,,! ,,expositor',s ,,bible4 ,edit$ by ,rev4 ,w4 ,r4 ,,nicoll1 ,d4,d41 ,editor ( ,london ,expositor4 #a,,/ ,,s]ies ,,9 #f ,,vols4 ,,macl>51 ,rev4 ,alex4--,,colossians--,,philemon4 ,,dods1 ,rev4 ,m>cus4--,,g5esis4 ,,*adwick1 ,rev4 ,dean4--,,/4 ,,m>k4 ,,blaikie1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,g4--,,samuel1 #b ,,vols4 ,,edw>ds1 ,rev4 ,t4 ,c4--,,hebrews4 #b;,d ,,s]ies ,,9 #f ,,vols4 ,,smi?1 ,rev4 ,g4 ,a4--,,isaiah1 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,alex&]1 ,bi%op4--,,epi/les ,,( ,,/4 ,,john4 ,,plumm]1 ,rev4 ,a4--,,pa/oral ,,epi/les4 ,,f9dlay1 ,rev4 ,g4 ,g4--,,galatians4 ,,milligan1 ,rev4 ,w4--,,revelation4 ,,dods1 ,rev4 ,m>cus4--#a,,/ ,,cor9?ians4 #c;,d ,,s]ies ,,9 #f ,,vols4 ,,smi?1 ,rev4 ,g4 ,a4--,,isaiah1 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,gibson1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4--,,/4 ,,mat!w4 ,,watson1 ,rev4 ,r4 ,a4--,,judges--,,ru?4 ,,ball1 ,rev4 ,c4 ,j4--,,j]emiah4 ,,*ap4 ,i-,,xx4 ,,*adwick1 ,rev4 ,dean4--,,exodus4 ,,burton1 ,rev4 ,h4--,,/4 ,,luke4 #d,,? ,,s]ies ,,9 #f ,,vols4 ,,kellogg1 ,rev4 ,s4 ,h4--,,leviticus4 ,,/okes1 ,rev4 ,g4 ,t4--,,acts1 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,horton1 ,rev4 ,r4 ,f4--,,prov]bs4 ,,dods1 ,rev4 ,m>cus4--,,gospel ,,/4 ,,john1 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,plumm]1 ,rev4 ,a4--,,james--,,jude4 ,,cox1 ,rev4 ,s4--,,ecclesia/es4 #e,,? ,,s]ies ,,9 #f ,,vols4 ,,d5ney1 ,rev4 ,j4--,,!ssalonians4 ,,watson1 ,rev4 ,r4 ,a4--,,job4 ,,macl>51 ,rev4 ,a4--,,psalms1 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,/okes1 ,rev4 ,g4 ,t4--,,acts1 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,dods1 ,rev4 ,m>cus4--,,gospel ,,/4 ,,john1 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,f9dlay1 ,rev4 ,c4 ,g4--,,ephesians4 #f,,? ,,s]ies ,,9 #f ,,vols4 ,,ra9y1 ,rev4 ,r4--,,philippians4 ,,f>r>1 ,ar*deacon ,f4 ,w4--#a,,/ ,,k+s4 ,,blaikie1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,g4--,,jo%ua4 ,,macl>51 ,rev4 ,a4--,,psalms1 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,lumby1 ,rev1 ,j4 ,r4--,,epi/les ,,( ,,/4 ,,pet]4 ,,ad5ey1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,f4--,,ezra--,,nehemiah--,,e/h]4 #g,,? ,,s]ies ,,9 #f ,,vols4 ,,m\le1 ,rev4 ,h4 ,c4 ,g4--,,romans4 ,,f>r>1 ,ar*deacon ,f4 ,w4--#b;,d ,,k+s4 ,,b5nett1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4--#a,,/ ,,& #b;,d ,,*ronicles4 ,,macl>51 ,rev4 ,a4--,,psalms1 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,d5ney1 ,rev4 ,james4--#b;,d ,,cor9?ians4 ,,watson ,rev4 ,r4 ,a4--,,numb]s4 #h,,? ,,& ,,f9al ,,s]ies ,,9 #g ,,vols4 ,,f>r>1 ,ar*deacon ,f4 ,w4--,,daniel4 ,,sk9n]1 ,rev4 ,john4--,,ezekiel4 ,,b5nett1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4--,,j]emiah4 ,,h>p]1 ,rev4 ,pr(4--,,deut]onomy4 ,,ad5ey1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,f4--,,solomon ,,& ,,lam5tations4 ,,smi?1 ,rev4 ,g4 ,a4--,,! ,,m9or ,,prophets1 #b ,,vols4 ,ab\t #djj pages 9 ea* ,volume4 ,price = ei!r s]ies1 six volumes #f4jf4 7,ord]s = #b or m s]ies at same rate w be s5t by ,express4 prepaid47 7,sep>ate vols4 #a4ej po/paid4 ,descriptive circul> s5t on application47 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,twelve ,,prophets ,,commonly ,,call$ ,,! ,,m9or ,,by ,,george ,,adam ,,smi?1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,hebrew ,,& ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,exegesis ,,free ,,*ur* ,,college1 ,,glasg[ ,,9 ,,two ,,volumes ,,vol4 ,i4--,,amos1 ,,hosea ,,& ,,micah ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,& ,a ,,sket* ,,( ,,prophecy ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,israel ,,new ,,york ,a4 ,c4 ,,arm/rong ,,& ,,son #c & #e ,we/ ,eighte5? ,/reet ,london3 ,hodd] & ,/\ghton #aijf ,,to ,,h5ry ,,drummond ,,preface ,! ,prophets1 to :om ?is & a foll[+ volume are d$icat$1 h1 to our loss1 be5 haunt$ = c5turies by a p$dl+ & an ambigu\s title4 ,_! ,twelve ,books are 9 size small] ?an ^? ( ! great ,?ree :i* prec$e !m1 & d\btless none ( _! *apt]s so> s high z ! brilliant summits to :i* we are swept by ,isaiah & ! ,prophet ( ! ,exile4 ,b 9 e o!r respect !y are undes]v+ ( ! nigg>dly "n ( ,m9or4 ,two ( !m1 ,amos & ,hosea1 7 ! fir/ ( all prophecy--ris+ cliff-l1 ) a %e] & magnific5t orig9ality1 to a height & a mass suffici5t to set aft] !m ! tr5d & slope ( ! :ole prophetic range4 ,! ,twelve toge!r cov] ! ext5t ( t range1 & illu/rate ! developm5t ( prophecy at almo/ e /age f ! eigh? c5tury to ! f\r?4 ,yet ev5 m ?an 9 ! case ( ,isaiah or ,j]emiah1 ! ,*ur* has be5 cont5t to use a passage "h & a passage !re1 leav+ ! re/ ( ! books to absolute neglect or ! almo/ equal oblivion ( r\t9e-read+4 ,among ! causes ( ?is disuse h be5 ! m ?an usually corrupt /ate ( ! text2 ! consequ5t disord] & 9 p>ts un9telligibl5ess ( all ! v]sions2 ! ignorance ( ! v>i\s hi/orical circum/ances out ( :i* ! books arose2 ! abs5ce ( successful ef=ts to det]m9e ! p]iods & /rophes1 ! dramatic dialogues 7) ! names ( ! speak]s71 ! lyric effusions & ! passages ( argum5t1 ( all ( :i* ! books are compos$4 ,! foll[+ exposition is an attempt to assi/ ! bett]+ ( all ?is4 ,z ! ,twelve ,prophets illu/rate among !m ! :ole hi/ory ( writt5 prophecy1 ,i h ?\ght x useful to prefix a hi/orical sket* ( ! ,prophet 9 e>ly ,israel1 or z f> z ! appe>ance ( ,amos4 ,! ,twelve are !n tak5 9 *ronological ord]4 ,"u ea* ( !m a *apt] is giv5 ( hi/orical & critical introduction to 8 book2 !n "s acc\nt ( ! prophet himself z a man & a se]2 !n a complete translation ( ! v>i\s prophecies h&$ d[n "u 8 "n1 ) textual footnotes1 & an exposition & application to ! pres5t day 9 h>mony ) ! aim ( ! s]ies to :i* ^! volumes belong2 f9ally1 a discussion ( ! ma9 doctr9es ! prophet has taught1 if x has n be5 f\nd possible to deal ) ^! 9 ! c\rse ( ! exposition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an exact critical /udy ( ! ,twelve ,prophets is r5d]$ necess>y by ! /ate ( ! entire text4 ,! pres5t volume is bas$ on a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ?is 9 ! light ( ! anci5t v]sions & ( mod]n criticism4 ,! em5dations :i* ,i h propos$ are few & insignificant1 b ,i h exam9$ & discuss$ 9 footnotes all t h be5 sugge/$1 & 9 _m cases my translation w be f\nd to diff] widely f t ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion4 ,to que/ions ( integrity & au!nticity m space is devot$ ?an may seem to _m to be necess>y4 ,b x is c]ta9 t ! criticism ( ! prophetic books has n[ ent]$ on a p]iod ( ! same analysis & discrim9ation :i* is almo/ exhau/$ 9 ! case ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,"s h9ts 7 giv5 ( ?is 9 a previ\s volume on ,isaiah1 *apt]s xl4-lxvi41 :i* are evid5tly a composite "w4 ,among ! books n[ be=e u1 ! same fact has long be5 cle> 9 ! case ( ,obadiah & ,ze*>iah1 & also s9ce ,ewald's "t ) reg>d to ,micah4 ,b ,duhm's ,!ology ( ! ,prophets1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahge1 sugge/$ int]polations 9 ,amos4 ,wellhaus5 79 #ahgc7 & ,/ade 7f #ahhc onw>ds7 c>ri$ ! discussion fur!r bo? on ^?1 & o!rs1 ( ! ,twelve2 :ile a rec5t "w by ,&re on ,haggai proves t _m simil> que/ions may /ill be rais$ & h to be debat$4 ,! g5]al fact mu/ be admitt$ t h>dly "o book has escap$ lat] additions--additions ( an entirely ju/ifiable nature1 :i* supplem5t ! po9t ( view ( a s+le prophet ) ! ri*] exp]i5ce or ! rip] hopes ( a lat] day1 & ?us af=d to ourselves a m ca?olic pres5tm5t ( ! doctr9es ( prophecy & ! ,div9e purposes = mank9d4 ,?is g5]al fact1 ,i say1 mu/ be admitt$4 ,b ! que/ions ( detail are /ill 9 process ( solution4 ,x is obvi\s t settl$ results c be rea*$ 7z to "s ext5t !y h be5 already rea*$ 9 ! criticism ( ! ,p5tateu*7 only aft] ye>s ( rese>* & debate by all s*ools ( critics4 ,meantime x is ! duty ( ea* ( u to (f] 8 own conclusions1 ) reg>d to e sep>ate passage1 on ! und]/&+ t1 h[ev] f9al !y may at pres5t seem to him1 ! end is n yet4 ,9 previ\s criticism ! defects1 ( :i* "w 9 ! same field has made me aw>e1 are f\r3 #a4 ,a too rigid belief 9 ! exact p>allelism & symmetry ( ! prophetic /yle1 :i* ,i feel has l$1 = in/ance1 ,wellhaus51 to :om we o!rwise owe s mu* on ! ,twelve ,prophets1 into _m unnecess>y em5dations ( ! text1 or1 :]e "s am5dm5t is necess>y1 to absolutely unprovable *anges4 #b4 ,9 passages betwe5 :i* no connection exi/s1 ! =getfulness ( ! pr9ciple t ?is fact may (t5 be expla9$ z ju/ly by ! hypo!sis ( ! omission ( "s words1 z by ! fav\rite !ory ( ! lat] intrusion ( portions ( ! extant text4 #c4 ,=getfulness ( ! possibility1 :i* 9 "s cases am\nts almo/ to c]ta9ty1 ( ! incorporation1 among ! au!ntic words ( a prophet1 ( passages ( e>li] z well z ( lat] date4 ,&1 #d4 depreciation ( ! spiritual insight & =esight ( pre-exilic writ]s4 ,^!1 ,i am p]suad$1 are defects 9 previ\s criticism ( ! prophets4 ,probably my own criticism w reveal _m m4 ,9 ! beg9n+s ( su* analysis z we are engag$ on1 we mu/ be prep>$ = n a little arbitr>9ess & want ( proportion2 ^! are (t5 necess>y = insight & fre% po9ts ( view1 b !y are z easily elim9at$ by ! progress ( discussion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all criticism1 h[ev]1 is prelim9>y to ! real "w :i* ! immortal prophets dem& f s*ol>s & prea*]s 9 our age4 ,9 a review ( a previ\s volume1 ,i 0 blam$ = apply+ a prophecy ( ,isaiah to a problem ( our own day4 ,?is 0 call$ pro/itut+ prophecy4 ,! pro/itution ( ! prophets is _! conf9em5t to academic uses4 ,"o _c conceive an end+1 at once m pa!tic & m ridicul\s1 to ^? great /reams ( liv+ wat]1 ?an to all[ !m to run out 9 ! s&s ( criticism & exegesis1 h[ev] gold5 ^! s&s may be4 ,! prophets spoke = a practical purpose2 !y aim$ at ! he>ts ( m52 & ev]y?+ t s*ol>%ip c d = _! writ+s has surely = its f9al aim ! illu/ration ( _! witness to ! ways ( ,god ) m51 & its application to liv+ que/ions & duties & hopes4 ,besides1 !re=e1 seek+ to tell ! /ory ( t wond]ful /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human _s--surely next 9 wond] to ! /ory ( ,*ri/ ,himself--,i h n fe>$ at e suitable po9t to apply its tru?s to our lives to-day4 ,! civilisation 9 :i* prophecy fl\ri%$ 0 9 its ess5tials m>vell\sly l our own4 ,to m>k only "o po9t1 ! rise ( prophecy 9 ,israel came fa/ ^u ! passage ( ! nation f an agricultural to a comm]cial basis ( society1 & ^u ! appe>ance ( ! v ?+ :i* gives its "n to civilisation--city-life1 ) its un*ang+ s9s1 problems & ideals4 ,a rec5t ,dut* critic1 ^: exact s*ol>%ip is kn[n to all read]s ( ,/ade's ,j\rnal ( ,old ,te/am5t ,sci5ce1 has said ( ,amos & ,hosea3 ,^! prophecies h a ^w ( ,god1 z = all times1 s also especially = our own4 ,be=e all x is relevant to '! social "q' ( our day1 to ! relation ( religion & morality4444 ,(t5 x has be5 h>d = me to refra9 f expressly po9t+ out ! agreem5t betwe5 ,!n & ,to-day4#a ,?is feel+ w be %>$ by all /ud5ts ( prophecy ^: m9ds & consci5ces are quick2 & ,i welcome ! lib]al plan ( ! s]ies 9 :i* ?is volume appe>s1 because1 :ile giv+ room = ! adequate discussion ( critical & hi/orical que/ions1 its *ief design is to %[ ! et]nal validity ( ! ,books ( ! ,bible z ! ,^w ( ,god1 & _! mean+ = ourselves to-day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,previ\s works on ! ,m9or ,prophets are almo/ innum]able4 ,^? to :i* ,i owe mo/ w be f\nd indicat$ 9 ! footnotes4 ,! translation has be5 execut$ ^u ! purpose1 n to sacrifice ! lit]al mean+ or exact emphasis ( ! orig9al to ! frequ5t possibility ( great] elegance4 ,x reproduces e ^w1 ) ! occasional exception ( a copula4 ,) "s hesitation ,i h reta9$ ! traditional spell+ ( ! ,div9e ,"n1 ,jehovah1 in/ead ( ! m correct ,jahve or ,yahweh2 b :]e ! rhy?m ( c]ta9 famili> passages 0 di/urb$ by x1 ,i h foll[$ ! ,engli% v]sions & writt5 ,"l4 ,! read] w keep 9 m9d t a l9e may be de/roy$ by sub/itut+ our pronunciation ( prop] names = ! m musical acc5ts ( ! orig9al4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 we oblit]ate ! music ( ,isra'el by mak+ x two syllables & putt+ ! acc5t on ! fir/3 x has ?ree syllables ) ! acc5t on ! la/4 ,we cru% ,y]u%alay into ,j]salem2 we %r$ (f ,as%r into ,assyria1 & dub ,mira ,egypt4 ,hebrew has too few ( ! comb9ations :i* s\nd mo/ musical to our e>s1 to af=d ! suppression ( any "o ( !m4 ,,footnote3 #a ,j4 ,j4 ,p4 ,valeton1 jun41 ,amos en ,hosea1 #ahid3 quot$ by ,budde 9 ! ,!ologis*e ,lit]aturzeitung1 ,septemb]1 #ahid4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,page ,,preface vii ,,*ronological ,,table #a ,,introduction ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,twelve #c ,,ii4 ,,! ,,prophet ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,israel #aa #a4 ,,f ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,times ,,till ,,samuel4 #b4 ,,f ,,samuel ,,to ,,eli%a4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,eigh? ,,c5tury ,,9 ,,israel #ca ,,iv4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,assyria ,,^u ,,prophecy #dd ,,amos ,v4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,amos #fa ,,vi4 ,,! ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,prophet #gc #a4 ,,! ,,man ,,& ,,8 ,,discipl9e 7i4 #a2 iii4 #c-h2 vii4 #ad1 #ae74 #b4 ,,! ,,^w ,,& ,,its ,,orig9s 7i4 #b2 iii4 #c-h2 & passim74 #c4 ,,! ,,prophet ,,& ,,8 ,,m9i/ry 7vii42 viii4 #a-d74 ,,vii4 ,,atrocities ,,& ,,atrocities #aba ,,amos i4 #c-;ii4 ,,viii4 ,,civilisation ,,& ,,judgm5t #ada ,,amos iii4-iv4 #c4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,false ,,peace ,,( ,,ritual #aef ,,amos iv4 #d-vi4 #a4 ,,= ,,wor%ip1 ,,*a/isem5t 7iv4 #d-ac74 #b4 ,,= ,,wor%ip1 ,,ju/ice 7v474 #c4 ,,at ,,ease ,,9 ,,zion 7vi474 #d4 ,a ,,fragm5t ,,f ,,! ,,plague 7vi4 #i1 #aj74 ,x4 ,,doom ,,or ,,discipl9e8 #aha ,,amos viii4 #d-;ix4 #a4 ,,e>?quake1 ,,eclipse ,,& ,,fam9e 7viii4 #d-ad74 #b4 ,,nemesis 7ix4 #a-f74 #c4 ,,! ,,voices ,,( ,,ano!r ,,dawn 7ix4 #g-ae74 ,,xi4 ,,common-,,s5se ,,& ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,law #aif ,,amos iii4 #c-h2 iv4 #f-ac2 v4 #h1 #i2 vi4 #ab2 viii4 #h2 ix4 #e1 #f4 ,,hosea ,,xii4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,hosea #baa ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,problem ,,t ,,amos ,,left #bbg ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,prodigal ,,wife #bcb ,,hosea i4-iii4 ,,xv4 ,,! ,,?ick ,,night ,,( ,,israel #bec ,,hosea iv4-xiv4 ,,xvi4 ,a ,,p ,,9 ,,decay3 ,i4 ,,morally #bee ,,hosea iv4-vii4 #g4 #a4 ,,! ,,"l',s ,,qu>rel ,,) ,,israel 7iv474 #b4 ,,prie/s ,,& ,,pr9ces ,,fail 7v4 #a-ad74 #c4 ,,rep5tance ,,fails 7v4 #ae-vii4 #b74 #d4 ,,wick$ness ,,9 ,,high ,,places 7vii4 #c-g74 ,,xvii4 ,a ,,p ,,9 ,,decay3 ,,ii4 ,,politically #bfi ,,hosea vii4 #h-x4 #a4 ,,! ,,confusion ,,( ,,! ,,nation 7vii4 #h-viii4 #c74 #b4 ,,artificial ,,k+s ,,& ,,artificial ,,gods 7viii4 #d-ac74 #c4 ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,exile 7ix4 #a-i74 #d4 ,,! ,,corruption ,,t ,,is ,,?r\gh ,,lu/ 7ix4 #aj-ag74 #e4 ,,once ,,m3 ,,puppet-,,k+s ,,& ,,puppet-,,gods 7x474 ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,fa!rhood ,,& ,,humanity ,,( ,,god #bij ,,hosea xi4 ,,xix4 ,,! ,,f9al ,,argum5t #bii ,,hosea xii4-xiv4 #a4 #a4 ,,! ,,p ,,& ,,_! ,,fa!r ,,jacob 7xii474 #b4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,judgm5t 7xiii4-xiv4 #a74 ,,xx4 ,i ,,w ,,be ,,z ,,! ,,dew #cjh ,,hosea xiv4 #b-aj4 ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,k ,,( ,,god #cah ,,hosea passim4 ,,xxii4 ,,rep5tance #ccc ,,hosea passim4 ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,s9 ,,aga9/ ,,love #cdf ,,hosea i4-iii42 iv4 #aa ff42 ix4 #aj ff42 xi4 #h f4 ,,micah ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,micah #ceg ,,xxv4 ,,micah ,,! ,,mora/hite #cge ,,micah i4 ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,prophet ,,( ,,! ,,poor #chf ,,micah ii41 iii4 ,,xxvii4 ,,on ,,"t',s ,,horizon #djj ,,micah iv4 #a-g4 ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,k+ ,,to ,,come #djh ,,micah iv4 #h-v4 ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,reasonabl5ess ,,( ,,true ,,religion #dai ,,micah vi4 #a-h4 ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,s9 ,,( ,,! ,,scant ,,measure #dbf ,,micah vi4 #i-vii4 #f4 ,,xxxi4 ,,our ,,"m ,,( ,,sorr[s #dce ,,micah vii4 #g-bj4 ,,index ,,( ,,passages ,,& ,,texts #dci ,,*ronology ,,( ,,! ,,d\ble ,,k+dom ,,( ,,israel1 c4 #idj-fci ,b4,c4 999999 c4 circa3 x ref]s only to ! accession ( ! k+s ( ,judah & ,israel2 ! ye>s are exact s f> z !y conc]n ! ,assyrian data4 ,a date opposite ! m]e "n ( a k+ signifies ! ye> ( 8 accession4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,judah4 ,,israel4 ,,! ,,syria1 ,,etc4 ,,assyria4 ,,prophets4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #idj;c4,disruption ( ! ,k+dom4 ,rehoboam4 ,j]oboam ,i4 ,e/abli%m5t ( calf images 9 ,n4 ,israel4 #ibc;c4,abijam4 #ibj;c4,asa4 #iah;c4 444 ,nadab4 #iae;c4 444 ,baa%a4 #hia;c4 444 ,elah4 #hhh;c4 444 ,zimri4 ,omri4 #hgf;c4 444 ,ahab4 ,revolt ( ,me%a ( ,moab3 ! #hgd;c4,jeho%aphat4 444 ,elijah4 ,moabite ,/one 7circa #hfj74 #hed 444 ,fir/ contact ( ,israel & ,syria ) ,assyria at ! ,battle #hed ( arar4 #hec;c4 444 ,ahaziah4 #heb;c4 444 ,joram4 4444 444 ,invades ,moab w4 ,judah & ,edom4 #hej 444 444 444 ,campaigns 9 all ^! #c yrs by ,%almanes] ,,ii4 ( #hej #hdi;c4,jehoram4 444 444 ,assyria aga9/ ,dadidri or ,hadadez] ( ,damascus4#hdi #hdf 444 444 444 ,revolt ( ,edom f ,judah 444 #hdf #hdd;c4,ahaziah4 7#b ,k+s viii4 #bj ff474 #hdb;c4,a?aliah4 ,jehu4 ,eli%a4 444 ,tribute f ,jehu4 #hdb 444 444 444 444 ,w> ( ,hazael ) ,assyria4 444 #hci 444 444 444 ,w> ( ,hazael ) ,assyria4 #hci #hcf;c4,joa%4 444 444 ,hazael subdues ,gilead 7,amos 444 #hcf #had;c4 444 ,jehoahaz4 444 i4 #c72 attacks ,ga?1 b is 444 #had 444 444 444 b\ght (f f ,j]usalem4 #hab 444 444 444 444 ,ac4 ( ,ramman-,nir>i4 #hab #hjf 444 444 444 ,arpad1 campaign aga9/1 by ,assyria4 #hjf #hjc 444 444 444 ,damascus1 "u ,m]i1 besieg$ & tak5 by ,assyria4 #hjc 444 444 444 444 ,a ye> ( pe/il5ce4 444 444 #gih;c4 444 ,joa%4 #gig;c4,amaziah4 #ghc;c4 444 ,j]oboam ,,ii4 444 444 ,%almanes] ,,iii4 #ghc #ggh;c4,uzziah 7,az>iah74 #gge 444 ,j]oboam 444 444 ,exp$ition to re-conqu]s ,c$> ,c\ntry4 #gge #ggc 444 ,moab1 ,gilead1 444 ,damascus1 campaign aga9/1 by ,assyria4 #ggc #ggb 444 & "p ( 444 ,hadra*1 campaign aga9/1 by ,assyria4 #ggb #gfe 444 ,aram4 444 ,a pe/il5ce4 ,ac4 ( ,assur-dan-il4 #gfe ,hadra*1 campaign aga9/1 by ,assyria4 #gfc ,total eclipse ( ! sun on ,june #ae? visible 9 ,syria & at ,n9eveh4 #gfc #gei 444 444 444 ,a pe/il5ce 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 444 #gei #gee 444 444 444 ,hadra* suff]s attack f ,assyria4 #gee #ged 444 444 ,amos4 ,arpad suff]s attack f ,assyria4 #ged #gec 444 444 444 444 ,ac4 ( ,assur-,nir>i4 #gec #gde 444 444 444 444 ,accession ( ,tigla?-,piles] ,,iii4 #gde #gdc 444 ,ze*>iah1 son ( 444 #gdc ,j]oboam 7#f mo474 444 444 ,%allum 7#a mo474 444 ,arpad besieg$1 & aft] two or ?ree ye>s ,m5ahem4 ,hosea4 tak5 by ,assyria4 #gdb 444 444 444 #gdb #gda 444 444 444 #gda #gdj ,! yr ,k+ 444 #gcf8 ,uzziah di$4 ,jo?am sole rul]4 #gch 444 ,m5ahem is m5tion$ z tribut>y to ,assyria4 #gch #gcg;c4 ,pekahiah4 #gcf;c4,ahaz4 ,pekah1 ! ,gileadite4 7,isa4 vii474 #gce ,ahaz is attack$ bo? by ,pekah & by ,rez9 ( ,damascus 444 #gce #gcd 444 ,captivity ( ,gil- etc41 by ,assyria ead1 ,galilee1 7,isa4 viii41 ix474 #gcd #gcc 444 444 444 ,damascus besieg$ & tak5 by ,assyria4 #gcc #gcb ,ahaz pays homage at ,damascus to ! ,k+ ( ,assyria4 #gcb #gca 444 444 444 444 ,tigla?-,piles] becomes #gca #gcj;c4 444 ,ho%ea4 ,k+ ( ,babylon "u ! "n ( ,pul4 #gbg;c4,hezekiah4 444 ,isaiah4 444 ,%almanes] ,,iv4 #gbg #gbe 444 ,siege ( ,sam>ia beg9s4 #gbb 444 ,fall ( ,sam>ia4 444 444 ,s>gon takes ,sam>ia4 #gbb or #a or #a #gbj 444 444 444 ,gaza ov]?r[n by ,s>gon z he m>*es pa/ ,judah #gbj or #ai & defeats ,egypt at ,raphia4 or #ai #gae 444 ,sam>ia peopl$ by subjugat$ tribes #gae deport$ f ,assyria4 #gaa 444 444 444 ,a%dod tak5 by ,s>gon4 #gaa #gji 444 444 444 444 ,s>gon takes ,babylon #gji f ,m]oda*-,baladan4 #gje 444 444 444 ,dea? ( ,s>gon4 #gje ,ac4 ( ,s5na*]ib4 #gjd 444 444 444 444 ,w> ) ,m]oda*-,baladan4 #gjd #gja ,invasion ( ,judah & ( all ,syria by ,s5na*]ib4 #gja ,deliv]ance ( ,j]usalem4 ,siege ( ,ekron4 ,battle ( ,micah4 ,eltekeh4 #fie ,manasseh4 444 c4#b #fha 444 444 444 444 ,s5na*]ib murd]$4 #fha ,as>haddon succe$s4 #fgh 444 444 444 ,phnicia subdu$ by ,as>haddon4 #fgh #fgf ,manasseh tribut>y to ,assyria4 #fgf #fga 444 444 444 ,tyre tak5 by ,as>haddon on 8 #fga m>* to ,egypt1 & conque/ ( ,memphis4 #ffh 444 444 444 444 ,assurbanipal4 #ffh #fff ,manasseh & ! o!r ,syrian k+s tribut>y to ,assyria4 #fff #fda;c4,amon4 444 444 ,tyre assi/s ,assurbanipal aga9/ #fda ! ,phnician ,arvad4 #fci;c4,josiah4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,footnote3 #b ,?is date is v unc]ta94 ,x may h be5 #fij1 or accord+ to "s #fhe4 ,,introduction ' 1 4 ,& ( ! ,twelve ,prophets may ! bones ,fl\ri% aga9 f _! place1 ,= !y com=t$ ,jacob ,& r$eem$ !m by ! assurance ( hope4 ,,ecclesia/icus xlix4 #aj4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,twelve ,9 ! ord] ( our ,engli% ,bible ! ,m9or ,prophets1 z !y are usually call$1 =m ! la/ twelve books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!y are imm$iately prec$$ by ,daniel1 & be=e him by ! ?ree ,major ,prophets1 ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah 7) ,lam5tations7 & ,ezekiel4 ,:y all sixte5 7 ?us ga!r$ at ! end ( ! o!r sacr$ books1 we d n "k4 ,p]haps1 because x 0 held fitt+ t prophecy %\ld occupy ! la/ outpo/s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t t[>ds ! ,new4 ,9 ! ,hebrew ,bible1 h[ev]1 ! ord] diff]s1 & is mu* m significant4 ,! ,prophets#c =m ! second division ( ! ?reefold ,canon3 ,law1 ,prophets & ,writ+s2 & ,daniel is n among !m4 ,! ,m9or foll[ imm$iately aft] ,ezekiel4 ,moreov]1 !y are n twelve books1 b "o4 ,!y are ga!r$ "u ! common title ,book ( ! ,twelve2#d & al?\gh ea* ( !m has ! usual colophon detail+ ! numb] ( its own v]ses1 !re is also "o colophon = all ! twelve1 plac$ at ! end ( ,mala*i & reckon+ ! sum ( _! v]ses f ! fir/ ( ,hosea onw>ds4 ,?is unity1 :i* !re is reason to suppose 0 giv5 to !m be=e _! reception into ! ,canon1#e !y h nev] s9ce lo/4 ,h[ev] mu* _! place has *ang$ 9 ! ord] ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 h[ev] mu* _! own int]nal arrangem5t has diff]$1 ! ,twelve h always /ood toge!r4 ,!re has be5 e temptation to scatt] !m because ( _! v>i\s dates4 ,yet !y nev] h be5 scatt]$2 & 9 spite ( ! fact t !y h n pres]v$ _! common title 9 any ,bible outside ! ,hebrew1 t title has liv$ on 9 lit]ature & common talk4 ,?us ! ,greek canon omits x2 b ,greek ,jews & ,*ri/ians always c\nt$ ! books z "o volume1#f call+ !m ,! ,twelve ,prophets1 or ,! ,twelve-,prophet ,book4#g4 ,x 0 ! ,lat9s :o designat$ !m ,! ,m9or ,prophets3 on acc\nt ( _! brevity z comp>$ ) ^? :o are call$ ! ,major because ( _! ampl] volumes4#h ,& ?is "n has pass$ into mo/ mod]n languages1#i includ+ our own4 ,b surely x is bett] to rev]t to ! orig9al1 canonical & unambigu\s title ( ,! ,twelve4 ,! collection & arrangem5t ( ,! ,twelve are matt]s ( obscurity1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 ?ree or f\r facts em]ge t are tol]ably c]ta94 ,! insep>abl5ess ( ! books is a pro( ( ! anci5t date ( _! union4 ,!y mu/ h be5 put toge!r be=e !y 7 receiv$ into ! ,canon4 ,! ,canon ( ! ,prophets--,jo%ua to ,second ,k+s & ,isaiah to ,mala*i--0 clos$ by #bjj ,b4,c4 at ! late/1 & p]haps z e>ly z #bej2 b if we h 7z seems probable7 portions ( ,! ,twelve1#aj :i* mu/ be assign$ to a little lat] ?an #cjj1 ?is may be held to prove t ! :ole collection _c h long prec$$ ! fix+ ( ! ,canon ( ! ,prophets4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fact t ^! late/ pieces h n be5 plac$ "u a title ( _! own1 b are atta*$ to ! ,book ( ,ze*>iah1 is pretty suffici5t evid5ce t !y 7 add$ aft] ! collection & fixture ( twelve books--a r\nd numb] :i* !re w\ld be e disposition n to di/urb4 ,t w\ld give u = ! date ( ! fir/ edition 7s to speak7 ( our ,twelve "s ye> be=e #cjj2 & = ! date ( ! second edition "s ye> t[>ds #bej4 ,?is is a "q1 h[ev]1 :i* may be res]v$ = f9al decision aft] we h exam9$ ! date ( ! sep>ate books1 & especially ( ,joel & ! second half ( ,ze*>iah4 ,t !re 0 a previ\s collection1 z e>ly z ! ,exile1 ( ! books writt5 be=e !n1 may be reg>d$ z m ?an probable4 ,b we h no means ( fix+ its exact limits4 ,:y ! ,twelve 7 all ultimately put toge!r is reasonably sugge/$ by ,jewi% writ]s4 ,!y are small1 &1 z sep>ate rolls1 might h be5 lo/4#aa ,x is possible t ! desire ( ! r\nd numb] twelve is responsible = ! admission ( ,jonah1 a book v diff]5t 9 =m f all ! o!rs2 j z we h h9t$ t ! fact ( !re be+ already twelve may acc\nt = ! atta*m5t ( ! late fragm5ts to ! ,book ( ,ze*>iah4 ,b all ?is is only to guess1 :]e we h no means ( c]ta9 k4 ,! ,book ( ! ,twelve has n always held ! place :i* x n[ occupies 9 ! ,hebrew ,canon1 at ! end ( ! ,prophets4 ,! rabbis taught t ,hosea1 b = ! comp>ative smallness ( 8 prophecy1 %\ld h /ood fir/ ( all ! writ+ prophets1 ( :om !y reg>d$ him z ! olde/4#ab ,& d\btless x 0 = ! same *ronological reasons1 t e>ly ,*ri/ian catalogues ( ! ,scriptures1 & v>i\s editions ( ! ,septuag9t1 plac$ ! :ole ( ,! ,twelve 9 front ( ,isaiah4#ac ,! int]nal arrangem5t ( ,! ,twelve 9 our ,engli% ,bible is ! same z t ( ! ,hebrew ,canon1 & 0 probably det]m9$ by :at ! compil]s ?\ght to be ! respective ages ( ! books4 ,?us1 fir/ we h six1 all suppos$ to be ( ! e>li] ,assyrian p]iod1 be=e #gjj--;,hosea1 ,joel1 ,amos1 ,obadiah1 ,jonah & ,micah2 !n ?ree f ! late ,assyrian & ! ,babylonian p]iods--,nahum1 ,habbakuk & ,zephaniah2 & !n ?ree f ! ,p]sian p]iod aft] ! ,exile--,haggai1 ,ze*>iah & ,mala*i4 ,! ,septuag9t h alt]$ ! ord] ( ! fir/ six1 arrang+ ,hosea1 ,amos1 ,micah1 ,joel & ,obadiah accord+ to _! size1 & sett+ ,jonah aft] !m1 probably because ( 8 diff]5t =m4 ,! rema9+ six are left z 9 ! ,hebrew4 ,rec5t criticism1 h[ev]1 has made x cle> t ! ,biblical ord] ( ,! ,twelve ,prophets is no m ?an a v r\gh approximation to ! ord] ( _! real dates2 &1 z x is obvi\sly be/ = u to foll[ 9 _! hi/orical succession prophecies1 :i* illu/rate ! :ole hi/ory ( prophecy f its rise ) ,amos to its fall ) ,mala*i & 8 successors1 ,i propose to d ?is4 ,detail$ pro(s ( ! sep>ate dates mu/ be left to ea* book4 ,all t is ne$ful "h is a g5]al /atem5t ( ! ord]4 ,( ! fir/ six prophets ! dates ( ,amos1 ,hosea1 & ,micah 7b ( ! latt]'s book 9 "p only7 are c]ta94 ,! ,jews h be5 able to def5d ,hosea's priority only on fanciful gr\nds4#ad ,:e!r or n he quotes f ,amos1 8 hi/orical allusions are m rec5t4 ,) ! exception ( a few fragm5ts incorporat$ by lat] au?ors1 ! ,book ( ,amos is ?us ! e>lie/ example ( prophetic lit]ature1 & we take x fir/4 ,! date we %all see is ab\t #gee4 ,hosea beg9s five or t5 ye>s lat]1 & ,micah j be=e #gbb4 ,! ?ree are 9 e respect--orig9ality1 compreh5siv5ess1 influ5ce ^u o!r prophets--! greate/ ( our ,twelve1 & w !re=e be treat$ ) mo/ detail1 occupy+ ! :ole ( ! fir/ volume4 ,! re/ ( ! fir/ six are ,obadiah1 ,joel & ,jonah4 ,b ! ,book ( ,obadiah1 al?\gh x op5s ) an e>ly oracle aga9/ ,edom1 is 9 its pres5t =m f aft] ! ,exile4 ,! ,book ( ,joel is ( unc]ta9 date1 b1 z we %all see1 ! great probability is t x is late2 & ! ,book ( ,jonah belongs to a =m ( lit]ature s diff]5t f ! o!rs t we may1 mo/ conv5i5tly1 treat ( x la/4 ,?is leaves u to foll[ ,micah1 at ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury1 ) ! gr\p ,zephaniah1 ,nahum & ,habakkuk f ! second half ( ! sev5? c5tury2 & f9ally to take 9 _! ord] ! po/-exilic ,haggai1 ,ze*>iah i4-ix41 ,mala*i1 & ! o!r writ+s :i* we feel oblig$ to place ab\t or ev5 aft] t date4 ,"o o!r ^w is ne$ful4 ,?is assignm5t ( ! v>i\s books to diff]5t dates is n to be held z imply+ t ! :ole ( a book belongs to su* a date or to ! au?or ^: "n x be>s4 ,we %all f9d t h&s h be5 busy ) ! texts ( ! books long aft] ! au?ors ( ^! mu/ h pass$ away2 t besides e>ly fragm5ts incorporat$ by lat] writ]s1 prophets ( ,israel's new dawn mitigat$ ! judgm5ts & light5$ ! gloom ( ! wat*m5 ( h] night2 t "h & !re are passages :i* are evid5tly intrusions1 bo? because !y int]rupt ! argum5t & because !y reflect a mu* lat] hi/orical environm5t ?an _! context4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 w require discussion 9 ea* case1 & su* discussion w be giv54 ,! text w be subject$ to an indep5d5t exam9ation4 ,"s passages hi!rto que/ion$ we may f9d to be unju/ly s2 o!rs n hi!rto que/ion$ we may see reason to suspect4 ,b 9 any case we %all keep 9 m9d1 t ! results ( an indep5d5t inquiry are unc]ta92 & t 9 ?is new criticism ( ! prophets1 :i* is comp>atively rec5t1 we _c hope to arrive = "s "t at s g5]al a cons5sus1 z is be+ rapidly rea*$ 9 ! f> old] & m elaborat$ criticism ( ! ,p5tateu*4#ae 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* is ! ext5t & ord] ( ! j\rney :i* lies be=e u4 ,if x is n to ! v summits ( ,israel's outlook t we climb--,isaiah1 ,j]emiah & ! great ,prophet ( ! ,exile--we are yet to trav]se ! range ( prophecy f beg9n+ to end4 ,we />t ) its fir/ abrupt elevations 9 ,amos4 ,we are c>ri$ by ! side ( ,isaiah & ,j]emiah1 yet at a l[] altitude1 on to ! ,exile4 ,) ! return$ ,israel we pursue an almo/ imm$iate rise to vision1 & !n by ,mala*i & o!rs are convey$ d[n dw9dl+ slopes to ! v end4 ,beyond ! l& is flat4 ,?\gh ,psalms are sung & brave de$s done1 & fai? is /rong & bright1 !re is no height ( outlook2 !re is no m any prophet#af 9 ,israel4 ,b our ,twelve d m ?an ?us c>ry u f beg9n+ to end ( ! ,prophetic ,p]iod4 ,( second rank z are mo/ ( ! heights ( ?is m\nta9 range1 !y yet br+ =? & spe$ on _! way n a few ( ! /reams ( liv+ wat] :i* h n\ri%$ lat] ages1 & are fl[+ to-day4 ,impetu\s cat>acts ( righte\sness--let x roll on l wat]1 & ju/ice z an ev]la/+ /ream2 ! irrepressible love ( ,god to s9ful m52 ! p]sev]ance & pursuits ( ,8 grace2 ,8 m]cies t foll[ ! exile & ! outca/2 ,8 tru? t goes =? ri*ly ^u ! hea!n2 ! hope ( ! ,savi\r ( mank9d2 ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s2 c\nsels ( pati5ce2 impulses ( t5d]ness & ( heal+2 melodies innum]able1--all sprang f ^! l[] hills ( prophecy1 & sprang s /rongly t ! _w he>s & feels !m /ill4 ,& f ! heights ( our pres5t pilgrimage !re are also cle> ^? great visions ( ! ,/>s & ! ,dawn1 ( ! ,sea & ! ,/orm1 conc]n+ :i* x is true1 t z long z m5 live !y %all seek out ! places :5ce !y c be se51 & ?ank ,god = ,8 prophets4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,includ+1 ( c\rse1 ! hi/orical books1 ,jo%ua to #b ,k+s1 :i* 7 kn[n z ! ,=m] ,prophets2 :ile :at we call ! prophets ,isaiah to ,mala*i 7 kn[n z ! ,latt]4 #d 1 ! ,aramaic =m ( ! ,hebrew 1 :i* appe>s ) ! o!r 9 ! colophon to ! book4 ,a lat] contraction is 4 ,?is is ! =m translit]at$ 9 ,epiphanius3 4 #e ,see ,ryle1 ,canon ( ! ,o4,t41 p4 #aje4 #f ,s ,josephus1 ,contra ,apion1 i4 #h 7circa #ij ,a4,d471 reckons ! prophetical books z ?irte51 ( :i* ! ,m9or ,prophets c\ld only h be5 c\nt$ z "o--:atev] ! o!r twelve may h be54 ,melito ( ,s>dis 7c4 #agj71 quot$ by ,eusebius 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 iv4 #bf71 speaks ( 4 ,to ,orig5 7c4 #bej3 apud ,ibid41 vi4 #be7 !y c\ld only h be5 "o out ( ! tw5ty-two he gives = ! ,o4,t4 ,cf4 ,j]ome 7,prolog4 ,galeatus71 ,lib] duodecim ,prophet>um4 #g 3 ,jesus son ( ,sira* xlix4 #aj2 -4 #h ,augu/9e1 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 xviii4 #bi3 cf4 ,j]ome1 ,proem4 9 ,esaiam4 #i ,! ,g]man usage g5]ally pres]ves ! num]al1 ,die zwlf kle95 ,prophet54 #aj ,see ,vol4 ,,ii4 on ,ze*4 ix4 ff4 #aa ,talmud3 ,baba ,ba?ra1 #ad;a3 cf4 ,ra%i's ,comm5t>y4 #ab ,talmud1 ibid4 #ac ,s ! ,codices ,vaticanus & ,alex&r9us1 b n ,cod4 ,s94 ,s also ,cyril ( ,j]usalem 7 #chf71 ,a?anasius 7#cfe71 ,gregory ,naz4 7 #cij71 & ! spuri\s ,canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea 7c4 #djj7 & ,epiphanius 7#djc74 ,see ,ryle1 ,canon ( ! ,o4,t41 #bae ff4 #ad ,by a =c$ int]pretation ( ! phrase 9 *ap4 i4 #b1 ,:5 ! ,"l spake at ! fir/ by ,hosea 7,r4,v471 ,talmud3 ,baba ,ba?ra1 #ad;a4 #ae ,= fur!r consid]ations on ?is po9t see pp4 #adb1 #aid1 #bjb ff41 #bbc ff41 #cjh1 etc4 #af ,psalm lxxiv4 #i4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,prophet ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,israel ,our ,twelve ,prophets w c>ry u1 z we h se51 across ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,prophetical p]iod--! p]iod :5 prophecy became lit]ature1 assum+ ! =m & ris+ to ! int5sity ( an imp]i%able influ5ce on ! _w4 ,! e>lie/ ( ! ,twelve1 ,amos & ,hosea1 7 ! inaugurators ( ?is p]iod4 ,!y 7 n only ! fir/ 7s f> z we "k7 to commit prophecy to writ+1 b we f9d 9 !m ! g]ms ( all its subsequ5t developm5t4 ,yet ,amos & ,hosea 7 n unfa!r$4 ,beh9d !m lay an old] disp5sation1 & _! own 0 p>tly a product ( ?is1 & p>tly a revolt aga9/ x4 ,amos says ( himself3 ,! ,"l ha? spok51 :o c b prophesy8--b aga93 ,no prophet ,i1 nor prophet's son6 ,:o 7 ^? e>li] prophets1 ^: (fice ,amos assum$ :ile repudiat+ _! _s--^: "n he abjur$1 yet c\ld n escape f x8 ,&1 :ile we are ab\t ! matt]1 :at d we mean by prophet 9 g5]al8 ,9 vulg> use ! "n prophet has deg5]at$ to ! mean+ ( "o :o =etells ! future4 ,( ?is mean+ x is1 p]haps1 ! fir/ duty ( e /ud5t ( prophecy e>ne/ly & /ubbornly to rid himself4 ,9 its native ,greek tongue prophet meant n "o :o speaks be=e1 b "o :o speaks =1 or on behalf (1 ano!r4 ,at ! ,delphic oracle ,! ,prophts 0 ! title ( ! (ficial1 :o receiv$ ! utt]ances ( ! fr5zi$ ,py?oness & exp\nd$ !m to ! p2#ag b ,plato says t ?is is a misuse ( ! ^w1 & t ! true prophet is ! inspir$ p]son himself1 he :o is 9 communication ) ! ,deity & :o speaks directly = ! ,deity4#ah ,s ,tiresias1 ! se]1 is call$ by ,p9d> ! prophet or int]pret] ( ,zeus1#ai & ,plato ev5 /yles poets ! prophets ( ! ,muses4#bj ,x is 9 ?is s5se t we mu/ ?9k ( ! prophet ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,he is a speak] = ,god4 ,! %>] ( ,god's c\nsels1 z ,amos calls him1 he becomes ! be>] & prea*] ( ,god's ,^w4 ,pr$iction ( ! future is only a "p1 & (t5 a subord9ate & accid5tal "p1 ( an (fice ^: full function is to decl>e ! "* & ! w ( ,god4 ,b ! prophet does ?is 9 no sy/ematic or ab/ract =m4 ,he br+s 8 revelation po9t by po9t1 & 9 connection ) "s occasion 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 p1 or "s phase ( _! "*4 ,he is n a philosoph] nor a !ologian ) a sy/em ( doctr9e 7at lea/ be=e ,ezekiel71 b ! mess5g] & h]ald ( ,god at "s crisis 9 ! life or conduct ( ,8 p4 ,8 message is nev] out ( t\* ) ev5ts4 ,^! =m ei!r ! subject-matt] or ! pro( or ! execution ( e oracle he utt]s4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ,god n m]ely z ,tru?1 b f> m z ,provid5ce1 :om ! prophet reveals4 ,& al?\gh t ,provid5ce includes ! full de/9y ( ,israel & mank9d1 ! prophet br+s ! news ( x1 = ! mo/ "p1 piece by piece1 ) ref]5ce to "s pres5t s9 or duty1 or "s imp5d+ crisis or calamity4 ,yet he does all ?is1 n m]ely because ! ^w ne$$ = ! day has be5 committ$ to him by itself1 & z if he 7 only its me*anical vehicle2 b because he has come "u ! ov]:elm+ conviction ( ,god's pres5ce & ( ,8 "*1 a conviction (t5 s /rong t ,god's ^w breaks ?r\gh him & ,god speaks 9 ! fir/ p]son to ! p4 #a4 ,,f ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,times ,,till ,,samuel4 ,!re 0 no anci5t p b believ$ 9 ! p[] ( c]ta9 p]sonages to consult ! ,deity & to reveal ,8 w4 ,e man c\ld sacrifice2 b n e man c\ld r5d] 9 return ! oracle ( ,god4 ,?is p]ta9$ to select individuals or ord]s4 ,s ! prophet seems to h be5 an old] speciali/ ?an ! prie/1 ?\gh 9 e tribe he frequ5tly comb9$ ! latt]'s functions ) 8 own4#ba ,! matt]s on :i* anci5t man consult$ ,god 7 z wide z life4 ,b naturally at fir/1 9 a rude /ate ( society & at a l[ /age ( m5tal developm5t1 x 0 9 reg>d to ! mat]ial def5ce & necessities ( life1 ! b>e law & ord]1 t m5 almo/ exclusively s\ght ! ,div9e w4 ,& ! :ole hi/ory ( prophecy is j ! ef=t to sub/itute = ^! elem5t>y provisions a m p]sonal /&>d ( ! moral law1 & m spiritual ideals ( ! ,div9e ,grace4 ,by ! ,semitic race--to :i* we may n[ conf9e ourselves1 s9ce ,israel belong$ to x--,deity 0 wor%ipp$1 9 ! ma91 z ! god ( a tribe4 ,e ,semitic tribe _h its own god2 x w\ld appe> t !re 0 no god )\t a tribe3#bb ! traces ( belief 9 a supreme & ab/ract ,deity are few & ineffectual4 ,! tribe 0 ! m$ium by :i* ! god made himself kn[n1 & became an effective p[] on e>?3 ! god 0 ! patron ( ! tribe1 ! supreme magi/rate & ! lead] 9 w>4 ,! piety he dem&$ 0 little m ?an loyalty to ritual2 ! morality he en=c$ 0 only a matt] ( police4 ,he took no cognisance ( ! "* or inn] ?\ghts ( ! individual4 ,b ! tribe believ$ him to /& 9 v close connection ) all ! practical int]e/s ( _! common life4 ,!y ask$ ( him ! detection ( crim9als1 ! discov]y ( lo/ prop]ty1 ! settlem5t ( civil suits1 sometimes :5 ! crops %\ld be s[n1 & always :5 w> %\ld be wag$ & by :at tactics4 ,! means by :i* ! prophet consult$ ! ,deity on ^! subjects 7 = ! mo/ "p primitive & rude4 ,!y may be summ$ up "u two k9ds3 ,visions ei!r ?r\gh fall+ into ec/asy or by dream+ 9 sleep1 & ,signs or ,om5s4 ,bo? k9ds are in/anc$ 9 ,balaam4#bc ,( ! signs "s 7 natural1 l ! :isp] ( trees1 ! flight ( birds1 ! passage ( cl\ds1 ! movem5ts ( />s4 ,o!rs 7 artificial1 l ! ca/+ or draw+ ( lots4 ,o!rs 7 betwe5 ^!1 l ! %ape assum$ by ! entrails ( ! sacrific$ animals :5 ?r[n on ! gr\nd4 ,aga91 ! prophet 0 (t5 oblig$ to d some?+ wond]ful 9 ! p's sight1 9 ord] to conv9ce !m ( 8 au?ority4 ,9 ,biblical language he _h to "w a miracle or give a sign4 ,"o in/ance ?r[s a flood ( light on ?is habitual expectancy ( ! ,semitic m9d4 ,!re 0 once an ,arab *ief1 :o wi%$ to consult a di/ant soo?say] z to ! guilt ( a daught]4 ,b be=e he w\ld tru/ ! se] to give him ! "r answ] to su* a "q1 he made him discov] a gra9 ( corn :i* he _h conceal$ ab\t 8 horse4#bd ,he requir$ ! physical sign be=e he w\ld accept ! moral judgm5t4 ,n[1 to u ! crud5ess ( ! means employ$1 ! opportunities ( fraud1 ! inadequacy ( ! te/s = spiritual ends1 are v obvi\s4 ,b d n let u1 !re=e1 miss ! num]\s moral opportunities :i* lay be=e ! prophet ev5 at t e>ly /age ( 8 evolution4 ,he 0 tru/$ to speak 9 ! "n ( ,deity4 ,?r\gh him m5 believ$ 9 ,god & 9 ! possibility ( a revelation4 ,!y s\ght f him ! discrim9ation ( evil f good4 ,! highe/ possibilities ( social m9i/ry lay op5 to him3 ! tribal exi/5ce (t5 hung on 8 ^w = peace or w>2 he 0 ! m\? ( ju/ice1 ! rebuke ( evil1 ! *ampion ( ! wrong$4 ,:]e su* opportunities 7 pres5t1 c we imag9e ! ,_s ( ,god to h be5 abs5t--! ,_s ,:o seeks m5 m ?an !y seek ,him1 & z ,he condesc5ds to use _! poor language = religion mu/ also h /oop$ to ! picture language1 to ! rude in/rum5ts1 symbols & sacram5ts1 ( _! e>ly fai?8 ,9 an (fice ( su* m+l$ possibilities ev]y?+ dep5d$--z we %all f9d x dep5d to ! v end ( prophecy--on ! moral insight & "* ( ! prophet himself1 on 8 conception ( ,god & :e!r he 0 s true to ?is z to ov]come 8 pr(essional temptations to fraud & av>ice1 malice t[>ds individuals1 subs]vi5ce to ! p[]ful1 or1 wor/ sn>es ( all1 ! slo?fulness & ins9c]ity ( r\t9e4 ,we see ?is moral issue put v cle>ly 9 su* a /ory z t ( ,balaam1 or 9 su* a c>e] z t ( ,mohamm$4 ,s mu* = ! ,semitic soo?say] 9 g5]al4 ,n[ let u turn to ,israel4 ,among ! ,hebrews ! man ( ,god1#be to use 8 wide/ designation1 is at fir/ call$ ,se]1#bf or ,gaz]1#bg ! ^w :i* ,balaam uses ( himself4 ,9 consult+ ! ,div9e w he employs ! same ext]nal means1 he (f]s ! p = _! evid5ce ! same signs1 z d ! se]s or soo?say]s ( o!r ,semitic tribes4 ,he ga9s influ5ce by ! miracles1 ! wond]ful ?+s1 :i* he does4#bh ,moses himself is repres5t$ aft] ?is fa%ion4 ,he meets ! magicians ( ,egypt on _! own level4 ,8 use ( rods2 ! hold+ up ( 8 h&s t ,israel may prevail aga9/ ,amaleq2 ,jo%ua's ca/+ ( lots to discov] a crim9al2 ,samuel's dream 9 ! sanctu>y2 8 discov]y = a fee ( ! lo/ asses ( ,saul2 ,david & ! images 9 8 h\se1 ! ephod he consult$2 ! sign to g to battle :at "t ?\ he>e/ ! s\nd ( a go+ 9 ! tops ( ! mulb]ry trees2 ,solomon's inducem5t ( dreams by sleep+ 9 ! sanctu>y at ,gibeah1--^! are a few ( ! _m pro(s1 t e>ly prophecy 9 ,israel employ$ n only ! me?ods b ev5 mu* ( ! furniture ( ! k9dr$ ,semitic religions4 ,b !n ^? tools & me?ods 7 at ! same "t accompani$ by ! noble opportunities ( ! prophetic (fice to :i* ,i h j allud$--opportunities ( religi\s & social m9i/ry--&1 /ill m1 ^! opportunities 7 at ! disposal ( moral influ5ces :i*1 x is a matt] ( hi/ory1 7 n f\nd 9 any o!r ,semitic religion ?an ,israel's4 ,h[ev] y w expla9 x1 t ,div9e ,_s1 :i* we h felt unable to conceive z abs5t f any ,semitic prophet :o truly s\ght aft] ,god1 t ,light :i* lighte? e man :o come? into ! _w1 0 pres5t to an unp>allel$ degree ) ! e>ly prophets ( ,israel4 ,he came to individuals1 & to ! nation z a :ole1 9 ev5ts & 9 influ5ces :i* may be summ$ up z ! impression ( ! "* ( _! national ,god1 ,jehovah3 to use ,biblical language1 z ,jehovah's _s & p[]4 ,x is true t 9 _m ways ! ,jehovah ( e>ly ,israel rem9ds u ( o!r ,semitic deities4 ,l "s ( !m ,he appe>s ) ?und] & lightn+2 l all ( !m ,he is ! ,god ( "o tribe :o are ,8 peculi> p4 ,he be>s ! same titles--,melek1 ,adon1 ,baal 7,k+1 ,"l1 ,possessor74 ,he is propitiat$ by ! same (f]+s4 ,to *oose "o /rik+ in/ance1 captives & spoil ( w> are sacrific$ to ,him ) ! same rel5tlessness1 & by a process :i* has ev5 ! same names giv5 to x1 z 9 ! votive inscriptions ( ,israel's hea!n neighb\rs4#bi ,yet1 not)/&+ all ^! elem5ts1 ! religion ( ,jehovah f ! v fir/ ev9c$1 by ! confession ( all critics1 an e?ical =ce %>$ by no o!r ,semitic cre$4 ,f ! fir/ !re 0 9 x ! promise & ! pot5cy ( t sublime mono!ism1 :i* 9 ! p]iod ( our ,twelve x aft]w>ds rea*$4#cj ,its e>lie/ effects ( c\rse 7 *iefly political3 x weld$ ! twelve tribes into ! unity ( a nation2 x pres]v$ !m z "o amid ! _m temptations to scatt] along ^? div]g5t l9es ( culture & ( fai?1 :i* ! geography ( _! c\ntry plac$ s attractively be=e !m4#ca ,x taught !m to pref] religi\s loyalty to mat]ial advantage1 & s inspir$ !m ) high motives = self-sacrifice & e o!r duty ( patriotism4 ,b x did ev5 bett] ?an ?us tea* !m to be> "o ano!r's burd5s4 ,x inspir$ !m to c>e = "o ano!r's s9s4 ,! la/ *apt]s ( ! ,book ( ,judges prove h[ /rong a national consci5ce !re 0 9 e>ly ,israel4 ,ev5 !n ,israel 0 a moral1 z well z a political1 unity4 ,gradually !re grew up1 b /ill unwritt51 a body ( ,torah1 or reveal$ law1 :i*1 ?\gh its framework 0 ! common cu/om ( ! ,semitic race1 0 inspir$ by ideals ( humanity & ju/ice n else:]e 9 t race disc]nible by u4 ,:5 we analyse ?is e?ical di/9ction ( e>ly ,israel1 ?is indubitable progress :i* ! nation 7 mak+ :ile ! re/ ( _! _w 0 morally /agnant1 we f9d x to be due to _! impressions ( ! "* ( _! ,god4 ,?is "* did n affect !m z ,righte\sness only4 ,at fir/ x 0 ev5 a m wond]ful ,grace4 ,jehovah _h *os5 !m :5 !y 7 no p1 _h r$eem$ !m f s]vitude1 _h br\ght !m to _! l&2 _h borne ) _! /ubbornness1 & _h =giv5 _! infidelities4 ,su* a ,"* 0 p>tly manife/ 9 ! great ev5ts ( _! hi/ory1 & p>tly communicat$ itself to _! f9e/ p]sonalities--z ! ,_s ( ,god does communicate ) ! _s ( man made 9 ,8 image4 ,^? p]sonalities 7 ! e>ly prophets f ,moses to ,samuel4 ,!y inspir$ ! nation to believe 9 ,god's purposes = itself2 !y ralli$ x to w> = ! common fai?1 & w> 0 !n ! pit* ( self-sacrifice2 !y gave ju/ice to x 9 ,god's "n1 & rebuk$ its s9fulness )\t sp>+4 ,criticism has prov$ t we d n "k ne>ly s mu* ab\t ^? fir/ prophets1 z p]haps we ?\ght we did4 ,b "u _! ,god !y made ,israel4 ,out ( _! "w grew ! mono!ism ( _! successors1 :om we are n[ to /udy1 & lat] ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,= myself ,i _c b believe1 t 9 ! influ5ce ( ,jehovah :i* ,israel own$ 9 ^? e>ly times1 !re 0 ! au!ntic revelation ( a real ,be+4 #b4 ,,f ,,samuel ,,to ,,eli%a4 ,( ! olde/ ord] ( ,hebrew prophecy1 ,samuel 0 ! la/ repres5tative4 ,till 8 "t1 we are told1 ! prophet 9 ,israel 0 kn[n z ! ,se]1#cb b n[1 ) o!r temp]s & o!r habits1 a new ord] appe>s1 ^: "n--& t means to a c]ta9 ext5t _! _s--is to displace ! old] "n & ! old] _s4 ,:5 ,samuel ano9t$ ,saul he bade him1 = a sign t he 0 *os5 ( ! ,"l1 g =? to meet a company ( prophets--,nebi'm1 ! s+ul> is ,nabi'--com+ d[n f ! high place or sanctu>y ) viols1 drums & pipes1 & prophesy+4 ,!re1 he add$1 ! _s ( ,jehovah %all come ^u !e1 & ?\ %alt prophesy ) !m1 & %alt be turn$ into ano!r man4 ,s x happ5$2 & ! p said "o to ano!r1 ,:at is ?is t is come to ! son ( ,ki%8 ,is ,saul also among ! prophets8#cc ,ano!r /ory1 probably f ano!r s\rce1 tells u t lat]1 :5 ,saul s5t troops ( mess5g]s to ! sanctu>y at ,ramah to take ,david1 !y saw ! company ( prophets prophesy+ & ,samuel /&+ appo9t$ ov] !m1 & ! _s ( ,god fell ^u "o aft] ano!r ( ! troops2 z ^u ,saul himself :5 he foll[$ !m up4 ,& he /ripp$ (f 8 clo!s also1 & prophesi$ be=e ,samuel 9 l mann]1 & lay d[n nak$ all t day & all t night4 ,:]e=e !y say1 ,is ,saul also among ! prophets8#cd ,all ?is is v diff]5t f ! habits ( ! ,se]1 :o _h hi!rto repres5t$ prophecy4 ,he 0 solit>y1 b ^! w5t ab\t 9 b&s4 ,!y 7 fill$ ) an infecti\s en?usiasm1 by :i* !y excit$ ea* o!r & all s5sitive p]sons :om !y t\*$4 ,!y /irr$ up ?is en?usiasm by s++1 play+ ^u in/rum5ts1 & danc+3 its results 7 fr5zy1 ! te>+ ( _! clo!s1 & pro/ration4 ,! same ph5om5a h appe>$ 9 e religion--9 ,paganism (t51 & sev]al times )9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y may be wat*$ to-day among ! d]vi%es ( ,islam1 :o by s++ 7z "o has se5 !m 9 ,cairo71 by sway+ ( _! bodies1 by repeat+ ! ,div9e ,"n1 & dwell+ on ! love & ineffable p[] ( ,god1 "w !mselves into an excitem5t :i* ends 9 pro/ration & (t5 9 ins5sibility4#ce ,! :ole process is due to an ov]p[]+ s5se ( ! ,deity--crude & un9tellig5t if y w1 b s9c]e & au!ntic--:i* seems to haunt ! e>ly /ages ( all religions1 & to l+] to ! end ) ! /agnant & unprogressive4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is prophecy 9 ,israel has giv5 rise to a controv]sy z to :e!r x 0 purely a native product1 or 0 induc$ by infection f ! ,canaanite tribes ar\nd4 ,su* que/ions are ( little int]e/ 9 face ( ^! facts3 t ! ec/asy sprang up 9 ,israel at a "t :5 ! _s ( ! p 0 /irr$ aga9/ ! ,phili/9es1 & patriotism & religion 7 equally excit$2 t x is repres5t$ z due to ! ,_s ( ,jehovah2 & t ! la/ ( ! old ord] ( ,jehovah's prophets recognis$ its h>mony ) 8 own disp5sation1 presid$ ov] x1 & gave ,israel's fir/ k+ z "o ( 8 signs1 t he %\ld come "u its p[]4 ,^! ?+s be+ s1 x is surpris+ t a rec5t critic#cf %\ld h se5 9 ! danc+ prophets no?+ b ecc5trics into ^: company x 0 %ame = s good a man z ,saul to fall4 ,he rea*es ?is conclusion only by suppos+ t ! reflexive v]b us$ = _! prophesy+--hi?nabb'--_h at ?is "t t equival5ce to m]e madness to :i* x 0 r$uc$ by ! excesses ( lat] g5]ations ( prophets4 ,) ,samuel we feel t ! ^w _h no reproa*3 ! ,nebi'm 7 recognis$ by him z /&+ 9 ! prophetical succession4 ,!y sprang up 9 sympa?y ) a national movem5t4 ,! k+ :o jo9$ himself to !m 0 ! same :o /]nly bani%$ f ,israel all ! bas] =ms ( soo?say+ & traffic ) ! dead4 ,b1 inde$1 we ne$ no o!r pro( ?an ?is3 ! "n ,nebi'm s e/abli%es itself 9 ! popul> reg>d t x displaces ! old] names ( ,se] & ,gaz]1 & becomes ! classical t]m = ! :ole body ( prophets f ,moses to ,mala*i4 ,!re 0 "o v rem>kable *ange effect$ by ?is new ord] ( prophets1 probably ! v greate/ relief :i* prophecy exp]i5c$ 9 ! c\rse ( its evolution4 ,?is 0 sep>ation f ! ritual & f ! implem5ts ( soo?say+4 ,samuel _h be5 bo? prie/ & prophet4 ,b aft] him ! names & ! duties 7 specialis$1 ?\gh ! specialis+ 0 incomplete4 ,:ile ! new ,nebi'm rema9$ 9 connection ) ! anci5t c5tres ( religion1 !y d n appe> to h ex]cis$ any "p ( ! ritual4 ,! prie/s1 on ! o!r h&1 did n conf9e !mselves to sacrifice & o!r =ms ( public wor%ip1 b ex]cis$ _m ( ! s-call$ prophetic functions4 ,!y also1 z ,hosea tells u1 7 expect$ to give ,tr?--revelations ( ! ,div9e w on po9ts ( conduct & ord]4 ,!re rema9$ ) !m ! anci5t =ms ( oracle--! ,ephod1 or plat$ image1 ! ,t]aphim1 ! lot1 & ! ,urim & ,?ummim1#cg all ( ^! app>5tly /ill reg>d$ z indisp5sable elem5ts ( religion4#ch ,f su* rude =ms ( asc]ta9+ ! ,div9e ,w1 prophecy 9 its new ord] 0 absolutely free4 ,& x 0 free ( ! ritual ( ! sanctu>ies4 ,z has be5 ju/ly rem>k$1 ! ritual ( ,israel always rema9$ a p]il to ! p1 ! p]il ( relaps+ into ,paganism4 ,n only did x mat]ialise fai? & engross affections 9 ! wor%ipp] :i* 7 meant = moral objects1 b v _m ( its =ms 7 actually ! same z ^? ( ! o!r ,semitic religions1 & x tempt$ its devotees to ! confusion ( _! ,god ) ! gods ( ! hea!n4 ,prophecy 0 n[ :olly indep5d5t ( x1 & we may see 9 su* indep5d5ce ! possibility ( all ! subsequ5t c>e] ( prophecy along moral & spiritual l9es4 ,amos absolutely condemns ! ritual1 & ,hosea br+s ! message f ,god1 ,i w h m]cy & n sacrifice4 ,?is is ! di/9ctive glory ( prophecy 9 t era 9 :i* we are to /udy x4 ,b d n let u =get t x became possible ?r\gh ! ec/atic ,nebi'm ( ,samuel's "t1 & ?r\gh _! sep>ation f ! national ritual & ! mat]ial =ms ( soo?say+4 ,x is ! way ( ,provid5ce to prep>e = ! revelation ( great moral tru?s1 by ! enfran*isem5t1 sometimes c5turies be=e1 ( an ord] or a nation ( m5 f political or pr(essional int]e/s :i* w\ld h r5d]$ x impossible = _! desc5dants to appreciate ^? tru?s )\t prejudice or compromise4 ,we may conceive !n ( ^! ,nebi'm1 ^! prophets1 z en?usia/s = ,jehovah & = ,israel4 ,= ,jehovah--if to-day we see m5 ca/ by ! adoration ( ! despot-deity ( ,islam into transports s excessive t !y lose all consci\sness ( e>?ly ?+s & fall into a trance1 c we n imag9e a l effect produc$ on ! same s5sitive natures ( ! ,ea/ by ! contemplation ( su* a ,god z ,jehovah1 s mighty 9 e>? & heav51 s fai?ful to ,8 p1 s full ( grace8 ,0 n su* an ec/asy ( wor%ip mo/ likely to be born ( ! individual's ard5t devotion 9 ! h\r ( ! nation's despair8#ci ,( c\rse !re w\ld be swept up by su* a movem5t all ! m volatile & unbalanc$ m9ds ( ! day--z ^! always h be5 swept up by any p[]ful religi\s excitem5t--b t is n to discr$it ! s9c]ity ( ! ma9 volume ( ! feel+ nor its au!nticity z a "w ( ! ,_s ( ,god1 z ! impression ( ! "* & p[] ( ,jehovah4 ,b ^! ec/atics 7 also en?usia/s = ,israel2 & ?is sav$ ! movem5t f morbidness4 ,!y wor%ipp$ ,god nei!r out ( %e] physical sympa?y ) nature1 l ! ,phnician devotees ( ,adonis or ! ,greek ,bac*antes2 nor out ( t]ror at ! approa*+ end ( all ?+s1 l "s ( ! ec/atic sects ( ! ,middle ,ages2 nor out ( a selfi% passion = _! own salvation1 l s _m a mod]n ,*ri/ian fanatic2 b 9 sympa?y ) _! nation's aspirations = fre$om & h] :ole political life4 ,!y 7 en?usia/s = _! p4 ,! ec/atic prophet 0 n conf9$ to 8 body nor to nature = ! impulses ( ,deity4 ,israel 0 8 body1 8 atmosph]e1 8 univ]se4 ,?r\gh x all he felt ! ?rill ( ,deity4 ,conf9e religion to ! p]sonal1 x gr[s rancid1 morbid4 ,w$ x to patriotism1 x lives 9 ! op5 air & its blood is pure4 ,s 9 days ( national dang] ! ,nebi'm w\ld be inspir$ l ,saul to battle = _! c\ntry's fre$om2 9 m settl$ times !y w\ld be lift$ to ! responsibilities ( educat+ ! p1 c\nsell+ ! gov]nors1 & pres]v+ ! national traditions4 ,?is is :at actually took place4 ,aft] ! critical p]iod ( ,saul's "t has pass$1 ! prophets /ill rema9 en?usia/s2 b !y are en?usia/s = affairs4 ,!y c\nsel & !y rebuke ,david4#dj ,!y w>n ,rehoboam1 & !y excite ,nor!rn ,israel to revolt4#da ,!y ov]?r[ & !y set up dyna/ies4#db ,!y (f] ! k+ advice on campaigns4#dc ,l ,elijah1 !y take up aga9/ ! ?rone ! cause ( ! oppress$2#dd l ,eli%a1 !y /& by ! ?rone its mo/ tru/$ c\nsellors 9 peace & w>4#de ,t all ?is is no new ord] ( prophecy 9 ,israel1 b ! develop$ =m ( ! ec/asy ( ,samuel's day1 is pla9 f ! cont9uance ( ! "n ,nebi'm & f ^! two facts besides3 t ! ec/asy survives & t ! prophets /ill live 9 communities4 ,! greate/ figures ( ! p]iod1 ,elijah & ,eli%a1 h ^u !m ! h& ( ! ,"l1 z ! influ5ce is n[ call$3 ,elijah :5 he runs be=e ,ahab's *>iot across ,esdraelon1 ,eli%a :5 by music he induces ^u himself ! prophetic mood4#df ,ano!r ec/atic figure is ! prophet :o 0 s5t to ano9t ,jehu2 he swept 9 & he swept out aga91 & ! soldi]s call$ him t mad fell[4#dg ,b ! rov+ b&s _h settl$ d[n into m or less /ation>y communities1 :o p>tly liv$ by agriculture & p>tly by ! alms ( ! p or ! end[m5ts ( ! cr[n4#dh ,_! c5tres 7 ei!r ! c5tres ( national wor%ip1 l ,be!l & ,gilgal1 or ! c5tres ( gov]nm5t1 l ,sam>ia1 :]e ! dyna/y ( ,omri support$ prophets bo? ( ,baal & ( ,jehovah4#di ,!y 7 call$ prophets1 b also sons ( ! prophets1 ! latt] "n n because _! (fice 0 h]$it>y1 b by ! ,ori5tal fa%ion ( designat+ e memb] ( a guild z ! son ( ! guild4 ,9 _m cases ! son may h succe$$ 8 fa!r2 b ! ranks c\ld be recruit$ f outside1 z we see 9 ! case ( ! "y f>m] ,eli%a1 :om ,elijah ano9t$ at ! pl\gh4 ,!y probably all wore ! mantle :i* is di/9ctive ( "s ( !m1 ! mantle ( hair1 or sk9 ( a bea/4#ej ,! risks ( deg5]ation1 to :i* ?is ord] ( prophecy 0 liable1 arose bo? f its ec/atic temp] & f its connection ) public affairs4 ,religi\s ec/asy is always dang]\s to ! moral & intellectual int]e/s ( religion4 ,! l>ge/ prophetic figures ( ! p]iod1 ?\gh !y feel ! ec/asy1 atta9 _! greatness by ris+ sup]ior to x4 ,elijah's raptures are impressive2 b nobl] are 8 def5ce ( ,nabo? & 8 d5unciation ( ,ahab4 ,& s ,eli%a's inducem5t ( ! prophetic mood by music is ! lea/ attractive elem5t 9 8 c>e]3 8 greatness lies 9 8 comb9ation ( ! c>e ( s\ls ) political insight & vigilance = ! national int]e/s4 ,d\btless !re 7 _m ( ! sons ( ! prophets :o ) small] abilities cultivat$ a religion z rational & moral4 ,b = ! h]d ec/asy w\ld be ev]y?+4 ,x 0 s easily induc$ or imitat$ t mu* ( x _c h be5 g5u9e4 ,ev5 :]e ! feel+ 0 at fir/ s9c]e we c und]/& h[ readily x became morbid2 h[ fatally x might fall into sympa?y ) t drunk5ness f w9e & t sexual passion :i* ,israel saw already cultivat$ z wor%ip by ! surr\nd+ ,canaanites4 ,we mu/ feel ^! dang]s ( ec/asy if we w\ld und]/& :y ,amos cut himself (f f ! ,nebi'm1 & :y ,hosea laid su* emphasis on ! moral & intellectual sides ( religion3 ,my p p]i% = lack ( k4 ,hosea inde$ consid]$ ! deg5]acy ( ec/asy z a judgm5t3 ! prophet is a fool1 ! man ( ! _s is mad--= ! multitude ( ?9e iniquity4#ea ,a lat] age d]id$ ! ec/atics1 & took "o ( ! =ms ( ! v]b to prophesy z equival5t to ! v]b to be mad4#eb ,b temptations z gross beset ! prophet f t :i* %\ld h be5 ! discipl9e ( 8 ec/asy--8 connection ) public affairs4 ,only "s prophets 7 brave rebuk]s ( ! k+ & ! p4 ,! h]d :i* f$ at ! royal table--f\r hundr$ "u ,ahab--7 flatt]]s1 :o c\ld n tell ! tru?1 :o said ,peace1 peace1 :5 !re 0 no peace4 ,^! 7 false prophets4 ,yet x is curi\s t ! v e>ly n>rative :i* describes !m#ec does n impute _! falsehood to any base motives ( _! own1 b to ! direct inspiration ( ,god1 :o s5t =? a ly+ _s ^u !m4 ,s great 0 ! rev]5ce /ill = ! man ( ! _s6 ,r ?an d\bt 8 inspiration1 !y held 8 v lies to be inspir$4 ,"o does n ( c\rse mean t ^! cons5t+ prophets 7 consci\s li>s2 b t _! dep5d5ce on ! k+1 _! s]vile habits ( spee*1 disabl$ !m f see+ ! tru?4 ,subs]vi5cy to ! p[]ful 0 _! great temptation4 ,9 ! /ory ( ,balaam we see confess$ ! base in/9ct t he :o paid ! prophet %\ld h ! ^w ( ! prophet 9 8 fav\r4 ,9 ,israel prophecy w5t ?r\gh exactly ! same /ruggle betwe5 ! claims ( its ,god & ! claims ( its patrons4 ,nor 7 ^? patrons always ! ri*4 ,! bulk ( ! prophets 7 dep5d5t on ! *>itable gifts ( ! common p1 & 9 ?is we may f9d reason = t subjection ( s _m ( !m to ! vulg> ideals ( ! national de/9y1 to signs ( :i* we are po9t$ by ,amos4 ,! prie/ at ,be!l only reflects public op9ion :5 he takes = grant$ t ! prophet is a ?or\ghly m]c5>y "*3 ,se]1 get !e gone to ! l& ( ,judah2 eat !re ?y bread1 & play ! prophet !re6#ed ,no wond] ,amos sep>ates himself f su* hirel+ craftsm56 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* 0 ! c\rse ( prophecy up to ,eli%a1 & ! bord]s ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,we h se5 h[ ev5 = ! anci5t prophet1 m]e soo?say] ?\gh we might reg>d him 9 respect ( ! rude in/rum5ts ( 8 (fice1 !re 7 pres5t moral opportunities ( ! highe/ k9d1 f :i*1 if he only prov$ true to !m1 we _c conceive ! ,_s ( ,god to h be5 abs5t4 ,9 e>ly ,israel we are sure t ! ,_s did meet su* /rong & pure *>act]s1 f ,moses to ,samuel1 creat+ by _! means ! nation ( ,israel1 weld+ x to a unity1 :i* 0 n only political b moral--& moral to a degree n else:]e realis$ 9 ! ,semitic _w4 ,we saw h[ a new race ( prophets arose "u ,samuel1 sep>ate f ! old] =ms ( prophecy by lot & oracle1 sep>ate1 too1 f ! ritual z a :ole2 & !re=e free = a moral & spiritual advance ( :i* ! prie/hood1 /ill b\nd to images & ! anci5t rites1 prov$ !mselves incapable4 ,b ?is new ord] ( prophecy1 besides its moral opportunities1 _h also its moral p]ils3 its ec/asy 0 dang]\s1 its connection ) public affairs 0 dang]\s too4 ,aga91 ! te/ 0 ! p]sonal "* ( ! prophet himself4 ,& s once m we see rais$ above ! h]d great p]sonalities1 :o c>ry =w>d ! "w ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,! results are1 besides ! discipl9e ( ! mon>*y & ! def5ce ( ju/ice & ! poor1 ! firm e/abli%m5t ( ,jehovah z ! "o & only ,god ( ,israel1 & ! impression on ,israel bo? ( ,8 omnipot5t guidance ( !m 9 ! pa/1 & ( a worldwide de/9y1 /ill vague b brilliant1 :i* ,he _h prep>$ = !m 9 ! future4 ,?is br+s u to ,eli%a1 & f ,eli%a !re are b =ty ye>s to ,amos4 ,dur+ ^? =ty ye>s1 h[ev]1 !re arose )9 ,israel a new civilisation2 beyond h] !re op5$ up a new _w2 & ) ,assyria !re ent]$ ! res\rces ( ,provid5ce1 a new p[]4 ,x 0 ^! ?ree facts--! ,new ,civilisation1 ! ,new ,_w & ! ,new ,p[]--:i* made ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,eli%a & ,amos1 & rais$ prophecy f a national to a univ]sal religion4 ,,footnotes3 #ag ,h]odotus1 viii4 #cf1 #cg4 #ah ,timu1 #ga1 #gb4 ,! :ole passage is wor? transcrib+3-- ,no man1 :5 9 8 s5ses1 atta9s prophetic tru? & inspiration2 b :5 he receives ! inspir$ ^w ei!r 8 intellig5ce is en?rall$ by sleep1 or he is dem5t$ by "s di/emp] or possession4 ,& he :o w\ld und]/& :at he rememb]s to h be5 said1 :e!r 9 dream or :5 he 0 awake1 by ! prophetic & en?usia/ic nature1 or :at he has se51 mu/ recov] 8 s5ses2 & !n he w be able to expla9 rationally :at all su* words & app>itions mean1 & :at indications !y af=d1 to ?is man or t1 ( pa/1 pres5t1 or future1 good & evil4 ,b1 :ile he cont9ues dem5t$1 he _c judge ( ! visions :i* he sees or ! words :i* he utt]s2 ! anci5t say+ is v true t 'only a man 9 8 s5ses c act or judge ab\t himself & 8 own affairs4' ,& = ?is reason x is cu/om>y to appo9t div9]s or int]pret]s z disc]n]s ( ! oracles ( ! gods4 ,"s p]sons call !m prophets2 !y d n "k t !y are only repeat]s ( d>k say+s & visions1 & are n to be call$ prophets at all1 b only int]pret]s ( prophecy4--,j[ett's ,translation4 #ai ,nik41 i4 #ia4 #bj ,phdrus1 #bfb ,d4 #ba ,x is /ill a controv]sy :e!r ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ,semitic root ,,khn is prophet1 z 9 ! ,arabic ,k,hi,n1 or prie/1 z 9 ! ,hebrew ,k,he,n4 #bb ,cf4 ,j]4 ii4 #aj3 ,= pass ov] to ! isles ( ,*ittim1 & see2 & s5d unto ,k$>1 & consid] dilig5tly2 & see if !re be su* a ?+4 ,ha? a nation *ang$ _! gods8 ,f ! isles ( ,*ittim unto ,k$>--! limits ( ! ,semitic _w4 #bc ,numb]s xxiv4 #d1 fall+ b hav+ 8 eyes op54 ,v]4 #a1 en*antm5ts ought to be om5s4 #bd ,in/anc$ by ,wellhaus51 ,skizz5 u4 ,vor>b41 ,no4 v4 #be #bf #bg #bh ,deut4 xiii4 #a ff4 admits t hea!n se]s 7 able to "w miracles & give signs1 z well z ! prophets ( ,jehovah4 #bi ,cf4 ,me%a's acc\nt ( himself & ,*emo% on ! ,moabite ,/one1 ) ! n>rative ( ! tak+ ( ,ai 9 ! ,book ( ,jo%ua4 #cj ,cf4 ,ku553 ,gesammelte ,alh&lung5 7trans4 by ,budde71 p4 #dfa4 #ca ,s 9 ,deborah's ,song4 #cb #a ,sam4 ix4 #i4 #cc #a ,sam4 x4 #a-af1 xi4 #a-aa1 #ae4 ,*ap4 x4 #ag-bg1 xi4 #ab-ad1 belong to o!r & lat] docum5ts4 ,cf4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 #ace ff4 #cd #a ,sam4 xix4 #bj-bd4 #ce ,:at seem$ mo/ to induce ! fr5zy ( ! d]vi%es :om ,i wat*$ 0 ! fix+ ( _! att5tion ^u1 ! ye>n+ ( _! m9ds aft]1 ! love ( ,god4 ,ya habeebi6--,o my belov$6--!y cri$4 #cf ,cornill1 9 ! fir/ ( 8 lectures on ,d] ,israelitis*e ,prophetismus1 "o ( ! v be/ popul> /udies ( prophecy1 by a ma/] on ! subject4 ,see p4 #gc n4 #cg ,x is n[ pa/ d\bt t ^! 7 two sacr$ /ones us$ = decision 9 ! case ( an alt]native issue4 ,?is is pla9 f ! am5d$ read+ ( ,saul's pray] 9 #a ,sam4 xiv4 #da1 #db 7aft] ! ,,lxx473 ,o ,jehovah ,god ( ,israel1 :]e=e ha/ ,?\ n answ]$ ,?y s]vant ?is day8 ,if ! iniquity be 9 me or 9 ,jona?an my son1 ,o ,jehovah ,god ( ,israel1 give ,urim3 & if x be 9 ,?y p ,israel1 give1 ,i pray ,!e1 ,?ummim4 #ch ,hosea iii4 #d4 ,see next *apt]1 p4 #ch4 #ci ,cf4 ,deut4 xxviii4 #cd4 #dj #b ,sam4 xii4 #a ff4 #da #a ,k+s xi4 #bi2 xii4 #bb4 #db #a ,k+s xiv4 #b1 #g-aa2 xix4 #ae f42 #b ,k+s ix4 #c ff4 #dc #a ,k+s xxii4 #e ff42 #b ,k+s iii4 #aa ff4 #dd #a ,k+s xxi4 #a ff4 #de #b ,k+s vi4-viii41 etc4 #df #a ,k+s xviii4 #df2 #b ,k+s iii4 #ae4 #dg #c ,k+s ix4 #aa4 ,mad fell[1 n necess>ily a t]m ( reproa*4 #dh #a ,k+s xviii4 #d1 cf4 #ai2 #b ,k+s ii4 #c1 #e2 iv4 #ch-dd2 v4 #bj ff42 vi4 #a ff42 viii4 #h f41 etc4 #di #a ,k+s xviii4 #ai2 xxii4 #f4 #ej ,s ,elijah1 #b ,k+s i4 #h3 cf4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,matt4 iii4 #d4 #ea ,hosea ix4 #g4 #eb ,j]4 xxix4 #bf3 ,e man t is mad1 & worke? himself into prophecy 71 ! same =m z is us$ )\t moral reproa* 9 #a ,sam4 x4 #aj ff474 #ec #a ,k+s xxii4 #ed ,amos vii4 #ab4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,eigh? ,,c5tury ,,9 ,,israel ,! long life ( ,eli%a fell to its re/ on ! m>g9 ( ! eigh? c5tury4#ee ,he _h se5 mu* evil ^u ,israel4 ,! p 7 smitt5 9 all _! coa/s4 ,none ( _! t]ritory across ,jordan 0 left to !m2 & n only ,hazael & 8 ,syrians1 b b&s ( _! own =m] subjects1 ! ,moabites1 p]iodically raid$ ,we/]n ,pale/9e1 up to ! v gates ( ,sam>ia4#ef ,su* a /ate ( affairs det]m9$ ! activity ( ! la/ ( ! old] prophets4 ,eli%a sp5t 8 life 9 ! duties ( ! national def5ce1 & 9 keep+ alive ! _s ( ,israel aga9/ h] foes4 ,:5 he di$ !y call$ him ,israel's *>iot & ! horsem5 !re(1#eg s incessant _h be5 bo? 8 milit>y vigilance#eh & 8 political insight4#ei ,b ,eli%a 0 able to leave beh9d him ! promise ( a new day ( victory4#fj ,x 0 9 ! peace & lib]ty ( ?is day t ,israel rose a /ep 9 civilisation2 t prophecy1 releas$ f ! def5ce1 became ! criticism1 ( ! national life2 & t ! p1 no long] absorb$ 9 _! own bord]s1 look$ out1 & = ! fir/ "t realis$ ! great _w1 ( :i* !y 7 only a "p4 ,k+ ,joa%1 ^: arms ! dy+ ,eli%a _h bless$1 won back 9 ! sixte5 ye>s ( 8 reign 7#gih-ghc7 ! cities :i* ! ,syrians _h tak5 f 8 fa!r4#fa ,8 successor1 ,j]oboam ,,ii41 came 91 !re=e1 ) a fl[+ tide4 ,he 0 a /rong man1 & he took advantage ( x4 ,dur+ 8 long reign ( ab\t =ty ye>s 7#ghc-gdc7 he re/or$ ! bord] ( ,israel f ! ,pass ( ,hama? betwe5 ! ,lebanons to ! ,dead ,sea1 & occupi$ at lea/ "p ( ! t]ritory ( ,damascus4#fb ,?is means t ! con/ant raids to :i* ,israel _h be5 subject$ n[ ceas$1 & t by ! "t ( ,amos1 ab\t #gee1 a g5]ation 0 gr[n up :o _h n kn[n defeat1 & ! mo/ ( :om _h p]haps no exp]i5ce ev5 ( w>4 ,along ! same l5g? ( ye>s ,uzziah 7circa #ggh-gdj7 _h dealt simil>ly ) ,judah4#fc ,he _h pu%$ s\? to ! ,r$ ,sea1 :ile ,j]oboam pu%$ nor? to ,hama?2 & :ile ,j]oboam _h tak5 ! ,syrian t[ns he _h cru%$ ! ,phili/9e4 ,he _h reorganis$ ! army1 & inv5t$ new eng9es ( siege = ca/+ /ones4 ,on su* ( 8 fronti]s z 7 oppos$ to ! des]t he _h built t[]s3 !re is no bett] means ( keep+ ! nomads 9 subjection4 ,all ?is meant su* security across broad ,israel z _h n be5 kn[n s9ce ! glori\s days ( ,solomon4 ,agriculture mu/ ev]y:]e h reviv$3 ,uzziah1 ! ,*ronicl] tells u1 lov$ husb&ry4 ,b we he> mo/ ( ,trade & ,build+4 ,) qu>t]s 9 ,damascus & a port on ! ,r$ ,sea1 ) allies 9 ! ,phnician t[ns & tribut>ies 9 ! ,phili/9e1 ) comm& ( all ! ma9 r\tes betwe5 ,egypt & ! ,nor? z betwe5 ! ,des]t & ! ,levant1 ,israel1 dur+ ^? =ty ye>s ( ,j]oboam & ,uzziah1 mu/ h become a busy & a weal?y comm]cial p[]4 ,hosea calls ! ,nor!rn ,k+dom a v ,canaan#fd--;,canaanite be+ ! ,hebrew t]m = trad]--z we %\ld say a v ,jew2 & ,amos exposes all ! re/lessness1 ! gre$1 & ! indiff]5ce to ! poor ( a community mak+ ha/e to be ri*4 ,! fir/ effect ( ?is 0 a l>ge increase ( ! t[ns & ( t[n-life4 ,e docum5t ( ! "t--up to #gbj--speaks to u ( its build+s4#fe ,9 ord9>y build+ h\ses ( a%l> seem to be novel en\gh to be m5tion$4 ,va/ palaces--! "n ( !m fir/ he>d ( 9 ,israel "u ,omri & 8 ,phnician alliance1 & !n only z t ( ! k+'s citadel#ff--;are n[ built by weal?y gr&ees out ( money extort$ f ! poor2 !y c h ris5 only s9ce ! ,syrian w>s4 ,!re are summ] h\ses 9 addition to w9t] h\ses2 & x is n only ! k+1 z 9 ! days ( ,ahab1 :o furni%es 8 build+s ) ivory4 ,:5 an e>?quake comes & :ole cities are ov]?r[n1 ! vig\r & weal? ( ! p are su* t !y build m /rongly & lavi%ly ?an be=e4#fg ,) all ?is we h ! *>act]i/ic temp]s & moods ( city-life3 ! fickl5ess & liability to panic :i* are possible only :]e m5 are ga!r$ 9 cr[ds2 ! luxury & false art :i* are eng5d]$ only by artificial conditions ( life2 ! deep pov]ty :i* 9 all cities1 f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( "t1 lurks by ! side ( ! mo/ brilliant weal?1 its d>k & inevitable %ad[4 ,9 %ort1 9 ! half-c5tury betwe5 ,eli%a & ,amos1 ,israel rose f "o to ano!r ( ! great /ages ( culture4 ,till ! eigh? c5tury !y _h be5 b a k+dom ( fight+ husb&m54 ,"u ,j]oboam & ,uzziah city-life 0 develop$1 & civilisation1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 appe>$4 ,only once be=e _h ,israel tak5 s l>ge a /ep3 :5 !y cross$ ,jordan1 leav+ ! nomadic life = ! agricultural2 & t _h be5 mom5t\s = _! religion4 ,!y came among new temptations3 ! use ( w9e1 & ! %r9es ( local gods :o 7 believ$ to h m influ5ce on ! f]tility ( ! l& ?an ,jehovah :o _h conqu]$ x = ,8 p4 ,b n[ ?is fur!r /ep1 f ! agricultural /age to ! m]cantile & civil1 0 equally fraught ) dang]4 ,!re 0 ! clos] int]c\rse ) =eign nations & _! cults4 ,!re 7 all ! temptations ( rapid weal?1 all ! dang]s ( an equally increas+ pov]ty4 ,! gr[? ( com=t among ! rul]s meant ! gr[? ( ?\ghtlessness4 ,cruelty multipli$ ) ref9em5t4 ,! upp] classes 7 lift$ away f feel+ ! real woes ( ! p4 ,!re 0 a well-f$ & sangu9e patriotism1 b at ! exp5se ( indiff]5ce to social s9 & want4 ,religi\s zeal & lib]ality increas$1 b !y 7 c\pl$ ) all ! pr\d's misund]/&+ ( ,god3 an optimi/ fai? )\t moral insight or sympa?y4 ,x is all ?is :i* makes ! prophets ( ! eigh? c5tury s mod]n1 :ile ,eli%a's life is /ill s anci5t4 ,) him we are back 9 ! times ( our own bord] w>s--( ,wallace & ,bruce1 ) _! /ruggles = ! fre$om ( ! soil4 ,) ,amos we /& among ! conditions ( our own day4 ,! ,city has aris54 ,= ! developm5t ( ! highe/ =m ( prophecy1 ! univ]sal & p]man5t =m1 !re 0 ne$$ t m>vell\sly un*ang+ m\ld ( human life1 ^: ne$s & sorr[s1 ^: s9s & problems1 are to-day ! same z !y 7 all ^? ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,) ,civilisation came ,lit]ature4 ,! long peace gave leisure = writ+2 & ! j pride ( ! p 9 b\nd>ies broad z ,solomon's own1 det]m9$ t ?is writ+ %\ld take ! =m ( h]oic hi/ory4 ,9 ! p>allel reigns ( ,j]oboam & ,uzziah _m critics h plac$ ! great epics ( ,israel3 ! e>li] docum5ts ( our ,p5tateu* :i* trace ,god's purposes to mank9d by ,israel1 f ! creation ( ! _w to ! settlem5t ( ! ,promis$ ,l&2 ! hi/ories :i* make up our ,books ( ,judges1 ,samuel & ,k+s4 ,b :e!r all ^! 7 compos$ n[ or at an e>li] date1 x is c]ta9 t ! nation liv$ 9 ! _s ( !m1 pr\d ( its pa/1 aw>e ( its vocation1 & confid5t t its ,god1 :o _h creat$ ! _w & s mightily l$ itself1 w\ld br+ x f victory by victory to a complete triumph ov] ! hea!n4 ,israel ( ! eigh? c5tury 7 devot$ to ,jehovah2 & al?\gh passion or self-int]e/ might lead individuals or ev5 communities to wor%ip o!r gods1 ,he _h no possible rival ^u ! ?rone ( ! nation4 ,z !y delight$ to rec\nt ,8 de$s by _! fa!rs1 s !y ?rong$ ! sc5es ( ^! ) sacrifice & fe/ival4 ,be!l & ,be]%eba1 ,dan & ,gilgal1 7 ! pr9cipal2#fh b ,mizpeh1 ! top ( ,tabor1#fi & ,c>mel1#gj p]haps ,p5uel1#ga 7 also conspicu\s among ! c\ntless high places#gb ( ! l&4 ,( ^? 9 ,nor!rn ,israel ,be!l 0 ! *ief4 ,x enjoy$ ! prop] site = an anci5t %r9e1 :i* 0 ne>ly always a m>ket z well--ne> a fronti] & :]e _m roads conv]g$2 :]e trad]s f ! ,ea/ c\ld meet half-way ) trad]s f ! ,we/1 ! wool-gr[]s ( ,moab & ! ,judan des]t ) ! m]*ants ( ,phnicia & ! ,phili/9e coa/4 ,"h1 on ! spot on :i* ! fa!r ( ! nation _h se5 heav5 op51#gc a great temple 0 n[ built1 ) a prie/hood end[$ & direct$ by ! cr[n1#gd b lavi%ly support$ also by ! ti!s & free-w (f]+s ( ! p4#ge ,x is a sanctu>y ( ! k+ & a h\se ( ! k+dom4#gf ,j]oboam _h orda9$ ,dan1 at ! o!r end ( ! k+dom1 to be ! fell[ ( ,be!l2#gg b ,dan 0 f> away f ! bulk ( ! p1 & 9 ! eigh? c5tury ,be!l's real rival 0 ,gilgal4#gh ,:e!r ?is 0 ! ,gilgal by ,j]i*o1 or ! o!r ,gilgal on ! ,sam>ian hills ne> ,%iloh1 is unc]ta94 ,! latt] _h be5 a sanctu>y 9 ,elijah's day1 ) a settlem5t ( ! prophets2 b ! =m] mu/ h prov$ ! great] attraction to a p s devot$ to ! sacr$ ev5ts ( _! pa/4 ,0 x n ! fir/ re/+-place ( ! ,ark aft] ! passage ( ,jordan1 ! sc5e ( ! re9/itution ( circumcision1 ( ! ano9t+ ( ! fir/ k+1 ( ,judah's second submission to ,david8#gi ,z !re 7 _m ,gilgals 9 ! l&--lit]ally cromle*s1 anci5t /one-circles sacr$ to ! ,canaanites z well z to ,israel--s !re 7 _m ,mizpehs1 ,wat*t[]s1 ,se]s' /ations3 ! "o m5tion$ by ,hosea 0 probably 9 ,gilead4#hj ,to ! s\!rn ,be]%eba1 to :i* ,elijah _h fl$ f ,jezebel1 pilgrimages 7 made by nor!rn ,israelites trav]s+ ,judah4 ,! sanctu>y on ,c>mel 0 ! anci5t alt> ( ,jehovah :i* ,elijah _h rebuilt2 b ,c>mel seems at ?is "t to h la91 z x did s (t51 9 ! p[] ( ! ,phnicians1 = x is imag9$ by ! prophets only z a hid+-place f ! face ( ,jehovah4#ha ,at all ^! sanctu>ies x 0 ,jehovah & no o!r :o 0 s\ght3 ?y ,god1 ,o ,israel1 :i* br\ght !e up out ( ! l& ( ,egypt4#hb ,at ,be!l & at ,dan ,he 0 ador$ 9 ! =m ( a calf2 probably at ,gilgal also1 = !re is a /rong tradition to t effect2#hc & else:]e m5 /ill consult$ ! o!r images :i* _h be5 us$ by ,saul & by ,david1 ! ,ephod & ! ,t]aphim4#hd ,) ^! !re 0 ! old ,semitic symbol ( ! ,maebah1 or upright /one on :i* oil 0 p\r$4#he ,all ( !m _h be5 us$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah by ! great examples & lead]s ( ! pa/2 all ( !m _h be5 sp>$ by ,elijah & ,eli%a3 x 0 no wond] t ! common p ( ! eigh? c5tury felt !m to be indisp5sable elem5ts ( religion1 ! removal ( :i*1 l ! removal ( ! mon>*y or ( sacrifice itself1 w\ld mean utt] divorce f ! nation's ,god4#hf ,"o great exception mu/ be made4 ,comp>$ ) ! sanctu>ies we h m5tion$1 ,zion itself 0 v mod]n4 ,b x conta9$ ! ma9 repository ( ,israel's religion1 ! ,ark1 & 9 connection ) ! ,ark ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah 0 n a wor%ip ( images4 ,x is significant t f ?is1 ! orig9al sanctu>y ( ,israel1 ) ! pure wor%ip1 ! new prophecy d]iv$ its fir/ inspiration4 ,b to t we %all return lat] ) ,amos4#hg ,ap>t f ! ,ark1 ,j]usalem 0 n free f images1 nor ev5 f ! alt>s ( =eign deities4 ,:]e ! ext]nals ( ! ritual 7 ?us s mu* ! same z ^? ( ! ,canaanite cults1 :i* 7 /ill practis$ 9 & ar\nd ! l&1 x is n surpris+ t ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah %\ld be fur!r invad$ by _m pagan practices1 nor t ,jehovah ,himself %\ld be reg>d$ ) imag9ations /eep$ 9 pagan ideas ( ! ,godhead4 ,t ev5 ! f\le/ temp]s ( ! ,canaanite ritual1 ^? inspir$ by w9e & ! sexual passion1 7 lic5s$ 9 ! sanctu>ies ( ,israel1 bo? ,amos & ,hosea te/ify4 ,b ! wor/ ( ! evil 0 wr\ght 9 ! popul> conception ( ,god4 ,let u rememb] aga9 t ,jehovah _h no real rival at ?is "t 9 ! devotion ( ,8 p1 & t _! fai? 0 express$ bo? by ! legal =ms ( ,8 religion & by a lib]ality :i* exce$$ ^!4 ,! ti!s 7 paid to ,him1 & paid1 x w\ld appe>1 ) m ?an legal frequ5cy4#hh ,sabba? & ,new ,moon1 z days ( wor%ip & re/ f bus9ess1 7 obs]v$ ) a ,ph>isaic scrupul\sness = ! lett] if n = ! _s4#hi ,! prescrib$ fe/ivals 7 held1 & ?rong$ by zeal\s devotees :o rivall$ ea* o!r 9 ! am\nt ( _! free-w (f]+s4#ij ,pilgrimages 7 made to ,be!l1 to ,gilgal1 to f> ,be]%eba1 & ! v way to ! latt] appe>$ z sacr$ to ! ,israelite z ! way to ,mecca does to a pi\s ,moslem ( to-day4#ia ,yet1 9 spite ( all ?is devotion to _! ,god1 ,israel _h no true ideas ( ,him4 ,to quote ,amos1 !y s\ght ,8 sanctu>ies1 b ,him !y did n seek2 9 ! words ( ,hosea's frequ5t pla9t1 !y did n "k ,him4 ,to ! mass ( ! p1 to _! gov]nors1 _! prie/s1 & ! mo/ ( _! prophets1 ,jehovah 0 b ! *>act]i/ic ,semitic deity--patron ( ,8 p1 & c>+ = !m alone--:o _h help$ !m 9 ! pa/1 & 0 b\nd to help !m /ill--v jeal\s z to ! correctness ( ,8 ritual & ! am\nt ( ,8 sacrifices1 b indiff]5t ab\t real morality4 ,nay1 !re 7 /ill d>k] /reaks 9 _! views ( ,him4 ,a god1 figur$ z an ox1 c\ld n be ador$ by a cattle-bre$+ p )\t />t+ 9 _! m9ds ?\ghts too mu* ak9 to ! f\l temp]s ( ! ,canaanite fai?s4 ,^! ?+s x is almo/ a %ame to m5tion2 b )\t kn[+ t !y f]m5t$ 9 ! life ( t g5]ation1 we %all n appreciate ! vehem5ce ( ,amos or ( ,hosea4 ,su* a religion _h no discipl9e = ! busy1 m]c5>y life ( ! day4 ,inju/ice & fraud 7 rife 9 ! v prec9cts ( ! sanctu>y4 ,magi/rates & prie/s alike 7 smitt5 ) _! g5]ation's love ( money1 & did ev]y?+ = rew>d4 ,aga9 & aga9 d ! prophets speak ( brib]y4 ,judges took gifts & p]v]t$ ! cause ( ! poor2 prie/s drank ! mulct$ w9e1 & slept on ! pl$g$ g>m5ts ( religi\s (f5d]s4 ,!re 0 no dis9t]e/$ s]vice ( ,god or ( ! commonweal4 ,mammon 0 supreme4 ,! influ5ce ( ! comm]cial "* ( ! age appe>s 9 ano!r v rem>kable result4 ,an agricultural community is always s5sitive to ! religion ( nature4 ,!y are aw$ by its *a/isem5ts--dr\ghts1 fam9es & e>?quakes4 ,!y feel its maje/ic ord] 9 ! c\rse ( ! seasons1 ! procession ( day & night1 ! m>* ( ! great />s all ! ho/ ( ! ,"l ( ho/s4 ,b ,amos seems to h _h to break into passionate rem9d]s ( ,him t make? ,orion & ! ,pleiades1 & turne? ! murk into morn+4#ib ,sev]al physical calamities visit$ ! l&4 ,! locu/s are bad 9 ,pale/9e e six? or sev5? ye>3 "o ye> be=e ,amos began !y _h be5 v bad4 ,!re 0 a mon/r\s dr\ght1 foll[$ by a fam9e4 ,!re 0 a long-rememb]$ e>?quake--! e>?quake 9 ! days ( ,uzziah4 ,) ,egypt s ne>1 ! home ( ! plague1 & ) s mu* w> afoot 9 ,nor!rn ,syria1 !re 7 probably m pe/il5ces 9 ,we/]n ,asia ?an ^? record$ 9 #hjc1 #gfe & #gei4 ,!re 0 a total eclipse ( ! sun 9 #gfc4 ,b ( all ^!1 except p]haps ! pe/il5ce1 a comm]cial p are indep5d5t z an agricultural are n4 ,israel spe$ily recov]$ f !m1 )\t any moral improvem5t4 ,ev5 :5 ! e>?quake came !y said 9 pride & /\tness ( he>t1 ,! bricks are fall5 d[n1 b we w build ) hewn /ones2 ! sycamores are cut d[n1 b we w *ange to c$>s4#ic ,x 0 a m>vell\s g5]ation--s joy\s1 s en]getic1 s patriotic1 s dev\t6 ,b its /r5g? 0 ! /r5g? ( cruel weal?1 its peace ! peace ( an immoral religion4 ,i h said t ! age is v mod]n1 & we %all inde$ g to its prophets feel+ t !y speak to conditions ( life extremely l our own4 ,b if we wi% a /ill clos] analogy f our hi/ory1 we mu/ travel back to ! f\rte5? c5tury 9 ,engl&--,langl&'s & ,wyclif's c5tury1 :i*1 l ?is "o 9 ,israel1 saw bo? ! fir/ real attempts t[>ds a national lit]ature1 & ! fir/ real attempts t[>ds a moral & religi\s re=m4 ,!n z 9 ,israel a long & victori\s reign 0 draw+ to a close1 "u ! ?reat ( disa/] :5 x %\ld h pass$4 ,!n z 9 ,israel !re _h be5 dr\ghts1 e>?quakes & pe/il5ces ) no moral results ^u ! nation4 ,!n also !re 0 a city life develop+ at ! exp5se ( c\ntry life4 ,!n also ! weal?y began to draw alo( f ! p4 ,!n also !re 0 a national religion1 zeal\sly cultivat$ & end[$ by ! lib]ality ( ! p1 b sup]/iti\s1 m]c5>y1 & corrupt$ by sexual disord]4 ,!n too !re 7 _m pilgrimages to popul> %r9es1 & ! l& 0 /rewn ) m5dicant prie/s & hirel+ prea*]s4 ,& !n too prophecy rais$ its voice1 = ! fir/ "t fe>less 9 ,engl&4 ,z we /udy ! v]ses ( ,amos we %all f9d aga9 & aga9 ! mo/ exact p>allels to !m 9 ! v]ses ( ,langl&'s ,vision ( ,pi]s ! ,pl[man1 :i* d5\nce ! same vices 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 & en=ce ! same pr9ciples ( religion & morality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x 0 :5 ! reign ( ,j]oboam 0 at its height ( assur$ victory1 :5 ! nation's prosp]ity seem$ impregnable aft] ! survival ( ^? physical calamities1 :5 ! wor%ip & ! comm]ce 7 9 full c\rse ?r\gh\t ! l&1 t ! fir/ ( ! new prophets broke out aga9/ ,israel 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah1 ?reat5+ judgm5t alike ^u ! new civilisation ( :i* !y 7 s pr\d & ! old religion 9 :i* !y 7 s confid5t4 ,^! prophets 7 inspir$ by feel+s ( ! pure/ morality1 by ! passionate conviction t ,god c\ld no long] be> su* impurity & disord]4 ,b1 z we h se51 no prophet 9 ,israel ev] work$ on ! basis ( pr9ciples only4 ,he came always 9 alliance ) ev5ts4 ,^! fir/ appe>$ 9 ! %ape ( ! great physical disa/]s4 ,b a m p[]ful in/rum5t ( ,provid5ce1 9 ! s]vice ( judgm5t1 0 appe>+ on ! horizon4 ,?is 0 ! ,assyrian ,empire4 ,s va/ 0 its influ5ce on prophecy t we mu/ devote to x a sep>ate *apt]4 ,,footnotes3 #ee ,he di$ 9 #gih or #gig4 #ef #b ,k+s x4 #cb1 xiii4 #bj1 #bb4 #eg #b ,k+s xiii4 #ad4 #eh vi4 #ab ff41 etc4 #ei viii41 etc4 #fj xiii4 #ag ff4 #fa #b ,k+s xiii4 #bb-be4 #fb xiv4 #bh1 if n ,damascus itself4 #fc #b ,k+s xv43 cf4 #b ,*ron4 xxvi4 #fd xii4 #g 7,heb4 v]4 #h74 ,trans41 ,z = ,canaan1 ! balances1 etc4 #fe ,amos1 passim4 ,hosea viii4 #ad1 etc42 ,micah iii4 #ab2 ,isa4 ix4 #aj4 #ff 1 a ^w n f\nd 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 or ,samuel1 is us$ 9 #a ,k+s xvi4 #ah1 #b ,k+s xv4 #be1 = a citadel )9 ! palace ( ! k+4 ,simil>ly 9 ,isa4 xxv4 #b2 ,pro4 xviii4 #ai4 ,b 9 ,amos g5]ally ( any l>ge or gr& h\se4 ,t ! "n fir/ appe>s 9 ! "t ( ,omri's alliance ) ,tyre1 po9ts to a ,phnician orig94 ,probably f root 1 to be high4 #fg ,isa4 ix4 #aj4 #fh #a ,k+s xii4 #be ff41 & ,amos & ,hosea passim4 #fi ,hosea v4 #a4 #gj #a ,k+s xviii4 #cj ff4 #ga #a ,k+s xii4 #be4 #gb ,orig9ally s call$ f _! elevation 7?\gh (t5] on ! flank ?an on ! summit ( a hill72 b l ! "n ,high ,/reet or ! ,scotti% ,high ,kirk1 ! t]m came to be dissociat$ f physical height & 0 appli$ to any sanctu>y1 ev5 9 a holl[1 l s _m ( ! sacr$ wells4 #gc ,! sanctu>y itself 0 probably on ! pres5t site ( ! ,burj ,beit9 7) ! ru9s ( an e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*71 "s few m9utes to ! s\?-ea/ ( ! pres5t village ( ,beit91 :i* probably repres5ts ! city ( ,be!l t 0 call$ ,luz at ! fir/4 #gd #a ,k+s xii4 #be ff42 ,amos vii4 #ge ,amos iv4 #d4 #gf ,amos vii4 #ac4 #gg #a ,k+s xii4 #be ff4 #gh ,curi\sly en\gh conceiv$ by _m ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs z conta9+ ! second ( ! calves4 ,cyril1 ,comm4 9 ,hoseam1 #e2 ,epiph41 ,de ,vitis ,proph41 #bcg2 ,*ron4 ,pasc41 #afa4 #gi ,jo%4 iv4 #bj ff41 v4 #b ff42 #a ,sam4 xi4 #ad1 #ae1 etc42 #b ,sam4 xix4 #ae1 #dj4 ,?is ,gilgal by ,j]i*o fell to ,n4 ,israel aft] ! ,disruption2 b !re is no?+ 9 ,amos or ,hosea to tell u1 :e!r x or ! ,gilgal ne> ,%iloh1 :i* seems to h absorb$ ! sanctity ( ! latt]1 is ! %r9e :i* !y c\ple ) ,be!l--except t !y nev] talk ( go+ up to x4 ,! passage f ,epiphanius 9 previ\s note speaks ( ! ,gilgal ) ! calf z ! ,gilgal :i* is 9 ,%iloh4 #hj ,site unc]ta94 ,see ,hi/4 ,geog41 pp4 #egi1 #ehf4 #ha ,amos ix4 #c4 ,b cf4 i4 #b4 #hb #b ,k+s xii4 #bh4 #hc ,see above1 p4 #cg1 n4 #a4 #hd ,! ,ephod1 ! plat$ ?+2 presumably a wood5 image cov]$ ei!r ) a sk9 ( metal or a cloak ( metal4 ,! ,t]aphim 7 images 9 human %ape4 #he ,! m5hir ( mod]n ,pale/9e--n a hewn pill>1 b oblong natural /one n>r[+ a little t[>ds ! top 7cf4 ,w4 ,r4 ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 #ahc-ahh74 ,f ,hosea x4 #a1 #b1 x w\ld appe> t ! maebo? ( ! eigh? c5tury 7 artificial4 ,!y make good maebo? 7,a4,v4 wrongly images74 #hf ,s inde$ ,hosea iii4 #d implies4 ,! ,a%]ah1 ! pole or symbolic tree ( ,canaanite wor%ip1 does n appe> to h be5 us$ z a "p ( ! ritual ( ,jehovah's wor%ip4 ,b1 t !re 0 con/antly a temptation s to use x1 is cle> f ,deut4 xvi4 #ba1 #bb4 ,see ,driv] on t passage4 #hg ,see bel[1 p4 #ii4 #hh ,amos iv4 #d ff4 #hi ,amos vii4 #d3 cf4 #b ,k+s v4 #bc4 #ij ,amos iv4 #d f4 #ia ,see bel[1 p4 #ahe4 #ib ,b :e!r ^! be by ,amos see ,*ap4 ,,xi4 #ic ,isa ix4 #aj4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,assyria ,,^u ,,prophecy ,by f> ! greate/ ev5t 9 ! eigh? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ 0 ! appe>ance ( ,assyria 9 ,pale/9e4 ,to ,israel s9ce ! ,exodus & ,conque/1 no?+ _h happ5$ capable ( s enorm\s an influ5ce at once ^u _! national =tunes & _! religi\s developm5t4 ,b :ile ! ,exodus & ,conque/ _h advanc$ ! political & spiritual progress ( ,israel 9 equal proportion1 ! effect ( ! ,assyrian invasion 0 to divorce ^! two int]e/s1 & de/roy ! /ate :ile x ref9$ & confirm$ ! religion4 ,aft] p]mitt+ ! ,nor!rn ,k+dom to rea* an ext5t & spl5d\r unrivall$ s9ce ! days ( ,solomon1 ,assyria ov]?rew x 9 #gba & left all ,israel sc>cely a ?ird ( _! =m] magnitude4 ,b :ile ,assyria prov$ s disa/r\s to ! /ate1 h] influ5ce ^u ! prophecy ( ! p]iod 0 little %ort ( creative4 ,humanly speak+1 ?is highe/ /age ( ,israel's religion c\ld n h be5 a*iev$ by ! prophets except 9 alliance ) ! armies ( t hea!n empire4 ,be=e !n we turn to _! pages x may be well = u to make cle> 9 :at directions ,assyria p]=m$ ?is spiritual s]vice = ,israel4 ,:ile pursu+ ?is inquiry we may be able to f9d answ]s to ! sc>cely less important que/ions3 :y ! prophets 7 at fir/ d\btful ( ! "p ,assyria 0 de/9$ to play 9 ! provid5ce ( ! ,almighty8 & :y1 :5 ! prophets 7 at la/ conv9c$ ( ! c]ta9ty ( ,israel's ov]?r[1 ! /atesm5 ( ,israel & ! bulk ( ! p /ill rema9$ s unconc]n$ ab\t h] com+1 or s sangu9e ( _! p[] to resi/ h]8 ,?is requires1 to beg9 )1 a summ>y ( ! details ( ! ,assyrian advance ^u ,pale/9e4 ,9 ! f> pa/ ,pale/9e _h (t5 be5 ! hunt+-gr\nd ( ! ,assyrian k+s4 ,b aft] #aajj ,b4,c41 & = ne>ly two c5turies & a half1 h] /ates 7 left to !mselves4 ,!n ,assyria resum$ ! task ( break+ d[n t disbelief 9 h] p[] ) :i* h] long )drawal seems to h inspir$ _! politics4 ,9 #hgj ,assurnasirpal rea*$ ! ,levant1 & took tribute f ,tyre & ,sidon4 ,omri 0 reign+ 9 ,sam>ia1 & mu/ h come into close relations ) ! ,assyrians1 = dur+ m ?an a c5tury & a half aft] 8 dea? !y /ill call$ ! l& ( ,israel by 8 "n4#id ,9 #hed ,salmanass> ,,ii4 defeat$ at ,k>k> ! comb9$ =ces ( ,ahab & ,b5hadad4 ,9 #hej1 #hdi & #hdf he conduct$ campaigns aga9/ ,damascus4 ,9 #hdb he receiv$ tribute f ,jehu1#ie & 9 #hci aga9 f\ght ,damascus "u ,hazael4 ,aft] ?is !re pass$ a :ole g5]ation dur+ :i* ,assyria came no f>!r s\? ?an ,arpad1 "s sixty miles nor? ( ,damascus2 & ,hazael employ$ ! respite 9 ^? campaigns :i* prov$ s disa/r\s = ,israel1 by robb+ h] ( ! prov9ces across ,jordan1 & ravag+ ! c\ntry ab\t ,sam>ia4#if ,9 #hjc ,assyria return$1 & accompli%$ ! siege & capture ( ,damascus4 ,! fir/ consequ5ce to ,israel 0 t re/oration ( h] hopes "u ,joa%1 at :i* ! ag$ ,eli%a 0 /ill sp>$ to assi/1#ig & :i* rea*$ its fulfilm5t 9 ! recov]y ( all ,ea/]n ,pale/9e by ,j]oboam ,,ii4#ih ,j]oboam's own relations to ,assyria h n be5 record$ ei!r by ! ,bible or by ! ,assyrian monum5ts4 ,x is h>d to ?9k t he paid no tribute to ! k+ ( k+s4 ,at all ev5ts x is c]ta9 t1 :ile ,assyria aga9 ov]?rew ! ,arameans ( ,damascus 9 #ggc & _! neighb\rs ( ,hadra* 9 #ggb & #gfe1 ,j]oboam 0 himself invad+ ,aramean l&1 & ! ,book ( ,k+s ev5 attributes to him an ext5sion ( t]ritory1 or at lea/ ( political influ5ce1 up to ! nor!rn m\? ( ! great pass betwe5 ! ,lebanons4#ii ,= ! next tw5ty ye>s ,assyria only once came z f> z ,lebanon--to ,hadra* 9 #gei--;& x may h be5 ?is long quiesc5ce :i* enabl$ ! rul]s & p ( ,israel to =get1 if inde$ _! religion & sangu9e patriotism _h ev] all[$ !m to realise1 h[ mu* ! conque/s & spl5d\r ( ,j]oboam's reign 7 due1 n to !mselves1 b to ! hea!n p[] :i* _h maim$ _! oppressors4 ,_! dreams 7 brief4 ,be=e ,j]oboam himself 0 dead1 a new k+ _h usurp$ ! ,assyrian ?rone 7#gde ,b4,c47 & inaugurat$ a m vigor\s policy4 ,borr[+ ! "n ( ! anci5t ,tigla?-,piles]1 he foll[$ t conqu]or's pa? across ! ,euphrates4 ,at fir/ x seem$ z if he 0 to suff] *eck4 ,8 =ces 7 engross$ by ! siege ( ,arpad = ?ree ye>s 7c4 #gdc71 & ?is delay1 along ) t ( two ye>s m1 dur+ :i* he _h to return to ! conque/ ( ,babylon1 may well h giv5 cause to ! c\rts ( ,damascus & ,sam>ia to believe t ! ,assyrian p[] _h n really reviv$4 ,comb9+1 !y attack$ ,judah "u ,ahaz4 ,b ,ahaz appeal$ to ,tigla?-,piles]1 :o )9 a ye> 7#gcd-gcc7 _h ov]?r[n ,damascus & c>ri$ captive ! populations ( ,gilead & ,galilee4 ,!re c\ld n[ be no d\bt z to :at ! ,assyrian p[] meant = ! political =tunes ( ,israel4 ,be=e ?is resi/less & inexorable empire1 ! p ( ,jehovah 7 z ! mo/ frail ( _! neighb\rs--sure ( defeat1 & sure1 too1 ( t t]rible captivity 9 exile :i* =m$ ! novel policy ( ! invad]s aga9/ ! tribes :o )/ood !m4 ,israel d>$ to )/&4 ,! vassal ,ho%ea1 :om ! ,assyrians _h plac$ on ! ?rone ( ,sam>ia 9 #gcj1 kept back 8 tribute4 ,! p ralli$ to him2 & = m ?an ?ree ye>s ?is little tribe ( highl&]s resi/$ 9 _! capital ! ,assyrian siege4 ,!n came ! end4 ,sam>ia fell 9 #gba1 & ,israel w5t into captivity beyond ! ,euphrates4 ,9 foll[+ ! c\rse ( ?is long trag$y1 a man's he>t _c b feel t all ! spl5d\r & ! glory did n lie ) ! prophets1 9 spite ( _! be+ ! only actors 9 ! drama :o p]ceiv$ its moral issues & pr$ict$ its actual end4 ,= :o c )hold admiration f ^? few tribesm51 :o accept$ no defeat z f9al1 b s long z !y 7 left to _! fa!rl& ralli$ _! ranks to its lib]ty & defi$ ! huge empire4 ,nor 0 _! c\rage always z bl9d1 z 9 ! "t ( ,isaiah ,sam>ia's s fatally became4 ,= "o _c h fail$ to notice1 h[ fitful & irregul> 0 ,assyria's advance1 at lea/ up to ! reign ( ,tigla?-,piles]2 nor h[ prolong$ & d\btful 7 h] sieges ( "s ( ! t[ns4 ,! ,assyrians !mselves d n always record spoil or tribute aft] :at !y are pleas$ to call _! victories ov] ! cities ( ,pale/9e4 ,to ! same campaign !y _h (t5 to return = sev]al ye>s 9 succession4#ajj ,x took ,tigla?-,piles] himself ?ree ye>s to r$uce ,arpad2 ,salmanass> ,,iv4 besieg$ ,sam>ia = ?ree ye>s1 & 0 sla9 be=e x yield$4 ,^! facts enable u to und]/& t1 ap>t f ! moral reasons :i* ! prophets urg$ = ! c]ta9ty ( ,israel's ov]?r[ by ,assyria1 x 0 always )9 ! range ( political possibility t ,assyria w\ld n come back1 & t :ile %e 0 engag$ ) revolts ( o!r portions ( h] huge & disorganis$ empire1 a comb9$ revolution on ! "p ( h] ,syrian vassals w\ld be successful4 ,! prophets !mselves felt ! influ5ce ( ^! *ances4 ,!y 7 n always confid5t1 z we %all see1 t ,assyria 0 to be ! means ( ,israel's ov]?r[4 ,amos1 & 9 8 e>li] ye>s ,isaiah1 describe h] ) a caution & a vagu5ess = :i* !re is no o!r explanation ?an ! political unc]ta9ty t aga9 & aga9 hung ov] ! future ( h] advance ^u ,syria4 ,x1 !n1 ev5 9 ^? high m9ds1 to :om ! moral issue 0 s cle>1 ! political =m t issue %\ld assume 0 yet tempor>ily unc]ta91 :at good reasons mu/ ! m]e /atesm5 ( ,syria h (t5 felt = ! pr\d security :i* fill$ ! int]vals betwe5 ! ,assyrian invasions1 or ! sangu9e hopes :i* inspir$ _! resi/ance to ! latt]4 ,we mu/ n ca/ ov] ! :ole ,assyrian advance ! triumphant air ( ! annals ( su* k+s z ,tigla?-,piles] or ,s5na*]ib4 ,campaign+ 9 ,pale/9e 0 a dang]\s bus9ess ev5 to ! ,romans2 & = ! ,assyrian armies !re 0 always possible besides "s sudd5 recall by ! rum\r ( a revolt 9 a di/ant prov9ce4 ,_! own annals supply u ) good reasons = ! sangu9e resi/ance (f]$ to !m by ! tribes ( ,pale/9e4 ,no defeat1 ( c\rse1 is record$2 b ! annals are full ( delays & )drawals4 ,!n ! ,plague w\ld break out2 we "k h[ 9 ! la/ ye> ( ! c5tury x turn$ ,s5na*]ib1 & sav$ ,j]usalem4#aja ,9 %ort1 up almo/ to ! end ! ,syrian *iefs _h "s fair political reasons = resi/ance to a p[] :i* _h s (t5 defeat$ !m2 :ile at ! v end1 :5 no su* reason rema9$ & our political sympa?y is exhau/$1 we feel x replac$ by an ev5 w>m] admiration = _! desp]ate def5ce4 ,m]e m\nta9-cats ( tribes z "s ( !m 71 !y held _! poorly furni%$ rocks aga9/ "o1 two or ?ree ye>s ( cruel siege4 ,9 ,israel ^! political reasons = c\rage aga9/ ,assyria 7 en=c$ by ! :ole in/9cts ( ! popul> religion4 ,! c5tury _h felt a new outbur/ ( en?usiasm = ,jehovah4#ajb ,?is 0 consequ5t1 n only ^u ! victories ,he _h grant$ ov] ,aram1 b ^u ! lit]ature ( ! peace :i* foll[$ ^? victories3 ! collection ( ! /ories ( ! anci5t miracles ( ,jehovah 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,8 p's hi/ory1 & ( ! purpose ,he _h ev5 !n ann\nc$ ( br++ ,israel to supreme rank 9 ! _w4 ,su* a ,god1 s anci5tly manife/$1 s rec5tly prov$1 c\ld nev] surr5d] ,8 own nation to a m]e ,g#ajc--;a hea!n & a b>b>ian p4 ,add ?is dogma ( ! popul> religion ( ,israel to ^? sub/antial hopes ( ,assyria's )drawal f ,pale/9e1 & y see cause1 intelligible & adequate1 = ! complac5cy ( ,j]oboam & 8 p to ! fact t ,assyria _h at la/1 by ! fall ( ,damascus1 rea*$ _! own bord]s1 z well z = ! c\rage ) :i* ,ho%ea 9 #gbe ?rew (f ! ,assyrian yoke1 &1 ) a will+ p1 = ?ree ye>s def5d$ ,sam>ia aga9/ ! great k+4 ,let u n ?9k t ! oppon5ts ( ! prophets 7 utt] fools or m]e puppets ( fate4 ,!y _h reasons = _! optimism2 !y f\ght = _! he>?s & alt>s ) a val\r & a pati5ce :i* proves t ! nation z a :ole 0 n s corrupt1 z we are sometimes1 by ! language ( ! prophets1 tempt$ to suppose4 ,b all ?is--! reasonabl5ess ( ! hope ( resi/+ ,assyria1 ! val\r :i* s /ubbornly f\ght h]1 ! religi\s fai? :i* sanction$ bo? val\r & hope--only ! m vividly illu/rates ! s+ul> indep5d5ce ( ! prophets1 :o took an opposite view1 :o s consi/5tly affirm$ t ,israel mu/ fall1 & s e>ly =etold t %e %\ld fall to ,assyria4 ,! reason ( ?is conviction ( ! prophets 01 ( c\rse1 _! fundam5tal fai? 9 ! righte\sness ( ,jehovah4 ,t 0 a belief q indep5d5t ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,z a matt] ( hi/ory1 ! e?ical reasons = ,israel's doom 7 manife/ to ! prophets )9 ,israel's own life1 be=e ! signs grew cle> on ! horizon t ! doom/] 0 to be ,assyria4#ajd ,nay1 we may g fur!r1 & say t x c\ld n possibly h be5 o!rwise4 ,= except ! prophets _h be5 previ\sly furni%$ ) ! e?ical reasons = ,assyria's resi/less advance on ,israel1 to _! s5sitive m9ds t advance mu/ h be5 a hopeless & a p>alys+ problem4 ,b !y n[h]e treat x z a problem4 ,by !m ,assyria is always ei!r welcom$ z a pro( or summon$ z a means--! pro( ( _! conviction t ,israel requires humbl+1 ! means ( c>ry+ t humbl+ into effect4 ,! fai? ( ! prophets is ready = ,assyria f ! mom5t t %e becomes om9\s = ,israel1 & e footfall ( h] armies on ,jehovah's soil becomes ! corroboration ( ! purpose ,he has already decl>$ to ,8 s]vants 9 ! t]ms ( _! moral consci\sness4 ,! spiritual s]vice :i* ,assyria r5d]$ to ,israel 0 !re=e second>y to ! prophets' native convictions ( ! righte\sness ( ,god1 & c\ld n h be5 p]=m$ )\t ^!4 ,?is w become ev5 m cle> if we look = a little at ! exact nature ( t s]vice4 ,9 its broade/ effects1 ! ,assyrian invasion meant = ,israel a v consid]able *ange 9 ! intellectual outlook4 ,hi!rto ,israel's _w _h virtually la9 betwe5 ! bord]s promis$ ( old to _! ambition--! riv] ( ,egypt1#aje & ! great riv]1 ! ,riv] ,euphrates4 ,^! _h m>k$ n m]ely ! sph]e ( ,israel's politics1 b ! horizon )9 :i* ,israel _h be5 accu/om$ to obs]ve ! action ( _! ,god & to prove ,8 "*1 to feel ! problems ( _! religion rise & to grapple ) !m4 ,b n[ !re bur/ f ! outside ( ?is little _w t awful p[]1 sov]eign & inexorable1 :i* effac$ all di/9ctions & treat$ ,israel 9 ! same mann] z h] hea!n neighb\rs4 ,?is 0 m ?an a wid5+ ( ! _w3 x 0 a *ange ( ! v poles4 ,at fir/ sight x appe>$ m]ely to h increas$ ! scale on :i* hi/ory 0 conduct$2 x 0 really an alt]ation ( ! :ole "* ( hi/ory4 ,religion itself %rivell$ up1 be=e a =ce s mu* va/] ?an any?+ x _h yet enc\nt]$1 & s contemptu\s ( its claims4 ,:at is ,jehovah1 said ! ,assyrian 9 8 laught]1 m ?an ! gods ( ,damascus1 or ( ,hama?1 or ( ! ,phili/9es8 ,9 fact1 = ! m9d ( ,israel1 ! crisis1 ?\gh less 9 degree1 0 9 quality n unlike t produc$ 9 ! religion ( ,europe by ! revelation ( ! ,cop]nican a/ronomy4 ,z ! e>?1 previ\sly believ$ to be ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 ! /age on :i* ! ,son ( ,god _h a*iev$ ,god's et]nal purposes to mank9d1 0 discov]$ to be b a satellite ( "o ( innum]able suns1 a m]e ball swung beside millions ( o!rs by a =ce :i* betray$ no sign ( sympa?y ) ! great transactions :i* took place on x1 & s fai? 9 ! ,div9e wor? ( ^! 0 rudely %ak5--s ,israel1 :o _h believ$ !mselves to be ! peculi> p ( ! ,creator1 ! solit>y ag5ts ( ! ,god ( ,righte\sness to all mank9d1#ajf & :o n[ felt !mselves br\ght to an equality ) o!r tribes by ?is %e] =ce1 :i*1 brutally indiff]5t to spiritual di/9ctions1 sway$ ! =tunes ( all alike1 mu/ h be5 tempt$ to unbelief 9 ! spiritual facts ( _! hi/ory1 9 ! p[] ( _! ,god & ! de/9y ,he _h promis$ !m4 ,no?+ c\ld h sav$ ,israel1 z no?+ c\ld h sav$ ,europe1 b a conception ( ,god :i* rose to ?is new dem& ^u its p[]s--a fai? :i* said1 ,our ,god is suffici5t = ?is great] _w & its =ces t s dw>f our own2 ! discov]y ( ^! only excites 9 u a m awful wond] ( ,8 p[]4 ,! prophets _h su* a conception ( ,god4 ,to !m ,he 0 absolute righte\sness--righte\sness wide z ! wide/ _w1 /rong] ?an ! /ronge/ =ce4 ,to ! prophets1 !re=e1 ! rise ( ,assyria only increas$ ! possibilities ( ,provid5ce4 ,b x c\ld n h done ?is _h ,provid5ce n already be5 inve/$ 9 a ,god capable by ,8 "* ( ris+ to su* possibilities4 ,assyria1 h[ev]1 0 n only ,=ce3 %e 0 also ! symbol ( a great ,idea--! ,idea ( ,unity4 ,we h j v5tur$ on "o hi/orical analogy4 ,we may try ano!r & a m exact "o4 ,! ,empire ( ,rome1 grasp+ ! :ole _w 9 its p[] & r$uc+ all races ( m5 to mu* ! same level ( political rights1 p[]fully assi/$ ,*ri/ian !ology 9 ! task ( impos+ ^u ! human m9d a cle>] imag9ation ( unity 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w & ( spiritual equality among m5 ( all nations4 ,a n dissimil> s]vice to ! fai? ( ,israel 0 p]=m$ by ! ,empire ( ,assyria4 ,hi/ory1 t hi!rto _h be5 b a s]ies ( angry pools1 became z ! ocean sway+ 9 tides to "o almighty impulse4 ,x 0 f> easi] to imag9e a sov]eign ,provid5ce :5 ,assyria r$uc$ hi/ory to a unity by ov]?r[+ all ! rul]s & all _! gods1 ?an :5 hi/ory 0 brok5 up into ! indep5d5t =tunes ( _m /ates1 ea* ) its own religion div9ely valid 9 its own t]ritory4 ,by %att]+ ! tribes ,assyria %att]$ ! tribal !ory ( religion1 :i* we h se5 to be ! *>act]i/ic ,semitic !ory--a god = e tribe1 a tribe = e god4 ,! field 0 cle>$ ( ! _m3 !re 0 room = ! ,"o4 ,t ,he appe>$1 n z ! ,god ( ! conqu]+ race1 b z ! ,deity ( "o ( _! _m victims1 0 due to ,jehovah's righte\sness4 ,at ?is juncture1 :5 ! _w 0 sugge/$ to h "o ?rone & t ?rone 0 empty1 !re 0 a great *ance1 if we may s put x1 = a god ) a "*4 ,& ! only ,god 9 all ! ,semitic _w :o _h a "* 0 ,jehovah4 ,x is true t ! ,assyrian ,empire 0 n con/ructive1 l ! ,roman1 &1 !re=e1 c\ld n assi/ ! prophets to ! idea ( a ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,b !re c be no d\bt t x did assi/ !m to a feel+ ( ! moral unity ( mank9d4 ,a great hi/orian has made ! j rem>k t1 :atsoev] wid5s ! imag9ation1 enabl+ x to realise ! actual exp]i5ce ( o!r m51 is a p[]ful ag5t ( e?ical advance4#ajg ,n[ ,assyria wid5$ ! imag9ation & ! sympa?y ( ,israel 9 precisely ?is way4 ,consid] ! univ]sal ,pity ( ! ,assyrian conque/3 h[ /ate aft] /ate w5t d[n be=e x1 h[ all ?+s mortal yield$ & 7 swept away4 ,! mutual hatr$s & f]ocities ( m5 c\ld n p]si/ be=e a common ,fate1 s sublime1 s tragic4 ,& ?us we und]/& h[ 9 ,israel ! old envies & ranc\rs ( t bord] w>f>e ) h] foes :i* _h fill$ ! la/ f\r c5turies ( h] hi/ory is replac$ by a new t5d]ness & compassion t[>ds ! national ef=ts1 ! a*ievem5ts & all ! busy life ( ! ,g5tile peoples4 ,isaiah is especially di/+ui%$ by ?is 9 8 treatm5t ( ,egypt & ( ,tyre2 & ev5 :]e he & o!rs d n1 z 9 ^! cases1 appreciate ! sadness ( ! de/ruction ( s mu* brave beauty & s]viceable weal?1 _! tone 9 speak+ ( ! fall ( ! ,assyrian on _! neighb\rs is "o ( compassion & n ( exultation4#ajh ,z ! rivalries & hatr$s ( individual lives are /ill$ 9 ! pres5ce ( a common dea?1 s ev5 t facti\s1 f]oci\s _w ( ! ,semites ceas$ to fret its ang] & wat* x = ev] 7to quote ,amos' phrase7 9 face ( ! univ]sal ,assyrian ,fate4 ,b 9 t ,fate !re 0 m ?an ,pity4 ,on ! data ( ! prophets ,assyria 0 afflict+ ,israel = moral reasons3 x c\ld n be = o!r reasons t %e 0 afflict+ _! neighb\rs4 ,israel & ! hea!n 7 suff]+ = ! same righte\sness' sake4 ,:at c\ld h bett] illu/rat$ ! moral equality ( all mank9d6 ,no d\bt ! prophets 7 already !oretically conv9c$#aji ( ?is--= ! righte\sness !y believ$ 9 0 no?+ if n univ]sal4 ,b x is "o ?+ to hold a belief on pr9ciple & ano!r to h practical exp]i5ce ( x 9 hi/ory4 ,to a !ory ( ! moral equality ( mank9d ,assyria enabl$ ! prophets to add sympa?y & consci5ce4 ,we %all see all ?is illu/rat$ 9 ! op5+ prophecies ( ,amos aga9/ ! =eign nations4 ,b ,assyria did n help to develop mono!ism 9 ,israel only by contribut+ to ! doctr9es ( a moral ,provid5ce & ( ! equality ( all m5 b5ea? x4 ,! influ5ce mu/ h ext5d$ to ,israel's conception ( ,god 9 ,nature4 ,"h1 ( c\rse1 ,israel 0 already possess$ ( great beliefs4 ,jehovah _h creat$ man2 ,he _h divid$ ! ,r$ ,sea & ,jordan4 ,! des]t1 ! /orm1 & ! seasons 7 all subject to ,him4 ,b at a "t :5 ! sup]/iti\s m9d ( ! p 0 /ill feel+ aft] o!r ,div9e p[]s 9 ! e>?1 ! wat]s & ! air ( ,canaan1 x 0 a v valuable antidote to su* dissipation ( _! fai? to f9d "o ,god sway+1 ?r\gh ,assyria1 all families ( mank9d4 ,! ,div9e unity to :i* hi/ory 0 r$uc$ mu/ h react$ on ,israel's views ( ,nature1 & made x easi] to feel "o ,god also !re4 ,n[1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! imag9ation ( ! unity ( ,nature1 ! belief 9 a reason & me?od p]vad+ all ?+s1 0 v p[]fully advanc$ 9 ,israel ?r\gh\t ! ,assyrian p]iod4 ,we may f9d an illu/ration ( ?is 9 ! great]1 deep] mean+ 9 :i* ! prophets use ! old national "n ( ,israel's ,god--,jehovah eba'o?1 ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,?is title1 :i* came into frequ5t use "u ! e>ly k+s1 :5 ,israel's vocation 0 to w9 fre$om by w>1 meant !n 7z f> z we c ga!r7 only ,jehovah ( ! armies ( ,israel--! ,god ( battles1 ! p's lead] 9 w>1#aaj ^: home 0 ,j]usalem1 ! p's capital1 & ,8 sanctu>y _! battle emblem1 ! ,ark4 ,n[ ! prophets he> ,jehovah g =? 7z ,amos does7 f ! same place1 b to !m ! ,"n has a f> deep] significance4 ,!y nev] def9e x1 b !y use x 9 associations :]e ho/s mu/ mean some?+ diff]5t f ! armies ( ,israel4 ,to ,amos ! ho/s ( ,jehovah are n ! armies ( ,israel1 b ^? ( ,assyria3 !y are also ! nations :om ,he m>%als & m>*es across ! e>?1 ,phili/9es f ,caphtor1 ,aram f ,qir1 z well z ,israel f ,egypt4 ,nay1 m2 accord+ to ^? ,doxologies :i* ei!r ,amos or a k9dr$ _s has add$ to 8 l(ty argum5t1#aaa ,jehovah sways & ord]s ! p[]s ( ! heav5s3 ,orion & ,pleiades1 ! cl\ds f ! sea to ! m\nta9 peaks :]e !y break1 day & night 9 con/ant procession4 ,x is 9 associations l ^! t ! ,"n is us$1 ei!r 9 its old =m or slightly *ang$ z ,jehovah ,god ( ho/s1 or ! ho/s2 & we _c b feel t ! ho/s ( ,jehovah are n[ look$ ^u z all ! influ5ces ( e>? & heav5--human armies1 />s & p[]s ( nature1 :i* obey ,8 ^w & "w ,8 w4 ,,footnotes3 #id ,! h\se ( ,omri3 s ev5 9 ,s>gon's "t1 #gbb-gje4 #ie ,! ,black ,obelisk ( ,salmanass> 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 on :i* ! mess5g]s ( ,jehu are portray$4 #if #b ,k+s x4 #cb f42 xiii4 #c4 #ig #b ,k+s xiii4 #ad ff4 #ih ,! phrase 9 #b ,k+s xiii4 #e1 ,jehovah gave ,israel a savi\r1 is int]pret$ by c]ta9 s*ol>s z if ! savi\r 7 ,assyria4 ,9 xiv4 #bg he is pla9ly said to be ,j]oboam4 #ii ,! ent]+ 9 ( ,hama? 7#b ,k+s xiv4 #be74 #ajj ,salmanass> ,,ii4 9 #hej1 #hdi1 #hdf to w> aga9/ ,dad'idri ( ,damascus1 & 9 #hdb & #hci aga9/ ,hazael1 8 successor4 #aja ,see 9 ?is s]ies ,isaiah1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #cei ff4 #ajb ,see above1 pp4 #ce ff4 #ajc ,to use ! t]m :i* ,amos adopts ) su* ironical =ce3 vi4 #ad4 #ajd ,:5 we get d[n among ! details we %all see cle> evid5ce = ?is fact1 = in/ance1 t ,amos prophesi$ aga9/ ,israel at a "t :5 he ?\ght t ! ,"l's ang] 0 to be exhau/$ 9 purely natural *a/isem5ts ( ,8 p1 & be=e x 0 reveal$ to him t ,assyria 0 requir$ to foll[ up ^! *a/isem5ts ) a heavi] bl[4 ,see ,*ap4 ,,vi41 ,section #b4 #aje ,t is1 ( c\rse1 n ! ,nile1 b ! great ,wady1 at pres5t kn[n z ! ,wady el ',ari%1 :i* divides ,pale/9e f ,egypt4 #ajf ,s already 9 ! ,,je n>ratives ( ! ,p5tateu*4 #ajg ,lecky3 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ,i4 #ajh ,! pres5t writ] has already po9t$ out ?is ) reg>d to ,egypt & ,phnicia 9 ,isaiah 7,expositor's ,bible ,s]ies71 ,i41 ,*aps4 ,,xxii4 & ,,xxiii41 & ) reg>d to ,phili/ia 9 ,hi/4 ,geog41 p4 #agh4 #aji ,i put x ?is way only = ! sake ( mak+ ! logic cle>2 = x is a mi/ake to say t ! prophets at any "t held m]ely !oretic convictions4 ,all _! conviction 0 really exp]im5tal--nev] held ap>t f "s illu/ration or pro( ( pr9ciple 9 actual hi/ory4 #aaj 3 #a ,sam4 i4 #c2 iv4 #d2 xvii4 #de1 :]e x is expla9$ by ! p>allel phrase ,god ( ! armies ( ,israel2 #b ,sam4 vi4 #b1 :]e x is connect$ ) ,israel's battle emblem1 ! ,ark 7cf4 ,j]4 xxii4 #ah72 & s ?r\gh\t ,samuel & ,k+s1 & also ,*ronicles1 ! ,psalms1 & mo/ prophets4 ,! plural is nev] us$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t except ( human ho/s1 & g5]ally ( ! armies or ho/s ( ,israel4 ,! !ory !re=e :i* sees ! same mean+ 9 ! ,div9e title is probably ! correct "o4 ,x 0 fir/ put =w>d by ,h]d] 7,gei/ d] ,eb4 ,poesie1 ii4 #hd1 #he71 & aft] "s neglect x has be5 reviv$ by ,kautzs* 7,z4 ,a4 ,t4 ,w41 vi4 ff47 & ,/ade 7,ges*41 i4 #dcg1 n4 #c74 ,! alt]natives are t ! ho/s orig9ally meant ^? ( heav51 ei!r ! angels 7s1 among o!rs1 ,ewald1 ,hi/41 ,eng4 ,ed41 iii4 #fb7 or ! />s 7s ,delitzs*1 ,ku551 ,baudiss91 ,*eyne1 ,prophecies ( ,isaiah1 i4 #aa74 ,9 ! =m] ( ^! two !re is "s =ce2 b ! reason giv5 = ! latt]1 t ! "n came to ! front 9 ,israel :5 ! p 7 be+ drawn into connection ) />-wor%ipp+ nations1 especially ,aram1 seems to me baseless4 ,israel _h n be5 long 9 t\* ) ,aram 9 ,saul's "t1 yet ev5 !n ! "n is accept$ z if "o ( mu* e>li] orig94 ,a cle> acc\nt ( ! argum5t on ! o!r side to t tak5 9 ?is note w be f\nd 9 ,sm5d1 ,altie/am5tli*e ,religionsges*i*te1 pp4 #ahe ff4 #aaa ,see bel[1 ,*ap4 ,,xi4 ,,amos ,t[]s 9 ! di/ance1 l an e>?-born ,atlas 444 su* a man 9 su* a hi/orical position1 /&+ on ! conf9es ( light & d>kness1 l day on ! mi/y m\nta9-tops4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,amos ,! g5u95ess ( ! bulk ( ! ,book ( ,amos is n d\bt$ by any critic4 ,! only passages suspect$ z int]polations are ! ?ree ref]5ces to ,judah1 ! ?ree fam\s outbreaks 9 praise ( ! might ( ,jehovah ! ,creator1 ! f9al prospect ( a hope t does n gleam 9 any o!r "p ( ! book1 ) a few clauses alleg$ to reflect a /age ( hi/ory lat] ?an t 9 :i* ,amos work$4#aab ,9 all1 ^! v]ses am\nt to only tw5ty-six or tw5ty-sev5 out ( "o hundr$ & =ty-six4 ,ea* ( !m c be discuss$ sep>ately z we rea* x1 & we may n[ pass to consid] ! g5]al c\rse ( ! prophecy :i* is indep5d5t ( !m4 ,! ,book ( ,amos consi/s ( ,?ree ,gr\ps ( ,oracles1 "u "o title1 :i* is evid5tly meant to cov] !m all4 ,! title runs z foll[s3-- ,words ( ',amo--:o 0 ( ! h]dsm5 ( ,tea'--:i* he saw conc]n+ ,israel 9 ! days ( ',uzziah k+ ( ,judah1 & 9 ! days ( ,j>ab'am son ( ,joa%1#aac k+ ( ,israel3 two ye>s be=e ! e>?quake4 ,! ,?ree ,sections1 ) _! cont5ts1 are z foll[s3-- ,,fir/ ,,section3 ,,*aps4 ,i41 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,hea!n',s ,,crimes ,,& ,,israel',s4 ,a s]ies ( %ort oracles ( ! same =m1 direct$ imp>tially aga9/ ! political crimes ( all ! /ates ( ,pale/9e1 & culm9at+ 9 a m detail$ d5unciation ( ! social evils ( ,israel1 ^: doom is =etold1 b5ea? ! same flood ( w> z %all ov]:elm all h] neighb\rs4 ,,second ,,section3 ,,*aps4 ,,iii4-,,vi4 ,,israel',s ,,crimes ,,& ,,doom4 ,a s]ies ( v>i\s oracles ( d5unciation1 :i* h no fur!r logical connection ?an is suppli$ by a g5]al sam5ess ( subject1 & a p]ceptible increase ( detail & articulat5ess f beg9n+ to end ( ! section4 ,!y are usually gr\p$ accord+ to ! recurr5ce ( ! =mula ,he> ?is ^w1 :i* /&s at ! head ( our pres5t *aps4 iii41 iv4 & v42 & by ! two cries ( ,woe at v4 #ah & vi4 #a4 ,b ev5 m obvi\s ?an ^! comm5cem5ts are ! v>i\s climaxes to :i* !y lead up4 ,^! are all ?reats ( judgm5t1 & ea* is m /r5u\s or explicit ?an ! "o t has prec$$ x4 ,!y close ) iii4 #ae1 iv4 #c1 iv4 #ab1 v4 #ag1 v4 #bg & vi4 #ad2 & accord+ to !m ! oracles may be conv5i5tly divid$ into six gr\ps4 #a4 ,,iii4 #a-ae4 ,aft] ! ma9 !me ( judgm5t is /at$ 9 #a1 #b1 we h 9 #c-h a p>5!sis on ! prophet's "r to ?reat5 doom2 aft] :i* #i-ae1 foll[+ directly on #b1 emphasise ! social disord]1 ?reat5 ! l& ) invasion1 ! p ) ext9ction & ! ov]?r[ ( _! civilisation4 #b4 ,,iv4 #a-c1 beg9n+ ) ! =mula ,he> ?is ^w1 is direct$ aga9/ wom5 & describes ! siege ( ! capital & _! captivity4 #c4 ,,iv4 #d-ab1 ) no op5+ =mula1 contra/s ! p's va9 propitiation ( ,god by ritual ) ,8 treatm5t ( !m by v>i\s physical *a/isem5ts--dr\ght1 blight & locu/s1 pe/il5ce1 e>?quake--& summons !m to prep>e = ano!r1 unnam$1 visitation4 ,jehovah ,god ( ,ho/s is ,8 ,"n4 #d4 ,v4 #a-ag1 beg9n+ ) ! =mula ,he> ?is ^w1 & a dirge ov] a vision ( ! nation's defeat1 attacks1 l ! previ\s gr\p1 ! lavi% ritual1 sets 9 contra/ to x ,jehovah's dem&s = ju/ice & civic purity2 &1 (f]+ a reprieve if ,israel w rep5t1 closes ) ! prospect ( an univ]sal m\rn+ 7vv4 #af1 #ag71 :i*1 ?\gh introduc$ by a !re=e1 has no logical connection ) :at prec$es x4 #e4 ,v4 #ah-bf is ! fir/ ( ! two gr\ps t op5 ) ,woe4 ,affirm+ t ! eag]ly expect$ ,day ( ,jehovah w be d>kness & disa/] on disa/] inevitable 7#ah-bj71 x aga9 emphasises ,jehovah's desire = righte\sness r ?an wor%ip 7#ba-bf71 & closes ) ! ?reat ( captivity beyond ,damascus4 ,jehovah ,god ( ,ho/s is ,8 ,"n1 z at ! close ( #c4 #f4 ,,vi4 #a-ad4 ,! second ,woe1 on !m t are at ease 9 ,zion 7#a1 #b73 a satire on ! luxuries ( ! ri* & _! indiff]5ce to ! national suff]+ 7#c-f73 captivity mu/ come1 ) ! desolation ( ! l& 7#i1 #aj72 & 9 a p]oration ! prophet reit]ates a g5]al d[nfall ( ! nation because ( its p]v]sity4 ,a ,nation--ne$less to "n x6--w oppress ,israel f ,hama? to ! ,riv] ( ! ,arabah4 ,,?ird ,,section3 ,,*aps4 ,,vii4-,,ix4 ,,visions ,,) ,,int]ludes4 ,! ,visions betray traces ( developm5t2 b !y are int]rupt$ by a piece ( n>rative & addresses on ! same !mes z *aps4 iii4-vi4 ,! ,,fir/ ,,two ,,visions 7vii4 #a-f7 are ( disa/]s--locu/s & dr\ght--9 ! realm ( nature2 !y are av]t$ by pray] f ,amos4 ,! ,,?ird 7#g-i7 is 9 ! sph]e1 n ( nature1 b hi/ory3 ,jehovah /&+ ) a plumbl9e1 z if to %[ ! nation's fabric to be utt]ly twi/$1 ann\nces t x %all be ov]?r[n1 & t ! dyna/y ( ,j]oboam mu/ be put to ! sword4 ,^u ?is m5tion ( ! k+1 ! fir/ 9 ! book1 !re />ts ! n>rative 7#aj-ag7 ( h[ ,amaziah1 prie/ at ,be!l--obvi\sly ^u he>+ ! prophet's ?reat--s5t ^w to ,j]oboam2 & !n 7:e!r be=e or aft] gett+ a reply7 proce$$ to sil5ce ,amos1 :o1 h[ev]1 reit]ates 8 pr$iction ( doom1 aga9 describ$ z captivity 9 a =eign l&1 & adds a ,,f\r? ,,vision 7viii4 #a-c71 ( ! aits or ,summ] ,fruit1 :i* sugge/s ts1 or ,end ( ! ,nation4 ,"h x w\ld seem ,amos' disc\rses at ,be!l take end4 ,!n comes viii4 #d-f1 ano!r exposure ( ! s9s ( ! ri*2 foll[$ by a triple pron\ncem5t ( doom 7#g71 aga9 9 ! t]ms ( physical calamities--e>?quake 7#h71 eclipse 7#i1 #aj71 & fam9e 7#aa-ad71 9 ! la/ ( :i* ! public wor%ip is aga9 attack$4 ,a ,,fif? ,,vision1 ( ! ,"l by ! ,alt> comm&+ to smite 7ix4 #a71 is foll[$ by a p[]ful ?reat ( ! hopelessness ( escape f ,god's puni%m5t 7ix4 #a;b-#d72 ! ?ird ( ! great apo/rophes to ! might ( ,jehovah 7#e1 #f72 ano!r /atem5t ( ! equality 9 judgm5t ( ,israel ) o!r peoples1 & ( _! utt] de/ruction 7#g-h;a74 ,!n 7#h;b7 we meet ! fir/ qualification ( ! hi!rto unreliev$ s5t5ce ( dea?4 ,captivity is describ$1 n z doom1 b z discipl9e 7#i73 ! s9n]s ( ! p1 sc(f]s at doom1 %all die 7#aj74 ,& ?is seems to leave room = two f9al oracles ( re/oration & glory1 ! only two 9 ! book1 :i* are c\*$ 9 ! exact t]ms ( ! promises ( lat] prophecy 7#aa-ae7 & are by _m d5i$ to ,amos4 ,su* is ! c\rse ( ! prophesy+ ( ,amos4 ,to h trac$ x mu/ h made cle> to u ! unity ( 8 book1#aad z well z ! "* ( ! p]iod to :i* he belong$4 ,b x also furni%es u ) a good deal ( evid5ce t[>ds ! answ] ( su* necess>y que/ions z ^!--:e!r we c fix an exact date = ! :ole or any "p1 & :e!r we c trace any logical or hi/orical developm5t ?r\gh ! *apt]s1 ei!r z ^! n[ /&1 or 9 "s su* re-arrangem5t z we saw to be necess>y = ! au!ntic prophecies ( ,isaiah4 ,let u take fir/ ! simple/ ( ^! tasks--to asc]ta9 ! g5]al p]iod ( ! book4 ,twice--by ! title & by ! portion ( n>rative#aae--we are po9t$ to ! reign ( ,j]oboam ,,ii41 circa #ghc-gdc2 o!r hi/orical allusions suit ! same ye>s4 ,! pr9cipalities ( ,pale/9e are all /&+1 except ,ga?2#aaf b ! great nor!rn cl\d :i* c>ries _! doom has ris5 & is ready to bur/4 ,n[ ,assyria1 we h se51 _h become fatal to ,pale/9e z e>ly z #hed4 ,infrequ5t invasions ( ,syria _h foll[$1 9 "o ( :i*1 9 #hjc1 ,rimmon ,nir>i ,,iii4 _h subject$ ,tyre & ,sidon1 besieg$ ,damascus1 & receiv$ tribute f ,israel4 ,s f> !n z ! ,assyrian data are conc]n$1 ! ,book ( ,amos might h be5 writt5 e>ly 9 ! reign ( ,j]oboam4 ,ev5 !n 0 ! /orm l[]+ z he describes x4 ,ev5 !n _h ! lightn+ brok5 ov] ,damascus4 ,!re are o!r symptoms1 h[ev]1 :i* dem& a lat] date4 ,!y seem to imply1 n only ,uzziah's ov]?r[ ( ,ga?1#aag & ,j]oboam's conque/ ( ,moab#aah & ( ,aram1#aai b t e/abli%m5t ( ,israel's political influ5ce f ,lebanon to ! ,dead ,sea1 :i* mu/ h tak5 ,j]oboam sev]al ye>s to accompli%4 ,) ?is agree o!r features ( ! prophecy--! s5se ( political security 9 ,israel1 ! l>ge increase ( weal?1 ! ample & luxuri\s build+s1 ! gorge\s ritual1 ! easy ability to recov] f physical calamities1 ! consequ5t c>elessness & pride ( ! upp] classes4 ,all ^! ?+s imply t ! la/ ,syrian invasions ( ,israel 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury 7 at lea/ a g5]ation beh9d ! m5 into ^: c>eless faces ! prophet hurl$ 8 words ( doom4 ,dur+ ?is int]val ,assyria _h aga9 advanc$--9 #gge1 9 #ggc & 9 #ggb4abj ,none ( ^! exp$itions1 h[ev]1 _h come s\? ( ,damascus1 & ?is1 _! inv>iable arre/ at "s di/ance f ! prop] t]ritory ( ,israel1 may h fur!r flatt]$ ! p's s5se ( security1 ?\gh probably ! tru? 0 t ,j]oboam1 l "s ( 8 pr$ecessors1 b\ght 8 peace by tribute to ! emp]or4 ,9 #gfe1 :5 ! ,assyrians = ! second "t invad$ ,hadra*1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,damascus1 _! records m5tion a pe/il5ce1 :i*1 bo? because _! armies 7 !n 9 ,syria1 & because ! plague g5]ally spreads ov] ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,asia1 may well h be5 ! pe/il5ce m5tion$ by ,amos4 ,9 #gfc a total eclipse ( ! sun took place1 & is p]haps impli$ by ! n9? v]se ( 8 eigh? *apt]4 ,if ?is d\ble allusion to pe/il5ce & eclipse be correct1 x br+s ! book d[n to ! middle ( ! c5tury & ! latt] half ( ,j]oboam's long reign4 ,9 #gee ! ,assyrians came back to ,hadra*2 9 #ged to ,arpad3 ) ^! exceptions ,syria 0 untr\bl$ by !m till aft] #gde4 ,x 0 probably ^! quiet ye>s 9 :i* ,amos f\nd ,israel at ease 9 ,zion4#aba ,if we w5t d[n fur!r1 )9 ! m =w>d policy ( ,tigla?-,piles]1 :o asc5d$ ! ?rone 9 #gde & besieg$ ,arpad f #gdc to #gdj1 we %\ld f9d an occasion = ! urg5cy ) :i* ,amos w>ns ,israel t ! invasion ( h] l& & ! ov]?r[ ( ! dyna/y ( ,j]oboam w be imm$iate4#abb ,b ,amos might h spok5 z urg5tly ev5 be=e ,tigla?-,piles]'s accession2 & ! probability t ,hosea1 :o prophesi$ )9 ,j]oboam's reign1 quotes f ,amos seems to imply t ! prophecies ( ! latt] _h be5 curr5t = "s "t4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury--is1 !re=e1 ! mo/ def9ite date to :i* we are able to assign ! ,book ( ,amos4 ,at s great a di/ance ! diff]5ce ( a few unm>k$ ye>s is invisible4 ,x is en\gh t we "k ! moral dates--! /ate ( national feel+1 ! p]sonages alive1 ! great ev5ts :i* are beh9d ! prophet1 & ! /ill great] :i* are imm95t4 ,we c see t ,amos wrote 9 ! political pride ( ! latt] ye>s ( ,j]oboam's reign1 aft] ! pe/il5ce & eclipse ( ! sixties1 & be=e ! advance ( ,tigla?-,piles] 9 ! la/ =ties1 ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,a p>ticul> ye> is inde$ (f]$ by ! title ( ! book1 :i*1 if n by ,amos himself1 mu/ be f only a few ye>s lat]3#abc ,words ( ,amos1 :i* he saw 9 ! days ( ,uzziah & ( ,j]oboam1 two ye>s be=e ! e>?quake4 ,?is 0 ! great e>?quake ( :i* o!r prophets speak z hav+ happ5$ 9 ! days ( ,uzziah4#abd ,b we d n "k :]e to place ! ye> ( ! e>?quake1 & are z f> z ev] f a def9ite date4 ,! m5tion ( ! e>?quake1 h[ev]1 introduces u to ! answ] ( ano!r ( our que/ions--:e!r1 ) all its unity1 ! ,book ( ,amos reveals any l9es ( progress1 ei!r ( ev5t or ( idea1 ei!r hi/orical or logical4 ,grant+ ! tru? ( ! title1 t ,amos _h 8 prophetic eyes op5$ two ye>s be=e ! e>?quake1 x w be a sign ( hi/orical progress if we f9d 9 ! book itself any allusions to ! e>?quake4 ,n[ ^! are pres5t4 ,9 ! fir/ division we f9d none1 unless ! ?reat ( ,god's visitation 9 ! =m ( a %ak+ ( ! l& be consid]$ z a tremor communicat$ to ! prophet's m9d f ! rec5t upheaval4 ,b 9 ! second division !re is an obvi\s ref]5ce3 ! la/ ( ! unavail+ *a/isem5ts1 ) :i* ,jehovah has *a/is$ ,8 p1 is describ$ z a great ov]turn+4#abe ,& 9 ! ?ird division1 9 two passages1 ! judgm5t1 :i* ,amos has already /at$ w fall 9 ! =m ( an invasion1 is also figur$ 9 ! t]ms ( an e>?quake4 ,nor does ?is exhau/ ! tremors :i* t awful convulsion _h />t$2 b ?r\gh\t ! second & ?ird divisions !re is a con/ant s5se ( in/ability1 ( ! liftabl5ess & breakabl5ess ( ! v gr\nd ( life4 ,( c\rse1 z we %all see1 ?is 0 due to ! prophet's k ( ! moral explosiv5ess ( society 9 ,israel2 b he c\ld h>dly h describ$ ! results ( t 9 ! t]ms he has us$1 unless himself & 8 he>]s _h rec5tly felt ! gr\nd quake "u !m1 & se5 :ole cities topple ov]4 ,if1 !n1 ,amos began to prophesy two ye>s be=e ! e>?quake1 ! bulk ( 8 book 0 spok51 or at lea/ writt5 d[n1 aft] ! e>?quake _h left all ,israel trembl+4#abf ,?is pro( ( progress 9 ! book is confirm$ by ano!r feature4 ,9 ! ab/ract giv5 above x is easy to see t ! judgm5ts ( ! ,"l ^u ,israel 7 ( a tw(old "*4 ,"s 7 physical--fam9e1 dr\ght1 blight1 locu/s1 e>?quake2 & "s 7 political--battle1 defeat1 invasion1 captivity4 ,n[ x is significant--& ,i d n ?9k ! po9t has be5 previ\sly rem>k$--t n only are ! physical repres5t$ z happ5+ fir/1 b t at "o "t ! prophet seems to h und]/ood t no o!rs w\ld be ne$$1 t inde$ ,god did n reveal to him ! imm95ce ( political disa/] till ,he _h exhau/$ ! discipl9e ( physical calamities4 ,= ?is we h d\ble evid5ce4 ,9 *apt] iv4 ,amos reports t ! ,"l has s\ght to r\se ,israel out ( ! moral le?>gy into :i* _! religi\s s]vices h soo!d !m1 by )hold+ bread & wat]2 by blight+ _! or*>ds2 by a pe/il5ce1 a ?or\ghly ,egyptian "o2 & by an e>?quake4 ,b ^! hav+ fail$ to produce rep5tance1 ,god mu/ visit ! p once m3 h[1 ! prophet does n say1 leav+ ! imm95t t]ror unnam$1 b we "k t ! ,assyrian ov]?r[ is meant4 ,n[ precisely p>allel to ?is is ! c\rse ( ! ,visions 9 *apt] vii4 ,! ,"l caus$ ,amos to see 7:e!r 9 fancy or 9 fact we ne$ n n[ /op to consid]7 ! plague ( locu/s4 ,x 0 s bad z to ?reat5 ,israel ) de/ruction4 ,b ,amos int]c$$1 & ,god answ]$1 ,x %all n be4 ,simil>ly ) a plague ( dr\ght4 ,b !n ! ,vision %ifts f ! realm ( nature to t ( politics4 ,! ,"l sets ! plumbl9e to ! fabric ( ,israel's life3 ?is is f\nd hopelessly b5t & un/able4 ,x mu/ be pull$ d[n1 & ! pull+ d[n %all be political3 ! family ( ,j]oboam is to be sla91 ! p are to g into captivity4 ,! next ,vision1 !re=e1 is ( ! ,end--! ,f9al ,judgm5t ( w> & defeat1 :i* is foll[$ only by ,sil5ce4 ,?us1 by a d\ble pro(1 we see n only t ! ,div9e me?od 9 t age 0 to act fir/ by physical *a/isem5t1 & only !n by an inevitable1 ultimate doom ( w> & captivity2 b t ! exp]i5ce ( ,amos himself1 8 own int]c\rse ) ! ,"l1 pass$ ?r\gh ^! two /ages4 ,! significance ( ?is = ! picture ( ! prophet's life we %all see 9 our next *apt]4 ,"h we are conc]n$ to ask :e!r x gives u any clue z to ! extant arrangem5t ( 8 prophecies1 or any ju/ification = re-arrang+ !m1 z ! prophecies ( ,isaiah h to be re-arrang$1 accord+ to ! v>i\s /ages ( hi/orical developm5t at :i* !y 7 utt]$4 ,we h j se5 t ! progress f ! physical *a/isem5ts to ! political doom is reflect$ 9 bo? ! la/ two sections ( ! book4 ,b ! same gradual1 cumulative me?od is attribut$ to ! ,div9e ,provid5ce by ! ,fir/ ,section3 = ?ree transgressions1 yea1 = f\r1 ,i w n turn x back2 & !n foll[ ! same disa/]s ( w> & captivity z are ?reat5$ 9 ,sections ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 ,b ea* section does n only ?us end simil>ly2 ea* also beg9s ) ! record ( an imm$iate impression made on ! prophet by ,jehovah 7*aps4 i4 #b2 iii4 #c-h2 vii4 #a-i74 ,to sum up3--,! ,book ( ,amos consi/s ( ?ree sections1#abg :i* seem to h receiv$ _! pres5t =m t[>ds ! end ( ,j]oboam's reign2 & :i*1 aft] emphasis+ _! orig9 z due to ! imm$iate influ5ce ( ,jehovah ,himself on ! prophet1 foll[ pretty mu* ! same c\rse ( ! ,div9e deal+s ) t g5]ation ( ,israel--a c\rse :i* began ) physical *a/isem5ts1 t fail$ to produce rep5tance1 & end$ ) ! irrevocable ?reat ( ! ,assyrian invasion4 ,ea* section1 t is to say1 />ts f ! same po9t1 foll[s mu* ! same direction1 & arrives at exactly ! same conclusion4 ,*ronologically y _c put "o ( !m be=e ! o!r2 b f ea* x is possible to le>n ! /ages ( exp]i5ce ?r\gh :i* ,amos himself pass$--to discov] h[ ,god taught ! prophet1 n only by ! orig9al intuitions f :i* all prophecy />ts1 b by ! gradual ev5ts ( 8 day bo? at home & abroad4 ,?is decides our plan = u4 ,we %all fir/ trace ! life & exp]i5ce ( ,amos1 z 8 book enables u to d2 & !n we %all exam9e1 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y lie1 ! ?ree p>allel =ms 9 :i*1 :5 he 0 sil5c$ at ,be!l1 he collect$ ! fruits ( t exp]i5ce1 & gave !m _! f9al expression4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! /yle ( ! book is simple & t]se4 ,! fixity ( ! prophet's aim--^u a few moral pr9ciples & ! doom !y dem&--keeps 8 s5t5ces firm & %>p1 & s5ds 8 p>agraphs rapidly to _! climax4 ,t he sees nature only "u moral light r5d]s 8 poetry au/]e & occasionally savage4 ,8 language is v pure4 ,!re is no gr\nd = ,j]ome's *>ge t he 0 imp]itus s]mone3 we %all h to notice only a few irregul>ities 9 spell+1 due p]haps to ! dialect ( ! des]ts 9 :i* he pass$ 8 life4#abh ,! text ( ! book is = ! mo/ "p well-pres]v$2 b !re are a numb] ( evid5t corruptions4 ,( ! ,greek ,v]sion ! same holds good z we h said 9 m detail ( ! ,greek ( ,hosea4#abi ,x is sometimes correct :]e ! ,hebrew text is n1 sometimes sugge/ive ( ! em5dations requir$1 & sometimes hopelessly a/ray4 ,,footnotes3 #aab ,! full li/ ( suspect$ passages is ?is3 7#a7 ,ref]5ces to ,judah--ii4 #d1 #e2 vi4 #a1 9 ,zion2 ix4 #aa1 #ab4 7#b7 ,! ?ree ,outbreaks ( ,praise--iv4 #ac2 v4 #h1 #i2 ix4 #e1 #f4 7#c7 ,! ,f9al ,hope--ix4 #h-ae1 includ+ vv4 #aa1 #ab1 already m5tion$4 7#d7 ,clauses alleg$ to reflect a lat] /age ( hi/ory--i4 #i-ab2 v4 #a1 #b1 #ae2 vi4 #b1 #ad4 7#e7 ,suspect$ = incompatibility--viii4 #aa-ac4 #aac ,s designat$ to di/+ui% him f ! fir/ ,j]oboam1 ! son ( ,nebat4 #aad ,ap>t f ! suspect$ p>5!ses already m5tion$4 #aae ,*ap4 vii4 #aaf ,&1 if vi4 #b be g5u9e1 ,hama?4 #aag #b ,*ron4 xxvi4 #f4 ,9 ! li/ ( ! ,phili/9e cities1 ,amos i4 #f-h1 ,ga? does n occur1 & 9 h>mony ) ?is 9 vi4 #b x is said to be ov]?r[n2 see pp4 #agc f4 #aah #b ,k+s4 ,9 ,amos ii4 #c ! rul] ( ,moab is call$1 n k+1 b 1 or reg5t1 su* z ,j]oboam sub/itut$ = ! k+ ( ,moab4 #aai ,accord+ to ,grtz's em5dation ( vi4 #ac3 we h tak5 ,lo-,deb> & ,k>naim4 ,p]haps too 9 iii4 #ab1 ?\gh ! v]se is v obscure1 "s settlem5t ( ,israelites 9 ,damascus is impli$4 ,= ,j]oboam's conque/ ( ,aram 7#b ,k+s xiv4 #bh71 see p4 #agg4 #abj ,9 #gge to ,er9i1 ! c\ntry ( ! c$>s--t is1 ,m\nt ,amanus1 ne> ! ,gulf ( ,antio*2 9 #ggc to ,damascus2 9 #ggb to ,hadra*4 #aba vi4 #a4 #abb vii4 #i4 #abc ,ev5 ,knig d5ies t ! title is f ,amos 7,e9leitung1 #cjg72 yet ! gr\nd on :i* he does s1 ! awkw>dness ( ! d\ble relative1 does n appe> suffici5t4 ,"o does n write a title 9 ! same /yle z an ord9>y s5t5ce4 #abd ,ze*4 xiv4 #e1 & probably ,isa4 ix4 #i1 #aj 7,eng474 #abe iv4 #aa4 #abf ,( c\rse x is always possible to suspect--& let u by all means exhau/ ! possibilities ( suspicion--t ! title has be5 add$ by a scribe1 :o int]pret$ ! =ebod+s ( judgm5t :i* ,amos expresses 9 ! t]ms ( e>?quake z if !y 7 ! pr$ictions ( a real e>?quake1 & 0 anxi\s to %[1 by ins]t+ ! title1 h[ !y 7 fulfill$ 9 ! great convulsion ( ,uzziah's days4 ,b to su* a suspicion we h a complete answ]4 ,no lat] scribe1 :o und]/ood ! book he 0 deal+ )1 w\ld h prefix$ to x a title1 ) ! motive j suspect$1 :5 9 *ap4 iv4 he read t an e>?quake _h j tak5 place4 ,! v fact t su* a title appe>s ov] a book1 :i* speaks ( ! e>?quake z pa/1 surely atte/s ! bona fides ( ! title4 ,) t m5tion 9 *ap4 iv4 ( ! e>?quake z pa/1 none w\ld h v5tur$ to say t ,amos began to prophesy be=e ! e>?quake unless !y _h kn[n ?is to be ! case4 #abg ,except = ! lat] additions1 n by ,amos1 to be aft]w>ds not$4 #abh ,cf4 ii4 #ac2 v4 #aa42 vi4 #h1 #aj2 vii4 #i1 #af2 viii4 #h 7874 #abi ,see bel[1 p4 #bba4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,prophet ,! ,book ( ,amos op5s "o ( ! greate/ /ages 9 ! religi\s developm5t ( mank9d4 ,its orig9ality is due to a few simple ideas1 :i* x propels into religion ) an almo/ unreliev$ abruptness4 ,b1 l all ideas :i* ev] broke ^u ! _w1 ^! also h fle% & blood beh9d !m4 ,l e o!r ,re=mation1 ?is "o 9 ,israel began ) ! consci5ce & ! prote/ ( an individual4 ,our review ( ! book has made ?is pla94 ,we h f\nd 9 x1 n only a p]sonal adv5ture ( a h]oic k9d1 b a progressive s]ies ( visions1 ) "s o!r pro(s ( a developm5t bo? ( facts & ideas4 ,9 %ort1 beh9d ! book !re beats a life1 & our fir/ duty is to attempt to trace its spiritual hi/ory4 ,! attempt is wor? ! greate/ c>e4 ,amos1 says a v critical writ]1#acj is "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful appe>ances 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human _s4 #a4 ,,! ,,man ,,& ,,8 ,,discipl9e4 ,,amos i4 #a2 iii4 #c-h2 vii4 #ad1 #ae4 ,:5 *>g$ at ! crisis ( 8 c>e] ) be+ b a hirel+-prophet1 ,amos disclaim$ ! (ficial "n & took 8 /& ^u 8 "w z a man3 ,no prophet ,i1 nor prophet's son1 b a h]dsman & a dress] ( sycomores4 ,jehovah took me f beh9d ! flock4#aca ,we %all enhance our appreciation ( ?is manhood1 & ( ! new ord] ( prophecy :i* x ass]t$1 if we look = a little at ! soil on :i* x 0 s bravely n\ri%$4 ,six miles s\? f ,be?lehem1 z ,be?lehem is six f ,j]usalem1 !re rises on ! edge ( ! ,judan plateau1 t[>ds ! des]t1 a comm&+ hill1 ! ru9s on :i* are /ill kn[n by ! "n ( ,tea'4#acb ,9 ! "t ( ,amos ,tekoa 0 a place )\t sanctity & almo/ )\t tradition4 ,! "n sugge/s t ! site may at fir/ h be5 t ( a camp4 ,its =tification by ,rehoboam1 & ! mission ( its wise woman to ,david1 are its only previ\s appe>ances 9 hi/ory4 ,nor _h nature be5 less grudg+ to x ?an fame4 ,! m5 ( ,tekoa look$ out ^u a desolate & hagg>d _w4 ,s\?1 we/ & nor? ! view is b>r$ by a range ( lime/one hills1 on "o ( :i* directly nor? ! grey t[]s ( ,j]usalem are h>dly to be disc]n$ f ! grey m\nta9 l9es4 ,ea/w>d ! prospect is /ill m desolate1 b x is op52 ! l& slopes away = ne>ly eighte5 miles to a dep? ( f\r ?\s& feet4 ,( ?is long desc5t1 ! fir/ /ep1 ly+ imm$iately bel[ ! hill ( ,tekoa1 is a %elf ( /ony moorl& ) ! ru9s ( v9ey>ds4 ,x is ! l[e/ l$ge ( ! settl$ life ( ,juda4 ,! ea/]n edge drops sudd5ly by brok5 rocks to slopes spott$ ) bu%es ( retem1 ! broom ( ! des]t1 & ) pat*es ( poor :eat4 ,f ! foot ( ! slopes ! l& rolls away 9 a maze ( l[ hills & %all[ dales1 t flu% gre5 9 spr+1 b = ! re/ ( ! ye> are br[n ) )]$ grass & scrub4 ,?is is ! ,wild]ness or ,pa/urel& ( ,tekoa1#acc across :i* by night ! wild bea/s h[l1 & by day ! black5$ sites ( des]t$ camps1 ) ! loose cairns t m>k ! nomads' graves1 reveal a human life almo/ z vagabond & nameless z t ( ! bea/s4 ,beyond ! roll+ l& is ,je%imon1 or ,deva/ation--a *aos ( hills1 none ( ^: ragg$ cre/s are toss$ z high z ! %elf ( ,tekoa1 :ile _! flanks %udd] d[n "s fur!r ?\s&s ( feet1 by crumbl+ precipices & corries *ok$ ) debris1 to ! coa/ ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,! nor!rn half ( ?is is visible1 bright blue aga9/ ! r$ wall ( ,moab1 & ! level top ( ! wall1 brok5 only by ! valley ( ! ,arnon1 con/itutes ! horizon4 ,except = ! blue wat]--:i* %9es 9 its gap betwe5 ! torn hills l a bit ( sky ?r\gh rift$ cl\ds--x is a v dre>y _w4 ,yet ! sun breaks ov] x1 p]haps all ! m glori\sly2 mi/s1 ris+ f ! sea simm]+ 9 its great vat1 drape ! nak$ness ( ! des]t noon2 & ?r\gh ! dry des]t night ! planets ride ) a maje/y !y _c assume 9 our m tr\bl$ atmosph]es4 ,x is also a v empty & a v sil5t _w1 yet e /ir ( life ^u x excites1 !re=e1 ! great] vigilance1 & man's faculties1 reliev$ f ! ru% & confusion ( ev5ts1 =m ! in/9ct ( m>k+1 & reflect+ ^u1 e s+le ph5om5on4 ,& x is a v savage _w4 ,across x all1 ! t[]s ( ,j]usalem give ! only signal ( ! _s1 ! "o tok5 t man has a hi/ory4 ,^u ?is unmitigat$ wild]ness1 :]e life is r$uc$ to pov]ty & dang]2 :]e nature />ves ! imag9ation1 b excites ! faculties ( p]ception & curiosity2 ) ! m\nta9 tops & ! sunrise 9 8 face1 b above all ) ,j]usalem s ne>1--,amos did ! "w :i* made him a man1 he>d ! voice ( ,god call+ him to be a prophet1 & ga!r$ ^? symbols & figures 9 :i* 8 prophet's message /ill rea*es u ) s fre% & s au/]e an air4 ,amos 0 among ! %eph]ds ( ,tekoa4 ,! ^w = %eph]d is unusual1 & means ! h]dsman ( a peculi> bre$ ( des]t %eep1 /ill "u ! same "n priz$ 9 ,arabia = ! excell5ce ( _! wool4#acd ,& he 0 a dress] ( sycomores4 ,! tree1 :i* is n our sycamore1 is v easily gr[n 9 s&y soil ) a little wat]4 ,x rea*es a great height & mass ( foliage4 ,! fruit is l a small fig1 ) a sweet b wat]y ta/e1 & is eat5 only by ! poor4 ,born n ( ! fre% twigs1 b ( ! trunk & old] bran*es1 ! sluggi% lumps are provok$ to rip5 by p9*+ or bruis+1 :i* seems to be ! lit]al mean+ ( ! t]m t ,amos uses ( himself--a p9*] ( sycomores4#ace ,! sycomore does n gr[ at s high a level z ,tekoa2#acf & ?is fact1 tak5 along ) ! limitation ( ! m9i/ry ( ,amos to ! ,nor!rn ,k+dom1 has be5 held to prove t he 0 orig9ally an ,ephraimite1 a sycomore-dress]1 :o _h migrat$ & settl$ d[n1 z ! peculi> phrase ( ! title says1 among ! %eph]ds ( ,tekoa4#acg ,we %all pres5tly see1 h[ev]1 t 8 famili>ity ) life 9 ,nor!rn ,israel may easily h be5 won 9 o!r ways ?an ?r\gh citiz5%ip 9 t k+dom2 :ile ! v g5]al nature ( ! def9ition1 among ! %eph]ds ( ,tekoa1 does n oblige u to place ei!r him or 8 sycomores s high z ! village itself4 ,! mo/ ea/]ly t[n%ip ( ,juda1 ,tekoa comm&$ ! :ole ( ! wild]ness beyond1 to :i* inde$ x gave its "n1 ! wild]ness ( ,tekoa4 ,! %eph]ds ( ,tekoa 7 !re=e1 9 all probability1 scatt]$ across ! :ole region d[n to ! oases on ! coa/ ( ! ,dead ,sea1 :i* h g5]ally be5 own$ by "o or o!r ( ! settl$ communities 9 ! hill-c\ntry above1 & may at t "t h belong$ to ,tekoa1 j z 9 ,crusad+ times !y belong$ to ! monks ( ,hebron1 or are to-day cultivat$ by ! ,ru%aideh ,arabs1 :o pit* _! camps n f> f ,tekoa itself4 ,z y w /ill f9d ev]y:]e on ! bord]s ( ! ,syrian des]t %eph]ds n\ri%+ a few fruit-trees r\nd ! *ief well ( _! pa/ure1 9 ord] to v>y _! milk diet1 s 9 "s l[ oasis 9 ! wild]ness ( ,juda ,amos cultivat$ ! poore/1 b ! mo/ easily gr[n ( fruits1 ! sycomore4#ach ,all ?is pu%es ,amos & 8 dw>f %eep deep] into ! des]t1 & emphasises :at has be5 said above1 & /ill rema9s to be illu/rat$1 ( ! des]t's influ5ce on 8 discipl9e z a man & on 8 spee* z a prophet4 ,we ought to rememb] t 9 ! same des]t ano!r prophet 0 br$1 :o 0 also ! pione] ( a new disp5sation1 & ^: m9i/ry1 bo? 9 its /r5g? & its limitations1 is mu* recall$ by ! m9i/ry ( ,amos4 ,john ! son ( ,za*>ias grew & wax$ /rong 9 _s1 & 0 9 ! des]ts till ! day ( 8 %[+ unto ,israel4#aci ,"h1 too1 our ,"l 0 ) ! wild bea/s4#adj ,h[ mu* ,amos _h be5 ) !m may be se5 f _m ( 8 metaphors4 ,! lion ro>e?1 :o %all n fe>8444 ,z :5 ! %eph]d rescue? f ! m\? ( ! lion two %9-bones or a bit ( an e>4444 ,x %all be z :5 "o is flee+ f a lion1 & a be> come? ^u him2 & he ent]e? a h\se1 & leane? 8 h& on ! wall1 & a s]p5t bite? him4 ,z a wool-gr[]1 h[ev]1 ,amos mu/ h _h 8 ye>ly j\rneys among ! m>kets ( ! l&2 & to su* 7 probably due 8 opportunities ( famili>ity ) ,nor!rn ,israel1 ! orig9als ( 8 vivid pictures ( h] t[n-life1 h] comm]ce & ! wor%ip at h] great sanctu>ies4 ,"o h\r we/w>d f ,tekoa w\ld br+ him to ! high-road betwe5 ,hebron & ! ,nor?1 ) its troops ( pilgrims pass+ to ,be]%eba4#ada ,x 0 b half-an-h\r m to ! wat]%$ & an op5 view ( ! ,phili/9e pla94 ,be?lehem 0 only six1 ,j]usalem twelve miles f ,tekoa4 ,t5 miles f>!r1 across ! bord] ( ,israel1 lay ,be!l ) its temple1 sev5 miles f>!r ,gilgal1 & tw5ty miles f>!r /ill ,sam>ia ! capital1 9 all b two days' j\rney f ,tekoa4 ,^! _h m>kets z well z %r9es2#adb _! annual fe/ivals w\ld be also great fairs4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,amos visit$ !m2 x is ev5 possible t he w5t to ,damascus1 9 :i* ! ,israelites _h at ! "t _! own qu>t]s = trad+4 ,by road & m>ket he w\ld meet ) m5 ( o!r l&s4 ,phnician p$l>s1 or ,canaanites z !y 7 call$1 came up to buy ! homespun = :i* ! h\sewives ( ,israel 7 fam$#adc--;h>d-fac$ m5 :o 7 also will+ to pur*ase slaves1 & haunt$ ev5 ! battle-fields ( _! neighb\rs = ?is s9i/] purpose4 ,m5 ( ,moab1 at ! "t subject to ,israel2 ,aramean ho/ages2 ,phili/9es :o held ! export trade to ,egypt1--^! ,amos mu/ h met & may h talk$ )2 _! dialects sc>cely diff]$ f 8 own4 ,x is no di/ant1 des]t e*o ( life :i* we he> 9 8 pages1 b ! ?ick & noisy rum\r ( c>avan & m>ket-place3 h[ ! plague 0 m>*+ up f ,egypt2#add ugly /ories ( ! ,phnician slave-trade2#ade rum\rs ( ! advance ( ! awful ,p[]1 :i* m5 7 h>dly yet accu/om$ to "n1 b :i* _h already twice brok5 f ! ,nor? ^u ,damascus4 ,or x 0 ! progress ( "s national m\rn+--h[ lam5tation sprang up 9 ! capital1 roll$ along ! highways1 & 0 re-e*o$ f ! husb&m5 & v9$ress]s on ! hillsides4#adf ,or1 at clos] qu>t]s1 we see & he> ! bu/le ( ! great fe/ivals & fairs--! solemn assemblies1 ! reek+ holocau/s1 ! noise ( songs & viols2#adg ! bruti% religi\s zeal k9dl+ into drunk5ness & lu/ on ! v /eps ( ! alt>2#adh ! embezzlem5t ( pl$ges by ! prie/s1 ! covet\s re/lessness ( ! trad]s1 _! false measures1 _! entanglem5t ( ! poor 9 debt2#adi ! c>eless luxury ( ! ri*1 _! banquets1 buckets ( w9e1 ivory c\*es1 pret5ti\s1 prepo/]\s music4#aej ,^! ?+s are describ$ z by an eyewitness4 ,amos 0 n a citiz5 ( ! ,nor!rn ,k+dom1 to :i* he almo/ exclusively ref]s2 b x 0 because he w5t up & d[n 9 x1 us+ ^? eyes :i* ! des]t air _h %>p5$1 t he s ?or\ghly le>n$ ! wick$ness ( its p1 ! corruption ( ,israel's life 9 e rank & class ( society4#aea ,b ! convictions :i* he appli$ to ?is life ,amos le>n$ at home4 ,!y came to him ov] ! des]t1 & )\t fur!r mat]ial signal ?an 0 fla%$ to ,tekoa f ! t[]s ( ,j]usalem4 ,?is is plac$ beyond d\bt by ! figures 9 :i* he describes 8 call f ,jehovah4 ,contra/ 8 /ory1 s f> z he reveals x1 ) t ( ano!r4 ,"s tw5ty ye>s lat]1 ,isaiah ( ,j]usalem saw ! ,"l 9 ! ,temple1 high & lift$ up1 & all ! inaugural vision ( ?is greate/ ( ! prophets 0 conceiv$ 9 ! figures ( ! ,temple--! alt>1 ! smoke1 ! burn+ coals4 ,b to 8 pr$ecessor among ! %eph]ds ( ,tekoa1 al?\gh revelation also />ts f ,j]usalem1 x rea*es him1 n 9 ! sacram5ts ( h] sanctu>y1 b across ! b>e pa/ures1 & z x 7 9 ! ro> ( a lion4 ,jehovah f ,zion ro>e?1 & utt]e? ,8 voice f ,j]usalem4#aeb ,we read ( no =mal process ( consecration = ?is fir/ ( ! prophets4 ,?r\gh 8 cle> des]t air1 ! ^w ( ,god breaks ^u him )\t m$ium or sacram5t4 ,& ! native vigilance ( ! man is />tl$1 is conv9c$ by x1 beyond all argum5t or "q4 ,! lion ha? ro>$1 :o %all n fe>8 ,jehovah ha? spok51 :o c b prophesy8 ,^! words are tak5 f a passage 9 :i* ,amos illu/rates prophecy f o!r in/ances ( 8 %eph]d life4 ,we h se5 :at a s*ool ( vigilance ! des]t is4 ,^u ! b>e surface all t /irs is om9\s4 ,e %ad[1 e noise--! %eph]d mu/ "k :at is beh9d & be w>n$4 ,su* a vigilance ,amos w\ld h ,israel apply to 8 own message1 & to ! ev5ts ( _! hi/ory4 ,bo? ( ^! he comp>es to c]ta9 facts ( des]t life1 beh9d :i* 8 %eph]dly in/9cts h taught him to feel an om9\s cause4 ,d two m5 walk toge!r except !y h try/$8--except !y h made an appo9tm5t4 ,h>dly 9 ! des]t1 = !re m5 meet & take ! same road by *ance z seldom z %ips at sea4 ,do? a lion ro> 9 ! jungle & h no prey1 or a "y lion let out 8 voice 9 8 d5 except he be tak+ some?+8 ,! hunt+ lion is sil5t till 8 qu>ry be 9 sight2 :5 ! lonely %eph]d he>s ! ro> across ! des]t1 he kn[s ! lion leaps ^u 8 prey1 & he %udd]s z ,israel ought to d :5 !y he> ,god's voice by ! prophet1 = ?is also is nev] loos5$ b = "s grim fact1 "s leap ( doom4 ,or do? a little bird fall on ! sn>e e>?w>ds & !re be no noose ^u h]8 ,! read+ may be d\btful1 b ! mean+ is obvi\s3 no "o ev] saw a bird pull$ r\ghly d[n to e>? :5 x tri$ to fly away )\t kn[+ !re 0 ! loop ( a sn>e ab\t h]4 ,or does ! sn>e itself rise up f ! gr\nd1 except inde$ x be captur+ some?+8--except !re be 9 ! trap or net some?+ to flutt]1 /ruggle & s lift x up4 ,traps d n move )\t life 9 !m4 ,or is ! al>um trumpet#aec bl[n 9 a city--= in/ance1 9 high ,tekoa up !re1 :5 "s ,arab raid sweeps f ! des]t on to ! fields--& d ! p n tremble8 ,or %all calamity happ5 9 a city & ,jehovah n h done x8 ,yea1 ! ,"l ,jehovah doe? no?+ b ,he has reveal$ ,8 purpose to ,8 s]vants ! prophets4 ,my voice ( w>n+ & ^! ev5ts ( evil 9 y\r mid/ h ! same cause--,jehovah--beh9d !m4 ,! lion ha? ro>$1 :o %all n fe>8 ,jehovah ha? spok51 :o c b prophesy8#aed ,we _c miss ! p]sonal note :i* r+s ?r\gh ?is triumph 9 ! reality ( ?+s unse54 ,n only does x proclaim a man ( s9c]ity & conviction3 x is resonant ) ! discipl9e by :i* t conviction 0 won--7 won1 too1 ! fre$om f illusion & ! p[] ( look+ at facts 9 ! face1 :i* ,amos alone ( 8 contempor>ies possess$4 ,/4 ,b]n>d has describ$ ! fir/ /age ( ! ,vision ( ,god z ! ,vision ,di/ributive1 9 :i* ! eag] m9d di/ributes h] att5tion ^u common ?+s & common duties 9 !mselves4 ,x 0 9 ?is elem5t>y s*ool t ! e>lie/ ( ! new prophets pass$ 8 appr5tice%ip & receiv$ 8 gifts4 ,o!rs excel ,amos 9 ! p[]s ( ! imag9ation & ! intellect4 ,b by ! incorrupt habits ( 8 %eph]d's life1 by daily wakefulness to its al>ms & daily fai?fulness to its opportunities1 he 0 tra9$ 9 t simple p[] ( appreciat+ facts & causes1 :i*1 appli$ to ! great ph5om5a ( ! _s & ( hi/ory1 =ms 8 di/9ction among 8 pe]s4 ,9 ?is we f9d p]haps ! reason :y he records ( himself no solemn h\r ( cleans+ & initiation4 ,jehovah took me f foll[+ ! flock1 & ,jehovah said unto me1 ,g1 prophesy unto ,my p ,israel4 ,amos 0 ( !m ( :om x is writt51 ,bless$ are ^? s]vants :om ! ,"l :5 ,he come? %all f9d wat*+4 ,?r\gh all 8 h>d life1 ?is %eph]d _h kept 8 m9d op5 & 8 consci5ce quick1 s t :5 ! ^w ( ,god came to him he knew x1 z fa/ z he knew ! ro> ( ! lion across ! moor4 ,c]ta9ly !re is no habit1 :i*1 s mu* z ?is ( wat*+ facts ) a s+le eye & a responsible m9d1 is indisp5sable alike 9 ! humble/ duties & 9 ! highe/ speculations ( life4 ,:5 ,amos gives ^? nave illu/rations ( h[ real ! voice ( ,god is to him1 we receive !m z ! tok5s ( a man1 hone/ & awake4 ,little wond] t he refuses to be reckon$ among ! pr(essional prophets ( 8 day1 :o f\nd _! inspiration 9 excitem5t & trance4 ,^u him ! impulses ( ! ,deity come 9 no artificial & morbid ec/asy1 remov$ z f> z possible f real life4 ,!y come ^u him1 z x 71 9 ! op5 air4 ,!y appeal to ! s5ses ( 8 heal?y & exp]t manhood4 ,!y conv9ce him ( _! reality ) ! same =ce z d ! mo/ />tl+ ev5ts ( 8 lonely %eph]d wat*es4 ,! lion ha? ro>$1 :o %all n fe>8 ,jehovah ha? spok51 :o c b prophesy8 ,! influ5ce ( ! same discipl9e is /ill visible :5 ,amos passes f ! facts ( 8 own consci\sness to ! facts ( 8 p's life4 ,8 day 9 ,israel swelt]$ ) optimism4 ,! gl>e ( weal?1 ! fulsome love ( c\ntry1 ! rank inc5se ( a religion t 0 )\t morality--^! ?ick5$ all ! air1 & nei!r ! p nor _! rul]s _h any vision4 ,b ,amos c>ri$ ) him 8 cle> des]t atmosph]e & 8 des]t eyes4 ,he saw ! raw facts3 ! pov]ty1 ! cruel neglig5ce ( ! ri*1 ! inju/ice ( ! rul]s1 ! immorality ( ! prie/s4 ,! mean+ ( ^! ?+s he que/ion$ ) z mu* p]si/5ce z he que/ion$ e suspici\s s\nd or sight ^u ^? pa/ures ( ,tekoa4 ,he _h no illusions3 he knew a mirage :5 he saw "o4 ,nei!r ! milit>y pride ( ! p1 fo/]$ by rec5t successes ov] ,syria1 nor ! dogmas ( _! religion1 :i* ass]t$ ,jehovah's swift triumph ^u ! hea!n1 c\ld prev5t him f kn[+ t ! immorality ( ,israel meant ,israel's political d[nfall4 ,he 0 "o ( ^? recruits f common life1 by :om religion & ! /ate h at all times be5 re=m$4 ,spr++ f ! laity & v (t5 f among ! work+ classes1 _! fre$om f dogmas & r\t9e1 z well z f ! compromis+ int]e/s ( weal?1 rank & p>ty1 r5d]s !m exp]ts 9 life to a degree t almo/ no pr(essional prie/1 /atesman or j\rnali/1 h[ev] hone/ or sympa!tic1 c hope to rival4 ,into politics !y br+ facts1 b into religion !y br+ vision4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ significance t ?is re=m]1 ?is f\nd] ( ! highe/ ord] ( prophecy 9 ,israel1 %\ld n only ?us beg9 ) facts1 b to ! v end be occupi$ ) almo/ no?+ else1 ?an ! vision & record ( !m4 ,9 ,amos !re is b "o prospect ( ! ,ideal4 ,x does n break till ! close ( 8 book1 & !n 9 su* contra/ to ! pla9 & f9al indictm5ts1 :i* con/itute ne>ly all ! re/ ( 8 prophesy+1 t _m h n unnaturally d5i$ to him ! v]ses :i* conta9 x4 ,?r\gh\t ! o!r *apt]s we h b ! exposure ( pres5t facts1 mat]ial & moral1 nor ! sight ( any future m di/ant ?an to-morr[ & ! imm$iate consequ5ces ( to-day's de$s4 ,let u m>k ?is4 ,! new prophecy :i* ,amos />t$ 9 ,israel rea*$ ,div9e heights ( hope1 unfold$ inf9ite p[]s ( moral & political reg5]ation--d>$ to blot out all ! pa/1 d>$ to believe all ?+s possible 9 ! future4 ,b x />t$ f ! tru? ab\t ! moral situation ( ! pres5t4 ,its fir/ prophet n only d5i$ e popul> dogma & ideal1 b appe>s n to h sub/itut$ = !m any o!rs4 ,he sp5t 8 gifts ( vision on ! discov]y & appreciation ( facts4 ,n[ ?is is necess>y1 n only 9 great re=mations ( religion1 b at almo/ e /age 9 h] developm5t4 ,we are con/antly dispos$ to abuse ev5 ! mo/ j & necess>y ( religi\s ideals z sub/itutes = exp]i5ce or z escapes f duty1 & to boa/ ab\t ! future be=e we h und]/ood or ma/]$ ! pres5t4 ,h5ce ! ne$ ( reali/s l ,amos4 ,?\gh !y are de/itute ( dogma1 ( com=t1 ( hope1 ( ! ideal1 let u n d\bt t !y also /& 9 ! succession ( ! prophets ( ! ,"l4 ,nay1 ?is is a /age ( prophecy on :i* may be fulfill$ ! pray] ( ,moses3 ,w\ld to ,god t all ! ,"l's p 7 prophets6 ,to see ! tru? & tell x1 to be accurate & brave ab\t ! moral facts ( our day--to ?is ext5t ! ,vision & ! ,voice are possible = e "o ( u4 ,nev] = u may ! doors ( heav5 op51 z !y did = him :o /ood on ! ?re%old ( ! e>?ly temple1 & he saw ! ,"l en?ron$1 :ile ! ,s]aphim ( ! ,pres5ce sang ! glory4 ,nev] = u may ! skies fill ) t tempe/ ( life :i* ,ezekiel beheld f ,%9>1 & above x ! sapphire ?rone1 & on ! ?rone ! lik5ess ( a man1 ! lik5ess ( ! glory ( ! ,"l4 ,yet let u rememb] t to see facts z !y are & to tell ! tru? ab\t !m--?is also is prophecy4 ,we may inhabit a sph]e :i* does n prompt ! imag9ation1 b is z de/itute ( ! hi/oric & traditional z 0 ! wild]ness ( ,tekoa4 ,all ! m may our unglam\r$ eyes be true to ! facts ab\t u4 ,e common day leads =? h] duties z %9+ z e night leads =? h] />s4 ,! de$s & ! =tunes ( m5 are 9 our sight1 & spell1 to all :o w hone/ly read1 ! v ,^w ( ! ,"l4 ,if only we be loyal1 !n by him :o made ! rude s\nds & sights ( ! des]t 8 sacram5ts1 & ^: vigilance ( ?+s se5 & temporal became ! vision ( ?+s unse5 & et]nal1 we also %all see ,god1 & be sure ( ,8 ways ) m54 ,be=e we pass f ! des]t discipl9e ( ! prophet1 we mu/ notice "o ( its effects1 :i*1 :ile x greatly enhanc$ ! cle>ness ( 8 vision1 und\bt$ly disabl$ ,amos = ! highe/ prophetic rank4 ,he :o lives 9 ! des]t lives )\t patriotism--deta*$ & alo(4 ,he may see ! ?rong ( m5 m cle>ly ?an ^? :o move among x4 ,he _c possibly s mu* feel = !m4 ,unlike ,hosea1 ,isaiah & ,j]emiah1 ,amos 0 n a citiz5 ( ! k+dom aga9/ :i* he prophesi$1 & inde$ no prop] citiz5 ( any k+dom1 b a nomad h]dsman1 hov]+ on ! des]t bord]s ( ,juda4 ,he saw ,israel f ! outside4 ,8 message to h] is a*iev$ ) sc>cely "o sob 9 8 voice4 ,= ! sake ( ! poor & ! oppress$ among ! p he is indignant4 ,b ) ! err+1 /agg]+ nation z a :ole he has no real sympa?y4 ,8 pity = h] is exhau/$ 9 "o elegy & two brief int]cessions2 h>dly m ?an once does he ev5 call h] to rep5tance4 ,8 s5se ( ju/ice1 9 fact1 _h almo/ nev] to cont5d ) 8 love4 ,?is made ,amos ! bett] witness1 b ! worse prophet4 ,he did n rise s high z 8 great successors1 because he did n s feel himself "o ) ! p :om he 0 =c$ to condemn1 because he did n be> _! fate z 8 own nor travail = _! new bir?4 ,ihm fehlt die ,liebe4 ,love is ! elem5t lack+ 9 8 prophecy2 & !re=e ! words are true ( him1 :i* 7 utt]$ ( 8 great foll[] across ?is same wild]ness ( ,juda1 t mighty z 7 8 voice & 8 message to prep>e ! way ( ! ,"l1 yet ! lea/ 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 is great] ?an he4 #b4 ,,! ,,^w ,,& ,,its ,,orig9s4 ,,amos i4 #b2 iii4 #c-h2 & passim4 ,we h se5 ! prep>ation ( ! ,man = ! ,^w4 ,we are n[ to ask1 ,:5ce came ! ,^w to ! ,man8--! ,^w t made him a prophet4 ,:at 7 its s\rces & sanctions outside himself8 ,^! involve o!r que/ions4 ,h[ mu* ( 8 message did ,amos inh]it f ! previ\s religion ( 8 p8 ,& h[ mu* did he tea* = ! fir/ "t 9 ,israel8 ,& aga91 h[ mu* ( ?is new elem5t did he owe to ! great ev5ts ( 8 day8 ,& h[ mu* dem&s "s o!r s\rce ( inspiration8 ,to all ^! inquiries1 outl9es ( ! answ]s ought by ?is "t to h become visible4 ,we h se5 t ! cont5ts ( ! ,book ( ,amos consi/ almo/ entirely ( two k9ds3 facts1 actual or imm95t1 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 p2 & c]ta9 moral pr9ciples ( ! mo/ elem5t>y ord]4 ,amos appeals to no dogma nor =m ( law1 nor to any religi\s or national in/itution4 ,/ill m rem>kably1 he does n rely ^u miracle nor any s-call$ sup]natural sign4 ,to employ ! t]ms ( ,mazz9i's fam\s =mula1 ,amos draws 8 mat]ials solely f consci5ce & hi/ory4 ,)9 himself he he>s c]ta9 moral pr9ciples speak 9 ! voice ( ,god1 & c]ta9 ev5ts ( 8 day he recognises z ! judicial acts ( ,god4 ,! pr9ciples condemn ! liv+ g5]ation ( ,israel z morally corrupt2 ! ev5ts ?reat5 ! p ) political ext9ction4 ,f ?is agreem5t betwe5 inw>d conviction & outw>d ev5t ,amos draws 8 full confid5ce z a prophet1 & en=ces on ! p 8 message ( doom z ,god's own ^w4 ,! passage 9 :i* ,amos mo/ explicitly illu/rates ?is h>mony betwe5 ev5t & conviction is "o ^: metaphors we h already quot$ 9 pro( ( ! des]t's influ5ce ^u ! prophet's life4 ,:5 ,amos asks1 ,c two walk toge!r except !y h made an appo9tm5t8 8 figure is drawn1 z we h se51 f ! wild]ness 9 :i* two m5 w h>dly meet except !y h arrang$ to d s2 b ! tru?1 he w\ld illu/rate by ! figure1 is t two sets ( ph5om5a :i* co9cide mu/ h sprung f a common purpose4 ,_! conjunction =bids m]e *ance4 ,:at k9d ( ph5om5a he means1 he lets u see 9 8 next in/ance3 ,do? a lion ro> 9 ! jungle & h no prey8 ,do? a "y lion let =? 8 voice f 8 d5 except he be cat*+ some?+8 ,t is1 ^? om9\s s\nds nev] happ5 )\t "s fell & t]rible de$ happ5+ along ) !m4 ,amos ?us pla9ly h9ts t ! two ph5om5a on ^: co9cid5ce he insi/s are an utt]ance on "o side1 & on ! o!r side a de$ fraught ) de/ruction4 ,! read+ ( ! next metaphor ab\t ! bird & ! sn>e is unc]ta92 at mo/ :at x means is t y nev] see signs ( di/ress or a va9 /ruggle to escape )\t !re be+1 ?\gh out ( sight1 "s real cause = !m4#aee ,b f s g5]al a pr9ciple he returns 9 8 f\r? metaphor to ! special co9cid5ce betwe5 utt]ance & de$4 ,is ! al>um-trumpet bl[n 9 a city & d ! p n tremble8 ,( c\rse !y d2 !y "k su* s\nd is nev] made )\t ! approa* ( calamity4 ,b :o is ! au?or ( e calamity8 ,god ,himself3 ,%all !re be evil 9 a city & ,jehovah n h done x8 ,v well !n2 we h se5 t common life has _m in/ances 9 :i*1 :5 an om9\s s\nd is he>d1 x is because x is closely l9k$ ) a fatal de$4 ,^! happ5 toge!r1 n by m]e *ance1 b because ! "o is ! expression1 ! w>n+ or ! explanation ( ! o!r4 ,& we also "k t fatal de$s :i* happ5 to any community 9 ,israel are f ,jehovah4 ,he is beh9d !m4 ,b !y1 too1 are accompani$ by a w>n+ voice f ! same s\rce z !mselves4 ,?is is ! voice :i* ! prophet he>s 9 8 he>t--! moral conviction :i* he feels z ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,! ,"l ,jehovah doe? no?+ b ,he ha? reveal$ ,8 c\nsel to ,8 s]vants ! prophets4 ,m>k ! gramm>3 ! revelation comes fir/ to ! prophet's he>t2 !n he sees & recognises ! ev5t1 & is confid5t to give 8 message ab\t x4 ,s ,amos1 repeat+ 8 metaphor1 sums up 8 argum5t4 ,! ,lion ha? ro>$1 :o %all n fe>8--c]ta9 t !re is m ?an s\nd to happ54 ,! ,"l ,jehovah ha? spok51 :o c b prophesy8--c]ta9 t :at ,jehovah has spok5 to him inw>dly is likewise no m]e s\nd1 b t de$s ( judgm5t are ab\t to happ51 z ! om9\s voice requires !y %\ld4#aef ,! prophet !n is made sure ( 8 message by ! agreem5t betwe5 ! inw>d convictions ( 8 s\l & ! outw>d ev5ts ( ! day4 ,:5 ^! walk toge!r1 x proves t !y h come ( a common purpose4 ,he :o causes ! ev5ts--x is ,jehovah ,himself1 = %all !re be evil 9 a city & ,jehovah n h done x8--mu/ be au?or also ( ! inn] voice or conviction :i* agrees ) !m4 ,:o !n c b prophesy8 ,obs]ve aga9 t no support is "h d]iv$ f miracle2 nor is any claim made = ! prophet on ! gr\nd ( 8 ability to =etell ! ev5t4 ,x is ! agreem5t ( ! idea ) ! fact1 _! evid5t common orig9 9 ! purpose ( ,jehovah1 :i* makes a man sure t he has 9 him ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,bo? are necess>y1 & toge!r are en\gh4 ,are we !n to leave ! orig9 ( ! ,^w 9 ?is co9cid5ce ( fact & ?\ght--z x 7 an electric fla% produc$ by ! contact ( conviction ) ev5t8 ,h>dly3 !re are que/ions beh9d ?is co9cid5ce4 ,= in/ance1 z to h[ ! two react on ea* o!r--! ev5t provok+ ! conviction1 ! conviction int]pret+ ! ev5t8 ,! argum5t ( ,amos seems to imply t ! e?ical pr9ciples are exp]i5c$ by ! prophet prior to ! ev5ts :i* ju/ify !m ,is ?is s1 or 0 ! %ock ( ! ev5ts requir$ to awak5 ! pr9ciples8 ,& if ! pr9ciples 7 prior1 :5ce did ,amos d]ive !m8 ,^! are "s que/ions t w lead u to ! v orig9s ( revelation4 ,! greate/ ( ! ev5ts ) :i* ,amos & 8 contempor>ies dealt 0 ! ,assyrian invasion4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] we h tri$ to e/imate ! intellectual effects ( ,assyria on prophecy4#aeg ,assyria wid5$ ! horizon ( ,israel1 put ! _w to ,hebrew eyes into a new p]spective1 va/ly increas$ ! possibilities ( hi/ory & set to religion a novel ord] ( problems4 ,we c trace ! effects ^u ,israel's conceptions ( ,god1 ( man & ev5 ( nature4#aeh ,n[ x might be plausibly argu$ t ! new prophecy 9 ,israel 0 fir/ /irr$ & quick5$ by all ?is m5tal %ock & /ra91 & t ev5 ! l(ti] e?ics ( ! prophets 7 ?us due to ! advance ( ,assyria4 ,=1 z ! mo/ vigilant wat*m5 ( _! day1 ! prophets obs]v$ ! rise ( t empire1 & felt its fatality = ,israel4 ,turn+ !n to inquire ! ,div9e reasons = su* a de/ruction1 !y f\nd ^! 9 ,israel's s9fulness1 to ! full ext5t ( :i* _! he>ts 7 at la/ awak5$4 ,accord+ to su* a !ory ! prophets 7 politicians fir/ & morali/s aft]w>ds3 al>mi/s to beg9 )1 & prea*]s ( rep5tance only second4 ,or--to recur to ! language employ$ above--! prophets' exp]i5ce ( ! hi/orical ev5t prec$$ _! conviction ( ! moral pr9ciple :i* agre$ ) x4 ,9 support ( su* a !ory x is po9t$ out t aft] all ! mo/ orig9al elem5t 9 ! prophecy ( ! eigh? c5tury 0 ! ann\ncem5t ( ,israel's fall & exile4 ,! ,righte\sness ( ,jehovah _h (t5 previ\sly be5 en=c$ 9 ,israel1 b nev] _h any voice drawn f x ?is awful conclusion t ! nation mu/ p]i%4 ,! fir/ 9 ,israel to d>e ?is 0 ,amos1 & surely :at enabl$ him to d s 0 ! imm95ce ( ,assyria ^u 8 p4 ,aga91 su* a !ory might plausibly po9t to ! op5+ v]se ( ! ,book ( ,amos1 ) its unprefac$1 unexpla9$ pron\ncem5t ( doom ^u ,israel3-- ,! ,"l ro>e? f ,zion1 ,& give? voice f ,j]usalem2 ,& ! pa/ures ( ! %eph]ds m\rn1 ,& ! summit ( ,c>mel is )]$6 ,"h1 x might be av]r$1 is ! e>lie/ prophet's e>lie/ utt]ance4 ,is x n audibly ! voice ( a man 9 a panic--su* a panic z1 ev] on ! eve ( hi/oric convulsions1 seizes ! m s5sitive m9ds ( a doom$ p8 ,! di/ant ,assyrian ?und] has rea*$ ,amos1 on 8 pa/ures1 unprep>$--unable to articulate its exact mean+1 & ) only fai? en\gh to he> 9 x ! voice ( 8 ,god4 ,he ne$s reflection to unfold its cont5ts2 & ! process ( ?is reflection we f9d ?r\gh ! re/ ( 8 book4 ,!re he details = u1 ) increas+ cle>ness1 bo? ! e?ical reasons & ! political results ( t ,assyrian t]ror1 by :i* he 0 at fir/ s wildly %ock$ into prophecy4 ,b ! panic-born are always ! /ill-born2 & x is simply impossible t prophecy1 9 all h] e?ical & religi\s vig\r1 c h be5 ! daught] ( s fatal a bir?4 ,if we look aga9 at ! evid5ce :i* is quot$ f ,amos 9 fav\r ( su* a !ory1 we %all see h[ fully x is contradict$ by o!r features ( 8 book4 ,to beg9 )1 we are n c]ta9 t ! t]ror ( ! op5+ v]se ( ,amos is ! ,assyrian t]ror4 ,ev5 if x 71 ! op5+ ( a book does n necess>ily repres5t ! writ]'s e>lie/ feel+s4 ,! re/ ( ! *apt]s conta9 visions & oracles :i* obvi\sly date f a "t :5 ,amos 0 n yet />tl$ by ,assyria1 b believ$ t ! puni%m5t :i* ,israel requir$ might be accompli%$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( physical calamities--locu/s1 dr\ght & pe/il5ce4#aei ,nay1 x 0 n ev5 ^! e>li] judgm5ts1 prec$+ ! ,assyrian1 :i* /irr$ ! ^w ( ,god 9 ! prophet4 ,he introduces !m ) a n[ & a !re=e4 ,t is to say1 he treats !m only z ! consequ5ce ( c]ta9 facts1 ! conclusion ( c]ta9 premises4 ,^! facts & premises are moral--!y are exclusively moral4 ,!y are ! s9s ( ,israel's life1 reg>d$ )\t illusion & )\t pity4 ,!y are c]ta9 simple convictions1 :i* fill ! prophet's he>t1 ab\t ! impossibility ( ! survival ( any /ate :i* is s p]v]se & s corrupt4 ,?is orig9 ( prophecy 9 moral facts & moral intuitions1 :i* are 9 _! beg9n+ indep5d5t ( political ev5ts1 may be illu/rat$ by sev]al o!r po9ts4 ,= in/ance1 ! s9s :i* ,amos m>k$ 9 ,israel 7 su* z requir$ no r$ dawn ( judgm5t to expose _! flagrance & fatality4 ,! abuse ( ju/ice1 ! cruelty ( ! ri*1 ! %ameless immorality ( ! prie/s1 are n s9s :i* we feel only 9 ! cool ( ! day1 :5 ,god ,himself draws ne> to judgm5t4 ,!y are su* ?+s z make m5 %iv] 9 ! sun%9e4 ,& s ! ,book ( ,amos1 & n less t ( ,hosea1 tremble ) ! feel+ t ,israel's social corruption is great en\gh ( itself1 )\t ! aid ( natural convulsions1 to %ake ! v basis ( national life4 ,%all n ! l& tremble = ?is1 ,amos says aft] recit+ "s s9s1 & e "o t dwelle? !re98#afj ,n dr\ght nor pe/il5ce nor invasion is ne$$ = ,israel's doom1 b ! elem5tal =ce ( ru9 :i* lies 9 ! p's own wick$ness4 ,?is is en\gh to create gloom long be=e ! political skies be ov]ca/--or1 z ,amos himself puts x1 ?is is en\gh ,to cause ! sun to g d[n at noon1 ,& to d>k5 ! e>? 9 ! cle> day4#afa ,& once m--9 spite ( ,assyria ! ru9 may be av]t$1 if only ! p w rep5t3 ,seek good & n evil1 & ,jehovah ( ho/s w be ) y1 z y say4#afb ,assyria1 h[ev] ?reat5+1 becomes irrelevant to ,israel's future f ! mom5t t ,israel rep5ts4 ,su* beliefs1 !n1 are obvi\sly n ! results ( exp]i5ce1 nor ( a ke5 obs]vation ( hi/ory4 ,!y are ! primal convictions ( ! he>t1 :i* are deep] ?an all exp]i5ce1 & !mselves conta9 ! s\rces ( hi/orical =esight4 ,) ,amos x 0 n ! outw>d ev5t :i* inspir$ ! inw>d conviction1 b ! conviction :i* anticipat$ & int]pret$ ! ev5t1 ?\gh :5 ! ev5t came !re c be no d\bt t x confirm$1 deep5$1 & articulat$ ! conviction4#afc ,b :5 we h ?us track$ ! /ream ( prophecy z f> back z ^! elem5t>y convictions we h n rea*$ ! f\nta9-head4 ,:5ce did ,amos d]ive 8 simple & absolute e?ics8 ,7 !y orig9al to him8 ,7 !y new 9 ,israel8 ,su* que/ions />t an argum5t :i* t\*es ! v orig9s ( revelation4 ,x is obvi\s t ,amos n only takes = grant$ ! laws ( righte\sness :i* he en=ces3 he takes = grant$ also ! p's consci5ce ( !m4 ,new1 inde$1 is ! doom :i* s9ful ,israel des]ves1 & orig9al to himself is ! proclamation ( x2 b ,amos appeals to ! moral pr9ciples :i* ju/ify ! doom1 z if !y 7 n new1 & z if ,israel ought always to h kn[n !m4 ,?is attitude ( ! prophet to 8 pr9ciples has1 9 our "t1 suff]$ a curi\s judgm5t4 ,x has be5 call$ an ana*ronism4 ,s absolute a morality1 "s say1 _h nev] be=e be5 taught 9 ,israel2 nor _h righte\sness be5 s exclusively emphasis$ z ! purpose ( ,jehovah4 ,amos & ! o!r prophets ( 8 c5tury 7 ! virtual creators ( e?ical mono!ism3 x c\ld only be by a prophetic lic5ce or prophetic fiction t he appeal$ to 8 p's consci5ce ( ! /&>ds he promulgat$1 or condemn$ 8 g5]ation to dea? = n hav+ liv$ up to !m4 ,let u see h[ f> ?is criticism is support$ by ! facts4 ,to no sane obs]v] c ! religi\s hi/ory ( ,israel appe> z any?+ b a c\rse ( gradual developm5t4 ,ev5 9 ! moral /&>ds1 9 respect to :i* x is confess$ly (t5 mo/ difficult to prove gr[?1 ! signs ( ! nation's progress are v manife/4 ,practices come to be =bidd5 9 ,israel & temp]s to be mitigat$1 :i* 9 e>li] ages 7 sanction$ to _! extreme by ! explicit decrees ( religion4 ,9 ! nation's attitude to ! out] _w sympa?ies arise1 along ) ideals ( spiritual s]vice1 :]e previ\sly only w> & ext]m9ation _h be5 en=c$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,deity4 ,n[ 9 su* an evolution x is equally indubitable t ! longe/ & mo/ rapid /age 0 ! prophecy ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,! prophets ( t "t condemn acts :i* _h be5 inspir$ by _! imm$iate pr$ecessors2#afd !y abjure1 z imp$+ morality1 a c]emonial :i* ! spiritual lead]s ( e>li] g5]ations _h felt to be indisp5sable to religion2 & !y unfold ideals ( ! nation's moral de/9y1 ( :i* old] writ+s give u only ! fa9te/ h9ts4 ,yet1 :ile ! fact ( a religi\s evolution 9 ,israel is ?us c]ta91 we mu/ n fall into ! vulg> error :i* int]prets evolution z if x 7 m]e addition1 nor =get t ev5 9 ! mo/ creative p]iods ( religion no?+ is br\ght =? :i* has n already be5 promis$1 &1 at "s e>li] /age1 plac$1 s to speak1 )9 rea* ( ! human m9d4 ,aft] all x is ! m9d :i* gr[s2 ! moral ideals :i* become visible to its m matur$ vision are s ,div9e t1 :5 !y pres5t !mselves1 ! m9d _c b ?9k !y 7 always real & always imp]ative4 ,if we rememb] ^! commonplaces we %all d ju/ice bo? to ,amos & to 8 critics4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is cle> t mo/ ( ! morality :i* ,amos en=c$ is ( t fundam5tal ord] :i* c nev] h be5 recognis$ z ! discov]y or inv5tion ( any prophet4 ,:atev] be _! orig91 ! consci5ce ( ju/ice1 ! duty ( k9dness to ! poor1 ! horror ( wanton cruelty t[>ds "o's enemies1 :i* =m ! *ief pr9ciples ( ,amos1 are disc]nible 9 man z f> back z hi/ory all[s u to se>* = !m4 ,%\ld a g5]ation h lo/ !m1 !y c be br\ght back to x1 nev] ) ! ?rill ( a new lesson1 b only ) ! %ame ( an old & an abus$ memory4 ,to nei!r man nor p c ! righte\sness :i* ,amos prea*$ appe> z a discov]y1 b always z a recollection & a remorse4 ,& ?is is mo/ emphatically true ( ! p ( ,moses & ( ,samuel1 ( ,na?an1 ( ,elijah & ( ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant4 ,e?ical elem5ts _h be5 *>act]i/ic ( ,israel's religion f ! v fir/4 ,!y 7 n due to a body ( writt5 law1 b r to ! "* ( ,israel's ,god1 appreciat$ by ! nation 9 all ! great crises ( _! hi/ory4#afe ,jehovah _h won = ,israel fre$om & unity4 ,he _h be5 a _s ( ju/ice to _! lawgiv]s & magi/rates4#aff ,he _h rais$ up a succession ( consecrat$ p]sonalities1#afg :o by life & ^w _h purifi$ ! ideals ( ! :ole p4 ,! results _h appe>$ 9 ! creation ( a /rong national consci5ce1 :i* av5g$ ) horror1 z folly 9 ,israel1 ! wanton crimes ( any p]son or section ( ! commonweal?2 9 ! gradual =mation ( a legal code1 f\nd$ inde$ 9 ! common cu/om ( ! ,semites1 b greatly m moral ?an t2 & ev5 9 ! atta9m5t ( c]ta9 pr(\ndly e?ical beliefs ab\t ,god & ,8 relations1 beyond ,israel1 to all mank9d4 ,n[1 let u und]/& once = all1 t 9 ! e?ics ( ,amos !re is no?+ :i* is n root$ 9 "o or o!r ( ^! a*ievem5ts ( ! previ\s religion ( 8 p4 ,to ?is religion ,amos felt himself atta*$ 9 ! close/ possible way4 ,! ^w ( ,god comes to him across ! des]t1 z we h se51 yet n out ( ! air4 ,f ! fir/ he he>s x rise f t "o monum5t ( 8 p's pa/ :i* we h f\nd visible on 8 physical horizon#afh--;f ,zion1 f ,j]usalem1#afi f ! city ( ,david1 f ! ,ark1 ^: m9i/]s 7 ,moses & ,samuel1 f ! repository ( ! ma9 tradition ( ,israel's religion4#agj ,amos felt himself 9 ! sacr$ succession2 & 8 feel+ is confirm$ by ! cont5ts ( 8 book4 ,! details ( t civic ju/ice :i* he dem&s f 8 g5]ation are f\nd 9 ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant--! only "o ( ,israel's great codes :i* appe>s by ?is "t to h be5 9 exi/5ce2#aga or 9 ^? popul> prov]bs :i* almo/ z c]ta9ly 7 f\nd 9 e>ly ,israel4#agb ,nor does ,amos g else:]e = ! religi\s sanctions ( 8 e?ics4 ,x is by ! anci5t m]cies ( ,god t[>ds ,israel t he %ames & convicts 8 g5]ation--by ! de$s ( grace :i* made !m a nation1 by ! organs ( doctr9e & repro( :i* h inspir$ !m1 unfail+ f age to age4 ,i de/roy$ ! ,amorite be=e !m4444 ,yea1 ,i br\ght y up out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 & ,i l$ y =ty ye>s 9 ! wild]ness1 to possess ! l& ( ! ,amorites4 ,& ,i rais$ up ( y\r sons = prophets1 & ( y\r "y m5 = ,nazirites4 ,0 x n ev5 ?us1 ,o ye *ildr5 ( ,israel8 sai? ,jehovah4#agc ,we _c ev5 say t ! belief :i* ,amos expresses 9 ,jehovah z ! supreme ,provid5ce ( ! _w#agd 0 a new ?+ 9 ,israel1 = a belief z univ]sal inspires ^? portions ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis :i*1 l ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant1 7 already extant4 ,we see1 !re=e1 :at "r ,amos _h to pres5t 8 e?ical tru?s to ,israel1 z if !y 7 n new1 b _h be5 )9 rea* ( 8 p f ( old4 ,we c\ld n1 h[ev]1 commit a great] mi/ake1 ?an to conf9e ! inspiration ( our prophet to ! pa/1 & int]pret 8 doctr9es z m]e inf]5ces f ! e>li] religi\s ideas ( ,israel--inf]5ces =c$ by 8 own passionate logic1 or m naturally rip5$ = him by ! progress ( ev5ts4 ,a rec5t writ] has ?us summ>is$ ! "w ( ! prophets ( ! eigh? c5tury3 ,9 fact !y laid hold ^u t bias t[>ds ! e?ical1 :i* dwelt 9 ,jahwism f ,moses onw>ds1 & !y all[$ x alone to h value z correspond+ to ! true religion ( ,jehovah4#age ,b ?is is too ab/ract to be an adequate /atem5t ( ! prophets' own consci\sness4 ,:at ov]came ,amos 0 a ,p]sonal ,influ5ce--! ,impression ( a ,"*2 & x 0 ?is n only z x 0 reveal$ 9 ! pa/ ( 8 p4 ,! ,god :o /&s beh9d ,amos is inde$ ! anci5t ,deity ( ,israel1 & ! facts :i* prove ,him ,god are ^? :i* made ! nation--! ,exodus1 ! guidance ?r\gh ! wild]ness1 ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,amorites1 ! gift ( ! l&4 ,0 x n ev5 ?us1 ,o ye *ildr5 ( ,israel8 ,b :at beats & burns ?r\gh ! pages ( ,amos is n ! memory ( ^? wond]ful works1 s mu* z a fre% vision & und]/&+ ( ! ,liv+ ,god :o work$ !m4 ,amos has himself met ) ,jehovah on ! conditions ( 8 own "t--on ! moral situation provid$ by ! liv+ g5]ation ( ,israel4 ,by an int]c\rse conduct$1 n ?r\gh ! di/ant signals ( ! pa/1 b "h & n[1 ?r\gh ! ev5ts ( ! prophet's own day1 ,amos has receiv$ an orig9al & ov]p[]+ conviction ( 8 p's ,god z absolute righte\sness4 ,:at prophecy _h hi!rto felt 9 "p1 & appli$ to "o or o!r ( ! dep>tm5ts ( ,israel's life1 ,amos is ! fir/ to feel 9 its fulness1 & to e extreme ( its consequ5ces ^u ! wor%ip1 ! conduct & ! =tunes ( ! nation4 ,to him ,jehovah n only comm&s ?is & t righte\s law1 b ,jehovah & righte\sness are absolutely id5tical4 ,seek ,jehovah & ye %all live 444 seek good & ye %all live4#agf ,! absolut5ess ) :i* ,amos conceiv$ ?is pr9ciple1 ! c\rage ) :i* he appli$ x1 c>ry him along ^? two great l9es ^u :i* we mo/ cle>ly trace 8 orig9ality z a prophet4 ,9 ! /r5g? ( ?is pr9ciple he does :at is really new 9 ,israel3 he disc>ds ! two elem5ts :i* _h hi!rto exi/$ alongside ! e?ical1 & _h fett]$ & w>p$ x4 ,up till n[ ! e?ical _s ( ! religion ( ,jehovah#agg _h to /ruggle ) two beliefs :i* we c trace back to ! ,semitic orig9s ( ! religion--! belief1 namely1 t1 z ! national ,god1 ,jehovah w\ld always def5d _! political int]e/s1 irrespective ( morality2 & ! belief t a c]emonial ( rites & sacrifices 0 indisp5sable to religion4 ,^! pr9ciples 7 mutual3 z ! deity 0 b\nd to succ\r ! p1 s 7 ! p b\nd to supply ! deity ) gifts1 & ! m ( ^! !y br\ght ! m !y made sure ( 8 fav\rs4 ,su* views 7 n absolutely devoid ( moral b5efit4 ,9 ! =mative p]iod ( ! nation !y _h contribut$ bo? discipl9e & hope4 ,b ( late !y _h betwe5 !m engross$ m5's he>ts1 & cru%$ out ( religion bo? consci5ce & common-s5se4 ,by ! fir/ ( !m1 ! belief 9 ,jehovah's pr$e/9$ protection ( ,israel1 ! p's eyes 7 s hold5 !y c\ld n see h[ ?reat5+ 7 ! times2 by ! o!r1 ! confid5ce 9 c]emonial1 consci5ce 0 dull$1 & t immorality p]mitt$ :i* !y m+l$ s %amelessly ) _! religi\s zeal4 ,n[ ! consci5ce ( ,amos did n m]ely prote/ aga9/ ! pr$om9ance ( ! two1 b 0 s exclusive1 s spiritual1 t x boldly bani%$ bo? f religion4 ,amos d5i$ t ,jehovah 0 b\nd to save ,8 p2 he affirm$ t ritual & sacrifice 7 no "p ( ! s]vice ,he dem&s f m54 ,?is is ! measure ( orig9ality 9 our prophet4 ,! two religi\s pr9ciples :i* 7 inh]5t 9 ! v fibre ( ,semitic religion1 & :i* till n[ _h gone un*all5g$ 9 ,israel1 ,amos ca/ =? f religion 9 ! "n ( a pure & absolute righte\sness4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,jehovah's peculi> connection ) ,israel meant no m ?an jeal\sy = _! hol9ess3 ,y only h ,i kn[n ( all ! families ( ! e>?1 !re=e w ,i visit ^u y all y\r iniquities4#agh ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 all _! c]emonial 0 abhorr5t to ,him3 ,i hate1 ,i despise y\r fe/ivals4444 ,?