,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,9 ?is e-text1 ! foll[+ transcriptions are us$3 italics are repres5t$ betwe5 und]scores1 bold face text is repres5t$ betwe5 equals symbols1 & small capitals h be5 *ang$ to ,,all ,,capitals4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ! text4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate4 #a4 ,,angul>ly ,,lam9at$ ,,/eel ,,b>rel$ ,,gun ,,lam9at$ ,,/eel ,,b>rel$ ,,gun ,,gunn]y ,,9 #aheh3 ,,be+ ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,rifles1 ,,cannon1 ,,& ,,sport+ ,,arms2 ,,expla9+ ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,gunn]y1 ,,& ,,describ+ ,,! ,,newe/ ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,fire-,,arms4 ,,by ,,william ,,gre5]1 ,c4,e41 ,,inv5tor ,,( ,,! ,,expansive ,,pr9ciple ,,z ,,appli$ ,,9 ,,! ,,m9ie ,,& ,,enfield ,,rifles1 ,,& ,,au?or ,,( 8,,! ,,gun10 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,,) ,,num]\s ,,illu/rations4 ,,london3 ,,smi?1 ,,eld] ,,& ,,co41 #ef1 ,,cornhill4 #aheh4 7,! ,"r ( ,translation is res]v$47 ,,preface4 ,! urg5t ne$ = practical in=mation on ! important subject ( ,gunn]y is ev9c$ by ! num]\s pat5ts tak5 out dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 mo/ ( :i* h fall5 /ill-born1 ?r\gh defici5t practical sci5ce on ! "p ( ! inv5tors4 ,my aim 9 produc+ ?is book has be5 to po9t out ! errors into :i* _m +5i\s inv5tors h fall51 & to %[ h[ simil> failures may be avoid$ 9 future1 by indicat+ ! only "r road to improvem5t 9 ,gunn]y1--! /rict obs]vance ( sci5tific pr9ciples 9 e old process & 9 all new inv5tions3 = x is to ! ignorance or neglect ( ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce t failures 9 ,gunn]y are due4 ,! necessity = progress 9 ! sci5ce ( ,gunn]y is n[ r5d]$ m ?an ev] imp]ative on our ,gov]nm5t by ! prodigi\s en]gy & activity ( =eign ,gov]nm5ts 9 provid+ armam5ts = l& & sea s]vice1 ! effici5cy ( :i* is ensur$ by adopt+ all ! newe/ improvem5ts 9 fire-arms4 ,b ! ob/9ate reluctance :i* all our previ\s ,gov]nm5ts h %[n to ent] ^u !1 to !m unwelcome1 duty ( inve/igat+ & exp]im5t+ on w>like inv5tions1 necessitates /rong 8pressure f )\t20 = x may be truly said t all great improvem5ts 9 ,gunn]y 9 ,engl& h be5 =c$ ^u ! au?orities by absolute necessity1 & x is /ill a "q :e!r we %all pr(it by our rec5t exp]i5ces1 or1 z be=e1 all[ w> to f9d u unprep>$4 ,we h1 d\btless1 armam5ts ( gigantic proportions1 & mammo? vessels ( w>1 capable ( dis*>g+ an ord9>y %ip's c>go ( %ot & %ell at a broadside2 yet :ile millions h be5 ?us exp5d$1 ! improvem5t ( ! ,gun1 )\t :i* !y w\ld be m]e masses ( wood1 & t>gets = m skilful oppon5ts1 has be5 neglect$4 ,! ,,gun & its ,,projectile w decide ! victory 9 future fights4 ,inde$1 we are ev5 n[ wag+ w> ) our neighb\rs1--n on ! battle-field or ! ocean wave1 b 9 ! f\ndry2 eng9e]s be+ our g5]als1 & f\nd]s our admirals4 ,! pres5t able rul] ( ,france is actively at "w1 :ile we are b look+ on3 he is ca/+ cannon ! l ( :i* h nev] be5 se51 :ile we are sp5d+ ?\s&s 9 exp]im5t+ on ca/-iron & f\ndries2 & by ! "t our (ficials h discov]$ ! be/ ca/-iron = heavy guns1 ! ,fr5* batt]ies on sea & l& w be bri/l+ ) ,,rifl$ ,,/eel ,,cannon ( trem5d\s range & endless endurance4 ,woe betide ?is c\ntry if at ! comm5cem5t ( a w> we %\ld f9d ourselves j :]e we are4 ,! ,emp]or ,napoleon1 z is well kn[n1 is well v]s$1 !oretically & practically1 9 ev]y?+ relat+ to ,gunn]y4 ,ke5ly alive to ! m9ute/ po9ts ( progress he receives1 inve/igates1 & imm$iately adopts all inv5tions ( value2 hav+ ! ability to p]ceive1 ! sagacity to appreciate1 & ! lib]ality to rew>d m]it :]ev] x is %[n4 ,comp>e 8 sy/em ) ours1 :]e m5 are plac$ 9 (ficial positions1 & entru/$ ) p[]1 n because ( _! ability to fulfil ! duties ( _! (fice1 b = v inf]ior & (t5 unwor?y reasons2 :]e tal5t & fitness are n consid]$1 & consequ5tly a long r\t9e ( =ms is made to s]ve z 8a buff]0 to resi/ ! tr\blesome p]t9acity ( inv5tors1 :o are apt to di/urb ! s]5ity ( reluctant or indiff]5t (ficials4 ,& :5 at la/ a trial is grant$1 ! inv5tion is ei!r reject$ or approv$ by incompet5t or prejudic$ judges4 ,:ile ?is practice prevails1 ,engl& mu/ ev] be beh9dh& 9 ,gunn]y2 = improvem5ts 9 cannon & projectiles _c be c>ri$ out by private ent]prise4 ,9 ?us /rongly express+ my op9ion ( ! way 9 :i* progress is balk$1 ,i am n m]ely e*o+ a cry1 b speak+ f my own k & exp]i5ce4 ,i am actuat$ by no feel+ ( disappo9tm5t1 = my inv5tion ( 8! expansive bullet0 has be5 at la/ adopt$ "h1 aft] x _h be5 copi$ 9 ,france4 ,my object is to induce public inve/igation & inquiry1 & to v5tilate ?is important subject2 & ,i tru/ t my antec$5ts1 & ! fulfilm5t ( my pr$ictions 9 matt]s ( ,gunn]y1 w give weight to ?is delib]ate & dis9t]e/$ expression ( op9ion4 ,! great fav\r %[n by lov]s ( %oot+ to my =m] ef=ts to dissem9ate a bett] und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples ( ,gunn]y1 has be5 an additional /imulus to ! production ( ! pres5t "w2 & ,i h tak5 especial c>e t my obs]vations %\ld t5d to ! improvem5t ( sport+ arms1 & ! increas$ safety ( ! sportsman4 ,nor has ! +5i\s me*anic be5 ov]look$1 = p]fection ( gun-manufacture mu/ ev] g h& 9 h& ) sci5tific pr9ciple2 & ! desire to promote _! comb9ation has prompt$ my endeav\rs to elucidate ! subject4 ,leav+ to ! read] to det]m9e h[ f> ,i h succe$$ 9 my ef=ts1 ,i m]ely wi% to add t ,i make no pret5sion to lit]>y /yle1 b h aim$ to produce a practical "w = practical m54 ,i h drawn ^u my previ\s works = su* portions ( in=mation z 7 ne$ful to give complet5ess to ?is view ( ! sci5ce ( ,gunn]y1 its pres5t /ate1 & probable future4 ,,william ,,gre5]4 ,a/on ,new ,t[n1 ,septemb] #crd1 #aheh4 ,,illu/rations4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates4 ,plate #a4--,lam9at$ ,/eel ,b>rels--,to face ,title4 #b4--;,damascus & ,fancy ,/eel ,b>rels ,to face ,page #bbh #c4--,/ub ,twi/ & ,/ub ,damascus ,b>rels #bcd #d4--;,*>coal ,iron & 8,?reep5ny0 ,iron ,b>rels #bda #e4--8,twop5ny0 ,iron & 8,%am ,damn0 ,iron ,b>rels #bdj ,,woodcuts4 ,,page ,cannon ( #acij #f ,iron %ip gun ( #aedj #aj ,paixhan gun & trav]s+ b$ #fd ,c>ronade #fg ,new plan ( ca/+ a holl[ axle #ie ,mallet's mon/] mort> #ajj ,russian #ef-p\nd] #aad ,eight-in* ,briti% gun #aad ,sixty-eight p\nd c>ronade #aaf ,monck's #ef-p\nd] #aag ,t5-in* or #hf-p\nd] #aag ,?irte5-in* sea s]vice mort> #aai ,?irte5-in* l& s]vice mort> #aai ,weld+ /eel #aee ,wire twi/ & ,damascus iron #afj ,/eel & iron twi/ #agc ,spirals ( ,damascus1 c4 #ahg ,spirals ( *>coal & skelp #ahh ,spirals ( ,w$nesbury & 8%am damn0 iron #ahi ,b>rel weld+ #aia ,me?od ( plat+ b>rels #aie ,bor+ b>rels #aih ,sections ( conical bree*es1 d\ble b>rel #bji ,london & ,birm+ham pro( m>ks #bea ,mode ( prov+ guns #bed ,sections ( nipples #bhc ,expansive plug bullet #cdc ,enfield b>rel & bullet #cgg ,:itwor? b>rel & bullet #cgg ,swiss bullet #cia ,gre5]'s model c>b9e #dja ,poly-groove rifle #djc ,trant]'s d\ble trigg] revolv] #dba ,trant]'s d\ble action revolv] #dbd ,webley's revolv] #dbe ,h>poon gun #dcb ,%ot t[] #dce ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,anci5t ,,arms4 ,,page4 ,! b[--,! sl+--,crossb[--,field artill]y ( ! ,normans-- ,artill]y ( ! anci5ts--,range ( ! crossb[ & longb[--,! ram ( ,vespasian--,guns fir/ employ$ 9 #acbg--;,guns at ! battle ( ,cressy--,cannon ( #acij--,skill ( ,engli% ar*]s--,def5sive arm\r-- ,portable fire>ms inv5t$ 9 #adcj--,primitive h&-gun--,iron cannon recov]$ f ! ,m>y ,rose1 wreck$ 9 #aede--8;,*amb]s0--,mat*- lock & :eel-lock--,fire-lock--,damascus gun-b>rels--,birm+ham guns--,spani% pi/ol ) magaz9e--,p]cussion lock--,! revolv+ pi/ol n a new inv5tion--,colt's revolv]--,bree*-load+ guns #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,on ,,gunp[d]4 ,orig9 ( its inv5tion--,rog] ,bacon's recipe--,accid5tal discov]y by a ,g]man monk--,gunp[d] introduc$ by ! ,s>ac5s--,its explosive & propellant prop]ties--,composition ( gunp[d]--,nitre its ess5ce--,prop]ties ( sulphur z an +r$i5t--,proportions & con/itu5ts ( ,fr5* gunp[d]--,sulphur n always indisp5sable-- ,*emical pr9ciples ( its composition--,compon5t p>ts ( diff]5t gunp[d]s--,s\rce ( its explosive =ce--,explosion at ,gate%ead-- ,v>iations 9 /r5g? & quickness ( fire--,granulation ( sport+ gunp[d] & ( artill]y gunp[d]--,importance ( suitable granulation = diff]5t fire>ms--,l>ge gra9 p[d] ! m effectual expellant--,f9e p[d] dang]\s--,pr9ciple ( granulation-- ,gun-cotton--,imp]fect in/rum5t = te/+ gunp[d]--,*>coal-- ,op]ation ( mak+ gunp[d] describ$--8,glaz+0 detrim5tal-- ,utility ( granulation--,f9e gra9 p[d]--,dr4 ,ure on ! projectile =ce ( gunp[d]--,dr4 ,hutton's calculations & exp]im5ts--,mode ( controll+ ! de/ructive =ce ( gunp[d]--,exp]im5ts to te/ ! velocity ( explosive =ce ( diff]5t granulations--,! gra9 %\ld be proportion$ to ! l5g? & bore ( ! gun--,*lorate ( potassa us$ by ! ,fr5* 9 mak+ gunp[d]--,simil> p[d] propos$ by ,mr4 ,p>r1 & condemn$ by ,sir ,william ,congreve--,velocity 9 projectile =ce mu/ be gradual--,curi\s exp]im5t--,op]ation ( bla/+ /one1 c41 ) gunp[d]--,engli% sport+ gunp[d]-- ,milit>y & naval gunp[d]--,fame ( ,engli% gunp[d] mak]s #ah ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,artill]y4 ,def9ition ( ! t]m--,mod]n field gun--,engli% artill]y beh9d ! m>* ( sci5ce--,(ficial ob/acles to improvem5t--,v>i\s k9ds ( ,briti% artill]y--,table ( measurem5ts1 & range ( iron ordnance--,brass guns--,_! peculi> prop]ty--,fir+ ( brass & iron guns comp>$--,range ( brass ordnance--,paixhan guns--,trav]s+ b$s = %ip guns--,ranges ( ,paixhan guns & h[itz]s--,mort>s-- ,_! uses & v>ieties--,mon/] mort> at siege ( ,antw]p--,table ( ,engli% mort> practice--,c>ronades--,table ( weights ( guns & %ot --,causes ( ,recoil--,guns ( our ance/ors--,metal requir$ 9 re> ( ! bree*--,results ( ,hutton's exp]im5ts--,weight 9 =e-"p ( gun injuri\s--,firm base = a gun ess5tial--,lead5 b$ = mort>s sugge/$--,new mat]ials desirable = projectiles--,mr4 ,monk's gun unequall$--,pr9ciple ( its con/ruction--,wilk9son's op9ion--,wa/e ( explosive =ce 9 ordnance--,! propellant =ce %\ld be accel]ative--,?is atta9able by a prop] granulation ( p[d]-- ,gov]nm5t p[d]--,gunn]y only 9 its infancy--,comp\nd %ot--,lead bett] ?an iron = cannon %ot--,exp5diture ( %ot at sieges ( ,ciudad ,rodrigo & ,badajos--,hutton's exp]im5ts--,! %rapnell %ell--,improvem5ts 9 gunn]y--,! ,gre5]ian rifle--,dang]\s ineffici5cy ( ,engli% artill]y--,be/ metal = cannon--,increas$ range de/roys guns--,cause ( mort>s bur/+--,! ,lanca/] gun-- ,engli% ca/-iron inf]ior--,mallet's mon/] mort>--,wr\ght-iron unsuit$ to l>ge guns--,reason :y--,%aft ( ! ,levia?an--,new me?od ( weld+ iron %afts--,railway c>riage axles--,nasmy?'s mon/] cannon--,light gun-b>rels /rong] ?an heavy ones--,brass guns inf]ior to ca/-iron--,defect ( hoop & /ave gun--,=m & dim5sions ( ,mallet's mon/] mort> 7) engrav+7--,cause ( det]ioration ( ,engli% ca/-iron--,russian ca/-iron m durable1 & :y--,krupp's /eel gun--,lam9at$ /eel gun-b>rels--,capta9 ,dalgr5's improvem5ts 9 ,am]ican ordnance--,russian guns--,re9=ce r+s & trunnions objectionable1 & :y--,rifl$ cannon ess5tial-- ,range ( /eel rifl$ cannon--,be/ =m ( gun--,pr(essor ,b>l[ on ! /r5g? ( iron--,our artill]y n con/ruct$ on sci5tific pr9ciples--,russian #ef-p\nd]1 ,engli% #h-;in* gun1 ,engli% c>ronade1 ,monck's #ef-p\nd]1 & #aj-;in* gun 7) cuts7--,l& & sea s]vice mort>s 7) cuts7--,joseph ,manton's rifle cannon--,projectiles = rifl$ cannon--,rifle rockets--,mr4 ,:itwor?'s improvem5ts 9 rifl$ guns--,8 polygonal projectile--,exp]im5ts ) ,mr4 ,arm/rong's field-piece--,increas$ range & accuracy ( rifl$ cannon ) elongat$ projectiles--,table ( comp>ative range ( smoo?-bor$ & rifl$ cannon--,%ells = rifl$ cannon--,spiral motion ( projectiles f smoo?-bor$ guns--,bree*-load+ cannon useless & unsafe #eh ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,manufacture ,,( ,,iron ,,= ,,gun-,,b>rels4 ,improvem5t 9 gun b>rels dep5ds on ! iron--,cont95tal manufactur]s advance :ile ,engli% /& /ill--,*eap & inf]ior guns ( 8,p>k-pal+0--,sc>city ( horse-nail /ubs--,importance ( iron manufacture--,great value ( /eel 9 anci5t times--,iron orig9ally made ) wood *>coal--,coal coke unfit = mak+ be/ iron--,briti% iron ore inf]ior--,mr4 ,mu%et on /eel-iron--,engli% workm5 employ$ abroad--,engli% gun-mak]s' names =g$ 9 ,belgium-- ,indian ,iron & ,/eel ,company--,indian process ( mak+ /eel--,hamm]- h>d5+ recomm5d$--,diff]5ce ( 8,silv] /eel0 & 8,twi/ /eel0 --,me?od ( mak+ lam9at$ /eel--,x is spoilt by ov]-twi/+-- ,wat]+ ( ,damascus b>rels--,proportions ( c>bon 9 /eel & iron --,damascus b>rels (t5 plat$--,mod]n me?od ( mak+ ,damascus iron 7) cuts7--,objection to wire-twi/ iron--,figur$ b>rels--,damascus b>rels made 9 ,belgium--,damascus iron inf]ior 9 /r5g?--,use ( old horse-%oe nails = gun-b>rels--,/ub iron alone insuffici5t-- ,prejudices ( prov9cial gun-mak]s--,mixture ( /eel & /ub iron-- ,importance ( weld+ on an air furnace--,proportions ( /eel & /ub iron--,efficacy ( hamm]-h>d5+ & rework+ iron--,improvem5ts 9 sup]ior iron ow+ to gun-mak]s--,explosions ( /eam-boil]s ow+ to neglect or bad con/ruction--,boil] iron improveable--,/eel- ,damascus b>rel iron--,manufacture ( 8*>coal iron0--,imitation ( 8smoke br[n0--,ga9s f us+ inf]ior iron--,frauds 9 b>rel mak+ --,advice ( ,edw>d ,davies 9 #afai--8,?reep5ny skelp iron0-- 8,w$nesbury skelp0--,te/ ( a safe gun--8,%am damn skelp0--,base guns made to sell--,_! injuri\s effect on ! gun-mak+ trade--8,swaff- iron =g+40 #adf ,,*apt] ,v4--,,gun-,,mak+4 ,b>rel weld+--,birm+ham weld]s--,diff]5t twi/s ( metal 7illu/rat$ ) cuts7--,process ( weld+--,hamm]-h>d5+--,belgium weld]s--,mode ( plat+ b>rels--,belgium me?od 7) cut7--,pr(its ( fraud--,qualifications ( a good gun-b>rel mak]--,processes ( bor+ & gr9d+--,prop] incl9ation ( d\ble b>rels--,elevation ( b>rels %\ld be proportionate to *>ge & di/ance--,braz+ ( b>rels detrim5tal--,mr4 ,wilk9son's op9ion--,solid ribs requisite-- ,advantage ( ! pat5t bree*--,be/ %ape ( bree* 7) cut7--,gun locks--,_! sci5tific con/ruction--,! ,b>side lock--,messrs4 ,brazi]s' locks--,! /ock1 fitt+s1 c4--,recipe = /a9+ /eel b>rels--,birm+ham me?od ( br[n+--,belgian me?od--,v>ieties ( iron = be/ b>rels--,lam9at$ /eel b>rels nev] kn[n to bur/-- ,base imitations ( lam9at$ /eel--,co/ ( lam9at$ /eel b>rels-- ,au?or's me?od ( lam9at+--,/ub ,damascus pass$ (f = /eel-- ,birm+ham guns--,practice ( =g+ names ( em95t mak]s--,au?or's (f]--,improv$ metal = axles--,au?or's imitation ,damascus 7) plate7--,joseph ,manton's m]its--,prize m$als aw>d$ to au?or-- ,advantages ( ,birm+ham = gun mak+--8,london-made guns0--,=eign imitations ( ,engli% guns--,p]iodical exhibition ( guns recomm5d$ --,/eel-twi/ & /ub ,damascus 7) plate7--,b>rels ( *>coal iron--,inf]ior guns--,co/ ( skelp-iron guns--,co/ ( 8%am damn iron0 guns--,%am guns 7) plate7--,co/ ( 8p>k-pal+0 guns #ahe ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,,! ,,pro( ,,( ,,gun ,,b>rels4 ,pro(-h\se ( ,gun-mak]'s ,company--,pro( ,acts ( #ahac & #ahae-- ,provisions ( ,gun ,b>rel ,pro( ,act ( #ahee--,p5al clauses--,s*$ule ,b --,pro( m>ks--,scale ( *>ges = ,pro(--,mode ( prov+ 7) cut7 --,numb] ( b>rels prov$ 9 #aheg #bdc ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,gunn]y4 ,new pr9ciple--,improv$ rifles--,useless inv5tions--,sci5tific pr9ciples ( gunn]y3 #a4 ,! explosive p[] & its velocity4 #b4 ,! ret>d+ ag5ts4 #c4 ,con/ruction ( ! tube4 #d4 ,=m ( projectile-- ,rob9s's !ory--,hutton's exp]im5ts--,suitable velocity ! g]m ( ! sci5ce--,au?or's exp]im5ts & _! results--,p5etrat+ p[] ( bullets--,resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e--,friction detrim5tal-- ,con/ruction ( ! tube--,! ,cyl9dro-conoidal =m be/ suit$ = projectiles--,jacob's & ,:itwor?'s bullets--,l5g!n$ projectiles t5d to bur/ ! b>rel--,am\nt ( heat ne$ful to explode gunp[d] --,advantage ( unglaz$ p[d]--,p]cussion p[d]--,be/ =m ( nipple 7) cuts7--,propellant velocity ! gr& desid]atum--,:y %ort guns %oot bett] ?an long ones--,true sci5ce ( gunn]y--,cause ( guns bur/+--,mr4 ,bla9e's diff]5ce ( op9ion ) ! au?or on explosive =ce--,%oot+ p[]s ( diff]5t gun b>rels--,tables ( /r5g? & pressure--,colonel ,hawk]'s axiom--,mr4 ,daniel's rem>ks on %ot--,duck & swivel guns--,! wire c>tridge--,bell-muzzle guns--,mr4 ,bla9e on long b>rels--,! j m$ium--,belgium guns w n /& ,engli% pro(--,cause ( _! inf]iority--,fr5* gun-mak]s beh9d ! age--,au?or's notes on ! 8,specim5s by ,fr5* ,gun-mak]s at ! ,p>is ,exhibition0--,on recoil 9 %oot+--,causes & exp]im5ts--,mode ( det]m9+ ! size ( %ot suit$ to ! bore ( gun--,mr4 ,pr9ce's d\ble gun #beg ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,,! ,,fr5* 8,,crut*10 ,,or ,,bree*-,,load+ ,,%ot ,,gun4 ,bree*-load+ fire-arms unsafe & inf]ior--,objections specifi$-- ,trial ( bree*-load+ aga9/ muzzle-load+ guns--,dang] f us+ bree*-load]s--,excessive recoil #cbi ,,*apt] ,,ix4--,,! ,,rifle4 ,rob9s's pr$iction v]ifi$--,b>rels fir/ rifl$ at ,vi5na 9 #adih-- ,e>lie/ elongat$ bullets--,capta9 ,delvigne's bullet--,! au?or's expansive bullet--,8 memorial to ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance--,report ( its trial by ! #fj? ,rifles 9 #ahcf--;,decision ( ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance-- ,progress ( ! au?or's inv5tion--,capta9 ,delvigne's pat5t ( #ahdb --,capta9 ,m9i's bullet ( #ahdg--,unsuccessful attempts ( au?or to h 8 claim to ! inv5tion ( ! expansive bullet recognis$ by ,gov]nm5t--,secret report ( ,select ,committee on 8 inv5tion--,8 priority admitt$ by ! ,emp]or ,napoleon--,! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t aw>d ! au?or #a1jjjl4 = 8 inv5tion--,pr9ciple ( ! expansive rifle bullet--,projectiles may be l5g!n$ ) increase ( range--,action ( ! expansive bullet--,defects ( ! ,m9i bullet-- ,colonel ,hay's improvem5t--,au?or's exp]im5ts1 & _! result-- ,spiral curve ( ! rifle b>rel--,failure ( ! 8,prit*ett bullet0-- ,capta9 ,tamissi]'s !ory--,m9i & ,gre5]ian bullet contra/$ 7) cuts7--,au?or's improvem5t ( #aheb 7) cut7--,g5]al ,jacob's bullet 7) cuts7--,rem>ks ( ,lieut5ant ,symons--,! ,:itwor? rifle --,its defects--,report ( trial ( ! ,:itwor? & ,enfield rifles-- ,au?or's comm5ts !reon 7) cuts7--,importance ( safety f accid5t--,! expansive bullet c be made sup]ior to ! ,:itwor?-- ,fallacy ( exp]im5ts--,comp>ative co/ ( ammunition = ! ,:itwor? & ,enfield rifles--,defective c>tridges--,h9ts to obviate defects--,vital pr9ciple ( elongat$ projectiles--,a holl[ bullet propos$1 its defects--,! ,swiss bullet--,d\btful utility ( ! deep5+ groove--,gov]nm5t rifle1 ) sword bayonet--,d\ble rifles --,h9ts on rifle %oot+--,au?or's exp&+ screw b&s--,mr4 ,pr9ce's bree*-load+ c>b9e--,revolv+ rifles--,fr5* s*ool ( rifle practice--,engli% s*ool ( rifle %oot+ at ,hy!--,d\ble rifl$ c>b9es recomm5d$--,revolv]s co/ly & fragile--,lieut5ant ,k]r's op9ion ( ! ,enfield or ,gre5]'s c>b9e--,gov]nm5t pi/ol & c>b9e--,effici5t arms ( ! ,irregul> ,cavalry ( ,india--,fir/ use ( greas$ c>tridges 9 ,india--,! ?ree-groov$ & poly-groov$ rifle 7) cut7--,sph]ical bullets indisp5sable to smoo? bor$ muskets--,l5g? & bore ( milit>y rifle--,elliptical bor$ rifle-- ,mr4 ,lanca/]'s bullet sup]s$$ by ! ,gre5]ian bullet--,report ( committee on ,lanca/]'s rifle--,! oval bore n a new inv5tion-- ,inf]iority ( ! two-groov$ or ,brunswick rifle--,! ,prussian ne$le gun--,enfield rifles made = ,france1 ,russia1 & o!r /ates ( ,europe--,trials ( ,:itwor? & ,enfield rifles--,unsatisfactory results ( ! ,:itwor? rifle #cch ,,*apt] ,x4--,,revolv+ ,,pi/ols4 ,imm5se dem& = !m--,_! value--,be/ manufactur]s--,colonel ,colt's repeat+ pi/ol describ$--,its d\ble action discuss$-- ,ma*9e-made pi/ols n equal to h&-made--,dean & ,adams's revolv] describ$--,its improvem5ts on ,colt's--,trant]'s d\ble trigg] revolv]--,8 lubricat+ bullet & o!r improvem5ts--,webley's revolv]--,comp>ison ( self-act+ & cock+-lock pi/ols-- ,t5d5cy ( revolv]s to f\l--,lieut4 ,symons's op9ion--,o!r defects to be ov]come--,au?or's pref]5ce = d\ble-b>rell$ fire-arms 9 w>f>e #dac ,,*apt] ,,xi4--,,enfield ,,rifles4 ,! "n expla9$1 & weapon describ$--,its orig9--,au?or's %>e 9 its con/ruction--,am]ican ma*9]y = gun-mak+--,ext5t & products ( ! ,enfield manufactory #dbi ,,*apt] ,,xii4--,,! ,,h>poon-,,gun ,,= ,,:ale-,,%oot+4 #dcb ,,*apt] ,,xiii4--,,%ot1 ,,caps1 ,,& ,,wadd+4 #dce ,,rifles1 ,,cannon1 ,,& ,,sport+ ,,arms4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,anci5t ,,arms4 ,f ! e>lie/ ages ( ! _w1 ! jeal\sies & bick]+s ( mank9d h be5 fruitful causes ( w>4 ,sometimes1 p]haps1 ju/ifi$ by political reasons2 at o!rs1 x may be1 aris+ solely f a desire1 on ! "p ( ambiti\s *iefs1 to ext5d _! t]ritories by multiply+ _! conque/s2 :ile1 9 too _m cases1 ! /ruggle = religi\s asc5dancy has l$ to ! mo/ sangu9>y & cruel battles4 ,w> has be5 consid]$ z a sci5ce f ! mo/ remote ages1 & ! +5uity ( ! tal5t$ has successively be5 tax$ to r5d] x z p]fect z possible4 ,x is true-- 8,man's e>lie/ arms 7 f+]s1 tee?1 & nails1 ,& /ones & fragm5ts f ! bran*+ woods20 b ^! soon gave place to o!rs1 m calculat$ to decide unequal1 & (t5 protract$1 conflicts4 ,arms1 9 a g5]al s5se1 include all k9ds ( weapons1 bo? (f5sive & def5sive2 & among/ ! e>lie/ may be class$ ! b[ & arr[1 z x gave facilities to man to capture ! wild animals = food1 probably be=e _! use 0 requir$ = ! purposes ( w>4 ,! b[ & ! sl+ 7 ! fir/ means inv5t$1 & next only to ! human arm = project+ bodies ) an (f5sive aim3 ! great pr9ciple :i*1 to ! pres5t day1 reigns unrivall$1 develop+ ! rul+ passion ( man to injure1 :ile rema9+ himself 9 comp>ative safety1--8self-pres]vation0 be+ 8! fir/ law ( nature40 ,to ! b[ & sl+ 7 soon add$ spe>s1 swords1 axes1 & javel9s1 all ( :i* appe> to h be5 us$ by ! ,jews4 ,david de/roy$ ,golia? ) a /one f ! brook4 ,! inv5tion ( ! sl+ is attribut$1 by anci5t writ]s1 to ! ,phnicians1 or ! inhabitants ( ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s4 ,! great fame t ^! isl&]s obta9$ arose f _! assiduity 9 its use2 _! *ildr5 7 n all[$ to eat until !y /ruck _! food f ! top ( a pole ) a /one f a sl+4 ,f ! acc\nts left u 7probably fabul\s71 x appe>s t ! imm5se =ce ) :i* a /one c\ld be project$1 c only be exce$$ by mod]n gunn]y4 ,ev5 at t e>ly age1 lead5 balls 7 9 use z projectiles2 ?\gh we _c put mu* fai? 9 ,s5eca's acc\nt ( ! velocity be+ s great z frequ5tly to melt ! lead4 ,! use ( ! sl+ cont9u$ ov] a long p]iod ( "t1 ev5 z late z ! ,hugu5ot w> 9 #aegb4 ,! b[ is ( equal1 if n great]1 antiquity4 ,! fir/ acc\nt we f9d ( x is 9 ,g5esis1 #ba/ *apt] & #bj? v]se1 :]e ! ,lawgiv]1 speak+ ( ,i%mael1 says1 8,& ,god 0 ) ! lad1 & he grew & dwelt 9 ! wild]ness1 & became an ar*]40 ,! arms ( ! anci5t ,greeks & ,p]sians 7 su* z we h describ$1 ) ! addition ( *>iots arm$ ) scy!s1 9 :i* ! *iefs sometimes f\ght2 ?