,illustration3 ,from the painting by ,f4 ,brangwyn ,,their ,,lantern ,,just ,,brought ,,out ,,the ,,ghostliness ,,of ,,gravestones ,,leaning ,,between ,,the ,,columns ,,of ,,the ,,cypresses ,see ,the ,valley of ,mills1 page #fei ,mc,c,l,u,r,e',s ,,magazine ,,vol4 ,,xxxi ,,october1 #aijh ,no4 #f ,illustration ,,familiar ,,letters ,,of ,,augustus ,,saint-,,gaudens ,,edited ,,by ,,rose ,,standish ,,nichols ,,illustrated ,,with ,,photographs ,copyright1 #aijh1 by ,the ,s4 ,s4 ,mc,clure ,co4 ,all rights reserved ,these familiar letters from ,augustus ,saint-,gaudens show the artist as his intimate friends knew him4 ,they were written at odd moments1 often in haste1 and never with a shadow of self-consciousness4 ,they are interesting1 not as literary productions1 but as the simple record of a critical period in his career4 ,le ,coeur au ,mtier1 the motto which he wished to place in his studio1 will be seen to express the spirit of his life4 ,other keen interests he had1 but they were never allowed to interfere with his work1 and he seldom felt the need of any recreation apart from it4 ,one of his friends used to complain that in the midst of their merrymaking an abstracted look would come into his eyes and his mind would hark back to sculpture4 ,although he was extremely modest and was given to underrating his powers in other directions1 from his childhood he confidently expected to be a great artist4 ,as a little school-boy1 sent from his father's shop to do errands1 he would sit in the omnibus and look about at his well-dressed fellow-passengers1 and wonder what they would think if they realized what he was going to be some day4 ,but even as a child he never dreamed of achieving his ambition without years of ceaseless struggle4 ,when the boy left school1 at the age of thirteen1 this struggle began4 ,in #ahdh his father1 a ,frenchman1 had brought his ,irish wife and his baby1 ,augustus1 to ,new ,york1 where he worked as a shoemaker4 ,he was poor1 and was anxious that his eldest son should become self-supporting as soon as possible2 so at thirteen the boy was apprenticed to a cameo-cutter1 whose trade he mastered with surprising readiness1 at the same time studying drawing at the ,cooper ,institute in the evenings4 ,in a little while he was not only earning his own living by cameo-cutting1 but excelled all his fellow-pupils at the night-school in talent and perseverance4 ,illustration3 ,,augustus ,,saint-,,gaudens ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,in ,,the ,,collection ,,of ,,mrs4 ,,rose ,,nichols ,saint-,gaudens' artistic education was completed in ,europe1 where he went at the age of eighteen and stayed almost continuously for nearly fourteen years4 ,his father sent him first to ,paris4 ,there his progress in the art schools was marked1 although he continued to support himself by his trade1 and could give only half his time to sculpture4 ,at the outbreak of the ,franco-,prussian ,war he reluctantly refrained from enlisting in the ,french army and left for ,italy4 ,it was in ,rome that he first found sculpture remunerative1 and finally was able to drop cameo-cutting4 ,the years from #ahff to #ahhj1 which he spent in ,rome and ,paris1 with only occasional visits to ,america1 were singularly happy ones1 characterized by a capacity for continuous work at a high pitch of excellence4 ,the letters from ,saint-,gaudens printed here were written eighteen years later1 when the sculptor had come into full possession of his genius4 ,they cover a most critical period in his career1 and record his greatest artistic triumph--his recognition in ,france as one of the foremost of modern sculptors4 ,after he returned to the ,united ,states in #ahhj he lived and worked in ,new ,york1 and by #ahig had built up a national reputation4 ,his work was progressing under the most favorable conditions1 with the encouragement of an ever-increasing circle of friends and admirers4 ,on the other hand1 in ,france1 his father's country1 where he himself had been educated1 his work was practically unknown4 ,a few of his former comrades at the ,beaux-,arts1 judging his sculpture from photographs1 did not hesitate to tell ,saint-,gaudens that it had been over-praised in ,america and would obtain no such appreciation in ,france4 ,the sculptor felt that1 in order to learn his own deficiencies and to find out where he really stood among his contemporaries1 he must return to ,paris1 exhibit at the ,salon1 and run the gauntlet of the best critics4 ,all his friends on both sides of the water discouraged him from taking this step1 and he himself dreaded it2 but he believed that1 in justice to himself and to his work1 he must make this venture4 ,after his decision was made1 however1 his departure had to be postponed until various duties were fulfilled4 ,the ,shaw and ,logan monuments had first to be completed and unveiled1 and a number of smaller commissions had to be executed4 ,from the beginning of his work upon the ,shaw memorial there had been bitter opposition upon the part of his friends to the symbolical figure hovering above ,colonel ,shaw and his men1 but the sculptor clung to his original conception with great tenacity4 ,saint-,gaudens' best friend1 ,bion1 a ,parisian sculptor and critic1 whose opinion he valued highly1 had never liked the idea of this figure4 ,just before ,bion's death he received a photograph of the monument as finished in the clay1 and he wrote a long letter to ,saint-,gaudens1 complaining that the angel was as superfluous as a figure of ,simplicity would be1 floating in the air above the bent figures in ,millet's ,gleaners1 and concluding3 ,i had no need of your 'nom de ,dieu' allegory on the ceiling4 ,your negroes marching in step and your ,colonel leading them told me enough4 ,your priestess merely bores me as she tries to impress upon me the beauty of their action4 ,illustration3 ,,caryatid ,,for ,,the ,,vanderbilt ,,house ,concerning this letter of ,bion's1 ,saint-,gaudens wrote3 ,the ,players1 ,new ,york1 ,jan4 #bfth1 #ahig ,dear ---- ,i meant to write you at length tonight but ,i started with a letter to ,bion which has kept me busy till now1 #aa ,p4,m4 ,it is in reply to the one from him that ,i enclose1 in which at the end he says a word of you4 ,i am not disturbed by his dislike of my figure4 ,it is because it does not look well in the photograph4 ,if the figure in itself looked well1 he would have liked it1 ,i know1 and notwithstanding his admirable comparison with the ,millet ,i still think that a figure1 if well done in that relation to the rest of the scheme1 is a fine thing to do4 ,the ,greeks and ,romans did it finely in their sculpture4 ,after all it's the way the thing's done that makes it right or wrong1 that's about the only creed ,i have in art4 ,however his letter is interesting1 although very sad1 dear old boy4 ,illustration3 ,,detail ,,from ,,the ,,shaw ,,memorial1 ,,showing ,,the ,,allegorical ,,figure ,,full ,,face1 ,,as ,,in ,,the ,,first ,,design ,illustration3 ,copley print1 copyrighted by ,curtis and ,cameron ,,detail ,,from ,,the ,,shaw ,,memorial1 ,,showing ,,the ,,allegorical ,,figure ,,with ,,the ,,head ,,turned ,,more ,,in ,,profile1 ,,as ,,in ,,the ,,final ,,execution ,all of the ,shaw is out of the studio4 ,they cast the ,logan on ,monday and ,i am working like the devil on the ,sherman4 ,i've found precisely the model ,i wished1 just his size1 the same pose of the head and the same thinness2 a ,milanese peasant who poses like a rock4 ,next week ,i commence the nude of the ,victory from a ,south ,carolinian girl with a figure like a goddess4 ,affectionately yours ,a4 ,,st4-,g4 ,bion died shortly after writing his objections to the allegorical figure1 and if anything could have changed ,saint-,gaudens' decision regarding his composition of the ,shaw monument1 his friend's letter would certainly have done so4 ,although ,saint-,gaudens and ,bion had studied sculpture together at the ,beaux-,arts in their youth1 it was not until years afterward that1 through a constant interchange of letters1 their relation became a close one4 ,bion gave up sculpture as a profession1 and devoted himself to friendship and philosophy4 ,he dropped into the studios of a few intimates every day1 frequented art exhibitions1 and attended lectures upon philosophy and psychology at the ,sorbonne or the ,collge de ,france2 but the long letters which he used to write ,saint-,gaudens every week became more and more the chief business of his life4 ,he kept his friend informed as to what was going on in ,paris2 of the doings of their little circle of acquaintances2 and wrote him detailed descriptions of all important events in the world of art1 besides giving him a great deal of disinterested advice upon every conceivable subject1 including his work and the conduct of his life4 ,saint-,gaudens used to reply at great length1 but his letters were destroyed1 according to directions left in his friend's will4 ,when the news of ,bion's death reached ,saint-,gaudens1 he wrote3 #adh ,w4 #cfth ,st41 ,feb4 #agth1 #ahig ,of course the one thing on my mind1 the terrible spectre that looms up1 is poor ,bion's death2 night and day1 at all moments1 it comes over me like a wave that overwhelms me1 and it takes away all heart that ,i may have in anything4 ,today1 however1 ,i have had a kind of sad feeling of companionship with him1 that seems to bring him to me1 in working over the head of the flying figure of the ,shaw4 ,the bronze founders are not ready for it yet4 ,i have had a stamp made of the figure and have helped it a great deal1 ,i am sure you will think4 ,you know that ,thayer told me he thought an idea ,i once had of turning the head more profile1 was a better one than that ,i had evolved1 and ,i've always wished to do it4 ,it is done1 and it's the feeling of death and mystery and love in the making of it that brought my friend back to me so much today4444 ,but the young1 thank ,heaven1 do not feel these blows so profoundly as do older people4 ,in one of my blue fits the other day ,i felt the end of all things1 and reasoning from one thing to the other and about the hopelessness of trying to fathom what it all means1 ,i reached this3 that we know nothing1 7of course7 but a deep conviction came over me like a flash that at the bottom of it all1 whatever it is1 the mystery must be beneficent4 ,it does not seem as if the bottom of all were something malevolent2 and the thought was a great comfort4 ,illustration3 ,copley print1 copyrighted by ,curtis and ,cameron ,,monument ,,to ,,colonel ,,robert ,,gould ,,shaw1 ,,erected ,,at ,,boston ,i shall be all the week at the figure4 ,i've made an olive branch instead of the palm1--it looks less ',christian martyr'-like1--and ,i have lightened and simplified the drapery a great deal4 ,i had not seen it for two or three months and ,i had a fresh impression4 ,at #bgth ,street ,i've finished the nude of the ,sherman and next week ,i begin to put his clothes on him4 ,i had another day with the model for the ,victory last ,sunday1 and that1 too1 is progressing rapidly4 ,zorn1 the ,swedish artist1 was with me all day ,sunday making an etching of me while the model rested2 it is an admirable thing and ,i will send you a copy of it4 ,the studio is once more in a fearful condition with the casting of the ,logan1 and the getting of the ,puritan ready to photograph and cast for the ,boston ,museum and to send abroad to have the reductions made4444 ,this letter is no good1 but it must go2 the clatter of seven moulders and sculptors does not help to the expression or the development of thought1 confusion only---- ,affectionately ,a4 ,,st4-,g4 ,may #aeth or #afth1 #ahig ,the ,shaw goes to ,boston on ,thursday or ,friday4 ,i've done little else lately but run around about it until ,i am frantic4 ,on the other hand1 while waiting for some workmen yesterday1 ,i had a great walk in the ,babylonian ,east ,side here4 ,it was a beautiful day and one of great impressions4 ,i have not commenced the ,howells medallion yet1 as ,i expected to be absent4 ,i believe ,i told you ,i had a nice note from him4 ,a4 ,,st4-,g4 ,illustration3 ,,mural ,,plaque ,,erected ,,in ,,memory ,,of ,,dr4 ,,james ,mc,c,o,s,h ,the ,shaw memorial was unveiled in ,boston1 in the latter part of ,may1 #ahig4 ,the erection of the monument had been so long delayed that ,saint-,gaudens feared that the public had lost interest in the work1 or would expect too much and be disappointed4 ,on the contrary1 its success was immediate1 and made him very happy4 ,its appeal was to men of every condition1 laymen as well as artists1 and nothing ever pleased the sculptor more than the way it arrested the attention of almost every passer-by4 ,in ,june1 scarcely a month after the unveiling of the ,shaw1 another soldier's monument1 the equestrian statue of ,general ,logan1 was unveiled at ,chicago1 and ,saint-,gaudens went there to be present at the ceremony4 ,illustration3 ,,statue ,,of ,,peter ,,cooper1 ,,new ,,york #aadb ,the ,rookery1 ,chicago1 ,june #bc1 #ahig ,i am again at the top of this big building here1 and ,i will give you some description of the last #bd hours4 ,at one o'clock yesterday ,mrs4 ,deering1 ,mrs4 ,french1 ,mr4 ,french 7brother and sister-in-law of ,dan ,french7 and ,i were placed in one carriage1 ,mr4 ,deering1 ,mrs4 ,st4 ,g4 and the editor of the ',chicago ,tribune' in another1 and in the wake of a lot of other carriages and followed by a procession of them1 we drove to the big stand4 ,a great day2 with a high wind and glorious sun4 ,i was put in one of the seats in the ,holy of ,holies alongside of ,mrs4 ,logan1 if you please1 and the president of the ceremonies4 ,a lot of speeches1 one of which was very good1 and at the right moment the complicated arrangement of flags dropped1 the cannon fired1 the band played1 ,mrs4 ,logan wept1 and ,i posed for a thousand snap photographs1 'a gleam of triumph passed over my face1' think of that6 7vide ',chicago ,tribune'74 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,logan ,,monument1 ,,erected ,,at ,,chicago ,however1 the monument looks impressive as ,i see it this morning for the first time with much of the disfiguring scaffolding gone4 ,i stay here until ,sunday1 when ,i take the #e4cj ,p4,m4 train and shall get to ,new ,york ,monday at #f or #g4 ,last night we went to a great golf place where high merriment prevailed4 ,this afternoon to ,fort ,sheridan4 ,tonight a reception at the ,art ,institute2 tomorrow a lawn party at ,burnham's and ,sunday a visit to the great dredging canal2 on ,monday the cars and rest4 ,after the sculptor's return from ,chicago1 he continued his preparations for departure in ,new ,york4 ,the ,players1 ,august #g1 #ahig ,brander ,matthews has just come and interrupted this with a long and interesting talk on the conventional in art and an article he has written and sent to ,scribner's on it4 ,you have often wondered what ,i think about things--,i wonder myself2 ,i think anything and everything4 ,this seeing a subject so that ,i can side with either side with equal sympathy and equal convictions ,i sometimes think a weakness4 ,then again ,i'm thinking it a strength4 ,last night ,i dined with ,x---- and ,y---- and passed a delightful evening with them4 ,x---- cracked his constructed jokes and manufactured his silversmith puns1 and cackled over them4 ,we talked literature1 ,english1 ,french1 and ,taine's great work on ,english literature4 ,we afterward went to the open air concert at the ,madison ,square ,garden1 and when we were not talking of anything else we talked on that subject of eternal interest and mystery 'les femmes4' ,finally1 in the autumn of #ahig1 after both the ,shaw and ,logan monuments had been unveiled1 and various minor obstacles to his departure had been removed1 ,saint-,gaudens was ready to leave ,america4 ,opposition to his plan still came from every side4 ,many of his friends in ,new ,york seemed to feel that he was casting a certain reproach upon his country by his desire to profit by foreign criticism and to measure his work by ,european standards4 ,they prophesied that his work would deteriorate under ,french influence4 ,his few friends in ,paris were equally discouraging4 ,they did not hesitate to warn him that if he persisted in coming there he must be prepared to face indifference and failure4 ,even ,bion1 when ,saint-,gaudens had asked him to get the opinions of a few ,french artists upon photographs of the ,shaw memorial1 had refused to do so1 saying3 ,i shan't show your photographs to anyone4 ,shiff1 ,mac,monnies1 and ,proctor have seen them1 my poor old friend1 and the others do not know you4 ,they are quite indifferent about what goes on outside their own little show4 ,saint-,gaudens himself feared that he might be making a serious mistake4 ,the ocean voyage in itself was an ordeal to him1 and before leaving he wrote3 ,i continue fencing and am preparing for the voyage as one prepares for a fight4 ,i go to the theatre and that tides over the blue hours which lie between dinner and bed-time4 ,but he felt that he must make the venture1 whatever lay before him1 and that he could never be satisfied until he had stood the test of a comparison with his chief contemporaries and until his work had been passed upon by the most sophisticated and penetrating critics of art4 ,at the end of ,september1 #ahig1 accompanied by his wife and his son1 ,homer1 he sailed for ,england4 ,after crossing to ,france1 he thus described his first impressions3 ,hotel ,normandy1 ,paris1 ,nov4 #gth1 #ahig ,the beauty of the scenery and of the ,english homes and villages on the railroad from ,southampton to ,london recalled the delightful impression of the last trip1 when ,i was so light-hearted4 ,the sense of order and thrift appealed to me strongly in comparison with the shiftlessness of ,america4 ,then ,london with its extraordinary impression of power and also of order4 ,homer and ,i went to see ,hamlet4 ,read it1 ,r----4 ,as ,i grow older1 the greatness of ,shakspeare looms higher and higher2 every line1 every word is so deep1 so true1 'never offending the modesty of nature withal1' as ,hamlet himself advises the players4 ,from ,london we came on the following day to ,paris4 ,the country between ,calais and ,dover seemed very grand2 great rolling lands with immense fields being ploughed in the waning day4 ,the peace1 simplicity1 and calm of it all was profoundly impressive4 ,just a ploughman and a boy1 alone in the country on a hillside1 following the horses and the plough along the deep1 straight furrows2 no fences1 a clear sky with the half moon1 and only a small clump or two of trees--all so orderly and grand4 ,for the first few weeks in ,paris ,saint-,gaudens was miserable4 ,his studio1 on the ,rue de ,bagneux1 in the ,latin ,quarter1 was large and cheerful1 with comfortable quarters adjoining for his assistants1 and he was extremely interested in his work upon the equestrian statue of ,general ,sherman4 ,but he missed his old friends and haunts in ,new ,york1 the weather was gloomy and depressing1 and he felt enervated and homesick4 ,almost none of the friends of his student days were there to welcome him back to ,paris1 and he was not in the mood to make new ones4 ,dr4 ,shiff1 a retired physician with a philosophic turn of mind1 and many years the sculptor's senior1 was the only man he could count upon for regular companionship1 though occasionally an old friend like ,henry ,adams1 ,john ,alexander1 or ,garnier would drop into the studio4 ,john ,sargent was another warm friend who helped to keep up his spirits and whom he admired intensely both as a man and as an artist4 ,with ,helleu1 the etcher1 they enjoyed spending a day or two at ,chartres and ,rheims4 ,in the following letter he describes his first meeting with ,whistler3 ,paris1 ,nov4 #afth1 #ahig ,mac and ,i made a short call on ,whistler1 whom ,i found much more human than ,i imagined him to be1 and today ,i went to the ,court of ,appeals where a trial of his was to come off--it didn't1--but ,i had a delightful chat with him4 ,he is a very attractive man with very queer clothes1 a kind of #ahcj coat with an enormous collar greater even than those of that period2 a monocle1 a strong jaw1 very frizzly hair with a white mesh in it1 and an extraordinary hat4 ,the brightest spot in ,saint-,gaudens' winter was his visit to the south of ,france and to ,italy1 in the company of his friend ,garnier1 who1 like ,bion1 had been a fellow-student of his at the cole des ,beaux-,arts years before4 ,they left ,paris in ,december1 and went almost directly to ,aspet and ,salies du ,salat1 ,gascon villages where ,saint-,gaudens' father was born and where he worked at his trade as a young man4 ,this was the first time that ,augustus ,saint-,gaudens had visited that country on the ,spanish frontier where his paternal ancestors had lived for centuries and where many of their name still survived4 ,aspet1 ,december1 #ahig ,i write this in the village where my father was born and today has been one of the most delightful days of my life4 ,i have invited my old friend ,garnier 7a dear friend and the most delightful of companions7 to travel with me4 ,we left ,paris yesterday morning and slept at ,toulouse last night4 ,we left there this morning before dawn and saw the sun rise over the ,pyrenees on our way to ,salies du ,salat1 a most picturesque and dirty village at the foot of the beautiful mountains4 ,i inquired at the station if any ,saint-,gaudens lived there4 ',yes1 opposite the mairie4' ,we walked up a narrow ,spanish-looking street and there was a little shoe-store and on it the sign ',saint-,gaudens4' ,i woke my cousin up4 ,his is the very house where father passed his childhood4 ,we three walked over the town up to the cradle of the ',comminges' just back of father's house1 and we went around on the sward and on the old moat where the children now play and where his father and my father played when children4 ,i cannot describe to you how ,i was moved by it all4 ,after a characteristic djeuner with the cousin1 a typical ,french peasant1 and his typical wife1 we hired a wagon with two horses and drove three hours into the mountains through a wonderfully beautiful country1 very ,spanish in character1 to this delightful village4 ,here father was born1 and baptized in the little church right at hand from where ,i write4 ,there are delightful fountains at every corner and an air of thrift1 order1 and cleanliness that you cannot imagine4 ,we are in a nice hotel1 a homelike place1 and tomorrow1 after seeing ,market ,day1 we walk to ,saint-,gaudens1 about #ab miles from here4 ,it is a most romantic spot2 all the country and the people here have a good deal of the ,spanish dignity4 ,we are #cj miles from the frontier of ,spain4 ,i must stop now because my third cousin 7his grandfather and mine were brothers7 is coming4 ,he is the postman of the village and the surrounding country1 a handsome young fellow who carries the mail around on horseback1 and who between times makes shoes4 ,leaving this out-of-the-way corner of ,gascony1 under the shadow of the ,pyrenees1 ,saint-,gaudens and ,garnier traveled by ,toulouse to ,marseilles4 ,from this port the sculptor had sailed twenty-seven or eight years before1 when he first went to study in ,rome4 ,now1 with his old friend1 he again climbed up to where the church of ,notre-,dame de la ,garde overlooks the ,mediterranean1 and was amused to remember the three days he had spent upon that hill-top1 with little to eat but figs and chocolate1 while awaiting the departure of his ship for ,italy4 ,the two artists went by train from ,marseilles to ,nice and ,ventimiglia1 and then walked along the superb ,cornice road to ,san ,remo1 conscious that every step brought them nearer to their beloved ,italy4 ,the hills1 covered with palms and orange-trees1 the sacred-looking groves of gray-green olives detached against the deep blue of the sea1 recalled to ,saint-,gaudens a story by ,anatole ,france describing some early ,christians in an olive grove overlooking the ,mediterranean4 ,in ,italy they stopped first at ,pisa1 and did not reach ,rome much before midnight4 ,regardless of fatigue1 ,saint-,gaudens insisted upon starting out that night to revisit the favorite haunts of his student days1 taking the reluctant ,garnier with him4 ,at a late hour they ended their excursion at the ,caf ,greco1 where the sculptor talked with a waiter who had served him with coffee in #ahga4 ,the next morning they spent in the gardens and the ,bosco of the ,villa ,medici4 ,nothing seemed to them much changed1 and their happiness was as great as if they had found their youth again in the land where they had left it4 ,saint-,gaudens afterward said that on the night of that arrival in ,rome he felt as if he were slaking a great thirst4 ,before their return they also visited the ,bay of ,naples4 ,vivid memories of ,italy were present with the sculptor until the end of his life1 and during his last illness he said that one thing he wished to live for was to take again the drive from ,salerno to ,amalfi3 the vineyards clinging to the hillsides1 the cliffs with the blue waves breaking at their base1 haunted him as a vision of exquisite beauty4 ,late in the winter ,saint-,gaudens returned to ,paris1 and when spring and the pleasant weather came on he was working again with great enthusiasm1 preparing for the ,salon4 ,his exhibit at the ,champs de ,mars attracted much attention and elicited unexpected praise from the severest ,french critics4 #c1 rue de ,bagneux1 ,paris1 ,may #afth1 #ahih 444 ,i must be brief today for ,dr4 ,shiff is coming in to talk1 and help me with his consoling philosophy as ,bion did2 and ,i must work1 for the model leaves shortly1 and ,i must use him every hour ,i can2 so ,i will tell you briefly of what has happened4 ,this ,paris experience1 as far as my art goes1 has been a great thing for me4 ,i never felt sure of myself before1 ,i groped ahead4 ,all blindness seems to have been washed away4 ,i see my place clearly now1 ,i know1 or think ,i know1 just where ,i stand4 ,a great self-confidence has come over me and a tremendous desire and will to achieve high things1 with a confidence that ,i shall1 has taken possession of me4 ,i exhibited at the ,champs de ,mars and the papers have spoken well and it seems as if ,i were having what they call a 'success' here4 ,i send you some of the extracts from several of the principal artistic papers here1 the ',gazette des ,beaux-,arts1' ',art et ,dcoration1' and from the ',dictionaire ,encyclopdique ,larousse'2 four of these have asked permission to reproduce my work4 ,the ,director of the ,luxembourg tells me he wishes something of mine1 and other friends have asked that ,i be given the ,legion of ,honour4 ,of this latter you must say nothing1 and ,i only speak of it to give you a true idea of what impressions ,i am undergoing4 ,for four months it rained incessantly1 but the great interest of preparing for the ,salon has interested me4 ,the sunshine has been a blessing1 and ,paris1 with her smiles and green dress and the blue skies overhead captivates like a beautiful woman4 ,there is something in the air here which pushes one to do beautiful things2 it seems something actually atmospheric1 something soft and gentle in the air4444 ,later ,sargent came in very good spirits4 ,we dined and went to the theatre together last night4 ,he wished me to tell him when ,i go to ,london1 as the fellows there wish to give me a great 'blow off4' ,and so it all goes2 the sun is now pouring into the studio1 and it all seems like a great dream4 ,the article in ,art et ,dcoration to which ,saint-,gaudens refers was written by ,paul ,leprieur4 ,after attacking with great severity ,rodin's ,balzac1 the critic said3 ,the more completely to forget this sinister vision1 one may well linger before the work of a great sculptor1 almost unknown among us1 who reveals himself to us1 so to speak1 for the first time1 with an altogether remarkable collection of monumental sculpture and photographs of monuments previously executed4 ,we refer to ,m4 ,saint-,gaudens1 an ,irishman by birth1 who has worked mainly for ,america1 and who was1 if ,i mistake not1 the teacher of ,mr4 ,mac,monnies--a teacher far superior to his pupil4 ,his exhibit is one of the surprises and delights of the ,champs de ,mars4 ,had we only the photographs which he shows us--whether of his ,peter ,cooper1 his ,president ,lincoln1 the noble and serious allegorical figure for a tomb1 called the ,peace of ,god1 or the charming caryatid for the ,vanderbilt house--we could already perceive the grasp of composition1 the decision of the contours1 the depth of the sentiment expressed without any splurge or noise4 ,this sculpture1 in its acceptance1 or ingenious re-shaping1 of traditions from ancient sources1 as well as in its modern inventiveness1 imparts a savor of intimate charm1 of dignity without parade1 which are rare indeed in our day4 ,the actual work exhibited simply confirms the impression of the photographs4 ,to say nothing of the placques and medallions1 models of a fine funeral bas-relief1 and the highly entertaining and picturesque statue of a ,puritan1 the large high-relief dedicated to the memory of ,colonel ,robert ,gould ,shaw may well be esteemed as a model of intelligent decoration4 ,the idea of representing1 not the death scene itself1 but the moment preceding it1 and of showing the army of blacks1 led by the white officer1 filing by as if in a march to death1 grave of mien1 solemn1 and heroic1 is as novel as it is boldly treated4 ,while presenting prodigies of skill 7absolutely without triviality or pettiness in matters of detail71 and modeled with a great freedom and understanding of how to arrange the various groups of lines in perspective1--which all men of his profession will admire1--everything is kept subordinate to the ensemble and to the predetermined unity of motion4 ,upon each of the faces one feels more or less the reflection of the motto of self-sacrifice and enthusiastic faith inscribed on a flat surface in the background 7,omnia relinquit servare rem publicam71 and the superb figure of a woman with flying drapery1 symbolical of glory or of death1 comparable to the loveliest creations in this style by ,watts or ,gustave ,moreau1 succeeds in giving to this very sculpturesque composition a distinguished moral significance4 ,two months later the critic ,lonce ,benedite1 in his article on the salons of #ahih1 wrote1 in the ,gazette des ,beaux-,arts3 ,it is a foreign sculptor1 an ,american artist whose name alone had previously reached us1 ,m4 ,augustus ,saint-,gaudens1 who affords us an example of a commemorative monument composed of modern elements and broadly executed in the simplest and purest sculptural spirit4 ,half ,french1 not only by descent1 but by his whole education1 trained in our school1--which he honors today1--the illustrious chief of the future ,american school of sculpture has produced numerous beautiful works in his own country4 ,photographic reproductions of these accompany his exhibited works and demonstrate their rare dignity and grandeur of style4 ,his beautiful mortuary statues1 one of which is on exhibition at the ,salon1 together with the caryatid of the ,vanderbilt house--long and slender1 with beautiful1 severe draperies--are figures of distinguished elegance1 of austere grace4 ,but above all1 the statues of ,president ,lincoln and ,peter ,cooper1 the mural tablets of ,dr4 ,mc,cosh and ,dr4 ,bellows1 show us with how exalted an appreciation of his art the ,american master has succeeded in making the most of the complete modernity of his subjects4 ,to be sure1 he has not misrepresented the characteristic local physiognomy of his models1 or the unique effect of the accessories of costume and furniture2 far from it4 ,but with what elegance and vigor he makes them all speak to one1 from the skirt of the coat to the slightest fold of the trousers6 ,we find ourselves face to face with a powerful and self-restrained master1 who is able to comprehend and to express emotion1 who speaks a simple but expressive language1 and who has the power to convince and to fascinate4 ,the monument to ,colonel ,robert ,gould ,shaw1 erected at ,boston1 and exhibited in plaster at the ,salon1 affords us a striking proof of this4 ,it is a large high-relief1 set in a graceful and exceedingly simple architectural frame4 ,in the center a young officer1 mounted1 sword in hand1 is leading a company of black soldiers who are marching by his side1 musket on shoulder1 with a drummer at their head4 ,in the upper field floats a grave and melancholy figure1 flying horizontally2 it is ,duty1 and with a sweeping and eloquently mournful gesture she points out to them the road leading to glory and to death4 ,the measured march of the men1 the expression of resigned and submissive gravity on the faces of those colored troops1 contrasting with the proud1 absorbed energy of the young white man who leads them1 his beautiful young steed nervous and quivering1 emphasizes yet more the restrained enthusiasm and patient determination of the commander4 ,all this1 and even the sculptural comprehension of all this paraphernalia of war1 impresses one simply yet powerfully1 and holds one enthralled by its genuine epic grandeur4 ,june #adth1 ,paris ,i am going to stay alone in ,paris and on ,sundays go and see ,brush and ,garnier and the ,proctors and go to ,st4 ,moritz for a week or ten days2 further than that ,i have no plans4444 ,i see ,shiff every other night and dine with him then2 occasionally ,i see ,f----1 whom ,i rather like4 ,i'm working hard but slowly4 ,i want a little rest1 so in two days ,i go to ,london to see the exhibit there2 besides1 ,sargent gives me a dinner on the #bjth4 ,paris is really a wonderfully attractive city and the 'cut' atmosphere1 to use a very unpleasant phrase1 is clearly a great thing4 ,there can never be more than a few big men that one respects1 but there are so many people deeply interested in art1 literature and music1 so many that are working hard1 that you feel a great deal of intelligence around you in the direction in which you are working1 beside the unusual amount of general intelligence which surrounds one4 ,toward the end of ,june ,saint-,gaudens and his family went to ,england4 ,in ,london1 ,sargent1 always hospitable1 gave a dinner to introduce ,saint-,gaudens to many distinguished sculptors and painters4 ,burne-,jones1 unfortunately1 had died a few days before4 ,saint-,gaudens had always admired his work greatly1 and treasured photographs of his pictures4 ,after two days at ,broadway with ,edwin ,abbey1 the family separated4 ,saint-,gaudens and his son ,homer then returned to ,paris for the summer1 while ,mrs4 ,saint-,gaudens went to take a cure at ,vichy and ,st4 ,moritz4 ,during that summer in ,paris ,saint-,gaudens saw as much as possible of ,george ,de ,forest ,brush and his family1 who were then living near ,fontainebleau4 ,his intimacy with the ,brushes dated back to his student days in ,paris1 and had been kept up in ,america4 ,the two families had often been neighbors at ,cornish1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,indeed1 the ,brushes had spent their first summer there encamped in an ,indian tepee1 which was pitched on the edge of a field in front of the ,saint-,gaudens' house4 ,their life always impressed every one as singularly beautiful and happy1 and their presence so near ,paris helped ,saint-,gaudens to get through the long1 dull weeks of the summer4 ,paris1 ,july #ajth or #aath ,lately ,i have had a great time with ,x----1 driving and lunching with him and sometimes with the ladies1 going to ,versailles and the museums4 ,next ,sunday we go to ,chantilly1 another day to ,dampierre where ,rude's great statue of ,louis 7,,xiii1 ,i think7 is4 ,we go to the ,cluny1 to the ,louvre1 and sit sipping in front of cafs1 ,x---- telling me how much the woman question from one point of view troubles him and ,i doing the same from another1 and the big world turns round1 and we all suffer1 and men fight1 and women mourn4 ,courage and love is what we all need1 isn't it8 ,yesterday ,i went with ,homer to ,fontainebleau to see ,brush and ,proctor who live near there at ',marlotte ,montigny4' ,the day was fine1 and ,i enjoyed it greatly1 particularly the walk with ,brush and his two lovely eldest children4 ,how remarkable ,brush is6 ,all the children are so beautiful and nice-mannered4 ,he has commenced another picture of his wife1 this time with all the children and himself1 and it is already a stimulating thing1 the composition is so fine and what there is of it that is drawn1 is so splendidly drawn4 ,paris1 ,july #adth ,it is the third or fourth really fine day that we have had since coming to ,france eight months ago4 ,the whole city is alive with sunshine1 a sky with white floating clouds1 and every place brilliant with flags1 and there is an unusual feeling of peace in this big studio as ,i sit alone in it and write to you4 ,i have your letter with the enclosure from the ,transcript4 ',that's the way things is1' as ,bryant said to me4 ,i send you some more ,hosannahs in my honour by this mail1 and there is going to be more still in the ',gazette des ,beaux-,arts1' as ,i judge from the way ,ary ,renan talked to me the other night4 ,he is son of the great ,renan and is one of the editors of the ',gazette des ,beaux-,arts' and wished to meet me so much that ,pallier1 another critic1 asked us to dine with him night before last4 ,pallier is the one who wrote the long article in the ,libert about me4 ,you speak of ,browning--,i shall read the ',ring and the ,book1' but unless a man's style is clear ,i am too lazy and ,i have too little time to devote to digging gold out of the rocks1 fine as it may be4 ,on the other hand ,i got the ,schopenhauer that ,shiff spoke about with the intention of sending it to you1 but it is so deadly in its pessimism1 judging from the ten or eleven lines that ,i read1 that ,i flung it away4 ,it was so terribly true from his point of view1 but what's the use of taking that point of view8 ,we can't remedy matters by weeping and gnashing our teeth over the misery of things4 ',that's the way things is' again1 and although ,i have been told all my life it's best to put on a brave face and bear all cheerfully1 it's only lately that it is really coming into my philosophy4 ,it seems as if we are all in one open boat on the ocean1 abandoned and drifting no one knows where1 and while doing all we can to get somewhere1 it is better to be cheerful than to be melancholy2 the latter does not help the situation1 and the former cheers up one's comrades4 ,michel1 a friend of mine1 had a beautiful nude marble bought for the ,luxembourg1 a pure noble chaste figure4 ,there was a remarkable statuette by ,germe1 two or three other good things in sculpture and the same among the objets d'art1 and one swell thing in painting1 the ,puvis de ,chavannes4 ,that appealed to me1 but of course there were a lot of other very fine things1 by ,aman ,jean1 ,henri ,martin1 ,besnard and others4 ,i send you some publications with the good things marked4 ,i think if the ,champs-,elyses were sifted there would be more good work found in it or as much as at the ,champs de ,mars4 ,it is remarkable how much good work is done in ,paris1 but the first impression is bad1 as the good is concealed in such a mountain of trash2 but it's like gold in a mountain4 ,paris1 ,july #bdth ,last night ,i dined with an old 'camarade d'atelier' at his home in the ,cit ,boileau at ,passy and it was a great pleasure to be with him1 one of the nicest kind of ,frenchmen1 a sculptor who is doing admirable work1 a man of calm manners and large views1 intensely interested in his work4 ,his wife and three children are by the seaside1 and on their return1 if ,homer does not go to ,america and ,i remain too1 ,i'm looking forward to ,homer's meeting his children4 ,his boy1 who is seventeen1 is going to work in his atelier with him4 ,it was delightful1 as he took one through the rooms of his three children1 to see the photographs of admirable works of art they had selected to hang on the walls4 ,he has a house with a garden and we dined outside4 7,his name is7 ,lenoir and he is the son of a distinguished architect and grandson of a ,lenoir whose bust is erected in the ,cour des ,beaux-,arts1 a man of great distinction here on account of his love of art and his efforts to prevent the ,revolutionists in #agie from destroying the public monuments4 ,early in ,august1 while his wife was still away1 ,saint-,gaudens took his son ,homer to ,holland1 where they had a delightful trip1 extending to the quaint dead cities of the north4 ,ten days or so after their return to ,paris they made another successful expedition together to join some friends at the sea-shore4 #c rue de ,bagneux1 ,paris1 ,aug4 #bf4 ,it was intensely hot in ,paris4 ,i discovered that the ,brushes were at ,boulogne as well as the ,proctors1 so off we packed and we have had a great time1 what with bathing and lolling all day on the cliffs1 which ,i adore doing4 ,the two ,mears sisters followed us down there1 and we1 the ,brushes1 ,proctors1 ,mears1 babies1 and all started off in the mornings1 and1 with the luncheon mixed up with the babies in the carriage1 passed most delightful days1 either on the cliffs or by the shore4 ,saint-,gaudens1 however1 could never be happy long away from his work1 and he was soon writing from his studio again4 ,paris1 ,sept4 #b;d ,a ,russian professor at one of the ,universities here has sent me his translation of ,tolstoi's last work ',what is ,art8' and has asked me 7with highly eulogistic terms about what ,i have done1 in an inscription on the fly leaf7 to give him my opinion1 which he wishes to publish with those of other men of note4 ,so ,i am in for reading it4 ,you read it too1 please1 and tell me what you think of it1 then ,i'll sign it and send it as my opinion6 ,for ,i have no opinion1 or so many that trying to put them into shape would result in driving me into the mad-house sooner than ,i am naturally destined to be there4 ,yes1 #ejjj different points of view that are possible4 ,after all1 we are like lots of microscopical microbes on this infinitesimal ball in space1 and all these discussions seem humourous at times4 ,i suppose that every earnest effort toward great sincerity or honesty or beauty in one's production is a drop added to the ocean of evolution1 to the ,something higher that ,i suppose we are rising slowly 7d----d slowly7 to1 and all the other discussions upon the subject seem simply one way of helping the seriousness of it all4 ,shiff's letter that ,i enclose is in reply to one asking whether the professor's request was all right and whether ,i should bother about it4 ,in answer he wrote that the ,russian was a very serious man who had done admirable work4 ,i once told ,shiff that at times ,i thought that 'beauty must mean at least some goodness'--that explains part of his letter to me4 ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,in ,,november ,illustration ,illustration ,,thurnley ,,abbey ,,by ,,perceval ,,landon ,three years ago ,i was on my way out to the ,east1 and as an extra day in ,london was of some importance1 ,i took the ,friday evening mail train to ,brindisi instead of the usual ,thursday morning ,marseilles express4 ,many people shrink from the long forty-eight-hour train journey through ,europe1 and the subsequent rush across the ,mediterranean on the nineteen-knot ,isis or the ,osiris2 but there is really very little discomfort on either the train or the mail-boat1 and unless there is actually nothing for me to do1 ,i always like to save the extra day and a half in ,london before ,i say good-bye to her for one of my longer tramps4 ,this time--it was early1 ,i remember1 in the shipping season1 probably about the beginning of ,september--there were few passengers1 and ,i had a compartment in the ,p4 and ,o4 ,indian express to myself all the way from ,calais4 ,all ,sunday ,i watched the blue waves dimpling the ,adriatic1 and the pale rosemary along the cuttings2 the plain white towns1 with their flat roofs and their bold duomos1 and the gray-green gnarled olive orchards of ,apulia4 ,the journey was just like any other4 ,we ate in the dining-car as often and as long as we decently could4 ,we slept after luncheon2 we dawdled the afternoon away with yellow-backed novels2 sometimes we exchanged platitudes in the smoking-room1 and it was there that ,i met ,alistair ,colvin4 ,colvin was a man of middle height1 with a resolute1 well-cut jaw2 his hair was turning gray2 his mustache was sun-whitened1 otherwise he was clean-shaven--obviously a gentleman1 and obviously also a preoccupied man4 ,he had no great wit4 ,when spoken to1 he made the usual remarks in the right way1 and ,i dare say he refrained from banalities only because he spoke less than the rest of us2 most of the time he buried himself in the ,wagonlit ,company's ,time-table1 but seemed unable to concentrate his attention on any one page of it4 ,he found that ,i had been over the ,siberian railway1 and for a quarter of an hour he discussed it with me4 ,then he lost interest in it1 and rose to go to his compartment4 ,but he came back again very soon1 and seemed glad to pick up the conversation again4 ,of course this did not seem to me to be of any importance4 ,most travelers by train become a trifle infirm of purpose after thirty-six hours' rattling4 ,but ,colvin's restless way ,i noticed in somewhat marked contrast with the man's personal importance and dignity2 especially ill suited was it to his finely made large hand with strong1 broad1 regular nails and its few lines4 ,as ,i looked at his hand ,i noticed a long1 deep1 and recent scar of ragged shape4 ,however1 it is absurd to pretend that ,i thought anything was unusual4 ,i went off at five o'clock on ,sunday afternoon to sleep away the hour or two that had still to be got through before we arrived at ,brindisi4 ,once there1 we few passengers transhipped our hand baggage1 verified our berths--there were only a score of us in all--and then1 after an aimless ramble of half an hour in ,brindisi1 we returned to dinner at the ,htel ,international1 not wholly surprised that the town had been the death of ,virgil4 ,if ,i remember rightly1 there is a gaily painted hall at the ,international--,i do not wish to advertise anything1 but there is no other place in ,brindisi at which to await the coming of the mails--and after dinner ,i was looking with awe at a trellis overgrown with blue vines1 when ,colvin moved across the room to my table4 ,he picked up ,il ,secolo1 but almost immediately gave up the pretense of reading it4 ,he turned squarely to me and said3 ,would you do me a favor8 ,one doesn't do favors to stray acquaintances on ,continental expresses without knowing something more of them than ,i knew of ,colvin4 ,but ,i smiled in a noncommittal way1 and asked him what he wanted4 ,i wasn't wrong in part of my estimate of him2 he said bluntly3 ,will you let me sleep in your cabin on the ,osiris8 ,and he colored a little as he said it4 ,now1 there is nothing more tiresome than having to put up with a stable-companion at sea1 and ,i asked him rather pointedly3 ,surely there is room for all of us8 ,i thought that perhaps he had been partnered off with some mangy ,levantine1 and wanted to escape from him at all hazards4 ,colvin1 still somewhat confused1 said3 ,yes2 ,i am in a cabin by myself4 ,but you would do me the greatest favor if you would allow me to share yours4 ,this was all very well1 but1 besides the fact that ,i always sleep better when alone1 there had been some recent thefts on board these boats1 and ,i hesitated1 frank and honest and self-conscious as ,colvin was4 ,just then the mail-train came in with a clatter and a rush of escaping steam1 and ,i asked him to see me again about it on the boat when we started4 ,he answered me curtly--,i suppose he saw the mistrust in my manner--,i am a member of ,white's and the ,beefsteak4 ,i smiled to myself as he said it1 but ,i remembered in a moment that the man--if he were really what he claimed to be1 and ,i make no doubt that he was--must have been sorely put to it before he urged the fact as a guarantee of his respectability to a total stranger at a ,brindisi hotel4 ,that evening1 as we cleared the red and green harbor-lights of ,brindisi1 ,colvin explained4 ,this is his story in his own words3 ,when ,i was traveling in ,india some years ago1 ,i made the acquaintance of a youngish man in the ,woods and ,forests4 ,we camped out together for a week1 and ,i found him a pleasant companion4 ,john ,broughton was a light-hearted soul when off duty1 but a steady and capable man in any of the small emergencies that continually arise in that department4 ,he was liked and trusted by the natives1 and his future was well assured in ,government service1 when a fair-sized estate was unexpectedly left to him1 and he joyfully shook the dust of the ,indian plains from his feet and returned to ,england4 ,for five years he drifted about ,london4 ,i saw him now and then4 ,we dined together about every eighteen months1 and ,i could trace pretty exactly the gradual sickening of ,broughton with a merely idle life4 ,he then set out on a couple of long voyages1 returned as restless as before1 and at last told me that he had decided to marry and settle down at his place1 ,thurnley ,abbey1 which had long been empty4 ,he spoke about looking after the property and standing for his constituency in the usual way4 ,he was quite happy and full of information about his future4 ,among other things1 ,i asked him about ,thurnley ,abbey4 ,he confessed that he hardly knew the place4 ,the last tenant1 a man called ,clarke1 had lived in one wing for fifteen years and seen no one4 ,he had been a miser and a hermit4 ,it was the rarest thing for a light to be seen at the ,abbey after dark4 ,only the barest necessities of life were ordered1 and the tenant himself received them at the side-door4 ,his one half-caste man-servant1 after a month's stay in the house1 had abruptly left without warning1 and had returned to the ,southern ,states4 ,one thing ,broughton complained bitterly about3 ,clarke had wilfully spread the rumor among the villagers that the ,abbey was haunted1 and had even condescended to play childish tricks with spirit-lamps and salt in order to scare trespassers away at night4 ,he had been detected in the act of this tomfoolery1 but the story spread1 and no one1 said ,broughton1 would venture near the house except in broad daylight4 ,the hauntedness of ,thurnley ,abbey was now1 he said with a grin1 part of the gospel of the countryside1 but he and his young wife were going to change all that4 ,would ,i propose myself any time ,i liked8 ,i1 of course1 said ,i would1 and equally1 of course1 intended to do nothing of the sort without a definite invitation4 ,the house was put in thorough repair1 though not a stick of the old furniture and tapestry were removed4 ,floors and ceilings were relaid2 the roof was made watertight again1 and the dust of half a century was scoured out4 ,he showed me some photographs of the place4 ,it was called an ,abbey1 though as a matter of fact it had been only the infirmary of the long-vanished ,abbey of ,closter some five miles away4 ,the larger part of this building remained as it had been in pre-,reformation days1 but a wing had been added in ,jacobean times1 and that part of the house had been kept in something like repair by ,mr4 ,clarke4 ,he had in both the ground and the first floors set a heavy timber door1 strongly barred with iron1 in the passage between the earlier and the ,jacobean parts of the house1 and had entirely neglected the former4 ,so there had been a good deal of work to be done4 ,broughton1 whom ,i saw in ,london two or three times about this time1 made a deal of fun over the positive refusal of the workmen to remain after sundown4 ,even after the electric light had been put into every room1 nothing would induce them to remain1 though1 as ,broughton observed1 electric light was death on ghosts4 ,the legend of the ,abbey's ghosts had gone far and wide1 and the men would take no risks4 ,on the whole1 though nothing of any sort or kind had been conjured up even by their heated imaginations during their five months' work upon the ,abbey1 the belief in the ghosts was rather strengthened than otherwise in ,thurnley because of the men's confessed nervousness1 and local tradition declared itself in favor of the ghost of an immured nun4 ',good old nun6' said ,broughton4 ,i asked him whether in general he believed in the possibility of ghosts1 and1 rather to my surprise1 he said that he couldn't say he entirely disbelieved in them4 ,a man in ,india had told him one morning in camp that he believed that his mother was dead in ,england1 as her vision had come to his tent the