a cold *isel s t x w cut into ! %aft & ! ecc5tric at ! same "t & giv+ x a sm>t bl[ ) ! hamm]1 s z to make a m>k on bo? ! ecc5tric & ! %aft4 ,%\ld y\r ecc5tric slip at any "t 9 ! future1 y c set y\r valve by simply br++ ! m>k on ! ecc5tric s t x w correspond ) ! m>k on ! %aft4 ,_m eng9es h su* a m>k made :5 built1 to facilitate sett+ a valve %\ld ! ecc5tric become loose4 ,^! directions apply only to sett+ ! valve ( a s+le ecc5tric eng9e4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,set ,a ,,valve ,,on ,a ,,d\ble ,,ecc5tric ,,eng9e4 ,9 sett+ a valve on a rev]sible or d\ble ecc5tric eng9e1 ! l9k may cause confusion1 & y may be try+ to set ! valve to run "o way :5 ! eng9e is set to run ! o!r4 ,! valve on su* an eng9e is exactly ! same z on a s+le ecc5tric eng9e4 ,set ! rev]se lev] = ! eng9e to g =w>d4 ,!n set ! valve exactly z ) a s+le ecc5tric eng9e4 ,:5 y h done s1 tight5 ! ecc5tric screws s t !y w hold tempor>ily1 & set ! rev]se lev] = ! eng9e to g backw>d4 ,!n put ! eng9e on dead c5tres & see if ! valve is all "r at bo? ends4 ,if x is1 y may assume t x is correctly set1 & tight5 ecc5tric screws1 m>k+ bo? ecc5trics z be=e4 ,z we h said1 mo/ eng9es are m>k$ 9 ! factory1 s t x is n a difficult matt] to set ! valves1 x be+ necess>y only to br+ ! ecc5tric ar\nd s t ! m>k on x w correspond ) ! m>k on ! %aft4 ,y c easily tell :e!r ! lead is ! same at bo? ends by li/5+ to ! exhau/4 ,if x is long] at "o end ?an ! o!r1 ! valve is n prop]ly set4 ,,slipp+ ,,( ,,! ,,ecc5tric ,,or ,,valve4 ,if ! ecc5tric slips ! lea/ bit x may cause ! eng9e to /op1 or to act v que]ly4 ,!re=e ! m>ks on ! %aft & on ! ecc5tric %\ld be wat*$ closely1 & ( c\rse all grease & dirt %\ld be kept wip$ (f1 s t !y c be se5 easily4 ,!n ! jam nuts %\ld be tight5$ up a little f "t to "t4 ,if ! eng9e seems to act /rangely1 & yet ! ecc5trics are all "r1 look at ! valve 9 ! /eam *e/4 ,if ! valve /em has work$ loose f ! valve1 tr\ble w be caus$4 ,x may be held 9 place by a nut1 & ! nut may "w (f2 or ! valve may be held by a clamp & p91 & ! p9 may "w loose4 ,ei!r w cause loss ( motion1 & p]haps a sudd5 /opp+ ( ! eng9e4 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,cyl9d] ,,/eam ,,cocks4 ,x is a comp>atively simple matt] to te/ a /eam cyl9d] by use ( ! cyl9d] cocks4 ,to d ?is1 op5 bo? cocks1 place ! eng9e on ! =w>d c5t]1 & turn on a little /eam4 ,if ! /eam bl[s out at ! =w>d cock1 we may judge t our lead is all "r4 ,n[ turn ! eng9e to ! back c5t] & let on ! /eam4 ,x %\ld bl[ out ! same at ! back cock4 ,a little tra9+ ( ! e> w %[ :e!r ! escape ( /eam is ! same at bo? ends4 ,!n rev]se ! eng9e1 set x on ea* c5t] successfully1 & notice :e!r ! /eam bl[s out f "o cock at a "t & 9 ! same degree ( =ce4 ,if ! /eam bl[s out ( bo? cocks at ! same "t1 or out ( "o cock on "o c5t]1 b n out ( ! o!r cock on its correspond+ c5t]1 we may "k some?+ is wrong4 ,! valve does n "w prop]ly4 ,we w fir/ look at ! ecc5trics & see t !y are all "r4 ,if !y are1 we mu/ op5 ! /eam *e/1 fir/ turn+ (f all /eam4 ,probably we %all f9d t ! valve is loose on ! valve rod1 if our tr\ble 0 t ! /eam blew out ( ! cock b did n out ( ! o!r :5 ! eng9e 0 on ! opposite c5t]4 ,if our tr\ble 0 t /eam blew out ( bo? cocks at ! same "t1 we may conclude ei!r t ! cyl9d] r+s leak or else ! valve has cut its seat4 ,x w be a little difficult to tell :i* at fir/ sight4 ,9 any case x is a bad ?+1 = x means loss ( p[] & wa/e ( /eam & fuel4 ,to tell j :]e ! tr\ble is y mu/ take (f ! cyl9d] head1 aft] sett+ ! eng9e on ! =w>d c5t]4 ,let 9 a little /eam f ! ?rottle4 ,if x bl[s ?r\gh ar\nd ! r+s1 ! tr\ble is ) !m2 b if x bl[s ?r\gh ! valve port1 ! tr\ble is ) ! valve & valve seat4 ,if ! r+s leak y mu/ get a new set if !y are ( ! self-adju/+ type4 ,b if !y are ( ! spr+ or adju/+ type y c set !m out y\rself2 b few eng9es n[ use ! latt] k9d ( r+s1 s a new pair w probably be requir$4 ,if ! tr\ble is 9 ! valve & valve seat1 y %\ld take ! valve out & h ! seat plan$ d[n1 & ! valve fitt$ to ! seat4 ,?is %\ld always be done by a skill$ me*anic fully equipp$ = su* "w1 z a novice is almo/ sure to make bad "w ( x4 ,! valve seat & valve mu/ be scrap$ d[n by ! use ( a flat piece ( v h>d /eel1 an eigh? ( an in* ?ick & ab\t #c by #d in*es 9 size4 ,! scrap+ edge mu/ be absolutely /raight4 ,x w be a sl[ & t$i\s process1 & a little too mu* scrap+ on "o side or ! o!r w prev5t a p]fect fit4 ,bo? valve & valve seat mu/ be scrap$ equally4 ,novices sometimes try to reseat a valve by ! use ( em]y4 ,?is is v dang]\s & is sure to ru9 ! valve1 z x works into ! pores ( ! iron & causes cutt+4 ,,lubrication4 ,a k ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 good oil & poor oil1 & ( h[ to use oil & grease1 is a prime ess5tial = an eng9e]4 ,fir/ let u give a little att5tion to ! !ory ( lubrication4 ,! oil or grease %\ld =m a l9+ betwe5 ! j\rnal & its p9 or %aft4 ,x is 9 ! nature ( a slight & frictionless cu%ion at all po9ts :]e ! two pieces ( metal meet4 ,n[ if oil is to keep its place betwe5 ! be>+ & ! %aft or p9 x mu/ /ick tight to bo? pieces ( metal1 & ! tight] ! bett]4 ,if ! oil is light ! =ces at "w on ! be>+s w =ce ! oil away & br+ ! metals toge!r4 ,z soon z !y come toge!r !y beg9 to we> on ea* o!r1 & sometimes ! we> is v rapid4 ,?is is call$ 8cutt+40 ,if a little s& or grit gets into ! be>+1 t w help ! cutt+ wond]fully1 & m especially if !re is no grease !re4 ,= in/ance1 gasol9e & k]os5e are oils1 b !y are s light !y w n /ick to a j\rnal1 & s are valueless = lubricat+4 ,good lubricat+ oil w co/ a little m ?an *eap oil :i* has be5 mix$ ) wor?less oils to increase its bulk )\t increas+ its co/4 ,! high] pric$ oil w really co/ less 9 ! end1 because !re is a l>g] p]c5tage ( x :i* w d s]vice4 ,a good eng9e] w h x 9 8 contract t he is to be furni%$ ) good oil4 ,n[ an eng9e requires two diff]5t k9ds ( oil1 "o = ! be>+s1 su* z ! crank1 p91 ! cross-head & j\rnals1 & q a diff]5t k9d = lubricat+ ! /eam cyl9d]4 ,x is extremely important t ! /eam cyl9d] %\ld be well lubricat$2 & ?is _c be done direct4 ,! oil mu/ be c>ri$ into ! valve & cyl9d] ) /eam4 ,! heat ( ! /eam1 moreov]1 rang+ f ab\t #cbj degrees ,fahr4 = #ij lbs4 pressure to #cej degrees = #abe lbs4 ( pressure1 w quickly de/roy ! efficacy ( a poor oil1 & a good cyl9d] oil mu/ be "o t w /ick to ! cyl9d] & valve seat "u ?is high temp]ature4 ,x mu/ h /ay+ qualities4 ,! l9k rev]se is "o ( ! be/ = its purpose2 b x requires a good quality ( oil on ! valve = x to "w well4 ,if ! valve gets a little dry1 or ! poor oil us$ does n s]ve its purpose prop]ly1 ! l9k w beg9 to jump & p\nd4 ,?is is a reason :y mak]s are sub/itut+ o!r k9ds ( rev]se ge> 9 _m ways n z good1 b n op5 to ?is objection4 ,if a l9k rev]se beg9s to p\nd :5 y are us+ good oil1 & ! oil] is work+ prop]ly1 y may be sure some?+ is ! matt] ) ! valve or ! ge>4 ,a good eng9e] w tra9 8 e> s t he w detect by simply li/5+ at ! cyl9d] :e!r ev]y?+ is work+ exactly z x ought4 ,= example1 ! exhau/ at ea* end ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* y c he> di/9ctly1 %\ld be ! same & equal4 ,if ! exhau/ at "o end is less ?an x is at ! o!r1 y may "k t "o end ( ! cyl9d] is do+ m "w ?an ! o!r4 ,& also any little loos5ess or lack ( oil w signify itself by ! peculi> s\nd x w cause4 ,:ile ! cyl9d] requires cyl9d] oil1 ! crank1 cross-head & j\rnals require eng9e oil1 or h>d grease4 ,! use ( h>d grease is rapidly increas+1 & x is highly to be recomm5d$4 ,) a good automatic spr+ grease cup h>d grease w be f> less likely to let ! be>+s heat ?an common oil w4 ,at ! same "t x w be mu* easi] to keep an eng9e clean if h>d grease is us$4 ,an old eng9e]#f gives ! foll[+ directions = fitt+ a grease cup on a box n previ\sly arrang$ = "o3 8,remove ! j\rnal1 take a g\ge & cut a clean groove across ! box1 />t+ at "o corn]1 ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* f ! po9t ( ! box1 & cut diagonally across1 com+ out at ! opposite corn] on ! o!r end ( ! box4 ,!n />t at ! opposite corn] & run ?r\gh z be=e1 cross+ ! fir/ groove 9 ! c5t] ( ! box4 ,groove bo? halves ( ! box ! same1 be+ c>eful n to cut out at ei!r end1 z ?is w all[ ! grease to escape f ! box & cause unnecess>y wa/e4 ,! %imm+ or pack+ 9 ! box %\ld be cut s z to t\* ! j\rnal at bo? ends ( ! box1 b n 9 ! c5t] or betwe5 ^! two po9ts4 ,s :5 ! top box is br\ght d[n tight ?is w =m ano!r res]voir = ! grease4 ,if ! box is n tapp$ directly 9 ! c5t] = ! cup1 x w be necess>y to cut ano!r groove f :]e x is tapp$ into ! grooves already made4 ,a box prep>$ 9 ?is way & c>efully poli%$ inside1 w require little att5tion if y use good grease40 ,footnote #f3 ,j4 ,h4 ,magg>d4 ,a ,,hot ,,box4 ,:5 a box heats 9 ! lea/ degree1 x is a sign t = lack ( oil or = "s o!r reason ! metals are we>+ toge!r4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d1 ( c\rse1 is to see t ! box is suppli$ ) pl5ty ( good oil or grease4 ,if ?is does n cause ! box to cool (f1 take x ap>t & clean x ?or\ghly4 ,!n coat ! j\rnal ) :ite lead mix$ ) good oil4 ,great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to keep all dirt or grit out ( y\r c ( lead & away f ! be>+4 ,replace ! oil or grease cup1 & ! box w soon cool d[n4 ,,! ,,friction ,,clut*4 ,ne>ly all traction eng9es are n[ provid$ ) ! friction clut* = engag+ ! eng9e ) ! propell+ ge>4 ,! clut* is usually provid$ ) wood5 %oes1 :i* are adju/able z !y we>2 & ! clut* is ?r[n on by a lev]1 conv5i5tly plac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,w4 ,,/ev5s ,,co4 ,,friction ,,clut*4 ,be=e runn+ an eng9e1 y mu/ make sure t ! clut* %oes are prop]ly adju/$4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to be sure t bo? %oes w come 9 contact ) ! friction :eel at ! same in/ant2 = if "o %oe t\*es ! :eel be=e ! o!r ! clut* w probably slip4 ,! %oes %\ld be s set z to make x a trifle difficult to draw ! lev] cle> back4 ,to regulate ! %oes on ! ,rumely eng9e1 = example1 fir/ ?r[ ! friction 94 ,! nut on ! top ( ! toggle connect+ ! sleeve ( ! friction ) ! %oe mu/ !n be loos5$1 & ! nut bel[ ! %oe tight5$ up1 =c+ ! %oe t[>d ! :eel4 ,bo? %oes %\ld be c>efully adju/$ s t !y w engage ! b& :eel equally & at exactly ! same "t4 ,to use ! friction clut*1 fir/ />t ! eng9e1 ?r[+ ! ?rottle gradually wide op54 ,:5 ! eng9e is runn+ at its usual spe$1 sl[ly br+ up ! clut* until ! ge>+ is fully engag$1 lett+ ! eng9e />t sl[ly & smoo?ly1 )\t any j>4 ,traction eng9es hav+ ! friction clut* are also provid$ ) a p9 = secur+ a rigid connection1 to be us$ 9 cases ( necessity1 z :5 ! clut* gets brok5 or some?+ ab\t x gives out1 or y h difficulty 9 mak+ x hold :5 climb+ hills4 ,?is p9 is a simple r\nd or squ>e p9 t c be plac$ ?r\gh a hole 9 "o ( ! spokes ( ! b& :eel until x comes into a simil> op5+ 9 ! friction :eel4 ,:5 ! p9 is tak5 out1 s z to disconnect ! :eels1 x mu/ be entirely remov$1 n left /ick+ 9 ! hole1 z x is liable to cat* 9 "s o!r "p ( ! ma*9]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aultman ,,taylor ,,friction ,,clut*4 ,,miscellane\s ,,sugge/ions4 ,be c>eful n to op5 ! ?rottle valve too quickly1 or y may ?r[ (f ! driv+ belt4 ,y may also /ir up ! wat] & cause x to pass ov] ) ! /eam1 />t+ :at is call$ 8prim+40 ,always op5 y\r cyl9d] cocks :5 y /op1 to make sure all wat] has be5 dra9$ out ( ! cyl9d]2 & see t !y are op5 :5 y />t1 ( c\rse clos+ !m z soon z ! /eam is let 94 ,:5 y pull out ! a%es always h a pail ( wat] ready1 = y may />t a fire t w d no end ( damage4 ,if ! wat] 9 y\r boil] gets l[ & y are wait+ = ! tank to come up1 don't ?9k y 8c keep on a little long]10 b /op y\r eng9e at once4 ,x is bett] to lose a little "t ?an run ! risk ( an explosion t w ru9 y\r reputation z an eng9e] & cause y\r employ] a heavy exp5se4 ,nev] />t ! pump :5 ! wat] 9 ! boil] is l[4 ,be sure ! exhau/ nozzle does n get lim$ up1 & be sure ! pipe :]e ! wat] ent]s ! boil] f ! heat] is n lim$ up1 or y may split a heat] pipe or knock out a *eck valve4 ,nev] leave y\r eng9e 9 cold wea!r )\t dra9+ (f all ! wat]2 & always cov] up y\r eng9e :5 y leave x4 ,nev] disconnect ! eng9e ) a leaky ?rottle4 ,keep ! /eam pressure /eady1 n v>y+ m ?an #aj to #ae lbs4 ,if call$ on to run an old boil]1 h x ?or\ghly te/$ be=e y t\* x4 ,always close y\r damp] be=e pull+ ?r\gh a /ack y>d4 ,exam9e e bridge be=e y pull on to x4 ,d n /op go+ d[n a /eep grade4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,h&l+ ,a ,,traction ,,eng9e ,,on ,,! ,,road4 ,x is some?+ ( a trick to h&le a traction eng9e on ! road4 ,! novice is almo/ c]ta9 to run x into a dit* ! fir/ ?+1 or get /uck on a hill1 or 9 a s& pat* or a mudhole4 ,"s att5tion mu/ !re=e be paid to h&l+ a traction eng9e on ! road4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 nev] pull ! ?rottle op5 ) a j]k1 nor put d[n ! rev]se lev] ) a snap4 ,h&le y\r eng9e delib]ately & ?\ghtfully1 kn[+ be=eh& j :at y wi% to d & h[ y w d x4 ,a traction eng9e is mu* l an ox2 try to goad x on too fa/ & x w /op & turn ar\nd on y4 ,x does its be/ "w :5 mov+ sl[ly & /eadily1 & seldom is any?+ ga9$ by ru%+4 ,! fir/ ?+ = an eng9e] to le>n is to h&le 8 ?rottle4 ,:5 an eng9e is do+ "w ! ?rottle %\ld be wide op52 b on ! road1 or 9 turn+1 back+1 etc41 ! eng9e]'s h& mu/ be on ! ?rottle all ! "t & he mu/ ex]cise a nice judgm5t z to j h[ mu* /eam ! eng9e w ne$ to d a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w4 ,?is ! novice w f9d out be/ by op5+ ! ?rottle sl[ly1 tak+ all ! "t he ne$s1 & nev] all[+ any "o to hurry him4 ,z an eng9e] le>ns ! ?rottle1 he gradually comes to h confid5ce 9 x4 ,z x 71 he feels ! pulse ( ! animal & nev] makes a mi/ake4 ,su* an eng9e] always has p[] to sp>e1 & nev] wa/es any p[]4 ,he f9ds t a little is (t5 mu* bett] ?an too mu*4 ,! next ?+ to le>n is ! /e]+ :eel4 ,x has tricks ( its own1 :i* "o mu/ le>n by practice4 ,mo/ "y eng9e]s turn ! :eel altoge!r too mu*4 ,if y let y\r eng9e run sl[ly y w h "t to turn ! :eel sl[ly1 & accompli% j :at y want to d4 ,if y hurry y w probably h to d y\r "w all ov] aga91 & s lose mu* m "t 9 ! end ?an if y didn't hurry4 ,always keep y\r eyes on ! front :eels ( ! eng9e1 & d n turn ar\nd to see h[ y\r load is com+ on4 ,y\r load w take c>e ( itself if y manage ! front :eels all "r1 = !y det]m9e :]e y are to g4 ,9 mak+ a h>d turn1 especially1 g sl[4 ,!n y w run no *ance ( los+ control ( y\r eng9e1 & y c see t nei!r y nor y\r load gets into a dit*4 ,,gett+ ,,into ,a ,,hole4 ,y are sure soon] or lat] to get into a hole 9 ! road1 = a traction eng9e is s heavy x is sure to f9d any s(t spot 9 ! road !re may be4 ,z to gett+ out ( a hole1 obs]ve 9 ! fir/ place t y mu/ use y\r be/ judgm5t4 ,fir/1 nev] let ! drive :eels turn r\nd )\t do+ any "w4 ,! m !y sp9 r\nd )\t help+ y1 ! worse x w be = y4 ,y\r fir/ ?\ght mu/ be to give ! drive :eels some?+ !y c climb on1 some?+ !y c /ick to4 ,a heavy *a9 is p]haps ! v be/ ?+ y c put "u !m4 ,b usually on ! road y h no *a9 h&y4 ,9 t case1 y mu/ d :at y c4 ,old hay or /raw w help y2 & s w old rails or any old timb]4 ,sp5d y\r "t try+ to give y\r :eels some?+ to hold to1 r ?an try+ to pull out4 ,:5 ! :eels are all "r1 ! eng9e w g on its way )\t any tr\ble :atev]4 ,& d n half d y\r "w ( fix+ ! :eels be=e y try to />t4 ,see t bo? :eels are secure be=e y put on a p\nd ( /eam4 ,make sure ( ?is ! fir/ "t y try1 & y w save "t 9 ! end4 ,if y fix "o :eel & don't fix ! o!r1 y w probably spoil ! fir/ :eel by />t+ be=e ! o!r is ready4 ,%\ld y be :]e y\r eng9e w n turn1 !n y are /uck inde$4 ,y mu/ light5 y\r load or dig a way out4 ,,bad ,,bridges4 ,a traction eng9e is s heavy t ! greate/ c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 cross+ bridges4 ,if a bridge floor is worn1 if y see rott5 planks 9 x1 or liability ( holes1 don't pull on to t bridge )\t tak+ precautions4 ,! be/ precaution is to c>ry ) y a c\ple ( planks sixte5 feet long1 ?ree in*es ?ick 9 ! middle1 tap]+ to two in*es at ! ends2 also a c\ple ( planks eight feet long & two in*es ?ick1 ! latt] = culv]ts & to help out on long bridges4 ,be=e pull+ on to a bad look+ bridge1 lay d[n y\r planks1 "o = ea* pair ( :eels ( ! eng9e to run on4 ,be exce$+ly c>eful n to let ! eng9e drop (f ! edge ( ^! planks on ! way ov]1 or pass ov] ! ends on to ! floor ( ! bridge4 ,if "o pair ( planks is too %ort1 use y\r second pair4 ,ano!r precaution :i* x is wise to take is to c>ry fifty feet ( good1 /\t hemp rope1 & :5 y come to a %aky bridge1 atta* y\r sep>ator to ! eng9e by ?is rope at full l5g?1 s t ! eng9e w h cross$ ! bridge be=e ! weight ( ! sep>ator comes ^u x4 ,cross a bad bridge v sl[ly4 ,no?+ w be ga9$ by hurry+4 ,!re %\ld especially be no sudd5 j]ks or />ts4 ,,s& ,,pat*es4 ,a s&y road is an exce$+ly h>d road to pull a load ov]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 don't hurry ov] s&4 ,if y d y are liable to break ! foot+ ( ! :eels1 & !n y are gone4 ,9 ! second place1 keep y\r eng9e z /eady & /raight z possible1 s t bo? :eels w always h an equal & ev5 be>+4 ,!y are less liable to slip if y d4 ,x is useless to try to 8wiggle0 ov] a s& pat*4 ,sl[1 /eady1 & ev5 is ! rule4 ,if y\r :eels slip 9 s&1 a bundle ( /raw or hay1 especially old hay1 w be ab\t ! be/ ?+ to give !m a foot+4 ,,hills4 ,9 climb+ hills take ! same advice we h giv5 y all along3 ,g sl[4 ,no?+ is ga9$ by ru%+ at a hill ) a /eam eng9e4 ,su* an eng9e works be/ :5 its =ce is appli$ /eadily & ev5ly1 a little at a "t4 ,if y h a friction clut*1 z y probably w h1 y %\ld be sure x is 9 good work+ ord] be=e y attempt to climb hills4 ,x %\ld be adju/$ to a nicety1 z we h already expla9$4 ,:5 y come to a bad hill x w\ld probably be well to put 9 ! tight ge> p92 or use x altoge!r 9 a hilly c\ntry4 ,:5 ! friction clut* fir/ came into use1 salesm5 & o!rs us$ to make ! foll[+ recomm5dation 7a recomm5dation :i* we w say "r "h is bad74 ,!y said1 :5 y come to an ob/acle 9 ! road t y c't v well get y\r eng9e ov]1 ?r[ (f y\r friction clut* f ! road :eels1 let y\r eng9e get "u good headway runn+ free1 & !n sudd5ly put on ! friction clut* & j]k y\rself ov] ! ob/acle4 ,n[ ?is is no d\bt "o way to get ov] an ob/acle2 b no good eng9e] w\ld take 8 *ances ( spoil+ 8 eng9e by do+ any su* ?+ ) x4 ,"s "p ( x w\ld be badly /ra9$ by su* a proc$ure2 & if ?is 7 done regul>ly all ?r\gh a season1 an eng9e w\ld be wor? v little at ! end ( ! season4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,po9ts ,,= ,,! ,,"y ,,eng9e]4 ,,que/ions ,,& ,,answ]s4 ,,! ,,boil]4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld wat] be f$ to a boil]8 ,a4 ,9 a /eady /ream1 by use ( a pump or injector work+ cont9u\sly & supply+ j ! am\nt ( wat] requir$4 ,by ?is means ! wat] 9 ! boil] is ma9ta9$ at a uni=m level1 & produces /eam mo/ ev5ly & p]fectly4 ,q4 ,:y %\ld pure wat] be us$ 9 a boil]8 ,a4 ,because impure wat]1 or h>d wat]1 =ms scales on ! boil] flues & plates1 & ^! scales act z non-conductors ( heat4 ,?us ! heat ( ! furnace is n able to pass easily ?r\gh ! boil] flues & plates to ! wat]1 & y\r boil] becomes :at is call$ 8a h>d /eam]40 ,q4 ,:at mu/ be done to prev5t ! =mation ( scale8 ,a4 ,fir/1 use "s comp\nd t w ei!r prev5t scale f =m+1 or w precipitate ! scale =m+ sub/ance z a s(t p[d] t c easily be wa%$ (f4 ,sal soda dissolv$ 9 ! fe$ wat] is recomm5d$1 b great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 ! use ( sal soda n to use too mu* at a "t1 z x may cause a boil] to foam4 ,besides us+ a comp\nd1 clean y\r boil] (t5 & regul>ly ) a h& hose & a =ce pump1 & soak x out z (t5 z possible by us+ ra9 wat] = a day or two1 especially be=e clean+4 ,ra9 wat] w s(t5 & br+ d[n ! h>d scale f> bett] ?an any comp\nd4 ,q4 ,h[ (t5 %\ld y clean y\r boil]8 ,a4 ,z (t5 z x ne$s x1 :i* w dep5d ^u ! "w y d & ! condition ( ! wat]4 ,once a week is usually (t5 en\gh if ! boil] is bl[n d[n a little e day4 ,if y\r wat] is fairly good1 once a mon? w be (t5 en\gh4 ,a boil] %\ld be bl[n (f ab\t "o gauge at a "t two or ?ree times a day ) ! bl[-(f if ! wat] is muddy4 ,q4 ,h[ long %\ld ! surface bl[-(f be left op58 ,a4 ,only = a few seconds1 & seldom long] ?an a m9ute4 ,! surface bl[-(f c>ries (f ! scum t =ms on ! wat]1 & o!r impurities t rise ) ! scum4 ,q4 ,h[ d y clean a boil] by bl[+ (f8 ,a4 ,:5 ! pressure has be5 all[$ to run d[n op5 ! bl[-(f valve at ! bottom ( ! boil] & let ! wat] bl[ out less ?an a m9ute1 till ! wat] drops out ( sight 9 ! wat] gauges1 or ab\t two & "o-half in*es4 ,bl[+ (f m is only a wa/e ( heat & fuel4 ,q4 ,:at h>m w be done by bl[+ (f a boil] "u a high pressure ( /eam8 ,a4 ,! heat 9 ! boil] :ile !re is su* a pressure w be s great t x w bake ! scale on ! inside ( ! boil]1 & x w be v difficult to remove x aft]w>d4 ,aft] a boil] has be5 bl[n (f ! scale %\ld be = ! mo/ "p s(t1 s t x c be wa%$ out by a hose & =ce pump4 ,q4 ,:y %\ld a hot boil] nev] be fill$ ) cold wat]8 ,a4 ,because ! cold wat] w cause ! boil] to contract m 9 "s places ?an 9 o!rs1 & s sudd5ly t ! :ole w be badly /ra9$4 ,leaky flues are made 9 ?is way1 & ! life ( a boil] greatly %ort5$4 ,z a rule a boil] %\ld be fill$ only :5 ! metal & ! wat] put into x are ab\t at ! same temp]ature4 ,q4 ,aft] a boil] has be5 clean$1 h[ %\ld ! manhole & manhole plates be replac$8 ,a4 ,!y are held 9 position by a bolt pass+ ?r\gh a yoke t /raddles ! hole2 b to be /eam & wat] tight !y mu/ h pack+ all ar\nd ! junction ( ! plate ) ! boil]4 ,! be/ pack+ is %eet rubb] cut 9 ! =m ( a r+ j ! "r size = ! be>+ surface4 ,hemp or cotton pack+ are also us$1 b !y %\ld be free f all lumps & soak$ 9 oil4 ,d n use any m ?an is absolutely ne$$4 ,be c>eful1 also1 to see t ! be>+s ( ! plate & boil] are clean & smoo?1 ) all ! old pack+ scrap$ (f4 ,c&le wick saturat$ ) r$ lead is next be/ to rubb] z pack+4 ,q4 ,:at are ! *ief duties ( an eng9e] 9 c>e ( a boil]8 ,a4 ,fir/1 to wat* all gauges1 fitt+s1 & work+ p>ts1 to see t !y are 9 ord]2 try ! gauge cocks to make sure ! wat] is at ! "r height2 try ! safety valve f "t to "t to be sure x is work+2 see t !re are no leaks1 t !re is no ru/+ or we>+ ( p>ts1 or to replace p>ts :5 !y d beg9 to %[ we>2 to exam9e ! *eck valve frequ5tly to make sure no wat] c escape ?r\gh x f ! boil]2 take precautions aga9/ scale & /oppage ( pipes by scale2 & keep ! fire go+ uni=mly1 cleanly1 & 9 an economical fa%ion4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld y d if ! glass wat] gauge breaks8 ,a4 ,turn (f ! gauge cocks above & bel[1 ! l[] "o fir/ s t ! hot wat] w n burn y4 ,y may put 9 a new glass & turn on gauge cocks at once4 ,turn on ! l[] or wat] cock fir/1 !n ! upp] or /eam cock4 ,y may g on )\t ! glass gauge1 h[ev]1 us+ ! gauge cocks or try cocks e few m9utes to make sure ! wat] is at ! "r height1 nei!r too high nor too l[4 ,q4 ,:y is x necess>y to use ! gauge cocks :5 ! glass gauge is all "r8 ,a4 ,fir/1 because y _c o!rwise be sure t ! glass gauge is all "r2 &1 secondly1 because if y d n use !m frequ5tly !y are likely to become scal$ up s t y _c use !m 9 case ( accid5t to ! glass gauge4 ,q4 ,if a gauge cock gets leaky1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,no?+ until ! boil] has cool$ d[n4 ,!n if ! leak is 9 ! seat1 take x out & gr9d & refit x2 if ! leak is :]e ! cock is screw$ into ! boil]1 tight5 x up ano!r turn & see if t rem$ies ! difficulty4 ,if x does n y w probably h to get a new gauge cock4 ,q4 ,:y n screw up a gauge cock :ile !re is a pressure ( /eam on8 ,a4 ,! cock might bl[ out & cause s]i\s injury to y\rself or "s "o else4 ,make x a rule nev] to fool ) any boil] fitt+s :ile !re is a pressure ( /eam on ! boil]4 ,x is exce$+ly dang]\s4 ,sometimes a gauge cock gets brok5 (f accid5tally :ile ! boil] is 9 use4 ,if su* an accid5t happ5s1 bank ! fire by clos+ ! draft & cov]+ ! fire ) fre% fuel or a%es4 ,/op ! eng9e & let ! wat] bl[ out ( ! hole till only /eam appe>s2 !n try to plug ! op5+ ) a long :itewood or popl>1 or ev5 a p9e /ick 7six or eight feet long71 "o end ( :i* y h :ittl$ d[n to ab\t ! size ( ! hole4 ,:5 ! /eam has be5 /opp$ ! /ick may be cut (f close to ! boil] & ! plug driv5 9 tight4 ,if necess>y y may cont9ue to use ! boil] 9 ?is condition until a new cock c be put 94 ,q4 ,:at %\ld y d :5 a gauge cock is /opp$ up8 ,a4 ,let ! /eam pressure g d[n1 & !n take (f ! front "p & run a small wire into ! passage1 work+ ! wire back & =? until all scale & s$im5t has be5 remov$4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld y d :5 ! /eam gauge gets out ( ord]4 ,a4 ,if ! /eam gauge does n "w correctly1 or y suspect x does n1 y may te/ x by runn+ ! /eam up until x bl[s (f at ! safety valve4 ,if ! /eam gauge does n indicate ! pressure at :i* ! safety valve is set to pop (f1 & y h reason to suppose ! safety valve is all "r1 y may conclude t !re is some?