\gh _! ma9 dep5d5ce 0 ^u _! heavy-arm$ infantry4 ,elephants 7 aft]w>ds us$ z adjuncts 9 _! milit>y op]ations1 b _! use does n appe> to h be5 v great or v p]man5t4 ,! ,romans 7 arm$ mu* 9 ! same mann] z ! ,greeks1 ) a slight diff]5ce 9 ! =m ( _! weapons2 & ! arms ( ! e>ly ,saxons 7 simil>2 ^? ( ! ,normans 7 only alt]$ 9 _! con/ruction1 except t to !m appe>s to be aw>d$ ! inv5tion ( ! cross-b[1 an in/rum5t :i* aft]w>ds became ( great repute 9 ,engl& & else:]e4 ,x has also be5 ass]t$1 t ! ,normans 7 ! fir/ to introduce a species ( field artill]y1 f :i* /ones & d>ts 7 ?r[n1 & arr[s1 head$ ) combu/ible matt]1 = fir+ t[ns & %ipp+4 ,! artill]y-prop] ( ! anci5ts1 z ! eng9es = project+ masses ( /one & su* l mat]ials may be t]m$1 rea*$ to wond]ful p]fection2 & ! velocity ) :i* missiles ( e description c\ld be ?r[n f !m1 atte/ ! skill & +5uity ex]cis$ 9 _! con/ruction3 inde$ x is q evid5t !y are only excell$ by ! m portable1 & simply con/ruct$1 artill]y ( our own day4 ,! great artill]i/ ( ! ,sicilians1 ,ar*im$es1 seems to h made "s ( ! mo/ p[]ful eng9es2 b he1 consid]+ any att5tion to me*anics z b5ea? ! philosoph]1 has n left u an acc\nt ( any "o ( !m4 ,x is said ( ! cross-b[ t a qu>rel c\ld be project$ f !m #bjj y>ds1 s t we may imag9e ! =ce ) :i* "o ( ^! lumps ( iron w\ld /rike ev5 ! /ronge/ arm\r1--z ! velocity1 to range t di/ance1 w\ld n be f> %ort ( #ijj or #a1jjj feet p] second2 ne>ly equal to ! effect ( a ball f "o ( our old imp]fectly con/ruct$ muskets4 ,we are told incr$ible /ories ( ! abilities ( "s ( our bygone ar*]s4 ,%\ld x be true1 z /at$1 t an arr[ c\ld be %ot ne>ly #gjj y>ds1 we c easily conceive ! imm5se velocity ) :i* x mu/ h left ! b[2 ?is range be+ q equal1 if n sup]ior1 to t ( ! late unimprov$ rifles4 ,?\gh we mu/ be> 9 m9d1 t ! peculi> %ape ( ! arr[ fits x to cut ! atmosph]e ) less resi/ance !n ! half sph]e ( a bullet2 & h5ce "o reason ( its obta9+ an ext5sive range4 ,!re is a /ory told ( ! fam\s ,rob9 ,hood1 & ,little ,john1 8:o c\ld %oot an arr[ a measur$ mile40 ,we suppose ! mile 0 ! rev]se ( an ,iri% "o1 or !y _h ! advantage ( a preci\s /iff gale ( w9d4 ,hi/orians sometimes 8draw ! long-b[0 z well z ar*]s4 ,_m /atem5ts h desc5d$ to u ( ! p[] ( ! batt]+ rams ( old2 b we h a mu* m ready me?od ( bl[+ op5 gates by a s+le bag ( gunp[d]2 & a #fh lb4 %ot has all ! =ce t c\ld be giv5 ev5 to t fam\s ram ( ,vespasian1 8! l5g? :]e( 0 only fifty cubits1 :i* came n up to ! size ( _m ( ! ,grecian rams1 _h a head z ?ick z t5 m51 & tw5ty-five horns1 ea* ( :i* 0 z ?ick z "o man1 & plac$ a cubit di/ance f ! re/2 ! weight1 z 0 cu/om>y1 re/$ on ! h9d] "p1 & 0 no less ?an #a1ejj tal5ts2 :5 x 0 remov$1 )\t be+ tak5 to pieces1 #aej yoke ( ox51 or #cjj pairs ( horses & mules1 lab\r$ 9 draw+ x1 & #a1ejj m5 employ$ _! utmo/ /r5g? 9 =c+ x aga9/ ! walls40 ,) ^! rem>ks we %all proce$ to introduce ! inv5tion ( ,gunn]y4 ,b>b\r1 9 8 life ( ,bruce1 in=ms u t guns 7 fir/ employ$ by ! ,engli% at ! battle ( ,w]ewat]1 :i* 0 f\ght 9 #acbg1 ab\t =ty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,fri> ,bacon2 & !re is no d\bt t f\r guns 7 us$ at ! battle ( ,cressy1 f\ght 9 #acdf1 :5 !y 7 suppos$ to h be5 q unkn[n to ! ,fr5*1 & t5d$ to obta9 = ,briti% arms ! victory4 ,froiss>t gives an excell5t repres5tation ( a cannon & cannone]s1 9 #acij1 a cut ( :i* we give 9 ! foll[+ page4 ,! use ( guns 9 w>f>e is1 !re=e1 comp>atively ( mod]n date1 & ! e>ly specim5s :i* are /ill extant1 ( :i* we h draw+s & descriptions1 mu/ h be5 ( v little s]vice comp>$ ) ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,! ,engli% musquete] 0 =m]ly a mo/ encumb]$ soldi]4 8,he _h1 besides ! unwieldy weapon itself1 8 co>se p[d] = load+ 9 a flask1 8 f9e p[d] = prim+ 9 a t\*-box1 8 bullets 9 a lea!rn bag1 ) /r+s to draw to get at !m1 :il/ 9 8 h& 7 8 musket-re/ & 8 burn+ mat*2 & :5 he _h dis*>g$ 8 piece1 he _h to draw 8 sword 9 ord] to def5d himself4 ,h5ce x became a "q1 & 0 s = a long "t1 :e!r ! b[ did n des]ve a pref]5ce ov] ! musket40#a #a ,grose's 8,milit>y ,antiquities40 ,illu/ration3 ,frois>t's ,gun4 #acij4 ,! m5tion ( ! long-b[ is frequ5t 9 ,engli% hi/ory1 & its use contribut$1 9 no mean degree1 to _m important victories4 ,p]haps x might be t our =efa!rs 7 m skilful 9 ! use ( _! weapons ?an _! adv]s>ies4 ,9 our w>s 9 ,france1 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 ?\s&s suff]$ by ! ,engli% ar*]y2 & ! brilliant success :i* att5d$ !m 01 at t "t1 attribut$ to _! 8sup]ior skill1 comb9$ ) ! val\r ( ! ,black ,pr9ce40 ,s highly 0 ?is practice e/eem$1 t _m /atutes 7 enact$ 9 successive reigns to enc\rage or en=ce x4 ,ar*]y furni%$ matt] = oratorical display1 bo? 9 ! s5ate & ! pulpit2 ! palace & ! cottage alike bore te/imony to ! great importance :i* 0 atta*$ to ! art2 & x 0 at once ! /udy & pa/ime ( ! :ole nation4 ,?us1 long aft] ! introduction ( fire-arms1 ! long-b[ 0 held 9 great e/eem2 & x is no wond] t ?is fav\rite in/rum5t %\ld h be5 reluctantly rel9qui%$1 aft] obta9+ su* univ]sal popul>ity1 & becom+ s intimately connect$ ) _m national & important ev5ts4 ,x is n[ sup]s$$ by ! gun1 a m pot5t & de/ructive eng9e4 ,! b[1 s mu* valu$1 has vani%$ f our ranks by sl[ gradations1 to make way = ! musket2 & ! quiv]s ( clo?-y>d %afts h be5 supplant$ by bri/l+ bayonets4 ,^! ?+s are n[ practically unkn[n z milit>y weapons1 ?\gh !y cont5d$ = sup]iority ) fire-arms dur+ two c5turies4 ,at ?is p]iod1 & = a long "t previ\sly1 m att5tion 0 paid to ! fabrication ( def5sive arm\r1 ?an to ! inv5tion ( weapons ( an (f5sive "*2 h5ce ! p]fection t 0 atta9$ 9 ! manufacture ( mail1 ( e v>iety1 dur+ ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,! spl5did mann] 9 :i* "s ( ! *ivalr\s knights ( t age *ose to h _! arm\r con/ruct$ & ornam5t$ sometimes prov$ fatal to !mselves4 ,froiss>t relates t ,raymond1 nephew to ,pope ,clem5t1 0 tak5 prison]1 & put to dea? by 8 captors1 9 ord] t !y might become possess$ ( 8 magnific5t arm\r4 ,^? gorge\s & co/ly fabrications 7 likewise doom$ to give place to ! advanc+ k & skill ( succe$+ g5]ations2 be+ n[ only kn[n z matt]s ( hi/ory1 & reg>d$ z valuable curiosities4 ,s late1 h[ev]1 z ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 arm\r =m$ "p ( ! milit>y equipm5t2 & ! ,fr5* cavalry1 call$ c>ab9s1 are describ$ z hav+ ! cuirass slop$ (f ! "r %\ld]1 t !y might ! m readily c\* _! *eeks to take aim1 :ile _! bridle arms 7 protect$ by an elb[ gauntlet4 ,! inv5tion ( portable fire-arms is aw>d$ to ! ,italians by ,sir ,samuel ,meyrick1 &1 9 a memoir 9 ! ,ar*ologia ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ians1 he has nam$ ! ye> #adcj z ! precise p]iod ( _! introduction4 ,we h already /at$ t cannon1 or heavy ordnance1 0 9 use 9 ! ,engli% army 9 #acbg1 m ?an a c5tury be=e t "t4 ,x is n improbable1 h[ev]1 t ! ,italians 7 ! orig9ators ( small fire-arms1 = !y _h = _m ye>s be5 celebrat$ z skilful 9 ! art ( mak+ arm\r--,milanese arm\r be+ consid]$ ! mo/ valuable1 & x is natural t _! att5tion %\ld be direct$ to ! con/ruction ( (f5sive weapons ( a diff]5t description4 ,! inv5tion ( ! portable fire-arm1 9 its primitive /ate1 0 "o ( extreme simplicity2 ! gun consi/+ m]ely ( a tube fix$ to a /raight /ock ( wood1 ab\t ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 furni%$ ) trunnions1 cascable1 & t\*-hole3 ! latt] 01 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 at ! top1 l a l>ge cannon1 b 0 aft]w>ds alt]$ to ! side :]e a small pan 0 plac$ to hold ! prim+1 & less5 ! liability ( its be+ bl[n away by ! w9d4 ,?is contrivance 0 ! fir/ /ep to ! gun-lock4 ,be=e ! adoption ( ! mat*-lock by ! ,engli%1 cannon1 z ,i h be=e %[n1 _h be5 9 use1 ?\gh !y 7 ( a clumsy description4 ,illu/ration ,to ! indefatigable ex]tions ( ,mr4 ,dean1 we are indebt$ = ! recov]y ( sev]al brass & iron guns1 belong+ to ! 8,m>y ,rose10--a vessel ( w>1 wreck$ 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ( ,engl&1 & ,francis ,i4 ( ,france1 9 #aede3 8:ile /&+ along ! coa/1 dur+ a di/ant fir+ f ! ,fr5* fleet1 "u ,admiral ,anneb\t1 %e 0 ov]p[]$ by ! weight ( h] ordnance1 & sunk1 toge!r ) h] comm&] & crew ( #fjj m540 ,"o ( ^! iron guns is 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation1 consid]+ x to h be5 imm]s$ above #cjj ye>s4 ,! cut on next page w convey1 toge!r ) ! foll[+ description1 a fa9t idea ( its unwieldy & ineffici5t con/ruction4 ,x is compos$ ( a tube ( iron1 ^: jo9t or ov]lap is z its l5g?2 ^u ?is is a succession ( iron hoops1 compos$ ( iron ?ree in*es squ>e1 be+ 9 fact imm5se r+s2 ^! appe> to h be5 driv5 on :ile r$ hot1 & ?us1 by _! contraction1 =m+ a mu* /rong] gun1 :5 comb9$ ) ! int]ior tube1 ?an ! g5]ality ( acc\nts giv5 ( anci5t guns w\ld lead u to expect4 ,x w be p]ceiv$1 t to describe x z 8compos$ ( iron b>s hoop$ toge!r10 is n correct4 ,we may also m5tion1 t if p>ties describ+ guns ( ?is primitive manufacture w obs]ve accurately1 !y w f9d t ?is is ! g5]al me?od by :i* !y h be5 fabricat$4 ,!y all appe> to h be5 load$ by remov+ a bree* "p1 or *amb]1 ins]t+ ! *>ge1 replac+ ! *amb]1 & secur+ x by w$g+ x beh9d2 z w be se5 on a close inspection4 ,no means ( rais+ or depress+ ! muzzle appe> available2 ! b>rel or gun be+ sunk 9 a l>ge block ( timb]1 & secur$ !re by bolts1 z a musket b>rel is secur$ 9 its /ock2 :ile a l>ge piece ( iron1 or wood1 0 ins]t$ p]p5dicul>ly into ! deck to prev5t ! recoil4 ,! advantage ( 8*amb]s0 0 p]fectly und]/ood ev5 at ?is e>ly p]iod2 !y 7 app>5tly slightly conical1 ) a sph]ical bottom4 ,x is no mean evid5ce ( anci5t skill1 & k ( gunn]y & me*anics comb9$1 to /ate1 t only a few ye>s ago1 a gunmak] ( "s celebrity1 con/ruct$ a numb] ( rifles & pi/ols to load at ! bree*1 on ! v same pr9ciple adopt$ 9 ?is gun #cab ye>s ago4 ,/range1 evid5ce f 8! va/y deep0 to %[ 8!re is no?+ new "u ! sun40 ,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 fire-arms ( e description !n 9 use und]w5t a v>iety ( alt]ations & improvem5ts2 ea* *ange br++ ) x a *ange ( "n1 :i* w\ld nei!r be pr(itable or int]e/+ to enum]ate "h2 our object be+ to trace out ! advances :i* h be5 made 9 ! manufacture ( fire-arms s9ce _! g5]al adoption z weapons ( w>1 or auxili>ies to ! sports ( ! field4 ,:5 fir/ introduc$ into ,engl&1 ! h&-gun1 z x 0 t]m$1 _h already receiv$ a slight improvem5t1 9 hav+ a cov]+ = ! pan :i* conta9$ ! prim+1 & a sight on ! bree*1 to assi/ 9 giv+ great] c]ta9ty to ! aim2 x rema9$ ?us until ! trigg] ( ! cross-b[ sugge/$ a contrivance to convey1 ) equal c]ta9ty & great] rapidity1 ! burn+ mat* to ! pan4 ,! difficulty ( us+ an in/rum5t ?us objectionably con/ruct$1 0 9 "s degree obviat$ by ! ,g]mans2 :o1 toge!r ) ! ,italians1 7 no d\bt at ?is e>ly p]iod ! pr9cipal manufactur]s2 !y effect$ ?is1 to a c]ta9 degree1 by giv+ ! /ocks a crook$ =m1 s t ! bree* c\ld1 ) m ease1 be br\ght to ! level ( ! eye2 ?is 01 h[ev]1 only an alt]ation ( =m1 )\t involv+ any pr9ciple or lead+ feature ( me*anical inv5tion4 ,succe$+ ! mat*-lock1 9 ! progress ( improvem5t1 came ! 8pyrites :eel-lock10 an inv5tion !n look$ ^u z exce$+ly curi\s & +5i\s2 ?is also is ascrib$ to ! ,italians1 & "o ( ! fir/ occasions ( its be+ us$1 is said to h be5 :5 ,pope ,leo ,x4 & ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 conf$]at$ aga9/ ,france4 ,:e!r ! ,italians are fairly entitl$ to ! m]it ( ?is inv5tion is1 h[ev]1 a matt] ( d\bt1 z x is well kn[n t :eel-locks 7 = a long p]iod manufactur$ 9 ,g]many4 ,! 8snaphaunce0 or fire-lock1 is di/9ctly /at$ by ,grose to be ( ,dut* orig91--h5ce ! "n4 ,x 0 introduc$ into ,engl& 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii41 ?\gh its g5]al adoption is /at$ n to h tak5 place until ! reign ( ,william ,,iii41 ab\t #afib4 ,s9ce t p]iod1 until ! pres5t1 _! use has be5 g5]al 9 all ! armies ( ,europe4 ,h[ /range x seems t ! ,*9ese & o!r ,asiatics %\ld h only ! mat*-lock to ! pres5t day1 :ile !re c be no "q t !y us$ gunp[d] "s c5turies be=e its introduction into our portion ( ! habitable globe6 ,! ,syrians 7 =m]ly celebrat$ = _! skill 9 ! work+ ( iron4 ,damascus gun-b>rels 7 n to be obta9$1 at c]ta9 p]iods1 at a price less ?an _! weight 9 silv]4 ,! elaborate mixtures 9 _! b>rels1 swords1 & o!r weapons1 entitle !m ju/ly to ! hon\r ( be+ ! be/ ( iron work]s1 z we %all h]eaft] h occasion to %[2 & ! spl5d\r display$ 9 _! inlay+ atte/s _! ta/e & ability3 b z me*anicians1 =m]s ( complex ma*9]y1 !y nev] rea*$ m$iocrity4 ,turkey & ,greece1 z well z o!r c\ntries :i* 7 r5[n$ z hav+ be51 9 days ( yore1 nurs]ies ( ! arts1 b :i* h1 9 lat] times1 deg5]at$ into a condition little bett] ?an semi-b>b>\s1 7 rem>kable = ! great lab\r & pa9s :i* !y be/[$ ^u ! ext]ior ornam5ts ( _! fire>ms2 b !y nev] succe$$ 9 improv+ ! ma*9]y ( ! lock 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,al?\gh x 0 n until ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5?1 or ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 t gun manufactories 7 e/abli%$ 9 ?is k+dom1 yet we h atta9$ to a degree ( p]fection & excell5ce unequall$ by any o!r nation 9 ! _w4 ,birm+ham is ! emporium ( ! _w = guns1 f ! mo/ inf]ior--! 8p>k pal+10 s call$1 ( ! slave-trade1 ) :i* %ips might yet be freight$ at ! co/ ( eight %ill+s & sixp5ce ea*--up to ! elaborately-f9i%$ gun ( ! pe]4 ,mo/ ( ! alt]ations :i* h be5 made 9 gun-locks 9 ,engl&1 h be5 ) a view to simplify ! ma*9]y1 & obta9 ! greate/ quickness 9 fir+3 mu* complication has be5 disc>d$2 a ?or\gh conviction hav+ seat$ itself 9 ! m9ds ( ,engli%m51 t to atta9 p]fection1 simplicity mu/ be comb9$4 ,_m spl5did emanations ( g5ius are left to u1 consi/+ ( complex me*anism = gunn]y4 ,! mo/ p]fect we h ev] se51 is a pi/ol made 9 ,spa9 ab\t ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,by mov+ a lev] t[>ds ! butt-end1 :ile ! muzzle is depress$1 ! lock is prim$1 half-cock$1 & ! hamm] %ut d[n2 return ! lev]1 ! p[d] is 9 ! bree*1 & ! ball be=e x4 ,we h se5 x fire tw5ty-six %ots )\t a failure1 & ) "o supply ( ammunition4 ,! magaz9e 0 9 two tubes 9 ! /ock4 ,! *ance ( bl[+ up 0 ?\ght remote2 b x ev5tually blew up4 ,9 %ort1 x w\ld be /rictly advantage\s to inv5tors 9 gunn]y1 to be sure t !re has be5 no previ\s inv5tion comb9+ _! pr9ciple z well z _! arrangem5ts4 ,! m9e ( complex inv5tions 0 exhau/$ dur+ ! la/ c5tury2 & ! greate/ b5efactor to ! sci5ce ( gunn]y w be he1 :o1 bl[+ away ! cobwebs ( my/]y1 r5d]s its pr9ciples z cle> z ! silv]$ glass4 ,no?+ n[ rema9s ( ! beautiful ma*9]y ( ! fl9t lock2 ! fancy cock & hamm]s h giv5 place to a 8simple0 hamm]1 /rik+ on a copp] ?imble1 cov]+ a /eel pivot4 ,:at w\ld ! old lock-fil]s say to ?is1 if !y c\ld return & see _! h&iwork consign$ to ! scrap-box z old iron8 ,to ^? curi\s 9 ! progress ( inv5tion z x relates to gunn]y1 x w\ld be highly int]e/+ to visit ! 8,muse d',artill]ie0 ( ,p>is1 & !re to /udy ! classifi$ selections 9 ! possession ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t4 ,among o!r specim5s equally int]e/+1 he w f9d revolv+ pi/ols1 revolv+ rifles1 & swords & revolv+ pi/ols comb9$ 9 "o2 & ^! produc$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! revolv+ pi/ol did n !re=e orig9ate ) ! pres5t g5]ation2 & h[ev] univ]sally we may use ! 8,colt10 8,adams10 or 8,trant]10 nei!r c lay ! slighte/ claim to orig9ality4 ,9 t museum w be f\nd f\r1 five1 & six *>ge *amb]s2 & ?\gh 9 all !re is c]ta9ly an abs5ce ( movem5t 9 ! *amb]1 produc$ by ! cock+ ( ! lock1 yet sev]al pres5t ! appe>ance ( hav+ =m]ly _h "s me*anical adjunct = revolv+ ! *amb]3 ?is1 ?\gh well adapt$ to ! pres5t p]cussion sy/em1 mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 tr\blesome to manage 9 ! old fl9t lock2 = :5 ! fir/ b>rel 0 dis*>g$1 ! prim+ ( ! o!r b>rels w\ld be lo/ dur+ ! revolution ( ! *amb]4 ,a great improvem5t 01 h[ev]1 soon introduc$2 a hamm] & pan 7 atta*$ to ea* division ( ! *amb]1 & ea* be+ already prim$1 pres5t$ itself 9 rotation 9 ! face ( ! fl9t4 ,! gun or pi/ol 0 by ^! protub]ances r5d]$ clumsy & cumb]some1 & ?us fell1 no d\bt1 into disuse2 b e real me*anic mu/ see on inve/igat+ ! subject1 t ! pr9ciple 0 z p]fect z t :i* is n[ 9 use4 ,mr4 ,colt _h consid]able difficulty 9 secur+ a pat5t = 8 revolv]4 ,! "r ( pat5t h+$ on ?is simple "q3 did he1 or did he n1 fir/ introduce a crank or lev] = revolv+ ! *amb]s dur+ ! cock+ ( ! lock8 ,aft] an exp5sive trial x 0 decid$ t he did introduce x2 ?\gh d\bts are /ill ent]ta9$ :e!r !re is n n[ extant a pi/ol hav+ ! same crank movem5t z t f\nd 9 ! 8,colt0 & o!r revolv]s4 ,at all ev5ts ! inv5tion ( revolv+ pi/ols orig9at$ ) our prog5itors1 m ?an #bjj ye>s ago1 ?\gh _! re-introduction is unque/ionably due to ,mr4 ,colt2 & ! 8old bro? w>m$ up0 has no d\bt prov$ m nutriti\s ?an ! orig9al concoction4 ,9 ! ,p>is museum1 a numb] ( bree*-load+ guns are to be se52 ,i ?9k m ?an sixty v>ieties4 ,_m ( !m are highly +5i\s1 display+ great me*anical k & work+ skill1 & ! :ole1 kept 9 spl5did ord]1 _c fail to comm& att5tion4 ,well _h x be5 if ! _m hundr$ inv5tors 9 ,engl& & else:]e _h /udi$1 & made !mselves intimately acqua9t$ ) ! productions !re to be se5 9 su* abundance4 ,monum5ts !y are ( mis-sp5t skill & lab\r2 samples ( ! almo/ hopeless task ( fabricat+ complicat$ ma*9]y :i* %all resi/ ! action ( explosive gases at high pressure4 ,an exp]im5t ext5d+ ov] two hundr$ ye>s1 b unatt5d$ ) success1 not)/&+ all ! skill & +5uity br\ght to be> ^u x1 is1 we ?9k1 suffici5t to prove t bree*-load+ guns _c be made suffici5tly durable to yield any reasonable return = ! extra exp5se & tr\ble att5d+ _! fabrication4 ,nev]!less1 our 8w\ld-be me*anics hope aga9/ hope20 & to su* we w\ld1 9 conclusion1 t5d] a ^w ( advice4 ,be=e sp5d+ y\r money1 make acqua9tance 7& an intimate "o is necess>y7 ) all t has be5 done be=e1 & if 9 y\r own production y f9d pr9ciples :i* h be5 unt\*$ by any previ\s inv5tion1 & unta9t$ by any ( ! previ\s causes ( failure1 !n pat5t y\r inv5tion1 & make a =tune--if y c4 ,great me*anical skill1 & ev5 sci5tific pr9ciples1 are to be f\nd 9 "s ( ! e>lie/ productions aft] ! inv5tion ( fire-arms2 & ?us is e/abli%$ ! important fact1 t want ( exp]i5ce 0 ! *ief drawback "u :i* !y lab\r$3 "o elaborate ma*9e be+ unequal to _! requirem5ts 0 succe$$ by ano!r2 & yet1 ) all ^! examples pat5t to u1 we /ill fruitlessly fall back on exhau/$ pr9ciples4 ,a m intimate k ( :at our pr$ecessors h accompli%$ w\ld be a great boon to our race4 ,=eign nations1 b especially ,france1 h provid$ = ?is by _! museums2 & we want "h a museum ( progression1 an epitome ( ! m9d ( ! pres5t age1 & :i*1 cont9u$ to future g5]ations1 w\ld leave to no man ! fruitless toil ( haul+ 9 an endless rope4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,on ,,gunp[d]4 ,gunp[d] be+ ! base on :i* ! sup]/ructure ( ?is treatise is to be rais$1 ! hi/ory1 ! use1 & ! nature ( ?is explosive comp\nd1 are "h plac$ 9 ! =egr\nd2 z x is ess5tial to ! correct conception ( ! v>i\s matt]s h]eaft] to be expla9$1 t ! read] be fir/ acqua9t$ ) ! "o gr& pr9ciple 9 fire-arms1 ! propellant p[] ( explosion4 ,gunp[d]1 :e!r consid]$ relatively to eng9es ( w>1 or to ^? arms us$ ) s mu* success 9 ! sport+ field1 has1 s9ce its fir/ introduction1 be5 a s\rce ( mu* & frequ5t discussion4 ,9 reg>d to its orig91 we %all n mu* enl>ge1 nor repeat ! _m suppositions & conjectures promulgat$ by ! se>*]s aft] antiqu>ian evid5ce4 ,! inhabitants ( ,india 7 unque/ionably acqua9t$ ) its composition at an e>ly date4 ,alex&] is suppos$ to h avoid$ attack+ ! ,oxydracea1 a p dwell+ betwe5 ! ,hyphasis & ,ganges1 f a report ( _! be+ possess$ ( sup]natural means ( def5ce3 8,=10 x is said1 8!y come n out to fight ^? :o attack !m1 b ^? holy m51 belov$ by ! gods1 ov]?r[ _! enemies ) tempe/s & ?und]bolts %ot f _! walls20 &1 :5 ! ,egyptian ,h]cules & ,bac*us ov]ran ,india1 !y attack$ ^! p1 8b 7 repuls$ ) /orms ( ?und]bolts & lightn+ hurl$ f above40 ,?is is1 no d\bt1 evid5ce ( ! use ( gunp[d]2 b z x is unpr(itable to inve/igate ?is subject fur!r1 we %all m]ely conf9e ourselves to ! ,european au?orities4 ,_m ascribe ! discov]y ( gunp[d] to ,rog] ,bacon1 ! monk1 :o 0 born at ,il*e/]1 9 ,som]set%ire1 9 ! ye> #abad1 & is said to h di$ 9 #abhe4 ,no d\bt he 0 by f> ! mo/ illu/ri\s1 ! be/ in=m$1 & ! mo/ philosophical ( all ! al*emi/s4 ,9 ! #f? *apt] ( 8 ,epi/les ( ! ,secrets ( ,arts1 ! foll[+ passage occurs--8,= s\nds l ?und]1 & fla%es l lightn+1 may be made 9 ! air1 & !y may be r5d]$ ev5 m horrible ?an ^? ( nature h]self4 ,a small quantity ( matt]1 prop]ly manufactur$1 & n l>g] ?an ! human ?umb1 may be made to produce a horrible noise2 & ?is may be done _m ways1 by :i* a city or an army may be de/roy$1 z 0 ! case :5 ,gideon & 8 m5 broke _! pit*]s & exhibit$ _! lamps1 fire issu+ out ( !m ) great =ce & noise1 de/roy+ an inf9ite numb] ( ! army ( ! ,midianites40 ,& 9 ! #aa? *apt] ( ! same epi/le occurs ! foll[+ passage3--8,mix toge!r saltpetre ) luru mone cap ubre1 & sulphur1 & y w make ?und] & lightn+1 if y "k ! me?od ( mix+ !m40 ,"h all ! +r$i5ts ( gunp[d] are m5tion$1 except *>coal2 :i* is1 d\btless1 conceal$ "u ! b>b>\s t]ms us$2 inde$1 ! anagram is easily conv]t$ into c>bonum pulv]e1 ) a little att5tion4 ,?is discov]y has also be5 attribut$ to ,s*w>tz1 a ,g]man monk1 & ! date ( #acbj annex$ to x2 a date po/]ior to t :i* may be ju/ly claim$ = ,fri> ,bacon2 & z accid5t is /at$ to h be5 ! means by :i* he discov]$ x1 we h tak5 t incid5t z ! subject ( an illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,mr4 ,hallam1 ref]r+ to ! au?ority ( an ,arabic au?or1 inf]s t !re is no "q t ! k ( gunp[d] 0 introduc$ into ,europe ?r\gh ! means ( ! ,s>ac5s1 be=e ! middle ( ! #ac? c5tury2 & no d\bt its use !n 0 m = fireworks1 ?an z an artill]i/ projectile =ce4 ,!re is good evid5ce1 too1 t ! use ( gunp[d] 0 introduc$ into ,spa9 by ! ,moors1 at lea/ z e>ly z ! ye> #acdc4 ,n[1 z ,rog] ,bacon is kn[n to h be5 an ,arabic s*ol>1 x is n at all unlikely t he might h become acqua9t$ ) ! mode ( mak+ ! composition1 & also ) its mo/ rem>kable prop]ties1 by p]us+ "s ,arabian writ] ) :om we are at pres5t unacqua9t$4 ,?is inv5tion1 by :i* ! p]sonal b>b>ity ( w> has c]ta9ly be5 dim9i%$1 is1 :5 consid]$ z a means ( human de/ruction1 by f> ! mo/ p[]ful t skill has ev] devis$1 or accid5t pres5t$2 acquir+1 z exp]i5ce %[s u1 a m sangu9>y dom9ion 9 e succe$+ age1 & subs]v+ all ! progressive res\rces ( sci5ce & civilization = ! ext]m9ation ( mank9d3 :i*1 says ,mr4 ,hallam1 8appals u at ! future prospects ( ! species1 & makes u feel1 p]haps1 m ?an 9 any o!r in/ance1 a difficulty 9 reconcil+ ! my/]i\s disp5sation ) ! b5evol5t ord] ( ,provid5ce40 ,! composition ( gunp[d]1 z reg>ds ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts1 has n und]gone any mat]ial alt]ation2 ! *emical proportions ( ! anci5ts be+ ne>ly ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,gunp[d] is an explosive propellant comp\nd1 consi/+ ( saltpetre or nitre1 *>coal1 & sulphur4 ,! t]ms1 explosive & propellant1 are n "h us$ z synonym\s--!y are n conv]tible2 = a *emical mixture may possess ! explosive p[] 9 a mu* high] degree ?an ! propellant3 fulm9at+ gold1 silv]1 & m]cury1 are dreadfully explosive2 b !y h n ! same projectile =ce1 nor c !y be us$ z a sub/itute = x4 ,sev]al exp]im5ts h be5 made ) comp\nds ( ?is nature1 b ! result is ! rev]se ( :at might be expect$4 ,no?+ c resi/ ! exce$+ int5sity ( ! action ( fulm9at+ p[d]2 a %ot1 :5 fir$ 9 ?is way1 is n project$ z by gunp[d]1 b is split into fragm5ts by ! velocity ( its explosion1 z we %all h]eaft] h occasion to %[4 ,nitre1 or saltpetre1 is /rictly ! ess5ce ( gunp[d]4 ,x is a triple comp\nd ( oxyg51 nitrog51 & potassium4 ,! *emical action ( ^? elem5ts on ea* o!r1 & ! play ( aff9ities betwe5 !m at a high temp]ature1 occasion ! imm5se effect produc$ by gunp[d] on ! application ( fire or heat4 ,by univ]sal cons5t1 sulphur is includ$ 9 ! mixture1 b x is n absolutely necess>y = ! 8propellant p[]20 = nitre & *>coal only w g5]ate effects simil> to ! comp\nd ) sulphur4 ,gunp[d] made )\t sulphur has1 h[ev]1 sev]al bad qualities2 x is n1 on ! :ole1 s p[]ful1 nor s regul> 9 its action2 x is also por\s & friable1 possess+ nei!r firmness nor solidity4 ,x _c be> ! friction ( c>riage1 & 9 transport crumbles into du/4 ,! use ( sulphur1 !re=e1 appe>s to be n only to complete ! me*anical comb9ation ( ! o!r +r$i5ts1 b be+ a p]fectly combu/ible sub/ance1 x increases ! g5]al effect1 augm5ts ! propellant p[]1 & is ?