night before4 ,he had not been alarmed1 but had said nothing1 and the figure vanished again4 ,as a matter of fact1 the next possible dak-walla brought on a telegram announcing the mother's death4 ',there the thing was1' said ,broughton4 ',my own idea1' said he1 'is that if a ghost ever does come in one's way1 one ought to speak to it4' ,i agreed4 ,little as ,i knew of the ghost world and its conventions1 ,i had already remembered that a spook was in honor bound to wait to be spoken to4 ,it didn't seem much to do1 and ,i felt that the sound of one's own voice would at any rate reassure oneself as to one's wakefulness4 ,but there are few ghosts outside ,europe--few1 that is1 that a white man can see--and ,i had never been troubled with any4 ,however1 as ,i have said1 ,i told ,broughton that ,i agreed4 ,so the wedding took place and ,i went to it in a tall hat which ,i bought for the occasion1 and the new ,mrs4 ,broughton smiled very nicely at me afterwards4 ,as it had to happen1 ,i took the ,orient ,express that evening and was not in ,england again for nearly six months4 ,just before ,i came back ,i got a letter from ,broughton4 ,he asked if ,i could see him in ,london or come to ,thurnley1 as he thought ,i should be better able to help him than any one else he knew4 ,his wife sent a nice message to me at the end1 so ,i was reassured about at least one thing4 ,i wrote from ,budapest that ,i would come and see him at ,thurnley two days after my arrival in ,london1 and as ,i sauntered out of the ,pannonia into the ,kerepesi ,ut to post my letters1 ,i wondered of what earthly service ,i could be to ,broughton4 ,i had been out with him after tiger on foot1 and ,i could imagine few men better able at a pinch to manage their own business4 ,however1 ,i had nothing to do1 so after dealing with some small accumulations of business during my absence1 ,i packed a kit-bag and departed to ,euston4 ,i was met by a trap at ,thurnley ,road station1 and after a drive of nearly seven miles we echoed through the sleepy streets of ,thurnley village1 into which the main gates of the park thrust themselves1 splendid with pillars and spread-eagles and tom-cats rampant atop of them4 ,from the gates a quadruple avenue of beech-trees led inwards for a quarter of a mile4 ,beneath them a neat strip of fine turf edged the road and ran back until the poison of the dead beech-leaves had killed it under the trees4 ,there were many wheel-tracks on the road1 and a comfortable little pony trap jogged past me laden with a country parson and his wife and daughter4 ,evidently there was some garden party going on at the ,abbey4 ,the road dropped away to the right at the end of the avenue1 and ,i could see the ,abbey across a wide pasturage and a broad lawn thickly dotted with guests4 ,the end of the building was plain4 ,it must have been almost mercilessly austere when it was first built1 but time had crumbled the edges and toned the stone down to an orange-lichened gray wherever it showed behind its curtain of magnolia1 jasmine1 and ivy4 ,farther on was the three-storied ,jacobean house1 plain and handsome4 ,there had not been the slightest attempt to adapt the one to the other1 but the kindly ivy had glossed over the touching-point4 ,there was a tall flche in the middle of the building1 surmounting a small bell tower4 ,behind the house there rose the mountainous verdure of ,spanish chestnuts all the way up the hill4 ,broughton had seen me coming from afar1 and walked across from his other guests to welcome me before turning me over to the butler's care4 ,this man was sandy-haired and rather inclined to be talkative4 ,he could1 however1 answer hardly any questions about the house3 he had1 he said1 only been there three weeks4 ,mindful of what ,broughton had told me1 ,i made no inquiries about ghosts1 though the room into which ,i was shown might have justified anything4 ,it was a very large low room with oak beams projecting from the white ceiling4 ,every inch of the walls1 including the doors1 was covered with tapestry1 and a remarkably fine ,italian fourpost bedstead1 heavily draped1 added to the darkness and dignity of the place4 ,all the furniture was old1 well made1 and dark4 ,underfoot there was a plain green pile carpet1 the only new thing about the room except the electric light fittings and the jugs and basins4 ,even the looking-glass on the dressing-table was an old pyramidal ,venetian glass set in heavy repouss frame of tarnished silver4 ,after a few minutes cleaning up1 ,i went downstairs and out upon the lawn1 where ,i greeted my hostess4 ,the people gathered there were of the usual country type1 all anxious to be pleased and roundly curious as to the new master of the ,abbey4 ,rather to my surprise1 and quite to my pleasure1 ,i rediscovered ,glenham1 whom ,i had known well in old days in ,barotseland3 he lived quite close1 as1 he remarked with a grin1 ,i ought to have known4 ',but1' he added1 ',i don't live in a place like this4' ,he swept his hand to the long1 low lines of the ,abbey in obvious admiration1 and then1 to my intense interest1 muttered beneath his breath1 ',thank ,god6' ,he saw that ,i had overheard him1 and turning to me said decidedly1 ',yes1 thank ,god ,i said1 and ,i meant ,i wouldn't live at the ,abbey for all ,broughton's money4' ',but surely1' ,i demurred1 'you know that old ,clarke was discovered in the very act of setting light to his bug-a-boos8' ,glenham shrugged his shoulders4 ',yes1 ,i know about that4 ,but there is something wrong with the place still4 ,all ,i can say is that ,broughton is a different man since he has lived here4 ,i don't believe that he will remain much longer4 ,but--you're staying here8--,well1 you'll hear all about it to-night4 ,there's a big dinner1 ,i understand4' ,the conversation turned off to old reminiscences1 and ,glenham soon after had to go4 ,before ,i went to dress that evening ,i had twenty minutes' talk with ,broughton in his library4 ,there was no doubt that the man was altered1 gravely altered4 ,he was nervous and fidgety1 and ,i found him looking at me only when my eye was off him4 ,i naturally asked him what he wanted of me4 ,i told him ,i would do anything ,i could1 but that ,i couldn't conceive what he lacked that ,i could provide4 ,he said with a lustreless smile that there was1 however1 something1 and that he would tell me the following morning4 ,it struck me that he was somehow ashamed of himself1 and perhaps ashamed of the part he was asking me to play4 ,however1 ,i dismissed the subject from my mind and went up to dress in my palatial room4 ,as ,i shut the door a draught blew out the ,queen of ,sheba from the wall1 and ,i noticed that the tapestries were not fastened to the wall at the bottom4 ,i have always held very practical views about spooks1 and it has often seemed to me that the slow waving in firelight of loose tapestry upon a wall would account for ninety-nine per cent of the stories one hears1 and certainly the dignified undulation of this lady with her attendants and huntsmen--one of whom was untidily cutting the throat of a fallow deer upon the very steps on which ,king ,solomon1 a gray-faced ,flemish nobleman with the order of the ,golden ,fleece1 awaited his fair visitor--gave color to my hypothesis4 ,nothing much happened at dinner4 ,the people were very much like those of the garden party4 ,after the ladies had gone1 ,i found myself talking to the rural dean4 ,he was a thin1 earnest man1 who at once turned the conversation to old ,clarke's buffooneries4 ,but1 he said1 ,mr4 ,broughton had introduced such a new and cheerful spirit1 not only into the ,abbey1 but1 he might say1 into the whole neighborhood1 that he had great hopes that the ignorant superstitions of the past were from henceforth destined to oblivion4 ,thereupon his other neighbor1 a portly gentleman of independent means and position1 audibly remarked ',amen1' which damped the rural dean1 and we talked of partridges past1 partridges present1 and pheasants to come4 ,at the other end of the table ,broughton sat with a couple of his friends1 red-faced hunting men4 ,once ,i noticed that they were discussing me1 but ,i paid no attention to it at the time4 ,i remembered it a few hours later4 ,by eleven all the guests were gone1 and ,broughton1 his wife1 and ,i were alone together under the fine plaster ceiling of the ,jacobean drawing-room4 ,mrs4 ,broughton talked about one or two of the neighbors1 and then1 with a smile1 said that she knew ,i would excuse her1 shook hands with me1 and went off to bed4 ,i am not very good at analyzing things1 but ,i felt that she talked a little uncomfortably and with a suspicion of effort1 smiled rather conventionally1 and was obviously glad to go4 ,these things seem trifling enough to repeat1 but ,i had throughout the faint feeling that everything was not square4 ,under the circumstances1 this was enough to set me wondering what on earth the service could be that ,i was to render--wondering also whether the whole business were not some ill-advised jest in order to make me come down from ,london for a mere shooting party4 ,broughton said little after she had gone4 ,but he was evidently laboring to bring the conversation round to the so-called haunting of the ,abbey4 ,as soon as ,i saw this1 of course ,i asked him directly about it4 ,he then seemed at once to lose interest in the matter4 ,there was no doubt about it3 ,broughton was somehow a changed man1 and to my mind he had changed in no way for the better4 ,mrs4 ,broughton seemed no sufficient cause4 ,he was clearly very fond of her1 and she of him4 ,i reminded him that he was going to tell me what ,i could do for him in the morning1 pleaded my journey1 lighted a candle1 and went upstairs with him4 ,at the end of the passage leading into the old house he grinned weakly and said1 ',mind1 if you see a ghost1 do talk to it2 you said you would1' ,he stood irresolutely a moment and then turned away4 ,at the door of his dressing-room he paused a moment3 ',i'm here1' he called out1 'if you should want anything4 ,good-night1' and he shut his door4 ,i went along the passage to my room1 undressed1 switched on a lamp beside my bed1 read a few pages of the ,jungle ,book1 and then1 more than ready for sleep1 switched the light off and went fast asleep4 99 99 99 99 99 ,three hours later ,i woke up4 ,there was not a breath of wind outside4 ,it was so silent that my ears found employment in listening for the throbbing of the blood within them4 ,there was not even a flicker of light from the fireplace4 ,as ,i lay there1 an ash tinkled slightly as it cooled1 but there was hardly a gleam of the dullest red in the grate4 ,an owl cried among the silent ,spanish chestnuts on the slope outside4 ,i idly reviewed the events of the day1 hoping that ,i should fall off to sleep again before ,i reached dinner4 ,but at the end ,i seemed as wakeful as ever4 ,there was no help for it4 ,i must read my ,jungle ,book again till ,i felt ready to go off1 so ,i fumbled for the pear at the end of the cord that hung down inside the bed1 and ,i switched on the bedside lamp4 ,the sudden glory dazzled me for a moment4 ,i felt under my pillow for my book with half-shut eyes4 ,then1 growing used to the light1 ,i happened to look down to the foot of my bed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i can never tell you really what happened then4 ,nothing ,i could ever confess in the most abject words could even faintly picture to you what ,i felt4 ,i know that my heart stopped dead1 and my throat shut automatically4 ,in one instinctive movement ,i crouched back up against the head-boards of the bed1 staring at the horror4 ,the movement set my heart going again1 and the sweat dripped from every pore4 ,i am not a particularly religious man1 but ,i had always believed that ,god would never allow any supernatural appearance to present itself to man in such a guise and in such circumstances that harm1 either bodily or mental1 could result to him4 ,i can only tell you that at that moment both my life and my reason rocked unsteadily on their seats4 ,the other ,osiris passengers had gone to bed4 ,only he and ,i remained leaning over the starboard railing1 which rattled uneasily now and then under the fierce vibration of the over-engined mail-boat4 ,far over1 there were the lights of a few fishing-smacks riding out the night1 and a great rush of white combing and seething water fell out and away from us overside4 ,at last ,colvin went on3 ,leaning over the foot of my bed1 looking at me1 was a figure swathed in a rotten and tattered veiling4 ,this shroud passed over the head1 but left both eyes and the right side of the face bare4 ,it then followed the line of the arm down to where the hand grasped the bed-end4 ,the face was not that entirely of a skull1 though the eyes and the flesh of the face were totally gone1 ,there was a thin1 dry skin drawn tightly over the features1 and there was some skin left on the hand4 ,one wisp of hair crossed the forehead4 ,it was perfectly still4 ,i looked at it1 and it looked at me1 and my brains turned dry and hot in my head4 ,i had still got the pear of the electric lamp in my hand1 and ,i played idly with it2 only ,i dared not turn the light out again4 ,i shut my eyes1 only to open them in a hideous terror the same second4 ,the thing had not moved4 ,my heart was thumping1 and the sweat cooled me as it evaporated4 ,another cinder tinkled in the grate1 and a panel creaked in the wall4 ,my reason failed me4 ,for twenty minutes1 or twenty seconds1 ,i was able to think of nothing else but this awful figure1 till there came1 hurtling through the empty channels of my senses1 the remembrance that ,broughton and his friends had discussed me furtively at dinner4 ,the dim possibility of it being a hoax stole gratefully into my unhappy mind1 and once there1 one's pluck came creeping back along a thousand tiny veins4 ,my first sensation was one of blind unreasoning thankfulness that my brain was going to stand the trial4 ,i am not a timid man1 but the best of us needs some human handle to steady him in time of extremity1 and in this faint but growing hope that after all it might be only a brutal hoax1 ,i found the fulcrum that ,i needed4 ,at last ,i moved4 ,how ,i managed to do it1 ,i cannot tell you1 but with one spring towards the foot of the bed ,i got within arm's length and struck out one fearful blow with my fist at the thing4 ,it crumbled under it1 and my hand was cut to the bone4 ,with the sickening revulsion after my terror1 ,i dropped half-fainting across the end of the bed4 ,so it was merely a foul trick after all4 ,no doubt the trick had been played many a time before3 no doubt ,broughton and his friends had had some bet among themselves as to what ,i should do when ,i discovered the gruesome thing4 ,from my state of abject terror ,i found myself transported into an insensate anger4 ,i shouted curses upon ,broughton4 ,i dived rather than climbed over the bed-end on to the sofa4 ,i tore at the robed skeleton--how well the whole thing had been carried out1 ,i thought--,i broke the skull against the floor1 and stamped upon its dry bones4 ,i flung the head away under the bed1 and rent the brittle bones of the trunk in pieces4 ,i snapped the thin thigh-bones across my knee1 and flung them in different directions4 ,the shin-bones ,i set up against a stool and broke with my heel4 ,i raged like a ,berserker against the loathly thing1 and stripped the ribs from the backbone and slung the breastbone against the cupboard4 ,my fury increased as the work of destruction went on4 ,i tore the frail rotten veil into twenty pieces1 and the dust went up over everything1 over the clean blotting-paper and the silver inkstand4 ,at last my work was done4 ,there was but a raffle of broken bones and strips of parchment and crumbling wool4 ,then1 picking up a piece of the skull--it was the cheek and temple bone of the right side1 ,i remember--,i opened the door and went down the passage to ,broughton's dressing-room4 ,i remember still how my sweat-dripping pajamas clung to me as ,i walked4 ,at the door ,i kicked and entered4 ,broughton was in bed4 ,he had already turned the light on and seemed shrunken and horrified4 ,for a moment he could hardly pull himself together4 ,then ,i spoke4 ,i don't know what ,i said4 ,only ,i know that from a heart full and over-full with hatred and contempt1 spurred on by shame of my own recent cowardice1 ,i let my tongue run on4 ,he answered nothing4 ,i was amazed at my own fluency4 ,my hair still clung lankily to my wet temples1 my hand was bleeding profusely1 and ,i must have looked a strange sight4 ,broughton huddled himself up at the head of the bed just as ,i had4 ,still he made no answer1 no defence4 ,he seemed preoccupied with something besides my reproaches1 and once or twice moistened his lips with his tongue4 ,but he could say nothing1 though he moved his hands now and then1 just as a baby who cannot speak moves his hands4 ,at last the door into ,mrs4 ,broughton's room opened and she came in1 white and terrified4 ',what is it8 ,what is it8 ,oh1 in ,god's name6 what is it8' she cried again and again1 and then she went up to her husband and sat on the bed2 and the two faced me in speechless terror4 ,i told her what the matter was4 ,i spared her husband not a word for her presence there4 ,yet he seemed hardly to understand4 ,i told the pair that ,i had spoiled their cowardly joke for them4 ,broughton looked up4 ',i have smashed the foul thing into a hundred pieces1' ,i said4 ,broughton licked his lips again and his mouth worked4 ',by ,god6' ,i shouted1 'it would serve you right if ,i thrashed you within an inch of your life4 ,i will take care that not a decent man or woman of my acquaintance ever speaks to you again4 ,and there1' ,i added1 throwing the broken piece of the skull upon the floor beside his bed1 'there is a souvenir for you1 of your damned work to-night6' ,broughton saw the bone1 and in a moment it was his turn to frighten me4 ,he squealed like a hare caught in a trap4 ,he screamed and screamed till ,mrs4 ,broughton1 almost as terrified as ,i1 held on to him and coaxed him like a child to be quiet4 ,but ,broughton--and as he moved ,i thought that ten minutes ago ,i perhaps looked as terribly ill as he did--thrust her from him1 and scrambled out of the bed on to the floor1 and still screaming put out his hand to the bone4 ,it had blood on it from my hand4 ,he paid no attention to me whatever4 ,in truth ,i said nothing4 ,this was a new turn indeed to the horrors of the evening4 ,he rose from the floor with the bone in his hand1 and stood silent4 ,he seemed to be listening4 ',time1 time1 perhaps1' he muttered1 and almost at the same moment fell at full length on the carpet1 cutting his head against the fender4 ,the bone flew from his hand and came to rest near the door4 ,i picked ,broughton up1 haggard and broken1 with blood over his face4 ,he whispered hoarsely and quickly1 ',listen1 listen6' ,we listened4 ,after ten seconds' utter quiet1 ,i seemed to hear something4 ,i could not be sure1 but at last there was no doubt4 ,there was a quiet sound as of one moving along the passage4 ,little regular steps came towards us over the hard oak flooring4 ,broughton moved to where his wife sat1 white and speechless1 on the bed1 and pressed her face into his shoulder4 ,then the last thing that ,i could see as he turned the light out1 he fell forward with his own head pressed into the pillow of the bed4 ,something in their company1 something in their cowardice1 helped me1 and ,i faced the open doorway of the room1 which was outlined fairly clearly against the dimly lighted passage4 ,i put out one hand and touched ,mrs4 ,broughton's shoulder in the darkness4 ,but at the last moment ,i too failed4 ,i sank on my knees and put my face in the bed4 ,only1 we all heard4 ,the footsteps came to the door1 and there they stopped4 ,the piece of bone was lying a yard inside the door4 ,there was a rustle of moving stuff1 and the thing was in the room4 ,mrs4 ,broughton was silent3 ,i could hear ,broughton's voice praying1 muffled in the pillow3 ,i was cursing my own cowardice4 ,then the steps moved out again on the oak boards of the passage1 and ,i heard the sounds dying away4 ,in a flash of remorse ,i went to the door and looked out4 ,there at the end of the corridor was a small bowed figure in a gray veil--,i knew it only too well4 ,but this time there was a pathos in the drooped head that left me standing with my forehead bowed in shame against the jamb of the door4 ',you can turn the light on1' ,i said1 and there was an answering flare4 ,there was no bone at my feet4 ,mrs4 ,broughton had fainted4 ,broughton was almost useless1 and it took me ten minutes to bring her to4 ,broughton only said one thing worth remembering4 ,for the most part he went on muttering prayers4 ,but ,i was glad afterwards to recollect that he had said that thing4 ,he said in a colorless voice1 half as a question1 half as a reproach1 ',you didn't speak to her4' ,we spent the remainder of the night together4 ,mrs4 ,broughton actually fell off into a kind of sleep before dawn1 but she suffered so horribly in her dreams that ,i shook her into consciousness again4 ,never was dawn so long in coming4 ,three or four times ,broughton spoke to himself4 ,mrs4 ,broughton would then just tighten her hold on his arm1 but she could say nothing4 ,as for me1 ,i can honestly say that ,i grew worse as the hours passed and the light strengthened4 ,the two violent reactions had battered down my steadiness of view1 and ,i felt that the foundations of my life had been built upon the sand4 ,i said nothing1 and after binding up my hand with a towel1 ,i did not move4 ,it was better so4 ,they helped me and ,i helped them1 and we all three knew that our reason had gone very near to ruin that night4 ,at last1 when the light came in pretty strongly1 and the birds outside were chattering and singing1 we felt that we must do something4 ,yet we never moved4 ,you might have thought that we should particularly dislike being found as we were by the servants3 yet nothing of the kind mattered a straw1 and an overpowering listlessness bound us as we sat1 until ,chapman1 ,broughton's man1 actually knocked and opened the door4 ,none of us moved4 ,broughton1 speaking hardly and stiffly1 said3 ',chapman1 you can come back in five minutes4' ,chapman was a discreet man1 but it would have made no difference if he had carried his news to the 'room' at once4 ,we looked at each other and ,i said ,i must go back4 ,i meant to wait outside till ,chapman returned4 ,i simply dared not re-enter my bedroom alone4 ,broughton roused himself and said that he would come with me4 ,mrs4 ,broughton agreed to remain in her own room for five minutes if the blinds were drawn up and all the doors left open4 ,so ,broughton and ,i1 leaning stiffly one against the other1 went down to my room4 ,by the morning light that filtered past the blinds we could see our way1 and ,i released the blinds4 ,there was nothing wrong in the room from end to end1 except smears of my own blood on the bed1 on the sofa1 and on the carpet where ,i had torn the thing to pieces4 ,colvin had finished his story4 ,there was nothing to say4 ,seven bells stuttered out from the fo'c'sle1 and the answering cry wailed through the darkness4 ,i took him downstairs4 ,of course ,i am much better now1 but it is a kindness of you to let me sleep in your cabin4 ,,the ,,terror ,,by ,a4 ,e4 ,,thomas ,,illustrations ,,by ,,herman ,c4 ,,wall ,it was a gray and bitter morning in ,january when ,tim first saw ,the ,vale4 ,for weeks winter had lain heavy upon the sunny ,south4 ,a cold rain had swept the countryside2 then came zero weather for days1 till the ice lay inch-thick on all the broad pikes of ,lexington ,county1 and only the firs were green4 ,tim and his mother had left the little cabin they called home at the first crack of dawn and together had tramped the five miles that spelled the road to ,the ,vale4 ,all the way they spoke scarce a word1 for they knew that parting was near and that it had to be4 ,colonel ,darnton was to take the boy and make a jockey of him1 if he could1 and the stables of ,the ,vale were to be his home thereafter4 ,the negroes were feeding the stallions when the boy and his mother trudged up to the big barn4 ,they sat on a feed-box until the ,colonel had finished his breakfast and come out from the big house under the trees4 ,morning to you1 ,mrs4 ,doolin1 said the ,colonel4 ,and so you've brought the boy1 eh8 ,i have that1 responded ,mrs4 ,doolin1 in her odd mixture of brogue and ,southern drawl4 ,an' ,i beg ye t' be good tew him4 ,since ,pete died1 he's all ,i hov1 an' it's the good lad he's been to me1 an' phwat it is ,i'll be doin' widout him whin he's gawn1 ,i dinnaw4 ,will ye be afther lettin' him come down t' see me wanst a fortnight1 sor8 ,of course ,i will1 smiled the ,colonel1 and then he turned to ,tim1 standing there1 so pale and little4 ,and you1 boy1 he said1 taking the lad's chin in his big hand and turning the blue eyes up to his gaze1 how about you--strong for the hosses1 eh8 ,tim's lip quivered4 ,he was only twelve4 ,but he looked the ,colonel bravely in the face4 ,i reck'n1 he said4 ,well1 well1 we'll see1 said the ,colonel1 mercifully releasing the boy's chin4 ',twould be odd if you weren't4 ,your father was mighty handy with 'em all--mighty handy4 ,savin' yer prisince1 ,colonel1 ,i'd hov jist wan wurrud wid th' boy1 said the woman1 and she drew ,tim aside4 ,lookee yew here1 yew ,tim ,doolin1 she said1 when she had him by himself1 don't yew niver fergit thet yew're up here tew ,the ,vale tew larn hosses4 ,raymimber thet4 ,the boy drew one ragged sleeve across his blue eyes4 ,all right1 maw1 he quavered4 ,an' raymimber this1 too1 she went on4 ,there niver yit was wan ,doolin thet wasn't on the square4 ,hoss racin' ain't prayin'1 an' all them as races hosses ain't like the ,colonel4 ,but there niver was wan ,doolin yit thet wasn't on the level4 ,mind yew ain't the fust crook in the clan1 er else yew needn't niver come home t' the ,blue ,grass ter look yewr maw in the face4 ,thin and gaunt and gray-haired1 she stood in the biting wind that fought to tear her shawl from her bony shoulders4 ,for a moment she stared1 stern and dry-eyed1 at the boy4 ,somehow he had never seemed so tiny before4 ,will yew raymimber thet8 she demanded at last4 ,tim dropped his eyes in boyish embarrassment4 ,i reck'n1 he said4 ,his mother drew her shawl tightly about her shoulders and departed without more ado4 ,the life of a stable-boy on a great breeding-farm is not all beer and skittles1 whatever that may be4 ,his principal business is to look sharp and do as he is told and never forget4 ,it's always early to rise1 before dawn in the winter time1 and often late to bed1 if some of the priceless thoroughbreds are ailing4 ,moreover1 the tongues of stable foremen are sharp1 and their hands are heavy4 ,tim made his mistakes4 ,once1 after they came to trust him at ,the ,vale1 on a sharp morning when he was giving ,king ,faraway1 the head of the stud1 his morning gallop on the pike1 he fell to dreaming4 ,a little brook ran under a wooden bridge built for carriage use4 ,but to one side there was a ford through which people drove in summer to give their horses drink4 ,the brook was solid ice that morning1 but ,tim1 not thinking1 turned ,king ,faraway into the ford4 ,the great horse slipped and fell4 ,tim sprang up from the far side of the brook with the blood gushing from a nasty cut on his forehead4 ,but he didn't think of that4 ,was ,king ,faraway hurt8 ,he walked the three miles back to ,the ,vale1 the stallion limping behind him1 and at the stable he told the truth and got a thrashing4 ,king ,faraway was on three legs for a month4 ,but he recovered4 ,every night of that month the boy slept on a heap of straw in the stallion's box stall1 waking up half a dozen times a night to rub the injured stifle2 and in the end the great horse was as good as new4 ,again1 one chilly ,november night ,tim left one of his yearlings out in the ,south ,paddock4 ,late that night a cold1 driving storm came up4 ,in the morning they found the yearling shivering by the paddock gate4 ,the ,colonel himself worked his fingers off over that yearling colt1 for he was bred in the purple4 ,the youngster had pneumonia1 but they saved him1 and the ,colonel said that ,tim's nursing was what pulled him through4 ,on an ,april morning something over two years after the day ,tim came to ,the ,vale1 he started with the season's two-year-olds for the big tracks at ,new ,york4 ,he had helped break the youngsters to the saddle and to the track on the half-mile race-course on the farm1 and he knew every one of the lot as if he had been its mother4 ,so when they rounded them up to take them to the special box-cars that were waiting in the freight yards1 the ,colonel took the lad aside4 ,really want to be a jockey1 ,tim8 he asked4 ,sure1 said ,tim4 ,want to leave us1 then1 eh8 ,the boy looked away1 and the ,colonel spared him4 ,all right1 he said with a laugh4 ,to the races you go4 ,you can come back if you don't like it4 ,all the broad acres of ,the ,vale and the costly stallions and the brood mares belonged to ,david ,holland1 a captain of finance4 ,he was too busy manipulating the ticker to pay much attention to the stock-farm itself4 ,he knew nothing whatever about the breeding of horses and was clever enough to admit it4 ,he paid the bills and got his fun out of seeing 'em run4 ,the ,holland stable was already quartered at ,sheepshead ,bay when the ,colonel and ,tim arrived with the two-year-olds4 ,pat ,faulkner1 the trainer1 was there to meet them4 ,he and the ,colonel drew aside and left the boy to himself4 ,the hours for morning gallops were long since over1 and when ,tim climbed the white rail fence that enclosed the back-stretch1 the big and beautiful track was absolutely deserted4 ,well1 said ,faulkner1 what sort of a grist have you brought me this trip8 ,i've been bitin' me nails off to find out1 but not a word would you write4 ,they had out the chestnut colt with the one white foot1 and the black with the white blaze1 and the bay filly by ,checkers-,flighty1 and a few other individuals1 while the trainer felt them over and looked them up and down and round about1 and had them walked and trotted and cantered through the stable yard4 ,when it was all over1 and he knew that here was material that would make his rivals sit up1 ,faulkner's eyes fell upon a slim shape sitting on the white rail fence4 ,what's the kid8 he demanded4 ,that8 said the ,colonel1 with a smile1 why1 that's ,tim ,doolin1 a champion jockey ,i've brought you4 ,the trainer grunted4 ,how old8 he asked4 ,going on fifteen1 weighs seventy-three pounds1 is kind and clever1 knows the hosses1 and they'll do for him4 ,try him out at exercise work1 and if he makes good1 give him a chance to ride4 ,that same night the ,colonel departed4 ,after that ,tim's work was cut out for him4 ,there were twenty-six two-year-olds in the ,holland stables1 twelve three-year-olds1 and six or eight thoroughbreds in the aged division4 ,faulkner kept a big staff of grooms and exercise boys1 but there was always a day's work for each of them4 ,aside from the routine exercise for every horse in training1 the feeding1 the grooming1 and so on1 all the youngsters had to be broken to the starting barrier4 ,some trainers didn't pay much attention to that4 ,let 'em come to it in their races1 said they4 ,not so1 ,faulkner4 ,he drilled every last one of his two-year-olds till the starting gate was no more to them than so much steel and wood and webbing4 ,tim was not long in winning the trainer's confidence4 ,the job of breaking to the barrier was turned over to the stable foreman1 under whose eyes the grooms and exercise boys worked4 ,but one afternoon ,faulkner himself came out to see how things were going4 ,he noticed that the three two-year-olds that were ,tim's especial care were already barrier-broken4 ,he cross-examined the lad4 ,tim was reticent4 ,i--,i--jest get 'em used to it1 he faltered4 ,how8 demanded the trainer4 ,i--,i jest lead 'em up to it1 first along1 an' let 'em smell of it and look at it4 ,then ,i git one of the boys to spring it while ,i'm a-standin' by at their heads4 ,they git used to it pretty soon4 ,then ,i ride 'em up to it4 ,humph6 grunted the trainer2 but later he said to the foreman3 ,that kid's got sense4 ,it wasn't long before ,tim was exercising three-year-olds1 and one gray morning when he turned out of the loft where he slept1 the foreman shouted3 ,hurry up1 you ,tim1 an' git yer breakfast4 ,the boy wondered and obeyed4 ,he gulped down the last of his oatmeal1 shot out of the training kitchen1 and ran up to the stables1 where a negro groom was holding a big bay horse1 about which ,faulkner himself was busily working4 ,the trainer arose as the boy ran up4 ,up you go1 kid1 he said and tossed ,tim into the saddle4 ,and ,tim knew that he was to exercise ,lear6 ,and everybody knew that the ,holland stable was pointing ,lear for the ,brooklyn ,handicap6 ,it was a proud moment for ,tim4 ,but his honors didn't sit too heavily on his small shoulders1 for ,faulkner was a hard task-master4 ,jog him to the mile post and send him the last half in 4#ee an' keep yer eye on the flag1 the trainer would order4 ,then the boy would canter away through the gray light1 and the trainer1 handkerchief in one hand and stop-watch in the other1 would mount the fence4 ,if the clock said 4#eg for that last half mile1 or anything between that and 4#ee1 there was a slap on the back and a ,good kid1 for ,tim1 but woe to him if the clicking hand cut it down to 4#ec4 ,mistakes he made1 and many of them1 but they grew fewer and fewer4 ,good hands he had 7for they are born with a boy1 if he's ever to have them7 and an intuitive knowledge of the temper of a horse4 ,a good seat they had taught him at ,the ,vale4 ,and gradually1 little by little and bit by bit1 he came to be what only one jockey in fifty ever grows into--an unerring judge of pace4 ,just what it is that tells a boy whether the muscles of steel that he bestrides are shooting him rhythmically over a furlong of dull brown earth or black and slimy mud in 4#ab-a_/b or 4#ac-a_/d1 some person may perhaps be able to tell1 but certain it is that no person ever has told it4 ,long after ,tim had learned the secret as few boys have ever known it1 ,i asked him4 ,why1 said he1 yew know your hoss1 an' after thet1 why1 yew jest feel it4 ,it was not until the autumn meeting at ,gravesend that ,tim first wore the colors4 ,it was in an overnight selling race for two-year-olds1 for which ,faulkner had in despair named ,gracious4 ,gracious was a merry little short-bodied filly1 who was bred as well as any of the ,holland lot1 but who hadn't done well4 ,out of six starts she had never shown anything1 and ,faulkner had determined to start her once more and then weed her out4 ,the weight1 eighty-seven pounds1 was so light that the stable jockey couldn't make it4 ,then ,faulkner remembered the ,colonel's words3 ,give him a chance1 if he makes good4 ,i'll do it1 he said1 and told ,tim4 ,tim didn't sleep well that night1 and with wide eyes he welcomed the first light of the great day4 ,at last he was to wear the colors6 ,just get her off well and take your time1 said ,faulkner1 as he put the boy up4 ,rate her along to the stretch and then drive her4 ,tim did all that4 ,coming into the stretch1 there were four horses ahead of him on the rail4 ,but two of them were weakening4 ,then ,tim called on the filly4 ,she answered and went up4 ,but the colt next her was staggering4 ,he swerved1 and ,tim had to pull out4 ,he got ,gracious going again and landed her third1 only a head behind the second horse4 ,faulkner was radiant as ,tim dismounted4 ,good kid1 he said4 ,he had backed the filly a bit to run third4 ,but ,tim was almost weeping4 ,i could have won1 he moaned1 if thet there ,blinger hed kep' straight4 ,the boy rode half a dozen races in the next month1 all of them for two-year-olds4 ,he won once and was second twice4 ,among the other apprentice riders he was already a personage1 although1 of course1 he scarcely dared speak to the full-fledged jockeys4 ,and then the ,terror came4 ,it was ,gracious that brought it4 ,there were eight two-years-olds in the seven-furlong sprint on the main track at ,morris ,park4 ,the filly had gone slightly off her feed the night before the race1 but she seemed perfectly fit otherwise1 and ,faulkner determined to start her4 ,she won't finish as strong as she would a week ago1 he told the boy1 as the saddling bugle blew4 ,so you send her along a bit at the start and get the rail4 ,keep her goin' an' let her die in front4 ,i reck'n1 said ,tim confidently1 and they swung him into the saddle4 ,gracious1 under ,tim's riding1 was a quick breaker4 ,she leaped away the instant the barrier rose1 and from the middle of the track the boy took her to the rail before the run up the back-stretch was over4 ,she held her lead till the field had rounded into the stretch1 and then he felt her falter4 ,in an instant he began to ride1 first with hands1 then with hands and feet1 then with hands and feet and whip4 ,but it was not in the filly to answer4 ,at the six-furlong pole she had gone stale--gone stale between two jumps4 ,but the boy kept at her with might and main4 ,illustration3 ,,tim ,,and ,,his ,,mother ,,had ,,left ,,their ,,little ,,cabin ,,at ,,the ,,first ,,crack ,,of ,,dawn ,it was useless4 ,in six strides a brown muzzle crept up to his saddle girth4 ,in two jumps more it reached the filly's shoulder4 ,in three more strides the two were head and head2 and then the brown muzzle was in front4 ,suddenly the brown muzzle drooped1 and the colt faltered4 ,tim took heart again4 ,perhaps1 perhaps he might still nurse the filly home in front4 ,he gripped her withers a bit tighter with his knees and spoke to her1 softly and pleadingly1 as was his wont1 through his clenched teeth3 ,come on1 yew gal--come on1 yew baby--come jes' once mo'--jes' once--we's mos' home now--come--come4 ,come1 yew gal6 ,back to the boy's stirrup came the saddle girth of the brown colt1 as his stride shortened under the staggering drive4 ,tim's heart leaped in his bosom1 for there was the wire not ten jumps away and--he was going to win4 ,come--come1 yew baby1 he whispered almost into the filly's ear1 as he leaned far over her nodding head4 ,the ecstasy of victory thrilled his small body to his very toes4 ,at that instant the brown colt swerved against him4 ,the pungent odor of sweating horseflesh smote his nostrils--the roar of a horrified crowd filled his ears--the track rose up to meet him4 ,a flash of red enveloped his brain--then came darkness and oblivion4 ,when he came to himself1 the first faint light of dawn was sifting in through a window somewhere4 ,time ,i was up fer exercisin'1 he thought1 and he struggled to rise4 ,a flash of pain in his left arm turned him faint and sick4 ,as he wondered over this1 he became aware of a dull1 steady roar that filled the room4 ,again he opened his eyes4 ,dimly he made out the form of a white-capped woman standing over him4 ,then he knew that he was not lying in the loft at ,sheepshead ,bay4 ,are you awake1 little boy8 said a soft voice4 ,i--,i reck'n1 said ,tim faintly4 ,there came the rattle of a heavy vehicle pounding over pavements1 the shrill shriek of a whistle1 the roar of horses' hoofs4 ,then he remembered it all and turned his face to the wall4 ,that same evening ,faulkner came in to see him4 ,well1 ,tim1 he said1 'twas a bad tumble1 hey8 ,how d'you feel8 better8 ,sure1 said the boy feebly4 ,that's fine1 that's fine1 cried the trainer heartily4 ',twa'n't your fault4 ,you done fine4 ,you'd 'a' won1 sure1 'f that chump ,reilly had kep' his colt straight4 ,but don't you care4 ,we'll have you out in a few days1 the ,doc says4 ,i telegraphed the ,colonel you was all to the good1 an' he'll tell yer ma1 so don't you worry about that1 kid4 ,he leaned over1 smiled kindly1 and put a huge hand on the boy's head4 ,it smelled horribly of sweaty horseflesh4 ,with a shudder ,tim turned his head away4 ,you musn't mind a little thing like a tumble1 said the trainer anxiously4 ,they all get 'em4 ,why1 ,i remember when ,i was ridin' a hoss named ---- ,and the kindly horseman blundered on in an attempt to cheer the helpless lad4 ,it seemed to ,tim that he simply must cry out to him to stop1 when the nurse came swiftly up and warned the trainer not to stay any longer4 ,well1 so long1 kid1 was ,faulkner's parting word4 ,oh1 'course yer busted arm won't let yer ride again this fall1 but the season's most over anyway4 ,only two more days o' ,morris ,park1 and y' know we ain't got any cheap ones to start at ,aqueduct4 ,anythin' ,i kin do f' you8 ,tim opened his eyes again4 ,filly hurted8 he asked faintly4 ,the trainer laughed4 ,nothin' to hurt1 he said4 ,skinned her knees a bit1 but ,i was goin' to put her out o' trainin' anyhow4 ,she's ,o4,k4 ,to ,tim's unspeakable relief he lumbered away4 ,with his arm in a sling1 ,tim was out again at the end of a week4 ,much against the boy's will1 ,faulkner took him one day to the meeting at ,aqueduct4 ,there the trainer was soon surrounded by professional colleagues1 and ,tim fled to a seat in the highest row of the grandstand4 ,thence he looked down upon the first stages of a six-furlong sprint1 but when three horses labored home in a tight-fit finish he buried his face in his hands that he might not see them4 ,when he lifted his face again1 he glanced furtively about1 thankful1 oh1 so thankful1 that nobody had noticed him4 ,then self-scorn descended upon him4 ,if he could only go away somewhere and die6 ,furtively1 he wept1 wiping the tears away with one pudgy1 brown fist4 ,for some minutes he stared1 heavy-eyed and broken1 at his feet4 ,ta-ra-ta-ta-ta6 ,ta-ra-ta-ta6 ,the bugle spoke1 calling the handicap horses to the post4 ,tim started up and edged toward the aisle4 ,his racing feet carried him in panic half way down to the lawn4 ,one idea possessed him--to get away--to hide himself1 he didn't care where--anywhere where he couldn't see the horses run4 ,a hand seized him by the shoulder and spun him around4 ,hey1 kid1 said a voice1 how you feelin'8 ,all to the mustard1 hey8 ,it was ,bud ,noble1 star jockey of the ,holland stable1 radiant with all the prestige that comes with twenty thousand a year and the adulation of the racing public4 ,i reck'n1 said ,tim1 and fled again4 ,he had no notion of flight4 ,his feet bore him along unsentiently4 ,suddenly they stopped4 ,and then he knew that he couldn't run away4 ,he must see that race4 ,something within him that would not be denied commanded it4 ,slowly he retraced his steps1 muttering unconsciously3 ,i gotter do it4 ,i gotter do it4 ,presently he found himself back in the top row of the grandstand4 ,as in a dream1 he watched the parade of brilliant colors to the post4 ,as in a dream1 he saw the barrier flash up4 ,the old-time roar ,they're off6 came faint and faraway to his ears4 ,dreamlike1 the field drifted up the back stretch1 rounded the turn1 and straightened out for home4 ,he dug the fingers of his one good hand into the hard wooden bench and held his eyes upon the horses4 ,i gotter do it4 ,i gotter do it1 he muttered still4 ,they were years in reaching the wire4 ,no mortal thoroughbreds ever ran so slowly before since time began4 ,but at last1 at the end of the world1 they finished4 ,and up on the highest bench of the grandstand a little boy1 with white face and wide eyes1 sat back1 limp and still4 ,tim's arm was still in a sling when he got back to ,lexington1 and it was ,january before he could use it to any effect4 ,the intervening weeks he spent at home1 helping his mother as best he could in the round of her hard life1 running her errands and bearing to and fro the various washings by which she lived4 ,for the first time in his life it worried him to see her work so hard4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,negro ,,groom ,,was ,,holding ,a ,,big ,,bay ,,horse1 ,,about ,,which ,,falkner ,,was ,,busily ,,working ,nivver mind1 ,tim1 she would say1 lifting her bent back from the tub in the corner of the kitchen1 soon you'll be the famous jockey wid thousands a year4 ,thin it's your ould mother that'll be wearin' the fine duds and wurruk no more4 ,and then the boy1 sick with shame and fear1 would steal from the house--anywhere to be out of the sight of her and the sound of her voice4 ,sometimes the ,terror would grip him in his sleep1 in the middle of the winter night1 when the wind shrieked under the shingles on the cabin roof or the cold rain drove against the window-pane4 ,more than once he started up1 broad awake1 with the smell of sweating horseflesh sharp and agonizing in his nostrils4 ,once it was the sound of his own voice that woke him1 and he was crying out3 ,come on1 yew baby1 come1 come1 yew gal6 ,then he sat on the edge of his cot1 with the blanket over his shoulders1 until daybreak1 with such thoughts as a boy may know4 ,but on a sunny morning in ,february1 it was ,tim who stood in the great doorway of the stallion stable at ,the ,vale1 saying to the ,colonel3 ,thought mebbe ,i could help yew with the two-year-olds4 ,day by day he strove with himself4 ,little by little he fought the ,terror down4 ,the very smell of the stables turned him faint for a week4 ,he used to creep into ,king ,faraway's box-stall when the big horse stood1 wet under his blanket1 after his morning gallop1 and bury his face in the stallion's mane and rub his nose along the giant withers1 till at last the horrible smell of sweating horseflesh had power to terrify him no more4 ,it was weeks before he could mount without trembling1 but at last he came to do it and--to hope4 ,at last came ,april1 and one evening1 as ,tim was helping with the feeding1 he heard the ,colonel's voice calling him4 ,he trembled a little1 for he knew what was coming4 ,i've a letter from ,faulkner1 said the ,colonel1 and he's asking for you1 ,tim4 ,shall ,i tell him you'll be up with the new batch of youngsters8 ,it was the cast of the die4 ,i reck'n1 said ,tim stoutly4 ,but it wasn't quite the same old ,sheepshead ,bay that ,tim went back to4 ,he did his work as faithfully and skilfully as ever4 ,his hand was just as light and sure2 he had not lost his sense of pace4 ,but the first pale light of day did not send him out to the stables with every nerve in his lithe body tingling for very joy of the work that was coming4 ,and once1 when he saw a stable-boy thrown--the ,terror rose at him again2 not with the old terrible leap1 to be sure1 but he saw ,its face for an instant4 ,he will never forget his first race that spring4 ,again he rode a two-year-old1 and he won without difficulty1 nobody guessed at what expense4 ,as the season went on1 he rode again and again1 and sometimes he won1 and oftener not4 ,but ,faulkner saw and shook his head4 ,if ,tim's horse won1 it was because its own speed and the judgment of its rider did it4 ,nobody ever saw ,tim take a chance4 ,other boys might leave him space to squeeze through if they liked4 ,he never did it4 ,it was the longest way 'round and plain sailing for ,tim4 ,no mad1 brilliant rush for the rail4 ,no fine finishes from unlucky beginnings4 ,and ,faulkner watched and saw it all4 ,once the boy caught the trainer looking at him1 thoughtful and puzzled4 ,a big lump rose in his throat and strangled him1 and he stumbled away with his grief4 ,it seemed to him that he could not live on any longer4 ,he grew even more grave and silent as the days went on1 shunned the other stable-boys1 and kept stolidly to himself4 ,it had to end sometime1 somehow1 and the ending of it was notable--because ,tim was ,tim1 ,i suppose4 ,for the ,suburban ,handicap1 with the ,brooklyn the greatest of the classic races for the older horses1 the ,holland stable had two candidates4 ,the first was the five-year-old ,gladstone1 son of ,juniper and winner of fifteen races1 one of them a ,metropolitan4 ,the second was ,kate ,greenaway1 a three-year-old filly by ,king ,faraway1 whose only claim to distinction was that she had won third place in the ,futurity of the preceding year4 ,but1 though ,gladstone was the stable's main reliance1 the filly's work had been dazzling1 and the shrewd ,faulkner had hopes of her4 ,bud ,noble1 as stable jockey1 was to ride ,gladstone1 while the trainer relied on the light-weight ,ban ,johnson1 on whom the stable had second call1 to handle ,kate ,greenaway4 ,tim knew the filly as no one else knew her or could know her4 ,down at ,the ,vale1 before ever he came to the races1 he had been the first to put halter and bridle on her2 his small legs were the first to bestride her2 he had broken her to the barrier until she seemed actually to like the thing1 and in her work she had been his especial charge4 ,but he had never ridden her in a race4 ,the running of a big handicap at a ,metropolitan track is an impressive event1 even to the man who knows nothing of horses4 ,to him who loves the thoroughbred it is inspiring4 ,to ,tim it was something more than that--a thing to make you tremble4 ,all morning the boy hung uneasily about the stable4 ,he ate scarcely any dinner and roved restlessly about until it was time to take the filly to the paddock4 ,he got her there just as the horses were going to the post for the third race4 ,the ,suburban was the fourth4 ,up and down under the great shed he walked his charge1 blanketed and hooded1 in the wake of towering1 black ,gladstone4 ,soon a shouting from the grandstand announced that the third race was over4 ,then came a rush of hundreds to see the ,suburban horses saddled4 ,one by one1 the candidates filed out to the track for their warming-up gallops--,boston1 top-weight1 favorite and winner of the ,metropolitan1 and second in the ,brooklyn2 ,carley1 winner of the ,advance the season before2 ,catchall1 the speedy ,hastings mare2 and all the rest--all save ,kate ,greenaway4 ,once1 in a warming-up gallop1 she had run away1 and ,faulkner would never take chances with her after that4 ,so ,tim walked her up and down by herself1 thankful1 yet ashamed1 that somebody else was to ride her4 ,suddenly the stable foreman ran up4 ,hi1 you ,tim1 he shouted1 hustle over to the dressin' room an' git on yer duds4 ,skin along1 now1 no time to lose4 ,tim stood gaping4 ,git a move on--git a move6 ,my ,gawd6 ,you ain't got no time to lose4 ,ban's fell down an' sprained his ankle4 ,tim trudged over to the jockey's house1 his eyes on the ground4 ,over in the paddock1 ,faulkner listened stubbornly to the foreman4 ,i tell you1 the latter was saying1 the kid's lost his nerve4 ,ain't you seen it all along8 ,he ain't took a chance sence his tumble4 ,why dontcher give the mount to ,tyson or ,biff ,barry8 ,they ain't neither of 'em got a mount4 ,nothin' doin'1 rejoined the trainer4 ,the kid knows the filly--brought her up1 almost4 ,he can ride1 too1 if he don't get in a tight place1 an' that ain't likely4 ,tyson can't make the weight4 ,b'sides1 ,i told the ,colonel ,i'd give the kid a chance4 ,an'1 he concluded1 this is it4 ,all right1 said the foreman1 but you'll see4 ,he's lost his nerve4 ,why1 he got white eraoun' the gills when ,i tol' him4 ,illustration3 ,,he ,,sat ,,on ,,the ,,edge ,,of ,,his ,,cot1 ,,with ,,the ,,blanket ,,over ,,his ,,shoulders1 ,,until ,,daybreak ,tim had grown like a weed since he first saw ,sheepshead ,bay1 but it was a slender1 fragile figure that the trainer tossed into the chestnut filly's saddle when the bugle blew4 ,now1 kid1 said ,faulkner quietly1 throwing one arm over the crupper1 you're third from the rail4 ,you know the filly as well as ,i do4 ,she's fit to the minute4 ,she'll run in #b4jc1 if she ain't rushed in the first half4 ,hold yer place an' let the sprinters do their sprintin'4 ,they'll come back4 ,keep her goin' her pace for a mile1 an' if you have to ride her the last quarter1 make her sweat for it4 ,she's game fer a drive4 ,they don't make 'em no gamer4 ,the lad heard scarcely a word4 ,he wasn't frightened4 ,he was sullen1 rebellious against--against everything4 ,it was one more race to him--commonplace1 perfunctory1 tiresome4 ,he was going to get through with it in the easiest way he could4 ,he thought with relief of the wide spaces and easy turns of the great track4 ,keep up yer nerve1 kid1 said ,bud ,noble1 turning in his saddle and looking back at ,tim as the field filed through the paddock gate4 ,tim grinned scornfully4 ,what a notion6 ,why should anybody need nerve to gallop a horse around a track8 ,he had only one idea--to keep out of trouble4 ,so1 perfectly calm and very much bored1 he danced to the starting-gate on the chestnut filly4 ,he paid little attention to the fretful doings there4 ,he was haunted by no fear that he might be left4 ,it was a nuisance to have to keep an eye on the vicious heels of ,baldy1 