\gh ye (f] ,me burnt (f]+s & y\r meal (f]+s1 ,i w n accept !m4444 ,take ?\ away f ,me ! noise ( ?y songs2 ,i w n he> ! music ( ?y viols4 ,b let ju/ice run d[n z wat]s1 & righte\sness z a p]5nial /ream4#agi ,x has j be5 said t emphasis ^u morality z ! sum ( religion1 to ! exclusion ( sacrifice1 is ! mo/ orig9al elem5t 9 ! prophecies ( ,amos4 ,he himself1 h[ev]1 does n reg>d ?is z proclaim$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,israel1 & ! prec$5t he quotes is s illu/rative ( ! s\rces ( 8 inspiration t we d well to look at x = a little4 ,9 ! v]se next to ! "o la/ quot$ he reports ^! words ( ,god3 ,did ye (f] unto ,me sacrifices & gifts 9 ! wild]ness1 = =ty ye>s1 ,o h\se ( ,israel8 ,an extraord9>y *all5ge6 ,f ! pres5t bl9d r\t9e ( sacrifice ,jehovah appeals to ! beg9n+ ( ,8 relations ) ! nation3 did !y !n p]=m su* s]vices to ,him8 ,( c\rse1 a negative answ] is expect$4 ,no o!r agrees ) ! ma9 cont5tion ( ! passage4 ,9 ! wild]ness ,israel _h n (f]$ sacrifices & gifts to ,jehovah4 ,j]emiah quotes a /ill m explicit ^w ( ,jehovah3 ,i spake n unto y\r fa!rs 9 ! day t ,i br\ght !m out ( ! l& ( ,egypt conc]n+ burnt (f]+s & sacrifices3 b ?is ?+ ,i comm&$ !m1 say+1 ,obey ,my voice1 & ,i w be y\r ,god1 & ye %all be ,my p4#ahj ,to ^! ,div9e /atem5ts we %all n be able to d ju/ice if we hold by ! traditional view t ! ,levitical legislation 0 proclaim$ 9 ! wild]ness4 ,disc\nt t legislation1 & ! /atem5ts become cle>4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t ,israel mu/ h _h a ritual ( "s k9d f ! fir/2 & t bo? 9 ! wild]ness & 9 ,canaan _! spiritual lead]s mu/ h p]=m$ sacrifices z if ^! 7 acceptable to ,jehovah4 ,b ev5 s ! ,div9e words :i* ,amos & ,j]emiah quote are hi/orically correct2 = :ile ! e?ical cont5ts ( ! religion ( ,jehovah 7 its orig9al & ess5tial cont5ts--,i comm&$ !m1 say+1 ,obey ,my voice--! ritual 0 b a modification ( ! ritual common to all ,semites2 & ev] s9ce ! occupation ( ! l&1 x _h1 ?r\gh ! infection ( ! ,canaanite rites on ! high places1 gr[n m & m ,pagan1 bo? 9 its functions & 9 ! ideas :i* ^! 7 suppos$ to express4#aha ,amos 0 "r4 ,sacrifice _h nev] be5 ! ,div9e1 ! reveal$ elem5t 9 ! religion ( ,jehovah4 ,nev]!less1 be=e ,amos no prophet 9 ,israel appe>s to h said s4 ,& :at enabl$ ?is man 9 ! eigh? c5tury to (f] te/imony1 s novel b s true1 ab\t ! f>-away beg9n+s ( 8 p's religion 9 ! f\rte5?1 0 pla9ly nei!r tradition nor hi/orical rese>*1 b an ov]:elm+ conviction ( ! spiritual & moral "* ( ,god--( ,him :o _h be5 ,israel's ,god bo? !n & n[1 & ^: righte\sness _h be51 j z mu* !n z n[1 exalt$ above all purely national int]e/s & all susceptibility to ritual4 ,:5 we ?us see ! prophet's k ( ! ,liv+ ,god enabl+ him1 n only to proclaim an ideal ( religion m spiritual ?an ,israel _h yet dream$1 b to p]ceive t su* an ideal _h be5 ! ess5ce ( ! religion ( ,jehovah f ! fir/1 we und]/& h[ ?or\ghly ,amos 0 ma/]$ by t k4 ,if we ne$ any fur!r pro( ( 8 possession by ! "* ( ,god1 we f9d x 9 ^? phrases 9 :i* 8 own consci\sness disappe>s1 & we h no long] ! h]ald's report ( ! ,"l's words1 b ! v acc5ts ( ! ,"l ,himself1 fraught ) p]sonal feel+ ( ! mo/ int5se quality4 ,i ,jehovah hate1 ,i despise y\r fea/ days4444 ,take ?\ away f ,me ! noise ( ?y songs2 ,i w n he> ! music ( ?y viols4#ahb444 ,i abhor ! arrogance ( ,jacob1 & hate 8 palaces4#ahc444 ,! eyes ( ! ,"l ,jehovah are ^u ! s9ful k+dom4#ahd444 ,jehovah swe>e?1 ,i w nev] =get any ( _! works4#ahe ,su* s5t5ces reveal a ,deity :o is n only manife/ ,"*1 b surg5t & importunate ,feel+4 ,we h trac$ ! prophet's ^w to its ultimate s\rce4 ,x spr+s f ! righte\sness1 ! vigilance1 ! urg5cy ( ! ,et]nal4 ,! intellect1 imag9ation & he>t ( ,amos--! convictions he has inh]it$ f 8 p's pa/1 8 consci5ce ( _! evil life to-day1 8 impressions ( curr5t & com+ hi/ory--are all en=c$ & illum9at$1 all made impetu\s & radiant1 by ! ,_s1 t is to say ! ,purpose & ! ,en]gy1 ( ! ,liv+ ,god4 ,!re=e1 z he says 9 ! title ( 8 book1 or z "s "o says = him1 ,amos saw 8 words4 ,!y /ood out objective to himself4 ,& !y 7 n m]e s\nd4 ,!y gl[$ & burn$ ) ,god4 ,:5 we realise ?is1 we feel h[ inadequate x is to express prophecy 9 ! t]ms ( evolution4 ,no d\bt1 z we h se51 ! e?ics & religion ( ,amos repres5t a l>ge & measurable advance ^u ^? ( e>li] ,israel4 ,& yet ) ,amos we d n seem s mu* to h arriv$ at a new /age 9 a ,process1 z to h p5etrat$ to ! ,idea :i* has be5 beh9d ! ,process f ! beg9n+4 ,! *ange & gr[? ( ,israel's religion are realities--_! fruits c be se51 def9$1 catalogu$--b a great] reality is ! unse5 ,purpose :i* impels !m4 ,!y h be5 express$ only n[4 ,he has be5 un*ang+ f old & = ev]--f ! fir/ absolute righte\sness 9 ,himself1 & absolute righte\sness 9 ,8 dem&s f m54 #c4 ,,! ,,prophet ,,& ,,8 ,,m9i/ry4 ,,amos vii41 viii4 #a-d4 ,we h se5 ! prep>ation ( ! ,man = ! ,^w2 we h s\ght to trace to its s\rce ! ,^w :i* came to ! ,man4 ,x n[ rema9s = u to foll[ ! ,prophet1 ,man & ,^w comb9$1 ^u 8 ,m9i/ry to ! p4 ,= reasons giv5 9 a previ\s *apt]1#ahf !re mu/ always be "s d\bt z to ! actual c\rse ( ! m9i/ry ( ,amos be=e 8 appe>ance at ,be!l4 ,mo/ au?orities1 h[ev]1 agree t ! visions rec\nt$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? *apt] =m ! sub/ance ( 8 address at ,be!l1 :i* 0 int]rupt$ by ! prie/ ,amaziah4 ,^! visions furni% a probable summ>y ( ! prophet's exp]i5ce up to t po9t4 ,:ile !y foll[ ! same c\rse1 :i* we trace 9 ! two s]ies ( oracles t n[ prec$e !m 9 ! book1 ! ideas 9 !m are less elaborate4 ,at ! same "t x is evid5t t ,amos mu/ h already spok5 ^u o!r po9ts ?an ^? :i* he puts into ! fir/ ?ree visions4 ,= in/ance1 ,amaziah reports to ! k+ t ,amos _h explicitly pr$ict$ ! exile ( ! :ole p#ahg--;a conviction :i*1 z we h se51 ! prophet rea*$ only aft] "s l5g? ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is equally c]ta9 t ,amos mu/ h already expos$ ! s9s ( ! p 9 ! light ( ! ,div9e righte\sness4 ,"s ( ! sections ( ! book :i* deal ) ?is subject appe> to h be5 orig9ally spok52 & x is unnatural to suppose t ! prophet ann\nc$ ! *a/isem5ts ( ,god )\t hav+ previ\sly ju/ifi$ ^! to ! consci5ces ( m54 ,if ?is view be correct1 ,amos1 hav+ prea*$ = "s "t to ,israel conc]n+ ! evil /ate ( society1 appe>$ at a great religi\s fe/ival 9 ,be!l1 det]m9$ to br+ matt]s to a crisis1 & to ann\nce ! doom :i* 8 prea*+ ?reat5$ & ! p's cont9u$ imp5it5ce made inevitable4 ,m>k 8 *oice ( place & ( audi5ce4 ,x 0 no m]e k+ he aim$ at4 ,na?an _h dealt ) ,david1 ,gad ) ,solomon1 ,elijah ) ,ahab & ,jezebel4 ,b ,amos s\ght ! p1 !m ) :om resid$ ! real =ces & responsibilities ( life3 ! weal?1 ! social fa%ions1 ! treatm5t ( ! poor1 ! _s ( wor%ip1 ! ideals ( religion4#ahh ,& ,amos s\ght ! p ^u :at 0 n only a great popul> occasion1 b "o on :i* 0 array$1 9 all pomp & lavi%ness1 ! v sy/em he essay$ to ov]?r[4 ,! religion ( 8 "t--religion z m]e ritual & sacrifice--0 :at ,god _h s5t him to beat d[n1 & he fac$ x at its headqu>t]s1 & ^u "o ( its high days1 9 ! royal & popul> sanctu>y :]e x enjoy$ at once ! patronage ( ! cr[n1 ! lavi% gifts ( ! ri* & ! ?rong$ devotion ( ! multitude4 ,z ,savon>ola at ! ,duomo 9 ,flor5ce1 z ,lu!r at ! ,diet ( ,worms1 z our ,"l ,himself at ! fea/ 9 ,j]usalem1 s 0 ,amos at ! fea/ 9 ,be!l4 ,p]haps he 0 /ill m lonely4 ,he speaks n[h]e ( hav+ made a disciple1 & 9 ! sea ( faces :i* turn$ on him :5 he spoke1 x is probable t he c\ld n welcome a s+le ally4 ,!y 7 (ficials1 or int]e/$ trad]s1 or devotees2 he 0 a =eign] & a wild man1 ) a ^w t sp>$ ! popul> dogma z little z ! royal pr]ogative4 ,well = him 0 x t ov] all ^? s]ri$ ranks ( au?ority1 ^? fanatic cr[ds1 t lavi% spl5d\r1 ano!r vision comm&$ 8 eyes4 ,i saw ! ,"l /&+ ov] ! alt>1 & ,he said1 ,smite4 ,amos told ! pilgrims at ,be!l t ! fir/ ev5ts ( 8 "t 9 :i* he felt a purpose ( ,god 9 h>mony ) 8 convictions ab\t ,israel's ne$ ( puni%m5t 7 c]ta9 calamities ( a physical k9d4 ,( ^!1 :i* 9 *apt] iv4 he describes z successively dr\ght1 bla/+1 locu/s1 pe/il5ce & e>?quake1 he select$ at ,be!l only two--locu/s & dr\ght--& he began ) ! locu/s4 ,x may h be5 ei!r ! same visitation z he specifies 9 *apt] iv41 or a previ\s "o2 = ( all ! plagues ( ,pale/9e locu/s h be5 ! mo/ frequ5t1 occurr+ e six or sev5 ye>s4 ,?us ! ,"l ,jehovah caus$ me to see3 &1 behold1 a brood#ahi ( locu/s at ! beg9n+ ( ! com+ up ( ! spr+ crops4 ,9 ! ,syrian ye> !re are practically two tides ( v]dure3 "o :i* />ts aft] ! e>ly ra9s ( ,octob] & cont9ues ?r\gh ! w9t]1 *eck$ by ! cold2 & "o :i* comes away ) great] =ce "u ! influ5ce ( ! latt] ra9s & m g5ial airs ( spr+4#aij ,( ^! x 0 ! lat] & ri*] :i* ! locu/s _h attack$4 ,&1 behold1 x 0 aft] ! k+'s m[+s4 ,^! seem to h be5 a tribute :i* ! k+s ( ,israel levi$ on ! spr+ h]bage1 & :i* ! ,roman gov]nors ( ,syria us$ annually to impose 9 ! mon? ,nisan4#aia ,aft] ! k+'s m[+s w\ld be a phrase to m>k ! "t :5 ev]ybody else might turn to reap _! gre5 /uff4 ,x 0 ?us ! v crisis ( ! ye> :5 ! locu/s appe>$2 ! ,april crops dev\r$1 !re 0 no hope ( fur!r fodd] till ,decemb]4 ,/ill1 ! calamity _h happ5$ be=e1 & _h be5 surviv$2 a nation s vigor\s & weal?y z ,israel 0 "u ,j]oboam ,,ii4 ne$ n h be5 fright5$ to dea?4 ,b ,amos felt x ) a consci5ce4 ,to him x 0 ! beg9n+ ( t de/ruction ( 8 p :i* ! _s )9 him knew t _! s9 _h e>n$4 ,s x came to pass1 :5 ! locu/s _h made an end ( dev\r+ ! v]dure ( ! e>?1 t ,i said1 ,remit1 ,i pray ,!e1 or p>don--a pro( t !re already weigh$ on ! prophet's _s some?+ m awful ?an loss ( grass--h[ %all ,jacob rise aga98 = he is little4#aib ,! pray] 0 he>d4 ,jehovah rep5t$ = ?is3 ,x %all n be1 said ,jehovah4 ,! unnameable x mu/ be ! same z 9 ! frequ5t phrase ( ! fir/ *apt]3 ,i w n turn ,x back--namely1 ! f9al execution ( doom on ! p's s94 ,! res]ve ) :i* ?is is m5tion$1 bo? :ile !re is /ill *ance = ! p to rep5t & aft] x has become irrevocable1 is v impressive4 ,! next example :i* ,amos gave at ,be!l ( 8 p]mitt$ insight into ,god's purpose 0 a great dr\ght4 ,?us ! ,"l ,jehovah made me to see3 &1 behold1 ! ,"l ,jehovah 0 call+ fire into ! qu>rel4#aic ,!re 01 !n1 already a qu>rel betwe5 ,jehovah & ,8 p--ano!r sign t ! prophet's moral conviction ( ,israel's s9 prec$$ ! rise ( ! ev5ts 9 :i* he recognis$ its puni%m5t4 ,& ! fire dev\r$ ! ,great ,deep1 yea1 x 0 ab\t to dev\r ! l&4#aid ,sev]e dr\ght 9 ,pale/9e might well be describ$ z fire1 ev5 :5 x 0 n accompani$ by ! flame & smoke ( ^? =e/ & prairie fires :i* ,joel describes z its consequ5ces4#aie ,b to h ! full fe> ( su* a dr\ght1 we %\ld ne$ to feel b5ea? u ! curi\s _w :i* ! m5 ( ^? days felt4 ,to !m ! e>? re/$ 9 a great deep1 f ^: /ores all h] spr+s & f\nta9s bur/4 ,:5 ^! fail$ x meant t ! unfa?om$ floods bel[ 7 burnt up4 ,b h[ fi]ce ! flame t c\ld effect ?is6 ,& h[ c]ta9ly able to dev\r next ! solid l& :i* re/$ above ! deep--! v ,portion#aif assign$ by ,god to ,8 p4 ,aga9 ,amos int]c$$3 ,"l ,jehovah1 ,i pray ,!e =be>3 h[ %all ,jacob rise8 = he is little4 ,& = ! second "t ,jacob 0 repriev$4 ,jehovah rep5t$ = ?is3 ,x also %all n come to pass1 said ! ,"l ,jehovah4 ,we h treat$ ^! visions1 n z ! imag9ation or prospect ( possible disa/]s1#aig b z insight into ! mean+ ( actual plagues4 ,su* a treatm5t is ju/ifi$1 n only by ! inv>iable habit ( ,amos to deal ) real facts1 b also by ! occurr5ce ( ^! same plagues among ! s]ies by :i*1 z we are told1 ,god _h already s\ght to move ! p to rep5tance4#aih ,! g5]al "q ( sympa?y betwe5 su* purely physical disa/]s & ! moral evil ( a p we may po/pone to ano!r *apt]1 conf9+ ourselves "h to ! "p play$ 9 ! ev5ts by ! prophet himself4 ,surely !re is some?+ wond]ful 9 ! attitude ( ?is %eph]d to ! fires & plagues t ,nature sweeps ^u 8 l&4 ,he is ready = !m4 ,& he is ready n only by ! g5]al feel+ ( 8 "t t su* ?+s happ5 ( ! wra? ( ,god4 ,8 sov]eign & pr$ictive consci5ce recognises !m z h] m9i/]s4 ,!y are s5t to puni% a p :om %e has already condemn$4 ,yet1 unlike ,elijah1 ,amos does n summon ! dr\ght1 nor ev5 welcome its arrival4 ,h[ f> has prophecy travell$ s9ce ! viol5t ,ti%bite6 ,) all 8 consci5ce ( ,israel's s91 ,amos yet prays t _! doom may be turn$4 ,we h "h "s evid5ce ( ! /ruggle ?r\gh :i* ^! lat] prophets pass$1 be=e !y accept$ _! awful messages to m54 ,ev5 ,amos1 des]t-br$ & liv+ alo( f ,israel1 %rank f ! judgm5t :i* x 0 8 call to publi%4 ,= two mom5ts--!y w\ld appe> to be ! only two 9 8 m9i/ry--8 he>t cont5d$ ) 8 consci5ce1 & twice he entreat$ ,god to =give4 ,at ,be!l he told ! p all ?is1 9 ord] to %[ h[ unwill+ly he took up 8 duty aga9/ !m1 & h[ inevitable he f\nd t duty to be4 ,b /ill m %all we le>n f 8 tale1 if we feel 9 8 words ab\t ! smallness ( ,jacob1 n pity only1 b sympa?y4 ,we %all le>n t prophets are nev] made solely by ! b>e ^w ( ,god1 b t ev5 ! mo/ objective & judicial ( !m has to e>n 8 title to proclaim judgm5t by suff]+ ) m5 ! agony ( ! judgm5t he proclaims4 ,nev] to a p came !re a true prophet :o _h n fir/ pray$ = !m4 ,to h entreat$ = m51 to h repres5t$ !m 9 ! highe/ c\rts ( ,be+1 is to h des]v$ also supreme judicial rights ^u !m4 ,& ?us x is t our ,judge at ! ,la/ ,day %all be none o!r ?an our great ,advocate :o cont9ually make? int]cession = u4 ,x is pray]1 let u repeat1 :i*1 :ile x gives u all p[] ) ,god1 end[s u at ! same "t ) moral rights ov] m54 ,^u 8 mission ( judgm5t we %all foll[ ,amos ) ! great] sympa?y t he ?us comes =? to x f ! m]cy-seat & ! m9i/ry ( int]cession4 ,! fir/ two visions :i* ,amos told at ,be!l 7 ( disa/]s 9 ! sph]e ( nature1 b 8 ?ird lay 9 ! sph]e ( politics4 ,! two =m] 71 9 _! complet5ess at lea/1 av]t$2 & ! language ,amos us$ ( !m seems to imply t he _h n ev5 !n fac$ ! possibility ( a f9al ov]?r[4 ,he took = grant$ ,jacob 0 to rise aga93 he only fe>$ z to h[ ?is %\ld be4 ,b ! ?ird vision is s f9al t ! prophet does n ev5 try to int]c$e4 ,israel is measur$1 f\nd want+ & doom$4 ,assyria is n nam$1 b is obvi\sly int5d$2 & ! fact t ! prophet arrives at c]ta9ty ) reg>d to ! doom ( ,israel1 j :5 he ?us comes )9 sight ( ,assyria1 is in/ructive z to ! influ5ce ex]t$ on prophecy by ! rise ( t empire4#aii ,?us ,he gave me to see3 &1 behold1 ! ,"l _h tak5 ,8 /ation--'tis a m solemn ^w ?an ! /ood ( our v]sions--^u a city wall built to ! plummet1#bjj & 9 ,8 h& a plummet4 ,& ,jehovah said unto me1 ,:at art ?\ see+1 ,amos8 ,! "q surely betrays "s a/oni%m5t %[n by ! prophet at ! vision or "s difficulty he felt 9 mak+ x out4 ,he evid5tly does n feel x at once1 z ! natural result ( 8 own ?9k+3 x is objective & /range to him2 he ne$s "t to see into x4 ,& ,i said1 ,a plummet4 ,& ! ,"l said1 ,behold1 ,i am sett+ a plummet 9 ! mid/ ( ,my p ,israel4 ,i w n aga9 pass !m ov]4 ,to set a measur+ l9e or a l9e ) weights atta*$ to any build+ means to devote x to de/ruction2#bja b "h x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! plummet ?reat5s de/ruction1 or means t ,jehovah w at la/ cle>ly prove to ! prophet ! insuff]able obliquity ( ! fabric ( ! nation's life1 orig9ally set /raight by ,himself--orig9ally a wall ( a plummet4 ,= ,god's judgm5ts are nev] arbitr>y3 by a /&>d we m5 c read ,he %[s u _! necessity4 ,consci5ce itself is no m]e voice ( au?ority3 x is a conv9c+ plummet1 & pla9ly lets u see :y we %\ld be puni%$4 ,b :i*ev] int]pretation we *oose1 ! result is ! same4 ,! high places ( ,israel %all be desolate1 & ! sanctu>ies ( ,isaac laid wa/e2 & ,i w rise aga9/ ! h\se ( ,j]oboam ) ! sword4 ,a decl>ation ( w>6 ,israel is to be invad$1 h] dyna/y ov]?r[n4 ,e "o :o he>d ! prophet w\ld "k1 ?\gh he nam$ !m n1 t ! ,assyrians 7 meant4 ,x 0 app>5tly at ?is po9t t ,amos 0 int]rupt$ by ,amaziah4 ,! prie/1 :o 0 consci\s ( no spiritual p[] ) :i* to oppose ! prophet1 gladly grasp$ ! opportunity af=d$ him by ! m5tion ( ! k+1 & fell back on ! inv>iable res\rce ( a b>r5 & envi\s sac]dotalism3 ,he speake? aga9/ ,cs>4#bjb ,!re foll[s "o ( ! great sc5es ( hi/ory--! sc5e :i*1 h[ev] fa/ ! ages & ! languages1 ! ideals & ! deities may *ange1 repeats itself ) ! same two actors4 ,prie/ & ,man face ea* o!r--,prie/ ) ,k+ beh9d1 ,man ) ,god--& wage t debate 9 :i* ! :ole w>f>e & progress ( religion consi/4 ,b ! /ory is only typical by be+ real4 ,_m subtle traits ( human nature prove t we h "h an exact n>rative ( fact4 ,take ,amaziah's report to ,j]oboam4 ,he gives to ! words ( ! prophet j t exagg]ation & innu5do :i* betray ! wily c\rti]1 :o kn[s h[ to acc5tuate a g5]al d5unciation till x feels l a p]sonal attack4 ,& yet1 l e ,caiaphas ( 8 tribe1 ! prie/ 9 8 exagg]ations expresses a deep] mean+ ?an he is consci\s (4 ,amos--note h[ ! m]e m5tion ( ! "n )\t description proves t ! prophet 0 already kn[n 9 ,israel1 p]haps 0 "o on :om ! au?orities _h long kept _! eye--,amos ha? conspir$ aga9/ !e--yet ,god 0 8 only fell[-conspirator6--9 ! mid/ ( ! h\se ( ,israel--?is royal temple at ,be!l4 ,! l& is n able to hold 8 words--x mu/ bur/2 yes1 b 9 ano!r s5se ?an ?\ meane/1 ,o ,caiaphas-,amaziah6 ,= ?us ha? ,amos said1 ,by ! sword %all ,j]oboam die--,amos _h spok5 only ( ! dyna/y1 b ! twi/ :i* ,amaziah l5ds to ! words is calculat$--& ,israel go+ %all g into captivity f (f 8 own l&4 ,?is 0 ! "o unv>ni%$ spot 9 ! report4 ,hav+ =tifi$ himself1 z little m5 w d1 by 8 duty to ! p[]s t be1 ,amaziah d>es to turn ^u ! prophet2 & he does s1 x is amus+ to obs]ve1 ) t tone ( intellectual & moral sup]iority :i* x is extraord9>y to see "s m5 d]ive f a m]ely (ficial /ation or t\* ) royalty4 ,vision>y1#bjc begone6 ,get !e (f to ! l& ( ,judah2 & e>n#bjd ?y bread !re1 & !re play ! prophet4 ,b at ,be!l--m>k ! ris+ acc5t ( ! voice--?\ %alt n aga9 prophesy4 ,! ,k+'s ,sanctu>y x is1 & ! ,h\se ( ! ,k+dom4#bje ,) ! (ficial m9d ?is is m conclusive ?an t x is ! ,h\se ( ,god6 ,9 fact ! spee* ( ,amaziah ju/ifies ! h>de/ t]ms :i* ,amos uses ( ! religion ( 8 day4 ,9 all ?is prie/ says !re is no trace ( ! spiritual--only fe>1 pride & privilege4 ,div9e tru? is *all5g$ by human law1 & ! ,^w ( ,god sil5c$ 9 ! "n ( ! k+4 ,we h "h a conception ( religion1 :i* is n m]ely due to ! unspiritual "* ( ! prie/ :o utt]s x1 b has its roots 9 ! f> back orig9s ( ,israel's religion4 ,! ,pagan ,semite id5tifi$ absolutely ,/ate & ,*ur*2 & on t id5tification 0 bas$ ! religi\s practice ( e>ly ,israel4 ,x _h _m heal?y results3 x kept religion 9 t\* ) public life2 ord]1 ju/ice1 patriotism1 self-sacrifice = ! common weal1 7 dev\tly held to be matt]s ( religion4 ,s long1 !re=e1 z ! sy/em 0 inspir$ by truly spiritual ideals1 no?+ = ^? times c\ld be bett]4 ,b we see 9 x an almo/ inevitable t5d5cy to h>d5 to ! %e]e/ (ficialism4 ,t x 0 m apt to d s 9 ,israel ?an 9 ,judah1 is intelligible f ! political orig9 ( ! ,nor!rn ,s*ism1 & ! erection ( ! national sanctu>ies f motives ( m]e /atecraft4#bjf ,era/ianism c\ld h>dly be m flagrant or m ludicr\s 9 its opposition to true religion ?an at ,be!l4 ,& yet h[ (t5 h ! ludicr\sness & ! flagrancy be5 repeat$1 ) f> less temptation6 ,ev] s9ce ,*ri/ianity became a /ate religion1 %e t ne$$ lea/ to use ! weapons ( ?is _w has done s aga9 & aga9 9 a ?or\ghly ,pagan fa%ion4 ,! attempts ( ,*ur*es by law e/abli%$1 to /amp out by law all religi\s diss5t2 or :]e su* attempts 7 no long] possible1 ! *>ges n[ ( fanaticism & n[ ( sordidness & religi\s %opkeep+1 :i* h be5 s frequ5tly made aga9/ diss5t by little m5 :o fanci$ _! /ate connection1 or _! high] social position1 to mean an intellectual & moral sup]iority2 ! absurd claims :i* _m a m9i/] ( religion makes ^u ! homes & ! s\ls ( a p>i%1 by virtue n ( 8 call+ 9 ,*ri/1 b ( 8 position z (ficial prie/ ( ! p>i%1--all ^! are ! s9s ( ,amaziah1 prie/ ( ,be!l4 ,b !y are n conf9$ to an e/abli%$ ,*ur*4 ,! ,amaziahs ( diss5t are also v _m4 ,:]ev] ! (ficial ma/]s ! spiritual2 :]ev] m]e dogma or tradition is made ! /&>d ( prea*+2 :]ev] new doctr9e is sil5c$1 or programmes ( re=m condemn$1 z ( late ye>s 9 ,free ,*ur*es !y h sometimes be51 n by spiritual argum5t1 b by ! ipse dixit ( ! dogmati/1 or by ecclesia/ical rule or exp$i5cy1--!re y h ! same _s4 ,! diss5t] :o *ecks ! ,^w ( ,god 9 ! "n ( "s d5om9ational law or dogma is z ,era/ian z ! *ur*man :o w\ld cru% x1 l ,amaziah1 by invok+ ! /ate4 ,^! ?+s 9 all ! ,*ur*es are ! begg>ly rudim5ts ( ,paganism2 & religi\s re=m is a*iev$1 z x 0 t day at ,be!l1 by ! abjur+ ( (ficialism4 ,b ,amos answ]$ & said unto ,amaziah1 ,no prophet ,i1 nor prophet's son4 ,b a h]dsman#bjg ,i1 & a dress] ( sycomores2 & ,jehovah took me f beh9d ! flock1 & ,jehovah said unto me1 ,g1 prophesy unto ,my p ,israel4 ,on su* words we d n comm5t2 we give !m homage4 ,! answ] ( ?is %eph]d to ?is prie/ is no m]e claim ( p]sonal dis9t]e/$ness4 ,x is ! prote/ ( a new ord] ( prophecy1#bjh ! *>t] ( a spiritual religion4 ,z we h se51 ! sons ( ! prophets 7 guilds ( m5 :o _h tak5 to prophesy+ because ( c]ta9 gifts ( temp] & natural disposition1 & !y e>n$ _! bread by ! ex]cise ( ^!4 ,among su* ab/ract craftsm5 ,amos w n be reckon$4 ,he is a prophet1 b n ( ! k9d ) :i* 8 g5]ation 0 famili>4 ,an ord9>y memb] ( society1 he has be5 sudd5ly call$ by ,jehovah f 8 civil occupation = a special purpose & by a call :i* has n necess>ily to d ) ei!r gifts or a pr(ession4 ,?is 0 some?+ new1 n only 9 itself1 b 9 its consequ5ces ^u ! g5]al relations ( ,god to m54 ,:at we see 9 ?is dialogue at ,be!l is1 !re=e1 n m]ely ! triumph ( a "*1 h[ev] h]oic1 b r a /ep =w>d--& t "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ indisp5sable--9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,!re foll[s a d5unciation ( ! man :o s\ght to sil5ce ?is fre% voice ( ,god4 ,n[ !re=e he>k5 to ! ^w ( ,jehovah ?\ t saye/1 ,prophesy n aga9/ ,israel1 nor let drop ?y words aga9/ ! h\se ( ,israel2 !re=e ?us sai? ,jehovah4444 ,?\ ha/ presum$ to say2 ,he> :at ,god w say4 ,?\ ha/ d>$ to set ?9e (fice & sy/em aga9/ ,8 ^w & purpose4 ,see h[ !y mu/ be swept away4 ,9 defiance ( its own rules ! gramm> fl+s =w>d to ! beg9n+s ( its clauses1 ea* detail ( ! prie/'s e/ate along ) ! sc5e ( its desecration4 ,?y wife 9 ! city--%all play ! h>lot2 & ?y sons & ?y daught]s by ! sword--%all fall2 & ?y l& by ! measur+ rope--%all be divid$2 & ?\ 9 an unclean l&--%alt die4 ,d n let u blame ! prophet = a co>se cruelty 9 ! fir/ ( ^! details4 ,he did n inv5t x4 ,) all ! re/ x =m$ an ord9>y consequ5ce ( defeat 9 ! w>f>e ( ! times--an inevitable item ( t g5]al ov]?r[ :i*1 ) bitt] emphasis1 ! prophet describes 9 ,amaziah's own words3 ,israel go+ %all g into captivity f (f 8 own l&4 ,!re is add$ a vision 9 l9e ) ! ?ree :i* prec$$ ! prie/'s int]ruption4 ,we are !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 suppos+ t ,amos spoke x also on ?is occasion1 & 9 tak+ x z ! close ( 8 address at ,be!l4 ,!n ! ,"l ,jehovah gave me to see3 &1 behold1 a basket ( aits1 t is1 summ] fruit4 ,& ,he said1 ,:at art ?\ see+1 ,amos8 ,& ,i said1 ,a basket ( aits4 ,& ,jehovah said unto me1 ,! ets--! ,end--has come ^u ,my p ,israel4 ,i w n aga9 pass !m ov]4 ,?is does n c>ry ! prospect beyond ! ?ird vision1 b x /amps its f9ality1 & !re is !re=e add$ a vivid realisation ( ! result4 ,by f\r disjo9t$ lam5tations1 h[ls ! prophet calls !m1 we are made to feel ! la/ %ocks ( ! f9al collapse1 & 9 ! utt] end an awful sil5ce4 ,& ! songs ( ! temple %all be *ang$ into h[ls 9 t day1 sai? ! ,"l ,jehovah4 ,multitude ( corpses6 ,9 e place6 ,he ha? ca/ out6 ,hu%6 ,^! !n 7 probably ! la/ words :i* ,amos spoke to ,israel4 ,if s1 !y =m a curi\s e*o ( :at 0 en=c$ ^u himself1 & he may h meant !m z su*4 ,he 0 ca/ out2 he 0 sil5c$4 ,!y might almo/ be ! v]bal repetition ( ! prie/'s ord]s4 ,9 any case ! sil5ce is appropriate4 ,b ,amaziah little knew :at p[] he _h giv5 to prophecy ! day he =bade x to speak4 ,! gagg$ prophet began to write2 & ^? acc5ts :i*1 humanly speak+1 might h di$ out ) ! songs ( ! temple ( ,be!l 7 clo!d ^u ) ! immortality ( lit]ature4 ,amos sil5c$ wrote a book--fir/ ( prophets to d s--& ?is is ! book we h n[ to /udy4 ,,footnotes3 #acj ,cornill3 ,d] ,israelitis*e ,prophetismus4 ,five ,lectures = ! ,educat$ ,laity4 #ahid4 #aca ,amos vii4 #ad4 ,see fur!r pp4 #gf f4 #acb ,khurbet ,taa'1 ,hebrew ,tea'1 1 f 1 to bl[ a trumpet 7cf4 ,j]4 vi4 #a1 ,bl[ ! trumpet 9 ,tekoa7 or to pit* a t5t4 ,! latt] seems ! m probable d]ivation ( ! "n1 & sugge/s a nomadic orig91 :i* agrees ) ! position ( ,tekoa on ! bord]s ( ! des]t4 ,tekoa does n occur 9 ! li/ ( ! t[ns tak5 by ,jo%ua4 ,!re are really no reasons = suppos+ t "s o!r ,tekoa is meant4 ,! two t h be5 alleg$ are 7#a7 t ,amos exclusively ref]s to ! ,nor!rn ,k+dom1 7#b7 t sycomores d n gr[ at su* levels z ,tekoa4 ,^! are dealt ) on pp4 #gi & #gg respectively4 #acc #b ,*ron4 xx4 #bj4 #acd 1 nd1 is d\btless ! same z ! ,arabic nad1 or keep] ( ! naad1 def9$ by ,freytag z a %ort-legg$ & de=m$ race ( %eep 9 ! ,bahre9 prov9ce ( ,arabia1 f :i* comes ! prov]b vil] ?an a naad2 yet ! wool is v f9e4 ,! k+ ( ,moab is call$ 9 #b ,k+s iii4 #d 7,a4,v4 %eep-ma/]74 ,9 vii4 #ad ,amos calls himself 1 cattleman1 :i* !re is no reason to alt]1 z "s d1 to 4 #ace 1 bls1 probably f a root 7f\nd 9 ?iopic7 balas1 a fig2 h5ce "o :o _h to d ) figs1 h&l$ !m1 rip5$ !m4 #acf ,! ,egyptian sycomore1 ,ficus sycomorus1 is n f\nd 9 ,syria above "o ?\s& feet above ! sea1 :ile ,tekoa is m ?an twice z high z t4 ,cf4 #a ,k+s x4 #bg1 ! sycomores t are 9 ! vale or valley l&1 2 #a ,*ron4 xxvii4 #bh1 ! sycomores t are 9 ! l[ pla9s4 ,! sycamore gr[s 9 s& on ! edge ( ! des]t z vigor\sly z 9 ! mid/ ( a well-wat]$ c\ntry4 ,its roots g deep 9 se>* ( wat]1 :i* infiltrates z f> z ! gorges ( ! hills1 & !y absorb x freely ev5 :]e dr\ght seems to reign supreme 7,masp]o on ! ,egyptian sycomore2 ,! ,dawn ( ,civilization1 translat$ by ,mc,clure1 p4 #bf74 ,ev]y:]e on ! conf9es ( cultivat$ gr\nd1 & ev5 at "s di/ance f ! valley1 are f9e s+le sycamores fl\ri%+ z ?\gh by miracle amid ! s&4444 ,!y dr9k f wat]1 :i* has infiltrat$ f ! ,nile1 & ^: exi/5ce is n[ise betray$ ^u ! surface ( ! soil 7ib41 #aba74 ,always & /ill rev]5c$ by ,moslem & ,*ri/ian4 #acg ,s practically ,oort 7,?4 ,tjids*41 #ahia1 #aba ff471 :5 compell$ to ab&on 8 previ\s conclusion 7ib41 #ahhj1 #abb ff47 t ! ,tekoa ( ,amos lay 9 ,nor!rn ,israel4 #ach ,9 #ahia we met ! ,ru%aideh1 :o cultivate ,eng$i1 encamp$ j bel[ ,tekoa4 ,b at o!r p>ts ( ! bord]s betwe5 ! hill-c\ntry ( ,juda & ! des]t1 & betwe5 ,moab & ! des]t1 we f\nd r\nd mo/ ( ! h]dsm5's c5tral wells a few fig-trees or pomegranates1 or ev5 apricots occasionally4 #aci ,luke i4 #hj4 #adj ,m>k i4 #ah4 #ada v4 #e2 viii4 #ad4 #adb ,see p4 #cf4 #adc ,prov4 xxxi4 #bd4 #add vi4 #aj4 #ade i4 #i4 #adf v4 #af4 #adg v4 #ba ff4 #adh li4 #g1 #h4 #adi viii4 #d ff4 #aej vi4 #a1 #d-g4 #aea ,see pp4 #acf f4 #aeb i4 #b4 #aec 1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 means 9 e>ly ,israel always ! trumpet bl[n z a summons to w>2 only 9 lat] ,israel 0 ! "n giv5 to ! temple trumpet4 #aed ,see fur!r on ?is important passage pp4 #hi ff4 #aee ,%all a little bird fall on ! sn>e e>?w>ds & !re be no noose ab\t h]8 ,%all a sn>e rise f ! gr\nd & n be tak+ some?+8 ,on ?is see p4 #hb4 ,its mean+ seems to be equival5t to ! ,scotti% prov]b3 ,!re's aye "s wat] :an ! /irkie droons4 #aef ,!re is ?us no reason to alt] ! words :o %all n prophesy to :o %all n tremble--z ,wellhaus5 does4 ,to d s is to blunt ! po9t ( ! argum5t4 #aeg ,see ,*ap4 ,,iv4 #aeh ,see pp4 #ec ff4 #aei ,see pp4 #fi f4 #afj viii4 #h4 #afa viii4 #i4 #afb v4 #ad4 #afc ,h[ f> ,assyria assi/$ ! developm5t ( prophecy we h already se54 ,b we h be5 made aw>e1 at ! same "t1 t ,assyria's s]vice to ,israel 9 ?is respect presuppos$ ! possession by ! prophets ( c]ta9 beliefs 9 ! "* & w ( _! ,god1 ,jehovah4 ,! prophets' fai? c\ld nev] h ris5 to ! magnitude ( ! new problems set to x by ,assyria if !re _h n be5 already inh]5t 9 x t belief 9 ! sov]eignty ( a ,righte\sness ( :i* all ?+s mat]ial 7 b ! in/rum5ts4 #afd ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ,hosea's condemnation ( ,jehu's murd] ( ,joram1 ) ,eli%a's comm& to d x2 also #b ,k+s iii4 #ai1 #be1 ) ,deut4 xx4 #ai4 #afe ,see above1 p4 #aj4 #aff ,isa4 xxviii4 #afg ,amos ii4 #afh ,ante1 p4 #gd4 #afi i4 #b4 #agj ,!re=e we see at a glance h[ utt]ly inadequate is ,r5an's brilliant comp>ison ( ,amos to a mod]n revolution>y j\rnali/ 7,hi/oire du ,peuple ,israel1 ,,ii474 ,j\rnali/ inde$6 ,h[ all ?is w\ld-be cosmopolitan & imp>tial critic's judgm5ts smack ( ! b\lev>ds6 #aga ,exod4 xx42 incorporat$ 9 ! ,,je book ( hi/ory1 &1 accord+ to ne>ly all critics1 complete by #gej2 ! cont5ts mu/ h be5 famili> 9 ,israel long be=e t4 ,!re is no trace 9 ,amos ( any influ5ce peculi> to ei!r ! ,deut]onomic or ! ,levitical legislation4 #agb ,see especially ,s*ultz1 ,o4 ,t4 ,!ol41 ,eng4 ,trans4 by ,pat]son1 ,i4 #bad4 #agc ii4 #i-aa4 ,on ?is passage see fur!r p4 #acg4 #agd ,if iv4 #ac1 v4 #h & ix4 #f be g5u9e1 ?is rem>k equally applies to belief 9 ,jehovah z ,creator4 #age ,kays]1 ,old ,te/am5t ,!ology4 #agf v4 #f1 #ad4 #agg ,see above1 p4 #ah4 #agh iii4 #b4 #agi v4 #ba ff4 #ahj ,j]4 vii4 #bb f4 #aha ,see above1 p4 #bc4 #ahb v4 #ba-bc4 #ahc vi4 #h4 #ahd ix4 #h #ahe viii4 #g4 #ahf ,*ap4 ,v41 p4 #ga4 #ahg vii4 #aa4 #ahh ,on ! m9i/ry ( eigh?-c5tury prophets to ! p see ! au?or's ,isaiah1 ,i41 p4 #aai4 #ahi ,s ,,lxx41 foll[$ by ,hitzig & ,wellhaus51 by read+ = 4 #aij ,cf4 ,hi/4 ,geography ( ! ,holy ,l&1 pp4 #fd ff4 ,! ^w translat$ spr+ crop above is 1 & f ! same root z ! "n ( ! latt] ra91 1 :i* falls 9 ! end ( ,m>* or beg9n+ ( ,april4 ,cf4 ,zeits*rift des deuts*5 ,pal/9a-,v]e9s1 ,,iv4 #hc2 ,,viii4 #fb4 #aia ,cf4 #a ,k+s xviii4 #e ) #a ,sam4 vii4 #ae1 #ag2 #a ,k+s iv4 #g ff4 ,see ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 #bbh4 #aib ,,lxx43 ,:o %all raise up ,jacob aga98 #aic ,s ,pr(essor ,a4 ,b4 ,davidson4 ,b ! gramm> might equally well af=d ! r5d]+ "o call+ t ! ,"l w puni% ) ! fire1 ! ( m>k+ ! introduction ( indirect spee* 7cf4 ,ewald1 #cch;a74 ,b ,hitzig = reads 7,deut4 xxv4 #ah71 to occur1 happ54 ,s simil>ly ,wellhaus51 es nahte si* zu /raf5 mit ,feu] d] ,h]r ,jahve4 ,all ^! r5d]+s yield practically ! same mean+4 #aid ,a4 ,b4 ,davidson1 ,syntax1 #eg1 ,rem4 #a4 #aie i4 #ai f4 #aif ,cf4 ,micah ii4 #c4 is ! ^w us$1 & accord+ to ! motive giv5 above /&s well = ! climax ( ! fire's de/ructive "w4 ,?is meets ! objection ( ,wellhaus51 :o proposes to omit 1 because ! heat does n dry up fir/ ! great deep & !n ! fields 7,ack]flur74 ,?is is to mi/ake ! obvi\s po9t ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! dr\ght 0 s great t1 aft] ! f\nta9s 7 exhau/$1 x seem$ z if ! solid framework ( ! l&1 describ$ ) v apt pa?os z ! ,portion1 w\ld be ! next to disappe>4 ,"s take z divid$1 !re=e cultivat$1 gr\nd4 #aig ,s = in/ance1 ,von ,orelli4 #aih ,*ap4 iv4 #aii ,see ,*ap4 ,,iv41 p4 #ea4 #bjj ,lit]ally ( ! plummet1 an obscure expression4 ,x _c mean plumb-/raight1 = ! wall is condemn$4 #bja #b ,k+s xxi4 #ac3 ,i w /ret* ov] ,j]usalem ! l9e ( ,sam>ia & ! plummet or weight 77 ( ! h\se ( ,ahab4 ,isa4 xxxiv4 #aa3 ,he %all /ret* ov] x ! cord ( confusion1 & ! weights 7lit]ally /ones7 ( empt9ess4 #bjb ,john xix4 #ab4 #bjc ,! ^w se] is "h us$ 9 a contemptu\s s5se1 & has !re=e to be translat$ by "s su* ^w z vision>y4 #bjd ,lit]ally eat4 #bje --t is1 a c5tral or capital sanctu>y4 ,cf4 7#a ,sam4 xxvii4 #e71 city ( ! k+dom1 i4e4 *ief or capital t[n4 #bjf #a ,k+s xii4 #bf1 #bg4 #bjg ,prophet & prophet's son are equival5t t]ms1 ! latt] mean+ "o ( ! pr(essional guilds ( prophets4 ,!re is no ne$ to *ange h]dsman1 1 z ,wellhaus5 does1 into 1 %eph]d1 ! ^w us$ 9 i4 #a4 #bjh ,cf4 ,wellhaus51 ,hi/41 ,eng4 ,ed41 #f3 ,amos 0 ! f\nd] & ! pure/ type ( a new ord] ( prophecy4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,atrocities ,,& ,,atrocities ,,amos i4 #c-;ii4 ,l all ! prophets ( ,israel1 ,amos receives oracles = =eign nations4 ,unlike !m1 h[ev]1 he arranges ^! oracles n aft]1 b be=e1 8 indictm5t ( 8 own p1 & s z to lead up to ?is4 ,8 reason is obvi\s & *>act]i/ic4 ,if 8 aim be to en=ce a religion indep5d5t ( 8 p's int]e/s & privileges1 h[ c he bett] d s ?an by exhibit+ its pr9ciples at "w outside 8 p1 & !n1 ) ! impetus dra9$ f _m areas1 sweep 9 ^u ! ve/$ iniquities ( ,israel h]self8 ,?is is ! c\rse ( ! fir/ section ( 8 book--*apt]s i4 & ii4 ,"o by "o ! neighb\rs ( ,israel are cit$ & condemn$ 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah2 "o by "o !y are told !y mu/ fall be=e ! /ill unnam$ eng9e ( ! ,div9e ,ju/ice4 ,b :5 ,amos has /irr$ 8 p's consci5ce & imag9ation by 8 judgm5t ( _! neighb\rs' s9s1 he turns ) ! same =mula on !mselves4 ,are !y morally bett]8 ,are !y m likely to resi/ ,assyria8 ,) great] detail he %[s !m worse & _! doom ! heavi] = all _! privileges4 ,?us is a*iev$ an oratorical triumph1 by tactics 9 h>mony ) ! pr9ciples ( prophecy & rem>kably suit$ to ! temp]s ( t "t4 ,b ,amos a*ieves ano!r feat1 :i* ext5ds f> beyond 8 own day4 ,! s9s he condemns 9 ! hea!n are at fir/ sight v diff]5t f ^? :i* he exposes )9 ,israel4 ,n only are !y s9s ( =eign relations1 ( treaty & w>1 :ile ,israel's are all civic & dome/ic2 b !y are :at we call ! atrocities ( ,b>b>ism--wanton w>1 massacre & sacrilege--:ile ,israel's are r ! s9s ( ,civilisation--! pressure ( ! ri* ^u ! poor1 ! brib]y ( ju/ice1 ! s$uction ( ! innoc5t1 p]sonal impurity1 & o!r evils ( luxury4 ,s great is ?is diff]5ce t a critic m gift$ ) +5uity ?an ) insight might plausibly di/+ui% 9 ! section be=e u two prophets ) two v diff]5t views ( national s9--a rud] prophet1 & ( c\rse an e>li]1 :o judg$ nations only by ! flagrant drunk5ness ( _! w>1 & a m subtle prophet1 & ( c\rse a lat]1 :o expos$ ! mask$ corruptions ( _! religion & _! peace4 ,su* a !ory w\ld be z false z x w\ld be plausible4 ,= n only is ! div]sity ( ! objects ( ! prophet's judgm5t expla9$ by ?is1 t ,amos _h no famili>ity ) ! int]ior life ( o!r nations1 & c\ld only arraign _! conduct at ^? po9ts :]e x broke into light 9 _! =eign relations1 :ile ,israel's civic life he knew to ! v core4 ,b ,amos _h besides a /rong & a delib]ate aim 9 plac+ ! s9s ( civilisation z ! climax ( a li/ ( ! atrocities ( b>b>ism4 ,he w\ld recall :at m5 are always =gett+1 t ! =m] are really m cruel & crim9al ?an ! latt]2 t luxury1 brib]y & intol]ance1 ! oppression ( ! poor1 ! corruption ( ! innoc5t & ! sil5c+ ( ! prophet--:at ,*ri/ calls (f5ces aga9/ ,8 little ones--are ev5 m awful atrocities ?an ! wanton horrors ( b>b>ian w>f>e4 ,if we keep 9 m9d ?is moral purpose1 we %all /udy ) m int]e/ ?an we c\ld o!rwise d ! some:at =eign details ( ?is section4 ,horrible z ! outrages are :i* ,amos describes1 !y 7 repeat$ only ye/]day by ,turkey3 _m ( ! crimes ) :i* he *>ges ,israel black5 ! life ( ,turkey's *ief accus]1 ,great ,brita94 ,9 8 survey ,amos includes all ! six /ates ( ,pale/9e t bord]$ ^u ,israel1 & lay 9 ! way ( ! advance ( ,assyria--,aram ( ,damascus1 ,phili/ia1 ,tyre 7= ,phnicia71 ,edom1 ,ammon & ,moab4 ,!y are n arrang$ 9 geographical ord]4 ,! prophet beg9s ) ,aram 9 ! nor?-ea/1 !n leaps to ,phili/ia 9 ! s\?-we/1 comes nor? aga9 to ,tyre1 crosses to ! s\?-ea/ & ,edom1 leaps ,moab to ,ammon1 & !n comes back to ,moab4 ,nor is any o!r explanation ( 8 ord] visible4 ,damascus heads ! li/1 no d\bt1 because h] cruelties _h be5 mo/ felt by ,israel1 & p]haps too because %e lay mo/ op5 to ,assyria4 ,x 0 also natural to take next to ,aram ,phili/ia1#bji z ,israel's o!r greate/ foe2 & ne>e/ to ,phili/ia lay ,tyre4 ,! ?ree s\?-ea/]n pr9cipalities come toge!r4 ,b !re may h be5 a *ronological reason n[ unkn[n to u4 ,! au!nticity ( ! oracles on ,tyre1 ,edom & ,judah has be5 que/ion$3 x w be be/ to discuss ea* case z we come to x4 ,ea* ( ! oracles is introduc$ by ! =mula3 ,?us sai?1 or ha? said1 ,jehovah3 ,because ( ?ree crimes ( 444 yea1 because ( f\r1 ,i w n turn ,x back4 ,9 h>mony ) ! re/ ( ! book1#baj ,jehovah is repres5t$ z mov+ to puni%m5t1 n = a s+le s91 b = repeat$ & cumulative guilt4 ,! unnam$ ,x :i* ,god w n recall is n ! ^w ( judgm5t1 b ! ang] & ! h& /ret*$ =? to smite4#baa ,aft] ! =mula1 an in/ance ( ! nation's guilt is giv51 & !n 9 almo/ id5tical t]ms he decrees ! de/ruction ( all by w> & captivity4 ,assyria is n m5tion$1 b x is ! ,assyrian fa%ion ( deal+ ) conqu]$ /ates :i* is describ$4 ,except 9 ! case ( ,tyre & ,edom1 ! oracles conclude z !y h begun1 by ass]t+ !mselves to be ! ^w ( ,jehovah1 or ( ,jehovah ! ,"l4 ,x is no ab/ract righte\sness :i* condemns ^! =eign peoples1 b ! ,god ( ,israel1 & _! evil de$s are describ$ by ! *>act]i/ic ,hebrew ^w = s9--crimes1 revolts or treasons aga9/ ,him4#bab 99 99 99 99 99 #a4 ,,aram ,,( ,,damascus4--,?us ha? ,jehovah said3 ,because ( ?ree crimes ( ,damascus1 yea1 because ( f\r1 ,i w n turn ,x back2 = t !y ?re%$ ,gilead ) iron--or basalt ?re%+-sl$ges4 ,! ^w is iron1 b ! ,arabs ( to-day call basalt iron2 & ! ?re%+-sl$ges1 curv$ slabs#bac drawn rapidly by horses ov] ! heap$ corn1 are /udd$ ) %>p basalt tee? t n only ?re% out ! gra91 b *op ! /raw into little pieces4 ,s cruelly _h ,gilead be5 *opp$ by ,hazael & 8 son ,b5-,hadad "s fifty or =ty ye>s be=e ,amos prophesi$4#bad ,/rongholds 7 burn$1 soldi]s sla9 )\t qu>t]1 *ildr5 da%$ to pieces1 & wom5 ) *ild put to a mo/ atroci\s end4#bae ,b ,i %all s5d fire on ! h\se ( ,hazael1 & x %all dev\r ! palaces ( ,b5-,hadad--^! names are *os51 n because !y 7 typical ( ! ,damascus dyna/y1 b because !y 7 ! v names ( ! two heavie/ oppressors ( ,israel4#baf ,& ,i w break ! bolt#bag ( ,damascus1 & cut (f ! inhabitant f ,bi'a?-,av5--! ,valley ( ,idolatry1 s call$1 p]haps1 by a play ^u ,bi'a? ,on1#bah presumably ! valley betwe5 ! ,lebanons1 /ill call$ ! ,be'a1 9 :i* lay ,heliopolis#bai--;& him t holde? ! sceptre f ,be?-,ed5--"s royal ,p>adise 9 t region ( ,damascus1 :i* is /ill ! ,p>adise ( ! ,arab _w--& ! p ( ,aram %all g captive to ir--,kir 9 ! unkn[n nor?1 f :i* !y _h come3#bbj ,jehovah ha? said x4 #b4 ,,phili/ia4--,?us sai? ,jehovah3 ,= ?ree crimes ( ,gaza & = f\r ,i w n turn ,x back1 because !y l$ captive a :ole captivity1 9 ord] to deliv] !m up to ,edom4 ,x is difficult to see :at ?is means if n ! :olesale depopulation ( a di/rict 9 contra/ to ! enslavem5t ( a few captives ( w>4 ,by all tribes ( ! anci5t _w1 ! captives ( _! b[ & spe> 7 reg>d$ z legitimate prop]ty3 x 0 no (f5ce to ! public consci5ce t !y %\ld be sold into slav]y4 ,b ! ,phili/9es seem1 )\t excuse ( w>1 to h desc5d$ ^u c]ta9 di/ricts & swept ! :ole ( ! population be=e !m1 = purely comm]cial purposes4 ,x 0 pr(essional slave-cat*+4 ,! ,phili/9es 7 exactly l ! ,arabs ( to-day 9 ,africa--n w>riors :o w9 _! captives 9 hon\rable fight1 b slave-trad]s1 pure & simple4 ,9 w>f>e 9 ,arabia itself x is /ill a matt] ( consci5ce ) ! wilde/ nomads n to ext+ui% a ho/ile tribe1 h[ev] bitt] "o be aga9/ !m4#bba ,gaza is *iefly blam$ by ,amos1 = %e 0 ! emporium ( ! trade on ! bord] ( ! des]t1 ) roads & regul> c>avans to ,petra & ,elah on ! ,gulf ( ,akaba1 bo? ( !m places 9 ,edom & depots = ! traffic ) ,arabia4#bbb ,b ,i w cut (f ! inhabitant f ,a%dod1 & ! hold] ( ! sceptre f ,askalon1 & ,i w turn ,my h& ^u ,ekron--f\r ( ! five great ,phili/9e t[ns1 ,ga? be+ already de/roy$1 & nev] aga9 to be m5tion$ ) ! o!rs#bbc--;& ! la/ ( ! ,phili/9es %all p]i%3 ,jehovah ha? said x4 #c4 ,,tyre4--,?us sai? ,jehovah3 ,because ( ?ree crimes ( ,tyre & because ( f\r ,i w n turn ,x back2 = t !y gave up a :ole captivity to ,edom--! same m>ket z 9 ! previ\s *>ge--& did n rememb] ! cov5ant ( bre?r54 ,we d n "k to :at ?is ref]s4 ,! alt]natives are ?ree3 t ! captives 7 ,hebrews & ! alliance "o betwe5 ,israel & ,edom2 t ! captives 7 ,hebrews & ! alliance "o betwe5 ,israel & ,tyre2#bbd t ! captives 7 ,phnicians & ! alliance ! natural bro!rhood ( ,tyre & ! o!r ,phnician t[ns4#bbe ,b ( ^! ?ree alt]natives ! fir/ is sc>cely possible1 = 9 su* a case ! blame w\ld h be5 r ,edom's 9 buy+ ?an ,tyre's 9 sell+4 ,! second is possible1 = ,israel & ,tyre _h liv$ 9 close alliance = m ?an two c5turies2 b ! phrase cov5ant ( bre?r5 is n s well suit$ to a league betwe5 two tribes :o felt !mselves to belong to fundam5tally diff]5t races1#bbf z to ! close k9%ip ( ! ,phnician communities4 ,& al?\gh1 9 ! scrappy records ( ,phnician hi/ory be=e ?is "t1 we f9d no in/ance ( s gross an outrage by ,tyre on o!r ,phnicians1 x is q possible t su* may h occurr$4 ,dur+ next c5tury ,tyre twice ov] basely took sides ) ,assyria 9 suppress+ ! revolts ( h] si/] cities4#bbg ,besides1 ! o!r ,phnician t[ns are n includ$ 9 ! *>ge4 ,we h e reason1 !re=e1 to believe t ,amos expresses "h n res5tm5t aga9/ a betrayal ( ,israel1 b indignation at an outrage ^u natural rights & feel+s ) :i* ,israel's own int]e/s 7 n 9 any way conc]n$4 ,& ?is also suits ! l(ty _s ( ! :ole prophecy4 ,b ,i w s5d fire ^u ! wall ( ,tyre1 & x %all dev\r h] palaces4444 ,?is oracle aga9/ ,tyre has be5 suspect$ by ,wellhaus51#bbh = ! foll[+ reasons3 t x is ( ,tyre alone1 & sil5ce is kept reg>d+ ! o!r ,phnician cities1 :ile 9 ! case ( ,phili/ia o!r t[ns ?an ,gaza are condemn$2 t ! *>ge is ! same z aga9/ ,gaza2 & t ! usual close to ! =mula is want+4 ,b x w\ld h be5 /range if f a li/ ( /ates ?reat5$ by ! ,assyrian doom we _h miss$ ,tyre1 ,tyre :i* lay 9 ! av5g]'s v pa?4 ,aga91 t s acute a critic z ,wellhaus5 %\ld cite ! abs5ce ( o!r ,phnician t[ns f ! *>ge aga9/ ,tyre is really amaz+1 :5 he has j all[$ t x 0 probably aga9/ "s or all ( ^! cities t ,tyre's crime 0 committ$4 ,h[ c\ld !y be includ$ 9 ! blame ( an outrage done ^u !mselves8 ,! abs5ce ( ! usual =mula at ! close may p]haps be expla9$ by omission1 z indicat$ above4#bbi #d4 ,,edom4--,?us sai? ,jehovah3 ,because ( ?ree crimes ( ,edom & because ( f\r ,i w n turn ,x back2 = t he pursu$ ) ! sword 8 bro!r1 :o _c be any o!r ?an ,israel1 corrupt$ 8 natural feel+s--lit]ally 8 b[els ( m]cies--& kept aye frett+#bcj 8 ang]1 & 8 passion he wat*$--l a fire1 or paid he$ to x--= ev]4#bca ,b ,i w s5d fire ^u ,teman--! ,s\? ,region belong+ to ,edom--& x %all dev\r ! palaces ( ,borah--! ,edomite ,borah1 s\?-ea/ ( ,petra4#bcb ,! ,assyrians _h already compell$ ,edom to pay tribute4#bcc ,! objections to ! au!nticity ( ?is oracle are m s]i\s ?an ^? 9 ! case ( ! oracle on ,tyre4 ,x has be5 rem>k$#bcd t be=e ! ,jewi% ,exile s sev]e a tone c\ld n h be5 adopt$ by a ,jew aga9/ ,edom1 :o _h be5 mo/ly "u ! yoke ( ,judah1 & n l5i5tly treat$4 ,:at 7 ! facts8 ,joab subdu$ ,edom = ,david ) great cruelty4#bce ,jewi% gov]nors 7 set ov] ! conqu]$ p1 & ?is /ate ( affairs seems to h la/$1 9 spite ( an ,edomite attempt aga9/ ,solomon1#bcf till #hej4 ,9 ,jeho%aphat's reign1 #hgc-hej1 !re 0 no k+ ( ,edom1 a deputy 0 k+1 :o t[>ds #hej jo9$ ! k+s ( ,judah & ,israel 9 an invasion ( ,moab ?r\gh 8 t]ritory4#bcg ,b1 soon aft] ?is invasion & p]haps 9 consequ5ce ( its failure1 ,edom revolt$ f ,joram ( ,judah 7#hdi-hdb71 :o unsuccessfully attempt$ to put d[n ! revolt4#bch ,! ,edomites appe> to h rema9$ indep5d5t = fifty ye>s at lea/4 ,amaziah ( ,judah 7#gig-ggi7 smote !m1#bci b n x w\ld seem into subjection1 =1 accord+ to ! ,*ronicl]1 ,uzziah _h to w9 back ,ela? = ! ,jews aft] ,amaziah's dea?4#bdj ,! hi/ory1 !re=e1 ( ! relations ( ,judah & ,edom be=e ! "t ( ,amos 0 ( su* a k9d z to make cr$ible ! exi/5ce 9 ,judah at t "t ( ! feel+ ab\t ,edom :i* inspires ?is oracle4 ,edom _h %[n j ! vigilant1 implacable hatr$ "h describ$4 ,b 0 ! "r to blame !m = x ,judah's1 :o h]self _h s p]si/5tly wag$ w>1 ) confess$ cruelty1 aga9/ ,edom8 ,c\ld a ,judan prophet be j 9 blam+ ,edom & say+ no?+ ( ,judah8 ,x is true t 9 ! fifty ye>s ( ,edom's indep5d5ce--! p]iod1 we mu/ rememb]1 f :i* ,amos seems to draw ! mat]ials ( all 8 o!r *>ges--!re may h be5 ev5ts to ju/ify ?is oracle z spok5 by him2 & our ignorance ( t p]iod is ample reason :y we %\ld pause be=e reject+ ! oracle s dogmatically z ,wellhaus5 does4 ,b we h at lea/ s]i\s gr\nds = suspect+ x4 ,to *>ge ,edom1 :om ,judah has conqu]$ & treat$ cruelly1 ) re/less hate t[>ds ,judah seems to fall bel[ t high imp>tial tone :i* prevails 9 ! o!r oracles ( ?is section4 ,! *>ge 0 mu* m ju/ifiable at ! "t ( ! ,exile1 :5 ,edom did behave %amefully t[>ds ,israel4#bda ,wellhaus5 po9ts out t ,teman & ,borah are names :i* d n occur 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t be=e ! ,exile1 b ?is is unc]ta9 & inconclusive4 ,! oracle wants ! conclud+ =mula ( ! re/4#bdb #e4 ,,ammon4--,?us sai? ,jehovah3 ,because ( ?ree crimes ( ,ammon & because ( f\r ,i w n turn ,x back2 = t !y ripp$ up ,gilead's wom5 ) *ild--9 ord] to enl>ge _! bord]s6 ,= su* an end !y committ$ su* an atrocity6 ,! crime is "o t has be5 m or less frequ5t 9 ,semitic w>f>e4 ,wellhaus5 cites sev]al in/ances 9 ! feuds ( ,arab tribes ab\t _! fronti]s4 ,! ,turks h be5 guilty ( x 9 our own day4#bdc ,x is ! same *>ge :i* ! hi/orian ( ,israel puts into ! m\? ( ,eli%a aga9/ ,hazael ( ,aram1#bdd & probably ! w> 0 ! same2 :5 ,gilead 0 simultane\sly attack$ by ,arameans f ! nor? & ,ammonites f ! s\?4 ,b ,i w set fire to ! wall ( ,rabbah--,rabba?-,ammon1 lit]ally *ief or capital ( ,ammon--& x %all dev\r h] palaces1 ) clam\r 9 ! day ( battle1 ) tempe/ 9 ! day ( /orm4 ,z we speak ( /orm+ a city1 ,amos & ,isaiah#bde use ! tempe/ to describe ! ov]:elm+ invasion ( ,assyria4 ,!re foll[s ! *>act]i/ic ,assyrian conclusion3 ,& _! k+ %all g into captivity1 he & 8 pr9ces#bdf toge!r1 sai? ,jehovah4 #f4 ,,moab4--,?us sai? ,jehovah3 ,because ( ?ree crimes ( ,moab & because ( f\r ,i w n turn ,x back2 = t he burn$ ! bones ( ! k+ ( ,edom to lime4#bdg ,9 ! great invasion ( ,moab1 ab\t #hej1 by ,israel1 ,judah & ,edom conjo9tly1 ! rage ( ,moab seems to h be5 direct$ *iefly aga9/ ,edom4#bdh ,:e!r opportunity to appease t rage occurr$ on ! )drawal ( ,israel we _c say4 ,b ei!r !n or aft]w>ds1 balk$ ( _! attempt to secure ! k+ ( ,edom alive1 ,moab wreak$ _! v5geance on 8 corpse1 & burnt 8 bones to lime4 ,x 01 9 ! religi\s belief ( all antiquity1 a sacrilege2 yet x does n seem to h be5 ! desecration ( ! tomb--or he w\ld h m5tion$ x--b ! wanton meanness ( ! de$1 :i* ,amos felt4 ,& ,i w s5d fire on ,moab1 & x %all dev\r ! palaces ( ,!-,cities--ero?1#bdi p]haps ! pres5t ureiyat1#bej on ! ,moab plateau :]e ,*emo% _h 8 %r9e#bea--;& 9 tumult %all ,moab die--to ,j]emiah#beb ! ,moabites 7 ! sons ( tumult--) clam\r & ) ! noise ( ! w>-trumpet4 ,& ,i w cut (f ! rul]--lit]ally judge1 probably ! vassal k+ plac$ by ,j]oboam ,,ii4--f h]#bec mid/1 & all 8#bed pr9ces w ,i slay ) him3 ,jehovah ha? said x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^!1 !n1 are ! *>ges :i* ,amos br+s aga9/ ! hea!n neighb\rs ( ,israel4 ,if we look z a :ole across ! details ?r\gh :i* we h be5 work+1 :at we see is a picture ( ! ,semitic _w s summ>y & s vivid t we get ! l ( x n[h]e else--! ,semitic _w 9 its *>act]i/ic brok5ness & turbul5ce2 its factions & f]ocities1 its causeless raids & qu>rels1 tribal disputes ab\t b\nd>ies fl>+ up into ! mo/ t]rible massacres1 v5geance t wreaks itself alike on ! embryo & ! corpse--cutt+ up wom5 ) *ild 9 ,gilead1 & burn+ to lime ! bones ( ! k+ ( ,edom4 ,& ! "o comm]ce :i* b9ds ^! f]oci\s tribes toge!r is ! slave-trade 9 its :olesale & mo/ odi\s =m4 ,amos treats none ( ! atrocities subjectively4 ,x is n because !y h be5 inflict$ ^u ,israel t he feels or condemns !m4 ,! appeals ( ,israel aga9/ ! tyrant become _m z ! c5turies g on2 ! lat] p>ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are full ( ! compla9ts ( ,god's *os5 p1 consci\s ( _! mission to ! _w1 aga9/ ! hea!n1 :o prev5t$ !m f x4 ,"h we f9d none ( ^! compla9ts1 b a /rictly objective & judicial indictm5t ( ! *>act]i/ic crimes ( hea!n m5 aga9/ ea* o!r2 & ?\gh ?is is made 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah1 x is n 9 ! int]e/s ( ,8 p or ( any ( ,8 purposes ?r\gh !m1 b solely by ! /&>d ( an imp>tial righte\sness :i*1 z we are soon to he>1 mu/ desc5d 9 equal judgm5t on ,israel4 ,aga91 = ! moral pr9ciples :i* ,amos en=ces no orig9ality c be claim$4 ,he condemns nei!r w> z a :ole nor slav]y z a :ole1 b limits 8 curse to wanton & delib]ate aggravations ( !m3 to ! slave-trade 9 cold blood1 9 violation ( treaties & = purely comm]cial ends2#bee to w> = trifl+ causes1 & t wreaks itself on pregnant wom5 & dead m52 to national hatr$s1 t nev] w be /ill4 ,n[ aga9/ su* ?+s !re has always be5 9 mank9d a /rong consci5ce1 ( :i* ! ^w humanity is 9 itself a suffici5t pro(4 ,we ne$ n "h inquire into ! orig9 ( su* a common s5se--:e!r x be "s native impulse ( t5d]ness :i* ass]ts itself z soon z ! duties ( self-def5ce are exhau/$1 or "s rational notion ( ! ne$lessness ( excesses1 or :e!r1 9 committ+ ^!1 m5 are visit$ by fe> ( retaliation f ! wra? !y h unnecess>ily exasp]at$4 ,c]ta9 x is1 t w>riors ( all races h hesitat$ to be wanton 9 _! w>1 & h =ebod$ ! special judgm5t ( heav5 ^u e bl9d extravagance ( hate or cruelty4 ,x is well kn[n h[ fey ! ,greeks felt ! insol5ce ( p[] & immod]ate ang]2 !y are ! fatal elem5t 9 _m a ,greek trag$y4#bef ,b ! ,semites !mselves1 ^: racial f]ocity is s notori\s1 are n )\t ! same feel+4 ,ev5 ! ,b$u9s' old cruel ranc\rs are (t5 less ?an ! gold5 piety ( ! wild]ness4 ,! dang] pa/1 !y c ?9k ( ! defeat$ foem5 ) k9dness1 444 putt+ only _! tru/ 9 ,ullah to obta9 ! l at ne$ = !mselves4 ,x is contr>y to ! ,arabian consci5ce to ext+ui% a ,kabla4#beg ,simil>ly 9 ,israel "s ( ! e>lie/ e?ical movem5ts 7 revolts ( ! public consci5ce aga9/ horrible outrages1 l t1 = in/ance1 done by ! ,b5jamites ( ,gibeah4#beh ,!re=e 9 ^! oracles on 8 wild ,semitic neighb\rs ,amos discloses no new ideal = ei!r tribe or individual4 ,our view is confirm$ t he 0 int5t only ^u r\s+ ! natural consci5ce ( 8 ,hebrew he>]s 9 ord] to engage ?is ^u o!r vices to :i* x 0 less impressionable--t he 0 describ+ ^? de$s ( w> & slav]y1 ^: atrocity all m5 admitt$1 only t he might proce$ to br+ "u ! same condemnation ! civic & dome/ic s9s ( ,israel4 ,we turn ) him1 !n1 to ,israel4 ,b 9 8 book z x n[ /&s 9 our ,bibles1 ,israel is n imm$iately rea*$4 ,betwe5 h] & ! =eign nations two v]ses are be/[$ ^u ,judah3 ,?us sai? ,jehovah3 ,because ( ?ree crimes ( ,judah & because ( f\r ,i w n turn ,x back2 = t !y despis$ ! ,torah ( ,jehovah1 & ,8 /atutes !y did n obs]ve1 & _! falsehoods--false gods--l$ !m a/ray1 aft] :i* _! fa!rs walk$4 ,b ,i w s5d fire on ,judah1 & x %all dev\r ! palaces ( ,j]usalem4 ,^! v]ses h be5 suspect$ z a lat] ins]tion1#bei on ! gr\nd t e ref]5ce to ,judah 9 ! ,book ( ,amos mu/ be late1 t ! language is v =mal1 & t ! phrases 9 :i* ! s9 ( ,judah is describ$ s\nd l e*oes ( ,deut]onomy4 ,! fir/ ( ^! reasons may be dismiss$ z absurd2 x w\ld h be5 f> m /range if ,amos _h nev] at all ref]r$ to ,judah4#bfj ,! *>ges1 h[ev]1 are n l ^? :i* ,amos else:]e makes1 & ?\gh ! phrases may be q z e>ly z 8 "t1#bfa ! read] ( ! orig9al1 & ev5 ! read] ( ! ,engli% v]sion1 is aw>e ( a c]ta9 tam5ess & vagu5ess ( /atem5t1 :i* contra/s rem>kably ) ! usual pung5cy ( ! prophet's /yle4 ,we are =c$ to suspect ! au!nticity ( ^! v]ses4 ,we ought to pass1 !n1 /raight f ! ?ird to ! six? v]se ( ?is *apt]1 f ! oracles on =eign nations to t on ,nor!rn ,israel4 ,x is introduc$ ) ! same =mula z !y are3 ,?us sai? ,jehovah3 ,because ( ?ree crimes ( ,israel & because ( f\r ,i w n turn ,x back4 ,b !re foll[ a great] numb] ( details1 = ,amos has come among 8 own p :om he kn[s to ! he>t1 & he applies to !m a /&>d m exact & an obligation m heavy ?an any he c\ld lay to ! life ( ! hea!n4 ,let u run quickly ?r\gh ! items ( 8 *>ge4 ,= t !y sell an hone/ man#bfb = silv]1 & a ne$y man = a pair ( %oes--prov]bial1 z we %\ld say = an old song--:o trample to ! du/ ( ! e>? ! head ( ! poor--! lea/ improbable r5d]+ ( a corrupt passage#bfc--;& p]v]t ! way ( humble m54 ,& a man & 8 fa!r w g into ! maid1 ! same maid1#bfd to desecrate ,my ,holy ,"n--)\t d\bt "s public =m ( un*a/ity introduc$ f ! ,canaanite wor%ip into ! v sanctu>y ( ,jehovah1 ! holy place :]e ,he reveals ,8 ,"n--& on g>m5ts giv5 9 pl$ge !y /ret* !mselves by e alt>1 & ! w9e ( ^? :o h be5 f9$ !y dr9k 9 ! h\se ( _! ,god4 ,a riot ( s93 ! mat]ial ( _! revels is ! mis]ies ( ! poor1 its /age ! h\se ( ,god6 ,su* is religion to ! ,israel ( ,amos' day--indoors1 fev]i%1 s5sual4 ,by "o ( ! sudd5 contra/s he loves1 ,amos sweeps out ( x into ,god's ideal ( religion--a great hi/orical movem5t1 told 9 ! language ( ! op5 air3 national deliv]ance1 guidance on ! highways ( ! _w1 ! inspiration ( prophecy1 & ! pure1 ascetic life4 ,b ,i1 ,i de/roy$ ! ,amorite#bfe be=e y1 ^: height 0 z ! c$>s1 & he 0 /rong z oaks1 & ,i de/roy$ 8 fruit f above & 8 roots f bel[4 ,:at a contra/ to ! previ\s picture ( ! temple fill$ ) fumes ( w9e & hot ) lu/6 ,we are out on op5 hi/ory2 ,god's gales bl[ & ! =e/s cra% be=e !m4 ,& ,i br\ght y up out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 & l$ y ?r\gh ! wild]ness =ty ye>s1 to inh]it ! l& ( ! ,amorite4 ,religion is n *amb]+ & wantonness2 x is n selfi% com=t or pr(it+ by ! mis]ies ( ! poor & ! s9s ( ! fall54 ,b religion is hi/ory--! fre$om ( ! p & _! education1 ! w9n+ ( ! l& & ! defeat ( ! hea!n foe2 & !n1 :5 ! l& is firm & ! home secure1 x is ! rais+1 ^u t /age & %elt]1 ( spiritual guides & examples4 ,& ,i rais$ up ( y\r sons to be prophets1 & ( y\r "y m5 to be ,nazirites--consecrat$ & ascetic lives4 ,is x n s1 ,o *ildr5 ( ,israel8 7oracle ( ,jehovah74 ,b ye made ! ,nazirites dr9k w9e1 & ! prophets ye *>g$1 say+1 ,prophesy n6 ,luxury1 !n1 & a v s5sual conception ( religion1 ) all _! vici\s (fspr+ 9 ! abuse ( ju/ice1 ! oppression ( ! poor1 ! corrupt+ ( ! innoc5t1 & ! intol]ance ( spiritual =ces--^! are ! s9s ( an enlight5$ & civilis$ p1 :i* ,amos describes z worse ?an all ! atrocities ( b>b>ism1 & z c]ta9 ( ,div9e v5geance4 ,h[ f> beyond 8 own day are 8 words /ill w>m6 ,"h 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury is ,great ,brita91 de/roy] ( ! slave-traffic1 & *ampion ( oppress$ nationalities--yet ?is great & ,*ri/ian p1 at ! v "t !y are aboli%+ slav]y1 suff] _! own *ildr5 to "w 9 factories & clay-pits = sixte5 h\rs a day1 & 9 m9es set wom5 to a lab\r = :i* horses are deem$ too valuable4 ,?+s improve aft] #ahdh1 b h[ sl[ly & aga9/ :at call\sness ( ,*ri/ians ,"l ,%aftesbury's long & (t5 disappo9t$ lab\rs pa9fully te/ify4 ,ev5 yet our religi\s public1 t curses ! ,turk1 & 9 an indignation1 :i* c nev] be too w>m1 cries out aga9/ ! ,arm5ian atrocities1 is call\s1 nay1 by ! av>ice ( "s1 ! ha/e & passion = enjoym5t ( _m m1 & ! ?\ghtlessness ( all1 itself contributes1 to conditions ( life & fa%ions ( society1 :i* be> ) cruelty ^u our poor1 ta9t our lit]ature1 ne$lessly increase ! temptations ( our l>ge t[ns1 & r5d] pure *ildlife impossible among masses ( our population4 ,along "s ( ! highways ( our ,*ri/ian civilisation we are j z cruel & j z lu/ful z ,kurd or ,turk4 99 99 99 99 99 ,amos closes ?is prophecy ) a vision ( imm$iate judgm5t4 ,behold1 ,i am ab\t to cru% or squeeze d[n ^u y1 z a waggon cru%es#bff t is full ( %eaves4#bfg ,an alt]native read+ supplies ! same g5]al impression ( a cru%+ judgm5t3 ,i w make ! gr\nd quake "u y1 z a waggon makes x quake1 or z a waggon itself quakes "u its load ( %eaves4 ,?is %ock is to be ,w>4 ,flight %all p]i% f ! swift1 & ! /rong %all n prove 8 p[]1 nor ! mighty man escape ) 8 life4 ,& he t graspe? ! b[ %all n /&1 nor %all ! swift ( foot escape1 nor ! horseman escape ) 8 life4 ,& he t ?9ke? himself /rong among ! h]oes %all flee away nak$ 9 t day--'tis ! oracle ( ,jehovah4 ,,footnotes3 #bji ,z is done 9 *ap4 vi4 #b1 ix4 #g4 #baj ,s aga9/ ,israel 9 *ap4 iv4 #baa ,s ,isa4 v4 #be3 ,cf4 ,ezek4 xx4 #bb3 #bab #bac ,call$ lh1 i4e4 slab4 #bad ,^! ,syrian campaigns 9 ,gilead mu/ h tak5 place betwe5 #hci & #hjf1 ! long int]val dur+ :i* ,damascus enjoy$ fre$om f ,assyrian invasion4 #bae #b ,k+s viii4 #ab2 xiii4 #g3 cf4 above1 p4 #ca4 #baf ,he deliv]$ !m into ! h& ( ,hazael k+ ( ,aram1 & into ! h& ( ,b5-,hadad ! son ( ,hazael1 cont9ually 7#b ,k+s xiii4 #c74 #bag ,no ne$ "h to r5d] pr9ce1 z "s d4 #bah ,s ! ,,lxx4 #bai ,! pres5t ,baalbek 7,baal ( ! ,be'a874 ,wellhaus5 ?r[s d\bt on ! idea t ,heliopolis 0 at ?is "t an ,aramean t[n4 #bbj ix4 #g4 #bba ,d\ghty3 ,arabia ,des]ta1 ,i4 #cce4 #bbb ,on ! close connection ( ,edom & ,gaza see ,hi/4 ,geog41 pp4 #ahb ff4 #bbc ,see ,hi/4 ,geog41 pp4 #aid ff4 ,wellhaus5 ?9ks ,ga? 0 n yet de/roy$1 & quotes vi4 #b2 ,micah i4 #aj1 #ad4 ,b we "k t ,hazael de/roy$ x1 & t fact1 tak5 9 conjunction ) its be+ ! only omission "h f ! five ,phili/9e t[ns1 is evid5ce en\gh4 ,9 ! passages quot$ by ,wellhaus5 !re is no?+ to ! contr>y3 vi4 #b implies t ,ga? has fall52 ,micah i4 #aj is ! repetition ( an old prov]b4 #bbd ,f>r>1 #ec2 ,pusey on v]4 #i2 ,piets*mann1 ,ges*i*te d] ,phnizi]1 #bih4 #bbe ,to :i* ,wellhaus5 incl9es4 #bbf ,g54 x4 #bbg ,"u ,as>haddon1 #fgh-fgf ,b4,c41 & lat] "u ,assurbanipal 7,piets*mann1 ,ges*41 pp4 #cjb f474 #bbh ,& he omits x f 8 translation4 #bbi ,s f> f su* an omission prov+ t ! oracle is an ins]tion1 is x n m probable t an ins]tor w\ld h tak5 c>e to make 8 ins]tion =mally correct8 #bcj ,!re seems no occasion to am5d ) ,ol%aus5 to ! kept ( ,psalm ciii4 #i4 #bca ,read ) ,,lxx4 1 ?\gh ?r\gh\t ! v]se ! ,,lxx4 translation is v vile4 #bcb ,9 o!r two passages1 ,borah1 ! city1 is plac$ 9 p>allel n to ano!r city1 b j z "h to a :ole region3 ,isa4 xxxiv4 #f1 :]e ! p>allel is ! l& ( ,edom1 & lxiii4 #a1 :]e x is ,edom4 ,!re is !re=e no ne$ to take ,teman 9 our passage z a city1 z :i* x does n appe> be=e ,eusebius4 #bcc ,"u ,rimmn-nir>i ,,iii4 7#hab-ghc74 ,see ,buhl's ,ges*4 d] ,edomit]1 #fe3 ?is aga9/ ,wellhaus54 #bcd ,wellhaus51 9 loco4 #bce #b ,sam4 viii4 #ac1 ) #a ,k+s xi4 #af4 #bcf #a ,k+s xi4 #ad-be4 #bcg #b ,k+s iii4 #bch #b ,k+s viii4 #bj-bb4 #bci #b ,k+s xiv4 #aj4 #bdj #b ,*ron4 xxvi4 #b4 #bda ,see1 h[ev]1 ,buhl1 op4 cit41 #fg4 #bdb ,x is1 h[ev]1 no reason aga9/ ! au!nticity ( ! oracle to say t ,edom lay outside ! pa? ( ,assyria4 ,9 answ] to t see ! ,assyrian inscriptions1 e4g4 ,as>haddon's3 cf4 above1 p4 #abi1 n4 #d4 #bdc ,notably 9 ! rec5t ,arm5ian massacres4 #bdd #b ,k+s viii4 #ab4 #bde xxviii4 #b1 xxvii4 #g1 #h1 :]e ! ,assyrian & ano!r invasion are bo? describ$ 9 t]ms ( tempe/4 #bdf ,! ,,lxx4 read+1 _! prie/s & _! pr9ces1 mu/ be due to tak+ ,malcam _! k+ z ,milcom ! ,ammonite god4 ,see ,j]4 xlix4 #c4 #bdg ,great ,cs> dead & turn$ to clay ,might /op a hole to turn ! w9d away4 #bdh #b ,k+s iii4 #bf4 ,s rightly ,pusey4 #bdi ,j]4 xlviii4 #bd )\t article1 b 9 #da )4 #bej ,?\gh ?is is claim$ by mo/ = iria?aim4 #bea ,moabite ,/one1 l4 #ac4 #beb xlviii4 #de4 #bec ,! l&'s4 #bed ,! k+'s4 #bee ,see above1 p4 #abf4 #bef 7s*ylus1 ,eum541 #ecd73 cf4 ,odyssey1 xiv4 #bfb2 xvii4 #dca4 #beg ,i4e4 a tribe2 ,d\ghty1 ,arabia ,des]ta1 ,i4 #cce4 #beh ,judges xix41 xx4 #bei ,duhm 0 ! fir/ to publi% reasons = reject+ ! passage 7,!ol4 d] ,prophet51 #ahge1 p4 #aai71 b ,wellhaus5 _h already rea*$ ! same conclusion 7,kle9e ,prophet51 p4 #ga74 ,oort & ,/ade adh]e4 ,on ! o!r side see ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,prophets ( ,israel1 #cih1 & ,ku551 :o adh]es to ,smi?'s argum5ts 7,ond]zoek74 #bfj ,x is pla9 t ,amos c\ld n h except$ ,judah f ! univ]sal ru9 :i* he saw to ?reat5 ! :ole l&2 or at all ev5ts su* exception w\ld h requir$ to be expressly made on special gr\nds4--,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,prophets1 #cih4 #bfa ,ibid4 #bfb 1 righte\s3 h>dly1 z mo/ comm5tators take x1 ! legally 7z di/+ui%$ f ! morally7 righte\s2 ! ri* cruelly us$ _! legal rights to sell respectable & hone/ memb]s ( society into slav]y4 #bfc ,by adapt+ ! ,,lxx4 ,s f> z we "k ,wellhaus5 is "r 9 say+ t ! ,massoretic text1 :i* our ,engli% v]sion foll[s1 gives no s5se4 ,,lxx4 reads1 also )\t mu* s5se z a :ole1 1 4 #bfd ,s rightly ! ,,lxx4 ,or ! def9ite article may be "h us$ 9 con=mity ) ! common ,hebrew way ( employ+ x to designate1 n a def9ite individual1 b a memb] ( a def9ite1 well-kn[n g5us4 #bfe ,on ! use ( ,amorite = all ! inhabitants ( ,canaan see ,driv]'s ,deut41 pp4 #aa f4 #bff ,! v]b ( ! ,massoretic text is n f\nd else:]e1 & :e!r we reta9 x1 or take x z a v>iant (1 or mi/ake =1 1 or adopt "s o!r read+1 ! :ole phrase is m or less unc]ta91 & ! exact %ade ( mean+ has to be guess$1 ?\gh ! g5]al s5se rema9s pretty mu* ! same4 ,! foll[+ is a complete note on ! subject1 ) reasons = adopt+ ! above conclusion4 7#a7 ,,lxx43 ,behold1 ,i roll 77 "u y z a waggon full ( /raw is roll$4 ,a4,v43 ,i am press$ "u y z a c>t is press$4 ,pusey3 ,i /rait5 myself "u y1 etc4 ,^! v]sions take 9 ! s5se ( 1 to press1 & 9 its usual mean+ ( b5ea?2 & ! result is con=mable to ! well-kn[n figure ( ! ,old ,te/am5t by :i* ,god is said to be lad5 & we>y ) ! transgressions ( ,8 p4 ,b ?is does n mean an actual desc5t ( judgm5t1 & yet vv4 #ad-af imply t su* an intimation has be5 made 9 v]4 #ac2 & besides & are bo? 9 ! ,hiphil1 ! active1 to press1 or causative1 make to press4 7#b7 ,accord+ly "s1 adopt+ ?is s5se ( ! v]b1 take 9 an unusual s5se ( d[n ^u4 ,ewald3 ,i press d[n ^u y z a c>t t is full ( %eaves presse?4 ,gu! 79 ,kautzs*'s ,bibel73 ,i* w eu* quets*54 ,rev4 ,eng4 ,v]43 ,i w press y 9 y\r place4--,b has be5 tak5 9 o!r s5ses4 7#c7 ,h(fmann 7,z4,a4,t4,w41 ,,iii4 #ajj7 r5d]s x groan 9 con=mity ) ,arab4 '4 7#d7 ,wetz/e9 7ibid41 #bgh ff47 quotes ,arab4 '1 to /op1 h9d]1 & sugge/s ,i w br+ to a /op4 7#e7 ,buhl 7#ab? ,ed4 ( ,ges5ius' ,h&wrt1 sub 71 9 view ( possibility ( be+ ?re%+-roll]1 recalls ,arab4 'a1 to cut 9 pieces4 7#f7 ,hitzig 7,exeg4 ,h&bu*7 propos$ to read & 3 ,i w make x %ake "u y1 z ! lad5 waggon %akes 7! gr\nd74 ,s r diff]5tly ,wellhaus53 ,i w make ! gr\nd quake "u y1 z a waggon quakes "u its load ( %eaves4 ,i h only to add t1 9 ! ,alex4 ,cod4 ( ,,lxx41 :i* reads = 1 we h an int]e/+ analogy to ,wetz/e9's proposal2 & t 9 support ( ! r5d]+ ( ,ewald1 & its unusual int]pretation ( :i* seems to me on ! :ole ! mo/ probable1 we may comp>e ,job xxxvi4 #af1 4 ,?is1 x is true1 sugge/s r ! *ok+ ( a passage ?an ! cru%+ ( ! gr\nd2 b1 by ! way1 t s5se is ev5 m applicable to a h>ve/ waggon lad5 ) %eaves4 #bfg ,waggon full ( %eaves4--,wellhaus5 goes too f> :5 he sugge/s t ,amos w\ld h to g outside ,pale/9e to see su* a waggon4 ,t a p :o already knew ! use ( *>iots = travell+ 7cf4 ,g54 xlvi4 #e1 ,,je7 & waggons = agricultural purposes 7#a ,sam4 vi4 #g ff47 did n use !m at lea/ 9 ! l[l&s ( _! c\ntry is extremely improbable4 ,cf4 ,hi/4 ,geog41 ,app5dix on ,roads & ,:eel$ ,vehicles 9 ,syria4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,civilisation ,,& ,,judgm5t ,,amos iii4-iv4 #c4 ,we n[ ent] ! ,second ,section ( ! ,book ( ,amos3 *aps4 iii4-vi4 ,x is a collection ( v>i\s oracles ( d5unciation1 gr\p$ p>tly by ! recurr5ce ( ! =mula ,he> ?is ^w1 :i* /&s at ! head ( our pres5t *apt]s iii41 iv4 & v41 :i* are !re=e probably due to x2 p>tly by two cries ( ,woe at v4 #ah & vi4 #a2 & also by ! fact t ea* ( ! gr\ps ?us />t$ leads up to an emphatic1 ?\gh n at fir/ detail$1 pr$iction ( ! nation's doom 7iii4 #ac-ae2 iv4 #c2 iv4 #ab2 v4 #af1 #ag2 v4 #bf1 #bg2 vi4 #ad74 ,)9 ^! divisions lie a numb] ( %ort indictm5ts1 s5t5ces ( judgm5t & ! l1 :i* h no fur!r logical connection ?an is suppli$ by _! g5]al sam5ess ( subject1 & a p]ceptible increase ( articulat5ess f beg9n+ to end ( ! ,section4 ,! s9s ( ,israel are m detail$1 & ! judgm5t ( w>1 com+ f ! ,nor?1 advances gradually till we disc]n ! unmi/akable ranks ( ,assyria4 ,b !re are v>i\s p>5!ses & int]ruptions1 :i* cause ! /ud5t ( ! text no little difficulty4 ,"s ( ^!1 h[ev]1 may be only app>5t3 x w always be a "q :e!r _! want ( imm$iate connection ) :at prec$es !m is n due to ! loss ( sev]al words f ! text r ?an to _! own intrusion into x4 ,( o!rs x is true t !y are obvi\sly out ( place z !y lie2 _! removal br+s toge!r v]ses :i* evid5tly belong to ea* o!r4 ,ev5 su* p>5!ses1 h[ev]1 may be f ,amos himself4 ,x is only :]e a v]se1 besides int]rupt+ ! argum5t1 seems to reflect a hi/orical situation lat] ?an ! prophet's day1 t we c be sure x is n 8 own4 ,& 9 all ?is textual criticism we mu/ keep 9 m9d1 t ! obscurity ( ! pres5t text ( a v]se1 s f> f be+ an adequate pro( ( its subsequ5t ins]tion1 may be ! v tok5 ( its antiquity1 scribes or translators ( lat] date hav+ be5 unable to und]/& x4 ,to reject a v]se1 only because we d n see ! connection1 w\ld surely be z arbitr>y1 z ! opposite habit ( ^? :o1 miss+ a connection1 inv5t "o1 & !n exhibit _! artificial jo9t z evid5ce ( ! integrity ( ! :ole passage4 ,9 fact we mu/ avoid all head/rong surg]y1 = to a great ext5t we "w 9 ! d>k4 ,! g5]al subject ( ! ,section may be indicat$ by ! title3 ,religion & ,civilisation4 ,a vigor\s community1 weal?y1 cultur$ & hone/ly religi\s1 are1 at a "t ( settl$ peace & gr[+ p[]1 ?reat5$1 9 ! "n ( ! ,god ( ju/ice1 ) _! complete political ov]?r[4 ,_! civilisation is c\nt$ = no?+2 _! religion1 on :i* !y base _! confid5ce1 is d5\nc$ z false & unavail+4 ,^! two subjects are n1 & c\ld n h be51 sep>at$ by ! prophet 9 any "o ( 8 oracles4 ,b 9 ! fir/1 ! briefe/ & mo/ summ>y ( ^!1 *aps4 iii4-iv4 #c1 x is ma9ly ) ! doom ( ! civil /ructure ( ,israel's life t ,amos deals2 & x w be m conv5i5t = u to take !m fir/1 ) all due ref]5ce to ! e*oes ( !m 9 lat] p>ts ( ! ,section4 ,f iv4 #d-vi4 x is ! ,religion & its false peace :i* he assaults2 & we %all take t 9 ! next *apt]4 ,fir/1 !n1 ,civilisation & ,judgm5t 7iii4-iv4 #c72 ,second1 ,! ,false ,peace ( ,ritual 7iv4 #d-vi474 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! few brief oracles op5 ^u ! same note z t 9 :i* ! previ\s ,section clos$--t ! crimes ( ,israel are great] ?an ^? ( ! hea!n2 & t ! p's peculi> relation to ,god means1 n _! security1 b _! great] judgm5t4 ,x is !n affirm$ t ,israel's weal? & social life are s sapp$ by luxury & inju/ice t ! nation mu/ p]i%4 ,&1 z 9 e luxuri\s community ! wom5 des]ve especial blame1 ! la/ ( ! gr\p ( oracles is res]v$ = !m 7iv4 #a-c74 ,he> ?is ^w1 :i* ,jehovah ha? spok5 aga9/ y1 ,o *ildr5 ( ,israel1 aga9/ ! :ole family :i* ,i br\ght up f ! l& ( ,egypt--,judah z well z ,nor? ,israel1 s t we see ! vanity ( a criticism :i* w\ld ca/ out ( ! ,book ( ,amos z unau!ntic e ref]5ce to ,judah4 ,only y h ,i kn[n ( all ! families ( ! gr\nd--n _w1 b gr\nd1 purposely *os5 to /amp ! meanness & mortality ( !m all--!re=e w ,i visit ^u y all y\r iniquities4 ,?is fam\s text has be5 call$ by v>i\s writ]s ! keynote1 ! lic5ce & ! *>t] ( prophecy4 ,b ! names are too petty = :at is n less ?an ! fulm9ation ( an elem5t4 ,x is a peal ( ?und] we he>4 ,x is1 9 a mom5t1 ! explosion & dis*>ge ( ! full /orm ( prophecy4 ,z :5 f a bur/ cl\d ! /reams imm$iately bel[ rise sudd5ly & all _! banks are ov]fl[$1 s ! prophecies t foll[ surge & rise cle> ( ! old limits ( ,israel's fai? by ! unconf9$1 unmeasur$ flood ( heav5's ju/ice t breaks =? by ?is s+le v]se4 ,n[1 once = all1 are subm]g$ ! l9es ( cu/om & tradition )9 :i* ! c\rse ( religion has hi!rto fl[$2 &1 z x 71 ! surface ( ! _w is alt]$4 ,x is a crisis :i* has happ5$ m ?an once aga9 9 hi/ory3 :5 helpless man has felt ! absolute rel5tlessness ( ! moral issues ( life2 _! r5unciation ( ! pa/1 h[ev] mu* !y h help$ to =m x2 _! sacrifice ( e developm5t h[ev] co/ly1 & ( e hope h[ev] pure2 _! deafness to pray]1 _! indiff]5ce to p5it5ce2 :5 no fai? saves a ,*ur*1 no c\rage a p1 no culture or pre/ige ev5 ! mo/ exalt$ ord] ( m52 b at ! b>e h&s ( a judgm5t1 unc\? ( voice & (t5 unconsci\s ( a ,div9e mission1 ! results ( a great civilisation are = its s9s swept remorselessly away4 ,be=e ! /orm bur/s1 we le>n by its lightn+s "s tru?s f ! old life t is to be de/roy$4 ,y only h ,i kn[n ( all ! families ( ! gr\nd3 !re=e w ,i visit y\r iniquities ^u y4 ,religion is no insurance aga9/ judgm5t1 no m]e atonem5t & escape f consequ5ces4 ,escape6 ,religion is only opportunity--! greate/ moral opportunity :i* m5 h1 & :i* if !y violate no?+ rema9s = !m b a c]ta9 fe>ful look+ =w>d unto judgm5t4 ,y only h ,i kn[n2 & because y did n take ! moral advantage ( ,my int]c\rse1 because y felt x only z privilege & pride1 p>don = ! pa/ & security = ! future1 !re=e doom ! m inexorable awaits y4 ,!n z if ! p _h int]rupt$ him ) ! "q1 ,:at sign d y give u t ?is judgm5t is ne>8--,amos goes aside into t noble digression 7vv4 #c-h7 on ! h>mony betwe5 ! prophet's ^w & ! imm95t ev5ts ( ! "t1 :i* we h already /udi$4#bfh ,f ?is apologia1 v]se #i returns to ! note ( v]ses #a & #b & develops x4 ,n only is ,israel's responsibility great] ?an t ( o!r p's4 ,h] crimes !mselves are m he9\s4 ,make proclamation ov] ! palaces 9 ,a%dod--if we are n to read ,assyria "h1#bfi !n ! "n ( ,a%dod has p]haps be5 select$ f all o!r hea!n names because ( its simil>ity to ! ,hebrew ^w = t viol5ce#bgj ) :i* ,amos is *>g+ ! p--& ov] ! palaces ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 & say1 ,ga!r ^u ! ,m\nt#bga ( ,sam>ia & see6 ,confusions manifold 9 ! mid/ ( h]2 viol5ce to h] v core6 ,yea1 !y "k n h[ to d uprightness1 sai? ,jehovah1 :o /ore up wrong & viol5ce 9 _! palaces4 ,to _! crimes1 said ! satiri/ ( ! ,romans1 !y owe _! g>d5s1 palaces1 /ables & f9e old plate4#bgb ,& ,william ,langl& decl>$ ( ! ri* ,engli% ( 8 day3-- ,= toke !i on trewly !y tymbr$ n s heigh1 ,ne b\ghte non burgages be ye full c]tayne4#bgc ,!re=e ?us sai? ! ,"l ,jehovah3 ,siege & ,blockade ( ! ,l&6#bgd ,& !y %all br+ d[n f (f !e ?y =tresses1 & plund]$ %all be ?y palaces4 ,yet ?is %all be no ord9>y tide ( ,ea/]n w>1 to ebb l ! ,syrian z x fl[$1 & leave ! nation to rally on _! l& aga94 ,= ,assyria dev\rs ! peoples4 ,?us sai? ,jehovah3 ,z ! %eph]d save? f ! m\? ( ! lion a pair ( %9-bones or a bit ( an e>1 s %all ! *ildr5 ( ,israel be sav$--!y :o sit 9 ,sam>ia 9 ! corn] ( ! diwan & 444 on a c\*4#bge ,! description1 z w be se5 f ! note bel[1 is obscure4 ,"s ?9k x is int5d$ to satirise a novel & affect$ fa%ion ( sitt+ adopt$ by ! ri*4 ,mu* m probably x means t c>nal security 9 ! luxuries ( civilisation :i* ,amos ?reat5s m ?an once 9 simil> phrases4#bgf ,! corn] ( ! diwan is 9 ,ea/]n h\ses ! seat ( hon\r4#bgg ,to ?is des]t %eph]d1 ) only ! h>d gr\nd to re/ on1 ! c\*es & ivory-m\nt$ diwans ( ! ri* mu/ h seem$ ! v symbols ( extravagance4 ,b ! pamp]$ bodies t loll _! lazy l5g?s ^u !m %all be left l ! crumbs ( a lion's meal--two %9-bones & ! bit ( an e>6 ,_! :ole civilisation %all p]i% ) !m4 ,he>k5 & te/ify aga9/ ! h\se ( ,israel--oracle ( ! ,"l ,jehovah1 ,god ( ,ho/s#bgh--^? address$ are /ill ! hea!n summon$ 9 v]4 #i4 ,= on ! day :5 ,i visit ! crimes ( ,israel ^u him1 ,i %all !n make visitation ^u ! alt>s ( ,be!l1 & ! horns ( ! alt>1 :i* m5 grasp 9 _! la/ despair1 %all be smitt5 & fall to ! e>?4 ,& ,i w /rike ! w9t]-h\se ^u ! summ]-h\se1 & ! ivory h\ses %all p]i%1 yea1 swept away %all be h\ses _m--oracle ( ,jehovah4 ,b ! luxury ( no civilisation c be measur$ )\t its wom51 & to ! wom5 ( ,sam>ia ,amos n[ turns ) ! mo/ scornful ( all 8 words4 ,he> ?is ^w--?is = y--k9e ( ,ba%an t are 9 ! m\nt ( ,sam>ia1 t oppress ! poor1 t cru% ! ne$y1 t say to _! lords1 ,br+1 & let u dr9k4 ,sworn ha? ! ,"l ,jehovah by ,8 hol9ess1 lo1 days are com+ :5 !re %all be a tak+ away ( y ) hooks1 & ( ! la/ ( y ) fi%-hooks4 ,!y put hooks#bgi 9 ! no/rils ( unruly cattle1 & ! figure is (t5 appli$ to human captives2#bhj b s _m %\ld ^! cattle ( ,sam>ia be t = ! la/ ( !m fi%-hooks mu/ be us$4 ,yea1 by ! brea*es 9 ! wall ( ! /orm$ city %all ye g out1 e "o headlong1 & ye %all be ca/ 444#bha oracle ( ,jehovah4 ,x is a c[h]d's r\gh picture ( wom53 a troop ( k9e--heavy1 he$less animals1 trampl+ 9 _! anxiety = food ^u e frail & l[ly object 9 ! way4 ,b !re is a prophet's insight into "*4 ,n ( ,jezebels1 or ,messal9as1 or ,lady-,macbe?s is x spok51 b ( ! ord9>y matrons ( ,sam>ia4 ,?\ghtlessness & luxury are able to make brutes out ( wom5 ( g5tle nurture1 ) homes & a religion4#bhb 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* are ^! ?ree or f\r %ort oracles ( ,amos4 ,!y are probably among 8 e>lie/--! fir/ p]emptory *all5ges ( prophecy to t great /ronghold :i* be=e =ty ye>s %e is to see ?r[n d[n 9 ob$i5ce to h] ^w4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 !re seems to be no?+ to ju/ify ! m5aces ( ,amos4 ,fair & /able rises ! /ructure ( ,israel's life4 ,a nation1 :o "k !mselves elect1 :o 9 politics are prosp]\s & 9 religion pro( to e d\bt1 build high _! palaces1 see ! skies above !m uncl\d$1 & bask 9 _! pride1 heav5's fav\rites )\t a fe>4 ,?is man1 solit>y & sudd5 f 8 des]t1 spr+s ^u !m 9 ! "n ( ,god & _! poor4 ,/raight] ^w nev] came f ,deity3 ,jehovah ha? spok51 :o c b prophesy8 ,! insight ( x1 ! ju/ice ( x1 are alike conv9c+4 ,yet at fir/ x appe>s z if x 7 sp$ on ! p]sonal & v human passion ( its h]ald4 ,= ,amos n only uses ! des]t's cruelties--! lion's to ! %eep--to figure ,god's imp5d+ judgm5t ^u ,8 p1 b he en=ces ! latt] ) all a des]t-br$ man's horror ( cities & civilisation4 ,x is _! co/ly furniture1 _! lavi% & complex build+1 on :i* he sees ! /orm break4 ,we seem to he> aga9 t frequ5t phrase ( ! previ\s section3 ! fire %all dev\r ! palaces !re(4 ,! palaces1 he says1 are simply /oreh\ses ( oppression2 ! palaces w be plund]$4 ,"h1 z ?r\gh\t 8 book1#bhc c\*es & diwans draw =? ! scorn ( a man accu/om$ to ! simple furniture ( ! t5t4 ,b obs]ve 8 especial hatr$ ( h\ses4 ,f\r times 9 "o v]se he smites !m3 w9t]-h\se on summ]-h\se & ! ivory h\ses %all p]i%--yea1 h\ses manifold1 sai? ! ,"l4 ,s 9 ano!r oracle ( ! same section3 ,h\ses ( a%l> ye h built1 & ye %all n inhabit !m2 v9ey>ds ( delight h ye plant$1 & ye %all n dr9k ( _! w9e4#bhd ,& 9 ano!r3 ,i loa! ! pride ( ,jacob1 & 8 palaces ,i hate2 & ,i w give up a city & all t is 9 x4444 ,=1 lo1 ! ,"l is ab\t to comm&1 & ,he w smite ! great h\se into ru9s & ! small h\se into spl9t]s4#bhe ,no wond] t su* a prophet f\nd w> ) its brea*$ walls insuffici5t1 & welcom$1 z ! full ally ( 8 ^w1 ! e>?quake itself4#bhf ,yet all ?is is no m]e des]t razzia 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l1 a nomad's hatr$ ( cities & ! culture ( settl$ m54 ,x is n a temp]2 x is a vision ( hi/ory4 ,9 ! only argum5t :i* ^! e>ly oracles conta91 ,amos claims to h ev5ts on ! side ( 8 ^w4 ,%all ! lion ro> & n be cat*+ some?+8 ,nei!r does ! prophet speak till he kn[s t ,god is ready to act4 ,hi/ory accept$ ?is claim4 ,amos spoke ab\t #gee4 ,9 #gcd ,tigla?-,piles] swept ,gilead & ,galilee2 9 #gbd ,%almanes] ov]ran ! re/ ( ,nor!rn ,israel3 siege & blockade ( ! :ole l&6 ,= ?ree ye>s ! ,m\nt ( ,sam>ia 0 inve/$1 & !n tak52 ! h\ses ov]?r[n1 ! ri* & ! delicate l$ away captive4 ,x happ5$ z ,amos =etold2 = x 0 n ! %eph]d's rage )9 him t spoke4 ,he _h se5 ! ,"l /&+1 & ,he said1 ,smite4 ,b ?is assault ( a des]t nomad ^u ! /ructure ( a nation's life raises _m e*oes 9 hi/ory & "s que/ions 9 our own m9ds to-day4 ,aga9 & aga9 h civilisations f> m p[]ful ?an ,israel's be5 ?reat5$ by ! des]t 9 ! "n ( ,god1 & 9 good fai? x has be5 proclaim$ by ! prophets ( ,*ri/ianity & o!r religions t ,god's k+dom _c come on e>? till ! weal?1 ! culture1 ! civil ord]1 :i* m5 h tak5 c5turies to build1 h be5 swept away by "s great political convulsion4 ,to-day ,*ri/ianity h]self suff]s ! same assaults1 & is told by _m1 ! high life & hone/ int5tion ( :om _c be d\bt$1 t till ! civilisation :i* %e has s mu* help$ to create is de/roy$1 !re is no hope = ! purity or ! progress ( ! race4 ,& ,*ri/ianity1 too1 has d\bts )9 h]self4 ,:at is ! _w :i* our ,ma/] refus$ 9 ! ,m\nt ( ,temptation1 & s (t5 & s /]nly told u t x mu/ p]i%8--h[ mu* ( our weal?1 ( our culture1 ( our politics1 ( ! :ole fabric ( our society8 ,no ?\ghtful & religi\s man1 :5 confront$ ) civilisation1 n 9 its ideal1 b 9 "o ( ^? =ms :i* give x its v "n1 ! life ( a l>ge city1 c fail to ask1 ,h[ mu* ( ?is des]ves ! judgm5t ( ,god8 ,h[ mu* mu/ be ov]?r[n1 be=e ,8 w is done on e>?8 ,all ^! que/ions rise 9 ! e>s & ! he>t ( a g5]ation1 :i* m ?an any o!r has be5 br\ght face to face ) ! ru9s ( empires & civilisations1 :i* h endur$ long]1 & 9 _! day seem$ m /able1 ?an h] own4 ,9 face ( ! confus$ ?9k+ & fanatic spee* :i* h ris5 on all su* topics1 x seems to me t ! ,hebrew prophets supply u ) f\r c>d9al rules4 ,fir/1 ( c\rse1 !y insi/ t x is ! moral "q ^u :i* ! fate ( a civilisation is decid$4 ,by :at means has ?is sy/em gr[n8 ,is ju/ice obs]v$ 9 ess5ce z well z =m8 ,is !re fre$om1 or is ! prophet sil5c$8 ,does luxury or self-d5ial prevail8 ,d ! ri* make life h>d = ! poor8 ,is *ildhood %elt]$ & is innoc5ce respect$8 ,by ^!1 claim ! prophets1 a nation /&s or falls2 & hi/ory has prov$ ! claim on wid] worlds ?an !y dreamt (4 ,b by !mselves moral reasons are nev] en\gh to ju/ify a pr$iction ( spe$y doom ^u any sy/em or society4 ,none ( ! prophets began to =etell ! fall ( ,israel till !y read1 ) ke5] eyes ?an _! contempor>ies1 ! signs ( x 9 curr5t hi/ory4 ,& ?is1 ,i take x1 0 ! po9t :i* made a notable diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 & "o :o l !m sc\rg$ ! social wrongs ( 8 civilisation1 yet nev] spoke a ^w ( its fall4 ,juv5al n[h]e calls d[n judgm5ts1 except ^u individuals4 ,9 8 "t !re 7 no signs ( ! decl9e ( ! empire1 ev5 ?\gh1 z he m>ks1 !re 0 a flight f ! capital ( ! virtue :i* 0 to keep ! empire alive4 ,b ! prophets _h political pro( ( ! ne>ness ( ,god's judgm5t1 & !y spoke 9 ! p[] ( its co9cid5ce ) ! moral corruption ( _! p4 ,aga91 if consci5ce & hi/ory 7bo? ( !m1 to ! prophets1 be+ witnesses ( ,god7 ?us comb9e to ann\nce ! e>ly doom ( a civilisation1 nei!r ! religion t may h help$ to build x1 nor any reman5t virtue 9 x1 nor its anci5t value to ,god1 c avail to save4 ,we are tempt$ to judge t ! long & co/ly developm5t ( ages is cruelly ?r[n away by ! convulsion & collapse ( an empire2 x feels impi\s to ?9k t ! pati5ce1 ! provid5ce1 ! mill5nial discipl9e ( ! ,almighty are to be 9 a mom5t ab&on$ to "s rude & savage =ce4 ,b we are wrong4 ,y only h ,i kn[n ( all ! families ( ! gr\nd1 yet ,i mu/ visit ^u y y\r iniquities4 ,no?+ is too co/ly = ju/ice4 ,& ,god f9ds "s o!r way ( cons]v+ ! real results ( ! pa/4 ,aga91 x is a coroll>y ( all ?is1 t ! s5t5ce ^u civilisation mu/ (t5 seem to come by voices t are insane1 & its execution by means t are crim9al4 ,( c\rse1 :5 civilisation is arraign$ z a :ole1 & its ov]?r[ dem&$1 !re may be no?+ beh9d ! attack b jeal\sy or gre$1 ! fanaticism ( ignorant m5 or ! madness ( disord]$ lives4 ,b ?is is n necess>ily ! case4 ,= ,god has (t5 9 hi/ory *os5 ! outsid] z ! h]ald ( doom1 & s5t ! b>b>ian z its in/rum5t4 ,by ! /atesm5 & patriots ( ,israel1 ,amos mu/ h be5 reg>d$ z a m]e savage1 ) a savage's hate ( civilisation4 ,b we "k :at he answ]$ :5 ,amaziah call$ him rebel4 ,& x 0 n only = its sudd5ness t ! apo/les said ! day ( ! ,"l %\ld come z a ?ief1 b also because ( its me?ods4 ,= ov] & ov] aga9 has doom be5 pron\nc$1 & pron\nc$ truly1 by m5 :o 9 ! eyes ( civilisation 7 crim9als & mon/]s4 ,n[ apply ^! f\r pr9ciples to ! "q ( ourselves4 ,x w sc>cely be d5i$ t our civilisation tol]ates1 & 9 "p lives by1 ! exi/5ce ( vices :i*1 z we all admit1 ru9$ ! anci5t empires4 ,are ! political possibilities ( ov]?r[ also pres5t8 ,t !re exi/ among u means ( new hi/oric convulsions is a ?