\ght to r5d] ! p[d] less susceptible ( injury f atmosph]ic influ5ce4 8,!re is "o good reason10 says ! ,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia1 8= ! use ( sulphur1 al?\gh x does n contribute to ! production ( any ela/ic fluid4 ,! c>bonic acid :i* is g5]at$ w\ld d\btless comb9e ) ! pota%1 if x 7 n = ! pres5ce ( ! sulphur1 & ?us s mu* ela/ic fluid w\ld be lo/4 ,t ?is is ! case we "k to be true1 f ! fact t c>bonate ( pota% is always =m$ :5 nitre is decompos$ by *>coal alone1 :i* ,i %all almo/ imm$iately %[40 ,?is c]ta9ly w\ld be ! case1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ) gunp[d] )\t sulphur--"s c>bonate ( pota% w\ld be =m$4 ,! sulphur1 we h no d\bt1 f exp]im5ts we h made on ?is subject1 is1 9 "p1 engag$ dur+ ! explosion ( gunp[d] 9 expell+ ! six? proportion ( oxyg5 f ! pota%1 s z to comb9e ) ! potassium1 to =m a true sulphuret ( t metal4 ,?is fact is easily asc]ta9$1 f ! circum/ance t no sulphurett$ hydrog5 c be detect$1 by ! mo/ delicate te/s1 com+ f ! residuum left aft] fir+ gunp[d]1 until moi/ure has ga9$ access to x4 ,! bad smell :i* arises sometime aft] ! burn+ ( gunp[d]1 is occasion$ by ! decomposition ( ! moi/ure :i* ! sulphuret ( potassium attracts f ! atmosph]e2 giv+ rise1 by ?is decomposition & lib]ation1 to ! ftid f\l gas1 call$ sulphurett$ hydrog51 & ! production ( potassa1 or ! oxide ( potassium4 ,a commission ( ,fr5* *emi/s & artill]i/s 0 appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 9 ! ye> #agid1 to exp]im5t ^u ! be/ proportions & con/itu5ts ( gunp[d] = ! use ( ! ,fr5* s]vice4 ,! foll[+ 7 ! proportions ( five diff]5t k9ds prep>$ at ! ,essonne works3-- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,no4,nitre4,*>coal4,sulphur4 ---- ---------------------------------------- -------- #a #gfjj #adjj #ajjj ,p[d] ( ,be4 #b #gfjj #abjj #abjj ,gr5elle4 #c #gfjj #aejj #ijj ,m4 ,morveau4 #d #ggcb #acdd #ibd ,ditto4 #e #ggej #aejj #gej ,m4 ,keffault4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,! fir/ & ?ird1 aft] #bjj dis*>ges ) ! pro( mort>1 7 decl>$ ! /ronge/1 & ! ?ird proportions 7 adopt$ at ! recomm5dation ( ! commission]s4 ,"s few ye>s elaps$1 & ! fir/1 ow+ to its bett] keep+ quality1 0 sub/itut$1 z x conta9$ less *>coal1 & a little m sulphur4 ,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t hav+ always be5 extremely impress$ ) ! value ( durability 9 gunp[d]1 !y h s9ce return$ to _! anci5t proportions3 #ge nitre1 #ab-a_/b *>coal1 #ab-a_/b sulphur4 ,! *>coal1 ! absorb5t ( moi/ure1 be+ fur!r r$uc$1 & ! sulphur1 ! pres]v+ +r$i5t1 be+ increas$ 9 ! same ratio4 8,mr4 ,napi] tri$ a small quantity made ( nitre & *>coal only1 & 0 mu* surpris$ to f9d x project a %ot z f> z ! be/ p[d] made 9 ! usual mann]4 ,x is f\nd t1 9 small *>ges1 sulphur is advantage\s2 b1 9 *>ges ( sev]al ounces1 ! project+ =ce is z great )\t z ) x4 ,!re=e1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 sulphur may be disp5s$ )2 b to make a good gunp[d]1 nitre & *>coal are indisp5sable40 ,among/ ! brilliant discov]ies ( mod]n *emi/ry may be class$ ! developm5t ( ! fact1 t a *emical comb9ation1 to con/itute ! same comp\nd1 always takes place 9 def9ite & unalt]able ratios4 ,to select "o example out ( a multitude3 "o atom ( c>bon comb9+ ) two atoms ( oxyg5 produces ! gas2 because m w\ld answ] no useful end4 ,s1 ) ref]5ce to ! sulphur1 if x ent] into comb9ation only ) ! potassium--! base ( ! nitre--! sulphur %\ld be 9 t proportion to =m ! sulphuret ( t metal2 & 9 ?is case !re w\ld be no sup]fluity1 = t w\ld only add to ! weight ( ! *>ge ( p[d]1 & dim9i% its absolute & effective en]gy4 ,! view ( ! case :i* we h tak5 supposes only two comb9ations1 viz4 c>bon ) oxyg51 & sulphur ) potassium4 ,%\ld !re be a m div]sifi$ play ( aff9ities1 & ! sev]al elem5ts ( ! p[d] ent] into m complicat$ action1 accurate analysis w\ld conduct u ?r\gh all difficulties1 & po9t out :at ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts ought to be 9 ord] to su/a9 t action1 & to produce a p]fect ultimate result4 ,we ?us p]ceive h[ analysis be>s ^u ! case4 ,we c see by su* reason+ on ! subject1 t1 !oretically1 !re c be b "o set ( proportions calculat$ to produce ! be/ & /ronge/ gunp[d]1 & t ^? proportions mu/ dep5d ^u ! e/abli%$ & un]r+ laws ( nature4 ,! proportions1 !n1 = gunp[d]1 by ^! consid]ations1 w be ^? 9 :i* ! c>bon w j consume ! oxyg5 ( ! nitre1 & comb9e ) ! sulphur z mu* z w exactly saturate ! potassium4 ,?is w be effect$ by an atom ea* ( nitre & sulphur1 & ?ree atoms ( c>bon2 or nitre #gee1 *>coal #ahh1 & ( sulphur #aah4 ,9 ! pres5t improv$ /ate ( *emical sci5ce1 :5 ! nature ( ! bodies compris+ gunp[d] is s well kn[n1 z well z ! comp\nds result+ f _! action on ea* o!r1 ! proportions we h nam$ may be tak5 z ! be/ = practice4 ,! *>coal %\ld1 9 p>ticul>1 n be less ?an ! nitre1 z ! smalle/ portion less ?an ! :ole atom w\ld be ! same z to leave out ! :ole atom1 9 :i* case !re w\ld be no c>bonic oxide =m$4 ,if1 = example1 in/ead ( ! proportions ( nitre #gee1 *>coal #afb1 sulphur #ae1 ! c>bon 7 #af1 !n !re w\ld be #db ( c>bon left 9 ! residuum1 & no c>bonic oxide w\ld be =m$1 s9ce bodies _c unite b 9 def9ite proportions4 ,f ^! consid]ations we c p]ceive ! reason :y a small proportion ( c>bonic oxide is always =m$ dur+ ! decomposition ( nitre by *>coal2 = x w be evid5t1 t z ! nitric acid conta9s five atoms ( oxyg51 f\r ( ^! mu/ comb9e ) two atoms ( c>bon to =m two atoms ( c>bonic acid1 :ile ! odd atom ( oxyg5 is compell$ to take ano!r atom to =m c>bonic oxide4 ,b ?is is n ! case 9 ! combu/ion ( gunp[d]1 z c>bonic acid & nitrog5 are ! pr9cipal gases g5]at$4 ,^! proportions diff] f any o!r =mula yet prescrib$2 &1 ?\gh diff]5t 9 a great degree f ! proportions laid d[n by v>i\s writ]s on ! subject1 ! reasons :i* are "h giv51 z has be5 se51 are su* z c>ry ) !m a conviction ( _! tru?3 = !re _c possibly be any b5efit aris+ f a great] quantity ( any ( ^! mat]ials ?an is absolutely necess>y to =m ! composition 9 "q2 & if ! smalle/ quantity be above :at is requisite to consume ! :ole1 t1 h[ev] small x may be1 is highly detrim5tal to ! effective en]gy ( ! mass4 ,:at we may "h call clean gunp[d]1 su* z may be us$ ) confid5ce = repeat$ dis*>ges ( fire-arms ( any description1 is ( ! greate/ importance2 !re=e1 x does n appe> to u1 t any giv5 proportions are s likely to accompli% t object z ^? be=e specifi$4 ,,table ,,( ,,composition ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,gunp[d]s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,mills4 ,nitre4,*>coal4,sulphur4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,royal ,wal?am ,abbey #gejj #aejj #ajjj ,france1 ,national ,mills #gejj #abej #abej ,fr5* ,sport+ #ghjj #abjj #ajjj ,fr5* ,m9+ #fejj #aejj #bjjj ,u4 ,s4 ( ,am]ica #gejj #abej #abej ,prussia #gejj #acej #aaej ,russia #gcgh #acei #abfc ,au/ria 7,musket7 #gbjj #agjj #afjj ,spa9 #gfdg #ajgh #abge ,sw$5 #gfjj #aejj #ijj ,switz]l& 7,r\nd ,p[d]7 #gfjj #adjj #ajjj ,*9ese #gejj #addj #iij ,!oretical proportions z above #gejj #acbc #aagg ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,gunp[d] consi/s ( a v intricate mixture ( sulphur1 c>bon 7*>coal71 & nitrate ( pota% 7nitre74 ,! proportions 9 :i* !y exi/ are "o equival5t ( nitre1 "o ( sulphur1 & ?ree ( c>bon4 ,! great explosive p[] ( gunp[d] is due to ! sudd5 developm5t f its solid con/itu5ts ( a l>ge quantity ( gases2 ^! gases are nitrog5 & c>bonic acid4 ,at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e ^! gases w\ld occupy a space ?ree hundr$ times great] ?an ! bulk ( ! gunp[d] us$2 b ow+ to ! int5se heat develop$ at ! mom5t ( explosion1 ! gases occupy at lea/ #a1ejj times ! bulk ( ! orig9al gunp[d]4 ,! mixture1 consi/+ ( "o equival5t ( nitre1 "o ( sulphur1 & ?ree ( c>bon1 w\ld yield ?ree equival5ts ( c>bonic acid1 "o ( nitrog51 & "o ( sulphuret ( potassium4 ,! *ange may be repres5t$ ?us1-- ,s ,c ,,kono #c ,,co ,n ,,ks4 ,! only solid residue1 !re=e1 is ! sulphuret ( potassium1 & ?is is ! comp\nd :i* produces ! sulphur\s od\r on wa%+ out a gun b>rel2 wat] is decompos$1 sulphurett$ hydrog5 & pota% be+ ! result ( ! decomposition4 ,n[ suppos+ ! elem5ts ( gunp[d] to exi/ 9 ^! proportions1 x is ess5tial1 9 ord] to secure _! p]fect comb9ation1 & ?us to produce ! l>ge/ possible volume ( gas1 t ! elem5ts %\ld be 9 ! mo/ m9ute /ate ( subdivision4 ,*emical action is a =ce ex]t$ at ins5sible di/ances only1 & *emical sub/ances hav+ ! greate/ aff9ity = ea* o!r w n comb9e1 unless _! elem5ts are br\ght into imm$iate contact3 ?us oxyg5 & hydrog5 may be mix$ toge!r 9 ! exact proportions to =m wat]2 b no *emical comb9ation w occur1 simply because ! ultimate p>ticles ( ! two gases are n suffici5tly ne> to ea* o!r = _! *emical aff9ities to be br\ght into play2 if1 h[ev]1 ^! gases are subject$ to v /rong pressure1 s z to br+ _! p>ticles into imm$iate contact1 comb9ation occurs1 & ! production ( wat] is ! result4 ,9 ord] to insure ! p]fect comb9ation ( ! elem5ts ( gunp[d] ! same conditions are necess>y2 t is to say1 ! ultimate p>ticles ( ! nitre1 *>coal1 & sulphur1 mu/ be br\ght into ! mo/ direct contact1 or ! explosive p[] ( ! gunp[d] w be comp>atively trifl+4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! nitre1 *>coal1 & sulphur be p\nd$ 9 a mort>1 no explosion b a sl[ combu/ion w occur :5 ! mixture is ignit$2 s t unless ?is intimate mixture ( ! elem5ts is c>efully att5d$ to 9 ! manufacture ( gunp[d]1 x is easy to see t ! article produc$ w be ( comp>atively little value4 ,x is evid5t !n t if tons ( ! elem5ts ( gunp[d] 7 /or$ 9 a w>eh\se :i* accid5tally caught fire1 no explosion w\ld occur f ! =mation ( gunp[d]2 ?\gh its +r$i5ts w\ld greatly increase ! rapidity ( combu/ion4 ,?is rem>k is elicit$ by ! recollection ( a fe>ful explosion :i* took place at ,gate%ead 9 #ahed4 ,x may be rememb]$ t a w>eh\se caught fire f an adjo9+ mill1 & ! explosion 0 suppos$ to h be5 produc$ by ! ignition ( ! elem5ts ( gunp[d] /or$ 9 ! w>eh\se 9 a crude /ate4 ,! upp] /ory ( ! build+ conta9$ a l>ge quantity ( crude sulphur1 & ! basem5t /ory ab\t ! same quantity ( nitre1 :il/ *emicals ( v>i\s k9ds 7 /or$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! build+2 b accord+ to ! acc\nts publi%$ !re 0 no l>ge quantity ( c>bon 9 ! w>eh\se2 nev]!less1 a t]rific explosion took place1 & aft] a l5g!n$ inve/igation1 ! conclusion arriv$ at 0 ?is3 ! sulphur melt+1 mix$ ) ! nitre1 gunp[d] 0 ?us =m$1 & ignit+1 explod$1 produc+ ! t]rible effects4 ,b gunp[d] may be made )\t sulphur1 :]eas gunp[d] )\t c>bon is an impossibility2 & ?\gh ! elem5ts ( gunp[d] _h all be5 pres5t1 no explosion c\ld h occurr$1 unless !y _h become mix$ 9 ! intimate mann] already describ$4 ,x is true "s ( ! *emical sub/ances 9 ! w>eh\se might h produc$ a fe>ful explosion3 b a m plausible explanation is to be f\nd 9 ! fact1 t gunp[d] 0 at t "t mu* m valuable abroad ?an at home2 & x is q possible t "s kegs ( gunp[d] might h be5 /or$ away 9 ?is w>eh\se1 until a conv5i5t opportunity pres5t$ itself = _! removal4 ,! =ego+ rem>ks w s]ve to expla9 h[ x is t p[d] v>ies s mu* 9 /r5g? & quickness ( fire4 ,if ! elem5ts are imp]fectly incorporat$1 ! p[d] c nev] be equal to t :i* is prop]ly made2 & ! manufactur]1 hav+ asc]ta9$ ! be/ proportions 9 :i* to mix ! elem5ts1 _h bett] improve 8 ma*9]y = incorporat+ !m1 r ?an 8 k ( ! *emi/ry ( gunp[d]4 ,^! obs]vations w also s]ve to expla9 ! app>5t anomaly1 t ! ,fr5*1 & "s ( our o!r cont95tal bre?r51 are held to produce a mu* inf]ior sport+ gunp[d] to t :i* is manufactur$ 9 old ,engl&4 ,gunp[d] is n[ made by all ! sport+ gunp[d] manufactur]s f ,no4 #a to ,no4 #e gra92 & x appe>s c]ta9 t a fur!r increase 9 ! size ( ! gra9 w\ld be advantage\s2 = _m ye>s ( pati5t & labori\s exp]im5t cle>ly %[1 t ! old notion ( gunp[d] be+ bl[n out ( an ord9>y siz$ gun 9 an unburnt /ate1 is "o ( ! 8pure/ ( vulg> errors30 su* a ?+ inde$ _c possibly happ5 unless ! p[d] be bad1 or ! gun imp]fectly made1 or injudici\sly *>g$4 ,i am satisfi$ t ,i am "u r ?an ov] e/imate1 :5 ,i ass]t t six drams ( ord9>y sport+ gunp[d] may be b5eficially & completely explod$ 9 a b>rel ( #ad bore1 #b feet #f in*es long1 ) a resi/+ projectile "o ounce 9 weight above x4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 be+ m ?an a d\ble *>ge = su* a gun1 _c be pleasantly practis$2 & x is only ass]t$ by way ( argum5t4 ,assum+1 !n1 = argum5t's sake1 t six drams ( gunp[d] are exactly consum$ 9 pass+ f ! bree* to ! muzzle ( a gun #b feet #f in*es long1 & t ! %ot1 !re=e1 acquires its greate/ velocity z x leaves ! muzzle1 x foll[s t ! ord9>y *>ge ( #b-a_/b drams w be :olly consum$ be=e x has trav]s$ half ! l5g? ( ! b>rel1 & consequ5tly ! *>ge ( %ot mu/ "h acquire its greate/ velocity4 ,x is c]ta91 !n1 t ! %ot mu/ travel ! latt] half ( ! b>rel at a dim9i%$ velocity1 & its velocity mu/ cont9ue to dim9i% z x passes up ! b>rel2 = two obvi\s reasons--#a/1 ,! column ( air 9 front ( ! *>ge is m cond5s$1 & ?us (f]s a great] resi/ance to ! exit ( ! *>ge2 #bnd1 ,! velocity is cont9ually dim9i%$ by ! increas$ friction ( ! *>ge aga9/ ! b>rel4 ,! p]fection ( projectile sci5ce is to make ! projectile acquire its greate/ velocity at ! in/ant ( leav+ ! muzzle2 & if1 by increas+ ! size ( ! gra9 ( gunp[d]1 we c dim9i% ! rapidity ( its explosion--?us caus+ x to burn & g5]ate fre% gas up to ! muzzle ( ! gun--! projectile w !n acquire its greate/ velocity1 & leave ! gun to ! be/ advantage3 ?is is ! important po9t :i* has hi!rto be5 ov]look$1 n only 9 f[l+-pieces1 b 9 ! expansive pr9ciple ( rifles4 ,= artill]y practice ( e k9d1 :atev] ! weight ( ! projectile1 gunp[d] ( a granulation suit$ to ! weight ( t projectile is ess5tial1 if we w\ld produce ! greate/ possible effect by ! lea/ exp5diture ( means4 ,9 artill]y1 at ?is mo/ important "t 9 w>'s hi/ory1 no att5tion :atev] is paid to ?is ess5tial pr9ciple4 ,a long #aj-;in* gun1 a #fh-p\nd]1 & a %ort #f-p\nd] are all *>g$ ) p[d] ( ! same granulation2 :il/ by a m judici\s use ( gunp[d] ( suitable granulation1 ! range might be ext5d$1 j z x is 9 sport+ arms1 to ne>ly #bj p] c5t4 ,artill]i/s seek to effect great range by d\bl+ ! weight ( ! gun1 & projectile mon/]s meet u at all po9ts1 to become 9 e case 8mon/] failures40 ,i fe> t ! mo/ important po9ts h be5 entirely lo/ sight (4 ,in/ead ( asc]ta9+ :e!r we h suit$ ! projectile p[] to ! #h-;in* or #ef-p\nd]1 s z to get "w f x :i* is n[ done by ! #aj-;in*1 we h1 9 our anxiety to get range1 look$ only to ! =m or mat]ial ( ! gun2 vital pr9ciples be+ totally exclud$4 ,! con/ruction ( ! gun be+ p]fect1 ! "q is1 c ! expellant =ce be br\ght to an equal /ate ( p]fection8 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! be/ results f a gun1 ! gun itself mu/ be p]fect 9 con/ruction1 & ! expellant =ce mu/ be br\ght to be> 9 ! be/ possible mann] ^u ! projectile2 & ?is is to be done by att5d+ to ! granulation ( ! p[d]1 :i* mu/ be suit$ to ! l5g? ( ! gun1 to its bore1 & to ! weight ( ! projectile4 ,common-s5se1 eng9e]+ skill1 w demon/rate1 t accord+ to ! weight ( matt] to be project$ mu/ be ! nature ( ! expellant2 accumulative--until x has ov]come ! in]tia ( t matt]1 accel]ative--until x has communicat$ to x ! highe/ /ate ( velocity its p[] is capable ( effect+4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is inf]ior to ?is1 sci5ce has n extract$ f x ! full horse-p[] x conta9s2 & we are uselessly exp5d+ =ce & de/roy+ our eng9es by undue pressure be+ ex]t$ on "o "p1 & inf]ior pressure on ano!r2 :il/ by a prop] di/ribution ( t =ce1 durability ( ! cannon is insur$1 & f tw5ty-five to ?irty p] c5t4 m "w may be obta9$ f an equal quantity ( p[d]1 provid$ its granulation be judici\sly select$ accord+ to ! area ( ! gun4 ,!re is abundant pro( t on ?is eng9e]+ "q we h hi!rto work$ by ! 8rule ( ?umb20 prejudice hav+ be5 a /umbl+-block1 :i* no?+ b /]n necessity w remove4 ,! au?orities h b j discov]$ ?is1 al?\gh _! att5tion 0 direct$ to x sev]al ye>s ago4 ,9 ! ye> #aheb1 ,i produc$ be=e ! ,small ,arms ,committee1 at ,enfield1 a portion ( gunp[d] suit$ to ! expansive rifle2 x 0 tri$ to a limit$ ext5t1 & dismiss$ ) ! rem>k1 8,we don't ?9k !re is mu* 9 x40 ,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 has demon/rat$ ! tru? ( my obs]vations1 =1 9 all extreme range %oot+ ) ! expansive or 8,gre5]ian0-pr9cipl$ rifles1 n only is consid]ably great] accuracy obta9$ ) x1 b an increase ( range equival5t to fifte5 or tw5ty p] c5t4 ,ano!r advantage ( us+ gunp[d] ( a suitable granulation is ! abs5ce ( %>p recoil2 & ?us great] accuracy ( range is obta9$--accuracy ( range & /ead9ess ( weapon be+ insep>able4 ,l>ge-gra9 gunp[d] is n only a m effectual expellant ?an ! f9e gra91 b is mu* m safe to use1 = by us+ x ! risk ( bur/+ ! b>rel is mu* less5$2 z a v simple illu/ration w %[4 ,if we e/imate ! =ce g5]at$ by ! usual *>ge ( #b-a_/b dra*ms 7,i conf9e ! "q to ! #ad-;bore gun1 = uni=mity7 to be #e1jjj lbs41 :e!r ! p[d] be f9e or co>se gra91 x foll[s t ! f9e p[d]1 ignit+ s rapidly1 w ex]t all its =ce on ! bree* end ( ! gun2 :]eas ! co>se p[d]1 ignit+ less rapidly1 di/ributes ?is =ce ov] ! :ole l5g? ( ! b>rel3 h5ce ! great] risk ( a gun bur/+ ) f9e p[d] ?an ) co>se4 ,if we suppose ! f9e p[d] to be entirely ignit$ :5 x rea*es half way up ! b>rel1 !n ! =ce ( #e1jjj lbs4 is ex]t$ on ! l[] half ( ! b>rel2 b if ! co>s] gra9 is n entirely ignit$ until x rea*es ! muzzle1 !n ! =ce ( #e1jjj lbs4 w be di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole l5g? ( ! gun4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! f9e p[d]1 ignit+ almo/ in/antane\sly1 ex]ts its =ce 9 all directions at once1 & ! b>rel may bur/ at ! side be=e ! *>ge has "t to move2 :]eas ! co>se p[d]1 ignit+ z x does m sl[ly1 fir/ lifts ! *>ge1 & !n ! volume ( gas beh9d x increas+ z ! p[d] becomes m ?or\ghly ignit$1 sweeps ! *>ge out ( ! b>rel ) a velocity increas+ t[>ds ! muzzle4 ,if "t is n giv5 = ! *>ge to receive ! full advantage ( ! expansive =ce ( ! g5]at$ air1 ! =ce is ex]t$1 n ^u ! *>ge1 b ^u ! b>rel ( ! gun itself2 & t "t is necess>y = ! full developm5t ( ?is =ce1 is prov$ by ! fact t m9]s mix _! gunp[d] ) sawdu/1 9 ord] to dim9i% ! rapidity ( its explosion & ?us get ! advantage ( its =ce 9 ! di/ance3 f ! m9]s1 !n1 let u le>n h[ to obta9 ! greate/ b5efit f ?is =ce1 & wa/e x n4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( ! importance ( ?is pr9ciple2 little progress has1 h[ev]1 be5 effect$ f want ( sci5tific illu/ration2 let x be def9$ l t ( /eam p[]1 & its adoption w foll[ z a natural consequ5ce4 ,= sev]al ye>s ,i h _h gunp[d] manufactur$ ( v>i\s sizes1 at ! sight ( :i* mo/ sportsm5 w\ld express _! a/oni%m5t4 ,"o objection held by sportsm5 to ! l>ge gra9$ gunp[d] is t x does n come up ! nipple ( ! gun2 n[ al?\gh ,i d n consid] ?is at all important1 /ill if ! specific gravity ( ! gunp[d] 7 increas$ by compress+ #a-a_/b1 #b1 or #c gra9s ( gunp[d] into ! space ( #a gra91 by means ( hydraulic pressure1 ?is objection w\ld at once be obviat$2 :il/ at ! same "t1 ! p[d] w\ld be less liable to absorb moi/ure1 or to become friable ) age3 ei!r ( :i* conditions is incompatible ) good %oot+4 ,! granulat+ ( gunp[d]1 to be ( ! greate/ b5efit1 %\ld be on a uni=m pr9ciple2 ! manipulation %\ld be alike 9 all p>ticul>s1 b especially 9 t "p ( ! process :i* det]m9es ! specific gravity4 ,! hydraulic pressure on ! cake %\ld be alike 9 all cases3 9 fact1 ! v>i\s sizes ( gra9 might be produc$ f ! same cake1 & ! desir$ object be ?us obta9$4 ,b s long z ! practice is foll[$ ( produc+ l>ge gra9 f less cond5s$ cake1 ! article produc$ w give unsatisfactory results2 & ! advantages :i* might be atta9$1 z my exp]i5ce d5otes1 & :i* w\ld be ( ! greate/ s]vice1 alike 9 sport+1 rifle1 & artill]y p[d]1 w be nullifi$4 ,great improvem5ts are yet to be made1 especially 9 ! p[d] us$ = artill]y2 :il/ range1 accuracy1 & less5$ recoils are po9ts :i* may be det]m9$ ) almo/ ma!matical precision4 ,great fame is 9 prospect = any "o :o c grasp & h&le well ?is granulation pr9ciple2 especially if he c def9e ! sizes to be us$ = diff]5t v>ieties ( guns4 ,artill]i/s :o cont5d t a m$ium size gra91 to suit all sizes ( gun1 is advantage\s1 might z well cont5d t cannon ( a m$ium size w\ld be pref]able to s _m diff]5t sizes1 because1 ?