+ ! matt] ) ! /eam gauge4 ,9 t case ei!r put 9 a new "o1 or1 if y h no extra /eam gauge on h&1 %ut d[n y\r boil] & eng9e till y c get y\r /eam gauge repair$4 ,sometimes ?is c be done simply by adju/+ ! po9t]1 :i* may h got loose1 & y c te/ x by atta*+ x to ano!r boil] :i* has a /eam gauge t is all "r & by :i* y c *eck up y\rs4 ,x is ,,v ,,dang]\s to run y\r boil] )\t a /eam gauge1 dep5d+ on ! safety valve4 ,nev] all[ ! slighte/ v>iation 9 correctness ( ! /eam gauge )\t repair+ x at once4 ,x w ne>ly always be *eap] 9 ^! days to put 9 a new gauge r ?an try to repair ! old "o4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld y d if ! pump fails to "w8 ,a4 ,use ! injector4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld y d if !re is no injector8 ,a4 ,/op ! eng9e at once & bank ! fire ) damp a%es1 especially not+ t ! wat] does n fall bel[ ! bottom ( ! glass gauge4 ,!n exam9e ! pump4 ,fir/ see if ! plung] leaks air2 if x is all "r1 exam9e ! *eck valves1 us+ ! little dra9 cock z previ\sly expla9$ to te/ ! upp] ones1 = ! valves may h become worn & w leak2 ?ird1 if ! *eck valves are all "r1 exam9e ! supply pipe1 look+ at ! /ra9]1 obs]v+ :e!r suction takes place :5 ! pump is work$1 etc4 ,!re may be a leak 9 ! suction hose some:]e dur+ its c\rse :]e air c get 91 or x may become weak & collapse "u ! =ce ( ! atmosph]e1 or ! l9+ ( ! suction pipe may h become torn or loose4 ,! slighte/ leak 9 ! suction pipe w spoil ! work+ ( ! pump4 ,old tub+ %\ld nev] be us$1 z x is sure to give tr\ble4 ,f9ally1 exam9e ! deliv]y pipe4 ,close ! cock or valve next ! boil]1 & exam9e ! boil] *eck valve2 notice :e!r ! pipe is gett+ lim$ up4 ,if necess>y1 disconnect ! pipe & clean x out ) a /iff wire4 ,if ev]y?+ is all "r up to ?is po9t1 y mu/ let ! boil] cool (f1 bl[ out ! wat]1 disconnect ! pipe betwe5 ! *eck & ! boil]1 & ?or\ghly clean ! deliv]y pipe into ! boil]4 ,/oppage ( ! deliv]y pipe is due to deposits ( lime f ! heat+ ( ! wat] 9 ! heat]4 ,/oppage f ?is s\rce w be gradual1 & y w f9d less & less wat] go+ into y\r boil] f y\r pump until none fl[s at all4 ,f ?is y may guess ! tr\ble4 ,q4 ,h[ may ! communication ) ! wat] gauge always be kept free f lime8 ,a4 ,by bl[+ x (f ?r\gh ! dra9 cock at ! bottom4 ,fir/ close ! upp] cock & bl[ (f = a few seconds1 ! wat] pass+ ?r\gh ! l[] cock2 !n close ! l[] cock & op5 ! upp] "o1 all[+ ! /eam to bl[ ?r\gh ?is & ! dra9 cock = a few seconds4 ,if y d ?is e day or (t5] y w h no tr\ble4 ,q4 ,%\ld ! wat] get l[ = any reason1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,close all damp]s tight s z to prev5t all draft1 & bank ! fire ) fre% fuel or ) a%es 7damp a%es are ! be/ if dang] is great74 ,!n let ! boil] cool d[n be=e putt+ 9 fre% wat]4 ,bank+ ! fire is bett] ?an draw+ or dump+ x1 z ei!r ( ^! make ! heat great] = a mom5t or two1 & t additional heat might cause an explosion4 ,da%+ cold wat] ^u ! fire is also v dang]\s & 9 e way unwise4 ,aga91 d n op5 ! safety valve1 = t also1 by reliev+ "s ( ! pressure on ! sup]heat$ wat]1 might cause x to bur/ sudd5ly into /eam & s cause an explosion4 ,q4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 w\ld y /op ! eng9e8 ,a4 ,no2 = a sudd5 *eck+ ( ! outfl[ ( /eam might br+ ab\t an explosion4 ,d no?+ b *eck ! heat z quickly & effectively z y c by bank+ or cov]+ ! fires4 ,q4 ,:y n turn on ! fe$ wat]8 ,a4 ,because ! cr[n %eet ( ! boil] has become ov]heat$1 & any cold wat] com+ ^u x w\ld cause an explosion4 ,if ! pump or injector are runn+1 ( c\rse y may let !m run1 & ! boil] w gradually refill z ! heat decreases4 ,"u su* circum/ances l[ wat] is due to ov]heat+ ! boil]4 ,q4 ,w\ld n ! fusible plug av]t any disa/] f l[ wat]8 ,a4 ,x might1 & x might n4 ,! top ( x is liable to get coat$ ) lime s t ! device is wor?less4 ,y %\ld act at all times precisely z if !re 7 no fusible plug4 ,if x ev] does av]t an explosion y may be ?ankful1 b av]t+ explosions by tak+ su* means z we h sugge/$ w be f> bett] = an eng9e]'s reputation4 ,q4 ,w\ld n ! safety valve be a safegu>d aga9/ explosion8 ,a4 ,no2 only "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,x prev5ts too high a pressure = accumulat+ 9 ! boil] :5 !re is pl5ty ( wat]2 b :5 ! wat] gets l[ ! safety valve may only ha/5 ! explosion by reliev+ "s ( ! pressure & all[+ sup]heat$ wat] to bur/ sudd5ly into /eam1 ?us va/ly exp&+ in/antly4 ,q4 ,%\ld wat] be all[$ to /& 9 ! boil] :5 x is n 9 use8 ,a4 ,x is bett] to draw x (f & clean ! boil]1 to prev5t ru/+1 =mation ( scale1 h>d5+ ( s$im5t1 etc41 if boil] is to be left = any great l5g? ( "t4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld y d if a grate b> breaks or falls out8 ,a4 ,y %\ld always h a sp>e grate b> on h& to put 9 its place2 b if y h none y may fill ! space by w$g+ 9 a /ick ( h>d wood cut ! "r %ape to fill ! op5+4 ,cov] ?is wood ) a%es be=e pok+ ! fire ov] x1 & x w la/ = sev]al h\rs be=e x burns out4 ,y w f9d x exce$+ly difficult to keep up ! fire ) a big hole 9 ! grate t w let cold air into ! furnace & all[ coal to drop d[n4 ,9 case ! grate is ( ! rock] type ! op5+ may be fill$ by %ap+ a piece ( flat iron1 :i* c be set 9 )\t int]f]+ ) ! rock+ ( ! grate2 or ! op5+ may be fill$ ) wood z be=e if ! wood is cov]$ well ) a%es4 ,( c\rse ! use ( wood w prev5t ! grate f rock+ & ! pok] mu/ be us$ to clean4 ,q4 ,:y %\ld an eng9e] nev] />t a boil] ) a hot fire1 & nev] let 8 fire get hott] ?an is ne$$ to keep up /eam8 ,a4 ,bo? w cause ! %eets to w>p & ! flues to become leaky1 because "u high heat "s p>ts ( ! boil] w exp& m rapidly ?an o!rs4 ,= a simil> reason1 any sudd5 application ( cold to a boil]1 ei!r cold wat] or cold air ?r\gh ! firebox door1 w cause quick] contraction ( c]ta9 p>ts ?an o!r p>ts1 & ?is w ru9 a boil]4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld y supply a boil] ) wat]8 ,a4 ,9 a regul> /ream cont9ually4 ,only by mak+ ! wat] pass regul>ly & gradually ?r\gh ! heat] w y get ! full effect ( ! heat f ! exhau/ /eam4 ,if a great deal ( wat] is pump$ into ! boil] at "o "t1 ! exhau/ /eam w n be suffici5t to heat x z x ought4 ,!n if y h a full boil] & %ut (f ! wat] supply1 ! exhau/ /eam 9 ! heat] is wa/$1 = x c d no "w at all4 ,besides1 x hurts ! boil] to all[ ! temp]ature to *ange1 z x w inevitably d if wat] is suppli$ irregul>ly4 ,,:atev] ,,y ,,d1 ,,nev] ,,attempt ,,to ,,tight5 ,a ,,screw ,,or ,,calk ,a ,,boil] ,,"u ,,/eam ,,pressure4 ,,if ,,any?+ ,,is ,,loose ,,x ,,is ,,liable ,,to ,,bl[ ,,out ,,9 ,,y\r ,,face ,,) ,,disa/r\s ,,consequ5ces4 ,q4 ,if boil] flues become leaky1 c an ord9>y p]son tight5 !m8 ,a4 ,yes1 if ! "w is done c>efully4 ,see full explanation previ\sly giv51 p4 #ag4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 n to exp& ! flues too mu*1 = by s do+ y are likely to loos5 o!r flues & cause m leaks ?an y _h 9 ! fir/ place4 ,small leaks inside a boil] are n p>ticul>ly dang]\s1 b !y %\ld be rem$i$ at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t1 s9ce !y r$uce ! p[] ( ! boil] & put out ! fire4 ,besides1 !y look bad = ! eng9e]4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld flues be clean$8 ,a4 ,"s use a /eam bl[]2 b a bett] way is to scrape (f ! metal ) "o ( ! _m pat5t scrap]s1 :i* j fill ! flue1 & :5 atta*$ to a rod & work$ back & =? a few times ! :ole l5g? ( ! flue d admirable s]vice4 ,q4 ,:at h>m w dirty flues d8 ,a4 ,two difficulties arise f dirty flues4 ,if !y become r$uc$ 9 size ! fire w n burn well4 ,!n1 ! same am\nt ( heat w d f> less "w because x is s mu* h>d] = x to get ?r\gh ! lay] ( soot & a%es1 :i* are non-conductors4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld y d if ! ?rottle broke8 ,a4 ,use rev]se lev]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,po9ts ,,= ,,! ,,"y ,,eng9e]4--7,,cont47 ,,que/ions ,,& ,,answ]s4 ,,! ,,eng9e4 ,q4 ,:at is ! fir/ ?+ to d ) a new eng9e8 ,a4 ,) "s cotton wa/e or a s(t rag saturat$ ) b5z9e or turp5t9e clean (f all ! bright "w2 !n clean e be>+1 box & oil hole1 us+ a =ce pump ) air curr5t fir/1 if y h a pump1 & !n wip+ ! inside out clean ) an oily rag1 us+ a wire if necess>y to make ! "w ?or\gh4 ,if y d n clean ! work+ p>ts ( ! eng9e ?us be=e sett+ x up1 grit w get into ! be>+s & cause !m to cut4 ,p>ts t h be5 put toge!r ne$ n be tak5 ap>t2 b y %\ld clean ev]y?+ y c get at1 especially ! oil holes & o!r places t may receive dirt dur+ transportation4 ,aft] ! oil holes h be5 well clean$1 ! oil cups may be wip$ (f & put 9 place1 screw+ !m 9 ) a wr5*4 ,q4 ,:at k9d ( oil %\ld y use8 ,a4 ,cyl9d] oil only = ! cyl9d]2 l>d oil = ! be>+s1 & h>d grease if y\r eng9e is provid$ ) h>d grease cup = ! cross-head & crank4 ,! only good sub/itute = cyl9d] oil is pure beef suet tri$ out4 ,m]*antable tall[ %\ld nev] be us$1 z x conta9s acid4 ,q4 ,c fitt+s be screw$ on by h& only8 ,a4 ,no2 all fitt+s %\ld be screw$ up tight ) a wr5*4 ,q4 ,:5 all fitt+s are 9 place1 :at mu/ be done be=e ! eng9e c be />t$8 ,a4 ,see t ! grates 9 ! firebox are 9 place & all "r2 !n fill ! boil] ) clean wat] until x %[s an in* to an in* & a half 9 ! wat] gauge4 ,/>t y\r fire1 & let x burn sl[ly until !re is a pressure 9 ! boil] ( #aj or #ae lbs4 ,!n y c turn on ! bl[] to get up draft4 ,9 ! meantime fill all ! oil cups ) oil2 put grease on ! ge>s2 op5 & close all cocks to see t !y "w all "r2 turn y\r eng9e ov] a few times to see t x works all "r2 let a little /eam into ! cyl9d] ) bo? cyl9d] cocks op5--j en\gh to %[ at ! cocks )\t mov+ ! eng9e--& sl[ly turn ! eng9e ov]1 /opp+ x on ! dead c5t]s to see if ! /eam comes f only "o ( ! cyl9d] cocks at a "t1 & t ! prop] "o2 rev]se ! eng9e & make ! same te/4 ,also see t ! cyl9d] oil] is 9 place & ready = op]ation4 ,see t ! pump is all "r & 9 place1 ) ! valve 9 ! fe$pipe op5 & also ! valve 9 ! supply pipe4 ,by go+ ov] ! eng9e 9 ?is way y w notice :e!r ev]y?+ is tight & 9 work+ ord]1 & :e!r y h fail$ to notice any "p :i* y d n und]/&4 ,if !re is any "p or fitt+ y d n und]/&1 "k all ab\t x be=e y g ahead4 ,hav+ />t$ y\r fire ) dry wood1 add fuel gradually1 a little at a "t1 until y h a fire cov]+ e "p ( ! grate4 ,regulate ! fire by ! damp] alone1 nev] op5+ ! firebox door ev5 if ! fire gets too hot4 ,q4 ,9 :at way %\ld ! eng9e be />t$8 ,a4 ,:5 y h f #be to #dj lbs4 ( pressure op5 ! ?rottle valve a little1 all[+ ! cyl9d] cocks to be op5 also4 ,"s /eam w cond5se at fir/ 9 ! cold cyl9d]1 & ?is wat] mu/ be all[$ to dra9 (f4 ,see t ! crank is n on a dead c5t]1 & put on j en\gh /eam to />t ! eng9e4 ,z soon z x gets w>m$ up1 & only dry /eam appe>s at ! cocks1 close ! cyl9d] cocks1 op5 ! ?rottle gradually till x is wide op51 & wait = ! eng9e to "w up to its full spe$4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! spe$ ( ! eng9e regulat$8 ,a4 ,by ! gov]nor1 :i* is op]at$ by a belt runn+ to ! ma9 %aft4 ,! gov]nor is a delicate app>atus1 & %\ld be wat*$ closely4 ,x %\ld move up & d[n freely on ! /em1 :i* %\ld n leak /eam4 ,if x doesn't "w /eadily1 y %\ld /op ! eng9e & adju/ x1 aft] wat*+ x = a m9ute or two to see j :]e ! difficulty lies4 ,q4 ,are y likely to h any hot boxes8 ,a4 ,!re %\ld be none if ! be>+s are all clean & well suppli$ ) oil4 ,h[ev]1 9 />t+ a new eng9e y %\ld /op n[ & !n & exam9e e be>+ by lay+ y\r h& ^u x4 ,rememb] ! ecc5tric1 ! l9k p91 ! cross-head1 ! crank p94 ,if !re is any heat1 loos5 ! boxes up a trifle1 b only a v little at a "t4 ,if y notice any knock+ or p\nd+1 y h loos5$ too mu*1 & %\ld tight5 aga94 ,q4 ,:at mu/ y d 9 reg>d to wat] supply8 ,a4 ,aft] ! eng9e is />t$ & y "k x is all "r1 fill ! tank on ! eng9e & />t ! injector4 ,x may take "s pati5ce to get ! injector />t$1 & y %\ld c>efully foll[ ! directions previ\sly giv5 & ^? :i* apply especially to ! type ( injector us$4 ,especially be sure t ! cocks admitt+ ! wat] ?r\gh ! fe$ pipe & into ! boil] are op54 ,q4 ,:y are bo? a pump & an injector requir$ on an eng9e8 ,a4 ,! pump is mo/ economical1 because x p]mits ! heat 9 ! exhau/ /eam to be us$ to heat ! fe$ wat]1 :ile ! injector heats ! wat] by live /eam4 ,!re %\ld also be an injector1 h[ev]1 = use :5 ! eng9e is n work+1 9 ord] t ! wat] 9 ! boil] may be kept up ) heat$ wat]4 ,if a cross-head pump is us$1 ( c\rse1 x w n op]ate :5 ! eng9e is n runn+2 & 9 case ( an indep5d5t pump ! heat] w n heat ! wat] :5 ! eng9e is n runn+ because !re is little or no exhau/ /eam available4 ,!re is an indep5d5t pump 7! ,m>% pump7 :i* heats ! wat] be=e x goes into ! boil]1 & ?is may be us$ :5 ! eng9e is %ut d[n in/ead ( ! injector4 ,q4 ,:at is ! next ?+ to te/8 ,a4 ,! rev]s+ me*anism4 ,?r[ ! rev]se lev] back1 & see if ! eng9e w run equally well 9 ! opposite direction4 ,repeat ?is a few times to make sure t ! rev]se is 9 good ord]4 ,q4 ,h[ is a traction eng9e set go+ ^u ! road8 ,a4 ,mo/ traction eng9es n[ h ! friction clut*4 ,:5 ! eng9e is go+ at full spe$1 take hold ( ! clut* lev] & sl[ly br+ ! clut* aga9/ ! b& :eel4 ,x w slip a little at fir/1 gradually engag+ ! ge>s & mov+ ! outfit4 ,hold ! clut* lev] 9 "o h&1 :ile ) ! o!r y op]ate ! /e]+ :eel4 ,by keep+ y\r h& on ! clut* lev] y may /op =w>d motion in/antly if any?+ goes wrong4 ,:5 ! eng9e is once ^u ! road1 ! clut* lev] may set 9 ! not* provid$ = x1 & ! eng9e w g at full spe$4 ,y c !n give y\r entire att5tion to /e]+4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld y d if ! eng9e has no friction clut*8 ,a4 ,/op ! eng9e1 plac+ ! rev]s+ lev] 9 ! c5t] not*4 ,!n slide ! spur p9ion into ! ge> & op5 ! ?rottle valve wide4 ,y are n[ ready to control ! eng9e by ! rev]s+ lev]4 ,?r[ ! lev] =w>d a little1 br++ x back1 & s cont9ue until y h got ! eng9e />t$ gradually4 ,:5 well "u way ?r[ ! rev]se lev] into ! la/ not*1 & give y\r att5tion to /e]+4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld y /e] a traction eng9e8 ,a4 ,9 all cases ! same man %\ld h&le ! ?rottle & /e] ! eng9e4 ,skill 9 /e]+ comes by practice1 & ab\t ! only rule t c be giv5 is to g sl[1 & "u no circum/ances j]k y\r eng9e ab\t4 ,good /e]+ dep5ds a great deal on natural ability to judge di/ances by ! eye & p[] by ! feel4 ,a good eng9e] mu/ h a good eye1 a good e>1 & a good t\* 7if we may s speak74 ,if ei!r is want+1 success w be unc]ta94 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld an eng9e be h&l$ on ! road8 ,a4 ,!re w be no special difficulty 9 h&l+ an eng9e on a /raight1 level piece ( road1 especially if ! road is h>d & )\t holes4 ,b :5 y come to y\r fir/ hill y\r tr\bles w beg94 ,be=e asc5d+ a hill1 see t ! wat] 9 ! boil] does n /& m ?an two in*es 9 ! glass gauge4 ,if !re is too mu* wat]1 z x is ?r[n to "o end ( ! eng9e by ! grade x is liable to get into ! /eam cyl9d]4 ,if y h too mu* wat]1 bl[ (f a little f ! bottom bl[-(f cock4 ,9 desc5d+ a hill nev] /op y\r eng9e = a mom5t1 s9ce y\r cr[n %eet w be uncov]$ by reason ( ! wat] be+ ?r[n =w>d1 & any cessation 9 ! jolt+ ( ! eng9e :i* keeps ! wat] fl[+ ov] ! cr[n %eet w cause ! fusible plug to bl[ out1 mak+ delay & exp5se4 ,make x a po9t nev] to /op y\r eng9e except on ! level4 ,be=e desc5d+ a hill1 %ut (f ! /eam at ! ?rottle1 & control ! eng9e by ! friction brake2 or if !re is no brake1 d n q close ! ?rottle1 b set ! rev]se lev] 9 ! c5t] not*1 or back f> en\gh to control ! spe$4 ,x is seldom necess>y to use /eam 9 go+ d[n hill1 h[ev]1 & if ! ?rottle is clos$ ev5 ) no friction brake1 ! rev]se may be us$ 9 su* a way z to =m an air brake 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,get d[n to ! bottom ( a hill z quickly z y c4 ,be=e desc5d+ a hill x w\ld be well to close y\r damp]s & keep ! firebox door clos$ tight all ! "t4 ,cov] ! fire ) fre% fuel s z to keep ! heat d[n4 ,! pump or injector mu/ be kept at "w1 h[ev]1 s9ce z y h let ! wat] d[n l[1 y mu/ n let x fall any l[] or y are likely to h tr\ble4 ,9 asc5d+ a hill1 d j ! rev]se1 namely3 ,keep y\r fire brisk & hot1 ) /eam pressure asc5d+2 & ?r[ ! rev]se lev] 9 ! la/ not*1 giv+ ! eng9e all ! /eam y c1 else y may get /uck4 ,if y /op y are likely to ov]heat =w>d end ( fire tubes4 ,y are less liable to get /uck if y g sl[ly ?an if y g fa/4 ,regulate spe$ by friction clut*4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,po9ts ,,= ,,! ,,"y ,,eng9e]4--7,,cont47 ,,miscellane\s4 ,q4 ,:at is ,foam+8 ,a4 ,! ^w is us$ to describe ! ris+ ( wat] 9 l>ge bubbles or foam4 ,y w detect x by notic+ t ! wat] 9 ! glass gauge rises & falls1 or is foamy4 ,x is due to s$im5t 9 ! boil]1 or grease & o!r impurities 9 ! fe$ supply4 ,%ak+ up ! boil] w />t foam+ sometimes2 at o!r times x w />t )\t app>5t cause4 ,9 su* cases x is due to ! /eam try+ to get ?r\gh a ?ick cru/ on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,q4 ,h[ may y prev5t foam+8 ,a4 ,x may be *eck$ = a mom5t by turn+ (f ! ?rottle1 s giv+ ! wat] a *ance to settle4 ,x is g5]ally prev5t$ by frequ5tly us+ ! surface bl[-(f to cle> away ! scum4 ,( c\rse ! wat] mu/ be kept z pure z possible1 & especially %\ld alkali wat] be avoid$4 ,q4 ,:at is prim+8 ,a4 ,prim+ is n ! same z foam+1 ?\gh x is (t5 caus$ by foam+4 ,prim+ is ! c>ry+ ( wat] into ! /eam cyl9d] ) ! /eam4 ,x is caus$ by v>i\s ?+s beside foam+1 = x may be f\nd :5 ! boil] is q clean4 ,a sudd5 & v hot fire may />t prim+4 ,prim+ sometimes foll[s l[]+ ( ! /eam pressure4 ,(t5 x is due to lack ( capacity 9 ! boil]1 especially lack ( /eam space1 or lack ( good circulation4 ,q4 ,h[ c y detect prim+8 ,a4 ,by ! click+ s\nd x makes 9 ! /eam cyl9d]4 ,! wat] 9 ! gauge w also g up & d[n viol5tly4 ,!re w also be a %[] ( wat] f ! exhau/4 ,q4 ,:at is ! prop] rem$y = prim+8 ,a4 ,if x is due to lack ( capacity 9 ! boil] no?+ c be done b get a new boil]4 ,9 o!r cases x may be rem$i$ by c>ry+ less wat] 9 ! boil] :5 t c be done safely1 by tak+ /eam f a diff]5t po9t 9 ! /eam dome1 or if !re is no dome by us+ a long dry pipe ) p]=ation at ! end4 ,a l>g] /eam pipe may help x2 or x may be rem$i$ by tak+ out ! top r[ ( flues4 ,leaky cyl9d] r+s or a leaky valve may also h some?+ to d ) x4 ,9 all cases ^! %\ld be made /eam tight4 ,if ! exhau/ nozzle is *ok$ up ) grease or s$im5t1 clean x out4 ,a traction eng9e ) small /eam ports w\ld prime quickly "u =c$ spe$4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y bank y\r fires8 ,a4 ,pu% ! fire z f> to ! back ( ! firebox z possible & cov] x ov] ) v f9e coal or ) dry a%es4 ,z l>ge a portion z possible ( ! grate %\ld be left op51 s t ! air may pass ov] ! fire4 ,close ! damp] tight4 ,by bank+ y\r fires at night y keep ! boil] w>m & c get up /eam m quickly 9 ! morn+4 ,q4 ,:5 wat] is left 9 ! boil] ) bank$ fire 9 cold wea!r1 :at precautions ought to be tak58 ,a4 ,! cocks 9 ! glass wat] gauge %\ld be clos$ & ! dra9 cock at ! bottom op5$1 = fe> ! wat] 9 ! expos$ gauge %\ld freeze4 ,likewise all dra9 cocks 9 /eam cyl9d] & pump %\ld be op5$4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld a traction eng9e be prep>$ = lay+ up dur+ ! w9t]8 ,a4 ,fir/1 ! outside ( ! boil] & eng9e %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$1 see+ t all gummy oil or grease is remov$4 ,!n give ! outside ( ! boil] & smoke/ack a coat ( asphalt pa9t1 or a coat ( lampblack & l9se$ oil1 or at any rate a dop+ ( grease4 ,! outside ( ! boil] %\ld be clean$ :ile x is hot1 s t grease1 etc41 may be easily remov$ :ile s(t4 ,aft] ! outside has be5 att5d$ to1 bl[ out ! wat] at l[ pressure & ?or\ghly clean ! inside 9 ! usual way1 tak+ out ! h&hole & manhole plates1 & scrap+ (f all scale & s$im5t4 ,aft] ! boil] has be5 clean$ on ! inside1 fill x ne>ly full ( wat]1 & p\r ^u ! top a bucket ( black oil4 ,!n let ! wat] out ?r\gh ! bl[-(f at ! bottom4 ,z ! wat] goes d[n x w h a coat+ ( oil d[n ! sides ( ! boil]4 ,all ! brass fitt+s %\ld be remov$1 includ+ gauge cocks1 *eck valves1 safety valve1 etc4 ,disconnect all pipes t may conta9 wat]1 to be sure none rema9s 9 any ( !m4 ,op5 all /uff+ boxes & take out pack+1 = ! pack+ w cause ! p>ts !y surr\nd to ru/4 ,f9ally1 clean out ! inside ( ! firebox & ! fire flues1 & give ! a%-pan a good coat ( pa9t all ov]1 inside z well z out4 ,! inside ( ! cyl9d] %\ld be well greas$1 :i* c be done by remov+ ! cyl9d] head4 ,see t ! top ( ! smoke /ack is cov]$ to keep out ! wea!r4 ,all brass fitt+s %\ld be c>efully pack$ & put away 9 a dry place4 ,a little att5tion to ! eng9e :5 y put x up w save twice z mu* "t :5 y take x out next season1 & besides save _m doll>s ( value 9 ! life ( ! eng9e4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld belt+ be c>$ =8 ,a4 ,fir/1 keep belts free f du/ & dirt4 ,nev] ov]load belts4 ,d n let oil or grease drip ^u !m4 ,nev] put any /icky or pa/y grease on a belt4 ,nev] all[ any animal oil or grease to t\* a rubb] belt1 s9ce x w de/roy ! life ( ! rubb]4 ,! gra9 or hair side %\ld run next ! pulley1 z x holds bett] & is n s likely to slip4 ,rubb] belts w be greatly improv$ if !y are cov]$ ) a mixture ( black lead & li?>ge1 equal p>ts1 mix$ ) boil$ oil1 & j en\gh japan to dry !m quickly4 ,?is mixture w d to put on places t peel4 ,q4 ,:at is ! prop] way to lace a belt8 ,a4 ,fir/1 squ>e ! ends ) a prop] squ>e1 cutt+ !m (f to a nicety4 ,beg9 to lace 9 ! middle1 & d n cross ! laces on ! pulley side4 ,on t side ! lac+s %\ld run /raight ) ! l5g? ( ! belt4 ,! holes 9 ! belt %\ld be pun*$ if possible ) an oval pun*1 ! long diamet] co9cid+ ) ! l5g? ( ! belt4 ,make two r[s ( holes 9 ea* end ( ! belt1 s t ! holes 9 ea* r[ w alt]nate ) ^? 9 prec$+ r[1 mak+ a zigzag4 ,f\r holes w be requir$ = a ?ree-in* belt 9 ea* end1 two holes 9 ea* r[2 9 a six-in* belt1 place sev5 holes 9 ea* end1 f\r 9 ! r[ ne>e/ ! end4 ,to f9d ! l5g? ( a belt :5 ! exact l5g? _c be measur$ conv5i5tly1 measure a /raight l9e f ! c5t] ( "o pulley to ! c5t] ( ! o!r4 ,add toge!r half ! diamet] ( ea* pulley1 & multiply t by #c 7#c4adaf74 ,! result add$ to twice ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t]s w give ! total l5g? ( ! belt4 ,a belt w "w be/ if x is all[$ to sag j a trifle4 ,! seam side ( a rubb] belt %\ld be plac$ outw>d1 or away f ! pulley4 ,if su* a belt slips1 coat ! inside ) boil$ l9se$ oil or soap4 ,cotton belt+ may be pres]v$ by pa9t+ ! pulley side :ile runn+ ) common pa9t1 aft]w>d apply+ s(t oil or grease4 ,if a belt slips apply a little oil or soap to ! pulley side4 ,q4 ,h[ does ! capacity ( belts v>y8 ,a4 ,9 proportion to wid? & also to ! spe$4 ,d\ble ! wid? & y d\ble ! capacity2 also1 )9 a c]ta9 limit1 d\ble ! spe$ & y d\ble ! capacity4 ,a belt %\ld n be run ov] #e1jjj feet p] m9ute4 ,"o f\r-in* belt w h ! same capacity z two two-in* belts4 ,q4 ,h[ are pi/on rods & valve rods pack$ s t ! /eam _c escape ar\nd !m8 ,a4 ,by pack+ plac$ 9 /uff+-boxes4 ,! /uff+ is ( "s mat]ial t has a c]ta9 am\nt ( ela/icity1 su* z lamp wick1 hemp1 soap /one1 etc41 & c]ta9 pat5t prep>ations4 ,! pack+ is held 9 place by a gl&1 z x is call$1 :i* acts to tight5 ! pack+ z ! cap ( ! /uff+-box is screw$ up4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y repack a /uff+-box8 ,a4 ,fir/ remove ! cap & ! gl&1 & ) a prop] tool take out all ! old pack+4 ,d n use any r\gh in/rum5t l a file1 :i* is liable to scrat* ! rod1 = any injury to ! smoo? surface ( ! rod w make x leak /eam or "w h>d4 ,if pat5t pack+ is us$1 cut (f a suffici5t numb] ( l5g?s to make ! requir$ r+s4 ,!y %\ld be exactly ! "r l5g? to g ar\nd inside ! /uff+-box4 ,if too long1 !y _c be screw$ up tight1 z ! ends w press toge!r & cause irregul>ities4 ,if too %ort1 ! ends w n meet & w leak /eam4 ,cut ! ends diagonally s t !y w make a lap jo9t in/ead ( a squ>e "o4 ,:5 ! /uff+-box has be5 fill$1 place ! gl& 9 position & screw up tight4 ,aft]w>ds loos5 ! nuts a trifle1 z ! /eam w cause ! pack+ to exp&1 usually4 ,! /uff+-box %\ld be j z loose z x c be & n all[ leakage ( /eam4 ,if /eam leaks1 screw up ! box a little tight]4 ,if x /ill leaks1 d n screw up z tight z y possibly c1 b repack ! box4 ,if ! /uff+-box is too tight1 ei!r = ! pi/on rod or valve /eam1 x w cause ! eng9e to "w h>d1 & may groove ! rods & spoil !m4 ,if hemp pack+ is us$1 pull ! fibres out /raight & free1 gett+ rid ( all knots & lumps4 ,twi/ toge!r a few ( ! fibres1 mak+ ?ree cords1 & braid ^! ?ree cords toge!r & soak !m ) oil or grease1 w9d ar\nd ! rod till /uff+-box is suffici5tly full1 replace ! gl&1 & screw up z be=e4 ,/uff+-box = wat] pi/on ( pump may be pack$ z describ$ above1 b little oil or grease w be ne$$4 ,nev] pack ! /uff+-box too tight1 or y may flute ! rod & spoil x4 ,always keep ! pack+ 9 a clean place1 well cov]$ up1 nev] all[+ any du/ to get into x1 = ! du/ or grit is liable to cut ! rod4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,economy ,,9 ,,runn+ ,a ,,f>m ,,eng9e4 ,x is some?+ to be able to run a f>m eng9e & keep out ( tr\ble4 ,x is ev5 a great deal if ev]y?+ runs smoo?ly day 9 & day out1 if ! eng9e looks clean1 & y c always develop ! am\nt ( p[] y ne$4 ,y mu/ be able to d ?is be=e y c give ! f9e po9ts ( eng9e]+ mu* consid]ation4 ,:5 y come to ! po9t :]e y are always able to keep out ( tr\ble1 y are probably ready to le>n h[ y c make y\r eng9e d m "w on less fuel ?an x does at pres5t4 ,9 t direction ! be/ ( u h an inf9ite am\nt to le>n4 ,x is a fact t 9 an ord9>y f>m eng9e only ab\t #d p] c5t ( ! coal en]gy is actually sav$ & us$ = "w2 ! re/ is lo/1 p>tly 9 ! boil]1 m l>gely 9 ! eng9e4 ,s we see :at a spl5did *ance !re is to save4 ,if we are ask$ :]e all ! lo/ en]gy goes to1 we might reply 9 a g5]al sort ( way1 a good deal goes up ! smoke/ack 9 smoke or unus$ fuel2 "s is radiat$ f ! boil] 9 ! =m ( heat & is lo/ )\t produc+ any effect on ! /eam )9 ! boil]2 "s is lo/ 9 ! cool+ ( ! /eam z x passes to ! /eam cyl9d]2 "s is lo/ 9 ! cool+ ( ! cyl9d] itself aft] ea* /roke2 "s is lo/ ?r\gh ! pressure on ! back ( ! /eam valve1 caus+ a friction t requires a good deal ( en]gy 9 ! eng9e to ov]come2 "s is lo/ 9 friction 9 ! be>+s1 /uff+-boxes1 etc4 ,at ea* ( ^! po9ts economy may be practic$ if ! eng9e] kn[s h[ to d x4 ,we (f] a few sugge/ions4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,/eam ,,p[]4 ,z economy is a sci5tific "q1 we _c /udy x intellig5tly )\t kn[+ some?