,,m5 ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,/one ,,age ,,_! ,,environm5t1 ,,life ,,& ,,art ,,hit*cock ,,lectures ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cali=nia1 #aiad ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,i4 ,ne&]?al man at ! /ation ( ,le ,m\/i]1 ov]look+ ! valley ( ! ,vzre1 ,dordogne4 ,draw+ by ,*>les ,r4 ,knight1 "u ! direction ( ! au?or4 ,,m5 ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,/one ,,age ,,_! ,,environm5t1 ,,life ,,& ,,art ,,by ,,h5ry ,,fairfield ,,osborn ,,sc4,d4 ,,pr9ceton1 ,,hon4 ,,ll4,d4 ,,tr9ity1 ,,pr9ceton1 ,,columbia1 ,,hon4 ,d4,,sc4 ,,cambridge ,,hon4 ,,ph4,d4 ,,*ri/iania ,,rese>* ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,zoology1 ,,columbia ,,univ]sity ,,v]tebrate ,,pal,,ontologi/ ,u4 ,s4 ,,geological ,,survey1 ,,curator ,,em]itus ,,( ,,v]tebrate ,,pal,,ontology ,,9 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,museum ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,illu/rations ,,by ,,upp] ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,arti/s ,,& ,,*>les ,r4 ,,knight1 ,,erw9 ,s4 ,,*ri/man ,,& ,,o!rs ,,new ,,york ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons #aiae ,,copyright1 #aiae1 ,,by ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons ,publi%$ ,novemb]1 #aiae ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,my ,,di/+ui%$ ,,guides ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,upp] ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,cav]ns ,,( ,,! ,,pyr5ees1 ,,dordogne1 ,,& ,,! ,,cantabrian ,,m\nta9s ,,( ,,spa9 ,,mile ,,c>tailhac ,,h5ri ,,breuil ,,hugo ,,ob]mai] ,,preface ,?is volume is ! outcome ( an ev]-memorable t\r ?r\gh ! c\ntry ( ! m5 ( ! ,old ,/one ,age1 guid$ by ?ree ( ! di/+ui%$ ar*ologi/s ( ,france1 to :om ! "w is gratefully d$icat$4 ,?is ,paloli?ic t\r,a ( ?ree weeks1 accompani$ z x 0 by a con/ant fl[ ( conv]sation & discussion1 made a v pr(\nd impression1 namely1 ( ! v e>ly evolution ( ! _s ( man1 ( ! close relation betwe5 e>ly human environm5t & indu/ry & ! developm5t ( m9d1 ( ! remote antiquity ( ! human p[]s ( obs]vation1 ( discov]y1 & ( inv5tion4 ,x appe>s t m5 ) faculties & p[]s l our own1 b 9 ! infancy ( education & tradition1 7 liv+ 9 ?is region ( ,europe at lea/ #be1jjj ye>s ago4 ,back ( ^! intellig5t races 7 o!rs1 also ( ea/]n orig9 b 9 e>li] /ages ( m5tal developm5t1 all po9t+ to ! v remote ance/ry ( man f e>li] m5tal & physical /ages4 ,ano!r great impression f ?is region is t x is ! olde/ c5tre ( human habitation ( :i* we h a complete1 unbrok5 record ( cont9u\s resid5ce f a p]iod z remote z #ajj1jjj ye>s correspond+ ) ! dawn ( human culture1 to ! hamlets ( ! mod]n peasant ( ,france ( ,a4 ,d4 #aiae4 ,9 contra/1 ,egyptian1 gean1 & ,mesopotamian civilizations appe> z ( ye/]day4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is region & its p has be5 develop$ *iefly ?r\gh ! g5ius ( ,fr5* ar*ologi/s1 beg9n+ ) ,b\*] de ,p]!s4 ,! m rec5t discov]ies1 :i* h come 9 rapid & almo/ bewild]+ succession s9ce ! f\ndation ( ! ,in/itut de ,palontologie huma9e1 h be5 treat$ 9 a numb] ( works rec5tly publi%$ by "s ( ! exp]i5c$ ar*ologi/s ( ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many4 ,i ref] especially to ! ,prehi/oric ,times ( ,"l ,avebury1 to ! ,anci5t ,hunt]s ( ,pr(essor ,sollas1 to ,d] ,m5s* d] ,vorzeit ( ,pr(essor ,ob]mai]1 & to ,die diluviale ,vorzeit ,deuts*l&s ( ,doctor ,r4 ,r4 ,s*midt4 ,?us1 on receiv+ ! invitation f ,presid5t ,:eel] to lecture ^u ?is subject be=e ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 ,i hesitat$ f ! feel+ t x w\ld be difficult to say any?+ :i* _h n be5 already z well or bett] said4 ,on fur!r reflection1 h[ev]1 ,i accept$ ! invitation ) ! purpose ( attempt+ to give ?is great subject a m /rictly hi/orical or *ronological treatm5t ?an x _h previ\sly receiv$ )9 ! limits ( a popul> "w 9 our own language1 also to connect ! environm5t1 ! animal & human life1 & ! art4 ,?is elem5t ( ! "t 9 :i* ! v>i\s ev5ts occurr$ c only be drawn f a great v>iety ( s\rces1 f ! simultane\s consid]ation ( ! geography1 climate1 plants & animals1 ! m5tal & bodily developm5t ( ! v>i\s races1 & ! indu/ries & arts :i* reflect ! relations betwe5 ! m9d & ! environm5t4 ,9 m te*nical t]ms1 ,i h und]tak5 9 ^! lectures to make a syn!sis ( ! results ( geology1 palontology1 an?ropology1 & ar*ology1 a correlation ( environm5tal & ( human ev5ts 9 ! ,european ,ice ,age4 ,su* a syn!sis 0 begun _m ye>s ago 9 ! prep>ation ( my ,age ( ,mammals1 b c\ld n be complet$ until ,i _h gone ov] ! t]ritory myself4 ,! attempt to place ?is long *apt] ( prehi/ory on a hi/orical basis has _m dang]s1 ( :i* ,i am fully aw>e4 ,aft] weigh+ ! evid5ce pres5t$ by ! em95t au?orities 9 ^! v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce1 ,i h pres5t$ my conclusions 9 v def9ite & positive =m r ?an 9 vague or g5]al t]ms1 believ+ t a positive /atem5t has at lea/ ! m]it ( be+ positively support$ or rebutt$ by fre% evid5ce4 ,= example1 ,i h plac$ ! fam\s ,piltd[n man1 ,eoan?ropus1 9 a comp>atively rec5t /age ( geologic "t1 an entirely opposite conclusion to t rea*$ by ,doctor ,a4 ,smi? ,woodw>d1 :o has tak5 a lead+ "p 9 ! discov]y ( ?is fam\s race & has concurr$ ) o!r ,briti% geologi/s 9 plac+ x 9 e>ly ,plei/oc5e times4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 e>ly & late ,plei/oc5e times is n a matt] ( ?\s&s b ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s2 if s advanc$ a /age z ! ,piltd[n man %\ld def9itely occur 9 ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e1 we may well expect to discov] man 9 ! ,plioc5e2 on ! contr>y1 9 my op9ion ev5 9 late ,plioc5e times man _h only rea*$ a /age simil> to ! ,pi!can?ropus1 or prehuman ,tr9il race ( ,java2 9 o!r words1 accord+ to my view1 man z su* *iefly evolv$ dur+ ! half million ye>s ( ! ,plei/oc5e ,epo* & n dur+ ! ,plioc5e4 ,?is "q is closely relat$ to t ( ! antiquity ( ! olde/ implem5ts %ap$ by ! human h&4 ,"h aga9 ,i h adopt$ an op9ion oppos$ by "s ( ! highe/ au?orities1 b support$ by o!rs1 namely1 t ! e>lie/ ( ^! und\bt$ h&iworks occur relatively late 9 ! ,plei/oc5e1 namely1 ab\t #abe1jjj ye>s ago4 ,s9ce ! ,piltd[n man 0 f\nd 9 association ) su* implem5ts1 x is at once se5 t ! two que/ions hang toge!r4 ,?is "w repres5ts ! co-op]ation ( _m speciali/s on a s+le1 v complex problem4 ,i am n 9 any s5se an ar*ologi/1 & 9 ?is important & highly te*nical field ,i h reli$ *iefly ^u ! "w ( ,hugo ,ob]mai] & ( ,d*elette 9 ! ,l[] ,paloli?ic1 & ( ,h5ri ,breuil 9 ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic4 ,?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,doctor ,ob]mai] ,i _h ! privilege ( wat*+ ! exploration ( ! wond]ful grotto ( ,ca/illo1 9 nor!rn ,spa91 :i* af=ds a unique & almo/ complete sequ5ce ( ! indu/ries ( ! entire ,old ,/one ,age4 ,?is visit & t to ! cav]n ( ,altamira1 ) its wond]ful fresco$ ceil+1 7 9 !mselves a lib]al education 9 ! prehi/ory ( man4 ,) ! ,abb ,breuil ,i visit$ all ! old camp+ /ations ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic times 9 ,dordogne & not$ ) wond] & admiration 8 detection ( all ! f9e gradations ( inv5tion :i* sep>ate ! fl9t-mak]s ( t p]iod4 ,) ,pr(essor ,c>tailhac ,i enjoy$ a broad survey ( ! ,l[] & ,upp] ,paloli?ic /ations & cav]ns ( ! ,pyr5ees region & took note ( 8 le>n$ & spirit$ comm5ts4 ,"h also we _h ! privilege ( be+ ) ! p>ty :o ent]$ = ! fir/ "t ! cav]n ( ,tuc d',aud\b]t1 ) ! ,comte de ,bg\5 & 8 sons4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ,i h be5 greatly aid$ by ,mr4 ,nels ,c4 ,nelson1 :o has review$ all ! ar*ological notes & greatly assi/$ me 9 ! classification ( ! fl9t & bone implem5ts :i* is adopt$ 9 ?is volume4 ,9 ! /udy ( ! divisions1 duration1 & fluctuations ( climate dur+ ! ,old ,/one ,age ,i h be5 assi/$ *iefly by ,doctor ,*e/] ,a4 ,re$s1 a geologi/ ( ! ,am]ican ,museum1 :o devot$ two mon?s to br++ toge!r 9 a compreh5sive & intelligible =m ! results ( ! great rese>*es ( ,albre*t ,p5ck & ,edu>d ,brckn] embrac$ 9 ! ?ree-volume "w1 ,die ,alp5 im ,eiszeitalt]4 ,! temp]atures & sn[-levels ( ! ,glacial ,epo*1 :i* is contemporane\s ) ! ,old ,/one ,age1 toge!r ) ! successive phases ( mammalian life :i* !y condition$1 af=d ! firm basis ( our *ronology2 t is1 we mu/ reckon ! gr& divisions ( pa/ "t 9 t]ms ( ,glacial & ,int]glacial ,/ages2 ! subdivisions are record$ 9 t]ms ( ! human inv5tion & progress ( ! fl9t indu/ry4 ,i h also _h frequ5t rec\rse to ,! ,great ,ice ,age & ! m rec5t ,antiquity ( ,man 9 ,europe ( ,james ,geikie1 ! f\nd] ( ! mod]n !ory ( ! multiple ,ice ,age 9 ,europe4 ,x is a unique pleasure to express my indebt$ness to ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic arti/s ( ! n[ ext9ct ,cr-,magnon race1 f ^: "w ,i h s\ght to portray s f> z possible ! mammalian & human life ( ! ,old ,/one ,age4 ,:ile we owe ! discov]y & e>ly int]pretation ( ?is art to a g5]ation ( ar*ologi/s1 x has rema9$ = ! ,abb ,breuil n only to reproduce ! art ) rem>kable fidelity b to firmly e/abli% a *ronology ( ! /ages ( art developm5t4 ,^! results are brilliantly set =? 9 a sup]b s]ies ( volumes publi%$ by ! ,in/itut de ,palontologie huma9e on ! f\ndation ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,monaco2 9 fact1 ! memoirs on ! art & indu/ry ( ,grimaldi1 ,font-de-,gaume1 ,altamira1 ,la ,pasiega1 & ! ,cantabrian caves ( ,spa9 7,les ,cav]nes de la ,rgion ,cantabrique71 repres5t+ ! comb9$ labors ( ,capitan1 ,c>tailhac1 ,v]neau1 ,b\le1 ,ob]mai]1 & ,breuil1 m>k a new epo* 9 ! prehi/ory ( man 9 ,europe4 ,!re nev] has be5 a m =tunate union ( g5ius1 opportunity1 & pr9cely support4 ,9 ! collection ( mat]ials & illu/rations f ! va/ numb] ( orig9al pap]s & memoirs consult$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is volume1 z well z 9 ! v]ification ( ! text & pro(s1 ,i h be5 con/antly aid$ by "o ( my rese>* assi/ants1 ,miss ,*ri/9a ,d4 ,mat!w1 :o has greatly facilitat$ ! "w4 ,i am indebt$ also to ,miss ,mabel ,r4 ,p]cy = ! prep>ation & f9al revision ( ! manuscript4 ,f ! bibliography prep>$ by ,miss ,jannette ,m4 ,lucas1 ! read] may f9d ! orig9al au?ority = e /atem5t :i* does n re/ on my own obs]vation or reflection4 ,int]e/ 9 human evolution c5tres *iefly 9 ! skull & 9 ! bra94 ,! slope ( ! =ehead & ! o!r angles1 :i* are s important 9 =m+ an e/imate ( ! bra9 capacity1 may be directly comp>$ ?r\gh\t ?is volume1 because ! pr(ile or side view ( e skull figur$ is plac$ 9 exactly ! same relative position1 namely1 on ! l9es e/abli%$ by ! anatomi/s ( ! ,frank=t ,conv5tion to con=m to ! natural pose ( ! head on ! liv+ body4 ,9 anatomy ,i h especially pr(it$ by ! co-op]ation ( my =m] /ud5t & pres5t univ]sity colleague ,pr(essor ,j4 ,h[>d ,mc,gregor1 ( ,columbia1 :o has %[n great anatomical z well z arti/ic skill 9 ! re/oration ( ! heads ( ! f\r races ( ,tr9il1 ,piltd[n1 ,ne&]?al1 & ,cr-,magnon4 ,! new recon/ruction ( ! ,piltd[n head is ) ! aid ( ca/s s5t to me by my fri5d ,doctor ,a4 ,smi? ,woodw>d1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,! problem ( recon/ruction ( ! ,piltd[n skull has1 ?r\gh ! diff]5ces ( int]pretation by ,smi? ,woodw>d1 ,elliot ,smi?1 & ,ar?ur ,kei?1 become "o ( ! causes clbres ( an?ropology4 ,on ! plac+ ( ! fragm5ts ( ! skull & jaws1 :i* h few po9ts ( contact1 dep5ds ! all-important "q ( ! size ( ! bra9 & ! "* ( ! pr(ile ( ! face & jaws4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,mc,gregor's recon/ruction diff]5t me?ods h be5 us$ f ^? employ$ by ! ,briti% anatomi/s1 & advantage has be5 tak5 ( an obs]vation ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,&]son t ! s+le can9e too? belongs 9 ! upp] & n 9 ! l[] jaw4 ,9 ^! models1 & 9 all ! re/orations ( m5 by ,*>les ,r4 ,knight "u my direction1 ! controll+ pr9ciple has be5 to make ! re/oration z human z ! anatomical evid5ce w admit4 ,?is pr9ciple is bas$ ^u ! !ory = :i* ,i believe v /rong gr\nds may be adduc$1 t all ^! races repres5t /ages ( advanc+ & progressive developm5t2 x has seem$ to me1 !re=e1 t 9 our re/orations we %\ld indicate z mu* al]tness1 intellig5ce1 & upw>d t5d5cy z possible4 ,su* progressive expression may1 9 fact1 be obs]v$ 9 ! faces ( ! high] an?ropoid apes1 su* z ! *impanzees & orangs1 :5 9 process ( education4 ,no d\bt1 our ance/ors ( ! e>ly ,/one ,age 7 brutal 9 _m respects1 b ! repres5tations :i* h be5 made *iefly by ,fr5* & ,g]man arti/s ( m5 ) /rong gorilla or *impanzee *>act]i/ics are1 ,i believe1 unw>rant$ by ! anatomical rema9s & are contr>y to ! conception :i* we mu/ =m ( be+s 9 ! scale ( rapidly asc5d+ intellig5ce4 ,,h5ry ,,fairfield ,,osborn4 ,,am]ican ,,museum ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,june #ba1 #aiae4 ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,page ,,greek ,,conceptions ,,( ,,man',s ,,orig9 #a ,,rise ,,( ,,an?ropology #c ,,rise ,,( ,,ar*,,olgy #aj ,,geoligic ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,man #ah ,,geographic ,,*anges #cd ,,climatic ,,*anges #cg ,,migrations ,,( ,,mammals #db ,,*apt] ,i ,,ance/ry ,,( ,,! ,,an?ropoid ,,apes #di ,,plioc5e ,,climate1 ,,=e/s1 ,,& ,,life #fj ,,transition ,,to ,,! ,,plei/oc5e #fb ,,! ,,fir/ ,,glaciation #fd ,,! ,,fir/ ,,int]glacial ,,/age #ff ,,e>ly ,,plei/oc5e ,,fauna #fi ,,! ,,tr9il ,,race #gc ,,eoli?s1 ,,or ,,primitive ,,fl9ts #hd ,,! ,,second ,,glaciation #hf ,,! ,,second ,,int]glacial ,,/age #ij ,,! ,,heidelb]g ,,race #ie ,,migrations ,,( ,,! ,,re9de] #ajb ,,! ,,?ird ,,glaciation #ajd ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,pre-,,*ellean ,,indu/ry #ajg ,,geography ,,& ,,climate #aaf ,,! ,,riv]-,,drift ,,/ations #aai ,,pre-,,*ellean ,,indu/ry #abf ,,! ,,piltd[n ,,race #acj ,,mammalian ,,life #add ,,*ellean ,,indu/ry #adh ,,*ellean ,,geography #aed ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,/ations ,,( ,,g]many #aei ,,a*eulean ,,indu/ry #afa ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,fire #afe ,,a*eulean ,,indu/ry #aff ,,! ,,second ,,p]iod ,,( ,,arid ,,climate #agc ,,late ,,a*eulean ,,implem5ts #agg ,,! ,,ne&]?al ,,race ,,( ,,krap9a #aha ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,close ,,( ,,! ,,?ird ,,int]glacial #ahf ,,! ,,f\r? ,,glacial ,,/age #ahh ,,arctic ,,tundra ,,life #aij ,,environm5t ,,( ,,! ,,ne&]?al ,,race #aif ,,mammals ,,hunt$ ,,by ,,! ,,ne&]?als #bjb ,,cave ,,life #baa ,,! ,,ne&]?al ,,race #bad ,,m\/]ian ,,indu/ry #bdd ,,disappe>ance ,,( ,,! ,,ne&]?als #bef ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,op5+ ,,( ,,! ,,upp] ,,pal,,oli?ic #bfj ,,! ,,grimaldi ,,race #bfd ,,arrival ,,( ,,! ,,cr-,,magnons #bfi ,,upp] ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,cultures #bge ,,upp] ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,races #bgh ,,geography ,,& ,,climate #bgi ,,mammalian ,,life #bhd ,,! ,,cr-,,magnon ,,race #bhi ,,burial ,,cu/oms #cjc ,,aurignacian ,,indu/ry #cje ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,art #cae ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,solutrean ,,culture #ccj ,,human ,,fossils #ccc ,,! ,,br,,nn ,,race #ccd ,,solutrean ,,indu/ry #cch ,,solutrean ,,art #cdg ,,*apt] ,v ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,magdal5ian ,,culture #cea ,,magdal5ian ,,culture #ced ,,magdal5ian ,,climate #cfj ,,mammalian ,,life #cfd ,,human ,,fossils #cgf ,,magdal5ian ,,indu/ry #chb ,,upp] ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,art #cib ,,magdal5ian ,,engrav+s #cif ,,magdal5ian ,,pa9t+ #djh ,,art ,,9 ,,! ,,cav]ns #dji ,,poly*rome ,,pa9t+ #dad ,,magdal5ian ,,sculpture #dbg ,,ext5t ,,( ,,! ,,magdal5ian ,,culture #dcd ,,decl9e ,,( ,,! ,,magdal5ian ,,culture #ddi ,,cr-,,magnon ,,desc5dants #dea ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,close ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,/one ,,age #def ,,invasion ,,( ,,new ,,races #deg ,,mas ,d',,azil #dei ,f,,re-,,en-,,t>d5ois #dfe ,,azilian-,,t>d5oisian ,,culture #dff ,,mammalian ,,life #dfh ,,azilian-,,t>d5oisian ,,indu/ry #dgj ,,! ,,burials ,,at ,,(net #dge ,,! ,,new ,,races #dgi ,,ance/ry ,,( ,,european ,,races #dhi ,,transition ,,to ,,! ,,neoli?ic #dic ,,neoli?ic ,,culture #dif ,,neoli?ic ,,fauna #dih ,,prehi/oric ,,& ,,hi/oric ,,races ,,( ,,europe #dii ,,conclusions #eja ,,app5dix ,,note ,i4 ,,lucretius ,,& ,,bossuet ,,on ,,! ,,e>ly ,,evolution ,,( ,,man #ejc ,,ii4 ,,horace ,,on ,,! ,,e>ly ,,evolution ,,( ,,man #ejd ,,iii4 ,,s*ylus ,,on ,,! ,,e>ly ,,evolution ,,( ,,man #eje ,,iv4 ',,uro*s' ,,or ',,au]o*s' ,,& ',,wis5t' #eje ,v4 ,,! ,,cr-,,magnons ,,( ,,! ,,can>y ,,isl&s #ejf ,,vi4 ,,! ,,l5g? ,,( ,,po/glacial ,,"t ,,& ,,! ,,antiquity ,,( ,,! ,,aurignacian ,,culture #eaj ,,vii4 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,rec5t ,,discov]ies ,,( ,,an?ropoid ,,apes ,,& ,,suppos$ ,,ance/ors ,,( ,,man ,,9 ,,india #eaa ,,viii4 ,,an?ropoid ,,apes ,,discov]$ ,,by ,,c>?ag9ian ,,navigators #eaa ,,bibliography #eac ,,index #ecc ,,illu/rations ,plate ,i4 ,ne&]?al man at ! grotto ( ,le ,m\/i] 79 t9t7 ,frontispiece ,,page ,plate ,,ii4 ,discov]y sites ( ! type specim5s ( human & prehuman races 79 color7 fac+ #ai ,plate ,,iii ,pi!can?ropus1 ! ape-man ( ,java #hg ,plate ,,iv4 ,! ,piltd[n man #ade ,plate ,v4 ,! ,ne&]?al man ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts #bjc ,plate ,,vi4 ,! ',old ,man ( ,cr-,magnon' #bgc ,plate ,,vii4 ,cr-,magnon arti/s 9 ! cav]n ( ,font-de-,gaume 79 t9t7 #ceh ,plate ,,viii4 ,bison pa9t$ by ,paloli?ic arti/s 9 ! cav]n ( ,altamira 79 color7 #dad ,,fig4 #a4 ,mod]n1 ,paloli?ic1 & *impanzee skulls comp>$ #h #b4 ,skull & bra9 ( ,pi!can?ropus1 ! ape-man ( ,java #i #c4 ,?ree great types ( fl9t implem5ts #aa #d4 ,evolution ( ! lance-po9t #ae #e4 ,map--,type /ations ( ,paloli?ic cultures #af #f4 ,section--,t]races ( ! ,riv] ,inn ne> ,s*>d+ #be #g4 ,section--,t]races ( ! ,riv] ,rh9e above ,basle #bf #h4 ,section--,t]races ( ! ,riv] ,?ames ne> ,london #bh #i4 ,magdal5ian loess /ation ( ,aggsba* 9 ,l[] ,au/ria #bi #aj4 ,section ( ! site ( ! ,ne&]?al cave #ca #aa4 ,sections %[+ ! =mation ( ! typical lime/one cav]n #cb #ab4 ,map--,europe 9 ! p]iod ( maximum cont95tal elevation #ce #ac4 ,section %[+ sn[-l9es & sea-levels ( ! ,glacial ,epo* #cg #ad4 ,*ronological *>t--,great ev5ts ( ! ,glacial ,epo* #da #ae4 ,zoogeographic map #de #af4 ,! gibbon #ej #ag4 ,! orang #ea #ah4 ,! *impanzee1 walk+ #eb #ai4 ,! *impanzee1 sitt+ #ec #bj4 ,! gorilla #ee #ba4 ,m$ian sections ( ! heads ( a "y gorilla & ( a man #ef #bb4 ,side view ( a human bra9 ( high type #eg #bc4 ,outl9es ( typical human & prehuman bra9s 7side view7 #eh #bd4 ,outl9es ( typical human & prehuman bra9s 7top view7 #ei #be4 ,map--,europe dur+ ! ,second ,glacial ,/age #fe #bf4 ,! musk-ox #ff #bg4 ,! giant de] 7,megac]os7 #fh #bh4 ,! sabre-too? tig] 7,ma*rodus7 #gj #bi4 ,re/oration ( ,pi!can?ropus1 ! ,java ape-man #gc #cj4 ,discov]y site ( ,pi!can?ropus #gd #ca4 ,section ( ! volcano ( ,lawoe & ! valley ( ! ,solo ,riv] #ge #cb4 ,map--,solo ,riv] & discov]y site ( ,pi!can?ropus #ge #cc4 ,section ( ! ,pi!can?ropus discov]y site #gf #cd4 ,skull-top ( ,pi!can?ropus1 top & side views #gg #ce4 ,head ( *impanzee1 front & side views #gh #cf4 ,re/oration ( ,pi!can?ropus skull1 side view #gi #cg4 ,re/oration ( ,pi!can?ropus skull1 ?ree views #hj #ch4 ,pi!can?ropus1 ! ,java ape-man1 side view #ha #ci4 ,pi!can?ropus1 ! ,java ape-man1 front view #hb #dj4 ,side view ( a human bra9 ( high type #hc #da4 ,outl9es ( human & prehuman bra9s1 side & top views #hd #db4 ,! hippopotamus & ! s\!rn mammo? #ib #dc4 ,m]ck's rh9oc]os & ! /raight-tusk$ elephant #ic #dd4 ,map--,geographic di/ribution ( ,m]ck's rh9oc]os1 ! hippopotamus1 & ! /raight-tusk$ elephant #id #de4 ,section ( ! ,heidelb]g discov]y site #if #df4 ,! s&-pit at ,mau]1 discov]y site ( ! ,heidelb]g man #ig #dg4 ,! ,heidelb]g jaw #ih #dh4 ,jaws ( an ,eskimo1 ( an orang1 & ( ,heidelb]g 7side view7 #ii #di4 ,jaws ( an ,eskimo1 ( an orang1 & ( ,heidelb]g 7top view7 #ajj #ej4 ,re/oration ( ,heidelb]g man #aja #ea4 ,map--,europe dur+ ! ,?ird ,glacial ,/age #aje #eb4 ,*ronological *>t ( ! la/ ?ird ( ! ,glacial ,epo* #ajh #ec4 ,map--,pre-,*ellean & ,*ellean /ations #aji #ed4 ,map--,europe dur+ ! ,?ird ,glacial ,/age #aaj #ee4 ,excavation at ,*elles-sur-,m>ne #aaa #ef4 ,map--,we/]n ,europe dur+ ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age #aaf #eg4 ,?ree t]races on ! ,connecticut ,riv] #abj #eh4 ,f\r =ms ( ! ,*ellean c\p de po+ #aba #ei4 ,section--,t]races on ! ,somme at ,/4 ,a*eul #abb #fj4 ,v primitive paloli?s f ,piltd[n #abg #fa4 ,pre-,*ellean c\ps de po+ f ,/4 ,a*eul #abh #fb4 ,pre-,*ellean grattoir or plan+ tool f ,/4 ,a*eul #abi #fc4 ,discov]y site ( ! ,piltd[n skull #aca #fd4 ,section ( ! ,piltd[n discov]y site #acc #fe4 ,primitive work$ fl9t f\nd ne> ! ,piltd[n skull #acd #ff4 ,eoli?s f\nd 9 or ne> ! ,piltd[n site #ace #fg4 ,piltd[n skull & skull ( ,s\? ,african ,bu%man #acf #fh4 ,re/oration ( ! ,piltd[n skull1 ?ree views #acg #fi4 ,section ( ! ,piltd[n skull1 %[+ ! bra9 #adj #gj4 ,bra9 outl9es ( ! ,piltd[n man1 ( a *impanzee1 & ( mod]n man1 comp>$ #adj #ga4 ,! ,piltd[n man1 side view #adb #gb4 ,! ,piltd[n man1 front view #adc #gc4 ,map--,pre-,*ellean & ,*ellean /ations #adi #gd4 ,section--,middle & high t]races on ! ,somme at ,/4 ,a*eul #aej #ge4 ,excavation on ! high t]race at ,/4 ,a*eul #aea #gf4 ,small ,*ellean implem5ts #aec #gg4 ,map--,paloli?ic /ations ( ,g]many #afj #gh4 ,entrance to ! grotto ( ,ca/illo #afc #gi4 ,section--ar*ologic lay]s ( ! grotto ( ,ca/illo #afd #hj4 ,map--,a*eulean /ations #afg #ha4 ,late ,a*eulean /ation ( ,la ,micoque 9 ,dordogne #afh #hb4 ,me?od ( 'flak+' fl9t #afi #hc4 ,me?od ( '*ipp+' fl9t #agj #hd4 ,! fracture ( fl9t #aga #he4 ,l>ge ,a*eulean implem5ts #agc #hf4 ,map--,valleys ( ! ,dordogne & ! ,g>onne #age #hg4 ,! valley ( ! ,vzre #agf #hh4 ,a*eulean implem5ts1 l>ge & small #agh #hi4 ,a ,levallois flake #agi #ij4 ,! grotto ( ,krap9a #aha #ia4 ,section ,valley ( ! ,krap9ica ,riv] & grotto ( ,krap9a #ahb #ib4 ,section--,! grotto ( ,krap9a #ahc #ic4 ,skull f ,krap9a1 side view #ahd #id4 ,map--,europe dur+ ! ,f\r? ,glacial ,/age #ahi #ie4 ,! woolly rh9oc]os & ! woolly mammo? #aij #if4 ,typical tundra fauna #aic #ig4 ,map--,paloli?ic /ations ( ,g]many #aie #ih4 ,! type /ation ( ,le ,m\/i] #aig #ii4 ,excavations at ,le ,m\/i] #aih #ajj4 ,! ,m\/]ian cav]n ( ,wildkir*li #bjj #aja4 ,entrance to ! grotto ( ,sirg5/e9 #bja #ajb4 ,! woolly mammo? & 8 hunt]s #bjh #ajc4 ,! woolly rh9oc]os #baj #ajd4 ,map--,di/ribution ( ,pre-,ne&]?aloids & ,ne&]?aloids #bad #aje4 ,! ,gibralt> skull1 front view #bae #ajf4 ,section ( ! ,ne&]?al discov]y site #baf #ajg4 ,! ,ne&]?al skull1 side view #bag #ajh4 ,! skull kn[n z ,spy ,i1 side view #bbj #aji4 ,discov]y site ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts #bbb #aaj4 ,entrance to ! grotto ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts #bbc #aaa4 ,! skull f ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 ?ree views #bbd #aab4 ,human tee? ( ,ne&]?aloid type f ,la ,cotte de ,/4 ,brelade #bbe #aac4 ,skulls ( a *impanzee1 ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 & ( a mod]n ,fr5*man1 side view #bbg #aad4 ,outl9es ( ! ,gibralt> skull & ( a mod]n ,au/ralian skull #bbh #aae4 ,skull ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts comp>$ ) "o ( high mod]n type1 side view #bcj #aaf4 ,skulls ( a *impanzee1 ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 & ( a mod]n ,fr5*man1 top view #bca #aag4 ,diagram comp>+ elev5 races ( fossil & liv+ m5 #bcc #aah4 ,section ( ! skull ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 %[+ ! bra9 #bce #aai4 ,bra9 outl9es ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 ( a *impanzee1 & ( mod]n man1 comp>$ #bce #abj4 ,bra9s ( ,l[] & ,upp] ,paloli?ic races1 top & side views #bcf #aba4 ,skeleton ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts #bch #abb4 ,?igh-bones ( ! ,tr9il1 ,ne&]?al1 ,cr-,magnon1 & mod]n races #bdj #abc4 ,! ,ne&]?al man ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 side view #bdb #abd4 ,! ,ne&]?al man ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 front view #bdc #abe4 ,map--,m\/]ian /ations #bde #abf4 ,! ,m\/]ian cave ( ,hornos de la ,pea #bdf #abg4 ,outlook f ! cave ( ,hornos de la ,pea #bdg #abh4 ,typical ,m\/]ian 'po9ts' f ,le ,m\/i] #bej #abi4 ,m\/]ian 'po9ts' & scrap]s #bea #acj4 ,late ,m\/]ian implem5ts #bee #aca4 ,entrance to ! ,grotte du ,pr9ce ne> ,m5tone #bfb #acb4 ,section ( ! ,grotte des ,enfants #bfe #acc4 ,! ,grimaldi skeletons #bfg #acd4 ,skull ( ! ,grimaldi y\?1 front & side views #bfh #ace4 ,map--,di/ribution ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic human fossils #bgi #acf4 ,*ronological *>t ( ! la/ ?ird ( ! ,glacial ,epo* #bhj #acg4 ',tecti=ms' f ,font-de-,gaume #bhc #ach4 ,map--,di/ribution ( ! re9de]1 mammo?1 & woolly rh9oc]os #bhe #aci4 ,section ( ! grotto ( ,aurignac #bij #adj4 ,section ( ! grotto ( ,cr-,magnon #bia #ada4 ,skull ( ,cr-,magnon type f ! ,grotte des ,enfants #bib #adb4 ,head %[+ ! me?od ( re/oration us$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor #bic #adc4 ,! rock %elt] ( ,laug]ie ,haute1 ,dordogne #bif #add4 ,skeleton ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts & skeleton ( ,cr-,magnon type f ! ,grotte des ,enfants1 comp>$ #big #ade4 ,sections ( normal & platycnmic tibias #bih #adf4 ,! ',old ,man ( ,cr-,magnon1' side view #cjj #adg4 ,! ',old ,man ( ,cr-,magnon1' front view #cja #adh4 ,bra9 outl9es ( ,combe-,capelle1 ( a *impanzee1 & ( mod]n man1 comp>$ #cjc #adi4 ,evolution ( ! bur91 e>ly ,aurignacian to late ,solutrean #cjg #aej4 ,typical ,aurignacian grattoirs1 or scrap]s #cji #aea4 ,evolution ( ! ,aurignacian 'po9t' #caa #aeb4 ,prototypes ( ! ,solutrean 'laurel-leaf po9t' #cab #aec4 ,map--,aurignacian /ations #cad #aed4 ,outlook f ! cav]n ( ,p9dal #cae #aee4 ,mammo? pa9t$ 9 ! cav]n ( ,p9dal #caf #aef4 ,primitive pa9t+s ( animals f ,font-de-,gaume #cah #aeg4 ,woolly rh9oc]os pa9t$ 9 ! cav]n ( ,font-de-,gaume #cai #aeh4 ,c>v$ female figur9e f ! ,grottes de ,grimaldi #cba #aei4 ,female figur9e 9 lime/one f ,will5dorf #cbb #afj4 ,female figur9e 9 soap/one f ! ,grottes de ,grimaldi #cbc #afa4 ,sup]pos$ engrav+s ( rh9oc]os & mammo? f ,le ,trilobite #cbd #afb4 ,silh\ettes ( h&s f ,g>gas #cbe #afc4 ,! rock %elt] ( ,laussel on ! ,beune #cbf #afd4 ,section ( ! indu/rial lay]s at ,laussel #cbg #afe4 ,bas-relief ( a woman f ,laussel #cbh #aff4 ,bas-relief ( a man f ,laussel #cbi #afg4 ,map--,solutrean /ations #cca #afh4 ,! skull kn[n z ,brnn ,i1 discov]$ at ,brnn1 ,moravia #cce #afi4 ,solutrean 'laurel-leaf po9ts' #cci #agj4 ,! type /ation ( ,solutr #cdb #aga4 ,excavations at ,solutr #cdc #agb4 ,typical ,solutrean implem5ts #cdf #agc4 ,mammo? sculptur$ on ivory1 f ,pedmo/1 ,moravia #cdi #agd4 ,engrav$ & pa9t$ bison f ,niaux #cec #age4 ,decorat$ sagaies or javel9 po9ts ( bone #ced #agf4 ,horse's head engrav$ on a fragm5t ( bone1 f ,brassemp\y #cee #agg4 ,pa9t+ ( a wolf1 f ,font-de-,gaume #cef #agh4 ,crude sculpture ( ! ibex1 f ,mas d',azil #ceg #agi4 ,decorat$ btons de comm&em5t #cei #ahj4 ,*ronological *>t ( ! la/ ?ird ( ! ,glacial epo* #cfb #aha4 ,engrav$ & pa9t$ re9de] f ,font-de-,gaume #cfe #ahb4 ,f\r types ( horse frequ5t 9 ,upp] ,paloli?ic times #cfg #ahc4 ,horse ( ,celtic type1 pa9t$ on ! ceil+ ( ,altamira #cfh #ahd4 ,f\r *amois heads engrav$ on re9de] horn1 f ,g\rdan #cfi #ahe4 ,typical alp9e fauna #cga #ahf4 ,typical /eppe fauna #cgd #ahg4 ,pt>migan or gr\se c>v$ 9 bone1 f ,mas d',azil #cge #ahh4 ,! rock %elt] ( ,laug]ie ,basse1 ,dordogne #cgg #ahi4 ,human skull-tops cut into b[ls1 f ,plac>d #cgi #aij4 ,male & female skulls ( ,cr-,magnon type1 f ,ob]cassel #cha #aia4 ,! type /ation ( ,la ,madele9e #chc #aib4 ,magdal5ian fl9t implem5ts #chf #aic4 ,magdal5ian bone h>poons #chg #aid4 ,magdal5ian fl9t blades ) d5ticulat$ edge #cij #aie4 ,bone ne$les f ,lacave #cia #aif4 ,map--,paloli?ic art /ations ( ,dordogne1 ! ,pyr5ees1 & ! ,cantabrian ,m\nta9s #cid #aig4 ,primitive engrav+s ( ! mammo? f ,comb>elles #cig #aih4 ,prelim9>y engrav+ ( pa9t$ mammo? f ,font-de-,gaume #cig #aii4 ,*>g+ mammo? engrav$ on ivory1 f ,la ,madele9e #cih #bjj4 ,human grotesques f ,m>s\las1 ,altamira1 & ,comb>elles #cii #bja4 ,entrance to ! cav]n ( ,comb>elles1 ,dordogne #djj #bjb4 ,engrav$ cave-be>1 f ,comb>elles #dja #bjc4 ,magdal5ian /one lamp1 f ,la ,m\! #dja #bjd4 ,entrance to ! cav]n ( ,la ,pasiega #djb #bje4 ,engrav$ bison f ,m>s\las #djc #bjf4 ,h]d ( horses engrav$ on a slab ( /one1 f ,*affaud #djd #bjg4 ,h]d ( re9de] engrav$ on an eagle radius1 f ,la ,mairie #dje #bjh4 ,re9de] & salmon engrav$ on an antl]1 f ,lor!t #djf #bji4 ,engrav$ lioness & horses1 f ,font-de-,gaume #djg #baj4 ,pa9t$ horse ( ,celtic type1 f ,ca/illo #djh #baa4 ,gallop+ horse ( /eppe type1 f ,font-de-,gaume #djh #bab4 ,entrance to ! cav]n ( ,niaux #dji #bac4 ,engrav$ horse ) heavy w9t] coat1 f ,niaux #daj #bad4 ,pr(essor ,emile ,c>tailhac at ! entrance ( ,le ,portel #daa #bae4 ,engrav$ horse & re9de]1 f ,la ,mairie #dab #baf4 ,engrav$ re9de]1 cave-be>1 & two horses1 f ,la ,mairie #dac #bag4 ,engrav$ wild cattle1 f ,la ,mairie #dac #bah4 ,prelim9>y et*$ outl9e ( bison f ,font-de-,gaume #dad #bai4 ,entrance to ! cav]n ( ,font-de-,gaume #dae #bbj4 ,map ( ! cav]n ( ,font-de-,gaume #daf #bba4 ,n>r[ passage kn[n z ! ',rubicon1' ,font-de-,gaume #dag #bbb4 ,plan %[+ re9de] & procession ( bison1 ,font-de-,gaume #dai #bbc4 ,plan %[+ prelim9>y engrav+ & pa9t+ ( ! procession ( mammo?s1 sup]pos$ on draw+s ( bison1 re9de]1 & horses #dbj #bbd4 ,example ( sup]position ( pa9t+s1 f ,font-de-,gaume #dba #bbe4 ,entrance to ! cav]n ( ,altamira #dbb #bbf4 ,plan ( pa9t+s on ! ceil+ ( ,altamira #dbc #bbg4 ,! ceil+ ( ,altamira #dbd #bbh4 ,pa9t+ ( female bison ly+ d[n1 f ,altamira #dbe #bbi4 ,royal /ag engrav$ on ! ceil+ ( ,altamira #dbf #bcj4 ,/atuette ( a mammo? c>v$ 9 re9de] horn1 f ,bruniquel #dbg #bca4 ,entrance to ! cav]n ( ,tuc d',aud\b]t #dbh #bcb4 ,engrav$ head ( a re9de] f ,tuc d',aud\b]t #dbi #bcc4 ,two bison1 male & female1 modell$ 9 clay1 f ,tuc d',aud\b]t #dcj #bcd4 ,horse c>v$ 9 high relief1 f ,cap ,blanc #dca #bce4 ,horse head c>v$ on a re9de] antl]1 f ,mas d',azil #dcb #bcf4 ,/atuette ( horse c>v$ 9 ivory1 f ,les ,espelugues #dcb #bcg4 ,woman's head c>v$ 9 ivory1 f ,brassemp\y #dcc #bch4 ,map--,magdal5ian /ations #dce #bci4 ,necklace ( m>9e %ells1 f ,cr-,magnon #dcg #bdj4 ,map--,paloli?ic /ations ( ,g]many #dci #bda4 ,re9de] engrav$ ar\nd a piece ( re9de] antl]1 f ,kessl]lo* #dda #bdb4 ,entrance to ! grotto ( ,kessl]lo* #ddd #bdc4 ,! rock %elt] ( ,s*weiz]sbild #dde #bdd4 ,! op5 loess /ation ( ,aggsba* #ddh #bde4 ,saiga antelope c>v$ on a bone d>t-?r[]1 f ,mas d',azil #ddi #bdf4 ,we/]n entrance to ! cav]n ( ,mas d',azil #dfj #bdg4 ,azilian h>poons ( /ag horn #dfb #bdh4 ,azilian galets coloris1 or pa9t$ pebbles #dfd #bdi4 ,t>d5oisian fl9ts #dfg #bej4 ,map--,azilian-,t>d5oisian /ations #dga #bea4 ,azilian /one implem5ts #dgc #beb4 ,d\ble-r[$ ,azilian h>poons ( /ag horn1 f ,oban #dgd #bec4 ,section--,ar*ologic lay]s 9 ! grotto ( ,(net #dgf #bed4 ,burial ne/ ( six skulls1 f ! grotto ( ,(net #dgg #bee4 ,bra*ycephalic & doli*ocephalic skulls f ,(net #dgh #bef4 ,broad-head$ skull ( ,gr5elle #dhb #beg4 ,entrance to ! grotto ( ,furfooz on ! ,lesse #dhb #beh4 ,section ( ! grotto ( ,furfooz #dhc #bei4 ,"o ( ! type skulls ( ! ,furfooz race #dhc #bfj4 ,re/oration ( ! man ( ,gr5elle #dhd #bfa4 ,implem5ts & decorations f ,maglemose #dhg #bfb4 ,ance/ry ( ! ,pre-,neoli?ic races #dia #bfc4 ,/ages 9 ! manufacture ( ! ,neoli?ic /one ax #dic #bfd4 ,/one hat*et f ,campigny #did #bfe4 ,/one pick f ,campigny #did #bff4 ,re/oration ( ! ,neoli?ic man ( ,spi5nes #die #bfg4 ,/ag hunt1 pa9t+ f ! rock %elt] ( ,alp]a #dig #bfh4 ,map--,di/ribution ( ! types ( rec5t man 9 we/]n ,europe #dii ,map ( ,paloli?ic ,t\r fold$ at ! end ( ! volume ,,m5 ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,/one ,,age ,,introduction ,,greek ,,conceptions ,,( ,,man',s ,,orig9--,,rise ,,( ,,an?ropology1 ,,( ,,ar*,,ology1 ,,( ,,! ,,geologic ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,man--,,"t ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,glacial ,,epo*--,,geographic1 ,,climatic1 ,,& ,,life ,,p]iods ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,/one ,,age ,! anticipation ( nature by ,lucretius,b 9 8 philosophical poem1 ,de ,r]um ,natura1 accords 9 a broad & rem>kable way ) our pres5t k ( ! prehi/ory ( man3 ,?+s ?r\gh\t proce$ ,9 firm1 undevi\s ord]1 & ma9ta91 ,to nature true1 _! fixt g5]ic /amp4 ,yet man's fir/ sons1 z o'er ! fields !y trod1 ,re>$ f ! h>dy e>?1 7 h>di] f>2 ,/rong built ) ampl] bones1 ) muscles n]v$ ,broad & sub/antial2 to ! p[] ( heat1 ,( cold1 ( v>y+ vi&s1 & disease1 ,ea* h\r sup]ior2 ! wild lives ( bea/s ,lead+1 :ile _m a lu/re o'er !m roll$4 ,nor crook$ pl\gh-%>e knew !y1 nor to drive1 ,deep ?r\gh ! soil1 ! ri*-return+ spade2 ,nor h[ ! t5d] se$l+ to re-plant1 ,nor f ! fruit-tree prune ! )]$ bran*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nor knew !y yet ! crackl+ blaze t'excite1 ,or clo! _! limbs ) furs1 or savage hides4 ,b groves conceal$ !m1 woods1 & holl[ hills2 ,&1 :5 rude ra9s1 or bitt] bla/s o'erp[]$1 ,l[ bu%y %rubs _! squalid memb]s wrapp$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& 9 _! ke5 rapidity ( h& ,& foot confid+1 (t ! savage tra9 ,) missile /ones !y hunt$1 or ! =ce ,( clubs enorm\s2 _m a tribe !y fell$1 ,yet "s 9 caves %unn$1 cauti\s2 :]e1 at night1 ,?rong$ !y1 l bri/ly sw9e2 _! nak$ limbs ,) h]bs & leaves entw9+4 ,n\ght ( fe> ,urg$ !m to quit ! d>kness1 & recall1 ,) clamor\s cries1 ! sun%9e & ! day3 ,b s\nd !y sunk 9 deep1 oblivi\s sleep1 ,till o'er ! m\nta9s blu%$ ! roseate dawn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is ne'er di/ress$ !m1 b ! fe> alone ,"s ru?less mon/] might _! dreams mole/1 ,! foamy bo>1 or lion1 f _! caves ,drive !m agha/ b5ea? ! midnight %ade1 ,& seize _! leaf-wr\ght c\*es = !mselves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,yet !n sc>ce m ( mortal race ?an n[ ,left ! sweet lu/re ( ! liquid day4 ,"s d\btless1 (t ! pr[l+ mon/]s gaunt ,grasp$ 9 _! jaws1 abrupt2 :5ce1 ?r\gh ! groves1 ,! woods1 ! m\nta9s1 !y vocif]\s groan$1 ,de/9$ ?us liv+ to a liv+ tomb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,yet :51 at l5g?1 rude huts !y fir/ devis$1 ,& fires1 & g>m5ts2 &1 9 union sweet1 ,man w$d$ woman1 ! pure joys indulg$ ,( *a/e connubial love1 & *ildr5 rose1 ,! r\gh b>b>ians s(t5$4 ,! w>m he>? ,_! frames s melt$ !y no m c\ld be>1 ,z er/1 ?' uncov]$ skies2 ! nuptial b$ ,broke _! wild vigor1 & ! fond c>ess ,( prattl+ *ildr5 f ! bosom *as$ ,_! /]n f]oci\s mann]s4,c ,?is is a picture ( _m phases 9 ! life ( primitive man3 8 p[]ful frame1 8 ignorance ( agriculture1 8 dep5d5ce on ! fruits & animal products ( ! e>?1 8 discov]y ( fire & ( clo?+1 8 *ase ( wild bea/s ) clubs & missile /ones1 8 repair to cav]ns1 8 conte/s ) ! lion & ! bo>1 8 inv5tion ( rude huts & dwell+s1 ! s(t5+ ( 8 nature ?r\gh ! sweet influ5ce ( family life & ( *ildr51 all ^! are v]itable /ages 9 our prehi/oric developm5t4 ,! influ5ce ( ,greek ?\ght is also reflect$ 9 ! ,satires ( ,horace1,d & ! ,greek conception ( ! natural hi/ory ( man1 voic$ by s*ylus,e z e>ly z ! fif? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 prevail$ widely be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 :5 x gradually gave way to ! ,mosaic conception ( special creation1 :i* spread all ov] we/]n ,europe4 ,,rise ,,( ,,mod]n ,,an?ropology ,z ! idea ( ! natural hi/ory ( man aga9 arose1 dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 x came n s mu* f previ\s s\rces z f ! dawn+ sci5ce ( comp>ative anatomy4 ,f ! ye> #aeig1 :5 a ,portuguese sailor's acc\nt ( an animal resembl+ ! *impanzee 0 embodi$ 9 ,filippo ,pigafetta's ,description ( ! ,k+dom ( ! ,congo1 ! _m po9ts ( lik5ess betwe5 ! an?ropoid apes & man 7 treat$ bo? 9 satire & c>icature & 9 s]i\s anatomical comp>ison z evid5ce ( k9%ip4 ,! fir/ ,fr5* evolutioni/1 ,buffon1,f obs]v$ 9 #agdi3 ,! fir/ tru? t makes itself app>5t on s]i\s /udy ( nature is "o t man may p]haps f9d humiliat+2 x is ?is--t he1 too1 mu/ take 8 place 9 ! ranks ( animals1 be+1 z he is1 an animal 9 e mat]ial po9t4 ,buffon's convictions 7 held 9 *eck by cl]ical & (ficial influ5ces1 yet f 8 /udy ( ! orang 9 #agff we c ent]ta9 no d\bt ( 8 belief t m5 & apes are desc5d$ f common ance/ors4 ,! second ,fr5* evolutioni/1 ,lam>ck1,g 9 #ahji boldly proclaim$ ! desc5t ( man f ! an?ropoid apes1 po9t+ out _! close anatomical resemblances comb9$ ) inf]iority bo? 9 bodily & m5tal capacity4 ,9 ! evolution ( man ,lam>ck p]ceiv$ ! great importance ( ! erect position1 :i* is only occasionally assum$ by ! apes2 also t *ildr5 pass gradually f ! quadruman\s to ! upright position1 & ?us repeat ! hi/ory ( _! ance/ors4 ,man's orig9 is trac$ z foll[s3 ,a race ( quadruman\s apes gradually acquires ! upright position 9 walk+1 ) a correspond+ modification ( ! limbs1 & ( ! relation ( ! head & face to ! back-bone4 ,su* a race1 hav+ ma/]$ all ! o!r animals1 spreads out ov] ! _w4 ,x *ecks ! increase ( ! races ne>e/ itself &1 spread+ 9 all directions1 beg9s to lead a social life1 develops ! p[] ( spee* & ! communication ( ideas4 ,x develops also new requirem5ts1 "o aft] ano!r1 :i* lead to indu/rial pursuits & to ! gradual p]fection ( its p[]s4 ,ev5tually ?is pre-em95t race1 hav+ acquir$ absolute supremacy1 comes to be widely diff]5t f ev5 ! mo/ p]fect ( ! l[] animals4 ,! p]iod foll[+ ! late/ publication ( ,lam>ck's7#a7;,h rem>kable speculations 9 ! ye> #ahbb1 0 di/+ui%$ by ! e>lie/ discov]ies ( ! indu/ry ( ! caveman 9 s\!rn ,france 9 #ahbh1 & 9 ,belgium1 ne> ,lige1 9 #ahcc2 discov]ies :i* af=d$ ! fir/ sci5tific pro( ( ! geologic antiquity ( man & laid ! f\ndations ( ! sci5ce ( ar*ology4 ,! e>lie/ recognition ( an entirely ext9ct race ( m5 0 t :i* 0 call$ ! ',ne&]?al1' f\nd1 9 #ahef1 ne> ,dsseldorf1 & imm$iately recogniz$ by ,s*aaffhaus57#b7 z a primitive race ( l[ c]ebral developm5t & ( uncommon bodily /r5g?4 ,d>w9 9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species17#c7 :i* appe>$ 9 #aheh1 did n discuss ! "q ( human desc5t1 b indicat$ ! belief t light w\ld be ?r[n by 8 !ory on ! orig9 ( man & 8 hi/ory4 ,x appe>s t ,lam>ck's doctr9e 9 ! ,philosophie ,zoologique 7#ahji77d7 made a pr(\nd impression on ! m9d ( ,lyell1 :o 0 ! fir/ to treat ! desc5t ( man 9 a broad way f ! /&po9t ( comp>ative anatomy & ( geologic age4 ,9 8 great "w ( #ahfc1 ,! ,geological ,evid5ces ( ! ,antiquity ( ,man1 ,lyell cit$ ,huxley's e/imate ( ! ,ne&]?al skull z m primitive ?an t ( ! ,au/ralian b ( surpris+ly l>ge cranial capacity4 ,he concludes ) ! notable /atem5t3 ,! direct be>+ ( ! ape-l "* ( ! ,ne&]?al skull on ,lam>ck's doctr9e ( progressive developm5t & transmutation 444 consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! newly obs]v$ deviation f a normal /&>d ( human /ructure is n 9 a casual or r&om direction1 b j :at might h be5 anticipat$ if ! laws ( v>iation 7 su* z ! transmutationi/s require4 ,= if we conceive ! cranium to be v anci5t1 x exemplifies a less advanc$ /age ( progressive developm5t & improvem5t47#e7 ,lyell foll[$ ?is by an exhau/ive review ( all ! !n exi/+ evid5ce 9 favor ( ! great geological age ( man1 consid]+ ! 'riv]-drift1' ! 'loess1' & ! loam deposits1 & ! relations ( man to ! divisions ( ! ,glacial ,epo*4 ,ref]r+ to :at is n[ kn[n z ! ,l[] ,paloli?ic ( ,/4 ,a*eul & ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic ( ,aurignac1 he says t !y 7 d\btless sep>at$ by a va/ int]val ( "t1 :5 we consid] t ! fl9t implem5ts ( ,/4 ,a*eul belong ei!r to ! ,po/-,plioc5e or e>ly ,plei/oc5e "t1 or ! 'old] drift4' ,x is s+ul> t 9 ! ,desc5t ( ,man1 publi%$ 9 #ahga17f7 eight ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ,lyell's great "w1 ,*>les ,d>w9 made only pass+ m5tion ( ! ,ne&]?al race1 z foll[s3 ,nev]!less1 x mu/ be admitt$ t "s skulls ( v high antiquity1 su* z ! fam\s "o at ,ne&]?al1 are well-develop$ & capaci\s4 ,x 0 ! relatively l>ge bra9 capacity :i* turn$ ,d>w9's att5tion away f a type :i* has furni%$ mo/ p[]ful support to 8 !ory ( human desc5t4 ,9 ! two hundr$ pages :i* ,d>w9 devotes to ! desc5t ( man1 he treats especially ! evid5ces pres5t$ 9 comp>ative anatomy & comp>ative psy*ology1 z well z ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! comp>ison ( ! l[] & high] races ( man4 ,z reg>ds ! bir?place & antiquity ( man17#g7 he obs]ves3 444 ,9 ea* great region ( ! _w ! liv+ mammals are closely relat$ to ! ext9ct species ( ! same region4 ,x is !re=e probable t ,africa 0 =m]ly inhabit$ by ext9ct apes closely alli$ to ! gorilla & *impanzee2 & z ^! two species are n[ man's ne>e/ allies1 x is some:at m probable t our e>ly prog5itors liv$ on ! ,african cont95t ?an else:]e4 ,b x is useless to speculate on ?is subject2 = two or ?ree an?ropomorph\s apes1 "o ! ,dryopi!cus ( ,l>tet1 ne>ly z l>ge z a man1 & closely alli$ to ,hylobates1 exi/$ 9 ,europe dur+ ! ,mioc5e ,age2 & s9ce s remote a p]iod ! e>? has c]ta9ly und]gone _m great revolutions1 & !re has be5 ample "t = migration on ! l>ge/ scale4 ,at ! p]iod & place1 :5ev] & :]ev] x 01 :5 man fir/ lo/ 8 hairy cov]+1 he probably inhabit$ a hot c\ntry2 a circum/ance favorable = ! frugivor\s diet on :i*1 judg+ f analogy1 he subsi/$4 ,we are f> f kn[+ h[ long ago x 0 :5 man fir/ div]g$ f ! cat>rh9e /ock2 b x may h occurr$ at an epo* z remote z ! ,eoc5e ,p]iod2 = t ! high] apes _h div]g$ f ! l[] apes z e>ly z ! ,upp] ,mioc5e ,p]iod is %[n by ! exi/5ce ( ! ,dryopi!cus4 ,) ?is speculation ( ,d>w9 ! read] %\ld comp>e ! /ate ( our k to-day reg>d+ ! desc5t ( man1 z pres5t$ 9 ! fir/ & la/ *apt]s ( ?is volume4 ,! mo/ tell+ argum5t aga9/ ! ,lam>ck-,lyell-,d>w9 !ory 0 ! abs5ce ( ^? miss+ l9ks :i*1 !oretically1 %\ld be f\nd connect+ ,man ) ! an?ropoid apes1 = at t "t ! ,ne&]?al race 0 n recogniz$ z su*4 ,betwe5 #ahdh & #aiad successive discov]ies h be5 made ( a s]ies ( human fossils belong+ to int]m$iate races3 "s ( ^! are n[ recogniz$ z miss+ l9ks betwe5 ! exi/+ human species1 ,homo sapi5s1 & ! an?ropoid apes2 & o!rs z ! e>lie/ kn[n =ms ( ,homo sapi5s3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,ye> ,locality ,"* ( ,rema9s ,race ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ahdh;,gibralt>4 ,well-pres]v$ skull4 ,ne&]?al4 #ahef,ne&]?al1 ne> ,skullcap1 etc4 ,type ( ,ne&]?al ,dsseldorf4 race4 #ahff,la ,naulette1 ,belgium4,fragm5t ( l[] jaw4,ne&]?al race #ahfg;,furfooz1 ,belgium4 ,two skulls4 ,type ( ,furfooz race4 #ahfh;,cr-,magnon1 ,dordogne4,?ree skeletons & ,type ( ,cr-,magnon fragm5ts ( two race4 o!rs4 #ahhg,spy1 ,belgium4 ,two crania & ,spy type ( skeletons4 ,ne&]?al race4 #ahia,tr9il ,riv]1 ,java4 ,skullcap & femur4 ,type ( ,pi!can?ropus race4 #ahii,krap9a1 ,fragm5ts ( at lea/ ,krap9a type ( ,au/ria-,hung>y4 t5 individuals4 ,ne&]?al race4 #aija;,grimaldi grotto1 ,two skeletons4 ,type ( ,grimaldi ,m5tone4 race4 #aijg;,heidelb]g4 ,l[] jaw ) tee?4 ,type ( ,homo heidelb]g5sis4 #aijh,la ,*apelle1 ,corrze4,skeleton4 ,m\/]ian type ( ,ne&]?al race4 #aijh,le ,m\/i]1 ,almo/ complete ,ne&]?al4 ,dordogne4 skeleton1 great] "p ( :i* 0 9 bad /ate ( pres]vation4 #aiji,la ,f]rassie ,i1 ,fragm5ts ( skeleton4,ne&]?al4 ,dordogne4 #aiaj,la ,f]rassie ,,ii1 ,fragm5ts ( skeleton1,ne&]?al4 ,dordogne4 female4 #aiaa,la ,qu9a ,,ii1 ,fragm5ts ( skeleton1,ne&]?al4 ,*>5te4 suppos$ female4 #aiaa,piltd[n1 ,sussex4 ,portions ( skull & ,type ( jaw4 ,eoan?ropus1 ! 'dawn man4' #aiad,ob]cassel1 ne> ,two skeletons1 male ,cr-,magnon4 ,bonn1 ,g]many4 & female4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,9 8 classic lecture ( #ahdd1 ,on ! ,=m ( ! ,head 9 ,diff]5t ,peoples1 ,&]s ,retzius laid ! f\ndation ( ! mod]n /udy ( ! skull47#h7 ,ref]r+ to 8 orig9al publication1 he says3 ,9 ! sy/em ( classification :i* ,i devis$1 ,i h di/+ui%$ j two =ms1 namely1 ! %ort 7r\nd or f\r-corn]$7 :i* ,i nam$ bra*ycephalic1 & ! long1 oval1 or doli*ocephalic4 ,9 ! =m] !re is little or no diff]5ce betwe5 ! l5g? & bread? ( ! skull2 9 ! latt] !re is a notable diff]5ce4 ,! expression ( ?is prim>y di/9ction betwe5 races is call$ ! cephalic index1 & x is det]m9$ z foll[s3 ,bread? ( skull #ajj l5g? ( skull4 ,9 ?is s5se ! primitive m5 ( ! ,old ,/one ,age 7 mo/ly 'doli*ocephalic1' t is1 ! bread? ( ! skull 0 9 g5]al less ?an #ge p] c5t ( ! l5g?1 z 9 ! exi/+ ,au/ralians1 ,kaffirs1 ,zulus1 ,eskimos1 & ,fijians4 ,b "s ( ! ,paloli?ic races 7 'mesaticephalic'2 t is1 ! bread? 0 betwe5 #ge p] c5t & #hj p] c5t ( ! l5g?1 z 9 ! exi/+ ,*9ese & ,polynesians4 ,! ?ird or 'bra*ycephalic' type is ! exception among ,paloli?ic skulls1 9 :i* ! bread? is ov] #hj p] c5t ( ! l5g?1 z 9 ! ,malays1 ,burmese1 ,am]ican ,indians1 & ,&amanese4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,outl9e ( a mod]n bra*ycephalic skull 7f9e dots71 sup]pos$ ^u a doli*ocephalic skull 7da%es71 sup]pos$ ^u a *impanzee skull 7l9e74 g4 glabella or m$ian prom95ce betwe5 ! eyebr[s4 i4 inion--ext]nal occipital protub]ance4 g-i4 glabella-inion l9e4 ,v]tical l9e f g-i to top ( skull indicates ! height ( ! bra9-case4 ,modifi$ aft] ,s*walbe4 ,! cephalic index1 h[ev]1 tells u little ( ! position ( ! skull z a bra9-case 9 ! asc5d+ or desc5d+ scale1 & foll[+ ! elaborate sy/ems ( skull measurem5ts :i* 7 built up by ,retzius7#i7 & ,broca17#aj7 & bas$ *iefly on ! outside *>act]s ( ! skull1 came ! mod]n sy/em ( ,s*walbe1 :i* has be5 devis$ especially to measure ! skull ) ref]5ce to ! all-important crit]ion ( ! size ( ! diff]5t portions ( ! bra91 & ( approximately e/imat+ ! cubic capacity ( ! bra9 f ! m or less complete measurem5ts ( ! skull4 ,among ^! measurem5ts are ! slope ( ! =ehead1 ! height ( ! m$ian portion ( ! skullcap1 & ! ratio betwe5 ! upp] portion ( ! cranial *amb] & ! l[] portion4 ,9 brief1 ! sev5 pr9cipal measures :i* ,s*walbe n[ employs are *iefly expressions ( diamet]s :i* correspond ) ! numb] ( cubic c5timetres occupi$ by ! bra9 z a :ole4 ,9 ?is mann] ,s*walbe7#aa7 confirms ,b\le's e/imates ( ! v>iations 9 ! cubic capacity ( ! bra9 9 diff]5t memb]s ( ! ,ne&]?al race z foll[s3 ,ne&]?al race--,la ,*apelle #afbj c4cm4 --,ne&]?al #adjh --,la ,qu9a #acfg --,gibralt> #abif ,?us ! v>iations betwe5 ! l>ge/ kn[n bra9 9 "o memb] ( ! ,ne&]?al race1 ! male skull ( ,la ,*apelle1 & ! smalle/ bra9 ( ! same race1 ! suppos$ female skull ( ,gibralt>1 is #cbd c4cm41 a range simil> to t :i* we f9d 9 ! exi/+ species ( man 7,homo sapi5s74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! skull & bra9-case1 %[+ ! l[1 retreat+ =ehead1 prom95t supraorbital ridges1 & small bra9 capacity1 ( ,pi!can?ropus1 ! java ape-man1 z re/or$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,z ano!r te/ = ! classification ( primitive skulls1 we may select ! well-kn[n frontal angle ( ,broca1 z modifi$ by ,s*walbe1 = measur+ ! retreat+ =ehead4 ,! angle is measur$ by draw+ a l9e along ! =ehead upw>d f ! bony ridge betwe5 ! eyebr[s1 ) a horizontal l9e c>ri$ f ! glabella to ! inion at ! back ( ! skull4 ,! v>i\s primitive races are arrang$ z foll[s3 ,,p] ,,c5t ,homo sapi5s1 ) an av]age =ehead frontal angle #ij ,homo sapi5s1 ) extreme retreat+ =ehead #gb4c ,homo ne&]?al5sis1 ) ! lea/ retreat+ =ehead #gj ,homo ne&]?al5sis1 ) ! mo/ retreat+ =ehead #eg4e ,pi!can?ropus erectus 7,tr9il race7 #eb4e ,highe/ an?ropoid apes #ef ,= in/ance1 ?is illu/rates ! fact t 9 ! ,tr9il race ! =ehead is actually l[] ?an 9 "s ( ! highe/ an?ropoid apes2 t 9 ! ,ne&]?al race ! =ehead is m retreat+ ?an 9 any ( ! exi/+ human races ( ,homo sapi5s4 ,,ar*,,ology ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,/one ,,age,i ,! pro(s ( ! prehi/ory ( man arose afre%1 & f an entirely new s\rce1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury ?r\gh discov]ies 9 ,g]many1 by :i* ! ,greek anticipations ( a /one age 7 v]ifi$4 ,= a c5tury & a half ! great animal life ( ! diluvial _w _h ar\s$ ! wond] & speculation ( ! e>ly naturali/s4 ,9 #agej ,ecc>dus7#ag7 ( ,brauns*weig advanc$ ! fir/ /eps t[>d prehi/oric *ronology1 9 express+ ! op9ion t ! human race fir/ liv$ 9 a p]iod 9 :i* /one s]v$ z ! only weapon & tool1 & t ?is 0 foll[$ by a bronze & !n by an iron p]iod ( human culture4 ,z e>ly z #agjj a human skull 0 discov]$ at ,cann/att & 0 believ$ to be ( a p]iod z anci5t z ! mammo? & ! cave-be>4,j ,france1 favor$ beyond all o!r c\ntries by ! m5 ( ! ,old ,/one ,age1 0 de/9$ to become ! classic c5tre ( prehi/oric ar*ology4 ,z e>ly z #agdj ,mahudel7#ah7 publi%$ a treatise ^u /one implem5ts & laid ! f\ndations bo? ( ,neoli?ic & ,paloli?ic rese>*4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! problem ( fossil man _h awak5$ wide-spread int]e/ & rese>*4 ,9 ,buckl&'s7#ai7 ,reliqui diluvian1 publi%$ 9 #ahbd1 ! great mammals ( ! ,old ,/one ,age are treat$ z relics ( ! flood4 ,9 #ahbe ,mac,enery explor$ ! cav]n ( ,k5t's ,hole1 ne> ,torquay1 f9d+ human bones & fl9t flakes associat$ ) ! rema9s ( ! cave-be> & cave-hyna1 b ! notes ( ?is discov]y 7 n publi%$ until #ahdj1 :5 ,godw9-,au/57#bj7 gave ! fir/ description ( ,k5t's ,hole4 ,9 #ahbh ,t\rnal & ,*ri/ol7#ba7 ann\nc$ ! fir/ discov]ies 9 ,france 7,langu$oc7 ( ! association ( human bones ) ! rema9s ( ext9ct animals4 ,9 #ahcc-d ,s*m]l+7#bb7 describ$ 8 explorations 9 ! cav]ns ne> ,lige1 9 ,belgium1 9 :i* he f\nd human bones & rude fl9t implem5ts int]m+l$ ) ! rema9s ( ! mammo?1 ! woolly rh9oc]os1 ! cave-hyna1 & ! cave-be>4 ,?is is ! fir/ publi%$ evid5ce ( ! life ( ! ,cave ,p]iod ( ,europe1 & 0 soon foll[$ by ! recognition ( simil> cav]n deposits along ! s\? coa/ ( ,great ,brita91 9 ,france1 ,belgium & ,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,?ree great types ( fl9t implem5ts4 ,a4 ,an eoli? ( accid5tal %ape4 ,b4 ,a paloli? ( ,*ellean type1 p>tly fa%ion$4 ,c4 ,a ,neoli?ic axe head1 p>tly poli%$4 ,aft] ,mac,curdy4 ,! "w ( ! caveman1 gradually reveal$ betwe5 #ahbh & #ahdj1 is n[ kn[n to belong to ! clos+ p]iod ( ! ,old ,/one ,age1 & x is v rem>kable t ! next discov]y relat$ to ! v dawn ( ! ,old ,/one ,age1 namely1 to ! life ( ! 'riv]-drift' man ( ! ,l[] ,paloli?ic4 ,?is discov]y ( :at is n[ kn[n z ,*ellean & ,a*eulean indu/ry came ?r\gh ! explorations ( ,b\*] de ,p]!s1 betwe5 #ahci & #ahdf1 9 ! valley ( ! ,riv] ,somme1 :i* fl[s ?r\gh ,ami5s & ,abbeville & empties into ! ,engli% ,*annel half-way betwe5 ,dieppe & ,b\logne4 ,9 #ahda ?is f\nd] ( mod]n ar*ology une>!d ne> ,abbeville a s+le fl9t1 rudely fa%ion$ into a cutt+ in/rum5t1 buri$ 9 riv] s& & associat$ ) mammalian rema9s4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! collection ( _m o!r anci5t weapons & implem5ts1 & 9 ! ye> #ahdf ,b\*] de ,p]!s publi%$ 8 fir/ "w1 entitl$ ,de l',indu/rie primitive1 ou des ,arts leur ,orig9e17#bc7 9 :i* he ann\nc$ t he _h f\nd human implem5ts 9 b$s unmi/akably belong+ to ! age ( ! 'riv]-drift4' ,?is "w & ! succe$+ 7#aheg71 ,antiquits celtiques et antdiluvi5nes17#bd7 7 receiv$ ) great scepticism until confirm$ 9 #ahec by ,rigollot's7#be7 discov]y ( ! n[ fam\s 'riv]-drift' b$s ( ,/4 ,a*eul1 ne> ,ami5s4 ,9 ! succe$+ ye>s ! epo*-mak+ "w ( ,b\*] de ,p]!s 0 welcom$ & confirm$ by lead+ ,briti% geologi/s & ar*ologi/s1 ,falcon]1 ,pre/wi*1 ,evans1 & o!rs :o visit$ ! ,somme4 ,lubbock's7#bf7 article ( #ahfb1 on ! ,evid5ce ( ! ,antiquity ( ,man ,af=d$ by ! ,physical ,/ructure ( ! ,somme ,valley1 po9t+ out ! great geologic age ( ! riv] s&s & gravels & ( ! mammals :i* !y conta9$1 0 foll[$ by ! discov]y ( simil> fl9ts 9 ! 'riv]-drifts' ( ,suffolk & ,k5t1 ,engl&1 9 ! valley ( ! ,?ames ne> ,d>t=d4 ,?us came ! fir/ positive pro(s t c]ta9 types ( /one implem5ts 7 wide-spread geographically1 & ?us 0 af=d$ ! means ( comp>+ ! age ( "o deposit ) ano!r4 ,?is l$ ,sir ,john ,lubbock7#bg7 to divide ! prehi/oric p]iod into f\r great epo*s1 9 desc5d+ ord] z foll[s3 ,! ,iron ,age1 9 :i* iron _h sup]s$$ bronze = arms1 axes1 knives1 etc41 :ile bronze rema9$ 9 common use = ornam5ts4 ,! ,bronze ,age1 9 :i* bronze 0 us$ = arms & cutt+ in/rum5ts ( all k9ds4 ,! lat] or poli%$ ,/one ,age1 t]m$ by ,lubbock ! ,neoli?ic ,p]iod1 *>act]iz$ by weapons & in/rum5ts made ( fl9t & o!r k9ds ( /one1 ) no k ( any metal except+ gold4 ,age ( ! ,drift1 t]m$ by ,lubbock ! ,paloli?ic ,p]iod1 *>act]iz$ by *ipp$ or flak$ implem5ts ( fl9t & o!r k9ds ( /one1 & by ! pres5ce ( ! mammo?1 ! cave-be>1 ! woolly rh9oc]os1 & o!r ext9ct animals4 ,ed\>d ,l>tet1 9 #ahfj1 began explor+ ! cav]ns ( ! ,pyr5ees & ( ,prigord1 fir/ exam9+ ! rem>kable cav]n ( ,aurignac ) its burial vault1 its he>?s1 its re9de] & mammo? fauna1 its spe> po9ts ( bone & engrav+s on bone m+l$ ) a new & di/9ctive fl9t culture4 ,?is discov]y1 publi%$ 9 #ahfa17bh7 l$ to ! full revelation ( ! hi!rto unkn[n ,re9de] & ,art ,p]iod ( ! ,old ,/one ,age1 n[ kn[n z ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic4 ,z a palontologi/1 x 0 natural = ,l>tet to propose a f\rfold classification ( ! ',re9de] ,p]iod1' bas$ ^u ! suppos$ succession ( ! dom9ant =ms ( mammalian life1 namely3 7d7 ,age ( ! ,auro*s or ,bison4 7c7 ,age ( ! ,woolly ,mammo? & ,rh9oc]os4 7b7 ,age ( ! ,re9de]4 7a7 ,age ( ! ,cave-,be>4 ,l>tet1 9 association ) ! ,briti% ar*ologi/1 ,*ri/y1 explor$ ! n[ fam\s rock %elt]s & cav]ns ( ,dordogne--,laug]ie1 ,la ,madele9e1 ,les ,eyzies1 & ,le ,m\/i]--:i* "o by "o yield$ a v>iety ( fl9t & bone implem5ts1 engrav+s & sculpture on bone & ivory1 & a ri* ext9ct fauna1 9 :i* ! re9de] & mammo? pr$om9at$4 ,! results ( ?is decade ( exploration are record$ 9 _! classic "w1 ,reliqui ,aquitanic47#bi7 ,l>tet1 obs]ves ,breuil17#cj7 cle>ly p]ceiv$ ! level ( ,aurignac1 :]e ! fauna ( ! great cave-be> & ( ! mammo? appe>s to yield to t ( ! re9de]4 ,above he p]ceiv$ ! /one culture ( ! ,solutrean type 9 ,laug]ie ,haute1 & ( ! ,magdal5ian type 9 ,laug]ie ,basse4 ,l>tet also di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! ar*ological p]iod ( ,/4 ,a*eul 7 ,l[] ,paloli?ic7 & t ( ,aurignac 7 ,upp] ,paloli?ic74 ,x rema9$1 h[ev]1 = ,gabriel de ,mortillet1 ! fir/ ,fr5* ar*ologi/ to survey & sy/ematize ! developm5t ( ! fl9t indu/ry ?r\gh\t ! entire ,paloli?ic ,p]iod1 to recognize t ! ,magdal5ian foll[$ ! ,solutrean1 & t dur+ ! latt] /age indu/ry 9 /one rea*$ its height1 :ile dur+ ! ,magdal5ian ! indu/ry 9 bone & 9 wood develop$ 9 a m>vel\s mann]4 ,mortillet fail$ to recognize ! position ( ! ,aurignacian & omitt$ x f 8 ar*ological *ronology1 :i* 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahfi1 ,essai de classification des cav]nes et des /ations s\s abri1 fonde sur les produits de l'indu/rie huma9e37#ca7 7#e7 ,magdalni51,k *>act]iz$ by a numb] & v>iety ( bone implem5ts2 7#d7 ,solutren1 leaf-l lance-heads beautifully work$2 7#c7 ,m\/ri51 fl9ts work$ mo/ly on "o side only2 7#b7 ,a*eulen1 ! 'langues de *at' h&-axes ( ,/4 ,a*eul2 7#a7 ,*ellen1 bold1 primitive1 p>tly work$ h&-axes4 ,%ortly aft] ! ,franco-,prussian ,w>1 ,ed\>d ,piette 7b4 #ahbg1 d4 #aijf71 :o _h held ! (fice ( magi/rate 9 v>i\s t[ns 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( ,ard5nes & ,aisne1 ,france1 & :o 0 already di/+ui%$ = 8 g5]al sci5tific atta9m5ts1 began to devote himself especially to ! evolution ( art 9 ,upp] ,paloli?ic times1 & assembl$ ! great collections :i* are describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 8 classic "w1 ,l',art p5dant l',age du ,r5ne 7#aijg747cb7 ,he fir/ e/abli%$ sev]al phases ( arti/ic evolution 9 ! ,magdal5ian /age1 & only recogniz$ 9 8 lat] ye>s ! /ation ( ,brassemp\y1 n compreh5d+ t ! ,aurignacian art :i* he f\nd !re und]lay ! ,solutrean culture & 0 sep>at$ by a long int]val ( "t f ! mo/ anci5t ,magdal5ian4 ,8 di/9ct contribution to ,paloli?ic hi/ory is 8 discov]y ( ! tage azili5 ov]ly+ ! ,magdal5ian 9 ! cav]n ( ,mas d',azil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,evolution ( ! lance-po9t1 spe>1 or d>t head4 ,note ! increas+ symmetry & skill 9 ! flak+ & ret\* z ! types pass 9 asc5d+ ord] ?r\gh ! ,*ellean1 ,a*eulean1 ,m\/]ian1 & ,aurignacian1 into ! p]fect$1 symmetrical1 d\ble-po9t$ 'laurel-leaf' ( ! ,solutrean2 & into ! subsequ5t decl9e 9 ! fl9t indu/ry ( ! ,magdal5ian & ,azilian /ages4 ,aft] de ,mortillet1 ,ob]mai]1 & ,ho]nes4 ,h5ri ,breuil1 a pupil ( ,piette & ( ,c>tailhac1 explor+ dur+ ! decade1 #aijb-ab1 *iefly "u ! influ5ce ( ,c>tailhac1 =m$ a cle> conception ( ! :ole ,upp] ,paloli?ic & its subdivisions1 & plac$ ! ,aurignacian def9itely at ! base ( ! s]ies4 ,?us /ep by /ep ! culture /ages ( ar*ological evolution h be5 e/abli%$ & may be summ>iz$ ) ! type /ations z foll[s3 ,,tage ,,/ation ,t>d5oisi51 ,fre-en-,t>d5ois1 ,aisne4 ,azili51 ,mas d',azil1 ,arige4 ,magdal5i51 ,la ,madele9e1 prs ,tursac1 ,dordogne4 ,solutren1 ,solutr prs ,mcon1 ,sane-et-,loire4 ,aurignaci51 ,aurignac1 ,haute-,g>onne4 ,m\/ri51 ,le ,m\/i]1 commune de ,peyzac1 ,dordogne4 ,a*eulen1 ,/4 ,a*eul1 prs ,ami5s1 ,somme4 ,*ellen1 ,*elles-sur-,m>ne1 ,se9e-et-,m>ne4 ,pre-,*ellen 7 ,mesv9i51 ,rutot71 ,mesv91 ,mons1 ,belgique4 ,^! /ages1 at fir/ reg>d$ z s+le1 h ea* be5 subdivid$ into ?ree or m sub/ages1 z a result ( ! m ref9$ appreciation ( ! subtle advances 9 ,paloli?ic inv5tion & te*nique4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,! type /ations ( ! successive /ages ( ,paloli?ic culture f ! ,*ellean to ! ,azilian-,t>d5oisian4 ,a new impulse to ! /udy ( ,paloli?ic culture 0 giv5 9 #ahie1 :5 ,e4 ,rivire discov]$ examples ( ,paloli?ic mural art 9 ! cav]n ( ,la ,m\!17#cc7 ?us confirm+ ! orig9al discov]y1 9 #ahhj1 by ,m>cel9o de ,sautuola ( ! wond]ful ceil+ frescoes ( ! cave ( ,altamira1 nor!rn ,spa947#cd7 ,?is creat$ ! opportunity = ! e/abli%m5t by ! ,pr9ce ( ,monaco ( ! ,in/itut de ,palontologie huma9e 9 #aiaj1 support+ ! comb9$ rese>*es ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic culture & art ( ,france & ,spa91 by ,c>tailhac1 ,capitan1 ,rivire1 ,b\le1 ,breuil1 & ,ob]mai]1 & m>k+ a new epo* 9 ! brilliant hi/ory ( ! ar*ology ( ,france4 ,x rema9$ = ! prehi/ory ( ! bord]s ( ! ,danube1 ,rh9e1 & ,neck> to be br\ght into h>mony ) t ( ,france1 & ?is has be5 accompli%$ ) extraord9>y precision & fulness ?r\gh ! labors ( ,r4 ,r4 ,s*midt1 begun 9 #aijf1 & br\ght toge!r 9 8 invaluable "w1 ,die diluviale ,vorzeit ,deuts*l&s47#ce7 ,to an e>li] & long] epo* belongs ! ,prepaloli?ic or ,eoli?ic /age4 ,beg9n+ 9 #ahfg ) ! suppos$ discov]y by l',abb ,b\rgeois7#cf7 ( a primordial or ,prepaloli?ic /one culture1 mu* obs]vation & speculation has be5 devot$ to ! ,eoli?ic7#cg7 era & ! ,eoli?ic indu/ry1 culm9at+ 9 ! complete *ronological sy/em ( ,rutot1 z foll[s3 ,,l[] ,,quat]n>y1 ,,or ,,plei/oc5e ,/rpyian 7 ,pre-,*ellean1 9 "p74 ,mesv9ian1 culture ( ,mesv91 ne> ,mons1 ,belgium 7 ,pre-,*ellean74 ,mafflean1 culture ( ,maffle1 ne> ,a?1 ,h5negau4 ,reutelian1 culture ( ,reutel1 ,ypres1 ,we/ ,fl&]s4 ,,t]ti>y ,pre/ian1 culture ( ,/4 ,pre/1 ,eure-et-,loire1 ,upp] ,plioc5e4 ,k5tian1 culture ( ! plateau ( ,k5t1 ,middle ,plioc5e4 ,cantalian1 culture ( ,aurillac1 ,cantal1 ,upp] ,mioc5e or ,l[] ,plioc5e4 ,fagnian1 culture ( ,boncelles1 ,ard5nes1 ,middle ,oligoc5e4 ,only ! ,mesv9ian /age is g5]ally accept$ by ar*ologi/s1 & ?is embraces ! prototypes ( ! ,l[] ,paloli?ic culture1 :i* among mo/ ,fr5* au?ors are t]m$ ,pre-,*ellean or ,proto-,*ellean4 ,! ,eoli?ic problem has ar\s$ ! mo/ animat$ controv]sy1 9 :i* op9ion is divid$4 ,a critical consid]ation ( ?is era1 h[ev]1 falls )\t ! prov9ce ( ! pres5t "w4 ,,succession ,,( ,,human ,,indu/ries ,,& ,,cultures,l ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,v4 ,,lat] ,,iron ,,age ,,europe #ejj ,b4 ,c4 to 7,,la ,t,,ne ,,culture7 ,,roman ,,times4 ,,iv4 ,,e>li] ,,iron ,,age ,,europe #ajjj-ejj ,b4 ,c4 7,,hall/att ,,culture7 ,,ori5t #ahjj-ajjj ,,iii4 ,,bronze ,,age ,,europe ab\t #bjjj-ajjj ,,ori5t #djjj-ahjj ,,ii4 ,,new ,,/one ,,age1 ,,neoli?ic #c4 ,,late ,,neoli?ic & ,,copp] ,,age 7,,transition ,,p]iod7 ,,europe #cjjj-bjjj4 #b4 ,,typical ,,neoli?ic ,,age 7,,rob5hausian1 ,,swiss ,,lake-,,dwell]s7 ,,europe #gjjj4 #a4 ,,e>ly ,,neoli?ic ,,/ages 7,,campignian ,,culture7 ,,europe ,i4 ,,old ,,/one ,,age1 ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,upp] ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,europe #h4 ,,azilian-,,t>d5oisian4 #ab1jjj4 #g4 ,,magdal5ian4 7,close ( #af1jjj4 ,po/glacial "t47 #f4 ,,solutrean4 ,,re9de]1 ,,%elt]1 #e4 ,,aurignacian4 7,beg9n+ ,,& ,,cave ( ,po/-,glacial ,"t47 ,,p]iod4 ,,l[] ,,pal,,oli?ic #d4 ,,m\/]ian4 7,f\r? #dj1jjj4 ,glacial "t47 #c4 ,,a*eulean4 7,transition to %elt]s47 ,,riv]- ,,drift #b4 ,,*ellean4 ,,& #ajj1jjj4 ,,t]race #a4 ,,pre-,,*ellean 7,,mesv9ian47 ,,p]iod4 ,,eoli?ic4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,geologic ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,man ,man em]ges f ! va/ geologic hi/ory ( ! e>? 9 ! p]iod kn[n z ! ,plei/oc5e1 or ,glacial1 & ,po/glacial1 ! ',diluvium' ( ! old] geologi/s4 ,! m5 ( ! ,old ,/one ,age 9 we/]n ,europe are n[ kn[n ?r\gh ! latt] half ( ,glacial times to ! v end ( ,po/glacial times1 :5 ! ,old ,/one ,age1 ) its wond]ful environm5t ( mammalian & human life1 comes to a gradual close1 & ! ,new ,/one ,age beg9s ) ! climate & natural beauties ( ! =e/s1 mead[s1 & ,alps ( ,europe z !y 7 be=e ! de/roy+ h& ( economic civilization fell ^u !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,ii4 ,?r\gh\t ?is long epo* we/]n ,europe is to be view$ z a p59sula1 surr\nd$ on all sides by ! sea & /ret*+ we/w>d f ! great l& mass ( ea/]n ,europe & ( ,asia1 :i* 0 ! *ief !atre ( evolution bo? ( animal & human life4 #a-h4 ,discov]y sites ( ! type specim5s ( human & prehuman races4 ,x is our difficult b fasc9at+ task to project 9 our imag9ation ! extraord9>y s]ies ( prehi/oric natural ev5ts :i* 7 witness$ by ! successive races ( ,paloli?ic m5 9 ,europe2 su* a comb9ation & sequ5ce nev] occurr$ be=e 9 ! _w's hi/ory & w nev] occur aga94 ,!y c5tr$ ar\nd ?ree di/9ct & yet closely relat$ gr\ps ( causes4 ,fir/1 ! =mation ( ! two great ice-fields c5tr+ ov] ! ,sc&9avian p59sula & ov] ! ,alps2 second1 ! arrival or assemblage 9 we/]n ,europe ( mammals f five entirely diff]5t life-zones or natural habitats2 ?ird1 ! arrival 9 ,europe ( sev5 or eight successive races ( m5 by migration1 *iefly f ! great ,eurasiatic cont95t ( ! ,ea/4 ,?r\gh\t ?is long epo* we/]n ,europe is to be view$ z a p59sula1 surr\nd$ on all sides by ! sea & /ret*+ we/w>d f ! great l& mass ( ea/]n ,europe & ( ,asia1 :i* 0 ! *ief !atre ( evolution bo? ( animal & human life4 ,x 0 ! 'f> we/' ( all migrations ( animals & m54 ,nor may we disreg>d ! va/ ,african l& mass1 ! nor!rn coa/s ( :i* af=d$ a great s\!rn migration r\te f ,asia1 & may h suppli$ ,europe ) c]ta9 ( its human races su* z ! ',grimaldi4' ,^! ?ree pr9cipal ph5om5a ( ! ice-fields1 ! mammals1 & ! human life & indu/ry1 toge!r e/abli% ! *ronology ( ! ,age ( ,man4 ,9 o!r words1 !re are f\r ways ( keep+ prehi/oric "t3 t ( geology1 t ( palontology1 t ( anatomy1 & t ( human indu/ry4 ,geologic ev5ts m>k ! gr&] divisions ( "t2 palontologic & anatomic ev5ts m>k ! less] divisions2 :ile ! successive phases ( human indu/ry m>k ! lea/ divisions4 ,! geologic *ronology deals ) su* imm5se p]iods ( "t t its ratio to ! animal & to ! human *ronology is l t ( ye>s to h\rs & to m9utes ( our own sol> "t4 ,! ,glacial ,epo* :5 fir/ reveal$ by ,*>p5ti]7#ci7 & ,agassiz17#dj7 betwe5 #ahcg & #ahdj1 0 suppos$ to correspond to a s+le great advance & retreat ( ! ice-fields f v>i\s c5tres4 ,! vague problem ( ! antiquity ( ,plioc5e man & ,diluvial man soon m]g$ into ! f> m def9ite *ronology ( glacial & int]glacial man4 ,z e>ly z #ahed1 ,morlot discov]$ ne> ,drnt51 on ! bord]s ( ! lake ( ,zri*1 a b$ ( fossil plants indicat+ a p]iod ( s\? temp]ate climate int]v5+ betwe5 two great deposits ( glacial orig94 ,?is l$ to ! new conception ( cold glacial /ages & w>m int]glacial /ages1 & ,morlot7#da7 himself advanc$ ! !ory t !re _h be5 ?ree glacial /ages sep>at$ by two int]glacial /ages4 ,o!r discov]ies foll[$ bo? ( fossil plants & mammals adapt$ to w>m] p]iods int]v5+ betwe5 ! cold] p]iods4 ,moreov]1 successive glacial mora9es & 'drifts1' & successive riv] 't]races' 7 f\nd to confirm ! !ory ( multiple glacial /ages4 ,! ,briti% geologi/1 ,james ,geikie 7#ahga-id7 m>%all$ all ! evid5ce = ! extreme hypo!sis ( a succession ( six glacial & five int]glacial /ages1 ea* ) its correspond+ cold & w>m climates4 ,/rong confirmation ( a !ory ( f\r great glaciations came ?r\gh ! ,am]ican geologi/s1 ,*amb]l917#db7 ,salisbury17#dc7 & o!rs1 9 ! discov]y ( evid5ce ( f\r *ief glacial & ?ree int]glacial /ages 9 nor!rn portions ( our own cont95t4 ,f9ally1 a firm f\ndation ( ! quadruple glacial !ory 9 ,europe 0 laid by ! classic rese>*es ( ,p5ck & ,brckn]7#dd7 9 ! ,alps1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 #aiji4 ,?us ! exhau/ive rese>* ( ,geikie1 ( ,*amb]l9 & ,salisbury1 ( ,p5ck & ,brckn]1 & f9ally ( ,lev]ett7#de7 has firmly e/abli%$ eight subdivisions or /ages ( ,plei/oc5e "t1 namely1 f\r glacial1 ?ree int]glacial1 & "o po/glacial4 ,^! n only m>k ! great eras ( ,european "t b also make possible ! syn*rony ( ,am]ica ) ,europe4 ,,place ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,/one ,,age ,,9 ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,hi/ory 7,indicat$ 9 heavy-face lett]47 ,comp>e ,s*u*]t's ,table1 #aiad4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,major ,p]iods & ,epo*s ,advances 9 ,life ,dom9ant ,life ,divisions ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,holoc5e4 ,rec5t ,rise ( _w ,age ( ,man4 alluvial4 civilization4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4,indu/ry 9 iron1 ,iron1 ,bronze1 copp]1 & & ,new ,,quat]n>y4 poli%$ /one4 ,/one ,ages4 ,,plei/oc5e1,po/glacial,ext9ction ( /age4 great mammals4 ,m5 or ( ! ,,ice ,,age4 ,glacial ,dawn ( m9d1 ,old ,/one /ages4 art1 & ,age4 indu/ry4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,plioc5e4 ,trans=mation ( man-ape into man4 -------------,late ------------------ ,,mioc5e4 ,t]ti>y4 ,culm9ation ( mammals ,,age ,,( ---------------------------------------- --- ,,oligoc5e4 ,beg9n+s ( ,,mammals an?ropoid ape ,,t]ti>y4 ------------- life4 ,,& ,appe>ance ( ,,eoc5e4 ,e>ly high] types ( ,,mod]n ,t]ti>y4 mammals1 & vani%+ ( ,,plant ,,life4 ar*aic =ms4 ------------- ------------------ ,,pal,,oc5e4 ,rise ( ar*aic mammals4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,ext9ction ( great reptiles4 ,cretace\s4 ------------------------------ ,,late ,extreme ,,mesozoic4 specialization ,,age ( reptiles4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,rise ( fl[]+ ,,( ,coman*ian4 plants4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,reptiles4 ,rise ( birds & ,jurassic4 fly+ reptiles4 ,,e>ly ---------------------------------------- --- ,,mesozoic4 ,triassic4 ,rise ( d9osaurs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,s9ce mo/ ( ! skeletal & cultural rema9s ( man c n[ be def9itely attribut$ to c]ta9 glacial1 int]glacial1 or po/glacial /ages1 va/ int]e/ atta*es to ! v difficult problem ( ! duration ( ! :ole ,ice ,age & ! relative duration ( its v>i\s glacial & int]glacial /ages4 ,! foll[+ figures set =? ! wide v>iations 9 op9ion on ?is subject & ! two opposite t5d5cies ( speculation :i* lead to greatly exp&$ or greatly abbreviat$ e/imates ( ,plei/oc5e "t3 ,,duration ,,( ,,! ,,ice ,,age ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #ahfc4 ,*>les ,lyell17#df7 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology #hjj1jjj ye>s4 #ahgd4 ,james ,d4 ,dana17#dg7 ,manual ( ,geology #gbj1jjj #ahic4 ,*>les ,d4 ,walcott17#dh7 ,geologic ,"t z ,indicat$ by ! ,s$im5t>y ,rocks ( ,nor? ,am]ica #djj1jjj #ahic4 ,w4 ,upham17#di7 ,e/imates ( ,geologic ,times1 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xlv #ajj1jjj #ahid4 ,a4 ,heim17#ej7 ,ueb] das absolute ,alt] d] ,eiszeit #ajj1jjj #aijj4 ,w4 ,j4 ,sollas17#ea7 ,evolutional ,geology #djj1jjj #aiji4 ,albre*t ,p5ck17#eb7 ,die ,alp5 im ,eiszeitalt] #ebj1jjj-hdj1jjj #aiad4 ,james ,geikie17#ec7 ,! ,antiquity ( ,man 9 ,europe #fbj1jjj 7m947 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,we may adopt = ! pres5t "w ! m cons]vative e/imate ( ,p5ck1 t s9ce ! fir/ great ice-fields develop$ 9 ,sc&9avia1 9 ! ,alps1 & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica we/ ( ,hudson ,bay a p]iod ( "t ( n less ?an #ebj1jjj ye>s has elaps$4 ,! relative duration ( ! subdivisions ( ! ,glacial ,epo* is also /udi$ by ,p5ck 9 8 ,*ronologie des ,eiszeitalt]s 9 d5 ,alp547#eb7 ,^! /ages are n 9 any degree rhy?mic1 or ( equal l5g? ei!r 9 we/]n ,europe or 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! unit ( glacial measurem5t *os5 by ,p5ck is ! "t :i* has elaps$ s9ce ! close ( ! f\r? & la/ great glaciation2 ?is is kn[n z ! ,wrm 9 ! ,alp9e region & z ! ,wiscons9 9 ,am]ica4 ,:ile m limit$ ?an ! ice-caps ( ! second glaciation1 ^? ( ! f\r? glaciation 7 /ill ( va/ ext5t 9 ,europe & 9 ?is c\ntry1 s t an e/imate ( #bj1jjj to #cd1jjj ye>s = ! unit ( ! entire ,po/glacial /age is n extreme4 ,e/imat+ ?is unit at #be1jjj ye>s & accept+ ,re$s's7#ed7 e/imate ( ! relative l5g? ( "t occupi$ by ea* ( ! prec$+ glacial & int]glacial /ages1 we rea* ! foll[+ results 7comp>e ,fig4 #ad1 p1 #da73 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,relative ,gr& ,desc5t ,duration ,totals( ,alp9e ,sn[-,l9e ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,po/glacial ,,"t4 ,units ,ye>s ,ye>s ,met]s 7,p]iod ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic culture1 ,cr-,magnon & ,brnn races7 #a #be1jjj #be1jjj ,,iv4 ,,glacial ,,/age 7 ,wrm1 ,wiscons97 7,close ( ,l[] ,paloli?ic culture1 ,ne&]?al race7 #a #be1jjj #ej1jjj #a1bjj #c;d4 ,int]glacial ,/age4 7,op5+ p]iod ( ,l[] ,paloli?ic culture1 ,piltd[n & pre-,ne&]?aloid races7 #d #ajj1jjjaej1jjj ,,iii4 ,,glacial ,,/age 7 ,riss1 ,ill9oian74 #a #be1jjjage1jjj #a1bej #b;d4 ,int]glacial ,/age 7 ,m9del-,riss1 ,y>m\?7 #h #bjj1jjjcge1jjj 7,p]iod ( ,heidelb]g race47 ,,ii4 ,,glacial ,,/age 7 ,m9del1 ,kansan7 #a #be1jjjdjj1jjj #a1cjj #a/4 ,int]glacial ,/age 7 ,gnz-,m9del1 ,aftonian7 #c #ge1jjjdge1jjj 7,p]iod ( ,pi!can?ropus or ,tr9il race47 ,i4 ,,glacial ,,/age 7 ,gnz1 ,nebraskan7 #a #be1jjjejj1jjj #a1bjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,! ,po/glacial "t divisions are dat$ by ?ree successive advances ( ! ice-caps1 :i* broadly correspond ) ,geikie's fif? & six? glaciations2 !y are kn[n 9 ! ,alp9e region z ! ,bhl1 ,gs*nitz1 & ,daun4 ,^! ?ree waves ( cold & humid climate1 ea* accompani$ by glacial advances1 f9ally t]m9at$ ) ! retreat ( ! sn[ & ice 9 ! ,alp9e region1 ! same conditions prevail+ z ) ! pres5t climate4 ,! m9imum "t e/imates ( ^! ,po/glacial /ages & ! correspond+ p]iods ( human culture1 z calculat$ by ,heim17#ej7 ,nes*17#ee7 ,p5ck17#eb7 & _m o!rs1 are summ>iz$ 9 ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic 7p4 #bha74 ,,geologic ,,& ,,human ,,*ronology ,!re are f\r ways 9 :i* ! less] divisions & sequ5ce ( human *ronology may be dat$ ?r\gh geologic or e>?-=m+ ev5ts4 ,fir/1 ?r\gh ! age ( ! culture /ations or human rema9s1 z indicat$ by ! 'riv]-drifts' & 'riv] t]races' 9 or ^u :i* !y occur2 second1 ?r\gh ! age ( ! op5 'loess' /ations :i* are f\nd bo? on ! 'old] t]races' & on ! plateaus betwe5 ! riv] valleys2 ?ird1 ?r\gh ! age ( ! %elt]s & cav]ns 9 :i* skeletal & cultural rema9s occur2 f\r?1 ?r\gh ! age ( ! 'loam' deposits1 :i* h drift$ d[n on ! 't]races' f ! surr\nd+ mead[s & hills4 ,! m5 ( ! ,old ,/one ,age 7 attract$ to ^! natural camps & dwell+-places bo? by ! abundance ( ! raw fl9t mat]ials f :i* ! paloli?s 7 fa%ion$ & by ! pres5ce ( game4 ,9 m ?an n9ety ye>s ( exploration only ?ree skeletal relics ( man h be5 f\nd 9 ! anci5t 'riv]-drifts'2 ^! are ! ',tr9il1' ! ',heidelb]g1' & ! ',piltd[n'2 9 ea* in/ance ! human rema9s 7 buri$ accid5tally ) ^? ( ext9ct animals1 aft] drift+ = "s di/ance 9 ! riv] or /ream b$s4 ,x is only 9 late ,a*eulean times t human burial rites or int]m5ts beg9 & t skeletal rema9s are f\nd4 ,ow+ to ! less p]i%able nature ( fl9t1 relics ( ! qu>ries & /ations are inf9itely m common2 !y are f\nd bo? 9 ! riv] s&s & gravels1 9 ! 'riv] t]races1' & 9 ! 'loess' /ations ( ! plateaus & upl&s4 ,?us prehi/oric *ronology is bas$ on obs]vations ( ! geologi/1 :o 9 turn is greatly aid$ by ! ar*ologi/1 because ! evolution /ages ( ea* type ( implem5t are practically ! same all ov] we/]n ,europe1 ) ! exception ( unimportant local inv5tions & v>iations4 ,9 brief1 ! l>ge divisions ( "t are det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( "w done by geologic ag5cies2 ! comp>ative age ( ! v>i\s camp sites is det]m9$ by _! geologic succession1 by ! mammals & plants :i* occur 9 !m1 & f9ally by ! cultural type ( any indu/rial rema9s t may be f\nd4 ,,times ,,( ,,! ',,high' ,,& ',,l[' ,,riv] ',,t]races' ,! s-call$ 't]race' *ronology is to be us$ by ! prehi/orian ) caution1 = x is obvi\s t ! 't]races' 9 ! diff]5t riv]-valleys ( we/]n ,europe 7 n all =m$ at ! same "t2 ?us ! te/imony ( ! 't]races' is always to be *eck$ (f by o!r evid5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,t]races on ei!r side ( ! valley ( ! ,riv] ,inn1 ,s*>d+1 ,au/ria1 =m$ by s& & gravel deposits p>tly cov]$ ) loess4 ,aft] ,brckn]4 ,ib4 ,v broad riv] deposits ( ,fir/ ,glaciation1 on ! fir/ erosion level1 cov]$ ) ! ',upp] ,loess' ( ! ,second ,int]glacial ,/age4 ,i,ib4 ,some:at n>r[] riv] deposits ( ,second ,glaciation on ! second erosion level4 ,i,i,ib4 ,/ill n>r[] riv] t]races ( ! ,?ird ,glaciation on ! ?ird erosion level1 cov]$ ) ! ',l[] ,loess' ( ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age4 ,i,vb4 ,f\r? or l[e/ t]race ( ! ,f\r? ,glaciation on ! f\r? erosion level4 ,va4 ,erosion t]races1 ,a*54 ,v,ia4 ,po/-,bhl erosion4 ,loess1 ',upp] ,loess' ( ,second ,int]glacial4 ,loess1 ',l[] ,loess' ( ,?ird ,int]glacial4 ,z to ! orig9 ( ! s&s & gravels :i* compose ! 't]races' we "k t ! glacial /ages 7 p]iods ( ! we>+ away ( va/ mat]ials f ! summits & sides ( ! m\nta9s1 :i* 7 transport$ by ! riv]s to ! valleys & pla9s4 ,^! va/ deposits ( glacial times spread out ov] ! v broad surfaces ( ! pri/9e riv]-bottoms1 :i* 9 _m valleys x is important to note 7 f #ajj to #aej feet above ! pres5t levels4 ,! dim9i%$ & contract$ /reams ( int]glacial times cut into ^! anci5t riv] b$s1 =m+ n>r[] *annels into :i* !y transport$ _! own mat]ials4 ,?us1 z ! successive 'riv] t]races' 7 =m$1 a desc5d+ s]ies ( /eps 0 creat$ along ! sides ( ! valleys4 ,9 _m valleys !re are f\r ( ^! 't]races1' :i* may correspond ) sev]al glacial /ages2 9 o!r valleys !re are only ?ree2 9 o!rs1 aga91 l ! valley ( ! ,riv] ,inn :i* fl[s pa/ ,innsbruck 9 ! ,tyrol 7,fig4 #f71 !re are five 't]races1' :ile 9 ! valley ( ! ,rh9e above ,basle !re are six1 correspond+1 x is believ$1 ) ! mat]ials br\ght d[n by ! f\r great glaciations & ) ! riv] levels ( ,po/glacial times4 ,9 g5]al1 !re=e1 ! 'high t]races' are ! olde/ ones1 t is1 !y are compos$ ( mat]ials br\ght d[n dur+ ! pluvial p]iods ( ! ,fir/1 ,second1 & ,?ird ,glacial ,/ages1 :ile ! 'l[] t]races' & ! 'l[e/ t]races' 9 ! alp9e regions are compos$ ( mat]ials borne by ! great riv]s ( ! ,f\r? ,glacial & ,po/glacial ,/ages4 ,9 ! region ar\nd ! ,alps ! 'high] t]races' are products *iefly ( ! ?ird glaciation2 9 ! valley ( ! ,rh9e !y are visible ne> ,basle4 ,on ! upp] ,rh9e ! 'l[ t]races' are products ( ! f\r? glaciation2 !y cov] va/ surfaces & conta9 rema9s ( ! woolly mammo? 7,e4 primig5ius71 an animal di/9ctive ( ,f\r? ,glacial & ,po/glacial times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,cross-section ?r\gh ! t]rac$ ,plei/oc5e =mations ( ! ,rh9e valley above ,basle1 ,switz]l&4 ,aft] ,p5ck4 ,ib4 ,outwa% ( ! ,fir/ ,glaciation--,gnz--,deposits on ! fir/ erosion level4 ,i,ib4 ,outwa% ( ! ,second ,glaciation--,m9del--,deposits on ! second erosion level4 ,i,i,ib4 ,outwa% ( ! ,?ird ,glaciation--,riss--,deposits on ! ?ird erosion level4 ,i,vb4 ,outwa% ( ! ,f\r? ,glaciation--,wrm--,deposits on ! f\r? erosion level4 ,va4 ,erosion t]race1 ,a*5 oscillation--fif? erosion level4 ,v,ia4 ,po/-,bhl erosion--six? & sev5? erosion levels4 ,v,i,ia4 ,i,i,ic4 ,mora9e ( ! ,?ird ,glaciation--,riss4 ,! section ( ! ,rhe9feld] ,hill lies #c km4 we/ f ! ,ml9] ,field4 ,m remote f ! glacial regions1 b equally subject to ! inundations ( glacial times are ! 'high t]races' along ! ,riv] ,se9e1 :i* are n9ety feet above ! pres5t level ( ! riv] & conta9 ! rema9s ( mammals *>act]i/ic ( ! ,fir/ ,int]glacial ,/age1 su* z ! s\!rn elephant 7,e4 m]idionalis71 :ile ! 'l[ t]races' along ! ,se9e are only fifte5 feet above ! pres5t level ( ! riv] & conta9 mammals belong+ to ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age4 ,simil>ly1 ! 'high t]races' ( ! ,riv] ,eure conta9 mammals ( ,fir/ ,int]glacial times1 su* z ! s\!rn elephant 7,e4 m]idionalis7 & ,/5o's horse 7,e4 /5onis72 ^! fossils occur 9 co>se riv] s&s & gravels :i* 7 deposit$ by a broad /ream t fl[$ at lea/ n9ety feet above ! pres5t wat]s ( ! ,eure4 ,! human int]e/ :i* atta*es to ^! dry facts ( geology appe>s especially 9 ! valleys ( ! ,somme & ! ,m>ne 9 nor!rn ,france2 "h aga9 we f9d 'high t]races1' 'middle t]races1' & 'l[ t]races'2 ! latt] are /ill subject to flood+4 ,9 ! deep gravels ^u ea* ( ^! t]races we f9d ! fir/ pro(s ( human resid5ce1 = "h occur ! e>lie/ ,pre-,*ellean & ,*ellean implem5ts associat$ ) ! rema9s ( ! hippopotamus1 ( ,m]ck's rh9oc]os1 & ( ! /raight-tusk$ elephant 7,e4 antiquus71 toge!r ) mammals :i* are *>act]i/ic bo? ( ,second & ,?ird ,int]glacial times4 ,?is raises a v important di/9ction1 :i* is (t5 misund]/ood2 namely1 betwe5 ! mat]ials compos+ ! orig9al t]races & ^? subsequ5tly deposit$ ^u ! t]races4 ,x appe>s to be 9 ! latt] t human artifacts are *iefly1 if n exclusively1 f\nd4 ,,times ,,( ,,! ,,loam ,,/ations ,! 'loam' :i* wa%es d[n ov] ! orig9al s& & gravel 't]races' f ! surr\nd+ hills & mead[s is ( mu* lat] date ?an ! 't]races' !mselves1 & ! ar*ologi/ 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme z well z 9 t ( ! ,?ames may well be deceiv$ unless he cle>ly di/+ui%es betwe5 ! new] deposits ( gravels & ( loams & ! f> old] gravels & riv] s&s :i* compose ! orig9al 't]races4' ,?is is well illu/rat$ by ! obs]vations ( ,commont on ! section ( ,/4 ,a*eul47#ef7 ,! loams & brick-e>? are ( mu* m rec5t age ?an ! orig9al gravels & s&s ( ! 't]races' :i* !y ov]lap & conceal2 ! l[e/ & olde/ 'loam' 7limon f5dill7 conta9s ,a*eulean fl9ts1 :ile ! ov]ly+ 'loam' conta9s ,m\/]ian fl9ts4 ,al?\gh occurr+ on ! 'high] t]races1' ^! fl9ts are ( some:at lat] date ?an ! primitive ,*ellean fl9ts :i* occur 9 ! co>se gravels & s&s t h collect$ ^u ! v l[e/ levels 7,fig4 #ei74 ,a simil> prehi/oric inv]sion d\btless occurs 9 ! 't]races' ( ! ,?ames1 = mat]ials on ! 'highe/ t]race' 7,fig4 #h7 conta9 ,a*eulean fl9ts1 :ile mat]ials on ! 'l[e/ t]race' belong to a mu* m rec5t age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,section--,f\r t]races indicat$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,?ames at ,galley ,hill1 ne> ,london4 ,site ( ! discov]y ( ! ',galley ,hill ,man' 9 deposits ov]ly+ "o ( ! high t]races4 ,site also ( ,gray's ,?urrock1 a deposit ( ,?ird ,int]glacial times conta9+ mammals & fl9ts ( ,*ellean age4 ,a typical camp+ /ation ( 'riv]-drift man4' ,drawn by ,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$s4 ,we h no record ( a s+le ,paloli?ic /ation f\nd 9 ! true orig9al s&s & gravels ( ! 'high] t]races' 9 any "p ( ,europe2 only eoli?s are f\nd on ! 'high t]race' levels1 z at ,/4 ,pre/4 ,! e>lie/ paloli?s occur 9 ! gravels on bo? ! 'middle' & 'upp] t]races' ( ! ,somme & ! ,m>ne1 prov+ t ! gravels 7 deposit$ long subsequ5t to ! cutt+ ( ! orig9al t]races4 ,geikie17#eg7 moreov]1 is ( ! op9ion t ! valley ( ! ,somme has rema9$ z x is s9ce e>ly ,plei/oc5e times1 & t ev5 ! 'l[e/ t]race' "h 0 complet$ at t p]iod2 ?is is contr>y to ! view ( ,commont1 :o consid]s t ?is 'l[e/ t]race' belongs to ,?ird ,int]glacial times2 a re/udy ( ! /ations along ! ,?ames may ?r[ light ^u ?is v important diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,,times ,,( ,,! ',,loess' ,,/ations ,! glacial /ages 7 g5]ally times ( relatively great humidity1 ( heavy ra9 & sn[ fall1 ( full riv]s *>g$ ) gravels & s&s1 & ) loam ! f9e/ product ( ! erosive action ( ice ^u ! rocks4 ,?is loam on ! b>r5 wa/es left b>e by ! glaci]s or on ! riv] bord]s & ov]fl[ bas9s 0 retransport$ by ! w9ds & laid d[n afre% 9 lay]s ( v>y+ ?ickness kn[n z 'loess4' ,!re 0 no 'loess' =mation ei!r 9 ,europe or ,am]ica dur+ ! humid climate ( ,fir/ ,int]glacial times1 b dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ,second ,int]glacial ,/age1 aga9 t[>d ! close ( ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age1 & f9ally dur+ ,po/glacial times !re 7 p]iods ( arid climate :5 ! 'loess' 0 lift$ & transport$ by ! prevail+ w9ds ov] ! 't]races' & plateaus & ev5 to great heights among ! m\nta9 valleys4 ,z obs]v$ by ,hunt+ton7#eh7 9 8 int]e/+ book ,! ,pulse ( ,asia1 ev5 at ! pres5t "t !re are di/ricts :]e we f9d 'loess' du/ fill+ ! entire atmosph]e ei!r dur+ ! heat$ mon?s ( summ] or dur+ ! cold mon?s ( w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,magdal5ian loess /ation ( ,aggsba*1 9 ,l[] ,au/ria4 ,a qu>ry camp+ /ation ( ! op5-pla9s type4 ,?is typical ,po/glacial loess deposit conta9s fl9ts ( e>ly ,magdal5ian age4 ,aft] ,ob]mai]4 ,9 ,plei/oc5e ,europe !re 7 at lea/ ?ree w>m or cold arid p]iods1 accompani$ 9 "s phases by prevail+ we/]ly w9ds17#ei7 9 :i* 'loess' 0 widely di/ribut$ ov] nor!rn ,g]many1 cov]+ ! 'riv] t]races1' plateaus1 & upl&s bord]+ ! ,rh9e & ! ,neck>4 ,^! 'loess' p]iods c be dat$ by ! fossil rema9s ( mammals :i* !y conta91 also by ! /ations ( ! fl9t qu>ries 9 diff]5t culture /ages4 ,?us we f9d late ,a*eulean implem5ts 9 drifts ( 'loess' at ,villejuif1 s\? ( ,p>is4 ,among ! mo/ fam\s /ations ( late ,a*eulean times is t ( ,a*5heim1 we/ ( ,/rasburg1 & n f> di/ant is ! 'loess' /ation ( ,momm5heim1 ( ,m\/]ian times2 bo? belong to ! p]iod ( ! f\r? glaciation4 ,an ,aurignacian 'loess' /ation is t ( ,will5dorf1 ,au/ria4 ,,times ,,( ,,! ,,lime/one ,,%elt]s ,,& ,,cav]ns ,beg9n+ 9 ! late or cold ,a*eulean p]iod1 ! ,paloli?ic hunt]s comm5c$ to seek ! w>m or %elt]$ side ( deep5$ riv]-valleys1 also ! %elt] af=d$ by ov]hang+ cliffs & ! entrances ( cav]ns4 ,x is q probable t dur+ ! w>m season ( ! ye> !y /ill repair$ to _! op5 fl9t qu>ries along ! riv]s & on ! upl&s2 9 fact1 ! riv] ,somme 0 a favorite resort ?r\gh ,a*eulean into ,m\/]ian times4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! op5 riv]s & plateaus 7 ab&on$1 & all ! regions ( lime/one rock favorable to ! =mation ( %elt] cliffs1 grottos1 & cav]ns 7 s\ght out by ! e>ly ,paloli?ic m5 f ,m\/]ian times on2 & ?us f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,m\/]ian to ! close ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic _! l9es ( migration & ( resid5ce foll[$ ! exposures ( ! lime/ones :i* _h be5 laid d[n by ! sea 9 bygone geologic ages f ,c>bonif]\s to ,cretace\s times4 ,! upp] valleys ( ! ,rh9e & ,danube trav]s$ ! :ite ,jurassic lime/ones :i* are aga9 expos$ 9 a broad b& along ! foot-hills ( ! ,pyr5ees1 ext5d+ f> we/ to ! ,cantabrian ,alps ( mod]n ,spa94 ,9 ,dordogne ! great horizontal plateau ( ,cretace\s lime/one _h be5 dissect$ by bran*+ riv]s1 su* z ! ,vzre1 to a dep? ( two hundr$ feet4 ,"u ov]hang+ cliffs long rock %elt]s 7 =m$1 su* z t ( ! ,magdal5ian /ation at ,la ,madele9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,ideal section ( ! bluff ov]ly+ ! ,dssel ,riv]1 ne> ,dsseldorf1 %[+ ! mode ( =mation ( ! fam\s ,ne&]?al ,cave1 :]e ! orig9al type ( ! ,ne&]?al race 0 discov]$ 9 #ahef4 ,a typical resort ( ! 'cave man4' ,aft] ,lyell4 c4 ,entrance ( p]colat+ wat]s f above4 f4 ,exit f ! grotto4 a-b4 ,int]ior ( ! cav]n4 ,_m cav]ns 7 =m$1 "s ( !m 9 e>ly ,plei/oc5e times1 by wat] p]colat+ f above & 7,fig4 #aa7 result+ 9 subt]ranean /reams :i* issu$ at ! entrance2 ?is =m$ ! exp&$ grotto1 sometimes a *amb] ( va/ dim5sions1 su* z ! ,grotte de ,g>gas4 ,outside ( ?is1 aga91 may be an abri or %elt] ( ov]hang+ rock4 ,9 o!r cases ! rock %elt] is f\nd q indep5d5t ( any cave4 ,:]e ! glaci]s or ice-caps pass$ ov] ! summits ( ! hills ! subglacial /reams p5etrat$ ! lime/one ( ! m\nta9 & =m$ va/ cav]ns1 su* z t ( ,niaux1 ne> ! riv] ,arige4 ,"h a ne>ly horizontal cav]n 0 =m$1 ext5d+ half a mile into ! he>t ( ! m\nta94 ,! mat]ial ) :i* ! floors ( ! cav]ns are cov]$ is ei!r a f9e cave loam or ! insoluble rema9d] ( ! lime/one =m+ a br[n or gray clayey sub/ance4 ,! ,magdal5ian arti/s produc$ draw+s on ^! s(t clays &1 9 r>e in/ances1 us$ !m = modell+ purposes1 z 9 ! ,tuc d',aud\b]t4 ,! s&s & gravels 7 also swept 9 f ! /reams above & c>ri$ by /rong curr5ts along ! wall surfaces1 smoo?+ & poli%+ ! lime/one 9 prep>ation = ! high] =ms ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic draughtsman%ip & pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,=mation ( ! typical lime/one cav]n4 ,aft] ,gaudry4 ,v4 ,v]tical section ( lime/one cliff %[+ 7,s7 wat]s p]colat+ f above2 7,a-,o7 int]ior ( ! cav]n2 & 7,g7 grotto entrance1 orig9al exit ( ! cav]n wat]s4 ,h4 ,horizontal section ( ! same cav]n %[+ ! 7,g7 grotto entrance & 7,a1 ,g1 ,o1 ,b7 ! ramifications ( ! cav]n4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! majority ( ! cav]ns 7 =m$ 9 pluvial p]iods ( e>ly glacial times2 ! =mation _h be5 complet$1 ! subt]ranean /reams _h ceas$ to fl[1 & ! int]iors 7 relatively dry & free f moi/ure 9 ,f\r? ,glacial & ,po/glacial times1 :5 man fir/ ent]$ !m4 ,!re is no evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t ! cav]n dep?s 7 g5]ally inhabit$1 = ! obvi\s reason t !re 0 no exit = ! smoke2 ! old he>?s are inv>iably f\nd close to or outside ( ! entrance1 ! only exception be+ 9 ! entrance to ! great cav]n ( ,g>gas1 :]e !re is a natural *imney = ! exit ( smoke4 ,!re 0 no cave life1 /rictly speak+--x 0 grotto life2 ! deep caves & cav]ns 7 probably p5etrat$ only by arti/s & possibly also by magicians or prie/s4 ,x is 9 ! abris or %elt]s 9 front ( ! grottos & 9 ! floors ( ! cav]ns t rem>kable prehi/oric records are f\nd f late ,a*eulean times to ! v close ( ! ,paloli?ic1 z 9 ! wond]ful grotto 9 front ( ! cave at ,ca/illo1 ne> ,sant&]4 ,?us1 z ,ob]mai]7#fj7 obs]ves3 ,9 ,*ellean times primitive man 0 a c>e-free hunt] w&]+ z he *ose 9 ! mild & pleasant wea!r1 & ev5 ! cold] climate ( ! arid 'loess' p]iod ( ! late ,a*eulean 0 n suffici5t to ov]come 8 love ( ! op52 he /ill made 8 camp on ! pla9s at ! edge ( ! =e/1 or 9 ! %elt] ( "s ov]hang+ cliff4 ,only 9 r>e in/ances1 z at ,ca/illo1 7 ! ,a*eulean he>?s br\ght )9 ! entrance l9e ( ! grotto4 ,,diff]5ces ,,( ,,op9ion ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,geologic ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,culture ,,/ages ,! "r-h& column repres5ts ! !ory adopt$ 9 ?is volume4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,p5ck1 #aiaj ,b\le1 ,breuil1 ,geologic ,"t ,geikie1 #aiad ,wieg]s1 #aiac ,ob]mai]1 #aiab ,s*midt1 #aiab ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,bronze4 ,magdal5ian4 ,po/glacial4 ,magdal5ian4,neoli?ic4 ,solutrean4 ,azilian4 ,aurignacian4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,magdal5ian4 ,solutrean4 ,m\/]ian4 ,,iv4 ,,glacial4 ,solutrean4 ,aurignacian4 ,m\/]ian4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,e>ly ,m\/]ian4 ,cold ,a*eulean4 ,?ird ,int]glacial4 ,m\/]ian4 ,m\/]ian4 ,w>m ,*ellean4 ,pre-,*ellean4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,iii4 ,,glacial4 ,m\/]ian4 ,cold ,a*eulean4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,second ,int]glacial4,a*eulean4 ,w>m ,a*eulean4 ,*ellean4 ,*ellean4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,ii4 ,,glacial4 ----------------------------------,pre-, *ellean ----------------- ,fir/ ,int]glacial4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,int]pretation ( ^! f\r k9ds ( evid5ce z to ! antiquity ( human culture 9 we/]n ,europe /ill leads to widely div]se op9ions4 ,on ! "o h&1 we h ! high au?ority ( ,p5ck7#fa7 & ,geikie7#fb7 t ! ,*ellean & ,a*eulean cultures are z anci5t z ! second long w>m int]glacial p]iod4 ,an extreme expon5t ( ! same !ory is ,wieg]s17#fc7 :o w\ld c>ry ! ,pre-,*ellean back ev5 into ,fir/ ,int]glacial times4 ,on ! o!r side1 ,b\le17#fd7 ,s*u*>dt17#fe7 ,ob]mai]17#ff7 ,s*midt17#fg7 & ! majority ( ! ,fr5* ar*ologi/s place ! beg9n+ ( ! ,pre-,*ellean culture 9 ,?ird ,int]glacial times4 ,9 favor ( ! latt] !ory is ! /rik+ly close succession ( ! ,l[] ,paloli?ic cultures 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme1 foll[$ by an equally close succession f ,a*eulean to ,magdal5ian times1 z1 = example1 9 ! /ation ( ,ca/illo4 ,x does n appe> possible t a va/ int]val ( "t1 su* z t ( ! ?ird glaciation1 sep>at$ ! ,*ellean f ! ,m\/]ian culture4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 favor ( ! great] antiquity ( ! ,pre-,*ellean & ,*ellean cultures may be urg$ _! alleg$ association 9 sev]al localities ) v primitive mammals ( e>ly ,plei/oc5e type1 namely1 ! ,etruscan rh9oc]os1 ,/5o's horse1 & ! sab]-too? tig]1 z witness$ 9 ,spa9 & 9 ! deposits ( ! ,*amps de ,m>s1 at ,abbeville4 ,x is true1 moreov]1 t at po9ts di/ant f ! great ice-fields1 l ! valley ( ! ,somme & t ( ! ,m>ne1 we h no o!r means ( sep>at+ glacial f int]glacial times ?an t af=d$ by ! deposition & erosion ( ! 't]races'2 9 fact1 ! int]pretation ( ! age ( ! cultures may be simil> to t appli$ to ! age ( ! mammalian fauna4 ,!re are no pro(s ( p]iods ( sev]e cold 9 we/]n ,europe 9 any c\ntry remote f ! glaci]s until ! v cold /eppe-tundra climate imm$iately prec$+ ! f\r? glaciation swept ! entire l& & drove out ! la/ ( ! ,african-,asiatic mammals4 ,,geographic ,,*anges ,! migrations ( mammals & ( races ( m5 into we/]n ,europe f ! ,eurasiatic cont95t on ! ea/ & f ,africa on ! s\? 7 favor$ or int]rupt$ by ! p]iods ( elevation or ( subsid5ce ( ! coa/al bord]s ( ! gean1 ,m$it]ranean1 & ,nor? ,seas1 & also ( ! ,ib]ian & ,briti% coa/-l9es4 ,! maximum p]iod ( elevation ( ! coa/al bord]s1 z repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ map 7,fig4 #ab71 nev] occurr$ 9 all portions ( ! cont95t ( ,europe at ! same "t1 because !re 7 oscillations bo? on ! nor!rn & s\!rn coa/s ( ,europe & ,africa4 ,! e>ly ,plei/oc5e1 especially ! p]iod ( ! ,fir/ ,int]glacial ,/age1 0 "o ( elevation rem>kable = ! broad l& bridges :i* br\ght ! animal life ( ,europe1 ,africa1 & ,asia toge!r4 ,! ,m$it]ranean coa/ rose #cjj feet4 ,l& bridges f ,africa 7 =m$ at ,gibralt> & ov] to ! isl& ( ,sicily1 s t = ! "t !re 0 a free migration ( mammalian life nor? & s\?4 ,x is to ?is t we/]n ,europe owes ! maje/ic mammals ( ,asiatic & ,african life :i* dom9at$ ! native fauna4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,europe 9 ! p]iod ( maximum cont95tal elevation1 9 :i* ! coa/-l9es are widely ext5d$1 connect+ ,africa & ,europe--includ+ ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&--9 a s+le va/ p59sula1 & af=d+ free migration r\tes = animal & human races nor? & s\?1 z well z ea/ & we/4 ,! ocean b\nd>ies are m remote & ! int]ior seas are greatly r$uc$ 9 area4 ,aft] ,ob]mai]4 ,9 g5]al1 ! elevation ( ! cont95t took place dur+ int]glacial1 ! subsid5ce dur+ glacial times1 b ,great ,brita9 appe>s to h be5 almo/ cont9u\sly elevat$ & a "p ( ! cont95t1 & 0 c]ta9ly s dur+ ! ,?ird ,int]glacial1 ,f\r? ,glacial1 & ,po/glacial ,/ages1 because !re 0 a free migration ( animal life & ( human culture4 ,! ,l[] ,paloli?ic peoples ( ,pre-,*ellean & ,*ellean times w&]$ at w f ! valley ( ! ,somme to ! n f> di/ant valley ( ! ,?ames1 int]*ang+ _! weapons & inv5tions4 ,! close proximity ( ^! /ations is well illu/rat$ 9 ! admirable map 7,fig4 #ef7 prep>$ "u ! direction ( ,"l ,avebury 7,sir ,john ,lubbock74 ,! relation :i* elevation & subsid5ce respectively be> to ! glacial & int]glacial /ages is believ$ to be z foll[s3 ,,elevation1 em]g5ce ( ! coa/-l9es f ! sea1 broad l& connections facilitat+ migration1 retreat ( ! glaci]s1 deep5+ ( ! riv]-valleys1 & cutt+ ( t]races4 ,arid cont95tal climate & deposition ( 'loess4' ,,subsid5ce1 subm]g5ce ( ! coa/-l9es & advance ( ! sea1 int]ruption ( l& connections & ( migration r\tes1 advance ( ! glaci]s1 fill+ ( ! riv]-valleys ) ! products ( glacial erosion1 ! s& & gravel mat]ials ( :i* ! 't]races' are compos$1 & subglacial erosion ( ! loam1 f :i* 9 arid p]iods ! 'loess' is d]iv$4 ,subsid5ce 0 ! great feature ( clos+ glacial times bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,dur+ ! ,f\r? ,glacial & ,po/glacial ,/ages ! ,black & ,caspian ,seas & ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7 deeply depress$1 :ile ! ,briti% ,isles 7 /ill connect$ ) ,france1 b by a n>r[] i/hmus ?an t ( e>ly int]glacial times4 ,! scatt]$ /ations ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic culture f\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,isles include "o ,aurignacian1 "o ,solutrean1 two ,magdal5ian1 & two ,azilian2 ?is %[s t travel communication ) ! cont95t cont9u$ ?r\gh\t t p]iod1 9 all probability by means ( a l& connection4 ,9 late ,neoli?ic times ! ,engli% ,*annel 0 =m$1 ,great ,brita9 became isolat$ f ,europe1 & ,irel& lo/ its l& connection fir/ ) ,wales & !n ) ,scotl&4 ,,*anges ,,( ,,climate ,p5ck7#fh7 e/imates ! int5sity ( ! cold & ( ! humidity :i* prevail$ dur+ ! glacial /ages by ! desc5t ( ! sn[-l9e 9 ! ,alps1 :i* 9 ! two p]iods ( greate/ glaciation rea*$ f #a1bjj m4 7#c1icg ft47 to #a1ejj m4 7#d1iba ft47 bel[ ! pres5t sn[-level1 ) ! consequ5t =mation ( va/ ice-caps hung ) glaci]s :i* fl[$ great di/ances d[n ! valleys ( ! ,rhne & ( ! ,rh9e & left _! mora9es at v di/ant po9ts4 ,! mora9es & drifts ( ! less] glaciations1 su* z ! fir/ & f\r?1 /& consid]ably )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ^! out] mora9es & drift fields4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! w>m] climates ( int]glacial times are indicat$ by ! sun-lov+ plants f\nd at ,htt+1 along ! valley ( ! ,inn1 9 ! ,tyrol1 :i* are pro(s ( a temp]ature high] ?an ! pres5t & ( ! asc5t ( ! sn[-l9e #cjj m4 7#ihd ft47 above ! exi/+ sn[-level ( ! ,alps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sn[ ,,l9es ,,( ,,! ,,f\r ,,pr9cipal ,,glacial ,,epo*s ,,( ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,p]iod ,a-,b ,pr(ile across ,europe along ! l9e ,a-,b ( map #e ,pres5t sn[ l9e #d ,sn[ l9e ( ! ,f\r? 7,wrm7 ,glacial ,epo* #c ,?ird 7,riss7 #b ,second 7,m9del7 #a ,fir/ 7,gnz7 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,an ideal e>? section f ! ,nor? ,cape across ! ,sc&9avian plateau1 ?r\gh ! ,nor? ,sea1 ,swiss ,alps1 ,pyr5ees1 & ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 to ! ,atlas ,m\nta9s 9 nor!rn ,africa1 along ! l9e indicat$ on ! map 7,fig4 #be1 p4 #fe71 illu/rat+ ! sea-level at ! "t ( ! greate/ elevation ( ! cont95t dur+ ! ,second ,glacial ,/age1 z comp>$ ) ! pres5t sea-level2 also ! successive l9es ( desc5t ( ! region ( p]petual sn[ dur+ ! f\r great glacial advances1 z comp>$ ) ! pres5t sn[-l9e4 ,f /udies by ,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$s4 ,! alt]nation ( ! cold climates ( ! glacial /ages ) ! w>m temp]ate climates ( ! int]glacial /ages =m$ great oscillations ( temp]ature 7,figs4 #ac1 #ad74 ,! fossil plant life indicates t dur+ ! p]iods ( ! ,fir/1 ,second1 & ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/ages ! climate ( we/]n ,europe 0 cool] ?an x _h be5 dur+ ! prec$+ ,plioc5e ,epo* & some:at w>m] ?an x is at ! pres5t "t 9 ! same localities4 ,dur+ ! ,fir/1 ,second1 & ,?ird ,glacial ,/ages !re 0 c]ta9ly a m>k$ l[]+ ( temp]ature 9 ! regions bord]+ ! great glacial fields4 ,?is is indicat$ by ! arrival 9 ! nor!rn glacial bord] regions ( animals & plants adapt$ to arctic & sub>ctic climates4 ,x has be5 g5]ally believ$ t ! :ole ( we/]n ,europe 0 extremely cold dur+ ^! glacial /ages1 & t ! heat-lov+ animals1 ! s\!rn elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 & hippopotami1 7 driv5 to ! s\?1 to return only ) ! r5ew$ w>m? ( ! next int]glacial /age4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no pro( ( ! dep>ture ( ^! suppos$ly less h>dy mammals nor ( ! spread ov] ,europe ( ! m h>dy arctic & /eppe types until ! adv5t ( ! ,f\r? ,glacial ,/age4 ,!n1 = ! fir/ "t1 all we/]n ,europe nor? ( ! ,pyr5ees exp]i5c$ a g5]al fall ( temp]ature1 & conditions ( climate prevail$ su* z are n[ f\nd 9 ! arctic tundra regions ( ! nor? & 9 ! high /eppes ( c5tral ,asia1 :i* are swept by dry & cold w9t] w9ds4 ,fluctuations ( temp]ature1 ( moi/ure1 & ( aridity 9 ,plei/oc5e "t1 are evid5c$ n only by ! rise & fall ( ! sn[-l9e & ! advance & retreat ( ! ice-caps b also by ! appe>ance ( plant & animal life 9 ! p]iods ( ! 'loess' deposition1 indicat+ ! foll[+ cycles ( climatic *ange z witness$ f beg9n+ to end ( ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age3 ,,iv4 ,glacial maximum1 cold & moi/ climate1 arctic & cold /eppe fauna & flora4 ,cool & dry /eppe climate1 wide-spread deposition ( 'loess4' ,int]glacial maximum1 a long p]iod ( w>m temp]ate =e/ & mead[ conditions4 ,glacial retreat1 cool & moi/ climate bord]+ ! glacial regions4 ,,iii4 ,glacial maximum1 cold & humid climate bord]+ ! glaci]s1 favorable to arctic & sub>ctic plant & animal life4 ,t great fields ( ice & advanc+ glaci]s alone d n con/itute pro( ( v l[ temp]atures is %[n at ! pres5t "t 9 s\!a/]n ,alaska1 :]e v heavy sn[fall or precipitation causes ! accumulation ( va/ glaci]s1 al?\gh ! mean annual temp]ature is only #aj ,fahr4 7#e4ef ,c47 l[] ?an t ( s\!rn ,g]many4 ,neumayr7#fi7 e/imat$ t dur+ ! ,ice ,age !re 0 a g5]al l[]+ ( temp]ature 9 ,europe ( n m ?an #f ,c4 7#aj4h ,fahr471 & held t ev5 dur+ ! glacial advances a comp>atively mild climate prevail$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,m>t9s7#gj7 e/imat$ t a l[]+ ( ! temp]ature to ! ext5t ( #d ,c4 7#g4b ,fahr47 w\ld br+ ! glaci]s ( ,*amonix d[n to ! level ( ! pla9 ( ,g5eva4 ,p5ck e/imates t1 all ! atmosph]ic conditions rema9+ ! same z at pres5t1 a fall ( temp]ature to ! ext5t ( #d to #e ,c4 w\ld be suffici5t to br+ back ! ,glacial ,epo* 9 ,europe4 ,^! mod]ate e/imates entirely agree ) our !ory t animals ( ,african & ,asiatic habit fl\ri%$ 9 we/]n ,europe to ! v close ( ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age1 & t !n = ! fir/ "t ! w>m fauna1 or faune *aude1 gradually disappe>$4 ,simil>ly ! hypo!sis ( extremely w>m or subtropical conditions prevail+ 9 int]glacial times z f> nor? z ,brita91 :i* orig9at$ ) ! discov]y ( ! nor!rly di/ribution ( ! hippopotami & rh9oc]oses1 animals :i* we n[ associate ) ! torrid climate ( ,africa1 is n support$ by ! /udy ei!r ( ! plant life ( int]glacial /ages or by ! hi/ory ( ! animals !mselves4 ,x is q probable t bo? ! hippopotami & ! rh9oc]oses ( ! 'w>m fauna' 7 protect$ by hairy cov]+1 al?\gh n by ! ?ick und]coat+ ( wool :i* protect$ ! woolly rh9oc]os & woolly mammo?1 animals favor+ ! bord]s ( glaci]s & fl\ri%+ dur+ ! la/ v cold glacial & ,po/glacial p]iods4 ,! comb9$ evid5ce f all ^! great ev5ts 9 we/]n ,europe leads u to conclusions some:at diff]5t f ^? rea*$ by ,p5ck z to ! *ronology ( human culture4 ,9 ! *>t 7,fig4 #ad7 on ! opposite page1 prep>$ by ,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$s 9 collaboration ) ! au?or1 a new correlation ( geologic1 climatic1 human1 indu/rial1 & faunal ev5ts is pres5t$4 ,! great waves ( glacial advance & retreat 7oblique %ad+7 are bas$ ^u ,p5ck's e/imates ( ! rise & fall ( ! sn[-l9e 7v]tical dott$ l9es7 9 ! ,swiss ,alps4 7,comp>e ,fig4 #ac47 ,! l5g? ( ^! waves corresponds ) ! relative duration ( ! glacial & int]glacial /ages z e/imat$ by ! v>y+ am\nts ( erosion & deposition ( mat]ials4 ,! entire ,paloli?ic or ,old ,/one ,age is ?us se5 to occupy n m ?an #abe1jjj ye>s1 or only ! la/ qu>t] ( ! ,glacial ,epo*1 :i* is e/imat$ z ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( #ebe1jjj ye>s4 ,! pres5t op9ion ( ! lead+ ar*ologi/s ( ,france & ,g]many1 :i* is %>$ by ! au?or1 is t ! ,pre-,*ellean indu/ry is n old] ?an ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age4 ,z ! ,piltd[n man 0 f\nd 9 deposits conta9+ ,pre-,*ellean implem5ts1 he probably liv$ 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! ,glacial ,epo*1 & n 9 e>ly ,plei/oc5e times z e/imat$ by "s ,briti% geologi/s4 ,?is causes u to reg>d ! ,piltd[n rema9s z m rec5t ?an ! jaw ( ,heidelb]g1 :i* all au?orities agree is probably ( ,second ,int]glacial ,age4 ,accord+ to our e/imates ! ,heidelb]g man is ne>ly twice z anci5t z ! ,piltd[n man1 :ile ,pi!can?ropus 7,tr9il ,race7 is f\r times z anci5t4 ,yet ! ,piltd[n man mu/ /ill be reg>d$ z ( v great antiquity1 = he is f\r times z anci5t z ! f9al type ( ,ne&]?al man belong+ to ! ,m\/]ian indu/rial /age4 ,! v>i\s ar*ologic & palontologic evid5ces = ?is g5]al correlation !ory ( ! ,glacial ,epo* are fully discuss$ 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s ( ?is volume4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,great ev5ts ( ! ,glacial ,epo*4 ,to ! left ! relation ( glacial & int]glacial /ages 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 ) ! au?or's !ory reg>d+ ! divisions ( "t1 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,old ,/one ,age1 & ! successive appe>ance 9 ,europe ( diff]5t bran*es ( ! human race4 ,to ! "r ! prolong$ w>m temp]ate p]iod 9 ,europe 9 ! non-glaciat$ regions1 foll[$ by ! relatively brief cold p]iod dur+ ! pa/ #gj1jjj ye>s4 ,prep>$ by ,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$s1 9 co-op]ation ) ! au?or4 ,,mammals ,,( ,,five ,,di/9ct ,,geographic ,,regions 7,comp>e ,color ,map1 ,pl4 ,,ii1 & ,fig4 #ae7 ,z we h already obs]v$1 dur+ ! :ole hi/ory ( mammalian life 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w nev] did !re prevail conditions s unusual & s complex z ^? :i* surr\nd$ ! m5 ( ! ,old ,/one ,age 9 ,europe4 ,! successive races ( ,paloli?ic m5 9 ,europe 7 all fle% eat]s1 dep5d+ ^u ! *ase4 ,! mammals1 fir/ pursu$ only = food1 ut5sils1 & clo?+1 f9ally became subjects ( arti/ic appreciation & endeavor :i* result$ 9 a rem>kable /hetic developm5t4 ,f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ,paloli?ic times ! v>i\s races ( man witness$ ! assemblage 9 ,europe ( animals indig5\s to e cont95t on ! globe except ,s\? ,am]ica & ,au/ralia & adapt$ to e climatic life-zone1 f ! w>m & dry pla9s ( s\!rn ,asia & nor!rn ,africa to ! temp]ate =e/s & mead[s ( ,eurasia2 f ! heights ( ! ,alps1 ,himalayas1 ,pyr5ees1 & ,altai ,m\nta9s to ! high1 arid1 dry /eppes ( c5tral ,asia ) _! alt]nat+ heat ( summ] & cold ( w9t]2 f ! tundras or b>r5 gr\nds ( ,sc&9avia1 nor!rn ,europe1 & ,sib]ia to ! mild =e/s & pla9s ( s\!rn ,europe47#ga7 ,memb]s ( all ^! highly v>i$ gr\ps ( animals _h be5 evolv+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e f ! ,eoc5e ,epo* onw>d4 ,9 ,plioc5e times !y _h become ?or\ghly adapt$ to _! v>i\s habitats4 ,?r\gh\t e>ly ,plei/oc5e times1 ) ! increas+ cold ext5d+ s\?w>d f ! arctic circle1 su* mammals z ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 musk-ox1 & re9de] _h become ?or\ghly adapt$ to ! climate ( ! extreme nor?4 ,!re is e reason to believe t :5 ^! tundra quadrup$s fir/ arriv$ 9 ,europe1 dur+ e>ly mid-glacial /ages1 !y _h already acquir$ ! heavy coat ( hair & und]coat+ ( wool1 su* z n[ *>act]izes ! musk-ox1 "o ( ! liv+ repres5tatives ( ?is nor!rn fauna4 ,,migrations ,,& ,,ext9ctions ,,( ,,mammalian ,,life ,,dur+ ,,! ,,f\r ,,glacial1 ,,?ree ,,int]glacial1 ,,& ,,po/glacial ,,/ages ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,rec5t ,return ( ! ,alp9e ,mammals to ! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,prehi/oric4 ,m\nta9s4 ,,rec5t ,wide disp]sal ( ,=e/ & ,mead[ ,,animals4 ,mammals ov] ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,retreat ( ! ,tundra & ,/eppe ,mammals to ! ,nor? & ,ea/4 ,,po/glacial4 ,m+l+ 9 ! l[l&s ( ,france ,,re9de] ,sev]e & ,g]many ( ! ,re9de]-,mammo? ,,p]iod climate4 fauna1 ! ,alp9e fauna1 ! ,/eppe ,,9 ,mammals1 & ! h>dy ,eurasiatic ,,we/]n ,=e/ & ,mead[ ,mammals4 ,,europe4 ,,iv4 ,,glacial4 ,arrival ( ! ,tundra ,mammals f ,cold ,/eppe ! ,nor?4 climate4 ,arrival ( ! ,/eppe ,mammals f ,we/]n ,asia4 ,s\?w>d migration & ext9ction ( all ! ,african-,asiatic ,mammals except ! lions & hynas4 #c;d ,,int]glacial4,m+l$ ,african-,asiatic & ,eurasiatic ,w>m climate4 ,mammals 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! non-glaciat$ regions1 ! ,,p]iod hippopotamus1 s\!rn mammo?1 ,,( ,,! /raight-tusk$ elephant1 ,m]ck's ,,hippopotamus1 broad-nos$ rh9oc]os1 lion1 hyna1 ,,rh9oc]os1 jackal1 sabre-too? tig]4 ,,& --------------------------- ,,elephant4 ,re9de] & ,,also ,woolly ,mammo? ,,( ,,! ,,iii4 ,,glacial4 9 ,nor? ,,/ag ,g]many & ,,& ! ,alps4 ,,bison ---------------------------- ,,9 #b;d ,,int]glacial4 ,also ! /ag1 giant de]1 ,,we/]n ---------------------------- bison1 wild cattle1 ,,europe4 ,re9de] & =e/ horse1 bo>1 ,,ii4 ,,glacial4 ,woolly ,mammo? wolf1 fox1 lynx1 9 ,nor!rn wildcat1 sev]al species ,g]many4 ( be>4 ---------------------------- #a/ ,,int]glacial4 ,survival ( _m ,plioc5e ---------------------------- ,african-,asiatic ,mammals1 ,musk-ox 9 m+l$ ) ,plioc5e ,i4 ,,glacial4 ,sussex1 & rec5t ,eurasiatic ,engl&4 ,=e/ & ,mead[ ,mammals4 ,e>ly ',w>m' ,m h>dy ,,geologic ,migrations ( ,african-,asiatic ,eurasiatic ,,& ,sc&9avian ,mammals4 ,mammals4 ,,climatic & ,nor? ,,/ages4 ,sib]ian ,temp]ate & ,cool ,mammals ne> %elt]$ p>ts temp]ate ,,?ree ! p>ts ( ( ,we/]n =e/s & ,,*ief ,ice-fields4 ,europe4 mead[s4 ,,life ,,p]iods4 _/ _/ ,,regions ,,ne> ,,m ,,%elt]$ ,,! ,,ice-,,fields ,,non-,,glaciat$ ,,regions ,,& ,,glacial ,,remote ,,f ,,! ,,glacial ,,bord]s4 ,,bord]s ,,& ,,ice-,,fields4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,! five great s\rces ( mammalian migration into we/]n ,europe 9 ,plei/oc5e times 7 accord+ly z foll[s3 #a4 ,,w>m ,,pla9s ( nor!rn ,africa & ( s\!rn ,asia4 ,african-,asiatic fauna--hippopotamus1 rh9oc]os1 elephant4 #b4 ,,temp]ate ,,mead[s ,,& ,,=e/s ( ,europe & ,asia4 ,eurasiatic fauna--de]1 bison1 horse4 #c4 ,,high1 ,,cool ,,m\nta9 ,,ranges--,alps1 ,pyr5ees1 ,caucasus1 ,urals4 ,fauna--*amois1 ibex1 pt>migan4 7,see ,fig4 #ahe47 #d4 ,,/eppes ,,& ,,des]ts4 ,dry1 elevat$ plateaus & /eppes ( ea/]n ,europe & c5tral ,asia4 ,fauna--des]t ass & horse1 saiga antelope1 j]boa4 7,see ,fig4 #ahf47 #e4 ,,tundras ,,& ,,b>r5 ,,gr\nds )9 or ne> ! arctic circle4 ,fauna--re9de]1 musk-ox1 arctic fox4 7,see ,figs4 #ie & #if47 7,comp>e ,figs4 #ad & #ae47 ,9 ! w>m pla9s1 =e/s1 & riv]s ( s\!rn ,asia & nor!rn ,africa !re develop$ ! elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 hippopotami1 lions1 hynas1 & jackals1 :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 may be kn[n z ! ,african-,asiatic fauna4 ,x conta9s altoge!r f\rte5 species ( mammals4 ,! great geographic area f ! f> ea/ to ! f> we/ ov] :i* rang$ simil> or id5tical species ( ^! pa*yd]ms & c>nivores is indicat$ by ! oblique l9es 9 ! geographic *>t 7,fig4 #ae74 ,! nor? temp]ate belt ( ,asia & ,europe1 ) its h>dy =e/s & g5ial mead[s1 0 ! home ( ! ev5 m highly v>i$ ,eurasiatic ,=e/ & ,mead[ fauna4 ,?is includes tw5ty-six or m species4 ,( ^! ! r$ de]1 or /ag1 0 mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! =e/s & ! bison & wild cattle,m ( ! mead[s4 ,ev5 at ! v beg9n+ ( ,plei/oc5e times !re appe> ! /ag1 ! wild bo>1 & ! roe-de] ) _! natural pursu]s1 ! wolf & ! br[n be>4 ,f ! nor!rn woods came ! moose & ! wolv]5e4 ,mo/ ( ^! mammals 7 s simil> to exi/+ =ms t ! old] naturali/s plac$ !m 9 exi/+ species1 b ! t5d5cy n[ is to sep>ate !m or place !m 9 di/9ct subspecies4 ,m+l$ ) ^! =e/ & mead[ mammals 7 a few o!rs :i* h s9ce become ext9ct1 su* z ! giant de] 7,megac]os71 ! giant beav] 7,trogon!rium71 & ! primitive =e/ & mead[ horses4 ,f ?is region also !re develop$ ! cave-be> 7,ursus spelu74 ,c]ta9ly x is a/oni%+ to f9d ! rema9s ( ^! mammals m+l$ ) ^? f s\!rn ,asia & ,africa1 z is frequ5tly ! case4 ,9 e>ly glacial times ! bison & wild cattle m+l$ freely ) ! hippopotami & rh9oc]oses1 b 9 late glacial & ,po/glacial times !y occurr$ z companions ( ! mammo? & ! woolly rh9oc]os4 ,9 prehi/oric times !y surviv$ ) ! mammals br\ght f ! ,ori5t by ! ,neoli?ic agriculturi/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,zoogeographic map4 ,range ( ! l>ge mammals ( ,africa & s\!rn ,asia 9 ,plioc5e & ,plei/oc5e times until ne>ly ! close ( ! ,l[] ,paloli?ic 7oblique l9es74 ,range ( ! =e/ & mead[ fauna ( ,europe & ,asia f e>ly ,plei/oc5e to prehi/oric times2 /ag & bison fauna 7horizontal l9es74 ,pres5t range ( ! tundra or b>r5-gr\nd mammals 7dots7 :i* w&]$ s\? dur+ ! f\r? glaciation1 expell+ ! l>ge ,asiatic mammals4 ,pres5t range ( mammals ( ! des]ts & /eppes ( ea/]n ,europe & s\!rn ,asia1 :i* also invad$ we/]n ,europe dur+ ! glacial & ,po/glacial /ages 7v]tical l9es74 ,! alp9e mammals dwelt 9 ! high m\nta9 regions & invad$ ! pla9s & l[l&s dur+ ,f\r? ,glacial & ,po/glacial times4 ,dur+ a great glaciation1 b especially dur+ ! sev]e climate ( late ,plei/oc5e times1 ! ,alp9e mammals 7 driv5 d[n f ! heights into ! pla9s & among ! l[] m\nta9s & foot-hills4 ,?us ! ibex1 *amois1 & argali %eep f ! ,altai ,m\nta9s are repres5t$ bo? 9 draw+ & 9 sculpture by ! m5 ( ! ,re9de] ,p]iod4 ,/ill m rem>kable is ! arrival 9 ,europe ( ! ,/eppe ,fauna ( ,russia & ( we/]n ,sib]ia1 mammals :i* n[ survive 9 ! va/ ,kirghiz /eppes1 ea/ ( ! ,caspian ,sea & ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 :]e ! climate is "o ( hot1 dry summ]s & prolong$ cold w9t]s1 ) sweep+ du/ & sn[ /orms4 ,^! animals are v h>dy1 al]t1 & swift ( foot1 su* z ! j]boa1 ! saiga antelope1 ! wild asses1 & ! wild horses1 includ+ ! ,przewalski type1 :i* /ill survives 9 ! des]t ( ,gobi4 ,f ?is region also came ! ,elasmo!re 7,e4 sibiricum71 ) its s+le giant horn above ! eyes4 ,v di/9ctive ( ! fauna frequ5t+ ! cav]ns are ! small rod5ts1 includ+ ! dw>f pikas1 ! /eppe ham/]s1 & ! lemm+s4 ,^! animals 7 attract$ into ,europe dur+ ! '/eppe' & 'loess' p]iods ( cold1 dry climate4 ,! advance ( ! great ,sc&9avian glaci]s f ! nor? cr[d$ to ! s\? ! ,tundra or ,b>r5 ,gr\nd fauna ( ! arctic circle4 ,! h]ald ( ?is fauna dur+ ! ,fir/ ,glacial ,/age 0 ! musk-ox1 :i* appe>s 9 ,sussex1 & !n came ! re9de] ( ! exi/+ ,sc&9avian type4 ,^! animals are foll[$ by ! woolly mammo? 