\gh we lose 9 range1 accuracy1 & recoil1 x w\ld be m conv5i5t to h b "o siz$ gun4 ,9 mak+ l>ge gra9$ gunp[d]1 ! manufactur]s defeat "o ( ! ma9 objects to be ga9$ by granulation1 f n subject+ x to ! same am\nt ( pressure :i* is necess>y = ! granulation ( ! v f9e gra94 ,9 granulat+ v f9e p[d]1 x is necess>y to subject ! cake to su* an am\nt ( hydraulic pressure z %all give ! mass a m>ble-l /ructure1 or dur+ ! process ( granulation1 ! :ole ( x crumbles into du/2 b ! co>s] gunp[d] may be granulat$ )\t subject+ x to ?is high degree ( pressure1 h5ce ea* gra9 is m por\s & ( less] specific gravity3 a diff]5ce :i* x is mo/ important to avoid4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t accord+ to ! pres5t mode ( manufactur+ gunp[d]1 ! l>ge & ! f9e gra9 are ( v diff]5t k9ds2 ! ma9 diff]5ce be+ 9 _! specific gravities4 ,gunp[d] ( less d5sity burns ) great] rapidity1 because x is m op5 & por\s2 & if uni=m d5sity 0 obs]v$1 ! div]sity 9 ! size ( ! gra9 ne$ n be s great2 :il/1 at ! same "t1 ?is anomaly might be avoid$--t ! same measure ( f9e & l>ge-gra9$ gunp[d] conta9s a diff]5ce ( ! expansive elem5t am\nt+ to fifte5 or tw5ty p] c5t4 ,z gunp[d] is n[ manufactur$1 x is highly necess>y 9 all comp>ative trials to weigh1 & n to measure ! *>ge1 or ! results w be deceptive & wor?less4 ,! granulation "q /ruggles ) undes]v$ difficulty4 ,gunmak]s1 ei!r n und]/&+ ! "q1 or con/ruct+ ! *amb]s ( _! guns improp]ly1 & n us+ suitable nipples1 decry ! adoption ( l>ge-gra9$ gunp[d]2 b !y =get ! increas$ range obta9$ 9 ! kill+ f _! guns1 & ! clt a long %ot produces4 ,9 trials ( guns at ?irty or =ty y>ds1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! %oot+ ) f9e & l>ge-gra9$ gunp[d] is n s app>5t1 & ! mak] exclaims1 8,oh6 ! f9e p[d] %oots /rong]1 & z close z ! co>se40 ,i admit ?is to be ! case1 at %ort di/ances2 b ! great advantage ( us+ ! l>ge gra9 is suffici5tly evid5t :5 %oot+ at =ty-five1 fifty1 & sixty y>ds1 = !n ! f9e gra9 entirely fails3 simply f ! (t-repeat$ fact1 t ! f9e p[d] is m ( a propulsive1 :ile ! l>ge gra9 is an expellant =ce2 s t accord+ to ! law ( resi/ance 9 ari=m fluids1 ! "o is soon] r$uc$ to m$ium velocity ?an ! o!r1 :i* ex]ts its action m ev5ly4 ,p[d] ( l>g] gra9 is ?us m suitable = ! l>g] sizes ( %ot1 & w\ld give an increas$ range 9 usual %oot+1 = ! %ot is kept bett] toge!r1 & is project$ to great] di/ances4 ,a common way ( te/+ ! quality ( gunp[d] is1 to rub x betwe5 ! h&s1 & obs]ve ! d>kness ( ! /a92 ! d>k] ! /a9 ! m inf]ior ! gunp[d] is held to be4 ,?is te/ is1 h[ev]1 decid$ly fallaci\s1 because ! gunp[d] may be ( l[ specific gravity1 or x may h become friable f age & o!r causes4 ,:ales are %ot ) gunp[d] proportion$ to ! weight ( ! h>poon requir$ to kill !m4 ,duck guns ( ! l>ge/ calibre are comp>atively useless unless ! gunp[d] us$ is granulat$ accord+ to ! weight ( ! projectile2 & ! same law holds 9 reg>d to ! mo/ 8mammo?0 eng9e yet to be devis$ by ! m9d ( man4 ,gun-cotton has be5 be=e ! _w = "s ye>s1 b1 except z a curiosity1 x has attract$ little public att5tion2 nei!r has x ga9$ any reputation z a projectile =ce4 ,x may be prep>$ by /eep+ cotton wool = a few m9utes 9 a mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acids1 ?or\ghly wa%+1 & !n dry+ at a v g5tle heat4 ,x consi/s *emically ( ! ess5tial elem5ts ( gunp[d]3 viz4 c>bon1 nitrog51 & oxyg52 b1 9 addition1 x conta9s ano!r highly ela/ic gas1 hydrog54 ,! c>bon 9 ! fibres ( ! wool pres5ts to ! action ( flame a mo/ ext5d$ surface 9 a small space1 & ! result is an explosion approa*+ z ne>ly z possible to ! in/antane\s3 9 consequ5ce ( its rapid ignition x produces a viol5t kick2 suffici5t "t is n giv5 to put heavy bodies 9 motion1 h5ce x _c be usefully employ$ z a projectile ag5t4 ,no "o :o values 8 limbs %\ld trifle ) x1 = fe>ful accid5ts h result$ f its exposure to ! heat ( ! sun1 & o!r v simple causes4 ,!re is an in/rum5t us$ by "s sportsm51 & /rongly recomm5d$ by _m gunmak]s1 = te/+ ! /r5g? ( diff]5t k9ds ( gunp[d]4 ,x consi/s ( a *amb] clos$ by a spr+1 & fir$ l an ord9>y pi/ol4 ,:5 ! p[d] explodes ! spr+ is =c$ =w>d1 & moves an index r\nd a graduat$ circle2 ! m quickly ! p[d] explodes ! f>!r does x lift ! spr+2 h5ce ?is is a measure ( quickness ( fire1 b n ( expellant =ce2 & f ! obs]vations :i* h be5 made on gunp[d]1 x mu/ be evid5t to any "o :o has paid ! lea/ att5tion to ! subject1 t ?is in/rum5t is utt]ly useless4 ,an in/rum5t to te/ ! comp>ative /r5g? ( diff]5t k9ds ( gunp[d] is yet a desid]atum 9 projectile sci5ce2 & we _c d\bt t su* an in/rum5t w be produc$1 :5 ! importance ( ! granulation ( gunp[d] is m g5]ally kn[n & appreciat$4 ,! *>coal =m]ly us$ 0 made 9 ! common way1 by pits1 :i* mu/ h be5 se5 by almo/ e "o4 ,! me?od is n[ to di/il ! wood 9 ca/-iron cyl9d]s1 extract+ ! pyroligne\s acid1 c41 by heat+ !m r$ hot1 & all[+ all o!r volatile matt] to evaporate1 ! *>coal only be+ reta9$ 9 ! cyl9d] or retorts2 h5ce arises ! "n cyl9d] gunp[d]4 ,! be/ *>coal = sport+ p[d]s is ! black dog wood2 ,gov]nm5t use will[ & ald]4 ,any *>coal does = common p[d]s4 ,*>coal is gr\nd 9 ! same way z ! nitre4 ,sulphur is purifi$ simply by fus+1 & :5 9 t /ate1 skimm+ (f ! impurities3 x is cool$ & pulv]is$ 9 ! same way z ! o!r two +r$i5ts4 ,! ?ree +r$i5ts1 aft] be+ c>efully weigh$ 9 _! due proportions1 are sift$ into a l>ge tr\gh1 & well mix$ toge!r by ! h&s4 ,!y are !n convey$ to ! p[d] mill4 ,?is is a l>ge circul> tr\gh1 hav+ a smoo? iron b$1 9 :i* two mill/ones1 secur$ to a horizontal axis1 revolve1 trav]s+ ea* o!r1 & mak+ n9e or t5 revolutions 9 a m9ute4 ,! p[d] is mix$ ) a small quantity ( wat] put on ! b$ ( ! mill1 & !re kept subject to ! pressure ( ! /ones2 & if we calculate ! weight ( ! two mill/ones at six tons1 x foll[s t 9 f\r or five h\rs' incorporation on ?is b$1 x subjects ! +r$i5ts to ! action ( full #aj1jjj tons4 ,x is ?is long-cont9u$ gr9d+1 comp\nd+1 & bl5d+ toge!r ( ! mixture1 t alone r5d]s x useful & good4 ,aft] ?is intimate mix+1 x is convey$ away 9 ! %ape ( mill-cake1 & firmly press$ betwe5 plates ( copp]4 ,bramah's press has be5 introduc$ ( late ye>s--we %\ld say ) a good deal ( improvem5t to ! p[d]1 z w be %[n h]eaft]--& by its means ! mass is m compress$ & 9 ?9n] cakes4 ,x is !n brok5 into small pieces ) wood5 mallets1 & tak5 to ! corn+-h\se1 :]e x is granulat$1 8by putt+ x into sieves1 ! bottoms ( :i* are made ( bullocks' hides1 prep>$ l p>*m5t1 & p]=at$ ) holes ab\t two-t5?s ( an in* 9 diamet]2 f tw5ty to ?irty ( ^! sieves are secur$ to a l>ge frame1 mov+ on an ecc5tric axis1 or crank1 ( six in*es ?r[2 two pieces ( lignum vit1 six in*es 9 diamet]1 & two in*es or m 9 ?ickness1 are plac$ on ! brok5 press-cakes 9 ea* sieve4 ,! ma*9]y be+ !n put 9 rapid motion1 ! discs ( lignum vit 7call$ balls7 press+ ^u ! p[d]1 & /rik+ aga9/ ! sides ( ! sieves1 =ce x ?r\gh ! ap]tures1 9 gra9s ( v>i\s sizes1 on to ! floor1 f :5ce x is remov$1 & aga9 sift$ ?r\gh f9] sieves ( wire1 to sep>ate ! du/ & classify ! gra94 ,"o man works two sieves at a "t1 by turn+ a h&le & ecc5tric crank2 ! sieves be+ fix$ to a frame1 :i* is susp5d$ ov] a b9 by f\r ropes f ! ceil+40 ,! gra9s aft]w>ds und]go a process ( glaz+1 by friction aga9/ ea* o!r1 9 b>rels conta9+ ne>ly #bjj lbs41 mak+ =ty revolutions 9 a m9ute1 & la/+ sev]al h\rs1 accord+ to ! fancy ( ! pur*as]4 ,?is "p ( ! bus9ess we entirely disagree )1 z injuri\s to ! quick & c]ta9 ignition4 ,gunp[d] is f9ally dri$ by an artificial temp]ature ( #adj ,fahr5heit1 :i* is suff]$ gradually to decl9e4 ,! la/ process is sift+ x cle> ( du/1 & !n pack+ x 9 cani/]s or o!rwise4 ,! utility ( ! process ( granulation results f ! impossibility ( fir+ meal$ p[d] suffici5tly simultane\sly to effect an explosion2 & also f ! fact t gunp[d]1 9 a mass1 does n explode4 ,fire a solid piece ( mill-cake1 & x does n fla% (f l unto granulat$ p[d]1 b burns gradually1 ?\gh ) an extreme fury1 until ! :ole is consum$4 ,?is arises f its d5sity1 ! compression 9 ! press2 x also tea*es u "o fact1 t to be ( ! greate/ s]vice1 ! "t ea* gra9 %\ld occupy 9 burn+ %\ld be proportion$ to ! size ( ! gun = :i* x is requir$2 s9ce x is cle> t ! explosion ( a heap ( gunp[d] is b ! rapid combu/ion ( all its p>ts4 ,?is action1 z is well kn[n1 is s rapid1 ev5 9 a l>ge quantity ( p[d]1 t x appe>s to be a sudd5 & simultane\s bur/ ( flame2 ?\gh philosophically & actually x is n s4 ,f9e gra91 :5 unconf9$1 explodes quick] ?an l>ge1 or is soon] burnt out1 & consequ5tly g5]ates m =ce 9 ! same p]iod ( "t2 b :5 x comes to l>ge quantities1 its v quickness is detrim5tal to its =ce1 by cond5s+ ! air ar\nd ! ext]ior ( ! mass ( fluid :i* ?us con/ra9s its b\nd4 ,9 small quantities1 ! proportion ( cond5sation is n s app>5t1 & h5ce ! reason :y great] velocities c be obta9$ ) small arms ?an ) cannon4 ,!re exi/s a div]sity ( op9ion 9 reg>d to ! /r5g? or projectile =ce ( gunp[d]4 ,dr4 ,ure rem>ks--8,if we inquire h[ ! maximum gase\s volume is to be produc$ f ! *emical reaction ( ! elem5ts ( nitre on *>coal & sulphur1 we %all f9d x to be by ! g5]ation ( c>bonic oxide & sulphur\s acid1 ) ! dis5gagem5t ( nitrog54 ,?is w lead u to ! foll[+ proportions ( ^! con/itu5ts3 ,hydrog5 #a4 ,p] ,c5t4 #a prime equival5t ( nitre #ajb #gejj #a sulphur #af #aagg #c *>coal #ah #acbc --- ------ #acf #ajjjj 8,! nitre conta9s five primes ( oxyg51 ( :i* ?ree comb9+ ) ! ?ree ( *>coal1 w furni% ?ree ( c>bonic oxide gas1 :ile ! rema9+ two w conv]t ! "o prime ( sulphur into sulphur\s acid gas4 ,! s+le prime ( nitrog5 is !re=e1 9 ?is view1 dis5gag$ alone4 8,! gase\s volume1 9 ?is supposition1 evolv$ f #acf gra9s ( gunp[d]1 equival5t 9 bulk to #ge-a_/b gra9s ( wat]1 or to ?ree-t5?s ( a cubic in*1 w be1 at ! atmosph]ic temp]ature1 z foll[s3-- ,gra9s4 ,cubic ,in*es4 ,c>bonic oxide #db #adaf ,sulphur\s acid #cb #dgb ,nitrog5 #ad #dgd ----- #bcfb be+ an expansion ( "o volume into #ghgc4 ,b z ! temp]ature ( ! gases1 at ! in/ant ( _! combu/ive =mation1 mu/ be inc&esc5t1 ?is volume may be safely e/imat$ at ?ree times ! above am\nt1 or consid]ably upw>ds ( #b1jjj times ! bulk ( ! explosive solid4 8,x is obvi\s t ! m sulphur1 ! m sulphur\s acid w be g5]at$1 & ! less =cibly explosive w be ! gunp[d]4 ,?is 0 confirm$ by ! exp]im5ts at ,essonne1 :]e ! gunp[d] t conta9$ twelve ( sulphur1 twelve ( *>coal1 9 #ajj p>ts1 did n ?r[ ! pro( %ell s f> z t :i* conta9$ only n9e ( sulphur & fifte5 ( *>coal4 ,! cons]vative prop]ty is1 h[ev]1 ( s mu* importance = humid climates & our remote colonies1 t x ju/ifies a slight sacrifice ( /r5g?4 8,:5 9 a /ate ( explosion1 ! volume10 ,dr4 ,hutton calculates1 8is at lea/ increas$ eight times1 & h5ce its imm5se p[]4 ,! pressure ex]t$1 if 9 a /ate ( conf9em5t1 w dep5d on ! dim5sions ( ! vessel conta9+ x2 s t x w\ld be no difficult und]tak+ to obta9 any pressure above t ( ! atmosph]e1 up1 we may fe>lessly say1 to ! enorm\s am\nt ( #d1jjj lbs4 p] squ>e in*40 ,! same quantity ( gunp[d] subject$ to a v>iety ( exp]im5tal te/s1 diff]s mat]ially 9 its results2 at ! same "t x is only by su* a me?od t we c arrive at ! relative /r5g? or p[] :i* x possesses4 ,dr4 ,hutton1 ^: au?ority 9 all ma!matical calculations is v high1 & ^: op9ions & judgm5t 9 matt]s ( ?is nature ought n to be un?9k+ly controv]t$1 /ates #b1jjj feet p] second 7) cannon7 z ! highe/ velocity :i* any projectile _h atta9$1 at ! "t ( 8 writ+1 :i* _h gunp[d] = its propellant p[]4 ,a mu* great] velocity is n[ giv5 9 all guns fir$ at high elevations4 8,monks'0 gun atta9$ a velocity ( #b1djj feet 9 ! fir/ second ( its flight1 & ?is is n[ exce$$ by rifl$ cannon4 ,?is advantage does n arise1 9 our op9ion1 s mu* f ! sup]ior quality ( ! gunp[d]1 z f ! improvem5ts :i* h tak5 place 9 ! mann] ( apply+ x4 ,= in/ance1 :]e exp]im5ts are conduct$1 z 0 ! case ) ,dr4 ,hutton1 ) mov+ epr\vettes1 a c]ta9 loss is su/a9$1 9 ! same degree z ! in/rum5t is made to recoil f its orig9al position2 !re=e1 by re/ra9+ ! recoil1 an increase ( mom5tum is giv5 to ! projectile1 to ! same ext5t z _h be5 ex]t$ ^u ! epr\vette1 or cannon1 9 driv+ x sev]al feet backw>d2 & in/ead ( divid+ ! =ce ?us acquir$ betwe5 ! %ot & ! gun1 by hav+ ! latt] firmly fix$ & ! recoil de/roy$1 ! :ole p[] is ex]t$ ^u ! =m]1 & its velocity accel]at$ 9 ! same proportion4 ,gunp[d]1 ?\gh a/oni%+ 9 its effect1 & trem5d\s 9 p[]1 may nev]!less be controll$ )9 a limit$ sph]e1 & b\nds put ^u its de/ructive en]gy4 ,! foll[+ curi\s exp]im5t1 fir/ tri$ at ,woolwi* on a small scale1 has s9ce be5 c>ri$ out to a great ext5t4 ,screw into ea* end ( ! bree* "p ( a gun-b>rel a well-fitt$ plug2 drill a communication1 & put 9 a nipple2 hav+ fill$ ! b>rel ) p[d]1 screw 9 ! bree*1 & fire a cap on x1 & ! explosive fluid w escape by ! small orifice l /eam f a pipe4 ,if ! b>rel be good1 x may safely be held 9 ! h&1 m]ely us+ a t[el to protect ! h& f ! heat ! b>rel absorbs4 ,we h done x repeat$ly ) no inconv5i5ce1 & ev5 c>ri$ ?is exp]im5t mu* fur!r2 fir+ two ounces ( ! be/ p[d] 9 a b>rel ( good quality 7?\gh n 9 ! h&7 yet ! b>rel did n receive any viol5t motion by :i* x c\ld be inf]r$ t x might n be done ) safety4 ,we h be=e obs]v$1 t1 ) v %ort guns1 f9e gunp[d] produces ! greate/ result1 inasmu* z !re is no great] column ( air 9 ! b>rel ?an ! explosive fluid is equal to displace2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! *>ge leav+ ! muzzle ( ! gun at ! v mom5t :5 ! explosive =ce is /ronge/1 all ! p[] is ?us obta9$ ( :i* x is capable2 b if us$ 9 a long] b>rel1 & ! fluid has obta9$ its greate/ p[] :5 ! *>ge has twelve in*es ( ! b>rel /ill to travel1 ! column ( compress$ air yet rema9+ 9 ! muzzle ( ! b>rel1 ex]ts a resi/+ influ5ce1 9 proportion to its d5sity1 ^u ! *>ge1 & creates a dang]\s & unpleasant recoil4 ,if a c>tridge be plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( an op5 b>rel eight feet 9 l5g?1 hav+ a bullet abutt+ at ea* end l>ge en\gh to fill ! b>rel1 & a t\*-hole is drill$ z ne> ! c5tre ( ! c>tridge z possible1 :5 x is fir$1 ! balls w c]ta9ly be dis*>g$ f ! b>rel1 b ) a v small degree ( =ce3 9 fact1 m]ely driv5 out4 ,) ! same in/rum5t1 v>y ! exp]im5t3 place 9 x a c>tridge *>g$ ) "o ball1 ?ree feet f ! muzzle1 leav+ a column ( air five feet 9 l5g? to act aga9/ ! explosive =ce ( ! gunp[d]1 & ! ball w be driv5 "o hundr$ y>ds ) consid]able =ce4 ,aga91 let a ?ird c>tridge be introduc$ simil> to ! la/1 two feet f ! muzzle1 increas+ ! column ( air to six feet2 & ! result1 9 di/ance & velocity1 w ne>ly d\ble :at has be5 obta9$ by ! la/ exp]im5t2 t5d+ to prove t air ?us =c$ back ^u itself obta9s a d5sity1 & consequ5t resi/+ influ5ce1 ne>ly equal to a well-screw$ bree*4 ,9 ord] to te/ ?is pr9ciple fur!r1 ,i put into ! same tube a d\ble *>ge ( gunp[d]1 m]ely back$ by a wadd+1 two feet f ! muzzle1 & !n ramm$ d[n f\r balls z tight z possible into ! %ort portion2 9 dis*>g+ x1 ! tube 0 bur/ imm$iately 9 re> ( ! *>ge4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 ,i took a common musket b>rel1 hav+ a plug ( iron firmly fix$ into ! muzzle2 ! bree* be+ unscrew$1 & a ball introduc$ "o-t5? ( an in* less 9 diamet] ?an ! bore ( ! b>rel1 toge!r ) "o dra*m ( gunp[d]1 ,i !n fir$ ! gunp[d]1 & ! explosive matt] escap$ by ! t\*-hole4 ,on exam9ation1 x 0 f\nd t ! ball 0 flatt5$ to ! ext5t ( "o-?ird ( its sph]e4 ,! *>ge = ! next exp]im5t 0 increas$ to two dra*ms2 :5 ! ball 9 ! dis*>ge /ruck ! muzzle v slightly1 alt]+ its %ape 9 ! lea/ conceivable degree4 ,! *>ge 0 next increas$ to ?ree dra*ms1 & ! ball 0 extract$ )\t any p]ceptible defect4 ,9 ! f\r? trial1 ano!r dra*m 0 add$1 ) :i* ! effect 0 great] ?an ! tube 0 able to resi/2 x 0 9 consequ5ce bur/1 ab\t ?ree in*es f ! muzzle4 ,f ?is ,i inf] t1 9 ! fir/ trial1 ! velocity ( ! ball 0 n s great1 b t ! air escap$ pa/ x1 by :at is te*nically call$ ! w9dage1 all[+ x to /rike ! plug at ! end ( ! b>rel ) suffici5t =ce to alt] ! %ape ( ! lead 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,! second trial gave an increas$ velocity2 ! oppos+ =ces be+ s ne>ly balanc$ t ! ball sc>cely rea*$ ! end ( ! b>rel1 & 0 v little injur$4 ,9 ! ?ird trial ! velocity became s great1 & ! air 0 cond5s$ to su* an ext5t1 t ! ball /ruck ^u a cu%ion-l surface s highly ela/ic t x 0 extract$ )\t ! lea/ injury to its %ape4 ,! la/ *>ge 0 too p[]ful1 inasmu* z ! lat]al pressure ( compress$ air r5t ! tube asund]4 ,! "o great cause ( ?is & o!r b>rels bur/+1 arises f ! velocity becom+ too great1 & ?us driv+ back ! air ^u itself1 until ! mutual repulsion ( ! p>ticles =ms an almo/ imp5etrable b>ri]1 ex]t+ a lat]al pressure on ! b>rel1 & resi/+ ! passage ( ! ela/ic fluid4 ,to make ! explanation pla92 suppos+ t ! *>ge _h cond5s$ ! air = ! di/ance ( ?ree or f\r in*es imm$iately prec$+ x1 & !n come to re/1 ! waves ( vibration1 travell+ at ! rate ( #a1cjj feet p] second1 w\ld communicate to ! rema9d] ( ! column ! same pressure1 & an equilibrium w\ld take place4 ,b ?is n be+ ! case1 & ! air becom+ /ill m highly compress$ by ! velocity n decreas+ b increas+1 ! lat]al pressure becomes great] ?an ! fibres ( ! iron are able to )/&1 & consequ5tly ! b>rel is bur/4 ,_m accid5ts arise f ?is cause solely1 & )\t any blame be+ atta*$ to ei!r ! mak] or us] ( ! gun4 ,:ile on ?is subject1 we may rem>k t ?is is ! m likely1 inasmu* z ! p[d] ) :i* b>rels are prov$ is n ! /ronge/1 & is also ( a l>ge gra92 s t x is q )9 ! range ( probability t a b>rel may1 & x does (t51 /& pro(1 & yet bur/ :5 x comes to be us$ ) extremely f9e-gra9$ /rong p[d]2 z x is q cle> t a high velocity mu/ create dang]4 ,to pursue ! subject /ill fur!r3 9 ord] to procure conclusive evid5ce 9 support ( ?is argum5t1 ,i _h a tube ( iron manufactur$1 suffici5tly good 9 quality to be> an enorm\s pressure2 x 0 ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 ) a bore l>ge en\gh to admit an ounce ball1 & ! sides ( ! ar* 7 full a qu>t] ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,a piece ( /eel1 "o in* 9 l5g?1 0 !n turn$ ( a size to fit ! bore well1 b n s tight z to prev5t its free action3 ?is ,i call$ a pi/on4 ,f ! c5tre ( ! tube to ! muzzle1 7 drill$1 on all sides1 a numb] ( small holes1 a qu>t] ( an in* di/ant f ea* o!r1 9 all am\nt+ to sixty-eight2 ^! 7 fitt$ ) small pieces ( /eel ne$les1 h>d5$1 project+ into ! int]ior ( ! tube a qu>t] ( an in*1 s t ! pi/on1 9 its upw>d movem5t1 %\ld /rike ^! p9s1 & ?us enable me to judge h[ f> x 0 driv5 by ea* exp]im5t4 ,ea* end ( ! tube 0 !n fitt$ ) a bree*1 firmly screw$ 92 ! upp] "o hav+ a flat int]nal surface1 ! l[] "o1 :]e ignition 0 to be communicat$1 be+ a conical or pat5t bree*4 ,?is ma*9e ,i t]m$ an explosion metre2 & x answ]$ its purpose4 ,) two dra*ms ( ! be/ cani/] gunp[d]1 ! pi/on 0 propell$ n9ete5 in*es along ! tube2 break+ eight p9s4 ,! same quantity ( ! f9e diamond gra9 rea*$ only eighte5 in*es1 or f\r p9s4 ,no4 #c gra91 ( bo? ,laur5ce's & ,pig\ & ,wilks' manufacture1 rea*$ tw5ty-f\r in*es1 or tw5ty-eight p9s4 ,a v sup]ior p[d]1 conta9+ 9 "o gra9 five ( diamond1 f\r ( cani/]1 & two ( ! above mak]s' ,no4 #b1 rea*$ tw5ty-sev5 in*es1 & broke =ty p9s4 ,9 ea* ( ^! exp]im5ts ! greate/ accuracy 0 obs]v$1 9 prep>+ ! metre z well z 9 weigh+ ! *>ge4 ,^! facts g f> to prove t1 9 all uses ( gunp[d]1 ! gra9 %\ld be ( a size proportion$ to ! l5g? & bore ( ! gun2 = if we h n an accel]at+ =ce to ov]come ! increas+ resi/ance ( ! compress$ column ( air 9 ! b>rel1 !re is great dang] t ! gun may be bur/1 & probably be productive ( great mis*ief2 :il/ a judici\s application ( ! extraord9>y p[] ?us plac$ at our disposal1 may be alike conducive to our safety & our pleasure4 ,a musket ball c be driv5 ?r\gh an half-in* boil] plate2 b ?is c only be accompli%$ by us+ z mu* p[d] z w g5]ate a gradually1 ?\gh rapidly1 increas+ p[]1 until ! ball has pass$ ! limits ( ! tube4 ,nitre is n ! only salt :i* has be5 employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( gunp[d]4 ,its quantity or proportion 9 ! mixture has be5 less5$1 & ! defici5cy suppli$ by ano!r elem5t>y comb9ation2 namely1 by ! *lorate ( potassa4 ,! ,fr5* succe$$ 9 mak+ p[d] ( :i* potassa =ms "o ( ! compon5t p>ts1 & !y say x ranges ! projectile d\ble ! di/ance2 b ?is is d\btful4 ,! proportions ( ! mixture are nitrate ( pota% tw5ty-five p>ts1 *lorate ( potassa =ty-five1 sulphur fifte51 *>coal sev5 & a half1 & lycopodium sev5 & a half p>ts4 ,9 ! ye> #ahji1 a simil> k9d ( p[d] 0 propos$ to ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t1 by a p]son ( ! "n ( ,p>r2 b its introduction 0 v prop]ly oppos$ by ,sir ,william ,congreve1 on acc\nt ( ! dang] att5d+ its use1 & also f ! fact t !re 0 no piece ( ordnance 9 ! s]vice able to )/& its effects4 ,! proportions 71 *lorate ( potassa six p>ts1 f9e *>coal "o "p1 sulphur "o "p4 ,^! +r$i5ts to be c>efully mix$ toge!r & granulat$4 ,! above mixture 0 laid aside1 n only f ! want ( p[] to re/ra9 its effects1 b because x 0 useless1 f ! v extreme rapidity ( its explosion3 x =ms ! atmosph]ic air into a wall ( adamant1 by ! cond5sation conf9+ x to a comp>atively small space2 x becomes lightn+--an electric fluid1 :i*1 f its v int5sity1 _c displace any great mass ( air4 ,nei!r c any advantage arise f any great] velocity 9 projectile =ce1 except we c obta9 t by a graduat$ scale2 = masses _c1 f a /ate ( re/1 be put 9 extreme motion in/antane\sly3 philosophy tea*es u1 & exp]i5ce makes x evid5t1 t a portion ( "t mu/ be occupi$1 h[ev] %ort t may be4 ,all motion is gradual1 & _c be obta9$ o!rwise2 & h5ce ! fact1 t lightn+ convey$ into a tube fill$ ) projectiles w\ld n drive !m out3 x w\ld n project !m1 b ! bl[ w\ld break !m 9 pieces4 ,s is x ) ?is mixture2 x is useless f its v rapidity ( ignition4 ,we h %[n t ev5 f9e gra9 gunp[d] is too quick1 & t its quickness de/roys its p[]2 h[ mu* m s is ! o!r3 & :at w\ld x avail u1 ) ^! disadvantages4 ,a writ] m5tions :at he conceives to be a curi\s fact3 he says1 8,if a tra9 ( gunp[d] be cross$ at "r angles by a tra9 ( fulm9at+ m]cury1 laid on a %eet ( pap] on a table1 & ! gunp[d] light$ by a r$ hot wire1 ! flame w run on until x meets ! cross tra9 ( fulm9at+ m]cury1 :5 ! inflammation ( ! latt] w be s in/antane\s z to cut (f ! connection ) ! cont9u\s tra9 ( gunp[d]1 leav+ "o half ( ! tra9 unignit$30 & aga91 8,if ! fulm9at+ p[d] be light$ fir/1 x w g /raight on1 & pass ?r\gh ! tra9 ( gunp[d] s rapidly z n to inflame x at all40 ,true2 & ! cause is q app>5t3 ! rapidity ( combu/ion cond5ses ! air s quickly1 z to remove ! gra9s ( gunp[d] liable to come 9 contact ) ! flame1 & to =m ! cond5s$ air into a l9e ( dem>cation3 = heat _c be tak5 up by ! air quick] ?an ! atmosph]e w convey s\nd2 & be=e ! heat c evaporate ! explosion is ov]1 & is consequ5tly noiseless4 ,9 all m9+ op]ations3 9 ! qu>ry+ ( /one1 ! de/ruction ( sunk5 rocks1 or 9 any o!r op]ations :]e x is desirable to deta* l>ge masses1 ! use ( gunp[d] is indisp5sable2 n only because x decreases manual ex]tion b also because x c be us$ "u circum/ances & 9 situations unapproa*able by o!r means4 ,x becomes1 !re=e1 a consid]ation = ! m9] :at k9d is be/ suit$ = ! purpose2 ! f9e/ gra9$ p[d] is useless z is well kn[n3 x is also m exp5sive2 b its pr9cipal defect arises f its quickness ( combu/ion4 ,masses _c be deta*$ )\t fir/ putt+ ! :ole 9 motion2 & z ?is _c be done 9 a v %ort "t1 x is necess>y to prolong ! explosion1 s t ! wave ( vibration may h "t to travel ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! mass act$ ^u2 & a repetition ( ^! waves is necess>y be=e any mass c move4 ,n[1 to obta9 ?is1 x is necess>y t matt] be s incorporat$ ) ! p[d] z to prolong t explosion2 bitum9\s sub/ances might be appli$ ) effect1 = _! sl[ burn+ w\ld keep ! heat necess>y to hold ! p]man5t gases at _! utmo/ /ret* ( expansion4 ,x is obvi\s1 f ! extremely high "* ,engli% sport+ gunp[d] has obta9$ all ov] ! _w1 t consid]able improvem5t mu/ h be5 effect$ by ! private manufactur]s1 ei!r 9 ! purification or manipulation ( +r$i5ts2 inde$ ! unwe>i$ c>e be/[$ on ?is po9t by sev]al ( our be/ mak]s is beyond all praise4 ,to expla9 ! v>i\s me?ods1 or o!rwise enl>ge ^u ?is po9t1 w\ld be injuri\s to individual skill & ent]prise1 & be ! means ( imp>t+ k to ^? :o h n ability to inv5t1 b :o ga!r f ! bra9s ( o!rs4 ,! ,fr5* set great value on ! 8,p\dre de ,*asse0 ( ,engl&4 ,x is r s+ul> t we %\ld excel ^? :o pride !mselves s mu* on _! *emical k2 b1 z be=e rem>k$1 x is c]ta9 t ! intimate incorporation ( ! +r$i5ts is ( m importance ?an ! *emical proportions4 ,all milit>y & naval gunp[d] is n manufactur$ ( ! greate/ /r5g? t c be acquir$ 8at ! ,gov]nm5t mills20 a sample is furni%$ to ea* contractor ) ea* contract1 & to ?is /r5g? he is limit$4 ,! fame ( our ,engli% gunp[d] mak]s is pat5t to all ! _w1 &1 :]e skill is equal1 to "n "o r ?an ano!r w\ld be invidi\s2 ?\gh we mu/ n lose sight ( ! facts h]e9 e/abli%$4 8,granulation10 prop]ly und]/ood1 is an equival5t po9t to ei!r *emical or me*anical k & manipulation 9 gunp[d] manufacture4 ,great anxiety to meet ! wi%es ( ! sport+ _w on ?is po9t1 & to advance ) ! age1 has be5 ar\s$2 & specim5s h be5 k9dly furni%$ to me1 n by "o1 b by all ! foll[+ celebrat$ mak]s3 ,messrs4 ,pig\ & ,wilks1 ,curtis & ,h>vey1 ,lawr5ce & ,son1 ,john ,hall & ,son2 & ,i h receiv$ also a v excell5t specim5 f ! ,scot* mills4 ,gunp[d] ( five sizes ( granulation1 on ! basis be=e allud$ to3 namely1 ,no4 #b1 conta9+ two quantities ( ,no4 #a1 & ,no4 #c1 ?ree1 & s on 9 progression2 b x is imp]ative t all ! v>i\s sizes be produc$ f ! same mill cake1 or be o!rwise ( ! same cond5sation or specific gravity1 & 9 all exp]im5ts ( comp>ison1 equal weights are a 8s9e qu non10 o!rwise ! comp>ison w be futile2 z measure is1 = ^! v obvi\s reasons1 inapplicable 9 comp>ative te/s4 ,:5 ^! po9ts are c>efully atta9$1 increas$ p[] ( kill+1 8decreas$ recoil10 & mu* great] safety1 w be ! important b5efits :i* ! gunp[d] manufactur]s w conf] on e "o us+ a gun4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,artill]y4 ,arcualia1 f 8arcus1 a b[10 appe>s to h be5 ! orig9al "n1 & includ$ all sorts ( 8missiles10 z well z ! eng9es by :i* !y 7 propell$4 ,! sl+1 /ill 9 common use by ! ,arabs on ! banks ( ! upp] ,euphrates1 be+ mo/ probably ! fir/ k9d ( artill]y1 & ! b[ & arr[ a succe$+ /age ( improvem5t4 ,artill]y1 n[ 9 ! g5]al acceptance ( ! t]m1 includes all & e description ( gun1 ( great] p[] & dim5sions ?an muskets & o!r %\ld] guns4 ,mod]n civilization1 ) its giant /rides ( improvem5t1 has reject$ ! cumbr\s & unsightly complication ( spr+s1 lev]s & :eels2 & giv5 to u1 9 _! /ead1 ! light & h&some six-p\nd] cannon2 :i* is s easy ( transit t x c accompli% ! mo/ complex & difficult movem5ts1 :ile ! horses are at _! fulle/ gallop4 ,a s+le m9ute n[ suffices to /op :5 at ! greate/ spe$1 unlimb]1 load1 fire a c\ple ( r\nds1 & rem\nt2 ! gun is spe$ily at a di/ance--:ile ! eye c sc>cely foll[1 or ! m9d imag9e1 ! de/ruction t mu/ foll[ :5 ! 