+ ( ! !ory ( heat1 /eam & ! transmission ( p[]4 ,!re w be no?+ te*nical 9 ! foll[+ pages2 & z soon z ! !ory is expla9$ 9 simple language1 any intellig5t p]son w "k = himself j :at he ought to d 9 any giv5 case4 ,fir/1 let u def9e or describe heat accord+ to ! sci5tific !ory4 ,sci5ti/s suppose t all matt] is made up ( small p>ticles call$ molecules1 s small t !y h nev] be5 se54 ,ea* molecule is made up ( /ill small] p>ticles call$ atoms4 ,!re is no?+ small] ?an an atom1 & !re are only ab\t sixty-five diff]5t k9ds ( atoms1 :i* are call$ elem5ts2 or r1 any sub/ance made up ( only "o k9d ( atom is call$ an elem5t4 ,?us iron is an elem5t1 & s is z9c1 hydrog51 oxyg51 etc4 ,b a sub/ance l wat] is n an elem5t1 b a comp\nd1 s9ce its molecules are made up ( an atom ( oxyg5 unit$ ) two atoms ( hydrog54 ,wood is made up ( _m diff]5t k9ds ( atoms unit$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,air is n a comp\nd1 b a mixture ( oxyg51 nitrog5 & a few o!r sub/ances 9 small quantities4 ,! reason :y air is a mixture & n a comp\nd is an int]e/+ "o1 & br+s u to our next po9t4 ,9 ord] to =m a comp\nd1 two diff]5t k9ds ( atoms mu/ h an attraction = ea* o!r4 ,!re is no attraction betwe5 oxyg5 & nitrog52 b !re is great attraction betwe5 oxyg5 & c>bon1 & :5 !y get a *ance !y ru% toge!r l long sep>at$ lov]s4 ,an?racite coal is almo/ pure c>bon4 ,s is *>coal4 ,s(t coal consi/s ( c>bon ) :i* v>i\s o!r ?+s are unit$1 "o ( !m be+ hydrog54 ,?is is int]e/+ & important1 because x acc\nts = a curi\s ?+ 9 fir+ up boil]s ) s(t coal4 ,we h already said t wat] is oxyg5 unit$ ) hydrog54 ,:5 s(t coal burns1 n only does ! c>bon unite ) oxyg51 b ! hydrog5 unites ) oxyg5 & =ms wat]1 or /eam4 ,:ile ! boil]s are cold !y w cond5se ! wat] or /eam 9 ! smoke1 j z a cold plate 9 a /eamy room w cond5se wat] f ! /eamy air1 s sweat+4 ,n[ ! sci5ti/s suppose t two or ?ree atoms /ick toge!r by reason ( _! attraction = ea* o!r & =m molecules4 ,^! molecules 9 turn /ick toge!r & =m liquids & solids4 ,! tight] !y /ick1 ! h>d] ! sub/ance4 ,at ! same "t1 ^! molecules are m or less loose1 & are con/antly mov+ back & =?4 ,9 a solid l iron !y move v little2 b a curr5t ( electricity ?r\gh iron makes ! molecules move 9 a peculi> way4 ,9 a liquid l wat]1 ! molecules cl+ toge!r v loosely1 & may easily be pull$ ap>t4 ,9 any gas1 l air or /eam1 ! molecules are entirely disconnect$1 & are con/antly try+ to get f>!r ap>t4 ,heat1 says ! sci5ti/1 is no?+ m or less ?an ! movem5t ( ! molecules back & =?4 ,heat up a piece ( iron 9 a hot furnace1 & ! molecules keep gett+ fur!r & fur!r ap>t1 & ! iron gets s(t] & s(t]1 till x becomes a liquid4 ,if we take "s liquid l wat] & heat x1 ! molecules get f>!r & f>!r ap>t1 till ! wat] boils1 z we say1 or turns into /eam4 ,z /eam ! molecules h brok5 ap>t entirely1 & are beat+ back & =? s rapidly t !y h a t5d5cy to pu% ea* o!r f>!r & f>!r ap>t4 ,?is pu%+ t5d5cy is ! cause ( /eam pressure4 ,x also expla9s :y /eam has an expansive p[]4 ,heat1 !n1 is ! movem5t ( ! molecules back & =?4 ,!re are ?ree fix$ ranges 9 :i* !y move2 ! small range makes a solid2 ! next range makes a liquid2 ! ?ird range makes a gas1 su* z /eam4 ,^! ?ree /ates ( matt] z affect$ by heat are v %>p & def9ite4 ,! po9t at :i* a solid turns to a liquid is call$ ! melt+ po9t4 ,! melt+ po9t ( ice is #cb ,fahr4 ,! po9t at :i* x turns to a gas is call$ ! boil+ po9t4 ,) wat] t is #bab ,fahr4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy ( heat is to pu% ap>t1 or exp&2 & :5 ! heat is tak5 away ! sub/ances contract4 ,let u consid] our /eam boil]4 ,we saw t "s diff]5t k9ds ( atoms h a /rong t5d5cy to ru% toge!r2 = example1 oxyg5 & c>bon4 ,! air is full ( oxyg51 & coal & wood are full ( c>bon4 ,:5 !y are rais$ to a c]ta9 temp]ature1 & ! molecules get loose en\gh s t !y c te> !mselves away f :atev] !y are atta*$ to1 !y ru% toge!r ) t]rible =ce1 :i* sets all surr\nd+ molecules to vibrat+ fa/] ?an ev]4 ,?is means t heat is giv5 out4 ,ano!r important ?+ is t :5 a solid *anges to a liquid1 or a liquid to a gas1 x mu/ take up a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat to keep ! molecules always j s f> ap>t4 ,t heat is said to become lat5t1 = x w n %[ 9 a !rmomet]1 x w n cause any?+ to exp&1 nor w x d any "w4 ,x m]ely s]ves to hold ! molecules j s f> ap>t4 ,,h[ ,,en]gy ,,is ,,lo/4 ,we may n[ see "s ( ! ways 9 :i* en]gy is lo/4 ,fir/1 ! air :i* goes into ! firebox consi/s ( nitrog5 z well z oxyg54 ,t nitrog5 is only 9 ! way1 & takes heat f ! fire1 :i* x c>ries out at ! smoke/ack4 ,aga91 if ! air _c get ?r\gh ! b$ ( coals easily en\gh1 or !re is n en\gh ( x s t e atom ( c>bon1 etc41 w f9d ! "r numb] ( atoms ( oxyg51 "s ( ! atoms ( c>bon w be torn (f & unit$ ) oxyg51 & ! o!r atoms ( c>bon1 left )\t any oxyg5 to unite )1 w g float+ out at ! smoke/ack z black smoke4 ,also1 ! c>bon & ! oxyg5 _c unite except at a c]ta9 temp]ature1 & :5 fre% fuel is ?r[n on ! fire x is cold1 & a good _m atoms ( c>bon aft] be+ loos5$ up1 get cool$ (f aga9 be=e !y h a *ance to f9d an atom ( oxyg51 & s !y1 too1 g float+ (f & are lo/4 ,if ! smoke c\ld be heat$ up1 & !re 7 en\gh oxyg5 mix$ ) x1 ! loose c>bon w\ld /ill burn & produce heat1 & !re w\ld be an economy ( fuel4 ,?is has giv5 rise to smoke consum]s1 & arrang+ two boil]s1 s t :5 "o is be+ fir$ ! heat f ! o!r w cat* ! loose c>bon be=e x gets away & burn x up4 ,s we h ^! po9ts3 #a4 ,en\gh oxyg5 or air mu/ get into a furnace s t e atom ( c>bon w h its atom ( oxyg54 ,?is means t y mu/ h a good draft & t ! air mu/ h a *ance to get ?r\gh ! coal or o!r fuel4 #b4 ,! fuel mu/ be kept hot en\gh all ! "t s t ! c>bon & oxyg5 c unite4 ,?r[+ on too mu* cold fuel at "o "t w l[] ! heat beyond ! economical po9t & cause loss 9 ?ick smoke4 #c4 ,if ! smoke c pass ov] a hot b$ ( coals1 or ?r\gh a hot *amb]1 ! c>bon 9 x may /ill be burn$4 ,?is sugge/s putt+ fuel at ! front ( ! firebox1 a little at a "t1 s t its smoke w h to pass ov] a hot b$ ( coals & ! wa/e c>bon w be burn$4 ,:5 ! fre% fuel gets heat$ up1 x may be pu%$ f>!r back4 ,f a practical po9t ( view ^! po9ts mean1 ,no dead plates 9 a furnace to keep ! air f go+ ?r\gh coal or wood2 a ?9 fire s ! air c get ?r\gh easily2 place ! fre% fuel :]e its smoke w h a *ance to be burn$2 & d n cool (f ! furnace by putt+ on mu* fre% fuel at a "t4 7,lat] we w give m h9ts on fir+47 ,,h[ ,,heat ,,is ,,di/ribut$4 ,we h describ$ heat z ! movem5t ( molecules back & =? at a high rate ( spe$4 ,if ^! heat$ molecules beat aga9/ a solid l iron1 its molecules are set 9 motion1 "o knocks ! next1 & s on1 j z y pu% "o man 9 a cr[d1 he pu%es ! next1 & s on till ! pu% comes out on ! o!r side4 ,s heat passes ?r\gh iron & appe>s on ! o!r side4 ,?is is call$ 8conduction40 ,all space is suppos$ to be fill$ ) a sub/ance 9 :i* heat1 light1 etc41 may be transmitt$1 call$ ! e!r4 ,:5 ! molecules ( a %eet ( iron are heat$1 or set vibrat+1 !y transmit ! vibration ?r\gh ! air1 or e!r4 ,?is is call$ 8radiation40 ,heat is 8conduct$0 ?r\gh solid & liquid sub/ances1 & 8radiat$0 ?r\gh gases4 ,n[ "s sub/ances conduct heat readily1 & "s d s ) ! greate/ difficulty4 ,iron is a good conductor2 c>bon1 or soot on ! flues ( a boil]1 & lime or scale on ! inside ( a boil]1 are v poor conductors4 ,s ! heat w g ?r\gh ! iron & /eel to ! wat] 9 a boil] quickly & easily1 & a l>ge p] c5t ( ! heat ( ! furnace w get to ! wat] 9 a boil]4 ,:5 a boil] is old & is clogg$ ) soot & coat$ ) lime1 ! heat _c get ?r\gh easily1 & goes (f 9 ! smoke/ack4 ,! air com+ out ( ! smoke/ack w be mu* hott]2 & t extra heat is lo/4 ,iron is a good radiator1 too4 ,s if ! out] %ell ( a boil] is expos$ to ! air1 a great deal ( heat w run (f into space & be lo/4 ,"h1 !n1 is :]e y ne$ a non-conductor1 z x is call$1 su* z lime1 wood1 or ! l4 ,economy says1 cov] ! outside ( a boil] %ell ) a non-conductor4 ,?is may be brickwork 9 a set boil]2 9 a traction boil] x means a jacket ( wood1 pla/]1 hair1 or ! l4 ,! /eam pipe1 if x passes ?r\gh out] air1 %\ld be cov]$ ) felt2 & ! /eam cyl9d] ought to h its jacket1 too4 ,at ! same "t all soot & all scale %\ld be scrupul\sly clean$ away4 ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,/eam4 ,z we h already se51 /eam is a gas4 ,x is slightly blue 9 color1 j z ! wat] 9 ! ocean is blue1 or ! air 9 ! sky4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 /eam & vapor4 ,vapor is small p>ticles ( wat] hang+ 9 ! air4 ,!y seem to /ick to ! molecules compos+ ! air1 or hang !re 9 m9ute drops4 ,wat] hang+ 9 ! air is1 ( c\rse1 wat] /ill4 ,its molecules d n h ! movem5t t ! molecules ( a true gas d1 su* z /eam is4 ,/eam1 moreov]1 has absorb$ lat5t heat1 & has expansive =ce2 b vapor has no lat5t heat1 & no expansive =ce4 ,s vapor is dead & lifeless1 :ile /eam is live & full ( en]gy to d "w4 ,:5 vapor gets mix$ ) /eam x is only 9 ! way2 x is a sort ( dead weight t mu/ be c>ri$2 & ! /eam p[] is dim9i%$ by hav+ vapor mix$ ) x4 ,n[ all /eam z x bubbles up ?r\gh wat] 9 boil+ takes up ) x a c]ta9 am\nt ( vapor4 ,su* /eam is call$ 8wet0 /eam4 ,:5 ! vapor is no long] 9 x1 ! /eam is call$ 8dry0 /eam4 ,x is dry /eam t does ! be/ "w1 & t e eng9e] wants to get4 ,:ile wat] w be tak5 up to great heights 9 ! air & =m cl\ds1 9 /eam x w n rise v mu*1 & at a c]ta9 height above ! level ( ! wat] 9 a boil] ! /eam w be mu* dri] ?an ne> ! surface4 ,= ?is reason /eam domes h be5 devis$1 s t ! /eam may be tak5 out at a po9t z high z possible above ! wat] 9 ! boil]1 & s be z dry z possible4 ,also 8dry tubes0 h be5 devis$1 :i* let ! /eam pass ?r\gh _m small holes t s]ve to keep back ! wat] to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,h[ev]1 !re w be m or less moi/ure 9 all /eam until x has be5 sup]heat$1 z x is call$4 ,?is may be done by pass+ x ?r\gh ! hot "p ( ! furnace1 :]e ! add$ heat w turn all ! moi/ure 9 ! /eam into /eam1 & we %all h p]fectly dry /eam4 ,! mom5t1 h[ev]1 t /eam goes ?r\gh a cold pipe1 or "o cool$ by radiation1 or goes into a cold cyl9d]1 or a cyl9d] cool$ by radiation1 "s ( ! /eam w turn to wat]1 or cond5se1 z x is call$4 ,s we h ! same tr\ble aga94 ,mu* moi/ure pass+ into ! cyl9d] ) ! /eam is call$ 8prim+40 ,9 t case ! dead weight ( wat] has become s great z to kill a great "p ( ! /eam p[]4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,! ,,expansive ,,p[] ,,( ,,/eam4 ,we h said t ! molecules 9 /eam are always try+ to get f>!r & f>!r ap>t4 ,if !y are free 9 ! air1 !y w soon scatt]2 b if !y are conf9$ 9 a boil] or cyl9d] !y m]ely pu% out 9 e direction1 =m+ 8pressure40 ,:5 /eam is let into ! cyl9d] x has ! :ole accumulat$ pressure 9 ! boil] beh9d x1 & ( c\rse t ex]ts a /rong pu% on ! pi/on4 ,%ut (f ! boil] pressure & ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d] w /ill h its own natural t5d5cy to exp&4 ,z ! space 9 ! cyl9d] gr[s l>g] ) ! movem5t ( ! pi/on f end to end1 ! expansive p[] ( ! /eam becomes less & less1 ( c\rse4 ,h[ev]1 e little helps1 & ! pu% ?is less5$ expansive =ce ex]ts on ! pi/on is s mu* en]gy sav$4 ,if ! full boil] pressure is kept on ! pi/on ! :ole l5g? ( ! /roke1 & !n ! exhau/ port is imm$iately op5$1 all ?is expansive en]gy ( ! /eam is lo/4 ,x escapes ?r\gh ! exhau/ nozzle into ! smoke/ack & is gone4 ,possibly x _c get out quickly en\gh1 & causes back pressure on ! cyl9d] :5 ! pi/on beg9s its return /roke1 s r$uc+ ! p[] ( ! eng9e4 ,to save ?is ! skill$ eng9e] 8not*es up0 8 rev]se lev]1 z !y say4 ,! rev]se lev] controls ! valve travel4 ,:5 ! lev] is 9 ! la/ not* ! valve has its full travel4 ,:5 ! lev] is 9 ! c5t] not* ! valve has no travel at all1 & no /eam c get into ! cyl9d]2 on ! o!r side ! lev] all[s ! valve to travel gradually m & m 9 ! opposite direction1 s rev]s+ ! eng9e4 ,z ! *ange f "o direction to ! o!r direction is1 ( c\rse1 gradual1 ! valve movem5t is %ort5$ by degrees1 & lets /eam into ! cyl9d] = a correspond+ly less "t4 ,at its full travel x p]haps lets /eam into ! cyl9d] = ?ree-qu>t]s ( its /roke4 ,= ! la/ qu>t] ! "w is done by ! expansive p[] ( ! /eam4 ,set ! lev] 9 ! half not*1 & ! travel ( ! valve is s alt]$ t /eam c get into ! cyl9d] only dur+ half ! /roke ( ! pi/on1 ! "w dur+ ! re/ ( ! /roke be+ done by ! expansive =ce ( ! /eam4 ,set ! lev] 9 ! not* next to ! middle not*1 or ! qu>t] not*1 & /eam w get into ! cyl9d] only dur+ a qu>t] ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on1 ! "w be+ done dur+ ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! /roke by ! expansive =ce ( ! /eam4 ,obvi\sly ! m ! /eam is exp&$ ! less "w x c d4 ,b :5 x escapes at ! exhau/ !re w be v little pressure to be c>ri$ away & lo/4 ,!re=e :5 ! load on 8 eng9e is light ! economical eng9e] w 8not* up0 8 eng9e ) ! rev]se lev]1 & w use up correspond+ly less /eam & save correspond+ly m fuel4 ,:5 ! load is unusually heavy1 h[ev]1 he w h to use ! full p[] ( ! pressure 9 ! boil]1 & ! wa/e _c be help$4 ,,! ,,comp\nd ,,eng9e4 ,! comp\nd eng9e is an arrangem5t ( /eam cyl9d]s to save ! expansive p[] ( /eam at all times by lett+ ! /eam f "o cyl9d] :]e x is at high pressure into ano!r aft] x exhau/s f ! fir/1 9 ?is second cyl9d] do+ m "w purely by ! expansive p[] ( ! /eam4 ,! illu/ration %[s a sectional view ( a comp\nd eng9e hav+ two cyl9d]s1 "o high pressure & "o l[4 ,! l[ pressure cyl9d] is mu* l>g] ?an ! high pressure4 ,!re is a s+le plate betwe5 !m call$ ! c5t] head1 & ! same pi/on rod is fitt$ ) two pi/ons1 "o = ea* cyl9d]4 ,! /eam *e/ does n receive /eam f ! boil]1 b f ! exhau/ ( ! high pressure cyl9d]4 ,! /eam f ! boil] goes into a *amb] 9 ! d\ble valve1 f :i* x passes to ! ports ( ! high pressure cyl9d]4 ,at ! return /roke ! exhau/ /eam escapes into ! /eam *e/1 & f !re x passes into ! l[ pressure cyl9d]4 ,!re may be "o valve rid+ on ! back ( ano!r2 b ! simple/ =m ( comp\nd eng9e is built ) a s+le d\ble valve1 :i* op5s & closes ! ports = bo? cyl9d]s at "o movem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,woolf ,,t&em ,,cyl9d]4 ,!oretically ! comp\nd eng9e %\ld effect a g5u9e economy4 ,9 practice !re are _m ?+s to op]ate aga9/ ?is4 ,( c\rse if ! /eam pressure is l[ to />t )1 ! am\nt ( pressure lo/ 9 ! exhau/ w be small4 ,b if x is v high1 ! sav+ 9 ! l[ pressure cyl9d] w be relatively l>ge4 ,if ! "w c be done j z well ) a l[ pressure1 x w\ld be a practical wa/e to keep ! pressure abnormally high 9 ord] to make ! mo/ ( ! comp\nd eng9e4 ,an eng9e mu/ be a c]ta9 size be=e ! sav+ ( a comp\nd cyl9d] w be appreciable4 ,9 ^! days ne>ly all v l>ge eng9es are comp\nd1 :ile small eng9es are simple4 ,ano!r consid]ation to be tak5 into acc\nt is t a comp\nd is m complicat$ & s h>d] to manage2 & :5 any unfavorable condition causes loss x causes proportionately m loss on a comp\nd ?an on a simple eng9e4 ,= ^! & o!r reasons comp\nd eng9es h be5 us$ less = traction purposes ?an simple eng9es h4 ,x is probable t a skill$ & ?or\ghly compet5t eng9e]1 :o w\ld manage 8 eng9e 9 a sci5tific mann]1 w\ld get m out ( a comp\nd ?an out ( a simple2 & ?is w\ld be especially true 9 regions :]e fuel is high4 ,if fuel is *eap & ! eng9e] unskill$1 a comp\nd eng9e w\ld be a poor economiz]4 ,,friction4 ,we h se5 t ! molecules ( wat] h a t5d5cy to /ick 9 ! /eam z vapor or moi/ure4 ,all molecules t are br\ght into close contact h m or less t5d5cy to /ick toge!r1 & ?is is call$ friction4 ,! /eam z x passes along ! /eam pipe is *eck$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by ! friction on ! sides ( ! pipe4 ,friction causes heat1 & x means t ! heat caus$ has be5 tak5 f "s s\rce ( en]gy4 ,! friction ( ! /eam dim9i%es ! en]gy ( ! /eam4 ,s1 too1 ! fly :eel mov+ aga9/ ! air suff]s friction ) ! air1 besides hav+ to drive p>ticles ( air out ( its pa?4 ,all ! mov+ p>ts ( an eng9e :]e "o metal moves on ano!r suff] friction1 s9ce :]e ! metals are press$ v tightly toge!r !y h m t5d5cy to /ick ?an :5 n press$ s tightly4 ,:5 iron is press$ too tightly1 z "u ! bl[s ( a hamm] 9 a s(t /ate1 x actually welds toge!r solidly4 ,!re is a great deal ( friction 9 ! /eam cyl9d]1 s9ce ! pack+ r+s mu/ press h>d aga9/ ! walls ( ! cyl9d] to prev5t ! /eam f gett+ ?r\gh4 ,!re is a great deal ( friction betwe5 ! ,d valve & its seat1 because ( ! high /eam pressure on ! back ( ! valve4 ,!re is friction 9 ! /uff+ boxes bo? ( ! valve & ! pi/on4 ,!re is friction at all ! be>+s4 ,!re are v>i\s ways 9 :i* friction may be r$uc$4 ,! mo/ obvi\s is to adju/ all p>ts s nicely t !y w b9d z little z possible4 ,! /uff+-boxes w be no tight] ?an is necess>y to prev5t leak+ ( /eam2 & s ) ! pi/on r+s4 ,j\rnal boxes w be tight en\gh to prev5t p\nd+1 b no tight]4 ,to obta9 j ! "r adju/m5t requires great pati5ce & ! ke5 p[]s ( obs]vation & judgm5t4 ,! mak]s ( eng9es try to r$uce friction z mu* z possible by us+ anti-friction metals 9 ! boxes4 ,iron & /eel h to be us$ 9 %afts1 ge>s1 etc41 because ( ! /r5g? t !y possess2 b !re are "s metals t /ick to ea* o!r & to iron & /eel mu* less ?an iron or /eel /ick to ea* o!r :5 press$ close toge!r4 ,^! metals are m or less s(t2 b !y may be us$ 9 boxes & j\rnal be>+s4 ,!y are call$ anti-friction metals4 ,! h>de/ = practical purposes is brass1 & brass is us$ :]e !re is mu* we>4 ,:]e !re is less we> v>i\s alloys ( copp]1 t91 z9c1 etc41 may be us$ 9 ! boxes4 ,"o ( ^! is babbit metal1 :i* is (t5 us$ 9 ! ma9 j\rnal box4 ,all ^! anti-friction metals we> out rapidly1 & !y mu/ be put 9 s t !y c be adju/$ or r5ew$ easily4 ,b ! great anti-friction ag5t is oil4 ,oil is peculi> 9 t :ile ! molecules seem to /ick tightly toge!r & to a metal l iron or /eel1 !y roll ar\nd ^u ea* o!r ) ! utmo/ ease4 ,an ideal lubricator is "o t /icks s tight to ! j\rnal t x =ms a sort ( cu%ion all ar\nd x1 & prev5ts any ( its molecules com+ into contact ) ! molecules ( ! metal box4 ,all ! friction !n takes place betwe5 ! diff]5t molecules ( oil1 & ?is friction is a m9imum4 ,! same pr9ciple has be5 appli$ to me*anics 9 ! ball be>+4 ,a numb] ( little balls roll ar\nd betwe5 ! j\rnal & its box1 prev5t+ ! two metals f com+ into contact ) ea* o!r2 :ile ! balls1 be+ sph]es1 t\* ea* o!r only at a s+le po9t1 & ! total space at :i* /ick+ c occur is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,z is well kn[n1 !re is great diff]5ce 9 oils4 ,"s evaporate1 l gasol9e & k]os5e1 & s disappe> quickly4 ,o!rs d n /ick tightly to ! j\rnal1 s are easily =c$ out ( place1 & ! metals are all[$ to come toge!r4 ,:at is want$1 !n1 is a heavy1 /icky oil t w n get h>d1 b w always =m a good cu%ion betwe5 be>+s4 ,/eam cyl9d]s _c be oil$ directly1 b ! oil mu/ be c>ri$ to ! /eam *e/ & cyl9d] 9 ! /eam4 ,a good cyl9d] oil mu/ be able to /& a high temp]ature4 ,:ile x is diffus$ easily 9 ! /eam1 x mu/ /ick tightly to ! walls ( ! /eam cyl9d] & to ! valve seat1 & keep !m lubricat$4 ,once x is /uck to ! metal1 ! heat ( ! /eam %\ld n evaporate x & c>ry x away4 ,aga91 a cyl9d] oil %\ld n h any acid 9 x :i* w\ld h a t5d5cy to corrode ! metal4 ,ne>ly all animal fats d h "s su* acid4 ,s tall[ & ! l %\ld n be plac$ :]e !y c corrode iron or /eel4 ,l>d & suet alone are suitable = use on an eng9e4 ,:5 x comes to lubricat+ traction ge>s1 o!r problems appe>4 ,a heavy grease w /ick to ! ge>s & prev5t !m f cutt+2 b x w /ick equally to all s& & grit t may come along1 & t1 work+ betwe5 ! cogs1 may cut !m badly4 ,s "s eng9e]s recomm5d ! use on ge>s ( an oil t does n ga!r s mu* dirt4 ,! friction ( ! valve on its seat due to ! pressure ( ! /eam on its back has giv5 rise to _m inv5tions = c\nt]act+ x4 ,! mo/ obvi\s ( ^! is :at is call$ 8! balanc$ valve40 ,9 ! comp\nd eng9e1 :]e ! /eam pressure is obta9$ ^u bo? sides ( ! valve1 x rides mu* m lightly on its seat--s lightly1 inde$1 t :5 /eam pressure is l[1 z 9 go+ d[n hill or op]at+ "u a light load1 plung] pi/ons mu/ be us$ to keep ! valve d[n tight on its seat4 ,! poppet valves 7 devis$ to obviate ! undue friction ( ! ,d valve2 b ! same loss ( en]gy is to a c]ta9 ext5t transf]r$1 & ! practical sav+ is n always equal to ! !oretical4 ,on l>ge /ation>y eng9es rot>y valves & o!r =ms1 su* z are us$ on ! ,corliss eng9e1 h come into common use2 b !y are too complicat$ = a f>m eng9e1 :i* mu/ be z simple z possible1 ) lea/ possible liability ( gett+ out ( ord]4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,economy ,,9 ,,runn+ ,a ,,f>m ,,eng9e4--7,,cont47 ,,practical ,,po9ts4 ,! fir/ practical po9t 9 ! direction ( f>m eng9e economy is to note t ! be/ "w c be done only :5 e "p ( ! eng9e & boil] are 9 due proportion4 ,if ! p[] is 9 excess ( ! "w to be done !re is loss2 if ! grate surface is too l>ge cold air gets ?r\gh ! fuel & prev5ts complete combu/ion1 & if ! grate surface is too small1 n en\gh air gets 92 if ! /eam+ p[] ( ! boil] is too l>ge1 heat is radiat$ away t o!rwise c\ld be sav$1 = e foot ( expos$ area 9 ! boil] is a s\rce ( loss2 if ! /eam+ p[] ( ! boil] is too l[ = ! "w to be done1 x requires extra fuel to =ce ! boil] to d its "w1 & any =c+ means comp>atively l>ge loss or wa/e4 ,x w be se5 t n only mu/ ! eng9e & boil] be built ) ! prop] proportions1 b !y mu/ be b\ght ) a nice s5se ( proportion to ! "w expect$ ( !m4 ,?is requires excell5t judgm5t & "s exp]i5ce 9 measur+ "w 9 horsep[]s4 ,,grate ,,surface ,,& ,,fuel4 ,! grate surface 9 a firebox %\ld be n less ?an two-?irds ( a squ>e foot p] horsep[]1 = av]age size traction eng9es4 ,if ! horsep[] ( an eng9e is small1 proportionately m grate surface w be ne$$2 if x is l>ge1 ! grate surface may be proportionately mu* small]4 ,an eng9e boil] #ghbjj rev41 ) #ajj lbs4 pressure1 %\ld h a grate surface n less ?an six squ>e feet1 & sev5 w\ld be bett]4 ,9 a traction eng9e !re is always a t5d5cy to make ! grate surface z small z possible1 s t ! eng9e w n be cumb]some4 ,ano!r reason :y ! grate surface %\ld be suffici5tly l>ge is t =c$ draft is a bad ?+1 s9ce x has a t5d5cy to c>ry ! products ( combu/ion & hot gases ?r\gh ! smoke/ack & out into space be=e !y h "t to complete combu/ion & especially be=e ! heat ( ! gases has "t to be absorb$ by ! boil] surface4 ,a l>ge grate surface1 !n1 ) a mod]ate draft1 is ! mo/ economical4 ,! draft dep5ds on o!r ?+s1 h[ev]4 ,if a great deal ( f9e fuel is ?r[n on a fire1 ! air mu/ be =c$ ?r\gh1 because x _c get ?r\gh 9 ! natural way4 ,?is results 9 wa/e4 ,s a fire %\ld be z op5 z possible4 ,coal %\ld be 8?90 on ! grates2 wood %\ld be ?r[n 9 s t !re w be pl5ty ( air spaces2 /raw %\ld be f$ 9 j s t x w burn up completely z x goes 94 ,mod]ate size coal is bett] ?an small or f9e4 ,du/ 9 coal *ecks ! draft4 ,a good eng9e] w *oose 8 fuel & h&le 8 fire s t he c get along ) z little =c$ draft z possible4 ,9 a /raw burn+ eng9e a good circulation ( air c be obta9$1 if ! draft door is j bel[ ! /raw funnel1 by ext5d+ ! funnel into ! furnace six in*es or s4 ,?is keeps ! /raw f clogg+ up ! place :]e ! air ent]s & enables x to get at ! fuel s mu* m freely t ! combu/ion is mu* m complete4 ,we h already sugge/$ t 9 fir+ ) coal1 ! fre% fuel be deposit$ 9 front1 s t ! smoke w h to pass ov] live coals & s ! combu/ion w be m complete4 ,!n :5 ! coal is well light$ x c be pok$ back ov] ! o!r portions ( ! grate4 ,?is me?od has ano!r advantage1 9 t ! fir/ heat+ is usually suffici5t to sep>ate ! pure coal f ! m9]al sub/ances :i* =m cl9k]s1 & mo/ ( ! cl9k]s w be deposit$ at t "o po9t 9 ! grate4 ,"h !y c easily be lift$ out1 & w n s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! burn+ ( ! coal z !y w\ld if scatt]$ all ov] ! grate4 ,cl9k]s 9 front c easily be tak5 out by hook+ ! pok] ov] !m t[>d ! back ( ! firebox & pull+ !m up & to ! front4 ,!y (t5 come out z "o big mass :i* c be easily lift$ out4 ,! be/ "t to clean ! grate is :5 !re is a good brisk fire4 ,!n x w n cause /eam to g d[n4 ,/irr+ a fire does little good4 ,= "o ?+1 x breaks up ! cl9k]s & all[s !m to run d[n on ! grate b>s :5 !y /ick & f9ally w>p ! b>s4 ,if ! fire is n /irr$ ! cl9k]s c be lift$ out 9 l>ge masses4 ,/irr+ a fire also creates a t5d5cy to *oke up or coke1 & int]f]es ) ! ev5 & regul> combu/ion ( ! coal at all po9ts4 ,! highe/ heat t c be produc$ is a yell[ heat4 ,:5 !re is a good yell[ heat1 =c$ draft w only c>ry (f ! heat & cause wa/e4 ,x w n cause /ill m rapid combu/ion4 ,:5 ! heat is m]ely r$1 increas$ draft w raise ! temp]ature4 ,combu/ion is n complete until ! flame %[s yell[4 ,h[ev]1 if ! draft is slight & "t is giv51 r$ heat w be ne>ly z effective1 b x w n c>ry ! heat$ gases ov] s l>ge a "p ( ! heat+ surface ( ! boil]4 ,) a v l>ge grate surface1 r$ heat w d v well4 ,c]ta9ly x w be bett] ?an a =c$ draft1 or an ef=t at heat+ beyond ! yell[ po9t4 ,,boil] ,,heat+ ,,surface4 ,! heat ( ! furnace does its "w only z ! heat$ gases t\* ! boil] surface4 ,! iron conducts ! heat ?r\gh to ! wat]1 :i* is rais$ to ! boil+ po9t & turn$ into /eam4 ,n[ ! am\nt ( heat t ! boil] w take up is directly 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( expos$ surface & to ! "t ( exposure4 ,if ! boil] heat+ surface is small1 & ! draft is =c$ s t ! gases pass ?r\gh rapidly1 !y d n h a *ance to communicate mu* heat4 ,also if ! heat+ surface is too l>ge1 s t x _c all be utiliz$1 ! "p n us$ becomes a radiat+ surface1 & ! effici5cy ( ! boil] is impair$4 ,practice has %[n t ! am\nt ( heat+ surface practically requir$ by a boil] is #ab to #ae squ>e feet p] horsep[]4 ,9 reckon+ heat+ surface1 all area :i* ! heat$ gases t\* is calculat$4 ,ano!r po9t 9 reg>d to heat+ surface 9 ! production ( /eam is ?is1 t only su* surface z is expos$ to a heat equal to turn+ ! wat] into /eam is effective4 ,if !re is a pressure ( #aej lbs4 ! temp]ature at :i* ! wat] w\ld turn to /eam w\ld be #ceg degrees1 & any gases ^: temp]ature 0 bel[ #ceg degrees w\ld h no effect on ! heat+ surface except to prev5t radiation4 ,?us 9 a return flue boil] ! heat$ gases become cool$ (t5 to su* an ext5t be=e !y pass out at ! smoke/ack t !y d n help ! g5]ation ( /eam4 ,yet a heat j bel[ #ceg degrees w\ld turn wat] into /eam "u #adi lbs4 pressure4 ,?