the swayback gelding at his left--that was all4 ,but ,kate ,greenaway had no intention of being left4 ,she kept her dainty nose on the webbing from the instant she got it there1 for hadn't ,tim taught her that8 ,and when1 at last1 all the fussing and fuming was over1 and the whips of the starter's assistants had ceased their hissing1 and the pleadings and threats of the starter himself were done1 and the gate swished up before the fourteen racers1 the filly's first bound beat the gate by half a length4 ,tim was a trifle disgusted4 ,blast the filly1 anyhow6 he thought4 ,it was no part of his plan to lead that roaring field4 ,he took a double wrap on the reins1 and his mount came back till two lithe1 lean forms slid up abreast her on the rail1 and a third on the outside4 ,that was better1 thought ,tim1 and the sprinters drew out ahead of him4 ,contentedly he fell in on the rail behind them4 ,a storm of dirt clods smote the filly in the face4 ,another pelted ,tim on the forehead4 ,he took a tighter hold on ,kate ,greenaway1 and the sprinters drew away another length4 ,it would have been an easy thing for him to choke her back still further1 but somehow a surge of generous feeling for the game creature beat down his sullen selfishness1 and he hadn't the heart to strangle her4 ,illustration3 ,,in ,,his ,,ears ,,was ,,the ,,roar ,,from ,,thirty ,,thousand ,,throats ,,in ,,the ,,grandstand ,the leaders had by this time swung around the first turn1 and as they passed the half-mile mark two noses intruded themselves on ,tim's vision on the outside4 ,hello1 he thought1 old long-distance ,boston is movin' up4 ,an' ,carley1 to keep him from gettin' lonesome4 ,but the track was wide1 they ran straight and true and kept their distance4 ,suddenly the sprinters began to come back4 ,in five seconds ,tim would have to pull up behind them4 ,this was disgusting6 ,if only he were on the outside6 ,a clod of earth struck his breast4 ,instinctively he let out a wrap on the reins4 ,the filly went up to the sprinters in ten jumps4 ,as he ranged alongside1 ,tim took another hold on her4 ,no more front positions for him4 ,he was outside1 and he meant to stay there and be derned to 'em6 ,then one of the sprinters fell back1 beaten already1 and as ,boston somehow sifted into the vacant place ,tim noted with a gasp that here was the far turn already1 and he was with the leaders4 ,this surprised him so much that the last turn leaped past before he realised that there were only two horses between him and the rail4 ,one of them was black ,boston1 top-weight at one hundred and twenty-nine2 the other was ,carley4 ,he was getting a bit interested in spite of himself4 ,the boys on the older horses began to urge them a bit1 and as they swung around the turn and into the stretch they drew away a couple of lengths4 ,tim sat still4 ,he was in that delightful outside place1 with acres of room4 ,he even glanced over at the in-field where the patrol judge stood with his glasses to his eyes4 ,he remembered afterward that that official's weird whiskers amused him4 ,then something happened4 ,kate ,greenaway became mistress of herself4 ,as she swung round the turn1 a wide space confronted her1 left by the leaders between themselves and the rail4 ,kate ,greenaway had been taught to hunt that rail as a homing pigeon its cote4 ,she sought it now so sharply that ,tim all but lost his seat4 ,instantly the boy awoke4 ,he remembered the prize he was riding for--the ,suburban6 the ,suburban6 ,straight before him for a quarter of a mile gleamed the track1 yellow in the ,june sunlight4 ,nothing to do but ride--straight--straight to the wire4 ,all the slumbering life in his body awoke from its sullen sleep4 ,he blessed the splendid filly racing so true and so strong beneath him1 and he sat down for the first time to help her with every ounce of his power and every trace of his skill4 ,he knew she could win4 ,he knew she had been going well within herself1 and still she was where she could strike4 ,now was the time to ride1 and he rode as he had never ridden before1 standing in the stirrups1 crouched over the gallant filly's neck1 rising and falling in perfect rhythm with her every stride4 ,and1 bless her6 that stride had not begun to shorten yet4 ,steadily she crept up on the older horses fighting their duel before her4 ,tim could see from the tail of his eye that both their riders were working for dear life--and he had only just begun to ride4 ,his heart bounded again beneath his brilliant jacket1 and again he urged the filly4 ,but what was that8 ,surely1 surely his path was growing narrower4 ,in six strides more he was sure of it4 ,carley1 on the outside1 was boring in under the drive1 and ,boston was pulling in to keep from fouling4 ,there's no time to pick daisies in the last furlong of the ,suburban4 ,all the months of ,tim's purgatory called to him to pull up before they squeezed him against that deadly rail4 ,he tried to do it1 but his wrists had gone limp4 ,the next instant the bay and the black were running stride for stride half a length before the filly--and closing in4 ,then rose the ,terror and gripped ,tim by the throat4 ,the moment had come4 ,they had pinned him on the rail4 ,under the gruelling drive ,carley staggered again4 ,he bumped ,boston4 ,tim felt the big horse graze his boot as he wavered4 ,instantly that pungent smell of sweating horseflesh stung his nostrils1 and with it flashed the memory of that awful day to smite him helpless4 ,again he tried to pull up1 and again he failed4 ,his wrists were palsied4 ,why didn't he fall6 ,oh1 why didn't he fall6 ,under his quaking knees the withers of the gallant filly still rose and fell1 mightily1 rhythmically2 her lean1 beautiful neck stretched out as if to meet the goal1 her nostrils wide and blood-red1 through which the air came and went1 roaring1 like the escape of steam from a mighty valve1 her eyeballs starting from their sockets4 ,then sickening shame smote him on his quivering lips4 ,he seemed to realise for the first time that the filly was waging her terrible fight alone4 ,the ,terror dropped from the boy like a bad dream when one awakes4 ,a frenzy of pride and love for the filly swept over him4 ,he had no hope4 ,the next instant he would hear that terrified roar of the crowd1 the track would leap up to meet him1 that flash of red would smite him1 and blackness would fold him about4 ,but the beautiful filly should not go down with a coward astride her6 ,he found himself talking to her as of old1 crouching low till his lips all but brushed her fine1 straight ears3 ,come on1 yew gal6 ,katie--yew ,katie6 ,come on6 ,almos' home6 ,almos'6 ,come--come1 yew darlin'6 ,closer pressed the driven ,boston1 till his rider's stirrup locked ,tim's4 ,and then the boy knew that the last moment had come4 ,it was fall or win and instantly4 ,in his ears was the creak and protest of the straining saddles and girths1 the roar from thirty thousand throats in the grandstand1 the whistle of the breath of three great horses locked in a desperate struggle1 the thunder of the flying hoofs behind him4 ,he had the right of way--let them unbar it1 or crash to destruction--all three6 ,gripping the reins with his right hand1 he raised his whip in his left and let it fall1 once--twice--three times4 ,somewhere in her straining1 breathless1 driven body the filly had one ounce more left4 ,gallantly1 instantly1 she gave it4 ,the rail grazed the boy's left boot4 ,his right was driven up to the filly's loins4 ,she faltered--but she was through--through that strangling pocket1 reeling1 staggering1 half-blind and splendid1 and the ,suburban was hers by a nod4 ,they lifted ,tim in the famous floral horse-shoe1 and they cheered and cheered him again4 ,grandest finish ,i ever see1 said ,faulkner1 and ,my ,gawd6 what a drive6 said the stable foreman1 gaping4 ,but to little ,tim it meant only one thing--the greatest1 most beautiful thing that could be--the ,terror was gone forever4 ,he took a deep breath and looked about him on a new world4 ,illustration ,,japan',s ,,strength ,,in ,,war ,,by ,,general ,,kuropatkin ,,translated ,,by ,,george ,,kennan ,,illustrated ,,with ,,photographs ,although the trial of war through which our country and our army passed in #aijd-e is now a subject for history1 the material thus far collected is not sufficiently abundant to enable the historian to estimate fairly the events that preceded the war1 nor to give a detailed explanation of the defeats that we sustained in the course of it4 ,it is urgently necessary1 however1 that we should make immediate use of our recent experience1 because by ascertaining the nature of our mistakes and the weaknesses of our troops we may learn what means should be adopted to increase1 hereafter1 the material and spiritual strength of our military force4 ,in times past1 when wars were carried on by small standing armies1 defeats did not affect the every-day interests of the whole nation so profoundly as they affect them now1 when the obligation to render military service is general1 and when1 in time of war1 most of our soldiers are drawn from the great body of the people4 ,if a war is to be successful1 in these days1 it must be carried on1 not by an army1 but by an armed nation1 and in such a contest all sides of the national life are more seriously affected and all defeats are more acutely felt than they were in times past4 ,when the national pride has been humiliated by failure in war1 attempts are usually made to ascertain what brought about the failure and who was responsible for it4 ,some persons attribute it to general causes1 others to special causes4 ,some censure the system1 or the rgime1 while others throw the blame on particular individuals4 ,i have been so closely connected with immensely important events in the ,far ,east1 and have been responsible to such an extent for the failure of our military operations there1 that ,i can hardly hope to take an absolutely dispassionate and objective view of the persons and matters that ,i shall deal with in the present work2 but my object is not so much to justify myself by replying to the charges that have been brought against me personally as to furnish material that will make it easier for the future historian to state fairly the reasons for our defeat1 and thus render possible the adoption of measures that will prevent such defeats hereafter4 ,the army that ,russia put into the field in #aijd-e was unable1 in the time allowed1 to conquer the ,japanese2 and yet ,japan1 only a short time before the war began1 had no regular army and was regarded by us as a second-class ,power4 ,how was she able to win a complete victory over ,russia at sea1 and to defeat a powerful ,russian army on land8 ,many writers will study this question and1 in time1 they will give us a comprehensive answer to it2 but ,i shall confine myself1 in the present work1 to an enumeration of the most broad and general reasons for ,japanese success4 ,among the most important of such reasons is the following3--we did not fully appreciate the material and moral strength of ,japan and did not regard a conflict with her seriously enough4,a ,the ,secret ,growth of ,japan's ,army ,the ,japanese first became our neighbors when1 in the reign of ,peter the ,great1 we acquired the peninsula of ,kamchatka4 ,in #ahfj1 by virtue of the ,treaty of ,peking1 we took peaceful possession of the extensive ,usuri territory2 moved down to the boundary of ,korea2 and obtained an outlet on the ,sea of ,japan4 ,this sea1 which is almost completely enclosed by ,korea and the ,japanese islands1 was immensely important to the whole adjacent coast of the main land2 but as the straits that connected it with the ocean were in the hands of the ,japanese1 we might easily be prevented by them from getting free access to the ,pacific4 ,when we acquired the island of ,sakhalin1 we obtained an outlet through the ,tartar ,strait2 but that was all we had1 and during a large part of the time it was frozen over4 ,for a long time1 ,japan lived a life that was wholly apart from ours and did not particularly attract our attention4 ,we knew the ,japanese as extremely skilful and patient artisans2 we were fond of the things that they made2 and we were charmed with the delicacy and bright coloring of their artistic products2 but1 from a military point of view1 we took no interest in them and regarded them as a weak nation4 ,our sailors always spoke with sympathetic appreciation of the country and its inhabitants1 and were delighted to stay in ,japanese ports--especially ,nagasaki1 where they were liked and favorably remembered2 but our travellers1 diplomats1 and naval officers entirely overlooked the awakening of an energetic1 independent people4 ,in #ahfg1 the army of ,japan consisted of nine battalions of infantry1 two squadrons of cavalry1 and eight batteries1 and numbered only #aj1jjj men4 ,this force1 which formed the cadre of the present army1 had ,french teachers and adopted from the latter the ,french uniform4 ,after the ,franco-,german war of #ahgj-ga1 ,german officers took the places of the ,french instructors2 military service was made a national obligation2 and ,japanese officers were sent to ,europe1 every year1 for the purpose of study4 ,at the time of her war with ,china1 ,japan had an army consisting of seven infantry divisions2 but finding herself unable1 at the end of that war1 to retain the fruits of her victory1 on account of her weakness both on land and at sea1 she made every possible effort to create an army and a fleet that would be strong enough to protect her interests4 ,on the #aith of ,march1 #ahif1 the ,mikado issued a decree providing for such a reorganization of the army as would double its strength in the course of seven years4 ,this reorganization was completed in #aijc4 ,our military and naval authorities did not overlook the creation and development in ,japan of a strong army and fleet2 but they confined themselves to the collection and tabulation of statistics4 ,we kept an account of every ship built and every division of troops organized2 but we did not estimate highly enough these beginnings of ,japan1 and did not admit the possibility of measuring her fighting-power by ,european standards4 ,the latest information that we had with regard to her military strength1 prior to the late war1 was compiled by our ,general ,staff from the reports of ,colonel ,vannofski and other ,russian military agents in ,tokio4 ,it showed that her army1 on a peace footing1 numbered #h1aaf officers and #acc1deg men 7not including the troops in ,formosa72 and on a war footing1 #aj1gce officers 7not including reserve officers7 and #cdh1jgd men1 with perhaps #ej1jjj untrained reserve recruits4 ,there was no mention of additional reserve forces4 ,russian ,generals ,pigeonhole ,reports of ,japan's ,fighting ,strength ,in #aijc ,colonel ,adabash1 who had just visited ,japan1 gave to ,general ,zhilinski1 of our ,general ,staff1 very important information with regard to new reserves which the ,japanese were organizing for service in case of war4 ,inasmuch1 however1 as this information did not agree at all with that previously furnished by ,colonel ,vannofski1 ,general ,zhilinski did not give it credence4 ,a few months later1 ,captain ,rusine1 a very talented officer who was acting as naval observer in ,japan1 made a similar report upon ,japanese reserves to his superiors1 and extracts from it were furnished to ,general ,sakharoff1 ,chief of ,staff of the army4 ,although the information contained in this report ultimately proved to be perfectly accurate1 the report was pigeonholed1 simply because ,generals ,zhilinski and ,sakharoff did not believe it2 and in our compendium of data with regard to the military strength of ,japan in #aijc-d1 no reference whatever was made to additional reserve forces4 ,according to the figures of our ,general ,staff1 therefore1 the total number of available men in the standing army1 the territorial army1 and the regular reserve of ,japan1 was a little more than #djj1jjj4;,b ,illustration3 ,stereograph copyright1 #aijd1 by ,underwood ,underwood ,,school ,,children ,,being ,,drilled ,,in ,,military ,,tactics ,,near ,,tokio1 ,,japan ,recently published official reports of ,general ,kipke1 ,chief ,medical ,inspector of the ,japanese army1 show that the loss of the ,japanese in killed and wounded1 in the course of the war1 was as follows3 ,killed #dg1chg ,wounded #agc1dbe ,total #bbj1hab ,their loss in killed1 wounded1 and sick was #eed1hhe--;a number considerably greater than the whole force which1 according to the figures of our ,general ,staff1 they could put into the field4 ,they sent #cbj1jjj sick and wounded back from ,manchuria to ,japan4 ,illustration3 ,,viscount ,,katsura ,,prime ,,minister ,,of ,,japan ,,during ,,the ,,russian-,,japanese ,,war ,other available information is to the effect that the bodies of #fj1fbd killed were buried in the cemetery of honor in ,tokio1 and that1 in addition to these1 #ge1ede men died from wounds or disease4 ,the ,japanese thus admit the loss of #ace1jjj men by death4,c ,their ,chief ,medical ,inspector says that their killed and wounded amounted to #ad4eh per cent of their entire force1 from which it would appear that they put into the field against us troops of various categories to the number of #a1ejj1jjj--or more than three times the estimate of our ,general ,staff4 ,in view of these facts1 it is evident that our information with regard to their fighting strength was insufficient4 ,at the time when they had hundreds of avowed and secret agents in the ,far ,east1 studying the strength of our land and naval forces1 we entrusted the collection of data with regard to their military strength and resources to a single officer of the ,general ,staff1 and1 unfortunately1 our military observers were not always well selected4 ,one of these experts in ,japanese affairs said1 in ,vladivostok1 before hostilities began1 that1 in the event of war1 we might count on one ,russian soldier as equal to three ,japanese4 ,after the first engagements he moderated his tone and admitted that it might be necessary to put one ,russian against every ,japanese4 ,at the end of another month he declared that1 in order to win victories1 we must meet every ,japanese soldier in the field with three ,russians4 ,another of our military agents1 who had been in ,japan1 predicted authoritatively that ,port ,arthur would fall in a very short time1 and that immediately thereafter the same fate would overtake ,vladivostok4 ,i sharply reprimanded the faint-hearted babbler and threatened to dismiss him from the army if he continued to make such injurious and inopportune remarks4 ,moral ,superiority of the ,japanese ,but it was not only with regard to ,japan's material strength that our information was insufficient4 ,we underestimated1 or entirely overlooked1 her moral strength4 ,according to that great leader ,napoleon1 three fourths of an army's success in war is due to the moral character of its soldiers4 ,this relation of moral character to material success still exists1 although the conditions of battle1 in these days1 are more trying than they were in the ,napoleonic wars4 ,and now1 more than ever before1 the moral strength of the army depends upon the temper of the nation4 ,armies are now so organized that1 in case of war1 soldiers are drawn1 for the most part1 from the reserves4 ,a successful war1 therefore1 must be a popular war1 and victory must be attained by the hearty coperation of the whole people with its ,government4 ,the recent contest in ,manchuria was a popular war for the ,japanese1 but not for us4 ,the ,korean question1 and the question of naval supremacy on the waters of the ,pacific1 involved vital ,japanese interests1 and the immense importance of these interests was so clearly understood and so fully appreciated by the ,japanese people that the war for their protection was a national war4 ,japan spent ten years in preparing for it1 and then the whole nation carried it on4 ,japanese soldiers1 deeply conscious of the bearing that their exploits might have on the future of the country1 fought with a self-sacrificing devotion and a stubbornness that we had never seen in any war in which we had previously been engaged4 ,sometimes1 in villages that we had taken by assault1 a handful of ,japanese soldiers would barricade themselves in native houses and die there rather than retreat or surrender4 ,japanese officers who fell into our hands--even wounded officers--generally committed suicide4 ,it is quite possible that when we have a true history of the war based on ,japanese sources of information1 our pride may receive another blow4 ,we already know that in many cases we outnumbered the enemy1 and still we were not victorious4 ,the explanation of this1 however1 is very simple4 ,the ,japanese1 in these cases1 were inferior to us materially1 but they were stronger than we morally4,d ,to this aspect of the struggle we should give particular attention1 because military history shows that1 in all wars1 the antagonist who is strongest morally wins the victory4 ,the only exceptions are such contests as that between the ,english and the ,boers in ,south ,africa and that between the ,north and the ,south in ,america4 ,the ,english were weaker than the ,boers morally1 but they put into the field an overwhelming force1 and1 in spite of many defeats1 they finally conquered4 ,in the ,american war1 the army of the ,south was in the same position that the ,boer army was1 and the ,northerners had to put a superior force into the field in order to overcome it4 ,illustration3 ,,general ,,terauchi ,,japanese ,,minister ,,of ,,war ,extraordinary ,popularity of the ,war in ,japan ,among the sources of moral strength that failed to attract our attention in ,japan were the following3 ,the training of her citizens had long been patriotic and warlike in tendency2 her educational system had inculcated an ardent love of country2 and even in her primary schools children were prepared1 from their earliest years1 to be soldiers4 ,the people regarded the army with profound respect and trust1 and young men served in it with pride4 ,all these things we failed to see1 and we overlooked also the iron discipline enforced in the army and the rle played in it by the samurai officers4 ,we wholly failed to appreciate1 moreover1 the vital importance of the ,korean question to ,japan1 and the strength of the hostile feeling that was raised against us when the ,japanese were deprived of the fruits of their victory after their war with ,china4 ,the party of ,young ,japan had long insisted upon war with ,russia and had been restrained only by a prudent ,government4 ,when the war began1 we recovered our powers of perception1 but it was then too late4 ,and at that time1 when the war was not only unpopular in ,russia but incomprehensible to the ,russian people1 the ,japanese1 with a great outburst of enthusiastic patriotism1 were responding1 like a single man1 to the call to arms4 ,in some cases ,japanese mothers even killed themselves1 when their sons1 on account of weakness or ill health1 were denied admission to the army4 ,hundreds of men volunteered to undertake the most desperate enterprises1 in the face of certain death2 and many officers and soldiers1 before going to the front1 had funeral ceremonies performed over their bodies1 in order to show that they intended to die for their native land4 ,the youth of the ,empire crowded into the army1 and the heads of the most distinguished families sought to serve their country by enlisting themselves1 by sending their sons to the front1 or by helping to pay the expenses of the war4 ,some ,japanese regiments1 in attacking our positions1 threw themselves with the cry of ,banzai6 upon our obstructions1 struggled over or through them1 filled our ditches with the bodies of their dead1 and then1 rushing across upon the corpses of their comrades1 forced their way into our entrenchments4 ,the army and the whole people appreciated the importance of the war1 understood the significance of the events that were taking place1 and were ready to make sacrifices in order to achieve success4 ,illustration3 ,copyrighted by ,underwood ,underwood ,,general ,,kodama ,,chief ,,staff ,,officer ,,of ,,the ,,japanese ,,army ,,in ,,manchuria ,military ,training of ,japanese ,children ,after the ,japanese-,chinese war1 of which ,i made a most careful and detailed study1 ,i myself was inspired with a feeling of respect for the ,japanese army and watched its growth with anxiety4 ,then1 in #aijj1 the part played by the ,japanese troops that coperated with ours in the province of ,pechili confirmed me in the belief that they were excellent soldiers4 ,during my short stay in ,japan1 ,i was unable to acquaint myself thoroughly with the country and its military forces1 but what ,i did learn was enough to convince me that the results attained by the ,japanese in the course of twenty-five or thirty years were astounding4 ,i saw a beautiful country1 with a large and industrious population4 ,intense activity prevailed everywhere1 and ,i was impressed by the people's joy in life1 their love of country1 and their faith in their future4 ,in their military school1 where ,i saw a ,spartan system of education1 the exercises of the cadets with pikes1 rifles1 and broadswords were not approached by anything of the kind that ,i had witnessed in ,europe1--it was fighting of the fiercest character4 ,at the end of the struggle there was a hand-to-hand combat1 which lasted until the victors stood triumphant over the bodies of the vanquished and tore off their masks4 ,in these exercises1 which were very severe1 the cadets struck one another fiercely and with wild cries2 but the moment a prearranged signal was given1 or the fight came to an end1 the combatants drew themselves up in a line and their faces assumed an expression of wooden composure4 ,illustration3 ,stereograph copyrighted by the ,h4 ,c4 ,white ,co4 ,,marshal ,,oyama ,,commander-,,in-,,chief ,,in ,,manchuria ,,of ,,the ,,japanese ,,army ,,during ,,the ,,russo-,,japanese ,,war ,in all the public schools prominence was given to military exercises1 and the pupils took part in them with enthusiasm4 ,even in their walks they practised running1 flanking1 and sudden1 unexpected attacks of one party on another4 ,the history of ,japan was everywhere made a means of strengthening the pupils' patriotism and their belief in ,japan's invincibility4 ,particular stress was laid upon the country's successful wars1 the heroes of them were extolled1 and the children were taught that none of ,japan's military enterprises had ever failed4 ,japan's ,material ,resources ,in the manufactories of arms ,i saw the turning out of rifles in immense numbers1 and the work was being done swiftly1 accurately1 and cheaply4 ,in ,kobe and ,nagasaki ,i inspected attentively the ship-building yards1 where they were constructing not only torpedo boats but armored cruisers1 and where all the work was being done by their own mechanics and foremen under the direction of their own engineers4 ,at the great national exposition in ,osaka there was a splendid and instructive display of the country's manufactures1 including textiles1 products of cottage industry1 complicated instruments1 grand pianos1 and guns of the largest caliber--all made in ,japan1 by ,japanese workmen1 and out of ,japanese materials4 ,i saw nothing of foreign origin except raw cotton and iron1 which were imported from ,china and ,europe4 ,and the products displayed at this exposition were not more worthy of attention than the observant1 courteous1 and always dignified throng of ,japanese visitors4 ,in the agriculture of ,japan many of the methods were ancient1 but the culture was unquestionably high4 ,the fields were carefully worked1 and the effort to make every foot of land yield all that it could1 the struggle to raise crops even on the mountain sides1 and the insufficiency of the country's food products despite this intensive culture1 showed that the people were becoming overcrowded on their islands1 and that the ,korean question was for them a question of vital importance4 ,i lived ten days among the fishermen1 and saw something of the reverse side of ,japan's rapid development under ,european conditions4 ,many complaints were made to me of heavy taxes1 which had increased greatly in later years1 and of the high cost of the necessaries of life4 ,i witnessed reviews of the ,japanese troops1 including the division of ,guards1 two regiments of the ,first ,division1 two regiments of cavalry1 and many batteries4 ,the marching was admirable1 and the common soldiers appeared like our younkers4 ,the officers and leaders of the ,japanese army whom ,i saw and met made upon me a very favorable impression4 ,the culture and knowledge of military affairs that many of them possessed would have given them places of honor in any army4 ,with ,general ,terauchi1 the ,japanese ,minister of ,war1 ,i had had friendly relations ever since #ahhf1 when we met in ,france at the great manoeuvers directed by ,general ,levalle4 ,among others whose acquaintance ,i made were ,generals ,yamagata1 ,oyama1 ,kodama1 ,fukushima1 ,nodzu1 ,hasegawa1 and ,murata1 and the ,imperial princes1 ,fushimi and ,kanin4 ,in spite of a terrible war1 which has separated by a barrier nations that were apparently created for union and friendship1 ,i still cherish a sympathetic feeling for my ,tokio acquaintances4 ,especially do ,i remember with respect their ardent love of country and their devotion to their ,emperor--feelings that they have since made manifest in deeds4 ,i met also in ,tokio many leaders in fields other than that of war1 among whom were ,ito1 ,katsura1 and ,komura4 ,in the report that ,i made to the ,emperor1 after my return from ,japan1 ,i placed the military power of the ,japanese on a level with that of ,european nations4 ,i regarded one of our battalions as equal to two battalions of ,japanese in defence1 but ,i estimated that in attack we should have two battalions to their one4 ,the test of war has shown that my conclusions were correct4 ,there were lamentable cases1 of course1 in which the ,japanese1 with a smaller number of battalions1 drove our forces from the positions that they occupied2 but these results were due either to mistakes in the direction of our troops1 or to numerical inferiority in the fighting strength of our battalions4 ,in the last days of the battle of ,mukden1 some of our brigades consisted of hardly more than a thousand bayonets4 ,it is evident that the ,japanese had to put into the field only two or three battalions in order to deal successfully with a brigade of such depleted strength4 ,all that ,i saw and learned of ,japan1 or her military strength1 and of the nature of her problems in the ,far ,east1 convinced me that it would be necessary for us to come to a peaceable understanding with her1 and that we should have to make great concessions--concessions that1 at first sight1 might seem humiliating to our national pride--in order to avoid war with her4 ,as ,i have already said1 ,i did not hesitate even to propose the return of ,port ,arthur and ,kwang-tung to ,china and the sale of the southern branch of the ,eastern ,chinese ,railway4 ,i foresaw that the threatened war would be extremely unpopular in ,russia2 that there would be no manifestation of patriotic spirit1 on account of the people's ignorance of the objects of the war2 and that the leaders of the anti-,government party would avail themselves of the opportunity to increase domestic discontent and disorder4 ,i did not1 however1 anticipate that the ,japanese would display so much energy1 activity1 courage1 and lofty patriotism1 and ,i therefore erred in my estimate of the time that the struggle would require4 ,in view of the insufficiency of our railroad transportation1 we should have allowed three years for the war1 instead of the year and a half that ,i thought would be enough4 ,with all their strong points1 the ,japanese manifested weaknesses that may be shown again in future wars4 ,i shall not enumerate them1 but ,i will say that1 in many cases1 the outcome of the fight was in doubt1 and that in other cases we escaped defeat only through the errors of the ,japanese commanders4 ,there is a saying that the victor is not judged4 ,i may add that to the victor is rendered homage1 and this is true of the ,japanese4 ,the general tone of the whole press was favorable to them1 and even their practical and well-balanced heads might well have been turned by the praise that they received4 ,no one went further in this direction than ,count ,leo ,tolstoi4 ,in an article published in a foreign journal1,e our gifted author and philosopher expressed the conviction that the ,japanese defeated us because1 owing to their warlike patriotism and the power of their ruling authorities1 they are the mightiest nation on earth1 and are not to be conquered by any one1 either at sea or on land4 ,illustration3 ,stereograph copyrighted by ,underwood ,underwood ,,japanese ,,army ,,transportation ,,corps ,,moving ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,siege ,,guns ,,which ,,were ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,destruction ,,of ,,port ,,arthur ,the strength of ,japan was in the complete union of her people1 army1 and government1 and it was this union that gave her the victory4 ,we carried on the contest with our army alone1 and even the army was weakened by the unfavorable disposition of the people toward all things military4 ,our aims in the ,far ,east were not understood by our officers and soldiers1 and1 furthermore1 the general feeling of discontent which already prevailed in all classes of our population made the war so hateful that it aroused no patriotism whatever4 ,many good officers hastened to offer their services--a fact that is easily explained--but all ranks of society remained indifferent4 ,a few hundreds of the common people volunteered1 but no eagerness to enter the army was shown by the sons of our high dignitaries1 of our merchants1 or of our scientific men4 ,out of the tens of thousands of students who were then living in idleness1,f many of them at the expense of the ,empire1 only a handful volunteered1,g while at that very time1 in ,japan1 sons of the most distinguished citizens--even boys fourteen and fifteen years of age--were striving for places in the ranks4 ,japanese mothers1 as ,i have already said1 killed themselves through shame1 when their sons were found to be physically unfit for military service4 ,russian ,discipline ,undermined by the ,revolutionists ,the indifference of ,russia to the bloody struggle which her sons were carrying on--for little understood objects and in a foreign land--could not fail to discourage even the best soldiers4 ,men are not inspired to deeds of heroism by such an attitude toward them on the part of their country4 ,but ,russia was not merely indifferent4 ,leaders of the revolutionary party strove1 with extraordinary energy1 to multiply our chances of failure1 hoping thus to facilitate the attainment of their own dark objects4 ,there appeared a whole literature of clandestine publications1 intended to lessen the confidence of officers in their superiors1 to shake the trust of soldiers in their officers1 and to undermine the faith of the whole army in the ,government4 ,in an ,address to the ,officers of the ,russian ,army1 published and widely circulated by the ,social ,revolutionists1 the main idea was expressed as follows3 ,the worst and most dangerous enemy of the ,russian people--in fact1 its only enemy--is the present ,government4 ,it is this ,government that is carrying on the war with ,japan1 and you are fighting under its banners in an unjust cause4 ,every victory that you win threatens ,russia with the calamity involved in the maintenance of what the ,government calls 'order1' and every defeat that you suffer brings nearer the hour of deliverance4 ,is it surprising1 therefore1 that ,russians rejoice when your adversary is victorious8 ,but persons who had nothing in common with the ,social ,revolutionary party1 and who sincerely loved their country1 gave aid to ,russia's enemies by expressing the opinion1 in the press1 that the war was irrational1 and by criticizing the mistakes of the ,government that had failed to prevent it4 ,in a brochure entitled ,thoughts ,suggested by ,recent ,military ,operations1 ,m4 ,gorbatoff referred to such persons as follows3 ,but it is a still more grievous fact that while our heroic soldiers are carrying on a life-and-death struggle1 these so-called friends of the people whisper to them3 ',gentlemen1 you are heroes1 but you are facing death without reason4 ,you will die to pay for ,russia's mistaken policy1 and not to defend ,russia's vital interests4' ,what can be more terrible than the part played by these so-called friends of the people when they undermine in this way the intellectual faith of heroic men who are going to their death8 ,one can easily imagine the state of mind of an officer or soldier who goes into battle after reading1 in newspapers or magazines1 articles referring in this way to the irrationality and uselessness of the war4 ,it is from these self-styled friends of the people that the revolutionary party gets support in its effort to break down the discipline of our troops4 ,soldiers of the reserves1 when called into active service1 were furnished by the anti-,government party with proclamations intended to prejudice them against their officers1 and similar proclamations were sent to the army in ,manchuria4 ,troops in the field received letters apprising them of popular disorders in ,russia1 and men sick in hospitals1 as well as men on duty in our advanced positions1 read in the newspapers articles that undermined their faith in their commanders and their leaders4 ,the work of breaking down the discipline of the army was carried on energetically1 and1 of course1 it was not altogether fruitless4 ,the leaders of the movement1 in striving to attain their well defined objects1 took for their motto3 ,the worse things are1 the better2 and the ideal at which they aimed was the state of affairs brought about by the mutinous sailors on the armor-clad warship ,potemkin4 ,these enemies of the army and the country were aided by certain other persons who were simply foolish and unreasonable4 ,one can imagine the indignation that the ,menchikoffs1 the ,kirilloffs and the ,kuprins would feel1 if they were told that they played the same part in the army that was played by the persons who incited the insubordination on the ,potemkin2 yet such was the case4 ,it would be difficult1 indeed1 to imagine anything that could have been said to the sailors of the armor-clad for the purpose of exciting them against their officers that would have been worse than the language of ,menchikoff1 when1 in writing of our army officers1 he referred to their blunted conscience1 their drunkenness1 their moral looseness1 and their inveterate laziness4 ,firm in spirit though ,russians might be1 the indifference of one class of the population1 and the seditious incitement of another1 could hardly fail to have upon many of them an influence that was not favorable to the successful prosecution of war4 ,attacks of the ,russian ,press ,illustration3 ,copyrighted by ,underwood ,underwood ,,scene ,,in ,,shiba ,,park1 ,,tokio1 ,,where ,,togo',s ,,naval ,,victory ,,was ,,celebrated ,,with ,,wild ,,enthusiasm ,the party opposed to the ,government distributed among our troops1 especially in the ,west1 hundreds of thousands of seditious proclamations exhorting the soldiers to work for defeat rather than for victory4 ,writers for newspapers and magazines1 even though they did not belong to the anti-,government party1 contributed to its success by lavishing abuse upon the army and its representatives4 ,war correspondents1 who knew little about our operations and still less about those of the ,japanese1 and who based their statements1 not upon what they had seen1 but upon what they had heard from untrustworthy sources1 increased the disaffection of the people by exaggerating the seriousness of our failures4 ,even army officers1 writing from the theatre of war1 or after returning to ,russia for reasons that were not always creditable to them1 sought to gain reputation by means of hasty criticism which was often erroneous in its statements of fact and generally discouraging or complaining in tone4 ,on the fighting line1 heroic men without number faced and fought the enemy courageously for months1 without ever losing their faith in ultimate victory2 but from that part of the field little trustworthy news came4 ,brave soldiers1 modest junior officers1 and the commanders of regiments1 companies1 squadrons1 and batteries in our advanced positions1 did not write and had no time to write of their own labors and exploits1 and few of the correspondents were willing to share their perils for the sake of being able to observe and describe their heroic deeds4 ,there were among the correspondents some brave men who sincerely wished to be of use2 but their lack of even elementary training in military science made it impossible for them to understand the complicated problems of war1 and their work therefore was comparatively unproductive4 ,the persons best qualified to see and judge1 and to give information to the reading public1 were the foreign military observers1 who were attached to our armies in the field and who1 in many cases1 were extremely fortunate selections4 ,these officers felt a brotherly affection for the soldiers whose perils and hardships they shared1 and were regarded by the latter with love and esteem4 ,their reports1 however1 are very long in coming to us4 ,illustration3 ,stereograph copyrighted by the ,h4 ,c4 ,white ,co4 ,,japanese ,,artillery ,,transporting ,a #g-a_/b ,c4 ,m4 ,,mountain ,,gun ,,across ,,the ,,hills ,some of our correspondents1 who lived in the rear of the army and saw the seamy side of the war1 wrote descriptions of drunkenness1 revelry1 and profligacy 7at ,kharbin1 for example7 which distressed our reading public and gave a one-sided view of army life4 ,our press might have made our first defeats a means of rousing the spirit of patriotism and self-sacrifice2 it might have exhorted the people to redouble their efforts as the difficulties of the war increased2 it might have helped the ,government to fill the gaps in our thinned ranks2 it might have encouraged the faint-hearted1 called forth the country's noblest sons1 and opened to the army new sources of material and spiritual strength4 ,but instead of doing any of these things1 it played more or less into the hands of our foreign and domestic enemies2 made the war hateful to the great mass of the population2 depressed the spirits of soldiers going to the front1 and undermined1 in every way1 the latter's faith in their officers and their rulers4 ,this course of procedure did not rouse in the nation a determination to increase its efforts and to win victory at last1 in spite of all difficulties4 ,quite the contrary6 ,the soldiers who went to the front to fill up or reinforce our army carried with them seditious proclamations and the seeds of future defeats4 ,commanding officers in the ,siberian military districts reported1 as early as ,february1 that detachments of supernumerary troops and reservists had plundered several railway stations1 and at a later time regular troops1 on their way to the front1 were guilty of similar bad conduct4 ,the drifting to the rear of large numbers of soldiers--especially the older reservists--while battles were in progress1 was due not so much to cowardice as to the unsettling of the men's minds and to a disinclination on their part to continue the war4 ,i may add that the opening of peace negotiations in ,portsmouth1 at a time when we were preparing for decisive operations1 affected unfavorably the morale of the army's strongest elements4 ,the ,russian ,army ,cut ,off from the ,nation ,mr4 ,e4 ,martinoff1 in an article entitled ,spirit and ,temper of the ,two ,armies1 points out that even in time of peace1 the ,japanese people were so educated as to develop in them a patriotic and martial spirit4 ,the very idea of war with ,russia was generally popular1 and throughout the contest the army was supported by the sympathy of the nation4 ,in ,russia1 the reverse was true4 ,patriotism was shaken by the dissemination of ideas of cosmopolitanism and disarmament1 and in the midst of a difficult campaign the attitude of the country toward the army was one of indifference1 if not of actual hostility4 ,this judgment is accurate1 and it is evident1 of course1 that with such a relation between ,russian society and the ,manchurian army1 it was impossible to expect from the latter any patriotic spirit1 or any readiness to sacrifice life for the sake of the fatherland4 ,in an admirable article entitled ,the ,feeling of ,duty and the ,love of ,country1 published in the ,russian ,invalid in #aijf1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,bilderling expressed certain profoundly true ideas as follows3 ,our lack of success may have been due1 in part1 to various and complicated causes2 to the misconduct of particular persons1 to bad generalship1 to lack of preparation in the army and the navy1 to inadequacy of material resources1 and to misappropriations in the departments of equipment and supply2 but the principal reason for our defeat lies deeper1 and is to be found in lack of patriotism1 and in the absence of a feeling of duty toward and love for the fatherland4 ,in a conflict between two peoples1 the things of most importance are not material resources1 but moral strength1 exaltation of spirit1 and patriotism4 ,victory is most likely to be achieved by the nation in which these qualities are most highly developed4 ,japan had long been preparing for war with us2 all of her people desired it2 and a feeling of lofty patriotism pervaded the whole country4 ,in her army and her fleet1 therefore1 every man1 from the commander-in-chief to the last soldier1 not only knew what he was fighting for and what he might have to die for1 but understood clearly that upon success in the struggle depended the fate of ,japan1 her political importance1 and her future in the history of the world4 ,every soldier knew also that the whole nation stood behind him4 ,with us1 on the other hand1 the war was unpopular from the very beginning4 ,we neither desired it nor anticipated it1 and1 consequently1 we were not prepared for it4 ,soldiers were hastily put into railway trains1 and when1 after a journey that lasted a month1 they alighted in ,manchuria1 they did not know in what country they were1 nor whom they were to fight1 nor what the war was about4 ,even our higher commanders went to the front unwillingly and from a mere sense of duty4 ,the whole army1 moreover1 felt that it was regarded by the country with indifference2 that its life was not shared by the people2 and that it was a mere fragment1 cut off from the nation1 thrown to a distance of nine thousand versts1 and there abandoned to the caprice of fate4 ,before decisive fighting began1 therefore1 one of the contending armies advanced with the full expectation and confident belief that it would be victorious1 while the other went forward with a demoralizing doubt of its own success4 ,generally speaking1 the man who conquers in war is the man who is least afraid of death4 ,we were unprepared in previous wars1 as well as in this1 and in previous wars we made mistakes2 but when the preponderance of moral strength was on our side1 as in the wars with the ,swedes1 the ,french1 the ,turks1 the ,caucasian mountaineers and the natives of ,central ,asia1 we were victorious4 ,in the late war1 for reasons that are extremely complicated1 our moral strength was less than that of the ,japanese2 and it was this inferiority1 rather than mistakes in generalship1 that caused our defeats1 and that forced us to make tremendous efforts in order to succeed at all4 ,our lack of moral strength--as compared with the ,japanese--affected all ranks of our army1 from the highest to the lowest1 and greatly reduced our fighting power4 ,in a war waged under different conditions--a war in which the army had the confidence and encouragement of the country--the same officers and the same troops would have accomplished far more than they accomplished in ,manchuria4 ,the lack of martial spirit1 of moral exaltation1 and of heroic impulse1 affected particularly our stubbornness in battle4 ,in many cases we did not have dogged resolution enough to conquer such antagonists as the ,japanese4 ,instead of holding1 with unshakable tenacity1 the positions assigned them1 our troops often retreated1 and1 in such cases1 our commanding officers of all ranks1 without exception1 lacked the power or the means to set things right4 ,instead of making renewed and extraordinary efforts to wrest victory from the enemy1 they either permitted the retreat of the troops under their command1 or themselves ordered such retreat4 ,the army1 however1 never lost its strong sense of duty2 and it was this that enabled many divisions1 regiments1 and battalions to increase their power of resistance with every battle4 ,this peculiarity of the late war1 together with our final acquirement of numerical preponderance and a noticeable decline of ,japanese ardor1 gave us reason to regard the future with confidence1 and left no room for doubt as to our ultimate victory4 ,the ,failure of the ,russian ,fleet ,among other reasons for the success of the ,japanese1 ,i may mention the following4 ,the leading part in the war was to have been taken by our fleet4 ,in the ,general ,staff of the navy1 as well as in that of the army1 a detailed account was kept of all ,japan's ships of war2 but the directors of naval affairs in the ,far ,east reckoned only tonnage1 guns1 and calibers1 and when1 in #aijc1 they found that the arithmetical totals of our ,far ,eastern fleet exceeded those of the entire ,japanese fleet1 they adopted1 as a basis for our plan of operations1 the following conclusions3 #a4 ,the relation that the strength of the ,japanese fleet bears to the strength of our fleet is such that the possibility of the defeat of the latter is inadmissible4 #b4 ,the landing of the ,japanese at ,yinkow1 or in ,korea ,bay1 is not to be regarded as practicable4 ,the strength of the land force that a war with ,japan would require depended upon three things3 7#a7 the strength of the army that the ,japanese could put into ,manchuria1 or across our boundary2 7#b7 the strength of our fleet2 and 7#c7 the transporting capacity of the railway upon which our troops would have to depend in concentration4 ,if our fleet could defeat the fleet of the ,japanese1 military operations on the main land would be unnecessary4 ,and even if the ,japanese were not defeated in a general naval engagement1 they would either have to obtain complete mastery of the sea1 or leave a considerable part of their army at home for the protection of their own coast4 ,without command of the sea1 moreover1 they could not risk a landing on the ,liao-tung peninsula1 but would have to march through ,korea1 and that would give us time for concentration4 ,by their desperate night attack upon our fleet at ,port ,arthur1 before the declaration of war1,h they obtained a temporary superiority in armored vessels1 and made great use of it in getting command of the sea4 ,our fleet--especially after the death of ,admiral ,makaroff at the most critical moment in the execution of the ,japanese plan of campaign--offered no resistance to the enemy whatever4 ,even when they landed in the immediate vicinity of ,port ,arthur1 we did not make so much as an attempt to interfere with them4 ,the results of this inaction were very damaging to our army4 ,the ,japanese1 instead of finding it impossible to land troops in ,korea ,bay1 as our naval authorities anticipated1 were able to threaten us with a descent along the whole coast of the ,liao-tung peninsula1 beginning at ,kwang-tung4 ,notwithstanding our weakness on land1 ,admiral ,alexeieff thought it necessary to authorize a wide scattering of our troops1 so we prepared to meet the ,japanese on the ,yalu1 at ,yinkow1 and in the province of ,kwang-tung4 ,he had also permitted a dispersal of our naval forces1 so that we were weak everywhere4 ,advantages ,secured by ,japan's ,naval ,victory ,instead of making a landing in ,korea only1--as was anticipated in the plan worked out at ,port ,arthur1--the ,japanese1 with their immense fleet of transports1 landed three armies on the ,liao-tung peninsula and a fourth in ,korea4 ,then1 leaving one army in front of ,port ,arthur1 they pushed the other three forward toward our forces1 ,which were slowly concentrating on the ,haicheng-,liaoyang line in southern ,manchuria4 ,thus1 having taken the initiative at