8deep-tongu$ gun0 is fir$ 9 attack4 ,i %all n[ proce$ to notice ! comp>ative effects ( guns ( v>i\s calibre & p[]1 & attempt to convey to ! read] a di/9ct idea ( _! respective defects & advantages4 ,! artill]y ( ,engl& comprises an imm5se v>iety ( weapons ( w>1 suit$ = v>i\s purposes & situations1 z exp]i5ce has dictat$1 or necessity requir$4 ,! pres5t /ate ( our artill]y requires an advance to ! front1 to be 9 a l9e ) ! m>* ( sci5ce1 z reg>ds ! k ( gunp[d] & projectiles2 ,i may1 !re=e1 be p]mitt$ to animadv]t on :at appe>s to me to ne$ improvem5t4 ,! pr(ession may ?9k x presumptu\s 9 me to (f] a sugge/ion or give an op9ion2 = x too frequ5tly happ5s t individuals1 :o h employ$ _! :ole "t & /udy on "o especial subject1 ?9k !y alone c und]/& x1 & consid] any opposition to _! op9ions1 or any d\bt ( ! s\ndness ( _! conclusions1 little %ort ( a positive (f5ce4 ,hav+ giv5 consid]able att5tion to ! subject1 ,i w\ld n[ beg to (f] "s rem>ks on ! ,gov]nm5t arrangem5ts ( gunn]y1 :i* are n yet s p]fect z !y might be4 ,! au?orities ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t are1 ,i am sorry to /ate1 too remiss 9 consid]+1 & too unwill+ to avail !mselves ( valuable improvem5ts & discov]ies2 cl++ too mu* to prejudice 9 fav\r ( :atev] has be5 h]et(ore 9 use4 ,to su* an ext5t is ?is habit c>ri$1 t _m improvem5ts become famili> to half ! k+dom1 aye1 & are adopt$ by o!r c\ntries1 be=e our guides take advantage ( !m3 = truly tal5t & +5uity are b scantily patroniz$ by !m4 ,my wi% is to aid 9 sweep+ away ! cobwebs :i* /ill hang on ! sci5ce ( great gunn]y2 & to pu% ! spur ( conviction deep1 t in/ead ( ,brita9 foll[+1 %e may1 9 a "t ( peace1 lead ! way 9 improvem5ts2 s t :5ev] w> returns1 %e may n be unprep>$ to wage x on equal t]ms4 ,i h 9 ?is *apt] endeav\r$ to dive/ ! subject ( all extrane\s matt]1 & imp>t z mu* in=mation z w enable ! read] to =m an op9ion = himself1 & und]/& some?+ ( a sci5ce hi!rto consid]$ ab/ract1 & :i* is1 no d\bt1 ab/ruse4 ,?is ,i h s\ght to effect 9 pla9 language1 avoid+1 :]ev] x 0 possible1 all te*nicalities4 ,! guns ( ! ,briti% nation may be divid$ into f\r classes--,p>k1 or ,field artill]y1 ,siege guns1 or batt]+ tra91 g>rison guns1 & m>9e artill]y4 ,! numb]s ( diff]5t descriptions ( rates1 or weight ( guns1 v>y 9 all ! diff]5t classes ( ! s]vice4 ,!re are light1 m$ium1 & heavy six-p\nd]s2 long & %ort tw5ty-f\r p\nd]s2 & two or m weights 9 all ! v>ieties1 ev5 up to ! t5-in* gun & ?irte5-in* mort>4 ,we h iron ordnance & brass1 = long & %ort ranges1 = small or great velocity4 ,! rate1 weight1 l5g?1 *>ges1 po9t blank1 extreme range1 c41 ( iron guns1 w be f\nd 9 ! annex$ table1 by :i* w be se51 at a glance1 ! v>i\s matt]s ref]r$ to4 ,,iron ,,ordnance4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,nature ,*>ge ,po9t ,extreme ( ,weight4,l5g?4 ( ,blank at ,w9dage ,gun4 ,p[d]4 ,range4#e deg4 decreas$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,p\nd]s4 cwts4 ft4 94lbs4 ozs4 y>ds4 y>ds4 #cb #fc #i #g #aj #aj-a_/b #chj #aiej -- #cb #ef #i #f #aj #aj-a_/b #chj #aiej -- #cb #dh #h #j #h #j #ccj #agdj -- #cb #dj #g #f #f #j #cdj #agjj #jf #cb #cb #f #f #e #j #ccj #afdj #aa #cb #be #f #j #d #j #bbe #aejj #aa #cb #be #e #d #d #j #bbe #aejj #aa #bd #ej #i #f #h #j #cfj #ahej -- #bd #dh #i #j #h #j #cfj #ahej -- #bd #dj #g #f #h #j #cdj #ahjj -- #bd #cc #f #f #f #j #bfj #aefj -- #ah #db #i #j #f #j #cfj #aghj -- #ah #ch #h #j #f #j #cdj #agcj -- #ab #cd #i #j #d #j #cfj #agjj -- #ab #bi #g #f #d #j #cdj #afej -- #i #bf #g #f #c #j #ccj #afjj -- #f #ag #f #j #b #j #cbj #aebj -- ,c>ronades4 #fh #cf #e #d #e #aj-a_/b #bgj #adbj -- #db #bb #d #f #c #h #bdj #acej -- #cb #ag #d #j #b #aj-a_/b #bce #abfj -- #bd #ac #c #i #b #j #bbe #aaej -- #ah #aj #c #d #a #h #bbj #aajj -- #ab #f #b #h #a #j #bje #ajjj -- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,brass guns are inv>iably light]1 & consid]$ less likely to bur/4 ,gun metal1 te*nically s call$1 is a comp\nd ( copp] & t91 9 ! proportion ( five1 eight1 & t5 p\nds ( ! latt] to #ajj p\nds ( ! =m]4 ,! peculi> prop]ty ( ! t9 is to give h>dness & solidity to ! mass4 ,! great] proportions are us$ pr9cipally = mort>s1 z !y require a great] degree ( h>dness ?an o!r guns4 ,a peculi> prop]ty atta*es to ! us+ ( brass guns4 ,if a consid]able numb] ( r\nds be fir$ 9 rapid succession1 ! bore ( ! gun becomes to a c]ta9 ext5t elliptical4 ,?is peculi>ity arises entirely f ! extreme w9dage all[$ by ! pres5t e/abli%$ rules ( ,briti% gunn]y2 & is produc$ by ! t5d5cy ( ! %ot1 :5 propell$ by ! explosive =ce1 to /rike upw>ds f ! bree*1 & !n reb\nd d[nw>ds1 & s on till x rea*es ! muzzle4 ,iron guns are n liable to ?is 7al?\gh ! same cause exi/s7 f ! unductile nature ( ! ca/ iron4 ,brass guns are1 aft] c]ta9 use1 reca/3 ?is is done solid1 ) ! cascable ( ! gun d[nw>ds1 to give a great] d5sity to ! metal at ! bree*4 ,! bor+ & turn+ are p]=m$ simultane\sly by a v simple arrangem5t4 ,at ! siege ( ,badajos1 ! fir+ cont9u$ = #ajd h\rs1 & ! numb] ( r\nds t ea* gun fir$ av]ag$ #a1bdi2 & at ! siege ( ,seba/ian1 ! quantity fir$ by ea* gun 0 ab\t #cej r\nds1 9 #ae-a_/b h\rs4 ,^! guns be+ ( iron1 none ( !m 7 r5d]$ uns]viceable2 ?\gh ?ree times ! numb] ( brass guns w\ld n h be5 equal to su* long & rapid fir+4 ,all brass guns are b\*$ ) a bolt ( copp] at ! v5t1 on ! same pr9ciple z fl9t guns = sport+ 7 =m]ly ) gold or plat9a2 copp] )/&+ ! rapid escape ( ! flame bett] ?an ! gun-metal4 ,! *>ges1 ranges1 c41 are z foll[s3-- ,,extreme ,,& ,,po9t ,,blank ,,range ,,( ,,brass ,,ordnance1 ,,*>ge1 ,c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,*>ge4,po9t ,extreme,eleva- ---- ,blank ,range4 tion4 ---- ,range4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- lb4 oz4y>ds4 y>ds4 deg4 ,m$ium #ab-p\nd] #d #j #cjj #a1bjj #c ,light #ab-p\nd] #d #j #bjj #a1jjj #c #i-p\nd] #c #j #cjj #a1bjj #c ,) r\nd solid ,long #f-p\nd] #b #j #cjj #a1bjj #c ,%ot4 ,light #f-p\nd] #b #j #bjj #a1jjj #c ,heavy #c-p\nd] #a #j #bjj #a1jjj #c #bd-p\nd] h[itz] #b #h #bej #iej #c-a_/b #ab-p\nd] ,) common ,%ells4 h[itz] #a #d #bjj #iej #c-c_/d ,:5 ,%ot is fir$1 ,heavy #e-a_/b-;in* !y increase ! h[itz] #b #j #bej #a1gej #ab elevation #a_/b a deg4 ,light #e-a_/b-;in* h[itz] #b #j #ajj #a1cej #b ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! twelve1 t51 & eight-in* guns1 almo/ =m a class ( !mselves1 kn[n z ! 8,paixhan ,gun40 ,!y are int5d$ = ?r[+ bo? holl[ & solid %ot4 ,! l>g] are ! description ( ordnance ) :i* we at pres5t arm our /eam frigates4 ,^! are unque/ionably "p ( ! _m d\btful descriptions ( artill]y :i* h be5 adopt$ ( late ye>s1 ) a view to fracture m ?an to secure a range ( projectile4 ,!y are enorm\s ma*9es1 z w be se5 on ref]5ce to _! weights1 z giv5 9 ! foll[+ table2 & _! spl9t]+ p[]s are c]ta9ly v ext5sive inde$4 ,b _! range is contemptibly small1 if we take into consid]ation _! great weight4 ,! effect ( ! explosion ( ! *>ge ( "o ( ^! guns mu/ be s5sibly felt ev5 by ! /ronge/ built /eam] 9 ! _w4 ,!y are us$ ) trav]s+ b$s4 ,! gun c>riage1 :5 recoil+1 9 a backw>d direction1 be+ driv5 up an incl9$ railway1 ) f #c to #d ( elevation1 f ! cascable ( ! gun4 ,?is greatly t5ds to less5 ! di/ance :i* ! gun w\ld be driv5 back1 & facilitates ! runn+ out ( ! piece to ! po9t ( dis*>ge4 ,! woodcut gives a repres5tation ( ! trav]s+ b$s2 & ! foll[+ table displays ! ranges1 c41 ( ?is class ( heavy artill]y4 ,illu/ration ,,range ,,& ,,elevation1 ,c41 ,,( #ab1 #aj1 ,,& #h-;,,in* ,,guns1 ,,at ,,po9t ,,blank ,,& ,,extreme1 ,,& #aj ,,& #h-;,,in* ,,h[itz]s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,*>ge ,po9t ,extreme,eleva- ,nature ( ,ordnance4 ,l5g?4 ,weight4 ,p[d]4 ,blank ,range4tion4 ,range4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ft4 94 cwt4 qr4lbs4 ozs4y>ds4y>ds4 deg4 #ab-;in* gun1 ) holl[ %ot1 #h #d #ij #c #ab #j #bdj #a1eej #f weight #aab lbs4 #aj-;in*1 ) ditto1 weight #hf #g #f #eg #c #g #j #baj #a1ejj #f lbs4 ,ditto #h #d #fb #a #h #j #bej #a1djj #e ,ditto #i #d #hd #j #ab #j #cbe #a1gjj #e #h-;in* gun1 ) holl[ %ot1 #dh #f #h-a_/b #ej #j #g #j #baj #a1cjj #e lbs4 #h-;in* ditto1 solid %ot1 #fh #h #f #fj #j #i #g #cdj #a1ejj #e lbs4 ,ditto #i #j #fe #j #aj #j #cjj #c1bej #ae ,ditto1 holl[ %ot #i #j #fe #j #ab #j #cgj #b1ibj #ae #aj-;in* iron h[itz]s #e #j #dj #j #g #j #b deg4 #b1jgh #ab #fjj #h-;in* ditto #d #j #ba #j #d #j #c deg4 #a1gbe #ab #gcj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #b ,l5g? ( "t occupi$ 9 flight1 #ad seconds1 & #ae-a_/d seconds4 ,mort>s are int5d$ = ?ree purposes2 fir/ly1 to bomb>d a t[n1 or injure ! def5d]s' artill]y2 secondly1 to fire or ov]?r[ ! works1 & to spread havoc & slaught] among ! troops2 ?irdly1 to break ?r\gh ! vault$ ro(s ( b>racks & magaz9es :i* are n bomb-pro(1 or1 9 o!r t]ms1 are n /rong en\gh to resi/ ! fire4 ,!y consi/1 z w be se51 ( five descriptions1 b ! #aj-;in* is consid]$1 on ! score ( economy1 z equal to all useful purposes4 ,! ,fr5* h1 at v>i\s times1 con/ruct$ mort>s ( enorm\sly l>ge dim5sions1 b c]ta9ly ) no useful result4 ,! mon/] mort>1 us$ at ! siege ( ,antw]p1 fir$ only t5 or twelve %ots1 & ) comp>atively little effect4 ,x bur/ "s "t aft]1 :ile "u a c\rse ( exp]im5t1 ) a consid]ably less *>ge ?an x _h =m]ly )/ood2 ?us af=d+ "o v conclusive & illu/rative fact 9 ! !ory ( vibrations 9 metals3 = !re c be no "q b t ! %ell1 f ! smallness ( ! *>ge1 0 too long deta9$ 9 ! mort>2 ! waves ( vibration caus$ by ! explosive =ce mov+ s rapidly ?r\gh ! mass t ! metal at la/ lo/ its cohesive nature f _! v rapid succession4 ,x w be p]ceiv$1 on ref]5ce to ! adjo9+ tables1 t ranges are obta9$ by ! modifications ( *>ges4 ,,engli% ,,mort> ,,practice4#c #c ,artill]i/'s ,manual4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ac-;,,in* ,,iron4 #aj-;,,in* ,,iron4 ,weight1 #af cwts4 #af cwts4 #b qrs4 ,%ell fill$1 #bjj lbs4#d #ib lbs4 ,bur/+ p[d]1 #f lbs4 #b ozs4 #b lbs4 #aj ozs4 ,bl[+ p[d]1 #b ozs4 #a-a_/b ozs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,ele- ,*>ge4 ,fuse4,range4 ,ele- ,*>ge4 ,fuse4,range4 vation4 vation4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- deg4 lbs4 ozs4 in*4y>ds4 deg4 lbs4 ozs4 in*4y>ds4 #de #b #a-a_/b #aij #dej #de #a #j-a_/b #aij #dej #b #c #bjj #ejj #a #b #bjj #ejj #b #d-c_/d #baj #eej #a #c-a_/d #baj #eej #b #f #bbj #fjj #a #d-c_/d #bbj #fjj #b #g-c_/d #bcj #fej #a #f #bcj #fej #b #i-a_/b #bdj #gjj #a #g-a_/b #bdj #gjj #b #aa-c_/d #bde #gej #a #i #bde #gej #b #ad #bej #hjj #a #aj #bej #hjj #c #j-a_/b #bee #hej #a #aa #bee #hej #c #c #bfj #ijj #a #ab #bfj #ijj #c #e-a_/b #bfe #iej #a #ac #bfe #iej #c #h #bgj #a1jjj #a #ad #bgj #a1jjj #c #aj #bge #a1jej #a #ae-a_/d #bge #a1jej #c #ab #bhj #a1ajj #b #j-a_/b #bhj #a1ajj #c #ad #bhe #a1aej #b #a-c_/d #bhe #a1aej #d #j #bij #a1bjj #b #c #bij #a1bjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------------------------ #h-;,,in* ,,iron4 #h cwts4 #a qr4 #df lbs4 #a lb4 #ad ozs4 #a oz4 --------------------------------- ,elevation4 ,*>ge4 ,fuse4,range4 --------------------------------- deg4 lbs4 ozs4 in*4y>ds4 #ae #j #ad #jhj #ejj #a #j #ajj #eej #a #b #aaj #fjj #de #j #i-a_/b #aij #dej #j #aj-c_/d #bjj #ejj #j #ab-a_/b #baj #eej #j #ac-c_/d #bbj #fjj #j #ad-a_/b #bcj #fej #j #ae-a_/b #bdj #gjj #a #j #bde #gej #a #j-a_/b #bej #hjj #a #a-a_/d #bee #hej #a #b #bfj #ijj #a #b-c_/d #bfe #iej #a #c-a_/b #bgj #a1jjj #a #d #bge #a1jej #a #d-c_/d #bhj #a1ajj #a #e-a_/d #bhe #a1aej #a #f #bij #a1bjj --------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #e-a_/b-;,,in* ,,brass4 #d #b-e?-,,in* ,,brass4 ,weight1 #a cwt4 #a qr4 #aj lbs4 #c qrs4 #ai lbs4 ,%ell fill$1 #af lbs4#e #h lbs4 ,bur/+ p[d]1 #aj ozs4 #e ozs4 ,bl[+ p[d]1 #a_/b oz4 #a_/b oz4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,elevation4,*>ge4 ,fuse4,range4,elevation4 ,*>ge4,fuse4,range4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ deg4 ozs4 dr4in*4y>ds4 deg4 ozs4 dr4in*4y>ds4 #ae #f #j #jgc #cej #ae #d #h #jhj #dej #g #j #jge #djj #d #ab #jhe #ejj #g #h #jhj #dej #be #d #j #aaj #edj #h #j #jhe #ejj #be #e #h #aaj #dhj #de #d #h #cjj #de #b #f #afe #cjj #d #ab #cej #b #i #agj #cej #e #j #age #djj #b #ab #age #djj #e #d #ahj #dej #c #j #ahj #dej #e #h #ahe #ejj #c #d #ahe #ejj #e #ab #aij #eej #c #h #aij #eej #f #j #aie #fjj #c #ab #aie #fjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #d ,%ells fill$ ) s&1 :i* w acc\nt = ! weight4 #e ,%ells fill$ ) s&1 :i* w acc\nt = ! weight4 #ac-;,,in* ,,l& ,,s]vice4 #aj-;,,in* ,,ditto4 #h-;,,in* ,,ditto4 ,greate/ *>ge1 #h p\nds p[d]4 #d-a_/b p\nds4 #a p\nd4 ,greate/ range1 #b1gjf y>ds4 #b1ecf y>ds4 #a1gbj y>ds4 ,,weight ,,( ,,l& ,,& ,,sea ,,s]vice ,,mort>4 ,in*es4 cwts4 qrs4 lbs4 ,in*es4 #ac ,l& s]vice1 ,weight1 #cf #b #j ,l5g?1 #cfefc #aj d4 #af #b #j #bhabe #h d4 #h #b #ad #bbejj #e-a_/b d4 brass1 #a #a #ae #aeajd #d-b_/c d4 d4 #j #c #bj #abgac #ac ,sea s]vice1 #ajj #a #ad #ebhaj #aj d4 #eb #j #j #defbj ,illu/ration ,c>ronades are a %ort description ( ordnance )\t trunnions1 b fa/5$ by a loop "u ! re9=ce4 ,_! con/ruction is mat]ially diff]5t f t ( guns4 ,!y h a *amb] l a mort>1 a "p scoop$ out inside ! muzzle1 =m+ a cup1 & !y h also a pat* on ! re9=ce4 ,! "n arises f ! ,c>ron ,f\ndry 9 ,scotl&1 ! fir/ ( !m hav+ be5 ca/ !re 9 #aggi4 ,! con/ruction is consid]ably light] ?an t ( guns ( simil> calibre4 ,_! pr9cipal use is on bo>d %ip2 b !y are sometimes us$ 9 casemates1 or retir$ flanks ( =tresses4 ,! proportions ( all guns to %ot1 w be f\nd bel[2 & 9 look+ at ?is table1 x w sc>ce be conceivable h[ su* light guns c project su* heavy %ot4 ,,comp>ative ,,weights ,,( ,,guns ,,& ,,%ot4 ------------------------------------- ,weight ,comp>ative ---- ( ,weight4 ,guns4 ------------------------------------- cwts4 #ab-;in* ,gun #ij #a to #aab #aj d4 #hd #a #hb #h d4 #fe #a #ajg #h d4 #fj #a #if #h d4 #ej #a #hb #cb-p\nd] #fd #a #bbd ,d4 #ef #a #aif ,d4 #dh #a #afh ,d4 #dj #a #adj ,d4 #cb #a #aab ,d4 #be #a #hd #bd-p\nd] #ej #a #bcc ,d4 #dh #a #bai ,d4 #db #a #ahf #ah-p\nd] #db #a #bfa ,d4 #cg-a_/b #a #bcc #ab-p\nd] #cd #a #cah ,d4 #bi #a #bgj ,d4 #ba #a #aif #i-p\nd] #ca #a #bhe ,d4 #bf #a #cbc ,d4 #ag #a #baa #f-p\nd] #bc #a #dbi ,d4 #ag #a #cbg #fh-p\nd ,c>ronades #cj #a #ei #db d4 #bb-a_/d #a #eh #cb d4 #ag #a #fb #cb d4 #be #a #if #bd d4 #ac #a #ee #ah d4 #aj #a #ef #ab d4 #f #a #ef ------------------------------------- ,! recoil1 :i* 9 all ! be=e-m5tion$ guns is v great1 arises f ! bl[ communicat$ to ! iron 9 imm$iate contact ) ! explosive fluid4 ,! granulatory sy/em ( ! metal transmits to ^? gra9s1 or cry/als1 imm$iately beh9d !m1 ! bl[ or concussion !y are subject$ to1 & ^! aga9 to o!rs1 & s on1 until ! vibration has pass$ ?r\gh ! metal1 f ! int]ior ( ! bree* to ! ext]ior ( ! gun4 ,i am satisfi$ t 9 all small guns1 f _! slight sub/ance1 recoil is communicat$ a great deal quick] ?an 9 l>g] ones2 h5ce arises ! well-kn[n fact t 9 %oot+ y receive a knock ne>ly simultane\s ) ! explosion4 ,! great] & heavi] ! gun 7ev5 c>ry x up to ,g5]al ,mill]'s gun ( #hd cwt47 if ! proportion :i* ! %ot be>s to x be n too great1 ! less w be ! velocity ( recoil4 ,b 9 c>ronades1 z w be se51 ! proportions are z high z #a to #ee1 :ile 9 long guns1 x is #a to #dbi2 a v consid]able degree ( diff]5ce4 ,our ance/ors _h b a limit$ k ( ! laws ( project+ bodies by gunp[d]4 ,_! explosive p[] 0 n good2 = !re is cle> pro(1 ev5 s9ce ! "t ( ,rob9s1 t ! purification ( ! +r$i5ts has ne>ly d\bl$ ! explosive =ce4 ,! me*anical con/ruction & out] m\ld ( _! guns1 7 calculat$ to resi/ & limit ! effects ( recoil to a great ext5t4 ,accumulation ( metal 9 ! re> ( ! bree*-end ( a gun is true sci5ce1 & ( s easy an atta9m5t1 t wond] arises 9 ! m9d :y x has n be5 effect$4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is pr9ciple is work$ ^u 9 our gunn]y is v trifl+2 ?\gh recoil c by ?is simple arrangem5t be ne>ly de/roy$1 or s less5$ z to add consid]able p]c5tage ( range to ! projectile4 ,add no consid]able weight to ! gun1 b add x judici\sly1 beh9d ! end ( ! *amb] & v5t1 & imm$iately surr\nd+ ! bree*4 ,i h tri$ ?is to a great ext5t1 on a small scale1 8) f[l+-piece b>rels10 & f9d t ! greate/ advantage arises f an additional in* ( metal to ! extreme end ( ! b>rel1 z ! recoil is !reby less5$2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 by r$uc+ ! ext]ior end ( ! bree*1 until x becomes ( less ?ickness ?an ! sides ( ! b>rel1 ! recoil is d\bl$4 ,guns w "s day be con/ruct$ z mort>s are1 ) ! axles1 or trunnions1 9 re> ( ! tube & ( ! v5t2 = by ?is arrangem5t recoil w\ld act less on ! mass ( metal =m+ ! gun1 & m on ! base f :i* x is fir$4 ,we are q aw>e t an arrangem5t ( ?is nature c\ld only be appli$ to c]ta9 descriptions ( ordnance1 & 9 c]ta9 situations2 b on =ts1 or batt]ies comm&+ riv]s & bays1 & ev5 9 ! b[s ( /eam vessels1 !y may be plac$ ) great advantage4 ,b ?is objection may be />t$3 8,y c\ld n use guns fitt$ 9 ?is mann] horizontally1 or ne>ly s40 ,:y n8 ,! muzzle c\ld be z easily rais$ or depress$ z ! bree*1 by me*anical means4 ,i %\ld mu* l to see ! pr9ciple tri$1 & ,i hope to d s4 ,! foll[+ results ( exp]im5ts prove1 t if a true basis is n laid d[n1 all ! fabric rais$ ^u x is b "o ( s&1 :i* w crumble away f "u u4 ,hutton says1--8,v>y+ ! weight ( ! gun1 produc$ no *ange 9 ! velocity ( ! ball4 ,! guns 7 susp5d$ 9 ! same mann] z ! p5dul\s blocks1 & additional weights 7 atta*$ to ! pieces1 s z to re/ra9 ! recoil2 b al?\gh ! arcs ( ! recoil 7 ?us %ort5$1 yet ! velocity ( ! ball 0 n alt]$ by x4 ,! recoil 0 !n entirely prev5t$1 b ! initial velocity ( ! ball rema9$ ! same40 ,no d\bt ?is 0 ! result ( 8 exp]im5ts by ! p5dul\s susp5sion ( ! gun3 b "h he err$2 = _h he susp5d$ a ?\s& tons to x1 )\t incorporat+ x 9 ! gun1 ! result w\ld /ill h be5 ! same4 ,all ! improvem5ts effect$1 or yet to be accompli%$1 w be obta9$ by a conc5tration ( metal4 ,an excess ( weight 9 ! =e "p ( a gun is v injuri\s1 by induc+ & l5g!n+ ! tremul\s vibration creat$ by ! explosion4 ,! only necessity = /r5g? =w>d 9 a cannon1 arises f ! necessity ( resi/+ ! lat]al pressure f ! cond5sation ( ! column ( air 9 ! tube4 ,! pressure ( ! explosive gases is1 by ! velocity obta9$ be=e rea*+ ! =e "p1 ( v little am\nt1 f ! %ort p]iod x is ex]t$ on ! int]ior4 ,!re=e weight1 9 ! =e "p ( a gun1 be x ev] s great1 w n prev5t recoil if !re is n a proportionate quantity beh9d4 ,x w ret>d or less5 ! di/ance to :i* ! recoil w drive ! gun & c>riage1 b ! evil is !n ov]4 ,if ! slighte/ movem5t occurs 9 ! gun1 ! %ot is project$ f an uns\nd base or f\ndation4 ,x is precisely simil> to a man :o1 9 ! act ( ?r[+ a /one1 slips 8 foot backw>ds3 ! effect is at once app>5t on ! /one4 ,if ! trunnion ( a gun breaks 9 ! dis*>ge1 or a quo9 flies out1 ! %ot is mat]ially affect$2 nev] rang+1 "u su* circum/ances1 ! accu/om$ di/ance1 nor ) its usual accuracy4 ,practice ) mort>s proves beyond dispute ! necessity ( a firm base = ! gun1 = ) a mu* less *>ge !y project a great] mass f>!r4 ,a mort> dis*>g$ on l&1 exce$s 9 range ! same description ( gun on bo>d ( %ip1 or on ! be/-con/ruct$ plat=m4 ,9 tru?1 ?is is b ano!r illu/ration ( a law ( nature3 if y h n a solid fulcrum1 x matt]s little :at ! p[] ( y\r lev] may be4 ,gunp[d] is a p[]ful lev] if explod$ on a solid base2 if n1 its effects become limit$ 9 proportion4 ,unque/ionably1 mu* may yet be ga9$ by an economical arrangem5t ( our projectile =ce4 ,great & rapid z h be5 ! acquisitions ( k 9 ev]y?+ relat+ to gunn]y 9 mod]n times1 !re /ill rema9s1 ,i h no d\bt1 an unexplor$ m9e ( valuable treasure to be add$ to ! sci5ce4 ,x w\ld effect a great improvem5t 9 ! mort>s us$ by ! navy1 de/roy+ ! trem5d\s vibration & %ake giv5 to ! %ip1 increas+ _! effici5cy & aid+ ! project+ p[]1 to place !m on b$s ( ! s(te/ lead1 n less ?an twelve in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,?\gh ?is sugge/ion is only !oretical1 exp]i5ce w\ld soon det]m9e ! lea/ degree ( sub/ance available4 ,advantage w\ld arise1 9 ! fir/ place1 f ! non-conduct+ t5d5cy ( ! lead2 9 ! second1 f its d5sity1 &1 ( c\rse1 incompressibility4 ,! "o protect+ ! %ip1 ! o!r be+ ! mo/ solid b$ = ! mort> t c by possibility be obta9$4 ,! weight ( a holl[ #ac-;in* %ell is #aij lbs42 ! bur/+ p[d] #f lbs4 #h oz42 ! weight1 if ca/ solid1 w\ld be #bij lbs43 ?us ! action ( s l>ge a body on ! atmosph]e mu/ be imm5se ( itself4 ,!re seems to be mu* difficulty 9 project+ masses ( great diamet]1 f ?is cause2 & ?is %\ld lead u to seek1 z inde$ x po9ts to1 ano!r mat]ial = fabricat+ projectiles4 ,z weight is less 9 sub/ance1 &1 ( c\rse1 less 9 space1 mu* less resi/ance1 9 proportion1 w exi/ 9 a bore ( six in*es ?an 9 "o ( twelve2 & a great] projectile =ce w be g5]at$ ) few] c\nt]vail+ disadvantages4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! va/ improvem5ts ab\t to be effect$ 9 gunn]y1 has be5 successfully tak5 by ,mr4 ,monk1 ( ,woolwi* ars5al1 :o has induc$ ! au?orities to all[ a gun to be made f draw+s & calculations ( 8 own4 ,! dim5sions ( ! gun are z foll[s3 l5g? f cascable to muzzle1 #aa feet2 weight1 #ig cwt4 #c qrs42 bore1 #g-g_/aj in*es2 weight ( solid %ot1 #ee lbs42 %ell1 #db lbs42 w9dage1 #jage2 *>ge1 #af lbs4 ( p[d]2 giv+ a range1 at #cb ( elevation1 ( #e1cbg y>ds4 ,a comp\nd %ot1 7a %ell fill$ ) lead71 0 project$ #e1gbj y>ds1 or ?ree miles & a qu>t]1 at a velocity1 dur+ ! fir/ second ( "t1 ( #b1djj feet p] second1 & occupy+ dur+ ! :ole flight only #bi-a_/b seconds4 ,! comp>ative weight ( gun & %ot is #a to #bbj4 ,a c\rse ( exp]im5ts1 ext5d+ ov] sev5te5 ye>s1 has firmly e/abli%$ ?is gun z ! be/ ev] yet con/ruct$4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to excel x1 b all h fail$4 ,guns h be5 made on draw+s v>y+ n m ?an ?ree-t5?s ( an in* 9 _! dim5sions f ^? ( 8 gun1 &1 ) extreme mode/y1 ! individuals h claim$ a "r to compete ) ,mr4 ,monk2 & h ev5 obta9$ compet+ trials1 )\t any claim :atev] to ! discov]y ( ! pr9ciple ( x2 com+ into competition by no j claim or m]it1 b solely f ! t5d5cy to sup]s$e any improvem5t emanat+ f a civilian4 ,eighte51 tw5ty-f\r1 & ?irty-two p\nd]s are n[1 h[ev]1 con/ruct$ on ?is model2--inde$ ! improvem5t is s great & s app>5t1 z to ov]come e ob/acle z yet ?r[n 9 its way4 ,) no wi% to detract f ! m]it ( ,mr4 ,monk's inv5tion 7^u :i* ,i congratulate him & ! c\ntry7 b1 9 ju/ice to myself1 ,i may rem9d "s ( my read]s1 t 9 8,! ,gun10 publi%$ e>ly 9 #ahce1 ,i cle>ly laid d[n ! pr9ciple 9 projectile =ce1 on :i* ?is gun is con/ruct$2 & z he has s9ce s successfully accompli%$ ?is great improvem5t1 he mu/ p]mit me to say1 t ! pr9ciple is ! same :i* ,i h /riv5 =1 = _m ye>s4 ,wilk9son says1 8,guns ca/ on ?is pr9ciple1 al?