\gh x has "w 9 x1 ! heat is lo/4 ,ano!r practical po9t z to economy 9 l>ge heat+ surface is t x co/s money to make1 & is cumb]some to move ab\t4 ,x may co/ m to move a traction eng9e ) l>ge boil] f place to place ?an ! sav+ 9 fuel w\ld am\nt to4 ,s ! k9d ( roads & ! co/ ( fuel mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt & nicely balanc$4 ,h[ev]1 x may be said t a boil] ) c]ta9 outside dim5sions t w g5]ate #bj horsep[] w be m economical ?an "o ( ! same size t w g5]ate only #aj horsep[]4 ,9 select+ an eng9e1 ! high] ! horsep[] = ! giv5 dim5sions1 ! m economical ( bo? fuel & wat]4 ,! value ( heat+ surface also dep5ds on ! mat]ial ?r\gh :i* ! heat mu/ p5etrate1 & ! rapidity ) :i* ! heat w pass4 ,we h already po9t$ out t soot & lime scale p]mit heat to pass b sl[ly & if !y are all[$ to accumulate w greatly r$uce ! /eam+ p[] ( a boil] = a giv5 consumption ( fuel4 ,ano!r po9t is t ! ?9n] ! iron or /eel1 ! bett] w ! heat get ?r\gh ev5 t4 ,s x foll[s t flues1 be+ ?9n]1 are bett] conductors ?an ! sides ( ! firebox4 ,long flues are bett] ?an %ort ones 9 t ! long ones all[ less soot1 etc41 to accumulate ?an ! %ort ones d1 & af=d m "t = ! boil] to absorb ! heat ( ! gases4 ,aga91 we h /at$ t heat+ surface is valuable only z x is expos$ to ! gases at a suffici5tly high temp]ature4 ,"s boil]s h a t5d5cy to draw ! hot gases mo/ rapidly ?r\gh ! upp] flues1 :ile ! l[] flues d n get _! proportion ( ! heat4 ,?is results 9 a loss1 = ! heat to give its full b5efit %\ld be equally di/ribut$4 ,to prev5t ! heat be+ drawn too rapidly ?r\gh upp] flues1 a baffle plate may be plac$ 9 ! smoke box j above ! upp] flues1 ?us prev5t+ !m f gett+ s mu* ( ! draft4 ,aga91 if ! exhau/ nozzle is too l[ d[n1 ! draft ?r\gh ! l[] flues may be great] ?an ?r\gh ! upp]4 ,?is is rem$i$ by putt+ a piece ( pipe on ! exhau/ to raise x high] 9 ! smoke/ack4 ,,expansion ,,& ,,cond5sation4 ,we h already po9t$ out t economy results if we hook up ! rev]se lev] s t ! expansive =ce ( ! /eam has an opportunity to "w dur+ half or ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! /roke4 ,"o difficulty aris+ f ?is me?od is t ! walls ( ! cyl9d] cool m rapidly :5 n "u ! full boil] pressure4 ,cond5sation 9 ! cyl9d] is a practical difficulty :i* %\ld be met & ov]come z f> z possible4 ,high spe$ gives "s advantage4 ,a judici\s use ( cu%ion helps cond5sation some:at also1 because :5 any gas l /eam or air is compress$1 x gives (f heat1 & ?is heat 9 ! cu%ion w keep up ! temp]ature ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is _c be c>ri$ v f>1 h[ev]1 = ! back pressure ( cu%ion w r$uce ! en]gy ( ! eng9e movem5t4 ,,lead ,,& ,,cle>ance4 ,too mu* cle>ance w detract f ! p[] ( an eng9e1 z !re is j s mu* m wa/e space to be fill$ ) hot /eam4 ,too little cle>ance w cause p\nd+4 ,likewise !re w be loss ( p[] 9 an eng9e if ! lead is too great or too little4 ,! prop] am\nt ( lead diff]s ) conditions4 ,a high spe$ eng9e requires m ?an a l[ spe$1 & if an eng9e is adju/$ = a c]ta9 spe$1 x %\ld be kept uni=mly at t spe$1 z v>iation causes loss4 ,! m cle>ance an eng9e has ! m lead x ne$s4 ,also ! quick] ! valve motion1 ! less lead requir$4 ,sometimes :5 a l>ge eng9e is pull+ only a light load & !re is no *ance to %ort5 ! cut-(f1 a turn ( ! ecc5tric disk = a trifle m lead w effect "s economy4 ,cut-(f %\ld be z %>p z possible4 ,a sl[ cut-(f 9 r$uc+ pressure be=e cut-(f is complete1 causes a loss ( p[] 9 ! eng9e4 ,,! ,,exhau/4 ,if ! exhau/ f ! cyl9d] does n beg9 be=e ! pi/on beg9s its return /roke1 !re w be back pressure due to ! sl[ness ) :i* ! valve op5s4 ,! exhau/ %\ld be e>li] 9 proportion to ! sl[ness ( ! valve motion1 & also1 9 proportion to ! spe$ ( ! eng9e1 s9ce ! high] ! spe$ ! less "t !re is = ! /eam to get out4 ,x foll[s t an eng9e ^: exhau/ is arrang$ = a l[ spe$ _c be run at a high spe$ )\t caus+ loss f back pressure4 ,9 us+ /eam expansively ! relative proportion betwe5 ! back pressure & ! =ce ( ! /eam is ( c\rse great]4 ,s 9 us+ /eam expansively ! back pressure mu/ be at a m9imum1 & ?is is especially true 9 ! comp\nd eng9e4 ,s _m ?+s affect ?is1 t x becomes "o ( ! reasons :y x is h>d to use a comp\nd eng9e ) z great economy z !ory w\ld indicate4 ,ano!r ?+1 ! smallness ( ! exhau/ nozzle 9 ! smoke/ack affects ! back pressure4 ,! small] ! nozzle1 ! great] ! draft a giv5 am\nt ( /eam w create2 b ! m back pressure !re w be1 due to ! inability ( ! exhau/ /eam to get out easily4 ,s ! exhau/ nozzle %\ld be z l>ge z circum/ances w p]mit4 ,x is a favorite trick ) eng9e]s te/+ ! pull+ p[] ( _! eng9es to remove ! exhau/ nozzle entirely = a few m9utes :5 ! fire is up4 ,! back pressure sav$ w at once %[ 9 ! pull+ p[] ( ! eng9e1 & e "o w be surpris$4 ,( c\rse ! fire c\ldn't be kept go+ long )\t ! nozzle on4 ,we h already po9t$ out t a natural draft is bett] ?an a =c$ "o4 ,"h is ano!r reason = x4 ,,leaks4 ,leaks always cause a wa/e ( p[]4 ,!y may usually be se5 :5 ab\t ! boil]2 b leaks 9 ! pi/on & valve w (t5 g unnotic$4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t if a valve does n travel a %ort di/ance beyond ! end ( its seat1 x w we> ! "p x does travel on1 :ile ! rema9+ "p w n we> & w become a %\ld]4 ,su* a %\ld] w ne>ly always cause a leak 9 ! valve1 & besides w add ! friction1 & o!rwise de/roy ! economy ( ! eng9e4 ,likewise ! pi/on w we> "p ( ! cyl9d] & leave a %\ld] at ei!r end if x does n pass entirely beyond ! /eam-tight portion ( ! inside ( ! cyl9d]4 ,t x may always d ?is & yet leave suffici5t cle>ance1 ! c\nt]bore has be5 devis$4 ,all good eng9es are bor$ l>g] at ea* end s t ! pi/on w pass beyond ! /eam-tight portion a trifle at ! end ( ea* /roke4 ,( c\rse x mu/ n pass f> en\gh to all[ any /eam to get ?r\gh4 ,self-sett+ pi/on r+s are n[ g5]ally us$4 ,!y are kept 9 place by _! own t5sion4 ,!re w always be a little leakage at ! lap4 ,! be/ lap is probably a brok5 jo9t r ?an a diagonal "o4 ,moreov]1 z ! r+s we> !y w h a t5d5cy to get loose unless !y are ?icke/ at a po9t j opposite to ! lap1 s9ce ?is is ! po9t at :i* x is necess>y to make up = ! t5sion lo/ by ! lapp+4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,diff]5t ,,types ,,( ,,eng9es4 ,,/ation>y4 ,s f> we h describ$ & ref]r$ exclusively to ! usual =m ( ! f>m traction eng9e1 :i* is ne>ly always ! simple/ k9d ( an eng9e1 except 9 "o p>ticul>1 namely1 ! rev]se :i* gives a v>iable cut-(f4 ,/ation>y eng9es1 h[ev]1 are work$ "u su* conditions t v>i\s *anges 9 ! arrangem5t may be made :i* gives economy 9 op]at+1 or o!r desirable qualities4 ,we w n[ briefly describe "s ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( /ation>y eng9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,d4 ,,june ,,co4',s ,,/ation>y ,,f\r-,,valve ,,eng9e4 ,,?rottl+ ,,& ,,automatic ,,cut-,,(f ,,types4 ,eng9es may be divid$ into two classes1 namely1 ?rottl+ & automatic cut-(f eng9es4 ,! ?rottl+ eng9e regulates ! spe$ ( ! eng9e by cutt+ (f ! supply ( /eam f ! boil]1 ei!r by ! h& ( ! eng9e] on ! ?rottle or by a gov]nor work+ a special ?rottl+ gov]nor valve4 ,railroad locomotives are ?rottl+ eng9es1 & moreov] !y h no gov]nor1 ! spe$ be+ regulat$ by ! eng9e] at ! ?rottle valve4 ,traction eng9es are usually ?rottl+ eng9es provid$ ) a gov]nor4 ,an automatic cut-(f eng9e regulates its spe$ by a gov]nor connect$ ) ! valve1 & does x by %ort5+ ! "t dur+ :i* /eam c ent] ! cyl9d]4 ,?is is a great advantage1 9 t ! expansive p[] ( /eam is giv5 a *ance to "w1 :ile 9 ! ?rottl+ eng9e /eam is m]ely cut (f4 ,! subject has be5 fully discuss$ "u 8,economy 9 ,runn+ a ,f>m ,eng9e40 ,an automatic cut-(f eng9e is mu* ! mo/ economical4 ,:ile on traction eng9es ! gov]nor is usually ( ! ball v>iety1 on /ation>y eng9es improv$ =ms ( gov]nors are also plac$ 9 ! fly :eel1 & "w 9 v>i\s ways1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! valve ge>4 ,,! ,,corliss ,,eng9e4 ,! ,corliss eng9e is a type n[ well kn[n & made by _m diff]5t manufactur]s4 ,x is consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ economical /ation>y eng9es made1 b _c be us$ = traction purposes4 ,x may be comp\nd1 & may be us$ ) a cond5s]4 ,x _c be us$ z a high spe$ eng9e1 s9ce ! valves w n "w rapidly en\gh4 ,! peculi>ity ( a ,corliss eng9e is ! arrangem5t ( ! valves4 ,x has f\r valves in/ead ( "o1 & !y are ( ! semi-rot>y type4 ,!y consi/ ( a small1 long cyl9d] :i* rocks back & =?1 s z to close & op5 ! port1 :i* is r wide & %ort comp>$ to o!r types4 ,!re is a valve at ea* end ( ! cyl9d] op5+ usually into ! cle>ance space1 to admit /eam2 & two m valves bel[ ! cyl9d] = ! exhau/4 ,^! exhau/ valves all[ any wat] ( cond5sation to run out ( ! cyl9d]4 ,moreov]1 z ! /eam :5 x leaves ! cyl9d] is mu* cold] ?an :5 x ent]s1 ! exhau/ always cools ! /eam ports1 & :5 ! same ports are us$ = exhau/ & admission ! fre% /eam has to pass ?r\gh ports t h be5 cool$ & cause cond5sation4 ,9 ! ,corliss eng9e ! exhau/ does n h an opportunity to cool ! live /eam ports & ! cond5sation is r$uc$4 ,?is works consid]able economy4 ,also ! ,corliss valves h little friction f /eam pressure on _! own backs1 s9ce ! mom5t !y are lift$ f _! seats !y "w freely4 ,! valves are controll$ by a gov]nor s z to make ! automatic cut-(f eng9e4 ,! ,corliss type ( frame = eng9e is (t5 us$ on traction eng9es & means ! use ( convex %oes on cross-head & concave ways or guides4 ,9 locomotive type1 cross-head slides 9 f\r squ>e angle guides4 ,,! ,,high ,,spe$ ,,eng9e4 ,a high spe$ eng9e means "o 9 :i* ! spe$ ( ! pi/on back & =? is high1 r ?an ! spe$ ( rotation1 !re be+ sometimes a diff]5ce4 ,high spe$ eng9es came into use because ( ! ne$ ( su* to run dynamos = electric light+4 ,)\t a high spe$ eng9e an int]m$iate ge> w\ld h to be us$1 s z to increase ! spe$ ( ! op]at+ %aft4 ,9 ! high spe$ eng9e ?is is done away )4 ,z an eng9e's p[] v>ies directly z its spe$ z well z its cyl9d] capacity or size1 an eng9e commonly us$ = t5 horsep[] w\ld become a tw5ty horsep[] eng9e if ! spe$ c\ld be d\bl$4 ,s high spe$ eng9es are v small & compact1 & require less metal to build !m4 ,!re=e !y %\ld be mu* *eap] p] horsep[]4 ,a high spe$ eng9e diff]s f a l[ spe$ 9 no ess5tial p>ticul>1 except ! adju/m5t ( p>ts4 ,a high /eam pressure mu/ be us$2 a long1 n>r[ valve port is us$1 s t ! full /eam pressure may be let on quickly at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke :5 ! pi/on is rev]s+ its motion & ne$s p[] to get />t$ quickly on its return2 ! slide valve mu/ be us$1 s9ce ! semi-rot>y ,corliss w\ld be too wide & %ort = a quick op5+4 ,"s high spe$ eng9es are built :i* use f\r valves1 z does ! ,corliss4 ,! friction ( ! slide valve is usually 8balanc$0 9 "s way1 ei!r by 8pressure plates0 above ! valve1 :i* prev5t ! /eam f gett+ at ! top & press+ ! valve d[n1 or by lett+ ! /eam "u ! valve1 mak+ x slide on n>r[ /rips1 s9ce ! pressure above w\ld !n be r$uc$ 9 proportion ) ! smallness ( ! be>+ surface bel[1 & if ! be>+ surface 7 v small ! pressure above w\ld be correspond+ly small1 p]haps only en\gh to keep ! valve 9 place4 ,"s automatic cut-(f ge> is almo/ always us$4 ,a high spe$ eng9e may atta9 #ijj revolutions p] m9ute1 #fjj be+ common4 ,9 _m ways x is economical4 ,,cond5s+ ,,& ,,non-,,cond5s+4 ,9 ! traction eng9e ! exhau/ is us$ 9 ! smoke/ack to help ! draft1 s9ce ! smoke/ack mu/ necess>ily be %ort4 ,a /ation>y eng9e is usually provid$ ) a boil] set 9 brickwork1 & a furnace ) a high *imney1 :i* creates all ! draft ne$$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! heat$ gases wa/$ 9 a traction eng9e are utiliz$ to make ! draft4 ,x !n becomes desirable to save ! p[] 9 ! exhau/ /eam 9 "s way4 ,"s ( ?is c be us$ to heat ! fe$ wat]1 b only a fraction ( x4 ,n[ :5 ! exhau/ /eam issues into ! air x mu/ ov]come ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 ne>ly #ae lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 :i* is a l>ge item to beg9 )4 ,?is c be sav$ by lett+ ! /eam exhau/ into a cond5s]1 :]e a spray ( cold wat] or ! l sudd5ly cond5ses ! /eam s t a vacuum is creat$4 ,!re is !n no back pressure on ! exhau/ /eam1 !oretically4 ,practically a p]fect vacuum _c be creat$1 & !re is a back pressure ( #b or #c lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,by ! use ( a cond5s] a back pressure ( ab\t #ab lbs4 is tak5 (f ! head ( ! pi/on on its return /roke1 a matt] ( consid]able economy4 ,b an imm5se am\nt ( wat] is requir$ to run a cond5s]1 namely1 #bj times z mu* = a giv5 sav+ ( p[] z is requir$ 9 a boil] to make t p[]4 ,s cond5s]s are us$ only :]e wat] is *eap4 ,,comp\nd ,,& ,,cross-,,comp\nd4 ,we h already expla9$ ! economy effect$ by ! comp\nd eng9e1 9 :i* a l>ge l[ pressure cyl9d] is op]at$ by ! exhau/ f a small high pressure cyl9d]4 ,9 ! cut us$ = illu/ration ! l[ pressure cyl9d] is 9 direct l9e ) ! high pressure cyl9d]1 & "o pi/on rod connects bo? pi/ons4 ,?is arrangem5t is call$ ! 8t&em40 ,sometimes ! l[ pressure cyl9d] is plac$ by ! side ( ! high pressure1 or at a di/ance f x1 & op]ates ano!r pi/on & connect+ rod4 ,by us+ a /eam *e/ to /ore ! exhau/ /eam & v>y+ ! cut-(f ( ! two cyl9d]s1 ! crank ( ! l[ pressure may be at an angle ( #ij degrees ) ! crank ( ! high pressure1 & !re c be no dead c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,woolf ,,comp\nd4 ,:5 a v high pressure ( /eam is us$ ! exhau/ f ! l[ pressure cyl9d] may be us$ to op]ate a ?ird cyl9d]2 & ! exhau/ f t to op]ate a f\r?4 ,eng9es s arrang$ are t]m$ triple & quadruple expansion eng9es1 or multiple expansion4 ,! practical sav+ ( a comp\nd eng9e :5 its value c be utiliz$ to ! full is #aj p] c5t to #bj p] c5t4 ,small eng9es are seldom comp\nd$1 l>ge eng9es ne>ly always4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,gas ,,& ,,gasol9e ,,eng9es4 ,! gas & gasol9e eng9es 7!y are exactly ! same except t "o g5]ates ! gas x ne$s f gasol9e1 :ile ! o!r takes common illum9at+ gas1 ! use ( gas or gasol9e be+ int]*angeable on ! same eng9e by readju/m5t ( "s ( ! p>ts7 are op]at$ on a pr9ciple entirely diff]5t f /eam4 ,:ile !y are arrang$ v mu* z a /eam eng9e1 ! p[] is giv5 by an explosion ( gas mix$ ) air 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,in/ead ( be+ a /eady pressure l t furni%$ by /eam1 x is a sudd5 pressure giv5 to "o end ( ! pi/on usually once 9 f\r /rokes or two revolutions1 "o /roke be+ requir$ to draw ! gasol9e 91 ! second to compress x1 ! ?ird to receive ! effect ( ! explosion 7?is is ! only p[] /roke71 ! f\r? to pu% out ! burn$ gases prep>atory to admitt+ a new *>ge4 ,! fact t =ce is giv5 ! cyl9d] at su* wide int]vals makes x necess>y to h an extra heavy fly:eel to keep ! eng9e /eady1 & ! d\ble cyl9d] eng9e :i* c give a /roke at lea/ e revolution is /ill bett] & is indisp5sable :5 ! fly:eel _c be above a c]ta9 weight4 ,= small horsep[]s1 su* z are requir$ = pump+1 fe$ gr9d+1 *urn+1 etc41 ! gas eng9e is s mu* m conv5i5t & s v mu* *eap] 9 op]ation ?an ! small /eam eng9e t x is safe to say t )9 a v few ye>s ! gas eng9e w h completely displac$ ! small /eam eng9e4 ,9 fact1 ! discov]y ( ! gas eng9e p]mits ! same economies = ! small eng9e t ! progress 9 /eam eng9e]+ has made possible = ! l>ge /eam eng9e4 ,z yet ! gas eng9e has made little or no progress aga9/ ! l>ge /eam plant1 ) its ,corliss eng9e1 its triple expansion1 its cond5s]1 & all ! o!r appliances :i* are n practicable ) ! small eng9e4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,/eam ,,& ,,gas ,,eng9es4 ,! foll[+ po9ts prep>$ by an exp]i5c$ f>m eng9e manufactur] w %[ cle>ly ! advantages ( ! gas eng9e ov] ! /eam eng9e = g5]al use ab\t a f>m3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! f>m] uses p[]1 z a rule1 at %ort int]vals1 & also uses small p[]4 ,%\ld he in/all a /eam eng9e & wi% p[] = an h\r or two1 x w\ld be necess>y = him to />t a fire "u ! boil] & get up /eam be=e he c\ld />t ! eng9e4 ,?is w\ld take at lea/ an h\r4 ,at ! end ( ! run he w\ld h a good fire & good /eam pressure1 b no use = x1 & w\ld h to let ! fire die out & ! pressure run d[n4 ,?is involves a great wa/e ( wat]1 "t & fuel4 ,) a gasol9e eng9e he is always ready & c />t to "w )9 a few m9utes aft] he makes up 8 m9d to d s1 & he does n h to anticipate 8 wants 9 ! p[] l9e = half a day4 ,aside f ?is1 9 "s /ates1 notably ,ohio1 ! law compels any p]son op]at+ an eng9e above t5 horsep[] to c>ry a /eam eng9e]'s lic5se4 ,?is does n apply to a gasol9e eng9e4 ,aga91 ! gasol9e eng9e is z portable z a traction eng9e1 & c be appli$ to all ! uses ( a traction eng9e & to g5]al f>m use all ! re/ ( ! ye>4 ,at little exp5se x c be fitt$ up to hoi/ hay1 to pump wat]1 to husk & %ell corn1 to saw wood1 & ev5 by rec5t inv5tions to pl[+4 ,x is z good ab\t a f>m z an extra man & a team ( horses4 ,a gasol9e eng9e c be run on a p9t ( gasol9e p] h\r = ea* horsep[]1 & z soon z ! "w is done !re is no m consumption ( fuel & ! eng9e c be left )\t fe>1 except = dra9+ (f ! wat] 9 ! wat] jacket 9 cold wea!r4 ,a /eam eng9e = f>m use w\ld require at lea/ f\r p\nds ( coal p] horsep[] p] h\r1 & 9 ! majority ( cases x w\ld be twice t1 tak+ into consid]ation ! am\nt ( fuel necess>y to />t ! fire & t left unburn$ aft] ! f>m] is ?r\gh ) 8 p[]4 ,if y "k ! co/ ( crude gasol9e at y\r po9t & ! co/ ( coal1 y c easily figure ! exact economy ( a gasol9e eng9e = y\r use4 ,to ! economy ( fuel "q may be add$ ! labor or co/ ( pump+ or haul+ wat]4 ,! only po9t :]e9 a f>m] might f9d x advantage\s to h a /eam plant w\ld be :]e he is runn+ a dairy & wi%$ /eam & hot wat] = cleans+ 8 cream]y ma*9]y4 ,?is c be l>gely ov]come by us+ ! wat] f ! jackets :i* c be kept at a temp]ature ( ab\t #age degrees1 & if a high] temp]ature is ne$$ he c heat x ) ! exhau/ f ! eng9e4 ,! "t w c]ta9ly come soon :5 no f>m] w consid] himself up to date until he has a gasol9e eng9e4 ,"s p]sons unaccu/om$ to gasol9e may wond] if a gasol9e eng9e is z safe z a /eam eng9e4 ,! fact is1 !y are v mu* saf]1 & d n require a skill$ eng9e] to run !m4 ,! gasol9e tank is usually plac$ outside ! build+1 :]e ! dang] f an explosion is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,! only dang] t may be enc\nt]$ is 9 />t+ ! eng9e1 fill+ ! supply tank :5 a burn] ne> at h& is 9 flame1 etc4 ,once a gasol9e eng9e is />t$ & is suppli$ ) gasol9e1 x may be left entirely alone )\t c>e = h\rs at a "t )\t dang] & )\t adju/m5t4 ,) a /eam eng9e !re is always dang]1 unless a highly skill$ man is wat*+ ! eng9e e mom5t4 ,if ! wat] gets a little l[ he is liable to h an explosion2 if x gets a little too high he may knock out a cyl9d] head 9 8 eng9e2 ! fire mu/ be f$ e few m9utes2 ! grates clean$4 ,!re is always some?+ to be done ab\t a /eam eng9e4 ,s "h is ano!r po9t ( great sav+ 9 a gasol9e eng9e1 namely1 ! sav+ ( "o man's "t4 ,! man :o runs ! gasol9e eng9e may give ne>ly all 8 "t to o!r "w1 su* z fe$+ a corn-%ell]1 a fodd] *opp]1 or ! l4 ,k]os5e may also be us$ 9 ! same way ) a special type ( gas eng9e4 ,! am\nts ( fuel requir$ ( ! diff]5t k9ds possible 9 a gas eng9e are comp>$ z foll[s by ,rop]3 ,illum9at+ gas1 #ag to #bj cubic feet p] horsep[] p] h\r4 ,pittsburg natural gas1 z l[ z #aa cubic feet4 #gd gasol9e1 kn[n z /ove gasol9e1 "o-t5? ( a gallon4 ,ref9$ petroleum1 "o-t5? ( a gallon4 ,if a gas produc+ plant us+ coal supplies ! gas1 "o p\nd ( coal p] horsep[] p] h\r is suffici5t on a l>ge eng9e4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,gas ,,or ,,gasol9e ,,eng9e4 ,! gas eng9e consi/s ( a cyl9d] & pi/on1 pi/on rod1 cross-head1 connect+ rod1 crank & fly:eel1 v simil> to ^? us$ 9 ! /eam eng9e4 ,!re is a gas valve1 an exhau/ valve1 & 9 connection ) ! gas valve a self-act+ air valve4 ,! gas valve & ! exhau/ valve are op]at$ by lev] arm or cam work$ f ! ma9 %aft1 arrang$ by spiral ge> or ! l s t x gets "o movem5t = ea* two revolutions ( ! ma9 %aft4 ,su* an eng9e is call$ 8f\r cycle0 7mean+ "o p[] /roke to ea* f\r /rokes ( ! pi/on71 & works z foll[s3 ,z ! pi/on moves =w>d ! air & fuel valves are simultane\sly op5$ & clos$1 />t+ to op5 j z ! pi/on />ts =w>d & clos+ j z ! pi/on completes its =w>d /roke4 ,gas & air are simultane\sly suck$ into ! cyl9d]1 by ?is movem5t4 ,z ! cyl9d] returns x compresses ! *>ge tak5 9 dur+ ! =w>d /roke until x aga9 rea*es back c5t]4 ,! mixture 9 ! ,otto eng9e is compress$ to ab\t #gj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,ignition !n takes place1 caus+ ! mixture to explode & giv+ ! =ce f :i* ! p[] is d]iv$4 ,z ! crank aga9 rea*es its =w>d c5t] ! pi/on uncov]s a port :i* all[s ! great] "p ( ! burnt gases to escape4 ,z ! pi/on comes back1 ! exhau/ valve is op5$1 enabl+ ! pi/on to sweep out ! rema9d] ( ! burnt gases4 ,by ! "t ! crank is on ! back c5t] ! exhau/ valve is clos$ & ! eng9e is ready to take ano!r *>ge1 hav+ complet$ two revolutions or f\r /rokes4 ,! side %aft :i* p]=ms ! functions ( op5+ & clos+ ! valves1 gett+ its motion 9 ! ,columbus eng9e by a pair ( spiral ge>s1 makes b "o revolution to two ( ! crank %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fairbanks1 ,,morse ,,co4',s ,,gasol9e ,,eng9e4 ,a is eng9e cyl9d]4 ,h is gasol9e supply tank locat$ outside ( build+ & "u gr\nd4 ,i is air-suction pipe4 ,e is gasol9e pump4 ,o is suction pipe f gasol9e tank4 ,n is pipe f pump ,e lead+ to res]voir ,p4 ,q is ignit] tube4 ,r is *imney surr\nd+ tube4 ,t is tank supply+ ,buns5 burn] = heat+ tube4 ,gas eng9es are gov]n$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,"o me?od is to atta* a ball gov]nor simil> to ! ,wat]s on ! /eam eng9e4 ,:5 ! spe$ is too high1 ! balls g out1 & a valve is clos$ or p>tly clos$1 cutt+ (f ! fuel supply4 ,s9ce ! eng9e takes 9 fuel only once 9 f\r /rokes1 ! gov]n+ _c be s close z on ! /eam eng9e1 s9ce long] "t mu/ elapse be=e ! gov]nor c act4 ,ano!r type ( gov]nor op]ates by op5+ ! exhau/ port & hold+ x op54 ,! pi/on !n m]ely draws 9 air ?r\gh ! exhau/ port1 b no gas4 ,?is is call$ ! 8hit or miss0 gov]n+ type4 ,"o p[] /roke is miss$ completely4 ,! heat caus$ by ! explosion )9 ! cyl9d] is v great1 "s say z high z #c1jjj degrees4 ,su* a heat w\ld soon de/roy ! oil us$ to lubricate ! cyl9d] & make ! pi/on cut1 z well z de/roy+ ! pi/on pack+4 ,to keep ?is heat d[n ! cyl9d] is provid$ ) a wat] jacket1 & a curr5t ( wat] is kept circulat+ ar\nd x to cool x (f4 ,:5 gas is us$1 ! gas is pass$ ?r\gh a rubb] bag1 :i* helps to make ! supply ev54 ,x is admitt$ to ! eng9e by a valve simil> to ! ?rottle valve on an eng9e4 ,gasol9e is turn$ on by a simil> valve1 or ?rottle4 ,x does n h to be gasefi$1 b is suck$ into ! cyl9d] 9 ! =m ( a spray4 ,z soon z ! eng9e is />t$1 ! high heat ( ! cyl9d] caus$ by ! con/ant explosions readily turns ! gasol9e to gas z x ent]s4 ,! supply tank ( gasol9e is plac$ outside ! build+1 or at a di/ance1 & /&s at a po9t bel[ ! fe$4 ,a small pump pumps x up to a small box or fe$ tank1 :i* has an ov]fl[ pipe to conduct any sup]flu\s gasol9e back to ! supply tank4 ,9 ! gasol9e box or fe$ tank a conical-%ap$ bas9 is fill$ ) gasol9e to a c]ta9 height1 :i* c be regulat$4 ,:atev] ?is conical bas9 conta9s is suck$ into ! cyl9d] ) ! air4 ,by regulat+ ! am\nt 9 ! bas9 ! supply ( gasol9e 9 ! cyl9d] c be regulat$ to ! am\nt requir$ = any giv5 am\nt ( "w4 ,9 ! ,columbus eng9e ?is regulation is accompli%$ by screw+ ! ov]fl[ regulator up or d[n4 ,!re are two me?ods ( ignit+ ! *>ge 9 ! cyl9d] 9 ord] to explode x4 ,"o is by :at is call$ a gasol9e or gas tor*4 ,a holl[ p9 or pipe is fix$ 9 ! top ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! upp] "p ( ?is p9 or pipe runs up into a gasol9e or gas lamp ( ! ,buns5 type :]e x is heat$ r$ hot4 ,:5 ! gas & air 9 ! cyl9d] are compress$ by ! back /roke ( ! pi/on1 "s ( ! mixture is =c$ up into ?is pipe or tube until x comes 9 contact ) ! heat$ portion & is explod$1 toge!r ) ! re/ ( ! *>ge 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,( c\rse ?is tube becomes fill$ ) burnt gases :i* mu/ be compress$ be=e ! explosive mixture c rea* ! heat$ portion1 & no explosion is !oretically possible until ! pi/on causes compression to ! full capacity ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! l5g? ( ! tube mu/ !re=e be nicely regulat$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! p>ticul> eng9e us$4 ,! o!r me?od is by an electric sp>k f a batt]y4 ,two electrodes ( plat9um or "s simil> sub/ance are plac$ 9 ! compression end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! sp>k might be caus$ by br++ ! electrodes suffici5tly ne> toge!r at j ! "r mom5t1 b ! m practical & usual way is to break ! curr5t1 clos+ x %>ply by means ( a lev] work$ by ! ge>+ at j ! mom5t ! pi/on is ready to return aft] compress+ ! *>ge4 ,! electric sp>k is by long odds ! mo/ desirable me?od ( ignition1 be+ saf] & easi] to take c>e (1 b x requires "s k ( electricity & electric connection to keep x always 9 work+ ord]4 ,,op]ation ,,( ,,gas ,,& ,,gasol9e ,,eng9es4 ,to all int5ts & purposes ! op]ation ( a gas or gasol9e eng9e is ! same z t ( a /eam eng9e ) ! c>e ( ! boil] elim9at$4 ,! c>e ( ! eng9e itself is practically ! same1 ?