7,e4 primig5ius7 & ! woolly rh9oc]os 7,d4 antiquitatis7 ) _! panoply ( hair & wool :i* _h long be5 develop+ 9 ! nor?4 ,f9ally 9 ! ,f\r? ,glacial ,/age arriv$ ! lemm+ ( ! riv] ,obi1 also ! m nor!rn b&$ lemm+1 ! arctic fox1 ! wolv]5e1 & ! erm9e1 z well z ! arctic h>e4 ,^! tundra mammals = a %ort p]iod m+l$ 9 places ) survivors ( ! ,african-,asiatic fauna1 su* z ,m]ck's rh9oc]os & ! /raight-tusk$ elephant 7,e4 antiquus74 ,9 g5]al1 !y swept s\?w>d z f> z ! ,pyr5ees ov] c\ntry :i* _h long be5 enjoy$ by ! ,african-,asiatic mammals1 :ile ! hippopotami & ! s\!rn elephants retreat$ /ill f>!r s\? & became ext9ct4 ,! only survivors ( ! great ,african-,asiatic fauna 9 ,f\r? ,glacial & ,po/glacial times 7 ! hynas 7,h4 crocuta spela7 & ! lions 7,felis leo spela74 ,! lion frequ5tly appe>s 9 ! draw+s ( ! cavem54 ,! v>i\s species belong+ to ^! five great faun app>5tly succe$ ea* o!r1 & :]ev] _! rema9s are m+l$ ) ! paloli?s1 z along ! riv]s ,somme1 ,m>ne1 & ,?ames1 or 9 ! he>?s ( ! %elt]s & cav]ns1 !y become ( extreme int]e/ bo? 9 _! be>+ on ! *ronology ( man & on ! developm5t ( human culture1 art1 & indu/ry4 ,!y also tell ! /ory ( ! sequ5ce ( climatic conditions bo? 9 ! regions bord]+ ! glaci]s & 9 ! m temp]ate regions remote f ! ice-caps4 ,?us !y guide ! an?ropologi/ ov] ! difficult gaps :]e ! geologic record is limit$ or undeciph]able4 ,! g5]al succession ( ^! great faun is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ad & also 9 ! above table4 7#a7 ,lam>ck1 #ahae4a4 7#b7 ,s*aaffhaus51 #aheh4a4 7#c7 ,d>w91 ,c41 #aiji4b4 7#d7 ,lam>ck1 #ahji4a4 7#e7 ,lyell1 #ahfc4a1 pp4 #hd-hi4 7#f7 ,d>w91 ,c41 #ahga4a1 p4 #adf4 7#g7 ,d>w91 ,c41 #aiji4a1 p4 #aeh4 7#h7 ,retzius1 ,a41 #ahfd4a1 p4 #bg4 7#i7 ,op4 cit41 p4 #aff4 7#aj7 ,broca1 #ahge4a4 7#aa7 ,s*walbe1 ,g41 #aiad4a1 p4 #eib4 7#ab7 ,c>tailhac1 #aijc4a4 7#ac7 ,d*elette1 #aijh4a1 vol4 ,i4 7#ad7 ,re9a*1 ,s41 #ahhi4a4 7#ae7 ,s*midt1 #aiab4a4 7#af7 ,avebury1 #aiac4a4 7#ag7 ,ecc>dus1 #agej4a4 7#ah7 ,mahudel1 #agdj4a4 7#ai7 ,buckl&1 #ahbd4a4 7#bj7 ,godw9-,au/51 #ahdj4a4 7#ba7 ,*ri/ol1 #ahbj4a4 7#bb7 ,s*m]l+1 #ahcc4a4 7#bc7 ,b\*] de ,p]!s1 #ahdf4a4 7#bd7 ,op4 cit4 7#be7 ,rigollot1 #ahed4a4 7#bf7 ,lubbock1 #ahfb4a4 7#bg7 ,avebury1 #aiac4a1 pp4 #b1 #c4 7#bh7 ,l>tet1 #ahfa4a4 7#bi7 ,l>tet1 #ahge4a4 7#cj7 ,breuil1 #aiab4g1 p4 #afe4 7#ca7 de ,mortillet1 #ahfi4a4 7#cb7 ,piette1 ,e41 #aijg4a4 7#cc7 ,rivire #ahig4a4 7#cd7 de ,sautuola1 #ahhj4a4 7#ce7 ,s*midt1 #aiab4a4 7#cf7 ,b\rgeois1 #ahfg4a4 7#cg7 ,s*midt1 op4 cit41 p4 #e4 7#ch7 ,ob]mai]1 #aiab4a1 pp4 #agj-agd2 #caf-cbj2 #ccb1 #ede4 7#ci7 ,*>p5ti]1 #ahda4a4 7#dj7 ,agassiz1 #ahcg4a2 #ahdj4a2 #ahdj4b4 7#da7 ,morlot1 #ahed4a4 7#db7 ,*amb]l91 #ahie4a2 #aije4a1 vol4 ,,iii1 *ap4 ,,xix1 pp4 #cbg-eaf4 7#dc7 ,salisbury1 #aije4a4 7#dd7 ,p5ck1 #aiji4a4 7#de7 ,lev]ett1 #aiaj4a4 7#df7 ,lyell1 #ahfg4a1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bic-cja2 #ahgg4a1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bhg4 7#dg7 ,dana1 #ahge4a1 p4 #eia4 7#dh7 ,walcott1 #ahic4a4 7#di7 ,upham1 #ahic4a1 p4 #bag4 7#ej7 ,heim1 #ahid4a4 7#ea7 ,sollas1 #aijj4a4 7#eb7 ,p5ck1 #aiji4a1 vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #aaec-aagf4 7#ec7 ,geikie1 #aiad4a1 p4 #cjb4 7#ed7 ,re$s1 #aiae4a4 7#ee7 ,nes*1 #aijb4a4 7#ef7 ,geikie1 op4 cit41 pp4 #aaa-aad4 7#eg7 ,op4 cit41 p4 #ajh4 7#eh7 ,hunt+ton1 #aijg4a4 7#ei7 ,lev]ett1 #aiaj4a4 7#fj7 ,ob]mai]1 #aiab4a1 p4 #acb4 7#fa7 ,p5ck1 #aijh4a2 #aiji4a4 7#fb7 ,geikie1 #aiad4a1 p4 #cab4 7#fc7 ,wieg]s1 #aiac4a4 7#fd7 ,b\le1 #ahhh4a4 7#fe7 ,s*u*>dt1 #aiac4a1 p4 #add4 7#ff7 ,ob]mai]1 #aiji4b2 #aiab4a4 7#fg7 ,s*midt1 #aiab4a1 p4 #bff4 7#fh7 ,p5ck1 #aiji4a1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #aafh1 ,fig4 #acf4 7#fi7 ,neumayr1 #ahij4a1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fba4 7#gj7 ,m>t9s1 #ahdg4a1 pp4 #ida1 #idb4 7#ga7 ,osborn1 #aiaj4a1 pp4 #chf-dbg4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,ance/ry ,,( ,,! ,,an?ropoid ,,apes--,,plioc5e ,,climate1 ,,=e/s1 ,,& ,,life ,,( ,,we/]n ,,europe--,,transition ,,to ,,! ,,plei/oc5e1 ,,or ,,age ,,( ,,man--,,! ,,fir/ ,,glaciation1 ,,its ,,effects ,,on ,,climate1 ,,=e/s1 ,,& ,,animal ,,life--,,! ,,prehuman ,,tr9il ,,race ,,( ,,java--,,! ,,eoli?s ,,or ,,primitive ,,fl9ts--,,! ,,second ,,glaciation--,,! ,,heidelb]g1 ,,e>lie/ ,,kn[n ,,human ,,race--,,! ,,?ird ,,glaciation ,! p>tly kn[n ance/ors ( ! an?ropoid apes & ! unkn[n ance/ors ( man probably orig9at$ among ! =e/s & flood-pla9s ( s\!rn ,asia & e>ly began to migrate we/w>d into nor!rn ,africa & we/]n ,europe4 ,z e>ly z ,oligoc5e times a =]unn] ( ! great apes 7,propliopi!cus71 mo/ ne>ly resembl+ ! gibbons1 appe>s 9 ! des]t bord]+ ! ,fayum 9 nor!rn ,egypt4 ,e>ly 9 ,mioc5e times true tree-liv+ gibbons f\nd _! way into ,europe & cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! ,plioc5e 9 ! =ms kn[n z ,pliopi!cus & ,pliohylobates1 ! latt] be+ a true gibbon 9 its proportions2 x rang$ nor?w>d into ! pres5t region ( ,g]many4 ,ano!r ape :i* e>ly rea*$ ,europe is ! ,dryopi!cus2 x is f\nd 9 ,mioc5e times 9 s\!rn ,france2 ! gr9d+-tee? sugge/ ^? ( ! orang1 ! jaw is deep & 9 "s ways resembles t ( ! ,piltd[n man4 ,a ?ird ape 7,neopi!cus7 occurs 9 ! ,l[] ,plioc5e ne> ,eppel%eim1 9 ,g]many1 & is kn[n only f a s+le l[] mol> too?1 :i* recalls ! d5tition ( ,dryopi!cus & m remotely t ( ,homo4 ,9 ! ,plioc5e ( ! ,siwalik hills ( ,asia is f\nd ,palopi!cus1 a g5]aliz$ =m :i* is believ$ to be relat$ to ! *impanzee1 ! gorilla1 & ! gibbon2 ! upp] premol>s resemble ^? ( man4 ,none ( ^! fossil an?ropoids ei!r ( ,europe or ( ,asia c be reg>d$ z ance/ral to man1 al?\gh bo? ,neopi!cus & ,dryopi!cus h be5 plac$ 9 or ne> ! l9e ( human ance/ry by su* high au?orities z ,branco & ,gaudry4 ,:5 ,dryopi!cus 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,l>tet1 ,gaudry7#a7 consid]$ x to be by f> ! mo/ manlike ( all ! apes1 ev5 attribut+ to x suffici5t intellig5ce = ! work+ ( fl9ts1 b full] k ( ?is animal has %[n t "s ( ! liv+ an?ropoids are m manlike ?an ,dryopi!cus4 ,?is animal is closely relat$ to ! ance/ral /ock ( ! *impanzee1 gorilla1 & orang4 ,! jaw1 x is true1 resembles t ( ! ,piltd[n man 7,eoan?ropus71 b ! gr9d+-tee? are mu* m primitive & !re is little reason to ?9k t x is ance/ral to any human type4,n ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,! gibbon is primitive 9 its skull & d5tition1 b extremely specializ$ 9 ! adaptation ( its limbs to arboreal life4 ,photograph f ! ,new ,york ,zoological ,p>k4 ,among ^! fossil an?ropoids1 z well z among ! f\r liv+ =ms1 we discov] no evid5ce ( direct relation%ip to man b v /rong evid5ce ( desc5t f ! same ance/ral /ock4 ,^! pro(s ( common ance/ry1 :i* h already be5 obs]v$ 9 ! exi/+ races ( man1 become f> m conspicu\s 9 ! anci5t ,paloli?ic races2 9 fact1 we _c int]pret ! anatomy ( ! m5 ( ! ,old ,/one ,age )\t a survey ( ! pr9cipal *>act]s ( ! exi/+ an?ropoid apes1 ! gibbon1 ! orang1 ! *impanzee1 & ! gorilla4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,! orang has a high r\nd$ skull & long face4 ,photograph f ! ,new ,york ,zoological ,p>k4 ,! gibbon is ! mo/ primitive ( liv+ apes 9 its skull & d5tition1 b ! mo/ specializ$ 9 ! l5g? ( its arms & its o!r extreme adaptations to arboreal life4 ,z 9 ! o!r an?ropoids1 ! face is abbreviat$1 ! n>ial region is n>r[1 i4 e41 cat>rh9e1 & ! bra9-case is wid5$1 b ! top ( ! skull is smoo?1 & ! =ehead lacks ! prom95t ridges above ! orbits2 ?us ! pr(ile ( ! skull ( ! gibbon 7,fig4 #af7 is m human ?an t ( ! o!r an?ropoid apes4 ,:5 on ! gr\nd ! gibbon walks erect & is ?us af=d$ ! free use ( its arms & indep5d5t movem5ts ( its f+]s4 ,9 ! bra9 !re is a /rik+ developm5t ( ! c5tres ( sight1 t\*1 & he>+4 ,x is ^! *>act]i/ics ( ! mod]n gibbon :i* pres]ve ) relatively slight *anges ! type ( ! orig9al ance/or ( man1 z not$ by ,elliot ,smi?47#b7 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,! *impanzee4 ,?is figure illu/rates ! walk+ p[]s ( ! *impanzee1 ! great l5g? ( ! arms1 & ! abbreviation ( ! legs4 ,photograph f ! ,new ,york ,zoological ,p>k4 ,! limbs ( ! orang are less elongat$ & less extremely specializ$ = arboreal life ?an ^? ( ! gibbon b m s ?an ^? ( ! *impanzee & ! gorilla4 ,! skull is r\nd$ & ( great v]tical height1 ) broad1 bony ridges above ! orbits & a great m$ian cre/ on top ( ! skull 9 old males4 ,! l[] jaw ( ! orang is /\t & deep1 &1 al?\gh us$ z a fight+ weapon1 ! can9e tusks are mu* less prom95t ?an 9 ei!r ! gibbon1 *impanzee1 or gorilla4 ,( all an?ropoids ?is jaw mo/ ne>ly resembles t ( ! ,piltd[n man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,! ,*impanzee4 ,?is figure %[s c]ta9 facial *>act]i/ics :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! ,ne&]?al race ( m54 ,note also ! %ort5+ ( ! ?umb & ! enl>gem5t ( ! big toe4 ,photograph f ! ,new ,york ,zoological ,p>k4 ,9 ! *impanzee we obs]ve ! v prom95t bony ridges above ! eyes1 l ^? 9 ! ,tr9il & ,ne&]?al races ( m54 ,! progna?\s or protrud+ too? r[s & rec$+ *9 sugge/ ^? 9 ! ,heidelb]g1 ,piltd[n1 & ,ne&]?al races4 ,:5 ! *impanzee is walk+ 7,fig4 #ah7 ! arms rea* d[n bel[ ! level ( ! knees1 :]eas 9 ! high] races ( man !y rea* only half-way d[n ! ?ighs4 ,?us1 ! =e limb1 al?\gh mu* %ort] ?an t ( ! gibbon1 is relatively long] ?an t ( any human race1 rec5t or anci5t4 ,we obs]ve also 9 ! walk+ *impanzee 7,fig4 #ah7 t ! upp] "p ( ! leg1 ! ?igh-bone1 or femur1 is relatively long1 :ile ! l[] "p1 ! %9-bone1 or tibia1 is relatively %ort4 ,inde$1 bo? 9 ! arm & 9 ! leg ! upp] bones are relatively long & ! l[] bones are relatively %ort4 ,^! proportions1 :i* are inh]itances ( arboreal life1 are 9 v m>k$ contra/ to ^? obs]v$ 9 ! arms & legs ( ! ,ne&]?al race ( m51 9 :i* ! limbs are ( ! t]re/rial or walk+ type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ance/ral ,,tree ,,( ,,! ,,an?ropoid ,,apes ,,& ,,( ,,man ,,exi/+ ,,gibbon4 ,,man ,,*impanzee4 ,,gorilla4 ,,orang4 ,,apes ,,& ,asia4 7,homo sapi5s74 ,africa4 ,africa4 ,asia4 ,,man4 ,asia1 ,europe4 ,cr-,magnon & _/ _/ o!r races _/ _/ _/ _/ ,m primitive _/ _/ species1 human _/ _/ & prehuman4 _/ _/ ,,glacial ,,or _/ ,macaque ,,plei/oc5e ( ,,age4 ,ne&]?al race4 ,europe4 ,piltd[n race4 ,heidelb]g race4 ,,plioc5e ,,age4 ,tr9il race 7,pi!can?ropus74 ,primitive ,ance/ral an?ro- ,macaques ,gibbon ( poids ( ,asia4 ( ,asia ,europe _/ & 7,pliohylobates74 _/ _/ ,europe4 _/ _/ ,unkn[n ,plioc5e _/ _/ ance/ors ( man4 _/ _/ _/ _/ ,,mioc5e ,primitive an?ropoids _/ ,,age4 ,e>lie/ ,gibbons ( ,asia & ,europe4 _/ ( ,europe4 _/ _/ 7,pliopi!cus74 _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ ------------------------------------ _/ _/ ,,oligoc5e4 ,ance/ral an?ropoids ,small monkeys ( ,egypt ( ,egypt4 7,propliopi!cus74 _/ _/ --------------------------- ,unkn[n ance/ral /ock ( ! ,old ,_w primates1 includ+ man4 ,f ! unkn[n & ance/ral /ock ( ! an?ropoid apes & man ! ,,gibbon 0 ! fir/ to bran* (f 9 ,oligoc5e times2 ! ,,orang !n bran*$ (f 9 a widely diff]5t direction4 ,! /em ( ! ,,*impanzee & ( ! ,,gorilla bran*$ (f at a m rec5t date & is m ne>ly alli$ to t ( man4 ,five e>ly human races h be5 f\nd 9 ,europe 9 ,glacial or ,plei/oc5e times1 b no traces ( o!r primates except ! macaques1 :i* are relat$ to ! l[] division ( ! baboons1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,europe 9 ,plei/oc5e times4 ,modifi$ aft] ,gregory4 7,= late/ discov]y see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,vii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,! ,gorilla4 ,an immature female1 ab\t ?ree ye>s ( age1 %[+ none ( ! adult male *>act]i/ics4 ,photograph f ! ,new ,york ,zoological ,p>k4 ,we obs]ve also 9 ! *impanzee a contra/ betwe5 ! grasp+ p[] ( ! big toe1 :i* is a k9d ( ?umb1 & ! lack ( t p[] 9 ! h&1 9 :i* ! ?umb is ne>ly useless2 9 all apes ?is function is *>act]i/ic ( ! foot1 9 man ( ! h& alone4 ,! opposable ?umb1 ) its p[] ( br++ ! ?umb aga9/ ea* ( ! f+]s1 is ! "o "* :i* is lack+ 9 e "o ( ! an?ropoid apes & :i* 0 e>ly develop$ among ! ance/ors ( man4 ,! skull ( ! *impanzee is long] ?an t ( ! orang1 ! mo/ prom95t feature 9 ! top view be+ ! extreme protub]ance ( ! orbits1 :i* are surr\nd$ by a supraorbital & circumorbital bony ridge1 :i* is also /rongly develop$ 9 ! ,ne&]?al skull z well z 9 ! ,pi!can?ropus or ,tr9il skull b1 s f> z we "k1 is entirely lack+ 9 t ( ,piltd[n4 ,z 9 ! orang & ! gorilla1 a cre/ develops along ! middle ( ! top ( ! skull = ! ins]tion ( ! p[]ful muscles ( ! jaws1 a cre/ :i* is :olly want+ 9 ! gibbon & probably want+ 9 all ! true ance/ors ( man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,contra/ ( ! project+ face 7progna?ism71 retreat+ =ehead1 & small bra9-case ( a "y gorilla1 z comp>$ ) ! v]tical face1 prom95t nose1 high =ehead1 & l>ge bra9-case ( a high race ( man4 ,aft] ,klaats*4 ,! gorilla illu/rates 9 ! extreme ! specializations :i* are begun 9 ! *impanzee1 & :i* are attributable to a life p>tly arboreal1 p>tly t]re/rial1 ) ! skull & jaws us$ z p[]ful fight+ organs4 ,! head is l5g!n$ by ! =w>d gr[? ( ! muzzle into an extreme progna?ism4 ,! limbs & body ( ! gorilla %[ a dep>ture f ! primitive1 sl5d]-limb$1 arboreal type ( apes & are p>tly adapt$ to a bip$al1 gr\nd-dwell+ habit4 ,z reg>ds psy*ic evolution17#c7 ,elliot ,smi? obs]ves t ! arboreal mode ( life ( ! e>ly ance/ors ( man develop$ quick1 al]t1 & agile movem5ts :i* /imulat$ ! progressive developm5t ( ! po/]ior & lat]al portions ( ! bra94 ,! s5se ( smell _h be5 well develop$ 9 a previ\s t]re/rial life1 b once ^! creatures left ! e>? & took to ! trees1 guidance by ! olfactory s5se 0 less ess5tial1 = life amid/ ! bran*es ( ! trees is mo/ favorable to ! high developm5t ( ! s5ses ( vision1 t\*1 & he>+4 ,moreov]1 x dem&s an agility & quickness ( movem5t t necessitate effici5t motor c5tres 9 ! bra9 to co-ord9ate & control su* actions z tree life calls =4 ,! specialization ( sight awak5s curiosity to exam9e objects ) great] m9ut5ess & guides ! h&s to m precise & skill$ movem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,side view ( a human bra9 ( high type1 %[+ ! *ief areas ( muscul> control & ( ! s5sory impressions ( sight & he>+1 also ! prefrontal area 9 :i* ! high] m5tal faculties are c5tr$4 ,modifi$ aft] ,m4 ,all5 ,/>r4 ,! anatomy ( man is full ( remote rem9d]s ( ?is orig9al arboreal exi/5ce1 :i* also expla9s ! v l>ge & e>ly developm5t ( ! po/]ior portions ( ! bra91 9 :i* ! v>i\s s5ses ( sight1 t\*1 & he>+ are locat$4 ,! fir/ advance f arboreal to t]re/rial life is m>k$ by ! p[] ( walk+ m or less erect on ! h9d limbs & ?us releas+ ! arms2 ?is p[] is develop$ to a great] or less degree 9 all ! an?ropoid apes2 ) practice !y become exp]t walk]s4 ,! additional fre$om :i* ! erect attitude gives to ! arms & to ! movem5ts ( ! h&s & ! sep>ate movem5ts ( ! f+]s is especially noticeable 9 ! gibbon4 ,! cultivation ( ! p[]s ( ! h& reacts ^u ! fur!r gr[? & specialization ( ! bra92 ?us ! bra9 & ! erect attitude react ^u ea* o!r4 ,9 ! gibbon !re is a m>k$ increase 9 ! size ( ^? portions ( ! bra9 :i* supply ! c5tres ( t\*1 vision1 & he>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,! evolution ( ! bra94 ,outl9es 7side view7 ( typical human & prehuman bra9s1 %[+ ! e>ly developm5t ( ! po/]ior portions ( ! bra9 & ! relatively late developm5t ( ! ant]ior portions1 ! seat ( ! high] m5tal faculties4 ,discussion z to h[ ! ance/ors ( man 7 fa%ion$ has *iefly dealt ) ! rival claims ( f\r l9es ( /ructural evolution3 fir/1 ! assumption ( ! erect attitude2 second1 ! developm5t ( ! opposable ?umb2 ?ird1 ! gr[? ( ! bra92 & f\r?1 ! acquisition ( ! p[] ( spee*4 ,! argum5t = ! erect attitude sugge/$ by ,lam>ck1 & ably put by ,munro7#d7 9 #ahic1 indicates t ! cultivation ( skill ) ! h&s & f+]s lies at ! root ( man's m5tal supremacy4 ,elliot ,smi?'s argum5t t ! /eady gr[? & specialization ( ! bra9 itself has be5 ! *ief factor 9 lead+ ! ance/ors ( man /ep by /ep upw>d indicates t su* an advance z ! erect attitude 0 br\ght ab\t because ! bra9 _h made possible ! skill$ movem5ts ( ! h&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,! evolution ( ! bra94 ,outl9es 7top view7 ( typical human & prehuman bra9s1 %[+ ! n>r[ =ebra9 ( ! primitive type & ! successive expansion ( ! seat ( ! high] m5tal faculties 9 ! successive races4 ,! true conception ( prehuman evolution1 :i* occurr$ dur+ ,mioc5e & ,plioc5e times1 is r t ( ! co9cid5t developm5t ( ^! f\r di/9ctively human p[]s4 ,x appe>s f ! limb proportions 9 ! ,ne&]?al race t ! p>tly erect attitude & walk+ gait 7 assum$ mu* e>li] 9 geologic "t ?an we =m]ly imag9$4 ,! intimate relation betwe5 ! use ( ! opposable ?umb & ! developm5t ( ! high] m5tal faculties ( man is su/a9$ to-day by ! discov]y t "o ( ! be/ me?ods ( develop+ ! m9d ( ! *ild is to insi/ ^u ! con/ant use ( ! h&s1 = ! action & reaction betwe5 h& & bra9 is f\nd to develop ! m9d4 ,a simil> action & reaction betwe5 foot & bra9 develop$ ! erect gait :i* releas$ ! h& f its locomotive & limb-grasp+ function1 & by ! resultant p]fect+ ( ! motion ( ?umbs & f+]s turn$ ! h& into an organ ready = ! increas+ specialization dem&$ by ! manufacture ( fl9t implem5ts4 ,?is is ! /age rea*$1 we believe1 9 late ,plioc5e times 9 :i* ! human ance/or em]ges f ! age ( mammals & ent]s ! age ( man1 ! p]iod :5 ! prehi/ory ( man prop]ly beg9s4 ,! attitude is erect1 ! h& has a well-develop$ opposable ?umb1 ! c5tres ( ! bra9 relat+ to ! high] s5ses & to ! control ( all ! motions ( ! limbs1 h&s1 & f+]s are well develop$4 ,! p[] ( spee* may /ill be rudim5t>y4 ,! ant]ior c5tres ( ! bra9 = ! /or+ ( exp]i5ce & ! developm5t ( ideas are c]ta9ly v rudim5t>y4 ,,*ange ,,( ,,environm5t ,,9 ,,europe ,consid]+ t ! orig9 & developm5t ( any creature are be/ fur!r$ by a /ruggle = exi/5ce suffici5tly sev]e to dem& ! full & frequ5t ex]cise ( its p[]s ( m9d & body1 x is int]e/+ to trace ! sequ5ce ( natural ev5ts :i* prep>$ we/]n ,europe = ! entrance ( ! e>lie/ bran*es ( ! human race4 ,! =e/s & plants portray ev5 m vividly ?an ! animals ! *ang+ conditions ( ! environm5t & temp]ature :i* m>k$ ! approa* & v>i\s vicissitudes ( ! great ,ice ,age4 ,! =e/s ( c5tral ,france 9 ,plioc5e times1 z well z ^? ( ! valley ( ! ,arno 9 nor!rn ,italy1 7 v simil> to ! =e/s ( ! middle ,unit$ ,/ates at ! pres5t "t1 compris+ su* trees z ! sassafras1 ! locu/1 ! honey-locu/1 ! suma*1 ! bald cypress1 & ! tulip4 ,?us ! regions :i* h>bor$ ! ri* =e/ & mead[ fauna ( nor!rn ,italy 9 ,upp] ,plioc5e times ab\nd$ 9 trees famili> to-day 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 includ+ ev5 su* di/9ctively ,am]ican =ms z ! sweet gum 7,liquidamb> /yraciflua71 ! s\r gum 7,nyssa sylvatica71 & ! bay1 beside ^? above m5tion$4 ,to ! s\?1 along ! ,m$it]ranean1 !re also fl\ri%$ trees incid5t to a m tropical climate1 ! bamboo1 ! sabal palm1 & ! dw>f fan-palm2 mo/ int]e/+ is ! pres5ce ( ! sabal1 :i* n[ fl\ri%es 9 ! subtropical ra9 =e/s ( c5tral ,florida4 ,! sequoia also 0 abundant4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! ,plioc5e ! fir/ indications ( ! com+ ,glacial ,epo* 7 a l[]+ ( ! temp]ature1 &1 9 ! high] m\nta9\s areas p]haps1 a beg9n+ ( ! glacial /ages4 ,! ance/ors ( ! mod]n =e/s ( ,europe pr$om9at$ 9 c5tral ,france3 ! oak1 ! bee*1 ! popl>1 ! will[1 & ! l>*4 ,x is ^! =e/s1 :i* surviv$ ! vicissitudes ( glacial times1 t gave desc5t to ! =e/s ( ,po/glacial ,europe1 :ile all ! purely ,am]ican types disappe>$ f ,europe & are n[ f\nd only 9 ! temp]ate regions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates47#e7 ,we h se5 t an?ropoid apes h n be5 discov]$ ei!r 9 ! ,middle or ,upp] ,plioc5e ( ,europe2 ! gibbon-ape l9e disappe>s ) ! ,pliohylobates ( ! ,upp] ,plioc5e4 ,^! animals are1 h[ev]1 r>ely f\nd 9 fossil =m1 ow+ to _! retreat to ! trees 9 times ( flood & dang]1 s t we ne$ n necess>ily assume t ! an?ropoids _h actually become ext9ct 9 ,france4 ,! primates :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,plioc5e belong to ! l[] types ( ! ,old ,_w monkeys1 relat$ to ! liv+ langur ( ,india & to ! macaque & baboon4 ,! evid5ce1 z f> z x goes1 indicates t ! ance/ors ( man 7 at ?is "t evolv+ 9 ,asia & n 9 ,europe4 ,?is evid5ce1 nev]!less1 w\ld be completely (fset if x c\ld be prov5 t ! eoli?s1 or primitive fl9ts1 f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe f ,oligoc5e to ,plei/oc5e times are really artifacts ( human or prehuman orig94 ,! mammals ( ,europe 9 ,plioc5e times 7 d]iv$ by v remote migrations f ,nor? ,am]ica &1 m directly1 f s\!rn ,asia4 ,! ,ori5tal elem5t is v /rong1 includ+ types ( rh9oc]oses n[ peculi> to ,sumatra & s\!rn ,asia1 num]\s ma/odons v simil> to ! s\? ,asiatic types ( ! times1 gazelles & antelopes1 includ+ types relat$ to ! exi/+ el&s1 & primitive types ( horses & ( tapirs4 ,among ! c>nivores 9 ,europe simil> to s\? ,asiatic species 7 ! hynas1 ! dog be>s 7,hyn>ctos71 ! civets1 & ! p&as 7,ailurus72 !re 7 also ! sabre-too? tig]s & num]\s o!r fel9es4 ,9 ! trees 7 f\nd ! s\? ,asiatic & nor? ,african monkeys2 & 9 ! =e/s ! axis de]1 n[ re/rict$ to ,asia4 ,b ! mo/ di/9ctive ,african-,asiatic animal ( ?is p]iod 0 f\nd 9 ! riv]s2 namely1 ! hippopotamus1 :i* arriv$ 9 ,italy 9 ! e>ly ,plioc5e & rang$ s\? by way ( ! ,sicilian l& bridge into nor!rn ,africa & ea/ along ! s\!rn %ores ( ! ,black ,sea to ! ,siwalik hills ( ,india4 ,?us1 _m ( ! ance/ors ( :at we h t]m$ ! ,african-,asiatic mammal gr\p ( ,plei/oc5e times _h already f\nd _! way into ,europe e>ly 9 ,plioc5e times4 ,9 middle & late ,plioc5e times !re arriv$ ?ree v important types ( mammals :i* play$ a great rle 9 ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e4 ,^! are3 ,! true horses 7,equus /5onis7 ( remote ,nor? ,am]ican orig94 ,! fir/ true cattle 7,leptobos elatus71 orig9at+ 9 s\!rn ,asia4 ,! true elephants1 fir/ ,elephas planifrons & lat] ,e4 m]idionalis1 bett] kn[n z ! s\!rn mammo?1 bo? orig9at+ 9 ,asia4 ,! =e/s & riv] bord]s ( ! valley ( ! ,arno1 ne> ,flor5ce1 conta9$ all ^! ,african-,asiatic animals 9 ,upp] ,plioc5e times4 ,"h !y receiv$ _! names :i* rem9d u ( ?is region ( ,italy z x is to-day1 su* z ! ,etruscan rh9oc]os 7,dic]orh9us etruscus71 ! ,flor5t9e macaque 7,macacus flor5t9us71 ,/5o's horse 7,equus /5onis71 ! ,etruscan cattle 7,leptobos etruscus71 :i* 0 ! e>lie/ ox to rea* ,europe4 ,9 ,italy & ,france ^! ,african-,asiatic mammals 7 m+l$ ) ance/ors ( ! m h>dy ,eurasiatic =e/ & mead[ gr\p4 ,( ^! ! mo/ graceful 7 a v>iety ( de] ) v elaborate or _m-bran*$ antl]s1 h5ce kn[n z ! 'polyclad9e' de]4 ,9 ! =e/s roam$ ! wild bo>s ( ,auv]gne 7,sus arv]n5sis71 also ! be>s ( ,auv]gne 7,ursus arv]n5sis71 lynxes1 foxes1 & wildcats4 ,9 ! riv]s swam ! ott] & ! beav]1 closely alli$ to exi/+ =ms4 ,among ! rocks ( ! high hills 7 ! pikas or tailless h>es 7,lagomys71 also ham/]s1 moles1 & %rews4 ,_m ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic animals ( ! dry mod]n plateaus ( ,africa _h disappe>$ f ,europe be=e ! close ( ,plioc5e times1 namely1 species ( gazelles1 antelopes1 & ! hipp>ion horses1 all ( :i* 7 adapt$ to ! dry upl&s or des]ts ( ,africa4 ,9 ! rema9+ faune ,pliocne rc5te ( ,fr5* au?ors we f9d evid5ce t ! ,plioc5e 9 all ( we/]n ,europe clos$ ) a moi/1 w>m1 temp]ate climate1 ) wide-spread =e/s & riv]s int]sp]s$ ) mead[s favorable to ! life ( a great v>iety ( br[s+ de] z well z ( graz+ elephants1 horses & cattle4 ,! flora ( ! ,middle ,plioc5e z f\nd at ,meximieux indicates a mean annual temp]ature ( #fb to #fc ,fahr4 ,"o ( ! pro(s ( ! gradual l[]+ ( temp]ature t[>d ! close ( ,plioc5e times 9 ,europe is ! s\?w>d retreat & disappe>ance ( ! apes & monkeys2 ! ,upp] ,mioc5e gibbon is f\nd z f> nor? z ,eppel%eim1 ne> ,worms1 ,g]many2 9 ,l[] ,plioc5e times ! monkeys & apes are f\nd only 9 ! =e/s ( ! s\? ( ,france2 9 ,upp] ,plioc5e times !y are record$ only 9 ! =e/s ( nor!rn ,italy2 ! evid5ce1 s f> z x goes1 indicates a gradual retreat t[>d ! s\?4 ,f9ally1 at ! end ( ! ,plioc5e !re exi/$ v close geographic relations ea/w>d ) ! mammalian life ( ,india by way ( :at 0 !n ! i/hmus ( ! ,d>danelles & s\?w>d ) ! mammalian life ( ,africa by way ( ! ,sicilian l& bridge4 ,?is w\ld indicate t ! long l9es ( ea/w>d & we/w>d migration 7 op5 & favorable to ! arrival 9 we/]n ,europe ( new migrants f ! f> ea/1 includ+ p]haps ! mo/ primitive races ( man4 ,!re is n ! lea/ evid5ce t ,plioc5e man or ance/ors ( man exi/$ 9 ,europe1 except+ su* z may be af=d$ by ! problematic eoli?s1 or mo/ primitive fl9ts4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,glaciation ,9 ,upp] ,plioc5e times cold m>9e curr5ts7#f7 f ! nor? began to fl[ along ! s\!a/]n coa/ ( ,engl&1 ) indications ( a gradually l[]+ temp]ature culm9at+ at a "t :5 ! sea ab\nd$ 9 ! arctic mollusks1 :i* h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ',weyb\rn ,crags1' a geologic =mation along ! coa/ ( ,norfolk4 ,?is arctic curr5t 0 ! h]ald ( ! ,fir/ ,glacial ,/age4 ,x does n appe> t a glacial cap ( any consid]able ext5t 0 =m$ 9 ,great ,brita9 at ?is /age1 b ab\t ?is "t ! fir/ great ice-cap 0 =m$ 9 ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica we/ ( ,hudson ,bay1 :i* s5t its ice-%eets z f> s\? z ,i[a & ,nebraska4 ,9 ! latt] ,/ate =e/s ( spruce & o!r conif]\s species indicate ! appe>ance ( a cool temp]ate flora 9 advance ( ! glaciation4 ,9 ! ,swiss ,alps ! sn[ desc5d$ #a1bjj met]s bel[ ! pres5t sn[-l9e1 & 9 ,sc&9avia & nor!rn ,g]many ! fir/ great ice-%eets 7 =m$ f :i* fl[$ ! glaci]s & riv]s convey+ ! ',old ,diluvium1' or ! 'olde/ drift4' ,accompany+ ! cold wave along ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,engl& we note1 9 ! fam\s fossil deposits kn[n z ! ',=e/ ,b$ ( ,crom]1' :i* ov]lie ! ,weyb\rn ,crags1 ! arrival f ! nor? ( ! fir-tree 7,abies74 ,?is is mo/ significant1 because x _h hi!rto be5 kn[n only 9 ! arctic region ( ,gr9nell ,l&1 & ?is 0 its fir/ appe>ance 9 c5tral ,europe4 ,ano!r h]ald ( nor!rn conditions 0 ! fir/ occurr5ce ( ! musk-ox 9 ,engl&1 :i* is attribut$7#g7 to ! ',=e/ ,b$' deposits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,! ,fir/ 7,gnz7 ,glacial ,/age 0 f> less ext5sive ?an t 9 ! above map1 :i* %[s ,europe 9 ! ,second ,glacial ,/age1 dur+ ! greate/ ext5sion ( ! ice-fields & glaci]s 7dots71 a p]iod ( cont95tal depression 9 :i* ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,black1 & ,caspian ,seas 7 connect$4 ,! l9e f ,sc&9avia to ! ,atlas ,m\nta9s corresponds ) ! section %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac1 p4 #cg4 ,drawn by ,c4 ,a4 ,re$s1 aft] ,james ,geikie & ,p5ck4 ,:ile ,great ,brita9 0 less affect$ at ?is "t ?an o!r regions1 !re is no d\bt z to ! va/ ext5t ( ! ,fir/ ,glacial ,/age 9 ,briti% ,am]ica1 9 ,sc&9avia1 & 9 ! ,alps2 9 ! latt] region x has be5 t]m$ '! ,gnz /age' by ,p5ck & ,brckn]4 ,! 'drift' deposits h a g5]al ?ickness ( #ih-a_/b feet 7#cj m471 b !y are l>gely cov]$ & buri$ by ^? ( ! f> m ext5sive ,second ,glacial ,/age4 ,! ,sc&9avian ice-%eet7#h7 n only occupi$ ! bas9 ( ! ,baltic b ov]fl[$ ,scania--! s\!rn "p ( ,sw$5--& ext5d$ z f> s\? z ,hamburg & ,b]l94 ,9 ! ,alps ! glaci]s pass$ d[n all ! great m\nta9 valleys to ! l[ gr\nds ( ! =el&1 imply+ a depression ( ! sn[-l9e to #d1jjj feet bel[ its pres5t level4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,! musk-ox1 belong+ to ! tundra region ( ! arctic circle1 :i* is report$ to h migrat$ z f> s\? z ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,engl& dur+ ! ,fir/ 7,gnz7 ,glacial ,/age4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,int]glacial ,,/age4 ,,eoli?s ,pro(s t a prolong$ cool wave pass$ ov] ,brita9 dur+ ! fir/ glaciation are se5 9 its aft] effects1 namely1 9 ! mod]nization ( ! =e/s & 9 ! disappe>ance bo? 9 ,brita9 & ,france ( a v consid]able numb] ( animals :i* 7 abundant 9 ,upp] ,plioc5e times4 ,yet by f> ! great] "p ( ! ,plioc5e mammal life surviv$1 a fact :i* t5ds to %[ t1 :ile v cold conditions ( climate & great precipitation ( moi/ure may h *>act]iz$ ! regions imm$iately surr\nd+ ! ice-fields1 ! rema9d] ( we/]n ,europe at mo/ pass$ ?r\gh a prolong$ cool p]iod dur+ ! climax ( ! ,fir/ ,glacial ,/age4 ,?is 0 foll[$ dur+ ! ,fir/ ,int]glacial by ! return ( a p]iod some:at w>m] ?an ! pres5t4 ,?is ,fir/ ,int]glacial ,/age is kn[n z ! ,norfolkian1 f ! fact t x 0 fir/ recogniz$ 9 ,europe 9 ! deposits kn[n z ! ',=e/ ,b$ ( ,crom]1' ,norfolk1 :i* conta9 ri* records n only ( ! =e/s ( ! p]iod1 b ( ! noble =ms ( mammals :i* roam$ ov] ,great ,brita9 & ,france 9 ,norfolkian times4 ,! =e/s ( ,norfolk1 9 latitude #eb #dj' ,n4 ma9ly ab\nd$ 9 trees /ill indig5\s to ?is region1 su* z ! maple1 elm1 bir*1 will[1 ald]1 oak1 bee*1 p9e1 & spruce1 a =e/ flora closely correspond+ to t ( ! ,norfolk & ,suffolk coa/s ( ,engl& at ! pres5t "t1 al?\gh we f9d 9 ?is fossil flora sev]al exotic species :i* give x a slightly diff]5t "*47#i7 ,f ?is tree flora ,reid concludes t ! climate ( s\!a/]n ,engl& 0 ne>ly ! same z at pres5t b slightly w>m]4 ,we note especially t a v great *ange _h tak5 place 9 ! entire disappe>ance 9 ^! =e/s ( ! trees :i* 9 ,plioc5e times 7 common to ,europe & ,am]ica1 z describ$ above2 9 o!r words1 ! flora ( ,europe 0 greatly impov]i%$ dur+ ! fir/ cold wave4 ,9 s\!rn ,france1 z at ! pres5t "t1 ! int]glacial climatic conditions 7 mild]1 = we f9d num]\s species ( plants1 :i* are n[ repres5t$ 9 ! ,caucasus1 ,p]sia1 s\!rn ,italy1 ,portugal1 & ,japan4 ,?us ! ,fir/ ,int]glacial ,/age1 :i* 0 a relatively %ort "o1 enjoy$ a temp]ature n[ belong+ ab\t #d ( latitude f>!r s\?4 ,?is ,fir/ ,int]glacial ,/age is also kn[n z ! ,/4-,pre/i51 because among ! _m localities 9 ,france & ,italy :i* pres]ve ! plant & mammal life ( ! times t ( ,/4 ,pre/1 9 ! ,p>is bas91 is ! mo/ fam\s4 ,"h 9 #ahfc ,desnoy]s7#aj7 fir/ report$ ! discov]y ( a numb] ( mammal bones ) incision l9es ^u !m1 :i* he consid]$ to be ! "w ( man4 ,^! deposits 7 reg>d$ at ! "t z ( ,plioc5e age1 & ?is gave rise imm$iately to a wide-spread !ory ( ! appe>ance ( man z e>ly z ! ,plioc5e4 ,! human orig9 ( ! incisions discov]$ by ,desnoy]s has long be5 a matt] ( dispute & is n[ reg>d$ z v improbable4 ,simil> l9es may be ( animal orig91 namely1 m>ks left by claws or tee?1 or due to accid5tal pressure ( %>p cutt+ surfaces4 ,h[ev]1 we d n pret5d to express an op9ion ( any value z to ! cause ( ^! incisions4 ,suppos$ confirmation ( ! evid5ce ( ,desnoy]s ( ! exi/5ce ( ,plioc5e man 0 ! alleg$ f9d+ by ,abbott ( sev]al work$ fl9ts1 two 9 situ1 9 ! ',=e/ ,b$ ( ,crom]1' ,norfolk4 ,_m ye>s lat] 9 simil> deposits at ,/4 ,pre/ 7 discov]$ ! suppos$ 'eoli?s' :i* h be5 ref]r$ to ! tage ,pre/i5 by ,rutot4 ,! age ( ! ,/4 ,pre/ deposits is1 !re=e1 a matt] ( ! v highe/ int]e/ & importance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,! giant de] 7,megac]os71 :i* fir/ appe>s 9 we/]n ,europe dur+ ! ,fir/ ,int]glacial ,/age1 probably z a migrant f ! =e/$ regions ( ,eurasia4 ,aft] a pa9t+ by ,*>les ,r4 ,knight1 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,/4 ,pre/ is n ,plioc5e2 x is r ! mo/ anci5t ,plei/oc5e deposit 9 ! bas9 ( ,p>is17#aa7 & ^! incis$ mammal bones probably date f ! ,fir/ ,int]glacial ,/age4 ,! b$ :i* has yield$ ! incis$ bones & ! ri* s]ies ( fossils consi/s ( co>se riv] s&s & gravels1 =m+ "p ( a 'high t]race1' #ih-a_/b feet 7#cj m47 above ! pres5t level ( ! riv] ,eure4 ,?is1 l o!r 'high t]races1' conta9s a *>act]i/ic ,fir/ ,int]glacial fauna1 includ+ ! s\!rn mammo? 7,e4 m]idionalis71 & ,/5o's horse 7,e4 /5onis74 ,we also f9d "h o!r v *>act]i/ic e>ly ,plei/oc5e mammals1 su* z ! ,etruscan rh9oc]os 7,d4 etruscus71 ! giant hippopotamus ( e>ly ,plei/oc5e times 7,h4 major71 ! giant beav] ( ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e 7,trogon!rium71 ?ree =ms ( ! common beav] 7,ca/or71 & "o ( ! bison 7,bison antiquus74 ,?is mammalian life ( ,/4 ,pre/ is v simil> to t ( ,norfolk1 ,engl&2 to t ( ,malbattu 9 c5tral ,france1 ,puy-de-,dme2 ( ,peyrolles1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,rhne1 9 s\!rn ,france2 ( ,solilhac ne> ,puy2 ( ,dur=t1 ,g>d2 ( ,caj>c1 ,lot-et-,g>onne2 & f9ally to t ( ! valley ( ! ,arno1 9 nor!rn ,italy4 ,"o reason :y c]ta9 au?ors1 su* z ,b\le & ,depret1 h plac$ ?is /age 9 ! ,upp] ,plioc5e is t ! mammals include s _m surviv+ ,plioc5e =ms1 su* z ! sabre-too? tig]s 7,ma*rodus71 ! 'polyclad9e' de] ) ! elaborate antl]s 7,c4 s$gwicki71 ! ,etruscan rh9oc]os1 & ! primitive ,/5o's horse4 ,b we h rec5tly discov]$ t1 ) ! exception ( ! 'polyclad9e' de]1 ^! mammals c]ta9ly surviv$ 9 ,europe z late z ! ,second ,int]glacial ,/age1 & !re is said to be evid5ce t "s ev5 p]si/$ into ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! ext9ction or disappe>ance f ,europe ( _m ( ! animals v abundant ev5 9 late ,plioc5e times :i* m>ks ?is fauna z e>ly ,plei/oc5e4 ,an?ropoid apes are no long] f\nd2 inde$1 !re is no evid5ce ( ! survival ( any ( ! primates1 except macaques1 :i* survive 9 ! ,pyr5ees to late ,plei/oc5e times2 ! tapir has entirely disappe>$ f ! =e/s ( ,europe2 b ! mo/ significant dep>ture is t ( ! ma/odon1 :i* is believ$ to h l+]$ 9 nor? ,africa & :i* c]ta9ly surviv$ 9 ,am]ica into v late ,plei/oc5e times4 ,! animal life ( we/]n ,europe1 l ! plant life1 has lo/ "o "p ( its ,plioc5e aspect :ile reta9+ ano!r "p1 bo? 9 its mammalian fauna & 9 its =e/ flora4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,! sabre-too? tig] 7,ma*rodus71 :i* survives f ! ,upp] ,plioc5e & is widely di/ribut$ ov] we/]n ,europe until ! ,middle ,plei/oc5e4 ,aft] a pa9t+ by ,*>les ,r4 ,knight1 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,! liv+ environm5t z a :ole1 moreov]1 takes on a novel aspect ?r\gh ! arrival1 *iefly f ! nor?1 ( ! m h>dy animals & plants :i* _h be5 evolv+ = a v long p]iod ( "t 9 ! temp]ate =e/s & mead[s ( ,eurasia to ! nor!a/ & nor?we/4 ,f ?is ,eurasiatic region came ! /ag1 or r$ de] 7,c]vus elaphus71 also ! giant de] 7,megac]os71 & f ! nor!rly swamps ! broad-head$ moose 7,alces latifrons74 ,! pres5ce ( memb]s ( ! de] family 7,c]vid7 9 great numb]s & repres5t+ _m diff]5t l9es ( desc5t is "o ( ! mo/ di/9ctive features ( ,fir/ ,int]glacial times4 ,beside ! new nor!rly =ms m5tion$ above1 !re 0 ! roe-de] 7,capreolus71 :i* /ill survives 9 ,europe1 b !re is no long] any record ( ! beautiful axis de] 7,axis71 :i* has n[ retreat$ to s\!rn ,asia4 ,! 'polyclad9e' de]1 fir/ obs]v$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,arno1 is repres5t$ 9 ,fir/ ,int]glacial times by ,s$gwick's de] 7,c4 s$gwicki71 9 ,norfolk1 & by ! species ,c4 dicranius ( nor!rn ,italy1 :]e !re also occurs ! 'de] ( ! ,c>nutes' 7,c4 c>nutorum74 ,we obs]ve t br[s+1 =e/-liv+1 & riv]-liv+ types pr$om9ate4 ,among ! =e/-frequ5t+ c>nivores 7 ! wolv]5e1 ! ott]1 two k9ds ( be>1 ! wolf1 ! fox1 & ! m>t52 ano!r =e/ dwell] 0 a wild bo>1 relat$ to ! exi/+ ,sus scr(a ( ,europe4 ,?us 9 ! v beg9n+ ( ,plei/oc5e times ! =e/s ( ,europe 7 full ( a wild life v simil> to t ( prehi/oric times1 m+l$ ) :i* 0 ! ,ori5tal elem5t1 ! great elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 & hippopotami connect+ ,europe ) ! f> ea/4 ,among ^! ea/]n migrants 9 ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e 7 two new arrivals1 ! primitive wild cattle 7,bos primig5ius71 & ! fir/ ( ! bison 7,bison priscus74 ,! !oretical map ( we/]n ,europe dur+ ,fir/ ,int]glacial times 7,fig4 #ab1 also ,fig4 #ef7 enables u to und]/& ^! migrations f ! nor!a/ & f ! ,ori5t4 ,z indicat$ by ! sunk5 riv] *annels discov]$ on ! old cont95tal %elf1 ! coa/-l9e ext5d$ f> to ! we/ to ! bord]s ( ! cont95tal plateau :i* is n[ sunk deep b5ea? ! ocean2 ! ,briti% ,isles 7 sep>at$ f ,france n by ! sea b by a broad valley1 :ile ! ,rh9e1 ) ! ,?ames z a we/]n tribut>y fl[$ nor?w>d ov] an ext5sive flood-pla91 :i* is ! pres5t floor ( ! ,nor? ,sea bas947#ab7 ,x is n improbable t ! ri* mammalian life deposits 9 ! ',=e/ ,b$ ( ,crom]1' ,norfolk1 7 wa%$ d[n by tribut>ies ( ?is anci5t ,rh9e ,riv]4 ,9 all ! great riv]s ( ?is enl>g$ we/]n ,europe occurr$ ! hippopotami1 & along ! riv] bord]s & 9 ! =e/s br[s$ ! ,etruscan rh9oc]os4 ,among ! graz+ & mead[-liv+ =ms ( ! ,norfolk c\ntry ( ,brita9 7 species ( wild cattle 7,bos1 ,leptobos71 toge!r ) two species ( horses1 includ+ a light] =m resembl+ ,/5o's horse 7,e4 /5onis coc*i7 ( ! ,val d',arno & a heavi] type probably belong+ to ! =e/s4 ,! giant elephant ( ?is p]iod is ! s\!rn mammo? 7,e4 m]idionalis trogon!rii71 a some:at specializ$ desc5dant ( ! ,plioc5e s\!rn mammo? ( ! valley ( ! ,arno2 ?is animal is be/ kn[n f a sup]b specim5 discov]$ at ,dur=t 7,fig4 #db7 & pres]v$ 9 ! ,p>is ,museum4 ,x is said to h atta9$ a height ( ov] #ab feet z comp>$ ) #aa feet #c in*es1 ! height ( ! l>ge/ exi/+ ,african elephants4 ,x is probable t all ^! s\? ,asiatic migrants into ,europe 7 p>tially or :olly cov]$ ) hair1 9 adaptation to ! w>m1 temp]ate climate ( ! summ]s & ! cool w9t]s4 ,to ! s\?1 9 ! /ill mild] climate ( ,italy1 ! arrival ( ano!r great species1 kn[n z ! 'anci5t' or '/raight-tusk$ elephant' 7,e4 antiquus71 is record$4 ,?is animal _h n yet rea*$ ,france or ,brita94 ,prey+ ^u ! def5seless memb]s ( ?is het]og5e\s fauna 7 ! great ma*rodonts1 or sabre-too? tig]s1 :i* rang$ ov] ,europe & nor!rn ,africa & into ,asia4 ,x does n appe> t ! true lions 7,felis leo7 _h z yet ent]$ ,europe4 ,an int]communication ( life ov] a va/ area ext5d+ #f1jjj miles f ! ,?ames valley on ! we/ to ,india on ! s\!a/ is indicat$ by ! pres5ce ( six or m simil> or relat$ species ( elephants & rh9oc]oses4 ,tw5ty-five hundr$ miles s\!a/ ( ! foot-hills ( ! ,himalayas simil> h]ds ( mammals1 b 9 an e>li] /age ( evolution1 roam$ ov] ! isl& ( ,java1 :i* 0 !n a "p ( ! ,asiatic ma9l&4 ,,! ,,tr9il ,,race ,,( ,,java ,! human int]e/ 9 ?is great life ?rong lies 9 ! fact t ! migration r\tes op5$ by ^! great races ( animals may also h af=d$ a pa?way = ! e>lie/ races ( m54 ,?us ! discov]y ( ! ,tr9il race 9 c5tral ,java1 amid/ a fauna closely relat$ to t ( ! foot-hills ( ! ,himalayas & m remotely relat$ to t ( s\!rn ,europe1 has a m direct be>+ ^u our subject ?an w\ld at fir/ appe>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,re/oration ( ,pi!can?ropus1 ! ,java ape-man1 modell$ by ! ,belgian arti/ ,mascr1 "u ! direction ( ,pr(essor ,a4 ,rutot1 ( ,brussels1 ,belgium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,! ,solo or ,b5gawan ,riv] 9 c5tral ,java4 ,sc5e ( ! discov]y ( ! type specim5 ( ,pi!can?ropus erectus 9 #ahid4 ,aft] ,sel5ka & ,blanck5horn4 ,comp>e map 7,fig4 #cb1 p4 #ge74 ,on ! ,b5gawan ,riv] 9 c5tral ,java1 a ,dut* army surgeon1 ,eug5 ,dubois1 _h be5 excavat+ = fossils 9 ! hope ( f9d+ prehuman rema9s4 ,9 ! ye> #ahia he f\nd ne> ,tr9il a deposit ( num]\s mammal bones1 includ+ a s+le upp] mol> too? :i* he reg>d$ z t ( a new species ( ape4 ,on c>efully cle>+ away ! rock ! top ( a skull appe>$ at ab\t a met]'s di/ance f ! too?4 ,fur!r excavation at ! close ( ! ra9y season br\ght to light a second mol> too? & a left ?igh-bone ab\t #ae met]s f ! spot :]e ! skull 0 f\nd1 imb$d$ & fossiliz$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,^! scatt]$ p>ts 7 describ$ by ,dubois7#ac7 9 #ahid z ! type ( ,pi!can?ropus erectus1,o a t]m signify+ ! upright-/&+ ape-man4 ,! specific t]m erectus ref]s to ! ?igh-bone1 ( :i* ! au?or obs]ves3 ,we mu/ !re=e conclude t ! femur ( ,pi!can?ropus 0 design$ = ! same me*anical functions z t ( man4 ,! two articulations & ! me*anical axis correspond s exactly to ! same p>ts 9 man t ! law ( p]fect h>mony betwe5 ! =m & function ( a bone w necessitate ! conclusion t ?is fossil creature _h ! same upright po/ure z man & likewise walk$ on two legs4444 ,f ?is x necess>ily foll[s t ! creature _h ! free use ( ! upp] extremities--n[ sup]flu\s = walk+--& t ^! la/ 7 no d\bt already f> advanc$ 9 t l9e ( diff]5tiation :i* develop$ !m 9 mank9d into tools & organs ( t\*4444 ,f a /udy ( ! femur & skull x foll[s ) c]ta9ty t ?is fossil _c be classifi$ z simian4444 ,&1 z ) ! skull1 s also ) ! femur1 ! diff]5ces t sep>ate ,pi!can?ropus f man are less ?an ^? di/+ui%+ x f ! highe/ an?ropoid4444 ,al?\gh f> advanc$ 9 ! c\rse ( diff]5tiation1 ?is ,plei/oc5e =m _h n yet atta9$ to ! human type4 ,pi!can?ropus erectus is ! transition =m betwe5 man & ! an?ropoids :i* ! laws ( evolution tea* u mu/ h exi/$4 ,he is ! ance/or ( man4 ,?us ! au?or plac$ ,pi!can?ropus 9 a new family1 ( ! ord] ,primates1 :i* he nam$ ! ,pi!can?ropid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,geological section ( ! volcano ( ,lawoe 9 ! ,solo ,riv] bas94 ,drawn by ,c4 ,a4 ,re$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,map ( ! ,solo ,riv]1 %[+ ! ,pi!can?ropus discov]y site1 also two excavations 7,pit ,no4 #a1 ,pit ,no4 #b7 9 ! anci5t gravel ( ! riv]-bottom1 made by ! ,sel5ka-,blanck5horn exp$ition ( #aijg4 ,aft] ,sel5ka & ,blanck5horn4 ,! geologic age ( ! bones ref]r$ to is a matt] ( fir/ importance4 ,! rema9s ( ,pi!can?ropus lay 9 a deposit ab\t "o met] 9 ?ickness1 consi/+ ( loose1 co>se1 tuface\s s&/ones1 bel[ ?is a /ratum ( h>d1 blue-gray clay1 & "u t m>9e breccia4 ,above ! ,pi!can?ropus lay] 7 ! ',k5d5g' /rata1 a _m-lay]$ tuface\s s&/one1 ab\t #ae met]s 9 ?ickness4 ,?is geologic s]ies 0 consid]$ by ,dubois & o!rs to be ( late ,t]ti>y or ,plioc5e age2 ,pi!can?ropus accord+ly became kn[n z ! long-await$ ',plioc5e ape-man4' ,subsequ5t rese>*es by exp]t geologi/s h t5d$ to ref] ! age to ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e47#ag7 ,accord+ to ,elb]t7#ah7 ! ,k5d5g /rata ov]ly+ ! ,pi!can?ropus lay] correspond to an e>ly pluvial p]iod ( l[ temp]ature &1 9 po9t ( "t1 to ! ,ice ,age ( ,europe4 ,= ev5 9 ,java "o c di/+ui% ?ree divisions ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod1 includ+ ! fir/ p]iod ( l[ temp]ature to :i* ! ,pi!can?ropus lay] is ref]r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,section correspond+ to l9e ,a-,b 9 ,fig4 #cb1 %[+ ! riv]-drift gravels & s&s at ! po9t :]e ! skull-top ( ,pi!can?ropus 0 f\nd4 ,drawn by ,c4 ,a4 ,re$s4 ,rec5t #g ,riv] wa%1 blue-black clay4 #f ,light-color$ s&/one1 l tuff4 #e ,gray tuff ) balls ( clay1 fre%-wat] %ells4 #d ,:ite /reak$ s&/one resembl+ tufa4 ,plei/oc5e #c ,blue-black clay ) plant rema9s4 #b ,bone-be>+ /ratum4 ,pi!can?ropus4 #a ,lah> conglom]ate4 ,! fossil mammals conta9$ 9 ! ,pi!can?ropus lay] h also be5 ?or\ghly /udi$17#ai7 & !y t5d to confirm ! orig9al ref]5ce to ! upp]mo/ ,plioc5e4 ,!y yield a v ri* fauna simil> to t ( ! ,siwalik hills ( ,india1 includ+ ! porcup9e1 pangol91 sev]al fel9es1 ! hyna1 & ! ott]4 ,among ! primates beside ,pi!can?ropus !re is a macaque4 ,among ! l>g] ungulates are two species ( rh9oc]os relat$ to exi/+ ,indian =ms1 ! tapir1 ! bo>1 ! hippopotamus1 ! axis & rusa de]1 ! ,indian buffalo1 & wild cattle4 ,x is notewor?y t ?ree species ( late ,plioc5e elephants1 all kn[n z ,/egodon1 & especially ! species ,/egodon ganeza1 occur1 z well z ,elephas hysudricus1 a species relat$ to ,e4 antiquus1 or ! /raight-tusk$ elephant1 :i* ent]$ ,europe 9 e>ly ,plei/oc5e times4 ,fossils ( ! same animals are f\nd 9 ! foot-hills ( ! ,himalayas ( ,india1 ab\t #b1ejj miles di/ant to ! nor?we/4 ,! ,india deposits are consid]$ ( upp]mo/ ,plioc5e age17#bj7 = ?is is ! clos+ life p]iod ( ! upp] ,siwaliks ( ,india4 ,c]ta9ly ,java 0 !n a "p ( ! ,asiatic cont95t1 & simil> h]ds ( great mammals roam$ freely ov] ! pla9s f ! foot-hills ( ! ,himalaya ,m\nta9s to ! bord]s ( ! anci5t ,tr9il ,riv]1 :ile simil> apes inhabit$ ! =e/s4 ,at ?is "t ! orang may h ent]$ ! =e/s ( ,borneo1 :i* are at pres5t its home2 x is ! only ape ?us f> f\nd 9 ! upp]mo/ ,plioc5e ( ,india4 ,we may1 !re=e1 anticipate ! discov]y1 at any "t1 9 ,india ( a race simil> to ,pi!can?ropus4 ,! geologic age ( ! ,tr9il race is1 !re=e1 to be consid]$ z late ,plioc5e or e>ly ,plei/oc5e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,! top 7#a7 & side 7#a;a7 views ( ! skull-top ( ,pi!can?ropus erectus4 ,aft] ,dubois4 ,"o-?ird life size4 ,?is great discov]y ( ,dubois ar\s$ wide-spread & heat$ discussion1 9 :i* ! =emo/ anatomi/s & palontologi/s ( ! _w took "p4 ,"s reg>d$ ! skull z t ( a giant gibbon1 o!rs z prehuman1 & /ill o!rs z a transition =m4 ,we may =m our own op9ion1 h[ev]1 f a full] und]/&+ ( ! specim5s !mselves1 always keep+ 9 m9d t x is a "q :e!r ! femur & ! skull belong to ! same individual or ev5 to ! same race4 ,fir/1 we are /ruck by ! m>k$ resemblance :i* ! top ( ! skull be>s1 bo? on view+ x f ! side & f above1 to t ( ! ,ne&]?al race4 ,?is fully ju/ifies ! op9ion ( ! anatomi/ ,s*walbe7#ba7 t ! skull ( ,pi!can?ropus is ne>] to t ( ,ne&]?al man ?an to t ( ev5 ! highe/ ( ! an?ropoid apes4 ,z measur$ by ,s*walbe1 ! index ( ! height ( ! cranium 7,kalott5hhe9dex7 may be comp>$ ) o!rs z foll[s3 ,l[e/ human race #eb p] c5t4 ,ne&]?al man #dj4d p] c5t4 ,pi!can?ropus1 or ,tr9il race #cd4b p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,head ( *impanzee--front & side views--exhibit+ a head ( some:at simil> %ape to t ( ,pi!can?ropus1 ) prom95t eyebr[ ridges1 b mu* small] bra9 capacity4 ,photograph f ! ,new ,york ,zoological ,p>k4 ,?is accords ) ! e/imate ( ! bra9 capacity,p ( #hee c4cm4 7,dubois7 z comp>$ ) #a1bcj c4cm41 ! smalle/ bra9 capacity f\nd 9 a memb] ( ! ,ne&]?al race4 ,second1 z se5 f above1 we are /ruck ) ! great l5g? ( ! calv>ium z comp>$ ) its bread?1 ! cephalic index or ratio ( bread? to l5g? be+ #gc4d p] c5t 7,s*walbe7 z comp>$ ) #gc4i p] c5t 9 ! ,ne&]?al type skull2 ?is doli*ocephaly accords ) ! fact t all ( ! e>lie/ human races ?us f> f\nd are long-head$1 al?\gh accord+ to ,s*walbe7#bb7 all an?ropoids are broad-head$4 ,?is is a v important di/9ction4 ,! ?ird feature is ! prom95ce & wid? ( ! bony eyebr[ ridges above ! orbits1 :i* are almo/ z great z 9 ! *impanzee & greatly exce$ ^? ( ! ,ne&]?al race & ( ! mod]n ,au/ralian4 ,! pr(ile ( ! ,tr9il head re/or$ by ,mc,gregor 7,fig4 #ch7 exhibits ?is prom95t bony ridge & ! l[1 retreat+ =ehead4 ,9 ! late/ op9ion ( ,s*walbe7#bc7 ,pi!can?ropus may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! direct ance/ors ( ,ne&]?al man & ev5 ( ! highe/ human species1 ,homo sapi5s4 ,he also consid]s t :5 ! l[] jaw ( ! ,tr9il race becomes kn[n1 x w be f\nd to be v simil> to t ( ! ,heidelb]g man1 ! f9al conclusion be+ t ,pi!can?ropus & ! ne>ly alli$ ,heidelb]g man may be reg>d$ z ! common ance/ors ( ! ,ne&]?al race1 on ! "o h&1 & ( ! high] races on ! o!r4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 reasons = exclud+ ,pi!can?ropus f ! direct ance/ral l9e ( ! high] races ( man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,pr(ile ( ! skull ( ,pi!can?ropus1 z re/or$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 #aiad4 ,"o-?ird life size4 ,?is prehuman /age has1 none ! less1 a v great significance 9 ! developm5tal hi/ory ( man4 ,9 our op9ion x is ! v /age :i*1 !oretically1 we %\ld anticipate f9d+ 9 ! dawn ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,a simil> view is tak5 by ,b*n]17#bd7 :o pres5ts 9 an admirable diagram 7,fig4 #aag7 ! result ( 8 comp>ison ( twelve diff]5t *>act]s 9 ! skulls ( ,pi!can?ropus1 ! ,ne&]?als1 ! ,au/ralians1 & ! ,tasmanians4 ,"o ( ! ma9 objects ( ,b*n]'s rese>* 0 a v detail$ comp>ison ( ! ,tr9il skull ) t ( ! l[ly & n[ ext9ct ,tasmanian race1 :i*1 we obs]ve 9 ! diagram1 occupies a position only a little high] ?an t ( ! ,spy-,ne&]?al race4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,?ree views ( ! skull ( ,pi!can?ropus1 z re/or$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor1 %[+ ! orig9al 7%ad$7 & re/or$ 7black l9es7 portions4 ,ab\t "o-qu>t] life size4 ,if ! femur belongs ) ! skull1 ! ,tr9ils 7 a tall race1 rea*+ a height ( #e feet #g in*es z comp>$ ) #e feet #c in*es 9 ! ,ne&]?als4 ,! ?igh-bone 7,fig4 #abb7 has a v slight curvature z comp>$ ) t ( any ( ! apes or lemurs1 & 9 ?is respect is m human2 x is rem>kably elongate 7#dee mm471 surpass+ t ( ! ,ne&]?als2 ! %9-bone 7tibia7 0 probably correspond+ly %ort4 ,! two upp] gr9d+-tee? pres]v$ are mu* m human ?an ^? ( ! gibbon1 b !y d n resemble ^? ( man closely en\gh to positively confirm ! prehuman !ory4 ,dubois obs]ves37#be7 ,t ! too? belongs to "s hom9id =m ne$s no fur!r demon/ration4 ,aside f its size & ! great] r\ghness ( ! gr9d+ surface1 x diff]s f ! human gr9d] 9 t ! less develop$ cusp ( ,pi!can?ropus is ! po/]ior cusp next ! *eek1 :ile 9 man x is g5]ally ! po/]ior cusp next ! tongue4 ,! simplification ( ! cr[n & ! root ( ! ,tr9il gr9d] is q z ext5sive z x usually is 9 man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,pr(ile view ( ! head ( ,pi!can?ropus1 ! ,java ape-man1 aft] a model by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,v>i\s ef=ts h be5 made to supplem5t ! scatt]$ & scanty mat]ials collect$ by ,dubois4 ,! ,sel5ka exp$ition ( #aijg-h br\ght back a human left l[] mol> z ! only result ( an express se>* = m ,pi!can?ropus rema9s4 ,dubois is also said to possess ! fragm5t ( a primitive-look+ l[] jaw f ! range kn[n z ! ,k5d5g ,hills1 at ! s\!rn base ( :i* lies ! village ( ,tr9il4 ,x rema9s = u to consid] ! /age ( psy*ic evolution atta9$ by ! ,tr9il race1 & ?is naturally turns ^u ! erect attitude & :at little is kn[n ( ! size & proportions ( ! bra94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,front view ( ! head ( ,pi!can?ropus1 ! ,java ape-man1 aft] a model by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,! assumption ( ! erect attitude is n m]ely a "q ( le>n+ to balance ! body on ! h9d] extremities47#bf7 ,x involves *anges 9 ! int]ior ( ! body1 ! loss ( ! tail1 ! free+ ( ! arms1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! diaphragm z ! *ief muscle ( respiration4 ,! ?igh-bone ( ,pi!can?ropus is s mu* l t ( man z to support ! !ory t ! erect position may h be5 assum$ by ! ance/ors ( man z e>ly z ,oligoc5e times4 ,x w\ld appe> t ,pi!can?ropus _h free use ( ! arms & x is possible t ! control ( ! ?umb & f+]s _h be5 cultivat$1 p]haps 9 ! fa%ion+ ( primitive implem5ts ( wood & /one4 ,! discov]y ( ! use ( wood z an implem5t & weapon probably prec$$ t ( ! use ( /one4 ,elliot ,smi? describes ?is /age ( developm5t z foll[s37#bg7 444 ,! emancipation ( ! h&s f progression ?rew ! :ole responsibility ^u ! legs1 :i* became m effici5t = _! purpose z supports once !y lo/ _! preh5sile p[]s & became elongat$ & specializ$ = rapid progression4 ,?us ! erect attitude became /]eotyp$ & fix$ & ! limbs specializ$1 & ^! upright simians em]g$ f _! ance/ral =e/s 9 societies1 arm$ ) /icks & /ones & ) ! rudim5ts ( all ! p[]s t ev5tually enabl$ !m to conqu] ! _w4 ,! great] exposure to dang] :i* ^! m adv5tur\s spirits enc\nt]$ once !y em]g$ 9 ! op51 & ! con/ant /ruggles ^! fir/ semihuman creatures mu/ h _h 9 enc\nt]s ) def9ite enemies1 no less ?an ) ! =ces ( ,nature1 provid$ ! factors :i* rapidly we$$ out ^? unfitt$ = ! new conditions & by natural selection made real m5 ( ! survivors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,side view ( bra9 ( high type1 illu/rat+ ! contra/ betwe5 ! motor1 s5sory1 & ideational c5tres 9 a high type ( mod]n bra92 & ,elliot ,smi?'s *>act]ization ( ! probable c5tres 9 ! ,pi!can?ropus type ( bra94 ,modifi$ aft] ,m4 ,all5 ,/>r4 ,! undevelop$ =ehead ( ,pi!can?ropus & ! dim9utive frontal area ( ! bra9 indicate t ! ,tr9il race _h a limit$ faculty ( pr(it+ by exp]i5ce & accumulat$ tradition1 = 9 ?is prefrontal area ( ! bra9 are locat$ ! p[]s ( att5tion & ( control ( ! activities ( all o!r p>ts ( ! bra94 ,9 ! bra9 ( ! ape ! s5sory areas ( t\*1 ta/e1 & vision pr$om9ate1 & ^! are well develop$ 9 ,pi!can?ropus4 ,! c5tral area ( ! bra91 :i* is ! /oreh\se ( ! memories ( actions & ( ! feel+s associat$ ) !m1 is also well develop$1 b ! prefrontal area1 :i* is ! seat ( ! faculty ( pr(it+ by exp]i5ce or ( recall+ ! consequ5ces ( previ\s responses to exp]i5ce1 is develop$ to a v limit$ degree47#bh7 ,?us1 :ile ! bra9 ( ,pi!can?ropus is e/imat$ at #hee-ijj c4cm41 z comp>$ ) #fjj c4cm4 ( ! l>ge/ simian bra91 & #icj c4cm4 ( ! smalle/ bra9 record$ 9 ! l[] memb]s ( ! human race1 x indicates a v l[ /age ( intellig5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,diagram %[+ ! side 7l[] figure7 & top 7upp] figure7 views ( ! outl9e ( ! ,pi!can?ropus bra9 z comp>$ ) t ( ! *impanzee & ! high] human types ( ! ,piltd[n1 ,ne&]?al1 & mod]n races4 ,,abs5ce ,,( ,,pal,,oli?s ,,& ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,eoli?s ,,9 ,,we/]n ,,europe ,return+ to ,fir/ ,int]glacial conditions 9 ,europe1 we obs]ve t ! riv] c\rses fl[$ ?r\gh ! same valleys z at pres5t b t 9 e>ly glacial times ! *annels 7 f> broad] & 7 elevat$ f #ajj to #aej feet above ! pres5t relatively n>r[ riv] levels4 ,! va/ floods ( ! succe$+ glaciation fill$ ^! valleys1 b "s ( ! 'high t]races' 7 already =m$4 ,x is extremely important to note t ,pre-,*ellean fl9ts or true paloli?s h nev] be5 f\nd 9 ! s&s or gravels ( ^! 'high t]races4' ,eoli?s f\nd on ?is 'high-t]race' level at ,/4 ,pre/ belong to ! ,pre/i5 culture ( ,rutot17#bi7 :o reg>ds ?is /ation z ( ,upp] ,plioc5e age4 ,^!1 l o!r suppos$ ,eoli?ic fl9ts1 are v r\gh1 b1 rude z !y are1 !y g5]ally exhibit "o "p %ap$ z if to be grasp$ by ! h&1 :ile ! o!r "p is edg$ or po9t$ z = cutt+4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ^! fl9ts are mo/ly ( accid5tal %apes1 & !re has be5 little or no pro( ( _! be+ fa%ion$ by human h&s4 ,on ?is po9t ,b\le7#cj7 obs]ves3 ,z to ! eoli?s1 ,i h combat$ ! !ory n only because x seems to me improbable b because a long geological exp]i5ce has %[n me t x is (t5 impossible to di/+ui% /ones split1 cut1 or ret\*$ by purely physical ag5ts f c]ta9 products ( rudim5t>y workman%ip4 ,on ! o!r side1 x is int]e/+ at ?is po9t to quote ! words ( ,mac,curdy37#ca7 ,my op9ion1 bas$ on p]sonal exp]i5ce1 444 is t ! exi/5ce ( a primitive indu/ry1 ant$at+ :at is commonly accept$ z ,paloli?ic1 has be5 e/abli%$4 ,?is indu/ry occurs z f> back z ! ,upp] ,mioc5e & cont9ues on ?r\gh ! ,upp] ,t]ti>y into & includ+ ! ,l[] ,quat]n>y4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]s ( ! indu/ry rema9 b little *ang$ ?r\gh\t ! entire p]iod1 ! subdivision ( ! p]iod into epo*s be+ bas$ on /ratigraphy geologic /ages & n on indu/rial *>act]s4 ,! requirem5ts 9 ! way ( tools be+ v simple & ! supply ( mat]ial 9 ! way ( natural flakes & fragm5ts ( fl9t be+ v pl5tiful1 ! inv5tive p[]s ( ! population rema9$ dormant = ages4 ,hamm] & knife 7 ! orig9al tools4 ,bo? 7 pick$ up ready-made4 ,a %>p-edg$1 natural flake s]v$ = "o1 & a nodule or fragm5t s]v$ = ! o!r4 ,:5 ! edge ( ! flake became dull$ by use1 ! piece 0 ei!r ?r[n away or ! edge 0 ret\*$ = fur!r use4 ,if hamm] or flake did n admit ( be+ held com=tably 9 ! h&1 ! tr\blesome po9ts or edges 7 remov$ or r$uc$ by *ipp+4 ,! /ock ( tools increas$ sl[ly ) ! sl[ly gr[+ ne$s4 ,z ^! multipli$ & ! natural supply ( raw mat]ial dim9i%$1 ! latt] 0 supplem5t$ by ! manufacture ( artificial flakes4 ,:5 ! lesson ( associat+ def9ite =ms ( implem5ts ) def9ite uses 0 le>n$1 special types arose1 notably ! amygdaloid implem5t & ! poni>d4 ,!n came ! transition f ! ,eoli?ic to ! ,paloli?ic1 a /age t has be5 s ?or\ghly inve/igat$ by ,rutot4 ,x is n improbable t ! ,tr9il race 0 9 a /age ( ,eoli?ic culture2 x is highly probable t ! prehuman races ( ?is v remote geologic age us$ m ?an "o weapon ( wood & /one4 ,,! ,,great ,,second ,,glaciation 7,fig4 #be1 p4 #fe7 ,9 e>ly ,plei/oc5e times a g5]al elevation ( s\!rn ,europe unit$ ! isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean ) ,europe on ! nor? & ) ,africa on ! s\?1 =m+ broad l& connections betwe5 ! two cont95ts :i* af=d$ bo? nor?w>d & s\?w>d migration r\tes4 ,at ?is "t c]ta9 *>act]i/ically ,african mammals1 su* z ! /raight-tusk$ elephant & ! lion1 7 probably f9d+ _! way nor?2 ,sicily at ?is "t ga9$ its l>ge fauna ( elephants & hippopotami1 & ! isl& ( ,malta 0 connect$ ) ! ma9l&1 z well z ! ea/]ly isl&s ( ,cyprus & ,crete4 ,x appe>s probable t ! connection betwe5 ! ,italian ma9l& & ,malta 0 r5ew$ m ?an once4 ,! approa* ( ! second glaciation is indicat$ along ! s\!a/ coa/ ( ,great ,brita9 by ! subsid5ce ( ! l& & ! rise ( ! sea1 accompani$ by a fre% arctic curr5t1 br++ ) x an invasion ( arctic mollusks :i* 7 deposit$ 9 a lay] ( m>9e b$s directly ov] ^? :i* conta9 ! ri* w>m fauna & flora ( ! ',=e/ ,b$ ( ,crom]1' ,norfolk47#cb7 ,x also appe>s probable t a cold nor!rn curr5t swept along ! we/]n coa/s ( ,europe1 & ,geikie e/imates t a l[]+ ( temp]ature occurr$ ( n less ?an #bj ,fahr41 a *ange z great z is n[ exp]i5c$ 9 pass+ f ! s\? ( ,engl& to ! ,nor? ,cape4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,iii4 ,pi!can?ropus erectus1 ! ape-man ( ,java4 ,antiquity e/imat$ at #ejj1jjj ye>s4 ,aft] ! re/oration modell$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,x is n improbable t ! prehuman races ( ?is remote geologic age us$ m ?an "o natural weapon ( wood or /one1 ! latt] ( ! accid5tal ',eoli?ic' type4 ,! second glaciation 0 by f> ! greate/ bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,9 ! region ( ! ,pyr5ees1 :i* at ! v mu* lat] p]iod ( ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age became a favorite c\ntry ) ,paloli?ic man1 !re 7 glaci]s ( va/ ext5t4 ,?is is realiz$ by comp>ison ) pres5t conditions4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! pres5t glaci]s ( ! ,pyr5ees is only #b miles 9 l5g? & t]m9ates at a height ( #g1bjj feet above ! sea4 ,dur+ ! greate/ glaciation ! sn[ appe>s to h desc5d$ #d1bfe feet bel[ its pres5t level4 ,f ! ,pyr5ees ?r\gh ! ,gallego valley into ,spa9 !re fl[$ a glaci] #ch miles 9 l5g?1 :ile to ! nor? ! glaci] 9 ! valley ( ! ,g>onne fl[$ = a di/ance ( #de miles to a po9t ne> ,montrjeau4 ,ev5 9 its l[] rea*es ?is glaci] 0 ov] half a mile 9 ?ickness4 ,to ! ea/ 0 a glaci] #ch miles 9 l5g?1 fill+ ! valley ( ! ,arige & cov]+ ! sites ( su* great ,paloli?ic cav]ns z t ( ,niaux2 x is probable t at ?is "t ! =mation ( ?is cav]n began4 ,t ^! glaci]s 7 all prior to ! p]iod ( ! ,l[] ,paloli?ic ,a*eulean culture is prov5 by ! fact t ,a*eulean implem5ts are frequ5tly met ) ly+ on ! surface ( ! mora9es laid d[n by ^! anci5t ice-floes47#cc7 ,to ! nor? 0 ! va/ ,sc&9avian ice-field1 :i* swept ov] ,great ,brita9 & beyond ! valleys ( ! ,rh9e1 ,elbe1 & ,vi/ula1 rea*+ ne>ly to ! ,c>pa?ians4 ,ev5 ! less] m\nta9 *a9s 7 capp$ ) glaci]s1 includ+ ! ,atlas ,m\nta9s 9 nor!rn ,africa4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica f ! great c5tre we/ ( ,hudson ,bay ! ice-cap ext5d$ its drift s\?w>d into ,miss\ri1 ,i[a1 ,kansas1 & ,nebraska1 beyond ! limits ( e>li] & subsequ5t glaciations4 ,! mat]ials ( ! *ief 'high t]races' ( ! great riv]-valleys ( we/]n ,europe 7 deposit$ at ?is "t4 ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,w>m ,,second ,,int]glacial ,,/age ,! long w>m p]iod :i* foll[$ ! great glaciation is rem>kable 9 pres5t+ ! fir/ pro(s ( ! pres5ce ( man 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,x is ! p]iod ( ! ,heidelb]g race ( man 7,homo heidelb]g5sis71 kn[n only f a s+le jaw discov]$ by ,s*oet5sack 9 ! ,mau] s&s ne> ,heidelb]g1 9 #aijg4 ,no o!r pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( man h be5 f\nd 9 any ( ! deposits :i* took place dur+ ?is va/ int]val ( geologic "t1 unless we accept ! !ory ( ,p5ck & ( ,geikie t ! ,pre-,*ellean & ,*ellean qu>ries ( ! ,riv] ,somme belong 9 ! ,second ,int]glacial ,/age4 ,! va/ duration ( ?is int]glacial "t is evid5c$ bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica by ! deep cutt+ & we>+ away ( ! 'drifts' br\ght d[n by ! second glaciation4 ,p5ck believes t ?is 'long w>m /age' repres5ts a great] p]iod ( "t ?an ! entire int]val betwe5 ! ?ird glaciation & ! pres5t "t4 ,! climate imm$iately foll[+ ! retreat ( ! glaci]s 0 cool & moi/ 9 ! glaciat$ regions1 b ?is 0 foll[$ by su* a prolong$ p]iod ( heat & dryness t ! glaci]s on ! ,alps )drew to a po9t f> above _! pres5t limits4 ,9 "o ( ! old 'high t]races' ( ! ,riv] ,inn1 9 ! nor? ,tyrol1 is a deposit conta9+ ! prevail+ =e/ flora ( ! p]iod1 f :i* ,p5ck concludes t ! climate ( ,innsbruck 0 #b ,c4 high] ?an x is at ! pres5t "t4 ,correspond+ ) ?is ! sn[-l9e /ood #a1jjj feet above its pres5t level1 & ! ,alps1 save = ! high] peaks1 7 almo/ completely d5ud$ ( ice & sn[4 ,a *>act]i/ic plant is ! ,pontic alp9e rose 7,rhodod5dron ponticum71 :i* fl\ri%es n[ 9 an annual temp]ature ( #eg-fe ,fahr417#cd7 indicat+ t ! climate ( ,innsbruck 0 z g5ial z t ( ! ,italian slopes ( ! ,alps to-day4 ,?is rhodod5dron is n[ f\nd 9 ! ,caucasus4 ,o!r s\!rn species ( ! "t 7 a buck?orn1 relat$ to a species n[ liv+ 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 & ! box4 ,!re 7 also m h>dy plants1 includ+ ! fir 7,p9us sylve/ris71 spruce1 maple1 will[1 yew1 elm1 bee*1 & m\nta9-a%4 ,! =e/s ( ! same p]iod 9 ,prov5ce 71 = ! mo/ "p1 simil> to ^? n[ f\nd 9 t region2 out ( ?irty-sev5 species tw5ty-n9e /ill occur 9 ?is "p ( s\!rn ,france4 ,on ! :ole1 ! aspect ( s\!rn ,france at ?is "t 0 surpris+ly mod]n4 ,! =e/s includ$ oaks1 elms1 popl>s1 will[s1 l9d5s1 maples1 suma*s1 dogwood1 & haw?orn4 ,among ! climb+ plants 7 ! v9e & ! clematis4 ,"h also 7 "s =ms :i* h s9ce retreat$ to ! s\?1 su* z species ( ! sweet bay & laurel :i* are n[ conf9$ to ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,! great humidity ( ! "t is indicat$ by ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 species ( conif]s :i* require consid]able moi/ure4 ,z 9 ,fir/ ,int]glacial times1 ! pres5ce ( ! fig indicates mild w9t]s4 ,x is difficult to imag9e =e/s ( ?is mod]n "*1 :i* f>!r nor?w>d includ$ a numb] ( /ill m temp]ate & h>dy species1 z ! sett+ ( ! great ,african & ,asiatic life t roam$ all ov] we/]n ,europe at ?is "t4 ,x 0 ! pres5ce ( hippopotami1 elephants1 & rh9oc]oses :i* gave to ,lyell1 ,evans1 & o!r e>ly obs]v]s ! impression t a tropical temp]ature & vegetation 7 *>act]i/ic ( ?is long life p]iod4 ,^! animals 7 =m]ly reg>d$ z pro(s ( an almo/ tropical climate1 b ! m tru/wor?y evid5ce ( ! =e/s1 /r5g!n$ by t ( ! pres5ce ( v num]\s h>dy types ( =e/ & mead[ animals1 has set aside all ! e>ly !ories z to extremely w>m temp]atures dur+ ,second ,int]glacial times4 ,! rema9s ( :at is /ill conv5i5tly kn[n z ! 'faune *aude1' or w>m fauna1 are *iefly f\nd 9 ! s&s & gravels ( ! anci5t b$s ( ! ,neck>1 ,g>onne1 & ,?ames1 & o!r riv]s ( ! nor? & s\?1 also 9 ,essex1 ,engl&4 ,! mo/ surpris+ fact is t ! mammal life ( we/]n ,europe rema9$ entirely un*ang$ by ! va/ second glaciation j describ$2 ! few ext9ctions :i* occurr$ z well z a numb] ( new arrivals may be attribut$ to new geographical connections ) ,africa on ! s\? & to ! /eady progress ( migration f ! f> ea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,! hippopotamus 7,h4 major7 & ! s\!rn mammo? 7,e4 m]idionalis trogon!rii71 a pair ( mammals :i* enjoy$ a simil> range ov] we/]n ,europe f ! close ( ! ,plioc5e until ! middle ( ,?ird ,int]glacial times1 :5 _! rema9s are f\nd associat$ ) fl9ts ( ,pre-,*ellean1 ,*ellean1 & e>ly ,a*eulean age4 ,"o-sixtie? life size4 ,drawn by ,erw9 ,s4 ,*ri/man4 ,!re 7 f\r v important & di/9ctive new arrivals f ! ,african-,asiatic _w1 namely1 ! /raight-tusk$ or anci5t elephant 7,e4 antiquus71 ! broad-nos$ rh9oc]os 7,d4 m]ckii71 ! ,african lion 7,felis leo71 & ! ,african hyna 7,h4 /riata71 :i* bespeak close geographical connections ) nor!rn ,africa4 ,( ^! ! anci5t elephant & ! broad-nos$ rh9oc]os 7 close companions2 !y enjoy$ ! same regions & ! same temp]atures1 _! rema9s are v frequ5tly f\nd toge!r1 & !y surviv$ to ! v end ( ! great life /age ( we/]n ,europe1 :i* clos$ ) ! adv5t ( ! f\r? glaciation4 ,!y are 9 contra/ to ! o!r pair ( great mammals :i* 0 already pres5t 9 ,europe 9 ,plioc5e & ,fir/ ,int]glacial times1 namely1 ! s\!rn mammo?1 at ?is /age kn[n z ,elephas trogon!rii1 :i* _h a pref]5ce = ! companion%ip ( ! hippopotamus 7,h4 major72 x w\ld seem t ^! animals 7 less h>dy because bo? disappe>$ f ,europe a little e>li] ?an ! anci5t elephant & ,m]ck's rh9oc]os4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,! o!r & h>di] pair ( l>ge ,african-,asiatic mammals1 namely1 ! broad-nos$ or ,m]ck's rh9oc]os 7,r4 m]ckii7 & ! /raight-tusk$ or anci5t elephant 7,e4 antiquus71 :i* ent]$ we/]n ,europe 9 ,second ,int]glacial times & surviv$ until ,?ird ,int]glacial times1 :5 _! rema9s are f\nd int]m+l$ ) fl9ts ( ! ,a*eulean & e>ly ,m\/]ian cultures4 ,^! mammals 7 d\btless hunt$ by m5 ( ! e>ly ,ne&]?al races4 ,"o-sixtie? life size4 ,drawn by ,erw9 ,s4 ,*ri/man4 ,! ,african lion w\ld appe> to h be5 a competitor ( ! sabre-too? tig]1 = ! latt] animal n[ becomes less abundant1 al?\gh !re is reason to believe t x surviv$ until ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age4 ,) ! anci5t ,plioc5e type ( ! sabre-too? 7 also f\nd ! ,etruscan rh9oc]os1 ! primitive be> ( ,auv]gne 7,ursus arv]n5sis71 & ! giant beav] 7,trogon!rium cuvi]i74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,map %[+ ! wide geographic di/ribution 7horizontal l9es7 ( ,m]ck's rh9oc]os & ! /raight-tusk$ elephant1 :i* fir/ ent]$ we/]n ,europe dur+ ! ,fir/ ,int]glacial ,/age & surviv$ until ne>ly ! close ( ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age4 ,! hippopotamus1 :i* ent]$ ,europe 9 ,plioc5e times1 surviv$ until aft] ! middle ( ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age & _h a m limit$ di/ribution4 ,aft] ,b\le4 ,! nor!rn =e/s ( ! "t 7 frequ5t$ by ! broad-fac$ moose1 ! giant de]1 & ! roe-de]1 z well z by noble specim5s ( ! /ag 7,c]vus elaphus74 ,9 ! op5 =e/s & mead[s ! wild cattle 7,bos primig5ius7 began to be m num]\s & ! bison 7,bison priscus7 also occurr$4 ,among ! mead[ or =e/ frequ5t+ =ms 7 horses ( l>g] size1 su* z ! horses ( ,mosba* & ( ,sss5born4 ,9 ?is assemblage ( nor!rn & s\!rn types x is notewor?y t ! ,eurasiatic =e/ & mead[ types ( mammals greatly pr$om9ate 9 numb]s & 9 v>iety ov] ! ,african-,asiatic types2 ?is1 toge!r ) ! flora1 is an indication t ! climate 0 ( a temp]ate "*2 x is probable1 !re=e1 t all ! mammals 7 well protect$ ) a hairy cov]+ & adapt$ to a temp]ate climate4 ,! fact t ! fauna z a :ole rema9$ practically un*ang$ ?r\gh\t ! second glaciation is a pro( n t x migrat$ to ! s\? & !n return$ b t ! non-glaciat$ regions ( we/]n ,europe 7 temp]ate r ?an cold4 ,,! ,,heidelb]g ,,race ,heidelb]g man4 ,anci5t elephant4 ,etruscan rh9oc]os4 ,mosba* horse4 ,wild bo>4 ,broad-fac$ moose4 ,r$ de]1 or /ag4 ,roe-de]4 ,primitive bison 7wis5t74 ,primitive ox 7,auro*s1 urus74 ,auv]gne be>4 ,d5+]'s be>4 ,lion4 ,wildcat4 ,wolf4 ,beav]4 ,to u by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ mammalian life is t f\nd s\? ( ! m\? ( ! ,neck> along ! anci5t /ream ,els5z1 :]e 7 deposit$ ! l[] 's&s ( ,mau]1' conta9+ ! l[] jaw ( ! ,heidelb]g man & ! rema9s ( _m animals ( ! p]iod4 ,! enum]ation ( ?is entire fauna is v important1 z indicat+ ! temp]ate climatic conditions :i* surr\nd$ ! fir/ true species ( man :i* has ?us f> be5 discov]$ 9 ,europe4 ,! discov]]1 ,s*oet5sack17#ce7 ref]r$ ^! mammals & ! ,heidelb]g man to ! ,fir/ ,int]glacial ,/age1 & a simil> op9ion has rec5tly be5 express$ by ,geikie4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ,etruscan rh9oc]os w\ld appe> to po9t to su* great antiquity1 b ! evid5ce af=d$ by ?is primitive animal is ov]borne by t ( ?ree mammals :i* are highly *>act]i/ic ( ,second ,int]glacial times2 ^! are ! /raight-tusk$ or anci5t elephant 7,e4 antiquus71 ! lion1 & ! ,mosba* horse4 ,except+ only ! ,etruscan rh9oc]os1 all ^! species frequ5t+ ! anci5t /ream ,els5z & deposit$ ) ! 's&s ( ,mau]' occurr$ also 9 ! =e/s & mead[s ( ! region n[ kn[n z ,bad51 :]e ! fossil mammal deposits ( ,mosba* ne> ! ,neck> are f\nd4 ,a simil> mammalian life ( a some:at m rec5t "t occurs 9 ! riv] gravels ( ,sss5born1 ne> ,weim>4 ,! horses ( ,mau]1 ( ,mosba*1 & ( ,sss5born,q 7 ( mu* l>g] size & ( m specializ$ "* ?an ,/5o's horse ( ,fir/ ,int]glacial times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,section ( ! valley ( ! /ream ,els5z1 ne> ,heidelb]g1 %[+ ! location ( ! ,mau] s&-pit 9 :i* ! ,heidelb]g jaw 0 discov]$4 ,an anci5t lay] ( riv]-drift4 ,drawn by ,c4 ,a4 ,re$s4 ,?us ! ,heidelb]gs1 ! fir/ human race record$ 9 we/]n ,europe1 appe> 9 nor!rn ,g]many e>ly 9 ,second ,int]glacial times1 9 ! mid/ ( a mo/ impos+ mammalian fauna ( nor!rn aspect & conta9+ _m =e/-liv+ species1 su* z be>1 de]1 & moose2 9 ! mead[s & =e/s br[s$ ! giant1 /raight-tusk$ elephant 7,e4 antiquus71 :i* f ! simple /ructure ( its gr9d+-tee? is reg>d$ z simil> 9 habit to ! ,african elephant n[ inhabit+ ! =e/s ( c5tral ,africa2 ! pres5ce ( ?is animal indicates a relatively moi/ climate & well-=e/$ c\ntry4 ,! ,etruscan rh9oc]os diff]$ f ! l>g] ,m]ck's =m 9 ! possession ( relatively %ort-cr[n$ gr9d+-tee?1 adapt$ to br[s+ habits & a =e/$ c\ntry2 on ! head 7 borne two horns2 x 0 a long-limb$1 rapidly mov+ type2 ! h]ds ( bison & ( wild cattle 7urus7 :i* roam$ ov] ! pla9s 7 n[ subject to ! attack ( ! lion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,s&-pit at ,mau]1 ne> ,heidelb]g1 discov]y site ( ! jaw ( ,heidelb]g man4 ,aft] ,s*oet5sack4 a-b4 ',new] loess1' ei!r ( ,?ird ,int]glacial or ( ,po/glacial times4 b-c4 ',old] loess' 7s&y loess7 ( ! close ( ,second ,int]glacial times4 c-f4 ,! 's&s ( ,mau]4' d-e4 ,an int]m$iate lay] ( clay4 ,! :ite cross 7,x7 indicates ! spot at ! base ( ! 's&s ( ,mau]' at :i* ! jaw ( ,heidelb]g 0 discov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,! ,heidelb]g jaw1 type ( ,homo heidelb]g5sis4 ,ab\t two-?irds life size4 ,aft] ,s*oet5sack4 ,! discov]y 9 #aijg ( a human l[] jaw 9 ! base ( ! ',mau] s&s' is "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( an?ropology4 ,! f9d 0 made at a dep? ( #gi feet 7#bd4aj m47 f ! upp] surface ( a high bluff 7,fig4 #df71 9 anci5t riv] s&s :i* _h long be5 kn[n to yield ! v old mammalian fauna describ$ above4 ,= ye>s ! workm5 _h be5 in/ruct$ to keep a %>p look\t = human rema9s4 ,! jaw _h evid5tly drift$ d[n ) ! riv] s&s & _h become sep>at$ f ! skull1 b x rema9$ 9 p]fect pres]vation4 ,! au?or's description may fir/ be quot$47#cf7 ,! m&ible %[s a comb9ation ( features nev] be=e f\nd 9 any fossil or rec5t man4 ,! protrusion ( ! l[] jaw j bel[ ! front tee? :i* gives %ape to ! human *9 is entirely lack+4 ,_h ! tee? be5 abs5t x w\ld h be5 impossible to diagnose x z human4 ,f a fragm5t ( ! symphysis ( ! jaw x might well h be5 class$ z "s gorilla-l an?ropoid1 :ile ! asc5d+ ramus resembles t ( "s l>ge v>iety ( gibbon4 ,! absolute c]ta9ty t ^! rema9s are human is bas$ on ! =m ( ! tee?--mol>s1 premol>s1 can9es1 & incisors are all ess5tially human &1 al?\gh some:at primitive 9 =m1 %[ no trace ( be+ int]m$iate betwe5 man & ! an?ropoid apes b r ( be+ d]iv$ f "s old] common ance/or4 ,! tee?1 h[ev]1 are some:at small = ! jaw2 ! size ( ! bord] w\ld all[ = ! developm5t ( mu* l>g] tee?2 we c only conclude t no great /ra9 0 put on ! tee?1 & !re=e ! p[]ful developm5t ( ! bones ( ! jaw 0 n design$ = _! b5efit4 ,! conclusion is t ! jaw1 reg>d$ z unque/ionably human f ! nature ( ! tee?1 ranks n f> f ! po9t ( sep>ation betwe5 man & ! an?ropoid apes4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! jaws ( ,ne&]?al races1 z f\nd at ,spy1 9 ,belgium1 & at ,krap9a1 9 ,croatia1 we may consid] ! ,heidelb]g jaw z pre-,ne&]?aloid2 x is1 9 fact1 a g5]aliz$ type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,side view ( ,heidelb]g jaw 7c5tre7 comp>$ ) t ( an orang 7"r7 & ( an ,eskimo 7left72 ! latt] an individual ( exceptionally l>ge proportions4 ,9 a cons]vative _s1 ,s*oet5sack nam$ ! type repres5t$ by ?is jaw ,homo heidelb]g5sis4 ,o!r au?ors h reg>d$ x z ( di/9ct g5]ic rank2 ?us x has be5 t]m$ ,paloan?ropus heidelb]g5sis by ,bon>elli47#cg7 ,! jaw itself is extremely massive2 ! can9e tee?1 unlike ^? ( ! an?ropoid apes & ( ! ,piltd[n race1 d n project beyond ! l9e ( ! o!r tee? & 7 !re=e n us$ z weapons ( (f5se & def5se z 9 ! an?ropoids1 9 :i* ^! tee? are prom95tly develop$ z tusks4 ,z not$ by ,s*oet5sack1 ! tee? are n v massive 9 proportion to ! jaw itself1 :i* is ! mo/ p[]ful human jaw kn[n1 ev5 exce$+ ! l>ge/ ,eskimo jaw & indicat+ a skull ( v massive & primitive "*4 ,x resembles t ( ! ape 9 ! recession ( ! *91 h5ce x has be5 t]m$ am5talis4 ,!re is a l>ge developm5t ( ! coronoid process ( ! m&ible = ! atta*m5t ( ! temporal muscle4 ,?is jaw may well h be5 us$ z a tool 9 ! la/ /ages ( ! prep>ation ( hides1 z is ! practice ( ! ,eskimo races4 ,we obs]ve t ! p[]ful bony bran*es ( ! jaw1 :5 reg>d$ f above1 close 9 ^u ! space left = ! tongue2 9 fact1 ! bone closes 9 to su* an ext5t z to int]f]e s]i\sly ) ! free use ( ! tongue 9 articulate spee*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,! jaws %[n 9 ,fig4 #dh se5 f above4 ,a massive ,eskimo jaw 7above71 ! ,heidelb]g jaw 7c5tre71 ! jaw ( an orang 7bel[74 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ! jaw1 & probably 9 all o!r *>act]s ( ! skull1 z !y become kn[n1 ! ,heidelb]g race w be f\nd to be a ,ne&]?al 9 ! mak+1 t is1 a primitive1 m p[]ful1 & m ape-l ance/ral =m4 ,9 ! matt] ( ! retreat+ *91 ! true ,ne&]?als ( ,spy1 ,mal>naud1 ,krap9a1 & ,la ,*apelle rank exactly half-way betwe5 ! mo/ inf]ior races ( rec5t man & ! an?ropoid apes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,re/oration ( ! ,man ( ,heidelb]g by ! ,belgian arti/ ,mascr1 "u ! direction ( ,pr(essor ,a4 ,rutot1 ( ,brussels4 ,?is re/oration pres5ts an advance ^u ! ,pi!can?ropus type4 ,9 our op9ion ! ,heidelb]g man 0 m human & less ape-l 9 appe>ance4 ,n only among ! ,eskimos1 b g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! savage races ( ,au/ralia & ( o!r c\ntries1 ! jaws are us$ z tools2 among ! ,au/ralians ! tee? are v mu* worn d[n b are 9 admirable pres]vation4 ,:5 se5 f above1 we obs]ve t ! ',heidelb]g' gr9d+-tee? =m a p]fect ar*1 or horse%oe-%ap$ arrangem5t1 :]eas 9 all ! apes ! two l9es ( gr9d+-tee? are almo/ p>allel ) ea* o!r4 ,?us1 :ile !re may be wide diff]5ces ( op9ion z reg>ds ! relation%ips ( ! ,heidelb]g man1 all agree t ,s*oet5sack's discov]y af=ds u "o ( ! great miss+ l9ks or types 9 ! *a9 ( human developm5t4 ,! typical mammalian life ( ,second ,int]glacial times z f\nd at ,mosba* & ,sss5born belongs p]haps to a some:at m rec5t /age ( ,second ,int]glacial times ?an t ( ! ',mau] s&s1' = 9 ^! localities ! ,etruscan rh9oc]os is want+ & ! m specializ$ broad-nos$ rh9oc]os is abundant2 ?is animal diff]s f ! ,etruscan =m 9 ! possession ( relatively long-cr[n$ gr9d+-tee?1 :i* 7 bett] adapt$ to graz+ habits4 ,on ! head 7 borne two horns4 ,a v>iety ( ! s\!rn mammo? 7,e4 trogon!rii7 is s highly *>act]i/ic ( ,second ,int]glacial times t ,pohlig ref]s to ?is life p]iod z ! ,e4 trogon!rii /age4 ,f ! /ructure ( its gr9d+-tee? x is reg>d$ z simil> 9 habit to ! ,asiatic elephant1 :i* n[ inhabits ! =e/s ( ,india1 b x has ! peculi> concave =ehead di/9ctive ( ! mammo? & q unlike ! convex =ehead ( ! ,indian elephant4 ,! be>s ( ?is p]iod belong to ! primitive species ,u4 d5+]i & ,u4 arv]n5sis1 = s f> !re is no c]ta9 record ( ! pres5ce ( ! true br[n be> ( ,europe 7,u4 arctos74 ,! sabre-too? tig] ( ?is "t is pres]v$ 9 ! cav]ns ( ! ,pyr5ees ne> ,montmaur91 associat$ ) ! rema9s ( ! /rip$ hyna 7,h4 /riata71 a species :i* 0 widely di/ribut$ ov] we/]n ,europe 9 e>ly ,plei/oc5e times4 ,?is species 0 contempor>y )1 & lat] replac$ by1 ! spott$ hyna 7,h4 crocuta71 f :i* ! v h>dy cave-hyna 7,h4 crocuta spela7 ( ! ',re9de] ,p]iod1' desc5d$4 ,we obs]ve t ! 'polyclad9e' de] ( ,upp] ,plioc5e & ,fir/ ,glacial times has disappe>$ f we/]n ,europe2 nor are !re any traces ( ! axis de]4 ,! hippopotamus is /ill repres5t$ by ! giant species1 ,h4 major4 ,,e>ly ,,nor!rn ,,migrations ,,( ,,! ,,re9de] ,! animals t we h describ$ belong 9 ! w>m] & m temp]ate regions ( ,europe4 ,9 ! regions ne> ! glaci]s ! re9de] 0 already to be f\nd2 9 fact1 ?is *>act]i/ically nor!rn animal is record$ 9 ! gravels ( ,sss5born1 ne> ,weim>4 ,!re is evid5ce ( a succession ( climatic *anges 9 ! region ( ,heidelb]g4 ,! ,heidelb]g jaw ) its temp]ate mammalian fauna occurr$ at ! v base ( ! ,mau] bluff1 b high] up ! bluff 7,fig4 #df7 on a correspond+ level are f\nd ! rema9s ( mammals :i* indicate a m>k$ l[]+ ( temp]ature & :i* are ref]r$ by "s au?orities to ! p]iod ( *ill+ climate t *>act]iz$ nor!rn ,europe t[>d ! close ( ,second ,int]glacial times4 ,! re9de] also occurs 9 ! 'high t]race' gravels ( ! ,riv] ,murr1 ne> ,/e9heim2 ?us1 at ,mau]1 at ,sss5born1 & at ,/e9heim1 we f9d pro( t ! re9de] _h begun to spread ov] ! cold] regions ( ,europe1 & !re is "s gr\nd = belief t x f\nd its way ev5 z f> s\? z ! ,pyr5ees4 ,! evid5ce ( ! fir/ cold1 arid p]iod :i* = ! "t greatly affect$ ! climate ( we/]n ,europe is also f\nd 9 ! lay] ( s-call$ 'anci5t loess' :i* lies 9 ! bluff above ! 's&s ( ,mau]4' ,?is loess cov]s ! w>m mammalian deposits ( ! 's&s ( ,mosba*' z well z ! 'high t]races' ( _m ( ! anci5t riv]-valleys4 ,bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica ! climatic sequ5ce ( ! ,second ,int]glacial ,/age f moi/ to dry appe>s to h be5 ! same4 ,?us1 aft] ! recession ( ! ice-fields ( ! second glaciation1 ! climate 0 at fir/ cold & moi/2 !n foll[$ a long w>m /age1 favorable to ! spread ( =e/s2 ?is 0 f9ally succe$$ by a p]iod ( aridity 9 :i* ! mo/ anci5t 'loess' deposits occurr$4 ,9 ,russia1 also1 ! ?ird glaciation 0 prec$$ by an arid & /eppe-l climate ) high w9ds favorable to ! transportation ( 'loess4' ,no paloli?s or o!r pro(s ( human occupation h be5 f\nd 9 ?is cold1 dry p]iod1 = !re is no evid5ce 9 any "p ( ,europe ( camp+ /ations 9 ?is 'anci5t loess' su* z we f9d 9 ! 'loess' :i* 0 deposit$ dur+ ! simil> arid p]iod t[>d ! close ( ,?ird ,int]glacial & aga9 dur+ ,po/glacial times4 ,nor h we any record ( ! mammalian life 9 ?is 'anci5t loess' ( ,europe4 ,,! ,,?ird ,,glaciation,r ,?is arid p]iod 9 nor!rn ,europe & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 0 foll[$ by ! moi/1 cool climate ( ! ?ird glaciation4 ,x is e/imat$ by ,p5ck t ! advance ( ^! new ice-fields began #abj1jjj ye>s ago & t ! p]iod ( advance & retreat ( ! glaci]s 0 n less ?an #bj1jjj ye>s4 ,9 ! ,alps ! sn[-l9e desc5d$ #a1bej metres bel[ ! pres5t level2 consequ5tly ?is glaciation 0 m sev]e ?an ! fir/ b some:at less sev]e ?an ! second4 ,9 nor!rn ,europe ! ,sc&9avian ice-field did n cov] s wide an area z dur+ ! second glaciation1 al?\gh ,brita9 & ,sc&9avia 7 aga9 deeply buri$ by ice2 ! glacial cap & glaci]s fl[$ 9 a we/]ly & s\?we/]ly direction across ,d5m>k & ! s\!rn portion ( ! bas9 ( ! ,baltic into ,holl& & nor!rn ,g]many4 ,9 ! ,alps ! ?ird glaciation s5t va/ ice-floes along ! valley ( ! ,rh9e1 into ea/]n ,france1 & into ! valley ( ! ,po1 :]e ?is glaciation 0 ev5 m ext5sive ?an ! second4 ,b ! greate/ glaci] ( ?is "t 0 t ( ! ,is>1 a s\!rn tribut>y ( ! ,danube1 :i* rises 9 ! ,bav>ian ,alps47#ch7 ,dur+ ! ,?ird ,glacial ,/age c]ta9 ( ! 'middle t]races' along ! ,rh9e & o!r riv]s fl[+ f ! ,alps 7 =m$4 ,9 ,brita917#ci7 :]eas dur+ ! second glaciation ! ice-fields ext5d$ z f> s\? z ! ,?ames1 dur+ ! ?ird glaciation !y did n ext5d beyond ! midl&s2 yet an arctic climate prevail$ ov] s\!rn ,engl&1 ) tundra conditions & temp]ature1 z indicat$ by ! plant deposits at ,hoxne7#dj7 9 ,suffolk4 ,ev5 be=e ! ?ird glaciation began 9 ,europe a great ice-cap _h =m$ ov] ,labrador1 on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ! ice-%eets fl[+ to ! s\? & s\?we/ ext5d$ z f> z ,ill9ois1 deposit+ ! great ,ill9oian 'drifts4' ,illu/ration3 ,,europe ,,dur+ ,,! ,,?ird ,,glacial ,,epo*4 7,,riss7 7,,aft] ,,james ,,geikie7 ,a-,b ,l9e ( ,pr(ile ,,fig4 #ea4 ,! ice-fields & glaci]s ( ! ,?ird ,glacial ,/age are se5 to be mu* less ext5sive ?an ^? ( ! ,second ,glacial ,/age1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #be1 p4 #fe4 ,! cont95tal depression & invasion ( ! sea is also believ$ to h be5 less ext5sive4 ,at ?is /age !re are broad areas free f ice betwe5 ! ,sc&9avian1 ! ,alp9e1 & ! ,pyr5ean ice-caps4 ,drawn by ,c4 ,a4 ,re$s1 aft] ,james ,geikie4 7,comp>e ,fig4 #ac47 ,along ! bord]s ( ^! great ice-fields 9 bo? c\ntries a cold & moi/ climate prevail$1 = a prime condition ( glaciation is ! heavy precipitation ( sn[4 ,9 nor!rn ,europe1 betwe5 ! great ,alp9e & ,sc&9avian ice-fields ( ! ?ird glaciation a cold climate und\bt$ly prevail$2 9 ! region ( ! ,neck> ,riv]1 ne> ,cann/att1 is f\nd a deposit kn[n z 'mammo? loam1' :i* ,kok5 believ$ to be contemporane\s ) ! p]iod ( ! ?ird glaciation1 al?\gh ! evid5ce is c]ta9ly n conv9c+47#da7 ,"h are f\nd fossil rema9s ( ! ,sc&9avian re9de]1 also ( two v important new arrivals 9 ,europe f ! tundra regions ( ! f> nor!a/1 animals :i* _h w&]$ along ! s\!rn bord]s ( ! ,sc&9avian ice-%eet f ! tundras ( nor!rn ,russia & ,sib]ia4 ,?is is ! fir/ appe>ance 9 we/]n ,europe ( ! woolly mammo? 7,e4 primig5ius7 & ! woolly rh9oc]os 7,d4 antiquitatis74 ,9 ?is 'mammo? loam' !re also occur two species ( horse1 ! giant de] 7,megac]os71 ! /ag1 ! wis5t1 & ! ,auro*s4 ,if ! woolly mammo? & ! woolly rh9oc]os actually ent]$ ea/]n ,g]many at ?is "t1 !y c]ta9ly retreat$ to ! nor? ) ! approa* ( ! w>m temp]ate climate ( ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age1 because no trace ( ^! animals has be5 f\nd aga9 9 ,europe until ! adv5t ( ! f\r? glaciation4 7#a7 ,gaudry1 #ahij4a4 7#b7 ,smi?1 ,g4 ,e41 #aiab4a1 p4 #ehb4 7#c7 ,op4 cit4 7#d7 ,munro1 #ahic4a4 7#e7 ,osborn1 #aiaj4a1 pp4 #cjf1 #cjg4 7#f7 ,geikie1 ,j41 #ahid4a1 pp4 #cbi-ccf2 #aiad4a1 p4 #bbg4 7#g7 ,dawk9s1 #ahhc4a1 pp4 #egf-egi4 7#h7 ,geikie1 ,j41 #aiad4a1 p4 #bdh4 7#i7 ,reid1 ,c41 #aijh4a4 7#aj7 ,desnoy]s1 #ahfc4a4 7#aa7 ,haug1 #aiaa4a1 p4 #ahjg4 7#ab7 ,geikie1 ,j41 #ahid4a1 p4 #fhb2 #aiad4a1 p4 #bej4 7#ac7 ,dubois1 #ahid4a4 7#ad7 ,fis*]1 #aiac4a4 7#ae7 ,s*walbe1 #ahii4a2 #aiad4a4 7#af7 ,b*n]1 #aiad4a4 7#ag7 ,volz1 #aijg4a4 7#ah7 ,elb]t1 #aijh4a4 7#ai7 ,sel5ka1 #aiaa4a4 7#bj7 ,pilgrim1 #aiac4a4 7#ba7 ,s*walbe1 #ahii4a1 pp4 #bbg1 #bbh4 7#bb7 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bbc4 7#bc7 ,s*walbe1 #aiad4a1 pp4 #fja-fjf4 7#bd7 ,b*n]1 #aiad4a1 p4 #abi4 7#be7 ,dubois1 #ahid4a1 p4 #ad4 7#bf7 ,kei?1 #aiab4a4 7#bg7 ,smi?1 ,g4 ,e41 #aiab4a1 p4 #eie4 7#bh7 ,op4 cit4 7#bi7 ,rutot1 #aijg4a4 7#cj7 ,b\le1 #aiac4a1 pp4 #bff1 #bfg4 7#ca7 ,mac,curdy1 #aije4a1 pp4 #dfh1 #dfi4 7#cb7 ,geikie1 ,j41 #aiad4a1 p4 #bea4 7#cc7 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bee4 7#cd7 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bch4 7#ce7 ,s*oet5sack1 #aijh4a4 7#cf7 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #be-dc4 7#cg7 ,bon>elli1 #aiji4a4 7#ch7 ,p5ck1 #aiji4a4 7#ci7 ,geikie1 ,j41 #aiad4a1 p4 #beh4 7#dj7 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #beg-bfb4 7#da7 ,s*midt1 #aiab4a1 p4 #aha4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,arrival ,,( ,,! ,,pre-,,*ellean ,,fl9t ,,work]s ,,dur+ ,,! ,,?ird ,,int]glacial--,,geography1 ,,climate1 ,,& ,,! ,,riv] ,,drifts--,,pre-,,*ellean ,,fl9t ,,indu/ry--,,! ,,piltd[n ,,race--,,mammalian ,,life--,,*ellean ,,& ,,a*eulean ,,indu/ries--,,! ,,use ,,( ,,fire--,,! ,,second ,,p]iod ,,( ,,arid ,,climate--,,! ,,ne&]?al ,,race ,,( ,,krap9a1 ,,croatia ,! geologic epo* ( ! arrival ( ! ,pre-,*ellean fl9t work]s 9 we/]n ,europe is by f> ! mo/ important & int]e/+ "o be=e ! prehi/orian4 ,^u x dep5ds ! "q ( ! duration ( ! ,old ,/one ,age1 ! date ( appe>ance ( ! ,piltd[n & ( ! ,ne&]?al races1 & ! :ole sequ5ce ( climatic & geographic *anges surr\nd+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( man4 ,aft] weigh+ all ! evid5ce v c>efully1 ! balance ( op9ion seems to su/a9 ! view t ?is epo* %\ld be plac$ aft] ! close ( ! ?ird glaciation & be=e ! adv5t ( ! f\r?1 t is1 dur+ ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age4 ,p5ck e/imat$ t ! ?ird w>m int]glacial /age,s op5$ ab\t #ajj1jjj ye>s ago & la/$ betwe5 #ej1jjj & #fj1jjj ye>s4 ,accord+ to ! !ory t we h adopt$ 9 ?is "w1 ! ,?ird ,int]glacial & ,f\r? ,glacial embrac$ ! entire p]iod ( ,l[] ,paloli?ic "t1 a p]iod ( f #gj1jjj to #ajj1jjj ye>s1 mu* long] ?an t ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic "t1 :i* is e/imat$ at #af1jjj to #be1jjj ye>s4 ,,geologic ,,antiquity ,,( ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,/one ,,age ,att5tion %\ld fir/ be call$ to ! fact t1 prec$+ ! epo* we h n[ ent]$1 ! glacial & int]glacial =ces op]at+ ov] ! great p59sula ( we/]n ,europe _h left _! impress *iefly on ! glaciat$ areas & only to a m9or degree on ! free1 non-glaciat$ areas4 ,until t[>d ! close ( ,?ird ,int]glacial times no traces ( nor!rn mu* less ( arctic =e/s & animals are discov]$ any:]e1 except along ! bord]s ( ! ice-fields4 ,x w\ld appe> z if ! animal & plant life ( ,europe 71 9 ! ma91 b slightly affect$ by ! fir/ ?ree glaciations4 ,we _c ent]ta9 = a mom5t ! belief t 9 glacial times all ! w>m flora & fauna migrat$ s\?w>d & !n return$1 because !re is n a %r$ ( evid5ce = ?is !ory4 ,x is f> m 9 accord ) ! kn[n facts to believe t all ! s\!rn & ea/]n =ms ( life _h become v h>dy1 = we "k h[ readily animals n[ liv+ 9 ! w>m e>? belts are acclimatiz$ to nor!rn conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,human types & culture /ages ( ! la/ ?ird ( ! ,glacial ,epo*4 ,!oretic e/imates ( ! geologic & "t divisions & introduction ( human races dur+ ! ,?ird ,int]glacial1 ,f\r? ,glacial1 & ,po/glacial ,/ages 7see ,fig4 #ad1 p4 #da74 ,prep>$ by ! au?or ) ! aid ( ,c4 ,a4 ,re$s4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we dep5d solely on ! te/imony ( ! life conditions1 we might conclude t ! ,pre-,*ellean fl9t work]s rea*$ we/]n ,europe ei!r 9 ,second ,int]glacial times1 or dur+ ! ?ird glaciation1 or aga9 dur+ ,?ird ,int]glacial times4 ,let u consid] ?is evid5ce ( ! fossil mammals m closely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,di/ribution ( ! pr9cipal ,pre-,*ellean & ,*ellean indu/rial /ations 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,9 favor ( ! !ory t ! ,pre-,*ellean culture is z anci5t z ,second ,int]glacial times1 we %\ld consid] ! fact t 9 sev]al localities paloli?s ( ,pre-,*ellean if n ( ,*ellean type h be5 record$ 9 association ) ! rema9s ( a numb] ( ! m primitive mammals :i* we h describ$ above z *>act]i/ic ( ,second ,int]glacial times4 ,= example1 at ,torralba1 ,prov9ce ( ,soria1 ,spa91 !re has be5 discov]$7#a7 an old typical ,*ellean camp site1 conta9+ abundant rema9s ( ! broad-nos$ rh9oc]os & ( ! s\!rn mammo?1 m+l$ ) ! rema9s ( o!r mammals ( v anci5t type1 id5tifi$ z ! ,etruscan rh9oc]os & z ,/5o's horse4 ,aga91 along ! ,riv] ,somme1 ne> ,abbeville1 9 ! gisem5t du ,*amp de ,m>s17#b7 x is said t ,pre-,*ellean & ,*ellean implem5ts h be5 f\nd 9 association ) ! ,etruscan rh9oc]os1 ,/5o's horse1 & v num]\s specim5s ( ! sabre-too? tig] & ( ! /rip$ hyna4 ,moreov]1 9 ,piltd[n1 ,sussex1 ,pre-,*ellean fl9ts & ! ,piltd[n skull are said to h occurr$ 9 a lay] conta9+ a rh9oc]os :i* may be id5tifi$ ) ! ,etruscan4 ,if ^! v anci5t species ( animals are rightly recogniz$ & det]m9$1 & if !y are truly f\nd z report$ 9 close association 9 ! same lay]s ) ,pre-,*ellean & ,*ellean fl9ts1 ! evid5ce may be consid]$ z q /rong t ! beg9n+ ( ,*ellean culture dates f ,second ,int]glacial times2 unless1 inde$1 x %\ld prove t ^! primitive species ( mammals surviv$ into ,?ird ,int]glacial times 9 c]ta9 favor$ di/ricts4 ,we %\ld also consid] ! possibility t ^! m anci5t animals1 ! sabre-too? tig]1 ,/5o's horse1 ! ,etruscan rh9oc]os1 & ! giant beav]1 did n really belong 9 ! same lay] ) ^! old paloli?s b 7 accid5tally wa%$ into ?is lay] f o!r m anci5t deposits4 ,z a rule1 x is ! mo/ rec5t animals :i* e/abli% a prehi/oric date1 because we "k t a paloli? _c be old] ?an ! mo/ rec5t mammal ) :i* x occurs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,we/]n ,europe dur+ ! ext5sion ( ! ice-fields & glaci]s 7dots7 ( ! ,?ird ,glacial ,/age--a p]iod ( cont95tal depression believ$ to h be5 less ext5sive ?an t ( ! ,second ,glacial ,/age 7see ,fig4 #be1 p4 #fe74 ,! l9e f ,sc&9avia to nor!rn ,africa corresponds to ! section %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac1 p4 #cg4 ,drawn by ,c4 ,a4 ,re$s1 aft] ,geikie & ,p5ck4 7,comp>e ,fig4 #ac47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,excavation at ,*elles-sur-,m>ne1 ! ,paloli?ic /ation :]e ,*ellean fl9t implem5ts 7 fir/ discov]$4 ,we obs]ve ! v close1 regul>1 & unbrok5 succession ( ! geological lay]s conta9+ ! ,*ellean1 ,a*eulean1 & ,m\/]ian fl9ts4 ,! record ( ! ?ree e>ly glaciations is n fully writt5 9 ! animal & plant life1 b x appe>s to be f\nd 9 ! riv] *annels4 ,bo? 9 ,engl& & ,france ^! *annels atte/ flood$ conditions dur+ ! e>li] glaciations1 9 :i* l>ge quantities ( gravels & s&s 7 transport$1 & x is ( ^! mat]ials t ! 'high t]races' 7 built up4 ,x is *iefly ! geologic evid5ce :i* e/abli%es ! ,pre-,*ellean date4 ,geologic & climatic l9es ( evid5ce 9 ,france indicate t ! ,pre-,*ellean culture is fir/ witness$ dur+ ! beg9n+ ( ,?ird ,int]glacial times4 ,?is is ! op9ion ( ,b\le1 ,haug1 ,ob]mai]1 ,breuil1 ,s*midt1 & _m o!r geologi/s & ar*ologi/s4 ,t ! fir/ ,paloli?ic fl9t work]s f\nd _! way into we/]n ,europe dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ,?ird ,int]glacial times is consi/5t ) our obs]vations on ! sequ5ce ( climate1 on ! =mation ( ! 'l[ riv] t]races1' :]e paloli?s ( ! e>lie/ type occur1 z well z ) ! g5]al succession ( mammalian life ?r\gh\t ! climatic *anges ( ?is int]glacial p]iod4 ,x w\ld appe>1 9 explanation ( ! facts cit$ above reg>d+ ! fossil mammals1 t :5 ! ,pre-,*ellean fl9t work]s e/abli%$ _! camps along ! valley ( ! ,riv] ,somme 9 nor!rn ,france a v g5ial climate prevail$ 9 ?is region1 favorable ev51 z we %all see1 to ! survival ( "s ( ! ,plioc5e types ( mammals1 su* z ! sabre-too? tig] & ! ,etruscan rh9oc]os4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age ! climate1 s f> z we c judge by ! un*ang$ aspect ( ! animal life1 rema9$ ( ! same w>m temp]ate "*4 ,two only ( ! surviv+ ,plioc5e =ms1 namely1 ! sabre-too? tig]s & ! ,etruscan rh9oc]oses1 became r>e or ext9ct4 ,f evid5ce af=d$ 9 ,k5t's ,hole1 ,devon%ire1 ,dawk9s is l$ to believe t ! sabre-too? tig] surviv$ 9 ,brita9 until ,po/glacial times4 ,all ! re/ ( ! animal _w1 bo? ! ,african-,asiatic & ! ,eurasiatic mammals1 cont9u$ to fl\ri% ?r\gh\t we/]n ,europe4 ,n until ! latt] "p ( ,a*eulean times d we discov] pro(s ( a decid$ *ange ( climate2 9 ! approa* ( arid conditions simil> to ^? ( ! /eppes ( we/]n ,asia !re 0 a r5ewal ( ! great du/-/orms & depositions ( 'loess1' su* z _h previ\sly occurr$ t[>d ! close ( ,second ,int]glacial times2 ?is 0 foll[$ by ! /ill cold] climate ( ! f\r? glaciation1 :i* corresponds ) ! clos+ p]iod ( ,l[] ,paloli?ic culture4 ,! evolution ( ! ,pre-,*ellean into ! ,*ellean & f9ally into ! ,l[] ,a*eulean paloli?s c]ta9ly occupi$ a v long p]iod ( "t if we assign x m]ely ! #ej1jjj or #fj1jjj ye>s allott$ to ! ,?ird ,int]glacial2 b ev5 ?is allotm5t seems f> too long :5 we obs]ve ! relatively limit$ dep? ( ! riv] deposits 9 :i* ^! fl9t cultures succe$ ea* o!r4 ,= we _c fail to be impress$ by ! regul> & v close & unbrok5 succession ( ! geologic lay]s conta9+ ! ,*ellean & ,a*eulean artifacts4 7,see ,fig4 #ee47 ,none ! less x foll[s t a long lapse ( "t mu/ be all[$ = ea* culture p]iod1 & = ! advance 9 te*nique47#c7 ,x is ?is wide di/ribution t has enabl$ ! de ,mortillets 7fa!r & son71 ,capitan1 ,rivire1 ,reb\x1 ,daleau1 ,peyrony1 ,ob]mai]1 ,commont1 ,s*midt1 & o!rs to e/abli% 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe ! ma9 /ages ( ! indu/rial evolution ( ! ,old ,/one ,age1 or ,l[] ,paloli?ic4 ,,subdivisions ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,cultures7#d7,t ,,m\/]ian4 ,late indu/ry ( ! ,ne&]?al races4 ,ext5sive use ( ! 'flake4' ,late ,m\/]ian4 ,la ,qu9a scrap]s1 small 'c\ps de po+1' & bone anvils1 clos+ ) ! ,abri ,audit culture4 ,middle ,m\/]ian4 ,culm9ation ( ! ,m\/]ian 'po9t' f9ely flak$ & *ipp$ on "o side1 ! be/ examples approa*+ ! ,solutrean p]fection ( te*nique4 ,e>ly ,m\/]ian4 ,he>t-%ap$ 'c\ps de po+' & ,m\/]ian flake 'po9ts' & flake scrap]s4 ,,a*eulean4 ,e>ly indu/ry ( ! ,ne&]?al races4 ,ext5sive use ( ! nodul> core4 ,late ,a*eulean4 ,m9iature 'lance po9ts' ( ,la ,micoque type1 triangul> 'c\ps de po+1' & fl9t flakes ( ,levallois type4 ,middle ,a*eulean4 ,po9t$ oval 'c\ps de po+1' mu* light] ?an ! ,*ellean types1 & small implem5ts simil> to ! ,*ellean b mu* improv$ 9 workman%ip4 ,e>ly ,a*eulean4 ,broad oval 'c\ps de po+' mu* m symmetrical ?an ! ,*ellean b /ill r heavy4 ,small types4 ,,*ellean4 ,late ,*ellean4 ,long po9t$ 'c\ps de po+1' 9 mo/ cases flak$ on bo? sides1 ) little ( ! cru/ ( ! nodule adh]+ & ! edges /ill unsymmetrical4 ,fir/ appe>ance ( ! oval 'c\ps de po+4' ,e>ly ,*ellean4 ,fir/ appe>ance ( 'c\ps de po+' ( almond %ape4 ,small implem5ts1 includ+ scrap]s1 planes1 & bor]s4 ,all implem5ts unsymmetrical & ) unev5 edges4 ,,pre-,,*ellean4 ,probable indu/ry ( ! ,piltd[n & ( ! 7,pre-,ne&]?aloid7 ,heidelb]g races4 ,use ( *ance & accid5tal =ms4 ,=ms p>tly accid5tal2 ret\* limit$ to ! few /rokes necess>y to give a po9t or edge to ! tool1 or to all[ a firm grasp 7protective ret\*74 ,prototypes ( 'c\p de po+' =m$ ( fl9t nodules ) cru/ only p>tially remov$4 ,if we suppose t ! ,pre-,*ellean fl9t work]s arriv$ 9 ,europe n e>li] ?an ,?ird ,int]glacial times1 we c expla9 all ! gradations 9 ! evolution ( _! implem5ts 9 connection ) ! *anges ( climate & ( animal life :i* ! geologic & fossil deposits reveal1 especially 9 ! valleys ( ! ,somme & ( ! ,?ames4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,pre-,*ellean is dat$ 9 ,second ,int]glacial times1,u x c>ries ?is culture back ano!r hundr$ ?\s& ye>s & involves our prehi/ory 9 great difficulties4 ,fir/1 !re is no pro( :atev] t ! ,pre-,*ellean & ,*ellean fl9t work]s liv$ dur+ ! p]iod ( ! =mation ( ! 'high riv] t]races' ( ! ?ird glaciation1 = no ,paloli?ic fl9ts h ev] be5 f\nd buri$ 9 ! s&s or gravels ( ! 'high t]races4' ,! occurr5ce ( ar*aic fl9ts on ! 'high t]races' ( ! ,somme & ( ! ,se9e is 9 sup]ficial gravel b$s :i* 7 deposit$ long aft] ^! 't]races' _h be5 cut by riv] action2 ?is is be/ se5 9 ! ,somme1 :]e ar*aic fl9ts occur alike 9 ! gravels deposit$ ^u ! 'l[1' 'middle1' & 'high t]races4' ,second1 !re is no pro( t ! ,pre-,*ellean & ,*ellean fl9t work]s pass$ ?r\gh ! cold climatic p]iod ( ! ?ird glaciation2 n[h]e 9 ,europe h any records be5 f\nd ( _! camps or /ations 9 association ) ! cold fauna or flora ( ,?ird ,glacial times4 ,?ird1 ! geographical evid5ce is equally at v>iance ) ! !ory t ! ,pre-,*ellean fl9t work]s ent]$ ,europe dur+ ! ,second ,int]glacial ,/age1 = we "k positively t 9 _m ( ! great riv]-valleys ( ,europe1 especially ^? surr\nd+ ! ,alps1 ! riv]s 7 at mu* high] levels ?an at pres5t & t !y 7 transport+ ! mat]ials out ( :i* ! 'high t]races' 7 be+ =m$ or cutt+ ^! 't]races' d[n by erosion4 ,9 o!r words1 ! geography ( ,europe 9 ,fir/ & ,second ,int]glacial times 0 v diff]5t f :at x is at pres5t2 mo/ ( ! riv]-valleys 7 broad] & less deep2 "s ( !m _h be5 erod$ to a po9t bel[ _! pres5t levels & _h begun to silt up 9 alluvial deposits4 ,9 ,?ird ,int]glacial times ! riv] geography ( ,europe 0 sub/antially z x is to-day1 al?\gh ! coa/-l9es 7 /ill v diff]5t4 ,:5 ,pre-,*ellean man appe>$1 we %all see t ! riv]-valleys ( ! ,somme & ,m>ne1 9 nor!rn ,france1 z well z ( ! ,?ames1 9 s\!a/]n ,engl&1 7 closely simil> to :at !y are at pres5t 9 respect to _! wat]-levels2 9 o!r words1 ! inl& geography ( ,europe 9 ! nor? 9 ,*ellean times & 9 c5tral & s\!rn ,france 9 ! imm$iately succe$+ ,a*eulean times 0 v mu* l x is at pres5t4 ,! sup]ficial *>act]s ( ! valleys 7 diff]5t2 ! /reams 9 ,*ellean times fl[$ ?r\gh gravels & s&s1 p>tak+ ( a glacial aspect2 "o or m ( ! 'riv] t]races' compos$ ( s&s & gravels 7 /ill %>ply def9$1 = ! s(t cov]+ ( 'loam' & alluvial soil f ! surr\nd+ upl&s & hills _h n yet wa%$ d[n to s(t5 ! outl9es ( ! 't]races4' ,nei!r 7 ! 't]races' cov]$ ) ! new] deposits ( 'loess4' ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,re/oration ( ! geography ( we/]n ,europe dur+ ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age1 %[+ ! anci5t l& areas 7dots7 & ! anci5t riv] *annels n[ subm]g$ by ! sea4 ,modifi$ aft] ,avebury's ,prehi/oric ,times by p]mission ( ,h5ry ,holt ,co4 ,! six :ite crosses 7,x7 indicate ! location ( ! pr9cipal ,pre-,*ellean /ations ( ,piltd[n on ! ,ouse1 & ,gray's ,?urrock on ! ,?ames1 9 ,engl&2 ( ,abbeville1 on ! nor? bank1 & ,/4 ,a*eul1 on ! s\? bank ( ! ,somme1 & ,*elles on ! ,m>ne1 9 ,france2 & ( ,hel9 9 ,belgium4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! ,engli% /ations are sep>at$ f ! o!rs only by ! anci5t broad valley correspond+ ) ! pres5t ,engli% ,*annel4 ,,secul> ,,*anges ,,( ,,climate ,,9 ,,l[] ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,times ,we f9d evid5ces ( f\r climatic & life phases dur+ ! long p]iod ( ,l[] ,paloli?ic evolution1 z foll[s3 #d4 ,cold ,moi/ ,climate4--,adv5t ( ! f\r? glaciation4 ,arrival ( ! 'full ,m\/]ian' culture & ( ! ,ne&]?al race 9 ,belgium & ,france4 ,repair ( m5 to ! w>m] %elt]s1 grottos1 & entrances to ! cav]ns4 ,f9al disappe>ance ( ! h>dy ,m]ck's rh9oc]os & ! /raight-tusk$ elephant4 ,arrival ( ! tundra fauna1 ! re9de]1 ! woolly mammo?1 & ! woolly rh9oc]os4 ,refrig]ation ( we/]n ,europe z f> s\? z nor!rn ,spa9 & ,italy4 ,wide di/ribution ( cold alp9e1 tundra1 & /eppe mammals all ov] ,g]many & ,france1 & into nor!rn ,spa94 ,cold tundra flora 9 ! ,?ames valley1 & at ,hoxne1 9 ,suffolk4 ,migration ( ! tundra mammals1 ! re9de]1 mammo?1 & rh9oc]os all ov] s\!rn ,brita91 ,belgium1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,au/ria4 #c4 ,arid ,climate 9 ,we/]n ,europe4--,p]iod ( ! close ( ! ,a*eulean culture2 "s ( ! fl9t work]s seek+ ! %elt] ( cliffs & approa*+ ! entrances to ! grottos dur+ ! cold season ( ! ye>4 ,a dry /eppe climate1 prevail+ we/]ly w9ds1 & deposits ( 'loess' all ov] nor!rn ,france & ,g]many4 ,appe>ance ( ! fir/ ,ne&]?aloid m5 9 ,krap9a1 ,croatia4 ,cool =e/ flora 9 ! region ( ,la ,celle-s\s-,moret ne> ,p>is1 foll[$ by depositions ( 'loess' & increas+ly cool & arid climate4 ,e>ly ,m\/]ian indu/ry4 ,disappe>ance fir/ ( ! m s5sitive pair ( ,asiatic mammals1 ! hippopotamus & ! s\!rn mammo? 7,e4 trogon!rii72 p]si/5ce ( ! m h>dy1 /raight-tusk$ elephant 7,e4 antiquus7 & ! broad-nos$ rh9oc]os 7,d4 m]ckii74 #b4 ,cont9u$ ,w>m ,temp]ate ,p]iod4--,"t ( ! ,*ellean culture f\nd at ,*elles1 ,/4 ,a*eul1 ,gray's ,?urrock1 ,il=d1 ,essex1 & s\?w>d 9 ,torralba1 ,spa94 ,abundance ( hippopotami1 rh9oc]oses1 s\!rn mammo?s1 & /raight-tusk$ elephants 9 nor!rn ,g]many at ,tauba*1 ,weim>1 ,ehr+sdorf1 & ,a*5heim4 ,r>e appe>ance ( sabre-too? tig]s4 ,temp]ate =e/ & alp9e flora ( ,drnt5 & ,utzna*1 ,switz]l&4 ,e>ly ,a*eulean culture widely di/ribut$ ov] all ( we/]n ,europe4 #a4 ,e>ly ,w>m ,temp]ate ,p]iod4--,! w>m climate ( ! ,pre-,*ellean culture p]iod1 z se5 9 ! valleys ( ! ,somme1 ( ! ,?ames1 & ( ! ,se9e ne> ,p>is1 favorable to ! s\!rn mammo? & ! hippopotamus4 ,app>5t survival ( ! sabre-too? tig] & ! ,etruscan rh9oc]os 9 favor$ regions4 ,a w>m temp]ate =e/ flora 9 ,la ,celles\s-,moret ne> ,p>is & 9 ,lorra9e4 ,arrival ( ! ,pre-,*ellean fl9t work]s & ( ! ,piltd[n race 9 s\!rn ,engl&4 ,x is believ$ t ! climate ( ,?ird ,int]glacial times :5 x rea*$ its maximum w>m? 0 aga9 some:at mild] ?an ! pres5t climate 9 ! same region4 ,9 ! ,alps ! glaci]s & ! sn[-l9e retreat$ once m to _! pres5t levels4 ,! p]iod op5$ ) humid cont95tal conditions4 ,! areas left b>e by ! ice 7 gradually re=e/$4 ,a picture ( ! climate 9 ?is w>m p]iod is pres5t$ 9 ! region ne> ,p>is 9 ! s-call$ tuf de ,la ,celle-s\s-,moret 7,se9e-et-,m>ne74 ,?is tufa1 :i* is a hot-spr+s deposit1 ov]lies riv]-gravels ( ,plei/oc5e age47#g7 ,! l[] levels ( ! tufa conta9 ! sycamore-maple 7,ac] pseudoplatanus71 will[s1 & ! ,au/rian p9e1 indicat+ a temp]ate climate4 ,high] up 9 ! same deposits we f9d evid5ces ( increas+ly mild temp]atures 9 ! pres5ce ( ! box 7,buxus7 & n infrequ5tly ( ! fig-tree2 ! ,can>y laurel 7,laurus nobilis7 is some:at r>] & bo? x & ! fig indicate t ! w9t]s 7 mild1 because ^! plants h ! peculi>ity ( fl[]+ dur+ ! w9t] season2 we inf]1 !re=e1 t ! climate 0 some:at mild] & m damp ?an x is 9 ! same region at ! pres5t "t4 ,! mollusks also indicate great] equability ( climate4 ,^! deposits are believ$ to correspond ) ! p]iod ( ,*ellean & e>ly ,a*eulean indu/ry4 ,! plants 9 ! highe/ levels ( ! same tufa1 h[ev]1 indicate ! adv5t ( a cold] climate & also connect ?is ) ! ,a*eulean culture /age ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( ,a*eulean fl9ts4 ,! deposit ( tufa is cov]$ by a %eet ( 'loess' correspond+ ) ! return ( an arid p]iod 9 late ,a*eulean times1 9 ! v he>t ( nor!rn ,france4 ,?us we h a record 9 ! region ne> ! pres5t city ( ,p>is ( ?ree climatic phases1 :i* are also m or less completely indicat$ 9 deposits to ! nor? along ! ,riv] ,somme & 9 ! valley ( ! anci5t ,?ames4 ,9 we/]n ,france we aga9 int]pret ! fossil flora ( ,lorra9e z belong+ to ! cool] clos+ p]iod ( ,?ird ,int]glacial times & to ! adv5t ( ! f\r? glaciation1 = "h ! mo/ nor!rn v>ieties ( ! l>* 7,l>ix7 & ( ! m\nta9-p9e 7,p9us lamb]tiana7 pr$om9ate4 ,! cle>e/ view ( ! contempor>y alp9e =e/s is f\nd ne> ,zri* 9 ! lignitic deposits ( ,drnt5 & ( ,utzna*1 :i* are s *>act]i/ic ( ! temp]ate p]iod ( ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age t ,geikie has propos$ to call ?is /age ! ,drnt5ian47#h7 ,x 01 we recall1 at ,drnt5 t ,morlot7#i7 f\nd ! fir/ pro(s ( a w>m or temp]ate int]glacial flora1 betwe5 ! deposits ( a retreat+ glaci] & ^? ( an advanc+ glaci]2 = ,drnt5 is well )9 ! region :i* 0 cov]$ by ! va/ ice-fields bo? ( ! ?ird & f\r? glaciations4 ,! =e/s :i* fl\ri%$ !re 9 ,?ird ,int]glacial times 7 simil> to ^? n[ f\nd 9 ! same region1 consi/+ ( ! spruce1 fir1 m\nta9-p9e1 l>*1 bee*1 yew1 & sycamore1 ) und]gr[? ( hazel4 ,) ?is h>dy flora are associat$ ! rema9s ( ! /raight-tusk$ elephant1 ( ,m]ck's rh9oc]os1 ( wild cattle1 & ( ! /ag2 ano!r evid5ce = our op9ion t all ^! ,asiatic mammals _h become habituat$ to ! cool temp]ate climate ( ! nor?4 ,,life ,,on ,,! ,,riv] ,,somme ,,f ,,pre-,,*ellean ,,to ,,neoli?ic ,,times ,! bord]s ( ! ,riv] ,somme at ,/4 ,a*eul give u a vi/a ( ! :ole /ory ( ! succession ( geologic ev5ts2 ! great *anges ( climate1 ! procession ( animal life1 ! sequ5ce ( human races & cultures4 ,"h ,commont7#aj7 has f\nd ! key to ! hi/ory ( ?is entire c\ntry & enabl$ u to p>allel ev5ts "h ) ^? occurr+ f> away 9 ,tauba*1 on ! bord]s ( ! ,?ur+ian =e/1 & at ,krems 9 ,l[] ,au/ria1 z /udi$ by ,ob]mai]4 ,?is is because ! 'old]' & 'new]' loess p]iods1 ! succession ( climates & ( mammals1 & ! developm5t ( human cultures 7 all n local b cont95tal ev5ts4 ,! purely local ev5ts are f\nd 9 ! k9ds ( gravels & soils :i* wa%$ d[n ov] ! t]races4 ,x is v important fir/ to cle>ly picture 9 our m9ds & und]/& ! geography ( ! ,somme at ! "t ( ! arrival ( ! ,pre-,*ellean fl9t work]s4 ,x appe>s c]ta9 t all ?ree ( ! old riv] t]races compos$ ( lime/one _h be5 cut long be=e & t ! riv] _h already rea*$ ! bottom level ( ! und]ly+ *alk rock47#aa7 ,! high] t]race1 !n z n[1 0 #ajj feet above ! ,somme1 ! middle t]race ab\t #gj feet1 & ! l[e/ t]race ext5d$ f a height ( ab\t #dj feet d[n und]nea? ! pres5t riv] level 7see ,fig4 #ei74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,?ree anci5t riv] t]races 7,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii71 on ! we/ bank ( ! ,connecticut ,riv] 9 ,v]mont1 believ$ to be ( ,po/glacial age4 ,! t]races are respectively #adj1 #fj1 & #bj feet above ! riv]1 & ?us %[ a pr(ile simil> to t ( ! t]races on ! ,somme 9 ,pre-,*ellean times previ\s to ! accumulation ( ! deposits be>+ ,paloli?ic fl9ts4 ,photograph by ,h4 ,h4 ,h4 ,langill4 ,s9ce ! mo/ primitive ,pre-,*ellean fl9ts occur 9 ! co>se gravels :i* lie on ! floors ( ^! t]races imm$iately above ! *alk1 !y prove t ! entire excavation ( ! valley _h be5 complet$ :5 ! ,pre-,*ellean work]s arriv$ !re4 ,commont believes t ?is 0 ! actual topography ( ! valley dur+ ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age4 ,! occurr5ce ( ,*ellean fl9ts 9 ! :ite s&s ov]ly+ ! co>se gravels ( ! middle & upp] t]races does n indicate t ! fl9t work]s 7 encamp$ "h :ile ^! t]races 7 be+ cut out by ! ,riv] ,somme b r t !y s\ght ^! conv5i5t bluffs = _! qu>ries dur+ ! "t t ^! s&s & gravels 7 wa%+ d[n f ! sides ( ! valleys & f ! plateaus above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,f\r typical =ms ( ! ,*ellean c\p de po+1 or 'h&-/one1' f ! anci5t qu>ries ( ,/4 ,a*eul4 ,ab\t "o-half actual size4 a4 ,disc-%ap$--upp] left4 b4 ,oval--upp] "r4 c4 ,poni>d-%ap$--l[] left4 d4 ,almond-%ap$--l[] "r4 ,9 ! collection ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,section ( ! anci5t riv] t]races on ! s\? bank ( ! ,riv] ,somme at ,/4 ,a*eul-,ami5s1 %[+ /ations on ! l[1 middle1 & high t]races :]e fl9ts 7 work$ f ! v beg9n+ to ! v end ( ! ,old ,/one ,age4 ,aft] ,commont1 #aijh1 #aiji--modifi$ & r$rawn4 ,! section %[n runs nor?we/ & s\!a/1 9 a g5tle slope ne>ly #a-a_/b miles 9 l5g?1 f ! summit1 #gj met]s 7ab\t #bcj feet7 above sea-level1 d[n to ! riv] #dg4c met]s 7#aee feet7 bel[4 ,s9ce ,rigollot's excavations 9 #ahea sixte5 fl9t-work+ /ations h be5 discov]$ "h1 *iefly ?r\gh build+ op]ations1 mo/ ( !m be+ on ! middle & high t]races4 ,?is gives "s idea ( ! va/ ext5t ( ^! anci5t encampm5ts1 :i* cov] ! entire p]iod ( ! ,old ,/one ,age--p]haps #abe1jjj ye>s4 ,,prehi/ory ,,( ,,/4 ,,a*eul ,,neoli?ic4 ,campignian1 rec5t e>? & loam4 ,,upp] ,,pal,,oli?ic4 ,solutrean4 ,upp] ,aurignacian1 loam4 ,middle ,aurignacian1 'new] loess' & gravel4 ,,l[] ,,pal,,oli?ic4 ,late ,m\/]ian1 gravel & 'new] loess4' ,e>ly ,m\/]ian1 base ( 'new] loess' 7l'erg]on74 ,middle ,a*eulean1 'old] loess' & drift4 ,e>ly ,a*eulean1 gravels bel[ 'old] loess' 7,e4 antiquus74 ,late ,*ellean1 fluviatile s&s & mollusk fauna4 ,e>ly ,*ellean1 fir/ c\ps de po+2 old ':ite s&s' 7,e4 antiquus74 ,pre-,*ellean1 prototypes ( c\p de po+2 old 'l[] gravels' 7,e4 antiquus74 ,! hi/ory ( ! climatic *anges 9 ! anci5t valley ( ! ,somme is mo/ cle>ly writt5 9 ^! successive deposits1 #ae feet 9 ?ickness1 above ! 'l[] gravels' at ,/4 ,a*eul4 ,along ) ! ,pre-,*ellean & ,*ellean fl9ts 9 ! 'old gravels' & ':ite s&s' we f9d records ( ! moi/ w>m temp]ate climate :i* !n prevail$ 9 nor!rn ,france & :i* und\bt$ly 0 mo/ favorable to ! hippopotami1 rh9oc]oses1 & elephants ( ^? times4 ,! riv] mollusks f\nd ) ! late ,*ellean fl9ts are ano!r indication ( ! temp]ate =e/ climate :i* cont9u$ ?r\gh e>ly ,a*eulean times4 ,9 ! middle ,a*eulean are f\nd ! e>lie/ deposits ( 'old] loess' :i* indicate a climate /ill temp]ate b arid1 belong+ to ! middle ( ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age4 ,9 ,m\/]ian times we f9d heavy deposits ( gravels correspond+ to ! moi/ cold climate ( ! ,f\r? ,glacial ,/age1 foll[$ 9 middle ,aurignacian times by fre% lay]s ( 'new] loess1' indicat+ ! return ( a dry climate4 ,f9ally1 ! lay]s ( loam :i* 7 wa%$ d[n ov] ! sides ( ! valley1 & 9 :i* ! rema9s ( ,solutrean & ,aurignacian camps are f\nd1 indicate ! r5ewal ( moi/ & probably =e/$ conditions4 ,?us1 two dry loess p]iods are indicat$ 9 ?is valley1 ! fir/ or 'old] loess' belong+ to ,?ird ,int]glacial times1 & ! second or 'new] loess' to ,po/glacial times2 & we cle>ly p]ceive t 9 ! culture lay]s "h !re is no evid5ce :atev] ( m ?an "o glacial /age prec$$ by a dry climatic p]iod & deposits ( loess4 ,if ! ,pre-,*ellean fl9t work]s _h arriv$ 9 ?is riv]-valley z e>ly z ,second ,int]glacial times1 we %\ld f9d pro(s ( ?ree p]iods ( arid climate & loess deposition & ( two glaciations4 ,beg9n+ ) middle ,a*eulean times ! fl9ts are f\nd 9 deposits ( gravels1 loams1 brick-e>?s1 & 'old] loess1' :i* all belong to a succe$+ geologic /age & are ( m rec5t date ?an ! l[] gravels & s&s on ! t]races :i* !y ov]lap & conceal4 ,deposits ( ?is k9d h also be5 drift$ d[n f ! highe/ levels t[>d ! bottom ( ! valley1 & ,commont di/+ui%es ?ree diff]5t depositions or lay]s ( 'loess loam1' ! l[e/ or olde/ ( :i* conta9 ,a*eulean fl9ts1 :ile ! middle loams conta9 ,m\/]ian implem5ts4 ,ev5 t[>d ! close ( ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age !re 7 p]iods ( w>m?1 p]haps dur+ ! height ( ! hot summ] season1 :5 animals ( ! w>m fauna migrat$ f ! s\?4 ,?us ,commont has rec5tly discov]$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme a /ation ( ,m\/]ian fl9t work]s1 ^: indu/ry is associat$ ) rema9s ( ! ?ree animals typical ( ! w>m] climatic phase2 namely1 ! /raight-tusk$ elephant1 ! broad-nos$ rh9oc]os1 & ! hippopotamus4 ,he has reaffirm$ 8 belief t ! great] "p ( ?is *apt] ( human prehi/ory1 bo? z to ! surface topography ( ! ,somme valley & ! evolution ( ! fl9t cultures f ,pre-,*ellean to ,m\/]ian times1 occurr$ dur+ ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,w>m ,,temp]ate ,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,pre-,,*ellean ,,culture,v ,we h obs]v$ t f ,torralba 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,soria1 ,spa91 to ,abbeville1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,somme1 9 ! nor? ( ,france1 ?ree types ( animals :i* ent]$ ,europe z e>ly z ,upp] ,plioc5e times1 namely1 ! ,etruscan rh9oc]os1 ! horse ( ,/5o1 & ! sabre-too? tig]1 are said to occur 9 connection ) e>ly ,*ellean artifacts4 ,! two =m] species may possibly be confus$ ) e>ly =ms ( ,m]ck's rh9oc]os & ! true =e/ horses ( ,europe1 b !re c be no "q z to ! id5tification ( ! sabre-too? tig]1 numb]s ( :i* 7 f\nd by ,m4 d',ault du ,mesnil1 at ,abbeville1 on ! ,somme1 ) e>ly ,*ellean fl9ts4 ,,pre-,,*ellean ,,fauna ,s\!rn mammo?4 ,etruscan rh9oc]os4 ,hippopotamus4 ,primitive horse 7,equus /5onis78 ,sabre-too? tig]4 ,broad-nos$ rh9oc]os4 ,/raight-tusk$ elephant4 ,giant beav] 7,trogon!rium cuvi]i74 ,%ort-fac$ hyna4 ,typical ,eurasiatic =e/ & mead[ fauna1 includ+ de]1 bison1 & wild cattle4 ,! mammalian life ( ! ,somme at ?is "t1 z f\nd 9 ! gisem5t du ,*amp de ,m>s ne> ,abbeville1 is v ri*4 ,among ! l>g] =ms !re is c]ta9ly ! great s\!rn mammo? 7,e4 m]idionalis trogon!rii71 & possibly also ! /raight-tusk$ elephant 7,e4 antiquus74 ,!re are unque/ionably two species ( rh9oc]os1 ! small] ( :i* is recogniz$ by ,b\le z ! ,etruscan1 & ! l>g] z ,m]ck's rh9oc]os4 ,/5o's horse is said to occur "h1 & !re are abundant rema9s ( ! great hippopotamus 7,h4 major72 ! sabre-too? tig]s 7 v num]\s z atte/$ by ! discov]y ( ! l[] jaws ( ?irty or m individuals4 ,! %ort-fac$ hyna 7,h4 breviro/ris7 is also f\nd1 & !re are sev]al species ( de] & wild cattle4 ,?is rem>kably ri* collection ( mammals is associat$ ) fl9ts ( primitive ,*ellean or1 possibly1 ( ,pre-,*ellean type47#ab7 ,9 ,torralba1 ,spa91 ! same v anci5t animals occur1 & x appe>s possible t ?is 0 ! prevail+ mammalian life ( ,pre-,*ellean times4 ,we may conclude1 !re=e1 t !re is consid]able evid5ce1 al?