\gh sev]al hundr$weight light] altoge!r1 recoil less ?an ^? on ! old plan1 ) equal *>ges ( p[d] & ball1 9 consequ5ce ( ! weight be+ prop]ly di/ribut$40 ,he adds1 8,"o rem>kable fact att5d$ ^! exp]im5ts1 namely1 t by increas+ ! w9dage a little1 ! range 0 increas$ also1 contr>y to ! receiv$ op9ion2 b ?is may be expla9$ by ! circum/ance1 t ) v great velocities1 & long guns1 ! column ( air to be displac$ be=e ! ball quits ! gun is consid]able1 & is cond5s$ s rapidly1 t x (f]s imm5se resi/ance to ! passage ( ! bullet1 if x fit ! bore closely2 b1 by r$uc+ ! size ( ! ball1 & ?us increas+ ! w9dage1 ! air has m space to ru% r\nd x1 & ! ball escapes ) great] facility40 ,if ! cond5s$ air prev5t$ ! velocity be+ great]1 x argues mo/ cle>ly1 t !re 0 an insuffici5cy ( explosive matt] to keep up ! velocity until ! ball ( less w9dage left ! muzzle2 & ! result ) ! ball ( great] w9dage e/abli%es ?is assumption4 ,= if ! cond5s$ air 0 all[$ to pass ! ball by ! w9dage into ! tube1 x proves beyond d\bt t !re 0 a defici5cy ( matt] !re1 or t ! pressure )\t 0 great] ?an t )94 ,h[ o!rwise c\ld su* a result occur8 ,x is a cle>ly e/abli%$ fact1 t ) ! g5]ality ( ordnance1 a full wa/e ( "o-f\r? ( explosive =ce1 if n m1 occurs by ! ela/ic fluid escap+ pa/ ! ball by ! w9dage1 in/ead ( ! rev]se4 ,nei!r c\ld ! cond5s$ air ru% into ! gun by ! w9dage if !re are any p]man5t gases g5]at$2 :i* ,mr4 ,wilk9son himself says !re are1 to ! ext5t ( 8#bej times ! bulk ( ! p[d] 9 gra940 ,^! w\ld (f] a suffici5t resi/ance to prev5t ! cond5s$ air ru%+ 94 ,i h f\nd1 by an exp]im5t be=e describ$1 t a ball driv5 aga9/ a column ( air :i* has no escape1 if ! velocity be trifl+1 say #hjj feet p] second1 ! air w escape by ! w9dage2 b d\ble ?is ev51 & x is s cond5s$ z to =m a cu%ion = ! ball to /rike aga9/4 ,!n h[ mu* less w ! *ance be ( its escap+1 if ! velocity become two ?\s& f\r hundr$ feet p] second4 ,no1 ! cause is remote f t ( ,mr4 ,wilk9son's supposition4 ,!re is a want ( =ce--an accel]ative propellant =ce--:i* %\ld cont9ue to ! end ( ! tube1 be t l5g? ev] s great2 & on ?is po9t1 = "o1 turns ! :ole future improvem5t ( gunn]y4 ,! result wi%$ = c be obta9$ by a sy/ematical arrangem5t ( ! granulation ( p[d]4 ,t a mu* great] velocity ?an is obta9$ 9 ?is gun--at pres5t ! greate/ 9 any piece ( ordnance 9 use1 & possess+ a long] range ?an has be5 obta9$ by any p[] 9 ,europe--may & w be atta9$1 ,i fe>lessly ass]t4 ,i h obta9$ a velocity ) an ounce ball ne>ly d\bl+ ?is2 & ?\gh1 z x w be argu$1 ?is may be too limit$ an exp]im5t1 yet let u n =get t great results mo/ frequ5tly spr+ f little causes4 ,l>ge riv]s owe _! orig9 to small spr+s1 & if ! same pr9ciple by :i* we c p5etrate a plate ( iron half an in* ?ick ) an ounce ( lead1 be fe>lessly & judici\sly c>ri$ ?r\gh1 we may 7& no d\bt we %all7 live to see projectiles ?r[n #e-a_/d miles4 ,t ?is w be difficult to accompli% ,i d5y3 no difficulty att5ds x1 provid$ ! pr9ciples be=e expla9$ are duly c>ri$ out4 ,! great pr9ciple 9 a propellant =ce is s to arrange x t y d n obta9 too great a velocity at ! fir/ move ( ! projectile2 z no mass c be =c$ f a /ate ( re/ to a rapid /ate ( motion1 )\t communicat+ to ! gun a correspond+ motion1 :i* w create a recoil3 & ! great] ! motion1 ! great] ! recoil4 ,if ! explosive matt] m]ely exp&s = a brief p]iod1 & is burnt out be=e ! %ot has rea*$ midway ! l5g? ( ! gun1 ! velocity !re acquir$ w be r$uc$1 by ! cond5s$ column ( air 9 ! o!r half ( ! b>rel1 to ! velocity x possess$ :5 only "o f\r? ! l5g? ( ! :ole f ! bree*2 consequ5tly x w\ld be advantage\s to cut ! gun 9 two at ! middle1 z a great] =ce w\ld be !n g5]at$ advantage\sly1 ?an by ! :ole4 ,b if y s arrange ! granulation ( y\r p[d] t x %all proce$ into motion m gradually1 a rapidly increas+ =ce ( ela/ic fluid w cont9ue to be g5]at$1 until x rea*es its greate/ maximum ( velocity 7:i* x %\ld d j z ! ball leaves ! muzzle7 !n y obta9 ) y\r means ! greate/ result possible4 ,we believe t ! g5]ality ( gunp[d] us$ by our ,gov]nm5t is va/ly inf]ior 9 /r5g? to "s made by private mak]s2 yet x is n advisable to jump f "o extreme to ano!r4 ,:at is want$ is ! prop] bl5d+ ( ! qualities2 an addition ( a quantity ( ,h>vey's quick p[d] to a *>ge1 :5 x has driv5 ! ball up ?ree-f\r?s ( ! tube ( a gun1 & probably _h acquir$ a velocity ( #b1jjj feet p] second1 might s aid x1 t x w\ld leave ! muzzle ) a velocity ( #c1jjj4 ,y _c put a locomotive tra9 9 motion at once3 if x 7 attempt$1 y w\ld break all ! c>riages2 b if y gradually add y\r =ce1 y ga9 9 "t ! greate/ possible velocity4 ,i h drawn a p>allel case3 x is ! same ) gunp[d]2 only ! velocities are widely diff]5t4 ,!re=e1 ,i may be p>don$1 if ,i say gunn]y is l /eam1 b 9 its infancy4 ,let u b cle>ly see & und]/& aright ! pr9ciple--kn[+ t ! great] mom5tum ! less ! action ( ! atmosph]e--& if #c-a_/d miles c be obta9$ ) a ball #fj lbs4 weight1 #e-a_/d may be easily accompli%$ by a ball ( #abj lbs4 ,p[d] is made1 & c be _h1 t w d ?is4 ,! use ( comp\nd-%ot has ( late ye>s become q common 9 exp]im5ts3 :y lead1 ) its alloys1 has n be5 m ext5sively us$ z a projectile = l>ge guns1 has always appe>$ to me extraord9>y4 ,its weight & d5sity peculi>ly fit x = ?is purpose1 & its non-conduct+ pr9ciple is its greate/ recomm5dation4 ,h[ is x8 ,9 no in/ance1 except z comp\nd-%ot1 d we f9d any record ( ! use ( lead5 bullets on a l>ge scale1 save 9 ,sir ,h[>d ,d\glas's 8,naval ,gunn]y10 :]e1 9 a note1 he says1 8,a v di/+ui%$ naval comm&] m5tion$ to me1 t he knew a p]son :o _h s]v$ 9 an ,am]ican private]1 :i*1 be+ out ( %ot1 & unable to procure a supply ( iron balls1 us$ lead5 %ot z sub/itutes4 ,?is p]son always m5tion$ ) great surprise ! sup]ior effect ( lead5 balls40 ,well he might2 = ! read] ne$ n be told t its great] specific gravity w\ld add to its mom5tum1 & a long] m$ium velocity be reta9$ dur+ its flight4 ,b x possesses ano!r recomm5dation1 sup]ior to all ^!1 9 w>f>e3 t ( communicat+ all its =ce1 all its velocity1 be !y ev] s great1 to ! body /ruck4 ,iron does n possess ?is quality2 except to a c]ta9 ext5t1 & t at l[ velocities4 ,h5ce ! cause ( its be+ f\nd 9 naval w>f>e1 t balls at l[ velocities damage & de/roy %ips' sides m ?an at high] velocities1 ev5 :5 pass+ q ?r\gh4 ,lead1 9 ! act ( /rik+ h>d sub/ances1 iron or /one = in/ance1 is p>tially flatt5$1 until ! flat surface is ne>ly equal to ! diamet] ( ! sph]e ( ! ball2 ?us p>t+ ) all ! =ce x /ruck ! object )1 & 9 mo/ in/ances fall+ motionless at ! base ( ! object /ruck2 :ile 9 ! /one1 ! surr\nd+ cry/als or gra9s are1 by _! abrasion on ea* o!r1 p\nd$ into du/1 9 proportion to ! size & =ce ( ! body ( lead /rik+ !m3 9 _m in/ances to _m times ! %ot's bulk1 & only flatt5+ ! lead1 less or m1 9 proportion to ! capability ( ! /one to resi/4 ,iron /rik+ /one reta9s its %ape3 ! gra9s are driv5 back ^u ea* o!r1 & ea* (f]+ its proportion ( ela/icity1 ! ball is enabl$ to reb\nd back2 :i* x does 9 _m in/ances to a consid]able p]c5tage ( ! :ole di/ance x _h be5 project$4 ,! great] ! velocity ) :i* an iron ball is project$ ! great] ! reb\nd back f a h>d sub/ance su* z /one4 ,rev]sely1 ! great] ! velocity ( lead1 ! great] its effect on ! object /ruck4 ,walls or =tifications /ruck by lead5 balls at ! same velocities 7waiv+ ! advantage to lead by its great] specific gravity7 w\ld be p\nd$ into s& by less ?an two-?irds ! same numb] ( lead z ( iron %ot4 ,any unprejudic$ p]son may soon satisfy himself ( ?is1 by try+ x ) a musket or f[l+ piece4 ,a lead5 ball w p\nd itself a hole _m times its own bulk1 :ile an iron ball w n make a hole half its size4 ,i h tri$ _m exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! p5etrat+ p[]s ( iron & lead relatively1 by /rik+ v>i\s objects1 f a boil] plate ( half an in* ?ickness d[n to fir deals4 ,! same size ( lead w1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 pun* a p]fect hole 9 a plate ( half-in* ?ickness1 z ,i %all h occasion to %[2 :ile1 "u precisely ! same arrangem5t1 ! iron ball w\ld reb\nd back ) v little dim9ution ( =ce2 & if ! plate ( iron be at a p]fect "r angle1 ! iron ball w\ld ne>ly return into ! muzzle1 ( ! gun4 ,9 tru?1 ,i _h a n>r[ escape sev5te5 ye>s ago1 f a bullet actually cutt+ ! rim ( my hat3 s t x w be well1 :5 exp]im5t+ 9 ?is way1 to be sure t ! p]son is well esconc$1 = fe> ( unpleasant results4 ,lead1 !re=e1 = de/roy+ %ips1 z well z /one walls1 is unque/ionably highly advantage\s2 ev5 if project$ ) ! same velocities z at pres5t adopt$ = iron4 ,! additional weight w\ld n decrease ! de/ructive effects2 x w\ld augm5t !m4 ,i p]fectly agree ) ! ,am]ican private]1 t ! wond]fully de/ructive p[] ( lead5 cannon balls w create surprise1 :5ev] !y %all come g5]ally into use4 ,imag9e ! effect f a gun ( ! dim5sions ( a #aj-;in* bore4 ,x is dreadful to contemplate4 ,! effect ( lead w be easily und]/ood :5 expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,if a #cf lb4 %ot h a velocity ( #b1jjj feet p] second1 ! =ce is equal to ! velocity multipli$ by ! weight1 or #gb1jjj lbs4 ,! :ole ( ?is =ce w\ld /rike a wall1 & be left !re1 if communicat$ by s(t lead2 if by iron1 at ! same velocity1 x w\ld be m9us ! am\nt ( =ce requir$ to make x reb\nd to ! great di/ance to :i* iron inv>iably returns4 ,?\gh creat$ by ! ela/icity ( ! iron itself1 ?is mu/ be d$uct$ f ! effect produc$1 & h5ce arises ! great advantage ! lead possesses4 ,we are aw>e t iron driv5 ) a slight velocity reb\nds less2 true1 & less is its real effect2 = "u ! v same circum/ances w\ld ! great advantages ( ! lead pr$om9ate4 ,x may be object$1 t lead is too easily mis%ap$2 8pure x is1 b ) alloys n s40 ,at l[ velocities x might1 b ! great] velocities dim9i% t *ance1 z x is a well kn[n fact t all d5se incompressible bodies are lea/ affect$ by an extremely %>p motion4 ,all our arrangem5ts 9 w>like prep>ations1 at pres5t1 involve great weight ( projectile = fractur+1 n p]=at+4 ,dur+ ! siege ( ,ciudad ,rodrigo1 #b1aei r\nds1 ( tw5ty-f\r & eighte5 p\nd]s1 7 requisite to =m ! small brea* ( ?irty feet wide1 & #f1dgh r\nds = ! l>g] ( #ajj feet4 ,at ,badajos !re 0 exp5d$1 to =m ?ree brea*es ( #dj1 #ij1 & #aej feet respectively1 ! enorm\s am\nt ( #ca1hfa r\nds ( ! same siz$ iron %ot4 ,we may be p>don$ if we presume to say1 "o-half ! numb] ( lead %ot w\ld h done m1 & done x bett]4 ,if we be> 9 m9d1 t ! :ole r\nd ( exp]im5ts f :i* ,hutton drew 8 d$uctions1 7 conduct$ ) iron projectiles1 ! inconsi/5cy ( tak+ 8 data z ! /&>d w be app>5t4 ,! dissimilitude ( specific gravities be+ great1 namely1 #g1dbe & #aa1cbg--or "o-?ird diff]5ce--x cle>ly %[s1 )\t any ef=t ( ! imag9ation1 t ! range mu/ be 9 ! same proportion1 ) ! addition ( great] mom5tum4 ,= x w sc>cely be d5i$1 t a ball ( gold or plat9a1 f ! same cause1 w ma9ta9 a velocity long]1 & consequ5tly range fur!r1 ?an ev5 lead4 ,hutton's !ory only e/abli%es ! pr9ciple1 t ! light] ! body project$1 ! soon] x is act$ ^u by atmosph]ic resi/ance1 & a m$ium velocity induc$4 ,we _c attribute 8 pref]r+ iron to arise f an op9ion ( its p5etrat+ to great] dep?s2 = a man ( 8 ext5sive k & rese>* c\ld sc>cely be guilty ( su* an error4 ,b ev5 9 our enlight5$ times we are told t elephants _c be kill$ ) any projectile b /eel3 lead5 balls _c d x4 ,i %\ld l to try1 & receive ! tusks 9 return4 ,! %rapnell %ell 7inv5t$ by ,g5]al ,%rapnell71 or sph]ical case %ot1 introduc$ into ! ,briti% s]vice ( late ye>s1 is probably ! mo/ de/ructive ( any missile 9 use4 ,x 0 int5d$ to sup]s$e--:i* x has done--cani/] & grape %ot2 effect+ ! same results at treble ! range4 ,! con/ruction & pr9ciple are v simple1 be+ m]ely a %ell ( an unusually light description2 9 fact1 little m ?an a light ca/-iron holl[ ball1 ) a fuse hole4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( lead51 or iron bullets is put into x1 & ! int]/ices ar\nd ! ball %ak5 full ( p[d]2 a fuse ( ! l5g? requir$ is ins]t$1 & explodes ! %ell dur+ its flight3 ! peculi>ity be+1 t ! body ( small balls reta9 _! m$ium velocity & travel on1 m]ely div]g+1 latt]ly1 l an imm5se *>ge ( bird %ot4 ,!y are usually fir$ f h[itz]s1 c>ronades1 & o!r wide bor$-guns1 at or ne> horizontal ranges4 ,a consid]able delay occurr$ be=e !y 7 successfully p]fect$4 ,x 0 f\nd t :5 ! small balls did n pack p]fectly tight1 or 7 pack$ ov]tight1 ! case frequ5tly explod$ 9 ! gun3 occasion$1 no d\bt1 by ! friction creat+ a sp>k at ! mom5t ( ! h[itz] be+ fir$1 & ?us explod+ ! %ell be=e its "t2 b we believe su* an occurr5ce r>ely happ5s n[1 f o!r improvem5ts s9ce adopt$4 ,! prec$+ pages appe>$ 9 my la/ "w publi%$ 9 #ahdf4 ,!y are /ill s mu* 9 keep+ ) ! /ate ( gunn]y at ! pres5t day1 & s prophetic ( :at has1 & is ab\t to occur1 t !y w be reg>d$1 ,i tru/1 z be>+ ! /amp ( au?ority4 ,progress1 9 its rapid advance1 has made _m ,engli% guns objects = ! furnace or ! museum2 & _m guns1 :i* =m]ly rank$ high z useful & important weapons1 h become ?+s ( ! pa/4 ,mon/]s are n[ all ! rage1 ) a range ( ?ree miles1 & artill]i/s contemplate ext5d+ ! range to d\ble t di/ance2 :il/ ! projectiles us$ are n 8p\nd]s10 b approximat+ to tons4 ,s mu* = improvem5t4 ,9 political economy we are told t improvem5t to be good mu/ be gradual2 b only effect "s slight improvem5t 9 gunn]y1 make b "o /ep 9 advance1 & ! desire = fur!r improvem5t !n ranges at w1 & impossibilities are crav$ = & s\ght to be atta9$4 ,twelve ye>s ago ! success ( ,mr4 ,monck 7c]ta9ly ! fir/ mod]n improv] ( ordnance17 l$ to ! unlimit$ production ( undige/$ plans = *anges 9 gunn]y2 b1 un=tunately = ! sci5ce1 no progress 0 made on ! "o great improvem5t ( ,mr4 ,monck4 ,w> f\nd u ill prep>$ 9 ! field1 & out-weight$ 8afloat10 s t almo/ z _m m5 7 kill$ by ! bur/+ ( mort>s1 & o!r ill-con/ruct$ guns1 z by ! fire ( ! enemy3 s critical 0 our situation1 inde$1 t b = ! g5]al adoption 9 ,engl&'s army ( my great inv5tion1 ! rifle on ! expansive or 8,gre5]ian0 pr9ciple1 & its skilful use by our brave soldi]s1 ! w> _h gone aga9/ u4 ,our rifles 7 equal 9 range to our artill]y1 & ?is sav$ u2 :il/ ! enemy1 a/oni%$ at ! effects produc$ by our bullets1 & consci\s ( _! inf]iority bo? 9 ! con/ruction & use ( small arms1 ab&on$ ! conte/3 b no d\bt ) a firm det]m9ation to pr(it by _! de>-b\ght exp]i5ce4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t our artill]y 0 nev] s effective z t ( ! enemy1 & t m is due to ! pati5t & endur+ brav]y ( ! ,briti% soldi] ?an to our field-pieces & heavy ordnance4 ,t ,engl&'s artill]y 0 at ?is "t mo/ disgracefully ineffici5t1 x w\ld be folly to d5y4 ,! l>g] guns 7 de/roy$ 9 an inconceivably %ort space ( "t4 ,aft] five1 t51 or fifte5 r\nds 7 fir$ ! guns bur/1 kill+ ! gunn]s 9 great numb]s4 ,! read]s ( my works are already famili> ) my op9ions on ?is subject1 & _! value w n[ be enhanc$ by ! fact t !y h be5 prov$ to be ! op9ions ( a 8practical man40 ,success 9 ! improvem5t ( small arms is a sure enc\ragem5t to ^? anxi\s = ! advancem5t ( projectile sci5ce1 & x is a coat ( mail 9 :i* to fight aga9/ ! prejudices & incompet5cy ( (ficial managem5t4 ,:o1 on read+ my "w ( #ahda1 believ$ ! pr$iction ,i !re9 made1 t small arms w\ld be produc$ :i* w\ld r5d] field guns useless8 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 firmly e/abli%$1 t ! be/ rifles on my pr9ciple w out-range by sev]al hundr$ y>ds ! be/ 8six-p\nd]0 9 h] ,maje/y's s]vice2 & t1 too1 ) a repetition ( fire wond]fully quick & effective3 z ! ,russians 9 ! ,crimea c te/ify1 on m ?an "o occasion4 ,to endeav\r to po9t out t an improvem5t may be effect$ 9 artill]y equal to t :i* has be5 effect$ 9 small arms1 is ! object ( ! foll[+ pages4 ,! au?or asks a dispassionate p]usal & c>eful /udy ( 8 "w1 9 ju/ice to himself & to ! importance ( ! subject4 ,judg+ ( future probabilities by :at has already be5 accompli%$1 ! read] w be prep>$ = :at foll[s4 ,t great & important *anges mu/ take place 9 artill]y _c be d\bt$1 & %\ld ,engl& refuse to avail h]self ( ! improvem5ts to be effect$1 o!r nations1 & among/ !m our late oppon5t1 w be ! fir/ to seize & adopt !m4 ,9 =m] works ,i h ask$ ! indulg5ce ( my milit>y read]s on acc\nt ( my scanty milit>y k2 b pr(essional m5 appe> to be equally 9 ! d>k ) ! un9itiat$3 inde$1 ! lam5table %ortcom+s ( ! ,engli% artill]i/s h plac$ !m 9 ! rank ( m]e 8wait]s ^u provid5ce0 = ! next /ep t[>ds improvem5t4 ,! pres5t "t is decid$ly propiti\s2 let improvem5ts n[ be made1 & we may surely hope t !y w be appreciat$ by ! public1 if n by ! ,gov]nm5t au?orities4 ,:at is ! be/ metal = cannon8 is a "q :i* has (t5 be5 ask$1 & ! answ]s h be5 v conflict+4 ,"s h advocat$ mixtures ( copp] & t92 o!rs h advocat$ ca/ iron1 & m rec5tly wr\ght iron2 /ill m rec5tly /eel1 &1 la/ly1 ca/ /eel1 h _h _! advocates4 ,argum5ts z pl5tiful z summ] fl[]s h be5 advanc$ 9 fav\r ( ea*1 & ! argum5t has be5 c>ri$ on ) a va/ am\nt ( prejudice & w>m?1 accord+ to ! degree ( acqua9tance ) or atta*m5t to ! fav\rite metal ( ea* individual4 ,x is r>e to meet ) a m9d free f bias1 equally well acqua9t$ ) ! m]its ( ! sev]al metals1 & _! application to ! purposes int5d$4 ,/ill m r>e is x to meet ) a m9d possess+ all ?is metallurgic k1 & comb9+ ) x an intimate acqua9tance ) ! pr9ciples ( projectiles1 z well z a sci5tific k ( ! con/ruction ( ! eng9e 7! p]fection ( :i* consi/s 9 its hav+ no po9ts :i* are weak or unnecess>ily /rong72 & yet x is by su* a comb9ation ( k & ! application ( ^! pr9ciples t we mu/ be guid$1 if we w\ld be successful 9 ! accumulation ( projectile p[]4 ,9 ! pres5t age we are really alive to ! advantage ( 8play+ at long b[ls20 & ! "q n[ to be det]m9$ is1 :at is ! greate/ weight ( %ot & %ell we c ?r[1 & h[ _m miles c we project x4 ,! ,am]icans 7 und\bt$ly ! fir/ to discov] ! great advantage ( ?is "q ) _! less] frigates2 ! late w> has develop$ x /ill m2 & x n[ rema9s to be asc]ta9$ h[ mu* fur!r c we g4 ,= on ?is important po9t ! sup]ior efficacy ( artill]y dep5ds4 ,at ,/4 ,seba/ian1 9 #ahac1 ca/-iron guns ?rew tons ( %ot at a range ( #a1ejj y>ds2 "s p>ticul> guns fir+ z _m z #c1jjj r\nds1 & yet x is m ?an probable t _h ! same guns be5 us$ 9 ! ,crimea1 !y w\ld h bur/ ) "o-f\r? ! numb] ( r\nds4 ,exp]i5ce proves t x is n ! great numb] ( r\nds fir$ :i* /ra9s & de/roys ! gun1 b ! high elevation at :i* ^! guns are plac$1 9 ord] to get range2 ?is x is :i* %akes & dis9tegrates ! cry/all9e /ructure ( ! metal1 & ?us extreme range is obta9$ at extreme co/4 ,a gun :i* at #f ( elevation c\ld /& )\t a /ra9 #bjj r\nds1 w\ld be likely at an elevation ( #cj to bur/ be=e #ej r\nds 7 fir$4 ,! explanation ( ?is is suffici5tly simple4 ,a gun fir$ at #f recoils z ! projectile is project$ =w>d1 9 proportion to its relative weight & friction2 b :5 br\ght up to an elevation above #cj ! gun is entirely out ( ! horizontal1 & _c recoil z x does at an elevation ( #f3 ! =ce is n[ ex]t$ d[nw>d1 & ! gun imp+es on its support--i4 e41 ei!r ^u its b$ on ! deck ( ! %ip1 or on ! solid e>? ( ! batt]y1 :i* is comp>atively immovable2 ?us ! =ce :i* displac$ ! gun 9 ! fir/ in/ance is n[ ex]t$ on ! sides ( ! gun1 & ! projectile receiv+ additional =ce is project$ fur!r4 ,b ?is increas$ range is obta9$ at ! exp5se ( ! gun1 :i* is rapidly de/roy$3 #ej r\nds be+ suffici5t to r5d] x unfit = s]vice4 ,to obviate ?is rapid de/ruction ( cannon1 ! metal has be5 *ang$ f ! molecul> to ! fibr\s2 t is f ca/ iron to wr\ght iron4 ,"o object ( ?is *apt] is to po9t out ! difficulties :i* arise 9 det]m9+ :at ! be/ metal = cannon really is1 & to %[ ! advantages to be ga9$ by att5d+ to ! prop] con/ruction ( projectile eng9es1 )\t atta*+ undue importance to ! mat]ial ( :i* !y are made4 ,be=e reject+ ca/ iron z useless = ! con/ruction ( l>ge guns1 x w\ld be well to assure ourselves t no bett] quality ( metal c be produc$ ?an t :i* is at pres5t manufactur$4 ,we mu/ also satisfy ourselves t we h cle>ly und]/ood ! prop] %ape & =m ( cannon to resi/ concussions4 ,^! concussions1 be x rememb]$1 7 m viol5t 9 ! late ?an 9 any previ\s w>2 & x is an und\bt$ fact t we _h _m m fractures !n ?an on any previ\s occasion3 fir/1 on acc\nt ( ! /ra9 produc$ by ! great elevation requir$ to get increas$ range2 &1 secondly1 on acc\nt ( ! imp]fect %ape ( ! gun4 ,! av]age numb] ( r\nds fir$ f ! #ac-;in* mort>s :i* bur/ at ! bomb>dm5t ( ,sweaborg 0 #abj1 & ! fracture 9 all 0 peculi>ly alike2 be+ at "r angles to ! supports4 ,n[1 t ?is is due to ! =m ( ! gun _c be d\bt$2 & x w be %[n m fully 9 a subsequ5t page4 ,b !re is ano!r cause to :i* ,i wi% n[ to direct att5tion1 viz41 ! jamm+ ( ! ,lanca/] %ell1 :i* takes place 9 ! increas+ spiral ( ! oval gun at ! v po9t :]e ! projectile acquires a proportional increase ( velocity4 ,! effect ( ?is may be illu/rat$ by runn+ a locomotive at its maximum ( spe$ ov] an increas+ curve 9 ! railroad1 ) ! c]ta9ty ( l&+ x 9 an adjo9+ dit*4 ,! pr9ciple :i* det]m9es ! result is q immutable3 viz41 t matt] 9 rapid motion _c be mat]ially affect$ by any =ce inf]ior to ! prim>y =ce3 ! t5d5cy ( ! body be+ to g /raight =w>d2 :]eas a sl[ tra9 goes r\nd a curve ) ! greate/ ease4 ,two motions c easily be giv5 to matt] 9 a l[] velocity2 b n s easily :5 ! velocity is mu* increas$4 ,h5ce ,i fe> t ! inv5tor ( ! ,lanca/] gun mu/ h _h a misconception ( ! true laws ( motion2 = by increas+ ! degree ( spiral at ! muzzle1 in/ead ( at ! bree* ( ! gun1 he has r5d]$ ne>ly useless :at w\ld o!rwise h prov$ a mo/ =midable eng9e ( w>4 ,f ^! obs]vations x may1 ,i ?9k1 fairly be d\bt$ :e!r ! bur/+ ( cannon is ow+ entirely to ! inf]ior quality ( ! ca/ iron us$ 9 _! =mation2 ?\gh !re c1 ,i ?9k1 be no d\bt t ,engli% ca/ iron is n only mu* inf]ior to :at x =m]ly 01 b t x is also inf]ior to t :i* is n[ manufactur$ 9 ,russia4 ,:y x is s w be subsequ5tly expla9$4 ,^! defects 9 ca/ iron h naturally l$ to _m attempts to sub/itute = x a m durable metal2 & 9 mo/ cases ! metal select$ has be5 wr\ght iron4 ,wr\ght iron has be5 us$1 n only 9 solid cannon1 b 9 ! orig9al 8hoop & /ave30 8/aves outside10 & 8/aves inside10 z 9 ,mr4 ,mallet's mon/] mort>4 ,=ms ( gun z num]\s z c be conceiv$ h be5 con/ruct$1 only to prove !mselves 9 e case mo/ complete failures4 ,our fri5ds at ! ,m]sey ,works1 ,liv]pool1 w1 no d\bt1 demur to ?is ass]tion2 z 8all creations ( ! m9d appe> mo/ p]fect to ! fa!r ( ! ?