\gh ! be>+s are relatively l>g] 9 a gasol9e or gas eng9e & d n require adju/m5t s (t54 ,"s manufactur]s w tell y t a gas eng9e requires no att5tion at all4 ,any "o :o w5t on t !ory w\ld soon ru9 8 eng9e4 ,to keep a gasol9e eng9e 9 work+ ord] s z to get ! be/ s]vice f x & make x la/ z long z possible1 y %\ld give x ! be/ ( c>e4 ,an eng9e ( ?is k9d ne$s j z mu* oil+ & clean+ z a /eam eng9e4 ,all be>+s mu/ be lubricat$ & kept free f dirt1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! pi/on & cyl9d] are well lubricat$4 ,9 addition1 ! eng9e] mu/ see t ! valves all "w p]fectly tight1 & :5 !y leak 9 any way !y mu/ be tak5 out & clean$4 ,usually ! valve seats are ca/ sep>ate f ! cyl9d]1 s t !y c be remov$ & gr\nd :5 !y h worn4 ,also ! wat] jacket mu/ be kept 9 ord] s t ! cyl9d] _c become too hot4 ,,/>t+ ,a ,,gasol9e ,,eng9e4 ,x is some?+ ( a trick to get a gasol9e or gas eng9e />t$--especially a gasol9e eng9e--& "s skill mu/ be develop$ 9 ?is or !re w be tr\ble4 ,?is arises f ! fact t :5 an eng9e has n be5 runn+ ! cyl9d] is cold & does n readily gasefy ! gasol9e4 ,at be/ only a "p ( a *>ge ( gasol9e c be gasefi$1 & if ! cyl9d] is v cold inde$ ! *>ge w n explode at all till ! cyl9d] is w>m$ up4 ,:5 prep>+ to />t an eng9e1 fir/ see t ! nuts or /uds hold+ cyl9d] head to cyl9d] are tight1 z ! heat+ & cool+ ( ! cyl9d] are liable to loos5 !m4 ,!n oil all be>+s ) a h& oil c1 & c>efully wipe (f all outside grease4 ,:5 all is ready1 "w ! gasol9e pump to get ! air out ( ! fe$ pipes & fill ! res]voir4 ,fir/1 ! eng9e mu/ be turn$ s t ! pi/on is z f> back z x w g1 & to prev5t air be+ press$ back ! exhau/ mu/ be held op51 or a cock 9 prim+ cup on top ( cyl9d] op5$4 ,if gasol9e prim+ is ne$$1 ! gasol9e mu/ be p\r$ into ! prim+ cup aft] clos+ ! cock into ! cyl9d]1 = x w\ld d no good to m]ely let ! gasol9e run d[n into ! cyl9d] 9 a cold /ream3 x mu/ be spray$ 94 ,if ! exhau/ has be5 held op51 & ! prim+ *>ge ( gasol9e is to be drawn 9 ?r\gh ! regul> supply pipe & valve1 ! exhau/ %\ld be clos$ & ! ?rottle turn$ on to a po9t indicat$ by ! manufactur] ( ! eng9e4 ,we suppose t ! ignit] is ready to "w4 ,if ! hot tube is us$1 ! tube %\ld be hot2 if ! electric ignit] is us$1 ! ignit] b> %\ld be 9 position to be snapp$ s z to close ! circuit & cause a sp>k :5 ! *>ge has be5 compress$4 ,if all is ready1 op5 ! cock f :i* ! supply ( gasol9e is to be obta9$1 & at ! same "t turn ! eng9e ov] s z to draw ! *>ge into ! cyl9d]4 ,if a prim+ cock has be5 op5$1 t mu/ be clos$ by h& z soon z ! cyl9d] is fill$ & ! pi/on ready to return = compression4 ,if ! regul> fe$ is us$1 ! automatic valve w close ( itself4 ,br+ ! fly:eel ov] to back c5t] s t pi/on w compress ! *>ge4 ,) ! fly:eel 9 ! h&1 br+ ! pi/on back %>ply two or ?ree times1 compress+ ! *>ge4 ,?is repeat$ compression causes a little heat to be lib]at$1 :i* w>ms up ! cyl9d] inside4 ,if ! cyl9d] is v cold ?is compression may be repeat$ until ! cyl9d] is suffici5tly w>m to ignite4 ,:5 p]=m+ ?is prep>atory compression ! pi/on may be br\ght ne>ly up to ! dead c5t] b n q4 ,at la/ br+ x ov] ! dead c5t]1 & j z x passes ov]1 snap ! electric ignition b>4 ,if an explosion foll[s ! eng9e w be />t$4 ,if ! hot tube is us$1 ! fly:eel may be br\ght ar\nd %>ply ea* "t s t ! pi/on w pass ! dead c5t]1 z an explosion w foll[ complete compression4 ,if ! explosion does n foll[1 ! fly:eel may be turn$ back aga9 & br\ght up %>ply pa/ ! dead c5t]4 ,ea* successive compression w w>m up ! cyl9d] a little till at la/ an explosion w take place & ! eng9e w be />t$4 ,m gasol9e w be ne$$ to />t 9 cold wea!r ?an 9 w>m1 & ! />t+ supply %\ld be regulat$ accord+ly4 ,moreov]1 :5 ! eng9e gets to go+1 ! cyl9d] w w>m up1 m ( ! gasol9e w vaporize1 & a small] supply w be ne$$4 ,!n ! ?rottle c be turn$ s z to r$uce ! supply4 ,aft] ! eng9e is />t$1 ! wat] jacket %\ld be set 9 op]ation1 & y %\ld see t ! cyl9d] lubrication is tak+ place z x ought4 ,z ! above me?od ( />t+ ! eng9e w n always "w well1 especially 9 cold wea!r1 :at are call$ 8self-/>t]s0 are us$4 ,!y are v>i\sly arrang$ on diff]5t eng9es1 b are con/ruct$ on ! same g5]al pr9ciple4 ,?is is1 fir/1 to pump air & gasol9e into ! cyl9d] in/ead ( draw+ x 9 by suction4 ,sometimes ! gasol9e is =c$ 9 by an air compression tank4 ,! eng9e is turn$ j pa/ ! back c5t]1 c>e hav+ be5 tak5 to make sure t ! /roke is ! regul> explosion /roke4 ,?is may be told by look+ at ! valve cam or %aft4 ,if an electric ignit] is us$1 x is set ready to snap by h&4 ,if ! tube ignit] is us$1 a detonator is arrang$ 9 ! cyl9d]1 to be *>g$ by ! head ( a snapp+ p>lor mat* :i* c be explod$ by h&4 ,hold+ ! fly:eel ) "o h& ) pi/on j pa/ back c5t]1 fill ! compress$ end ( ! cyl9d] by work+ ! pump or turn+ on ! air 9 compression tank till y feel a /rong pressure on ! pi/on ?r\gh ! fly:eel4 ,!n snap ignit] or detonator & ! eng9e is (f4 ,if ?rottle valve has n be5 op5$1 x may n[ be imm$iately op5$4 ,! skill comes 9 manag+ ! fly:eel ) "o h&1 or "o h& & a foot1 & ! ignit]1 etc41 ) ! o!r h&4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ n to get caught :5 ! fly:eel />ts (f4 ,! foot mu/ nev] be put ?r\gh ! arm ( ! :eel1 ! :eel m]ely be+ held :5 necess>y by ! ball ( ! big toe1 s t if ! fly:eel %\ld />t sudd5ly x w\ld m]ely slip (f ! toe )\t c>ry+ ! foot ar\nd or unbalanc+ ! eng9e]4 ,until "o gets us$ to x1 x is bett] to h "s "o else manage ! fly:eel1 :ile y look aft] ! gasol9e supply1 ignit]1 etc4 ,:5 us$ to x1 "o man c easily />t any gasol9e eng9e up to #ae horsep[]4 ,,:at ,,to ,,d ,,) ,a ,,gasol9e ,,eng9e ,,:5 ,,x ,,doesn',t ,,"w4 ,que/ions & ,answ]s4 ,q4 ,if ! eng9e sudd5ly /ops1 :at w\ld y d8 ,a4 ,fir/1 see t ! gasol9e fe$ is all "r1 pl5ty ( gasol9e 9 ! tank1 fe$ pipe fill$1 gasol9e pump work+1 & !n if valves are all 9 work+ ord]4 ,p]haps !re may be dirt 9 ! fe$ res]voir1 or ! pipe lead+ f x may be /opp$ up4 ,if ev]y?+ is "r s f>1 exam9e ! valves to see t !y "w freely & d n get /uck f lack ( good oil1 or f use ( poor oil4 ,raise !m a few times to see if !y "w freely4 ,c>efully obs]ve if ! air valve is n tight 9 sleeve ( gas valve4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld be ! cause ( ! pi/on's /ick+ 9 ! cyl9d]8 ,a4 ,ei!r x 0 n prop]ly lubricat$1 or x got too hot1 ! heat caus+ x to exp&4 ,q4 ,are boxes on a gasol9e eng9e likely to get hot8 ,a4 ,yes1 ?\gh n s likely z on a /eam eng9e4 ,!y mu/ be wat*$ ) ! same c>e z !y w\ld be on a /eam eng9e4 ,if ! eng9e /ops1 turn x by h& a few times to see t x works freely )\t /ick+ any:]e4 ,q4 ,is ! electric sp>k+ device likely to get out ( ord]8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,y c always te/ x by loos5+ "o wire at ! cyl9d] & t\*+ x to ! o!r to see t a sp>k passes betwe5 !m4 ,if !re is no sp>k1 !re is tr\ble ) ! batt]y4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! batt]ies be connect$ up8 ,a4 ,a wire %\ld pass f c>bon ( ,no4 #a to copp] ( ,no4 #b2 f c>bon ( ,no4 #b to copp] ( ,no4 #c1 etc41 always f copp] to c>bon1 nev] f c>bon to c>bon or copp] to copp]4 ,wire f la/ c>bon to sp>k coil & f coil to swit*1 & f swit* to "o ( ! connections on ! eng9e4 ,wire f copp] ( ,no4 #a to ! o!r connection on ! eng9e4 ,9 wir+1 always scrape ! ends ( ! wire clean & bright :]e ! connection is to be made ) any o!r metal4 ,q4 ,:at precautions c be tak5 to keep batt]ies 9 ord]8 ,a4 ,! connections betwe5 ! cells c be *ang$ e few days1 ,no4 #a be+ connect$ ) ,no4 #c1 ,no4 #c ) ,no4 #e1 etc41 alt]nat+ !m1 b always mak+ a s+le l9e ( connection f "o connection on cyl9d] to fir/ copp]1 f ! c>bon ( t cell to copp] ( next cell1 & s on till ! circuit to ! cyl9d] is complet$4 ,:5 ! eng9e is n 9 op]ation1 always ?r[ out ! swit*1 to prev5t possible %ort circuit+4 ,if batt]y is feeble at fir/1 fa/5 wires toge!r = half an h\r at eng9e till curr5t gets well />t$4 ,q4 ,is !re likely to be tr\ble ) ! ignit] inside cyl9d]8 ,a4 ,!re may be4 ,y w probably f9d a plug t c be tak5 out s z to provide a peep hole4 ,nev] put y\r eye ne> ?is hole1 = "s gasol9e may escape & :5 sp>k is made x w explode & put out y\r eye4 ,always keep ! eye a foot away f ! hole4 ,practice look+ at ! sp>k :5 y "k x is all "r & no gasol9e is ne>1 9 ord] t y may get ! "r position at :i* to see ! sp>k 9 case ( tr\ble4 ,9 any case1 always take pa9s to =ce out any possible gas be=e snapp+ ignit] to see if ! sp>k works all "r4 ,q4 ,if !re is no sp>k1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,clean ! plat9um po9ts4 ,?is may be done by ?r[+ out swit* & cutt+ a piece ( p9e "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick & "o-half in* wide1 & rubb+ x betwe5 ! po9ts4 ,x may be necess>y to pu% cam out a trifle to comp5sate = we>4 ,q4 ,h[ c y look into peep hole )\t endang]+ eyesight8 ,a4 ,by use ( a mirror4 ,q4 ,if ! hot tube fails to "w1 :at may be done8 ,a4 ,conditions ( atmosph]e1 pressure1 etc41 v>y s mu* t ! l5g? ( ! tube _c always be det]m9$4 ,if a tube ( ! usual l5g? fails to "w1 try "o a little long] or %ort]1 b n v>y+ ov] #a in*es4 ,q4 ,:5 gas is us$1 :at may int]f]e ) gas supply8 ,a4 ,wat] 9 ! gas pipes4 ,?is is always true ( gas pipes n prop]ly dra9$1 especially 9 cold wea!r :5 cond5sation may take place4 ,if wat] accumulates1 tubes mu/ be tak5 ap>t & bl[n out1 & if necess>y a dra9 cock c be put 9 at ! l[e/ po9t4 ,q4 ,:at tr\ble is likely to be _h ) ! valves8 ,a4 ,9 "t ! seats w we>1 & mu/ be tak5 out & gr\nd ) fl\r or em]y4 ,q4 ,%\ld ! cyl9d] ( a gasol9e eng9e be kept z cool z x c be kept ) runn+ wat]8 ,a4 ,no4 ,x %\ld be z hot z ! h& c be borne ^u x1 or ab\t #ajj degrees4 ,if x is kept cool] ?an ?is ! gasol9e w n gasefy well4 ,if a tank is us$1 ! circulation 9 ! tank w ju/ify ! temp]ature prop]ly4 ,! wat] may be kept at #age degrees ( temp]ature1 & us$ = hot wat] heat+4 ,! exhau/ gases are also hot & may be us$ = heat+ by c>ry+ 9 pipes coil$ 9 a hot wat] heat]4 ,q4 ,are wat] jo9ts likely to leak8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,! great heat+ giv5 ! cyl9d] is liable to loos5 ! wat] jo9ts4 ,!y are be/ pack$ ) asbe/os soak$ 9 oil1 %eets #a-af in* ?ick4 ,old pack+ %\ld always be ?or\ghly clean$ (f :5 new pack+ is put 94 ,q4 ,h[ may ! be>+s be readju/$ :5 worn8 ,a4 ,usually !re are l9]s to adju/ be>+4 ,9 crank box adju/ z 9 /eam eng9e by tight5+ ! key4 ,q4 ,if y he> a l\d explosion 9 ! exhau/ pipe aft] ! regul> explosion1 %\ld y be al>m$8 ,a4 ,no4 ,all gas or gasol9e eng9es give !m at times & !y are h>mless4 ,if ! gas or gasol9e f$ to ! eng9e is n suffici5t to make an explosive mixture1 ! eng9e w p]haps miss ! explosion1 & live gas w g into ! exhau/ pipe4 ,aft] two or ?ree ( ^! h accumulat$ an explosion may take place & ! burn$ gases com+ out ( ! port z hot flames w explode ! live gas previ\sly exhau/$4 ,any miss+ ( ! regul> explosion by ! eng9e1 ?r\gh tr\ble ) batt]y1 or ! l1 w cause ! same condition4 ,q4 ,:5 y get exhau/ pipe explosions1 :at %\ld y d8 ,a4 ,turn on ! fuel till ! exhau/ is smoky4 ,!n y "k y h fuel en\gh & m ?an en\gh4 ,if ! explosions /ill cont9ue1 conclude t ! ignit] sp>k is too weak1 or does n take place4 ,q4 ,:at precaution mu/ be tak5 9 cold wea!r8 ,a4 ,! wat] mu/ be c>efully dra9$ out ( jacket4 ,q4 ,w common /eam eng9e cyl9d] oil d = a gasol9e eng9e8 ,a4 ,no4 ,! heat is s great t only a special high grade m9]al oil w d4 ,any oil conta9+ animal fat w be worse ?an useless4 ,q4 ,h[ c y tell if "r am\nt ( gas or gasol9e is be+ f$ to eng9e to give highe/ p[]8 ,a4 ,turn on z mu* z possible )\t produc+ smoke4 ,a smokeless mixture is bett] ?an "o :i* causes smoke4 ,q4 ,if y h reason to suppose gas may be 9 ! cyl9d]1 %\ld y try to />t cyl9d]8 ,a4 ,no4 ,empty ! gas all out by turn+ ! eng9e ov] a few times by h&1 hold+ exhau/ op5 if necess>y4 ,q4 ,h[ long w a batt]y run )\t re*>g+8 ,a4 ,! "t v>ies4 ,usually n ov] ?ree or f\r mon?s4 ,q4 ,is x objectionable to connect an electric bell ) an eng9e batt]y8 ,a4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,nev] d x4 ,q4 ,if y\r eng9e doesn't run1 h[ _m ?+s are likely to be ! tr\ble8 ,a4 ,n m ?an f\r--compression1 sp>k1 gas supply1 valves4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,run ,a ,,?re%+ ,,ma*9e4 ,a ?re%+ ma*9e1 ?\gh l>ge1 is a comp>atively simple ma*9e1 consi/+ ( a cyl9d] ) tee? work+ into o!r tee? :i* are usually concav$ 7?is prim>y "p really sep>ates ! gra9 f ! husk71 & rot>y fan & sieves to sep>ate gra9 f *aff1 & "s sort ( /ack] to c>ry (f ! /raw4 ,! common /ack] m]ely c>ries (f ! /raw by "s endless arrangem5t ( slats work+ 9 a long box2 :ile ! s-call$ 8w9d /ack]0 is a pneumatic device = bl[+ ! /raw ?r\gh a l>ge pipe4 ,x has ! advantage ( keep+ ! /raw "u m p]fect control ?an ! common /ack]4 ,! sep>ation ( ! gra9 f ! /raw is v>i\sly effect$ by diff]5t manufactur]s1 !re be+ ?ree g5]al types1 call$ apron1 vibrat+1 & agitat+4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( p>ts pack$ inside ! ,j4 ,i4 ,case sep>ator 7( ! agitative type7 :5 x is %ipp$ w be useful = ref]5ce 9 connection ) any type ( sep>ator3 #b ,hopp] arms1 ,"r & ,left1 #a ,hopp] bottom1 #a ,hopp] rod ) ?umb nut1 #b ,fe$ tables1 #b ,fe$ table legs1 #b ,b& cutt] /&s & bolts1 #a ,l>ge crank %aft1 #a ,gra9 aug] ) #abbc ,t4 pulley & #aaed ,t41 ,box1 #a ,tail+s aug]1 #a ,elevator sp\t1 #a ,elevator %ake arm1 complete1 #a ,set fi%-backs1 = /raw-rack1 #a ,elevator pulley1 #ebi ,t41 #a ,beat] pulley1 #f-;in* #abed ,t41 or #d-;in* #abee ,t41 #a ,elevator drive pulley #afgc ,t41 #a ,crank pulley to drive gra9 aug] #afje ,t41 #a ,cyl9d] pulley to drive crank #d-;in* #igc ,t41 or #f-;in* #ajhe ,t41 #a ,cyl9d] pulley to drive fan #acdg ,t41 #acdh ,t41 or #afcc ,t41 #a ,fan pulley1 #abdd ,t41 or #abca ,t41 #a ,belt tight5]1 complete1 ) pulley1 #a ,belt reel1 #ejaf ,t41 or #afdb ,t41 ) crank & bolt1 #d ,%oe sieves1 #d ,%oe rods1 ) nuts & wa%]s1 #a ,conveyor ext5sion1 #a ,%eet iron tail bo>d1 #b ,tail bo>d ca/+s #afed ,t41 & #afee ,t4 ,9 addition to ^! are ! p>ts ( ! /ack]4 ,z ea* manufactur] furni%es all ne$$ directions = putt+ ! p>ts toge!r1 we w suppose ! sep>ator is 9 work+ condition4 ,a new ma*9e %\ld be set up & run = a c\ple ( h\rs be=e attempt+ to ?re% any gra94 ,! oil boxes %\ld be c>efully clean$1 & all dirt1 c9d]s1 & pa9t remov$ f ! oil holes4 ,! grease cups on cyl9d]1 beat] & crank boxes %\ld be screw$ d[n aft] be+ fill$ ) h>d oil1 mod]ately ?9 oil be+ us$ = o!r p>ts ( ! ma*9e4 ,be=e putt+ on ! belts1 turn ! ma*9e by h& a few times to see t no p>ts are loose4 ,look into ! ma*9e on /raw rack & conveyor4 ,fir/ connect up belt ) eng9e & run ! cyl9d] only = a "t4 ,screw d[n ! grease cup lugs :5 necess>y1 & see t no boxes heat4 ,take (f ! tight5] pulley1 clean out oil *amb]s & ?or\ghly oil ! sp9dle4 ,!n oil ea* sep>ate be>+ 9 turn1 see+ t oil hole is clean1 & t pulley or j\rnal works freely4 ,! successive belts may !n be put on "o at a "t1 until ! /ack] belt is put on aft] its pulleys h be5 oil$4 ,especially note :i* belts are to run cross$--usually ! ma9 belt & ! /ack] belt4 ,y c tell by not+ :i* way ! ma*9]y mu/ run to keep ! /raw mov+ 9 ! prop] direction4 ,oil+ on ! fir/ run ( a ma*9e is especially important1 z ! be>+s are a trifle r\gh & m liable to heat ?an aft] ma*9e has be5 us$ = "s "t4 ,x is well to oil a %aft :ile x runs1 s9ce ! motion helps ! oil to "w 9 ov] ! :ole surface4 ,! sieves1 concaves1 *eck bo>d & bl9ds mu/ be adju/$ to ! k9d ( gra9 to be ?re%$4 ,:5 !y h be5 s adju/$ ! ma*9e is ready to ?re%4 ,,sett+ ,,sep>ator4 ,x is important t ! ma*9e be kept p]fectly /eady1 & t x be level f side to side1 ?\gh its be+ a little high] or l[] at "o end or ! o!r may n matt] mu*4 ,if ! level sidewise is n p]fect ! gra9 w h a t5d5cy to "w ov] to "o side4 ,a _s level %\ld be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sectional ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,agitator ,,sep>ator4 ,"o or m ( ! :eels %\ld be set 9 holes1 accord+ to ! unev5ness ( ! gr\nd1 & ! re> :eels %\ld be well block$4 ,get ! holes ready1 judg+ z well z possible :at w give a true level & a conv5i5t position4 ,haul ! ma*9e into position & see t x is all "r be=e unc\pl+ ! eng9e4 ,if holes ne$ r$igg+ to secure prop] level1 ma*9e may be pull$ out & back$ 9 aga9 by ! eng9e4 ,:5 ma*9e is high 9 front x c easily be level$ :5 eng9e or team h be5 remov$1 by cramp+ ! front :eels & digg+ 9 front ( "o & beh9d ! o!r1 !n pull+ ! tongue ar\nd squ>e4 ,block ! "r h9d :eel to prev5t ! belt draw+ ma*9e =w>d4 ,always c>ry a suitable block to h "o h&y4 ,9 />t+ out ( holes or on s(t gr\nd1 cramp ! front axle ar\nd1 & x w require only half ! p[] to />t t w\ld be requir$ by a /raight pull4 ,9 sett+ ! ma*9e1 if ! position c be *os51 *oose "o 9 :i* ! /raw w move 9 ! g5]al direction ( ! w9d1 b a little qu>t]+1 s t du/ & smoke f eng9e w be c>ri$ away f ! m5 & ! /raw /ack4 ,9 ?is position !re is less dang] f fire :5 wood is us$4 ,,! ,,cyl9d]4 ,! cyl9d] is arrang$ ) sev]al r[s ( tee? work+ into /ation>y tee? 9 :at is call$ ! concave4 ,x is important t all ^! tee? be kept tight1 & t ! cyl9d] %\ld n "w f side to side4 ,! tee? are liable to get loose 9 a new ma*9e1 & %\ld be tight5$ up frequ5tly4 ,a little br9e on ea* nut w cause x to ru/ slightly & help to hold x 9 place4 ,if ! cyl9d] slips endwise ev5 a sixte5? ( an in*1 ! tee? w be s mu* ne>] ! concaves on "o side & s mu* f>!r away f !m on ! o!r side4 ,:]e !y are close1 !y w crack ! gra92 :]e !y are wide ap>t !y w let ! /raw g ?r\gh )\t ?re%+ or tak+ out ! gra94 ,s x is important t ! cyl9d] & its tee? run true & /eady4 ,if ! tee? get b5t 9 any way1 !y mu/ be /raight5$4 ,! spe$ ( ! cyl9d] is important1 s9ce its pulley gives motion to ! o!r p>ts ( ! ma*9e1 & ?is movem5t mu/ be up to a c]ta9 po9t to d ! "w well4 ,a usual spe$ = ! cyl9d] pulley is #a1jge revolutions p] m9ute1 up to #a1aej4 ,!re is always an arrangem5t = adju/+ ! cyl9d] endwise1 s t tee? w come 9 ! middle4 ,?is %\ld be adju/$ c>efully :5 necess>y4 ,! end play to avoid heat+ may be ab\t #a-fd ( an in*4 ,x may be rememb]$ t ! cyl9d] tee? c>ry ! /raw to ! concaves1 & ! concaves d ! ?re%+4 ,,! ,,concaves4 ,! concaves are to be adju/$ to suit ! k9d ( gra9 ?re%$4 ,:5 desir+ to adju/ concaves1 lift !m up a few times & drop s z to j> out du/4 ,w$g+ a block ( wood betwe5 cyl9d] tee? & concaves w 9 "s types ( sep>ator s]ve to br+ up concaves :5 cyl9d] is sl[ly turn$ by h&4 ,!re are f two to six r[s ( tee? 9 ! concave1 & usually ! numb] ( r[s is adju/able or v>iable4 ,two r[s w ?re% oats1 :]e six are requir$ = flax & timo?y4 ,f\r r[s are commonly us$ = :eat & b>ley4 ,! arrangem5t ( r[s ( tee? & blanks is important4 ,:5 f\r r[s are us$1 "o is commonly plac$ well back1 "o front1 blank 9 ! middle4 ,:5 /raw is dry & brittle1 cyl9d] c be giv5 8draw0 by plac+ blank 9 front4 ,always use z few tee? & leave !m z l[ z possible to ?re% clean1 s9ce ) m tee? ?an necess>y set high] ?an requir$ ! /raw w be cut up & a great deal ( *opp$ /raw w get into ! sieves1 all ( :i* also requires additional p[]4 ,sometimes ! tee? c be tak5 out ( "o r[1 s t "o1 ?ree1 or five r[s may be us$4 ,= especially difficult gra9 l ,turkey :eat1 a concave ) corrugat$ tee? may be us$1 9 sets ( ?ree r[s ea* up to n9e r[s4 ,! corrugat$ tee? are us$ = alfalfa 9 localities :]e mu* is rais$4 ,,! ,,beat] ,,& ,,*eck ,,bo>d4 ,aft] ! cyl9d] has loos5$ ! gra9 f ! husk & /raw1 x mu/ /ill be sep>at$4 ,"s ?re%]s h a grate "u ! cyl9d] & beh9d x4 ,9 any case ! beat] causes ! heavy gra9 to "w t[>d ! bottom1 & ! *eck bo>d keeps ! gra9 f be+ c>ri$ to re> on top ( ! /raw1 :]e x w\ld n h a *ance to become sep>at$4 ,if ! gra9 is v heavy or damp1 !re may be a t5d5cy = ! /raw to /ick to ! cyl9d] & be c>ri$ ar\nd too f>4 ,9 su* a case ! beat] %\ld be adju/$ to give m space1 & ! *eck bo>d rais$ to all[ ! /raw to pass to ! re> freely4 ,,/raw ,,rack4 ,! /raw rack & conveyor c>ry ! /raw & gra9 to ! re> ) a vibratory movem5t1 caus+ ! gra9 to be %ak5 out4 ,to d good "w ! /raw rack mu/ move ) a suffici5t numb] ( vibrations p] m9ute1 say #bcj4 ,a spe$ indicator on ! crank %aft w %[ ! numb] ( vibrations be/4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 ) ?is "p ( ! ?re%]1 or a great deal ( gra9 w be c>ri$ into ! /raw4 ,! less ! /raw is cut up1 ! bett] ?is portion ( ! ma*9e works2 s ! smalle/ practicable numb] ( tee? 9 ! concave %\ld be us$4 ,! crank boxes & pitmans %\ld be adju/$ s t !re is no p\nd+4 ,if ! re> vibrat+ arms drop too l[ !y get bel[ ! dead c5t] & are liable to break1 at any rate caus+ sev]e p\nd+ & h>d runn+4 ,to prev5t ?is1 ! crank boxes c be mov$ =w>d by putt+ lea!r betwe5 !m & ! po/s1 or %\ld be o!rwise adju/$4 ,! tr\ble be+ due to ! pitmans hav+ worn %ort1 ! pitmans may be l5g!n$ 9 "s way by putt+ pieces ( lea!r ov] ! end or ! l1 or new pitmans may be introduc$4 ,,! ,,fan4 ,! *ief difficulty likely to arise ) ! fan is bl[+ ov] gra94 ,to prev5t ?is bl9ds are usually arrang$1 :i* may be adju/$ :ile ! ma*9e is runn+ s z to prev5t ! gra9 f be+ bl[n ov]4 ,at ! same "t x is important to clean ! gra91 s ! adju/m5t %\ld n g to "o extreme or ! o!r4 ,9 w9dy wea!r ! bl9ds %\ld be clos$ m on "o side ?an on ! o!r4 ,! spe$ ( ! fan mu/ be adju/$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! locality4 ,z mu* bla/ %\ld be us$ z ! gra9 w /&1 & heavy fe$+ requires m w9d ?an light fe$+1 s9ce ! *aff *ecks ! bla/ to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! w9d bo>d ov] ! gra9 aug] does n get b5t1 & x %\ld be adju/$ s t ! /ronge/ "p ( ! bla/ w come ab\t ! middle ( ! sieve4 ,,sieves4 ,!re is usually "o conveyor sieve1 :i* causes ! gra9 to move along1 & %oe sieves1 :i* are requir$ to clean ! gra9 ?or\ghly4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( sieves are provid$ = diff]5t k9ds ( gra91 & ! prop] selection & adju/m5t ( ^! sieves z to me%1 etc41 is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,mu* dep5ds on ! way ! sieves are set1 & on ! rate at :i* ! ?re%] is f$1 or ! am\nt ( "w x is really do+4 ,! be/ guide is close obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 bo? y\r own & t ( o!r ?re%]m54 ,,conveyor ,,ext5sion4 ,?is c>ries ! co>se *aff f ! conveyor sieve to ! /ack]4 ,! conveyor sieve %\ld be co>se en\gh to let all ! good gra9 ?r\gh1 z :atev] is c>ri$ on to ! ext5sion mu/ be return$ ) ! tail+s to ! cyl9d]4 ,?is means s mu* wa/e "w4 ,! conveyor ext5sion is removable1 & %\ld always be tight be=e ma*9e is />t$4 ,see t x is4 ,:5 necess>y1 ! gra9 may be run ov] a scre51 :i* diff]s f a sieve 9 t ! me% is small & int5d$ to let du/ & small *aff ?r\gh :ile ! gra9 does n pass4 ,! refuse f ! scre5 is dropp$ onto ! gr\nd4 ,all scre5s h a t5d5cy to become clogg$1 & 9 ?is condition ob/ruct ! gra9 & w9d4 ,x is desirable n to use !m except :5 necess>y1 & if us$ !y %\ld be frequ5tly clean$4 ,,tail+s ,,elevator4 ,! tail+s are c>ri$ back to ! cyl9d] by an elevator usually work$ ) a *a94 ,?is *a9 %\ld be kept tight en\gh n to unhook1 yet n s tight z to b9d4 ,to put ! *a9 into ! elevator1 tie a weight on a rope & drop x d[n ! l[] "p ( ! elevator4 ,! *a9 may be fa/5$ to ! rope & a man at ! top c !n pull ! *a9 up1 :ile ano!r fe$s x 9 at ! bottom4 ,:5 *a9 has be5 drawn up to ! top1 ! rope %\ld be dropp$ d[n upp] portion ( elevator & us$ at bottom to pull *a9 d[n aft] x has be5 adju/$ ov] ! sprocket4 ,"s "o at ! bottom %\ld cont9ue to fe$ ! *a9 9 z x is pull$ d[n1 s t x w g into ! elevator /raight4 ,:5 ! *a9 has be5 pull$ ?r\gh x may be hook$ & adju/$ to l[] sprocket1 & tight5$ up by screws at top4 ,turn ! *a9 ar\nd once by h& to make sure !re are no k9ks 9 x4 ,! tail+s %\ld be small1 conta9+ no light *aff & little full-size gra94 ,!y are a good indication ( h[ ! sieves are work+4 ,if mu* good gra9 is com+ ?r\gh1 see if x gets ov] ! conveyor sieve by way ( ! ext5sion to ! tail+s aug]1 or ov] ! %oe sieve4 ,if ! sieves are n "r1 !y may be adju/$ 9 v>i\s ways1 accord+ to ! directions ( ! manufactur]4 ,gra9 return$ 9 ! tail+s is liable to get crack$ 9 ! cyl9d]1 & mu* *aff 9 ! tail+s *okes ! cyl9d]4 ,= e reason1 ! tail+s %\ld be kept z l[ z possible4 ,,self-,,fe$]4 ,! self-fe$] is arrang$ to cut ! b&s ( ! %eaves & fe$ ! gra9 to ! cyl9d] automatically4 ,x has a gov]nor to prev5t cr[d+ 9 too mu* gra91 & usually a *ange ( pulleys = sl[ or fa/ fe$+1 z circum/ances may require4 ,9 />t+ a new gov]nor ! friction pulley & inside ( ! b& %\ld h pa9t scrap$ (f1 & a little oil %\ld be put on face ( friction :eel4 ,! c>ri] %\ld n />t till ! ma*9e atta9s full ?re%+ motion1 & to prev5t ?is a few %eaves %\ld be laid ^u x4 ,! knife arms %\ld be rais$ or l[]$ to adju/ !m to ! size ( ! %eaves & condition ( ! gra9 = cutt+ b&s4 ,! cranks & c>ri] %aft boxes %\ld be oil$ regul>ly1 b ! friction b&s %\ld n be oil$ aft] x once becomes smoo?4 ,,! ,,w9d ,,/ack]4 ,! w9d /ack] is arrang$ to sw+ by a h&-:eel or ! l1 & also automatically4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 n to use ! h& mov+ app>atus :5 ! /ack] is set = automatic mov+1 z a break is liable to foll[4 ,!re is a clut* to /op ! /ack]1 h[ev]4 ,at times x w be m conv5i5t to leave (f ! belt t causes ! automatic movem5t4 ,by ! use ( v>i\s pulleys ! spe$ ( ! /ack] may be alt]$1 & x %\ld be run no fa/] ?an is necess>y to d ! "w requir$1 :i* w dep5d on ! "* ( ! /raw4 ,any extra spe$ us$ w add to ! co/ ( runn+ ! eng9e & is a loss 9 economy4 ,9 mov+ ma*9e ) w9d /ack] 9 place1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t x re/s 9 its support be=e ma*9e moves4 ,! canvas curta9 "u ! deck+1 us$ to turn ! /raw into ! hopp]1 may ne$ a piece ( wood fa/5$ to its l[] edge to keep x m /iff :5 /iff rye /raw is pass+4 ,! be>+s ( ! fan & jack %afts %\ld be kept well lubricat$ ) h>d oil1 & ! bevel ge>s %\ld be kept well greas$ ) axle grease appli$ ) a /ick4 ,o!r be>+s & worm ge> ( automatic device %\ld be oil$ ) s(t oil4 ,! atta*$ /ack] is simple 9 op]ation1 & if x is desir$ n to use ! automatic sw++ device b sw+ by h&1 ! automatic ge> may be ?r[n out4 ,an indep5d5t /ack] is manag$ 9 mu* ! same way4 ,,atta*m5ts4 ,a weigh]1 bagg]1 & a high load] are usually us$ ) a sep>ator4 ,_! op]ation is simple1 & dep5ds ^u ! p>ticul> type or make4 ,,belt+4 ,! c>e ( ! belt+ is "o ( ! mo/ important ?