sea1 they obtained the same advantage on land4 ,their command of the sea enabled them to disregard the defence of their own coast and move against us with their entire strength4 ,in this way--contrary to our anticipations--they were able1 in the first stage of the war1 to put into the field a force that was superior to ours4 ,command of the sea1 moreover1 made it possible for them to supply their armies quickly with all necessary munitions1 and to transport to the field1 in a few days1 masses of heavy supplies1 which we1 with our feeble railroad1 were hardly able to get in months4 ,but command of the sea1 and the almost complete inactivity of our fleet1 gave them another advantage1 not less important1 and that was the possibility of bringing safely to their ports and arsenals quantities of commissary and military stores1 weapons1 horses1 and cattle1 which had been ordered in ,europe and ,america4 ,their line of communications1 furthermore1 was short and secure1 while we were at a distance of eight thousand versts from our base of supplies and were connected with our country only by one weak line of railway4 ,the advantage that they had over us in this respect was immense4 ,the slow concentration of our army1 which had to be brought eight thousand versts over a single-track railroad1 gave them time1 after the war began1 to form new bodies of troops1 in considerable numbers1 and send them to the front4 ,they had time enough1 also1 to supply their army with innumerable machine guns1 after they had observed1 in the early stages of the war1 the importance of machine-gun fire4 ,the field of military operations in ,manchuria had been familiar to the ,japanese ever since their war with ,china4 ,its heat1 its heavy rains1 its mountains and its kiaoliang1 were well known to them1 because they had seen them all in their own country4 ,in the mountains1 especially1 they felt perfectly at home1 while a mountainous environment1 to our troops1 was oppressive4 ,the ,japanese1 moreover1 in their ten years of preparation for war with us1 had not only studied ,manchuria1 but had secured there their own agents1 who were of the greatest use to their army4 ,the ,chinese1 ,i may add1 assisted the ,japanese1 notwithstanding the severity and even cruelty with which the latter treated them4 ,the ,japanese had a considerable advantage over us1 also1 in their high-powered ammunition1 their machine guns1 their innumerable mountain guns1 their abundant supply of explosives1 and their means of attack and defence in the shape of wire1 mines1 and hand grenades4 ,their organization1 equipment1 and transport carts were all better adapted to the field of operations than ours were1 and their bodies of sappers were more numerous than ours4 ,the ,japanese soldiers had been so trained as to develop self-reliance and ability to take the lead1 and they were credited by foreign military observers with intelligence1 initiative1 and quickness1 ,in the fighting instructions that were given them1 very material changes were made after the war began4 ,at the outset1 for example1 night attacks were not recommended2 but they soon satisfied themselves that night attacks were profitable and they afterward made great use of them4 ,major von ,luwitz1 of the ,german army1 in a brochure entitled ,the ,japanese ,attack in the ,war in ,eastern ,asia in #aijd-je says that while the ,japanese did not neglect any means of making attacks effective1 the secret of their success lay in their determination to get close to the enemy1 regardless of consequences4 ,the ,intellectual ,superiority of the ,japanese ,soldier ,the non-commissioned officers in the ,japanese army were much superior to ours1 on account of the better education and greater intellectual development of the ,japanese common people4 ,many of them might have discharged the duties of commissioned officers with perfect success4 ,the defects of our soldiers--both regulars and reservists--were the defects of the population as a whole4 ,the peasants were imperfectly developed intellectually1 and they made soldiers who had the same failing4 ,the intellectual backwardness of our soldiers was a great disadvantage to us1 because war now requires far more intelligence and initiative1 on the part of the individual soldier1 than ever before4 ,our men fought heroically in compact masses1 or in fairly close formation1 but if deprived of their officers they were more likely to fall back than to advance4 ,in the mass we had immense strength2 but few of our soldiers were capable of fighting intelligently as individuals4 ,in this respect the ,japanese were much superior to us4 ,their non-commissioned officers were far better developed1 intellectually1 than ours1 and among such officers1 as well as among many of the common soldiers1 whom we took as prisoners1 we found diaries which showed not only good education but knowledge of what was happening and intelligent comprehension of the military problems to be solved4 ,many of them could draw maps skilfully1 and one common soldier was able to show accurately1 by means of a plan sketched in the sand1 the relative positions of the ,japanese forces and ours4 ,but the qualities that contributed most to the triumph of the ,japanese were their high moral spirit1 and the stubborn determination with which the struggle for success was carried on by every man in their army1 from the common soldier to the commander-in-chief4 ,in many cases1 their situation was so distressing that it required extraordinary power of will on their part to stand fast or to advance4 ,but the officers seemed to have resolution enough to call on their men for impossible efforts--not even hesitating to shoot those that fell back--and the soldiers1 rallying their last physical and spiritual strength1 often wrested the victory away from us4 ,one thing is certain3 if the whole ,japanese army had not been inspired with an ardent patriotism2 if it had not been sympathetically supported by the whole nation2 and if all its officers and soldiers had not appreciated the immense importance of the struggle1 even such resolution as that of the ,japanese leaders would have failed to achieve such results4 ,a ,general ,kuropatkin makes frequent use of the expression moral strength1 or moral character1 and often employs the ,english word moral instead of the corresponding ,russian word4 ,he evidently intends that the adjective shall be understood in its broadest signification1 as a term covering patriotism1 the sense of duty1 capacity for self-sacrifice1 and all the qualities that go to make up character as distinct from mere intellectual ability4--,g4 ,k4 ,b ,considerations of space have forced me to omit the greater part of ,general ,kuropatkin's detailed and somewhat technical statement with regard to ,japan's military strength and the extent to which it was underestimated by the ,russian ,general ,staff4--,g4 ,k4 ,c ,according to information contained in ,immanuel's work1 ,the ,russo-,japanese ,war1 the ,japanese lost #bah1jjj men in battle4 ,d ,general ,kuropatkin uses the ,english words materially and morally4--,g4 ,k4 ,e ,fortnightly ,review4 ,f ,on account of student disorders that had led to the closing of the universities4--,g4 ,k4 ,g ,medical students excepted4 ,h ,general ,kuropatkin1 it will be noticed1 calls this night attack desperate1 but does not characterize it as treacherous or unfair4 ,at the time when it occurred1 however1 the ,russian ,government denounced it as a dishonorable violation of civilized usage1 if not of international law1 while the loyal ,russian press held ,japan up to the scorn of the world as a tricky and treacherous antagonist4 ,it is an interesting but little known fact that the ,tsar himself had ordered ,admiral ,alexeieff to attack the ,japanese in the same way1 without notice and before any declaration of war had been made4 ,in the historically important series of official dispatches from the archives of ,port ,arthur1 published in the liberal ,russian review ,osvobozhdenie at ,stuttgart in #aije appears the following telegram sent by the ,tsar to the ,viceroy just after the ,japanese had broken off diplomatic relations4 ,,st4 ,,petersburg1 ,,january #bf1 #aijd1 ,o4 ,s4 ,,alexeieff ,,port ,,arthur4 ,it is desirable that the ,japanese1 and not we1 should begin military operations4 ,if1 therefore1 they do not attack us1 you must not oppose their landing in southern ,korea1 or on the eastern coast as far north as ,gensan1 inclusive4 ,but if their fleet makes a descent upon the western coast1 or1 without making a descent1 goes north of the #chth parallel1 you are authorized to attack them1 without waiting for the first shot from their side4 ,i rely on you4 ,may ,god assist you4 7,signed7 ,,nicholas 7,signature in the ,tsar's own hand7 ,it thus appears that ,russia intended to attack ,japan without notice and without a declaration of war1 but ,alexeieff was not quick enough--,g4 ,k4 ,illustration ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,henry ,,irving ,,by ,,ellen ,,terry ,,illustrated ,,with ,,photographs ,copyright1 #aijh1 by ,ellen ,terry 7,mrs4 ,carew7 ,i have now nearly finished the history of my fifty years upon the stage4 ,a good deal has been left out through want of skill in selection4 ,some things have been included which perhaps it would have been wiser to omit4 ,i have tried my best to tell all things faithfully1 and it is possible that ,i have given offence where offence was not dreamed of2 that some people will think that ,i should not have said this1 while others1 approving of this1 will be quite certain that ,i ought not to have said that4 ,one said it thundered 444 another that an angel spake---- ,it's the point of view4 ,during my struggles with my refractory1 fragmentary1 and unsatisfactory memories1 ,i have realised that life itself is a point of view4 ,so if any one said to me3 ,and is this1 then1 what you call your life8 ,i should not resent the question one little bit4 ,we have heard1 continues my imaginary and disappointed interlocutor1 a great deal about your life in the theatre4 ,you have told us of plays and parts and rehearsals1 of actors good and bad1 of critics and of playwrights1 of success and failure1 but after all your whole life has not been lived in the theatre4 ,have you nothing to tell us about your different homes1 your family life1 your social diversions1 your friends and acquaintances8 ,during your long life there have been great changes in manners and customs2 political parties have altered2 a great ,queen has died2 your country has been engaged in two or three serious wars4 ,did all these things make no impression on you8 ,can you tell us nothing of your life in the world8 ,and ,i have to answer that ,i have lived very little in the world4 ,after all1 the life of an actress belongs to the theatre1 as the life of a politician to the ,state4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the recognition of my fifty years of stage life by the public and by my profession was quite unexpected4 ,henry ,irving said to me not long before his death in #aije that he believed that they 7the theatrical profession7 intended to celebrate our ,jubilee4 7,if he had lived1 he would have completed his fifty years on the stage in the autumn of #aijf47 ,he said that there would be a monster performance at ,drury ,lane1 and that already the profession were discussing what form it was to take4 ,after his death1 ,i thought no more of the matter4 ,indeed1 ,i did not want to think about it1 for any recognition of my ,jubilee which did not include his seemed to me very unnecessary4 ,illustration3 ,,sir ,,henry ,,irving ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,in ,,the ,,possession ,,of ,,miss ,,evelyn ,,smalley ,illustration3 ,from the collection of ,miss ,evelyn ,smalley ,,olivia ,,drawn ,,by ,,sir ,,edwin ,,henry ,,for ,,miss ,,henry',s ,,jubilee ,,programme ,of course1 ,i was pleased that others thought it necessary4 ,i enjoyed all the celebrations4 ,even the speeches that ,i had to make did not spoil my enjoyment4 ,the difficulty was to thank people as they deserved4 ,i can never forget that ,london's youngest newspaper first conceived the idea of celebrating my stage ,jubilee4 ,of course1 the old-established journals didn't like it1 but ,i suppose no scheme of this kind is ever organized without some people not liking something6 ,the matine given in my honour at ,drury ,lane by the theatrical profession was a wonderful sight4 ,the two things about it which touched me most deeply were my visit the night before to the crowd who were waiting to get into the gallery1 and the presence of ,eleonora ,duse1 who came all the way from ,florence just to honour me4 ,i appreciated very much1 too1 the kindness of ,signor ,caruso in singing for me4 ,i did not know him at all1 and the gift of his service was essentially the impersonal desire of an artist to honour another artist4 ,when the details of my ,jubilee performance at ,drury ,lane were being arranged1 the committee decided to ask certain distinguished artists to contribute to the programme4 ,they were all delighted about it1 and such busy men as ,sir ,lawrence ,alma-,tadema1 ,mr4 ,abbey1 ,mr4 ,byam ,shaw1 ,mr4 ,walter ,crane1 ,mr4 ,bernard ,partridge1 ,mr4 ,james ,pryde1 ,mr4 ,orpen1 and ,mr4 ,william ,nicholson all gave some of their work to me4 ,mr4 ,sargent was asked if he would allow the first ,lady ,macbeth sketch to be reproduced4 ,he found that it would not reproduce well1 so in the height of the season and of his work with fashionable sitters1 he did an entirely new sketch1 in black and white1 of the same subject6 ,this act of kind friendship ,i could never forget1 even if the picture were not in front of me at this minute to remind me of it6 ,you must think of me as one of the people bowing down to you in the picture1 he wrote to me when he sent the new version for the programme4 ,nothing during my ,jubilee celebrations touched me more than this wonderful kindness of ,mr4 ,sargent's4 ,burne-,jones would have done something for my ,jubilee programme too1 ,i think1 had he lived4 ,he was one of my kindest friends1 and his letters--he was a heaven-born letter-writer--were like no one else's1 full of charm and humour and feeling4 ,once1 when ,i sent him a trifle for some charity1 he wrote me this particularly charming letter3 ,dear ,lady1 ,this morning came the delightful crinkly paper that always means you6 ,if anybody else ever used it1 ,i think ,i should assault them6 ,i certainly wouldn't read their letter or answer it4 ,and ,i know the cheque will be very useful4 ,if ,i thought much about those wretched homes1 or saw them often1 ,i should do no more work1 ,i know4 ,there is but one thing to do--to help with a little money if you can manage it1 and then try hard to forget4 ,yes1 ,i am certain that ,i should never paint again if ,i saw much of those hopeless lives that have no remedy4444 ,you would always have been lovely and made some beauty about you if you had been born there--but ,i should have got drunk and beaten my family and been altogether horrible6 ,when everything goes just as ,i like1 and painting prospers a bit1 and the air is warm1 and friends well1 and everything perfectly comfortable1 ,i can just manage to behave decently1 and a spoilt fool ,i am--that's the truth4 ,but wherever you were1 some garden would grow4 ,yes1 ,i know ,winchelsea and ,rye and ,lynn and ,hythe--all bonny places1 and ,hythe has a church it may be proud of4 ,under the sea is another ,winchelsea1 a poor drowned city--about a mile out at sea1 ,i think1 always marked in old maps as ',winchelsea ,dround4' ,if ever the sea goes back on that changing coast1 there may be great fun when the spires and towers come up again4 ,it's a pretty land to drive in4 ,i am growing downright stupid--,i can't work at all1 nor think of anything4 ,will my wits ever come back to me8 ,illustration3 ,from the collection of ,miss ,evelyn ,smalley ,copyright by ,window ,grove ,,ellen ,,terry ,,as ,,hermione ,,in ,,the ,,winter',s ,,tale ,,the ,,part ,,played ,,by ,,miss ,,terry ,,at ,,his ,,majesty',s ,,theatre ,,in #aijf ,and when are you coming back--when will the ,lyceum be in its rightful hands again8 ,i refuse to go there till you come back4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,one of those little things almost too good to be true happened at the close of the ,drury ,lane matine4 ,a four-wheeler was hailed for me by the stage-door keeper1 and my daughter and ,i drove off to ,lady ,bancroft's in ,berkeley ,square to leave some flowers4 ,outside the house1 the cabman told my daughter that in old days he had often driven ,charles ,kean from the ,princess ,theatre1 and that sometimes the little ,miss ,terrys were put inside the cab too and given a lift6 ,my daughter thought it such an extraordinary coincidence that the old man should have come to the stage door of ,drury ,lane by a mere chance on my ,jubilee day1 that she took his address1 and ,i was to send him a photograph and remuneration4 ,but ,i promptly lost the address1 and was never able to trace the old man4 ,illustration3 #aej ,,grafton ,,street ,,the ,,house ,,where ,,henry ,,irving ,,lived ,,during ,,the ,,period ,,of ,,his ,,lyceum ,,management ,i was often asked during these ,jubilee days1 how ,i felt about it all1 and ,i never could answer sensibly4 ,the strange thing is that ,i don't know even now what was in my heart4 ,perhaps it was one of my chief joys that ,i had not to say good-bye at any of the celebrations4 ,i could still speak to my profession as a fellow-comrade on the active list and to the public as one still in their service4 ,all the time ,i knew perfectly well that the great show of honour and friending was not for me alone4 ,never for one instant did ,i forget this1 nor that the light of the great man by whose side ,i had worked for a quarter of a century was still shining on me from his grave4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is commonly known1 ,i think1 that ,henry ,irving's health first began to fail in #ahif4 ,he went home to ,grafton ,street after the first night of the revival of ,richard ,,iii4 and slipped on the stairs1 injuring his knee4 ,with characteristic fortitude1 he struggled to his feet unassisted and walked to his room4 ,this made the consequences of the accident far more serious1 and he was not able to act for weeks4 ,it was a bad year at the ,lyceum4 ,in #ahih1 when we were on tour1 he caught a chill4 ,inflammation of the lungs1 bronchitis1 pneumonia followed4 ,his heart was affected4 ,he was never really well again4 ,when ,i think of his work during the next seven years1 ,i could weep6 ,never was there a more admirable1 extraordinary worker2 never was any one more splendid-couraged and patient4 ,the seriousness of his illness in #ahih was never really known4 ,he nearly died4 ,i am still fearfully anxious about ,h1 ,i wrote to my daughter at the time4 ,it will be a long time at the best before he gains strength4444 ,but now ,i do hope for the best4 ,i'm fairly well so far4 ,all he wants is for me to keep my health1 not my head4 ,he knows ,i'm doing that6 ,last night ,i did three acts of ,sans-,gne and ,nance ,oldfield thrown in6 ,that is a bit too much--awful work--and ,i can't risk it again4 ,a telegram just came3 ',steadily improving4' 444 ,you should have seen ,norman,i as ,shylock6 ,it was not a bare 'get-through4' ,it was--the first night--an admirable performance1 as well as a plucky one4444 ,h4 is more seriously ill than anyone dreams4444 ,his look6 ,like the last act of ,louis ,,xi4 ,illustration3 ,,henry ,,irving ,,as ,,becket ,,the ,,part ,,in ,,which ,,irving ,,made ,,his ,,last ,,appearance ,,on ,,october #ac1 #aije1 ,,the ,,night ,,of ,,his ,,death ,in #aijb1 on the last provincial tour that we ever went together1 he was ill again1 but he did not give in4 ,one night when his cough was rending him1 and he could hardly stand up for weakness1 he acted so brilliantly and strongly that it was easy to believe in ,christian ,science treatment4 ,strange to say1 a newspaper man noticed the splendid power of his performance that night and wrote of it with uncommon discernment--a provincial critic1 by the way4 ,in ,london1 at the time1 they were always urging ,henry ,irving to produce new plays by new playwrights6 ,but in the face of the failure of most of the new work1 and of his departing strength--and of the extraordinary support given him in the old plays 7during this #aijb tour we took #d1jjj at ,glasgow in one week67--,henry took the wiser course in doing nothing but the old plays to the end of the chapter4 ,i realised how near1 not only the end of the chapter1 but the end of the book was when he was taken ill at ,wolverhampton in the spring of #aije4 ,we had not acted together for more than two years then1 and times were changed indeed4 ,i went down to ,wolverhampton when the news of his illness reached ,london4 ,i arrived late and went to an hotel4 ,it was not a good hotel1 nor could ,i find a very good florist when ,i got up early the next day and went out with the intention of buying ,henry some flowers4 ,i wanted some bright-coloured ones for him--he had always liked bright flowers--and this florist dealt chiefly in white flowers--funeral flowers4 ,at last ,i found some daffodils--my favourite flower4 ,i bought a bunch1 and the kind florist1 whose heart was in the right place if his flowers were not1 found me a nice simple glass to put it in4 ,i knew the sort of vase that ,i should find at ,henry's hotel4 ,i remembered1 on my way to the doctor's--for ,i had decided to see the doctor first--that in #ahib1 when my dear mother died1 and ,i did not act for a few nights1 when ,i came back1 ,i found my room at the ,lyceum filled with daffodils4 ,to make it look like sunshine1 ,henry said4 ,the doctor talked to me quite frankly4 ,his heart is dangerously weak1 he said4 ,have you told him8 ,i asked4 ,i had to1 because1 the heart being in that condition1 he must be careful4 ,did he understand really8 ,oh1 yes4 ,he said he quite understood4 7,yet1 a few minutes later when ,i saw ,henry1 and begged him to remember what the doctor had said about his heart1 he exclaimed3 ,fiddle6 ,it's not my heart at all6 ,it's my breath6 ,oh1 the ignorance of great men67 ,i also told him1 the ,wolverhampton doctor went on1 that he must not work so hard in future4 ,i said2 ,he will1 though1--and he's stronger than any one4 ,then ,i went round to the hotel4 ,i found him sitting up in bed1 drinking his coffee4 ,he looked like some beautiful gray tree that ,i have seen in ,savannah4 ,his old dressing-gown hung about his frail yet majestic figure like some mysterious gray drapery4 ,we were both very much moved and said little4 ,i'm glad you've come4 ,two ,queens have been kind to me this morning4 ,queen ,alexandra telegraphed to say how sorry she was ,i was ill1 and now you---- ,he showed me the ,queen's gracious message4 ,i told him he looked thin and ill1 but rested4 ,rested6 ,i should think so4 ,i have plenty of time to rest4 ,they tell me ,i shall be here eight weeks4 ,of course ,i shan't1 but still--,it was that rug in front of the door4 ,i tripped over it4 ,a commercial traveller picked me up--a kind fellow1 but damn him1 he wouldn't leave me afterwards--wanted to talk to me all night4 ,i remembered his having said this1 when ,i was told by his servant1 ,walter ,collinson1 that on the night of his death at ,bradford he stumbled over the rug when he walked into the hotel corridor4 ,we fell to talking about work4 ,he said he hoped that ,i had a good manager 444 agreed very heartily with me about ,frohman1 saying he was always so fair--more than fair4 ,what a wonderful life you've had1 haven't you8 ,i exclaimed1 thinking of it all in a flash4 ,oh1 yes1 he said quietly1 444 a wonderful life--of work4 ,illustration3 ,copyright by the ,london ,stereoscopic ,co4 ,,henry ,,irving ,,as ,,matthias ,,in ,,the ,,bells ,,irving ,,gave ,,his ,,last ,,performance ,,of ,,the ,,bells ,,at ,,bradford1 ,,on ,,october #ab1 #aije1 ,,the ,,night ,,before ,,his ,,death ,illustration3 ,copyright by the ,topical ,press ,agency ,,irving',s ,,death ,,mask ,and there's nothing better1 after all1 is there8 ,nothing4 ,what have you got out of it all8444 ,you and ,i are 'getting on1' as they say4 ,do you ever think1 as ,i do sometimes1 what you have got out of life8 ,what have ,i got out of it8 said ,henry1 stroking his chin and smiling slightly4 ,let me see4444 ,well1 a good cigar1 a good glass of wine--good friends-- ,here he kissed my hand with courtesy4 ,always he was so courteous--always his actions1 like this little one of kissing my hand1 were so beautifully timed4 ,they came just before the spoken words1 and gave them peculiar value4 ,that's not a bad summing up of it all1 ,i said4 ,and the end4444 ,how would you like that to come8 ,how would ,i like that to come8 ,he repeated my question1 lightly1 yet meditatively too4 ,then he was silent for some thirty seconds before he snapped his fingers--the action again before the words4 ,like that6 ,i thought of the definition of inspiration--,a calculation quickly made4 ,perhaps he had never thought of the manner of his death before4 ,now he had an inspiration as to how it would come4 ,we were silent a long time1 ,i thinking how like some splendid ,doge of ,venice he looked1 sitting up in bed1 his beautiful mobile hand stroking his chin4 ,i agreed1 when ,i could speak1 that to be snuffed out like a candle would save a lot of trouble4 ,after ,henry ,irving's death in ,october of the same year1 some of his friends protested against the statement that it was the kind of death he desired--that they knew1 on the contrary1 that he thought sudden death inexpressibly sad4 ,i can only say what he told me4 ,i stayed with him about three hours at ,wolverhampton4 ,before ,i left1 ,i went back to see the doctor again--a very nice man1 by the way1 and clever4 ,he told me that ,henry ought never to play ,the ,bells again1 even if he acted again1 which he said ought not to be4 ,it was clever of the doctor to see what a terrible emotional strain ,the ,bells put upon ,henry--how he never could play the part of ,matthias on his head1 as he could ,louis ,,xi41 for example4 ,every time he heard the sound of the bells1 the throbbing of his heart must have nearly killed him4 ,he used always to turn quite white--there was no trick about it4 ,it was imagination acting physically on the body4 ,illustration3 ,from the collection of ,miss ,evelyn ,smalley ,,irving',s ,,tomb ,,in ,,westminster ,,abbey ,his death as ,matthias--the death of a strong1 robust man--was different from all his other stage deaths4 ,he did really almost die--he imagined death with such horrible intensity4 ,his eyes would disappear upwards1 his face grow gray1 his limbs cold4 ,no wonder1 then1 that the first time that the ,wolverhampton doctor's warning was disregarded1 and ,henry played ,the ,bells at ,bradford1 his heart could not stand the strain4 ,within twenty-four hours of his last death as ,matthias1 he was dead4 ,what a heroic thing was that last performance of ,becket which came between6 ,i am told by those who were in the company at the time that he was obviously suffering and dazed this last night of life4 ,but he went through it all as usual4 ,all that he had done for years1 he did faithfully for the last time4 ,yes1 ,i know it seems sad to the ordinary mind that he should have died in the entrance to an hotel in a country town1 with no friend1 no relation near him2 only his faithful and devoted servant1 ,walter ,collinson1 whom--as was not his usual custom--he had asked to drive back to the hotel with him that night1 was there4 ,do ,i not feel the tragedy of the beautiful body1 for so many years the house of a thousand souls1 being laid out in death by hands faithful and devoted enough1 but not the hands of his kindred either in blood or in sympathy8444 ,i do feel it1 yet ,i know it was more appropriate to such a man than the deathbed where friends and relations weep4 ,henry ,irving belonged to ,england1 not to a family4 ,england showed that she knew it when she buried him in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,years before ,i had discussed1 half in joke1 the possibility of this honour4 ,i remember his saying to me with great simplicity1 when ,i asked him what he expected of the public after his death3 ,i should like them to do their duty by me4 ,and they will--they will6 ,there was not a touch of arrogance in this1 just as ,i hope there was no touch of heartlessness in me because my chief thought during the funeral in ,westminster ,abbey was3 ,how ,henry would have liked it6 ,the right note was struck1 as ,i think was not the case at ,tennyson's funeral thirteen years earlier4 ,tennyson is buried to-day in ,westminster ,abbey1 ,i wrote in my diary ,october #abth1 #ahib4 ,his majestic life and death spoke of him better than the service4444 ,the music was poor and dull and weak while he was strong4 ,the triumphant should have been the sentiment expressed4 ,faces one knew everywhere4 ,lord ,salisbury looked fine4 ,his massive head and sad eyes were remarkable4 ,no face there1 however1 looked anything by the side of ,henry's4444 ,he looked very pale and slim and wonderful6 ,how terribly ,i missed that face at ,henry's own funeral6 ,i kept on expecting to see it1 for indeed it seemed to me that he was directing the whole most moving and impressive ceremony4444 ,i could almost hear him saying ,get on6 get on6 in the parts of the service that dragged4 ,when the sun1 such a splendid tawny sun1 burst across the solemn misty gray of the ,abbey1 at the very moment when the coffin1 under its superb pall of laurel leaves1 was carried up to the choir1 ,i felt that it was an effect which he would have loved4 ,i can understand any one who was present at ,henry ,irving's funeral thinking that this was his best memorial1 and that any attempt to honour him afterwards would be superfluous and inadequate4 ,but after all it was ,henry ,irving's commanding genius and his devotion of it to high objects1 his personal influence on the ,english people1 which secured him burial among ,england's great dead4 ,the petition for the burial1 presented to the ,dean of the ,chapter1 and signed on the initiative of ,henry ,irving's leading fellow-actors by representative personages of influence1 succeeded only because of ,henry's unique position4 ,we worked very hard to get it done1 ,i heard said more than once4 ,and ,i often longed to answer3 ,yes1 you worked for it between ,henry's death and his funeral4 ,he worked for it all his life6 ,i have always desired some other memorial to ,henry ,irving than his honoured grave2 not so much for his sake as for the sake of those who loved him1 and would gladly welcome the opportunity of some great test of their devotion4 ,,the ,,end ,i ,mr4 ,norman ,forbes-,robertson4 ,,the ,,valley ,,of ,,mills ,,by ,h4 ,g4 ,,dwight ,,with ,a ,,painting ,,by ,f4 ,,brangwyn ,the ,american ,dragoman narrates to the ,second ,secretary ,i shall never forget the night ,i got there4 ,the train went no farther than ,nicomedia in those days1 and it took so long that you nearly died of old age on the way4 ,but when the three red lights on the tail of it dwindled into the dark1 ,i had the queerest sense of having been dropped into another world4 ,it was the more so because one couldn't see an earthly thing--not a star1 not even the ,gulf which we were to cross4 ,i only heard the lapping of it1 close by1 when the rumble of the train died out of the stillness4 ,that and the crunch of steps on the sand were all there was to hear1 and an occasional word ,i didn't catch4 ,the men could hardly have been more silent if our lives had depended on it4 ,i had no idea how many of them there were1 or what they looked like--much less where they were taking me4 ,they simply hoisted a sail and put off into the night4 ,i would have sworn1 too1 that there was no wind4 ,the sail filled1 however3 ,i could see the swaying pallor of it1 and hear the ripple under the bow4 ,and as my eyes got used to the darkness1 ,i discovered an irregular silhouette in front of us1 and a floating will-o'-the-wisp of a light4 ,the silhouette grew taller and blacker till the boat grounded under it4 ,then1 by the light of the will-o'-the-wisp1 which was a sputtering oil lantern on shore1 ,i made out some immense cypresses4 ,you have no idea how eerie that landing was1 in a waterside cemetery that was for all the world like ,bcklin's ,island of ,death4 ,the men moved like shadows about their ,flying ,dutchman of a boat1 and their lantern just brought out the ghostliness of gravestones leaning between the columns of the cypresses4 ,and ,i suddenly became aware of the strangest sound4 ,i had no idea what it was or where it came from1 but it was a sort of low moaning that fairly went into your bones4 ,it grew louder when we started on again4 ,we climbed an invisible trail where branches slashed at us in the dark1 and all kinds of sharp and sweet and queer smells came put of it in waves4 ,and nightingales began to sing like mad around us1 and off in the distance somewhere jackals were barking1 and under it all that low moaning went on and on and on4 ,and at last we came out into an open space on top of the hill1 where a bonfire made a hole in the black1 and a couple of naked figures stood redly out in the penumbra of it1 with a ring of faces flickering around them4444 ,i found out afterwards that the bonfire business was nothing but a wrestling match--they had them almost every night on the meidan--and the moaning came from the mill-wheels in the valley4 ,but ,i never quite got over that first impression--that sense of walking through all kinds of things without seeing them4 ,no sooner would ,i begin to feel a bit at home than something would bring me up with a jerk and remind me that ,i was a stranger in a strange land4 ,i suppose it was natural enough1 considering that ,i had only just come out then4 ,the place was nothing but a snarl of muddy lanes and mud shanties1 tossed into a filbert valley where water tumbled down to the ,gulf4 ,it was only about fifty miles away from here1 but it might have been five thousand and fifty4 ,there was none of the contrast with ,europe that is always bothering you here--though perhaps it really sets things off4 ,the people were all ,turks1 and their village was ,asia pure and simple4 ,that extraordinary juxtaposition of care and neglect1 of the exquisite and the nauseating1 which begins to strike you in ,italy1 and which strikes you so much more here1 simply went to the top notch there4 ,it was under your eyes--and nose--every minute4 ,there were rugs and tiles and brasses that you couldn't keep your hands off of1 in houses plastered with cow-dung4 ,and the people used the gutters for drains1 and their principal business was making attar of rose4 ,you should have seen what gardens there were1 hidden away behind mud-walls6 ,what struck me most1 though1 was a something in it all which ,i never could lay my finger on4 ,it seemed incredible that a country inhabited so long should show so few signs of it4 ,the people might have camped in a clearing over night1 and the woods were just waiting to cover up their tracks4 ,but the wildness was not the good blank1 unconscious wildness we have at home4 ,there was a melancholy about it4 ,the silence that hung over the place was really a little uncanny4 ,the mills only cried it out1 in that monotonous minor of theirs4 ,they were picturesque old wooden things1 all green with moss and maidenhair fern1 that went grinding and groaning on forever1 and making you wonder what on earth it was all about4 ,i can't say that ,i ever found out1 either4 ,but ,i certainly got grist enough for my own mill4 ,for that matter1 ,i don't imagine that ,i was precisely an open book myself4 ,in this part of the world they haven't got our passion for poking around where we don't belong3 perhaps they've had more time to find out how little there is in it4 ,and for a mysterious individual from lands beyond the sea1 whose servant can't be prevented from bragging of the splendor in which he lives at ,constantinople1 to bury himself in a wild country village1 must mean something queer4 ,does one give up a konak on the ,bosphorus for a khan in the ,marmora8 ,and are there no teachers of ,turkish in ,stamboul8 ,i believe it didn't take long for the ,moutessarif of ,nicomedia to find out ,i was there1 and for him to ascertain in ways best known to himself what ,i was up to4 ,i have often wondered what his version of it was4 ,at all events it didn't prevent the great men of the village from smoking cigarettes of peace with me in a little vine-shaded coffee-house at the top of the hill4 ,there was the ,mudir1 a plump and harmless effendi of a governor2 and the ,nab1 who was some kind of country justice2 and a charming old ,imam in a green turban and a white beard and a rose-colored robe2 and a ,tchaouche1 an officer of police1 all done up in yellow braid and brass whistles2 and various other personages4 ,and ,i couldn't imagine where in the world they had all picked up their courtliness and conversation4 ,the ,mudir was from town1 and one or two of the others had been there2 but if such things were to be had for a visit to town they'd be a little more common at home4 ,of course1 ,i was asked a good many questions1 and some of them were pretty personal4 ,that is a part of ,oriental etiquette1 you will find4 ,it was marvelous1 though1 what a savoir faire they had1 to say nothing of a sense of life and a few other things4 ,i couldn't make them out--taken with their vile village and their half-tamed fields4 ,the thing used to bother me half to death1 too4 ,i thought all ,i had to do was to sit down and look pleasant and turn them inside out at my leisure4 ,whereas more than once ,i had a vague feeling1 after it was over1 of having been turned inside out myself4 ,altogether it makes me grin when ,i remember what an idiotic young ostrich ,i was4 ,i have been at the business quite a while now1 and to this day ,i am never sure of my man--how that ,asiatic head of his will work in any given case4 ,i can only console myself by remembering that ,i'm not the only one4 ,in the last two generations ,i presume there must have been as many as four ,anglo-,saxons--and three of those1 ,englishmen--who didn't more or less make jackasses of themselves when they ran up against ,asia4 ,and ,i fancy it took them rather more than a year to arrive at even that negative degree of comprehension4 ,however1 various things went into my hopper first and last1 to the tune of the mill-wheels in the valley--particularly last4444 ,it was lucky for me that the wireless telegraphy ,i sometimes felt about me allowed the ,mudir to cultivate his natural inclinations4 ,he was bored enough in his exile1 and ,i think he was genuinely glad that his advices from headquarters made him free of my company4 ,i certainly am4 ,i have never come into just such relations with any of the officials here4 ,he was a grave1 mild1 suave personage who might have made an excellent ,cadi of tradition if he had never heard of ,paris4 ,as it was1 ,i'm afraid he took less thought for his peasants' troubles than of the extent to which they could be made to repay him for his own4 ,he liked to practise his ,french on me as much as ,i liked to practise my ,turkish on him1 and on such occasions as ,i had the honor of squatting at his little round board1 his knowledge of the ,occident would manifest itself in an incredible profusion of spoons4 ,i also discovered that he was by no means averse to sampling my modest cellar4 ,he didn't care so much about being found out1 though4 ,they are tremendous prohibitionists1 you know1 and while the pashas have accepted champagne with their tight trousers1 they're not so public about it4 ,just watch when you go to your first court dinner4 ,a person of whom ,i thought more than the ,mudir1 and who interested me more as a type1 was the ,imam4 ,a more kindly1 honest1 simple1 delightful old man it has seldom been my luck to meet4 ,he was a ,turk of the old school1 without an atom of ,europe in his composition4 ,i wish they were not getting so confoundedly rare4 ,they are worth a million times more than these ,johnnies who pick up the ,roman alphabet and a few half-baked ideas about what we are pleased to call progress4 ,i took daily lessons from him4 ,he was a mighty theologian--made me read the ,koran1 and all that1 and was much interested in what ,i had to tell him of our own beliefs4 ,he used to make me ashamed of knowing so little about them4 ,before he got through with me1 he taught me rather more than was in the bond1 ,i fancy4 ,i had always cherished a notion that because a ,turk could have four wives1 and didn't think much of my chances for the world to come1 and was somewhat free in the use of antidotes to human life1 his morality wasn't worth talking about4 ,but ,i got something of an eye-opener on that point4 ,altogether1 ,i managed to have a very decent time of it4 ,my pill of learning the most of the language in the least possible time was so ingeniously sugared that the business was one prolonged picnic4 ,in fact1 living in a khan1 as ,i did at first1 is nothing but camping4 ,they're all about the same1 you know4 ,you can see the model any day over in ,stamboul--a rambling stack of galleries round a court of cattle and wheels1 and big bare rooms where twenty people could live4 ,they often do1 too4 ,you spread your own bedding on the wooden divan surrounding two or three sides of the room1 and your servant cooks for you in a series of little charcoal pits under the huge chimney4 ,it's rather amusing for a while1 if you're not too fussy about smells and crawling things4 ,i suppose ,i must have been1 for the ,mudir eventually persuaded me to rent a house from an absentee rose-growing pasha4 ,it was about the only wooden one in the place--a huge rattlety-bang old affair that stood on the edge of the bluff1 a little apart from the town4 ,it leaked so villainously that ,i had to sit under an umbrella every time there was a shower1 but the view and the garden made up for it4 ,i used to prowl around the country a good deal1 though4 ,everything was so strange to me--the faces1 the costumes1 the curious implements1 the hairy black buffaloes1 the fat-tailed sheep with their dabs of red dye1 the solid-wheeled carts that lamented more loudly1 if less continuously1 than the water-wheels1 the piratish-looking caravels strutting up and down the ,gulf under a balloon of a mainsail4 ,i took them by the day1 sometimes1 to go fishing or exploring4 ,all of which must have been highly incomprehensible to my astonished neighbors4 ,i believe my man had to invent some legend of a doctor and a cure to account for so eccentric a master4 ,it was only when ,i came more and more to spend my days among the cypresses on the edge of the beach that ,i became less an object of suspicion2 for while a ,turk is little of a sportsman and less of mere aimless sight-seer1 he likes nothing better than sitting philosophically under the greenwood tree4 ,my greenwood was1 as ,i have said1 a cemetery4 ,heaven knows how long it had been there4 ,the cypresses were enormously tall and thick and dark4 ,and the stones under them--with their carved turbans and arabesques1 and their holes and rain-hollows for restless or thirsty ghosts--were all gray and lichened with time1 and pitched every which way between the coiling roots4 ,you may think it a queer kind of place to sit around in1 but it took my fancy enormously4 ,i don't know--there was something so still and old about it1 and the spring had such a look between the black trees4 ,it wasn't quite still1 either1 for that strange1 low minor of the water-wheels was always in your ears4 ,it ran on and on1 like the sound of the quiet and the sunshine and the cypresses and the ancient stones4 ,and it made all sorts of things go through your head4 ,i presume that first impression had something to do with it4 ,you wondered whether the trees would have lived so long if so many dead people had not lain among their roots4 ,you wondered--,i don't know what you didn't wonder4 ,as hot weather came on1 ,i used to pack a hammock and reading and writing and cooking things on a donkey nearly every day1 and drop down through the filberts to my cypresses4 ,there was fairly decent bathing there1 over an outrageous bottom of stones and sea-urchins4 ,what ,i liked best1 though1 was simply to lie around and watch the world go by4 ,not that much of it does go by the ,gulf of ,nicomedia4 ,if it hadn't been for a sail every now and then1 you would have supposed that people had forgotten all about that little blue pocket of a firth leading nowhere between its antique hills4 ,then there were two or three trains a day1 whose black you could just make out1 crawling through the green of the opposite shore4 ,and there was a steamer a day each way that it was as much as your life was worth to put your foot into4 ,you wouldn't think so1 though1 to see the people who packed the decks4 ,sometimes ,i used to go down to the landing for the pleasure of the contrast they made1 solemnly huddled up in their picturesque rags1 with the noisy modern steamer4 ,it was a miracle where so many of them came from and went to4 ,that's the wildest part of the ,marmora1 you know1 for all their railroad on the north shore4 ,some day1 ,i suppose1 when ,german expresses go thundering through to the ,persian ,gulf1 it'll be all factory chimneys and summer hotels1 like the rest of the world4 ,but now there's nothing worse than vineyards and tobacco plantations4 ,on the south coast there's hardly that4 ,the hills stand up pretty straight out of the water1 and they're wooded down to the rocks4 ,you might think it virgin forest if you didn't know the ,nicene ,creed came out of it--to say nothing of invisible villages1 and eyes looking out at you without your knowing4 ,it all gave one such an idea of the extraordinary wreckage that has been left on the shores of that old ,greek ,sea4 ,only you don't get it as you do here1 where races and creeds march past you on the ,bridge while you stand by and admire4 ,there's something more secret and ancient about it--more like ,homer and the ,bible and the ,arabian ,nights4 ,the caravans gave the most telling touch4 ,you don't often see camels up here any longer1 but they're still common enough in the interior4 ,i could hardly believe my eyes the first time a procession of them appeared on my beach4 ,first came a man on horseback1 with a couple of ,persian saddle-bags to make your mouth water1 and then the long string of camels roped together like barges in a tow4 ,what an air they had--the fantastic tawny line of them swinging against the blue of the ,gulf6 ,and how softly they padded along the shingle1 with the picturesque ruffians in charge of them throned high among their mysterious bales6 ,they passed without so much as a turn of the eye1 my ,wise ,men of the ,east1 and disappeared behind the point as silently as they came4 ,it gave me the strangest sensation4 ,i had felt something of the same before4 ,i could scarcely help it1 looking out between those tragic trees at the white strip of beach and the blue strip of sea and the green strip of hills that were so much like other hills and seas and beaches and yet so different4 ,but there had never come to me before quite such a sense of the strangeness of this world where so many things had been buried from the time of ,jason and the ,argo--of this world of which ,i knew nothing and to which ,i was nothing4 ,you may believe that ,i was delighted when ,i went back to the village that night and found it full of camels4 ,the air was sizzling with bonfires and kebabs--you know those bits of lamb they broil on a long wooden spit8--and strange faces were at every corner4 ,they filled the coffee-house1 too1 when ,i finally got there4 ,by that time it was too dark to stare as hard as ,i would have liked4 ,but perhaps the scene was all the more picturesque for the shadowy figures scattered under the vine in the dusk1 and the bubble of nargilehs filling the intervals of talk4 ,a feature would come saliently out here and there in the red of a cigarette--a shining eye1 a hawk nose1 a bronzed cheek-bone4 ,and out on the meidan were groups around fires1 with their little pipes that have all the trouble of the ,east in them1 and their little tomtoms of such inimitable rhythms4 ,i found my friends established as usual in the seat of honor--an old sofa in the corner of the caf--and as usual they made place for me amongst them4 ,when the ceremony of their welcome subsided1 the ,mudir took occasion to whisper to me that the leader of the caravan1 an excellent fellow who had stopped there before1 was telling stories4 ,i then recognized1 in the light of the cafedij's lamp1 the man ,i had seen that afternoon on horseback4 ,he sat on a stool in front of the divan of honor1 and behind him were crowded all the other stools and mats in the place4 ,although he had not deigned1 before1 to turn his head toward me1 he now testified by the depth of his salaam to the honor he felt in such an addition to his circle4 ,he was a curiously handsome chap1 burnt and bearded1 with the high-hung jaw of his people1 the arched brow1 the almost ,roman nose4 ,and1 shaky as ,i still was in the language1 he didn't leave me long to wonder why he was the center of the circle4 ,he was a born raconteur--one of those story-tellers who in the ,east still carry on the tradition of the troubadours4 ,not that he sang to us1 or recited poetry--although the ,imam told me with pride that the man was a dictionary of the ,persian poets4 ,but he went on with a story he had begun before my entrance4 ,it was one of those endless old eastern tales that are such a charming mixture of serpent wisdom and childish navet4 ,and he told it with a vividness of gesture and inflection that you never get from print4 ,well1 you can imagine6 ,i always had a fancy for that sort of thing1 but it's so deuced hard to get at--at least1 for people like us4 ,and after that queer turn the first sight of the caravan gave me1 down by the water1 it made me feel as if ,i were really beginning to lay my hand on things at last4 ,so ,i was disappointed enough when at the end of the story the party began to break up4 ,upon my signifying as much to my neighbor1 the ,mudir1 however1 he said that nothing would be easier than to summon the man to a private session4 ,if ,i would do him the honor to come to the konak--,i was tickled enough to take up with the idea1 provided the meeting should take place at my house instead4 ,i knew there would be bakshish1 which ,i didn't like to put the ,mudir in for1 after all he had done4 ,moreover1 ,i had a whim to get the camel-driver under my own roof--by way of nailing the ,east1 so to speak6 ,so the upshot of the business was that we made a night of it4 ,oh1 ,i don't mean any of your wild and woolly ones4 ,to be sure1 we did wet things down a trifle more than is the custom of the country4 ,there happened to be a decanter on the table1 which the camel-driver looked at as if he wouldn't mind knowing what it contained2 and being a bit awkward at first1 ,i knew no better than to trot it out4 ,the ,mudir1 to whom of course ,i offered it first1 wouldn't have any4 ,i suppose he had his reputation to keep up before an inferior4 ,i was rather surprised1 all the same1 for it was plain enough that the camel-driver was by no means the kind of man the name implies1 and a little ,greek wine wouldn't hurt a baby4 ,moreover1 ,i had heard of this raki of theirs1 which is so much fire-water1 and ,i didn't take their temperance very seriously4 ,as for the camel-driver1 he was rather amusing4 ,you tempt me to my death6 he laughed1 taking the glass ,i poured out for him4 ,do you know that my men would kill me if they saw me now8 ,these country people have not the ideas of the effendi and myself4 ,they follow blindly the ,prophet1 not realizing how many rooms there are in the house of a wise man4 ,they found out that ,i had been affording opportunity for the forgiveness of ,god1 and they took it quite seriously4 ,they threatened to kill me if ,i did not make a public confession4 ,and ,i had to do it1 to please them4 ,on the next ,friday ,i made a solemn confession of my sins in mosque1 and swore never to smell another drop4 ,at this ,i didn't know just what to do4 ,i looked at the ,mudir1 and the ,mudir looked at the camel-driver4 ,the latter1 however1 waved his hand with a smile of goodfellowship4 ,there is no harm now1 he said4 ,we break caravan to-morrow at ,nicomedia4 ,moreover1 ,i do not drink saying it is right4 ,i should blaspheme ,god1 who has commanded me not to drink4 ,but ,i acknowledge that ,i sin4 ,great be the name of ,god6 ,with which he tipped the glass into his mouth4 ,my soul6 he