\gh n z yet q conv9c+1 t ! e>ly ,*ellean fl9t work]s arriv$ 9 we/]n ,europe be=e ! disappe>ance ( ! ,etruscan rh9oc]os & ! sabre-too? tig]4 ,,! ,,pre-,,*ellean ,,/ations 7,see ,figs4 #ec & #ef47 ,! dawn ( ! ,paloli?ic ,age is indicat$ 9 v>i\s riv]-drift /ations by ! appe>ance ( crude fl9t weapons z well z tools or implem5ts1 9 addition to ! suppos$ tools ( ,eoli?ic times4 ,!re is an unmi/akable ef=t to fa%ion ! fl9t into a def9ite %ape to s]ve a def9ite purpose3 !re c no long] be any "q ( human h&iwork4 ,?us !re gradually arise v>i\s types ( fl9ts1 ea* ( :i* und]goes its own evolution into a m p]fect =m4 ,naturally1 ! work]s at "s /ations 7 m adept & inv5tive ?an at o!rs4 ,nev]!less1 ! primitive /ages ( inv5tion & ( te*nique 7 c>ri$ f /ation to /ation2 & ?us = ! fir/ "t we are enabl$ to e/abli% ! ar*ological age ( v>i\s /ations 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,only a few /ations h be5 discov]$ :]e ! ,paloli?ic m5 7 fir/ fa%ion+ _! fl9ts into prototypes ( ! ,*ellean & ,a*eulean =ms4 ,) relation to ! !ory t ^! primitive fl9t work]s may h ent]$ ,europe by way ( ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,africa1 we obs]ve t ^! /ations are conf9$ to ,spa91 s\!rn & nor!rn ,france1 ,belgium1 & ,great ,brita94 ,nei!r ,pre-,*ellean nor ,*ellean /ations ( unque/ion$ au!nticity h be5 f\nd 9 ,g]many or c5tral ,europe1 &1 s f> z pres5t evid5ce goes1 x w\ld appe> t ! ,pre-,*ellean culture did n ent] ,europe directly f ! ea/1 or ev5 along ! nor!rn coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 b r along ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,africa1,w :]e ,*ellean culture is record$ 9 association ) mammalian rema9s belong+ to ! middle ,plei/oc5e ,epo*4 ,! s\!rnmo/ /ations ( ,*ellean culture at pres5t kn[n 9 ,europe are ^? ( ,torralba & ,san ,isidro1 9 c5tral ,spa94 ,9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,gironde is ! ,*ellean /ation ( ,m>ignac1 & x is n unlikely t o!r /ations w be discov]$ 9 ! same region1 because ! ,paloli?ic races /rongly favor$ ! valleys ( ! ,dordogne & ,g>onne1 b ?us f> ?is is ! only /ation kn[n 9 s\!rn ,france :i* repres5ts ?is p]iod ( ! dawn ( human culture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,v primitive paloli?s f ,piltd[n1 ,sussex1 consi/+ *iefly ( tools & po9ts ( triangul> & oval =m1 fa%ion$ out ( fl9t nodules split 9 two & flak$ on "o side only1 ) v co>se m>g9al ret\*4 ,aft] ,dawson4 ,nos4 #a & #b are ne>ly "o-half actual size2 ,no4 #c ne>ly "o-qu>t] actual size4 ,! *ief ,pre-,*ellean & ,*ellean /ations 7 clu/]$ along ! valleys ( ! ,somme & ,se9e4 ,( ^? r>e sites pres5t+ a typical ,pre-,*ellean culture1 we may note ! neighbor+ /ations ( ,/4 ,a*eul & ,montires1 bo? 9 ! suburbs ( ,ami5s on ! ,somme1 & ! /ation ( ,hel91 ne> ,spi5nes1 9 ,belgium1 explor$ by ,rutot4 ,a v primitive & possibly ,pre-,*ellean culture 0 f\nd on ! site ( ! ,*amp de ,m>s1 at ,abbeville4 ,?is culture also ext5d$ we/w>d across ! broad pla9 :i* is n[ ! ,/rait ( ,dov] to ! valley ( ! ,?ames1 on ^: nor!rn bank is ! important /ation ( ,gray's ,?urrock1 :ile f>!r to ! s\? is ! rec5tly discov]$ site ( ,piltd[n1 9 ! valley ( ! ,ouse1 ,sussex4 ,! fl9t tools 7,fig4 #fj7 f\nd 9 ! lay] imm$iately ov]ly+ ! ,piltd[n skull are excessively primitive & indicate t ! ,piltd[n fl9t work]s _h n atta9$ ! /age ( craftsman%ip describ$ by ,commont z ',pre-,*ellean' at ,/4 ,a*eul4 ,among ! fl9ts1 obs]ves ,dawson1 we f\nd sev]al und\bt$ fl9t implem5ts besides num]\s 'eoli?s4' ,! workman%ip ( ! =m] is simil> to t ( ! ,*ellean or ,pre-,*ellean /age2 b 9 ! majority ( ! ,piltd[n specim5s ! "w appe>s *iefly on "o face ( ! implem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,primitive c\ps de po+ or 'h&-/ones' ( ,pre-,*ellean type1 f\nd 9 ! l[] gravels ( ! middle & high t]races at ,/4 ,a*eul4 ,aft] ,commont4 ,"o-qu>t] actual size4 ,9 ! ,hel9 qu>ry ne> ,spi5nes7#ac7 occur rude prototypes ( ! ,paloli?ic c\p de po+ associat$ ) num]\s flakes :i* d n greatly diff] f ^? 9 ! l[e/ riv]-gravels ( ,/4 ,a*eul2 !re is a close correspond5ce 9 ! workman%ip ( ! two sites1 s t we may reg>d ! ,mesv9ian ( ,rutot,x z a culture /age equival5t to ! ,pre-,*ellean4 ,! riv]-gravels & s&s ( ,hel9 :i* conta9 ! implem5ts also resemble ^? ( ,/4 ,a*eul 9 _! ord] ( /ratification4 ,( special int]e/ is ! fact t a primitive fl9t f ?is ,hel9 qu>ry1 kn[n z ! 'bor]1' is /rik+ly simil> to ! ',eoli?ic' bor] f\nd 9 ! same lay] ) ! ,piltd[n skull 9 ,sussex4 ,by su* indications z ?is1 :5 /r5g!n$ by fur!r evid5ce ( ! same k9d1 we may be able ev5tually to e/abli% ! date bo? ( ?is ,pre-,*ellean or ,mesv9ian culture & ( ! ,piltd[n race4 ,9 consid]+ ! ,pre-,*ellean implem5ts f\nd at ,/4 ,a*eul 9 #aijf1 we note7#ad7 t at ?is dawn+ /age ( human inv5tion ! fl9t work]s 7 n delib]ately design+ ! =m ( _! implem5ts b 7 deal+ r ) ! *ance %apes ( %att]$ blocks ( fl9t1 seek+ ) a few well-direct$ bl[s to produce a %>p po9t or a good cutt+ edge4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! art ( 'ret\*1' :i* 0 done by means ( light bl[s ) a second /one in/ead ( ! hamm]-/one ) :i* ! r\gh flakes 7 fir/ knock$ (f4 ,! ret\* s]v$ a d\ble purpose3 ,its fir/ & mo/ important object 0 fur!r to %>p5 ! po9t or edge ( ! tool4 ,?is 0 done by *ipp+ (f small flakes f ! upp] side1 s z to give ! fl9t a saw-l edge4 ,its second object 0 to protect ! h& ( ! us] by blunt+ any %>p edges or po9ts :i* might prev5t a firm grip ( ! implem5t4 ,(t5 ! smoo?1 r\nd$ end ( ! fl9t nodule1 ) cru/ intact1 is c>efully pres]v$ = ?is purpose 7,fig4 #fa74 ,x is ?is grasp+ ( ! primitive tool by ! h& to :i* ! t]ms 'c\p de po+1' ',fau/keil1' & 'h&-axe' ref]4 ',h&-/one' is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ fitt+ designation 9 our language1 b x appe>s be/ to reta9 ! orig9al ,fr5* designation1 c\p de po+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,primitive grattoir1 or plan+ tool 7side & edge views71 ( ,pre-,*ellean type1 f\nd 9 ! l[e/ gravels ( ! t]races at ,/4 ,a*eul4 ,aft] ,commont4 ,"o-qu>t] actual size4 ,z ! %ape ( ! fl9t is purely due to *ance1 ^! ,pre-,*ellean implem5ts are int]pret$ by ar*ologi/s *iefly accord+ to ! mann] ( ret\* !y h receiv$4 ,already !y are adapt$ to q a v>iety ( purposes1 bo? z weapons ( ! *ase & = trimm+ & %ap+ wood5 implem5ts & dress+ hides4 ,?us ,ob]mai] obs]ves t ! concave1 s]rat$ edges *>act]i/ic ( "s ( ^! implem5ts may well h be5 us$ = scrap+ ! b>k f bran*es & smoo?+ !m d[n into poles2 t ! r\gh c\ps de po+ w\ld be well adapt$ to divid+ fle% & dress+ hides2 t ! %>p-po9t$ fragm5ts c\ld be us$ z bor]s1 & o!rs t are clumsi] & heavi] z planes 7see ,fig4 #fb74 ,! inv5tory ( ^! ance/ral ,pre-,*ellean =ms ( implem5ts1 us$ 9 indu/rial & dome/ic life1 9 ! *ase1 & 9 w>1 is z foll[s3 ,grattoir1 plan+ tool4 ,racloir1 scrap]4 ,p]oir1 drill1 bor]4 ,c\teau1 knife4 ,p]cuteur1 hamm]-/one4 ,pi]re de jet8 ?r[+ /one8 ,prototypes ( c\p de po+1 h&-/one4 ,x includes five1 possibly six1 *ief types4 ,! true c\p de po+1 a comb9ation tool ( ,*ellean times1 is n yet develop$ 9 ! ,pre-,*ellean1 & ! o!r implem5ts1 al?\gh simil> 9 =m1 are m primitive4 ,!y are all 9 an exp]im5tal /age ( developm5t4 ,indications t ?is primitive indu/ry spread ov] s\!a/]n ,engl& z well1 & t a succession ( ,pre-,*ellean into ,*ellean culture may be demon/rat$1 occur 9 connection ) ! rec5t discov]y ( ! v anci5t ,piltd[n race4 ,,! ,,piltd[n ,,race7#ae7 ,! 'dawn man' is ! mo/ anci5t human type 9 :i* ! =m ( ! head & size ( ! bra9 are kn[n4 ,its anatomy1 z well z its geologic antiquity1 is !re=e ( pr(\nd int]e/ & wor?y ( v full consid]ation4 ,we may fir/ review ! au?ors' n>rative ( ?is rem>kable discov]y & ! hi/ory ( op9ion conc]n+ x4 ,piltd[n1 ,sussex1 lies betwe5 two bran*es ( ! ,ouse1 ab\t #ce miles s\? & slightly to ! ea/ ( ,gray's ,?urrock1 ! ,*ellean /ation ( ! ,?ames4 ,to ! ea/ is ! plateau ( ,k5t1 9 :i* _m fl9ts ( ,eoli?ic type h be5 f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,discov]y site ( ! fam\s ,piltd[n skull ne> ,piltd[n1 ,sussex4 ,aft] ,dawson4 ,a %all[ pit ( d>k-br[n gravel1 at ! bottom ( :i* 7 f\nd ! fragm5ts ( ! skull & a s+le primitive implem5t ( work$ fl9t 7see ,fig4 #fe74 ,! gravel lay] 9 :i* ! ,piltd[n skull occurr$ is situat$ on a well-def9$ plateau ( l>ge area & lies ab\t #hj feet above ! level ( ! ma9 /ream ( ! ,ouse4 ,remnants ( ! fl9t-be>+ gravels & drifts occur ^u ! plateau & ! slopes d[n :i* !y trail t[>d ! riv] & /reams4 ,?is region 0 und\bt$ly favorable to ! fl9t work]s ( ,pre-,*ellean & ,*ellean times4 ,k5n>d7#af7 believes t ! gravels are ( ! same age z ^? ( ! 'high t]race' ( ! l[] valley ( ! ,?ames2 ! height above ! /ream level is practically ! same1 namely1 ab\t #hj feet4 ,ano!r geologi/1 ,clem5t ,reid17#ag7 holds t ! plateau1 compos$ ( ,weald5 *alk1 ?r\gh :i* fl[$ ! /ream be>+ ! ,piltd[n gravels1 belongs to a p]iod lat] ?an t ( ! maximum depression ( ,great ,brita92 t ! deposits are ( ,pre-,glacial or e>ly ,plei/oc5e age2 t !y belong to ! epo* aft] ! cold p]iod ( ! fir/ glaciation _h pass$ b occur at ! v base ( ! succession ( implem5t-be>+ deposits 9 ! s\!a/ ( ,engl&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,dawson17#ah7 ! discov]] ( ! ,piltd[n skull1 9 8 fir/ description /ates3 ,f ^! facts x appe>s probable t ! skull & m&ible _c safely be describ$ z be+ ( e>li] date ?an ! fir/ half ( ! ,plei/oc5e ,epo*4 ,! individual probably liv$ dur+ ! w>m cycle 9 t age4 ,! section ( ! gravel b$ 7,fig4 #fd7 indicates t ! rema9s ( ! ,piltd[n man 7 wa%$ d[n ) o!r fossils by a %all[ /ream *>g$ ) d>k-br[n gravel & unwork$ fl9ts2 "s ( ^! fossils 7 ( ,plioc5e times f /rata ( ! upp] p>ts ( ! /ream4 ,9 ?is *annel 7 f\nd ! rema9s ( a numb] ( animals ( ! same age z ! ,piltd[n man1 a few fl9ts resembl+ eoli?s1 & "o v primitive work$ fl9t ( ,pre-,*ellean type1 :i* may also h be5 wa%$ d[n f deposits ( e>li] age4 ,^! preci\s geologic & ar*ologic records furni% ! only means we h ( det]m9+ ! age ( ,eoan?ropus1 ! 'dawn man1' "o ( ! mo/ important & significant discov]ies 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( an?ropology4 ,we are indebt$ to ! geologi/ ,*>les ,dawson & ! palontologi/ ,ar?ur ,smi? ,woodw>d = pres]v+ ^! anci5t records & describ+ !m ) great fulness & accuracy z foll[s 7pp4 #acb to #aci73 ,sev]al ye>s ago ,dawson discov]$ a small portion ( an unusually ?ick human p>ietal bone1 tak5 f a gravel b$ :i* 0 be+ dug = road-mak+ purposes on a f>m close to ,piltd[n ,common4 ,9 ! autumn ( #aiaa he pick$ up among ! ra9-wa%$ spoil-heaps ( ! same gravel-pit ano!r & l>g] piece ( bone belong+ to ! =ehead region ( ! same skull & includ+ a portion ( ! ridge ext5d+ ov] ! left eyebr[4 ,imm$iately impress$ ) ! importance ( ?is discov]y1 ,dawson enli/$ ! co-op]ation ( ,smi? ,woodw>d1 & a sy/ematic se>* 0 made 9 ^! spoil-heaps & gravels1 beg9n+ 9 ! spr+ ( #aiab2 all ! mat]ial 0 look$ ov] & c>efully sift$4 ,x appe>s t ! :ole or great] "p ( ! human skull _h be5 scatt]$ by ! workm51 :o _h ?r[n away ! pieces unnotic$4 ,?or\gh se>* 9 ! bottom ( ! gravel b$ itself reveal$ ! "r half ( a jaw1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 a depression ( undi/urb$1 f9ely /ratifi$ gravel1 s f> z c\ld be judg$ on ! spot id5tical ) t f :i* ! fir/ portions ( ! cranium 7 exhum$4 ,a y>d f ! jaw an important piece ( ! occipital bone ( ! skull 0 f\nd4 ,se>* 0 r5ew$ 9 #aiac by ,fa!r ,p4 ,teilh>d1 ( ,*>d91 a ,fr5* an?ropologi/1 :o =tunately recov]$ a s+le can9e too?1 & lat] a pair ( nasal bones 7 f\nd1 all ( :i* fragm5ts are ( v great significance 9 ! re/oration ( ! skull4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,geologic section ( ! ,piltd[n gravel b$1 %[+ 9 re/or$ outl9es at ! bottom ( lay] #c ! position 9 :i* ! fragm5ts ( ! skull & jaw 7 f\nd4 ,aft] ,dawson4 #a4 ,surface soil1 ) fl9ts4 ,?ickness #a foot4 #b4 ,pale-yell[ s&y loam ) gravel & fl9ts4 ,"o ,paloli?ic work$ fl9t 0 f\nd 9 ! middle ( ?is b$4 ,?ickness #b feet1 #f in*es4 #c4 ,d>k-br[n gravel1 ) fl9ts1 ,plioc5e roll$ fossils & ,eoan?ropus skull1 beav] too?1 'eoli?s' & "o work$ fl9t4 ,?ickness #ah in*es4 #d4 ,pale-yell[ clay & s&4 ,?ickness #h in*es4 #e4 ,undi/urb$ /rata ( ,weald5 age4 ,! jaw appe>s to h be5 brok5 at ! symphysis1 & some:at abrad$1 p]haps aft] be+ caught 9 ! gravel be=e x 0 completely cov]$ ) s&4 ,! fragm5ts ( ! cranium %[ little or no signs ( /ream roll+ or o!r abrasion save an incision caus$ by ! workman's pick4 ,analysis ( ! bones %[$ t ! skull 0 9 a condition ( fossilization1 no gelat9e or organic matt] rema9$1 & m+l$ ) a l>ge proportion ( ! phosphates1 orig9ally pres5t1 0 a consid]able proportion ( iron4,y ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,! s+le work$ fl9t ( v primitive type f\nd 9 ! same lay] 7#c7 ) ! fragm5ts ( ! ,piltd[n skull4 ,aft] ,dawson4 ,"o-half actual size4 ,! d>k gravel b$ 7,fig4 #fd1 lay] #c71 #ah in*es 9 ?ickness1 at ! bottom ( :i* ! skull & jaw 7 f\nd1 conta9$ a numb] ( fossils :i* manife/ly 7 n ( ! same age z ! skull b 7 c]ta9ly f ,plioc5e deposits up-/ream2 ^! includ$ ! wat]-vole & rema9s ( ! ma/odon1 ! s\!rn mammo?1 ! hippopotamus1 & a fragm5t ( ! gr9d+-too? ( a primitive elephant1 resembl+ ,/egodon4 ,9 ! spoil-heaps1 f :i* x is believ$ ! skull ( ! ,piltd[n man 0 tak51 7 f\nd an upp] too? ( a rh9oc]os1 ei!r ( ! ,etruscan or ( ,m]ck's type2 ! too? ( a beav] & ( a hippopotamus1 & ! leg-bone ( a de]1 :i* may h be5 cut or incis$ by man4 ,mu* m di/9ctive 0 a s+le fl9t 7,fig4 #fe71 work$ only on "o side1 ( ! v primitive or ,pre-,*ellean type4 ,implem5ts ( ?is /age1 z ! au?or obs]ves1 are difficult to classify ) c]ta9ty1 ow+ to ! rud5ess ( _! workman%ip2 !y resemble c]ta9 rude implem5ts occasionally f\nd on ! surface ( ! *alk d[ns ne> ,piltd[n4 ,! majority ( ! fl9ts f\nd 9 ! gravel 7 work$ only on "o face2 _! =m is ?ick1 & ! flak+ is broad & sp>+2 ! orig9al surface ( ! fl9t is left 9 a smoo?1 natural condition at ! po9t grasp$ by ! h&2 ! :ole implem5t ?us has a v rude & massive =m4 ,^! fl9ts appe> to be ( ev5 m primitive =m ?an ^? at ,/4 ,a*eul describ$ z ,pre-,*ellean by ,commont4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,eoli?s f\nd 9 or ne> ! ,piltd[n gravel-pit4 ,aft] ,dawson4 ,"o-half actual size4 a4 ,bor] 7above74 b4 ,curv$ scrap] 7bel[74 ,! eoli?s f\nd 9 ! gravel-pit & 9 ! adjac5t fields are ( ! 'bor]' & 'holl[-scrap]' =ms2 also1 "s are ( ! 'cresc5t-%ap$-scrap]' type1 mo/ly roll$ & wat]-worn1 z if transport$ f a di/ance4 ,?is is a /ream or riv] b$1 n a ,paloli?ic qu>ry4 ,!re c be little d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! ,piltd[n man belong$ to a p]iod :5 ! fl9t indu/ry 0 9 a v primitive /age1 antec$5t to ! true ,*ellean4 ,x has subsequ5tly be5 obs]v$ t ! gravel /rata7#c7 conta9+ ! ,piltd[n man 7 deep] ?an ! high] /ratum conta9+ fl9ts ne>] ! ,*ellean type4 ,! discov]y ( ?is skull ar\s$ z great or great] int]e/ ev5 ?an t att5d+ ! discov]y ( ! two o!r 'riv]-drift' races1 ! ,tr9il & ! ,heidelb]g4 ,9 ?is discussion ! mo/ di/+ui%$ anatomi/s ( ,great ,brita91 ,ar?ur ,smi? ,woodw>d1 ,elliot ,smi?1 & ,ar?ur ,kei?1 took "p1 & f9ally ! orig9al pieces 7 re-exam9$ by ?ree anatomi/s ( ?is c\ntry4,z ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,skull ( ,s\? ,african ,bu%man 7upp]7 exhibit+ ! contra/ 9 ! /ructure ( ! jaw & =ehead4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,orig9al re/oration ( ! ,piltd[n skull 7l[]7 made by ,smi? ,woodw>d 9 #aiac4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,x is important to pres5t 9 full ! orig9al op9ions ( ,smi? ,woodw>d1 :o devot$ mo/ c>eful /udy to ! fir/ recon/ruction ( ! skull 7,fig4 #fg71 a model :i* 0 subsequ5tly modifi$ by ! actual discov]y ( "o ( ! can9e tee?4 ,9 8 orig9al description x is obs]v$ t ! pieces ( ! skull pres]v$ are notewor?y = ! great ?ickness ( ! bone1 x be+ #aa to #ab mm4 z comp>$ ) #e to #f mm41 ! av]age ?ickness 9 ! mod]n ,european skull1 or #f to #h mm41 ! ?ickness 9 ! skull ( ! ,ne&]?al races & 9 t ( ! mod]n ,au/ralian2 ! cephalic index is e/imat$ at #gh or #gi1 t is1 ! skull is believ$ to h be5 proportionately l[ & wide1 almo/ bra*ycephalic2 !re 0 app>5tly no prom95t or ?ick5$ ridge above ! orbits1 a feature :i* imm$iately di/+ui%es ?is skull f t ( ! ,ne&]?al races2 ! sev]al bones ( ! bra9-case are typically human & n 9 ! lea/ l ^? ( ! an?ropoid apes2 ! bra9 capacity 0 orig9ally e/imat$ at #ajgj c4cm41 n equall+ t ( "s ( ! l[e/ bra9 types 9 ! exi/+ ,au/ralian races & decid$ly bel[ t ( ! ,ne&]?al man ( ,spy & ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts2 ! nasal bones are typically human b relatively small & broad1 s t ! nose 0 flatt5$1 resembl+ t 9 "s ( ! exi/+ ,malay & ,african races4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,?ree views ( ! ,piltd[n skull z recon/ruct$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor1 #aiae4 ,?is re/oration includes ! nasal bones & can9e too?1 :i* 7 n kn[n at ! "t ( ,smi? ,woodw>d's recon/ruction ( #aiac4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,! jaw pres5ts pr(\ndly diff]5t *>act]s2 ! :ole ( ! bone pres]v$ closely resembles t ( a "y *impanzee2 ?us ! slope ( ! bony *9 z re/or$ is betwe5 t ( an adult ape & t ( ! ,heidelb]g man1 ) an extremely rec$+ *92 ! asc5d+ portion ( ! jaw = ! atta*m5t ( ! temporal muscles is broad & ?ick5$ ant]iorly4 ,associat$ ) ! jaw 7 two elongat$ mol> tee?1 worn d[n by use to su* an ext5t t ! individual c\ld n h be5 less ?an ?irty ye>s ( age & 0 probably old]4 ,^! tee? are relatively long] & n>r[] ?an ^? 9 ! mod]n human jaw4 ,! can9e too?1 id5tifi$ by ,smi? ,woodw>d z belong+ 9 ! l[] jaw1 /r5g!n$ by ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! jaw itself1 proves t ! face 0 elongate or progna?\s & t ! can9e tee? 7 v prom95t l ^? ( ! an?ropoid apes2 x af=ds def9ite pro( t ! front tee? ( ! ,piltd[n man resembl$ ^? ( ! ape4 ,! au?or's conclusion is t :ile ! skull is ess5tially human1 x approa*es ! l[] races ( man 9 c]ta9 *>act]s ( ! bra91 9 ! atta*m5t ( ! muscles ( ! neck1 9 ! l>ge ext5t ( ! temporal muscles atta*$ to ! jaw1 & 9 ! probably l>ge size ( ! face4 ,! m&ible1 on ! o!r h&1 appe>s precisely l t ( ! ape1 ) no?+ human except ! mol> tee?1 & ev5 ^! approa* ! d5tition ( ! apes 9 _! elongate %ape & well-develop$ fif? or po/]ior int]m$iate cusp4 ,?is type ( man1 di/+ui%$ by ! smoo? =ehead & supraorbital bord]s & ape-l jaw1 repres5ts a new g5us call$ ,eoan?ropus1 or 'dawn man1' :ile ! species has be5 nam$ dawsoni 9 honor ( ! discov]]1 ,*>les ,dawson4 ,?is v anci5t type ( man is def9$ by ! ape-l *9 & junction ( ! two halves ( ! jaw1 by a s]ies ( p>allel gr9d+-tee?1 ) n>r[ l[] mol> tee?1 :i* d n dim9i% 9 size backw>d1 & by ! /eep =ehead & slight developm5t ( ! br[ ridges4 ,! jaw manife/ly diff]s f t ( ! ,heidelb]g man 9 its comp>ative sl5d]ness & relative deep5+ t[>d ! symphysis4 ,! discussion ( ?is v important pap] by ,smi? ,woodw>d & ,dawson c5tr$ ab\t two po9ts4 ,fir/1 :e!r ! ape-l jaw really belong$ ) ! human skull r ?an ) t ( "s an?ropoid ape :i* happ5$ to be drift$ d[n 9 ! same /ratum2 & second1 :e!r ! extremely l[ orig9al e/imate ( ! bra9 capacity ( #ajgj c4cm41 0 n due to incorrect adju/m5t or recon/ruction ( ! sep>ate pieces ( ! skull4 ,kei?17#ai7 ! lead] 9 ! criticism ( ,woodw>d's recon/ruction1 ma9ta9$ t :5 ! two sides ( ! skull 7 prop]ly re/or$ & made approximately symmetrical1 ! bra9 capacity w\ld be f\nd to equal #aejj c4cm42 ! bra9 ca/ ( ! skull ev5 z orig9ally recon/ruct$ 0 f\nd to be close to #abjj c4cm4 ,?is au?or agre$ t skull1 jaw1 & can9e too? belong$ to ,eoan?ropus b t !y c\ld n well belong to ! same individual4 ,9 def5se ( ,woodw>d's recon/ruction came ! p[]ful support ( ,elliot ,smi?47#bj7 ,he ma9ta9$ t ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! re-exam9ation ( ! bones corroborat$ 9 ! ma9 ,smi? ,woodw>d's id5tification ( ! m$ian plane ( ! skull2 fur!r1 t ! orig9al recon/ruction ( ! progna?\s face 0 confirm$ by ! discov]y ( ! can9e too?1 also t !re rema9$ no d\bt t ! association ( ! skull1 ! jaw1 & ! can9e too? 0 a correct "o4 ,! back portion ( ! skull is decid$ly asymmetrical1 a condition f\nd bo? 9 ! l[] & high] races ( man4 ,a slight re>rangem5t & wid5+ ( ! bones along ! m$ian upp] l9e ( ! skull raise ! e/imate ( ! bra9 capacity to #aajj c4cm4 z ! probable maximum4 ,elliot ,smi? cont9u$ t he consid]$ ! bra9 to be ( a m primitive k9d ?an any human bra9 t he _h ev] se51 yet t x c\ld be call$ human & t x already %[$ a consid]able developm5t ( ^? p>ts :i* 9 mod]n man we associate ) ! p[] ( spee*2 ?us1 !re 0 no d\bt ( ! unique importance ( ?is skull z repres5t+ an entirely new type ( man 9 ! mak+4 ,z reg>ds ! =m ( ! l[] jaw1 x 0 obs]v$ t 9 ! dawn ( human exi/5ce tee? suitable = weapons ( (f5se & def5se 7 reta9$ long aft] ! bra9 _h atta9$ its human /atus4 ,?us ! ape-l =m ( ! *9 does n signify inability to speak1 = spee* mu/ h come :5 ! jaws 7 /ill ape-l 9 "*1 & ! bony *anges t produc$ ! recession ( ! too? l9e & ! =m ( ! *9 7 ma9ly due to sexual selection1 to ! r$uction 9 ! size ( ! gr9d+-tee?1 &1 9 a m9or degree1 to ! gr[? & specialization ( ! muscles ( ! jaw & tongue employ$ 9 spee*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,! ,piltd[n skull ) ! "r half remov$ to display ! extreme ?ickness ( ! bones & ! %ape ( ! bra94 ,z re/or$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,outl9e ( ! left side ( ! ,piltd[n bra91 comp>$ ) simil> bra9 outl9es ( a *impanzee & ( a high type ( mod]n man4 ,"o-half life size4 ,at fir/ sight ! bra9-case resembles t ( ! ,ne&]?al skull f\nd at ,gibralt>1 :i* is suppos$ to be t ( a woman2 x is relatively long1 n>r[1 & especially flat1 b x is small] & pres5ts m primitive features ?an ^? ( any kn[n human bra94 ,tak+ all ^! features into consid]ation1 we mu/ reg>d ?is z be+ ! mo/ primitive & mo/ ape-l human bra9 s f> record$2 "o su* z might reasonably be associat$ ) a jaw :i* pres5t$ su* di/9ctive ape *>act]s4 ,! bra91 h[ev]1 is f> m human ?an ! jaw1 f :i* we may inf] t ! evolution ( ! bra9 prec$$ t ( ! m&ible1 z well z ! developm5t ( beauty ( ! face & ! human developm5t ( ! bodily *>act]s 9 g5]al4 ,! late/ op9ion ( ,smi? ,woodw>d,,aa is t ! bra91 :ile ! mo/ primitive :i* has be5 discov]$1 _h a bulk ( ne>ly #acjj c4cm41 equall+ t ( ! small] human bra9s ( to-day & surpass+ t ( ! ,au/ralians1 :i* r>ely exce$s #abej c4cm4 ,! orig9al views ( ,smi? ,woodw>d & ( ,elliot ,smi? reg>d+ ! relation ( ! ,piltd[n race to ! ,heidelb]g & ,ne&]?al races are also ( v great int]e/ & may be cit$4 ,fir/1 ! fact t ! ,piltd[n & ,heidelb]g races are almo/ ( ! same geologic age proves t at ! end ( ! ,plioc5e ,epo* ! repres5tatives ( man 9 we/]n ,europe _h already bran*$ into widely div]g5t gr\ps3 ! "o 7,heidelb]g-,ne&]?al7 *>act]iz$ by a v l[ project+ =ehead1 ) a subhuman head ( ,ne&]?aloid cont\r2 ! o!r ) a flatt5$ =ehead & ) an ape-l jaw ( ! ,piltd[n cont\r4 ,we %\ld n =get t 9 ! ,piltd[n skull ! abs5ce ( prom95t ridges above ! eyes may possibly be due 9 "s degree to ! fact t ! type skull may belong to a female1 z sugge/$ by c]ta9 *>act]s ( ! jaw2 b among all exi/+ apes ! skull 9 e>ly life has ! r\nd$ %ape ( ! ,piltd[n skull1 ) a high =ehead & sc>cely any br[ ridges4 ,x seems reasonable1 !re=e1 to int]pret ! ,piltd[n skull z exhibit+ a clos] resemblance to ! skulls ( our human ance/ors 9 mid-,t]ti>y times ?an any fossil skull hi!rto f\nd4 ,if ?is view be accept$1 we may suppose t ! ,piltd[n type became gradually modifi$ into ! ,ne&]?al type by a s]ies ( *anges simil> to ^? pass$ ?r\gh by ! e>ly apes z !y evolv$ into typical mod]n apes1 ) _! l[ br[s & prom95t ridges above ! eyes4 ,?is w\ld t5d to support ! !ory t ! ,ne&]?al m5 7 deg5]ate (f%oots ( ! ,t]ti>y race1 ( :i* ! ,piltd[n skull provides ! fir/ discov]$ evid5ce--a race ) a simple1 flatt5$ =ehead & develop$ eye ridges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,re/oration ( ! head ( ,piltd[n man1 9 pr(ile1 bas$ ^u ! recon/ruction %[n 9 ,fig4 #fh1 p4 #acg4 ,aft] model by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,elliot ,smi? conclud$ t memb]s ( ! ,piltd[n race might well h be5 ! direct ance/ors ( ! exi/+ species ( man 7,homo sapi5s71 ?us af=d+ a direct l9k ) undiscov]$ ,t]ti>y apes2 :]eas1 ! m rec5t fossil m5 ( ! ,ne&]?al type1 ) prom95t br[ ridges resembl+ ^? ( ! exi/+ apes1 may h belong$ to a deg5]ate race :i* lat] became ext9ct4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ,eoan?ropus repres5ts a p]si/5t & v slightly modifi$ desc5dant ( ! type ( ,t]ti>y man :i* 0 ! common ance/or ( a bran* giv+ rise to ,homo sapi5s1 on ! "o h&1 & ( ano!r bran* giv+ rise to ,homo ne&]?al5sis1 on ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,re/oration ( ! head ( ,piltd[n man1 full front1 aft] model by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 7,comp>e ,figs4 #fh & #ga47 ,ano!r !ory z to ! relation%ips ( ,eoan?ropus is t ( ,m>cel9 ,b\le17#ba7 :o is incl9$ to reg>d ! jaws ( ! ,piltd[n & ,heidelb]g races z ( simil> geologic age1 b ( dissimil> racial type4 ,he cont9ues3 ,if ! skull & jaw ( ,piltd[n belong to ! same individual1 & if ! m&ibles ( ! ,heidelb]g & ,piltd[n m5 are ( ! same type1 ?is discov]y is mo/ valuable 9 e/abli%+ ! cranial /ructure ( ! ,heidelb]g race4 ,b x appe>s r t we h "h two types ( man :i* liv$ 9 ,*ellean times1 bo? di/+ui%$ by v l[ cranial *>act]s4 ,( ^! ! ,piltd[n race seems to u ! probable ance/or 9 ! direct l9e ( ! rec5t species ( man1 ,homo sapi5s2 :ile ! ,heidelb]g race may be consid]$1 until we h fur!r k1 z a possible precursor ( ,homo ne&]?al5sis4 ,! late/ op9ion ( ! ,g]man anatomi/ ,s*walbe7#bb7 is t ! prop] re/oration ( ! region ( ! *9 9 ! ,piltd[n man might make x possible to ref] ?is jaw to ,homo sapi5s1 b ?is w\ld m]ely prove t ,homo sapi5s already exi/$ 9 e>ly ,plei/oc5e times4 ,! skull ( ! ,piltd[n man1 cont9ues ,s*walbe1 corresponds ) t ( a well-develop$1 good-siz$ skull ( ,homo sapi5s2 ! only unusual feature is ! rem>kable ?ickness ( ! bone4,,ab ,f9ally1 our own op9ion is t ! ,piltd[n race 0 n relat$ at all ei!r to ! ,heidelb]gs or to ! ,ne&]?als1 nor 0 x directly ance/ral to any ( ! o!r races ( ! ,old ,/one ,age1 or to any ( ! exi/+ species ( man4 ,z %[n 9 ! human family tree 9 ,*apt] ,,vi1 ! ,piltd[n race repres5ts a side bran* ( ! human family :i* has left no desc5dants at all4 ,,mammalian ,,life ,,( ,,*ellean ,,& ,,a*eulean ,,times7#bc7 ,! mammalian life :i* we f9d ) ! m advanc$ implem5ts ( ,*ellean times app>5tly does n include ! old ,plioc5e mammals1 su* z ! ,etruscan rh9oc]os & ! sabre-too? tig]4 ,) ?is exception x is s simil> to t ( ,second ,int]glacial times t x may s]ve to prove aga9 t ! ?ird glaciation 0 a local episode & n a wide-spread climatic influ5ce4 ,?is life is ev]y:]e ! same1 f ! valley ( ! ,?ames1 z witness$ 9 ! l[ riv]-gravels ( ,gray's ,?urrock & ,il=d1 to ! region ( ! pres5t ,?ur+ian =e/s ne> ,weim>1 :]e x is f\nd 9 ! deposits ( ,tauba*1 ,ehr+sdorf1 & ,a*5heim1 9 :i* ! mammals belong to ! m rec5t date ( e>ly ,a*eulean culture4 ,! life ( ?is great region dur+ ,*ellean & e>ly ,a*eulean times 0 a m+l+ ( ! *>act]i/ic =e/ & mead[ fauna ( we/]n ,europe ) ! desc5dants ( ! ,african-,asiatic invad]s ( late ,plioc5e & e>ly ,plei/oc5e times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,iv4 ,! ,piltd[n man ( ,sussex1 ,engl&4 ,antiquity v>i\sly e/imat$ at #ajj1jjj to #cjj1jjj ye>s4 ,! ape-l /ructure ( ! jaw does n prev5t ! expression ( a consid]able degree ( intellig5ce 9 ! face4 ,aft] ! re/oration modell$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,s\!rn mammo?4 ,hippopotamus4 ,/raight-tusk$ elephant4 ,broad-nos$ rh9oc]os4 ,spott$ hyna4 ,lion4 ,bison & wild ox4 ,r$ de]4 ,roe-de]4 ,giant de]4 ,br[n be>4 ,wolf4 ,badg]4 ,m>t54 ,ott]4 ,beav]4 ,ham/]4 ,wat]-vole4 ,! =e/s 7 full ( ! r$ de] 7,c]vus elaphus71 ( ! roe-de] 7,c4 capreolus71 & ( ! giant de] 7,megac]os71 also ( a primitive species ( wild bo> 7,sus scr(a f]us7 & ( wild horses probably repres5t+ m ?an "o v>iety4 ,! br[n be> 7,ursus arctos7 ( ,europe is n[ = ! fir/ "t id5tifi$2 !re 0 also a primitive species ( wolf 7,canis suessi74 ,! small c>nivora ( ! =e/s & ( ! /reams are all consid]$ z closely relat$ to exi/+ species1 namely1 ! badg] 7,meles taxus71 ! m>t5 7,mu/ela m>tes71 ! ott] 7,lutra vulg>is71 & ! wat]-vole 7,arvicola amphibius74 ,! prehi/oric beav] ( ,europe 7,ca/or fib]7 n[ replaces ! giant beav] 7,trogon!rium7 ( ,second ,int]glacial times4 ,among ! l>ge c>nivora1 ! lion 7,felis leo antiqua7 & ! spott$ hyna 7,h4 crocuta7 h replac$ ! sabre-too? tig] & ! /rip$ hyna ( e>ly ,plei/oc5e times4 ,f\r great ,asiatic mammals1 includ+ two species ( elephants1 "o species ( rh9oc]os1 & ! hippopotamus1 roam$ ?r\gh ! =e/s & mead[s ( ?is w>m temp]ate region4 ,! horse ( ?is p]iod is consid]$7#bd7 to belong to ! ,=e/ or ,nordic type1 f :i* our mod]n draught-horses h desc5d$4 ,! lions & hynas :i* ab\nd$ 9 ,*ellean & e>ly ,a*eulean times are 9 "p ance/ors ( ! cave types :i* appe> 9 ! succe$+ ,re9de] or ,cav]n ,p]iod4 ,9 g5]al1 ?is mammalian life ( ,*ellean & e>ly ,a*eulean times 9 ,europe frequ5t$ ! riv] %ores & ! neighbor+ =e/s & mead[s favor$ by a w>m temp]ate climate ) mild w9t]s1 su* z is indicat$ by ! pres5ce ( ! fig-tree & ( ! ,can>y laurel 9 ! region ( nor? c5tral ,france ne> ,p>is4 ,und\bt$ly ! ,*ellean & ,a*eulean hunt]s _h begun ! *ase bo? ( ! bison1 or wis5t 7,b4 priscus71 & ( ! wild cattle1 or auro*s4,,ac ,?is w>m temp]ate mammalian life spread v widely ov] nor!rn ,europe1 z %[n especially 9 ! di/ribution 7,fig4 #dd7 ( ! hippopotamus1 ! /raight-tusk$ elephant1 & ,m]ck's rh9oc]os4 ,! latt] pair 7 con/ant companions & are se5 to h a closely simil> & some:at m nor!rly range ?an ! hippopotamus1 :i* is r ! climatic companion ( ! s\!rn mammo? & ranges f>!r s\?4 ,^! animals 9 ! gravel & s& lay]s along ! riv] slopes & 't]races' m+l$ _! rema9s ) ! artifacts ( ! fl9t work]s4 ,= example1 9 ! gravel 't]races' ( ! ,somme we f9d ! bones ( ! /raight-tusk$ elephant & ,m]ck's rh9oc]os 9 ! same s& lay]s ) ! ,*ellean fl9ts4 ,?us ! m5 ( ,*ellean times may well h pursu$ ?is giant elephant 7,e4 antiquus7 & rh9oc]os 7,d4 m]ckii7 z _! tribal successors 9 ! same valley hunt$ ! woolly mammo? & woolly rh9oc]os4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,*ellean ,,implem5ts ,all ov] ! _w may be f\nd traces ( a ,/one ,age1 anci5t or mod]n1 primitive implem5ts ( /one & fl9t analog\s to ^? ( ! true ,*ellean p]iod ( we/]n ,europe b n really id5tical :5 v closely comp>$4 ,^! repres5t ! e>ly attempts ( ! human h&1 direct$ by ! primitive m9d1 to fa%ion h>d mat]ials into =ms adapt$ to ! purposes ( w>1 ! *ase1 & dome/ic life4 ,! result is a s]ies ( p>allels 9 =m :i* come "u ! evolution pr9ciple ( conv]g5ce4 ,?us1 9 all ! cont95ts except ,au/ralia--9 ,europe1 9 ,asia1 & ev5 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica--primitive races h pass$ ?r\gh an indu/rial /age simil> to ! typical ,*ellean ( we/]n ,europe4 ,?is we %\ld r attribute to a simil>ity 9 human inv5tion & 9 human ne$s ?an to ! !ory t ! ,*ellean indu/ry orig9at$ at "s p>ticul> c5tre & travell$ 9 a sl[ly enl>g+ wave ov] ! entire _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,di/ribution ( ! pr9cipal ,pre-,*ellean & ,*ellean indu/rial /ations 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,9 we/]n ,europe ! ,*ellean culture c]ta9ly _h a developm5t all its own1 adapt$ to a race ( bold hunt]s :o liv$ 9 ! op5 & ^: entire indu/ry develop$ ar\nd ! products ( ! *ase4 ,= !m fl9t & qu>tzite took ! place ( bronze1 iron1 or /eel4 ,?is culture m>k$ a di/9ct & probably a v long epo* ( "t 9 :i* inv5tions & multiplications ( =m 7 gradually spread f tribe to tribe1 exactly z mod]n inv5tions1 usually orig9at+ at a s+le po9t & (t5 9 ! m9d ( "o +5i\s individual1 gradually spread ov] ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,section ( ! middle & high t]races at ,/4 ,a*eul1 f s\?we/ to nor!a/4 ,aft] ,commont1 #aijh1 #aiji1 modifi$ & r$rawn4 ,! ,pre-,*ellean work]s fir/ e/abli%$ !mselves "h at ! "t :5 ! ,somme 0 visit$ by ! /raight-tusk$ elephant & o!r primitive mammals ( ! w>m ,african-,asiatic fauna4 7,comp>e ,fig4 #ei1 p4 #abb47 ,! cle>e/ examples ( ! evolution ( ! sev5 or eight implem5ts ( ! ,*ellean culture f ! five or six rudim5t>y types ( ! ,pre-,*ellean h be5 f\nd at ,/4 ,a*eul by ,commont4 ,! abundance & v>iety ( fl9t at ?is great /ation on ! ,somme made x a c5tre ( indu/ry f ! dawn ( ! ,old ,/one ,age to its v close4 ,x 0 probably a region favorable to all k9ds ( l>ge & small game4 ,! rese>*es ( ,commont %[ t ) ! exception ( ,ca/illo 9 nor!rn ,spa9 no o!r /ation 9 all ,europe 0 s cont9u\sly occupi$4 ,f ,pre-,*ellean to ,neoli?ic times ! m5 ( e culture /age except ! ,magdal5ian & ,azilian-,t>d5oisian f\nd _! way "h1 & ?us ! site ( ,/4 ,a*eul pres5ts an epitome ( ! entire prehi/oric indu/ry4 ,ev5 dur+ ! cold] p]iods ( climate ?is region cont9u$ to be visit$--possibly dur+ ! w>m wea!r ( ! summ] seasons4 ,at ,montires1 along ! ,somme1 we f9d deposits ( ,m\/]ian culture :i* is g5]ally *>act]i/ic ( ! cold climatic p]iod b is "h associat$ ) a temp]ate fauna1 includ+ ! hippopotamus1 ,m]ck's rh9oc]os1 & ! /raight-tusk$ elephant4 ,great geographic & climatic *anges took place 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme dur+ ?is long p]iod ( human evolution4 ,! ,pre-,*ellean work]s fir/ e/abli%$ _! indu/ry on ! middle & high 't]races' at ! "t :5 ! ,somme 0 visit$ by ! /raight-tusk$ elephant & o!r mu* m primitive mammals ( ! w>m ,asiatic fauna4 ,! e>ly ,a*eulean camps on ! same t]races 7 pit*$ 9 ! gravels bel[ lay]s ( 'loess' :i* betok5 an entire climatic *ange4 ,! f\r? glaciation pass$ by1 & ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic fl9t work]s aga9 return$ & left ! dbris ( _! indu/ry 9 ! lay]s ( loam :i* swept d[n ! slopes ( ! valley f ! surr\nd+ hills4 ,?is succession w be /udi$ m 9 detail 9 connection ) ! indu/ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,excavation on ! 'high t]race' at ,/4 ,a*eul1 kn[n z ! anci5ne c>rire ,dupont & m rec5tly z ! c>rire ,bultel1 %[+ eight geologic lay]s f ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic deposits ( brick-e>? at ! top7#i7 d[n to ! sub-,*ellean yell[ gravels7#b7 ov]ly+ ! *alk t]race at ! bottom4 ,z contra/$ ) ! f\r or m ,pre-,*ellean /ations already kn[n1 namely1 ,/4 ,a*eul1 ,montires1 ,hel91 ,gray's ,?urrock1 & possibly ,abbeville & ,piltd[n1 !re are at lea/ sixte5 /ations 9 we/]n ,europe :i* are *>act]i/ically ,*ellean4 ,9 addition to ! sites nam$ above1 all ( :i* %[ deposits ( typical ,*ellean implem5ts above ! ,pre-,*ellean1 we may note ! important ,*ellean /ations ( ,san ,isidro & ,torralba 9 c5tral ,spa92 ,till\x & ,m>ignac 9 s\?we/]n ,france2 ,crteil1 ,colombes1 ,bois ,colombes1 & ,billanc\rt on ! ,se9e1 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,p>is2 ,c]gy on ! ,oise2 ! type /ation ( ,*elles on ! ,m>ne2 ,abbeville on ! nor!rn bank ( ! ,somme2 & ! fam\s /ation ( ,k5t's ,hole1 ,devon1 on ! s\?we/]n coa/ ( ,engl&4 ,?us f> no typical ,*ellean /ation has be5 discov]$ 9 ,portugal1 ,italy1 ,g]many1 or ,au/ria1 nor1 inde$1 9 any "p ( c5tral ,europe4 ,?is leaves ! orig9al habitat ( ! tribes t br\ght ! ,*ellean culture to we/]n ,europe /ill a my/]y2 b1 z already obs]v$1 ! location ( ! /ations favors ! !ory ( a migration ?r\gh nor!rn ,africa r ?an ?r\gh ea/]n ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,pr9cipal =ms ( small1 late ,*ellean scrap+1 plan+1 & bor+ tools ( fl9t1 aft] ,commont & ,ob]mai]4 ,"o-half actual size4 #a4 ,comb9ation tool--small flake ) a %>p po9t 7a71 cutt+ edge 7b71 & curv$-9 scrap] 7c74 #b4 ,cutt+ tool ) protective ret\* = ! index f+] on ! upp] edge 7a71 & a %>p cutt+ edge 7b74 #c4 ,primitive knife4 #d4 ',po9t4' #e4 ,comb9ation tool--small flake ) scrap] edge 7b71 & two curv$-9 scrap] edges 7a & a#a74 #f4 ,bor]4 #g4 ,po9t$ scrap]4 #h4 ,knife ) co>se bor+ po9t at "o end4 #i4 ,?ick scrap] or plan+ tool4 #aj4 ,curv$ scrap]4 ,comp>$ ) ! ,pre-,*ellean fl9t work]s ! ,*ellean artisans advanc$ bo? by ! improvem5t ( ! old] types ( implem5ts & by ! inv5tion ( new ones47#be7 ,z obs]v$ by ,ob]mai]1 ! fl9t work] is /ill dep5d5t on ! *ance %ape ( ! %att]$ fragm5ts ( fl9t :i* he has n yet le>n$ to %ape symmetrically4 ,9 ! exp]im5tal se>* aft] ! mo/ useful =m ( fl9t :i* c\ld be grasp$ by ! h&1 ! v *>act]i/ic ,*ellean c\p de po+ 0 evolv$ out ( its ,pre-,*ellean prototype4 ,?is implem5t 0 made ( an elongate nodule1 ei!r ( qu>tzite or1 pref]ably1 ( fl9t1 & flak$ by ! hamm] on bo? sides to a m or less almond %ape2 z a rule1 ! po9t & its adjac5t edges are %>p5$2 ! o!r end be+ r\nd$ & blunt$4 ,l mo/1 if n all1 ( ! ,*ellean implem5ts1 x 0 design$ to be grasp$ by ! b>e h& & n furni%$ ) a wood5 haft or h&le4 ,x is n impossible t "s ( ! po9t$ =ms may h be5 w$g$ into a wood5 h&le1 b !re is no pro( ( x4 ,9 size ! c\p de po+ v>ies f #d to #h in*es 9 l5g?1 & examples h be5 f\nd z l>ge z #i-a_/b in*es4 ,t x s]v$ a v>iety ( purposes is indicat$ by ! exi/5ce ( f\r well-def9$1 diff]5t =ms3 fir/1 a primitive1 almond-%ap$ =m2 second1 an ovaloid =m2 ?ird1 a disk =m2 & f\r?1 a po9t$ =m resembl+ a lance-head4 ,de ,mortillet7#bf7 speaks ( x z ! only tool ( ! ,*ellean tribes1 b 9 its v>i\s =ms x s]v$ all ! purposes ( axe1 saw1 *isel1 & awl1 & 0 9 tru? a comb9ation tool4 ,capitan7#bg7 also holds t ! c\p de po+ is n a s+le tool b is design$ to meet _m v>i\s ne$s4 ,! primitive almond & ovaloid =ms 7 design$ = use along ! edges1 ei!r = heavy hack+ or = saw+2 ! disk =ms may h be5 us$ z axes or z sl+-/ones2 ! m r\nd$ =ms w\ld s]ve z knives & scrap]s2 :ile ! po9t$1 lance-%ap$ =ms might be us$ z dagg]s1 bo? 9 w> & 9 ! *ase4 ,! ,*ellean fl9t work]s also develop$ especially a numb] ( small1 po9t$ =ms f ! accid5tally %ap$ fragm5ts ( fl9t1 %[+ bo? %ort & long po9ts c>efully flak$ & *ipp$4 ,?us1 out ( ! small types ( ! ,pre-,*ellean !re evolv$ a great v>iety ( tools adapt$ to dome/ic purposes1 to w>1 & to ! *ase4 ,,*ellean ,,geography ,,9 ,,engl& ,,& ,,france ,! type /ation ( ! ,*ellean culture is some:at ea/ ( ! pres5t t[n ( ,*elles4 ,"h 9 ,*ellean times ! broad floods ( ! anci5t ,riv] ,m>ne 7 transport+ great quantities ( s& & dbris1 products ( ! e>ly pluvial p]iods ( ,?ird ,int]glacial times2 & "h1 on ! "r bank1 emb$d$ 9 s&s & gravels #bd feet ?ick1 are f\nd ! typical ,*ellean implem5ts m+l$ ) rema9s ( ! hippopotamus1 /raight-tusk$ elephant1 ,m]ck's rh9oc]os1 giant beav]1 hyna1 & _m memb]s ( ! ,asiatic =e/ & mead[ fauna4 ,! fl9t-work+ /ations at ,/4 ,a*eul 7 on bluffs f #dj to #hj feet above ! pres5t level ( ! ,somme4 ,! ,*ellean & ! foll[+ ,a*eulean indu/ry 0 c>ri$ on "h on a v ext5sive scale4 ,9 "o ye> ,rigollot collect$ z _m z #hjj c\ps de po+ f ! anci5t qu>ries2 ne> by are o!r qu>ries equally ri* 9 mat]ial1 & we may imag9e t ! products ( ! fl9t indu/ry 9 ?is favorable locality 7 c>ri$ f> & wide into o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,p>is1 & aga9 at ,arcy1 9 ! valley ( ! ,bivre1 ! work]s ( ,*ellean1 ,a*eulean1 & ,m\/]ian fl9ts s\ght 9 succession ! old riv]-gravels belong+ to ! l[] levels2 ^! 'l[ t]races' are only #ae feet above ! pres5t height ( ! riv] & are /ill occasionally flood$ by ! high wat]s ( ! ,se9e1 indicat+ t ! ,se9e bord]s h n alt]$ _! levels4 ,! animal life "h 0 id5tical ) t ( ! ,somme & ( ! ,?ames & includ$ ! hippopotamus1 ,m]ck's rh9oc]os1 & ! /raight-tusk$ elephant4 ,?us x w\ld appe> t1 9 reg>d to ! riv] c\rses & ! hills ?r\gh :i* !y fl[$1 ! topography & l&scape ( nor!rn ,france & ( s\!rn ,brita9 7 ev]y:]e ! same z at ! pres5t "t4 ,! =e/s :i* clo!d ! hills 7 n greatly diff]5t f ! pres5t1 except = ! pres5ce ( a few trees ( a w>m] clime1 nor 0 !re any?+ /range or unfamili> 9 ! majority ( ! animals t roam$ ?r\gh =e/ & mead[4 ,! ?ree *ief ar*aic elem5ts consi/$ 9 ! pres5ce ( two v anci5t races ( m5 & _! rude /age ( culture1 9 ! great =ms ( ,asiatic & ,african life :i* m+l$ ) ! m famili> native types1 & 9 ! broad1 cont9u\s l& surfaces :i* swept (f unbrok5 to ! we/ & s\?we/4 ,= 9 ^? days ,europe1 ?\gh ev5 !n little m ?an a great p59sula1 ext5d$ f> beyond its pres5t limits4 ,engl& & ,irel& 7 /ill "p ( ! ma9l&1 & great riv]s fl[$ ?r\gh ! broad valleys t are n[ ! ,iri% ,sea1 ! ,nor? ,sea1 & ! ,engli% ,*annel--riv]s t c\nt$ ! ,se9e1 ! ,?ames1 ! ,g>onne1 & ev5 ! ,rh9e1 z m]e tribut>ies4 ,! ,/rait ( ,gibralt> 0 !n ! ,i/hmus ( ,gibralt>--a n>r[ l& bridge connect+ ,europe ) ,africa4 ,! ,m$it]ranean 0 !n an inl& lake1 or r two inl& lakes1 = ,italy & ,sicily /ret*$ out 9 a broad1 irregul> mass to jo9 ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,africa1 :ile ,corsica & ,s>d9ia =m$ a long p59sula ext5d+ f ! ,italian ma9l& & almo/1 if n q1 rea*+ to ! ,african coa/4 ,,! ,,?ames ,,valley ,,9 ,,*ellean ,,times ,! int]pretation ( ! features ( /ratification 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme is especially int]e/+ because x gives u a key to ! und]/&+ ( a simil> sequ5ce ( prehi/oric ev5ts 9 ! valley ( ! ,?ames4 ,! /ation ( ,gray's ,?urrock 9 ?is valley is b>ely #abj miles di/ant f ! ,*ellean /ation ( ,abbeville1 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme1 & x is app>5t t ! old fl9t work]s 7 freely pass+ across ! broad int]v5+ c\ntry & int]*ang+ _! ideas & inv5tions4 ,?us x happ5$ t ,*ellean implem5ts id5tical )1 or closely relat$ to1 ! types ( ! ,somme valley 7 be+ fa%ion$ all ov] s\!rn ,brita9 f ! ,?ames to ! ,ouse4 ,! anci5t ,riv] ,?ames 7,lyell17#bh7 ,geikie7#bi77 0 !n fl[+ ov] a b$ ( b\ld]-clays :i* _h be5 deposit$ dur+ ! prec$+ glaciations4 ,its broad1 swift /ream 0 br++ d[n great deposits ( o*re\s gravels & ( s&s int]/ratifi$ ) loams & clays4 ,x is ^! old true riv]-gravels :i* display _! greate/ ?ickness on ! l[e/ levels ( ! ,?ames & :i* are l>gely made up ( well-b$d$ & di/9ctly wat]-worn mat]ials4 ,on ^! l[ levels ! fl9t work]s s\ght _! mat]ials1 & "h !y left beh9d !m ! ar*aic ,*ellean implem5ts :i* are n[ f\nd emb$d$ 9 ^! old] riv]-gravels1 j z !y occur 9 ! gravels wa%$ d[n ov] ! ?ree t]races ( ! ,somme & ! ,m>ne4 ,9 ! ,?ames ?is old gravel wa% seems to h be5 d[n-/ream1 :]eas on ! middle & upp] t]races ( ! ,somme ! gravel wa% came directly d[n ! sides ( ! valley1 except1 p]haps1 9 v high floods4 ,^! deep b$s ( gravel1 s&1 & loam lie = ! mo/ "p above ! pres5t ov]fl[ pla9 ( ! ,?ames1 al?\gh 9 "s places !y desc5d bel[ x2 :i* proves t ! ma9 l&scape ( ! ,?ames also1 except = ! *anges ( ! flora & ( animal life1 0 ! same 9 ,pre-,*ellean & ,*ellean times z x is at pres5t4 ,?us ! ,somme1 ! ,?ames1 & ! ,se9e _h all worn _! *annels to ! pres5t or ev5 to l[] levels :5 ! ,pre-,*ellean hunt]s appe>$4 ,s9ce ,*ellean times all ?ree riv]s h silt$ up _! *annels4 ,! *anges along ! ,?ames :i* h s9ce occurr$ are 9 ! sup]ficial lay]s br\ght d[n f ! sides ( ! valley :i* h s(t5$ ! cont\rs ( ! old t]races & h also entomb$ ! lat] phases ( ! valley's prehi/ory4 ,sections on ! s\? bank at ,il=d1 ,k5t1 & on ! nor? bank at ,gray's ,?urrock1 ,essex1 confirm ?is view4 ,at ! latt] /ation1 9 l[-ly+ /rata ( brick-e>?1 loam1 & gravel1 su* z w\ld be =m$ by ! silt+ up ( ! bottom ( an old riv] *annel1 are f\nd ! rema9s ( ! /raight-tusk$ elephant1 broad-nos$ rh9oc]os1 & hippopotamus4 ,all ! discov]ies ( rec5t ye>s lead to ! conclusion t ! old fluviatile gravels :i* conta9 ^! anci5t mammals & fl9ts are re/rict$ to ! l[] levels ( ! ,?ames valley1 :ile ! high level gravels & loams are ( lat] date4 ,old ,*ellean fl9ts also occur occasionally on ! high] levels1 b "h x w\ld seem t !y h be5 wa%$ d[n f ! old l& surfaces above1 because !y are f\nd m+l$ ) fl9ts ( ! late ,a*eulean & e>ly ,m\/]ian indu/ry4 ,,engl& ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,times ,x is on ! high] levels ( ! ,?ames1 z ( ! ,somme1 & 9 ! sup]ficial deposits cov]+ ! sides ( ! valley t we read ! /ory ( ! subsequ5t ,paloli?ic cultures & ( an e>ly w>m temp]ate climate be+ foll[$ by a cold climate ) froz5 subsoil belong+ to ! f\r? glaciation & ! contempor>y ,m\/]ian fl9t indu/ry4 ,! ,paloli?ic hi/ory ( ! ,?ames7#cj7 has n yet be5 fully int]pret$1 b x w\ld appe> t ! relics ( ! old /ations ( ,k5t & ,norfolk w yield all ! =ms ( ,*ellean & ,a*eulean implem5ts1 & probably also ^? ( ! ,m\/]ian :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme1 ?us prov+ t ! ,l[] ,paloli?ic races ( ?is region pursu$ ! same culture developm5t z ! neighbor+ tribes ( ,france & ,belgium1 z well z ^? ( ,spa91 up to ! close ( middle ,a*eulean times4 ,a simil> sequ5ce ( ev5ts appe>s to be indicat$ at ,hoxne1 ,suffolk1 :]e ar*aic paloli?s 7 discov]$ z f> back z #agig4 ,?is discov]y 0 neglect$ = upw>d ( sixty ye>s1 until 9 #ahei ^! fl9ts 7 re-exam9$ by ,pre/wi* & ,evans aft] _! visit to ! /ations ( ! ,somme 7,geikie17#ca7 ,avebury7#cb774 ,?is site 0 9 ! holl[ ( a surface ( b\ld]-clay1 ov]la9 by ! deposit ( a fre%-wat] /ream2 9 ! b$ ( its n>r[ *annel1 besides fl9t implem5ts ( e>ly ,a*eulean type1 abundant plant rema9s 7 f\nd :i* give u an int]e/+ vision ( ! flora ( ! "t4 ,^! plants are decid$ly *>act]i/ic ( a temp]ate climate1 includ+ su* trees z ! oak1 yew1 & fir1 & mo/ly ( species :i* are /ill f\nd 9 ! =e/s ( ! same region4 ,?is life gave place1 z indicat$ 9 plant deposits ( a high] level1 to an arctic flora1 probably correspond+ ) ! tundra climate ( ,m\/]ian times1 ! p]iod ( ! f\r? glaciation4 ,above ^! are f\nd aga9 lay]s ( plants & ( mollusks :i* po9t to ! return ( a temp]ate climate4 ,,spread ,,( ,,! ,,a*eulean ,,indu/ry ,x is notewor?y t n a s+le 'riv]-drift1' ,pre-,*ellean or ,*ellean1 /ation has be5 f\nd 9 ,g]many or ,switz]l&1 or1 9 fact1 9 all c5tral ,europe 9 ! region ly+ betwe5 ! ,alp9e & ,sc&9avian glaci]s4 ,ei!r ?is region 0 unfavorable to human habitation or ! rema9s ( ! /ations h be5 buri$ or wa%$ away4 ,x is significant t ! e>lie/ pro( ( human migration into ?is region1 :e!r f ! ea/ or f ! we/ we d n c]ta9ly "k1 is co9cid5t ) ! dry climate ( ,a*eulean times4 ,! 'loess' conditions ( climate seem to be co9cid5t ) ! e>lie/ ,a*eulean /ations 9 ,g]many1 su* z ,sablon4 ',loess' deposition is by no means a pro( ( a cold climate b r ( an arid "o1 especially 9 regions :]e areas ( f9ely erod$ soil 7 liable to be rais$ by ! w9d2 su* areas 7 f\nd ov] ! :ole rec5tly glaciat$ c\ntry nor? ( ! ,alps & s\? ( ! ,sc&9avian p59sula4 ,! ,paloli?ic discov]y sites ( ,g]many are pr9cipally gr\p$ 9 ?ree regions7#cc7 z foll[s3 ,to ! s\?1 along ! headwat]s ( ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube1 among ! lime/ones ( ,swabia & ! ,jura 7 =m$ ! cav]ns s\ght by e>ly ,m\/]ian man4 ,to ! we/ ( ^! 7 _m old] /ations 9 ! 'loess' deposits ( ! upp] ,rh9e1 betwe5 ! m\nta9 ridges ( ! ,vosges & ! ,black ,=e/1 & /ill ne>] ! s\rces ( ! ,rh9e1 ext5d+ ov] ! bord] into ,switz]l&1 are a numb] ( fam\s cave sites 9 ! valleys cut by ! ,rh9e & its tribut>ies ?r\gh ! :ite ,jurassic lime/one4 ,to ! we/ is ! gr\p ( ! middle ,rh9e & ( ,we/phalia1 :i* includes ! op5 ,a*eulean camps 9 ! 'loess' deposits above ! riv] & a numb] ( cav]n /ations4 ,to ! nor? is ! scatt]$ gr\p ( /ations1 bo? ( ,a*eulean & ,m\/]ian times1 ( nor? ,g]many4 ,"h ! sites are few & f> betwe54 ,! op5-c\ntry camps 7 e/abli%$ *iefly 9 ! valley ( ! ,ilm & ne> ! caves ( ! ,h>z ,m\nta9s1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,g]a4 ,no discov]ies ( c]ta9 date or unque/ion$ au!nticity are report$ f ea/]n ,g]many4 ,along ! upp] ,rh9e ! fl9t work]s ( ,a*eulean times e/abli%$ _! anci5t camps mo/ly 9 ! op5 on ! broad %eets ( ! 'l[] loess1' :i*1 con/antly drift$ by ! w9d1 cov]$ & pres]v$ ! /ations4 ,^! /ations are widely scatt]$1 b !y 7 frequ5t$ f e>lie/ ,a*eulean times1 & ! region 0 revisit$ to ! v close ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,fl9t work+ /ations ( ! ,m5 ( ! ,old ,/one ,age along ! wat]s ( ! ,ilm1 ! ,rh9e1 & ! ,danube1 f ,a*eulean to ,azilian times4 ,aft] ,r4 ,r4 ,s*midt1 modifi$ & r$rawn4 ,^! ,paloli?ic sites ( ,g]many lie betwe5 ! t]m9al mora9es ( ! successive glacial advances ( ! ,second1 ,?ird1 & ,f\r? 7,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,iv7 ,glacial ,/ages1 ext5d+ f ! bord]s ( ! ,sc&9avian ice-fields on ! nor? to ^? ( ! ,alp9e ice-fields on ! s\?4 ,! dott$ surface repres5ts ! area cov]$ by ! drift ( ! ,f\r? ,glacial ,/age4 ,e>ly 9 ,a*eulean times ! important 'loess' /ation ( ,a*5heim 0 e/abli%$4 ,?is is a mo/ fam\s locality & is ( especial importance because x is ! only /ation 9 ,g]many :i* 0 cont9u\sly frequ5t$ f late ,a*eulean times ?r\gh\t ! ,l[] ,paloli?ic & into ! beg9n+ ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic2 "h ! 'old] loess' ( ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age yields a typical ,a*eulean indu/ry4 ,?us f> ! region ( ! middle ,rh9e & ( ,we/phalia has n %[n any evid5ce ( ,a*eulean culture4 ,! nor? ,g]man /ations1 h[ev]1 7 ent]$ 9 ,a*eulean times1 & ! pr9cipal op5 /ations ( ?is region lie along ! valley ( ! ,ilm4 ,"h1 at ,tauba*1 ,ehr+sdorf1 & ,weim>1 we f9d implem5ts ( typical ,a*eulean =m belong+ to ! e>ly w>m temp]ate ,a*eulean p]iod4 ,! /ations ( ! ,ilm valley s\?we/ ( ,leipsic are also ( great importance because ( ! ri* record :i* !y conta9 ( ! w>m temp]ate animal life ( e>ly ,a*eulean times2 ! fl9t culture is typically ,a*eulean1 & ! climatic conditions are read bo? 9 ! trav]t9es & 9 ! subsequ5t deposits ( ! 'l[] loess1' :i* belong to ! cold dry p]iod ( late ,a*eulean times4 ,"h l+]$ ! /raight-tusk$ elephant & ,m]ck's rh9oc]os1 contempor>y ) ! work]s ( ! ,a*eulean fl9ts4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ,g]many ! e>ly ,a*eulean 0 a w>m p]iod :i* 9 c]ta9 regions 0 also arid & subject to great du/-/orms4 ,at ?is "t ! camps 7 = ! mo/ "p 9 ! op5 c\ntry4 ,9 ! late p]iod1 also arid & subject to high w9ds b ) a cool] climate1 ! fl9t work]s cont9u$ to frequ5t ! op5 ,a*eulean /ations 9 ! 'loess4' ,if !re 7 %elt] & cav]n /ations 9 ?is region1 !y h n z yet be5 discov]$4 ,?is w\ld appe> to indicate t ! climate _h n yet become sev]e4 ,simil> te/imony is f\nd 9 ! great sc>city ( cav]n & %elt] /ations 9 ,a*eulean times 9 e "p ( we/]n ,europe2 yet occasionally ! tribes repair$ to ! vic9ity ( %elt]+ cliffs1 z along ! ,vzre4 ,9 "s scatt]$ localities !y s\ght ! cav]ns1 z at ,krap9a1 9 ,croatia1 at ,spy1 on ! ,meuse 9 ,belgium1 & at ,ca/illo1 9 nor!rn ,spa94 ,^! r>e exceptions to ! op5 camps w\ld t5d to prove t ! cav]ns 7 s\ght r = protection f enemies & z ra9 %elt]s ?an z retreats f a bitt]-cold climate4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,beune1 a small tribut>y ( ! ,vzre1 9 ,dordogne1 we f9d a true ,a*eulean /ation q close to ! riv] %ore4 ,?is proves t 9 ,a*eulean times ?is valley 0 already deep5$ to ! same degree z x is to-day4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,somme ! ,a*eulean culture /ret*es f ! 'highe/ t]race' d[n bel[ ! pres5t level ( ! riv]1 :i* has made = itself a new high *annel4 ,! fact t two ,a*eulean /ations are f\nd on ! upp] ,g>onne1 high above ! pres5t wat]-level1 is ( little significance1 z at t "t ! wat]-level 0 also high4 ,9 g5]al ! ,a*eulean fl9t work]s pref]r$ ! op5 /ations ?r\gh\t all ,a*eulean times1 & _! camps are f\nd on ! op5 plateaus betwe5 ! riv]s or on ! v>i\s 't]race' levels1 z on ! high]1 middle1 & l[] 't]races' ( ! ,somme at ,/4 ,a*eul1 or aga9 close along ! bord]s ( ! riv]s & /reams1 z 9 ! ,dordogne region4 ,ev5 dur+ ! e>ly ,a*eulean /age a dry climate _h begun to prevail 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,ne> ,metz is ! 'old] loess' /ation ( ,sablon1 :i* 0 occupi$ 9 e>ly ,a*eulean times1 indicat+ a w>m p]iod ( arid climate favorable to ! transportation ( ! w9d-bl[n 'loess'2 d\btless1 ?is f9e du/ at times fill$ ! entire atmosph]e & obscur$ ! sun1 z is ! case to-day on ! high /eppes & des]ts ( ea/]n ,asia4 ,an exception to ! op5-c\ntry life pref]r$ by ! ,a*eulean fl9t work]s is f\nd 9 ! great grotto,,ad ( ,ca/illo1 ne> ,pu5te ,viesgo1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,sant&]1 nor!rn ,spa94 ,! deposits :i* fill$ ?is grotto to a ?ickness ( #de feet f ! floor to ! ro( 7 explor$ by ,ob]mai]1 :o f\nd !m divid$ into ?irte5 lay]s1 cov]+ elev5 p]iods ( indu/ry & pres5t+ ! mo/ wond]ful epitome ( ! prehi/ory ( we/]n ,europe f ,a*eulean times to ! ,age ( ,bronze1 9 ,spa9 7,fig4 #gi74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,entrance 7:ite cross7 to ! great grotto ( ,ca/illo 9 nor!rn ,spa94 ,?is grotto 0 frequ5t$ by ! ,m5 ( ! ,old ,/one ,age f ,a*eulean to ,azilian times1 an ar*ologic sequ5ce surpass$ only by t ( ! op5 camps along ! t]races ( ! ,somme4 ,photograph f ,ob]mai]4 ,z e>ly z #aijh1 ,breuil7#cd7 discov]$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! cave back ( ! grotto "s qu>tzites work$ into ,a*eulean types1 prov+ t ! cav]n 0 ent]$ 9 ,a*eulean times4 ,ob]mai]17#ce7 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree ye>s' "w1 has f\nd t ! floor ( ! grotto 0 possibly us$ z a fl9t-mak+ /ation 9 ,a*eulean &1 possibly1 9 ,*ellean times4 ,! culture section :i* he has reveal$ "h "u ! direction ( ! ,in/itut de ,palontologie huma9e c be comp>$ only ) t :i* ,commont has f\nd on ! 't]races' ( ! ,somme at ,/4 ,a*eul4 ,! diff]5ce is t 9 ! %elt] ( ! ,ca/illo grotto ! climate is record$ only ?r\gh ! *ang+ =ms ( animal life :i* are m+l$ ar\nd ! fire-he>?s & ) ! fl9ts 9 ! asc5d+ levels4 7#ac7 ,eneoli?ic ,age4 ,small1 triangul> dagg] 9 copp]4 7#ab7 ,azilian4 ,fl9t indu/ry--,age ( ! ,/ag4 7#aa7 ,upp] ,magdal5ian4 ,arti/ic engrav+s on /ag-horn4 7#aj7 ,l[] ,magdal5ian4 ,fl9ts & f9e engrav+s on bone4 ,re9de] bton4 7#i7 ,ar*aic ,solutrean4 ,feuilles de lauri]1 ret\*$ on "o side only4 7#h1 #g1 #f7 ,upp] ,aurignacian 9 ?ree lay]s4 ,rema9s ( ! re9de] & bur9s4 7#e7 ,l[] ,aurignacian4 ,implem5ts ( /one & bone4 ,rema9s ( an infant4 7#d7 ,upp] ,m\/]ian4 ,ri* 9 small implem5ts & l>ge tools ( qu>tzite4 ,m]ck's rh9oc]os v abundant4 7#c7 ,typical ,m\/]ian fl9ts & qu>tzites4 ,m]ck's rh9oc]os4 7#b7 ,e>ly ,m\/]ian indu/ry4 ,bones ( cave-be> & ,m]ck's rh9oc]os4 7#a7 ,a*eulean fl9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,/ratigraphic section %[+ ! ar*ologic lay]s ( ! great grotto ( ,ca/illo4 ,aft] ,ob]mai]4 ,! entrance to ?is grotto is on ! side ( a high hill ov]look+ ! valley & might easily h be5 b>ricad$ aga9/ attack4 ,9 e>ly ,a*eulean times1 :5 ! fl9t work]s 7 on ! v floor ( ! grotto1 ! l[] entrance ( ! cav]n 0 /ill op51 lead+ f> into ! he>t ( ! m\nta94 ,! successive accumulations ( dbris1 cave loam1 fire-/ones1 bones1 & innum]able fl9ts1 toge!r ) great blocks fall+ ov] ! entrance ( ! cav]n1 rea*$ a height ( #de feet1 s t dur+ ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic only ! upp] entrance to ! cav]n 0 us$ by ! arti/s ( ,magdal5ian times4 ,! subsequ5t ,azilian & ,eneoli?ic cultures 7 cr[d$ "u ! v ro( ( ! grotto at ! sides4 ,?is /ation1 repair$ to & !n ab&on$ by tribe aft] tribe ov] a p]iod e/imat$ at pres5t z n less ?an #ej1jjj ye>s1 is a monum5tal volume ( prehi/ory1 read & int]pret$ by ! ar*ologi/ almo/ z cle>ly z if ! :ole record 7 9 writ+4 ,! fir/ positive evid5ces ( ! use ( fire are ! lay]s ( *>r$ wood & bones frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! indu/rial deposits ( e>ly ,a*eulean times4 ,,geographic ,,& ,,climatic ,,*anges ,dur+ ! e>ly p]iod ( developm5t ( ! ,a*eulean indu/ry1 ! geography1 ! climate1 & ! plant & animal life cont9u$ to pres5t exactly ! same aspect z dur+ ,*ellean times4 ,! mammals :i* we f9d 9 ,?ur+ia 9 ! l[] trav]t9es ( ! valley ( ! ,ilm1 at ,tauba*1 ne> ,weim>1 & at ,ehr+sdorf1 m+l$ ) fl9ts ( e>ly ,a*eulean indu/ry1 are ( ! same species z ^? f\nd 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme m+l$ ) ! implem5ts ( ! ,*ellean indu/ry4 ,! s\!rn mammo? occurs at ,tauba*1 & we f9d ! /raight-tusk$ elephant 7,e4 antiquus71 ,m]ck's rh9oc]os1 ! hippopotamus1 ! lion1 & ! hyna repres5t+ ! anci5t ,african-,asiatic migrants1 :ile ! nor? ,european & ,asiatic life is repres5t$ by ! giant de]1 roe-de]1 wild goat1 br[n be>1 wolf1 badg]1 m>t51 ott]1 beav]1 mead[ ham/]1 & %rew4 ,graz+ 9 ! mead[s 7 ! auro*s1 or wild ox1 & ! wis5t1 or bison4 ,!re 0 "o v>iety ( horse1 probably ( ! =e/ type4 ,?us1 ! fauna z a :ole conta9s six ,asiatic types1 or eight if we include ! bison & wild cattle4 ,( ! =e/ life !re are n9e species1 includ+ ! wild bo> 7,sus scr(a f]us7 n m5tion$ above4 ,! lay]s ( trav]t9e are indicative ( v important geographical *anges :i* 7 occurr+ 9 c5tral & s\!rn ,europe 9 ! middle p]iod ( ,?ird ,int]glacial times4 ,! trav]t9es ( ! ,ilm & ( o!r p>ts ( c5tral ,g]many 7 due to wide-spread volcanic di/urbances & eruptions1 accompani$ by ! deposition ( trav]t9es1 gypsums1 & tufas4 ,to ?is volcanic di/urbance 9 c5tral ,france is attribut$ ! deposition ( ! tuf de ,la ,celle-s\s-,moret1 ne> ,p>is1 :i* records ! w>m temp]ate climate ( e>ly ,a*eulean times1 z well z ! some:at cool] succe$+ climate ( late ,a*eulean times4 ,?is uplift 9 ! c5tre ( ,g]many & ,france app>5tly left ! region betwe5 ,france & ,great ,brita9 undi/urb$1 because !re is evid5ce ( cont9u$ free migration ( ! tribes & ( ! ,a*eulean cultures2 b !re appe>s to h be5 a wide-spread subsid5ce ( ! coa/s ( s\!rn ,europe by :i* ! isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean became isolat$ f ! ma9l&1 & ! migrat+ r\tes betwe5 ,europe & ,africa across ! c5tral ,m$it]ranean region 7 cut (f4 ,?us1 ,italy1 ,sicily1 & ,s>d9ia 7 sep>at$ f ! ma9l& aft] hav+ receiv$ a l>ge cont+5t ( mammalian life f ! cont95ts bo? to ! nor? & to ! s\?4 ,:ile desc5dants ( ! ,african & ,asiatic mammals1 z well z ( ! nor!rly ,european =e/ & mead[ types1 survive on ^! isl&s1 !re is1 ?us f>1 no indication t !y 7 invad$ by hunt]s c>ry+ ! implem5ts ( ! ,a*eulean culture1 al?\gh ^! ,a*eulean fl9t work]s rang$ ov] all p>ts ( ! ,italian p59sula 7,fig4 #hj71 z indicat$ by ! discov]y ( n9e /ations4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,a*eulean ,,/ations ,! ,a*eulean /ations are widely di/ribut$ along ! ,se9e1 ,m>ne1 & ,somme 9 nor!rn ,france1 :]e fl9t is abundant & well adapt$ = f9e workman%ip4 ,9 c5tral & s\!rn ,france1 :]e l>ge fl9ts are sc>ce1 ! ,a*eulean tribes 7 =c$ to use qu>tz1 :i* fa%ions into clumsi] =ms4 ,9 ! nor? ! ,a*eulean work]s cont9u$ on ! old ,*ellean sites at ,*elles1 ,/4 ,a*eul1 ,abbeville1 & ,hel94 ,9 late ,a*eulean times 7 e/abli%$ ! new /ations ( ,wolv]cote on ! ,?ames1 ne> ,ox=d1 & ( ,levallois on ! ,se9e1 ne> ,p>is1 bo? fam\s = _! ',levallois' fl9t knives or blades4 ,ne> ,levallois is ! late ,a*eulean /ation ( ,villejuif1 s\? ( ,p>is1 :]e ! fl9ts are buri$ 9 drifts ( loess4 ,9 ,norm&y are ! important /ations ( ,frileuse1 ,blville1 & ,la ,m>e-aux-,cl]cs1 :i* give ! :ole ,a*eulean developm5t1 bo? e>ly & late4 ,on a small tribut>y valley ( ! ,vzre1 9 ,dordogne1 9 late ,a*eulean times !re 0 e/abli%$ ! /ation ( ,la ,micoque1 :i* gives its "n to a numb] ( m9iature fl9ts ( di/9ctive =m :i* 7 fir/ f\nd !re & are kn[n z ! 'type ( ,la ,micoque4' ,o!r /ations1 su* z ,combe-,capelle1 also %[ examples ( ?is 'm9iature' ,a*eulean workman%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,di/ribution ( ! pr9cipal ,a*eulean indu/rial /ations 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,altoge!r1 ov] ?irty ,a*eulean /ations h be5 f\nd 9 ,france1 two--,ca/illo & ,san ,isidro--9 nor!rn & c5tral ,spa91 ! s+le /ation ( ,furn9ha 9 ,portugal1 ov] eight 9 ,g]many1 ?ree 9 ,au/ria1 & ?ree 9 ,russian ,pol&4 ,especially rem>kable is ! wide di/ribution ( ?is culture all ov] ,italy1 :]e explorations by no means exhau/ive h result$ 9 ! discov]y ( at lea/ n9e or t5 v prolific /ations ext5d+ f ,goccianello 9 ! nor? to ,capri 9 ! s\?1 b n into ,sicily z f> z is at pres5t kn[n4 ,?us all ( we/]n ,europe1 except+ ! area cov]$ by ! ,sc&9avian ice-fields on ! nor? & by ! ,alp9e ice-fields on ! s\?1 0 p5etrat$ by ! work]s ( ,a*eulean fl9ts1 probably memb]s1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( ! ,ne&]?al race4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,late ,a*eulean /ation ( ,la ,micoque1 9 ,dordogne1 :]e m9iature fl9ts ( di/9ctive late ,a*eulean =m are f\nd4 ,photograph by ,n4 ,c4 ,nelson4 ,! g5]al uni=mity ( ,a*eulean workman%ip 9 all p>ts ( we/]n ,europe is an indication t ^! ,ne&]?aloid tribes 7 m or less migratory & t ! inv5tions ( new & useful implem5ts1 su* z ! lance-po9t$ c\p de po+ ( ,la ,micoque & ! fl9t-flakes ( ,levallois1 :i* probably orig9at$ at an especial c5tre1 or p]haps ev5 9 ! inv5tive m9d ( a s+le workman1 became widely di/ribut$ & highly di/9ctive ( c]ta9 p]iods4 ,! developm5t ( ! implem5ts 9 diff]5t regions is s uni=m z to prove t ! evolution ( ! e>ly ,paloli?ic cultures ext5d$ all ov] we/]n ,europe & t ! v>i\s types or /ages 7 ess5tially contempor>y4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,a*eulean ,,implem5ts ,!re is a close sequ5ce betwe5 ! c\p de po+ ( ! ,*ellean work]s & its developm5t into ! f9] & m symmetrical =ms ( ! ,a*eulean4 ,! latt]1 accord+ to ,ob]mai]17#cf7 is di/+ui%$ by ! flak+ ( ! entire surface1 by ! f> m skilful fa%ion+1 & by ! really symmetrical almond =m :i* is atta9$ by ret\*+ bo? ! surface & ! edges4 ,?is m ref9$ ret\* becomes ! means ( produc+ symmetrical in/rum5ts1 ) /raight1 convex1 or concave cutt+ edges1 z well z f9] & light] tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,illu/rat+ ! me?od ( 'flak+' fl9t implem5ts by direct or indirect bl[ ) a hamm]-/one4 ,! e>ly ,a*eulean indu/ry belong$ to a w>m temp]ate climatic p]iod & directly succe$s ! ,*ellean1 z %[n 9 a mo/ p]fect mann] 9 ! qu>ries ( ! type /ation ( ,/4 ,a*eul on ! ,somme4 ,9 ^! e>li] /rata ! prevail+ =ms ( c\p de po+ are ! 'po9t$ oval' & ! 'lance-po9t$1' ! latt] %[+ v simple *ipp+1 a broad po9t1 & a ?ick base4 ,! oval c\ps de po+ are small] ?an ! ,*ellean tools ( ! same k9d1 c>efully fa%ion$ on all sides & r\nd ! base1 & v symmetrical2 !re are f\r di/9ct v>ieties ( ^!3 ! almond type1 oval almond-%ap$1 elongate oval1 & subtriangul>--! latt] evolv+ into ! f9ely modell$ type ( late ,a*eulean times4 ,x may h be5 f ^! oval types t ! disc =m 0 f9ally evolv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,illu/rat+ ! me?od ( '*ipp+' fl9t implem5ts by pressure ) a bone or wood5 implem5t1 to produce ! f9] ret\* ( ! surfaces & edges4 ,!re is wide diff]5ce ( op9ion reg>d+ ! use ( ^! ?9 ovaloid1 triangul>1 & disc =ms4 ,ob]mai] consid]s t !y may h be5 clamp$ 9 wood1 or furni%$ ) a %aft1 ?us =m+ a spe> head4 ,ano!r sugge/ion is t !y 7 us$ ) a lea!r gu>d to protect ! h&2 & !re is no d\bt t 9 ei!r case !y w\ld h s]v$ z effective weapons 9 *ase or w>4 ,ano!r view is t ( ,commont17#cg7 :o believes t n a s+le implem5t d[n to ! v end ( ,a*eulean times c be reg>d$ z a weapon ( w>2 ?is au?or ma9ta9s t _m ( ^! implem5ts1 includ+ ^? dress$ on bo? edges1 7 /ill 9 v>i\s ways grasp$ by ! h&1 al?\gh !y d n pres5t ! firm1 blunt$ grip ( ! anci5t c\ps de po+4 ,we also note ! developm5t ( a type ( c\p de po+1 ) cutt+ blade fa%ion$ /raight across ! end3 ?is primitive *isel or adze-%ap$ tool may h be5 us$ z a *opp]1 or z an axe1 9 fa%ion+ wood5 tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,me?od ( produc+ ! long flake & ! c5tral core ( fl9t by %>p bl[s at ! indicat$ po9t ( p]cussion4 ,aft] ,r4 ,r4 ,s*midt4 ,9 ?is case a s]ies ( flakes h be5 cut (f ! entire p]iph]y ( ! core4 ,! primitive use ( ! flake beg9s 9 ! ,pre-,*ellean4 ,9 ! lance-po9t$ c\p de po+ ( n>r[1 elongate %ape1 ! flak+ is v simple & ! edges are cont9u$ into ! %ort base1 g5]ally v ?ick1 & (t5 %[+ "p ( ! orig9al cru/ ( ! fl9t nodule1 :i* is well adapt$ = ! grip ( ! h&4 ,?is implem5t1 :i* s]ves ! orig9al idea ( ! c\p de po+1 develops into ! r\nd-po9t$ & lance-po9t$ =ms4 ,!re is no "q t1 :e!r 9 indu/rial use1 9 w>1 or 9 ! *ase1 ^! implem5ts 7 held only by ! h&4 ,,indu/rial4 ,c\p de po+4 ,ovaloid4 ,d\ble-edg$4 ,subtriangul>4 ,/raight cutt+ blade across ! end4 ,disc-%ap$4 ,triangul>--v ?9 & flat4 ,ha*ette1 *opp]4 ,grattoir1 plan+ tool4 ,racloir1 scrap]4 ,p]oir1 drill1 bor]4 ,c\teau1 knife4 ',po9te' 7,levallois blade74 ',po9te1' po9t--oval & *isel-%ap$4 ,,w> ,,& ,,*ase4 ,c\p de po+4 ,( po9t$ & lance-po9t$ types4 ,pi]re de jet1 ?r[+ /one4 ,c\teau1 knife4 ',po9te1' d>t & spe> heads4 ,! small implem5ts ( ! e>ly ,a*eulean includ$ a great v>iety ( designs develop+ out ( ! f> m primitive tools ( ,*ellean & ,pre-,*ellean times1 namely1 ! plan+ tool1 ! scrap]1 ! bor]1 & ! knife4 ,ea* ( ^! types develops its own v>iety1 (t5 fa%ion$ ) great c>e1 primitive blades1 /raight-edg$ cutt+ tools1 ) ! back r\nd$ or blunt$ = ! grip ( ! f+]s1 scrap]s ) /raight or curv$ edges1 & p]oirs or bor]s4 ,! scrap+ & plan+ tools1 d\btless us$ = ! dress+ ( hides1 are n[ m c>efully fa%ion$4 ,we also obs]ve ! racloir & ! scrap] f9i%$ to a po9t :i* is ! precursor ( ! grav+ tool ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic47#ch7 ,*>act]i/ic ( ?is /age is ! sy/ematic use ( l>ge 'flakes' or outly+ pieces ( fl9t /ruck (f f ! core1 :i* 7 us$ z scrap]s or planes1 or develop$ into small 'ha*es1' or c\ps de po+4 ,! core or c5tre ( ! fl9t nodule /ill con/itutes ! mat]ial out ( :i* ! l>ge typical implem5ts are fa%ion$2 b ! flake beg9s to l5d itself to a great v>iety ( =ms1 z witness$ 9 ! evolution ( ! ,levallois knives ( ! ,upp] ,a*eulean & ! highly v>i$ flake implem5ts ( ! ,m\/]ian & ,aurignacian indu/ries4 ,! 'po9te1' or po9t1 is a special implem5t *ipp$ out ( a %ort1 %>ply convex flake1 tak+ ! =m ( a blunt d>t or spe> head1 po9t$ at "o end & oval or flat at ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,l>ge1 typical ,a*eulean implem5ts1 *iefly describ$ z c\ps de po+1 aft] de ,mortillet4 ,"o-qu>t] actual size4 ,"o ( ^! 7#da7 %[s at "o end a "p ( ! cru/ ( ! fl9t nodule left intact to af=d a smoo?1 firm grip to ! h&4 ,ano!r 7#dc7 %[s a "p ( ! cru/ rema9+ along ! left side1 = ! same purpose4 ,two ( ! c\ps de po+ 7#dg & #dh7 %[1 ! "o a d\ble-curv$1 ! o!r a /raight1 lat]al edge4 ,ano!r c\p de po+ 7#di71 f a subm>9e deposit ne> ! %ore at ,havre1 is p>tly cov]$ by acorn %ells4 ,,late ,,a*eulean ,,climate ,! ,a*eulean indu/ry cont9u$ ov] a v long p]iod1 & by ! "t ! late ,a*eulean culture /age _h be5 rea*$ a decid$ *ange ( climate ensu$ 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,along ! bord]s ( ! ,danube & ( ! ,rh9e1 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme1 & ev5 9 c5tral & s\!rn ,france !re are indications ( a cool dry cont95tal climate1 simil> to t :i* is n[ f\nd on ! s\!rn /eppes ( ,russia1 9 ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 & 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,indications ( ?is climate h be5 m5tion$ above1 z se5 9 ! plant life 9 ! tuf de ,la ,celle-s\s-,moret1 ne> ,p>is1 :]e !re are evid5ces t trees ( a cool temp]ate climate took ! place ( ! w>m temp]ate =e/s ( e>ly ,a*eulean times4 ,t ! climate %\ld be consid]$ z cool & arid r ?an comp>able ) ! bitt]-cold climate ( ! 'upp] loess' p]iod1 :5 a true /eppe fauna ent]$ ,europe = ! fir/ "t1 is fur!r indicat$ by ! fact t late ,a*eulean implem5ts are m frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! c5tre & nor? ( ,france ?an 9 ! s\?4 ,to ! f> nor?1 be=e ! close ( ,a*eulean times1 ! ,sc&9avian ice-fields _h aga9 begun to advance s\?w>d2 ! region bord]+ ! glaci]s 0 cold & moi/ & favor$ ! migration f ! tundra regions ( ! woolly mammo? & woolly rh9oc]os to ! locality /ill frequ5t$ by ! ,a*eulean fl9t work]s1 = x is said7#ci7 t ,a*eulean fl9ts are occasionally associat$ ev5 ) ! rema9s ( ^! tundra mammals4 ,at ! v same "t ! ,a*eulean fl9t work]s along ! ,somme may h enjoy$ a m g5ial climate4 ,x is only ?r\gh ?is int]pretation ( ! v>i\s climatic & life zones 9 we/]n ,europe t we c expla9 ! survival on ! ,riv] ,somme1 or return to ?is riv] f ! s\?1 ( a w>m temp]ate fauna1 hippopotami1 rh9oc]oses1 & elephants1 9 ! ,m\/]ian p]iod1 :i* is ev5 subsequ5t to ! close ( ,a*eulean times4 ,! valleys ( ! two great riv]-sy/ems ( s\?we/]n ,france1 ! ,dordogne dra9+ ! c5tral plateau1 & ! ,g>onne dra9+ ! ea/]n ,pyr5ees1 7 n[ s\ght by ! ,a*eulean fl9t work]s4 ,! valley ( ! ,vzre1 a nor!rn tribut>y ( ! ,dordogne1 cuts ?r\gh a broad plateau ( lime/one 9 :i* ! /reams h holl[$ out deep b$s ) v]tical sides4 ,"h ! l&scape ( late ,a*eulean times bore ! same g5]al aspect z at pres5t47#dj7 ,evid5ces ( a *ange ( climate are obs]v$ ev5 9 ! %elt]$ valleys :]e ! fl9t work]s 7 seek+ ! w>m] & sunni] riv]-slopes4 ,! riv] *annels 7 ! same z !y are to-day1 & ! qu>ries ( ! e>ly ,a*eulean fl9t work]s are f\nd q close to ! /reams2 b z ! p]iod progress$ !y mov$ up ne>] to ! cliffs & %elt]s4 ,"h1 too1 !re is evid5ce t a dry cont95tal climate prevail$4 ,on ! upp] levels ( ! old plateaus ( ,dordogne we /ill f9d ! ,qu]cus ilex occurr+ q frequ5tly1 a tree :i* belongs to relatively dry regions & :i* 9 s\!rn ,russia is reckon$ ) ! flora ( ! /eppes4 ,yet ! great] aridity t[>d ! close ( ! ,a*eulean /age 0 probably n su* z to prev5t ! gr[? ( =e/s along ! bord]s ( ! /reams4 ,?us1 9 ! mammalian life ( ! p]iod !re 01 p]haps1 a division betwe5 ! m h>dy =ms :i* frequ5t$ ! dry plateaus above & ! =e/-lov+ & less h>dy =ms :i* frequ5t$ ! riv]-valleys4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,valleys ( ! two great riv]-sy/ems ( s\?we/]n ,france1 ! ,dordogne dra9+ ! c5tral plateau & ! ,g>onne dra9+ ! ea/]n ,pyr5ees4 ,aft] ,h>l4 ,! mo/ conv9c+ pro( ( an arid climate 9 ! nor? ( ,france ) prevail+ high we/]ly w9ds is f\nd 9 ! lay]s ( 'loess' :i* occur on ! 't]races' ( ! ,somme1 ! ,se9e1 ! ,rh9e1 & ! ,danube4 ,^! 'l[] loess' lay]s ( ,?ird ,int]glacial times frequ5tly conta9 implem5ts ( ! late ,a*eulean indu/ry4 ,?us1 at ,villejuif1 s\? ( ,p>is1 late ,a*eulean implem5ts are f\nd emb$d$ 9 drifts ( 'loess4' ,9 ! valley ( ! ,somme1 fl9ts ( ! middle ,a*eulean /age are also f\nd 9 ! loess anci5 & 'riv]-drift4' ,9 ! tuf de ,la ,celle-s\s-,moret ! lay] ( 'loess' imm$iately ov]lies ! tufa lay] conta9+ late ,a*eulean implem5ts & pro(s ( a cool] climate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,! valley ( ! ,vzre1 a nor!rn tribut>y ( ! ,dordogne1 cuts ?r\gh a broad plateau ( lime/one 9 :i* ! /reams h holl[$ out deep b$s ) v]tical sides1 favorable to ! =mation ( cav]ns1 grottos1 & %elt]s4 ,"h ! l&scape ( late ,a*eulean times bore ! same g5]al aspect z at pres5t4 ,photograph by ,n4 ,c4 ,nelson4 ,among ! mo/ fam\s ( ! 'loess' /ations ( late ,a*eulean times is t ( ,a*5heim on ! upp] ,rh9e1 we/ ( ,/rasburg4 ,"h ! 'old] loess' conta9s a typical ,a*eulean culture4 ,) ?is prolong$ epo* ( cool] temp]ature ! hippopotamus & ! s\!rn mammo? retreat$ to ! w>m] portions ( s\!rn ,europe1 & _! rema9s are no long] f\nd associat$ ) ! late ,a*eulean fl9ts4 ,! m h>dy /raight-tusk$ elephant & ,m]ck's rh9oc]os /ill cont9u$ 9 ! nor?1 app>5tly well adapt$ to su/a9 a v consid]able fall 9 temp]ature4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,late ,,a*eulean ,,implem5ts ,! c\ps de po+ ( ! late ,a*eulean exhibit a great advance ^u ! ,*ellean1 be+ fa%ion$ into dagg] or lance =ms1 ) all ! edges c>efully *ipp$4 ,! ovaloid implem5ts ( late ,a*eulean times are (t5 work$ into f9e & %>p blades1 :i* may h be5 us$ l but*]-knives = dismemb]+ ! c>casses ( game & = cutt+ up ! pelts1 :ile ! f9e almond & disc %apes may h be5 us$ z scrap]s to cut (f ! tissues ( ! inn] surfaces ( ! hides1 :i* 7 f9ally dress$ by ! grattoir1 or fl9t plan+ tool4 ,9 brief1 ! c\p de po+ rea*es its acme ( developm5t 9 late ,a*eulean times1 bo? 9 ! f95ess ( flak+ & ret\*+ & 9 its symmetry ( =m4 ,! use ( l>ge flakes ( fl9t & ! ret\*+ bo? ( ! bord]s & ( ! extremities ( ^! flakes %[s a con/antly improv+ te*nique4 ,x is 9 ! ?91 flat1 triangul> blades & 9 ! lance-po9t$ =ms t ! c\p de po+ rea*es its culm9ation2 b we /ill obs]ve ! developm5t ( ! oval or almond-%ap$ =ms & ( ! flatt5$ discs4 ,! implem5ts ( ?is "t rea* _! greate/ p]fection 9 ! nor? ( ,france1 :]e fl9t is s abundant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,v>i$ %apes ( ! ,a*eulean fl9ts describ$ z c\ps de po+1 includ+ "s 'm9iature' =ms1 aft] de ,mortillet4 ,! oval1 ! po9t$1 ! almond1 ! triangul>1 ! disc-%ap$4 ,! late ,a*eulean is di/+ui%$ by an advance 9 all ! f9] & small] implem5ts1 tools1 & weapons2 yet ! f9e/ "w ( ,a*eulean times appe>s ?ick & clumsy :5 contra/$ ) ! be/ ,solutrean "w ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic4 ,"o-qu>t] actual size4 ,! late ,a*eulean is fur!r di/+ui%$ by an advance 9 all ! f9] & small] implem5ts & tools4 ,! knives are n[ v f9e & p]fect1 al?\gh !y reta9 ! broad1 ?ick =m ( ! orig9al fl9t fragm5t & seldom atta9 ! symmetrical %ape :i* *>act]izes ! blades ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic47#da7 ,! 'po9ts' are also ( f9] te*nique1 ) _! edges conv]g+ f a broad base to a well-=m$ po9t4 ,x is g5]ally assum$ t ^! 7 held 9 ! b>e h&1 b x is q z probable t !y 7 atta*$ to wood5 %afts & us$ z d>t or spe> heads4 ,by f> ! mo/ num]\s z well z ! mo/ v>i$ ( ! small] tools 7 ! racloirs1 or scrap]s1 :i* 7 develop$1 d\btless1 by ! increas+ use ( sk9s = clo?+ z a protection aga9/ ! some:at m rigor\s climate ( late ,a*eulean times4 ,probably ! wom5 ( ! tribe 7 employ$ 9 dress+ hides by means ( ^! scrap]s1 :i* 7 ei!r flat & broad ) cresc5t-%ap$ edges1 flat & n>r[1 or d\ble-edg$ ) r\nd$ ends4 ,! developm5t ( o!r f9e tools--bor]s1 small discs1 triangul> & ovaloid %apes1 m9iature c\ps de po+1 & _m v>i$ =ms besides--is be/ witness$ 9 ! /ation ( ,la ,micoque1 close to ! junction ( ! ,vzre ) ! ,dordogne4 ,^! m9iature implem5ts may well h be5 us$ 9 ! f9al dress+ ( sk9s = clo?+1 9 ! *ase ( small] k9ds ( game1 or at fea/s = splitt+ m>r[-bones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,! *ef-d'uvre ( ! ,a*eulean indu/ry is ! ,levallois flake1 :i* may h evolv$ f ! l>ge flakes ( ,*ellean times4 ,aft] ,wor?+ton ,smi?4 ,no bone implem5ts :atev] h be5 f\nd ev5 ) ^! late ,a*eulean fl9ts1 b x is important to obs]ve t ! majority ( ^! /ations are op5 & expos$ to ! wea!r & t bone implem5ts w\ld n be pres]v$ "h z !y w\ld 9 ! %elt]$ grottos & cav]ns to :i* ! fl9t work]s repair$ 9 ! ,m\/]ian & succe$+ times4 ,z reg>ds ! f9i% ( ^! fl9t implem5ts1 x is important to note t x is f9e only by comp>ison ) ! crude "w ( ! e>ly ,a*eulean or ! /ill co>s] types ( ,*ellean times & t ! v f9e/ "w ( ,a*eulean times appe>s ?ick & clumsy :5 contra/$ ) ! f9] "w ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic4 ,! *ef-d'uvre ( ! late ,a*eulean indu/ry is ! ,levallois flake1 fir/ f\nd at ,levallois-,p]ret1 ne> ,p>is1 :i* de ,mortillet believ$ to be fa%ion$ out ( a divid$ c\p de po+ ) a flat "u-side1 b :i* may h be5 evolv$ f ! v l>ge primitive flakes ( ,pre-,*ellean date4 ,^! flakes date back e>li] ?an ! ,*ellean c\p de po+ b cont9u$ 9 use aft] its inv5tion & may h be5 greatly p]fect$ into ! ,levallois type4 ,?is type ( 'c\teau' is a l>ge1 wide1 ?9 flake ( fairly symmetrical %ape1 ) a flat back =m$ by ! orig9al smoo? surface ( ! flake4 ,^! implem5ts are po9t$1 oval1 or %>ply rectangul> 9 =m & pres5t ! mo/ *>act]i/ic tool ( ! clos+ /age ( ! ,a*eulean indu/ry4 ,x is mo/ int]e/+ at ?is po9t to obs]ve ! two modes ( evolution :i* seem to p]vade all nature3 fir/1 ! gradual p]fection & modification 9 size & proportion ( a c]ta9 old] =m2 second1 ! sudd5 *ange or mutation into a new =m1 :i* 9 turn ent]s ! /age ( gradual improvem5t4 ,! late ,a*eulean is se5 to pres5t ! climax ( a gradual & unbrok5 developm5t f ! e>ly ,*ellean indu/ries & ideas2 & to our m9d ?is is /rongly sugge/ive ( a correspond+ evolution ( manual skill & m5tal developm5t 9 ! workm5 !mselves1 :o may h be5 p>tly ( ,pre-,ne&]?aloid race4 ,! next indu/rial /age1 namely1 ! ,m\/]ian1 :i* c]ta9ly pres5ts ! clos+ workman%ip ( ! ,ne&]?al race1 %[s a m>k$ retrogression ( te*nique 9 contra/ to ! /eady progression :i* we h obs]v$ up to ?is "t4 ,we h1 9 fact1 witness$ a numb] ( successive /ages ( progression1 :i* are to be foll[$ 9 ! ,m\/]ian by a /age ( retrogression4 ,su* a retrogression 9 indu/rial developm5t may = c]ta9 kn[n or unkn[n reasons occur 9 ! same race4 ,x is a notewor?y p>allel t 9 ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic1 :]e ! ,solutrean culture repres5ts ! climax & p]fection ( fl9t work+1 ! succe$+ ,magdal5ian %[s m>k$ retrogression 9 ! te*nique ( fl9t ret\*4 ,,! ,,krap9a ,,ne&]?aloids ,9 nor!rn ,croatia1 ne> ! small t[n ( ,krap9a1 9 ! valley ( ! ,krap9ica ,riv]1 is ! n[ fam\s cav]n ( ,krap9a1 :]e 9 #ahii 0 made ! f\r? discov]y ( ! rema9s ( m5 ( ! ,ne&]?aloid race 9 we/]n ,europe1 twelve ye>s aft] ! discov]y ( ! m5 ( ,spy1 9 ,belgium1 & =ty-?ree ye>s aft] ! discov]y ( ! man ( ,ne&]?al4 ,ev5 n[ op9ion is divid$ z to ! age ( ! human rema9s f\nd 9 ?is cav]n4 ,! discov]]1 ,pr(essor ,gorjanovi-,kramb]g] ( ,agram consid]$ t ! /one implem5ts & *ips 7 ( ,m\/]ian age1 & ,breuil /ill ref]s !m to ! e>ly1 or s-call$ w>m1 ,m\/]ian p]iod2 ?is op9ion is %>$ by ,d*elette4 ,s*midt1 h[ev]1 reg>ds ,krap9a z a true ,a*eulean /ation1 lack+ 9 "s ( ! typical implem5ts1 & ( ! same age z ! 'loess' /ation ( ,ehr+sdorf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,! grotto ( ,krap9a1 ov]look+ ! valley ( ! ,krap9ica ,riv]1 ne> ,krap9a1 ,croatia1 9 ,au/ria-,hung>y4 ,aft] ,kraem]4 ,! mammals f\nd 9 ! cav]n c]ta9ly belong to ! v late ,a*eulean p]iod & include ,m]ck's rh9oc]os1 ! cave-be>1 ! urus1 a species ( horse1 ! giant de] 7,megac]os71 ! beav]1 & ! m>mot 7,arctomys m>motta74 ,! cav]n 0 orig9ally wa%$ out by ! riv]1 b n[ x is #hb feet above ! pres5t wat]-level4 ,:5 f\nd x 0 completely fill$ ) s& & gravel deposits1 wea!r$ fragm5ts f ! ro( & walls1 & loose /ones & b\ld]s47#db7 ,enclos$ 9 ?is mass1 9 sep>ate /rata :i* are p]fectly di/+ui%able1 !re lay1 v>i\sly di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! diff]5t lay]s1 ?\s&s ( animal bones1 m+l$ ) hundr$s ( human bones1 & hundr$s ( /one implem5ts & *ips4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,cross-section ( ! valley trav]s$ by ! ,krap9ica ,riv] %[+ ! location ( ! grotto kn[n z ! ,krap9a recess on ! bank to ! left4 ,drawn by ,c4 ,a4 ,re$s4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahii-aije ,gorjanovi-,kramb]g] made a ?or\gh exploration ( ! cont5ts ( ?is cav]n1 & publi%$ a complete acc\nt ( 8 rese>*es 9 #aijf47dc7 ,!re 7 ab\t ?ree hundr$ pieces ( human bones1 among !m _m small fragm5ts1 also _m sizable pieces ( skull & sev]al entire limb bones p]fectly pres]v$4 ,! bones are ( a /rongly *>act]iz$ type1 & ! l[] jaws1 face bones1 bones ( ! ?igh & arm1 ! tee?1 & ! bones ( _m *ildr5 e/abli% ! ,krap9a race z belong+ unque/ionably 9 ! same gr\p ) t ( ,ne&]?al & ( ,spy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,detail %[+ ! int]ior cont5ts ( ! ,krap9a grotto be=e its excavation 9 ! ye>s #ahii to #aije4 ,aft] ,gorjanovi-,kramb]g]4 ,! skull ( ! ,krap9a man 7,fig4 #ic7 is some:at broad] or m bra*ycephalic ?an t ( any o!r memb]s ( ! ,ne&]?al race4 ,9 g5]al1 ! race is some:at dw>f$1 ( broad] head =m & ) less prom95t supraorbital processes4 ,! species is unque/ionably ,homo ne&]?al5sis1 ( :i* ! ,krap9a m5 con/itute a local race4 ,s*walbe & ,b\le obs]ve t ! great] bread? ( ! ,krap9a skull is p>tly due to ! mann] 9 :i* ! bones h be5 put toge!r17#dd7 & !y d n consid] t ! ,krap9a man repres5ts a diff]5t subrace 7,homo ne&]?al5sis krap95sis7 z held by ! discov]]4 ,! cephalic index ( "o ,krap9a skull is record$ z #hc4g p] c5t 787 z comp>$ ) #gc4i p] c5t1 ! cephalic index ( ! true ,h4 ne&]?al5sis1 a diff]5ce :i*1 z above not$1 may be p>tly due to ! re/oration4 ,! bones are 9 su* a fragm5t>y condition t x is impossible to =m a prop] e/imate ( ! bra9 capacity 9 ei!r ! males or females ( ?is race2 nor is x possible to e/imate ! /ature4 ,! space betwe5 ! eyes is ! same z 9 ! ,ne&]?al race2 ! angle ( ! retreat ( ! =ehead 7#eb7 is ne>ly ! same z 9 ! ,gibralt> female ,ne&]?al skull 7#ej71 ?is high =ehead be+ due to ! less] developm5t ( ! supraorbital ridges4 ,t ! bra9 0 ( a l[1 flat-head$ ,ne&]?al type is %[n by ! close simil>ity ( ! index ( ! height ( skull 7#db4b7 to t ( "o ( ! m5 ( ,spy 7#dd4c71 z comp>$ ) ! l[e/ index among ! exi/+ races ( m5 7#dh4i72 yet ! ,krap9a man pres5ts a consid]able advance ov] ,pi!can?ropus1 9 :i* ! index ( ! height ( skull is only #cd4b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,pr(ile view1 "r side1 ( "o ( ! skulls f ,krap9a4 ,?is skull is mu* broad] ?an t ( ! typical ,ne&]?aloid4 ,aft] ,gorjanovi-,kramb]g]4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,! jaw is m sl5d] ?an t ( ! ,heidelb]g man b is /ill ?ick & massive2 ! *9 is rec$+1 a *>act]i/ic ( all ! ,ne&]?al races4 ,! brok5 condition ( all ! human bones 9 ?is cav]n1 & ! abundant indications ( fire1 h l$ to ! *>ge t ! ,ne&]?als ( ,krap9a 7 cannibals1 & t ^! m+l$ rema9s are ! bones ( animals & m5 collect$ "h dur+ cannibali/ic fea/s4 ,aga9/ ?is supposition ,breuil obs]ves t none ( ! human bones are split l5g?wise1 z is ! usual practice :5 extract+ ! m>r[1 b !y are brok5 crosswise4 ,?is is ! only evid5ce ( su* practice t has be5 f\nd dur+ all ,paloli?ic times1 & we %\ld hesitate to accept x unless corroborat$ by o!r localities4 ,! v>i\s lay]s indicate t ! cav]n 0 successively occupi$ by man2 9 or ne> ! he>?s are f\nd /one implem5ts1 brok5 & inc9]at$ bones1 & pieces ( *>coal1 :i* may indicate t ?is grotto 0 visit$ only at int]vals1 p]haps dur+ ! cold] seasons ( ! ye>4 7#a7 ,h>l1 #aiaj4a4 7#b7 d',ault du ,mesnil1 #ahif4a1 pp4 #bhd-bif4 7#c7 ,ob]mai]1 #aiab4a1 p4 #adf4 7#d7 ,s*midt1 #aiab4a1 pp4 #aah-abf4 7#e7 ,b\le1 #ahhh4a4 7#f7 ,ob]mai]1 #aiab4a1 pp4 #cbg-cbi4 7#g7 ,haug1 #aijg4a1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cbg-cbi4 7#h7 ,geikie1 #aiad4a1 p4 #bfb4 7#i7 ,morlot1 #ahed4a4 7#aj7 ,commont1 #aijf4a4 7#aa7 ,geikie1 #aiad4a1 pp4 #ajg-aaa4 7#ab7 d',ault du ,mesnil1 op4 cit4 7#ac7 ,s*midt1 #aiab4a1 pp4 #abd1 #abe4 7#ad7 ,ob]mai]1 #aiab4a1 p4 #aah4 7#ae7 ,dawson1 #aiac4a2 #aiac4b2 #aiac4c4 7#af7 ,k5n>d1 #aiac4a4 7#ag7 ,reid1 #aiac4a4 7#ah7 ,dawson1 #aiac4a1 p4 #abc2 #aiad4a1 pp4 #hb-hf4 7#ai7 ,kei?1 ,a41 #aiac4a2 #aiac4b2 #aiac4c4 7#bj7 ,smi?1 ,g4 ,e41 #aiac4a2 #aiac4b2 #aiac4c2 #aiac4d4 7#ba7 ,b\le1 #aiac4a1 pp4 #bde1 #bdf4 7#bb7 ,s*walbe1 #aiad4a1 p4 #fjc4 7#bc7 ,osborn1 #aiaj4a1 pp4 #djd-dji4 7#bd7 ,ew>t1 #aijd4a2 #aijg4a2 #aiji4a4 7#be7 ,ob]mai]1 #aiab4a1 p4 #abj4 7#bf7 de ,mortillet1 #ahfi4a4 7#bg7 ,ob]mai]1 op4 cit41 p4 #aaf4 7#bh7 ,lyell1 #ahfc4a1 p4 #afd4 7#bi7 ,geikie1 #aiad4a1 pp4 #aai1 #bfc1 #bfd4 7#cj7 ,s*midt1 #aiab4a1 pp4 #abe1 #abf4 7#ca7 ,geikie1 op4 cit41 p4 #bbh4 7#cb7 ,avebury1 #aiac4a1 p4 #cdb1 ,fig4 #bcf4 7#cc7 ,s*midt1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ag-aje4 7#cd7 ,breuil1 #aiab4e1 p4 #ad4 7#ce7 ,ob]mai]1 #aiab4a1 p4 #afd4 7#cf7 ,ob]mai]1 op4 cit41 pp4 #abd1 #abe1 #abg1 #acj4 7#cg7 ,commont1 #aijh4a4 7#ch7 ,d*elette1 #aijh4a1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #hj-ij4 7#ci7 ,geikie1 #aiad4a1 p4 #bee4 7#dj7 ,hilzheim]1 #aiac4a1 p4 #ade4 7#da7 ,ob]mai]1 #aiab4a1 p4 #abg4 7#db7 ,fis*]1 #aiac4a4 7#dc7 ,gorjanovi-,kramb]g]1 #aija4a2 #aijc4a2 #aijf4a4 7#dd7 ,s*walbe1 #aiad4a1 p4 #eig4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,close ,,( ,,! ,,?ird ,,int]glacial1 ,,temp]ate1 ,,& ,,arid ,,climate1 ,,a*eulean ,,indu/ry--,,adv5t ,,( ,,! ,,f\r? ,,glaciation1 ,,pr(\nd ,,*anges ,,9 ,,animal ,,& ,,plant ,,life--,,! ,,arctic ,,tundra ,,p]iod ,,( ,,mammalian ,,& ,,plant ,,life--,,*>act]s ,,( ,,! ,,ne&]?al ,,race1 ,,( ,,_! ,,m\/]ian ,,fl9t ,,indu/ry--,,suppos$ ,,causes ,,( ,,ext9ction ,,or ,,disp]sal ,we n[ rea* a prolong$ & important /age 9 ! prehi/ory ( ,europe1 namely1 ! p]iod ( ! f\r? glaciation1 ( ! f9al developm5t ( ! ,ne&]?al race ( man1 ( ! ,m\/]ian indu/ry1 ( ! beg9n+s ( cave life1 ( ! *ase ( ! re9de]1 & its use = food & clo?+4 ,9 all ,europe ! ,a*eulean indu/ry appe>s to h come to a close dur+ a p]iod ( arid climate1 w>m 9 "s p>ts ( we/]n ,europe & cool or ev5 cold 9 o!rs4 ,! seasonal v>iations may well h be5 extreme1 z on ! /eppes ( s\!rn ,russia1 :]e exce$+ly hot summ]s may be foll[$ by int5sely cold w9t]s1 ) high w9ds & sn[-/orms de/ructive ( life4 ,x is ?is seasonal alt]nation1 z well z ! recurr5ce1 ei!r seasonal or secul>1 ( mild] climate1 :i* expla9s ! survival or return ( ! ,asiatic fauna ev5 aft] ! close ( ! ,a*eulean indu/ry & :5 ! ,m\/]ian indu/ry 0 well advanc$4 ,f deposits f\nd at ,grimaldi1 9 ! ,grotte des ,enfants & 9 ! ,grotte du ,pr9ce1 x has long be5 said t m5 ( e>ly ,m\/]ian times liv$ contempor>y ) ! hippopotamus1 ! /raight-tusk$ elephant1 & ,m]ck's rh9oc]os 9 ! g5ial climate ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,rivi]a4 ,m rec5tly ! same animals h be5 f\nd z f> nor? z ! ,somme valley 9 ! 'riv]-drifts' ( ,montires-les-,ami5s47#a7 ,"h1 aga91 we f9d rema9s ( ! hippopotamus1 ! /raight-tusk$ elephant1 & its companion1 ,m]ck's rh9oc]os1 9 ,m\/]ian deposits1 a surpris+ discov]y1 because x _h always be5 suppos$ t a cold climatic p]iod _h set 9 all ov] we/]n ,europe ev5 be=e ! close ( ! ,a*eulean culture4 ,b !re is also evid5ce ( a temp]ate climate /ill prevail+ 9 ! ,?ames valley 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,m\/]ian 'floors4'7#b7 ,aga91 along ! ,vzre valley1 ,dordogne1 we f9d t at ! /ation ( ,la ,micoque1 :]e ! indu/ry m>ks ! transition betwe5 late ,a*eulean & e>ly ,m\/]ian times1 ,m]ck's rh9oc]os is f\nd 9 ! l[e/ lay]s associat$ ) rema9s ( ! moose 7,alces74 ,!re is evid5ce t ,m]ck's rh9oc]os & ! /raight-tusk$ elephant l+]$ 9 we/]n ,europe dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( ! e>ly developm5t ( ! ,m\/]ian indu/ry4 ,z obs]v$ above1 ^! animals 7 h>di] ?an ! s\!rn mammo?1 :i* 0 ! fir/ ( ! ,asiatic mammals to disappe>1 soon to be foll[$ by its companion1 ! hippopotamus4 ,ev5 aft] ! adv5t ( ! closely associat$ tundra pair1 ! woolly mammo? & ! woolly rh9oc]os1 ,m]ck's rh9oc]os p]si/s1 z1 = example1 9 ! deposits ( ,rixdorf1 ne> ,b]l91 :]e ?is anci5t type occurs 9 ! same deposits ) ! woolly mammo?1 ! woolly rh9oc]os1 ! re9de]1 & ! musk-ox1 z well z ) ! =e/ =ms1 ! moose1 /ag1 wolf1 & =e/ horse4 ,! extreme nor!rn latitude ( ?is deposit expla9s ! abs5ce ( ! /raight-tusk$ elephant1 :i* may at ! "t h be5 liv+ f>!r to ! s\?4 ,! same m+l+ ( s\? & nor? ,asiatic mammals is f\nd at ,/e9heim1 9 ! valley ( ! ,murr1 "s degrees to ! we/ & s\? ( ,rixdorf1 n f> f ,gtt+51 :]e we f9d ,m]ck's rh9oc]os7#c7 & ! /raight-tusk$ elephant 9 association ) ! woolly mammo?1 ! woolly rh9oc]os1 ! giant de]1 & ! re9de]4 ,?us ! ,ne&]?al races 7 ent]+ ! ,m\/]ian /age ( culture dur+ ! close ( ! ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age & dur+ ! e>ly p]iod ( ! advance ( ! ice-fields f ! great c5tres 9 ,sc&9avia & ! ,alps4 ,z ^! ice-fields sl[ly approa*$ ea* o!r f ! nor? & f ! s\? a v great p]iod ( "t mu/ h elaps$ dur+ :i* all ! s\? ,asiatic mammals ab&on$ we/]n ,europe or became ext9ct1 ) ! exception ( ! lions & hynas1 :i* became well fitt$ to ! v sev]e climate t prevail$ ov] ,europe dur+ ! f\r? glaciation1 & ev5 dur+ ! long ,po/glacial ,/age :i* ensu$4 ,! l>ge c>nivora readily become ?or\ghly adapt$ to cold climates1 z !y subsi/ on animal life :]ev] x may be f\nd2 tig]s ( ! same /ock z ^? ( ,india h be5 f\nd z f> nor? z ! riv] ,l5a1 9 latitude #eb #be'1 :]e ! climate is cold] ?an t ( ,petrograd or ( ,/ockholm1 :ile ! lion ?rove 9 ! cold atmosph]e ( ! upp] ,atlas range4 ,?us ! cave-lion 7,felis leo spela7 & ! cave-hyna 7,h4 crocuta spela7 d\btless evolv$ an und]coat+ ( fur z well z an ov]coat+ ( long hair1 l ! tundra mammals4 ,9 size ! lion ( ?is p]iod 9 ,france (t5 equall$ & sometimes surpass$ its exi/+ relatives1 ! ,african & we/ ,asiatic lion2 x frequ5tly figures 9 ! art ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic arti/s & surviv$ 9 we/]n ,europe to ! v close ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic times4 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,glaciation ,p5ck7#d7 has e/imat$ t ! fir/ maximum ( ! f\r? glaciation 9 ! ,alps 0 rea*$ #dj1jjj ye>s ago1 & t aft] ! recession p]iod ! second maximum end$ n less ?an #bj1jjj ye>s ago4 ,?is w\ld ext5d ! ,m\/]ian indu/ry ov] a v long p]iod ( "t1 = !re c be no d\bt t ! ,m\/]ian culture 0 practically contemporane\s ) ! f\r? glaciation1 ev5 if a brief] p]iod ( "t %\ld be allott$ to ?is great natural ev5t4 ,! f\r? glaciation1 l ! fir/1 is believ$ to h be5 contemporane\s 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica17#e7 a fact :i* is ( especial importance to ,am]ican an?ropologi/s 9 connection ) ! "q ( ! date ( arrival ( primitive man 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 bo? c\ntries ! glaciation rea*$ an e>ly maximum1 :i* 0 foll[$ by a p]iod ( recession ( ! ice-fields1 a "t dur+ :i* a some:at m temp]ate climate prevail$1 b ?is 9 turn gave way to a second advance ( z great sev]ity z ! fir/4,,ae ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,europe dur+ ! ext5sion ( ! ice-fields & glaci]s ( ! ,f\r? ,glacial ,/age4 ,?is is also suppos$ to h be5 a p]iod ( l& depression & ( ext5sion ( ! inl& seas ( s\!rn ,europe4 ,brita9 0 probably connect$ ) ,france4 ,! ice-cov]$ areas 9 we/]n ,europe & ,brita9 7 f> m limit$ ?an dur+ ! ,?ird ,glacial ,/age1 yet ! climate appe>s to h be5 m sev]e ?an at any previ\s p]iod4 ,= ! sn[-level comp>e ,fig4 #ac4 ,drawn by ,c4 ,a4 ,re$s aft] ,geikie & ,de ,ge]4 ,9 ! nor?1 ,sc&9avia & ,f9l& 7 aga9 en%r\d$ 9 ice1 & a great m] de glace occupi$ ! bas9 ( ! ,baltic ,sea1 s5d+ its t]m9al mora9es into ,d5m>k & ,s*leswig-,hol/e9 & ov] ! nor!rn prov9ces ( ,g]many1 b ?is great ice-field did n aga9 become conflu5t ) t ( ,great ,brita947#g7 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! f\r? glaciation l>ge glaci]s desc5d$ ov] ! ,scotti% m\nta9 valleys & fill$ _m ( !m ev5 to ! sea2 ! coa/ subsid$ at lea/ #acj feet 9 ?is region4 ,9 s\!rn ,brita9 along ! valley ( ! ,?ames !re spread an arctic flora1 ) ! pol> will[ 7,salix pol>is7 & ! dw>f bir* 7,betula gl&ulosa72 an arctic plant b$ has also be5 discov]$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,lea4 ,?us ! tundra climate ext5d$ f ! ,scotti% l[l&s to ! s\? ( ,engl&1 ! l& be+ bleak & almo/ treeless47#h7 ,?is1 we believe1 0 also ! p]iod ( ! arctic flora at ,hoxne1 ,suffolk1 & ( ! arctic plant b$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,?ames4 ,at ?is "t ! valley 0 frequ5t$ by ! re9de]1 ! woolly rh9oc]os1 & ! mammo?1 ^: rema9s are entomb$ 9 ! l[-level alluvia swept d[n f ! sides ( ! valley1 s t ! rema9s ( ?is arctic fauna may 9 places actually ov]lie ^? ( ! m deeply buri$ & f> m anci5t w>m ,asiatic fauna ( ,*ellean times4 ,l ! ,somme1 ! ,?ames7#i7 0 !n f #aj to #be feet bel[ its pres5t level1 ! bottom hav+ s9ce silt$ up ) alluvial soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,! two l>ge tundra mammals1 ! woolly rh9oc]os 7upp]71 drawn f ! "w ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic arti/s & f ! specim5 discov]$ at ,/>unia1 9 ,galicia1 ,au/ria2 & ! woolly mammo? 7l[]74 ,^! h>dy animals gradually replac$ ! ,african-,asiatic pair1 ,m]ck's rh9oc]os & ! /raight-tusk$ elephant4 ,drawn by ,erw9 ,s4 ,*ri/man4 ,"o-sixtie? life size4 ,?is 0 ! p]iod ( ! deposition ( ! 'upp] drift' ov] ! nor? ,g]man l[l&s1 ! ,alps1 & nor!rn ,engl&1 also ( ! e>ly & late ,wiscons91 or 'upp] drift1' :i* spreads v widely ov] ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 f ,wiscons9 s\?w>d & ea/w>d to ! latitude ( ,new ,york4 ,! gravels & s&s ( "s ( ! 'l[e/ t]races' 7 also deposit$4 ,,mammalian ,,life ,,( ,,m\/]ian ,,times ,! ?ree successive phases ( climate & environm5t surr\nd+ ! ,ne&]?al m5 dur+ ! p]iod ( ! developm5t ( ! ,m\/]ian indu/ry1 7 9 desc5d+ ord] z foll[s3 #c4 ,extreme ,cold ,climate ( ! ,la/ ,great ,glacial ,advance4 ,p]iod ( ! late ,m\/]ian indu/ry ( ,la ,qu9a4 ,spread ( all ! arctic & tundra mammals ov] we/]n ,europe1 includ+ ! musk-ox2 migrations ( ! obi & b&$ lemm+ ( ! extreme nor?4 ,life & indu/ry ( ! ,ne&]?al races1 *iefly 9 ! %elt]s1 grottos1 & entrances to ! cav]ns4 #b4 ,cold ,moi/ ,climate4 ,p]iod ( ! middle or 'full ,m\/]ian' indu/ry ( ! ,ne&]?al races4 ,appe>ance ( ! tundra life1 includ+ well-protect$ mammals & birds f ! arctic region1 also desc5t ( ! ,alp9e types to ! foot-hills & riv] bord]s4 ,fir/ =]unn]s ( ! /eppe life2 ! full ,eurasiatic =e/ & field life widely spread ov] ,europe4 ,life & indu/ry *iefly 9 ! %elt]s1 grottos1 & entrances to ! cav]ns4 ,re9de] v abundant4 #a4 ,w>m or ,cool ,arid ,climate4 ,transition f ! ,a*eulean to ! e>ly ,m\/]ian culture1 z obs]v$ 9 ! /ations ( ,la ,micoque & ( ,combe-,capelle4 ,! s-call$ 'w>m ,m\/]ian' fauna1 includ+ ! surviv+ hippopotamus1 ,m]ck's rh9oc]os1 & ! /raight-tusk$ elephant 9 nor!rn & s\!rn ,france2 h]ds ( bison1 cattle1 & wild horses 9 s\?we/]n ,france4 ,tribal life1 ) ! indu/ry p>tly 9 op5 /ations1 p>tly "u %elt]+ cliffs4 ,?is is ! beg9n+ ( ! ',re9de] ,p]iod1' = ?is migrant f ,sc&9avia1 ) its companions ( ! nor!a/]n tundras1 ! woolly mammo? & ! rh9oc]os1 w&]$ sl[ly s\?w>d be=e ! advanc+ ,sc&9avian ice-fields1 :i* 7 greatly augm5t$ by ! increas+ly cold & moi/ climate4 ,?us ^! animals are f\nd 9 ! nor? ) fl9ts ( ! ,m\/]ian culture be=e !y appe> 9 ! m g5ial region ( ,dordogne4 ,9 ! some:at old] ,a*eulean-,m\/]ian /ation ( ,la ,micoque1 along ! ,vzre1 ! fire-he>?s conta9 almo/ exclusively ! rema9s ( horses & relatively few rema9s ( bison & wild cattle1 b no re9de]4 ,a fireplace ne> ! /ation ( ,combe-,capelle yields num]\s rema9s ( ! bison1 only a few ( ! horse1 & ! fir/ ( ! re9de]4 ,be=e ! appe>ance ( ! re9de] 9 ! valley ( ! ,vzre we may picture ! mead[-l&s z cov]$ ) bison & wild horses1 ! latt] ( ! type :i* is n[ *>act]i/ic ( ! high plateaus ( c5tral ,asia1 :ile ! bison ( ! p]iod appe>s to be m simil> to ! ,am]ican buffalo ?an to ! surviv+ ,european =m4 ,gradually ! tundra animals spread t[>d ! s\? ) ! cold climate :i* = ! fir/ "t swept all ov] we/]n ,europe4 ,! :ole aspect ( ! c\ntry sl[ly *ang$ ) ! approa* ( ! re9de]1 & ! nor!rn flora ( ! spruce1 ! fir1 & ! arctic will[ clad ! m %elt]$ riv]-valleys & hillsides1 :ile ! plateaus & fields 7 p>tly or :olly de=e/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4 ,typical tundra fauna4 ,gradually ! tundra animals press$ t[>d ! s\? ) ! cold climate :i* = ! fir/ "t swept all ov] we/]n ,europe4 ,! wolv]5e1 ,gulo luscus borealis2 ! b>r5-gr\nd re9de]1 ,rangif] t>&us 7drawn f ! liv+ type72 ! arctic fox1 ,canis lagopus2 ! musk-ox1 ,ovibos mos*atus2 & ! b&$ lemm+1 ,myodes torquatus4 ,"o-tw5ty-fif? life size4 ,! lemm+ 7,a7 is also %[n "o-sev5? life size4 ,drawn by ,erw9 ,s4 ,*ri/man4 ,?us ! c\ntry became adapt$ *iefly to ! tundra types ( mammals2 & 9 ! middle ,m\/]ian /rata ^! h]ds1 newly migrat$ f ! f> nor? & f ! nor!a/]n /eppes bord]+ ! ,obi ,riv]1 l>gely outnumb] ! /eppe =ms1 :i* are limit$ to two or ?ree species4 ,( ^! ! pr9cipal types are ! /eppe horse1 relat$ to ! ,przewalski horse n[ liv+ 9 ! des]t ( ,gobi1 ! /eppe suslik 7,sp]mophilus rufesc5s71 & ! /eppe gr\se1 or moor-h54 ,! m *>act]i/ic =ms ( /eppe life1 su* z ! saiga antelope1 ! j]boa1 & ! kiang1 7 all lat] arrivals & did n appe> until aft] ! close ( ! ,m\/]ian indu/ry & ! disappe>ance ( ! ,ne&]?al race4 ,?is 0 due to ! fact t ! climate surr\nd+ ! ,ne&]?al race 9 ,m\/]ian times 0 cold & moi/1 ) heavy ra9falls 9 summ] & sn[-/orms 9 w9t]1 a climate ?or\ghly suit$ to ! arctic tundra mammals ) _! heavy cov]+ ( hair act+ z a ra9 %$ & ! und]coat+ ( wool protect+ !m 9 ! mo/ sev]e wea!r4 ,! mammal life dur+ ! f\r? glaciation1 z x spread into ! middle ,rh9e & ,we/phalian region1 is fully record$ 9 ! 'loess' deposits ( ,a*5heim & 9 ! fam\s grotto ( ,sirg5/e91 on ! upp] ,danube1 ly+ nor?we/ ( ,muni*1 :]e1 toge!r ) traces ( ! mo/ primitive ,m\/]ian indu/ry1 are f\nd rema9s ( ! mammo?1 ! bison1 ! re9de]1 a species ( wild horse1 & ! cave-be>4 ,foll[+ ^! mammals !re is a record 9 ! same deposit ( ! arrival ( ! ,obi lemm+1 f nor!rn ,russia4 ,! fact t only sev5 ,m\/]ian /ations are kn[n 9 all ,g]many1 or eight if we include ! site ( ! ,ne&]?al burial1 may be acc\nt$ = by ! relatively close proximity ( ! great ,sc&9avian glaci] on ! nor?1 :i* 0 only #cej miles di/ant f ! great ,alp9e glaci] on ! s\?4 ,to ! ea/ 7 ! pla9s ( ,bohemia & ! va/ l[l& region /ret*+ nor!a/w>d to ! tundras & ea/w>d to ! /eppes1 ?r\gh :i* came ! great migrations ( tundra & /eppe life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,! sev5 ,m\/]ian /ations ( ,g]many lay betwe5 ! ,sc&9avian glaci] 7,,iv7 on ! nor? & ! ,alp9e glaci] 7,,iv7 on ! s\? 7dott$ areas74 ,!y include ! grottos ( ,sirg5/e91 ,irpfelhhle1 & ,rub]hhle1 along ! valley ( ! ,danube2 ,k>t/e9 & ,bu*5lo*1 ne> ! middle ,rh9e1 & ,baumann%hle1 s\? ( ,hanov]2 also ! op5 loess /ation ( ,momm5heim4 ,! ,m\/]ian grotto ( ,wildkir*li1 9 ,switz]l&1 lay )9 ! limits ( ! ,alp9e ice-fields2 & ! burial at ,ne&]?al1 ne> ,dsseldorf1 0 probably ( ,m\/]ian age4 ,aft] ,r4 ,r4 ,s*midt1 modifi$ & r$rawn4 ,,geographic ,,& ,,climatic ,,environm5t ,,( ,,! ,,ne&]?al ,,race ,let u fir/ glance at ,dordogne4 ,among ! /ations ( ! e>ly ,m\/]ian indu/ry we h se5 t ! ,ne&]?als 9 ! valley ( ! ,vzre1 at ,la ,micoque1 7 9 ! mid/ ( a fauna *iefly compos$ ( ! bison & ( ! wild horse1 ! rema9s f\nd 9 ! he>?s be+ almo/ exclusively ( ! latt] animal4,,af ,9 ! primitive ,m\/]ian /ation ( ,combe-,capelle ne> by ! fire-he>?s yield rema9s ( ! bison b only a few ( ! horse4 ,among ! e>lie/ caves inhabit$ by man7#aj7 0 t ( ,le ,m\/i]1 situat$ on ! "r bank ( ! ,vzre1 & ab\t #ij feet above x4 ,?is %elt] & cave 7 exam9$ z e>ly z #ahfj-c by ,l>tet7#aa7 & ,*ri/y & subsequ5tly by de ,vibraye17#ab7 ,massnat17#ac7 & o!rs4 ,besides ! deposits 9 ! floor ( ! grotto !re1 a deep ,m\/]ian culture lay] has be5 f\nd "u ! cliff 9 front1 & ?is has be5 select$ = our repres5tation ( ! life ( ! m5 ( ,m\/]ian times1 & ( ! flora ( ! ,vzre 9 ?is e>ly p]iod 7see frontispiece74 ,peyrony obs]ves t1 "h z else:]e1 ! old] & l[] indu/rial camps 7 f>!r away f ! %elt]s2 inde$1 9 ?is v region !re are evid5ces t ! ,*ellean & ,a*eulean fl9t work]s occasionally visit$ ! plateaus above2 b z "t pass$ & ! wea!r became m sev]e ! ,ne&]?als began to "w ne>] to ! ov]hang+ cliffs & f9ally directly b5ea? !m4 ,at ?is classic /ation ( ,le ,m\/i]1 "o ( ! mo/ complete skeletons ( ,ne&]?al man 0 une>!d by ,haus]1 9 #aijh4 ,!re 0 a cont9u\s resid5ce "h 9 middle & upp] ,m\/]ian times1 ext5d+ into ! l[] ,aurignacian ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic4 ,! contempor>y fauna 9 ^! deposits includ$ ! mammo?1 ! re9de]1 ! giant de] 7,megac]os71 ! horse1 ! bison1 ! woolly rh9oc]os1 & ! cave-be>4 ,dur+ ! habitation ( ?is typical /ation by man ! climate 0 v cold & damp4 ,9 ?is region is f\nd ! complete record ( ! c\rse ( ,m\/]ian evolution1 bo? 9 ! implem5ts & 9 ! adv5t ( new =ms ( life2 ! numb] ( re9de] gradually increases 9 ! asc5d+ lay]s ) ! developm5t ( ! ,m\/]ian indu/ry4 ,!re is a con/ant gradation f ! ,a*eulean into ! ,m\/]ian indu/rial types2 accord+ to ,c>tailhac1 ?is indu/ry is all ! "w ( ! same p1 ) no %>p l9es ( division4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4 ,! type /ation ( ,le ,m\/i]1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,vzre1 ,dordogne4 ,! culture lay] is on ! middle t]race1 ov]look+ ! hamlet ( ,le ,m\/i]4 7,comp>e frontispiece1 ,pl4 ,i47 ,photograph by ,belvs4 ,?us at ,combe-,capelle1 :]e ! db ( ! true ,m\/]ian culture took place1 we f9d a numb] ( l>ge c\ps de po+1 po9t+ back to ! e>ly ,a*eulean implem5ts4 ,! gradations :i* are exhibit$ "h 9 ^! successive lay]s are q 9 contra/ to ! advance ( ! indu/ry at ! close ( ,m\/]ian times 9 ! v same locality1 :]e !re is an abrupt cultural transition t[>d ! ,aurignacian4 ,s\!rn ,brita9 tells ( a simil> sequ5ce1 :i* we may int]pret z foll[s4 ,belong+ ei!r to ! temp]ate climate ( e>ly ,m\/]ian times1 or to ! p]iod ( ! recession ( ! f\r? glaciation1 kn[n 9 ! ,alps z ! ,lauf5s*wankung1 are ! ,m\/]ian /ations along ! ,lea & ne> ! m\? ( ! ,?ames at ,cray=d 7,wor?+ton ,smi?17#ad7 ,geikie7#ae774 ,^! ,paloli?ic 'floors' ( ,m\/]ian times are buri$ b5ea? #d to #e feet ( s& & loam & re/ ^u ! surface ( old] riv]-gravels4 ,among ! lat] riv] deposits sev]al old l& surfaces h be5 discov]$2 !y consi/ ( a few in*es ( angul> gravel1 cr[d$ 9 places ) unabrad$ implem5ts & flakes :i* obvi\sly occur j :]e !y 7 left by ,paloli?ic workm54 ,at "o po9t !re is evid5ce t ! fl9t mak] squatt$ ov] 8 "w1 ) 8 knees slightly ap>t1 = ! *ips are ?r[n to ! "r & left 9 small piles4 ,"h & !re1 mix$ ) ^! ,m\/]ian implem5ts1 are m ar*aic =ms :i* may h be5 drift$ d[n f ! old] l& surfaces above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,excavations ( ! ,m\/]ian culture lay] "u ! cliff ( ,le ,m\/i]4 ,photograph by ,n4 ,c4 ,nelson4 ,"o su* floor has be5 trac$ by ,wor?+ton ,smi?7#af7 ?r\gh ,middlesex & on bo? sides ( ! ,?ames4 ,plant rema9s occur pl5tifully on ?is old l& surface1 includ+ impressions ( portions ( leaves1 /ems ( grass1 ru%es1 & s$ges4 ,! bir*1 ald]1 p9e1 yew1 elm1 & hazel h be5 recogniz$4 ,! common male f]n is ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 :ile ! royal f]n 7,osmunda regalis7 is f\nd 9 pr(usion4 ,^u ! :ole1 ?is assemblage ( plants indicates a temp]ate climate4 ,! fl9ts describ$ & figur$ by ,wor?+ton ,smi? are ei!r ( ! late ,a*eulean ',levallois flake' type or else ( e>ly ,m\/]ian age4 ,?is writ]7#ag7 notes ! great numb] ( in/rum5ts kn[n z trimm$ flakes1 :i* are f\nd on ! ,paloli?ic 'floor'2 ^! are flakes ( l>ge size1 trimm$ to an implem5t-l =m on "o side1 :ile ! o!r side is left p]fectly pla92 ! examples are rem>kably con/ant to "o =m4 ,! type ( implem5t "h describ$ resembles ! flakes ( ,levallois or ,combe-,capelle1 or ev5 ! typical 'po9t' f ,le ,m\/i]4 ,su* flakes1 %ap$ into ! ,m\/]ian =ms ( racloir1 or scrap]1 are v common 9 ! gravels ( ! ,lea & ( ! ,?ames4 ,:ile ! rema9s ( ! woolly mammo? are f\nd "h1 !re are also indications ( ! pres5ce ( a well-m>k$ temp]ate flora4 ,^! high-level 'riv]-drifts' along ! ,?ames7#ah7 7 c]ta9ly deposit$ :5 ! climatic conditions 7 temp]ate1 b !y are succe$$ by deposits indicat+ a r5ew$ cold p]iod1 :i* may repres5t ! cold 'full ,m\/]ian' times ( ! ,l[] ,paloli?ic habitation ( ! ,?ames4 ,"h we f9d ! rem>kable %eets ( contort$ 'drift' attributable to ! movem5ts ( ! froz5 soil & subsoil :5 expos$ to ! heat ( ! summ] sun4 ,at ! same "t !re may h be5 deposit$ along ! ,?ames ! alluvial loams & gravels1 occasionally conta9+ /ones & rocks1 :i* 7 br\ght d[n by ice-rafts2 ^! l[-level gravels are n to be confus$ ) ! und]ly+ 'old riv]-gravels' :i* conta9 ! w>m temp]ate hippopotamus fauna1 = !y 7 accumulat$ "u v cold conditions2 !y yield rema9s ( ! woolly rh9oc]os & ( ! mammo?4 ,?us1 on ! high levels ( ! ,?ames z well z on ! l[ levels we f9d evid5ces ( ! human culture & ( ! ext9ct fauna ( ! p]iod ( ! f\r? great glaciation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,m\/]ian cav]n ( ,wildkir*li4 ,aft] ,b*l]4 ,entrances indicat$ at #a1 #b1 & #c1 9 ! side ( ! lime/one cliff4 ,"h1 at a height ( #d1ejj feet above sea-level1 ,b*l] discov]$ pro(s ( occupation by ,m\/]ian man 9 ! v he>t ( ! ,alp9e ice-fields ( ! ,f\r? ,glacial ,/age4 ,! upp] wat]s ( ! ,rh9e & ,danube 7 also frequ5t$ by late ,a*eulean & e>ly ,m\/]ian fl9t work]s4 ,at a po9t f> di/ant f s\!rn ,engl& !re is ! cav]n ( ,wildkir*li on ! ,santis ,m\nta9s1 ne> ,app5zell1 9 ,switz]l&2 9 ,m\/]ian times ?is 0 9 ! v he>t ( ! nor? ,alp9e ice-field4 ,! animal life "h may indicate t ?is cav]n 0 op5 dur+ ! p]iod ( recession betwe5 ! two great advances ( ! f\r? glaciation4 ,"h1 at a height ( #d1ejj feet1 ,b*l]7#ai7 betwe5 #aijc-f1 discov]$ pro(s ( occupation by ,ne&]?al man dur+ ,m\/]ian times2 ! fl9ts are n well =m$2 ! pres5ce ( crude bone implem5ts may po9t to late ,m\/]ian times2 b ! fl9ts are consid]$ by ,b*l] to be ( ! same /age z ^? ( ,le ,m\/i]4 ,x is ass]t$ t :5 ! ,ne&]?als foll[$ ! *ase "h ! climate 0 m g5ial1 because ! animals f\nd include ! /ag1 ,alp9e wolf 7,cyon alp9us fossilis71 cave-be>1 cave-lion1 cave-leop>d 7,felis p>dus spela71 badg]1 m>t51 & ott]1 toge!r ) ! typical ,alp9e =ms1 ! ibex1 *amois1 & m>mot4 ,b ?is fauna alone c h>dly be tak5 z pro( ( a temp]ate climate1 = at ?is ,alp9e height we %\ld n expect to discov] ! tundra life ( ! p]iod2 9 fact1 x is entirely abs5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,entrance to ! grotto ( ,sirg5/e94 ,aft] ,r4 ,r4 ,s*midt4 ,( all ! /ations along ! ,danube by f> ! mo/ important is t ( ,sirg5/e9 444 :i* 0 fir/ occupi$ by ! ,ne&]?als 9 e>ly ,m\/]ian times & cont9u$ to be visit$ by ! ,l[] & ,upp] ,paloli?ic m5 until ! v close ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic4 ,( all ! /ations along ! ,danube1 by f> ! mo/ important is t ( ,sirg5/e91 ly+ betwe5 ! mod]n cities ( ,nuremb]g & ,augsburg1 :i* 0 fir/ occupi$ by ! ,ne&]?als 9 e>ly ,m\/]ian times & cont9u$ to be visit$ by ! ,l[] & ,upp] ,paloli?ic m5 until ! v close ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic4 ,! cont9u\s section ( animal life & ( human culture :i* ?is rem>kable cav]n yields af=d$ ,s*midt17#bj7 :o began 8 rese>*es "h 9 ! spr+ ( #aijf1 a key to ! prehi/ory ( all ! eighte5 cav]ns 9 ! region ( ! upp] ,danube & upp] ,rh9e4 ,9 ,sirg5/e9 ! primitive ,m\/]ian culture ( ! e>ly ,ne&]?als 0 f\nd1 toge!r ) rema9s ( ! mammo?1 bison1 re9de]1 a species ( wild horse1 & ! cave-be>2 ?is ,m\/]ian indu/ry clos$ ) a record ( ! arrival 9 ?is region ( ! ,obi lemm+ f nor!rn ,russia4 ,lat] on ! ,cr-,magnon race ( ,aurignacian times left on ! floor ( ! cav]n rema9s ( _! fl9t indu/ry & ( _! fea/s1 includ+ ! bones ( ! woolly rh9oc]os1 mammo?1 /ag1 & re9de]4 ,dur+ ,upp] ,paloli?ic ,solutrean times ! cav]n 0 n occupi$2 b e>ly 9 ,magdal5ian times x 0 aga9 inhabit$ by man1 & co9cid5t ) 8 return is ! arrival ( a great migration ( ! b&$ lemm+ 7,myodes torquatus7 f ! arctic tundras ( ! nor?4 ,f9ally1 t[>d ! end ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic1 9 late ,magdal5ian times1 ano!r climatic transition is indicat$ by ! appe>ance ( ! pika1 or tailless h>e 7,lagomys pusillus74 ,dur+ ! ,bronze ,age ?is favorite grotto 0 aga9 ent]$1 & x 0 also inhabit$ dur+ a portion ( ! ,iron ,age4 ,! dbris ( ^! v>i\s cultures1 he>?s1 & deposits ( cave loam rea* a total ?ickness ( #h-a_/b feet & m>k ,sirg5/e9 z fir/ 9 rank among ! ,paloli?ic /ations ( ,g]many4 ,,types ,,& ,,migrations ,,( ,,! ,,mammals ,,hunt$ ,,by ,,! ,,ne&]?als ,?is is ! life ( ! p]iod ( ! f\r? glaciation1 :5 a v cold & moi/ climate prevail$ all ov] we/]n ,europe z f> s\? z nor!rn ,spa9 & nor!rn ,italy4 ,:ile ! glacial fields 7 n s ext5sive z dur+ ! ?ird or ! second glaciation1 ! climate 0 v sev]e1 z indicat$ by ! s\?w>d migration n only ( ! arctic flora b ( ! mammals & birds ( ! tundra region bord]+ ! s\!rn %ores ( ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,two or ?ree =ms f ! cold /eppes ( nor!rn ,russia also f\nd _! way into we/]n ,europe1 b ?is 0 di/9ctly n a /eppe p]iod because ( ! prevail+ moi/ure ( ! climate2 9 place ( ! we/]ly w9ds & great du/ cl\ds ( clos+ ,a*eulean times1 cold mi/s & cl\ds heavy ) moi/ure swept ov] ! c\ntry1 :i* dur+ ! w9t]s 0 at times buri$ 9 sn[1 & subject to rapid *anges ( temp]ature4 ,^! climatic,,ag conditions appe> to be demon/rat$ by ! pr$om9ance ( ! arctic tundra life1 mammals :i* 7 adapt$ only to sev]e wea!r & attract$ by ! nor!rn flora4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,v4 ,! ,ne&]?al man ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 inhabit+ ! ,dordogne region ( c5tral ,france 9 ,m\/]ian times4 ,antiquity e/imat$ z betwe5 #dj1jjj & #be1jjj ye>s4 ,aft] ! re/oration modell$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,= ! bodily proportions ( ?is hunt+ race comp>e ! frontispiece1 ,pl4 ,i4 ,! summ]s 7 und\bt$ly w>m l ! pres5t ,arctic summ]s1 b v mu* long] 9 ^! s\!rly latitudes4 ,x is n improbable t !re 7 seasonal migrations1 nor?w>d & s\?w>d1 ( ! mammo?s1 rh9oc]oses1 & re9de]1 & also t ! nor!rn fl9t qu>ries along ! ,somme & ! ,m>ne may h be5 visit$ *iefly dur+ ! w>m summ] season4 ,! ,asiatic mammals _h entirely disappe>$ f ! regions ( ,france & ,g]many dur+ ! fir/ maximum ( ! f\r? glaciation1 b !re are "s :o ma9ta9 t dur+ ! amelioration ( climate t foll[$1 an int]val 9 ! ,alp9e region t]m$ ! ,lauf5s*wankung by ,p5ck1 ! /raight-tusk$ elephant & ,m]ck's rh9oc]os aga9 migrat$ into nor!rn ,france4 ,x is true t occasionally we f9d ! bones ( ^! animals 9 close association ) ^? ( ! woolly mammo? & ! woolly rh9oc]os4 ,x is possible to expla9 su* int]m+l+ ei!r z hav+ occurr$ dur+ ! advance ( ! f\r? glaciation1 or z due to ! nor?w>d & s\?w>d migration ( ! respective h]ds ( mammals 9 ! summ] & w9t] seasons4 ,z ! p]iod ( ! f\r? glaciation cont9u$ x is c]ta9 t ^! ,asiatic mammals entirely disappe>$4 ,at ! same "t ! ,ne&]?als _h pass$ ?r\gh ! fir/ /age ( developm5t ( ! ,m\/]ian indu/ry & _h rea*$ :at is kn[n z ! 'full' or 'high' ,m\/]ian1 :i*1 ) few exceptions1 0 c>ri$ on "u ! %elt] ( ! ov]hang+ cliffs or )9 ! grottos4 ,! mammalian life ( ^! 'full' ,m\/]ian times1 z f\nd along ! headwat]s ( ! ,danube1 ! ,rh9e1 & ! bran*es ( ! ,dordogne & ,vzre1 is divid$ among ! v>i\s faunal gr\ps z foll[s3 ,,life ,,( ,,middle ,,m\/]ian ,,times ,,tundra ,,life4 ,woolly mammo?4 ,woolly rh9oc]os4 ,sc&9avian re9de]4 ,arctic fox4 ,arctic h>e4 ,b&$ lemm+4 ,arctic pt>migan4 ,,alp9e ,,life4 ,alp9e m>mot4 ,ibex4 ,alp9e pt>migan4 ,,/eppe ,,life4 ,/eppe horse4 ,/eppe suslik4 ,moor-h54 ,,asiatic ,,life4 ,cave-lion4 ,cave-hyna4 ,cave-leop>d4 ,,=e/ ,,life4 ,/ag1 lynx1 wolf1 fox1 wat]-vole1 br[n be>1 giant de]4 ,cave-be>4 ,,mead[ ,,life4 ,bison4 ,wild cattle4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! re9de]1 ! woolly mammo?1 & ! woolly rh9oc]os 7 already widely di/ribut$ ov] we/]n ,europe1 accompani$ by ! arctic fox 7,canis lagopus71 ! arctic h>e 7,lepus v>iabilis71 & ! b&$ lemm+ 7,myodes torquatus74 ,!re is no pro( t ! musk-ox _h at ?is "t rea*$ its extreme s\!rly di/ribution1 & x w\ld appe> t ! arrival ( ! second type ( nor!rn lemm+ f ! region ( ! riv] ,obi 7,myodes ob5sis7 did n occur until ! close ( ,m\/]ian times17#ba7 because ! great migration ( ^! animals is record$ by _! abundant rema9s 9 ! s-call$ 'l[] rod5t lay]' ( all ! /ations along ! ,rh9e & ,danube1 su* z ,sirg5/e91 ,wilds*eu]1 & ,(net1 aft] ! f9al /age ( ,m\/]ian indu/ry4 ,9 fact1 ?is rem>kable little rod5t appe>s to m>k ! second maximum or close ( ! f\r? glaciation by its migration all ov] we/]n ,europe1 & :]ev] its rema9s are f\nd 9 ! grotto deposits !y furni% "o ( ! mo/ important & positive ( prehi/oric dates1 namely1 t ( ! 'l[] rod5t lay]4' ,! lemm+s surpass all o!r mammals 9 ! great di/ances cov]$ by _! migrations1 & x w\ld appe> t ?is nor!rn species swept all ov] we/]n ,europe at ! same "t1 leav+ its rema9s n only 9 ! cav]ns along ! ,danube b 9 ^? ( ,belgium & ( ,?i$e1 ne> ,brauns*weig4 ,! latt] /ation1 ,?i$e1 0 n f> f ! s\!rn bord] ( ! ,sc&9avian glaci]2 x 0 subject$ to a v sev]e arctic climate1 z ! only associates ( ! ,obi lemm+ 7 ! b&$ lemm+1 ! arctic fox1 ! arctic h>e1 ! re9de]1 ! mammo?1 & ! musk-ox4 ,,life ,,( ,,late ,,m\/]ian ,,times ,second ,maximum ( ,f\r? ,glaciation ,tundra1 ,/eppe1 ,alp9e1 ,asiatic & ,mead[ life1 z above4 ,obi lemm+4 ,musk-ox4 ,erm9e4 ,arctic pt>migan4 ,ev]smann's weasel 7,/eppe weasel74 ,! woolly mammo? n[ rea*es ! height ( its evolution & specialization2 z pres]v$ 9 ! froz5 tundras ( nor!rn ,sib]ia1 & z repres5t$ 9 v num]\s draw+s & engrav+s by ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic arti/s1 x is ! mo/ completely kn[n ( all fossil mammalia47#bb7 ,its proportions1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure1 :i* repres5ts ! in=mation ga!r$ f all s\rces1 are entirely diff]5t f ^? ( ei!r ! ,indian or ,african elephant4 ,! head is v high & surm\nt$ by a great mass ( hair & wool2 beh9d ?is a %>p depression sep>ates ! back ( ! head f ! great hump on ! back2 ! h9d] portion ( ! back falls away v rapidly & ! tail is %ort2 ! ov]coat ( long hair ne>ly rea*es ! gr\nd1 & b5ea? ?is is a w>m und]coat+ ( wool4 ,x is n improbable t ! humps on ! head & ! back 7 fat res]voirs4 ,! color ( ! hair 0 a yell[i% br[n1 v>y+ f light br[n to pure br[n2 woolly hair1 f an in* to an in* & a half 9 l5g?1 cov]$ ! :ole body int]sp]s$ ) ! %ort] hairs 0 a l>ge numb] ( long] & ?ick] hairs1 :i* =m$ mane-l pat*es on ! *eeks1 *91 %\ld]s1 flanks1 & abdom54 ,a broad fr+e ( ?is long hair ext5d$ along ! sides ( ! body1 z depict$ 9 ! "w ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic arti/s 9 ! ,comb>elles ,cave4 ,especially int]e/+ to u is ! food f\nd 9 ! /oma* & m\? ( ! froz5 ,sib]ian mammo?s1 :i* consi/s *iefly ( a mead[ flora su* z fl\ri%es dur+ ! summ] 9 nor!rn ,sib]ia at ! pres5t day1 includ+ grasses & s$ges1 wild ?yme1 beans ( ! wild oxytropis1 also ! arctic v>iety ( ! upright cr[foot 7,ranunculus ac]74 ,?is 0 ! summ] food4 ,! w9t] food und\bt$ly includ$ ! leaves & /ems ( ! will[1 ! junip]1 & o!r w9t] plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,! woolly mammo? 