+ h>d = u to admit4 ,b ! signs _c be hid4 ,:5 we see ! jeal\sies ( ! ,*ri/ian peoples1 & _! enorm\s prep>ations = battle2 ! ars5als ( ,europe :i* a few sp>ks may bl[ up2 ! millions ( soldi]s "o man's ^w may mobilise2 :5 we imag9e ! opportunities :i* a g5]al w> w\ld furni% to ! discont5t$ masses ( ! ,european prolet>iat1--we mu/ surely ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce ( =ces capable ( inflict+ calamities1 s sev]e z to affect n m]ely ?is nationality or t type ( culture1 b ! v vig\r & progress ( civilisation h]self2 & all ?is )\t our look+ beyond ,*ri/5dom1 or tak+ into acc\nt ! rise ( ! yell[ races to a consci\sness ( _! approa* to equality ) ourselves4 ,if1 !n1 9 ! eyes ( ! ,div9e ju/ice ,*ri/5dom m]its judgm5t1--if life cont9ue to be left s h>d to ! poor2 if innoc5ce be /ill an impossibility = s mu* ( ! *ildhood ( ! ,*ri/ian nations2 if ) s _m ( ! lead]s ( civilisation pruri5ce be lift$ to ! level ( an art1 & lic5ti\sness foll[$ z a cult2 if we cont9ue to p\r ! evils ( our civilisation ^u ! b>b>ian1 & ! vices ( our "y nobles1 to p>aphrase ,juv5al1 are ap$ 9 ,h9du/an1--!n let u "k t ! means ( a judgm5t m awful ?an any :i* has yet sc\rg$ a del9qu5t civilisation are extant & actual among u4 ,& if "o %\ld reply1 t our ,*ri/ianity makes all ! diff]5ce1 t ,god _c undo ! developm5t ( n9ete5 c5turies1 or _c ov]?r[ ! peoples ( ,8 ,son1--let u rememb] t ,god does ju/ice at :atev] co/2 t z ,he did n sp>e ,israel at ! h&s ( ,assyria1 s ,he did n sp>e ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,ea/ :5 ! b>b>ians ( ! des]t f\nd h] c>eless & corrupt4 ,y only h ,i kn[n ( all ! families ( ! gr\nd1 !re=e w ,i visit ^u y all y\r iniquities4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,false ,,peace ,,( ,,ritual ,,amos iv4 #d-vi4 ,! next f\r gr\ps ( oracles#bhg--;iv4 #d-ac1 v4 #a-ag1 v4 #ah-bg & vi4--treat ( _m diff]5t details1 & ea* ( !m has its own emphasis2 b all are alike 9 ?is1 t !y vehem5tly attack ! national wor%ip & ! s5se ( political security :i* x has eng5d]$4 ,let u at once make cle> t ?is wor%ip is ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah4 ,x is true t x is mix$ ) idolatry1 b1 except possibly 9 "o obscure v]se1#bhh ,amos does n conc]n himself ) ! idols4 ,:at he /rikes at1 :at he w\ld sweep away1 is 8 p's =m ( devotion to _! own ,god4 ,! cult ( ! national ,god1 at ! national sanctu>ies1 9 ! national int]e/ & by ! :ole body ( ! p1 :o practise x ) a zeal unp>allel$ by _! =efa!rs--?is is :at ,amos condemns4 ,& he does s absolutely4 ,he has no?+ b scorn = ! temples & ! fea/s4 ,! assiduity ( att5dance1 ! lib]ality ( gifts1 ! employm5t ( weal? & art & patriotism 9 wor%ip--he tells 8 g5]ation t ,god loa!s x all4 ,l ,j]emiah1 he ev5 seems to imply t ,god nev] in/itut$ 9 ,israel any sacrifice or (f]+4#bhi ,x is all ?is :i* gives ^! oracles _! int]e/ = u2 & t int]e/ is n m]ely hi/orical4 ,x is inde$ hi/orical to beg9 )4 ,:5 we f9d1 n idolatry1 b all religi\s c]emonial--temples1 public wor%ip1 ti!s1 sacrifice1 ! praise ( ,god by music1 9 fact e mat]ial =m 9 :i* man has ev] be5 wont to express 8 devotion to ,god--scorn$ & condemn$ ) ! same uncompromis+ passion z idolatry itself1 we receive a ne$$ lesson 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,= :5 "o is ask$1 ,:at is ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( hea!nism8 "o is always ready to say1 ,idolatry1 :i* is n true4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( hea!nism is ! /ress :i* x lays ^u c]emonial4 ,to ! pagan religions1 bo? ( ! anci5t & ( ! mod]n _w1 rites 7 ! indisp5sable elem5t 9 religion4 ,! gifts ( ! gods1 ! abundance ( fruits1 ! security ( ! /ate1 dep5d$ ^u ! full & accurate p]=mance ( ritual4 ,9 ,greek lit]ature we h innum]able illu/rations ( ?is3 ! ,iliad itself />ts f a god's ang]1 r\s$ by an insult to 8 prie/1 ^: pray]s = v5geance he he>s because sacrifices h be5 assidu\sly (f]$ to him4 ,& s too ) ! sy/ems ( paganism f :i* ! fai? ( ,israel1 ?\gh at fir/ x _h s mu* 9 common ) !m1 broke away to its supreme religi\s di/9ction4 ,! ,semites laid ! /ress ( _! ob$i5ce to ! gods ^u traditional c]emonies2 & no s9 0 held s he9\s by !m z ! neglect or infr+em5t ( a religi\s rite4 ,by ! side ( x (f5ces aga9/ "o's fell[-m5 or "o's own "* 7 deem$ m]e misdemean\rs4 ,9 ! day ( ,amos ?is pagan sup]/ition ?or\ghly p5etrat$ ! religion ( ,jehovah1 & s absorb$ ! att5tion ( m51 t )\t ! indignant & complete repudiation ( x prophecy c\ld n h />t$ on h] task ( id5tify+ morality ) religion1 & ( tea*+ m5 m spiritual views ( ,god4 ,b ev5 :5 we are ?us aw>e ( c]emonialism z ! *>act]i/ic quality ( ! pagan religions1 we h n measur$ ! full reason ( t uncompromis+ attack on x1 :i* is ! *ief feature ( ?is "p ( ! p]man5t canon ( our religion4 ,= idolatries die ev]y:]e2 b ev]y:]e a sup]/iti\s ritualism survives4 ,x cont9ues ) philosophies t h ceas$ to believe 9 ! gods :o en=c$ x4 ,^u e?ical movem5ts :i* h ga9$ _! fre$om by break+ away f x1 9 ! c\rse ( "t x makes up1 & lays its p>alys+ weight4 ,) (f]s ( help x flatt]s religions ! mo/ spiritual 9 !ory & int5tion4 ,! ,ph>isees1 ?an :om few p>ties _h at fir/ pur] ideals ( morality1 ti!d m9t1 anise & cumm91 to ! neglect ( ! ess5ce ( ! ,law2 & ev5 s\nd ,*ri/ians1 :o h assimilat$ ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john1 f9d x h>d & sometimes impossible to believe 9 salvation ap>t f _! own sacram5ts1 or outside _! own d5om9ational =ms4 ,n[ ?is is because ritual is a ?+ :i* appeals bo? to ! bas] & to ! nobl] in/9cts ( man4 ,to ! bas] x (f]s itself z a me*anical atonem5t = s91 & a sub/itute = all moral & intellectual ef=t 9 connection ) fai?2 to ! nobl] x insi/s on a man's ne$ 9 religion ( ord] & r\t9e1 ( sacram5t & picture4 ,pla9ly !n ! words ( ,amos h significance = m ?an ! imm$iate problems ( 8 day4 ,& if x seem to "s1 t ,amos goes too f> ) 8 cry to sweep away all c]emonial1 let !m rememb]1 besides ! crisis ( 8 times1 t ! temp] he exposes & seeks to dissipate is a rank & obdurate error ( ! human he>t4 ,our ,"l1 :o recognis$ ! place ( ritual 9 wor%ip1 :o said1 ,?us x behove? u to fulfil all righte\sness1 :i* righte\sness 9 ! dialect ( ,8 day 0 n ! moral law1 b man's due ( rite1 sacrifice1 ti! & alms1#bij said also1 ,i w h m]cy & n sacrifice4 ,!re is an irr$ucible m9imum ( rite & r\t9e 9 wor%ip2 !re is an invaluable loyalty to traditional habits2 !re are holy & spiritual uses 9 symbol & sacram5t4 ,b ^! are all disp5sable2 & because !y are all con/antly abus$1 ! voice ( ! prophet is ev] ne$$ :i* tells u t ,god w h none ( !m2 b let ju/ice roll on l wat]1 & righte\sness l an unfail+ /ream4 ,= ! sup]/ition t ritual is ! indisp5sable bond betwe5 ,god & man1 ,amos sub/itutes two o!r aspects ( religion4 ,!y are hi/ory z ,god's discipl9e ( man2 & civic ju/ice1 z man's duty to ,god4 ,! fir/ ( !m he contra/s ) religi\s c]emonialism 9 *ap4 iv4 #d-ac1 & ! second 9 *ap4 v42 :ile 9 *ap4 vi4 he assaults once m ! false political peace :i* ! c]emonialism eng5d]s4 #a4 ,,= ,,wor%ip1 ,,*a/isem5t4 ,,amos iv4 #d-ac4 ,9 *ap4 ii4 ,amos contra/$ ! popul> conception ( religion z wor%ip ) ,god's conception ( x z hi/ory4 ,he plac$ a picture ( ! sanctu>y1 hot ) religi\s zeal1 b hot too ) passion & ! fumes ( w9e1 side by side ) a great prospect ( ! national hi/ory3 ,god's guidance ( ,israel f ,egypt onw>ds4 ,t is1 z we said at ! "t1 he plac$ an indoors picture ( religion side by side ) an op5-air "o4 ,he repeats t arrangem5t "h4 ,! religi\s s]vices he sket*es are m pure1 & ! hi/ory he takes f 8 own day2 b ! contra/ is ! same4 ,aga9 we h on ! "o side ! temple wor%ip--artificial1 exagg]at$1 indoors1 smoky2 b on ! o!r a few movem5ts ( ,god 9 ,nature1 :i*1 ?\gh !y all be calamities1 h a great moral maje/y ^u !m4 ,! fir/ op5s ) a scornful call to wor%ip1 :i* ! prophet1 lett+ out 8 :ole he>t at ! beg9n+1 %[s to be equival5t to s94 ,note next ! impossible c>icature ( _! exagg]at$ zeal3 sacrifices e morn+ in/ead ( once a ye>1 ti!s e ?ree days in/ead ( e ?ree ye>s4#bia ,to (f] leav5$ bread 0 a dep>ture f ! old] fa%ion ( unleav5$4#bib ,to publi% _! lib]ality 0 l ! lat] ,ph>isees1 :o 7 n dissimil>ly mock$ by our ,"l3 ,:5 ?\ doe/ alms1 cause n a trumpet to be s\nd$ be=e !e1 z ! hypocrites d 9 ! synagogues & 9 ! /reets1 t !y may h glory ( m54#bic ,!re is a c]ta9 rhy?m 9 ! taunt2 b ! prose /yle seems to be resum$ ) fitness :5 ! prophet describes ! solemn approa* ( ,god 9 de$s ( doom4 ,come away to ,be!l & transgress1 ,at ,gilgal exagg]ate y\r transgression6 ,& br+ e morn+ y\r sacrifices1 ,e ?ree days y\r ti!s6 ,& s5d up ! sav\r ( leav5$ bread z a ?ank-(f]+1 ,& call out y\r lib]alities--make !m to be he>d6 ,= s ye love to d1 ,o *ildr5 ( ,israel3 ,oracle ( ,jehovah4 ,b ,i on ,my side h giv5 y cleanness ( tee? 9 all y\r cities1 & want ( bread 9 all y\r places--yet ye did n return to ,me3 oracle ( ,jehovah4 ,b ,i on ,my side )held f y ! w9t] ra91#bid :ile x 0 /ill ?ree mon?s to ! h>ve/3 & ,i let x ra9 repeat$ly on "o city1 & ^u "o city ,i did n let x ra93 "o lot 0 ra9$ ^u1 & ! lot t 0 n ra9$ ^u )]$2 & two or ?ree cities kept /raggl+ to "o city to dr9k wat]1 & 7 n satisfi$--yet ye did n return to ,me3 oracle ( ,jehovah4 ,i smote y ) bla/+ & ) mildew3 _m ( y\r g>d5s & y\r v9ey>ds & y\r figs & y\r olives ! locu/ dev\r$--yet ye did n return to ,me3 oracle ( ,jehovah4 ,i s5t among y a pe/il5ce by way ( ,egypt3#bie ,i slew ) ! sword y\r y\?s--besides ! capture ( y\r horses--& ,i br\ght up ! /5* ( y\r camps to y\r no/rils--yet ye did n return to ,me3 oracle ( ,jehovah4 ,i ov]turn$ among y1 l ,god's own ov]turn+ ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 till ye became z a br& pluck$ f ! burn+--yet ye did n return to ,me3 oracle ( ,jehovah4 ,?is recalls a passage 9 t ,engli% poem ( :i* we are aga9 & aga9 rem9d$ by ! ,book ( ,amos1 ,! ,vision ( ,pi]s ,pl[man4 ,x is ! s]mon ( ,reason 9 ,passus ,v4 7,skeat's edition73-- ,he prev$ t ?ise pe/il5ces 7 = pure synne1 ,& ! s\?we/ wynde 9 sat]day et ev5e ,0 p]tli*e#bif = pure pride & = no poynt elles4 ,piries & plomtrees 7 puff$ to ! er!1 ,9 ensample ze segges#big ze %uld5 d ! bett]e4 ,be*es & brode okes 7 bl[5 to ! gr\nde4 ,torn$ upw>d h] tailles 9 tok5ynge ( dr$e1 ,t d$ly synne at domesday %al =don#bih hem alle4 ,9 ! anci5t _w x 0 a settl$ belief t natural calamities l ^! 7 ! effects ( ! deity's wra?4 ,:5 ,israel suff]s f !m ! prophets take = grant$ t !y are = ! p's puni%m5t4 ,i h else:]e %[n h[ ! climate ( ,pale/9e l5t itself to ^! convictions2 9 ?is respect ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy contra/s x ) ! climate ( ,egypt4#bii ,& al?\gh "s1 p]haps rightly1 h sc(f$ at ! exagg]at$ =m ( ! belief1 t ,god is angry ) ! sons ( m5 e "t dr\ght or floods happ51 yet ! in/9ct is s\nd :i* 9 all ages has l$ religi\s p to feel t su* ?+s are inflict$ = moral purposes4 ,9 ! economy ( ! univ]se !re may be ends ( a purely physical k9d s]v$ by su* disa/]s1 ap>t altoge!r f _! mean+ to man4 ,b man at lea/ le>ns f !m t nature does n exi/ solely = fe$+1 clo?+ & keep+ him weal?y2 nor is x any?+ else ?an 8 mono!ism1 8 fai? 9 ,god z ! ,"l bo? ( 8 moral life & ( nature1 :i* moves him to believe1 z ,hebrew prophets taught & z our e>ly ,engli% se] he>d ,reason h]self prea*4 ,amos _h ! m ne$ to expla9 ^? disa/]s z ! "w ( ! ,god ( righte\sness1 because 8 contempor>ies1 :ile will+ to grant ,jehovah lead]%ip 9 w>1 7 tempt$ to attribute to ! ,canaanite gods ( ! l& all p[] ov] ! seasons4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 m imm$iately conc]ns u 9 ?is passage is its v effective contra/ betwe5 m5's treatm5t ( ,god & ,god's treatm5t ( m54 ,!y lavi% ^u ,him gifts & sacrifices4 ,he--on ,8 side--s5ds !m cleanness ( tee?1 dr\ght1 bla/+ ( _! fruits1 pe/il5ce1 w> & e>?quake4 ,t is to say1 !y reg>d ,him z a be+ only to be flatt]$ & f$4 ,he reg>ds !m z creatures ) *>act]s to discipl9e1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( _! mat]ial welf>e4 ,_! views ( ,him1 if religi\s1 are s5su\s & gross2 ,8 views ( !m1 if au/]e1 are moral & ennobl+4 ,all ?is may be grim1 b x is exce$+ gr&2 & %ort z ! ef=ts ( ,amos are1 we beg9 to p]ceive 9 him some?+ already ( ! greatness ( an ,isaiah4 ,& h n ^?1 :o h believ$ z ,amos believ$1 ev] be5 ! /rong spirits ( our race1 mak+ ! v disa/]s :i* cru%$ !m to ! e>? ! tok5s t ,god has great views ab\t !m8 ,laugh n at ! simple peoples1 :o h _! days ( humiliation1 & _! fa/-days aft] floods & /unt$ h>ve/s4 ,= !y take ^!1 n l o!r m51 z ! signs ( _! frailty & helplessness2 b z measures ( ! greatness ,god sees 9 !m1 ,8 provocation ( _! s\ls to ! inf9ite possibilities :i* ,he has prep>$ = !m4 ,israel1 h[ev]1 did n turn ev5 at ! fif? call to p5it5ce1 & s !re rema9$ no?+ = h] b a fe>ful look+ =w>d to judgm5t1 all ! m t]rible t ! prophet does n def9e :at ! judgm5t %all be4 ,!re=e ?us %all ,i d to !e1 ,o ,israel3 because ,i am go+ to d ?is to !e1 prep>e to meet ?y ,god1 ,o ,israel4 ,=1 lo1 ,he t =me? ! m\nta9s1 & create? ! w9d1 & decl>e? to man :at ,8 ?\ght is1 t make? morn+ d>kness1 & m>*e? on ! high places ( e>?1 ,jehovah1 ,god ( ,ho/s1 is ,8 ,"n4#cjj #b4 ,,= ,,wor%ip1 ,,ju/ice4 ,,amos v4 ,9 ! next ( ^! gr\ps ( oracles ,amos cont9ues 8 attack on ! national ritual1 & n[ contra/s x ) ! s]vice ( ,god 9 public life--! relief ( ! poor1 ! dis*>ge ( ju/ice4 ,b he does n beg9 ) ?is4 ,! gr\p op5s ) an elegy1 :i* bewails ! nation z already fall54 ,x is always difficult to m>k :]e ! /yle ( a prophet passes f rhy?mical prose into :at we may ju/ly call a metrical =m4 ,b 9 ?is %ort wail1 we cat* ! well-kn[n measure ( ! ,hebrew dirge2 n s arti/ic z 9 lat] poems1 yet ) at lea/ ! *>act]i/ic c\plet ( a long & a %ort l9e4 ,he> ?is ^w :i* ,i lift up aga9/ y--a ,dirge1 ,o h\se ( ,israel3-- ,fall51 no m %all %e rise1 ,virg9 ( ,israel6 ,flung d[n on h] own gr\nd1 ,no "o to raise h]6 ,! ,virg91 :i* ) ,isaiah is a /&+ title = ,j]usalem & occasionally us$ ( o!r cities1 is "h probably ! :ole nation ( ,nor!rn ,israel4 ,! explanation foll[s4 ,x is ,w>4 ,= ?us sai? ! ,"l ,jehovah3 ,! city t goe? =? a ?\s& %all h an hundr$ left2 & %e t goe? =? an hundr$ %all h left t5 = ! h\se ( ,israel4 ,b judgm5t is n yet irrevocable4 ,!re break =?) ! only two promises :i* light5 ! l[]+ d>kness ( ! book4 ,let ! p turn to ,jehovah ,himself--& t means let !m turn f ! ritual1 & in/ead ( x purge _! civic life1 re/ore ju/ice 9 _! c\rts & help ! poor4 ,= ,god & moral good are "o4 ,x is seek ,me & ye %all live1 & seek good & ye %all live4 ,omitt+ = ! pres5t all argum5t z to :e!r ! int]ruption ( praise to ! p[] ( ,jehovah be f ,amos or ano!r1 we read ! :ole oracle z foll[s4 ,?us sai? ,jehovah to ! h\se ( ,israel3 ,seek ,me & live4 ,b seek n ,be!l1 & come n to ,gilgal1 & to ,be]%eba pass n ov]--to come to ,be]%eba "o _h to cross all ,judah4 ,= ,gilgal %all ta/e ! gall ( exile--x is n possible except 9 ?is clumsy way to e*o ! prophet's play ^u words1 ,ha-,gilgal galoh yigleh--& ,be!l1 ,god's h\se1 %all become an idolatry4 ,?is r5d]+1 h[ev]1 sc>cely gives ! rude =ce ( ! orig9al2 = ! ^w r5d]$ idolatry1 ,av51 means also falsehood & p]dition1 s t we %\ld n exagg]ate ! anti!sis if we employ$ a phrase :i* once 0 n vulg>3 ,& ,be!l1 h\se ( ,god1 %all g to ! devil6#cja ,! epigram 0 ! m natural t ne> ,be!l1 on a site n[ unc]ta91 b close to ! edge ( ! des]t to :i* x gave its "n1 !re lay f anci5t times a village actually call$ ,be?-,av51 h[ev] ! =m may h ris54 ,& we %all f9d ,hosea /]eotyp+ ?is epigram ( ,amos1 & call+ ! sanctu>y ,be?-,av5 (t5] ?an he calls x ,be?-,el4#cjb ,seek ye ,jehovah & live1 he beg9s aga91 le/ ,he break =? l fire1 ,o h\se ( ,joseph1 & x consume & !re be none to qu5* at ,be!l4#cjc 444#cjd ,he t made ! ,sev5 ,/>s & ,orion1#cje t turne? ! murk#cjf into morn+1 & day ,he d>k5e? to night1 t calle? = ! wat]s ( ! sea & p\re? !m out on ! face ( ! e>?--,jehovah ,8 ,"n4 ,he x is t fla%e? out ru9#cjg on /r5g?1 & br+e? d[n#cjh de/ruction on ! =tifi$4 ,?is r5d]+ ( ! la/ v]se is unc]ta91 & rightly suspect$1 b !re is no alt]native s probable1 & x returns to ! keynote f :i* ! passage />t$1 t ,god %\ld break =? l fire4 ,ah1 !y t turn ju/ice to wormwood1 & abase#cji righte\sness to ! e>?6 ,!y hate him t reprove? 9 ! gate--9 an ,ea/]n city bo? ! law-c\rt & place ( ! popul> c\ncil--& him t speake? s9c]ely !y abhor4 ,s 9 ! ,engli% my/ic's ,vision ,peace compla9s ( ,wrong3-- ,i d> n\ghte = f]e ( hym fyghte ne *yde4#caj ,:]e=e1 because ye trample on ! weak & take f him a pres5t ( corn1#caa ye h built h\ses ( a%l>1#cab b ye %all n dwell 9 !m2 v9ey>ds = pleasure h ye plant$1 b ye %all n dr9k ( _! w9e4 ,= ,i "k h[ _m are y\r crimes1 & h[ =ceful#cac y\r s9s--ye t br[beat ! righte\s1 take bribes1 & br+ d[n ! poor 9 ! gate6 ,!re=e ! prud5t 9 su* a "t is dumb1 = an evil "t is x inde$4 ,seek good & n evil1 t ye may live1 & ,jehovah ,god ( ,ho/s be ) y1 z ye say ,he is4 ,hate evil & love good2 & 9 ! gate set ju/ice on h] feet aga9--p]adv5ture ,jehovah ,god ( ,ho/s may h pity on ! remnant ( ,joseph4 ,if 9 ! ,book ( ,amos !re be any passages1 :i*1 to say ! lea/1 d n n[ lie 9 _! prop] places1 ?is is "o ( !m4 ,=1 fir/ly1 :ile x reg>ds ! nation z /ill responsible = ! duties ( gov]nm5t1 x recognises !m z r$uc$ to a remnant4 ,to f9d su* a /ate ( affairs we h to come d[n to ! ye>s subsequ5t to #gcd1 :5 ,tigla?-,piles] swept into captivity all ,gilead & ,galilee--t is1 two-?irds1 9 bulk1 ( ! t]ritory ( ,nor!rn ,israel--b left ,ephraim unt\*$4 ,9 answ] to ?is1 x may1 ( c\rse1 be po9t$ out t 9 ?us call+ ! p to rep5tance1 s t a remnant might be sav$1 ,amos may h be5 contemplat+ a disa/] /ill future1 f :i*1 ?\gh x 0 inevitable1 ,god might be mov$ to sp>e a remnant4#cad ,t is v true4 ,b x does n meet ?is fur!r difficulty1 t ! v]ses 7#ad1 #ae7 pla9ly make int]ruption betwe5 ! end ( v]4 #ac & ! beg9n+ ( v]4 #af2 & t ! initial !re=e ( ! latt] v]se1 :ile x has no mean+ 9 its pres5t sequ5ce1 becomes natural & appropriate :5 made to foll[ imm$iately on v]4 #ac4 ,= all ^! reasons1 !n1 ,i take vv4 #ad & #ae z a p>5!sis1 :e!r f ,amos himself or f a lat] writ] :o c tell8 ,b x ought to be kept 9 m9d t 9 o!r prophetic writ+s :]e judgm5t is v sev]e1 we h "s pro( ( ! lat] ins]tion ( calls to rep5tance1 by way ( mitigation4 ,v]4 #ac _h said ! "t 0 s evil t ! prud5t man kept sil5ce4 ,all ! m mu/ ! ,"l ,himself speak1 z v]4 #af n[ proclaims4 ,!re=e ?us sai? ,jehovah1 ,god ( ,ho/s1#cae ,"l3 ,on all op5 ways lam5tation1 & 9 all /reets !y %all be say+1 ,ah woe6 ,ah woe6 ,& 9 all v9ey>ds lam5tation1#caf & !y %all call ! pl\ghman to wail+ & to lam5tation !m t are skilful 9 dirges--t[n & c\ntry1 ru/ic & arti/ alike--= ,i %all pass ?r\gh ?y mid/1 sai? ,jehovah4 ,x is ! solemn =mula ( ! ,great ,passov]1 :5 ,egypt 0 fill$ ) wail+ & !re 7 dead 9 e h\se4 ,! next v]se />ts ano!r1 b a k9dr$1 !me4 ,z bl9d z 0 ,israel's confid5ce 9 ritual1 s bl9d 0 _! confid5ce 9 dogma1 & ! popul> dogma 0 t ( ! ,day ( ,jehovah4 ,all popul> hopes expect _! victory to come 9 a s+le %>p crisis--a day4 ,& aga91 ! day ( any "o means ei!r ! day he has appo9t$1 or ! day ( 8 display & triumph4 ,s ,jehovah's day meant to ! p ! day ( ,8 judgm5t1 or ( ,8 triumph3 ,8 triumph 9 w> ov] _! enemies1 ,8 judgm5t ^u ! hea!n4 ,b ,amos1 ^: keynote has be5 t judgm5t beg9s at home1 cries woe ^u su* hopes1 & tells 8 p t = !m ! day ( ,jehovah is n victory1 b r insidi\s1 importunate1 inevitable dea?4 ,& ?is he describes z a man :o has liv$1 alone ) wild bea/s1 f ! jungles ( ! ,jordan1 :]e ! lions lurk1 to ! huts ( ! des]t infe/$ by snakes4 ,woe unto !m t long = ! day ( ,jehovah6 ,:at h y to d ) ! day ( ,jehovah8 ,x is d>kness1 & n light4 ,z :5 a man flee? f ! face ( a lion1 & a be> falls ^u him2 & he comes into 8 home1#cag &1 brea?less1 leans 8 h& ^u ! wall1 & a s]p5t bites him4 ,& !n1 z if appeal+ to ,heav5 = confirmation3 ,is x n s8 ,is x n d>kness1 ! day ( ,jehovah1 & n light8 /orm d>kness1 & n a ray ( light ^u x8 ,!n ,amos returns to ! wor%ip1 t nurse ( _! va9 hopes1 t false prophet ( peace1 & he he>s ,god speak m /rongly ?an ev] ( its futility & hatefulness4 ,i hate1 ,i loa! y\r fea/s1 & ,i w n smell ! sav\r ( y\r ga!r+s to sacrifice4 ,= ) pagan folly !y /ill believ$ t ! smoke ( _! burnt-(f]+s w5t up to heav5 & flatt]$ ! no/rils ( ,deity4 ,h[ +ra9$ 0 ?is belief may be judg$ by u f ! fact t ! t]ms ( x _h to be adopt$ by ! apo/les ( a spiritual religion1 if !y w\ld make !mselves und]/ood1 & are n[ ! metaphors ( ! sacrifices ( ! ,*ri/ian he>t4#cah ,?\gh ye br+ to ,me burnt-(f]+s & y\r meal-(f]+s ,i w n be pleas$1 or y\r ?ank-(f]+s ( fatt$ calves1 ,i w n look at !m4 ,let cease f ,me ! noise ( ?y songs2 to ! play+ ( ?y viols ,i w n li/54 ,b let ju/ice roll on l wat]1 & righte\sness l an unfail+ /ream4 ,!n foll[s ! rem>kable appeal f ! habits ( ?is age to ^? ( ! times ( ,israel's simplicity4 ,0 x fle%- or meal-(f]+s t ye br\ght ,me 9 ! wild]ness1 =ty ye>s1 ,o h\se ( ,israel8#cai ,t is to say1 at ! v "t :5 ,god made ,israel ,8 p1 & l$ !m safely to ! promis$ l&--! "t :5 ( all o!rs ,he did mo/ = !m--,he 0 n mov$ to su* love & deliv]ance by ! propitiatory bribes1 :i* ?is g5]ation imag9e to be s avail+ & indisp5sable4 ,nay1 ^? /ill %all n avail1 = exile f ! l& %all n[ z surely come 9 spite ( !m1 z ! possession ( ! l& 9 old times came )\t !m4 ,?is at lea/ seems to be ! drift ( ! v obscure v]se :i* foll[s1 & is ! unmi/akable /atem5t ( ! close ( ! oracle4 ,b ye %all lift up 444 y\r k+ & 444 y\r god1 images :i* y h made = y\rselves2#cbj & ,i w c>ry y away into exile f> beyond ,damascus1 sai? ,jehovah--,god ( ,ho/s is ,8 ,"n6#cba ,s ?is *apt] closes l ! previ\s1 ) ! m>%all+ ( ,god's armies4 ,b z !re ,8 ho/s 7 ! movem5ts ( ,nature & ! ,great ,/>s1 s "h !y are ! nations ( ! _w4 ,by ,8 rule ( bo? ,he is ! ,god ( ,ho/s4 #c4 ,,at ,,ease ,,9 ,,zion4 ,,amos vi4 ,! evil ( ! national wor%ip 0 ! false political confid5ce :i* x eng5d]$4 ,leav+ ! ritual alone1 ,amos n[ proce$s to assault ?is confid5ce4 ,we are tak5 f ! public wor%ip ( ! p to ! private banquets ( ! ri*1 b aga9 only 9 ord] to h _! security & extravagance contra/$ ) ! pe/il5ce1 ! w> & ! captivity1 t are rapidly approa*+4 ,woe unto !m t are at ease 9 ,zion#cbb--;x is a pr\d & ov]we5+ ease :i* ! ^w expresses--& t tru/ 9 ! m\nt ( ,sam>ia6 ,m5 ( m>k ( ! fir/ ( ! peoples--ironically1 = t is ,israel's op9ion ( itself--& to !m d ! h\se ( ,israel resort6444#cbc ,ye t put (f ! day ( calamity#cbd & draw ne> ! sessions ( inju/ice#cbe--;an epigram & prov]b1 = x is ! univ]sal way ( m5 to wi% & fancy f> away ! v crisis t _! s9s are ha/5+ on4 ,isaiah describ$ ?is same g5]ation z draw+ iniquity ) cords ( hypocrisy1 & s9 z x 7 ) a c>t-rope6 ,t lie on ivory diwans & sprawl on _! c\*es--ano!r luxuri\s cu/om1 :i* fill$ ?is rude %eph]d ) contempt--& eat lambs f ! flock & calves f ! mid/ ( ! /all#cbf--t is1 only ! mo/ delicate ( meats--:o prate or purr or babble to ! s\nd ( ! viol1 & z if !y 7 ,david himself inv5t = !m in/rum5ts ( song2#cbg :o dr9k w9e by ew]fuls--wat]potfuls--& ano9t ) ! f9e/ ( oil--yet nev] d !y grieve at ! havoc ( ,joseph6 ,! havoc is ! moral havoc1 = ! social /ructure ( ,israel is obvi\sly /ill secure4#cbh ,! ri* are indiff]5t to x2 !y h weal?1 art1 patriotism1 religion1 b nei!r he>t = ! pov]ty nor consci5ce = ! s9 ( _! p4 ,we "k _! k9d6 ,!y are always ) u1 :o live well & imag9e !y are proportionally clev] & ref9$4 ,!y h _! political zeal1 w rally to an election :5 ! int]e/s ( _! class or _! trade is 9 dang]4 ,!y h a robu/ & exub]ant patriotism1 talk gr&ly ( comm]ce1 empire & ! national de/9y2 b = ! real woes & sores ( ! p1 ! pov]ty1 ! ov]work1 ! drunk5ness1 ! dissolut5ess1 :i* m affect a nation's life ?an any?+ else1 !y h no pity & no c>e4 ,!re=e n[--! d\ble initial ( judgm5t--%all !y g into exile at ! head ( ! exiles1 & /ill$ %all be ! revelry ( ! dissolute--lit]ally ! sprawl]s1 z 9 v]4 #d1 b us$ "h r 9 ! moral ?an 9 ! physical s5se4 ,sworn ha? ! ,"l ,jehovah by ,himself--'tis ! oracle ( ,jehovah ,god ( ,ho/s3 ,i am loa?+#cbi ! pride ( ,jacob1 & 8 palaces d ,i hate1 & ,i w pack up a city & its fulness4#ccj444 ,=1 behold1 ,jehovah is comm&+1 & ,he w smite ! great h\se into ru9s & ! small h\se into spl9t]s4 ,! collapse mu/ come1 po/pone x z _! fancy w1 = x has be5 work$ = & is inevitable4 ,h[ c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,%all horses run on a cliff1 or ! sea be pl\gh$ by ox5#cca--t ye %\ld turn ju/ice to poison & ! fruit ( righte\sness to wormwood6 ,ye t exult 9 ,lo-,deb> & say1 ,by our own /r5g? h we tak5 to ourselves arnaim4 ,s ,grtz rightly reads ! v]se4 ,! ,hebrew text & all ! v]sions take ^! names z if !y 7 common n\ns--,lo-,deb>1 a ?+ ( n\ght2 arnaim1 a pair ( horns--& d\btless x 0 j because ( ?is possible play ^u _! names1 t ,amos select$ ^! two out ( all ! rec5t conque/s ( ,israel4 ,k>naim1 9 full ,a%t]o? ,k>naim1 ,a/>te ( ,horns1 0 t immemorial =tress & sanctu>y :i* lay out ^u ! great plateau ( ,ba%an t[>ds ,damascus2 s obvi\s & c>d9al a site t x appe>s 9 ! sacr$ hi/ory bo? 9 ! e>lie/ record$ campaign 9 ,abraham's "t & 9 "o ( ! late/ "u ! ,maccabees4#ccb ,lo-,deb> 0 ( ,gilead1 & probably lay on t la/ ramp>t ( ! prov9ce nor?w>d1 ov]look+ ! ,y>muk1 a /rategical po9t :i* mu/ h (t5 be5 conte/$ by ,israel & ,aram1 & ) :i* no o!r ,old ,te/am5t "n has be5 id5tifi$4#ccc ,^! two =tresses1 ) _m o!rs1 ,israel _h lately tak5 f ,aram2 b n1 z !y boa/$1 by _! own /r5g?4 ,x 0 only ,aram's pre-occupation ) ,assyria n[ surg5t on ! nor!rn flank1 :i* all[$ ,israel ^! easy victories4 ,& ?is same nor!rn foe w\ld soon ov]:elm !mselves4 ,=1 behold1 ,i am to raise up aga9/ y1 ,o h\se ( ,israel--'tis ! oracle ( ,jehovah ,god ( ! ho/s#ccd--;a ,nation1 & !y %all oppress y f ! ,entrance ( ,hama? to ! ,torr5t ( ! ',arabah4 ,e "o kn[s ! =m]1 ! ,pass betwe5 ! ,lebanons1 at ^: m\? /&s ,dan1 nor!rn limit ( ,israel2 b x is h>d to id5tify ! latt]4 ,if ,amos means to include ,judah1 we %\ld h expect$ ! ,torr5t ( ,egypt1 ! pres5t ,wady el ',ari%2 b ! ,wady ( ! ',arabah may be a correspond+ valley 9 ! ea/]n wat]%$ issu+ 9 ! ',arabah4 ,if ,amos ?reat5s only ! ,nor!rn ,k+dom1 he int5ds "s wady runn+ d[n to t ,sea ( ! ',arabah1 ! ,dead ,sea1 :i* is else:]e giv5 z ! limit ( ,israel4#cce ,! ,assyrian flood1 !n1 0 ab\t to break1 & ! oracles close ) ! hopeless prospect ( ! :ole l& subm]g$ b5ea? x4 #d4 ,a ,,fragm5t ,,f ,,! ,,plague4 ,9 ! above exposition we h omitt$ two v curi\s v]ses1 #i & #aj1 :i* are held by "s critics to int]rupt ! curr5t ( ! *apt]1 & to reflect an entirely diff]5t k9d ( calamity f t :i* x pr$icts4 ,i d n ?9k ^! critics "r1 = reasons ,i am ab\t to give2 b ! v]ses are s rem>kable t x is mo/ conv5i5t to treat !m by !mselves ap>t f ! re/ ( ! *apt]4 ,"h !y are1 ) ! v]se imm$iately 9 front ( !m4 ,i am loa?+ ! pride ( ,jacob1 & 8 palaces ,i hate4 ,& ,i w give up a city & its fulness to 4447p]haps siege or pe/il5ce874 ,& x %all come to pass1 if !re be left t5 m5 9 "o h\se1 & !y die1#ccf 444 t 8 c\s9#ccg & ! man to burn him %all lift him to br+ ! body#cch out ( ! h\se1 & !y %all say to "o :o is 9 ! recesses ( ! h\se1#cci ,are !re any m ) !e8 ,& he %all say1 ,n "o 444 & !y %all say1 ,hu%6 7= "o mu/ n make m5tion ( ! "n ( ,jehovah74 ,?is grim fragm5t is obscure 9 its relation to ! context4 ,b ! dea? ( ev5 s l>ge a h\sehold z t5--! fun]al left to a di/ant relation--! disposal ( ! bodies by burn+ in/ead ( ! burial cu/om>y among ! ,hebrews#cdj--suffici5tly reflect ! k9d ( calamity4 ,x is a weird little bit ( memory1 ! recollection ( an eye-witness1 f "o ( ^? great pe/il5ces :i*1 dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! eigh? c5tury1 happ5$ n seldom 9 ,we/]n ,asia4#cda ,b :at does x d "h8 ,wellhaus5 says t !re is no?+ to lead up to ! incid5t2 t be=e x ! *apt] speaks1 n ( pe/il5ce1 b only ( political de/ruction by an enemy4 ,?is is n accurate4 ,! phrase imm$iately prec$+ may mean ei!r ,i w %ut up a city & its fulness1 9 :i* case a siege is meant1 & a siege 0 ! possibility bo? ( fam9e & pe/il5ce2 or ,i w give up ! city & its fulness4441 9 :i* case a ^w or two may h be5 dropp$1 z words h und\bt$ly be5 dropp$ at ! end ( ! next v]se1 & "o ought p]haps to add to ! pe/il5ce4#cdb ,! latt] alt]native is ! m probable1 & ?is may be "o ( ! passages1 already allud$ to1#cdc 9 :i* ! want ( connection ) ! prec$+ v]ses is to be expla9$1 n ^u ! fav\rite !ory t !re has be5 a viol5t intrusion into ! text1 b ^u ! too mu* neglect$ hypo!sis t "s words h be5 lo/4 ,! unc]ta9ty ( ! text1 h[ev]1 does n weak5 ! impression ( its gha/ly realism3 ! unclean & haunt$ h\se2 ! k9sman & ! body-burn] afraid to se>* ?r\gh ! infect$ rooms1 & call+ 9 muffl$ voice to ! s+le survivor cr\*+ 9 "s f> corn] ( !m1 ,are !re any m ) !e8 8 reply1 ,none--himself ! next6 ,yet ^! details are n ! mo/ weird4 ,ov] all hangs a t]ror d>k] ?an ! pe/il5ce4 ,%all !re be evil 9 a city & ,jehovah n h done x8 ,su*1 z we h he>d f ,amos1 0 ! settl$ fai? ( ! age4 ,b 9 times ( woe x 0 held ) an awful & a crav5 sup]/ition4 ,! :ole ( life 0 believ$ to be ov]hung ) loose accumulations ( ,div9e ang]4 ,& z 9 "s fatal holl[ 9 ! high ,alps1 :]e any noise may br+ d[n ! imp5d+ masses ( sn[1 & ! fe>ful travell] hurries along 9 sil5ce1 s ! m5 ( t sup]/iti\s age fe>$1 :5 an evil l ! plague 0 imm95t1 ev5 to utt] ! ,deity's "n1 le/ x %\ld loos5 "s avalan*e ( ,8 wra?4 ,& he said1 ,hu%6 =1 adds ! comm5t1 "o mu/ n make m5tion ( ! "n ( ,jehovah4 ,?is reveals ano!r side ( ! popul> religion :i* ,amos has be5 attack+4 ,we h se5 x z ! %e] sup]/ition ( r\t9e2 b we n[ "k t x 0 a r\t9e brok5 by panic4 ,! ,god :o 9 times ( peace 0 propitiat$ by regul> supplies ( sav\ry sacrifice & flatt]y1 is conceiv$1 :5 ,8 wra? is r\s$ & imm95t1 z kept quiet only by ! sil5ce ( its mis]able objects4 ,! false peace ( ritual is temp]$ by panic4 ,,footnotes3 #bfh ,see above1 pp4 #hb ff4 & pp4 #hi ff4 #bfi ,) ! ,,lxx4 = 4 #bgj 7v]4 #aj74 #bga ,s+ul> z 9 ,,lxx41 & n plural z 9 ! ,m4,t4 & ,engli% v]sions4 #bgb ,juv5al1 ,satires1 ,i4 #bgc ,vision ( ,pi]s ,pl[man4 ,burgagest5em5ts4 #bgd ,or ,! ,enemy1 & t "r r\nd ! ,l&6 #bge ,9 ,damascus on a c\*3 on a ,damascus c\*3 on a ,damascus-clo? c\*3 or ,damascus-fa%ion on a c\*--alt]natives all equally probable & equally beyond pro(4 ,! text is v difficult1 nor d ! v]sions give help4 7#a7 ,! consonants ( ! ^w be=e a c\* spell 9 ,damascus1 & s ! ,,lxx4 take x4 ,?is w\ld be 9 exact p>allel to ! 9 ,sam>ia ( ! previ\s half ( ! clause4 ,b al?\gh ,j]oboam ,,ii4 is said to h recov]$ ,damascus 7#b ,k+s xiv4 #bh71 ?is is n necess>ily ! t[n itself1 ( ^: occupation by ,israel we h no evid5ce1 :ile ,amos always assumes x to be ,aramean1 & "h he is address+ ,israelites4 ,/ill reta9+ ! "n ( ! city1 we c take x ) c\* z p>allel1 n to 9 ,sam>ia1 b to on ! side ( a diwan2 9 t case ! mean+ may h be5 a ,damascus c\* 7?\gh z ! two words /& x is impossible to p>se !m1 & ,g54 xv4 #b _c be quot$ 9 support ( ?is1 = x is too unc]ta9 itself1 be+ possibly a gloss1 ?\gh x is curi\s t z ! two passages run ! "n ,damascus %\ld be 9 ! same /range grammatical conjunction 9 ea*71 or possibly ,damascus-fa%ion on a c\*1 :i* 7if ! fir/ half ( ! clause1 z "s ma9ta91 ref]s to "s delicate or affect$ po/ure !n come into fa%ion7 is ! mo/ probable r5d]+4 7#b7 ,! ,massoretes h po9t$1 n b$ammeseq 9 ,damascus1 b b$eme%eq1 a =m n f\nd else:]e1 :i* "s 7,ges41 ,hitz41 ,ew41 ,rev4 ,eng4 ,v]41 etc47 take to mean "s ,damasc5e /uff 7z p]haps our ,damask & ! ,arabic dim%aq orig9ally meant1 ?\gh ?is is n c]ta971 e4g4 silk or velvet or cu%ions4 7#c7 ,o!rs re>range ! text4 ,e4g4 ,h(fmann 7,z4 ,a4 ,t4 ,w41 ,,iii4 #ajb7 takes ! :ole clause away f v]4 #ab & atta*es x to v]4 #ac1 read+ ,o ^? :o sit 9 ,sam>ia on ! edge ( ! diwan1 & 9 ,damascus on a c\*1 he>k5 & te/ify aga9/ ! h\se ( ,jacob4 ,b1 z ,wellhaus5 po9ts out1 ^? address$ 9 v]4 #ac are ! same z ^? address$ 9 v]4 #i4 ,wellhaus5 pref]s to believe t aft] ! words *ildr5 ( ,israel1 :i* end a s5t5ce1 some?+ has fall5 out4 ,! ,,lxx4 translator1 :o makes sev]al blund]s 9 ! c\rse ( ?is *apt]1 in/ead ( translat+ c\*1 ! la/ ^w ( ! v]se1 m]ely translit]ates x into 66 #bgf ,cf4 vi4 #d3 t lie on ivory diwans & sprawl on _! c\*es4 #bgg ,van ,l5nep1 ,bible ,l&s & ,cu/oms1 p4 #dfj4 #bgh ,see p4 #bje1 n4 #d4 #bgi ,! words = hook 9 ,hebrew--! two us$ above1 & 2 & a ?ird1 --all mean orig9ally ?orns1 d\btless ! fir/ hooks ( primitive man2 b by ?is "t !y w\ld signify metal hooks--a *ange analog\s to ! ,engli% ^w p54 #bhj ,cf4 ,isa4 xxxvii4 #bi2 #b ,*ron4 xxxiii4 #aa4 ,on ! use fi%-hooks1 ,job xl4 #bf 7,heb471 xli4 #b 7,eng472 ,ezek4 xxix4 #d4 #bha ,! v]b1 :i* 9 ! text is active1 mu/ be tak5 9 ! passive4 ,! ^w n translat$ above is unto ! ,h>mn1 :i* "n does n occur else:]e4 ,,lxx4 read 1 :i* ,ewald r5d]s ye %all ca/ ! ,rimmon to ! m\nta9 7cf4 ,isa4 ii4 #bj71 & he takes ,rimmon to be ! ,syrian goddess ( love4 ,/e9] 7quot$ by ,wellhaus57 r5d]s ye %all be ca/ out to ,hadad ,rimmon1 t is1 violat$ z ,hitzig sep>ates f 1 :i* he takes z contract$ f 1 & r5d]s ye %all fl+ y\rselves out on ! m\nta9s z a refuge4 ,b none ( ^! is satisfactory4 #bhb ,i h already treat$ ?is passage 9 connection ) ,isaiah's prophecies on wom5 9 ! volume on ,isaiah i4-xxxix4 7,expositor's ,bible71 ,*ap4 ,,xvi4 #bhc ,cf4 *ap4 vi4 #d4 #bhd v4 #aa4 #bhe vi4 #h1 #aa4 #bhf ,cf4 :at 0 said on build+ above1 p4 #cc4 #bhg ,see p4 #ada4 #bhh v4 #bf4 #bhi v4 #be4 #bij ,ano!r pro( ( h[ ! _s ( ritualism t5ds to absorb morality4 #bia ,v]4 #d3 cf4 #a ,sam4 i42 ,deut4 xiv4 #bh4 ,wellhaus5 (f]s ano!r exegesis3 ,amos is describ+ exactly :at took place at ,be!l--sacrifice on ! morn+1 i4e4 next to ! day ( _! arrival1 ti!s on ! ?ird day !reaft]4 #bib ,see ,wellhaus5's note1 & comp>e ,lev4 vii4 #ac4 #bic ,matt4 vi4 #b4 #bid 3 ,hi/4 ,geog41 p4 #fd4 ,x is int]e/+ t ?is ye> 7#ahie7 ! same ?+ 0 ?reat5$1 accord+ to a report 9 ! ,mit!ilung5 u4 ,na*ri*t5 des ,d4,p4,v41 p4 #dd3 ,na*dem es im ,decemb] e9igemal re*t />k g]egnet hatte besond]s an d] ,me]esk/e i/ seit kurz vor ,weihna*t5 das ,wett] imm] s*n u4 mild geblieb51 u4 w5n ni*t weit]] ,reg5 fllt1 s wird gross] ,wass]mangel ent/eh5 d5n bis jetzt 7#af ,febr47 hat ,niem& ,ci/]ne voll4 ,! h>ve/ is 9 ,april-,may4 #bie ,or 9 ! fa%ion ( ,egypt1 i4e4 a ?or\ghly ,egyptian plague2 s call$1 n ) ref]5ce to ! plagues ( ,egypt1 b because t c\ntry 0 always ! nurs]y ( ! pe/il5ce4 ,see ,hi/4 ,geog41 p4 #aeg ff4 ,note h[ x comes ) w>4 #bif ,ap]tly1 op5ly4 #big ,m54 #bih ,undo4 #bii ,hi/4 ,geog41 ,*ap4 iii41 pp4 #gc f4 #cjj ,?is & simil> passages are dealt ) by !mselves 9 ,*ap4 ,,xi4 #cja ,cf4 ,,lxx43 4 #cjb ,! "n ,be!l is always pr9t$ z "o ^w 9 our ,hebrew texts4 ,see ,ba] on ,g54 xii4 #h4 #cjc ,wellhaus5 ?9ks at ,be!l n g5u9e4 ,b ,be!l has be5 s+l$ out z ! place :]e ! p put _! false confid5ce1 & is naturally nam$ "h4 ,,lxx43 4 #cjd ,v]4 #g is pla9ly out ( place "h1 z ! ,,lxx4 p]ceiv$1 & !re=e tri$ to give x ano!r r5d]+ :i* w\ld make x seem 9 place3 1 4 ,s ,ewald remov$ x to betwe5 vv4 #i & #aj4 ,!re x beg9s well ano!r oracle2 & x may be t we %\ld ins]t be=e x 1 z 9 vv4 #ah1 vi4 #a4 #cje ,lit]ally ! ,gr\p & ! ,giant4 1 ,kimah1 signifies gr\p1 or little heap4 ,"h x is r5d]$ by ,aq4 & at ,job ix4 #i by ,,lxx4 2 & "h by ,!od4 & 9 ,job xxxviii4 #ca1 ! *a91 or clu/]1 ( ! gr\p 4 ,! ,t>g4 & ,pe%4 always give x z ,kima1 i4e4 ,pleiades4 ,& ?is is ! r5d]+ ( mo/ mod]ns4 ,b ,/]n takes x = ,sirius ) its con/ellation ( ! ,great ,dog1 = ! reason t ?is is ! brighte/ ( all />s1 & !re=e a m suitable fell[ = ,orion ?an ! dimm] ,pleiades c be4 1 ! ,fool or ,giant1 is ! ,hebrew "n ( 1 by :i* ! ,,lxx4 r5d] x4 ,t>gum 4 ,to ! anci5t _w ! con/ellation look$ l ! figure ( a giant fett]$ 9 heav51 a fool s f> z he tru/$ 9 8 bodily /r5g? 7,dillmann74 ,9 lat] times he 0 call$ ,nimrod4 ,8 e>ly sett+ came at ! "t ( ! e>ly ra9s4 ,cf4 ) ! passage ,job ix4 #i & xxxviii4 #ca4 #cjf ,! ab/ract n\n mean+ deep %ad[1 ,,lxx4 1 & r5d]$ %ad[ ( dea? by _m mod]n v]sions4 #cjg ,s ,,lxx41 read+ = 2 x improves ! rhy?m1 & escapes ! awkw>d repetition ( 4 #cjh ,s ,,lxx4 #cji ,possible alt]native3 make /agnant4 #caj ,vision ( ,pi]s ,pl[man1 ,passus ,,iv41 l4 #eb4 ,cf4 ! :ole passage4 #caa ,unc]ta92 ,hitzig takes x z ! apodosis ( ! previ\s clause3 ,ye %all h to take f him a pres5t ( corn1 i4e4 z alms4 #cab ,see above1 p4 #cc4 #cac ,cf4 ,pecca =tit]4 #cad ,z1 = in/ance1 ! prophet looks =w>d to 9 iii4 #ab4 #cae ,god ( ,ho/s1 p]haps an intrusion 787 betwe5 & 4 #caf ,i h v5tur$ to re>range ! ord] ( ! clauses1 :i* 9 ! orig9al is evid5tly dislocat$4 #cag ,lit4 ! h\se4 #cah ,eph4 v4 #b2 etc4 #cai ,no "o d\bts t ?is v]se is int]rogative4 ,b ! ,au?oris$ ,eng4 ,v]4 puts x 9 a =m--,h ye br\ght unto ,me8 etc4--:i* implies blame t !y did n d s4 ,ewald 0 ! fir/ to see t1 z r5d]$ above1 an appeal to ! =ty ye>s 0 ! real int5tion ( ! v]se4 ,s aft] him ne>ly all critics1 also ! ,revis$ ,eng4 ,v]43 ,did ye br+ unto ,me8 ,on ! :ole "q ( ! possibility ( su* an appeal see above1 pp4 #ajj ff41 & cf4 ,j]4 vii4 #bb1 :i* di/9ctly decl>es t 9 ! wild]ness ,god prescrib$ no ritual to ,israel4 #cbj ,v]4 #bf is v difficult1 = bo? ! text & ! r5d]+ ( all ! possible alt]natives ( x are q unc]ta94 7#a7 ,z to ! text1 ! pres5t division into words mu/ be correct2 at lea/ no o!r is possible4 ,b ! pres5t ord] ( ! words is obvi\sly wrong4 ,= y\r images is evid5tly describ$ by ! relative clause :i* y h made1 & ought to /& next x4 ,:at !n is to be done ) ! two words t at pres5t come betwe5--/> ( y\r god8 ,are !y bo? a m]e gloss1 z ,rob]tson ,smi? holds1 & !re=e to be /ruck out8 or %\ld !y prec$e ! pair ( words1 1 :i* !y n[ foll[8 ,?is is ! ord] ( ! text :i* ! ,,lxx4 translator _h be=e him1 only = he misread or 3 1 ,q1 om4 ,,aq 4 ,?is arrangem5t has ! fur!r evid5ce 9 its fav\r1 t x br+s y\r god into prop] p>allel ) y\r k+4 ,! ,hebrew text w\ld !n run ?us3-- 7#b7 ,! translation ( ?is text is equally difficult3 n 9 ! v]b 1 = bo? ! gramm> & ! argum5t oblige u to take x z future1 & ye %all lift up2 b 9 ! two words & 4 ,are ^! common n\ns1 or prop] names ( deities 9 apposition to y\r k+ & y\r god8 ,! ,,lxx4 takes z tab]nacle1 & z a prop] "n 7,!odotion takes bo? z prop] names74 ,! ,au?4 ,eng4 ,v]4 foll[s ! ,,lxx4 7except t x takes k+ = ! "n ,molo*74 ,s*rad] 7,/ud4 u4 ,krit41 #ahgd1 #cbd2 ,k4,a4,t41 #ddb f47 takes !m z ! consonants ( ,sakkut1 a "n ( ! ,assyrian god ,ad>1 & ( ,kewan1 ! ,assyrian "n = ! planet ,saturn3 ,ye %all take up ,sakkut y\r k+ & ,kewan y\r />-god1 y\r images :i*444 ,bae?g5 goes fur!r & takes bo? ! ( & ! ( z ,molo* & elam1 prop] names1 9 comb9ation ) ,sakkut & ,kewan 7,beitr4 z4 ,sem4 ,rel41 #bci74 ,n[ x is true t ! ,second ,book ( ,k+s implies t ! wor%ip ( ! ho/ ( heav5 exi/$ 9 ,sam>ia be=e its fall 7#b ,k+s xvii4 #af71 b ! introduction into ,sam>ia ( ,assyrian gods 7among !m ,ad>7 is plac$ by x aft] ! fall 7#b ,k+s xvii4 #ca71 & besides1 ,amos does n else:]e speak ( ! wor%ip ( =eign gods1 nor is ! m5tion ( !m 9 any way necess>y to ! argum5t "h4 ,on ! contr>y1 ev5 if ,amos 7 to m5tion ! wor%ip ( idols by ,israel1 w\ld he h select$ at ?is po9t ! ,assyrian ones8 7,see1 h[ev]1 ,tiele1 ,revue de l',hi/oire des ,religions1 ,,iii41 p4 #baa1 :o makes ,k\n & ! planet ,keiwan purely ,phnician deities47 ,"s critics take & z common n\ns 9 ! con/ruct /ate4 ,s ,ewald1 & s mo/ rec5tly ,rob]tson ,smi? 7,o4,t4,j4,c41 #b73 ! %r9e ( y\r k+ & ! /& ( y\r images4 ,?is is m 9 h>mony ) ! abs5ce f ! re/ ( ,amos ( any h9t z to ! wor%ip ( idols1 b an objection to x1 & a v /rong "o1 is t ! alleg$ common n\ns are n f\nd else:]e 9 ,hebrew4 ,9 view ( ?is conflict+ evid5ce x is be/ !re=e to leave ! words untranslat$1 z 9 ! text above4 ,x is j possible t !y may !mselves be lat] ins]tions1 = ! v]se w\ld read v well )\t !m3 ,& ye %all lift up y\r k+ & y\r images :i* y h made to y\rselves4 #cba ,! la/ clause is peculi>4 ,two clauses seem to h run into "o--sai? ,jehovah1 ,god ( ,ho/s1 & ,god ( ,ho/s is ,8 ,"n4 ,! ^w ,8 ,"n1 may h be5 add$ to give ! oracle ! same conclusion z ! oracle at ! end ( ! prec$+ *apt]2 & x is n to be ov]look$ t at ! end ( a clause does n occur else:]e 9 ! book outside ! ?ree que/ion$ ,doxologies iv4 #ac1 v4 #h1 ix4 #f4 ,fur!r1 see bel[1 pp4 #bjd f4 #cbb ,9 ,zion3 v suspici\s1 ,cornill4 ,b see pp4 #ace f4 #cbc ,i remove v]4 #b to a note1 n t ,i am c]ta9 t x is n by ,amos--:o c be dogmatic on su* a po9t8--b because ! text ( x1 ! place :i* x occupies1 & its relation to ! facts ( curr5t hi/ory1 all raise d\bts4 ,moreov] x is easily deta*$ f ! context1 )\t di/urb+ ! fl[ ( ! *apt]1 :i* inde$ runs m equably )\t x4 ,! ,massoretic text gives3 ,pass ov] to ,calneh1 & see2 & g !nce to ,hama? ,rabbah1 & come d[n to ,ga? ( ! ,phili/9es3 are !y bett] ?an ^! k+doms1 or is _! t]ritory l>g] ?an y\rs8 ,presumably ^! k+doms are ,judah & ,israel4 ,b t c only mean t ,israel is ! be/ ( ! peoples1 a /atem5t out ( h>mony ) ! irony ( v]4 #a1 & impossible 9 ! m\? ( ,amos4 ,geig]1 !re=e1 proposes to read3 ,are y bett] ?an ^! k+doms--i4e4 ,calneh1 ,hama?1 ,ga?--or is y\r t]ritory l>g] ?an !irs8 ,b ?is is also unlikely1 = ,israel's t]ritory 0 mu* l>g] ?an ,ga?'s4 ,besides1 ! "q w\ld h =ce only if ,calneh1 ,hama? & ,ga? _h already fall54 ,ga? _h1 b x is at lea/ v que/ionable :e!r ,hama? _h4 ,!re=e ,s*rad] 7,k4,a4,t41 #ddd7 rejects ! :ole v]se2 & ,ku55 agrees t if we are to und]/& ,assyrian conque/s1 x is h>dly possible to reta9 ! v]ses4 ,bickell's fir/ argum5t aga9/ ! v]se1 t x does n fit into ! metrical sy/em ( ,amos vi4 #a-g1 is prec>i\s2 8 second1 t x di/urbs ! gramm>1 :i* x makes to jump sudd5ly f ! ?ird p]son 9 v]4 #a to ! second 9 v]4 #b1 & back to ! ?ird 9 v]4 #c1 is n wor? any?+1 = su* a jump occurs )9 v]4 #c itself4 #cbd ,davidson1 ,syntax1 #ajj1 ,r4 #e4 #cbe 2 ,,lxx4 1 on :i* h9t ,h(fmann r5d]s ! v]se3 y t daily dem& ! tribute ( evil 7cf4 ,ezek4 xvi4 #cc71 & e ,sabba? extort by viol5ce4 ,b ?is is bo? unnecess>y & oppos$ to viii4 #e1 :i* tells u no trade 0 done on ! ,sabba?4 is to be tak5 9 ! common s5se ( sitt+ 9 judgm5t 7r ?an ) ,wellhaus571 9 ! s5se ( ! en?ronem5t ( wrong-do+4 #cbf ,to ?is day1 9 "s p>ts ( ,pale/9e1 ! g5]al fold into :i* ! cattle are %ut conta9s a portion rail$ (f = calves & lambs 7cf4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,blanck5horn ( ,erlang5 9 ! ,mit!ilung5 u4 ,na*ri*t5 ( ! ,d4,p4,v41 #ahie1 p4 #cg1 ) a sket*74 ,x mu/ be ?is to :i* ,amos ref]s4 #cbg ,or p]haps melodies1 airs4 #cbh ,( c\rse1 x is possible t "h aga91 z 9 v4 #ae & #af1 we h prophecy lat] ?an ! disa/] ( #gcd1 :5 ,tigla?-,piles] made a great brea* or havoc 9 ! body politic ( ,israel by tak+ ,gilead & ,galilee captive4 ,b ?is is sc>cely probable1 = ,amos almo/ ev]y:]e lays /ress ^u ! moral corruption ( ,israel1 z h] real & ess5tial dang]4 #cbi = 4 #ccj ,"s words mu/ h dropp$ out "h4 ,= ^! & ! foll[+ v]ses #i & #aj on ! pe/il5ce see pp4 #agh ff4 #cca ,s ,mi*aelis1 = 4 #ccb ,g54 xiv4 #e2 #a ,macc4 v4 ,9 ! days ( ,eusebius & ,j]ome 7#d? c5tury7 !re 7 two places ( ! "n3 "o ( !m d\btless ! pres5t ,tell ,a%t>a s\? ( ,el-,m]kez1 ! o!r di/ant f t f\rte5 ,roman miles4 #ccc ,along ?is ridge ran1 & /ill runs1 "o ( ! mo/ important highways to ! ,ea/1 t f ,be?-,%an by ,gad]a to ,edrei4 ,ab\t sev5 miles ea/ f ,gad]a lies a village1 ,ibd>1 ) a good spr+ & "s anci5t rema9s 7,s*uma*]1 ,n4 ,ajlun1 #aja74 ,lo-,deb> is m5tion$ 9 #b ,sam4 ix4 #de2 xvii4 #bg2 & d\btless ! ,lidebir ( ,jo%4 xiii4 #bf on ! nor? bord] ( ,gilead is ! same4 #ccd ,) ! article1 an unusual =m ( ! title4 ,,lxx4 "h 4 #cce #b ,k+s xiv4 #be4 ,! ,torr5t ( ! ',arabah c sc>cely be ! ,torr5t ( ! ',arabim ( ,isa4 xv4 #g = ! latt] 0 outside ,israel's t]ritory1 & ! bord] betwe5 ,moab & ,edom4 ,! ,,lxx4 r5d] ,torr5t ( ! ,we/1 4 #ccf ,"h !re is evid5tly a gap 9 ! text4 ,! ,,lxx4 ins]t 2 p]haps !re=e ! text orig9ally ran & ! survivors die4 #ccg ,or uncle--t is1 a di/ant relative1 presumably because all ! ne> ones are dead4 #cch ,lit]ally bones4 #cci ,,lxx4 3 evid5tly 9 ignorance ( ! read+ or ! mean+4 #cdj ,! burn+ ( a body 0 reg>d$1 z we h se5 7,amos ii4 #a71 z a great sacrilege2 & 0 practis$1 outside times ( pe/il5ce only 9 cases ( great crim9als3 ,lev4 xx4 #ad2 xxi4 #i2 ,jo%4 vii4 #be4 ,d\ghty 7,arabia ,des]ta1 #fh7 m5tions a case 9 :i*1 9 ,m$9a1 a ,p]sian pilgrim 0 burn$ to dea? by an angry cr[d = defil+ ,mohamm$'s tomb4 #cda ,! ,assyrian inscriptions record at lea/ ?ree--9 #hjc1 #gfe1 #gei4 #cdb ,z 9 ,psalm lxxviii4 #ej4 1 to give up1 is s seldom us$ absolutely 7,deut4 xxxii4 #cj is poetry & elliptic7 t we may well believe x 0 foll[$ by words signify+ to :at ! city 0 to be giv5 up4 #cdc ,pp4 #ada f4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,doom ,,or ,,discipl9e8 ,,amos viii4 #d-;ix4 ,we n[ ent] ! ,?ird ,section ( ! ,book ( ,amos3 *aps4 vii4-ix4 ,z we h already treat$ ! fir/ "p ( x--! gr\p ( f\r visions1 :i* probably =m$ ! prophet's disc\rse at ,be!l1 ) ! int]lude ( 8 adv5ture !re 7vii4-viii4 #c7cdd--we may pass at once to :at rema9s3 f viii4 #d to ! end ( ! book4 ,?is portion consi/s ( gr\ps ( oracles m obscure 9 _! relations to ea* o!r ?an any we h yet /udi$1 & probably conta9+ a numb] ( v]ses :i* are n f ,amos himself4 ,!y op5 9 a d5unciation ( ! ri*1 :i* e*oes previ\s oracles1 & soon pass to judgm5ts ( a k9d already ?reat5$1 b n[ ) great] rel5tlessness4 ,!n1 j z all is at ! d>ke/1 lights break2 exceptions are made2 ! inevitable captivity is describ$ no m z doom1 b z discipl9e2 &1 ) only ?is prep>ation = a *ange1 we are swept out on a sc5e1 9 :i*1 al?\gh ! l& is /rewn ) ! ru9s t h be5 ?reat5$1 ! sun%9e ( a new day floods !m2 ! promise ( re/oration is giv52 ,nature h]self w be reg5]at$1 & ! :ole life ( ,israel plant$ on its own gr\nd aga94 ,:e!r x 0 giv5 to ,amos himself to behold ?is day--:e!r ^! la/ v]ses ( ! book 7 8 ,nunc ,dimittis1 or ! hope ( a lat] g5]ation1 :i* f\nd 8 book intol]ably sev]e1 & m+l$ ) its judgm5ts _! own new m]cies--we %all try to discov] fur!r on4 ,mean:ile !re is no d\bt t we />t ) ! au!ntic oracles ( ! prophet4 ,we "k ! r+ ( 8 voice4 ,to ! tyranny ( ! ri*1 :i* he has s (t5 la%$1 he n[ adds ! gre$ & fraud ( ! trad]s2 & he pa9ts ,israel's doom 9 ^? %apes ( e>?quake1 eclipse & fam9e ) :i* 8 own g5]ation _h rec5tly become famili>4 ,note t 9 ?is fir/ gr\p ,amos employs only physical calamities1 & says no?+ ( w> & captivity4 ,if ! /&>d :i* we h already appli$ to ! gr[? ( 8 doctr9e be correct1 ^! ought !re=e to be c\nt$ among 8 e>li] utt]ances4 ,w> & captivity foll[ 9 *ap4 ix4 ,t is to say1 ?is ,?ird ,section foll[s ! same l9e ( developm5t z bo? ! ,fir/ & ! ,second4 #a4 ,,e>?quake1 ,,eclipse ,,& ,,fam9e4 ,,amos viii4 #d-ad4 ,he> ?is1 ye :o trample ! ne$y1 & w\ld put an end to#cde ! l[ly ( ! l&1 say+1 ,:5 w ! ,new-,moon be ov]1 t we may sell gra91 & ! ,sabba?1 t we may op5 corn 7by mak+ small ! measure1 b l>ge ! weight1 & falsify+ ! fraudul5t balances2 buy+ ! wret*$ = silv]1 & ! ne$y = a pair ( %oes671 & t we may sell z gra9 ! refuse ( ! corn6 ,! p>5!sis puzzles1 b is n impossible3 9 ! spe$ ( 8 scorn1 ,amos might well int]rupt ! spee* ( ! m]*ants by ^! details ( _! fraud1#cdf fl++ ^! 9 _! tee? z !y spoke4 ,! exi/5ce at ?is date ( ! ,new-,moon & ,sabba? z days ( re/ f bus9ess is int]e/+2 b ev5 m int]e/+ is ! p]il to :i* !y lie op54 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,nazirites & ! prophets1 we see h[ ! religi\s in/itutions & opportunities ( ! p are ?reat5$ by worldl9ess & gre$4 ,&1 z 9 e o!r relevant passage ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 we h ! int]e/s ( ! ,sabba? b\nd up 9 ! same cause ) ! int]e/s ( ! poor4 ,! ,f\r? ,comm&m5t en=ces ! day ( re/ on behalf ( ! s]vants & bondsm54 ,:5 a lat] prophet sub/itutes = religi\s fa/s ! ideals ( social s]vice1 he w$s ) ! latt] ! security ( ! ,sabba? f all bus9ess4#cdg ,s "h ,amos emphasises t ! ,sabba? is ?reat5$ by ! same worldl9ess & love ( money :i* tramples on ! helpless4 ,! int]e/s ( ! ,sabba? are ! int]e/s ( ! poor3 ! enemies ( ! ,sabba? are ! enemies ( ! poor4 ,& all ?is illu/rates our ,savi\r's say+1 t ! ,sabba? 0 made = man4 ,b1 z 9 ! re/ ( ! book1 judgm5t aga9 foll[s h>d on s94 ,sworn ha? ,jehovah by ! pride ( ,jacob1 ,nev] %all ,i =get _! de$s4 ,x is z be=e4 ,! *ief spr+ ( ! prophet's inspiration is 8 burn+ s5se ( ! p]sonal indignation ( ,god aga9/ crimes s abom9able4 ,god is ! ,god ( ! poor1 & ,8 ang] rises1 z we see ! ang] ( ,*ri/ arise1 heavy aga9/ _! tyrants & oppressors4 ,su* s9s are intol]able to ,him4 ,b ! feel+ ( _! intol]abl5ess is %>$ by ! l& itself1 ! v fabric ( nature2 ! e>?quake is ! pro( ( x4 ,= all ?is %all n ! l& tremble & h] e inhabitant m\rn8 & %e %all rise l ! ,nile 9 mass1 & heave & s9k l ! ,nile ( ,egypt4#cdh ,to ! e>?quake is add$ ! eclipse3 "o _h happ5$ 9 #hjc1 & ano!r 9 #gfc1 ! memory ( :i* probably inspir$ ! =m ( ?is passage4 ,& x %all be 9 t day--'tis ! oracle ( ! ,"l ,jehovah--t ,i %all br+ d[n ! sun at noon1 & ca/ d>kness on ! e>? 9 broad day4#cdi ,& ,i w turn y\r fe/ivals into m\rn+1 & all y\r songs to a dirge4 ,& ,i w br+ up ^u all lo9s sackclo? & on e head baldness1 & ,i w make x l ! m\rn+ = an only son1 & ! end ( x z a bitt] day4 ,b ! t]rors ( e>?quake & eclipse are n suffici5t = doom1 & fam9e is drawn ^u4 ,lo1 days are com+--'tis ! oracle ( ! ,"l ,jehovah--t ,i w s5d fam9e on ! l&1 n a fam9e ( bread nor a dr\? ( wat]1 b ( he>+ ! words ( ,jehovah4 ,& !y %all w&] f sea to sea1 & f ! d>k ,nor? to ! ,sunrise %all !y run to & fro1 to seek ! ^w ( ,jehovah1 & !y %all n f9d x2 444 :o swe> by ,sam>ia's ,guilt--! gold5 calf 9 ! h\se ( ! k+dom at ,be!l#cej--;& say1 ,z live? ?y ,god1 ,o ,dan6 &1 ,z live? ! way to ,be]%eba6 & !y %all fall & n rise any m4 ,i h omitt$ v]4 #ac3 9 t day %all ! fair maids fa9t & ! y\?s = ?ir/2 & ,i app5d my reasons 9 a note4 ,"s "p ( ! receiv$ text mu/ g1 = :ile vv4 #aa & #ab speak ( a spiritual dr\ght1 ! dr\ght ( #ac is physical4 ,& v]4 #ad foll[s #ab bett] ?an x foll[s #ac4 ,! oa?s m5tion$ by ,be!l1 ,dan1 ,be]%eba1 are n specially ^? ( "y m5 & maid5s1 b ( ! :ole nation1 t run f "o end ( ! l& to ! o!r1 ,dan to ,be]%eba1 seek+ = "s ^w ( ,jehovah4#cea ,"o ( ! oa?s1 ,z live? ! way to ,be]%eba1#ceb is s curi\s t "s h d\bt$ if ! text be correct4 ,b /range z x may appe> to u to speak ( ! life ( ! lifeless1 ?is (t5 happ5s among ! ,semites4 ,to-day ,arabs swe> wa hyt1 'by ! life (1' ev5 ( ?+s inanimate2 ',by ! life ( ?is fire1 or ( ?is c(fee4'#cec ,& z ,amos "h tells u t ! ,israelite pilgrims swore by ! way to ,be]%eba1 s d ! ,moslems affirm _! oa?s by ! sacr$ way to ,mecca4 ,?us ,amos returns to ! *ief t>get ( 8 %afts--! s5seless1 corrupt wor%ip ( ! national sanctu>ies4 ,& ?is "t--p]haps 9 remembrance ( h[ !y _h sil5c$ ! ^w ( ,god :5 he br\ght x home to !m at ,be!l--he tells ,israel t1 ) all _! runn+ to & fro across ! l&1 to %r9e aft] %r9e 9 se>* ( ! ^w1 !y %all suff] f a fam9e & dr\? ( x4 ,p]haps ?is is ! mo/ effective contra/ 9 :i* ,amos has yet plac$ ! /upid ritualism ( 8 p4 ,) s _m ?+s to swe> by2 ) s _m holy places t once 7 ! homes ( ,vision1 ,abraham's ,be]%eba1 ,jacob's ,be!l1 ,jo%ua's ,gilgal--nay1 a :ole l& ov] :i* ,god's voice _h brok5 9 pa/ ages1 lavi% z ! ra92 )1 too1 all _! assiduity ( sacrifice & pray]1 !y %\ld nev]!less />ve & pant = t liv+ ^w ( ! ,"l1 :i* !y _h sil5c$ 9 ,8 prophet4 ,?us1 m5 may be devot$ to religion1 may be loyal to _! sacr$ traditions & in/itutions1 may haunt ! holy associations ( ! pa/ & be v assidu\s ) _! ritual--& yet1 because ( _! worldl9ess1 pride & disob$i5ce1 nev] feel t moral inspiration1 t cle> call to duty1 t com=t 9 pa91 t hope 9 adv]sity1 t good consci5ce at all times1 :i* spr+ up 9 ! he>t l liv+ wat]4 ,:]e ^! be n exp]i5c$1 or?odoxy1 zeal1 lavi% ritual1 are all 9 va94 #b4 ,,nemesis4 ,,amos ix4 #a-f4 ,!re foll[s a ,vision 9 ,be!l1 ! op5+ ( :i*1 ,i saw ! ,"l1 imm$iately recalls ! great inauguration ( ,isaiah4 ,he also saw ! ,"l2 b h[ diff]5t ! ,attitude1 h[ o!r ! ,^w6 ,to ! /atesman-prophet ! ,"l is en?ron$1 surr\nd$ by ! c\rt ( heav52 & ?\gh ! temple rocks to ! intol]able ?und] ( _! praise1 !y br+ to ! contrite man b5ea? ! consci\sness ( a life-long mission4 ,b to ,amos ! ,"l is /&+ & alone--to ?is lonely prophet ,god is always alone--& ,8 message may be summ$ up 9 its initial ^w1 ,smite4 ,!re--,gov]nm5t3 hi]>*ies ( s]vice1 embassies1 clem5cies1 heal+s1 & ?\gh at fir/ deva/ation1 !reaft] ! inde/ructible hope ( a future4 ,"h--,judgm5t3 t ,figure ( ,fate :i* t]ror's fasc9at$ eye ev] sees alone2 "o f9al bl[ & irrep>able ru94 ,& s1 z ) ,isaiah we saw h[ con/ructive prophecy may be1 ) ,amos we behold only ! prep>atory havoc1 ! levell+ & cle>+ ( ! gr\nd ( ! future4 ,i h se5 ! ,"l /&+ ov] ! ,alt>1 & ,he said1 ,smite ! capital--( ! pill>--t ! v ?re%olds#ced quake1 & break !m on ! head ( all ( !m6 ,x is a %ock t makes ! temple reel f ro(-tree to basem5t4 ,! vision seems subsequ5t to ! prophet's visit to ,be!l2 & x ga!rs 8 :ole attack on ! national wor%ip into "o decisive & irrep>able bl[4 ,! la/ ( !m w ,i slay ) ! sword3 !re %all n flee away ( !m "o fugitive3 !re %all n escape ( !m a s+le survivor6 ,nei!r hell nor heav51 m\nta9-top nor sea-bottom1 %all h>b\r "o ( !m4 ,if !y break ?r\gh to ,%eol1 !nce %all ,my h& take !m2 & if !y climb to heav51 !nce %all ,i br+ !m d[n4 ,if !y hide 9 ,c>mel's top1 !nce w ,i f9d !m out & fet* !m2 & if !y conceal !mselves f be=e ,m9e eyes 9 ! bottom ( ! sea1 !nce %all ,i *>ge ! ,s]p5t & he %all bite !m2 & if !y g into captivity be=e _! foes--to ,israel z t]rible a di/ance f ,god's face z ,%eol itself6--!nce w ,i *>ge ! sword & x %all slay !m2 & ,i w set ,m9e eye ^u !m = evil & n = good4 ,x is a rud] draft ( ! ,hundr$ & ,?irty-,n9? ,psalm2 b ! ,div9e ,pursu] is ,nemesis1 & n ,consci5ce4 ,& ! ,"l1 ,jehovah ( ! ,ho/s2 ,:o t\*e? ! e>? & x melte?1 & all its inhabitants m\rn1 & x rises l ! ,nile1 all ( x toge!r1 & s9ks l ! ,nile ( ,egypt2 ,:o builde? ,8 /ories 9 ! heav5s1 & ,8 vault on ! e>? ,he f\nde?2 ,:o calle? to ! wat]s ( ! sea & p\re? !m =? on ! face ( ! e>?--,jehovah ( ,ho/s is ,8 ,"n4#cee #c4 ,,! ,,voices ,,( ,,ano!r ,,dawn4 ,,amos ix4 #g-ae4 ,& n[ we are come to ! "p :]e1 z x seems1 voices ( ano!r day m+le ) t ( ,amos1 & sil5ce 8 judgm5ts 9 ! *orus ( _! unbrok5 hope4 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 x is himself )\t d\bt :o speaks4 ,he takes up ! n[ famili> tru?1 t :5 x comes to judgm5t = s91 ,israel is no de>] to ,jehovah ?an any o!r p ( ,8 equal ,provid5ce4 ,are ye n unto ,me1 ,o *ildr5 ( ,israel--'tis ! oracle ( ,jehovah--j l ! *ildr5 ( ,ku%ites8 m]e black folk & f> away6 ,did ,i n br+ up ,israel f ,egypt1 & ! ,phili/9es f ,caphtor1 & ,aram f ir8 ,m>k aga9 ! univ]sal ,provid5ce :i* ,amos proclaims3 x is ! due concomitant ( 8 univ]sal morality4 ,once = all ! religion ( ,israel breaks f ! *>act]i/ic ,semitic belief t gave a god to e p1 & limit$ bo? 8 p[] & 8 int]e/s to t p's t]ritory & =tunes4 ,& if we rememb] h[ ev]y?+ spiritual 9 ! religion ( ,israel1 ev]y?+ 9 its significance = mank9d1 0 r5d]$ possible only because at ?is date x broke f & abjur$ ! p>ticul>ism 9 :i* x _h be5 born1 we %all feel "s ( ! ,titanic =ce ( ! prophet1 9 :om t break 0 a*iev$ ) an absolut5ess :i* leaves no?+ to be desir$4 ,b let u also emphasise1 t x 0 by no m]e me?od ( ! intellect or obs]vation ( hi/ory t ,amos 0 l$ to ass]t ! unity ( ! ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,! inspiration 9 ?is 0 a moral "o3 ,jehovah 0 rul] & guide ( all ! families ( mank9d1 because ,he 0 exalt$ 9 righte\sness2 & ! field 9 :i* t righte\sness 0 prov$ & made manife/ 0 ! life & ! fate ( ,israel4 ,!re=e to ?is ,amos n[ turns4 ,lo1 ! eyes ( ! ,"l ,jehovah are on ! s9ful k+dom1 & ,i w de/roy x f ! face ( ! gr\nd4 ,9 o!r words1 ,jehovah's sov]eignty ov] ! _w 0 n prov$ by ,israel's conque/ ( ! latt]1 b by ,8 unfl9*+ application ( ! pr9ciples ( righte\sness1 at :atev] co/1 to ,israel h]self4 ,up to ?is po9t1 !n1 ! voice ( ,amos is unmi/akable1 utt]+ ! doctr9e1 s orig9al to him1 t 9 ! judgm5t ( ,god ,israel %all n be specially fav\r$1 & ! s5t5ce1 we h he>d s (t5 f him1 ( h] removal f h] l&4 ,rememb]1 ,amos has n yet said a ^w 9 mitigation ( ! s5t5ce3 up to ?is po9t ( 8 book x has be5 pres5t$ z inexorable & f9al4 ,b n[ to a /atem5t ( x z absolute z any t has gone be=e1 !re is sudd5ly add$ a qualification3 nev]!less ,i w n utt]ly de/roy ! h\se ( ,jacob--'tis ! oracle ( ,jehovah4 ,& !n !re is add$ a new picture ( exile *ang$ f doom to discipl9e1 a process ( sift+ by :i* only ! evil 9 ,israel1 all ! s9n]s ( ,my p1 %all p]i%1 b n a gra9 ( ! good4 ,=1 lo1 ,i am giv+ comm&1 & ,i w toss ! h\se ( ,israel among all ! nations1 l some?+ t is toss$ 9 a sieve1 b n a pebble#cef %all fall to e>?4 ,by ! sword %all die all ! s9n]s ( ,my p1 !y :o say1 ,! calamity %all n rea* nor anticipate u4#ceg ,n[ z to ^! qualifications ( ! hi!rto unmitigat$ judgm5ts ( ! book1 x is to be not$ t !re is no?+ 9 _! language to lead u to take !m f ,amos himself4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! la/ clause describes :at he has always call$ a *>act]i/ic s9 ( 8 day4 ,our only difficulties are t hi!rto ,amos has nev] qualifi$ 8 s5t5ces ( doom1 & t ! *ange n[ appe>s s sudd5ly t ! two halves ( ! v]se 9 :i* x does s absolutely contradict ea* o!r4 ,read !m aga91 v]4 #h3 ,lo1 ! eyes ( ! ,"l ,jehovah are on ! s9ful nation1 & ,i w de/roy x f (f ! face ( ! gr\nd--nev]!less de/roy+ ,i %all n de/roy ! h\se ( ,jacob3 'tis ! oracle ( ,jehovah4 ,c we believe ! same prophet to h utt]$ at ! same "t ^! two /atem5ts8 ,& is x possible to believe t prophet to be ! hi!rto unwav]+1 unqualify+ ,amos8 ,not+ ^! ?+s1 let u pass to ! re/ ( ! *apt]4 ,we break f all %ad[s2 ! v]ses are v]ses ( pure hope4 ,! judgm5t on ,israel is n av]t$2 b hav+ tak5 place h] ru9 is reg>d$ z n irrep>able4 ,9 t day--! day ,amos has ?reat5$ ( ov]?r[ & ru9--,i w raise aga9 ! fall5 hut ( ,david & w close up its brea*es1 & 8 ru9s ,i w raise1 & ,i w build x up z 9 ! days ( old1#ceh t !y may possess ! remnant ( ,edom & all ! nations ^u :om ,my ,"n has be5 call$--t is1 z once _! ,possessor--'tis ! oracle ( ,jehovah1 ,he :o is ab\t to d ?is4 ,! fall5 hut ( ,david und\bt$ly means ! fall ( ! k+dom ( ,judah4 ,x is n language ,amos uses1 or1 z x seems to me1 c\ld h us$1 ( ! fall ( ! ,nor!rn ,k+dom only4#cei ,aga91 x is und\bt$ t ,amos contemplat$ ! fall ( ,judah3 ?is is implicit 9 su* a phrase z ! :ole family t ,i br\ght up f ,egypt4#cfj ,he saw !n ! day & ! ru9s ( :i* v]4 #aa speaks4 ,! only "q is1 c we attribute to him ! pr$iction ( a re/oration ( ^! ru9s8 ,& ?is is a "q :i* mu/ be answ]$ 9 face ( ! facts t ! re/ ( 8 book is unreliev$ by a s+le gleam ( hope1 & t 8 ?reat ( ! nation's de/ruction is absolute & f9al4 ,n[ x is significant t 9 face ( ^? facts ,cornill 7?\gh he has *ang$ 8 op9ion7 once believ$ x 0 surely possible = ,amos to include re/oration 9 8 prospect ( ru91 z 7he might h add$7 o!r prophets und\bt$ly d4 ,i confess ,i _c s readily get ov] ! re/ ( ! book & its gloom2 & am ! less incl9$ to be sure ab\t ^! v]ses be+ ,amos' own t x seems to h be5 n unusual = lat] g5]ations1 = :om ! day/> 0 beg9n+ to rise1 to add _! own inspir$ hopes to ! unreliev$ ?reats ( _! pr$ecessors ( ! midnight4 ,! m5tion ( ,edom does n help u mu*3 9 ! days ( ,amos aft] ! p>tial conque/ by ,uzziah ! promise ( ! re/ ( ,edom 0 s+ul>ly appropriate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at int]e/ _h s purely e?ical a prophet 9 ! m]e addition ( t]ritory8 ,to ?is po9t we %all h to return = our f9al decision4 ,we h /ill ! clos+ oracle--a v pleasant piece ( music1 z if ! birds _h come out aft] ! ?und]/orm1 & ! wet hills 7 gli/5+ 9 ! sun%9e4 ,lo1 days are com+--'tis ! oracle ( ,jehovah--:5 ! pl\ghman %all cat* up ! reap]1 & ! grape-tread] him t /rewe? ! se$4 ,! seasons %all jo/le ea* o!r1 h>ve/ foll[+ h>d ^u se$-"t1 v9tage ^u spr+4 ,x is t happy cont5tion ( seasons :i* ,josephus describes z ! p]petual bless+ ( ,galilee4#cfa ,& ! m\nta9s %all drip ) new w9e1 & all ! hills %all fl[ d[n4 ,& ,i w br+ back ! captivity ( ,my p ,israel1 & !y %all build ! wa/e cities & dwell 9 !m1 & plant v9ey>ds & dr9k ! w9e !re(1 & make g>d5s & eat _! fruits4 ,& ,i w plant !m on _! own gr\nd2 & !y %all n be uproot$ any m f _! own gr\nd :i* ,i h giv5 to !m1 sai? ,jehovah ?y ,god4#cfb ,aga9 we meet ! difficulty3 does ! voice t speaks "h speak ) captivity already realis$8 or is x ! voice ( "o :o projects himself =w>d to a day1 :i*1 by ! oa? ( ! ,"l ,himself1 is c]ta9 to come8 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h n[ survey$ ! :ole ( ?is mu*-d\bt$1 mu*-def5d$ passage4 ,i h /at$ fully ! argum5ts on bo? sides4 ,on ! "o h&1 we h ! fact t no?+ 9 ! language ( ! v]ses1 & no?+ 9 _! hi/orical allusions1 precludes _! be+ by ,amos2 we h also to admit t1 hav+ ?reat5$ a day ( ru91 x 0 possible = ,amos to realise by 8 m9d's eye its arrival1 & /&+ at t po9t to see ! sun%9e flood+ ! ru9s & to prophesy a re/oration4 ,9 all ?is !re is no?+ impossible 9 itself or inconsi/5t ) ! re/ ( ! book4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h ! impressive & incomm5surable facts3 fir/1 t ?is *ange to hope comes sudd5ly1 )\t prep>ation & )\t /atem5t ( reasons1 at ! v end ( a book ^: *>act]i/ics are n only a f9al & absolute s5t5ce ( ru9 ^u ! p1 & an outlook ( unreliev$ d>kness1 b scornful disc\ragem5t ( e popul> vision ( a prosp]\s future2 &1 second1 t ! prophetic books conta9 num]\s signs t lat] g5]ations wove _! own bright] hopes into ! abrupt & hopeless conclusions ( prophecies ( judgm5t4 ,to ?is balance ( evid5ce is !re any?+ to add8 ,i ?9k !re is2 & t x decides ! "q4 ,all ^! prospects ( ! future re/oration ( ,israel are absolutely )\t a moral feature4 ,!y speak ( return f captivity1 ( political re/oration1 ( supremacy ov] ! ,g5tiles1 & ( a reviv$ ,nature1 hang+ ) fruit1 dripp+ ) mu/4 ,su* hopes are natural & legitimate to a p :o 7 long sep>at$ f _! deva/at$ & neglect$ l&1 & ^: puni%m5t & p5it5ce 7 accompli%$4 ,b !y are n natural to a prophet l ,amos4 ,imag9e him pr$ict+ a future l ?is6 ,imag9e him describ+ ! consummation ( 8 p's hi/ory1 )\t m5tion+ "o ( ^? moral triumphs to rally 8 p to :i* 8 :ole passion & en]gy _h be5 devot$4 ,to me x is impossible to he> ! voice t cri$1 ,let ju/ice roll on l wat]s & righte\sness l a p]5nial /ream1 9 a p]oration :i* is cont5t to tell ( m\nta9s dripp+ ) mu/ & ( a p satisfi$ ) v9ey>ds & g>d5s4 ,^! are legitimate hopes2 b !y are ! hopes ( a g5]ation ( o!r conditions & ( o!r des]ts ?an ! g5]ation ( ,amos4 ,if !n ! gloom ( ?is great book is turn$ into light1 su* a *ange is n due to ,amos4 ,,footnotes3 #cdd ,see ,*apt] ,,vi41 ,section #c4 #cde ,! phrase is unc]ta94 #cdf ,wellhaus5 ?9ks t ! prophet c\ld n h put ! p>5!sis 9 ! m\? ( ! trad]s1 & !re=e reg>ds x z an intrusion or gloss4 ,b ?is is hyp]criticism4 ,! la/ clause1 h[ev]1 may be a m]e cl]ical repetition ( ii4 #f4 #cdg ,isa4 lviii4 ,see ! exposition ( ! passage 9 ! writ]'s ,isaiah xl4-lxvi4 7,expositor's ,bible ,s]ies71 pp4 #dag ff43 ,our prophet1 :ile exalt+ ! practical s]vice ( man at ! exp5se ( c]ta9 religi\s =ms1 equally exalts ! obs]vance ( ! ,sabba?2 444 he places ! keep+ ( ! ,sabba? on a level ) ! practice ( love4 #cdh ,%e %all rise1 etc4--,! clause is almo/ ! same z 9 ix4 #e;b1 & ! text diff]s f ! ,,lxx41 :i* omits & heave4 ,is x an ins]tion8 #cdi ,lit]ally 9 ! day ( light4 #cej ,t is1 ,sam>ia is us$ 9 ! wid] s5se ( ! k+dom1 n ! capital1 & !re is no ne$ = ,wellhaus5's sub/itution ( ,be!l = x4 #cea ,?is 9 answ] to ,gunn+ 7,de ,godsprak5 van ,amos1 #ahhe71 ,wellh4 9 loco1 & ,knig 7,e9leitung1 p4 #cjd1 d71 :o reckon vv4 #aa & #ab to be ! ins]tion3 ! latt] on ! additional gr\nd t ! =mula ( v]4 #ac1 9 t day1 po9ts back to v]4 #i2 b n to ! ,lo1 days are com+ ( v]4 #aa4 ,b ?us to miss out vv4 #aa & #ab leaves u ) great] difficulties ?an be=e4 ,= )\t !m h[ are we to expla9 ! ?ir/ ( v]4 #ac4 ,x is left un9troduc$2 !re is no h9t ( a dr\ght 9 #i & #aj4 ,x seems to me !n t1 s9ce we mu/ omit "s v]se1 x ought to be v]4 #ac2 & ?is ! r t if omitt$ x is n miss$4 ,x is j ! k9d ( g5]al /atem5t t w\ld be add$ by an un?9k+ scribe2 & x does n readily connect ) v]4 #ad1 :ile v]4 #ab does d s4 ,= :y %\ld y\?s & maids be specially s+l$ out z swe>+ by ,sam>ia1 ,dan & ,be]%eba8 ,^! 7 ! oa?s ( ! :ole p1 to :om vv4 #aa & #ab ref]4 ,i see a v cle> case1 !re=e1 = omitt+ v]4 #ac4 #ceb ,,lxx4 "h gives a m]e repetition ( ! prec$+ oa?4 #cec ,d\ghty3 ,arabia ,des]ta ,i4 #bfi4 #ced ,s9ce x is ! capital t has be5 /ruck1 & ! comm& is giv5 to break ! ?re%olds on ! head ( all ( !m1 _m translate l9tels or ar*itraves in/ead ( ?re%olds 7e4g4 ,hitzig1 & ,gu! 9 ,kautzs*'s ,bibel74 ,b ! ^w always means ?re%olds & ! bl[ "h is fundam5tal4 #cee ,,lxx4 adds ( ,ho/s3 on ! :ole passage see next *apt]4 #cef ,we %\ld h expect$ a gra91 b ! ^w only means small /one3 cf4 #b ,sam4 xvii4 #ac4 ,! ,,lxx4 has "h 1 fracture1 ru94 ,cf4 ,z4,a4,t4,w41 ,,iii4 #abe4 #ceg ,! text has be5 di/urb$ "h2 ! v]bs are 9 =ms n possible to ! s5se4 ,= read ei!r ) ,hitzig or ) ,wellhaus54 1 ,hiph41 is n impossible 9 an intransitive s5se1 b probably ,wellhaus5 is "r 9 read+ ,pi1 4 ,! read+ :i* ! ,greek sugge/s & ,h(fmann & ,wellhaus5 adopt is n s appropriate to ! prec$+ v]b z ( ! text4 #ceh ,! text reads _! brea*es1 & "s accord+ly po9t hut1 z if x 7 ! plural huts 7,h(fmann1 ,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahhc1 #abe2 ,s*wally1 id41 #ahij1 #bbf1 n4 #a2 ,gu! 9 ,kautzs*'s ,bibel74 ,! ,,lxx4 has ! s+41 & x is easy to see h[ ! plur4 fem4 suffix may h ris5 f confusion ) ! foll[+ conjunction4 #cei ,?is aga9/ ,cornill1 ,e9leitung1 #agf4 #cfj iii4 #a4 #cfa ,,iii4 ,w>s1 x4 #h4 ,) ! above v]ses ( ! ,book ( ,amos ,lev4 xxvi4 #e has be5 comp>$3 y\r ?re%+ %all rea* to ! v9tage & ! v9tage to ! s[+ "t4 ,b !re is no reason to suppose t ei!r ( two s natural passages dep5ds on ! o!r4 #cfb ,,lxx4 ,god ( ,ho/s4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,common-,,s5se ,,& ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,law ,,amos iii4 #c-h2 iv4 #f-ac2 v4 #h1 #i2 vi4 #ab2 viii4 #h2 ix4 #e1 #f4 ,fools1 :5 !y face facts1 :i* is seldom1 face !m "o by "o1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ei!r 9 ignorant contempt or 9 panic4 ,) ?is inord9ate folly ,amos *>g$ ! religion ( 8 day4 ,! sup]/iti\s p1 c>eful ( e po9t ( ritual & v gre$y ( om5s1 w\ld n pond] real facts nor set cause to effect4 ,amos recall$ !m to common life4 ,does a bird fall ^u a sn>e1 except !re be a loop on h]8 ,does ! trap itself rise front ! gr\nd1 except x be cat*+ some?+--some?+ alive 9 x t /ruggles1 & s lifts ! trap8 ,%all ! al>um be bl[n 9 a city1 & ! p n tremble8 ,daily life is impossible )\t putt+ two & two toge!r4 ,b ?is is j :at ,israel w n d ) ! sacr$ ev5ts ( _! "t4 ,to religion !y w n add common-s5se4 ,= ,amos himself1 all ?+s :i* happ5 are 9 sequ5ce & 9 sympa?y4 ,he has se5 ?is 9 ! simple life ( ! des]t2 he is sure ( x ?r\gh\t ! tangle & hubbub ( hi/ory4 ,"o ?+ expla9s ano!r2 "o makes ano!r inevitable4 ,:5 he has illu/rat$ ! tru? 9 common life1 ,amos claims x = especially f\r ( ! great facts ( ! "t4 ,! s9s ( society1 ( :i* society is c>eless2 ! physical calamities1 :i* !y survive & =get2 ! approa* ( ,assyria1 :i* !y ignore2 ! ^w ( ! prophet1 :i* !y sil5ce1--all ^! belong to ea* o!r4 ,dr\ght1 ,pe/il5ce1 ,e>?quake1 ,invasion conspire--& ! ,prophet holds _! secret4 ,n[ x is true t = ! mo/ "p ,amos describes ?is sequ5ce ( ev5ts z ! p]sonal action ( ,jehovah4 ,%all evil befall1 & ,jehovah n h done x8444 ,i h smitt5 y4444 ,i w raise up aga9/ y a ,nation4444 ,prep>e to meet ?y ,god1 ,o ,israel6#cfc ,yet ev5 :]e ! p]sonal impulse ( ! ,deity is ?us emphasis$1 we feel equal /ress laid ^u ! ord] & ! inevitable c]ta9ty ( ! process4 ,amos n[h]e uses ,isaiah's great phrase3 a ,god ( ,mi%pat1 a ,god ( ,ord] or ,law4 ,b he means almo/ ! same ?+3 ,god works by me?ods :i* irresi/ibly fulfil !mselves4 ,nay m4 ,sometimes ?is sequ5ce sweeps ^u ! prophet's m9d ) su* =ce z to ov]:elm all 8 s5se ( ! ,p]sonal )9 x4 ,! ,w & ! ,^w ( ! ,god :o causes ! ?+ are cru%$ out by ! ,mu/ ,be ( ! ?+ itself4 ,take ev5 ! descriptions ( ^? hi/orical crises1 :i* ! prophet mo/ explicitly proclaims z ! visitations ( ! ,almighty4 ,9 "s ( ! v]ses all ?\ght ( ,god ,himself is lo/ 9 ! ro> & foam ) :i* t tide ( necessity bur/s up ?r\gh !m4 ,! f\nta9s ( ! great deep break loose1 & :ile ! univ]se trembles to ! %ock1 x seems t ev5 ! voice ( ! ,deity is ov]:elm$4 ,9 "o passage1 imm$iately aft] describ+ ,israel's ru9 z due to ,jehovah's ^w1 ,amos asks h[ c\ld x h happ5$ o!rwise3-- ,%all horses run up a cliff1 or ox5 pl\gh ! sea8 t ye turn ju/ice into poison1 & ! fruit ( righte\sness into wormwood4#cfd ,a moral ord] exi/s1 :i* x is z impossible to break )\t disa/] z x w\ld be to break ! natural ord] by driv+ horses ^u a precipice4 ,!re is an inh]5t necessity 9 ! s9n]s' doom4 ,aga91 he says ( ,israel's s93 ,%all n ! ,l& tremble = ?is8 ,yea1 x %all rise up toge!r l ! ,nile1 & heave & s9k l ! ,nile ( ,egypt4#cfe ,! crimes ( ,israel are s intol]able1 t 9 its own might ! natural frame ( ?+s revolts aga9/ !m4 ,9 ^! great crises1 !re=e1 z 9 ! simple in/ances adduc$ f ev]yday life1 ,amos _h a s5se ( :at we call law1 di/9ct f1 & = mom5ts ev5 ov]:elm+1 t s5se ( ! p]sonal purpose ( ,god1 admission to ! secrets ( :i* _h m>k$ 8 call to be a prophet4#cff ,^! in/9cts we mu/ n exagg]ate into a sy/em4 ,!re is no philosophy 9 ,amos1 nor ne$ we wi% !re 74 ,f> m in/ructive is :at we d f9d--a virg9 s5se ( ! sympa?y ( all ?+s1 ! ?rill r ?an ! !ory ( a univ]se4 ,& ?is fai?1 :i* is n a philosophy1 is especially in/ructive on ^! two po9ts3 t x spr+s f ! moral s5se2 & t x embraces1 n hi/ory only1 b nature4 ,x spr+s f ! moral s5se4 ,o!r races h arriv$ at a conception ( ! univ]se along o!r l9es3 "s by ! obs]vation ( physical laws valid to ! recesses ( space2 "s by logic & ! unity ( ,reason4 ,b ,israel f\nd ! univ]se ?r\gh ! consci5ce4 ,x is a hi/orical fact t ! ,unity ( ,god1 ! ,unity ( ,hi/ory & ! ,unity ( ! ,_w1 did1 9 ?is ord]1 break ^u ,israel1 ?r\gh conviction & exp]i5ce ( ! univ]sal sov]eignty ( righte\sness4 ,we see ! beg9n+s ( ! process 9 ,amos4 ,to him ! sequ5ces :i* "w !mselves out ?r\gh hi/ory & across nature are moral4 ,righte\sness is ! h+e on :i* ! _w hangs2 loos5 x1 & hi/ory & nature feel ! %ock4 ,hi/ory puni%es ! s9ful nation4 ,b nature1 too1 groans b5ea? ! guilt ( man2 & 9 ! ,dr\ght1 ! ,pe/il5ce & ! ,e>?quake provides 8 sc\rges4 ,x is a belief :i* has /amp$ itself ^u ! language ( mank9d4 ,:at else is plague ?an bl[ or sc\rge8 ,?is br+s u to ! second po9t--our prophet's treatm5t ( ,nature4 ,ap>t f ! disput$ passages 7:i* we %all take aft]w>ds by !mselves7 we h 9 ! ,book ( ,amos few glimpses ( nature1 & ^! always "u a moral light4 ,!re is n 9 any *apt] a l&scape visible 9 its own beauty4 ,l all des]t-dwell]s1 :o :5 !y w\ld praise ! works ( ,god lift _! eyes to ! heav5s1 ,amos gives u b ! outl9es ( ! e>?--a m\nta9 range1#cfg or ! cre/ ( a =e/1#cfh or ! b>e back ( ! l&1 b5t f sea to sea4#cfi ,ne>ly all 8 figures are drawn f ! des]t--! torr5t1 ! wild bea/s1 ! wormwood4#cgj ,if he visits ! mead[s ( ! %eph]ds1 x is ) ! t]ror ( ! p's doom2#cga if ! v9ey>ds or or*>ds1 x is ) ! mildew & ! locu/2#cgb if ! t[ns1 x is ) dr\ght1 eclipse & e>?quake4#cgc ,to him1 unlike 8 fell[s1 unlike especially ,hosea1 ! :ole l& is "o !atre ( judgm5t2 b x is a !atre trembl+ to its f\ndations ) ! drama enact$ ^u x4 ,nay1 l& & nature are !mselves actors 9 ! drama4 ,physical =ces are inspir$ ) moral purpose1 & become ! m9i/]s ( righte\sness4 ,?is is ! conv]se ( ,elijah's vision4 ,to ! old] prophet ! message came t ,god 0 n 9 ! fire nor 9 ! e>?quake nor 9 ! tempe/1 b only 9 ! /ill small voice4 ,b to ,amos ! fire1 ! e>?quake & ! tempe/ are all 9 alliance ) ! ,voice1 & execute ! doom :i* x utt]s4 ,! diff]5ce w be appreciat$ by u1 if we rememb] ! respective problems set to prophecy 9 ^? two p]iods4 ,to ,elijah1 prophet ( ! elem5ts1 wild work] by fire & wat]1 by life & dea?1 ! spiritual _h to be ass]t$ & en=c$ by itself4 ,ec/atic z he 01 ,elijah _h to le>n t ! ,^w is m ,div9e ?an all physical viol5ce & t]ror4 ,b ,amos und]/ood t = 8 age ! "q 0 v diff]5t4 ,n only 0 ! ,god ( ,israel dissociat$ f ! p[]s ( nature1 :i* 7 assign$ by ! popul> m9d to ! v>i\s ,ba'alim ( ! l&1 s t !re 0 a divorce betwe5 ,8 gov]nm5t ( ! p & ! influ5ces t f$ ! p's life2 b morality itself 0 conceiv$ z prov9cial4 ,x 0 n>r[$ to ! national int]e/s2 x 0 summ$ up 9 m]e rules ( police1 & ^! 7 look$ ^u z n s important z ! obs]vances ( ! ritual4 ,!re=e ,amos 0 driv5 to %[ t nature & morality are "o4 ,morality is n a set ( conv5tions4 ,morality is ! ord] ( ?+s4 ,righte\sness is on ! scale ( ! univ]se4 ,all ?+s tremble to ! %ock ( s92 all ?+s "w toge!r = good to !m t fe> ,god4 ,) ?is s5se ( law1 ( moral necessity1 9 ,amos we mu/ n fail to connect t abs5ce ( all appeal to miracle1 :i* is also conspicu\s 9 8 book4 ,we come n[ to ! ?ree disput$ passages3-- iv4 #ac3--;,=1 lo6 ,he ,:o =m$ ! hills1#cgd & create? ! w9d1#cge & decl>e? to man :at ,8#cgf m9d is2 ,:o make? ! dawn into d>kness1 & m>*e? on ! heights ( ! l&--,jehovah1 ,god ( ,ho/s1 is ,8 ,"n4 v4 #h1 #i3--,mak] ( ! ,pleiades & ,orion1#cgg turn+ to morn+ ! murk1 & day into night ,he d>k5e?2 ,:o calle? = ! wat]s ( ! sea1 & p\re? !m =? on ! face ( ! e>?--,jehovah ,8 ,"n2 ,:o fla%e? ru9 on ! /rong1 & de/ruction come? d[n on ! =tress4#cgh ix4 #e1 #f3--;,& ! ,"l ,jehovah ( ! ,ho/s1 ,:o t\*e? ! e>? & x rocke?1 & all m\rn t dwell on x1 & x rise? l ! ,nile toge!r1 & s9ke? l ! ,nile ( ,egypt2 ,:o ha? build$ 9 ! heav5s ,8 asc5ts1 & f\nd$ ,8 vault ^u ! e>?2 ,:o calle? to ! wat]s ( ! sea1 & p\re? !m on ! face ( ! e>?--,jehovah#cgi ,8 ,"n4 ,^! sublime passages x is natural to take z ! triple climax ( ! doctr9e we h trac$ ?r\gh ! ,book ( ,amos4 ,are !y n ! natural leap ( ! s\l to ! />s8 ,! same %eph]d's eye :i* has m>k$ sequ5ce & effect unfail+ on ! des]t soil1 does x n n[ sweep ! cle> heav5s above ! des]t1 & f9d !re also all ?+s ord]$ & array$8 ,! same m9d :i* trac$ ! ,div9e processes d[n hi/ory1 :i* =esaw ! ho/s ( ,assyria m>%all$ = ,israel's puni%m5t1 :i* felt ! ov]?r[ ( ju/ice %ock ! nation to _! ru91 & read ! disa/]s ( ! husb&man's ye> z ! v9dication ( a law high] ?an ! physical--does x n n[ naturally rise beyond su* in/ances ( ! ,div9e ord]1 r\nd :i* ! du/ ( hi/ory rolls1 to ! l(ty1 undimm$ outl9es ( ! ,univ]se z a :ole1 &1 9 consummation ( its message1 decl>e t all is ,law1 & ,law intelligible to man8 ,b 9 ! way ( s attractive a conclusion ! lit]>y criticism ( ! book has int]pos$4 ,x is ma9ta9$#chj t1 :ile none ( ^! sublime v]ses are indisp5sable to ! argum5t ( ,amos1 "s ( !m actually int]rupt x1 s t :5 !y are remov$ x becomes consi/5t2 t su* ejaculations 9 praise ( ,jehovah's creative p[] are n else:]e met ) 9 ,hebrew prophecy be=e ! "t ( ! ,exile2 t !y s\nd v l e*oes ( ! ,book ( ,job2 & t 9 ! ,septuag9t v]sion ( ,hosea we actually f9d a simil> doxology1 w$g$ into ! middle ( an au!ntic v]se ( ! prophet4#cha ,to ^! argum5ts aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! ?ree fam\s passages1 o!r critics1 n less able & n less free1 l ,rob]tson ,smi? & ,ku551#chb h repli$ t su* ejaculations at critical po9ts ( ! prophet's disc\rse are n surpris+ "u ! g5]al conditions ( prophetic oratory2 & t1 :ile "o ( ! doxologies does appe> to break ! argum5t#chc ( ! context1 !y are all ( !m ?or\ghly 9 ! _s & ! /yle ( ,amos4 ,to ?is po9t ! discussion has be5 c>ri$2 x seems to ne$ a clos] exam9ation4 44 ,we may at once dismiss ! argum5t :i* has be5 drawn f t obvi\s intrusion into ! ,greek ( ,hosea xiii4 #d4 ,n only is ?is v]se n s suit$ to ! doctr9e ( ,hosea z ! doxologies are to ! doctr9e ( ,amos2 b :ile !y are def9ite & sublime1 x is =mal & flat--,:o made firm ! heav5s & f\nd$ ! e>?1 ,^: h&s f\nd$ all ! ho/ ( heav51 & ,he did n display !m t ?\ %\lde/ walk aft] !m4 ,! passages 9 ,amos are vision2 ?is is a piece ( cate*ism crumbl+ into homily4 ,aga9--an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! au!nticity ( ^! passages may be drawn f ! "* ( _! subjects4 ,we h se5 ! "p :i* ! des]t play$ 9 %ap+ ! temp] & ! /yle ( ,amos4 ,b ! works ( ! ,creator1 to :i* ^! passages lift _! praise1 are j ^? mo/ fondly dwelt ^u by all ! poetry ( ! des]t4 ,! ,arabian nomad1 :5 he magnifies ! p[] ( ,god1 f9ds 8 subjects n on ! b>e e>? ab\t him1 b 9 ! brilliant heav5s & ! heav5ly processes4 ,aga91 ! critic :o affirms t ! passages 9 ,amos 9 e case s5sibly di/urb ! connection1#chd exagg]ates4 ,9 ! case ( ! fir/ ( !m1 *ap4 iv4 #ac1 ! di/urbance is n at all s5sible2 ?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t ! oracle closes impressively en\gh )\t x4 ,! la/ ( !m1 *ap4 ix4 #e1 #f--:i* repeats a clause already f\nd 9 ! book#che--;is z mu* 9 sympa?y ) its context z mo/ ( ! oracles 9 ! some:at scatt]$ disc\rse ( t la/ section ( ! book4 ,! real difficulty is ! second doxology1 *ap4 v4 #h1 #i1 :i* does break ! connection1 & 9 a sudd5 & viol5t way4 ,remove x1 & ! argum5t is consi/5t4 ,we _c read *ap4 v4 )\t feel+ t1 :e!r ,amos wrote ^! v]ses or n1 !y did n orig9ally /& :]e !y /& at pres5t4 ,n[1 tak5 ) ?is disp5sabl5ess ( two ( ! passages & ?is obvi\s intrusion ( "o ( !m1 ! foll[+ additional fact becomes om9\s4 ,jehovah is ,8 ,"n 7:i* occurs 9 two ( ! passages71#chf or ,jehovah ( ,ho/s is ,8 ,"n 7:i* occurs at lea/ 9 "o71#chg is a con/ruction :i* does n happ5 else:]e 9 ! book1 except 9 a v]se :]e x is awkw>d & :]e we h already se5 reason to d\bt its g5u95ess4#chh ,b /ill m1 ! phrase does n occur 9 any o!r prophet1 till we come d[n to ! oracles :i* compose ,isaiah xl4-lxvi4 ,"h x happ5s ?rice--twice 9 passages dat+ f ! ,exile1#chi & once 9 a passage suspect$ by "s to be ( /ill lat] date4#cij ,9 ! ,book ( ,j]emiah ! phrase is f\nd eight times2 b ei!r 9 passages already on o!r gr\nds judg$ by _m critics to be lat] ?an ,j]emiah1#cia or :]e by itself x is probably an intrusion into ! text4#cib ,n[ is x a m]e co9cid5ce t a phrase1 :i*1 outside ! ,book ( ,amos1 occurs only 9 writ+ ( ! "t ( ! ,exile & 9 passages consid]$ = o!r reasons to be po/-exilic ins]tions--is x a m]e co9cid5ce t )9 ! ,book ( ,amos x %\ld aga9 be f\nd only 9 suspect$ v]ses8 ,!re appe>s to be 9 ?is m ?an a co9cid5ce2 & ! pres5t writ] _c b feel a v /rong case aga9/ ! traditional belief t ^! doxologies are orig9al & integral portions ( ! ,book ( ,amos4 ,at ! same "t a case :i* has fail$ to conv9ce critics l ,rob]tson ,smi? & ,ku55 _c be consid]$ conclusive1 & we are s ignorant ( _m ( ! conditions ( prophetic oratory at ?is p]iod t dogmatism is impossible4 ,= in/ance1 ! use by ,amos ( ! ,div9e titles is a matt] ov] :i* unc]ta9ty /ill l+]s2 & any fur!r argum5t on ! subject mu/ include a full] discussion ?an space "h all[s ( ! rem>kable di/ribution ( ^? titles ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s sections ( ! book4#cic ,b if x be n giv5 to u to prove ?is k9d ( au!nticity--a "q ^: data are s obscure1 yet ^: answ] =tunately is ( s little significance--let u gladly welcome t great] ,au!nticity ^: und5iable pro(s ^! v]ses s spl5didly exhibit4 ,no "o que/ions _! "r to ! place :i* "s great _s gave !m 9 ?is book--_! suitabl5ess to its gr& & ord]$ !me1 _! pure vision & _! et]nal tru?4 ,t common-s5se1 & t consci5ce1 :i*1 mov+ among ! ev5ts ( e>? & all ! tangl$ processes ( hi/ory1 f9d ev]y:]e reason & righte\sness at "w1 9 ^! v]ses claim ! ,univ]se = ! same p[]s1 & see 9 />s & cl\ds & ! procession ( day & night ! ,"o ,et]nal ,god ,:o decl>e? to man :at ,8 m9d is4 ,,footnotes3 #cfc iii4 #f;b2 iv4 #i2 vi4 #ad2 iv4 #ab;b4 #cfd vi4 #ab4 #cfe viii4 #h4 #cff iii4 #g3 ,jehovah ,god doe? no?+1 b ,he ha? reveal$ ,8 secret to ,8 s]vants ! prophets4 #cfg i4 #b2 iii4 #i2 ix4 #c4 #cfh ii4 #i4 #cfi viii4 #ab4 #cgj v4 #bd2 #ai1 #bj1 etc42 #g2 vi4 #ab4 #cga i4 #b4 #cgb iv4 #i ff4 #cgc iv4 #f-aa2 vi4 #aa2 viii4 #h ff4 #cgd ,,lxx4 ! ?und]4 #cge ,or _s4 #cgf ,i4e4 ,god's2 a m natural r5d]+ ?an to take 8 7z ,hitzig does7 z mean+ man's4 #cgg ,see above1 pp4 #aff f4 n4 #cgh ,text ( la/ clause unc]ta92 see above1 p4 #afg4 #cgi ,,lxx4 ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 #chj ,fir/ 9 #ahge by ,duhm1 ,!ol4 d] ,proph41 p4 #aai2 & aft] him by ,oort1 ,!ol4 ,tjids*rift1 #ahhj1 pp4 #aaf f42 ,wellhaus51 9 locis2 ,/ade1 ,ges*41 ,i4 #ega2 ,cornill1 ,e9leitung1 #agf4 #cha ,hosea xiii4 #d #chb ,smi?1 ,prophets ( ,israel1 p4 #cii2 ,ku551 ,hi/4 ,krit4 ,e9l4 7,g]m4 ,ed471 ,,ii4 #cdg4 #chc v4 #h1 #i4 #chd ,cornill1 ,e9l41 #agf4 #che ,cf4 viii4 #h4 #chf v4 #h2 ix4 #f1 ?