+s ab\t ! managem5t ( a ?re%+ ma*9e1 & success or failure w dep5d l>gely on ! condition 9 :i* ! belts are kept4 ,( c\rse ! hair side %\ld be run next ! b& :eel4 ,once !re 0 disagreem5t among eng9e]s on ?is po9t1 b x has be5 conclusively prov5 t belts we> long] ?is way & get bett] friction1 = ! simple reason t ! fle% side is m flexible ?an ! hair side1 & :5 on ! outside bett] accommodates itself to ! %ape ( ! pulley4 ,if ! hair side is out]mo/1 x w be /ret*$ m or less 9 go+ ar\nd ! pulley & 9 "t w crack4 ,rubb] belts mu/ be run ) ! seam on ! outside4 ,:5 lea!r belts become h>d !y %\ld be s(t5$ ) neatsfoot oil4 ,a flexible belt is said to transmit consid]ably m p[] ?an a h>d "o4 ,pulleys mu/ be kept 9 l9e or ! belt w slip (f4 ,:5 pulleys are 9 l9e ! belt has a t5d5cy to "w to ! tighte/ po9t4 ,h5ce pulleys are usually made l>g] 9 ! middle1 :i* is call$ 8cr[n+40 ,belts on a sep>ator %\ld be look$ ov] e day1 & :5 any lac+ is worn1 x %\ld be r5ew$ at once4 ,?is w prev5t breaks dur+ work+1 ) loss ( "t4 ,"s ?re%]m5 c>ry an extra set ( belts to be ready 9 case any?+ does break1 & !y ass]t t !y save money by s do+4 ,lac+ is n /rong] 9 proportion z x is heavy4 ,if x is heavy & clumsy x gets /ra9$ 9 go+ r\nd ! pulley1 & soon gives out4 ,! ideal way to lace a belt is to make x z ne>ly l ! re/ ( ! belt z possible1 s t x w g ov] ! pulleys )\t a j>4 ,! ends ( ! belt %\ld be cut (f squ>e ) a try squ>e1 & a small pun* us$ = mak+ holes4 ,holes %\ld be equally spac$1 & outside ones n s ne> ! edge z to te> out4 ,! rule is a hole to e in* ( ! belt1 & 9 a lea!r belt !y may be z close z a qu>t] ( an in* to ! ends )\t te>+ out4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! ne>] ! ends ! holes are ! bett]1 z belt w !n pass ov] pulley m easily4 ,! *ief dang] ( te>+ is betwe5 ! holes4 ,a /ack] web belt may be lac$ by turn+ ! ends up & lac+ !m toge!r flat at "r angles to re/ ( belt4 ,rubb] or cotton belt+ t does n run ov] idl] or tight5] pulleys s t bo? sides mu/ be smoo? may be lac$ 9 ?is way4 ,?is lac+ la/s two or ?ree times z long ) su* belts z any o!r1 = ! reason t ! /r+ is n expos$ to we> & !re is no /ra9+ 9 pass+ r\nd pulleys4 ,! ord9>y me?od ( lac+ a lea!r belt is to make ! laces /raight on ! pulley side1 all runn+ 9 ! same direction z ! movem5t ( ! belt1 & cross+ !m on ! outside diagonally 9 bo? directions4 ,:5 belts run on pulleys on bo? sides1 z !y d on ! belt driv+ beat] & crank1 & also on w9d /ack]1 a h+e lac+ may be made by cross+ ! lac+ ar\nd ! end ( ! belt to ! next adjac5t hole opposite1 ! lac+ %[+ ! same on bo? sides4 ,?is all[s ! belt to b5d equally well ei!r way4 ,! be/ way to fa/5 a lac+ is to pun* a hole :]e ! next r[ ( lace holes w\ld come :5 ! belt is cut (f1 & aft] pass+ ! lace ?r\gh ?is hole1 br+ ! end ar\nd & =ce x ?r\gh aga91 cutt+ ! end (f %ort aft] x has pass$ ?r\gh4 ,?is hole mu/ be small en\gh to hold ! lace securely1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 t x is 9 position to be us$ z a lace-hole ! next "t a s]ies ( holes is requir$4 ,new belts /ret* a good deal1 & ! ends ( ! lac+ %\ld n be cut (f %ort till ! /ret* is tak5 out ( ! belts4 ,belt+ t has got wet w %r9k & lac+ mu/ be let out be=e belt is put on aga94 ,tight belts h be5 kn[n to break ! end ( a %aft (f1 & always cause unnecess>y friction4 ,cotton or ,g&y belt+ %\ld n be pun*$ = lac+1 b holes made ) a po9t$ awl1 s9ce pun*+ cuts "s ( ! ?reads & weak5s belt4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,a ,,good ,,fe$]4 ,! art ( becom+ a good fe$] w n be le>n$ 9 a day4 ,! bundles %\ld be tipp$ well up aga9/ ! cyl9d] cap1 & flat bundles turn$ on edge1 s t cyl9d] w take !m f ! top4 ,x is n h>d to spread a bundle1 & 9 fa/ ?re%+ a bundle may be f$ on ea* side1 ea* bundle be+ kept pretty well to its own side1 :ile ! cyl9d] is kept full ! entire wid?4 ,a good fe$] w keep ! /raw c>ri] ev5ly cov]$ ) /raw1 & w wat* ! /ack]1 tail+s & gra9 elevator & "k ! mom5t any?+ goes wrong4 ,,wa/e4 ,no ?re%+ ma*9e w save e k]nel ( ! gra91 b ! be/ results c be atta9$ only by c>e & judgm5t 9 op]at+4 ,x is easy to exagg]ate ! loss ( gra91 = if a v small /ream ( gra9 is se5 go+ into ! /raw x w seem enorm\s1 ?\gh x w n am\nt to a bu%el a day4 ,!re are practically a million k]nels ( :eat 9 a bu%el1 or #fjj h&fuls1 & ev5 if a h&ful is wa/$ e m9ute1 x w\ld n be en\gh to c\nt]balance ! sav+ 9 f9i%+ a job quickly4 ,( c\rse1 wa/e mu/ be wat*$1 h[ev]1 & *eck$ if too great4 ,fir/ det]m9e :e!r ! gra9 is c>ri$ ov] 9 ! /raw or ! wa/e is at ! %oe sieve4 ,if ! wa/e is 9 ! conveyor sieve1 cat* a h&ful ( ! *aff1 & if gra9 is f\nd1 see :e!r ! sieve is ! prop] me%4 ,too high a spe$ w cause ! gra9 to be c>ri$ ov]4 ,if too _m tee? are us$ 9 ! concave1 ! conveyor sieve w be =c$ to c>ry m *aff ?an x c h&le4 ,! bla/ may be too /rong & c>ry ov] gra91 s adju/ ! bl9ds t ! bla/ w be no /rong] ?an is necess>y to clean ! :eat well & keep sieves free4 ,if gra9 is /ill c>ri$ ov]1 ! conveyor sieve may be adju/$ = m op5 "w1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 n to ov]work ! %oe sieve4 ,be c>eful t ! w9d bo>d is n b5t s t "s gra9 w g into ! fan & be ?r[n out ( ! ma*9e altoge!r4 ,if ! gra9 is n sep>at$ f ! /raw ?or\ghly1 x may be due to 8slugg+0 ! cyl9d] 7result ( poor fe$+71 caus+ a v>iable motion4 ,x may also be because spe$ ( crank is n high en\gh4 ,*eck bo>d %\ld be adju/$ z l[ z possible to prev5t gra9 be+ c>ri$ on top ( /raw4 ,see t cyl9d] & concave tee? are prop]ly adju/$ s z n to cut up /raw1 :ile at ! same "t ?re%+ out all ! gra94 ,sometimes heads n ?re%$ out by ! cyl9d] w be ?re%$ out by ! fan ( ! w9d /ack]1 & ! fault w be plac$ on ! sep>at+ portions in/ead ( on ! imp]fect cyl9d]4 ,gra9 passes ?r\gh ! cyl9d] at ! rate ( ab\t a mile a m9ute4 ,! beat] r$uces ?is to #a1ejj feet p] m9ute4 ,aft] pass+ ! *eck bo>d ! /raw moves ab\t #cf feet p] m9ute4 ,at ^! ?ree diff]5t spe$s ! /raw passes ! #ag feet l5g? ( ! ma*9e 9 ab\t #be seconds4 ,! problem is to /op ! gra9 :ile ! /raw is all[$ to pass out4 ,evid5tly !re mu/ be a small p]c5tage ( loss1 & !re is always a limit z to :at x w pay to try to save4 ,ea* man mu/ judge = himself4 ,,balanc+ ,a ,,cyl9d]4 ,a cyl9d] %\ld be s balanc$ t x w come to re/ at any po9t4 ,9 a r\gh way a cyl9d] may be balanc$ by plac+ ! j\rnals on two c>p5t]'s squ>es laid on saw-horses4 ,g5tly roll ! cyl9d] back & =? & e "t x /ops1 make a *alk m>k on ! upp]mo/ b>4 ,if ! same b> comes up ?ree times 9 succession x probably is light1 & a w$ge %\ld be driv5 "u c5t] b& at *alk m>k4 ,cont9ue exp]im5t+ until cyl9d] w come to re/ at any po9t4 ,,cov]+ ,,pulleys4 ,?is is easily done1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! lea!rs are tight or !y w soon come (f4 ,to cov] a cyl9d] pulley1 take (f :at rema9s ( ! old cov]1 pull out ! nails1 & r5ew ! w$ges if necess>y4 ,select a good piece ( lea!r a little wid] ?an face ( pulley & ab\t f\r in*es long] ?an en\gh to g ar\nd4 ,soak x 9 wat] = ab\t an h\r4 ,cut "o end squ>e & nail x to ! w$ges1 us+ nails j long en\gh to cl9*4 ,put a clamp made ( two pieces ( wood & two bolts on ! lea!r1 block ! cyl9d] to keep x f turn+1 & by means ( two %ort lev]s pry ov] ! clamp to /ret* ! lea!r4 ,nail to ! next w$ges1 move ! clamp & nail to ea* 9 turn1 f9ally nail+ to ! fir/ "o aga9 be=e cutt+ (f4 ,trim ! edges ev5 ) ! rim ( ! pulley4 ,! same me?od may be us$ ) rivet$ cov]s4 ,,c>e ,,( ,a ,,sep>ator4 ,a good sep>ator ought to la/ t5 ye>s1 & _m h be5 9 use twice t "t4 ,aft] ! season is ov] ! ma*9e ought to be ?or\ghly clean$ & /or$ 9 a dry place4 ,dirt on a ma*9e holds moi/ure & w ru9 a sep>ator dur+ a w9t] if x is left on4 ,x also causes ! wood to rot & sieves & iron "w to ru/4 ,once 9 two ye>s at lea/ a sep>ator ought to h a good coat ( fir/-class coa* v>ni%4 ,be=e v>ni%+1 clean (f all grease & oil ) b5z9e & see t pa9t is bright4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! season give ! ma*9e a ?or\gh ov]haul+1 putt+ new tee? 9 cyl9d] if any are imp]fect1 & new slats 9 /ack] web or /raw rack if !y are ne$$4 ,worn boxes %\ld be tak5 up or rebabbitt$1 & conveyor & %oe ecc5trics replac$ if worn out4 ,tight5 nuts1 replace lo/ bolts1 leav+ ! nut always turn$ squ>e ) ! piece x re/s on4 ,e sep>ator ought to be cov]$ ) a canvas dur+ ! season4 ,x w pay4 ,! "r & left sides ( a ?re%+ ma*9e are reckon$ f ! position ( ! fe$] z he /&s fac+ ! ma*9e4 ,9 case ( fire1 ! quicke/ way is to let ! eng9e pull ! ma*9e out by ! belt4 ,take blocks away f :eels1 place a man at end ( tongue to /e]1 & back eng9e sl[ly4 ,if necess>y1 m5 %\ld help ! :eels to />t out ( holes or s(t places4 ,wat* ! =ks ( ! pit*]s to see t none are loose on ! h&les1 especially if a self-fe$] is us$4 ,a pit*=k 9 a sep>ator is a bad ?+4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,que/ions ,,ask$ ,,eng9e]s ,,:5 ,,apply+ ,,= ,a ,,lic5se4#g ,footnote #g3 ,furni%$ by c\rtesy ( a fri5d ( ,aultman ,taylor ,co4 ,q4 ,if y 7 call$ on to take *>ge ( a plant1 :at w\ld be y\r fir/ duty8 ,a4 ,to asc]ta9 ! exact condition ( ! boil] & all its atta*m5ts 7safety valve1 /eam gauge1 pump1 injector71 & eng9e4 ,q4 ,h[ (t5 w\ld y bl[ (f & clean y\r boil]s if y _h ord9>y wat] to use8 ,a4 ,once a mon?4 ,q4 ,:at /eam pressure w be all[$ on a boil] #ej in*es diamet] in* ?ick1 #fj1jjj ,t4 ,s4 #a-f ( t5sile /r5g? factor ( safety8 ,a4 ,"o-six? ( t5sile /r5g? ( plate multipli$ by ?ickness ( plate1 divid$ by "o-half ( ! diamet] ( boil]1 gives safe work+ pressure4 ,q4 ,h[ mu* heat+ surface is all[$ p] horse p[] by build]s ( boil]s8 ,a4 ,twelve to fifte5 feet = tubul> & flue boil]s4 ,q4 ,h[ d y e/imate ! /r5g? ( a boil]8 ,a4 ,by its diamet] & ?ickness ( metal4 ,q4 ,:i* is ! bett]1 s+le or d\ble rivet+8 ,a4 ,d\ble rivet+ is f sixte5 to tw5ty p] c5t /rong] ?an s+le4 ,q4 ,h[ mu* grate surface d boil] mak]s all[ p] horse p[]8 ,a4 ,ab\t two-?irds ( a squ>e foot4 ,q4 ,( :at use is a mud drum on a boil]1 if any8 ,a4 ,= collect+ all ! s$im5t ( ! boil]4 ,q4 ,h[ (t5 %\ld x be bl[n out8 ,a4 ,?ree or f\r times a day4 ,q4 ,( :at use is a /eam dome on a boil]8 ,a4 ,= /orage ( dry /eam4 ,q4 ,:at is ! object ( a safety valve on a boil]8 ,a4 ,to relieve pressure4 ,q4 ,:at is y\r duty ) ref]5ce to x8 ,a4 ,to raise x twice a day & see t x is 9 good ord]4 ,q4 ,:at is ! use ( *eck valve on a boil]8 ,a4 ,to prev5t wat] f return+ back into pump or injector :i* fe$s ! boil]4 ,q4 ,d y ?9k a man-hole 9 ! %ell on top ( a boil] weak5s x any8 ,a4 ,yes1 to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,q4 ,:at effect has cold wat] on hot boil] plates8 ,a4 ,x w fracture !m4 ,q4 ,:]e %\ld ! gauge cock be locat$8 ,a4 ,! l[e/ gauge cock ought to be plac$ ab\t an in* & a half above ! top r[ ( flues4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y h y\r bl[-(f locat$8 ,a4 ,9 ! bottom ( mud-drum or boil]4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y h y\r *eck valve arrang$8 ,a4 ,) a /op cock betwe5 *eck & boil]4 ,q4 ,h[ _m valves are !re 9 a common plung] =ce pump8 ,a4 ,two or m--a receiv+ & a dis*>ge valve4 ,q4 ,h[ are !y locat$8 ,a4 ,"o on ! suction side1 ! o!r on ! dis*>ge4 ,q4 ,h[ d y f9d ! prop] size ( safety valves = boil]s8 ,a4 ,?ree squ>e feet ( grate surface is all[$ = "o in* area ( spr+ load$ valves2 or two squ>e feet ( grate surface to "o in* area ( common lev] valves4 ,q4 ,give ! reasons :y pumps d n "w sometimes8 ,a4 ,leak 9 suction1 leak ar\nd ! plung]1 leaky *eck valve1 or valves out ( ord]1 or lift too long4 ,q4 ,h[ (t5 ought boil]s to be ?or\ghly exam9$ & te/$8 ,a4 ,twice a ye>4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y te/ !m8 ,a4 ,) hamm] & ) hydro/atic te/1 us+ w>m wat]4 ,q4 ,describe ! s+le act+ plung] pump2 h[ x gets & dis*>ges its wat]8 ,a4 ,! plung] displaces ! air 9 ! wat] pipe1 caus+ a vacuum :i* is fill$ by ! atmosph]e =c+ ! wat] !re92 ! receiv+ valve closes & ! plung] =ces ! wat] out ?r\gh ! dis*>ge valve4 ,q4 ,:at is ! mo/ economical boil]-fe$]8 ,a4 ,! 7,trix7 ,exhau/ ,injector4#h ,footnote #h3 ,s says "o exp]t4 ,o!rs may ?9k o!rwise4 ,q4 ,:at economy is !re 9 ! ,exhau/ ,injector8 ,a4 ,f #ae to #be p] c5t sav+ 9 fuel4 ,q4 ,:]e is ! be/ place to ent] ! boil] ) ! fe$ wat]8 ,a4 ,bel[ ! wat] level1 b s t ! cold wat] c n /rike hot plates4 ,if injector is us$ ?is is n s mat]ial z fe$ wat] is always hot4 ,q4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal causes ( prim+ 9 boil]s8 ,a4 ,to high wat]1 n /eam room en\gh1 miscon/ruction1 eng9e too l>ge = boil]4 ,q4 ,h[ d y keep boil]s clean or remove scale !refrom8 ,a4 ,! be/ 8scale solv5t0 & 8fe$ wat] purifi]0 is an hone/1 intellig5t eng9e] :o w regul>ly op5 up 8 boil]s & clean !m ?or\ghly1 soak+ boil]s 9 ra9 wat] n[ & !n4 ,q4 ,if y f\nd a ?9 plate1 :at w\ld y d8 ,a4 ,put a pat* on x4 ,q4 ,w\ld y put x on ! inside or outside8 ,a4 ,inside4 ,q4 ,:y s8 ,a4 ,because ! action t has weak5$ ! plate w !n set on ! pat*1 & :5 ?is is worn x c be repeat$4 ,q4 ,if y f\nd sev]al ?9 places1 :at w\ld y d8 ,a4 ,pat* ea* & r$uce ! pressure4 ,q4 ,if y f\nd a bli/]$ plate8 ,a4 ,put a pat* on ! fire side4 ,q4 ,if y f\nd a plate on ! bottom buckl$8 ,a4 ,put a /ay ?r\gh ! c5t] ( buckle4 ,q4 ,if y f\nd sev]al ( ! plates buckl$8 ,a4 ,/ay ea* & r$uce ! pressure4 ,q4 ,:at is to be done ) a crack$ plate8 ,a4 ,drill a hole at ea* end ( crack1 caulk ! crack & put a pat* ov] x4 ,q4 ,h[ d y *ange ! wat] 9 ! boil] :5 ! /eam is up8 ,a4 ,by putt+ on m fe$ & op5+ ! surface bl[ cock4 ,q4 ,if ! safety valve 0 /uck h[ w\ld y relieve ! pressure on ! boil] if ! /eam 0 up & c\ld n make its escape8 ,a4 ,"w ! /eam (f ) eng9e aft] cov]+ fires heavy ) coal or a%es1 & :5 ! boil] is suffici5tly cool put safety valve 9 work+ ord]4 ,q4 ,if wat] 9 boil] is suff]$ to get too l[1 :at may be ! result8 ,a4 ,burn top ( combu/ion *amb] & tubes1 p]haps cause an explosion4 ,q4 ,if wat] is all[$ to get too high1 :at result8 ,a4 ,cause prim+1 p]haps cause break+ ( cyl9d] cov]s or heads4 ,q4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal causes ( foam+ 9 boil]s8 ,a4 ,dirty & impure wat]4 ,q4 ,h[ c foam+ be /opp$8 ,a4 ,close ?rottle & keep clos$ long en\gh to %[ true level ( wat]4 ,if t level is suffici5tly high1 fe$+ & bl[+ (f w usually suffice to correct ! evil4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld y d if y %\ld f9d y\r wat] gone f sight v sudd5ly8 ,a4 ,draw ! fires & cool (f z quickly z possible4 ,nev] op5 or close any outlets ( /eam :5 y\r wat] is out ( sight4 ,q4 ,:at precautions %\ld y take to bl[ d[n a "p ( ! wat] 9 y\r boil] :ile runn+ ) a good fire8 ,a4 ,nev] leave ! bl[-(f valve1 & wat* ! wat] level4 ,q4 ,h[ mu* wat] w\ld y bl[ (f at once :ile runn+8 ,a4 ,nev] bl[ (f m ?an "o gauge ( wat] at a "t :ile runn+4 ,q4 ,:at g5]al views h y 9 reg>d to boil] explosions--:at is ! greate/ cause8 ,a4 ,ignorance & neglect are ! greate/ causes ( boil] explosions4 ,q4 ,:at precaution %\ld ! eng9e] take :5 necess>y to /op ) heavy fires8 ,a4 ,close damp]s1 put on injector or pump & if a ble$] is atta*$1 use x4 ,q4 ,:]e is ! prop] wat] level 9 boil]s8 ,a4 ,a safe wat] level is ab\t two & a half in*es ov] top r[ ( flues4 ,q4 ,:at is an eng9e]'s fir/ duty on ent]+ ! boil] room8 ,a4 ,to asc]ta9 ! true wat] level4 ,q4 ,:5 %\ld a boil] be bl[n out8 ,a4 ,aft] x is cool$ (f1 nev] :ile hot4 ,q4 ,:5 lay+ up a boil] :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,clean ?or\ghly inside & out2 remove all oxidation & pa9t places ) r$ lead2 exam9e all /ays & braces to see if any are loose or badly worn4 ,q4 ,:at is ! la/ ?+ to d at night be=e leav+ plant8 ,a4 ,look ar\nd = greasy wa/e1 hot coals1 mat*es1 or any?+ :i* c\ld fire ! build+4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld y d if y _h a plant 9 good work+ ord]8 ,a4 ,keep x s1 & let well en\gh alone4 ,q4 ,( :at use is ! indicator8 ,a4 ,! indicator is us$ to det]m9e ! indicat$ p[] develop$ by an eng9e1 to s]ve z a guide 9 sett+ valves & %[+ ! action ( ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y increase ! p[] ( an eng9e8 ,a4 ,to increase ! p[] ( an eng9e1 increase ! spe$2 or get high] pressure ( /eam1 use less expansion4 ,q4 ,h[ d y f9d ! horsep[] ( an eng9e8 ,a4 ,multiply ! spe$ ( pi/on 9 feet p] m9ute by ! total effective pressure ^u ! pi/on 9 p\nds & divide ! product by #cc1jjj4 ,q4 ,:i* has ! mo/ friction1 a p]fectly fitt$1 or an imp]fectly fitt$ valve or be>+8 ,a4 ,an imp]fect "o4 ,q4 ,h[ hot c y get wat] "u atmosph]ic pressure ) exhau/ /eam8 ,a4 #bab degrees4 ,q4 ,does pressure h any influ5ce on ! boil+ po9t8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,q4 ,:i* d y ?9k is ! be/ economy1 to run ) y\r ?rottle wide op5 or p>tly %ut8 ,a4 ,always h ! ?rottle wide op5 on a gov]nor eng9e4 ,q4 ,at :at temp]ature has iron ! greate/ t5sile /r5g?8 ,a4 ,ab\t #fjj degrees4 ,q4 ,9 :at position on ! %aft does ! ecc5tric /& 9 relation to ! crank8 ,a4 ,! ?r[ ( ! ecc5tric %\ld always be 9 advance ( ! crank p94 ,q4 ,ab\t h[ _m p\nds ( wat] are requir$ to yield "o horsep[] ) our be/ eng9es8 ,a4 ,f #be to #cj4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by atmosph]ic pressure8 ,a4 ,! weight ( ! atmosph]e4 ,q4 ,:at is ! weight ( atmosph]e at sea level8 ,a4 #ad4g p\nds4 ,q4 ,:at is ! coal consumption p] h\r p] indicat$ horsep[]8 ,a4 ,v>ies f "o & a half to sev5 p\nds4 ,q4 ,:at is ! consumption ( coal p] h\r on a squ>e foot ( grate surface8 ,a4 ,f #aj to #ab p\nds4 ,q4 ,:at is ! wat] consumption 9 p\nds p] h\r p] indicat$ horsep[]8 ,a4 ,f #be to #fj p\nds4 ,q4 ,h[ _m p\nds ( wat] c be evaporat$ ) "o p\nd ( be/ s(t coal8 ,a4 ,f #g to #aj p\nds4 ,q4 ,h[ mu* /eam w "o cubic in* ( wat] evaporate "u atmosph]ic pressure8 ,a4 ,"o cubic foot ( /eam 7approximately74 ,q4 ,:at is ! weight ( a cubic foot ( fre% wat]8 ,a4 ,sixty-two & a half p\nds4 ,q4 ,:at is ! weight ( a cubic foot ( iron8 ,a4 #dhf4f p\nds4 ,q4 ,:at is ! weight ( a squ>e foot ( "o-half in* boil] plate8 ,a4 #bj p\nds4 ,q4 ,h[ mu* wood equals "o ton ( s(t coal = /eam purposes8 ,a4 ,ab\t #d1jjj p\nds ( wood4 ,q4 ,h[ long h y run eng9es8 ,q4 ,h y ev] done y\r own fir+8 ,q4 ,:at is ! s\rce ( all p[] 9 ! /eam eng9e8 ,a4 ,! heat /or$ up 9 ! coal4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! heat lib]at$ f ! coal8 ,a4 ,by burn+ x2 t is1 by combu/ion4 ,q4 ,( :at does coal consi/8 ,a4 ,c>bon1 hydrog51 nitrog51 sulphur1 oxyg5 & a%4 ,q4 ,:at are ! relative proportions ( ^! t ent] into coal8 ,a4 ,!re are diff]5t proportions 9 diff]5t specim5s ( coal1 b ! foll[+ %[s ! av]age p] c5t3 ,c>bon1 #hj2 hydrog51 #e2 nitrog51 #a2 sulphur1 #b2 oxyg51 #g2 a%1 #e4 ,q4 ,:at mu/ be mix$ ) coal be=e x w burn8 ,a4 ,atmosph]ic air4 ,q4 ,:at is air compos$ (8 ,a4 ,x is compos$ ( nitrog5 & oxyg5 9 ! proportion ( #gg ( nitrog5 to #bc ( oxyg54 ,q4 ,:at p>ts ( ! air mix ) :at p>ts ( ! coal8 ,a4 ,! oxyg5 ( ! air mixes ) ! c>bon & hydrog5 ( ! coal4 ,q4 ,h[ mu* air mu/ mix ) ! coal8 ,a4 #aej cubic feet ( air = e p\nd ( coal4 ,q4 ,h[ _m p\nds ( air are requir$ to burn "o p\nd ( c>bon8 ,a4 ,twelve4 ,q4 ,h[ _m p\nds ( air are requir$ to burn "o p\nd ( hydrog58 ,a4 ,?irty-six4 ,q4 ,is hydrog5 hott] ?an c>bon8 ,a4 ,yes1 f\r & "o-half times hott]4 ,q4 ,:at "p ( ! coal gives out ! mo/ heat8 ,a4 ,! hydrog5 does "p = "p1 b z !re is s mu* m ( c>bon ?an hydrog5 9 ! coal we get ! greate/ am\nt ( heat f c>bon4 ,q4 ,9 h[ _m diff]5t ways is heat transmitt$8 ,a4 ,?ree2 by radiation1 by conduction & by convection4 ,q4 ,if ! fire consi/$ ( gl[+ fuel1 %[ h[ ! heat ent]s ! wat] & =ms /eam8 ,a4 ,! heat f ! gl[+ fuel passes by radiation ?r\gh ! air space above ! fuel to ! furnace cr[n4 ,!re x passes ?r\gh ! iron ( ! cr[n by conduction4 ,!re x w>ms ! wat] re/+ on ! cr[n1 :i* !n rises & p>ts ) its heat to ! cold] wat] by conduction till ! :ole mass ( wat] is heat$4 ,!n ! heat$ wat] rises to ! surface & p>ts ) its /eam1 s a con/ant circulation ( wat] is ma9ta9$ by convection4 ,q4 ,:at does wat] consi/ (8 ,a4 ,oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,q4 ,9 :at proportion8 ,a4 ,eight ( oxyg5 to "o ( hydrog5 by weight4 ,q4 ,:at are ! diff]5t k9ds ( heat8 ,a4 ,lat5t heat1 s5sible heat & sometimes total heat4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by lat5t heat8 ,a4 ,heat t does n affect ! !rmomet] & :i* exp&s itself 9 *ang+ ! nature ( a body1 su* z turn+ ice into wat] or wat] into /eam4 ,q4 ,"u :at circum/ances d bodies get lat5t heat8 ,a4 ,:5 !y are pass+ f a solid /ate to a liquid or f a liquid to a gase\s /ate4 ,q4 ,h[ c lat5t heat be recov]$8 ,a4 ,by br++ ! body back f a /ate ( gas to a liquid or f t ( a liquid to t ( a solid4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by a !rmal unit8 ,a4 ,! heat necess>y to raise "o p\nd ( wat] at #ci degrees ,fn4 #a degree ,fahr5heit4 ,q4 ,if ! p[] is 9 coal1 :y %\ld we use /eam8 ,a4 ,because /eam has "s prop]ties :i* make x an invaluable ag5t = apply+ ! en]gy ( ! heat to ! eng9e4 ,q4 ,:at is /eam8 ,a4 ,x is an invisible ela/ic gas g5]at$ f wat] by ! application ( heat4 ,q4 ,:at are its prop]ties :i* make x s valuable to u8 ,a4 #a4--,! ease ) :i* we c cond5se x4 #b4--;,its great expansive p[]4 #c4--,! small space x occupies :5 cond5s$4 ,q4 ,:y d y cond5se ! /eam8 ,a4 ,to =m a vacuum & s de/roy ! back pressure t w\ld o!rwise be on ! pi/on & ?us get m useful "w out ( ! /eam4 ,q4 ,:at is vacuum8 ,a4 ,a space void ( all pressure4 ,q4 ,h[ d y ma9ta9 a vacuum8 ,a4 ,by ! /eam us$ be+ con/antly cond5s$ by ! cold wat] or cold tubes1 & ! air pump z con/antly cle>+ ! cond5s] out4 ,q4 ,:y does cond5s+ ! us$ /eam =m a vacuum8 ,a4 ,because a cubic foot ( /eam1 at atmosph]ic pressure1 %r9ks into ab\t a cubic in* ( wat]4 ,q4 ,:at d y und]/& by ! t]m horse p[]8 ,a4 ,a horse p[] is equival5t to rais+ #cc1jjj p\nds "o foot p] m9ute1 or #eej p\nds rais$ "o foot p] second4 ,q4 ,h[ d y calculate ! horse p[] ( tubul> or flue boil]s8 ,a4 ,= tubul> boil]s1 multiply ! squ>e ( ! diamet] by l5g?1 & divide by f\r4 ,= flue boil]s1 multiply ! diamet] by ! l5g? & divide by f\r2 or1 multiply area ( grate surface 9 squ>e feet by #a4 ,q4 ,:at d y und]/& by lead on an eng9e's valve8 ,a4 ,lead on a valve is ! admission ( /eam into ! cyl9d] be=e ! pi/on completes its /roke4 ,q4 ,:at is ! cle>ance ( an eng9e z ! t]m is appli$ at ! pres5t "t8 ,a4 ,cle>ance is ! space betwe5 ! cyl9d] head & ! pi/on head ) ! ports includ$4 ,q4 ,:at are consid]$ ! greate/ improvem5ts on ! /ation>y eng9e 9 ! la/ =ty ye>s8 ,a4 ,! gov]nor1 ! ,corliss valve ge> & ! triple comp\nd expansion4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by triple expansion eng9e8 ,a4 ,a triple expansion eng9e has ?ree cyl9d]s us+ ! /eam expansively 9 ea* "o4 ,q4 ,:at is a cond5s] z appli$ to an eng9e8 ,a4 ,! cond5s] is a "p ( ! l[ pressure eng9e & is a receptacle into :i* ! exhau/ ent]s & is !re cond5s$4 ,q4 ,:at are ! pr9ciples :i* di/+ui% a high pressure f a l[ pressure eng9e8 ,a4 ,:]e no cond5s] is us$ & ! exhau/ /eam is op5 to ! atmosph]e4 ,q4 ,ab\t h[ mu* ga9 is !re by us+ ! cond5s]8 ,a4 #ag to #be p] c5t :]e co/ ( wat] is n figur$4 ,q4 ,:at d y und]/& by ! use ( /eam expansively8 ,a4 ,:]e /eam admitt$ at a c]ta9 pressure is cut (f & all[$ to exp& to a l[] pressure4 ,q4 ,h[ _m in*es ( vacuum give ! be/ results 9 a cond5s+ eng9e8 ,a4 ,usually consid]$ #be4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by a horizontal t&em eng9e8 ,a4 ,"o cyl9d] be+ beh9d ! o!r ) two pi/ons on same rod4 ,q4 ,:at is a ,corliss valve ge>8 ,a4 7,describe ! half moon or crab claw ge>1 or oval arm ge> ) da% pots47 ,q4 ,f :at cause d belts h ! p[] to drive %aft+8 ,a4 ,by friction or cohesion4 ,q4 ,:at d y und]/& by lap8 ,a4 ,outside lap is t portion ( valve :i* ext5ds beyond ! ports :5 valve is plac$ on ! c5t] ( travel1 & inside lap is t portion ( valve :i* projects ov] ! ports on ! inside or t[>ds ! middle ( valve4 ,q4 ,:at is ! use ( lap8 ,a4 ,to give ! eng9e compression4 ,q4 ,:]e is ! dead c5t] ( an eng9e8 ,a4 ,! po9t :]e ! crank & ! pi/on rod are 9 ! same "r l9e4 ,q4 ,:at is ! t5sile /r5g? ( ,am]ican boil] iron8 ,a4 #dj1jjj to #fj1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,q4 ,:at is v high t5sile /r5g? 9 boil] iron apt to g )8 ,a4 ,lack ( homog5e\sness & lack ( t\ghness4 ,q4 ,:at is ! advantage ( t\ghness 9 boil] plate8 ,a4 ,x /&s irregul> /ra9s & sudd5 %ocks bett]4 ,q4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal defects f\nd 9 boil] iron8 ,a4 ,imp]fect weld+1 brittl5ess1 l[ ductility4 ,q4 ,:at are ! advantages ( /eel z a mat]ial = boil] plates8 ,a4 ,homog5eity1 t5sile /r5g?1 malleability1 ductility & fre$om f lam9ations & bli/]s4 ,q4 ,:at are ! disadvantages ( /eel z a mat]ial = boil] plates8 ,a4 ,x requires great] skill 9 work+ ?an iron1 & has1 z bad qualities1 brittl5ess1 l[ ductility & flaws induc$ by ! pressure ( gas bubbles 9 ! +ot4 ,q4 ,:5 w\ld y oil an eng9e8 ,a4 ,be=e />t+ x & z (t5 :ile runn+ z necess>y4 ,q4 ,h[ d y f9d prop] size ( any /ay bolts = a well made boil]8 ,a4 ,fir/1 multiply ! giv5 /eam pressure p] squ>e in* by ! squ>e ( ! di/ance betwe5 c5t]s ( /ay bolts1 & divide ! product by #f1jjj1 & call ! answ] 8! quoti5t40 ,second1 divide 8! quoti5t0 by 4#ghed1 & extract ! squ>e root ( ! la/ quoti5t2 ! answ] w give ! requir$ diamet] ( /ay bolts at ! bottom ( ?read4 ,q4 ,9 :at position w\ld y place an eng9e1 to take up any slack motion ( ! reciprocat+ p>ts8 ,a4 ,place eng9e 9 ! position :]e ! lea/ we> takes place on ! j\rnals4 ,t is1 9 tak+ up ! we> ( ! crank-p9 brasses1 place ! eng9e on ei!r dead c5t]1 z1 :5 runn+1 !re is b little we> ^u ! crank-p9 at ^! po9ts4 ,if tak+ up ! cross-head p9 brasses--)\t disconnect+ & sw++ ! rod--place ! eng9e at half /roke1 :i* is ! extreme po9t ( sw+ ( ! rod1 !re be+ ! lea/ we> on ! brasses & cross-head p9 9 ?is position4 ,q4 ,:at b5efits are d]iv$ by us+ fly:eels on /eam eng9es8 ,a4 ,! en]gy develop$ 9 ! cyl9d] :ile ! /eam is do+ its "w is /or$ up 9 ! fly:eel1 & giv5 out by x :ile !re is no "w be+ done 9 ! cyl9d]--t is1 :5 ! eng9e is pass+ ! dead c5t]s4 ,?is t5ds to keep ! spe$ ( ! eng9e %aft /eady4 ,q4 ,"n sev]al k9ds ( r$uc+ motions1 z us$ 9 indicator practice8 ,a4 ,! pantograph1 ! p5dulum1 ! brumbo pulley1 ! r$uc+ :eel4 ,q4 ,h[ c an eng9e] tell f an indicator diagram :e!r ! pi/on or valves are leak+8 ,a4 ,leaky /eam valves w cause ! expansion curve to become convex2 t is1 x w n foll[ hyp]bolic expansion1 & w also %[ increas$ back pressure4 ,b if ! exhau/ valves leak also1 "o may (fset ! o!r1 & ! indicator diagram w\ld %[ no leak4 ,a leaky pi/on c be detect$ by a rapid fall+ 9 ! pressure on ! expansion curve imm$iately aft] ! po9t ( cut-(f4 ,x w also %[ increas$ back pressure4 ,a fall+ 9 pressure 9 ! upp] portion ( ! compression curve %[s a leak 9 ! exhau/ valve4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld be ! be/ me?od ( treat+ a badly scal$ boil]1 t 0 to be clean$ by a lib]al use ( comp\nd8 ,a4 ,fir/ op5 ! boil] up & note :]e ! loose scale1 if any1 has lodg$4 ,wa% out ?or\ghly & put 9 ! requir$ am\nt ( comp\nd4 ,:ile ! boil] is 9 s]vice1 op5 ! bl[-(f valve = a few seconds1 two or ?ree times a day1 to be assur$ t x does n become /opp$ up ) scale4 ,aft] runn+ ! boil] = a week1 %ut x d[n1 &1 :5 ! pressure is d[n & ! boil] cool$ (f1 run ! wat] out & take (f ! h&-hole plates4 ,note :at effect ! comp\nd has _h on ! scale1 & :]e ! dis5gag$ scale has lodg$4 ,wa% out ?or\ghly & use judgm5t z to :e!r x is advisable to use a less or great] quantity ( comp\nd1 or to add a small quantity daily4 ,cont9ue ! wa%+ out at %ort int]vals1 z _m boil]s h be5 burn$ by l>ge quantities ( scale dropp+ on ! cr[n %eets & n be+ remov$4 ,q4 ,if a cond5s] 0 atta*$ to a side-valve eng9e1 t _h be5 set to run non-cond5s+1 :at *anges1 if any1 w\ld be necess>y8 ,a4 ,m lap w\ld h to be add$ to ! valve to cut (f ! /eam at an e>li] po9t ( ! /roke2 if n1 ! initial pressure into ! cyl9d] w\ld be ?rottl$ d[n & ! economy1 to be ga9$ f runn+ cond5s+1 less5$4 ,q4 ,if y are c>ry+ a vacuum equal to #bg in*es ( m]cury1 :at %\ld ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 ! hot well be8 ,a4 #ajh degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,q4 ,def9e specific gravity4 ,a4 ,! specific gravity ( a sub/ance is ! numb] :i* expresses ! relation betwe5 ! weights ( equal volume ( t sub/ance1 & di/ill$ wat] ( #fj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,q4 ,f9d ! specific gravity ( a body ^: volume is #ab cubic in*es1 & :i* floats 9 wat] ) #g cubic in*es imm]s$4 ,a4 ,:5 a body floats 9 wat]1 x displaces a quantity ( wat] equal to ! weight ( ! float+ body4 ,?us1 if a body ( #ab cubic in*es 9 volume floats ) #g cubic in*es imm]s$1 #g cubic in*es ( wat] mu/ be equal 9 weight to #ab cubic in*es ( ! sub/ance & "o cubic in* ( wat] to twelve-sev5?s cubic in*es ( ! sub/ance4 ,z specific gravity equals weight ( "o volume ( sub/ance divid$ by weight ( equal volume ( wat]1 !n specific gravity ( ! sub/ance 9 ?is case equals #a divid$ by twelve-sev5?s4 ,,useful ,,in=mation4 ,to f9d circumf]5ce ( a circle1 multiply diamet] by #c4adaf4 ,to f9d diamet] ( a circle1 multiply circumf]5ce by 4#cahca4 ,to f9d area ( a circle multiply squ>e ( diamet] by 4#ghed4 ,to f9d area ( a triangle1 multiply base by "o-half ! p]p5dicul> height4 ,to f9d surface ( a ball1 multiply squ>e ( diamet] by #c4adaf4 ,to f9d solidity ( a sph]e1 multiply cube ( diamet] by 4#ebcf4 ,to f9d side ( an equal squ>e1 multiply diamet] by 4#hhfb4 ,to f9d cubic in*es 9 a ball multiply cube ( diamet] by 4#ebcf4 ,d\bl+ ! diamet] ( a pipe increases its capacity f\r times4 ,a gallon ( wat] 7,u4 ,s4 /&>d7 weighs #h #a-c p\nds & conta9s #bca cubic in*es4 ,a cubic foot ( wat] conta9s #g gallons1 #agbh cubic in*es1 & weighs #fb p\nds4 ,to f9d ! pressure 9 p\nds p] squ>e in* ( a column ( wat] multiply ! height ( ! column 9 feet by 4#dcd4 ,/eam ris+ f wat] at its boil+ po9t 7#bab degrees7 has a pressure equal to ! atmosph]e 7#ad4g p\nds to ! squ>e in*74 ,a /&>d horse p[]3 ,! evaporation ( #cj lbs4 ( wat] p] h\r f a fe$ wat] temp]ature ( #ajj degrees ,f4 into /eam at #gj lbs4 gauge pressure4 ,to f9d capacity ( tanks any size2 giv5 dim5sions ( a cyl9d] 9 in*es1 to f9d its capacity 9 ,u4 ,s4 gallons3 ,squ>e ! diamet]1 multiply by ! l5g? & by 4#jjcd4 ,to asc]ta9 heat+ surface 9 tubul> boil]s1 multiply two-?irds ( ! circumf]5ce ( boil] by l5g? ( boil] 9 in*es & add to x ! area ( all ! tubes4 ,"o-six? ( t5sile /r5g? ( plate multipli$ by ?ickness ( plate & divid$ by "o-half ! diamet] ( boil] gives safe work+ pressure = tubul> boil]s4 ,= m>9e boil]s add #bj p] c5t = drill$ holes4 ,to f9d ! horsep[] ( an eng9e1 ! foll[+ f\r factors mu/ be consid]$3 ,mean effective or av]age pressure on ! cyl9d]1 l5g? ( /roke1 diamet] ( cyl9d]1 & numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute4 ,f9d ! area ( ! pi/on 9 squ>e in*es by multiply+ ! diamet] by #c4adaf & multiply ! result by ! /eam pressure 9 p\nds p] squ>e in*2 multiply ?is product by twice ! product ( ! l5g? ( ! /roke 9 feet & ! numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute2 divide ! result by #cc1jjj1 & ! result w be ! horsep[] ( ! eng9e4 7,!oretically a horsep[] is a p[] t w raise #cc1jjj p\nds "o foot 9 "o m9ute47 ,! p[] ( fuel is measur$ !oretically f ! foll[+ basis3 ,if a p\nd weight fall #ghj feet 9 a vacuum1 x w g5]ate heat en\gh to raise ! temp]ature ( "o p\nd ( wat] "o degree4 ,conv]sely1 p[] t w raise "o p\nd ( wat] "o degree 9 temp]ature w raise a "o p\nd weight #ghj feet4 ,! heat =ce requir$ to turn a p\nd ( wat] at #cb degrees into /eam w\ld lift a ton weight #djj feet high1 or develop two-fif?s ( "o horsep[] = an h\r4 ,! be/ f>m eng9e practically uses #ce p\nds ( wat] p] horsep[] p] h\r1 %[+ t "o p\nd ( wat] w\ld develop only "o-?irty-fif? ( a horsep[] 9 an h\r1 or #g #a-g p] c5t ( ! heat =ce lib]at$4 ,! re/ ( ! heat =ce is lo/ 9 v>i\s ways1 z expla9$ 9 ! body ( ?is book4 ,! foll[+#i w assi/ 9 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( p[] suppli$ to an eng9e3 ,footnote #i3 ,j4 ,h4 ,magg>d 9 8,r\gh & ,tumble ,eng9e]+40 8,= in/ance1 a #a-;in* belt ( ! /&>d grade ) ! prop] t5sion1 nei!r too tight or too loose1 runn+ at a maximum spe$ ( #hjj feet a m9ute w transmit "o horsep[]1 runn+ #a1fjj feet two horsep[] & #b1djj feet ?ree horsep[]4 ,a #b-;in* belt at ! same spe$1 twice ! p[]4 8,n[ if y "k ! circumf]5ce ( y\r fly:eel1 ! numb] ( revolutions y\r eng9e is mak+ & ! wid? ( belt1 y c figure v ne>ly ! am\nt ( p[] y c supply )\t slipp+ y\r belt4 ,= in/ance1 we w say y\r fly:eel is #dj in*es 9 diamet] or #aj4e feet ne>ly 9 circumf]5ce & y\r eng9e 0 runn+ #bbe revolutions a m9ute1 y\r belt w\ld be travel+ #bbeaj4e feet #bcfb4e feet1 or v ne>ly #b1djj feet1 & if "o in* ( belt w\ld transmit ?ree horsep[] runn+ ?is spe$1 a #f-;in* belt w\ld transmit eighte5 horsep[]1 a #g-;in* belt tw5ty-"o horsep[]1 an #h-;in* belt tw5ty-f\r horsep[]1 & s on4 ,) ! above z a basis = figur+ y c satisfy y\rself z to ! p[] y are furni%+4 ,to get ! be/ results a belt wants to sag slightly1 z x hugs ! pulley clos]1 & w la/ mu* long]40 ,,key+ ,,pulleys4#aj ,a key mu/ be ( equal wid? its :ole l5g? & accurately fit ! seats on %aft & 9 pulley4 ,! ?ickness %\ld v>y en\gh to make ! tap] correspond ) t ( ! seat 9 ! pulley4 ,! keys %\ld be driv5 9 tight en\gh to be safe aga9/ work+ loose4 ,! hubs ( mo/ ( ! pulleys on ! ma*9e run aga9/ ! boxes1 & 9 key+ ^! on1 ab\t #a-cb ( an in* end play to ! %aft %\ld be all[$1 because !re is dang] ( ! pulley rubb+ s h>d aga9/ ! end ( ! box z to cause x to heat4 ,a key t is too ?9 b o!rwise fits all "r c be made tight by putt+ a /rip ( t9 betwe5 ! key & ! bottom ( ! seat 9 ! pulley4 ,draw+ ,keys4 ,if a "p ( ! key /&s outside ( ! hub1 cat* x ) a pair ( horse%oe p9*]s & pry ) !m aga9/ ! hub1 at ! same "t hitt+ ! hub ) a hamm] s z to drive pulley on4 ,a key c sometimes be drawn by cat*+ ! end ( x ) a claw hamm] & driv+ on ! hub ( pulley4 ,if pulley is aga9/ box & key cut (f flu% ) hub1 take ! %aft out & use a drift f ! inside1 or if seat is n long en\gh to make ?is possible1 drive ! pulley on until ! key loos5s4 ,,babbitt+ ,,boxes4#aj ,to babbitt any k9d ( a box1 fir/ *ip out all ( ! old babbitt & clean ! %aft & box ?or\ghly ) b5z9e4 ,?is is necess>y or gas w be =m$ f ! grease :5 ! hot metal is p\r$ 9 & leave 8bl[ holes40 ,9 babbitt+ a solid box cov] ! %aft ) pap]1 draw x smoo? & tight1 & fa/5 ! lapp$ ends ) mucilage4 ,if ?is is n done ! %r9kage ( ! metal 9 cool+ w make x fa/ on ! %aft1 s t x c't be mov$4 ,if ?is happ5$ x w\ld be necess>y to put ! %aft & box toge!r 9 ! fire & melt ! babbitt out or else break ! box to get x (f4 ,pap] ar\nd ! %aft w prev5t ?is & if tak5 out :5 ! babbitt has cool$ ! %aft w be f\nd to be j tight en\gh to run well4 ,footnote #aj3 ,c\rtesy ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,?re%+ ,ma*9e ,co41 f 8,sci5ce ( ,successful ,?re%+40 ,be=e p\r+ ! box1 block up ! %aft until x is 9 l9e & 9 c5t] ( ! box & put /iff putty ar\nd ! %aft & aga9/ ! ends ( ! box to keep ! babbitt f runn+ out4 ,be sure to leave air-holes at ea* end at ! top1 mak+ a little funnel ( putty ar\nd ea*4 ,also make a l>g] funnel ar\nd ! p\r+ hole1 or1 if !re is none1 enl>ge "o ( ! air-holes at ! end & p\r 9 t4 ,! metal %\ld be heat$ until x is j hot en\gh to run freely & ! fire %\ld n be too f> away4 ,:5 ready to p\r ! box1 don't hesitate or /op1 b p\r cont9u\sly & rapidly until ! metal appe>s at ! air holes4 ,! oil hole may be /opp$ ) a wood5 plug & if ?is plug ext5ds ?r\gh f> en\gh to t\* ! %aft1 x w leave a hole ?r\gh ! babbitt s t x w n be necess>y to drill "o4 ,a split box is babbitt$ 9 ! same mann] except t /rips ( c>dbo>d or %eet-iron are plac$ betwe5 ! two halves ( ! box & aga9/ ! %aft to divide ! babbitt4 ,to let ! babbitt run f ! upp] half to ! l[]1 cut f\r or six ,v-%ap$ not*es1 a qu>t] ( an in* deep1 9 ! edges ( ! %eet-iron or c>dbo>d t come aga9/ ! %aft4 ,cov] ! %aft ) pap] & put c>dbo>d l9]s betwe5 ! box to all[ = adju/m5t z x we>s4 ,bolt ! cap on securely be=e p\r+4 ,:5 ! babbitt has cool$1 break ! box ap>t by driv+ a cold *isel betwe5 ! two halves4 ,trim (f ! %>p edges ( ! babbitt & ) a r\nd-nose *isel cut oil grooves f ! oil hole t[>ds ! ends ( ! box & on ! slack side ( ! box or ! "o opposite to ! direction 9 :i* ! belt pulls4 ,! ladle %\ld hold six or eight p\nds ( metal4 ,if mu* l>g] x is awkw>d to h&le & if too small x w n keep ! metal hot long en\gh to p\r a good box4 ,! cyl9d] boxes on ! sep>ator take f two to ?ree p\nds ( metal ea*4 ,if no putty is at h&1 clay mix$ to ! prop] consi/5cy may be us$4 ,use ! be/ babbitt y c get = ! cyl9d] boxes4 ,if n sure ( ! quality1 use ord9>y z9c4 ,x is n exp5sive & is g5]ally satisfactory4 ,,miscellane\s4 ,lime may be tak5 out ( an injector by soak+ x ov] night 9 a mixture ( "o "p ( muriatic acid & t5 p>ts s(t wat]4 ,if a l>g] proportion ( acid is us$ x is likely to spoil ! injector4 ,a good black+ = boil]s & smoke/acks is asphaltum dissolv$ 9 turp5t9e4 ,to poli% brass1 dissolve #e c5ts' wor? ( oxalic acid 9 a p9t ( wat] & use to clean ! brass4 ,:5 t>ni% has be5 remov$1 dry & poli% ) *alk or :it+4 ,x is said t iron or /eel w n ru/ if x is plac$ = a few m9utes 9 a w>m solution ( wa%+ soda4 ,grease on ! bottom ( a boil] w /ick !re & prev5t ! wat] f conduct+ away ! heat4 ,:5 /eel is ?us cov]$ ) grease x w soon melt 9 a hot fire1 caus+ a boil] to bur/ if ! /eel is poor1 or w>p+ x out ( %ape if ! /eel is good4 ,sulphate ( lime 9 wat]1 caus+ scale1 may be c\nt]act$ & scale remov$ by us+ coal oil & sal soda4 ,:5 wat] conta9s c>bonate ( lime1 molasses w remove ! scale4 ,,code ,,( ,,:i/le ,,signals4 ,"o %ort s\nd means to /op4 ,two %ort s\nds means ! eng9e is ab\t to beg9 "w4 ,?ree m$ium %ort s\nds mean t ! ma*9e w soon ne$ gra9 & gra9 haul]s %\ld hurry4 ,"o r long s\nd foll[$ by ?ree %ort ones means ! wat] is l[ & wat] haul] %\ld hurry4 ,a succession ( %ort1 quick :i/les means di/ress or fire4 ,,weight ,,p] ,,bu%el ,,( ,,gra94 ,! foll[+ table gives ! numb] ( p\nds p] bu%el requir$ by law or cu/om 9 ! sale ( gra9 9 ! sev]al /ates3 ,s h e ,b l u l c e ,t ,b k ,c ,m d i a ,b w l i m ,w r e h o ,f l ,o ,c o h l a e v l l a ,r o t e e n a e a e t y r h a y s t r x t s e n y t 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,arkansas #dhfjebfj444444efefdefj ,cali=nia #ej44dj444444cbedeb44fj ,connecticut 4444#de444444cbefef44ef ,di/rict ( ,columbia#dgfbdhfj4444cbefefdefj ,georgia #dj4444fj4444ceefefdefj ,ill9ois #dhfjebfjefdecbefef44fj ,indiana #dhfjejfj4444cbefefdefj ,i[a #dhfjebfjefdhcbefefdefj ,kansas #ejfjej444444cbefefdefj ,k5tucky #dhfjebfjef44cbefefdefj ,l\isiana #cb4444444444cb44ef44fj ,ma9e #dhfddh444444cj44ef44fj ,manitoba #dh44dhfjefcd44efef44fj ,m>yl& #dhfddh444444cbefefdefj ,massa*usetts #dhdh44444444cbefef44fj ,mi*igan #dh44dhfjef44cbefefdefj ,m9nesota #dhfjdbfj44dhcbefef44fj ,miss\ri #dhfjebfjefejcbefefdefj ,nebraska #dhfjebfj4444cdefefdefj ,new ,york #dhfbdhfj4444cbefehddfj ,new ,j]sey #dh44ejfd4444cjefef44fj ,new ,hamp%ire 44#fj44444444cjefef44fj ,nor? ,c>ol9a #dh44ejfd4444cjefed44fj ,nor? ,dakota #dh44dbfjef44cbefef44fj ,ohio #dhfjejfj4444cbejefdefj ,oklahoma #dh44dbfjef44cbefef44fj ,oregon #df44dbfj4444cfefef44fj ,p5nsylvania #dg44dhfb4444cjefef44fj ,s\? ,dakota #dh44ebfjefejcbefef44fj ,s\? ,c>ol9a #dhfjeffj4444ccefef44fj ,v]mont #dhfddh44fj44cbefefdbfj ,virg9ia #dhfjdhfd4444cbefefdefj ,we/ ,virg9ia #dhfjebfj4444cbefefdefj ,wiscons9 #dh44dhfj4444cbefef44fj ---------------------------------------- -- ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,diff]5t ,,makes ,,( ,,traction ,,eng9es4 ,j4 ,i4 ,,case ,,traction ,,eng9es4 ,^! eng9es are among ! simple/ & at ! same "t mo/ sub/antial & durable traction eng9es on ! m>ket4 ,!y are built ( ! be/ mat]ials ?r\gh\t1 & are "o ( ! easie/ eng9es = a novice to run4 ,!y are ( ! side crank type1 ) spr+ m\nt+4 ,! eng9e is support$ by a bracket bolt$ to ! side ( ! boil]1 & a pill[ block be>+ at ! firebox end bolt$ to ! side plate ( ! boil]4 ,! valve is ! improv$ ,woolf1 a s+le simple valve be+ us$1 work$ by a s+le ecc5tric4 ,! ecc5tric /rap has an ext5d$ arm pivot$ 9 a wood5 block slid+ 9 a guide4 ,! direction ( ?is guide c be s *ang$ by ! rev]se lev] z to v>y ! cut-(f & easily rev]se ! eng9e :5 desir$4 ,! eng9e is built ei!r ) a simple cyl9d] or ) a t&em comp\nd cyl9d]4 ,9 ! op]ation ( ! diff]5tial ge>1 ! p[] is fir/ transmitt$ to spur ge>1 conta9+ cu%ion spr+s1 f !nce by ! spr+s to a c5t] r+ & f\r bevel p9ions :i* be> equally ^u bo? bevel ge>s4 ,! :ole diff]5tial consequ5tly w move toge!r z b "o :eel :5 eng9e is mov+ /raight =w>d or backw>d2 b :5 turn+ a corn] ! f\r p9ions revolve 9 ! bevel ge>s j 9 proportion to ! %>pness ( ! curve4 ,!re is a friction clut* work+ on ! inside ( ! fly:eel by means ( two friction %oes t c be adju/$ z !y we>4 ,!re is a fe$ wat] heat] ) ?ree tubes 9 a wat]tight cyl9d] into :i* ! exhau/ /eam is admitt$4 ,! ?ree tubes h small] pipes inside s t ! fe$ wat] 9 pass+ ?r\gh =ms a ?9 cyl9drical r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ,i4 ,,case ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,! traction :eels are driv5 f ! rims4 ,! front :eels h a squ>e b& on ! c5t] ( ! rim1 to prev5t slipp+ sidewise4 ,! smoke/ack is ca/ iron 9 "o piece4 ,! firebox w burn wood1 coal or /raw1 a fire brick ar* be+ us$ = /raw1 mak+ ?is fuel give a uni=m heat4 ,! boil] is ( ! simple locomotive type1 ) wat] leg ar\nd ! firebox & num]\s fire flues connect+ ! firebox ) ! smoke/ack 9 front4 ,!re is safety plug 9 cr[n %eet & ! usual fitt+s4 ,! wat] tank is "u ! plat=m4 ,! /e]+ :eel & b& :eel are on "r side ( eng9e4 ,an indep5d5t ,m>% pump & injector are us$4 ,! ,m>% pump is arrang$ to heat ! fe$ wat] :5 exhau/ heat] _c be us$4 ,! gov]nor is ! ,wat]s1 ! safety valve ! ,kunkle4 ,,! ,,frick ,,co4',s ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,! mo/ noticeable feature ( ?is eng9e is t x has a frame m\nt$ on ! traction :eels entirely indep5d5t ( ! boil]1 ?us reliev+ ! boil] ( all /ra94 ,?is is an und5iable advantage1 s9ce usually ! /ra9 on ! boil] is great en\gh )\t =c+ ! boil] to c>ry ! eng9e & ge>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,frick ,,co4',s ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,! ge>+ to ! traction :eels is simple & direct1 & a pat5t ela/ic spr+ or cu%ion connection is us$ :i* avoids sudd5 /ra9 & possible breakage ( ge>s4 ,/eel traction :eels & rivet$ spokes4 ,diff]5tial ge> 9 ma9 axle1 ) lock+ device :5 bo? traction :eels are requir$ to pull out ( a hole4 ,! rev]se ge> is s+le ecc5tric1 ! ecc5tric turn+ on ! %aft4 ,x is well adapt$ to us+ /eam expansively4 ,! cr[n %eet is s arrang$ z n to be left b>e ( wat] 9 go+ up or d[n hills4 ,work+ p>ts are cov]$ du/ pro(4 ,eng9e has self-oil+ features & sight fe$ lubricator4 ,friction clut* 9 fly:eel4 ,safety brake on ma9 axle4 ,eng9e]'s plat=m m\nt$ on spr+s & e "p ( eng9e requir+ att5tion c be rea*$ conv5i5tly f plat=m4 ,crank is c5t] type4 ,cross-head pump is us$4 ,usual fitt+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ga>1 ,,scott ,,co4',s ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,^! eng9es are built ) boil] ( locomotive type = burn+ wood & coal1 & ( return flue type = burn+ /raw4 ,!y are also built ( ?ree g5]al types1 8,corliss-patt]n0 frame1 8,/&>d0 & 8,comp\nd40 ,! eng9e is side crank1 m\nt$ on brackets atta*$ to ! sides ( ! boil]4 ,! b$plate1 cyl9d] & guides are bor$ at "o op]ation & _c get out ( alignm5t4 ,cyl9d] has wide ports & free exhau/1 & pi/on has self-sett+ r+s4 ,! g5u9e l9k rev]se ge> is us$1 z on locomotives1 & x und\bt$ly has _m advantages ov] any o!r1 includ+ an easily adju/able v>iable cut-(f by correct sett+ ( rev]se lev]4 ,! diff]5tial ge> is heavy & effective4 ,a pat5t /e]+ atta*m5t1 ) spiral roll1 holds *a9s taut & gives positive motion4 ,friction clut* is m\nt$ on eng9e %aft & connects ) ! hub ( ! p9ion on ?is %aft4 ,rigid p9ion is also provid$4 ,cross-head pump & injector are us$1 & ,pick]+ gov]nor ) improv$ spr+ spe$]1 p]mitt+ quick & easy *ange ( spe$2 also ,sawy]'s lev] = te/+ safety4 ,/eam passes direct f dome to cyl9d]1 )\t loss f cool+ or cond5s+4 ,! /eel wat] tank c be fill$ by a jet pump op]at$ by /eam4 ,d4 ,,june ,,co4',s ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,?is is "o ( ! v few traction eng9es built ) upright boil]1 b x has be5 on ! m>ket _m ye>s & has be5 widely us$ ) great success z a g5]al road locomotive4 ,! eng9e is m\nt$ on ! wat] tank4 ,! weight ( ! boil] comes on ! h9d :eels1 & makes ?is type ( eng9e sup]ior = pull+4 ,x is claim$ t x has no equal on ! m>ket z a pull]4 ,! upright type ( boil] has ! advantage t ! cr[n %eet is nev] expos$ & x is claim$ flues w la/ long] ?an 9 horizontal type4 ,x works equally well :e!r x /&s level or n1 an advantage t no o!r type has4 ,?is type gets up /eam m quickly ?an any o!r--x is said1 f cold wat]1 9 tw5ty m9utes4 ,! /eam is sup]heat$ 9 a way to economize fuel & wat]4 ,by be+ m\nt$ on ! tank1 ! eng9e does n get hot z x w\ld if m\nt$ on ! boil]1 & ! correspond+ /ra9+ ( p>ts is avoid$4 ,a pat5t wat] sp>k arre/] is us$ :i* is an absolute protection4 ,illu/ration3 ,d4 ,,june ,,co4',s ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,! eng9e is ge>$ to ! traction by a *a91 :i* c easily be repair$ z ! l9ks we>4 ,! friction clut* works inside fly:eel4 ,eng9e has a new rev]sible ecc5tric1 & diff]5tial ge>1 ) usual fitt+s4 ,,ni*ols ,,%ep>d ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,! build]s ( ?is eng9e lay special /ress ^u ! c>e ) :i* ! boil] & simil> p>ts are con/ruct$4 ,! important seams are d\ble rivet$1 & ! flue %eet is half in* /eel1 drill$ in/ead ( pun*$ = ! flues1 & fitt$ ) seamless /eel flues1 all ( ! be/ /eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ni*ols ,,%ep>d ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,! boil] is ! direct flue locomotive type4 ,! cr[n %eet slopes backw>d to all[ x to be cov]$ ) wat] 9 desc5d+ hills4 ,boil] has r\nd-bottom firebox4 ,axle passes ar\nd bel[ ! boil]1 & spr+s are provid$4 ,! eng9e is m\nt$ on a long heat]1 :i* is atta*$ to ! side ( ! boil]4 ,! locomotive l9k rev]se is us$1 ) a pla9 slide valve4 ,cross-head pump & injector are us$1 & improv$ pop safety valve4 ,cyl9d] is jacket$1 & cross-head guides are rigid ) cyl9d]1 s t p]fect alignm5t is always secur$4 ,eng9es are built to burn coal or wood4 ,a /raw burn] is provid$ ) firebrick ar*4 ,comp\nd eng9es are also built4 ,,! ,,hub] ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,! ,hub] boil] is ( ! return flue type1 & ! gates are 9 ! l>ge c5tral tube4 ,?is does away ) ! l[-hang+ firebox1 & enables ! eng9e to cross /reams & /raddle /umps z ! l[ firebox type _c d4 ,! cyl9drical %ape ( ! boil] also adds consid]ably to its /r5g?4 ,! wat] tank is c>ri$ 9 front1 & sw+s ar\nd s z to op5 ! smoke box1 s t repairs may be made on ! fire tubes at ?is end easily 9 ! op5 air4 ,) wat] front return flue boil]s ! workman has to crawl ?r\gh entire l5g? ( c5tral flue4 ,z !re is no firebox1 ! boil] is m\nt$ above ! axle1 n by bolt+ a plate to ! side ( ! firebox4 ,! boil] is made fa/ to ! axle1 :i* is m\nt$ on :eels ) spr+ cu%ion ge>1 ! spr+s be+ plac$ 9 ! :eel itself1 betwe5 ! two be>+s ( ! :eel or ! hub on trunnions1 :i* =m ! sp9dle = ! hub4 ,! :eel revolves on ! trunnion in/ead ( on ! axle1 & !re is no we> on ! axle4 ,! traction ge> has a spr+ connection s t 9 />t+ a load !re is little dang] ( breakage4 ,! comp5sat+ ge> is all spur4 ,! int]m$iate ge> has a t5-in* be>+1 ) an ecc5tric 9 ! c5t] = adju/+ ! ge> above & bel[4 ,!re is a spr+ draw b> & ela/ic /e]+ device4 ,an improv$ friction clut* works on inside ( fly:eel4 ,eng9e has a special gov]nor adapt$ to v>y+ "w ov] r\gh roads1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,hub] ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,a s+le ecc5tric rev]se ge> is us$1 ) arm & wood slide block 7,woolf72 & !re is a v>iable exhau/1 by :i* a /rong draft may be quickly creat$ by %utt+ (f "o ( two exhau/ nozzles4 ,:5 bo? exhau/s are op51 back pressure is almo/ entirely reliev$4 ,! /eam is c>ri$ 9 a pipe d[n ?r\gh ! middle ( ! c5tral flue1 s t sup]heat+ is secur$1 :i* x is claim$ makes a sav+ ( ov] #h p] c5t 9 fuel & wat]4 ,! /ack is d\ble wall$ ) air space betwe5 ! walls4 ,a special /raw-burn+ eng9e is con/ruct$ ) a firebox ext5sion 9 front1 & /raw passes ov] ! end ( a grate 9 su* a way z to get p]fect combu/ion4 ,?is make ( eng9e is peculi>ly adapt$ to burn+ /raw successfully4 ,a4 ,w4 ,,/ev5s' ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,?is eng9e has locomotive patt]n boil]1 ) slop+ cr[n %eet1 & especially high (fset ov] firebox1 d\bl+ /eam space t w give dry /eam at all times4 ,a l>ge size /eam pipe passes f dome 9 re> ?r\gh boil] to eng9e 9 front1 sup]heat+ /eam & avoid+ cond5sation f exposure4 ,grate is a rock+ "o1 easily clean$ & requir+ little att5tion1 & fir$oor is ( a patt]n t rema9s air-tight & ne$ seldom be op5$4 ,! eng9e is m\nt$ ^u ! boil]1 arrang$ = re> ge> traction atta*m5t4 ,eng9e frame1 cyl9d]1 guides1 etc41 are ca/ 9 "o solid piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,w4 ,,/ev5s' ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,x has a special pat5t$ s+le ecc5tric rev]se1 & ,pick]+ horizontal gov]nor4 ,!re is a friction clut*1 ,m>% /eam pump1 & injector4 ,o!r fitt+s are complete1 & eng9e is well made ?r\gh\t4 ,,aultman-,,taylor ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,! ,aultman-,taylor ,traction ,eng9e is an exceptionally well made eng9e ( ! simple/ type1 & has be5 on ! m>ket ov] #be ye>s4 ,!re are two g5]al types1 ! wood & coal burn]s ) locomotive boil]s1 & return flue boil] /yle = burn+ /raw4 ,a comp\nd eng9e is also made ) ! ,woolf s+le valve ge>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aultman-,,taylor ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,a special feature ( ?is eng9e is t ! re> axle comes beh9d ! firebox in/ead ( betwe5 ! firebox & ! front :eels4 ,?is di/ributes ! weight ( ! eng9e m ev5ly4 ,! mak]s d n believe 9 spr+s = ! re> axle1 s9ce !y h a t5d5cy to we> ! ge> convex or r\nd1 & really accompli% mu* less ?an !y are suppos$ to4 ,ano!r special po9t is ! bevel traction ge>4 ,! eng9e is m\nt$ on ! boil] well t[>d ! front1 & ! fly:eel is ne> ! /ack 79 ! locomotive type74 ,by bevel ge>s & a long %aft ! p[] is conduct$ to ! diff]5tial ge> 9 connection ) ! re> :eels4 ,! mak]s claim t lo/ motion c be tak5 up 9 a bevel ge> mu* bett] ?an 9 a spur ge>4 ,besides1 ! spur ge> is noisy & n ne>ly s durable4 ,mu* less friction is claim$ = ?is type ( ge>4 ,! gov]nor is ! ,pick]+2 cross-head pump is us$1 ) ,u4 ,s4 injector2 heat]1 & o!r fitt+s complete4 ,a b& friction clut* is us$1 said to be v durable4 ,diamond special sp>k arre/] is us$ except 9 /raw burn]s4 ,! plat=m & front bol/] are provid$ ) spr+s4 ,! mak]s especially recomm5d _! comp\nd eng9e1 claim+ a ga9 ( ab\t #be p] c5t4 ,! use ( automatic b& cutt]s & fe$]s1 automatic weigh]s & bagg]s1 & pneumatic /ack]s ) ?re%+ ma*9e outfits make additional dem&s on an eng9e t is be/ met by ! comp\nd type4 ,) l>ge outfits1 mak+ l>ge dem&s1 ! comp\nd eng9e gives ! requir$ p[] )\t undue weight4 ,,av]y ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,! ,av]y is an eng9e ) a return flue boil] & full wat] front1 & also is arrang$ ) a firebox besides4 ,!re is no d\bt t x effects ! greate/ economy ( fuel possible1 & is adaptable equally = wood1 coal1 or /raw4 ,! boil] is s built t a man may readily crawl ?r\gh ! l>ge c5tral flue & get at ! front ends ( ! return tubes to repair !