7,elephas primig5ius7 & ! contempor>y ,ne&]?al hunt]s 7,homo ne&]?al5sis71 aft] ! draw+s ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic arti/s & ! froz5 mammo?s f\nd 9 nor!rn ,sib]ia4 ,by ,*>les ,r4 ,knight1 #aiae4 ,! woolly rh9oc]os 0 ! inv>iable companion ( ! mammo?1 ev5 z ,m]ck's rh9oc]os always associat$ itself ) ! /raight-tusk$ elephant4 ,?is rem>kable animal is relat$ to ! nor!rn ,african gr\p ( :ite rh9oc]oses1 f :i* x bran*$ (f at a v remote p]iod4 ,! pr(ile ( its v long1 n>r[ head1 ( its enorm\s ant]ior & less] po/]ior horn1 & its hump$ back resembles t ( ! exi/+ ,african =m1 b its protection aga9/ ! arctic climate gave x a :olly diff]5t outw>d appe>ance2 ! hair ( ! face1 ( a gold5-br[n color1 ) an und]cov]+ ( wool1 is pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ,petrograd4 ,?r\gh a discov]y at ,/>unia1 9 ea/]n ,galicia1 9 #aiaa1 ?is animal is n[ completely kn[n to u1 except ! tail2 its rema9s 7 f\nd "h at a dep? ( #cj feet1 & includ$ ! head1 left =e leg1 & ! sk9 ( ! left side ( ! body4 ,! ,/>unia specim5 has a broad1 truncat$ upp] lip adapt$ to graz+ habits1 small oblique eyes1 long1 n>r[1 & po9t$ e>s1 a long ant]ior horn ) oval base1 & a %ort] po/]ior horn1 a %ort neck1 on ! back ( :i* is a small1 fle%y hump1 q indep5d5t ( ! skeleton2 ! legs are comp>atively %ort4 ,x diff]s f ! liv+ ,african =m 9 ! some:at n>r[] muzzle1 9 its small1 po9t$ e>s1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( a ?ick coat+ ( hair4 ,l ! :ite rh9oc]os1 ! woolly =m 0 a pla9s dwell]1 liv+ on grass & small h]bs47#bc7 ,?is rh9oc]os kept m closely to ! bord]s ( ! great ice-%eets ?an did ! mammo?1 arre/+ its migration 9 ,g]many & ,france2 t is1 x did n migrate s f> to ! s\? z ! mammo?1 :i* w&]$ d[n into ,italy z f> z ,rome4 ,! re9de] 0 ! h]ald or =]unn] ( all ! arctic tundra fauna2 x rea*$ ! valley ( ! ,vzre at ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod ( ! true ,m\/]ian culture & already _h p5etrat$ mu* f>!r s\? dur+ ! ,?ird ,glacial ,/age1 probably migrat+ along ! bord]s ( ! ice-fields2 9 fact1 x is f\nd 9 nor!rn ,europe ev5 dur+ ! second glaciation4 ,x is ! true ,sc&9avian or b>r5-gr\nd species1 :i* is n[ typifi$ by two =ms ( ! ,old ,_w re9de] 7,r4 t>&us1 ,r4 spitzb]g5sis71 & by ! exi/+ ,am]ican b>r5-gr\nd =ms4 ,! antl]s are r\nd1 sl5d]1 & long 9 proportion to ! relatively small size ( ! animal2 ! br[ t9es are palmat$4 ,!re is little pro( t ! ,ne&]?als made mu* use ( ! bones ( ! re9de]1 b !re is e reason to suppose t !y us$ ! pelts1 = ! prep>ation ( :i* ! ,m\/]ian scrap]s & plan]s 7 especially well fitt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4 ,! woolly rh9oc]os 7,rh9oc]os antiquitatis71 aft] ! draw+s ( ,paloli?ic arti/s & ! specim5 f ,/>unia pres]v$ 9 ! museum ( ,lemb]g1 ,galicia4 ,by ,*>les ,r4 ,knight1 #aiae4 ,9 ! ,ib]ian p59sula ! tundra fauna did n p5etrate z f> s\? z ,portugal1 al?\gh ! ,norwegian lemm+ 7,myodes lemmus7 rea*$ ! vic9ity ( ,lisbon4 ,! woolly mammo?1 accompani$ by ! woolly rh9oc]os1 has be5 discov]$ 9 two localities on ! extreme nor!rn coa/ ( ,spa91 9 ! prov9ce ( ,sant&]1 bord]+ ! ,bay ( ,biscay4 ,! re9de] 7,rangif] t>&us7 is f\nd 9 ! cav]n ( ,s]ia1 s\? ( ! ,pyr5ees2 z e>ly z ,a*eulean times x rea*$ ! region ( ,altamira1 ne> ,sant&]4 ,?us ,h>l7#bd7 concludes x is c]ta9 t ! tundra fauna spread f ,france we/w>d into ,catalonia1 along ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,spa91 flank+ ! ,pyr5ees4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t ! cave-be> 7,ursus spelu7 occupi$ _m ( ! cav]ns be=e _! possession by man1 & develop$ c]ta9 peculi>ities ( /ructure 9 ^! haunts4 ,?us ! phalanges be>+ ! claws are feebly develop$1 indicat+ t ! claws _h p>tly lo/ _! preh5sile function2 ! ant]ior gr9d+-tee? are v mu* r$uc$1 & ! cusps ( ! po/]ior gr9d]s are blunt$ 9 a way :i* is indicative ( an omnivor\s diet2 yet ! front paws 7 ( trem5d\s size1 ! body 0 ?ick-set & ( heavi] proportions ?an t ( ! l>g] rec5t be>s 7,ursus arctos7 ( ,europe4 ,h5ce1 x w\ld appe> t ! ,ne&]?als drove out f ! caves a type ( be> less =midable ?an ! exi/+ species b nev]!less a s]i\s oppon5t to m5 arm$ ) ! small weapons ( ! ,m\/]ian p]iod4 ,,cu/oms ,,( ,,! ,,*ase ,,& ,,( ,,cave ,,life ,we h only indirect means ( kn[+ ! c\rage & activity ( ! ,ne&]?als 9 ! *ase1 ?r\gh ! bones ( animals hunt$ = food :i* are f\nd int]m+l$ ) ! fl9ts ar\nd _! anci5t he>?s4 ,^! include 9 ! e>ly ,m\/]ian he>?s1 z we h se51 bones ( ! bison1 ! wild cattle1 & ! horse1 :i* are foll[$ at ,combe-,capelle by ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! bones ( ! re9de]4 ,! bones ( ! bison & ( ! wild horse are bo? utiliz$ 9 ! bone anvils ( ! clos+ ,m\/]ian culture at ,la ,qu9a4 ,:at we believe to be ! p]iod ( ! great mammalian life ( ! region ( ! upp] ,danube is f\nd 9 ! ,m\/]ian levels ( ! grotto ( ,sirg5/e91 f :i* x w\ld appe> t ! ,ne&]?als hunt$ ! mammo?1 ! rh9oc]os1 ! wild horse1 bison1 & cattle1 & ! giant de] z well z ! re9de]4 ,we %\ld keep 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t :5 ^! caves 7 = a "t des]t$1 ! bea/s ( prey return$1 & s x (t5 happ5s t ! succe$+ lay]s af=d pro(s ( alt]nate occupation by man & by bea/s ( prey ( suffici5t size to br+ 9 ! l>g] k9ds ( game1 :ile owls may be responsible = ! deposits ( ! lemm+1 z 9 ! 'l[] rod5t lay]4' ,ob]mai]7#be7 has giv5 c>eful /udy to ! vicissitudes ( cave life 9 ,m\/]ian times4 ,long be=e ^! caves 7 inhabit$ by man1 !y s]v$ z lairs or refuges = ! cave-be> & cave-hyna1 z well z = _m birds ( prey4 ,= example1 ! cave ( ,e*5oz-la-,mol9e1 on ! upp] wat]s ( ! ,sane1 conta9$ ! rema9s ( ov] eight hundr$ skeletons ( ! cave-be>1 & no d\bt x co/ ! ,ne&]?als _m a h>d-f\ght battle be=e ! bea/s 7 driv5 out & man possess$ himself ( ! grotto4 ,fire may h be5 ! means employ$4 ,x has be5 que/ion$ :e!r ! caves 7 n unheal?y dwell+-places1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 except 9 c]ta9 cav]ns :i* _h natural op5+s ?r\gh ! ro( = ! exit ( smoke1 !re 0 no true cave life1 b r a grotto life1 :i* c5tr$ ar\nd ! entrance ( ! cave4 ,! smalle/ cave1 ?is au?or obs]ves1 0 consid]ably l>g] & bett] v5tilat$ ?an ! small1 smoky cab9s ( "s ( ! ,european peasants1 or ! sn[ huts ( ! ,eskimo4 ,! mo/ s]i\s ob/acle 0 ! prevail+ dampness1 :i* v>i$ p]iodically 9 ! cav]ns1 s t dry seasons 7 succe$$ by abundant moi/ure seep+ ?r\gh ! lime/one ro( & d[n ! side walls4 ,at su* times ! cav]ns 7 probably un9habitable1 & 9 ! bones ( bo? m5 & bea/s _m in/ances h be5 obs]v$ ( diseas$ swell+s & ( inflammation ( ! v]tebr1 su* z are caus$ by extreme dampness4 ,! comp5sat+ advantages 7 ! %elt] (f]$ f ! ra9 & cold1 a con/ant temp]ature at mod]ate di/ances f ! entrance1 & also ! fact t ! caves 7 v easily def5sible1 because ! entrance 0 g5]ally small & ! approa* (t5 /eep & difficult2 a high /one wall across ! op5+ w\ld h made ! def5se /ill easi]1 & a flam+ firebr& w\ld h prev5t$ ! approa* ( be>s & o!r bea/s ( prey4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is %elt] f ! wea!r & wild bea/s ! grottos & ! l>g] op5+s ( ! cav]ns 7 c]ta9ly cr[d$ ) ! ,m\/]ian fl9t work]s dur+ ! inclem5t seasons ( ! ye>4 ,yet ! great] "p ( ! life ( ! ,ne&]?als 0 und\bt$ly pass$ 9 ! op5 & 9 ! *ase4 ,?r\gh\t ,m\/]ian times ! commone/ game consi/$ ( ! wild horse1 wild ox1 & re9de]4 ,bo? fle% & pelts 7 utiliz$1 & ! m>r[ 0 s\ght by splitt+ all ! l>g] bones4 ,?us1 frequ5tly we f9d 9 ! he>?s ! rema9s ( ! mammo?1 ! woolly rh9oc]os1 ! giant de]1 ! cave-be>1 & ! br[n be>4 ,f ^! bea/s ( prey ! ,ne&]?al hunt]s obta9$ pelts & p]haps also fat = tor*es us$ to light ! cav]ns2 !re is no pro( ( ! inv5tion ( ! lamp at ?is p]iod4 ,! "w ( ! wom5 und\bt$ly consi/$ ( prep>+ ! meals & mak+ ! pelts into cov]s & clo?+4 ,:5ev] possible ?is w\ld be done 9 ! daylight outside ( ! grottos1 b 9 *illy1 ra9y wea!r1 or ! bitt] cold ( w9t]1 ! :ole tribe w\ld seek refuge 9 ! grotto1 ga!r+ ar\nd ! fire-he>?s f$ ) wood2 odd corn]s w\ld s]ve z /oreh\ses = fuel or dri$ meat1 pres]v$ aga9/ ! days :5 extreme cold & bl9d+ sn[ =bade ! hunt]s to v5ture =?4 ,x appe>s t ! game 0 dismemb]$ :]e x fell & ! be/ p>ts remov$4 ,! skull 0 split op5 = ! bra92 ! long bones 7 pres]v$ = ! m>r[2 ?us ! bones ( ! flank & %\ld] ( game occur frequ5tly 9 cave deposits1 :ile ! ribs & v]tebr are r>e4 ,! pitfall may h be5 "p ( ! hunt+ craft kn[n to ! ,ne&]?als4 ,! *ase 0 pursu$ ) spe>s or d>ts fitt$ ) fl9t po9ts1 also by means ( '?r[+ /ones1' :i* are f\nd 9 great numb]s 9 ! upp] ,m\/]ian levels ( ,la ,qu9a1 9 ! ,wolf ,cave ( ,yonne1 ,les ,cotts1 & v>i\s places 9 ,spa94 ,if "o imag9es1 z is q possible1 t ! ?r[+ /one 0 plac$ 9 a lea!r sl+ or 9 ! cleft end ( a /ick1 or fa/5$ to a long lea!r ?ong1 "o c readily see x w\ld prove a v effective weapon4 ,! me?ods ( *ase by ! ,ne&]?als are1 nev]!less1 some:at ( a my/]y4 ,!re 0 a v decid$ disp>ity betwe5 ! size & effectiv5ess ( _! weapons & ! /r5g? & resi/ance ( ! animals :i* !y pursu$4 ,none ( ! v heavy implem5ts ( ,a*eulean times 0 pres]v$2 ! d>t & spe> heads are n greatly improv$1 c]ta9ly !y c\ld n p5etrate ! ?ick hides ( ! l>g] arctic tundra mammals1 heavily protect$ ) hair & wool2 ! *ase ev5 ( ! horses1 wild cattle1 & re9de] 0 app>5tly )\t ! aid ( ! b[ & arr[ & prior to ! inv5tion ( ! b>b$ arr[ or lance head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4 ,geographic di/ribution ( ,pre-,ne&]?aloids & ,ne&]?aloids 9 we/]n ,europe1 %[+ ! localities :]e ! rema9s ( ,pre-,ne&]?aloid races 7,heidelb]g & ,piltd[n7 & ( true ,ne&]?aloids h ?us f> be5 discov]$4 7,comp>e table1 p4 #bai47 ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,ne&]?aloid ,,races ,! op5-air or nomadic life ( all ! tribes ( we/]n ,europe f ,pre-,*ellean ne>ly to ! close ( ,a*eulean times 0 v unfavorable to ! pres]vation ( human rema9s4 ,x is possible t ! bodies ( ! dead & ( ! ag$ 7 ?r[n out to ! hynas :i* surr\nd$ ! /ations1 z among "s ( ! tribes ( ,africa to-day1 b x is equally possible t !y 7 int]r$ 9 "s mann]4 ,skeletons buri$ ne> ! surface 9 ! riv] s&s or gravels ( ! 't]races' w\ld n h be5 pres]v$4 ,we h se5 t ! pres]vation ( ! ,heidelb]g & ,piltd[n rema9s 0 entirely due to *ance1 ! bones hav+ be5 wa%$ d[n & m+l$ ) ^? ( ! animals2 nor has any evid5ce be5 f\nd 9 ! grotto ( ,krap9a ( c]emonial burial or ( respect = ! dead1 b on ! contr>y !re is "s evid5ce ( cannibali/ic cu/oms4 ,ev5 be=e ! close ( e>ly ,m\/]ian times all ?is 0 *ang$4 ,p]haps ! clos] association en=c$ by ! m rigor\s climate indirectly produc$ great] respect = ! dead & l$ to ! cu/om ( burial or ! ord]ly lay+ out ( ! rema9s ( ! dead 9 ! floors ( ! p>tly protect$ grottos & cav]ns1 to :i* cu/om we owe our pres5t k ( ! /ructure ( ,ne&]?al man 9 ,m\/]ian times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4 ,front view ( ! ,ne&]?aloid skull f\nd at ,gibralt> 9 #ahdh--! e>lie/ discov]y ( a memb] ( ?is race1 n[ reg>d$ z ! skull ( a woman4 ,photograph by ,a4 ,hrdlika f ! orig9al specim54 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,! fir/ discov]y ( a ,ne&]?aloid 0 made 9 #ahdh1 eight ye>s be=e ! type ( ! ,ne&]?al race came to light4 ,?is 0 ! ,gibralt> skull7#bf7 f\nd by ,lieut5ant ,fl9t1 ne> ,=bes ,qu>ry1 on ! nor? face ( ! ,rock ( ,gibralt>4 ,x consi/s ( a well-pres]v$ skull1 ) ! p>ietal bones only miss+ & ! face & base ( ! cranium rem>kably complete4 ,9 #ahfh x 0 pres5t$ by ,busk to ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons1 9 ,london1 :]e x lies to-day4 ,! exact site ( ! discov]y c no long] be positively id5tifi$2 x 0 probably f\nd 9 a /ill exi/+ cave1 & al?\gh its ar*ologic age _c be det]m9$1 yet z its anatomical features are ^? ( ! ,ne&]?al race1 & z all ! rema9s ( ?is race :i* c be dat$ ) c]ta9ty are ( ,m\/]ian age1 x probably belongs to ! ,m\/]ian p]iod4 ,( rec5t ye>s its great importance 9 ! hi/ory ( man has be5 reveal$ 9 ! /udies ( ,sollas1 ,kei?1 & ,s*walbe4 ,?us x has come to be rank$ among ! ,ne&]?aloids & is consid]$ ( a p>ticul>ly primitive =m1 because ( ! extremely small size ( ! bra94 ,?is feature & ! slight developm5t ( ! supraorbital ridges1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ne&]?aloids1 are expla9$ by ! !ory t ! skull belong$ to a female4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,section ( t "p ( ! valley ( ! ,dssel kn[n z ! ,ne&]?al1 %[+ ! location ( ! lime/one grotto :]e ! ,ne&]?al skeleton 0 discov]$4 ,drawn by ,c4 ,a4 ,re$s4 ,s]a7#bg7 consid]s ! ,gibralt> skull to be ! mo/ ape-l ( all human fossils & ?9ks x %\ld n be class$ ) ! ,ne&]?aloids at all1 b %\ld be reg>d$ z ,pre-,ne&]?aloid2 ?is view is %>$ by ,kei?4 ,b\le1 h[ev]1 believes t ?is skull is ( ! same geologic age z t ( ,spy1 ,la ,*apelle1 ,la ,f]rassie1 & ,la ,qu9a2 ev]y?+ leads u to believe17#bh7 he rem>ks1 t ! skull ( ,gibralt> is a female skull ( ,ne&]?al type4 ,he else:]e ref]s to ! skulls ( ,gibralt>1 ( ,la ,qu9a1 & ( ,la ,f]rassie ,,ii z probably ^? ( female ,ne&]?als4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4 ,! orig9al type skull ( ,ne&]?al 7left side7 discov]$ 9 #ahef4 ,aft] ,s*walbe4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,! type skull ( ?is great ext9ct race ( m5 is t ( ,ne&]?al--c]ta9ly ! mo/ fam\s & ! mo/ disput$ ( all an?ropologic rema9s--appreciat$ by ,lyell & ,huxley1 b pass$ ov] by ,d>w91 & f9ally e/abli%$ by ,s*walbe z ! mo/ important miss+ l9k betwe5 ! exi/+ species ( man 7,homo sapi5s7 & ! an?ropoid apes4 ,9 #ahef7bi7 "s workm5 7 engag$ 9 cle>+ a small loam-cov]$ cave ab\t six feet 9 height1 ! s-call$ ,feldh(n] ,grotto1 9 ! cretace\s lime/one ( ! valley kn[n z ! ,ne&]?al1 on ! small /ream ,dssel fl[+ betwe5 ,elb]feld & ,dsseldorf4 ,!y discov]$ "s human bones1 probably a complete skeleton repres5t+ an int]m5t1 :i*1 un=tunately1 7 all[$ to be scatt]$ & cru%$4 ,doctor ,fuhlrott rescu$ ! p>ts t rema9$1 includ+ ! n[ fam\s skullcap1 bo? ?igh-bones1 ! "r upp]-arm bone1 portions ( ! l[] arm1 bones ( bo? sides1 ! "r coll>-bone1 & fragm5ts ( ! pelvis1 %\ld]-blade1 & ribs4 ,all ! bones 7 p]fectly pres]v$ & are n[ to be f\nd 9 ! prov9cial museum ( ,bonn4 ,! discov]y made a great s5sation1 b at fir/ ! age ( ^! fossils rema9$ d\btful2 "s #aej paces f ! grotto1 9 a simil> small cave 7 f\nd bones ( ! cave-be> & rh9oc]os4 ,9 #aheh ,s*aaffhaus5's memoir7#cj7 appe>$1 9 :i* he gave ! fir/ detail$ description ( ^! rema9s z belong+ to a primitive orig9al race diff]+ 9 e po9t f rec5t man1 & he nev] wav]$ f ?is /&po9t4 ,9 #ahfc7ca7 ,busk1 ,huxley1 & ,lyell also plac$ ?is skeleton 9 its true int]m$iate position betwe5 man & ! an?ropoid apes4 ,! det]m9$ op9ion ( ,vir*[ t ?is 0 n a normal type ( man ex]t$ s great an influ5ce t n until ! classic "w ( ,s*walbe17#cb7 betwe5 #ahii & #aija1 did ?is skeleton assume its comm&+ importance = all "t1 & ev5 ?is 0 subsequ5t to ! discov]y ( two o!r ,ne&]?aloid races4 ,at fir/1 q errone\sly1 ?is 0 associat$ ) ! s-call$ race ( ,cann/att1 b long be=e ,s*walbe's "w x 0 recogniz$ by ,k+17#cc7 9 #ahfd1 z a di/9ct species ( man 7,homo ne&]?al5sis7 '! man ( ! ,ne&] valley4' ,n long aft] ! discov]y ( ! ,ne&]?aloids ( ,spy1 9 ,belgium1 ,cope17#cd7 9 #ahic1 propos$ ! same specific "n ( ,homo ne&]?al5sis4 ,9 #ahig ,wils]7#ce7 sugge/$ ! "n ( ,homo primig5ius1 :i* has be5 widely adopt$ 9 ,g]many1 :ile among ,fr5* au?ors ! same species ( man is sometimes kn[n to-day z ,homo m\/]i5sis4 ,?is v>iety ( names s]ves at lea/ to record ! unanim\s op9ion t ?is mid-,plei/oc5e man belongs to a di/9ct species4 ,s9ce ! race 0 v widely di/ribut$1 we may speak ( ^! p z ! ',ne&]?als1' :ile races resembl+ ! ,ne&]?al species may be *>act]iz$ z ',ne&]?aloid4' ,! complete s]ies ( discov]ies ( memb]s ( ?is race is n[ v l>ge inde$4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,rema9s ,,( ,,! ,,ne&]?als 7,comp>e ,fig4 #ajd7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- #a4 ,,( ,,unkn[n ,,l[] ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,times #ahdh4 ,gibralt>4 ,=bes ,qu>ry4 ,fragm5t>y skull4 #ahef4 ,ne&]?al4 ,dsseldorf1 ,g]many4 ,skullcap & skeletal fragm5ts4 #ahei4 ,arcy-sur-,cure4 ,yonne1 ,france4 #a l[] jaw4 #ahff4 ,la ,naulette4 ,belgium4 #a l[] jaw4 #ahhh4 ,mal>naud4 ,arige1 ,france4 #a l[] jaw4 8 ,g\rdan4 ,hautes-,pyrnes4 #a l[] jaw4 #aijf4 ,o*os4 ,moravia4 #a l[] jaw4 #b4 ,,) ,,late ,,m\/]ian ,,indu/ry #ahhg4 ,spy ,i1 ,,ii4 ,ne> ,d9ant1 ,belgium4 ,two skulls & skeletons4 #aijg4 ,petit-,puymoy54 ,*>5te1 ,france4 ,fragm5ts ( upp] & l[] jaws4 #aiji4 ,pe* de l',az4 ,dordogne1 ,france4 ,skull ( a *ild4 #aiaj4 ,la ,f]rassie ,,ii4 ,dordogne1 ,france4 #a skeleton 7female74 #aiaa4 ,la ,cotte de ,/4 ,isle ( ,j]sey4 #ac human tee?4 ,brelade4 #aiaa4 ,la ,qu9a ,,ii4 ,*>5te1 ,france4 ,skull & fragm5ts ( skeleton4 #c4 ,,) ,,middle ,,m\/]ian ,,indu/ry #ahhb4 ipka4 ,moravia4 ,jaw ( a *ild4 #aijh4 ,la ,*apelle- ,corrze1 ,france4 ,almo/ complete skull aux-,sa9ts4 & skeleton4 #aiji4 ,la ,f]rassie ,i4 ,dordogne1 ,france4 ,portions ( "o skeleton4 #aiaj4 ,la ,qu9a ,i4 ,*>5te1 ,france4 ,foot bones4 #d4 ,,) ,,e>ly ,,m\/]ian ,,indu/ry #aijh4 ,le ,m\/i]4 ,vzre ,valley1 ,skeleton ( a y\?4 ,dordogne1 ,france4 #aiad4 ,ehr+sdorf47#cg7 ,ne> ,weim>4 ,l[] jaw4 #e4 ,,) ,,m\/]ian ,,or ,,a*eulean ,,indu/ry #ahii4 ,krap9a4 ,croatia1 ,portions ( _m ,au/ria-,hung>y4 skeletons ( adults & ( *ildr54 #ahib4 ,tauba*4 ,ne> ,weim>4 #a milk too?4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,9 ! ye> #ahhg ! ,belgian geologi/s ,fraipont & ,lohe/7#cf7 discov]$ 9 a grotto ne> ,spy1 n f> f ,d9ant on ! ,meuse1 ! rema9s ( two individuals :i* are n[ di/+ui%$ z ,spy ,i & ,spy ,,ii4 ,9 ! same /ratum ) ! skeletons1 b5ea? a lay] ( tuface\s lime/one1 fl9t implem5ts ( ,m\/]ian age 7 emb$d$1 toge!r ) rema9s ( ! woolly mammo?1 woolly rh9oc]os1 cave-be>1 & cave-hyna4 ,?is discov]y is "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ! hi/ory ( an?ropology1 because x def9itely dat$ ! ,spy m5 z belong+ to ! p]iod ( ,m\/]ian indu/ry1 & also because ! au?ors imm$iately recogniz$ ^! m5 z belong+ to ! race ( ,ne&]?al & ( ,cann/att1 :i* at ! "t 7 suppos$ to be ! same4 ,"h = ! fir/ "t ! proportions ( ! cranium & ! bra91 ! v primitive features ( ! l[] jaw & ( ! tee?1 ! l[ /ature1 & sev]al ape-l *>act]s ( ! limb bones became kn[n2 "h 7 obs]v$ ! prom95t supraorbital ridges ( ! ,ne&]?al type1 ! rec$+ =ehead1 ! cranial pr(ile inf]ior to t ( ! l[e/ exi/+ ,au/ralian races1 ! n>r[1 doli*ocephalic skull4 ,! limbs 7 f\nd to h reta9$ ! an?ropoid disproportion betwe5 ! ?igh-bone & ! %9-bone1 & ! important discov]y 0 made t ?is %ort1 massively built1 heavy-br[$1 dull-visag$ ,ne&]?al man 0 unable to /& absolutely erect1 ! /ructure ( ! knee-jo9t be+ su* t ! knees 7 con/antly slightly b5t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,spy man _h n yet fully acquir$ ! erect position ( ! l[] limbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4 ,skull kn[n z ,spy ,i1 discov]$ 9 #ahhg1 9 front ( ! grotto ( ,spy1 ne> ,namur1 ,belgium4 ,aft] ,kraem]4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,?is discov]y may be said to h e/abli%$ ! ,ne&]?als 9 all _! *>act]s z a v di/9ct l[ race1 b tw5ty-two ye>s elaps$ be=e ?is 0 fur!r confirm$ by ! f9d+ ( ano!r & /ill e>li] type ( ,ne&]?aloid at ,krap9a1 9 nor!rn ,croatia1 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 z describ$ at ! close ( ,*apt] ,,ii 7p4 #aha above72 a type :i* ) its local v>iations 0 soon det]m9$ z unque/ionably belong+ 9 ! same gr\p ) ! man ( ,ne&]?al & ! m5 ( ,spy4 ,_m ye>s be=e1 namely1 9 #ahff1 ! ,belgian an?ropologi/ ,dupont7#ch7 _h discov]$ ! rema9s ( ano!r memb] ( ?is race 9 a grotto on ! bank ( ! ,riv] ,lesse1 ne> ,la ,naulette1 n f> f ,furfooz1 9 nor!rn ,belgium4 ,?is is n[ kn[n z ! ,la ,naulette jaw & is f\nd to be ( ,ne&]?al type4 ,x 0 associat$ ) bones ( ! woolly mammo?1 ! rh9oc]os1 ! re9de]1 & a few fragm5ts ( o!r human bones4 ,aga91 9 #ahhb1 ,maska7#ci7 f\nd 9 a cave ne> ipka1 9 ,moravia1 s\? ( ,/]nb]g1 & six miles ea/ ( ,neutits*e91 fragm5ts ( a *ild's l[] jaw1 extraord9>ily /rong1 ?ick1 & l>ge1 & %[+ ! incom+ ( ! p]man5t tee?4 ,f ?is v same region is ! jaw ( ,o*os1 ,moravia1 f\nd by ,rzehak7#dj7 ab\t #aijf4 ,only ! alveol> "p ( ! jaw 0 f\nd1 b x s]v$ to demon/rate ! v wide geographical di/ribution ( ! ,ne&]?al race4 ,at ?is "t ! ,dordogne region1 long kn[n to be an int5sive c5tre ( ,m\/]ian indu/ry1 f ! "t ( ,l>tet's discov]y ( ,le ,m\/i]1 9 #ahfc1 _h n yield$ a s+le skeleton1 or any anatomical evid5ce ( ! type ( man :i* 9 ,m\/]ian times inhabit$ x4 ,b beg9n+ 9 ! spr+ ( #aijh !re came 9 succession a :ole s]ies ( su* discov]ies1 mo/ly ( c]emonial burials1 at ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 at ! type /ation ( ,le ,m\/i] itself1 at ,la ,f]rassie1 ano!r /ation on ! l[] ,vzre1 & at ,la ,qu9a4 ,9 ,octob]1 #aiaj1 0 discov]$ ! skull kn[n z ,la ,f]rassie ,,ii1 ( late ,m\/]ian age2 x is probably t ( a female1 & ! rema9s 7 arrang$ 9 :at 0 presumably a special =m ( c]emonial burial1 because ! bones1 in/ead ( be+ laid out /raight 9 a c]ta9 direction1 7 9 a cr\*+ or flex$ position4 ,! ,le ,m\/i] skeleton 0 f\nd by ,haus] 9 ! l[] grotto ( ,le ,m\/i]1 9 ! ,vzre valley1 9 ! spr+ ( #aijh1 & c>efully remov$ ) ! aid ( ,pr(essor ,klaats*47#da7 ,x belong$ to a y\? "s sixte5 ye>s ( age4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ! discov]y 0 ! mann] 9 :i* ! skeleton 0 laid out47#db7 ,! head re/$ on a numb] ( fl9t fragm5ts c>efully pil$ toge!r--a sort ( /one pill[2 ! dead lay 9 a sleep+ po/ure1 ) ! head re/+ on ! "r =e>m4 ,an exceptionally f9e c\p de po+ 0 close by ! h&1 & num]\s *>r$ & split bones ( wild cattle 7,bos primig5ius7 7 plac$ ar\nd1 indicative ( a food (f]+4 ,! fl9ts 7 believ$ to belong to ! ,a*eulean /age1 :i* und]lies ! lay] ( true ,m\/]ian indu/ry1 long kn[n 9 ?is locality2 b by ,fr5* ar*ologi/s & by ,s*midt ^! implem5ts are reg>d$ z ( ! e>lie/ ,m\/]ian age1 9 :i* x is well kn[n t ! ,a*eulean c\p de po+ /ill p]si/$4 ,un=tunately1 ! skeleton 0 n v well pres]v$ &1 :ile ,klaats* 0 entirely ju/ifi$ 9 classify+ x ) ! ,ne&]?aloids1 x %\ld be reg>d$ n z a di/9ct species 7,homo m\/]i5sis haus]i7 b r z a memb] ( ! true ,ne&]?al race 7,homo ne&]?al5sis74 ,x also proves to be a r /ocky individual1 robu/ & ( l[ /ature3 ! arms & legs are relatively %ort1 especially ! =e>m & ! %9-bone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4 ,grotto ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 ,corrze1 a few miles to ! ea/w>d ( ,le ,m\/i]4 ,aft] ,b\le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4 ,entrance to ! grotto ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 :]e ! f9e/ ( all ! ,ne&]?aloid fossils 0 discov]$ 9 #aijh4 ,aft] ,b\le4 ,at ! same "t t ! skeleton ( ,le ,m\/i] 0 be+ dis9t]r$1 ! ,abbs ,a4 & ,j4 ,b\yssonie1 & ,l4 ,b>don7#dc7 7 explor+ ! ,m\/]ian culture ( ! grotto ne> ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 a few miles to ! ea/w>d ( ,le ,m\/i]1 & came ^u a skeleton :i* has prov$ to be by f> ! f9e/ ( all ! ,ne&]?aloid fossils1 includ+ a rem>kably well-pres]v$ skull1 almo/ ! entire back-bone1 tw5ty ribs1 bones ( ! arm & ( ! great] "p ( ! leg1 & a numb] ( ! bones ( ! h&s & feet4 ,?is 0 also a c]emonial burial ( an individual betwe5 fifty & fifty-five ye>s ( age1 mo/ c>efully laid out 9 an ea/-&-we/ direction 9 a small1 natural depression4 ,) x 7 f\nd typical ,m\/]ian fl9ts1 also a numb] ( %ells & rema9s *iefly ( ! woolly rh9oc]os1 ! horse1 ! re9de]1 & ! bison4 ,! f9d+ ( a mature skull ) ! bones ( ! face 9 position1 & 9 a relatively p]fect /ate ( pres]vation )\t di/ortion ( ! entire cranium1 af=d$ = ! fir/ "t ! opportunity ( f9ally det]m9+ n only all ! skeletal *>act]s & proportions ( ,ne&]?al man b also ! actual size & proportions ( ! bra94 ,?is sup]b specim5 0 s5t to ! ,p>is ,museum1 & ,b\le's prelim9>y descriptions7#dd7 & f9ally 8 almo/ faultless monograph7#de7 ar\s$ _w-wide int]e/ 9 ! ,ne&]?al race4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4 ,! ,ne&]?aloid skull f ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts--side1 front & top views4 ,aft] ,b\le4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,a ye> lat] a ?ird ,ne&]?al skeleton 0 discov]$ 9 ! cave ( ,la ,f]rassie n f> f ,le ,bugue1 ,dordogne1 by ,peyrony4 ,! bones 7 badly %att]$1 & ! pro(s ( c]emonial burial 7 n p]fectly cle>1 b at a glance ! skeleton 0 cle>ly recogniz$ f ! *>act]s ( ! skull1 & p>ticul>ly f ^? ( ! =ehead1 z belong+ to ! ,ne&]?al race4 ,9 ! succe$+ ye>1 #aiaj1 9 ! cav]n ( ,la ,qu9a1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,*>5te1 to ! nor? ( ! ,vzre region7#df7 7 f\nd ! foot bones ( a man precisely resembl+ ! ,la ,*apelle type1 & aga9 9 #aiaa sev]al p>ts ( ! skeleton ( ano!r entirely typical memb] ( ! ,ne&]?al race 7 discov]$ 9 ! e>lie/ ,m\/]ian /rata4 ,! skull bones 7 some:at sep>at$ at ! sutures4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly n a case ( c]emonial burial4 ,l ! ,gibralt> skull1 ?is is suppos$ to be t ( a female4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4 ,human tee? ( ,ne&]?aloid type1 discov]$ 9 a cave on ! ,isle ( ,j]sey4 ,aft] ,m>ett & ,hrdlika4 ,( especial geographic int]e/ is ! discov]y by ,nicolle & ,s9el7#dg7 ( ?irte5 human tee? 9 a ,m\/]ian cav]n on ,/4 ,brelade's ,bay1 on ! ,isl& ( ,j]sey17#dh7 :i* furni%es pro( ( ! ext5sion ( ! ,ne&]?al race to ! ,*annel ,isl&s1 :5 ^! 71 9 all probability1 /ill a "p ( ! ma9l&4 ,! tee? 7 associat$ ) bones ( ! woolly rh9oc]os1 ( ! re9de]1 & ( two v>ieties ( ! horse1 z well z ) evid5ces ( ,m\/]ian he>?s & fl9t implem5ts4 ,! di/9ctive features ( ! ,ne&]?al gr9d+-tee? are ! /\t size1 deep implantation1 & exp&$ =m ( ! roots1 :i*1 ) ! heavy jaw1 po9t to ! t\ghness ( ! food & to ! muscul> /r5g? ex]t$ 9 ma/ication4 ,! roots1 in/ead ( tap]+ to a po9t bel[1 z 9 mod]n man1 =m a broad1 /\t column1 support+ ! cr[n1 adapt$ to a sweep+ motion ( ! jaw4 ,?is special feature alone w\ld exclude ! ,ne&]?als f ! ance/ry ( ! high] races4 ,?us1 ?r\gh a long s]ies ( discov]ies1 beg9n+ 9 #ahdh & rapidly multiply+ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 we h f\nd ! mat]ials = a complete k ( ! skeletal /ructure ( ! m51 wom51 & *ildr5 ( ! ,ne&]?al race2 we "k ! relative bra9 developm5t z well z ! /ature ( ! sexes2 we h det]m9$ t ?is race1 & ?is only1 ext5d$ ov] all we/]n ,europe dur+ late ,a*eulean & ! entire p]iod ( ,m\/]ian times1 & we h also le>n$ t x 0 a race imbu$ ) rev]5ce = ! dead & !re=e probably animat$ by ! belief 9 "s =m ( future exi/5ce4 ,,*>act]s ,,( ,,! ,,ne&]?al ,,race ,! skulls & skeletons7#di7 ( ,ne&]?al1 ,spy1 ,krap9a1 ,le ,m\/i]1 ,la ,*apelle1 ,la ,f]rassie1 & ,gibralt> h s _m di/9ctive features 9 common t x is beyond "q t !y mu/ be class$ 9 a closely relat$ gr\p4 ,! di/9ctive features ( ?is gr\p are3 ,fir/1 features f\nd also 9 ! diff]5t exi/+ races ( man1 b nev] 9 ! an?ropoid apes1 & !re=e human2 second1 features1 all ( :i* h nev] be5 f\nd comb9$ 9 any race ( rec5t man1 ! gr\p1 !re=e1 repres5ts a di/9ct species ( man2 ?ird1 features outside ( ! limits ( v>iation 9 ! rec5t races ( man1 & int]m$iate betwe5 !m & ! v>iation limits ( ! an?ropoid apes4 ,be=e look+ at ,ne&]?al man z a :ole1 we may turn our att5tion especially to a numb] ( ^! peculi> features ( ! race4 ,all ! e>lie/ obs]v]s 7 impress$ by ! heavy1 ov]hang+ br[s & retreat+ =ehead4 ,9 rec5t man !re is (t5 a decid$ prom95ce above ! eyes1 f ! glabella or m$ian po9t above ! nose outw>d t[>d ea* side1 b g5]ally ! out] ?ird ( ! m>g9 ( ^! prom95ces turns upw>d b5ea? ! out] l9e ( ! eyebr[s4 ,9 ! ,ne&]?als1 on ! contr>y1 ^! prom95ces b5ea? ! eyebr[s surr\nd ! :ole upp] edge ( ! eye socket1 ext5d+ outw>d ar\nd ! ext]nal bord]s ( ! =ehead1 s t !y may be call$ 'tori supraorbitales'2 ! ext5t ( ?is prom95t ridge above & to ! sides =ms a v]itable ro( ov] ! eye sockets1 :i* appe> l two deep1 lat]al cav]ns4 ,su* lat]al prom95ces d occur1 ?\gh r>ely1 9 rec5t man2 !y are obs]v$1 = example1 9 c]ta9 ,au/ralians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4 ,skulls ( a *impanzee 7left71 ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts 7c5tre71 & ( a mod]n ,fr5*man 7"r71 %[+ ! gradual disappe>ance ( ! eyebr[ ridges & project+ face4 ,aft] ,b\le4 ,! front view ( ! ,ne&]?al face1 z se5 9 ! female ,gibralt> skull1 9 :i* ^! eyebr[ ridges are by no means s prom95t z 9 ! male skulls1 is no less rem>kable = ! great height ( ! face z comp>$ ) ! flatness ( ! =ehead4 ,plac+ ! skull side by side ) t ( ! ,au/ralian17#ej7 we obs]ve at once ! enorm\s diff]5ce 9 ! proportions ( ! face & ! cranium 9 ^! two types1 al?\gh ! ,au/ralian repres5ts "o ( ! l[e/ exi/+ races ( ,homo sapi5s2 we obs]ve 9 ! ,gibralt> skull ! v wide space betwe5 ! eyes & ! v l>ge size ( ! n>ial op5+1 :i* indicate a broad1 flatt5$ nose2 !re is a correspond+ly long space betwe5 ! bottom ( ! n>ial op5+ & ! l9e = ! ins]tion ( ! incisor tee?1 indicat+ a v long upp] lip4 ,! jaw is less p[]ful ?an t ( ! ,heidelb]g man4 ,! ,heidelb]g jaw we h se5 to be di/+ui%$ by its g5]al /r5g? & clums9ess & its lack ( *91 or r a *9 )\t ! slighte/ indication ( a prom95ce2 on ! inside ( ?is v ?ick1 r\nd$ *9 plate1 ! *>act]i/ic *9 sp9e 7sp9a m5talis7 is lack+2 in/ead1 a d\ble groove is pres5t z ! po9t ( atta*m5t = ! muscles :i* connect ! *9 & tongue ) ! hyoid bone2 ! asc5d+ process = ! atta*m5t ( ! muscles ( ! jaw is se5 to be unusually broad1 #fj mm41 9 contra/ to ab\t #cg mm4 9 ! rec5t jaw2 f9ally1 ! condyle = atta*m5t ) ! skull is p>ticul>ly l>ge47#ea7 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4 ,face view ( ! ,gibralt> skull 7left7 & ( a mod]n ,au/ralian skull 7"r71 display+ ! high1 l>ge visage ( ! =m]1 :i* sugge/s t ( ! an?ropoid apes4 ,aft] ,s*walbe4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,! comp>ative horizontal l9es are across ! 7a7 nasion1 or root ( ! nose1 ! 7b7 l[] edges ( ! orbits1 & ! 7c7 l[] edge ( ! nasal ap]ture4 ,l ! ,heidelb]g jaw1 t ( ! ,ne&]?als is di/+ui%$ by great ?ickness & massiv5ess4 ,9 g5]al ! cont\rs are simil>2 9 a few in/ances ! *9 process is sugge/$ by a slight prom95ce1 b 9 g5]al ! *9 is /rongly rec$+1 & x agrees ) t ( ,heidelb]g 9 lack+ ! sp9a m5talis4 ,9 o!r *>act]i/ics !re are decid$ diff]5ces 9 ! ,heidelb]g & ,ne&]?al jaws4 ,! =m ( ! latt] is n[ kn[n f ! specim5s ( ,krap9a1 ( ,spy1 ( ,la ,naulette1 ( ,o*os1 & ( ipka1 & f ! p]fect examples ( ,le ,m\/i] & ,la ,*apelle4 ,! ipka specim5 proves t ev5 9 a *ild t5 ye>s ( age ! jaw 0 rem>kable = ?ickness & /r5g?4 ,b\le7#eb7 entirely agrees ) ,gorjanovi-,kramb]g]7#ec7 t ! *9 9 ! ,ne&]?al jaw 0 only 9 process ( =mation1 & ?r\gh\t life atta9$ no m ?an an infantile =m1 t ! ,ne&]?als may be rank$1 h[ev]1 z ,hom9es m5tales1 :]eas ! ,heidelb]gs1 9 :i* ! *9 is entirely lack+1 may be reg>d$ z ,hom9es am5tales4 ,! proportions ( ! tee? 9 ! ,ne&]?als are equally di/9ctive1 especially 9 ! size ( ! true gr9d]s & cutt+ tee?4 ,z 9 ! ,heidelb]g jaw1 !y =m a closely set r[1 f :i* ! can9e does n project z 9 ! ,piltd[n d5tition2 9 fact1 ! cont\r ( ! jaw & ! proportions ( ! tee? are di/9ctly human :5 comp>$ ) ! orang-l jaw ( ! ,piltd[n man4 ,! gr9d+ surface ( ! tee? has _m lay]s ( enamel1 & ! cusps are well develop$4 ,unlike ^? ( rec5t man1 ! incisors display folds ( enamel on ! inn] or l+ual surfaces1 a condition r>ely obs]v$ 9 ! mod]n cutt+ tee?4 ,9 ! tee? ( ! ,heidelb]g jaw1 ! pulp cavities are exceptionally l>ge1 :]eas 9 ! tee? ( ! ,krap9a race !re is ! unique feature t ! mol>s h no normal roots1 ! roots hav+ be5 m or less absorb$1 a v r>e occurr5ce 9 rec5t man4 ,! d5tition ( ,la ,*apelle is also di/9ctly human1 b extraord9>ily massive1 correspond+ ) ! g5]al massiv5ess ( ! skull & ma/icat+ app>atus2 9 detail x is n t ( civiliz$ races1 b an exagg]at$ =m ( ! type call$ macrodont47#ed7 ,! elongation ( ! cr[n is also simil> to :at is t]m$ hypsodont4 ,! gr9d+-tee? d n all %[ ?is massive size & column> =m1 = ab\t fifty p] c5t ( ! ,krap9a tee? h di/9ct roots & are m l normal mod]n gr9d]s4 ,9 ! ,ne&]?aloids ( ,spy ! tee? are small & ! roots are ( mod]ate size47#ee7 ,?is /udy ( ! =ehead & ( ! eyebr[ ridges1 ( ! great dep? ( ! face1 & ( ! peculi>ly high1 squ>e =m ( ! eye sockets prep>es u = a pr(ile view ( ! skull ( ,la ,*apelle 9 contra/ ) t ( ! mo/ highly develop$ & intellectual ,european type1 namely1 ! pr(ile ( ! di/+ui%$ ,am]ican palontologi/1 ! late ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,d4 ,cope1 :o bequea!d 8 skull & skeleton = purposes ( sci5tific /udy & comp>ison4 ,9 ,la ,*apelle we at once notice ! platycephaly1 or flatt5+ ( ! skullcap1 ! retreat+ =ehead1 ! great prom95ce ( ! eyebr[ ridges resembl+ t ( ! an?ropoid apes1 ! l5g!n+ ( ! face z comp>$ ) ! flatt5+ ( ! cranium1 ! great prom95ce or progna?ism ( ! face z a :ole1 & ! special prom95ce ( ! r[s ( cutt+ tee? z comp>$ ) ! v]tical or indrawn l9e1 & ! recession ( ! too? r[ 9 ! ,cope pr(ile4 ,?is comp>ison also br+s out ! /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ! high *9 prom95ce ( ,homo sapi5s & ! deeply rec$+ *9 ( ! ,ne&]?als4 ,! contra/ is h>dly less rem>kable 9 ! sup]ior view ( ! skull 9 :i* ! ,ne&]?al type is se5 to be extremely doli*ocephalic1 ! back ( ! skull be+ relatively broad & ! front n>r[+ 9 ! region ( ! =ebra9 until x sudd5ly exp&s 9 ! prom95t supraorbital processes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4 ,skull ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts 7outl9e7 9 comp>ison ) t ( a high mod]n type 7%ad$72 illu/rat+ ! project+ eyebr[s & progna?\s1 ape-l face ( ! ,ne&]?aloids4 ,aft] ,b\le4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,z %[n 9 ! diagram on page #h1 ,fig4 #a1 ! greate/ l5g? ( ! ,ne&]?al skull is f\nd on ! horizontal l9e directly ?r\gh ! bra9 *amb]1 kn[n z ! glabella-inion l9e1 a l9e drawn f a prom95ce betwe5 ! eyebr[ ridges to a po9t at ! back ( ! skull kn[n z ! ext]nal occipital protub]ance1 or inion4 ,?is is also ! longe/ l9e 9 ! skulls ( ,spy & ( ,la ,*apelle1 z well z ( ! an?ropoid apes17#ef7 b 9 ! nor? ,au/ralian skull1 ,fig4 #a1 ow+ to ! great] expansion ( ! upp] "p ( ! bra91 ! greate/ l5g? ( ! skull is at a po9t consid]ably above ! glabella-inion l9e4 ,! m$ian section ( ! skull ( ! *impanzee1 ( ! ,ne&]?al1 & ( ! nor? ,au/ralian displays 9 a v /rik+ mann] ! g5]alization made by ,s*walbe1 9 #aija1 t ! ,ne&]?al skull is truly an int]m$iate or half-way =m betwe5 t ( ! an?ropoid apes & t ( ,homo sapi5s4 ,we obs]ve 9 ?is illum9at+ section ! gr[? ( ! dome ( ! skull1 t is1 ! great bra9-be>+ cavity above ! glabella-inion l9e g-i1 by not+ ! contra/ 9 ! l5g? ( ! v]tical l9e ( ! cranial height1 z comp>$ ) ! space bel[ ! glabella-inion l9e indicat$ by ! lett]s4 ,?is v important v]tical l9e t]m9ates bel[ at ! op5+1 :]e ! sp9al cord ent]s ! base ( ! bra9 7see ,fig4 #a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4 ,top view ( ?ree skulls--( a *impanzee 7left71 ( ! man ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts 7c5tre71 & ( a mod]n ,fr5*man 7"r7--%[+ ! retreat ( ! project+ face & prom95t eyebr[ ridges4 ,aft] ,b\le4 ,9 _m *>act]i/ics ! ,ne&]?al skull is %[n to be ne>] to t ( ! an?ropoid apes ?an to t ( ,homo sapi5s4 ,?is conclusion arriv$ at by ,s*walbe1 9 #aija17eg7 has be5 m ?an confirm$ by ,b\le's ma/]ly /udy7#eh7 ( ! v complete skull ( ,la ,*apelle4 ,aft] 8 detail$ review1 he concludes3 ,z to ! unity ( ! ,ne&]?al head =m1 ^! features are n peculi> to ! skull ( ,la ,*apelle2 9 e case !y are also f\nd 9 ! skulls ( ,ne&]?al1 ,gibralt>1 ,spy1 ,krap9a1 ,la ,f]rassie1 :i* witness to ! homog5eity ( t human fossil type call$ ,ne&]?al4 ,^! features %[ a /ructural aff9ity betwe5 ! fossil m5 ( ! ,m\/]ian p]iod & ! an?ropoid apes4 ,x mu/ be not$ t _m ( ^! features may be f\nd also 9 rec5t human skulls ( ! inf]ior races1 b t !y are v r>e1 v scatt]$1 v isolat$1 & occur only z ab]rations4 ,x is ! accumulation ( all ^! features 9 e skull ( a :ole s]ies :i* con/itutes an assemblage entirely new & ( great importance4 ,9 ! skull1 z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! anatomy ( ! ,ne&]?als1 we %\ld n expect to f9d e "* int]m$iate betwe5 ! an?ropoids & rec5t man4 ,! long ,ne&]?al face is some:at simil> to t ( ! ,eskimo & is 9 contra/ ) ! v %ort face ( ! exi/+ ,au/ralians & ,tasmanians4 ,! depression at ! root ( ! nose1 j bel[ ! glabella1 is v m>k$ 9 all ,ne&]?als2 !re is less ( ! nose bridge ?an 9 any rec5t races1 except ^? ( ! male ,au/ralians1 yet ! nose is n flatt5$ b some:at ar*$ or aquil9e4 ,?is feature is n *>act]i/ic ( all ! an?ropoid apes1 & 9 ?is respect ! ,ne&]?als1 ,au/ralians1 & ,tasmanians are m diff]5t f ! an?ropoid apes ?an are "s ( ! :ite races2 ?us ! ,ne&]?al nose1 f> f resembl+ t ( ! an?ropoids1 diff]s f x m ?an does t ( "s rec5t human types47#ei7 ,_m anatomi/s1 foll[+ ,huxley1 h describ$ ! ,au/ralian & ,tasmanian skulls z m or less ,ne&]?aloid1 & "s au?ors h gone s f> z to reg>d ^! races z surviv+ ,ne&]?als4 ,x is true t "s ( ! skulls 9 ^! exi/+ races are extraord9>ily platycephalic & %[ a retreat+ =ehead1 t o!rs %[ supraorbital ridges almo/ z prom95t z 9 ! ,ne&]?als1 t sometimes ! prom95ce ( ! occipital inion is v m>k$1 t c]ta9 jaws %[ a v retreat+ *94 ,?us "o or ano!r ( ^! ,ne&]?al features has be5 obs]v$ 9 ^! l[] exi/+ races1 b all ( ^! *>act]i/ics h nev] be5 comb9$ 9 "o race z con/ant features1 & inv>iably associat$1 z 9 all ! skulls ( ! ,ne&]?als kn[n to u4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4 ,scale ( asc5t indicat$ 9 ! skull =m ( elev5 races ( fossil & liv+ m51 bas$ on ! result ( twelve diff]5t *>act]s ( comp>ison4 ,at ! bottom /&s ! an?ropoid ape1 & above ?is ,pi!can?ropus1 ! ape-man ( ,java4 ,a wide range is obs]v$ betwe5 ! ,ne&]?aloid skulls ( ,gibralt> & ( ,spy-,ne&]?al4 ,n f> above ^! 9 ! scale ( asc5t /& ! mod]n ,au/ralians & ! rec5tly ext9ct ,tasmanians4 ,above ^! l[ races are f\nd ! fossil ,upp] ,paloli?ic races ( ,galley ,hill1 ,brx1 ,brnn1 & ,pedmo/4 ,at ! top /& ! mod]n ,european races1 beside :i* ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic ,cr-,magnon race takes a high rank4 ,aft] ,b*n]4 ,9 brief1 ! ,au/ralian type ( head has no?+ 9 common ) t ( ! ,ne&]?als except 9 a small numb] ( *>act]i/ics 9 ! region ( ! =ehead & ( ! nose4 ,! di/+ui%+ traits ( ! ,ne&]?al head & face are platycephaly1 a retreat+ =ehead1 flatt5+ ( ! occiput or l[] portion ( ! skull1 prom95ce ( ! supraorbital ridges1 *9 retreat+ or lack+1 projection ( ! entire face ow+ to ! peculi> =m ( ! upp] jaw1 & ! relatively small size ( ! frontal lobes ( ! bra94 ,9 fact1 concludes ,b\le3 ,all ^! mod]n s-call$ ',ne&]?aloids' are no?+ b v>ieties ( individuals ( ,homo sapi5s1 rem>kable = ! accid5tal exagg]ation ( c]ta9 anatomical traits :i* are normally develop$ 9 all specim5s ( ,homo ne&]?al5sis4 ,! simple/ explanation ( ^! accid5ts 9 mo/ cases is atavism or rev]sion4 ,we _c ass]t t !re has nev] be5 an infusion ( ,ne&]?aloid blood 9 ! gr\ps belong+ to species ,homo sapi5s1 b :at seems to be q c]ta9 is t any su* infusion c h be5 only accid5tal1 = !re is no rec5t type :i* c be consid]$ ev5 z a modifi$ direct desc5dant ( ! ,ne&]?als4 ,?is op9ion is confirm$ by ! late/ & mo/ exhau/ive rese>*es ( ,b]ry & ,rob]tson17#fj7 :o conclude t nei!r ,au/ralians nor ,tasmanians h any direct relation%ip ) ,homo ne&]?al5sis2 ! sup]ficial po9ts ( cranial resemblance are explicable solely on ! gr\nds ( ! remot5ess ( ! ance/ry4 ,! ,au/ralians & ,tasmanians are desc5dants n ( ! ,ne&]?al /ock b ( a late ,plioc5e or e>ly ,plei/oc5e /ock1 :i*1 foll[+ ,s]gi1 may be call$ ,homo sapi5s tasmanianus1 ( :i* ! ,tasmanian aborig9al1 n[ ext9ct1 0 ! almo/ un*ang$ (fspr+4 ,9 respect to 'l[' *>act]s1 z %[n 9 ! diagram1 ,fig4 #aag1 ! ,spy-,ne&]?al skulls /& q close to ! ,tasmanians & ,au/ralians1 & ! ,gibralt> skull /&s midway betwe5 ?is type & ,pi!can?ropus ) respect to twelve diff]5t *>act]s ( comp>ison4 ,x is int]e/+ to note,,ah t ! ,tasmanians 7 f\nd 9 a /age ( fl9t indu/ry v simil> to t practis$ by ! ,ne&]?als 9 ,m\/]ian times2 _! fl9ts 7 made f artificially produc$ flakes1 includ+ a few examples7#fa7 t exhibit$ a neatness ( edge trimm+ & resultant regul>ity ( outl9e1 :]eas ! great] "p 7 *>act]iz$ by an unskilful trimm+ & irregul> outl9e2 ! l[ /atus ( ! ,tasmanian implem5ts c mo/ correctly be describ$ by ! ^w ,pre-,aurignacian1 t is1 ( ,m\/]ian or ( an e>li] /age1 b n by any means ',eoli?ic4' ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4 ,! ,ne&]?aloid skull ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 ) ! "r half remov$ to %[ ! %ape ( ! bra91 z re/or$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4 ,outl9e ( ! left side ( ! ,ne&]?aloid bra9 ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 comp>$ ) simil> bra9 outl9es ( a *impanzee & ( a high type ( mod]n man4 ,"o-?ird life size4 ,! bra9 ( ,ne&]?al man 0 kn[n to be ( l>ge size ev5 :5 e/imat$ f ! orig9al skullcap ( ! ,ne&]?al type4 ,d>w9 0 compell$ to admit t ! fam\s skull ( ,ne&]?al 0 well develop$ & capaci\s1 & ,broca (f]$ an +5i\s explanation ( ! o!rwise inexplicable fact t ! mean capacity ( ! skull ( ! anci5t cave-dwell] is great] ?an t ( _m mod]n ,fr5*m51 namely1 t ! av]age capacity ( ! skull 9 civiliz$ nations mu/ be l[]$ by ! pres]vation ( a consid]able numb] ( individuals1 weak 9 m9d & body1 :o w\ld h be5 promptly elim9at$ 9 ! savage /ate1 :]eas among savages ! av]age includes only ! m capable individuals :o h be5 able to survive "u extremely h>d conditions ( life4 ,! skulls ( ,la ,*apelle & ( ,spy af=d$ an opportunity ( det]m9+ ?is v int]e/+ problem1 & ! results entirely confirm ! e>li] e/imates ( ,s*aaffhaus5 & ( ,broca z to ! great cubic capacity ( ! ,ne&]?al bra94 ,! e/imates 9 desc5d+ ord] are z foll[s3 ,skull ( ,spy ,,ii 7,fraipont7 8 #agbc c4cm4 ,la ,*apelle 7,b\le1 ,v]neau1 & ,rivet7 #afbf ,spy ,i 7,fraipont7 8 #aefb ,ne&]?al #adjh ,la ,qu9a1 female 7,b\le approximation7 #acfg ,gibralt>1 female 7,b\le e/imate7 #abif ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4 ,bra9s ( ,l[] & ,upp] ,paloli?ic races comp>$ 7top & left side views74 ,piltd[n 7left71 z re/or$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor2 ,ne&]?al 7c5tre7 bra91 ca/ f ! type skull2 ,combe-,capelle 7"r7 f ! base ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic1 aft] ,klaats*4 ,! ,combe-,capelle bra91 ?\gh unnaturally compress$1 %[s a relatively broad frontal area4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,! size ( ! bra9 9 ! exi/+ races ( ,homo sapi5s v>ies f #iej c4cm4 to #bjbj c4cm47#fc7 ,?us 9 respect to ! volume ( c]ebral matt] ! bra9 ( ! ,ne&]?al man is surely human1 b 9 =m ! bra9 lacks ! proportions *>act]i/ic ( ! sup]ior organization ( ! bra9 9 rec5t man4 ,9 ano!r important respect x is human3 9 ! l>g] size ( ! left hemisph]e1 indicat+ ! developm5t ( ! use ( ! "r h&4 ,9 its g5]al =m ! bra9 is m l t ( ! an?ropoid apes 9 ! relatively small] size ( ! frontal portion1 9 ! simplicity & l5g? ( ! convolutions1 & 9 ! position & direction ( ! great fissures at ! side kn[n z ! 'fissures ( ,sylvius' & ( ',rol&o4' ,z /udi$ by ,b\le & ,an?ony7#fd7 !re are _m primitive *>act]i/ics 9 ! bra9 ( ! ,ne&]?als4 ,! front ( ! =ebra91 ! s-call$ prefrontal area1 :i* is ! seat ( ! high] faculties1 is n fully develop$ b has a protub]ance z 9 ! bra9 ( ! an?ropoids4 ,! left frontal lobe 9 p>ticul>1 :i* is associat$ ) ! p[] ( spee*1 is n mu* develop$ 9 ! l[] "p1 s t a limit$ developm5t ( ! faculty ( spee* is inf]r$4 ,! lat]al fissure ( ,sylvius is relatively wide & op51 & ?is & o!r features sugge/ ! bra9 ( ! an?ropoid4 ,! bra9 ( ! skull ( ,la ,qu9a1 :i* is believ$ to be t ( a female1 also %[s _m primitive features47#fe7 ,! absolute cubic capacity ( ! bra9 is less significant ( intellig5ce ?an ! relative developm5t ( ^? portions ( ! bra9 :i* are conc]n$ 9 ! high] processes ( ! m9d4 ,! /ature ( ! v>i\s examples ( ! ,ne&]?al race is e/imat$ some:at diff]5tly by ,b\le & by ,man\vri]1 & also v>ies ) ! sex3 ,ne&]?al 7,b\le7 #a4ee m4 #e ft4 #a 94 7,man\vri]7 #a4fcb m4 #e ft4 #d-a_/e 94 ,la ,*apelle 7,b\le7 #a4eg m4 #e ft4 #a-d_/e 94 7,man\vri]7 #a4faa m4 #e ft4 #c-b_/e 94 ,spy 7,man\vri]7 #a4fcc m4 #e ft4 #d-c_/aj 94 ,la ,f]rassie ,i 7,man\vri]7 #a4feg m4 #e ft4 #e-a_/e 94 ,av]age ( ,ne&]?als suppos$ male #a4fcc m4 #e ft4 #d-c_/aj 94 ,la ,f]rassie ,,ii 7female7 #a4dhb m4 #d ft4 #aj-c_/aj 94 ,! ,ne&]?al head is v l>ge 9 proportion to ! %ort1 ?ick-set body1 :i* we obs]ve r>ely exce$s #e feet #e in*es 9 height 9 ! male1 & #d feet #aj in*es 9 ! female4 ,! proportions ( ! body & limbs ( ! ,ne&]?als ?r[ a surpris+ light on _! ance/ral hi/ory z well z ^u _! defects z a race dep5d5t ^u ! *ase4 ,9 proportion to ! l5g? ( ! ?igh1 ! l[] leg is mu* %ort] ?an 9 any exi/+ human race4 ,! tibia or %9-bone is only #gf4f p] c5t ( ! l5g? ( ! femur or ?igh-bone1 :]eas 9 ! exi/+ races ) ! %orte/ %9-bone1 su* z ! ,eskimos & ! majority ( ! yell[ races1 x is nev] less ?an #hj p] c5t ( ! l5g? ( ! ?igh-bone4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,ne&]?al man is n l ! an?ropoid apes b has a relatively %ort] %9-bone1 because ! gorillas h an index ( #hj4f p] c5t1 ! *impanzees ( #hb p] c5t1 ! orangs & gibbons ( above #hc p] c5t2 ?us all ! an?ropoid apes & ! l[] races ( man h a relatively long] leg f ! knee d[n ?an has ! ,ne&]?al race4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4 ,skeleton ( ! ,ne&]?aloid man ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts4 ,ab\t "o-sev5te5? life size4 ,aft] ,b\le4 ,! %ortness ( ! %9-bone z comp>$ ) ! l5g? ( ! ?igh-bone is pro( t ! ,ne&]?als 7 v clumsy & sl[ ( foot1 because ?is proportion is *>act]i/ic ( all sl[-mov+ animals1 :]eas a long %9-bone & a %ort ?igh-bone indicate t a race is naturally fleet ( foot4 ,simil>ly ! ,ne&]?al man has a v %ort =e>m1 only #gc4h p] c5t ( ! upp] arm2 x approa*es ! proportions se5 9 ! ,eskimos1 ,lapps1 & ,bu%m547#ff7 ,"h1 aga91 ! ,ne&]?al man diff]s f ! an?ropoid apes1 among :i* ! %orte/ =e>m is t ( ! gorilla1 hav+ a ratio ( #hj p] c5t4 ,!re are o!r features :i* w\ld t5d to %[ t ! ance/ors ( ! ,ne&]?aloids _h be5 gr\nd dwell]s r ?an tree dwell]s back into a v remote p]iod ( geologic "t2 ! arms are mu* %ort] ?an ! legs1 :]eas 9 tree dwell]s !y are mu* long]4 ,?us1 we h obs]v$ 9 ! an?ropoid apes t ! arm is v long 9 proportion to ! leg2 9 ! *impanzee1 :i* has relatively ! %orte/ arms among ! an?ropoid apes1 ! index is #ajd p] c5t1 t is1 ! arms are slightly long] ?an ! legs4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! ,ne&]?als ! arm l5g? is only #fh p] c5t ( ! leg l5g?2 ?us x is v f> remov$ f ! an?ropoid-ape type & comes ne>e/ to ! ,au/ralian & ,african negro types4 ,?us1 to sum up ! bodily proportions ( ! ,ne&]?als3 ,arm %ort 9 proportion to leg1 av]age index #fh p] c5t4 ,=e>m %ort 9 proportion to upp] arm1 av]age index #gc4h p] c5t4 ,%9-bone %ort 9 proportion to ?igh-bone1 av]age index #gf4f p] c5t4 ,/ature extremely %ort 9 proportion to size ( head4 ,! /ructure ( ! %\ld] & ( ! *e/ is full ( int]e/4 ,all ! ribs are rem>kably robu/ & ( l>ge volume1 &1 :]eas 9 exi/+ races !y exhibit a flatt5$ section1 9 ! ,ne&]?als ! section is di/9ctly triangul> 9 =m4 ,?is implies a v muscul> & robu/ torso 9 correlation ) ! gigantic head & /\t limbs4 ,! coll>-bones are correspond+ly long1 pres5t+ a ratio to ! hum]us exce$+ #ed p] c5t1 :i* is mu* high] ?an t among ! av]age exi/+ races2 ?is indicates a v broad %\ld]4 ,! %\ld]-blade is also v diff]5t 9 type f t ( ! high] races ( m51 & ev5 f t ( ! high] ,primates2 x is extremely %ort & broad4 ,:ile1 z not$ above1 ! arm ( ! ,ne&]?als is relatively %ort & ?us non-an?ropoid1 x pres5ts a m+l+ ( human & ape *>act]s4 ,! upp] arm1 or hum]us1 is truly ( ! human type1 ! torsion angle ^u its axis be+ #adh1 :]eas 9 ! an?ropoid apes ! angle ( torsion nev] passes #ada4 ,among ! bones ( ! l[] arm ! mo/ significant is ! radius1 ) :i* ! turn+ movem5t ( ! h& is correlat$2 ! /ructure ( ! head ( ! radius has m resemblance to t ( ! an?ropoid apes ?an to t ( exi/+ species ( man4 ,! /ructure ( ! o!r bone ( ! =e>m1 ! ulna1 is also v primitive1 exhibit+ c]ta9 monkey *>act]i/ics4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4 ,?igh-bones1 or femora1 ( ! ,tr9il1 ,ne&]?al1 & ,cr-,magnon races1 comp>$ ) "o ( mod]n type4 ,! ,ne&]?al femur seems to be %ort & /\t1 :]eas t attribut$ to ,pi!can?ropus is relatively long1 sl5d]1 & /raight4 ,( ! femora illu/rat$ ! ,ne&]?al & ,tr9il are ^? ( ! type specim5s1 ! ,cr-,magnon is f ! skeletal fragm5ts ( ,la ,madele9e4 ,aft] ,dubois1 ,b\le1 ,l>tet1 & ,*ri/y4 ,"o-eigh? life size4 ,! /ructure ( ! h& is a matt] ( ! highe/ int]e/ 9 connection ) ! implem5t-mak+ p[]s ( ! ,ne&]?als4 ,! h& is rem>kably l>ge & robu/1 comp>able 9 size ) t ( m5 ( v l>ge /ature 9 exi/+ races4 ,) respect to ! opposition p[] ( ! ?umb aga9/ ! f+]s by means ( ! oppon5s muscle1 a di/9ctively human *>act]i/ic1 ! /age ( ,ne&]?al developm5t is decid$ly l[] ?an t ( exi/+ races1 because ! jo9t ( ! metac>pal bone :i* supports ! ?umb is ( a peculi> =m1 convex1 & pres5t+ a v]itable convex condyle1 :]eas 9 ! exi/+ human races ! articul> surface ( ! upp] "p ( ! ?umb jo9t is saddle-%ap$1 t is1 concave f )9 backw>d1 & convex f )\t inw>d4 ,?us ! highly p]fect$ motions ( ! ?umb 9 ,homo sapi5s 7 n atta9$ 9 ,homo ne&]?al5sis4 ,two phalanges :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts skeleton %[ t ! f+]s 7 relatively %ort & robu/4 ,9 ! /ructure ( ! hip-girdle our fossil man is altoge!r human2 nev]!less1 "s ( its *>act]s are v primitive & di/9ctive4 ,simil>ly1 ! ?igh-bone %[s sev]al primitive *>act]s :i* are only r>ely se5 9 exi/+ races1 su* z ! ?ird tro*ant] & ! /rong1 g5]al =w>d curvature4 ,! /ructure ( ! knee-jo9t 9 relation to ! %9-bone is v peculi>1 because x %[s t ! %9 0 always retrov]t$ or b5t backw>d4 ,two o!r features ( ! %9-bone are its extreme abbreviation z comp>$ ) ! femur1 & ! abs5ce ( flatt5+1 or platycnemism4 ,:]e ! %9-bone jo9s ! ankle-bone 7a/ragalus7 are %[n two facets1 su* z are pres]v$ only 9 ^? races ( exi/+ m5 :i* h reta9$ ! habit ( squatt+ or ! fold$ position ( ! limbs2 ^! facets are n f\nd 9 races :i* h ! habit ( sitt+4 ,!y indicate t ! re/+ position ( ! ,ne&]?als :ile engag$ 9 indu/rial "w 0 squatt+1 z %[n 9 our re/oration ( "o ( ! ,ne&]?als at ,le ,m\/i]4 ,associat$ ) ^! p[]ful & peculi>ly %ap$ limbs is ! p>ticul>ly %ort & ?ick-set v]tebral column1 ea* bone ( :i* is rem>kable = its abbreviation4 ,! neck especially is entirely diff]5t 9 con/ruction f t ( exi/+ races ( m54 ,x w\ld appe> t ! concave curvature ( ! back 9 ! ,ne&]?als 0 c>ri$ directly upw>d & cont9u$ into ! concave curvature ( ! neck1 z among ! an?ropoid apes1 & especially 9 ! *impanzee4 ,! v]tebr ( ! neck1 especially ! fif?1 six?1 & sev5?1 & ! fir/ dorsal1 resemble ^? ( ! *impanzee f> m closely ?an ^? ( ! mod]n ,european2 ! sp9\s processes are direct$ backw>d in/ead ( d[nw>d4 ,?is caus$ ! habitual /oop+ ( ,ne&]?al man at ! neck & %\ld]s & prev5t$ him f ev] hold+ 8 head entirely erect4 ,:]eas 9 ! back-bone ( exi/+ races ! erect position is ma9ta9$ by f\r graceful curvatures1 two t[>d ! front1 & two t[>d ! back1 9 ! ,ne&]?als1 z 9 ! newly-born memb]s ( ! high] races1 we obs]ve only ?ree curvatures1 two concave t[>d ! front1 namely1 ! back & neck curvature1 j describ$1 & a sacral or pelvic curvature2 !re is also a convex lumb> curvature 9 ! l[] "p ( ! ,ne&]?al back-bone1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is less pron\nc$ ?an 9 exi/+ species ( man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4 ,re/oration ( ! head ( ! ,ne&]?al man ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 9 pr(ile1 aft] model by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,summ+ up ! *>act]s ( ! back-bone 9 ! ,ne&]?als1 c]ta9 ( !m are v primitive1 su* z ! /ructure ( ! v]tebr ( ! neck & ! robu/ developm5t ( ! sp9\s processes1 ! abs5ce ( m>k$ curvature 9 ! l[] "p ( ! back-bone & ! v g5tle curvature ( ! bones ( ! sacrum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4 ,re/oration ( ! head ( ! ,ne&]?al man ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 9 front view1 aft] model by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,! total aspect ( ,ne&]?al man may be *>act]iz$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]37#fg7 ,an enorm\s head plac$ ^u a %ort & ?ick trunk1 ) limbs v %ort & ?ick-set1 & v robu/2 ! %\ld]s broad & /oop+1 ) ! head & neck habitually b5t =w>d into ! same curvature z ! back2 ! arms relatively %ort z comp>$ ) ! legs2 ! l[] leg1 z comp>$ ) ! upp] leg1 %ort] ?an 9 any ( ! exi/+ races ( m52 ! knee habitually b5t =w>d )\t ! p[] ( /raight5+ ! jo9t or ( /&+ fully erect2 ! h&s extremely l>ge & )\t ! delicate play betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]s *>act]i/ic ( mod]n races2 ! resort to a squatt+ position :ile occupi$ 9 fl9t-mak+ & o!r indu/ries4 ,?us ! ord9>y attitudes *>act]i/ic ( ,homo ne&]?al5sis w\ld be q diff]5t f our own & mo/ unga9ly4 ,! heavy head1 ! enorm\s developm5t ( ! face1 & ! backw>d position ( ! =am5 magnum1 ?r\gh :i* ! sp9al cord connects ) ! bra91 w\ld t5d to ?r[ ! upp] "p ( ! body =w>d1 & ?is t5d5cy1 ) ! less] curvature ( ! neck1 ! heavy %\ld]s1 & ! flatt5$ =m ( ! head1 w\ld give ?is portion ( ! body a m or less an?ropoid aspect4 ,,geographic ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,m\/]ian ,,/ations ,! ,ne&]?al race ( ,m\/]ian times e/abli%$ /ations all ov] we/]n ,europe1 ( :i* upw>d ( fifty h already be5 discov]$1 z comp>$ ) ! fifty-sev5 or m ,a*eulean /ations kn[n4 ,at "s po9ts ! old op5 camps ( ! ,a*eulean fl9t work]s 7 /ill visit$1 z along ! ,?ames1 ! ,somme1 & ! ,m>ne4 ,?us ,abbeville1 ,/4 ,a*eul1 ,montires1 & ,*elles1 9 nor!rn ,france1 %[ a succession ( ,m\/]ian indu/ry foll[+ ! ,a*eulean1 ! ,*ellean1 &1 at ,/4 ,a*eul1 ev5 ! ,pre-,*ellean4 ,^! may well h be5 summ] /ations1 visit$ at favorable seasons ( ! ye> because ( _! abundant supply ( fl9t4 ,ab\t #abe miles to ! ea/ ( ,/4 ,a*eul1 9 ,belgium1 on a small tribut>y ( ! ,meuse1 is ! grotto ( ,spy1 :i*1 toge!r ) ,m\/]ian implem5ts1 has yield$ two human fossil skeletons ( ! ,ne&]?al race4 ,9 s\!rn ,devon%ire is ! fam\s cav]n ( ,k5t's ,hole1 ne> ,torquay1 discov]$ z long ago z #ahbe by ,mac,enery & describ$ 9 #ahdj by ,godw9-,au/547#fh7 ,x is int]e/+ to note t tee? ( ! sabre-too? tig] 7,ma*rodus latid5s7 h be5 f\nd 9 ?is cav]n1 lead+ ,boyd ,dawk9s to believe t ?is animal surviv$ to late geologic times3 x w be recall$ z a contempor>y ( ! e>ly ,*ellean fl9t work]s at ,abbeville4 ,! animal life ( ,k5t's ,hole1 z orig9ally describ$ by ,godw9-,au/51 includ$ rema9s ( elephant1 rh9oc]os1 ox1 de]1 horse1 be>1 hyna1 & a fel9e animal ( l>ge size--fauna n[ kn[n to belong to ! p]iod ( ! f\r? glaciation4,,ai ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4 ,geographic di/ribution ( ! pr9cipal ,m\/]ian indu/rial /ations 9 we/]n ,europe1 attribut$ to ! ,ne&]?al race4 ,to ! s\? are ?ree /ations1 "o ( :i*1 ,la ,cotte de ,/4 ,brelade1 on ! pres5t isle ( ,j]sey1 !n "p ( ! ma9l&1 has yield$ ,m\/]ian flakes & ?irte5 human tee? ( ,ne&]?al type4 ,/ill f>!r to ! s\?1 9 ! ,dordogne region1 is f\nd ! type /ation describ$ on a previ\s page1 ( ,le ,m\/i]1 ! c5tre ( a gr\p ( eight sites cr[d$ along ! nor? & s\? %ores ( ! ,vzre1 :i* h become fam\s = ! k !y yield ( ! successive /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,m\/]ian implem5ts1 beg9n+ ) ! primitive culture /ation ( ,la ,micoque1 & includ+ ,la ,f]rassie1 ,le ,m\/i]1 ,la ,ro*ette1 ,pataud1 ,la ,m\!1 ,laussel1 & f9ally ! ,abri ,audit1 :i* m>ks ! clos+ /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,m\/]ian indu/ry &1 9 ! op9ion ( _m ar*ologi/s1 its transition to ! ,aurignacian4 ,at sev]al ( ^! places important discov]ies h be5 made1 bo? ( human fossils & ( notewor?y transitions 9 ! progress ( inv5tion4 ,circl+ r\nd ?is ,vzre gr\p are ! /ations ( ,petit-,puymoy51 ,la ,qu9a1 :]e implem5ts ( ! clos+ /age ( ,m\/]ian indu/ry h be5 f\nd z well z a human fossil ( ! ,ne&]?al type1 & ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 :i* has yield$ ! only complete skeleton ( a ,ne&]?al man s f> discov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4 ,! ,m\/]ian cave ( ,hornos de la ,pea1 9 ! ,cantabrian ,m\nta9s ( nor!rn ,spa94 ,photograph by ,n4 ,c4 ,nelson4 ,9 ,spa9 is ! /ation ( ,san ,isidro1 ne> ! headwat]s ( ! ,tagus1 & ! beautifully situat$ grottos ( ,ca/illo & ,hornos de la ,pea1 on ! nor!rn slopes ( ! ,cantabrian ,m\nta9s4 ,z contra/$ ) ! v num]\s ,a*eulean sites ( ,italy1 x is surpris+ to note t only two ,m\/]ian grottos h ?us f> be5 discov]$ 9 ?is region3 ! ,grotte delle ,fate 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,liguria1 & ! v important gr\p ( caves on ! ,rivi]a1 ne> ,m5tone1 kn[n z ! ,grottes de ,grimaldi1 close to ! sea%ore & at ! v po9t :]e ! ,italian ,alps abut ^u ! sea4 ,cross+ to ! nor?1 we note ! sup]b ,swiss grotto ( ,wildkir*li1 on ! headwat]s ( ! ,rh9e1 #e1jjj feet above sea-level4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4 ,outlook f ! cave ( ,hornos de la ,pea4 ,photograph by ,n4 ,c4 ,nelson4 ,9 all ,g]many !re are only ab\t sev5 /ations ( unque/ion$ ,m\/]ian age4 ,( ^! six are grottos1 & ! sev5?1 ,momm5heim1 is a fluvial r$eposit ( loess along a small /ream1 :]e only "o implem5t has be5 f\nd47#fi7 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t 9 ,g]many ^! ,m\/]ian sites occupy ! great w$ge ( t]ritory betwe5 ! ,sc&9avian ice-fields on ! nor?1 & ! ,alp9e on ! s\?1 & t ,wildkir*li 0 actually )9 ! area ( glaciation2 :ile ! caves ( ,rub]hhle & ipka 7 n f> f ! glaci]s :i* clo!d ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s1 & ,baumann%hle 0 n s v remote f ! great ,sc&9avian ice-field4 ,9 ! region ( ! headwat]s ( ! ,rh9e & ,danube ! indu/ry ( ! ,ne&]?al race has ?us f> be5 trac$ only at ! /ations ( ,irpfelhhle1 ,rub]hhle1 & ,sirg5/e94 ,! latt] cav]n is ( especial importance because x comprises ! entire ,paloli?ic hi/ory ( ?is region1 pres5t+ a s]ies ( successive culture lay]s f ,m\/]ian times up to ! arrival ( ! ,neoli?ic race4 ,fur!r to ! ea/ are ! ,gud5u%hle1 ne> ,krems1 9 ,l[] ,au/ria1 & ,o*os & ipka1 9 ,moravia1 :ile ov] ! ,russian bord] are ,wi]s*ovie & ,miskolcz4 ,well to ! nor?we/ ( ,wildkir*li are ! /ations ( ,momm5heim & ,k>t/e91 & to ! nor? t ( ,baumann%hle4 ,,workman%ip ,,( ,,! ,,ne&]?als ,! d5se communal life ( ,m\/]ian times may h favor$ a social evolution1 ! developm5t ( ! imag9ation & ( tribal lore1 & ! beg9n+s ( ! religi\s belief & c]emonial ( :i* app>5t indications are f\nd to be wide-spread among ! entirely diff]5t races ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic times4 ,! life is n1 h[ev]1 m>k$ by indu/rial progress or inv5tion4 ,! successive /ages ( ! ,m\/]ian indu/ry h n z yet be5 s cle>ly def9$ z ^? ( ! ,a*eulean 7,s*midt7#gj774 ,9 ! op5 ,m\/]ian /ations & cav]ns ( ,belgium & ,engl& ,s*midt has obs]v$ ! /ages ( e>ly1 middle1 & late ,m\/]ian4 ,breuil & ,ob]mai] consid] ,la ,micoque z belong+ to ! close ( ! ,a*eulean b z m>k+ ! transition into ! ,m\/]ian4 ,breuil consid]s ! indu/ry ( ! ,combe-,capelle /ation z repres5t+ ! olde/ true ,m\/]ian culture4 ,! rese>*es :i* h be5 c>ri$ ?us f> w\ld appe> to ju/ify ! foll[+ subdivisions ( ! ,m\/]ian culture 9 s\?we/]n ,france3 #f4 ,abri ,audit culture1 m>k+ ! transition f late ,m\/]ian to e>ly ,aurignacian indu/ry4 #e4 ,late true ,m\/]ian indu/ry4 ,la ,qu9a type ( implem5ts ) scrap]s & bone anvils4 #d4 ,middle ,m\/]ian indu/ry1 ) a pr$om9ance ( h&some1 l>ge ,m\/]ian po9ts c>efully 'ret\*$' on ! edge & sometimes on "o side1 a 'ret\*' at times approa*+ ! sup]ior ,solutrean te*nique4 #c4 ,primitive e>ly ,m\/]ian indu/ry1 ) a limit$ inv5tory ( implem5ts4 #b4 ,combe-,capelle /age1 ) he>t-%ap$ c\ps de po+ & typical ,m\/]ian 'po9ts4' 7,arrival ( re9de]47 #a4 ,la ,micoque culture1 transitional f ,a*eulean to ,m\/]ian times4 7,no re9de]47 ,! fl9t indu/ry1 al?\gh v diff]5t 9 its outw>d appe>ance1 is recognizable z a direct evolution f ! ,a*eulean1 ) ! suppression or decl9e ( c]ta9 implem5ts & ! improvem5ts ( o!rs4 ,x is ! product ( ! same k9d ( m9d at "w ) ! same mat]ials1 b "u diff]5t climatic conditions & ) new dem&s1 especially = clo?+ z protection aga9/ ! sev]e wea!r4 ,we also _c avoid ! feel+ t ! ab&onm5t ( ! free1 op5 life ( ,*ellean & e>ly ,a*eulean times & ! cr[d+ ( ! ,ne&]?al tribesm5 b5ea? ! %elt]s & 9 ! grottos _h a dw>f+ effect bo? ^u ! physique & ^u ! indu/ry itself4 ,! ,m\/]ian implem5ts1 z comp>$ ) ! ,a*eulean1 impress "o z ! "w ( a less muscul> & vigor\s race4 ,9 addition to ! _m f9e transitions t "o obs]ves7#ga7 betwe5 ! ,a*eulean & ,m\/]ian indu/ries at ,/4 ,a*eul1 /rong evid5ce is also furni%$ 9 favor ( a close connection betwe5 ^! cultures by ! discov]ies at ,laussel1 on ! ,vzre1 ne> ,les ,eyzies4 ,!re1 broad & deep be=e ?is %elt] ( ,laussel1 lies ! ,m\/]ian lay]1 & directly b5ea? x is a true ,a*eulean lay] close to ! wat]s ( ! valley ( ! ,beune4 ,?is proves t 9 ,a*eulean times ?is valley 0 deep5$ to ! same degree z to-day1 & a close union ( ! ,a*eulean to ! ,m\/]ian is "h aga9 evid5t4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,somme ne> ,/4 ,a*eul ,commont has also obs]v$ pro(s ( a simil> close connection betwe5 ^! cultures4 ,) su* records 9 nor!rn & s\!rn ,france1 ! ,ne&]?al race1 :i* is kn[n t[>d ! end ( ,a*eulean times & especially cov]s ! entire p]iod ( ,m\/]ian "t1 comes mu* ne>] to u4 ,if we assign ! ,m\/]ian indu/ry to ! la/ glacial p]iod1 we give x a duration ( "s #cj1jjj ye>s1 & ?is is ab\t ! reckon+ :i* ?\ghtful anatomi/s h already assign$ = ! ,ne&]?al man4 ,,special ,,m\/]ian ,,implem5ts ,two in/rum5ts are especially typical ( ! ,m\/]ian indu/ry f beg9n+ to end2 ^! are ! 'po9te' & ! 'racloir4' ,! =m]1 po9t$ & spe>-%ap$1 is f #a to #d in*es 9 l5g?2 ! latt] is a broad scrap]1 f #a to #b in*es 9 wid?2 & bo? h ! di/9ctive peculi>ity ( be+ compos$ ( a l>ge flake ( fl9t /ruck (f f a l>g] bulb or nodule & ( be+ ret\*$ only on "o side1 leav+ on ! opposite side ! smoo? con*oidal surface ( ! flake47#gb7 ,?is po9t & scrap] are highly *>act]i/ic n only ( ! e>ly /ages b ( ! ,m\/]ian indu/ry ?r\gh\t its entire c\rse1 includ+ ev5 ! late ,la ,qu9a types1 & _! mann] ( mak+ is obvi\sly a modifi$ usage ( ! late ,a*eulean discov]y ( ! flakes ( ,levallois4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4 ,typical ,m\/]ian 'po9ts' f ! type /ation ( ,le ,m\/i]1 made ( a l>ge flake ( fl9t /ruck (f f ! nodule & ret\*$ on only "o side1 leav+ on ! opposite side a smoo?1 con*oidal surface4 ,aft] ,d*elette1 by p]mission ( ,m4 ,a4 ,pic>d1 ,librairie ,alphonse ,pic>d et ,fils4 ,a matt] ( ! greate/ int]e/ 9 ! indu/rial developm5t ( we/]n ,europe at ?is "t is ! fact t ?is discov]y ( ! utilization ( ! flake1 :e!r 9 ! 'lames de ,levallois' or 9 ! ,m\/]ian po9t & scrap]1 l$ to ! decl9e ( ! c\p de po+4 ,! ret\*$ flakes ( v>i\s %apes 7 easi] to make & to repair & s]v$ equally well ! purposes ( sk9n+ & dismemb]+ game :i* _h be5 previ\sly s]v$ by ! anci5t c\p de po+47#gc7 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4 ,m\/]ian 'po9ts' & scrap]s f v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 z int]pret$ by de ,mortillet4 ,9 "s cases bo? sides ( ! implem5t are %[n2 all are "o-qu>t] actual size except #aja1 :i* is "o-half actual size4 #ajj--;,de ,mortillet's !ory ( ! mann] ( us+ ! ,m\/]ian 'po9t1' :i* 0 held 9 ! h& & n %aft$4 #aja--,m\/]ian po9t f ,suffolk1 ,engl&4 #ajb--,m\/]ian po9t f ,umbria1 ,italy4 #ajc1 #ajd--;,a s+le flake po9t f ! ,crimea1 9 s\!rn ,russia4 #aje1 #ajf--;,a long1 n>r[ ,m\/]ian po9t f ,oise1 ,france4 #ajg--;,a curv$-9 scrap]1 or grattoir1 f ,dordogne1 ,france2 p]haps an implem5t = dress+ a wood5 spe> or lance4 #ajh--;,bone spl9t]1 brok5 = ! m>r[1 b n %ap$4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! c\p de po+1 fa%ion$ f ! core ( ! nodule1 beg9s to play a v second>y rle & occurs b r>ely 9 ! ,m\/]ian levels4 ,ev5 at ,/4 ,a*eul1 ! v c5tre ( its =m] reign1 we beg9 to f9d decad5t =ms & poor workman%ip1 :i* make x difficult to recognize t ^! are ! successors ( ! f9ely ret\*$ ,a*eulean c\ps de po+4 ,:ile ! c\ps de po+ at ! type /ation ( ,le ,m\/i] cont9ue to reta9 ! old ,a*eulean patt]ns--! oval1 ! he>t-%ap$1 ! %>p-po9t$--!y are all ( small] size & r co>sely ret\*$4 ,?us1 aft] ?\s&s ( ye>s ( developm5t & employm5t1 ! c\p de po+ falls into a p]iod ( deg5]ation & ( f9al disuse4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is4 implem5t1 :i* we h trac$ f its ,pre-,*ellean prototypes1 pres5ts a mo/ int]e/+ analogy ) ! c\rse ( evolution obs]v$ 9 s _m animal & plant =ms4 ,x passes ?r\gh _m /ages ( improvem5t & rea*es a climax ( p]fection & adaptation2 x !n comes into competition ) ano!r =m evolv+ on a fundam5tally diff]5t & sup]ior plan & disappe>s 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ?r\gh ! great] usefulness ( ! replac+ type4 ,,successive ,,/ages ,,9 ,,! ,,m\/]ian ,,indu/ry ,! succession ( indu/rial /ages is be/ %[n along ! ,vzre4 ,! olde/ ,m\/]ian indu/ry is t ( ,combe-,capelle ) its he>t-%ap$1 r\ghly fa%ion$ c\ps de po+1 entirely lack+1 h[ev]1 any evid5ce ( a surface prep>$ = ! grasp ( ! h&4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,somme ,commont7#gd7 has obs]v$ ! ?ree foll[+ /ages 9 ! advance ( ! ,m\/]ian indu/ry3 #c4 ,a late ,m\/]ian culture :i* lies on ! upp] lay]s ne> ! top ( ! same gravel deposit & :i* %[s entirely new te*nical elem5ts4 ,! old c\p-de-po+ culture is no long] valu$1 & all ! implem5ts f\nd "h are ( flakes work$ only on "o side & ) an extraord9>ily f9e ret\*4 #b4 ,a middle ,m\/]ian horizon :i* lies 9 ! l[] lay]s ( a gravel deposit1 belong+ to ! 'new] loess1' & :i* conta9s only "o small c\p de po+4 #a4 ,an e>ly ,m\/]ian1 ) q num]\s lance-%ap$ c\ps de po+1 lies at ! base ( ! 'new] loess1' %[+ t ! c\p-de-po+ tradition /ill l+]s & ! c\p-de-po+ type is /ill pres]v$4 ,) ^! are associat$ ! new types ( implem5ts & especially ! 'h&-po9ts1' :i* are s typical ( ! ,m\/]ian indu/ry4 ,! m rec5t levels 7#b1 #c7 conta9 long] flakes1 :i* already exhibit a t5d5cy t[>d ! blades1 or 'lames1' ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic4 ,9 ! %elt]s & cav]ns ( ,dordogne ! same indu/rial sequ5ce may be obs]v$1 al?\gh ! *ronological succession ( ! /rata is n always cle>ly def9$4 ,at ! grotto ( ,combe-,capelle ! he>t-%ap$ c\ps de po+ reta9 mo/ /rongly ! old traditions1 b ev5 "h ^! are outnumb]$ by ! well-fa%ion$ ,m\/]ian 'po9ts1' *ipp$ only on "o side4 ,! fur!r developm5t ( ! ,m\/]ian indu/ry may be obs]v$ 9 ! type /ation ( ,le ,m\/i]1 :]e ! l[] levels %[ a primitive ,m\/]ian consi/+ mo/ly ( v f9e1 irregul>ly fa%ion$ flakes1 made into small scrap]s1 triangul> po9ts1 bor]s1 & disks4 ,! ov]ly+ lay] includes v c>efully work$ ,m\/]ian po9ts :i* are frequ5tly ret\*$ on "o side ov] ! entire surface2 "h ! ,m\/]ian te*nique rea*es its highe/ developm5t1 s t ,s*midt designates x z 'high ,m\/]ian4'7#ge7 ,above ?is lay]1 aga91 is a level ( typical late ,m\/]ian =ms1 q unlike ! small primitive flakes ( ! l[] level & resembl+ ! *>act]i/ic =ms ( ,la ,qu9a1 ! dom9ant type be+ ! f9ely %ap$ ,la ,qu9a racloir4 ,! few dim9utive c\ps de po+ :i* occur 9 ?is level at ,le ,m\/i] furni% ! only di/9ction betwe5 ! indu/ry "h & t ( ,la ,qu9a1 :]e no c\ps de po+ are f\nd4 ,at ,le ,m\/i] also occur ! typical bone anvils :i* 7 fir/ recogniz$ at ,la ,qu9a4 ,! ,m\/]ian indu/ry ( ! ,ne&]?als 0 ?us devot$ ma9ly to ! developm5t ( ! small] =ms ( implem5ts1 = ! mo/ "p ret\*$ on "o side only1 & ) a con/ant improvem5t ( te*nique4 ,yet ! *ief types ( ,m\/]ian implem5ts rema9 ! same z 9 ,a*eulean times1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ table4 ,! implem5t kn[n z ! po9te1 or ! 'h&-po9t1' is a pr9cipal & v *>act]i/ic ,m\/]ian =m fur!r p]fect$ f its ,a*eulean /age4 ,x is spe>-head$ 9 %ape & *ipp$ on "o side only1 & cont9ues into late ,m\/]ian times1 be+ /ill f\nd 9 ! ,m\/]ian levels ( ,spy1 9 ,belgium4 ,! po9te d\ble1 a d\ble-po9t$1 spe>-%ap$ =m1 at times almo/ atta9s ! elongate %ape ( ! ,solutrean po9te de lauri]1 ?\gh nev] its sl5d]ness1 symmetry1 & p]fection ( te*nique4 ,,indu/rial4 ,c\p de po+ 7decad5t71 h&-/one4 ovoid4 he>t-%ap$4 %>p-po9t$4 ,ha*ette1 *opp]4 ,grattoir1 plan+ tool4 ,p]oir1 drill1 bor]4 ,c\teau1 knife4 ,racloir1 scrap]4 knife-edg$4 curv$-out edge4 saw-edg$4 d\ble-edg$4 beak-%ap$4 _m-edg$4 ,po9te1 'h&-po9t4' ,p]cuteur8 hamm]-/one8 ,,w> ,,& ,,*ase4 ,po9te1 'h&-po9t4' ,po9te d\ble1 spe> head8 ,c\p de po+1 h&-/one4 ,pi]re de jet1 ?r[+ /one4 ,c\teau1 knife4 ,!re are five or six well-def9$ v>ieties ( ! racloir1 or scrap]1 c>efully fa%ion$ out ( flakes4 ,! pr9cipal =m is cresc5tic 9 %ape1 ) outw>d-curv$ edge4 ,o!r =ms are saw-l ) /raight edges or knife-edg$4 ,ano!r =m ) v neatly & symmetrically incurv$ bord]s has its edges %>ply ret\*$1 z if = ! smoo?+ d[n ( bone or wood5 %afts4 ,! bor] is also fa%ion$ ( an elongate flake & sometimes f9i%$ ) a v f9e po9t at "o ( its extremities4 ,x is notewor?y t ! grattoir1 or plan+ tool1 s well develop$ 9 ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic indu/ries1 appe>s only sporadically 9 ,m\/]ian times4 ,= example1 at ,la ,qu9a1 9 ! clos+ /ages ( ! ,m\/]ian indu/ry1 out ( #bbj implem5ts collect$ at haz>d1 !re 7 #aff scrap]s ( six diff]5t =ms1 #de 'h&-po9ts' ( five diff]5t =ms1 & #e d\ble po9ts1 z comp>$ ) #e grattoirs1 or plan+ tools4 ,!re are v few knife-%ap$ =ms4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! racloir & ! p]oir 7 ! pr9cipal implem5ts employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( sk9s = clo?+4 ,9 e>ly ,m\/]ian times ! c\p de po+ may /ill h be5 us$ by ! ,ne&]?als 9 ! *ase1 & ! f9e1 spe>-head$ 'po9t' & ! r>] 'd\ble po9t' may h be5 develop$ 9 response to ! ne$s ( hunt]s1 :o n[ v5tur$ ! *ase ( ! bison1 ! urus1 ! wild horse1 & ! re9de]4 ,! mo/ /rik+ features ( all ! implem5ts :i* may h be5 us$ 9 ! *ase are3 fir/1 ! abs5ce ( any def9ite pro( ( _! atta*m5t to a %aft or h&le2 & second1 ! abs5ce ( any b>b$ or head$ type ( po9t4 ,! use ( ! b>b1 z we %all see1 appe>s to be a relatively rec5t discov]y ( ! lat] cultures ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4 ,late ,m\/]ian implem5ts1 aft] de ,mortillet1 "o-qu>t] actual size4 #aji1 #aaj--,po9t1 f9ely ret\*$ at "o end1 f ,se9e-et-,m>ne1 ,france4 ,! rev]se %[s a ret\* on ! flak$ surface :i* sugge/s ! d\ble-face ,solutrean ret\*4 #aaa1 #aab--;,a v l>ge racloir1 or scrap]1 f ,la ,qu9a1 ,*>5te1 ,france2 "p ( ! bulb ( p]cussion has be5 *ipp$ (f4 #aac--;,d\ble-end$ po9t f ,le ,m\/i]1 ret\*$ on bo? surfaces4 #aad1 #aae--;,comb9ation po9t & scrap] f ,le ,m\/i]1 ,dordogne1 ,france4 #aaf--;,d\ble scrap]1 or racloir1 ) grattoir1 or plan+ end4 ,! transition f ! ,m\/]ian to ! ,aurignacian appe>s 9 ! ,abri ,audit1 :i* also lies 9 ! valley ( ! ,vzre4 ,"h we /ill f9d irregul>ly fa%ion$ c\ps de po+1 decad5t foll[]s ( ! he>t-%ap$ types ( ! e>lie/ ,m\/]ian indu/ry2 ?is is ne>ly ! la/ phase 9 ! decl9e ( ! old c\p-de-po+ manufacture4 ,:ile ! lance-%ap$ c\p de po+ ( ! late ,a*eulean nev] appe>s 9 any true ,m\/]ian indu/ry1 ! %ort]1 m he>t-%ap$ type ( ,combe-,capelle trav]ses ! entire ,m\/]ian &1 aft] fur!r /ages ( deg5]ation1 passes into ! ,abri ,audit culture & ev5 l+]s into ! e>ly ,aurignacian4 ,at ?is latt] /ation ! typical ,m\/]ian 'po9ts' are almo/ want+4 ,! ,m\/]ian1 obs]ves ,s*midt17#ge7 :i* pres]ves ! traditions ( ! ,l[] ,paloli?ic c\p-de-po+ culture1 is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ phases 9 ! developm5t ( ,paloli?ic indu/ry1 9 t its successive /ages exhibit ! v la/ phases ( ! great c\p-de-po+ indu/ry1 ( :i* only ! almond & oval scrap] types appe>1 & t v r>ely1 9 ! e>ly ,aurignacian4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! late ,m\/]ian we obs]ve a tr5d t[>d ! blade 7lame7 indu/ry ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic4 ,c>eful /udy & obs]vation ( ! subdivisions ( ,m\/]ian culture h ?us f> be5 limit$ to c5tral & s\!rn ,france1 & !y h n yet be5 trac$ 9 ,spa92 b 9 ! grottos ( ,belgium & ,engl& ! e>ly1 middle1 & late ,m\/]ian types are kn[n to exi/4 ,bone anvils1 fa%ion$ out ( ! h>d surfaces ( ! =eleg & foot bones ( ! bison & horse1 7 discov]$ at ,la ,qu9a 9 #aijf4 ,!y %[ a flatt5$ surface ) cross incisions too regul> to be accid5tal & too f> f ! articulation to be ! result ( an inexp]t attempt to sev] ! jo9t47#gf7 ,?is 0 n ! only use ( bone 9 ,m\/]ian times1 h[ev]1 = primitive po9t$ implem5ts ( bone are occasionally f\nd 9 ,dordogne1 m+l$ ) ,m\/]ian fl9ts4 ,a v>iety ( rudely fa%ion$ bone implem5ts also occurs at ,wildkir*li1 9 ,switz]l&4 ,,disappe>ance ,,( ,,! ,,ne&]?al ,,race ,we h se5 t ! ,ne&]?als dwelt 9 ,europe = a v long "t1 _m ?\s&s ( ye>s1 dur+ :i* !y d\btless und]w5t consid]able evolution f l[] to high] types1 & into v>ieties1 "u ! modify+ influ5ces ( climate1 food1 & racial habits4 ,consequ5tly ! kn[n rema9s ( ,ne&]?als exhibit a decid$ v>iation 9 head =m1 z well z 9 d5tition3 "s are m primitive & ape-l2 o!rs1 su* z ,spy ,,ii1 are m l ! mod]n races4 ,! ,krap9a v>iety is m broad-head$ ?an ! typical ,ne&]?al v>iety4 ,! ,gibralt> v>iety is 9 _m respects ( l[ type4 ,! individual kn[n z ,spy ,,ii is ( high] type ?an ! o!r ,ne&]?als4 ,! v>iations 9 /ature s f> z kn[n are slight4 ,= ^! & o!r reasons ,hrdlika17#gg7 :o has rec5tly made a broad comp>ative /udy ( ! *ief ,ne&]?al rema9s ( ,europe1 is ( ! op9ion t ! ,ne&]?als p>tly evolv$ into ! l[] races ( ,homo sapi5s2 be+ n only 9 "s measure ance/ral to su* v primitive =ms z ! ,brnn or ,pedmo/ race ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic times1 b ev5 contribut+ to ! high] race ( ! ,cr-,magnons4 ,he also holds t traces ( ,ne&]?al blood & physiognomy are n lack+ ev5 among mod]n ,europeans4 ,a contr>y view is set =? 9 ! pres5t volume2 namely1 t ! ,ne&]?als repres5t a side bran* ( ! human race :i* became :olly ext9ct 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,?is view ! au?or %>es ) ,b\le & ) ,s*walbe4 ,c]ta9ly ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! kn[n ,upp] ,paloli?ic burial sites does n support ! !ory t ! ,ne&]?als p]si/$4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic skeletons discov]$ at ,pedmo/1 & n[ await+ description by ,maka1 may modify ?is conclusion & demon/rate ,hrdlika's !ory t ! ,ne&]?als surviv$ & left desc5dants or m5 ( mix$ ,ne&]?al & ,homo sapi5s race along ! valley ( ! ,danube4 ,:atev] may h be5 _! fate 9 o!r regions1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ sudd5 racial *ange :i* we "k ( 9 ! :ole prehi/ory ( we/]n ,europe is ! disappe>ance ( ! ,ne&]?al race at ! close ( ! ,m\/]ian culture /age1 :i* 0 ! late/ indu/rial p]iod ( ,l[] ,paloli?ic times1 & _! replacem5t by ! ,cr-,magnon race4 ,f geologic evid5ce ! date ( ?is replacem5t is believ$ to h be5 betwe5 #bj1jjj & #be1jjj ye>s be=e our era4 ,s f> z we "k at pres5t1 ! ,ne&]?als 7 entirely elim9at$2 no trace ( ! survival ( ! pure ,ne&]?al type has be5 f\nd 9 any ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic burial sites2 nor h ! alleg$ in/ances ( ! survival ( ! ,ne&]?al /ra9 or ( p be>+ ! ,ne&]?al cranial *>act]s be5 sub/antiat$4 ,we incl9e to agree ) ,b\le & ,s*walbe t ! suppos$ cases among mod]n races ( ! transmission ( ,ne&]?al *>act]s are simply l[ or rev]sional types1 :i*1 ^u close analysis1 are nev] f\nd to pres5t ! highly di/9ctive & peculi> comb9ation ( ,ne&]?al *>act]i/ics4 ,!re is "s reason to believe t ! ,ne&]?als 7 deg5]at+ physically & indu/rially dur+ ! v sev]e conditions ( life ( ! f\r? glaciation1 b ! consequ5t inf]iority & dim9ution 9 numb]s w\ld n acc\nt = _! total ext9ction1 & we are incl9$ to attribute ?is to ! entrance into ! :ole ,ne&]?al c\ntry ( we/]n ,europe t[>d ! close ( ,l[] ,paloli?ic times ( a new & highly sup]ior race4 ,ar*ologi/s f9d traces ( a new culture & indu/ry 9 c]ta9 ,m\/]ian /ations prec$+ ! disappe>ance ( ! typical ,m\/]ian indu/ry4 ,su* a m+l+ is f\nd 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme 9 nor!rn ,france4 ,f ?is scanty evid5ce we may inf] t ! new race compet$ = a "t ) ! ,ne&]?als be=e !y dispossess$ !m ( _! pr9cipal /ations & drove !m out ( ! c\ntry or kill$ !m 9 battle4 ,! ,ne&]?als1 no d\bt1 f\ght ) wood5 weapons & ) ! /one-head$ d>t & spe>1 b !re is no evid5ce t !y possess$ ! b[ & arr[4 ,!re is1 on ! contr>y1 "s possibility t ! newly arriv+ ,cr-,magnon race may h be5 famili> ) ! b[ & arr[1 = a b>b$ arr[ or spe> head appe>s 9 draw+s ( a lat] /age ( ,cr-,magnon hi/ory1 ! s-call$ ,magdal5ian4 ,x is ?us possible1 ?\gh v f> f be+ demon/rat$1 t :5 ! ,cr-,magnons ent]$ we/]n ,europe1 at ! dawn ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic1 !y 7 arm$ ) weapons :i*1 ) _! sup]ior intellig5ce & physique1 w\ld h giv5 !m a v great advantage 9 conte/s ) ! ,ne&]?als4 7#a7 ,commont1 #aiab4a1 p4 #bid4 7#b7 ,smi?1 ,w41 #ahid4a1 *ap4 ,,xv4 7#c7 ,dietri*1 #aiaj4a1 pp4 #cbi1 #ccj4 7#d7 ,p5ck1 #aiji4a4 7#e7 ,lev]ett1 #aiaj4a1 pp4 #cjf-cad4 7#f7 ,geikie1 #aiad4a4 7#g7 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bgb4 7#h7 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bfe-bff4 7#i7 ,kei?1 #aiaa4a1 p4 #bc1 ,fig4 #e4 7#aj7 ,munro1 #aiab4a1 pp4 #df1 #dg4 7#aa7 ,l>tet1 #ahfa4a2 #ahge4a4 7#ab7 ,de ,vibraye1 #ahfd4a4 7#ac7 ,massnat1 #ahfh4a4 7#ad7 ,smi?1 ,w41 #ahid4a1 *ap4 ,,xiv4 7#ae7 ,geikie1 #aiad4a1 p4 #aai4 7#af7 ,smi?1 ,w41 op4 cit41 pp4 #aif1 #aig4 7#ag7 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bbd4 7#ah7 ,geikie1 #aiad4a1 p4 #aah4 7#ai7 ,b*l]1 #aiab4a4 7#bj7 ,s*midt1 #aiab4a1 pp4 #ah-cb1 #afe-aga4 7#ba7 ,op4 cit41 ,table opposite p4 #bgj4 7#bb7 ,osborn1 #aiaj4a1 pp4 #dai1 #dbj4 7#bc7 ,niezabit[ski1 #aiaa4a4 7#bd7 ,h>l1 #aijh4a1 p4 #cjb4 7#be7 ,ob]mai]1 #aiab4a1 p4 #ace4 7#bf7 ,kei?1 #aiaa4b4 7#bg7 ,b\le1 #aiac4a1 pp4 #bbj1 #bba4 7#bh7 ,op4 cit41 p4 #fd4 7#bi7 ,fis*]1 #aiac4a1 pp4 #ccf1 #ccg4 7#cj7 ,s*aaffhaus51 #ahge4a2 #aheh4a4 7#ca7 ,lyell1 #ahfc4a1 pp4 #hj-ib4 7#cb7 ,s*walbe1 #ahig4a2 #aija4a2 #aija4b2 #aijd4a4 7#cc7 ,k+1 #ahfd4a4 7#cd7 ,cope1 #ahic4a4 7#ce7 ,wils]1 #ahih4a4 7#cf7 ,fraipont1 #ahhg4a4 7#cg7 ,s*walbe1 #aiad4b4 7#ch7 ,dupont1 #ahff4a4 7#ci7 ,maka1 #ahhf4a4 7#dj7 ,rzehak1 #aijf4a4 7#da7 ,fis*]1 #aiac4a4 7#db7 ,klaats*1 #aiji4a4 7#dc7 ,b\yssonie1 #aiji4a4 7#dd7 ,b\le1 #aijh4a2 #aijh4b2 #aiji4a2 #aiaa4a2 #aiab4a4 7#de7 ,b\le1 #aiac4a4 7#df7 ,m>t91 ,h41 #aiaa4a4 7#dg7 ,nicolle1 #aiaj4a4 7#dh7 ,kei?1 #aiaa4a4 7#di7 ,fis*]1 #aiac4a1 p4 #ceb4 7#ej7 ,s*walbe1 #aiad4a1 p4 #edd1 ,figs4 #d & #e4 7#ea7 ,fis*]1 op4 cit4 7#eb7 ,b\le1 #aiac4a1 p4 #he4 7#ec7 ,gorjanovi-,kramb]g]1 #aiji4a4 7#ed7 ,b\le1 #aiac4a1 p4 #ajd4 7#ee7 ,tomes1 #aiad4a1 pp4 #ehh-eih4 7#ef7 ,s*walbe1 #aija4b2 #aiad4a1 pp4 #ecd1 #ece4 7#eg7 ,s*walbe1 #aija4a4 7#eh7 ,b\le1 #aiac4a4 7#ei7 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #ff1 #fg1 #gb1 #ge4 7#fj7 ,b]ry1 #aiad4a4 7#fa7 ,johnson1 #aiac4a4 7#fb7 ,quatrefages1 #ahhd4a1 p4 #cid4 7#fc7 ,m>t91 ,r41 #aiad4a1 p4 #fde4 7#fd7 ,b\le1 #aiaj4a2 #aiaa4a4 7#fe7 ,an?ony1 #aiab4a4 7#ff7 ,b\le1 #aiac4a1 p4 #aai4 7#fg7 ,op4 cit41 p4 #abj4 7#fh7 ,geikie1 #aiad4a1 p4 #acj2 ,godw9-,au/51 #ahdj4a4 7#fi7 ,s*midt1 #aiab4a1 pp4 #bc1 #cb1 #ff1 #ge1 #gf1 #aja1 #afi4 7#gj7 ,op4 cit41 p4 #abh4 7#ga7 ,s*u*h>dt1 #aiac4a1 p4 #add4 7#gb7 ,d*elette1 #aijh4a1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ih-aja4 7#gc7 ,ob]mai]1 #aiab4a1 p4 #acj4 7#gd7 ,commont1 #aiji4a4 7#ge7 ,s*midt1 #aiab4a1 pp4 #abf-abh4 7#gf7 ,d*elette1 #aijh4a1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ajd1 #aje4 7#gg7 ,hrdlika1 #aiad4a4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,op5+ ,,( ,,! ,,upp] ,,pal,,oli?ic--,,! ,,grimaldi ,,race--,,arrival ,,( ,,! ,,cr-,,magnon ,,race ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,aurignacian ,,indu/ry--,,geographic ,,& ,,climatic ,,conditions--,,mammalian ,,life--,,*>act]i/ics ,,& ,,habits ,,( ,,! ,,cr-,,magnons--,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,aurignacian ,,indu/ry--,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,art--,,orig9 ,,& ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,solutrean ,,indu/ry--,,br,,nn ,,race--,,solutrean ,,indu/ry ,,& ,,art4 ,9 ! :ole racial hi/ory ( we/]n ,europe !re has nev] occurr$ s pr(\nd a *ange z t involv+ ! disappe>ance ( ! ,ne&]?al race & ! appe>ance ( ! ,cr-,magnon race4 ,x 0 ! replacem5t ( a race l[] ?an any exi/+ human type by "o :i* ranks high among ! exi/+ types 9 capacity & intellig5ce4 ,! ,cr-,magnons belong$ to ,homo sapi5s1 ! same species ( man z ourselves1 & appe> to h be5 ! *ief race ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic ,p]iod up to ! v close ( ,magdal5ian times1 aft] :i* !y app>5tly und]w5t a decl9e4 ,al?\gh !re 7 "o or m o!r races :i* influ5c$ ! indu/rial developm5t ( we/]n ,europe1 ! ,cr-,magnons 7 c]ta9ly dom9ant1 z %[n bo? by ! abundance ( _! skeletal rema9s & by ! wide di/ribution ( _! indu/ry & art2 ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic may almo/ be said to be ! p]iod ( ! ,cr-,magnons z ! ,l[] ,paloli?ic is t ( ! ,ne&]?als & ! ,pre-,ne&]?als4 ,_! arrival t[>d ! end ( ,m\/]ian times effect$ a social & indu/rial *ange & a race replacem5t ( s pr(\nd a nature t x w\ld c]ta9ly be legitimate to sep>ate ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic f ! ,l[] by a break equal to t :i* sep>ates ! =m] f ! ,neoli?ic47#a7 ,! arrival ( ! ,cr-,magnons & ! introduction ( ! ,aurignacian indu/ry are ! fir/ ev5ts ( ! prehi/ory ( ,europe to :i* we c assign a date ) any degree ( confid5ce2 !y correspond geologically ) ! close ( ! f\r? glaciation & ! beg9n+ ( ,po/glacial "t1 ! duration ( :i* has be5 e/imat$ by geologi/s f evid5ce ( _m diff]5t k9ds1 b :i* br+s u1 nev]!less1 to sub/antially simil> conclusions4 ,x seems t #be1jjj ye>s is a cons]vative e/imate = ! duration ( ! ,po/glacial ,p]iod2 ?is is support$ by ! indep5d5t obs]vations ( ,lyell1 ,taylor1 ,p5ck & ,brckn]1 & ,coleman2 x is )9 ! e/imates made by ,*amb]l9 & ,salisbury1 ,fair*ild1 ,s>deson1 & ,sp5c]2 x is some:at l>g] ?an ! e/imates ( ,gilb]t & ,upham4,,aj ,?us1 ) consid]able confid5ce we may record man ( ! mod]n type ( ,homo sapi5s z ent]+ we/]n ,europe betwe5 #be1jjj & #cj1jjj ye>s ago4 ,! ,l[] ,paloli?ic indu/rial cycle1 compris+ ! ,*ellean1 ,a*eulean1 & ,m\/]ian1 seems to h be5 simil> 9 evolution bo? ar\nd ! ,m$it]ranean coa/s & 9 ! nor!rn portions ( ,europe4 ,f ! fact t ! ,cr-,magnons arriv$ ) ! ,aurignacian indu/ry x w\ld appe> t !y came ?r\gh ,phnicia & along ! s\!rn coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ?r\gh ,tunis1 into ,spa92 also p]haps along ! nor!rn coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean ?r\gh ,italy4 ,_! evolution _h probably tak5 place some:]e on ! cont95t ( ,asia1 = _! physical /ructure is entirely ( ,asiatic type1 & n 9 ! lea/ ( ,african or ,e?iopian type2 t is1 !y exhibit no negroid *>act]s :atev]4 ,! reason t ,breuil consid]s t ! ,aurignacian did n come 9 ?r\gh c5tral or ea/]n ,europe is t !re are no e>ly ,aurignacian /ations 9 ei!r region1 :]eas ! ,aurignacian is abundantly develop$ along ! ,m$it]ranean coa/s1 bo? ( ,europe & ,africa4 ,! passage ( ! ,cr-,magnons along ^! coa/s 01 !re=e1 l ! subsequ5t wave ( ! true ,m$it]ranean race1 d>k-hair$1 long-head$1 n>r[-fac$ p1 :i* foll[$ ?is coa/ 9 e>ly ,neoli?ic times1 or1 aga91 l ! wave ( ! ,arabian or ,moslem advance1 :i* press$ =w>d along ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,africa & into s\?we/]n ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4 ,entrance to ! great ,grotte du ,pr9ce at ! base ( ! lime/one promontory kn[n z ! ,ba\ss ,r\ss1 ) a view ( ,m5tone 9 ! di/ance4 ,aft] ,davanne4 ,"s support ( ?is !ory ( migration along ! nor? coa/ ( ,africa is giv5 by ! pres5ce ( ! skeletons ( two memb]s ( an entirely di/9ct race1 :i* are commonly kn[n z ! 'negroids ( ,grimaldi' because ( _! discov]y 9 ! ,grottes de ,grimaldi ne> ,m5tone1 & because !y alone among all ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic races ?us f> discov]$ 9 ,europe display a numb] ( resemblances to ! ,african negroid race4 ,anatomically !y are relat$ nei!r to ! ,ne&]?als nor to ! ,cr-,magnons4 ,_! ar*ologic age appe>s to be e>ly ,aurignacian because !y are f\nd imm$iately above ! lay] :i* m>ks ! close ( ,m\/]ian "t & ! la/ climate favorable to ! w>m fauna ( mammals4 ,?is sunny coa/ :]e mod]n ,france jo9s ,italy has suppli$ "s ( ! mo/ valuable records ( ! racial & indu/rial transition f ! ,l[] to ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic4 ,( ! n9e ,grottes de ,grimaldi ?ree at lea/ %[ evid5ces ( occupation 9 clos+ ,m\/]ian times1 probably by m5 ( ! ,ne&]?al race1 al?\gh no skeletal rema9s ( ,ne&]?als h be5 f\nd "h4 ,f\r ( ! grottos1 namely1 ! ,grotte des ,enfants1 ! ,grotte de ,cavillon1 ! ,b>ma ,gr&e1 & ! ,ba\sso da ,torre1 h yield$ altoge!r ! skeletal rema9s ( sixte5 individuals1 all associat$ ) implem5ts ( ,aurignacian culture & evid5tly repres5t+ a numb] ( c]emonial burials4 ,f\rte5 ( ^! skeletons are attribut$ by ,v]neau to ! ,cr-,magnon race2 ! o!r two are ! 'negroids ( ,grimaldi' above ref]r$ to4 ,?is is1 !re=e1 a prehi/oric record ( ! greate/ significance1 :i* we %all n[ exam9e m 9 detail4 ,,racial ,,succession ,,along ,,! ,,anci5t ,,rivi]a ,:]e ! s\!rn spurs ( ! ,alps desc5d into ! ,m$it]ranean & sep>ate ,france f ,italy we f9d a lime/one promontory1 kn[n z ! ,ba\ss ,r\ss1 project+ 9 a long cliff1 b5ea? :i* ! rocky %ore desc5ds abruptly into ! sea4 ,op5+ t[>d ! s\?1 & at int]vals along ! base ( ?is cliff are ! n9e ,grottes de ,grimaldi4 ,d\btless ! ,ne&]?als migrat$ along ^! %ores at a "t :5 ! hippopotamus1 ! /raight-tusk$ elephant 7,e4 antiquus71 & ,m]ck's rh9oc]os 7,r4 m]ckii7 /ill ab\nd$ z ! la/ repres5tatives ( ! great ,african-,asiatic fauna4 ,^! hunt]s ( ,m\/]ian times ent]$ ! sea-swept floor ( ! great ,grotte du ,pr9ce,,ak 7,fig4 #aca71 ) a ceil+ height at t "t p]haps ( ov] #hj feet1 c>ry+ 9 _! game to ! fire-he>?s1 & leav+ ,m\/]ian implem5ts 9 ! accumulat+ deposits4 ,9 ! succe$+ lay]s ( ?is grotto ! *ang+ =ms ( animal life demon/rate ! effect ( ! f\r? glaciation & ! cool+ ( ! climate t[>d ! close ( ,m\/]ian times4 ,! small] ,grotte des ,enfants 7,fig4 #acb71 :i* lies to ! we/ ( ! ,pr9ce's ,grotto1 0 app>5tly occupi$ at a some:at m rec5t p]iod1 because ! l[e/ fire-he>?s conta91 toge!r ) ! ,m\/]ian implem5ts1 rema9s ( ,m]ck's rh9oc]os only--app>5tly ! la/ survivor "h1 z well z 9 o!r p>ts ( we/]n ,europe1 ( ! w>m ,african-,asiatic fauna4 ,! hippopotamus & ! /raight-tusk$ elephant _h ei!r become ext9ct or _h be5 driv5 f>!r s\? by ! "t ! hunt]s fir/ occupi$ ?is grotto4 ,9 ! ov]ly+ lay]s ( ?is & sev]al o!r grottos ! fire-he>?s conta9 rema9s ( a ri* =e/ fauna :i* includes ! wild bo>1 /ag1 roe-de]1 wild horse1 wolf1 & be>4 ,! fir/ signs ( increas+ cold 9 ! m\nta9s to ! nor? is ! appe>ance ( rema9s ( ! *amois & ibex driv5 f ! ,alp9e heights4 ,!n 9 /ill high] lay]s appe>s ! re9de]1 h>b+] ( ! tundra climate4 ,,! ,,grimaldi ,,race ,v]neau is incl9$ to reg>d ! ,grimaldi z a v anci5t race1 ant$at+ ! ,cr-,magnon47#b7 ,he believes t !y belong to a new e?nic type :i* play$ an important rle 9 ,europe & enjoy$ a wide geographic di/ribution4 ,!re does n1 h[ev]1 seem to be mu* support = ?is op9ion1 because1 unlike "s o!r races1 no traces ( ! ,grimaldis h be5 f\nd else:]e1 & x w\ld appe> m probable t !y 71 z _! skeletal *>act]s indicate1 true negroids :i* p]haps f\nd _! way f ,africa b nev] became e/abli%$ z a race 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,! type consi/s ( two skeletons f\nd 9 ! ,grotte des ,enfants by ,v]neau 9 #aijf4 ,"o skeleton is t ( a middle-ag$ woman2 ! o!r is t ( a y\? ( sixte5 or sev5te54 ,bo? are ref]r$ to ! exi/+ species ( man1 ,homo sapi5s4 ,! lay] :i* conta9$ !m is on a level two feet l[] ?an any :i* conta9$ ,cr-,magnons1 & imm$iately above ! culture lay] ( ,m\/]ian times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4 ,section ( ! ,grotte des ,enfants1 aft] ,ts*irret4 ,9 deposits :i* accumulat$ to a ?ickness ( ov] #cj feet ?is grotto conta9s 9 its asc5d+ /rata a complete epitome ( ! vicissitudes ( climate1 toge!r ) f\r burials ( memb]s ( ! ,cr-,magnon ,race1 &1 ne> ! base1 ! burial ( ! two ,grimaldi skeletons4 ,! lay]s 9 desc5d+ ord] are z foll[s3 ,a4 ,burial ( two infant skeletons4 ,rema9s ( =e/ & alp9e 7,ibex7 mammals4 ,b4 ,burial ( ! skeleton ( a ,cr-,magnon woman4 ,rema9s ( =e/ & alp9e mammals4 ,c4 ,fire-he>?s conta9+ =e/ mammals--! wild bo>1 also ! re9de]4 ,d4 ,fire-he>?s ) fl9ts ( ,aurignacian type4 ,rema9s ( =e/ fauna--! m>t54 ,e4 ,lay] conta9+ a cairn or artificial pile ( /one4 ,rema9s ( ibex1 horse1 wolf1 cave-lion1 & fox4 ,int]m$iate lay]4 ,rema9s ( ! wild ass1 p]haps ( ! /eppe type1 & ( ! re9de]2 also ( ! ibex1 ! wild horse1 & =e/ fauna--! wild bo>4 ,f4 ,l>ge fragm5ts fall5 f ! cave ro(4 ,no evid5ce ( habitation4 ,g4 ,fire-he>?s4 ,rema9s ( ! moose1 roe-de]1 fall[ de]1 /ag1 wild cattle1 ibex1 fox1 leop>d1 & rabbit4 ,h4 ,burial ( a v tall skeleton ( ! ,,cr-,,magnon ,,race 7see ,fig4 #add1 p4 #big74 ,fire-he>?s conta9+ rema9s ( ! =e/ fauna1 also ! alp9e *amois & m>mot1 ! cave-hyna1 & ! leop>d4 ,i4 ,burial ( two skeletons ( ! ,,grimaldi ,,race 7see ,fig4 #acc1 p4 #bfg74 ,fl9ts ( ,aurignacian type & rema9s ( a =e/ fauna :i* includes ! de]1 also ( ! wild horse1 ! alp9e ibex1 & ! hyna4 ,k4 ,traces ( *>coal & di/urb$ fire-he>?s4 ,k-,l4 ,rema9s ( ,m]ck's rh9oc]os & ( ! hyna4 ,alp9e 7,ibex7 & temp]ate =e/ fauna4 ,l4 ,traces ( fire-he>?s ) ,m\/]ian implem5ts1 *iefly ( qu>tzite1 probably left by memb]s ( ! ,,ne&]?al ,,race on ! anci5t floor ( ! grotto1 foll[+ ! recession ( ! sea4 ,evid5ce ( previ\s occupation by hynas4 ,! ,grimaldi *>act]s pres5t a wide contra/ to ^? ( ! ,cr-,magnon4 ,! two kn[n skeletons1 ( a woman & a y\?1 are ( inf]ior /ature1 n exce$+ #e feet #c in*es3 ,grimaldi female e/imat$ at #a4eg m4 #e ft4 #b 94 y\? #a4ee m4 #e ft4 #a 94 ,^! measurem5ts1 h[ev]1 are only slightly inf]ior to ^? ( ! ,cr-,magnon woman & y\?1 :i* rise to #e feet #e in*es4 ,!re are _m negroid *>act]s 9 ! skull1 9 ! /ructure ( ! hip-girdle1 & 9 ! proportions ( ! limbs2 !re are also "s *>act]s 9 common ) ! an?ropoid apes1 namely1 ! long =e>m1 ! curv$ ?igh-bone1 & ! m>k$ progna?ism1 or projection ( ! too? r[2 ! face is l[ & broad1 & extremely progna?\s2 ! nose is platyrh9e1 or broad & flat2 ! jaw is heavy1 ) l>ge tee? & )\t ! *9 prom95ce2 ! head =m1 l t ( ! ,cr-,magnons1 is doli*ocephalic & some:at di%>monic2 t is1 :ile ! head is long1 ! face is %ort & relatively broad4 ,yet ! cranial capacity is relatively high1 be+ e/imat$ at #a1ehj c4cm4 ,unlike ! ,cr-,magnons1 ! ,grimaldis h a relatively long =e>m & a negroid type ( pelvis4 ,! proportions ( ! leg are1 h[ev]1 some:at simil> to ^? ( ! leg ( ! ,cr-,magnon1 ! ?igh-bone be+ %ort & ! %9-bone long1 ! index be+ #hc4h p] c5t4 ,9 addition to ! long =e>m1 :i* approa*es 9 =m t ( ! liv+ an?ropoid apes1 !re is a curv$ femur1 di/9ctly ( an?ropoid-ape "*4 ,9 its body & too? *>act]s1 obs]ves ,v]neau17#c7 ?is negroid race 9 _m respects %[s a great] resemblance to ! an?ropoid apes ?an does ! ,ne&]?al race4 ,he cont9ues3 ,! fact rema9s t at a v remote p]iod ( ! ,plei/oc5e !re exi/$ 9 ,europe1 beside ! ,ne&]?al race1 a type ( man t 9 _m ( 8 cephalic *>act]s1 9 ! /ructure ( 8 pelvis1 & 9 8 limb proportions %[$ /rik+ analogies to ! negro ( to-day4 ,9 _! rem>kable proportions !y exagg]ate "s ( ! peculi>ities ( ! rec5t negroes2 ! tee? resemble ^? ( ! ,au/ralian types4 ,!re is evid5ce ( ! e/abli%m5t & spread ( ! ,grimaldi race ?r\gh\t we/]n ,europe1 namely1 9 cases ( p>tial rev]sion to ?is type among ! skeletal rema9s ( ! ,neoli?ic ,age1 ! ,bronze ,age1 & ! e>ly ,iron ,age 9 ,brittany1 ,switz]l&1 & nor!rn ,italy4 ,extreme progna?ism is ! *>act]i/ic t mo/ frequ5tly appe>s1 & 9 "s in/ances !re is ! broad nose1 ) ! same o/eological peculi>ities t m>k ! ,grimaldi type4 ,9 e in/ance ^! individuals %[ doli*ocephaly1 ne>ly always comb9$ ) a %ort1 broad face4 ,until ! discov]y ( ! ,grimaldi type we 7 at a loss to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( ^! individuals among a population f :i* !y diff]$ s radically4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4 ,! ,grimaldi skeletons f\nd 9 ! l[] ,aurignacian lay] ( ! ,grotte des ,enfants--! y\? to ! "r & ! woman to ! left4 ,aft] ,v]neau4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4 ,skull ( ! ,grimaldi y\? 9 front & 9 pr(ile4 ,aft] ,v]neau1 "o-qu>t] life size4 ,aga9/ ?is op9ion ( ,v]neau we %\ld weigh ! entire abs5ce ( any trace ( ?is ,grimaldi race 9 any "p ( we/]n ,europe among all ! burials & o!r human rema9s ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic age kn[n at ! pres5t "t4 ,sett+ aside any su* records :i* are ( d\btful au!nticity or difficult to diagnose on acc\nt ( _! fragm5t>y nature1 !re rema9s a numb] ( human fossils repres5t+ at lea/ n9ety individuals discov]$ at ov] fifte5 widely di/ribut$ localities4 ,none ( ^! %[s any features ( ! ,grimaldi race4 ,9 describ+ ! ,grimaldi skeletons1 ,kei?7#d7 agrees t !y are ( a mix$ or negroid type2 ! %all[1 project+ incisor "p ( ! upp] jaw & ! *>act]s ( ! *9 are features ( rec5t negroid races2 s are ! wide op5+ ( ! nose1 ! prom95t *eek-bones1 ! flat & %ort face4 ,yet ! bridge ( ! nose is n flat z 9 negroes1 b r prom95t z 9 ,europeans1 & ! capacity ( ! skull 9 ! woman 7#a1cge c4cm47 is ample4 ,9 ! boy ! tee? are l>ge & ( ! negro type2 he be>s a /rik+ resemblance to ! woman1 & 8 cranial capacity 7#a1ehj c4cm47 indicates a di/9ctly mod]n bra92 ! prom95ces ( ! =ehead d n meet across ! m$ian l9e z 9 c]ta9 negroids & 9 ! ,ne&]?als4 ,kei? concludes t ! ,grimaldi p repres5t an int]m$iate type 9 ! evolution ( ! typical :ite & black races4 ,,ma9 ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,entire ,,upp] ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,hi/ory ,hav+ n[ consid]$ ! op5+ ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic1 also ! s+le appe>ance ( ! ,grimaldi race ( :i* no fur!r trace is kn[n1 x is desirable to briefly review ! entire ,upp] ,paloli?ic hi/ory be=e we attempt to foll[ 9 detail its successive phases beg9n+ ) ! appe>ance ( ! ,aurignacian indu/ry4 ,!re is evid5ce ( v>i\s k9ds t ! ,cr-,magnons arriv$ 9 we/]n ,europe1 br++ 9 _! ,aurignacian indu/ry1 :ile ! ,ne&]?als 7 /ill 9 possession ( ! c\ntry & practis+ _! ,m\/]ian indu/ry4 ,?us 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme1 ,commont believes he has recogniz$ a level ( fl9ts1 exhibit+ ! primitive ,aurignacian 'ret\*' ( ,dordogne1 b occurr+ b5ea? a late ,m\/]ian level4 ,additional evid5ce ( a contact betwe5 ! indu/ries ( ^! two races is f\nd at ! /ations ( ,la ,f]rassie1 ( ,les ,b\ffia1 & especially ( ! ,abri ,audit1 :]e !re is a di/9ct transition p]iod1 9 :i* ! *>act]i/ic types ( ! late ,m\/]ian are f\nd int]mix$ ) a numb] ( fl9ts sugge/+ ! e>ly ,aurignacian27#e7 "h x w\ld appe> t ! developm5t ( ! ,aurignacian is p>tly a local evolution1 & n an invasion ( :olly new types ( implem5ts4 ,breuil7#f7 sugge/s t ^! mix$ lay]s may p]haps be expla9$ by ! supposition t we h "h deg5]ate or modifi$ ,m\/]ian tools1 m or less influ5c$ by contact ) ! ,aurignacian indu/ry ( ! ,cr-,magnon race4 ,,! ,,/one ,,implem5ts ,,*>act]i/ic ,,( ,,l[] ,,& ,,upp] ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,times ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,l[] ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,upp] ,,pal,,oli?ic ------------------------------- ,,pre-,,*ellean ,,*ellean ,,a*eulean ,,! ,,typical ,,/one ,,implem5ts ,,m\/]ian ,,aurignacian ,,solutrean ,,magdal5ian ,,azilian ,,t>de- ,,noisian ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,a4--,,w> ,,& ,,*ase 99#a4 ,,microli?ique8 ,,arr[ ,,po9t8 ,,etc4444444444444 #b4 ,,po9te ,,po9t 4444 44 #c4 ,,po9te ,,soie ,,lance ,,or ,,knife 44444444 4444 #d4 ,,po9te ,,cran ,,lance-,,head 44444444 84444 #e4 ,,po9te ,,de ,,lauri] 44444444 8 84444 99#f4 ,,c\p ,,de ,,po+ ,,h&-,,axe1 ,,poni>d1 ,,etc4 44 4444444444 #g4 ,,pi]re ,,de ,,jet ,,?r[+ ,,/one 8 8 8 8 4444 99#h4 ,,c\teau ,,knife ,b4--,,indu/rial ,,& ,,dome/ic #i4 ,,lampe ,,lamp 444444444444 4444 #aj4 ,,lissoir ,,poli%] 4444444444 4444 #aa4 ,,morti] ,,mort> 444444444444 4444 #ab4 ,,ha*ette 7,,tran*ette7 ,,*opp] 44 8 4444444444 99#ac4 ,,c\p ,,de ,,po+ ,,h&-,,axe1 ,,etc4 44 4444444444 #ad4 ,,grattoir ,,plan+ ,,tool #ae4 ,,racloir ,,scrap] 44 #af4 ,,p],,oir ,,drill1 ,,bor] 44 99#ag4 ,,c\teau ,,knife #ah4 ,,enclume ,,anvil ,,/one 44444444 8 4444 #ai4 ,,p]cuteur ,,hamm]-,,/one 8 8 ,c4--,,art1 ,,sculpture1 ,,engrav+ 99#bj4 ,,microli?ique ,,drill1 ,,grav]1 ,,& ,,et*] 44444444 #ba4 ,,ciseau ,,*isel 44444444 4444 #bb4 ,,gravette ,,et*+ ,,tool 44444444 44 #bc4 ,,bur9 ,,grav] 44444444 844 7,,also ,,mort>1 ,,hamm]-,,/one1 ,,& ,,poli%]7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- 99 twice m5tion$ 79 diff]5t classifications74 or d5otes an unusual or culm9at+ developm5t4 ,aga91 ! burial cu/oms ( ! ,ne&]?als 7 9 _m respects foll[$ by ! ,cr-,magnons2 !y *ose1 9 fact1 ! same k9d ( burial sites1 namely1 at ! entrances ( grottos or 9 proximity to ! %elt]s4 ,"s degree ( c]emony mu/ h m>k$ ^! burials1 = ) ! rema9s 7 int]r$ implem5ts ( indu/ry & w>f>e toge!r ) (f]+s ( food4 ,! ,ne&]?al burials 7 ) ! body fully ext5d$2 ! two burials ( ! ,grimaldi race 7 ) ! limbs 9 a flex$ position & tightly b\nd to ! body1 probably ) sk9 g>m5ts or ?ongs4 ,! ,cr-,magnon burials are ei!r ) ! body ext5d$1 z 9 ! ,grottes de ,grimaldi1 or ) ! limbs flex$1 z 9 ! ,aurignacian burial ( ,laug]ie ,haute4 ,,! ,,bone ,,implem5ts ,,appe>+ ,,at ,,! ,,close ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,& ,,highly ,,*>act]i/ic ,,( ,,! ,,upp] ,,pal,,oli?ic ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,l[] ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,upp] ,,pal,,oli?ic ------------------------------- ,,pre-,,*ellean ,,*ellean ,,a*eulean ,,! ,,typical ,,bone ,,implem5ts ,,m\/]ian ,,aurignacian ,,solutrean ,,magdal5ian ,,azilian ,,t>de- ,,noisian ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,a4--,,w>1 ,,*ase1 ,,fi%+ 99#a4 ,,lames ,,blades 44444444 8 4444 #b4 ,,poign>d ,,dagg] 4444444444 4444 #c4 ,,hame,,on8 ,,fi%-,,hook8 44444444 8 8 84444 #d4 ,,propulseur ,,spe> ,,?r[] 444444444444 4444 #e4 ,,h>pon ,,h>poon 4444444444 44 #f4 ,,po9te ,,de ,,sagaie ,,javel9 ,,po9t 44444444 4444 #g4 ,,po9te ,,de ,,lance ,,spe> ,,po9t 44444444 44 ,b4--,,indu/rial ,,& ,,dome/ic #h4 ,,spatule ,,spatula 4444444444 4444 #i4 ,,navette ,,%uttle 444444444444 4444 #aj4 ,,ep+le ,,p9 444444444444 4444 #aa4 ,,aiguille ,,ne$le 44444444 4444 99#ab4 ,,lames ,,blades 44444444 444444 #ac4 ,,compresseur ,,anvil 444444 4444444444 #ad4 ,,lissoir ,,smoo!r 44444444 44 #ae4 ,,co9 ,,w$ge 44444444 44 4444 #af4 ,,ciseau ,,*isel 44444444 44 44 #ag4 ,,po9,,on ,,awl 444444 44 ,c4--,,c]emonial1 ,,social #ah4 ,b,,ton ,,de ,,comm&em5t ,,c]emonial ,,/aff44444444 4444 #ai4 ,,baguette ,,w& 444444444444 4444 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- 99 twice m5tion$ 79 diff]5t classifications74 or d5otes an unusual or culm9at+ developm5t4 ,:e!r ! ,ne&]?als 7 ext]m9at$ entirely or :e!r !y 7 driv5 out ( ! c\ntry is n kn[n2 ! enc\nt] 0 c]ta9ly betwe5 a v sup]ior p1 bo? physically & m5tally1 :o possibly _h ! use ( ! b[ & arr[1 & a v inf]ior & some:at deg5]ate p t _h be5 already r$uc$ physically & p]haps num]ically by ! sev]e climatic conditions ( ! f\r? glaciation4 ,! ,ne&]?als 7 dispossess$ ( all _! dwell+-places & indu/rial /ations by ?is new & vigor\s race1 = at no less ?an eighte5 po9ts ! ,aurignacian imm$iately succe$s ^u ! ,m\/]ian indu/ry & 9 a few in/ances ,cr-,magnon burials occur v ne> ! ,ne&]?al burial sites4 ,9 ! racial replacem5ts ( savage z well z ( hi/oric peoples ! m5 are (t5 kill$ & ! wom5 sp>$ & tak5 into families ( ! w>riors1 b no evid5ce has ?us f> be5 f\nd t ev5 ! ,ne&]?al wom5 7 sp>$ or all[$ to rema9 9 ! c\ntry1 because 9 none ( ! burials ( ,aurignacian times is !re any evid5ce ( ! cross+ or admixture ( ! ,cr-,magnons & ! ,ne&]?als4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,vi4 ,! head ( ! ,cr-,magnon type ( ,homo sapi5s1 a race inhabit+ s\?we/]n ,europe f ,aurignacian to ,magdal5ian times4 ,antiquity 9 we/]n ,europe e/imat$ z at lea/ #be1jjj ye>s4 ,aft] ! re/oration modell$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,= ! bodily proportions ( ?is f9ely develop$ race comp>e ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,! *ief s\rce ( ! *ange :i* swept ov] we/]n ,europe lay 9 ! bra9 p[] ( ! ,cr-,magnons1 z se5 n only 9 ! l>ge size ( ! bra9 z a :ole b pr9cipally 9 ! almo/ mod]n =ehead & =ebra94 ,x 0 a race :i* _h evolv$ 9 ,asia & :i* 0 9 no way connect$ by any ance/ral l9ks ) ! ,ne&]?als2 a race ) a bra9 capable ( ideas1 ( reason+1 ( imag9ation1 & m highly end[$ ) arti/ic s5se & ability ?an any unciviliz$ race :i* has ev] be5 discov]$4 ,no trace ( arti/ic in/9ct :atev] has be5 f\nd among ! ,ne&]?als2 we h se5 develop+ among !m only a s5se ( symmetry & proportion 9 ! fa%ion+ ( _! implem5ts4 ,aft] prolong$ /udy ( ! works ( ! ,cr-,magnons "o _c avoid ! conclusions t _! capacity 0 ne>ly if n q z high z our own2 t !y 7 capable ( advanc$ education2 t !y _h a /rongly develop$ /hetic z well z a religi\s s5se2 t _! society 0 q highly diff]5tiat$ along ! l9es ( tal5t = "w ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,"o d]ives ?is impression especially f ! conditions surr\nd+ ! developm5t ( _! art1 :i* are /ill my/]i\s & an int]pretation ( :i* we %all attempt to give 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,cultural1 ,,racial1 ,,& ,,climatic ,,divisions ,! ,upp] ,paloli?ic cov]s ! great] "p ( ! ',re9de] ,epo*' z x 0 conceiv$ by ,l>tet & ,*ri/y1 :o began _! sy/ematic /udy & exploration ( ! caves ( ,dordogne 9 #ahfc4 ,!y 7 soon jo9$ by ,massnat & ! ,m>quis de ,vibraye1 :ile ,dupont took up ! "w 9 ,belgium & ,piette made ! arti/ic developm5t1 especially 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 8 *os5 field4 ,l>tet 0 ! fir/ to p]ceive t ! culture ( ! grotto ( ,aurignac 0 q di/9ct f t ( ! ,l[] ,paloli?ic 9 nor!rn ,france2 he also recogniz$ 9 ! %elt] ( ,laug]ie ,haute1 9 ,dordogne1 t !re 0 /ill ano!r culture1 :i* is n[ kn[n z ! ,solutrean2 also t 9 ! %elt] ( ,laug]ie ,basse1 9 ,dordogne1 !re 0 yet ano!r indu/ry1 t :i* we n[ "k z ,magdal5ian4 ,m4 de ,mortillet 0 ! fir/ to recognize ! sup]iority ( ! ,solutrean indu/ry 9 /one1 :i* 9 ?is p]iod rea*$ its height1 & its succession by ! ,magdal5ian p]iod1 9 :i* ! indu/ry 9 bone & horn rea*$ a climax2 b he fail$ to recognize ! v important prec$+ position ( ! ,aurignacian1 & x 0 n until #aijf t ! cle> pres5tation by ,breuil ( ! entire di/9ctness ( ! ,aurignacian indu/ry l$ to ! adoption by ! ,ar*ological ,congress at ,g5eva ( ?ree cultural divisions ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic4 ,9 ! meantime ,piette _h discov]$ t 9 ! ,mas d',azil !re 0 a di/9ct cultural phase1 ! ,azilian1 foll[+ ! ,magdal5ian1 & ?us a f\rfold division ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic 7,breuil17#g7 ,ob]mai]7#h77 0 e/abli%$1 z foll[s3 ,,azilian4--,indu/ry ( ! surviv+ ,cr-,magnon & o!r resid5t races1 & ( newly arriv$ bra*ycephalic & doli*ocephalic races 9 we/]n ,europe2 decad5t =ms ( fl9t & bone workman%ip2 entire abs5ce ( art4 ,daun /age ( ,po/glacial retreat2 ,europe ) a mild] climate & =e/ & mead[ fauna l t ( e>ly hi/oric times4 ,,magdal5ian4--,clos+ /age ( ! indu/ry & art ( ! ,cr-,magnon race2 bone implem5ts highly develop$2 m>k$ decl9e 9 ! fl9t indu/ry4 ,close ( ,po/glacial ,p]iod2 climate alt]nately cold & moi/ 7correspond+ ) ! ,bhl & ,gs*nitz ,po/glacial advances ( ! ice 9 ! ,alp9e region71 or cold & arid2 ,europe cov]$ ) ! tundra & /eppe fauna2 life *iefly 9 ! %elt]s & grottos4 ,,solutrean4--,culm9at+ /age ( fl9t indu/ry2 app>5t invasion 9 ea/]n ,europe ( ! ,brnn 7,brx1 ,pedmo/1 & 8 ,galley ,hill7 race4 ,! highly develop$ fl9t indu/ry ( ! ,solutrean types2 art developm5t ( ! ,cr-,magnon race p>tly susp5d$4 ,dry1 cold climate2 life l>gely 9 ! op54 ,,aurignacian4--,appe>ance ( ! ,cr-,magnon race 9 s\?we/]n ,europe1 succe$+ ! ,m\/]ian indu/ry2 art ( engrav+ & draw+ & sculpture ( human & animal =ms develop+4 ,animal life ! same z dur+ ! f\r? glaciation2 climate cold & increas+ly dry2 life *iefly 9 ! grottos & %elt]s4 ,! successive phases ( developm5t ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic indu/ry & art h be5 trac$ ) extraord9>y precision 9 ,dordogne1 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 9 nor!rn ,spa91 & along ! ,danube & upp] ,rh9e by a ho/ ( able work]s--,c>tailhac1 ,capitan1 ,peyrony1 ,b\yssonnie1 ,lalanne1 & o!rs4 ,breuil has made himself ma/] especially ( ! ,aurignacian & has succe$$ ,piette z ! great hi/orian ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic art4 ,ob]mai]'s *ief s]vice has be5 ! comp>ison ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic ( ! ,danubian region ) t ( ! ,dordogne & nor!rn ,spa9 bo? 9 reg>d to ! geologic age & ! ar*ologic & racial succession4 ,! labors ( ,s*midt along ! upp] ,rh9e & ,danube h n only br\ght ?is region into def9ite prehi/oric relation ) ! ,dordogne & ! ,pyr5ees b h giv5 u by f> ! cle>e/ evid5ce ( ! relation betwe5 ! human & ! indu/rial developm5t & ! succession ( climatic phases 9 nor!rn ,europe4 ,f9ally1 ! explorations ( ,commont along ! ,riv] ,somme h prov$ t ?is region1 too1 0 frequ5t$ ?r\gh\t all ,upp] ,paloli?ic times1 dur+ :i* x exhibits an indu/rial developm5t h>dly less important ?an t ( ! ,l[] ,paloli?ic4 ,!re are two v di/9ct l9es ( ?\ght among ^! ar*ologi/s3 ! fir/ is %[n 9 ! t5d5cy to reg>d ! indu/ries z ma9ly auto*?on\s1 or z foll[+ local l9es ( developm5t2 ! expon5ts ( ?is !ory dwell mo/ /rongly on ! transitions betwe5 ! ,m\/]ian1 ! ,aurignacian1 & ! ,solutrean indu/ries4 ,= example1 ! *ief object ( ,s*u*h>dt's t\r7#i7 ?r\gh ! ,paloli?ic /ations ( ,dordogne 0 to obs]ve ! transitions f "o p]iod to ano!r & ! evid5ce af=d$ ( successive *anges ( climate4 ,?is writ] is impress$ ) ! transitions2 he notes t ! typical curv$ knives ( ! ,abri ,audit furni% a transition f ! ,m\/]ian scrap]s to ! ,aurignacian 'po9ts' ( ,la ,gravette & ,la ,font ,rob]t2 t ! ,solutrean takes up all ! f9e ?reads ( ! ,aurignacian culture & sp9s !m fur!r into ,magdal5ian times4 ,?us we get an ,aurignacian-,solutrean-,magdal5ian indu/rial cycle :i* is comp>able to ! ,*ellean-,a*eulean-,m\/]ian cycle4 ,breuil1 on ! o!r h&1 f ! ar*ologi/'s /&po9t--because he is n especially int]e/$ 9 ! matt] ( racial developm5t--is a /rong expon5t ( ! idea ( successive invasions ( cultures1 ei!r f ! s\? or ,m$it]ranean region or f ! c5tral region ( ,europe1 :i* he calls ! ',atlantic'2 & he di/+ui%es %>ply betwe5 ^! two great areas ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic evolution1 namely1 ! s\!rn & ! c5tral ,european1 po9t+ out t x 0 only aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( m g5ial climatic conditions1 l ^? ( mod]n times1 t !re 0 an add$ elem5t ( nor!rn or ,baltic invasion4 ,c]ta9ly ! ar*ologic te/imony /rongly supports ?is culture-invasion hypo!sis & x appe>s to be /r5g!n$ 9 a measure by ! /udy ( ! human types1 al?