\ght40 ,great cr$it is1 h[ev]1 due to ! ent]prise & en]gy display$ by ! inv5tors1 =g]s1 & f9i%]s ( ?is great gun2 :i* has be5 ! wond] ( _m m9ds 9 ?is age ( wond]s3 & x is a highly important inv5tion1 z %[+ :at we1 z a p1 are capable ( produc+ by our me*anical & eng9e]+ skill4 ,b "h1 9 my e/imation1 ! wond] ceases2 = s sure z !re is any tru? 9 ! ,scot* prov]b1 8,a silk purse _c be made out ( a s['s lug10 s surely is x true t no man1 h[ev] great 8 g5ius & work+ p[]s1 c make a good cannon ( wr\ght iron4 ,:5 ! h>dness & ductility ( silv] c be imp>t$ to & held by lead1 !n w x be possible to make wr\ght iron accompli% all ! purposes requir$ ( a good cannon4 ,9 va9 may ,mr4 ,horsfall urge t 8 gun has nev] be5 bur/4 ,:y8 ,simply because x has n yet be5 subject$ to ! same am\nt ( pressure on ! squ>e in*2 nei!r has x be5 te/$ at ! same elevation z "s o!r #aj-;in* guns1 :i*1 9 proportion to _! size h /ood a m sev]e te/4 ,x is a fact1 :i* may be cle>ly demon/rat$1 t if a #aj-;in* gun ( #ie cwt4 be fir$ at an elevation ( #dj ) #ag lbs4 ( gunp[d]1 !n a gun ( m ?an six times t weight w\ld n be ov]load$ if its due proportion ( p[d] 7 ab\t #ajj lbs4 ,has ?is gun be5 fir$ ) "o half ( ?is8 ,until x has be5 satisfactorily prov$ to ?is ext5t1 we feel sure t ! au?orities are ju/ifi$ 9 n consid]+ ,mr4 ,horsfall's a successful a*ievem5t4 ,:atev] may be ,mr4 ,horsfall's impression ) reg>d to ! advantages ( wr\ght iron = mak+ cannon1 ,i am satisfi$1 aft] a long & c>eful /udy ( ! results ( all its v>ieties1 f ! mo/ ord9>y to ! mo/ p]fect comb9ation t has be5 manufactur$--ei!r = t5acity1 t5uity1 or resi/ance ( lat]al pressures--t x _c answ] 9 l>ge guns4 ,?is ,i ?9k any "o w admit1 aft] consid]+ ! two foll[+ facts2 :i* apply equally to all v>ieties & mixtures ( wr\ght iron4 #a4 ,! /r5g? ( iron is at its maximum 9 ! smalle/ me*anical /ructures4 #b4 ,! quality ( ! metal is improv$ z x is subject$ to great] pressure & cond5sation4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is improvem5t may be c>ri$ has nev] yet be5 asc]ta9$2 e fre% manipulation improves its quality4 ,! t5acity ( wr\ght iron is be/ display$ 9 a wire1 drawn out until x is n ?ick] ?an a human hair4 ,l>ge masses ( wr\ght iron are weak & spongy 9 geometrical progression ) ! mass1 & ! cry/all9e or molecul> =m increases ) ! mass4 ,if l>ge =g+s are c>efully exam9$1 cry/als w be f\nd ^: facets w\ld produce in*es ( surface2 z 0 cle>ly demon/rat$ by ! bur/+ ( a #aj-;in* gun at ,woolwi*3 made1 if we mi/ake n1 by ,mr4 ,nasmy?4 ,ano!r v important cause :i* r5d]s l>ge masses ( wr\ght iron uns\nd 7& :i* 0 fatal 9 ,mr4 ,nasmy?'s gun7 is ! impossibility ( cond5s+ tons ( wr\ght iron equally all ?r\gh ! mass4 ,no "o has yet be5 able to ov]come ?is difficulty4 ,:5 ! =ce ( a bl[1 h[ev] great1 is ex]t$ on ! surface ( a mass ( metal1 its effect is neutraliz$ )9 a few in*es ( ! surface2 cond5sation takes place 9 inv]se ratio f ! po9t ( impact1 & ?us ! effect is limit$4 ,! =ce :i* produces ?is cond5sation t5ds also to elongate ! fibres ( ! metal4 ,?is elongation is greate/ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! =ce2 ! fibres 9 ! int]ior ( ! mass are less elongat$ !re=e ?an on ! ext]ior2 & ! fibres 9 ! int]ior ( ! mass be+ less ductile 7f ! cause already expla9$7 ?an ^? on ! ext]ior1 ! int]ior ( ! mass elongates1 by dis9tegration ( its fibres or cry/als1 & a por\s op5 mass is ?us produc$1 surr\nd$ by a fibr\s case4 ,in/ances ( ?is are to be se5 9 brok5 eng9e-%afts & an*ors2 &1 inde$1 9 all l>ge masses ( wr\ght iron1 :e!r fractur$ by design or accid5t4 ,ano!r cause ( ?is defect 9 l>ge masses ( wr\ght iron1 is ! long cont9u$ heat to :i* x is necess>y to expose su* l>ge =g+s4 ,! iron exp&s z x is heat$1 b x does n exp& equally all ?r\gh ! mass2 & ! result ( ?is is t ! int]ior becomes por\s & spongy3 an appe>ance :i* mu/ h be5 obs]v$ by e "o :o has op]at$ ^u l>ge masses4 ,! %aft ( ! ,levia?an weighs #bf tons2 b1 in/ead ( resi/+ tw5ty-six times ! pressure ( a %aft "o ton 9 weight1 x w1 f ! causes already m5tion$1 be f\nd unequal to half t am\nt4 ,we h wat*$ ) mu* int]e/ ! =g+ ( ^! imm5se %afts2 & ! difficulties att5d+ ! =g+ ( ?is /ructure prove ! accuracy ( our reason+ on ! /r5g? ( l>ge masses ( wr\ght iron4 ,! weight ( ! %aft :5 f9i%$ is #bf tons1 & ! wa/e dur+ ! process ( weld+ am\nts to #gd or #ge tons4 ,! pres5t %aft is ! ?ird :i* has be5 manufactur$2 ! two fir/ hav+ prov$ notori\s failures3 ?us #bjj tons ( iron h be5 wa/$2 :i* we ?9k is suffici5t pro( ei!r ( ! unfitness ( ! mat]ial1 or ( imp]fection 9 ! me?od ( con/ruction4 ,moreov]1 ,i fe> t :5 ! vessel enc\nt]s a roll+ sea1 ! sudd5 *eck & /ra9 produc$ by ! total imm]sion ( "o paddle-:eel & ! fre$om ( ! o!r1 w subject ! pres5t %aft to a /ra9 :i* w affect its duration2 & a vessel co/+ ne>ly a million ( money may ?us be left to rea* h] port ) crippl$ p[]s ( propulsion4 ,:]e1 x may be ask$1 is ! skill 9 devis+ eng9es m p[]ful ?an ! +5uity ( man c b5eficially "w out8 ,?is has inde$ be5 done 9 ! case ( ! ,levia?an2 a mon/] vessel has be5 built1 b all ! eng9e]+ skill exp5d$ ^u x has z yet be5 insuffici5t to br+ x to p]fection4 ,! skill hi!rto display$ 9 weld+ l>ge =g+s ( wr\ght iron into %afts1 or o!r l>ge masses1 has be5 ( a v l[ ord]2 mu* m may be done ?an has yet be5 accompli%$1 if m5 w only set ab\t x 9 a sci5tific mann]4 ,! pres5t mode ( proce$+ is to build a /ructure ( iron mu* z a build] w\ld raise a /ructure ( bricks2 l>ge & small pieces be+ mix$ toge!r until ! requisite mass is obta9$4 ,n[1 a mu* simpl] me?od1 & "o :i* we h tri$ on sev]al occasions1 is fir/ to con/ruct sev]al segm5ts ( iron ( ! requisite l5g?1 & ( dim5sions equival5t to ! int5d$ object2 ea* segm5t be+ fitt$ to fill its place among/ a giv5 numb] ( o!r segm5ts 7:e!r tw5ty1 =ty1 or fifty segm5ts be requir$17 s z to =m a complete cyl9d]2 z ! wood-cut w fully expla93-- ,illu/ration ,9 weld+ ?is /ructure1 ! heat is equally diffus$ all ?r\gh ! mass2 & ?us ! great evil ( unequal expansion & contraction is avoid$4 ,:5 ! /eam hamm] is br\ght into play1 its face is a 8swage0 ( circul> =m1 calculat$ to clasp a l>ge portion ( ! upp] "p1 :il/ a correspond+ space is =m$ 9 ! anvil2 & by gradually turn+ ! %aft1 ! :ole is =g$ into a p]fect r\nd4 ,! peculi> advantage ga9$ by ?is mode ( proce$+1 is n only ! facility ) :i* heat is diffus$ ?r\gh ! mass1 b t ea* segm5t is made to act l a w$ge on its neighb\r2 ?us produc+ ! mo/ solid =g+ t has yet be5 atta9$4 ,?is is r5d]$ /ill m p]fect1 bo? z reg>ds /r5g? & durability1 f ! fact t a holl[ axle has be5 produc$2 ! great advantages ( :i* x w\ld be out ( place to dilate ^u 9 ?is "w4 ,we tru/ t ^! anticipat$ mis=tunes may be avoid$ by ! con/ruction ( a m p]fect %aft2 & t1 n only = ! sake ( ! %>ehold]s1 b = ! cr$it ( ! eng9e] :o devis$ ?is great vessel--des]v$ly "o ( ! wond]s ( ! _w4 ,a sp>e %aft w\ld be pr(itable balla/1 if ( no m value to ! ,levia?an4 ,roll$ railway-c>riage axles 7 con/ruct$ = me ) p]fect success on ?is pr9ciple ne>ly tw5ty ye>s ago1 at ! ,walk] ,iron ,works1 ne> ,newca/le-on-,tyne4 ,! idea has1 h[ev]1 be5 9 a measure 8%elv$20 b necessity w br+ x into use aga94 ,! only eng9e] :o has1 by practical exp]i5ce1 satisfi$ himself t l>ge masses ( wr\ght iron are totally useless = mak+ heavy ordnance is ,mr4 ,nasmy?2 ^: mon/] cannon1 :i* 0 to a/oni% ! :ole _w1 prov$1 :5 heat$1 to h s little cohesion t x w\ld sc>cely hold toge!r :il/ be+ lift$ f ! furnace to ! anvil4 ,&1 to 8 cr$it be x said1 ,mr4 ,nasmy?1 see+ t wr\ght iron w\ld n answ] ! purpose1 manfully gave up 8 hopeless task4 ,simil> exp]i5ce w\ld probably make "s ( our pres5t eng9e]s wis] m54 ,my exp]i5ce 9 manufactur+ ! l>ge/ wr\ght iron guns :i* x is prud5t to con/ruct1 suffici5tly proves ! tru? ( ^! ass]tions4 ,h>poon gun-b>rels1 "o in* & a half 9 ! bore1 hav+ ! metal at ! bree* end an in* & a qu>t] ?ick1 w /& a pro( :i* inv>iably bur/s a ?ick] b>rel2 9 fact1 all exp]i5ce t5ds to %[ t light wr\ght iron or /eel b>rels are /rong] ?an unusually heavy ones4 ,z all dep5ds on ! pr9ciple ( cond5s+ ! fibres ( ! iron1 cet]is p>ibus1 ! great] ! cond5sation ! great] ! /r5g?1 & ! less ! cond5sation ! great] ! weakness4 ,t ?is argum5t applies pr9cipally to solid =g$ guns ,i am ready to admit2 & t guns =g$ ( hoops1 r+s1 & b>s1 9 small] sections1 are free f ?is objection1 ,i am also ready to admit4 ,^! guns are1 h[ev]1 liable to objections equally fatal1 bo? z reg>ds _! endur+ & projective p[]s1 z ,i %all pres5tly %[4 ,exp]i5ce proves t brass guns are inf]ior1 bo? 9 %>pness ( %oot+ & 9 range1 to ca/-iron guns3 ?is is und\bt$ly attributable to ! great] s(tness ( brass ?an ( ca/ iron2 & = ! same reason a wr\ght-iron gun1 ?\gh made z s\nd z "o ( ca/ iron1 w\ld be inf]ior 9 ^! two important po9ts4 ,b :5 a wr\ght-iron gun is compos$ ( _m p>ticles imp]fectly secur$ 7& no me*anical =ce is suffici5t to secure p]fect cohesion 9 l>ge masses71 ! wr\ght becomes d\bly inf]ior to ! ca/ gun3 a %ot project$ f su* a gun />ts f an uns\nd base2 a l>ge portion ( ! explosive =ce is absorb$ by ! v>iety ( sections compos+ ! gun1 to ! injury bo? ( ! accuracy & l5g? ( range ( ! projectile4 ,! s(t] metals _c be b5eficially us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( l>ge guns1 because !y de/roy ! =ce ( ! expellant )\t mak+ any equival5t return2 & ! s(t] ! metal & ! great] its sub/ance1 ! m cle>ly is ?is important fact demon/rat$4 ,?us1 9 exp]im5ts made ) l>ge cannon = increas+ ! weight ( ! gun beyond a c]ta9 proportion to t ( ! projectile1 a gun ( t5 tons weight & t5 in* bore w\ld n exce$ 9 range a gun ( five tons1 if ! *>ge ( p[d] 7 ! same2 on acc\nt ( ! indisputable fact t mu* m =ce ( ! expellant is de/roy$1 :il/ m ?an d\ble ! =ce is absorb$ = ! recoil ( ! t5 ton ?an ( ! five ton gun2 & ! loss f ^! two causes mu/ mat]ially affect ! flight ( ! projectile1 ?\gh fir$ at exactly ! same elevation4 ,! great defect :i* exp]im5t %[s to exi/ 9 ! hoop-&-/ave wr\ght iron gun1 & :i* r5d]s ! gun self-de/roy+1 is sep>ation at po9ts betwe5 ! trunnions & cascable ( ! gun4 ,! =ce act+ fir/ ^u ! bree*1 x yields1 & ! =ce is !n br\ght to be> ^u ! longitud9al portion ( ! gun beh9d ! trunnions2 ! /aves h ?us to be> ! fir/ /ra91 &1 aft] a few %ots1 become elongat$4 ,an op5+ ( ! hoops at _! junction ) ea* o!r 7mo/ frequ5tly betwe5 ! bree* & trunnions7 beg9s1 aft] a v few %ots1 to be di/9ctly visible1 & increases at e dis*>ge1 until fur!r proce$+ am\nts to madness1 or recklessness ( human life4 ,t enorm\s eng9e1 ,mallet's mon/] mort>1 ( :i* ,i give an engrav+ on page #ajj1 cle>ly proves ?is to be ! case4 ,x w be obs]v$ to be con/ruct$ ) a solid ca/ iron bree* end1 ! dim5sions ( :i* w be se5 by ref]r+ to ! engrav+4 ,abutt+ ^u ?is are a succession ( wr\ght iron hoops1 +5i\sly ins]t$ into ea* o!r1 & m firmly secur$ by six outside /aves ( great dim5sions1 :i*1 at ! muzzle r+1 pass ?r\gh op5+s 9 ! muzzle r+1 ) heads l enorm\s rivets4 ,! b9d+ p[] is giv5 by 8quo9-l0 w$ges1 driv5 ?r\gh ! opposite end ( ! /ave1 b5ea? ! projection ( ! ca/ bree*1 giv+ p[] to tight5 ! longitud9al b9d]s by a bl[ :5 requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,mallet's ,mort>4 ,,dim5sions4 ,tons4 cwt4 qrs4 lbs4 ,ca/ iron base ) wr\ght iron bree* %runk into bore #ba #ai #j #b ,wood c>riage complete1 ) wr\ght iron screw & spann] = elevat+ mort> #h #h #j #ad ,bottom "p ( mort> to fit on top ( ! bree* #g #e #c #bc ,"p ( mort> 7a r+7 to fit on ! top ( ! above #e #h #c #bc ,d4 d4 d4 #c #j #b #ac ,muzzle r+ #a #b #c #ab ,wood r+ #j #j #a #j ,wr\ght iron r+ #j #d #c #d ,wr\ght iron conical r+ to fix on top ( muzzle r+ #j #c #c #be ,t-head$ bolts1 ) gibs & keys = fix+ mort> to base3 may be call$ out] /aves #a #af #b #j ,wood-w$ges1 c41 = elevat+ #j #ac #c #bb ,out] p91 ) cross = turn+ mort> r\nd #j #h #c #ad ------------------ ,total weight #ej #ac #b #ba ,weight ( %ell unfill$1 #bf cwt4 #b qrs42 diamet]1 #cf in*es4 ,?is is notori\s z a mon/] failure1 ev5 ) a *>ge ( p[d] am\nt+ to only "o half :at ! projector fondly hop$ w\ld be p]fectly h>mless 9 its effects4 ,?is ,brobdignagian toy has prov$ to be fe>fully exp5sive1 ! co/ hav+ be5 e/imat$ at eight ?\s& p\nds4 ,x has1 ,i believe1 be5 ! l>ge/ & mo/ exp5sive exp]im5t indulg$ 9 by ! noble 8projector10#f & ,i s9c]ely hope x w be ! la/4 #f ,"l ,palm]/on4 ,! prec$+ pages w h done mu* to remove f an unbiass$ m9d any fav\rable impression ( ! advantages expect$ to result f ! use ( wr\ght-iron cannon4 ,! k ( ?is subject1 ev5 among tal5t$ & sci5tific m51 appe>s to be at a v l[ ebb1 z is ev9c$ by ! multitude ( failures t h tak5 place2 n "o success ( any mom5t has z yet be5 atta9$1 & n a discov]y has be5 made wor?y ( be+ *ronicl$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ enl>g$ ?us mu* on ! qualities ( a metal :i* x is c]ta9 c nev] sup]s$e ! use ( ca/-iron1 ev5 ?\gh x be fre$ f ! defects f\nd practically to exi/ 9 our pres5t con/ruct$ iron artill]y2 & hav+ also allud$ to ! fact t ! =m has mu* influ5ce on ! durability ( ca/-iron guns1 ,i n[ proce$ to ! m important po9t ( ! qualities ( ca/-iron itself4 ,little d\bt exi/s t guns ca/ a hundr$ ye>s ago 7 m durable ?an ^? ( m rec5t =mation2 x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ap>t f m]e =m1 "s mat]ial depreciation mu/ h tak5 place 9 ! quality ( ! metal4 ,! use ( hot bla/-furnaces1 bett] fluxes1 & improv$ *emical k 9 ! r$uction ( metallic ores1 ?\gh highly pr(itable 9 a comm]cial po9t ( view1 d\bl+ ! products ( our m9es1 & enri*+ _! proprietors1 has1 un=tunately r5d]$ ,engli% ca/-iron p]fectly unfit = ! =mation ( cannon1 if increas$ range & great] /ra9 by high elevation are to be ! ord] ( ! day4 ,! durability ( ,russian ca/-iron is unque/ionably great] ?an t manufactur$ 9 ,engl&4 ,"s cause mu/ exi/ = ?is2 & ! "q arises1 is ! ore sup]ior to ours1 or does ! sup]iority ( ,russian iron dep5d on _! me?od ( smelt+8 ,! latt] is1 we believe1 ! cause ( ! sup]iority ( ,russian iron2 = exp]im5ts %[ t ,russian ore1 smelt$ 9 an ,engli% furnace1 yields ! same k9d ( ca/-iron z is produc$ f ! ore f\nd 9 ,engl&4 ,! inf]5ce1 !re=e1 is pla91 t ! diff]5ce 9 ! process ( smelt+ makes all ! diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( ! iron4 ,two ?\s& ye>s ago ! ,romans1 or _! dep5d5ts1 smelt$ iron 9 ! c\nty ( ,durham3 va/ accumulations ( slag exi/ !re at ! pres5t "t2 & ?\s&s ( tons h be5 b5eficially re-smelt$ by two adjo9+ iron-works1 & a p]c5tage ( iron obta9$ suffici5t to prove t ! ,romans 7 little indebt$ to fluxes or hot bla/s = ! quality ( iron !y obta9$4 ,! ,russians _c boa/ ( ^! adjuncts any m ?an ! ,romans3 ! old ag5ts1 wood & en]gy1 are alone employ$ 9 ! smelt+ ( _! ores2 & 9 ! abs5ce ( sci5tific aids1 ?\gh !y obta9 a mu* small] aggregate quantity ( metal1 yet x is und\bt$ly ( a mu* sup]ior quality4 ,) ! ,romans1 also1 ! yield 0 meagre1 b ! quality 0 good2 n[1 h[ev]1 circum/ances are rev]s$1 quantity1 n quality1 be+ ! ord] ( ! day4 ,! use ( coals in/ead ( wood 9 ! process ( smelt+ has introduc$ a mixture :i* is v prejudicial4 ,mo/ ( ! coal1 ev5 f our v be/ m9es1 conta9s a l>ge quantity ( pyrites1 or bisulphuret ( iron1 :i*1 comb9+ ) ! ca/-iron1 injures x to an incalculable ext5t4 ,^! facts fully expla9 :y our ca/-iron guns are n s good n[ z =m]ly4 ,select ! mo/ suitable m9e 9 ! k+dom1 erect a furnace on ! mo/ improv$ pr9ciples1 employ wood fuel only1 avoid fluxes & hot & cold bla/s1 & be cont5t ) ! small am\nt ( metal produc$1 & beyond all d\bt ! quality w be all t ! mo/ sangu9e f\nd] or artill]i/ c\ld wi%4 ,?us ! inf]iority ( our ca/-iron guns has be5 acc\nt$ =1 & a me?od sugge/$1 :i*1 if effici5tly c>ri$ out1 w\ld effect ! desir$ improvem5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we are indebt$ to ,krupp = ! fir/ sugge/ion (1 z well z ! fir/ attempt to introduce1 a ca/ /eel gun ( great] durability & p[] ?an ! be/ ca/-iron gun :i* has yet be5 manufactur$4 ,/eel1 possess+1 z x does1 h>dness to any desir$ ext5t1 ductility 9 an equal degree1 t5acity unrivall$1 & all ! o!r requisites1 is de/9$ to take ! place ( all o!r metals 9 ! con/ruction ( artill]y4 ,?is metal waits only to be te/$2 & ! great] ! ext5t to :i* ! trial is c>ri$1 ! m confid5t we are t x w answ] e purpose4 ,krupp1 l _m o!r m5 ) valuable ideas1 has be5 peculi>ly un=tunate 9 8 attempts to c>ry !m out4 ,) a va/ am\nt ( k ( ! sci5ce ( metallurgy1 he wants m k 9 ! n inf]ior sci5ce ( projectiles2 ! mo/ important po9t be+ to asc]ta9 ! =m ( gun calculat$ to be suitable = new metal1 ( ! use ( :i*1 = cannon1 ! _w possesses no antec$5t k4 ,! only failures ,mr4 ,krupp has made 7if !y c1 /rictly speak+1 be s call$71 h aris5 f mal-con/ruction1 imp]fect =m1 & unsci5tific comb9ations2 defects :i* might be expect$ f a m]e novice1 ?\gh n f exp]i5c$ artill]i/s or f\nd]s ( artill]y4 ,! trial ( ! only /eel gun s5t by ,mr4 ,krupp to ?is c\ntry1 0 conduct$ 9 ! mo/ absurd mann]1 & on :olly unsci5tific pr9ciples4 ,i w endeav\r to convey "s idea ( ?is mo/ extraord9>y ( exp]im5ts4 ,:e!r ,mr4 ,krupp 0 unacqua9t$ ) ! durability ( 8 metal1 or 0 p]suad$1 aga9/ 8 w1 to conduct ! exp]im5t z he did1 ,i "k n1 b ! foll[+ is :at took place3-- ,9 #ahea ,mr4 ,krupp br\ght to ,woolwi* a specim5 /eel gun ( t5-in* bore1 weigh+ ab\t f\r tons4 ,he 0 induc$ 7b :y1 ,i am at a loss to conceive17 to con/ruct a ca/-iron jacket1 or out] gun1 into :i* 8 /eel gun 0 ins]t$ up to ! trunnions4 ,! /eel gun 0 sep>at$ f its ca/-iron jacket by a space ( half an in* 9 its :ole l5g?1 except at ea* end1 :]e ! jacket 0 fitt$ to ! gun ) a mod]ate degree ( tightness2 ?us ! gun & jacket consi/$ ( two tubes1 "o )9 ! o!r1 fa/5$ only at _! extremities1 & t by a v slight =ce4 ,! result1 z might h be5 expect$1 0 ! bur/+ bo? ( ! gun & its case2 b t ! /eel gun or its jacket w\ld h /ood ! te/1 if subject$ to x s+ly1 _c be d\bt$4 ,! diff]5ce ( expansion betwe5 ! /eel gun & its jacket w\ld be q en\gh to acc\nt = its bur/+4 ,_h ! contact ( ! two be5 p]fect ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g?1 b all[+ half an in* all ar\nd = ! expansion ( ! /eel gun 9 t "p :i* 0 subject$ to ! greate/ pressure1 ! v act ( re/ra9+ x 9 o!r p>ts s z to prev5t equal expansion1 w\ld be p]fectly c]ta9 to produce a fracture4 ,mr4 ,krupp's fri5ds h compla9$ l\dly ( unfair treatm5t1 :e!r ju/ly or n1 no op9ion ne$ n[ be giv52 b x is mu* to be regrett$ t 8 exp]im5t 0 n c>ri$ out on sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,! introduction ( ca/ /eel guns w be ! mo/ ess5tial improvem5t 9 artill]y3 & an ext5sive s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 ext5d+ ov] _m ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t ,i h manufactur$ gun-b>rels ( /eel alone1 ought to give my op9ion "s weight on ?is subject4 ,lam9at$ /eel gun-b>rels 7 well kn[n 9 #ahea2 b ! ,engli% bugbe>1 prejudice1 rais$ a clam\r aga9/ !m1 :i* 0 e*o$ by int]e/ & ignorance1 & ?us _! g5]al adoption 0 = a long "t prev5t$4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! %ort space ( sev5 ye>s1 !y h become univ]sally adopt$1 ) ! mo/ b5eficial results2 bett] %oot+1 less annoyance f recoil1 less weight to c>ry1 & great] safety to ! sportsman1 be+ ! pr9cipal4 ,& s x w be ) /eel cannon2 z a %ort "t w suffice to enable sci5tific inve/igation to remove all prejudices aga9/ !m4 ,! ext]nal =m ( cannon is a "q ( vital importance1 b "o :i* is little und]/ood by artill]i/s ( ! pres5t day4 ,:il/ x is a demon/rable fact t all excessive bulk ( ca/-iron causes weakness 9 proportion to ! excess1 no effectual /eps h z yet be5 tak5 by ! ,gov]nm5t to asc]ta9 :at is ! due proportion ( metal :i* ought to exi/ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! gun4 ,! ,am]ican au?ority on naval gunn]y1 ,capta9 ,dhalgr51 has paid consid]able att5tion to ?is subject2 & if ! reports on ! durability ( ,am]ican heavy ordnance c be reli$ on 7& !re is no reason :y !y %\ld n7 8 inve/igations h be5 att5d$ ) mu* success4 ,capta9 ,dhalgr5 has ext5d$ ! pr9ciple act$ ^u _m ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,monck2 8 great improvem5t consi/+ 9 less5+ ! weight ( iron 9 front ( ! trunnions1 & add+ to t ( ! bree*4 ,9 cannon1 z 9 f[l+-pieces1 weight 9 ! =e "p is useless2 conduc+ nei!r to ! safety ( ! gun1 nor to ! sm>tness ( its %oot+4 ,= endurance1 x is necess>y t ! expansion %\ld be equal 9 e "p ( ! gun2 rigidity 9 "o "p increas+ ! /ra9 on ! imm$iately adjac5t p>ts1 :i*1 if mu* r$uc$1 are ?us r5d]$ liable to fracture4 ,! bree* has to endure ! l5g!n$ explosion produc$ by ! burn+ ( ! gunp[d]2 &1 z ?is cont9ues until x has ov]come ! in]tia ( ! projectile1 x is necess>y 9 all cases t ! maximum ( /r5g? %\ld be 9 ! bree* ( ! gun4 ,:5 ! projectile is once 9 motion ! /r5g? ( ! tube may be rapidly decreas$2 ! only /ra9 x has to be> is ex]t$ :il/ ! projectile is pass+ ov] x2 & ?is /ra91 9 prop]ly con/ruct$ guns1 becomes ( %ort] & %ort] duration z ! projectile atta9s its highe/ velocity at ! muzzle ( ! gun4 ,! greate/ /ra9 a gun has to be> ne> ! muzzle is t produc$ by ! cond5sation ( ! column ( air 9 front ( ! *>ge2 & 9 almo/ e =m ( ,engli% ordnance ! weight ( metal "h is great] ?an is necess>y4 ,! ,russian guns :i* h be5 br\ght to ?is c\ntry pres5t ! same sup]abundance ( metal at ! muzzle1 :il/ at ! bree* !re appe>s to be a defici5cy2 & :5 we take into consid]ation ! extraord9>y reports ( _! endurance1 we mu/ ascribe x to "s o!r cause ?an ! prop] di/ribution ( metal4 ,_! endurance is no d\bt ow+ 9 "p to ! goodness ( ! metal1 9 "p also to ! =m ( ! bree*1 to ! uni=mity ( ?ickness 9 ! sides ( ! ar*1 &1 la/ly1 to ! abs5ce ( ^? protub]ances call$ 8re9=ce r+s40 ,^! r+s might ) propriety be t]m$ 8r+s ( de/ruction20 = :]ev] irregul>ities exi/ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! metal1 !re ! waves ( vibration are int]rupt$1 & ! weak po9t !n becomes fractur$4 ,! sci5ce ( spr+-mak+ 9 all its v>ieties demon/rates ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t4 ,leave on a coa*-spr+ an abutm5t ( metal l a 8re9=ce r+10 & a few motions w be suffici5t to break x1 h[ev] well ! spr+ may be con/ruct$ 9 e o!r "p4 ,! rigidity ( ?is protub]ance1 by int]rupt+ ! waves ( vibration1 causes additional vibration 9 ! adjac5t & m yield+ "p1 & ?us produces fracture4 ,! same ?+ occurs 9 all ill-con/ruct$ artill]y3 :]e ! vibrations are *eck$1 !re is always a dang] ( "s weak] "p giv+ way4 ,b ! laws :i* regulate ! di/ribution ( vibrations 9 metal sub/ances are n yet und]/ood by artill]i/s1 or cannon w\ld be diff]5tly con/ruct$4 ,^? unsci5tific protub]ances call$ 8trunnions10 :i* are to be se5 9 almo/ e description ( gun1 prove ! accuracy ( my ass]tions4 ,^! protub]ances1 if sci5tifically consid]$1 w\ld soon be disc>d$1 s9ce !y t5d n only to ! rapid de/ruction ( ! cannon1 b also ex]t a mo/ injuri\s influ5ce on ! direction ( ! projectile4 ,! mo/ wond]ful %oot+ ev] he>d ( 7& :i* has be5 be=e allud$ to7 is p>tly to be attribut$ to ! abs5ce ( trunnions4 ,trunnions act z ! fulcrum ( a scale-beam2 !y all[ ! bree* & muzzle ( ! gun to oscillate1 b 9 an opposite direction to a scale beam4 ,rifl$ cannon c nev] be correctly con/ruct$ :il/ any weight imp+es on ! gun 9 front ( ! fir/ />t+ po9t ( ! projectile2 !y mu/ h ! fulcrum beh9d ! po9t ( dis*>ge1 & ! m ne>ly 9 a direct l9e ! bett]4 ,rifl$ cannon w 9 "s few ye>s be p]fectly con/ruct$ ( ca/ /eel2 ! projectile be+ made ( gun metal1 i4 e41 n9ety-five p>ts ( copp] to five p>ts ( t91 or ( lead & its alloys1 & at a probable co/ ( t5 times t ( a ca/-iron projectile ( equal weight4 ,rifl$ cannon mu/ be elevat$ by rais+ ! muzzle2 no depression ( ! bree* mu/ occur z by ! usual elevat+ screw2 & ! recoil mu/ be receiv$ & borne by fa/5+s & axle 9 re> ( ! bree* only4 ,trunnions & all imp++ influ5ces are incompatible ) correctness ( fire4 ,! muzzle mu/ be rais$ 9 a simil> mann] to ! rais+ ( a h& rifle1 ! recoil be+ ?r[n backw>ds1 9 z direct a l9e z possible ) t ( ! %ot4 ,x is only on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( exp]im5t+ ) rifl$ cannon t !y are at all beh9d rifl$ muskets 9 po9t ( p]fection4 ,! ard5t lov] ( sci5ce is appall$ :5 an exp]im5t co/s hundr$s ( p\nds4 ,we h n a ,g5]al ,jacob ev]y:]e :o c af=d to sp5d a ?\s& or two 9 exp]im5ts2 b1 nev]!less1 ! lov] ( sci5ce1 c\ld he exp]im5t1 might atta9 su* extraord9>y accuracy ( range1 z to bl[ up a small] magaz9e ?an t ( ,kurra*ee at f\r times ! di/ance2 & t1 too1 ) a m c]ta9 effect1 ?