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,av]y ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,! side ge> is us$ ) a crank disc in/ead ( arm4 ,! rev]se is ! ,grime1 a s+le ecc5tric ) device = %ift+ = rev]se4 ,! friction clut* has unusually long %oes1 work+ inside ! fly:eel1 ) ample cle>ance :5 lev] is (f4 ,a specialty is made ( extra wide traction :eels = s(t c\ntry4 ,! traction ge> is ( ! spur v>iety4 ,!re is also a d\ble spe$ device (f]$ z an extra4 ,! wat] tank is c>ri$ 9 front1 & lubricator1 /e]+ :eel 7on same side z b& :eel = conv5i5ce 9 l9+ up ) sep>ator71 rev]se lev]1 friction clut*1 etc41 are all "r at ! h& ( ! eng9e]4 ,! traction ge> is ( ! spur v>iety1 adju/$ to be ev5ly di/ribut$ to bo? traction :eels ?r\gh ! comp5sat+ ge>1 & to get ! be/ possible pull 9 case ( ne$4 ,= pull+ qualities & economy ( fuel1 ?is eng9e is especially recomm5d$4 ,,buffalo ,,pitts ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,! ,buffalo ,pitts ,eng9e is built ei!r s+le cyl9d] or d\ble cyl9d]4 ,! boil] is ( ! direct flue locomotive type1 ) full wat] bottom firebox4 ,! /raw burn]s are provid$ ) a firebrick ar* 9 ! firebox4 ,boil]s are fully jacket$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,buffalo ,,pitts ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,! s+le & d\ble cyl9d] eng9es diff] only 9 ?is "o p>ticul>1 ! d\ble cyl9d] hav+ ! advantage ( nev] be+ on a dead c5t] & />t+ ) p]fect smoo?ness & g5tly1 seldom ?r[+ (f belt4 ,! frame has bor$ guides1 9 same piece ) cyl9d]1 effect+ p]fect alignm5t4 ,! comp5sat+ ge> is ( ! bevel type1 half %r\d$ & s close toge!r t s& & grit are kept out4 ,?ree p9ions are us$1 :i* x is claim$ prev5t rock+ caus$ by two or f\r p9ions4 ,cross-head has %oes unusually long & wide4 ,! eng9e frame is ( ! box patt]n1 & is also us$ z a heat]1 fe$ wat] = ei!r injector or /eam pump pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,valve is ( ! pla9 locomotive slide type4 ,! friction clut* has h+$ arms work+ into fly:eel ) b slight bevel+ on fly:eel inn] surface1 & be+ susceptible ( easy release4 ,x is a specially pat5t$ device4 ,! ,woolf s+le ecc5tric rev]se ge> is us$4 ,eng9e is fully provid$ ) all mod]n fitt+s & appliances 9 addition to ^? m5tion$4 ,x 0 ! only traction eng9e exhibit$ at ,pan-,am]ican ,exposition :i* won gold m$al or highe/ aw>d4 ,x claims extra high grade ( workman%ip & durability4 ,,! ,,reeves ,,traction ,,eng9es4 ,^! eng9es are made 9 two /yles1 simple d\ble cyl9d] & cross comp\nd4 ,! d\ble cyl9d] & cross comp\nd /yle h be5 v successfully adapt$ to traction eng9e purposes ) c]ta9 advantages t no o!r /yle ( traction eng9e has4 ,) two cyl9d]s & two pi/ons plac$ side by side1 ) crank p9s at "r angles on ! %aft1 !re c be no dead c5t]s1 at :i* an eng9e w be completely /uck4 ,!n sudd5 />t+ is liable to ?r[ (f ! ma9 belt4 ,) a d\ble cyl9d] eng9e ! />t+ is always gradual & easy1 & nev] fails4 ,! same is equally true ( ! cross comp\nd1 :i* has ! advantage ( us+ ! /eam expansively 9 ! l[ pressure cyl9d]4 ,9 case ( ne$ ! live /eam may be introduc$ into ! l[ pressure cyl9d]1 enorm\sly increas+ ! pull+ p[] ( ! eng9e = an em]g5cy1 ?\gh ! capacity ( ! boil] does n p]mit long use ( bo? cyl9d]s 9 ?is way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,reeves ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,! eng9e is plac$ on top ( ! firebox portion ( ! boil]1 & ! weight is nicely balanc$ s t x comes on bo? sides alike4 ,! ge>+ is atta*$ to ! axle & c\nt]%aft :i* ext5d across ! eng9e4 ,! comp5sat+ ge> is /rong & well cov]$ f dirt4 ,! ge>+ is ! ge> type1 axle turn+ ) ! driv]s4 ,!re is an indep5d5t pump2 also injector1 & all atta*m5ts4 ,! b& :eel be+ on ! /e]+ :eel or "r side ( ! eng9e1 makes x easy to l9e up to a ?re%+ ma*9e4 ,eng9e frame is ( ! ,corliss patt]n2 boil] ( locomotive type1 & extra /rongly built4 ,,! ,,rumely ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,! mo/ /rik+ peculi>ity is t ! eng9e is m\nt$ on ! boil] diff]5tly f mo/ side crank traction eng9es1 ! cyl9d] be+ =w>d & ! %aft at ! re>4 ,?is br+s ! ge>+ ne>] ! traction :eels & r$uces its weight & complication4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,rumely ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,! boil] is ( ! r\nd bottom firebox type1 ) dome 9 front & an a% pan 9 l[] "p ( firebox1 & is unusually well built & firmly rivet$4 ,! traction :eels are usually high1 & ! fly:eel is betwe5 "o :eel & ! boil]4 ,! eng9e frame is ( ! gird] patt]n1 ) ov]hang+ cyl9d] atta*$ to "o end4 ,! boil] is ( ! direct flue locomotive type1 fitt$ = /raw1 wood1 or coal4 ,beam axle ( ! eng9e is beh9d ! firebox1 & is a s+le solid /eel %aft4 ,front axle is elliptical1 & s /rong] ?an any o!r type4 ,a d\ble cyl9d] eng9e is n[ be+ built z well z ! s+le cyl9d]4 ,! gov]nor regulates ! d\ble cyl9d] eng9e m closely ?an s+le cyl9d] types1 & 9 ! ,rumely is v close to ! cut-(f :]e a special simple rev]se is us$ ) ! d\ble cyl9d] eng9e4 ,eng9e is suppli$ ) cross-head pump & injector1 ,arnold %ift+ ecc5tric rev]se ge>1 friction clut*1 & l>ge cyl9drical wat] tank on ! side4 ,x also has ! usual eng9e & boil] fitt+s4 ,,port ,,huron ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,! ,port ,huron traction eng9e is ( ! direct flue locomotive type1 built ei!r simple or comp\nd1 & ( m$ium weight & excell5t proportions = g5]al purpose use4 ,! comp\nd eng9e 7t&em ,woolf cyl9d]s7 is especially recomm5d$ & pu%$ z m economical ?an ! simple cyl9d] eng9e4 ,z live /eam c be admitt$ to ! l[ pressure cyl9d]1 s turn+ ! comp\nd into a simple cyl9d] eng9e ) two cyl9d]s1 enorm\s p[] c be obta9$ at a mom5t's notice to help out at a difficult po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,port ,,huron ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,two injectors are furni%$ ) ?is eng9e1 & ! use ( ! injector is recomm5d$1 contr>y to ! g5]al belief t a pump is m economical4 ,! company cont5ds t ! long exhau/ pipe causes m back pressure on ! cyl9d] ?an w\ld be repres5t$ by ! sav+ ( heat 9 ! heat]4 ,h[ev]1 a cross-head pump & special cond5s+ heat] w be furni%$ if desir$4 ,on ! simple eng9e a pi/on valve is us$1 ! seat ( ! valve completely surr\nd+ x & ! ports be+ circul> op5+s1 ! result1 x is claim$1 be+ a balanc$ valve4 ,! valve rev]se ge> is ( ! ,woolf patt]n1 ! eng9e frame ( ! gird] type1 ,wat]s gov]nor1 ) special pat5t spe$ *ang]1 specially balanc$ crank disc1 pat5t /raw burn] arrangem5t = /raw burn+ eng9es1 special pat5t sp>k ext+ui%]1 special pat5t ge> lock1 & special pat5ts on front axle1 drive :eel & loco cab4 ,! usual fitt+s are suppli$4 ,,m9neapolis ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,! ,m9neapolis traction eng9e is built bo? simple & comp\nd4 ,all sizes & /yles h ! return flue boil]1 = wood1 coal or /raw4 ,bo? axles ext5d entirely & /raight "u ! boil]1 giv+ complete support )\t /ra94 ,! cyl9d]1 /eam *e/ & guides =m "o piece1 & are m\nt$ above a heat]1 secur$ firmly to ! boil]2 valve s+le simple ,d patt]n4 ,special ?rottle ( ! butt]fly patt]n1 l>ge crank p9 turn$ by special device aft] x is driv5 91 s insur+ p]fect adju/m5t2 special pat5t exhau/ nozzle made adju/able & s z always to ?r[ /eam 9 c5t] ( /ack2 friction clut* ) ?ree adju/able %oes4 ,boil] is suppli$ ) a sup]heat] pipe4 ,woolf valve & rev]se ge>4 ,special heavy brass boxes & /uff+-boxes4 ,sight fe$ lubricator & ne$le fe$ oil]2 ,g>dn] spr+ gov]nor4 ,complete ) usual fitt+s4 ,?is is a simply con/ruct$ b v well made eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m9neapolis ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,,index4 ,,page ,a ,a% pit1 #gj ,atta*m5ts = traction eng9e1 #eb ,automatic cut-(f eng9es1 #acg ,b ,babbitt boxes1 h[ to1 #ahi ,bla/ devices1 #cj ,bl[-(f devices1 #cj ,boil] & eng9e1 te/ que/ions1 #eb ,boil]1 atta*m5ts1 #bj ,boil]1 heat+ surface (1 #acb ,boil]1 h[ to manage1 #ef ,boil]1 locomotive1 #ac ,boil]1 que/ions1 & answ]s1 #ie ,boil]1 return flue1 #ae ,boil]1 />t+ a1 #eg ,boil]1 v]tical1 #ag ,boil]1 wat] =1 #fb ,boil]s1 #aa ,boil]s1 h[ to fill ) wat]1 #bd ,boil]s1 t]ms connect$ )1 #ag ,boss1 #dc ,box1 a hot1 #hg ,boxes1 h[ to babbitt1 #ahi ,bridges1 h[ to cross safely1 #ic ,buy+ an eng9e1 #g ,c ,cle>ance1 #ce ,cle>ance & lead1 #acd ,comp\nd & cross-comp\nd eng9es1 #ada ,comp\nd eng9es1 #abd ,cond5sation & expansion1 #acd ,cond5s]1 #ce ,cond5s+ eng9es1 #adj ,connect+ rod1 #cd ,corliss eng9es1 #ach ,crank1 #cd1 #da1 #db ,cross-head1 #cc ,cu%ion1 #ce ,cyl9d] cocks1 #ej ,cyl9d] cocks1 h[ to use1 #hc ,cyl9d] head1 #cc ,cyl9d] lubricators1 #de ,d ,diff]5tial ge>1 #df ,d\ble ecc5tric1 h[ to set valve1 #hb ,e ,ecc5tric1 #cf ,ecc5tric rod1 #cf ,ecc5tric1 slipp+ (1 #hc ,economy 9 runn+ f>m eng9e1 #aaf1 #acj ,eng9e & boil]1 te/ que/ions1 #eb ,eng9e1 comp\nd1 #abd ,eng9es1 diff]5t types (1 #acg ,eng9e1 h[ to manage1 #gg ,eng9e1 simple1 #cb ,exhau/ *amb]1 #ce ,exhau/1 !1 #ace ,exhau/ nozzle1 #ce ,expansion & cond5sation1 #acd ,expansive p[] ( /eam1 h[ to use1 #abb ,f ,f>m1 eng9e1 economy 9 runn+1 #aaf1 #acj ,fire1 />t+1 #gj ,fir+1 economical1 #fg ,fir+ ) coal1 #fh ,fir+ ) /raw1 #fi ,fir+ ) wood1 #fi ,fly-:eel1 #dd ,friction1 #abf ,friction clut*1 #dg1 #hh ,fuel & grate surface1 #acj ,fusible plug1 #dh1 #gb ,g ,gas & gasol9e eng9es1 #adc ,gas eng9es comp>$ ) /eam1 #add ,gasol9e eng9es1 description (1 #adf ,gasol9e eng9es1 h[ to op]ate1 #aej ,gasol9e eng9es1 :at to d :5 !y don't "w1 #aec ,gauge1 wat]1 #bj ,gauge1 /eam1 #bb ,gov]nors1 #dj ,gra91 weight p] bu%el1 #aib ,grate surface1 #acj ,h ,heat]1 #fg ,heat+ surface ( a boil]1 #acb ,high spe$ eng9es1 #aci ,hills1 h[ to pass ) eng9e1 #id ,hole1 h[ to get out (1 #ib ,hot box1 a1 #hg ,h[ en]gy is lo/1 #aai ,h[ heat is di/ribut$1 #abj ,i ,indicator1 /eam1 #ej ,injectors1 #bh-ff ,j ,j\rnals1 #da1 #dd ,k ,key1 gib1 & /rap1 #db ,knock1 :at makes an eng9e1 #gi ,l ,lap ( a valve1 #ce ,lead1 #ce1 #hj ,lead & cle>ance1 #acd ,leaks1 #acf ,leaky flues1 #gc ,lic5se1 que/ions ask$ applicants =1 #agc ,l9k ge>1 #cg ,lubrication1 #he ,lubricators1 #dd ,m ,mey] valve ge>1 #dj ,n ,non-cond5s+ eng9es1 #adj ,p ,pill[ blocks1 #dd ,pi/on1 #cc ,ports1 #cd ,practical po9ts ( economy1 #acj ,pulleys1 h[ to key1 #ahi ,pumps1 boil]1 #be1 #fc ,q ,que/ions & answ]s1 #ie1 #agc1 #ajd ,que/ions & answ]s1 ! boil]1 #ie ,que/ions & answ]s1 ! eng9e1 #ajd ,que/ions1 te/1 on eng9e & boil]1 #eb ,r ,rev]s+ ge>1 #cg ,road1 h[ to h&le traction eng9e on !1 #ia ,s ,safety valves1 #bc ,s& pat*es1 h[ to get ov] ) eng9e1 #ic ,sett+ a valve1 #ce1 #ha ,%aft1 #da ,smoke1 #ga ,sp>k arre/]s1 #ca ,sp>ks1 #gb ,/ation>y eng9es1 #acg ,/eam-*e/1 #cd ,/eam cyl9d]1 #cc ,/eam1 h[ to use expansive p[] (1 #abb ,/eam1 prop]ties (1 #aba ,/eam valve1 #cd ,/uff+ box1 #ce1 #ej ,t ,?re%+ ma*9es1 h[ to run1 #aeh ,atta*m5ts1 #afg ,balanc+ a cyl9d]1 #agj ,belt+1 #afg ,concaves1 #afb ,conveyor ext5sion1 #afd ,cov]+ pulleys1 #aga ,cyl9d]1 #afa ,fan1 #afc ,h[ to fe$1 #afi ,self-fe$]1 #afe ,sep>ator1 h[ to set1 #afj ,sep>ator1 c>e (1 #aga ,sieves1 #afd ,/raw rack1 #afc ,tail+s elevator1 #afe ,wa/e1 #afi ,w9d /ack]1 #aff ,!ory ( /eam p[]1 #aaf ,?rottl+ eng9es1 #acg ,?rottle1 #cd ,?r[ ( an ecc5tric1 #cf ,traction eng9es1 diff]5t makes1 #aic ,traction1 eng9e1 h[1 to h&le on ! road1 #ia ,traction1 eng9e1 h[1 to manage1 #gg ,v ,valve ge>1 #cf ,valve1 h[ to set simple1 #ha ,valve seat1 #cd ,valve1 sett+1 #ce ,valve /em1 #ce ,valve1 /eam1 #cd ,w ,:i/le signals1 code (1 #aia ,woolf rev]s+ ge>1 #ci ,y ,"y eng9e]s1 po9ts =1 #ie1 #ajd1 #aaj 8,,ann\ncem5t0 ,a ,,new ,,"w ,,up-,,to-,,date1 ,,w ,,be ,,publi%$ ,m>* #ae?1 #aijc4 ,a book e c>p5t] & build]1 ma*9i/1 me*anic & appr5tice w want4 ,! life "w ( t well-kn[n writ]1 ,mr4 ,fr$ ,t4 ,hodgson4 ,illu/ration 8,,practical ,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,/eel ,,squ>e0 ,a ,mod]n ,treatise by ,fr$ ,t4 ,hodgson4 ,an exhau/ive "w includ+ a brief hi/ory ( ! ,squ>e2 a description ( _m ( ! ,squ>es t are n[1 & h be5 9 ! m>ket1 includ+ "s v +5i\s devices = lay+ out ,bevels = ,raft]s1 ,braces & o!r incl9$ "w2 also *apt]s on ! ,squ>e z a calculat+ ma*9e1 %[+ h[ to measure ,solids1 ,surfaces & ,di/ances--v useful to build]s & e/imators4 ,*apt]s on ro(+ & h[ to =m !m by ! aid ( ! ,squ>e2 ,octagon1 ,hexagon1 ,hip & o!r ,ro(s are %[n & expla9$1 & ! mann] ( gett+ ! raft]s & jacks giv52 ,*apt]s on heavy timb] fram+1 %[+ h[ ! ,squ>e is us$ = lay+ out ,mortises1 ,t5ons1 ,%\ld]s1 ,incl9$ ,"w1 ,angle ,corn]s & simil> "w4 ,! "w ab\nds ) hundr$s ( f9e illu/rations & explanatory diagrams1 :i* w prove a p]fect m9e ( in/ruction = ! me*anic1 "y or old4 ,two l>ge volumes1 b\nd 9 f9e clo?1 pr9t$ on a sup]ior quality ( pap] f new l>ge type4 ,ea* copy be>s ! ,union ,label1 be+ made entirely by ,union labor4 ,,price1 #b ,vols1 9 a ,box1 ,clo? ,b9d+ #b4jj ,,price1 #b ,vols1 9 a ,box1 ,half-morocco ,lea!r ,b9d+ #c4jj ,,publi%]s' ,,note--,we wi% to /ate ?is "w is entirely new & mu/ n be mi/ak5 = ,mr4 ,hodgson's =m] works on ! 8,/eel ,squ>e10 :i* 7 publi%$ "s tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,be sure & ask = 8,practical ,uses ( ! ,/eel ,squ>e10 by ,fr$ ,t4 ,hodgson1 :i* be>s ! impr9t ( ,s5d = descriptive circul>s4 ,,fr$]ick ,j4 ,,drake ,,co41 ,publi%]s ( ,hodgson's 8,mod]n ,c>p5try10 8,common-,s5se ,h&rail+10 etc4 ,common-,s5se ,h&rail+s & ,h[ to ,build ,!m ,by ,,fr$ ,t4 ,,hodgson ,,illu/rat$ ,illu/ration ,?is new volume conta9s ?ree di/9ct treatises on ! subject1 ea* ( :i* is complete 9 itself4 ,! sy/em ( =m+ ! l9es = obta9+ ! v>i\s curves1 wrea?s1 ramps & face m\lds = h&rails are ! simple/ 9 use & ^? employ$ by ! mo/ successful h&rail]s4 ,mr4 ,hodgson has plac$ ?is unusually intricate subject be=e 8 read]s 9 a v pla9 & easily und]/ood mann]1 & any workman hav+ a fair k ( 8l9es0 & :o c con/ruct an ord9>y /raight /airway c readily grasp ! :ole sy/em ( 8h&rail+0 aft] a small /udy ( ?is "w4 ,! build+ ( /airs & prop]ly mak+ & plac+ ov] !m a graceful h&rail & suitable balu/]s & newel po/s is "o ( ! greate/ a*ievem5ts ( ! jo9]'s art & skill1 yet x is an art t is ! lea/ und]/ood ( any ( ! con/ructive processes ! c>p5t] or jo9] is call$ ^u to accompli%4 ,9 b v few ( ! plans made by an ar*itect are ! /airs prop]ly laid d[n or divid$ (f2 inde$1 mo/ ( ! /airs z laid out & plann$ by ! ar*itect1 are impossible ones ow+ to ! fact t ! circum/ances t gov]n ! =mation ( ! rail1 are ei!r n und]/ood1 or n notic$ by ! design]1 & ! exp]t h&rail] (t5 f9ds x difficult to con=m ! /airs & rail to ! plan4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 he gets s close to x t ! "* or ! design is seldom *ang$4 ,! /airs are ! great feature ( a build+ z !y are ! fir/ object t meets ! visitor & claims 8 att5tion1 & x is ess5tial1 !re=e1 t ! /air & its adjuncts %\ld h a neat & graceful appe>ance1 & ?is c only be accompli%$ by hav+ ! rail prop]ly made & set up4 ,?is little book gives su* in/ructions 9 ! art ( h&rail+ z w enable ! "y workman to build a rail s t x w assume a h&some appe>ance :5 set 9 place4 ,!re are elev5 di/9ct /yles ( /airs %[n1 b ! same pr9ciple t gov]ns ! mak+ ( ! simple/ rail1 gov]ns ! con/ruction ( ! mo/ difficult1 s1 once hav+ ma/]$ ! simple problems 9 ?is sy/em1 progress 9 ! art w become easy1 & a little /udy & practice w enable ! workman to con/ruct a rail = ! mo/ tortu\s /airway4 ,! book is copi\sly illu/rat$ ) ne>ly "o hundr$ work+ diagrams toge!r ) full descriptive text4 #abmo ,,clo?1 ,,price1 #a4jj ,,fr$]ick ,j4 ,,drake #f ,,co41 ,publi%]s #baa-bac ,ea/ ,madison ,/41 ,,*icago ,mod]n ,c>p5try ,a ,,practical ,,manual ,,= ,,c>p5t]s ,,& ,,wood ,,work]s ,,g5]ally ,by ,fr$ ,t4 ,hodgson1 ,ar*itect1 ,editor ( ! ,national ,build]1 ,practical ,c>p5try1 ,/eel ,squ>e & ,its ,uses1 etc41 etc4 ,illu/ration ,a new1 complete guide1 conta9+ hundr$s ( quick me?ods = p]=m+ "w 9 c>p5try1 jo9+ & g5]al wood-"w4 ,l all ( ,mr4 ,hodgson's works1 x is writt5 9 a simple1 e-day /yle1 & does n bewild] ! work+-man ) long ma!matical =mulas or ab/ract !ories4 ,! illu/rations1 ( :i* !re are _m1 are explanatory1 s t any "o :o c read pla9 ,engli% w be able to und]/& !m easily & to foll[ ! "w 9 h& )\t difficulty4 ,! book conta9s me?ods ( lay+ ro(s1 raft]s1 /airs1 floors1 hopp]s1 bevels1 jo9+ m\ld+s1 mit]+1 cop+1 pla9 h&-rail+1 circul> "w1 splay$ "w1 & _m o!r ?+s ! c>p5t] wants to "k to help him 9 8 e day vocation4 ,x is ! mo/ complete & v late/ "w publi%$1 be+ ?or\gh1 practical & reliable4 ,"o :i* no c>p5t] c af=d to be )\t4 ,! "w is pr9t$ f new1 l>ge type plates on a sup]ior quality ( cream wove pap]1 durably b\nd 9 ,engli% clo?4 ,price #a4jj ,,fr$]ick ,j4 ,,drake ,,co4 #baa-bac ,e4 ,madison ,/41 ,*icago4 ,sci5tific ,horse1 ,mule & ,ox ,%oe+ ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,holm/rom1 ,au?or ( ,mod]n ,blacksmi?+ ,illu/ration ,a /&>d treatise1 adapt$ to ! dem& ( ,vet]9>ians1 ,f>ri]s & ! ,amateur ,horse%o]4 ,illu/rat$4 ,! book is concisely writt52 no long articles ov] ! exp]im5ts ( o!rs1 b gives ! be/ me?ods kn[n up to date4 ,al?\gh !re are pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ! book t w /& s long z ! horse is a horse1 ! au?or does n lay any claim to infalibility or p]fection2 he has simply laid a f\ndation ^u :i* ! iron] ( horses' feet may build & develop a p]fect /ructure4 ,among "s ( ! valuable cont5ts are3-- ,anatomy ( ! ,foot4 ,! ,%oe & ,h[ to ,make x4 ,"r & ,wrong ,fill+4 ,h[ to ,nail ! ,%oe4 ,h[ to ,fit & ,recalk ,old ,%oes4 ,int]f]+4 ,prep>+ ! ,foot = ,%oe+4 ,%oe+ a ,trott]4 ,mule ,%oe+4 ,ox ,%oe+4 ,diseases ( ! ,horse4 ,hot & ,cold ,fitt+4 ,h[ to ,%oe ,vici\s ,horses4 ,kneesprung4 ,/r+halt4 ,contraction4 ,s& ,cracks1 etc41 etc4 ,_m ( ! f9e illu/rations us$ are reproduc$ by p]mission f books issu$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,l>ge #abmo1 ,clo?1 ) ,special ,cov] ,design1 #a4jj ,sold by ,booksell]s g5]ally1 or s5t po/paid ^u receipt ( price4 ,,fr$]ick ,j4 ,,drake ,,co41 ,publi%]4 #baa-bac ,ea/ ,madison ,/41 ,,*icago ,,all ,,te*nical ,,t]ms ,,avoid$ ,practical ,telephone ,h& ,book & ,guide to ,telephonic ,ex*ange ,,h[ ,,to ,,con/ruct ,,& ,,ma9ta9 ,,telephone ,,l9es ,by ,t4 ,s4 ,,baldw91 ,m4 ,a4 ,illu/rat$4 ,illu/ration ,conta9+ *apt]s on 8,! ,use ( ! ,telephone1 ,s]ies & ,bridg+ phones1 ,l9e ,con/ruction1 ,mat]ials to be us$1 ,locat+ & ,correction ( ,faults 9 ,in/rum5ts & ,l9es40 ,?is is ! be/ book ev] publi%$ on ,f>m ,telephones & has be5 ! s5sation ( ! pa/ ye> 9 telephone circles4 ,x is ! only book ev] issu$ :i* treats ! subject exhau/ively & compreh5sively4 ,x is ( ine/imable value to promot]s ( rural p>ty l9es because x conta9s all ( ! argum5ts t are necess>y to %[ ! advantages ( rural p>ty l9es4 ,x also tells h[ su* l9es %\ld be con/ruct$ & c>$ =4 ,! great gr[? ( ! telephone indu/ry dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 & 9 response to ! dem& = a compreh5sive book1 giv+ a cle>1 t]se idea ( ! diff]5t pr9ciples gov]n+ ! con/ruction1 in/allation1 c>e & managem5t ( ! v>i\s telephones & _! appliances1 ! ,practical ,telephone ,h& ,book has be5 compil$4 ,x is writt5 9 a mo/ cle> & c>eful /yle & aims to give a complete review ( ! subject ( telephony4 ,no exp5se has be5 sp>$ 9 ga!r+ valuable in=mation1 & x has be5 ! aim ( ! au?or to make ?is treatise ! mo/ complete elem5t>y book ev] writt5 on ?is subject = all p]sons int]e/$ 9 ?is great a*ievem5t ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,! text is pr(usely illu/rat$ by cuts ( comm]cial app>atus & c>efully prep>$ diagrams ( circuits4 ,no diagram is giv5 )\t a full explanation4 ,! app>atus & me?ods us$ 9 mak+ all ! te/s requir$ 9 comm]cial telephone "w1 includ+ ! ex*ange1 are fully treat$4 #ab ,mo4 ,clo?1 fully illu/rat$1 price #a4be ,,bookkeep+ ,,self-,,taught ,by ,,phillip ,c4 ,,goodw9 ,illu/ration ,few1 if any ( ! te*nical works1 :i* purport to be self-in/ruct+ h ju/ifi$ ! claims made = !m1 & inv>iably ! /ud5t ei!r becomes disc\rag$ & ab&ons 8 purpose & aim1 or he is compell$ to enli/ ! (fices ( a pr(essional tea*]1 :i* 9 ! great majority ( in/ances is impracticable :5 consid]$ 9 relation to ! dem&s ^u "t & ! condition ( life to :i* ! great busy public is subject$4 ,mr4 ,goodw9's treatise on ,bookkeep+ is an entirely new dep>ture f all =m] me?ods ( self-in/ruction & "o :i* c be /udi$ sy/ematically & alone by ! /ud5t ) quick & p]man5t results1 or tak5 up 9 leisure mom5ts ) an absolute c]ta9ty ( acquir+ ! sci5ce 9 a v %ort "t & ) little ef=t4 ,! book is bo? a m>vel ( skill & simplicity4 ,e feature & e detail lead+ to ! climax ( sci5tific p]fection are s ?or\ghly complete 9 ?is logical proc$ure & ! analysis s ?or\gh & deftly made t ! self-tea*+ /ud5t is l$ by almo/ imp]ceptible1 b sure & c]ta9 /eps to ! basic pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce1 :i* ! au?or 9 a mo/ compreh5sive & lucid /yle lays b>e to intellig5ce (1 ev5 ! mo/ m$iocre ord]4 ,! "w is ! mo/ ma/]ly exposition ( ! sci5tific pr9ciples ( ,bookkeep+ & _! practical application :i* has ev] appe>$ 9 ! ,engli% language1 & x %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e s*ool boy or girl1 e cl]k1 f>m]1 tea*] & bus9ess or pr(essional man2 = a k ( ,bookkeep+1 ev5 ?\gh x may n be foll[$ z a pr(ession1 is a necessity felt by e p]son 9 bus9ess life & a recogniz$ prime factor ( bus9ess success4 ,9 addition to a v simple yet elaborate explanation 9 detail ( ! sy/ems ( bo? s+le & d\ble entry ,bookkeep+1 beg9n+ ) ! initial transactions & lead+ ! /ud5t along to ! culm9at+ exhibit ( ! balance %eet1 ! "w conta9s a gloss>y ( all ! comm]cial t]ms employ$ 9 ! bus9ess _w1 toge!r ) acc\nts 9 illu/ration1 ex]cises = practice & "o set ( books completely writt5 up4 #abmo ,clo?4 ,price #a4jj4 ,s5t po/paid to any address ^u receipt ( price4 ,fr$]ick ,j4 ,drake ,co41 ,publi%]s #baa-bac ,,ea/ ,,madison ,,/41 ,,*icago 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes4 ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores & bold text by equals signs4 ,v>iant spell+1 punctuation1 & inconsi/5t hyph5ation h be5 pres]v$ z pr9t$2 simple typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,! foll[+ li/ notes ! *anges made or %[s ! *ang$ text bel[ ! orig9al text4 ,page #ba3 ,!y op5 directly ut ,!y op5 directly out ,page #eb3 7#a is left 9 place47 add$ clos+ p>5!sis ,page #eb3 #ae ft4 l94 ,suction ,hose #ae ft4 #a 94 ,suction ,hose ,page #ee3 us$ = re/ ( eng9e8 us$ = re/ ( ! eng9e8 ,page #ei3 imp]fect team gauge imp]fect /eam gauge ,page #ei3 tightn+ up a box !re tight5+ up a box !re ,page #if3 ,bl[n (f m is only a wa/e ( heat ,bl[+ (f m is only a wa/e ( heat ,page #aag3 long sep>at$ ov]s long sep>at$ lov]s ,page #acj3 %\ld h a great surface %\ld h a grate surface ,adv]tisem5ts3 ,special ,cov] ,design1 #a4jj add$ decimal po9t ,adv]tisem5ts3 ,few1 if any ( ( ! te*nical works ,few1 if any ( ! te*nical works