exclaimed1 ,that is better than a cucumber in ,august6 ,these people are democratic1 you know1 to a degree of which we haven't an idea--for all our declaration of independence4 ,yet there are certain invisible lines which are sure to trip a foreigner up and which made me mighty uncertain what to do with the governor of a mudirlik and the leader of a caravan4 ,but the latter proceeded to look out for that4 ,such a jolly good fellow you never saw in your life1 with his stories1 and the way he had with him1 and the things he had been up to4 ,it turned out that he knew western ,asia a good deal better than ,i know western ,europe4 ,tabriz1 ,tashkend1 ,samarkand1 ,cabul1 to say nothing of ,mecca and ,cairo and ,tripoli--such names dropped from him as ,liverpool and ,marseilles might from me4 ,where camel goes he had been1 and for him ,asia ,minor was no more than a sort of ironic tongue stuck out at ,europe by the huge continent behind4 ,it gave me my first inkling of how this empire is tied up4 ,it seems to hang so loosely together1 without the rails and wires that put ,sitka and ,st4 ,augustine in easier reach of each other than ,constantinople and ,bagdad4 ,i began to learn then that wires and rails are not everything--that there are stronger nets than those4 ,altogether it was a momentous occasion4 ,to sit there in that queer old house1 in a wild hill village of the ,marmora1 and speak familiarly with that camel-driver who carried the secrets of ,asia in his pocket--it brought me nearer than ,i had ever dreamed to that life which was always so tantalizing me by my inability to get at it4 ,when the man finally withdrew1 and the ,mudir after him1 ,i was in no mood to go to bed4 ,they had opened to me their ancient world1 with all its poetry and mystery1 and ,i did not want to lose it again4 ,i could see it stretching dimly beyond the windows where the water-wheels went moaning under the moon4 ,i went out into it4 ,the night was--you have no idea what those nights could be4 ,they had such a way of swallowing up the squalidness of things1 and bringing out all their melancholy magic4 ,the rose season was at its height1 and the air was one perfume from the hidden gardens4 ,then the nightingales were at that heart-breaking music of theirs4 ,and the moon6 ,it wasn't one of those glaring round things1 like a coachman's button or a butcher's boy with the mumps1 by which young ladies are commonly put into spasms2 but it was an old wasted one1 with such a light6 ,it was all the more extraordinary because not a creature was about--except a man who lay asleep on the ground1 not far from the door4 ,apparently they dropped off wherever they happened to be1 down there1 and ,i used to envy them for it4 ,i stood still for a while1 in the shadow of the house1 taking it all in4 ,don't you know1 it happens once in a while that you have a mood1 and that your surroundings come up to it8 ,it doesn't happen very often1 either--at least1 to workaday people like us4 ,so ,i stood there1 looking and listening and breathing4 ,and when ,i saw the edge of the shadow of the house crumble up at one place1 without any visible cause1 and creep out into the moonlight1 ,i--,i only looked at it4 ,nothing had any visible cause in that strange world of mine1 and ,i watched the slowly lengthening finger of shadow with the passivity of a man who has seen too many wonders to wonder any more4 ,but then ,i made out a darker darkness winding back toward the house4 ,and--,i don't know--,i thought of the man on the ground4 ,i looked at him4 ,it was my camel-driver1 dead as ,darius1 with the blood running out of a hole in his back like water out of a spout4 ,for the moment ,i was still too far away from every day to be startled1 or even very much surprised4 ,it was only a part of that mysterious world1 with its mysterious people and mysterious ways that ,i never could understand4 ,what was he doing there dead1 who had been so full of life a little while before8 ,was it one of his jokes8 ,the night was the most enchanting you could imagine1 the air was heady with the breath of rose-gardens1 the nightingales were singing in the trees 7down in the valley ,i heard1 low1 low1 the weary water-wheels71 and here was the prince of story-tellers with his tongue stopped forever1 and the blood of him making a snaky black trail across the moonlight4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,what happened next8 ,my dear fellow1 you remind me of these kids who will never let you finish their story6 ,nothing happened next4 ,that was the beauty of it4 ,i guess ,i got one pretty good case of the jim-jams after a while1 and when ,i got through wondering whether ,i was going to be elected next1 ,i began to wonder whether they wouldn't think ,i'd done it4 ,of course1 ,i had done it1 as a matter of fact1 and that didn't tend to composure of mind4 ,neither did my speculations as to what the ,mudir might or might not have noticed when he left me that evening4 ,but1 if you will believe it1 nobody ever lifted a finger4 ,the next morning the caravan was gone and apparently everything was the same as before4 ,if anything1 they were more decent than before4 ,that was the worst of it4 ,i don't believe ,i'd have minded so much if they'd stoned me and ridden me out on a rail and set the ,government after me and raised the devil generally4 ,i should at least have felt less at sea4 ,as it was--hello1 there's ,carmignani6 ,let's take him over to ,tokatlian's4 ,,the ,,unremembered ,,fragments ,,of ,a ,,lost ,,memory ,,by ,,florence ,,wilkinson ,where have they gone1 the unremembered things1 ,the hours1 the faces1 ,the trumpet-call1 the wild boughs of white spring8 ,would ,i might pluck you from forbidden spaces1 ,all ye1 the vanished tenants of my places6 ,stay but one moment1 speak that ,i may hear1 ,swift passer-by6 ,the wind of your strange garments in my ear ,catches the heart like a belovd cry ,from lips1 alas1 forgotten utterly4 ,an odour haunts1 a colour in the mesh1 ,a step that mounts the stair2 ,come to me1 ,i would touch your living flesh-- ,look how they disappear1 ah1 where1 ah1 where8 ,because ,i name them not1 deaf to my prayer4 ,if ,i could only call them as ,i used1 ,each by his name6 ,that violin--what ancient voice that mused6 ,yon is the hill1 ,i see the beacon flame4 ,my feet have found the road where once ,i came4 ,quick--but again the dark1 darkness and shame4 ,,the ,,battle ,,against ,,the ,,sherman ,,law ,,how ,,capital ,,and ,,labor ,,combine ,,to ,,safeguard ,,the ,,trust ,,and ,,legalize ,,the ,,boycott ,,by ,,burton ,j4 ,,hendrick ,,illustrated ,,with ,,photographs ,under the existing laws of the ,united ,states1 it is a crime to organize a combination of individuals or corporations into a business aggregation in restraint of trade4 ,it is likewise a crime for labor men or labor unions in different ,states to combine for the prosecution of certain aggressive enterprises popularly described as boycotts4 ,any person convicted of engaging in either of these prohibited acts may be fined not more than #e1jjj for each offense1 or imprisoned for one year at hard labor1 or both4 ,according to reliable estimates1 there are in the neighborhood of five hundred large trusts or combinations that daily violate this law4 ,there are many thousands of smaller corporations and business firms that indulge in secret practices for which their officers may at any time be lodged in jail4 ,as for the national prohibition of boycotts1 labor organizations openly exist for the express purpose of conducting them4 ,the constitution of the most powerful labor organization in this country1 the ,federation of ,labor1 specifically provides for engaging in this form of industrial warfare4 ,the statute that outlaws these combinations of both capital and labor is the famous ,sherman ,anti-trust ,law4 ,it is one of the briefest1 most pointed1 and most comprehensive measures ever passed by ,congress4 ,it contains only about seven hundred words and would fill less than a page of this magazine4 ,in its first three lines1 without any modifications or circumlocutions1 it declares illegal every contract1 combination in the form of trust or otherwise1 or conspiracy1 in restraint of trade or commerce among the several ,states or with foreign nations4 ,the next few lines provide the punishment1 cited above1 for breaking the law4 ,the ,sherman ,act does not say that some combinations are illegal and criminal1 but that every one is4 ,it does not provide that certain offenders may be punished1 but that every one shall be4 ,it leaves absolutely no discretion to prosecuting officers or to the courts4 ,within its comprehensive folds are gathered1 on the one hand1 the most commanding captains of industry and the greatest railroad magnates2 and1 on the other1 the most insignificant puddlers in their furnaces and stokers on their trains4 ,the ,sherman ,act has thus established a community of interest between labor and capital which has had important practical results4 ,both capital and labor are openly evading the law4 ,both have many times been haled into court1 convicted of infringing this statute1 and enjoined from continuing in their illegal combinations4 ,both consequently find it an irksome impediment to their present plans and ambitions4 ,in their active opposition to the law the two previously warring elements now meet on common ground4 ,the platform of the ,republican party calls for amendments which1 to all practical purposes1 will seriously weaken the law1 so far as its application to corporate combinations is concerned4 ,the ,democratic platform demands such changes as will exempt labor unions from its operation1--which is virtually the same thing as demanding the legalization of the boycott4 ,at the last session of ,congress the spectacle was presented of important labor unions and great corporation lawyers working hand in hand to this common end4 ,though this agitation failed for the time being1 it may safely be asserted that the repeal or modification of the ,sherman ,act will continue to be a fixed article of the policy both of large aggregations of wealth and of large aggregations of labor4 ,this fact makes important a study of its history and of its practical effects upon corporate and labor organizations4 ,the ,sherman ,law ,not ,rushed ,through ,congress ,hardly any important legislation has been so imperfectly understood or more persistently misrepresented4 ,although the law was passed only eighteen years ago1 a large number of legends have already grown up about it4 ,according to popular belief1 the ,sherman ,anti-trust ,act is an imperfect piece of legislation2 a measure which was drawn up hastily1 without thorough study or knowledge of the economic and social problems which it was intended to solve4 ,the corporations declare that it was never intended to meet industrial conditions as they exist now3 labor leaders have repeatedly asserted that the framers of the measure never intended that it should affect organizations of labor4 ,a study of the congressional debates which preceded the passage of the ,sherman ,act dissipates these misconceptions4 ,the law was not rushed through ,congress4 ,it was seriously proposed as a carefully thought-out attempt to check great and clearly comprehended evils4 ,in essence those evils did not differ from the ones which confront the ,american people today4 ,in #ahij the trust1 or the industrial combination1 had almost reached its present state of development4 ,large aggregations of capital had already secured a monopoly of many of the necessaries of life4 ,the ,standard ,oil ,trust was then1 as it is now1 the most conspicuous of these combinations1 and had already attained an unpopularity almost as great as it enjoys today2 the ,sugar ,trust controlled practically the whole output of refined sugar4 ,the ,steel ,trust1 it is true1 did not exist2 but many combinations in steel products had already been formed4 ,combinations on steel rails dictated prices2 nails1 barbed fence wire1 copper1 lead1 nickel1 zinc1 cordage1 cottonseed oil1--all these products had already been brought largely under trust control4 ,the ,salt ,trust and the ,whiskey ,trust had been organized4 ,combinations of railroads1 for the purpose of fixing charges for transportation1 had existed for twenty-five years4 ,in #ahge ,commodore ,vanderbilt called the first great meeting of railroad trunk lines at ,saratoga2 and this conference adopted a pooling arrangement4 ,the accumulated railroad abuses of a generation1 especially this practice of pooling earnings1 had led to the passage of the ,interstate ,commerce ,act in #ahhg--three years before the enactment of the ,sherman ,law4 ,other combinations1 which disdained the name of trusts1 but which had already developed certain points in common with them1 also flourished4 ,the labor union1 for example1 was in full flower4 ,the ,knights of ,labor1 under ,powderly1 had passed through many triumphant years2 the ,federation of ,labor was firmly entrenched1 and ,samuel ,gompers was its ,president then as he is today4 ,the unions existed then1 as they do now1 to secure higher wages and greater advantages of employment for their members2 and one of their weapons then1 as it is at present1 was the boycott4 ,organizations of farmers1 which existed for a similar purpose--the ,farmers' ,alliance1 the ,national ,league--had also reached a high state of development4 ,statesmen who ,framed the ,sherman ,law ,nor were the framers of this law inexperienced legislators who hastily scrambled together a measure to meet certain political exigencies4 ,the men chiefly responsible for the anti-trust law were ,john ,sherman of ,ohio1 ,george ,f4 ,edmunds of ,vermont1 ,george ,f4 ,hoar of ,massachusetts1 ,george ,gray of ,delaware1 and ,james ,z4 ,george of ,mississippi4 ,senator ,spooner recently declared that no greater body of lawyers ever sat in ,congress2 no one would venture to contend that there is any similar group of five men in ,washington today4 ,john ,sherman had served almost continuously in ,congress since #ahed2 he had represented ,ohio in the ,senate throughout the ,civil ,war and the reconstruction period1 displaying especial talent in dealing with questions of national finance2 and1 as ,secretary of the ,treasury in ,president ,hayes' cabinet1 had carried through with masterly success the resumption of specie payments4 ,george ,f4 ,edmunds was generally regarded as the greatest lawyer then in the ,senate4 ,starting his career in that body in #ahff1 when ,congress had to handle the intricate constitutional problems involved in the readmission of the ,southern ,states1 he immediately became one of an influential group of which the other members were ,sumner1 ,fessenden1 ,trumbull1 and ,wade1 and took an important part in framing the legislation of the reconstruction period4 ,george ,f4 ,hoar had1 by #ahij1 represented ,massachusetts in the ,senate for thirteen years2 his great learning1 his comprehensive knowledge of public questions1 his independence1 his genuine devotion to the best public interests had made him one of the most commanding figures in that body4 ,george ,gray of ,delaware1 at present a judge of the ,united ,states ,circuit ,court1 and for many years one of the most conservative forces in the ,democratic party--the same ,george ,gray upon whom many of ,mr4 ,bryan's opponents hoped to unite a few months ago as the ,democratic presidential nominee--was also recognized as one of the ,senate's greatest authorities on the ,constitution4 ,senator ,george had served for many years as chief justice of the ,supreme ,court of ,mississippi1 and was the author and compiler of many works on law which are still widely used4 ,over the question of federal control of large combinations these five men and their colleagues debated for nearly two years4 ,senator ,sherman introduced his first anti-trust act ,august #ad1 #ahhh2 the present statute finally became a law on ,july #ba1 #ahij4 ,during this period six separate trust bills1 all modifications of that originally introduced by ,mr4 ,sherman1 were laid before the ,senate4 ,they were considered by two committees--the ,finance and the ,judiciary--and debated at great length in the committee of the whole4 ,the discussions occupy one hundred and fifty pages of the ,congressional ,record4 ,a striking illustration of the general ignorance of the circumstances under which the ,sherman ,act was passed is furnished by the present ,republican platform4 ,this declares that the ,republican party passed the ,sherman ,anti-,trust ,act over ,democratic opposition4 ,the records of ,congress1 however1 show no indications of any opposition at all1 ,democratic or other4 ,of the five men most conspicuous in framing the law1 three were ,republicans and two were ,democrats4 ,in the ,senate only one senator voted against the passage2 in the ,house two hundred and forty-two votes were cast in favor of the act1 and not a single one was cast against it4 ,the whole debate was notable for its seriousness and its dignity2 one or two ,democrats did suggest that a revision of the tariff might help to curb the trusts2 but that was the only partisan note struck4 ,congress keenly appreciated the issues raised by the trust problem and the necessity of taking action that would be beneficial and permanent4 ,everybody realized1 also1 the inherent difficulties of the situation4 ,the debates in the ,senate on this issue1 far from indicating a scrappy investigation1 furnish material for a liberal education in the constitutional questions involved in dealing with monopolies4 ,senator ,hoar1 in preparation for the work1 studied the history of legislation concerning monopolies from the time of ,zeno4 ,one of the sections in the bill--that providing that a successful litigant against a trust can recover three times the damages suffered from it--,mr4 ,hoar incorporated from a statute on monopolies passed in the reign of ,james ,i4 ,illustration3 ,,samuel ,,gompers1 ,,for ,,twenty-,,five ,,years ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,federation ,,of ,,labor4 ,,mr4 ,,gompers ,,demands ,,an ,,amendment ,,of ,,the ,,sherman ,,anti-,,trust ,,act ,,that ,,would ,,make ,,legal ,,the ,,interstate ,,boycott ,sherman ,act ,intended to ,apply to ,labor ,unions ,of all the legends which have grown up about this law1 perhaps the most absurd is that it was never intended to apply to workingmen4 ,as a matter of fact1 said ,samuel ,gompers before the ,judiciary ,committee of the ,house last winter1 every man who now lives and is familiar with the legislation of the day knows that the ,sherman ,anti-trust ,law was never intended to include organizations of labor1 ,chief ,justice ,fuller1 in a recent decision of the ,united ,states ,supreme ,court1 flatly contradicts ,mr4 ,gompers' statement4 ,the records of ,congress show1 says ,justice ,fuller1 that several efforts were made to exempt1 by legislation1 organizations of farmers and laborers from the operation of the act and that all these efforts failed1 ,in fact1 the question of the relation of labor unions and the law occupied a conspicuous place in the debates2 it was almost as constantly in the minds of the ,senators as the question of capitalistic combinations themselves4 ,to meet this situation1 ,senator ,sherman introduced an amendment specifically excepting labor unions and agricultural associations from the operation of his statute4 ,mr4 ,gompers1 according to his remarks before the ,judiciary ,committee last winter1 was partly responsible for the introduction of this amendment4 ,senator ,edmunds opposed it on the ground that it granted rights to labor which it withheld from capital1 and he insisted that both sides should be treated upon an exact equality4 ,in the following words he disposed for all time of ,senator ,sherman's plea for preferential treatment of laboring men3 ,the fact is that this matter of capital1 as it is called1 of business1 and of labor1 is an equation1 and you cannot disturb one side of the equation without disturbing the other4 ,if it costs for labor #ej per cent4 more to produce a ton of iron1 that #ej per cent4 more goes into what that iron must sell for1 or some part of it4 ,i take it everybody will agree to that4 ,very well4 ,now1 if you say to one side of that equation1 ,you may make the value or the price of this iron by your combination for wages in the whole ,republic or on the continent1 but the man for whom you have made the iron shall not arrange with his neighbors as to the price they will sell it for1 so as not to destroy each other1 the whole business will certainly break1 because the connection between the plant1 as ,i will call it for short1 and the labor that works that plant1 is one that no legislation and no force in the world--and there is only one outside of the world that can do it--can possibly separate4 ,they cannot be divorced4 ,neither speeches nor laws nor judgments of courts nor anything else can change it1 and therefore ,i say that to provide on one side of that equation that there may be combination and on the other side that there shall not1 is contrary to the very inherent principle upon which such business must depend4 ,if we are to have equality1 as we ought to have1 if the combination on the one side is to be prohibited1 the combination on the other side must be prohibited1 or there will be certain destruction in the end4444 ,on the one side you say that it is a crime and on the other side you say it is a valuable and proper under-taking4 ,that will not do1 ,mr4 ,president4 ,you can not get on in that way4 ,it is impossible to separate them2 and the principle of it therefore is that if one side1 no matter which it is1 is authorized to combine1 the other side must be authorized to combine1 or the thing will break and there will be universal bankruptcy4 ,that is what it will come to4 ,illustration3 ,,senator ,,george ,f4 ,,edmunds1 ,,generally ,,regarded ,,as ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,greatest ,,constitutional ,,lawyers ,,of ,,his ,,time4 ,,the ,,sherman ,,act1 ,,as ,,it ,,stands ,,at ,,present1 ,,is ,,very ,,largely ,,his ,,work ,senator ,edmunds' logic absolutely killed any attempt to place capital and labor upon different footings1 ,instead of adopting this proposed amendment1 the ,senate referred the whole question of trust legislation to the ,judiciary ,committee1 of which ,senator ,edmunds was chairman4 ,mr4 ,edmunds and his colleagues threw into the waste basket all the pending trust bills and their amendments and struck out on new lines4 ,as a consequence1 ,senator ,edmunds became the chief author of the ,sherman ,anti-,trust ,law4 ,his most active associates1 were ,senator ,hoar and ,senator ,george4 ,the one man who had practically nothing to do with the statute as it stands to-day was ,senator ,sherman himself4 ,he played an important part in the preliminary discussion and in framing the measures which served as a basis for this discussion2 but the bill as it was finally adopted by ,congress bore little resemblance to his4 ,the amendment upon which he laid especial stress--that of exempting laboring and agricultural organizations from the operation of the ,anti-trust ,law--was absolutely ignored4 ,as finally adopted1 the act did not prohibit labor unions per se or combinations of labor unions formed to accomplish lawful ends2 it did1 however1 strike at certain labor union practices4 ,that this was the clear intention of the ,senate is evident from a statement made by ,senator ,edmunds in a newspaper interview as far back as #ahib4 ,the ,sherman ,law1 said ,mr4 ,edmunds1 is intended to cover and ,i think will cover every form of combination that seeks in any way to interfere with or restrain free competition1 whether it be capital in the form of trusts1 combinations1 railroad pools1 or agreements1 or labor through the form of boycotting organizations that say a man shall not earn his bread unless he joins this or that society4 ,both are wrong2 both are crimes and indictable under the ,anti-trust ,law4 ,unsuccessful ,efforts to ,destroy the ,law ,for eighteen years the anti-trust statute has represented ,american policy and ,american law in federal regulation of combinations in restraint of trade4 ,in that period the act has been repeatedly assailed from many legal standpoints4 ,it has been passed upon more than two hundred and fifty times by the federal courts1 and has been considered fifty-five times by the ,united ,states ,supreme ,court4 ,the greatest constitutional lawyers of this generation--such men as ,edward ,j4 ,phelps1 ,james ,c4 ,carter1 ,john ,f4 ,dillon1 and ,francis ,lynde ,stetson--have attempted to destroy it and have not succeeded4 ,the greatest railroads and corporations1 on the one hand1 and the largest and most influential labor unions1 on the other1 have both failed in their attempts to secure exemption from its operation4 ,illustration3 ,,judge ,,george ,,gray ,,of ,,delaware1 ,,who1 ,,as ,,united ,,states ,,senator1 ,,in #ahij1 ,,took ,,an ,,important ,,part ,,in ,,framing ,,the ,,sherman ,,law ,the history of the ,sherman ,act has absolutely justified the wisdom and integrity of the ,supreme ,court4 ,scores of times the lower courts have decided against the government2 and the most important decisions have been those in which the ,supreme ,court has reversed the inferior tribunals4 ,the record of federal prosecutions under this law affords an interesting insight into the attitude of the several administrations toward trust regulation4 ,president ,harrison1 under whose administration the law was passed1 accomplished little4 ,his attorney-general brought seven actions--four bills in equity and three criminal indictments4 ,under the equity proceedings1 he obtained three injunctions2 the criminal proceedings all ended in failure4 ,one of the cases instituted by ,president ,harrison1 however1--that against the ,trans-,missouri ,freight ,association1--was afterward taken to the ,supreme ,court by ,president ,cleveland's attorney-general1 and resulted in securing one of the most important decisions in the history of the law4 ,president ,cleveland showed considerably more activity than his predecessor4 ,though only eight proceedings stand to his credit1 several of them were of the greatest importance4 ,he used the ,sherman ,law in fighting the ,debs cases growing out of the ,pullman strike2 and in the well-known ,addyston ,pipe ,steel ,company case he dissolved a combination1 formed by several manufacturers of gas and sewer pipe1 to monopolize the trade of most large ,american municipalities4 ,president ,mc,kinley apparently had little interest in the ,sherman ,law2 throughout his four and a half years only three cases were prosecuted1 none of which were of much consequence4 ,with the administration of ,president ,roosevelt1 however1 the situation changed4 ,against the seven cases instituted by ,harrison1 the eight by ,cleveland1 the three by ,mc,kinley1 stand thirty-seven started by ,roosevelt4 ,that is1 he has instituted twice as many cases as all his predecessors combined1 and many of the ,roosevelt prosecutions have proved successful4 ,nineteen of these thirty-seven cases have already been decided2 the government has won seventeen and lost only two4 ,as a result of these many proceedings and interpretations1 the ,sherman ,anti-trust ,law is now fairly well understood4 ,there has recently been much complaint that the law is not sufficiently specific2 that business men and labor leaders are groping very much in the dark2 that it is impossible to say what this statute prohibits and what it permits4 ,from the judicial literature which has accumulated in the last eighteen years1 however1 a fairly clear idea of its bearings upon large enterprises1 both of labor and capital1 can be obtained4 ,senator ,hoar declared1 when the bill came up for final passage1 that it enunciated no new principle of law4 ,it made illegal restraints of trade and monopolies1 but these had been for centuries unlawful in all ,anglo-,saxon countries4 ,as far back as the reign of ,henry ,,vi4 in ,england1 in #adcf1 a law was passed declaring that all agreements in restraint of trade are illegal and voide4 ,this principle has ever since been part of the law of ,england1 and is at present part of the common law of many ,states in the ,union4 ,illustration3 ,,francis ,,lynde ,,stetson1 ,,chief ,,counsel ,,for ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,steel ,,corporation ,,and ,,other ,,morgan ,,organizations4 ,,mr4 ,,stetson ,,was ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,drafters ,,of ,,last ,,winter',s ,,trust ,,bill4 ,,if ,,it ,,had ,,become ,a ,,law1 ,,this ,,measure ,,would ,,have ,,made ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,steel ,,company ,,practically ,,immune ,,from ,,federal ,,prosecution ,in the ,united ,states itself1 however1--that is1 in the federal courts--there is no common law2 everything must be fixed and regulated by statute4 ,what the ,sherman ,act did was to make this common law on the subjects of restraints and monopolies the statute law of the ,united ,states4 ,under the common law of practically every ,state1 monopolies and restraining combinations were illegal2 ,congress made these illegal when they involved inter-,state trade4 ,under the common law boycotts were illegal also2 ,congress made illegal the inter-,state boycott4 ,congressional action on this subject was demanded1 because the larger number of these unlawful combinations could be reached only by federal action1 inasmuch as they usually involved more than one ,state4 ,under the rulings of the ,supreme ,court1 combinations and conspiracies which restrain trade and develop monopolies are those which1 broadly speaking1 deprive the public of the benefits of free competition4 ,this act recognizes the competitive system as the one industrial ideal1 and outlaws anything that interferes with a free1 unobstructed flow of trade4 ,a trust that gets control of the larger part of a particular product and manipulates the output so as to prevent trade from flowing in its natural course--that is an illegal restraint4 ,labor unions that combine to divert artificially this same course of trade--as they unquestionably do when they persuade the public not to have business relations with particular persons or corporations against which they have declared a boycott--also engage in an illegal restraint4 ,the ,sherman ,law aims only to protect the public against these unnatural influences2 to restore business to normal conditions4 ,with corporations1 the final test as to whether they restrain trade or not is whether their effect is to increase prices4 ,if they do not increase prices1 then they do not restrain trade and consequently do not violate the ,sherman ,act4 ,the ,supreme ,court has insisted upon one important modification of this principle4 ,the effect upon prices must be immediate and not remote4 ,an arbitrary agreement that definitely fixes the prices of a product is clearly illegal2 an agreement which1 in the last analysis1 might tend to influence prices1 would not necessarily be so4 ,illustration3 ,,seth ,,low1 ,,ex-,,mayor ,,of ,,new ,,york1 ,,who1 ,,as ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,national ,,civic ,,federation1 ,,advocates ,,the ,,amendment ,,of ,,the ,,sherman ,,law ,railroads ,stopped from ,making ,rate ,agreements ,in the first ten years after the passing of the ,sherman ,act1 the government attacked most successfully1 not the great solidified aggregations of capital popularly known as trusts1 but the more or less loosely organized federations of corporations1 formed chiefly for the purpose of regulating and establishing prices4 ,trade agreements1 not monopolistic corporations1 became its chief quarry4 ,in proscribing these agreements as illegal1 the ,sherman ,act was found to be extremely effective4 ,the very first case under this law was directed against a combination of coal-mining companies in ,kentucky and ,tennessee1 which existed for the express purpose of regulating output and fixing prices4 ,the courts promptly decided that this agreement violated the ,sherman ,act4 ,in #ahib eighteen railroads1 nearly all operating west of the ,missouri ,river1 organized what they called the ,trans-,missouri ,freight ,association4 ,this association included many of the great ,western roads1 companies of the magnitude of the ,santa ,f1 the ,missouri ,pacific1 and the ,rock ,island4 ,its object1 as clearly stated in the articles of association1 was mutual protection by establishing and maintaining reasonable rates1 rules1 and regulations1 in all freight traffic1 both through and local4 ,in other words1 it proposed to fix arbitrarily the price of transportation throughout the enormous territory covered by the eighteen railroads in question4 ,the old pooling agreements1 which had existed for many years1 had been prohibited by the ,interstate ,commerce ,law passed in #ahhg2 and this ,traffic ,association was an attempt to accomplish the same end--that is1 stop competition among the railroads and maintain rates--in a different way4 ,the ,supreme ,court1 by a vote of five to four1 decided that this agreement was prohibited by the ,sherman ,anti-trust ,act1 because1 as an attempt to fix prices1 it restrained trade4 ,the famous ,trans-,missouri decision1 which settled this case1 made the ,sherman ,law an insurmountable bulwark against all railroad combinations of this kind4 ,until this decision was finally given in #ahig1 this act had not been seriously regarded2 after the ,supreme ,court had spoken1 however1 capitalists suddenly awoke to its significance4 ,the decision settled many important points1 which will be referred to subsequently in this article1 and it changed as well the whole policy of railroad management4 ,the ,sherman ,act has stopped1 not only railroad combinations1 but similar agreements existing among manufacturers for the regulation of prices4 ,the case of the ,addyston ,pipe ,steel ,company is the most celebrated of this kind4 ,in #ahid a large number of manufacturers of sewer and gas pipe1 the ,addyston ,company being one1 formed a combination to monopolize business and fix prices in thirty-six ,states and ,territories4 ,all companies which were parties to the agreement reserved the right to compete with each other outside of these thirty-six ,states as fiercely as before4 ,they significantly called the section in which there was to be no competition pay territory2 and the ,states outside of this section were known as free territory4 ,these manufacturers dealt chiefly with municipalities1 which usually let contracts for sewer and gas pipe by public bidding4 ,whenever such a contract was offered1 the ,addyston combination would meet secretly1 decide upon the price they would charge1 and then arrange a program of fictitious bids4 ,they then divided the profits among themselves4 ,in this way they forced practically all purchasers in the sections in which they traded to pay exorbitant prices4 ,indeed1 the subsequent history of this combination beautifully illustrates the practical effect upon the public of agreements of this kind4 ,the ,addyston and its associate members sold certain pipe in pay territory1 where the combination was enforced1 at twenty-four dollars a ton2 in free territory1 where they competed with each other1 they frequently sold identically the same product at fourteen dollars4 ,the ,supreme ,court decided that this agreement violated the ,sherman ,act--that it was a combination or a conspiracy in restraint of trade4 ,william ,h4 ,taft1 then ,united ,states ,circuit ,judge1 wrote an opinion discussing the merits of this dispute which has since become a legal classic4 ,mr4 ,taft spent six months in studying the questions involved4 ,nearly all such cases1 however1 involved merely what may be called trade agreements4 ,in each case there were actual attempts to fix prices by compact1 and these agreements were the only things in common among the different corporations that became parties to them4 ,the several corporations preserved their independent existence2 they were not trusts in the sense in which the ,standard ,oil ,company1 the ,american ,sugar ,refining ,company1 the ,united ,states ,steel ,company1 are trusts--that is1 single corporations1 producing and distributing the greater part of some particular product4 ,until ,president ,roosevelt's administration1 these trusts had1 for the larger part1 escaped prosecution under the ,sherman ,law1 the few attempts that had been made to assail them2 having ingloriously failed4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,sherman1 ,a ,,statesman ,,who ,,served ,,the ,,government ,,for ,,more ,,than ,,forty ,,years1 ,,as ,,senator1 ,,secretary ,,of ,,the ,,treasury1 ,,and ,,secretary ,,of ,,state4 ,,between #ahhh ,,and #ahij ,,he ,,introduced ,,six ,,separate ,,bills ,,for ,,the ,,regulation ,,of ,,trusts1 ,,and ,,out ,,of ,,these ,,grew ,,the ,,measure ,,which ,,now ,,bears ,,his ,,name ,meanwhile1 in the first twelve years after the passage of the ,anti-trust ,act1 and in the teeth of it1 some of the largest monopolistic corporations were formed4 ,many persons have maintained that the ,sherman ,law1 far from forestalling these corporations1 has actually precipitated them4 ,their point is that1 since this act clearly outlawed trade agreements among independent corporations1 these corporations1 in order to get control of the situation1 have been compelled to amalgamate themselves under one ownership4 ,the ,sherman ,act made illegal1 for example1 rate agreements among railroads2 as a consequence1 in order to control railroad policy1 the owners of the great trunk lines have purchased large blocks of stock in each other's property--on what is popularly known as the community of interest idea4 ,president ,roosevelt1 however1 has succeeded in applying the ,sherman ,act to the trusts1 as that word is popularly understood4 ,the famous ,northern ,securities case is his greatest victory along that line4 ,in this instance1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,hill and ,j4 ,pierpont ,morgan formed a new corporation1 the ,northern ,securities ,company1 which acquired the actual stock ownership of nine-tenths of the stock of the ,northern ,pacific ,railroad and three-fourths of that of the ,great ,northern4 ,the ,northern ,securities ,company thus obtained a virtual monopoly of railroad transportation from the ,great ,lakes to the ,pacific ,ocean in the northern section of the ,united ,states4 ,the ,roosevelt administration1 relying solely upon the ,sherman ,act1 destroyed this corporation4 ,the administration has followed up this victory by instituting suits against the ,standard ,oil ,company1 the ,american ,tobacco ,company1 and other powerful monopolies4 ,illustration3 ,,george ,,frisbie ,,hoar1 ,,united ,,states ,,senator ,,from #ahgg ,,to #aijd1 ,,and ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,authors ,,of ,,the ,,sherman ,,anti-,,trust ,,act ,labor ,unions1 as ,such1 ,not ,prohibited ,meanwhile1 the same law has proved an effective weapon in opposing that other form of combination and restraint against which it was framed1--the labor trust4 ,under it a new code of federal laws affecting labor unions has developed2 and to a large extent it has strengthened the cause of legitimate labor organization4 ,no intelligent person now disputes the right of workingmen to organize4 ,a few labor leaders have publicly declared their apprehension that the ,sherman ,law prohibits peaceable labor organizations2 no man1 however1 has thus far had the hardihood to raise this question legally2 and1 in the present state of public opinion as to the rights of labor1 no one is likely to4 ,the ,united ,states ,courts1 in decisions defining the scope of the ,sherman ,act1 have specifically stated that it does not prohibit the ordinary peaceful activities of labor unions4 ,justice ,white1 in a decision of the ,supreme ,court1 has declared that an agreement among locomotive engineers1 firemen1 or trainmen engaged in the service of an inter-,state railroad not to work for less than a certain named compensation would not be illegal4 ,william ,h4 ,taft1 in one of the most important decisions affecting the rights of workmen under the ,sherman ,act1 has defined the situation in words which are now widely accepted as a clear statement of what is not only good law but sound public policy3 ,the employees of the receiver had the right to organize into or join a labor union which would take action as to the terms of their employment4 ,it is a benefit to them and to the public that laborers should unite for their common interest and for lawful purposes4 ,they have labor to sell4 ,if they stand together1 they are often able1 all of them1 to obtain better prices for their labor than dealing singly with rich employers1 because the necessities of the single employee may compel him to accept any price that is offered4 ,the accumulation of a fund for those who feel that the wages offered are below the legitimate market value of such labor is desirable4 ,they have the right to appoint officers1 who shall advise them as to the course to be taken in relations with their employers4 ,they may unite with other unions4 ,the officers they appoint1 or any other person they choose to listen to1 may advise them as to the proper course to be taken in regard to their common employment2 or if they choose to appoint any one1 he may order them on pain of expulsion from the union peaceably to leave the employ of their employer because any of the terms of the employment are unsatisfactory4 ,it is clearly indicated1 therefore1 what labor leaders1 under the ,sherman ,act1 can do4 ,they have the right to organize1 to combine--that is1 to form unions2 they have the right to refuse to work for wages or terms of employment unsatisfactory to themselves--that is1 to strike4 ,under the ,sherman ,act1 indeed1 mere organizations of laboring men are regarded as no more outlawed than ordinary social clubs or college fraternities4 ,how the ,chicago ,strike of #ahid ,restrained ,trade ,on the other hand1 labor leaders know what1 under the ,sherman ,act1 they can not do4 ,they cannot enter into combinations that restrain trade4 ,this vital point has been settled in several important proceedings--those involving the ,chicago disturbances in #ahid1 and1 more recently the decision just handed down in the matter of the ,danbury ,hatters4 ,these cases so clearly show the bearing of the ,sherman ,act upon illegal labor practices1 that they may profitably be reviewed here4 ,illustration3 ,copyrighted by ,c4 ,r4 ,buck ,,congressman ,,charles ,e4 ,,littlefield ,,of ,,maine1 ,,whose ,,keen ,,analysis ,,of ,,last ,,winter',s ,,civic ,,federation ,,trust ,,bill ,,was ,,largely ,,responsible ,,for ,,its ,,defeat ,in #ahid the employees of the ,pullman ,palace ,car ,company of ,chicago struck for higher wages4 ,these employees were not railway men2 they were workmen engaged in the manufacture of railway cars4 ,in spite of this1 about four thousand had been admitted to membership in the ,american ,railway ,union1 an organization of railroad operatives1 which1 under the vigorous management of ,eugene ,v4 ,debs1 had acquired a membership of #bej1jjj1 and a correspondingly great power in the field of railroad labor4 ,in order to help the ,pullman workmen in their struggle with the ,pullman ,company1 the ,american ,railway ,union declared what was in effect a boycott upon all railroads using ,pullman cars4 ,nearly all the larger ,american railroads had entered into contracts with the ,pullman ,company1 by which parlor and sleeping cars were to be used on their trains4 ,debs now demanded that these railroads should break their contracts1 and thereby1 of course1 become responsible for heavy damages to the ,pullman ,company4 ,in other words1 he demanded that all ,american railroads cease patronizing the ,pullman ,company because of its unfair attitude toward union labor2 that is1 he started a boycott against the ,pullman ,company4 ,when the railroad companies refused to meet his demand1 he ordered out all ,american ,railway ,union men employed on these lines4 ,he even declared war upon several of the ,vanderbilt roads1 which had no ,pullman sleepers1 operating instead the ,wagner cars4 ,in effect1 in order that several thousand workmen in ,chicago might profitably settle their private grievances with their employers1 ,debs proposed1 practically to end railroad communication in the larger part of the ,united ,states4 ,the gigantic character of the conspiracy1 said ,william ,h4 ,taft in a well-known decision resulting from these proceedings1 staggers the imagination4 ,the railroads have become as necessary to the life and health and comfort of the people of this country as are the arteries to the human body4 ,the larger part of our food supply1 for example1 is furnished by means of the railway2 the interruption of railroad transportation for any considerable period would1 among other calamities1 bring famine upon large sections of the country4 ,in ,chicago1 in ,cincinnati1 and in other large cities1 ,debs despatched his lieutenants with orders to tie up all railroads using ,pullman cars4 ,he gave particular instructions to interfere with freight trains1 since freight was the main source of railroad revenue4 ,in many places riots followed2 in ,chicago1 strikers began wrecking trains1 blowing up bridges1 burning freight yards1 tearing up tracks--indeed1 nearly all the twenty-three railroads centering in that city ceased operations4 ,the fundamental principles of the constitution1 guaranteeing the safety of life and property1 had apparently given way to lawlessness and anarchy4 ,in the opinion of ,grover ,cleveland1 then ,president of the ,united ,states1 these proceedings constituted a conspiracy in restraint of trade among the ,states1 and as such were prohibited by the ,sherman ,act4 ,that the purpose and effect of ,debs' proceedings was to restrain trade is sufficiently clear2 indeed1 no more complete restraint than the cessation of railroad communication could be imagined4 ,trade in this case was not only restrained2 it was entirely stopped4 ,that the means by which this was to be accomplished had all the essential elements of the inter-,state boycott has also been shown4 ,in several cities1 acting under the ,president's instructions1 ,united ,states district attorneys obtained injunctions on the ground that the strike leaders were violating the ,sherman ,act1 and also interfering with the carriage of ,united ,states mails4 ,in ,chicago ,eugene ,v4 ,debs was enjoined1 and1 when he disobeyed the injunction1 was arrested and afterward sentenced to six months' imprisonment4 ,in ,cincinnati his associate1 ,frank ,w4 ,phelan1 was likewise enjoined and likewise imprisoned for contempt4 ,it was his act as judge in sending ,phelan to prison for violating the ,sherman ,law that first made ,william ,h4 ,taft a national figure4 ,the circuit courts,j decided1 in several cases1 that the combination formed by ,debs against nearly all the trunk lines was a boycott1 a conspiracy in restraint of trade1 and punished the leaders1 under the ,sherman ,act4 ,william ,h4 ,taft declared that the combination is in the teeth of the act of ,july #b1 #ahij4 ,the ,danbury ,hatters ,attempt to ,restrain ,trade ,this boycott involved violence as an incident2 the ,supreme ,court1 however1 has recently taken still more advanced ground1 and decided that a peaceable boycott also violates the ,sherman ,act4 ,in the last fifteen years a terrific warfare has raged between the ,american ,federation of ,labor and nearly all ,american manufacturers of hats4 ,the ,american ,federation has a membership variously estimated at from #a1ejj1jjj to #b1jjj1jjj1 including workmen in practically every ,state and ,territory4 ,it is1 as its name implies1 a central association organized for the purpose of bringing into one effective machine all the local labor organizations scattered throughout the country4 ,it is an association of associations1 and1 as indicating its national scope1 has its headquarters in ,washington4 ,it keeps constantly in touch with its membership through its monthly publication1 the ,american ,federationist1 as well as through the many journals of the unions with which it is affiliated4 ,it regularly employs nearly one thousand agents who continually push the interests of its members in the larger part of the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,mr4 ,samuel ,gompers constantly uses this organization for the prosecution of inter-,state boycotts4 ,in his petition to intervene in the ,danbury ,hatters case1 ,mr4 ,gompers stated1 over his own signature1 that the constitution of said ,american ,federation of ,labor makes special provision for the prosecution of boycotts1 so-called1 when instituted by a constituent or affiliated organization4 ,in a public speech on ,may #a1 #aijh1 ,mr4 ,gompers declared that the ,supreme ,court might as well dissolve and destroy the organization of labor as to enforce these decisions--that is1 the decisions against boycotts4 ,obviously1 the ,federation of ,labor has an advantageous organization for work of this kind4 ,a local union1 with membership extending not beyond the limits of a town or ,state1 could make little headway against a manufacturer against whose goods it had declared a boycott1 inasmuch as his trade usually extends over a large area4 ,the ,american ,federation of ,labor1 however1 by embracing the local unions' cause can make the boycott effective in practically every part of the country4 ,in the last twelve years1 ,mr4 ,gompers' organization has declared four hundred and eight boycotts4 ,in particular1 it has prosecuted with considerable success boycotts against the manufacturers of fur hats4 ,about ten years ago1 ,mr4 ,gompers1 working with the ,united ,hatters of ,north ,america1 inaugurated an elaborate program to compel all such manufacturers to unionize their shops4 ,by using their well-known methods1 they have brought to terms seventy out of the eighty-two manufacturers in this country4 ,the firm of ,d4 ,l4 ,loewe ,co4 of ,danbury1 ,connecticut1 however1 had persistently refused to comply with these demands4 ,mr4 ,loewe was not a large manufacturer2 he had1 however1 built up a prosperous business1 and1 though he had never shown any hostility to union labor1 had insisted on maintaining an open shop4 ,in #aija the ,united ,hatters' ,union practically ordered him to discharge his non-union men and unionize his factory4 ,mr4 ,loewe again refused to do this1 and a strike immediately followed4 ,mr4 ,loewe1 however1 promptly engaged new non-union men1 and soon his factory was running as busily and as profitably as before4 ,mr4 ,gompers then brought the whole machinery of his organization to bear upon this recalcitrant hatter4 ,on ,july #be1 #aijb1 the ,federation of ,labor and the ,united ,hatters declared a boycott against his products4 ,they denounced this concern in their several publications as unfair1 and notified nearly all the wholesale and retail hat dealers throughout the ,united ,states that they must not handle the ,loewe goods1 under pain of being boycotted themselves4 ,it is said that their agents kept espionage1 in ,danbury1 over all freight consignments from the ,loewe factory1 and thus obtained a fairly complete list of their customers2 committees of labor men in many cities waited upon these customers1 and1 in several instances1 persuaded them to drop the ,loewe hats4 ,some firms who refused to obey this dictation were themselves boycotted2 and1 in ,san ,francisco1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 and ,richmond1 the boycott was pursued with particular virulence4 ,the ,federation went so far as to grant a special dispensation to its members to purchase hats made by other non-union labor1 rather than patronize the ,loewe brand4 ,mr4 ,loewe1 though he suffered enormous loss as a result of these proceedings1 pluckily kept up the fight4 ,under the ,sherman ,law1 an aggrieved citizen is authorized to bring private suit against persons engaged in a conspiracy to restrain his trade1 and1 if he successfully maintains his case1 may recover three-fold damages4 ,mr4 ,loewe quietly went to work and had made an inventory of all property-holders actively engaged in boycotting his goods4 ,he then brought suits for #cdj1jjj damages against a large number of labor men1 filing in the ,district ,court #bdj separate attachments4 ,the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states made short work of this case4 ,chief ,justice ,fuller1 who wrote the decision1 declared that the combination described in the declaration is a combination 'in restraint of trade or commerce among the several ,states' in the sense in which these words are used in the act1 and the action can be maintained accordingly4 ,an interesting feature