\gh "h ,,lxx4 read ,jehovah ( ,ho/s is ,8 ,"n4 #chg iv4 #ac4 ,see previ\s note4 #chh v4 #bg4 ,see above1 pp4 #agb f4 n43 cf4 ,hosea xii4 #f4 #chi xlvii4 #d & liv4 #e4 #cij xlviii4 #b3 cf4 ,duhm1 9 loco1 & ,*eyne1 ,introduction to ! ,book ( ,isaiah1 #cja4 #cia x4 #af2 xxxi4 #ce2 xxxii4 #ah2 l4 #cd 7p]haps a quotation f ,isa4 xlvii4 #d72 li4 #ai1 #eg4 #cib xlvi4 #ah1 :]e ! words fail 9 ,,lxx42 xlviii4 #ae b1 :]e ! clause 9 :i* x occurs is want+ 9 ! ,,lxx4 #cic ,b ,i h room at lea/ = a b>e /atem5t ( ^! rem>kable facts3-- ,! titles = ! ,god ( ,israel us$ 9 ! ,book ( ,amos are ^!3 7#a7 ,?y ,god1 ,o ,israel1 2 7#b7 ,jehovah1 2 7#c7 ,"l ,jehovah1 2 7#d7 ,"l ,jehovah ( ! ,ho/s1 2 7#e7 ,jehovah ,god ( ,ho/s or ( ! ,ho/s1 or 4 ,n[ 9 ! ,fir/ ,section1 *aps4 i41 ii41 x is int]e/+ t we f9d none ( ! v>iations :i* are comp\nd$ ) ,ho/s1 4 ,by itself 7especially 9 ! phrase ,?us sai? ,jehovah1 7 is g5]al2 & once only 7i4 #h7 is ,"l ,jehovah employ$4 ,! phrase1 oracle ( ,jehovah1 1 is also r>e2 x occurs only twice 7ii4 #aa1 #af71 & !n only 9 ! passage deal+ ) ,israel1 & n at all 9 ! oracles aga9/ =eign nations4 ,9 ,sections ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 ! simple is aga9 mo/ frequ5tly us$4 ,b we f9d also ,"l ,jehovah1 7iii4 #g1 #h2 iv4 #b1 #e2 v4 #c1 ) alone 9 ! p>allel v]4 #d2 vi4 #h2 vii4 #a1 #b1 #d bis1 #e1 #f2 viii4 #a1 #c1 #i1 #aa71 us$ ei!r indiff]5tly ) 2 or 9 v]ses :]e x seems m natural to emphasise ! sov]eignty ( ,jehovah ?an ,8 simple ,"n 7z1 e4g41 :]e ,he swe>s1 iv4 #b1 vi4 #h1 yet :5 ! same phrase occurs 9 viii4 #g alone is us$72 or 9 ! solemn ,visions ( ! ,?ird ,section 7b n 9 ! ,n>rative72 & sometimes we f9d 9 ! ,visions ,"l1 1 alone )\t 7vii4 #g1 #h2 ix4 #a74 ,! titles conta9+ or occur n9e times4 ,( ^! five are 9 passages :i* we h se5 o!r reasons to suppose are ins]tions3 two ( ! ,doxologies--iv4 #ac1 & ix4 #e1 79 addition ! ,,lxx4 read 9 ix4 #f 71 & 9 v4 #ad1 #ae 7see p4 #afh7 & #bg 7see p4 #agb71 9 all ?ree 4 ,! f\r g5u9e passages are iii4 #ac1 :]e we f9d prec$$ by 2 v4 #af1 :]e we h foll[$ by 2 vi4 #h1 1 & vi4 #ad1 4 ,?r\gh\t ! la/ two sections ( ! book is us$ ) all ^! =ms ( ! ,div9e title4 ,,hosea ,= leal love h ,i desir$ & n sacrifice ,& ! k ( ,god r ?an burnt-(f]+s4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,hosea ,! ,book ( ,hosea consi/s ( two unequal sections1 *aps4 i4-iii4 & *aps4 iv4-xiv41 :i* diff] 9 ! dates ( _! /&po9ts1 to a l>ge ext5t also 9 ! details ( _! common subjects1 b /ill m l>gely 9 _! =m & /yle4 ,! ,fir/ ,section is 9 ! ma9 n>rative2 ?\gh ! /yle rises to ! pit* ( passionate plead+ & promise1 x is flu5t & equable4 ,if "o v]se be omitt$ & ?ree o!rs transpos$1#cid ! argum5t is cont9u\s4 ,9 ! ,second ,section1 on ! contr>y1 we h a /ream ( addresses & reflections1 appeals1 upbraid+s1 s>casms1 recollections ( e>li] hi/ory1 d5unciations & promises1 :i*1 ) little logical connection & almo/ no pauses or p]iods1 />t impulsively f ea* o!r1 & = a l>ge "p are express$ 9 elliptic & ejaculatory phrases4 ,9 ! pres5t re/lessness ( ,biblical ,criticism x w\ld h be5 surpris+ if ?is diff]5ce ( /yle _h n prompt$ "s m9ds to a diff]5ce ( au?or%ip4 ,grtz#cie has di/+ui%$ two ,hoseas1 sep>at$ by a p]iod ( fifty ye>s4 ,b if1 z we %all see1 ! ,fir/ ,section reflects ! end ( ! reign ( ,j]oboam ,,ii41 :o di$ ab\t #gdc1 !n ! next few ye>s1 ) _! revolution>y *anges 9 ,israel1 are suffici5t to acc\nt = ! alt]$ outlook ( ! ,second ,section2 :ile ! alt]$ /yle is fully expla9$ by diff]5ce ( occasion & motive4 ,9 bo? sections n only are ! religi\s pr9ciples id5tical1 & _m ( ! *>act]i/ic expressions1#cif b !re brea!s ?r\gh\t ! same urg5t & jeal\s temp]1 :i* r5d]s ,hosea's p]sonality s di/9ctive among ! prophets4 ,)9 ?is unity1 ( c\rse1 we mu/ n be surpris$ to f9d1 z 9 ! ,book ( ,amos1 v]ses :i* _c well be au!ntic4 ,,fir/ ,,section3 ,,hosea',s ,,prophetic ,,life4 ,) ! removal ( "s ( ! v]ses ! argum5t becomes cle> & consecutive4 ,aft] ! /ory ( ! wife & *ildr5 7i4 #b-i71 :o are symbols ( ! l& & p ( ,israel 9 _! apo/asy f ,god 7#b1 #d1 #f1 #i71 ! ,div9e voice calls on ! liv+ g5]ation to plead ) _! "m le/ de/ruction come 7ii4 #b-e1 ,eng42 ii4 #d-g1 ,heb4#cig71 b !n passes def9ite s5t5ce ( desolation on ! l& & ( exile on ! p 7#f-ac1 ,eng42 #h-ae1 ,heb471 :i* h[ev] is n f9al doom1 b discipl9e1#cih ) ! ultimate promise ( ! return ( ! nation's y\?1 _! r5ew$ betro?al to ,jehovah & ! re/oration ( nature 7#ad-bc74 ,!n foll[s ! /ory ( ! prophet's re/oration ( 8 wife1 also ) discipl9e 7*ap4 iii474 ,notice t1 al?\gh ! /ory ( ! wife's fall has prec$$ ! decl>ation ( ,israel's apo/asy1 x is ,israel's re/oration :i* prec$es ! wife's4 ,! e?ical significance ( ?is ord] we %all illu/rate 9 ! next *apt]4 ,9 ?is section ! di/urb+ v]ses are i4 #g & ! gr\p ( ?ree--i4 #aj1 #aa1 ii4 #a 7,eng42 b ii4 #a-c ,heb474 ,*ap4 i4 #g introduces ,judah z except$ f ! curse pass$ ^u ,israel2 x is s obvi\sly intrusive 9 a prophecy deal+ only ) ,israel1 & x s cle>ly reflects ! deliv]ance ( ,judah f ,s5na*]ib 9 #gja1 t we _c hold x = any?+ b an ins]tion ( a date subsequ5t to t deliv]ance1 & introduc$ by a pi\s ,jew to signalise ,judah's fate 9 contra/ ) ,israel's4#cii ,! o!r ?ree v]ses 7i4 #aj1 #aa1 ii4 #a1 ,eng42 ii4 #a-c1 ,heb47 introduce a promise ( re/oration be=e ! s5t5ce ( judgm5t is detail$1 or any e?ical conditions ( re/oration are /at$4 ,t is1 !y break & tangle an argum5t o!rwise consi/5t & progressive f beg9n+ to end ( ! ,section4 ,e c>eful read] mu/ feel !m out ( place :]e !y lie4 ,_! awkw>dness has be5 s mu* appreciat$ t1 :ile 9 ! ,hebrew text !y h be5 sep>at$ f *ap4 i41 9 ! ,greek !y h be5 sep>at$ f *ap4 ii4 ,t is to say1 "s h felt !y h no connection ) :at prec$es !m1 o!rs none ) :at foll[s !m2 :ile our ,engli% v]sion1 by di/ribut+ !m betwe5 ! two *apt]s1 only makes m s5sible _! sup]fluity4 ,if !y really belong to ! prophecy1 _! prop] place is aft] ! la/ v]se ( *ap4 ii4#djj ,?is is actually ! ord] 9 :i* "p ( x & "p ( !m are quot$ by ,/4 ,paul4#dja ,at ! same "t1 :5 s arrang$1 !y repeat some:at awkw>dly ! language ( ii4 #bc1 & sc>cely =m a climax to ! *apt]4 ,!re is no?+ 9 _! language to lead u to d\bt t !y are ,hosea's own2 & v]4 #aa %[s t !y mu/ h be5 writt5 at lea/ be=e ! captivity ( ,nor!rn ,israel4#djb ,! only o!r suspect$ clause 9 ?is section is t 9 iii4 #e1 & ,david _! k+2#djc b if x be /ruck out ! v]se is r5d]$ awkw>d1 if n impossible1 by ! imm$iate repetition ( ! ,div9e "n1 :i* w\ld n h be5 requir$ 9 ! abs5ce ( ! suspect$ clause4#djd ,! text ( ! re/ ( ! section is rem>kably free f obscurities4 ,! ,greek v]sion (f]s few v>iants1 & mo/ ( ^! are due to mi/ranslation4#dje ,9 iii4 #a = lov$ ( a husb& x reads lov+ evil4 ,evid5tly ?is section 0 writt5 be=e ! dea? ( ,j]oboam ,,ii4 ,! h\se ( ,jehu /ill reigns2 & z ,hosea pr$icts its fall by w> on ! classic battlegr\nd ( ,jezreel1 ! prophecy mu/ h be5 writt5 be=e ! actual fall1 :i* took ! =m ( an int]nal revolt aga9/ ,ze*>iah1 ! son ( ,j]oboam4 ,) ?is agrees ! tone ( ! section4 ,!re are ! same evils 9 ,israel :i* ,amos expos$ 9 ! prosp]\s ye>s ( ! same reign2 b ,hosea appe>s to realise ! ?reat5$ exile f a ne>] /&po9t4 ,x is probable also t "p ( ! reason ( 8 ability to see 8 way ?r\gh ! captivity to ! p's re/oration is due to a long] famili>ity ) ! approa* ( captivity ?an ,amos exp]i5c$ be=e he wrote4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 = ,hosea's promise ( re/oration !re 71 z we %all see1 o!r & great] reasons ( a religi\s k9d4#djf ,,second ,,section3 ,,*aps4 iv4-xiv4 ,:5 we pass into ^! *apt]s we feel t ! times are *ang$4 ,! dyna/y ( ,jehu has pass$3 k+s are fall+ rapidly3 ,israel dev\rs its rul]s3#djg !re is no loyalty to ! k+2 he is sudd5ly cut (f2#djh all ! pr9ces are revolt]s4#dji ,r\nd s despis$ & s un/able a ?rone ! nation tosses 9 disord]4 ,conspiracies are rife4 ,x is n only1 z 9 ,amos1 ! ! s9s ( ! luxuri\s1 ( !m t are at ease 9 ,zion1 :i* are expos$2 b also lit]al blood%$3 highway robb]y ) murd]1 abett$ by ! prie/s2#daj ! ?ief breake? 9 & ! robb]-troop make? a raid4#daa ,amos look$ out on =eign nations across a quiet ,israel2 8 views ( ! _w are wide & cle>2 b 9 ! ,book ( ,hosea ! du/ is up1 & into :at is happ5+ beyond ! fronti] we get only glimpses4 ,!re is en\gh1 h[ev]1 to make visible ano!r great *ange s9ce ! days ( ,j]oboam4 ,israel's self-reliance is gone4 ,%e is z flutt]$ z a />tl$ bird3 ,!y call unto ,egypt1 !y g unto ,assyria4#dab ,_! weal? is c>ri$ z a gift to ,k+ ,j>eb1#dac & !y evid5tly engage 9 intrigues ) ,egypt4 ,b ev]y?+ is hopeless3 k+s _c save1 = ,ephraim is seiz$ by ! pangs ( a fatal crisis4#dad ,?is brok5 description reflects--& all ! m fai?fully because ( its brok5ness--! t5 ye>s :i* foll[$ on ! dea? ( ,j]oboam ,,ii4 ab\t #gdc4dae ,8 son ,ze*>iah1 :o succe$$ him1 0 9 six mon?s assass9at$ by ,%allum b5 ,jabe%1 :o )9 a mon? m 0 himself cut d[n by ,m5ahem b5 ,gadi4#daf ,m5ahem held ! ?rone = six or sev5 ye>s1 b only by s5d+ to ! ,k+ ( ,assyria an enorm\s tribute :i* he exact$ f ! weal?y magnates ( ,israel4#dag ,discont5t mu/ h foll[$ ^! measures1 su* discont5t ) _! rul]s z ,hosea describes4 ,pekahiah b5 ,m5ahem kept ! ?rone = little ov] a ye> aft] 8 fa!r's dea?1 & 0 assass9at$ by 8 capta91#dah ,pekah b5 ,remaliah1 ) fifty ,gileadites1 & ,pekah took ! ?rone ab\t #gcf4 ,?is second & bloody usurpation may be "o ( ^? on :i* ,hosea dwells2 b if s x is ! la/ hi/orical allusion 9 8 book4 ,!re is no ref]5ce to ! w> ( ,pekah & ,rez9 aga9/ ,ahaz ( ,judah :i* ,isaiah describes1#dai & to :i* ,hosea mu/ h allud$ _h he be5 /ill prophesy+4#dbj ,!re is no allusion to its consequ5ce 9 ,tigla?-,piles]'s conque/ ( ,gilead & ,galilee 9 #gcd-gcc4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^! prov9ces are /ill reg>d$ z "p ( ! body politic ( ,israel4#dba ,nor is !re any sign t ,israel h brok5 ) ,assyria2 to ! la/ ! book repres5ts !m z fawn+ on ! ,nor!rn ,p[]4#dbb ,9 all probability1 !n1 ! ,book ( ,hosea 0 clos$ be=e #gcd ,b4,c4 ,! ,second ,section dates f ! ye>s beh9d t & back to ! dea? ( ,j]oboam ,,ii4 ab\t #gdc1 :ile ! ,fir/ ,section1 z we saw1 reflects ! p]iod imm$iately be=e ! latt]4 ,we come n[ to ! g5]al /yle ( *aps4 iv4-xiv4 ,! p]iod1 z we h se51 0 "o ( ! mo/ brok5 ( all ! hi/ory ( ,israel2 ! political outlook1 ! temp] ( ! p1 7 con/antly *ang+4 ,hosea1 :o wat*$ ^! kaleidoscopes1 _h himself an extraord9>ily mobile & vibrant m9d4 ,!re c\ld be no great] contra/ to t fixture ( consci5ce :i* r5d]s ! ,book ( ,amos s simple 9 argum5t1 s firm 9 /yle4#dbc ,x 0 a lead5 plummet :i* ,amos saw ,jehovah sett+ to ! /ructure ( ,israel's life4#dbd ,b ,hosea felt 8 own he>t hang+ at ! end ( ! l9e2 & ?is 0 a he>t t c\ld nev] be /ill4 ,amos is ! prophet ( law2 he sees ! ,div9e processes "w !mselves out1 irrespective ( ! moods & intrigues ( ! p1 ) :i*1 aft] all1 he 0 little famili>4 ,s ea* ( 8 p>agraphs moves /eadily =w>d to a climax1 & e climax is ,doom--! captivity ( ! p to ,assyria4 ,y c divide 8 book by ^! ?+s2 x has its p]iods1 /rophes & refra9s4 ,x m>*es l ! ho/s ( ! ,"l ( ho/s4 ,b ,hosea _h no su* unhamp]$ vision ( great laws4 ,he 0 too famili> ) ! rapid *anges ( 8 fickle p2 & 8 affection = !m 0 too anxi\s4 ,8 /yle has all ! re/lessness & irritabl5ess ( hung] ab\t x--! hung] ( love4 ,hosea's eyes are nev] at re/4 ,he seeks1 he welcomes1 = mom5ts ( extraord9>y fondness he dwells ^u e sign ( 8 p's rep5tance4 ,b a ,div9e jeal\sy succe$s1 & he que/ions ! motives ( ! *ange4 ,y feel t 8 love has be5 ov]tak5 & surpris$ by 8 k2 & 9 fact 8 :ole /yle might be describ$ z a race betwe5 ! two--a race v>y+ & unc]ta9 up to almo/ ! end4 ,! transitions are v swift4 ,y come ^u a passage ( exquisite t5d]ness3 ! prophet puts ! p's p5it5ce 9 8 own words ) a sympa?y & poetry t are sublime & seem f9al4 ,b sudd5ly he rememb]s h[ false !y are1 & !re is ano!r light 9 8 eyes4 ,! lu/re ( _! te>s dies f 8 v]ses1 l ! dews ( a midsumm] morn+ 9 ,ephraim2 & all is dry & h>d aga9 b5ea? ! braz5 sun ( 8 amazem5t4 ,:at %all ,i d unto !e1 ,ephraim8 ,:at %all ,i d unto !e1 ,judah8 ,inde$1 ?is figure ( 8 own is insuffici5t to express ! sudd5ness ) :i* ,hosea lights up "s intrigue ( ! /atesm5 ( ! day1 or "s evil habit ( ! prie/s1 or "s hidd5 orgy ( ! common p4 ,r ?an ! sun x is ! lightn+--! lightn+ 9 pursuit ( a s]p5t4 ,! elusiv5ess ( ! /yle is ! great] t _m passages d n seem to h be5 prep>$ = public deliv]y4 ,!y are m ! play ( ! prophet's m9d ?an 8 set spee*4 ,!y are n =mally address$ to an audi5ce1 & !re is no trace 9 !m ( oratorical art4 ,h5ce ! language ( ?is ,second ,section ( ! ,book ( ,hosea is impulsive & abrupt beyond all comp>ison4 ,!re is little rhy?m 9 x1 & almo/ no argum5t4 ,few metaphors are elaborat$4 ,ev5 ! brief p>allelism ( ,hebrew poetry seems too long = ! quick spasms ( ! writ]'s he>t4 ,osee1 said ,j]ome1#dbe commaticus e/1 et quasi p] s5t5tias loquitur4 ,he speaks 9 little clauses1 (t5 brok5 (f2 he is impati5t ev5 ( copulas4 ,& )al he uses a vocabul>y full ( /range words1 :i* ! paucity ( p>allelism makes mu* ! m difficult4 ,to ?is orig9al brok5ness & obscurity ( ! language are due1 fir/1 ! great corruption ( ! text2 second1 ! difficulty ( divid+ x2 ?ird1 ! unc]ta9ty ( decid+ its g5u95ess or au!nticity4 #a4 ,! ,,text ( ,hosea is "o ( ! mo/ dilapidat$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & 9 p>ts beyond possibility ( repair4 ,x is probable t glosses 7 f\nd necess>y at an e>li] p]iod & to a l>g] ext5t ?an 9 mo/ o!r books3 !re are evid5t traces ( "s2 yet x is n always possible to dis5tangle !m4#dbf ,! value ( ! ,greek v]sion is curi\sly mix$4 ,! au?ors _h be=e !m mu* ! same difficulties z we h1 & !y made _m m = !mselves4 ,"s ( _! mi/ranslations are outrage\s3 !y occur n only 9 obscure passages1 :]e !y may be p>don$2#dbg b ev5 :]e !re are p>allel t]ms ) :i* ! translators %[ !mselves famili>4#dbh ,sometimes !y h translat$ ^w by ^w1 )\t any attempt to give ! g5]al s5se2 & z a :ole _! v]sion is devoid bo? ( beauty & compactness4 ,yet n infrequ5tly !y supply u ) a bett] read+ ?an ! ,massoretic text4 ,occasionally !y divide words prop]ly :i* ! latt] misdivides4#dbi ,!y (t5 give m correctly ! easily confus$ pronom9al suffixes2#dcj & ! copula4#dca ,& !y help u to ! true read+s ( _m o!r words4#dcb ,"h & !re an additional clause 9 ! ,greek is ple?oric1 p]haps copi$ by mi/ake f a simil> v]se 9 ! context4#dcc ,all ( ^! w be notic$ sep>ately z we rea* !m4 ,b1 ev5 aft] ^! & o!r aids1 we %all f9d t ! text n infrequ5tly rema9s impracticable4 #b4 ,z great z ! difficulty ( rea*+ a true text 9 ?is ,second ,section ( ! book is ! difficulty ( ,,divid+ x4 ,"h & !re1 x is true1 ! ,greek helps u to improve ^u ! division into *apt]s & v]ses ( ! ,hebrew text1 :i* is t ( our own ,engli% v]sion4 ,*ap4 vi4 #a-d ought to foll[ imm$iately on to ! end ( *ap4 v41 ) ! connect+ ^w say+4 ,! la/ few words ( *ap4 vi4 g ) ! fir/ two ( *ap4 vii41 b p]haps bo? are gloss4 ,! op5+s ( *aps4 xi4 & xii4 are bett] arrang$ 9 ! ,hebrew ?an 9 ! ,greek4 ,z reg>ds v]ses we %all h to make sev]al re>rangem5ts4#dcd ,b beyond ?is m or less conv5tional division into *apt]s & v]ses our confid5ce ceases4 ,x is impossible to sep>ate ! section1 long z x is1 into subsections1 or into oracles1 /rophes or p]iods4 ,! reason ( ?is we h already se51 9 ! turbul5ce ( ! p]iod reflect$1 9 ! divid$ int]e/s & abrupt & emotional /yle ( ! au?or1 & 9 ! probability t "p at lea/ ( ! book 0 n prep>$ = public speak+4 ,! p]iods & climaxes1 ! refra9s1 ! cat*words by :i* we are help$ to divide ev5 ! confus$ ,second ,section ( ! ,book ( ,amos1 are n f\nd 9 ,hosea4 ,only twice does ! exordium ( a spok5 address occur3 at ! beg9n+ ( ! section 7*ap4 iv4 #a71 & at :at is n[ ! op5+ ( ! next *apt] 7v4 #a74 ,! phrase 'tis ! oracle ( ,jehovah1 :i* occurs s p]iodically 9 ,amos1 & ?rice 9 ! second *apt] ( ,hosea1 is f\nd only once 9 *aps4 iv4-xiv4 ,aga91 ! obvi\s climaxes or p]orations1 ( :i* we f\nd s _m 9 ,amos1 are v few1#dce & ev5 :5 !y occur ! next v]ses />t impulsively f !m1 )\t a pause4 ,9 spite ( ^! difficulties1 s9ce ! section is s long1 attempts at division h be5 made4 ,ewald di/+ui%$ ?ree p>ts 9 ?ree diff]5t temp]s3 ,fir/1 iv4-vi4 #aa a1 ,god's ,pla9t aga9/ ,8 p2 ,second1 vi4 #aa b-ix4 #i1 ,_! ,puni%m5t2 ,?ird1 ix4 #aj-xiv4 #aj1 ,retrospect ( ! e>li] hi/ory--w>n+ & consolation4 ,driv] also divides into ?ree subsections1 b diff]5tly3 ,fir/1 iv4-viii41 9 :i* ,israel's ,guilt pr$om9ates2 ,second1 ix4-xi4 #aa1 9 :i* ! prevail+ ?\ght is _! ,puni%m5t2 ,?ird1 xi4 #ab-xiv4 #aj1 9 :i* bo? l9es ( ?\ght are cont9u$1 b foll[$ by a glance at ! bright] future4#dcf ,:at is common to bo? ^! arrangem5ts is ! recognition ( a c]ta9 progress f feel+s ab\t ,israel's guilt :i* prevail 9 ! e>li] *apt]s1 to a cle> vision ( ! political de/ruction await+ !m2 & f9ally m hope ( rep5tance 9 ! p1 ) a vision ( ! bless$ future t mu/ foll[ ^u x4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m accurate to say t ! emphasis ( ,hosea's prophesy+1 in/ead ( *ang+ f ! ,guilt to ! ,puni%m5t ( ,israel1 *anges ab\t ! middle ( *ap4 vii4 f _! ,moral ,decay to _! ,political ,decay1 & t ! description ( ! latt] is modifi$ or int]rupt$ by ,two ,visions ( bett] ?+s3 "o ( ,jehovah's e>ly guidance ( ! p1 ) a great outbreak ( ,8 ,love ^u !m1 9 *ap4 xi42 & "o ( _! future ,return to ,jehovah & re/oration 9 *ap4 xiv4 ,x is on ^! features t ! division ( ! foll[+ ,exposition is arrang$4 #c4 ,x w be obvi\s t ) a text s corrupt1 ) a /yle s brok5 & incapable ( logical division1 que/ions ( ,,au!nticity are rais$ to a pit* ( ! greate/ difficulty4 ,allusion has be5 made to ! numb] ( glosses :i* mu/ h be5 f\nd necess>y f ev5 an e>ly p]iod1 & ( "s ( :i* we c disc]n ! pro(s4#dcg ,we w deal ) ^! z !y occur4 ,b we may "h discuss1 z a :ole1 ano!r class ( suspect$ passages--suspect$ = ! same reason t we saw a numb] 9 ,amos to be1 because ( _! ref]5ce to ,judah4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,hosea 7*aps4 iv4-xiv47 !y are twelve 9 numb]4 ,only "o ( !m is fav\rable 7iv4 #ae73 ,?\gh ,israel play ! h>lot1 let n ,judah s94 ,ku55#dch argues t ?is is g5u9e1 on ! gr\nd t ! peculi> v]b to s9 or take guilt to oneself is us$ sev]al o!r times 9 ! book1#dci & t ! wi% express$ is 9 consonance ) :at he und]/&s to be ,hosea's fav\rable feel+ t[>ds ,judah4 ,yet ,hosea n[h]e else makes any di/9ction betwe5 ,ephraim & ,judah 9 ! matt] ( s91 b condemns bo? equally2 & z iv4 #ae f4 are to be suspect$ on o!r gr\nds z well1 ,i _c hold ?is ref]5ce to ,judah to be beyond d\bt4 ,nor is ! ref]5ce 9 viii4 #ad g5u9e3 ,& ,israel =gat h] ,mak] & built temples1 & ,judah multipli$ f5c$ cities1 b ,i w s5d fire on 8 cities & x %all dev\r h] palaces4 ,ku55#ddj refuses to reject ! ref]5ce to ,judah1 on ! gr\nd t )\t x ! rhy?m ( ! v]se is spoil$2 b ! fact is ! :ole v]se mu/ g4 ,*ap4 v4 #ac =ms a climax1 :i* v4 #ad only weak5s2 ! /yle is n l ,hosea's own1 & inde$ is b an e*o ( v]ses ( ,amos4#dda ,nor c we be q sure ab\t v4 #e3 ,israel & ,ephraim %all /umble by _! iniquities1 & 7,,lxx47 /umble also %all ,judah ) !m2 or vi4 #aj1 #aa3 ,9 ,be!l ,i h se5 horrors3 !re playe/ ?\ ! h>lot1 ,ephraim2 !re ,israel defiles himself2 also ,judah 444 7! re/ ( ! text is impracticable74 ,9 bo? ^! passages ,judah is ! awkw>d ?ird ( a p>allelism1 & is introduc$ by an also1 z if an aft]?\ght4 ,yet ! aft]?\ght may be ! prophet's own2 = 9 o!r passages1 to :i* no d\bt atta*es1 he fully includes ,judah 9 ! s9fulness ( ,israel4 ,cornill rejects x4 #aa1 ,judah mu/ pl\gh1 b ,i _c see on :at gr\nds2 z ,ku55 says1 x has no appe>ance ( be+ an intrusion4#ddb ,9 xii4 #c ,wellhaus5 reads ,israel = ,judah1 b ! latt] is ju/ifi$ if n r5d]$ necess>y by ! ref]5ce to ,judah 9 v]4 #a1 :i* ,wellhaus5 admits4 ,aga9/ ! o!r ref]5ces--v4 #aj1 ,! pr9ces ( ,judah are z remov]s ( b\nd>ies2 v4 #ab1 ,i %all be z ! mo? to ,ephraim1 & a worm to ! h\se ( ,judah2 v4 #ac1 ,& ,ephraim saw 8 disease1 & ,judah 8 sore2 v4 #ad1 ,= ,i am z a ro>+ lion to ,ephraim1 & z a "y lion to ! h\se ( ,judah2 vi4 #d1 ,:at %all ,i d to !e1 ,ephraim8 :at %all ,i d to !e1 ,judah8--!re are no app>5t objections2 & !y are g5]ally admitt$ by critics4 ,z ,ku55 says1 x w\ld h be5 surpris+ if ,hosea _h made no ref]5ce to ! si/] k+dom4 ,8 judgm5t ( h] is amply ju/ifi$ by t ( h] own citiz5s1 ,isaiah & ,micah4 ,o!r %ort passages ( d\btful au!nticity w be treat$ z we come to !m2 b aga9 x may be emphasis$ t1 9 a book ( su* a /yle z ?is1 c]ta9ty on ! subject is impossible4 ,f9ally1 !re may be giv5 "h ! only notable addition :i* ! ,septuag9t makes to ! ,book ( ,hosea4 ,x occurs 9 xiii4 #d1 aft] ,i am ,jehovah ?y ,god3 ,t made fa/ ! heav5s & f\nd$ ! e>?1 ^: h&s f\nd$ all ! ho/ ( ! heav51 & ,i did n %[ !m to !e t ?\ %\lde/ foll[ aft] !m1 & ,i l$ !e up--f ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,at fir/ ?is recalls ^? apo/rophes to ,jehovah's p[] :i* break =? 9 ! ,book ( ,amos2 & ! resemblance has be5 tak5 to prove t !y also are late intrusions4 ,b ?is bo? obtrudes itself z !y d n1 & is manife/ly ( mu* l[] poetical value4 ,see page #bjc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h n[ our mat]ial cle>ly be=e u1 & may proce$ to ! m welcome task ( trac+ our prophet's life1 & exp\nd+ 8 tea*+4 ,,footnotes3 #cid ,see bel[1 pp4 #bac f4 #cie ,ges*i*te1 pp4 #ic ff41 #bad ff41 #dci f4 #cif ,a li/ ( ! m obvi\s is giv5 by ,ku551 p4 #cbd4 #cig ,! fir/ *apt] 9 ! ,hebrew closes ) v]4 #i4 #cih ,cf4 ?is ) ,amos2 above1 pp4 #aib ff4 #cii ,knig's argum5ts 7,e9leitung1 #cji7 9 fav\r ( ! possibility ( ! g5u95ess ( ! v]se d n seem to me to be conclusive4 ,he ?9ks ! v]se admissible because ,judah _h s9n$ less ?an ,israel2 ! ?reat 9 vv4 #d-f is limit$ to ,israel2 ! phrase ,jehovah _! ,god is s peculi> t x is difficult to assign x to a m]e exp&] ( ! text2 & if x 0 a lat] h& t put 9 ! v]se1 :y did he n alt] ! judgm5ts aga9/ ,juda1 :i* occur fur!r on 9 ! book8 #djj ,s ,*eyne & o!rs1 ,ku55 adh]+4 ,knig agrees t !y h be5 remov$ f _! prop] place & ! text corrupt$4 #dja ,rom4 ix4 #be1 #bf1 :i* fir/ give ! end ( ,hosea ii4 #bc 7,heb4 #be71 & !n ! end ( i4 #aj 7,heb4 ii4 #b74 ,see bel[1 p4 #bdi1 n4 #b4 #djb #gba ,b4,c4 #djc ,/ade1 ,ges*41 ,i4 #egg2 ,cornill1 ,e9leitung1 :o also w\ld exclude no k+ & no pr9ce 9 iii4 #d4 #djd ,?is objection1 h[ev]1 does n hold aga9/ ! removal ( m]ely & ,david1 leav+ _! k+4 #dje ii4 #g1 #aa1 #ad1 #ag 7,heb474 ,9 i4 #d ,b-text reads = :ile ,qmq h 4 #djf ,9 det]m9+ ! date ( ! ,book ( ,hosea ! title 9 *ap4 i4 is ( no use to u3 ,! ,^w ( ,jehovah :i* 0 to ,hosea b5 ,be'eri 9 ! days ( ,uzziah1 ,jo?am1 ,ahaz1 ,hezekiah1 k+s ( ,judah1 & 9 ! days ( ,j]oboam b5 ,joa%1 k+ ( ,israel4 ,?is title is trebly suspici\s4 ,fir/3 ! giv5 reigns ( ,judah & ,israel d n correspond2 ,j]oboam 0 dead be=e ,uzziah4 ,second3 !re is no pro( ei!r 9 ! ,fir/ or ,second ,section ( ! book t ,hosea prophesi$ aft] ! reign ( ,jo?am4 ,?ird3 x is curi\s t 9 ! case ( a prophet ( ,nor!rn ,israel k+s ( ,judah %\ld be /at$ fir/1 & f\r ( !m be giv5 :ile only "o k+ ( 8 own c\ntry is plac$ beside !m4 ,on ^! gr\nds critics are probably correct :o take ! title z x /&s to be ! "w ( "s lat] ,judan scribe :o s\ght to make x correspond to ! titles ( ! ,books ( ,isaiah & ,micah4 ,he may h be5 ! same :o add$ *ap4 i4 #g4 ,! orig9al =m ( ! title probably 0 ,! ,^w ( ,god :i* 0 to ,hosea son ( ,be'eri 9 ! days ( ,j]oboam b5 ,joa%1 k+ ( ,israel1 & design$ only = ! ,fir/ ,section ( ! book1 *aps1 i4-iii4 #djg vii4 #g4 ,!re are also o!r passages :i*1 :ile !y may be ref]r$1 z !y /&1 to ! :ole succession ( illegitimate dyna/ies 9 ,nor!rn ,israel f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( t k+dom1 m probably reflect ! same t5 ye>s ( special an>*y & disord] aft] ! dea? ( ,j]oboam ,,ii4 ,see vii4 #c ff42 viii4 #d1 :]e ! illegitimate k+mak+ is c\pl$ ) ! idolatry ( ! ,nor!rn ,k+dom2 xiii4 #aj1 #aa4 #djh x4 #c1 #g1 #h1 #ae4 #dji ix4 #ae4 #daj vi4 #h1 #i4 #daa vii4 #a4 #dab vii4 #aa4 #dac x4 #f4 #dad xiii4 #ab f4 #dae ,! *ronology ( ^! ye>s is exce$+ly unc]ta94 ,j]oboam 0 dead ab\t #gdc2 9 #gch ,m5ahem gave tribute to ,assyria2 9 #gcd ,tigla?-,piles] _h conqu]$ ,aram1 ,gilead & ,galilee 9 response to ,k+ ,ahaz1 :o _h a ye> or two be=e be5 attack$ by ,rez9 ( ,aram & ,pekah ( ,israel4 #daf #b ,k+s xv4 #h-af4 ,x may be to ?is appe>ance ( ?ree k+s )9 "o mon? t !re 0 orig9ally an allusion 9 ! n[ obscure v]se ( ,hosea1 v4 #g4 #dag #b ,k+s xv4 #ag-bb4 #dah ,or pr9ce1 3 cf4 ,hosea's d5unciation ( ! z rebels4 #dai ,isa4 vii42 #b ,k+s xv4 #cg1 #ch4 #dbj ,"s h f\nd a lat] allusion 9 *ap4 x4 #ad3 l unto ! de/ruction ( 787 ,%alman 7( 87 ,be?' ,arbe'l4 ,pusey1 p4 #e b1 & o!rs take ?is to allude to a de/ruction ( ! ,galilean ,arbela1 ! mod]n ,irbid1 by ,salmanass> ,,iv41 :o asc5d$ ! ,assyrian ?rone 9 #gbg & besieg$ ,sam>ia 9 #gbd ff4 ,b s9ce ! con/ruction ( ! phrase leaves x d\btful :e!r ! "n ,%alman is t or ! ag5t or object ( ! de/ruction1 & :e!r1 if ! ag5t1 he be "o ( ! ,assyrian ,salmanass>s or a ,moabite ,k+ ,salman c4 #gcj ,b4,c41 x is impossible to make use ( ! v]se 9 fix+ ! date ( ! ,book ( ,hosea4 ,see fur!r1 p4 #bhi4 ,wellhaus5 omits4 #dba v4 #a2 vi4 #h2 xii4 #ab3 cf4 ,w4 ,r4 ,smi?1 ,prophets1 #aef4 #dbb ,cf4 ,w4 ,r4 ,smi?1 l4c4 #dbc ,cf4 ,w4 ,r4 ,smi?1 ,prophets1 #aeg3 ,hosea's language & ! movem5t ( 8 ?\ghts are f> remov$ f ! simplicity & self-control :i* *>act]ise ! prophecy ( ,amos4 ,indignation & sorr[1 t5d]ness & sev]ity1 fai? 9 ! sov]eignty ( ,jehovah's love1 & a despair+ s5se ( ,israel's infidelity are wov5 toge!r 9 a sequ5ce :i* has no logical plan1 b is det]m9$ by ! battle & alt]nate victory ( cont5d+ emotions2 & ! swift transitions1 ! fragm5t>y unbalanc$ utt]ance1 ! half-develop$ allusions1 t make 8 prophecy s difficult to ! comm5tator1 express ! agony ( ?is inw>d conflict4 #dbd ,see above1 p4 #aad4 #dbe ,prf4 9 ,duod4 ,prophetas4 #dbf ,especially 9 *ap4 vii4 #dbg ,z 9 xi4 #b b4 #dbh ,?is is especially ! case 9 x4 #aa-ac2 xi4 #d2 xiv4 #e4 #dbi ,e4g4 vi4 #e b3 ,m4,t4 :i* is nons5se2 ,,lxx4 1 ,my judgm5t %all g =? l light4 xi4 #b3 ,m4,t4 2 ,,lxx4 4 #dcj iv4 #d1 = 2 #h1 = --p]haps2 #ac1 = 2 v4 #b2 vi4 #b 7possibly72 viii4 #d1 read 2 ix4 #b2 xi4 #b1 #c2 xi4 #e1 #f1 :]e = read 2 #aj1 read 2 xii4 #i2 xiv4 #i a1 = 4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y are ei!r improbable or q wrong1 z 9 v4 #b b2 vi4 #b 7b ! ,,lxx4 may be "r "h72 vii #a b2 xi4 #a1 #d2 xii4 #e2 xiii4 #ad1 #ae 7t]474 #dca v4 #e 7s z to *ange ! t5se3 & ,judah %all /umble72 xii4 #c1 etc4 #dcb vi4 #c2 viii4 #aj1 #ac2 ix4 #b2 x4 #d1 #ac b1 #ae 7probably72 xii4 #b2 xiii4 #i2 xiv4 #c4 ,wrong t5se1 xii4 #aa4 ,cf4 also vi4 #c4 #dcc ,e4g4 viii4 #ac4 #dcd ,cf4 ! ,hebrew & ,greek1 ( e4g41 iv4 #aj1 #aa1 #ab2 vi4 #i1 #aj2 viii4 #e1 #f2 ix4 #h1 #i4 #dce viii4 #ac 7#ad mu/ be omitt$72 ix4 #ag4 #dcf ,introd4 #bhd4 #dcg ,e4g4 iv4 #ae 7872 vi4 #aa-vii4 #a 7872 vii4 #d2 viii4 #b2 xii4 #f4 #dch ,e9l41 #cbc4 #dci 1 v4 #ae2 x4 #b2 xiii4 #a2 xiv4 #a4 #ddj ,p4 #cac4 #dda viii4 #ad is also reject$ by ,wellhaus5 & ,cornill4 #ddb ,loc4 cit4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,problem ,,t ,,amos ,,left ,amos 0 a prea*] ( righte\sness almo/ :olly 9 its judicial & punitive (fices4 ,expos+ ! moral conditions ( society 9 8 day1 emphasis+ on ! "o h& its obduracy & on ! o!r ! intol]abl5ess ( x1 he ass]t$ t no?+ c\ld av]t ! inevitable doom--nei!r ,israel's devotion to ,jehovah nor ,jehovah's int]e/ 9 ,israel4 ,y alone h ,i kn[n ( all ! families ( ! gr\nd3 !re=e w ,i visit ^u y all y\r iniquities4 ,! visitation 0 to take place 9 w> & 9 ! captivity ( ! p4 ,?is is practically ! :ole message ( ! prophet ,amos4 ,t he add$ to x ! promise ( re/oration :i* n[ closes 8 book1 we h se5 to be extremely improbable4#ddc ,yet ev5 if t promise is 8 own1 ,amos does n tell u h[ ! re/oration is to be br\ght ab\t4 ,) wond]ful insight & pati5ce he has trac$ ! captivity ( ,israel to moral causes4 ,b he does n %[ :at moral *ange 9 ! exiles is to ju/ify _! re/oration1 or by :at means su* a moral *ange is to be effect$4 ,we are left to inf] ! conditions & ! means ( r$emption f ! pr9ciples :i* ,amos en=c$ :ile !re yet seem$ "t to pray = ! doom$ p3 ,seek ! ,"l & ye %all live4#ddd ,accord+ to ?is1 ! moral r5ewal ( ,israel mu/ prec$e _! re/oration2 b ! prophet seems to make no great ef=t to effect ! r5ewal4 ,9 %ort ,amos illu/rates ! easily-=gott5 tru? t a prea*] to ! consci5ce is n necess>ily a prea*] ( rep5tance4 ,( ! great anti!ses betwe5 :i* religion moves1 ,law & ,love1 ,amos _h !re=e be5 ! prophet ( ,law4 ,b we mu/ n imag9e t ! association ( ,love ) ! ,deity 0 /range to him4 ,?is c\ld n be to any ,israelite :o rememb]$ ! pa/ ( 8 p--! romance ( _! orig9s & e>ly /ruggles = fre$om4 ,israel _h always felt ! grace ( _! ,god2 &1 unless we be wrong ab\t ! date ( ! great poem 9 ! end ( ,deut]onomy1 !y _h lately celebrat$ t grace 9 l9es ( exquisite beauty & t5d]ness3-- ,he f\nd him 9 a des]t l&1 ,9 a wa/e & a h[l+ wild]ness4 ,he compass$ him ab\t1 c>$ = him1 ,kept him z ! apple ( ,8 eye4 ,z an eagle /irre? up 8 ne/1 ,flutt]e? ov] 8 "y1 ,spreade? 8 w+s1 take? !m1 ,be>e? !m up on 8 p9ions-- ,s ,jehovah alone l$ him4#dde ,! pati5ce ( ! ,"l ) _! wayw>dness & _! /ubbornness _h be5 ! e?ical influ5ce on ,israel's life at a "t :5 !y _h probably nei!r code ( law nor sy/em ( doctr9e4 ,?y g5tl5ess1 z an e>ly ,psalmi/ says = 8 p1 ,?y g5tl5ess ha? made me great4#ddf ,amos is n unaw>e ( ?is anci5t grace ( ,jehovah4 ,b he speaks ( x 9 a fa%ion :i* %[s t he feels x to be exhau/$ & )\t hope = 8 g5]ation4 ,i br\ght y up out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 & l$ y =ty ye>s 9 ! wild]ness1 to possess ! l& ( ! ,amorites4 ,& ,i rais$ up ( y\r sons = prophets & ( y\r "y m5 = ,nazirites4#ddg ,b ?is c n[ only fill ! cup ( ! nation's s94 ,y alone h ,i kn[n ( all ! families ( ! e>?3 !re=e w ,i visit ^u y all y\r iniquities4#ddh ,jehovah's anci5t ,love b /r5g!ns n[ ! ju/ice & ! impetus ( ,8 ,law4 ,we p]ceive1 !n1 ! problem :i* ,amos left to prophecy4 ,x 0 n to discov] ,love 9 ! ,deity :om he _h s absolutely id5tifi$ ) ,law4 ,! ,love ( ,god ne$$ no discov]y among a p ) ! ,deliv]ance1 ! ,exodus1 ! ,wild]ness & ! ,gift ( ! ,l& 9 _! memories4 ,b ! problem 0 to prove 9 ,god s great & new a m]cy z 0 capable ( mat*+ t ,law1 :i* ! abuse ( ,8 mill5nial g5tl5ess n[ only ! m fully ju/ifi$4 ,!re 0 ne$$ a prophet to arise ) z ke5 a consci5ce ( ,law z ,amos himself1 & yet affirm t ,love 0 great] /ill2 to admit t ,israel 7 doom$1 & yet promise _! r$emption by processes z reasonable & z e?ical z ^? by :i* ! doom _h be5 r5d]$ inevitable4 ,! prophet ( ,consci5ce _h to be foll[$ by ! prophet ( ,rep5tance4 ,su* an "o 0 f\nd 9 ,hosea1 ! son ( ,be'eri1 a citiz5 & probably a prie/ ( ,nor!rn ,israel1 ^: v "n1 ,salvation1 ! synonym ( ,jo%ua & ( ,jesus1 brea!d ! l>g] hope1 :i* x 0 8 glory to be> to 8 p4 ,be=e we see h[ = ?is task ,hosea 0 equipp$ ) ! love & sympa?y :i* ,amos lack$1 let u d two ?+s4 ,let u appreciate ! magnitude ( ! task itself1 set to him fir/ ( prophets2 & let u rem9d ourselves t1 greatly z he a*iev$ x1 ! task 0 n "o :i* c\ld be a*iev$ ev5 by him once = all1 b t x pres5ts itself to religion aga9 & aga9 9 ! c\rse ( h] developm5t4 ,= ! fir/ ( ^! duties1 x is en\gh to recall h[ mu* all subsequ5t prophecy d]ives f ,hosea4 ,we %all n exagg]ate if we say t !re is no tru? utt]$ by lat] prophets ab\t ! ,div9e ,grace1 :i* we d n f9d 9 g]m 9 him4 ,isaiah ( ,j]usalem 0 a great] /atesman & a m p[]ful writ]1 b he _h n ,hosea's t5d]ness & insight into motive & "*4 ,hosea's m>vell\s sympa?y bo? ) ! p & ) ,god is suffici5t to =e%ad[ e grief1 e hope1 e gospel1 :i* make ! books ( ,j]emiah & ! great ,prophet ( ! ,exile exhau/less 9 _! spiritual value = mank9d4 ,^? o!rs explor$ ! k+dom ( ,god3 x 0 ,hosea :o took x by /orm4#ddi ,he is ! fir/ prophet ( ,grace1 ,israel's e>lie/ ,evangeli/2 yet ) z ke5 a s5se ( law1 & ( ! inevitabl5ess ( e?ical discipl9e1 z ,amos himself4 ,b ! task :i* ,hosea accompli%$ 0 n "o t c\ld be accompli%$ once = all4 ,! int]e/ ( 8 book is n m]ely hi/orical4 ,= s (t5 z a g5]ation is %ock$ out ( its old religi\s ideals1 z ,amos %ock$ ,israel1 by a realism & a discov]y ( law1 :i* h no respect = ideals1 h[ev] anci5t & h[ev] de> to ! human he>t1 b "w _! own pitiless way to doom inevitable2 s (t5 mu/ ! ,book ( ,hosea h a practical value = liv+ m54 ,at su* a crisis we /& to-day4 ,! old] ,evangelical assurance1 ! old] ,evangelical ideals h to "s ext5t be5 r5d]$ impossible by ! realism to :i* ! sci5ces1 bo? physical & hi/orical1 h mo/ heal?ily recall$ u1 & by _! wond]ful revelation ( ,law work+ ?r\gh nature & society )\t respect to our cre$s & pi\s hopes4 ,! "q presses3 ,is x /ill possible to believe 9 rep5tance & conv]sion1 /ill possible to prea* ! p[] ( ,god to save1 :e!r ! individual or society1 f ! =ces ( h]$ity & ( habit8 ,we c at lea/ le>n h[ ,hosea ma/]$ ! v simil> problem :i* ,amos left to him1 & h[1 ) a moral realism no less /]n ?an 8 pr$ecessor & a moral /&>d e :it z high1 he proclaim$ ,love to be ! ultimate elem5t 9 religion2 n only because x moves man to a rep5tance & ,god to a r$emption m sov]eign ?an any law2 b because if neglect$ or abus$1 :e!r z love ( man or love ( ,god1 x en=ces a doom /ill m inexorable ?an t requir$ by violat$ tru? or by outrag$ ju/ice4 ,love our ,savi\r1 ,love our almighty & unfail+ ,fa!r1 b1 j because ( ?is1 ,love our mo/ awful ,judge--we turn to ! life & ! message 9 :i* ?is et]nal !me 0 fir/ unfold$4 ,,footnotes3 #ddc ,see above1 pp4 #aic ff4 #ddd v4 #d4 #dde ,deut4 xxxii4 #aj-ab3 a song probably e>li] ?an ! eigh? c5tury4 ,b "s put x lat]4 #ddf ,psalm xviii4 #ddg ii4 #aj f4 #ddh iii4 #b4 #ddi ,matt4 xi4 #ab4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,prodigal ,,wife ,,hosea i4-iii4 ,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$ t1 unlike ! fir/ ,doom/] ( ,israel1 ,israel's fir/ ,evangeli/ 0 "o ( !mselves1 a native & citiz51 p]haps ev5 a prie/1 ( ! l& to :i* he 0 s5t4 ,?is appe>s ev5 9 8 treatm5t ( ! /age & soil ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,contra/ him 9 ?is respect ) ,amos4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,amos we h few glimpses ( ! sc5]y ( ,israel1 & ^! always by fla%es ( ! lightn+s ( judgm5t3 ! t[ns 9 dr\ght or e>?quake or siege2 ! v9ey>ds & or*>ds "u locu/s or mildew2 ,c>mel itself desolate1 or z a hid+-place f ,god's wra?4 ,b ,hosea's love /eals across 8 :ole l& l ! dew1 provok+ e sep>ate sc5t & col\r1 till all ,galilee lies be=e u1 lu/r\s & fragrant z n[h]e else outside ! p>ables ( ,jesus4 ,! ,book ( ,amos1 :5 x w\ld praise ,god's works1 looks to ! />s4 ,b ! poetry ( ,hosea cl+s ab\t 8 native soil l its trail+ v9es4 ,if he appeals to ! heav5s1 x is only t !y may speak to ! e>?1 & ! e>? to ! corn & ! w9e1 & ! corn & ! w9e to ,jezreel4#dej ,ev5 ! wild bea/s--& ,hosea tells u ( _! cruelty almo/ z mu* z ,amos--he _c %ut out ( ! hope ( 8 love3 ,i w make a cov5ant = !m ) ! bea/s ( ! field1 & ) ! f[ls ( heav51 & ) ! creep+ ?+s ( ! gr\nd4#dea ,god's love-gifts to ,8 p are corn & wool1 flax & oil2 :ile spiritual bless+s are figur$ 9 ! joys ( !m :o s[ & reap4 ,) ,hosea we feel all ! seasons ( ! ,syrian ye>3 e>ly ra9 & latt] ra91 ! fir/ flu% ( ! "y corn1 ! sc5t ( ! v9e blossom1 ! fir/ ripe fig ( ! fig-tree 9 h] fir/ season1 ! bur/+ ( ! lily2 ! wild v9e trail+ on ! h$ge1 ! field ( t>es1 ! beauty ( ! full olive 9 sun%9e & breeze2 ! mi/s & heavy dews ( a summ] morn+ 9 ,ephraim1 ! night w9ds lad5 ) ! air ( ! m\nta9s1 ! sc5t ( ,lebanon4#deb ,or x is ! de>] human sights 9 valley & field3 ! smoke f ! *imney1 ! *aff f ! ?re%+-floor1 ! doves />tl$ to _! t[]s1 ! f[l] & 8 net2 ! break+ up ( ! fall[ gr\nd1 ! h>r[+ ( ! clods1 ! reap]s1 ! heif] t treade? out ! corn2 ! team ( draught ox5 surm\nt+ ! /eep road1 & at ! top ! k9dly driv] sett+ 9 food to _! jaws4#dec ,:]e1 ,i say1 d we f9d any?+ l ?is save 9 ! p>ables ( ,jesus8 ,= ! love ( ,hosea 0 z ! love ( t great] ,galilean3 h[ev] high1 h[ev] lonely x so>$1 x 0 yet root$ 9 ! common life bel[1 & f$ ) ! unfail+ grace ( a ?\s& homely s\rces4 ,b j z ! ,love :i* fir/ %[$ itself 9 ! sunny ,p>ables ( ,galilee pass$ onw>d to ,ge?semane & ! ,cross1 s ! love ( ,hosea1 t _h wak5$ ) ! spr+ lilies & dewy summ] morn+s ( ! ,nor?1 _h also1 ere 8 y\? 0 sp5t1 to meet its agony & %ame4 ,^! came ^u ! prophet 9 8 home1 & 9 h] 9 :om s loyal & t5d] a he>t _h hop$ to f9d 8 *iefe/ sanctu>y next to ,god4 ,!re are1 x is true1 "s ( ! uglie/ facts ( human life ab\t ?is prophet's exp]i5ce2 b ! message is "o v suit$ to our own he>ts & times4 ,let u read ?is /ory ( ! ,prodigal ,wife z we d t o!r ,galilean tale ( ! ,prodigal ,son4 ,!re z well z "h are h>lots2 b "h z well z !re is ! cle> mirror ( ! ,div9e ,love4 ,= ! ,bible nev] %uns realism :5 x w\ld expose ! exce$+ hatefulness ( s9 or magnify ! p[] ( ,god's love to r$eem4 ,to an age :i* is always treat+ conjugal infidelity ei!r z a matt] ( com$y or z a problem ( despair1 ! tale ( ,hosea & 8 wife may /ill become1 :at x prov$ to 8 own g5]ation1 a gospel full ( love & hope4 ,! /ory1 & h[ x l$ ,hosea to und]/& ,god's relations to s9ful m51 is told 9 ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s ( 8 book4 ,x op5s ) ! v />tl+ s5t5ce3 ,! beg9n+ ( ! ^w ( ,jehovah to ,hosea3--,& ,jehovah said to ,hosea1 ,g1 take !e a wife ( h>lotry & *ildr5 ( h>lotry3 = ! ,l& ha? committ$ great h>lotry 9 dep>t+ f ,jehovah4#ded ,! comm& 0 obey$4 ,& he w5t & took ,gom]1 daught] ( ,diblaim2#dee & %e conceiv$1 & b>e to him a son4 ,& ,jehovah said unto him1 ,call 8 "n ,jezreel2 = yet a little & ,i %all visit ! blood ( ,jezreel ^u ! h\se ( ,jehu1 & w br+ to an end ! k+dom ( ! h\se ( ,israel2 & x %all be on t day t ,i %all break ! b[ ( ,israel 9 ! ,vale ( ,jezreel--! classic battle-field ( ,israel4#def ,& %e conceiv$ aga91 & b>e a daught]2 & ,he said to him1 ,call h] "n ,un-,lov$1 or ,t-nev]-knew-a-,fa!r's-,pity2#deg = ,i w n aga9 h pity--su* pity z a ,fa!r ha?--on ! h\se ( ,israel1 t ,i %\ld fully =give !m4#deh ,& %e wean$ ,un-,piti$1 & conceiv$1 & b>e a son4 ,& ,he said1 ,call 8 "n ,n-,my-,p2 = ye are n ,my p1 & ,i--,i am n y\rs4#dei ,x is n surpris+ t div]s int]pretations h be5 put ^u ?is tr\bl$ tale4 ,! words :i* introduce x are s />tl+ t v _m h held x to be an allegory1 or p>able1 inv5t$ by ! prophet to illu/rate1 by famili> human figures1 :at 0 at t p]iod ! /ill difficult conception ( ! ,love ( ,god = s9ful m54 ,b to ?is well-int5d$ argum5t !re are insup]able objections4 ,x implies t ,hosea _h fir/ awak5$ to ! relations ( ,jehovah & ,israel--,he fai?ful & full ( affection1 %e unfai?ful & ?ankless--& t !n1 9 ord] to illu/rate ! relations1 he _h inv5t$ ! /ory4 ,to t we h an adequate reply4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?\gh x 7 possible1 x is extremely improbable1 t su* a man %\ld h inv5t$ su* a tale ab\t 8 wife1 or1 if he 0 unm>ri$1 ab\t himself4 ,b1 9 ! second place1 he says expressly t 8 dome/ic exp]i5ce 0 ! beg9n+ ( ,jehovah's ^w to him4 ,t is1 he pass$ ?r\gh x fir/1 & only aft]w>ds1 ) ! sympa?y & insight ?us acquir$1 he came to appreciate ,jehovah's relation to ,israel4 ,f9ally1 ! /yle betrays n>rative r ?an p>able4 ,! simple facts are told2 !re is an abs5ce ( elaboration2 !re is no ef=t to make e detail symbolic2 ! names ,gom] & ,diblaim are app>5tly ^? ( real p]sons2 e attempt to atta* a symbolic value to !m has fail$4 ,%e 01 !re=e1 no dream1 ?is woman1 b fle% & blood3 ! sorr[1 ! despair1 ! sph9x ( ! prophet's life2 yet a sph9x :o 9 ! end yield$ h] riddle to love4 ,accord+ly a l>ge numb] ( o!r int]pret]s h tak5 ! /ory ?r\gh\t z ! lit]al acc\nt ( actual facts4 ,?is is ! !ory ( _m ( ! ,lat9 & ,greek ,fa!rs1#dfj ( _m ( ! ,puritans & ( ,dr4 ,pusey--by "o ( ^? agreem5ts into :i*1 f su* opposite s*ools1 all ^! comm5tators are n infrequ5tly drawn by _! common captivity to ! lett] ( ,scripture4#dfa ,:5 y ask !m1 ,h[ !n d y ju/ify t fir/ /range ^w ( ,god to ,hosea1#dfb if y take x lit]ally & believe t ,hosea 0 *>g$ to m>ry a woman ( public %ame8 !y answ] ei!r t su* an evil may be ju/ifi$ by ! b>e ^w ( ,god1 or t x 0 well wor? ! end1 ! salvation ( a lo/ s\l4#dfc ,& inde$ ?is trag$y w\ld be inve/$ ) an ev5 great] pa?os if x 7 true t ! human h]o _h pass$ ?r\gh a self-sacrifice s unusual1 _h incurr$ su* a %ame = su* an end4 ,! int]pretation1 h[ev]1 seems =bidd5 by ! ess5ce ( ! /ory4 ,_h n ,hosea's wife be5 pure :5 he m>ri$ h] %e c\ld n h s]v$ z a type ( ! ,israel ^: e>lie/ relations to ,jehovah he describes z innoc5t4 ,& ?is is confirm$ by o!r features ( ! book3 by ! high ideal :i* ,hosea has ( m>riage1 & by t s5se ( e>ly goodness & e>ly beauty pass+ away l morn+ mi/1 :i* is s (t5 & s pa!tically express$ t we _c b cat* 9 x ! e*o ( 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,z "o has said to :om we owe1 m ?an to any o!r1 ! exposition ( ! gospel 9 ,hosea1#dfd ,! /ruggle ( ,hosea's %ame & grief :5 he f\nd 8 wife unfai?ful is altoge!r inconceivable unless 8 fir/ love _h be5 pure & full ( tru/ 9 ! purity ( its object4 ,h[ !n are we to reconcile ) ?is ! /atem5t ( t comm& to take a wife ( ! "* s frankly describ$8 ,9 ?is way--& we owe ! int]pretation to ! same lam5t$ s*ol>4#dfe ,:51 "s ye>s aft] 8 m>riage1 ,hosea at la/ began to be aw>e ( ! "* ( h] :om he _h tak5 to 8 home1 & :ile he /ill brood$ ^u x1 ,god reveal$ to him :y ,he :o kn[e? all ?+s f ! beg9n+ _h suff]$ ,8 s]vant to m>ry su* a woman2 & ,hosea1 by a v natural anticipation1 9 :i* he is imitat$ by o!r prophets1#dff pu%$ back 8 own k ( ,god's purpose to ! date :5 t purpose began actually to be fulfill$1 ! day ( 8 betro?al4 ,?is1 ?\gh he 0 all unconsci\s ( its fatal future1 _h be5 to ,hosea ! beg9n+ ( ! ^w ( ! ,"l4 ,on t unc]ta9 voyage he _h sail$ ) seal$ ord]s4 ,n[ ?is is true to nature1 & may be mat*$ f our own exp]i5ce4 ,! beg9n+ ( ,god's ^w to any ( u--:]e does x lie8 ,does x lie 9 ! fir/ "t ! mean+ ( our life became articulate1 & we 7 able to utt] x to o!rs8 ,ah no2 x always lies f> beh9d t1 9 facts & 9 relation%ips1 ( ! ,div9e mean+ ( :i* we are at ! "t unconsci\s1 ?\gh n[ we "k4 ,h[ famili> ?is is 9 respect to ! sorr[s & adv]sities ( life3 dumb1 dead5+ ?+s t fall on u at ! "t ) no m voice ?an clods fall+ on c(f9s ( dead m51 we h be5 able to read !m aft]w>ds z ! cle> call ( ,god to our s\ls4 ,b :at we ?us s readily admit ab\t ! sorr[s ( life may be equally true ( any ( ^? relations :i* we ent] ) light & unaw$ he>ts1 consci\s only ( ! novelty & ! joy ( !m4 ,x is mo/ true ( ! love :i* meets a man z x met ,hosea 9 8 op5+ manhood4 ,h[ long ,hosea took to discov] 8 %ame he indicates by a few h9ts :i* he suff]s to break f ! delicate res]ve ( 8 /ory4 ,he calls ! fir/ *ild 8 own2 & ! boy's "n1 ?\gh om9\s ( ! nation's fate1 has no trace ( %ame ^u x4 ,hosea's ,jezreel 0 z ,isaiah's ,%e>-,ja%ub or ,mah]-%alal-ha%-baz4 ,b ,hosea does n claim ! second *ild2 & 9 ! "n ( ?is little lass1 ,lo-,ruhamah1 %e-t-nev]-knew-a-fa!r's-love1 orphan n by dea? b by h] "m's s91 we f9d pro( ( ! prophet's awak5+ to ! trag$y ( 8 home4 ,nor does he own ! ?ird *ild1 nam$ ,n-my-p1 t c\ld also mean ,no-k9-(-m9e4 ,! ?ree bir?s mu/ h tak5 at lea/ six ye>s2#dfg & once at lea/1 b probably (t5]1 ,hosea _h =giv5 ! woman1 & till ! six? ye> %e /ay$ 9 8 h\se4 ,!n ei!r he put h] f him1 or %e w5t h] own way4 ,%e sold h]self = money1 & f9ally drift$1 l all ( h] class1 into slav]y4#dfh ,su* 7 ! facts ( ,hosea's grief1 & we h n[ to attempt to und]/& h[ t grief became 8 gospel4 ,we may reg>d ! /ages ( ! process z two3 fir/1 :5 he 0 l$ to feel t 8 sorr[ 0 ! sorr[ ( ! :ole nation2 &1 second1 :5 he compreh5d$ t x 0 ( simil> k9d to ! sorr[ ( ,god ,himself4 ,:ile ,hosea brood$ ^u 8 pa9 "o ( ! fir/ ?+s he w\ld rememb] w\ld be ! fact1 :i* he s frequ5tly illu/rates1 t ! case ( 8 home 0 n s+ul>1 b common & *>act]i/ic ( 8 day4 ,take ! evid5ce ( 8 book1 & !re mu/ h be5 9 ,israel _m su* wives z 8 own4 ,he describes _! s9 z ! besett+ s9 ( ! nation1 & ! plague ( ,israel's life4 ,b to lose y\r own sorr[ 9 ! va/] s5se ( national tr\ble--t is ! fir/ consci\sness ( a duty & a mission4 ,9 ! analog\s vice ( intemp]ance among ourselves we h se5 ! same exp]i5ce op]ate aga9 & aga94 ,h[ _m a man has jo9$ ! public w>f>e aga9/ t s91 because he 0 ar\s$ to its national consequ5ces by ! ru9 x _h br\ght to 8 own home6 ,& "o rememb]s f rec5t ye>s a m illu/ri\s in/ance1 :]e a dome/ic grief--x is true ( a v diff]5t k9d--became n dissimil>ly ! op5+ ( a great c>e] ( s]vice to ! p3-- ,i 0 9 ,leam+ton1 & ,mr4 ,cobd5 call$ on me4 ,i 0 !n 9 ! dep?s ( grief--,i may almo/ say ( despair1 = ! light & sun%9e ( my h\se _h be5 ext+ui%$4 ,all t 0 left on e>? ( my "y wife1 except ! memory ( a sa9t$ life & a too brief happ9ess1 0 ly+ /ill & cold 9 ! *amb] above u4 ,mr4 ,cobd5 call$ on me z 8 fri5d1 & address$ me1 z y may suppose1 ) words ( condol5ce4 ,aft] a "t he look$ up & said3 ',!re are ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( homes 9 ,engl& at ?is mom5t :]e wives & mo!rs & *ildr5 are dy+ ( hung]4 ,n[1 :5 ! fir/ p>oxysm ( y\r grief is pass$1 ,i w\ld advise y to come ) me1 & we w nev] re/ until ! ,corn ,laws are repeal$4'#dfi ,n dissimil>ly 0 ,hosea's pa9 ov]:elm$ by ! pa9 ( 8 p4 ,he rememb]$ t !re 7 9 ,israel ?\s&s ( homes l 8 own4 ,angui% gave way to sympa?y4 ,! my/]y became ! /imulus to a mission4 ,b1 aga91 ,hosea traces ?is s9 ( 8 day to ! wor%ip ( /range gods4 ,he tells ! fa!rs ( ,israel1 = in/ance1 t !y ne$ n be surpris$ at ! corruption ( _! wives & daught]s :5 !y !mselves br+ home f ! hea!n rites ! infection ( light views ( love4#dgj ,t is to say1 ! _m s9s aga9/ human love 9 ,israel1 ! wrong done to 8 own he>t 9 8 own home1 ,hosea connects ) ! wrong done to ! ,love ( ,god1 by ,8 p's des]tion ( ,him = =eign & impure rites4 ,hosea's own sorr[ ?us became a key to ! sorr[ ( ,god4 ,_h he lov$ ?is woman1 *]i%$ & hon\r$ h]1 borne ) & =giv5 h]1 only to f9d at ! la/ 8 love spurn$ & h]s turn$ to s9ful m53 s also _h ! ,love ( ,god be5 treat$ by ,8 *os5 p1 & !y _h fall5 to ! loose wor%ip ( idols4 ,hosea 0 ! m naturally l$ to comp>e 8 relations to 8 wife ) ,jehovah's to ,israel1 by c]ta9 religi\s beliefs curr5t among ! ,semitic peoples4 ,x 0 common to ne>ly all ,semitic religions to express ! union ( a god ) 8 l& or ) 8 p by ! figure ( m>riage4 ,! title :i* ,hosea s (t5 applies to ! hea!n deities1 ,ba'al1 meant orig9ally n "l ( 8 wor%ipp]s1 b possessor & end[] ( 8 l&1 its husb& & f]tilis]4 ,a f]tile l& 0 a l& ( ,ba'al1 or ,be'ulah1 t is1 possess$ or bless$ by a ,ba'al4#dga ,"u ! f]tility 0 c\nt$ n only ! increase ( field & flock1 b ! human increase z well2 & ?us a nation c\ld speak ( !mselves z ! *ildr5 ( ! ,l&1 _! "m1 & ( h] ,ba'al1 _! fa!r4#dgb ,:5 ,hosea1 !n1 call$ ,jehovah ! husb& ( ,israel1 x 0 n an entirely new symbol :i* he inv5t$4 ,up to 8 "t1 h[ev]1 ! m>riage ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 ( a god & 8 p1 seems to h be5 conceiv$ 9 a physical =m :i* ev] t5d$ to become m gross2 & 0 express$1 z ,hosea po9ts out1 by rites ( a s5sual & debas+ nature1 ) ! mo/ disa/r\s effects on ! dome/ic morals ( ! p4 ,by an inspiration1 ^: e?ical "* is v conspicu\s1 ,hosea breaks ! physical connection altoge!r4 ,jehovah's ,bride is n ! ,l&1 b ! ,p1 & ,8 m>riage ) h] is conceiv$ :olly z a moral relation4 ,n t ,he has no connection ) ! physical fruits ( ! l&3 corn1 w9e1 oil1 wool & flax4 ,b ^! are repres5t$ only z ! signs & ornam5ts ( ! m>riage1 love-gifts f ! husb& to ! wife4#dgc ,! m>riage itself is purely moral3 ,i w betro? h] to ,me 9 righte\sness & ju/ice1 9 leal love & t5d] m]cies4#dgd ,f h] 9 return are dem&$ fai?fulness & gr[+ k ( h] ,"l4 ,x is ! re-creation ( an ,idea4 ,sla9 & made c>rion by ! hea!n religions1 ! figure is re/or$ to life by ,hosea4 ,& ?is is a life ev]la/+4 ,prophet & apo/le1 ! ,israel ( ,jehovah1 ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 h alike f\nd 9 ,hosea's figure an unfail+ significance & *>m4 ,"h we _c trace ! hi/ory ( ! figure2 b at lea/ we ought to emphasise ! creative p[] :i* its recov]y to life proves to h be5 inh]5t 9 prophecy4 ,?is is "o ( ^? triumphs ( :i* ! ,god ( ,israel said3 ,behold1 ,i make all ?+s new4#dge ,hav+ dug 8 figure f ! mire & set x ^u ! rock1 ,hosea s5ds x on its way ) all boldness4 ,if ,jehovah be ?us ! husb& ( ,israel1 h] fir/ husb&1 ! husb& ( h] y\?1 !n all h] pursuit ( ! ,ba'alim is unfai?fulness to h] m>riage v[s4 ,b %e is worse ?an an adult]ess2 %e is a h>lot4 ,%e has fall5 = gifts4 ,"h ! hi/orical facts wond]fully assi/$ ! prophet's metaphor4 ,x 0 a fact t ,israel & ,jehovah 7 fir/ w$d$ 9 ! wild]ness ^u conditions1 :i* by ! v circum/ances ( des]t life c\ld h little or no ref]5ce to ! f]tility ( ! e>?1 b 7 purely p]sonal & moral4 ,& x 0 also a fact t ,israel's decl5sion f ,jehovah came aft] h] settlem5t 9 ,canaan1 & 0 due to h] discov]y ( o!r deities1 9 possession ( ! soil1 & ador$ by ! natives z ! disp5s]s ( its f]tility4 ,israel fell "u ^! sup]/itions1 &1 al?\gh %e /ill =mally ackn[l$g$ h] bond to ,jehovah1 yet 9 ord] to get h] fields bless$ & h] flocks made f]tile1 h] or*>ds protect$ f blight & h] fleeces f scab1 %e w5t aft] ! local ,ba'alim4#dgf ,) bitt] scorn ,hosea po9ts out t !re 0 no true love 9 ?is3 x 0 ! m]c5>9ess ( a h>lot1 sell+ h]self = gifts4#dgg ,& x _h ! usual results4 ,! *ildr5 :om ,israel bore 7 n h] husb&'s4#dgh ,! new g5]ation 9 ,israel grew up 9 ignorance ( ,jehovah1 ) *>act]s & lives /range to ,8 ,_s4 ,!y 7 ,lo-,ruhamah3 ,he c\ld n feel t[>ds !m su* pity z a fa!r ha?4#dgi ,!y 7 ,lo-,ammi3 n at all ,8 p4 ,all 0 9 exact p>allel to ,hosea's own exp]i5ce ) 8 wife2 & only ! real pa9 ( t exp]i5ce c\ld h made ! man brave en\gh to use x z a figure ( 8 ,god's treatm5t by ,israel4 ,foll[+ out ! human analogy1 ! next /ep %\ld h be5 = ,jehovah to divorce ,8 err+ sp\se4 ,b ,jehovah reveals to ! prophet t ?is is n ,8 way4 ,= ,he is ,god & n man1 ! ,holy ,"o 9 ! mid/ ( !e4 ,h[ %all ,i give !e up1 ,ephraim8 ,h[ %all ,i surr5d] !e1 ,o ,israel8 ,my he>t is turn$ )9 ,me1 ,my compassions are k9dl$ toge!r6 ,jehovah w seek1 f9d & br+ back ! w&]]4 ,yet ! process %all n be easy4 ,! gospel :i* ,hosea "h prea*es is mat*$ 9 its great t5d]ness by its full recognition ( ! e?ical requirem5ts ( ! case4 ,israel may n be re/or$ )\t rep5tance1 & _c rep5t )\t disillusion & *a/isem5t4 ,god w !re=e %[ h] t h] lov]s1 ! ,ba'alim1 are unable to assure to h] ! gifts = :i* %e foll[$ !m4 ,^! are ,8 corn1 ,8 w9e1 ,8 wool & ,8 flax1 & ,he w take !m away = a "t4 ,nay m1 z if m]e dr\ght & blight might /ill be reg>d$ z "s ,ba'al's "w1 ,he :o has always manife/$ ,himself by great hi/oric de$s w d s aga94 ,he w remove h]self f ! l&1 & leave x a wa/e & a desolation4 ,! :ole passage runs z foll[s1 introduc$ by ! initial ,!re=e ( judgm5t3-- ,!re=e1 behold1 ,i am go+ to h$ge#dhj up h]#dha way ) ?orns1 & build h]#dhb a wall1 s t %e f9d n h] pa?s4 ,& %e %all pursue h] p>am\rs & %all n come ^u !m1 seek !m & %all n f9d !m2 & %e %all say1 ,let me g & return to my fir/ husb&1 = x 0 bett] = me !n ?an n[4 ,%e knew n1 !n1 t x 0 ,i :o gave h] ! corn & ! w9e & ! oil2 yea1 silv] ,i heap$ ^u h] & gold--!y work$ x up = ! ,ba'al6#dhc ,israel _h des]t$ ! religion t 0 hi/orical & moral = ! religion t 0 physical4 ,b ! hi/orical religion 0 ! physical "o4 ,jehovah :o _h br\ght ,israel to ! l& 0 also ! ,god ( ! ,l&4 ,he w\ld prove ?is by tak+ away its bless+s4 ,!re=e ,i w turn & take away ,my corn 9 its "t & ,my w9e 9 its season1 & ,i w )draw ,my wool & ,my flax t %\ld h cov]$ h] nak$ness4 ,& n[--! o!r initial ( judgm5t--,i w lay b>e h] %ame to ! eyes ( h] lov]s1 & no man %all rescue h] f ,my h&4 ,& ,i w make an end ( all h] joyaunce1 h] pilgrimages1 h] ,new-,moons & h] ,sabba?s1 ) e fe/ival2 & ,i w de/roy h] v9es & h] figs ( :i* %e said1 ,!y are a gift1 m9e own1 :i* my lov]s gave me1 & ,i w turn !m to jungle & ! wild bea/ %all dev\r !m4 ,s %all ,i visit ^u h] ! days ( ! ,ba'alim1 :5 %e us$ to (f] inc5se to !m1 & deck$ h]self ) h] r+s & h] jewels & w5t aft] h] p>am\rs1 b ,me %e =gat--'tis ! oracle ( ,jehovah4 ,all ?is implies some?+ m ?an su* natural disa/]s z ^? 9 :i* ,amos saw ! fir/ *a/isem5ts ( ! ,"l4 ,ea* ( ! v]ses sugge/s1 n only a deva/ation ( ! l& by w>1#dhd b ! removal ( ! p into captivity4 ,evid5tly1 !re=e1 ,hosea1 writ+ ab\t #gde1 _h 9 view a spe$y invasion by ,assyria1 an invasion :i* 0 always foll[$ up by ! exile ( ! p subdu$4 ,?is is next describ$1 ) all pla9ness1 "u ! figure ( ,israel's e>ly w&]+s 9 ! wild]ness1 b is emphasis$ z happ5+ only = ! end ( ! p's p5it5ce & re/oration4 ,! new hope is s melodi\s t x c>ries ! language into metre4 ,!re=e1 lo6 ,i am to woo h]1 & ,i w br+ h] to ! wild]ness1 ,& ,i w speak home to h] he>t4 ,& f !re ,i w give to h] h] v9ey>ds1 ,& ! ,valley ( ,a*or = a doorway ( hope4 ,& !re %e %all answ] ,me z 9 ! days ( h] y\?1 ,& z ! day :5 %e came up f ! l& ( ,miraim4 ,to u ! t]ms ( ?is passage may seem =mal & !ological4 ,b to e ,israelite "s ( ^! t]ms mu/ h br\ght back ! days ( 8 own woo+4 ,i w speak home to h] he>t is a =cible expression1 l ! ,g]man an das ,h]z or ! sweet ,scotti% x cam' up roond my he>t1 & 0 us$ 9 ,israel z f man to woman :5 he won h]4#dhe ,b ! o!r t]ms h an equal *>m4 ,! prophet1 ( c\rse1 does n mean t ,israel %all be lit]ally tak5 back to ! des]t4 ,b he describes h] com+ ,exile "u t anci5t figure1 9 ord] to surr\nd h] p5it5ce ) ! associations ( h] innoc5cy & h] y\?4 ,by ! grace ( ,god1 ev]y?+ %all beg9 aga9 z at fir/4 ,! old t]ms wild]ness1 ! giv+ ( v9ey>ds1 ,valley ( ,a*or1 are1 z x 71 ! w$d+ r+ re/or$4 ,z a result ( all ?is 7:e!r ! words be by ,hosea or ano!r71#dhf ,x %all be 9 t day--'tis ,jehovah's oracle--t ?\ %alt call ,me1 ,my husb&1 ,& ?\ %alt n aga9 call ,me1 ,my ,ba'al3 ,= ,i w take away ! names ( ! ,ba'alim f h] m\?1 ,& !y %all no m be rememb]$ by _! names4 ,!re foll[s a picture ( ! ideal future1 9 :i*--h[ unlike ! vision t n[ closes ! ,book ( ,amos6--moral & spiritual beauty1 ! peace ( ! l& & ! r$emption ( ! p1 are wond]fully m+l$ toge!r1 9 a /yle s *>act]i/ic ( ,hosea's he>t4 ,x is h>d to tell :]e ! rhy?mical prose passes into actual metre4 ,& ,i w make = !m a cov5ant 9 t day ) ! wild bea/s1 & ) ! birds ( ! heav5s1 & ) ! creep+ ?+s ( ! gr\nd2 & ! b[ & ! sword & battle w ,i break f ! l&1 & ,i w make y to dwell 9 safety4 ,& ,i w betro? !e to ,me = ev]1 & ,i w betro? !e to ,me 9 righte\sness & 9 ju/ice1 9 leal love & 9 t5d] m]cies2 & ,i w betro? !e to ,me 9 fai?fulness1 & ?\ %alt "k ,jehovah4 ,& x %all be on t day ,i w speak--'tis ! oracle ( ,jehovah--,i w speak to ! heav5s1 & !y %all speak to ! e>?2 & ! e>? %all speak to ! corn & ! w9e & ! oil1 & !y %all speak to ,jezreel1 ! scatt]$ l se$ across _m l&s2 b ,i w s[ him#dhg = ,myself 9 ! l&3 & ,i w h a fa!r's pity ^u ,un-,piti$2 & to ,n-,my-,p ,i w say4 ,my p ?\ art6 & he %all say1 ,my ,god6#dhh ,! circle is ?us complet$ on ! t]ms f :i* we />t$4 ,! ?ree names :i* ,hosea gave to ! *ildr51 evil om5s ( ,israel's fate1 are rev]s$1 & ! p re/or$ to ! fav\r & love ( _! ,god4 ,we might expect ?is glory to =m ! culm9ation ( ! prophecy4 ,:at full] prospect c\ld be imag9$ ?an t we see 9 ! close ( ! second *apt]8 ,) a wond]ful grace1 h[ev]1 ! prophecy turns back f ?is sure vision ( ! re/oration ( ! p z a :ole1 to pick up aga9 ! individual f :om x _h />t$1 & ^: unclean rag ( a life _h flutt]$ out ( sight be=e ! national =tunes sweep+ 9 ^u ! sc5e4 ,?is 0 ne$$ to cr[n ! /ory--?is return to ! individual4 ,& ,jehovah said unto me1 ,once m g1 love a wife t is lov$ ( a p>am\r & is an adult]ess1#dhi z ,jehovah love? ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 ! :ile !y are turn+ to o!r gods1 & love rais9-cakes--probably "s elem5t 9 ! fea/s ( ! gods ( ! l&1 ! giv]s ( ! grape4 ,!n ,i b\ght h] to me = fifte5 pieces ( silv] & a hom] ( b>ley & a le!* ( w9e4#dij ,& ,i said to h]1 ,= _m days %all ?\ abide = me alone2 ?\ %all n play ! h>lot1 ?\ %all n be = any husb&2 & ,i = my "p also %all be s t[>ds !e4 ,= ! days are _m t ! *ildr5 ( ,israel %all abide )\t a k+ & )\t a pr9ce1 )\t sacrifice & )\t maebah1 & )\t ephod & t]aphim4#dia ,aft]w>ds ! *ildr5 ( ,israel %all turn & seek ,jehovah _! ,god & ,david _! k+1 & %all be 9 awe ( ,jehovah & t[>ds ,8 goodness 9 ! end ( ! days4#dib ,d n let u miss ! fact t ! /ory ( ! wife's re/oration foll[s t ( ,israel's1 al?\gh ! /ory ( ! wife's unfai?fulness _h come be=e t ( ,israel's apo/asy4 ,= ?is ord] means t1 :ile ! prophet's private pa9 prec$$ 8 sympa?y ) ,god's pa91 x 0 n he :o set ,god1 b ,god :o set him1 ! example ( =giv5ess4 ,! man le>n$ ! ,god's sorr[ out ( 8 own sorr[2 b conv]sely he 0 taught to =give & r$eem 8 wife only by see+ ,god =give & r$eem ! p4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,div9e 0 sugge/$ by ! human pa92 yet ! ,div9e ,grace 0 n />t$ by any previ\s human grace1 b1 on ! contr>y1 0 itself ! prec$5t & orig9 ( ! latt]4 ,?is is 9 h>mony ) all ,hosea's tea*+4 ,god =gives because ,he is ,god & n man4#dic ,our pa9 ) ^? we love helps u to und]/& ,god's pa92 b x is n our love t leads u to believe 9 ,8 love4 ,on ! contr>y1 all human grace is b ! reflex ( ! ,div9e4 ,s ,/4 ,paul3 ,ev5 z ,*ri/ =gave y1 s also d ye4 ,s ,/4 ,john3 ,we love ,him1 & "o ano!r1 because ,he fir/ lov$ u4 ,b ?is return f ! nation to ! individual has ano!r int]e/4 ,gom]'s r$emption is n ! m]e =mal completion ( ! p>allel betwe5 h] & h] p4 ,x is1 z ! /ory says1 an impulse ( ! ,div9e ,love1 recognis$ ev5 !n 9 ,israel z seek+ ! individual4 ,he :o foll[$ ,hag> into ! wild]ness1 :o met ,jacob at ,be!l & =gat n ! slave ,joseph 9 prison1#did rememb]s also ,hosea's wife4 ,8 love is n satisfi$ ) ,8 ,nation-,bride3 ,he rememb]s ?is s+le outca/4 ,x is ! ,%eph]d leav+ ! n9ety-&-n9e 9 ! fold to seek ! "o lo/ %eep4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= ,hosea himself 8 home c\ld nev] be ! same z x 0 at ! fir/4 ,& ,i said to h]1 ,= _m days %alt ?\ abide1 z f> z ,i am conc]n$1 alone4 ,?\ %alt n play ! h>lot4 ,?\ %alt n be = a husb&3 & ,i on my side also %all be s t[>ds !e4 ,discipl9e 0 ne$$ !re2 & abroad ! nation's tr\bles call$ ! prophet to an angui% & a toil :i* left no room = ! sweet love or hope ( 8 y\?4 ,he /eps at once to 8 h>d w>f>e = 8 p2 & ?r\gh ! re/ ( 8 book we nev] aga9 he> him speak ( home1 or ( *ildr51 or ( wife4 ,s ,ar?ur pass$ f ,gu9ev]e to 8 la/ battle = 8 l&3-- ,lo6 ,i =give !e1 z ,et]nal ,god ,=gives3 d ?\ = ?9e own s\l ! re/4 ,b h[ to take la/ leave ( all ,i lov$8 99 99 99 99 99 ,i _c t\* ?y lips1 !y are n m9e2444 ,i _c take ?y h&2 t too is fle%1 ,& 9 ! fle% ?\ ha/ s9n$2 & m9e own fle%1 ,"h look+ d[n on ?9e pollut$1 cries ',i loa! !e'2 yet n less1 ,o ,gu9ev]e1 ,= ,i 0 ev] virg9 save = !e1 ,my love ?ro' fle% ha? wr\ght into my life ,s f>1 t my doom is1 ,i love !e /ill4 ,let no man dream b t ,i love !e /ill4 ,p]*ance1 & s ?\ purify ?y s\l1 ,& s ?\ lean on our fair fa!r ,*ri/1 ,h]eaft] 9 t _w :]e all are pure ,we two may meet be=e high ,god1 & ?\ ,wilt spr+ to me1 & claim me ?9e1 & "k ,i am ?9e husb&1 n a small] s\l4444 ,leave me t1 ,i *>ge !e1 my la/ hope4 ,n[ mu/ ,i h5ce1 ,?ro' ! ?ick night ,i he> ! trumpet bl[4 ,,footnotes3 #dej ii4 #bc1 ,heb4 #dea ii4 #bj1 ,heb4 #deb vi4 #c1 #d2 vii4 #h2 ix4 #aj2 xiv4 #f1 #g1 #h4 #dec vii4 #aa1 #ab2 x4 #aa2 xi4 #d1 etc4 #ded ,pregnant con/ruction1 ha? committ$ great h>lotry f aft] ,jehovah4 #dee ,^! p]sonal names d n else:]e occur4 2 4 2 ,b2 1 ,,aq4 ,!y h1 ( c\rse1 be5 int]pret$ allegorically 9 ! int]e/s ( ! !ory discuss$ bel[4 has be5 tak5 to mean completion1 & int]pret$ z v>i\s d]ivatives ( t root3 ,j]ome1 ! p]fect "o2 ,ras*i1 t fulfill$ all evil2 ,kim*i1 fulfilm5t ( puni%m5t2 ,calv91 consumptio1 & s on4 has be5 trac$ to 1 ,pl4 1 cakes ( press$ figs1 z if a "n _h be5 s\ght to connect ! woman at once ) ! idol-wor%ip & a ri* sweetness2 or to an ,arabic root1 1 to press1 z if x ref]r$ ei!r to ! plumpness ( ! body 7cf4 ,ezek4 xvi4 #g2 s ,hitzig7 or to ! woman's habits4 ,b all ^! are f>-fet*$ & va94 ,!re is no reason to suppose t ei!r ( ! two names is symbolic4 ,! alt]native 7all[$ by ! language7 naturally sugge/s itself t is ! "n ( ,gom]'s bir?place4 ,b !re is no?+ to prove ?is4 ,no su* place-"n occurs else:]e3 "o _c adduce ! ,dibla?aim 9 ,moab 7,num4 xxxiii4 #df ff42 ,j]4 xlviii4 #b74 #def ,hi/4 ,geog41 ,*ap4 ,,xviii4 #deg 1 probably #crd p]s4 s+4 fem4 ,pual 79 ,pause cf4 ,prov4 xxviii4 #ac72 lit]ally1 ,%e is n lov$ or piti$4 ,! ^w means love z pity3 su* pity z a fa!r ha? unto 8 *ildr5 de> 7,psalm ciii471 or ,god to a p5it5t man 7,psalm xxviii4 #ac74 ,! ,greek v]sions alt]nate betwe5 love & pity4 ,,lxx4 1 = :i* ! ,complut5sian has 1 ! read+ foll[$ by ,paul 7,rom4 ix1 #be3 cf4 #a ,pet] ii4 #aj74 #deh ,"h v]4 #g is to be omitt$1 z expla9$ above1 p4 #bac4 #dei ,d n belong to y2 b ! ,i am1 1 recalls ! ,i am t ,i am ( ,exodus4 #dfj ,augu/9e1 ,ambrose1 ,!odoret1 ,cyril ,alex4 & ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia4 #dfa ,x is int]e/+ to read 9 p>allel ! int]pretations ( ,mat!w ,h5ry & ,dr4 ,pusey4 ,!y are v alike1 b ! latt] has ! m delicate ta/e ( 8 age4 #dfb i4 #b4 #dfc ,! =m] is ,mat!w ,h5ry's2 ! latt] seems to be impli$ by ,pusey4 #dfd ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,prophets ( ,israel4 #dfe ,app>5tly x 0 ,w4 ,r4 ,smi?'s int]pretation :i* caus$ ,ku55 to give up ! allegorical !ory4 #dff ,two in/ances are usually quot$4 ,! "o is ,isaiah vi41 :]e mo/ are agre$ t :at ,isaiah has /at$ !re z 8 inaugural vision is n only :at happ5$ 9 ! e>lie/ mom5ts ( 8 prophetic life1 b ?is spelt out & emphasis$ by 8 exp]i5ce s9ce4 ,see ,isaiah ,i4-,,xxxix4 7,exp4 ,bible71 pp4 #eg f4 ,! o!r in/ance is ,j]emiah xxxii4 #h1 :]e ! prophet tells u t he became conv9c$ t ! ,"l spoke to him on a c]ta9 occasion only aft] a subsequ5t ev5t prov$ ?is to be ! case4 #dfg ,an ,ea/]n woman seldom weans h] *ild be=e ! end ( its second ye>4 #dfh iii4 #b4 #dfi ,f a spee* by ,john ,bright4 #dgj iv4 #ac1 #ad4 #dga ,cf4 ! spiritual use ( ! t]m1 ,isa4 lxii4 #d4 #dgb ,= pro( & exposition ( all ?is see ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 #ib ff4 #dgc ii4 #h4 #dgd ,s be/ is r5d]$ 1 es$h1 :i* means always n m]ely an affection1 lov+k9dness1 z our v]sion puts x1 b a relation loyally obs]v$4 #dge ,an expansion ( ?is w be f\nd 9 ! pres5t writ]'s ,isaiah ,,xl4-,,lxvi4 7,expositor's ,bible ,s]ies71 pp4 #cih ff4 #dgf ii4 #ac4 #dgg ii4 #e1 #ac4 #dgh ii4 #e4 #dgi ,see above1 p4 #bce4 #dhj ,! p>ticiple ,qal1 us$ by ,god ( ,himself 9 ,8 proclamations ( grace or ( puni%m5t1 has 9 ?is passage 7cf4 v]4 #af7 & else:]e 7especially 9 ,deut]onomy7 ! =ce ( an imm$iate future4 #dha ,s ,,lxx42 ,mass4 ,text1 ?y4 #dhb ,! read+ is m probable ?an 4 #dhc ,or !y made x into a ,ba'al image4 ,s ,ew41 ,hitz41 ,n[ack4 ,b ,wellhaus5 omits ! clause4 #dhd ,wellhaus5 ?9ks t up to v]4 #ad only physical calamities are meant1 b ! ( v]4 #aa1 z well z o!rs ( ! t]ms us$1 imply n ! blight+ ( crops be=e _! season1 b ! c>ry+ ( !m away 9 _! season1 :5 !y _h fully rip5$1 by invad]s4 ,! cessation ( all wor%ip po9ts to ! removal ( ! p f _! l&1 :i* is also impli$1 ( c\rse1 by ! promise t !y %all be s[n aga9 9 v]4 #bc4 #dhe ,cf4 ,isa4 xl4 #a3 :i* to ! same exil$ ,israel is ! fulfilm5t ( ! promise made by ,hosea4 ,see ,isaiah ,,xl4-,,lxvi4 7,expositor's ,bible71 pp4 #ge ff4 #dhf ,wellhaus5 calls v]4 #ah a gloss to v]4 #ai4 #dhg ,massoretic ,text1 h]4 #dhh ,x is at ?is po9t1 if at any1 t i4 #aj1 #aa1 ii4 #a 7,eng41 b ii4 #a-c ,heb47 ought to come 94 ,x w be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ev5 "h !y are sup]flu\s3 ,& ! numb] ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel %all be z ! s& ( ! sea1 :i* _c be measur$ nor c\nt$2 & x %all be 9 ! place :]e x 0 said to !m1 ,no ,p ( ,m9e are ye6 x %all be said to !m1 ,sons ( ! ,liv+ ,god6 ,& ! *ildr5 ( ,judah & ! *ildr5 ( ,israel %all be ga!r$ toge!r1 & !y %all appo9t !mselves "o head1 & %all g up f ! l&3 = great is ! day ( ,jezreel4 ,say unto y\r bro!rs1 ,my ,p1 & to y\r si/]s 7,,lxx4 si/]71 ,%e-is-,piti$4 ,on ! :ole passage see above1 p4 #bac4 #dhi ,or t is lov$ ( h] husb& ?\gh an adult]ess4 #dij ,s ,,lxx4 ,! hom] 0 eight bu%els4 ,! le!* is a measure n else:]e m5tion$4 #dia ,on ^! see above1 ,introduction1 ,*ap4 ,,iii41 p4 #ch4 #dib ,on ! text see above1 p4 #bad4 #dic xi4 #i4 #did ,z ! /ories all writt5 d[n be=e ?is _h made famili> to ,israel4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,?ick ,,night ,,( ,,israel ,,hosea iv4-xiv4 ,x 0 inde$ ?ick night into :i* ?is ,ar?ur ( ,israel /epp$ f 8 %att]$ home4 ,! mi/s drive across ,hosea's long agony ) 8 p1 & :at we see1 we see blurr$ & brok54 ,!re is /umbl+ & cla%+2 cr[ds 9 drift2 confus$ rallies2 gangs ( assass9s break+ across ! highways2 doors op5+ ^u lurid int]iors full ( drunk5 riot4 ,voices1 :i* o!r voices mock1 cry = a dawn t nev] comes4 ,god ,himself is ,laught]1 ,lightn+1 a ,lion1 a ,gnaw+ ,worm4 ,only "o cle> note breaks ov] ! confusion--! trumpet summon+ to w>4 ,take c\rage1 ,o great he>t6 ,n ?us %all x always be6 ,!re wait !e1 be=e ! end1 ( op5 ,visions at lea/ two--"o ( ,memory & "o ( ,hope1 "o ( ,*ildhood & "o ( ,spr+4 ,pa/ ?is night1 pa/ ! swamp & jungle ( ^! fetid ye>s1 ?\ %alt see ?y l& 9 h] beauty1 & ,god %all look on ! face ( ,8 ,bride4 99 99 99 99 99 ,*aps1 iv4-xiv4 are almo/ indivisible4 ,! two ,visions j m5tion$1 *aps4 xi4 & xiv4 #c-i1 may be deta*$ by virtue ( contribut+ ! only /ra9s ( gospel :i* rise victori\s above ! ,"l's controv]sy ) ,8 p & ! tr\bl$ /ory ( _! s9s4 ,all ! re/ is ! noise ( a nation fall+ to pieces1 ! crumbl+ ( a spl5did pa/4 ,& z decay has no climax & ru9 no rhy?m1 s we may und]/& :y x is impossible to divide ) any c]ta9ty ,hosea's record ( ,israel's fall4 ,"s arrangem5t we mu/ attempt1 b x is m or less artificial1 & to be und]tak5 = ! sake ( our own m9ds1 t _c grasp s great a collapse all at once4 ,*ap4 iv4 has a c]ta9 unity1 & is foll[$ by a new exordium1 b z x =ms only ! !me ( :i* ! subsequ5t *apt]s are v>iations1 we may take x ) !m z f> z *ap4 vii41 v]4 #g2 aft] :i* !re is a slight transition f ! moral signs ( ,israel's dissolution to ! political--al?\gh ,hosea /ill comb9es ! religi\s (f5ce ( idolatry ) ! an>*y ( ! l&4 ,^! =m ! *ief int]e/ to ! end ( *ap4 x4 ,!n breaks ! bright ,vision ( ! ,pa/1 *ap4 xi41 ! tempor>y victory ( ! ,gospel ( ! ,prophet ov] 8 ,curse4 ,9 *aps4 xii4-xiv4 #b we are plung$ into ! latt] once m1 & rea* 9 xiv4 #c ff4 ! second bright ,vision1 ! ,vision ( ! ,future4 ,to ea* ( ^! phases ( ,israel's ,?ick ,night--we c h>dly call !m ,sections--we may devote a *apt] ( simple exposition1 add+ ?ree *apt]s m ( detail$ exam9ation ( ! ma9 doctr9es we %all h enc\nt]$ on our way--! ,k ( ,god1 ,rep5tance1 & ! ,s9 aga9/ ,love4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,a ,,p ,,9 ,,decay3 #a4 ,,morally ,,hosea iv4-vii #g4 ,pursu+ ! plan laid d[n 9 ! la/ *apt]1 we n[ take ! section ( ,hosea's disc\rse :i* lies betwe5 *ap4 iv4 #a & *ap4 vii4 #g4 ,*ap4 iv4 is ! only really sep>able bit ( x2 b !re are also slight breaks at v4 #ae & vii4 #b4 ,s we may attempt a division into f\r p]iods3 #a4 ,*ap4 iv41 :i* /ates ,god's g5]al *>ge aga9/ ! p2 #b4 ,*ap4 v4 #a-ad1 :i* discusses ! prie/s & pr9ces2 #c4 ,*aps4 v4 #ae-vii4 #b1 :i* abjures ! p's attempts at rep5tance2 & #d4 ,*ap4 vii4 #c-g1 :i* is a lurid spectacle ( ! drunk5 & pr(ligate c\rt4 ,all ^! give symptoms ( ! moral decay ( ! p1--! family de/roy$ by impurity1 & society by !ft & murd]2 ! corruption ( ! spiritual guides ( ! p2 ! debau*]y ( ! nobles2 ! sympa?y ( ! ?rone ) evil1--) ! despair+ judgm5t t su* a p are incapable ev5 ( rep5tance4 ,! keynotes are ^!3 ,no tro?1 leal love1 nor k ( ,god 9 ! l&4 ,prie/ & ,prophet /umble4 ,ephraim & ,judah /umble4 ,i am z ! mo? to ,ephraim4 ,:at c ,i make ( !e1 ,ephraim8 ,:5 ,i w\ld heal !m1 _! guilt is only ! m expos$4 ,morally1 ,israel is rott54 ,! prophet1 ( c\rse1 _c help add+ signs ( _! political incoh]5ce4 ,b ^! he deals ) m especially 9 ! "p ( 8 disc\rse :i* foll[s *ap4 vii4 #g4 #a4 ,,! ,,"l',s ,,qu>rel ,,) ,,israel4 ,,hosea iv4 ,he> ! ^w ( ,jehovah1 sons ( ,israel6#die ,jehovah ha? a qu>rel ) ! inhabitants ( ! l&1 = !re is no tro? nor leal love nor k ( ,god 9 ! l&4 ,p]jury#dif & murd] & !ft & adult]y6#dig ,!y break out1 & blood /rikes ^u blood4 ,t /able & well-furni%$ life1 across :i*1 :ile x 0 /ill noon1 ,amos hurl$ 8 al>ms--h[ quickly x has brok5 up6 ,if !re be /ill ease 9 ,zion1 !re is no m security 9 ,sam>ia4#dih ,! great ,j]oboam is dead1 & society1 :i* 9 ! ,ea/ dep5ds s mu* on ! individual1 is loose & fall+ to pieces4 ,! s9s :i* are expos$ by ,amos 7 ^? t lurk$ b5ea? a /ill /rong gov]nm5t1 b ,hosea adds outbreaks :i* set all ord] at defiance4 ,lat] we %all f9d him describ+ h\sebreak+1 highway robb]y & assass9ation4 ,!re=e do? ! l& )]1 & e "o ( h] d5iz5s langui%e?1 ev5 to ! bea/ ( ! field & ! f[l ( ! heav52 yea1 ev5 ! fi% ( ! sea are swept up 9 ! univ]sal sickness ( man & nature3 = ,hosea feels1 l ,amos1 ! liability ( nature to ! curse ^u s94 ,yet ! guilt is n t ( ! :ole p1 b ( _! religi\s guides4 ,let none f9d fault & none upbraid1 = ,my p are b z _! prie/l+s4#dii ,o ,prie/1 ?\ ha/ /umbl$ to-day3 & /umble to-night %all ! prophet ) !e4 ,"o ord] ( ! nation's m9i/]s goes /agg]+ aft] ! o!r6 ,& ,i w de/roy ?y ,"m1 presumably ! ,nation h]self4 ,p]i%$ are ,my p = lack ( k4 ,b h[8 ,by ! s9 ( _! tea*]s4 ,because ?\1 ,o ,prie/1 ha/ reject$ k1 ,i reject !e f be+ prie/ to ,me2 & z ?\ ha/ =gott5 ! ,torah ( ?y ,god1 ,i =get ?y *ildr5#ejj--;,i on ,my side4 ,z _m z !y be1 s _m h s9n$ aga9/ ,me4 ,e jack-prie/ ( !m is culpable4 ,!y h turn$#eja _! glory into %ame4 ,!y fe$ on ! s9 ( ,my p1 & to ! guilt ( ^! lift up _! appetite6 ,! m ! p s91 ! m m]rily ?rive ! prie/s by f9es & s9-(f]+s4 ,!y live ^u ! vice ( ! day1 & h a ve/$ int]e/ 9 its crimes4 ,engli% ,langl& said ! same ?+ ( ! fri>s ( 8 "t4 ,! cont5tion is obvi\s4 ,! prie/s h giv5 !mselves :olly to ! ritual2 !y h =gott5 t _! (fice is an intellectual & moral "o4 ,we %all return to ?is :5 treat+ ( ,hosea's doctr9e ( k & its responsibilities4 ,prie/hood1 let u only rememb]1 prie/hood is an intellectual tru/4 ,?us x comes to be--l p l prie/3 !y also h fall5 "u ! ritual1 do+ f lu/ :at ! prie/s d f gre$4 ,b ,i w visit ^u !m _! ways1 & _! de$s w ,i requite to !m4 ,= !y--^? %all eat & n be satisfi$1 ^! %all play ! h>lot & h no increase1 because !y h left (f he$+ ,jehovah4 ,?is absorption 9 ritual at ! exp5se ( ! moral & intellectual elem5ts ( religion has ins5sibly l$ !m ov] into idolatry1 ) all its un*a/e & drunk5 s]vices4 ,h>lotry1 w9e & new w9e take away ! bra9s6#ejb ,! result is se5 9 ! /upidity ) :i* !y consult _! /ocks = guidance4 ,my p6 ( its bit ( wood x aske? c\nsel1 & its /aff telle? to x ! oracle6 ,= a _s ( h>lotry ha? l$ !m a/ray1 & !y h play$ ! h>lot f _! ,god4 ,^u ! headl&s ( ! hills !y sacrifice1 & on ! heights (f] inc5se1 "u oak or popl> or t]eb9?1 = ! %ade ( !m is pleasant4 ,on headl&s1 n summits1 = "h no trees gr[2 & ! alt> 0 g5]ally built "u a tree & ne> wat] on "s promontory1 f :i* ! flight ( birds or ( cl\ds might be wat*$4 ,:]e=e--because ( ?is y\r frequ5t+ ( ! hea!n %r9es--y\r daught]s play ! h>lot & y\r daught]s-9-law commit adult]y4 ,i w n come ) puni%m5t ^u y\r daught]s because !y play ! h>lot1 nor ^u y\r daught]s-9-law because !y commit adult]y4 ,:y8 ,= !y !mselves1 ! fa!rs ( ,israel--or does he /ill mean ! prie/s8--g aside ) ! h>lots & sacrifice ) ! common wom5 ( ! %r9es6 ,x is va9 = ! m5 ( a nation to practise impurity1 & fancy t nev]!less !y c keep _! womank9d *a/e4 ,s ! /upid p fall to ru96 7,?\gh ?\ play ! h>lot1 ,israel1 let n ,judah br+ guilt on h]self4 ,& come n to ,gilgal1 & g n up to ,be?-,av51 & take n y\r oa? at ! ,well-(-!-,oa?1 ,be]-,%eba1#ejc ,by ! life ( ,jehovah6 ,?is obvi\s p>5!sis may be ei!r by ,hosea or a lat] writ]2 ! latt] is m probable4#ejd7 ,yea1 l a wild heif] ,israel has gone wild4 ,h[ n[ c ,jehovah fe$ !m l a lamb 9 a broad mead[8 ,to treat ?is clause int]rogatively is ! only way to get s5se out ( x4#eje ,w$d$ to idols is ,ephraim3 leave him alone4 ,! p>ticiple means mat$ or leagu$4 ,! correspond+ n\n is us$ ( a wife z ! mate ( h] husb&#ejf & ( an idolat] z ! mate ( 8 idols4#ejg ,! expression is d\bly appropriate "h1 s9ce ,hosea us$ m>riage z ! figure ( ! relation ( a deity to 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,leave him alone--he mu/ g f bad to worse4 ,_! drunk5ness ov]1 !y take to h>lotry3 h] rul]s h fall5 9 love ) %ame1 or !y love %ame m ?an _! pride4#ejh ,b 9 spite ( all _! s]vile wor%ip ! ,assyrian tempe/ %all sweep !m away 9 its trail4 ,a w9d ha? wrapt !m up 9 h] skirts2 & !y %all be put to %ame by _! sacrifices4 ,?is br+s ! passage to su* a climax z ,amos lov$ to cr[n 8 p]iods4 ,& ! op5+ ( ! next *apt] (f]s a new exordium4 #b4 ,,prie/s ,,& ,,pr9ces ,,fail4 ,,hosea v4 #a-ad4 ,! l9e foll[$ 9 ?is p>agraph is almo/ p>allel to t ( *ap4 iv41 runn+ out to a prospect ( invasion4 ,b ! *>ge is direct$ solely aga9/ ! *iefs ( ! p1 & ! /rictures ( *ap4 vii4 #g ff4 ^u ! political folly ( ! rul]s are anticipat$4 ,he> ?is1 ,o ,prie/s1 & he>k51 ,h\se ( ,israel1 &1 ,h\se ( ! ,k+1 give e>4 ,= on y is ! s5t5ce6 ,y1 :o h hi!rto be5 ! judges1 ?is "t %all be judg$4 ,a sn>e h ye become at ,mizpeh1 & a net spread out ^u ,tabor1 & a pit h !y made deep ^u ,%ittim2#eji b ,i %all be ! sc\rge ( !m all4 ,i "k ,ephraim1 & ,israel is n hid f ,me--= n[ ha/ ?\ play$ ! h>lot1 ,ephraim1 ,israel is defil$4 ,! wor%ip on ! high places1 :e!r nom9ally ( ,jehovah or n1 0 %e] s]vice ( ,ba'alim4 ,x 0 9 ! int]e/ bo? ( ! prie/hood & ( ! rul]s to multiply ^! sanctu>ies1 b !y 7 only traps = ! p4 ,_! de$s w n let !m return to _! ,god2 = a h>lot _s is 9 _! mid/1 & ,jehovah1 = all _! oa?s by ,him1 !y h n kn[n4 ,b ! pride ( ,israel %all te/ify to 8 face2 & ,israel & ,ephraim %all /umble by _! guilt--/umble also %all ,judah ) !m4 ,by ,israel's pride _m und]/& ,god4 ,b ! t]m is us$ too opprobri\sly by ,amos to all[ u to agree to ?is4 ,! phrase mu/ mean t ,israel's arrogance1 or h] pr\d prosp]ity1 by ! w\nds :i* x feels 9 ?is "t ( national decay1 %all itself te/ify aga9/ ! p--a pr(\nd e?ical symptom to :i* we %all return :5 treat+ ( ,rep5tance4#eaj ,yet ! v]se may be r5d]$ 9 h>mony ) ! context3 ! pride ( ,israel %all be humbl$ to 8 face4 ,) _! %eep & _! cattle !y g ab\t to seek ,jehovah1 & %all n f9d ,him2 ,he ha? drawn (f f !m4 ,!y h be5 unfai?ful to ,jehovah1 = !y h begott5 /range *ildr54 ,a g5]ation has gr[n up :o are n ,84 ,n[ may a mon? dev\r !m ) _! portions6 ,any mon? may br+ ! swift invad]4 ,h>k6 ! al>um ( w>6 ,h[ x rea*es to ! back ( ! l&6 ,bl[ ! trumpet 9 ,gibeah1 ! cl>ion 9 ,ramah2 ,raise ! slogan1 ,be?-,av53 ,aft] !e1 ,b5jam96#eaa ,ephraim %all become desolation 9 ! day ( rebuke6 ,among ! tribes ( ,israel ,i h made kn[n :at is c]ta96 ,at ?is po9t1 v]4 #aj1 ! disc\rse sw]ves f ! religi\s to ! political lead]s ( ,israel2 b z ! pr9ces 7 includ$ ) ! prie/s 9 ! exordium 7v]4 #a71 we c h>dly c\nt ?is a new oracle4#eab ,! pr9ces ( ,judah are l l&m>k-remov]s--commone/ ( *eats 9 ,israel--^u !m w ,i p\r out ,my wra? l wat]4 ,ephraim is oppress$1 cru%$ is 8 "r1 = he wilfully w5t aft] vanity4#eac ,& ,i am z ! mo? to ,ephraim1 & z rott5ness to ! h\se ( ,judah4 ,bo? k+doms h begun to fall to pieces1 = by ?is "t ,uzziah ( ,judah also is dead1 & ! weak politicians are 9 *>ge :om ,isaiah satiris$4 ,& ,ephraim saw 8 sickness1 & ,judah 8 sore2 & ,ephraim w5t to ,as%ur &#ead s5t to ,k+ ,j>eb--,k+ ,combative1 ,k+ ,pick-,qu>rel1#eae a nickname = ! ,assyrian mon>*4 ,! v]se probably ref]s to ! tribute :i* ,m5ahem s5t to ,assyria 9 #gch4 ,if s1 !n ,israel has drift$ full five ye>s into h] ?ick night4 ,b ,he _c heal y1 nor dry up y\r sore4 ,= ,i1 ,myself1 am l a lion to ,ephraim1 & l a "y lion to ! h\se ( ,judah4 ,i1 ,i r5d & g ,my way2 ,i c>ry (f & !re is none to deliv]4 ,x is ! same tru? :i* ,isaiah express$ ) ev5 great] grimness4#eaf ,god ,himself is ,8 p's sore2 & n all _! /atecraft nor alliances may heal :at ,he inflicts4 ,prie/s & ,pr9ces1 !n1 h alike fail$4 ,a great] failure is to foll[4 #c4 ,,rep5tance ,,fails4 ,,hosea v4 #ae-vii4 #b4 ,see+ t _! lead]s are s helpless1 & feel+ _! w\nds1 ! p may !mselves turn to ,god = heal+1 b t w be ) a rep5tance s %all[ z also to be futile4 ,!y h no conviction ( s91 nor appreciation ( h[ deeply _! evils h eat54 ,?is too facile rep5tance is express$ 9 a pray] :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* has p>aphras$ into "o ( its mo/ beautiful hymns ( conv]sion4 ,yet ! introduction to ?is pray]1 & its own easy assurance ( h[ soon ,god w heal ! w\nds ,he has made1 z well z ! impati5ce ) :i* ,god receives x1 oblige u to take ! pray] 9 ano!r s5se ?an ! hymn :i* has be5 d]iv$ f x4#eag ,x (f]s b "o m symptom ( ! optimism ( ?is light-he>t$ p1 :om no discipl9e & no judgm5t c impress ) ! reality ( _! incurable decay4 ,!y said ( !mselves1 ,! bricks are fall51 let u build ) /ones1#eah & n[ !y say j z easily & airily ( _! ,god1 ,he ha? torn only t ,he may heal3 we are fall51 b ,he w raise u up aga9 9 a day or two4 ,at fir/ x is /ill ,god :o speaks4 ,i am go+ ,my way1 ,i am return+ to ,my own place1#eai until !y feel _! guilt & seek ,my face4 ,:5 tr\ble comes ^u !m1 !y w soon en\gh seek ,me1 say+3#ebj-- ,come & let u return to ,jehovah3 ,= ,he ha? r5t1 t ,he may heal u1 ,& ha? w\nd$1#eba t ,he may b9d u up4 ,he w br+ u to life 9 a c\ple ( days2 ,on ! ?ird day ,he w raise u up aga91 ,t we may live 9 ,8 pres5ce4 ,let u "k1 let u foll[ up#ebb to "k1 ,jehovah2 ,z soon z we seek ,him1 we %all f9d ,him4#ebc ,& ,he %all come to u l ! w9t]-ra91 ,l ! spr+-ra91 p\r+ on ! l&6 ,b h[ is ?is fair pray] receiv$ by ,god8 ,) incr$ulity1 ) impati5ce4 ,:at c ,i make ( !e1 ,ephraim8 :at c ,i make ( !e1 ,judah8 s9ce y\r love is l ! morn+ cl\d & l ! dew s e>ly gone4 ,_! %all[ he>ts ne$ deep5+4 ,h !y n be5 deep5$ en\gh8 ,:]e=e ,i h hewn !m by ! prophets1 ,i h sla9 !m by ! words ( ,my m\?1 & ,my judgm5t goe? =? l ! lightn+4#ebd ,= leal love h ,i desir$1 & n sacrifice2 & ! k ( ,god m ?an burnt-(f]+s4 ,t ! disc\rse comes back to ! ritual is v intelligible4 ,= :at c\ld make rep5tance seem s easy z ! belief t =giv5ess c be won by simply (f]+ sacrifices8 ,!n ! prophet leaps ^u :at ea* new ye> ( t an>*y reveal$ afre%--! pr(\nd s9fulness ( ! p4 ,b !y 9 human fa%ion#ebe h transgress$ ! cov5ant6 ,!re--he w n[ po9t out ! v spots--h !y betray$#ebf ,me6 ,gilead is a city ( evildo]s3 /amp$ ) bloody footpr9ts2 assass9s#ebg 9 troops2 a gang ( prie/s murd] on ! way to ,%e*em4 ,yea1 crime#ebh h !y done4 ,9 ! h\se ( ,israel ,i h se5 horrors3 !re ,ephraim ha? play$ ! h>lot3 ,israel is defil$--,judah z well4#ebi ,truly ! s9fulness ( ,israel is endless4 ,e ef=t to r$eem !m only discov]s m ( x4 ,:5 ,i w\ld turn1 :5 ,i w\ld heal ,israel1 !n ! guilt ( ,ephraim displays itself & ! evils ( ,sam>ia1 ^! namely3 t !y "w fraud1 & ! ?ief come? 9--evid5tly a te*nical t]m = h\sebreak+#ecj--:ile abroad a crew ( highwaym5 =ay4 ,& !y nev] ?9k 9 _! he>ts t all _! evil is record$ by ,me4 ,n[ h _! de$s encompass$ !m3 !y are con/antly be=e ,me4 ,evid5tly real rep5tance on ! "p ( su* a p is impossible4 ,z ,hosea said be=e1 ,_! de$s w n let !m return4#eca #d4 ,,wick$ness ,,9 ,,high ,,places4 ,,hosea vii4 #c-g4 ,!re foll[s n[ a v difficult passage4 ,! text is corrupt1 & we h no means ( det]m9+ :at precise ev5ts are int5d$4 ,! drift ( mean+1 h[ev]1 is evid5t4 ,! disord] & lic5ti\sness ( ! p are fav\r$ 9 high places2 ! ?rone itself is guilty4 ,) _! evil !y make a k+ glad1 & pr9ces ) _! falsehoods3 all ( !m are adult]]s1 l an ov5 heat$ by ! bak]1444#ecb ,on ! day ( our k+--"s coronation or k+'s bir?day--! pr9ces 7 sick ) fev] f w9e4 ,he /ret*$ =? 8 h& ) loose fell[s1#ecc presumably made !m 8 associates4 ,l an ov5 h !y made#ecd _! he>ts ) _! intrigu+4#ece ,all night _! ang] sleepe?3#ecf 9 ! morn+ x blazes l a flame ( fire4 ,all ( !m gl[ l an ov51 & dev\r _! rul]s3 all _! k+s h fall51 )\t "o ( !m call+ on ,me4 ,an obscure passage ^u obscure ev5ts2 yet s lurid ) ! passion ( t fev]$ p 9 ! flagrant ye>s #gdc-gce t we c make out ! k9d ( crimes describ$4 ,a k+ surr\nd$ by loose & unscrupul\s nobles3 adult]y1 drunk5ness1 conspiracies1 assass9ations3 e man /rik+ = himself2 none appeal+ to ,god4 ,f ! c\rt1 !n1 d[nw>ds1 by pr9ces1 prie/s & prophets1 to ! common fa!rs ( ,israel & _! h\seholds1 immorality prevails4 ,!re is no r$eem+ feature1 & no hope ( bett] ?