\gh ?is /udy has n progress$ beyond ! /age ( hypo!sis4 ,:5 ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic races h be5 /udi$ ) z close att5tion z ^? ( ! ,l[] ,paloli?ic we may be able to e/abli% positively ! relation betwe5 ^! human types & ! advance ( c]ta9 cultures & indu/ries4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,upp] ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,human ,,fossils ,our pres5t view1 z drawn f a consid]ation ( ! facts be=e u1 is t we/]n ,europe 9 ,upp] ,paloli?ic times 0 ent]$ by f\r or five di/9ct races1 all belong+ to ,homo sapi5s1 only ?ree ( :i* became e/abli%$3 #e4 ,! ,furfooz 7,(net1 & 8 ,gr5elle7 race1 extremely broad-head$1 ent]+ c5tral ,europe possibly f c5tral ,asia1 br++ an ,azilian culture1 )\t art or develop$ fl9t indu/ry4 7,alp9e type47 #d4 ,a doli*ocephalic race ) a n>r[ face1 associat$ ) ! ,furfooz race1 ei!r connect$ ) ! ,brnn & ,brx1 or an advance wave ( "o ( ! doli*ocephalic ,neoli?ic races4 7,m$it]ranean type47 #c4 ,! ,brnn 7,brx1 ,pedmo/1 & 8 ,galley ,hill7 race1 long-head$1 ) a n>r[1 %ort face1 probably ent]+ c5tral ,europe directly f ,asia ?r\gh ,hung>y & along ! ,danube2 br++ a p]fect$ ,solutrean culture2 inf]ior 9 bra9 developm5t to ! ,cr-,magnons1 9 indu/rial contact ) !m b n displac+ !m4 #b4 ,! ,cr-,magnon race1 long-head$ ) a v broad face1 ent]+ ,europe 9 clos+ ,m\/]ian or e>ly ,aurignacian times1 probably f ! s\? along ! ,m$it]ranean coa/1 & br++ 9 an ,aurignacian fl9t indu/ry & art _s *>act]i/ic especially ( ,aurignacian & ,magdal5ian times2 greatly r$uc$ 9 numb] 9 clos+ ,magdal5ian times1 b leav+ desc5dants 9 v>i\s colonies 9 we/]n ,europe4 #a4 ,! ,grimaldi race1 9 ! transition betwe5 ! ,m\/]ian & ! ,aurignacian2 negroid or ,african 9 "*2 app>5tly nev] e/abli%$ z a race ( any influ5ce 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! five races1 & p]haps ( a six? if ! ',aurignacian man' ( ,klaats* proves to be di/9ct f ! ,cr-,magnon1 is firmly e/abli%$ by anatomy4 ,x is mo/ important con/antly to keep be=e our m9ds c]ta9 great pr9ciples ( racial evolution3 7#a7 t ! developm5t ( a racial type1 :e!r long-head$ or broad-head$1 n>r[-fac$ or broad-fac$1 ( tall or ( %ort /ature1 mu/ necess>ily be v sl[2 7#b7 t ?is developm5t ( ! races :i* invad$ we/]n ,europe took place = ! mo/ "p to ! ea/w>d 9 ! va/ cont95t ( ,asia & ea/]n ,europe2 7#c7 t1 once e/abli%$ ?r\gh a long process ( isolation & sep>ate evolution1 ^! racial types are extremely /able & p]si/5t2 _! head =m1 _! bodily *>act]s1 & especially _! psy*ic *>act]s & t5d5cies are n readily modifi$ or alt]$2 nor are !y 9 any m>k$ degree bl5d$ by cross+4 ,crosses d n produce m]ely bl5ds2 !y *iefly produce a mosaic ( di/9ct *>act]s d]iv$ f "o race or ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4 ,geographic di/ribution ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic human fossils 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,we mu/ !re=e imag9e we/]n ,europe 9 ,upp] ,paloli?ic times aga9 z a t]m9al region2 a great p59sula t[>d :i* ! human migrants f ! ea/ & f ! s\? came to m+le & sup]pose _! cultures4 ,^! races took ! great migration r\tes :i* _h be5 foll[$ by o!r waves ( animal life be=e !m2 !y 7 press$ ^u f beh9d by ! increas+ populations ( ! ea/2 !y 7 attract$ to we/]n ,europe z a fre% & wond]ful game c\ntry1 :]e food 9 ! =e/s1 9 ! mead[s1 & 9 ! /reams ab\nd$ 9 unp>allel$ pr(usion4 ,! ,cr-,magnons especially 7 a nomadic hunt+ p1 p]fectly fitt$ by _! physical /ructure = ! *ase & develop+ an extraord9>y appreciation ( ! beauty & maje/y ( ! v>i$ =ms ( animal life :i* exi/$ 9 no o!r "p ( ! _w at ! "t4 ,betwe5 ! retreat+ ,alp9e & ,sc&9avian glaci]s ,europe 0 freely op5 t[>d ! ea/]n pla9s ( ! ,danube1 ext5d+ to c5tral & s\!rn ,asia2 on ! nor?1 h[ev]1 along ! ,baltic1 ! climate 0 /ill too inclem5t = a wave ( human migration1 & !re is no trace ( man along ^! nor!rn %ores until ! close ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic1 nor ( any resid5ce ( man 9 ! ,sc&9avian p59sula until ! great wave ( ,neoli?ic migration e/abli%$ itself 9 t region4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf4 ,epitome ( human hi/ory 9 we/]n ,europe dur+ ! ,?ird ,int]glacial1 ,f\r? ,glacial1 & ,po/glacial ,/ages2 %[+ also ! ?ree ,po/glacial advances & retreats :i* succe$$ ! close ( ! ,f\r? ,glacial ,/age 9 ! ,alp9e region1 !oretically correspond+ ) ! climatic vicissitudes ( ,po/glacial "t4 ,f ! data ( ,p5ck & ,s*midt4 ,drawn by ,c4 ,a4 ,re$s4 7,comp>e ,fig4 #ad47 ,! climatic & cultural relations ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic times may be correlat$,,al 9 desc5d+ ord] z foll[s3 #f4 ,! ,daun or f9al ,po/glacial advance ( ! glaci]s ( ! ,alps1 e/imat$ at #g1jjj ,b4 ,c4 ,europe ) its mod]n or prehi/oric =e/ fauna1 ! lion l+]+ 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 ! moose 9 ,spa94 ,,azilian-,,t>d5oisian1 clos+ /age ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic culture2 we/]n ,europe peopl$ by ! broad-head$ race ( ,furfooz & ,(net1 also by a n>r[-head$ race4 ,baltic ,migration1 ,,maglemose culture4 #e4 ,! ,gs*nitz /age 9 ! ,alps or second ,po/glacial advance4 ,climate /ill cold & moi/ b gradually mod]at+4 ,decl9e ( ! ,magdal5ian4 ,p]iod ( ! retreat ( ! tundra & /eppe animals2 mammo?1 re9de]1 & arctic rod5ts becom+ m r>e2 ,eurasiatic =e/ mammals becom+ m abundant4 ,close ( /eppe p]iod4 ,cr-,magnon race /ill dom9ant 9 we/]n ,europe 9 ! ,,late ,,magdal5ian /age ( culture4 #d4 ,int]val betwe5 ! ,bhl & ,gs*nitz ,po/glacial advances 9 ! ,alps4 ,a r5ew$ /eppe & 'loess' p]iod4 ,climate cold & dry4 ,mammo? & woolly rh9oc]os1 re9de]1 full tundra & /eppe fauna v abundant4 ,cr-,magnon race 9 ! /age ( ,,middle ,,magdal5ian culture4 #c4 ,! ,bhl /age ( ,po/glacial advance 9 ! ,alps2 r5ewal ( sev]e conditions ( cold moi/ climate1 & spread all ov] we/]n ,europe ( ! arctic b&$ & ,obi lemm+s ( ! ,upp] ,rod5t ,lay]4 ,bhl mora9es 9 ,lake ,luc]ne e/imat$ z hav+ be5 deposit$ betwe5 #af1jjj & #bd1jjj ye>s ,b4 ,c4 ,cr-,magnon race dom9ant 9 ! ,,e>ly ,,magdal5ian /age ( culture4 #b4 ,p]iod ( ! fir/ ,po/glacial int]val or ,a*5 retreat ( ! glaci]s 9 ! ,alp9e region4 ,a dry cold climate4 ,cr-,magnon & ,brnn races 9 ! /age ( ,,solutrean culture4 #a4 ,close ( f\r? glaciation1 betwe5 #bd1jjj & #dj1jjj ye>s ,b4 ,c4 ,cold & moi/ b increas+ly dry climate succe$+ ! f\r? glaciation & deposition ( ,l[] ,rod5t ,lay]1 or fir/ invasion ( ! arctic tundra rod5ts4 ,cr-,magnon & possibly ,aurignacian race 9 ! /age ( ,,aurignacian culture4 ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,upp] ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,! ,,aurignacian ,,indu/ry ,we n[ glance at we/]n ,europe z x 0 betwe5 #be1jjj & #cj1jjj ye>s ago1 at ! op5+ ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic4 ,dur+ ,aurignacian times ,france 0 /ill broadly connect$ ) ,great ,brita947#aa7 ,! ,briti% ,isl&s 7 n only unit$ ) ea* o!r b ) ! cont95t1 :ile ! elevation ( ! ,sc&9avian p59sula conv]t$ ! ,baltic ,sea into a great fre%-wat] lake1 ! old %ores ( :i* are readily trac$4 ,geikie also ma9ta9s t ! rise ( l& 9 ,scotl& aft] ! f\r? glaciation 0 accompani$ by an amelioration ( climate & ! adv5t ( m g5ial conditions2 a /rong =e/ gr[? cov]$ ! l[l&s1 h5ce ?is is t]m$ ! ,l[] ,=e/ian /age ( ! physiographic hi/ory ( nor!rn ,brita92 x corresponds to ! tempor>y p]iod ( ! retreat ( ! glaci]s 9 ! ,alp9e region1 :i* ,p5ck has nam$ ! ,a*5s*wnkung4 ,! latt] au?or is n incl9$ to connect any m>k$ rise ( temp]ature 9 ! ,alp9e region ) ?is int]val ( "t2 to our k no fossil plant b$s h be5 pres]v$ :i* w\ld give u su* indications1 & ! animal life1 z we %all see1 c]ta9ly af=ds only a v slight indication ( a rise 9 temp]ature 9 ! retreat ( c]ta9 ( ! sn[-lov+ tundra & nor!rn /eppe lemm+s to ! nor?2 ! great] numb] ( tundra =ms rema9$4 ,! cont95tal elevation ( ! nor!rn coa/-l9e ( ,europe w\ld expla9 ! adv5t ( a dry cont95tal climate & ! r5ewal ( high prevail+ w9ds1 at lea/ dur+ ! w>m] & dri] summ] seasons1 = x is c]ta9 t atmosph]ic conditions su* z produc$ ! great du/-/orms & deposition ( 'loess' aft] ! second & ?ird glaciations prevail$ aga9 9 we/]n ,europe aft] ! f\r? glaciation4 ,?is gave rise to deposits ( :at is kn[n among geologi/s z ! 'new] loess1' & we f9d ^! %eets ( 'new] loess' spread+ imm$iately above ! ,m\/]ian culture at a numb] ( diff]5t po9ts 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,:5 ! ,cr-,magnon race ent]$ ?is "p ( ,europe ! climate 0 becom+ m dry & /imulat+2 ! summ]s 7 w>m or temp]ate1 ! w9t]s v sev]e4 ,great ice-caps /ill spread ov] ! ,sc&9avian p59sula & also ov] ! ,alps1 b ! bord]s ( ! ice-fields no long] rea*$ ! pla9s2 9 a s5se1 ! ,glacial ,epo* _h n yet clos$1 = dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( ,po/glacial "t ! glaci]s ( ! ,alps1 beg9n+ 9 e>ly ,magdal5ian times1 develop$ ?ree r5ew$ advances1 ea* some:at less vigor\s ?an ! prec$+ "o1 ) int]v5+ /ages ( a dri] climate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg4 ',tecti=ms'--s*ematic draw+s 9 l9es & dots believ$ to repres5t huts & l>g] %elt]s built ( logs & cov]$ ) hides4 ,f ! walls ( ! cav]n ( ,font-de-,gaume1 ,dordogne4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,! great] numb] ( ! ,aurignacian /ations1 l ^? ( ,m\/]ian times1 7 "u ! %elt]s or )9 ! entrances ( ! grottos & cav]ns2 all ! /ations 9 s\?we/]n ,france are ( ?is "*4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a great op5 camp at ,solutr1 :i* 0 a mo/ fam\s hunt+ /ation = ! wild horse 9 ,aurignacian times4 ,9 nor!rn ,france !re are sev]al op5 /ations1 su* z ^? ( ,montires & ,/4 ,a*eul1 along ! ,riv] ,somme1 & to ! ea/1 along ! middle ,rh9e1 !re are sev]al op5 'loess' /ations1 su* z ^? ( ,a*5heim1 ,vlkl9%(51 ,rh5s1 & ,mett]ni*4 ,x may v well be t ^! op5 /ations 7 visit$ only dur+ ! mild summ] season4 ,! cont9u$ *oice ( sites :i* naturally af=d$ ! greate/ protection f ! wea!r1 9 ,france1 ,brita91 ,belgium1 & all along ! ,danube1 z well z 9 ! g5ial region ( ! ,rivi]a1 is a sure indication ( a prevail+ sev]e climate4 ,x is h>dly possible1 h[ev]1 t ! clos$ or protect$ /ations 7 ! only resid5ces ( ^! p2 !y m]ely indicate ! po9ts :]e ! fl9t indu/ry 0 cont9u\sly c>ri$ on & also ! va/ foy]s & ga!r+ places2 b !re is little d\bt f ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! signs on ! walls ( ! cav]ns1 kn[n z 'tecti=ms1' t huts & l>ge %elt]s built ( logs & cov]$ ) hides 7 gr\p$ ar\nd mo/ ( ^! /ations & scatt]$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry at po9ts favorable = hunt+ & fi%+4 ,^! w\ld be ! only dwell+-places possible 9 su* va/ op5 camps1 = example1 z ,solutr4 ,,climate ,,& ,,life ,,( ,,aurignacian ,,times #c4 ,fir/ ,po/glacial ,retreat1 ,a*5s*wnkung 9 ! ,alp9e region4 ,p]iod ( ,solutrean indu/ry4 ,a cold dry climate1 ) du/-/orms & wide-spread deposition ( 'loess' 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,fl9t work]s seek+ _m op5 /ations4 ,horses & wild asses num]\s on ! prairies2 re9de] & wild cattle v abundant4 #b4 ,recession ( ! ,ice-,fields ( ! ,f\r? ,glaciation4 ,p]iod ( ,aurignacian indu/ry4 ,climate cold & increas+ly dry2 r5ewal ( ! du/-/orms & deposits ( ! 'new] loess4' ,fl9t indu/ry 9 ! cav]ns1 grottos1 %elt]s1 & a few op5 /ations4 ,op5+ ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic p]iod4 ,arrival ( ! ,cr-,magnon race4 #a4 ,f9al ,/age ( ,f\r? ,glaciation4 ,close ( ! ,l[] ,paloli?ic ,m\/]ian culture4 ,gradual ext9ction ( ! ,ne&]?al race4 ,! arrival ( ! ,cr-,magnon race & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,aurignacian indu/ry took place dur+ ! p]iod ( retreat ( ! ice-fields ( ! f\r? glaciation4 ,z we pass f ! levels ( ! e>ly ,aurignacian indu/ry into ^? ( ! middle & upp] ,aurignacian1 we f9d t ! mammal life ( ,m\/]ian times cont9u$ 9 its prime all ov] we/]n ,europe1 ) ! addition1 "o by "o1 ( "s new =ms f ! tundras1 su* z ! musk-ox1 & ! successive arrival f ! m\nta9s & /eppes ( we/]n ,asia ( su* *>act]i/ic =ms z ! argali %eep & ! wild ass1 or kiang4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4 ,geographic di/ribution 7horizontal l9es7 ( ! re9de]1 mammo?1 & woolly rh9oc]os1 ! ?ree *ief mammals ( ! tundra fauna1 ) ref]5ce to ! retir+ ice-fields 7dots7 ( ! ,f\r? ,glacial ,/age4 ,aft] ,b\le & ,geikie4 7,comp>e ,figs4 #ie & #if47 ,! extremely cold & moi/ climate ( ! f\r? glaciation _h pass$1 & a some:at dri] b /ill extremely cold climatic condition prevail$ ?r\gh\t we/]n ,europe4 ,dur+ ! e>ly ,aurignacian ! two nor!rn types ( lemm+1 ! b&$ lemm+ 7,myodes torquatus7 & ! ,obi lemm+ 7,myodes ob5sis71 7 /ill f\nd along ! upp] ,danube1 z 9 ! grottos ( ,sirg5/e91 ,(net1 & ,bock/e94 ,f middle ,aurignacian on ?r\gh ,solutrean times ^! d5iz5s ( ! extreme nor? disappe> f ?is region ( ,europe4 ,fur!r evid5ce ( a dry1 cold climate is f\nd 9 ! recurr5ce ( du/-/orms & 9 ! great deposits ( 'new] loess' beg9n+ 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,europe at ! v close ( ! ,m\/]ian indu/ry & ext5d+ ?r\gh bo? middle & late ,aurignacian & ,solutrean times 9 all ! region ( ! upp] ,rh9e1 along bo? %ores ( ! ,danube1 & we/w>d 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme1 9 nor!rn ,france4 ,?is p]iod is !re=e believ$ to correspond ) ! ,a*5 retreat ( ! great glaci]s /ill cov]+ ! ,alp9e region4 ,ano!r /rik+ pro( ( ! amelioration ( climate is ! return ( ! fl9t work]s to _m ( ! op5 /ations1 old & new1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( we/]n ,europe1 ! climate be+ m endurable because less humid4 ,9 ,m\/]ian times ! op5 /ations 7 v r>e & 7 p]haps visit$ dur+ ! summ] season only2 9 ,aurignacian times !y 7 m abundant1 !re be+ twelve op5 /ations out ( a total ( ab\t sixty /ations ?us f> discov]$2 9 ,aurignacian & ,solutrean times ! type /ation ( ,solutr 0 mu* frequ5t$1 & _m o!r op5 camps are f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( we/]n ,europe4 ,?is is /ill ! ,re9de] ,p]iod2 9 fact1 x is ! typical ',re9de] ,epo*' ( ,l>tet1 & ! pr$om9ant =ms ( life are ! woolly mammo? & ! woolly rh9oc]os2 b = a "t ! re9de] seems to h be5 less abundant1 & ,aurignacian times are m>k$ app>5tly by a v greatly increas$ numb] ( horses4 ,! animal life ?r\gh\t reta9s its nor!rn or arctic "*2 ! tundra species pr$om9ate1 ! h>dy =ms ( ! =e/s & mead[s ( ,eurasia are next 9 numb]1 & !n are f\nd a few ( ! /eppe =ms1 ) "h & !re =ms *>act]i/ic ( ! ,alps4 ,! entire fauna ( ! ,aurignacian may be summ$ up z foll[s3 ,! wild ass1 or kiang1 ( ! ,asiatic des]ts appe>s 9 late ,aurignacian times 9 ! region ( ! upp] ,rh9e & upp] ,danube1 z se5 9 ! deposits ( ,wilds*eu]1 ,?a+51 ,kessl]lo*1 & ,s*weiz]sbild1 & also !re probably arriv$ 9 ,europe at ?is "t ! ,elasmo!re 7,e4 sib]icum71 a gigantic rh9oc]os1 di/+ui%$ f all o!rs t we h be5 consid]+ by ! entire abs5ce ( ! ant]ior horn & by ! possession ( an enorm\s s+le horn situat$ on ! =ehead above ! eyes1 also by ! elaborate fold+s ( ! d5tal enamel1 to :i* ! "n ',elasmo!re' ref]s2 its tee? 7 especially adapt$ to a grassy diet2 x app>5tly w&]$ into ,europe f ! arid grassy pla9s ( c5tral & we/]n ,asia1 & its appe>ance is connect$ ) ! ext5sive de=e/ation accompany+ ! tundra & /eppe p]iods ( mammalian life4 ,,tundra ,,life4 ,re9de]1 woolly mammo?1 woolly rh9oc]os1 musk-ox 7r>e71 arctic fox1 arctic h>e1 arctic wolv]5e1 arctic pt>migan4 ,b&$ & ,obi lemm+s 9 l[] ,aurignacian only4 ,,alp9e ,,life4 ,argali %eep1 ibex1 alp9e pt>migan4 ,,/eppe ,,life4 ,/eppe horse1 kiang1 c5tral ,asiatic ass4 ,,=e/ ,,life4 ,r$ de]1 roe-de]1 giant de]1 br[n be>1 cave-be>1 wildcat1 wolf1 fox1 ott]1 lynx1 weasel4 ,,mead[ ,,life4 ,bison1 wild cattle4 ,,asiatic ,,life4 ,cave-hyna1 cave-lion1 8 cave-leop>d4 ,^! p]iodic arrivals f c5tral ,asia sugge/ ! exi/5ce ( migration r\tes :i* may also h be5 foll[$ by tribes ( ,paloli?ic hunt]s4 ,!re is no evid5ce at ?is "t ( ! pres5ce ( ! m *>act]i/ic animals ( ! /eppes1 su* z ! saiga antelope1 ! j]boa1 & ! /eppe ham/]1 :i* ent] ,europe dur+ ! lat] p]iod ( ,magdal5ian culture4 ,z an indication1 p]haps1 ( ! dryness ( ! climate we obs]ve t ! moose 7,alces7 is no long] record$1 al?\gh x reappe>s 9 we/]n ,europe 9 lat] ,magdal5ian times4 ,! giant de] 7,megac]os7 appe>s 9 s\!rn ,g]many ) ! e>ly ,aurignacian culture1 b ?is w\ld seem to be ! "t ( its ext9ction1 because x does n occur 9 association ) any ( ! lat] indu/ries4 ,= a "t ! bison 9 ,dordogne1 9 s\!rn ,g]many1 & 9 ,au/ria appe>s to be f> m abundant ?an ! wild cattle2 ! latt] animals are n record$ ei!r by ,s*midt or ,d*elette 9 association ) ! ,aurignacian culture1 b !y reappe> 9 ! moi/] p]iod ( ,magdal5ian times4 ,! rema9s ( simil> late ,plei/oc5e mammals lie scatt]$ ov] a l>ge area 9 ,brita91 & we mu/ conclude f _! pres5ce1 obs]ves ,dawk9s17#ab7 t ,brita9 0 /ill broadly connect$ ) ! ma9l& ( ,europe4 ,?is is prov$ by ! occurr5ce ( ! mammo? fauna 9 v>i\s places n[ cov]$ by ! sea1 z 9 ,holyhead ,h>bor1 (f ! coa/s ( ,devon%ire & ( ,sussex1 & 9 ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,on ! ,dogg] ,bank ! accumulation ( bones1 tee?1 & antl]s is s great t ! fi%]m5 ( ,y>m\? h collect$ 9 _! nets & dr$ges m ?an ?ree hundr$ specim5s4 ,!y belong to ! be>1 wolf1 cave-hyna1 giant de]1 ,iri% elk1 re9de]1 /ag1 bison1 urus1 horse1 woolly rh9oc]os1 mammo?1 & beav]1 & are to be view$ z ! rema9s ( animals deposit$ by riv] curr5ts1 z 9 ! case ( simil> accumulations on l&4 ,_h !y be5 deposit$ by ! sea !y w\ld h be5 sift$ by ! action ( ! waves1 ! small] be+ heap$ toge!r 9 "o place & ! l>g] 9 ano!r4 ,! c>casses _h evid5tly be5 collect$ 9 ! eddies ( a riv] t help$ to =m ! ,dogg] ,bank1 :i* n[ rises to )9 eight fa?oms ( ! sea-level4 ,"o ( ! animals ( ! ,aurignacian p]iod :i* is be/ kn[n is ! 'horse ( ,solutr4' ,ar\nd ! great ,aurignacian camp at ,solutr !re accumulat$ ! rema9s ( a va/ numb] ( horses1 :i* are e/imat$ at n less ?an #ajj1jjj2 ! bones are di/ribut$ 9 a wide circle ar\nd ! anci5t camp1 consi/+ ( brok5 or entire skeletons compact$ into a v]itable magma1 ) :i* occur also rema9s ( ! re9de]1 ! urus1 & ! mammo? int]b$d$ ) all ! types ( ,aurignacian implem5ts4 ,! majority ( ^! horses belong to ! /\t-head$1 %ort-limb$ =e/ or nor!rn type1 measur+ #ed in*es 7#ac4b h&s7 at ! )]s1 & ab\t ! size ( ! exi/+ pony47#ac7 ,! jo9ts & ho(s 7 especially l>ge1 & ! long tee? & p[]ful jaws 7 adapt$ to fe$+ on co>se grasses2 ! great] "p ( ! rema9s are ^? ( horses f five to sev5 ye>s ( age4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ! m5 ( ,aurignacian times ei!r br$ or re>$ ^! animals2 !y pursu$ !m only = food4 ,! discov]y t ! horse might be us$ z an animal ( transport appe>s to h be5 made 9 ! f> ,ea/1 & n 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,! animal & plant life ( ! ,aurignacian /ation ne> ,krems1 on ! ,danube1 above ,vi5na17#ad7 includes a /rong elem5t ( ! tundra =ms--! arctic fox1 wolv]5e1 mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 musk-ox1 re9de]1 h>e1 & pt>migan4 ,! /eppe fauna1 on ! o!r h&1 is r>e1 includ+ only ! suslik1 b n ! saiga antelope or any ( ! o!r *>act]i/ic /eppe types4 ,! pr9cipal objects ( ! *ase 7 n only ! mammo?1 :i* 0 extraord9>ily abundant1 b also ! re9de] & wild horses2 ! ibex is r>e4 ,ob]mai] obs]ves t ! *>t ( ! geographic di/ribution ( ! ,aurignacian %[s ?is culture to belong ess5tially to ! prov9ces surr\nd+ ! entire ,m$it]ranean1 f ,syria 7! grottos ( ,lebanon7 ?r\gh nor? ,africa 7,algi]s7 to ,spa94 ,x also has a /rong developm5t ?r\gh\t ,france1 ent]+ middle & s\!rn ,g]many & pass+ along ! ,danube to ,au/ria1 ,pol&1 & s\!rn ,russia 7,mez9e7 nor? ( ,kiev4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! mammo? hunt]s ( ,krems belong$ 9 ?is wide-spread di/ribution2 ! %ells us$ = ornam5ts1 :i* unmi/akably recall ^? ( ! ,rivi]a1 are only 9 "p local f ! neighborhood ( ,vi5na2 ! l>g] "p is f ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,we may imag9e t ^! %ells pass$ ?r\gh sev]al h&s among ?is race ( nomadic hunt]s1 & ?is is n surpris+ 9 view ( ! girdle :i* ! ,aurignacian /ret*$ ar\nd ! entire ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,cr-,,magnon ,,race ,! e>lie/ discov]y ( a memb] ( ?is race 0 t by ,buckl&1 9 ! cave ( ,pavil&1 :i* op5s on ! face ( a /eep lime/one cliff1 ab\t a mile ea/ ( ,rhossilly1 on ! coa/ ( ,g[]1 ,wales47#ae7 ,z describ$ by ,sollas1 a pa9t$ skeleton1 long kn[n z ! ',r$ ,lady1' 0 f\nd 9 ! kit*5 midd5 :i* =ms ! floor ( ?is cave2 rec5t inve/igation has prov$ t ?is skeleton belongs to a man ( ! ,cr-,magnon race2 ! associat$ implem5ts are ( ,aurignacian type4 ,pavil& cave is ?us ! fir/ ,aurignacian /ation discov]$ 9 ,brita9 & m>ks ! mo/ we/]ly outpo/ ( ! ,cr-,magnon race4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4 ,section ( ! sepul*ral grotto ( ,aurignac1 ! type /ation ( ,aurignacian culture1 z re/or$ by ,l>tet f ! description ( ! orig9al condition ( ! grotto z x 0 9 #aheb4 ,aft] ,lyell4 ,9 #aheb ! sepul*ral grotto ( ,aurignac1 on ! ne>e/ spur ( ! ,pyr5ees1 9 ,haute-,g>onne1 0 accid5tally discov]$ by a labor]4 ,x 0 almo/ fill$ ) bones1 among :i* 7 two entire skulls & _m fragm5ts1 numb]+ altoge!r no less ?an sev5te5 skeletons ( bo? sexes & ( all ages4 ,! mayor ( ,aurignac ord]$ all ! bones to be tak5 out & re-int]r$ 9 ! p>i% cemet]y4 ,?us1 9 #ahfj1 :5 ,l>tet visit$ ?is grotto & det]m9$ x z ! type /ation ( a di/9ct indu/ry1 all ! human rema9s _h be5 lo/ beyond recov]y1 & ) !m all possibility ( le>n+ to :at race1 culture1 & geologic age !y belong$4 ,on a slop+ t]race 9 front ( ! grotto 0 ! he>? conta9+ "o hundr$ fl9t implem5ts1 m+l$ ) ! rema9s ( a typical re9de] fauna4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4 ,section ( ! ,grotto ( ,cr-,magnon1 9 :i* ! fossiliz$ skeleton ( ! ',old ,man ( ,cr-,magnon1' type ( ! ,cr-,magnon race1 0 discov]$ 9 #ahfh1 toge!r ) ! rema9s ( f\r o!r individuals4 ,aft] ,l\is ,l>tet4 ,scale #a-abe4 ,9 #ahfh ,l>tet explor$ a grotto 9 ! little hamlet ( ,cr-,magnon1 ne> ,les ,eyzies1 on ! ,vzre1 :]e he f\nd five skeletons1 :i* h become ! type ( ! great ,cr-,magnon race ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic times4 ,! grotto 0 accid5tally discov]$ by workm5 build+ a road 9 ! ,vzre valley4 ,"h ,l>tet f\nd ! skeleton ( an old man1 n[ kn[n z ! 'old man ( ,cr-,magnon'2 !n t ( a woman1 ^: =ehead bore ! m>k ( a w\nd f "s heavy bl[2 close to h] lay ! fragm5ts ( a *ild's skeleton & ne> by ^? ( two "y m54 ,fl9t implem5ts & p]=at$ %ells 7 f\nd ) ^! skeletons4 ,9 ,may1 #ahfh1 ! mat]ial 0 fir/ describ$ by ,broca17#af7 8 excell5t acc\nt be+ lat] repr9t$ & amplifi$ 9 ! ,reliqui ,aquitanic ( ,l>tet & ,*ri/y47#ag7 ,broca ref]r$ to ^! skeletons z inconte/able pro(s ( ! contemporane\s exi/5ce ( man & ! mammo?4 ,! associat$ mammalian life 0 t ( ! re9de] & ! indu/ry is n[ kn[n to be ( ! ,aurignacian /age4 ,9 8 classic orig9al description ( ?is type ,broca rem>ks ^u ! high /ature1 ! face v broad 9 relation to its height1 ) v long & v n>r[ orbits2 ! l>ge & m>k$ly doli*ocephalic skull1 ) an unusually l>ge bra9 capacity1 not+ t ! bra9 capacity ( ! ,cr-,magnon woman surpasses t ( ! av]age male ( to-day2 ! =ehead correspond+ly broad1 v]tical1 convex on ! m$ian l9e2 ! bones ( ! limbs robu/1 & ! %9-bones flatt5$ transv]sely2 altoge!r a v high racial type ( skeleton belong+ to ! species ,homo sapi5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada4 ,head ( ! v tall skeleton ( ,cr-,magnon type discov]$ 9 ! ,grotte des ,enfants4 ,aft] ,v]neau4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4 ,head ( ! ',old ,man ( ,cr-,magnon1' rejuv5at$ by ! re/oration ( ! tee?1 %[+ ! me?od ( re/oration ( ! features adopt$ 9 all ! models by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,! diamet] ( ! head across ! *eek-bones is se5 to be great] ?an t across ! cranium4 7,comp>e ,figs4 #adf & #adg1 also ,pl4 ,,vi47 ,v]neau17#ah7 9 8 description ( ! ,cr-,magnon type1 emphasizes ! di%>monic =m ( ! head1 = ! doli*ocephalic =m ( ! skull is comb9$ ) a face v broad = its height1 & ?is1 9 fact1 is ! unique & mo/ di/9ctive feature ( ! ,cr-,magnon race4 ,! *eek-bones are bo? broad & high4 ,x is curi\s t 9 ?is face1 s broad across ! *eek-bones & *eek ar*es1 ! space betwe5 ! eyes is small1 ! nose is n>r[ & aquil9e1 & ! upp] jaw is noticeably n>r[2 x is no less rem>kable t ?is upp] jaw projects =w>d1 :ile ! upp] "p ( ! face is almo/ v]tical1 z 9 ! highe/ types ( ,homo sapi5s4 ,! eye sockets1 :i* are rem>kably broad1 are r %all[1 & _! angles are b slightly r\nd$ (f1 s t ! =m sugge/s a v long rectangle2 ! m&ible is ?ick & /rong1 & ! *9 massive1 triangul>1 & v prom95t2 ! m>ks ( muscul> atta*m5t d5ote great muscul> developm5t ar\nd ! ?ick1 /rong jaws1 9 :i* ! p>ts = ! atta*m5t ( ! v]tical muscles are unusually l>ge4 ,i w\ld add1 says ,v]neau1 to ^! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ! surpris+ capacity ( ! cranium1 :i* ,broca e/imat$ z at lea/ #a1eij c4cm4 ,! majority ( ^! features are f\nd 9 almo/ all ( ! skulls ( ! ,cr-,magnon race 9 ! ,grottes de ,grimaldi4 ,! top view ( ! skull is unusual on acc\nt ( ! extreme prom95ce ( ! em95ces ( ! p>ietals1 :i* give ! skull a p5tagonal effect :5 se5 f above4 ,! eyebr[ ridges %[ decid$ prom95ces above ! orbits b disappe> completely 9 ! m$ian l9e & at ! sides & ?us diff] totally f ^? 9 ! ,ne&]?al head4 ,,discov]ies ,,*iefly ,,( ,,! ,,cr-,,magnon ,,& ,,grimaldi ,,races,,am ,,ref]r$ ,,to ,,aurignacian ,,times ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,date ( ,locality ,numb] ( ,culture ,/age ,discov]y ,individuals ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,cr-,,magnon ,,& 787 ,,aurignacian ,,race ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #ahbc4 ,pavil& cave1 we/]n ,"o skeleton4 ,aurignacian4 ,wales4 ,burial4 #aheb4 ,aurignac1 ,haute-,g>onne1 ,sev5te5 8 skeletons4 ,pyr5ees1 ,france4 ,burial4 #ahfh4 ,cr-,magnon1 ,dordogne1 ,?ree incomplete ,france4 skeletons & fragm5ts ( two o!rs4 8 ,burial4 #ahgb- ,grottes de ,grimaldi1 ,burial4 #ahhd4 ,ba\ss-,r\ss1 ,italy4 #a4 ,grotte des ,enfants ,f\r skeletons4 7,grotte de ,grimaldi74 #b4 ,grotte de ,cavillon4 ,"o #c4 ,b>ma ,gr&e4 ,six #d4 ,ba\sso da ,torre4 ,?ree #aiji4 ,combe-,capelle1 ,dordogne4 ,type ( ,homo aurignac5sis1 ,klaats*4 ,burial4 #aiji4 ,laug]ie ,haute1 ,dordogne4 ,"o skeleton4 8 ,burial4 ,solutr4 ,fragm5ts4 8 ,cam>go 7,sant&]71 ,spa94,fragm5t ( skull4 ,will5dorf1 ,au/ria4 ,fragm5ts4 ,late ,aurignacian4 ,cave ( ,antelias 7,syria74 ,scatt]$ bones4 ,aurignacian4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,grimaldi ,,race ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #aijf4 ,grottes de ,grimaldi1 ,ba\ss-,r\ss1 ,italy4 #a4 ,grotte des ,enfants ,two skeletons4 ,aurignacian or 7,grotte de ,grimaldi74 ,late ,m\/]ian4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,( ! num]\s skeletons f\nd 9 ! ,grottes de ,grimaldi1 or ,ba\ss-,r\ss1 ne> ,m5tone1 ! "o fir/ discov]$ is mo/ widely kn[n z ! 'man ( ,m5tone1' :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! ,grotte de ,cavillon1 9 #ahgb1 by ,rivire2 h5ce ?is is sometimes spok5 ( z ! ,m5tone race2 b1 z ,v]neau %[s1 :ile ! measurem5ts ( ! skulls ( ,ba\ss-,r\ss %[ "s v>iety1 !y d n exce$ :at might be expect$ 9 individual v>iation1 & we conclude t all ! m5 ( tall /ature f\nd 9 ! ,grottes de ,grimaldi belong to ! ,cr-,magnon race1 :i* is n to be confus$ ) ! v di/9ct dw>f ,grimaldi race discov]$ 9 ! ,grottes de ,grimaldi by ,v]neau1 9 #aijf1 9 a l[] level ?an any ( ! skeletons ( ! ,cr-,magnon type4 ,9 ,aurignacian times1 l(ty /ature seems to h be5 a g5]al *>act]i/ic ( ?is race1 b !re appe>s to h be5 a gradual decrease 9 height1 s t 9 lat] indu/rial times ! race 9 g5]al is some:at small] 9 /ature4 ,! heights are z foll[s3 ,cr-,magnon type ( ,dordogne #a4hj m4 #e ft4 #aj-c_/d 94 woman slightly inf]ior 9 size4 ,ba\ss-,r\ss1 ,grottes de ,grimaldi4 ,adult males ( ,cavillon #a4gi m4 #e ft4 #aj-a_/b 94 ,b>ma ,gr&e ,,ii #a4hb m4 #e ft4 #aa-a_/b 94 ,ba\sso da ,torre ,,ii #a4he m4 #f ft4 #c_/d 94 ,b>ma ,gr&e ,i #a4ic m4 #f ft4 #d 94 ,grotte des ,enfants #a4id m4 #f ft4 #d-a_/b 94 ,av]age #a4hg m4 #f ft4 #a-a_/b 94 ,woman ( ,b>ma ,gr&e e/imat$ at #a4fe m4 #e ft4 #e 94 ,y\? ( #ae ye>s1 ,b>ma ,gr&e1 e/imat$ at #a4fe m4 #e ft4 #e 94 ,! woman _h n rea*$ complete developm5t4 ,z !re is a v>iation ( #f in*es 9 ! height ( ! v>i\s male skeletons1 x is evid5t t we _c rea* a tru/wor?y conclusion f a s+le subject2 b !re w\ld seem to be q a disp>ity 9 height betwe5 ! sexes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4 ,! abri or %elt] ( ,laug]ie ,haute1 ,dordogne1 ,france1 :]e ! ,aurignacian burial ( a skeleton ref]r$ to ! ,cr-,magnon race1 0 discov]$ 9 #aiji4 ,photograph by ,belvs4 ,! v l>ge skeleton f ! ,grotte des ,enfants1 measur+ #f feet #d-a_/b in*es1 0 f\nd associat$ ) ! rema9s ( ! re9de]1 #ae feet bel[ ! surface1 f :i* x w\ld appe> probable t ! skeleton ant$ates ! ,aurignacian skeleton ( ,laug]ie ,haute1 & ev5 ( ,cr-,magnon4 ,?us ! s-call$ man ( ,m5tone may be an ance/or ( ! race :i* 0 f\nd 9 ,cr-,magnon & o!r regions ( ,dordogne4 ,x is ^! m5 ( great height1 f\nd 9 ,b>ma ,gr&e & ! ,grotte des ,enfants1 :i* ,v]neau selects = 8 description ( ! primitive memb]s ( ! ,cr-,magnon race1 :i* at ?is "t liv$ along ! ,rivi]a & 9 ! valley ( ! ,vzre & lat] spread ov] a va/ area 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,x is probable t 9 ! g5ial climate ( ! ,rivi]a ^! m5 obta9$ _! f9e/ developm5t2 ! c\ntry 0 admirably protect$ f ! cold w9ds ( ! nor?1 refuges 7 abundant1 & game by no means sc>ce1 to judge f ! quantity ( animal bones f\nd 9 ! caves4 ,"u su* conditions ( life ! race enjoy$ a f9e physical developm5t & disp]s$ widely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4 ,comp>ative view ( ! ,ne&]?al skeleton 7left7 f ,la ,*apelle-aux ,sa9ts1 & ( ! skeleton ( a v tall memb] ( ! ,cr-,magnon race 7"r7 discov]$ 9 ! ,grotte des ,enfants4 ,aft] ,b\le & ,v]neau4 ,bo? figures are approximately "o-sev5te5? life size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4 ,sections ( ! tibia or %9-bone1 7#a7 ! normal triangul> type2 & 7#b7 ! extremely platycnmic flatt5$ type *>act]i/ic ( ! ,cr-,magnon race4 ,aft] ,broca4 ,) an av]age height ( #f feet #a-a_/b in*es1 ^! cave-dwell]s may be said to demon/rate "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ traits ( ! ,cr-,magnon race4 ,9 ! proportions ( ! limbs & 9 ! great size ( ! upp] "p ( ! *e/ ^! m5 are remov$ f ! mod]n ,european type & approa* "s ( ! ,african negroid types1 al?\gh !re is n ! lea/ resemblance to ! negro type 9 ! skull or 9 ! d5tition4 ,9 contra/ ) ! ,ne&]?als are ?ree *>act]s ( ! limbs3 ! leg 0 v long 9 comp>ison ) ! arm2 !y %[ a rem>kable l5g!n+ ( ! =e>m 9 proportion to ! upp] arm & a /ill m rem>kable l5g!n+ ( ! l[] leg or %9-bone 9 proportion to ! ?igh-bone2 ! tibia has an index ( #ha-hf p] c5t z comp>$ ) ! femur1 :i* is relatively great] ?an t ( ! av]age mod]n ,european1 ) a tibi(emoral index ( #gi4g p] c5t4 ,?is long %9-bone indicates t ^! m5 7 swift ( foot1 q 9 keep+ ) _! und\bt$ nomadic habits & wide di/ribution4 ,! flatness ( ! tibia1 :i* is /rongly m>k$ 9 #fb p] c5t ( ! skeletons1 may well be due to ! habit ( squatt+ :ile engag$ 9 fa%ion+ fl9ts & 9 o!r indu/rial occupations4 ,! leg1 long 9 comp>ison ) ! arm1 & ! ?igh-bone1 /rongly develop$1 are bo? *>act]s ( a hunt+ race4 ,! foot has a v protrud+ heel1 b ! sole & ! toes are ( mod]ate l5g?4 ,! hip-girdle is ( a type :i* has no?+ negroid ab\t x1 b is z f9e z t ( ! mo/ civiliz$ :ites2 x is m>k$ by its /r5g?1 ! augm5tation ( all ! v]tical & transv]se diamet]s1 & ! r$uction ( ! ant]opo/]ior diamet]s4 ,! %\ld]s are exceptionally broad4 ,! fact t ! arms are relatively %ort z comp>$ ) ! legs is also a high racial "*4 ,! upp] arm is v robu/1 & 9 "s cases ! left arm is m l>gely develop$1 9 o!rs ! "r4 ,9 all ! skulls f ^! grottos ne> ,m5tone1 ! face %[s ! ess5tial features ( ! ,cr-,magnon race1 its bread? be+ due to ! developm5t ( ! *eek-bones & ! zygomatic ar*es1 = ! upp] jaws are n>r[1 & ! nose is ?9 or leptorh9e4 ,at ! root ! nose %[s a m>k$ depression1 b x rises imm$iately to a consid]able prom95ce2 x ?us und\bt$ly _h an aquil9e pr(ile4 ,! orbits always pres5t ! =m ( a long rectangle1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! race along ! ,vzre4 ,all ^! *>act]s leave no d\bt ( ! racial aff9ity ( ! skeletons f ! ,grottes de ,grimaldi ) ! orig9al ,cr-,magnon type4 ,x mu/ be conclud$1 !re=e1 t c]ta9 peculi> features not$ 9 ! type ( ! 'old man ( ,cr-,magnon' are purely individual1 & t we are n ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ ! admixture ( a =eign elem5t to acc\nt = ! weakness ( "s *>act]i/ics :i* we notice 9 ! majority ( ! ,cr-,magnon subjects f ! caves ( ,grimaldi4 ,! highly evolv$ *>act]s ( ! skeleton 9 ?is race are 9 keep+ ) ! extraord9>ily great cranial capacity4 ,broca e/imat$ ! 'old man ( ,cr-,magnon' z hav+ a cranial capacity ( #a1eij c4cm41 & 9 ! female ! bra9 is e/imat$ at #aeej c4cm4 ,v]neau e/imates ! five l>ge male skulls ( ,cr-,magnon type at ,grimaldi z hav+ an av]age capacity ( #a1hjj c4cm41 ! l[e/ be+ #a1gae c4cm41 & ! highe/ #a1hhj c4cm4 ,?is race1 obs]ves ,kei?17#ba7 0 "o ( ! f9e/ ! _w has ev] se54 ,! wide1 %ort face1 ! extremely prom95t *eek-bones1 ! spread ( ! palate & a t5d5cy ( ! upp] cutt+ tee? & incisors to project =w>d1 & ! n>r[1 po9t$ *9 recall a facial type :i* is be/ se5 to-day 9 tribes liv+ 9 ,asia to ! nor? & to ! s\? ( ! ,himalayas4 ,z reg>ds _! /ature ! ,cr-,magnon race recalls ! ,sikhs liv+ to ! s\? ( ! ,himalayas4 ,9 ! di%>monic proportions ( ! face1 t is1 ! comb9ation ( broad *eek-bones & n>r[ skull1 !y resemble ! ,eskimo4 ,! sum ( ! ,cr-,magnon *>act]s is c]ta9ly ,asiatic r ?an ,african1 :]eas 9 ! ,grimaldis ! sum ( ! *>act]s is decid$ly negroid or ,african4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4 ,re/oration ( ! head ( ! ',old ,man ( ,cr-,magnon1' 9 pr(ile1 modell$ aft] ! type skull ( ,cr-,magnon1 ,dordogne1 ) ! tee? re/or$ & ! head giv5 a y\ng] appe>ance4 ,aft] ! model by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,we %all trace ?is great race ?r\gh ! ,solutrean & ,magdal5ian /ages ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic & consid] its disappe>ance & possible di/ribution at ! close ( ,magdal5ian times4 ,x w !n be int]e/+ to consid] ! evid5ce ( ! survival ( ! desc5dants ( ?is race 9 v>i\s p>ts ( we/]n ,europe & possibly among ! primitive inhabitants ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 kn[n z ! ,guan*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg4 ,re/oration ( ! head ( ! ',old ,man ( ,cr-,magnon1' front view4 ,aft] ! model by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,o!r ,,races ,x is a moot$ "q :e!r ! ,cr-,magnons 7 ! only p inhabit+ ,europe 9 e>ly ,aurignacian "t or :e!r !re 7 also two o!r races1 ! ,grimaldi & ! ,aurignacian4 ,z we h se5 9 ! prec$+ pages1 !re is no evid5ce t ! negroid ,grimaldi race ev] became e/abli%$ 9 ,europe2 ! idea ( ! pres5ce ( a negroid race has tak5 ! fancy ( ar*ologi/s l ,breuil & ,rutot1 :5 seek+ an ,african1 ,egyptian1 or ,bu%man analogy 9 c]ta9 phases ( e>ly ,aurignacian art2 b x re/s m]ely on ! sl5d] evid5ce af=d$ by ! isolat$ skeletons ( a woman & ( a boy4 ,! case ( ! ,aurignacian race is diff]5t2 ?is is held by compet5t anatomi/s 7,klaats*17#bb7 ,kei?7#bc77 to be di/9ct f ! ,cr-,magnon race & to be> "s resemblance to ! ,brnn 7,brx1 ,pedmo/1 8 ,galley ,hill7 race :i*1 we "k1 became e/abli%$ 9 c5tral ,europe c]ta9ly z e>ly z ,solutrean times1 if n be=e4 ,! s-call$ ,aurignacian race 7,homo sapi5s aurignac5sis71 describ$ z a subspecies ( exi/+ man1 is bas$ ^u a type f\nd 9 ! %elt] ( ,combe-,capelle ne> ,montf]r&1 ,prigord1 9 ! summ] ( #aiji by ,o4 ,haus]47#bd7 ,x is commonly kn[n z ! ',combe-,capelle' man f ! sc5e ( its discov]y1 or z ! ,aurignacian man 7,homo aurignac5sis72 if a subspecies1 x c]ta9ly belongs to ,homo sapi5s4 ,! adult male skeleton 0 discov]$ ly+ undi/urb$ 9 ! l[e/ /ratum ( an ,aurignacian indu/ry & 0 c>efully dis9t]r$ by ,klaats* & ,haus]4 ,x 0 app>5tly a case ( c]emonial burial2 a great numb] ( unusually f9e fl9ts ( e>ly ,aurignacian type 0 f\nd ) x1 also a necklace ( p]=at$ %ells 7,littor9a1 ,nassa72 ! limbs 7 b5t47#be7 ,wat] saturat$ ) lime _h dripp$ ^u ! burial-place1 result+ 9 ! rem>kable pres]vation ( ! skeleton4 ,?is skeleton is comp>$ by ,klaats* ) t ( ,brnn1 ,moravia1 & ( ,galley ,hill1 ne> ,london1 f :i* he concludes t x repres5ts a di/9ct type1 ! ,aurignacian race2 ! /ature is #e feet #c in*es1 z comp>$ ) #f feet #a-a_/b1 in*es1 ! av]age 9 ! five ,cr-,magnon males ( ,grimaldi2 ! bra9 case is well ar*$ & falls )9 ! v>iation limits ( ,homo sapi5s4 ,! skull is v long & n>r[1 ! cephalic index be+ #fe4g p] c5t2 9 "s po9ts x %[s a /rik+ simil>ity to t ( ,brnn1 9 o!rs x v>ies f x 9 ! direction ( ! rec5t ,european =m2 ! face is n n>r[ nor is x progna?\s2 ! l[] jaw is small ) a well-develop$ *94 ,klaats* f9ds _m *>act]i/ics resembl+ ^? ( ! ,cr-,magnon race1 includ+ ! ,*ancelade type :i* is a late ,cr-,magnon4 ,he sugge/s t ! ,cr-,magnon type may be consid]$ a fur!r developm5t ( ! ,aurignacian4 ,x seems probable t ! ,aurignacian man is a memb] ( ! true ,cr-,magnon race & t additional evid5ce is requir$ to e/abli% x z di/9ct4 ,s*liz7#bf7 consid]s t ?is skull is an int]m$iate =m betwe5 t ( ! ,cr-,magnon & ! ,brnn race1 an indication t ^! two races 7 und]go+ a p>allel developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4 ,bra9 outl9e ( ! man ( ! s-call$ ,aurignacian race discov]$ at ,combe-,capelle 9 #aiji 7aft] ,klaats*71 z comp>$ ) ! bra9 outl9es ( a *impanzee & ( ,homo sapi5s4 ,,burial ,,cu/oms ,simil> cu/oms ( burial prevail$ widely 9 ,aurignacian times1 z we h obs]v$ f ! use ( color 9 ! ,pavil& int]m5t ( we/]n ,wales & 9 ! ,brnn int]m5t ( ,moravia4 ,?is is a feature seldom f\nd 9 ! ,ne&]?al burials1 al?\gh ! latt] are accompani$ by signs ( great rev]5ce & by an abundance ( ornam5ts & f9ely f9i%$ fl9ts4 ,up to ! pres5t "t ! races ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic h be5 /udi$ ) f> less anatomical precision ?an ^? ( ! ,l[]1 & ! attribution ( _m ( ! burials to ! ,cr-,magnon race awaits v]ification4 ,we h little record ( ! ,pavil& burial except t ! skeleton 0 t ( a man ( ! ,cr-,magnon race & color$ r$4 ,( ! burial ( ,aurignac we h no record o!r ?an t sev5te5 skeletons 7 plac$ close toge!r2 x w\ld appe> t ?is comp\nd burial may h be5 ! sequel ( a battle or1 less probably1 t ( an epidemic4 ,! type skeletons ( ! ,cr-,magnon race 7 simply ly+ on ! surface ( a deep %elt]2 ?us !re has always be5 "s d\bt z to _! exact ar*ological age2 a l>ge numb] ( p]=at$ %ells 0 f\nd among ! bones1 z well z p5dants ( ivory4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ,cr-,magnon burials ( und\bt$ ,aurignacian age are ^? ( ! ,grottes de ,grimaldi2 ! infant skeletons f\nd "h are nei!r color$ nor decorat$1 b occurr$ ) a va/ numb] ( small p]=at$ %ells 7,nassa71 evid5tly =m+ a sort ( burial mantle4 ,simil>ly1 ! female skeleton 0 envelop$ 9 a b$ ( %ells n p]=at$2 ! legs 7 ext5d$1 :ile ! arms 7 /ret*$ beside ! body2 !re 7 a few pi]c$ %ells & a few bits ( silex4 ,"o ( ! l>ge male skeletons ( ! same grotto _h ! l[] limbs ext5d$1 ! upp] limbs fold$1 & 0 decorat$ ) a gorget & cr[n ( p]=at$ %ells2 ! head re/$ on a block ( r$ /one4 ,9 ! 'man ( ,m5tone1' f\nd 9 #ahgb1 ! body re/$ on its left side1 ! limbs 7 slightly flex$1 & ! =e>m 0 fold$2 heavy /ones protect$ ! body f di/urbance2 ! head 0 decorat$ ) a circle ( p]=at$ %ells color$ 9 r$1 & implem5ts ( v>i\s types 7 c>efully plac$ on ! =ehead & *e/4 ,simil>ly 9 ! burial ( ,b>ma ,gr&e ?ree skeletons 7 f\nd plac$ side by side 9 a lay] ( r$ e>? conta9+ a l>ge quantity ( p]oxide ( iron2 two ( ! skeletons re/$ on ! left side1 ! limbs ext5d$ or slightly flex$2 ! =ehead & *e/ & "o ( ! limbs 7 encircl$ ) %ells4 ,9 ! burial ( ! s-call$ ,aurignac man ( ,combe-,capelle1 describ$ above1 ! limbs 7 out/ret*$ & ! body 0 decorat$ ) a necklace ( p]=at$ %ells & surr\nd$ ) a great numb] ( f9e ,aurignacian fl9ts4 ,x appe>s t 9 all ! num]\s burials ( ^! grottos ( ,aurignacian age & indu/ry ( ! ,cr-,magnon race we h ! burial /&>ds :i* prevail$ 9 we/]n ,europe at ?is "t4 ,we mu/ inf] t ! conception ( survival aft] dea? 0 among ! primitive beliefs1 atte/$ by ! plac+ ) ! dead ( ornam5ts & ( weapons & 9 _m in/ances ( objects ( food4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! grottos & %elt]s 7 s frequ5tly s\ght z places ( burial1 also t ! flex$ limbs or ext5d$ position ( ! body prevail$ ?r\gh\t we/]n ,europe into ,neoli?ic times1 z well z ! use ( color ?r\gh ! ,solutrean into ,magdal5ian times4 ,x is probable f _! love ( color 9 p>ietal decorations1 & f ! appe>ance ( color+ matt] 9 s _m ( ! burials1 t decoration ( ! liv+ body ) color 0 widely practis$1 & t color 0 fre%ly appli$1 ei!r z pigm5t or 9 ! =m ( p[d]1 to ! bodies ( ! dead 9 ord] to prep>e !m = a r5ewal ( life4 ,,aurignacian ,,fl9t ,,& ,,bone ,,indu/ry ,z po9t$ out 9 ! introduction ( ?is *apt]1 ! geographical di/ribution ( ! e>ly ,aurignacian indu/ry is especially int]e/+ 9 its be>+ ^u ! r\tes by :i* ! ,cr-,magnon race ent]$ ,europe4 ,we c h>dly contemplate an orig9 directly f ! ea/1 says ,breuil17#bg7 because ^! e>li] phases ( ! ,aurignacian indu/ry h n z yet be5 met ) 9 c5tral or ea/]n ,europe4 ,a s\!rly orig9 seems m probable1 because ! ,aurignacian colonies appe> to surr\nd ! entire p]iph]y ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 be+ f\nd 9 nor!rn ,africa1 ,sicily1 & ! ,italian & ,ib]ian p59sulas1 f :i* !y ext5d$ ov] ! l>g] "p ( s\!rn ,france4 ,9 ,tunis we f9d a v primitive ,aurignacian l t ( ! ,abri ,audit ( ,dordogne1 ) implem5ts und\bt$ly simil> to ^? ( ,*atelp]ron1 9 ,france4 ,ev5 f> to ! ea/1 9 ! cave ( ,antelias1 9 ,syria1 z well z 9 c]ta9 /ations ( ,phnicia17#bh7 culture deposits are f\nd :i* are *>act]i/ically ,aurignacian4 ,aga91 9 s\!rn ,italy implem5ts ( typical ,aurignacian =m1 t5d+ t[>d ! sup]ior /age1 are f\nd 9 ! grotto ( ,romanelli1 ,otranto4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 favor ( ! !ory ( local or auto*?on\s evolution ( ?is culture is ! direct succession describ$ bel[ ( ,aurignacian prototypes & e>ly ,aurignacian implem5ts above ! old] ,m\/]ian lay]s 9 ! v>i\s /ations ( ,dordogne4 ,9 fact1 ! relation ( ! ,aurignacian indu/ry to ! prec$+ ,m\/]ian is "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ! hi/ory ( ,paloli?ic ar*ology1 because ( ! *ange ( race :i* occurr$ at ?is "t4 ,h[ f> is x d]ivative & auto*?on\s1 h[ f> is x new & influ5c$ by invasion & ! h&icraft ( a new & sup]ior race8 ,art4 ,microli?ique1 microli?4 ,bur91 grav] 7fir/ appe>ance74 ,indu/rial4 ,c\p de po+1 h&-/one 7r>e & deg5]ate74 ,po9te1 po9t4 ,,an,*atelp]ron 7curv$74 d\ble-po9t$4 ,racloir1 scrap]4 convex4 concave4 /raight4 d\ble-edg$4 triple-edg$4 ,grattoir1 plan+ tool4 ,p]oir1 drill1 bor]4 ,c\teau1 knife1 blade4 ,enclume1 anvil /one4 ,p]cuteur1 hamm]-/one4 ,w> & ,*ase4 ,po9te1 po9t4 ,pi]re de jet1 ?r[+ /one4 ,c\teau1 knife1 blade4 ,po9te de lance1 bone lance-heads4 ,fir/1 z = transition f ! old] culture1 x is important to note ?r\gh\t t ! ',aurignacian ret\*' is id5tical ) ! ,m\/]ian2 ?is ret\* is on "o side ( ! flake only & gives x a %ort1 abrupt1 & blunt edge4 ,z we %all see1 x is ess5tially diff]5t f t discov]$ by ! ,solutrean fl9t work]s & employ$ 9 ,solutrean times1 a sup]ior te*nique :i* produc$ a %>p1 ?9 edge1 _m ( ! implem5ts be+ dress$ on bo? sides4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,breuil concludes t ! e>ly ,aurignacian indu/ry c only 9 "p be d]iv$ f ! late ,m\/]ian & t x is p>tly due to ! invasion ( a race :i* ranks mu* high] 9 ! scale ( intellig5ce ?an ! ,ne&]?al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4 ,implem5ts design$ = engrav+ & sculpture4 ,evolution ( ! angulate grav+-tool or bur91 f ! e>ly ,aurignacian ( ,*atelp]ron 7left71 to ! late ,solutrean ( ,plac>d 7"r74 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,ab\t "o-?ird actual size4 ,^! small implem5ts1 *iefly made f elongat$ flakes & di/+ui%$ by a %>p angulate edge at "o end suitable = grav+ on bone or /one1 are especially *>act]i/ic ( ! ,aurignacian /age ( culture1 9 :i* !y fir/ appe>4 #a1 #b4 ,*atelp]ron po9ts4 #f4 ,prototype ( ! ,magdal5ian 'p>rot-beak4' ,"s ( ^! bur9s1 su* z #g1 are made into grattoirs or plan+ tools at ! o!r end4 ,! pure e>ly ,aurignacian indu/ry is se5 9 ! regions ( ,dordogne & ! ,pyr5ees 9 ! lay]s ( ,*atelp]ron1 ,g]molles1 ,ro*e au ,l\p1 ,haurets1 & ,g>gas4 ,! cave ( ,gud5u%hle1 ne> ,krems1 9 ,l[] ,au/ria1 exhibits a v primitive phase ( ! e>ly ,aurignacian4 ,"h num]\s small fl9ts 7 f\nd1 resembl+ ^? f\nd at ,brive by ! ,abbs ,b>don & ,b\yssonie2 simil> microli?s are also f\nd at ,pair-non-,pair1 ,gironde1 at v>i\s /ations 9 ,dordogne1 & at ! ,grottes de ,grimaldi1 on ! ,rivi]a1 9 lay]s ( correspond+ age4 ,! *ief inv5tion ( ?is /age is ! ',*atelp]ron po9t' 7,fig4 #adi71 a direct developm5t f ! curv$ po9t ( ! ,abri ,audit 7,fig4 #aea7 & a dom9ant type ( ! e>ly ,aurignacian culture4 ,small almond-%ap$ 'c\ps de po+' are /ill met ) at ,*atelp]ron & a few o!r localities1 b ,breuil sugge/s t ^! may n be real examples ( ,aurignacian indu/ry b implem5ts c>ri$ (f f old] /ations4 ,! use ( elongat$ flakes is ano!r feature ( ?is e>ly indu/ry1 b ! ret\* ( ! edges _c comp>e ) ! f9e 'groov$ ret\*' ( ! middle ,aurignacian2 z yet ! flakes are ?ick & l>ge4 ,_m ( ! scrap]s are 'keel$' 7grattoirs c>ns74 ,an entirely new implem5t appe>s 9 addition to ! triangul> & elongate flakes ( fl9t %ap$ into po9ts & scrap]s ( =ms2 ?is is ! primitive grav+-tool1 or bur91 :i* at fir/ is q r>e1 b :i* we "k 0 design$ by ! ,cr-,magnon arti/s = _! e>ly engrav+s on /one 7,fig4 #adi74 ,art ,implem5ts4 ,microli?ique1 microli?4 ,,ao,bur91 grav]4 ,ciseau1 *isel4 ,,ao,gravette1 et*+ tool 7fir/ appe>ance74 ,new ,indu/rial ,implem5ts4 ,po9te1 po9t 7leaf-%ap$74 ,,ao,grattoir c>n1 keel$ scrap]4 ,p]oir1 drill1 bor]4 ,,aocurv$ 7fir/ appe>ance74 ,c\teau1 knife1 blade4 ,,aocurv$-9 edges4 ,po9on1 awl 7bone74 ,new ,implem5ts ( ,w> & ,*ase4 ,po9te cran1 %\ld]$ po9t 7/one74 ,po9te de sagaie1 javel9 po9t 7bone74 ,a f\r? highly di/9ctive feature ( ! e>ly ,aurignacian is ! use ( a v>iety ( implem5ts ( bone & horn consi/+ *iefly ( javel9 po9ts & drills & ( co>se1 spatula-l tools4 ,9 ! middle ,aurignacian ! flake indu/ry rea*es its p]fection ( =m & te*nique2 ! edges ( ! flakes are %ap$ all ar\nd ) ! 'groov$ ret\*' result+ 9 symmetrical =ms su* z ! oval1 d\ble-end$ 'po9ts1' ! leaf-%ap$ 'po9ts1' & ! d\ble scrap]s2 ?is1 9 fact1 is ! culm9ation ( ! ',aurignacian ret\*1' :i* aft]w>d beg9s to decl9e4 ,! ret\* ( ! long flakes is f9e & p>allel1 b z yet ! flakes !mselves are g5]ally ?ick & heavy1 s t _! ends are1 p]=ce1 mu* broad] ?an ^? ( ! ,solutrean & ,magdal5ian fa%ion4 ,"o ( ! mo/ di/9ctive =ms ( ?is middle ,aurignacian indu/ry is ! 'keel$ scrap]' 7grattoir c>n7 ) an abruptly groov$ ret\* 7,fig4 #aej74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej4 ,implem5ts suitable = ! dress+ ( hides & = sculpture4 ,! keel$ scrap] or plan+ tool--grattoir c>n--*>act]i/ic ( ! ,aurignacian culture4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,ab\t two-fif? actual size4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,%ort & broad types appe>+ 9 ! middle ,aurignacian4 #d1 #e4 ,m elongat$ types ( ! advanc$ middle ,aurignacian f ,cr-,magnon1 ,dordogne4 #f4 ,elongat$ type 7pic7 ( ! close ( ! middle ,aurignacian4 #g1 #h4 ,small grattoirs ) h&les1 suitable = sculpture4 ,/ill m significant 9 connection ) ! rapid arti/ic developm5t ( ^! p is ! rem>kable increase 9 ! numb] & v>iety ( grav+-tools1 includ+ num]\s curv$ grav]s4 ,almo/ all ! *ief types ( grav]s 7bur9s7 h n[ be5 inv5t$1 & tools ( bone h become extremely num]\s & v>i$4 ,to engrav+ & l9e> design h be5 add$ ! art ( sculpture & ! primitive use ( color 7,breuil17#bi7 ,s*midt7#cj774 ,9 ! ,dordogne region ?is evolution ( ! middle ,aurignacian is exemplifi$ at ,le ,ru?1 ,le ,roc de ,combe-,capelle1 & ! pr9cipal lay]s ( ! ,abri ,audit z well z at ! %elt] ( ,laussel4 ,x is well develop$ also at ,le ,trilobite1 on ! headwat]s ( ! ,se9e4 ,9 ! late ,aurignacian 7,breuil17#ca7 ,ob]mai]7#cb77 !re is a notable dep>ture f ! ,m\/]ian fa%ion ( *ipp+ ! flakes2 ev5 ! di/9ctive blunt ',aurignacian ret\*' is some:at weak5$2 b at ! same "t ! "w on ! elongat$ flakes becomes m facile & skilful4 ,= delicate1 arti/ic "w !re appe> extremely small implem5ts or 'microli?s' ( v>i\s %apes4 ,art4 ,microli?ique1 microli?4 ,bur91 grav]4 ,ciseau1 *isel 7( /one & bone74 ,gravette1 et*+ tool4 ,pic1 pick 7triangul> or quadrangul>1 = sculpture74 ,c]emonial4 ,bton de comm&em5t1 c]emonial /aff 7fir/ appe>ance74 ,new ,indu/rial ,implem5ts4 ,grattoir1 plan+ tool ,,aplong b n ?ick4 ,aiguille1 ne$le 7bone1 fir/ appe>ance74 ,new ,implem5ts ( ,w> & ,*ase4 ,lance & spe> head types1 ( /one3 7a7 ,po9te cran1 %\ld]$ po9t4 7b7 ,po9te soie1 tongu$ po9t 7,font ,rob]t type74 7c7 ,po9te de lauri]7871 laurel-leaf po9t7874 ,c\teau1 knife1 blade 7bone1 fir/ appe>ance74 ,! e>ly & middle ,aurignacian 'po9t' & ! 'grattoir1' %>p5$ all ar\nd1 z well z ! incurv$ flake become less frequ5t4 ,! grattoirs1 or plan+ tools1 are some:at high] & n>r[] ?an ^? ( ! e>ly ,aurignacian b n v diff]5t 9 =m2 two =ms ( grattoir are recogniz$1 "o long & n v ?ick1 ! o!r high & keel-%ap$ 7grattoir c>n74 ,among ! p]oirs a curv$ =m is v *>act]i/ic1 & we also note a v>iety ( small knives1 or c\teaux4 ,! inv5tive g5ius ( ?is p is display$ 9 ! rapidly increas+ v>iety ( fl9t implem5ts design$ = fi%+ or = ! *ase4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! ,upp] ,aurignacian !re appe>s ! %\ld]$ spe> head 7po9te cran71 & also a lance =m ( :i* ! mo/ p]fect types h be5 f\nd at ,will5dorf1 9 ,au/ria1 & at ,grimaldi1 on ! ,rivi]a4 ,m or less sporadically !re appe> specim5s ( ! tongu$ spe> heads 7po9tes soie71 su* z are f\nd at ,spy1 ,font ,rob]t1 & ,laussel4 ,?is type ( fl9t is con/antly f\nd associat$ ) rudely =m$ prototypes ( ! ,solutrean laurel-leaf po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea4 ,implem5ts ( indu/rial use1 ( ! *ase1 & ( fi%+2 also suitable = f9e engrav+ & et*+ on /one or bone4 ,evolution ( ! ,aurignacian po9te ) abrupt ret\* along "o edge1 f ! base to ! summit ( ! ,aurignacian4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,ab\t "o-?ird actual size4 #a-d4 ,primitive curv$ po9ts f ! ,abri ,audit1 ,dordogne4 #e4 ,m evolv$ curv$ po9t f ,g>gas4 #f1 #g4 ,po9ts f ,*atelp]ron1 at ! base ( ! middle ,aurignacian4 #aa-bh4 ,microli?ic po9ts f ,la ,gravette & ,font ,rob]t4 ,! =m ( #bh sugge/s t ( ! po9te cran or '%\ld]$ po9t' *>act]i/ic ( ! late ,solutrean4 ,decorative art has n[ become a passion1 & grav+-tools ( great v>iety ( %ape1 curv$1 /raight1 convex1 or concave1 div]sifi$ bo? 9 size & 9 /yle ( te*nique1 are v num]\s4 ,we may imag9e t ! long p]iods ( cold & inclem5t wea!r 7 employ$ 9 ^! occupations4 ,! use ( ! re9de] horn is develop+1 & ! decoration ( ! bone ) v f9e l9es drawn by ! microli?ic tools is at times v rem>kable4 ,"h appe> ! e>lie/ examples ( ! s-call$ bton de comm&em5t1 :i* is suppos$ to h s]v$ z a c]emonial /aff or w&2 x is made ( ! re9de] antl] ) a great hole bor$ at ! po9t :]e ! br[ t9e unites ) ! ma9 beam2 "s ( ^! btons are ornam5t$ ) rude engrav+s1 b n z yet ) sculpture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4 ,prototypes ( ! ,solutrean laurel-leaf po9t1 probably an implem5t ( w> or ! *ase4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,l>ge symmetrical flakes *ipp$ ov] ! entire surface4 #a1 #b4 ,late ,aurignacian types f ,font ,rob]t4 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,po9ts f ! ,proto-,solutrean lay] ( ! ,grotte du ,trilobite4 ,/rong & v %>p grav+-tools 7 also ne$$ = ! sculpture out ( ivory & soap/one ( su* human figures & figur9es z ! /atuettes f\nd 9 ! ,grottes de ,grimaldi & at ,will5dorf & /ill m p[]ful tools = su* "w z ! l>ge /one bas-reliefs ( ,laussel4 ,at ?is "t ! ,cr-,magnons 7 also fa%ion+ /rong] tools = ! engrav+ ( animals 9 /one1 = %all[ =ms ( bas-relief on ! walls ( ! caves1 & = o!r animal outl9es4 ,! mo/ evolv$ animal figures ( ?is p]iod ar\se ! ?\ght ( ,magdal5ian art 9 its beg9n+s4 ,z ?is indu/rial evolution wid5s x is app>5t t we witness n ! local evolution ( a s+le p b r ! influ5ce & collaboration ( num]\s colonies react+ m or less "o ^u ! o!r & spread+ _! inv5tions & discov]ies4 ,^! p 7 ess5tially nomadic & no d\bt c>ri$ ! late/ types ( implem5ts f po9t to po9t or b>t]$ !m 9 trade4 ,?us !re is n only a def9ite succession 9 su* places z ,dordogne1 b 9 m remote regions ! =m ( ! implem5ts may take on "s important diff]5ces47#cc7 ,!re are also o!r localities :]e ! indu/ry seems = a :ile to be susp5d$2 ?us 9 ! ,cantabrian ,m\nta9s ( ,spa9 we f9d only ! e>ly & ! late ,aurignacian4 ,/ations simil> 9 culture to ^? ( ,dordogne ext5d nor?w>d into ,g]many & ,belgium & ea/w>d into ,au/ria & ,pol&4 ,?us ! *>act]i/ic fl9t spe> heads1 kn[n z ! po9te soie & po9te cran ext5d f ,laussel along ! ,vzre to ,will5dorf1 9 ,au/ria2 & ! female figures ( ,ba\ss-,r\ss 7,grimaldi7 & ( ,will5dorf repres5t ! same /age ( evolution z ! l>ge /one bas-relief ( ,laussel4 ,aga91 we obs]ve "s relations betwe5 ! ,aurignacian cultures ( ,au/ria & ( ! ,italian p59sula1 su* z ! po9te cran1 d]iv$ f ! gravette & f\nd bo? 9 v>i\s /ations ( nor!rn ,italy & at ,will5dorf4 ,9 we/]n ,russia ! ,aurignacian /ation ( ,mez9e1 ,*]nigov1 %[s cle>ly ! types ( ! sup]ior ,aurignacian 9 ! grav+ ( bone & ivory1 9 ! small btons recall+ ^? ( ,spy1 9 ,belgium1 & ( ,brassemp\y1 9 s\?we/]n ,france1 9 ! l>ge bone pi]c]s p]=at$ at ! head1 sugge/+ ! primitive ne$les f ! %elt] ( ,blan*>d1 & 9 ! deg5]ate /atuettes resembl+ ! type ( ,brassemp\y4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,aurignacian ,,indu/ry ,:5 ! g5]al geographic di/ribution ( ! ,aurignacian 7,fig4 #aec7 is comp>$ ) t ( ! ,m\/]ian 7,fig4 #abe7 x is surpris+ to f9d h[ _m ( ! /ations are id5tical2 x w\ld appe> z if ! ,cr-,magnons _h driv5 ! ,ne&]?als f _! pr9cipal /ations ov] all ( we/]n ,europe = ! pursuit ( _! own indu/ries & ( ! *ase4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! invasion ( ! ,m\/]ian /ations along ! ,rivi]a1 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 9 ! ,cantabrian ,alps1 & along ! ,dordogne & ! ,somme2 ?is occupation also ext5ds along ! ,meuse1 ! ,rh9e1 & ! ,danube2 b1 :]eas !re are only six /ations 9 all ,g]many ( unque/ion$ ,m\/]ian age1 !re are m ?an d\ble t numb] 9 ,aurignacian times4 ,! ,cr-,magnons ent]$ ! grottos ( ,sirg5/e9 & ,rub]hhle1 ne> ! headwat]s ( ! ,danube2 nor?we/ ( ,sirg5/e9 !y e/abli%$ ! op5 'loess' /ation ( ,a*5heim1 we/ ( ,/rasburg2 9 ! l[] lay]s ( ! 'new] loess' 0 also ! /ation ( ,vlkl9%(51 s\? ( ,a*5heim2 along ! middle ,rh9e 7 ! 'loess' /ations ( ,rh5s & ,mett]ni*1 & to ! f> nor?1 close to ! bord]s ( ! ,sc&9avian glaci]1 0 ! some:at d\btful ,aurignacian /ation ( ,?i$e4 ,! ,cr-,magnon m5 ent]$ ! ,sirg5/e9 grotto & scatt]$ ! implem5ts ( _! culture above ! 'l[] rod5t lay]1' compos$ ( ! ,obi lemm+1 & also left rema9s ( ! woolly rh9oc]os1 ! woolly mammo?1 ! /ag1 & ! re9de] on ! floor ( ! cav]n4 ,! ,upp] ,aurignacian also ext5ds d[n ! ,danube z f> z ,will5dorf1 & possibly to ,brnn1 ,moravia1 :i* la/1 h[ev]1 may be ( ,solutrean age4 ,altoge!r betwe5 sev5te5 & tw5ty ,aurignacian /ations h be5 discov]$ 9 ! region nor? ( ! ,danube & along ! ,rh9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aec4 ,geographic di/ribution ( ! pr9cipal ,aurignacian indu/rial /ations 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed4 ,outlook ov] ! ,bay ( ,biscay f ! entrance ( ! cav]n ( ,p9dal1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,a/urias1 nor!rn ,spa94 ,photograph by ,n4 ,c4 ,nelson4 ,,aurignacian ,,art,,aq ,! /ronge/ pro( ( ! unity ( h]$ity z display$ 9 ! dom9ant ,cr-,magnon race 9 ,europe f e>ly ,aurignacian until ! close ( ,magdal5ian times is ! unity ( _! art impulse4 ,?is indicates a unity ( m9d & ( _s4 ,x is some?+ :i* c\ld n pass to !m f ano!r race1 l an indu/rial inv5tion1 b 0 inborn & creative4 ,^! p 7 ! ,paloli?ic ,greeks2 arti/ic obs]vation & repres5tation & a true s5se ( proportion & ( beauty 7 in/9ct ) !m f ! beg9n+4 ,_! /one & bone indu/ry may %[ vicissitudes & ! influ5ce ( invasion & ( trade & ! br++ 9 ( new inv5tions1 b _! art %[s a cont9u\s evolution & developm5t f fir/ to la/1 animat$ by a s+le motive1 namely1 ! appreciation ( ! beauty ( =m & ! reali/ic repres5tation ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee4 ,outl9e ( a mammo? pa9t$ 9 r$ o*re 9 ! cav]n ( ,p9dal1 & attribut$ by ,breuil to ! ,aurignacian4 ,only two limbs are repres5t$4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,?is art1 z fir/ discov]$ by ,l>tet & fur!r made kn[n ?r\gh ! brilliant /udies ( ,piette & ,breuil1 is indu/rial 7l'art mobili]71 consi/+ ( ! decoration ( small p]sonal belong+s1 ornam5ts1 & implem5ts ( /one1 bone1 & ivory4 ,accord+ to ! lat] rese>*es ( ,sautuola1 ,rivire1 ,c>tailhac1 ,capitan1 & ,breuil x is also mural or p>ietal 7l'art p>ital71 consi/+ ( draw+s1 engrav+s1 pa9t+s1 & bas-reliefs on ! walls ( cav]ns & grottos4 ,x rema9$ = ,breuil especially to demon/rate t ! mobile & ! p>ietal art are id5tical1 ! "w ( ! same arti/ic race1 develop+ along closely simil> l9es1 /ep by /ep4 ,?us ! art becomes a new means n only ( int]pret+ ! psy*ology ( ! race b ( e/abli%+ ! prehi/oric *ronology4 ,,dat+ ,,( ,,! ,,art ,"o ( ! fir/ que/ions :i* rises 9 our m9d is ?is--h[ is ?is art dat$2 h[ c ^! /eps be positively det]m9$8 ,! age ( ^! engrav$ or pa9t$ designs on ! walls ( ! cav]ns is det]m9$ 9 a numb] ( ways describ$ by ,breuil47#cf7 ,! simple/ me?od is :]e ! wall designs ( "o p]iod are cov]$ by ! ar*ological lay]s ( succe$+ p]iods4 ,?is has be5 obs]v$ 9 f\r cases1 z at ,pair-non-,pair1 ,gironde1 :]e primitive engrav+s ( horses1 caprids1 & bovids are buri$ "u fl9ts *>act]i/ic ( ! late ,aurignacian m+l$ ) bones ( ! mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 lion1 hyna1 bison1 & re9de]4 ,aga91 ! deeply engrav$ bison on ! wall ( ! grotto ( ,la ,grze1 ,dordogne1 is f\nd b5ea? a talus ( ,solutrean fl9ts associat$ ) rema9s ( ! bison1 re9de]1 & rh9oc]os4 ,9 ! ,grotte de la ,mairie1 ,dordogne1 are f\nd sev]al f9ely engrav$ middle ,magdal5ian figures ( animals buri$ b5ea? late ,magdal5ian implem5ts associat$ ) ! re9de] fauna4 ,v important1 inde$1 is ! age ( ! sculpture & bas-reliefs f\nd 9 ,laussel4 ,! human sculptures are det]m9$ to be ( late ,aurignacian age1 because !y are buri$ 9 an e>ly ,solutrean talus4 ,! spl5did wall sculptures ( ! s]ies ( horses 9 ! ,cap-,blanc %elt]1 ne> ! ,laussel %elt]1 are %[n to be ( middle ,magdal5ian age1 because ( ! upp] ,magdal5ian /rata :i* cov]$ & p>tly conceal$ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4 ,primitive pa9t$ outl9es ( animals f ! cav]n walls ( ,font-de-,gaume1 ,dordogne1 attribut$ by ,breuil to ! e>ly ,aurignacian4 ,! outl9es repres5t ! horse1 ibex1 cave-be>1 wild cattle1 & re9de]4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,9 o!r in/ances we c date a draw+ 9 a cav]n by ! p]iod at :i* ! op5+ 0 clos$2 = example1 ! cave ( ,la ,m\!1 ,dordogne1 0 clos$ 9 by a ,magdal5ian lay] ( fl9ts :i* t\*$ ! ro( & firmly seal$ up ! entrance until rec5t times4 ,aga91 at ,g>gas1 ,hautes-,pyrnes1 we "k t ! la/ occupation by ! ,cr-,magnons 0 ne> ! end ( ,aurignacian times1 z indicat$ by a he>? fill$ ) late ,aurignacian fl9ts & ) ! rema9s ( ! be>1 hyna1 horse1 & re9de]2 ! op5+ ( ! grotto 0 buri$ b5ea? ^! foy]s1 :i* ob/ruct$ ! entrance until ! cave 0 r$iscov]$ at a comp>atively rec5t date4 ,also at ,m>s\las1 ,haute-,g>onne1 !re are two he>?s1 "o late ,aurignacian1 ! o!r late ,magdal5ian2 ! grotto 0 !n clos$ until rec5t times4 ,! grotto ( ,niaux1 on ! ,arige1 :i* conta9s f9e examples ( draw+s ( middle ,magdal5ian times at a di/ance ( #a1hjj feet f ! entrance1 0 protect$ = a long p]iod by a lake #f feet deep & sev]al hundr$ feet long4 ,at ,altamira1 ne> ,sant&]1 ! sup]b fresco$ ceil+ 0 buri$1 long be=e ,neoli?ic times1 by ! clos+ up ( ! entrance1 :i* 0 r$iscov]$ only ab\t ?irty ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4 ,! woolly rh9oc]os1 pa9t$ 9 r$ o*re ) %ad+ & p>tial repres5tation ( ! hair1 9 ! cav]n ( ,font-de-,gaume1 ,dordogne4 ,attribut$ by ,breuil to ! late ,aurignacian4 ,possibly ,magdal5ian4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,a ?ird me?od ( dat+ ! art is /ill m significant2 x is ?r\gh a simil>ity 9 ! engrav+s on bone1 f\nd 9 ! old he>?s associat$ ) fl9ts1 to ! mural decorations :i* are f\nd ^u ! walls4 ,?us1 at ,altamira1 engrav+s on bone associat$ ) ,solutrean & ,magdal5ian fl9ts enabl$ ,alcalde del ,rio & ,breuil to date ! engrav+s on ! lime/one walls4 ,h5ce1 9 grottos :i* h nev] be5 clos$ up & :i* h be5 frequ5t$ at diff]5t times f ! ,paloli?ic to ! pres5t epo* "o obs]ves t ! mural designs 9 ! cav]ns are inv>iably accompani$ by ,upp] ,paloli?ic implem5ts ) a simil> /yle ( decoration2 & ?is is ! case at ,font-de-,gaume1 ,comb>elles1 ,portel1 ,mas d',azil1 ,ca/illo1 ,pasiega1 & ,hornos de la ,pea4 ,! bone engrav+s ( ! female r$ de] f\nd at ,altamira are id5tical 9 _! arti/ic p]iod ) ^? f\nd on ! walls ( ! same grotto4 ,! excavations at ,ca/illo1 :]e num]\s %\ld]-blades ( ! de] 7 f\nd engrav$ 9 ! same /yle z ^? ( ,altamira1 prove t all ^! engrav+s & draw+s are to be ref]r$ to anci5t ,magdal5ian r ?an to upp] ,solutrean times4 ,! engrav+s ^u ! walls 9 ! grotto ( ,hornos de la ,pea1 ( ,aurignacian times1 are dat$ ?r\gh ! discov]y at ! base ( ! lay] ( ,aurignacian fl9ts ( an engrav$ equ9e figure simil> to ! engrav+s at ,altamira4 ,a f\r? me?od applies to ^? n infrequ5t cases :5 two or ?ree designs are sup]pos$ "o ^u ! o!r1 f :i* x necess>ily foll[s t ! und]ly+ designs mu/ ant$ate ^? above4 ,?r\gh ! application ( ^! f\r me?ods ,breuil has succe$$ 9 dat+ all ! /eps 9 ! advance ( art f ,aurignacian into ,magdal5ian times4 ,,engrav+1 ,,pa9t+1 ,,& ,,sculpture ,9 ! ar*aic draw+s ( ! cav]ns ( ,pair-non-,pair1 ,la ,grze1 & ,la ,m\! mo/ ( ! animal figures are some:at heavily & deeply engrav$2 ! proportions are n true2 ! head is usually too small1 ) a l>ge1 %ort body :i* is (t5 lightly modell$1 re/+ on ?9 extremities4 ,quadrup$s are frequ5tly repres5t$ ) b two legs1 z 9 ! case ( ! mammo?4 ,t ! p[]s ( obs]vation 7 only gradually tra9$ is %[n by ! fact t details :i* 9 lat] draw+s are well obs]v$ are "h ov]look$2 ! pr(ile draw+s ( animals1 ) "o =e leg & "o h9d leg repres5t$1 are q l ^? ( *ildr54 ,progress t[>d a true repres5tation ( animal =m 9 draw+ beg9s v e>ly2 ev5 9 middle ,aurignacian times primitive draw+ & engrav+ comm5ces to replace sculpture4 ,bo? ! fl9t 'bur9s' & ! engrav+s on ! walls ( ! grottos %[ t ! beg9n+s ( draw+ may be trac$ back to e>ly ,aurignacian times4 ,:ile ! ,paloli?ic arti/s e>ly 9 ! ,aurignacian _h obta9$ a c]ta9 facility 9 pla/ic "w1 _! draw+s1 :i* are solely cont\rs--some:at imp]fect & deeply engrav$ l9es--%[ a gradual developm5t4 ,! degree ( skill atta9$ 9 late ,aurignacian times we "k f ! engrav+ ( a horse on a /one fragm5t f ,g>gas1 & f a sket* ( ! h9d] qu>t] ( a horse f\nd 9 ! cave ( ,hornos de la ,pea1 :i* is engrav$ on ! frontal bone ( "o ( ! wild horses2 ! latt] is /rik+ly simil> to "o ( ! engrav+s f\nd at ! entrance to ! same grotto4 ,! engrav+s on a slab ( slate ( ! heads ( two woolly rh9oc]oses7#cg7 7,fig4 #afa7 probably belong to ! late ,aurignacian4 ,simil> attempts are f\nd 9 ! ,abri ,laco/e4 ,ornam5tation develops 9 ! middle ,aurignacian1 b reta9s a simple geometric "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4 ,female figur9e c>v$ 9 cry/all9e talc1 discov]$ at ! ,grottes de ,grimaldi1 ne> ,m5tone4 ,?is figur9e1 possibly modell$ aft] "o ( ! ,grimaldi negroids1 repres5ts ! ence9te condition common to _m ( ^! figures4 ,x is peculi> 9 %[+ t abnormal developm5t beh9d ! hips kn[n z /eatopygy4 ,aft] ,re9a*4 ,! p>ietal art on ! walls ( ! cav]ns1 mo/ly deep engrav+s1 consi/s ( /iff pr(iles 9 s+le l9es & 9 r$ or black color+4 ,! animals repres5t$ are ! ibex1 ! horse1 ! bison1 & r>ely ! mammo?4 ,! caves :]e ^! are f\nd are ,pair-non-,pair1 ,la ,grze1 ,la ,m\!1 ,b]nifal1 ,font-de-,gaume1 ,altamira1 & ,m>s\las4 ,crucibles = gr9d+ ! color are f\nd 9 ! grotto ( ,m>s\las1 ! color be+ made by gr9d+ up ! r$ & yell[ oxides ( iron4 ,! developm5t ( art dur+ ! :ole ,aurignacian is cont9u\s & is und\bt$ly ! "w ( "o race2 ,breuil consid]s x ! "w c]ta9ly ei!r ( ! tall ,cr-,magnons or ( ! small ,grimaldis2 !re is1 h[ev]1 no evid5ce ( ! survival ( ! ,grimaldi race1 & we may safely attribute ?is entire art developm5t to ! ,cr-,magnons4 ,! creative _s manife/$ itself along _m diff]5t l9es4 ,9 ! fa%ion+ ( bone 9 e>ly ,aurignacian times !re beg9s a new indu/ry capable ( great possibilities2 out ( comb9ations ( l9es !re develop geometric figures2 9 animal figures !re is an attempt at simple symmetric relations1 b a full1 free composition is n atta9$4 ,) fur!r exp]i5ce 9 work+ ) bone & ivory1 we f9d 9 ! middle ,aurignacian ! fir/ pla/ic repres5tations ( ! human figure 9 ! r\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4 ,/atuette 9 lime/one f ! grotto ( ,will5dorf1 ,l[] ,au/ria1 attribut$ to ! late ,aurignacian4 ,?is female figur9e1 possibly an idol & g5]ally kn[n z ! ',v5us ( ,will5dorf1' is ab\t f\r & "o-half in*es 9 height4 ,aft] ,szomba?i4 ,! ,cr-,magnon arti/ und]took ?is pla/ic "w1 *oos+ *iefly = 8 subject ! female figure4 ,^! small pla/ic models 7 probably design$ z idols2 ! figures are (t5 mis%ap52 9 ! face ! eyes frequ5tly are n indicat$ at all2 9 "s cases ! e> is indicat$2 !y recall ! /yle ( ! mod]n cubi/s4 ,m c>e is giv5 to ! sculpture ( ! =m ( ! body ?an ( ! face4 ,! ivory /atue kn[n z ! ,v5us ( ,brassemp\y lies at ! base ( ! middle ,aurignacian2 ( ! same epo* are ! female /atuettes ( ,sireuil1 & ! torso f ,pair-non-,pair1 :]eas ! soap/one figur9e ( ,m5tone & ! ivory /atuettes ( ,tr\ ,magrite1 ,belgium1 belong to ! late ,aurignacian4 ,! spread ( ^! idols1 :i* are altoge!r *>act]i/ic ( ! e>li] p]iod ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic1 is trac$ ea/w>d to ,will5dorf1 ,au/ria1 & to ,brnn1 ,moravia4 ,breuil's great cont5tion is a c]ta9 simil>ity to nor? ,african art1 :i* w\ld seem to agree ) 8 !ory t ! ,cr-,magnon p foll[$ ! s\!rn %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 br++ ) !m ! ,aurignacian indu/ry & ! glyptic art ( ! female /atuettes simil> to ^? ( bak$ clay :i* are f\nd along ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,^! figur9es h 9 common ! great developm5t ( all ! p>ts connect$ ) mat]nity1 & 9 "s cases a coiffure or head-dress v mu* l t f\nd 9 ! mo/ primitive ,egyptian "w4 ,! extreme corpul5ce ( all ! figur9es has be5 comp>$ ) ! '/eatopygy1' or developm5t ( :at are politely kn[n z ! 'po/]ior curves1' ( ! female 9 _m ,african races4 ,b only "o ( ^! ,aurignacian figur9es is truly '/eatopyg\s'2 ! o!rs are simply corpul5t1 a condition due to eat+ l>ge quantities ( fat & m>r[1 & probably to a v s$5t>y life4 ,x is notewor?y t none ( ! male figures 9 draw+ & sculpture is corpul5t4 ,:ile ! art ( ! /atuettes appe>s to come to a close 9 late ,aurignacian times1 x may ext5d into ! ,solutrean at ,brnn1 ,moravia1 & at ,tr\ ,magrite1 ,belgium4 ,) due reg>d = analogies1 x w\ld r appe> probable t ?is ar*aic sculpture 0 auto*?on\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj4 ,female figur9e 9 soap/one1 discov]$ at ! ,grottes de ,grimaldi1 ne> ,m5tone1 & attribut$ to ! late ,aurignacian4 ,aft] ,ob]mai]4 ,?is seems to be a prototype ( mod]n cubi/ art4 ,! art ( engrav+ & draw+ 0 almo/ c]ta9ly auto*?on\s1 because we trace x f its mo/ rudim5t>y beg9n+s4 ,?is nor!rn art develop$ f ! beg9n+ ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic times ov] ! :ole ( s\?we/]n ,france & 9 ! nor?we/ ( ,spa91 be+ contemporane\s ) ! desc5t ( ! alp9e fauna f ! ,pyr5ees & ! ,alps & ! pres5ce all ov] we/]n ,europe ( ! tundra fauna4 ,x 01 by pref]5ce1 an animal art1 begun by ! ,aurignacians b l>gely susp5d$ 9 ,solutrean times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4 ,sup]pos$ engrav+s ( v>i\s mammals on a slab ( slate f\nd 9 ! ,grotte du ,trilobite1 ,yonne1 ,france4 ,9 detail are se5 ! pr(iles ( two woolly rh9oc]oses sup]pos$ on ! rump ( a mammo? ) tail upturn$4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,pa9t+7#ch7 also _h its bir? 9 ! ,aurignacian1 9 ! simple cont\rs ( ! h& press$ aga9/ a wall surface or outl9$ ) color1 accompani$ by primitive attempts at l9e> draw+ 9 color & pa9t$ gr\p+s2 = example1 ! crude outl9es ( ! bison 9 ! grotto ( ,ca/illo are ( ,aurignacian age1 also ! black l9e> designs ( ! de] & ( ! ibex 9 ! cav]n ( ,font-de-,gaume1 ,dordogne1 ! /rik+ r$ l9e> design ( ! mammo? 9 ! grotto ( ,p9dal1 9 nor!rn ,spa91 repres5t+ ! animal z ) two limbs1 & ! r$ outl9es ( wild cattle 9 ,ca/illo4 ,breuil also attributes to ,aurignacian times ! spirit$ figure ( ! woolly rh9oc]os 9 r$ o*re 9 ! cave ( ,font-de-,gaume1 z well z ! outl9e ( ! /ag 9 r$ color4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4 ,silh\ettes ( complete & ( p>tly mutilat$ h&s f ! walls ( ! grotto ( ,g>gas 9 ! ,pyr5ees4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,we are impress$ ?r\gh\t ) ?ree qualities 9 ?is ,aurignacian design3 fir/1 ! v close obs]vation ( ! animal =m2 second1 ! attempt at reali/ic effect produc$ ) v few l9es2 ?ird1 ! elem5t ( motion or movem5t 9 ^! animals4 ,= example1 ! two heads ( ! woolly rh9oc]os 9 ! slab engrav+s ( ! ,trilobite grotto 7,fig4 #afa7 are rem>kably correct 9 proportion2 !re is an attempt ) f9e l9es to indicate ! wool hang+ along ! l[] surface ( ! head2 beh9d ^! two figures is ! rump ( an elephant ) ! tail upturn$1 an adaptation ( ! arti/ to ! =m ( ! slate fragm5t2 ! outl9es ( ! feet bo? ( ! rh9oc]os & ! mammo? are rem>kably accurate repres5tations ( ^! pa*yd]ms4 ,9 ! m advanc$ developm5t ( draftsman%ip 9 late ,aurignacian times ! engrav+s ( ^! animals n m]ely approa* ! tru?1 b *>act]i/ic features are /rik+ly repres5t$2 & ) a few sure l9es ! proportions ( ! body z a :ole are bett] pres]v$1 :ile ! complicat$ curves ( ! ho(s & ( ! head %[ v close obs]vation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afc4 ,! long1 ov]hang+ cliff ( ,laussel on ! ,beune is a typical rock %elt]1 fir/ s\ght 9 ,a*eulean times1 & also visit$ dur+ ! ,m\/]ian1 ,aurignacian1 & ,solutrean /ages4 ,photograph by ,n4 ,c4 ,nelson4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afd4 ,section ( ! rock %elt] ( ,laussel1 %[+ ! sup]pos$ indu/rial lay]s f ,a*eulean to ,solutrean times4 ,aft] ,lalanne4 ,9 ! grotto ( ,la ,grze ov]hang+ ! ,beune1 a small tribut>y ( ! ,vzre1 0 f\nd an ar*aic ,aurignacian outl9e ( ! bison deeply incis$ on ! lime/one walls4 ,! grotto ( ,g>gas1,,ar ,hautes-,pyrnes17#ci7 is "o ( ! mo/ fam\s /ations2 x 0 ent]$ 9 clos+ ,m\/]ian times & 0 occupi$ at int]vals dur+ ! ,aurignacian /age4 ,b5ea? ! ,m\/]ian lay] is a deep deposit ( entire skeletons ( ! cave-be> )\t any traces ( human indu/ry4 ,^! lay]s lie beyond ! grotto 9 ! va/ foy] :i* op5s above into a great *imney1 s t ?is is "o ( ! true cav]n habitations4 ,! draw+s along ! walls ( ! cave include a l>ge numb] ( figures 9 a v unequal /yle1 :i* belong *iefly to middle & upp] ,aurignacian times4 ,among ^! are two figures ( birds1 sev]al mammals1 a few primitive draw+s ( wild cattle1 ! bison1 ! ibex1 & num]\s repres5tations ( ! horse4 ,a long s]p5t9e b& ( color me&]s among "s ( ^! draw+s4 ,mo/ int]e/+ are ! silh\ettes ( ! h& 9 black & r$ produc$ by press+ ! h& aga9/ ! lime/one wall & cov]+ ! surr\nd+ surface ) color4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! f+]s 7 mutilat$ or cut (f at ! middle jo9t1 because "o1 two1 ?ree1 & f\r ( ! f+]s are want+1 b ! ?umb is nev] mutilat$4 ,?is mutilation ( ! h& may be comp>$ ) simil> practices prevail+ among "s ,au/ralian tribes4 ,9 ! cav]n ( ,m>s\las1 on ! headwat]s ( ! ,g>onne1 ! conditions are altoge!r diff]5t2 ! p>ietal art "h repres5ts two cultural /ages1 ! late ,aurignacian & ! late ,magdal5ian4 ,!re is a small entrance grotto ) two he>?s1 correspond+ to ^! two indu/ries4 ,! entrance to ! cave is well up on ! side ( ! hill1 & ! draw+s :i* belong ) ! upp] ,aurignacian culture are some:at damag$4 ,aga91 we f9d designs ext5d+ along ! wall bel[ ! draw+s4 ,!re are num]\s outl9es ( ! bison 9 black1 ! entire side ( ! body be+ cov]$ ) spla%es ( r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afe4 ,bas-relief ( a woman ) a dr9k+ horn1 sculptur$ on ! face ( a b\ld] )9 ! %elt] ( ,laussel1 & attribut$ to ! late ,aurignacian4 ,aft] ,lalanne4 ,ab\t "o-eigh? actual size4 ,! great abri ( ,laussel1 on ! ,beune1 0 fir/ visit$ by ! ,ne&]?als1 = !re are two ,m\/]ian lay]s & above !m two ,aurignacian lay]s1 ! l[] belong+ to ! middle ,aurignacian indu/ry & ! upp] to ! clos+ ,aurignacian p]iod4 ,?is long1 ov]hang+ cliff ( ,laussel is a typical %elt]1 fir/ s\ght 9 ,a*eulean times1 revisit$ 9 ,m\/]ian times1 !n aga9 9 middle or late ,aurignacian1 9 ,solutrean1 & f9ally 9 ,magdal5ian times4 ,z ^! successive lay]s rise !y approa* ! %elt] ( ! cliff1 s t ! ,magdal5ian fl9t work]s 7 directly b5ea? ! ov]hang+ rock %elt]1 :i* op5$ outw>d t[>d ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff4 ,bas-relief ( a spe> ?r[] or hunt]1 sculptur$ on ! face ( a b\ld] )9 ! %elt] ( ,laussel4 ,aft] ,lalanne4 ,ab\t "o-six? actual size4 ,9 ! upp] ,aurignacian lay] ,lalanne discov]$ two bas-reliefs repres5t+ ! figures ( a man & ( a woman4 ,! bas-relief ( ! woman repres5ts a nude figure hold+ ! horn ( a bison 9 ! "r h&2 ?is is cut f a block ( lime/one ) a relief ( ab\t two c5timetres1 & x measures =ty-six c5timetres 9 height2 ) ! exception ( ! head1 ! entire body is poli%$1 & at c]ta9 po9ts !re rema9 traces ( r$ color+4 ,a little f>!r on ! arti/ _h modell$ ! figure ( a man 9 ?ree-qu>t] view 9 ! attitude ( ca/+ a spe> or ( an ar*] draw+ ! b[2 ! top ( ! head & ! extremities ( ! limbs h be5 brok5 away2 ! figure measures =ty c5timetres 9 height4 ,^! bas-reliefs ( ,laussel are reg>d$ z s9c]e repres5tations1 = ! arti/ has pres5t$ z accurately z possible ! contempor>y human figure2 bo? ! man & ! woman are repres5t$ 9 motion4 ,on ! te*nique employ$ 9 ?is primordial sculpture1 ,doctor ,lalanne obs]ves t we f9d at ,laussel a s]ies ( tools p]fectly adapt$ to atta9 ?is result1 _m ( :i* w\ld h be5 inexplicable unless f\nd to occur 9 connection ) ! sculpture itself4 ,x is curi\s to note h[ _m analogies !re are betwe5 ! fl9t ut5sils ( ! primitive sculptor & ^? ( ! sculptors ( our own day4 ,fir/1 we f9d tools design$ to remove ! rock1 !re are po9ts1 pickaxes1 *opp+ tools = %ap+ ! rock1 saws1 & co>se /one plan]s2 all ( ^! are p]fectly adapt$ to ! h&1 f :i* we may conclude t our arti/ 0 "r-h&$4 ,!re is a great numb] ( grav+-tools1 or bur9s1 all =ms be+ repres5t$--pla91 d\ble1 f9e1 co>se1 & comb9ations ( ! bur9 & grattoir4 ,"s ( ! bur9s %[ ! %>p-angl$ po9t c5tr$ at ! extremity ( a blade2 ^! are ! ord9>y types2 b 9 _m ! blade ends ) a t]m9al ret\*1 :i* may be transv]se1 oblique1 concave1 or convex ) ! po9t to "o side4 ,! grattoirs1 or plan]s1 are equally num]\s1 ) examples ( all ! kn[n =ms4 ,_m ( ^! are =m$ at ! end ( a blade2 a few are circul>1 & o!rs are at ! opposite end ( a po9t$ blade2 ! latt] are p>ticul>ly f9e & are ret\*$ ar\nd ! entire edge4 ,b ! arti/ did n m]ely c>ve 8 subjects2 he also coat$ !m ) a pa9t made ( o*re & manganese2 he cru%$ 8 color+ matt] on a palette ( s*i/1 & we h f\nd "o ( ^! unbrok5 & /ill be>+ ! r$ & o*re colors4 ,?is palette is #aj-a_/b in*es long & #f in*es wide2 x is oblong 9 =m4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,solutrean ,,indu/ry ,! p]iod ( ! ,solutrean indu/ry is "o ( ! mo/ difficult to int]pret 9 ! :ole prehi/ory ( we/]n ,europe4 ,! rema9s ( ?is indu/ry 9 sev]al localities lie directly betwe5 ^? ( ! ,aurignacian & ! ,magdal5ian2 9 o!rs1 z at ,solutr1 !y directly foll[ ! ,aurignacian4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is repres5ts a v long & a v important epo* 9 ,upp] ,paloli?ic developm5t4 ,f ! cultural /&po9t x repres5ts a climax 9 ! fl9t indu/ry1 b a p]iod ( susp5sion or ( arre/$ developm5t 9 art4 ,a glance at ! maps ( ! ,m\/]ian 7,fig4 #abe71 ! ,aurignacian 7,fig4 #aec71 & ! ,solutrean 7,fig4 #afg7 culture /ations %[s t ! geographic di/ribution ( ! ,solutrean is entirely unique2 :]eas ! ,aurignacian culture may be said to girdle ! ,m$it]ranean1 bo? on its s\!rn & nor!rn coa/s1 ! ,solutrean culture is abs5t 9 ?is entire region4 ,! int]pretation ( ?is /range ph5om5on (f]$ by ,breuil1 t ! ,solutrean culture ent]$ ,europe directly f ! ea/ & n f ! s\?1 may be connect$ ) ! !ory t t[>d ! end ( ,aurignacian times a new race f ! c5tral ea/ 0 work+ we/w>d ?r\gh ,hung>y & along ! ,danube--a race ( inf]ior m5tal type1 b extremely exp]t 9 fa%ion+ ! fl9t spe>s & lances ) :at is kn[n z ! ,solutrean 'ret\*4' ,?is may be ! race ( ,brnn1 ,brx1 & ,pedmo/1 ! rema9s ( :i* are f\nd 9 two localities associat$ ) ^! highly p]fect$ fl9t spe> heads4 ,ei!r by ! invasion ( ?is race or1 m probably1 by ! invasion ( ! highly p]fect$ spe>-head indu/ry itself1 ! type /ation ( ,solutr1 on ! ,sane1 0 e/abli%$ & ! region ( ,dordogne rea*$1 :]e ?is indu/ry progress$ at twelve diff]5t /ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg4 ,geographic di/ribution ( ! pr9cipal ,solutrean indu/rial /ations 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,!re is no d\bt :atev] t ! new & entirely di/9ct ,brnn race p5etrat$ ! ,danubian region at ?is "t1 b !re is no evid5ce f skeletal rema9s t x rea*$ ,france4 ,x is q possible t "s ( ! fl9t work]s adept 9 ! ,solutrean 'ret\*' migrat$ into ! f> we/]n /ations ( ,dordogne1 br++ ) !m _! beautiful te*nique1 b )\t leav+ traces ( _! skeletal rema9s ?r\gh c]emonial burial4 ,?is unsettl$ problem af=ds "o ( ! _m reasons :y ! anatomy ( all ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic m5 ( we/]n ,europe %\ld be mo/ c>efully /udi$ & comp>$4 ,ano!r my/]y ( ,solutrean times is ! arre/ ( ! arti/ic impulse :i* _h animat$ ! ,cr-,magnons ?r\gh\t ! entire ,aurignacian4 ,evid5ces ( arti/ic "w 9 ,solutrean times are v r>e1 & "s draw+s :i* h be5 attribut$ to ! ,solutrean1 z at ,altamira1 h n[ be5 ref]r$ to ! ,magdal5ian4 ,is x possible t ! ,cr-,magnon race = a "t susp5d$ its arti/ic endeavor only to r5ew x "u ! diff]5t conditions ( environm5t ( ,magdal5ian times8 ,un=tunately1 ! ,solutrean burials af=d v little evid5ce on ?is po9t4 ,"o int]pretation :i* may be (f]$ is t ! ,solutrean 0 evid5tly a p]iod ( op5-air life1 & t ! new implem5ts ( ! *ase ( ,solutrean type absorb$ ! indu/rial en]gies ( ^! p1 = ! weapons 7 fa%ion$ 9 enorm\s numb]s4 ,consi/5t ) ?is !ory ( climatic influ5ce is ! fact t ! return ( ! sev]e climate ( ,magdal5ian times1 :i* cr[d$ ! m5 aga9 into ! %elt]s & grottos1 0 accompani$ by a r5ewal ( ! arti/ic developm5t cont9u+ f ! po9t :]e x _h be5 int]rupt$ 9 clos+ ,aurignacian times4 ,t ,aurignacian & ,magdal5ian art is ! "w ( "o race !re c be no "q :atev]2 t ?is race 0 ! ,cr-,magnon is n[ absolutely demon/rat$4 ,! climate ( ,solutrean times is g5]ally believ$ to h be5 cold & dry4 ,9 ! region ( ,dordogne ?r\gh\t ?is p]iod ! re9de] 0 /ill f> m num]\s ?an any o!r animal2 s we may safely conclude t ?is 0 ! pr9cipal object ( ! *ase & ( food2 9 fact1 x w\ld appe> t ! re9de] 7 resid5t =ms 9 ! valley ( ! ,vzre1 hunt$ & consum$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>47#dj7 ,"h we also occasionally f9d ! nor!rn /eppe or ,obi lemm+1 an animal :i* at ! same "t ext5ds along ! bord]s ( ! ,volga ,riv] t[>d s\!rn ,russia4 ,x w\ld appe> t 9 ,solutrean times 9 s\?we/]n ,france !re prevail$ a dry1 cold cont95tal sub>ctic climate l t ( ! ,caspian1 ,volga1 & ,ural /eppes ( ! pres5t day4 ,) ! mammo? & ! re9de] occur a great v>iety ( nor!rn ,european =e/ =ms--! true fox1 ! h>e1 ! /ag1 ! br[n be>1 ! wolf1 ! bison1 & ! urus4 ,mo/ int]e/+ is ! id5tification ( ! jackal belong+ to ! anci5t species ,c4 nes*]s5sis4 ,9 ! type indu/rial locality ( ,solutr ! re9de] is v abundant 9 ! fire-he>?s associat$ ) ! l[] ,solutrean indu/ry1 b less abundant 9 ! upp] levels2 an antelope1 p]haps ! saiga antelope1 is said to be f\nd among ! crude engrav+s on bone4 ,,solutrean ,,races ,!re 7 c]ta9ly two di/9ct races ( m5 9 ,europe dur+ ,solutrean times1 to ! ea/ ! race ( ,brnn & to ! we/ ! race ( ,cr-,magnon4 ,rema9s attribut$ to ! ,cr-,magnons h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,dep>tm5ts ( ,*>5te1 ,gironde1 ,lot1 ,haute-,g>onne1 ,t>n1 & ,dordogne4 ,b mo/ ( ^! rema9s are v fragm5t>y & _c readily be det]m9$ racially4 ,! fragm5ts ( t5 skulls & a few o!r bones f\nd 9 ! ,grotte du ,plac>d1 ,*>5te1 are attribut$ to late ,solutrean & to e>ly ,magdal5ian times & con/itute "o ( ! mo/ exceptional discov]ies :i* h ?us f> be5 made 9 ,france2 ! int]m5ts probably date f ! e>ly ,magdal5ian 7p4 #chj71 b are probably ( a race surviv+ f ! ,solutrean4 ,! section ( ! cave deposit is f #bc to #bf feet 9 ?ickness & is highly in/ructive2 x %[s eight cultural lay]s1 sep>at$ by lay]s ( dbris & succe$+ ea* o!r 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 #h4 ,neoli?ic lay]4 #g-d4 ,magdal5ian lay]s2 9 ! l[e/ lay] is ! c]emonial burial ( f\r skulls4 #c4 ,solutrean lay] ) %\ld]$ po9ts 7po9tes cran7 & a few laurel-leaf po9ts 7po9tes de lauri]74 #b4 ,solutrean lay] ) laurel-leaf po9ts b no %\ld]$ po9ts2 knives1 grattoirs1 scrap]s1 bor]s1 9 great numb]s1 toge!r ) javel9 po9ts & awls 9 bone & ornam5t$ ) not*es1 & fragm5ts ( r$ *alk & black lead f\nd emb$d$ ) ! ,solutrean po9ts4 #a4 ,m\/]ian lay]4 ,,race ,,( ,,br,,nn1 ,,br,x1 ,p,,edmo/1 ,,& 787 ,,galley ,,hill ,9 #ahga a skullcap1 n[ 9 ! ,royal ,museum ( ,vi5na1 0 discov]$ 9 ! c\rse ( coal m9+ at ,brx1 ,bohemia4 ,9 #ahia7da7 a skeleton1 app>5tly ( ! same race1 0 discov]$ at ,brnn1 ,moravia1 deeply emb$d$ 9 loess along ) bones ( ! woolly mammo? & o!r great ,plei/oc5e mammals4 ,9 #ahib x 0 describ$ by ,mak[sky17#db7 :o a few ye>s be=e _h excavat$ f ! loess s& 9 ! neighborhood ( ,brnn ! fragm5t>y skull n[ kn[n z ,brnn ,,ii4 ,bo? ^! skulls are ( a some:at l[ racial type1 & = a long "t !y 7 reg>d$ z transition =ms betwe5 ! ,ne&]?als & ,homo sapi5s1 b 9 #aijf ,s*walbe7#dc7 %[$ ! aff9ity betwe5 ! skulls ( ,brx & ,brnn & at ! same "t _! entire di/9ctness f ! ,ne&]?al skull & _! approa* to l[] =ms ( ,homo sapi5s4 ,! *ief di/9ction ( ^! skulls is _! extreme elongation or doli*ocephaly1 ! ratio ( wid? to l5g? be+ #fi p] c5t 9 ! ,brx skull1 & #fh4b p] c5t 9 ! ,brnn skull4 ,! latt] ranks l[] 9 racial type ?an ! ,au/ralian negroids4 ,! *ief di/9ction f ! ,ne&]?al skull is 9 ! index ( ! height ( skull 7#ea4bb p] c5t7 & 9 ! abs5ce ( ! prom95t ridges ext5d+ across ! eyebr[ region above ! nose2,,z ! =ehead1 9 brief1 is m mod]n1 ! frontal angle be+ #gd4g-ge p] c5t4 ,! bra9 capacity 9 ?is race is e/imat$1 accord+ to ,mak[sky17#dd7 at #a1cej c4cm4 ,bo? ! ,brx & ,brnn skulls are h>monic2 !y d n pres5t ! v broad1 high *eek-bones *>act]i/ic ( ! ,cr-,magnon race1 ! face be+ ( a n>r[1 mod]n type1 b n v long4 ,!re is evid5ce t ! neck & %\ld]s 7 p[]ful & muscul>2 ! prom95ce ( ! *9 is pron\nc$2 ! d5tition is macrodont1 t is1 ! la/ l[] mol> is ( exceptionally l>ge size2 !re 0 no progna?ism or protrusion ( ! jaws4 ,! second ,brnn skull 7,brnn ,,ii7 may repres5t a female type ( ! ,brnn race1 ! cephalic index be+ e/imat$ at #gb p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afh4 ,! type skull kn[n z ,brnn ,i--suppos$ male--discov]$ at ,brnn1 ,moravia1 9 #ahia4 ,x 0 f\nd deeply imb$d$ 9 loess along ) bones ( ! woolly mammo?1 woolly rh9oc]os1 giant de]1 re9de]1 & o!r ,plei/oc5e mammals1 & is believ$ to be ( ,solutrean age4 ,aft] ,mak[sky4 ,"o-?ird life size4 ,,discov]ies ,,*iefly ,,( ,,! ,,cr-,,magnon ,,& ,,br,,nn ,,races,,at ,,ref]r$ ,,to ,,solutrean ,,times ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,date ( ,locality ,numb] ( ,culture ,/age ,discov]y ,individuals ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,cr-,,magnon ,,race 787 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,grotte du ,plac>d1 ,fragm5ts ( t5 ,late ,solutrean ,*>5te1 ,france4 skulls & a few & e>ly o!r bones4 ,magdal5ian4 ,pair-non-,pair1 ,skull fragm5ts4 ,solutrean4 ,gironde1 ,france4 ,lacave1 ,lot1 ,france4 ,montcon=t1 ,haute-,g>onne1 ,france4 ,roset1 ,late ,solutrean4 ,t>n1 ,france4 ,badeg\le1 ,bones4 ,solutrean4 ,dordogne1 ,france4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,br,,nn-,,br,x-,p,,edmo/ ,,race ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ahhj4 ,pedmo/1 ,portions ( tw5ty ,solutrean4 ,moravia1 ,au/ria4 skeletons4 #ahia4 ,brnn1 ,male skeleton ,moravia1 ,au/ria4 7,brnn ,i74 787 ,female skeleton 7,brnn ,,ii74 ,ballahhle1 ,skeleton ( infant4787 ,miskolcz1 ,hung>y4 787 ,galley ,hill4 ,"o skeleton4 ,unkn[n4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,!re is a possibility7#dg7 t ! ,brnn race 0 ance/ral to sev]al lat] doli*ocephalic gr\ps :i* are f\nd 9 ! region ( ! ,danube & ( middle & s\!rn ,g]many4 ,s*liz *>act]izes ! ,brnn skull z di/+ui%$ by ! retreat+ =ehead1 by massive em95ces above ! orbits sep>at$ by a cleft 9 ! m$ian l9e1 by broad1 l[ orbits1 & prom95t *94 ,^! *>act]s are met ) aga9 9 "o ( ! doli*ocephalic skulls f\nd 9 ! int]m5t at ,(net1 at ! v close ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic times4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t ! ,brnn race is di/9ct f ! ,cr-,magnon race1 t x repres5ts a long-head$ type :i* became e/abli%$ along ! ,danube z e>ly z ,solutrean times1 & t x may possibly be connect$ ) ! introduction ( "s ( ! peculi> features ( ! ,solutrean culture4 ,"o ( ! skeletons ( ,brnn1 f\nd at a dep? ( #ab feet bel[ ! surface ( ! 'loess1' 0 lavi%ly adorn$ ) too?-%ells1 p]=at$ /one discs1 & bone ornam5ts made f ! ribs ( ! rh9oc]os or mammo? & f ! tee? ( ! mammo?2 associat$ ) ^! 0 an ivory idol1 app>5tly ( a male figure1 ( :i* only ! head1 ! torso1 & ! left arm rema94 ,! skeleton & _m ( ! objects f\nd ) ! sepulture 7 p>tly t9t$ 9 r$4 ,an ivory figur9e belongs to ! ,eburnen /age ( ,piette & appe>s to indicate t ! burial 0 ( ,aurignacian r ?an ( ,solutrean age4 ,! ,pedmo/ 'mammo? hunt]s' also probably belong$ to ?is race4 ,!y are repres5t$ by ! rema9s ( six individuals excavat$ s9ce #ahhj at ,pedmo/1 ,moravia1 by ,wankel1 ,krz1 & ,maska4 ,! bones 7 f\nd 9 a v mu* %att]$ condition4 ,maska has s9ce discov]$ a collective burial ( f\rte5 human skeletons1 ) rema9s ( six o!rs2 ! bodies 7 cov]$ ) /ones1 b no fl9ts or objects ( art 7 buri$ ) !m4 ,! dim5sions ( ! limbs indicate a race ( l>ge /ature4 ,! skeletons 7 deeply buri$ 9 'loess1' & above & bel[ ! ri* ar*ological lay] 7 abundant dbris ( ! mammo?1 repres5t+ betwe5 eight & n9e hundr$ specim5s4 ,along ) ! num]\s fl9ts1 includ+ laurel-leaf spe> heads ( middle ,solutrean type1 7 f\nd o!r objects & ev5 primitive works ( art 9 bone & ivory4 ,!re is no "q t ! human rema9s belong to ! middle ,solutrean /age47#dh7 ,) ?is race is also associat$ by _m au?ors 7,s*walbe1 ,s*liz1 ,klaats*1 ,kei?7 ! ,galley ,hill skull1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 #ahhh1 buri$ at a dep? ( #h feet 9 ! 'high t]race' gravels #ij feet above ! ,?ames47#di7 ,sollas ?9ks x highly probable t ! rema9s 7 9 a natural position & ( ! same age z ! high-level gravels & ! ,paloli?ic fl9ts & rema9s ( ext9ct animals :i* !y conta9$1 b ,evans & ,dawk9s reg>d ! ,galley ,hill man z belong+ to a long-head$ ,neoli?ic race int]r$ 9 a ,paloli?ic /ratum4 ,! gravels ( ! 'high t]race' 9 :i* ! ,galley ,hill skull 0 buri$ are by no means ( ! geologic antiquity ( #bjj1jjj ye>s assign$ to !m by ,kei?27#ej7 !y are probably ( ,f\r? ,glacial or ( ,po/glacial age1 & lie )9 ! e/imates ( ,po/glacial "t1 namely1 f #bj1jjj to #dj1jjj ye>s4 ,! antiquity ( ! ,galley ,hill cranial type has be5 ma9ta9$ ) ability by ,kei?4 ,! skull is extremely long or hyp]doli*ocephalic1 ! cephalic index be+ e/imat$ by ,kei? at #fi p] c5t27#ea7 ! bra9 capacity is e/imat$ at betwe5 #a1cej c4cm4 & #a1djj c4cm42 ! *eek-bones are n pres]v$1 s t no judgm5t c be =m$ z to ?is mo/ di/9ctive "* ( ! ,cr-,magnon race4 ,) ?is ,galley ,hill race ,kei? also comp>es ! ,combe-,capelle1 or ,aurignacian man ( ,klaats*17#eb7 al?\gh he mi/ak5ly consid]s ! ,combe-,capelle man ( mu* less geologic antiquity4 ,he cont9ues3 ,?us1 :ile ! writ] is incl9$ to agree 9 provisionally assign+ ! ,combe-,capelle man to ! ,galley ,hill race1 he believes t fur!r discov]ies w %[ t ! ,combe-,capelle man belongs to a bran* m>k$ ) c]ta9 negroid features4 ,,solutrean ,,fl9t ,,indu/ry ,! ',solutrean ret\*' m>ks "o ( ! mo/ notable advances 9 ! te*nique ( fl9t work+2 x is altoge!r di/9ct f ! ',aurignacian ret\*1' :i* is an h]itage f ! ,m\/]ian47#ec7 ,! fl9t is *ipp$ (f by pressure 9 f9e1 ?9 flakes f ! entire surface ( ! implem5t1 to :i* 9 its p]fect$ =m ! craftsman c give a ?91 %>p edge & p]fect symmetry4 ,?is is a great advance on ! abrupt ,aurignacian ret\*1 9 :i* ! fl9t is *ipp$ back at a r blunt angle to make a %>p edge4 ,accord+ to de ,mortillet1 ! ,solutrean me?od ( pressure made possible ! execution ( mu* m delicate "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afi4 ,typical ,solutrean implem5ts ( w> & *ase4 ,aft] de ,mortillet4 ,po9tes en feuille de lauri]1 or laurel-leaf po9ts1 arti/ically ret\*$ on bo? surfaces1 at bo? ends1 & on bo? bord]s2 reg>d$ by de ,mortillet r z blades ( poni>ds ?an z javel9 heads4 #abj4 ,loz5ge-%ap$ =m f ! type /ation ( ,solutr1 ,sane-et-,loire4 #aba4 ,elongate =m f\nd at ,solutr4 #abb4 ,! l>ge/ po9te discov]$ at ,solutr4 #abc4 ,"o ( ! smalle/ po9ts f\nd at ,solutr4 #abd4 ,solutrean po9t f ,laug]ie ,haute1 ,dordogne4 #abg4 ,po9t f ,g>gas1 ,vaucluse4 #abh4 ,po9t ( exceptionally f9e workman%ip4 #acj4 ,"o ( elev5 v l>ge ,solutrean laurel-leaf po9ts f\nd 9 a ca*e at ,volgu2 probably a votive (f]+1 z ! fl9ts are too sl5d] to be ( any use & "o at lea/ %[s traces ( color+4 ,all ! fl9ts are %[n "o-qu>t] actual size1 except #abi1 :i* is "o-half actual size4 ,! "q at once arises1 did ?is indu/rial advance take place 9 ,france or 0 x an inv5tion br\ght f ! ea/8 ,on ?is po9t ,breuil obs]ves7#ed7 t 9 ! highe/ ,aurignacian levels 9 ,belgium1 9 ,dordogne1 & at ,solutr ! ,solutrean te*nique becomes fa9tly app>5t ei!r 9 ! '/em' po9ts 7po9tes soie7 ( ,font ,rob]t1 ,la ,f]rassie1 & ,spy or 9 ! d\ble-edg$ po9ts t5d+ t[>d ! laurel-leaf type ( ! ,solutrean1 b t all ! o!r implem5ts rema9 purely ,aurignacian4 ,,relations ,,& ,,subdivisions ,,( ,,solutrean ,,culture ,l[] 7,e>ly7 ,magdal5ian4 ,prototypes ( bone h>poons4 ,beg9n+s ( animal sculpture4 ,abs5ce ( any trace ( ! laurel-leaf spe> heads ( ,solutrean times4 ,upp] 7,late7 ,solutrean4 ,typical %\ld]$ po9ts 7po9tes cran7--elongate flakes work$ on "o or bo? sides & not*$4 ,small laurel-leaf spe> heads4 ,bone javel9 po9ts1 awls1 & ne$les1 v f9ely work$4 ,plac>d4 ,lacave4 ,middle 7,high7 ,solutrean4 ,l>ge 'laurel-leaf' spe> heads work$ on bo? sides4 ,climax ( ,solutrean fl9t indu/ry4 ,plac>d4 ,l[] 7,proto-7 ,solutrean4 ,primitive 'laurel-leaf' & 'will[-leaf' spe> heads1 mo/ ( !m work$ on only "o side4 ,grotte du ,trilobite4 ,transition f ,aurignacian4 ,p$unculate spe> heads 7po9tes soie7 ( primitive ,font ,rob]t type4 ,climax ( human sculpture4 ,z to ! *ief s\rce ( ,solutrean influ5ce1 ! same au?or rem>ks t1 s9ce ?is culture is entirely want+ 9 c5tral & s\!rn ,spa91 9 ,italy1 9 ,sicily1 9 ,alg]ia1 & 9 ,phnicia1 we %\ld c]ta9ly n look to ! ,m$it]ranean = its orig9 b r to ea/]n ,europe2 = 9 ! grottos ( ,hung>y we f9d a great developm5t ( ! true ,solutrean1 :ile s f> ! ,aurignacian has n be5 f\nd "h1 al?\gh we d f9d traces ( ! e>li] transitional /ages bel[ ! levels ( ! true laurel-leaf po9ts4 ,we mu/ admit1 !re=e1 t 9 all probability ! ,solutrean culture rea*$ ,europe f ! ea/ & t its s\rce is z my/]i\s z t ( ! ,aurignacian1 :i*1 z we h se51 0 ( s\!rn & probably ( ,m$it]ranean orig94 ,x is n impossible t ! evolution ( ! laurel-leaf po9t took place 9 ,hung>y1 = x 0 c]ta9ly n evolv$ 9 c5tral or we/]n ,europe4 ,at ,pedmo/1 9 ,moravia1 we obs]ve an advanc$ ,aurignacian indu/ry :i* _h adopt$ a ,solutrean fa%ion 9 its spe> heads4 ,"h ! laurel-leaf implem5ts are few1 :ile ! implem5ts ( bone are abundant2 b 9 ! ,solutrean /ations ( ,hung>y !re are no bone implem5ts4 ,z ! ,solutrean te*nique comes to p]fection ! laurel-leaf spe> head1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! full ,solutrean indu/ry1 is creat$ & is met ) 9 ,pol&1 9 ,hung>y1 9 ,bav>ia1 & !n 9 ,france1 :]e ! indu/ry ext5ds s\?w>d to ! we/ & ea/ ( ! c5tral plateau4 ,9 ,france x appe>s q sudd5ly 9 ! ,grotte du ,trilobite 7,yonne71 & also 9 ,dordogne & ,ard*e1 :]e ! ,proto-,solutrean types %[ m>k$ impov]i%m5t1 bo? 9 ! v>iety & 9 ! execution ( mo/ ( ! fl9t implem5ts1 ! only exception be+ ! flatt5$ spe> heads1 po9tes face plane1 :i* %[ a regul> ,solutrean ret\*1 beautiful b monoton\s4 ,laurel-leaf po9ts discov]$ at ,cr\zade1 ,g\rdan1 & ,mont=t d5ote ! pres5ce ( ! true ,solutrean culture1 b ?is culture does n approa* ! /ations 9 ! neighborhood ( ,brassemp\y4 ,t[>d ! nor? ! grotto ( ,spy1 9 ,belgium1 af=ds examples ( ,proto-,solutrean types1 :i* h also be5 trac$ 9 sev]al ,briti% cav]ns1 b x is n c]ta9 t true ,solutrean implem5ts are f\nd 9 ,brita94 ,9 ,pic>d a ,proto-,solutrean lay] has be5 f\nd1 b no laurel-leaf po9ts4 ,9 ! type /ation ( ,solutr 9 s\!a/]n ,france ,breuil discov]$ two ,solutrean lay]s1 q diff]5t f ea* o!r3 "o ri* 9 bone implem5ts & grav+-tools1 ) small fl9t laurel leaves ret\*$ on only "o face2 ! o!r poor 9 bone implem5ts b ) l>ge laurel-leaf spe> heads4 ,! ,solutrean culture nev] p5etrat$ to ! s\? ( ! great b>ri] ( ! ,pyr5ees1 b1 pass+ ?r\gh ! ,vzre valley1 9 ,dordogne1 x spread along ! we/]n coa/ to ! nor!rn slopes ( ! ,cantabrian ,m\nta9s into ! prov9ce ( ,sant&]1 ,spa94 ,"h ! laurel-leaf po9ts ( ! middle ,solutrean are f\nd at ,ca/illo1 :ile ! %\ld]$ po9ts1 po9tes cran1 typical ( ! lat] ,solutrean1 are f\nd at ,altamira1 toge!r ) bone implem5ts4 ,none ! less1 x %\ld be notic$ t 9 ! s\?we/ ( ,europe ! e>li] phases ( ! ,solutrean are *>act]iz$ by a decrease 9 ! use ( bone1 :i*1 h[ev]1 increases aga9 9 ! upp] levels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agj4 ,! type /ation ( ,solutrean culture1 ne> ! pres5t village ( ,solutr1 9 s\? c5tral ,france1 %elt]$ on ! nor? by a /eep rocky ridge & ) a f9e sunny exposure t[>d ! s\?4 ,! type /ation ( ! ,solutrean culture is ! great op5-air camp ( ,solutr1 ne> ! ,sane1 %elt]$ on ! nor? by a /eep ridge & ) a f9e1 sunny exposure t[>d ! s\?4 ,! traces ( ?is great camp1 :i* is ! l>ge/ ?us f> discov]$ 9 we/]n ,europe1 cov] an area #cjj feet squ>e & are situat$ )9 a %ort di/ance ( a good spr+ ( wat]4 ,z explor$1 9 #ahff1 by ,arcel917#ee7 ,f]ry1 & ,ducro/1 ?is /ation _h already be5 occupi$ 9 ,aurignacian times2 & two sections1 tak5 at two diff]5t po9ts1 %[$ ! deposits ( ! old camp to be f #bb to #bf feet 9 ?ickness1 repres5t+ sup]pos$ ,aurignacian & ,solutrean fire-he>?s ) ?ick lay]s ( int]m$iate dbris4 ,9 ! ,aurignacian level is f\nd ! va/ accumulation ( ! bones ( horses already describ$4 ,9 ! middle ,solutrean levels great fireplaces are f\nd ) fl9t ut5sils & ! rema9s ( abundant fea/s among ! *>r$ dbris4 ,! fauna includes ! wolf1 ! fox1 ! hyna1 bo? ! cave & ! br[n be>1 ! badg]1 ! rabbit1 ! /ag1 wild cattle1 & two *>act]i/ic nor!rn =ms--! woolly mammo? & ! re9de]2 ! rema9s ( ! la/ are ! mo/ abundant 9 ! anci5t he>?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aga4 ,c5tre ( ! great op5 camp ( ,solutr1 cov]+ an area #cjj feet squ>e1 ) ! village ( ,solutr 9 ! di/ance4 ,fir/ occupi$ 9 ,aurignacian times1 & a favorite & d5sely inhabit$ camp ?r\gh\t ! ,aurignacian & ,solutrean /ages4 ,9 ,aurignacian times ! rema9s ( ?\s&s ( horses 7 accumulat$ ar\nd ?is /ation4 ,9 all ! ,solutrean /ations1 beside ! bone implem5ts17#ef7 we f9d two di/9ct classes ( fl9ts4 ,! fir/ belongs to ! entire ',re9de] ,epo*' & consi/s ( s+le & d\ble scrap]s1 drills1 bur9s1 ret\*$ flakes1 & pla9 ones ( small dim5sions4 ,! second is compos$ ( ! 'leaf' types1 :i* are solely *>act]i/ic ( ! ,solutrean & :i* deg5]ate & entirely disappe> at its close2 ^! latt] are ! arr[ & lance head =ms1 _m ( :i* are fa%ion$ ) a r>e degree ( p]fection & exhibit ! beautiful broad ,solutrean ret\* across ! entire surface ( bo? sides ( ! flake1 toge!r ) p]fect symmetry1 bo? lat]al & bilat]al2 !y are commonly kn[n z ! will[-leaf 7n>r[7 & ! laurel-leaf 7broad7 =ms4 ,! explor]s ( ! type /ation ( ,solutr h discov]$ five pr9cipal %apes1 z foll[s3 7#a7 irregul> loz5ge2 7#b7 oval1 po9t$ at bo? ends2 7#c7 oval1 po9t$ at "o end2 7#d7 regul> loz5ge2 7#e7 arr[-head =m ) p$uncle1 d\btless = atta*m5t to a %aft4 ,! p]fect$ ,solutrean laurel-leaf spe> heads d n reappe> 9 any o!r ,upp] ,paloli?ic p]iod1 b _! resemblance to ,neoli?ic fl9ts is v m>k$4 ,! 'will[-leaf' spe> heads 7po9tes de saule71 *ipp$ on only "o side1 *>act]i/ic ( ! e>ly ,solutrean1 may possibly be contempor>y ) ! clos+ ,aurignacian culture ( ,font ,rob]t4 ,at ,solutr lay]s h also be5 discov]$ ri* 9 bone implem5ts & 9 grav+-tools1 z well z small 'laurel-leaf' po9ts work$ on only "o face4 ,z reg>ds ! g5]al t5d5cies ( ! e>ly ,solutrean culture 9 ,dordogne1 at ! ,grotte du ,trilobite 7,yonne71 & 9 ,ard*e1 !re is a m>k$ decl9e 9 ! "w 9 bone & 9 ! v>iety & workman%ip ( all ! implem5ts1 except+ only t ( ! primitive flatt5$ spe> heads1 made ( flakes1 ret\*$ 9 ,solutrean fa%ion1 b on "o side only4 ,typical deposits ( e>ly ,solutrean culture are f\nd at ,tr\ ,magrite1 9 ,belgium1 at ,font ,rob]t1 ,corrze1 & 9 ! ?ird level ( ! ,grotte du ,trilobite1 ,yonne2 9 ! second level we f9d fl9ts ) ! nasc5t ,solutrean ret\*4 ,! di/9ctive implem5t ( ! 'high' or middle ,solutrean is ! l>ge 'laurel-leaf' po9t1 flak$ & *ipp$ on bo? sides & atta9+ a m>vell\s p]fection 9 te*nique & symmetry4 ,! f9e/ examples ( ^! spe> heads are ! fam\s po9tes de lauri]1 f\rte5 9 numb]1 discov]$ at ,volgu1 ,sane-et-,loire1 9 #ahgc3 !y 7 f\nd toge!r 9 a sort ( ca*e &1 x w\ld seem probable1 7 int5d$ z a votive (f]+1 = "o at lea/ 0 color$ r$1 & all 7 too fragile & delicate to be ( any use 9 ! *ase4 ,!y are ( unusual size1 ! smalle/ measur+ #i in*es1 & ! l>ge/ ov] #ac-a_/b4 ,9 workman%ip !y are equall$ only by ! m>vell\s ,neoli?ic specim5s ( ,egypt & ,sc&9avia4 ,at ,solutr & o!r /ations implem5ts ( bone are also f\nd1 al?\gh by no means ( su* frequ5t occurr5ce z 9 ! lat] divisions ( ! ,solutrean4 ,:ile ! mo/ ea/]ly ,solutrean /ations ( ,hung>y exhibit no bone implem5ts1 ^! are abundant at ,pedmo/1 9 ,moravia1 :]e ! culture altoge!r is ( an advanc$ ,aurignacian type1 ) ! ,solutrean ret\* us$ 9 ! %ap+ ( its fl9t spe> heads4 ,! bone indu/ry includes a numb] ( awls & smoo!rs1 z well z num]\s 'btons de comm&em5t4' ,on ?is level at ,pedmo/ a few works ( art are f\nd consi/+ ( ! repres5tations ( f\r animals sculptur$ on nodules ( lime/one1 ! subjects app>5tly be+ re9de]1 & also ( "o s+le engrav+ on bone4 ,! *ief inv5tion ( ! late ,solutrean is ! '%\ld]$ po9t' 7po9te cran71 a s+le not*$ & v sl5d] d>t4 ,^! not*es are ! fir/ indication ( ! value ( ! b>b 9 hold+ a weapon 9 ! fle%4 ,"h also is a /em = ! atta*m5t ( ! %aft ( ! d>t4 ,9 e>li] /ages ( ! ,solutrean "o f9ds fl9ts :]e ! unsymmetrical base ( ! 'po9t' %[s a small obtuse tongue or /em4 ,! elongate p$uncle at ! base ( su* spe> heads 7po9tes soie7 is develop$ into ! po9te cran1 or %\ld]$ po9t1 made ( long1 f9e flakes1 ) a %ort ret\* on "o or bo? sides1 & f\nd 9 ! late ,solutrean at ! grotto ( ,lacave1 at ,plac>d1 & at _m ( ! /ations 9 ,dordogne4 ,no example ( ! po9te cran has ev] be5 f\nd at ! type /ation ( ,solutr1 b x is ( frequ5t occurr5ce at ! /ations betwe5 ! ,loire & ! ,cantabrian ,pyr5ees1 be+ f\nd at ,altamira1 at ,laug]ie ,haute1 at ,mon?aud 7,indre71 9 ,*alosse & ,*>5te1 :ile ! great cave ( ,plac>d has yield$ no less ?an #e1jjj specim5s1 :ole & brok54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agb4 ,typical ,solutrean implem5ts ( ! *ase1 ( fi%+1 & ( indu/ry4 ,aft] de ,mortillet4 #aca1 #acb4 ,a laurel-leaf po9t ret\*$ on bo? sides4 #acc-ach4 ,v>i\s =ms ( ! po9te cran1 or '%\ld]$ po9t1' a type di/9ctive ( ! late ,solutrean4 ,x has an elongat$ p$uncle or /em at "o side adapt$ = ! atta*m5t ( a wood5 %aft1 & 0 probably an implem5t ( ! *ase1 be+ suitable = fi%+ or = hunt+ small game4 ,! examples figur$ %[ a great v>iety ( f9i% & ret\*4 #acg is f ,plac>d & #ach f ! ,grottes de ,grimaldi4 #aci4 ,po9on1 or awl1 beautifully %ap$4 #adj4 ,p]oir1 drill or bor]4 #ada4 ,flake ret\*$ on "o bord]1 recall+ ! /yle ( ! ,aurignacian po9ts4 #adb1 #adc4 ,f9ely ret\*$ po9ts1 suitable = engrav+ or et*+4 ,all ! fl9ts are %[n "o-half actual size4 ,at ,mon?aud !re are also f\nd bone implem5ts includ+ a numb] ( po9ons 7awls7 & a s]ies ( sagaies 7javel9 po9ts74 ,solutrean sagaies1 h[ev]1 are v r>e & v primitive z comp>$ ) ! ,magdal5ian4 ,! successive phases ( ,solutrean indu/ry are all %[n 9 s\!rn ,france4 ,z to its /ratigraphic relations1 ! type /ation ( ,solutr exhibits l[] & middle ,solutrean above ,aurignacian he>?s & deposits2 t ( ,plac>d1 ,*>5te1 %[s ! middle & upp] ,solutrean ov]laid by a ,magdal5ian lay]4 ,9 ! ,grotte du ,trilobite ! ,solutrean lay] lies betwe5 "o ( ,aurignacian & "o ( primitive ,magdal5ian2 x is "h t we f9d ! cle>e/ transition f ! ,aurignacian culture 9 ! appe>ance ( prototypes ( ! laurel & will[-leaf po9ts1 made ( flakes1 ret\*$ on only "o side4 ,at ,brassemp\y ! ,solutrean lies imm$iately b5ea? a ,magdal5ian lay]1 ) engrav$ bones & ,magdal5ian fl9ts4 ,ne$les1 :i* are p>ticul>ly abundant 9 ! ,magdal5ian epo*1 are also f\nd 9 a numb] ( ! ,solutrean /ations4 ,9 ! grotto ( ,lacave1 ,lot1 9 an upp] ,solutrean lay]1 ,vir has f\nd beautiful bone ne$les1 pi]c$ at "o end & ( f9e workman%ip1 & engrav$ ut5sils ( re9de] horn2 "h also 0 f\nd ! head ( an antelope engrav$ on a fragm5t ( re9de] horn4 ,! local fauna ( ?is p]iod includ$ ! horse1 ! ibex1 & ! re9de]4 ,,solutrean ,,engrav+ ,,& ,,animal ,,sculpture ,! arti/ic "w ( ,solutrean times is n s ri* z t ( ! ,aurignacian4 ,?is1 z we h sugge/$1 may be p>tly attributable to ! less wide-spread di/ribution ( ! ,solutrean culture1 z well z to ! great importance :i* 0 atta*$ to ! c>eful fa%ion+ ( ! /one weapons4 ,none ! less we c trace indications ( ! developm5t ( bo? phases ( art1 ! l9e> & ! pla/ic1 & especially ! beg9n+s ( animal sculpture4 ,f ! full1 r\nd sculpture ( ,aurignacian times !re foll[s 9 ,solutrean times a developm5t ( c>v+ 9 bone ( ! ,rund/abfigur5 7bton1 or c]emonial /aff71 & ( high relief4 ,! lion7#eg7 & ! head ( a horse at ,i/uritz1 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 :i* ,breuil attributes to a late ,solutrean p]iod1 are typical examples ( ?is "w4 ,relatively r>e are ! p>ietal & mobile engrav+s z well z ! s*ematic repres5tations1 su* z are f\nd at ,plac>d & ,*amps ,blancs4 ,accord+ to ,alcalde del ,rio1 !re are f\nd at ,altamira1 9 nor!rn ,spa91 v simple1 f9ely engrav$ figures ( ! doe on ! bone ( ! %\ld]-blade2 ! head & neck are cov]$ ) l9es1 & bo? ! eye & ! no/ril z well z ! =m ( ! e> are v *>act]i/ic ( ! animal4 ,breuil1 h[ev]1 consid]s ^! z belong+ r to e>li] ,magdal5ian times4 ,decorative art c]ta9ly makes "s advances ov] ! ,aurignacian "w1 because ! arrangem5t ( ! geometric figures is q cle>1 & ! execution %[s m>k$ progress 9 ! te*nique ( engrav+4 ,at ,pedmo/1 ne> ! site ( ! human burial describ$ above1 !re has be5 discov]$ a /atuette ( ! mammo? sculptur$ 9 ! r\nd1 9 ivory1 :i* proves t animal sculpture 0 well advanc$ 9 ,solutrean times4 ,! /atuette 0 f\nd six to n9e feet b5ea? ! surface ( ! 'loess1' 9 an und\bt$ ,solutrean lay]4 ,! accompany+ fauna is ( a truly arctic "*3 ! mammo? be+ extraord9>ily abundant2 ! tundra =ms includ+ ! mammo?1 woolly rh9oc]os1 musk-ox1 re9de]1 arctic fox1 arctic h>e1 glutton1 & b&$ lemm+2 ! ,asiatic =ms includ+ ! lion & leop>d2 ! =e/ & mead[ fauna embrac+ ! wolf1 fox1 beav]1 br[n be>1 bison1 & wild cattle1 moose1 & horse1 also ! ibex4 ,among ! remnants ( #cj1jjj fl9ts !re are a doz5 po9ts 7feuilles de lauri]7 & o!r pieces ) ! ,solutrean 'ret\*4' ,! indu/ry 9 ivory1 bone1 & re9de] horn is also v>i$1 includ+ num]\s poni>ds1 poli%]s1 pi]c]s1 d>t-?r[]s1 & btons de comm&em5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agc4 ,mammo? sculptur$ on a fragm5t ( ivory tusk f ! ,solutrean /ation ( ,pedmo/1 ,moravia4 ,aft] ,maka4 ,?is figure is cov]$ ) f9e l9es repres5t+ ! long1 hairy coat+1 & measures ab\t f\r & "o-half in*es4 ,?is ivory sculpture ( ! mammo? indicates v accurately ! *>act]i/ic cont\rs ( ! top ( ! head1 & ( ! back2 ! /riations on ! side repres5t ! fall+ masses ( hair4 ,o!r sculptur$ figures repres5t+ ! mammo? are believ$ to be ( ,magdal5ian age1 ! be/ kn[n be+ ! figures f\nd 9 ! grottos ( ,bruniquel & ,laug]ie ,basse1 a fragm5t f ,raymond51 ,dordogne1 & a bas-relief 9 ! grotto ( ,figui]1 ,g>d4 ,all ^! sculptures ( ! mammo? h 9 common ! indication ( a v small e>--simil> to t 9 ! ,pedmo/ model--feet %ap$ l inv]t$ mu%rooms1 bord]$ ) %ort1 co>se hairs1 ! tail t]m9at+ 9 a long tuft ( hairs4 ,if ! figure ( ,pedmo/ is ( ,solutrean age1 x is by f> ! e>lie/ ( all ! sculptur$ or engrav$ animal repres5tations 9 ! mobile art1 & is also ! mo/ complete ( ! animal figur9es ( ?is gr\p4 ,x is c]ta9ly ( m rec5t date ?an ! engrav$ designs ( ,aurignacian age 9 ! grottos ( ,g>gas & ( ,*abot or ?an ! r$ or black trac+s ( ! mammo?1 also ( ,aurignacian age1 at ,ca/illo1 ,p9dal1 & ,font-de-,gaume4 ,x is probable t ! mammo? figures ( ,comb>elles are ( lat] date ?an ! ,pedmo/ sculpture & belong to ! beg9n+ ( ,magdal5ian times1 :ile ^? at ,font-de-,gaume belong to ! end ( ,magdal5ian times & are ! mo/ rec5t ( all ! p>ietal designs4 ,despite ! diff]5ces 9 age & te*nique1 all ! designs ( ! mammo? are und\bt$ly ! "w ( arti/s ( a s+le race2 !y agree 9 fai?fully portray+ ! ext]nal =m ( ?is great proboscidian :i* w&]$ ov] ! /eppes & prairies ( we/]n ,europe f ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? glaciation until ne> ! close ( ,po/glacial times4 7#a7 ,breuil1 #aiab4g4 7#b7 ,v]neau1 #aijf4a1 pp4 #bjb-bjg4 7#c7 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bjd4 7#d7 ,kei?1 #aiaa4a1 p4 #fj4 7#e7 ,ob]mai]1 #aiab4a1 p4 #agh4 7#f7 ,breuil1 #aiab4g1 p4 #agd4 7#g7 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #afe-afh4 7#h7 ,ob]mai]1 #aiab4a1 pp4 #agg1 #agh4 7#i7 ,wieg]s1 #aiac4a4 7#aj7 ,s*midt1 #aiab4a1 p4 #bff4 7#aa7 ,geikie1 #aiad4a1 p4 #bgh4 7#ab7 ,dawk9s1 #ahhj4a1 pp4 #adh1 #adi4 7#ac7 ,ew>t1 #aijd4a4 7#ad7 ,ob]mai]1 #aiji4b1 p4 #ade4 7#ae7 ,sollas1 #aiac4a1 p4 #cbe4 7#af7 ,broca1 #ahfh4a4 7#ag7 ,l>tet1 #ahge4a4 7#ah7 ,v]neau1 #ahhf4a2 #aijf4a1 pp4 #fh1 #fi4 7#ai7 ,ob]mai]1 #aiab4b4 7#bj7 ,m>t91 ,r41 #aiad4a1 pp4 #ae1 #af4 7#ba7 ,kei?1 #aiaa4a1 p4 #ga4 7#bb7 ,klaats*1 #aiji4a4 7#bc7 ,kei?1 op4 cit41 p4 #ef4 7#bd7 ,haus]1 #aiji4a4 7#be7 ,fis*]1 #aiac4a4 7#bf7 ,s*liz1 #aiab4a1 p4 #eed4 7#bg7 ,breuil1 #aiab4g1 p4 #age4 7#bh7 ,op4 cit41 p4 #ahc4 7#bi7 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #agg-ahj4 7#cj7 ,s*midt1 #aiab4a1 p4 #bff4 7#ca7 ,breuil1 op4 cit41 p4 #agh4 7#cb7 ,ob]mai]1 #aiab4a1 p4 #aha4 7#cc7 ,breuil1 #aiab4g1 p4 #afi4 7#cd7 ,breuil1 #aiab4a1 pp4 #aid-bjj4 7#ce7 ,s*midt1 #aiab4a4 7#cf7 ,breuil1 op4 cit4 7#cg7 ,s*midt1 #aiab4a1 p4 #adb4 7#ch7 ,breuil1 #aiab4a1 p4 #bjb4 7#ci7 ,breuil1 #aiab4f4 7#dj7 ,hilzheim]1 #aiac4a1 p4 #aea4 7#da7 ,fis*]1 #aiac4a4 7#db7 ,mak[sky1 #aijb4a4 7#dc7 ,s*walbe1 #aijf4a4 7#dd7 ,mak[sky1 op4 cit4 7#de7 ,ob]mai]1 #aiab4a1 pp4 #cdb-cee4 7#df7 ,m>t91 ,r41 #aiad4a1 pp4 #ae1 #af4 7#dg7 ,s*liz1 #aiab4a4 7#dh7 ,d*elette1 #aijh4a1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bh4 7#di7 ,keane1 #aija4a1 p4 #adg4 7#ej7 ,kei?1 #aiaa4a1 p4 #cj4 7#ea7 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bh-de4 7#eb7 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #ea-ef4 7#ec7 ,ob]mai]1 #aiab4a1 p4 #ic4 7#ed7 ,breuil1 #aiab4g1 p4 #ahh4 7#ee7 ,arcel91 #ahfi4a4 7#ef7 ,d*elette1 #aijh4a1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #acg-ada4 7#eg7 ,s*midt1 #aiab4a1 p4 #add1 ,tafel ,b4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,magdal5ian ,,times--,,climate ,,& ,,mammalian ,,life ,,( ,,europe--,,cu/oms ,,& ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,cr-,,magnons2 ,,_! ,,indu/ry ,,9 ,,fl9t ,,& ,,bone2 ,,_! ,,di/ribution--,,developm5t ,,( ,,_! ,,art1 ,,engrav+1 ,,pa9t+1 ,,sculpture--,,art ,,9 ,,! ,,cav]ns--,,climax ,,( ,,! ,,magdal5ian ,,art ,,& ,,indu/ry ,,( ,,! ,,cr-,,magnons--,,app>5t ,,decl9e ,,( ,,! ,,race4 ,! art & indu/rial epo* ( ,magdal5ian times is by f> ! be/ kn[n & mo/ fasc9at+ ( ! ,old ,/one ,age4 ,?is p]iod =ms ! culm9ation ( ,paloli?ic civilization2 x m>ks ! highe/ developm5t ( ! ,cr-,magnon race prec$+ _! sudd5 decl9e & disappe>ance z ! dom9ant type ( we/]n ,europe4 ,! m5 ( ?is "t are commonly kn[n z ! ,magdal5ians1 tak+ _! "n f ! type /ation ( ,la ,madele9e1 z ! ,greeks 9 _! highe/ /age took _! "n f ,a!ns & 7 kn[n z ! ,a!nians4 ,we w\ld assign ! m9imum prehi/oric date ( #af1jjj ,b4 ,c4 = ! beg9n+ ( ! ,magdal5ian culture1 & s9ce we h assign$ to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,aurignacian culture ! date ( #be1jjj ,b4 ,c41 we %\ld all[ #i1jjj ye>s = ! developm5t ( ! ,aurignacian & ,solutrean indu/ries 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,,introduction4 ,,indu/rial ,,& ,,arti/ic ,,developm5t ,well z ?is culture is kn[n1 its orig9 is obscur$ by ! fact t x %[s little or no connection ) ! prec$+ ,solutrean indu/ry1 :i*1 z we h not$ 7p4 #cca71 seems l a te*nical invasion 9 ! hi/ory ( we/]n ,europe & n an inh]5t "p ( ! ma9 l9e ( cultural developm5t4 ,?us ,breuil7#a7 obs]ves t x appe>s z if ! fundam5tal elem5ts ( ! sup]ior ,aurignacian culture _h contribut$ by "s unkn[n r\te to con/itute ! k]nel ( ! ,magdal5ian civilization :ile ! ,solutrean episode 0 go+ on else:]e4 ,aga91 e>ly ,magdal5ian art be>s /rik+ resemblances to ! sup]ior ,aurignacian art ( ! ,pyr5ees1 especially ! p>ietal art1 z %[n by comp>+ ! ,aurignacian engrav+s ( ,g>gas ) ! e>ly ,magdal5ian ( ,comb>elles4 ,moreov]1 ! same au?or obs]ves t1 if !re is "o c]ta9 prehi/oric fact1 x is t ! fir/ ,magdal5ian culture 0 n evolv$ f ! ,solutrean--t ^! ,magdal5ians 7 newcom]s 9 we/]n ,france1 z unskilful 9 ! art ( %ap+ & ret\*+ fl9ts z _! pr$ecessors 7 skill$4 ,anci5t ,magdal5ian he>?s are f\nd 9 _m localities close to ! levels ( ! upp] ,solutrean indu/ries ) _! %\ld]$ spe> po9ts 7po9tes cran7 & highly p]fect$ fl9t "w4 ,yet ! ,magdal5ians %[ a radical dep>ture f ! ,solutrean type ( fl9t work+2 bo? 9 ,dordogne 7,laug]ie ,haute & ,laussel7 & 9 ,*>5te 7,plac>d7 ! spl9t]s ( fl9t are massive1 heavy1 badly select$1 (t5 ( poor quality1 & poorly ret\*$1 sometimes almo/ 9 an ,eoli?ic mann]2 at ! same "t1 ! *ance fl9ts1 t is1 ! pi]c]s & grav+-tools made f spl9t]s ( any accid5tal %ape1 are abundant4 ,to ^! p fl9t implem5ts appe> to be altoge!r ( second>y importance2 al?\gh ! fl9ts are v num]\s1 !y are n f9i%$ ) any ( ! p]fection ( ! ,solutrean te*nique2 ! laurel-leaf spe> head & %\ld]$ d>t head h disappe>$ entirely1 b a great v>iety ( small] grav+ & *as+ =ms are employ$ = fa%ion+ ! implem5ts ( bone & horn4 ,:at a contra/ to ! beautiful fl9ts s f9ely ret\*$ & ( su* c>efully select$ mat]ials1 f\nd 9 ! v same /ations 9 middle & upp] ,solutrean lay]s6 ,?us ,breuil1 always pr$ispos$ to believe 9 an invasion ( culture r ?an 9 an auto*?on\s developm5t1 favors ! !ory ( ea/]n orig9 = ! ,magdal5ian indu/ry1 because ?is is n want+ ei!r 9 ,au/ria or 9 ,pol&2 two sites ( anci5t ,magdal5ian indu/ry h be5 f\nd by ,ob]mai] 9 ! 'loess' /ations ( ,au/ria1 :ile 9 ,russian ,pol& ! grotto ( ,maszycka1 ne> ,ojc[1 exhibits work+s 9 bone resembl+ ^? f\nd at ! grotto ( ,plac>d1 ,*>5te1 9 ! lay]s directly succe$+ ! base ( ! ,magdal5ian4 ,! fact t ne> ! ,ural ,m\nta9s !re has also be5 f\nd a peculi> ,magdal5ian culture1 ! orig9 ( :i* is n we/]n1 incl9es u to believe t ! ,magdal5ian culture ext5d$ f ! ea/ t[>d ! we/1 & !n1 lat]1 t[>d ! ,baltic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agd4 ,"o ( ! l>ge bison draw+s 9 ! cav]n ( ,niaux1 on ! ,arige1 %[+ ! suppos$ spe> or arr[ heads ) %afts on its side4 ,! arti/'s te*nique consi/s ( an outl9e incis$ ) fl9t foll[$ by a pa9t$ outl9e 9 black manganese giv+ high relief4 ,aft] ,c>tailhac & ,breuil4 ,greatly r$uc$4 ,?is !ory ( ! ea/]n orig9 ( ! ,magdal5ian indu/ry has1 h[ev]1 to face1 fir/1 ! v /rong c\nt]-evid5ce ( ! close aff9ity betwe5 ,aurignacian & ,magdal5ian art1 :i* ,breuil himself has done ! mo/ to demon/rate2 second1 ! physical1 m5tal1 & especially ! arti/ic unity ( ! ,cr-,magnon race 9 ,aurignacian & ,magdal5ian times4 ,! rec5t discov]y ( two ,cr-,magnon skeletons toge!r ) two c>v$ bone implem5ts ( ,magdal5ian type1 at ,ob]cassel1 on ! ,rh9e1 l9ks ! art ) ?is race & ) no o!r1 because1 z we rem>k$ above1 an arti/ic in/9ct & ability _c be pass$ f "o race to ano!r l ! te*nique ( a h&icraft4 ,breuil7#b7 himself has positively /at$ t ! :ole ,upp] ,paloli?ic art developm5t ( ,europe 0 ! "w ( "o race3 if s1 ?is race c be no o!r ?an ! ,cr-,magnon4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 rev]t to ! explanation (f]$ 9 a prec$+ *apt]1 t ! ,solutrean te*nique 0 an intrusion or an invasion ei!r br\ght 9 by ano!r race or acquir$ f ! craftsm5 ( "s ea/]ly race1 p]haps t ( ,brnn1 ,brx1 & ,pedmo/4 ,:y ! art ( fa%ion+ ^! p]fect ,solutrean spe>1 d>t1 & arr[ heads 0 lo/ is v difficult to expla91 because !y appe> to be ! mo/ effective implem5ts ( w> & ( ! *ase :i* 7 ev] develop$ by ,paloli?ic workm54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #age4 ,decorat$ sagaies1 or javel9 po9ts1 ( bone2 po9t$ at "o end & bevell$ at ! o!r = ! atta*m5t ( a %aft4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,x is possible1 al?