of the case is that the decision of the ,supreme ,court was unanimous4 ,in nearly all the other proceedings involving the ,sherman ,law--the ,trans-,missouri case1 the ,northern ,securities--the government has won by a bare majority2 every member of the ,supreme bench1 however1 at once concluded that ,mr4 ,gompers' activities against the firm of ,d4 ,l4 ,loewe ,co4 restrained inter-,state trade1 and thus violated the ,sherman ,law4 ,thus1 in eighteen years1 the ,sherman ,act has proved an effective weapon against the two forms of trust and conspiracy with which the public is most familiar--combinations of capitalists to restrain inter-,state trade and arbitrarily fix prices1 and combinations of labor unions organized for the prosecution of inter-,state boycotts4 ,it strikes impartially the ,northern ,securities ,company and the ,american ,federation of ,labor2 it does not discriminate between the activities of ,mr4 ,j4 ,pierpont ,morgan and of ,mr4 ,samuel ,gompers4 ,at the last session of ,congress1 the two forces which it opposes bent all their energies to destroy this law2 in all probability they will renew and redouble their efforts this winter4 ,national ,civic ,federation ,attempts to ,amend the ,law ,for many years the ,national ,civic ,federation has been collecting data bearing upon the trust and labor problem4 ,in #ahii it held a trust conference2 and again1 in ,october1 #aijg1 it called a large meeting at ,chicago for the consideration of the trust situation4 ,delegates appointed by the governors of forty-two ,states and representatives of more than ninety commercial1 agricultural1 and labor organizations contributed to these discussions4 ,referring to these ,chicago proceedings1 ,mr4 ,theodore ,marburg1 one of the participants1 said before the ,judiciary ,committee in ,washington last winter3 ,mr4 ,nicholas ,murray ,butler sounded the note of attack upon the ,sherman ,anti-trust ,law4444 ,i take it that the gentlemen will agree with me that it was a dominant note of that conference4 ,as a result1 a bill radically amending the ,sherman ,anti-trust ,act was introduced in ,congress at the last session4 ,its most active sponsors in ,washington were ,seth ,low1 president of the ,national ,civic ,federation1 ,professor ,jeremiah ,w4 ,jenks of ,cornell1 and ,samuel ,gompers1 president of the ,federation of ,labor4 ,well-known men who had participated in the conference that preceded the framing of the bill were ,e4 ,h4 ,gary1 chairman of the ,board of the ,united ,states ,steel ,corporation1 ,henry ,l4 ,higginson1 ,isaac ,n4 ,seligman1 and ,james ,speyer and ,august ,belmont1 bankers4 ,francis ,lynde ,stetson1 chief counsel for the ,united ,states ,steel ,corporation and other ,morgan corporations1 and ,victor ,morawetz1 counsel for the ,santa ,f ,railroad1 wrote the drafts4 ,this latter fact was publicly stated by ,mr4 ,low and ,mr4 ,jenks in the course of the hearings before the ,judiciary ,committee4 ,the authorship of the bill was early brought out in the following colloquy between ,congressman ,charles ,e4 ,littlefield and ,mr4 ,low3 ,,mr4 ,,littlefield3 ,right there1 ,mr4 ,low1 if there is no objection1 who are the people that actually participated in the preparation of the bill8 ,who are the men who actually drew it8 ,,mr4 ,,low3 ,we conferred with ,judge ,gary1 of the ,united ,states ,steel ,corporation4 ,,mr4 ,,littlefield3 ,e4 ,h4 ,gary1 president of their board of directors8 ,,mr4 ,,low3 ,e4 ,h4 ,gary4 ,the lawyers actually engaged in the drafting of the bill were ,mr4 ,stetson---- ,,mr4 ,,littlefield3 ,that is1 ,francis ,lynde ,stetson8 ,,mr4 ,,low3 ,francis ,lynde ,stetson2 and ,mr4 ,morawetz4 ,,mr4 ,,littlefield3 ,victor ,morawetz8 ,,mr4 ,,low3 ,victor ,morawetz4 ,at another time1 ,mr4 ,low described ,mr4 ,stetson and ,mr4 ,morawetz as the drafters of the bill4 ,herbert ,knox ,smith1 commissioner of corporations1 also had a hand in framing the measure4 ,president ,roosevelt openly indorsed it and sent in an emergency message urging1 among other things1 its passage4 ,extensive hearings1 extending through several months1 were held before the ,judiciary ,committee4 ,many representatives of capital and labor appeared in favor of the measure4 ,although ,congressman ,littlefield1 who presided over these hearings1 many times expressed his wish to examine ,mr4 ,stetson and ,mr4 ,morawetz1 these gentlemen never appeared4 ,although ,mr4 ,low promised that they would submit a brief1 explaining several disputed legal points1 they never did so4 ,the burden of discussing the many intricate legal points that constantly arose rested entirely upon the shoulders of ,mr4 ,low and ,professor ,jenks1 neither of whom had had any legal training4 ,through the efforts of ,congressman ,littlefield1 ,james ,a4 ,emery1 counsel for the ,national ,association for ,industrial ,defense1 and ,daniel ,davenport1 counsel for the ,anti-,boycott ,association1 the proposed law was defeated1 but the proceedings are of great interest and importance as illustrating the changes desired by both labor and capital in the present anti-trust law4 ,gompers ,asks that the ,boycott be ,legalized ,mr4 ,gompers' demands were entirely simple and direct4 ,he wished labor unions entirely exempted from the operations of the ,sherman ,act4 ,that law1 if properly respected and enforced1 would practically put an end to ,mr4 ,gompers' occupation4 ,referring lately in a public speech to the effect of a recent court decision against inter-,state boycotts1 ,mr4 ,gompers quoted1 as applicable to his own organization1 ,shylock's speech in ,the ,merchant of ,venice1 ,you might as well take from me my life as take from me the means whereby ,i live4 ,mr4 ,gompers' chief interest in the ,civic ,federation bill1 therefore1 was a clause which specifically declared that the ,anti-trust ,act should not be so interpreted as to interfere with or restrict any right of employees to strike for any cause or to combine or to contract with each other or with employers for the purpose of peaceably obtaining from employers satisfactory terms of their labor or satisfactory conditions of employment4 ,mr4 ,low and ,mr4 ,jenks denied that this language legalized the boycott2 ,congressman ,littlefield1 however1 and many other opponents of the measure1 emphatically asserted that it did4 ,such sweeping concessions as to strike for any cause and to combine or to contract with each other or with employers for the purpose of peaceably obtaining from employers satisfactory terms1 it was maintained1 clearly authorized such boycotts as that prosecuted against the ,danbury ,hatters4 ,that proceeding1 it was pointed out1 was entirely peaceable--there was no law-breaking1 no rioting1 no bloodshed4 ,it would also legalize1 it was said1 many of those arrangements between labor unions and employers--by which employers' associations contract to employ only members of certain labor unions1 the latter1 on their part1 contracting to work only for certain employers--which were brought to such perfection by the late ,sam ,parks4 ,mr4 ,gompers demanded that1 if the clause in question did not authorize boycotts1 another should be substituted which did2 to make the case sure1 therefore1 he proposed an amendment which did so in no uncertain tone4 ,the following extract from the record clearly defines ,mr4 ,gompers' position3 ,,mr4 ,,littlefield3 ,now1 ,mr4 ,gompers1 a word4 ,would this amendment you suggest1 if it became a law1 authorize the prosecution of such a boycott as was attempted in the ,danbury ,hatters' case1 which was in violation of the ,sherman ,anti-trust ,law8 ,is that the purpose8 ,,mr4 ,,gompers3 ,one of the purposes2 yes1 sir4 ,that case was brought under the ,sherman ,anti-trust ,law4 ,,mr4 ,,littlefield3 ,yes4 ,and the purpose of the amendment you have offered is to relieve you from the operation of the ,sherman ,anti-trust ,law as construed by the court in that case8 ,,mr4 ,,gompers3 ,yes1 sir4 ,,mr4 ,,littlefield3 ,and to authorize that kind of an inter-,state boycott8 ,,mr4 ,,gompers3 ,yes1 sir4 ,,mr4 ,,littlefield3 ,do you1 as the representative of organized labor1 favor the boycott1 both as an inter-,state and a local proposition8 ,,mr4 ,,gompers3 ,i do1 sir4 ,,mr4 ,,littlefield3 ,and your organization stands for that8 ,,mr4 ,,gompers3 ,it does1 sir4,k ,government to ,discriminate ,between ,good and ,bad ,trusts ,as to monopolistic corporations1 the proposed act placed them entirely under the supervision of the executive branch of the government4 ,if you wished to form a trust1 or enter into a restraining contract1 and1 at the same time1 to escape the prohibition of the ,sherman ,act1 you would first1 under the provision of this bill1 submit the proposed arrangement to the ,commissioner of ,corporations and answer such questions as he saw fit to ask4 ,if he gave approval1 you could go ahead and carry out the deal1 practically secure against further interference4 ,if he disapproved1 you would be liable to attack under the ,sherman ,act4 ,in fact1 the administration was to be given arbitrary power to discriminate between good and bad trusts1 to separate the corporation sheep from the corporation goats4 ,you are all right1 it could say to one combination2 you are all wrong1 it could say to another4 ,the federal government1 in other words1 was to rule absolutely the business activities of nearly #hj1jjj1jjj of people2 merely by a word it could authorize a gigantic combination like the ,united ,states ,steel ,company1 and prohibit another like the ,standard ,oil4 ,reasonable and ,unreasonable ,combinations ,the above statement gives the effect and not precisely the form of the proposed legislation4 ,what its authors really hoped to accomplish was executive discrimination between those combinations and those restraints of trade which were reasonable and those which were unreasonable4 ,they based their measure upon the theory that certain combinations1 even many whose tendency is to restrain trade and increase prices to the consumer1 may still work for the public interest4 ,the word reasonable has played an important part in the history of the ,sherman ,act4 ,in several cases the corporations1 in contesting the law1 have made the claim that this act did not prohibit all combinations in restraint of trade1 but only those which were unreasonable4 ,they set up this defense most strongly in the famous ,trans-,missouri case1 already described4 ,eighteen railroads1 it may be repeated1 had formed an association for the purpose of fixing freight rates4 ,james ,c4 ,carter1 who argued the case1 strongly asserted that such an agreement was beneficial both to the railroads and to the public2 the history of railroads having conclusively proved that cut-throat competition inevitably led to bankruptcy and demoralization in railroad service4 ,he therefore claimed that the proposed restraint in trade was reasonable and consequently not prohibited by the ,sherman ,act4 ,the ,supreme ,court1 by a majority of five to four1 rejected this theory4 ,the ,sherman ,act1 it pointed out1 in express language made illegal every contract1 combination in the form of trust or otherwise1 or conspiracy1 in restraint of trade2 and made every person who was a party to such contract a criminal4 ,it left absolutely no leeway--it did not discriminate in the remotest degree between those which were reasonable and those which were not4 ,since then all demands for the modification of the act have hinged upon this one point4 ,andrew ,carnegie on ,combinations ,this demand1 of course1 has precipitated a very nice problem in definition4 ,what is a reasonable combination8 ,what is an unreasonable one8 ,what is a good trust8 ,what is a bad one8 ,upon this all-important question the many weary hearings extending through four months before the ,judiciary ,committee last winter shed practically no light4 ,the ,civic ,federation bill was based upon this fundamental distinction2 and a large number of distinguished citizens appeared in favor of it4 ,congressman ,littlefield1 as each speaker appeared before the ,committee1 asked him to give a concrete illustration of a combination1 forbidden by the ,sherman ,act1 which really promoted the public interest and was therefore reasonable4 ,mr4 ,seth ,low frankly admitted that he could name no concrete case of the kind4 ,he caused some amusement1 however1 when he read a letter from ,andrew ,carnegie touching upon this very subject4 ,one point seems to me essential1 wrote ,mr4 ,carnegie1 without it1 little general progress can be made2 namely1 when new combinations are proposed1 the first question must always be 'what is the object sought8' ,in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred1 it will undoubtedly be to rob the community of its right to the benefits of free competition1 disguise it as one may2 therefore the ,commissioner's duty is to obtain satisfactory proof that the application is to cover an exceptional case4 ,the conditions must be peculiar1 as those of common carriers and steel-rail agreements are4 ,mr4 ,carnegie's statement that ninety-nine per cent of trade agreements are made for the purpose of robbing the community and his implication that the exceptional one per cent are the agreements involving the manufacturers of steel rails1 naturally provoked much hilarity4 ,only two other illustrations were furnished of benevolent combinations4 ,mr4 ,herbert ,knox ,smith1 commissioner of corporations1 instanced a proposed agreement among lumber men to cut only a certain amount of timber each year1 the ostensible purpose being to prevent the wanton destruction of the forests4 ,it appeared1 however1 that the real purpose of such an agreement was not to preserve the forests1 but to restrict the output1 and increase prices1 and consequently the profits of the lumber men4 ,another illustration offered was the combination of patent medicine dealers to fix prices and prohibit price cutting--the object1 it was said1 being to prevent the unfair competition of large department stores with retail druggists4 ,but this1 in the last analysis1 was generally believed to be a concerted attempt to destroy competition and enhance the profits of patent medicine makers4 ,congressman ,littlefield insisted1 throughout the entire proceedings1 that the fundamental purpose of forbidden combinations was to control the product and thereby increase the price to the consumer4 ,if there were any combinations that did not have that purpose or result1 then the ,sherman ,act1 according to ,mr4 ,littlefield's analysis1 did not prohibit them4 ,thus in all attempts to define practically reasonableness and unreasonableness1 as applied to trade agreements1 the statement was repeatedly made that the large part of the business of this country was done in violation of law2 that business men lived constantly in a state of terror from the fear of its enforcement2 that its presence on the statute books largely explained existing business depression4 ,when it came to defining precisely what they wished to do1 however1 none of those who favored the bill became specific4 ,the thing finally simmered down to a statement by ,mr4 ,low that the law was a very important element in the psychological condition of business men to-day4 ,indulgences to be ,granted to ,corporations ,this particular power of defining reasonableness and unreasonableness1 however1 the proposed law centered in the ,president1 acting through the ,commissioner of ,corporations4 ,it provided a limited system of federal registration for corporations1 and1 in a modified form1 for federal license and publicity--the two circumstances which probably led ,president ,roosevelt to support the measure4 ,in effect it granted indulgences to corporations to combine1 provided they would do certain things4 ,the ,sherman ,law1 as it stands to-day1 was not specifically to be repealed2 it was simply to be waived in favor of those combinations and trusts which paid the price of these indulgences4 ,in order to obtain absolution1 the offending corporation must do two things3 register with the ,bureau of ,corporations and answer such questions as might be propounded to it4 ,the bill authorized the ,president to determine precisely what information should be exacted1 and also to change from time to time the requirements regarding data4 ,that is1 for registered corporations1 it gave the executive branch of the government absolute inquisitorial power4 ,registered corporations had the right to file with the ,bureau any agreement or contract or combination to which it became a party--the precise kind of transactions made illegal by the ,sherman ,act4 ,the ,commissioner had thirty days in which to examine such contracts2 if1 within that period1 he declared them in reasonable restraint of trade1 then they became practically legal4,l ,if not1 then they could be proceeded against under the ,sherman ,law4 ,the chief point of criticism in this arrangement was the stipulation for a thirty-day period during which the ,commissioner must pass upon these contracts4 ,this1 it was asserted1 was the loop-hole by which the corporations were to secure immunity4 ,the ,commissioner must declare these contracts reasonable or unreasonable within thirty days2 if he failed to act upon them in that time1 they became reasonable1 precisely as if he had declared them to be so4 ,how1 it has been asked1 could the ,bureau possibly act intelligently within that period upon many of the exceedingly intricate questions which would come up for judgment8 ,whether a contract is reasonable1 of course1 largely depends upon the way it affects prices4 ,an examination would therefore frequently involve an economic study of the particular trade1 as well as the organization of the particular corporation involved4 ,it would be necessary to go deeply into capitalization1 values behind this capitalization1 cost of production1 wages1 transportation charges and so on4 ,there are said to be more than #bjj1jjj corporations in existence4 ,supposing half or a quarter should register1--how could the ,bureau possible examine them within thirty days8 ,would it be possible to investigate the ,united ,states ,steel ,corporation within that period8 ,under the suggested law1 however1 unless the ,commissioner passed judgment within this time1 all these contracts and combinations would automatically receive a certificate of good character4 ,in their interest1 the ,sherman ,act would practically be repealed4 ,in the main1 this provision referred to contracts made and combinations to be formed in the future2 another section practically extended immunity to all contracts and combinations now in existence4 ,nearly all trusts organized in the last forty years1 and all restraining agreements1 were to become valid4 ,the government was to have a year in which to institute proceedings against such corporations as declined to register4 ,if it failed to do so within this time1 then these combinations could never be attacked on any ground whatever1 and became regularly fixed institutions4 ,as there are about five hundred corporations popularly known as trusts and myriads of trade agreements now forbidden1 the law department1 it was suggested1 would have its hands full if it attempted to bring suit against them all within twelve months4 ,moreover1 after the passage of the proposed act1 the government could not proceed against any combination except on one ground--that it was an unreasonable restraint of trade4 ,under the ,sherman ,act1 it will be remembered1 it can prosecute without any reference to the question as to whether the restraint is reasonable or not4 ,if the act had passed1 in other words1 the position of the government would have been this3 within a year it could have assailed the trusts only on the grounds of unreasonableness2 after the expiration of a year it could assail them on no ground whatever4 ,a saving clause1 however1 provided that the government could prosecute all actions already begun4 ,that is1 it could follow up to the end the pending cases against the ,standard ,oil1 the ,american ,tobacco ,company and other corporations against which it has already started suit4 ,it could not prosecute1 however1 the ,united ,states ,steel ,corporation1 for it has instituted no proceeding in that direction4 ,it was the ,attorney of the ,united ,states ,steel ,corporation1 ,mr4 ,francis ,lynde ,stetson1 who had a large hand in framing the bill4 ,these facts have led many observers to believe that the bill in question represented an underhanded attempt1 by large corporations1 especially the ,united ,states ,steel1 practically to remove the ,sherman ,anti-trust ,law from the statute book4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,gary and ,mr4 ,george ,w4 ,perkins spent many days in ,congress while the bill was under discussion1 though they did not once openly appear before the committee4 ,no criticism affecting the good faith of ,mr4 ,low and ,professor ,jenks1 the most active open advocates of the bill1 was put forth4 ,the discussion disclosed the fact1 however1 that the ,sherman ,act1 as it stands at present1 has many friends4 ,organizations interested in curbing the unlawful activities of labor unions insisted that that law1 as interpreted by the ,supreme ,court1 is practically the only protection ,american industry has against the boycott4 ,repeal or seriously modify it1 they declared1 and a rgime of labor union terrorism far surpassing any hitherto known in any country1 would at once begin4 ,the plan of ,mr4 ,gompers and his associates to shelve this law1 they insisted1 was merely part of their general scheme to remove all legal restraints from the operations of labor unions4 ,opinions did not seem quite so unanimous as to the wisdom of the ,sherman ,act in its bearings upon corporations4 ,though many declared that this measure is too sweeping and drastic1 and should be amended1 no one has yet suggested any practical way of framing a new law4 ,no one who has studied the problem of trust regulation1 it is believed1 has thus far hit upon a plan that1 while it gives greater leeway to the corporations1 protects the public from arbitrarily high prices and other exactions4 ,there is thus a growing conviction that the act passed by the great constitutional lawyers of #ahij represents the best attainable result in this direction4 ,it has not stopped the growth of trusts1 it is true2 but whether that is because it does not furnish the means or because it has not been sufficiently enforced1 is the disputed question4 ,what is needed1 recently said ex-,senator ,edmunds1 the man who was the real author of the ,sherman ,act1 is not so much more legislation as competent and earnest administration of the laws that exist4 ,j ,in the ,debs case the ,circuit ,court based its decision almost entirely upon the ,sherman ,law4 ,the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states1 in affirming this decision1 rested mainly on the broader question of the interference with the ,united ,states mails4 ,justice ,brewer1 however1 who wrote the decision1 specifically said that this fact did not mean that the ,supreme ,court dissented from the grounds on which the lower tribunal had decided the case4 ,k ,in ,justice to ,mr4 ,low and ,mr ,jenks it should be said that they disclaimed any intention of indorsing a bill which authorized the boycott4 ,they afterward amended the clause in question by authorizing employees to strike for any cause not unlawful at common law1 which modification leads into many legal fogs which it is hardly worth while to enter in this place4 ,l ,the bill provided1 it is true1 that the contracts might still be assailed on the ground of unreasonableness4 ,the practical effect1 however1 it was generally conceded--virtually admitted by ,herbert ,knox ,smith--would be to give them immunity for all time4 ,,the ,,eternal ,,feminine ,,by ,,temple ,,bailey ,if it had been any one but ,anne ,beaumont6 ,i don't like turning conventionalities topsy-turvy1 ,sophie1 she said1 as we went downstairs2 ,i don't believe ,i can ever ask a man to dance with me4 ,other women do1 ,i murmured4 ,my husband would never have agreed to such a thing1 ,anne stated4 ,that is where ,anne always had the advantage of me4 ,although she had been a widow for five years1 she still quoted the authoritative masculine point of view1 while ,i1 having in my teens chosen a career instead of a husband1 and never having rectified my mistake1 was forced to fall back on the unsupported feminine4 ,perhaps you'd rather sit out the dances1 was my somewhat malicious way of putting it4 ,anne1 poised like a white butterfly on the landing1 turned on me a reproachful glance4 ,no woman would rather be a wallflower1 she affirmed4 ,of course not1 ,i returned promptly1 and ,i don't believe it is going to be very bad after the first plunge4 ,anne leaned over the stair rail and surveyed the formidable group of men in the lower hall4 ,it's dreadful1 she said4 ,then1 gathering about her a scarf of silver tissue1 she commanded1 ,you go first1 ,sophie1 and we descended together4 ,at the foot of the stairs1 ,charlemagne ,dabney met us4 ,charlie1 boy1 ,anne said plaintively1 ask me to dance with you4 ,i simply can't get used to the leap-year idea---- ,and ,i1 having prepared to blunder into a formal1 ,may ,i have the pleasure8 was so illumined by her method that ,i employed it with success--for though ,i lacked ,anne's appealing coquetry1 ,i challenged old friends1 and my card was soon filled4 ,but ,anne did not depend on old friends4 ,she danced with the count from ,hungary1 the multi-millionaire from the ,west1 the ,senator from ,kentucky1 and to fill up spaces she fell back on ,charlemagne ,dabney4 ,i think it was lovely of you1 she told him at supper1 to open the house for the week-end and the dance4 ,only1 it's too bad that you insist on the leap-year idea for the whole time4 ,across the table ,elizabeth ,ames sparkled radiantly4 ,i like it4 ,i didn't dance with a single bore1 and before ,i go home ,i am going to ask all of the men to marry me6 ,anne's face wore its most gracious expression1 but ,i knew how she felt4 ,elizabeth is eighteen and pretty4 ,anne is twice eighteen and pretty4 ,and there's a difference4 ,anne opened her eyes very wide and said to ,charlemagne1 ,you see what you've done8 ,elizabeth is going to ask you to marry her4 ,charlemagne smiled at ,elizabeth4 ,no such good luck4 ,there are too many young fellows who will accept her before she gives me the chance4 ,elizabeth laughed back1 ,don't be too sure that you'll escape4 ,anne's delicate eyebrows were raised4 ,of course she is joking2 no woman would really ask a man---- ,charlemagne sighed4 ,i wish one woman would4 ,anne's lashes fluttered4 ,why don't you ask her8 she challenged4 ,he shrugged his shoulders4 ,i feel weak in the knees when ,i think of it1 he said1 for fear she might say 'no'4 ,faint heart1 ,i murmured1 but no one paid any attention to me4 ,it seemed to me1 after that1 as if some of the brightness had gone out of ,elizabeth's face4 ,but ,anne fairly scintillated4 ,and she was exceedingly amiable to ,elizabeth4 ,ask the count first1 ,i heard her say1 he's simply charming4 ,elizabeth flung up her head in a quick way4 ,she was all in sheer pale yellow1 bordered with daffodils1 and there was a twist of gold ribbon in her fair hair4 ,only extreme youth could have worn it1 and1 as she flashed her answer back to ,anne1 ,i had never seen her more beautiful4 ,the count wouldn't have me as a precious gift1 she said4 ,i'm too crude4 ,he likes a more finished product--like you1 dear ,mrs4 ,beaumont4 ,now1 what do you suppose she meant by that8 said ,anne that night1 when we were in our kimonos and were comforting our complexions with cold cream4 ,do you think she meant it for a compliment1 or was it a reflection on my age8 ,no one can reflect on your age1 ,i told her4 ,nobody knows it but ,charlemagne and me1 and we won't tell4 ,that's the advantage of living on the other side and coming back to meet the younger generation1 said ,anne2 they haven't kept tab on the years4 ,she got up and moved restlessly about the room4 ,with the cream on her face and with her hair down1 she looked old1 and ,i had a vision of ,elizabeth in the yellow gown4 ,perhaps something of my thought showed1 for ,anne stopped suddenly and gazed into a long mirror set in the door4 ,oh1 youth1 youth1 ,sophie1 she cried4 ,anne1 ,i said1 come away from that mirror4 ,no one can be beautiful with her face full of cold cream4 ,she laughed and dropped down on the rug in front of me1 and after a while she said1 ,did you hear what he said to-night8 ,about wishing a certain woman would ask him8 ,yes4 ,he will never ask me1 ,sophie4 ,he thinks ,i am still mourning my husband--he thinks ,i don't care---- ,there wasn't much to be said after that4 ,but before ,i left her1 ,i whispered1 ,why don't you tell him1 ,anne8 ,anne's shocked eyes condemned me4 ,oh1 ,sophie1 as if a woman could6 ,i passed ,elizabeth ,ames' room on my way to my own1 and she called to me1 ,come in1 ,miss ,sophie4 ,it's so late1 ,i protested1 standing on the threshold4 ,but she was insistent4 ,please come1 she begged4 ,you ought to be in bed1 ,i scolded1 getting your beauty sleep4 ,but even as ,i said it1 ,i knew she didn't need it1 for she was as daintily fresh as a rose4 ,her fair hair hung down in two heavy braids over her white gown4 ,she looked like a lovely child4 ,miss ,sophie1 she said abruptly1 when she had put me into a big chair in front of the fire1 tell me about ,anne ,beaumont and ,mr4 ,dabney---- ,what about them8 ,i asked innocently4 ,were they in love with each other--years ago--before she married ,mr4 ,beaumont8 ,i nodded4 ,they were engaged1 and ,anne was very young4 ,she had never seen much of other men1 and when ,mr4 ,beaumont came along1 with his air of foreign distinction1 she was fascinated and broke off her engagement4 ,but she never really cared for ,mr4 ,beaumont---- ,and you think ,mr4 ,dabney has--has stayed single for her sake8 ,i think so4 ,yes4 ,and you think he loves her still----8 ,you heard what he said to-night8 ,i don't call that love1 she cried4 ,if he cared1 he'd tell her4 ,he couldn't help it4 ,it would just come--if he really loved her---- ,he thinks that she has never cared--and he isn't an impetuous boy---- ,i know--but he's a man4 ,she was all aglow4 ,and if he cared1 his heart would say1 ',i love you1 ,i love you1 ,i love you1' and then his lips would say it---- ,you believe1 then1 that he doesn't care for her8 ,his allegiance is a memory--an old dream--of the girl she was1 not of the woman she is4 ,isn't she older than he1 ,miss ,sophie8 ,she is younger1 ,i said gravely4 ,she seems older--and--it's spoiling his life4 ,he--he won't look at another woman--because in a way he feels bound to her4 ,some day ,i'm going to tell him4 ,i stared at her4 ,tell him what1 ,elizabeth8 ,that he is throwing away his happiness--that there are other women4 ,she had risen and stood in front of me with her hand on her heart4 ,her eyes were like stars1 and the radiance of youth shone from within and round about her4 ,if ,charlemagne should see her in such a mood---- ,i thought of ,anne1 dear ,anne4 ,elizabeth1 ,i said sharply1 if you should tell him that1 he would think--that you--cared4 ,she swept out her arms in a charming gesture of surrender4 ,well1 if he did1 she cried1 defiantly1 what then8 99 99 99 99 99 ,all that night ,elizabeth and ,anne contended in my dreams1 and in the morning1 worn to a frazzle1 ,i went down to breakfast1 to find that ,elizabeth had gone for a ride with ,charlemagne1 and that ,anne was still in bed4 ,i drifted into the library and found there a circle of somewhat fagged-out feminines4 ,the men were riding or on the links4 ,from the light bits of conversation that were wafted to me as ,i sat and read in the window-seat1 ,i gathered that most of the women took ,charlemagne's leap-year idea as a joke1 but ,i knew that to ,elizabeth and ,anne the question presented itself seriously1 and that each would settle it in her own way1 and according to the tradition of her own time4 ,for that education and environment had made the difference1 ,i did not doubt4 ,had ,elizabeth been born eighteen years earlier1 when women were taught the mysteries of advance and retreat1 that coquetry was their best weapon1 and that man must always be the wooer1 she might have felt all of ,anne's shrinking from a revelation of herself2 whereas had ,anne been brought up in the later days when boys and girls mingle in close comradeship1 when plays and books subtly analyze the state of woman as the pursuer and man as the pursued1 she might have been as frank about her feelings as ,elizabeth4 ,hence1 ,i argued1 they were both of them what their generation had made them1 and ,i1 who loved ,anne1 and adored her for her womanliness1 was yet forced to admit the potency of ,elizabeth's youth1 and the charm of her complete surrender4 ,after a time the men began to drift in1 and ,i heard the multi-millionaire from the ,west inquiring for ,elizabeth4 ,he was a big1 broad-shouldered fellow1 sure of himself1 but not unpleasantly so1 and when he couldn't find the girl he wanted1 he came over and talked to me4 ,say1 he began at once1 it's all tommyrot about this leap-year business4 ,when ,i want a girl to do anything1 ,i want to ask her4 ,it makes me feel foolish to have to wait for her to come to me4 ,i wish ,dabney would cut it out4 ,but think what an opportunity for a girl to get what she wants1 ,i said4 ,they don't know what they want1 he stated dogmatically4 ,the way to win a woman is to pick her up and put her on a horse and run away with her---- ,suppose she doesn't care to be run away with8 ,i asked4 ,oh1 she'd settle down to it1 he said securely2 and besides that1 ,i can't really imagine a nice girl asking a man to marry her4 ,i thought of ,elizabeth as she had stood with her hand on her heart and had hurled defiance at conventions4 ,girls are hard to understand1 ,i murmured4 ,oh1 ,i don't know1 he contended4 ,if a man gets right down to primitive principles and keeps after her1 he'll get her--and it makes me hot to think ,i am wasting valuable time trying to stick to ,dabney's old rules1 when ,i have to go back ,west again on ,monday4 ,i wanted to be sure1 so ,i murmured1 ,of course it's ,elizabeth ,ames8 ,who else8 he demanded4 ,oh1 ,i'm going to jump over the traces1 ,miss ,sophie1 and let her know ,i mean business4 ,this thing of sitting around and letting her go off with another man--you know she's riding with ,dabney this morning8 ,i nodded4 ,he's twice her age1 and she thinks she likes him4 ,girls get romantic streaks1 and ,dabney's the kind they put up on a pedestal1 but he isn't any more suited to her than--a bunch of beets---- ,i suppose not1 was all the response ,i dared venture in the face of such an outpouring of eloquence4 ,they are coming now1 he said1 and through the window ,i saw them--,elizabeth1 looking like a little girl in her three-cornered hat1 with her hair tied with a broad black ribbon1 and ,charlemagne sitting his horse like a centaur4 ,the ,westerner deserted me at once1 and1 the rest of the guests following1 ,i was left alone in the library4 ,i curled up in the window-seat1 drew the curtains to shield me from the gaze of those who might step within1 and tried to take forty winks to make up for the four hundred ,i had missed the night before4 ,but ,i couldn't sleep4 ,elizabeth and ,anne--,anne and ,elizabeth6 ,i couldn't get their affairs out of my mind4 ,would ,elizabeth propose1 would ,anne1 would ,charlemagne1 would the multi-millionaire8 ,again and again ,i tried to fit together their widely different theories1 until in despair ,i wished that ,charlemagne and his leap-year week-end had not tempted me from my maidenly apartment in town1 where the worries of lovers were confined to my manuscripts4 ,and even as ,i pondered1 ,i heard ,elizabeth's voice saying1 as she came in from the porch1 ,i suppose you think ,i am awfully forward to make you spend all your morning with me---- ,as he followed her into the library1 ,charlemagne laughed4 ,i might feel flattered1 he said1 if ,i didn't know you were doing it to make ,mc,chesney furious4 ,mc,chesney was the multi-millionaire4 ,mc,chesney8 ,elizabeth's tone was startled4 ,don't hedge1 ,charlemagne teased4 ,he's bound to win out1 ,elizabeth4 ,no woman can escape a man when he goes for her like that4 ,you might as well give in4 ,i shall never give in4 ,he's a nice fellow4 ,he's not my ideal---- there was a pathetic note of appeal in her young voice4 ,ah--ideals---- ,charlemagne had dropped his banter4 ,don't spoil your happiness looking for the ideal man--he's like the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow--something we hear of1 but have never seen4 ,there was a heavy silence4 ,then ,elizabeth said1 catching her breath1 ,but--but ,i have found my ideal1 ,mr4 ,dabney4 ,you have8 ,and it's not ,mc,chesney8 ,i peeped at them through the curtain4 ,they were in big wicker chairs in front of the door that led to the porch4 ,elizabeth had taken off her coat1 showing her thin white blouse with its crisp frills4 ,her cheeks were as pink as the rose which she picked to pieces with nervous fingers4 ,no1 she said tremulously1 it's--it's not ,mr4 ,mc,chesney4 ,i held my breath4 ,would she dare8 ,it's--it's a man much older than ,i am1 she went on1 and--and ,i don't know that he has ever thought of me--in that way--perhaps if he had1 he might like me--a little---- ,i am sure that ,charlemagne felt the charm of her youth1 as she made her little confession1 and ,i am just as sure that he was absolutely innocent that he was the object of it4 ,he would undoubtedly love you more than a little1 he said heartily4 ,look here1 ,elizabeth1 you won't mind telling me who he is--will you----8 ,here was an opportunity holding out open arms1 and did ,elizabeth embrace it as beseemed an advocate of woman's right to woo8 ,not she6 ,she simply gasped in a panic-stricken way and stood up4 ,oh1 no1 she whispered1 with her cheeks flaming1 ,i couldn't--,i couldn't tell any one4 ,before ,charlemagne could answer1 ,mc,chesney blundered in4 ,say---- he stopped dead still on the threshold1 ,i think this is a case of monopoly4 ,i'm tired of hanging around waiting for the girl ,i want4 ,i am going to break the rules1 ,dabney1 and ask ,miss ,ames to take me for a walk in the rose garden4 ,and ,elizabeth actually turned to him with an air of relief4 ,oh1 yes1 she said breathlessly1 ,i'd love it6 ,and away they went4 ,and ,charlemagne1 turning back into the library1 met ,anne ,beaumont coming in at the other door4 ,she wore a thin1 trailing white gown1 and there were dark shadows under her eyes4 ,she looked tired and fragile and every day of her thirty-six years4 ,anne6 ,charlemagne said1 as if for him all the morning stars sang together4 ,anne dropped into the chair where ,elizabeth had been4 ,i'm afraid ,i'm awfully late getting down1 she faltered1 but--but my head ached4 ,charlemagne stood behind her chair1 and there was a look on his face that1 for the first time1 made me ashamed of my eavesdropping4 ,the other had been comedy1 but this was real4 ,poor little ,anne1 he said4 ,anne propped her chin on her hand and gazed out through the open door with wide eyes4 ,yes1 she said slowly1 poor little ,anne4 ,he came around and took the other chair4 ,i wish--,i knew how ,i might comfort you1 he said4 ,for a moment ,anne looked at him with that wide stare1 then1 like a flash1 it came4 ,oh1 ,charlie1 ,charlie boy1 she cried1 why don't you ask me to marry you--,i can't ask you1 you know---- ,before she had finished1 he was on his knees beside her1 and then ,i shut my eyes and put my fingers in my ears1 for the time had come when ,i had no right to hear or see4 ,but as for theories--,oh1 who knows what a woman will do8 ,there was ,elizabeth and there was ,anne---- ,but ,i never would have believed it of ,anne6 ,illustration ,,the ,,mother ,,of ,,angela ,,ann ,,by ,,clara ,e4 ,,laughlin ,,illustrations ,,by ,,alice ,,barber ,,stephens ,i ,henry ,street1 drowned in ,november murk1 was black as ,tartarus and a shade more dreadful1 as a heavily built man stumbled along its unfamiliar bumps and intermittent stretches of sidewalk1 stopping now and then to peer vainly at doors for a number4 ,presently he encountered a wisp of a girl with a jacket thrown about her head and shoulders4 ,where's twenty-one8 he asked4 ,she pointed4 ,who d'ye want8 ,casey4 ,in the rear--,i'll show ye1 and she led the way to a precipitous flight of steps4 ,ye go down1 an' 'long 's far 's ye kin1 thin turn t' th' right an' knock1 she said1 and disappeared in the mist4 ,groping his way1 the man reached the end of a long passage between two tenements and knocked at a rear door4 ,a woman opened it4 ,th' ditictive1 she murmured1 and let him in4 ,the kitchen was stifling close2 a fire raged to the brim of the big1 heavily nickeled stove which had cost the ,caseys so dear in instalments and in worry4 ,casey had been working for two weeks1 and the bin outside the kitchen door had a ton of soft coal in it4 ,in a bracket above the sink was a lamp whose tin reflector1 instead of diffusing the light rays1 seemed to concentrate them1 like a feeble searchlight1 so that the corners of the kitchen were all in gloom1 and half-lost in gloom were the forms of the ,caseys1 whose pallid faces showed sharply against the dusk4 ,had any word8 said the detective1 addressing ,mrs4 ,casey4 ,to the relief of the parents and the bitter disappointment of the children1 he was a plain-clothes man4 ,niver a worrd4 ,the detective consulted a memorandum4 ,you say she left home ,monday morning1 just as usual1 to go to work8 ,yissir2 she wint down th' alley here hummin' a chune an' as gay as a burrd4 ,and you don't think she intended to stay away8 ,mary ,casey's eyes flashed4 ,if ,i t'ought a gyurl o' mine could walk out an' l'ave me1 intintional1 wid a chune on her lyin' lips1 ,i'd not ask ye t' be findin' her1 she said4 ,did she have a beau8 ,none thot ,i iver see4 ,she used t' be after talkin'1 sometoimes1 'bout gran' fellies she'd see downtown1 an' ,i always sez to her1 ',you mark me worrds an' l'ave gran' fellies be4 ,they don't mane no good t' th' loikes o' you1' ,i sez4 ',thim fellies spinds ivry cint they git on their gold watches an' swallie-tails1 an' whin they marry they got t' marry a gyurl wid money t' support thim4 ,whin yer old enough t' take up wid anny wan1' ,i sez1 'yer pa or yer ,uncle ,tim'll introjuce ye t' some nice young lab'rin' man wid a good trade an' ambition t' git on1 an' you work fer him whoile he works fer you4' ',ah1 ye don' know nothin' 'bout it1' she'd say t' me1 an' ',don't you belave thot1' ,i'd say t' her1 ',i'm nothin' t' look at1 an' ,i ain't got mooch style about me1 but ,i got some knowlidge o' min1' ,i sez1 'an' they're a bad lot1 aven th' bist o' thim4 ,an' you git it out o' yer hid1' ,i sez1 'thot anny gran' felly's goin' t' marry you1 or th' loikes o' you4 ,ye may rade such foolishness in yer story paapers er see it at yer theayters1 but ye kin mark me worrds thot love is fer tony folks thot kin afford it1 an' not fer th' loikes o' you an' me4' ,up to this time ,casey had been conspicuously quiet4 ,he had had his own experiences with the ,chicago police1 who more than once had ordered him to keep away from his abused family or go to the ,bridewell4 ,this was buried deep in the voluminous records of the desk sergeant2 but ,casey had not the comfort of knowing that there were a thousand kindred cases piled a-top of his1 so he kept discreetly in the shadow until the detective asked1 ,was she gay at all8 and ,mrs4 ,casey replied3 ,she be a little granehorn1 wid no sinse yet4 ,i'm after taalkin' t' her th' whole1 blissed toime 'bout kapin' straight1 an' not l'avin' her go by dances er stay out nights1 but ,i dunno--ye can't kape thim in yer pocket1 an' whin a gyurl have her livin' t' earn anny place she kin foind it1 't ain't her mother thot know fer sure wheer she is or what she be4 ,at this ,casey sat suddenly forward in his chair1 and the streak of light fell full across his face1 swollen with tears and streaked with the grime of three awful days4 ,despite the grime1 however1 despite the stubble of reddish beard1 the unkempt hair and untidy clothes1 there was something singularly pathetic about him1 with his great1 ,irish-blue eyes and youthful1 innocent-looking face4 ,he had not been drinking for some weeks1 and he wore no air of sottishness1 nor of vagrancy1 nor of any of his other crimes against self and family and society4 ,i dunno what ,i ever done1 he had moaned for three days1 rocking back and forth in his misery1 the tears raining down his unwashed cheeks and splashing from his stubbly chin1 ,i dunno what ,i ever done that this thing should 'a' happened t' me6 ,my gyurl6 ,my ,ang'la ,ann6 ,she were a good gyurl1 he said to the detective1 sitting suddenly forward4 ,so far 's we know1 she were1 his wife amended1 but she had no sinse yet1 bein' so young1 an' th' young niver belaves th' old4 ,i don' see how a gyurl o' mine could go wrong1 an' me hatin' it th' way ,i do4 ,but she have more o' him in her nor o' me1 down t' thim same shifty blue eyes thot kin look so swate1 an' ,god knows what divilment's behint thim6 ,casey smiled in wan coquetry at this charge against his fascinations1 but reiterated in defense of his daughter3 ,she were a good gyurl4 ,i seen a piece o' this world1 of'cer1 an' ,i kin till--min like us1 we kin till gyurls that's merely flightsome from thim that's gon' t' th' bad4 ,if she's bad1 ,i don' want ye t' find her4 ,jes' show me th' felly thot lied t' her1 an' ,i'll kill him--but ,i don' want ye t' find her2 ,i don' niver want t' set eyes on her ag'in1 if she've brought disgrace on me4 ,ye won't lit it git in th' paapers1 will ye8 ,mary ,casey pleaded for the twentieth time in her brief communications with the police4 ,yell kape thim aff av her1 won't ye--fer th' love o' ,hiven8 ,i'm after tellin' th' childern ,i'll kill th' first wan o' thim thot breathes t' a soul we don' know wheer ,ang'la ,ann is4 ,ag'in' she be all right an' come home some day1 it'd go hard wid her if these ,sheenies 'round here knew she was gon'--people do belave th' worst of a gyurl1 always4 ,i dunno what t' think o' my ,ang'la ,ann1 but ,i don' want it to go haard wid her if she don' desarve it4 ,the detective promised about the papers and went his way4 ,a missing girl1 with no probable complications of a horrible murder1 excited only the feeblest interest at ,maxwell ,street1 and this visit would comprehend the whole of the police activity expended in the case unless ,angela ,ann should happen to turn up under their incurious noses4 ,the facts of the case were these3 ,angela ,ann ,casey1 a slim1 under-sized1 pretty young thing just under eighteen1 had left home on ,monday morning1 ,november #gth1 apparently to go to work1 and had not been seen since by her family or any one they knew4 ,she was an unskilled worker1 a bit of flotsam in the industrial whirlpool so cruel to her kind4 ,in the summer she had worked for a few weeks in a cannery1 pasting labels on fruit cans4 ,when the cannery shut down1 she answered an ad for extra help in the rush season of a cap factory1 which laid her off when work slackened4 ,and after a fortnight's idleness she was taken on as a bundle-wrapper in a cheap department store1 where she met a girl who told her of a place needing more girls for the manufacture of cheap finery for the levee trade4 ,angela ,ann applied1 and was given work at a knife-pleating machine1 at four dollars and a half a week4 ,she was in this job1 to the best of her mother's belief1 when she disappeared2 but a visit to the place on ,tuesday laid bare the startling fact that she had give notice on ,saturday night4 ,angela ,ann had few intimates2 her associates changed with her changes of occupation1 and these were so many that she took root nowhere4 ,a girl on ,blue ,island ,avenue1 to whose house ,angela ,ann sometimes went1 called at ,henry ,street ,tuesday evening and was told that ,angela was out4 ,she's tellin' me she have a gran' fella1 said the girl questioningly4 ,she have1 lied ,mary promptly1 did she iver tell ye his name8 ,no1 she hadn't2 so ,mary said maybe ,angela ,ann wouldn't want her to tell it either4 ,mary's sister1 ,maggie ,o',connor1 who was married to a will-t'-do blacksmith and lived but a few blocks away1 had also heard of a stylish young man who could not be asked to the back cellar on ,henry ,street1 or even allowed to suspect it4 ,in family council ,mrs4 ,o',connor testified that she had offered her own parlie for the courting4 ',bring him here an' l'ave us have a look at him1' ,i sez to her4 ',ye kin have th' parlie anny toime ye want it1' ,i sez1 'an' if yer 'shamed o' yer ,uncle ,tim's brogue1 he kin stay in th' shop1 an' ,i'll talk t' him mesilf1' ,i sez4 ,but ,angela ,ann had not accepted this handsome offer1 nor had she confided the name of the young man to ,mrs4 ,o',connor1 who only knew that ,angela ,ann had assured her he was a gentleman beyond a doubt1 for he had a gold watch and chain4 ,fired by this information1 which he considered an important clue1 ,casey was for carrying it at once to the police so that they might investigate all young men wearing gold watches and thereby in due process find the one who knew ,angela ,ann4 ,but before he could get away to furnish the detectives with this important information1 ,mrs4 ,o',connor had made some further suggestions4 ,the chief of these was touching the advisability of consulting a fortune-teller4 ,thim coppers1 she opined1 is no good4 ,tim's after radin' a lot about thim in th' paapers1 an' he sez they niver ketch nothin' 't all4 ,he sint ye a dollar wid me and sez he1 ',you till thim t' stop foolin' wid coppers an' go t' th' forchune-teller1' sez he4 ,i belave it have more t' do wid what th' forchune-teller know than wid what thim coppers kin foind out1 reflected ,mary ,casey4 ,it was the morning after the detective's visit1 and ,mrs4 ,o',connor had come over to ask the news4 ,theer's somet'ing ,i didn't till th' ditictive1 ,mary confessed1 not knowin' how he'd take it--but the day befoore ,ang'la ,ann wint1 a quare1 wan-eyed cat kem here4 ,ivrywheer ,i wint thot day she traipsed at me heels1 an' all ,monday noight whin ,i was up watchin' fer ,ang'la1 th' cat was on th' windie-sill1 howlin' what sounded joost like ,aan-gla1 ,aan-gla1 ,aan-gla4 ,now what d'ye make o' thot8 ,mrs4 ,o',connor had been fumbling in her plush wrist-bag during this recital4 ,say1 she said presently1 holding out a very dirty card1 th' las' noight ,ang'la ,ann was t' our house she was after l'avin' th' baby play wid her purse1 an' th' baby spilt all th' t'ings out av it4 ,we picked thim up1 an' ,i t'ought we got thim all1 but whin ,i was clanein' yiste'day1 ,i foun' this card4 ,it mus' be hers1 fer ,tim say he niver see it1 an' no more did ,i4 ,the card read3 ,illustration3 ,o4 ,,halberg1 ,dramatic ,agent--,west ,madison ,street4 ,that's him1 ,i bet ye6 cried ,casey excitedly1 that's th' felly wid th' gol' watch an' chain6 ,wait a minute6 commanded ,mrs4 ,o',connor impatiently1 ,tim sez thot have somet'ing t' do wid a theayter4 ,sure1 said ,mary ,casey1 ,ang'la ,ann wouldn't be so grane as t' ixpict no theayter guy t' marry her6 ,she'd ought t' know thim niver marries2 or if they do1 they have a woife in ivery town1 loike soldiers an' travelin'-min6 ,i niver bin to no theayter in my loife1 but ,i know that mooch6 ,casey1 who had lost his job by default1 and had sat apathetically by the stove ever since gray morning dawned after the frantic vigil of ,monday night1 was struggling with the lacings of his shoes preparatory to setting forth to demolish ,o4 ,halberg if he proved his guilt by wearing a gold watch and chain4 ,ye kin spend yer dollar on yer wan-eyed cat1 he said indulgently1 but as fer me1 ,i got t' foind thot felly thot lied t' me gyurl4 ,so the inaction of the past three days was over1 temporarily at least4 ,casey was bound for ,o4 ,halberg's and ,mrs4 ,casey and ,mrs4 ,o',connor were going to approach some fortune-teller with the dollar and the tale of the cat4 ,but first of all ,mary must go to the school and take ,johnny out to mind ,dewey and the baby in her absence4 ,now you be keerful1 she adjured ,casey as he made ready to go1 an' don' kill nobody be mistaake4 ,th' bist way is t' kill nobody at all1 she continued cautiously4 ,in spite of this caution1 however1 there would have been danger in prospect if ,casey had owned a gun or if he had taken a few drinks4 ,as it was1 he was not a formidable figure when he presented himself at the number on ,west ,madison ,street1 a few doors from ,halsted4 ,there was a pawnshop on the first floor1 and beside it a narrow door1 which opened upon a long flight of wooden stairs rising steeply to a dark hall1 where1 by the light of a