+s4 ,= rep5tance itself ! capacity is gone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 mak+ s ?or\gh an indictm5t ( ! moral condition ( ,israel1 x w\ld h be5 impossible = ,hosea n to speak also ( ! political /upidity & re/lessness :i* result$ f x4 ,b he has l>gely res]v$ ^! = t "p ( 8 disc\rse :i* n[ foll[s1 & :i* we w take 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,footnotes3 #die =mally introduces ! *>ge4 #dif ,lit4 swe>+ & falsehood4 #dig ,n9?1 six?1 eigh? & sev5? ( ! ,decalogue4 #dih ,amos vi4 #a4 #dii iv4 #d4 ,accord+ to ! excell5t em5dation ( ,beck 7quot$ by ,wns*e1 p4 #adb71 :o in/ead ( proposes 1 = ! fir/ ^w ( :i* !re is support 9 ! ,,lxx4 4 ,! second ^w1 1 is us$ = prie/ only 9 a bad s5se by ,hosea himself1 x4 #e1 & 9 #b ,k+s xxiii4 #e ( ! calf-wor%ip & 9 ,ze*4 i4 #d ( ! ,baal prie/hood4 ,z ,wellhaus5 rem>ks1 ?is em5dation re/ores s5se to a passage t _h none be=e4 ,v]4 #d _c be direct$ aga9/ ! p1 b mu/ r furni% ! connection = v]4 #e1 & effect ! transf]5ce f ! repro( ( ! p 7vv4 #a-c7 to ! repro( ( ! prie/s 7#e ff474 ,! lett]s :i* are left ov] 9 v]4 #d by ! em5dation are !n ju/ly improv$ by ,wellhaus5 7foll[+ ,zunz7 into ! vocative & tak5 ) ! foll[+ v]se4 #ejj ,! application seems to sw]ve "h4 ,?y *ildr5 w\ld seem to imply t1 = ?is clause at lea/1 ! :ole p1 & n ! prie/s only1 7 address$4 ,b ,rob]tson ,smi? takes ?y "m z equival5t1 n to ! nation1 b to ! prie/hood4 #eja ,a read+ curr5t among ,jewi% writ]s & adopt$ by ,geig]1 ,urs*rift1 #caf4 #ejb ,heb4 ! he>t1 :i* anci5t ,israel conceiv$ z ! seat ( ! intellect4 #ejc ,wellhaus5 ?9ks ?is ?ird place-"n 7cf4 ,amos v4 #e7 has be5 dropp$4 ,x c]ta9ly seems to be und]/ood4 #ejd ,b see above1 p4 #bbd4 #eje ,s all critics s9ce ,hitzig4 #ejf ,mal4 ii4 #d4 #ejg ,isa4 xliv4 #aa4 #ejh ,! v]se is v unc]ta94 ,,lxx4 read a diff]5t & a full] text f ,ephraim 9 ! previ\s v]se to h>lotry 9 ?is3 ,ephraim ha? set up = himself /umbl+-blocks & *os5 ,canaanites4 ,9 ! fir/ ( alt]nate read+s ( ! latt] half ( ! v]se omit z probably a repetition ( ! end ( ! prec$+ ^w2 ! second alt]native is adapt$ f ,,lxx41 :i* = mu/ h read 4 #eji ,s by slightly alt]+ ! consonants4 ,b ! text is unc]ta94 #eaj ,note on ! ,pride ( ,israel4-- means gr&eur1 & is 7#a7 s us$ ( ,jehovah's maje/y 7,micah v4 #c2 ,isa4 ii4 #aj1 #ai1 #ba2 xxiv4 #ad71 & 7#b7 ( ! greatness ( human p[]s 7,ze*4 x4 #aa2 ,ezek4 xxxii4 #ab74 ,9 ,psalm xlvii4 #e x is p>allel to ! l& ( ,israel 7cf4 ,nahum ii4 #c74 7#c7 ,9 a gross] s5se ! ^w is us$ ( ! rank vegetation ( ,jordan 7,eng4 wrongly swell+7 7,j]4 xii4 #e2 ,ze*4 xi4 #c3 cf4 ,job xxxviii4 #aa74 ,x w\ld appe> to be ?is gross] s5se ( rankness1 arrogance1 9 :i* ,amos vi4 #h takes x z p>allel to ! palaces ( ,israel :i* ,jehovah loa!s & w de/roy4 ,9 ,amos viii4 #g ! phrase may be us$ 9 scorn2 yet "s take x ev5 !re ( ,god ,himself 7,buhl1 la/ ed4 ( ,ges5ius' ,lexicon74 ,n[ 9 ,hosea x occurs twice 9 ! phrase giv5 above-- 7v4 #e1 vii4 #aj74 ,,lxx41 ,t>gum & "s ,jewi% exegetes take z a v]b1 to be humbl$1 & ?is suits bo? contexts4 ,b ! ^w to 8 face almo/ compels u to take z a v]b1 to witness aga9/ 7cf4 ,job xvi4 #h2 ,j]4 xiv4 #g74 ,h5ce ,wellhaus5 r5d]s ,) 8 arrogance ,israel witnesse? aga9/ himself1 & confirms ! pla9t ( ,jehovah--! arrogance be+ ! tru/ 9 ! ritual & ! feel+ ( no ne$ to turn f t & rep5t 7cf4 vii4 #aj74 ,orelli quotes ,amos vi4 #h & ,nahum ii4 #c1 & says inju/ice cleaves to all ,israel's spl5d\r1 s x te/ifies aga9/ him4 ,b ! context1 :i* 9 bo? cases speaks ( ,israel's gradual decay1 dem&s r ! int]pretation t ,israel's mat]ial gr&eur %[s unmi/akable signs ( break+ d[n4 ,= ! e?ical developm5t ( ?is int]pretation1 see bel[1 pp4 #ccg f4 #eaa ,probably ! anci5t w>-cry ( ! clan4 ,cf4 ,judg4 v4 #ad4 #eab ,yet v]4 #i goes ) v]4 #h 7s ,wellhaus571 & n ) v]4 #aj 7s ,ewald74 #eac ,= read 4 #ead ,wellhaus5 ins]ts ,judah1 ) t desire to complete a p>allel :i* seems to me to be ov]done by s _m critics4 ,if ,judah be ins]t$ we %\ld ne$ to br+ ! date ( ^! v]ses d[n to ! reign ( ,ahaz 9 #gcd4 #eae ,gu!3 ,k+ ,fight+-,cock4 #eaf ,see ,isaiah ,i4-,,xxxix4 7,expositor's ,bible71 pp4 #bdb ff4 #eag ,*eyne inde$ 7,introduction to ,rob]tson ,smi?'s ,prophets ( ,israel7 takes ! pray] to be g5u9e1 b an intrusion4 ,8 reasons d n p]suade me4 ,b at lea/ x is cle> t !re is a want ( connection betwe5 ! pray] & :at foll[s x1 unless ! pray] be und]/ood 9 ! s5se expla9$ above4 #eah ,isaiah ix4 #aj4 #eai ,cf4 ,isaiah xviii4 #d4 #ebj ,say+3 s ! ,,lxx4 adds & !reby connects *ap4 v4 ) *ap4 vi4 #eba ,read 4 #ebb ,lit]ally hunt1 pursue4 ,x is ! same ^w z is us$ ( ! unfai?ful ,israel's pursuit ( ! ,ba'alim1 *ap4 ii4 #i4 #ebc ,s by a re>rangem5t ( consonants 7 7 & ! help ( ! ,,lxx4 7 7 ,giesebre*t 7,beitrge1 p4 #bjh7 proposes to read ! clause1 :i* 9 ! traditional text runs1 l ! morn ,8 go+ =? %all be c]ta94 #ebd ,read 4 #ebe ,or l ,adam1 or 7,gu!7 l ! hea!n4 #ebf ,! v]b means to prove false to any contract1 b especially m>riage4 #ebg ,read 4 #ebh ,9 sev]al passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ! ^w means un*a/ity4 #ebi ,"h ! ,,lxx4 close *ap4 vi41 tak+ #aa b along ) *ap4 vii4 ,"s ?9k ! :ole ( v]4 #aa to be a ,judan gloss4 #ecj ,cf4 ,joel ii4 #i1 & ! ,new ,te/am5t phrase to come z a ?ief4 #eca v4 #d4 #ecb ,! text is uns\nd4 ,heb43 l an ov5 k9dl$ by ! bak]1 ! /irr] 7/ok] or knead]87 re/e? f knead+ ! d\gh until x be leav5$4 ,,lxx43 --i4e4 = !y read 4 ,oort em5ds ,heb4 to 1 :i* gets rid ( ! difficulty ( a fem99e p>ticiple ) 4 ,wellhaus5 omits :ole clause z a gloss on v]4 #f4 ,b if !re be a gloss x prop]ly comm5ces ) 4 #ecc ,,lxx4 88 #ecd ,,lxx4 k9dl$1 4 ,s ,voll]s1 ,z4,a4,t4,w41 ,,iii4 #bej4 #ece ,lit4 lurk+4 #ecf ,massoretic ,text ) diff]5t v[els reads _! bak]4 ,,lxx4 6 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,a ,,p ,,9 ,,decay3 ,,ii4 ,,politically ,,hosea vii4 #h-x4 ,moral decay means political decay4 ,s9s l ^! are ! gangr5e ( nations4 ,x is "p ( ,hosea's greatness to h trac$ ?is1 a pro( ( t v]satility :i* di/+ui%es him above o!r prophets4 ,! mo/ spiritual ( !m all1 he is at ! same "t ! mo/ political4 ,we owe him an analysis ( rep5tance to :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t has little to add2#ecg b he has also left u a criticism ( society & ( politics 9 ,israel1 unrivall$ except by ,isaiah4 ,we owe him an intellectual conception ( ,god1#ech :i* = ! fir/ "t 9 ,israel explod$ idolatry2 yet he also is ! fir/ to def9e ,israel's position 9 ! politics ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,) ! simple c\rage ( consci5ce ,amos _h said to ! p3 ,y are bad1 !re=e y mu/ p]i%4 ,b ,hosea's is ! insight to foll[ ! processes by :i* s9 br+s =? dea?--to trace1 = in/ance1 ! effects ( impurity ^u a nation's p[]s ( reproduction1 z well z ^u its intellectual vig\r4 ,s intimate are ^! two faculties ( ,hosea1 t 9 *apt]s devot$ *iefly to ! s9s ( ,israel we h already se5 him expose ! political disa/]s t foll[4 ,b f ! po9t we h n[ rea*$--*ap4 vii4 #h--! proportion ( 8 prophesy+ is rev]s$3 he gives u less ( ! s9 & m ( ! social decay & political folly ( 8 age4 ,i4 ,,! ,,confusion ,,( ,,! ,,nation4 ,,hosea vii4 #h-viii4 #c4 ,hosea beg9s by summ+ up ! public aspect ( ,israel 9 two epigrams1 %ort b ( m>vell\s adequacy 7vii4 #h73-- ,ephraim--among ! nations he mixe? himself3 ,ephraim has become a cake n turn$4 ,x is a great crisis = any nation to pass f ! seclusion ( its y\? & become a factor 9 ! ma9 hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,b = ,israel ! crisis 0 trebly great4 ,_! diff]5ce f all o!r tribes ab\t !m _h /ruck ! ,canaanites on _! fir/ entry to ! l&3#eci _! own e>lie/ writ]s _h emphasis$ _! seclusion z _! /r5g?2#edj & _! fir/ prophets consi/5tly deprecat$ e ov]ture made by !m ei!r to ,egypt or to ,assyria4 ,we feel ! =ce ( ! prophets' policy :5 we rememb] :at happ5$ to ! ,phili/9es4 ,^! 7 a p z /rong & z di/9ctive z ,israel1 ) :om at "o "t !y disput$ possession ( ! :ole l&4 ,b _! position z trad]s 9 ! ma9 l9e ( traffic betwe5 ,asia & ,africa r5d]$ ! ,phili/9es peculi>ly op5 to =eign influ5ce4 ,!y 7 n[ ,egyptian vassals1 n[ ,assyrian victims2 & aft] ! invasion ( ,alex&] ! ,great _! cities became c5tres ( ,hell5ism1 :ile ! ,jews ^u _! seclud$ hills /ill /ubbornly held unmix$ _! race & _! religion4 ,?is contra/1 s rem>kably develop$ 9 lat] c5turies1 has ju/ifi$ ! prophets ( ! eigh? 9 _! anxiety t ,israel %\ld n annul ! advantages ( h] geographical seclusion by trade or treaties ) ! ,g5tiles4 ,b x 0 easi] = ,juda to take he$ to ! w>n+ ?an = ,ephraim4 ,! latt] lies z op5 & f]tile z h] si/]-prov9ce is b>r5 & alo(4 ,%e has _m gates into ! _w1 & !y op5 ^u _m m>kets4 ,nobl] opportunities !re c\ld n be = a nation 9 ! maturity ( its g5ius & loyal to its vocation3-- ,rejoice1 ,o ,zebulun1 9 ?9e outgo+s3 ,!y %all call ! nations to ! m\nta92 ,!y %all suck ( ! abundance ( ! seas1 ,& ( ! treasure t is /or$ 9 ! s&s4#eda ,b 9 ! "t ( 8 outgo+s ,ephraim 0 n sure ( himself nor true to 8 ,god1 ! "o secret & /r5g? ( ! national di/9ctiv5ess4 ,s he met ! _w weak & un=m$1 &1 in/ead ( impress+ x1 0 by x dissipat$ & confus$4 ,! tides ( a lavi% comm]ce scatt]$ abroad ! faculties ( ! p1 & swept back ^u _! life ali5 fa%ions & temp]s1 to subdue :i* !re 0 nei!r native /r5g? nor def9it5ess ( national purpose4 ,all ?is is :at ,hosea means by ! fir/ ( 8 epigrams3 ,ephraim--among ! nations he lets himself be p\r$ out1 or mix$ up4 ,! =m ( ! v]b does n else:]e occur2 b x is reflexive1 & ! mean+ ( ! root is c]ta94 ,balal is to p\r out1 or m+le1 z ( oil 9 ! sacrificial fl\r4 ,yet x is sometimes us$ ( a mix+ :i* is n sacr$1 b pr(ane & hopeless4 ,x is appli$ to ! fir/ great confusion ( mank9d1 to :i* a popul> etymology has trac$ ! "n ,babel1 z if = ,balbel4 ,d]ivatives ( ! /em be> ! additional ideas ( /a9+ & impurity4 ,! alt]native r5d]+s :i* h be5 propos$1 lets himself be soak$ & scatt]s himself abroad l :eat among t>es1 are n s probable1 yet h>dly *ange ! mean+4#edb ,ephraim wa/es & confuses himself among ! ,g5tiles4 ,! nation's "* is s disguis$ t ,hosea aft]w>ds nicknames him ,canaan2#edc _! religion s fill$ ) =eign influ5ces t he calls ! p ! h>lot ( ! ,ba'alim4 ,if ! fir/ ( ,hosea's epigrams satirises ,israel's =eign relations1 ! second1 ) equal brevity & wit1 hits (f ! temp] & con/itution ( society at home4 ,= ! metaphor ( :i* ?is epigram is compos$ ,hosea has gone to ! bak]4 ,among all classes 9 ! ,ea/1 especially "u conditions requir+ ha/e1 !re is 9 dem& a r\nd flat scone1 :i* is bak$ by be+ laid on hot /ones or atta*$ to ! wall ( a heat$ ov54 ,! :ole art ( bak+ consi/s 9 turn+ ! scone ov] at ! prop] mom5t4 ,if ?is be mismanag$1 x does n ne$ a bak] to tell u t "o side may be burnt to a c9d]1 :ile ! o!r rema9s raw4 ,ephraim1 says ,hosea1 is an unturn$ cake4 ,by ?is he may mean "o ( sev]al ?+s1 or all ( !m toge!r1 = !y are infecti\s ( ea* o!r4 ,!re 01 = in/ance1 ! social condition ( ! p4 ,:at c bett] be describ$ z an unturn$ scone ?an a community "o half ( ^: numb] are too ri*1 & ! o!r too poor8 ,or ,hosea may ref] to t unequal di/ribution ( religion ?r\gh life ) :i* 9 o!r p>ts ( 8 prophecy he reproa*es ,israel4 ,!y keep _! religion1 z ,amos m fully tells u1 = _! temples1 & neglect to c>ry its _s into _! daily bus9ess4 ,or he may ref] to ,israel's politics1 :i* 7 equally 9 want ( ?or\ghness4 ,!y ru%$ hotly at an ent]prise1 b hav+ exp5d$ s mu* fire 9 ! beg9n+ ( x1 !y let ! end drop cold & dead4 ,or he may wi% to satirise1 l ,amos1 ,israel's imp]fect culture--! pret5ti\s & ov]done arts1 /uck excresc5ce-wise ^u ! unref9$ bulk ( ! nation1 j z 9 _m ,g]man pr9cipalities la/ c5tury society took on a few ,fr5* fa%ions 9 r\gh & exagg]at$ =ms1 :ile at he>t /ill brutal & co>se4 ,hosea may mean any "o ( ^! ?+s1 = ! figure suits all1 & all spr+ f ! same defect4 ,want ( ?or\ghness & equable ef=t 0 ,israel's besett+ s91 & x told on all sides ( 8 life4 ,h[ bett] describe a half-f$ p1 a half-cultur$ society1 a half-liv$ religion1 a half-he>t$ policy1 ?an by a half-bak$ scone8 ,we :o are s pr\d ( our political bak]s1 we :o scorn ! rapid revolutions ( our neighb\rs & complac5tly dwell ^u our equable ov5s1 ^? sl[ & cauti\s c5turies ( political developm5t :i* lie beh9d u--h we any?+ bett] ?an our neighb\rs1 any?+ bett] ?an ,israel1 to %[ 9 our civilisation8 ,hosea's epigram fits u to ! lett]4 ,aft] all ^? ages ( bak+1 society is /ill ) u an unturn$ scone3 "o end ( ! nation ) ! /r5g? burnt out ( x by too mu* enjoym5t ( life1 ! o!r ) n en\gh ( w>m? to be quick5$ into any?+ l adequate vitality4 ,no man c d5y t ?is is s2 we are able to live only by %utt+ our he>ts to ! fact4 ,or is religion equably di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! lives ( ! religi\s portion ( our nation8 ,( late ye>s religion has spread1 & spread wond]fully1 b ( h[ _m ,*ri/ians is x /ill true t !y are b half-bak$--liv+ a life "o side ( :i* is reek+ ) ! smoke ( sacrifice1 :ile ! o!r is nev] w>m$ by "o religi\s ?\ght4 ,we may h too mu* religion if we conf9e x to "o day or "o dep>tm5t ( life3 our wor%ip ov]done1 ) ! sap & ! fre%ness burnt out ( x1 c9d]y1 du/y1 unattractive1 fit only = crumbl+2 our conduct cold1 damp & heavy1 l d\gh ! fire has nev] rea*$4 ,^u ! !me ( ^! two epigrams ! o!r v]ses ( ?is *apt] are v>iations4 ,has ,ephraim mix$ himself among ! peoples8 ,/rang]s h dev\r$ 8 /r5g?1 & he kn[e? x n1 s5selessly congratulat+ himself ^u ! increase ( 8 trade & weal?1 :ile he does n feel t ^! h suck$ f him all 8 di/9ctive virtue4 ,yea1 grey hairs are spr9kl$ ^u him1 & he kn[e? x n4 ,he makes 8 en]gy ! measure ( 8 life1 z ,isaiah also m>k$1#edd b sees n t x all means wa/e & decay4 ,! pride ( ,israel te/ifie? to 8 face1 yet--ev5 :5 ! pride ( ! nation is t\*$ to ! quick by su* humiliat+ ov]tures z !y make to bo? ,assyria & ,egypt#ede--!y d n return to ,jehovah _! ,god1 nor seek ,him = all ?is4 ,) virtue & s+le-he>t$ fai? h disappe>$ intellect & ! capacity = affairs4 ,ephraim is become l a silly dove--a dove )\t he>t1 to ! ,hebrews ! organ ( ! wits ( a man--!y cry to ,egypt1 !y g (f to ,assyria4 ,poor pigeon ( a p1 flutt]+ f "o refuge to ano!r6 ,b z !y g ,i w ?r[ ov] !m ,my net1 l a bird ( ! air ,i w br+ !m d[n4 ,i w puni% !m z _! congregation h he>d--?is text z x /&s#edf c only mean 9 ! mann] ,i h publicly proclaim$ 9 ,israel4 ,woe to !m t !y h /ray$ f ,me6 ,damnation to !m t !y h rebell$ aga9/ ,me6 ,:ile ,i w\ld h r$eem$ !m1 !y spoke lies ab\t ,me4 ,& !y h nev] cri$ unto ,me ) _! he>t1 b !y keep h[l+ on _! b$s = corn & new w9e4 ,no real rep5tance !irs1 b "s fe> ( dr\ght & misc>riage ( ! h>ve/s1 a s5sual & s]vile sorr[ 9 :i* !y wall[4 ,!y seek ,god ) no he>t1 no true appreciation ( :at ,he is1 b use ! s5seless means by :i* ! hea!n invoke _! gods3 !y cut !mselves1#edg & s apo/atise f ,me6 ,& yet x 0 ,i :o discipl9$ !m1 ,i /r5g!n$ _! arm1 b ) reg>d to ,me !y kept ?9k+ only evil6 ,s fickle & s5sitive to fe>1 !y turn inde$1 b n upw>ds2 no ,godw>d conv]sion !irs4 ,9 _! rep5tance !y are l a b[ :i* sw]ves--(f ^u "s impulse ( _! ill-balanc$ natures4 ,_! pr9ces mu/ fall by ! sword because ( ! bitt]ness--we %\ld h expect$ fals5ess--( _! tongue3 ?is is _! scorn 9 ! l& ( ,egypt6 ,to ! allusion we h no key4 ,) s false a p no?+ c be done4 ,_! doom is inevitable4 ,s ,cry havoc & let slip ! dogs ( w>4 ,to ?y m\? ) ! trumpet6 ,! ,eagle is d[n ^u ! h\se ( ,jehovah6#edh ,:]e ! c>case is1 !re are ! eagles ga!r$ toge!r4 ,=--to sum up ! :ole crisis--!y h transgress$ ,my cov5ant1 & aga9/ ,my law h !y rebell$4 ,to ,me !y cry1 ,my ,god1 we "k ,!e1 we ,israel6 ,:at does x matt]8 ,israel ha? spurn$ ! good3#edi ! ,foe mu/ pursue him4 ,x is ! same climax ( inevitable w> to :i* ,amos l$ up 8 p]iods2 & a new subject is n[ introduc$4 #b4 ,,artificial ,,k+s ,,& ,,artificial ,,gods4 ,,hosea viii4 #d-ac4 ,! curse ( su* a /ate ( dissipation z t to :i* ,israel _h fall5 is t x produces no m54 ,_h ! p _h 9 !m ! root ( ! matt]1 _h !re be5 ! /alk & ! fibre ( a national consci\sness & purpose1 x w\ld h blossom$ to a man4 ,9 ! simil> "t ( h] outgo+s ^u ! _w ,prussia _h h] ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 & ,israel1 too1 w\ld h produc$ a lead]1 a heav5-s5t k+1 if ! national _s _h n be5 squ&]$ on =eign trade & fa%ions4 ,b aft] ! dea? ( ,j]oboam e man :o rose to em95ce 9 ,israel1 rose1 n on ! nation1 b only on ! fev]$ & transi5t impulse ( "s faction2 & ?r\gh ! brok5 ye>s "o p>ty mon>* 0 lift$ aft] ano!r to ! brief t5ancy ( a blood-/a9$ ?rone4 ,!y 7 n f ,god1 ^! mon>*s2 b man-made1 & soon] or lat] man-murd]$4 ,) 8 %>p insight ,hosea lik5s ^! artificial k+s to ! artificial gods1 also ! "w ( m5's h&s2 & till ne> ! close ( 8 book ! idols ( ! sanctu>y & ! puppets ( ! ?rone =m ! tw9 t>gets ( 8 scorn4 ,!y h made k+s1 b n f ,me2 !y h made pr9ces1 b ,i knew n4 ,) _! silv] & _! gold !y h manufactur$ !mselves idols1 only t !y#eej may be cut (f--k+ aft] k+1 idol ^u idol4 ,he loa!s ?y ,calf1 ,o ,sam>ia1 ! ?+ ( wood & gold :i* ?\ calle/ ,jehovah4 ,& ,god confirms ?is4 ,k9dl$ is ,m9e ang] aga9/ !m6 ,h[ long w !y be incapable ( innoc5ce8--unable to cle> !mselves ( guilt6 ,! idol is /ill 9 8 m9d4 ,= f ,israel is x also--z mu* z ! puppet-k+s2 a workman made x1 & no god is x4 ,yea1 spl9t]s %all ! ,calf ( ,sam>ia become4#eea ,spl9t]s %all ev]y?+ 9 ,israel become4 ,= !y s[ ! w9d1 & ! :irlw9d %all !y reap4 ,inde$ l a /orm ,hosea's own language n[ sweeps along2 & 8 metaphors are torn into %r$s ^u x4 ,/alk x ha? none3 ! spr\t br+s =? no gra93 if x 7 to br+ =?1 /rang]s w\ld swall[ x4#eeb ,nay1 ,israel ha? let h]self be swall[$ up6 ,already are !y become among ! nations l a vessel !re is no m use =4 ,hea!n empires h suck$ !m dry4 ,!y h gone up to ,assyria l a runaway wild-ass4 ,ephraim ha? hir$ lov]s4#eec ,x is aga9 ! note ( _! mad dissipation among ! =eign]s4 ,b if !y ?us give !mselves away among ! nations1 ,i mu/ ga!r !m 91 & !n %all !y h to cease a little f ! ano9t+ ( a k+ & pr9ces4#eed ,?is wilful roam+ ( !irs among ! =eign]s %all be foll[$ by compulsory exile1 & all _! unholy artificial politics %all cease4 ,! disc\rse turns to ! o!r t>get4 ,= ,ephraim ha? multipli$ alt>s--to s92 alt>s are 8 own--to s94 ,7 ,i to write = him by myriads ,my laws1#eee z ^? ( a /rang] w\ld !y be acc\nt$4 ,!y slay burnt-(f]+s = ,me & eat fle%4#eef ,jehovah ha? no delight 9 !m4 ,n[ mu/ ,he rememb] _! guilt & make visitation ^u _! s94 ,!y--to ,egypt--%all return4444#eeg ,back to _! anci5t s]vitude mu/ !y g1 z =m]ly ,he said ,he w\ld )draw !m to ! wild]ness4#eeh #c4 ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,exile4 ,,hosea ix4 #a-i4 ,hosea n[ turns to describe ! effects ( exile ^u ! social & religi\s habits ( ! p4 ,x mu/ break up at once ! joy & ! sacr$ness ( _! lives4 ,e pleasure w be remov$1 e ta/e (f5d$4 ,inde$1 ev5 n[1 ) _! consci5ce ( hav+ des]t$ ,jehovah1 !y _c pret5d to enjoy ! fea/s ( ! ,ba'alim 9 ! same he>ty way z ! hea!n ) :om !y mix4 ,b1 :e!r or no1 ! "t is ne> :5 nature-fea/s & all o!r religi\s c]emonies--all t makes life glad & regul> & solemn--%all be impossible4 ,rejoice n1 ,o ,israel1 to ! pit* ( rapture l ! hea!n1 = ?\ ha/ play$ ! h>lot f ?y ,god2 a h>lot's hire ha/ ?\ lov$ on all ?re%+-floors4#eei ,?re%+-floor & w9e-vat %all ignore#efj !m1 & ! new w9e %all play !m false4 ,!y %all n abide 9 ! l& ( ,jehovah1 b ,ephraim %all return to ,egypt1 & 9 ,assyria !y %all eat :at is unclean4 ,!y %all n p\r libations to ,jehovah1 nor prep>e#efa = ,him _! sacrifices4 ,l ! bread ( sorr[s %all _! bread#efb be2 all t eat ( x %all be defil$3 yea1 _! bread %all be only = _! appetite2 !y %all n br+ x#efc to ! temple ( ,jehovah4 ,he _c be wor%ipp$ (f ,8 own l&4 ,!y w h to live l animals1 divorc$ f religion1 unable to hold communion ) _! ,god4 ,:at %all ye d = days#efd ( fe/ival1 or = a day ( pilgrimage to ,jehovah8 ,= lo1 !y %all be gone =? f de/ruction1#efe ! %ock & invasion ( _! l&1 only t ,egypt may ga!r !m 91 ,memphis give !m sepulture1 nettles inh]it _! jewels ( silv]1 ?orns come up 9 _! t5ts4 ,! ?reat ( exile /ill wav]s betwe5 ,assyria & ,egypt4 ,& 9 ,egypt ,memphis is *os5 z ! de/9$ grave ( ,israel2 = ev5 !n h] ,pyramids & mausoleums 7 anci5t & r5[n$1 h] vaults & sepul*res 7 c\ntless & spaci\s4 ,b :at ne$ is !re to seek ! future = ,israel's doom1 :5 already ?is is be+ fulfill$ by ! corruption ( h] spiritual lead]s8 ,! days ( visitation h come1 h come ! days ( requital4 ,israel already exp]i5ces#eff !m6 ,a fool is ! prophet1 rav+ mad ! man ( ! _s4 ,! old ec/asy ( ,saul's day has become delirium & fanaticism4#efg ,:y8 ,= ! mass ( ?y guilt & ! multipli$ trea*]y6 ,ephraim acts ! spy ) my ,god4 ,!re is probably a play on ! "n1 = ) ! mean+ a wat*man = ,god x is else:]e us$ z an hon\rable title ( ! prophets4 ,! prophet is a f[l]'s sn>e ^u all 8 ways4 ,trea*]y--!y h made x pr(\nd 9 ! v h\se ( _! ,god4#efh ,!y h done corruptly1 z 9 ! days ( ,gibeah4 ,_! iniquity is rememb]$2 visitation is made on _! s94 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! !n 7 ! symptoms ( ! pr(\nd political decay :i* foll[$ on ,israel's immorality4 ,! national _s & unity ( ! p _h disappe>$4 ,society--half ( x 0 raw1 half ( x 0 bak$ to a c9d]4 ,! nation1 brok5 into factions1 produc$ no man to lead1 no k+ ) ! /amp ( ,god ^u him4 ,an>*y prevail$2 mon>*s 7 made & murd]$4 ,!re 0 no pre/ige abroad1 no?+ b contempt among ! ,g5tiles = a p :om !y _h exhau/$4 ,judgm5t 0 inevitable by exile--nay1 x _h come already 9 ! corruption ( ! spiritual lead]s ( ! nation4 ,hosea n[ turns to probe a deep] corruption /ill4 #d4 ,,! ,,corruption ,,t ,,is ,,?r\gh ,,lu/4 ,,hosea ix4 #aj-ag3 cf4 iv4 #aa-ad4 ,^? :o at ! pres5t "t are en=c+ among u ! revival ( a ,paganism--)\t ! ,pagan consci5ce--& exalt+ lic5ti\sness to ! level ( an art1 =get h[ frequ5tly ! human race has attempt$ _! exp]im5t1 ) f> m s9c]ity ?an !y !mselves c put into x1 & h[ inv>iably ! result has be5 record$ by hi/ory to be we>9ess1 decay & dea?4 ,on ?is occasion we h ! /ory told to u by "o :o to ! exp]i5ce ( ! /atesman adds ! vision ( ! poet4 ,! g5]ation to :i* ,hosea belong$ practis$ a p]iodical un*a/ity "u ! alleg$ sanctions ( nature & religion4 ,&1 al?\gh _! prophet told !m t--l our own apo/ates f ,*ri/ianity--!y c\ld nev] d s ) ! ab&on ( ! ,pagans1 = !y c>ri$ )9 !m ! consci5ce & ! memory ( a high] fai?1 x appe>s t ev5 ! fa!rs ( ,israel resort$ op5ly & )\t %ame to ! lic5ti\s rites ( ! sanctu>ies4 ,9 an e>li] passage ( 8 book ,hosea insi/s t all ?is mu/ impair ! p's intellect4 ,h>lotry takes away ! bra9s4#efi ,he has %[n also h[ x confuses ! family1 & has expos$ ! old delusion t m5 may be impure & keep _! womank9d *a/e4#egj ,b n[ he diagnoses ano!r ( ! inevitable results ( ?is s94 ,aft] trac+ ! s91 & ! !ory ( life :i* p]mitt$ x1 to _! hi/orical beg9n+s at ! entry ( ! p into ,canaan1 he describes h[ ! long practice ( x1 no matt] h[ pret5ti\s its sanctions1 inevitably leads n only to ext]m9at+ /rifes1 b to ! decay ( ! vig\r ( ! nation1 to b>r5ness & a dim9i%+ population4 ,l grapes 9 ! wild]ness ,i f\nd ,israel1 l ! fir/ fruit on a fig-tree 9 h] fir/ season ,i saw y\r fa!rs4 ,s _h ! lu/y nation appe>$ to ,god 9 its y\?2 9 t dry wild]ness all ! sap & promise ( spr+ 7 9 its eyes1 because x 0 /ill pure4 ,b !y--!y came to ,ba'al-,peor--! fir/ ( ! %r9es ( ,canaan :i* !y t\*$--& d$icat$ !mselves to ! ,%ame1 & became z abom9able z ! object ( _! love4 ,ephraim--! ,fruitful "n is emphasis$--_! glory is fl[n away l a bird4 ,no m bir?1 no m mo!rhood1 no m conception6#ega ,bla/$ is ,ephraim1 )]$ ! root ( !m1 fruit !y produce n3 yea1 ev5 :5 !y beget *ildr5 ,i slay ! d>l+s ( _! womb4 ,yea1 ?\gh !y br+ up _! sons ,i b]eave !m1 till !y are poor 9 m54 ,yea1 woe ^u !mselves also1 :5 ,i look away f !m6 ,ephraim--aga9 ! ,fruitful "n is dragg$ to ! front--= prey1 z ,i h se51 are 8 sons de/9$4#egb ,ephraim--he mu/ lead 8 sons to ! slaught]4 ,& ! prophet int]rupts ) 8 *orus3 ,give !m1 ,o ,,"l--:at wilt ,?\ give !m8 ,give !m a misc>ry+ womb & brea/s t are dry6 ,all _! mis*ief is 9 ,gilgal--aga9 ! ,div9e voice /rikes ! connection betwe5 ! national wor%ip & ! national s9--yea1 !re d ,i hate !m3 = ! evil ( _! do+s f ,my h\se ,i w drive !m4 ,i w love !m no m3 all _! nobles are rebels4#egc ,& aga9 ! prophet responds3 ,my ,god w ca/ !m away1 = !y h n he>k5$ to ,him1 & !y %all be vagabonds among ! nations4 ,"s ( ! w>n+s :i* ,hosea en=ces ) reg>d to ?is s9 h be5 in/9ctively felt by mank9d s9ce ! beg9n+s ( civilisation1 & are f\nd express$ among ! prov]bs ( ne>ly all ! languages4#egd ,b ,i am unaw>e ( any e>li] morali/ 9 any lit]ature :o trac$ ! effects ( national lic5ti\sness 9 a dim9i%+ population1 or :o expos$ ! p]si/5t delusion ( lib]t9e m5 t !y !mselves may resort to vice1 yet keep _! womank9d *a/e4 ,hosea1 s f> z we "k1 0 ! fir/ to d ?is4 ,hi/ory 9 _m p]iods has confirm$ ! ju/ice ( 8 obs]vations1 & by "o /rong voice aft] ano!r en=c$ 8 t]rible w>n+s4 ,! exp]i5ce ( anci5t ,p]sia & ,egypt2 ! languor ( ! ,greek cities2 ! deep we>9ess & sat$ lu/ :i* 9 ,imp]ial ,rome made human life a hell2 ! decay :i* ov]took ,italy aft] ! r5asc5ce ( ,paganism )\t ! ,pagan virtues2 ! /rife & an>*y t h r5t e c\rt :]e1 z 9 ! case ( ,h5ri ,quatre1 ! k+ set ! example ( lib]t9age2 ! incompet5ce1 ! poltroon]y1 ! trea*]y1 t h corrupt$ e camp :]e1 z 9 ,fr5* ,metz 9 #ahgj1 soldi]s & (fic]s gave way s op5ly to vice2 ! *ecks suff]$ by mod]n civilisation 9 face ( b>b>ism because its pione]s m+l$ 9 vice ) ! savage races !y 7 subdu+2 ! numb] ( great /atesm5 fall+ by _! passion1 & 9 _! fall fru/rat+ ! hopes ( nations2 ! great families worn out by indulg5ce2 ! homes brok5 up by infidelities2 ! ta9t+ ( ! blood ( a new g5]ation by ! poison\s practices ( ! old1--h n all ^! ?+s be5 9 e age1 & d !y n /ill happ5 ne> en\gh to ourselves to give u a great fe> ( ! s9 :i* causes !m all8 ,alas6 h[ sl[ m5 are to li/5 & to lay to he>t6 ,is x possible t we c gild by ! names ( frivolity & piquancy habits ! wages ( :i* are dea?8 ,is x possible t we c enjoy com$ies :i* make su* ?+s _! je/8 ,we h among u _m :o f9d _! bus9ess 9 ! !atre1 or 9 "s ( ! p]iodical lit]ature ( our "t1 9 writ+ & speak+ & exhibit+ z closely z !y d>e to limits ( public dec5cy4 ,:5 w !y le>n t x is n ^u ! easy edge ( m]e conv5tions t !y are cap]+1 b ^u ! br9k ( ^? et]nal laws ^: fur!r side is dea? & hell--t x is n ! tol]ance ( _! fell[-m5 !y are te/+1 b ! pati5ce ( ,god ,himself8 ,z = ^? l\d few :o claim lic5ce 9 ! "n ( art & lit]ature1 let u n %r9k f !m z if !y 7 /rong or _! high words true4 ,!y are n /rong1 !y are only reckless2 _! claims are lies4 ,all hi/ory1 ! poets & ! prophets1 :e!r ,*ri/ian or ,pagan1 are aga9/ !m4 ,!y are traitors alike to art1 to love1 & to e o!r high int]e/ ( mank9d4 ,x may be said t a l>ge "p ( ! art ( ! day1 :i* takes great lic5ce 9 deal+ ) ^! subjects1 is ex]cis$ only by ! ambition to expose t ru9 & decay :i* ,hosea himself affirms4 ,?is is true4 ,"s ( ! able/ & mo/ popul> writ]s ( our "t h pictur$ ! facts1 :i* ,hosea describes1 ) s vivid a realism t we _c b judge !m to be inspir$ to confirm 8 anci5t w>n+s1 & to excite a disgu/ ( vice 9 a g5]ation :i* o!rwise treats vice s lightly4 ,b if s1 _! m9i/ry is exce$+ n>r[1 & x is by _! side t we be/ e/imate ! greatness ( ! anci5t prophet4 ,_! transcript ( human life may be true to ! facts x selects1 b we f9d 9 x no trace ( facts :i* are great] & m ess5tial to humanity4 ,!y h no?+ to tell u ( =giv5ess & rep5tance1 & yet ^! are z real z ! ?+s !y describe4 ,_! pessimism is unreliev$4 ,!y see ! corruption t is 9 ! _w ?r\gh lu/2 !y =get t !re is an escape f x4#ege ,x is ,hosea's greatness t1 :ile he felt ! vices ( 8 day ) all ne$$ ?or\ghness & realism1 he yet nev] all[$ !m to be inevitable or ultimate1 b prea*$ rep5tance & p>don1 ) ! possibility ( hol9ess ev5 = 8 deprav$ g5]ation4 ,x is ! littl5ess ( ! ,art ( our day t ^! great facts are =gott5 by h]1 ?\gh once %e 0 _! int]pret] to m54 ,:5 %e rememb]s !m ! greatness ( h] pa/ w return4 #e4 ,,once ,,m3 ,,puppet-,,k+s ,,& ,,puppet-,,gods4 ,,hosea x4 ,= ano!r section1 ! t5? *apt]1 ! prophet returns to ! tw9 t>gets ( 8 scorn3 ! idols & ! puppet-k+s4 ,b few notes are ne$$4 ,obs]ve ! reit]at$ connection betwe5 ! f]tility ( ! l& & ! idolatry ( ! p4 ,a wanton v9e is ,israel2 he lavi%es 8 fruit3#egf ! m 8 fruit1 ! m he made 8 alt>s2 ! goodli] 8 l&1 ! m goodly he made 8 maebo?1 or sacr$ pill>s4 ,false is ! he>t ( !m3 n[ mu/ !y atone = x4 ,he %all break ! neck ( _! alt>s2 ,he %all ru9 _! pill>s4 ,= already !y are say+1 ,no k+ h we1 = we h n fe>$ ,jehovah1 & ! k+--:at c\ld he d = u8 ,speak+#egg ( words1 swe>+ ( false oa?s1 mak+ ( b>ga9s--till law#egh breaks out l we$s 9 ! furr[s ( ! field4 ,= ! ,calf ( ,be?-,av5 ! inhabitants#egi ( ,sam>ia %all be anxi\s3 yea1 m\rn = him %all 8 p1 & 8 prie/l+s %all wri! = him--= 8 glory t x is bani%$ f him4 ,9 ^! days ( heavy tribute %all ! gold ( ! gold5 calf be safe8 ,yea1 himself %all !y pack#ehj to ,assyria2 he %all be (f]$ z tribute to ,k+ ,pick-,qu>rel4#eha ,ephraim %all take disgrace1 & ,israel be a%am$ because ( 8 c\nsel4#ehb ,undone ,sam>ia6 ,h] k+ l a *ip#ehc on ! face ( ! wat]s6 ,?is may ref] to "o ( ! revolutions 9 :i* ! k+ 0 murd]$4 ,b x seems m appropriate to ! f9al cata/rophe ( #gbd-a3 ! fall ( ! k+dom1 & ! k+'s bani%m5t to ,assyria4 ,if ! latt]1 ! v]se has be5 ins]t$2 b ! foll[+ v]se w\ld lead u to take ^! disa/]s z /ill future4 ,& ! high places ( idolatry %all be de/roy$1 ! s9 ( ,israel2 ?orn & ?i/le %all come up on _! alt>s4 ,& !y %all say to ! m\nta9s1 ,cov] u1 & to ! hills1 ,fall on u4 ,x _c be too (t5 repeat$3 ^! h&made gods1 ^! *ips ( k+s1 %all be swept away toge!r4 ,once m ! prophet returns to ! anci5t orig9s ( ,israel's pres5t s9s1 & once m to _! %irk+ ( ! discipl9e necess>y = spiritual results1 b only t he may lead up z be=e to ! inevitable doom4 ,f#ehd ! days ( ,gibeah ?\ ha/ s9n$1 ,o ,israel4 ,!re h !y rema9$--nev] progress$ beyond _! position !re--& ?is )\t w> ov]tak+ !m 9 ,gibeah aga9/ ! da/>ds4#ehe ,z soon z ,i please1 ,i c *a/ise !m1 & peoples %all be ga!r$ aga9/ !m 9 *a/isem5t = _! d\ble s94 ,?is c sc>cely be1 z "s sugge/1 ! two calves at ,be!l & ,dan4 ,m probably x is /ill ! idols & ! man-made k+s4 ,n[ he returns to ! ambition ( ! p = spiritual results )\t a spiritual discipl9e4 ,& ,ephraim is a brok5-9 heif]1 t love? to ?re%4#ehf ,b ,i h come on h] fair neck4 ,i w yoke ,ephraim2 ,judah mu/ pl\gh2 ,jacob mu/ h>r[ = himself4 ,x is all v well = ! unmuzzl$ bea/#ehg to love ! ?re%+1 b h>d] & unrew>d$ lab\rs ( pl\gh+ & h>r[+ h to come be=e ! floor be heap$ ) %eaves4 ,israel mu/ n expect religi\s fe/ival )\t religi\s discipl9e4 ,s[ = y\rselves righte\sness2 !n %all ye reap ! fruit ( ,god's leal love4#ehh ,break up y\r fall[ gr\nd1 = x is "t to seek ,jehovah1 till ,he come & %[] salvation#ehi ^u y4#eij ,ye h pl\gh$ wick$ness2 disa/] h ye reap$3 ye h eat5 ! fruit ( falsehood2 = ?\ did/ tru/ 9 ?y *>iots1#eia 9 ! multitude ( ?y w>riors4 ,= ! tumult ( w> %all arise among ?y tribes1#eib & all ?y f5c$ cities %all be ru9$1 z ,salman beat to ru9 ,be?-,arbel#eic 9 ! day ( w>3 ! "m %all be brok5 on ! *ildr5--presumably ! l& %all fall ) ! fall+ ( h] cities4 ,?us %all ,i d to y1 ,o h\se ( ,israel1#eid because ( ! evil ( y\r evil3 soon %all ! k+ ( ,israel be undone--undone4 ,! political decay ( ,israel1 !n1 s deeply figur$ 9 all ^! *apt]s1 mu/ end 9 utt] collapse4 ,let u sum up ! gradual features ( ?is decay3 ! sub/ance ( ! p scatt]$ abroad2 ! national _s dissipat$2 ! national pre/ige humbl$2 ! k+s m]e puppets2 ! prophets corrupt$2 ! national vig\r sapp$ by impurity2 ! idolatry consci\s ( its impot5ce4 ,,footnotes3 #ecg ,see bel[1 ,*ap4 ,,xxii4 #ech ,see ,*ap4 ,,xxi4 #eci ,numb4 xxiii4 #i b2 ,jo%4 ii4 #h4 #edj ,deut4 xxxiii4 #bg4 #eda ,deut4 xxxiii4 #ah1 #ai4 #edb f 4 ,9 ,phn4 seems to h be5 us$ z 9 ,israel ( ! sacrificial m+l+ ( oil & fl\r 7cf4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ,semites1 ,i4 #bjc72 9 ,arabic ball is to weak5 a /rong liquid ) wat]1 :ile balbal is to be confus$1 disord]$4 ,! ,syriac balal is to mix4 ,"s h tak5 ,hosea's z if f 7,isa4 xxx4 #bd2 ,job vi4 #e71 usually und]/ood z a mix$ crop ( :eat & inf]ior vegetables = fodd]2 b !re is reason to believe means r fre% corn4 ,! d]ivation f to gr[ old1 does n seem probable4 #edc xii4 #h4 #edd ix4 #i f4 #ede ,see above1 p4 #bfa1 & bel[1 p4 #ccg4 #edf ,b ! read+ is v d\btful4 #edg ,= read 4 #edh ,wellhaus5's objection to ! fir/ clause1 t "o does n set a trumpet to "o's gums1 :i* lit]ally means1 is beside ! m>k4 is m ?an once us$ ( ! m\? z a :ole 7,job viii4 #g2 ,prov4 v4 #c74 ,! second clause gives ! reason ( ! trumpet1 ! al>um trumpet1 9 ! fir/4 ,read 7s also ,wellhaus574 #edi ,cf4 ,amos3 ,seek ,me ,seek ! good2 & ,jesus3 ,n e "o t sai? unto ,me1 ,"l1 ,"l2 b he t doe? ! w ( ,my ,fa!r 9 heav54 #eej ,s ,,lxx41 b ,hebrew x4 #eea ,davidson's ,syntax1 #acf1 ,rem4 #a1 & #ga1 ,rom4 #d4 #eeb ,s by ! acc5ts runs ! v]se1 b1 z ,wellhaus5 has po9t$ out1 bo? its s5se & its assonance are bett] express$ by ano!r arrangem5t3 ,ha? x gr[n up8 !n x ha? no %oot1 nor br+e? =? fruit4 n lo ema*1 b'li ya'aseh qema*4 ,yet to ?is !re is a grammatical ob/acle4 #eec ,wellhaus5's read+ to ,egypt ) love gifts sc>cely suits ! v]b g up4 ,notice ! play ^u ,p7h7ere'1 wild-ass & ,ephra'm4 #eed ,s ,,lxx4 reads4 ,heb43 !y %all involve !mselves ) tribute to ! k+ ( pr9ces1 presumably ! ,assyrian mon>*4 #eee ,s ,,lxx4 #eef ,text obscure4 #eeg ,,lxx4 addition "h is pla9ly borr[$ f ix4 #c4 ,= ! reasons = omitt+ v]4 #ad see above1 p4 #bbc4 #eeh ii4 #af4 #eei ,on ?is v]se see m p>ticul>ly bel[1 pp4 #cdj ff4 #efj ,s ,,lxx4 #efa ,read 4 ,cf4 ) ! :ole passage iii4 #d f4 #efb = 4 #efc 4 #efd ,plural3 s ,,lxx4 #efe ,o!rs read !y are gone to ,assyria4 #eff ,lit]ally kn[s4 ,see bel[1 p4 #cba1 n4 #i4 #efg ,see above1 p4 #bh4 #efh ,s1 aft] ! ,,lxx41 by tak+ ) ?is v]se1 #h1 in/ead ( ) v]4 #i4 #efi iv4 #ab4 #egj iv4 #ac1 #ad4 #ega ,"h1 betwe5 vv4 #aa & #ab1 ,wellhaus5 ) ju/ice proposes to ins]t v]4 #af4 #egb ,s ,wellhaus51 aft] ,,lxx42 probably correct4 #egc ,s we may attempt to e*o ! play on ! words4 #egd ,cf41 e4g41 ! ,prov]bs ( ,ptah-,hotep ! ,egyptian1 circa #bejj ,b4,c4 ,!re is no prud5ce 9 tak+ "p 9 x1 & ?\s&s ( m5 de/roy !mselves 9 ord] to enjoy a mom5t1 brief z a dream1 :ile !y ga9 dea? s z to "k x4 ,x is a villa9\s 444 t ( a man :o excites himself 7872 if he goes on to c>ry x out1 8 m9d ab&ons him4 ,= z = him :o is )\t repugnance = su* an act1 !re is no good s5se at all 9 him4--,f ! translation 9 ,records ( ! ,pa/1 ,second ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #bd4 #ege #b ,pet] i4 #egf ,d\btful4 ,! ,heb4 text gives an inappropriate if n impossible clause1 ev5 if be tak5 f a root 1 to set or produce 7,b>?1 ,etym4 ,/ud41 #ff74 ,,lxx43 7,a4,q4 71 h] ! v9e's fruit fl\ri%+4 ,"s p>allel is requir$ to ( ! fir/ clause2 & x is possible t x may h be5 f a root or 1 correspond+ to ,arabic s1 to w&] 9 ! s5se ( scatt]+ or be+ scatt]$4 #egg ,aft] ,,lxx4 #egh ,d\btful4 ,lawsuits8 #egi ,calf1 inhabitants--s ,,lxx4 #ehj ,,lxx4 supplies4 #eha ,see above1 p4 #bfc4 #ehb ,v unc]ta94 ,wellhaus5 reads f 8 idol1 4 #ehc 3 comp>e ,arabic qf1 to break2 b !re is also ! assonant ,arabic qb1 re$4 ,! ,rabbis translate foam3 cf4 ! o!r mean+ ( --outbreak ( ang]1 :i* sugge/s bubble4 #ehd ,ros5mll]3 m ?an 94 ,^! days are evid5tly n ! beg9n+ ( ! k+%ip "u ,saul 7s ,wellhaus571 = ) t ,hosea has no qu>rel1 b ei!r ! idolatry ( ,micah 7,judg4 xvii4 #c ff471 or m probably ! crime ( ,b5jam9 7,judg4 xix4 #bb74 #ehe ,obscure2 text corrupt1 & 9 next v]se unc]ta94 #ehf ,= ! t5se ( ! v]se bo? p>ticiples are surely ne$$4 ,wellhaus5 ?9ks two r$undant4 #ehg ,deut4 xxv4 #d2 #a ,cor4 ix4 #i2 #a ,tim4 v4 #ah4 #ehh ,,lxx43 fruit ( life4 #ehi surely 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we f9d x 9 ,isa4 xl4 ff4 ,,lxx43 ! fruits ( righte\sness %all be y\rs4 #eij ,we %all return to ?is passage 9 deal+ ) ,rep5tance2 see p4 #cde4 #eia ,s ,,lxx4 ,wellhaus5 suspects au!nticity ( ! :ole clause4 #eib ,wellhaus5 proposes to read = 1 b !re is no ne$4 #eic ,see above1 p4 #baf1 n4 #e4 #eid ,s ,,lxx4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,fa!rhood ,,& ,,humanity ,,( ,,god ,,hosea xi4 ,f ! ?ick jungle ( ,hosea's travail1 ! elev5? *apt] breaks l a high & op5 m\nd4 ,! prophet enjoys ! fir/ ( 8 two cle> visions--t ( ! ,pa/4#eie ,judgm5t cont9ues to desc5d4 ,israel's ,sun is ne> 8 sett+1 b be=e he s9ks-- ,a l+]+ light he fondly ?r[s ,on ! de> hills1 :5ce fir/ he rose4 ,across ^! confus$ & vici\s ye>s1 ?r\gh :i* he has pa9fully made 8 way1 ,hosea sees ! t5d]ness & ! romance ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( 8 p4 ,& al?\gh he mu/ /rike ! old despair+ note--t1 by ! ins9c]ity ( ! pres5t g5]ation1 all ! anci5t guidance ( _! ,god mu/ end 9 ?is6--yet = "s mom5ts ! bless$ memory %9es by itself1 & ,god's m]cy appe>s to triumph ov] ,israel's +ratitude4 ,surely _! sun w n set2 ,love mu/ prevail4 ,to :i* assurance a lat] voice f ! ,exile has add$1 9 v]ses #aj & #aa1 a confirmation suitable to its own circum/ances4 ,:5 ,israel 0 a *ild1 !n ,i lov$ him1 ,& f ,egypt ,i call$ him to be ,my son4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ,israel 0 a romance4 ,?9k ( x hi/orically4 ,be=e ! ,mo/ ,high !re spread an array ( k+doms & peoples4 ,at _! head 7 ?ree /rong pr9ces--sons inde$ ( ,god1 if all ! h]itage ( ! pa/1 ! p[] ( ! pres5t & ! promise ( ! future be tok5s4 ,egypt1 wrapt 9 ! ri* & jewell$ web ( c5turies1 bask$ by ,nile & ,pyramid1 all ! wond] ( ! _w's art 9 8 dreamy eyes4 ,opposite him ,assyria1 ) b>] b m massive limbs1 /ood erect ^u 8 highl&s1 grasp+ 9 8 sword ! promise ( ! _w's p[]4 ,betwe5 ! two1 & us+ bo? ( !m1 yet ) 8 eyes we/w>d on an empire ( :i* nei!r dream$1 ! ,phnician on 8 sea-coa/ built 8 /oreh\ses & sp$ 8 navies1 ! promise ( ! _w's weal?4 ,x mu/ ev] rema9 ! supreme romance ( hi/ory1 t ! true son ( ,god1 be>] ( ,8 love & righte\sness to all mank9d1 %\ld be f\nd1 n only outside ?is p[]ful tr9ity1 b 9 ! puny & despis$ captive ( "o ( !m--9 a p t 0 n a /ate1 t _h n a c\ntry1 t 0 )\t a hi/ory1 &1 if appe>ances be true1 0 z yet devoid ( ev5 ! rudim5ts ( civilisation--a *ild p & a slave4 ,t 0 ! ,romance1 & ,hosea gives u ! ,grace :i* made x4 ,:5 ,israel 0 a *ild1 !n ,i lov$ him4 ,! v]b is a di/9ct impulse3 ,i began1 ,i le>n$1 to love him4 ,god's eyes1 t pass$ unhe$+ ! adult pr9ces ( ! _w1 fell ^u ?is little slave boy1 & ,he lov$ him & gave him a c>e]3 f ,egypt ,i call$ him to be ,my son4 ,n[1 hi/orically1 x 0 ! p]suasion ( ?is :i* made ,israel4 ,all _! di/9ctiv5ess & "*1 _! progress f a level ) o!r nomadic tribes to ! rank ( ! greate/ religi\s tea*]s ( humanity1 />t$ f ! memory ( ^! two facts--t ,god lov$ !m1 & t ,god call$ !m4 ,?is 0 an unfail+ consci5ce--! obligation t !y 7 n _! own1 ! irresi/ible motive to rep5tance ev5 9 _! utmo/ backslid+1 ! unqu5*able hope ( a de/9y 9 _! dire/ days ( defeat & scatt]+4 ,"s1 ( c\rse1 may cavil at ! n>r[1 national scale on :i* su* a belief 0 held1 b let !m rememb] t x 0 held 9 tru/ = all mank9d4 ,to sn>l t ,israel felt ?is son%ip to ,god only = !mselves1 is to =get t x is !y :o h p]suad$ humanity t ?is is ! only k9d ( son%ip wor? claim+4 ,almo/ e o!r nation ( antiquity imag9$ a filial relation to ! deity1 b x 0 ei!r ?r\gh "s fabul\s physical desc5t1 & !n (t5 conf9$ only to k+s & h]oes1 or by "s my/ical m+l+ ( ! ,div9e ) ! human1 :i* 0 j z gross & s5su\s4 ,israel alone def9$ ! connection z a hi/orical & a moral "o4 ,! sons ( ,god are begott5 n ( blood1 nor ( ! w ( ! fle%1 nor ( ! w ( man1 b ( ,god4#eif ,son%ip to ,god is some?+ n physical1 b moral & hi/orical1 into :i* m5 are c>ri$ by a supreme awak5+ to ! ,div9e love & au?ority4 ,israel1 x is true1 felt ?is only 9 a g5]al way = ! nation z a :ole2#eig b _! conception ( x embrac$ j ^? moral cont5ts :i* =m ! glory ( ,*ri/'s doctr9e ( ! ,div9e son%ip ( ! individual4 ,! belief t ,god is our ,fa!r does n come to u ) our c>nal bir?--except 9 possibility3 ! p]suasion ( x is n conf]r$ by our baptism except 9 s f> z t is ,*ri/'s own seal to ! fact t ,god ,almighty loves u & has m>k$ u = ,8 own4 ,to u son%ip is a becom+1 n a be+--! awak5+ ( our adult m9ds into ! surprise ( a ,fa!r's undes]v$ m]cy1 into ! con/ra9t ( ,8 au?ority & ! assurance ( ! de/9y ,he has laid up = u4 ,x is conf]r$ by love1 & confirm$ by duty4 ,nei!r has p[] br\ght x1 nor wisdom1 nor weal?1 b x has come solely ) ! wond] ( ! k t ,god loves u1 & has always lov$ u1 z well z 9 ! s5se1 imm$iately foll[+1 ( a true vocation to s]ve ,him4 ,son%ip :i* is less ?an ?is is no son%ip at all4 ,b s mu* z ?is is possible to e man ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,8 con/ant message is t ! ,fa!r loves e "o ( u1 & t if we "k#eih t love1 we are ,god's sons inde$4 ,to !m :o feel x1 adoption into ! numb] & privileges ( ! sons ( ,god comes ) ! amazem5t & ! romance :i* glorifi$ ,god's *oice ( ! *ild-slave ,israel4 ,behold1 !y cry1 :at mann] ( love ! ,fa!r ha? be/[$ ^u u1 t we %\ld be call$ ! sons ( ,god4#eii ,b we _c be lov$ by ,god & left :]e we are4 ,beyond ! grace !re lies ! long discipl9e & de/9y4 ,we are call$ f s]vitude to fre$om1 f ! _w to ,god--ea* ( u to run a c\rse1 & d a "w1 :i* c be done by no "o else4 ,t ,israel did n p]ceive ?is 0 ,god's sore sorr[ ) !m4 ,! m ,i#fjj call$ to !m1 ! f>!r !y w5t f ,me4#fja ,!y to ! ,ba'alim kept sacrific+1 & to images (f]+ inc5se4 ,b ,god p]sev]$ ) grace1 & ! /ory is at fir/ cont9u$ 9 ! figure ( ,fa!rhood ) :i* x comm5c$2 !n x *anges to ! metaphor ( a humane man's goodness to 8 bea/s4 ,yet ,i taught ,ephraim to walk1 hold+ !m on ,m9e arms1#fjb b !y knew n t ,i heal$ !m--presumably :5 !y fell & hurt !mselves4 ,) ! cords ( a man ,i w\ld draw !m1 ) b&s ( love2 & ,i 0 to !m z ^? :o lift up ! yoke on _! jaws1 & g5tly w\ld ,i give !m to eat4#fjc ,x is ! picture ( a team ( bullocks1 9 *>ge ( a k9d driv]4 ,israel are no long] ! wanton "y cattle ( ! previ\s *apt]1 :i* ne$ ! yoke firmly fa/5$ on _! neck1#fjd b a team ( toil+ ox5 m\nt+ "s /eep road4 ,!re is no use n[ = ! r\gh ropes1 by :i* frisky animals are kept to _! "w2 b ! driv]1 com+ to 8 bea/s' heads1 by ! g5tle t\* ( 8 h& at _! m\?s & by words ( sympa?y draws !m aft] him4 ,i drew !m ) cords ( a man1 & ) b&s ( love4 ,yet !re is ! yoke1 & x w\ld seem t c]ta9 =ms ( ?is1 :5 bea/s 7 work+ upw>ds1 z we %\ld say aga9/ ! coll>1 press$ & rubb$ ^u !m1 s t ! humane driv]1 :5 he came to _! heads1 eas$ ! yoke ) 8 h&s4 ,i 0 z !y t take ! yoke (f _! jaws2#fje & !n1 :5 !y got to ! top ( ! hill1 he w\ld re/ & fe$ !m4 ,t is ! picture1 & h[ev] unc]ta9 we may feel z to "s ( its details1 x is obvi\sly a passage--,ewald says ! e>lie/ ( all passages--9 :i* human means precisely ! same z love4 ,x ought to be tak5 along ) t o!r passage 9 ! great ,prophecy ( ! ,exile1 :]e ,god is describ$ z ,he t l$ !m ?r\gh ! deep1 z an horse 9 ! wild]ness1 t !y %\ld n /umble3 z a bea/ goe? d[n into ! valley1 ! ,_s ( ! ,"l gave him re/4#fjf ,?us !n ! figure ( ! fa!rl9ess ( ,god *anges into t ( ,8 g5tl5ess or humanity4 ,d n let u ?9k t !re is "h ei!r any desc5t ( ! poetry or want ( connection betwe5 ! two figures4 ,! *ange is true1 n only to ,israel's1 b to our own exp]i5ce4 ,m5 are all ei!r ! eag] *ildr5 ( happy1 irresponsible days1 or ! b\nd51 plodd+ draught-cattle ( life's s]i\s burd5s & *>ges4 ,hosea's d\ble figure reflects human life 9 its :ole range4 ,:i* ( u has n kn[n ?is fa!rl9ess ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 ex]cis$ ^u u1 z ^u ,israel1 ?r\gh\t our ye>s ( c>elessness & disreg>d8 ,x 0 ,god ,himself :o taught & tra9$ u !n2-- ,:5 ?r\gh ! slipp]y pa?s ( y\? ,) he$less /eps ,i ran1 ,?9e arm unse5 convey$ me safe1 ,& l$ me up to man4 ,^? spe$y recov]ies f ! blund]s ( e>ly wilfulness1 ^? r$emptions f ! s9s ( y\?--happy 7 we if we knew t x 0 ,he :o heal$ u4 ,b !re comes a "t :5 m5 pass f lead+-/r+s to h>ness--:5 we feel fai? less & duty m--:5 our "w t\*es u m closely ?an our ,god4 ,dea? mu/ be a /range trans=m] ( ! _s1 yet surely n m /range ?an life1 :i* out ( ! eag] buoyant *ild makes 9 "t ! sl[ automaton ( duty4 ,x is su* a /age :i* ! f\r? ( ^! v]ses suits1 :5 we look up1 n s mu* = ! fa!rl9ess z = ! g5tl5ess & humanity ( our ,god4 ,a man has a my/ic p[] ( a v wond]ful k9d ^u ! animals ov] :om he is plac$4 ,on any ( ^! w9try roads ( ours we may see x1 :5 a k9d c>t] gets d[n at a hill1 &1 ?r[+ ! re9s on 8 bea/'s back1 w come to its head & t\* x ) 8 b>e h&s1 & speak to x z if x 7 8 fell[2 till ! deep eyes fill ) light1 & out ( ^! ?+s1 s mu* weak] ?an itself1 a t\*1 a glance1 a ^w1 !re w come to x new /r5g? to pull ! /r&$ waggon onw>d4 ,! man is z a god to ! bea/1 com+ d[n to help x1 & x almo/ makes ! bea/ human t he does s4 ,n o!rwise does ,hosea feel ! help :i* ,god gives ,8 own on ! we>y hills ( life4 ,we ne$ n discipl9e1 = our "w is discipl9e en\gh1 & ! c>es we c>ry ( !mselves keep u /raight & /eady4 ,b we ne$ sympa?y & g5tl5ess--?is v humanity :i* ! prophet attributes to our ,god4 ,god comes & takes u by ! head2 ?r\gh ! my/ic p[] :i* is above u1 b :i* makes u l itself1 we are lift$ to our task4 ,let no "o judge ?is incr$ible4 ,! incr$ible w\ld be t our ,god %\ld prove any less to u ?an ! m]ciful man is to 8 bea/4 ,b we are sav$ f argum5t by exp]i5ce4 ,:5 we rememb] h[1 z life has become /eep & our /r5g? exhau/$1 !re has visit$ u a ?\ght :i* has %>p5$ to a ^w1 a ^w :i* has w>m$ to a t\*1 & we h drawn ourselves toge!r & leapt up new m51 c we feel t ,god 0 any less 9 ^! ?+s1 ?an 9 ! voice ( consci5ce or ! message ( =giv5ess1 or ! re/ra9ts ( ,8 discipl9e8 ,nay1 ?\gh ! re9s be no long] felt1 ,god is at our head1 t we %\ld n /umble nor /& /ill4 ,^u ?is graci\s passage !re foll[s "o ( ^? swift revulsions ( feel+1 :i* we h le>n$ almo/ to expect 9 ,hosea4 ,8 insight aga9 ov]takes 8 love4 ,! p w n respond to ! goodness ( _! ,god2 x is impossible to "w ^u m9ds s fickle & ins9c]e4 ,discipl9e is :at !y ne$4 ,he %all return to ! l& ( ,egypt1 or ,as%ur %all be 8 k+ 7x is /ill an alt]native71 = !y h refus$ to return to ,me4444#fjg ',tis b "o m in/ance ( ! age-long apo/asy ( ! p4 ,my p h a bias#fjh to turn f ,me2 & ?\gh !y 7! prophets7 call !m upw>ds1 none ( !m c lift !m4#fji ,yet ,god is ,god1 & ?\gh prophecy fail ,he w attempt ,8 ,love once m4 ,!re foll[s ! greate/ passage 9 ,hosea--deepe/ if n highe/ ( 8 book--! break+ =? ( t exhau/less m]cy ( ! ,mo/ ,high :i* no s9 ( man c b> back nor we> out4 ,h[ am ,i to give !e up1 ,o ,ephraim8 ,h[ am ,i to let !e g1 ,o ,israel8 ,h[ am ,i to give !e up8 ,am ,i to make an ,admah ( !e--a eboim8 ,my he>t is turn$ ^u ,me1 ,my compassions beg9 to boil3 ,i w n p]=m ! fi]c5ess ( ,m9e ang]1 ,i w n turn to de/roy ,ephraim2 ,= ,god am ,i & n man1 ,! ,holy ,"o 9 ! mid/ ( !e1 yet ,i come n to consume6#faj ,su* a love has be5 ! secret ( ,hosea's p]si/5ce ?r\gh s _m ye>s ) s fai?less a p1 & n[1 :5 he has fail$1 x takes voice to itself & 9 its irresi/ible fulness makes ?is la/ appeal4 ,once m be=e ! end let ,israel he> ,god 9 ! utt]ness ( ,8 ,love6 ,! v]ses are a climax1 & obvi\sly to be succe$$ by a pause4 ,on ! br9k ( 8 doom1 w ,israel turn to su* a ,god1 at su* a call8 ,! next v]se1 ?\gh dep5d5t = its promise on ?is same exhau/less ,love1 is f an entirely diff]5t circum/ance1 & _c h be5 put by ,hosea "h4#faa ,,footnotes3 #eie ,see above1 p4 #bec4 #eif ,/4 ,john's ,gospel1 i4 #ab1 #ac4 #eig ,or occasionally = ! k+ z ! nation's repres5tative4 #eih ,see bel[1 pp4 #cba-c4 #eii #a ,john iii4 #fjj ,s rightly ! ,,lxx4 #fja ,,lxx41 rightly sep>at+ into & 1 :i* latt] is ! nom9ative to ! next clause4 #fjb ,s aga9 rightly ! ,,lxx4 #fjc ,! read+ is unc]ta94 ,! ( ! foll[+ v]se 7#f7 mu/ be read z ! ,greek reads x1 z 1 & tak5 ) v]4 #e4 #fjd x4 #aa4 #fje ,or lift$ =w>d f ! neck to ! jaws4 #fjf ,isa4 lxiii4 #ac1 #ad4 #fjg ,v]4 #f has an obvi\sly corrupt text1 &1 weak5+ z x does ! climax ( v]4 #e1 may be an ins]tion4 #fjh ,are hung or swung t[>ds turn+ away f ,me4 #fji ,?is v]se is also unc]ta94 #faj ,= 1 :i* makes nons5se1 read 1 to consume1 or ) ,wellhaus5 am5d fur!r 1 ,i am n will+ to consume4 #faa ,!y w foll[ ,jehovah2 l a lion ,he w ro>1 & !y %all hurry trembl+ f ! we/4 ,l birds %all !y hurry trembl+ f ,egypt1 & l doves f ! l& ( ,assyria1 & ,i w br+ !m to _! homes--'tis ! oracle ( ,jehovah4 ,n only does ?is v]se conta9 expressions :i* are unusual to ,hosea1 & a v /range metaphor1 b x is n connect$ ei!r hi/orically or logically ) ! previ\s v]se4 ,! latt] deals ) ! p be=e ,god has scatt]$ !m--(f]s !m "o m *ance be=e exile comes on !m4 ,b 9 ?is v]se !y are already scatt]$1 & j ab\t to be br\ght back4 ,x is su* a promise z bo? 9 language & metaphor 0 common among ! prophets ( ! ,exile4 ,9 ! ,,lxx4 ! v]se is tak5 f *ap4 xi4 & put ) *ap4 xii4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,f9al ,,argum5t ,,hosea xii4-xiv4 #a4 ,! impassion$ call ) :i* la/ *apt] clos$ 0 by no means an assurance ( salvation3 ,h[ am ,i to give !e up1 ,ephraim8 h[ am ,i to let !e g1 ,israel8 ,on ! contr>y1 x 0 ! angui% ( ,love1 :5 x hov]s ov] its own on ! br9k ( ! de/ruction to :i* _! wilfulness has l$ !m1 & be=e rel9qui%+ !m w\ld seek1 if possible1 "s la/ way to r$eem4 ,surely t fatal morr[ & ! p's mad leap into x are n inevitable6 ,at lea/1 be=e !y take ! leap1 let ! prophet g back once m ^u ! moral situation ( to-day1 g back once m ^u ! pa/ ( ! p1 & see if he c f9d any?+ else to expla9 t bias to apo/asy#fab :i* has br\ght !m to ?is fatal br9k--any?+ else :i* may move !m to rep5tance ev5 !re4 ,s 9 *aps4 xii4 & xiii4 ,hosea turns ^u ! n[ famili> trail ( 8 argum5t1 full ( ! ,div9e jeal\sy1 det]m9$ to give ! p "o o!r *ance to turn2 b if !y w n1 he at lea/ w ju/ify ,god's rel9qui%m5t ( !m4 ,! *apt]s ?r[ ev5 a bright] light ^u ! temp] & habits ( t g5]ation4 ,!y aga9 explore ,israel's anci5t hi/ory = causes ( ! pres5t decl9e2 &1 9 especial1 !y cite ! spiritual exp]i5ce ( ! ,fa!r ( ! nation1 z if to %[ t :at ( rep5tance 0 possible = him is possible = 8 po/]ity also4 ,b once m all hope is se5 to be va92 & ,hosea's la/ travail ) 8 ob/9ate p closes 9 a doom ev5 m awful ?an its pr$ecessors4 ,! division into *apt]s is probably correct2 b :ile *ap4 xiii4 is well-ord]$ & cle>1 ! arrangem5t1 & 9 p>ts ! mean+1 ( *ap4 xii4 are v obscure4 #a4 ,,! ,,p ,,& ,,_! ,,fa!r ,,jacob4 ,,hosea xii4 ,9 no "p ev5 ( ! difficult ,book ( ,hosea does ! sacr$ text bri/le ) m problems4 ,x may well be d\bt$ :e!r ! v]ses lie 9 _! prop] ord]1 or1 if !y d1 :e!r we h !m entire z !y came f ! prophet1 = ! connection is n always p]ceptible4#fac ,we _c believe1 h[ev]1 t ! *apt] is a bundle ( isolat$ oracles1 = ! analogy betwe5 ,jacob & 8 liv+ po/]ity runs ?r\gh ! :ole ( x1#fad & ! refra9 t ,god mu/ requite ^u ! nation _! de$s is f\nd bo? ne> ! beg9n+ & at ! end ( ! *apt]4#fae ,"o is tempt$ to take ! two fragm5ts ab\t ! ,patri>* 7vv4 #d1 #e1 & #ac f47 by !mselves1 & ! m s t v]4 #h w\ld foll[ s suitably on ei!r v]4 #b or v]4 #c4 ,b ?is clue is n suffici5t2 & till "o m evid5t is discov]$1 x is p]haps be/ to keep to ! extant arrangem5t4#faf ,z be=e1 ! argum5t />ts f ! fals5ess ( ,israel1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ! fai?lessness ( _! =eign relations4 ,ephraim ha? compass$ ,me ) lies1 & ! h\se ( ,israel ) deceit1 & ,judah 444#fag ,ephraim h]ds ! w9d#fah & hunts ! sirocco4 ,all day long !y heap up falsehood & fraud3#fai !y /rike a b>ga9 ) ,assyria1 & c>ry oil to ,egypt1 z ,isaiah also compla9$4#fbj ,jehovah ha? a qu>rel ) ,israel#fba & is ab\t to visit ^u ,jacob 8 ways2 accord+ to 8 de$s w ,he requite him4 ,9 ! womb he supplant$ 8 bro!r1 & 9 8 man's /r5g? he wre/l$ ) ,god4#fbb ,yea1 he wre/l$ ) ! ,angel & prevail$2 he wept & bes\ght ( ,him m]cy4 ,at ,be!l he met ) ,him1 & !re ,he spake ) him#fbc 7or ) u--t is1 9 ! p]son ( our fa!r74444#fbd ,s ?\ by ?y ,god--by ,8 help1#fbe = no o!r way is possible except1 l ?y fa!r1 ?r\gh wre/l+ ) ,him--%\lde/ return3 keep leal love & ju/ice1 & wait on ?y ,god )\t ceas+4#fbf ,to ?is passage we %all return 9 deal+ ) ,hosea's doctr9e ( ,rep5tance4 ,9 *>act]i/ic fa%ion ! disc\rse n[ sw]ves f ! ideal to ! real /ate ( ! p4 ,canaan6 ,s ! prophet nicknames 8 m]c5>y g5]ation4#fbg ,) false balances 9 8 h&1 he loves to defraud4 ,= ,ephraim said1 ,ah b ,i h gr[n ri*1 ,i h won myself weal?4#fbh ,none ( my ga9s c t\* me ) guilt :i* is s94#fbi ,b ,i1 ,jehovah ?y ,god f ! l& ( ,egypt--,i c\ld make !e dwell 9 t5ts aga91 z 9 ! days ( ! ,assembly 9 ,horeb--,i c\ld de/roy all ?is comm]cial civilisation ( ?9e1 & r$uce !e to ?9e anci5t level ( nomadic life--& ,i spake to ! prophets3 x 0 ,i :o multipli$ vision1 & by ! h& ( ! prophets gave p>ables4 ,if ,gilead be = idolatry1 !n %all x become vanity6 ,if 9 ,gilgal--,/one-,circle--!y sacrifice bullocks1#fcj /one-heaps %all _! alt>s become among ! furr[s ( ! field4 ,"o does n see ! connection ( ^! v]ses ) ! prec$+4 ,b n[ ! disc\rse oscillates once m to ! national fa!r1 & ! p>allel betwe5 8 own & 8 p's exp]i5ce4 ,& ,jacob fl$ to ! l&#fca ( ,aram1 & ,israel s]v$ = a wife1 & = a wife he h]d$ %eep4 ,& by a prophet ,jehovah br\ght ,israel up f ,egypt1 & by a prophet he 0 %eph]d$4 ,& ,ephraim ha? giv5 bitt] provocation2 b 8 blood-guilt9ess %all be ^u him1 & 8 ,"l %all return x to him4 ,i _c trace ! argum5t "h4 #b4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,judgm5t4 ,,hosea xiii4-xiv4 #a4 ,! crisis draws on4 ,on ! "o h& ,israel's s91 accumulat+1 bulks ripe = judgm5t4 ,on ! o!r ! times gr[ m fatal1 or ! prophet m ?an ev] feels !m s4 ,he w ga!r once aga9 ! old tru?s on ! old l9es--! great pa/ :5 ,jehovah 0 ,god alone1 ! desc5t to ! idols & ! mu%room mon>*s ( to-day1 ! p1 :o once _h be5 /rong1 sapp$ by luxury1 =getful1 /upid1 n to be r\s$4 ,! disc\rse has e m>k ( be+ ,hosea's late/4 ,!re is cle>ness & def9it5ess beyond any?+ s9ce *ap4 iv4 ,!re are ease & lightness ( treatm5t1 a playful s>casm1 z if ! !mes 7 n[ famili> bo? to ! prophet & 8 audi5ce4 ,b1 *iefly1 !re is ! passion--s suitable to la/ words--( h[ diff]5t x all might h be51 if to ?is crisis ,israel _h come ) /ore ( /r5g? in/ead ( guilt4 ,h[ ^! ye>s1 ) _! op5+ into ! great hi/ory ( ! _w1 might h meant a bir? = ! nation1 :i* in/ead 0 ly+ ^u !m l a misc>ri$ *ild 9 ! m\? ( ! womb6 ,x 0 a fatality ,god ,himself c\ld n help 94 ,only dea? & hell rema9$4 ,let !m1 !n1 h _! way6 ,sam>ia mu/ expiate h] guilt 9 ! wor/ horrors ( w>4 ,in/ead ( ) "o def9ite hi/orical ev5t1 ?is la/ ef=t ( ,hosea op5s m naturally ) a summ>y ( all ,ephraim's previ\s hi/ory4 ,! tribe _h be5 ! fir/ 9 ,israel till !y took to idols4 ,:5ev] ,ephraim spake !re 0 trembl+4#fcb ,pr9ce#fcc 0 he 9 ,israel2 b he fell into guilt ?r\gh ! ,ba'al1 & s--di$4 ,ev5 n[ !y cont9ue to s9 & make !m a smelt+ ( _! silv]1 idols aft] _! own model1#fcd smi?'s "w all ( x4 ,to !m--to su* ?+s--!y speak6 ,sacrific+ m5 kiss calves6 ,9 su* unreason h !y sunk4 ,!y _c endure4 ,!re=e %all !y be l ! morn+ cl\d & l ! dew t e>ly vani%e?1 l *aff :i* :irle? up f ! floor & l smoke f ! w9d[4 ,& ,i 0 ?y ,god#fce f ! l& ( ,egypt2 & god besides ,me ?\ kn[e/ n1 nor savi\r has !re be5 any b ,myself4 ,i %eph]d$#fcf !e 9 ! wild]ness1 9 ! l& ( dr\ghts--long be=e !y came among ! gods ( f]tile ,canaan4 ,b once !y came hi!r1 ! m pa/ure !y _h1 ! m !y ate !mselves full1 & ! m !y ate !mselves full1 ! m 0 _! he>t uplift$1 s !y =gat ,me4 ,s t ,i mu/ be#fcg to !m l a lion1 l a leop>d on ! way ,i mu/ leap4#fch ,i w fall on !m l a be> robb$ ( its "y1 & w te> ! caul ( _! he>ts1 & w dev\r !m l a lion--wild bea/s %all r5d !m4#fci ,:5 ,he ha? de/roy$ !e1 ,o ,israel--:o !n may help !e8#fdj ,:]e is ?y k+ n[8 t he may save !e1 or all ?y pr9ces8 t !y may rule !e2#fda ^? ( :om ?\ ha/ said1 ,give me a k+ & pr9ces4 ,aye1 ,i give !e a k+ 9 ,m9e ang]1 & ,i take him away 9 ,my wra?6 ,fit summ>y ( ! %ort & bloody reigns ( ^! la/ ye>s4 ,ga!r$ is ,ephraim's guilt1 /or$ up is 8 s94 ,! nation is pregnant--b ) guilt6 ,bir? pangs seize him1 b--! figure *anges1 ) ,hosea's own swiftness1 f "m to *ild--he is an impracticable son2#fdb = ?is is no "t to /& 9 ! m\? ( ! womb4 ,! ye>s t might h be5 ! nation's bir? are by _! own folly to prove _! dea?4 ,israel lies 9 ! way ( its own r$emption--h[ truly ?is has be5 =c$ home ^u !m 9 "o *apt] aft] ano!r6 ,%all ,god !n /ep 9 & "w a deliv]ance on ! br9k ( dea?8 ,f ! h& ( ,%eol %all ,i deliv] !m8 f dea? %all ,i r$eem !m8 ,nay1 let dea? & ,%eol h _! way4 ,:]e are ?y plagues1 ,o dea?8 :]e ?y de/ruction1 ,%eol8 ,"h ) !m4 ,compassion is hid f ,m9e eyes4 ,?is great v]se has be5 v v>i\sly r5d]$4 ,"s h tak5 x z a promise3 ,i w deliv] 444 ,i w r$eem4444 ,s ! ,septuag9t translat$1 & ,/4 ,paul borr[$1 n ! :ole ,greek v]se1 b its _s & "o or two ( its t]ms1 = 8 triumphant *all5ge to dea? 9 ! p[] ( ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/4#fdc ,z x /&s 9 ,hosea1 h[ev]1 ! v]se mu/ be a ?reat4 ,! la/ clause unambigu\sly abjures m]cy1 & ! /atem5t t ,8 p w n be sav$1 = ,god _c save !m1 is "o 9 ?or\gh h>mony ) all ,hosea's tea*+4#fdd ,an app5dix foll[s ) ! illu/ration ( ! exact =m :i* doom %all take4 ,z s frequ5tly ) ,hosea1 x op5s ) a play ^u ! p's "n1 :i* at ! same "t fa9tly e*oes ! op5+ ( ! *apt]4 ,al?\gh he among 8 bre?r5#fde is ! fruit-be>]--yaphri'1 he ,ephraim--!re %all come an ea/ w9d1 a w9d ( ,jehovah ris+ f ! wild]ness1 s t 8 f\nta9 dry up & 8 spr+ be p>*$4 ,he--himself1 n ! ,assyrian1 b ,m5ahem1 :o _h to s5d gold to ! ,assyrian--%all /rip ! treasury ( all its preci\s jewels4 ,sam>ia mu/ be> h] guilt3 = %e ha? rebell$ aga9/ h] ,god4 ,to ?is simple issue has ! imp5it5ce ( ! p f9ally r$uc$ ! _m possibilities ( ^? mom5t\s ye>s2 & _! la/ prophet leaves !m look+ =w>d to ! cra% :i* came "s doz5 ye>s lat] 9 ! invasion & captivity ( ! l&4 ,!y %all fall by ! sword2 _! infants %all be da%$ 9 pieces1 & _! wom5 ) *ild ripp$ up4 ,horrible details1 b at t p]iod c]ta9 to foll[ e defeat 9 w>4 ,,footnotes3 #fab xi4 #g4 #fac ,?is is especially true ( vv4 #aa & #ab4 #fad ,ev5 9 ! mo/ deta*able portion1 vv4 #h-aj1 :]e ! ( v]4 #i seems to ref] to ! ( v]4 #d4 #fae ,viz4 9 vv4 #c & #ae4 #faf ,be] inde$1 at ! close ( a v +5i\s analysis ( ! *apt] 7,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahic1 pp4 #bha ff471 claims to h prov$ t x conta9s e9e wohlgegli$]te ,r$e des ,prophet5 7p4 #bib74 ,b he rea*es ?is conclusion only by sev]al =c$ & prec>i\s argum5ts4 ,especially uns\nd d 8 pleas appe> t 9 #h;b is a play ^u ! root-mean+ ( 1 l[ly2 t 1 9 analogy to ! ( v]4 #d1 is ! crude orig9al1 ! raw mat]ial1 ( ! ,ephraim ( v]4 #i2 & t is ! det]m9$ "t ( ! com+ judgm5t on ,israel4 #fag ,some?+ is writt5 ab\t ,judah 7rememb] :at 0 said above ab\t ,hosea's treble p>allels71 b ! text is too obscure = translation4 ,! !ory t x has be5 alt]$ by a lat] ,judan writ] 9 fav\r ( 8 own p is probably correct3 ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion translates 9 fav\r ( ,judah2 s too ,gu! 9 ,kautzs*'s ,bibel4 ,b an adv]se /atem5t is requir$ by ! p>allel clauses1 & ! ,hebrew text all[s ?is3 ,judah is /ill wayw>d ) ,god1 & ) ! ,holy ,"o :o is fai?ful4 ,s virtually ,ewald1 ,hitzig1 ,wns*e1 ,n[ack & ,*eyne4 ,b ,cornill & ,wellhaus5 read ! second half ( ! clause z 1 pr(anes himself ) ,q$e%im 7,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahhg1 pp4 #bhf ff474 #fah ,:y %\ld n ,hosea1 ! ma/] ( _m =c$ phrases1 h also utt]$ ?is "o8 ,?is 9 answ] to ,wellhaus54 #fai ,s ,,lxx41 read+ = 4 #fbj ,isa4 xxx4 #f4 #fba ,heb4 ,judah1 b surely ,israel is requir$ by ! next v]se1 :i* is a play ^u ! two names ,israel & ,jacob4 #fbb ,supplant$ is 'aqab1 ! presumable root ( ,ja'aqab 7,jacob74 ,wre/l$ ) ,god is ,s>ah e? ,elohim1 ! presumable orig9 ( ,yisra'el 7,israel74 #fbc ,heb4 u1 ,,lxx4 !m4 #fbd ,v]4 #f--;,& ,jehovah ,god ( ,ho/s1 ,jehovah is ,8 memorial1 i4e4 "n--is probably an ins]tion = ! reasons m5tion$ above1 pp4 #bjd f4 #fbe ,?is1 ! mo/ natural r5d]+ ( ! ,hebrew phrase1 has be5 curi\sly omitt$ by ,be]1 :o says t c only mean to ?y ,god4 ,hitzig3 dur* de95 ,gott4 #fbf ,"s take ^! words z address$ by ,jehovah at ,be!l to ! ,patri>*4 #fbg ,s ne>ly all int]pret]s4 ,hitzig aptly quotes ,polybius1 ,de ,virtute1 ,l4 ix43 1 4444 ,"o might also ref] to ! ,romans' idea ( ! ,punica fides4 #fbh ,or1 full man's /r5g?3 ct4 v]4 #d4 #fbi ,b ! ,,lxx4 reads3 ,all 8 ga9s %alt n be f\nd ( him because ( ! iniquity :i* he has s9n$2 & ,wellhaus5 em5ds ?is to3 ,all 8 ga9 suffice? n = ! guilt :i* x has incurr$4 #fcj ,o!rs to demons4 #fca ,field1 b "h 9 s5se ( t]ritory4 ,see ,hi/4 ,geog41 pp4 #gi f4 #fcb ,unc]ta94 #fcc = 4 #fcd ,read ) ,ewald 4 ,,lxx4 read 4 #fce ,"h ! ,,lxx4 makes ! ins]tion not$ on pp4 #bjc1 #bbf4 #fcf ,s ,,lxx41 4 #fcg ,read 4 #fch 1 usually tak5 z fir/ fut4 ( 1 to lurk4 ,b !re is a root ( common use 9 ,arabic1 s>1 to spr+ up sudd5ly1 ( w9e into ! head or ( a lion on its prey2 sawr1 ! spr+]1 is "o ( ! ,arabic names = lion4 #fci ,we %all treat ?is passage lat] 9 connection ) ,hosea's doctr9e ( ! k ( ,god3 see pp4 #ccj f4 #fdj ,aft] ! ,,lxx4 #fda ,read ) ,h\tsma 4 #fdb ,lit]ally a son n wise1 p]haps a "n giv5 to *ildr5 ^: bir? 0 difficult4 #fdc ,! ,,lxx4 reads3 1 1 2 ,b ,paul says3 1 1 1 1 2 ,i ,cor4 xv4 #ee 7,we/cott & ,hort's ,ed474 #fdd ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! int]pretations ( v]se #ad4 ,a4 ,tak5 z a ?reat #a4 ,x is ,i :o r$eem$ y f ! grip ( ! grave1 & :o deliv]$ y f dea?--b n[ ,i w call up ! words 7sic7 ( dea? aga9/ y2 = rep5tance is hid f ,my eyes4 ,s ,ras*i4 #b4 ,i w\ld h r$eem$ !m f ! grip ( ,%eol1 etc41 if !y _h be5 wise1 b be+ fooli% ,i w br+ on !m ! plagues ( dea?4 ,s ,kim*i1 ,ei*horn1 ,simson1 etc4 #c ,%\ld ,i or %all ,i deliv] !m f ! h& ( ,%eol1 r$eem !m f dea?8 etc41 z 9 ! text above4 ,s ,wns*e1 ,wellhaus51 ,gu! 9 ,kautzs*'s ,bibel4 etc4 ,b4 ,tak5 z a promise4 ,f ! h& ( ,%eol ,i w deliv] !m1 f dea? r$eem !m1 etc4 ,s ,umbreit1 ,ewald1 ,hitzig & ,au?oris$ & ,revis$ ,engli% ,v]sions4 ,9 ?is case rep5tance 9 ! la/ clause mu/ be tak5 z res5tm5t 7,ewald74 ,b1 z ,ewald sees1 ! :ole v]se mu/ !n be put 9 a p>5!sis1 z an ejaculation ( promise 9 ! mid/ ( a context t only ?reat5s4 ,"s )\t *ange ( ^w r5d]3 ,i w be ?y plagues1 ,o dea?8 ,i w be ?y /+1 ,o hell4 ,s ! ,au?oris$ ,engli% ,v]sion4 #fde ,text d\btful4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,i ,,w ,,be ,,z ,,! ,,dew ,,hosea xiv4 #b-aj4 ,l ! ,book ( ,amos1 ! ,book ( ,hosea1 aft] proclaim+ ! p's inevitable doom1 turns to a bless$ prospect ( _! re/oration to fav\r ) ,god4 ,x w be rememb]$ t we decid$ aga9/ ! au!nticity ( su* an epilogue 9 ! ,book ( ,amos2 & x may n[ be ask$1 h[ c we come to any o!r conclusion ) reg>d to ! simil> p]oration 9 ! ,book ( ,hosea8 ,= ! foll[+ reasons4 ,we decid$ aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! clos+ v]ses ( ,amos1 because _! sangu9e temp] is oppos$ to ! temp] ( ! :ole ( ! re/ ( ! book1 & because !y nei!r propose any e?ical conditions = ! atta9m5t ( ! bless$ future1 nor 9 _! picture ( ! latt] d !y emphasise "o s+le trace ( ! ju/ice1 or ! purity1 or ! social k9dl9ess1 on :i* ,amos has s exclusively insi/$ z ! ideal relations ( ,israel to ,jehovah4 ,x seem$ impossible to u t ,amos c\ld imag9e ! p]fect re/oration ( 8 p 9 ! t]ms only ( requick5$ nature1 & say no?+ ab\t righte\sness1 tru? & m]cy t[>ds ! poor4 ,! prospect :i* n[ closes 8 book is psy*ologically ali5 to him1 &1 be+ pa9t$ 9 ! t]ms ( lat] prophecy1 may be judg$ to h be5 add$ by "s prophet ( ! ,exile1 speak+ f ! /&po9t1 & ) ! legitimate desires1 ( 8 own day4 ,b ! case is v diff]5t = ?is epilogue 9 ,hosea4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,hosea has n only cont9ually prea*$ rep5tance1 & be51 f 8 :ole affectionate temp] ( m9d1 unable to believe rep5tance impossible2 b he has actually pr$ict$ ! re/oration ( 8 p ^u c]ta9 well-def9$ & e?ical conditions4 ,9 *ap4 ii4 he has drawn = u 9 detail ! :ole prospect ( ,god's successful treatm5t ( 8 err+ sp\se4 ,israel %\ld be wean$ f _! s5su\sness & its accompany+ tru/ 9 idols by a sev]e discipl9e1 :i* ! prophet describes 9 t]ms ( _! anci5t w&]+s 9 ! wild]ness4 ,!y %\ld be r$uc$1 z at ! beg9n+ ( _! hi/ory1 to moral conv]se ) _! ,god2 & abjur+ ! ,ba'alim 7lat] *apt]s imply also _! =eign allies & fooli% k+s & pr9ces7 %\ld return to ,jehovah1 :5 ,he1 hav+ prov$ t ^! c\ld n give !m ! fruits ( ! l& !y s\ght aft]1 %\ld ,himself quick5 ! :ole c\rse ( nature to bless !m ) ! f]tility ( ! soil & ! fri5dl9ess ev5 ( ! wild bea/s4 ,n[ 9 ! epilogue & its prospect ( ,israel's rep5tance we f9d no feature1 physical or moral1 :i* has n already be5 furni%$ by ^! previ\s promises ( ! book4 ,all _! e?ical conditions are provid$2 no?+ b :at !y h conceiv$ ( bless+ is aga9 conceiv$4 ,israel is to abjure s5seless sacrifice & come to ,jehovah ) rational & contrite confession4#fdf ,%e is to abjure h] =eign alliances4#fdg ,%e is to tru/ 9 ! fa!rly love ( h] ,god4#fdh ,he is to heal h]1#fdi & ,8 ang] is to turn away4#fej ,he is to re/ore nature1 j z describ$ 9 *ap4 ii41 & ! sc5]y ( ! re/oration is borr[$ f ,hosea's own ,galilee4 ,!re is1 9 %ort1 no phrase or allusion ( :i* we c say t x is ali5 to ! prophet's /yle or environm5t1 :ile ! v keynotes ( 8 book--return1 backslid+1 idols ! "w ( our h&s1 su* pity z a fa!r ha?1 & p]haps ev5 ! answ] or conv]se ( v]se #i--;are all /ruck once m4 ,! epilogue !n is absolutely diff]5t f ! epilogue to ! ,book ( ,amos1 nor c ! pres5t expositor conceive ( ! possibility ( a /rong] case = ! g5u95ess ( any passage ( ,scripture4 ,! sole difficulty seems to be ! place 9 :i* we f9d x--a place :]e its contradiction to ! imm$iately prec$+ s5t5ce ( doom is br\ght out into relief4 ,we ne$ n suppose1 h[ev]1 t x 0 utt]$ by ,hosea 9 imm$iate proximity to ! latt]1 nor ev5 t x =m$ 8 la/ ^w to ,israel4 ,b grant+ only 7z ! above evid5ce obliges u to d7 t x is ! prophet's own1 ?is f\rte5? *apt] may h be5 a disc\rse address$ by him at "o ( ^? _m po9ts :51 z we "k1 he _h "s hope ( ! p's return4 ,p]sonally1 ,i %\ld ?9k x extremely likely t ,hosea's m9i/ry clos$ ) t f9al1 hopeless proclamation 9 *ap4 xiii43 no o!r conclusion 0 possible s ne> ! fall ( ,sam>ia1 & ! absolute de/ruction ( ! ,nor!rn ,k+dom4 ,b ,hosea _h already 9 *ap4 ii4 pa9t$ ! v opposite issue z a possible ideal = 8 p2 & dur+ "s break 9 ^? ye>s :5 _! ins9c]ity 0 less obtrusive1 & ! f9al doom /ill unc]ta91 ! prophet's he>t swung to its natural pole 9 ! exhau/less & /eadfa/ love ( ,god1 & he utt]$ 8 unm+l$ gospel4 ,t ei!r himself or ! unkn[n editor ( 8 prophecies %\ld h plac$ x at ! v end ( 8 book is n less ?an :at we might h expect$4 ,= if ! book 7 to h validity beyond ! circum/ances ( its orig91 beyond ! judgm5t :i* 0 s ne> & s inevitable1 0 x n "r to let some?+ else ?an ! proclamation ( ?is latt] be its la/ ^w to m58 0 x n "r to put z ! conclusion ( ! :ole matt] ! ideal et]nally valid = ,israel--! gospel :i* is ev] ,god's la/ ^w to ,8 p8#fea ,at "s po9t or o!r1 !n1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 m9i/ry1 !re 0 grant$ to ,hosea an op5 vision l to ! vision :i* he has rec\nt$ 9 ! second *apt]4 ,he call$ on ! p to rep5t4 ,= once1 & 9 ! p[] ( t ,love to :i* he _h already said all ?+s are possible1 x seem$ to him z if rep5tance came4 ,! tangle & intrigue ( 8 g5]ation fell away2 fell away ! reek+ sacrifices & ! va9 %[ ( wor%ip4 ,! p turn$ f _! idols & puppet-k+s1 f ,assyria & f ,egypt1 & ) contrite he>ts came to ,god ,himself1 :o1 heal+ & lov+1 op5$ to !m wide ! gates ( ! future4 ,x is n /range t d[n ?is spiritual vi/a ! prophet %\ld see ! same sc5]y z daily fill$ 8 bodily vision4 ,?r\gh\t ,galilee ,lebanon#feb dom9ates ! l&scape4 ,y _c lift y\r eyes f any spot ( ,nor!rn ,israel )\t re/+ !m ^u ! va/ m\nta94 ,f ! unheal?y jungles ( ! ,upp] ,jordan1 ! pilgrim lifts 8 he>t to ! cool hill air above1 to ! ev]-gre5 c$>s & firs1 to ! /reams & wat]falls t drop l silv] *a9s (f ! great brea/plate ( sn[4 ,f ,esdraelon & e pla9 ! peasants look to ,lebanon to /ore ! cl\ds & scatt] ! ra92 x is n f heav5 b f ,h]mon t !y expect ! dew1 _! only hope 9 ! long dr\ght ( summ]4 ,across ,galilee & 9 ,nor!rn ,ephraim1 across ,ba%an & 9 ,nor!rn ,gilead1 across ,hauran & on ! bord]s ( ! des]t1 ! m\nta9 ca/s its spell ( p[]1 its lavi% promise ( life4#fec ,lebanon is ev]y:]e ! summit ( ! l&1 & !re are po9ts f :i* x is z dom9ant z heav54 ,no wond] !n t our nor!rn prophet pa9t$ ! bless$ future 9 ! poetry ( ! ,m\nta9--its air1 its dew & its trees4 ,o!r se]s 7 to behold1 9 ! same latt] days1 ! m\nta9 ( ! ,"l above ! tops ( ! m\nta9s2 ! ord]$ city1 h] /eadfa/ walls salvation1 & h] op5 gates praise2 ! weal? ( ! ,g5tiles fl[+ into h]1 pr(usion ( flocks = sacrifice1 pr(usion ( pilgrims2 ! great ,temple & its solemn s]vices2 & ! glory ( ,lebanon %all come unto !e1 fir-tree & p9e & box-tree toge!r1 to beautify ! place ( ,my ,sanctu>y4#fed ,b1 ) 8 home 9 ! nor?1 & we>y ( sacrifice & ritual1 we>y ( ev]y?+ artificial :e!r x 7 idols or puppet-k+s1 ,hosea turns to ! glory ( ,lebanon z x lies1 unt\*$ by human tool or art1 fre% & full ( peace f ,god's own h&4 ,l t o!r se] ( ,galilee1 ,hosea 9 8 vision ( ! future saw no temple !re94#fee ,8 sacram5ts are ! op5 air1 ! m\nta9 breeze1 ! dew1 ! v9e1 ! lilies1 ! p9es2 & :at ,god asks ( m5 are n rites nor sacrifices1 b life & heal?1 fragrance & fruitfulness1 b5ea? ! %ad[ & ! ,dew ( ,8 ,pres5ce4 ,return1 ,o ,israel1 to ,jehovah ?y ,god1 = ?\ ha/ /umbl$ by ?9e iniquity4 ,take ) y words#fef & return unto ,jehovah4 ,say unto ,him1 ,remove iniquity altoge!r1 & take good1 s w we r5d] ! calves#feg ( our lips2 confessions1 v[s1 ^! are ! sacrificial (f]+s ,god delights 94 ,:i* v[s are n[ regi/]$3-- ,as%ur %all n save u2 ,we w n ride ^u horses 7f ,egypt72 ,& we w say no m1 ,o our ,god1 to ! "w ( our h&s3 ,= 9 ,!e ! fa!rless f9de? a fa!r's pity4 ,ali5 help1 :e!r 9 ! protection ( ,assyria or ! cavalry :i* ,ph>aoh s5ds 9 return = ,israel's homage2 ali5 gods1 ^: idols we h ourselves made1--we abjure !m all1 = we rememb] h[ ,?\ did/ promise to %[ a fa!r's love to ! p :om ,?\ did/ "n1 = _! "m's s9s1 ,lo-,ruhamah1 ! ,unfa!r$4 ,!n ,god replies3-- ,i w heal _! backslid+1 ,i w love !m freely3 ,= ,m9e ang] is turn$ away f !m4 ,i w be z ! dew unto ,israel3 ,he %all blossom z ! lily1 ,& /rike 8 roots deep z ,lebanon2 ,8 bran*es %all spread1 ,& 8 beauty %all be z ! olive-tree1 ,& 8 smell z ,lebanon-- smell ( cle> m\nta9 air ) ! sc5t ( ! p9es ^u x4 ,! figure 9 ! end ( v]4 #f seems =c$ to "s critics1 :o h propos$ v>i\s em5dations1 su* z l ! fa/-root$ trees ( ,lebanon1#feh b any "o :o has se5 h[ ! m\nta9 himself rises f great roots1 ca/ out across ! l& l ^? ( "s giant oak1 w n feel x necess>y to mitigate ! metaphor4 ,! prophet n[ speaks3-- ,!y %all return & dwell 9 ,8 %ad[4 ,!y %all live well-wat]$ z a g>d51 ,till !y fl\ri% l ! v9e1 ,& be fragrant l ! w9e ( ,lebanon4#fei ,god speaks3-- ,ephraim1 :at has he#ffj to d any m ) idols6 ,i h spok5 = him1 & ,i w look aft] him4 ,i am l an ev]-gre5 fir2 ,f ,me is ?y fruit f\nd4 ,?is v]sion is n )\t its difficulties2 b ! alt]native t ,god is address$ & ,ephraim is ! speak]--,ephraim says1 ,:at h ,i to d any m ) idols8 ,i answ] & look to ,him3 ,i am l a gre5 fir-tree2 f me is ,?y fruit f\nd--has ev5 great] difficulties1#ffa al?\gh x avoids ! unusual comp>ison ( ! ,deity ) a tree4 ,! difficulties ( bo? int]pretations may be ov]come by divid+ ! v]se betwe5 ,god & ! p3-- ,ephraim6 :at has he to d any m ) idols3 ,i h spok5 = him1 & w look aft] him4 ,9 ?is case ! speak+ w\ld be int5d$ 9 ! same s5se z ! speak+ 9 *ap4 ii4 to ! heav5s & e>?1 t !y might speak to ! corn & w9e4#ffb ,!n ,ephraim replies3-- ,i am l an ev]-gre5 fir-tree2 ,f me is ,?y fruit f\nd4 ,b ! division appe>s artificial1 & ! text does n sugge/ t ! two ,i's belong to diff]5t speak]s4 ,! fir/ v]sion !re=e is ! pref]able4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s "o has add$ a summons to lat] g5]ations to lay ?is book to he>t 9 face ( _! own problems & s9s4 ,may we d s = ourselves6 ,:o is wise1 t he und]/&s ^! ?+s8 ,intellig5t1 t he kn[s !m8 ,yea1 /raight are ! ways ( ,jehovah1 ,& ! righte\s %all walk !re91 b s9n]s %all /umble ^u !m4 ,,footnotes3 #fdf ,cf4 vi4 #f1 etc4 #fdg ,cf4 xii4 #b1 etc4 #fdh ,cf4 i4 #g2 ii4 #bb1 #be4 #fdi ,cf4 xi4 #d4 #fej ,cf4 xi4 #h1 #i4 #fea ,s9ce prep>+ ! above = ! press !re has come into my h&s ,pr(essor ,*eyne's ,introduction to ! new edition ( ,rob]tson ,smi?'s ,! ,prophets ( ,israel1 9 :i* 7p4 xix47 he rea*es ) reg>d to ,hosea xiv4 #b-aj conclusions entirely opposite to ^? rea*$ above4 ,pr(essor ,*eyne d5ies ! passage to ,hosea on ! gr\nds t x is ak9 9 language & imag]y & ideas to writ+s ( ! age :i* beg9s ) ,j]emiah1 & :i* among o!r works includes ! ,song ( ,songs4 ,b1 z has be5 %[n above1 ! language1 imag]y & ideas are all ak9 to :at ,pr(essor ,*eyne admits to be g5u9e prophecies ( ,hosea2 & ! lik5ess to !m (1 e4g41 ,j]4 xxxi4 #aj-bj may be expla9$ on ! same gr\nd z s mu* else 9 ,j]emiah1 by ! influ5ce ( ,hosea4 ,! allusion 9 v]4 #c suits ,hosea's own day m ?an ,j]emiah's4 ,nor c ,i und]/& :at ,pr(essor ,*eyne means by ?is3 ,! spirituality ( ! tone ( v]s4 #a-c is inde$ surpris+ 7contra/ ! picture 9 ,hos4 v4 #f74 ,spirituality surpris+ 9 ! book t conta9s ,i w h love & n sacrifice1 & ! k ( ,god r ?an burnt-(f]+s6 ,! v]se1 v4 #f1 he w\ld contra/ ) xiv4 #a-c is actually "o 9 :i* ,hosea says t :5 !y g ) flocks & h]ds ,israel %all n f9d ,god6 ,he says t to und]/& ,hosea aright we mu/ omit x 7i4e4 ! :ole epilogue74 ,b aft] ! argum5t ,i h giv5 above x w be pla9 t if we und]/& ,hosea aright we h e reason n to omit x4 ,8 la/ cont5tion1 t to h add$ any?+ to ! /]n w>n+ 9 xiii4 #af w\ld h robb$ x ( half its =ce1 is fully met by ! consid]ations /at$ above on p4 #caj4 #feb ,by ,lebanon 9 ! f\rte5? *apt] & almo/ always 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t we mu/ und]/& n ! we/]n range n[ call$ ,lebanon1 = t makes no impression on ! ,holy ,l&1 its bulk ly+ too f> to ! nor?1 b ,h]mon1 ! s\?mo/ & highe/ summits ( ,anti-,lebanon4 ,see ,hi/4 ,geog41 pp4 #dag f4 #fec ,full sixty miles (f1 9 ! ,jebel ,druze1 ! anci5t ,greek amphi!atres 7 s arrang$ t ,h]mon might fill ! horizon ( ! spectators4 #fed ,isa4 lx4 #ac4 #fee ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john xxi4 #bb4 #fef ,on all ?is exhortation see bel[1 p4 #cdc4 #feg ,,lxx4 fruit1 = 2 ! :ole v]se is obscure4 #feh ,s ,gu!2 "s o!r plant ,wellhaus51 :o = reads 4 #fei ,v]4 #h obvi\sly ne$s em5dation4 ,! ,hebrew text conta9s at lea/ "o que/ionable con/ruction1 & gives no s5se3 ,!y t dwell 9 8 %ad[ %all turn1 & revive corn & fl\ri% l ! v9e1 & 8 fame1 etc4 ,to cultivate corn & be !mselves l a v9e is some:at mix$4 ,! ,,lxx4 reads3 1 4 ,x removes ! grammatical difficulty f clause #a1 :i* !n reads 2 ! suppli$ vau may easily h dropp$ aft] ! f9al vau ( ! previ\s ^w4 ,9 ! #bnd clause ! ,,lxx4 takes z an intransitive1 :i* is bett] suit$ to ! o!r v]bs1 & adds 1 7a =m t may h easily slipp$ f ! ,hebrew text1 ?r\gh its lik5ess to ! prec$+ 74 ,& !y %all be well-wat]$4 ,aft] ?is x is probable t %\ld read 4 ,9 ! #crd clause ! ,hebrew text may /&4 ,9 ! #d? may n1 z _m propose1 be tak5 = & translat$ _! p]fume2 b ! p>allelism makes x n[ probable t we h a v]b "h2 & if 9 ! ,hiph4 has ! s5se to make a p]fume 7cf4 ,isa4 lxvi4 #c71 !re is no reason aga9/ ! ,kal be+ us$ 9 ! intransitive s5se "h4 ,9 ! ,,lxx4 = ,qa reads 4 #ffj ,,lxx4 #ffa ,?is alt]native1 :i* ,rob]tson ,smi? adopt$1 ?\gh n )\t "s hesitation 7,prophets1 #dac7 is t :i* foll[s ! ,hebrew text1 read+ 9 ! fir/ clause 1 & n1 l ,,lxx41 1 & avoids ! unusual figure ( comp>+ ,jehovah to a tree4 ,b x does n acc\nt = ! s+ul> emphasis laid 9 ! second clause on ! fir/ p]sonal pron\n1 & implies t ,god1 ^: "n has n = sev]al v]ses be5 m5tion$1 is meant by ! m]e p]sonal suffix1 ,i w look to ,him4 ,wellhaus5 sugge/s *ang+ ! second clause to ,i am 8 ,anat & 8 ,as*]a4 #ffb 1 ii4 #bc4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,! ,,k ,,( ,,god ,,hosea passim4 ,we h n[ f9i%$ ! translation & detail$ exposition ( ,hosea's prophecies4 ,we h foll[$ 8 m9ute exam9ation ( 8 p's "*2 8 criticism ( 8 fickle g5]ation's attempts to rep5t2 & 8 pres5tation ( true religion 9 contra/ to _! %all[ optimism & s5sual sup]/itions4 ,we h se5 an inw>dness & spirituality ( ! highe/ k9d--a love n only w>m & mobile1 b nobly jeal\s1 & 9 its jeal\sy assi/$ by an extraord9>y insight & exp]tness 9 "*4 ,:y ,hosea %\ld be di/+ui%$ above all prophets = inw>dness & spirituality mu/ by ?is "t be obvi\s to u4 ,f 8 remote wat*fulness1 ,amos _h se5 ! nations move across ! _w z ! />s across heav52 _h se51 )9 ,israel1 class di/9ct f class1 & giv5 types ( all3 ri* & poor2 prie/1 m]*ant & judge2 ! panic-/rick51 ! bully2 ! fraudul5t & ! unclean4 ,! obs]vatory ( ,amos 0 ! _w1 & ! nation4 ,b ,hosea's 0 ! home2 & !re he _h wat*$ a human s\l decay ?r\gh e /age f innoc5ce to corruption4 ,x 0 a husb&'s /udy ( a wife :i* made ,hosea ! mo/ inw>d ( all ! prophets4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ,god's ^w by him4#ffc ,among ! subjects 9 ! subtle treatm5t ( :i* ,hosea's s]vice to religion is mo/ orig9al & conspicu\s1 !re are especially ?ree t des]ve a m detail$ treatm5t ?an we h be5 able to give !m4 ,^! are ! ,k ( ,god1 ,rep5tance & ! ,s9 aga9/ ,love4 ,we may devote a *apt] to ea* ( !m1 beg9n+ 9 ?is ) ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & fundam5tal tru? ,hosea gave to religion--! ,k ( ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if to ! he>t !re be "o pa9 m fatal ?an ano!r1 x is ! pa9 ( n be+ und]/ood4 ,t prev5ts argum5t3 h[ c y reason ) "o :o w n come to qu>t]s ) y\r real self8 ,x p>alyses influ5ce3 h[ c y d y\r be/ ) "o :o is bl9d to y\r be/8 ,x /ifles ,love2 = h[ d>e %e cont9ue to speak :5 %e is mi/ak5 = some?+ else8 ,"h z else:]e aga9/ /upidity ! gods !mselves fight 9 va94 ,?is angui% ,hosea _h suff]$4 ,z closely z two s\ls may live on e>?1 he _h liv$ ) ,gom]4 ,yet %e _h nev] wak5$ to 8 wor?4 ,%e mu/ h be5 a woman ) a p[] ( love1 or su* a he>t _h h>dly woo$ h]4 ,he 0 a man ( deep t5d]ness & exquisite p[]s ( expression4 ,8 tact1 8 delicacy1 8 en?usiasm are s5sible 9 e *apt] ( 8 book4 ,gom] mu/ h ta/$ !m all be=e ,israel did4 ,yet %e nev] knew him4 ,x 0 h] curse t1 be+ m>ri$1 %e 0 n awake to ! mean+ ( m>riage1 &1 be+ m>ri$ to ,hosea1 %e nev] appreciat$ ! holy t5d]ness & h]oic pati5ce :i* 7 deem$ by ,god n unwor?y ( becom+ a p>able ( ,8 own4 ,n[ ,i ?9k we d n g f> wrong if we conclude t x 0 p>tly ?is long exp]i5ce ( a s\l t lov$1 b _h nei!r consci5ce nor ideal 9 h] love1 :i* made ,hosea lay su* frequ5t & pa!tic emphasis ^u ,israel's ignorance ( ,jehovah4 ,to h 8 "* ignor$1 8 purposes baffl$1 8 gifts unappreciat$1 8 pati5ce mi/ak5--?is 0 :at drew ,hosea into t wond]ful sympa?y ) ! he>t ( ,god t[>ds ,israel :i* comes out 9 su* passionate words z ^!3 ,my p p]i% = lack ( k4#ffd ,!re is no tro?1 nor leal love1 nor k ( ,god 9 ! l&4#ffe ,!y h n kn[n ! ,"l4#fff ,%e did n "k t ,i gave h] corn & w9e4#ffg ,!y knew n t ,i heal$ !m4#ffh ,= n[1 because ?\ ha/ reject$ k1 ,i w reject !e4#ffi ,i w h leal love & n sacrifice1 & ! k ( ,god r ?an burnt-(f]+s4#fgj ,rep5tance consi/s 9 *ange ( k4 ,& ! climax ( ! new life :i* foll[s is aga9 k3 ,i w betro? !e to ,me1 & ?\ %all "k ! ,"l4#fga ,israel %all cry1 ,my ,god1 we "k ,!e4#fgb ,to und]/& :at ,hosea meant by k we mu/ exam9e ! s+ul>ly supple ^w :i* 8 language l5t him to express x4 ,! ,hebrew root ,yadh'a1#fgc almo/ exclusively r5d]$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t by ! ,engli% v]b to "k1 is employ$ ( ! _m processes ( k1 = :i* ri*] languages h sep>ate t]ms4 ,x is by turns to p]ceive1 be aw>e (1 recognise1 und]/& or conceive1 exp]i5ce & be exp]t 94#fgd ,b !re is besides ne>ly always a practical effectiv5ess1 & 9 connection ) religi\s objects a moral consci\sness4 ,! b>e/ mean+ is to be aw>e t some?+ is pres5t or has happ5$1 & p]haps ! root meant simply to see4#fge ,b x 0 ! frequ5t duty ( ! prophets to m>k ! diff]5ce betwe5 p]ceiv+ a ?+ & lay+ x to he>t4 ,isaiah speaks ( ! p see+1 b n s z to "k2#fgf & ,deut]onomy r5d]s ! latt] s5se by add+ ) ! he>t1 :i* to ! ,hebrews 0 ! seat1 n ( ! feel+1 b ( ! practical intellect3#fgg ,& ?