\gh n probable1 t ! b[ 0 introduc$ at ?is "t & t a less p]fect fl9t po9t1 fa/5$ to a %aft l an arr[-head & project$ ) great velocity & accuracy1 prov$ to be f> m effective ?an ! spe>4 ,! bison 9 ! cav]n ( ,niaux %[ sev]al b>b$ po9ts adh]+ to ! sides1 & ! symbol ( ! fl*e appe>s on ! sides ( _m ( ! bison1 cattle1 & o!r animals ( ! *ase 9 ,magdal5ian draw+s4 ,f ^! draw+s & symbols x w\ld appe> t b>b$ weapons ( "s k9d 7 us$ 9 ! *ase1 b no b>b$ fl9ts occur at any "t 9 ! ,paloli?ic1 nor has any trace be5 f\nd ( bone b>b$ arr[-heads or any direct evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! b[4 ,9 comp5sation = ! decl9e ( fl9t is ! rapid developm5t ( bone implem5ts1 ! mo/ di/9ctive feature ( ,magdal5ian indu/ry4 ,9 ! late ,solutrean we h not$ ! occasional appe>ance ( ! bone javel9 po9ts 7sagaies7 ) _! decorative motifs2 ^! become mu* m frequ5t 9 ,magdal5ian times4 ,!y occur 9 ! mo/ anci5t ,magdal5ian levels ( ! grotto ( ,plac>d1 ,*>5te1 :i* are prior ev5 to ! appe>ance ( prototypes ( ! h>poon1 ! evolution ( :i* cle>ly m>ks (f ! e>ly1 middle1 & late divisions ( ,magdal5ian times4 ,^! primitive javel9s1 decorat$ 9 a *>act]i/ic fa%ion1 are f\nd 9 ,pol&1 at ! grotto ( ,kessl]lo* & o!r places 9 ,switz]l&1 at _m /ations 9 ,dordogne & ! region ( ! ,pyr5ees 9 s\!rn ,france1 & 9 ! ,cantabrian ,m\nta9s ( nor!rn ,spa94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agf4 ,head ( ! =e/ or ( ! /eppe horse engrav$ on a fragm5t ( bone1 f ! ,grotte du ,pape1 ,brassemp\y4 ,aft] ,piette4 ,x is only above ! levels :]e e>ly types ( ^! javel9 po9ts occur t ! rudim5t>y h>poons ( ! typical e>ly ,magdal5ian are f\nd4 ,! discov]y ( ! bone h>poon z a means ( cat*+ fi% m>ks an important addition to ! food supply1 :i* 0 app>5tly foll[$ by a decl9e 9 ! *ase4 ,lat]1 to ! javel91 lance1 & h>poon is add$ ! d>t-?r[] 7propulseur71 :i* gradually spreads all ov] we/]n ,europe1 :]e also ! evolution ( ^! bone implem5ts & ( ! decoration ) :i* !y are ri*ly adorn$ enables ! tra9$ ar*ologi/ to e/abli% correspond+ subdivisions ( ,magdal5ian "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agg4 ,poly*rome wall-pa9t+ ( a wolf f ! cav]n ( ,font-de-,gaume4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,f ! uni=m "* ( ,paloli?ic art 9 its highe/ =ms ( engrav+1 pa9t+1 & animal sculpture we may inf] ! probable unity ( ! ,cr-,magnon race1 especially ?r\gh\t we/]n ,europe4 ,dur+ ,magdal5ian times v>i\s bran*es ( art rea*$ _! highe/ po9t & 7 ! culm9ation ( a movem5t begun 9 ! e>ly ,aurignacian4 ,! arti/1 ^: life br\ght him into close t\* ) nature & :o evid5tly foll[$ ! movem5ts bo? ( ! individual animals & ( ! h]ds = h\rs at a "t1 has r5d]$ 8 obs]vations 9 ! mo/ reali/ic mann]4 ,among ! animals repres5t$ are ! bison1 mammo?1 wild horse1 re9de]1 wild cattle1 de]1 & rh9oc]os2 less frequ5t are repres5tations ( ! ibex1 wolf1 & wild bo>1 & !re are comp>atively few repres5tations ( fi%es or ( any =m ( plant life2 ! nobl] bea/s ( prey1 su* z ! lion & ! be>1 are (t5 repres5t$1 b !re are no figures ( ! skulk+ hyna1 :i* at t "t 0 a r>e if n almo/ ext9ct animal4 ,:ile _m figures are ( real arti/ic wor? & rea* a high level1 o!rs are m or less crude attempts2 ! composition ( figures or ( gr\ps ( animals is r>ely und]tak54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agh4 ,crude sculpture ( ! ibex1 f ! ,magdal5ian deposit at ,mas d',azil on ! "r bank ( ! ,arize4 ,aft] ,piette4 ,a little less ?an actual size4 ,! arti/ic s5se ( ^! p is also manife/ 9 ! decoration ( _! h\sehold ut5sils & weapons ( ! *ase4 ,"h ! small] animals ( ! *ase1 ! saiga1 ! ibex1 & ! *amois1 are execut$ ) a sure h&4 ,sculpture ( animal =ms 9 ! l>ge1 :i* beg9s 9 ,solutrean times1 is cont9u$ & rea*es its highe/ po9t 9 ! e>ly ,magdal5ian4 ,at ?is p]iod ! use ( sculpture z a means ( decoration arises & ext5ds into ! middle & late ,magdal5ian4 ,^! latt] divisions are also di/+ui%$ by ! reappe>ance ( human figur9es1 nude1 l ! ,aurignacian1 & occasionally some:at m sl5d]4 ,?us x w\ld appe> t ! arti/ic _s1 m or less dormant 9 ,solutrean times1 0 reviv$4 ,9 ! v>iety ( indu/ries we f9d evid5ces ( a race end[$ ) closely obs]vant & creative m9ds1 9 :i* ! two *ief motives ( life seem to h be5 ! *ase & ! pursuit ( art4 ,! ,magdal5ian fl9ts are fa%ion$ 9 a some:at diff]5t mann] f ! ,solutrean3 long1 sl5d] flakes or 'blades' ) little or no ret\* are frequ5t1 & 9 o!r implem5ts ! "w is app>5tly c>ri$ only to a po9t :]e ! fl9t w s]ve its purpose4 ,no attempt is made to atta9 p]fect symmetry4 ,?us ! old te*nical impulse ( ! fl9t indu/ry seems to be f> less ?an t among ! mak]s ( ! ,solutrean fl9ts1 :ile a new te*nical impulse manife/s itself 9 sev]al bran*es ( art3 arms & ut5sils are c>v$ 9 ivory1 re9de] horn & bone1 & sculpture & engrav+ on bone & ivory are greatly develop$4 ,we f9d t ^! p are beg9n+ to utilize ! walls ( d>k1 my/]i\s cav]ns = _! draw+s & pa9t+s1 :i* %[ deep appreciation = ! p]fection ( ! animal =m1 depict$ by !m 9 mo/ lifelike attitudes4 ,we may inf] t !re 0 a tribal organization1 & x has be5 sugge/$ t c]ta9 unexpla9$ implem5ts ( re9de] horn1 (t5 beautifully c>v$ & kn[n z 'btons de comm&em5t1' 7 insignia ( au?ority borne by ! *iefta9s4 ,!re c be little d\bt t su* div]sities ( temp]am5t1 ( tal5t1 & ( pr$isposition z obta9 to-day also prevail$ !n1 & t !y t5d$ to diff]5tiate society into *iefta9s1 prie/s1 & m$ic9e-m51 hunt]s ( l>ge game & fi%]m51 fa%ion]s ( fl9ts & dress]s ( hides1 mak]s ( clo?+ & footwe>1 mak]s ( ornam5ts1 engrav]s1 sculptors 9 wood1 bone1 ivory1 & /one1 & arti/s ) color & bru%4 ,9 _! arti/ic "w1 at lea/1 ^! p 7 animat$ ) a compell+ s5se ( tru?1 & we _c d5y !m a /rong appreciation ( beauty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,vii4 ,cr-,magnon man 9 ! cav]n ( ,font-de-,gaume1 ,dordogne1 re/or$ 9 ! act ( draw+ ! outl9es ( "o ( ! bisons on ! wall ( ! ,gal]ie des ,fresques4 ,drawn "u ! direction ( ! au?or by ,*>les ,r4 ,knight4 ,x is probable t a s5se ( wond] 9 ! face ( ! p[]s ( nature 0 connect$ ) ! developm5t ( a religi\s s5tim5t4 ,h[ f> _! arti/ic "w 9 ! cav]ns 0 an expression ( su* s5tim5t & h[ f> x 0 ! outcome ( a purely arti/ic impulse are matt]s = v c>eful /udy4 ,und\bt$ly ! inquisitive s5se :i* l$ !m into ! deep & dang]\s recesses ( ! cav]ns 0 accompani$ by an increas$ s5se ( awe & possibly by a s5tim5t :i* we may reg>d z m or less religi\s4 ,we may dwell = a mom5t on ?is v int]e/+ problem ( ! orig9 ( religion dur+ ! ,old ,/one ,age1 s t ! read] may judge = himself 9 connection ) ! ensu+ acc\nts ( ,magdal5ian art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agi4 ,decorat$ btons de comm&em5t c>v$ f re9de] horn ) a l>ge p]=ation opposite ! br[ t9e4 ,aft] ,l>tet & ,*ri/y4 ,! religi\s ph5om5on1 obs]ves ,james17#c7 has %[n itself to consi/ ev]y:]e1 & 9 all its /ages1 9 ! consci\sness :i* individuals h ( an int]c\rse betwe5 !mselves & high] p[]s ) :i* !y feel !mselves to be relat$4 ,?is int]c\rse is realiz$ at ! "t z be+ bo? active & mutual4444 ,! gods believ$ 9--:e!r by crude savages or by m5 discipl9$ intellectually--agree ) ea* o!r 9 recogniz+ p]sonal calls4444 ,to co]ce ! spiritual p[]s1 or to squ>e !m & get !m on our side1 01 dur+ enorm\s tracts ( "t1 ! "o great object 9 our deal+s ) ! natural _w4 ,! /udy ( ?is race1 9 our op9ion1 w\ld sugge/ a /ill e>li] phase 9 ! developm5t ( religi\s ?\ght ?an t consid]$ by ,james1 namely1 a phase 9 :i* ! wond]s ( nature 9 _! v>i\s manife/ations beg9 to ar\se 9 ! primitive m9d a desire = an explanation ( ^! ph5om5a1 & 9 :i* x is attempt$ to seek su* cause 9 "s vague sup]natural p[] und]ly+ ^! o!rwise unacc\ntable occurr5ces1 a cause to :i* ! primitive human _s comm5ces to make its appeal4 ,accord+ to c]ta9 an?ropologi/s1,,au ?is wond]-work+ =ce may ei!r be p]sonal1 l ! gods ( ,hom]1 or imp]sonal1 l ! ,mana ( ! ,melanesian1 or ! ,manit\ ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian4 ,x may impress an individual :5 he is 9 a prop] frame ( m9d1 & ?r\gh magic or propitiation may be br\ght into relation ) 8 individual ends4 ,magic & religion jo9tly belong to ! sup]natural z oppos$ to ! e-day _w ( ! savage4 ,we h already se5 evid5ce f ! burials t ^! p app>5tly believ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! bodies ( ! dead = a future exi/5ce4 ,h[ f> ^! beliefs & ! votive s5se ( propitiation = protection & success 9 ! *ase are indicat$ by ! art ( ! cav]ns is to be judg$ 9 connection ) _! entire life & productive ef=t1 ) _! burials associat$ ) (f]+s ( implem5ts & articles ( food1 & ) _! art4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,climatic ,,cycles ,,( ,,magdal5ian ,,times ,! culture ( ! ,cr-,magnons 0 d\btless influ5c$ by ! *ang+ climatic conditions ( ,magdal5ian times1 :i* 7 q v>i$1 s t we may trace ?ree p>allel l9es ( developm5t3 t ( environm5t1 z indicat$ by ! climate & ! =ms ( animal life1 t ( indu/ry1 & t ( art4 ,! entire climatic1 life1 & indu/rial cycle ( :i* ! ,magdal5ian m>ks ! conclusion has be5 pres5t$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv 7p4 #bha74 ,aft] a v long p]iod ( cold & some:at arid climate foll[+ ! f\r? glaciation1 x w\ld appe> t we/]n ,europe 9 e>ly ,magdal5ian times aga9 exp]i5c$ a /age ( increas+ cold & moi/ure accompani$ by ! r5ew$ advance ( ! glaci]s 9 ! ,alp9e region1 9 ,sc&9avia1 & 9 ,great ,brita94 ,?is is kn[n z ! ,bhl /age 9 ! ,alps1 9 :i* ! sn[-l9e desc5d$ #b1gjj feet bel[ its pres5t level & ! great glaci]s ?ru/ d[n along ! s\!rly bord]s ( ,lake ,luc]ne a s]ies ( new mora9es di/9ctly ov]ly+ ^? ( ! f\r? glaciation4 ,ano!r indication ( ! l[]$ temp]ature & increas$ moi/ure 9 ! same geographic region is f\nd 9 ! return ( ! arctic lemm+s f ! nor!rn tundras2 ^! migrants h left _! rema9s 9 sev]al ( ! l>ge grottos nor? ( ! ,alps1 especially 9 ,s*weiz]sbild & ,kessl]lo*1 compos+ :at is kn[n z ! ,upp] ,rod5t ,lay]1 ) :i* are associat$ ! implem5ts & art objects ( ! e>ly ,magdal5ian culture /age4 ,we h adopt$ ! m9imum e/imate ( #be1jjj ye>s s9ce ! f\r? glaciation1 b ,heim7#d7 has e/imat$ t ! mu* m rec5t prehi/oric ev5t ( ! advance ( ?is m9or ,bhl glaciation began at lea/ #bd1jjj ye>s ago1 t x ext5d$ ov] a v long p]iod ( "t1 & t ! ,bhl mora9es 9 ,lake ,luc]ne are at lea/ #af1jjj ye>s ( age4 ,! ?ree climatic *anges ( ,magdal5ian times are !re=e z foll[s3 ,fir/1 ! ,bhl ,po/glacial ,/age 9 ! ,alps1 :i* corresponds ) :at ,geikie has nam$ ! ,fif? ,glacial ,epo*1 or ,l[] ,turb>ian1 9 ,scotl&2 = he believes t a relapse to cold conditions 9 nor!rn ,brita9 0 accompani$ by a p>tial subsid5ce ( ! coa/ l&s1 t sn[-fields aga9 appe>$1 t consid]able glaci]s desc5d$ ! m\nta9 valleys1 & ev5 rea*$ ! sea4 ,at ?is "t ! arctic alp9e flora ( ,scotl& also desc5d$ to )9 #aej feet ( ! sea-level4 ,! result ( ?is r5ew$ or fif? glaciation 9 we/]n ,europe 0 ! adv5t ( ! great wave ( tundra life & ! desc5t to ! pla9s ( all ! =ms ( ,alp9e life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahj4 ,correlation ( ! ,po/glacial climatic *anges ) ! f\r /ages ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic culture3 ! ,aurignacian co9cid5t ) ! f9al retreat ( ! f\r? glaciation2 ! ,solutrean co9cid5t ) ! int]val prec$+ ! ,bhl advance2 ! ,magdal5ian co9cid5t ) ! ,bhl & ,gs*nitz ,po/glacial advances2 & ! ,azilian co9cid5t ) ! ,daun or ?ird ,po/glacial advance4 7,comp>e ,fig4 #ad47 ,second1 x w\ld appe> t 9 middle ,magdal5ian times1 aft] ! ,bhl advance1 !re occurr$ a tempor>y retreat ( ! ice-fields1 & t dur+ ?is p]iod ! full tide ( life f ! /eppes ( we/]n ,asia & ea/]n ,europe = ! fir/ "t spread ov] we/]n ,europe1 includ+ especially su* animals z ! j]boa & ! saiga antelope1 ! dw>f pika & /eppe ham/]4 ,correlation is v haz>d\s1 b ?is ice retreat may correspond ) ! ,upp] ,=e/ian1 or ,fif? ,int]glacial ,/age 9 ,scotl&1 describ$ by ,geikie1 ! /age :i* he m5tions z m>k$ by ! elevation ( ! ,scotti% coa/ ) ! retreat ( ! sea beyond ! pres5t coa/-l9es2 geographic *anges :i* 7 accompani$ by ! disappe>ance ( p]5nial sn[ & ice1 & ! return ( m g5ial conditions4 ,! tundra fauna /ill prevail$2 su* a typical arctic animal z ! musk-ox w&]$ z f> s\? z ,dordogne & ! ,pyr5ees1 & became "o ( ! objects ( ! *ase4 ,dur+ :at is kn[n z ! middle or 'full ,magdal5ian' ! tundra1 /eppe1 alp9e1 =e/1 & mead[ faun spread ov] ! pla9s & valleys ?r\gh\t we/]n ,europe4 ,?ird1 ! second ,po/glacial advance1 kn[n z ! ,gs*nitz /age 9 ! ,alp9e region1 appe>s to h be5 contemporane\s ) ! clos+ p]iod ( ,magdal5ian culture4 ,?is 0 ! la/ great ef=t ( ! ice-fields to conqu] we/]n ,europe1 & 9 ! ,alp9e region ! sn[-l9e desc5d$ #a1hjj feet bel[ ! pres5t levels2 x m>k$ ! clos+ /age ( ! long cold climatic p]iod t _h favor$ ! pres5ce ( ! re9de]1 ! woolly mammo?1 & ! woolly rh9oc]os 9 we/]n ,europe1 z well z ! close ( ! ',re9de] ,epo*' ( ,l>tet4 ,aga91 9 ! nor? ( ,brita9 ,geikie obs]ves an ,upp] ,turb>ian or ,six? ,glacial ,epo*1 accompani$ by a p>tial subsid5ce ( ! ,scotti% coa/1 & ! return ( a cold & wet climate2 !re is evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( sn[ glaci]s ^u ! high m\nta9s only4 ,! ,gs*nitz /age m>ks ! end ( glacial conditions 9 ,europe1 ! retreat ( ! tundra & /eppe faun1 & ! pr$om9ance ( ! =e/ & mead[ environm5t & life4 ,9 ! ,alps !re 01 h[ev]1 /ill a f9al ef=t ( ! glaci]s1 kn[n z ! ,daun /age1 :i*1 x is believ$1 broadly corresponds ) ! p]iod ( ! ,azilian-,t>d5oisian indu/ry1 & a climatic condition 9 ,europe favorable to ! spread ( ! ,eurasiatic =e/ & mead[ life4 ,! key to ?is great prehi/oric *ronology is f\nd 9 palontology4 ,! arctic tundra rod5ts especially are ! mo/ invaluable timekeep]s2 accord+ to ,s*midt7#e7 !re is no d\bt :atev] t ! ,upp] ,rod5t ,lay]1 compos$ ( ! animals ( ! second invasion f ! arctic tundras1 corresponds1 on ! "o h&1 ) ! beg9n+ ( ! ,magdal5ian indu/ry &1 on ! o!r1 ) ! r5ew$ glacial advance 9 ! ,alp9e region1 kn[n z ! ,bhl /age1 & probably also ) t 9 ! nor?4 ,! ,upp] ,rod5t ,lay] ( ,magdal5ian times is f\nd 9 ! rem>kably complete succession ( deposits at ! /ations ( ,s*weiz]sbild & ,kessl]lo*1 :i* are m rec5t 9 "t ?an ! 'l[ t]races' bord]+ ! neighbor+ ,riv] ,rh9e4 ,! fossil animals prove t aft] ! extreme cold ( e>ly ,magdal5ian times ! tundra fauna gradually gave way to a wide-spread /eppe fauna4 ,along ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube ! b&$ lemm+s become less frequ5t2 ! j]boas1 ham/]s1 & susliks ( ! /eppes become m abundant4 ,exactly simil> *anges are obs]v$ 9 ,dordogne4 ,9 ,longu]o*e1 on ! ,vzre1 !re occur = ! fir/ "t 9 we/]n ,europe great numb]s ( rabbits 7,lepus cuniculus72 num]\s h>es 7,lepus timidus7 are also obs]v$ at ! type /ation ( ,la ,madele9e1 especially 9 ! upp]mo/ & l[]mo/ culture lay]s4 ,^! small rabbits probably came f ! ,m$it]ranean region & d5ote a slight elevation ( temp]ature4 ,b x is only 9 ! v highe/ ,magdal5ian lay]s t ! animal life ( we/]n ,europe beg9s to approa* t ( rec5t times1 namely1 t ( ! prehi/oric =e/ & mead[ faun4 ,,mammalian ,,life ,,( ,,magdal5ian ,,times ,?us x is v important to keep 9 m9d t dur+ ,magdal5ian times !re 7 bo? cold & moi/ p]iods favorable to tundra life & cold & arid p]iods favorable to /eppe life4 ,9 ! latt] 7 deposit$ ! %eets ( 'upp] loess4' ,! mammalian life ( ,magdal5ian times is ( int]e/ n only 9 connection ) ! climate & environm5t ( ! ,cr-,magnon race1 b ) ! developm5t ( _! indu/ry & especially ( _! art4 ,x is notewor?y t ! impos+ =ms ( animal life1 ! mammo? among ! tundra fauna & ! bison among ! mead[ fauna1 made a v /rong impression & 7 ! favorite subjects ( ! draftsm5 & colori/s2 b ! eye 0 also susceptible to ! beauty ( ! re9de]1 ! /ag1 & ! horse & to ! grace ( ! *amois4 ,! arti/s & sculptors h pres]v$ ! ext]nal appe>ance ( m ?an ?irty =ms ( ?is wond]ful mammalian assemblage1 :i* accord exactly ) ! fossil records pres]v$ 9 ! fire-he>?s ( ! grottos & %elt]s1 & ) ! deposits assembl$ by bea/s & birds ( prey 9 ! un9habit$ cav]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aha4 ,re9de] ) outl9es fir/ engrav$ & !n retrac$ ) heavy l9es ( black manganese f9ely f9i%$ ) a wa% ( gray tone1 f ! ,gal]ie des ,fresques at ,font-de-,gaume4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,no arti/s h ev] _h be=e !m at ! same "t & 9 ! same c\ntry su* a wond]ful panorama ( animal life z t obs]v$ by ! ,cr-,magnons4 ,_! repres5tations 9 draw+1 engrav+1 pa9t+1 & sculpture af=d u a view ( a great "p ( ! life ( ! p]iod1 includ+ its cont+5t ( =ms f ! tundras1 /eppes1 ,alp9e summits1 & ,eurasiatic =e/s & mead[s1 & ! "o surviv+ memb] ( ! ,asiatic fauna1 ! lion4 ,! pa9t+s & draw+s ( ,dordogne *iefly repres5t ! mammo?1 re9de]1 rh9oc]os1 bison1 horses1 wild cattle1 r$ de]1 ibex1 lion1 & be>4 ,! cav]ns ( ! ,pyr5ees ( s\!rn ,france pres5t *iefly bison1 horses1 de]1 wild cattle1 ibex1 & *amois2 ! re9de] & mammo? are relatively r>e1 & 9 "s cases entirely want+ 9 ! p>ietal art2 ?is is s+ul> because 9 ! ,pyr5ees ! re9de] con/itut$ ! pr9cipal food ( ! au?ors ( ! draw+s & frescos4 ,9 ! caves ( ! ,cantabrian ,m\nta9s repres5tations ( ! re9de] are entirely abs5t1 :ile ! doe & /ag ( ! r$ de] are frequ5tly pictur$2 !re are only a few repres5tations ( ! mammo? & "o ( ! cave-be>4 ,9 ! draw+s ( ea/]n ,spa9 de] & wild cattle are abundantly repres5t$1 & !re is und\bt$ly a repres5tation ( ! moose at ,alp]a4 ,favorite ,art ,subjects ,,tundra ,,life4 ,mammo?4 ,woolly rh9oc]os4 ,re9de]4 ,musk-ox4 ,,/eppe ,,life4 ,/eppe horse4 ,saiga antelope4 ,wild ass1 kiang4 ,,asiatic ,,life4 ,lion4 ,des]t horse4 ,,alp9e ,,life4 ,ibex4 ,*amois4 ,,mead[ ,,life4 ,bison4 ,wild cattle4 ,,=e/ ,,life4 ,r$ de]1 /ag4 ,=e/ horse4 ,cave-be>4 ,wolf4 ,fox4 ,wild bo>4 ,moose4 ,fall[ de]4 ,,sea ,,life4 ,seal4 ,,reptiles1 ,,birds1 ,,fi%es4 7,r>ely depict$47 ,z reg>ds ! s\rces ( ?is great fauna1 we h obs]v$ t 9 late ,aurignacian & ,solutrean times1 at ,pedmo/1 ,moravia1 & else:]e1 ! /eppe fauna 0 n ri*ly repres5t$ 9 we/]n ,europe1 = x includ$ only ! /eppe horse & ! wild ,asiatic ass or kiang2 t ! contempor>y tundra fauna lack$ two ( ! small] b mo/ *>act]i/ic =ms1 ! b&$ & ! ,obi lemm+s1 al?\gh all ( ! l>ge tundra =ms 7 /ill wide-spread & freely int]m+l$ ) ! =e/ & mead[ life2 & t prey+ ^u ^! h]bivor\s mammals 7 ! surviv+ ,asiatic lions & hynas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahb4 ,mod]n desc5dants ( ! f\r pr9cipal types ( ! horse family :i* roam$ ov] we/]n ,europe 9 ,upp] ,paloli?ic times3 7,a7 ! plateau1 des]t1 or ,celtic horse1 7,b7 ! /eppe or ,przewalski horse1 7,c7 ! =e/ or ,nordic horse1 & 7,d7 ! kiang or wild ass ( ! ,asiatic /eppes4 ,! successive faunal phases ( ,magdal5ian times1 beg9n+ ) ! e>ly cold & moi/ or tundra p]iod1 h be5 det]m9$ ) wond]ful precision by ,s*midt f ! animal rema9s f\nd associat$ ) ! l[]1 middle1 & upp] ,magdal5ian cultures 9 ! grotto & cav]n deposits ( nor!rn ,switz]l&1 ( ! upp] ,rh9e1 & ( ! upp] ,danube4 ,?is region 0 lack+ 9 "s ( ! *>act]i/ic animals se5 9 ,dordogne1 yet ^! invaluable records %[ t ?r\gh\t ! entire p]iod ( ,magdal5ian times1 probably ext5d+ ov] "s ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ! =e/s1 mead[s1 & riv] bord]s ( we/]n ,europe ma9ta9$ ! entire exi/+1 or r prehi/oric1 =e/ & mead[ faun4 ,! royal /ag1 or r$ de] 7,c]vus elaphus71 0 no long] accompani$ by ! giant de] 7,megac]os71 :i* app>5tly left ?is region ( ,europe 9 ,aurignacian times1 b ! m>al or ,p]sian de] 7,c]vus m>al7 occasionally appe>s2 bo? ! /ag & ! roe-de] 7,capreolus7 7 especially abundant 9 s\?we/]n ,europe & ! ,cantabrian ,m\nta9s ( nor!rn ,spa91 :]e ! /ag became ! favorite subject ( ! ,magdal5ian arti/s at ! same "t t ! re9de] 0 ! favorite subject 9 ! region ( ,dordogne4 ,9 ! =e/s 7 also ! br[n be>1 ! lynx1 ! badg]1 ! m>t51 & 9 ! /reams ! beav]2 tree squirrels 7,sciurus vulg>is7 appe> = ! fir/ "t2 & 9 ,dordogne rabbits & h>es become num]\s4 ,among birds we obs]ve ! gr\se & ! rav54 ,! wild bo> 7,sus scr(a f]us7 0 occasionally f\nd 9 ! region ( ! ,danube & ! ,rh9e1 b ab\nd$ 9 s\?we/]n ,europe & ! ,pyr5ees4 ,! two dom9ant =ms ( mead[ life surviv+ f ! e>lie/ ,plei/oc5e times1 & widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ,magdal5ian are ! bison 7,b4 priscus7 & ! wild cattle 7,bos primig5ius72 ( ^! animals ! bison appe>s to h be5 ! m h>dy1 & seek+ a m nor!rly range1 :ile ! urus 0 extremely abundant 9 s\?we/]n ,france & ! ,pyr5ees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahc4 ,! des]t or ,celtic horse1 ) delicate head1 long1 sl5d] limbs1 & %ort back1 f a pa9t+ on ! ceil+ ( ,altamira1 9 nor!rn ,spa94 ,! horse is pa9t$ 9 r$ o*re ) black manganese outl9es4 ,! eye1 e>1 m\?1 no/rils1 & *9 are c>efully engrav$4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,9 connection ) art1 ! maje/ic =m ( ! bison seem$ to /rike ! fancy ( ! arti/ m ?an ! less-impos+ outl9es ( ! wild cattle2 !re are p]haps fifty draw+s ( ! bison to "o ( ! ,bos4 ,among ! =e/ & mead[ life1 n recogniz$ 9 ! fossil rema9s1 b cle>ly di/+ui%$ 9 ! "w ( ! arti/s1 are two types ( horses1 ! =e/ or ,nordic horse1 relat$ to ! nor!rn or draught horse1 & ! dim9utive plateau or des]t horse 7,e4 caballus celticus7 relat$ to ! ,arab4 ,) ! =e/ life %\ld also be numb]$ ! cave be> 7,ursus spelu7 ( s\?we/]n ,europe & ! moose 7,alces71 indicat$ by ! arti/s ( ,aurignacian times z pres5t 9 ! ,cantabrian ,pyr5ees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahd4 ,heads ( f\r *amois engrav$ on a fragm5t ( re9de] horn1 f ! grotto ( ,g\rdan1 ,haute-,g>onne4 ,aft] ,piette4 ,x is ! above entire ,eurasiatic =e/ & mead[ fauna :i* surviv$ all ! climatic vicissitudes ( ,plei/oc5e "t1 & :i* alone rema9$ 9 we/]n ,europe to ! v close ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic culture1 & into ! p]iod ( ! arrival ( ! ,neoli?ic race4 ,! desc5t ( ! ,european & ,asiatic alp9e types ( mammals to ! l[] hills & valleys is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ episodes ( ,magdal5ian times4 ,! argali %eep 7,ovis argaloides7 ( we/]n ,asia _h already appe>$ 9 ! upp] ,danubian region dur+ ! ,aurignacian2 x is replac$ 9 ,magdal5ian times by ! ibex 7,ibex priscus71 & by ! *amois1 :i* desc5d$ along ! nor!rn slopes ( ! ,alps & ( ! ,pyr5ees1 & became numb]$ among ! mo/ highly favor$ subjects ( ! ,magdal5ian arti/s1 especially 9 ! mobile art ( ivory & bone1 & 9 ! decoration ( _! spe> ?r[]s & btons de comm&em5t4 ,f ! m\nta9s also come ! pikas or tailless h>es 7,lagomys pusillus71 ! alp9e m>mot 7,arctomys m>motta71 ! alp9e vole 7,arvicola nivalis71 & ! alp9e pt>migan 7,lagopus alp9us74 ,,! ,,tundra ,,climate ,,( ,,e>ly ,,magdal5ian ,,times ,9 ! fir/ cold moi/ p]iod ! full wave ( arctic tundra life appe>$ 9 ! :ole region betwe5 ! ,alp9e & ,sc&9avian glaci]s dur+ ! r5ew$ desc5t ( ! ice-fields2 ?is 0 ! tundra /age ( e>ly ,magdal5ian times1 accompany+ ! ,bhl advance4 ,at ! /ations ( ,?a+51 ,s*weiz]sbild1 ,ka/lhng1 & ,ni$]nau1 appe>s ! musk-ox1 toge!r ) ! woolly mammo?1 ! woolly rh9oc]os1 & ! re9de]4 ,! discov]y ( ! grotto ( ,ka/lhng1 a re9de] hunt+ /ation 9 ! ,altmhltale ( ,bav>ia7#f7 fills out :at has long be5 a gap 9 ! geographic di/ribution ( ! e>ly ,magdal5ian4 ,! pr9cipal objects ( ! *ase "h 7 ! re9de]1 ! wild horse1 ! arctic h>e1 & ! pt>migan2 ! royal /ag is v r>e1 & ! bison is want+ entirely2 a /rong arctic "* is giv5 to ! fauna by ! pres5ce ( ! b&$ lemm+1 ! arctic wolv]5e1 & ! arctic fox4 ,f ?is region ! musk-ox migrat$ f> to ! s\?we/1 rea*+ ! nor!rn slopes ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,at ! same "t ! arctic gr\se1 ! :i/l+ swan1 & o!r nor!rn birds ent]$ ! region ( ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube4 ,b ! sure/ indicators ( a cold tundra climate prevail+ dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,bhl advance are ! b&$ lemm+ 7,myodes torquatus7 & ! ,obi lemm+ 7,myodes ob5sis71 :i* are f\nd 9 ! same deposits ) ! arctic h>e1 ! re9de]1 & ! woolly mammo? mix$ ) ! implem5ts ( ! e>ly ,magdal5ian indu/ry at ! /ations ( ,sirg5/e91 ,wilds*eu]1 & ,(net along ! upp] & middle ,danube4 ,!re also appe> ! erm9e & ! arctic wolv]5e2 9 fact1 almo/ all ! *>act]i/ic =ms ( tundra life except ! pol> be>1 :i* only ent]s ! nor!rn tundras 9 ! summ] season4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahe4 ,*>act]i/ic =ms ( alp9e life1 :i* desc5d$ f ! m\nta9s or migrat$ f ! highl&s ( we/]n ,asia 9 ,aurignacian & ,magdal5ian times3 ! ibex1 ! *amois1 ! alp9e pt>migan1 ! argali %eep1 & ! 7,a7 alp9e vole1 all %[n "o-tw5ty-fif? life size2 & ! 7,a7 alp9e vole also "o-fif? life size4 ,! regions ( ! nor!rn ,alps bord]+ ! great glaci]s ( ! ,bhl & ,gs*nitz advances1 7 b>r5 /ret*es ( rock1 & ! valleys & plateaus n[ free f ice became tundras1 :]e ! swamps alt]nat$ ) pat*es ( pol> will[s & /unt$ fir-trees1 :ile o!r areas 7 cov]$ ) l[1 scrubby bir*es1 or re9de] moss & li*5s4 ,! return ( ^! h>d conditions ( life und\bt$ly ex]t$ a great influ5ce bo? ^u ! physical & m5tal developm5t ( ! ,cr-,magnon race2 x 0 at ! v p]iod :5 ! life conditions 9 we/]n ,europe 7 mo/ sev]e t ! arti/ic developm5t ( ^! p began to revive4 ,=c$ to return to ! %elt]s & grottos1 :i* c]ta9ly 7 less frequ5t$ 9 ,solutrean times1 !re 0 "t = ! developm5t ( ! imag9ation & = its expression bo? 9 ! mobile & p>ietal arts4 ,!re 0 a less vigor\s developm5t ( ! fl9t indu/ry1 & app>5tly a deg5]ation 9 physique & /ature4 ,9 ,g]many & nor!rn ,switz]l&1 on ! headwat]s ( ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube1 ! entrance & dep>ture ( ! nor!rn waves ( life are record$1 especially 9 ! grottos ( ,sirg5/e91 ,s*uss5quelle1 ,&]na*1 ,s*mie*5fels1 & ,prop/fels4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! woolly mammo? & ! woolly rh9oc]os 7 n hunt$ 9 ?is region1 = _! rema9s are n pres]v$ 9 any ( ! grottos or /ations m+l$ ) ! middle or late ,magdal5ian cultures4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d ! /eppe horse1 ! kiang1 ! /ag1 & ! re9de] v abundant inde$4 ,! bison is abs5t1 & wild cattle are v r>e2 s t ?is region is n typical ( ! mammalian life ( ,magdal5ian times z f\nd 9 ,dordogne & 9 ! ,pyr5ees4 ,! migration ( ! woolly mammo? & woolly rh9oc]os along ! ,pyr5ees & we/w>d into ! ,cantabrian ,m\nta9s1 & ! cross+ ( ! ,pyr5ees by ! re9de]1 h already be5 describ$4 ,9 ! mural frescos ( ,font-de-,gaume1 ,dordogne1 x is notewor?y t ! v late/ engrav+s are ^? ( ! mammo? sup]pos$ on ! f9e poly*romes :i* belong to ! p]iod ( middle ,magdal5ian art4 ,,! ,,dry ,,/eppe ,,climate ,,( ,,middle ,,magdal5ian ,,times ,! cold1 dry p]iod1 :5 ! full tide ( /eppe life rea*$ we/]n ,europe1 is ( some:at unc]ta9 date2 x probably began dur+ ! /age ( ! middle ,magdal5ian indu/ry & cont9u$ into ! late or high ,magdal5ian4 ,!re 0 c]ta9ly an environm5t attractive to ^! peculi> & v highly specializ$ mammals1 :i* at ! pres5t "t are neutral 9 color1 swift ( foot1 inur$ to exi/5ce on v sp>se vegetation1 & adapt$ to extremes ( heat & cold4 ,among ! small] /eppe =ms 7 ! suslik or p\*$ m>mot ( ! /eppes 7,sp]mophilus rufesc5s7 & ! /eppe ham/] 7,cricetus phu71 also ! ,sib]ian vole 7,arvicola gregalis72 /ill m *>act]i/ic 0 ! great j]boa 7,alactaga jaculus71 ) long1 spr+y h9d legs1 & ! saiga antelope 7,antilope saiga74 ,) ^! mammals appe>$ ! /eppe gr\se 7,p]dix c9]ea71 :i* is f\nd along ! ,danube 9 late ,magdal5ian /rata2 ano!r bird *>act]i/ic ( ! nor!rn /eppes & tundras is ! 'woodcock owl' 7,bra*yotus palu/ris74 ,accompany+ ^! mammals 0 und\bt$ly ! /eppe horse 7,equus przewalski71 n[ re/rict$ to ! des]t ( ,gobi2 x is said to occur 9 ! grottos ( nor!rn ,switz]l&4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! saiga antelope may h rea*$ ea/]n ,europe 9 late ,solutrean times1 = its outl9e is said to be f\nd 9 an engrav+ at ,solutr4 ,widely spread ov] ,europe 0 ! giant ,elasmo!re2 x w\ld seem v unlikely t ?is animal 0 pres5t 9 ,magdal5ian times1 = x c]ta9ly w\ld h attract$ ! att5tion ( ! arti/s4 ,nei!r h we any positive arti/ic records ( ! wild ass1 or kiang1 al?\gh c]ta9 ( ! draw+s 9 ! grottos ( ,niaux & ,m>s\las1 ( ! middle ,magdal5ian1 also ( ,alb>rac91 9 ,spa91 may be int]pret$ z repres5t+ ?is animal4 ,?us ! ,asiatic /eppe & des]t fauna1 :i* 9 ! region ( ! upp] ,rh9e & ,danube 0 re/rict$ to two species ( mammals 9 ,aurignacian & ,solutrean times1 rises to n9e or t5 species 9 middle ,magdal5ian times1 s t = ! fir/ "t dur+ ! entire ',re9de] ,epo*' ! /eppe & tundra faun are equally balanc$4 ,!re are also six or sev5 species ( birds f ! moors & upl&s ( c5tral ,asia4 ,! bird life depict$ 9 middle ,magdal5ian art includes ! pt>migan or gr\se1 ! wild swan1 geese1 & ducks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahf4 ,/eppe mammals f ! /eppes & des]ts ( ,asia1 :i* invad$ we/]n ,europe 9 ,upp] ,paloli?ic times2 ! fir/ arrivals appe>+ dur+ ! cold1 dry p]iod ( late ,a*eulean times1 becom+ m num]\s 9 ! dry p]iod ( ,aurignacian & ,solutrean times1 & completely repres5t$ 9 ,magdal5ian times4 ,! saiga antelope1 ! 7,a7 /eppe ham/]1 ! 7,b7 great j]boa1 & ! kiang1 or ,asiatic wild ass1 are all %[n "o-tw5ty-fif? life size4 ,! 7,a7 /eppe ham/] is also %[n "o-fif? life size & ! 7,b7 great j]boa "o-twelf? life size4 ,drawn by ,erw9 ,s4 ,*ri/man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahg4 ,pt>migan1 or gr\se1 c>v$ 9 re9de] horn1 f ,mas d',azil4 ,aft] ,piette4 ,! re/or$ portions 7head & feet7 are indicat$ by dott$ l9es4 ,! pres5t flora ( ! sub>ctic /eppes 9 s\!a/]n ,russia & s\?we/]n ,sib]ia includes =e/s ( p9e1 l>*1 bir*1 oak1 ald]1 & will[1 ext5d+ along ! banks ( ! riv]s & /reams & int]sp]s$ ) broad1 l[1 grassy pla9s4 ,!re are _m gradations betwe5 ! l[ & high /eppes27#g7 ! climate 9 summ] is relatively w>m1 ! temp]ature ris+ to #gj1 :ile ! av]age temp]ature 9 mid-w9t] h>dly exce$s #cj2 9 g5]al !re is a /rong contra/ betwe5 ! summ] & w9t] seasons1 ! /eppe l&s 9 summ] are practically ra9less1 s t ! s& & du/ rise ) e w9d4 ,?us1 bo? 9 summ] & w9t] s& & du/ /orms play an important rle4 ,! great sn[-/orms ( ! sub>ctic /eppes are z de/ructive z ^? ( ! m nor!rly tundras & (t5 result 9 great loss ( life4 ,num]\s discov]ies t5d to prove t simil> conditions prevail$ 9 we/]n ,europe dur+ ,magdal5ian times4 ,?us at ,*teauneuf-sur-,*>5te1 a m+l$ tundra & /eppe fauna is f\nd conta9+ ! bones ( _m "y animals :i* mu/ h p]i%$ dur+ a blizz>d4 ,x w be recall$ t 9 ?is region is ! /ation ( ,le ,plac>d ( late ,solutrean & ,magdal5ian age4 ,ne> ,wrzburg1 ,bav>ia1 !re is a fauna buri$ 9 ! 'loess' conta9+ tw5ty species ( mammals ( ! tundras & /eppes1 toge!r ) ! bison & ! urus47#h7 ,p]haps ! /ronge/ pro( ( ! ext5sion ( cold1 dry /eppe conditions ( climate is ! migration ( ! saiga antelope 7,saiga t>t>ica7 into ! ,dordogne region1 :]e x is repres5t$ bo? 9 c>v+s & engrav+s1 & into o!r p>ts ( s\?we/]n ,france1 :]e its fossil rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 ?irte5 localities 9 association ) a cold /eppe fauna4 ,9 ! same region h be5 f\nd ! rema9s ( ! musk-ox 7,ovibos71 "o ( ! mo/ di/9ctive memb]s ( ! arctic fauna4 ,,human ,,races ,,( ,,magdal5ian ,,times ,x appe>s t ! ,cr-,magnon race cont9u$ to prevail1 yet an?ropologi/s h long be5 divid$ 9 op9ion z to ! racial aff9ity ( ! m5 f\nd 9 ! ,magdal5ian indu/rial /age4 ,! mo/ fam\s burials are ^? ( ,laug]ie ,basse & ,*ancelade 9 ,dordogne1 ea* consi/+ ( skeletons ( inf]ior /ature1 n improbably belong+ to wom54 ,!y c]ta9ly repres5t a race some:at diff]5t f ! typical ,cr-,magnons ( ,aurignacian times1 z f\nd at ,cr-,magnon & 9 ,grimaldi4 ,! ar*ologi/ de ,mortillet ref]r$ bo? ^! skeletons to a new race1 ! race de ,laug]ie4 ,s*liz1 :o has mo/ rec5tly review$ ?is subject1 has1 h[ev]1 rightly treat$ all ^! p z ,cr-,magnons ( a modifi$ type4 ,! ,magdal5ian skeleton ( ,laug]ie ,basse1 f\nd by ,massnat 9 #ahgb1 0 re/+ on ! back1 ) ! limbs flex$1 & ) x 0 a necklace ( pi]c$ %ells f ! ,m$it]ranean3 ! body app>5tly _h be5 cov]$ ) a lay] ( ,magdal5ian implem5ts4 ,accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! femur1 ! individual 0 #a4fe m41 or #e feet #a in* 9 height2 ! bones 7 /rong & compact2 ! skull 0 well ar*$1 ) a /raight =ehead & a cephalic index ( #gc4b p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahh4 ,! abri ( ,laug]ie ,basse1 ,dordogne1 a fam\s ,magdal5ian /ation & burial site ( ! skeleton ( ,laug]ie ,basse4 ,?is anci5t rock %elt]1 l t ( ,cr-,magnon & _m o!rs1 %[s at ! pres5t day a clu/] ( peasants' dwell+s ar\nd its base4 ,photograph by ,belvs4 ,! s-call$ ,*ancelade skeleton 0 f\nd 9 ! %elt] ( ,raymond5 9 #ahhh1 at a dep? ( #e feet1 & 0 also 9 a fold$ position1 re/+ directly on ! rock & cov]$ ) sev]al lay]s ( artifacts ( ! lat] ,magdal5ian culture2 ! limbs 7 s tightly flex$ z to prove t !y _h be5 envelop$ 9 b&ages4 ,?is skeleton %[s a well-ar*$ skull1 a high1 wide =ehead1 & a doli*ocephalic head =m1 b ! limbs are comp>atively small1 ! height n exce$+ #a4ej m41 or ab\t #d feet #g in*es2 ! upp] arm & ?igh are %ort1 compact1 & clumsy1 & ! femur is crook$ ) comp>atively ?ick ends2 ?is skeleton is g5]ally class$ ) ! ,cr-,magnon race1 b ,klaats* consid]s t x may belong to a di/9ct type4 ,we _c disreg>d1 says ,breuil17#i7 ! anatomical *>act]s attribut$ by ,te/ut to ! man ( ,*ancelade & its resemblances to ! actual ,eskimo type2 ?is indication is 9 favor ( a new elem5t1 arriv+ p]haps f ,asiatic ,sib]ia1 b acquir+ 9 we/]n ,europe ! arti/ic culture realiz$ & cons]v$ 9 c]ta9 di/ricts by ! ,aurignacian tribes & _! d]ivatives4 ,all ( ! ,aurignacian1 ,solutrean1 & ,magdal5ian races1 h[ev]1 recall v =cibly ! race ( ,cr-,magnon1 :i* t5ds to prove t ^! trans=mations 9 culture 7 n made )\t a notable elem5t ( human cont9uity4 ,,discov]ies ,,( ,,magdal5ian ,,age ,,*iefly ,,attribut$ ,,to ,,! ,,cr-,,magnon ,,race,,av ,date ( ,discov]y ,locality ,nature ( ,rema9s ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ahfc4 ,bruniquel 7,t>n-et-,g>onne1 ,skeletal fragm5ts4 ,france74 ,burial4 #ahfd4 ,la ,madele9e 7,dordogne1 ,france74 ,skeletal fragm5ts4 #ahfi4 ,laug]ie ,basse ,i 7,dordogne1 ,skeletal fragm5ts4 ,france74 #ahga4 ,g\rdan 7,haute-,g>onne1 ,france74 ,skeletal fragm5ts4 #ahgb4 ,laug]ie ,basse ,,ii 7,dordogne1 #a skeleton4 ,burial4 ,france74 #ahgb-ahgc4,sorde 7,duru?y7 7,l&es1 ,france74#a skeleton4 ,burial4 #ahgd4 ,freud5?al 7ne> ,s*affhaus51 ,fragm5ts ( skulls ,switz]l&74 & ( pelvis4 #ahgd4 ,kessl]lo* 7ne> ,?a+51 ,switz]l&74 ,coll>-bone4 #ahhc4 ,le ,plac>d 7,*>5te1 ,france74 #h skulls1 *iefly fragm5t>y4 #ahhh4 ,*ancelade 7,raymond57 7,dordogne1#a skeleton1 almo/ ,france74 complete4 ,burial4 #ahid4 ,les ,hteaux 7,a91 ,france74 #a skeleton1 almo/ complete4 ,burial4 #aiad4 ,ob]cassel 7ne> ,bonn1 ,g]many74 #b skeletons1 male & female1 almo/ complete4 ,burial4 ,e>ly ,magdal5ian4 ,les ,eyzies 7,dordogne1 ,france74 ,skeletal fragm5ts4 ,la ,m\! 7,dordogne1 ,france74 #a too?1 #a v]tebra4 ,limeuil 7,dordogne1 ,france74 ,skull fragm5ts4 ,grotte des ,hommes 7,yonne1 #c skulls & o!r ,france74 skeletal fragm5ts4 ,brassemp\y 7,l&es1 ,france74 #b tee?4 ,grotte des ,fes 7,gironde1 ,fragm5ts ( upp] ,france74 & l[] jaw4 ,lussac 7,vi5ne1 ,france74 ,fragm5t ( l[] jaw4 ,mas d',azil 7,arige1 ,france74 #a skull top4 ,e>ly ,magdal5ian4 ,l\rdes 7,hautes-,pyrnes1 ,skull fragm5ts4 ,france74 ,ca/illo 7,sant&]1 ,spa974 ,skull fragm5t4 ,e>ly ,magdal5ian4 ,gud5u%hle 7,au/ria74 #a infant's too?4 ,&]na* 7nor? ( ,kobl5z1 #b *ild's incisors & ,g]many74 #g rib fragm5ts4 ,ano!r ,magdal5ian burial is t at ,sorde1 ,l&es1 9 ! grotto ( ,duru?y2 ?is skeleton 0 discov]$ 9 #ahgb1 buri$ at a dep? ( #g feet1 ! body be+ ornam5t$ ) a necklace & a girdle ( ! tee? ( ! lion & ( ! be>1 pi]c$ & engrav$4 ,sev5 skulls f\nd 9 #ahhc 9 ! grotto ( ,plac>d1 ,*>5te1 also belong to ! ,magdal5ian4 ,! skeleton discov]$ 9 #ahid 9 ! grotto ( ,les ,hteaux1 ,a91 0 buri$ at a dep? ( #f feet b5ea? ,magdal5ian implem5ts2 ! body1 re/+ on ! back1 0 cov]$ ) r$ o*re2 ! ?igh-bones 7 inv]t$1 indicat+ t ! limbs _h be5 dismemb]$ be=e burial--a cu/om obs]v$ among c]ta9 savages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahi4 ,human skull-tops cut into c]emonial or dr9k+ b[ls1 f ! ,magdal5ian lay] ( ,plac>d1 ,*>5te4 ,aft] ,breuil & ,ob]mai]4 ,^! are ! be/ pres]v$ ,magdal5ian rema9s :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 ,france up to ! pres5t "t4 ,! matt] ( *ief significance is ! survival ( modes ( burial *>act]i/ic ( ! ,cr-,magnons 9 ,aurignacian times1 ) ! use ( color & ( ornam5ts & ) ! body 9 "s in/ances fold$ & b&ag$4 ,9 ! great grotto ( ,plac>d1 ne> ,ro*eb]ti]1 ,*>5te1 a new feature 9 ! mode ( int]m5t has be5 discov]$--! sep>ation ( ! head f ! body4,,aw ,! previ\s c]emonial burials1 :i* began c]ta9ly among ! ,ne&]?als 9 ,m\/]ian times1 always %[ ! cu/om ( bury+ ! entire body2 9 ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic !re comm5ces ! new cu/om ( imb$d+ ! body 9 o*re or r$ color+ matt]1 & ?is obta9s f ! ,aurignacian burials ( ,grimaldi to ! ,azilian burial ( ,mas d',azil4 ,! flex+ ( ! limbs is probably also an ,upp] ,paloli?ic cu/om4 ,x w\ld appe> z if ! new c]emonial ( ,plac>d _h be5 introduc$ 9 ! e>lie/ ,magdal5ian times1 = 9 ! l[e/ ,magdal5ian lay]s f\r skulls 7 f\nd closely cr[d$ toge!r1 ) ! top ( ! cranium turn$ d[nw>d2 ( o!r portions ( ! skeleton only a hum]us & a femur 7 f\nd4 ,9 an upp] lay] ( ! same indu/rial /age a woman's skull & jaw 7 f\nd1 surr\nd$ by snail %ells1 _m ( !m p]=at$4 ,/ill m s+ul> is ! occurr5ce 9 ,magdal5ian /rata ( ?is grotto ( two sep>ate skull-tops1 fa%ion$ by "s %>p fl9t implem5t into b[ls 7,fig4 #ahi74 ,aga91 at ,arcy-sur-,cure ?ree skulls h be5 discov]$ plac$ closely toge!r1 & ) !m a fl9t knife 9 a lay] sup]pos$ ^u an ,aurignacian indu/ry4 ,! ,plac>d type ( burial ( ! head only is %[n aga9 9 ! ,azilian /age at ,(net1 ,bav>ia4 ,! unc]ta9ty reg>d+ ! racial aff9ity ( ! m5 ( ,magdal5ian culture has n[ be5 entirely remov$ by ! discov]y1 9 ,febru>y1 #aiad1 ( two skeletons at ,ob]cassel1 ne> ,bonn1 ! fir/ in/ance ( complete human skeletons ( ,quat]n>y age be+ f\nd 9 ,g]many47#ab7 ,z report$ by ,v]worn17#ac7 ! skeletons lay little m ?an a y>d ap>t2 !y 7 cov]$ by great slabs ( basalt1 & lay 9 a deposit ( loam deeply t+$ ) r$4 ,?is r$ color+ matt]1 :i* ext5d$ completely ov] ! skeletons & surr\nd+ /ones1 indicates t x 0 a c]emonial burial simil> to t practis$ by ! ,aurignacian ,cr-,magnons4 ,along ) ! skeletons 7 f\nd bones ( animals & sev]al specim5s ( f9ely c>v$ bone1 b no fl9t implem5ts ( any k9d4 ,! bone implem5ts include a f9ely poli%$ 'lissoir' ( beautiful workman%ip1 plac$ b5ea? ! head ( "o ( ! skeletons2 ! h&le is c>v$ into a small head ( "s animal resembl+ a m>t52 ! sides %[ ! not*$ decoration s typical ( ! ,fr5* ,magdal5ian4 ,! second specim5 ( c>v$ bone is "o ( ! small1 flat1 n>r[ horse-heads1 engrav$ on bo? sides1 su* z are f\nd at ,laug]ie ,basse & 9 ! ,pyr5ees4 ,"o ( ! skeletons is ( a woman ab\t tw5ty ye>s ( age1 &1 z is usual 9 "y female skeletons1 x exhibits ! racial *>act]s 9 a mu* less m>k$ degree ?an ! male skeleton1 :i* belongs to a man ( betwe5 =ty & fifty ye>s2 ! cephalic index is #gj p] c5t2 ! supraorbital ridges are well develop$1 & ! orbits are di/9ctly rectangul>2 ! limb bones indicate a body ab\t #aee cm41 or #e feet #a in*1 9 height4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aij4 ,! skulls ( two skeletons ( ! ,cr-,magnon race1 "o male 7"r7 ! o!r female 7left71 rec5tly discov]$ at ,ob]cassel ne> ,bonn1 associat$ ) ,magdal5ian implem5ts4 ,aft] ,bonnet4 ,9 contra/ to ?is m ref9$ skull1 ! extremely broad & l[ face ( ! man is entirely disproportionate to ! mod]ately broad =ehead & well r\nd$ skullcap2 ! bread? ( ! face is #aec mm4 & exce$s ! greate/ wid? ( ! skull1 :i* is only #add mm4 ,?is is a m>k$ly di%>monic type1 ! wid? ( ! face be+ due n only to ! broad upp] jaw b to ! exceptional size & bread? ( ! *eek-bones4 ,! skull is decid$ly doli*ocephalic1 ! cephalic index be+ #gd p] c5t2 ! bra9 capacity is ab\t #a1ejj c4cm42 ! orbits are rectangul>1 & above !m ext5ds an unbrok5 supraorbital ridge1 ) a slight m$ian frontal em95ce2 ! nasal op5+ is relatively small2 ! l[] jaw has a /rongly m>k$ *92 ! cr[ns ( ! tee? h be5 worn d[n until ! enamel has almo/ disappe>$4 ,:ile ! muscul> atta*m5ts indicate great bodily /r5g?1 ! height does n exce$ #e feet #c in*es4 ,z pron\nc$ ,cr-,magnon features1 bo? ( ! ,ob]cassel skulls %[ an unusually wide face2 9 bo? ! pr(iles are /raight & ! root ( ! nose depress$1 ! nose is n>r[1 & ! orbits are rectangul>4 ,b1 obs]ves ,bonnet1 ! greate/ wid? ( ^! skulls is n f\nd across ! p>ietals1 z 9 ! typical ,cr-,magnons1 b j above ! e> region1 a mu* l[] position2 9 ?is respect ! ,ob]cassel skulls resemble ! skull ( ! ,*ancelade skeleton4 ,?is v important discov]y ( two und\bt$ desc5dants ( ! ,cr-,magnon race associat$ ) bone implem5ts ( l[] ,magdal5ian workman%ip appe>s to prove conclusively t ! ,cr-,magnons 7 ! art-lov+ race4 ,! ,ob]cassel skeletons confirm ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! burials 9 ,france t ^! p 7 ( l[ /ature2 p]haps because ( ! sev]e climatic conditions ( ,magdal5ian times !y _h lo/ ! spl5did physical proportions ( ! ,cr-,magnons liv+ along ! ,rivi]a 9 ,aurignacian times4 ,! skull also1 :ile reta9+ all ! pron\nc$ ,cr-,magnon *>act]s1 _h und]gone a modification 9 ! po9t ( greate/ wid?4 ,9 ! r$uction ( ! /ature ( ! woman to #e feet #a in* & ( ! man to #e feet #c in*es1 & 9 ! r$uction ( ! bra9 capacity to #a1ejj c4cm41 we may be witness+ ! result ( exposure to v sev]e climatic conditions 9 a race :i* reta9$ its f9e physical & m5tal *>act]i/ics only "u ! m g5ial climatic conditions ( ! s\?4 ,,! ,,f\r ,,indu/rial ,,phases ,,( ,,magdal5ian ,,culture ,! indu/rial developm5t belongs ?r\gh\t to c5tral & we/]n ,europe r ?an to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x is rem>kable t x does n ext5d along ! ,african coa/1 or ev5 into ,italy or s\!rn ,spa94 ,x has be5 f\nd to pres5t f\r great /eps or phases z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aia4 ,! great abri1 or rock %elt]1 ( ,la ,madele9e1 type /ation ( ! ,magdal5ian indu/ry4 ,ru9s ( ! abbey beyond4 ,photograph by ,belvs4 ,! e>lie/ types7#ad7 ( ! incipi5t ,magdal5ian culture1 or ,,proto-,,magdal5ian1 are n[h]e bett] repres5t$ ?an "u ! great %elt] ( ,plac>d1 9 ,*>5te1 :]e ! deep successive deposits compel a realization ( ! long p]iod ( "t requir$ = ! evolution ( ! ,magdal5ian ) its wond]ful arti/ic culm9ation4 ,ev5 prior to any discov]y ( ! h>poon or ( any example ( ! art ( engrav+ comp>able to ! classic s]ies ( high] levels we f9d ?ree levels ( incipi5t ,magdal5ian indu/ry at ,plac>d4 ,simil> local horizons1 recognizable f ! type ( _! javel9 po9ts 7sagaies7 & f _! decorative motifs1 are also f\nd at ,kessl]lo*1 ,switz]l&1 & z f> ea/ z ,pol&4 ,f ,dordogne !y ext5d into ! ,pyr5ees & into ! ,cantabrian ,m\nta9s ( nor!rn ,spa91 b n f>!r s\?4 ,!re is ?us a v primitive ,magdal5ian indu/ry wide-spread ov] c5tral & we/]n ,europe1 ei!r auto*?on\s or influ5c$ f ! ea/1 b c]ta9ly n f ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x is only above ^! primitive horizons t lay]s are discov]$ ) ! rudim5t>y h>poons1 & !n ) ! p]fect$ h>poons ) s+le & d\ble r[s ( b>bs4 ,x w\ld appe> z if ! bas9s dra9$ by ! ,dordogne & ! ,g>onne 7 at once ! mo/ d5sely populat$ & also ! c5tres f :i* indu/ry1 culture1 & art spread to ! ea/ & to ! we/4 ,9 ! he>t ( ! ,dordogne region is ! great rock %elt] ( ,la ,madele9e1 ! type /ation ( ,magdal5ian culture1 & ar\nd x are no less ?an fifte5 /ations4 ,?is /ation1 9 :i* ! l[e/ indu/rial lay] 7niveau infrieur7 is subsequ5t to ! ,proto-,magdal5ian phase & belongs to ! e>ly ,magdal5ian1 0 ext5sively excavat$ by ,l>tet & ,*ri/y7#ae7 dur+ ! decade foll[+ its discov]y1 9 #ahfe1 & m rec5tly by ,peyrony & o!rs4 ,! indu/rial deposit is situat$ at ! base ( an ov]hang+ lime/one esc>pm5t on ! "r bank ( ! ,vzre ,riv]2 x ext5ds = a di/ance ( #ej feet ) an av]age ?ickness ( #i feet1 ! l[e/ or e>ly ,magdal5ian levels rea*+ d[n bel[ ! pres5t level ( ! ,vzre4 ,x is a significant fact t ! riv] floods :i* f "t to "t occur "h also occasionally drove out ! fl9t work]s 9 ,magdal5ian times4 ,x indicates an un*ang$ topography & simil> conditions ( ra9fall4 ,we mu/ picture ?is cliff fr+$ ) a nor!rn flora1 ^! riv] banks z ! haunt ( bison & re9de]1 & ! site ( a long1 n>r[ camp ( sk9-cov]$ %elt]s4 ,among ! num]\s specim5s ( typical ,magdal5ian indu/ry & art :i* h be5 f\nd "h may be m5tion$ a geode ( qu>tzite1 app>5tly us$ to conta9 wat]1 & /one crucibles1 usually ( r\nd$ =m1 adapt$ to ! gr9d+ up ( m9]al colors = tattoo+ or arti/ic purposes2 "o ( ^! crucibles1 %[+ traces ( color1 /ill rema9s4 ,! f9e/ among ! art objects is ! spirit$ engrav+1 on a section ( ivory tusk1 ( ! woolly mammo? *>g+2 ?is is "o ( ! mo/ reali/ic pieces ( ,paloli?ic engrav+ :i* has ev] be5 f\nd2 !re are indications t ! arti/ us$ ?is relatively small piece ( ivory = ! repres5tation ( ?ree mammo?s2 b 9 ! reproduction 7,fig4 #aii7 all ! l9es are elim9at$ except ^? belong+ to ! s+le *>g+ mammo?2 we obs]ve especially ! elevation ( ! head & ! tail1 also ! rem>kably lifelike action ( ! limbs & body4 ,v num]\s indu/rial levels are discov]$ 9 eight or t5 ov]ly+ he>?s1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 divid$ into ?ree ma9 levels1 z foll[s3 ,niveau suprieur 7late ,magdal5ian culture74 ,h>poons ) a d\ble r[ ( b>bs4 ,indications t ! climate 0 cold] & dri]1 resembl+ t ( ! /eppes4 ,bison1 horses1 & re9de] abundant4 ,niveau moy5 7middle ,magdal5ian culture74 ,h>poons ) b>bs on "o side only2 also btons de comm&em5t4 ,indications t ! climate 0 m moi/1 ) frequ5t inundations f ! riv]4 ,bison1 re9de]1 & horses less abundant4 ,niveau infrieur 7e>ly ,magdal5ian culture74 ,h>poons ) a s+le r[ ( b>bs4 ,indications ( animal sculpture4 ,rema9s ( bison & ( re9de]1 b ^? ( horses especially num]\s4 ,9 ! ,,e>ly ,,magdal5ian we note ! inv5tion ( ! h>poon2 its fir/ crude =m is t ( a %ort1 /raight po9t ( bone1 deeply groov$ on "o face1 ! ridges & not*es along "o edge be+ ! only indications ( :at lat] develop into ! recurv$ b>b$ po9ts ( ! typical h>poon4 ,z not$ above1 ?is inv5tion 0 de/9$ to ex]t a v /rong influ5ce on ! habits ( ^! p4 ,l>ge fi% und\bt$ly 7 v abundant 9 all ! riv]s at t "t1 & ?is new means ( obta9+ an abundant food supply probably div]t$ ! ,cr-,magnons 9 "p f ! m ard5t & dang]\s pursuit ( ! l>g] k9ds ( game4 ,! discov]y soon spread1 & among a numb] ( localities :]e prototypes ( ! h>poon are f\nd may be m5tion$ ,plac>d1 9 ,*>5te2 ,laug]ie ,basse1 9 ,dordogne2 ,mas d',azil1 on ! ,arize2 & ,altamira1 9 nor!rn ,spa94 ,9 ! e>ly ,magdal5ian also a great v>iety ( fl9t drills or bor]s are develop$ 9 connection ) ! fa%ion+ ( bone1 includ+ ! 'p>rot-beak' type1 or recurv$ fl9t4 ,! microli?ic fl9ts1 exclusively design$ = f9e & delicate arti/ic "w1 are m abundant ?an 9 any previ\s /age1 & 7 us$ to %ape & f9i% ! bone implem5ts :i* *iefly di/+ui% ! ,magdal5ian culture4 ,o!r implem5ts :i* enable u to recognize ! e>ly ,magdal5ian culture lay]s are javel9 po9ts ( bone or re9de]-horn ) oblique bases1 small /aves ( re9de]-horn or ivory1 oval plates ( bone frequ5tly decorat$ ) engrav$ designs1 & sl5d]1 f9ely f9i%$ ne$les4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aib4 ,indu/rial & art implem5ts ( ,magdal5ian times1 *iefly elongate flakes ret\*$ at "o or at bo? ends = v>i\s uses4 ,aft] de ,mortillet4 #afj4 ,long1 n>r[ fl9t blade f ! type /ation ( ,la ,madele9e4 #afa4 ,a simil> implem5t f ! grotto ( ,murs5s1 ,lot4 #afb4 ,a 'knife' flake f ,laug]ie ,basse1 ,dordogne4 #afc4 ,a fl9t blade1 v *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod1 f ,la ,madele9e4 #afd4 ,a m9ute flake ) cutt+ bord] & %ort1 curv$ po9t4 #afe4 ,an elongate flake %ap$ into a grattoir1 or plan+ tool1 at "o end1 f ,la ,madele9e4 #aff4 ,an elongate1 po9t$ grav+-tool1 ret\*$ at ! end & at "o side4 #afg4 ,a po9t$ tool ( *alc$ony4 #afh4 ,a m9ute po9t$ flake4 #afi4 ,a 'p>rot-beak' grav+-tool ( fl9t4 #agj4 ,a /raight fl9t grav]1 f ,les ,eyzies1 ,dordogne4 #aga4 ,a simil> grav]1 f ,laug]ie ,basse4 #agb4 ,a simil> grav]1 f ,la ,madele9e4 #agc4 ,fl9t grav] ) base ret\*$1 f ! ,gorge d',enf]4 #agd4 ,a d\ble-end$ implem5t1 bur9 & grattoir1 f ,laug]ie ,basse4 #age4 ,fl9t bur91 or grav]1 approa*+ ! 'p>rot-beak' type ( #afi1 f ,les ,eyzies4 #agf4 ,d\ble bur91 or grav]1 ( fl9t1 f ! ,grotte du ,*affaud1 ,vi5ne4 ,all figures are "o-?ird actual size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aic4 ,typical =ms ( ,magdal5ian bone h>poons4 ,aft] ,breuil4 7,a7 #a to #i1 s+le-r[$ h>poons1 *>act]i/ic ( ! e>ly & middle ,magdal5ian2 #a1 #d1 #h1 f ,bruniquel2 #b1 #e1 f ,laug]ie ,basse2 #f1 f ,mas d',azil2 #g1 f ,la ,mairie2 #c & #i1 f ,valle & ,ca/illo4 ,ab\t "o-qu>t] actual size4 7,b7 #aj to #ae1 d\ble-r[$ h>poons1 *>act]i/ic ( ! late ,magdal5ian2 #aj1 #ab1 f ,bruniquel2 #aa1 f ,massat2 #ac1 f ,m\?i]2 #ad1 f ,la ,madele9e2 #ae1 f ,kessl]lo*1 ,switz]l&4 ,ab\t "o-?ird actual size4 ,! ,,middle ,,magdal5ian implem5ts 7 m widely di/ribut$ ?an ! e>ly types1 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic weapon be+ ! h>poon ) a well-def9$ s+le r[ ( b>bs 7,breuil17#af7 ,s*midt7#ag774 ,accord+ to ,breuil1 ?is s+le-r[$ h>poon is r>e 9 ! l[] lay]s b abundant 9 ! upp] lay]s ( middle ,magdal5ian times2 ) x occur examples ( ! s+le-r[$ h>poon ) swall[-tail base4 ,o!r implem5ts ( ?is /age are ! bone javel9 po9ts ) cleft base1 small bone /aves ri*ly decorat$1 also num]\s ne$les1 f9] & m sl5d] ?an ^? ( ! e>ly ,magdal5ian4 ,x is v int]e/+ to note t !re are no di/9ctive inv5tions 9 ! fl9t indu/ry1 :i* %[s no important advances1 al?\gh microli?ic fl9ts are /ill m abundant ?an be=e4 ,= indu/rial purposes scrap]s cont9ue to be v abundant1 z well z bor]s = ! p]=ation ( bone implem5ts4 ,! middle ,magdal5ian indu/ry is be/ repres5t$ 9 ! deposits ( c5tral & s\!rn ,france1 at ,raymond51 ,bruniquel1 ,laug]ie ,basse1 ,g\rdan1 ,mas d',azil1 & ,teyjat4 ,! *ief weapon ( ,,late ,,magdal5ian times is ! h>poon ) ! d\ble r[ ( b>bs1 :i* is f\nd at all ! pr9cipal discov]y sites ext5d+ f /ations 9 s\?we/]n & s\!rn ,france f> to ! ea/4 ,besides ! d\ble-r[$ h>poon1 ! cyl9drical *isel ( re9de]-horn frequ5tly occurs1 (t5 po9t$ at ! end & ) a small curve at ! side2 ?is1 l o!r bone implem5ts1 0 ri*ly decorat$ ) engrav+4 ,?is late ,magdal5ian level is di/+ui%$ ev]y:]e by ! ri* decoration ( all ! bone implem5ts & weapons1 z well z ( ! 'btons de comm&em5t4' ,! quantity ( bone ne$les1 m num]\s 9 ?is /age ?an ev] be=e1 atte/s ! great] ref9em5t ( f9i% 9 ! prep>ation ( clo?+4 ,?is 0 ! culm9at+ po9t bo? 9 ,magdal5ian indu/ry & art1 & probably also 9 ! morale & modes ( liv+4 ,*>act]i/ic types ( ?is late ,magdal5ian culture are f\nd at ,la ,madele9e1 ,les ,eyzies1 & ,teyjat1 & ext5d into ! nor!rn ,pyr5ees1 at ,l\rdes1 ,g\rdan1 & ,mas d',azil4 ,_! ea/]ly geographical di/ribution w be describ$ on a lat] page4 ,! microli?ic fl9ts n[ rea* _! culm9at+ po9t2 to ! small blad$ flakes ) blunt$ backs are add$ little fea!r-%ap$ fl9t blades1 & /ill o!rs ) oblique ends1 :i* beg9 to sugge/ ! geometric =ms ( ! succe$+ ,t>d5oisian indu/ry4 ,among ! fl9t bor]s we notice a preval5t type ) a /\t c5tral po9t1 also ! s-call$ 'p>rot-beak' bor]2 = ! prep>ation ( sk9s1 scrap]s are made1 z be=e1 ( ?9 flakes1 slightly ret\*$ at bo? ends to give a r\nd$ or rectangul> =m4 ,foll[+ ! late or high ,magdal5ian /age is a p]iod ( decl9e 9 indu/ry4 ,9 s\!rn ,france7#ah7 bo? fl9t & bone implem5ts %[ unmi/akable indications ( ! approa* ei!r ( ! succe$+ ,t>d5oisian or ,azilian /age4 ,9 ! ,pyr5ees bo? ! fl9ts & ! great poli%]s ( de]-horn beg9 to resemble ^? :i* occur 9 ! po/-,magdal5ian levels4 ,?is indu/rial /age corresponds broadly ) ! p]iod ( decl9e 9 art1 & ) ! *ange bo? 9 ! indu/rial habits & 9 ! arti/ic _s ( ! ,cr-,magnons4 ,! divisions ( ! ,magdal5ian are1 !re=e1 z foll[s3 #e4 ,decl9e ( ! ,magdal5ian art & indu/ry4 #d4 ,late ,magdal5ian typifi$ at ,la ,madele9e1 ,dordogne4 #c4 ,middle ,magdal5ian typifi$ at ,la ,madele9e1 ,dordogne4 #b4 ,e>ly ,magdal5ian typifi$ at ,la ,madele9e1 ,dordogne4 #a4 ,proto-,magdal5ian typifi$ at ,plac>d1 ,*>5te4 ,,fl9t ,,& ,,bone ,,indu/ry ,?r\gh ! f\r successive /ages ( developm5t :i* we h already trac$ 7p4 #chb7 !re are p]ceiv$ c]ta9 g5]al t5d5cies & *>act]i/ics :i* cle>ly sep>ate ! ,magdal5ian f ! prec$+ ,solutrean culture4 ,comp>$ ) ,solutrean times1 :5 ! art ( fl9t work+ rea*$ its high-wat] m>k1 ! ,magdal5ian paloli?s %[ a m>k$ deg5]acy 9 te*nique1 hav+ nei!r ! symmetry ( =m nor ! f9ely *ipp$ surfaces :i* di/+ui% ! ,solutrean types2 inde$1 !y d n ev5 equal ! groov$ m>g9al ret\* ( ! be/ ,aurignacian "w4 ,! ,magdal5ian ret\* %[s no influ5ce ( ! ,solutrean2 x is ev5 m blunt & m>g9al ?an ! late ,aurignacian4 ,9 comp5sation = ?is decad5ce 9 ! art ( ret\*1 ! ,cr-,magnons n[ %[ extraord9>y skill 9 produc+ long1 n>r[1 ?9 flakes ( fl9t1 /ruck (f ! nucleus ) a s+le bl[2 ^! 'blades1' :i* are v num]\s1 are (t5 n ret\*$ at all2 occasionally a few ha/y t\*es are us$ to atta9 a r\nd$ or oblique end2 9 o!r cases a v limit$ m>g9al *ipp+ along ! sides or ! developm5t ( an elongat$ p$icle 7soie7 produces v effective implem5ts = grav+ & sculptural "w4 ,= ! art ( engrav+ p]fect bur9s1 bur9-grattoirs1 & bur9s d\bles 7 rapidly made f ^! ?9 flakes2 also bur9s ) oblique t]m9al edge & ) ! 'p>rot-beak' end4 ,= indu/rial purposes "s ( ! fl9ts 7 d5ticulat$ ar\nd ! bord]1 d\btless = ! prep>ation ( fibres & ( ?9 /rips ( lea!r = ! atta*m5t ( clo?+ to ! body & = b9d+ ( ! fl9t & bone lance-heads to wood5 %afts4 ,extremely f9e p]oirs h be5 f\nd adapt$ to p]=at+ ! bone ne$les2 ! grattoir1 s+le or d\ble1 0 also fa%ion$ out ( ^! flakes1 & ! nucleus ( ! fl9t 0 us$ z a hamm]4 ,hamm]s ( simple r\nd$ /ones are also f\nd4 ,b ! notable feature ( ,magdal5ian indu/ry is ! ext5sive & unprec$5t$ use ( bone1 horn1 & ivory4 ,f ! antl]s ( ! re9de] are e>ly develop$ ! sagaies or javel9 po9ts ( v>y+ size1 usually ornam5t$ along ! sides & ) sev]al =ms ( atta*m5t to ! wood5 %aft1 ei!r =k$1 bevell$1 or r\nd$4 ,! ornam5tation consi/s ( engrav$ elongate l9es or bead$ l9es1 & ( deep grooves p]haps int5d$ = ! ins]tion ( poison\s fluids or ! outlet ( blood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aid4 ,types ( ! fl9t blade ) d5ticulat$ edge1 a *>act]i/ic indu/rial tool ( ,magdal5ian times1 f ,bruniquel1 ,les ,eyzies1 & ,laug]ie ,basse4 ,aft] ,d*elette1 by p]mission ( ,m4 ,a4 ,pic>d1 ,librairie ,alphonse ,pic>d et ,fils4 ,( all ! ,magdal5ian weapons ! mo/ *>act]i/ic is ! h>poon1 ! *ief fi%+ implem5t1 :i* n[ appe>s = ! fir/ "t m>k$ by ! inv5tion ( ! b>b or po9t retrov]t$ 9 su* a mann] z to hold its place 9 ! fle%4 ,! b>b does n sudd5ly appe> l an inv5tive mutation1 b x v sl[ly evolves z its usefulness is demon/rat$ 9 practice4 ,! %aft is v r>ely p]=at$ at ! base = ! atta*m5t ( a l9e2 x is cyl9drical 9 =m1 adapt$ to ! capture ( ! l>ge fi% ( ! /reams4 ,t a b>b$ weapon 0 also us$ 9 ! *ase seems to be indicat$ by draw+s 9 ! grotto ( ,niaux & l9es engrav$ on ! tee? ( ! be>1 b ^! draw+s indicate ! =m ( an arr[ r ?an ( a h>poon4 ,! l5g? v>ies f two to fifte5 in*es4 ,! h>poons may h be5 project$ by means ( ! s-call$ propulseurs or d>t-?r[]s1 :i* resemble implem5ts s employ$ by ! ,eskimo & ,au/ralians ( to-day4 ,^! d>t-?r[]s are (t5 beautifully c>v$1 z 9 ! case ( "o f\nd at ,mas d',azil1 ornam5t$ ) a f9e relief ( ! ibex4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aie4 ,bone ne$les f ! grotto ( ,lacave1 ,lot4 ,aft] ,vir4 ,!n !re 7 btons de comm&em5t1 c>v$ ) sc5es ( ! *ase & ) spirit$ heads ( ! horse & o!r animals1 :i* q probably 7 insignia ( (fice4 ,re9a* has sugge/$ t btons 7 trophies ( ! *ase1 & accord+ to ,s*oet5sack !y may h be5 us$ z ornam5ts to fa/5 ! clo?+4 ,! discov]y ( mural pa9t+ & engrav+ sugge/s ! possibility t ^! btons 7 believ$ to h "s magical influ5ce1 & 7 connect$ ) my/]i\s rites 9 ! cav]ns1 = a great v>iety ( su* c]emonial /affs is f\nd among primitive peoples4 ,geographically1 ! btons spread f ! ,pyr5ees into ,belgium & ea/w>d into ,moravia & ,russia4 ,sl5d] bone ne$les br\ght to a f9e po9t on /one poli%]s indicate great c>e 9 ! prep>ation ( clo?+4 ,associat$ ) ! bor]s are _m o!r bone implem5ts3 awls1 hamm]s1 *isels1 /ilettos1 p9s ) & )\t a head1 spatulas1 & poli%]s2 ! latt] may h be5 employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( lea!r4 ,! bor]s1 p9s1 & poli%]s appe> f ! v beg9n+ ( ! p]iod ( sculpture4 ,! "n ( poni>d 7poign>d7 is giv5 to long po9ts ( re9de]-horn2 "o ( ^! 0 f\nd at ,laug]ie ,basse4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,upp] ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,art ,foll[+ ! pione] /udies ( ,l>tet1 ! hi/ory ( ! art ( ! ,re9de] ,p]iod1 z manife/$ 9 bone1 ivory1 & ! engrav$ & sculptur$ horns ( ! de]1 occupi$ ! la/ ?irty-five ye>s ( ! life ( ,ed\>d ,piette17#ai7 a magi/rate ( ,craonne :o pursu$ ?is delightful subject z an avocation4 ,he 0 a pione] 9 ! int]pretation ( l'art mobili]1 ! mobile art4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 ,piette's "t ! f\rfold divisions ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic culture s famili> to u 7 only p>tly p]ceiv$2 8 /udies1 9 fact1 relat$ *iefly to ! mobile art ( ,magdal5ian times1 & he und]took to foll[ its modifications 9 e successive grotto1 beg9n+ ) 8 bro*ure ,la ,grotte de ,g\rdan1 9 #ahgc1 9 :i* he fir/ ann\nc$ ! idea :i* und]lay all 8 lat] conclusions1 t sculpture prec$$ l9e engrav+ & et*+4 ,he divid$ ! art into a s]ies ( phases2 t ( ! r$ de] 7,c]vus elaphus7 he t]m$ ,elaphi5ne1 t ( ! re9de] ,t>&i5ne1 t ( ! horse ,hippiqui5ne1 & t ( ! wild cattle ,bovidi5ne4 ,9 conclud+ ?is e>ly "w ( #ahgc1 he rem>k$3 ,to write ! hi/ory ( ,magdal5ian art is to give ! hi/ory ( primitive art itself4 ,he obs]v$ t 9 sculptur+ ! horn ( ! re9de] ! arti/ 0 oblig$ to "w 9 ! h>d ext]ior bone & to avoid ! spongy int]ior2 ?is defect 9 mat]ial sugge/$ ! inv5tion ( ! bas-relief4 ,! /atuette he reg>d$ z ! assemblage ( two bas-reliefs1 "o on ei!r side ( ! bone4 ,?us he describ$ ! ivory head ( ! woman ( ,brassemp\y1 ! only human face ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic times :i* is ev5 fairly well repres5t$2 also ! two imp]fect fem99e torsos 9 ivory4 ,9 #ahig1 at ! age ( sev5ty1 ,piette und]took 8 la/ excavations1 & ! sum ( 8 labors is pres]v$ = u 9 ! magnific5t volume entitl$ l',art p5dant l'ge du ,r5ne1 publi%$ 9 #aijg4 ,! pupil & biograph] ( ,piette1 l',abb ,h5ri ,breuil1 obs]ves t 8 s*eme ( art evolution is exact along its ma9 l9es47#bj7 ,x is true t human sculpture appe>s = ! fir/ "t 9 ! l[] ,aurignacian1 t x survives ! ,solutrean1 & ev5 ext5ds into middle ,magdal5ian times1 b ?is enorm\s p]iod _c be plac$ 9 "o ar*ological division z ,piette suppos$2 9 tru?1 he did n suspect ! prolong$ ge/ation ( ,quat]n>y art1 b contract$ into "o small division ! docum5ts ( num]\s phases4 ,at ! same "t1 ,piette 0 "r 9 attribut+ ! fl[] ( ! art ( engrav+ accompani$ by cont\rs ( animal =ms 9 relief to ! second & ?ird levels ( ! ,magdal5ian indu/ry1 b he _h no idea t ?is developm5t _h be5 prec$$ by a long p]iod 9 :i* engrav+ _h be5 practis$ 9 a timid & m or less sporadic mann] z a p>ietal art on ! walls ( ! cav]ns z well z on bone & /one4 ,x is also true t a consid]able facility 9 sculpture prec$$ ! art ( engrav+1 b x 0 arre/$ 9 its progress :ile engrav+ sl[ly develop$2 9 ! e>ly *oice ( subjects ! sculptors ( middle & late ,aurignacian times %[$ a pref]5ce = ! human =m1 :ile lat]1 9 ,solutrean & e>ly ,magdal5ian times1 !y incl9$ pr9cipally t[>d animal figures1 s t sculpture 0 n sudd5ly eclips$4 ,! fir/ engrav+s made ) f9e po9ts ( fl9t on /one are h>dly less anci5t ?an ! fir/ sculptures1 & mode/ly co-exi/ beside !m up to ! mom5t :]e engrav+1 greatly multipli$1 l>gely supplants sculpture4 ,f9ally1 obs]ves ,breuil1 x is "o ( ! glories ( ,ed\>d ,piette to h und]/ood t ! pa9t$ pebbles ( ,mas d',azil repres5t$ ! la/ prolongation ( ! dy+ ,quat]n>y art4 ,x is =tunate t ! mantle ( ,piette fell ^u a man ( ! arti/ic g5ius & appreciation ( ,breuil1 to :om *iefly we owe our cle> und]/&+ ( ! *ronological developm5t ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic art4 ,9 ! accompany+ table 7p4 #cie7 are assembl$ ! results ( ! obs]vations ( ,piette1 ,sautuola1 ,rivire1 ,c>tailhac1 ,capitan1 ,breuil1 & _m o!rs1 l>gely 9 ! ord] ( sequ5ce det]m9$ ?r\gh ! labors ( ,breuil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aif4 ,geographic di/ribution ( ! m important ,paloli?ic art /ations ( ,dordogne1 ! ,pyr5ees1 & ! ,cantabrian ,m\nta9s4 ,aft] ,breuil & ,ob]mai]4 ,we are f> f #ahhj1 obs]ves ,c>tailhac17#ba7 :5 ! discov]y by ,sautuola ( ! pa9t+s on ! ro( ( ! cav]n ( ,altamira 0 met ) su* scepticism & indiff]5ce4 ,kn[+ ! arti/ic in/9cts ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic p f _! engrav+ & c>v+ 9 bone & ivory1 we %\ld h be5 prep>$ = ! discov]y ( a p>ietal art4 ,! publication ( ! engrav+s 9 ! grotto ( ,la ,m\! by ,rivire7#bb7 9 ,april1 #ahie1 0 ! fir/ w>n+ ( our ov]sight1 & imm$iately ,ed\>d ,piette recall$ ,altamira to ! memory ( ! work]s on prehi/oric art4 ,! discov]y ( ,sautuola ceas$ to be isolat$4 ,l$ by ! engrav+s f\nd 9 ,la ,m\!1 ,daleau discov]$ ! engrav+s 9 ! grotto ( ,pair-non-,pair1 ,gironde4 ,9 #aijb !re 0 ! d\ble discov]y ( ! engrav+s 9 ! grotto ( ,comb>elles1 & ( ! pa9t+s 9 ! grotto ( ,font-de-,gaume1 communicat$ by ,capitan & ,breuil4 ,discov]ies at ,m>s\las1 ,mas d',azil1 ,la ,grze1 ,b]nifal1 & ,teyjat soon foll[$4,,ax ,,/ages ,,9 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,upp] ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,art ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,sculpture ,incis$ ,figures ,pa9t$ ,figures ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,azilian4 ,,vi4 ,no animal ,,vi4 ,conv5tional draw+s4 ,azilian decoration4 ,flat pebbles 7galets7 color$ 9 r$ & black4 ,mas d',azil1 ,m>s\las1 ,p9dal4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,late ,v4 ,entirely ,v4 ,no animal art4 ,,magdal5ian4 want+4 ,v>i\s s*ematic & conv5tional figures & signs 7b&s1 bran*es1 l9es1 punctuat$ surfaces sugge/+ ! ,azilian galets74 ,,middle ,sl5d] human ,,iv4 ,graffites ,,iv4 ,poly*rome ,,magdal5ian4figur9es 9 ivoryfeebly trac$2 animal figures ) & bone4 f9e l9es ! cont\r 9 ,animal =ms 9 indicat+ hair black & int]ior re9de] & /ag pr$om9ate 9 modell+ obta9$ horn on implem5ts! draw+s1 z ?r\gh a m+l+ ( ! *ase & at ,font-de-,gaume ( yell[1 r$ & c]emonial & ,m>s\las4 black color4 insignia4 ,p]fect$ animal ,con/ant outl9es & association ( details4 raclage & ( ,f9e animal incisions ) outl9es1 ,grotte pa9t+4 ,ma9s de la ,mairie1 /ylises4 ,great1 ,m>s\las4 brilliant ,p]fect$ poly*rome frescoes engrav+ on bone( ,m>s\las1 & ivory4 ,font-de-,gaume1 ,altamira4 ,animal outl9es 9 black1 ,niaux4 ,,e>ly ,animal sculpture4 ,,iii4 ,deeply ,,iii4 ,figures ( a ,,magdal5ian4,bisons ( ,tuc incis$ l9es flat t9t & d',aud\b]t2 high foll[$ by light,*9ese %ad+ reliefs ( horses1graffite cont\r )\t modell+1 ,cap-,blanc4 l9es4 ,incis$ also dott$ animal outl9es & figures z at hair1 e4 g4 ,font-de-,gaume1 mammo?s ( ,m>s\las1 ,comb>elles4 ,altamira1 ,pasiega4 ,/riat$ draw+s1 ,ca/illo1 ,altamira1 ,pasiega4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,s\ltrean4 ,bone sculpture 9 ,engrav+s4 high relief2 ,i/uritz1 ,pyr5ees4 ,animal sculpture 9 ! r\nd1 ,pedmo/4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,late ,heavy human ,,ii4 ,animal & ,,ii4 ,fill+ 9 ,,aurignacian4/atuettes 7idols7human figures1 atl9es at fir/ ( ,m5tone1 fir/ v deeplyfeeble1 !n m ,brassemp\y1 incis$1 !n & m /rong1 ,will5dorf1 ,brnn4less s2 f\r f9ally associat$ ,human bas-reliefs limbs g5]ally ) cont\r ( ,laussel4 ,heavy figur$4 ,designs modell+ :i* human figur9es (vigor\s1 ultimately cov]s ,sireuil1 some:at awkw>d1! entire ,pair-non-,pair4 z at ,la ,m\!1 silh\ette4 ,incis$ !n m l9es associat$ *>act]i/ic1 ) pa9t+ z at z at ,comb>elles1 ,comb>elles4 ,font-de-,gaume1 ,la ,m\!1 ,m>s\las1 ,altamira4 ,,e>ly ,animals 9 l[ ,i4 ,figures ,i4 ,l9e> trac+s ,,aurignacian4relief4 deeply incis$1 9 mono*rome1 heavy1 9 s+le black or r$ absolute pr(ile2l9es1 indicat+ /iff 9 =m z only a silh\ette4 at ,pair-non-,pair1,two limbs out ( ,la ,grze1 ,la f\r are ord9>ily ,m\!1 ,g>gas1 figur$4 ,! mo/ ,b]nifal1 ,hornos anci5t pa9t+s de la ,pea1 ( ,ca/illo1 ,m>s\las1 ,altamira1 ,p9dal1 ,altamira4 ,font-de-,gaume1 ,ar*aic animal ,m>s\las1 ,la outl9es ( ,m\!1 ,ca/illo4 ,comb>elles1 ,b]nifal4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,/atu>y & ,mobile & ,p>ietal & bas-relief4 p>ietal art 9 mobile art 9 l9e4 color4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,9 #aijh ,d*elette li/$ eight cav]ns 9 ,dordogne1 six 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 & sev5 along ! ,cantabrian ,pyr5ees ( nor!rn ,spa91 b !re are n[ upw>d ( ?irty cav]ns 9 :i* traces ( p>ietal art h be5 f\nd1 & d\btless ! numb] w be greatly enl>g$ by future exploration1 because ! entrances ( _m ( ! grottos h be5 clos$1 & ! remote recesses 9 :i* draw+s are plac$1 z 9 ! rec5t discov]y ( ,tuc d',aud\b]t1 are v difficult to explore4 ,! *ief divisions ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic art are z foll[s3 #a4 ,draw+1 engrav+1 & et*+ ) f9e fl9t po9ts on surfaces ( /one1 bone1 ivory1 & ! lime/one walls ( ! cav]ns4 #b4 ,sculpture 9 l[ or high relief1 *iefly 9 /one1 bone1 & clay4 #c4 ,sculpture 9 ! r\nd 9 /one1 ivory1 re9de] & /ag horn4 #d4 ,pa9t+ 9 l9e1 9 mono*rome tone1 & 9 poly*romes ( ?ree or f\r colors1 usually accompani$ or prec$$ by l9e engrav+1 ) fl9t po9ts or l[ cont\r reliefs4 #e4 ,conv5tional ornam5ts drawn f ! repetition ( animal or plant =ms or ! repetition ( geometric l9es4 ,,draw+s ,,& ,,engrav+s ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,magdal5ian ,we h already trac$ ! art ( engrav+1 z x fir/ appe>s 9 late ,aurignacian times1 into ! ,solutrean2 9 ! latt] x is b feebly repres5t$4 ,its fur!r developm5t 9 e>ly ,magdal5ian times is f\nd 9 ! engrav+s made ) m delicate or m %>ply po9t$ fl9t implem5ts1 capable ( draw+ an excessively f9e l9e2 ^! 7 d\btless ! e>ly ,magdal5ian microli?s4 ,! animal outl9es1 ) an indication ( hair1 are frequ5tly sket*$ ) su* exce$+ly f9e l9es z to resemble et*+s2 ! figures are (t5 ( v small dim5sions & m>k$ by mu* clos] att5tion to details1 su* z ! eyes1 ! e>s1 ! hair bo? ( ! head & ! mane1 & ! ho(s2 ! proportions are also mu* m exact1 s t ^! engrav+s become v reali/ic4 ,breuil ascribes to ! e>ly ,magdal5ian ! engrav$ mammo? trac+s ( ,comb>elles4 ,engrav+s ( ?is p]iod are also f\nd 9 ! grottos ( ,altamira 9 ,spa91 & ( ,font-de-,gaume 9 ,dordogne1 & to ?is /age belongs ! gr\p ( does at ,altamira1 di/+ui%$ by ! peculi> l9es ( ! hair cov]+ ! face4 ,! subjects *os5 are *iefly ! r$ de]1 re9de]1 mammo?1 horse1 *amois1 & bison4 ,! /riat$ draw+s ( ,ca/illo & ,altamira1 :i* p>tly repres5t hair & are p>tly indications ( %ad+1 belong to ?is p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aig4 ,primitive outl9e engrav+s ( woolly mammo?s ( ,aurignacian or e>ly ,magdal5ian times1 f ! walls ( ! cav]n ( ,comb>elles4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aih4 ,engrav$ outl9es & hair und]ly+ ! pa9t+ ( "o ( ! mammo?s1 f ! wall ( ! ,gal]ie des ,fresques1 ,font-de-,gaume4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aii4 ,*>g+ mammo? engrav$ on a piece ( ivory tusk1 f ! /ation ( ,la ,madele9e4 ,aft] ,e4 ,l>tet4 ,= ! sake ( %[+ ?is figure cle>ly1 o!r outl9es 9 ?is draw+1 :i* 7 probably design$ to indicate a h]d ( *>g+ mammo?s1 are omitt$ or repres5t$ by dott$ l9es4 ,?is classic engrav+1 describ$ on pages #chd & #che1 is "o ( ! mo/ lifelike ,paloli?ic repres5tations kn[n ( an animal 9 action4 ,! engrav+s 9 ! grotto ( ,la ,m\! 7 discov]$ by ,rivire1 9 #ahie1 & 7 ! means ( direct+ att5tion afre% to ! long-=gott5 p>ietal art f\nd 9 ,altamira by ,sautuola 9 #ahhj4 ,! draw+s at ,la ,m\! beg9 ab\t #bgj feet f ! entrance & may be trac$ = a di/ance ( #ajj feet1 scatt]$ 9 v>i\s gr\ps2 !y manife/ly belong to a v primitive /age1 probably e>ly ,magdal5ian1 ! po9t ( *ief int]e/ be+ t1 :ile ! great] "p ( ! engrav+s are 9 simple incis$ l9es1 "h & !re ! cont\r is en=c$ by a l9e ( r$ or black pa9t2 ?is is ! beg9n+ ( a me?od pursu$ ?r\gh\t ! ,magdal5ian p>ietal art1 9 :i* ! arti/ c>efully sket*es 8 cont\rs ) %>p-po9t$ fl9ts be=e he applies any color4 ,?is treatm5t1 at fir/ limit$ to ! simple outl9es1 l$ to trac+ 9 _m ( ! details ) engrav$ l9es1 ! eyes1 ! e>s1 ! hair2 ?us ,breuil has %[n t 9 its f9al developm5t a c>efully work$-out engrav+ und]lies ! pa9t+4 ,9 ! ,la ,m\! draw+s ! proportions are v bad2 !y repres5t ! re9de]1 bison1 mammo?1 horse1 ibex1 & urus2 spots ( r$ are sometimes spla%$ on ! sides ( ! animals2 "h & !re is a bit ( sup]ior "w1 su* z ! re9de] 9 motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjj4 ,engrav$ outl9es believ$ to repres5t human grotesques or mask$ figures f\nd on ! cav]n walls ( ,m>s\las1 ,altamira1 & ,comb>elles4 ,aft] ,ob]mai]4 ,! cav]n ( ,comb>elles1 discov]$ 9 #aija1 9 ,dordogne1 ne> ,les ,eyzies1 conta9s by f> ! mo/ rem>kable record ( e>ly ,magdal5ian art2 !re are upw>d ( f\r hundr$ draw+s & engrav+s repres5t+ almo/ e animal ( e>ly ,magdal5ian times1 among !m ! horse1 rh9oc]os1 mammo?1 re9de]1 bison1 /ag1 ibex1 lion1 & wolf2 !re are also betwe5 five & six repres5tations ( ! m5 ( ! "t1 bo? mask$ & unmask$2 ! /yle is m rec5t ?an t ( ! olde/ draw+s 9 ,font-de-,gaume1 b mu* m anci5t ?an ! p]iod ( poly*rome art4,,ay ,! gall]y is #gbj feet long1 & b>ely #f feet broad2 ! draw+s beg9 ab\t #cej feet f ! entrance1 & are scatt]$ at irregul> int]vals to ! v end4 ,9 g5]al ! art is v f9e & evid5tly l>gely ! "w ( "o arti/2 repres5tations ( ! woolly rh9oc]os & ( ! mammo? are v true to life2 !re is a pair ( spl5did lions1 male & female2 ! draw+s ( ! horse are abundant1 & side by side we h a repres5tation ( sev]al types ( horses1 ! pure =e/ type ) ! ar*$ =ehead1 ! small1 f9e-head$ ,celtic type1 & a l>g] type rem9d+ u ( ! kiang1 or wild ass4 ,"h ! great] "p ( ! "w is engrav+1 z contra/$ ) ! pa9t$ outl9es 9 ! cav]n ( ,niaux & ) ! et*$ outl9es ( ! ,grotte de la ,mairie4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bja4 ,entrance to ! cav]n ( ,comb>elles ne> ,les ,eyzies1 ,dordogne1 :]e upw>d ( f\r hundr$ wall engrav+s h be5 discov]$4 ,photograph by ,belvs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjb4 ,cave-be> engrav$ 9 outl9e1 f ! cav]n ( ,comb>elles4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjc4 ,/one lamp ( ,magdal5ian age discov]$ 9 ! grotto ( ,la ,m\! by ,e4 ,rivire4 ,x is cut 9 s&/one & ornam5t$ on ! l[] surface ) ! head & horns ( ! ibex4 ,su* lamps 7 d\btless us$ by ! arti/s to light ! deep recesses ( ! cav]ns4 ,aft] ,rivire1 r$rawn by ,erw9 ,s4 ,*ri/man4 ,"o-?ird actual size4 7,comp>e ,pl4 ,,vii47 ,ev5 a l>ge cav]n l ,comb>elles (f]s comp>atively few surfaces favorable to ^! engrav$ l9es2 b1 small or l>ge1 su* surfaces 7 eag]ly s\ght1 sometimes ne> ! floor1 sometimes on ! walls1 & aga9 on ! ceil+s2 ev5 ) ! brilliant light ( an acetyl5e lamp x is n[ difficult to discov] all ^! outl9es1 "s ( :i* are drawn 9 ! mo/ unlook$-= places4 ,if ! extremely f9e incisions1 su* z ^? repres5t+ ! hair ( ! mammo?1 are s difficult to detect ) a p[]ful illum9ant1 "o may imag9e ! task ( ! ,cr-,magnon arti/s ) _! small /one lamps & wick f$ by ! melt+ grease4 ,"o su* lamp has be5 f\nd 9 ! grotto ( ,la ,m\!1 ab\t #ej feet f ! entrance2 ! workman's pick broke x into f\r pieces1 only ?ree ( :i* 7 recov]$4 ,! %all[ b[l conta9$ "s c>boniz$ matt]1 an analysis ( :i* l$ ,b]!lot1 ! *emi/1 to conclude t an animal fat 0 us$ = light+ purposes4 ,l mo/ o!r implem5ts1 ?is lamp is decorat$--9 ?is in/ance by an engrav+ ( ! head & horns ( ! ibex4 ,?ree ( ^! lamps h be5 f\nd 9 ,*>5te & ,lot1 & x is notewor?y t lamps simil> to ^? ( ! ,magdal5ian p]iod are us$ 9 ,dordogne at ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjd4 ,entrance to ! cav]n ( ,la ,pasiega1 n f> f ,ca/illo4 ,! seat$ figure ) ! /aff is ,m4 l',abb ,h5ri ,breuil1 ! pres5t lead] 9 ! /udy ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic art4 ,photograph by ,n4 ,c4 ,nelson4 ,9 ! great cav]n ( ,ca/illo1,,az at ,pu5te-,viesgo1 discov]$ 9 #aijc by ,alcalde del ,rio1 :i* is ent]$ by ! maje/ic grotto already describ$ on p4 #afb1 ! animal draw+s are mo/ly ( an ar*aic "*1 belong+ to ! v beg9n+s ( e>ly ,aurignacian p>ietal art4 ,! mo/ abundant subjects are horses & de]1 :i* entirely replace ! re9de] draw+s s abundant 9 c5tral ,france1 outl9es ( ! /ag & ( ! doe be+ v num]\s2 on ! o!r h&1 ! bison & ! ox are r>ely drawn4 ,belong+ to ! category ( mo/ primitive pa9t+ are ! simple outl9es 9 black ( a horse & ( a mammo?1 ! two limbs ( "o side be+ repres5t$ z inv]t$ triangles1 t]m9at+ 9 a %>p po9t1 l ! draw+s ( *ildr54 ,( m rec5t /yle are ! r crude poly*rome bisons1 num]\s h&s outl9$ 9 r$1 & a va/ numb] ( tecti=m signs & symbols :i* repres5t inf]ior "w ( ! middle ,magdal5ian p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bje4 ,c>efully engrav$ half-figure ( a bison1 f ! cav]n ( ,m>s\las2 an example ( ! engrav]'s "w prec$+ ! application ( color4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,"o-eigh? actual size4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! same m\nta9 is ! grotto ( ,pasiega1 discov]$ 9 #aiab by ,doctor ,hugo ,ob]mai]4 ,?is small grotto1 ab\t #ejj feet above ! riv]1 receives its "n z a retreat ( ! %eph]ds4 ,9 ! floor is a v n>r[ op5+ ?r\gh :i* "o rapidly desc5ds by means ( a tube ( lime/one b>ely l>ge en\gh to admit ! passage ( ! body4 ,! int]ior is v labyr9?9e4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! ,gal]ie des ,animaux & ! ,gal]ie des ,inscriptions1 "o rea*es1 aft] a mo/ difficult dt\r1 ! t]m9al *amb]1 :i* ,ob]mai] has call$ ! ,salle du ,trne1 ! ?rone-room2 "h !re is a natural seat ( lime/one1 ) supports at ! sides = ! arms1 & "o c /ill see ! discoloration ( ! rock by ! soil$ h&s ( ! magicians or ( ! arti/s4 ,9 ?is salle !re are a few draw+s & engrav+s on ! walls1 & a few pieces ( fl9t h be5 discov]$4 ,9 no o!r cav]n1 p]haps1 is !re a great] s5se ( my/]y z to ! influ5ce1 :e!r religi\s1 magical1 or arti/ic1 :i* impell$ m5 to seek out & ent] ^! dang]\s passages1 ! slipp]y rocks illum9$ at be/ by a v imp]fect light1 lead+ to ! deep & dang]\s recesses bel[1 :]e a mis/ep w\ld be fatal4 ,! impulse1 :atev] x may h be51 0 d\btless v /rong1 & 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r cav]ns1 almo/ e surface favorably prep>$ by ! processes ( nature has receiv$ a draw+4 ,no indu/rial fl9ts h be5 f\nd at ! entrance to ?is cav]n1 b "s h be5 trac$ into ! int]ior4 ,! art is consid]$ p>tly ( late ,aurignacian1 p]haps ( ,solutrean1 & c]ta9ly 9 "p ( e>ly ,magdal5ian times2 9 g5]al x is mu* m rec5t ?an t ( ,ca/illo4 ,x consi/s bo? ( engrav+s & pa9t$ outl9es1 ) proportions usually excell5t & sometimes admirable4 ,! pa9t+s ( de] are 9 yell[ o*re1 ( ! *amois 9 r$4 ,!re are altoge!r #bbf pa9t+s & #cf engrav+s1 9 :i* are repres5t$ #ej roe-de]1 #ea horses1 #dg tecti=ms1 #af ,bos1 #ae bison1 #ab /ags1 #i ibexes1 #a *amois1 & #af o!r =ms1 di/ribut$ 9 all p>ts ( ! cave4 ,! outl9es are 9 solid r$ color or 9 /ripes ( r$ or black1 or !re is a s]ies ( spots2 ! subjects are *iefly ! /ag1 ! doe1 ! wild cattle 7:i* are r common71 ! bison 7:i* are less common71 ! ibex1 & ! *amois4 ,among ! num]\s repres5tations ( ! horse !re are two small engrav+s ( a type ) erect mane1 bo? ! feet & ! hair be+ indicat$ ) great c>e1 ! limbs well design$ & ( excell5t proportions1 cle>ly 9 e>ly ,magdal5ian /yle4 ,( ! utmo/ int]e/ is ! discov]y "h ( two horses drawn ) r\nd$ =ehead & droop+ mane1 ! only in/ance 9 :i* ! droop+ mane ( ! mod]n type ( horse 7,equus caballus7 has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! cav]n draw+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjf4 ,h]d ( horses engrav$ on a small slab ( /one1 f\nd 9 ! grotto ( ,*affaud1 ,vi5ne1 ,france4 ,aft] ,c>tailhac4 ,?is impressioni/ic gr\p+ & p]spective is v exceptional 9 ,paloli?ic design4 ,ab\t n9e-t5?s actual size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjg4 ,impressioni/ic design ( a h]d ( re9de] engrav$ on ! radius ( an eagle ne>ly eight in*es 9 l5g?1 f\nd 9 ! upp] ,magdal5ian lay]s ( ! ,grotte de la ,mairie4 ,aft] ,capitan & ,breuil4 ,9 ! advanc$ developm5t ( middle or high ,magdal5ian art1 p>ietal engrav+ ) f9ely po9t$ fl9t implem5ts pres5ts a ne>] approa* to ! tru? bo? ( proportion & ( detail ?an d ! e>li] /ages4 ,9 ?is /age ! engrav+s seem to consi/ *iefly ( indep5d5t animal figures & to furni% a prelude to ! application ( color4 ,a simple b /rik+ example ( approa*+ p]fection ( te*nique is se5 9 ! bison 7,fig4 #bje7 engrav$ 9 ! cav]n ( ,m>s\las1 :]e ! pr(ile is outl9$ & great %aggy masses ( hair b5ea? ! neck are admirably indicat$4 ,9 ^! draw+s ! complicat$ details ( ! feet1 ) _! *>act]i/ic tufts ( hair1 & ( ! head %[ f> m c>eful obs]vation4 ,9 ! great s]ies ( bison at ,font-de-,gaume ! entire animal is sket*$ 9 ) ^! f9ely engrav$ l9es1 z br\ght out ?r\gh ! wond]fully close obs]vation & /udies ( ,breuil4 ,?is is q simil> to ! practice ( ! mod]n arti/ :o sket*es 8 figure 9 crayon or *>coal be=e apply+ ! color4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjh4 ,re9de] & salmon engrav$ on an antl]1 f ,lor!t1 ,hautes-,pyrnes4 ,aft] ,piette4 ,?is design is believ$ to repres5t a h]d ( re9de] cross+ a /ream1 "o ( ! v r>e ,paloli?ic attempts at composition4 ,!re are two q diff]5t /yles 9 ?is engrav+1 "o se5 9 ! deep incis$ l9es ( ! re9de] head 9 ! cav]n ( ,tuc d',aud\b]t 7,fig4 #bcb71 a complete design 9 itself1 ano!r se5 9 ! deep incisions 9 ! lime/one outl9+ ! horses & ! bison z obs]v$ 9 ! cav]n ( ,niaux 7,fig4 #agd74 ,"h ! engrav$ l9e is foll[$ by ! application ( a black pa9t$ l9e1 ! effect be+ to br+ out ! body 9 ! surr\nd+ rock s z to give ! silh\ette a high relief4 ,9 ! draw+s 9 ! l>ge on ^! curv$ wall surfaces1 only "p ( :i* c\ld be se5 by ! eye at "o "t1 ! difficulties ( ma9ta9+ ! proportions 7 extreme1 & "o is ev] impress$ by ! boldness & confid5ce ) :i* ! long sweep+ /rokes ( ! fl9t 7 made1 = "o r>ely if ev] sees any evid5ces ( correct$ outl9e4 ,only a lifelong obs]v] ( ! f9e po9ts :i* di/+ui% ! diff]5t prehi/oric bre$s ( ! horse c\ld appreciate ! extraord9>y skill ) :i* ! spirit$1 ari/ocratic l9es ( ! ,celtic are execut$1 on ! "o h&1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! plebeian & heavy outl9es ( ! /eppe horse4 ,9 ! be/ examples ( ,magdal5ian engrav+1 bo? p>ietal & on bone or ivory1 "o c almo/ imm$iately detect ! specific type ( horse :i* ! arti/ _h be=e him or 9 m9d1 also ! season ( ! ye>1 z indicat$ by ! repres5tation ( a summ] or w9t] coat ( hair4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bji4 ,outl9es ( a lioness & a small gr\p ( horses ( ! ,celtic or ,arab type1 a delicate wall engrav+ 9 ! ,div]ticule f9al ( ! cav]n ( ,font-de-,gaume4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,! realism ( mo/ ( ! p>ietal art passes into ! impressionism ( ! excessively f9e engrav+s on bone or re9de] horn1 execut$ ) a few /rokes1 ( a h]d ( horses or ( re9de] 7,fig4 #bjg71 or :]e a h]d ( de] is se5 7,fig4 #bjh7 cross+ a /ream full ( fi%es1 z 9 ! well-kn[n engrav+s on re9de] horn f\nd 9 ! grotto ( ,lor!t1 9 ! ,pyr5ees4 ,?is is "o ( ! v r>e in/ances 9 ,paloli?ic art1 ei!r engrav+ or pa9t+1 :i* %[s a s5se ( composition or ! treatm5t ( a subject or incid5t involv+ m ?an "o figure4 ,o!rs are ! h]d ( pass+ re9de] f\nd engrav$ on a bit ( s*i/ 9 ! grotto ( ,laug]ie ,basse1 ! lion fac+ a gr\p ( horses engrav$ on a /alagmite at ,font-de-,gaume1 & ! procession ( mammo?s engrav$ ^u a procession ( bison 9 ! same cav]n4 ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,! beg9n+s ( pa9t+ 9 ,aurignacian times1 consi/+ ( simple cont\rs & crude outl9es 9 r$ or black1 ) little or no attempt at %ad+1 pass 9 e>ly ,magdal5ian "t7#bd7 into a long phase ( mono*romes1 ei!r 9 black or r$1 9 :i* ! te*nique pursues a numb] ( v>iations1 f simple l9e> treatm5t1 cont9u\s or dott$1 to half t9ts or full t9ts1 gradually encroa*+ on ! sides ( ! body f ! l9e> cont\r4 ,( ?is ord] are ! figures 9 flat t9ts & %ad+1 resembl+ ^? ( ! ,*9ese1 )\t modell+2 also ! figures entirely cov]$ ) dots1 su* z are se5 at ,m>s\las1 ,font-de-,gaume1 & ,altamira4 ,! t9ts1 z 9 ! draw+ ( ! gallop+ /eppe horse1 pass inw>d f ! black outl9e to enhance ! effect ( r\ndness or relief4 ,9 ! spl5did s]ies ( pa9t+s 9 ! cav]n ( ,niaux !re is little m ?an ! black outl9e ( ! body1 b ! cov]+ ( ! sides ) l9es1 indicat+ ! hair1 l5ds itself to ! r\nd$ pres5tation ( =m4 ,a some:at simil> effect is s\ght 9 ! l9es ( ! woolly rh9oc]os pa9t$ 9 r$ 9 ! cav]n ( ,font-de-,gaume1 :i* ,breuil attributes to ! ,aurignacian /age1 b :i* also sugge/s ! e>ly ,magdal5ian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baj4 ,e>ly pa9t+4 ,a small horse ( ! ,celtic or ,arab type1 ) pa9t$ outl9e & body color$ 9 black1 f a wall ( ! cav]n ( ,ca/illo1 ,spa94 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baa4 ,e>ly pa9t+4 ,gallop+ horse ( ! ,celtic or ( ! /eppe type pa9t$ 9 black & :ite1 f a wall ( ! cav]n ( ,font-de-,gaume4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bab4 ,op5+ 7cross7 ( ! cav]n ( ,niaux1 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 ne> ,t>ascon4 ,,draw+s ,,9 ,,v>i\s ,,cav]ns ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,& ,,middle ,,magdal5ian ,! gr&e/ cav]n ?us f> discov]$ 9 ,france is t ( ,niaux 7#aijf71 :i* f a small op5+ on ! side ( a lime/one m\nta9 & #cjj feet above ! ,riv] ,vic de ,sos ext5ds almo/ horizontally #d1bjj feet into ! he>t ( ! m\nta947#be7 ,n f> f ,t>ascon on ! ,arige x lay ne> "o ( ! mo/ accessible r\tes betwe5 ,france & ,spa94 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! long gall]y beyond ! bord]s ( ! subt]ranean lake :i* b>s ! entrance1 at a di/ance ( half a mile we rea* a great *amb] :]e ! ov]hang+ walls ( lime/one h be5 f9ely poli%$ by ! s&s & gravels transport$ by ! subglacial /reams2 on ^! broad1 slightly concave panels ( a v light o*re color are draw+s ( a l>ge numb] ( bison & ( horses1 z fre% & brilliant z if !y 7 ! "w ( ye/]day2 ! outl9es drawn ) black oxide ( manganese & grease on ! smoo? /one resemble co>se li?ography4 ,! animals are drawn 9 spl5did1 bold cont\rs1 ) no cross-hat*+1 b ) solid masses ( bright color "h & !re2 ! bison1 z ! mo/ admir$ animal ( ! *ase1 is drawn maje/ically ) a sup]b cre/1 ! muzzle mo/ p]fectly outl9$1 ! horns indicat$ by s+le l9es only1 ! eyes ) ! defiant expression highly di/9ctive ( ! animal :5 w\nd$ or enrag$4 ,"h = ! fir/ "t are reveal$ ! e>ly ,magdal5ian me?ods ( hunt+ ! bison1 = ^u _! flanks are cle>ly trac$ "o or m arr[ or spe> heads ) ! %afts /ill atta*$2 ! mo/ positive pro( ( ! use ( ! arr[ is ! app>5t t]m9ation ( ! wood5 %aft 9 ! fea!rs :i* are rudely repres5t$ 9 ?ree ( ! draw+s4 ,!re are also _m silh\ettes ( horses :i* /rongly resemble ! pure ,asiatic /eppe type n[ liv+ 9 ! des]t ( ,gobi1 ! ,przewalski horse1 ) erect mane & ) no droop+ =elock2 9 contra/ to ! bison1 ! eyes are r dull & /upid 9 expression4 ,!re are also draw+s ( o!r types ( horses1 a v f9e ibex1 a *amois1 a few outl9es ( wild cattle1 & a v f9e "o ( ! royal /ag2 we f9d no re9de] or mammo? repres5t$4 ,9 "s ( ! n>r[] passages ! rock has be5 beautifully sculptur$ by wat]1 & ! arti/s h be5 quick to take advantage ( any natural l9es to add a bit ( color "h or !re & ?us br+ out ! outl9e ( a bison4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bac4 ,engrav$ & pa9t$ horse1 app>5tly ( ! ,celtic type & ) heavy w9t] coat1 f ! cav]n ( ,niaux4 ,!re is a m>k beh9d ! "r %\ld] :i* has be5 int]pret$ z ! sign ( an arr[ or spe> head4 ,aft] ,c>tailhac & ,breuil4 7,comp>e ,fig4 #agd47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bad4 ,pr(essor ,emile ,c>tailhac at ! entrance ( ! cav]n ( ,le ,portel1 ,arige4 ,photograph by ,h4 ,f4 ,osborn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bae4 ,f9ely engrav$ outl9es ( ! ,celtic horse & ( ! re9de]1 9 ! ,grotte de la ,mairie1 ne> ,teyjat1 ,dordogne4 ,aft] ,capitan & ,breuil4 ,pres5t+ ! wide/ possible contra/ to ,niaux is ! cav]n ( ,le ,portel1 we/ ( ,t>ascon1 ) its contract$ entrance & a v rapidly desc5d+ passage h>dly broad en\gh to admit ! body4 ,?is n>r[ & tortu\s cave t]m9ates 9 an extremely small passage1 s n>r[ z b>ely to admit ! a?letic & det]m9$ arti/ explor]1 ! ,abb ,breuil4 ,"h1 z 9 ,font-de-,gaume & o!r cav]ns1 is "o ( ! greate/ my/]ies ( ! cave art1 namely1 t ^! t]m9al & dang]\s div]ticules f9als 7 wr\ght ) "s ( ! mo/ c>eful & arti/ic designs4 ,le ,portel1 l ,niaux1 reveals a s+le /yle1 b "o altoge!r diff]5t4 ,v num]\s bison are drawn 9 outl9e bo? 9 r$ & black2 ! sides ( ! body are (t5 dott$ ) r$ or hat*$ 9 close p>allel l9es4 ,on a long horizontal panel are se5 _m bison 9 r$1 & "o obs]ves "h a f9ely drawn pair ( bison feet 9 ! be/ ,magdal5ian /yle4 ,! horse z repres5t$ "h is ( a q diff]5t type ) ?9 upp] tail & a tail-tuft resembl+ t ( ! wild ass1 s t "o is almo/ tempt$ to believe t ! kiang is int5d$1 b ! e>s are too %ort2 x has a high rump & a high1 spl5didly ar*$ neck1 l t ( ! /allion1 & ! eye is bett] drawn2 ! body is cov]$ ) long v]tical or oblique l9es :i* might be mi/ak5 = /ripes1 b ?is hat*+ is a matt] ( te*nique only4 ,aga91 ! mane is erect1 & !re is no =elock2 9 fact1 none ( ^! ,magdal5ian arti/s has repres5t$ ! horse ) ! =elock1 indicat+ t ?is "* ( ! mod]n horse 0 unkn[n 9 we/]n ,europe & probably came 9 dur+ ,neoli?ic times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baf4 ,re9de]1 cave-be>1 & two horses ( ! l>ge-head$ =e/ type ) ar*$ =ehead1 engrav$ on a panel ab\t tw5ty in*es 9 l5g? 9 ! ,grotte de la ,mairie4 ,aft] ,capitan & ,breuil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bag4 ,wild cattle1 bull & c[ 7,bos primig5ius71 engrav$ 9 ! ,grotte de la ,mairie1 ea* figure be+ ab\t tw5ty in*es 9 l5g?4 ,aft] ,capitan & ,breuil4 ,( an entirely diff]5t type are ! beautifully engrav$ m9iature figures ( animals discov]$ 9 #aijc 9 ! ,grotte de la ,mairie47#bf7 ,! outl9es1 f #ah to #bj in*es 9 l5g?1 are %>ply engrav$ on ! lime/one /alagmites2 !y are all 9 ! middle ,magdal5ian /yle & include ! /ag1 re9de]1 bison1 cave-be>1 lion1 wild cattle1 & two v di/9ct types ( horses3 "o ( ^! types is l>ge-head$ ) an ar*$ =ehead2 ?is is probably ! =e/ type & p]haps repres5ts ! horse mo/ abundant at ! ,solutr encampm5t 7see p4 #bhh72 ! o!r horse is small-head$1 ) a p]fectly flat1 /raight =ehead1 correspond+ ) ! ,arab or ,celtic pony type4 ,,draw+s ,,& ,,pa9t+s ,,( ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,magdal5ian ,! f\r? & f9al developm5tal phase ( pa9t+ fl[]s out t[>d ! end ( middle ,magdal5ian times 9 ! gr& p]iod ( poly*romes4 ,^! are fir/ et*$ ) und]ly+ l9es engrav$ ) fl9t1 ! surface ( ! lime/one hav+ be5 previ\sly prep>$ by ! ?9n+ or scrap+ ( ! bord]s 7raclage7 to height5 ! relief ( ! draw+2 !n a v /rong cont\r is laid d[n 9 black1 & ?is may be foll[$ by a fur!r cont\r l9e 9 r$ 7! use ( black & r$ is v anci5t72 an o*re\s br[n color is mix$ 91 con=m+ well ) :at we "k to be ! t9ts ( ! hairy portions ( ! bison4 ,?us gradually a complete poly*rome fresco art develops4 ,! f9al /age ( ?is art foll[s1 9 :i* ! fill+ out ( v>i\s tones ( color requires ! use ( black1 br[n1 r$1 & yell[i% %ades4 ,! und]ly+ or prelim9>y engrav+ n[ beg9s to rec$e1 be+ reta9$ only = ! trac+ 9 ( ! f9al details ( ! hair1 ! eyes1 ! horns1 & ! ho(s4 ,! e>ly /ages ( ?is art are se5 9 ! cav]n ( ,m>s\las1 & its height is rea*$ 9 ! mural frescos ( ,font-de-,gaume & 9 ! ceil+ ( ,altamira1 ! latt] /ill 9 a p]fect & brilliant /ate ( pres]vation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bah4 ,outl9e ( "o ( ! bison 9 ! ,gal]ie des ,fresques at ,font-de-,gaume1 %[+ ! prelim9>y et*+ or engrav+ prep>atory to ! poly*rome fresco pa9t+4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,viii4 ,"o ( ! bisons on ! ceil+ ( ,altamira1 repres5t+ ! f9al /age ( poly*rome art 9 :i* f\r %ades ( color are us$4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bai4 ,entrance on ! "r to ! grotto lead+ to ! great cav]n ( ,font-de-,gaume on ! ,beune4 ,photograph by ,n4 ,c4 ,nelson4 ,to prep>e ! colors1 o*re & oxide ( manganese 7 gr\nd d[n to a f9e p[d] 9 /one mort>s2 raw pigm5t 0 c>ri$ 9 ornam5t$ cases made f ! l[]-limb bones ( ! re9de]1 & su* tubes /ill conta9+ ! o*re h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,magdal5ian he>?s2 ! m+l+ ( ! f9ely gr\nd p[d] ) ! animal oils or fats t 7 us$ 0 probably done on ! flat side ( ! %\ld]-blade ( ! re9de] or on "s o!r palette4 ,! pigm5t 0 q p]man5t1 & 9 ! d>kness ( ! ,altamira grotto x has be5 s p]fectly pres]v$ t ! colors are /ill z brilliant z if !y _h be5 appli$ ye/]day4 ,! art ( ! grotto ( ,m>s\las1 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 is bo? ( an e>li] & ( a lat] p]iod2 ! engrav$ l9es1 z ( ! head & front ( a bison1 are beautifully done 9 advanc$ ,magdal5ian /yle1 deep incisions repres5t+ ! l>g] outl9es & f9] incisions repres5t+ ! hair2 "h ! outl9es are also trac$ 9 color1 & !re are sev]al masks or grotesques ( ! human face2 ^! la/ are treat$ ) a total disreg>d ( ! tru? :i* *>act]izes ! animal "w4 ,among ! few bison repres5t$ "h1 "s are cov]$ ) dots or spla%es ( color1 o!rs %[ ! pa9t$ outl9e :i* beg9s to ext5d ov] ! surface ) gradations ( t9t1 anticipat+ ! color effects atta9$ 9 ! f9i%$ pa9t+s ( ,altamira & ( ,font-de-,gaume4 ,all ! details ( ! e>ly te*nique are f\nd "h3 ! arti/ outl9es ! =m ) an engrav$ l9e2 he traces 9 black color ! cont\rs ( ! head & ( ! body2 he beg9s to apply masses ( r$ ov] ! figure4 ,?is beg9n+ ( poly*rome art at ,m>s\las is a /ep t[>d color+ ! entire surface ) r$ o*re & black1 z 9 ! f9i%$ pa9t+s ( a lat] p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbj4 ,map ( ! cav]n ( ,font-de-,gaume1 %[+ ! ',rubicon1' ! ,gr&e ,gal]ie des ,fresques1 9 :i* ! *ief poly*rome pa9t+s are f\nd1 & ! ,div]ticule f9al4 ,aft] ,capitan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bba4 ,n>r[ passage 9 ! cav]n ( ,font-de-,gaume1 kn[n z ! ',rubicon4' ,on ! left wall at ?is po9t are two pa9t$ bison1 & on bo? walls are m>ks left by ! claws ( ! cave-be>4 ,aft] ,lassalle4 ,! gr& cav]n ( ,font-de-,gaume17#bg7 on ! ,beune1 n f> f ,les ,eyzies1 conta9s ! mo/ complete record ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic art1 especially f ! close ( ,aurignacian to ! close ( ,magdal5ian times4 ,!re are crude ,aurignacian draw+s1 simple outl9es pa9t$ 9 black1 outl9es supplem5t$ by ! indication ( hair 7examples ( ! e>ly /ages 9 ! developm5t ( poly*rome "w z well z ( ! v highe/ /ages71 compositions l ! lion & ! gr\p ( horses1 & ! murals 9 ! ,gal]ie des ,fresques1 :i* %[ a g5]al composition 9 ! processions ( animals1 z well z "s special compositions su* z ! re9de] & bison fac+ ea* o!r4 ,! life depict$ is l>gely t ( ! tundras1 mammo?s1 rh9oc]oses1 & re9de]1 b x also includes ! /eppe or ,celtic type ( horse1 repres5t$ gallop+ 7,fig4 #baa71 & a small gr\p ( horses ( ! ,arab or ,celtic type4 ,( ! mead[ fauna ! bison is g5]ally repres5t$ 9 pref]5ce to ! wild ox or urus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbb4 ,plan ( a portion ( ! left wall decoration 9 ! ,gal]ie des ,fresques at ,font-de-,gaume1 %[+ re9de] & ! procession ( bison4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,?r\gh\t ! cav]n ! favorable surfaces ( ! walls are cr[d$ ) engrav+s1 & 9 ! ,gal]ie des ,fresques1 beyond ! n>r[ passage kn[n z ! ',rubicon' 7,fig4 #bba71 we see altoge!r ! f9e/ examples ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic art4 ,on ea* side ( ?is gall]y is a peculi>ly advantage\s mural surface1 broad1 relatively smoo?1 & g5tly concave 7,pl4 ,,vii71 probably ! be/ :i* any cav]n af=d$1 & "h we obs]ve great processions ( mammals sup]pos$ ^u ea* o!r1 l ! records ( a palimpse/1 z if su* a surface 0 s r>e t x 0 visit$ aga9 & aga94 ,! mo/ impos+ s]ies is t ( ! bison1 done 9 ! f9e/ poly*rome /yle1 mo/ly head$ 9 "o direction4 ,! re9de] =m ano!r s]ies & 9 "s in/ances face ea* o!r1 al?\gh ma9ly arrang$ 9 a long procession fac+ to ! left4 ,?is sup]position ( draw+ ^u draw+ ends ) ! late/ sup]position 9 f9ely incis$ l9es ( a great procession ( mammo?s ^u t ( ! poly*rome bisons4 ,x is some:at difficult to reconcile a religi\s or votive int]pretation ) ! multiplication ( ^! draw+s ^u ea* o!r4 ,moreov]1 x appe>s to be inconsi/5t ) ! rev]5t _s :i* p]vades ! "w 9 ?is & 9 all o!r cav]ns1 = :at impresses "o mo/ is ! abs5ce ( trivial "w or mean+less draw+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbc4 ,ano!r portion ( ! left wall decoration ( ! ,gal]ie des ,fresques1 %[+ ! prelim9>y engrav+ 7above71 & ! pa9t+ 7bel[7 ( ! great procession ( mammo?s1 sup]pos$ ^u draw+s ( ! bison1 re9de]1 & horse4 ,?is section is ab\t f\rte5 feet 9 l5g?4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,x seems z if at e /age 9 _! arti/ic developm5t ^! p 7 int5sely s]i\s ab\t _! "w1 ea* draw+ be+ execut$ ) ! utmo/ possible c>e1 accord+ to ! degree ( arti/ic developm5t & appreciation4 ,9 ! great gall]y ( frescos we f9d n less ?an eighty figures1 9 "s cases p>tly cov]$ by a f9e %e5 ( /alagmitic lime/one2 ^! include #di bison1 #d re9de]1 #d horses1 & #ae mammo?s4 ,! bison poly*romes h suff]$ some:at 9 color & are f> less brilliant ?an ^? at ,altamira4 ,9 ! poly*romes ! color is appli$ ei!r 9 long l9es ( r$ or black surr\nd+ ! cont\rs ( ! animal or 9 flat t9ts plac$ side by side1 or aga9 ! two colors are m+l$ & give int]m$iate t9ts ) /rik+ effect4 ,on "o ( ! f9e/ ( ^! bison is ! und]ly+ draw+ ( a re9de]1 a wild bo>1 & ! sup]position ( an excell5t engrav+ ( a mammo?1 :i* is repres5t$ on an altoge!r diff]5t scale1 s t x falls well )9 ! body l9es ( ! bison 7,fig4 #bbd74 ,9 ea* ( ^! mammo?s ! grotesque b tru?ful cont\r is pres]v$ 9 ! drap]y ( hair :i* almo/ completely envelops ! limbs2 ! emphasiz+ ( ! sudd5 depression ( ! dorsal l9e beh9d ! head is ev]y:]e ! same & und\bt$ly con=ms v closely to nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbd4 ,detail ( ! engrav+ ( ! c5tral gr\p ( figures on ! left wall decoration ( ! ,gal]ie des ,fresques 7see ,fig4 #bbc71 %[+ ! et*+ ( a mammo? sup]pos$ ^u t ( a bison1 sup]pos$ 9 turn ^u ^? ( a re9de] & ( a wild bo>4 ,^! figures are on diff]5t scales1 & 9 ! pres5t fad$ condition ( ! frescoes are difficult to detect4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbe4 ,entrance to ! cav]n ( ,altamira1 %[+ ! proximity ( ! ro( ( ! cav]n to ! pres5t surface ( ! e>?4 ,photograph by ,n4 ,c4 ,nelson4 ,aft] pass+ ! ,gal]ie des ,fresques we p5etrate to ! f9al recess call$ ! ,div]ticule f9al1 ?r\gh excessively n>r[ tubul> op5+s b>ely admitt+ ! body1 & we are aga9 ov]come ) ! my/]y z to :at impulse c>ri$ ?is art into ! d>k1 deep portions ( ! cav]ns4 ,if x 7 due to a feel+ p>tly religi\s :i*1 reg>d$ ! cav]ns ) special awe1 :y d we f9d equally skilful & consci5ti\s "w on all ! mobile ut5sils ( daily life & ( ! *ase1 ap>t f ! cav]ns8 ,! sup]position ( "o draw+ ^u ano!r1 :i* is especially *>act]i/ic ( ?is cav]n1 does n seem to /r5g!n ! religi\s int]pretation4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! love ( art = art's sake1 ak9 9 a v rudim5t>y =m to t :i* inspir$ ! e>ly ,greeks1 toge!r ) ! f9e spaces :i* ^! cav]ns alone af=d$ = l>g] repres5tations1 may be an alt]native explanation4 ,!re is no evid5ce t numb]s ( p ent]$ ^! cav]ns4 ,if ?is _h be5 ! case !re w\ld be _m m examples ( in>ti/ic "w ^u ! walls4 ,x is possible t ! ,cr-,magnon arti/s con/itut$ a recogniz$ class especially gift$ by nature1 q di/9ct f ! magician class or ! artisan class4 ,! d>k recesses ( ! cav]ns op5+ back ( ! grottos may h be5 held 9 awe z my/]i\s abodes4 ,9 l9e ) ?is !ory is ! sugge/ion t ! arti/s may h be5 invit$ into ! cav]ns by ! prie/s or m$ic9e-m5 to decorate ! walls ) all ! animals ( ! *ase4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbf4 ,plan %[+ ! gr\p+ ( bison1 horses1 r$ de]1 & wild bo>1 9 ! poly*rome pa9t+s on ! ceil+ ( ,altamira4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,! poly*romes ( ! ceil+ ( ,altamira 9 nor!rn ,spa91 :i* rank 9 ! crude art ( ,paloli?ic times mu* z ! ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel does 9 mod]n art1 are some:at m conv5tional 9 te*nique ?an ^? ( ,font-de-,gaume1 b !y are manife/ly ! "w ( ! same s*ool1 & prove t ! te*nique ( art spread l t ( engrav+1 ( sculpture1 & ( ! prep>ation ( fl9t & bone implem5ts all ov] s\?we/]n ,europe4 ,"o c\ld n h m /rik+ pro( ( ! unity ( race1 ( a community ( life1 & ( an int]*ange ( ideas among ^! nomadic p ?an ! close resemblance :i* is obs]v$ 9 ! art ( ,altamira1 ,spa91 & t ( ,font-de-,gaume1 #bij miles di/ant1 9 ,dordogne4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbg4 ,! ceil+ ( ,altamira1 %[+ ! r\nd project+ bosses ( lime/one on :i* ! recumb5t figures ( ! bison are pa9t$4 ,aft] ,lassalle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbh4 ,female bison ly+ d[n ) ! limbs drawn b5ea? ! body1 s t only ! horns & tail project beyond ! convex surface ( ! lime/one boss on ! ceil+ ( ,altamira4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,v picturesque is ! acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( ?is wond]ful ceil+1 made n by ! ,spani% ar*ologi/ ,sautuola himself1 b by 8 little daught]1 :o1 :ile he 0 se>*+ = fl9ts on ! floor ( ! cav]n1 0 ! fir/ to p]ceive ! pa9t+s on ! ceil+ & to insi/ ^u 8 rais+ 8 lamp al(t4 ,?is 0 9 #ahgi1 long be=e ! discov]y ( p>ietal art 9 ,france4 ,! ceil+ is broad & l[1 )9 easy rea* ( ! h&1 & ! oval bosses ( lime/one 7,fig4 #bbg71 f #d to #e feet 9 l5g? & f #c to #d 9 wid?1 l$ to ! developm5t "h ( "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( all ,paloli?ic art1 namely1 ! arti/'s adaptation ( ! subject to 8 m$ium & to ! "* ( ! surface ^u :i* he 0 work+4 ,x seems to %[ a high ord] ( creative g5ius t ea* ( ^! project+ bosses 0 *os5 = ! repres5tation ( a bison ly+ d[n1 ) ! limbs drawn up 9 diff]5t positions b5ea? ! body 7,fig4 #bbh7 & v c>efully design$1 & ) ! tail or ! horns alone project+ beyond ! convex surface to ! surr\nd+ plane surface4 ,?is is ! only in/ance kn[n :]e ! bison are repres5t$ z ly+ d[n1 9 mo/ lifelike attitudes1 %[+ ! soles ( ! ho(1 obs]v$ ) ! greate/ c>e & repres5t$ by a few /rong & significant l9es4 ,?us :ile ! ,altamira color+ incl9es to conv5tionality1 ! pose ( ^! animals indicates ! greate/ fre$om ( /yle & ma/]y ( p]spective any:]e obs]v$4 ,9 ?is wond]ful gr\p !re is also a bison bell[+1 ) 8 back ar*$ & 8 limbs drawn "u him z if to expel ! air4 ,"o /rik+ feature 9 all ^! pa9t+s is ! vivid repres5tation ( ! eye1 :i* 9 e case is giv5 a fi]ce & defiant "*1 s di/9ctive ( ! bison bull :5 enrag$4 ,we also obs]ve a wild bo> 9 a runn+ attitude & sev]al spirit$ repres5tations ( ! horse & ( ! female de]4 ,! cav]n ( ,altamira1 besides ?is *ef-d'uvre1 conta9s "w ( a v advanc$ "*1 z indicat$ 9 ! impos+ engrav+ ( ! royal /ag 7,fig4 #bbi71 :i* is altoge!r ! f9e/ repres5tation ( ?is animal :i* has ?us f> be5 discov]$ 9 any cav]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbi4 ,! royal /ag 7,c]vus elaphus7 engrav$ on ! ceil+ ( ! cav]n ( ,altamira4 ,ab\t tw5ty-six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,aft] ,breuil4 ,"o-eigh? actual size4 ,altamira1 l ,font-de-,gaume1 pres5ts _m phases ( ! developm5t ( art 9 ,magdal5ian times4 ,!re is a ,solutrean lay] 9 ! foy] ( ?is great cav]n1 b ,breuil is n incl9$ to attribute any ( ! art to ?is p]iod4 ,! fir/ entrance ( ,altamira by ! ,cr-,magnon arti/s is dat$ by ! discov]y ( engrav+s on bone ( ! female r$ de]1 :i* are id5tical ) ^? on ! walls & :i* belong to v anci5t ,magdal5ian times1 ! p]iod at :i* ! cav]ns ( ,ca/illo & ,la ,pasiega 7 also ent]$47#bh7 ,,sculpture ,animal sculpture 9 ! r\nd1 :i* is indicat$ by ! few /atuettes f\nd ) ! burial at ,brnn1 ,moravia1 & by ! ivory mammo? /atuette f\nd at ,pedmo/1 cont9u$ into e>ly ,magdal5ian times & c]ta9ly con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ di/9ctive features ( ! art ( t p]iod1 because 9 ! lat] ,magdal5ian x took a diff]5t tr5d 9 ! direction ( decorative sculpture4 ,only two f9e examples ( e>ly ,magdal5ian animal sculpture h be5 f\nd1 b ^! are ( su* a rem>kable "* z to indicate t modell+ 9 ! r\nd 0 widely pursu$ at ?is "t4 ,^! are ! bisons discov]$ 9 #aiab 9 ! cav]n ( ,tuc d',aud\b]t ne> ,montesquieu1 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 & ! f9e bas-reliefs ( horses at ! %elt] ( ,cap-,blanc1 on ! ,beune1 9 ,dordogne4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcj4 ,/atuette ( a mammo? 9 re9de] horn f ! ,abri de ,plantade at ,bruniquel4 ,aft] ,piette4 ,a /atuette pres5t+ ! g5]al =m ( ! mammo? ) "s fanta/ic features4 ,x =m$ "p ( a p5dant ( :i* ! %ank1 t]m9at+ ) a p]=ation1 has be5 brok54 ,! tusks 7 laid aga9/ ?is %ank & /r5g!n$ x4 ,! incisions bord]$ by not*es sugge/ ! no/rils ( "s imag9>y mon/]4 ,! trunk seems to gr[ out ( ! neck1 n ! head4 ,! tail hav+ be5 brok5 (f 9 ,paloli?ic times1 ! own] made a hole 9 ! back & ins]t$ "o !re4 ,! mat]ial 0 too ?9 to admit ( repres5t+ ! prop] ?ickness ( ! animal4 ,x 0 made to be view$ f ! side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bca4 ,entrance to ! cav]n ( ,tuc d',aud\b]t1 ne> ,montesquieu-,avants 9 ! ,pyr5ees4 ,?is is "o ( ! r>e in/ances 9 :i* ! /ream t =m$ ! cav]n is /ill fl[+ f ! entrance4 ,photograph by ,n4 ,c4 ,nelson4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcb4 ,head ( a re9de] deeply incis$ or engrav$ 9 ! lime/one wall ( ! cav]n ( ,tuc d',aud\b]t4 ,aft] ,bg\54 ,9 company ) ,pr(essor ,c>tailhac ! writ] _h ! good =tune to ent] ! cav]n ( ,tuc d',aud\b]t a few days aft] its discov]y by ! ,comte de ,bg\5 & 8 sons2 x is /ill 9 ! mak+1 = out f ! entrance fl[s a /ream ( wat] l>ge en\gh to float a small boat1 by :i* ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( sup]bly cry/alliz$ gall]ies is rea*$4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh a labyr9? ( passageways & *amb]s a favorable surface 0 f\nd :]e ! ,bg\5 p>ty %[$ u a :ole wall cov]$ ) l[-engrav+ reliefs1 v simply done1 f9e 9 execution1 ) sure & firm outl9es ( ! bison1 ! favorite subject z 9 all o!r cav]ns2 horses fairly well execut$ & ( ! same /eppe type z ^? 9 ! ne>-by cav]n ( ,niaux2 "o sup]bly engrav$ cont\r ( ! re9de]1 ) its long1 curv$ horns2 ! head ( a /ag ) its horns /ill 9 ! velvet2 & a mammo?4 ,all ?is "w is engrav$2 !re are no drawn outl9es1 b "h & !re are spla%es ( r$ & black color4 ,%ortly aft]w>d a great discov]y 0 made 9 ?is cav]n2 x is describ$ z foll[s by ! ,comte de ,bg\53,,ba ,to-day ,i am happy to give y excell5t news f ! cav]n ,tuc d',aud\b]t4 ,z y 7 ! fir/ to visit ?is cav]n1 y w also be ! fir/ to le>n t 9 an upp] gall]y1 v difficult ( access1 at ! summit ( a v n>r[ asc5d+ passage1 & aft] hav+ be5 oblig$ to break a numb] ( /alactites :i* completely clos$ ! entrance1 my son & myself h f\nd two sup]b /atuettes 9 clay1 ab\t #fj cm4 9 l5g?1 absolutely unbrok51 & repres5t+ bison4 ,c>tailhac & ,breuil1 :o h come to see !m1 7 fill$ ) en?usiasm4 ,! gr\nd ( ^! *amb]s 0 cov]$ ) impr9ts ( ! claws ( ! be>1 skeletons ( :i* 7 buri$ "h & !re4 ,! ,magdal5ians h pass$ ?r\gh ?is ossu>y & h drawn out all ! can9e tee? to make ornam5ts ( !m4 ,_! /eps left _! f9e impressions on ! humid & s(t clay1 & we /ill see ! outl9es ( sev]al b>e human feet4 ,!y _h also lo/ sev]al flakes ( fl9t & ! too? ( an ox pi]c$ at ! neck2 we h collect$ !m1 & x seems z if !y _h only dropp$ ye/]day2 ! ,magdal5ians also left an incomplete model ( a bison & "s lumps ( knead$ clay :i* /ill c>ry ! impression ( _! f+]s4 ,we produce ! pro( t 9 ?is p]iod all bran*es ( art 7 cultivat$4 ,?is model ( ! male & female bison 9 clay has be5 describ$ by ,c>tailhac z ( p]fect workman%ip & ( ideal art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcc4 ,two bison1 male & female1 modell$ 9 clay1 discov]$ 9 ! cav]n ( ,tuc d',aud\b]t4 ,! l5g? ( ea* ( ^! models is ab\t two feet4 ,aft] ,bg\54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcd4 ,"o ( a s]ies ( horses ( ! high-br$ ,celtic type1 sculptur$ 9 high relief on ! wall ( ! cliff %elt] kn[n z ,cap-,blanc4 ,! actual l5g? ( ea* ( ^! sculptures is ab\t sev5 feet4 ,aft] ,lalanne & ,breuil4 ,! procession ( six horses cut 9 lime/one "u ! %elt]+ cliff ( ,cap-,blanc is by f> ! mo/ impos+ "w ( ,magdal5ian art t has be5 discov]$4 ,! sculptures are 9 high relief & ( l>ge size & are 9 excell5t proportion2 !y appe> to repres5t ! high-br$ type ( des]t or ,celtic horse1 relat$ to ! ,arabian1 s f> z we c judge f ! long1 /raight face1 ! sl5d] nose1 ! small no/rils1 & ! massive angle ( ! l[] jaw2 ! e>s are r long & po9t$1 & ! tail is repres5t$ z ?9 & )\t hair2 !y 7 f\nd p>tly buri$ by lay]s conta9+ implem5ts ( middle ,magdal5ian indu/ry1 & !y are !re=e assign$ to an e>ly ,magdal5ian date 9 :i* animal sculpture 9 ! r\nd rea*$ its climax4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bce4 ,head ( a horse sculptur$ on a re9de] antl]1 f ! ,magdal5ian lay] ( ,mas d',azil on ! "r bank ( ! ,arize4 ,aft] ,piette4 ,actual size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcf4 ,/atuette c>v$ on a fragm5t ( mammo? tusk1 repres5t+ a horse ( ,celtic type ) mane erect1 f ! grotto ( ,les ,espelugues1 ,l\rdes4 ,aft] ,piette4 ,ab\t "o & "o-?ird actual size4 ,f ! e>ly to ! middle ,magdal5ian p]iod animal sculpture 9 bone1 horn1 & ivory 0 foll[$ z decorative art 9 a bold & highly naturali/ic mann]4 ,adaptation ( ! animal figure to ! surface & to ! mat]ial employ$ is n[h]e %[n 9 a m rem>kable way ?an 9 ! btons1 ! d>t-?r[]s1 & ! poni>ds4 ,( all ! "w ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic1 ^! decorative heads & bodies are1 p]haps1 ! mo/ highly arti/ic creations 9 ! mod]n s5se4 ,! fam\s horse f\nd 9 ! late ,magdal5ian levels ( ,mas d',azil 7,fig4 #bce7 & ! small horses f ! grotto ( ,espelugues1 ( ! middle ,magdal5ian1 are full ( movem5t & life & %[ su* c]ta9ty & bread? ( treatm5t t !y mu/ be reg>d$ z ! ma/]pieces ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic glyptic art4 ,! ibex c>v$ on ! d>t-?r[] f ! grotto ( ,mas d',azil 7,fig4 #agh7 indicates obs]vation & a /rik+ p[] ( expression2 :ile all ! details are not$1 ! treatm5t is v broad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcg4 ,head ( a woman ) head-dress sculptur$ 9 ivory1 f ! ,magdal5ian levels ( ,brassemp\y4 ,aft] ,piette4 ,"o & "o-fif? actual size4 ,! cont9uation ( animal sculpture 9 ! r\nd is se5 9 ! well-kn[n horse /atuette f ! grotto ( ,l\rdes2 ! p>tly decorative /rip+ is a /ep 9 ! direction ( conv5tional treatm5t4 ,! sculptur$ re9de] discov]$ by ,bg\5 9 ! grotto ( ,enlne is treat$ 9 a some:at simil> /yle4 ,small human figur9es aga9 appe> 9 ! =m ( /atuettes 9 bone or ivory1 repres5t+ ! r5aissance ( ! _s ( human sculpture4 ,"s ( ?is "w is app>5tly 9 se>* ( beauty & ) altoge!r diff]5t motives f ! repell5t fem99e /atuettes ( middle & late ,aurignacian times1 = ! subjects are sl5d] & ! limbs are modell$ ) relative skill4 ,z 9 ! e>li] works1 !re is a p>tial failure to portray ! features1 :i* is 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! lifelike treatm5t ( animal heads4 ,v few examples ( ?is "w h be5 f\nd1 & mo/ ( !m h be5 brok54 ,to ?is p]iod belong ! ,v5us /atuette ( ,laug]ie ,basse & ! head ( a girl c>v$ 9 ivory f\nd at ,brassemp\y 7,fig4 #bcg7 ) ! features fairly sugge/$ & an elaborate head-dress4 ,,geographic ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,magdal5ian ,,culture ,9 ,magdal5ian times ! ,cr-,magnon race und\bt$ly rea*$ its highe/ developm5t & its wide/ geographic di/ribution1 b x w\ld be a mi/ake to inf] t ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,magdal5ian culture also m>k ! extreme migration po9ts ( ?is nomadic p1 because ! indu/ries & inv5tions may well h spread f> beyond ! areas actually inhabit$ by ! race itself4 ,abs5ce ( ,magdal5ian influ5ce ar\nd ! nor!rly coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ surpris+ facts4 ,breuil has sugge/$ t ,italy rema9$ 9 an ,aurignacian /age ( developm5t ?r\gh\t ,magdal5ian times & indicates t !re is mu* evid5ce t ,magdal5ian culture nev] p5etrat$ into ?is p59sula1 = 9 ,italy ! ,aurignacian indu/rial /age is succe$$ by traces ( ! ,azilian4 ,?is geographic gap1 h[ev]1 may be fill$ at any "t by a fre% discov]y4 ,9 ,spa91 also1 ! ,magdal5ian culture is kn[n only 9 ! ,cantabrian ,m\nta9s1 b nev] f>!r s\?1 "o ( ! e>lie/ sites f\nd 9 ?is region be+ ! grotto ( ,pea la ,miel1 visit$ by ,l>tet 9 #ahfe1 & "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ! cav]n ( ,altamira1 discov]$ by ,sautuola 9 #ahge2 to ! nor!a/ is ! /ation ( ,banyolas4 ,s f> ! ea/]n prov9ces ( ,spa9 h n yield$ any implem5ts ( engrav$ or sculptur$ bone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bch4 ,geographic di/ribution ( ! pr9cipal ,magdal5ian indu/rial /ations 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,9 contra/ to ?is failure to rea* s\?w>d1 ! ,magdal5ian culture is widely ext5d$ ?r\gh ,france1 ,belgium1 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,switz]l&1 ,au/ria1 & z f> ea/ z ,russia4 ,x w\ld appe> ei!r t ! m5 ( ,magdal5ian times w&]$ f> & wide or t !re 0 an ext5sive sy/em ( b>t]1 because ! discov]y ( %ells br\ght = p]sonal adornm5t f ! ,m$it]ranean sea%ores to v>i\s ,magdal5ian sites 9 ,france & 9 c5tral ,europe seems to indicate a wide-spread int]c\rse among ^! nomadic hunt]s & a sy/em ( trade rea*+ f ! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,atlantic to ! valley ( ! ,neck> 9 ,g]many & along ! ,danube 9 ,l[] ,au/ria4 ,ano!r pro( ( ?is int]c\rse is ! wide di/ribution n only ( simil> =ms ( implem5ts b ( v simil> decorations2 z an in/ance1 ,breuil notes ! lik5ess ( s*ematic engrav+s on re9de] horn 9 ! two primitive ,magdal5ian lay]s ( ,plac>d1 ,*>5te1 to ^? f\nd 9 ! ,poli% cav]n ( ,maszycka1 ne> ,ojc[1 & to o!rs 9 ! correspond+ lay]s ( ,ca/illo1 ne> ,sant&]1 ( ,solutr on ! ,sane1 & ( v>i\s sites 9 ,dordogne4 ,a v di/9ctive geometric decoration on bone is t ( brok5 zigzag l9es ) little int]calat$ transv]se l9es1 :i* we notice at ,altamira1 9 nor!rn ,spa91 & :i* also occurs "h & !re 9 ,dordogne & 9 ,*>5te & ext5ds to ! grottos ( d',arlay 9 ! ,jura4 ,ano!r /yle ( ornam5t1 ) deep pect9ate & punctuate l9es1 f\nd 9 ! v anci5t ,magdal5ian ( ,plac>d1 also occurs 9 ! mo/ anci5t lay]s ( ,kessl]lo*1 ,switz]l&4 ,spiral ornam5ts l ^? on ! bone weapons ( ,dordogne1 ( ,arudy1 & ( ,l\rdes are f\nd at ,hornos de la ,pea1 9 ! ,cantabrian ,m\nta9s4 ,! spread ( analog\s decoration is /ill m /rik+ :5 we f9d x occurr+ 9 ! details ( sculpture or 9 a c]ta9 type ( d>t-?r[] 7propulseur71 :i* ext5d$ f ! ,pyr5ees ea/w>d to ! ,lake ( ,con/ance4 ,inv5tions l t ( ! h>poon & fa%ions l ^? ( ! decorative motifs 7 c>ri$ f po9t to po9t4 ,?is influ5ce does n lead to id5tity4 ,"s ( ! phases ( art & ( decoration are conf9$ to c]ta9 localities2 = example1 ! engrav+s ( de] on ! bone %\ld]-blades 9 ! cav]ns ne> ,sant&]1 ,spa91 are n duplicat$ 9 ,france2 also !re are num]\s local /yles witness$ 9 ! =ms & decorations ( ! javel91 ! lance1 & ! h>poon2 ^! v>iations1 h[ev]1 d n conceal ! elem5t ( community ( culture & ( simil> fluctuations ( indu/ry & art betwe5 widely di/ant /ations4 ,_m ,magdal5ian /ations 7 cr[d$ ar\nd ! %elt]$ cliffs ( ,dordogne 7,fig4 #bch74 ,besides ^!1 we obs]ve ! ,magdal5ian sites ( ,*amps1 ,ressauli]1 & ! grotto ( ,combo-,negro 9 ,corrze2 s\? ( ,dordogne & ,corrze are o!r /ations along ! ,g>onne & ! ,ad\r4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ examples ( ,magdal5ian art h come f ,bruniquel1 on ! ,aveyron1 ne> ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,t>n-et-,g>onne & ,t>n1 :]e no less ?an f\r important sites h be5 excavat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bci4 ,necklace ( m>9e %ells1 f ! cave ( ,cr-,magnon1 mo/ly p]iw9kles1 "s relat$ to species n[ liv+ 9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 ,purpura1 ,turitella1 & ,fusus4 ,aft] ,e4 ,l>tet4 ,! ,cr-,magnon grotto dwell]s us$ %ells belong+ to exi/+ species1 :ile 9 ! deposits at ,la ,madele9e & ,laug]ie ,basse fossil %ells are f\nd4 ,! use ( sea%ore %ells z ornam5ts 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! int]ior ( ,europe indicates t !y 7 br\ght long di/ances 9 trade4 ,! rema9s ( su* ornam5ts 7 f\nd ) ! skeleton ( ,aurignacian age f ,pavil&1 ,wales4 ,necklaces 7 also made ( small plates ( ivory & ! p]=at$ tee? ( ! cave-be>4 ,"o-?ird actual size4 ,! culture map ( ,france 9 ,magdal5ian times is cov]$ f nor? to s\? ) ^! anci5t camp sites1 ei!r clu/]$ along ! riv] bord]s1 :]e erosion has creat$ %elt]s1 or 9 ! great outcrops ( lime/one along ! nor!rn slopes ( ! ,pyr5ees1 :]e ! exposure ( ! lime/one has l$ to ! =mation ( grottos & cav]ns1 or on ! plateaus :]e game ab\nd$ or fl9t c\ld be f\nd = ! rapidly decl9+ fl9t indu/ry4 ,ne> ! ,gulf ( ,lyons are ! /ations ( ,bise1 ,t\rnal1 ,n>bonne1 & ,cr\zade2 ext5d+ we/w>d t[>d ! headwat]s ( ! ,arige are ,la ,va*e1 ,massat1 & ! great tunnel /ation ( ,mas d',azil1 =m$ by ! ,riv] ,arize2 "h ! ,magdal5ian levels discov]$ by ,piette h yield$ "s ( ! mo/ notable ,magdal5ian works ( art1 includ+ animal /atuettes1 bas-reliefs1 & engrav+s ) incis$ cont\rs4 ,f>!r we/1 on ! headwat]s ( ! ,g>onne1 is ,g\rdan1 :]e ,piette began 8 rem>kable excavations 9 #ahga & discov]$ two ( ! anci5t ,magdal5ian phases ( sculpture2 !n comes ! m we/]ly gr\p ( ,aur5san1 ,lor!t1 & ,l\rdes1 ! latt] a grotto :i* has yield$ "o ( ! f9e/ examples ( ! horse sculptur$ 9 ivory1 & :i* has s9ce become fam\s z ! site ( a miracle & ( mod]n pilgrimage4 ,betwe5 ! ,g>onne & ! ,bay ( ,biscay lie ! /ations ( ,duru?y & ! ,grotte du ,pape ( ,brassemp\y1 ! latt] occupi$ 9 ,magdal5ian times1 b be/ kn[n z a c5tre ( late ,aurignacian sculpture ( /atuettes4 ,to ! nor!a/1 9 ! v he>t ( ! m\nta9\s region ( ,auv]gne1 is ! /ation ( ,nes*]s1 :]e a fl[ ( lava f ,m\nt ,t>t>et desc5d$ ov] ! slopes ( ,mont-,dor & cov]$ a ,m\/]ian indu/rial deposit ) its mammo? fauna & !n1 aft] a lapse ( "t1 became ! site ( a ,magdal5ian indu/rial camp1 s t ,b\le has be5 able to det]m9e ! geologic age ( ! mo/ rec5t volcanic eruptions 9 ,france1 ^? ( ! ,monts d',auv]gne1 z hav+ occurr$ betwe5 ! p]iods ( ,m\/]ian & ,magdal5ian indu/ry4 ,9 view ( ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( ,aurignacian & ,solutrean camps z well z ( ,neoli?ic /ations 9 s\!a/]n ,france1 we are surpris$ at ! extreme r>ity !re ( ,magdal5ian fl9t implem5ts4 ,h[ev]1 ,capitan has recogniz$ a ,magdal5ian /ation at ,solutr1 ne> ! headwat]s ( ! ,sane1 & n f> f ?is site is ! /ation ( ,g\la9e1 :i* has yield$ an enorm\s fl9t scrap] or anvil1 ! l>ge/ ,upp] ,paloli?ic implem5t ev] f\nd2 x is c>efully *ipp$ ar\nd ! entire curv$ edge & weighs ov] #d-a_/d p\nds4 ,to ! nor? ( ! ,dordogne is ! celebrat$ grotto ( ,plac>d1 9 ,*>5te1 :]e ! dawn ( ! ,magdal5ian indu/ry has be5 discov]$1 & aga9 directly nor? ( ?is is ! grotto ( ,*affaud1 at ,savign1 :]e ! fir/ engrav$ bone ( ! ',re9de] ,age' 0 discov]$ 9 #ahcd2 n f> f ?is is ! %elt] ( ,g>5ne1 ne> ,/4 ,m>cel 7,indre71 :i* has af=d$ a f9e figure ( a gallop+ re9de]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdj4 ,geographic di/ribution ( ! ,magdal5ian & o!r ,paloli?ic /ations on ! upp] wat]s ( ! ,rh9e & ( ! ,danube4 ,! *ief ,magdal5ian /ations are3 ,&]na*1 ,bock/e91 ,bu*5lo*1 ,gans]sfels51 ,hhlefels bei ,htt51 ,hhlefels bei ,s*elkl+51 ,hohle/e91 ,k>t/e91 ,ka/lhnghhle1 ,kessl]lo*1 ,m>t9%hle1 ,munz+51 ,ni$]nau1 ,ob]l>g1 ,(net1 ,prop/fels1 ,s*mie*5fels1 ,s*uss5quelle1 ,s*weiz]sbild1 ,sirg5/e91 ,/rassb]g1 ,wildhaus1 ,wilds*eu]1 & ,w9t]l+54 ,aft] ,r4 ,r4 ,s*midt1 modifi$ & r$rawn4 ,^! geographic & arti/ic records are ( int5se int]e/ z c>ry+ ! ,prigord or ,dordogne culture nor?w>d4 ,some:at to ! ea/1 on ! headwat]s ( ! ,cure1 a tribut>y ( ! ,yonne1 !re is an important gr\p includ+ ov] sixty op5 %elt]s =m$ 9 ! ,jurassic lime/one1 9 :i* *>act]i/ic ,magdal5ian bone implem5ts h be5 f\nd4 ,( ^! ! mo/ fam\s are ! ,grotte des ,fes1 & ! ,grotte du ,trilobite1 bo? ( :i* 7 fir/ ent]$ by ! ,ne&]?als 9 ,m\/]ian times & 7 aga9 s\ght by ! ,cr-,magnons 9 ,magdal5ian times4 ,pass+ /ill f>!r nor?1 ! ,cr-,magnons visit$ ! bord]s ( ! ,somme & s\ght ! hi/oric fl9t /ation ( ,/4 ,a*eul1 :i* _h be5 frequ5t$ by races ( m5 = ?\s&s ( ye>s previ\s1 back to ,pre-,*ellean times4 ,to ! nor!a/ are ! /ations ( ,belgium1 *iefly made kn[n ?r\gh ! labors ( ,dupont1 di/ribut$ along ! valleys ( ! ,lesse & ( ! ,meuse & yield+ *>act]i/ic ,magdal5ian fl9ts z well z a numb] ( engrav+s on bone4 ,we may be sure t ?is region 0 "u ,cr-,magnon rule & t _! control ext5d$ ov] into ,brita91 :]e1 x w be recall$1 a ,cr-,magnon skeleton 0 f\nd at ,pavil&1 9 we/]n ,wales4 ,"h1 aga91 9 ,magdal5ian times ! ,cr-,magnon race 0 probably wide-spread ov] s\!rn ,brita94 ,at ,bacon's ,hole1 ne> ,swansea1 ,wales1 !re is a wall decoration consi/+ ( t5 r$ b&s1 :i*1 accord+ to ,breuil & ,sollas1 may possibly be ( ,paloli?ic age4 ,m def9ite is ! ,magdal5ian indu/ry obs]v$ at ! ,cresswell ,crags1 9 ,d]by%ire2 :ile ne> ,torquay1 ,devon%ire1 is ! fam\s /ation ( ,k5t's ,hole1 discov]$ 9 #ahbd1 9 :i* a bone ne$le has be5 f\nd & sev]al h>poons ) d\ble r[s ( b>bs belong+ to ! late ,magdal5ian indu/ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bda4 ,re9de] engrav$ ar\nd a piece ( re9de] antl]1 f ,kessl]lo*1 ,switz]l&4 ,?is is a unique in/ance ( ! portrayal ( l&scape 9 ,paloli?ic art4 ,aft] ,heim4 ,slightly m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s actual size4 ,9 ,g]many1 :]eas only ?ree ,solutrean /ations h be5 discov]$17#bi7 !re are no less ?an f\rte5 ,magdal5ian /ations to atte/ ! wide spread ( t culture4 ,?us ! favorite grotto ( ,sirg5/e91 ne> ! c5tre ( ! ,magdal5ian /ations on ! upp] wat]s ( ! ,danube1 al?\gh ab&on$ 9 ,solutrean times1 0 aga9 ent]$ by man dur+ ! e>ly ,magdal5ian culture /age4 ,co9cid5t ) ! return ( man to ?is great grotto 0 ! arrival ( ! b&$ lemm+ 7,myodes torquatus71 ! h]ald ( ! cold tundra wave ( life 9 ! f> nor?4 ,at ! v same "t man ) ! b&$ lemm+ arriv$ at ,s*weiz]sbild1 ne> ! ,lake ( ,con/ance2 at a slightly e>li] p]iod1 ) ! dawn ( ,magdal5ian culture1 man ent]$ ! si/] /ation ( ,kessl]lo*4 ,x c]ta9ly appe>s t a cold moi/ climate accompany+ ! ,bhl advance influ5c$ all ! ,cr-,magnon peoples ( ?is region j nor? ( ! ,alp9e glaci]s & compell$ !m to seek ! grottos & %elt]s4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s op5 /ations 9 ?is g5]al region1 = example1 at ,s*uss5ri$1 ,wrttemb]g2 ! ,magdal5ian culture lay] is n f\nd 9 a grotto1 b lies "u a deposit ( peat m+l$ ) ! rema9s ( ! re9de]1 horse1 br[n be>1 & wolf4 ,aga91 among ! be/-kn[n sites along ! middle ,rh9e is ! op5-air /ation ( ,&]na*4 ,demon/rat+ ! ea/w>d di/ribution ( ! art ( engrav+ on ivory & bone is ! pres5ce 9 ,&]na* & 9 ! grotto ( ,wilds*eu]1 ne> ,/eet51 on ! ,lahn1 ( engrav+s ( ?is "*4 ,?us f> ^! are ! only ,g]man /ations 9 :i* su* engrav+s h be5 f\nd4 ,( especial int]e/ also is ! op5 ,magdal5ian 'loess' /ation ( ,munz+51 on ! upp] ,rh9e1 because x proves t ! highe/ lay]s ( ! 'upp] loess1' correspond+ ) ! dry or /eppe p]iod ( climate1 7 contemporane\s ) ! advanc$ or late ,magdal5ian indu/ry1 also because ?is f9al 'upp] loess' /age ab\t corresponds ) ! p]iod :5 ! la/ ( ! arctic tundra mammals began to ab&on c5tral ,europe4 ,x 0 at ?is critical geologic "t t ! late ,magdal5ian culture began to draw to a close4 ,kessl]lo*1 ,switz]l&1 has yield$ a consid]able numb] ( engrav+s on bone1 includ+ "o ( ! f9e/ examples ( a br[s+ re9de] 7,fig4 #bda71 & ,s*weiz]sbild also has yield$ a consid]able numb] ( r crude engrav+s4 ,frequ5t$ 9 ,magdal5ian times 0 t "p ( ! ,swabian ,jura ly+ betwe5 ! headwat]s ( ! ,neck> & ( ! ,danube2 along ! c\rse ( ! ,danube1 f ,prop/fels1 ne> ,beuron1 9 ! s\?we/1 to ,(net1 9 ! nor!a/1 ext5d ! o!r /ations ( ,hhlefels bei ,htt51 ,s*mie*5fels1 & ,bock/e9hhle4 ,we/ ( ! ,danube ! indu/ry 0 c>ri$ into ! pres5t region ( ,bav>ia1 z indicat$ by ! rec5t discov]y ( ,ka/lhng47#cj7 ,"h1 beg9n+ ) ! e>ly ,magdal5ian 7,g\rdani5 infrieur ( ! ,fr5* s*ool7 & ext5d+ to ! middle or high ,magdal5ian 7,g\rdani5 suprieur71 we f9d a complete s]ies ( ,magdal5ian /ations2 ! middle ,magdal5ian lay] is ( exactly ! same type z t f\nd 9 ! ,abri ,mge ( ,dordogne & 9 ! l[] levels ( ! ,grotte de la ,mairie2 ! same culture /age is aga9 obs]v$ 9 s\!rn ,g]many 9 ! /ations ( ,s*uss5quelle & ( ,hhlefels1 & x ext5ds ea/w>d into ,au/ria 9 ! /ation ( ,gud5u%hle z well z into sev]al ,moravian /ations1 = example1 t ( ,ko/elk4 ,^! facts are ( extraord9>y int]e/1 = !y %[ t ! civilization1 su* z x 01 ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic 0 v widely ext5d$4 ,?is m>ks an important social *>act]i/ic1 namely1 ! read9ess & will+ness to take advantage ( e /ep 9 human progress1 :]ev] x may h orig9at$4 ,at ?is po9t1 !re=e1 x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! ,magdal5ian indu/ry ( ,g]many ) t ( ,france47#ca7 ,g]many %[s ! same te*nical & /yli/ic t5d5cies & ! same evolution>y direction z ,france4 ,! mammalian life 01 ( c\rse1 ! same 9 bo? c\ntries1 = 9 ea* region ! giant types ( mammals /ill surviv$1 & ! b&$ lemm+ ( ! arctic appe>s 9 ! %elt]$ valleys ( ! ,dordogne z well z 9 ,belgium & 9 ,g]many4 ,! vicissitudes ( climate 7 und\bt$ly ! same2 we obs]ve ! alt]nation ( cold moi/ climate 9 ! e>ly ,magdal5ian along ! upp] ,danube z well z 9 ! e>ly ,magdal5ian ( ! type /ation ( ,la ,madele9e1 ,dordogne4 ,aga91 we obs]ve ! transition into ! dry cold climate 9 ! /eppe "* ( ! fauna bo? along ! upp] ,rh9e1 at ,munz+51 & also b5ea? ! %elt] /ation ( ,la ,madele9e1 z record$ by ,peyrony4 ,m vital /ill = ?is community ( indu/rial culture 0 ! community ( race1 = at ,ob]cassel we f9d ! same ,cr-,magnon type z t discov]$ b5ea? ! %elt]+ cliffs ( ,dordogne4 ,x appe>s probable t ! inv5tions ( ! c5tral region ( ,dordogne travell$ ea/w>d :5 we note ! fact t none ( ! prototypes ( e>ly =ms ( ! h>poon :i* 7 common 9 s\!rn ,france occur 9 any ( ! /ations ( c5tral ,europe1 b ! s+le-r[$ h>poon is *>act]i/ic ( ! middle ,magdal5ian all ov] ,g]many4 ,o!r primitive ,magdal5ian bone implem5ts1 su* z ! bone spe> po9t ) ! cleft base1 ! btons1 & ! ne$les1 are also ( r>e occurr5ce 9 ! ,g]man /ations4 ,9 late ,magdal5ian times1 h[ev]1 a complete community ( culture is e/abli%$1 = ! indu/ry ( bo? c\ntries 9 fl9t & bone appe>s to be v simil>3 fl9t microli?s appe> 9 increas+ numb] & v>iety2 beside ! small fl9t flakes ) blunt$ backs1 num]\s fea!r-%ap$ flakes ( ,pre-,t>d5oisian type are f\nd1 z well z ! types ( grav+ fl9ts4 ,"s specialties ( ,fr5* ,magdal5ian culture did n f9d _! way into ,g]many2 = example1 ! grav] ( ! 'p>rot-beak' type has be5 f\nd 9 ,france b has n be5 trac$ f> ea/w>d4 ,9 bo? c\ntries1 h[ev]1 are f\nd upp] ,magdal5ian *isels ( re9de] horn & p]fect$ bone ne$les1 btons1 & h>poons ) d\ble r[s ( b>bs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 works ( art & decorative designs 9 horn & bone are almo/ entirely want+ 9 ,g]man localities1 ) ! exception ( ! /ations ( ,&]na* & ,wilds*eu] previ\sly m5tion$4 ,9 late ,magdal5ian times1 bo? 9 ,g]many & ,france1 we f9d ! ,eurasiatic =e/ fauna becom+ m abundant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdb4 ,entrance to ! grotto ( ,kessl]lo*1 ne> ,lake ,con/ance4 ,photograph by ,n4 ,c4 ,nelson4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdc4 ,! fam\s %elt] /ation ( ,s*weiz]sbild1 "u a protect+ cliff ( lime/one1 ne> ,lake ,con/ance1 ,switz]l&4 ,on ! "r /&s ,dr4 ,jakob ,nes*1 :o has devot$ ?ree ye>s to ! excavation & /udy ( ?is site4 ,photograph by ,n4 ,c4 ,nelson4 ,! two fam\s ,swiss /ations ( ,kessl]lo* & ,s*weiz]sbild1 ne> ,lake ,con/ance1 appe> ?r\gh\t ,magdal5ian times to h be5 9 v close t\* ) ! cultural advances ( ,dordogne4 ,kessl]lo*7#cb7 has yield$ #ab1jjj fl9ts ( small dim5sions1 resembl+ 9 _! succession ^? ( ! type /ation ( ,la ,madele9e2 also ne$les1 s+le & d\ble h>poons1 d>t-?r[]s1 btons1 z well z ! f9e engrav+s m5tion$ above2 bone sculpture is repres5t$ "h 9 ! unique head ( a musk-ox 7,ovibos mos*atus71 9 c>v+s ( ! re9de] & ( o!r animals on ! batons & weapons ( ! *ase4 ,kessl]lo* lies on ! edge ( a mod]ately wide valley1 trav]s$ by a brook2 9 ?is %elt]$1 well-wat]$1 hilly region1 ! trees fl\ri%$ & h>bor$ ! =e/ animals1 :ile ! glaci]s1 retreat+ & leav+ damp & /ony areas1 7 closely foll[$ by ! tundra fauna2 ! woolly rh9oc]os & mammo? p]si/$ "h long] ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe2 ! horse ( ,kessl]lo* is said to %[ resemblances to ! ,przewalski horse ( ! des]t ( ,gobi1 9 c5tral ,asia1 & is consequ5tly ref]r$ to ! /eppe type4 ,! developm5t ( ! fl9ts takes place /ep by /ep ) t ( ! si/] cav]n ( ,s*weiz]sbild1 & 9 e>ly ,magdal5ian times ^! fl9ts are f\nd associat$ ) ! arrival ( ! great migration ( ! arctic tundra rod5ts1 ! b&$ lemm+s 7,myodes torquatus74 ,a he>? ) a%es & coals & _m *>r$ bones ( old & "y mammals1 includ+ ! woolly rh9oc]os1 has be5 f\nd "h2 ! animal life altoge!r includes tw5ty-five species ( mammals1 among !m ! woolly mammo?1 woolly rh9oc]os1 re9de]1 & lion4 ,less ?an f\r miles di/ant f ,kessl]lo*1 9 a small valley ab\t two miles nor? ( ,s*affhaus51 is ! o!r fam\s ,swiss /ation ( ,s*weiz]sbild4 ,! ,cr-,magnons 7 attract$ to ?is spot by ! protect+ cliff ( isolat$ lime/one rock ris+ %e] f ! mead[-l&1 at ! base ( :i* is a %elt] fac+ s\?we/1 ) an entrance ( ab\t #cj feet 9 height1 comm&+ a wide view ( ! di/ant valley4 ,9 ! accumulations at ! base ( ?is %elt] we f9d a complete prehi/ory ( ! human1 indu/rial1 faunal1 & climatic *anges ( ?is region ( ,switz]l& f e>ly ,magdal5ian into ,neoli?ic times4 ,x 0 n until ! true e>ly ,magdal5ian1 aft] bo? ! ,aurignacian & ,solutrean /ages _h clos$1 t man fir/ f\nd 8 way "h dur+ ! ,bhl advance1 ! p]iod ( ! deposition ( ! ,upp] ,rod5t ,lay] ) its cold arctic & /eppe fauna27#cc7 b f ?is "t ! grotto 0 occupi$ at int]vals until full ,neoli?ic times4 ,! beg9n+ ( ^! indu/rial deposits is e/imat$ by ,nes* z hav+ occurr$ betwe5 #bd1jjj & #bi1jjj ye>s ago1 b we h adopt$ a some:at l[] & m cons]vative e/imate4 ,9 desc5d+ ord] ! v>i\s lay]s ( ?is %elt]1 z /udi$ by ,nes*1 are z foll[s3 ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,s*weiz]sbild ,,deposits ,neoli?ic #f4 ,lay] ( hum\s e>?1 betwe5 #ae & #ai in*es 9 ?ickness1 conta9+ ,neoli?ic implem5ts4 #e4 ,gray culture lay]1 ab\t #ae in*es 9 ?ickness1 includ+ _m fire-he>?s1 ornam5ts ( %ell1 poli%$ ,neoli?ic fl9ts1 & unglaz$ pott]y4 ,! true =e/ fauna includes ! br[n be>1 badg]1 m>t51 wolf1 fox1 beav]1 h>e1 squirrel1 %ort-horn$ wild ox 7,bos taurus bra*yc]os71 & re9de]1 also ! dome/icat$ goat & %eep4 ,upp] ,paloli?ic #d4 ,?9 lay] ( =e/-liv+ rod5ts1 pr9cipally squirrels4 ,split bones & work$ fl9ts2 no c>v+s 9 bone or horn2 indu/ry ( late ,magdal5ian or close ( ,magdal5ian ,upp] ,paloli?ic age2 evid5ces t climate 0 *ang+1 /eppe conditions pass+ away1 & =e/s becom+ m dom9ant2 only a few /eppe species2 ! =e/ species include ! re9de]1 h>e1 pika1 squirrel1 erm9e1 & m>t54 #c4 ,yell[ culture lay]1 /eppe p]iod1 ri* 9 fire-he>?s & yield+ #ad1jjj fl9ts ( middle 8 & late ,magdal5ian age2 engrav+s on re9de] antl]s1 ornam5ts ( %ells & tee?4 ,mix$ fauna ) /eppe & =e/ types pr$om9ant2 ( ! few tundra =ms1 re9de] v abundant & also arctic fox1 b b&$ lemm+ & o!r tundra types entirely lack+2 /eppe & des]t fauna includes ! kiang1 ,p]sian m>al de]1 ,pallas's cat 7,felis manul71 /eppe horse1 & /eppe suslik2 ( alp9e type1 ! ibex2 num]\s =e/ species1 p9e m>t51 beav]1 squirrel1 r$ de]1 roe-de]1 & wild bo>4 #b4 ,arctic tundra rod5t lay]1 #bj in*es 9 ?ickness2 p]iod ( ! ,bhl ,po/glacial advance2 ! b&$ lemm+ 7,myodes torquatus7 mo/ abundant1 m+l$ ) e>ly ,magdal5ian fl9t & bone implem5ts2 "o fire-he>?2 abundant tundra fauna1 includ+ all tundra types except ! ,obi lemm+1 & ! musk-ox 7,ovibos mos*atus7 :i* is f\nd 9 ,kessl]lo*2 indications ( a v cold1 moi/ climate2 ! b&$ lemm+1 arctic fox1 arctic h>e1 re9de]1 wolv]5e1 erm9e1 also su* =e/ =ms z ! wolf1 fox1 be>1 weasel1 & a numb] ( nor!rn birds4 #a4 ,gravel b$ & old riv] deposit1 recogniz$ by ,b\le z belong+ to ! mora9es ( ! f\r? glaciation4 ,?is wond]ful deposit ( human artifacts & animal rema9s gives u a complete regi/ration ( ! *anges ( climate 9 ?is region accompany+ ! *anges ( culture & ! developm5t ( ! ,magdal5ian race4 ,turn+ our survey to ! c\rse ( ! ,danube1 we note t sev]al ,magdal5ian /ations ext5d into ! prov9ces ( ,l[] ,au/ria1 *ief among !m be+ bo? ! op5 'loess' /ation ( ,aggsba*1 & t ( ,gobelsburg2 !re is also ! ,hunds/eig ne> ,krems1 bett] kn[n z ! /ation ( ,krems1 & ! cav]n kn[n z ! ,gud5u%hle2 9 ! latt] /ation ! *>act]i/ic btons1 javel9s1 & bone ne$les h be5 f\nd4,,bb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdd4 ,! op5 loess /ation ( ,aggsba*1 on ! ,danube1 ne> ,krems4 ,aft] ,ob]mai]4 ,! cav]n di/rict ( ,moravia attract$ a relatively l>ge population1 & among ! num]\s /ations are ! grottos ( ,krz1 itn1 ,ko/elk1 ,byciskala1 ,s*os*uwka1 ,balc>ovaskala1 ,klna1 & ,lauts*4 ,ne> ! ,russian bord] bone implem5ts l ^? ( ,gud5u%hle on ! ,danube h be5 f\nd at ! /ation ( ,klna1 & ! indu/rial /ratification ( ipka is v cle>4 ,n f> f ,crac[1 across ! ,russian bord]1 ! cav]ns 9 ! region ( ,ojc[ 7 ent]$ by m5 c>ry+ ! ,magdal5ian culture4 ,ano!r site 9 ,russia is ! grotto ( ,maszycka1 & *>act]i/ic ,magdal5ian h>poons1 ne$les1 & btons de comm&em5t ) o!r implem5ts h also be5 f\nd to ! ea/w>d1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,kiev1 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,,decl9e ,,( ,,! ,,magdal5ian ,,culture ,! highe/ po9t t\*$ by ! ,cr-,magnon race 9 ! middle or high ,magdal5ian appe>s to correspond broadly ) ! cold arid p]iod ( climate 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! ,bhl & ,gs*nitz advances 9 ! ,alp9e region1 dur+ :i* ! /eppe mammals spread widely ov] s\?we/]n ,europe4 ,! saiga antelope1 = example1 a highly *>act]i/ic /eppe type1 is repres5t$ 9 "o ( ! mo/ skilful bone c>v+s f\nd 9 ! late ,magdal5ian lay]s ( ,mas d',azil2 also ! /eppe type ( horse is frequ5tly repres5t$ 9 ! mo/ advanc$ engrav+s ( late ,magdal5ian times4 ,h[ f> ?is cold1 relatively dry climate influ5c$ ! arti/ic & creative en]gy ( ! ,cr-,magnons is l>gely a matt] ( conjecture4 ,! entirely indep5d5t records ( ,la ,madele9e1 ( ,s*weiz]sbild1 & ( ,kessl]lo* concur 9 associat+ ! highe/ /age ( ,magdal5ian hi/ory ( art ) ! pr$om9ance ( ! /eppe fauna & evid5ces ( a cold dry climate4 ,t ! mammo? /ill ab\nd$ is se5 9 ! mammo? engrav+s :i* are sup]pos$ on ^? ( ! bison 9 ,font-de-,gaume4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bde4 ,front & side views ( a saiga antelope c>v$ ^u a bone d>t-?r[] f ! ,magdal5ian deposits ( ,mas d',azil4 ,aft] ,piette4 ,! succe$+ life p]iod is t ( ! retreat ( ! tundra & /eppe mammals & ( ! increas+ r>ity ( ! re9de] & ( ! mammo? 9 s\?we/]n ,europe2 x corresponds broadly ) ! return+ cold & moi/ climate ( ! second ,po/glacial advance kn[n 9 ! ,alps z ! ,gs*nitz /age4 ,) ! spread ( ! =e/s & ! retreat to ! nor? ( ! re9de]1 ! pr9cipal s\rce bo? ( ! supply ( food & clo?+ & ( all ! bone implem5ts ( indu/ry & ( ! *ase1 a new set ( life conditions may h gradually become e/abli%$4 ,if x is true1 z mo/ /ud5ts ( geographical conditions & ( ! climate ma9ta91 t ,europe at ! same "t became m d5sely =e/$1 ! *ase may h become m difficult1 & ! ,cr-,magnons may h begun to dep5d m & m ^u ! life ( ! /reams & ! art ( fi%+4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! h>poons 7 *iefly us$ = fi%+ & t _m ( ! microli?ic fl9ts1 :i* n[ beg9 to appe> m abundantly1 may h be5 atta*$ to a %aft = ! same purpose4 ,we "k t simil> microli?s 7 us$ z arr[ po9ts 9 pr$yna/ic ,egypt4 ,breuil7#ce7 obs]ves v significant indu/rial *anges 9 clos+ ,magdal5ian times3 fir/1 ! beg9n+ ( small geometric =ms ( fl9ts sugge/+ ! ,t>d5oisian types2 second1 ! occasional use ( /ag horn 9 place ( re9de] horn2 ?ird1 a modification 9 ! =m ( bone implem5ts t[>d ! patt]ns ( ,azilian times2 f\r?1 ! rapid decl9e--"o may almo/ say sudd5 disappe>ance--( ! arti/ic _s4 ,s*ematic & conv5tional designs beg9 to take ! place ( ! free reali/ic art ( ! middle ,magdal5ian4 ,?us ! decl9e ( ! ,cr-,magnons z a p[]ful race may h be5 due p>tly to environm5tal causes & ! ab&onm5t ( _! vigor\s nomadic mode ( life1 or x may be t !y _h rea*$ ! end ( a long cycle ( psy*ic developm5t1 :i* we h trac$ f ! beg9n+ ( ,aurignacian times4 ,we "k z a p>allel t 9 ! hi/ory ( _m civiliz$ races a p]iod ( great arti/ic & indu/rial developm5t may be foll[$ by a p]iod ( /agnation & decl9e )\t any app>5t environm5tal causes4 ,,cr-,,magnon ,,desc5dants ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,europe ,we might attribute ?is great *ange1 :i* affect$ all ( we/]n ,europe1 to ! ext9ction ( ! ,cr-,magnon race 7 x n = ! exi/+ evid5ce t ! race surviv$ ?r\gh\t ! ,azilian-,t>d5oisian or close ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic4 ,on ! close ( ! ,paloli?ic ! race broke up ?r\gh\t we/]n ,europe into _m colonies1 :i* c p]haps be trac$ into ,neoli?ic & ev5 into rec5t times4 ,! anatomical evid5ce = ?is survival !ory *iefly consi/s ( ! highly *>act]i/ic =m ( ! head4 ,9 ,europe a v broad face & a long1 n>r[ cranium is su* an infrequ5t comb9ation t an?ropologi/s ma9ta9 t x af=ds a means ( id5tify+ ! desc5dants ( ! prehi/oric ,cr-,magnon race :]ev] !y p]si/ to-day4 ,s9ce ,dordogne 0 ! geographic c5tre ( ! race 9 ,upp] ,paloli?ic times1 is x m]ely a co9cid5ce t ,dordogne is /ill ! c5tre ( a simil> type8 ,ripley7#cf7 has giv5 u a valuable rsum ( our pres5t k ( ?is subject4 ,! mo/ significant trait ( ! long-head$ p ( ,dordogne is t 9 _m cases ! face is almo/ z broad z 9 ! normal ,alp9e r\nd-head$ type2 9 o!r words1 x is /rongly di%>monic2 9 pr(ile ! back "p ( ! head rises & 9 front view ! head is n>r[$ at ! top2 ! skull is v l[-vault$2 ! br[ ridges are prom95t2 ! nose is well =m$2 ! *eek-bones are prom95t1 & ! p[]ful *eek muscles give a peculi>ly rugg$ ca/ to ! c\nt5ance4 ,! appe>ance1 h[ev]1 is n repell5t1 b m (t5 op5 & k9dly4 ,! m5 are ( m$ium height1 b v susceptible to environm5t z reg>ds /ature2 !y are tall 9 f]tile places1 & /unt$ 9 less prosp]\s di/ricts4 ,!y are n deg5]ate at all1 b ke5 & al]t ( m9d4 ,! pres5t p ( ,dordogne agree ) b "o o!r type ( m5 kn[n to an?ropologi/s1 namely1 ! anci5t ,cr-,magnon race4 ,! geographical evid5ce t "h 9 ,dordogne we h to d ) ! survivors ( ! real ,cr-,magnon race seems to be su/a9$ by a comp>ison ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! prehi/oric skulls f\nd at ,cr-,magnon1 ,laug]ie ,basse1 & else:]e 9 ,dordogne1 ) ! heads ( ! types ( to-day4 ,! cranial indices ( ! prehi/oric skulls1 v>y+ f #gj p] c5t to #gc p] c5t1 correspond ) indices ( ! liv+ head ( #gb p] c5t to #ge p] c5t4 ,none ( ! p ( ,dordogne are q s long-head$ z ?is1 ! av]age index ( ! liv+ head 9 an extreme di/rict be+ #gf p] c5t2 b )9 ! :ole population !re are mu* l[] indices4 ,! probability ( direct desc5t becomes /rong] :5 we consid] ! di%>monic l[-skull$ %ape ( ! ,cr-,magnon head & ! rem>kable elongation ( ! skull at ! back4 ,9 ! prehi/oric ,cr-,magnons ! br[s 7 /rongly develop$1 ! eye orbits l[1 ! *9 prom95t4 ,! facial type has be5 *>act]iz$ by de ,quatrefages7#cg7 z foll[s3 ,! eye depress$ b5ea? ! orbital vault2 ! nose /raight r ?an ar*$2 ! lips some:at ?ick1 ! jaw & ! *eek-bones /rongly develop$1 ! complexion v br[n1 ! hair v d>k & gr[+ l[ on ! =ehead--a :ole :i*1 )\t be+ attractive1 0 9 no way repulsive4 ,9 s\!rn ,france we obs]ve a cont9uity n only ( ! head =m b ( ! preval5ce ( black hair & eyes4 ,:y %\ld ?is ,cr-,magnon type h surviv$ at ?is po9t & h disappe>$ else:]e8 ,9 ord] to consid] ! p>ticul> cause ( ?is p]si/5ce ( a ,paloli?ic race1 we mu/1 ) ,ripley1 broad5 our horizon1 & consid] ! :ole s\?we/ f ! ,m$it]ranean to ,brittany z a unit4 ,! survival is p>tly attribut$ to favorable geographical environm5t & p>tly to geological & racial b>ri]s4 ,on ! nor? ! intrusion ( ! ,teutonic race 0 %ut (f & competition 0 n>r[$ d[n to ! ,cr-,magnon & ,alp9e types4 ,if ! p ( ,dordogne are v]itable survivors ( ! ,cr-,magnons ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic1 !y c]ta9ly repres5t ! olde/ liv+ race 9 we/]n ,europe1 & is x n extremely significant t ! mo/ primitive language 9 ,europe1 t ( ! ,basques ( ! nor!rn ,pyr5ees1 is spok5 ne> by1 only #bjj miles to ! s\?we/8 ,is !re possibly a connection betwe5 ! orig9al language ( ! ,cr-,magnons1 a race :i* once cr[d$ ! region ( ! ,cantabrian ,m\nta9s & ! ,pyr5ees1 & ! exi/+ agglut9ative language ( ! ,basques1 :i* is totally diff]5t f all ! ,european tongues8 ,?is hypo!sis1 sugge/$ by ,ripley17#ch7 is v well wor? consid]+1 = x is n inconceivable t ! ance/ors ( ! ,basques conqu]$ ! ,cr-,magnons & subsequ5tly acquir$ _! language4 ,! prehi/oric ,cr-,magnon m5 w\ld seem1 !re=e1 to h rema9$ 9 or ne> _! e>ly settlem5ts ?r\gh all ! *anges ( "t & ! vicissitudes ( hi/ory4 ,x is1 p]haps1 obs]ves ,ripley1 ! mo/ /rik+ in/ance kn[n ( a p]si/5cy ( population un*ang$ ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,! geographic ext5sion ( ?is race 0 once v mu* wid] ?an x is to-day4 ,! classical skull ( ,engis1 ,belgium1 belongs to ?is type4 ,x has be5 trac$ f ,alsace 9 ! ea/ to ! ,atlantic 9 ! we/4 ,ranke ass]ts t x is to be f\nd to-day 9 ! hills ( ,?ur+ia1 & t x 0 a preval5t type !re 9 ! pa/4 ,v]neau consid]s t x 0 ! type prevail+ among ! ext9ct ,guan*es ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,collignon7#ci7 has id5tifi$ x 9 nor!rn ,africa1 & reg>ds ! ,cr-,magnons z a subv>iety ( ! ,m$it]ranean race1 an op9ion consi/5t at lea/ ) ! ar*ological evid5ce t ?is race came into ,europe ) ! ,aurignacian culture1 :i* 0 circum-,m$it]ranean 9 di/ribution4 ,traces ( ,cr-,magnon head =mation are f\nd among ! liv+ ,b]b]s4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ?is race is believ$ to survive only 9 a few isolat$ localities1 namely1 9 ,dordogne1 at a small spot 9 ,l&es1 ne> ! ,g>onne 9 s\!rn ,france1 & at ,lannion 9 ,brittany1 :]e ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! population is ( ! ,cr-,magnon type4 ,x is said to survive on ! isl& ( ,olron (f ! we/ coa/ ( ,france1 & !re is evid5ce ( simil> desc5t to be f\nd among ! p ( ! isl&s ( nor!rn ,holl&4 ,! p ( ,trysil1 on ! ,sc&9avian p59sula1 are *>act]iz$ z hav+ di%>monic features1 possibly repres5t+ an outcrop ( ! ,cr-,magnon type4 ,our int]e/ 9 ! fate ( ! ,cr-,magnons is s great t ! ,guan*e !ory may also be consid]$2 x is kn[n to be favor$ by _m an?ropologi/s3 von ,behr1 von ,lus*an1 ,mehlis1 & especially by ,v]neau4 ,! ,guan*es 7 a race ( p :o =m]ly spread all ov] ! ,can>y ,isl&s & :o pres]v$ _! primitive *>act]i/ics ev5 aft] _! conque/ by ,spa9 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! diff]5ces f ! suppos$ mod]n ,cr-,magnon type may be m5tion$ fir/4 ,! sk9 ( ! ,guan*es is describ$ by ! poet ,viana z light-color$1 & ,v]neau consid]s t ! hair 0 blond or light *e/nut & ! eyes blue2 ! color+1 h[ev]1 is some:at conjectural4 ,! features ( resemblance to ! anci5t ,cr-,magnons are num]\s4 ,! m9imum /ature ( ! m5 0 #e feet #g in*es1 & ! maximum #f feet #g in*es2 9 "o locality ! av]age male /ature 0 ov] #f feet4 ,! wom5 7 comp>atively small4 ,! mo/ /rik+ *>act]s ( ! head 7 ! f9e =ehead1 ! extremely long skull1 & ! p5tagonal =m ( ! cranium1 :5 se5 f above1 caus$ by ! prom95ce ( ! p>ietals--a ,cr-,magnon *>act]i/ic4 ,among ! insignia ( ! *iefs 0 ! arm-bone ( an ance/or2 ! skull also 0 c>efully pres]v$4 ,! (f5sive weapons 9 w>f>e consi/$ ( ?ree /ones1 a club1 & sev]al knives ( obsidian2 ! def5sive weapon 0 a simple lance4 ,! ,guan*es us$ wood5 swords ) great skill4 ,! habitation ( all ! p 0 9 l>ge1 well-%elt]$ cav]ns1 :i* honeycomb$ ! sides ( ! m\nta9s2 all ! walls ( ^! cav]ns 7 decorat$2 ! ceil+s 7 cov]$ ) a uni=m coat ( r$ o*re1 :ile ! walls 7 decorat$ ) v>i\s geometric designs 9 r$1 black1 gray1 & :ite4 ,holl[$-out /ones s]v$ z lamps4 ,we may conclude ) ,v]neau t !re is evid5ce1 al?\gh n ( a v conv9c+ k9d1 t ! ,guan*es 7 relat$ to ! ,cr-,magnons47#dj7 ,8 obs]vations on ^! suppos$ ,cr-,magnons ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s are cit$ 9 ! ,app5dix1 ,note ,v4 ,we regret t ,v]neau 9 8 memoir7#da7 does n pres5t 8 m rec5t views 9 reg>d to ! prehi/oric di/ribution ( ?is great race4 7#a7 ,breuil1 #aiab4g1 p4 #bjc4 7#b7 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bje4 7#c7 ,james1 #aijb4a4 7#d7 ,heim1 #ahid4a1 p4 #ahd4 7#e7 ,s*midt1 #aiab4a1 p4 #bfb4 7#f7 ,fraunholz1 #aiaa4a4 7#g7 ,geikie1 #aiad4a1 pp4 #be1 #bf4 7#h7 ,b\le1 #ahii4a4 7#i7 ,breuil1 #aiab4g1 pp4 #bjc-bje4 7#aj7 ,ob]mai]1 #aiab4a1 pp4 #cda1 #cdb4 7#aa7 ,m>t91 ,r41 #aiad4a1 pp4 #ae1 #af4 7#ab7 ,v]worn1 #aiad4a4 7#ac7 ,op4 cit41 p4 #fdf4 7#ad7 ,breuil1 #aiab4g1 p4 #bja4 7#ae7 ,l>tet1 #ahge4a4 7#af7 ,breuil1 #aiab4g1 p4 #bac4 7#ag7 ,s*midt1 #aiab4a1 p4 #acf4 7#ah7 ,breuil1 op4 cit41 pp4 #baf1 #bag4 7#ai7 ,breuil1 #aiji4c4 7#bj7 ,op4 cit41 p4 #daj4 7#ba7 ,c>tailhac1 #aijf4a1 pp4 #bbg1 #bbh4 7#bb7 ,rivire1 #ahig4a2 #ahig4b4 7#bc7 ,re9a*1 #aiac4a4 7#bd7 ,breuil1 #aiab4a1 p4 #bjb4 7#be7 ,c>tailhac1 #aijh4a4 7#bf7 ,capitan1 #aijh4a1 pp4 #eja-ead4 7#bg7 ,ibid41 #aiaj4a1 pp4 #ei-acb4 7#bh7 ,breuil1 #aiab4a1 pp4 #aif1 #aig4 7#bi7 ,s*midt1 #aiab4a1 p4 #aaf4 7#cj7 ,fraunholz1 #aiaa4a4 7#ca7 ,s*midt1 #aiab4a1 p4 #aed4 7#cb7 ,d*elette1 #aijh4a1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aia-aid4 7#cc7 ,nehr+1 #ahhj4a2 #ahif4a4 7#cd7 ,bay]1 #aiab4a1 pp4 #ac-ba4 7#ce7 ,breuil1 #aiab4g1 pp4 #bab1 #baf4 7#cf7 ,ripley1 #ahii4a1 pp4 #ci1 #afe1 #agc1 #agd-agi1 #baa1 #djf4 7#cg7 ,op4 cit41 p4 #agf4 7#ch7 ,op4 cit41 p4 #aha4 7#ci7 ,collignon1 #ahij4a4 7#dj7 ,v]neau1 #ahia4a4 7#da7 ,ibid41 #aijf4a4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,close ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,/one ,,age--,,invasion ,,( ,,new ,,races--,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,mas ,d',,azil1 ,,( ,f,,re-,,en-,,t>d5ois--,,=e/ ,,environm5t ,,& ,,life--,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,azilian-,,t>d5oisian ,,culture--,,*>act]s ,,& ,,cu/oms ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,races--,,transition ,,to ,,! ,,neoli?ic ,,& ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,& ,,new ,,races--,,app>5t ,,*ief ,,l9es ,,( ,,human ,,desc5t ,,& ,,( ,,human ,,migration ,,into ,,we/]n ,,europe4 ,we h n[ rea*$ ! v close ( ! ,old ,/one ,age1 a p]iod :i* is believ$ to ext5d betwe5 #aj1jjj & #g1jjj ye>s be=e ! pres5t era4 ,! entrance to ! f9al cultures ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic1 kn[n z ! ,azilian-,t>d5oisian1 m>ks a transition ev5 m abrupt ?an t witness$ 9 any prec$+ /age4 ,x is n a developm5t2 x is a revolution4 ,! arti/ic _s entirely disappe>s2 !re is no trace ( animal engrav+ or sculpture2 pa9t+ is f\nd only on flatt5$ pebbles or 9 s*ematic or geometric designs on wall surfaces4 ,( bone implem5ts only h>poons & poli%]s rema91 & ev5 ^! are ( inf]ior workman%ip & )\t any trace ( art4 ,! fl9t indu/ry cont9ues ! deg5]ation begun 9 ! ,magdal5ian & exhibits a new life & impulse only 9 ! fa%ion+ ( ! extremely small or microli?ic tools & weapons kn[n z ',t>d5oisian4' ,bo? bone & fl9t weapons ( ! *ase disappe>1 yet ! /ag is hunt$ & its horns are us$ 9 ! manufacture ( h>poons4 ,?is is ! ',age ( ! ,/ag1' ! f9al /age ( ! ',cave ,p]iod' 9 we/]n ,europe1 & is subsequ5t to ! ',age ( ! ,re9de]' 9 ! s\?4 ,x w\ld appe> z if ! v same regions =m]ly occupi$ by ! great hunt+ ,cr-,magnon race f ,aurignacian to ,magdal5ian times 7 n[ inhabit$ by a race or races l>gely employ$ 9 fi%+4 ,! c\ntry is ?ickly =e/$4 ,! climate is /ill cold & extremely moi/1 & human life ev]y:]e is 9 ! grottos or entrances to ! cav]ns4 ,,invasion ,,( ,,f\r ,,new ,,races ,,9 ,,clos+ ,,upp] ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,times ,h[ f> ?is revolution is due to ! decl9e ( ! ,cr-,magnon race & h[ f> to ! invasion ( "o or m new races is v difficult to det]m9e 9 ! abs5ce ( ! anatomical evid5ce d]iv$ f skeletal rema9s4 ,two new races _h c]ta9ly f\nd _! way along ! ,danube z %[n 9 ! burials ( ,(net1 9 ea/]n ,bav>ia2 "o is extremely broad-head$ & p]haps ( c5tral ,asiatic orig91 :ile ! o!r is extremely long-head$ & p]haps ( s\!rly or ,m$it]ranean orig94 ,x is possible t ^! two races correspond respectively ) ! ea/]ly & s\!rly indu/rial influ5ces :i* are obs]v$ 9 ! ,azilian-,t>d5oisian /age4 ,! =m] is ! fir/ bra*ycephalic race to ent] we/]n ,europe1 = x w be recall$ t all ! previ\s races1 ! ,cr-,magnons1 ! ,brnns1 & ! ,ne&]?als1 are doli*ocephalic4 ,! long-head$ race f\nd at ,(net is v cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! di%>monic long-head$ ,cr-,magnon race by ! n>r[ness ( ! face2 9 o!r words1 x is an h>monic type ( head & face1 :i* may h be5 ,m$it]ranean 9 orig91 l ! s-call$ ',m$it]ranean race' ( ,s]gi4 ,?is fre% invasion ( we/]n ,europe by two races arriv+ by "o or m ( ! great migration r\tes f ! va/ ,eurasiatic ma9l& to ! ea/1 races ) a relatively high bra9 developm5t1 is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ surpris+ features ( ! close ( ! ,paloli?ic ,p]iod1 = we h long be5 accu/om$ to ?9k t ^! fre% ea/]ly & s\!rly invasions began only 9 ,neoli?ic times4 ,z ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic draws to an end1 !re is1 accord+ to ,breuil1 /ill ano!r indu/rial influ5ce mak+ itself felt3 x comes f ! nor!a/ along ! %ores ( ! ,baltic4 ,putt+ toge!r all ! fragm5t>y evid5ce :i* we possess1 we may reg>d we/]n ,europe at ! close ( ! ,old ,/one ,age z peopl$ by f\r & possibly by five di/9ct races1 z foll[s3 #e4 ,arriv+ late 9 ,paloli?ic times1 a race along ! %ores ( ! ,baltic1 kn[n only by its ,maglemose indu/ry2 possibly a ,teutonic race4 #d4 ,a s\? ,m$it]ranean race1 kn[n only by its ,t>d5oisian indu/ry1 migrat+ along ! nor!rn %ores ( ,africa & spread+ ov] ,spa92 ) a conv5tional & s*ematic art2 probably an advance wave ( ! true ',m$it]ranean' race ( ,s]gi2 possibly id5tical ) race #c bel[4 7,! same z ,race #d1 p4 #bgh47 #c4 ,a long-head$ race f\nd at ,(net1 9 ea/]n ,bav>ia2 possibly a bran* ( ! true ',m$it]ranean' race #d above1 b n relat$ to ! ,brnn4 7,possibly ! same z ,race #d47 #b4 ,! newly arriv+ ,furfooz-,gr5elle race1 broad-head$2 kn[n along ! ,danube at ,(net1 9 ea/]n ,bav>ia1 & nor?w>d 9 ,belgium2 possibly a bran* ( ! ',alp9e' race4 7,! same z ,race #e1 p4 #bgh47 #a4 ,! surviv+ ,cr-,magnons1 9 a /age ( indu/rial decl9e1 pursu+ ! ,azilian indu/ry1 probably inhabit+ ,france & nor!rn ,spa94 ,! broad-head$ ,(net race m5tion$ above is app>5tly ! same z ! ,furfooz-,gr5elle race1 & may also correspond ) ! exi/+ ,alp9e-,celtic race ( we/]n ,europe4 ,! long-head$ race ( ,(net may correspond ) ! exi/+ ',m$it]ranean' race ( ,s]gi4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ,cr-,magnon race 9 we/]n ,europe dur+ ,azilian-,t>d5oisian times is n su/a9$1 s f> z we "k1 by any anatomical evid5ce1 b is sugge/$ by ! mode ( burial ( two skeletons f\nd by ,piette 9 ! ,azilian deposits ( ! /ation ( ,mas d',azil4 ,?is burial1 l t ( ,(net1 is typical ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic & n ( ,neoli?ic times4 ,^! skeletons lay 9 ! ',azilian' lay] 7,,vi7 describ$ bel[4 ,z ! small] bones 7 miss+1 ,piette conclud$ t ! rema9s _h be5 = "s "t expos$ to ! wea!r be=e burial1 & t ! l>g] bones _h be5 scrap$ & clean$ ) fl9t knives1 & !n color$ r$ ) oxide ( iron be=e int]m5t4 ,accord+ to o!r au?orities1 ! traces ( scrap+ & clean+ are d\btful2 !re c be no "q1 h[ev]1 t ! sep>ation ( ! bones ( ! skeleton & ! use ( color+ matt] con/itute /rong evid5ce t ?is ,azilian burial 0 ! "w ( memb]s ( ! ,cr-,magnon race4 ,9 addition to :at we h said z to ! survival ( ! ,cr-,magnon race 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 ! op9ion ( ,c>tailhac7#a7 may be cit$3 ,! race ( ,cr-,magnon is well det]m9$4 ,!re is no d\bt ab\t _! high /ature1 & ,top9>d is n ! only "o :o believes t !y 7 blonds4 ,we h trac$ !m ?r\gh ! ',re9de] ,p]iod' into ! ,neoli?ic ,epo*1 :]e !y 7 widely di/ribut$ & positively relat$ ei!r to ! anci5t or actual populations ( mod]n ,france1 be+ especially *>act]i/ic ( our region ,france & ( ! we/]n ,m$it]ranean4 ,:ile ! race ( ,cr-,magnon pr$om9at$ 9 ! s\? & 9 ! we/1 t ( ,furfooz pr$om9at$ 9 ! nor!a/ ( ,france & 9 ,belgium4 ,^! bra*ycephals 7 probably br[n-hair$ or ( d>k color+4 ,b be=e obs]v+ fur!r ! *>act]s ( ^! f\r or five races1 let u exam9e _! indu/ries4 ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,azilian ,,type ,,/ation ,z rem>k$ above1 x is believ$ t ^! indu/ries prevail$ betwe5 #g1jjj & #aj1jjj ye>s be=e our era1 t is1 betwe5 ! close ( ,magdal5ian times & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,neoli?ic or ,new ,/one ,age4 ,?is transition p]iod corresponds ) ! int]val 9 :i* ! ,azilian-,t>d5oisian culture swept all ov] we/]n ,europe & completely replac$ ! ,magdal5ian4 ,f ,ca/illo 9 ! ,cantabrian ,m\nta9s ( nor!rn ,spa9 to ,(net on ! upp] ,danube !re is a complete replacem5t by ?is new culture4 ,! ,magdal5ian culture does n l+] any:]e2 x is totally elim9at$2 ! sudd5ness ( ! *ange bo? 9 ! animal life & 9 ! indu/ry is n[h]e m cle>ly indicat$ ?an at ! type /ation ( ,mas d',azil 9 s\!rn ,france1 :i* may n[ be describ$4 ,9 #ahhg ,ed\>d ,piette comm5c$ 8 exploration ( ! deposits 9 ! great cav]n ( ,mas d',azil4 ,?is /ation takes its "n f ! little hamlet ( ,mas d',azil 9 ! foot-hills ( ! ,pyr5ees ab\t =ty miles s\?we/ f ,t\l\se4 ,"h ! ,riv] ,arize w9ds = a qu>t] ( a mile ?r\gh a l(ty natural tunnel trav]s$ by ! highway f ,/4 ,girons to ,c>cassonne4 ,a ri* lay] ( ,magdal5ian deposits fir/ attract$ ,piette's att5tion1 & he f\nd "h "s ( ! f9e/ examples ( late ,magdal5ian art1 b above ^! deposits he discov]$ a hi!rto unrecogniz$ indu/rial /age1 to :i* he gave ! "n ,azilian4 ,! ,azilian lay]s yield$ ov] "o ?\s& specim5s ( flatt5$ & d\ble-b>b$ h>poons made ( ! horns ( ! /ag1 ?us widely diff]+ f ! late ,magdal5ian h>poons :i* are r\nd$ & made ( ! horns ( ! re9de]4 ,! entire succession ( deposits1 z explor$ by ,piette1 is an epitome ( ! prehi/ory ( ,europe f e>ly ,magdal5ian times to ! ,age ( ,bronze1 & %\ld be comp>$ ) ! successive deposits ( ,ca/illo 7p4 #afd71 ,sirg5/e9 7p4 #bjb71 ,(net 7p4 #dgf71 & ,s*weiz]sbild 7p4 #ddg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdf4 ,we/]n entrance to ! great /ation ( ,mas d',azil4 ,"h ! ,riv] ,arize w9ds = a qu>t] ( a mile ?r\gh a l(ty natural tunnel trav]s$ by ! highway f ,/4 ,girons to ,c>cassonne4 ,photograph by ,n4 ,c4 ,nelson4 ,! ,mas d',azil section is z foll[s3 ,,prehi/oric ,,& ,,neoli?ic ,,ix4 ,iron implem5ts1 pott]y ( ! ,gauls4 ,at ! top ,gallo-,roman rema9s1 glass & glaz$ pott]y4 ,,viii4 ,middle ,neoli?ic & ,age ( ,bronze2 lay] ( pott]y1 poli%$ /one implem5ts1 traces ( copp] & ( bronze4 ,,vii4 ,dawn ( ! ,neoli?ic4 ,fauna includes ! horse1 urus1 /ag1 & wild bo>4 ,*ipp$ & poli%$ fl9ts1 awls & poli%]s 9 bone2 h>poons r>e4 ,beg9n+s ( pott]y4 ,,upp] ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,vi4 ,,azilian1 r$ ar*ological lay]1 masses ( p]oxide ( iron4 ,extremely moi/ climate4 ,broad flat h>poons ( /ag horn p]=at$ at ! base1 num]\s flatt5$ & pa9t$ pebbles 7galets71 fl9ts ( deg5]ate ,magdal5ian =m1 especially small r\nd$ plan]s & knife flakes1 awls & poli%]s 9 bone4 ,no trace ( re9de] 9 ! fire-he>?s2 /ag abundant1 also roe-de] & br[n be>2 wild bo>1 wild cattle1 beav]1 a v>iety ( birds4 ,no trace ( poli%$ /one implem5ts4 ,int]r$ 9 ?is lay]1 b5ea? ! deposits ( /reak$ c9d]s & q undi/urb$1 two human skeletons 7 f\nd1 :i* ,piette believ$ _h be5 mac]at$ ) fl9ts & !n color$ r$ ) p]oxide ( iron4 ,v4 ,/]ile f9ely /ratifi$ loam lay]1 a flood deposit ( ! ,riv] ,arize4 ,,iv4 ,,late ,,magdal5ian culture lay]2 twelve d\ble-r[$ h>poons made ( re9de] horn1 a few fa%ion$ f /ag horn2 num]\s engrav+s & sculptures 9 bone4 ,rema9s ( ! re9de] r>e 9 ! he>?s2 ^? ( ! royal /ag 7,c]vus elaphus7 abundant4 ,,iii4 ,a /]ile flood deposit ( ! ,riv] ,arize4 ,,ii4 ,,middle ,,& ,,e>ly ,,magdal5ian culture lay]s1 ) b>b$ h>poons ( re9de] horn2 fl9t implem5ts ( e>ly ,magdal5ian type1 bone ne$les4 ,bones ( ! re9de] abundant4 ,i4 ,gravel deposits4 ,int]sp]s$ fire-he>?s4 ,! total ?ickness ( ^! culture deposits is #h4jc m41 or #bf feet #d in*es4 ,! ,,azilian type lay] 7,,vi7 conta9+ flat h>poons ( /ag horn & pa9t$ pebbles1 int]calat$ betwe5 ! deposits ( ! ,re9de] ,age & ! ,neoli?ic lay]s1 is1 on acc\nt ( its /ratigraphic position1 ! mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive ( all ! sites repres5t+ ?is phase ( transition2 & ,piette 0 fully ju/ifi$ 9 giv+ to ! correspond+ culture p]iod ! "n ( ,azilian47#b7 ,! trans=mation ( art & indu/ry1 indicat$ 9 ! ,azilian culture lay]1 is z decid$ z t 9 ! animal life4 ,we obs]ve 9 ?is lay] no trace ( ! animal engrav+s or sculptures :i* occur s abundantly 9 ! late ,magdal5ian lay] bel[2 ! use ( pigm5ts is conf9$ to ! pa9t+s ( s*ematic or geometric figures on ! flatt5$ pebbles4 ,!re is no sugge/ion ( art 9 any ( ! bone implem5ts1 & ! h>poons ( /ag horn are rudely fa%ion$2 ?is type ( h>poon appe>s to be ! *ief survivor ( ! ri* v>iety ( implem5ts not$ 9 ! ,magdal5ian lay] bel[4 ,! /ag horn h>poon1 moreov]1 is fa%ion$ ) f> less skill ?an ! beautiful ,magdal5ian h>poons2 l !m x has two r[s ( b>bs1 b !y are n cut ) ! same delicacy & exactness4 ,z to ! =m ( ! new model1 x is expla9$ by ! nature ( ! new mat]ial2 ! int]ior ( ! /ag horn be+ compos$ ( a spongy tissue1 c\ld n be utiliz$ z c\ld ! h>d] & m compact int]ior ( ! re9de] horn2 ! craftsman1 !re=e1 0 oblig$ to fa%ion 8 h>poon out ( ! ext]ior ( "o side ( ! /ag horn1 & 9 consequ5ce to make x flat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdg4 ,typical ,azilian h>poons ( /ag horn4 ,aft] de ,mortillet4 #bhg4 ,a s+le-r[$ h>poon f ,mas d',azil4 #bhh4 ,h>poon ) p]=at$ base f ! %elt] ( ,la ,t\rasse1 ,haute-,g>onne4 #bhi4 ,d\ble-r[$ h>poon f ! same %elt]4 #bij4 ,a simil> h>poon ) ! b>bs alt]nate in/ead ( opposite1 f ,mas d',azil4 #bia4 ,h>poon ) triangul> base & r\nd p]=ation f ! ,grotte de la ,va*e1 ne> ,t>ascon4 ,all "o-?ird actual size1 except #bia1 :i* is f\r-n9?s actual size4 ,!re are no bone ne$les1 no javel9s or sagaies2 nor are !re any ( ! beautifully c>v$ weapons ( bone4 ,!re is also a r$uction 9 ! uses to :i* ! split bones are put1 su* z ! l>ge lissoirs or poli%]s4 ,! bone implem5ts appe> to be d]iv$ f an impov]i%$ late ,aurignacian /age2 ! same is true ( ! fl9t implem5ts1 = we obs]ve a return ( ! keel$ scrap] 7grattoir c>n74 ,!re is also a return ( c]ta9 types ( grav+ tools & ( ! knife-l =m ( ! flake2 ev5 "s ( ! small geometric types ( fl9ts resemble ^? ( ! ,aurignacian levels4 ,! _m %ells ( ! moi/ure-lov+ snail ,helix nemoralis1 f\nd 9 ! fire-he>?s ( ,mas d',azil are pro(s ( ! humidity ( ! climate1 a fact confirm$ by ! contempor>y flood deposits ( ! ,arize4 ,! frequ5t & heavy ra9s drove ! la/ few repres5tatives ( ! /eppe fauna away to ! nor?4 ,^! climatic conditions favor$ ! =mation ( peat-bogs1 s frequ5t to-day 9 ! nor? ( ,france1 & also ! gr[? ( va/ =e/s1 inhabit$ by ! /ag1 :i* ext5d$ ov] ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! pebbles ( ,mas d',azil are pa9t$ on "o side ) p]oxide ( iron1 a deposit ( :i* is f\nd 9 ! neighborhood ( ! cave4 ,! color1 mix$ 9 %ells ( ,pect51 or 9 holl[$ pebbles or on flat /ones1 0 appli$ ei!r ) ! f+] or ) a bru%4 ,! _m enigmatic designs consi/ *iefly ( p>allel b&s1 r[s ( discs or po9ts1 b&s ) scallop$ edges1 cruci=m designs1 ladd]-l patt]ns 7scal>i=m7 su* z are f\nd 9 ! ',azilian' engrav+s & pa9t+s ( ! cav]ns1 & undulat+ l9es4 ,^! graphic comb9ations resemble c]ta9 syllabic & alphabetic *>act]s ( ! gean1 ,cypriote1 ,phnician1 & ,greco-,lat9 inscriptions4 ,h[ev] curi\s ^! resemblances may be1 !y are n suffici5t to w>rant any !ory connect+ ! signs on ! pa9t$ pebbles ( ! ,azilians ) ! alphabetic *>act]s ( ! olde/ kn[n sy/ems ( writ+47#c7 ,piette attempt$ to expla9 "s ( ! exce$+ly crude designs on ^! pebbles z a sy/em ( notation1 o!rs z pictographs & religi\s symbols1 & "s few z g5u9e alphabetical signs1 & sugge/$ t ! cav]n ( ,mas d',azil 0 an ,upp] ,paloli?ic s*ool :]e read+1 reckon+1 writ+1 & ! symbols ( ! sun 7 le>n$ & taught4 ,! v wide di/ribution ( ^! symbolic pebbles & ! pa9t+ ( simil> designs on ! walls ( ! cav]ns c]ta9ly prove t !y _h "s religi\s or economic significance1 :i* may be reveal$ by subsequ5t rese>*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdh4 ,azilian galets coloris1 flat1 pa9t$ pebbles1 f ! type /ation ( ,mas d',azil4 ,aft] ,piette4 ,,! ,,t>d5oisian ,,type ,,/ation ,turn+ f ! region ( ! ,pyr5ees 9 ,azilian times1 we obs]ve ! region ly+ betwe5 ! ,se9e & ! ,meuse 9 nor!rn ,france z ! sc5e ( a contempor>y indu/ry4 ,at ! /ation ( ,fre-en-,t>d5ois1 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,aisne1 is f\nd an especially l>ge numb] ( ! pygmy fl9ts27#d7 ^! pres5t v>i\s geometric =ms1 includ+ ! primitive triangul>1 z well z ! rhomboidal1 trapezoidal1 & semicircul>2 toge!r1 !y 7 designat$ by de ,mortillet z ,t>d5oisian fl9ts1 & 9 #ahif1 9 monograph+ ?is microli?ic fl9t indu/ry1 he trac$ !m ?r\gh\t ,france1 ,belgium1 ,engl&1 ,portugal1 ,spa91 ,italy1 ,g]many1 & ,russia1 also along ! s\!rn ,m$it]ranean ?r\gh ,algi]s1 ,tunis1 ,egypt1 & ea/w>d into ,syria & ev5 ,india4 ,^! geometric fl9ts 7 at fir/ attribut$ to a primitive invasion :i* 0 suppos$ to h occurr$ at ! beg9n+ ( ,neoli?ic times2 ?us ! ,t>d5oisian indu/ry 0 consid]$ z contemporane\s ) t ( ! ,campignian1 :i* is e>ly ,neoli?ic4 ,x 0 fur!r obs]v$ t ! topographical location ( ! /ations closely foll[$ ! bord]s ( ocean inlets1 or ( riv] c\rses1 & :5 ! food mat]ials f\nd 9 ! he>?s 7 comp>$1 x appe>$ t ^! fl9ts 7 us$ pr9cipally by fi%]m5 or tribes subsi/+ ^u fi%4 ,f an exam9ation ( ! fl9ts1 x w\ld appe> t a v l>ge numb] ( !m 7 adapt$ = ins]tion 9 small h>poons1 or t ^? ( groov$ =m might ev5 h be5 us$ z fi%-hooks4 ,?us ! picture 0 drawn ( a population ( fi%]m54 ,! ,t>d5oisian1 !re=e1 0 = a long "t reg>d$ z contemporane\s ) ! e>ly ,neoli?ic r ?an ) ! close ( ,paloli?ic times1 b z exploration proce$$ x 0 f\nd t nei!r ! rema9s ( dome/ic animals nor any traces ( pott]y occur 9 any ( ^! ,t>d5oisian deposits1 :i* consequ5tly h no?+ 9 common ) ! true ,neoli?ic culture4 ,! problem 0 f9ally solv$ 9 #aiji1 :5 ! grotto ( ,valle ne> ,gibaja1 ,sant&]1 9 nor!rn ,spa91 0 discov]$ by ,breuil & ,ob]mai]47#e7 ,"h 0 a classic ,azilian deposit conta9+ all ! well-kn[n ,azilian types ( bone implem5ts1 su* z f9e h>poons1 c>v+s 9 de] horn1 bone javel9s1 poli%]s ( de] bone1 fl9t flakes resembl+ ^? ( ! late ,magdal5ian1 also microli?ic fl9ts ( typical geometric ,t>d5oisian =m4 ,?is discov]y e/abli%$ ! fact t ! l[] levels ( ! ,t>d5oisian indu/ry 7 n really to be di/+ui%$ f ! ,azilian1 = "h b5ea? lay]s ) pa9t$ pebbles & h>poons ( ,azilian /yle 7 h>poons ) s+le & d\ble r[s ( b>bs ( ,magdal5ian patt]n1 b cut 9 /ag horn in/ead ( re9de] horn4 ,! mammalian life 9 ?is true ,azilian-,t>d5oisian lay] includes ! *amois1 roe-de]1 wild bo>1 & urus1 or wild cattle4 ,9 a lay] j bel[1 :i* repres5ts ! close ( ! ,magdal5ian indu/rial p]iod1 !re are f\nd1 al?\gh r>ely1 rema9s ( ! re9de]1 an animal hi!rto unkn[n 9 ?is "p ( ,spa91 also ! wild bo>1 ! bison1 ! ibex1 & ! lynx4 ,aft] ?is discov]y x c\ld no long] be que/ion$ t ! ,azilian & ,t>d5oisian 7 contempor>y4 ,z to ! relation ( ^! two indu/ries1 ,breuil rem>ks7#f7 t ! prolongation ( ! ,t>d5oisian types ( fl9ts is obs]v$ 9 ,italy & 9 ,belgium1 b nei!r ! t]m ',t>d5oisian' nor ! t]m ',azilian' is suffici5tly compreh5sive to embrace ! totality ( ^! little indu/ries1 :i* w f9ally be di/+ui%$ cle>ly f ea* o!r4 ,( ! two ! ,azilian repres5ts ! prolongation ( an anci5t p]iod ( indu/ry1 ! progress ( :i* 0 app>5tly f s\? to nor?1 z we c trace ! di/ribution ( ! *>act]i/ic flat h>poons ( de] horn f ! ,cantabrian ,m\nta9s & ! ,pyr5ees1 ?r\gh s\!rn & c5tral ,france1 to ,belgium1 ,engl&1 & ! we/]n coa/ ( ,scotl&4 ,! lat] indu/rial phase1 ! ,t>d5oisian1 ) its geometric trapezi=m fl9ts1 orig9ally appe>s along ! s\!rn ,m$it]ranean 9 ,tunis & to ! ea/w>d 9 ! ,crimea1 :ile 9 ,france x repres5ts a f9al phase ( ! ,paloli?ic1 closely approa*+ ! p]iod ( ! e>lie/ ,neoli?ic or pre-,campignian he>?s common along ! ,danube & obs]v$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,lige4 ,?us ! mo/ compreh5sive t]m by :i* to designate ! ensemble ( ^! implem5ts1 9 ,europe at lea/1 w\ld be ,azilian-,t>d5oisian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdi4 ,small geometric fl9ts *>act]i/ic ( ! ,t>d5oisian indu/ry4 ,aft] de ,mortillet4 #bie to #cjc1 #cba1 #cbb1 #cbf4 ,f v>i\s sites 9 nor!rn ,france4 #caa4 ,u*aux1 ,vaucluse1 ,france4 #cje1 #cae1 #cbj4 ,valley ( ! ,meuse1 ,belgium4 #cab1 #cac4 ,cabeo da ,arruda1 ,portugal4 #cjd1 #cad4 ,italy4 #cag1 #cah1 #cbi4 ,tunis4 #cbe4 ,egypt4 #cjf1 #caj1 #cbd1 #cbh4 ,kizil-,koba1 ,crimea4 #cjg to #cji1 #caf1 #cai1 #cbc1 #cbg4 ,india4 ,all "o-half actual size4 ,,environm5t ,,& ,,mammalian ,,life ,x appe>s t ! *ief geographic *ange dur+ ?is p]iod 0 a subsid5ce ( ! nor!rn coa/s ( ,europe & an advance ( ! sea caus+ ! circulation ( w>m oceanic curr5ts & a m humid climate favorable to re=e/ation4 ,to ! nor?1 9 ,belgium1 ! tundra fauna l+]$ dur+ ! ext5sion ( ! e>ly ,t>d5oisian indu/ry1 = "h we /ill f9d rema9s ( ! re9de]1 ! arctic fox1 & ! arctic h>e m+l$ 9 ! fire-he>?s ) fl9ts ( ,t>d5oisian type4 ,?is1 obs]ves ,ob]mai]1 con/itutes pro( t ! ,t>d5oisian1 ) ! ,azilian1 mu/ be plac$ at ! v close ( ,po/glacial "t & ) ! f9al /age ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic indu/ry4 ,to ! s\?1 9 ! region ( ,dordogne & ! ,pyr5ees1 ! tundra fauna _h entirely disappe>$1 z well z t ( ! /eppes & ( ! alp9e heights2 ! prevail+ animal 9 ! =e/s is ! royal /ag1 adapt$ to =e/s ( temp]ate type & associat$ ) ! ,eurasiatic =e/ & mead[ fauna :i* n[ dom9at$ we/]n ,europe4 ,! only survivor ( ! great ,african-,asiatic fauna is ! lion1 :i* appe>s 9 ! late ,paloli?ic /ations 9 ! region ( ! ,pyr5ees2 ! arctic wolv]5e also gives ! fauna a ,po/glacial aspect1 =1 l ! lion1 x is nev] f\nd 9 c5tral or we/]n ,europe aft] ! close ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic times4 ,o!r enemies ( ! h]bivor\s fauna 7 ! wolf & ! br[n be>4 ,besides ! r$ de]1 or /ag1 ! =e/s at ?is "t 7 fill$ ) roe-de]4 ,to ! s\? 9 ! ,pyr5ees ! moose /ill surviv$1 & to ! nor? !re 7 /ill f\nd h]ds ( re9de] :i* surviv$ 9 c5tral ,europe z late z ! twelf? c5tury4 ,wild bo>s 7 num]\s1 & 9 ! /reams 7 f\nd ! beav] & ! ott]4 ,9 ! =e/ bord]s & 9 ! mead[s h>es & rabbits 7 abundant4 ,?r\gh ! =e/s & mead[s ( s\!rn ,france & along ! bord]s ( ! ,danube rang$ ! wild cattle 7,bos primig5ius74 ,x w\ld appe> f our limit$ k ( ! life ( ,azilian-,t>d5oisian times t bison 7 f\nd *iefly 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe4 ,!re is little direct evid5ce 9 reg>d to ! wild horse1 ! rema9s ( :i* d n occur 9 ! he>?s ( ,azilian times4 ,our k ( ! life ( ! ,spani% p59sula at a p]iod closely succe$+ ?is is indirectly d]iv$ f ! animal frescos 9 c]ta9 cav]ns ( nor!rn ,spa91 :i* 7 =m]ly attribut$ to ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic b are n[ ref]r$ r to ! e>ly ,neoli?ic4 ,"h are f\nd repres5tations ( ! ibex1 ! /ag1 ! fall[ de]1 ! wild cattle1 & also ( ! wild horses4 ,?is w\ld indicate t wild horses 7 /ill roam+ all ov] we/]n ,europe at ! close ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic times4 ,! pres5ce ( ! moose 9 late ,paloli?ic times at ,alp]a1 on ! high plateaus ( ,spa91 has be5 det]m9$2 ?is animal has also be5 f\nd 9 ! ,pyr5ees dur+ ! ,azilian /age47#g7 ,! great contra/ betwe5 ! mammalian life ( ,magdal5ian & t ( ,azilian-,t>d5oisian times is witness$ 9 ! /ations along ! upp] ,danube1 z describ$ by ,kok547#h7 ,9 ,hhlefels1 ,s*mie*5fels1 & ,prop/fels1 associat$ ) implem5ts ( ! late ,magdal5ian indu/ry1 are f\nd t5 types ( animals belong+ to ! =e/s & f\r *>act]i/ic ( ! =e/s & mead[s1 or f\rte5 species altoge!r4 ,) ^! are m+l$ two alp9e =ms1 ! ibex & ! alp9e %rew2 also two types ( mammals belong+ to ! /eppes1 & no less ?an six mammals & birds f ! tundras1 namely1 ! re9de]1 ! arctic fox1 ! erm9e1 ! arctic h>e1 ! b&$ lemm+1 & ! arctic pt>migan4 ,9 wide contra/ to ?is assemblage ( late ,magdal5ian life on ! upp] ,danube1 !re appe> 9 ,azilian times along ! %ores ( ! middle ,danube 9 ! /ations ( ,(net & ( ,i/e9 ! foll[+ *>act]i/ic =e/ =ms3 ,sus scr(a f]us 7wild bo>71 ,c]vus elaphus 7/ag71 ,capreolus capreolus 7roe-de]71 ,bos 787 primig5ius 7urus71 ,lepus 7rabbit or h>e71 ,ursus arctos 7br[n be>71 ,felis leo 7lion71 ,gulo luscus 7common wolv]5e71 ,lyn*us lynx 7lynx71 ,vulpes 7fox71 ,mu/ela m>tes 7m>t571 ,ca/or fib] 7,european beav]71 ,mus 7field-m\se71 ,turdus 7?ru%74 ,x ?us appe>s t ! alp9e1 ! /eppe1 & ! tundra faun _h entirely disappe>$ f ?is region4 ,,orig9 ,,& ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,azilian-,,t>d5oisian ,,indu/ry ,?is indu/ry repres5ts ! la/ /age ( ! ,old ,/one ,age4 ,! decl9e 9 ! art ( fa%ion+ fl9ts1 begun 9 ,magdal5ian times1 appe>s to cont9ue 9 ! ,azilian-,t>d5oisian4 ,z to ! t9y symmetrical fl9ts :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ?is p]iod1 among ! microli?s ( almo/ all ! late ,magdal5ian /ations pre-,t>d5oisian =ms are f\nd :i* may be reg>d$ z prototypes ( ! geometric ,t>d5oisian fl9ts27#i7 ?is repres5ts a new fa%ion e/abli%$ 9 fl9t-mak+ "u influ5ces com+ f ! s\?4 ,!re 0 also a natural or local ,azilian evolution f ! ,magdal5ian types & te*nique4 ,9 g5]al ! fl9t implem5ts :i* _h s long prevail$ 9 we/]n ,europe become small] 9 diamet] & m c>elessly ret\*$1 %[+ m>k$ det]ioration ev5 f ! late ,magdal5ian /ages4 ,= ! prep>ation ( hides & ! fa%ion+ ( bone we discov] unsymmetrical plan+ tools 7grattoirs71 also small1 well-=m$ oval scrap]s 7racloirs71 & microli?ic scrap]s4 ,bor]s 7p]oirs7 ) oblique ends & grav]s 7bur9s7 made ( small flakes are ! types ( implem5ts :i* mo/ frequ5tly occur1 b ! great v>iety ( bor]s1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,aurignacian & ! ,magdal5ian indu/ries1 _h entirely disappe>$ 9 ,azilian times4 ,! m>ks ( indu/rial deg5]ation are also conspicu\s 9 ! bone implem5ts1 :i* %[ a v great det]ioration 9 numb] & quality z comp>$ ) ! ,magdal5ian1 & :i* are pr9cipally conf9$ to ?ree types--! h>poons1 ! awls 7po9ons71 & ! smoo!rs 7lissoirs71 toge!r ) v small bone bor]s 7p]oirs74 ,! di/9ctive feature ( ! ,azilian bone indu/ry is ! flat h>poon ( /ag horn2 x is kn[n t ! use ( /ags' antl]s = fa%ion+ h>poons began 9 ! late ,magdal5ian1 :5 mo/ ( !m 7 /ill be+ fa%ion$ f re9de] horn4 ,^! flat ,azilian h>poons succe$ ! type ( ! d\ble-r[$1 cyl9drical h>poons ( ! late ,magdal5ian1 & are f\nd ma9ly :]e ! riv]s1 lakes1 or pools (f]$ favorable conditions = fi%+4 ,?us ! ,azilian bone-h>poon indu/ry1 l ! ,t>d5oisian microli?ic fl9t indu/ry1 0 l>gely pursu$ by fi%]folk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bej4 ,geographic di/ribution ( ! pr9cipal ,azilian & ,t>d5oisian indu/rial /ations 9 we/]n ,europe1 also ,campigny & ,rob5haus54 ,we may imag9e t ! gradual disappe>ance ( ! re9de]1 an animal mu* m easily pursu$ & kill$ ?an ! /ag1 0 "o ( ! causes ( ! sub/itution ( ! v>i\s arts ( fi%+ = ^? ( hunt+4 ,x is to ! excessively small or microli?ic fl9ts t ! "n ,t>d5oisian especially applies1 & x is ! va/ multiplication ( ^! microli?s & _! wide di/ribution ov] ! :ole area ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ( we/]n ,europe :i* con/itutes ! mo/ di/9ctive feature ( ?is indu/rial /age47#aj7 ,! triangul> fl9t 7,fig4 #bdi7 is c]ta9ly ! mo/ anci5t ,t>d5oisian type4 ,x occurs 9 ! ,azilian /ations ( ! ,cantabrian ,m\nta9s & ( ! ,pyr5ees1 accompani$ by ! pa9t$ pebbles & ) o!r fl9ts ( ,azilian type1 b )\t ! grav+-tools2 to ! ea/ x is f\nd 9 ! /ations ( ,savoy2 & along ! ,danube x occurs at ,(net1 associat$ ) rema9s ( ! lion & ! moose1 also ) ornam5tal necklaces compos$ ( ! p]=at$ tee? ( ! de]1 id5tical ) ^? f\nd 9 ! type /ation ( ,mas d',azil 9 ! ,pyr5ees4 ,to ! nor? ?is typical e>ly ,azilian culture ext5ds to ,i/e91 9 ,bad51 :]e x includes ! microli?ic fl9t flakes1 ! grav]s1 & ! little r\nd scrap]s associat$ "h also ) ! /ag & ! prehi/oric =e/ & mead[ fauna ( we/]n ,europe4 ,exactly ! same /age ( indu/rial developm5t occurs 9 ! grotto ( ,hhlefels1 ne> ,nuremb]g1 & 9 ! %elt] /ation ( ,s\s ,sac1 ,a94 ,we inv>iably f9d pro(s ( ! v>iety ( ^! pygmy fl9ts z well z ( _! cont9uity f "o /ation to ano!r4 ,all ^! facts compel u to assign a v long p]iod ( "t to ! spread ( ^! indu/rial types4 ,! "q :i* arises z to ! s\rces ( ?is special ,t>d5oisian indu/ry aga9 f9ds ar*ologi/s divid$4 ,s*midt incl9es to ! auto*?on\s !ory & reg>ds ! microli?ic fl9t indu/ry z an outgr[? ( t5d5cies already well develop$ 9 ! ,magdal5ian4 ,breuil1 on ! o!r h&17#aa7 dwells /rongly on ! evid5ce = circum-,m$it]ranean s\rces4 ,9 putt+ ! que/ions1 ,:o 7 ! ,azilians8 ,:5ce did !y come8 ,:at 7 _! ance/ors8 he is dispos$ to give ! answ] already quot$1 t1 :i*ev] indu/ry is exam9$1 we are always oblig$ to look t[>d ! s\?1 t[>d "s po9t along ! ,m$it]ranean1 = ! orig9 ( ^! microli?ic fl9ts4 ,9 ,italy1 :i* he believes to h rema9$ 9 an ,aurignacian indu/rial /age ?r\gh\t all ! long p]iod ( ,magdal5ian "t1 he f9ds at ,m5tone a lay] ov]ly+ ! ,aurignacian & conta9+ small fl9ts recall+ ! geometric =ms ( ! ,azilian1 z well z a multitude ( ! small r\nd scrap]s 7racloirs7 *>act]i/ic ( ,azilian times4 ,! upp] lay]s at ,m5tone on ! ,rivi]a are p>allel$ by ^? obs]v$ ne> ,otranto1 9 ,sicily4 ,x is c]ta91 he cont9ues1 t all ar\nd ! ,m$it]ranean !re 0 a numb] ( di/9ct c5tres :]e microli?ic implem5ts ( geometric =m appe>$1 & :]e ! accompany+ indu/ries1 9 diff]5t /ages ( developm5t1 7 relat$ to an ,upp] ,paloli?ic culture consi/+ ( a cont9u\s ,aurignacian type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bea4 ,azilian /one implem5ts ( types surviv+ f ! ,magdal5ian & e>li] ,paloli?ic times4 ,aft] ,r4 ,r4 ,s*midt4 #a4 ,f9ely flak$ po9t f ! l>ge cave ( ,(net4 #b1 #c4 ,small ,azilian grattoirs1 or plan+ tools1 f ,i/e91 on ! upp] ,danube4 #d4 ,sl5d] blade f ,kle9kems4 #e4 ,bor] f ,w/e ,s*eu]4 #f4 ,polyh$ral bor] f ,w/e ,s*eu]4 #g4 ,incurv$ scrap] f ,i/e94 #h1 #i1 #aj4 ,grav]s or bor]s f ,i/e94 #aa4 ,d\ble grav] or bor] ) po9ts at ! "r & left ( ! upp] end4 #a to #d1 actual size2 #e to #aa1 "o-half actual size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beb4 ,azilian d\ble-r[$ h>poons ( /ag horn1 f ,oban1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,scotl&4 ,aft] ,b\le4 ,! labors ( de ,morgan1 ,capitan1 & o!rs h ?r[n great light on ! ,paloli?ic ( ,tunis1 :]e a fl9t culture 0 develop$ only slightly diff]5t f t ( ! ,azilian ( ,valle1 ,sant&]1 ( ! ,mas d',azil1 ,arige1 & ( ,boba*e1 ,drme4 ,a resemblance is also f\nd 9 ,portugal2 & s\!rn ,spa91 despite its pov]ty ( typical implem5ts1 %[s a simil> evolution4 ,ne> ,salamanca1 nor?we/ ( ,madrid1 ,spa91 ! grottos conta9 s*ematic figures & color$ pebbles resembl+ ! ,azilian4 ,9 ,portugal ! he>?s ( ,mugem & ,cabeo da ,arruda are di/+ui%$ by _! triangul> microli?s & are und\bt$ly ,pre-,neoli?ic1 because !re is nei!r pott]y nor any trace ( dome/icat$ animals1 except+1 possibly1 ! dog4 ,to ! nor? ( ,europe ! discov]ies 9 ,belgium h especial importance1 = typical ,azilian implem5ts1 includ+ small r\nd scrap]s1 lat]al grav]s1 elongat$ triangul> microli?s1 & knife flakes are f\nd associat$ ) ! rema9s ( ! re9de] 9 ! grotto ( ,rem\*amp & at ,zonhov54 ,x appe>s 9 ,belgium1 z 9 ,italy1 t ! use ( ! ,t>d5oisian microli?ic fl9t types is prolong$ into a lat] "t ?an t ( ! typical ,azilian fl9t implem5ts--! scrap]s1 grav]s1 bor]s1 & knife flakes--:i*1 z we h se51 appe> at ! end ( ! true ,magdal5ian4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! ,engli% ,*annel we aga9 f9d ^! fl9ts always unm+l$ ) pott]y & usually di/ribut$ along ! sea or riv] %ores4 ,! be/-kn[n /ations are ^? ( ,ha/+s1 directly across ! ,*annel opposite ,b\logne1 & ( ,sev5 ,oaks1 ne> ,london2 9 ,settle1 ,york%ire1 is ! ,victoria ,cave /ation4 ,to ! nor?1 9 ,scotl&1 f\r ,azilian /ations h be5 discov]$ ar\nd ,oban1 on ! we/]n coa/ ne> ! head ( ! ,fir? ( ,lorne1 :ile ,azilian h>poons h also be5 f\nd on ! ,isle ( ,oronsay1 at its entrance4 ,?us ! spread ( ! v small ,t>d5oisian fl9t implem5ts 9 ! f9al /ages ( ! ,paloli?ic prec$es ! s\!rn adv5t ( ! ,neoli?ic4 ,9 ,g]many only six ,azilian-,t>d5oisian /ations h ?us f> be5 discov]$3 two to ! ea/ ( ,dsseldorf1 "o 9 ! neighborhood ( ,weim>1 two on ! headwat]s ( ! ,rh9e1 ne> ,basle1 &1 by f> ! mo/ important1 ! l>ge & small grottos ( ,(net1 on a small tribut>y ( ! ,danube nor?we/ ( ,muni*4 ,?is la/ is exceptionally important because x is ! only /ation :]e skeletons h be5 f\nd buri$ ) ,azilian-,t>d5oisian fl9ts1 !reby enabl+ u positively to det]m9e ! contempor>y human races4 ,,burials ,,9 ,,azilian-,,t>d5oisian ,,times ,! /range int]m5t :i* gives ,(net its di/9ction belongs to ! p]iod ( ,azilian-,t>d5oisian indu/ry47#ab7 ,?is conclusion is n weak5$ by ! abs5ce ( ,azilian h>poons or pa9t$ pebbles1 because at ?is "t ! cave ( ,(net s]v$ its frequ5t]s only z a place ( burial2 !re are no he>?s or fl9t work%ops to indicate cont9u$ resid5ce1 z dur+ e>li] ,upp] ,paloli?ic times4 ,?is great c]emonial burial seems to af=d ! only positive evid5ce to be f\nd 9 all we/]n ,europe ( ! k9d ( p :o 7 pursu+ ! ,azilian indu/ry4 ,! l>g] ,(net grotto op5s t[>d ! s\?we/ & has a l5g? ( #ci feet & a wid? ( #cf feet4 ,x 0 fir/ ent]$ 9 e>ly ,aurignacian times & %[s successive lay]s ( ,aurignacian1 e>ly ,solutrean1 & late ,magdal5ian cultures1 above :i* lies a ?ick deposit ( ! ,azilian-,t>d5oisian1 9 :i* is f\nd ! mo/ rem>kable int]m5t ( all ,paloli?ic times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bec4 ,section across ! entrance ( ! great grotto ( ,(net ne> ! ,danube1 occupi$ at v>i\s times f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic to ! close ( ! ,bronze ,age4 ,aft] ,r4 ,r4 ,s*midt4 ,,ix4 ,deposits ( ! ,middle ,ages & ( ! ,la ,tne & ,hall/att cultures4 ,,viii4 ,deposits ( ! ,upp] ,neoli?ic4 ,,vii4 ,azilian lay] conta9+ ! great burial ( #cc skulls4 ,,vi4 ,late ,magdal5ian lay] conta9+ ! b&$ lemm+s ( ! tundras4 ,v4 ,late ,solutrean lay] ) typical laurel-leaf spe> po9ts4 ,,iv41 ,,iii4 ,deposits ( late & e>ly ,aurignacian age1 ,,iii4 conta9+ arctic rod5ts4 ,,ii4 ,dolomite s& ) a few tee? ( ! mammo? & bones ( ! woolly rh9oc]os m>k$ by ! tee? ( hynas4 ,?is is a c]emonial burial ( ?irty-?ree skulls ( p belong+ to two di/9ct races3 respectively1 bra*ycephalic & doli*ocephalic1 & c]ta9ly n relat$ 9 any way to ! ,cr-,magnon race4 ,9 "o gr\p tw5ty-sev5 skulls 7 f\nd emb$d$ 9 o*re & arrang$ 9 a sort ( ne/1 ) ! faces all look+ we/w>d4 ,z ! skulls 9 ! c5tre 7 m closely press$ toge!r & cru%$ ?an ^? on ! outside1 x seems probable t ^! skulls 7 add$ "o by "o f "t to "t1 ^? on ! outside be+ ! mo/ rec5t additions4 ,ab\t a y>d di/ant a simil> ne/ 0 f\nd1 conta9+ six m skulls emb$d$ & arrang$ 9 exactly ! same mann]4 ,! int]m5t probably took place %ortly aft] dea? & c]ta9ly be=e ! sep>ate bones _h be5 dis9tegrat$ by decomposition1 = n only ! l[] jaw b a numb] ( ! neck v]tebra 7 f\nd ) ea* skull4 ,! heads _h be5 sev]$ f ! necks by a %>p fl9t1 ! m>ks ( :i* are pla9ly visible on "s ( ! v]tebr4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bed4 ,burial ne/ ( six skulls1 all fac+ we/w>d1 f ! l>ge grotto ( ,(net4 ,aft] ,r4 ,r4 ,s*midt4 ,x is notewor?y t mo/ ( ^! skulls are ^? ( wom5 & "y *ildr51 !re be+ only f\r adult male skulls4 ,on ?is acc\nt "s advance ! !ory ( cannibalism2 o!rs t1 be+ tak5 captive by a tribe ( enemies1 ^! un=tunate p 7 (f]$ 9 sacrifice1 9 :i* case decapitation 0 ! means ( dea?4 ,b1 !n1 h[ expla9 ! abundant ornam5ts ( /ag tee? & snail %ells 7,helix nemoralis7 ) :i* ! skulls ( ! wom5 & little *ildr5 7 decorat$1 & ! treasur$ implem5ts ( fl9t ) :i* all save "o ( ! m5 & a few ( ! wom5 & *ildr5 7 provid$8 ,!re are prec$5ts = all ^! s+ul> features ( ! ,(net int]m5t 9 o!r ,upp] ,paloli?ic burials1 namely1 ! emb$d+ 9 o*re1 ! (f]+s ( ornam5ts ( tee? & ( %ells1 ! sep>ate int]m5t ( ! skull--all ^! 7 cu/oms m or less *>act]i/ic ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic1 b nev] obs]v$ 9 ,neoli?ic times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bee4 ,skulls ( ! two races ( ,(net4 ,?ree views ( a broad-head$ or bra*ycephalic skull 7above7 f ! great burial at ,(net4 ,?ree views ( a n>r[-head$ or doli*ocephalic skull 7bel[7 f ! same grotto4 ,aft] ,r4 ,r4 ,s*midt4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,x w be recall$ t ! cu/om ( bury+ ! entire body1 z well z t ( emb$d+ ! body 9 o*re1 is fir/ obs]v$ among ! late ,ne&]?als & obta9$ ?r\gh\t ! entire ,upp] ,paloli?ic f ! ,aurignacian burials ( ,grimaldi to ! ,azilian1 ( ,mas d',azil4 ,no o!r case1 h[ev]1 is kn[n ( ! we/w>d turn+ ( ! face3 9 mo/ ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic burials ! face ( ! dep>t$ looks t[>d ! op5+ ( ! grotto2 b1 al?\gh ! grotto ( ,(net op5s t[>d ! s\?we/1 ! skulls1 )\t exception1 7 fac+ exactly to ! we/ & look+ t[>d ! wall r ?an t[>d ! entrance ( ! cav]n4 ,,! ,,new ,,broad-,,head$ ,,& ,,n>r[-,,head$ ,,races ,,( ,,(net ,! burials at ,(net are ! fir/ obs]v$ 9 we/]n ,europe :i* pres5t a m+l+ ( races4 ,?is 9 itself is a fact ( great int]e/2 x is a prelude to :at *>act]izes all ! populations ( we/]n ,europe at ! pres5t "t1 namely1 ! pres5ce ( races widely sep>at$ 9 orig9 & 9 anatomical /ructure1 b closely unit$ by simil> cu/oms1 indu/ries1 & beliefs4 ,a second fact ( ev5 great] importance is ! pro( ( ! arrival 9 we/]n ,europe t[>d ! close ( ,paloli?ic times ( two entirely new human /ocks2 "o broad-head$1 resembl+ ! mod]n ,alp9e or ,celtic type2 ! o!r n>r[-head$1 resembl+ ! mod]n ',m$it]ranean' type ( ,s]gi4 ,beside ^! pure types !re are sev]al bl5d$ =ms :i* are int]m$iate or mesaticephalic4 ,( ! eight bra*ycephalic heads1 six are ^? ( *ildr52 ! two adult bra*ycephalic crania belong to "y wom5 & are1 !re=e1 n q s *>act]i/ic z male skulls w\ld be1 = 9 g5]al racial type is m /rongly m>k$ 9 m5 ?an 9 wom52 ! rema9+ skulls are ei!r ( a bl5d$ =m or purely doli*ocephalic4 ,! relation%ip ( ! broad-head$ race to o!r prehi/oric & exi/+ broad-head$ races ( we/]n ,europe is also a matt] ( v great int]e/4 ,! ,(net bra*ycephals are reg>d$ by ,s*liz7#ac7 z closely simil> to ! type skull ( ! s-call$ ,gr5elle race1 :i*1 9 turn1 is closely simil> to ! ,furfooz type4 ,?us ! cephalic index ( "o 7,fig4 #bee7 ( ^! broad1 flatt5$ skulls ( ,(net is #hc4cc p] c5t2 ! face is relatively n>r[1 ! zygomatic index be+ l[--#gf4cd p] c5t2 ! bra9 capacity ( ! female skulls does n exce$ #a1cbj c4cm4 ,! skull is fur!r describ$ z small1 smoo?1 & delicately modell$1 ) a correspond+ly feeble d5tition1 ! tee? be+ small2 ! processes ( muscul> atta*m5t are slightly develop$1 all ( :i* *>act]s indicate t ! skull belong$ to a woman ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ( age4 ,! =ehead is l[1 broad1 & prom95t4 ,x is altoge!r typically p>allel to ! 'skull ( ,gr5elle1' z well z to ! female 'skull ( ,auv]ni]' describ$ by ,kollmann4 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is broad-head$ race1 l t ( ,gr5elle & ( ,furfooz1 is t1 :ile ! =ehead is ( only mod]ate bread?1 ! po/]ior "p ( ! skull is extremely broad4 ,! broad-head$ p ( ,(net are ?us def9itely consid]$ by ,s*liz7#ad7 z memb]s ( ! ,furfooz-,gr5elle race4 ,! n>r[-head$ race ( ! ,(net burials is di/9ct 9 e respect & pres5ts resemblances to ! bran* ( ! ',m$it]ranean' race f\nd 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! ,alp9e regions to-day1 9 :i* ! head is ( a pe>-%ap$ type4 ,! be/ pres]v$ ( ^! doli*ocephalic skulls 7,fig4 #bee7 pres5ts an index ( #gj4ej p] c5t1 ) a bra9 capacity 9 ! male ( #a1ejj c4cm41 :ile ! smalle/ bra9 capacity is t f\nd 9 "o ( ! female skulls ) #a1ajj c4cm4 ,among ! five adult purely doli*ocephalic skulls ! face is n 9 ! lea/ ( ! broad or di%>monic ,cr-,magnon type1 b is 9 proportion ) ! cranium1 & is ?us truly h>monic4 ,! resemblance ( ?is n>r[-head$ ,(net skull to t ( ! ,brnn race1 :i* we h describ$ z occurr+ 9 ,moravia 9 ,solutrean times1 is only p>tial1 & ,s*liz concludes t among ! n>r[-head$ p ( ,(net we h a =m ( doli*ocephaly :i* is n id5tical ) any ( ! kn[n e>ly doli*ocephalic =ms ( we/]n ,europe1 b :i* pursues an indep5d5t l9e ( developm5t simil> to ! n>r[-head$ races 9 ! bord]s ( ! ,alp9e region ( ! pres5t day4 ,?us ?is head type1 ( a uni=m elliptic cont\r1 seems to h become a /able racial elem5t ( ! ,alp9e population1 s9ce we meet x aga9 9 lat] prehi/oric times 9 ! region ( ! s\!rn & we/]n =egr\nd ( ! ,alps4 ,among ! *ildr5's skulls1 two are ( ! n>r[-head$1 pe>-%ap$ type simil> to ! ,alp9e doli*ocephals ( to-day1 t is1 ) a n>r[ =ehead & v broad po/]ior portions ( ! skull4 ,,c5tral ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,broad-,,head$ 7,,alp9e87 ,,races ,! aff9ity ( ! broad-head$ ,azilian-,t>d5oisian tribes ( ! ,danube to ^? f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic ( nor?we/]n ,europe seems to be cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,! latt] are sometimes kn[n z ! ,gr5elle race & sometimes z ! ,furfooz race4 ,b\le7#ae7 obs]ves 9 reg>d to ! skeletal rema9s ( ,gr5elle :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! alluvium ne> ,p>is1 9 #ahgj1 t x is q impossible n[1 =ty ye>s aft] _! discov]y1 to demon/rate _! geologic antiquity4 ,?is is n ! case ) ! ,furfooz broad-heads1 ! age ( :i* we reg>d z well e/abli%$1 b s9ce ! head type appe>s to be ! same 9 bo? cases1 we may speak ( ?is race z ! ,furfooz-,gr5elle4 ,9 a cave ne> ,furfooz1 9 ! valley ( ! ,lesse1 ,belgium1 sixte5 skeletons 7 discov]$ by ,dupont 9 #ahfg4 ,) ! bones 7 f\nd implem5ts ( re9de] horn & rema9s ( ! late ,plei/oc5e fauna ( nor!rn ,europe47#af7 ,! re9de] & ! tundra fauna ( ,belgium 7 contemporane\s ) ! e>ly ,t>d5oisian culture & ) ! /ag & =e/ fauna ( s\!rn ,france1 s t ! skeletons ( ,furfooz may safely be ref]r$ to ,azilian-,t>d5oisian times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bef4 ,broad-head$ skull ( unc]ta9 ar*ologic age1 ei!r ,paloli?ic or ,neoli?ic1 discov]$ at ,gr5elle1 ne> ,p>is1 9 #ahgj4 ,aft] de ,quatrefages & ,hamy4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beg4 ,op5+ ( ! grotto ( ,furfooz on ! ,lesse1 a tribut>y ( ! ,meuse1 ne> ,namur1 ,belgium1 :]e ! skeletal rema9s ( #af individuals & ! type skulls ( ! broad-head$ ,furfooz race 7 discov]$ 9 #ahfg4 ,aft] ,dupont4 ,only two ( ! ,furfooz skulls 7 pres]v$ 9 good %ape2 !y are ( bra*ycephalic or sub-bra*ycephalic =m1 &1 foll[+ ! sugge/ion ( de ,quatrefages & ,hamy1 ^! skulls h be5 spok5 ( z belong+ to ! 'bra*ycephalic ,furfooz race4' ,! m5 ( ?is race may c]ta9ly be reg>d$ z belong+ to ,upp] ,paloli?ic times1 :]eas ! bra*ycephalic race f\nd at ,gr5elle1 ne> ,p>is1 is probably ,neoli?ic4 ,?is by no means prev5ts ! ,furfooz & ! ,gr5elle types belong+ to ! same g5]al bra*ycephalic race2 x is altoge!r probable t !y d1 & t ) !m may be includ$ ! ,(net broad-heads4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beh4 ,section ( ! grotto ( ,furfooz1 %[+ ! burial ( #af skeletons ( ! ,furfooz race & ! entrance ( ! grotto block$ by a mass ( /one4 ,aft] ,dupont4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bei4 ,"o ( ! type skulls ( ! broad-head$ ,furfooz race1 f ! burial grotto ( ,furfooz1 ,belgium4 ,aft] de ,quatrefages & ,hamy4 ,"o-qu>t] life size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfj4 ,re/oration ( ! broad-head$ man ( ,gr5elle1 modell$ by ,mascr1 "u ! direction ( ,a4 ,rutot4 ,?is type ( head is simil> to t ( ,(net4 ,!re are sev]al op9ions reg>d+ ! geographic c5tres f :i* ^! broad-heads ent]$ ,europe2 x is g5]ally believ$ t !y came f ! high plateaus ( c5tral ,asia4 ,by ,giuffrida-,rugg]i ! ,furfooz race is id5tifi$ ) ! exi/+ broad-head$ ,alp9e race 7,homo sapi5s alp9us71 & is mi/ak5ly adduc$ z pro( t ! ,alp9e race orig9at$ 9 ,europe & is n 9 any way relat$ to ! ,mongolian races ( c5tral ,asia4 ,a m cons]vative view7#ag7 is t ! rec5t ,european broad-head$ types commonly includ$ "u ! ,alp9e race _c yet be trac$ back to ! ,furfooz-,gr5elle ance/ors1 because _! connection is too problematical4 ,s*liz1 on ! o!r h&1 consid]s t ! ,furfooz-,gr5elle race surviv$ 9 nor?we/]n ,europe & corresponds ) t :i* became ! build]s ( ! megali?ic dolm5s ( ,neoli?ic times1 ! latt] be+ b slightly modifi$ desc5dants ( ! orig9al ,furfooz race2 he believes1 moreov]1 t ^! broad-head$ peoples fir/ occupi$ c5tral ,europe & !n ext5d$ to we/]n ,europe1 :]e !y correspond to ! ,alp9e race1 at lea/ 9 "p2 t !y also migrat$ to ! nor? & 7 ! basis ( ! broad-head$ races n[ f\nd 9 ,holl& & ,d5m>k4 ,,s\!rn ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,n>r[-,,head$ 7,,m$it]ranean87 ,,races ,:ile x seems probable t ! broad-heads repres5t a c5tral migration f ,eurasia1 evid5ce ( an indu/rial & cultural "* indicates t ! n>r[-heads came f ! s\?2 ?is is se5 bo? 9 ! s\? ,m$it]ranean orig9 ( ! ,t>d5oisian fl9t indu/ry & 9 ! new s*ematic influ5ces on ! decad5t art ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic times4 ,x seems1 obs]ves ,breuil1 z if ! s*ematic influ5ces 9 art dur+ ,upp] ,paloli?ic times always ext5d f ! s\? t[>d ! nor?2 !y pr$om9ate entirely 9 ! pa9t$ rocks ( ,&alusia1 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 & 9 ,dordogne4 ,9 ! grotto ( ,m>s\las1 ,haute-,g>onne1 ! ,azilian motifs are cle>ly sup]pos$ ^u ! ,magdal5ian poly*romes4 ,?is purely s*ematic phase1 :i* abruptly foll[s ! figure art ( middle ,magdal5ian times1 fir/ made itself felt 9 ! late ,magdal5ian4 ,!re 0 a sudd5 loss ( realism :i* does n indicate affiliation b r ! infiltration ( /range elem5ts f ! s\?2 ! precursors ( ! de/ructive invasion ( ! ,azilian-,t>d5oisian tribes :o 7 driv5 f _! ,m$it]ranean homes by ! we/w>d advance ( ! conqu]+ ,neoli?ic races4 ,we imag9e7#ah7 t 9 s\!rn ,spa9 !re dwelt 9 ,upp] ,paloli?ic times a population diff]+ f ! ,magdal5ians ( ,france & ( ! ,cantabrian ,m\nta9s 9 _! l[] arti/ic ta/es4 ,x w\ld !re=e appe> t ! s*ematic art _h its home t[>d ! s\? ( ! p59sula ( ,spa9 ab\t ! "t ( ! invasion ( ! ,azilian culture 9 ,france4 ,,nor!rn ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,baltic 7,,teutonic87 ,,races ,= ! fir/ "t ! retreat ( ! ,sc&9avian ice-fields & ! less sev]e climate p]mitt$ a nor!rn migration r\te along ! %ores ( ! ,baltic4 ,?is is ! fir/ kn[n migration ( any tribes along ?is r\te1 :i* ?r\gh\t all glacial times _h be5 block$ by ! vic9ity ( ! ,sc&9avian & ,baltic ice-fields1 b :i* 0 n[ op5$ by ! approa* ( ! m g5ial climate :i* succe$$ ! long ,po/glacial ,/age4 ,:e!r ?is ,baltic invasion 0 ! advance wave ( a nor!rn long-head$ ,teutonic race is :olly a matt] ( conjecture4 ,o!r peoples1 obs]ves ,breuil17#ai7 kn[n at pres5t only f _! indu/ries1 7 advanc+ t[>d ! close ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic along ! nor!rn & s\!rn %ores ( ! ,baltic & p]si/$ = an appreciable "t be=e ! arrival ( ! tribes introduc+ ! e>ly ,neoli?ic ,campignian culture :i* accumulat$ 9 ! kit*5-midd5s along ! same %ores4 ,l ! s\!rn races ( ,azilian-,t>d5oisian times1 ^! nor!rly tribes 7 truly ,pre-,neoli?ic1 ignorant bo? ( agriculture & ( pott]y2 !y br\ght ) !m no dome/icat$ animals except+ ! dog1 :i* is kn[n at ,mugem1 at ,t\rasse1 & at ,oban1 9 nor?we/]n ,scotl&4 ,9 ! use ( bone h>poons ( elegant =m & 9 ! ta/e display$ 9 f9e decorations engrav$ ^u bone1 ^! tribes sugge/ ! culture ( ! ,magdal5ians1 b a close exam9ation %[s t x c\ld n h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,magdal5ian type4 ,! community ( /yle ) ! pa9t$ & engrav$ figures f\nd 9 we/]n ,sib]ia & 9 ! c5tral ,ural region & nor? ( ! ,altai ,m\nta9s d5otes r an ,asiatic & ,sib]ian orig94 ,! decorative designs ( ^! ,baltic peoples 7 v diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,cr-,magnons 9 ,magdal5ian times1 & are n s*ematic2 ! conception ( ! animal figures1 al?\gh naturali/ic1 is z crude z t ( ! e>ly ,aurignacian figures1 & is f> inf]ior to t ( ! ,magdal5ian /age4 ,x is probable1 cont9ues ,breuil1 t 9 ^! nor!rly regions ! clos+ cultures ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic develop$ along m or less p>allel l9es ) ^? obs]v$ 9 ! s\? 9 giv+ rise to e?nographic elem5ts :i* travell$ along ! littoral regions ( ! nor!rn seas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfa4 ,implem5ts & decorations %[+ ! conv5tional & crude animal designs ( ! art ( ! ,baltic1 f ,maglemose1 ,d5m>k4 ,aft] ,re9ecke & ,ob]mai]4 ,! implem5ts include bone h>poons1 fi%-hooks1 horn *isels1 awls1 spe> po9ts1 & smoo!rs4 ,ab\t "o-fif? actual size4 ,?is race & culture is describ$ by ,ob]mai]7#bj7 z foll[s3 ,:5 primitive man took possession ( ,d5m>k ! sea-coa/ 0 s remote t he c\ld also rea* s\!rn ,sc&9avia4 ,! /ation ( ,maglemose 9 ! ',great ,moor1' discov]$ & describ$ by ,f4 ,l4 ,s>auw1 ( ,cop5hag51 9 #aijj1 is ne> ! h>bor ( ,mull]up on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,zeal& & n f> f ! %ore ( an anci5t fre%wat] lake =mation4 ,^! p 7 lake-dwell]s1 liv+ p]haps on rafts b n on dwell+s support$ by piles4 ,f ^! rafts x is suppos$ ! implem5ts dropp$ into ! lake4 ,! #hha fl9t implem5ts f\nd "h include scrap]s1 bor]s1 cleav]s1 & knives1 z well z microli?ic fl9ts4 ,!y %[ no trace ( ! ,neoli?ic art ( poli%+1 m]ely sugge/+ c]ta9 *ipp$ /yles obs]v$ 9 ! 'kjdd5mdd+s4' 7,see ,figs4 #bfc1 #bfd1 & #bfe47 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,paloli?ic is mu* /rong]1 especially 9 ! case ( ! microli?ic ,t>d5oisian types4 ,9 ! indu/rial culture ( ,maglemose1 h[ev]1 f> m important ?an /one are implem5ts ( horn & bone4 ,^! ! ,maglemose folk obta9$ f ! wild ox1 moose1 /ag1 & roe-de]1 fa%ion+ !m into tools ( v>i\s types1 "s ( :i* are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfa4 ,_m ( ^! tools are ornam5t$ ) conv5tional designs or v crude animal outl9es on "o or bo? surfaces4 ,! =e/s ( ?is "t consi/$ ( ! *>act]i/ic nor!rn flora includ+ num]\s ev]gre5s1 ! bir*1 asp51 hazel1 & elm1 b )\t any trace ( ! oak4 ,!re is absolutely no trace ( pott]y 9 ! ,maglemose deposits4 ,( great int]e/ is ! fact t skeletal rema9s ( ! dome/ic dog are f\nd "h4 ,! ,maglemose culture ( ! ,baltic region is reg>d$ z contempor>y ) ! ,azilian & ,t>d5oisian 9 ! s\?4 ,x conta9s types1 n ( fl9t b ( bone1 :i* are prophetic ( ! ,neoli?ic4 ,traces ( ?is culture h be5 f\nd ?r\gh\t nor!rn ,g]many1 9 ,d5m>k1 & 9 s\!rn ,sw$51 z well z to ! ea/ & 9 ! ,baltic prov9ces4 ,al?\gh no human rema9s h z yet be5 discov]$1 x is highly probable t ^! p belong$ to ! nor!rn ,teutonic races4 ,,conclusion ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,relation%ips ,,( ,,! ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,races ,?us 9 s\!rn1 c5tral1 & nor!rn ,europe ! close ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic times is m>k$ by ! invasion ( new ,eurasiatic races1 all 9 a ,pre-,neoli?ic /age ( indu/ry & art4 ,x is n improbable t ^! races 7 advance waves f ! same geographic regions z ! ,neoli?ic tribes :i* foll[$ !m4 ,f ! e>lie/ ,paloli?ic to ,neoli?ic times x does n appe> t we/]n ,europe 0 ev] a c5tre ( human evolution 9 ! s5se t x gave rise to a s+le new species ( man4 ,! ma9 racial evolution & ! e>li] & lat] bran*es ( ! human family 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! ea/ & successively f\nd _! way we/w>d2 nor is !re at pres5t any gr\nd = believ+ t any v prolong$ evolution or trans=mation ( human types occurr$ 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,we %\ld reg>d z :olly unprov$ ! notion t ei!r ( ^! ,paloli?ic races ( we/]n ,europe gave rise to o!rs :i* succe$$ !m 9 geologic "t2 ! only sequ5ce ( ?is sort to :i* "s degree ( probability may be atta*$ is t ! ,heidelb]g race 0 ance/ral to ! ,ne&]?al race4 ,9 mo/ in/ances1 su* races z ! ,piltd[n1 ! ,cr-,magnon1 ! ,brnn1 ! ,furfooz-,gr5elle1 & ! ,m$it]ranean arriv$ fully =m$1 ) all _! m5tal & physical attributes & t5d5cies v di/9ctly develop$4 ,!re is "s evid5ce1 b n ( a v conclusive k9d1 t ! modification ( c]ta9 ( ^! races 9 we/]n ,europe 0 p>tly 9 ! nature ( a decl9e2 ?is 0 app>5tly ! case bo? ) ! ,ne&]?als & ) ! ,cr-,magnons4 ,we may !re=e imag9e t ! family tree or l9es ( desc5t ( ! races ( ! ,old ,/one ,age consi/$ ( a numb] ( entirely sep>ate bran*es1 :i* _h be5 completely =m$ 9 ! great ,eurasiatic cont95t1 a l& mass inf9itely l>g] & m capable ( produc+ a v>iety ( races ?an ! dim9utive p59sul> area ( we/]n ,europe4 ,a review ( ^! races 9 desc5d+ ord]1 9 respect to /ature1 ! cephalic index1 & bra9 capacity1 is pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ table3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,frontal ,height,cephalic ,bra9 ,height ,angle ( ,index ,capacity ,skull ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,rec5t4 c4cm4 ft4 94 7,h4 sapi5s74 ,european 7av]age74 #ij #ei 444 #adjj-aejj #e #g ,,upp] ,,pal,,oli?ic4 ,(net ,race 7bra*ycephalic7 444 444 #hf4ba #adjj 444 ,(net ,race 7doli*ocephalic7 444 444 #gj4ej #aejj 444 ,cr-,magnon ,race 7old man ( ,cr-,magnon type7 444 444 #gc4gf #aeij #f ,grimaldi 8#fc- #agge-ahhje #aj-a_/b- 7,cr-,magnons7 444 444 8#gf4bg 444 #f #d-a_/b ,*ancelade 444 444 #gb4jb #agjj #d #aa ,aurignac 444 444 #fe4g 444 #e #c ,grimaldi ,race4 ,grimaldi type 7negroid7 444 444 #fi4bg #aehj #e #a ,brnn ,race4 ,brnn ,i #ge #ea4bb #fe4g or #acej 444 #fh4b ,,l[] ,,pal,,oli?ic4 ,ne&]?al ,race 7,h4 ,ne&]?al5sis74 ,la ,*apelle #fe #dj4e #ge #afbf #e #c ,spy ,,ii #fg #dd4c #ge4g 8 #agbc #e #c ,spy ,i #eg4e #dj4i #gj 8 #aefb #e #d ,la ,f]rassie ,i 444 444 444 444 #e #e ,la ,f]rassie ,,ii 444 444 444 444 #d #aj-a_/b ,la ,qu9a 444 444 444 #acfg 444 7approx47 ,krap9a ,d #ff #db4b 8#hc4g 444 444 ,ne&]?al #fb #dj4d #gc4i #adjh #e #d ,gibralt> #ff or #dj #gg4i #abej or 444 #gc-gd #abif ,pre-,ne&]?aloids ,piltd[n ,race4 ,piltd[n 444 444 8#gh or 8 #acjj 444 8#gi 8 #aejj ,tr9il ,race 7,pi!can?ropus7 #eb4e #cd4b #gc4d or #hej-ajjj #e #g #gj #ijj ,,an?ropoid ,,apes4 ,apes 7maximum7 #ef #cg4g 444 #fjj 444 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ------------ ,comp>ative ,l5g? ( ,arm & ,leg ----------- #fi4gc 444 444 444 #ff4je-fi 444 444 #fc4ab 444 444 444 444 8 #fh #fh 444 444 444 444 444 444 #ajd 7*impanzee m9imum47 ------------ ,! *ief au?orities = ^! measurem5ts are ,s*walbe1 ,dubois1 ,kei?1 ,smi?1 ,woodw>d1 ,b\le1 ,sollas1 ,s]a1 ,klaats*1 ,fraipont1 ,mak[sky1 ,v]neau1 ,te/ut1 & ,broca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfb4 ,tree %[+ ! ma9 !oretic l9es ( desc5t ( ! *ief ,pre-,neoli?ic races discov]$ 9 we/]n ,europe4 7,! ,grimaldi race is omitt$ on acc\nt ( its ab]rant "*4 ,! nor!rn ,teutonic long-heads are also omitt$47 ,! ,tr9il1 ,heidelb]g1 & ,ne&]?al races are repres5t$ z (f%oots ( "o great bran*4 ,! ,piltd[n race is repres5t$ z an indep5d5t bran* ( q unkn[n relations to ! o!r races4 ,x is probable t ! five or six bran*es ( ,homo sapi5s discov]$ 9 ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic sep>at$ f ea* o!r 9 ,l[] ,paloli?ic times 9 ,asia4 ,( ^! ! ,brnn race is by f> ! mo/ primitive4 ,! migration r\tes ( invasion ( ! successive ,l[] ,paloli?ic races--! ,piltd[n1 ! ,heidelb]g1 & ! ,ne&]?al--are entirely unkn[n2 we c only inf] f ! wide di/ribution ( ! ,*ellean & ,a*eulean cultures to ! s\?1 along ! nor!rn ,african coa/1 z well z to ! ea/1 t ^! races may h _h a s\!rly or circum-,m$it]ranean orig94 ,?is does n mean t ei!r ( ^! ,l[] ,paloli?ic races 7 ( negroid or ,e?iopian aff9ity1 because ! ,ne&]?als %[ absolutely no negroid *>act]s4 ,9 fact1 ?r\gh\t all ,paloli?ic "t ! solit>y in/ance ( ! two ,grimaldi skeletons furni%es ! sole anatomical evid5ce we possess ( ! entrance ( a negroid p into ,europe1 :i* contra/s widely ) ! ov]:elm+ evid5ce ( ! dom9ance 9 we/]n ,europe fir/ ( ! non-negroid ,ne&]?als1 & !n ( ! ,cr-,magnons :o probably belong$ to ! ,caucasian /ock4 ,! evid5ce z to ! s\rces & migrations ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic races is also indirect4 ,! !ory ( ! ,cr-,magnons ent]+ ,europe by ! s\!rly or ,m$it]ranean r\te we h se5 to re/ ^u purely cultural or indu/rial gr\nds1 namely1 ! spread ( ! ,aurignacian indu/ry ar\nd ! ,m$it]ranean %ores4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! succe$+ culture1 ! ,solutrean1 & ! succe$+ race to ent] ,europe1 ! ,brnn1 bo? appe> to be ( c5tral or ( direct ea/]ly orig94 ,x is only t[>d ! close ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic t ano!r s\!rly or ,m$it]ranean invasion occurs1 br++ 9 ! microli?ic ,t>d5oisian culture1 :i*1 al?\gh anatomical evid5ce is want+1 w\ld appe> to be an advance wave ( ! great invasion ( ! true ',m$it]ranean' race4 ,dur+ ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic ,epo* ano!r invasion app>5tly occurs f ! ea/ along ! c5tral migration r\te1 namely1 t ( ! broad-head$ ,furfooz-,gr5elle races4 ,?us 9 survey+ ! :ole p]iod ( ! ,old ,/one ,age we f9d t !re is "s evid5ce = ! !ory ( an alt]nation ( s\!rly1 ( ea/]ly1 & f9ally ( nor!a/]ly invasions ( races br++ 9 new indu/ries & ideas4 ,,transition ,,to ,,! ,,neoli?ic4 ,,! ,,campignian4 ,,! ,,rob5hausian ,ap>t f ! special & some:at debat$ "q ( ! place ( ! ,campignian culture 9 ! prehi/ory ( ,europe we may close our survey ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic by po9t+ out "s ( its contra/s ) ! ,neoli?ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfc4 ,/ages 9 ! manufacture ( ! ,neoli?ic /one ax1 or ha*e4 ,aft] de ,mortillet4 #ecd4 ,ha*e ( fl9t1 r\ghly flak$ into %ape1 f ,ol5don1 ,calvados4 #ece4 ,ha*e ( fl9t f ,oise1 ready = poli%+4 ,x has be5 f9ely *ipp$ to a %ape ( p]fect symmetry1 ) especial c>e to smoo? out & r$uce ! l>ge facets made by ! prelim9>y flak+4 #ecf4 ,ha*e ( fl9t aft] ! fir/ poli%+1 f ,abbeville1 on ! ,somme4 ,! cutt+ edge has be5 completely poli%$1 b along ! sides ! facets made by flak+ are pla9ly visible4 #ecg4 ,ha*e ( fl9t completely poli%$1 f ,le ,ves9et1 ,se9e-et-,oise4 ,9 ?is la/ /age "o sc>cely notices ! fa9t traces ( facets :i* %[ t ?is ha*e has pass$ ?r\gh all ! prec$+ /ages4 ,two-n9?s actual size4 ,! arrival ( ! ,neoli?ic cultures & indu/ries 9 we/]n ,europe m>ks "o ( ! mo/ pr(\nd *anges 9 all prehi/ory & introduces u to a new p]iod :i* mu/ be treat$ 9 an entirely diff]5t hi/oric _s4 ,?is new era began betwe5 #g1jjj to #aj1jjj ye>s ago1 or ) ! close ( ! ,daun /age1 ! la/ geologic feature ( ,po/glacial times4 ,!re are two !ories reg>d+ ! close ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic & ! beg9n+ ( ,neoli?ic times4 ,! old] !ory1 :i* /ill has "s adh]5ts1 is t ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic races & indu/ries sudd5ly gave way be=e ! arrival ( new & sup]ior races br++ 9 ! ,neoli?ic culture4 ,! new] !ory is t !re are evid5ces ( gradual transfusions f ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic into ! ,neoli?ic cultures & t ^! are f\nd 9 "s ( ! olde/ ,neoli?ic sites4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfd4 ,/one hat*et1 or tran*et1 f ! type /ation ( ,campigny1 aft] ,salmon1 d',ault du ,mesnil1 & ,capitan4 ,"o-half actual size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfe4 ,/one pick1 or pic1 f ! type /ation ( ,campigny1 aft] ,salmon1 d',ault du ,mesnil1 & ,capitan4 ,ab\t "o-half actual size4 ,9 #ahih !re appe>$ an article7#ba7 by ,philippe ,salmon1 d',ault du ,mesnil1 & ,capitan1 entitl$1 ,le ,campigni51 def5d+ ! !ory ( an e>ly & transitional ,neoli?ic /age1 ! ,campignian47#bb7 ,! type /ation ( ?is e>ly culture 0 po9t$ out by ,salmon 9 #ahhf2 x lies a little m ?an a mile nor?we/ ( ! village ( ,blangy1 on ! ,riv] ,bresle1 on a site well plac$ = natural def5se4 ,! rema9s ( ! hut-dwell+s ( ?is camp & ( v>i\s indu/rial objects appe> to indicate t ?is /ation belongs to ! e>lie/ phase ( ! ,neoli?ic ,p]iod4 ,^! ,campignians owe little to ! culture or indu/ry ( ! races :i* previ\sly occupi$ ?is region ( we/]n ,europe2 !y are entire /rang]s1 purely ,neoli?ic 9 type4 ,:ile ?is is ! age ( poli%$1 z di/+ui%$ f *ipp$1 /one1 ! axe 7ha*e7 ( poli%$ /one is /ill v r>e 9 ! ,campignian4 ,!re prevail flak$ fl9t types common to all ! previ\s /ages ( ! ,/one ,age1 su* z ! knives 7c\teaux71 plan]s 7grattoirs71 & spe> or d>t heads 7po9tes de sagaie71 b we notice ! appe>ance ( two entirely new fl9t implem5ts3 fir/1 ! triangul> knife or /one hat*et 7tran*et71 ( ! type 7,fig4 #bfd7 common 9 ! ,dani% kit*5-midd5s2 ?is knife has a broad1 %>p cutt+ edge flak$ on "o side2 second 7,fig4 #bfe71 !re is a sort ( elongat$ axe or pick 7pic7 ) *ipp$ sides & an end m or less conical 9 %ape47#bc7 ,^! p also made use ( l>ge flakes ( fl9t4 ,if we reg>d ! ,campignian z a prolong$ indu/rial /age 9 nor!rn ,europe1 x c]ta9ly prec$es ! appe>ance ( abundant axe heads ( poli%$ fl9t4 ,9 ,france x seems to appe> occasionally z a local phase ( ! ,neoli?ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bff4 ,re/oration ( ! ,neoli?ic man ( ,spi5nes1 ,belgium1 modell$ by ,mascr "u ! direction ( ,a4 ,rutot4 ,! prevail+ op9ion at pres5t is t ! ,campignian di/9ctly prec$es ! typical ,neoli?ic ( ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 a /age kn[n z ! ,rob5hausian4 ,?us ! ,neoli?ic culture becomes fully e/abli%$ 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,swiss ,lake ,dwell+s1 rema9s ( :i* are f\nd at ,moosse$orf1 ,wauwyl1 ,concise on ,lake ,neuf*tel1 & ,rob5haus5 on ,lake ,pfaeffikon4 ,! latt] is ! ,rob5hausian type /ation4 ,,di/9ctive ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,neoli?ic ,,epo* ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! pres5ce ( implem5ts ( poli%$ /one :i* f9d _! way gradually into we/]n ,europe4 ,! neoli?s at fir/ are greatly outnumb]$ by *ipp$ & flak$ implem5ts1 & "s ( ! latt] %[ a survival ( ! famili> types ( ! ,old ,/one ,age1 :ile o!rs belong to entirely di/9ct types :i* _h an indep5d5t developm5t 9 ! f> ,ea/4 ,! *ief economic *ange is se5 9 ! rudim5t>y k ( agriculture & 9 ! use ( a v>iety ( plants & se$s1 accompani$ by ! gradual appe>ance ( implem5ts = ! prep>ation ( ! soil & = h>ve/+ ! crops4 ,?is new s\rce ( food supply leads to ! e/abli%m5t ( p]man5t /ations & camps & m or less to ! ab&onm5t ( nomadic modes ( life4 ,ne> ! anci5t camp sites & villages1 !re=e1 are f\nd implem5ts = ! prep>ation ( sk9s & hides1 because ! *ase 0 /ill ma9ta9$ = purposes ( clo?+ z well z = food4 ,/ill m di/9ctive ( ! ,neoli?ic is ! introduction ( pott]y1 :i* is at fir/ us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( food4 ,9 ! he>?s or kit*5-midd5s & 9 ! refuse heaps ( ! camps we no long] f9d evid5ce ( ! splitt+ ( ! jaws ( mammals & ( ! long & %ort bones ( ! limbs1 or ev5 ( ! l>g] foot bones1 9 se>* ( m>r[1 :i* is su* a univ]sal feature ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic deposits4 ,! arti/ic impulse ( ! nor? is v crude & naturali/ic4 ,9 ! ,spani% p59sula1 accompany+ & foll[+ ! s*ematic p]iod describ$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is *apt]1 !re 0 a long /age ( developm5t 9 :i* m5 7 pa9t+ on rocks1 mo/ly 9 ! =m ( silh\ettes1 naturali/ic figures ( animals & ( p47#bd7 ,! pres5ce ( ! moose 9 ^! draw+s concurs ) t ( ! two bison repres5t$ 9 ! cav]n ( ,cogul & w\ld t5d to indicate t ^! pa9t+s belong to ,upp] ,paloli?ic times1 al?\gh x is n[ consid]$ t !y are ( e>ly ,neoli?ic age4 ,! "* ( ^! animal designs is totally diff]5t f t ( ! ,magdal5ian p]iod 9 ! nor? & is analog\s r to t ( ! ,bu%m5 ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,! au?ors ( ^! frescos repres5t n only ! ibex1 /ag1 & wild cattle b also ! horse1 moose1 fall[ de]1 wolf1 & occasionally ! birds4 ,!re are _m features 9 ?is art :i* %[ its absolute indep5d5ce ( orig9 f t ( ! ,magdal5ian ( ! nor?1 among !m ! frequ5t pres5ce ( composition & ! almo/ inv>iable pres5ce ( human figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfg4 ,fresco f ! rock %elt] ( ,alp]a1 ,albacete1 ,spa91 pa9t$ 9 d>k r$ & repres5t+ a /ag hunt1 ! hunt]s be+ arm$ ) b[s & arr[s4 ,attribut$ to ! s\!rn races arriv+ 9 ,neoli?ic times4 ,aft] ,breuil & ,ob]mai]4 ,! frescos 9 ! ,spani% cav]ns ( ,alp]a & ( ,cogul recall ^? ( s\!rn ,france b are almo/ always gr\p$ 9 s]ies ( ! *ase1 ( encampm5t1 & p]haps ( w>4 ,?is frequ5cy ( human figures1 ! repres5tations ( ! b[ & arr[1 & ! pres5ce ( a small animal :i* may be recogniz$ z ! dome/icat$ dog are indications ( an entirely di/9ct race com+ f ! s\? & br++ 9 a new _s 9 art :i* has no relation :atev] to t ( ! ,magdal5ian4 ,,neoli?ic ,,mammalian ,,life ,ev5 9 ! olde/ ,neoli?ic deposits no trace ( ! horse z an object ( food appe>s4 ,! dome/ication ( ?is animal 0 introduc$ f ! ea/1 & ?us x ceas$ to be an object ( ! *ase4 ,! newly arriv+ tribes 7 und\bt$ly attract$ by ! abundance ( horses1 bo? ( ! =e/ & ,celtic types1 :i* _h surviv$ f ,upp] ,paloli?ic times4 ,a v di/9ctive feature ( ! mod]n horses1 h[ev]1 %\ld be m5tion$1 t is1 ! pres5ce ( a =elock cov]+ ! face1 no trace ( :i* is indicat$ 9 any ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic c>v+s or engrav+s4 ,! wild animal life ( we/]n ,europe at ?is "t is a direct survival ( ! great ,eurasiatic =e/ & mead[ fauna :i* we h trac$ f ! e>lie/ ,paloli?ic times4 ,x includes ! bison1 ! long-horn$ urus1 ! /ag1 ! roe-de]1 ! moose1 ! wild bo>1 ! =e/ horse1 ! ,celtic horse1 ! beav]1 ! h>e1 & ! squirrel4 ,! fall[ de] 7,c]vus dama7 also appe>s m abundantly4 ,among ! c>nivora are ! br[n be>1 ! badg]1 ! m>t51 ! ott]1 ! wolf1 ! fox1 ! wildcat1 & ! wolv]5e4 ,! lion has disappe>$ entirely f we/]n ,europe4 ,! re9de] survives only 9 ! nor?4 ,z obs]v$ above1 two ( ^! wild animals 7 e>ly *os5 by ! invad]s = dome/ication1 namely1 ! plateau or ,celtic horse & ! =e/ horse4 ,! =m] type is f\nd 9 ! ,neoli?ic deposits ( ,essex1 ,engl&4 ,! wild urus 7,bos primig5ius7 0 hunt$ b 0 n dome/icat$4 ,two new v>ieties ( dome/ic cattle appe>1 nei!r ( :i* has be5 previ\sly obs]v$ 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! ',celtic %or?orn' 7,bos longifrons71 ! probable ance/or ( ! small bre$s ( ,briti% %ort-horn$ & hornless cattle4 ,! second is ! 'longhorn' 7,bos taurus71 :i* %[s "s po9ts ( resemblance to ! 'urus' 7,bos primig5ius7 b is n directly relat$ to x4 ,direct wild ance/ors ( ?is latt] animal are said to occur 9 ! ,plei/oc5e ( ,italy4 ,a new type ( pig also appe>s1 ! s-call$ turf pig 7,sus scr(a palu/ris74 ,! ,neoli?ic invad]s1 or m5 ( ! ,new ,/one ,age1 ?us br\ght ) !m1 or dome/icat$ f among ! animals :i* !y f\nd 9 ! =e/s ( we/]n ,europe1 a great v>iety ( ! same types ( animals z ^? dome/icat$ to-day1 namely1 cattle1 %eep1 goats1 pigs1 horses1 & dogs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfh4 ,map %[+ ! geographic di/ribution ( ! ?ree pr9cipal cranial types ( man inhabit+ we/]n ,europe at ! pres5t "t4 ,prep>$ aft] ,ripley's maps 9 8 ,races ( ,europe4 ,also ! re/rict$ area neighbor+ ! ,vzre valley1 :]e ! suppos$ desc5dants ( ! di%>monic type ( ! ,cr-,magnons are /ill to be f\nd4 ,o!r small ,cr-,magnon colonies are n repres5t$4 ,! heavy-fac$ l9es %[ ^? di/ricts :]e ! race indicat$ is mo/ num]\s & f\nd 9 ! greate/ p]fection ( type4 ,,! ,,prehi/oric ,,& ,,hi/oric ,,races ,,( ,,europe ,be=e ! close ( ,neoli?ic times all ! direct ance/ors ( ! mod]n races ( ,europe _h n only e/abli%$ !mselves1 b _h begun to sep>ate into ^? l>g] & small] colonies :i* n[ m>k out ! great an?ropological divisions ( we/]n ,europe4 ,x is !re=e int]e/+ to glance at ! cranial di/9ctions ( ! m5 :o successively ent]$ we/]n ,europe 9 ,upp] ,paloli?ic & ,neoli?ic times4 ,! upp] "p ( ! table corresponds ) t ( ,ripley47#be7 ,,mod]n1 ,,neoli?ic1 ,,& ,,upp] ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,european ,,races ,,( ,,! ,,exi/+ ,,species ,,( ,,man 7,,homo ,,sapi5s7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,type ,head ,face ,hair ,eyes ,/ature ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,vi4,,teutonic ,long1 ,high1 ,v ,blue4 ,tall4 78 ,baltic74 n>r[4n>r[4light4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,v4,,m$it]ranean,long1 ,high1 ,d>k ,d>k4 ,m$ium1 78 ,(net74 n>r[4n>r[4br[n or sl5d]4 black4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,iv4,,alp9e1 ,r\nd4 ,broad4 ,light ,hazel- ,m$ium1 ,,celtic *e/nut4gray4 /ocky4 78 ,(net74 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,iii4,,furfooz- ,broad4 ,m$ium4 ,,gr5elle 8 8 8 78 ,(net7 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,ii4,,br,,nn- ,long4 ,l[1 ,p,,edmo/ m$ium4 8 8 8 7,moravia74 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,i4,,cr-,,magnon4 ,long4 ,l[ & 8 8 ,tall to broad4 m$ium4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------- ,cephalic ,nose ,index ,av]age p] c5t ----------------- ,n>r[1 #ge aquil9e4 ----------------- ,r broad4 #ge ----------------- ,v>iable2 #hg r broad2 heavy ----------------- 8 #gi-he ----------------- #fh4b or 8 #fe4g ----------------- ,n>r[1 8 #fc- aquil9e4 8 #gf4bg ------------------- ,x w\ld appe> t five out ( ^! six great racial types _h ent]$ ,europe be=e ! close ( ,upp] ,paloli?ic times1 namely1 ,i to ,v 9 ! above table4 ,h[ ab\t ! six? type2 ! n>r[-head$1 light-hair$ p ( ! nor?1 ! mod]n ,teutonic type8 ,?is "q _c be answ]$ at pres5t4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 high au?ority = ! invasion ( a new nor!rn race1 :i* may h be5 ( ! ,teutonic type1 z occurr+ be=e ! close ( ,paloli?ic times4 ,^! 7 ! p describ$ above1 migrat+ along ! %ores ( ! ,baltic ) a new nor!rn ,maglemose culture & crude naturali/ic art4 ,,conclusions ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,old ,,/one ,,age ,! above outl9e ( ! beg9n+s ( ! ,neoli?ic ,age %[s t ! ,paloli?ic repres5ts a complete cycle ( human developm5t2 we h trac$ its rise1 its p]fection1 its decl9e4 ,dur+ ?is dawn+ p]iod ( ! long prehi/ory ( ,europe ! dom9ant features are ! v great antiquity ( ! _s ( man & ! fundam5tal simil>ity betwe5 ! great /eps ( prehi/ory & ( hi/ory4 ,! rise ( ! _s ( man ?r\gh ! ,old ,/one ,age _c be trac$ cont9u\sly 9 a s+le race because ! races 7 *ang+2 z at ! pres5t "t1 "o race replac$ ano!r1 or two races dwelt side by side4 ,! sudd5 appe>ance 9 ,europe at lea/ #be1jjj ye>s ago ( a human race ) a high ord] ( bra9 p[] & ability 0 n a leap =w>d b ! effect ( a long process ( evolution else:]e4 ,:5 ! prehi/oric ar*ology ( ea/]n ,europe & ( ,asia has be5 inve/igat$ we may obta9 "s light on ?is antec$5t developm5t4 ,dur+ ?is age ! rudim5ts ( all ! mod]n economic p[]s ( man 7 develop$3 ! guidance ( ! h& by ! m9d1 manife/$ 9 8 creative indu/ry2 8 inv5tive faculty2 ! curr5cy or spread ( 8 inv5tions2 ! adaptation ( means to ends 9 ut5sils1 9 weapons1 & 9 clo?+4 ,! same is true ( ! /hetic p[]s1 ( close obs]vation1 ( ! s5se ( =m1 ( proportion1 ( symmetry1 ! appreciation ( beauty ( animal =m & ! beauty ( l9e1 color1 & =m 9 modell+ & sculpture4 ,f9ally1 ! s*ematic repres5tation & notation ( ideas s f> z we c p]ceive 0 alphabetic r ?an pictographic4 ,( ! musical s5se we h at pres5t no evid5ce4 ,! religi\s s5se1 ! appreciation ( "s p[] or p[]s beh9d ! great ph5om5a ( nature1 is evid5c$ 9 ! rev]5ce = ! dead1 9 burials app>5tly relat$ to notions ( a future exi/5ce ( ! dead1 & especially 9 ! my/]ies ( ! art ( ! cav]ns4 ,all ^! /eps indicate ! possession ( c]ta9 g5]ic faculties ( m9d simil> to our own4 ,t ?is m9d ( ! ,upp] ,paloli?ic races 0 ( a k9d capable ( a high degree ( education we ent]ta9 no d\bt :atev] because ( ! v advanc$ ord] ( bra9 :i* is develop$ 9 ! high] memb]s ( ^! anci5t races2 9 fact1 x may be fairly assum$ f exp]i5ces 9 ! education ( exi/+ races ( mu* l[] bra9 capacity1 su* z ! ,eskimo or ,fuegian4 ,! em]g5ce ( su* a m9d f ! mode ( life ( ! ,old ,/one ,age is "o ( ! greate/ my/]ies ( psy*ology & ( hi/ory4 ,! rise & fall ( cultures & ( indu/ries1 :i* is at ?is v day ! out/&+ feature ( ! hi/ory ( we/]n ,europe1 0 fully typifi$ 9 ! v anci5t conte/s ) /one weapons :i* 7 wag$ along ! bord]s ( ! ,somme1 ! ,m>ne1 ! ,se9e1 & ! ,danube4 ,no d\bt1 ea* invasion1 ea* conque/1 ea* sub/itution ( an indu/ry or a culture _h )9 x ! impell+ conte/ ( ! _s & w ( man1 ! intellig5ce direct+ v>i\s indu/rial & w>like implem5ts1 ! sup]iority ei!r ( =ce or ( m9d4 7#a7 ,c>tailhac1 #aijc4a1 pp4 #ccj1 #cca4 7#b7 ,d*elette1 #aijh4a1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cad-cbj4 7#c7 ,op4 cit41 p4 #cbj4 7#d7 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #eje-eaj4 7#e7 ,breuil1 #aiab4f1 pp4 #b-f4 7#f7 ,ibid41 #aiab4g1 pp4 #bcb1 #bcc4 7#g7 ,ibid41 #aiab4f1 p4 #bj4 7#h7 ,kok51 #aiab4a1 pp4 #agb1 #agc1 #agf-agh1 #ahj1 #aha1 #bja4 7#i7 ,s*midt1 #aiab4a1 p4 #dj4 7#aj7 ,breuil1 #aiab4g1 p4 #bbe4 7#aa7 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bcc4 7#ab7 ,s*midt1 #aiab4a1 p4 #da4 7#ac7 ,s*liz1 #aiab4a1 pp4 #bdb-bdd4 7#ad7 ,op4 cit41 p4 #beb4 7#ae7 ,b\le1 #aiac4a1 p4 #baj4 7#af7 ,dupont1 #ahga4a4 7#ag7 ,fis*]1 #aiac4a1 p4 #cef4 7#ah7 ,breuil1 #aiab4e4 7#ai7 ,ibid41 #aiab4g1 pp4 #bce1 #bcf4 7#bj7 ,ob]mai]1 #aiab4a1 pp4 #dfg-dfi4 7#ba7 ,salmon1 #ahih4a4 7#bb7 ,munro1 #aiab4a1 pp4 #bge-bgg4 7#bc7 ,d*elette1 #aijh4a1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cbf4 7#bd7 ,breuil1 #aiab4e1 p4 #efj4 7#be7 ,ripley1 #ahii4a1 p4 #aba4 ,,app5dix ,,note ,i ,,lucretius ,,& ,,bossuet ,,on ,,! ,,e>ly ,,evolution ,,( ,,man ,lucretius's conception,,bc ( ! gradual developm5t ( human culture und\bt$ly came f ,greek s\rces beg9n+ ) ,emp$ocles4 ,8 indebt$ness is beautifully express$ 9 ! op5+ l9es ( ,book ,,iii ( 8 ,de ,r]um ,natura3 ,o ,glory ( ! ,greeks6 :o fir/ did/ *ase ,! m9d's dread d>kness ) cele/ial day1 ,! wor? illu/rat+ ( human life-- ,!e1 glad1 ,i foll[--) firm foot resolv$ ,to tread ! pa? impr9t$ by ?y /eps2 ,n urg$ by competition1 b1 alone1 ,/udi\s ?y toils to copy2 =1 9 p[]s1 ,h[ c ! swall[ ) ! swan cont5d8 ,or ! "y kid1 all tremul\s ( limb1 ,/rive ) ! /r5g?1 ! fleetness ( ! horse2 ,?\1 sire ( sci5ce6 ) pat]nal tru?s ,?y sons enri*e/3 f ?y pe]less page1 ,illu/ri\s *ief6 z f ! fl[]y field ,?' indu/ri\s bee culls honey1 we alike ,cull _m a gold5 precept--gold5 ea*-- ,& ea* mo/ wor?y ev]la/+ life4 ,= z ! doctr9es ( ?y godlike m9d ,prove into bir? h[ nature fir/ uprose1 ,all t]rors vani%2 ! blue walls ( heav5 ,fly in/ant--& ! b\ndless void ?r\gh\t ,teems ) creat$ ?+s4 ,! same conception,,bd ( ! e>ly p]iods 9 ! developm5t ( humanity is f\nd 9 ! ,hi/oire univ]selle ( ,bossuet1 9 a curi\s passage und\bt$ly sugge/$ by ,lucretius3 ,t\t comm5ce3 x n'y a po9t d'hi/oire anci5ne o il ne p>aisse1 non seulem5t dans ces premi]s temps1 mais encore longtemps aprs1 des ve/iges manife/es de la n\veaut du monde4 ,on voit les lois s'tablir1 les murs se polir1 et les empires se =m]3 le g5re huma9 sort peu peu de l'ignorance2 l'expri5ce l'in/ruit1 et les arts sont inv5ts ou p]fectionns4 ,a mesure que les hommes se multipli5t1 la t]re se peuple de pro*e en pro*e3 on passe les montagnes et les prcipices2 on trav]se les fleuves et enf9 les m]s1 et on tablit de n\velles habitations4 ,la t]re1 qui n'tait au comm5cem5t qu'une =t imm5se1 pr5d une autre =me2 les bois abattus font place aux *amps1 aux pturages1 aux hameaux1 aux b\rgades1 et enf9 aux villes4 ,on s'in/ruit pr5dre c]ta9s animaux1 apprivois] les autres1 et les acc\tum] au s]vice4 ,on eut d'abord combattre les btes f>\*es3 les premi]s hros se signalr5t dans ces gu]res2 elles fir5t inv5t] les armes1 que les hommes t\rnr5t aprs contre leurs semblables4 ,nemrod1 le premi] gu]ri] et le premi] conqurant1 e/ appel dans l'criture un =t *asseur4 ,avec les animaux1 l'homme sut encore ad\cir les fruits et les plantes2 il plia jusqu'aux mtaux son usage1 et peu peu il y fit s]vir t\te la nature4 ,,note ,,ii ,,horace ,,on ,,! ,,e>ly ,,evolution ,,( ,,man ,horace,,be also adopt$ ! ,greek conception ( ! natural evolution ( human culture3 ,y\r m5 ( words1 :o rate all crimes alike1 ,collapse & f\nd]1 :5 on fact !y /rike3 ,s5se1 cu/om1 all1 cry out aga9/ ! ?+1 ,& high exp$i5ce1 "r's p]5nial spr+4 ,:5 m5 fir/ crept f out e>?'s womb1 l worms1 ,dumb spee*less creatures1 ) sc>ce human =ms1 ,) nails or d\bl$ fi/s !y us$ to fight ,= acorns or = sleep+-holes at night2 ,clubs foll[$ next2 at la/ to arms !y came1 ,:i* gr[+ practice taught !m h[ to frame1 ,till words & names 7 f\nd1 :]e) to m\ld ,! s\nds !y utt]$1 & _! ?\ghts unfold2 ,!nce=? !y left (f fight+1 & began ,to build !m cities1 gu>d+ man f man1 ,& set up laws z b>ri]s aga9/ /rife ,t ?reat5$ p]son1 prop]ty1 or wife4 ',twas fe> ( wrong gave bir? to "r1 y'll f9d1 ,if y b se>* ! records ( mank9d4 ,nature kn[s good & evil1 joy & grief1 ,b j & unju/ are beyond h] brief3 ,nor c philosophy1 ?\gh f9ely spun1 ,by /ress ( logic prove ! two ?+s "o1 ,to /rip y\r neighbor's g>d5 ( a fl[] ,& rob a %r9e at midnight's solemn h\r4 ,,note ,,iii ,,s*ylus ,,on ,,! ,,e>ly ,,evolution ,,( ,,man s*ylus1 9 ,prome!us ,b\nd1,,bf pres5ts "o ( ! e>lie/ kn[n z well z "o ( ! noble/ conceptions ( ! natural developm5t ( ! human faculties3 ,& let me tell y--n z taunt+ m51 ,b tea*+ y ! int5tion ( my gifts1 ,h[1 fir/ behold+1 !y beheld 9 va91 ,& he>+1 he>d n1 b1 l %apes 9 dreams1 ,mix$ all ?+s wildly d[n ! t$i\s "t1 ,nor knew to build a h\se aga9/ ! sun ,) wicket$ sides1 nor any woodwork knew1 ,b liv$1 l silly ants1 b5ea? ! gr\nd ,9 holl[ caves unsunn$4 ,!re came to !m ,no /eadfa/ sign ( w9t]1 nor ( spr+ ,fl[]-p]fum$1 nor ( summ] full ( fruit1 ,b bl9dly & lawlessly !y did all ?+s1 ,until ,i taught !m h[ ! />s d rise ,& set 9 my/]y1 & devis$ = !m ,numb]1 ! induc] ( philosophies1 ,! syn!sis ( ,lett]s1 &1 beside1 ,! artific] ( all ?+s1 ,memory ,t sweet ,muse-"m4 ,,note ,,iv ',,uro*s1' ,,or ',,au]o*s1' ,,& ',,wis5t' ,kobelt,,bg discusses ! habits ( ! wild cattle & ( ! bison z foll[s3 ,"o is incl9$ to consid] ! anci5t wild cattle ( ,europe1 ! ,uro*s1 or ,au]o*s1 z ! inhabitants ( boggy =e/s4 ,! ,au]o*s surviv$ to ! sev5te5? c5tury 9 ! =e/s ( ,pol& & !n became ext9ct4 ,x is describ$ z ( a black color ) a light /ripe along ! back4 ,! bison1 or ,wis5t1 is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! inhabitant ( ! op5 /eppe1 or at lea/ ( dry]1 op5] woods2 x diff]s s little f ! ,am]ican bison t bo? c be consid]$ only z races ( "o species1 ! ,bison priscus ( ,plei/oc5e times1 :i* spread ov] ! temp]ate zone ( bo? hemisph]es4 ,! ,am]ican bison has always avoid$ ! woods & roam$ ! prairies 9 c\ntless h]ds4 ,b all reliable hi/oric records describe ! ,wis5t z a =e/ animal1 & its few rema9+ survivors are entirely limit$ to ! =e/s4 ,app>5tly x 0 nev] s widely & g5]ally di/ribut$ z ! ,au]o*s & rea*$ we/]n ,europe lat]1 = x is n f\nd 9 ! nor?1 & nev] 9 conjunction ) ! mammo? & rh9oc]os4 ,rema9s ( ! bison h also be5 f\nd 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,9 ,li?uania ! bison lives toge!r 9 h]ds1 res5t+ ! approa* ( all /rang]s4 ,9 ! ,caucasus x lives wild 9 c]ta9 high valleys & "h x is a true m\nta9 animal1 its favorite haunts be+ ! =e/s ( bee*1 hornbeam1 & ev]gre5s f #d1jjj to #h1jjj feet above sea-level4 ,only 9 w9t] does x desc5d to l[] levels4 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! ,wis5t does n also occur 9 ,sib]ia4 ,kohn & ,&ree ass]t positively t x is f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! wood$ m\nta9s ( ,sajan1 9 ,sib]ia 7#ahie74 ,accord+ to ,kobelt1 mu* confusion 9 ! nom5clature ( ^! animals has result$ f ! fact t1 aft] ! ext9ction ( ! ',uro*s1' or ',au]o*s1' 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! t]m ',au]o*s' 0 frequ5tly us$ by writ]s z synonym\s ) ',wis5t1' or bison1 an entirely diff]5t animal4 ,,note ,v ,,! ,,cr-,,magnons ,,( ,,! ,,can>y ,,isl&s,,bh ,9 ! museums ( ! ,gr& ,can>y1 ,t5]iffe1 & ,palma a consid]able numb] ( prehi/oric vessels are pres]v$4 ,an?ropologi/s are agre$ t ! natives ( ! ar*ipelago at ! "t ( its conque/1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 7 a composite p made up ( at lea/ ?ree /ocks3 a ,cr-,magnon type1 a ,hamitic or ,b]b] type1 & a bra*ycephalic type4 ,^! natives 7 9 a ,neoli?ic /age ( civilization4 ,_! arms 7 sl+s1 clubs1 & spe>s4 ,mo/ ( ! p w5t nak$1 except = a girdle r\nd ! lo9s1 & !re 0 no int]communication betwe5 ! isl&s4 ,_! /one implem5ts 7 ( obsidian or ( basalt4 ,only f\r poli%$ axes are kn[n f ! ,gr& ,can>y & "o f ,gom]a4 ,! axes are ( *loromelanite1 & ( a type contempor>y ) megali?ic /ructures 9 ,france4 ,! fir/ coloni/s probably br\ght ! k ( mak+ pott]y ) !m1 b ea* isl& develop$ an individuality ( its own4 ,ev5 ! pa9t$ w>e ( ! ,gr& ,can>y appe>s to be ( local orig9 & n due to ext]nal influ5ce4 ,al?\gh und\bt$ ,lybian inscriptions 9 ! ,gr& ,can>y & lava qu]ns ( ,iron ,age type prove t ! ar*ipelago 0 visit$ be=e its conque/ by ! ,spani>ds )\t affect+ ! g5]al civilization ( its inhabitants4 ,,guan*e ,,*>act]i/ics ,,resembl+ ,,cr-,,magnon,,bi ,! foll[+ exc]pts are quot$ f ! acc\nt giv5 by ! di/+ui%$ an?ropologi/1 ,dr4 ,r5 ,v]neau1 ( 8 obs]vations dur+ a five ye>s' resid5ce 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,page #bb4 ,)\t d\bt ! race t has play$ ! mo/ important rle 9 ! ,can>ies is ! ,guan*e4 ,!y 7 settl$ 9 all ! isl&s1 & 9 ,t5]iffe !y pres]v$ _! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics & cu/oms until ! conque/ by ,spa9 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! ,guan*es1 :o at t "t 7 describ$ z giants1 7 ( great /ature4 ,! m9imum measure ( ! m5 0 #a4gj m4 7#e ft4 #g 9474 ,i myself met a numb] ( m5 9 ! v>i\s isl&s :o measur$ ov] #a4hj m4 7#e ft4 #aa 9474 ,"s atta9$ a height ( #b m4 7#f ft4 #f-a_/b 9474 ,at ,=tav5ture ! av]age height ( ! m5 0 #a4hd m4 7#f ft4 #c_/aj 9471 p]haps ! greate/ kn[n 9 any p4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! wom5 :o gave bir? to su* m5 7 comp>atively small--,i obs]v$ a diff]5ce ( ab\t #bj cm4 7#h 947 9 ! heights ( ! two sexes4 ,_! sk9 0 light color$--if we may believe ! poet ,viana--& sometimes ev5 absolutely :ite4 ,dacil1 ! daught] ( ! la/ ,guan*e *ief ( ,t5]iffe1 ! valiant ,b5como1 :o /ruggl$ s h]oically = ! indep5d5ce ( 8 c\ntry1 _h a v :ite complexion & h] face 0 q freckl$4 ,! hair ( ! true ,guan*e %\ld be blond or light *e/nut1 & ! eyes blue4 ,! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,guan*e race 0 ! %ape ( ! head & ! features ( ! face4 ,! long skull gave %ape to a beautiful =ehead1 well develop$ 9 e way4 ,beh9d1 above ! occipital1 "o notices a l>ge plane contra/+ /rongly ) ! m>k$ prom95ce ( ! occipital itself4 ,9 addition1 ! p>ietal em95ces1 plac$ v high & v di/9ct f ea* o!r1 comb9$ to give ! head a p5tagonal =m4 ,page #bi4 ,! ,guan*e *iefs 7 mu* respect$4 ,at ,t5]iffe ! coronation ( ! *ief took place 9 an enclosure surr\nd$ ) /ones 7! ,tog>or71 9 ! pres5ce ( nobles & p4 ,"o ( 8 ne>e/ k9sm5 br\ght him ! insignia ( p[]4 ,accord+ to ,vi]a y ,clavijo1 ?is 0 ! hum]us ( "o ( 8 ance/ors1 c>efully pres]v$ 9 a case ( lea!r2 accord+ to ,viana1 x 0 ! skull ( "o ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,! *ief 7,m5ceg7 plac$ ! relic on 8 head1 pron\nc+ ! sacram5tal =mula3 ',i swe> ^u ! bone ( him :o has borne ?is royal cr[n1 t ,i w imitate 8 acts & "w = ! happ9ess ( my subjects4' ,ea* noble1 9 turn1 !n receiv$ ! bone f ! h&s ( ! *ief1 plac$ x ^u 8 %\ld] & swore fidelity to 8 sov]eign4444 ,^! *iefs l$ a v simple life3 _! food 0 l t ( ! p1 _! app>el b little m elaborate1 & _! dwell+s--l ^? ( _! subjects--consi/$ ( caves1 only !irs 7 a little l>g] ?an ^? ( ! common p4 ,!y did n disda9 to inspect _! flocks or _! h>ve/s 9 p]son1 & 71 inde$1 no ri*] ?an ! av]age mortal4 ,page #ca4 ,above all1 ! anci5t ,can>ians s\ght to develop /r5g? & agility 9 _! *ildr54 ,f an e>ly age ! boys devot$ !mselves to games ( skill 9 ord] to fit !m to become r$\btable w>riors4 ,! m5 delight$ 9 all bodily ex]cises &1 above all1 9 wre/l+4 ,at ,gran ,can>ia 7,gr&e ,can>ie7 !y (t5 held v]itable t\rneys1 :i* 7 att5d$ by an imm5se numb] ( p4 ,^! c\ld n take place )\t ! cons5t ( ! nobles & ( ! high prie/4 ,p]mission obta9$1 ! combatants pres5t$ !mselves at ! place ( meet+4 ,?is 0 a circul> or rectangul> enclosure1 surr\nd$ by a v l[ wall1 all[+ free view ( ! details ( ! combat4 ,ea* w>rior took 8 place ^u a /one ( ab\t #dj cm4 diamet] 7#ae-a_/b 9474 ,8 (f5sive weapons consi/$ ( ?ree /ones1 a club1 & sev]al knives ( obsidian3 8 def5sive weapon 0 a simple lance4 ,! skill ( def5se consi/$ 9 evad+ ! /ones by movem5ts ( ! body1 or p>ry+ ! bl[s ) ! lance1 )\t mov+ f ! /one on :i* /& _h be5 tak54 ,^! combats (t5 result$ fatally = "o ( ! combatants4 ,page #cd4 ,! ,guan*e und]/ood ! use ( ! sword1 & al?\gh x 0 ( wood 7p9e71 x c\ld cut1 !y say1 z if x 7 ( /eel4 ,to p>ry bl[s1 !y us$ a lance1 z m5tion$ above1 b !y also _h %ields made ( a r\nd ( ! dragon-tree 7,dracna draco74 ,! ,guan*es 7 ess5tially %eph]ds4 ,:ile _! flocks pa/ur$ !y play$ ! flute1 s++ songs ( love or ( ! pr[ess ( _! ance/ors4 ,^? songs :i* h come d[n to u %[ !m to h be5 by no means devoid ( poetic inspiration4 ,:5 ! c>e ( _! /ock p]mitt$1 !y employ$ _! leisure 9 fi%+4 ,= ?is !y employ$ v>i\s means--sometimes nets1 sometimes fi%-hooks1 sometimes a simple /ick4 ,page #dg4 ,! ,guan*es 7 above all troglodytes--t is to say1 !y liv$ 9 caves4 ,!re is no lack ( l>ge1 well-%elt]$ caves 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,! slopes ( ! m\nta9s & ! walls ( _! rav9es are honeycomb$ ) !m4 ,! isl&]s may h _! *oice4 ,! caves are almo/ nev] fur!r excavat$4 ,!y are us$ j z !y are4 ,"h is a description ( "o ( ^! caves1 ! ,grotto ( ,gold>3 ,! int]ior is almo/ squ>e--#e m4 7#af ft4 #d 947 along ! left side1 #e4ej m4 7#ah ft47 along ! "r4 ,! wid? at ! back is #d4hj m4 7#ae ft4 #f 9474 ,a second cave1 mu* small]1 op5s f ! "r wall4 ,all ^! walls are decorat$ ) pa9t+s4 ,! ceil+ is cov]$ ) a uni=m coat ( r$ o*re1 :ile ! walls are decorat$ ) v>i\s geometric designs 9 r$1 black1 gray1 or :ite4 ,high up runs a sort ( cornice pa9t$ r$1 & on ?is backgr\nd1 9 :ite1 are gr\ps ( two conc5tric circles1 ^: c5tre is also indicat$ by a :ite spot4 ,on ! re> wall ! cornice is int]rupt$ by triangles & /ripes ( r$4 ,page #fa4 ,! ,guan*es nev] poli%$ _! /one weapons4 ,page #afh4 ,inhabit$ caves are v num]\s at ,=tav5ture4 ,! population 9 c]ta9 p>ts--,mascona1 = example--mu/ be q num]\s to judge by ! numb] ( ^! caves4 ,at a little di/ance1 9 ! place kn[n z ,hoya de ,corralejo1 "o may /ill see ! ,tog>or1 or tribal meet+ place4 ,x is an almo/ circul> enclosure ab\t #dj m4 7#aca ft4 #b 947 9 diamet]1 surr\nd$ by a l[ wall ( /ones4 ,six huts1 f #b4ej to #d m4 7#h ft4 #b-a_/b 94--#ac ft4 #a-a_/b 947 9 diamet]1 design$ no d\bt = ! sacr$ animals1 /ood ne> ! ,tog>or4 ,page #bde4 ,a great numb] ( ,can>ians /ill live 9 caves4 ,ne> ,cald]a de ,b&ama 7,gran ,can>ia7 !re is a :ole village ( cave dwell]s4 ,page #bfd4 ,at ,t5]iffe ,dr4 ,v]neau receiv$ hospitality 9 a cab9 wor?y ( ! ,paloli?ic ,age4 ,i _h no ne$ to make any great ef=t to imag9e myself ) a desc5dant ( ^? brave %eph]ds ( e>li] times4 ,my ho/ 0 an example ( ! type--ev5 ?\gh ! co/ume 0 lack+--& 8 dwell+ complet$ ! illusion4 ,! walls1 :i* gave free access to ! w9d1 support$ a ro( compos$ ( un/ripp$ tree trunks cov]$ ) bran*es4 ,/ones pil$ on top prev5t$ ! w9d f te>+ x (f4 ,hung up on poles to dry 7 goatsk9s1 de/9$ to s]ve z sacks = ! g(io 7a k9d ( millet71 bottles = wat]1 & %oes = ! family4 ,a re$ p>tition %ut (f a small corn] :]e ! *ildr5 lay /ret*$ out pell mell on sk9s ( animals4 ,= furniture1 a *e/1 a holl[$-out /one :i* s]v$ z a lamp1 %ells :i* s]v$ ! same purpose1 a wat] j>1 ?ree /ones =m+ a he>? 9 "o corn]1 & t 0 all4 7,& ?is ho/ 0 ! mo/ important p]sonage 9 ! place47 ,page #bhi4 ,ano!r "t1 also at ,t5]iffe1 ,dr4 ,v]neau _h a simil> exp]i5ce4 ,an old %eph]d invit$ me to 8 h\se & (f]$ me "s milk4 ,:at 0 my surprise on see+ ! furni%+ ( 8 hut6 ,9 "o corn] 0 a b$ ( f]n1 ne> by a ,guan*e mill & a l>ge j>1 9 all po9ts simil> to ^? us$ by ! anci5t isl&]s4 ,a re$ flute1 a wood5 b[l & a goatsk9 sack full ( g(io complet$ ! appo9tm5ts ( 8 home4 ,i c\ld sc>cely believe my eyes on exam9+ ! j> & ! mill4 ,see+ my a/oni%m5t1 ! old man expla9$ t he _h f\nd !m 9 a cave :]e '! ,guan*es' liv$1 & t he _h us$ !m = _m ye>s4 ,i c\ld n p]suade him to "p ) ^! curiosities4 ,to my (f]s ( money he answ]$ t he ne$$ none = ! %ort "t he _h /ill to live4 ,,note ,,vi ,,! ,,l5g? ,,( ,,po/glacial ,,"t ,,& ,,! ,,antiquity ,,( ,,! ,,aurignacian ,,culture ,! mo/ rec5t discussion on ! l5g? ( ,po/glacial "t 0 t held at ! ,twelf? ,int]national ,congress ( ,geology1 9 ,ottawa1 9 #aiac 7,congrs ,gologique ,int]national1 ,compte-r5du de la ,,xii ,session1 ,canada1 #aiac1 pp4 #dbf-ecg74 ,! notes ab/ract$ by ,dr4 ,*e/] ,a4 ,re$s f ! v>i\s pap]s are z foll[s3 ,am]ican e/imates ( ,po/glacial "t h be5 made *iefly f ! recession ( wat]falls s9ce ! f9al retreat ( ! great ice-fields 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! retreat ( ! ,falls ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 ,m9nesota1 has be5 e/imat$ by ,w9*ell at #h1jjj ye>s & by ,s>deson at #cj1jjj ye>s4 ,! retreat ( ! ,falls ( ,niag>a has be5 e/imat$ z requir+ f #g1jjj to #dj1jjj ye>s2 x has prov$ a v unc]ta9 *ronomet]1 because ( ! great v>iation 9 ! volume ( wat] at diff]5t /ages 9 its hi/ory4 ,! recession ( ,sc>boro ,heights & o!r *anges due to wave action on ,lake ,ont>io h be5 e/imat$ by ,coleman z requir+ f #bd1jjj to #bg1jjj ye>s4 ,fair*ild has e/imat$ t #cj1jjj ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! ice left ! ,lake ,ont>io region ( ,new ,york4 ,9 ,europe ! mo/ accurate *ronology is t ( ,b>on de ,ge] on ! t]m9al mora9es & relat$ m>9e clays ( nor!rn ,sw$54 ,= ! retreat ( ! ice nor?w>d ov] a di/ance ( #cgj miles 9 ,sw$5 #e1jjj ye>s 7 all[$2 = ! "t s9ce ! disappe>ance ( ! ice 9 ,sw$51 #g1jjj ye>s2 = ! retreat ( ! ice f ,g]many across ! ,baltic1 #ab1jjj ye>s2 giv+ a total ( #bd1jjj ye>s z comp>$ ) a total ( betwe5 #cj1jjj & #ej1jjj ye>s all[$ by ,p5ck = ! retreat ( ! ice-fields ( ! ,alps4 ,,note ,,vii ,,! ,,mo/ ,,rec5t ,,discov]ies ,,( ,,an?ropoid ,,apes ,,& ,,suppos$ ,,ance/ors ,,( ,,man ,,9 ,,india ,x is possible t )9 ! next decade "o or m ( ! ,t]ti>y ance/ors ( man may be discov]$ 9 nor!rn ,india among ! foot-hills kn[n z ! ,siwaliks4 ,su* discov]ies h be5 h]ald$1 b none h ?us f> be5 actually made4 ,yet ,asia w probably prove to be ! c5tre ( ! human race4 ,we h n[ discov]$ 9 s\!rn ,asia primitive repres5tatives or relatives ( ! f\r exi/+ types ( an?ropoid apes1 namely1 ! gibbon1 ! orang1 ! *impanzee1 & ! gorilla1 & s9ce ! ext9ct ,indian apes are relat$ to ^? ( ,africa & ( ,europe1 x appe>s probable t s\!rn ,asia is ne> ! c5tre ( ! evolution ( ! high] primates & t we may look !re = ! ance/ors n only ( prehuman /ages l ! ,tr9il race b ( ! high] & truly human types4 ,z e>ly z #ahhf sev]al k9ds ( ext9ct ,old ,_w primates1 includ+ two an?ropoid apes relat$ to ! orang & to ! *impanzee1 7 report$ f ! ,siwalik hills 9 nor!rn ,india1 & rec5tly ,dr4 ,pilgrim1 ( ! ,geological ,survey1 has describ$ ?ree new species ( ,siwalik apes resembl+ ,dryopi!cus ( ! ,upp] ,mioc5e ( ,europe1 also an an?ropoid :i* he has nam$ ,sivapi!cus & reg>ds z actually relat$ to ! direct ance/ors ( man1 a conclusion :i* may or may n prove to be correct4 ,ano!r ext9ct ,indian ape1 ,palopi!cus1 is ( v g5]aliz$ type & is relat$ to all ! an?ropoid apes4 ,,note ,,viii ,,an?ropoid ,,apes ,,discov]$ ,,by ,,c>?ag9ian ,,navigators,,bj ,! ,p]iplus ( ,hanno purports to be a ,greek translation ( a ,c>?ag9ian inscription on a tablet 9 ! temple ( ,*ronos 7,molo*7 at ,c>?age1 d$icat$ by ,hanno1 a ,c>?ag9ian navigator1 9 commemoration ( a voyage :i* he made s\?w>d f ! ,/rait ( ,gibralt> along ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa z f> z ! inlet n[ kn[n z ,%]boro ,s\nd1 ! next op5+ beyond ,si]ra ,leone4 ,hanno is a v common ,c>?ag9ian "n1 b rec5t writ]s ?9k x n improbable t ?is ,hanno 0 ei!r ! fa!r or ! son ( t ,hamilc> :o l$ ! great ,c>?ag9ian exp$ition to ,sicily 9 #dhj ,b4 ,c4 ,9 ! =m] case ! ,p]iplus might be assign$ to a date ab\t #ebj ,b4 ,c42 9 ! latt]1 "s fifty ye>s lat]4 ,! n>rative 0 c]ta9ly extant at an e>ly p]iod1 = x is cit$ 9 ! "w on ,m>vell\s ,n>ratives ascrib$ to ,ari/otle1 :i* belongs to ! ?ird c5tury ,b4 ,c41 & ,pl9y also expressly ref]s to x4 ,! au!nticity ( ! "w is n[ g5]ally conc$$4 ,accord+ to ! n>rative ! f>!/ limit ( ,hanno's voyage1 :i* 0 und]tak5 = purposes ( colonization1 br\ght him & 8 companions to an isl& conta9+ a lake ) ano!r isl& 9 x :i* 0 full ( wild m5 & wom5 ) hairy bodies1 call$ by ! int]pret]s gorillas4 ,! ,c>?ag9ians 7 unable to cat* any ( ! m5 b !y caught ?ree ( ! wom51 :om !y kill$1 & br\ght _! sk9s back ) !m to ,c>?age4 ,pl9y1 inde$1 adds t ! sk9s 9 "q 7 d$icat$ by ,hanno 9 ! temple ( ,juno at ,c>?age1 & cont9u$ to be visible !re till ! de/ruction ( ! city4 ,!re c be no difficulty 9 suppos+ ^! 'wild m5 & wom5' to h be5 really l>ge apes ( ! family ( ! *impanzee1 or pongo1 sev]al species ( :i* are 9 fact f\nd wild 9 we/]n ,africa1 & "s ( !m1 z is n[ well kn[n1 atta9 a /ature fully equal to t ( man4 ,,bibliography ,a ,agassiz1 ,l4 #ahcg4a ,disc\rs prononc l'ouv]ture des sances de la ,socit ,helvtique des ,sci5ces ,naturelles ,neu*tel le #bd ,juillet1 #ahcg1 p> ,l4 ,agassiz1 ,prsid5t4 ,actes1 ,soc4 ,helvtique1 ,sci4 nat41 #bb;e ,sess41 #ahcg1 pp4 v-xxxii4 #ahdj4a ,etudes sur les glaci]s4 ,ouvrage accompagn d'un atlas de #cb plan*es4 #hvo4 ,neu*tel1 #ahdj4 #ahdj4b ,on ,glaci]s & ,b\ld]s 9 ,switz]l&4 ,rept4 #aj? ,meet+1 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 ,glasg[1 #ahdj1 pp4 #aac1 #aad 7,trans4 ,sections74 ,alcalde del ,rio1 ,h4 #aiab4a ,les cav]nes de la rgion cantabrique 7,espagne74 7,) ,breuil & ,si]ra47 ,see ,breuil1 ,h41 #aiab4b4 #aiac4a ,la ,pasiega4 7,) ,breuil & ,ob]mai]47 ,see ,breuil1 ,h41 #aiac4a4 ,an?ony1 ,r4 #aiaj4a ,l'encphale de l'homme fossile de ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts4 7,) ,m4 ,b\le47 ,c4 ,r4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,p>is1 tome #aej1 #aiaj1 pp4 #adeh-adfa4 #aiaa4a ,l'encphale de l'homme fossile de ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts4 7,) ,m4 ,b\le47 ,see ,b\le1 ,m41 #aiaa4a4 #aiab4a ,l'encphale de l'homme fossile de ,la ,qu9a4 ,c4 ,r4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,p>is1 tome #aee1 #aiab1 pp4 #ia-ic4 ,arcel91 ,a4 #ahfi4a ,l',age du ,r5ne en ,mconnais1 etc4 7,) ,f]ry1 ,h47 ,see ,f]ry1 ,h41 #ahfi4a4 d',ault du ,mesnil1 ,g4 #ahif4a ,note sur le t]ra9 quat]naire des environs d',abbeville4 ,rev4 de l',ecole d',an?ropol41 ,p>is1 #ahif1 anne ,,vi1 pp4 #bhd-bif4 #ahih4a ,l',age de la ,pi]re4 7,) ,salmon1 ,p41 et ,capitan47 ,see ,salmon1 ,p41 #ahih4a4 ,avebury1 ,"l 7,sir ,john ,lubbock74 #aiac4a ,prehi/oric ,times z ,illu/rat$ by ,anci5t ,rema9s & ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ,mod]n ,savages4 ,sev5? edition1 ?or\ghly revis$ & entirely reset4 7,h5ry ,holt ,co47 #hvo1 #aiac4 ,b ,b*l]1 ,e4 #aiab4a ,das ,wildkir*li1 die lte/e prhi/oris*e ,kultur/ation d] ,s*weiz und ihre ,beziehung5 zu d5 alt/e9zeitli*5 ,ni$]lassung5 des ,m5s*5 9 ,europa4 ,s*r4 ,v]4 fr ,ges*i*te des ,bod5sees1 ,heft ,,xli4 ,b>don1 ,l4 #aiji4a ,dc\v]te d'un squelette huma9 m\/ri5 a la ,b\ffia de ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts 7,corrze74 7,) ,b\yssonie47 ,see ,b\yssonie1 ,a41 #aiji4a4 ,bay]1 ,j4 #aiab4a ,das geologis*-ar*ologis*e ,v]hltnis im ,eiszeitalt]4 ,zeits*r4 fr ,e?nol41 #dd ,jahrgang1 ,heft #a1 #aiab1 pp4 #a-bb4 ,bg\51 ,le ,comte4 #aiab4a ,les /atues d'argile prhi/oriques de la cav]ne du ,tuc d',aud\b]t 7,arige74 ,c4 ,r4 ,acad4 ,inscrip4 et ,belles-,lettres1 #aiab1 pp4 #ecb-ech4 #aiab4b ,une n\velle grotte gravures dans l',arige1 la cav]ne du ,tuc d',aud\b]t4 ,congr4 ,int]nat4 d',an?ropol4 et d',ar*ol4 prhi/41 ,,xive ,sess41 ,g5ve1 #aiab1 pp4 #dhi-dig4 ,b]ry1 ,r4 ,j4 ,a4 #aiad4a ,! ,place 9 ,nature ( ! ,tasmanian ,aborig9al z ,d$uc$ f a ,/udy ( 8 ,calv>ia4--,"p ,,ii1 ,8 ,relation to ! ,au/ralian ,aborig9al4 7,) ,a4 ,w4 ,d4 ,rob]tson47 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 vol4 ,,xxxiv1 "p ,,ii1 #aiad1 pp4 #add-ahi4 ,black5horn1 ,m4 #aiaa4a ,die ,pi!can?ropus-,s*i*t5 aus ,java4 7,) ,sel5ka1 ,l47 ,see ,sel5ka1 ,l41 #aiaa4a4 ,bon>elli1 ,g4 #aiji4a ,palan?ropus 7n4 g47 heidelb]g5sis 7,s*oet474 ,p]ugia ,riv4 ital4 ,palaeont41 vol4 #ae1 #aiji1 pp4 #bf-ca4 ,bonnet1 ,r4 #aiad4a ,diluviale ,m5s*5funde 9 ,ob]cassel bei ,bonn4 7,) ,v]worn & ,/e9mann47 ,,iii1 ,die ,skelete4 ,see ,v]worn1 ,m41 #aiad4a4 ,b\*] de ,crvecur de ,p]!s1 ,j4 #ahdf4a ,antiquits celtiques et antdiluvi5nes3 ,mmoire sur l'indu/rie primitive ou des arts leur orig9e4 ,tome ,i1 #ahdf4 ,tome ,,ii1 #aheg4 ,tome ,,iii1 #ahfd4 ,p>is1 #hvo4 ,b\le1 ,m4 #ahhh4a ,essai de palontologie /ratigraphique de l'homme4 ,rev4 d',an?ropol41 #ahhh1 sr4 #c1 tome ,,iii1 pp4 #abi-add1 #bgb-big1 #che-daa1 #fdg-fhj4 #ahii4a ,sur l'exi/5ce d'une faune d'animaux arctiques dans la ,*>5te l'poque quat]naire4 7,) ,*auvet1 ,g47 ,c4 ,r4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,p>is1 tome #abh1 pp4 #aahh-aaij4 #aije4a ,l'orig9e des oli!s4 ,l',an?ropol41 tome ,,xvi1 #aije1 pp4 #a-aa4 #aijf4a ,les ,grottes de ,grimaldi 7,ba\ss-,r\ss74 ,tome ,i1 fasc4 ,,ii--,gologie et ,palontologie4 ,publies s\s les auspices de ,s4 ,a4 ,s4 ,alb]t ,ier1 ,pr9ce de ,monaco4 ,monaco1 #dto4 #aijh4a ,l'homme fossile de ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts 7,corrze74 ,c4 ,r4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,p>is1 #aijh1 tome #adg1 pp4 #acdi-aceb4 #aijh4b ,l'homme fossile de ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts4 ,l',an?ropol41 tome ,,xix1 #aijh1 pp4 #eai-ebe4 #aiji4a ,l'homme fossile de ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts 7,corrze74 ,l',an?ropol41 tome ,,xx1 #aiji1 pp4 #beg-bga4 #aiaj4a ,l'encphale de l'homme fossile de ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts4 7,) ,r4 ,an?ony47 ,c4 ,r4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,p>is1 tome #aej1 #aiaj1 pp4 #adeh-adfa4 #aiaj4b ,les ,grottes de ,grimaldi 7,ba\ss-,r\ss74 ,tome ,i1 fasc4 ,,iii--,gologie et ,palontologie 7suite74 ,monaco1 #aiaj4 #aiaa4a ,l'encphale de l'homme fossile de ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts4 7,) ,r4 ,an?ony47 ,l',an?ropol41 tome ,,xxii1 #aiaa1 pp4 #abi-aif4 #aiab4a ,la taille et les proportions du corps de l',homo ne&]?al5sis4 ,c4 ,r4 ,in/4 franc4 ,an?rop41 #aiab1 pp4 #eg-fj4 #aiac4a ,l'homme fossile de ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts4 ,ext4 ,ann4 ,pal41 tome ,,vi1 #aiaa1 pp4 #aaa-agb #a-fd1 ,pl4 ,,xvii-,,xx ,pl4 ,i-,,iv2 tome ,,vii1 #aiab1 pp4 #ba-aib #fe-bjh1 ,pl4 ,,iv-,,xix ,pl4 ,v-,,xvi2 tome ,,viii1 #aiac1 pp4 #a-gj #bji-bgh1 ,p>is1 #dto4 ,b\rgeois1 l',abb4 #ahfg4a ,dc\v]te d'in/rum5ts en silex dans le dpt ,elephas m]idionalis de ,sa9t-,pre/1 aux environs de ,*>tres4 ,c4 ,r4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,p>is1 tome #fd1 pp4 #dg1 #dh4 ,b\rr9et4 #aijf4a ,l',abri ,mge1 une /ation magdalni5ne ,teyjat 7,dordogne74 7,) ,capitan1 ,breuil1 & ,peyrony47 ,see ,capitan1 #aijf4a4 #aijh4a ,la grotte de la ,mairie ,teyjat 7,dordogne74 ,f\illes d'un gisem5t magdalni54 7,) ,capitan1 ,breuil1 & ,peyrony47 ,see ,capitan1 #aijh4a4 #aiab4a ,les gravures sur cascade /alagmitique de la grotte de la ,mairie ,teyjat 7,dordogne74 7,) ,capitan1 ,l41 ,breuil1 & ,peyrony47 ,see ,capitan1 ,l41 #aiab4a4 ,b\yssonie1 les ,abbs ,a4 et ,j4 #aiji4a ,dc\v]te d'un squelette huma9 m\/ri5 la ,b\ffia de ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts 7,corrze74 7,) ,b>don47 ,l',an?ropol41 tome ,,xix1 #aiji1 pp4 #eac-eah4 ,breuil1 l',abb ,h4 #aijf4a ,l',abri ,mge1 une /ation magdalni5ne ,teyjat 7,dordogne74 7,) ,capitan1 ,b\rr9et1 & ,peyrony47 ,see ,capitan1 ,l41 #aijf4a4 #aijf4b ,la cav]ne d',altamira ,santillane prs ,sant&] 7,espagne74 7,) ,c>tailhac47 ,see ,c>tailhac1 ,e41 #aijf4a4 #aijh4a ,la grotte de la ,mairie ,teyjat 7,dordogne74 ,f\illes d'un gisem5t magdalni54 7,) ,capitan1 ,b\rr9et1 & ,peyrony47 ,see ,capitan1 #aijh4a4 #aijh4b ,les pe9tures et gravures murales des cav]nes pyrnennes4 7,) ,c>tailhac47 ,see ,c>tailhac1 ,e41 #aijh4a4 #aiji4a ,l',aurignaci5 prsolutren4 pilogue d'une controv]se4 ,rev4 prhi/41 anne #d1 #aiji1 pp4 #e-df4 #aiji4b ,crnes paloli?iques faonns en c\pes4 7,) ,ob]mai]1 ,h47 ,l',an?ropol41 tome ,,xx1 #aiji1 pp4 #ebc-ecj4 #aiji4c ,l'volution de l'art quat]naire et les travaux d'd\>d ,piette4 ,rev4 ,ar*ol41 sr4 #d1 tome ,,xiii1 pp4 #cgh-daa4 #aiaj4a ,la cav]ne de ,font-de-,gaume aux ,eyzies 7,dordogne74 7,) ,capitan & ,peyrony47 ,see ,capitan1 ,l41 #aiaj4a4 #aiaj4b ,les pe9tures et gravures murales des cav]nes pyrnennes4 ,,iv--,g>gas1 ,cne4 d',av5tignan 7,hautes-,pyrnes74 7,) ,c>tailhac47 ,see ,c>tailhac1 ,e41 #aiaj4a4 #aiaa4a ,l'abri sculpt de ,cap-,blanc ,laussel 7,dordogne74 7,) ,lalanne47 ,l',an?ropol41 tome ,,xxii1 #aiaa1 pp4 #che-djh4 #aiab4a ,l'ge des cav]nes et ro*es ornes de ,france et d',espagne4 ,rev4 ,ar*ol41 tome ,,xix1 #aiab1 pp4 #aic-bcd4 #aiab4b ,les cav]nes de la rgion cantabrique 7,espagne74 7,) ,alcalde del ,rio1 & ,r4 ,p4 ,k4 ,si]ra47 ,see ,alcalde del ,rio1 #aiab4a4 #aiab4c ,les gravures sur cascade /alagmitique de la grotte de la ,mairie ,teyjat 7,dordogne74 7,) ,capitan1 ,l41 ,peyrony1 & ,b\rr9et47 ,see ,capitan1 ,l41 #aiab4a4 #aiab4d ,la /atuette de mamm\? de ,pedmo/4 7,) ,maska & ,ob]mai]47 ,see ,maska1 #aiab4a4 #aiab4e ,les pe9tures rupe/res d',espagne4 7,) ,s]rano ,gomez & ,cabre ,aguilo47 ,,iv--,les ,abris del ,bosque ,alpra 7,albacete74 ,l',an?ropol41 tome ,,xxiii1 #aiab1 pp4 #ebi-efb4 #aiab4f ,les premi]s travaux de l',in/itut de ,palontologie huma9e4 7,) ,ob]mai]47 ,l',an?ropol41 tome ,,xxiii1 #aiab1 pp4 #a-bg4 #aiab4g ,les subdivisions du paloli?ique suprieur et leur signification4 ,congr4 ,int]n4 d',an?rop4 d',ar*ol4 prhi/41 ,c4 ,r41 ,,xive ,sess41 ,g5ve1 #aiab1 pp4 #afe-bch4 #aiac4a ,travaux executs en #aiab4 7,) ,ob]mai]47 ,travaux de ,i',in/itut de ,palontologie huma9e4 ,l',an?ropol41 tome ,,xxiv1 #aiac1 pp4 #a-af4 #aiac4b ,la ,pasiega ,pu5te-,viesgo 7,sant&]1 ,espagne74 7,) ,ob]mai] & ,alcalde del ,rio47 ,pe9tures et gravures murales des cav]nes paloli?iques4 ,in/itut de ,palontologie huma9e4 ,monaco1 #dto1 #aiac4 ,broca1 ,p4 #ahfh4a ,sur les crnes et ossem5ts des ,eyzies4 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?ropol41 ,p>is1 sr4 #b1 tome ,,iii1 pp4 #cej-cib4 #ahge4a ,in/ructions craniologiques et craniomtriques de la ,socit d',an?ropologie de ,p>is4 ,ext4 ,mm4 ,soc4 d',an?ropol41 tome ,,ii1 sr4 #b1 #bjc pp41 #f ,pls41 ,p>is1 ,masson et ,cie41 #hvo41 #ahge4 ,brckn]1 ,e4 #aiji4a ,die ,alp5 im ,eiszeitalt]4 ,see ,p5ck1 ,a41 #aiji4a4 ,b*n]1 ,l4 ,w4 ,g4 #aiad4a ,a ,/udy ( ! ,curvatures ( ! ,tasmanian ,aborig9al ,cranium4 ,communicat$ by ,pr(essor ,r4 ,j4 ,a4 ,b]ry4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 vol4 ,,xxxiv1 "p ,,ii1 #aiad1 pp4 #abh-adc4 ,buckl&1 ,w4 #ahbc4a ,reliqui ,diluvian2 or1 ,obs]vations on ! ,organic ,rema9s conta9$ 9 ,caves1 ,fissures1 & ,diluvial ,gravel1 & on ,o!r ,geological ,ph5om5a1 atte/+ ! action ( an ,univ]sal ,deluge4 ,london1 #dto1 #ahbc4 ,butl]1 ,s4 #aiaa4a ,evolution1 ,old & ,new2 or1 ! ,!ories ( ,buffon1 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 & ,lam>ck1 z comp>$ ) t ( ,*>les ,d>w94 ,) a ,preface by ,r4 ,a4 ,/reatfield 7dat$ ,octob]1 #aiaa71 ,new ,york 7,dutton71 #hvo4 ,c ,cabre ,aguilo1 ,j4 #aiab4a ,les pe9tures rupe/res d',espagne4 7,) ,breuil & ,s]rano ,gomez47 ,see ,breuil1 ,h41 #aiab4e4 ,capitan1 ,l4 #ahih4a ,l',age de la ,pi]re4 7,) ,salmon1 ,p41 & d',ault du ,mesnil47 ,see ,salmon1 ,p41 #ahih4a4 #aijf4a ,l',abri ,mge1 une /ation magdalni5ne ,teyjat 7,dordogne74 7,) ,breuil & ,peyrony47 ,rev4 de l',ecole d',an?ropol41 anne ,,vi1 #aijf1 pp4 #aif-bab4 #aijh4a ,la grotte de la ,mairie ,teyjat 7,dordogne74 7,) ,breuil1 ,b\rr9et & ,peyrony47 ,f\illes d'un gisem5t magdalni54 ,rev4 de l',ecole d',an?ropol41 anne ,,xviii1 #aijh1 pp4 #aec-agc4 #aiaj4a ,la cav]ne de ,font-de-,gaume aux ,eyzies 7,dordogne74 7,) ,breuil & ,peyrony47 ,pe9tures et gravures murales des cav]nes paloli?iques publies s\s les auspices de ,s4 ,a4 ,s4 le ,pr9ce ,alb]t ,ier de ,monaco4 ,monaco1 #dto1 #aiaj4 #aiab4a ,les gravures sur cascade /alagmitique de la grotte de la ,mairie ,teyjat 7,dordogne74 7,) ,breuil1 ,peyrony1 & ,b\rr9et47 ,congr4 ,int]n4 d',an?ropol4 et d',ar*ol4 prhi/41 ,c4 ,r41 ,,xive ,sess41 ,g5ve1 pp4 #dih-ead4 #aiab4b ,/ation prhi/orique de la ,f]rassie1 ,commune de ,savignac-du-,bugue 7,dordogne74 7,) ,peyrony47 ,rev4 ,an?ropol41 anne ,,xxi1 no4 #a1 #aiab1 pp4 #bi-ej4 ,c>tailhac1 ,e4 #aijc4a ,la ,france prhi/orique d'aprs les spultures et les monum5ts4 ,deuxime dition1 avec #afb gravures dans le text4 ,p>is1 #hvo1 #aijc4 #aijf4a ,la cav]ne d',altamira ,santillane prs ,sant&] 7,espagne74 7,) ,breuil47 ,pe9tures et gravures murales des cav]nes paloli?iques publies s\s les auspices de ,s4 ,a4 ,s4 ,pr9ce ,alb]t ,ier de ,monaco4 ,monaco1 #dto1 #aijf4 #aijh4a ,les pe9tures et gravures murales des cav]nes pyrnennes4 7,) ,breuil47 ,,iii--,niaux 7,arige74 ,l',an?ropol41 tome ,,xix1 #aijh1 pp4 #ae-df4 #aiaj4a ,les pe9tures et gravures murales des cav]nes pyrnennes4 7,) ,breuil47 ,,iv--,g>gas1 ,cne4 d',av5tignan 7,hautes-,pyrnes74 ,l',an?ropol41 tome ,,xxi1 #aiaj1 pp4 #abi-aej4 #aiab4a ,les ,grottes de ,grimaldi 7,ba\ss-,r\ss74 ,tome ,,ii1 fasc4 ,,ii--,ar*ologie4 ,pe9tures et gravures murales des cav]nes paloli?iques publies s\s les auspices de ,s4 ,a4 ,s4 ,pr9ce ,alb]t ,ier de ,monaco4 ,monaco1 #dto1 #aiab4 ,*amb]l91 ,t4 #ahie4a ,glacial ,/udies 9 ,gre5l&4 ,,iii--,coa/ ,glaci]s betwe5 ,disco ,isl& & ,+lefield ,gulf4 ,j\rn4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,iii1 #ahie1 pp4 #fa-fi4 #aije4a ,geology4 7,) ,salisbury1 ,r4 ,d47 ,am]ican ,sci5ce ,s]ies1 ,advanc$ ,c\rse1 vols4 ,i & ,,ii4 ,second edition1 revis$1 ,new ,york1 #hvo1 #aije4 de ,*>p5ti]1 ,j4 #ahda4a ,essai sur les glaci]s et sur le t]ra9 erratique du bass9 du ,rhne4 ,lausanne1 #hvo1 #ahda4 ,*auv5t1 ,g4 #ahii4a ,sur l'exi/5ce d'une faune d'animaux arctiques dans la ,*>5te l'poque quat]naire4 7,) ,b\le1 ,m47 ,see ,b\le1 ,m41 #ahii4a4 de ,*ri/ol4 #ahbi4a ,notice sur les ossem5s huma9s fossiles des cav]nes du dp>tem5t du ,g>d4 ,ext4 ,acad4 ,montpelli]1 #be pp4 et plan*e4 ,montpelli]1 #hvo1 #ahbi4 ,*ri/y1 ,h4 #ahge4a ,reliqui ,acquitanic4 7,) ,l>tet1 ,e47 ,see ,l>tet1 ,e41 #ahge4a4 ,collignon1 ,r4 #ahij4a ,l'an?ropologie au conseil de revision2 m?ode suivre4 ,son application l'tude des populations des ,ctes-du-,nord4 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?ropol41 ,p>is1 sr4 #d1 tome ,i1 #ahij1 pp4 #gcf-hje4 ,commont1 ,v4 #aijf4a ,les dc\v]tes rc5tes ,sa9t-,a*eul1 l',a*eulen4 ,rev4 de l',ecole d',an?ropol41 ,p>is1 anne ,,xvi1 #aijf1 pp4 #bbh-bda4 #aijh4a ,les indu/ries de l'anci5 ,sa9t-,a*eul4 ,l',an?ropol41 tome ,,xix1 #aijh1 pp4 #ebg-egb4 #aiji4a ,l'indu/rie m\/ri5ne dans la region du nord de la ,france4 ,congr4 ,prhi/4 de ,france1 ,ve ,sess41 #aiji1 pp4 #aae-aeg4 #aiji4b ,sa9t-,a*eul et ,montires4 ,notes de gologie1 de palontologie et de prhi/oire4 ,mm4 ,soc4 ,gol4 du ,nord1 tome ,,vi1 iii4 #aiab4a ,m\/ri5 faune *aude dans la valle de la ,somme ,montires-les-,ami5s4 ,congr4 ,int]n4 d',an?ropol4 et d',ar*ol4 prhi/41 ,c4 ,r41 ,,xive ,sess41 ,g5ve1 #aiab1 pp4 #bia-cjj4 ,cope1 ,e4 ,d4 #ahic4a ,! ,g5ealogy ( ,man4 ,am]4 ,nat41 vol4 ,,xxvii1 #ahic1 pp4 #cba-cce4 ,d ,dana1 ,j4 #ahge4a ,manual ( ,geology3 ,treat+ ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ! ,sci5ce ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,am]ican ,geological ,hi/ory4 ,second edition1 ,new ,york1 #hvo1 #ahge4 ,d>w91 ,c4 #ahga4a ,! ,desc5t ( ,man & ,selection 9 ,relation to ,sex4 ,vols4 ,i & ,,ii4 ,london 7,murray71 #hvo1 #ahga4 #aiji4a ,! ,desc5t ( ,man & ,selection 9 ,relation to ,sex4 ,second edition1 revis$ & enl>g$1 ,new ,york 7,appleton71 #hvo1 #aiji4 #aiji4b ,! ,orig9 ( ,species by ,means ( ,natural ,selection1 or ! ,pres]vation ( ,favor$ ,races 9 ! ,/ruggle = ,life4 ,) additions & corrections4 ,f six? & la/ ,engli% edition1 ,new ,york 7,appleton71 #hvo1 #aiji4 ,dawk9s1 ,w4 ,boyd4 #ahhj4a ,e>ly ,man 9 ,brita9 & ,8 ,place 9 ! ,t]ti>y ,p]iod4 ,london1 #ahhj4 #ahhc4a ,on ! ,alleg$ ,exi/5ce ( ,ovibos mos*atus 9 ! ,=e/-,b$1 & on its ,range 9 ,space & ,"t4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,london1 #ahhc1 vol4 ,,xxxix1 pp4 #ege-eha4 ,dawson1 ,c4 #aiac4a ,on ! ,discov]y ( a ,paloli?ic ,human ,skull & ,m&ible 9 a ,fl9t-,be>+ ,gravel ov]ly+ ! ,weald5 7,ha/+s ,b$s7 at ,piltd[n1 ,flet*+ 7,sussex74 ,) an ,app5dix by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,elliot ,smi?4 7,) ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw>d47 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,london1 vol4 ,,lxix1 "p ,i1 #aiac1 pp4 #aag-aea1 ,pls4 #ae-ba4 #aiac4b ,prehi/oric ,man 9 ,sussex4 ,zoologi/1 s]4 #d1 vol4 #ag1 pp4 #cc-cf4 #aiad4a ,supplem5t>y ,note2 ,on ! ,discov]y ( a ,paloli?ic ,human ,skull & ,m&ible 9 a ,fl9t-,be>+ ,gravel1 etc4 7,) ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw>d47 ,) an ,app5dix by ,pr(4 ,grafton ,elliot ,smi?4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,lxx1 #aiad1 pp4 #hb-ii1 ,pls4 #ad1 #ae4 ,d*elette1 ,j4 #aijh4a ,manuel d'ar*ologie prhi/orique celtique et gallo-roma9e4 ,tome ,i--,ar*ologie prhi/orique 7#aijh74 ,tome ,,ii--,ar*ologie celtique ou protohi/orique4 ,premire p>tie--,age du ,bronze 7#aiaj74 ,deuxime p>tie--,premi] ,age du ,f] ou ,epoque de ,hall/att 7#aiac74 ,app5dices 7#aiaj74 ,app5dices 7,supplm5t7 7#aiab74 ,p>is1 #hvo1 #aiaj-aiac4 ,desnoy]s1 ,j4 #ahfc4a ,note sur des indices matriels de la coexi/5ce de l'homme avec l',elephas m]idionalis dans un t]ra9 des environs de ,*>tres1 plus anci5 que les t]ra9s transport quat]naires des valles de la ,somme et de la ,se9e4 ,c4 ,r4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,p>is1 tome #ef1 #ahfc1 pp4 #ajgc-ajhc4 ,dietri*1 ,w4 ,o4 #aiaj4a ,neue fossile ,c]vid5re/e aus ,s*wab54 ,jahre%efte1 ,v]4 vat]l4 ,naturk41 ,wrttemb]g1 #ff ,jahrg41 #aiaj1 pp4 #cah-ccf4 ,dubois1 ,e4 #ahid4a ,pi!can?ropus erectus1 e9e ,m5s*5aehnli*e ,ueb]gangs=m aus ,java4 ,batavia1 #dto1 #ahid4 ,dupont1 4 #ahff4a ,etudes sur les f\illes sci5tifiques excutes p5dant l'hiv] de #ahfe-ahff dans les cav]nes des bords de la ,lesse4 ,bull4 ,acad4 ,r4 de ,belgique1 sr4 #b1 tome ,,xxii1 #ahff1 pp4 #ca-ed4 #ahga4a ,les temps anthi/oriques en ,belgique4 ,l'homme p5dant les ges de la pi]re dans les environs de ,d9ant-sur-,meuse4 ,deuxime dition4 ,bruxelles 7,muqu>dt71 #hvo1 #ahga4 ,e ,ecc>dus1 ,j4 ,g4 #agej4a ,de ,orig9e et ,moribus ,g]manorum eorumque vetu/issimis colonis1 migrationibus ac rebus ge/is4 7,ioh4 ,guil4 ,s*midii71 #dto1 ,goett+1 ci i ccl 7#agej74 ,elb]t1 ,j4 #aijh4a b] das ,alt] d] ,k5d5g-,s*i*t5 mit ,pi!can?ropus erectus ,dubois4 ,n4 ,jahrb4 ,m9]al4 ,gol4 u4 ,pal41 ,,xxv ,beil4-,bd41 #aijh1 pp4 #fdh-ffb4 ,ew>t1 ,j4 ,c4 #aijd4a ,! ,multiple ,orig9 ( ,horses & ,ponies4 ,trans4 ,highl4 ,agri4 ,soc4 ,scotl&1 #aijd1 pp4 #a-ci4 #aijg4a ,on ! ,skulls ( ,horses f ! ,roman ,=t at ,new/ead1 ne> ,melrose1 ) ,obs]vations on ! ,orig9 ( ! ,dome/ic ,horses4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 vol4 ,,xlv1 "p ,,iii1 no4 #bj1 #aijg1 pp4 #eee-ehg4 #aiji4a ,! ,possible ,ance/ors ( ! ,horses ,liv+ "u ,dome/ication4 ,sci5ce1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,xxx1 no4 #gfc1 ,augu/ #ac1 #aiji1 pp4 #bai-bbc4 ,f de ,f]ry1 ,h4 #ahfi4a ,l',age du ,r5ne en ,mconnais4 ,mmoire sur le gisem5t ar*ologique du clos du ,*>ni] ,solutr1 ,dp>tem5t de ,sane-et-,loire4 7,compte r5du des f\illes opres en #ahfg et #ahfh p> ,,mm4 ,h4 de ,f]ry et ,a4 ,arcel947 ,trans4 ,int]n4 ,congr4 ,prhi/4 ,ar*ol41 ,,iiie ,sess41 ,london1 #ahfh 7publi%$ #ahfi71 pp4 #cai-cej1 ,pls4 ,i1 ,,ii4 ,fis*]1 ,e4 #aiac4a ,fossile ,hom9id54 ,sond]abd4 ,h&wrt]bu* ,naturwiss41 ,bd4 ,,iv1 pp4 #ccb-cfj1 ,j5a1 #hvo1 #aiac4 ,fraipont1 ,j4 #ahhg4a ,la race de ,ne&]?al ou de ,can/adt en ,belgique4 7,) ,lohe/1 ,m47 ,ar*4 ,biol41 tome ,,vii1 #ahhg1 pp4 #ehg-geg4 ,fraunholz1 ,j4 #aiaa4a ,die ,ka/lhng-,hhle1 e9e ,r5nti]jg]/ation im bay]is*5 ,altmhltale4 ,mit e9em ,beitrag von ,max ,s*loss]4 7,) ,ob]mai]47 ,beitrge1 ,an?ropol4 u4 ,urges*4 ,bay]ns1 ,bd4 ,,xviii1 #aiaa4 7,unpag$ sep>ate47 ,g ,gaudry1 ,a4 #ahgf4a ,matriaux p\r l'hi/oire des temps quat]naires4 ,fasc4 ,i4 ,p>is1 #dto1 #ahgf4 #ahij4a ,le ,dryopi?que4 ,mm4 ,soc4 ,gol4 de ,france1 ,pal4 ,mm4 no4 #a4 ,p>is1 #dto1 #ahij4 ,geikie1 ,j4 #ahid4a ,! ,great ,ice ,age & ,its ,relation to ! ,antiquity ( ,man4 ,?ird edition1 l>gely rewritt54 ,london1 #hvo1 #ahid4 #aiad4a ,! ,antiquity ( ,man 9 ,europe1 be+ ! ,munro ,lectures1 #aiac4 ,ed9burgh1 #hvo1 #aiad4 ,godw9-,au/54 #ahdj4a ,on ! ,geology ( ! ,s\!a/ ( ,devon%ire4 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc41 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #dcc-dhi1 ,pl4 ,,xlii4 ,gorjanovi-,kramb]g]1 ,k4 #aija4a ,d] paloli?is*e ,m5s* und se9e ,zeitg5oss5 aus dem ,diluvium von ,krap9a 9 ,kroati54 ,mitt4 ,an?rop4 ,gesell4 ,wi51 ,bd4 #ca1 pp4 #afc-aig1 #d ,pls41 #ac ,figs4 #aijc4a ,na*trag 7to ! above74 ,mitt4 ,an?rop4 ,gesell4 ,wi51 ,bd4 #cb1 pp4 #ahi-baf1 #d ,pls41 #ag ,figs4 #aijf4a ,d] diluviale ,m5s* von ,krap9a 9 ,kroati54 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,paloan?ropologie4 ,/udi5 b] ,entwicklungsme*anik des ,primatskelettes mit besond]] ,b]cksi*tigung d] ,an?ropologie und ,desc5d5zlehre4444 ,h]ausgegeb5 von ,dr4 ,otto ,walkh(f1 ,wiesbad51 #dto1 #aijf4 #aiji4a ,d] vord]e ,unt]kief]abs*nitt des altdiluvial5 ,m5s*5 9 se9em g5etis*5 ,v]hltnis zum ,unt]kief] des rez5t5 ,m5s*5 und d5 d] ,an?ropoid54 ,zeits*r4 ,ab/ammungs-u4 ,v]]bungsl41 ,bd4 ,i1 pp4 #daa-dci4 ,h ,h>l1 ,e4 #ahii4a ,notes sur la ,g>onne4 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',hi/4 ,nat4 ,t\l\se1 anne ,,xxxii 7,oct41 #ahii71 pp4 #adi-aih4 #aijh4a ,faune quat]naire de la prov9ce de ,sant&r 7,espagne74 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,gol4 de ,france1 sr4 #d1 tome ,,viii1 #aijh1 pp4 #hb-hc4 #aiaj4a ,les mammifres et oiseaux quat]naires connus jusqu'ici en ,portugal4 ,mmoire suivi d'une li/e gnrale de ceux de la ,pn9sule ,ibrique4 ,ext4 tome ,,viii1 ,communicaes1 ,s]vice ,gol4 du ,portugal4 ,haug1 ,e4 #aijg4a ,trait de ,gologie4 ,tome ,i--,les ,phnomnes gologiques 7#aijg74 ,tome ,,ii--,les ,priodes gologiques 7#aiaa74 ,p>is1 #hvo4 ,haus]1 ,o4 #aiji4a ,homo aurignac5sis ,haus]i1 etc4 ,see ,klaats*1 ,h41 #aiji4a4 ,heim1 ,a4 #ahid4a ,ueb] das absolut ,alt] d] ,eiszeit4 ,vi]teljahrs*rif4 naturf4 ,gesell4 ,zuri*1 ,bd4 #ci1 #ahid1 pp4 #ahj-ahf4 ,hilzheim]4 #aiac4a ,/udi5reise zu d5 paloli?is*5 ,fund/ell5 d] ,dordogne4 ,see ,wieg]s1 #aiac4a4 ,hrdlika1 ,dr4 ,a4 #aiad4a ,! ,mo/ ,anci5t ,skeletal ,rema9s ( ,man4 ,report1 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 etc41 #aiac1 pp4 #dia-eeb1 ,pls4 #a-da4 ,publication #bcjj4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 #hvo1 #aiad4 ,hunt+ton1 ,e4 #aijg4a ,! ,pulse ( ,asia4 ,new ,york1 #hvo1 #aijg4 ,j ,james1 ,w4 #aijb4a ,! ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce4 ,a ,/udy 9 ,human ,nature4 ,be+ ! ,gif=d ,lectures on ,natural ,religion deliv]$ at ,ed9burgh 9 #aija-aijb4 ,new ,york1 #hvo1 #aijb4 ,johnson1 ,j4 ,p4 #aiac4a ,! ,/one ,implem5ts ( ! ,tasmanians4 ,nature1 vol4 #ib1 no4 #bbih4 ,k ,keane1 ,a4 ,h4 #aija4a ,e?nology4 ,cambridge ,geographical ,s]ies4 ,/]eotyp$ edition4 ,cambridge1 #hvo4 #aija4 ,kei?1 ,a4 #aiaa4a ,anci5t ,types ( ,man4 ,h>p]'s ,libr>y ( ,liv+ ,?\ght4 ,new ,york1 #abmo4 #aiaa4 #aiaa4b ,discov]y ( ! ,tee? ( ,paloli?ic ,man 9 ,j]sey4 ,nature1 vol4 #hf1 no4 #bafi1 ,may #be1 #aiaa1 p4 #dad4 #aiaa4c ,! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,gibralt> ,cranium4 ,nature1 vol4 #hg1 no4 #bahd1 ,septemb] #g1 #aiaa1 pp4 #cac1 #cad4 #aiab4a ,cranium ( ! ,cr-,magnon ,type f\nd by ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,newton 9 a ,gravel ,t]race ne> ,d>t=d4 ,rpt4 #hb;d ,meet+1 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 ,dundee1 #aiab1 pp4 #eaf1 #eag4 #aiab4b ,hunt]ian ,lecture on ,c]ta9 ,phases 9 ! ,evolution ( ,man4 7,ab/ract47 ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 #aiab1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #gcd-gcg1 #ghh-gij4 #aiac4a ,! ,piltd[n ,skull & ,bra9 ,ca/4 ,nature1 vol4 #ib1 no4 #bbid1 ,octob] #af1 #aiac1 pp4 #aig-aii4 #aiac4b ,! ,piltd[n ,skull & ,bra9 ,ca/4 ,nature1 vol4 #ib1 no4 #bbig1 ,novemb] #f1 #aiac1 p4 #bib4 #aiac4c ,! ,piltd[n ,skull & ,bra9 ,ca/4 ,nature1 vol4 #ib1 no4 #bbii1 ,novemb] #bj1 #aiac1 pp4 #cde1 #cdf4 ,k5n>d1 ,a4 ,s4 #aiac4a ,discussion ( ,on ! ,discov]y ( a ,paloli?ic ,human ,skull & ,m&ible 444 at ,piltd[n1 ,flet*+ 7,sussex74 ,see ,dawson1 ,c41 #aiac4a1 p4 #aej4 ,k+1 ,w4 #ahfd4a ,! ,reput$ ,fossil ,man ( ! ,ne&]?al4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,sci41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #hh-ig1 ,pls4 ,i1 ,,ii4 ,klaats*1 ,h4 #aiji4a ,homo aurignac5sis ,haus]i1 e9 paloli?is*] ,skeletfund aus dem unt]5 ,aurignaci5 d] ,/ation ,combe-,capelle bei ,montf]r& 7,prigord74 7,) ,haus]47 ,prhi/4 ,zeits*r41 ,bd4 ,i1 #aiji 7,heft #c-d1 #aiaj71 pp4 #bgc-cch4 ,kok51 ,e4 #aiab4a ,die diluviale ,vorzeit ,deuts*l&s1 von ,r4 ,r4 ,s*midt4 ,,ii--,geologis*] ,teil von ,ern/ ,kok54 ,die ,geologie und ,ti]welt d] paloli?is*5 ,kultur/tt5 ,deuts*l&s4 ,see ,s*midt1 ,r4 ,r41 #aiab4a4 ,kraem]1 ,h4 ,weltall und ,m5s*heit4 ,ges*i*te d] ,er=s*ung d] ,natur und d] ,v]w]tung d] ,naturkrfte im ,di5/ d] ,vlk]4 ,b& ,,ii4 ,b]l91 n4 d4 ,l ,lalanne1 ,g4 #aiaa4a ,l'abri sculpt de ,cap-,blanc ,laussel 7,dordogne74 7,) ,breuil1 ,h47 ,see ,breuil1 ,h41 #aiaa4a4 ,lam>ck1 ,j4 #ahji4a ,philosophie ,zoologique4 ,p>is 7,dum9il-,leseur71 #hvo1 #aiji4 #ahae4a ,hi/oire naturelle des animaux sans v]tbres4444 ,tomes #a-g 7#ahae-ahbb74 ,p>is 7,v]dire71 #hvo1 #ahae-ahbb4 ,l>tet1 ,e4 #ahfa4a ,n\velles re*]*es sur la coexi/5ce de l'homme et des gr&s mammifres fossiles rputs c>actri/iques de la d]nire priode gologique4 ,ann4 ,sci4 ,nat41 sr4 #d1 ,zoologie1 tome ,,xv1 #ahfa1 pp4 #agg-bec1 ,pl4 ,x4 #ahge4a ,reliqui ,acquitanic4 7,) ,*ri/y47 ,be+ ,contributions to ! ,ar*ology & ,palontology ( ,prigord & ! ,adjo9+ ,prov9ces4 ,edit$ by ,rup]t ,jones4 ,london1 #dto1 #ahge4 ,lev]ett1 ,f4 #aiaj4a ,comp>ison ( ,nor? ,am]ican & ,european ,glacial ,deposits4 ,zeits*r4 fr ,glets*]k41 ,bd4 ,,iv1 #aiaj1 pp4 #bda-caf4 ,lubbock1 ,sir ,j4 7,see ,avebury1 ,"l74 #ahfb4a ,on ! ,evid5ces ( ! ,antiquity ( ,man af=d$ by ! ,physical ,/ructure ( ! ,somme ,valley4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,rev41 #ahfb1 pp4 #bdd-bfi4 ,lyell1 ,sir ,c4 #ahfc4a ,! ,geological ,evid5ces ( ! ,antiquity ( ,man ) ,rem>ks on ! ,!ories ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species by ,v>iation4 ,second revis$ edition4 ,london 7,murray71 #hvo1 #ahfc4 #ahfg4a ,pr9ciples ( ,geology or ! ,mod]n ,*anges ( ! ,e>? & ,its ,inhabitants ,consid]$ z ,illu/rative ( ,geology4 ,t5? & entirely revis$ edition4 ,vol4 ,i1 #ahfg4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #ahfh4 ,london 7,murray71 #hvo1 #ahfg-ahfh4 #ahgg4a ,pr9ciples ( ,geology or ! ,mod]n ,*anges ( ! ,e>? & its ,inhabitants ,consid]$ z ,illu/rative ( ,geology4 ,elev5? & entirely revis$ edition4 ,vol4 ,i1 #ahgg4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #ahgb4 ,new ,york 7,appleton71 #hvo1 #ahgb-ahgg4 ,m ,mac,curdy1 ,g4 ,g4 #aije4a ,! ,eoli?ic ,problem4 ,evid5ces ( a ,rude ,indu/ry ,ant$at+ ! ,paleoli?ic4 ,am]4 ,an?ropol41 n4 s41 vol4 ,,vii1 no4 #c1 #aije1 pp4 #dbe-dgi4 ,mahudel4 #agdj4a ,sur les prt5dues pi]res de f\dre4 ,hi/4 ,acad4 ,r4 ,inscript4 et ,belles-,lettres1 ,p>is1 tome ,,xii1 #agdj1 pp4 #afc-afh4 ,mak[sky1 ,a4 #ahib4a ,d] diluviale ,m5s* im ,lss von ,brnn4 ,mitt4 ,an?ropol4 ,gesell4 ,wi51 ,bd4 ,,xxii 7,n4 ,f4 ,bd4 ,,xiii71 pp4 #gc-hd4 ,m>ett1 ,r4 ,r4 ,an?ropology4 ,home ,univ]sity ,libr>y ( ,mod]n ,k4 ,new ,york 7,h5ry ,holt ,co471 #abmo1 n4 d4 ,m>t91 ,h4 #aiaj4a ,a/ragale huma9 du ,m\/ri5 moy5 de ,la ,qu9a4 7,ext41 ,bull4 ,soc4 prhi/4 de ,france1 #aiaj1 p4 #cia47 ,review$ by ,m4 ,b\le4 ,l',an?ropol41 tome ,,xxii1 #aiaa1 pp4 #cab1 #cac4 ,m>t91 ,r4 #aiad4a ,lehrbu* d] ,an?ropologie 9 sy/ematis*] ,d>/ellung4 ,mit besond]] ,b]cksi*tigung d] an?ropologis*5 ,me?od54 ,fr /udi]5de rzte und ,=s*ungsreis5de4 ,j5a1 #hvo1 #aiad4 ,m>t9s1 ,c4 #ahdg4a ,re*]*es sur la priode glaciaire et l'anci5ne ext5sion des glaci]s du ,mont-,blanc depuis les ,alpes jusqu'au ,jura4 ,rev4 deux mondes #ahdg1 tome #ag1 pp4 #iai-idb4 ,maka1 ,k4 #ahhf4a ,fund des ,unt]kief]s 9 d] ,s*ipka-,hhle4 ,v]h4 ,b]l9] ,gesell4 f4 ,an?ropol41 ,e?nol4 u4 ,urges*41 #ahhf1 pp4 #cda-cej4 #aiab4a ,la /atuette de mamm\? de ,pedmo/4 7,) ,ob]mai] & ,breuil47 ,l',an?ropol41 tome ,,xxiii1 #aiab1 pp4 #bgc-bhe4 ,massnat1 4 #ahfi4a ,objets gravs et sculpts de l',aug]ie ,basse 7,dordogne74 ,matr4 p\r l'hi/4 de l'homme1 anne ,v1 sr4 #b1 pp4 #cdh-cef4 ,morlot1 ,a4 #ahed4a ,notice sur le ,quat]naire en ,suisse4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,vaudoise1 ,sci4 nat41 #ahed1 pp4 #da-de4 de ,mortillet1 ,a4 #ahfi4a ,essai d'une classification des cav]nes et des /ations s\s abri1 fonde sur les produits de l'indu/rie huma9e4 ,c4 ,r4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,p>is1 tome #fh1 #ahfi1 pp4 #eec-eee4 de ,mortillet1 ,g4 #ahgb4 ,classification des ges de la pi]re4 ,classification des div]ses priodes de l'ge de la pi]re4 ,c4 ,r4 ,congr4 ,int]n4 d',an?ropol41 d' ,ar*ol4 ,prhi/41 ,,vie ,sess4 ,bruxelles1 #ahgb1 pp4 #dcb-ddd4 ,munro1 ,r4 #ahic4a ,on ! ,relation betwe5 ! ,erect ,po/ure & ! ,physical & ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,man4 ,rpt4 #fc;d ,meet+1 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 ,nott+ham1 #ahic1 ,presid5tial ,address1 ,section ( ,an?ropology1 pp4 #hhe-hhi4 #aiab4a ,paleoli?ic ,man & ! ,t]ram>a ,settlem5ts 9 ,europe4 ,be+ ! ,munro ,lectures 9 ,an?ropology & ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology 9 connection ) ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,ed9burgh1 #hvo1 #aiab4 ,n ,nehr+1 ,a4 #ahhj4a b]si*t b] vi]undzwanzig mitteleuropis*e ,quatr-,faun54 ,zeits*r4 deuts*4 geolog4 ,gesell41 #ahhj1 pp4 #dfh-eji4 #ahif4a ,die kle9]5 ,wirbelti]e vom ,s*weiz]sbild bei ,s*affhaus54 ,n4 ,d5ks*r4 allg4 s*weiz4 ,gesell4 gesam4 ,naturwiss41 ,bd4 ,,xxxv1 #ahif1 pp4 #dj-gg4 ,neumey]1 ,m4 #ahij4a ,erdges*i*te4 ,b& ,i1 #ahie4 ,b& ,,ii1 #ahij4 ,leipzig1 ,r4 #hvo1 #ahij-ahie4 ,nicolle1 ,e4 ,t4 #aiaj4a ,report on ! ,exploration ( ! ,paloli?ic ,cave-,dwell+ kn[n z ,la ,cotte1 ,/4 ,brelade1 ,j]sey4 7,) ,s9el1 ,j47 ,man1 #aiaj1 nos4 #aja-ajb1 pp4 #ahe-ahh4 ,niezabit[ski1 ,e4 #aiaa4a ,die b]re/e des 9 ,/>unia 9 e9] ,erdwa*sgrube mit ,haut und ,wei*teil5 gefund55 ,rh9oc]os antiquitatis ,blum4 7ti*orh9us ,fis*474 ,bull4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,cracovie1 ,classe des ,sci4 ,ma?mat41 etc41 #aiaa1 sr4 ,b2 ,sci4 nat41 pp4 #bdj-bff4 ,nes*1 ,j4 #aijb4a ,das ,s*weiz]sbild1 e9e ,ni$]lassung aus paloli?is*] und neoli?is*] ,zeit4 ,die praehi/oris*e ,ni$]lassung am ,s*weiz]sbild bei ,s*affhaus54 ,die ,s*i*t5 und ihre ,e9s*lsse4 ,n4 ,d5ks*r4 allg4 s*weiz4 ,gesell4 gesam4 ,naturwiss41 ,bd4 ,,xxxv1 zweite ,v]bess]ung1 pp4 #a-abj4 ,o ,ob]mai]1 ,h4 #aiji4a ,crnes paloli?iques faonns en ,c\pes4 7,) ,breuil47 ,see ,breuil1 ,h41 #aiji4b4 #aiji4b ,les =mations glaciaires des ,alpes et l'homme paloli?ique4 ,l',an?ropol41 tome ,,xx1 #aiji1 pp4 #dig-ebb4 #aiji4c ,die ,aurignaci5/ation von ,krems 7,n4-,o474 7,) ,/robel47 ,see ,/robel1 #aiji4a4 #aiaa4a ,die ,ka/lhng-,hhle1 e9e ,r5nti]jg]/ation im bay]is*5 ,altmhltale4 7,) ,fraunholz und ,s*loss]47 ,see ,fraunholz1 ,j41 #aiaa4a4 #aiab4a ,d] ,m5s* d] ,vorzeit4 ,mn*51 ,r4 #hvo1 #aiab4 #aiab4b ,les premires travaux de l',in/itut de ,palontologie huma9e4 7,) ,breuil47 ,see ,breuil1 ,h41 #aiab4f4 #aiab4c ,la /atuette de mamm\? de ,pedmo/4 7,) ,maska et ,breuil47 ,see ,maska1 #aiab4a4 #aiac4a ,la ,pasiega ,pu5te-,viesgo 7,sant&]1 ,espagne74 7,) ,breuil & ,alcalde del ,rio47 ,see ,breuil1 ,h41 #aiac4b4 ,osborn1 ,h4 ,f4 #ahid4a ,f ! ,greeks to ,d>w94 ,an ,outl9e ( ! ,developm5t ( ! ,evolution ,idea4 ,new ,york1 #hvo1 #ahid4 #aiaj4a ,! ,age ( ,mammals 9 ,europe1 ,asia & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,new ,york1 #hvo1 #aiaj4 ,p ,p5ck1 ,a4 #aijh4a ,das ,alt] des ,m5s*5ges*le*ts4 ,zeits*r4 fr ,e?nol41 ,jahrg4 #dj1 ,heft #c1 #aijh1 pp4 #cij-djg4 #aiji4a ,die ,alp5 im ,eiszeitalt]4 7,) ,brckn]1 ,e47 ,b& ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii4 ,leipzig1 ,r4 #hvo1 #aiji4 ,peyrony1 ,m4 #aijh4a ,la grotte de la ,mairie ,teyjat 7,dordogne74 7,) ,capitan & ,breuil47 ,see ,capitan1 ,l41 #aijh4a4 #aiaj4a ,la cav]ne de ,font-de-,gaume aux ,eyzies 7,dordogne74 7,) ,breuil & ,capitan47 ,see ,capitan1 #aiaj4a4 #aiab4a ,les gravures sur cascade /alagmitique de la grotte de la ,mairie ,teyjat 7,dordogne74 7,) ,breuil1 ,b\rr9et1 & ,capitan47 ,see ,capitan1 #aiab4b4 ,piette1 ,e4 #aijg4a ,l'art p5dant l',age du ,r5ne4 ,album de c5t plan*es dess9es p> ,j4 ,pilloy4 ,p>is1 small folio1 #aijg4 ,pilgrim1 ,g4 #aiac4a ,! ,correlation ( ! ,siwaliks ) ,mammal ,horizons ( ,europe4 ,records1 ,geol4 ,survey ,india1 vol4 ,,xliii1 "p #d1 pp4 #bfd-cbf1 ,pls4 #bf-bh4 ,q ,quatrefages1 ,a4 #ahhd4a ,hommes fossiles et hommes sauvages4 ,etudes d',an?ropologie4 ,p>is1 #hvo1 #ahhd4 ,r ,re$s1 ,c4 ,a4 #aiae4a ,! ,graphic ,projection ( ,plei/oc5e ,climatic ,oscillations4 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 #bf1 no4 #a1 #aiae1 pp4 #ajf-aji4 ,reid1 ,c4 #aijh4a ,! ,pre-,glacial ,flora ( ,brita94 7,) ,e4 ,m4 ,reid47 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,botany1 vol4 ,,xxxviii1 #aijh1 pp4 #bjf-bbg4 #aiac4a ,discussion ( ,on ! ,discov]y ( a ,paloli?ic ,human ,skull & ,m&ible 444 at ,piltd[n 444 ,sussex4 ,see ,dawson1 ,c41 #aiac4a4 ,re9a*1 ,s4 #ahhi4a ,antiquits nationales4 ,dscription raisonne du ,muse de ,sa9t-,g]ma9-en-,laye4 ,i--,epoque des alluvions et des cav]nes4 ,p>is1 #hvo #ahhi4 #cbb pp4 #aiac4a ,rp]toire de l',art quat]naire4 ,p>is1 #abmo1 #aiac4 ,retzius1 ,a4 #ahfd4a ,e?nologis*e ,s*rift54 ,,iii--,ueb] die ,=m des ,kno*5g]/es des ,kopfes bei v]s*i$55 ,vlk]n4 ,/ockholm1 #dto1 #ahfd4 ,rigollot4 #ahed4a ,mmoires sur des in/rum5ts en silex tr\ves ,sa9t-,a*eul4 ,ami5s1 #ahed4 ,ripley1 ,w4 ,z4 #ahii4a ,! ,races ( ,europe4 ,a ,sociological ,/udy4 7,l[ell ,in/itute ,lectures47 ,accompani$ by a ,supplem5t>y ,bibliography ( ! ,an?ropology & ,e?nology ( ,europe1 etc4 ,new ,york1 #hvo1 #ahii4 ,rivire1 ,e4 #ahig4a ,la grotte de ,la ,m\! 7,dordogne74 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?ropol41 ,p>is1 sr4 #d1 tome ,,viii1 #ahig1 pp4 #cjb-cbi2 #dhd-dij2 #dig-eja4 #ahig4b ,la grotte de ,la ,m\! 7,dordogne74 ,c4 ,r4 assoc4 fran4 p\r l'avanc4 sci41 #bfme ,sess41 ,sa9t-,eti5ne1 #ahig1 pp4 #ffi-fhg4 ,rob]tson1 ,a4 ,w4 ,d4 #aiad4a ,! ,place 9 ,nature ( ! ,tasmanian ,aborig9al z ,d$uc$ f a ,/udy ( 8 ,calv>ia4 7,) ,b]ry1 ,r4 ,j4 ,a47 ,see ,b]ry1 ,r4 ,j4 ,a42 #aiad4a4 ,rutot1 ,a4 #aijb4a ,les indu/ries primitives4 ,df5se des oli!s4 ,les actions naturelles possibles sont inaptes produire des effets semblables la ret\*e int5tionelle4 ,bull4 et ,mm4 ,soc4 ,an?ropol41 ,bruxelles1 tome ,,xx 7#aijb71 mm4 ,,iii4 #aijg4a ,a f9 de la "q des oli!s4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,belge ,gol41 ,procs-,v]bal1 #aijg1 tome ,,xxi1 pp4 #baa-bag4 ,rzehak1 ,pr(4 ,a4 #aijf4a ,d] ,unt]kief] von ,o*os4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntnis des altdiluvial5 ,m5s*54 ,v]h&l4 naturf4 ,v]41 ,brnn1 ,bd4 ,,xliv 7#aije71 pp4 #ia-aad4 ,publi%$ 9 #aijf4 ,s ,salisbury1 ,r4 ,d4 #aije4a ,geology4 7,) ,*amb]l91 ,t4 ,c47 ,see ,*amb]l91 ,t41 #aije4a4 ,salmon1 ,p4 #ahih4a ,age de la pi]re3 habitations noli?iques4 7,) d',ault du ,mesnil & ,capitan47 ,le ,campigni54 ,rev4 de l',ecole d',an?ropol41 anne ,,viii1 #ahih1 pp4 #cfe-djh4 de ,sautuola1 ,m4 #ahhj4a ,breves apuntes sobre algunos objetos prehi/ricos de la prov9cia de ,sant&]4 ,madrid1 #ahhj1 #d pl4 ,s*aaffhaus51 ,d4 #aheg4a ,!il5 des m5s*li*5 ,skelettes im ,ne&]?ale bei ,ho*dal4 ,sitzungsb]4 ni$]rhe94 ,gesells*4 f4 ,natur u4 ,heilkunde1 ,bonn1 #aheg1 pp4 xxxviii-xlii4 #aheh4a ,zur ,k5ntniss d] lte/5 ,rass5s*del4 ,mll]'s ,ar*iv1 ,jahrg4 #aheh1 pp4 #dec-dgh4 ,s*liz1 ,a4 #aiab4a ,die diluviale ,vorzeit ,deuts*l&s1 von ,r4 ,r4 ,s*midt4 ,teil ,,iii--,an?ropologis*] ,teil4 ,die diluvial5 ,m5s*5re/e ,deuts*l&s4 ,see ,s*midt1 ,r4 ,r41 #aiab4a4 ,s*loss]1 ,m4 #aiaa4a ,die ,ka/lhng-,hhle1 e9e ,r5nti]jg]/ation im bay]is*5 ,altmhltale4 7,) ,fraunholz und ,ob]mai]47 ,see ,fraunholz1 #aiaa4a4 ,s*m]l+1 ,p4-,c4 #ahcc4a ,re*]*es sur les ,ossem5s ,fossiles dc\v]tes dans les cav]nes de la prov9ce de ,lige4 ,lige1 #dto1 #ahcc4 ,s*midt1 ,r4 ,r4 #aiab4a ,die diluviale ,vorzeit ,deuts*l&s4 ,i--,ar*ologis*] ,teil3 ,die diluvial5 ,kultur5 ,deuts*l&s1 ,r4 ,r4 ,s*midt4 ,,ii--,geologis*] ,teil3 ,die ,geologie und ,ti]welt d] paloli?is*5 ,kultur/tt5 ,deuts*l&s1 ,ern/ ,kok54 ,,iii--,an?ropologis*] ,teil3 ,die diluvial5 ,m5s*5re/e ,deuts*l&s1 ,a4 ,s*liz4 ,/uttg>t1 #dto1 #aiab4 ,s*oet5sack1 ,o4 #aijh4a ,d] ,unt]kief] des ,homo heidelb]g5sis aus d5 ,s&5 von ,mau] bei ,heidelb]g4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,palontologie des ,m5s*54 ,leipzig1 #dto1 #aijh4 ,s*u*]t1 ,c4 #aiac4a ,climates ( ,geologic ,"t4 ,repr9t1 ,c>negie ,in/4 ( ,wa%+ton1 ,publication ,no4 #aib1 pp4 #bfc-bih4 ,s*u*h>dt1 ,c4 #aiac4a ,paloli?is*e ,fund/ell5 d] ,dordogne4 7,) ,wieg]s und ,hilzheim]47 ,see ,wieg]s1 #aiac4a4 ,s*walbe1 ,g4 #ahig4a ,ueb] die ,s*del=m5 d] lte/5 ,m5s*5rass5 mit besond]] ,b]cksi*tigung des ,s*dels von ,egi%eim4 ,mitt4 ,philomat4 ,gesell4 ,elsass-,lo?r+51 ,jahrg4 #e 7#ahig71 ,heft ,,iii1 pp4 #gb-he4 #ahii4a ,/udi5 b] ,pi!can?ropus erectus ,dubois4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,morph4 u4 ,an?ropol41 ,bd4 ,i1 ,heft ,i1 pp4 #af-bb1 ,pls4 ,i-,,iii4 #aija4a ,d] ,ne&]?als*del4 ,bonn] ,jahrb41 no4 #ajf1 ,bonn1 pp4 #a-gb4 #aija4b b] die specifis*5 ,m]kmale des ,ne&]?als*dels4 ,v]h4 ,anat4 ,gesell41 ,bonn1 #aija1 pp4 #dd-fa4 #aijd4a ,die ,vorges*i*te des ,m5s*54 ,brauns*weig1 #hvo1 #aijd4 #aijf4a ,das ,s*delfragm5t von ,brx und v]w&te ,s*del=m54 ,zeits*r4 fr ,morphol4 und ,an?ropol41 ,sond]heft1 #aijf1 pp4 #ha-ahb1 ,pls4 ,i-,,ii4 #aiad4a ,kritis*e ,bespre*ung von ,b\le's ,w]k3 ,l'homme fossile de ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts mit eig55 ,unt]su*ung54 ,zeits*r4 ,morph4 u4 ,an?ropol41 ,bd4 ,,xvi1 ,heft #c1 pp4 #ebg-faj4 #aiad4b b] e95 bei ,ehr+sdorf 9 d] ,nhe von ,weim> gefund55 ,unt]kief] des ,homo primig5ius4 ,anat4 ,anzeig]1 ,b& #dg1 nos4 #ac-ag4 ,oktob]1 #aiad1 pp4 #ccg-cde4 ,sel5ka1 ,l4 #aiaa4a ,die ,pi!can?ropus-,s*i*t5 auf ,java4 7,) ,blanck5horn47 ,geologis*e und palontologis*e ,ergebnisse d] ,tr9il-,exp$ition 7#aijg-aijh74 ,h]ausgegeb5 von ,m4 ,l5ore ,sel5ka und ,pr(4 ,max ,blanck5horn1 ,leipzig1 #dto1 #aiaa4 ,s]rano ,gomez1 ,p4 #aiab4a ,les pe9tures rupe/res d',espagne4 7,) ,breuil & ,cabre ,aguilo47 ,see ,breuil1 #aiab4e4 ,si]ra1 ,r4 ,p4 ,l4 #aiab4a ,les cav]nes de la rgion cantabrique 7,espagne74 7,) ,alcalde del ,rio & ,breuil47 ,see ,alcalde del ,rio1 #aiab4a4 ,smi?1 ,g4 ,e4 #aiab4a ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,an?ropological ,section 7,b4 ,a4 ,a4 ,s474 ,rpt4 #hb;d ,meet+1 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 ,dundee1 #aiab1 pp4 #ege-eih4 #aiac4a ,! ,controv]sies conc]n+ ! ,int]pretation & ,mean+ ( ! ,rema9s ( ! ,dawn-,man ,f\nd ne> ,piltd[n4 ,ab/ract4 ,meet4 ,man*e/] ,lit4 & ,philosoph4 ,soc41 ,novemb] #ah1 #aiac4 #aiac4b ,on ! ,discov]y ( a ,paloli?ic ,human ,skull & ,m&ible 9 a ,fl9t-,be>+ ,gravel ov]ly+ ! ,weald5 7,ha/+s ,b$s7 at ,piltd[n1 ,flet*+ 7,sussex74 ,) an ,app5dix by ,pr(4 ,grafton ,elliot ,smi?4 ,see ,dawson1 ,c41 #aiac4a4 #aiac4c ,! ,piltd[n ,skull4 ,nature1 vol4 #ib1 no4 #bbib1 ,octob] #b1 #aiac1 p4 #aca4 #aiac4d ,! ,piltd[n ,skull & ,bra9 ,ca/4 ,nature1 vol4 #ib1 no4 #bbif1 ,octob] #cj1 #aiac1 pp4 #bfg1 #bfh4 #aiad4a ,supplem5t>y ,note on ! ,discov]y ( a ,paloli?ic ,human ,skull & ,m&ible at ,piltd[n 7,sussex74 7,) ,dawson & ,woodw>d47 ,) an ,app5dix by ,pr(4 ,grafton ,elliot ,smi?4 ,see ,dawson1 ,c41 #aiad4a4 ,smi?1 ,w4 #ahid4a ,man ! ,primeval ,savage4 ,8 ,haunts & ,relics f ! ,hill-,tops ( ,b$=d%ire to ,blackwall4 ,london1 #hvo1 #ahid4 ,sollas1 ,w4 ,j4 #aijj4a ,evolutional ,geology4 ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,geological ,section 7,b4 ,a4 ,a4 ,s474 ,rpt4 #gj? ,meet+1 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 ,brad=d1 #aijj1 pp4 #gaa-gcj4 #aiaa4a ,anci5t ,hunt]s & ,_! ,mod]n ,repres5tatives4 ,london1 #hvo4 #aiaa4 #aiac4a ,pavil& ,cave3 ,an ,aurignacian ,/ation 9 ,wales4 7,! ,huxley ,memorial ,lecture = #aiac47 ,j\rn4 ,r4 ,an?ropol4 ,in/4 ( ,gr4 ,brit4 ,irel&1 vol4 ,,xliii1 #aiac1 pp4 #cbe-cgc4 ,/e9mann1 ,c4 #aiad4a ,diluviale ,m5s*5funde 9 ,ob]cassel bei ,bonn4 7,) ,v]worn & ,bonnet47 ,,iv--b] das geologis*e ,alt] d] ,fund/elle4 ,see ,v]worn1 ,m41 #aiad4a4 ,/robel1 ,j4 #aiji4a ,die ,aurignaci5/ation von ,krems 7,n4-474 7,) ,ob]mai]1 ,h47 ,mit e9em ,anhang von ,osk> von ,troll4 ,jahrb4 ,alt]tumskunde1 ,bd4 ,,iii1 #aiji1 pp4 #abi-adh1 ,pls4 ,,xi-,,xxi4 ,t ,tomes1 ,c4 ,s4 #aiad4a ,a ,manual ( ,d5tal ,anatomy1 ,human & ,comp>ative4 ,edit$ by ,h4 ,w4 ,m>ett ,tims & ,a4 ,hopewell-,smi?4 ,sev5? edition4 7,j4 & ,a4 ,*ur*ill47 ,london1 #hvo1 #aiad1 #faf pp4 von ,troll1 ,o4 #aiji4a ,die ,aurignaci5/ation von ,krems 7,n4-474 7,) ,/robel & ,ob]mai]47 ,mit e9em ,anhang von ,osk> von ,troll4 ,see ,/robel1 ,j41 #aiji4a4 ,u ,upham1 ,w4 #ahic4a ,e/imates ( ,geologic ,"t4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xlv1 #ahic1 pp4 #bji-bbj4 ,v ,v]neau1 ,r4 #ahhf4a ,la race de ,cr-,magnon4 ,rev4 ,an?ropol41 sr4 #c1 tome ,i1 #ahhf1 pp4 #aj-bd4 #ahia4a ,c9q annes de sj\r aux les ,can>ies4 ,p>is1 #ahia4 #aijf4a ,les ,grottes de ,grimaldi 7,ba\ss-,r\ss74 ,tome ,,ii1 fasc4 ,i--,an?ropologie4 ,monaco1 #dto1 #aijf4 ,v]worn1 ,m4 #aiad4a ,diluviale ,m5s*5funde 9 ,ob]cassel bei ,bonn4 7,) ,bonnet & ,/e9mann47 ,i--,fundb]i*t1 ,v]worn4 ,,ii--,die ,kultur/ufe des ,fundes1 ,v]worn4 ,,iii--,die ,skelete1 ,bonnet4 ,,iv--b] das geologis*e ,alt] d] ,fund/elle1 ,/e9mann4 ,die ,naturwiss5s*aft51 ,heft #bg1 ,jahrg4 #b1 #c ,juli #aiad1 pp4 #fde-fej4 de ,vibraye4 #ahfd4a ,note sur des n\velles preuves de l'exi/5ce de l'homme dans le c5tre de la ,france une poque o s'y tr\vai5t aussi div]s animaux qui de nos j\rs n'habit5t pas cette contre4 ,c4 ,r4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,p>is1 tome #eh1 #ahfd1 pp4 #dji-daf4 ,vill5euve1 ,l4 #aijf4a ,les ,grottes de ,grimaldi 7,ba\ss-,r\ss74 ,tome ,i1 fasc4 ,i--,hi/orique et ,dscription4 ,monaco1 #dto1 #aijf4 ,volz1 ,w4 #aijg4a ,das geologis*e ,alt] d] ,pi!can?ropus-,s*i*t5 bei ,tr9il1 ,o/-,java4 ,n4 ,jahrb4 ,m9]41 ,geol4 u4 ,palontol41 ,fe/b&1 #aijg1 pp4 #bef-bga4 ,w ,walcott1 ,c4 ,d4 #ahic4a ,geologic ,"t z ,indicat$ by ! ,s$im5t>y ,rocks ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,am]4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,xii1 no4 #f1 #ahic1 pp4 #cdc-cfh1 ,pl4 ,,xv4 ,wieg]s1 ,f4 #aiac4a ,e9e ,/udi5reise zu d5 paloli?is*5 ,fund/ell5 d] ,dordogne4 7,) ,s*u*h>dt & ,hilzheim]47 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nol41 ,jahrg4 #de1 ,heft ,i1 #aiac1 pp4 #abf-afj4 ,wils]1 ,l4 #ahih4a ,m5s*5rass5 und ,weltges*i*te4 ,naturwiss4 ,wo*5s*r41 ,b& ,,xiii1 ,heft ,i1 #ahih4 ,woodw>d1 ,a4 ,s4 #aiac4a ,on ! ,discov]y ( a ,paloli?ic ,human ,skull & ,m&ible 9 a ,fl9t-,be>+ ,gravel ov]ly+ ! ,weald5 7,ha/+s ,b$s7 at ,piltd[n1 ,flet*+1 ,sussex4 7,) ,dawson1 ,c47 ,) an ,app5dix by ,pr(4 ,grafton ,elliot ,smi?4 ,see ,dawson1 ,c41 #aiac4a4 #aiad4a ,supplem5t>y ,note on ! ,discov]y ( a ,paloli?ic ,human ,skull & ,m&ible at ,piltd[n 7,sussex74 7,) ,*>les ,dawson47 ,) an ,app5dix by ,pr(4 ,grafton ,elliot ,smi?4 ,see ,dawson1 ,c41 #aiad4a4 #aiad4b ,on ! ,l[] ,jaw ( an ,an?ropoid ,ape 7,dryopi!cus7 f ! ,upp] ,mioc5e ( ,lrida 7,spa974 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,london1 vol4 ,,lxx1 pp4 #caf-cbj1 ,pl4 ,,xliv4 #aiae4a ,a ,guide to ! ,fossil ,rema9s ( ,man 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,geology & ,palontology 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory71 ,cromwell ,road1 ,london1 ,s4 ,w4 ,) #d plates & #ab text-figures4 ,pr9t$ by ord] ( ! tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #hvo1 #aiae1 #cc pp4 ,,index ,,index,,bk ,a ,abbeville1 #aji1 #aaf1 #abd1 #abe1 #abg1 #adi1 #aeb1 #aef1 #aff1 #afg1 #bdd1 #cca ,abri ,audit1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdh1 #bee1 #bfi1 #bgg1 #cje1 #cjg1 #cji1 #caa1 #cad ,abri ,dufaure1 #dga ,abri ,mge1 #dce1 #ddb ,abris1 see ,rock ,%elt]s ,a*5heim1 #cj1 #afj1 #afa1 #afg1 #agf1 #aie1 #bhd1 #cad ,a*5s*wankung1 see ,po/glacial ,/age ,a*eulean1 #ad-af1 #ah1 #cj2 *ronology1 #cc1 #da1 #hi2 climate1 #aab1 #aag1 #aah1 #afe1 #aff1 #agc1 #agd1 #age-agg1 #ahf2 fauna1 #add-adh1 #afe2 geography 7physical71 #aff2 human fossils1 #bd1 #aha-ahe2 indu/ry1 #ad1 #af1 #ah1 #da1 #ajh1 #aac1 #abb-abd1 #afi-agc1 #agg-ahj1 #bgj1 #bhj1 #cfb2 /ations1 #aea1 #aeh-afb1 #aff-afi2 see ,orig9 s*ylus1 on ! prehi/ory ( man1 #c1 #eje ,aggsba*1 #bi1 #dce1 #ddh ,agriculture1 #b1 #dhf1 #dif ,aiguille1 ne$le1 #bga1 #caj1 #cac1 #chg1 #chh1 #cia1 #cib1 #ddj1 #ddc-dde1 #ddi1 #dfa1 #dfb ,alactaga jaculus1 #cgc1 #cgd2 see ,j]boa ,alces1 #ahg1 #bhg1 #cfi2 latifrons1 #gj1 see ,moose ,al5to1 #afg ,alp]a1 #dfi1 #dig ,alp9e fauna1 see ,fauna ,alp9e race1 #bgh1 #deh1 #dgi1 #dhj1 #dha1 #dhd1 #dhe1 #dia1 #dii1 #ejj ,alp9e vole1 #cga1 see ,arvicola nivalis ,altamira1 #ag1 #cai1 #cba1 #cca1 #ccb1 #cdf1 #cfh1 #che1 #cid1 #cie1 #cii1 #djh1 #dae1 #daf1 #dbb-dbg1 #dcd1 #dce1 ,pl4 ,,viii ,ance/ry ( ,man1 see ,man ,ancona1 #afg ,&]na*1 #afj1 #aie1 #bgi1 #cgb1 #cgh1 #dce ,an?ropoid ,apes1 #c1 #ba2 ance/ry1 #di-fa2 bra91 #eb-fj2 comp>$ ) ,grimaldi1 #bff1 ) ,ne&]?al1 #i1 #bag1 #bcj-bcc1 #bcg-bdj1 ) ,piltd[n1 #adj1 #ada1 ) ,pi!can?ropus1 #i1 #gg-gi2 kn[n to ,c>?ag9ians1 #eaa1 #eab2 rec5t discov]ies1 #eaa ,an?ropology1 rise (1 #c-aj ,antilope saiga1 see ,saiga antelope ,anvils1 bone1 #baa1 #bec1 #bef1 #bga2 see ,compresseur ,apes1 see ,an?ropoid ,arboreal life1 effects (1 #ef1 #eg ,ar*ology1 rise (1 #aj-ah ,ar*]1 #cbi ,arctomys m>motta1 #ahb1 #cgj2 see ,m>mot ,arcy-sur-,cure1 #bad1 #bai1 #dce ,argali %eep1 #df1 #bhe1 #bhg1 #cga2 see ,ovis argaloides ,arr[1 #bad1 #beh1 #bgj1 #bgb1 #cdd1 #cec1 #ced1 #daj1 #dej1 #dig ,art1 #ac1 #ad1 #ag1 #ba1 #cae-ccj1 #ccb1 #cdg-cej1 #cib-dcd1 #ddi1 see ,aurignacian1 ,magdal5ian1 ,solutrean1 ,engrav+1 ,pa9t+1 ,sculpture1 ,indu/ry2 implem5ts us$ 91 #bgj1 #cji-cab1 #cba1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #che1 #cif1 #dae1 #dfc2 means ( dat+1 #cag-cbj ,arudy1 #dce1 #dcf ,arvicola1 amphibius1 #adg2 gregalis1 #cgc2 nivalis1 #cgj1 #cga ,ascoli ,pic5o1 #afg ,ass1 wild 7kiang71 see ,horse ,aur5san1 #dce1 #dch1 #dga ,aurignac1 #e1 #ac1 #ad1 #af1 #bge1 #bgi1 #bij1 #bid1 #cad ,aurignacian1 #ad-af1 #ah1 #bge1 #bgf2 art1 #cae-ccj1 #djc1 #djd1 #djh2 burial cu/oms1 #cjb-cje2 *ronology1 #cc1 #da1 #cea2 climate1 #abc1 #bha-bhf2 fauna1 #bhe-bhi2 human fossils1 #bhi-cje2 indu/ry1 #af1 #ah1 #da1 #ajh1 #bfi-bga1 #bge-bgg1 #bhj1 #cje-cac1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #cfb2 /ations1 #bge1 #bhc1 #bhd1 #bhi1 #cjg1 #cac-cae2 see ,orig9 ,aurignacian race1 see ,combe-,capelle man ,auro*s1 see ,bos primig5ius & ,cattle ,au/ralian head type1 #acf1 #bbh1 #bcb1 #bcd ,awl1 see ,po9on ,axe1 #dic1 #did ,azilian1 see ,azilian-,t>d5oisian ,azilian-,t>d5oisian1 #af1 #bge1 #dea1 #def2 art1 #def2 burial cu/oms1 #dge-dgi2 *ronology1 #bge1 #def1 #dei2 climate1 #dfc1 #dfh2 fauna1 #dfc1 #dff1 #dfh-dgj1 #dga1 #dgb1 #dgd2 human fossils1 #dfa1 #dge-dhe2 indu/ry 7,azilian71 #ae1 #af1 #ah1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bge1 #bgf1 #def1 #dei-dfe1 #dff1 #dgj-dge1 7,t>d5oisian7 #af1 #ah1 #bgj1 #bga1 #dej1 #def1 #dfe-dfh1 #dgj-dgb1 7pa9t$ pebbles7 #cid1 #def1 #dfa1 #dfc-dfe2 /ations1 #dei1 #dfc1 #dff1 #dfg1 #dgb-dge2 see ,orig9 ,b ,badeg\le1 #bgi1 #cca1 #ccf1 #dce ,badg]1 #afe1 #bja1 #cdc1 #cfg1 #ddg1 #dih2 see ,meles taxus ,ballahhle1 #bgi1 #cca1 #ccf ,baltic race1 #deh1 #dhf1 #ejj2 see ,maglemose ,balv]hhle1 #dga ,ba\ss ,r\ss1 see ,grimaldi1 ,grottes de ,ba\sso da ,torre1 see ,grimaldi1 ,grottes de ,b>ma ,gr&e1 see ,grimaldi1 ,grottes de ,bton de comm&em5t1 #bga1 #caa1 #cab1 #cde1 #ceh1 #cei1 #chh1 #cia1 #dcb1 #ddc-dde1 #ddi ,baumann%hle1 #afj1 #aie1 #bde1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #dci ,be>1 #dc1 #dd1 #fb1 #ie1 #if1 #afe1 #bac1 #bde1 #bfd1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #ccc1 #cdc1 #cdh1 #cfg1 #cgh1 #dcj1 #dda1 #ddg1 #dfa1 #dfh1 #dih2 see ,cave-be> & ,ursus ,beav]1 #fc1 #ie1 #acd1 #afe1 #ahb1 #bhh1 #cdh1 #cfg1 #ddg1 #dfa1 #dfh1 #dih1 see ,ca/or2 giant1 ,,iii1 #aee1 see ,trogon!rium ,b]nifal1 #cba1 #cie1 #cif1 #dce ,billanc\rt1 #aji1 #adi1 #aeb ,bison1 ,wis5t1 #ac1 #dc1 #dd1 #fi1 #ga1 #ie1 #ih1 #ajf1 #abe1 #adg1 #afe1 #aib1 #aid1 #aif1 #bjb1 #bjf1 #baa1 #bbc1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #cag1 #cba1 #ccc1 #cdh1 #cec1 #cef1 #cfd1 #cfh1 #cgb1 #che1 #djc1 #dje1 #djf1 #daj1 #dad1 #dbj1 #dba1 #dbc-dbh1 #dcj1 #dca1 #ddi1 #dff1 #dfi1 #dif1 #dih1 #eje1 #ejf1 ,pls4 ,,vii & ,,viii2 see ,bison ,bison1 antiquus1 #fi2 priscus1 #ga1 #ie1 #adh1 #cfh1 see ,bison ,blade1 see ,c\teau & ,lame ,blville1 #afg ,bo>1 wild1 #b1 #c1 #dc1 #dd1 #gf1 #ie1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #dba1 #dbf1 #ddg1 #dfa1 #dff1 #dfh1 #dih2 see ,sus ,bock/e91 #bhe1 #cad1 #dce1 #ddb ,bois ,colombes1 #aji1 #adi1 #aeb ,bor]1 drill1 see ,p]oir ,bos1 #ga1 #cfi1 #dje2 longifrons1 #dih2 primig5ius1 #ga1 #id1 #bbb1 #cfh1 #dac1 #dfh1 #dfi1 #dih2 taurus1 #ddg1 #dih2 see ,cattle ,bossuet1 on ! prehi/ory ( man1 #ejc1 #ejd ,bra*ycephaly1 #g1 #h1 #gh1 #ahc1 #deg1 #deh1 #dgh-dhe ,bra91 an?ropoid1 #ea1 #eb1 #ef1 #ei2 ,brnn1 #ccd1 #dij2 ,combe-,capelle1 #bcf1 #cjb1 #dij2 ,cr-,magnon1 #bgb1 #bib1 #bid1 #bii1 #dij2 evolution (1 #h1 #i1 #ef-fj2 ,grimaldi1 #bfi1 #dij2 ,mod]n1 #ef-ei1 #hc1 #hd1 #adj1 #bce1 #cjc1 #dij2 ,ne&]?al1 #i1 #eh1 #ei1 #bce-bcg1 #dij2 ,(net1 #dhj1 #dij2 ,piltd[n1 #eh1 #ei1 #aci-ada1 #bcf1 #dij2 ,pi!can?ropus #i1 #eh1 #ei1 #hc1 #hd1 #dij ,brassemp\y1 #ad1 #bgi1 #cad1 #cbb1 #cca1 #cdg1 #cee1 #cic1 #cie1 #dcc-dce1 #dch ,brive1 #cjg1 #cad ,bronze ,age1 #ab1 #ah1 #ba1 #bjb1 #bfg1 #dfj1 #dfa1 #dgf ,bruniquel1 #bgi1 #cdh1 #chh1 #dbg1 #dce1 #dcf ,brnn1 #bgi1 #cae1 #cbb1 #cca1 #ccd-ccg1 #cie1 ,pl4 ,,ii2 race1 #bc1 #beg1 #bgf1 #bgh1 #cjb1 #cca1 #ccc1 #ccd-cch1 #dhj1 #dhi-dia1 #ejj2 see ,brx1 ,galley ,hill1 ,pedmo/1 ,human fossils1 & ,orig9 ,brx1 #ccd2 see ,brnn race ,bu*5lo*1 #bde1 #cad1 #dce ,buffon1 ,g4 ,l4 ,l41 #c ,bhl1 see ,po/glacial ,/age ,burial cu/oms1 #bd1 #bae1 #bba-bbc1 #bgj1 #bga1 #cjb1 #cjc-cje1 #ccg1 #cgf-chj1 #dge-dgi ,bur91 grav]1 #bgj1 #cjf-cjh1 #caj1 #chf1 #chi1 #dgj ,c ,cabeo da ,arruda1 #dfg1 #dga1 #dgd ,cam>go1 #bgi1 #bid1 #cad1 #cca1 #dce ,campignian1 #dic-die ,campigny1 #dga2 see ,campignian ,camps1 op51 #bi1 #cj1 #agf1 #bhc1 #bhd1 #cad1 #ccd1 #ccg1 #cda-cdc1 #ddb1 #ddh ,can>y ,isl&s1 #dec1 #ded1 #ejf-eaj ,canis1 lagopus1 #aic1 #bjf1 see ,fox1 arctic2 nes*]s5sis1 #ccc2 suessi1 #adg2 see ,dog1 ,jackal1 & ,wolf ,cannibalism1 #ahd1 #dgg ,cann/att1 #aj1 #aje1 #bah1 #bbj1 #cca ,cap-,blanc1 #cag1 #cie1 #dbh1 #dca1 #dce ,capreolus1 #gj1 #adg1 #cfg1 #dfi2 see ,de]1 roe- ,capri1 #afg1 #afh ,c>amanico1 #afg ,ca/illo1 #cc1 #aej1 #afb-afe1 #afg1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bgi1 #cad1 #cai1 #cbj1 #cbd1 #cbe1 #cca1 #cdb1 #cdi1 #cie1 #djb1 #djh1 #dce1 #dcf1 #dei1 #dfj1 #dga ,ca/or1 #fi2 fib]1 #adg1 #ahc1 #dgj2 see ,beav] ,cattle1 wild 7,auro*s1 ,uro*s1 urus71 #dc1 #dd1 #fb1 #ff1 #gf1 #ie1 #ih1 #ajf1 #aai1 #abe1 #adh1 #afe1 #ahb1 #aib1 #bjf1 #baa1 #bad1 #bde1 #bfe1 #bhd1 #bhh1 #cbe1 #ccc1 #cdh1 #cef1 #cfh1 #cgb1 #cib1 #dje1 #dac1 #dfa1 #dff1 #dfh1 #dfi1 #dig1 #dih1 #eje1 #ejf2 see ,bos & ,leptobos ,cave-be>1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ahb1 #aid1 #aig1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bjf1 #baj1 #baa1 #bab1 #bac1 #bah1 #bhg1 #dja1 #dac2 see ,ursus spelu ,cave-hyna1 #aa1 #bab1 #bah1 #bfe1 #bhg1 #bhh2 see ,hyna crocuta spela ,cave-leop>d1 #bjf1 #bhg2 see ,felis p>dus spela ,cave-lion1 #bja1 #bjf1 #bfe1 #bhg2 see ,felis leo spela ,cav]ns1 #bd2 =mation (1 #cj-cc1 #bab2 life 91 #b1 #cj1 #cb1 #baa-bac1 #deg ,cavillon1 ,grotte de1 see ,grimaldi1 ,grottes de ,cazelle1 #dce ,cephalic index1 #h1 #dhj1 #dij ,ceppagna1 #afg ,c]gy1 #aji1 #adi1 #aeb ,c]vus1 c>nutorum1 #ga2 dama1 #dih2 dicranius1 #ga2 elaphus1 #gj1 #id1 #adg1 #cfg1 #cib1 #dbf1 #dfa1 #dfi2 m>al1 #cfg1 #ddg2 s$gwicki1 #fi1 #ga2 see ,de] & ,/ag ,*affaud1 ,grotte du1 #cif1 #djd1 #dce1 #dch ,*aleux1 ,tr\ de1 #dce ,*amois1 ,rupicapra1 #dd1 #df1 #bja1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #ceg1 #cfe1 #cff1 #cfi1 #cga1 #dff ,*amps1 #dce1 #dcf ,*amps ,blancs1 #cca1 #cdh1 #dce ,*ancelade1 #bgi1 #cgf-cgh1 #chb1 #dce ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 ,la1 #g1 #i1 #bjc1 #bad1 #bbb-bbd1 #bbf-bcb1 #bce-bch1 #bda-bdc1 #bde1 #bdf ,*telp]ron1 #cje1 #cjg1 #cad2 see ,po9te ,*ellean1 #ad-af1 #ah2 *ronology1 #cc1 #cd1 #aac-aae1 #abj2 climate1 #aag1 #aah2 fauna1 #add-adh2 geography 7physical71 #aae1 #aaf1 #aed-aeg2 indu/ry1 #ab1 #ad1 #af1 #ah1 #da1 #ajh1 #aad1 #adh-aed1 #bgj1 #bhj1 #cfb2 /ations1 #adi1 #aeb1 #aed-aeh2 see ,orig9 ,*elles1 #af1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aaf1 #adi1 #aeb1 #aed1 #afg1 #bdd ,*impanzee1 #c1 #h1 #di1 #eb-ef1 #eh1 #ei1 #gh1 #adj1 #bbg1 #bca1 #bce1 #dij1 #eaa1 #eab ,*ipp+1 see ,fl9t ,*isel1 see ,ciseau ,*ronology1 #aj1 #ab-ad1 #af1 #ah-bd1 #da1 #eaj2 tables1 #ah1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 #cc1 #da1 #dc1 #ed1 #ajh1 #bhj1 #cfb1 #cie1 #dia2 means ( e/imat+1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb-bd1 #cag-cbj ,ciseau1 *isel1 #bgj1 #bga1 #chh1 #cib1 #ddd ,climate1 effect on fauna1 #df1 #dg1 #aib1 #aid1 #bje1 #bhd-bhg2 effect on man1 #cc1 #big1 #ccb1 #cgb1 #chb2 glacial1 #bj1 #bi1 #cd1 #cg-dc1 #fd-ff1 #hi1 #ajd1 #aje1 #aad1 #aag1 #ahh-aid1 #bjb1 #bje1 #bha1 #bhe2 int]glacial1 #bj1 #bi1 #cj1 #cc1 #cd1 #cg-da1 #dc1 #fg1 #ij1 #ia1 #ie1 #ajc1 #aab1 #aag1 #aah1 #ahf-ahh2 ,plioc5e1 #fc2 ,po/glacial1 #bc1 #da1 #dc1 #bgf1 #bha-bhd1 #cfa-cfc ,clo?+1 #b1 #agh1 #ahf1 #bac1 #chh1 #cib1 #dif ,cogul1 #cid1 #dig ,colombes1 #aji1 #adi1 #aeb ,comb>elles1 #cai1 #cie-cig1 #cii-dja1 #dce ,combe--,rol&1 #cca ,combe-,capelle1 #afg1 #aib1 #aif1 #aig1 #aii1 #baa1 #bde1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #beb1 #bec1 #bee1 #bgi1 #cad2 man 7,homo aurignac5sis71 #cjb1 #cjc1 #cch ,combo-,negro1 #dce1 #dcf ,compresseur1 #bga2 see ,anvils ,cont95tal outl9e1 #ai1 #cd-cg1 #fd1 #fe1 #ga1 #hf1 #ib1 #aje1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aee1 #aef1 #aff1 #ahi1 #aij1 #bha1 #bhb1 #bhh1 #cfb ,cotte de ,/4 ,brelade1 ,la1 #bad1 #bbe1 #bde ,cotts1 ,les1 #bac1 #cad ,c\p de po+1 #aac1 #aad1 #aba1 #abi1 #acj1 #aeb-aed1 #afi-agc1 #agg-ahj1 #bbb1 #bea-bed1 #bef1 #bgj ,c\teau 7knife1 blade71 #acj1 #agb1 #agg1 #ahj1 #bgj1 #cjf1 #cjh1 #caj1 #chf1 #chi1 #dhh1 #did ,cray=d1 #aih1 #bde ,crteil1 #aji1 #adi1 #aeb ,cricetus phu1 #cgc1 #cgd2 see ,ham/] ,cr-,magnon1 #bgi1 #bia1 #cad1 #cca1 #dcg1 ,pl4 ,,ii2 man1 #g1 #bgc1 #bgi1 #bia-bid1 #cjj1 #cja2 race1 #g1 #bc1 #ed1 #bdj1 #beg1 #beh1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bfc1 #bfe-bgf1 #bgh1 #bhj-bhb1 #bhd1 #bhi-cje1 #ccf1 #cea1 #ceh1 #cgf-chb1 #dcd1 #ddj1 #ddc1 #ddi-ded1 #deg-dei1 #dhi-dib1 #dii1 #ejj1 #ejf-eaj1 ,pl4 ,,vii ,crom]1 ,=e/ ,b$ (1 #fd1 #fg1 #fh1 #ga ,crosle ,biscot1 #dce ,cr\zade1 #cca1 #cda1 #dce1 #dcg ,culture1 see ,indu/ry ,cyon alp9us fossilis1 #bja ,d ,d>t-?r[]1 see ,propulseur ,daun1 see ,po/glacial ,/age ,de]1 #dd1 #abe1 #acd1 #bde1 #bfe1 #cef1 #dbf1 see ,c]vus2 ,axis1 #fb1 #ga1 #gf1 #ajb2 fall[1 #bfe1 #dfi1 #dig1 see ,c]vus dama2 giant1 #dc1 #id1 #if1 #afe1 #ahg1 #bjf1 #baa1 #bac1 #bhh1 #cce1 see ,megac]os2 polyclad9e1 #fc1 #ajb1 see ,c]vus dicranius & s$gwicki2 r$1 #dd1 #bhg1 #dbf1 #ddg1 see ,c]vus elaphus & ,/ag2 roe-1 #dd1 #id1 #ie1 #afe1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bhg1 #djd1 #ddg1 #dff1 #dfh1 #dhh1 #dih1 see ,capreolus2 rusa1 #gf ,dic]orh9us 7,r471 antiquitatis1 #df1 #ajf1 #bhe1 see ,rh9oc]os1 woolly2 etruscus1 #da1 #fc1 #fi1 see ,rh9oc]os1 ,etruscan2 m]ckii1 #da1 #ib-id1 #aag1 #adh1 #bfc1 see ,rh9oc]os1 ,m]ck's ,dog1 dome/ic1 #dgd1 #dhf1 #dhh1 #dig1 #dii ,doli*ocephaly1 #g1 #h1 #gh1 #bbj1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bff1 #bfh1 #ccd1 #ccf1 #cch1 #deg1 #dgh-dha ,dome/ic ,animals1 #ddg1 #dff1 #dgd1 #dhf1 #dhh1 #dig-dii ,drill1 see ,p]oir ,dryopi!cus1 #f1 #di1 #ej1 #eaa ,drnt51 #bj1 #aag1 #aai ,drnt5ian1 #ajg1 #aai ,duru?y1 see ,sorde ,e ,ehr+sdorf1 #afg1 #aha1 #bad ,elasmo!re1 ,e4 sibiricum1 #df1 #bhf1 #cgc ,elephant1 #ch1 #dc1 #dd1 #dg1 #gb1 #gf1 #hf1 #ia-ie1 #ajb1 #aag1 #aai1 #abc1 #abd1 #adg1 #adh1 #aee1 #aeg1 #afa1 #agd1 #agg1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #aib1 #bje1 #bde1 #bfd2 see ,elephas ,elephas1 antiquus1 #bg1 #da1 #dg1 #gb1 #gf1 #ib-id1 #if1 #aag1 #abc1 #abe1 #adh1 #afe1 #bfc2 hysudricus1 #gf2 m]idionalis1 #bf1 #bg1 #da1 #fb1 #fi1 #gb1 #ib1 #abe2 planifrons1 #fb2 primig5ius1 #bf1 #df1 #ajf1 #bhe2 trogon!rii1 #da1 #ic1 #ajb1 #aag2 see ,elephant & ,mammo? ,elevation1 see ,cont95tal outl9e ,enfants1 ,grotte des1 see ,grimaldi1 ,grottes de1 & ,grimaldi race ,engis1 #dce1 #dec ,engrav+1 #cag1 #cai-cbd1 #cbf1 #cdh1 #cdi1 #cec1 #cee1 #cef1 #ceh1 #cib-djg ,eoan?ropus dawsoni1 #ach1 see ,piltd[n ,eoli?1 #aa1 #fh1 #hd-hf1 #ace ,eoli?ic1 ,era1 #ag1 #ah2 indu/ry1 #ag ,equus1 caballus celticus1 #cfg-cfi1 #djj1 #djh1 #dab1 #dai1 #dca1 #dcb1 #dih2 przewalski1 #aid1 #cfg1 #cgc1 #djh1 #daj1 #dai2 /5onis1 #bg1 #fb1 #fc1 #fi1 #gb2 see ,horse ,erect attitude1 #d1 #eg-fj1 #gc1 #gd1 #hb1 #bda-bdd ,erm9e1 ,mu/ela erm9ia1 #df1 #bjg1 #cgj1 #ddg1 #dfi ,etruscan rh9oc]os1 see ,rh9oc]os ,eyzies1 ,les1 #ac1 #bdi1 #bgi1 #cca1 #cgh1 #chh1 #cid1 #dce ,f ,fate1 ,grotte delle1 #bde1 #bdg ,fauna1 #ai-ba1 #ch-dg1 #fa-fd1 #ff1 #fi1 #ajh2 ,a*eulean1 #aag1 #adg1 #adh1 #afe1 #agg1 #ahb2 ,african-,asiatic1 #dc1 #dd1 #dg1 #fb1 #fc1 #ga1 #gb1 #hf1 #ia-id1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bhg2 alp9e1 #dd1 #df1 #bjf1 #bhg2 ,aurignacian1 #bhd-bhi2 ,azilian-,t>d5oisian1 #dff1 #dfh-dgj1 #dgb2 ,*ellean1 #aag1 #abe1 #add-adh2 =e/1 #dd1 #ga1 #bjf1 #bhg2 glacial1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aag1 #aij-aid1 #aif1 #aig1 #bje-bad1 #bfe2 int]glacial1 #fi-gb #ia-ih1 #aja-ajc1 #ajh-aab1 #aag1 #aai1 #abc-abe1 #ahf-ahh1 #bfe2 ,magdal5ian1 #cfd-cgf1 #che1 #cig-dcd1 #ddi1 #dff1 #dfi2 mead[1 #dd1 #ga1 #bjf1 #bhg2 ,m\/]ian1 #aag1 #ahf-ahh1 #aij-aid1 #aif1 #aig1 #aii-bad1 #bah1 #bba-bbc1 #bbe1 #bfc1 #bfd2 ,plioc5e1 #ed1 #fa-fd1 #add2 ,po/glacial1 #bha1 #cfd1 #dfh1 #dfi1 #dih1 #dii2 ,pre-,*ellean1 #ajh-aab1 #aag1 #abe2 ,siwalik1 #gf2 ,solutrean1 #ccb1 #ccc1 #cdc1 #cdh2 /eppe1 #dd1 #df1 #aid1 #bjf1 #bha1 #bhg1 #cfb-cff1 #cgc-cgf1 #ddi1 #dej2 tundra1 #dd1 #df1 #aij-aid1 #bjf-baa1 #bha1 #bhe1 #bhg1 #cdh1 #cfa1 #cfb-cff1 #cgj-cgc2 migrations (1 #ai1 #cd-cg1 #fb-fd1 #ga1 #gb1 #bjb1 #bje-baj1 #bhg2 repres5t$ 9 ,paloli?ic art 7li/71 #cff2 see ,climate1 = effect (1 & ,faunal li/s ,faunal li/s1 #ie1 #abe1 #adg1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bhg1 #cff ,faune *aude1 #ci1 #ia1 #aib2 see ,m\/]ian fauna ,faune froide1 see ,m\/]ian fauna ,fau/keil1 see ,c\p de po+ ,fes1 ,grotte des1 #bgi1 #dce ,felis1 leo1 #gb1 #ib1 #dfi2 leo antiqua1 #adg2 leo spela1 #dg1 #ahh2 manul1 #ddg2 p>dus spela1 #bja2 see ,cave-leop>d1 ,cave-lion1 ,leop>d1 ,lion1 & ,wildcat ,femur 7?igh-bone71 #gc1 #gd1 #gg1 #hj1 #bcg-bda1 #bff1 #bih1 #cgf1 #chj ,fre-en-,t>d5ois1 #af1 #dfe1 #dga ,f]rassie1 ,la1 #g1 #bad1 #baf1 #bai1 #bbd1 #bcb1 #bcg1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bfi ,fire1 use (1 #b1 #afe1 #bab1 #bac ,fir/ ,glacial ,/age1 see ,glacial ,epo* ,fir/ ,int]glacial ,/age1 see ,glacial ,epo* ,fi%+1 #cee1 #che1 #cij1 #dej1 #dfe1 #dga ,flake1 see ,levallois ,flak+1 see ,fl9t ,fl9t1 *ipp+1 #agj2 cleavage1 #aga2 flak+1 #afi ,floors1 ,m\/]ian1 #aih1 #aii ,flora1 #bj2 ,a*eulean1 #aag1 #aah1 #agd1 #age2 ,*ellean1 #aag1 #aah2 glacial1 #fe1 #ajh1 #aag-aai1 #aia1 #aib1 #bjb1 #bjh2 int]glacial1 #bj1 #fg1 #ij1 #ia1 #aag-aai2 ,m\/]ian1 #aii2 ,plioc5e1 #fa1 #fc2 ,po/glacial1 #cfa1 #cgb1 #cge1 #dfc1 #dhh2 ,pre-,*ellean1 #aag1 #aah2 ,pre-,neoli?ic1 #dhh ,font-de-,gaume1 #bhc1 #cad1 #cah1 #cai1 #cba1 #cbe1 #cca1 #cdi1 #cef1 #ceh1 #cfe1 #cgb1 #cie-cig1 #cii1 #djf-dji1 #dab1 #dad-dbd1 #dce1 #ddi ,font ,rob]t1 #bgg1 #caa1 #cad1 #cca1 #cdj1 #cdd ,=e/ian1 ,upp]1 #cfb2 ,l[]1 #bhb ,=e/s1 see ,flora ,=o1 #afg ,f\r? ,glacial ,/age1 see ,glacial ,epo* ,fox1 #dc1 #fc1 #ga1 #bjf1 #bfe1 #bhg1 #ccc1 #cdc1 #cdh1 #cff1 #ddg1 #dih1 see ,vulpes2 arctic1 #dd1 #df1 #aic1 #bjg1 #bhg1 #bhi1 #cdh1 #cgj1 #ddg1 #dfh1 #dfi1 see ,canis lagopus4 ,freud5?al1 #bgi1 #dce ,frileuse1 #afg ,frontal1 ,tr\ de1 #dce ,fu5te del ,frances1 #dce ,furfooz1 #g1 #bgi1 #dha-dhc1 ,pl4 ,,ii2 race1 #bgh1 #deh1 #dhj1 #dhb-dhe1 #dhi1 #dia1 #dib1 #ejj2 see ,gr5elle1 ,(net1 & ,orig9 ,furn9ha1 #afg1 #afh ,g ,galley ,hill1 #bh1 #cjb1 #ccg1 #cch2 see ,brnn race ,gans]sfels51 #dce ,g>5ne1 #dce1 #ddj ,g>gano1 #afg ,g>gas1 #ca1 #cjg1 #cad1 #cag1 #cbe1 #cbg1 #cdi1 #cid1 #cie ,g]molles1 #cjg1 #cad ,gibbon1 #di-ed1 #eh1 #fa1 #fc1 #gg1 #eaa2 see ,hylobates ,gibralt> skull1 #g1 #i1 #adj1 #bad1 #bae1 #baf1 #bai1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bcf ,glacial ,epo*1 #ah-bc1 #cc1 #dj1 #da1 #dc1 #ed2 *ronology1 #ah-bc1 #dj1 #da1 #ajh1 #ahh1 #bhj1 #cfb2 see ,climate1 ,cont95tal outl9e1 ,fauna1 ,glaci]s2 ,fir/ ,glacial ,/age 7,gnz71 #bc1 #be1 #bf1 #cg1 #ch1 #da1 #dc1 #fd-ff2 ,second ,glacial ,/age 7,m9del71 #bc1 #be1 #bf1 #cc1 #cg1 #ch1 #da1 #dc1 #fe1 #hf-ij2 ,?ird ,glacial ,/age 7,riss71 #bc1 #be1 #bf1 #cc1 #cg-ci1 #da1 #dc1 #id1 #ajd-ajf1 #aae2 ,f\r? ,glacial ,/age 7,wrm71 #ah1 #bb1 #bc1 #be1 #bf1 #cj1 #cb1 #cc1 #cf-ch1 #da1 #dc1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aag1 #afj1 #ahh-aie1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bhj1 #bha1 #bhd1 #bhe1 #cfb1 ,lauf5s*wankung1 #da1 #ajh1 #bhj1 #cfb2 ,fir/ ,int]glacial ,/age 7,gnz-,m9del or ,norfolkian71 #bc1 #bf1 #bi1 #cc-ce1 #ch1 #da1 #dc1 #ff-gb1 #hd1 #ie1 #aae2 ,second ,int]glacial ,/age 7,m9del-,riss71 #bc1 #be1 #bi1 #cc1 #ch1 #dj1 #da1 #dc1 #fi1 #ij-ie1 #aji-aaa1 #aad1 #aae2 ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age 7,riss-,wrm71 #bc1 #be1 #bi1 #cc1 #cd1 #cf1 #ch-da1 #dc1 #fi1 #id1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aab1 #aac1 #aae-aai1 #ahf-ahh1 #bhj1 #cfb2 ,po/glacial ,/age1 #ah-bc1 #bi1 #cb1 #cc1 #cf1 #da1 #dc1 #ajh1 #bhj-bhd1 #cfb1 #dfh1 #eaj1 ,bhl1 #bc1 #be1 #bf1 #da1 #ajh1 #bgf1 #bhj1 #bha1 #cfa1 #cfb1 #cgj1 #cgb1 #ddf1 #ddg1 #ddi1 ,gs*nitz1 #bc1 #da1 #ajh1 #bgf1 #bhj1 #bha1 #cfb1 #cfc1 #cgb1 #ddi1 #dej1 ,daun1 #bc1 #da1 #ajh1 #bgf1 #bhj1 #bha1 #cfb1 #cfc1 ,a*5s*wankung1 #be1 #bf1 #bha1 #bhb1 #bhd ,glaci]s1 #fd-ff1 #hi1 #ij1 #id1 #ajd-ajf1 #aah1 #ahi1 #aij1 #cfa-cfc ,glutton1 see ,gulo luscus & ,wolv]5e ,gobelsburg1 #dce1 #ddh ,goccianello1 #afg1 #afh ,gorge d',enf]1 #cca1 #dce ,gorilla1 #di1 #eb1 #ed-ef1 #eaa1 #eab ,g\la9e1 #dce1 #dch ,g\rdan1 #bad1 #bgi1 #cca1 #cda1 #cfi1 #chh1 #cib1 #dce1 #dch ,goyet1 #dce ,grattoir1 #abi1 #acj1 #agg1 #bed1 #bgj1 #cjf-caj1 #chf1 #cij1 #dgj1 #dgc1 #did2 c>n1 #cjh1 #cji1 #dfc ,grav]1 see ,bur9 ,gravette1 et*+ tool1 #bgj ,gravette1 ,la1 #bgg1 #caa1 #cad ,gray's ,?urrock1 #bh1 #aji1 #aaf1 #abh1 #adi1 #aeb1 #aef1 #aeg ,greek conception ( nature & ( ! prehi/ory ( man1 #a-c ,gr5elle1 #bgi1 #dha1 #dhb1 #dhd2 race1 see ,furfooz ,grze1 ,la1 #cad1 #cag1 #cbg1 #cca1 #cie1 #cif ,grimaldi1 ,grottes de 7,ba\ss ,r\ss71 #bde1 #bdg1 #bfb-bfe1 #bgi1 #bid1 #bie1 #cab-cad1 #cba1 #cbc1 #chj2 ,ba\sso da ,torre1 #bfc1 #bid2 ,b>ma ,gr&e1 #bfc1 #bid2 ,cavillon1 ,grotte de1 #bfc1 #bid2 ,enfants1 ,grotte des1 #bfc-bfe1 #bib1 #bid-big1 see ,grimaldi race2 ,pr9ce1 ,grotte du1 #bfb1 #bfc ,grimaldi race1 #g1 #ai1 #bde1 #bfj1 #bfb-bfi1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bid1 #cja1 #cad1 #dij-dib ,gs*nitz1 see ,po/glacial ,/age ,guan*es1 #dec-dee1 #ejg-eaj ,gud5u%hle1 #bde1 #bdh1 #bgi1 #cjg1 #cad1 #dce1 #ddh ,gulo luscus1 #dfi2 borealis1 #aic2 see ,wolv]5e ,gnz1 see ,glacial ,epo* ,h ,ha*ette 7tran*ette1 *opp]1 cleav]71 #bgj1 #dhh1 #did ,hamm]-/one1 see ,p]cuteur ,ham/]1 #df1 #fc1 #adg1 #afe1 #bhg1 #cfb1 #cfd1 #cgd ,h&-axe1 see ,c\p de po+ ,h&-/one1 see ,c\p de po+ ,h>e1 #bhi1 #ccc1 #cfh1 #ddg1 #dfh1 #dih1 see ,lepus 7timidus72 arctic1 #df1 #bjg1 #bhg1 #cdh1 #cgj1 #ddg1 #dfh1 #dfi1 see ,lepus v>iabilis2 tailless1 see ,lagomys & ,pika ,h>poons1 #cee1 #chc-che1 #chg1 #chh1 #cij1 #cia1 #ddj1 #ddc-dde1 #ddi1 #dej1 #def1 #dfj-dfb1 #dfe1 #dff1 #dgj1 #dgd1 #dhf1 #dhg ,ha/+s1 #dga1 #dge ,heidelb]g man1 ,mau]1 #g1 #bc1 #bd1 #dj1 #da1 #ec1 #ed1 #ij1 #ie-aja1 #aad1 #ach1 #adc1 #add1 #bad1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #dhi1 #dia1 #dib1 ,pl4 ,,ii ,heidelb]g race1 see ,heidelb]g man & ,orig9 ,hel91 #aji1 #aaf1 #abg1 #abh1 #adi1 #aeb1 #aff1 #afg ,helvetian1 see ,drnt5ian ,h]mida1 ,la1 #dce ,hippopotamus1 ,h4 major1 #ch1 #ci1 #da1 #dc1 #dd1 #dg1 #fi1 #ga1 #hf1 #ia1 #ib-id1 #ajb1 #aag1 #abc-abe1 #acd1 #adg1 #adh1 #aee1 #aeg1 #afe1 #agd1 #agg1 #ahf1 #aib1 #aii1 #bfc1 #bfd ,hhlefels bei ,htt51 #dce1 #ddb ,hhlefels bei ,s*elkl+51 #dce1 #ddb ,hohle/e91 #cad1 #dce ,hommes1 ,grotte des1 #bgi1 #dce ,homo1 aurignac5sis1 see ,combe-,capelle man2 heidelb]g5sis1 see ,heidelb]g man2 m\/]i5sis1 see ,ne&]?al race2 ne&]?al5sis1 see ,ne&]?al race2 sapi5s1 #g1 #i1 #aj1 #ed1 #bcj-bcd1 #beg1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bgh1 #ccd1 #dhd1 #dij1 #dia1 #ejj ,horace1 on ! prehi/ory ( man1 #c1 #ejd ,hornos de la ,pea1 #bde-bdg1 #cad1 #cca1 #cie1 #dce1 #dcf ,horse1 #de1 #afe1 #ahb1 #aib1 #bbe1 #bhd1 #cee1 #che1 #cib1 #djd1 #dje1 #djg1 #djh1 #daj1 #dab-dad1 #dca1 #dcb1 #dfi1 #dih2 ,des]t1 ,plateau or ,celtic1 see ,equus caballus celticus2 ,=e/ or ,nordic1 #ie1 #adg1 #bhh1 #bhi1 #cfg1 #cfi1 #djj1 #dih2 ,hipp>ion1 #fc2 kiang or wild ass1 #aid1 #bhe-bhg1 #cff1 #cfg1 #cgb-cgd1 #djj1 #ddg2 ,solutr1 #bhh1 #bhi1 #dad2 ,/5o's1 #cd1 #if1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #abe1 see ,equus /5onis2 ,/eppe1 see ,equus przewalski ,hteaux1 ,les1 #bgi1 #cgh1 #cgi1 #dce ,hoxne1 #aeh ,human figures1 #cag1 #cba-cbc1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #ccg1 #ceg1 #cic1 #cie1 #cii1 #dcc1 #dcd1 #dig ,human fossils1 #d1 #aa2 di/ribution (1 #bad1 #bgi2 tables (1 #g1 #bai1 #bid1 #ccf1 #cgh1 #dij2 see ,li/s ,human races1 see ,li/s & ,orig9 ,hunt+1 #b1 #aa1 #aff1 #bjb1 #baa-bad1 #bhc1 #cgb1 #def1 #dga1 #dif1 #dig ,hyna1 #dc1 #fb1 #gf1 #aaj1 #adg1 #adh1 #aee1 #afe1 #ahh1 #bad1 #bde1 #bfe1 #cag1 #cef1 #dgf2 see ,cave-hyna & ,hyna ,hyna1 breviro/ris1 #abe2 crocuta1 #ajb1 #adg2 crocuta spela1 #dg1 #ajb1 #ahh2 /riata1 #ib1 #ajb2 see ,hyna ,hylobates1 #f2 see ,gibbon ,i ,ibex1 ,ibex priscus1 #dd1 #df1 #bja1 #bjf1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bhg1 #bhi1 #cba1 #cdh1 #ceg1 #cfi1 #cga1 #cia1 #dja1 #dje1 #dcc1 #ddg1 #dff1 #dfi1 #dig ,ice ,age1 see ,glacial ,epo* ,ice-fields1 #ai1 #bb2 see ,glaci]s ,implem5ts1 #aa1 #bg-cj1 #acj1 #bgj1 #bga2 art1 #bgj1 #cbi1 #ccj2 see ,eoli?1 ,fl9t1 ,indu/ry1 ,li/s1 ,neoli?1 ,paloli? ,indu/ry1 #d1 #aa1 #ab-ad1 #ai1 #cc1 see ,a*eulean1 ,aurignacian1 ,azilian-,t>d5oisian1 ,*ellean1 ,campignian1 ,magdal5ian1 ,m\/]ian1 ,neoli?ic1 ,pre-,*ellean1 ,solutrean2 see ,li/s & ,implem5ts ,int]glacial ,/ages1 see ,glacial ,epo* ,iron ,age1 #ab1 #ah1 #ba1 #bjb1 #bfg ,irpfelhhle1 #bde1 #bdh ,i/e91 #dfi1 #dga-dgc ,i/uritz1 #cdg1 #cie ,j ,jackal1 #dc1 #dd2 see ,canis nes*]s5sis ,javel9 po9t1 see ,sagaie ,j]boa1 #df1 #aid1 #bhg1 #cfd2 see ,alactaga jaculus ,k ,krli*1 #cad ,k>t/e91 #bde1 #bdh1 #cad1 #dce ,ka/lhng1 #cgj1 #dce1 #ddb ,k5t's ,hole1 #aj1 #aeb1 #bdd1 #bde1 #dce1 #ddj ,kessl]lo*1 #bgi1 #bhf1 #cee1 #cfa1 #cfd1 #cgh1 #chc1 #dce1 #dcf1 #dda1 #ddb1 #ddd-ddf1 #ddi ,kiang1 wild ass1 see ,horse ,kle9kems1 #dga ,knife1 blade1 see ,c\teau & ,lame ,knight1 ,*>les ,r41 see ,re/orations ,ko/elk1 #dce1 #ddh ,krap9a1 #g1 #afb1 #afg1 #aha-ahe1 #bad1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bef ,krems1 #aai1 #bdh1 #bhi1 #cjg1 #cad1 #dce1 #ddh ,l ,lacave1 #bgi1 #cca1 #cdj1 #cde1 #cdg1 #cia ,lagomys1 #fc2 pusillus1 #bjb1 #cgj1 see ,pika ,lagopus1 see ,pt>migan ,lam>ck1 on man1 #d ,lame1 blade1 #bga ,lampe1 lamp1 #bgj1 #dja1 #djb ,lauf5s*wankung1 see ,glacial ,epo* ,laug]ie ,basse1 #ac1 #ad1 #bge1 #bgi1 #cca1 #cdh1 #cgf-cgh1 #che1 #chh1 #cib1 #djg1 #dcd1 #dce1 #dga ,laug]ie ,haute1 #ac1 #ad1 #bgi1 #bid1 #bif1 #cad1 #cca1 #cdf1 #ceb1 #dce ,laussel1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdi1 #bge1 #cac1 #cad1 #cag1 #cbf-cbi1 #cca1 #ceb1 #cie1 #dce ,laut]a*1 #cad ,lemm+1 #df1 #aia1 #aic1 #aid1 #bjb1 #bjg1 #bha1 #bhg1 #ccc1 #cdh1 #cfa1 #cfd1 #cgj1 #dfi1 #dgf2 see ,myodes ,leop>d1 #bfe1 #cdh2 see ,cave-leop>d & ,felis p>dus spela ,leptobos1 #ga2 elatus1 #fb2 etruscus1 #fc2 see ,cattle ,lepus1 #dfi2 cuniculus1 #cfd1 see ,rabbit2 timidus1 #cfd1 see ,h>e2 v>iabilis1 #bjf1 see ,h>e1 arctic ,levallois1 #afg1 #agi ,levallois flake1 #afg1 #afh1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aii1 #bej1 #bea ,limeuil1 #bgi1 #dce ,lion1 #dc1 #hf1 #id-if1 #ih1 #adh1 #afe1 #ahh1 #bha1 #cag1 #cdh1 #cef1 #cfe1 #cgh1 #djj1 #djg1 #ddf1 #dfh1 #dgb1 #dih2 see ,cave-lion & ,felis leo ,lissoir1 poli%]1 smoo!r1 #bgj1 #bga1 #chj1 #chh1 #cib1 #def1 #dfc1 #dff1 #dgj ,li/s & ,tables1 *ronology1 #ah1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 #cc1 #da1 #ed1 #ajh1 #bhj1 #cfb2 climatic *anges1 #ch1 #ci1 #da1 #dc1 #aag1 #aia1 #aib1 #bge1 #bha1 #bhd1 #cfa-cfd2 fauna1 #ba1 #da1 #dc1 #ed1 #fb1 #ie1 #abe1 #adg1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bhg2 human fossils1 #g1 #i1 #bai1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bci1 #bff1 #bid1 #bie1 #ccf1 #cgh1 #dij2 human races1 #da1 #ed1 #ajh1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #cfb1 #deh1 #dij1 #dia1 #dii1 #ejj2 indu/ries1 divisions (1 #ah1 #aac1 #aad1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #beb1 #cdj1 #chi1 succession (1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #cc1 #da1 #ajh1 #bhj1 #cfb2 implem5ts1 #acj1 #agb1 #bed1 #bgj1 #bga1 #cjf1 #cjh1 #caj ,liveyre1 #cca1 #dce ,loam1 #e1 #bd1 #bg1 #bh ,loess1 #e1 #bc-be1 #bi1 #cj1 #cf1 #ch1 #df1 #ig1 #ajc1 #aab1 #aae1 #aag-aai1 #abb-abd1 #aea1 #aei1 #afa1 #afb1 #agd1 #agf1 #aha1 #beb1 #bha1 #bhb1 #bhd1 #bhf1 #cad1 #ccd1 #ccg1 #cfd1 #cgf1 #ddb1 #ddh2 /ations1 see ,camps1 op5 ,longu]o*e1 #dce1 #dga ,lor!t1 #djf1 #djg1 #dce1 #dch1 #dga ,l\rdes1 #bgi1 #chh1 #dcb1 #dce1 #dcf1 #dch1 #dga ,l[] ,rod5t ,lay]1 see ,rod5t ,lay]s ,lucretius on ! prehi/ory ( man1 #a1 #b1 #ejc ,lussac1 #bgi1 #dce ,lutra vulg>is1 #adg2 see ,ott] ,lyn*us lynx1 #dfi2 see ,lynx ,lynx1 #dc1 #fc1 #bjf1 #bhg1 #cfg1 #dff2 see ,lyn*us lynx ,m ,macaque1 #ed1 #fa1 #fc1 #fi1 #gf ,mac]ata1 #afg ,ma*rodus1 #da1 #fi1 #bdd2 see ,sabre-too? tig] ,madele9e1 ,la1 #ac1 #af1 #bgi1 #cea1 #chc-chi1 #cih1 #dce1 #ddc1 #dde1 #ddi1 #dga ,magdal5ian1 #ad-af1 #ah1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #cea-cfj2 art1 #cea-ceg1 #cfe1 #cff1 #cic1 #cie-dcd2 burial cu/oms1 #cgf-chj2 *ronology1 #ah1 #cc1 #da1 #ajh1 #bgf1 #bhj1 #bha1 #cea1 #cfa-cfd2 climate1 #bgf1 #cfj-cfd1 #cgj-cgf1 #ddc1 #ddg1 #ddi1 #dej2 fauna1 #cfa-cgf1 #ddc1 #dde-ddg1 #ddi1 #dej2 human fossils1 #cgf-chb2 indu/ry1 #ad-af1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bge1 #bgf1 #cea-cef1 #ceh1 #chb-cib1 #dcf1 #ddj1 #ddc-dej2 /ations1 #cea1 #dcd-ddi2 see ,orig9 & ,rod5t ,lay]s ,maglemose1 #deh1 #dga1 #dhg1 #dhh1 #eja ,magrite1 ,tr\1 #cad1 #cca1 #cdd1 #dce ,mairie1 ,grotte de la1 #cag1 #cie1 #djj1 #dje1 #dab1 #dac1 #dce1 #ddb ,mal>naud1 #bad1 #bai ,mammo?1 #aj1 #dc1 #ajb1 #aji1 #aag1 #acd1 #adg1 #adh1 #agg1 #ahg1 #aid1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bac1 #bah1 #bha1 #bhh1 #bhi1 #caf1 #cag1 #cba1 #cbd-cbf1 #ccc1 #ccg1 #cdh-cej1 #cef1 #cfd1 #cgb1 #che1 #dja1 #djc1 #dbj1 #dba1 #dbg1 #dbi1 #ddi1 #dej1 #dgf1 see ,elephas2 woolly1 #ac1 #dj1 #da1 #dc1 #ajf1 #aag1 #agd1 #ahg1 #aij-aib1 #aif1 #bje1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #baj1 #bah1 #bba1 #bhe-bhi1 #ccd1 #cce1 #cfc1 #cgj1 #cgb1 #chd1 #cig1 #cih1 #dbj1 #dbg1 #ddf1 see ,elephas primig5ius ,man1 ance/ry (1 #c-g1 #di-fd1 #dia1 #eaa ,mantes-la-,ville1 #afg ,m>cilly-sur-,eure1 #bad ,m>e-au-,cl]cs1 ,la1 #afg ,m>ignac1 #aji1 #abf1 #adi1 #aeb ,m>kkleeb]g1 #afg ,m>mot1 ,arctomys m>motta1 #ahb1 #bja1 #bjf1 #bfe1 #cgj ,m>s\las1 #cad1 #cai1 #cba1 #cbh1 #cgc1 #cid1 #cie1 #cif1 #cii1 #djc1 #dje1 #dae1 #daf1 #dce1 #dga1 #dhe ,m>t51 #ga1 #afe1 #bja1 #bfe1 #cfg1 #chj1 #ddg1 #dih2 see ,mu/ela m>tes ,m>t9%hle1 #dce1 #dga ,mas d',azil1 #ae1 #af1 #bgi1 #cai1 #ceg1 #cge1 #chj1 #che1 #chh1 #cia-cif1 #dcb1 #dcc1 #dce1 #dcg1 #ddi1 #deh-dfe1 #dga1 #dgb1 #dgd ,massat1 #dcg1 #dga ,ma/odon1 #fb1 #gj1 #acd ,maszycka1 #dce1 #dcf1 #ddi ,mau]1 see ,heidelb]g man ,mc,gregor1 ,j4 ,h[>d1 see ,re/orations ,m$it]ranean race1 #bfa1 #bgh1 #deg1 #deh1 #dgi1 #dhj1 #dhe1 #dhi1 #dia1 #dib1 #dii1 #ejj ,megac]os1 #de1 #fh1 #gj1 #ajf1 #adg1 #ahb1 #aif1 #bhg1 #cfg2 see ,de]1 giant ,meles taxus1 #adg2 see ,badg] ,m5tone1 #bdg1 #cbb1 #cie1 #dgb1 #dgc2 see ,grimaldi1 ,grottes de ,m]ck's ,rh9oc]os1 see ,dic]orh9us & ,rh9oc]os ,mesaticephaly1 #h1 #dgi ,mett]ni*1 #bhd1 #cad ,micoque1 ,la1 #aac1 #afg1 #afh1 #agi1 #aib1 #aif1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdh1 #bdi ,microli?1 see ,microli?ique ,microli?ique1 microli?1 #bgj1 #cjf1 #cjh1 #caj1 #chh1 #cif1 #dej1 #dgj-dgb ,migration1 ( fauna1 see ,fauna2 ( human races & indu/ries1 see ,orig9 ,m9del1 see ,glacial ,epo* ,miskolcz1 #bde1 #bdh1 #cca ,momm5heim1 #bde1 #bdg1 #bdh ,monkeys1 #ed1 #fa-fc ,montcon=t1 #bgi1 #cca1 #dce ,mont=t1 #cda1 #dga ,mon?aud1 #cca1 #cdf ,montires1 #aji1 #abg1 #adi1 #aeb1 #ahf1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bhc1 #cad1 #cca ,moose1 #dd1 #id1 #if1 #bfe1 #bha1 #cdh1 #cff1 #dfh1 #dfi1 #dgb1 #dhh1 #dif-dih2 see ,alces ,m\l9-de-,laussel1 #cca ,m\/]ian1 #ad-af1 #ah1 #cj1 #ahf-ahh1 #bdh-bej2 burial cu/oms1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bga2 *ronology1 #ah1 #cc1 #da1 #ajh1 #bhj1 #cfb2 climate1 #aag1 #abc1 #ahh-aii1 #bjb1 #bje1 #bjg2 fauna1 #aag1 #aij-aid1 #aif1 #aii-bad2 flora1 #aii2 human fossils1 #bah-bbf2 indu/ry1 #ad-af1 #aac1 #bdh-bef1 #bgj1 #bga2 /ations1 #aid-bjb1 #bdd-bdh2 see ,cav]ns1 life 91 ,floors1 & ,orig9 ,m\/i]1 ,le1 #ac1 #af1 #aif-aii1 #bad1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bea1 #bec1 #bee2 man1 #g1 #aif1 #bad1 #bba-bbc1 #bbf1 #bbh1 frontispiece ,m\!1 ,la1 #ag1 #bdf1 #bgi1 #cad1 #cag1 #cbj1 #cba1 #cid1 #cie1 #cih1 #cii1 #dja ,mugem1 #dga1 #dgd1 #dhf ,munz+51 #afj1 #aie1 #dce1 #dci1 #ddb1 #ddc ,murals1 see ,pa9t+ ,musk-ox1 #db-dd1 #df1 #fe1 #ff1 #ahg1 #aia1 #aic1 #bjg1 #bhe1 #bhg1 #bhi1 #cdh1 #cfb1 #cff1 #cgj2 see ,ovibos mos*atus ,mu/ela1 erm9ea1 see ,erm9e2 m>tes1 #adg1 #dfi1 see ,m>t54 ,myodes1 lemmus1 #baj2 ob5sis1 #bjf1 #bhe1 #cgj2 torquatus1 #aic1 #bjb1 #bjf1 #bhe1 #cgj1 #dda1 #ddf1 #ddg2 see ,lemm+ ,n ,n>bonne1 #dce1 #dcg ,naulette1 ,la1 #g1 #bad1 #bba1 #bbh ,ne&]?al1 cave1 #ca1 #bad1 #baf1 #bag1 ,pl4 ,,ii2 burial cu/oms1 see ,m\/]ian2 man1 #e1 #g1 #i1 #ef1 #aha1 #baf-bai1 #dij2 race1 frontispiece1 #e-g1 #i1 #bc1 #dj1 #da1 #ed1 #acf1 #ahb1 #aia1 #aif1 #baa-bdd1 #bef1 #beh1 #bfc1 #bgb1 #dia1 #dib1 anatomical features1 #ec-ef1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #bjc1 #bai-bbc1 #bbf-bdd1 #dij1 *ronology1 #da1 #ajh1 #beg1 #bfb1 #bhj1 #dia1 comp>$ ) ,cr-,magnon1 #big1 #bih1 discov]ies1 #aha-ahe1 #bae-bbf1 di/ribution (1 #bad1 #bai2 see ,orig9 ,necklace1 #cjb1 #cjd1 #cgf1 #cgh1 #dcg1 #dgb ,ne$le1 see ,aiguille ,negroid race1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bff-bfi1 #bgh1 #cja1 #cjb1 #cba1 #dib ,neoli?1 #aa1 #dif ,neoli?ic1 ,new ,/one ,age1 #aj1 #ac1 #ah1 #ai1 #ba1 #da1 #ajh1 #bhj1 #cfb1 #ddg1 #dhb1 #dhd-dhf1 #dhh1 #dic-eja ,neopi!cus1 #di ,nes*]s1 #bde1 #dce1 #dch ,niaux1 #cad1 #cai1 #cec1 #cgc1 #cia1 #cid1 #cie1 #djj1 #djf1 #dji-daa1 #dab1 #dbi1 #dce ,ni$]nau1 #cgj1 #dce ,norfolkian1 see ,fir/ ,int]glacial ,/age & ,=e/ ,b$ ( ,crom] ,nutons1 ,tr\ des1 #dce ,o ,oban1 #dgd1 #dge1 #dhf ,ob]cassel1 man1 #g1 #bgi1 #cec1 #cgh1 #chj-chb1 #dce1 #ddc ,ob]l>g1 #dce ,o*os1 #bad1 #bai1 #bba1 #bbh1 #bde1 #bdh ,(net1 #bgi1 #bhe1 #cad1 #cca1 #cgj1 #dce1 #dfi1 #dga1 #dgc1 #dge-dha2 races1 #ddb1 #deg-dfj1 #dhj1 #dha1 #dij1 #dia1 #ejj2 see ,furfooz race & ,orig9 ,ojc[1 #cca1 #dcf1 #ddi ,ondratitz1 #cca ,orang1 #c1 #di1 #eb-ed1 #ef1 #gg1 #eaa ,orig91 ( indu/ries1 ,a*eulean1 #bfa1 #dib1 ,aurignacian1 #bfa1 #bhi1 #cje-cjg1 #cbb1 #dib1 ,azilian-,t>d5oisian1 #deg1 #dgj-dgb1 #dib1 ,*ellean1 #abf1 #bfa1 #dib1 ,magdal5ian1 #cea-cec1 #chc1 ,m\/]ian1 #bfa1 ,pre-,*ellean1 #abf1 ,solutrean1 #ccj1 #cca1 #cdj1 #cec1 #dib2 ( human races1 ,alp9e1 #deh1 #dhd1 #dhe1 ,brnn1 #cca1 #dib1 ,cr-,magnon1 #bfa1 #cbb1 #dib1 ,furfooz1 #dib1 ,grimaldi1 #bfb1 ,heidelb]g1 #dib1 ,m$it]ranean1 #dib1 ,ne&]?al1 #dib1 ,(net1 #deg1 #dhd1 #dhe1 ,piltd[n1 #dib1 ,teutonic1 #dhf ,ott]1 #fc1 #ga1 #gf1 #afe1 #bja1 #bhg1 #dfh1 #dih2 see ,lutra vulg>is ,ovibos1 #cgf2 mos*atus1 #aic1 #dde1 #ddg1 see ,musk-ox ,ovis argaloides1 #cfi2 see ,argali %eep ,p ,pa9t$ ,pebbles1 see ,azilian-,t>d5oisian indu/ry ,pa9t+1 #cje1 #caf-cah1 #cbj1 #cba1 #cbd1 #cbe1 #cbg1 #cbh1 #ccj1 #ceh1 #cfe1 #cid-cif1 #djd-djf1 #djh-dbi1 #dfd1 #dfe1 #dgd1 #dif1 #dig ,pair-non-,pair1 #bgi1 #cjg1 #cad1 #cag1 #cbj-cbb1 #cca1 #ccf1 #cid-cif ,paloli?1 #aa1 #bd1 #hd1 #he1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aeh1 #chi ,paloli?ic1 ,old ,/one ,age1 #ac1 #af1 #ah1 #ai1 #ba1 #bh1 #cc1 #da1 #ajh1 #afj1 #bhj1 #cfb2 ,l[] ,paloli?ic1 #ad1 #da1 #ajh1 #aac1 #aad1 #bad1 #bhj1 #cfb1 #dij1 #dia2 ,upp] ,paloli?ic1 #ad1 #da1 #ajh1 #bad1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #cfb1 #cie1 #cif1 #dij1 #dia1 #ejj2 *ronology1 #ah1 #da1 #ajh1 #bhj1 #cfb1 #def ,palopi!cus1 #di1 #eaa ,p>ietal ,art1 see ,pa9t+ ,pasiega1 ,la1 #cai1 #cie1 #djb-dje ,pataud1 #bde1 #bdf1 #cca ,pavil&1 #bgi1 #bhi1 #bij1 #bid1 #cad1 #ddj ,pe* de l',az1 #bad1 #bai1 #bde ,p]oir1 drill1 bor]1 #acj1 #ace1 #aec1 #agb1 #agi1 #bec1 #bed1 #bgj1 #cjf1 #cjh1 #caj1 #caa1 #cdd1 #cdf1 #che1 #chf1 #chh1 #cij1 #cib1 #dgj1 #dgc1 #dhh ,p]cuteur1 hamm]-/one1 #acj1 #bed1 #bgj1 #cjf ,pesc>a1 #afg ,petit ,puymoy51 #bad1 #bde1 #bdf ,pic1 pick1 #did ,pi]re de jet1 ?r[+ /one1 #acj1 #agb1 #bac1 #bed1 #bgj1 #cjf ,pika1 #df1 #cfb1 #ddg2 see ,lagomys 7pusillus7 ,piltd[n1 #aji1 #aaf1 #abh1 #acj-ace1 #adi1 #aeb1 #bad1 ,pl4 ,,ii2 indu/ry1 #abg1 #abh1 #acc-ace2 man 7,eoan?ropus71 #g1 #bc1 #bd1 #dj1 #ej1 #ec1 #ed1 #ef1 #acj-ade1 #bad1 #dhi-dia2 race1 see ,piltd[n man & ,orig9 ,p9dal1 #cad-caf1 #cbe1 #cdi1 #cid1 #cie ,pi!can?ropus1 ,tr9il race1 #g1 #bc1 #bd1 #dj1 #ec1 #ed1 #hf1 #dia1 #eaa1 ,pl4 ,,ii2 anatomical features1 #i1 #aj1 #ec1 #ef1 #gd1 #gg-hd1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bdj1 #dij2 discov]y1 #gc-gg ,plac>d1 #bgi1 #cca1 #ccc1 #ccd1 #cdj1 #cde-cdh1 #ceb1 #cec1 #cee1 #cgh-chj1 #chc1 #che1 #chi1 #dce1 #dcf1 #dch ,plan+ tool1 see ,grattoir ,plei/oc5e1 see ,glacial ,epo* ,pliohylobates1 #di1 #ed ,pliopi!cus1 #di1 #ed ,poign>d1 dagg]1 poni>d1 #bga1 #cib1 #dcb ,po9on1 awl1 #bga1 #cjh1 #cdf1 #cib1 #dgj ,po9te1 po9t1 knife1 lance head1 spe> head1 #ae1 #aac1 #aec1 #agb1 #agg1 #agi1 #bdh-bee1 #bgj1 #cjf1 #cjh1 #caj1 #caa1 #dgc2 ,*telp]ron1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #caa2 po9te cran1 %\ld]$1 #bgj1 #cjh1 #caj1 #cac1 #ccd1 #cdj1 #cdb1 #cde1 #cdf1 #ceb2 po9te face plane1 #cda2 po9te de lance1 #bga1 #cjf2 po9te de lauri]1 laurel leaf1 #ae1 #bgj1 #caj-cab1 #ccd1 #ccg1 #cci-cda1 #cdd1 #cde1 #cdg1 #cdh1 #ceb2 po9te de sagaie1 javel9 po9t1 #bga1 #cjh1 #cdj1 #cdf1 #ced1 #cee1 #cfa1 #cfd1 #cgj1 #chc1 #chg1 #cij1 #ddb1 #ddi1 #dfb1 #did2 po9te de saute1 will[ leaf1 #cdj1 #cdd1 #cdg2 po9te soie1 #bgj1 #caj1 #caa1 #cac1 #cdj1 #cde ,poli%]1 see ,lissoir ,portel1 ,le1 #cai1 #cid1 #daa1 #dab ,po/glacial ,/age1 see ,glacial ,epo* ,pott]y1 #dfa1 #dff1 #dgd1 #dhf1 #dhh1 #dif ,praule1 ,tr\ de1 #dce ,pre-,*ellean1 #af1 #ah1 #cf1 #da2 *ronology1 #ah1 #cc1 #dj1 #da1 #ij1 #ajg-aae1 #bhj1 #cfb2 climate1 #ajh1 #aab1 #aad1 #aag1 #aah1 #abc2 fauna1 #ajh-aab1 #aag1 #abd1 #abe2 indu/ry1 #dj1 #aad1 #abj-acj1 #bgj2 /ations1 #aji1 #aaf1 #abb-abh1 #adi1 #aej-aeb1 #aeh1 see ,cont95tal outl9e & ,orig9 ,pedmo/1 #beg1 #bgi1 #cca1 #cda1 #cde1 #cdh1 #cdi1 #cff1 #cie1 #dbg2 see ,brnn race2 mammo? hunt]s1 #bgi1 #ccg ,primates1 #c-aj1 #dj1 #di-fd1 #gc-hd1 #hf1 #adj1 #ada1 #bag1 #bai1 #bbg1 #bca1 #bcc-bce1 #bcg-bdj1 #dij1 #dia ,pr9ce1 ,grotte du1 see ,grimaldi1 ,grottes de ,propliopi!cus1 #di1 #ed ,prop/fels1 #cgb1 #dce1 #ddb1 #dfi ,propulseur1 spe> ?r[]1 d>t ?r[]1 #bga1 #cee1 #cia1 #dcb1 #dcc1 #dcf1 #dde1 #ddi ,pt>migan1 ,lagopus1 #dd1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bhg1 #bhi1 #cgj1 #cga1 #cge1 #dfi ,q ,qu>tz1 #aff ,qu>tzite1 #afc1 #afd1 #bfe ,qu9a1 ,la1 #i1 #aac1 #baa1 #bac1 #bad1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdh1 #bec-bef2 man1 #g1 #i1 #bad1 #baf1 #bag1 #bai1 #bba1 #bbe1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bdh ,r ,rabbit1 #bfe1 #cdc1 #cfh1 #dfh2 see ,lepus cuniculus ,racloir1 scrap]1 #aac1 #aad1 #acj1 #ace1 #agb1 #agh1 #bji1 #bdh1 #bej1 #bea1 #bec-bee1 #bgj1 #cjf1 #chg1 #chh1 #dgj1 #dgb1 #dgc1 #dhh ,rangif] t>&us1 #aic1 #bji1 #baj1 #bhe2 see ,re9de] ,rub]hhle1 #bde1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #cad ,raymond51 #cdi1 #cgf1 #chh1 #dce ,reilhac1 #cca1 #dga ,re9de]1 #ac1 #da1 #dc1 #dd1 #df1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ahg1 #aia-aid1 #aif1 #aig1 #bjb1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bji1 #baj-bab1 #bad1 #bba1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bhd1 #bhe1 #bhf-bhi1 #cad1 #cag1 #ccb1 #ccc1 #cfe1 #cff1 #cgj1 #cgb1 #che1 #cib1 #cii1 #dje1 #djg1 #daa-dac1 #dae1 #dai-dba1 #dbi1 #dcc1 #ddj1 #dda1 #dde1 #ddg1 #dfa1 #dfb1 #dfh1 #dfi1 #dga1 #dgd1 #dha1 #dih2 see ,rangif] ,re9de] ,epo*1 ,p]iod1 #ac1 #ad1 #ajb1 #aib1 #bge1 #bhf1 #cfc1 #cge1 #cib1 #dch1 #def1 #dei ,religion1 #bgb1 #ceh-cfj1 #dfc1 #dfe1 #eja ,rem\*amp1 #dga1 #dgd ,ressauli]1 #dce1 #dcf ,re/orations1 ,knight1 ,*>les ,r41 frontispiece1 #ceh2 ,mc,gregor1 ,j4 ,h[>d1 #i1 #gi-hb1 #hg1 #acg1 #adj1 #adb1 #adc1 #ade1 #bjc1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bgc1 #bic1 #cjj1 #cja2 ,rutot-,mascr1 #gc1 #aja1 #dhd1 #die ,ret\*1 #afi-agb1 #bdh1 #bfi1 #cjf1 #cjh1 #caj1 #cca1 #ccb1 #cch1 #cci1 #ceh1 #chi ,rey1 #cca ,rh5s1 #bhd1 #cad ,rh9oc]os1 #ch1 #ci1 #dc1 #dd1 #fb1 #gf1 #abc1 #bba1 #bde1 #bhi1 #ccg1 #cef1 #cfe1 see ,dic]orh9us2 ,etruscan1 #cd1 #ie-ig1 #aja1 #aji1 #aaj-aab1 #aag1 #abe1 #acd1 #add1 see ,d4 etruscus2 ,m]ck's 7broad-nos$71 #bg1 #dc1 #dg1 #ic1 #id1 #ig1 #ajb1 #aji1 #aai1 #abd1 #abe1 #acd1 #adg1 #adh1 #aea1 #aee1 #aeg1 #afa1 #afd1 #afe1 #agg1 #ahb1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #aib1 #bje1 #bfc-bfe1 see ,d4 m]ckii2 woolly1 #aa1 #ac1 #dj1 #da1 #aag1 #adh1 #agd1 #ahg1 #aij1 #aia1 #aif1 #aii1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bjh-baj1 #bac1 #bah1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bha1 #bhe-bhh1 #cad1 #cai1 #cbd-cbf1 #cdh1 #cfc1 #cff1 #cgb1 #djj1 #dji1 see ,d4 antiquitatis ,riss1 see ,glacial ,epo* ,riv]-drifts1 #e1 #aa1 #ab1 #bc2 =mation1 #bd-bg1 #ij1 #aai1 #aed-aeg1 #ahf2 /ations1 #aad-aaf1 #aai-abd1 #aed-aef2 t]races1 #bj1 #bc1 #bd-bh1 #cd1 #he1 #ij1 #ajd1 #aed-aeg1 #afb ,rob5haus51 #dga1 #die ,roccamorice1 #afg ,ro*e au ,l\p1 #cjg1 #cad ,ro*ette1 ,la1 #bde1 #bdf ,rock ,%elt]s1 #cb1 #cc ,rod5t ,lay]s1 #ddg2 ,l[]1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #baa1 #bha1 #cad2 ,upp]1 #bha1 #cfa1 #cfc1 #ddf ,romanelli1 #cjf1 #cad ,rd]ba*1 #afg ,rd]%eim1 #afg ,rupicapra1 see ,*amois ,ru?1 ,le1 #cad1 #cca1 #dce ,rutot-,mascr1 see ,re/orations ,s ,sablon1 #afb1 #afg ,sabre-too? tig]1 #cd1 #dc1 #fb1 #fi1 #gj1 #gb1 #id1 #ajb1 #aaj-aab1 #aag1 #abe1 #add1 #adg2 see ,ma*rodus ,sagaie1 javel9 po9t1 see ,po9te de sagaie ,saiga antelope1 #dd1 #df1 #aid1 #bhg1 #bhi1 #ccc1 #ceg1 #cfb1 #cff1 #cgc1 #cgd1 #cgf1 #ddi ,saiga t>t>ica1 see ,saiga antelope ,salitre1 #dce ,sa9t ,a*eul1 #e1 #ad1 #af1 #aji1 #aaf1 #aai-abd1 #abg-abi1 #adi-aeb1 #aee1 #afb1 #afc1 #aff1 #afg1 #agj1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bdi1 #bhc1 #cad1 #cca1 #dce1 #ddj ,sa9t ,lizi]1 #dce ,sa9t ,m>t9 d',excideuil1 #cca ,sa9t ,pre/1 #ag1 #fg-fi ,san ,isidro1 #aji1 #abf1 #adi1 #aeb1 #afg1 #bde1 #bdf ,sciurus vulg>is1 #cfg2 see ,squirrel ,s*mie*5fels1 #cgb1 #dce1 #dfi ,s*uss5quelle1 #cgb1 #dce1 #ddb ,s*uss5ri$1 #dce1 #dda2 see ,s*uss5quelle ,s*weiz]sbild1 #bhf1 #cfa1 #cfd1 #cgj1 #dce1 #dda1 #ddb1 #ddd-ddg1 #ddi1 #dfj ,scrap]1 see ,racloir ,sculpture1 #cag1 #cbj-cbc1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #cdg-cdi1 #cef-ceh1 #cib1 #cic1 #cie1 #cif1 #dbg-dcd ,second ,glacial ,/age1 see ,glacial ,epo* ,second ,int]glacial ,/age1 see ,glacial ,epo* ,sev5 ,oaks1 #dga1 #dge ,%elt]s1 abris1 see ,rock ,%elt]s ipka1 #bad1 #bai1 #bba1 #bbh1 #bde1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #dce1 #ddi ,sireuil1 #cad1 #cbb1 #cie ,sirg5/e91 #bja1 #bjb1 #bde1 #bdh1 #bhe1 #cad1 #cca1 #cgj1 #cgb1 #dce1 #dda1 #dfj ,sivapi!cus1 #eaa ,siwalik1 see ,fauna ,solutr1 #af1 #bgi1 #bhc1 #bhf1 #bhh1 #bid1 #cad1 #ccj1 #cca1 #cda-cde1 #cgc1 #dce1 #dcf1 #dch ,solutrean1 #ad-af1 #ah1 #da1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgf1 #bgh1 #bhj2 art1 #cdg-cej1 #ceg2 burial cu/oms1 #ccb2 *ronology1 #ah1 #cc1 #da1 #ajh1 #bhj1 #cfb2 climate1 #da1 #ajh1 #bgf1 #bhj1 #bha1 #ccb1 #ccc2 fauna1 #ccb-ccd1 #cdc1 #cdh1 #cff2 human fossils1 #bgi1 #ccd-ccg2 indu/ry1 #bge-bgh1 #ccj-ccb1 #ccd1 #cch-cdh1 #cea1 #ceb1 #ced1 #ceh2 /ations1 #cbf-cbh1 #cca1 #ccg1 #cdj-cdh1 see ,orig9 ,somme ,riv]1 #ab1 #aaj1 #aab1 #aad-aag1 #aai1 #abj1 #abb-abe1 #abg1 #afb1 #beb1 #bgf ,sorde1 #bgi1 #cgh1 #dce1 #dch ,s\zy1 #dce ,sp]mophilus rufesc5s1 #aid1 #cgc2 see ,suslik ,spe>-po9t1 see ,po9te ,spee*1 p[] (1 #d1 #eh1 #fj1 #aci1 #adj ,spi5nes1 #abg1 #abh1 #die ,spy1 #afb1 #bad1 #bdd1 #bde1 #caa1 #cad1 #cca2 man1 #g1 #aha1 #bad1 #bah-bbj1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bca-bcc1 #bce-bcg1 #bdd1 #bef1 #beg1 #dij ,squirrel1 #ddg1 #dih2 see ,sciurus vulg>is ,/ag1 #dc1 #dd1 #ie1 #ajf1 #aai1 #ahg1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bhh1 #ccc1 #cfd1 #cfg1 #cgj1 #cgb1 #dje1 #dbf1 #dbi1 #def1 #dfa1 #dfc1 #dfh1 #dfi1 #dha1 #dhh1 #dig1 #dih2 see ,c]vus elaphus & ,de]1 r$ ,/egodon1 #gf1 #acd ,/rassb]g1 #dce ,/ratification ( ,ca/illo1 #afd2 ,enfants1 ,grotte des1 #bfe2 ,heidelb]g1 #ig2 ,madele9e1 ,la1 #che2 ,mas d',azil1 #dfa2 ,(net1 #dgf2 ,piltd[n1 #acc2 ,plac>d1 #ccc-ccd2 ,sa9t ,a*eul1 #abb1 #abc1 #aej2 ,s*weiz]sbild1 #ddg2 ,sirg5/e91 #bjb ,subsid5ce1 see ,cont95tal outl9e ,sureau1 ,tr\ du1 #dce ,sus1 arv]n5sis1 #fc2 scr(a1 #ga2 scr(a f]us1 #adg1 #afe1 #cfh1 #dfi2 scr(a palu/ris1 #dii2 see ,bo> ,suslik1 #bjf1 #bhi1 #ddg2 see ,sp]mophilus rufesc5s ,t ,tables1 see ,li/s ,t>d5oisian1 see ,azilian-,t>d5oisian ,tasmanian comp>$ ) ,ne&]?al1 #bcb1 #bcc2 see ,ne&]?al ,tauba*1 #aai1 #afg1 #bad ,tecti=ms1 #bhc1 #bhd1 #djc1 #djd ,t]races1 see ,riv]-drifts ,teutonic race1 #deh1 #dhf1 #dhh1 #dii-eja ,teyjat1 #chh1 #cid1 #cif1 #dce2 see ,mairie1 ,grotte de la1 & ,abri ,mge ,?i$e1 #cad ,?ird ,glacial ,/age1 see ,glacial ,epo* ,?ird ,int]glacial ,/age1 see ,glacial ,epo* ,?r[+ /one1 see ,pi]re de jet ,?umb1 opposable1 #ee1 #eh1 #fj1 #bdj ,tibia1 %9-bone #bcg-bci1 #bda1 #bff1 #bih ,till\x1 #aji1 #adi1 #aeb1 #afg ,torralba1 #aji1 #abf1 #adi1 #aeb ,t\rasse1 ,la1 #dga1 #dhf ,trilobite1 ,grotte du1 #cad1 #cbd1 #cbf1 #cca1 #cdj1 #cda1 #cdd1 #cdg1 #ddj ,tr9il race1 see ,pi!can?ropus ,trogon!rium1 #de1 #fi1 #id2 see ,beav]1 giant ,tuc d',aud\b]t1 #cb1 #cie1 #cif1 #djf1 #dbg-dca1 #dce ,tundra1 see ,climate1 glacial2 see ,fauna ,turb>ian1 ,l[]1 #cfa2 ,upp]1 #cfc ,u ,upp] drift1 #aia ,upp] ,rod5t ,lay]1 see ,rod5t ,lay]s ,uro*s1 ,auro*s1 see ,bos primig5ius & ,cattle ,ursus1 arctos1 #ajb1 #adg1 #baa1 #dfi2 arv]n5sis1 #fc1 #id1 #ajb2 d5+]i1 #ajb2 spelu1 #de1 #ahc1 #baj1 #baa1 #cfi2 see ,be> & ,cave-be> ,v ,va*e1 ,grotte de la1 #dce1 #dcg1 #dga ,valle1 #dce1 #dff1 #dga1 #dgd ,v5osa1 #afg ,villejuif1 #cj1 #afg1 #agf ,volgu1 #cca1 #cci1 #cde ,vlkl9%(51 #bhd1 #cad ,vulpes1 #dfi2 see ,fox ,w ,w>m fauna1 see ,faune *aude ,weim>1 #afg ,wi]s*[ie1 #bde1 #bdh1 #cca ,wildcat1 ,felis catus1 #dc1 #fc1 #ie1 #bhg1 #dih ,wildhaus1 #cad1 #dce ,wildkir*li1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bde1 #bdg1 #bef ,wilds*eu]1 #bhf1 #cad1 #cgj1 #dce1 #ddb1 #ddd ,will5dorf1 #cj1 #bgi1 #caa-cae1 #cbb1 #cie ,w9t]l+51 #dce ,wis5t1 see ,bison ,wolf1 #dc1 #dd1 #ga1 #ie1 #adg1 #afe1 #ahg1 #bjf1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #ccc1 #cdc1 #cdh1 #cef1 #cff1 #dda1 #ddg1 #dfh1 #dih2 see ,canis suessi & ,cyon alp9us fossilis ,wolv]cote1 #afg ,wolv]5e1 glutton1 #dd1 #df1 #ga1 #aic1 #bhg1 #bhi1 #cdh1 #cgj1 #ddg1 #dfh1 #dih2 see ,gulo luscus ,wrm1 see ,glacial ,epo* ,w/e ,s*eu]1 #dga ,z ,zonhov51 #dga1 #dgd ,zuff5haus51 #cad ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,cav]n ,,regions ,,( ,,s\?we/]n ,,europe ,,includ+ ,,! ,,cav]ns ,,t ,,conta9 ,,paleoli?ic ,,mural ,,decorations ,region trav]s$ 9 ! au?or's motor t\r ( #aiab ?r\gh ! ,paloli?ic cav]ns ( ,italy1 ,france1 & ,spa94 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,! fold+ map at ! end ( ! volume exhibits ! entire ext5t ( ! au?or's t\r4 ,b ,lucretius 0 born #ie ,b4 ,c4 ,8 poem 0 complet$ be=e #ec ,b4 ,c4 ,9 ! op5+ l9es ( ,book ,,iii he attributes all 8 philosophy & sci5ce to ! ,greeks4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,i4 ,c ,lucretius1 ,on ! ,nature ( ,?+s1 metrical v]sion by ,j4 ,m4 ,good4 ,bohn's ,classical ,libr>y1 ,london1 #ahij4 ,d ,horace 0 born #fe ,b4 ,c41 & 8 ,satires are attribut$ to ! ye>s #ce-bi ,b4 ,c4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,ii4 ,e s*ylus 0 born #ebe ,b4 ,c4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,iii4 ,f ,georges ,l\is ,lecl]c ,buffon 7b4 #agjg1 d4 #aghh74 ,= reviews ( ,buffon's op9ions & !ories see ,osborn1 #ahid4a1 pp4 #acj-i2 also ,butl]1 #aiaa4a1 pp4 #gd-agb4 ,g ,jean ,bapti/e ,pi]re ,anto9e de ,monet1 kn[n z ! ,*evali] de ,lam>ck 7b4 #agdd1 d4 #ahbi74 ,= a summ>y ( ! views ( ,lam>ck see ,osborn1 #ahid4a1 pp4 #aeb-aha2 also ,butl]1 #aiaa4a1 pp4 #bce-cad1 an excell5t pres5tation ( ,lam>ck's op9ions4 ,h ,ref]5ces are indicat$ by numb]s only ?r\gh\t ! text4 ,at ! close ( ea* *apt] is a li/ giv+ ! au?or1 date1 & ref]5ce numb] = e citation4 ,a full li/ ( all ! works cit$1 includ+ ^? f :i* illu/rations h be5 tak51 toge!r ) complete ref]5ces1 w be f\nd 9 ! bibliography at ! end ( ! book4 ,i ,! be/ ref]5ce works on ! hi/ory ( ,fr5* & ,g]man ,paloli?ic ,ar*ology are3 ,c>tailhac17#ab7 ,la ,france ,prhi/orique2 ,d*elette17#ac7 ,manuel d',ar*ologie1 ,t4 #a2 ,re9a*17#ad7 ,catalogue du ,muse de ,/4-,g]ma93 ,alluvions et ,cav]nes2 ,s*midt17#ae7 ,die diluviale ,vorzeit ,deuts*l&s2 ,avebury17#af7 ,prehi/oric ,times4 ,j ,! ,cann/att skull & ,cann/att race are n[ reg>d$ z ,neoli?ic1 & !re=e n contempor>y ) ! mammo? or ! cave-be>4 ,k ,note t li/s & tables ( races1 cultural /ages1 faun1 etc41 9 ?is volume are giv5 n 9 *ronological b 9 /ratigraphic ord]1 beg9n+ ) ! mo/ rec5t at ! top & end+ ) ! olde/ at ! bottom4 ,l ,?is table is a modification ( t ( ,ob]mai] 9 8 ,m5s* d] ,vorzeit47#ch7 ,to ea* p]iod ( ! *ronologic reckon+ %\ld be add$ ! #aijj ye>s ( our era4 ,m ,bison & wild cattle are grass eat]s1 & _! natural habitats are ! op5 pla9 & mead[ regions4 ,!y also range into op5 =e/ l&s :]e grasses c be f\nd4 ,! prehi/oric 'urus' & 'wis5t' ( ,europe 7 bo? f\nd 9 =e/s1 b ?is may n h be5 _! natural habitat 9 ,paloli?ic times4 ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,iv4 ,n ,a rec5t article by ,a4 ,smi? ,woodw>d describes ! f\r? kn[n specim5 ( ,dryopi!cus1 lately discov]$ 9 nor!rn ,spa9 7see ,woodw>d1 #aiad4b74 ,o ,!re is a va/ ,pi!can?ropus lit]ature4 ,t *iefly utiliz$ 9 ! pres5t description includes ,dubois17#ac7 ,fis*]17#ad7 ,s*walbe17#ae7 ,b*n]47#af7 ,p ,9 ! ,tr9il skull z re/or$ by ,mc,gregor 7,fig4 #cf7 ! cranial capacity is #ijj c4cm4 ,q ,^! horses are n[ id5tifi$ respectively z ,e4 mau]5sis1 ,e4 mosba*5sis1 & ,e4 sss5born5sis4 ,r ,?is glaciation z x occurs 9 nor!rn ,europe has be5 t]m$ ,pol&ian by ,geikie2 9 ! ,alps ,p5ck has t]m$ x ! ,riss2 9 ,am]ica x is kn[n z ! ,ill9oian f ! great drifts x deposit$ ov] ! ,/ate ( ,ill9ois4 ,s ,?is /age is kn[n z ! ,helvetian or ,drnt5ian ( ,geikie2 x is ! ,riss-,wrm ( ,p5ck's t]m9ology & ! ,sangamon ( ! ,am]ican glaciologi/s4 ,t ,modifi$ aft] ,s*midt4 ,u ,! weakness ( ,p5ck's argum5t = plac+ ! ,*ellean 9 ! ,second ,int]glacial 0 expos$ by precise obs]vations ( ,b\le7#e7 & ,ob]mai]7#f7 9 ! ,alps1 ! ,jura1 & ! ,pyr5ees4 ,v ,! writ] is indebt$ to ,m4 ,m>cel9 ,b\le & to ,m4 l',abb ,h5ri ,breuil = _! obs]vations on ?is fauna & culture p]iod4 ,w ,indu/ry simil> to ! ,*ellean1 b n necess>ily ( ! same age1 is di/ribut$ all ov] ea/]n ,africa f ,egypt to ! ,cape4 ,x ,s*midt reg>ds ! ,/rpyan implem5ts1 :i* are consid]$ by ,rutot & o!rs to be transitional1 betwe5 ! ,mesv9ian & ! ,*ellean1 z closely simil> to ! ,pre-,*ellean ( ,france & probably ( ! same age4 ,y ,! orig9al pap] describ+ ?is rem>kable discov]y 0 read be=e ! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 ,decemb]1 #aiab1 & publi%$ z a sep>ate pamphlet 9 ,m>*1 #aiac4 ,a discussion z to ! geologic age by ,k5n>d1 ,clem5t ,reid1 & o!rs 0 held at ! "t ( ! read+ ( ! orig9al pap]4 ,z ,by ! au?or ( ?is "w1 & also by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,h[>d ,mc,gregor ( ,columbia ,univ]sity & ,doctor ,william ,k4 ,gregory ( ,columbia ,univ]sity & ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,,aa ,guide to ! ,fossil ,rema9s ( ,man1 #aiae4a4 ,,ab ,! recon/ruction 7,fig4 #ff7 ( ! ,piltd[n skull made by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor has a cranial capacity ( ab\t #acjj c4cm4 ,! bra9 7,fig4 #gj7 is se5 to be v n>r[ & l[ 9 ! prefrontal area1 ! seat ( ! high] m5tal faculties4 ,9 ! recon/ruction ! cranial region is 9 ! ma9 v l ! second re/oration by ,doctor ,smi? ,woodw>d1 b ! jaws diff] 9 "s respects4 ,! too? hi!rto reg>d$ z a "r l[] can9e1 is n[ plac$ z ! left upp] can9e1 9 accord ) ! conclusions ( ! au?or ( ?is "w & ( ,doctors ,mat!w & ,gregory ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,! d5tal ar*es are m curv$1 ?us m human & less ape-l ?an 9 ! ,smi? ,woodw>d re/oration1 & ! *9 region is made some:at deep]1 ?us giv+ a some:at less progna?\s aspect to ! face4 ,,ac ,! e>ly ,teutonic designation ( ^! animals 0 z foll[s3 bison1 'wis5t1' wild ox1 'au]o*s1' 'uro*s' 7! 'urus' ( ,cs>74 ,! urus surviv$ 9 ,g]many z late z ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :ile a few ( ! bison or 'wis5t' survive to ! pres5t "t4 ,! bison 0 di/9ctively a %ort-head$ animal1 :ile its contempor>y1 ! urus1 0 long-head$ & less agile4 ,at ,drnt51 ne> ,zri*1 rema9s ( ! urus are f\nd associat$ ) ^? ( ! h>dy1 /raight-tusk$ elephant & ( ,m]ck's rh9oc]os4 7,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,iv47 ,,ad ,! au?or 0 guid$ ?r\gh ?is /ation by ,doctor ,hugo ,ob]mai] 9 ! summ] ( #aiab4 ,,ae ,! entire f\r? glaciation has be5 t]m$ ,meckl5burgian by ,geikie27#f7 ! recession may correspond ) 8 ,f\r? ,int]glacial ,/age1 ! ,l[] ,=e/ian4 ,x is ! ,wrm ( ,p5ck 9 ! ,alp9e region1 ) a fir/ & second maximum sep>at$ by ! recession kn[n z ! ,lauf5s*wankung4 ,9 ,am]ica x is ! e>ly ,wiscons9 ) ! ,peorian recession int]val1 foll[$ by ! late ,wiscons91 :i* is ! f9al great glaciation ( ,am]ica4 ,,af ,ob]mai]1 ,breuil & ,s*midt assign ,la ,micoque to ! transition betwe5 late ,a*eulean & e>ly ,m\/]ian times4 ,,ag ,! climate ( ! tundras is extreme1 ! w9t] temp]ature fall+ on an av]age to #bg;,f4 bel[ z]o1 :ile 9 summ] ! temp]ature is ab\t #ej;,f4 ,9 ! sub>ctic /eppes ! av]age ,janu>y temp]ature h>dly exce$s #cj;,f41 :ile t ( ,july is #gj;,f4 ,,ah ,! la/ ( ?is v primitive race ( ! great isl& ( ,tasmania became ext9ct 9 #ahgg47fb7 ,,ai ,?is cav]n1 l _m ( ^? discov]$ 9 ! e>ly days ( an?ropological rese>*1 0 n c>efully explor$ 9 ref]5ce to ! all-important horizontal b$d+ ( ! lay]s ( fl9t flakes & ( animal rema9s4 ,,aj ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,vi4 ,,ak ,nam$ 9 honor ( ! reign+ ,pr9ce ( ,monaco1 ^: g5]\s gifts & p]sonal int]e/ made ! adequate exploration ( ^! grottos possible4 ,,al ,?is correlation agrees 9 ! ma9 ) t ( ,s*midt 9 8 ,diluviale ,vorzeit ,deuts*l&s47#aj7 ,,am ,ob]mai]17#ai7 ,r4 ,m>t947#bj7 ,,an ,d5otes v frequ5t occurr5ce ( a typical =m4 ,,ao ,d5otes v frequ5t occurr5ce ( a typical =m4 ,,ap ,d5otes v frequ5t occurr5ce ( a typical =m4 ,,aq ,breuil17#cd7 ,s*midt47#ce7 ,,ar ,! writ] _h ! privilege ( visit+ all ^! cav]ns 9 ! company ei!r ( ,pr(essor ,emile ,c>tailhac1 or ( ! ,abb ,breuil4 ,,z ,despite ,s*walbe's /atem5t1 ! supraorbital ridges 9 ?is skull appe> to =m a complete bridge4 ,doctor ,hrdlika reg>ds ! relat$ ,pedmo/ skull z di/9ctly %[+ ,ne&]?aloid aff9ity4 ,,at ,ob]mai]17#de7 ,r4 ,m>t947#df7 ,,au ,f notes by ,doctor ,rob]t ,h4 ,l[ie 7,nov4 #af1 #aiad7 ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory on ! op9ions ( ,m>ett 7,an?ropology7 & ( ,james4 ,,av ,aft] ,ob]mai]17#aj7 ,r4 ,m>t917#aa7 & o!rs4 ,,aw ,?is cu/om is obs]v$ aga9 9 ,azilian times 9 ! burials at ,(net on ! ,danube 7see page #dge74 ,,ax ,! :ole hi/ory ( ^! successive discov]ies1 beg9n+ ) ! f9d+ ( an engrav$ bone1 9 #ahcd1 9 ! grotto ( ,*affaud1 & conclud+ ) ! discov]ies ( ,lalanne1 & ( ,bg\51 9 #aiab1 is summ>iz$ 9 ! admirable little h&book by ,salomon ,re9a*47#bc7 ,?is conv5i5t volume also includes outl9e trac+s ( ! m important draw+s & sculptures f\nd 9 we/]n ,europe up to ! pres5t "t4 ,,ay ,only a few draw+s f ?is cav]n h z yet be5 publi%$1 su* z ! fam\s mammo? ( ,comb>elles2 ! entire "w is 9 ! h&s ( ,breuil4 ,,az ,! /ations ( ,ca/illo1 ( ,pasiega1 & ( ,altamira 7 visit$ by ! writ]1 "u ! guidance ( ,doctor ,hugo ,ob]mai]1 9 ,augu/1 #aiab4 ,,ba ,lett] ( ,octob] #bc1 #aiab4 ,,bb ,j4 ,bay]7#cd7 has lately express$ ! op9ion t ! indu/ry ( ! op5 'loess' /ations ( ,munz+51 ,aggsba*1 & ,gobelsburg is n really ( ,magdal5ian age1 b repres5ts an atypical ,aurignacian4 ,,bc ,lucretius1 ,on ! ,nature ( ,?+s1 metrical v]sion by ,j4 ,m4 ,good4 ,bohn's ,classical ,libr>y1 ,london1 #ahij4 ,,bd ,bossuet1 ,jacques ,bnigne1 ,disc\rs sur l',hi/oire univ]selle 7fir/ publi%$ 9 #afha71 pp4 #i1 #aj4 ,edition con=me celle de #agjj1 troisime et d]nire dition revue p> l'auteur4 ,p>is1 ,librairie de ,firm9 ,didot ,frres1 #ahde4 ,,be ,! ,satires1 ,epi/les & ,ars ,poetica ( ,horace1 ! ,lat9 ,text ) ,con+ton's ,translation1 pp4 #bi1 #ca4 ,george ,bell ,sons1 ,london1 #aijd4 ,,bf s*ylus1 ,prome!us ,b\nd4 ,elizabe? ,b>rett ,br[n+1 ,poetical ,works ( ,elizabe? ,b>rett ,br[n+1 pp4 #adh1 #adi4 ,ox=d edition1 #aijf4 ,h5ry ,fr[de1 ,london1 ,ed9burgh1 ,glasg[1 ,new ,york1 & ,toronto4 ,,bg ,kobelt1 ,w41 ,die ,v]breitung d] ,ti]welt1 pp4 #djc-g4 ,c4 ,h4 ,tau*nitz1 ,leipsic1 #aijb4 ,,bh ,ab]cromby1 ,hon4 ,john1 ,! ,prehi/oric ,pott]y ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s & ,its ,mak]s4 ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 ,novemb] #ag1 #aiad4 ,nature1 ,decemb] #c1 #aiad1 p4 #chc4 ,,bi ,v]neau1 ,dr4 ,r41 ,c9q annes de sj\r aux les ,can>ies4 7,ouvrage c\ronn p> l',acadmie des sci5ces1 #ahia47 ,,bj ,bunbury1 ,e4 ,h4 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,geography1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cah-ccc4 ,john ,murray1 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,,bk ,au?ors' names are giv5 9 ! bibliography & 9 ! ref]5ce li/s at ! end ( ea* *apt]4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by italics4 ,passages 9 bold are indicat$ by bold4 ,sup]script$ *>act]s are indicat$ by sup]script4