two-foot gas burner1 ,casey could make out the name ,o4 ,halberg on one of the dozen doors4 ,the name was painted on a black tin plate tacked to a rear door4 ,casey knocked4 ,come in1 said a guttural voice4 ,entering1 ,casey saw a man sitting with his feet on a battered desk2 he was reading the morning paper and smoking a vile cigar4 ,the walls1 calcimined a kind of ultramarine blue1 but grimed and fouled unspeakably1 were hung with theatrical lithographs depicting thrilling scenes from plays on the blood-and-thunder circuit4 ,for the rest1 the furnishings were two wooden chairs1 a giant cuspidor1 and the desk1 which looked as if it had never been new4 ,have ,i1 said ,casey in his grandest manner1 th' honor t' addriss ,mr4 ,o4 ,halberg8 ,o4 ,halberg grunted that he had4 ,then ,casey advanced a step further into the room and looked about for a sight or trace of ,angela ,ann4 ,nothing could have been more damning than ,o4 ,halberg's gold chain1 but in no likelihood would ,angela ,ann1 by any stretch of courtesy1 have called him young2 he was probably fifty1 and not prepossessing from any possible point of view4 ,me name is ,casey1 ventured the visitor1 me gyurl is lost1 an' ,i'm lookin' fer her4 ,we found this1 proffering the dirty card1 an' we t'ought mebbe you'd know wheer she is4 ,casey was proud of the neatness and despatch of his ditictive methods1 but more than a little disappointed to find so soon that he was on the wrong trail entirely4 ,mr4 ,halberg was truly surprised to be approached with any such query4 ,a great many little silly1 stage-struck girls flocked to see him1 of course1 and no doubt some of them got hold of his cards in the hope of using them to impress managers1 but he had no recollection of any girl named ,casey--none whatever4 ,and he resumed the reading of his paper4 ,i got th' coppers after her1 murmured ,casey apologetically1 as he took his leave1 but thim coppers is no good4 ,ag'in' ye want ditictive work done1 ye better do it yersilf4 ,o4 ,halberg did not deign to reply1 but when ,casey was safely outside he stepped to the door and locked it4 ,in case the coppers came around1 it would be just as well to be out--it would save the coppers some troublesome pretense4 ,in his descent of the steep stairs ,casey met two girls coming up4 ,they were about ,angela ,ann's age and were giggling nervously4 ,one of them held between thumb and finger a quarter-inch ad from a morning paper1 offering3 ,high-salaried positions in good road companies to young ladies of pleasing appearance4 ,o4 ,halberg1 ,dramatic ,agent--,west ,madison ,street4 ,ask him if this is the place1 said the girl who appeared to be following the other's lead4 ,casey directed them to ,o4 ,halberg's door1 then went on his way4 ,a moment later1 while he stood on the corner of ,halsted ,street waiting for a south-bound car1 he saw the girls emerge from the door by the pawnshop4 ,they passed him as they went to take an east-bound ,madison ,street car on the opposite corner4 ,did ye foind him8 ,casey asked4 ,no1 he wasn't in4 ,that's quare1 he said1 startled1 he was there wan minute before4 ,on his way home ,casey dropped in at the ,maxwell ,street ,station in a free-and-easy manner he would not have dreamed possible two days ago4 ,he was so full of his ditictive experience that he felt he must have some one1 if only a copper1 to talk it over with4 ,the detective who had called the night before wasn't in1 so ,casey related his recent daring exploit to no less a personage than the desk sergeant himself4 ,it was well poor ,casey could not hear the desk sergeant's account of the call after the self-appointed sleuth had gone on his way4 ,mrs4 ,casey was at home when her husband got there4 ,relating her adventures1 after she had listened to his1 she said that the fortune-teller1 after accepting the dollar1 had asked several searching questions about the one-eyed cat4 ',ag'in' th' cat come back1 yer gyurl 'll come home1' she sez t' me4 ,,ii ,the days dragged by4 ,there seemed to be a complete lapse of the stone-cutting industry1 so ,casey had nothing to take his mind from his ditictive operations1 which were interesting and unexhausting1 though expensive in car-fare and unproductive of results4 ,angela ,ann's weekly wage1 for many years the main dependence of the family1 being lost to them1 they were closer even than was their wont to starvation and eviction2 and winter was beginning to snarl around their warped1 ill-fitting doors4 ,as time wore on1 the poignant horror of ,angela ,ann's absence grew mercifully less for all but ,mary ,casey4 ,night after night she wept the long hours through1 until ,casey complained of the depressing effect of her grief1 and she felt constrained to hide it4 ,if ,i could on'y know she were dacintly dead1 was her heart's cry1 as better hopes died in her1 ,ag'in' a bye l'ave home1 he kin knock around an' pick up a bite here an' a lodgin' theer1 an' be none th' worse fer it4 ,but a gyurl bees diff'runt6 ,theer's always thim watchin' 'round thot's riddy t' do her harm4 ,meanwhile she lied bravely to the neighbors4 ,angela ,ann bees livin' out an' have th' graandes' plaace1 she told them impressively2 th' lady she live wid 's after takin' her to ,floridy fer to mind her little bye4 ,mary's hope was strong that ,christmas would see the wanderer's return1 but the holidays passed in unrewarded waiting4 ,casey had perforce abandoned his search1 and worked a day or two now and then4 ,though the traces of really terrible suffering were still in his weak1 winsome face1 he had long since forsaken all hope of ,angela ,ann's safety with honor1 and1 when it had come to seem unlikely that she ever would do so1 took comfort in vowing that she should never again darken the door of his outraged home4 ,mary gave over pleading for her girl1 in the interests of family peace1 but1 more and more like a specter as the weeks wore away1 she haunted localities where ,angela ,ann had been or might be4 ,sometimes she had the baby in her arms1 but oftener she left it with ,dewey at their ,aunt ,maggie's1 and roamed the streets unhampered in her never-ending quest4 ,evenings she would say1 ,i'll be goin' t' yer aunt's a bit1 and slip away into the engulfing dark1 to reappear in the glare of light marking the entrance to some cheap ,west ,side theater or dance hall4 ,gradually her excursions extended downtown1 where she would take up her station at the door of some place of amusement and stand watching the pleasure-seekers pour in1 then turn away and wander aimlessly up and down the streets for an hour or so before facing homeward4 ,in some way she heard about stage doors1 and took to haunting them4 ,she saw many girls of ,angela's type1 and wondered sadly if their mothers knew where they were1 but her own girl was not among them4 ,in those nights on the flaming streets she learned more about vice than she had ever dreamed of in all her life1 and the world came to seem to her a vast trap set by the bestial for the unwary4 ,not hunger1 nor cold1 nor abuse1 nor sickness1 nor death1 as it came to five of her children1 had driven ,mary ,casey to anything like the poignancy of feeling that was hers now4 ,heretofore she had been patiently dumb under affliction2 now her spirit cried out in a passion of pain that called straight upon ,almighty ,god for an answer to its anguished questionings4 ,with the aid of ,casey1 who was a scollard1 and could r'ade 'n' write joost as aisy1 she pored over the sensational papers in search of stories about girls in trouble1 and never a horror happened to an unidentified girl anywhere but ,mary was sure it was ,angela ,ann4 ,once there was an account of an unknown young woman found dead on the prairies near ,dunning1 the county institution4 ,it was ,johnnie who laboriously spelled out this story for her--,casey having gone to that club of congenial spirits1 ,o',shaughannessy's saloon--and at ten o'clock1 when the children were all abed1 her anxieties could brook no more delay4 ,throwing a shawl about her head and shoulders1 she stole along the pitchy passageway1 up the long flight of steps to the sidewalk1 clutching the torn fragment of newspaper in the hand that held the shawl together beneath her chin4 ,it was ,saturday night1 and the avenue was still brightly lighted4 ,one or two acquaintances greeted her1 but she hurried by with only a nod and a word4 ,at ,harrison and ,halsted and ,blue ,island ,avenue1 where three streams of ceaseless activity converge1 there is always a whirlpool rapids of traffic and humanity1 and here1 in a brilliant drug store1 ,mary felt far enough from her own haunts and all who knew her and ,angela ,ann to venture on her errand4 ,i want t' tillyphome1 she whispered to the clerk1 who pointed impatiently to the booth4 ,i dunno how1 said ,mary imploringly4 ,i want ye t' do it fer me4 ,r'ade that4 ,she thrust the dirty1 crumpled fragment of the evening's yellow journal into his hand4 ,the young man glanced at it1 and then curiously at her4 ,i've read it1 he said4 ,down here1 somewheers1 said ,mary1 pointing vaguely towards the last paragraph1 it till wheer she be1 an' ,i want ye t' tillyphome that place an' ask thim have she a laarge brown mole on her lift side4 ,if she have1 ,i'm goin' out theer this night1 fer 'tis my gyurl ,i t'ink she be4 ,this was not as startling an episode to the young man addressed as it might have been to one in a quieter locality4 ,nevertheless1 it smacked of the dramatic sufficiently to interest him1 and when ,mary proffered her nickel he called up the ,dunning morgue4 ,after what seemed an interminable wait1 while the sleepy morgue attendant at the county poor-house was being summoned by repeated rings1 and the brief colloquy was in progress1 the clerk emerged from the booth4 ,the girl has been identified this evening1 he said4 ,disappointment mingled with relief in ,mary's countenance3 she had reached that stage where it would have been not altogether unendurable to look at ,angela ,ann's dead face1 even in a morgue4 ,as she retraced her way home1 the chill of the sharp ,february night struck into her mercilessly4 ,when she set forth1 she had scarcely noticed in it her preoccupation2 but now that another expectation1 however tragic1 had proved false1 and the situation stretched ahead of her indefinitely dull and despairing again1 the abrupt relaxation left her physically as well as mentally let down1 and she shivered violently as she hurried along4 ,mother o' ,god1 she cried1 the tears rolling swiftly down her shrunken cheeks1 wheer is my gyurl this noight8 ,if ,i could on'y know she had a roof over her head an' a fire t' kape her warrm6 ,casey was still out when she got back1 and she was thankful1 for the sight of her tears made him ugly these days4 ,she've disgraaced us1 he said of ,angela ,ann1 an' she be dead t' me1 an' ought t' be t' you1 if ye had proper shame4 ,mary could give herself up to the luxury of grief1 therefore1 and she did1 until she fell asleep4 ,the next morning she was up betimes1 meaning to go to early mass in the basement of the church before drissy folks were abroad in their ,sunday finery4 ,for more than one reason ,mary avoided the later masses2 her rags were small shame to her compared with the more than half-suspicious inquiries of acquaintances as to the whereabouts of ,angela ,ann4 ',tis more lies ,i'm after tellin'1 thought poor ,mary1 than th' praste kin iver take aft o' me4 ',n' ag'in' ,i do pinance enough t' kape me busy half me time1 an' go t' git me holy c'munion1 ,i'm not out o' th' prisence o' th' blissed ,sacrament befoore ,i'm havin' t' lie ag'in t' save that poor1 silly gyurl's name6 ,this morning1 however1 in spite of her early rising and her efforts to get to seven o'clock mass1 events conspired to thwart her intentions4 ,mollie woke up with a headache1 and ,johnnie had to be despatched on a vinegar-borrowing expedition1 so that the time-honored application of brown paper soaked in vinegar might be made to the poor little head4 ,the baby cried lustily1 with a colicky cry1 and ,mary had to hasten the boiling of tea1 that wee ,annie might have a good1 hot cup to soothe her4 ,casey1 complaining profanely of broken slumbers1 was in no mood to be left home with fretting children while ,mary went to mass4 ,it was nine o'clock before she could get away2 the last mass in the basement was at nine o'clock4 ,but the ,elevation of the ,host had been celebrated before she got there1 and she turned disappointedly to the stairs2 she would have to wait for half-past nine mass in the main church4 ,it seemed as if ,providence were balking her1 but on the stairway she learned the reason why4 ,ye mus' be sure t' say a spicial prayer on this mass1 said one woman who passed her to another1 'tis the first mass this young praste have iver said1 an' a blissin' go wid it t' thim thot prays wid him4 ,saul on the ,damascus road had no more overwhelming sense of arrest and redirection than ,mary ,casey had1 as1 trembling with excitement1 she reached the top of the stairway4 ,think o' that now1 she told herself1 an' if ,i had come t' th' airly mass ,i'd niver 'a' known it6 ,hardly would her knees uphold her until she could sink into an obscure pew1 far back under the gallery4 ,and there1 at the tense moment when the silver-toned bell proclaimed commemoration of the great lifting-up in suffering1 ,mary raised her faith-full prayer3 ,a'mighty ,god1 sind me gyurl back t' me6 ,but if it don' be in yer heart t' do thot mooch1 maake her a good gyurl wheeriver she be4 ,fer th' love av ,christ1 ,amin4 ,not often in any lifetime1 perhaps1 does it come to pass that one prays with such sublime assurance of crying straight into the listening ear of ,omnipotence that will inevitably keep faith with poor flesh4 ,for nigh on to forty years ,mary ,casey had listened to reiterations of the old and new ,covenants1 but they had fallen on sterile ground in her soul4 ,it was the little chance remark about the new priest's first mass1 dropping into harrowed and watered soil1 that flowered in immediate faith4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the mass ended and the throngs of worshipers passed out1 but ,mary sat unheeded and unheeding in her dim corner1 her simple mind grappling with the stupendous idea of its ,covenant with ,heaven4 ,before she had any realizing sense of time1 the church had filled again for high mass4 ,then the lighting of the great white altar fascinated her1 and she felt an intense desire to live again through such a moment of assurance as she had lately experienced--to hear that bell ring again1 to smell the incense1 and to believe that in some wonderful1 wonderful way it was all a part of that prayer of hers that ,heaven was bound to answer4 ,so she stayed on1 in her far-away pew1 to the remotest corner of which she was crowded as the enormous church filled to its capacity4 ,with the entrance of the preacher into the pulpit1 though1 she was conscious of a distinct let-down4 ,she had never liked sermons2 they dealt with things so formally4 ,even when the priests made their greatest efforts to be plain-spoken and understandable1 she seldom got any personal help from their discourse4 ,they were prone to denunciations of adultery and drunkenness and other sins of which she was innocent1 and to vague exhortations looking toward a hereafter on which her imagination had never taken any but the feeblest hold4 ,but what was this priest saying8 ,something about a little household that the ,lord had loved1 and one of its two sisters had gone astray6 ,the woman sitting next to ,mary nudged her other neighbor and glanced in the direction of ,mary's face1 thrust forward as if so as not to lose a syllable1 the tears chasing each other unheeded down its furrows4 ,in her lap ,mary's gnarled hands were clasped in painful intensity4 ,over and over1 since she was a tiny child in ,ireland1 she had heard this ,catholic rendering1 of ,mary of ,bethany's story1 but it had never meant anything to her4 ,to-day it meant everything4 ,illustration3 ,,mary ,,sat ,,unheeded ,,and ,,unheeding ,,in ,,her ,,dim ,,corner1 ,,her ,,mind ,,grappling ,,with ,,the ,,stupendous ,,idea ,an' ,i said ,i niver wanted t' see her ag'in if she'd disgraaced me1 she told herself1 and was appalled at the remembrance4 ,that afternoon1 toward the early dusk1 she sat in the dark kitchen holding ,annie in her lap2 all the other children were out4 ,casey1 who had not left the house all day1 was huddled up to the stove1 smoking his rank pipe2 he was unshaven and unwashed1 and wore a coarse undershirt of a peculiar mustard color which lent his pallid1 grime-streaked face a ghastly hue4 ,he had been talking about a gran' job of which a man had told him1 and building large castles about moving to a better street and a better house and buying a parlie suit be aisy paymints4 ,mary listened believingly2 twenty years of listening to these dreams which never came true had not killed her hopefulness4 ,as she listened1 though1 her hopes outran ,casey's1 for she could conceive no possible felicity without ,angela ,ann4 ,how to introduce the now-forbidden subject of ,angela was a problem1 but clearly the only way was to plunge in4 ,yis1 she assented1 ,i t'ink we should have a parlie4 ,it have always been my belafe thot if we'd had a parlie ,ang'la wouldn't niver 'a' wint away4 ,ag'in' she come home1 ,i'm goin' t' kape th' parlie noice fer her an' lave her have her beau ivry noight1 an' no wan t' bother thim4 ,an' ,i ain't goin' t' lave her go downtown t' work no more--theer's too manny bad min4 ,she kin stay home an' moind th' house1 an' ,i'll git scrubbin' t' do t' th' ,imporium4 ,wid what you earn an' what ,i earn1 we kin give her mebbe a dollar a wake fer spindin' money4 ,mary waxed excited as her dream unfolded1 but ,casey was ironical4 ,whin d'ye ixpict her8 he inquired1 with pride in the sarcasm4 ,i dunno1 said ,mary1 undaunted1 but ,i know she'll come4 ,an' whin she do1 ,i'll not ask her anny quistions4 ,i don' keer how she come t' me1 so she come4 ,no matter what she've done1 theer mus' be dipths she haven't r'ached yit1 an' all ,i ask now is t' save her from gittin' anny worse than she be4 ,d'ye know what ,i prayed t' th' ,mother o ,god befoore ,i lift th' church this mornin'8 ,i prayed that our ,ang'la ,ann'd git in trouble--in tur'ble trouble 'n' disgraace so thot thim thot's lid her away'd t'row her out1 'n' no wan but ,god 'n' her mother'd take her in6 ,in speechless astonishment ,casey gazed at the vehement woman before him4 ,some instinct made him hold his peace while she told about the priest's first mass1 about the sermon1 about the answer she confidently expected to her prayer4 ,while he listened1 his easy ,irish emotionalism caught the contagion of her belief1 and his tears flowed unchecked as he alternately cursed the man that had led ,angela away1 and prophesied glowingly of the parlie that was to be4 ,it was pitchy dark in the kitchen now1 and ,mary got up to light the lamp4 ,as she did so1 a sound at the door caused her nearly to drop the lamp4 ,hurrying to the door1 she threw it open1 and with the light in one hand peered out into the black yard4 ,here1 pussy1 pussy1 she called4 ,then1 as her call was answered1 ,my ,god6 what did ,i tell ye8 ,tis the wan-eyed cat6 ,,iii ,the next morning the postman brought a letter4 ,mary was not surprised to get it4 ,casey had gone to look for the gran' job1 and the older children were in school1 so the letter could not be read1 but she could make out the signature1 written in the large1 unformed hand where-with ,angela had covered every available space in the days of her brief but laborious apprenticeship to the art of writing4 ,with trembling hand ,mary tucked the letter in her bosom1 hastily got ready herself and ,dewey and the baby1 and started for ,maggie's4 ,maggie was younger and had enjoyed more educational advantages4 ,she could r'ade printin' easily1 and writin' fairly well if it hadn't too many flourishes4 ,she says1 spelled out ,mrs4 ,o',connor1 ',dear ,ma1 ,i'm at ---- ,west ,randolph ,street ,i'm sick ,i'm afraid to go home count of ,pa ,your ,loving daughter ,angela ,ann ,casey4' ,i'll go wid ye1 finished ,mrs4 ,o',connor in the same breath4 ,out of her small store of tawdry finery she lent several articles to make ,mary look more drissy1 and while they got ready for their momentous journey1 ,mary related the events of the day before1 and of ,saturday night4 ,me an' ,tim1 said ,maggie1 when the tale had reached the stage of the parlie and ,mary's earnings as a scrub-woman1 was figgerin' how we could help out a bit1 ag'in' she come home1 an' ,tim have promised t' take me 'n' her to th' theayter quite frayquint of a ,sat'day noight1 an' together we're goin' t' give her half a dollar ivry wake t' spind on her clo'es4 ,the number they sought on ,west ,randolph ,street was not far from the fateful ,haymarket ,square4 ,there was a store on the ground floor1 with living rooms behind4 ,and above1 a long flight of oilcloth-covered stairs led to a hotel4 ,they inquired first in the store1 but no one there had ever heard of ,angela ,ann4 ,then1 with fast-beating hearts1 the women mounted to the office of the hotel1 an inside room facing the head of the first flight of stairs4 ,the door stood open1 and they looked1 before entering1 into a gas-lighted room furnished with yellow-painted wooden arm-chairs ranged along the walls and flanked by a sparser row of cuspidors2 a big sheet-iron stove on a square zinc plateau filled the middle of the room1 and near the door1 behind a small desk like a butcher-store cashier's1 sat the clerk1 chewing vigorously and expectorating without accuracy4 ,yes1 she has a room here1 he answered to ,mary's question1 hall room1 rear1 third floor4 ,in a minute6 called ,angela ,ann's voice when ,mary had knocked4 ,my ,god1 'tis hersilf1 sobbed ,mary1 and fell a-weeping violently4 ,ma6 cried ,angela ,ann1 and threw open the door4 ,she had been in bed when they knocked1 and had not waited to put on her clothes when she heard her mother's voice4 ,at the touch of her1 the clinging clasp of her poor1 thin1 cold little arms1 ,mary grew hysterical4 ,don't1 ,ma1 don't1 begged ,angela4 ,she've grieved hersilf sick over ye1 said ,maggie1 unable to forbear this much of a reprimand now that the sinner was found4 ,iver since ye wint she've been loike wan crazy4 ,come1 ,mary2 now ye've got her1 brace up6 ,sure1 ,ma1 echoed the girl1 now ye've got me1 brace up1 ,i ain't never goin' t' lave ye no more1 ,ma--honest t' ,god1 ,i ain't4 ,wheer ye been8 ,mary raised her head1 and drawing back from the girl peered anxiously into her face4 ,in ,god's name1 ,ang'la ,ann1 wheer you been8 ,tell me ye've kep' dacint1 gyurl1 tell me ye've kep' dacint6 ,angela sat down on the dingy1 disordered bed and began to cry1 hiding her face in her hands4 ,for a long moment the silence1 save for her soft sobbing1 was profound4 ,then a low moan escaped ,mary1 a moan of anguish inexpressible1 showing how deeply1 notwithstanding her resolution of yesterday1 she had cherished the hope of her daughter's safety4 ,illustration3 ,,in ,,god',s ,,name1 ,,ang',,la ,,ann1 ,,wheer ,,you ,,been8 ,angela raised her head4 ,the pain in her mother's moan was beyond her comprehension1 and she could only understand it as horror and condemnation4 ,are ye--are ye--goin' t' t'row me off8' she asked4 ,t'row ye off8 ,ah1 me gyurl1 if ye'll on'y stick t' me as long as ,i'll stick t' you1 'tis all ,i'll ask o' ,hiven6 ,tis fer yer sake ,i was prayin' no harm had come t' ye--not fer mine4 ,whativer happen t' ye1 ye're me ,ang'la ,ann thot ,i nursed from yer first brith4 ,an' ye don' know all ,i'm fixin' t' do fer ye--me an' yer pa an' yer ,aunt ,maggie1 here1 and yer ,uncle ,tim---- ,and there followed a glowing account of the feast prepared for the prodigal's return4 ,th' idare o' you bein' afraid o' yer pa1 chided ,mary1 an' him fixin' t' git a stiddy job an' not have ye go downtown no more4 ,far shrewder than her mother1 ,angela ,ann did not overestimate this excellent intention of her pa's1 but she said nothing of the bitterness that was in her heart on account of his past crimes4 ,it was a long-standing grievance with her that her mother could never1 for more than a fleeting1 irritated moment at a time1 be made to see ,casey as others saw him4 ,angela ,ann had been working for him since she was eleven 7child-labor laws were lax1 then7 and giving up her every penny to pay rent and buy insufficient mites of coal and food--just enough to keep them alive and no more--and it was starvation of many sorts that sent her at last into the clutches of them that prey4 ,the girl was full of self-pity1 and impatient with her mother because the older woman had forgotten how to rebel4 ,yer pa say1 though1 added ,mary1 thot he won't promise not i' kill the felly thot lid ye away2 he've got tur'ble wingeance on him--yer pa have4 ,angela ,ann smiled grimly4 ,i guess theer's quite a few pa's lookin' fer him1 she said1 but they don't ever seem t' find him4 ,did he prom'se t' marry ye8 asked ,mary anxiously4 ,i should say not6 ,he promised to make me a primmy donny4 ,what's that8 fearfully4 ',tis a kind of actress that wear tights an' sings1 explained ,angela4 ,i'm after r'adin' in books how gran' they be1 an' in the papers it tell how the swell fellies do be runnin' after thim with diming necklusses1 an' marryin' of 'em4 ',tis all a lie6 she cried shrilly4 ,ye see1 ,mary could not refrain from reminding her4 ,i tol' ye thim theayters was all wrong4 ,we kind o' t'ought it might be thim thot got ye1 an' yer pa wint t' see this here ,halberg1 whin we foun' the caard out o' yer pocke'-book4 ,but he said he niver hear tell o' ye4 ,did pa go there8 questioned ,angela eagerly4 ,she was all interest to know how the search for her had been carried on1 and did th' p'lice know8 and how did ye kape it out o' th' papers8 ,yes1 it had been ,halberg all the time1 she admitted4 ,she had answered his advertisement1 and after a week's drill he had sent her1 true to his published word1 in a road company that mitigated the gloom of coal miners' lives by singing and dancing--and carousing--in a circuit of saloons in the soft coal regions of ,illinois4 ,when she fell sick1 the company abandoned her without the formality of paying her any salary1 and a foul-tongued1 soft-hearted landlady1 whose own young daughter was ,god knew where1 had let ,angela stay in her wretched hotel until she was able by dishwashing and lampfilling chores to earn the few dollars to take her back to ,chicago4 ,but ,i couldn' get no stren'th back1 the girl went on1 an' that woman at th' hotel1 ,mis' ,schlogel1 she sez t' me1 ',you better go home t' yer ma1 that's wheer you better go1' an' she bundled me off ,friday mornin'4 ,but ,i was scairt t' go home right t' wunst till ,i seen how youse was goin' t' be t' me1 so ,i come here wheer ,i stayed whin ,i was studyin' wid ,o4 ,halberg1 an' ,friday night ,i got awful sick an' laid here all night awake an' burnin' up an' my head achin' t' beat th' band4 ,an' all day ,sat'day an' ,sunday ,i wasn't able to go out fer nothin' t' eat1 an' th' propri'ter wouldn't order me nothin' sent in fer fear ,i wouldn't be able t' pay4 ,a woman in the nex' room light-house-keeps1 an' she made me tea a couple o' times after she heard ,i was sick an' alone4 ,why in ,hivin's name1 ,maggie broke in1 did ye niver drap yer ma a line t' say ye were aloive8 ,ye needn't 'a' tol' wheer ye was1 but ye could 'a' said ye were in the land o' th' livin'1 surely8 ,i was 'shamed1 whimpered ,angela2 ,i fought ye wouldn't keer wheer ,i was if ,i wasn't doin' dacint4 ,think o' that1 now6 cried ,mary4 ,that's all a gyurl do know about her ma4 ,whin yer a ma yersilf ye'll know better1 an' not till thin1 ,i suppose4 ,thus was ,angela ,ann made sure of her welcome home4 ,an' not wan but yer own kin know ye've been missin' said ,mary1 as she helped the girl to get ready for the return1 so ye kin hol' up yer hid an' look th' world in th' faace4 ,an' may ,god fergive yer mother the loies she've tol' t' save yer name6 ,illustration ,,borden ,,by ,,george ,c4 ,,shedd ,,illustrations ,,by ,,walter ,,biggs ,one rainy afternoon ,i was sitting with my friend ,carter1 in his log house4 ,through the open door we could see the road1 all cut up by wagon-tracks1 running with water2 lumps of mud thrust their black heads up in it everywhere2 the bordering grass was wet and heavy4 ,and down by the creek the fringe of trees made only a gray blur4 ,we had talked ourselves pretty near out when a rider splashed up to the door4 ,his ragged beard stuck out stiff1 full of rain-drops1 and his slouch hat had an unpleasant tilt forward4 ,to ,carter's invitation to enter he shook his head1 asked if such-and-such a person had passed within the hour1 and1 receiving an affirmative reply1 pulled his hat down tighter and galloped away west4 ,who is that8 ,i inquired4 ,that6 ,why1 that's ,borden4 ,it's easy to see you're new out here4 ,his hand holds the river from ,saint ,joe to ,omaha1 and men think twice before trying to break his grip4 ,he drew out his pipe and tobacco1 stuffed the bowl thoughtfully1 and struck a match4 ,if you want to hear about the first time ,i saw him at work1 ,i'll tell you4 ,i nodded4 ,eh8 ,well1 this was the way of it3 99 99 99 99 99 ,at the end of the war ,i settled here--that was five years ago4 ,borden lived a mile up the creek1 and so1 as times went1 we were neighbors4 ,by the people yonder in ,kinton he was not liked1 being grim1 rough1 savage1 altogether unsociable and short of word4 ,besides1 they remembered '#eg4 ,in that year he appeared from no one knew where1 took his claim1 and proceeded to live after his own fashion4 ,then the high-handed ,claim ,club of the village went about it to drive him in or over the river--a bad night for them4 ,they rode back to ,kinton with three dead men laid across saddles4 ,that was in the rough days of the ,territory1 the days when men in the ,nebraska hills along the ,missouri were a law unto themselves4 ,illustration3 ,,they ,,crowded ,,his ,,horse ,,until ,,it ,,hung ,,back ,,from ,,the ,,others ,once he tied up on his own deck a steamboat captain who was drunk and bent on murder2 single-handed he ran down two horse-thieves2 and another time he choked the money out of a river-gambler who had robbed a boy4 ,oh1 they knew ,borden up and down the river in those days6 ,then he went to war as one of ,thayer's sharpshooters1 returning at the end of it to be appointed ,united ,states marshal4 ,and he had been riding that saddle six months when ,i came4 ,one day he and another pulled rein at my door4 ,come with me1 he said abruptly4 ,i want you to look after this fellow--you're my deputy till further notice4 ,he did not waste time over oaths or official nonsense4 ,now1 see here-- the man started to say4 ,but ,borden cut him off with a scowl4 ,who is he8 ,i asked4 ,him8--,fitch4 ,you've heard of him1 ,i guess4 ,heard of him1 of course1 as everyone had2 of his sly1 petty legal tricks by which he grabbed land here and land there until his titles spotted the country about ,nebraska ,city2 of his rent-squeezing that smelled over the whole town2 of these1 and other things4 ,he was a lean1 dark1 uneasy fellow1 wearing a rumpled tile and a shiny coat1 riding all crouched up1 and pulling his horse away from everybody we met4 ,after we started1 ,borden told me that ,fitch had brought him notice to serve on ,dempster--old ,john ,dempster1 his friend4 ,now1 that made a bad job for the ,marshal4 ,i saw it from the way he answered not a word to ,fitch1 who now and then pressed up--intent on the business--to make him talk4 ,once ,borden pulled out his heavy wrinkled boot from the stirrup and kicked the other's horse in the belly until it reared on its haunches4 ,for ,borden was the law's officer1 but no man's servant4 ,our way ran three miles up from ,kinton4 ,there was no road1 and we followed along the edge of the bluffs as best we were able1 until finally we dipped down into a ravine and so came to our destination4 ,it was a wooded flat on the bank of the river1 made by a sudden retreat of the hills--a sort of pocket4 ,the space was not large1 a handful of acres1 and it looked smaller than it really was4 ,the bluffs curved around it on three sides in a yellow1 crumbling wall2 on the fourth flowed the muddy waters of the ,missouri4 ,the house was in the center of a small clearing1 and when we came in sight of it ,fitch pulled up behind a small thicket of scrub4 ,borden1 as if he never saw the fellow halt1 rode straight up to the door where ,john ,dempster sat shaping an axe-haft4 ,jack1 said ,borden1 swinging down from his saddle1 ,i've come to have a talk with you4 ,dempster shaved the haft a minute1 laid it aside1 and gazed off toward the clump of scrub4 ,the two men were something alike1 though the man seated on the door-sill was the older1 both past the prime1 both spare of words1 both come to the ,west in the same year4 ,they had lain side by side behind a sleety log before ,fort ,donelson1 and each in his three years of service had felt the touch of hot lead4 ,how d'you come--friend or enemy8 ,the first1 and always1 ,i hope4 ,it depends on you4 ,why did you kick him off of here yesterday1 ,jack8 ,he's full of poison over it4 ,let him keep off then1 was the gruff response4 ,both looked again at the clump where ,fitch could be seen through the thin screen of bushes4 ,after a while ,dempster took out his tobacco1 cut off a piece1 and passed the rest to us4 ,you're in a dirty way of business when you're mixed up with him1 he said slowly4 ,an' ,i 'spose you've come to run me out4 ,what's at the bottom of this trouble8 returned ,borden1 evading the point4 ',tain't the land--what is it he's after8 ,dempster spat4 ,he's gettin' even4 ,i knocked him down last spring when ,i was at ,nebraska ,city1 for lyin' about--never mind4 ,that's all4 ,so he sneaked around an' hunted out where ,i live an' filed on the land4 ,a dull fire lighted up under his bushy eyebrows4 ,why didn't you file long ago8 ,does the gover'ment take away a man's home when he's fought in the war8 ,you know how ,i feel about it1 replied ,borden1 and he laid his hand on the other's shoulder4 ,but it's too late for you to try to keep it now4 ,you'd better look up another place4 ,no1 ,i'm goin' to stay here1 ,i guess1 or nowhere4 ,borden knew that the decision was inflexible4 ,as he rose1 put his foot in the stirrup1 and raised himself into the saddle1 he determined1 however1 to have another try4 ,come and settle up along the creek by me4 ,there's an open claim just beyond mine1 better than this piece4 ,illustration3 ',,you ,,got ,,the ,,best ,o' ,,me1 ,,dick2 ,i',,ll ,,go' ,dempster shook his head2 maybe he was thinking of the clearing back in ,indiana and the boughs under which he had drawn his first breath1 maybe this poor fringe of woods along the river was dearer to him than all the treeless prairie4 ,we've lived here near ten years now1 he said at last1 the old woman an' ,joe--an' me1 'ceptin' when ,i was at war4 ,i guess if we go1 you'll have to use your gun4 ,i'm sorry1 ,jack1 but you've got to go4 ,and ,i give you a week4 ,it's not me that says so1 it's the law4 ,law6 answered ,dempster1 with sudden rising fierceness4 ,does the law drive a man off his own8 ,it was the law1 not justice1 that was driving him4 ,without replying a word1 ,borden1 and ,i by his side1 rode away4 ,when we reached the lean1 eager face behind the scrub1 the ,marshal broke out1 ,you vulture1 keep behind us6 ,if you try to ride even1 ,i'll sink your carcass in the river4 ,and in that order1 with him trailing us1 we came back to ,kinton4 ,well1 during the next week the more ,i turned the thing over on my tongue the less ,i liked the taste of it1 but ,borden was not one to consider dislikes--neither another man's nor his own--when he was riding the law's saddle4 ,so ,i resolved to go through with it1 and was ready ,thursday morning4 ,he came out from ,nebraska ,city1 accompanied by six deputies1 men he had tried1 who would not back off from the mouth of a gun1 for he knew the door he must enter that day4 ,fitch was among them2 oh1 he was yellow over it6 ,borden had dragged him along to the whole end of the dirty business4 ,the tale1 too1 was out among the deputies1 and ,fitch saw plainly what rope they would have swung him by4 ,grim looks were his every mile2 when he pushed up among them1 they crowded his horse to the withers until it hung back from the others2 one cursed him fully and foully4 ,they intended that he should earn that bit of ground before the day was done4 ,in the ravine at the edge of the flat we tied our horses4 ,the men unslung their rifles1 hitched their revolvers about1 and waited1 while ,borden went down the hollow to reconnoiter4 ,perhaps half an hour had passed when he climbed down the bank above our heads and dropped into our midst4 ,quick6 ,the boy's gone for water to the spring4 ,straight ahead there4 ,no shooting till ,i give the word4 ,the men nodded1 we filed down the ravine single-file1 and the next minute were advancing noiselessly through the trees1 spreading out gradually as we crossed the flat toward the clearing where stood the log house4 ,the deputies went ahead1 alert1 silent1 with an eye on ,borden1 who walked a little before them1 each keeping a tree in line with the door4 ,perhaps things were no different that morning than they were at any time2 yet the little flat seemed possessed of a very great quiet1 broken only by the slight swish of our boots through the dry grass4 ,as we neared the cabin1 we saw that its windows and door were shut4 ,fitch1 who clung to me as though he found more comfort in my company1 occasionally wiped drops of sweat from his yellow forehead1 and removed his high hat to let the wind blow through his hair4 ,the other men went ahead unconcerned enough4 ,one big fellow dropped his gun into the crook of his arm1 pulled out a piece of tobacco1 and carefully picked the lint off it4 ,when he had had a bite1 he tossed it to a comrade1 who caught it handily1 buried it for a moment under his mustache1 and then held up the remnant to the other's sight1 grinning4 ,he tossed it back2 neither had lost his place in the advancing line4 ,fifty yards from the house ,borden signaled a halt4 ,rifle-butts slipped to the ground1 and the men leaned with backs against their trees--all except two1 who handed their guns to others and veered off towards the bluffs1 the direction ,borden indicated1 to the spring4 ,a brown1 grizzled fellow1 sheltered behind an elm a few feet from me1 turned his attention to ,fitch1 whom he examined curiously and at leisure1 concluding his inspection by spitting his way4 ,then his look strayed south4 ,after a little he began to sing softly3 ,the flat-boats 'r in an' the bull-boats 'r a-stoppin' ,an' licker runnin' free1--oh1 hell is a-poppin'6 ,down on the river1 down on---- ,he broke off suddenly1 turning his head a little way towards where the two men had entered the bushes1 listening4 ,directly he finished the lines3 ,down on the river1 down on the river1 ,down on the ,misser-ee when the boats come in4 ,the man must have had ears like an ,indian's4 ,he folded his arms across the muzzle of his rifle and began watching the bushes that fringed the base of the hill2 the other men also were looking that way4 ,a minute passed4 ,all at once a young fellow slipped out from nowhere1 running and carrying a full bucket4 ,he was bare-headed1 his sleeves rolled to the elbows4 ,he ran a few steps toward the house1 quickly slanted off1 and kept going1 while turning his head this way and that4 ,i saw the cause of his sudden change in direction1 for there was one of the deputies running parallel with him1 but between him and the door4 ,the second came in sight a minute later1 farther down1 and from behind a thicket1 abreast of the other two4 ,they had the young fellow between them4 ,the rest of us were strung about before the house in a half-circle1 the three runners being on the outside of the circle4 ,everything was quiet1 for ,borden's hounds don't hunt with their mouths open4 ,young ,dempster carried his bucket of water with scarcely a slop or a splash2 the inner deputy gradually moved out and behind him4 ,two men at the tail of the line fell away from their trees to meet him--and there he was in a ring4 ,the man nearest me1 still leaning on his rifle1 gave a cluck of his tongue as if it were all over4 ,but it was not4 ,a shot cracked from the door1 and the deputy who was on the outside flipped his hand in the air as if he had been stung4 ,his fingers were all bloody4 ,that was a pretty shot1 ,i tell you2 old ,jack ,dempster ticked the button on his son's shirt to make it1 for the men were running breast and breast from the door4 ,the boy saw the trap he was in4 ,just as he came even with me1 he whirled and took his chance through the line4 ,it was quick--oh1 quick as a cat6 ,three of us met him4 ,but he was in moccasins and light-footed1 jumping this way and that1 and though my neighbor flung his rifle between his legs1 he skipped it and was nearly through4 ,he sprang to one side1 leaped at ,fitch--the water was splashing now--and swerved past him4 ,maybe it was the nasty look on his face that made ,fitch shoot1 anyway the fellow fired his revolver4 ,it did not seem as if he could miss2 ,joe ran straight for the cabin4 ,half way there the bucket slipped from his hand2 then he began to stagger a little4 ,near the door he went to his knees and1 with a look over his shoulder at us while fumbling for his revolver1 crawled behind the chopping-log4 ,i got him before he got me1 said ,fitch1 fairly green about the mouth1 ,he was going to kill me4 ,borden took a step toward him1 paused for the time of a single breath1 whirled around1 and was behind his tree4 ,as for the other men1 ,i never want to see such faces as they wore4 ,after that it seemed to me as if our business had come to a standstill4 ,it was little shelter we had1 just a tree apiece4 ,we might as well have been tied to them with cords1 for the old man was watching from his lair1 and that with his boy's blood red in his eyes1 ready to catch us either advancing or retiring4 ,nor was the young fellow so badly hurt but what he could pull a trigger4 ,and ,borden never retired that ,i ever heard of--that wasn't his way4 ,any instant ,i expected to hear a bullet snip the bark on my tree4 ,i never felt so big before or since1 big as a hill1 and ,i drew myself together mighty small1 ,i can tell you4 ,while ,i was wondering what would come next1 ,borden stepped out into the open4 ,he walked toward the door1 calm and steady1 and without particular haste1 his revolver in its holster4 ,it all happened so quickly it took me by surprise2 the ,dempsters1 man and boy1 must have been struck by it1 for not a shot was fired4 ,but to advance that way1 to clasp hands with death6 ,maybe you've heard soldiers tell about charging in the face of cannon1 how they felt--,i know ,i felt worse just to see him go straight toward the house4 ,i got dizzy1 dizzy sick4 ,then it had all fallen so still1 the little wind in the trees and the leaves stirring over the ground4 ,i looked at the other men1 thinking they could somehow change it2 the grizzled old chap was chewing his tobacco as fast as he could1 and the man with the bloody fingers had finished tying them up in his handkerchief4 ,first thing ,i knew ,i was half out from behind my tree1 watching him4 ,keep back1 ,dick ,borden1 warned the man in the house--,i swear his voice shook as he said it--keep back1 or1 by ,god1 ,i'll shoot6 ,i'm coming into that door1 ,jack ,dempster1 was ,borden's reply4 ,he never flinched1 never stopped4 ,then the rifle sounded1 and1 like an echo1 the boy's revolver echoed it4 ,borden was hit--how could they fail at that distance and such a mark8 ,but he managed to win the log where young ,dempster lay4 ,he stood there an instant1 then slowly sat down upon it4 ,a second time the young fellow lifted his weapon1 and every man of us could see the ,marshal looking into the muzzle4 ,orders or no orders1 that was too much for even the deputies2 the click of their rifle hammers ran along the trees4 ,borden heard it4 ,don't shoot1 men6 ,his voice was not loud1 but harsh1 and keyed high1 as if his throat was dry4 ,i think the next sound was a groan from the boy1 and his revolver wavered and slipped in his fingers4 ,it's the gun you gave me1 he said1 an' ,i can't kill you with it4 ,borden turned his head painfully from side to side1 saw a stick1 bent down laboriously1 got it at last1 and by its aid raised himself to his feet4 ,that seemed to exhaust him4 ,he stood for a moment1 inert and useless1 like an old man4 ,then he began to hoist himself forward step by step to the door4 ,iron will1 just iron1 it was4 ,and it was terrible to see him--one shoulder and arm swinging low and limp1 his knees lifting high as if knotted with stiffness1 his head protruding in intense effort4 ,the distance was short1 but long1 long for him4 ,keep back6 keep back6 cried ,dempster4 ,he himself was half out of the door1 gripping his gun with one hand1 warding the relentless ,marshal off with the other4 ,borden answered nothing1 another step4 ,you've got to stop6 begged ,dempster4 ,don't make me kill you1 an' ,i can't let you in4 ,go back1 go back6 ,we fought together1 we marched together1 we ate and slept together1 ,dick--for ,god's sake1 don't come nearer6 ,one step at a time1 putting his stick forward bit by bit and dragging himself to it with his queer uplifting knees1 ,borden moved himself ahead4 ,there was something stern and inhuman in this persistence4 ,so it went to the last bitter inch4 ,then ,borden's breast touched the rifle's muzzle4 ,the two men stood looking into each other's eyes1 measuring life and death4 ,that is a minute in my mind forever4 ,the young fellow had dragged himself a little way from behind his log--half-following1 fascinated1 supporting himself by his two hands--and was staring at them4 ,the empty bucket lay on its side in the sunshine4 ,the wind whined and whined through the trees4 ,and the wife's haggard face peered over ,dempster's shoulder in the door4 ,i arrest you6 ,the stick dropped from his fingers1 he clutched at the man's sleeve and fell across the door-sill4 ,all ,i remember is that we were all crowding about the door1 with the boy cursing from the ground behind us for someone to help him4 ,even ,fitch had come1 twisting and pushing among the rest4 ,borden was white and still1 but he came around directly and stared at us a little4 ,we laid him on a blanket outside the door1 along with ,joe1 who carried his lead just below the knee4 ,the ,marshal was pretty bad1 having a bullet through his collar-bone and another through his side1 this one a big ugly hole4 ,there were plenty of us to help1 some to cut and to strip their clothes1 some to fetch water1 some to wash the wounds1 some to tear bandages4 ,one had already started south for a doctor4 ,dempster was on his knees by his old comrade4 ,you got the best o' me1 ,dick2 ,i'll go4 ,borden smiled a little4 ,it was good to look at their two faces then4 ,fitch1 who was rubbing his hands evilly1 put in1 ,yes1 you get off here within an hour4 ,and ,i'll have the law on you1 too1 for the kicking you gave me4 ,one of the men struck him across the mouth4 ,tie him1 said ,borden1 and hang him4 ,well1 there was a noisy to-do1 the fellow screeching that it was against the law1 that he shot the boy for trying to kill him1 that it was on his own land1 and the like4 ,he kept it up until his screech fell into a quaver1 and terror came into his eyes4 ,borden smiled again at sight of him1 this time with lips that made a straight white line4 ,the law6 he said1 at last4 ,i am the law4 ,he let the matter go as far as the rope around the wretch's neck2 then it seemed as if ,fitch was dead already4 ,no1 ,borden didn't hang him2 he had another idea1 the claim4 ,he waited until ,fitch had his senses once more and told him he would be taken to ,nebraska ,city and tried for attempted murder4 ,fitch began to beg1 while ,borden listened with grim satisfaction4 ,he would let the claim go1 he would start down the river1 quit the country4 ,the rope was thrown off and ,borden ordered him away2 and with a sudden fierce oath that made him gasp from pain1 ,borden swore he would shoot him with his own hand if he caught sight of him again4 ,fitch knew that ,borden meant what he said1 and he wasn't seen again in ,nebraska4 ,six months or so fetched ,borden round1 and let him into the saddle again4 ,it must be lead in the heart or brain to kill men of his fiber--and ,dempster had been shaky with his gun4 ,things got a little loose while the ,marshal was on his back up there in the cabin1 but he tightened them up again soon4 ,we'll ride up there some day and see the spot4 ,yes1 the ,dempsters have the title to the place now4 ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,,the ,,gloucester ,,mother ,,by ,,sarah ,,orne ,,jewett ,,decoration ,,by ,,wladyslaw ,t4 ,,benda ,illustration ,when ,autumn winds are high ,they wake and trouble me1 ,with thoughts of people lost ,a-coming on the coast1 ,and all the ships at sea4 ,how dark1 how dark and cold4 ,and fearful in the waves1 ,are tired folk who lie not still ,and quiet in their graves2-- ,in moving waters deep1 ,that will not let men sleep ,as they may sleep on any hill2 ,may sleep ashore till time is old1 ,and all the earth is frosty cold4-- ,under the flowers a thousand springs ,they sleep and dream of many things4 ,god bless them all who die at sea6 ,if they must sleep in restless waves1 ,god make them dream they are ashore1 ,with grass above their graves4 ,,alcohol ,,and ,,the ,,individual ,,by ,,henry ,,smith ,,williams1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,some very puzzling differences of opinion about the use of alcoholic beverages find expression4 ,this is natural enough1 since alcohol is a very curious drug1 and the human organism a very complex mechanism4 ,the effects of this drug upon this mechanism are often very mystifying4 ,not many persons are competent to analyze these effects in their totality4 ,still fewer can examine any of them quite without prejudice4 ,but in recent years a large number of scientific investigators have attempted to substitute knowledge for guesswork as to the effects of alcohol1 through the institution of definitive experiments4 ,some have tested its effects on the digestive apparatus2 others1 its power over the heart and voluntary muscles2 still others1 its influence upon the brain4 ,on the whole1 the results of these experiments are singularly consistent4 ,undoubtedly they tend to upset a good many time-honored preconceptions4 ,but they give better grounds for judgment as to what is the rational attitude toward alcohol than have hitherto been available4 ,the traditional rle of alcohol is that of a stimulant4 ,it has been supposed to stimulate digestion and assimilation2 to stimulate the heart's action2 to stimulate muscular activity and strength2 to stimulate the mind4 ,the new evidence seems to show that1 in the final analysis1 alcohol stimulates none of these activities2 that its final effect is everywhere depressive and inhibitory 7at any rate1 as regards higher functions7 rather than stimulative2 that1 in short1 it is properly to be classed with the anesthetics and narcotics4 ,the grounds for this view should be of interest to every user of alcohol2 of interest1 for that matter1 to every citizen1 considering that more than one thousand million gallons of alcoholic beverages are consumed in the ,united ,states each year4 ,i should like to present the new evidence far more fully than space will permit4 ,i shall attempt1 however1 to describe some of the more significant observations and experiments in sufficient detail to enable the reader to draw his own conclusions4 ,to make room for this1 ,i must deal with other portions of the testimony in a very summary manner4 ,as regards digestion1 for example1 ,i must be content to note that the experiments show that alcohol does indeed stimulate the flow of digestive fluids1 but that it also tends to interfere with their normal action2 so that ordinarily one effect neutralizes the other4 ,as regards the action on the heart1 ,i shall merely state that the ultimate effect of alcohol is to depress1 in large doses to paralyze1 that organ4 ,these1 after all1 are matters that concern the physician rather than the general reader4 ,the effect of alcohol on muscular activity has a larger measure of popular interest2 indeed1 it is a question of the utmost practicality4 ,the experiments show that alcohol does not increase the capacity to do muscular work1 but distinctly decreases it4 ,doubtless this seems at variance with many a man's observation of himself2 but the explanation is found in the fact that alcohol blurs the judgment4 ,as ,voit remarks1 