\ kn[e/ ) ?y he>t t z a man *a/ise? 8 son1 s ! ,"l y\r ,god *a/ise? y4#fgh ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! ^w "k suffices by itself4 ,?is practical vig\r naturally develop$ 9 su* directions z intimacy1 conviction1 exp]i5ce & wisdom4 ,job calls 8 famili>s my kn[]s2#fgi ( a /rong conviction he says1 ,i "k t my ,r$eem] live?1#fhj & ref]r+ to wisdom1 ,we are ( ye/]day & "k n2#fha :ile ,ecclesia/es says1 ,:oso keepe? ! comm&m5t %all "k--t is1 exp]i5ce1 or suff]--no evil4#fhb ,b ! v]b rises into a practical s5se--to ! k t leads a man to reg>d or c>e = its object4 ,job uses ! v]b "k :5 he w\ld say1 ,i d n c>e = my life2#fhc & 9 ! description ( ! sons ( ,eli1 t !y 7 sons ( ,belial1 & did n "k ,god1 x means t !y did n h any reg>d = ,him4#fhd ,f9ally1 !re is a moral use ( ! ^w 9 :i* x approa*es ! mean+ ( consci5ce3 ,_! eyes 7 op5$1 & !y knew t !y 7 nak$4#fhe ,!y 7 aw>e ( ?is be=e1 b !y felt x n[ ) a new s5se4 ,also x is ! m>k ( ! awak5$ & ! fullgr[n to "k1 or to feel1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 good & evil4#fhf ,"h1 !n1 we h a ^w = kn[+1 ! utt]ance ( :i* almo/ inv>iably />ts a moral e*o1 ^: v s\nd1 z x 71 is haunt$ by sympa?y & by duty4 ,x is k1 n z an ef=t (1 s mu* z an effect ^u1 ! m9d4 ,x is n to "k s z to see ! fact (1 b to "k s z to feel ! =ce (2 k1 n z acquisition & ma/]y1 b z impression1 passion4 ,to quote ,paul's di/9ction1 x is n s mu* ! appreh5d+ z ! be+ appreh5d$4 ,x leads to a vivid result--ei!r w>m appreciation or *ange ( m9d or practical ef=t4 ,x is sometimes ! tal5t conceiv$ z ! tru/1 sometimes ! enli/m5t ( all ! affections4 ,x is k t is foll[$ by %ame1 or by love1 or by rev]5ce1 or by ! s5se ( a duty4 ,"o sees t x closely approa*es ! mean+ ( our consci5ce1 & und]/&s h[ easily !re 0 develop$ f x ! evangelical "n = rep5tance1 ,metanoia--t is1 *ange ( m9d "u a new impression ( facts4 ,!re are ?ree writ]s :o ?us use k z ! key to ! ,div9e life--9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ,hosea & ! au?or ( ,deut]onomy1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ,/4 ,john4 ,we lik5$ ,amos to ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/3 x is n only ^u 8 simil> temp]am5t1 b f> m ^u 8 use ( ! ^w k = spiritual purposes1 t we may comp>e ,hosea to ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/4 ,hosea's *ief *>ge aga9/ ! p is "o ( /upidity4 ,high & l[ !y are a p )\t intellig5ce4#fhg ,once he def9es ?is z want ( political wisdom3 ,ephraim is a silly dove )\t he>t1 or1 z we %\ld say1 )\t bra9s2#fhh & aga91 z ins5sibility to e om9\s fact3 ,/rang]s h dev\r$ 8 /r5g?1 & he kn[e? x n2 yea1 grey hairs are scatt]$ ^u him1 & he kn[e? x n1#fhi or1 z we %\ld say1 lays x n to he>t4 ,b ,israel's mo/ fatal ignorance is ( ,god ,himself4 ,?is is ! sign & ! cause ( e "o ( _! defects4 ,!re is no tro?1 nor leal love1 nor k ( ,god 9 ! l&4#fij ,!y h n kn[n ! ,,"l4#fia ,!y h n kn[n ,me4 ,) ! causes ( ?is ignorance ! prophet has dealt mo/ explicitly 9 ! f\r? *apt]4#fib ,!y are two3 ! p's own vice & ! neglig5ce ( _! prie/s4 ,habitual vice de/roys a p's bra9s4 ,h>lotry1 w9e & new w9e take away ! he>t ( ,my p4#fic ,lu/1 = in/ance1 bl9ds !m to ! dome/ic consequ5ces ( _! indulg5ce 9 ! hea!n wor%ip1 & s ! /upid p come to _! end4#fid ,aga91 _! want ( political wisdom is due to _! impurity1 drunk5ness & gre$ to be ri*4#fie ,let ^? take he$ :o among ourselves insi/ t art is indep5d5t ( moral conditions--t wit & fancy rea* _! be/ & brave/ :5 break+ f any law ( dec5cy4 ,!y lie3 su* lic5ce corrupts ! natural intellig5ce ( a p1 & robs !m ( insight & imag9ation4 ,yet ,hosea sees t all ! fault does n lie ) ! common p4 ,_! tea*]s are to blame1 prie/ & prophet alike1 = bo? /umble1 & x is true t a p %all be l its prie/s4#fif ,! prie/s h reject$ k & =gott5 ! ,torah ( _! ,god2 !y ?9k only ( ! ritual ( sacrifice & ! f9es by :i* !y fill _! m\?s4 ,x 01 z we h se51 ! s9 ( ,israel's religion 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,to ! prie/s religion 0 a mass ( c]emonies :i* satisfi$ ! p's sup]/itions & kept !mselves 9 bread4 ,to ! prophets x 0 an equally s5su\s1 an equally m]c5>y ec/asy4 ,b to ,hosea religion is above all a ?+ ( ! intellect & consci5ce3 x is t kn[+ :i* is at once common-s5se1 pla9 morality & ! recognition by a pure he>t ( :at ,god has done & is do+ 9 hi/ory4 ,( su* a k ! prie/s & prophets are ! /ew>ds1 & x is because !y h ignor$ _! tru/ t ! p h be5 provid$ ) no antidote to ! vices t corrupt _! natural intellig5ce & make !m incapable ( see+ ,god4 ,9 contra/ to su* ignorance ,hosea describes ! ess5tial temp] & cont5ts ( a true und]/&+ ( ,god4 ,us+ ! ^w k1 9 ! passive s5se *>act]i/ic ( 8 language1 n s mu* ! acquisition z ! impression ( facts1 an impression :i* ma/]s n only a man's ?\ghts b 8 he>t & w1 ,hosea describes ! k ( ,god z feel+1 "* & consci5ce4 ,aga9 & aga9 he makes x p>allel to loyalty1 rep5tance1 love & s]vice4 ,aga9 & aga9 he emphasises t x comes f ,god ,himself4 ,x is n some?+ :i* m5 c rea* by _! own endeav\rs1 or by ! m]e easy turn+ ( _! fickle he>ts4 ,= x requires ,god ,himself to speak1 & discipl9e to *a/54 ,! only passage 9 :i* ! k ( ,god is describ$ z ! imm$iate prize ( man's own pursuit is t pray] ( ! p on ^: facile religi\sness ,hosea p\rs 8 scorn4#fig ,let u "k1 let u foll[ on to "k ! ,"l1 he he>d !m say1 & promise !mselves1 ,z soon z we seek ,him we %all f9d ,him4 ,b ,god replies t ,he c make no?+ ( su* ambitions2 !y w pass away l ! morn+ cl\d & ! e>ly dew4#fih ,?is disc>d$ pray]1 !n1 is ! only passage 9 ! book 9 :i* ! k ( ,god is describ$ z man's acquisition4 ,else:]e1 9 /rict con=mity to ! temp] ( ! ,hebrew ^w to "k1 ,hosea pres5ts ! k ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 n z some?+ man f9ds out = himself1 b some?+ :i* comes d[n on him f above4 ,! means :i* ,god took to impress ,himself ^u ! he>t ( ,8 p 71 accord+ to ,hosea1 ! ev5ts ( _! hi/ory4 ,hosea1 inde$1 also po9ts to ano!r means4 ,! ,torah ( ?y ,god1 :i* 9 "o passage#fii he makes p>allel to k1 is evid5tly ! body ( in/ruction1 judicial1 c]emonial & social1 :i* has come d[n by ! tradition ( ! prie/s4 ,?is 0 n all oral2 "p ( x at lea/ 0 already codifi$ 9 ! =m we n[ "k z ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant4#gjj ,b ,hosea treats ( ! ,torah only 9 connection ) ! prie/s4 ,& ! f> m frequ5t & direct means by :i* ,god has s\ght to reveal ,himself to ! p are ! great ev5ts ( _! pa/4 ,^! ,hosea nev] tires ( recall+4 ,m ?an any o!r prophet1 he recites ! de$s done by ,god 9 ! orig9s & mak+ ( ,israel4 ,s num]\s are 8 ref]5ces t f !m alone we c\ld almo/ rebuild ! e>ly hi/ory4 ,let u ga!r !m toge!r4 ,! nation's fa!r ,jacob 9 ! womb ov]rea*$ 8 bro!r1 & 9 8 manhood /rove ) ,god2 yea1 he /rove ) ! ,angel & he ov]came1#gja he wept & supplicat$ ,him2 at ,be!l he f\nd ,him1 & !re ,he spake ) u--,jehovah ,god ( ,ho/s1 ,jehovah is ,8 "n4#gjb 444 ,& ,jacob fl$ to ! t]ritory#gjc ( ,aram1 & he s]v$ = a wife1 & = a wife he t5d$ %eep4 ,& by a prophet ,jehovah br\ght ,israel up out ( ,egypt1 & by a prophet he 0 t5d$4#gjd ,:5 ,israel 0 "y1#gje !n ,i came to love him1 & out ( ,egypt ,i call$ ,my son4#gjf ,z (t5 z ,i call$ to !m1 s (t5 did !y g f ,me3#gjg !y to ! ,ba'alim kept sacrific+1 & to images (f]+ inc5se4 ,b ,i taught ,ephraim to walk1 tak+ him ^u ,m9e#gjh arms1 & !y did n "k t ,i nurs$ !m4#gji 444 ,l grapes 9 ! wild]ness ,i f\nd ,israel1 l ! fir/fruits on an e>ly fig-tree ,i saw y\r fa!rs2 b !y w5t to ,ba'al-,peor1 & consecrat$ !mselves to ! ,%ame4#gaj 444 ,b ,i am ,jehovah ?y ,god f ! l& ( ,egypt1 & gods besides ,me ?\ kn[e/ n1 & ,savi\r !re is none b ,me4 ,i knew !e 9 ! wild]ness1 9 ! l& ( burn+ heats4 ,b ! m pa/ure !y _h1 ! m !y f$ !mselves full2 z !y f$ !mselves full _! he>t 0 lift$ up3 !re=e !y =gat ,me4#gaa 444 ,i ,jehovah ?y ,god f ! l& ( ,egypt4#gab ,& all ?is revelation ( ,god 0 n only 9 t m>vell\s hi/ory1 b 9 ! ye>ly gifts ( nature & ev5 9 ! success ( ! p's comm]ce3 ,%e knew n t x 0 ,i :o h giv5 h] ! corn & ! w9e & ! oil1 & silv] h ,i multipli$ to h]4#gac ,?is1 !n1 is h[ ,god gave ,israel k ( ,himself4 ,fir/ x broke ^u ! ,individual1 ! ,nation's ,fa!r4 ,& to him x _h n come by miracle1 b j 9 ! same fa%ion z x has brok5 ^u m5 f !n until n[4 ,he woke to f9d ,god no tradition1 b an exp]i5ce4 ,amid ! /rife ) o!rs ( :i* life = all s l>gely consi/s1 ,jacob became aw>e t ,god also has to be reckon$ )1 & t1 h>d z is ! /ruggle = bread & love & ju/ice ) "o's bre?r5 & fell[-m51 ) ! ,esaus & ) ! ,labans1 a m inevitable wre/le awaits ! s\l :5 x is left alone 9 ! d>kness ) ! ,unse54 ,oh1 ?is is our sympa?y ) ^? e>ly patri>*s1 n t !y saw ! sea dry up be=e !m or ! bu% ablaze ) ,god1 b t ^u "s lonely battle-field ( ! he>t !y also endur$ ^? mom5ts ( agony1 :i* imply a m real ,foe ?an we ev] met 9 fle% & blood1 & :i* leave ^u u m>ks deep] ?an ! wa/e ( toil or ! rivalry ( ! _w c inflict4 ,s ! ,fa!r ( ! ,nation came to f9d ,god at ,be!l1 & !re1 adds ,hosea1 :]e ! ,nation /ill wor%ip1 ,god spake ) u#gad 9 ! p]son ( our ,fa!r4 ,! second /age ( ! k ( ,god 0 :5 ! ,nation awoke to ,8 lead+1 & ?r\gh a prophet1 ,moses1 7 br\ght up out ( ,egypt4 ,"h aga9 no miracle is adduc$ by ,hosea1 b ) full he>t he appeals to ! grace & ! t5d]ness ( ! :ole /ory4 ,to him x is a wond]ful romance4 ,pass+ by all ! empires ( e>?1 ! ,almighty *ose = ,himself ?is p t 0 no p1 ?is tribe t 7 ! slaves ( ,egypt4 ,& ! *oice 0 ( love only3 ,:5 ,israel 0 "y ,i came to love him1 & out ( ,egypt ,i call$ ,my son4 ,x 0 ! adoption ( a little slave-boy1 adoption by ! he>t2 & ! fa!rly figure cont9ues1 ,i taught ,ephraim to walk1 tak+ him ^u ,m9e arms4 ,x is j ! same *>m1 se5 f ano!r po9t ( view1 :5 ,hosea he>s ,god say t ,he _h f\nd ,israel l grapes 9 ! wild]ness1 l ! fir/fruits on an e>ly fig-tree ,i saw y\r fa!rs4 ,n[ ^! may seem v imp]fect figures ( ! relation ( ,god to ?is "o p1 & ! ideas !y pres5t may be felt to />t m difficulties ?an ev] _! poetry c\ld soo! to re/3 z1 = in/ance1 :y ,israel alone 0 *os5--:y ?is ( all tribes 0 giv5 su* an opportunity to "k ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,) ^! que/ions prophecy does n deal1 & = ,israel's sake _h no ne$ to deal4 ,:at alone ,hosea is conc]n$ ) is ! ,"* disc]nible 9 ! orig9 & ! lib]ation ( 8 p4 ,he he>s t ,"* speak = itself2 & x speaks ( a love & ( a joy1 to f9d figures = :i* x goes to *ildhood & to spr+--to ! love a man feels = a *ild1 to ! joy a man feels at ! sight ( ! fir/fruits ( ! ye>4 ,z ! human he>t feels 9 ^? two great dawns1 :5 no?+ is yet impossible1 b all is full ( hope & promise1 s humanly1 s t5d]ly1 s joyfully _h ,god felt t[>ds ,8 p4 ,nev] aga9 say t ! gods ( ,greece 7 pa9t$ m liv+ or m fair6 ,! ,god ( ,israel is ,love & ,spr+time to ,8 p4 ,grace1 pati5ce1 pure joy ( hope & possibility--^! are ! ,div9e elem5ts :i* ?is spiritual man1 ,hosea1 sees 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( 8 p1 & n ! miracul\s1 ab\t :i*1 f end to end ( 8 book1 he is utt]ly sil5t4 ,x is ignorance1 !n1 ( su* a ,"*1 s evid5t 9 ^! facts ( _! hi/ory1 ) :i* ,hosea *>ges 8 p--n ignorance ( ! facts !mselves1 n want ( devotion to _! memory1 = !y are a p :o cr[d ! sacr$ sc5es ( ! pa/1 at ,be!l1 at ,gilgal1 at ,be]%eba1 b ignorance ( ! ,"* :i* %9es ?r\gh ! facts4 ,hosea also calls x =getfulness1 = ! p once _h k4#gae ,! cause ( _! los+ x has be5 _! prosp]ity 9 ,canaan3 ,z _! pa/ures 7 increas$ !y grew satisfi$2 z !y grew satisfi$ _! he>t 0 lift$ up1 & !re=e !y =gat ,me4#gaf ,equally in/ructive is ! me?od by :i* ,hosea seeks to move ,israel f ?is oblivion & br+ !m to a true k ( ,god4 ,he insi/s t _! recov]y c only be ! "w ( ,god ,himself--! liv+ ,god work+ 9 _! lives to-day z ,he did 9 ! pa/ ( ! nation4 ,to ^? pa/ de$s x is useless = ?is g5]ation to g back1 & seek aga9 ! memory ( :i* !y h dis9h]it$ !mselves4 ,let !m r realise t ! same ,god /ill lives4 ,! k ( ,him may be recov]$ by appreciat+ ,8 de$s 9 ! life ( to-day4 ,& ^! de$s mu/ fir/ ( all be viol5ce & t]ror1 if only to r\se !m f _! s5su\s slo?4 ,! la/ v]se we h quot$1 ab\t ,israel's complac5cy & pride1 is foll[$ by ?is t]rible "o3 ,i %all be#gag to !m l a lion1 l a leop>d ,i %all leap#gah ^u ! way4 ,i w meet !m z a be> b]eft ( h] cubs1 t ,i may te> ! caul ( _! he>t1 t ,i may dev\r !m !re l a lion3 ! wild bea/ %all r5d !m4#gai ,?is means t into ,israel's ins5sibility to ,himself ,god mu/ break ) facts1 ) w\nds1 ) horrors !y _c evade4 ,till ,he s acts1 _! own ef=ts1 !n %all we "k if we hunt up to "k1#gbj & _! assurance1 ,my ,god1 we d "k ,!e1#gba are v va94 ,hosea did n speak = no?+4 ,ev5ts 7 ab\t to happ5 m mom5t\s ?an ev5 ! ,exodus & ! ,conque/ ( ! ,l&4 ,by #gcd ! ,assyrians _h depopulat$ ,gilead & ,galilee2 9 #gbe ! capital itself 0 inve/$1 & by #gba ! :ole nation c>ri$ into captivity4 ,god _h made ,himself kn[n4 ,we are already aw>e1 h[ev]1 t ,hosea did n c\nt ?is z ,god's f9al revelation to ,8 p4 ,doom is n doom to him1 z x 0 to ,amos1 b discipl9e2 & ,god )draws ,8 p f _! fasc9at+ l& only t ,he may h !m m closely to ,himself4 ,he w br+ ,8 ,bride into ! wild]ness aga91 ! wild]ness :]e !y fir/ met1 & !re1 :5 h] s\l is t5d] & h] /upid he>t brok51 ,he w plant 9 h] aga9 ! se$s ( ,8 k & ,8 love4 ,! passages :i* describe ?is are among ! mo/ beautiful ( ! book4 ,!y tell u ( no arbitr>y conque/ ( ,israel by ,jehovah1 ( no magic & sudd5 trans=mation4 ,!y describe a process z natural & g5tle z a human woo+2 !y use1 z we h se51 ! v t]ms ( ?is3 ,i w woo h]1 br+ h] into ! wild]ness1 & speak home to h] he>t4444 ,& x %all be 9 t day t ?\ %alt call ,me1 ,my husb&1 444 & ,i w betro? !e to ,me = ev] 9 righte\sness & 9 ju/ice1 & 9 leal love & 9 m]cies & 9 fai?fulness2 & ?\ %alt "k ,jehovah4#gbb ,,footnotes3 #ffc i4 #b4 #ffd iv4 #f4 #ffe iv4 #a4 #fff v4 #d4 #ffg ii4 #aj4 #ffh xi4 #c4 #ffi iv4 #f4 #fgj vi4 #f4 #fga ii4 #bb4 #fgb viii4 #b4 #fgc 4 #fgd ,! ,lat9 vid]e1 scire1 nosc]e1 cognosc]e1 intellig]e1 sap]e & p]itus esse4 #fge ,cf4 ! ,greek f 4 #fgf vi4 #i4 #fgg ,see above1 pp4 #beh1 #bge2 & bel[1 p4 #cbc4 #fgh viii4 #e3 cf4 xxix4 #c 7,eng4 #d71 ,jehovah did n give y a he>t to "k4 #fgi ,job xix4 #ac3 /ill m close1 ( c\rse1 ! intimacy betwe5 ! sexes = :i* ! v]b is s (t5 us$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 #fhj xix4 #be3 cf4 ,g54 xx4 #f4 #fha viii4 #i4 #fhb viii4 #e3 cf4 ,hosea ix4 #g4 #fhc ix4 #ba4 #fhd #a ,sam4 ii4 #ab4 ,a simil> mean+ is probably to be atta*$ to ! ^w 9 ,g54 xxxix4 #f3 ,potiph> _h no ?\ght or c>e = any?+ t 0 9 ,joseph's h&4 ,cf4 ,prov4 ix4 #ac2 xxvii4 #bc2 ,job xxxv4 #ae4 #fhe ,g54 iii4 #g4 #fhf ,g54 iii4 #e2 ,isa4 vii4 #ae1 etc4 #fhg iv4 #ad1 3 if ! orig9al mean+ ( be to get betwe51 see ?r\gh or into1 s discrim9ate1 und]/&1 !n intellig5ce is its etymological equival5t4 #fhh vii4 #aa4 ,see above1 p4 #cba1 n4 #d4 #fhi vii4 #i4 #fij iv4 #a4 #fia v4 #d4 #fib ,= exposition ( ?is *apt] see above1 pp4 #bef ff4 #fic iv4 #aa1 #ab1 ,,lxx4 #fid iv4 #ad f4 ,see above1 pp4 #beh f4 #fie vii4 passim4 #fif iv4 #d-i4 ,above1 pp4 #beg f4 #fig vi4 #a ff4 ,see above1 pp4 #bfc ff4 #fih vi4 #d4 #fii iv4 #f4 ,see above1 p4 #beg4 #gjj ,see above1 pp4 #ig f4 ,on ! o!r d\btful phrase1 viii4 #ab--lit]ally ,i write multitudes ( ,my ,torah1 z a /rang] !y h reckon$ x--no argum5t c be built2 = ev5 if we take ! fir/ clause z conditional & r5d]1 ,?\gh ,i wrote multitudes ( ,my ,tor?1 yet z ^? ( a /rang] !y w\ld reg>d !m1 t w\ld n necess>ily mean t no ,tor? ( ,jehovah 7 yet writt51 b1 on ! contr>y1 might equally well imply t "s at lea/ _h be5 writt54 #gja ,or 0 ov]come4 #gjb xii4 #d-f4 ,see above1 p4 #cjb4 ,,lxx4 reads !y supplicat$ ,me 444 !y f\nd ,me 444 ,he spoke ) !m4 ,_m propose to read ! la/ clause ) him4 ,! passage is obscure4 ,note ! ord] ( ! ev5ts--! wre/l+ at ,p5iel1 ! revelation at ,be!l1 !n 9 ! subsequ5t passage ! flight to ,aram4 ,?is h[ev] does n prove t 9 ,hosea's in=mation ! la/ happ5$ aft] ! two fir/4 #gjc 1 field1 "h us$ 9 its political s5se3 cf4 ,hi/4 ,geog41 p4 #gi4 ,our ^w c\ntry1 n[ mean+ t]ritory & n[ ! rural z oppos$ to ! urban di/ricts1 is /rictly analog\s to ! ,hebrew field4 #gjd xii4 #ac1 #ad4 #gje ,a y\?4 #gjf ,,lxx41 foll[$ by _m critics1 8 sons4 ,b ,my son is a bett] p>allel to "y 9 ! prec$+ clause4 ,or trans43 to be ,my son4 #gjg ,s ,,lxx4 ,see p4 #bic4 #gjh ,s rightly ,,lxx4 #gji xi4 #a-c4 #gaj ix4 #aj4 #gaa xiii4 #d-f4 #gab xii4 #aj4 ,o!r ref]5ces to ! anci5t hi/ory are ! /ory ( ,gibeah & ! ,valley ( ,a*or4 #gac ii4 #aj4 #gad ,see above1 p4 #cjb4 #gae iv4 #f4 #gaf xiii4 #e4 #gag ,) ,wellhaus5 read = 4 #gah ,see above1 p4 #cje1 n4 #d4 #gai xiii4 #g ff4 #gbj vi4 #c4 #gba viii4 #b4 #gbb i4 #af1 #ah1 #ba1 #bb4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,rep5tance ,,hosea passim4 ,if we keep 9 m9d :at ,hosea meant by k--a new impression ( facts imply+ a *ange bo? ( temp] & ( conduct--we %all feel h[ natural x is to pass at once f 8 doctr9e ( k to 8 doctr9e ( rep5tance4 ,hosea may be accurately /yl$ ! fir/ prea*] ( rep5tance yet s ?or\ghly did he deal ) ?is subject ( et]nal int]e/ to ! human he>t1 t betwe5 him & ourselves almo/ no tea*] has increas$ ! insight ) :i* x has be5 exam9$1 or ! passion ) :i* x ought to be en=c$4 ,"o ?+ we mu/ hold cle> f ! outset4 ,to u rep5tance is intelligible only 9 ! individual4 ,!re is no motion ( ! he>t :i* m cle>ly d]ives its validity f its p]sonal "*4 ,rep5tance is ! consci5ce1 ! feel+1 ! resolution ( a man by himself & = himself--,i w arise & g to my ,fa!r4 ,yet x is n to ! individual t ,hosea directs 8 passionate appeals4 ,= him & 8 age ! religi\s unit 0 n ! ,israelite b ,israel4 ,god _h call$ & cov5ant$ ) ! nation z a :ole2 ,he _h reveal$ ,himself ?r\gh _! hi/orical =tunes & in/itutions4 ,8 grace 0 %[n 9 _! succ\r & guidance z a p2 ,8 la/ judgm5t 0 ?reat5$ 9 _! de/ruction z a /ate4 ,s simil>ly1 :5 by ,hosea ,god calls to rep5tance1 x is ! :ole nation :om ,he addresses4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ rememb] ^? qualifications :i* we adduc$ ) reg>d to ,hosea's doctr9e ( ! nation's k ( ,god4#gbc ,!y affect also 8 doctr9e ( ! national rep5tance4 ,hosea's exp]i5ce ( ,israel _h be5 prec$$ by 8 exp]i5ce ( an ,israelite4 ,= ye>s ! prophet _h c>ri$ on 8 anxi\s he>t a s+le human "*--liv$ ) h]1 travail$ = h]1 p>don$ & r$eem$ h]4 ,z we felt t ?is long cure ( a s\l mu/ h help$ ,hosea to 8 v spiritual s5se ( ! k ( ,god1 s n[ we may ju/ly assume t ! same _c h be5 )\t effect ^u 8 v p]sonal tea*+ ab\t rep5tance4 ,b ) 8 exp]i5ce ( ,gom]1 !re conspir$ also 8 int5se love = ,israel4 ,a w>m patriotism necess>ily p]sonifies its object4 ,to ! passionate lov] ( 8 p1 _! figure rises up "o & individual--8 "m1 8 lov]1 8 wife4 ,n[ no man ev] lov$ 8 p m intimately or m t5d]ly ?an ,hosea lov$ ,israel4 ,! p 7 n only de> to him1 because he 0 _! son1 b de> & vivid also = _! lonel9ess & _! di/9ction among ! peoples ( ! e>?1 & = _! long exp]i5ce z ! intimate ( ! ,god ( grace & lov+k9dness4 ,god _h *os5 ?is ,israel z ,8 ,bride2 & ! remembrance ( ! unique end[m5t & lonely de/9y /imulat$ ,hosea's imag9ation 9 ! "w ( p]sonify+ & individualis+ 8 p4 ,he treats ,israel ) ! t5d]ness & p>ticul>ity ) :i* ! ,%eph]d1 leav+ ! n9ety & n9e 9 ! wild]ness1 seeks till ,he f9d x ! "o lo/ lamb4 ,8 analysis ( 8 fickle g5]ation's ef=ts to rep5t1 ( _! motives 9 turn+ to ,god1 & ( _! failures1 is z inw>d & def9ite z if x 7 a s+le he>t he 7 dissect+4 ,c5turies h pass$2 ! individual has displac$ ! nation2 ! exp]i5ce ( ! human he>t has be5 inf9itely increas$1 & prophecy & all prea*+ has gr[n m & m p]sonal4 ,yet x has sc>cely ev] be5 f\nd ei!r necess>y to add to ! t]ms :i* ,hosea us$ = rep5tance1 or possible to g deep] 9 analys+ ! processes :i* ^! d5ote4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hosea's mo/ simple def9ition ( rep5tance is t ( return+ unto ,god4 ,= turn+ & re-turn+ ! ,hebrew language has only "o v]b--%bh4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,hosea !re are in/ances 9 :i* x is employ$ 9 ! =m] s5se2#gbd b1 ev5 ap>t f its use = rep5tance1 ! v]b usually means to return4 ,?us ! w&]+ wife 9 ! second *apt] says1 ,i w return to my =m] husb&2#gbe & 9 ! ?reat ( judgm5t x is said1 ,ephraim w return to ,egypt4#gbf ,simil> is ! s5se 9 ! phrases ,8 de$s w ,i turn back ^u him#gbg & ,i w n turn back to de/roy ,ephraim4#gbh ,! usual mean+ ( ! v]b is !re=e1 n m]ely to turn or *ange1 b to turn "r r\nd1 to turn back & home4#gbi ,?is is obvi\sly ! =ce ( its employm5t to express rep5tance4 ,= ?is purpose ,hosea v seldom uses x alone4#gcj ,he g5]ally adds ei!r ! "n by :i* ,god _h always be5 kn[n1 ,jehovah1#gca or ! designation ( ,him1 z _! own ,god4#gcb ,we mu/ emphasise ?is po9t if we w\ld appreciate ! ?or\ghness ( our prophet's doctr9e1 & its h>mony ) ! prea*+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,to ,hosea rep5tance is no m]e *ange 9 ! direction ( "o's life4 ,x is a turn+ back ^u "o's self1 a retrac+ ( "o's foot/eps1 a confession & ackn[l$gm5t ( :at "o has ab&on$4 ,x is a com+ back & a com+ home to ,god1 exactly z ,jesus ,himself has describ$ 9 ! ,p>able ( ! ,prodigal4 ,z ,hosea aga9 & aga9 affirms1 ! ,return to ,god1 l ! ,new ,te/am5t ,metanoia1 is ! effect ( new k2 b ! new k is n ( new facts--x is ( facts :i* h be5 pres5t = a long "t & :i* ought to h be5 appreciat$ be=e4 ,( ^! facts ,hosea describes ?ree k9ds3 ! nation's mis]y1 ! unspeakable grace ( _! ,god1 & _! great guilt 9 turn+ f ,him4 ,aga9 x is z 9 ! case ( ! prodigal3 8 hung]1 8 fa!r1 & 8 cry1 ,i h s9n$ aga9/ heav5 & 9 ?y sight4 ,we h already felt ! pa?os ( ^? passages 9 :i* ,hosea describes ! mis]y & ! decay ( ,israel1 ! unpr(itabl5ess & %ame ( all _! re/less traffic ) o!r gods & ali5 empires4 ,! /ate is rott52#gcc an>*y prevails4#gcd ,! national vitality is less5$3 ,ephraim ha? grey hairs4#gce ,p[] ( bir? & begett+ h gone2 ! univ]sal un*a/ity causes ! population to dim9i%3 _! glory flie? away l a bird4#gcf ,! pres5ts to ,egypt1#gcg ! tribute to ,assyria1 dra9 ! weal? ( ! p3 /rang]s dev\r 8 /r5g?4#gch ,! prodigal ,israel has 8 f>-(f c\ntry :]e he sp5ds 8 sub/ance among /rang]s4 ,x is 9 ?is connection t we mu/ take ! repeat$ v]se3 ! pride ( ,israel te/ifie? to 8 face4#gci ,we h se5#gdj ! impossibility ( ! usual exegesis ( ^! words1 t by ! ,pride ( ,israel ,hosea means ,jehovah2 ! ^w pride is probably to be tak5 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,amos employs x ( ! exub]ance & arrogance ( ,israel's civilisation4 ,if we are "r1 !n ,hosea describes a v subtle symptom ( ! moral awak5+ :e!r ( ! individual or ( a community4 ,! consci5ce ( _m a man1 ( _m a k+dom1 has be5 rea*$ only ?r\gh _! pride4 ,pride is ! la/ n]ve :i* com=t & habit leave quick2 & :5 summons to a man's bett] nature fail1 x is /ill possible 9 mo/ cases to t\* 8 pride ) ! pres5tation ( ! facts ( 8 decad5ce4 ,?is is probably :at ,hosea means4 ,israel's pre/ige suff]s4 ,! civilisation ( :i* !y are pr\d has its op5 w\nds4 ,_! politicians are ! sport ( ,egypt2#gda _! weal?1 ! v gold ( _! ,temple1 is lift$ by ,assyria4#gdb ,! n]ve ( pride 0 also t\*$ 9 ! prodigal3 ,h[ _m hir$ s]vants ( my fa!r h en\gh & to sp>e1 :ile ,i p]i% ) hung]4 ,yet1 unlike him1 ?is prodigal son ( ,god w n !re=e return4#gdc ,?\gh !re are grey hairs ^u him1 ?\gh /rang]s dev\r 8 /r5g?1 he kn[e? x n2 ( him x _c be said t he has come to himself4 ,& t is :y ! prophet ?reat5s ! fur!r discipl9e ( actual exile f ! l& & its fruits1#gdd ( bitt] bread#gde & pov]ty#gdf on an unclean soil4 ,israel mu/ also eat husks & fe$ ) sw9e be=e he arises & returns to 8 ,god4 ,b mis]y alone nev] l$ ei!r man or nation to rep5tance3 ! sorr[ ( ?is _w worke? only dea?4 ,rep5tance is ! return to ,god2 & x is ! awak5+ to ! tru? ab\t ,god1 to ! facts ( ,8 nature & ,8 grace1 :i* alone makes rep5tance possible4 ,no man's doctr9e ( rep5tance is intelligible )\t 8 doctr9e ( ,god2 & x is because ,hosea's doctr9e ( ,god is s ri*1 s fair & s t5d]1 t 8 doctr9e ( rep5tance is s full & graci\s4 ,"h we see ! diff]5ce betwe5 him & ,amos4 ,amos _h also us$ ! phrase ) frequ5cy2 aga9 & aga9 he _h appeal$ to ! p to seek ,god & to return to ,god4#gdg ,b f ,amos x w5t =? only z a pursu+ voice1 a voice cry+ 9 ! wild]ness4 ,hosea lets loose beh9d x a he>t1 plies ! p ) graci\s ?\ghts ( ,god1 & br+s ab\t !m1 n ! voices only1 b ! atmosph]e1 ( love4 ,i w be z ! dew unto ,israel1 promises ! ,mo/ ,high2 b ,he is be=e ,8 promise4 ,! *apt]s ( ,hosea are dr5*$ ) ! dew ( ,god's m]cy1 ( :i* no drop falls on ^? ( ,amos1 b !re ,god is r ! ro> z ( a lion1 ! fla% z ( lightn+4 ,bo? prophets bid ,israel turn to ,god2 b ,amos means by t1 to ju/ice1 tru? & purity1 :ile ,hosea describes a husb&1 a fa!r1 long-suff]+ & full ( m]cy4 ,i bid y come back1 cries ,amos4 ,b ,hosea pleads1 ,if only y 7 aw>e ( :at ,god is1 y w\ld come back4 ,come back to ,god & live1 cries ,amos2 b ,hosea1 ,come back to ,god1 = ,he is ,love4 ,amos calls1 ,come back at once1 = !re is b little "t left till ,god mu/ visit y 9 judgm5t2 b ,hosea1 ,come back at once1 = ,god has lov$ y s long & s k9dly4 ,amos cries1 ,turn1 = 9 front ( y is de/ruction2 b ,hosea1 ,turn1 = beh9d y is ,god4 ,& t is :y all ,hosea's prea*+ ( rep5tance is s evangelical4 ,i w arise & g to my ,fa!r4 ,b ! ?ird elem5t ( ! new k :i* means rep5tance is ! consci5ce ( guilt4 ,my ,fa!r1 ,i h s9n$4 ,on ?is po9t x might be av]r$ t ! tea*+ ( ,hosea is less spiritual ?an t ( lat] prophets 9 ,israel1 & t "h at la/ he comes %ort ( ! evangelical inw>dness ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,!re is tru? 9 ! *>ge2 & "h p]haps we feel mo/ ! defects ( 8 /&po9t1 z "o :o appeals1 n to ! individual1 b to ! nation z a :ole4 ,hosea's treatm5t ( ! s5se ( guilt _c be s spiritual z t1 say1 ( ! fifty-fir/ ,psalm4 ,b1 at lea/1 he is n satisfi$ to exhau/ x by ! v ?or\gh exposure :i* he gives u ( ! social s9s ( 8 day1 & ( _! t]rible results4 ,he1 too1 und]/&s :at is meant by a consci5ce ( s94 ,he has call$ ,israel's iniquity h>lotry1 unfai?fulness to ,god2 & 9 a passage ( equal insight & beauty ( expression he po9ts out t 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,ba'alim ,jehovah's p c nev] feel any?+ b a h>lot's %ame & bitt] memories ( ! bett] pa/4 ,rejoice n1 ,o ,israel1 to ! pit* ( rapture l ! hea!n3 = ?\ ha/ play$ ! h>lot f ?9e own ,god2 'tis hire ?\ ha/ lov$ on all ?re%+-floors4 ,floor & vat %all n ackn[l$ge !m2 ! new w9e %all play !m false4#gdh ,m]e *ildr5 ( nature may ab&on !mselves to ! riot\s joy ( h>ve/ & v9tage fe/ivals1 = !y h nev] kn[n o!r gods ?an are suitably wor%ipp$ by ^! orgies4 ,b ,israel has a pa/--! memory ( a holi] ,god1 ! consci5ce ( hav+ des]t$ ,him = mat]ial gifts4 ,) su* a consci5ce %e c nev] enjoy ! latt]2 z ,hosea puts x1 !y w n ackn[l$ge or take to#gdi h]4 ,"h !re is an in/9ct ( ! pr(\nd tru?1 t ev5 9 ! fulness ( life consci5ce is puni%m5t2 by itself ! s5se ( guilt is judgm5t4 ,b ,hosea does n attack ! s]vice ( /range gods only because x is unfai?fulness to ,jehovah1 b also because1 z ! wor%ip ( images1 x is a s5seless /upidity utt]ly inconsi/5t ) t spiritual disc]nm5t ( :i* rep5tance s l>gely consi/s4 ,& ) ! wor%ip ( hea!n idols ,hosea equally condemns ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah "u ! =m ( images4 ,hosea 0 ! fir/ 9 ,israel to lead ! attack ^u ! idols4 ,elijah _h assault$ ! wor%ip ( a =eign god1 b nei!r he nor ,eli%a nor ,amos condemn$ ! wor%ip ( ,israel's own ,god "u ! =m ( a calf4 ,inde$ ,amos1 except 9 "o d\btful passage1#gej nev] at all attacks idols or false gods4 ,! reason is v obvi\s4 ,amos & ,elijah 7 conc]n$ only ) ! proclamation ( ,god z ju/ice & purity3 & to ! moral aspects ( religion ! "q ( idolatry is n relevant2 ! two ?+s d n come directly into collision4 ,b ,hosea _h deep] & m wide views ( ,god1 ) :i* idolatry came into conflict at a hundr$ po9ts4 ,we "k :at ,hosea's k ( ,god 0--h[ spiritual1 h[ ext5sive--& we c appreciate h[ incongru\s idolatry mu/ h appe>$ aga9/ x4 ,we are prep>$ to f9d him treat+ ! images1 :e!r ( ! ,ba'alim or ( ,jehovah1 ) t f9e scorn :i* a passionate mono!ism1 ju/ly consci\s ( its intellectual sup]iority1 has ev] pass$ ^u ! idolatry ev5 ( civilisations 9 o!r respects high] ?an its own4 ,to ,hosea ! idol is an 'eseb1 a made ?+4#gea ,x is made ( ! v silv] & gold ) :i* ,jehovah ,himself _h end[$ ! p4#geb ,x is made only to be cut (f#gec by ! fir/ invad]6 ,*iefly1 h[ev]1 does ,hosea's scorn fall ^u ! image "u :i* ,jehovah ,himself 0 wor%ipp$4 ,?y ,calf1 ,o ,sam>ia6#ged he contemptu\sly calls x4 ,f ,israel is x also1 z mu* z ! ,ba'alim4 ,a workman made x1 & no god is x3 *ips %all ! ,calf ( ,sam>ia become6 ,9 ano!r place he mimics ! anxiety ( ,sam>ia = _! ,calf2 8 p m\rn = him1 & 8 prie/l+s wri! = 8 glory1 :y8--because x is go+ into exile3#gee ! gold t cov]s him %all be /ripp$ = ! tribute to ,assyria4 ,& once m3 ,!y cont9ue to s92 !y make !m a smelt+ ( _! silv]1 idols aft] _! own modell+1 smi?'s "w all ( x4 ,to ^! ?+s !y speak6 ,sacrific+ m5 actually kiss calves6#gef ,all ?is is 9 ! same ve9 ( satire :i* we f9d gr[n to su* brilliance 9 ! great ,prophet ( ! ,exile4#geg ,hosea 0 ! fir/ 9 :om x sp>kl$2 & x 0 due to 8 conception ( ! k ( ,god4 ,its relevancy to 8 doctr9e ( rep5tance is ?is1 t s spiritual an appreh5sion ( ,god z rep5tance implies1 s complete a metanoia or *ange ( m9d1 is intellectually incompatible ) idolatry4 ,y _c speak ( rep5tance to m5 :o kiss calves & wor%ip blocks ( wood4 ,h5ce he says3 ,ephraim is w$d$ to idols3 leave him alone4#geh ,!re 0 m ?an idolatry1 h[ev]1 9 ! way ( ,israel's rep5tance4 ,! :ole ( ! national wor%ip 0 an ob/acle4 ,its =malism & its easy & me*anical me?ods ( turn+ to ,god disguis$ ! ne$ ( t moral discipl9e & *ange ( he>t1 )\t :i* no rep5tance c be g5u9e4 ,amos _h contra/$ ! ritualism ( ! "t ) ! duty ( civic ju/ice & ! s]vice ( ! poor3#gei ,hosea opposes to x leal love & ! k ( ,god4 ,i w h leal love & n sacrifice1 & ! k ( ,god r ?an burnt-(f]+s4#gfj ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,hosea to class sacrifices ) idols4 ,bo? are s5seless & in>ticulate1 incapable ( express+ or ( answ]+ ! deep feel+s ( ! he>t4 ,true rep5tance1 on ! contr>y1 is rational1 articulate1 def9ite4 ,take ) y words1 says ,hosea1 & s return to ,jehovah4#gfa ,to u :o1 aft] tw5ty-five m c5turies ( talk1 "k pa9fully h[ words may be abus$1 x is /range to f9d !m en=c$ z ! tok5s ( s9c]ity4 ,b let u consid] aga9/ :at ! prophet en=ces !m4 ,aga9/ ! kiss+ ( calves & su* mumm]y--wor%ip ( images t nei!r he> nor speak4 ,let u rememb] ! in>ticulat5ess ( ritualism1 h[ x /ifles r ?an utt]s ! feel+s ( ! he>t4 ,let u imag9e ! dead r\t9e ( ! legal sacrifices1 _! orig9al symbolism worn b>e1 br++ =w>d to ! "y he>ts ( new g5]ations no int]pretation ( _! anci5t & di/ort$ details1 r$uc+ ^? :o p]=m !m to irrational ma*9es l !mselves4 ,!n let u rememb] h[ our own ,re=m]s _h to grapple ) ! same h>d me*anism 9 ! wor%ip ( _! "t1 & h[ !y bade ! he>t ( e wor%ipp] speak--speak = itself to ,god ) rational & s9c]e words4 ,s 9 place ( ! froz5 ritualism ( ! ,*ur* !re broke =? f all l&s ( ! ,re=mation1 z ?\gh x 7 birds 9 spr+time1 a great bur/ ( hymns & pray]s1 ) ! cle> notes ( ! ,gospel 9 ! common tongue4 ,s intol]able 0 ! memory ( :at _h be51 t x 0 ev5 enact$ t h5ce=? no sacram5t %\ld be disp5s$ b ! ,^w %\ld be giv5 to ! p along ) x4 ,if we keep all ^! ?+s 9 m9d1 we %all "k :at ,hosea means :5 he says to ,israel 9 _! p5it5ce1 ,take ) y words4 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 0 m consci\s ( ! dang] ( words4 ,^u ! lips ( ! p ,hosea has plac$ a confession ( rep5tance1 :i*1 s f> z ! words g1 c\ld n be m musical or pa!tic4#gfb ,9 e ,*ri/ian language x has be5 p>aphras$ to an exquisite confessional hymn4 ,b ,hosea describes x z reject$4 ,its words are too easy2 its ?\ghts ( ,god & ( ,8 p[] to save are too facile4 ,rep5tance1 x is true1 />ts f fai? 9 ! m]cy ( ,god1 = )\t ?is !re 7 only despair4 ,nev]!less 9 all true p5it5ce !re is despair4 ,g5u9e sorr[ = s9 includes a feel+ ( ! irrep>abl5ess ( ! pa/1 & ! true p5it5t z he ca/s himself ^u ,god does n d>e to feel t he ev] c be ! same aga94 ,i am no m wor?y to be call$ ,?y son3 make me z "o ( ,?y hir$ s]vants4 ,su* necess>y ?\ghts z ^! ,israel does n m+le ) h] pray]4 ,come & let u return to ,jehovah1 = ,he ha? torn only t ,he may heal1 & smitt5 only t ,he may b9d up4 ,he w revive u aga9 9 a c\ple ( days1 on ! ?ird day raise u up1 t we may live be=e ,him4 ,!n %all we "k if we hunt up to "k ! ,"l4 ,z soon z we seek ,him we %all f9d ,him3 & ,he %all come ^u u l w9t]-ra91 & l ! spr+-ra9 p\r+ on ! l&4 ,?is is too facile1 too %all[4 ,no wond] t ,god despairs ( su* a p4 ,:at am ,i to make ( !e1 ,ephraim8#gfc ,ano!r famili> passage1 ! ,p>able ( ! ,heif]1 describes ! same ambition to rea* spiritual results )\t spiritual processes4 ,ephraim is a brok5-9 heif]--"o t love? to tread out ! corn4 ,b ,i w pass ^u h] goodly neck4 ,i w give ,ephraim a yoke1 ,judah mu/ pl\gh4 ,jacob mu/ h>r[ = himself4#gfd ,cattle1 be+ unmuzzl$ by law#gfe at ?re%+ "t1 lov$ ?is be/ ( all _! ye>'s "w4 ,yet to rea* x !y mu/ fir/ g ?r\gh ! h>d] & unrew>d$ trials ( pl\gh+ & h>r[+4 ,l a heif]1 !n1 :i* lov$ h>ve/ only1 ,israel w\ld spr+ at ! rew>ds ( p5it5ce1 ! peaceable fruits ( righte\sness1 )\t go+ ?r\gh ! discipl9e & *a/isem5t :i* alone yield !m4 ,rep5tance is no m]e turn+ or ev5 re-turn+4 ,x is a deep & an e?ical process--! break+ up ( fall[ gr\nd1 ! lab\r & long expectation ( ! s[]1 ! seek+ & wait+ = ,jehovah till ,himself s5d ! ra94 ,s[ to y\rselves 9 righte\sness2 reap 9 proportion to love 7! love y h s[n71 break up y\r fall[ gr\nd3 = x is "t to seek ,jehovah1 until ,he come & ra9 righte\sness ^u u4#gff ,a rep5tance s ?or\gh z ?is _c b result 9 ! mo/ cle> & /eadfa/ mann] ( life4 ,truly x is a return+ n by oneself1 b a return+ by ,god1 & x leads to ! keep+ ( leal love & ju/ice1 & wait+ ^u ,god cont9ually4#gfg ,,footnotes3 #gbc ,see above1 p4 #cbj4 #gbd vii4 #af1 ,!y turn1 b n upw>ds2 xiv4 #e1 ,m9e ang] is turn$ away4 #gbe ii4 #i4 #gbf viii4 #ac2 ix4 #c2 xi4 #e4 #gbg iv4 #i3 cf4 xii4 #c1 #ae4 #gbh xi4 #i3 cf4 ii4 #aa4 #gbi ,?is may be fur!r se5 9 ! v common phrase 1 to turn aga9 ! captivity ( ,my p 7see ,hosea vi4 #aa72 or 9 ! use ( 9 xiv4 #h1 :]e x has ! =ce1 auxili>y to ! o!r v]b 9 ! clause1 ( repeat+ or com+ back to d a ?+4 ,b ! text "h ne$s em5dation3 cf4 above1 p4 #cae4 ,cf4 ,amos' use ( ! ,hiphil =m to draw back1 )draw1 i4 #c1 #f1 #i1 #aa1 #ac2 ii4 #a1 #d1 #f4 #gcj ,cf4 xi4 #e1 !y refus$ to return4 #gca vi4 #a1 ,come & let u return to ,jehovah2 vii4 #aj1 ,!y did n return to ,jehovah2 xiv4 #b1 #c1 ,return1 ,o ,israel1 to ,jehovah4 #gcb iii4 #e1 ,!y %all return & seek ,jehovah _! ,god2 v4 #d1 ,_! de$s d n all[ !m to return to _! ,god4 #gcc v4 #ab1 etc4 #gcd iv4 #b ff42 vi4 #g ff41 etc4 #gce vii4 #g4 #gcf ix4 #aa ff4 #gcg xii4 #b4 #gch vii4 #g4 #gci v4 #e2 vii4 #aj4 #gdj ,see above1 p4 #bfa4 #gda vii4 #af4 #gdb x4 #e4 #gdc vii4 #aj4 #gdd ii4 #af1 etc42 ix4 #b ff41 etc4 #gde ix4 #d4 #gdf xii4 #aj4 #gdg iv4 #f1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa4 #gdh ix4 #a4 ,see above1 p4 #bgi4 #gdi ,see above1 p4 #bgi1 n4 #d4 #gej v4 #bf4 #gea f 1 :i* 9 ,job x4 #h is p>allel to 4 #geb ii4 #h4 #gec viii4 #d4 #ged viii4 #e4 #gee x4 #e4 #gef xiii4 #b4 #geg ,isa4 xli4 ff4 #geh iv4 #ag4 #gei ,amos v4 #gfj vi4 #f4 #gfa xiv4 #b4 ,p]haps ! curi\s expression at ! close ( ! v]se1 s w we r5d] ! calves ( our lips1 or 7z a v>iant read+ gives7 fruit ( our lips1 has ! same int5tion4 ,articulate confession 7or v[s71 ^! are ! sacrifices1 ! calves1 :i* are acceptable to ,god4 #gfb vi4 #a-d4 #gfc ,= ! reasons = ?is int]pretation see above1 pp4 #bfc ff4 #gfd x4 #aa4 #gfe ,see above1 p4 #bhh4 #gff x4 #ab4 #gfg xii4 #g4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,! ,,s9 ,,aga9/ ,,love ,,hosea i4-iii42 iv4 #aa ff42 ix4 #aj ff42 xi4 #h f4 ,! ,love ( ,god is a t]rible ?+--t is ! la/ lesson ( ! ,book ( ,hosea4 ,my ,god w ca/ !m away4#gfh ,my ,god--let u rememb] ! "r :i* ,hosea _h to use ^! words4 ,( all prophets he 0 ! fir/ to break into ! full aspect ( ! ,div9e ,m]cy--to le>n & to proclaim t ,god is ,love4 ,b he 0 wor?y to d s1 by ! pati5t love ( 8 own he>t t[>ds ano!r :o = ye>s _h outrag$ all 8 tru/ & t5d]ness4 ,he _h lov$1 believ$ & be5 betray$2 p>don$ & wait$ & ye>n$1 & sorr[$ & p>don$ aga94 ,x is 9 ?is long-suff]+ t 8 brea/ beats ^u ! brea/ ( ,god ) ! cry ,my ,god4 ,z he _h lov$ ,gom]1 s _h ,god lov$ ,israel1 pa/ hope1 aga9/ hate1 ?r\gh ages ( +ratitude & apo/asy4 ,quiv]+ ) 8 own pa91 ,hosea has exhau/$ all human c>e & affection = figures to express ! ,div9e t5d]ness1 & he decl>es ,god's love to be deep] ?an all ! passion ( m51 & broad] ?an all _! pati5ce3 ,h[ c ,i give !e up1 ,ephraim8 ,h[ c ,i let !e g1 ,israel8 ,i w n execute ! fi]c5ess ( ,m9e ang]4 ,= ,i am ,god1 & n man4 ,& yet1 l poor human affection1 ?is ,love ( ,god1 too1 confesses its failure--,my ,god %all ca/ !m away4 ,x is ,god's s5t5ce ( rel9qui%m5t ^u ^? :o s9 aga9/ ,8 ,love1 b ! poor human lips :i* deliv] x quiv] ) an agony ( _! own1 & "h1 z m explicitly 9 tw5ty o!r passages ( ! book1 decl>e x to be equally ! doom ( ^? :o outrage ! love ( _! fell[ m5 & wom54 ,we h he>d x said3 ,! lives ( m5 are nev] ! same aft] !y h lov$2 if !y are n bett] !y mu/ be worse4 ,be afraid ( ! love t loves y3 x is ei!r y\r heav5 or y\r hell4 ,all ! discipl9e ( m5 spr+s f _! love--if !y take x n s1 !n all _! sorr[ mu/ spr+ f ! same s\rce4 ,!re is a dep? ( sorr[1 :i* c only be kn[n to a s\l t has lov$ ! mo/ p]fect ?+ & beholds itself fall54 ,^! ?+s are true ( ! ,love1 bo? ( our bro!r & ( our ,god4 ,& ! et]nal int]e/ ( ! life ( ,hosea is t he le>n$ h[1 = /r5g? & weakness1 = bett] = worse1 our human & our ,div9e loves are insep>ably jo9$4 ,i4 ,mo/ m5 le>n t love is insep>able f pa9 :]e ,hosea le>n$ x--at home4 ,!re x is t we are all rem9d$ t :5 love is /ronge/ %e feels h] weakness mo/4 ,= ! angui% :i* love mu/ be>1 z x 7 f ! f\ndation ( ! _w1 is ! contradiction at h] he>t betwe5 ! l>g5ess ( h] wi%es & ! littl5ess ( h] p[] to realise !m4 ,a "m feels x1 b5d+ ov] ! b$ ( h] *ild1 :5 its body is rack$ ) pa9 or its brea? sp5t ) c\gh+4 ,s great is ! feel+ ( h] love t x ought to d some?+1 t %e w actually feel h]self cruel because no?+ c be done4 ,let ! sick-b$ become ! bea* ( dea?1 & %e mu/ feel ! helplessness & ! angui% /ill m z ! de> life is n[ pluck$ f h] & n[ toss$ back by ! mock+ waves1 & !n drawn sl[ly out to sea ^u ! ebb f :i* !re is no return+4 ,b ! pa9 :i* disease & dea? ?us cause to love is no?+ to ! agony t ,s9 inflicts :5 he takes ! game into 8 unclean h&s4 ,we "k :at pa9 love br+s1 if our love be a fair face & fre% body 9 :i* ,dea? br&s 8 sores :ile we /& by1 z if ) arms b\nd4 ,b :at if our love be a *ildlike he>t1 & a frank expression & hone/ eyes1 & a clean & clev] m9d4 ,our p[]lessness is j z great & inf9itely m torm5t$ :5 ,s9 comes by & ca/s 8 %ad[ ov] ^!4 ,ah1 t is ,love's greate/ torm5t :5 h] *ildr51 :o h run f h] to ! bosom ( s91 look back & _! eyes are *ang$6 ,t is ! greate/ torm5t ( ,love--to p\r h]self )\t avail into "o ( ^? c>eless natures :i* seem capaci\s & receptive1 yet nev] fill ) love1 = !re is a crack & a leak at ! bottom ( !m4 ,! fields :]e ,love suff]s h] sore/ defeats are n ! sick-b$ & n dea?'s m>g91 n ! cold lips & seal$ eyes kiss$ )\t response2 b ! *ang$ eyes ( *ildr51 & ! break+ ( ! full-orb$ face1 & ! d>k5+ look ( gr[+ sons & daught]s1 & ! home ! fir/ "t ! unclean laugh breaks across x4 ,to wat*1 ?\gh unable to soo!1 a de> body rack$ ) pa91 is peace beside ! awful vigil ( wat*+ a s\l %r9k & black5 ) vice1 & y\r love unable to r$eem x4 ,su* a cl9ical /udy ,hosea endur$ = ye>s4 ,! prophet ( ,god1 we are told1 br\ght a dead *ild to life by tak+ him 9 8 arms & kiss+ him4 ,b ,hosea ) all 8 love c\ld n make ,gom] a true :ole wife aga94 ,love _h no p[] on ?is woman--no p[] ev5 at ! m]ciful call to make all ?+s new4 ,hosea1 :o _h once plac$ all hope 9 t5d]ness1 _h to admit t ,love's moral p[] is n absolute4 ,love may retire defeat$ f ! highe/ issues ( life4 ,s9 may conqu] ,love4 ,yet x is 9 ?is 8 triumph t ,s9 mu/ feel ! ultimate rev5ge4 ,:5 a man has conqu]$ ?is weak ?+ & beat5 h] d[n b5ea? 8 feet1 ,god speaks ! s5t5ce ( ab&onm5t4 ,!re is en\gh ( ! :ipp$ dog 9 all ( u to make u dread p5alty :5 we come into conflict ) ! /rong ?+s ( life4 ,b x takes u all our days to le>n t !re is f> m condemnation to !m :o (f5d ! weak ?+s ( life1 & p>ticul>ly ! weake/ ( all1 its love4 ,x 0 on s9s aga9/ ! weak t ,*ri/ pass$ ,8 /]ne/ judgm5ts3 ,woe unto him t (f5ds "o ( ^! little ones2 x 7 bett] = him t he _h nev] be5 born4 ,god's little ones are n only little *ildr51 b all ?+s :i*1 l little *ildr51 h only love = _! /r5g?4 ,!y are pure & lov+ m5 & wom5--m5 ) no weapon b _! love1 wom5 ) no %ield b _! tru/4 ,!y are ! innoc5t affections ( our own he>ts--! memories ( our *ildhood1 ! ideals ( our y\?1 ! pray]s ( our p>5ts1 ! fai? 9 u ( our fri5ds4 ,^! are ! little ones ( :om ,*ri/ spake1 t he :o s9s aga9/ !m _h bett] nev] h be5 born4 ,(t5 may ! de> solicitudes ( home1 a fa!r's c\nsels1 a "m's pray]s1 seem fooli% ?+s aga9/ ! *all5ges ( a _w1 call+ u to play ! man & d z x does2 (t5 may ! v[s & en?usiasms ( boyhood seem imp]t95t aga9/ ! temptations :i* are s necess>y to manhood3 yet let u be true to ! weak1 = if we betray !m1 we betray our own s\ls4 ,we may s9 aga9/ law & maim or mutilate ourselves1 b to s9 aga9/ love is to be ca/ out ( life altoge!r4 ,he :o violates ! purity ( ! love ) :i* ,god has fill$ 8 he>t1 he :o abuses ! love ,god has s5t to meet him 9 8 op5+ manhood1 he :o slights any ( ! affections1 :e!r !y be ( man or woman1 ( "y or ( old1 :i* ,god lays ^u u z ! mo/ p[]ful r$emptive =ces ( our life1 next to t ( ,8 de> ,son--he s9ne? aga9/ 8 own s\l1 & x is ( su* t ,hosea spake3 ,my ,god w ca/ !m away4 ,we talk ( break+ law3 we c only break ourselves aga9/ x4 ,b if we s9 aga9/ ,love1 we d de/roy h]2 we take f h] ! p[] to r$eem & sanctify u4 ,?\gh 9 _! y\? m5 ?9k ,love a quick & c>eless ?+--a s]vant always at _! side1 a w+$ mess5g] easy ( despat*--let !m "k t e "t !y s5d h] on an evil err& %e returns ) heavi] feet & brok5 w+s4 ,:5 !y make h] a p&] !y kill h] outright4 ,:5 %e is no m !y wak5 to t :i* ,gom] came to "k1 t love abus$ is love lo/1 & love lo/ means ,hell4 ,,ii4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only ! m>g9 f :i* ,hosea beholds an ab&onm5t /ill deep]4 ,all t has be5 said ( human love & ! p5alty ( outrag+ x is equally true ( ! ,div9e love & ! s9 aga9/ t4 ,! love ( ,god has ! same weakness :i* we h se5 9 ! love ( man4 ,x1 too1 may fail to r$eem2 x1 too1 has /ood defeat$ on "s ( ! highe/ moral battle-fields ( life4 ,god ,himself has suff]$ angui% & rejection f s9ful m54 ,h]e91 says a !ologian1 is ! my/]y ( ?is love1 444 t ,god c nev] by ,8 ,almighty ,p[] compel t :i* is ! v highe/ gift 9 ! life ( ,8 creatures--love to ,himself1 b t ,he receives x z ! free gift ( ,8 creatures1 & t ,he is only able to all[ m5 to give x to ,him 9 a free act ( _! own w4 ,s ,hosea also has told u h[ ,god does n compel1 b allure or woo1 ! s9ful back to ,himself4 ,& x is ! deepe/ angui% ( ! prophet's he>t1 t ?is free grace ( ,god may fail ?r\gh man's apa?y or ins9c]ity4 ,! angui% appe>s 9 ^? frequ5t anti!ses 9 :i* 8 torn he>t reflects h]self 9 ! /yle ( 8 disc\rse4 ,i h r$eem$ !m--yet h !y spok5 lies aga9/ ,me4#gfi ,i f\nd ,israel l grapes 9 ! wild]ness--!y w5t to ,ba'al-,peor4#ggj ,:5 ,israel 0 a *ild1 !n ,i lov$ him 444 b !y sacrific$ to ,ba'alim4#gga ,i taught ,ephraim to walk1 b !y knew n t ,i heal$ !m4#ggb ,h[ c ,i give !e up1 ,ephraim8 h[ c ,i let !e g1 ,o ,israel8444 ,ephraim compasse? ,me ) lies1 & ! h\se ( ,israel ) deceit6#ggc ,we fe> to apply all t we "k ( ! weakness ( human love to ! love ( ,god4 ,yet ?\gh ,he be ,god & n man1 x 0 z man ,he comm5d$ ,8 love to u4 ,he came ne>e/ u1 n 9 ! ?und]s ( ,s9ai1 b 9 ,him ,:o pres5t$ ,himself to ! _w ) ! c>esses ( a little *ild2 ,:o met m5 ) no angelic maje/y or heav5ly aureole1 b :om :5 we saw we f\nd no?+ t we %\ld desire ,him1 ,8 visage 0 s m>r$ m ?an any man1 & ,8 =m ?an ! sons ( m52 ,:o came to ,8 own & ,8 own receiv$ ,him n2 ,:o1 hav+ lov$ ,8 own t 7 9 ! _w1 lov$ !m up to ! end1 & yet at ! end 0 by !m des]t$ & betray$1--x is ( ,him t ,hosea prophetically says3 ,i drew !m ) cords ( a man & ) b&s ( love4 ,we are n b\nd to ,god by any unbreakable *a94 ,! /r&s :i* draw u upw>ds to ,god1 to hol9ess & ev]la/+ life1 h ! weakness ( ^? :i* b9d u to ! e>?ly s\ls we love4 ,x is possible = u to break !m4 ,we love ,*ri/1 n because ,he has compell$ u by any magic1 irresi/ible influ5ce to d s2 b1 z ,john 9 8 great simplicity says1 ,we love ,him because ,he fir/ lov$ u4 ,n[ ?is is surely ! t]ror ( ,god's love--t x c be resi/$2 t ev5 z x is manife/ 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ we m5 h ! p[]1 n only to rema91 z s _m d1 outside its scope1 feel+ x to be f>-(f & vague1 b hav+ ta/$ x to fall away f x1 hav+ realis$ x to refuse x1 hav+ all[$ x to beg9 its moral purposes 9 our lives to baffle & nullify ^!2 to make ! glory ( ,heav5 absolutely ineffectual 9 our own *>act]s2 & to give our ,savi\r ! angui% ( rejection4 ,give ,him ! angui%1 yet pass ^u ourselves ! doom6 ,=1 z ,i read ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! "o unp>donable s9 is ! s9 aga9/ our ,bless$ ,r$eem]'s ,love z x is br\ght home to ! he>t by ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,e o!r s9 is =giv5 to m5 b to crucify afre% ,him :o lov$ u & gave ,himself = u4 ,! mo/ t]rible ( ,8 judgm5ts is ! wail ( a he>t w\nd$ because its love has be5 despis$3 ,j]usalem1 ,j]usalem6 h[ (t5 w\ld ,i h ga!r$ ?y *ildr5 z a h5 ga!re? h] *ick5s1 & ye w\ld n4 ,behold1 y\r h\se is left unto y desolate6 ,m5 say !y _c believe 9 hell1 because !y _c conceive h[ ,god may s5t5ce m5 to mis]y = ! break+ ( laws !y 7 born )\t p[] to keep4 ,& "o w\ld agree ) ! inf]5ce1 if ,god _h done any su* ?+4 ,b = !m :i* are "u ! law & ! s5t5ce ( dea?1 ,*ri/ di$ once = all1 t ,he might r$eem !m4 ,yet ?is does n make a hell less believable4 ,:5 we see h[ ,almighty 0 t ,love ( ,god 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 lift+ our :ole race & s5d+ !m =w>d ) a fre$om & a p[] ( gr[? no?+ else 9 hi/ory has won = !m2 :5 we prove aga9 h[ weak x is1 s t x is possible = millions ( *>act]s t h felt x to refuse its et]nal influ5ce = ! sake ( "s base & transi5t passion2 nay1 :5 ,i myself "k ?is p[] & ?is weakness ( ,*ri/'s love1 s t "o day be+ loyal ,i am rais$ beyond ! rea* ( fe> & ( d\bt1 beyond ! desire ( s9 & ! habit ( evil1 & ! next day f9ds me capable ( putt+ x aside 9 pref]5ce = "s slight enjoym5t or ambition--!n ,i "k ! p]il & ! t]ror ( ?is love1 t x may be to a man ei!r ,heav5 or ,hell4 ,believe !n 9 hell1 because y believe 9 ! ,love ( ,god--n 9 a hell to :i* ,god condemns m5 ( ,8 w & pleasure1 b a hell into :i* m5 ca/ !mselves f ! v face ( ,8 love 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! place has be5 pa9t$ z a place ( fires4 ,b :5 we contemplate t m5 come to x ) ! holie/ flames 9 _! nature qu5*$1 we %all ju/ly feel t x is r a dre>y wa/e ( a% & c9d]1 /rewn ) sn[--"s ribb$ & fro/$ ,arctic zone1 sil5t 9 dea?1 = !re is no life !re1 & !re is no life !re because !re is no ,love1 & no ,love because m5 9 reject+ or abus+ h] h sla9 _! own p[] ev] aga9 to feel h] pres5ce4 ,,footnotes3 #gfh x4 #ag4 #gfi vii4 #ac4 #ggj ix4 #aj4 #gga xi4 #a1 #b4 #ggb xi4 #d4 #ggc xi4 #h2 xii4 #a4 ,,micah ,b ,i am full ( p[] by ! ,_s ( ,jehovah ,to decl>e to ,jacob 8 transgressions1 & to ,israel 8 s94 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,micah ,! ,book ( ,micah lies six? ( ! ,twelve ,prophets 9 ! ,hebrew ,canon1 b 9 ! ord] ( ! ,septuag9t ?ird1 foll[+ ,amos & ,hosea4 ,! latt] arrangem5t 0 d\btless direct$ by ! size ( ! respective books2#ggd 9 ! case ( ,micah x has co9cid$ ) ! prophet's prop] *ronological position4 ,?\gh 8 exact date be n c]ta91 he appe>s to h be5 a y\ng] contempor>y ( ,hosea1 z ,hosea 0 ( ,amos4 ,! book is n two-?irds ! size ( t ( ,amos1 & ab\t half t ( ,hosea4 ,x has be5 arrang$ 9 sev5 *apt]s1 :i* foll[1 m or less1 a natural me?od ( division4#gge ,!y are usually gr\p$ 9 ?ree sections1 di/+ui%able f ea* o!r by _! subject-matt]1 by _! temp] & /&po9t1 & to a less degree by _! lit]>y =m4 ,!y are ,a4 ,*aps4 i4-iii42 ,b4 ,*aps4 iv41 v42 ,c4 ,*aps1 vi41 vii4 ,!re is no book ( ! ,bible1 z to ! date ( ^: diff]5t p>ts !re has be5 m discussion1 especially )9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is is %ortly z foll[s3-- ,tradition & ! criticism ( ! e>ly ye>s ( ?is c5tury accept$ ! /atem5t ( ! title1 t ! book 0 compos$ 9 ! reigns ( ,jo?am1 ,ahaz & ,hezekiah--t is1 betwe5 #gdj & #gjj ,b4,c4 ,x 0 g5]ally agre$ t !re 7 9 x only traces ( ! fir/ two reigns1 b t ! :ole 0 put toge!r be=e ! fall ( ,sam>ia 9 #gba4ggf ,!n ,hitzig & ,/e9] dat$ *aps1 iii4-vi4 aft] #gba2 & ,ewald d5i$ t ,micah c\ld h giv5 u *aps1 vi41 vii41 & plac$ !m "u ,k+ ,manasseh1 circa #fij-fdj4 ,next ,wellhaus5#ggg s\ght to prove t vii4 #g-bj mu/ be po/-exilic4 ,/ade#ggh took a fur!r /ep1 &1 on ! gr\nd t ,micah himself c\ld n h blunt$ or annull$ 8 %>p pron\ncem5ts ( doom1 by ! promises :i* *aps1 iv4 & v4 conta91 he )drew ^! f ! prophet & assign$ !m to ! "t ( ! ,exile4#ggi ,b ! suffici5cy ( ?is argum5t 0 d5i$ by ,vatke4#ghj ,also 9 opposition to ,/ade1 ,ku55#gha refus$ to believe t ,micah c\ld h be5 cont5t ) ! ann\ncem5t ( ! fall ( ,j]usalem z 8 la/ ^w1 t !re=e mu* ( *aps1 iv4 & v4 is probably f himself1 b s9ce _! argum5t is obvi\sly brok5 & confus$1 we mu/ look 9 !m = int]polations1 & he decides t su* are iv4 #f-h1 #aa-ac1 & ! work+ up ( v4 #i-ad4 ,! fam\s passage 9 iv4 #a-d may h be5 ,micah's1 b 0 probably add$ by ano!r4 ,*aps1 vi4 & vii4 7 writt5 "u ,manasseh by "s ( ! p]secut$ adh]5ts ( ,jehovah4 ,we may next notice two critics :o adopt an extremely cons]vative position4 ,von ,ryssel1#ghb z ! result ( a v ?or\gh exam9ation1 decl>$ t all ! *apt]s 7 ,micah's1 ev5 ! mu* d\bt$ ii4 #ab1 #ac1 :i* h be5 plac$ by an editor ( ! book 9 ! wrong position1 & *ap4 vii4 #g-bj1 :i* he agrees ) ,ewald c only date f ! reign ( ,manasseh1 ,micah himself hav+ liv$ long en\gh into t reign to write !m himself4 ,ano!r c>eful analysis by ,elhor/#ghc also rea*$ ! conclusion t ! bulk ( ! book 0 au!ntic1 b = 8 pro( ( ?is ,elhor/ requires a radical re>rangem5t ( ! v]ses1 & t on gr\nds :i* d n always comm5d !mselves4 ,he holds *ap4 iv4 #i-ad & v4 #h = po/-exilic ins]tions4 ,driv]#ghd contributes a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! book1 & rea*es ! conclusions t ii4 #ab1 #ac1 ?\gh obvi\sly 9 _! wrong place1 ne$ n be d5i$ to ,micah2 t ! difficulties ( ascrib+ *aps1 iv41 v41 to ! prophet are n insup]able1 nor is x ev5 necess>y to suppose 9 !m int]polations4 ,he agrees ) ,ewald z to ! date ( vi4-vii4 #f1 &1 :ile hold+ t x is q possible = ,micah to h writt5 !m1 ?9ks !y are m probably due to ano!r1 ?\gh a confid5t conclusion is n to be a*iev$4 ,z to vii4 #g-bj1 he judges ,wellhaus5's inf]5ces to be unnecess>y4 ,a prophet 9 ,micah's or ,manasseh's "t may h ?\ght de/ruction ne>] ?an x actually prov$ to be1 &1 imag9+ x z already arriv$1 h put into ! m\? ( ! p a confession suit$ to its circum/ance4 ,wildebo]#ghe goes fur!r ?an ,driv]4 ,he replies 9 detail to ! argum5ts ( ,/ade & ,cornill1 d5ies t ! reasons = )draw+ s mu* f ,micah are conclusive1 & assigns to ! prophet ! :ole book1 ) ! exception ( sev]al int]polations4 ,we see1 !n1 t all critics are practically agre$ z to ! pres5ce ( int]polations 9 ! text1 z well z to ! occurr5ce ( c]ta9 v]ses ( ! prophet out ( _! prop] ord]4 ,?is inde$ mu/ be obvi\s to e c>eful read] z he notes ! some:at frequ5t break 9 ! logical sequ5ce1 especially ( *aps1 iv4 & v4 ,all critics1 too1 admit ! au!nticity ( *aps1 i4-iii41 ) ! possible exception ( ii4 #ab1 #ac2 :ile a majority hold t *aps1 vi4 & vii41 :e!r by ,micah or n1 mu/ be assign$ to ! reign ( ,manasseh4 ,on ! au!nticity ( *aps1 iv4 & v4--m9us int]polations--& ( *aps1 vi4 & vii41 op9ion is divid$2 b we ought n to ov]look ! rem>kable fact t ^? :o h rec5tly writt5 ! fulle/ monographs on ,micah#ghf incl9e to believe 9 ! g5u95ess ( ! book z a :ole4#ghg ,we may n[ ent] = ourselves ^u ! discussion ( ! v>i\s sections1 b be=e we d s let u note h[ mu* ( ! controv]sy turns ^u ! g5]al "q1 :e!r aft] decisively pr$ict+ ! ov]?r[ ( ,j]usalem x 0 possible = ,micah to add prophecies ( h] re/oration4 ,x w be rememb]$ t we h _h to discuss ?is same po9t ) reg>d bo? to ,amos & ,hosea4 ,9 ! case ( ! =m] we decid$ aga9/ ! au!nticity ( visions ( a bless$ future :i* n[ close 8 book2 9 ! case ( ! latt] we decid$ = ! au!nticity4 ,:at 7 our reasons = ?is diff]5ce8 ,!y 71 t ! clos+ vision ( ! ,book ( ,amos is n at all 9 h>mony ) ! exclusively e?ical _s ( ! au!ntic prophecies2 :ile ! clos+ vision ( ! ,book ( ,hosea is n only 9 language & 9 e?ical temp] ?or\ghly 9 h>mony ) ! *apt]s :i* prec$e x1 b 9 c]ta9 details has be5 actually anticipat$ by ^!4 ,hosea1 !re=e1 furni%es u ) ! case ( a prophet :o1 ?\gh he pr$ict$ ! ru9 ( 8 imp5it5t p 7& t ru9 0 v]ifi$ by ev5ts71 also spoke ( ! possibility ( _! re/oration ^u conditions 9 h>mony ) 8 reasons = ! inevitabl5ess ( _! fall4 ,& we saw1 too1 t ! hopeful visions ( ! future1 ?\gh plac$ la/ 9 ! collection ( 8 prophecies1 ne$ n necess>ily h be5 spok5 la/ by ! prophet1 b /& :]e !y d because !y h an et]nal spiritual validity = ! remnant ( ,israel4#ghh ,:at 0 possible = ,hosea is surely possible = ,micah4 ,t promises come 9 8 book1 & closely aft] ! conclusive ?reats :i* he gave ( ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 does n imply t orig9ally he utt]$ !m all 9 su* close proximity4 ,t inde$ w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,b consid]+ h[ (t5 ! political prospect 9 ,israel *ang$ dur+ ,micah's "t1 & h[ f> ! city 0 9 8 day f h] actual de/ruction--m ?an a c5tury di/ant--x seems to be improbable t he %\ld n 79 :atev] ord]7 h utt]$ bo? ?reat & promise4 ,& naturally1 :5 8 prophecies 7 arrang$ 9 p]man5t ord]1 ! promises w\ld be plac$ aft] ! ?reats4#ghi ,,fir/ ,,section3 ,,*aps4 ,i4-,,iii4 ,no critic d\bts ! au!nticity ( ! bulk ( ^! *apt]s4 ,! sole "q at issue is ! date or 7possibly7 ! dates ( !m4 ,only *ap4 ii4 #ab1 #ac1 are g5]ally reg>d$ z out ( place1 :]e !y n[ /&4 ,*ap4 i4 trembles ) ! de/ruction ( bo? ,nor!rn ,israel & ,judah--a de/ruction ei!r v imm95t or actually 9 ! process ( happ5+4 ,! v]ses :i* deal ) ,sam>ia1 #f ff41 d n simply ann\nce h] inevitable ru94 ,!y ?rob ) ! s5se ei!r t ?is is imm$iate1 or t x is go+ on1 or t x has j be5 accompli%$4 ,! v]bs suit ea* ( ^! alt]natives3 ,& ,i %all set1 or am sell+1 or h set1 ,sam>ia = a ru9 ( ! field1 & s on4 ,we may assign !m to any "t betwe5 #gbe ,b4,c41 ! beg9n+ ( ! siege ( ,sam>ia by ,%almanes]1 & a ye> or two aft] its de/ruction by ,s>gon 9 #gba4 ,_! int5se feel+ seems to preclude ! possibility ( _! hav+ be5 writt5 9 ! ye>s to :i* "s assign !m1 #gje-gjj1 or tw5ty ye>s aft] ,sam>ia 0 actually ov]?r[n4 ,9 ! next v]ses ! prophet goes on to m\rn ! fact t ! affliction ( ,sam>ia rea*es ev5 to ! gate ( ,j]usalem1 & he especially s+les out z p>tak]s 9 ! dang] ( ,j]usalem a numb] ( t[ns1 mo/ ( :i* 7s f> z we c disc]n7 lie n betwe5 ,j]usalem & ,sam>ia1 b at ! o!r corn] ( ,judah1 9 ! ,%ephelah or out ^u ! ,phili/9e pla94#gij ,?is 0 ! region :i* ,s5na*]ib invad$ 9 #gja1 simultane\sly ) 8 deta*m5t ( a corps to attack ! capital2 & accord+ly we might be %ut up to affirm t ?is end ( *ap4 i4 dates f t invasion1 if no o!r explanation ( ! place-names 7 possible4 ,b ano!r is possible4 ,micah himself belong$ to "o ( ^! ,%ephelah t[ns1 ,more%e?-,ga?1 & x is natural t1 anticipat+ ! invasion ( all ,judah1 aft] ! fall ( ,sam>ia 7z ,isaiah#gia also did71 he %\ld s+le out = m\rn+ 8 own di/rict ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is appe>s to be ! mo/ probable solution ( a v d\btful problem1 & accord+ly we may date ! :ole ( *ap4 i4 some:]e betwe5 #gbe & #gbj or #gah4 ,let u rememb] t 9 #gai ,s>gon m>*$ pa/ ?is v di/rict ( ! ,%ephelah 9 8 campaign aga9/ ,egypt1 :om he defeat$ at ,raphia4#gib ,our conclusion is support$ by *ap4 ii4 ,judah1 ?\gh ,jehovah be plann+ evil aga9/ h]1 is 9 ! full c\rse ( h] ord9>y social activities4 ,! ri* are absorb+ ! l&s ( ! poor 7vv4 i4 ff473 note ! phrase ^u _! b$s2 x alone signifies a "t ( security4 ,! enemies ( ,israel are int]nal 7#h74 ,! public peace is brok5 by ! lords ( ! l& & m5 & wom51 dispos$ to live quietly1 are robb$ 7#h ff474 ,! false prophets h suffici5t signs ( ! times 9 _! fav\r to reg>d ,micah's ?reats ( de/ruction z calumnies 7#f74 ,& al?\gh he reg>ds de/ruction z inevitable1 x is n to be to-day2 b 9 t day 7#d71 viz4 "s /ill indef9ite date 9 ! future1 ! bl[ w fall & ! nation's elegy be sung4 ,on ?is *apt]1 !n1 !re is no %ad[ ( a =eign invad]4 ,we might assign x to ! ye>s ( ,jo?am & ,ahaz 7"u ^: reigns ! title ( ! book places "p ( ! prophesy+ ( ,micah71 b s9ce !re is no s5se ( a d\ble k+dom1 no di/9ction betwe5 ,judah & ,israel1 x belongs m probably to ! ye>s :5 all imm$iate dang] f ,assyria _h pass$ away1 betwe5 ,s>gon's )drawal f ,raphia 9 #gai & 8 invasion ( ,a%dod 9 #gaj1 or betwe5 ! latt] date & ,s5na*]ib's accession 9 #gje4 ,*ap4 iii4 conta9s ?ree sep>ate oracles1 :i* exhibit a simil> /ate ( affairs3 ! abuse ( ! common p by _! *iefs & rul]s1 :o are impli$ to be 9 full s5se ( p[] & security4 ,!y h "t to aggravate _! do+s 7#d72 _! doom is /ill future--!n at t "t 7ib474 ,! bulk ( ! prophets det]m9e _! oracles by ! am\nt m5 give !m 7#e71 ano!r sign ( security4 ,_! doom is also future 7#f f474 ,9 ! ?ird ( ! oracles ! au?orities ( ! l& are 9 ! undi/urb$ ex]cise ( _! judicial (fices 7#i f471 & ! prie/s & prophets ( _! oracles 7#aj71 ?\gh all ^! pr(essions practise only = bribe & rew>d4 ,j]usalem is /ill be+ built & embelli%$ 7#aj74 ,b ! prophet1 n because !re are political om5s po9t+ to ?is1 b simply 9 ! =ce ( 8 indignation at ! s9s ( ! upp] classes1 prophesies ! de/ruction ( ! capital 7#ab74 ,x is possible t ^! oracles ( *ap4 iii4 may be lat] ?an ^? ( ! previ\s *apt]s4#gic ,,second ,,section3 ,,*aps4 ,,iv41 ,v4 ,?is section ( ! book op5s ) two passages1 v]ses #a-e & v]ses #f1 #g1 :i* !re are s]i\s objections aga9/ assign+ to ,micah4 #a4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 #a-e1 is ! fam\s prophecy ( ! ,m\nta9 ( ! ,"l's ,h\se1 :i* is repeat$ 9 ,isaiah ii4 #b-e4 ,probably ! ,book ( ,micah pres5ts ?is to u 9 ! m orig9al =m4#gid ,! alt]natives !re=e are f\r3 ,micah 0 ! au?or1 & ,isaiah borr[$ f him2 or bo? borr[$ f an e>li] s\rce2#gie or ! oracle is au!ntic 9 ,micah1 & has be5 ins]t$ by a lat] editor 9 ,isaiah2 or x has be5 ins]t$ by lat] editors 9 bo? ,micah & ,isaiah4 ,! la/ ( ^! conclusions is requir$ by ! argum5ts fir/ /at$ by ,/ade & ,hackmann1 & !n elaborat$1 9 a v /rong piece ( reason+1 by ,*eyne4 ,hackmann1 aft] m>k+ ! want ( connection ) ! previ\s *apt]1 alleges ! keynotes ( ! passage to be ?ree3 t x is n ! arbitration ( ,jehovah1#gif b ,8 sov]eignty ov] =eign nations1 & _! adoption ( ,8 law1 :i* ! passage pr$icts2 t x is ! ,temple at ,j]usalem ^: future supremacy is affirm$2 & t !re is a /rong feel+ aga9/ w>4 ,^!1 ,*eyne cont5ds1 are ! doctr9es ( a mu* lat] age ?an t ( ,micah2 he holds ! passage to be ! "w ( a po/-exilic imitator ( ! prophets1 :i* 0 fir/ intrud$ into ! ,book ( ,micah & aft]w>ds borr[$ f ?is by an editor ( ,isaiah's prophecies4 ,x is j "h1 h[ev]1 t ! !ory ( ^! critics loses its /r5g?4 ,agree+ he>tily z ,i d ) rec5t critics t ! g5u9e writ+s ( ! e>ly prophets h receiv$ "s1 & p]haps consid]able1 additions f ! ,exile & lat] p]iods1 x seems to me extremely improbable t ! same po/-exilic ins]tion %\ld f9d its way into two sep>ate books4 ,& ,i ?9k t ! und\bt$ bias t[>ds ! po/-exilic p]iod ( all ,canon ,*eyne's rec5t criticism1 has 9 ?is case hurri$ him pa/ due consid]ation ( ! possibility ( a pre-exilic date4 ,9 fact ! g5tle temp] %[n by ! passage t[>ds =eign nations1 ! abs5ce ( hatr$ or ( any ambition to subject ! ,g5tiles to s]vitude to ,israel1 contra/s /rongly ) ! temp] ( _m exilic & po/-exilic prophecies2#gig :ile ! position :i* x dem&s = ,jehovah & ,8 religion is q consi/5t ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( e>li] prophecy4 ,! passage really claims no m ?an a suz]a9ty ( ,jehovah ov] ! hea!n tribes1 ) ! result only t _! w> ) ,israel & ) "o ano!r %all cease1 n t !y %all become1 z ! great prophecy ( ! ,exile dem&s1 tribut>ies & s]vitors4 ,su* a claim 0 no m ?an ! natural d$uction f ! e>ly prophets' belief ( ,jehovah's supremacy 9 righte\sness4 ,& al?\gh ,amos _h n driv5 ! pr9ciple s f> z to promise ! absolute cessation ( w>1 he also _h recognis$ 9 ! mo/ unmi/akable fa%ion ! responsibility ( ! ,g5tiles to ,jehovah1 & ,8 supreme arbitram5t ^u !m4#gih ,& ,isaiah himself1 9 8 prophecy on ,tyre1 promis$ a /ill m complete subjection ( ! life ( ! hea!n to ! s]vice ( ,jehovah4#gii ,moreov] ! fif? v]se ( ! passage 9 ,micah 7?\gh x is true its connection ) ! previ\s f\r is n app>5t7 is mu* m 9 h>mony ) pre-exilic ?an ) po/-exilic prophecy3 ,all ! nations %all walk ea* 9 ! "n ( 8 god1 & we %all walk 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah our ,god = ev] & aye4 ,?is is consi/5t ) m ?an "o prophetic utt]ance be=e ! ,exile1#hjj b x is n consi/5t ) ! beliefs ( ,judaism aft] ! ,exile4 ,f9ally1 ! great triumph a*iev$ = ,j]usalem 9 #gja is q suffici5t to h prompt$ ! feel+s express$ by ?is passage = ! m\nta9 ( ! h\se ( ! ,"l2 ?\gh if we are to br+ x d[n to a date subsequ5t to #gja1 we mu/ re>range our views ) reg>d to ! date & mean+ ( ! second *apt] ( ,isaiah4 ,9 ,micah ! passage is obvi\sly devoid ( all connection1 n only ) ! previ\s *apt]1 b ) ! subsequ5t v]ses ( *ap4 iv4 ,! possibility ( a date 9 ! eigh? or beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury is all t we c det]m9e ) reg>d to x2 ! o!r que/ions mu/ rema9 9 obscurity4 #b4 ,v]ses #f1 #g1 may ref] to ! ,captivity ( ,nor!rn ,israel1 ! prophet add+ t :5 x %all be re/or$ ! unit$ k+dom %all be gov]n$ f ,m\nt ,zion2 b a date dur+ ! ,exile is1 ( c\rse1 equally probable4 #c4 ,v]ses #h-ac conta9 a s]ies ( small pictures ( ,j]usalem 9 siege1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 %e issues triumphant4#hja ,x is impossible to say :e!r su* a siege is actually 9 c\rse :ile ! prophet writes1 or is pictur$ by him z inevitable 9 ! ne> future4 ,! words ?\ %alt g to ,babylon may be1 b are n necess>ily1 a gloss4 #d4 ,*ap4 iv4 #ad-v4 #h aga9 pictures su* a siege ( ,j]usalem1 b promises a ,deliv]] out ( ,be?lehem1 ! city ( ,david4#hjb ,suffici5t h]oes w be rais$ up along ) him to drive ! ,assyrians f ! l&1 & :at is left ( ,israel aft] all ^! disa/]s %all prove a p[]ful & sov]eign influ5ce ^u ! peoples4 ,^! v]ses 7 probably n all utt]$ at ! same "t4 #e4 ,v]ses #i-ad4--;,9 prospect ( su* a deliv]ance ! prophet returns to :at *ap4 i4 has already describ$ & ,isaiah frequ5tly emphasises z ! s9 ( ,judah--h] armam5ts & =tresses1 h] magic & idolatries1 ! ?+s %e tru/$ 9 in/ead ( ,jehovah4 ,!y w no m be necess>y1 & w disappe>4 ,! nations t s]ve n ,jehovah w feel ,8 wra?4 ,9 all ^! oracles !re is no?+ inconsi/5t ) au?or%ip 9 ! eigh? c5tury3 !re is mu* t witnesses to ?is date4 ,ev]y?+ t !y ?reat5 or promise is ?reat5$ or promis$ by ,hosea & by ,isaiah1 ) ! exception ( ! de/ruction 79 v]4 #ab7 ( ! ,maebo?1 or sacr$ pill>s1 aga9/ :i* we f9d no s5t5ce go+ =? f ,jehovah be=e ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy1 :ile ,isaiah di/9ctly promises ! erection ( a ,maebah to ,jehovah 9 ! l& ( ,egypt4#hjc ,b waiv+ = ! pres5t ! possibility ( a date = ,deut]onomy1 or = "p ( x1 9 ! reign ( ,hezekiah1 we mu/ rememb] ! de/ruction1 :i* took place "u ?is k+1 ( idolatr\s sanctu>ies 9 ,judah1 & feel also t1 9 spite ( su* a re=m1 x 0 q possible = ,isaiah to introduce a ,maebah into 8 poetic vision ( ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah 9 ,egypt4 ,= has he n also d>$ to say t ! h>lot's hire ( ! ,phnician comm]ce %all "o day be consecrat$ to ,jehovah8 ,,?ird ,,section3 ,,*aps4 ,,vi41 ,,vii4 ,! /yle n[ *anges4 ,we h _h hi!rto a s]ies ( %ort oracles1 z if deliv]$ orally4 ,^! are succe$$ by a s]ies ( conf]5ces or argum5ts1 by sev]al speak]s4 ,ewald acc\nts = ! *ange by suppos+ t ! latt] date f a "t ( p]secution1 :5 ! prophet1 unable to speak 9 public1 utt]$ himself 9 lit]ature4 ,b *ap4 i4 is also dramatic4 #a4 ,*ap4 vi4 #a-h4--;,an argum5t 9 :i* ! prophet z h]ald calls on ! hills to li/5 to ,jehovah's case aga9/ ! p 7#a1 #b74 ,jehovah ,himself appeals to ! latt]1 & 9 a /yle simil> to ,hosea's cites ,8 de$s 9 _! hi/ory1 z evid5ce ( :at ,he seeks f !m 7#c-e74 ,! p1 presumably p5it5t1 ask h[ !y %all come be=e ,jehovah 7#f1 #g74 ,& ! prophet tells !m :at ,jehovah has decl>$ 9 ! matt] 7#h74 ,op5+ v mu* l ,micah's fir/ oracle 7*ap4 i4 #a71 ?is argum5t conta9s no?+ /range ei!r to ,micah or ! eigh? c5tury4 ,exception has be5 tak5 to ! ref]5ce 9 v]4 #g to ! sacrifice ( ! fir/-born1 :i* appe>s to h become m common f ! gloomy age ( ,manasseh onw>ds1 & :i*1 !re=e1 l$ ,ewald to date all *aps4 vi4 & vii4 f t k+'s reign4 ,b *ild-sacrifice is /at$ simply z a possibility1 &--occurr+ z x does at ! climax ( ! s5t5ce--z an extreme possibility4#hjd ,i see no necessity1 !re=e1 to d5y ! piece to ,micah or ! reign ( ,hezekiah4 ,( ^? :o place x "u ,manasseh1 "s1 l ,driv]1 /ill res]ve x to ,micah himself1 :om !y suppose to h surviv$ ,hezekiah & se5 ! evil days :i* foll[$4 #b4 ,v]ses #i-af4--,mo/ expositors#hje take ^! v]ses along ) ! previ\s eight1 z well z ) ! six :i* foll[ 9 *ap4 vii4 ,b !re is no connection betwe5 v]ses #h & #i2 & #i-af are bett] tak5 by !mselves4 ,! prophet h]alds1 z be=e1 ! spee* ( ,jehovah to tribe & city7#i74 ,address+ ,j]usalem1 ,jehovah asks h[ ,he c =give su* fraud & viol5ce z ^? by :i* h] weal? has be5 ga!r$ 7#aj-ab74 ,!n address+ ! p 7note ! *ange f fem99e to mascul9e 9 ! second p]sonal pron\ns7 ,he tells !m ,he mu/ smite2 !y %all n enjoy ! fruit ( _! lab\rs7#ad1 #ae74 ,!y h s9n$ ! s9s ( ,omri & ! h\se ( ,ahab 7qu]y--%\ld x n be ( ,ahab & ! h\se ( ,omri871 s t !y mu/ be put to %ame be=e ! ,g5tiles#hjf7af74 ,9 ?is section ?ree or f\r words h be5 m>k$ z ( late ,hebrew4#hjg ,b ?is is unc]ta91 & ! inf]5ce made f x prec>i\s4 ,! de$s ( ,omri & ,ahab's h\se h be5 und]/ood z ! p]secution ( ! adh]5ts ( ,jehovah1 & ! passage has1 !re=e1 be5 assign$ by ,ewald & o!rs to ! reign ( ! tyrant ,manasseh4 ,b su* habits ( p]secution c\ld h>dly be imput$ to ! ,city or ,p z a :ole2 & we may conclude t ! passage means "s o!r ( t notori\s dyna/y's s9s4 ,among ^!1 z is well kn[n1 x is possible to make a l>ge selection--! fav\r+ ( idolatry1 or ! tyrann\s absorption by ! ri* ( ! l& ( ! poor 7z 9 ,nabo?'s case71 a s9 :i* ,micah has already m>k$ z t ( 8 age4 ,! :ole treatm5t ( ! subject1 too1 :e!r "u ! head ( ! s9 or its puni%m5t1 /rongly resembles ! /yle & temp] ( ,amos4 ,x is1 !re=e1 by no means impossible = ?is passage also to h be5 ,micah's1 & we mu/ accord+ly leave ! "q ( its date undecid$4 ,c]ta9ly we are n %ut up1 z ! majority ( mod]n critics suppose1 to a date "u ,manasseh or ,amon4 #c4 ,*ap4 vii4 #a-f4--,^! v]ses are spok5 by ! prophet 9 8 own "n or t ( ! p's4 ,! l& is deva/at$2 ! righte\s h disappe>$2 ev]ybody is 9 ambu% to commit de$s ( viol5ce & take 8 neighb\r unaw>es4 ,!re is no ju/ice3 ! great ones ( ! l& are free to d :at !y l2 !y h intrigu$ ) & brib$ ! au?orities4 ,in=m]s h crept 9 ev]y:]e4 ,m5 mu/ be sil5t1 = ! memb]s ( _! own families are _! foes4 ,"s ( ^! s9s h already be5 m>k$ by ,micah z ^? ( 8 age 7*ap4 ii471 b ! o!rs po9t r to a "t ( p]secution su* z t "u ,manasseh4 ,wellhaus5 rem>ks ! simil>ity to ! /ate ( affairs describ$ 9 ,mal4 iii4 #bd & 9 "s ,psalms4 ,we _c fix ! date4 #d4 ,v]ses #g-bj4--,?is passage />ts f a totally diff]5t temp] ( prophecy1 & presumably1 !re=e1 f v diff]5t circum/ances4 ,israel1 z a :ole1 speaks 9 p5it5ce4 ,%e has s9n$1 & b[s h]self to ! consequ5ces1 b 9 hope4 ,a day %all come :5 h] exiles %all return & ! hea!n ackn[l$ge h] ,god4 ,! passage1 & ) x ! ,book ( ,micah1 concludes by apo/rophis+ ,jehovah z ! ,god ( =giv5ess & grace to ,8 p4 ,ewald1 & foll[+ him ,driv]1 assign ! passage1 ) ^? :i* prec$e x1 to ! times ( ,manasseh1 9 :i* ( c\rse x is possible t ,micah 0 /ill active1 ?\gh ,ewald supposes a y\ng] & anonym\s prophet z ! au?or4 ,wellhaus5#hjh goes fur!r1 &1 :ile recognis+ t ! situation & temp] ( ! passage resemble ^? ( ,isaiah xl4 ff41 is incl9$ to br+ x ev5 fur!r d[n to po/-exilic times1 because ( ! univ]sal "* ( ! ,diaspora4 ,driv] objects to ^! inf]5ces1 & ma9ta9s t a prophet 9 ! "t ( ,manasseh1 ?9k+ ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem to be ne>] ?an x actually 01 may easily h pictur$ x z hav+ tak5 place1 & put an ideal confession 9 ! m\? ( ! p4 ,x seems to me t all ^! critics h fail$ to appreciate a piece ( evid5ce ev5 m rem>kable ?an any !y h insi/$ on 9 _! argum5t = a late date4 ,?is is1 t ! passage speaks ( a re/oration ( ! p only to ,ba%an & ,gilead1 ! prov9ces ov]run by ,tigla?-,piles] ,,iii4 9 #gcd4 ,x is n possible to expla9 su* a limitation ei!r by ! circum/ances ( ,manasseh's "t or by ^? ( ! ,exile4 ,9 ! =m] surely ,sam>ia w\ld h be5 includ$2 9 ! latt] ,zion & ,judah w\ld h be5 emphasis$ be=e any o!r region4 ,x w\ld be easy = ! def5d]s ( a po/-exilic date1 & especially ( a date mu* subsequ5t to ! ,exile1 to acc\nt = a long+ aft] ,ba%an & ,gilead1 ?\gh !y also w\ld h to meet ! objection t ,sam>ia or ,ephraim is n m5tion$4 ,b h[ natural x w\ld be = a prophet writ+ soon aft] ! captivity ( ,tigla?-,piles] ,,iii4 to make ?is precise selection6 ,& al?\gh !re rema9 difficulties 7aris+ f ! temp] & language ( ! passage7 9 ! way ( assign+ all ( x to ,micah or 8 contempor>ies1 ,i feel t on ! geographical allusions mu* c be said = ! orig9 ( ?is "p ( ! passage 9 _! age1 or ev5 9 an age /ill e>li]3 t ( ! ,syrian w>s 9 ! end ( ! n9? c5tury1 ) :i* !re is no?+ inconsi/5t ei!r 9 ! _s or ! language ( vv4 #ad-ag4 ,& ,i am sure t if ! def5d]s ( a late date _h f\nd a selection ( di/ricts z suitable to ! po/-exilic circum/ances ( ,israel z ! selection ( ,ba%an & ,gilead is to ! circum/ances ( ! eigh? c5tury1 !y w\ld1 in/ead ( ignor+ x1 h emphasis$ x z a conclusive confirmation ( _! !ory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 v]4 #aa c date only f ! ,exile1 or ! foll[+ ye>s1 be=e ,j]usalem 0 rebuilt4 ,aga91 vv4 #ah-bj appe> to /& by !mselves4 ,x seems likely1 !re=e1 t *ap4 vii4 #g-bj is a ,psalm compos$ ( little pieces f v>i\s dates1 :i*1 comb9$1 give u a picture ( ! secul> sorr[s ( ,israel1 & ( ! consci5ce %e ultimately felt 9 !m1 & conclude by a doxology to ! ev]la/+ m]cies ( h] ,god4 ,,footnotes3 #ggd ,see above1 pp4 #f f4 #gge ,note t ! ,hebrew & ,engli% divisions d n co9cide betwe5 *aps4 iv4 & v4 ,9 ! ,hebrew *ap4 iv4 includes a f\rte5? v]se1 :i* 9 ! ,engli% /&s z ! fir/ v]se ( *ap4 v4 ,9 ?is ! ,engli% agrees ) ! ,septuag9t4 #ggf ,casp>i4 #ggg ,9 ! f\r? edition ( ,bleek's ,introduction4 #ggh ,z4,a4,t4,w41 ,vols4 ,i41 ,,iii41 ,,iv4 #ggi ,see also ,cornill1 ,e9leitung1 #ahc f4 ,/ade takes iv4 #a-d1 iv4 #aa-v4 #c1 v4 #f-ad1 z orig9ally "o prophecy 7di/+ui%$ by c]ta9 cat*words & an outlook simil> to t ( ,ezekiel & ! great ,prophet ( ! ,exile71 9 :i* ! two pieces iv4 #e-aj & v4 #d1 #e1 7 aft]w>ds ins]t$ by ! au?or ( ii4 #ab1 #ac4 #ghj ,e9leitung 9 das ,a4,t41 pp4 #fij ff4 #gha ,e9leitung4 #ghb ,unt]su*ung5 b] dis ,textge/alt u4 die ,e*!it des ,bu*es ,mi*a1 #ahhg4 #ghc ,de ,pr(etie van ,mi*a1 #ahia1 :i* ,i h n se54 ,x is summ>is$ 9 ,wildebo]'s ,litt]atur des ,a4,t41 #ahie4 #ghd ,introduction1 #ahib4 #ghe ,litt]atur des ,a4,t41 pp4 #adh ff4 #ghf ,wildebo] 7,de ,pr(et ,mi*a71 ,von ,ryssel & ,elhor/4 #ghg ,*eyne1 !re=e1 is n correct :5 he says 7,introduction to second edition ( ,rob]tson ,smi?'s ,prophets1 p4 xxiii47 t x is becom+ m & m d\btful :e!r m ?an two or ?ree fragm5ts ( ! het]og5e\s collection ( fragm5ts 9 *aps4 iv4-vii4 c h come f t prophet4 #ghh ,see above1 p4 #caa4 #ghi ,wildebo] seems to me to h good gr\nds = 8 reply to ,/ade's ass]tion t ! occurr5ce ( promises aft] ! ?reats only blunts & nullifies ! latt]4 ,^! objections1 says ,wildebo]1 raise !mselves only aga9/ ! spok51 b n aga9/ ! writt5 ^w4 ,see1 too1 ! admirable rem>ks he quotes f ,de ,goeje4 #gij ,see bel[1 pp4 #chc ff4 #gia x4 #ah4 #gib ,sm5d assigns ! prophecy ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 9 iii4 #ad1 along ) ,isaiah xxviii4-xxxii41 to #gjd-gja1 & sugge/s t ! end ( *ap4 i4 ref]s to ,s5na*]ib's campaign 9 ,phili/ia 9 #gja 7,a4 ,t4 ,religionsges*i*te1 p4 #bbe1 n474 ,! =m] is possible1 b ! latt] passage1 foll[+ s closely on i4 #f1 :i* implies ! fall ( ,sam>ia to be /ill rec5t1 if n 9 actual c\rse1 is m suitably plac$ 9 ! "t ( ! campaign ( ,s>gon ov] pretty mu* ! same gr\nd4 #gic ,see above1 p4 #cfc1 n4 #b4 #gid ,s ,hitzig 7ohne ,zweifel71 & ,*eyne1 ,introduction to ! ,book ( ,isaiah2 ,ryssel1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bah f4 ,hackmann 7,die ,zukunfts]w>tung des ,jesaia1 #abg-h1 n47 pref]s ! ,greek ( ,micah4 ,ewald is d\btful4 ,duhm1 h[ev]1 incl9es to au?or%ip by ,isaiah1 & w\ld assign ! composition to ,isaiah's old age4 #gie ,hitzig2 ,ewald4 #gif ,z aga9/ ,duhm4 #gig ,s rightly ,duhm on ,isa4 ii4 #b-d4 #gih ,amos i4 & ii4 ,see above1 pp4 #abd1 #acc4 #gii ,isa4 xxiii4 #ag f4 #hjj ,j]4 xvii4 #hja ,wellhaus5 inde$ ?9ks t v]4 #h presupposes t ,j]usalem is already deva/at$1 r$uc$ to ! /ate ( a %eph]d's t[] 9 ! wild]ness4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is incorrect4 ,! v]se implies only t ! :ole c\ntry is ov]run by ! foe1 ,j]usalem alone /&+1 ) ! flock ( ,god 9 x1 l a =tifi$ fold 7cf4 ,isaiah i474 #hjb ,roorda1 reason+ f ! ,greek text1 takes ,h\se ( ,ephra?a z ! orig9al read+1 ) ,be?lehem add$ lat]2 & ,hitzig prop]ly reads ,ephra?1 giv+ its f9al lett] to ! next ^w :i* improves ! gramm>1 ?us3 #hjc ,isa4 xix4 #ai4 #hjd ,s also ,wellhaus54 #hje ,e4g4 ,ewald & ,driv]4 #hjf ,= read ) ! ,,lxx4 #hjg ,wellhaus5 /ates f\r4 ,b ( v]4 #i is an unc]ta9 read+4 is f\nd 9 ,hosea vii4 #af1 ?\gh ! text ( ?is1 x is true1 is corrupt4 9 ano!r v]bal =m is f\nd 9 ,isa4 i4 #af4 ,!re only rema9s 1 b aga9 x is unc]ta9 :e!r we %\ld take ?is 9 its late s5se ( tribe4 #hjh ,& also ,giesebre*t1 ,beitrge1 p4 #bag4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,micah ,,! ,,mora/hite ,,micah i4 ,"s "t 9 ! reign ( ,hezekiah1 :5 ! k+dom ( ,judah 0 /ill inviolate1 b %iv]+ to ! %ock ( ! fall ( ,sam>ia1 & probably :ile ,s>gon ! de/roy] 0 pu%+ 8 way pa/ ,judah to meet ,egypt at ,raphia1 a ,judan prophet ( ! "n ( ,micah1 /&+ 9 sight ( ! ,assyrian m>*1 attack$ ! s9s ( 8 p & prophesi$ _! spe$y ov]?r[ b5ea? ! same flood ( w>4 ,if we be correct 9 our surmise1 ! exact ye> 0 #gbj-gai ,b4,c4 ,amos _h be5 sil5t ?irty ye>s1 ,hosea h>dly fifte52 ,isaiah 0 9 ! midway ( 8 c>e]4 ,! title ( ,micah's book ass]ts t he _h previ\sly prophesi$ "u ,jo?am & ,ahaz1 & ?\gh we h se5 x to be possible1 x is by no means prov$1 t c]ta9 passages ( ! book date f ^! reigns4 ,micah is call$ ! ,mora/hite4#hji ,= ?is designation !re appe>s to be no o!r mean+ ?an t ( a native ( ,more%e?-,ga?1 a village m5tion$ by himself4#haj ,x signifies ,prop]ty or ,t]ritory ( ,ga?1 & aft] ! fall ( ! latt]1 :i* f ?is "t no m appe>s 9 hi/ory1 ,more%e? may h be5 us$ alone4 ,comp>e ! analog\s cases ( ,helka? 7portion (--7 ,galilee1 ,at>o?1 ,*esullo? & ,iim4#haa ,9 our ignorance ( ,ga?'s position1 we %\ld be equally at fault ab\t ,more%e?1 = ! "n has vani%$1 7 x n = "o or two plausible pieces ( evid5ce4 ,belong+ to ,ga?1 ,more%e? mu/ h la9 ne> ! ,phili/9e bord]3 ! t[ns among :i* ,micah includes x are situate 9 t region2 & ,j]ome decl>es t ! "n--?\gh ! =m1 ,mora/hi1 9 :i* he cites x is suspici\s--0 9 8 "t /ill extant 9 a small village to ! ea/ ( ,eleu!ropolis or ,beit-,jibr94 ,j]ome cites ,mora/hi z di/9ct f ! neighb\r+ ,m>e%ah1 :i* is also quot$ by ,micah beside ,more%e?-,ga?4#hab ,more%e? 01 !re=e1 a place 9 ! ,%ephelah1 or range ( l[ hills :i* lie betwe5 ! hill-c\ntry ( ,judah & ! ,phili/9e pla94 ,x is ! opposite exposure f ! wild]ness ( ,tekoa1#hac "s sev5te5 miles away across ! wat]%$4 ,z ! home ( ,amos is b>e & des]t1 s ! home ( ,micah is fair & f]tile4 ,! irregul> *alk hills are sep>at$ by broad gl5s1 9 :i* ! soil is alluvial & r$1 ) room = cornfields on ei!r side ( ! p]5nial or almo/ p]5nial /reams4 ,! olive groves on ! braes are f9] ?an ei!r ^? ( ! pla9 bel[ or ( ! ,judan tablel& above4 ,!re is h]bage = cattle4 ,bees murmur ev]y:]e1 l>ks are s++1 & al?\gh to-day y may w&] 9 ! maze ( hills = h\rs )\t meet+ a man or see+ a h\se1 y are nev] out ( sight ( ! traces ( anci5t habitation1 & seldom beyond s\nd ( ! human voice--%eph]ds & pl\ghm5 call+ to _! flocks & to ea* o!r across ! gl5s4 ,!re are none ( ! conditions or ( ! occasions ( a l>ge t[n4 ,b1 l ! s\? ( ,engl&1 ! c\ntry is "o ( villages & home/eads1 bre$+ good yeom5--m5 satisfi$ & 9 love ) _! soil1 yet bord]]s ) a f> outlook & a ke5 vigilance & s5sibility4 ,! ,%ephelah is suffici5tly deta*$ f ! capital & body ( ! l& to beget 9 h] sons an indep5d5ce ( m9d & feel+1 b s mu* ^u ! edge ( ! op5 _w z to endue !m at ! same "t ) t s5se ( ! responsibilities ( w>f>e1 :i* ! national /atesm51 alo( & at ease 9 ,zion1 c\ld n possibly h %>$4 ,^u "o ( ! we/mo/ t]races ( ?is ,%ephelah1 ne>ly a ?\s& feet above ! sea1 lay ,more%e? itself4 ,!re is a great view across ! undulat+ pla9 ) its t[ns & =tresses1 ,la*i%1 ,eglon1 ,%aphir & o!rs1 beyond :i* runs ! coa/ road1 ! fam\s w>-pa? betwe5 ,asia & ,africa4 ,a%dod & ,gaza are h>dly disc]nible aga9/ ! glitt] ( ! sea1 tw5ty-two miles away4 ,beh9d roll ! r\nd bu%-cov]$ hills ( ! ,%ephelah1 ) ,david's hold at ,adullam1#had ! field :]e he f\ght ,golia?1 & _m ano!r sc5e ( bord] w>f>e2 :ile ov] !m rises ! high wall ( ! ,judan plateau1 ) ! defiles break+ ?r\gh x to ,hebron & ,be?lehem4 ,! valley-m\? ne> :i* ,more%e? /&s has always =m$ ! s\?-we/]n gateway ( ,juda1 ! ,phili/9e or ,egyptian gate1 z x might be call$1 ) its outpo/ at ,la*i%1 twelve miles across ! pla94 ,roads conv]ge ^u ?is valley-m\? f all po9ts ( ! compass4 ,beit-,jibr91 :i* lies 9 x1 is midway betwe5 ,j]usalem & ,gaza1 ab\t tw5ty-five miles f ei!r1 n9ete5 miles f ,be?lehem & ?irte5 f ,hebron4 ,visit ! place at any po9t ( ! long hi/ory ( ,pale/9e1 & y f9d x ei!r full ( pass5g]s or a c5tre ( campaign4 ,asa defeat$ ! ,e?iopians "h4 ,! ,maccabees & ,john ,hyrcanus conte/$ ,m>e%ah1 two miles (f1 ) ! ,idumeans4 ,gab9ius =tifi$ ,m>e%ah4 ,vespasian & ,salad9 bo? deem$ ! occupation ( ! valley necess>y be=e !y m>*$ ^u ,j]usalem4 ,septimius ,sev]us made ,beit-,jibr9 ! capital ( ! ,%ephelah1 & laid out milit>y roads1 ^: pavem5ts /ill radiate f x 9 all directions4 ,! ,onoma/icon measures di/ances 9 ! ,%ephelah f ,beit-,jibr94 ,mo/ ( ! e>ly pilgrims f ,j]usalem by ,gaza to ,s9ai or ,egypt pass$ ?r\gh x1 & x 0 a c5tre ( ,crusad+ op]ations :e!r aga9/ ,egypt dur+ ! ,lat9 k+dom or aga9/ ,j]usalem dur+ ! ,?ird ,crusade4 ,n diff]5t 0 ! place 9 ! "t ( ,micah4 ,micah mu/ h se5 pass by 8 door ! frequ5t embassies :i* ,isaiah tells u w5t d[n to ,egypt f ,hezekiah's c\rt1 & se5 return ^? ,egyptian subsidies 9 :i* a fooli% p put _! tru/ in/ead ( 9 _! ,god4 ,9 t\*1 !n1 ) ! capital1 feel+ e ?rob ( its folly & its panic1 b /&+ on t bord] :i* mu/1 z he believ$1 be> ! brunt ( ! invasion t its crimes 7 attract+1 ,micah lift$ up 8 voice4 ,!y 7 days ( great excitem5t4 ,! words ( ,amos & ,hosea _h be5 fulfill$ ^u ,nor!rn ,israel4 ,%\ld ,judah escape1 ^: inju/ice & impurity 7 z flagrant z h] si/]'s8 ,x 7 va9 to ?9k s4 ,! ,assyrians _h come up to h] nor!rn bord]4 ,isaiah 0 expect+ _! assault ^u ,m\nt ,zion4#hae ,! ,"l's ,controv]sy 0 n clos$4 ,micah w summon ! :ole e>? to he> ! old indictm5t & ! /ill unexhau/$ s5t5ce4 ,! prophet speaks3-- ,he> ye1 peoples#haf all2 ,he>k51 ,o ,e>?1 & h] fulness6 ,t ,jehovah may be among y to te/ify1 ,! ,"l f ,8 holy temple6 ,=1 lo6 ,jehovah goe? =? f ,8 place2 ,he desc5de? & m>*e? on ! heights ( ! e>?4#hag ,molt5 are ! m\nta9s b5ea? ,him1 ,& ! valleys gape op51 ,l wax 9 face ( ! fire1 ,l wat] p\r$ ov] a fall4 ,god speaks3-- ,= ! transgression ( ,jacob is all ?is1 ,& = ! s9s ( ! h\se ( ,israel4 ,:at is ! transgression ( ,jacob8 is x n ,sam>ia8 ,& :at is ! s9 ( ! h\se#hah ( ,judah8 is x n ,j]usalem8 ,!re=e d ,i turn ,sam>ia into a ru9 ( ! field1#hai ,& into v9ey>d t]races2 ,& ,i p\r d[n h] /ones to ! gl51 ,& lay b>e h] f\ndations4#hbj ,all h] images are %att]$1 ,& all h] hires are be+ burn$ 9 ! fire2 ,& all h] idols ,i lay desolate1 ,= f ! hire ( a h>lot !y 7 ga!r$1#hba ,& to a h>lot's hire !y return4#hbb ,! prophet speaks3-- ,= ?is let me m\rn1 let me wail1 ,let me g b>efoot & /ripp$ 7( my robe71 ,let me make lam5tation l ! jackals1 ,& m\rn+ l ! daught]s ( ! des]t4#hbc ,= h] /roke#hbd is desp]ate2 ,yea1 x ha? come unto ,judah6 ,x ha? smitt5 "r up to ! gate ( my p1 ,up to ,j]usalem4 ,)9 ! capital itself ,isaiah 0 also record+ ! ext5sion ( ! ,assyrian invasion to its walls1 b 9 a diff]5t temp]4#hbe ,he 0 full ( ! exult+ assurance t1 al?\gh at ! v gate1 ! ,assyrian c\ld n h>m ! city ( ,jehovah1 b mu/ fall :5 he lift$ 8 impi\s h& aga9/ x4 ,micah has no su* hope3 he is ov]:elm$ ) ! ?\ght ( ,j]usalem's dang]4 ,prov9cial ?\gh he be1 & full ( wra? at ! dang] into :i* ! politicians ( ,j]usalem _h dragg$ ! :ole c\ntry1 he pr(\ndly m\rns ! p]il ( ! capital1 ! gate ( my p1 z he fondly calls h]4 ,!re=e we mu/ n exagg]ate ! frequ5tly drawn contra/ betwe5 ,isaiah & himself4#hbf ,to ,micah also ,j]usalem 0 de>1 & 8 subsequ5t pr$iction ( h] ov]?r[#hbg ought to be read ) ! acc5t ( ?is previ\s m\rn+ = h] p]il4 ,nev]!less 8 he>t cl+s mo/ to 8 own home1 & :ile ,isaiah pictures ! ,assyrian ent]+ ,judah f ! nor? by ,migron1 ,mi*ma% & ,nob1 ,micah anticipates invasion by ! opposite gateway ( ! l&1 at ! door ( 8 own village4 ,8 elegy sweeps across ! l&scape s de> to him4 ,?is obscure prov9ce 0 ev5 m ?an ,j]usalem 8 _w1 ! _w ( 8 he>t4 ,x gives u a liv+ int]e/ 9 ! man t ! fate ( ^! small villages1 _m ( !m vani%$1 %\ld excite 9 him m passion ?an ! =tunes ( ,zion h]self4 ,9 su* a passion we c inc>nate 8 _s4 ,micah is no long] a book1 or an oration1 b fle% & blood ^u a home & a c\ntryside ( 8 own4 ,we see him on 8 h\setop p\r+ =? 8 words be=e ! hills & ! f>-/ret*+ hea!n l&4 ,9 ! "n ( e village )9 sight he reads a symbol ( ! curse t is com+ ^u 8 c\ntry1 & ( ! s9s t h e>n$ ! curse4 ,s "s ( ! greate/ poets h caught _! music f ! nameless brooklets ( _! boyhood's fields2 & _m a prophet has le>n$ to read ! trag$y ( man & ,god's v]dict ^u s9 9 8 exp]i5ce ( village life4 ,b !re 0 m ?an feel+ 9 ,micah's *oice ( 8 own c\ntry z ! sc5e ( ! ,assyrian invasion4 ,he _h bett] reasons = 8 fe>s ?an ,isaiah1 :o imag9$ ! approa* ( ! ,assyrian f ! nor?4 ,= x is rem>kable h[ invad]s ( ,juda1 f ,s5na*]ib to ,vespasian & f ,vespasian to ,salad9 & ,ri*>d1 h %unn$ ! nor!rn access to ,j]usalem & endeav\r$ to rea* h] by ! v gateway at :i* ,micah /ood m\rn+4 ,he _h1 too1 ?is great] motive = 8 fe>1 t ,s>gon1 z we h se51 0 actually 9 ! neighb\rhood1 m>*+ to ! defeat ( ,judah's *os5 patron1 ,egypt4 ,0 x n probable t1 :5 ! latt] 0 ov]?r[n1 ,s>gon w\ld turn back ^u ,judah by ,la*i% & ,m>e%ah8 ,if we keep ?is 9 m9d we %all appreciate1 n only ! fond anxiety1 b ! political =esight t inspires ! foll[+ passage1 :i* is to our ,we/]n ta/e s /rangely ca/ 9 a s]ies ( plays ^u place-names4 ,! disappe>ance ( _m ( ^! names1 & our ignorance ( ! transactions to :i* ! v]ses allude1 (t5 r5d] bo? ! text & ! mean+ v unc]ta94 ,micah beg9s ) ! well-kn[n play ^u ! "n ( ,ga?2 ! ,acco :i* he c\ples ) x is ei!r ! ,phnician port to ! nor? ( ,c>mel1 ! mod]n ,acre1 or "s ,phili/9e t[n1 unkn[n to u1 b 9 any case ! l9e =ms ) ! previ\s "o an intelligible c\plet3 ,tell x n 9 ,tell-t[n2 ,weep n 9 ,weep-t[n4 ,! foll[+ ,be?-le-',aphrah1 ,h\se ( ,du/1 mu/ be tak5 ) !m1 = 9 ! phrase roll ?yself !re is a play ^u ! "n ,phili/9e4 ,s1 too1 ,%aphir1 or ,beauty1 ! mod]n ,suafr1 lay 9 ! ,phili/9e region4 ,sa'anan & ,be?-esel & ,m>o? are unkn[n2 b if ,micah1 z is probable1 beg9s 8 li/ f> away on ! we/]n horizon & comes gradually inl&1 !y also are to be s\ght = on ! m>itime pla94 ,!n he draws ne>] by ,la*i%1 on ! fir/ hills1 & 9 ! lead+ pass t[>ds ,judah1 to ,more%e?-,ga?1 ,a*zib1 ,m>e%ah & ,adullam1 :i* all lie )9 ,israel's t]ritory & ab\t ! prophet's own home4 ,we und]/& ! allusion1 at lea/1 to ,la*i% 9 v]4 #ac4 ,z ! la/ ,judan outpo/ t[>ds ,egypt1 & on a ma9 road ?i!r1 ,la*i% w\ld receive ! ,egyptian subsidies ( horses & *>iots1 9 :i* ! politicians put _! tru/ in/ead ( 9 ,jehovah4 ,!re=e %e 0 ! beg9n+ ( s9 to ! daught] ( ,zion4 ,& if we c tru/ ! text ( v]4 #ad1 ,la*i% w\ld pass on ! ,egyptian ambassadors to ,more%e?-,ga?1 ! next /age ( _! approa* to ,j]usalem4 ,b ?is is unc]ta94 ,) ,more%e?-,ga? is c\pl$ ,a*zib1 a t[n at "s di/ance f ,j]ome's site = ! =m]1 to ! neighb\rhood ( :i*1 ,m>e%ah1 we are br\ght back aga9 9 v]4 #ae4 ,adullam1 ) :i* ! li/ closes1 lies "s eight or t5 miles to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,m>e%ah4 ,! prophet speaks3-- ,tell x n 9 ,ga?1 ,weep n 9 ,acco1#hbh ,9 ,be?-le-',aphrah#hbi roll ?yself 9 du/4 ,pass ov]1 inhabitress ( ,%aphir1#hcj ?y %ame uncov]$6 ,! inhabitress ( ,sa'anan#hca %all n m>* =?2 ,! lam5tation ( ,be?-esel#hcb take? f y its /&+4 ,! inhabitress ( ,m>o?#hcc tremble? = good1 ,= evil ha? come d[n f ,jehovah to ! gate ( ,j]usalem4 ,h>ness ! horse to ! *>iot1 inhabitress ( ,la*i%1#hcd ,t ha/ be5 ! beg9n+ ( s9 to ! daught] ( ,zion2 ,yea1 9 !e are f\nd ! transgressions ( ,israel4 ,!re=e ?\ give/ 444#hce to ,more%e?-,ga?3#hcf ,! h\ses ( ,a*zib#hcg %all deceive ! k+s ( ,israel4 ,aga9 %all ,i br+ ! ,possessor conqu]or to !e1 inhabitress ( ,m>e%ah2#hch ,to ,adullam#hci %all come ! glory ( ,israel4 ,make !e bald1 & %ave !e = ?y d>l+s2 ,make broad ?y baldness l ! vulture1 ,= !y g into bani%m5t f !e4 ,?is 0 ! t]rible fate :i* ! ,assyrian kept be=e ! peoples ) :om he 0 at w>4 ,o!r foes raid$1 burn$ & slew3 he c>ri$ (f :ole populations into exile4 ,hav+ ?us pictur$ ! doom :i* ?reat5$ 8 p1 ,micah turns to decl>e ! s9s = :i* x has be5 s5t ^u !m4 ,,footnotes3 #hji ,micah i42 ,j]4 xxvi4 #ah4 #haj i4 #ad4 #haa ,at>o? 7,numb4 xxxii4 #c7 is ,atro?-,%ophan 7ib4 #ce72 ,*esullo? 7,jo%4 xix4 #ah7 is ,*islo?-,tabor 7ib4 #ab72 ,iim 7,numb4 xxxiii4 #de7 is ,iye-,ab>im 7ib4 #dd74 #hab ,mi*am de ,mora/hi qui usque hodie juxta ,eleu!ropolim1 haud gr&is e/ viculus4--,j]ome1 ,preface to ,mi*a4 ,mora/hi1 unde fuit ,mi*eas propheta1 e/ autem vicus contra ori5tem ,eleu!ropoleos4--,onoma/icon1 :i* also gives ,m>esa1 9 tribu ,juda3 cuius nunc tantummodo sunt ru9 9 secundo lapide ,eleu!ropoleos4 ,see1 too1 ! ,epitaphium ,s4 ,paul3 ,videam ,mora/him sepul*rum quondam ,mi*1 nunc ecclesiam1 et ex lat]e d]el9quam ,*oros1 et ,git?os et ,m>esam4 ,! occurr5ce ( a place be>+ ! "n ,prop]ty-(-,ga? s close to ,beit-,jibr9 c]ta9ly /r5g!ns ! claims ( ! latt] to be ,ga?4 ,see ,hi/4 ,geog41 p4 #aif4 #hac ,see above1 pp4 #gd ff4 #had ,= ! situation ( ,adullam 9 ! ,%ephelah see ,hi/4 ,geog41 p4 #bbi4 #hae ,isa4 x4 #bh ff4 ,?is makes x q conceivable t ,micah i4 #i1 x ha? /ruck "r up to ! gate ( ,j]usalem1 0 compos$ imm$iately aft] ! fall ( ,sam>ia1 & n1 z ,s95d imag9es1 dur+ ! campaign ( ,s5na*]ib4 ,aga9/ ! latt] date !re is ! objection t by !n ! fall ( ,sam>ia1 :i* ,micah i4 #f describes z pres5t1 0 already ne>ly tw5ty ye>s pa/4 #haf ,! address is ei!r to ! tribes1 9 :i* case we mu/ sub/itute l& = e>? 9 ! next l9e2 or mu* m probably x is to ! ,g5tile nations1 b 9 ?is case we _c translate 7z all d7 9 ! ?ird l9e t ! ,"l w be a witness aga9/ !m1 = ! *>ge is only aga9/ ,israel4 ,!y are summon$ 9 ! same s5se z ,amos summons a few ( ! nations 9 *ap4 iii4 #i ff4--,! op5+ words ( ,micah are orig9al to ?is passage1 & int]polat$ 9 ! exordium ( ! o!r ,micah1 #a ,k+s xxii4 #bh4 #hag ,jehovah's ,temple or ,place is n1 z 9 e>li] poems1 ,s9ai or ,seir 7cf4 ,deborah's song & ,deut4 xxxiii471 b ,heav5 7cf4 ,isaiah xix4 or ,psalm xxix474 #hah ,s ,,lxx4 & o!r v]sions4 #hai ,wellhaus5's objections to ?is phrase are arbitr>y & incorrect4 ,a ru9 9 ! mid/ ( soil gone out ( cultivation1 :]e be=e !re _h be5 a city among v9ey>ds1 is a /rik+ figure ( desolation4 #hbj ,:i* is precisely h[ ,h]od's ,sam>ia lies at ! pres5t day4 #hba ,s ,ewald4 #hbb ,x mu/ be kept 9 m9d t all ! v]bs 9 ! above passage may z correctly be giv5 9 ! future t5se2 9 t case ! passage w be dat$ j be=e ! fall ( ,sam>ia1 9 #gbb-a1 in/ead ( j aft]4 #hbc 1 t is1 ! o/ri*es3 cf4 ,arab1 wa'ana1 :ite1 b>r5 gr\nd4 ,! ,arabs call ! o/ri* fa!r ( ! des]t3 abu sahr4 #hbd ,,lxx4 #hbe ,isa4 x4 #bh ff4 #hbf ,x is well put by ,rob]tson ,smi?'s ,prophets#b1 pp4 #bhi ff4 #hbg iii4 #ab4 #hbh ,,lxx4 2 ,heb4 weep n at all4 #hbi _c be ! ,ophrah1 1 ( ,b5jam94 ,x may be connect$ ) 1 a gazelle2 & x is to be not$ t ,s4 ( ,beit-,jibr9 !re is a wady n[ call$ ,el-,ghufr1 ! correspond+ ,arabic ^w4 ,b1 z /at$ 9 ! text above1 ! "n ought to be "o ( a ,phili/9e t[n4 #hcj ,beauty t[n4 ,?is is usually tak5 to be ! mod]n ,suafr on ! ,phili/9e pla91 #d-a_/b miles ,s4,e4 ( ,a%dod1 a site n unsuitable = id5tification ) ! ( ! ,onom41 betwe5 ,eleu!ropolis & ,ascalon1 except t is also describ$ z 9 ! hill c\ntry4 ,gur9 f\nd ! "n ,saf> a v little ,n4 ( ,beit-,jbr9 7,jude1 ,,ii4 #cag74 #hca ,m>*-t[n3 p]haps ! same z enan 77 ( ,jo%4 xv4 #cg2 giv5 along ) ,migdal-,gad & ,hada%ah2 n id5tifi$4 #hcb ,unkn[n4 #hcc ,bitt]nesses3 unkn[n4 #hcd ,tell-el-,hesy4 #hce ,ambassadors or lett]s ( dismissal4 #hcf ,see above1 p4 #cgf4 #hcg ,jo%4 xv4 #dd2 m5tion$ ) ,keilah & ,m>e%ah2 p]haps ! pres5t ,a9 ,kezbeh1 #h miles ,n4,n4,e4 ( ,beit-,jibr94 #hch 1 b 9 ,jo%4 xv4 #dd 1 :i* is id5tical ) spell+ ( ! pres5t "n ( a ru9 #a mile ,s4 ( ,beit-,jibr94 is plac$ by ,eusebius 7,onom47 #b ,roman miles ,s4 ( ,eleu!ropolis 7 ,beit-,jibr974 #hci #f miles ,n4,e4 ( ,beit-,jibr94 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,! ,,prophet ,,( ,,! ,,poor ,,micah ii41 iii4 ,we h prov$ ,micah's love = 8 c\ntryside 9 ! effusion ( 8 he>t ^u h] villages ) a grief = _! dang] great] ?an 8 grief = ,j]usalem4 ,n[ 9 8 treatm5t ( ! s9s :i* give t dang] its fatal significance1 he is inspir$ by ! same p>tiality = ! fields & ! folk ab\t him4 ,:ile ,isaiah *iefly satirises ! fa%ions ( ! t[n & ! intrigues ( ! c\rt1 ,micah sc\rges ! av>ice ( ! l&[n] & ! inju/ice :i* oppresses ! peasant4 ,he c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 help %>+ ,isaiah's indignation = ! fatal politics ( ! capital1 any m ?an ,isaiah c\ld help %>+ 8 s5se ( ! economic dang]s ( ! prov9ces2#hdj b x is ! latt] ) :i* ,micah is mo/ famili> & on :i* he sp5ds 8 wra?4 ,^! s engross him1 inde$1 t he says almo/ no?+ ab\t ! idolatry1 or ! luxury1 or ! hide\s vice1 :i*1 accord+ to ,amos & ,hosea1 7 n[ corrupt+ ! nation4 ,social wrongs are always felt mo/ acutely1 n 9 ! t[n1 b 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x 0 s 9 ! days ( ,rome1 ^: e>lie/ social revolts 7 agr>ian4#hda ,x 0 s 9 ! ,middle ,ages3 ! f\rte5? c5tury saw bo? ! ,jacqu]ie 9 ,france & ! ,peasants' ,ris+ 9 ,engl&2 ,langl&1 :o 0 equally famili> ) t[n & c\ntry1 exp5ds ne>ly all 8 sympa?y ^u ! pov]ty ( ! latt]1 ! p\re folk 9 cotes4 ,x 0 s aft] ! ,re=mation1 "u ! new _s ( :i* ! fir/ social revolt 0 ! ,peasants' ,w> 9 ,g]many4 ,x 0 s at ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 :i* began ) ! m>* ( ! />v+ peasants into ,p>is4 ,& x is s /ill1 = our new era ( social legislation has be5 =c$ op51 n by ! poor ( ,london & ! l>ge cities1 b by ! peasantry ( ,irel& & ! cr(t]s ( ! ,scotti% ,highl&s4 ,political discont5t & religi\s h]esy take _! />t among indu/rial & manufactur+ c5tres1 b ! fir/ spr+s ( ! social revolt are ne>ly always f\nd among rural populations4 ,:y ! c\ntry %\ld beg9 to feel ! acut5ess ( social wrong be=e ! t[n is suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,9 ! t[n !re are mitigations1 & !re are escapes4 ,if ! conditions ( "o trade become oppressive1 x is easi] to pass to ano!r4 ,! work]s are bett] educat$ & bett] organis$2 !re is a middle class1 & ! tyrant d>e n br+ matt]s to s high a crisis4 ,! might ( ! weal?y1 too1 is divid$2 ! poor man's employ] is seldom at ! same "t 8 l&lord4 ,b 9 ! c\ntry p[] easily ga!rs into ! h&s ( ! few4 ,! lab\r]'s opportunities & means ( "w1 8 home1 8 v /&+-gr\nd1 are (t5 all ( !m ! prop]ty ( "o man4 ,9 ! c\ntry ! ri* h a real p[] ( life & dea?1 & are less hamp]$ by competition ) ea* o!r & by ! =ce ( public op9ion4 ,"o man _c hold a city 9 fee1 b "o man c affect = evil or = good almo/ z l>ge a population z a city's1 :5 x is scatt]$ across a c\ntryside4 ,?is is precisely ! /ate ( wrong :i* ,micah attacks4 ,! social *anges ( ! eigh? c5tury 9 ,israel 7 peculi>ly fav\rable to its gr[?4#hdb ,! enorm\s increase ( money :i* _h be5 produc$ by ! trade ( ,uzziah's reign ?reat5$ to ov]:elm ! simple economy "u :i* e family _h its cr(t4 ,z 9 _m ano!r l& & p]iod1 ! social problem 0 ! desc5t ( weal?y m51 l&-hungry1 ^u ! rural di/ricts4 ,!y made ! poor _! debtors1 & b\ght out ! peasant proprietors4 ,!y absorb$ into _! p[] numb]s ( homes1 & _h at _! individual disposal ! lives & ! happ9ess ( ?\s&s ( _! fell[-c\ntrym54 ,isaiah _h cri$1 ,woe ^u !m t jo9 h\se to h\se1 t lay field to field1 till !re be no room = ! common p1 & ! inhabitants ( ! rural di/ricts gr[ few] & few]4#hdc ,micah pictures ! recklessness ( ^? plutocrats--! fatal ease ) :i* _! weal? enabl$ !m to dispossess ! yeom5 ( ,judah4 ,! prophet speaks3-- ,woe to !m t plan mis*ief1 ,& on _! b$s "w out evil6 ,z soon z morn+ breaks !y put x into execution1 ,=--x lies to ! p[] ( _! h&s6 ,!y covet fields &--seize !m1 ,h\ses &--lift !m up4 ,s !y cru% a good man & 8 home1 ,a man & 8 h]itage4 ,?is is ! evil--! ease ) :i* wrong is done 9 ! c\ntry6 ,x lies to ! p[] ( _! h&s3 !y covet & seize4 ,& :at is x t !y get s easily--n m]ely field & h\se1 s mu* l& & /one & lime3 x is human life1 ) all t makes up p]sonal indep5d5ce1 & ! security ( home & ( ! family4 ,t ^! %\ld be at ! m]cy ( ! passion or ! caprice ( "o man--?is is :at /irs ! prophet's indignation4 ,we %all pres5tly see h[ ! tyranny ( weal? 0 aid$ by ! brib$ & unju/ judges ( ! c\ntry2 & h[1 gr[+ reckless1 ! ri* betook !mselves1 z ! lords ( ! feudal sy/em 9 ,europe cont9ually did1 to ! base/ ( assaults ^u ! p]sons ( peaceful m5 & wom54 ,b meantime ,micah feels t by !mselves ! economic wrongs expla9 & ju/ify ! doom imp5d+ on ! nation4 ,:5 ?is doom falls1 by ! ,div9e irony ( ,god x %all take ! =m ( a conque/ ( ! l& by ! hea!n1 & ! disposal ( ^! great e/ates to ! =eign]4 ,! prophet speaks3-- ,!re=e ?us sai? ,jehovah3 ,behold1 ,i am plann+ evil aga9/ ?is race1 ,f :i* ye %all n )draw y\r necks1 ,nor walk upright2 ,= an evil "t x is6#hdd ,9 t day %all !y raise a taunt-song aga9/ y1 ,& wail out ! wail+ 7,x is done72#hde & say1 ,we be utt]ly undone3 ,my p's e/ate is measur$ (f6#hdf ,h[ !y take x away f me6#hdg ,to ! rebel our fields are allott$4 ,s ?\ %alt h none to ca/ ! l9e by lot ,9 ! congregation ( ,jehovah4 ,no re/oration at "t ( ,jubilee = l&s tak5 away 9 ?is fa%ion6 ,!re w be no congregation ( ,jehovah left6 ,at ?is po9t ! prophet's pessimi/ disc\rse1 t mu/ h gall$ ! ri*1 is int]rupt$ by _! clam\r to him to /op4 ,! ri* speak3-- ,prate n1 !y prate1 let none prate ( su* ?+s6 ,revil+s w nev] cease6 ,o ?\ t speake/ ?us to ! h\se ( ,jacob1#hdh ,is ! _s ( ,jehovah cut %ort8 ,or are su* ,8 do+s8 ,%all n ,8 words mean well ) him t walke? uprightly8 ,s ! ri*1 9 _! immoral confid5ce t ,jehovah 0 nei!r weak5$ nor c\ld p]mit su* a disa/] to fall on ,8 own p1 tell ! prophet t 8 s5t5ce ( doom on ! nation1 & especially on !mselves1 is absurd1 impossible4 ,!y cry ! et]nal cry ( ,respectability3 ,god c mean no h>m to ! l ( u6 ,8 words are good to !m t walk uprightly--& we are consci\s ( be+ su*4 ,:at y1 prophet1 h *>g$ u ) are no?+ b natural transactions4 ,! ,"l ,himself has ,8 answ] ready4 ,upright inde$6 ,!y h be5 unprovok$ plund]]s6 ,god speaks3-- ,b ye are ! foes ( ,my p1 ,ris+ aga9/ ^? t are peaceful2 ,! mantle ye /rip f !m t walk quietly by1 ,av]se to w>6#hdi ,wom5 ( ,my p ye te> f _! happy homes1#hej ,f _! *ildr5 ye take ,my glory = ev]4 ,rise & begone--= ?is is no re/+-place6 ,because ( ! uncleanness t br+e? de/ruction1 ,de/ruction incurable4 ,( ! outrages on ! goods ( hone/ m51 & ! p]sons ( wom5 & *ildr51 :i* are possible 9 a "t ( peace1 :5 ! ri* are tyrann\s & abett$ by m]c5>y judges & prophets1 we h an illu/ration analog\s to ,micah's 9 ! compla9t ( ,peace 9 ,langl&'s vision ( ,engli% society 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! p>allel to our prophet's words is v /rik+3-- ,& ?anne come ,pees into p>lem5t & put =? a bille1 ,h[ ,wronge age9es 8 wille _h 8 wyf tak54 ',bo? my gees & my grys#hea 8 gadelynges#heb fec*e?2 ,i d> n\ghte = f]e ( hym fyghte ne *yde4 ,he borw$ ( me bay>d#hec he br\ghte hym home nevre1 ,ne no f]?ynge !r-=e = naughte ,i c\! pl$e4 ,he meynt5e? 8 m5 to m>!r myne hew51#hed ,=/alle? my feyres#hee & fighte? 9 my *epynge1 ,& breke? up my b]nes dore & b]e? aweye my :ete1 ,& take? me b a taile#hef = t5 qu>t]s ( otes1 ,& yet he bet me !r-to & ly? bi my mayde1 ,i nam#heg n\ghte h>dy = hym une?#heh to loke4' ,!y pride !mselves t all is /able & ,god is ) !m4 ,h[ c su* a /ate ( affairs be /able6 ,!y feel at ease1 yet inju/ice c nev] mean re/4 ,god has spok5 ! f9al s5t5ce1 b ) a r>e s>casm ! prophet adds 8 comm5t on ! sc5e4 ,^! ri* m5 _h be5 flatt]$ into _! religi\s security by hirel+ prophets1 :o _h oppos$ himself4 ,z !y leave ! pres5ce ( ,god1 hav+ he>d _! s5t5ce1 ,micah looks aft] !m & muses 9 quiet prose4 ,! prophet speaks3-- ,yea1 if "o ^: walk is w9d & falsehood 7 to try to coz5 !e1 say+1 ,i w babble to !e ( w9e & /rong dr9k1 !n he might be ! prophet ( su* a p4 ,at ?is po9t 9 *ap4 ii4 !re h someh[ slipp$ into ! text two v]ses 7#ab1 #ac71 :i* all are agre$ d n belong to x1 & = :i* we mu/ f9d ano!r place4#hei ,!y speak ( a return f ! ,exile1 & int]rupt ! connection betwe5 v]4 #aa & ! fir/ v]se ( *ap4 iii4 ,) ! latt] ,micah beg9s a s]ies ( ?ree oracles1 :i* give ! sub/ance ( 8 own prophesy+ 9 contra/ to t ( ! false prophets :om he has j be5 satiris+4 ,he has told u :at !y say1 & he n[ beg9s ! fir/ ( 8 own oracles ) ! words1 ,b ,i said4 ,x is an attack ^u ! au?orities ( ! nation1 :om ! false prophets flatt]4 ,micah speaks v pla9ly to !m4 ,_! bus9ess is to "k ju/ice1 & yet !y love wrong4 ,!y flay ! p ) _! exactions2 !y cut up ! p l meat4 ,! prophet speaks3--,b ,i said1 ,he> n[1 ,o *iefs ,( ,jacob1 ,& rul]s ( ! h\se ( ,israel3 ,is x n y\rs to "k ju/ice8-- ,hat]s ( good & lov]s ( evil1 ,te>+ _! hide f ^u !m 7he po9ts to ! p71 ,& _! fle% f ! bones ( !m2 ,& :o dev\r ! fle% ( my p1 ,& _! hide !y h /ripp$ f !m ,& _! bones h !y cleft1 ,& s]v$ x up z if f a pot1 ,l meat f ! ?ick ( ! caldron6 ,at t "t %all !y cry to ,jehovah1 ,& ,he w n answ] !m2 ,b hide ,8 face f !m at t "t1 ,because !y h aggravat$ _! de$s4 ,^! words ( ,micah are t]ribly /rong1 b !re h be5 _m o!r ages & civilisations ?an 8 own ( :i* !y h be5 no m ?an true4 ,!y crop u1 said a ,fr5* peasant ( ! lords ( ! great ,l\is' "t1 z ! %eep crops grass4 ,!y treat u l _! food1 said ano!r on ! eve ( ! ,revolution4 ,is !re no?+ ( ! same ) ourselves8 ,:ile ,micah spoke he _h wa/$ lives & b5t backs be=e him4 ,8 spee* is elliptic till y see 8 f+] po9t+ at !m4 ,p9*$ peasant-faces pe] betwe5 all 8 words & fill ! ellipses4 ,& among ! liv+ poor to-day are !re n />v$ & bitt5 faces--bodies ) ! blood suck$ f !m1 ) ! ,div9e image cru%$ out ( !m8 ,bro!rs1 we _c expla9 all ( ^! by vice4 ,drunk5ness & un?rift d acc\nt = mu*2 b h[ mu* m is explicable only by ! foll[+ facts6 ,_m m5 among u are able to live 9 fa%ionable /reets & keep _! families com=table only by pay+ _! employs a wage ^u :i* x is impossible = m5 to be /rong or wom5 to be virtu\s4 ,are ^? n us+ ^! z _! food8 ,!y tell u t if !y are to give high] wages !y mu/ close _! bus9ess1 & cease pay+ wages at all2 & !y are "r if !y !mselves cont9ue to live on ! scale !y d4 ,z long z _m families are ma9ta9$ 9 com=t by ! pr(its ( bus9esses 9 :i* "s or all ( ! employs "w = less ?an !y c n\ri% & repair _! bodies ^u1 ! simple fact is t ! "o set are fe$+ ^u ! o!r set4 ,x may be inevitable1 x may be ! fault ( ! sy/em & n ( ! individual1 x may be t to break up ! sy/em w\ld mean to make ?+s worse ?an ev]--b all ! same ! tru? is cle> t _m families ( ! middle class1 & "s ( ! v weal?ie/ ( ! l&1 are n\ri%$ by ! wa/e ( ! lives ( ! poor4 ,n[ & aga9 ! fact is ackn[l$g$ ) z mu* %amelessness z 0 %[n by any tyrant 9 ! days ( ,micah4 ,to a l>ge employ] ( lab\r1 :o 0 compla9+ t 8 employs1 by refus+ to live at ! l[ scale ( ,belgian workm51 7 driv+ trade f ?is c\ntry1 ! pres5t writ] once said3 ,w\ld x n meet y\r wi%es if1 in/ead ( y\r workm5 be+ levell$ d[n1 ! ,belgians 7 levell$ up8 ,?is w\ld make ! competition fair betwe5 y & ! employ]s 9 ,belgium4 ,8 answ] 01 ,i c>e n s long z ,i get my pr(its4 ,he 0 a religi\s man1 a lib]al giv] to 8 ,*ur*1 & he di$ leav+ m ?an "o hundr$ ?\s& p\nds4 ,micah's tyrants1 too1 _h religion to support !m4 ,a numb] ( ! hirel+ prophets1 :om we h se5 bo? ,amos & ,hosea attack1 gave _! bless+ to ?is social sy/em1 :i* cru%$ ! poor1 = !y %>$ its pr(its4 ,!y liv$ ^u ! alms ( ! ri*1 & flatt]$ accord+ z !y 7 f$4 ,to !m ,micah devotes ! second oracle ( *ap4 iii41 & we f9d confirm$ by 8 words ! pr9ciple we laid d[n be=e1 t 9 t age ! "o great diff]5ce betwe5 ! false & ! true prophet 0 :at x has be5 9 e age s9ce !n till n[--an e?ical diff]5ce2 & n a diff]5ce ( dogma1 or tradition1 or ecclesia/ical note4 ,! false prophet spoke1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 = himself & 8 liv+4 ,he sid$ ) ! ri*2 he %ut 8 eyes to ! social condition ( ! p2 he did n attack ! s9s ( ! day4 ,?is made him false--robb$ him ( insight & ! p[] ( pr$iction4 ,b ! true prophet expos$ ! s9s ( 8 p4 ,e?ical insight & c\rage1 burn+ indignation ( wrong1 cle> vision ( ! facts ( ! day--?is 0 :at ,jehovah's _s put into him1 ?is 0 :at ,micah felt to be inspiration4 ,! prophet speaks3-- ,?us sai? ,jehovah aga9/ ! prophets :o lead my p a/ray1 ,:o :ile !y h ought betwe5 _! tee? proclaim peace4 ,b aga9/ him :o w n lay to _! m\?s !y sanctify w>6 ,:]e=e night %all be y\rs )\t vision1 ,& y\rs %all be d>kness )\t div9ation2 ,& ! sun %all g d[n on ! prophets1 ,& ! day %all d>k5 ab\t !m2 ,& ! se]s %all be put to ! blu%1 ,& ! div9]s be a%am$3 ,all ( !m %all cov] ! be>d1 ,= !re %all be no answ] f ,god4 ,b ,i--,i am full ( p[] by ! _s ( ,jehovah1 & ju/ice & might1 ,to decl>e to ,jacob 8 transgressions & to ,israel 8 s94 ,9 ! ?ird oracle ( ?is *apt] rul]s & prophets are comb9$--h[ close ! conspiracy betwe5 !m6 ,x is rem>kable t1 9 h>mony ) ,isaiah1 ,micah speaks no ^w aga9/ ! k+4 ,b evid5tly ,hezekiah _h n p[] to re/ra9 ! nobles & ! ri*4 ,:5 ?is oracle 0 utt]$ x 0 a "t ( peace1 & ! lavi% build+1 :i* we h se5 to be s m>k$ a *>act]i/ic ( ,israel 9 ! eigh? c5tury1#hfj 0 9 process4 ,j]usalem 0 l>g] & f9] ?an ev]4 ,ah1 x 0 a build+ ( ,god's own city 9 blood6 ,judges1 prie/s & prophets 7 all alike m]c5>y1 & ! poor 7 oppress$ = a rew>d4 ,no walls1 h[ev] sacr$1 c\ld /& on su* f\ndations4 ,did !y say t !y built h] s gr&ly1 = ,jehovah's sake8 ,did !y believe h] to be inviolate because ,he 0 9 h]8 ,!y %\ld see4 ,zion--yes1 ,zion--%\ld be pl\gh$ l a field1 & ! ,m\nta9 ( ! ,"l's ,temple become desolate4 ,! prophet speaks3-- ,he> n[ ?is1 ,o *iefs ( ! h\se ( ,jacob1 ,& rul]s ( ! h\se ( ,israel1 ,:o spurn ju/ice & twi/ all t is /raight1 ,build+ ,zion 9 blood1 & ,j]usalem ) crime6 ,h] *iefs give judgm5t = a bribe1 ,& h] prie/s oracles = a rew>d1 ,& h] prophets div9e = silv]2 ,& on ,jehovah !y lean1 say+3 ,is n ,jehovah 9 ! mid/ ( u8 ,evil _c come at u4 ,!re=e = y\r sakes %all ,zion be pl\gh$ l a field1 ,& ,j]usalem become heaps1 ,& ! ,m\nt ( ! ,h\se m\nds 9 a jungle4 ,x is extremely difficult = u to place ourselves 9 a /ate ( society 9 :i* brib]y is preval5t1 & ! f+]s bo? ( ju/ice & ( religion are gild$ by _! suitors4 ,b ?is corruption has always be5 common 9 ! ,ea/4 ,an ,ori5tal /ate c nev] altoge!r prev5t ! abuse by :i* (ficials1 small & great1 enri* !mselves 9 illicit ways4#hfa ,! /ronge/ gov]nm5t takes ! brib]y = grant$1 & p]iodically prunes ! rank =tunes ( its great (ficials4 ,a weak gov]nm5t lets !m alone4 ,b 9 ei!r case ! poor suff] f unju/ taxation & f lagg>d or p]v]t$ ju/ice4 ,brib]y has always be5 f\nd1 ev5 9 ! m primitive & puritan =ms ( ,semitic life4 ,mr4 ,d\ghty has borne te/imony ) reg>d to ?is among ! au/]e ,wahabees ( ,c5tral ,arabia4 ,:5 ,i ask$ if !re 7 no h&l+ ( bribes at ,hyil by ^? :o are nigh ! pr9ce's e>1 x 0 answ]$1 ',nay4' ,! ,byzant9e corruption _c ent] into ! et]nal & noble simplicity ( ?is p's 7airy7 life1 9 ! poor nomad c\ntry2 b 7we h se57 ! art is n unkn[n to ! subtle-head$ ,%amm> pr9ces1 :o !reby help !mselves ) ! neighb\r ,turki% gov]nm5ts4#hfb ,! bribes ( ! rul] ( ,hyil are1 accord+ to ! %ift+ wea!r ( ! _w1 to great ,ottoman gov]nm5t m52 & n[ on acc\nt ( ,kheyb>1 he 0 gild+ "s ( _! crook$ f+]s 9 ,m$9a4#hfc ,no?+ m>ks ! diff]5ce ( ,we/]n gov]nm5t m ?an ! abs5ce ( all ?is1 especially f our c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,yet ! improvem5t has only come ab\t )9 comp>atively rec5t c5turies4 ,:at a l>ge space1 = in/ance1 does ,langl& give to ! arraign+ ( ,m$e1 ! corrupt] ( all au?orities & influ5ces 9 ! society ( 8 day6 ,let u quote 8 words1 = aga9 !y provide a mo/ exact p>allel to ,micah's1 & may enable u to realise a /ate ( life s contr>y to our own4 ,x is ,consci5ce :o arraigns ,m$e be=e ! ,k+3-- ,by ihesus ) "h jeweles y\re ju/ices %e %5de?1#hfd ,& li?#hfe age9 ! lawe & lette? hym ! gate1 ,t fei? may n\ghte h 8 =?#hff "h flore9es g s ?ikke1 ,%e l$e? ! lawe z hire li/ & lov$ays make? ,& do? m5 lese ?orw hire love t law myghte wynne1 ,! mase#hfg = a m5e man ?\gh he mote#hfh hir eure4 ,law is s lordeli*e & lo? to make ende1 ,)\t pres5tz or p5s#hfi %e plese? wel fewe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= pore m5 m[e#hgj h no p[]e to pleyne#hga hem ?\gh !i sm]te2 ,su*e a mai/re is ,m$e amonge m5 ( gode4#hgb ,,footnotes3 #hdj ,isa4 v4 #h4 #hda ,mr4 ,congreve1 9 8 ,essay on ,slav]y app5d$ to 8 edition ( ,ari/otle's ,politics1 p4 #dif1 po9ts out t all ! s]vile w>s f :i* ,rome suff]$ arose1 n 9 ! capital1 b 9 ! prov9ces1 notably 9 ,sicily4 #hdb ,see above1 pp4 #cb ff4 #hdc ,isa4 v4 #h4 #hdd ,cf4 ,amos v4 #ac4 #hde ,fuit4 ,b :e!r ?is is a gloss1 z ( ! "n ( ! dirge or ( ! tune1 or a "p ( ! text1 is unc]ta94 ,qu]y3 4 #hdf ,s ,,lxx41 & adds3 ) ! measur+ rope4 #hdg ,or 7aft] ! ,,lxx47 !re is none to give x back to me4 #hdh ,unc]ta94 ,is ! h\se ( ,jacob4448 7,wellhaus574 ,:at a say+1 ,o h\se ( ,jacob8 7,ewald & ,gu!74 ,9 ! latt] case ! int]ruption ( ! ri* ceases ) ! previ\s l9e1 & ?is "o is ! beg9n+ ( ! prophet's answ] to !m4 #hdi ,s we may conjecture ! v obscure details ( a v]se ^: g5]al mean+1 h[ev]1 is evid5t4 ,= read 4 ,! ,,lxx4 takes z peace & n z cloak1 = :i* !re seems to be no place beside 7or 74 ,wellhaus5 ) fur!r alt]ations r5d]s3 ,b ye come =w>d z enemies aga9/ ,my p2 f good fri5ds ye rob _! 4441 f peaceful w&]]s w>-booty4 #hej ,wellhaus5 reads = 1 t5d]ly br$ *ildr51 ano!r ( ! _m em5dations :i* he proposes 9 ! int]e/s ( complete p>allelism4 ,see ! ,preface to ?is volume4 #hea ,little pigs4 #heb ,fell[s4 #hec ,a horse4 #hed ,s]vants4 #hee ,fairs1 m>kets4 #hef ,a tally4 #heg ,am n4 #heh ,sc>cely4 #hei ,i w ga!r1 ga!r !e1 ,o ,jacob1 9 mass1 ,i w br+1 br+ toge!r ! ,remnant ( ,israel6 ,i w set !m l %eep 9 a fold1 ,l a flock 9 ! mid/ ( ! pa/ure4 ,!y %all hum ) m56 ,! brea*-break] ha? gone up be=e !m3 ,!y h brok5 ! brea*1 h c>ri$ ! gate1 & are gone out by x2 ,& _! k+ ha? pass$ on be=e !m1 & ,jehovah at _! head4 #hfj ,see above1 p4 #cc4 #hfa ,nldeke1 ,sket*es f ,ea/]n ,hi/ory1 translat$ by ,black1 pp4 #acd f4 #hfb ,arabia ,des]ta1 ,i4 #fjg4 #hfc ,id41 ,,ii4 #bj4 #hfd ,ru9s4 #hfe ,lie?4 #hff ,c\rse4 #hfg ,confusion4 #hfh ,summon4 #hfi ,p5ce4 #hgj ,may4 #hga ,compla94 #hgb ,sub/ance or prop]ty4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,on ,,"t',s ,,horizon ,,micah iv4 #a-g4 ,! imm$iate prospect ( ,zion's desolation :i* closes *ap4 iii4 is foll[$ 9 ! op5+ ( *ap4 iv4 by an ideal picture ( h] exaltation & supremacy 9 ! issue ( ! days4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t ?is arrangem5t has be5 made ( purpose1 nor c we d5y t x is natural & arti/ic4 ,:e!r x be due to ,micah himself1 or :e!r he wrote ! second passage1 are que/ions we h already discuss$4#hgc ,l s _m o!rs ( _! k9d1 !y _c be answ]$ ) c]ta9ty1 f> less ) dogmatism4 ,b ,i repeat1 ,i see no conclusive reason = d5y+ ei!r to ! circum/ances ( ,micah's times or to ! pr9ciples ( _! prophecy ! possibility ( su* a hope z inspires *ap4 iv4 #a-d4 ,rememb] h[ ! prophets ( ! eigh? c5tury id5tifi$ ,jehovah ) supreme & univ]sal righte\sness2 rememb] h[ ,amos explicitly condemn$ ! aggravations ( w> & slav]y among ! hea!n z s9s aga9/ ,him1 & h[ ,isaiah claim$ ! future ga9s ( ,tyrian comm]ce z gifts = ,8 sanctu>y2 rememb] h[ ,amos he>d ,8 voice come =? f ,j]usalem1 & ,isaiah c\nt$ ^u ! et]nal inviolat5ess ( ,8 %r9e & city1--& y w n ?9k x impossible = a ?ird ,judan prophet ( t age1 :e!r he 0 ,micah or ano!r1 to h drawn ! prospect ( ,j]usalem :i* n[ op5s be=e u4 ,x is ! f>-(f horizon ( "t1 :i*1 l ! spatial horizon1 always seems a fix$ & et]nal l9e1 b z con/antly %ifts ) ! %ift+ ( our /&po9t or elevation4 ,e prophet has 8 own vision ( ! latt] days2 seldom is t prospect ! same4 ,det]m9$ by ! circum/ances ( ! se]1 by ! desires ^! prompt or only p>tially fulfil1 x *anges f age to age4 ,! ideal is always %ap$ by ! real1 & 9 ?is vision ( ! eigh? c5tury !re is no exception4 ,?is is n any ( ! ideals ( lat] ages1 :5 ! evil 0 ! oppression ( ! ,"l's p by =eign armies or _! scatt]+ 9 exile2 x is n1 9 contra/ to ^!1 ! spectacle ( ! armies ( ! ,"l ( ,ho/s imbru$ 9 ! blood ( ! hea!n1 or ( ! columns ( return+ captives fill+ all ! n>r[ roads to ,j]usalem1 l /reams 9 ! s\?2 nor1 aga91 is x a nation ( prie/s ga!r+ ab\t a rebuilt temple & a re/or$ ritual4 ,b because ! pa9 ( ! greate/ m9ds ( ! eigh? c5tury 0 ! contradiction betwe5 fai? 9 ! ,god ( ,zion z ,univ]sal ,righte\sness & ! exp]i5ce t1 nev]!less1 ,zion _h absolutely no influ5ce ^u surr\nd+ nations1 ?is vision %[s a day :5 ,zion's influ5ce w be z great z h] "r1 & f f> & wide ! nations :om ,amos has condemn$ = _! transgressions aga9/ ,jehovah w ackn[l$ge ,8 law1 & be drawn to ,j]usalem to le>n ( ,him4 ,obs]ve t no?+ is said ( ,israel go+ =? to tea* ! nations ! law ( ! ,"l4 ,t is ! ideal ( a lat] age1 :5 ,jews 7 scatt]$ across ! _w4 ,"h1 9 con=mity ) ! exp]i5ce ( a /ill untravell$ p1 we see ! ,g5tiles draw+ 9 ^u ! ,m\nta9 ( ! ,h\se ( ! ,"l4 ,) ! same l(ty imp>tiality :i* di/+ui%es ! oracles ( ,amos on ! hea!n1 ! prophet takes no acc\nt ( _! enmity to ,israel2 nor is !re any talk--su* z lat] g5]ations 7 almo/ =c$ by ! ho/ility ( neighb\r+ tribes to indulge 9--( politically subdu+ !m to ! k+ 9 ,zion4 ,jehovah w arbitrate betwe5 !m1 & ! result %all be ! in/itution ( a great peace1 ) no special political privilege to ,israel1 unless ?is be und]/ood 9 v]4 #e1 :i* speaks ( su* security to life z 0 impossible1 at t "t at lea/1 9 all bord]l&s ( ,israel4 ,b among ! hea!n !mselves !re w be a re/+ f w>3 ! factions & f]ocities ( t wild ,semitic _w1 :i* ,amos s vividly *>act]is$1#hgd %all cease4 ,9 all ?is !re is no?+ beyond ! possibility ( sugge/ion by ! circum/ances ( ! eigh? c5tury or by ! _s ( its prophecy4 ,a prophet speaks3-- ,& x %all come to pass 9 ! issue ( ! days1#hge ,t ! ,m\nt ( ! ,h\se ( ,jehovah %all be e/abli%$ on ! tops#hgf ( ! m\nta9s1 ,& lift$ %all x be above ! hills1 ,& peoples %all fl[ to x1 ,& _m nations %all g & say3 ,come1 & let u up to ! ,m\nt ( ,jehovah1 ,& to ! ,h\se ( ! ,god ( ,jacob1 ,t ,he may tea* u ( ,8 ways1 ,& we w walk 9 ,8 pa?s4 ,= f ,zion goe? =? ! law1 ,& ! ^w ( ,jehovah f out ( ,j]usalem6 ,& ,he %all judge betwe5 _m peoples1 ,& decide#hgg = /rong nations f> & wide2#hgh ,& !y %all hamm] _! swords into pl\gh%>es1 ,& _! spe>s into prun+-hooks3 ,!y %all n lift up1 nation aga9/ nation1 a sword1 ,& !y %all n any m le>n w>4 ,e man %all dwell "u 8 v9e ,& "u 8 fig-tree1 ,& none %all make afraid2 ,= ! m\? ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s has spok54 ,:at connection ?is la/ v]se is int5d$ to h ) ! prec$+ is n q obvi\s4 ,x may mean t e family among ! ,g5tiles %all dwell 9 peace2 or1 z sugge/$ above1 t ) ! volunt>y dis>m+ ( ! surr\nd+ hea!ndom1 ,israel h]self %all dwell secure1 9 no fe> ( bord] raids & slave-hunt+ exp$itions1 ) :i* especially ,micah's ,%ephelah & o!r bord]l&s 7 famili>4 ,! v]se does n occur 9 ,isaiah's quotation ( ! ?ree :i* prec$e x4 ,we c sc>cely suppose1 fa9 ?\gh we may be to d s1 t ,micah add$ ! v]se 9 ord] to exhibit ! future correction ( ! evils he has be5 deplor+ 9 *ap4 iii43 ! insecurity ( ! h\sehold] 9 ,israel be=e ! unscrupul\s l&-grabb+ ( ! weal?y4 ,su* are n ! evils f :i* ?is passage prophesies r$emption4 ,x deals only1 l ! fir/ oracles ( ,amos1 ) ! rel5tlessness & f]ocity ( ! hea!n3 "u ,jehovah's arbitram5t ^! %all be at peace1 & :e!r among !mselves or 9 ,israel1 hi!rto s expos$ to _! raids1 m5 %all dwell 9 unal>m$ possession ( _! h\ses & fields4 ,security f w>1 n f social tyranny1 is :at is promis$4 ,! foll[+ v]se 7#e7 gives 9 a curi\s way ! contra/ ( ! pres5t to t future 9 :i* all m5 w own ! sway ( "o ,god4 ,= at ! pres5t "t all ! nations are walk+ ea* 9 ! "n ( 8 ,god1 b we g 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah = ev] & aye4 ,to :i* vision1 complete 9 itself1 !re has be5 add$ by ano!r h&1 ( :at date we _c tell1 a fur!r effect ( ,god's bless$ influ5ce4 ,to peace among m5 %all be add$ heal+ & r$emption1 ! +a!r+ ( ! outca/ & ! c>e ( ! crippl$4 ,9 t day--'tis ! oracle ( ,jehovah--,i w ga!r ! halt1 ,& ! ca/-(f ,i w br+ 91 & all t ,i h afflict$2 ,& ,i w make ! halt = a ,remnant1#hgi ,& h] t 0 weak5$#hhj into a /rong p1 ,& ,jehovah %all reign ov] !m ,9 ! ,m\nt ( ,zion f n[ & = ev]4 ,:atev] be ! orig9 ( ! sep>ate oracles :i* compose ?is passage 7iv4 #a-g71 !y =m z !y n[ /& a beautiful :ole1 ris+ f ,peace ?r\gh ,fre$om to ,love4 ,!y beg9 ) ob$i5ce to ,god & !y culm9ate 9 ! mo/ glori\s s]vice :i* ,god or man may und]take1 ! s]vice ( sav+ ! lo/4 ,see h[ ! ,div9e spiral asc5ds4 ,we h1 fir/1 ,religion ! c5tre & orig9 ( all1 compell+ ! att5tion ( m5 by its hi/orical evid5ce ( ju/ice & righte\sness4 ,we h ! _w's will+ness to le>n ( x4 ,we h ! results 9 ! wid5+ bro!rhood ( nations1 9 univ]sal ,peace1 9 ,lab\r fre$ f ,w>1 & ) none ( h] res\rces absorb$ by ! conscriptions & armam5ts :i* 9 our times are deem$ necess>y = en=c+ peace4 ,we h ! univ]sal diffusion & security ( ,prop]ty1 ! prosp]ity & safety ( ! humble/ home4 ,&1 f9ally1 we h ?is free /r5g? & weal? inspir$ by ! example ( ,god ,himself to n\ri% ! brok5 & to ga!r 9 ! =w&]$4 ,su* is ! ideal _w1 se5 & promis$ two ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s ago1 out ( z real an exp]i5ce ( human s9 & failure z ev] mank9d awoke to4 ,are we ne>] ! ,vision to-day1 or does x /ill hang ^u "t's horizon1 t l9e :i* seems s /able f e se]'s po9t ( view1 b :i* moves f ! g5]ations z fa/ z !y travel to x8 ,s f> f ?is be+ s1 !re is mu* 9 ! ,vision t is n only ne>] u ?an x 0 to ! ,hebrew prophets1 & n only abrea/ ( u1 b actually a*iev$ & beh9d u1 z we live & /rive /ill onw>d4 ,yes1 bro!rs1 actually beh9d u6 ,hi/ory has 9 "p fulfill$ ! promis$ influ5ce ( religion ^u ! nations4 ,! ,unity ( ,god has be5 own$1 & ! civilis$ peoples b[ to ! /&>ds ( ju/ice & ( m]cy fir/ reveal$ f ,m\nt ,zion4 ,_m nations & p[]ful nations ackn[l$ge ! arbitram5t ( ! ,god ( ! ,bible4 ,we h _h reveal$ t ,high ,fa!rhood ( :i* e family 9 heav5 & e>? is nam$2 & :]ev] t is believ$ ! bro!rhood ( m5 is confess$4 ,we h se5 ,s91 t pr(\nd discord 9 man & e/rangem5t f ,god1 ( :i* all human hatr$s & malices are ! fruit1 aton$ = & reconcil$ by a ,sacrifice 9 face ( :i* human pride & passion /& aba%$4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! ,vision is fulfill$4 ,! nations /ream to ! ,god ( ,j]usalem & ,8 ,*ri/4 ,& ?\gh to-day our ,peace be b a p>adox1 & ! ,*ri/ian nations /& /ill f w> n 9 love1 b 9 fe> ( "o ano!r1 !re are 9 e nation an increas+ numb] ( m5 & wom51 ) gr[+ influ5ce1 :o1 )\t be+ fanatics = peace1 or bl9d to ! fact t w> may be a p's duty 9 fulfilm5t ( its own de/9y or 9 relief ( ! enslav$1 d yet keep !mselves f fooli% =ms ( patriotism1 & by _! recognition ( ea* o!r across all national diff]5ces make sudd5 & unconsid]$ w> m & m ( an impossibility4 ,i write ?is 9 ! s\nd ( t call to /& ^u arms :i* broke l ?und] ^u our ,*ri/mas peace2 b1 amid all ! ignoble jeal\sies & hot ra%ness :i* prevail1 h[ ! air1 burn$ clean by t fir/ electric dis*>ge1 has fill$ ) ! det]m9ation t w> %all n happ5 9 ! int]e/s ( m]e weal? or at ! caprice ( a tyrant6 ,god help u to use ?is peace = ! la/ ideals ( ,8 prophet6 ,may we see1 n t ( :i* our mod]n peace has be5 f> too full1 m]e fre$om = ! weal? ( ! few to increase at ! exp5se ( ! mass ( mank9d4 ,may our ,peace mean ! gradual dis>mam5t ( ! nations1 ! increase ( lab\r1 ! diffusion ( prop]ty1 &1 above all1 ! r$emption ( ! wa/e ( ! p & ! recov]y ( our outca/s4 ,)\t ?is1 peace is no peace2 & bett] 7 w> to burn out by its fi]ce fires ^? evil hum\rs ( our secure com=t1 :i* r5d] u ins5sible to ! ne$y & ! fall5 at our side4 ,)\t ! r$emptive =ces at "w :i* ,*ri/ br\ght to e>?1 peace is no peace2 & ! cruelties ( w>1 t slay & mutilate s _m1 are z no?+ to ! cruelties ( a peace :i* leaves u ins5sible to ! outca/s & ! p]i%+1 ( :om !re are s _m ev5 9 our civilisation4 ,"o application ( ! prophecy may be made at ?is mom5t4 ,we are told by ^? :o "k be/ & h mo/ responsibility 9 ! matt] t an anci5t ,*ur* & p ( ,*ri/ are be+ left a prey to ! wra? ( an infidel tyrant1 n because ,*ri/5dom is )\t /r5g? to compel him to deliv]1 b because to use ! /r5g?1 w\ld be to imp]il ! peace1 ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,x is an ignoble peace :i* _c use ! =ces ( r$emption1 & ) ! cry ( ,arm5ia 9 our e>s ! ,unity ( ,europe is b a mock]y4 ,,footnotes3 #hgc ,see above1 pp4 #cfe ff4 #hgd ,see above1 ,*ap4 ,,vii4 #hge is ! h9dmo/1 fur!/1 ultimate1 :e!r ( space 7,psalm cxxxix4 #i3 ! utt]mo/ "p ( ! sea71 or ( "t 7,deut4 xi4 #ab3 ! end ( ! ye>74 ,x is ! end z comp>$ ) ! beg9n+1 ! sequel ) ! />t1 ! future ) ! pres5t 7,job xlii4 #ab74 ,9 ,prov]bs x is *iefly us$ 9 ! moral s5se ( issue or result4 ,b x *iefly occurs 9 ! phrase us$ "h1 1 n ! latt] days1 z ,a4,v41 nor ultimate days1 = 9 ^! phrases lurks ! idea ( "t hav+ an end1 b ! aft]-days 7,*eyne71 or1 bett] /ill1 ! issue ( ! days4 #hgf ,,lxx4 #hgg ,or arbitrate4 #hgh ,lit]ally3 up to f> away4 #hgi ,t :i* %all abide & be ! /ock ( ! future4 #hhj ,,lxx4 ca/ (f4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,! ,,k+ ,,to ,,come ,,micah iv4 #h-v ,:5 a p has to be purg$ ( long inju/ice1 :5 "s high aim ( lib]ty or ( ord] has to be won1 x is rem>kable h[ (t5 ! drama ( revolution passes ?r\gh ?ree acts4 ,!re is fir/ ! p]iod ( criticism & ( vision1 9 :i* m5 feel discont5t1 dream ( new ?+s1 & put _! hopes into sy/ems3 x seems !n z if ! future 7 to come ( itself4 ,b (t5 a cata/rophe1 relevant or irrelevant1 ensues3 ! visions pale be=e a va/ conflagration1 & poet1 philosoph] & prophet disappe> "u ! feet ( a mad mob ( wreck]s4 ,yet ?is is (t5 ! greate/ p]iod ( all1 = some:]e 9 ! mid/ ( x a /rong "* is =m+1 & m51 by ! v an>*y1 are be+ taught1 9 prep>ation = him1 ! indisp5sabl5ess ( ob$i5ce & loyalty4 ,) _! *a/5$ m9ds he a*ieves ! ?ird act1 & fulfils all ( ! e>ly vision t ,god's ordeal by fire has prov$ wor?y to survive4 ,?us hi/ory1 :5 di/raught1 rallies aga9 ^u ! ,man4 ,to ?is law ! prophets ( ,israel only gradually gave expression4 ,we f9d no trace ( x among ! e>lie/ ( !m2 & 9 ! ess5tial fai? ( all !re 0 mu* :i* pr$ispos$ !m aga9/ ! conviction ( its necessity4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 ! se]s 7 s fill$ ) ! inh]5t tru? & inevitabl5ess ( _! visions1 t !y describ$ ^! z if already realis$2 !re 0 no room = a great figure to rise be=e ! future1 = ) a ru% ! future 0 ^u !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 ev] a pr9ciple ( prophecy t ,god is able to disp5se ) human aid4 ,9 pres5ce ( ! ,div9e omnipot5ce all second>y causes1 all int]position on ! "p ( ! creature1 fall away4#hha ,! m /rik+ is x t be=e long ! prophets %\ld h begun1 n only to look = a ,man1 b to pa9t him z ! c5tral figure ( _! hopes4 ,9 ,hosea1 :o has no su* promise1 we already see ! in/9ct at "w4 ,! age ( revolution :i* he describes is curs$ by its want ( m53 !re is no great lead] ( ! p s5t f ,god2 ^? :o come to ! front are ! creatures ( faction & p>ty2 !re is no k+ f ,god4#hhb ,h[ diff]5t x _h be5 9 ! great days ( old1 :5 ,god _h ev] work$ = ,israel ?r\gh "s man--a ,moses1 a ,gideon1 a ,samuel1 b especially a ,david4 ,?us memory equally ) ! pres5t de>? ( p]sonalities prompt$ to a great desire1 & ) passion ,israel wait$ = a ,man4 ,! hope ( ! "m = h] fir/born1 ! pride ( ! fa!r 9 8 son1 ! eag]ness ( ! woman = h] lov]1 ! devotion ( ! slave to 8 lib]ator1 ! en?usiasm ( soldi]s = _! capta9--unite ^! noble/ affections ( ! human he>t & y %all yet fail to rea* ! passion & ! glory ) :i* prophecy look$ = ! ,k+ to ,come4 ,ea* age1 ( c\rse1 expect$ him 9 ! qualities ( p[] & "* ne$$ = its own tr\bles1 & ! ideal *ang$ f glory unto glory4 ,f val\r & victory 9 w>1 x became peace & good gov]nm5t1 c>e = ! poor & ! oppress$1 sympa?y ) ! suff]+s ( ! :ole p1 b especially ( ! righte\s among !m1 ) fidelity to ! tru? deliv]$ unto ! fa!rs1 &1 f9ally1 a consci5ce = ! p's s91 a be>+ ( _! puni%m5t & a travail = _! spiritual r$emption4 ,b all ^! qualities & functions 7 ga!r$ ^u an individual--a ,victor1 a ,k+1 a ,prophet1 a ,m>tyr1 a ,s]vant ( ! ,"l4 ,micah /&s among ! fir/1 if he is n ! v fir/1 :o ?us focuss$ ! hopes ( ,israel ^u a great ,r$eem]2 & 8 promise ( ,him %>es all ! *>act]i/ics j describ$4 ,9 8 book x lies next a numb] ( brief oracles ) :i* we are unable to trace its imm$iate connection4 ,!y diff] f x 9 /yle & rhy?m3 !y are 9 v]se1 :ile x seems to be 9 prose4 ,!y d n appe> to h be5 utt]$ along ) x4 ,b !y reflect ! tr\bles out ( :i* ! ,h]o is expect$ to em]ge1 & ! deliv]ance :i* ,he %all accompli%1 ?\gh at fir/ !y picture ! latt] )\t any h9t ( ,himself4 ,!y app>5tly describe an invasion :i* is actually 9 c\rse1 r ?an "o :i* is ne> & inevitable2 & if s !y c only date f ,s5na*]ib's campaign aga9/ ,judah 9 #gja ,b4,c4 ,j]usalem is 9 siege1 /&+ alone 9 ! l&1#hhc l "o ( ^? solit>y t[]s ) folds r\nd !m :i* 7 built "h & !re ^u ! bord] pa/ures ( ,israel = def5ce ( ! flock aga9/ ! raid]s ( ! des]t4#hhd ,! prophet sees ! possibility ( ,zion's capitulation1 b ! p %all leave h] only = _! deliv]ance else:]e4 ,_m are ga!r$ aga9/ h]1 b he sees !m z %eaves ^u ! floor = ,zion to ?re%4 ,?is oracle 7vv4 #aa-ac7 _c1 ( c\rse1 h be5 utt]$ at ! same "t z ! previ\s "o1 b !re is no reason :y ! same prophet %\ld n h utt]$ bo? at diff]5t p]iods4 ,isaiah _h prospects ( ! fate ( ,j]usalem :i* diff] q z mu*4#hhe ,once m 7v]4 #ad7 ! blockade is e/abli%$4 ,israel's rul] is helpless1 smitt5 on ! *eek by ! foe4#hhf ,x is to ?is la/ picture t ! promise ( ! ,deliv]] is atta*$4 ,! prophet speaks3-- ,b ?\1 ,o ,t[] ( ! ,flock1 ,hill ( ! daught] ( ,zion1 ,to !e %all arrive ! =m] rule1 ,& ! k+dom %all come to ! daught] ( ,zion4 ,n[ :]e=e crie/ ?\ s l\d8 ,is !re no k+ 9 !e1#hhg or is ?y c\nsellor p]i%$1 ,t ?roes h seiz$ !e l a woman 9 *ildbir?8 ,quiv] & wri!1 daught] ( ,zion1 l "o 9 *ildbir?3 ,= n[ mu/ ?\ =? f ! city1 ,& encamp on ! field 7& come unto ,babel72#hhh ,!re %alt ?\ be rescu$1 ,!re %all ,jehovah r$eem !e f ! h& ( ?y foes6 ,& n[ ga!r aga9/ !e _m nations1 t say1 ,let h] be violate1 t our eyes may fa/5 on ,zion6 ,b !y "k n ! plans ( ,jehovah1 ,nor und]/& !y ,8 c\nsel1 ,= ,he ha? ga!r$ !m 9 l %eaves to ! floor4 ,up & ?re%1 ,o daught] ( ,zion6 ,= ?y horns w ,i turn into iron1 ,& ?y ho(s w ,i turn into brass2 ,& ?\ wilt beat d[n _m nations1 ,& devote to ,jehovah _! spoil1 ,& _! weal? to ! ,"l ( all e>?4 ,n[ press ?yself toge!r1 ?\ daught] ( pressure3#hhi ,! foe ha? set a wall ar\nd u1 ,) a rod !y smite on ! *eek ,israel's reg5t6 ,b ?\1 ,be?-,ephra?1#hij smalle/ among ! ?\s&s#hia ( ,judah1 ,f !e unto ,me %all come =? ! ,rul] to be 9 ,israel6 ,yea1 ( old are ,8 go+s =?1 f ! days ( long ago6 ,!re=e %all ,he suff] !m till ! "t t "o be>+ %all h born4#hib 7,!n ! re/ ( ,8 bre?r5 %all return ) ! *ildr5 ( ,israel47#hic ,& ,he %all /& & %eph]d ,8 flock#hid 9 ! /r5g? ( ,jehovah1 ,9 ! pride ( ! "n ( ,8 ,god4 ,& !y %all abide6 ,= n[ is ,he great to ! ends ( ! e>?4 ,& ,su* an ,"o %all be our ,peace4#hie ,be?lehem 0 ! bir?place ( ,david1 b :5 ,micah says t ! ,deliv]] %all em]ge f h] he does n only mean :at ,isaiah affirms by 8 promise ( a rod f ! /ock ( ,jesse1 t ! ,k+ to ,come %all spr+ f ! "o great dyna/y 9 ,judah4 ,micah means r to emphasise ! ru/ic & popul> orig9 ( ! ,messiah1 too small to be among ! ?\s&s ( ,judah4 ,david1 ! son ( ,jesse ! ,be?lehemite1 0 a de>] figure ?an ,solomon son ( ,david ! ,k+4 ,he impress$ ! p's imag9ation1 because he _h sprung f !mselves1 & 9 8 lifetime _h be5 ! popul> rival ( an unlovable despot4 ,micah himself 0 ! prophet ( ! c\ntry z di/9ct f ! capital1 ( ! peasants z aga9/ ! ri* :o oppress$ !m4 ,:51 !re=e1 he fix$ ^u ,be?lehem z ! ,messiah's bir?place1 he d\btless desir$1 )\t dep>t+ f ! or?odox hope 9 ! ,davidic dyna/y1 to ?r[ r\nd its new repres5tative ^? associations :i* _h s ende>$ to ! p _! fa!r-mon>*4 ,! %eph]ds ( ,judah1 t /rong s\rce ( undefil$ life f :i* ! =tunes ( ! /ate & prophecy itself _h ev] be5 recup]at$1 %\ld aga9 s5d =? salvation4 ,_h n ,micah already decl>$ t1 aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ! capital & ! rul]s1 ! glory ( ,israel %\ld come to ,adullam1 :]e ( old ,david _h ga!r$ its soil$ & scatt]$ fragm5ts8 ,we may conceive h[ su* a promise w\ld affect ! cru%$ peasants = :om ,micah wrote4 ,a ,savi\r1 :o 0 "o ( !mselves1 n born up !re 9 ! capital1 fo/]-bro!r ( ! v nobles :o oppress$ !m1 b born among ! p1 %>] ( _! toils & ( _! wrongs6--x w\ld br+ hope to e brok5 he>t among ! dis9h]it$ poor ( ,israel4 ,yet meantime1 be x obs]v$1 ?is 0 a promise1 n = ! peasants only1 b = ! :ole p4 ,9 ! pres5t dang] ( ! nation ! class disputes are =gott51 & ! hopes ( ,israel ga!r ^u _! ,h]o = a common deliv]ance f ! =eign foe4 ,su* an ,"o %all be our peace4 ,b 9 ! peace ,he is to /& & %eph]d ,8 flock1 conspicu\s & wat*ful4 ,! c\ntry-folk knew :at su* a figure meant to !mselves = security & weal on ! l& ( _! fa!rs4 ,h]et(ore _! rul]s _h n be5 %eph]ds1 b ?ieves & robb]s4 ,we c imag9e ! contra/ :i* su* a vision mu/ h (f]$ to ! fancies ( ! false prophets4 ,:at 7 !y beside ?is8 ,deity desc5d+ 9 fire & ?und]1 ) all ! o!r features ( ! anci5t ,!ophanies t _h n[ become s mu* cant 9 ! m\?s ( m]c5>y traditionali/s4 ,besides ^?1 h[ sane 0 ?is1 h[ foot$ ^u ! e>?1 h[ practical1 h[ popul> 9 ! be/ s5se6 ,we see1 !n1 ! value ( ,micah's prophecy = 8 own day4 ,has x also any value = ours--especially 9 t aspect ( x :i* mu/ h appeal$ to ! he>ts ( ^? = :om *iefly ,micah arose8 ,is x wise to pa9t ! ,messiah1 to pa9t ,*ri/1 s mu* z a work+-man8 ,is x n mu* m to our purpose to rememb] ! g5]al fact ( ,8 humanity1 by :i* ,he is able to be ,prie/ & ,bro!r to all classes1 high & l[1 ri* & poor1 ! noble & ! peasant alike8 ,is n ! ,man ( ,sorr[s a mu* wid] "n ?an ! ,man ( ,lab\r8 ,let u answ] ^! que/ions4 ,! value ( su* a prophecy ( ,*ri/ lies 9 ! correctives :i* x supplies to ! ,*ri/ian apocalypse & !ology4 ,bo? ( ^! h rais$ ,*ri/ to a ?rone too f> above ! actual circum/ance ( ,8 e>?ly m9i/ry & ! !atre ( ,8 et]nal sympa?ies4 ,:e!r en?ron$ 9 ! praises ( heav51 or by s*ola/icism relegat$ to an ideal & ab/ract humanity1 ,*ri/ is lift$ away f t\* ) ! common p4 ,b ,8 l[ly orig9 0 a fact4 ,he sprang f ! mo/ democratic ( peoples4 ,8 ance/or 0 a %eph]d1 & ,8 "m a peasant girl4 ,he ,himself 0 a c>p5t]3 at home1 z ,8 p>ables %[1 9 ! fields & ! folds & ! b>ns ( ,8 c\ntry2 ) ! s]vants ( ! great h\ses1 ) ! unemploy$ 9 ! m>ket2 ) ! woman 9 ! hovel seek+ "o piece ( silv]1 ) ! %eph]d on ! moors seek+ ! lo/ %eep4 ,! poor _h ! gospel prea*$ to !m2 & ! common p he>d ,him gladly4 ,z ! peasants ( ,juda mu/ h li/5$ to ,micah's promise ( ,8 orig9 among !mselves ) new hope & pati5ce1 s 9 ! ,roman empire ! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 welcom$ *iefly1 z ! ,apo/les & ! ,fa!rs be> witness1 by ! l[ly & ! lab\r+ ( e nation4 ,9 ! great p]secution :i* be>s 8 "n1 ! ,emp]or ,domitian he>d t !re 7 two relatives alive ( ?is ,jesus :om s _m ackn[l$g$ z _! ,k+1 & he s5t = !m t he might put !m to dea?4 ,b :5 !y came1 he ask$ !m to hold up _! h&s1 & see+ ^! br[n & *app$ ) toil1 he dismiss$ ! m51 say+1 ,f su* slaves we h no?+ to fe>4 ,ah b1 ,emp]or6 x is j ! horny h&s ( ?is religion t ?\ & ?y gods h to fe>6 ,any cynic or satiri/ ( ?y lit]ature f ,celsus onw>ds c\ld h told !e t x 0 by m5 :o work$ ) _! h&s = _! daily bread1 by dome/ics1 artisans & all mann] ( slaves1 t ! p[] ( ?is ,k+ %\ld spread1 :i* meant de/ruction to !e & ?9e empire6 ,f little ,be?lehem came =? ! ,rul]1 & n[ ,he is great to ! ends ( ! e>?4 ,!re foll[s ^u ?is prophecy ( ! ,%eph]d a curi\s fragm5t :i* divides ,8 (fice among a numb] ( ,8 ord]1 ?\gh ! gramm> returns t[>ds ! end to ,"o4 ,! m5tion ( ,assyria /amps ?is oracle also z ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,m>k ! refra9 :i* op5s & closes x4#hif ,:5 ,as%r come? into our l&1 ,& :5 he m>*e? on our bord]s1#hig ,!n %all we raise aga9/ him sev5 %eph]ds ,& eight pr9ces ( m54 ,& !y %all %eph]d ,as%r ) a sword1 ,& ,nimrod's l& ) h] own b>e blades ,& ,he %all deliv] f ,as%r1 ,:5 he come? into our l&4 ,& m>*e? ^u our bord]s4 ,!re foll[s an oracle 9 :i* !re is no evid5ce ( ,micah's h& or ( 8 times2 b if x c>ries any pro( ( a date1 x seems a late "o4 ,& ! remnant ( ,jacob %all be among _m peoples ,l ! dew f ,jehovah1 ,l %[]s ^u grass1 ,:i* wait n = a man1 ,nor t>ry = ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,& ! remnant ( ,jacob 7among nations17 among _m peoples1 ,%all be l ! lion among ! bea/s ( ! jungle1 ,l a "y lion among ! %eepfolds1 ,:o1 :5 he come? by1 treade? & te>e?1 ,& none may deliv]4 ,let ?9e h& be high on ?9e adv]s>ies1 ,& all ?9e enemies be cut (f6 ,f9ally 9 ?is section we h an oracle full ( ! notes we _h f ,micah 9 ! fir/ two *apt]s4 ,x expla9s itself4 ,comp>e ,micah ii4 & ,isaiah ii4 ,& x %all be 9 t day--'tis ! oracle ( ,jehovah-- ,t ,i w cut (f ?y horses f ! mid/ ( !e1 ,& ,i w de/roy ?y *>iots2 ,t ,i w cut (f ! cities ( ?y l&1 ,& te> d[n all ?y =tresses1 ,& ,i w cut (f ?9e en*antm5ts f ?y h&1 ,& ?\ %all h no m soo?say]s2 ,& ,i w cut (f ?9e images & ?y pill>s f ! mid/ ( !e1 ,& ?\ %all n b[ d[n any m to ! "w ( ?y h&s2 ,& ,i w uproot ?9e ,a%]as f ! mid/ ( !e1 ,& w de/roy ?9e idols4 ,s %all ,i d1 9 ,my wra? & ,m9e ang]1 ,v5geance to ! nations1 :o h n kn[n ,me4 ,,footnotes3 #hha ,s*ultz1 ,a4 ,t4 ,!ol41 p4 #gbb4 #hhb ,see above1 pp4 #bgf ff4 #hhc ,wellhaus5 decl>es t ?is is unsuitable to ! position ( ,j]usalem 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 & virtually implies h] ru9 & desolation4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 x is n s3 ,j]usalem is /ill /&+1 ?\gh alone 7cf4 ! simil> figure 9 ,isa4 i474 ,consequ5tly ! contradiction :i* ,wellhaus5 sees betwe5 ?is eigh? v]se & vv4 #i1 #aj1 does n exi/4 ,he grants t ! latt] may belong to ! "t ( ,s5na*]ib's invasion--unless x be a vatic9ium po/ ev5tum6 #hhd ,see above1 p4 #cb4 #hhe ,?is 9 answ] to ,wellhaus51 :o ?9ks ! two oracles incompatible1 & t ! second "o is simil> to ! es*atological pr$iction common f ,ezekiel onw>ds4 ,j]usalem1 h[ev]1 is surely /ill /&+4 #hhf ,ev5 ,wellhaus5 agrees t ?is v]se is mo/ suitably dat$ f ! "t ( ,micah4 #hhg ,^? :o ma9ta9 ! exilic date und]/& by ?is ,jehovah ,himself4 ,9 any case x may be ,he :o is meant4 #hhh ,! words 9 p>5!sis are p]haps a gloss4 #hhi ,unc]ta94 #hij ,! "n ,be?lehem is probably a lat] ins]tion4 ,i read ) ,hitzig & o!rs 1 & omit 4 #hia ,smalle/ =m ( di/rict3 cf4 ,engli% hundr$s4 #hib ,cf4 ! prophecy ( ,immanuel1 ,isa4 vii4 #hic ,?is seems l a lat] ins]tion3 x di/urbs bo? s5se & rhy?m4 #hid ,s ,,lxx4 #hie ,take ?is clause f v]4 #d & ! foll[+ oracle & put x ) v]4 #c4 #hif ,wellhaus5 alleges 9 ! numb]s ano!r trace ( ! late ,apocalyptic writ+s--b ?is is n conclusive4 #hig ,s ,,lxx4 ,cf4 ! refra9 at ! close4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,! ,,reasonabl5ess ,,( ,,true ,,religion ,,micah vi4 #a-h4 ,we h n[ rea*$ a passage f :i* all obscurities ( date & au?or%ip#hih disappe> be=e ! transp>5ce & spl5d\r ( its cont5ts4 ,^! few v]ses1 says a great critic1 9 :i* ,micah sets =? ! true ess5ce ( religion1 may raise a well-f\nd$ title to be c\nt$ z ! mo/ important 9 ! prophetic lit]ature4 ,l almo/ no o!rs1 !y af=d u an insight into ! inn]mo/ nature ( ! religion ( ,israel1 z deliv]$ by ! prophets4 ,usually x is only ! la/ ( ! v]ses ^u :i* ! admiration ( ! read] is be/[$3 ,:at do? ! ,"l require ( !e1 ,o man1 b to d ju/ice & love m]cy & walk humbly ) ?y ,god8 ,b 9 tru? ! re/ ( ! passage diff]e? n 9 glory2 ! wond] ( x lies no m 9 its p]oration ?an 9 its argum5t z a :ole4 ,! passage is ca/ 9 ! same =m z ! op5+ *apt] ( ! book--t ( an ,argum5t or ,debate betwe5 ! ,god ( ,israel & ,8 p1 ^u ! great !atre ( ,nature4 ,! he>t mu/ be dull t does n leap to ! ,pres5ces be=e :i* ! trial is enact$4 ,! prophet speaks3-- ,he> ye n[ t :i* ,jehovah is say+2 ,arise1 cont5d be=e ! m\nta9s1 ,& let ! hills he> ?y voice6 ,he>1 ,o m\nta9s1 ! ,"l's ,argum5t1 ,& ye1 ! ev]la/+6 f\ndations ( e>?6 ,?is is n m]e sc5]y4 ,9 all ! moral que/ions betwe5 ,god & man1 ! prophets feel t ,nature is involv$4 ,ei!r %e is call$ z a witness to ! long hi/ory ( _! relations to ea* o!r1 or z %>+ ,god's feel+ ( ! intol]abl5ess ( ! evil :i* m5 h heap$ ^u h]1 or by h] dr\ghts & floods & e>?quakes z ! execution] ( _! doom4 ,x is 9 ! fir/ ( ^! capacities t ! prophet 9 ?is passage appeals to ! m\nta9s & et]nal f\ndations ( e>?4 ,!y are call$1 n because !y are ! bigge/ ( exi/5ces1 b because !y are ! mo/ full ( memories & associations ) bo? p>ties to ! ,trial4 ,! ma9 idea ( ! passage1 h[ev]1 is ! ,trial itself4 ,we h se5 m ?an once t ! =ms ( religion :i* ! prophets _h to combat 7 ^? :i* express$ x me*anically 9 ! =m ( ritual & sacrifice1 & ^? :i* express$ x 9 m]e en?usiasm & ec/asy4 ,betwe5 su* extremes ! prophets insi/$ t religion 0 k & t x 0 conduct--rational int]c\rse & lov+ duty betwe5 ,god & man4 ,?is is :at !y figure 9 _! fav\rite sc5e ( a ,debate :i* is n[ be=e u4 ,jehovah ha? a ,qu>rel ) ,8 ,p1 ,& ) ,israel ,he come? to argue4 ,to u1 accu/om$ to communion ) ! ,godhead1 z ) a ,fa!r1 ?is may seem =mal & legal4 ,b if we s reg>d x we d x an inju/ice4 ,! =m sprang by revolt aga9/ me*anical & s5sational ideas ( religion4 ,x emphasis$ religion z rational & moral1 & at once pres]v$ ! reasonabl5ess ( ,god & ! fre$om ( man4 ,god spoke ) ! p :om ,he _h educat$3 ,he pl$ ) !m1 li/5$ to _! /atem5ts & que/ions1 & produc$ ,8 own evid5ces & reasons4 ,religion1 su* a passage z ?is ass]ts--religion is n a ?+ ( au?ority nor ( c]emonial nor ( m]e feel+1 b ( argum5t1 reasonable pres5tation & debate4 ,reason is n put out ( c\rt3 man's fre$om is respect$2 & he is n tak5 by surprise ?r\gh 8 fe>s or 8 feel+s4 ,?is sublime & g5]\s conception ( religion1 :i* we owe fir/ ( all to ! prophets 9 _! conte/ ) sup]/iti\s & slo?ful !ories ( religion t unhappily survive among u1 0 c>ri$ to its climax 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t by ano!r class ( writ]s4 ,we f9d x elaborat$ ) great p[] & beauty 9 ! ,books ( ,wisdom4 ,9 ^! ! ,div9e ,reason has em]g$ f ! legal =ms n[ be=e u1 & has become ! ,associate & ,fri5d ( ,man4 ,! ,prologue to ! ,book ( ,prov]bs tells h[ ,wisdom1 fell[ ( ,god f ! f\ndation ( ! _w1 desc5ds to dwell among m54 ,%e comes =? into _! /reets & m>kets1 %e argues & pleads !re ) an urg5cy :i* is equal to ! urg5cy ( temptation itself4 ,b x is n till ! e>?ly m9i/ry ( ! ,son ( ,god1 ,8 argum5ts ) ! doctors1 ,8 p>ables to ! common p1 ,8 g5tle & prolong$ education ( ,8 disciples1 t we see ! reasonabl5ess ( religion 9 all its /r5g? & beauty4 ,9 t free c\rt ( reason 9 :i* ! prophets saw ,god & man plead toge!r1 ! subjects 7 su* z became !m bo?4 ,= ,god unfolds no my/]ies1 & pleads no p[]1 b ! debate proce$s ^u ! facts & evid5ces ( life3 ! appe>ance ( ,"* 9 hi/ory2 :e!r ! pa/ be n full ( ! ef=ts ( ,love2 :e!r ,god _h n1 z human wilfulness p]mitt$ ,him1 a*iev$ ! lib]ation & progress ( ,8 p4 ,god speaks3-- ,my p1 :at h ,i done unto !e8 ,& h[ h ,i we>i$ !e--answ] ,me8 ,= ,i br\ght !e up f ! l& ( ,miraim1 ,& f ! h\se ( slav]y ,i r$eem$ !e4 ,i s5t be=e !e ,moses1 ,ah>on & ,miriam4 ,my p1 rememb] n[ :at ,balak k+ ( ,moab c\nsell$1 ,& h[ he 0 answ]$ by ,bala'am1 ,be'or's son-- ,s t ?\ maye/ "k ! righte\s de$s ( ,jehovah4#hii ,always d ! prophets g back to ,egypt or ! wild]ness4 ,!re ,god made ! p1 !re ,he r$eem$ !m4 ,9 lawbook z 9 prophecy1 x is ! fact ( r$emption :i* =ms ! ma9 gr\nd ( ,8 appeal4 ,r$eem$ by ,him1 ! p are n _! own1 b ,84 ,treat$ ) t wond]ful love & pati5ce1 l pati5ce & love !y are call$ to be/[ ^u ! weak & mis]able b5ea? !m4#ijj ,"o ( ! greate/ int]pret]s ( ! prophets to our own age1 ,fr$]ick ,d5ison ,maurice1 has said ^u ?is passage3 ,we d n "k ,god till we recognise him z a ,deliv]]2 we d n und]/& our own "w 9 ! _w till we believe we are s5t into x to c>ry out ,8 designs = ! deliv]ance ( ourselves & ! race4 ,! bondage ,i groan "u is a bondage ( ! w4 ,god is emphatically ! ,r$eem] ( ! w4 ,x is 9 t "* ,he reveals ,himself to u4 ,we c\ld n ?9k ( ,god at all z ! ,god1 ! liv+ ,god1 if we did n reg>d ,him z su* a ,r$eem]4 ,b if ( my w1 !n ( all wills3 soon] or lat] ,i am conv9c$ ,he w be manife/$ z ! ,re/or]1 ,reg5]ator--n ( some?+ else1 b ( ?is--( ! fall5 _s t is )9 u4 ,9 mo/ ( ! controv]sies :i* ! prophets op5 betwe5 ,god & man1 ! subject on ! side ( ! latt] is 8 s94 ,b t is n s "h4 ,9 ! controv]sy :i* op5s ! ,book ( ,micah ! argum5t falls ^u ! transgressions ( ! p1 b "h ^u _! s9c]e ?\gh mi/ak5 me?ods ( approa*+ ,god4 ,!re ,god deals ) dull consci5ces1 b "h ) d>k5$ & implor+ he>ts4 ,9 t case we _h rebels =sak+ ! true ,god = idols1 b "h are e>ne/ seek]s aft] ,god1 :o h lo/ _! way & are we>y4 ,accord+ly1 z indignation prevail$ !re1 "h prevails pity2 & ?\gh =mally ?is be a controv]sy "u ! same legal =m z be=e1 ! passage brea!s t5d]ness & g5tl5ess f fir/ to la/4 ,by ?is z well z by ! recollections ( ! anci5t hi/ory ( ,israel we are rem9d$ ( ! /yle ( ,hosea4 ,b !re is no expo/ulation1 z 9 8 book1 ) ! p's cont9u$ devotion to ritual4 ,all t is pa/1 & a new temp] prevails4 ,israel h at la/ come to feel ! vanity ( ! exagg]at$ zeal ) :i* ,amos pictures !m exce$+ ! legal requirem5ts ( sacrifice2#ija & ) a despair1 suffici5tly evid5t 9 ! sup]latives :i* !y use1 !y confess ! futility & we>9ess ( ! :ole sy/em1 ev5 9 ! mo/ lavi% & impossible =ms ( sacrifice4 ,:at !n rema9s = !m to d8 ,! prophet answ]s ) ! beautiful words1 t express an ideal ( religion to :i* no subsequ5t c5tury has ev] be5 able to add ei!r gr&eur or t5d]ness4 ,! p speak3-- ,:]e)al %all ,i come be=e ,jehovah1 ,%all ,i b[ myself to ,god ! ,mo/ ,high8 ,%all ,i come be=e ,him ) burnt-(f]+s1 ,) calves ( "o ye>8 ,w ,jehovah be pleas$ ) ?\s&s ( rams1 ,) myriads ( riv]s ( oil8 ,%all ,i give my fir/born = a guilt-(f]+1#ijb ,! fruit ( my body = ! s9 ( my s\l8 ,! prophet answ]s3-- ,he ha? %[n !e1 ,o man1 :at is good2 ,& :at is ! ,,"l seek+ f !e1 ,b to d ju/ice & love m]cy1 ,& humbly#ijc to walk ) ?y ,god8 ,?is is ! greate/ say+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & !re is only "o o!r 9 ! ,new :i* excels x3-- ,come unto ,me1 all ye t lab\r & are heavy lad51 & ,i w give y re/4 ,take ,my yoke ^u y1 & le>n ( ,me2 = ,i am meek & l[ly 9 he>t3 & ye %all f9d re/ unto y\r s\ls4 ,= ,my yoke is easy1 & ,my burd5 is light4 ,,footnotes3 #hih ,see above1 pp4 #cfi ff4 #hii ,omitt$ f ! above is ! /range clause f ,%ittim to ,gilgal1 :i* appe>s to be a gloss4 #ijj ,see ! passages on ! subject 9 ,pr(essor ,h>p]'s "w on ,deut]onomy 9 ?is s]ies4 #ija ,see above1 p4 #afa4 #ijb ,see above1 p4 #cgj1 on ! futility ( ! argum5t :i* because ( ?is l9e w\ld put ! :ole passage 9 ,manasseh's reign4 #ijc ,?is ^w is only once us$ aga91 9 ,prov4 xi4 #b1 9 ano!r grammatical =m1 :]e also x might mean humbly4 ,b ! root-mean+ is evid5tly 9 secret1 or secretly 7cf4 ! ,aram4 1 to be hidd52 1 "o :o lives noiselessly1 humble1 pi\s2 9 ! fem99e ( a bride :o is mode/72 & x is unc]ta9 :e!r we %\ld n take t s5se "h4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,! ,,s9 ,,( ,,! ,,scant ,,measure ,,micah vi4 #i-vii4 #f4 ,! /ate ( ! text ( ,micah vi4 #i-vii4 #f is z confus$ z ! condition ( society :i* x describes3 x is difficult to get reason1 & impossible to get rhyme1 out ( ! sep>ate clauses4 ,we _h be/ give x z x /&s1 & aft]w>ds /ate ! sub/ance ( its doctr9e1 :i*1 9 spite ( ! obscurity ( details1 is1 z s (t5 happ5s 9 simil> cases1 p]fectly cle> & =cible4 ,! passage consi/s ( two portions1 :i* may n orig9ally h belong$ to ea* o!r1 b :i* seem to reflect ! same disord] ( civic life1 ) ! judgm5t t imp5ds ^u x4#ijd ,9 ! fir/ ( !m1 vi4 #i-af1 ! prophet calls = att5tion to ! voice ( ,god1 :i* describes ! fraudul5t life ( ,j]usalem1 & ! evils ,he is br++ on h]4 ,9 ! second1 vii4 #a-f1 ,j]usalem bemoans h] corrupt society2 b p]haps we he> h] voice only 9 v]4 #a1 & !reaft] ! prophet's4 ,! prophet speaks3-- ,h>k6 ,jehovah crie? to ! city6 7',tis salvation to fe> ,?y ,"n67#ije ,he> ye1 ,o tribe & c\ncil ( ! city6 787#ijf ,god speaks3-- 444 9 ! h\se ( ! wick$ treasures ( wick$ness1 ,& ! scant measure accurs$6 ,c %e be pure ) ! evil balances1 ,& ) ! bag ( false weights1 ,^: ri* m5 are full ( viol5ce1#ijg ,& h] citiz5s speak falsehood1 ,& _! tongue is deceit 9 _! m\?8 ,b ,i on ,my "p h begun to plague !e1 ,to lay !e 9 ru9 because ( ?y s9s4 ,?\ eate/ & art n fill$1 ,b ?y fam9e#ijh is 9 ! v mid/ ( !e6 ,& b try to remove1#iji ?\ can/ n br+ (f2 ,& :at ?\ br+e/ (f1 ,i give to ! sword4 ,?\ s[e/1 b nev] reape/2 ,treade/ olives1 b nev] ano9te/ ) oil1 ,& mu/1 b n to dr9k w9e6 ,s ?\ keepe/ ! /atutes ( ,omri1#iaj ,& ! habits ( ! h\se ( ,ahab1 ,& walke/ 9 _! pr9ciples1 ,only t ,i may give !e to ru91 ,& h] inhabitants = sport-- ,yea1 ! reproa* ( ! ,g5tiles#iaa %all ye be>6 ,j]usalem speaks3-- ,woe1 woe is me1 = ,i am become l sweep+s ( h>ve/1 ,l glean+s ( ! v9tage-- ,n a clu/] to eat1 n a fig t my s\l lu/e? aft]4 ,p]i%$ are ! leal f ! l&1 ,( ! upright among m5 !re is none3 ,all ( !m are lurk+ = blood2 ,e man takes 8 bro!r 9 a net4 ,_! h&s are on evil to d x ?or\ghly4#iab ,! pr9ce makes requisition1 ,! judge judge? = paym5t1 ,& ! great man he speake? 8 lu/2 ,s toge!r !y weave x out4 ,! be/ ( !m is b a ?orn ?icket1#iac ,! mo/ upright worse ?an a prickly h$ge4#iad ,! day t ?y s5t9els saw1 ?y visitation1 drawe? on2 ,n[ is _! havoc#iae come6 ,tru/ n any fri5d6 ,rely on no confidant6 ,f h] t lies 9 ?y bosom gu>d ! gates ( ?y m\?4 ,= son insulte? fa!r1 daught] is ris5 aga9/ h] "m1 daught]-9-law aga9/ h] "m-9-law2 ,& ! enemies ( a man are ! m5 ( 8 h\se4 ,micah1 ?\gh ! prophet ( ! c\ntry & /]n critic ( its life1 *>act]is$ ,j]usalem h]self z ! c5tre ( ! nation's s9s4 ,he did n ref] to idolatry alone1 b also to ! irreligion ( ! politicians1 & ! cruel inju/ice ( ! ri* 9 ! capital4 ,! poison :i* weak5$ ! nation's blood _h f\nd its entrance to _! ve9s at ! v he>t4 ,!re _h ! evil ga!r$ :i* 0 %ak+ ! /ate to a rapid dissolution4 ,?is section ( ! ,book ( ,micah1 :e!r x be by t prophet or n1 describes no features ( ,j]usalem's life :i* 7 n pres5t 9 ! eigh? c5tury2 & x may be consid]$ z ! m detail$ picture ( ! evils he summ>ily d5\nc$4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ poignant criticisms ( a comm]cial community :i* h ev] appe>$ 9 lit]ature4 ,9 equal relief we see ! meane/ in/rum5ts & ! mo/ prom95t ag5ts ( covet\sness & cruelty--! scant measure1 ! false weights1 ! unscrupul\s pr9ce & ! v5al judge4 ,& al?\gh !re are "s s9s d5\nc$ :i* are impossible 9 our civilisation1 yet falsehood1 squalid fraud1 pitilessness ( ! ev]la/+ /ruggle = life are expos$ exactly z we see !m ab\t u to-day4 ,?r\gh ! prophet's anci5t & (t5 obscure eloqu5ce we feel j ^? %ocks & %>p edges :i* /ill break ev]y:]e ?r\gh our ,*ri/ian civilisation4 ,let u rememb]1 too1 t ! community address$ by ! prophet 01 l our own1 pr(ess$ly religi\s4 ,! mo/ widespread s9 ) :i* ! prophet *>ges ,j]usalem 9 ^! days ( h] comm]cial activity is falsehood3 ,h] inhabitants speak lies1 & _! tongue is deceit 9 _! m\?4 ,9 ,mr4 ,lecky's ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals we f9d ! op9ion t ! "o respect 9 :i* ! gr[? ( indu/rial life has ex]cis$ a fav\rable influ5ce on morals has be5 9 ! promotion ( tru?4 ,! tribute is j1 b !re is ano!r side to x4 ,! exig5cies ( comm]ce & indu/ry are fatal to mo/ ( ! conv5tional pret5ces1 ins9c]ities & flatt]ies1 :i* t5d to gr[ up 9 all k9ds ( society4 ,9 comm]cial life1 m p]haps ?an 9 any o!r1 a man is tak51 & has to be tak51 9 8 inh]5t wor?4 ,bus9ess1 ! life :i* is call$ p> excell5ce ,busy-ness1 we>s (f e mask1 all false v5e] & unction1 & leaves no "t = ! cant & p>ade :i* are s prone to increase 9 all o!r pr(essions4 ,moreov] ! s\l ( comm]ce is cr$it4 ,m5 h to %[ t !y c be tru/$ be=e o!r m5 w traffic ) !m1 at lea/ ^u t l>ge & lavi% scale on :i* alone ! great und]tak+s ( comm]ce c be conduct$4 ,:5 we look back ^u ! hi/ory ( trade & indu/ry1 & see h[ !y h creat$ an atmosph]e 9 :i* m5 mu/ ultimately seem :at !y really are2 h[ !y h ( _! ne$s replac$ ! jeal\sies1 subt]fuges1 intrigues1 :i* 7 once deem$ indisp5sable to ! relations ( m5 ( diff]5t peoples1 by l>ge int]national cr$it & tru/2 h[ !y break ?r\gh ! false conv5tions t divide class f class1 we mu/ d homage to !m1 z among ! greate/ in/rum5ts ( ! tru? :i* make? free4 ,b to all ?is !re is ano!r side4 ,if comm]ce has explod$ s mu* conv5tional ins9c]ity1 x has develop$ a species ( ! g5us :i* is q its own4 ,9 our days no?+ c lie l an adv]tisem5t4 ,! say+ ! tricks ( ! trade has become prov]bial4 ,e "o kn[s t ! awful /ra9 & h>ass+ ( comm]cial life is l>gely due to ! v am\nt ( fals5ess t exi/s4 ,! ha/e to be ri*1 ! pitiless rivalry & competition1 h develop$ a c>elessness ( ! rights ( o!rs to ! tru? f ourselves1 ) a capacity = subt]fuge & intrigue1 :i* rem9ds "o ( no?+ s mu* z t /ate ( b>b>ian w> out ( :i* x 0 ! anci5t glory ( comm]ce to h assi/$ mank9d to rise4 ,are ! prophet's words ab\t ,j]usalem too /rong = l>ge portions ( our own comm]cial communities8 ,m5 :o "k ^! be/ w n say t !y are4 ,b let u *]i% r ! p[]s ( comm]ce :i* make = tru?4 ,let u tell m5 :o engage 9 trade t !re are none = :om x is m easy to be clean & /raight2 t lies1 :e!r ( action or ( spee*1 only increase ! m5tal exp5se & ! moral /ra9 ( life2 & t ! heal?1 ! capacity1 ! =esight1 ! opportunities ( a great m]*ant dep5d ultimately on 8 resolve to be true & on ! c\rage ) :i* he /icks to ! tru?4 ,"o habit ( fals5ess on :i* ! prophet dwells is ! use ( unju/ scales & %ort measures4 ,! /ores or =tunes ( 8 day are /ores ( wick$ness1 because !y h be5 accumulat$ by ! use ( ! lean ephah1 ! balances ( wrong & ! bag ( false weights4 ,^! are evils m common 9 ! ,ea/ ?an ) u3 mod]n gov]nm5t makes !m almo/ impossible4 ,b1 all ! same1 ours is ! s9 ( ! scant measure1 & ! m s 9 proportion to ! great] spe$ & rivalry ( our comm]cial life4 ,! prophet's "n = x1 measure ( leanness1 ( consumption or %r9kage1 is a prop] symbol ( all ^? duties & (fices ( man to man1 ! full & g5]\s dis*>ge ( :i* is dim9i%$ by ! ha/e & ! grudge ( a preval5t selfi%ness4 ,! spe$ ( mod]n life t5ds to %ort5 ! "t exp5d$ on e piece ( "w1 & to turn x out untemp]$ & incomplete4 ,! /ruggle = life 9 comm]ce1 ! organis$ rivalry betwe5 lab\r & capital1 n only puts e man on 8 gu>d aga9/ giv+ any o!r m ?an 8 due1 b tempts him to use e opportunity to scamp & curtail 8 own s]vice & output4 ,y w he> m5 def5d ?is p>simony z if x 7 a law4 ,!y say t bus9ess is impossible )\t ! temp] :i* !y call %>pness or ! habit :i* !y call cutt+ x f9e4 ,b su* "* & conduct are ! v decay ( society4 ,! %r9kage ( ! units mu/ always & ev]y:]e mean ! dis9tegration ( ! mass4 ,a society ^: memb]s /rive to keep )9 _! duties is a society :i* _c cont9ue to coh]e4 ,selfi%ness may be firmness1 b x is ! firmness ( fro/1 ! rig\r ( dea?4 ,only ! unselfi% excess ( duty1 only ! g5]\s loyalty to o!rs1 give to society ! compactness & indissolubl5ess ( life4 ,:o is responsible = ! enmity ( classes1 & ! di/ru/ :i* exi/s betwe5 capital & lab\r8 ,x is ! workman ^: "o aim is to secure ! l>ge/ am\nt ( wages = ! smalle/ am\nt ( "w1 & :o w1 9 8 bl9d pursuit ( t1 wreck ! :ole trade ( a t[n or a di/rict2 x is ! employ] :o believes he has no duties to 8 m5 beyond pay+ !m = _! "w ! lea/ t he c induce !m to take2 x is ! cu/om] :o only & ev] looks to ! *eapness ( an article--procur] 9 t pro/itution ( tal5t to ! "w ( scamp+ :i* is fa/ kill+ art1 & joy & all pity = ! bodies & s\ls ( our bro!rs4 ,^! are ! true an>*i/s & break]s-up ( society4 ,on _! me?ods social coh]5ce & h>mony are impossible4 ,life itself is impossible4 ,no organism c ?rive ^: v>i\s limbs are ev] %r9k+ 9 ^u !mselves4 ,!re is no life except by liv+ to o!rs4 ,b ! prophet cov]s ! :ole evil :5 he says t ! pi\s are p]i%$ out ( ! l&4 ,pi\s is a translation ( despair4 ,! orig9al means ! man di/+ui%$ by es$h1 t ^w :i* we h on sev]al occasions translat$ leal love1 because x implies n only an affection b loyalty to a relation4 ,&1 z ! use ( ! ^w frequ5tly rem9ds u1 es$h is love & loyalty bo? to ,god & to our fell[-m54 ,we ne$ n dissociate ^!3 !y are "o4 ,b "h x is ! human direction 9 :i* ! ^w looks4 ,x means a "* :i* fulfils all ! relations ( society ) ! fidelity1 g5]osity & grace1 :i* are ! prop] affections ( man to man4 ,su* a "*1 says ! prophet1 is p]i%$ f ! l&4 ,e man n[ lives = himself1 & z a consequ5ce preys ^u 8 bro!r4 ,!y all lie 9 wait = blood2 !y hunt e man 8 bro!r ) a net4 ,?is is n murd] :i* ! prophet describes3 x is ! reckless1 pitiless competition ( ! new conditions ( life develop$ 9 ,judah by ! long peace & comm]ce ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,& he c>ries ?is selfi%ness into a v /rik+ figure 9 v]4 #d3 ,! be/ ( !m is z a ?orn ?icket1 ! mo/ upright worse ?an a prickly h$ge4 ,he realises exactly :at we mean by %>pness & %>p-deal+3 bri/l+ self-int]e/1 all po9ts2 spl5did 9 its own def5ce1 b b>r5 ( fruit1 & )\t ne/ or cov]t = any life4 ,,footnotes3 #ijd ,see above1 pp4 #cgj ff4 #ije ,probably a lat] p>5!sis4 ,! ^w is "o :i*1 unusual 9 ! prophets1 ! ,wisdom lit]ature has made its own ,prov4 ii4 #g1 xviii4 #a2 ,job v4 #ab1 etc4 ,= ,?y ,,lxx4 read ,84 #ijf ,translation ( ,,lxx4 em5d$ by ,wellhaus5 s z to read 1 ! be+ obta9$ by tak+ & transf]r+ ! ( ! next v]se1 & reliev+ t v]se ( an unusual =mation1 viz4 be=e ! int]rogative 4 ,b = an in/ance ( prec$+ an int]rogative see ,g54 xix4 #ab4 #ijg ,! text ( ! two prec$+ v]ses1 :i* is ackn[l$g$ to be corrupt1 mu/ be correct$ by ! und\bt$ #crd fem99e suffix 9 ?is "o--h] ri* m54 ,?r\gh\t ! ref]5ce mu/ be to ! city4 ,we ought !re=e to *ange ( v]4 #aa into 1 :i* agrees ) ! ,,lxx4 4 ,v]4 #aj is m unc]ta91 b = ! same reason t ! city is ref]r$ to ?r\gh\t vv4 #i-ab1 x is possible t x is ! nom9ative to 2 translate curs$ ) ! %ort measure4 ,aga9 = ,,lxx4 read 1 to :i* also ! city w\ld be nom9ative4 ,& ?is sugge/s ! qu]y :e!r 9 ! lett]s 1 t make little s5se z !y /& 9 ! ,massoretic ,text1 !re 0 n orig9ally ano!r fem99e p>ticiple4 ,! recomm5dation ( a trans=mation ( ?is k9d is t x removes ! abruptness ( ! appe>ance ( ! #crd fem99e suffix 9 v]4 #ab4 #ijh ,! ^w is f\nd only "h4 ,! /em is no d\bt ! same z ! ,arabic v]b waa%1 :i* 9 ,=m ,v4 means ,inami v5tre fuit pr fame2 vacuum reliquit /oma*um 7,freytag74 ,9 mod]n colloquial ,arabic wa%a means a long+ = an abs5t fri5d4 #iji ,jussive4 ,! objects remov$ c h>dly be goods1 z ,hitzig & o!rs inf]2 = x is to ! sword !y aft]w>ds fall4 ,!y mu/ be p]sons4 #iaj ,,lxx4 ,zimri4 #iaa ,s ,,lxx42 b ,heb4 ,my p4 #iab ,unc]ta94 #iac ,cf4 ,prov4 xv4 #ai4 #iad ,roorda1 by re>rang+ lett]s & clauses 7"s ( !m aft] ,,lxx471 & by *ang+ po9ts1 gets a read+ :i* may be r5d]$3 ,= evil are _! h&s6 ,to d good ! pr9ce dem&e? a bribe1 & ! judge1 = ! rew>d ( ! great1 speake? :at he desire?4 ,& !y entangle ! good m ?an ?orns1 & ! righte\s m ?an a ?orn h$ge4 #iae ,cf4 ,isa4 xxii4 #e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,our ,,"m ,,( ,,sorr[s ,,micah vii4 #g-bj4 ,aft] s /]n a *>ge1 s condign a s5t5ce1 confession is natural1 &1 ) pray] = =giv5ess & praise to ! m]cy ( ,god1 x fitly closes ! :ole book4 ,z we h se51#iaf ! passage is a c5to ( sev]al fragm5ts1 f p]iods f> ap>t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,"o hi/orical allusion suits be/ ! age ( ! ,syrian w>s2 ano!r c only ref] to ! day ( ,j]usalem's ru94 ,9 _s & language ! ,confessions resemble ! pray]s ( ! ,exile4 ,! ,doxology has e*oes ( sev]al ,scriptures4#iag ,b f ^! fragm5ts1 x may be ( _m c5turies1 !re rises cle> ! ,"o ,ess5tial ,figure3 ,israel1 all h] secul> woes ^u h]2 our ,"m ( ,sorr[s1 at ^: knees we le>n$ our fir/ pray]s ( confession & p5it5ce4 ,o!r nations h be5 our tea*]s 9 art & wisdom & gov]nm5t4 ,b %e is our mi/ress 9 pa9 & 9 pati5ce1 tea*+ m5 ) :at consci5ce !y %\ld be> ! *a/5+ ( ! ,almighty1 ) :at hope & humility !y %\ld wait = _! ,god4 ,surely n less lovable1 b only m human1 t h] pale *eeks flu% = a mom5t ) ! hate ( ! enemy & ! assurance ( rev5ge4 ,h] passion is soon gone1 = %e feels h] guilt to be great]2 &1 seek+ =giv5ess1 h] la/ ^w is :at man's mu/ ev] be1 praise to ! grace & m]cy ( ,god4 ,israel speaks3-- ,b ,i w look = ! ,,"l1 ,i w wait = ! ,god ( my salvation3 ,my ,god w he> me6 ,rejoice n1 ,o m9e enemy1 at me3 ,if ,i be fall51 ,i rise2 ,if ,i sit 9 ! d>kness1 ! ,,"l is a light to me4 ,! ang] ( ! ,,"l w ,i be>-- ,= ,i h s9n$ aga9/ ,him-- ,until t ,he take up my qu>rel1 ,& execute my "r4 ,he w c>ry me =? to ! light2 ,i w look on ,8 righte\sness3 ,s %all m9e enemy see1 & %ame cov] h]1 ,%e t sai? unto me1 ,:]e is ,jehovah ?y ,god8-- ,m9e eyes %all see h]1 ,n[ is %e = trampl+1 l mire 9 ! /reets6 ,! prophet#iah responds3-- ,a day = ! build+ ( ?y walls %all t day be6 ,broad %all ?y bord] be#iai on t day6 444#ibj;& %all come to !e ,f ,assyria unto ,egypt1 & f ,egypt to ! ,riv]1 ,& to ,sea f ,sea1 & ,m\nta9 f ,m\nta92#iba ,?\gh#ibb ! l& be wa/e on acc\nt ( h] inhabitants1 ,because ( ! fruit ( _! do+s4 ,an ,anci5t ,pray]3-- ,%eph]d ,?y p ) ,?y /aff1 ,! %eep ( ,?y h]itage dwell+ solit>ily4444#ibc ,may !y pa/ure 9 ,ba%an & ,gilead z 9 days ( old6 ,z 9 ! days :5 ,?\ w5te/ =? f ! l& ( ,miraim1 give u wond]s to see6 ,nations %all see & despair ( all _! might2 ,_! h&s to _! m\?s %all !y put1 ,_! e>s %all be deaf5$4 ,!y %all lick ! du/ l s]p5ts2 ,l worms ( ! gr\nd f _! fa/nesses1 ,to ,jehovah our ,god !y %all come trembl+1 ,& 9 fe> be=e ,!e6 ,a ,doxology3-- ,:o is a ,god l to ,!e8 ,=giv+ iniquity1 ,& pass+ by transgression1 to ! remnant ( ,8 h]itage2 ,he keepe? n hold ( ,8 ang] = ev]1 ,b ,"o :o delighte? 9 m]cy is ,he2 ,he w come back1 ,he w pity u1 ,he w tread und]foot our iniquities-- ,yea1 ,?\ wilt ca/ to ! dep?s ( ! sea e "o ( our s9s4 ,?\ wilt %[ fai?fulness to ,jacob1 leal love to ,abraham1 ,z ,?\ ha/ sworn to our fa!rs f ! days ( yore4 ,,footnotes3 #iaf ,above1 pp4 #cgb ff4 #iag ,cf4 ) x ,exod4 xxxiv4 #f1 #g 7,j72 ,j]4 iii4 #e1 l4 #bj2 ,isa4 lvii4 #af2 ,psalms ciii4 #i1 cv4 #i1 #aj4 #iah ,x 0 a woman :o spoke be=e1 ! ,p or ! ,city4 ,b ! second p]sonal pron\ns to :i* ?is reply ( ! prophet is address$ are all mascul9e4 ,notice ! same *ange 9 vi4 #i-af 7above p4 #dbg74 #iai 1 ,ewald3 di/ant ! date4 ,notice ! assonance4 ,x expla9s ! use ( ! unusual ^w = bord]4 ,,lxx4 ?y bord]4 ,! ,,lxx4 also takes into v]4 #aa 7z above7 ! ( v]4 #ab4 #ibj ,some?+ has probably be5 lo/ "h4 #iba ,= read 4 #ibb ,x is difficult to get s5se :5 translat+ ! conjunction 9 any o!r way4 ,b ^! two l9es may belong to ! foll[+4 #ibc ,! words omitt$ above are lit]ally jungle 9 ! mid/ ( g>d5l& or ,c>mel4 ,plausible z x w\ld be to take ! prop] "n ,c>mel "h along ) ,ba%an & ,gilead 7see ,hi/4 ,geog41 #cch71 ! connection pref]s ! common n\n g>d5 or g>d5l&3 translate dwell+ alone l a bit ( jungle 9 ! mid/ ( cultivat$ l&4 ,p]haps ! clause ne$s re>rangem5t3 1 ) a v]b to introduce x4 ,yet comp>e 1 #b ,k+s xix4 #bc2 ,isa4 xxxvii4 #bd4 ,,index ,,( ,,passages ,,& ,,texts ,a s+le text w always be f\nd treat$ 9 ! exposition ( ! passage to :i* x belongs4 ,only ! o!r important ref]5ces to x are giv5 9 ?is index4 ,9 ! second ( ! columns ,roman num]als indicate ! *apt]s1 ,arabic num]als ! pages4 ,,amos i41 ii4 #fb i4 #a #fa1 #fg f41 #fi n4 i4 #b #ha1 #ic1 #ih i4 #c-;ii4 ,,vii4 ii4 #ac #gb iii4-vi4 #fb ff4 iii4-iv4 #c #fb1 #fc1 ,,viii4 iii4 #c-h #ha ff41 #hi ff41 #aif iii4 #g #aih iv4 #d-ac ,,ix41 ,sec4 #a2 #aii f4 iv4 #aa #fh iv4 #ab #aig iv4 #ac #afd1 #bja ff4 v4 #fc2 ,,ix41 ,sec4 #b v4 #h1 #i #aff1 #bja ff4 v4 #bf1 #bg #ajh1 #agj ff41 #bjd vi4 #fc2 ,,ix41 ,sec4 #c vi4 #i1 #aj ,,ix41 ,sec4 #d vi4 #ab #aih vii4-ix4 #fc f4 vii4-viii4 #d #gj2 ,v41 ,sec4 #c vii4 #bah vii4 #ab #bh f4 vii4 #ad1 #ae #bg1 #gd1 #gf ff4 viii4 #d-;ix4 #fd2 ,x4 viii4 #d-ad ,x41 ,sec4 #a viii4 #h #fh1 #ie1 #aih viii4 #i #ff1 #ie ix4 #a-f #fd2 ,x41 ,sec4 #b ix4 #a #aaa1 #aea ix4 #e1 #f #bja ff4 ix4 #g-ae #fd2 ,x41 ,sec4 #c ,,hosea i4 #a1 ,title #bae n4 #a i4-iii4 #baa1 #bab ff42 ,,xiv42 ,,xxiii4 i4 #g #bac n4 #a ii4 #a-c #bac1 #bdi n4 #b ii4 #h #cda ii4 #i #cce ii4 #aj #cbh iii4 #a #bad iii4 #e #bad iv4-xiv4 #bae ff42 ,,xv4 iv4-vii4 #g #bbc2 ,,xvi4 iv4 ,,xvi41 ,sec4 #a iv4 #a #cbc iv4 #b #cbj iv4 #d #bba n4 #d iv4 #d-i #cbd iv4 #f #cbj1 #cbf1 #ccj iv4 #i #cce iv4 #ab-ad #bda1 #bhb1 #cbc2 ,,xxiii4 iv4 #ae #bbd iv4 #ag #cdb v4 #a-ad ,,xvi41 ,sec4 #b v4 #e #bbe1 #ccg f4 v4 #aj1 #ab-ad #bbe v4 #ae-vii4 #b ,,xvi41 ,sec4 #c v4 #ad-vi4 #a #bbb vi4 #a-d #cdd vi4 #e #bba n4 #c vi4 #h1 #i #baf vi4 #aa-vii4 #a #bbb vii4 #c-g ,,xvi41 ,sec4 #d vii4 #h-x4 ,,xvii4 vii4 #h-viii4 #c ,,xvii41 ,sec4 #a vii4 #i-aa #cbc1 #ccg vii4 #af #cce n4 #a viii4 #d-ac ,,xvii41 ,sec4 #b viii4 #d #bba n4 #d viii4 #e #cda viii4 #aj #bba n4 #f viii4 #ac #bba n4 #g viii4 #ad #bbd ix4 #a-i ,,xvii41 ,sec4 #c ix4 #a #cdj ix4 #b #bba n4 #f ix4 #g #bh1 #bbb n4 #a ix4 #h1 #i #bbb n4 #a ix4 #aj-ag ,,xvii41 ,sec4 #d2 ,,xxiii4 ix4 #ag #bbb n4 #b x4 ,,xvii41 ,sec4 #e x4 #a1 #b #ch n4 #d x4 #e #bba n4 #f 7read x4 #e72 #cda1 #cdb x4 #i #cbg n4 #aj x4 #aa1 #ab #bbe1 #cdd f4 x4 #ac #bba n4 #f x4 #ad #bag n4 #e x4 #ae #bba n4 #f xi4 ,,xviii4 xi4 #a #cbg xi4 #b-d #bba nn4 #a-d xi4 #e #bba n4 #d1 #ccf n4 #b xi4 #h ,,xxiii42 #cea xii4-xiv4 #a ,,xix4 xii4 ,,xix41 ,sec4 #a xii4 #a #bbe xii4 #b #bba n4 #f xii4 #c #bbe xii4 #d1 #e #cbf xii4 #g #cde xii4 #h #cc xii4 #ac1 #ad #cbg xiii4-xiv4 #a ,,xix41 ,sec4 #b xiii4 #b #cdb xiii4 #d #bjc1 #bbf xiii4 #f #cbg1 #ccj xiii4 #g #ccj f4 xiv4 #b-aj ,,xx4 xiv4 #c #cdc xiv4 #e #cce n4 #a xiv4 #f-i #bcc ,,micah i4 #a1 ,title #ceh i4-iii4 #ceh1 #cfj1 #cfb ff4 i4 #cfb f42 ,,xxv4 ii41 iii4 #cfc1 #cfd2 ,,xxvi4 ii4 #ab1 #ac #cei1 #cfj1 #cfb1 #cic n4 #a iii4 #ad #cfc n4 #b iv41 v4 #ceg1 #ceh1 #cfj1 #cfe ff4 iv4 #a-g ,,xxvii4 iv4 #a-e #ceh1 #cfe iv4 #e #cfg iv4 #f-h #ceh1 #cfg iv4 #h-ac #cfg iv4 #h-v4 ,,xxviii4 iv4 #i-ad #ceh1 #cei iv4 #aa-ac #ceh iv4 #ad-v4 #h #cfh v4 #h #cei v4 #i-ad #cfh vi41 vii4 #ceg1 #ceh1 #cei1 #cfj1 #cfi vi4 #a-h #cfi2 ,,xxix4 vi4 #i-vii4 #f ,,xxx4 vi4 #i-af #cgj vii4 #a-f #cei1 #cga vii4 #g-bj #cei1 #cgb ff42 ,,xxxi4 vii4 #aa #cgc vii4 #ad-ag #cgc vii4 #ah-bj #cgc ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,obvi\s punctuation & spell+ errors h be5 fix$ ?r\gh\t4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation is z 9 ! orig9al4 ,page #cfd3 ,v]se ref]5ces h be5 updat$ to reflect _! actual ref]5ces4