it gives1 not strength1 but1 at most1 the feeling of strength4 ,a man may think he is working faster and better under the influence of alcohol than he would otherwise do2 but rigidly conducted experiments do not confirm this opinion4 ,both science and the experience of life1 says ,dr4 ,john ,j4 ,abel1 of ,johns ,hopkins ,university1 have exploded the pernicious theory that alcohol gives any persistent increase of muscular power4 ,the disappearance of this universal error will greatly reduce the consumption of alcohol among laboring men4 ,it is well understood by all who control large bodies of men engaged in physical labor1 that alcohol and effective work are incompatible4 ,it is even questionable whether the energy derived from the oxidation of alcohol in the body can be directly used at all as a source of muscular energy4 ,such competent observers as ,schumberg and ,scheffer independently reached the conclusion that it cannot4 ,dr4 ,abel inclines to the same opinion4 ,he suggests that alcohol is not a food in the sense in which fats and carbohydrates are food2 it should be defined as an easily oxidizable drug with numerous untoward effects which inevitably appear when a certain minimum dose is exceeded1 ,he thinks that alcohol should be classed with the more or less dangerous stimulants and narcotics1 such as hasheesh1 tobacco1 etc41 rather than with truly sustaining foodstuffs1 ,some of the grounds for this view will appear presently1 as we now turn to examine the alleged stimulating effects of alcohol upon the mental processes4 ,alcohol as a ,brain ,stimulant ,the celebrated physicist ,von ,helmholtz1 one of the foremost thinkers of the nineteenth century1 declared that the very smallest quantity of alcohol served effectively1 while its influence lasted1 to banish from his mind all possibility of creative effort2 all capacity to solve an abstruse problem4 ,the result of recent experiments in the field of physiological psychology convince one that the same thing is true in some measure of every other mind capable of creative thinking4 ,certainly all the evidence goes to show that no mind is capable of its best efforts when influenced by even small quantities of alcohol4 ,if any reader of these words is disposed to challenge this statement1 on the strength of his own personal experience1 ,i would ask him to reflect carefully as to whether what he has been disposed to regard as a stimulant effect may not be better explained along lines suggested by these words of ,professor ,james3 ,the reason for craving alcohol is that it is an anesthetic even in moderate quantities4 ,it obliterates a part of the field of consciousness and abolishes collateral trains of thought4 ,the experimental evidence that tends to establish the position of alcohol as an inhibitor and disturber rather than a promoter of mental activity has been gathered largely by ,german investigators4 ,many of their experiments are of a rather technical character1 aiming to test the basal operations of the mind4 ,others1 however1 are eminently practical1 as we shall see4 ,the earliest experiments1 made by ,exner in ,vienna so long ago as #ahgc1 aimed to determine the effect of alcohol upon the so-called reaction-time4 ,the subject of the experiment sits at a table1 with his finger upon a telegraph key4 ,at a given signal--say a flash of light--he releases the key4 ,the time that elapses between signal and response--measured electrically in fractions of a second--is called the simple or direct reaction-time4 ,this varies for different individuals1 but is relatively constant1 under given conditions1 for the same individual4 ,exner found1 however1 that when an individual had imbibed a small quantity of alcohol1 his reaction-time was lengthened1 though the subject believed himself to be responding more promptly than before4 ,these highly suggestive experiments attracted no very great amount of attention at the time4 ,some years later1 however1 they were repeated by several investigators1 including ,dietl1 ,vintschgau1 and in particular ,kraepelin and his pupils4 ,it was then discovered that1 in the case of a robust young man1 if the quantity of alcohol ingested was very small1 and the tests were made immediately1 the direct reaction-time was not lengthened1 but appreciably shortened instead4 ,if1 however1 the quantity of alcohol was increased1 or if the experiments were made at a considerable interval of time after its ingestion1 the reaction-time fell below the normal1 as in ,exner's experiments4 ,subsequent experiments tested mental processes of a somewhat more complicated character4 ,for example1 the subject would place1 each hand on a telegraph key1 at right and left4 ,the signals would then be varied1 it being understood that one key or the other would be pressed promptly accordingly as a red or a white light1 appeared4 ,it became necessary1 therefore1 to recognize the color of the light1 and to recall which hand was to be moved at that particular1 signal3 in other words1 to make a choice not unlike that which a locomotive engineer is required to make when he encounters an unexpected signal light4 ,the tests showed that after the ingestion of a small quantity of alcohol--say a glass of beer--there was a marked disturbance of the mental processes involved in this reaction4 ,on the average1 the keys were released more rapidly than before the alcohol was taken1 but the wrong key was much more frequently released than under normal circumstances4 ,speed was attained at the cost of correct judgment4 ,thus1 as ,dr4 ,stier remarks1 the experiment shows the elements of two of the most significant and persistent effects of alcohol1 namely1 the vitiating of mental processes and the increased tendency to hasty or incordinate movements4 ,stated otherwise1 a levelling down process is involved1 whereby the higher function is dulled1 the lower function accentuated4 ,equally suggestive are the results of some experiments devised by ,ach and ,maljarewski to test the effects of alcohol upon the perception and comprehension of printed symbols4 ,the subject was required to read aloud a continuous series of letters or meaningless syllables or short words1 as viewed through a small slit in a revolving cylinder4 ,it was found that after taking a small quantity of alcohol1 the subject was noticeably less able to read correctly4 ,his capacity to repeat1 after a short interval1 a number of letters correctly read1 was also much impaired4 ,he made more omissions than before1 and tended to substitute words and syllables for those actually seen4 ,it is especially noteworthy that the largest number of mistakes were made in the reading of meaningless syllables1--that is to say1 in the part of the task calling for the highest or most complicated type of mental activity4 ,another striking illustration of the tendency of alcohol to impair the higher mental processes was given by some experiments instituted by ,kraepelin to test the association of ideas1 ,in these experiments1 a word is pronounced1 and the subject is required to pronounce the first word that suggests itself in response4 ,some very interesting secrets of the subconscious personality are revealed thereby1 as was shown1 for example1 in a series of experiments conducted last year at ,zrich by ,dr4 ,frederick ,peterson of ,new ,york4 ,but ,i cannot dwell on these here4 ,suffice it for our purpose that the possible responses are of two general types4 ,the suggested word being1 let us say1 book1 the subject may 7#a7 think of some word associated logically with the idea of a book1 such as read or leaves2 or he may 7#b7 think of some word associated merely through similarity of sound1 such as cook or shook4 ,in a large series of tests1 any given individual tends to show a tolerably uniform proportion between the two types of association2 and this ratio is in a sense explicative of his type of mind4 ,generally speaking1 the higher the intelligence1 the higher will be the ratio of logical to merely rhymed associations4 ,moreover1 the same individual will exhibit more associations of the logical type when his mind is fresh than when it is exhausted1 as after a hard day's work4 ,in ,kraepelin's experiments it appeared that even the smallest quantity of alcohol had virtually the effect of fatiguing the mind of the subject1 so that the number of his rhymed responses rose far above the normal4 ,that is to say1 the lower form of association of ideas was accentuated1 at the expense of the higher4 ,in effect1 the particular mind experimented upon was always brought for the time being to a lower level by the alcohol4 ,the ,effect of a ,bottle of ,wine a ,day ,when a single dose of alcohol is administered1 its effects gradually disappear1 as a matter of course4 ,but they are far more persistent than might be supposed4 ,some experiments conducted by ,frer are illuminative as to this4 ,he tested a person for several days1 at a given hour1 as to reaction-time1 the association of ideas1 the capacity to memorize1 and facility in adding4 ,the subject was then allowed to drink two litres of beer in the course of a day4 ,no intoxicating effects whatever were to be discovered by ordinary methods4 ,the psychological tests1 however1 showed marked disturbance of all the reactions1 a diminished capacity to memorize1 decreased facility in adding1 etc41 not merely on the day when the alcohol was taken1 but on succeeding days as well4 ,not until the third day was there a gradual restoration to complete normality2 although the subject himself--and this should be particularly noted--felt absolutely fresh and free from after-effects of alcohol on the day following that on which the beer was taken4 ,similarly ,rdin found the effects of a single dose of alcohol to persist1 as regards some forms of mental disturbance1 for twelve hours1 for other forms twenty-four hours1 and for yet others thirty-six hours and more4 ,but ,rdin's experiments bring out another aspect of the subject1 which no one who considers the alcohol question in any of its phases should overlook3 the fact1 namely1 that individuals differ greatly in their response to a given quantity of the drug4 ,thus1 of four healthy young students who formed the subjects of ,rdin's experiment1 two showed very marked disturbance of the mental functions for more than forty-eight hours1 whereas the third was influenced for a shorter time1 and the fourth was scarcely affected at all4 ,the student who was least affected was not1 as might be supposed1 one who had been accustomed to take alcoholics habitually1 but1 on the contrary1 one who for six years had been a total abstainer4 ,noting thus that the effects of a single dose of alcohol may persist for two or three days1 one is led to inquire what the result will be if the dose is repeated day after day4 ,will there then be a cumulative effect1 or will the system become tolerant of the drug and hence unresponsive8 ,some experiments of ,smith1 and others of ,krz and ,kraepelin have been directed toward the solution of this all-important question4 ,the results of the experiments show a piling up of the disturbing effects of the alcohol4 ,krz and ,kraepelin estimate that after giving eighty grams per day to an individual for twelve successive days1 the working capacity of that individual's mind was lessened by from twenty-five to forty per cent4 ,smith found an impairment of the power to add1 after twelve days1 amounting to forty per cent42 the power to memorize was reduced by about seventy per cent4 ,forty to eighty grams of alcohol1 the amounts used in producing these astounding results1 is no more than the quantity contained in one to two litres of beer or in a half-bottle to a bottle of ordinary wine4 ,professor ,aschaffenburg1 commenting on these experiments1 points the obvious moral that the so-called moderate drinker1 who consumes his bottle of wine as a matter of course each day with his dinner--and who doubtless would declare that he is never under the influence of liquor--is in reality never actually sober from one week's end to another4 ,neither in bodily nor in mental activity is he ever up to what should be his normal level4 ,that this fair inference from laboratory experiments may be demonstrated in a thoroughly practical field1 has been shown by ,professor ,aschaffenburg himself1 through a series of tests made on four professional typesetters4 ,the tests were made with all the rigor of the psychological laboratory 7the experimenter is a former pupil of ,kraepelin71 but they were conducted in a printing office1 where the subjects worked at their ordinary desks1 and in precisely the ordinary way1 except that the copy from which the type was set was always printed1 to secure perfect uniformity4 ,the author summarizes the results of the experiment as follows3 ,a ,loss of ,ten ,per ,cent4 in ,working ,efficiency ,the experiment extended over four days4 ,the first and third days were observed as normal days1 no alcohol being given4 ,on the second and fourth days each worker received thirty-five grams 7a little more than one ounce7 of alcohol1 in the form of ,greek wine4 ,a comparison of the results of work on normal and on alcoholic days showed1 in the case of one of the workers1 no difference4 ,but the remaining three showed greater or less retardation of work1 amounting in the most pronounced case to almost fourteen per cent4 ,as typesetting is paid for by measure1 such a worker would actually earn ten per cent4 less on days when he consumed even this small quantity of alcohol4 ,in the light of such observations1 a glass of beer or even the cheapest bottle of wine is seen to be an expensive luxury4 ,to forfeit ten per cent4 of one's working efficiency is no trifling matter in these days of strenuous competition4 ,perhaps it should be noted that the subjects of the experiment were all men habituated to the use of liquor1 one of them being accustomed to take four glasses of beer each week day1 and eight or ten on ,sundays4 ,this heaviest drinker was the one whose work was most influenced in the experiment just related4 ,the one whose work was least influenced was the only one of the four who did not habitually drink beer every day2 and he drank regularly on ,sundays4 ,it goes without saying that all abstained from beer during the experiment4 ,we may note1 further1 that all the men admitted that they habitually found it more difficult to work on ,mondays1 after the over-indulgence of ,sunday1 than on other days1 and that they made more mistakes on that day4 ,aside from that1 however1 the men were by no means disposed to admit1 before the experiment1 that their habitual use of beer interfered with their work4 ,that it really did so could not well be doubted after the experiment4 ,the ,effect of ,beer-drinking on ,german ,school-children ,some doubly significant observations as to the practical effects of beer and wine in dulling the faculties were made by ,bayer1 who investigated the habits of #eia children in a public school in ,vienna4 ,these pupils were ranked by their teachers into three groups1 denoting progress as good1 fair1 or poor respectively4 ,bayer found1 on investigation1 that #acd of these pupils took no alcoholic drink2 that #afd drank alcoholics very seldom2 but that #bai drank beer or wine once daily2 #ga drank it twice daily2 and three drank it with every meal4 ,of the total abstainers1 #db per cent4 ranked in the school as good1 #di per cent4 as fair1 and #i per cent4 as poor4 ,of the occasional drinkers1 #cd per cent4 ranked as good1 #eg per cent4 as fair1 and #i per cent4 as poor4 ,of the daily drinkers1 #bh per cent4 ranked as good1 #eh per cent4 as fair1 and #ad per cent4 as poor4 ,those who drank twice daily ranked #be per cent4 good1 #eh fair1 and #ah per cent4 poor1 ,of the three who drank thrice daily1 one ranked as fair1 and the other two as poor4 ,statistics of this sort are rather tiresome2 but these will repay a moment's examination4 ,as ,aschaffenburg1 from whom ,i quote them1 remarks1 detailed comment is superfluous3 the figures speak for themselves4 ,neither in ,england nor ,america1 fortunately1 would it be possible to gather statistics comparable to these as to the effects of alcohol on growing children2 for the ,anglo-,saxon does not believe in alcohol for the child1 whatever his view as to its utility for adults4 ,the effects of alcohol upon the growing organism have1 however1 been studied here with the aid of subjects drawn from lower orders of the animal kingdom4 ,professor ,c4 ,f4 ,hodge1 of ,clark ,university1 gave alcohol to two kittens1 with very striking results4 ,in beginning the experiment1 he says1 it was remarkable how quickly and completely all the higher psychic characteristics of both the kittens dropped out4 ,playfulness1 purring1 cleanliness and care of coat1 interest in mice1 fear of dogs1 while normally developed before the experiment began1 all disappeared so suddenly that it could hardly be explained otherwise than as a direct influence of the alcohol upon the higher centers of the brain4 ,the kittens simply ate and slept1 and could scarcely have been less active had the greater part of their cerebral hemisphere been removed by the knife4 ,the ,development of ,fear in ,alcoholized ,dogs ,professor ,hodge's experiments extended also to dogs4 ,he found that the alcoholized dogs in his kennel were lacking in spontaneous activity and in alertness in retrieving a ball4 ,these defects must be in part explained by lack of cerebral energy1 in part by weakening of the muscular system4 ,various other symptoms were presented that showed the lowered tone of the entire organism under the influence of alcohol2 but perhaps the most interesting phenomenon was the development of extreme timidity on the part of all the alcoholized dogs4 ,the least thing out of the ordinary caused them to exhibit fear1 while their kennel companions exhibited only curiosity or interest4 ,whistles and bells1 in the distance1 never ceased to throw them into a panic in which they howled and yelped while the normal dogs simply barked4 ,one of the dogs even had paroxysms of causeless fear with some evidence of hallucination4 ,he would apparently start at some imaginary object1 and go into fits of howling4 ,the characteristic timidity of the alcoholized dogs did not altogether disappear even when they no longer received alcohol in their diet4 ,timidity had become with them a habit of life4 ,as ,professor ,hodge suggests1 we are here apparently dealing with one of the profound physiological causes of fear1 having wide application to its phenomena in man4 ,fear is commonly recognized as a characteristic feature in alcoholic insanity1 and delirium tremens is the most terrible form of fear psychosis known1 ,the development of the same psychosis1 in a modified degree1 through the continued use of small quantities of alcohol1 emphasizes the causal relation between the use of alcohol and the genesis of timidity4 ,it shows how pathetically mistaken is the popular notion that alcohol inspires courage2 and1 to anyone who clearly appreciates the share courage plays in the battle of life1 it suggests yet another lamentable way in which alcohol handicaps its devotees4 ,is ,alcohol ,a ,poison8 ,it is perhaps hardly necessary to cite further experiments directly showing the depressing effects of alcohol1 even in small quantities1 upon the mental activities1 ,whoever examines the evidence in its entirety will scarcely avoid the conclusion reached by ,smith1 as the result of his experiments already referred to1 which ,dr4 ,abel summarizes thus3 ,one half to one bottle of wine1 or two to four glasses of beer a day1 not only counteract the beneficial effects of 'practice' in any given occupation1 but also depress every form of intellectual activity2 therefore every man1 who1 according to his own notions1 is only a moderate drinker places himself by this indulgence on a lower intellectual level and opposes the full and complete utilization of his intellectual powers4 ,i content myself with repeating that1 to the thoughtful man1 the beer and the wine must seem dear at such a price4 ,to any one who may reply that he is willing to pay this price for the sake of the pleasurable emotions and passions that are sometimes permitted to hold sway in the absence of those higher faculties of reason which alcohol tends to banish1 ,i would suggest that there is still another aspect of the account which we have not as yet examined4 ,we have seen that alcohol may be a potent disturber of the functions of digestion1 of muscular activity1 and of mental energizing4 ,but we have spoken all along of function and not of structure4 ,we have not even raised a question as to what might be the tangible effects of this disturber of functions upon the physical organism through which these functions are manifested4 ,we must complete our inquiry by asking whether alcohol1 in disturbing digestion1 may not leave its mark upon the digestive apparatus2 whether in disturbing the circulation it may not put its stamp upon heart and blood vessels2 whether in disturbing the mind it may not leave some indelible record on the tissues of the brain4 ,stated otherwise1 the question is this3 ,is alcohol a poison to the animal organism8 ,a poison being1 in the ordinary acceptance of the word1 an agent that may injuriously affect the tissues of the body1 and tend to shorten life4 ,students of pathology answer this question with no uncertain voice4 ,the matter is presented in a nutshell by the ,professor of ,pathology at ,johns ,hopkins ,university1 ,dr4 ,william ,h4 ,welch1 when he says3 ,alcohol in sufficient quantities is a poison to all living organisms1 both animal and vegetable4 ,to that unequivocal pronouncement there is1 ,i believe1 no dissenting voice1 except that a word-quibble was at one time raised over the claim that alcohol in exceedingly small doses might be harmless4 ,the obvious answer is that the same thing is true of any and every poison whatsoever4 ,arsenic and strychnine1 in appropriate doses1 are recognized by all physicians as admirable tonics2 but no one argues in consequence that they are not virulent poisons4 ,open any work on the practice of medicine quite at random1 and whether you chance to read of diseased stomach or heart or blood-vessels or liver or kidneys or muscles or connective tissues or nerves or brain--it is all one3 in any case you will learn that alcohol may be an active factor in the causation1 and a retarding factor in the cure1 of some1 at least1 of the important diseases of the organ or set of organs about which you are reading4 ,you will rise with the conviction that alcohol is not merely a poison1 but the most subtle1 the most far-reaching1 and1 judged by its ultimate effects1 incomparably the most virulent of all poisons4 ,alcohol and ,disease ,here are a few corroborative facts1 stated baldly1 almost at random3 ,rauber found that a ten per cent4 solution of alcohol acted as a definite protoplasmic poison to all forms of cell life with which he experimented--including the hydra1 tapeworms1 earthworms1 leeches1 crayfish1 various species of fish1 ,mexican axolotl1 and mammals1 including the human subject4 ,berkely found1 in four rabbits out of five in which he had induced chronic alcohol poisoning1 fatty degeneration of the heart muscle4 ,this condition1 he says1 seems to be present in all animals subject to a continual administration of alcohol in which sufficient time between the doses is not allowed for complete elimination4 ,cowan finds that alcoholic cases bear acute diseases badly1 failure of the heart always ensuing at an earlier period than one would anticipate4 ,bollinger found the beer-drinkers of ,munich so subject to hypertrophied or dilated hearts as to justify ,liebe in declaring that one man in sixteen in ,munich drinks himself to death4 ,dr4 ,sims ,woodhead1 ,professor of ,pathology in the ,university of ,cambridge1 says of the effect of alcohol on the heart3 ,in addition to the fatty degeneration of the heart that is so frequently met with in chronic alcoholics1 there appears in some cases to be an increase of fibrous tissue between the muscle fibers1 accompanied by wasting of these tissues4444 ,heart failure1 one of the most frequent causes of death in people of adult and advanced years1 is often due to fatty degeneration1 and a patient who suffers from alcoholic degeneration necessarily runs a much greater risk of heart failure during the course of acute fevers or from overwork1 exhaustion1 and an overloaded stomach1 and the like1 than does the man with a strong1 healthy heart unaffected by alcohol or similar poisons4 ,it must be obvious that these words give a clue to the agency of alcohol in shortening the lives of tens of thousands of persons with whose decease the name of alcohol is never associated in the minds of their friends or in the death certificates4 ,dr4 ,woodhead has this to say about the blood-vessels3 ,in chronic alcoholism in which the poison is acting continuously1 over a long period1 a peculiar fibrous condition of the vessels is met with2 this1 apparently1 is the result of a slight irritation of the connective tissue of the walls of these vessels4 ,the wall of the vessel may become thickened throughout its whole extent or irregularly1 and the muscular coat may waste away as a new fibrous or scar-like tissue is formed4 ,the wasting muscles may undergo fatty degeneration1 and1 in these1 lime salts may be deposited2 the rigid1 brittle1 so-called pipestem vessels are the result4 ,referring to these degenerated arteries1 ,dr4 ,welch says3 ,in this way alcoholic excess may stand in a causative relation to cerebral disorders1 such as apoplexy and paralysis1 and also the diseases of the heart and kidneys4 ,from our present standpoint it is particularly worthy of remark that ,professor ,woodhead states that this calcification of the blood-vessels is likely to occur in persons who have never been either habitual or occasional drunkards1 but who have taken only what they are pleased to call 'moderate' quantities of alcohol4 ,similarly1 ,dr4 ,welch declares that alcoholic diseases are certainly not limited to persons recognized as drunkards4 ,instances have been recorded in increasing number in recent years of the occurrence of diseases of the circulatory1 renal1 and nervous systems1 reasonably or positively attributable to the use of alcoholic liquors1 in persons who never became really intoxicated and were regarded by themselves and by others as 'moderate drinkers4' ,it is well established1 adds ,dr4 ,welch1 that the general mortality from diseases of the liver1 kidney1 heart1 blood-vessels1 and nervous system is much higher in those following occupations which expose them to the temptation of drinking than in others4 ,strumpell declares that chronic inflammation of the stomach and bowels is almost exclusively of alcoholic origin2 and that when a man in the prime of life dies of certain chronic kidney affections1 one may safely infer that he has been a lover of beer and other alcoholic drinks4 ,similarly1 cirrhosis of the liver is universally recognized as being1 nine times in ten1 of alcoholic origin4 ,the nervous affections of like origin are numerous and important1 implicating both brain cells and peripheral fibres4 ,how the ,poison ,works ,without going into further details as to the precise changes that alcohol may effect in the various organs of the body1 we may note that these pathological changes are everywhere of the same general type4 ,there is an ever-present tendency to destroy the higher form of cells--those that are directly concerned with the vital processes--and to replace them with useless or harmful connective tissue4 ,whether this scar tissue formation goes on in the heart1 in the kidneys1 in the liver1 in the blood-vessels1 or in the nerves1 says ,woodhead1 the process is essentially the same1 and it must be associated with the accumulation of poisonous or waste products in the lymph spaces through which the nutrient fluids pass to the tissues4 ,the contracting scar tissue of a wound has its exact homologue in the contracting scar tissue that is met with in the liver1 in the kidney1 and in the brain4 ,it is not altogether pleasant to think that one's bodily tissues--from the brain to the remotest nerve fibril1 from the heart to the minutest arteriole--may perhaps be undergoing day by day such changes as these4 ,yet that is the possibility which every habitual drinker of alcoholic beverages--moderate drinker though he be--must face4 ,this is an added toll that does not appear in the first price of the glass of beer or bottle of wine1 but it is a toll that may refuse to be overlooked in the final accounting4 ,alcohol and ,acute ,infections ,in connection with experiments in rendering animals and men immune from certain contagious diseases through inoculation with specific serums1 ,delarde1 working in ,calmette's laboratory in ,lille1 showed that alcoholized rabbits are not protected by inoculation1 as normal ones are1 against hydrophobia4 ,moreover1 he reports the case of an intemperate man1 bitten by a mad dog1 who died notwithstanding anti-rabic treatment1 whereas a boy of thirteen1 much more severely bitten by the same dog on the same day1 recovered under treatment4 ,delarde strongly advises any one bitten by a mad dog to abstain from alcohol1 not only during the anti-rabic treatment but for some months thereafter1 lest the alcohol counteract the effects of the protective serum4 ,similar laboratory experiments have been made by ,laitenan1 who became fully convinced that alcohol increases the susceptibility of animals to splenic fever1 tuberculosis1 and diphtheria4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,abbott1 of the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 made an elaborate series of experiments to test the susceptibility of rabbits to various micro-organisms causing pus-formation and blood poisoning4 ,he found that the normal resistance of rabbits to infection from this source was in most cases markedly diminished through the influence of alcohol when given daily to a stage of acute intoxication4 ,it is interesting to note1 ,dr4 ,abbott adds1 that the results of inoculation of the alcoholized rabbits with the erysipelas coccus correspond in a way with clinical observations on human beings addicted to the excessive use of alcohol when infected by this organism4 ,additional confirmation of the deleterious effects of alcohol in this connection was furnished by the cats and dogs of ,professor ,hodge's experiments1 already referred to4 ,all of these showed peculiar susceptibility to infectious diseases1 not only being attacked earlier than their normal companions1 but also suffering more severely1 ,this accords with numerous observations on the human subject2 for example1 with the claim made some years ago by ,mc,cleod and ,milles that ,europeans in ,shanghai who used alcohol showed increased susceptibility to ,asiatic cholera1 and suffered from a more virulent type of the disease4 ,professor ,woodhead points out that many of the foremost authorities now concede the justice of this view1 and unreservedly condemn the giving of alcohol1 even in medicinal doses1 to patients suffering from cholera or from various other acute diseases and intoxications1 including diphtheria1 tetanus1 snake-bite1 and pneumonia1 as being not merely useless but positively harmful4 ,even when the patient has advanced far toward recovery from an acute infectious disease1 it is held still to be highly unwise to administer alcohol1 since this may interfere with the beneficent action of the anti-toxins that have developed in the tissues of the body1 and in virtue of which the disease has been overcome4 ,the ,ally of ,tuberculosis ,not many physicians1 perhaps1 will go so far as ,dr4 ,muirhead of ,edinburgh1 who at one time claimed that he had scarcely known of a death in a case of pneumonia uncomplicated by alcoholism2 but almost every physician will admit that he contemplates with increased solicitude every case of pneumonia thus complicated4 ,equally potent1 seemingly1 is alcohol in complicating that other ever-menacing lung disease1 tuberculosis4 ,dr4 ,crothers long ago asserted that inebriety and tuberculosis are practically interconvertible conditions2 a view that may be interpreted in the words of ,dr4 ,dickinson's ,baillie ,lecture3 ,we may conclude1 and that confidently1 that alcohol promotes tubercle1 not because it begets the bacilli1 but because it impairs the tissues1 and makes them ready to yield to the attacks of the parasites4 ,dr4 ,brouardel1 at the ,congress for the ,study of ,tuberculosis1 in ,london1 was equally emphatic as to the influence of alcohol in preparing the way for tuberculosis1 and increasing its virulence2 and this view has now become general--curiously reversing the popular impression1 once held by the medical profession as well1 that alcohol is antagonistic to consumption4 ,corroborative evidence of the baleful alliance between alcohol and tuberculosis is furnished by the fact that in ,france the regions where tuberculosis is most prevalent correspond with those in which the consumption of alcohol is greatest4 ,where the average annual consumption was #ab4e litres per person1 the death rate from consumption was found by ,baudron to be #cb4h per thousand4 ,where alcoholic consumption rose to #ce4d litres1 the death rate from consumption increased to #ajg4h per thousand4 ,equally suggestive are facts put forward by ,guttstadt in regard to the causes of death in the various callings in ,prussia4 ,he found that tuberculosis claimed #afj victims in every thousand deaths of persons over twenty-five years of age4 ,but the number of deaths from this disease per thousand deaths among gymnasium teachers1 physicians1 and ,protestant clergymen1 for example1 amounted respectively to #abf1 #aac1 and #gf only2 whereas the numbers rose1 for hotelkeepers1 to #bcg1 for brewers1 to #cdd1 and for waiters1 to #eef4 ,no doubt several factors complicate the problem here1 but one hazards little in suggesting that a difference of habit as to the use of alcohol was the chief determinant in running up the death rate due to tuberculosis from #gf per thousand at one end of the scale to #eef at the other4 ,pneumonia and tuberculosis combined account for one-fifth of all deaths in the ,united ,states1 year by year4 ,in the light of what has just been shown1 it would appear that alcohol here has a hand in the carrying off of other untold thousands with whose untimely demise its name is not officially associated4 ,i may add that certain ,german authorities1 including1 for example1 ,dr4 ,liebe1 present evidence--not as yet demonstrative--to show that cancer must also be added to the list of diseases to which alcohol predisposes the organism4 ,hereditary ,effects of ,alcohol ,if additional evidence of the all-pervading influence of alcohol is required1 it may be found in the thought-compelling fact that the effects are not limited to the individual who imbibes the alcohol1 but may be passed on to his descendants4 ,the offspring of alcoholics show impaired vitality of the most deep-seated character4 ,sometimes this impaired vitality is manifested in the non-viability of the offspring2 sometimes in deformity2 very frequently in neuroses1 which may take the severe forms of chorea1 infantile convulsions1 epilepsy1 or idiocy4 ,in examining into the history of #beed idiotic1 epileptic1 hysterical1 or weak-minded children in the institution at ,bictre1 ,france1 ,bourneville found that over #da per cent4 had alcoholic parents4 ,in more than #i per cent4 of the cases1 it was ascertained that one or both parents were under the influence of alcohol at the time of procreation1--a fact of positively terrifying significance1 when we reflect how alcohol inflames the passions while subordinating the judgment and the ethical scruples by which these passions are normally held in check4 ,of similar import are the observations of ,bezzola and of ,hartmann that a large proportion of the idiots and the criminals in ,switzerland were conceived during the season of the year when the customs of the country--,may-fests1 etc4--lead to the disproportionate consumption of alcohol4 ,experimental evidence of very striking character is furnished by the reproductive histories of ,professor ,hodge's alcoholized dogs4 ,of #bc whelps born in four litters to a pair of tipplers1 #i were born dead1 #h were deformed1 and only #d were viable and seemingly normal4 ,meantime1 a pair of normal kennel-companions produced #de whelps1 of which #da were viable and normal--a percentage of #ij4b against the #ag4d per cent4 of viable alcoholics4 ,professor ,hodge points out that these results are strikingly similar to the observations of ,demme on the progeny of ten alcoholic as compared with ten normal families of human beings4 ,the ten alcoholic families produced #eg children1 of whom #aj were deformed1 #f idiotic1 #f choreic or epileptic1 #be non-viable1 and only #aj1 or #ag per cent1 of the whole were normal4 ,the ten normal families produced #fa children1 two of whom were deformed1 #b pronounced backward1 though not suffering from disease1 and #c non-viable1 leaving #ed1 or #hh4e per cent41 normal4 ,as ,i am writing this article1 the latest report of the ,craig ,colony for ,epileptics1 at ,sonyea1 ,new ,york1 chances to come to my desk4 ,glancing at the tables of statistics1 ,i find that the superintendent1 ,dr4 ,spratling1 reports a history of alcoholism in the parents of #cac out of #iej recent cases4 ,more than #bb per cent4 of these unfortunates are thus suffering from the mistakes of their parents4 ,nor does this by any means tell the whole story1 for the report shows that #egg additional cases--more than #fj per cent1 of the whole--suffer from neuropathic heredity2 which means that their parents were themselves the victims of one or another of those neuroses that are peculiarly heritable1 and that unquestionably tell1 in a large number of cases1 of alcoholic indulgence on the part of their progenitors4 ,even to the third and fourth generation1 said the wise ,hebrew of old2 and the laws of heredity have not changed since then4 ,i cite the data from this report of the ,epileptic ,colony1 not because its record is in any way exceptional1 but because it is absolutely typical4 ,the mental image that it brings up is precisely comparable to that which would arise were we to examine the life histories of the inmates of any institution whatever where dependent or delinquent children are cared for1 be it idiot asylum1 orphanage1 hospital1 or reformatory4 ,the same picture1 with the same insistent moral1 would be before us could we visit a clinic where nervous diseases are treated2 or--turning to the other end of the social scale--could we sit in the office of a fashionable specialist in nervous diseases and behold the succession of neurotics1 epileptics1 paralytics1 and degenerates that come day by day under his observation4 ,it is this picture1 along with others which the preceding pages may in some measure have suggested1 that comes to mind and will not readily be banished when one hears advocated on physiological grounds the regular use of alcoholic drinks1 in moderation4 ,a vast number of the misguided individuals who were responsible for all this misery never did use alcohol except in what they believed to be strict moderation2 and of those that did use it to excess1 there were few indeed who could not have restricted their use of alcohol to moderate quantities1 or have abandoned its use altogether1 had not the drug itself made them its slaves by depriving them of all power of choice4 ,few men indeed are voluntary inebriates4 ,alcohol and the ,moderate ,drinker ,it does not fall within the scope of my present purpose to dwell upon the familiar aspect of the effects of alcohol suggested by the last sentence4 ,it requires no scientific experiments to prove that one of the subtlest effects of this many-sided drug is to produce a craving for itself1 while weakening the will that could resist that craving4 ,but beyond noting that this is precisely in line with what we have everywhere seen to be the typical effect of alcohol--the weakening of higher functions and faculties1 with corresponding exaggeration of lower ones--,i shall not comment here upon this all too familiar phase of the alcohol problem4 ,throughout this paper ,i have had in mind the hidden cumulative effects of relatively small quantities of alcohol rather than the patent effects of excessive indulgence1 ,i have had in mind the voluntary social drinker1 rather than the drunkard4 ,i have wished to raise a question in the mind of each and every habitual user of alcohol in moderation who chances to read this article1 as to whether he is acting wisely in using alcohol habitually in any quantity whatever4 ,if in reply the reader shall say3 ,there is some quantity of alcohol that constitutes actual moderation2 some quantity that will give me pleasure and yet not menace me with these evils1 ,i answer thus3 ,conceivably that is true1 though it is not proved4 ,but in any event1 no man can tell you what the safe quantity is--if safe quantity there be--in any individual case4 ,we have seen how widely individuals differ in susceptibility4 ,in the laboratory some animals are killed by doses that seem harmless to their companions4 ,these are matters of temperament that as yet elude explanation4 ,but this much ,i can predict with confidence3 whatever the safe quantity of alcohol for you to take1 you will unquestionably at times exceed it4 ,in a tolerably wide experience of men of many nations1 ,i have never known an habitual drinker who did not sometimes take more alcohol than even the most liberal scientific estimate could claim as harmless4 ,therefore ,i believe that you must do the same4 ,so ,i am bound to believe1 on the evidence1 that if you take alcohol habitually1 in any quantity whatever1 it is to some extent a menace to you4 ,i am bound to believe1 in the light of what science has revealed3 7#a7 that you are tangibly threatening the physical structures of your stomach1 your liver1 your kidneys1 your heart1 your blood-vessels1 your nerves1 your brain2 7#b7 that you are unequivocally decreasing your capacity for work in any field1 be it physical1 intellectual1 or artistic2 7#c7 that you are in some measure lowering the grade of your mind1 dulling your higher esthetic sense1 and taking the finer edge off your morals2 7#d7 that you are distinctly lessening your chances of maintaining health and attaining longevity2 and 7#e7 that you may be entailing upon your descendants yet unborn a bond of incalculable misery4 ,such1 ,i am bound to believe1 is the probable cost of your moderate indulgence in alcoholic beverages4 ,part of that cost you must pay in person2 the balance will be the heritage of future generations4 ,as a mere business proposition3 ,is your glass of beer1 your bottle of wine1 your high-ball1 or your cocktail worth such a price8 ,illustration ,,editorials ,,the ,,peasant ,,saloon-,,keeper--,,ruler ,,of ,,american ,,cities ,illustration ,the great wave of temperance which is now sweeping ,europe and ,america has its chief impulse1 no doubt1 in ethical and religious sentiment4 ,but a new force is operative--the force of an exact knowledge of the evil physical effects of alcohol4 ,it would be impossible to exaggerate the importance of this new element in temperance reform4 ,the story of the modern series of scientific experiments with alcohol1 begun about twenty-five years ago and still in progress1 is given by ,dr4 ,henry ,smith ,williams in this number of ,,mcclure',s ,,magazine4 ,these investigations1 largely conducted in ,continental ,europe1 include experiments on the senses1 upon the muscles1 and upon the different human intellectual activities1 from the simplest to the most complex4 ,without exception they show that every function of the normal human body is injured by the use of alcohol--even the moderate use2 and that the injury is both serious and permanent4 ,this knowledge is of concern to all the world4 ,but there is in ,america a particular and special concern over a condition which may be believed to be unparalleled in human history--certainly in modern civilization3 the power of the saloon in ,american government1 especially the government of cities4 ,the fact is notorious2 yet the condition is not clearly understood4 ,sixty years ago1 with the first flood of ,european immigration1 the character of ,american city governments changed suddenly and entirely4 ,a great proportion of the peasantry who arrived here from the farms of ,europe stopped in our cities4 ,they were isolated from the rest of the population2 their one great social center was the saloon4 ,and out of this social center came their political leaders and the manipulators of their votes4 ,the ,european peasant saloon-keeper1 for more than half a century1 has been the ruler of a great proportion of ,american cities4 ,the case of ,tammany ,hall1 for so many years the real governing body of ,new ,york1 is most familiar4 ,its politicians for half a century have graduated into public affairs through the common school of the saloon4 ,its leaders at the present time are perfect examples of the ,european peasant saloon-keeper type1 which has come to govern us4 ,the same condition exists to a large extent in nearly every one of the larger cities in the country4 ,an analysis of the member-ship of the boards of aldermen in these cities for the past few decades shows a percentage of saloon-keepers with foreign names which is astonishing4 ,a government necessarily takes the character of those conducting it4 ,the business of saloon-keeping1 which produced the present management of our cities1 involves1 from the conditions which surround it1 a disregard for both law and proper moral ideals4 ,ordinary commercial motives urge the proprietors1 as a class1 to increase the sale of a commodity which the ,state everywhere endeavors to restrict2 and a savage condition of competition drives them still further--till a great proportion break the provisions of the law in some way2 while a considerable number ally themselves with the most degraded and dangerous forms of vice4 ,the government by this class has been exactly what might have been expected4 ,a body of men--drawn from an ancestry which has never possessed any knowledge or traditions of free government2 educated in a business whose financial successes are made through the disregard of law--are elevated to the control of the machinery of law and order in the great cities4 ,another type of citizen--men of force and enterprise unsurpassed in the history of the world--by adapting the discoveries of the most inventive century of the world to the uses of commerce1 have massed together in the past half century a chain of great cities upon the face of a half savage continent1 and left them to the government of such people as these4 ,the commercial enterprise of these cities has been the marvel of the world2 their government has reached a point of moral degradation and inefficiency scarcely less than ,oriental4 ,the debauching of our city life by this kind of government has been frequently pictured in this magazine4 ,a government by saloon-keepers1 and by dealers in flagrant immorality1 finds both its power and profit in the establishment of vice by its official position4 ,the progress of such a government is shown in ,george ,kennan's description of the former rgime in ,san ,francisco1 published in ,,mcclure',s ,,magazine of ,september1 #aijg3 ,instead of protecting the public by enforcing the laws1 it devoted itself mainly to making money by allowing gamblers1 policy-sellers1 brothel keepers1 and prostitutes to break the laws4 ,its honest officers and men tried1 at first1 to do their duty2 but the police commissioners1 under the influence or direction of ,ruef1 interfered with their efforts to close illegal and immoral resorts2 the police court judges1 allowing themselves to be swayed by selfish political considerations1 released the prisoners whom they arrested4 ,conditions similar to this have been shown in this magazine to exist in ,new ,york1 ,chicago1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,pittsburg1 and other great cities of ,america4 ,the results have been a general disintegration in the moral fiber of cities4 ,life itself is much more unsafe than under the well-ordered governments of ,european cities4 ,the murder rate in ,chicago and ,new ,york is six or eight times as great as in ,london and ,berlin4 ,even such a primary necessity of civilization as the safety of women is lost sight of4 ,a leading ,chicago newspaper said in #aijf3 ,it has ever been our proudest boast as a people that in this country woman is respected and protected as she is in no other4 ,that boast is becoming an empty one in ,chicago4 ,women have not only been annoyed and insulted in great numbers on the street within a very short time1 but not a few have been murdered4 ,in the year before the ,hollister tragedy1 there were seventeen murders of women in ,chicago1 which attracted the attention of the city4 ,the system of government which produces this result was well described some years ago by the late ,bishop ,potter1 speaking of conditions in ,new ,york4 ,a corrupt system1 he said1 whose infamous details have been steadily uncovered1 to our increasing horror and humiliation1 was brazenly ignored by those who were fattening on its spoils1 and the world was presented with the astounding spectacle of a great municipality1 whose civic mechanism was largely employed in trading in the bodies and souls of the defenseless4 ,aside from giving direct encouragement and propagation to the more terrible forms of vice1 the ,european peasant saloon-keeper government of our cities furnishes a fitting field for so-called respectable men--but really criminals of the worst type--who help organize and perpetuate saloon government for the purpose of securing1 by bribery1 franchises for public utilities without paying therefor4 ,thus ,american cities have been robbed as well as badly governed4 ,there are signs of amelioration of these conditions in most of the great cities of the country4 ,but every advance is made against the fierce antagonism of just such systems as ,bishop ,potter described2 and those systems exist in every large ,american city to-day--either in direct control or ready to take control at the slightest sign of relaxation by the forces which are opposing them4 ,and the foundation of this evil structure is the ,european peasant saloon-keeper4 ,,mcclure',s ,,magazine1 in the next year1 will consider the horrible influence of the saloon on ,american life4 ,dr4 ,williams will follow his article in the present number by studies of the influence of alcohol upon society at large1 upon racial development1 and upon the ,state4 ,the author is especially equipped for his work4 ,he is in the first place perhaps the greatest living popularizer of national science and history in ,america2 and he has himself made life-long observations upon the influence of alcohol--both physical and social--first as a medical practitioner in the treatment of the insane at the great asylums at ,bloomingdale and ,randalls ,island1 and later by study and observation in the chief capitals of ,europe1 where he has lived the greater part of the last ten years4 ,the sound judgment and impartial temper which have characterized his work in other fields will be found in his treatment of this great subject4 ,,the ,,elder ,,statesmen ,senators ,sherman1 ,hoar1 ,edmunds1 ,george1 and ,gray2 these were the men who made the present ,sherman ,anti-trust ,law4 ,they were the men who made largely the financial and constitutional history of the ,united ,states for the three decades following the ,civil ,war4 ,they brought to the consideration of the trust problem an intimate knowledge of constitutional law1 an open1 unbiased attitude toward property rights1 and a thorough devotion to the public interest4 ,they gave long and careful attention to the question1 spending two years on this bill4 ,there was nothing hasty or ill-considered about their action4 ,they sought to end special privilege and put all citizens on the same basis of free competition4 ,of all their great services to the nation none probably equals in importance this bill1 which may be called the ,magna ,charta of industrial and commercial liberty4 ,the amendment of the ,sherman ,act may be an important public issue for some time to come4 ,if it were possible to assemble for this work a body of men as able and as disinterested as the ,elder ,statesmen who framed the original act1 the interests of the public would be safe4 ,transcriber's ,note ,hyphenated words have been retained as in the original text4 ,typographical errors have been silently corrected4 ,,oe ligatures have been expanded4