\gh ) a projectile heavi] ?an sev]al ( ,jacob's rifles ti$ toge!r4 ,correct direction is c]ta9 9 proportion to ! increase ( weight2 deflection be+ 9 ! m9imum ) ! heavi] weight1 f ! well kn[n law ( mom5tum4 ,t a/ute & en]getic sov]eign1 ! ,emp]or ,napoleon1 is pursu+ exp]im5ts ) rifl$ cannon2 ) :at result !re c be little d\bt4 ,x mu/ be by ! use ( rifl$ cannon t our artill]y w rega9 ! place x has lo/4 ,a %ort "t w suffice to make ! disp>ity betwe5 our artill]y & small arms z great z :5 we 7 cont5t ) ! six-p\nd] field gun & old 8,br[n ,bess40 ,ranges w only be rul$ by sight1 & objects w be hit ev5tually ) z mu* ease at #e1jjj y>ds z !y n[ are at #a1jjj4 ,/eel1 rifl$ cannon1 & projectiles ( gun-metal w assur$ly br+ ab\t z complete a revolution 9 artill]y z ! ,gre5]ian rifle & bullet h effect$ 9 small arms4 ,! =m ( gun be/ suit$ = all purposes has yet to be det]m9$2 & we h po9t$ out ^! defects 9 our artill]y ) ! hope t "s ( ! great practical philosoph]s ( ! pres5t age may devote !mselves to ! /udy ( ?is "q4 ,x is ne>ly alli$ to ! sci5ce ( bell-mak+1 & a few m fractures ( ,big ,b5 w ext5d our k ( ! subject1 & produce a rem$y :i* lies n v deep bel[ ! surface4 ,! laws :i* %\ld guide u 9 ! con/ruction ( ca/ /eel guns1 s z to insure _! durability1 are v analog\s to ^? :i* det]m9e ! durability ( bells2 = ! laws :i* regulate dis9tegration ( cry/all9e /ructures are v simil>4 ,hi!rto ! rule ( ?umb has1 un=tunately1 be5 ! only rule obs]v$ 9 measur+ out ! quantity ( metal :i* %all surr\nd t portion ( a cannon :i* has to su/a9 ! mo/ viol5t concussion4 ,pr(essor ,b>l[ _m ye>s ago prov$1 to ! satisfaction ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 t ! metal 9 any cyl9d] decreases 9 utility 9 proportion to ! squ>e ( its di/ance f ! c5tre3 t ! outside ( a gun ( ! =m n[ us$1 9 fact1 is only "o-n9? z useful z ! inside2 be+ ?ree times z f> f ! c5tre4 ,if we d\ble ! ?ickness1 ! outside1 be+ five times z f> f ! c5tre z ! inside1 w be b "o-tw5ty-fif? z useful2 or 9 pla9 ,engli%1 ne>ly useless4 ,! reason ( ?is is simple1 & ,i w endeav\r to expla9 x4 8,a b> ( ca/ iron "o in* ?ick ea* way & #dj in*es long w /ret* ab\t "o-tw5tie? ( an in*1 if a weight ( ab\t f\r tons be susp5d$ by x4 ,:5 ! weight is remov$1 ! ca/ iron ne>ly recov]s its previ\s =m1 & is un9jur$2 b if x be /ret*$ m1 by a great] weight1 x is p]man5tly injur$4 8,a b> ( ! same ?ickness1 b ?ree times z long--#abj in*es--w /ret* ?ree times z mu*1 or ?ree-tw5tie?s ( an in*1 ) ! same weight2 or if only "o-?ird ! weight--"o ton & a ?ird--be susp5d$1 x w /ret* "o-tw5tie? ( an in*1 ! same z ! %ort] b>4 8,if we susp5d #af tons by f\r b>s1 "o in* ?ick & #dj in*es long1 !y w ea* /ret* "o-tw5tie? ( an in* only1 & rema9 un9jur$2 b if we attempt to d s ) two b>s #dj in*es long & two #abj in*es long1 !n1 :5 ! :ole h l5g!n$ "o-tw5tie? ( an in*1 ! %ort ones are ex]t+ a =ce ( eight tons1 b ! long ones t ( only two & two-?irds tons4 ,! weight1 !re=e1 w /ill fur!r l5g!n ! b>s1 & p]man5tly injure ! %ort ones2 p]haps break !m fir/1 & !n ! long ones4 8,?is is ! way a gun is bur/4 ,! inside is a s]ies ( b>s ( iron1 say #dj in*es long1 9 ! =m ( a r+2 ! outside a s]ies ( r+s1 repres5t+ ! b>s ?ree times z long40 ,w>f>e1 s9ce ! fir/ introduction ( gunn]y into ,europe1 has be5 l "o cont9u$ s]ies ( exp]im5ts = te/+ ! efficacy ( our guns4 ,no description ( gun we n[ possess c lay any claim to exi/5ce fifty ye>s ago3 ! great majority ( our guns n[ 9 use are ( a mu* m rec5t date4 ,) "o or two exceptions1 no artill]y has be5 con/ruct$ on any sci5tific !ory2 "s alt]ation has be5 made1 & if a gun ( a c]ta9 =m & dim5sions gave a c]ta9 result1 !n an ext5sion or emulation ( t gun 0 tri$2 & if x succe$$ a l\d cry ( exultation 0 rais$1 & ! discov]y 0 ann\nc$ to ! _w z a great improvem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,russian #ef-p\nd] gun4 ,illu/ration3 #h-;in* ,briti% gun4 ,colonel ,prejudice has inv5t$ a va/ly improv$ description ( gun2 ano!r guess is made1 & s diff]5t =ms ( guns are multipli$4 ,c !re be a m /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is ?an ! "o :i* took place dur+ ! late ,crimean w>8 ,x 0 boa/$ t ! :ole human race might be ext]m9at$ by ! new inv5tion2 b ! 8,lanca/] gun0 turn$ out to be mo/ unsci5tific 9 its con/ruction1 & mo/ ecc5tric 9 its action4 ,_h su* a ?+ z sci5tific k 9 gunn]y exi/$ among ! artill]i/s ( ! day1 su* a mon/rosity w\ld h be5 buri$ soon aft] its bir?2 in/ead ( be+ all[$ to squ&] l>ge sums ( money at e dis*>ge1 & !n at la/ to become a 8,:i/l+ ,jemmy0 = our bluejackets to laugh at4 ,! =m ( cannon no d\bt ex]cises a vital influ5ce ov] _! durability2 bad =m & imp]fection ( mat]ial comb9$1 t5d$ to produce ! rapid de/ruction ( our guns dur+ ! late important /ruggle4 ,! gun :i* has be5 exp]im5t$ ) to ! greate/ ext5t1 & :i* has )/ood all trials successfully1 is a ,russian fifty-six-p\nd]2 tak51 ,i believe1 at ,bom>sund4 ,9 ?is gun !re are two great peculi>ities2 ! %ape1 z w be se5 9 ! diagram1 diff]s f all our own guns3 x is a 8*amb]$ gun10 & ! metal is tak5 away f ! outside precisely z ! contraction increases on ! inside ?us giv+ an equal ?ickness ( metal 9 e "p1 ( ! arc 7see page #aad74 ,9 contra/ ) ?is1 we give a cut ( our #h-;in* gun1 :i* mo/ ne>ly resembles x z a *amb]$ gun 7see page #aad74 ,! read]'s att5tion is especially direct$ to ! dissimil>ity 9 ! di/ribution ( ! metal 9 ! two guns4 ,! want ( uni=m ?ickness ( metal 9 our #h-;in* gun mu/ be suffici5t to conv9ce any "o t1 if ! ,russian gun be prop]ly con/ruct$1 ! pr9ciple ( ours mu/ be radically wrong4 ,t su* is ! case1 inde$1 ,i _c d\bt1 ! ,russian gun hav+ und]gone su* a te/ z w\ld h de/roy$ six ( ours4 ,! gun has s9ce be5 made two in*es l>g] 9 ! bore1 & ev5 oval-bor$1 = fir+ %ells1 :i* %\ld alone be en\gh to de/roy x2 & yet ) all ?is ! gun rema9s p]fect4 ,! gun :i* mo/ ne>ly resembles ?is is our ,engli% c>ronade2 & t ^! guns h "s important pr9ciple 9 _! %ape is prov$ by _! great durability "u all trials2 & ,i believe t ! te/s to :i* ! c>ronade has be5 subject$ h be5 m sev]e ?an t ( any o!r piece 9 ! ,briti% s]vice4 ,!re h be5 _m %rewd conjectures z to ! cause ( ?is durability2 "o ( ^! 0 v pung5t1 viz41 8! inv5tion 0 n by "o ( ! clo?40 ,an exam9ation ( ! draw+ ( ! #fh-p\nd] c>ronade w enable ! read] to p]ceive ! great simil>ity betwe5 ?is & ! ,russian gun be=e spok5 ( 7see page #aad74 ,illu/ration3 #fh-p\nd c>ronade4 ,! manufacture ( ^! guns 0 orig9ally 9 ! h&s ( ! inv5tors1 & x is q evid5t t !y mu/ h tak5 great pa9s ) ! =m ( ! gun1 & also h tak5 special c>e t ! mat]ial ( :i* x 0 con/ruct$ 0 ( ! v be/ quality4 ,!re is too mu* reason to d\bt ! pr(ici5cy ( milit>y m5 9 ! sci5ce ( metallurgy2 & ! ,briti% sy/em ( dep5d+ solely on _! k = ! la/ half c5tury1 has no d\bt prov$ an ob/acle to advancem5t 9 ! sci5ce ( gunn]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,monck's #ef-p\nd] gun4 ,! gun :i* ranks next is ,monck's #ef-p\nd]4 ,al?\gh n a *amb]$ gun1 x w be se51 f ! diagram 7see p4 #aag71 to be an attempt 7if n a p]fectly successful "o7 to obta9 uni=mity ( ?ickness 9 e "p ( ! arc4 ,! durability ( ^! guns ranks z we h plac$ !m4 ,! next 9 rotation is ! #h-;in* or #fh-p\nd] 7see p4 #aad72 :i*1 al?\gh n ! orig9al siz$ gun t 0 rifl$ = ! ,lanca/] %ell1 yet x 0 ! "o ev5tually us$ = t projectile up to ! end ( its v brief c>e]4 ,illu/ration3 #aj-;in* or #hf-p\nd] gun4 ,! #aj-;in* gun ( #ie cwt41 del9eat$ at page #aag1 w be se5 to be defective 9 its outl9es :5 te/$ by ! pr9ciples be=e laid d[n1 & ! fact ( m #aj-;in* guns bur/+ at ,seba/opol ?an any o!rs 7mort>s only except$71 may be tak5 z exclusive evid5ce ( its imp]fection4 ,! bur/+ ( mort>s is q notori\s1 especially ! #ac-;in* mort>s us$ = sea-s]vice 9 ! attack on ,sweaborg4 ,a slight exam9ation ( ! engrav+ ( "o w be suffici5t to conv9ce any p]son t1 if :at has already be5 advanc$ on ! =m ( guns c lay claim to be+ sci5tific1 !n ?is is ( all guns ! mo/ unsci5tific t 0 ev] manufactur$4 ,its durability1 too1 l its %ape1 is ( a v l[ ord]4 ,illu/ration3 #ac-;in* sea-s]vice mort>4 ,! #ac-;in* l& mort> depict$ bel[ is a mu* m s]viceable production1 because x conta9s mu* less metal4 ,illu/ration3 #ac-;in* l&-s]vice mort>4 ,mort>s w reta9 _! place 9 spite ( all improvem5ts4 ,rifl+ is inapplicable to !m4 ,_! pr9cipal utility consi/s 9 obta9+ a v]tical fire2 ! %ell be+ pit*$ to a great height1 s z to fall into places t _c be assail$ by a horizontal fire4 ,! late ,joseph ,manton has ! m]it ( be+ ! fir/ mod]n inv5tor ( rifl$ cannon4 ,8 idea 01 t if a motion on an axis p>allel to ! horizon c\ld be giv5 to cannon balls1 !y w\ld range f>!r & ) great] accuracy4 ,z !re exi/s great difficulty 9 caus+ ! rifl+ 9 a gun to act ^u an iron ball1 he con/ruct$ a cup ( wood1 into :i* ! ball 0 fitt$1 projections be+ made ^u ! wood to fit into ! groves ( ! rifle2 ! sp9n+ motion ?us be+ communicat$ to ! ball by its wood5 adjunct4 ,! result 0 tw(old2 = ! expansions ( ! wood dur+ ! explosion1 fill$ ! tube ( ! gun tight1 & effectually de/roy$ ! w9dage4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! day did (f] him a premium ( "o f>?+ ea*2 b 8,joe0 ov]-rea*$ himself1 ask+ ! sum ( #cj1jjj d[n2 ?is 0 refus$1 & ! pat5t 0 all[$ to expire )\t ! ,gov]nm5t tak+ any advantage ( x1 & exp]im5ts ceas$ to be made 9 ?is direction4 ,rifl$ cannon h n[1 h[ev]1 become a c]ta9ty4 ,me*anically speak+1 !y are z easily to be produc$ z h& rifles4 ,! g5]al application has1 h[ev]1 va/ difficulties1 :i* mu/ be ov]come be=e _! use c become g5]al4 ,small arm projectiles suitable = rifles mu/ ( necessity be made ( ductile metal1 & all ! attempts previ\sly made1 :e!r ) brass or iron guns1 are alike useless4 ,! mass 9 motion1 ev5 :5 ( equal h>dness ) ! gun 7z 9 ! case ( ca/ iron guns & ca/ iron %ot71 inv>iably de/roys t 9 a comp>ative /ate ( re/2 & ! rifl+ is oblit]at$ aft] a v few dis*>ges4 ,9 a brass gun ! de/ruction is c]ta9ly n s rapid1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t nature ( ! metal2 yet ! de/ruction ( ! gun = all useful purposes is equally effectual4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t success _c be obta9$ by us+ ! pres5t mat]ials 9 rifl$ cannon2 & ! "q inevitably arises1 :at bett] mat]ial c we use8 ,wr\ght iron %ells h already be5 ?or\ghly tri$ 9 ! ,lanca/] oval gun1 ) a well-kn[n result4 ,great hopes 7 at "o "t ent]ta9$1 t some?+ suitable w\ld result f ,mr4 ,bessem]'s discov]y ( ! combu/ion ( c>bon1 & t an iron ( suffici5t ductility1 yet )\t ! usual h>dness1 w\ld be produc$2 b ?is1 x appe>s1 is /ill a my?4 ,ext5t ( range & accuracy ( fire 9 gunn]y w 9 future be ( s mu* importance 9 w>1 t x is n extravagant to ass]t1 t 9 conte/s betwe5 well-mat*$ bellig]5ts1 ! preci\s metals 7if !y gave any advantage to ! us]7 w\ld be unhesitat+ly us$ 9 projectiles4 ,b on ! score ( economy1 sci5ce ne$ n be imp$$4 ,gun-metal projectiles & ca/ /eel cannon w\ld "w z effectually toge!r z lead & iron 9 small arms4 ,"s o!r mixtures less exp5sive might be produc$ 7lead & copp] 9 c]ta9 proportions are v ductile71 & at ! same "t suffici5tly /rong to resi/ all t5d5cy to squa%2 z ! s(t] metals w\ld inevitably d4 ,! m ductile metals are limit$ 9 _! utility1 by ! same law :i* limits ! use ( pure lead3 t is1 to giv5 weight1 height ( column1 or velocity4 ,great d\bt exi/s :e!r a bullet made ( gun metal1 & ( ! same proportionate dim5sions & =m z an ,enfield bullet1 b fitt$ = a t5-in* gun1 w\ld n1 if fir$ ) ! proportionate *>ge ( p[d] 7namely1 sev5te5 p\nds71 be z completely squa%$1 or driv5 9 ^u itself1 z ! ,enfield bullet if fir$ ) ! old ,br[n ,bess *>ge ( f\r dra*ms & a half4 ,consid]able "t & exp]i5ce w be requir$ to asc]ta9 ! proportions ( metallic mixture necess>y to meet all cont+5cies2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is a matt] ( detail1 & mu/ ext5d ov] s l>ge an area1 t x c be h&l$ only by ! gov]nm5t (ficials1 ) ! necess>y 8s9ews0 ( exp]im5t4 ,nev]!less x mu/ be und]tak52 & ! soon] x is done ! bett]1 = ! pre/ige ( t nation :i* w\ld lead ! van ( improvem5t 9 gunn]y1 & increase its p[] ( attack & def5ce beyond ^? ( its rivals4 ,rifl$ cannon is a g5]ic t]m ( endless application1 pres5t+ to ! m9d modifications ( projectiles 9 endless v>iety1 rang+ f ! 8light firebr&0 to ! twice deadly rocket3 n rockets ( t ecc5tric & erratic "* by :i* ,congreve made an undy+ "n2 b real bon fide rifle rockets1 :i* %all hit ! dead-lights 9 ! qu>t]-gall]y ( a frigate1 c>ry away ! haly>ds ( y\r enemies' ensign 7mak+ him drop 8 col\rs at ! fir/ %ot7 or da% ! glass f ! h& ( ! pilot4 ,all su* imag9>y feats w yet be accompli%$2 ?\gh ! read] may smile at ! idea4 ,my exp]i5ce ) rockets goes to ju/ify me 9 ass]t+ t rockets dis*>g$ f a gun1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 c be z effectually controll$1 & kept to a direct c\rse1 z a bullet fir$ f a rifle4 ,! rocket1 h[ev]1 may be fir$ a mu* great] di/ance ?an we h ev] be5 able to project a bullet2 because1 9 addition to ! =ce :i* projects x f ! gun1 its flight is ma9ta9$ by ! self su/a9+ ag5cy 9 ! body ( ! rocket4 ,rockets require a mu* small] *>ge ( p[d] to project !m ?an t :i* is us$ = a bullet2 a rocket />t$ by its own =ce1 exp5ds1 9 acquir+ ev5 an approximation to its highe/ velocity1 at lea/ "o-?ird ( ! =ce ) :i* x is *>g$2 b :5 project$ by a small *>ge ( gunp[d] ?is =ce is sav$1 & ! flight ( ! rocket is aft]w>ds su/a9$ by ! =ce ) :i* x is *>g$4 ,fir+ rockets f cannon c only be practis$ "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,! obs]vations already made on ! granulation ( gunp[d] w h prep>$ ! read] = ?is ann\ncem5t4 ,:5 fir$ f a cannon "u ! old rgime1 ! rocket 0 project$ at high velocity1 & ! case ( ! rocket 0 de/roy$ by ! v =ce :i* set x 9 motion4 ,a rocket suitable = artill]y %\ld be ca/ ( gun metal1 ) a frame ( consid]able /r5g?4 ,9 =m x %\ld ne>ly approximate to an expansive bullet2 b1 in/ead ( ! limit$ l5g? ( "o & ?ree qu>t]s diamet]2 x %\ld approa* to f\r diamet]s2 two ( :i*1 at lea/1 %\ld be appropriat$ to ! cyl9d] beh9d ! head4 ,! head is *>g$ ) composition m d5sely driv5 ?an is cu/om>y 9 ! ord9>y rocket2 ! tubes 9 ! cyl9d] are also *>g$ ) a composition equally d5se4 ,! out] frame ( ! rocket is ca/ ) suitable projections to fit ! grooves ( ! gun3 ! spiral ( ^! grooves is consid]able1 be+ "o turn 9 e ?ree feet1 9 ord] to imp>t to ! rocket an effectual sp9n+ motion :5 9 a l[ /ate ( velocity4 ,! rocket prop]ly con/ruct$ is !n plac$ 9 ! rocket-gun1 & fir$ 9 ! usual way2 b x is ess5tial t ! gunp[d] us$ %\ld be ( a suitable quality3 its combu/ion mu/ be z sl[ z possible1 a />t+ velocity ( f #ejj to #hjj feet p] second be+ suffici5t to ensure ! flight ( ! self-su/a9+ projectile to ! end ( its range4 ,?is pr9ciple may be ext5d$ f a light firebr&1 z already /at$1 to t ( a rocket *>g$ 9 ! head ) ! mo/ deadly & de/ructive fulm9ate4 ,x may appe> absurd to speak ( fulm9ates be+ project$2 s9ce all exp]im5ts %[ t fulm9ates1 ev5 :5 adult]at$1 w n /& ! concussion ( a dis*>ge1 b inv>iably ignite 9 ! gun1 h[ev] c>efully plac$ or pack$ 9 ! %ell :i* conta9s !m3 = ?is reason fulm9ates h nev] be5 successfully us$4 ,b if ! fulm9ate is plac$ 9 ! head ( a rocket1 ?is objection may be obviat$4 ,! gradual mann] 9 :i* velocity is giv5 to a rocket does n subject x to viol5t displacem5t dur+ its flight2 nei!r ne$ ! concussion 9 ! gun be sev]e1 ow+ to ! nature ( ! gunp[d] us$1 :i* 9 its gradual expansion is analog\s to /eam3 ?us ! field = ! application ( fulm9ates is op5$ to an unlimit$ ext5t4 ,my own exp]i5ce on ?is subject has be5 limit$ to its application = ! sav+ ( life f %ipwreck1 :]e ! application ( a l9e to ! rocket limits its range & velocity2 b suffici5t is left 9 a rocket ( an in* & a half diamet] effectually to c>ry out a l9e ( a qu>t] ( an in* diamet] to a di/ance ( #fjj or #hjj y>ds3 t is1 m ?an d\ble ! di/ance obta9$ by ei!r ,manby's app>atus or ! rockets n[ 9 use2 :i*1 lam5table to /ate1 are q inadequate to ! purposes = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,?\gh ! improvem5ts 9 rifl$ cannon are at pres5t only 9 _! infancy1 !y h nev]!less atta9$ to an extraord9>y degree ( p]fection1 v]ify+ all our pr$ictions to ! lett]4 ,a writ] 9 ! ,times makes ! foll[+ /atem5ts 9 fav\r ( ,mr4 ,:itwor?'s improvem5ts3-- 8,:ile "s m5 ( really inv5tive tal5t1 & a great _m *>latans1 h be5 p]mitt$ to wa/e ! public money 9 try+ va9ly to improve our artill]y1 x seems pass+ /range t x %\ld n long ago h be5 discov]$ h[ impossible x 0 to hope = successful results 9 ! direction 9 :i* !y 7 work+4 ,x 0 cle> t :ile increas$ range & precision ( fir+ 7 want$1 x 0 ne>ly z important to br+ ! *>ges ( ammunition & ! weight ( metal 9 guns into m manageable proportions to ea* o!r1 & to ! facilities = transit on active s]vice4 ,no s5sible man c h witness$ ! frightful damage done to ! effici5cy ( our army 9 ! ,crimea by ! exig5cies ( ! siege-tra9 dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahed-e )\t be+ impress$ ) ?is conviction4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! rifle (f]$ an obvi\s sugge/ion = ! prop] means ( work+ out ! =ego+ problem2 b !n = artill]y1 rifl+ by grooves w\ld n d )\t ! use ( a pliant metal 9 ! projectile1 & ! co/ ( lead r5d]$ its application to t purpose impracticable4 ,x 0 necess>y1 !re=e1 to alt] ! exi/+ mode ( rifl+1 & to modify ! bore ( ! cannon1 s t an iron projectile c\ld be dis*>g$ f x1 rotat+ on its own axis 9 ! l9e ( flight4 ,?is result once secur$1 x is obvi\s t a field-piece or gun ( position w\ld become a rifle on a l>ge scale1 & t ! same imm5se increase ( range & ( p5etration :i* _h be5 realis$ by ! small] weapon z comp>$ ) ,br[n ,bess1 w\ld be plac$ at ! comm& ( ! artill]y s]vice4 ,x is consolatory1 aft] a s]ies ( failures wor?y ev5 ( ,brunel 9 laun*+ ! ,levia?an1 t ! c\ntry has at la/ ! well-gr\nd$ hope ( an improvem5t by :i* our ordnance may be plac$ on a prop] foot+4 ,9 pursu+ ^? c>eful exp]im5ts :i* he und]took = ! ,gov]nm5t1 pr9cipally to improve ! rifle1 ,mr4 ,:itwor?1 ! em95t ma*9i/1 adopt$ a polygonal spiral bore ( a uni=m pit*1 b m rapid ?an c\ld be atta9$ by grooves4 ,?is bore has enabl$ him to surpass imm5sely ! range & p5etration ( ! ,enfield rifle2 b ev5 ^! advantages1 important z !y are1 sc>cely surpass ^? :i* x places )9 ! rea* ( our artill]y s]vice4 ,! /ra9 ( ! projectile be+ di/ribut$ ev5ly ov] e side ( ! polygon1 iron c be sub/itut$ = lead 9 ! projectile1 & ?is simple b beautiful me*anical appliance at once becomes available = cannon40 ,! p[]ful aid ( ! ,times is 8almo/ success20 ?\gh 9 ?is in/ance x has signally fail$1 ! boa/$ accuracy !re spok5 ( n hav+ be5 yet obta9$4 ,?is has no d\bt aris5 9 "p f ! fact t ,mr4 ,:itwor?'s great me*anical k w\ld n suffice to make him au fait at ! comp\nd sci5ce ( gunn]y4 ,8 8polygonal spiral bore ( uni=m pit*1 m rapid ?an c\ld be obta9$ by grooves10 is aft] all only an exp]im5tal gun1 n suffici5tly develop$ z yet = practical utility4 ,/ill1 ! writ] already allud$ to has fav\r$ u ) ! foll[+ rem>ks 9 ! ,times3 8,moreov]1 ,mr4 ,:itwor? has discov]$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 exp]im5ts1 t accord+ to ! quickness ( ! turn 9 ! polygon is ! l5g? ( ! projectile t may be fir$2 s t #bd lb4 & #dh lb4 %ot h be5 s5t to extraord9>y ranges ) half ! usual *>ge ( p[d]1 f an ord9>y #ab-p\nd] h[itz]4 ,"h1 !n1 is at once ! solution ( ! :ole "q :i* has tr\bl$ ! bra9s ( s _m inv5tors1 real or pret5d$1 = ye>s4 ,! artill]yman at "o /ride resumes ! relative position to ! soldi] ( ! l9e :i* ! ,enfield rifle _h s p]il\sly depriv$ him (1 & ?is me*anical c\ntry1 aft] f9d+ h]self on ! level ( ,france1 ,russia1 & o!r ,european ,/ates1 is once m1 z dur+ ! ,p59sul> campaigns1 enabl$ to ass]t h] natural sup]iority 9 ! manufacture ( cannon4 ,we tru/ t no petty jeal\sies on ! "p ( n>r[-m9d$ (ficials w be all[$ to int]f]e ) ! c\rse ( ,mr4 ,:itwor?'s exp]im5ts1 & t ! enc\ragem5t :i* he is n[ receiv+ f ! ,m9i/] at ,w> & ! ,comm&]-9-,*ief w enable him1 at no remote date1 to realise = ! b5efit ( ! army & ! nation t revolution 9 gunn]y :i* ! results already obta9$ by him promise40 ,report says t #be1jjjl4 is ! am\nt ( enc\ragem5t ,mr4 ,:itwor? has receiv$ f ! ,m9i/] ( ,w> & ! ,comm&]-9-,*ief2 an adequate sum ) :i* to conduct su* an exp]im5t1 b n suffici5t to insure success4 ,( ! success ( ,mr4 ,:itwor?'s polygonal projectile1 on a l>ge scale1 none ne$ speculate1 = ! pr9ciple is self-de/ructive4 ,lanca/]'s oval %ell1 oscillat$ 9 its flight1 took a flight s extraord9>y1 on acc\nt ( ! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e on ! protub]ances ( ! oval1 t ! pr9ciple may be reg>d$ z fully e/abli%$ t enl>g$ projectiles mu/ be smoo? & free f projections t 8saw ! air10 o!rwise range & accuracy ( fire w be sacrific$4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,mr4 ,:itwor?'s polygonal bore is fully discuss$ 9 its prop] place1 & w "h receive only a pass+ notice4 ,to ,mr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,arm/rong1 ( ,newca/le-^u-,tyne1 mu* m cr$it is due ?an c be claim$ = ,mr4 ,:itwor?4 ,long be=e ! paid ef=ts ( ,mr4 ,:itwor?1 ,mr4 ,arm/rong _h made ! subject ( rifl$ cannon a special /udy1 & ! success ( 8 inve/igations has be5 su* z to c\ple 8 "n ) ^? ( ! e>lie/ inv5tors ( effectual rifl$ cannon4 ,mr4 ,arm/rong may also lay claim to be+ an orig9ator ( wr\ght /eel cannon2 ?\gh "h 8 "n /&s second z an inv5tor1 = to ,mr4 ,krupp is due ! hon\r ( fir/ introduc+ ca/ /eel cannon to ! notice ( our ,gov]nm5t4 ,mr4 ,arm/rong tells 8 own tale s well 9 ! columns ( ! ,times t we _c d bett] ?an quote x3-- 8,9 ! latt] "p ( #ahed1 ,i submitt$ to ! ,duke ( ,newca/le1 !n ,m9i/] at ,w>1 a proposal = a gun :i* ,i anticipat$ w\ld possess great sup]iority ov] ! common =ms ( light artill]y1 & ,i und]took1 ) 8 ,grace's au?ority1 to con/ruct a field-piece 9 con=mity ) ! plan ,i _h sugge/$4 ,! gun 0 accord+ly soon aft]w>ds made1 & has s9ce1 dur+ a p]iod ( ne>ly two ye>s1 be5 ! subject ( num]\s exp]im5ts1 p>tly ^u ! ordnance fir+-gr\nd at ,%oeburyness2 b pr9cipally "u my own direction 9 ?is neighb\rhood4 8,i h hi!rto avoid$ publicity 9 ref]5ce to ^! exp]im5ts1 b1 z matur$ results ( mu* int]e/ & importance h n[ be5 arriv$ at1 & z o!r names are already be=e ! public 9 connection ) gun exp]im5ts made dur+ ! same p]iod1 ,i feel t ,i may n[1 )\t impropriety1 give "s in=mation on ! subject4 8,) a view to /r5g? & durability1 ! gun is compos$ int]nally ( /eel & ext]nally ( wr\ght iron1 appli$ 9 a twi/$ or spiral =m1 z 9 a musket or f[l+-piece4 ,! bore is ne>ly two in*es 9 diamet]1 & is rifl$4 ,! projectile is a po9t$ cyl9d] #f-a_/b in*es long1 & its weight is #e lb4 ,x is made ( ca/ iron1 coat$ ) lead1 & is fir$ f ! gun ) a *>ge ( #aj ounces ( p[d]2 x conta9s a small cavity 9 ! c5tre1 & may be us$ ei!r z a %ot or a %ell4 ,:5 appli$ z a %ell1 ! cavity is fill$ ) p[d]1 & a detonat+ fuse is ins]t$ 9 front1 s z to fire ! p[d] 9 ! c5tre on /rik+ an object4 ,:5 us$ z a %ot1 ! p[d] is omitt$1 & an iron po9t1 :i* fav\rs p5etration1 is sub/itut$ = ! fuse4 ,! gun is con/ruct$ to load at ! bree*1 ! object be+ n only to obviate ! disadvantages ( spong+ & load+ f ! front1 b also to all[ ! projectile to be l>g] 9 diamet] ?an w\ld ent] at ! muzzle1 & ?us to insure its tak+ ! impress ( ! grooves & completely fill+ ! bore4 ,! piece weighs #e cwt41 & is m\nt$ ^u a c>riage :i* be>s a g5]al resemblance to t ( an ord9>y #f-p\nd] field gun1 b :i* embraces a pivot frame & recoil slide4 ,a screw is also appli$1 n only = elevat+ & depress+ ! gun1 b also = mov+ x horizontally1 by :i* means great delicacy ( aim is effect$4 ,! recoil slide has an upw>d incl9ation1 :i* enables ! gun1 aft] runn+ back1 to recov] its position by gravity2 & its use is to relieve ! pivot-frame & adju/+ screws f injuri\s concussion4 8,i %all n[ give "s p>ticul>s ( ! exp]im5ts rec5tly made ) ?is gun on ! coa/ ( ,nor?umb]l&1 ne> ! village ( ,:itley1 "u ! (ficial inspection ( ,colonel ,wilmot4 8,f\rte5 %ots 7 9 ! fir/ in/ance fir$ f a di/ance ( #a1ejj y>ds at a timb] butt1 #e ft4 wide #g-a_/b ft4 high4 ,six ( ^! 7 exp5d$ 9 f9d+ ! elevation prop] = ! di/ance1 b aft] t 0 det]m9$ e succe$+ %ot hit ! object )\t previ\s graze4 ,! f9al elevation ( ! gun 0 #d deg4 #bf m941 & ! mean lat]al di/ance ( ! %ot-m>ks f a v]tical l9e ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! butt 0 only #aa-a_/b 94 8,p]sons :o are conv]sant ) artill]y practice w be able to appreciate ! accuracy ( ?is fir+2 b1 = ! in=mation ( ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) ! subject1 ,i may /ate t ! ord9>y #f-p\nd] field-piece1 :i* 9 po9t ( weight =ms ! ne>e/ approa* to ! pres5t gun1 is p]fectly useless at a di/ance ( #a1ejj y>ds1 & is v unc]ta9 ev5 at #a1jjj y>ds4 ,x is only1 !re=e1 ) heavy artill]y t a comp>ison c be drawn2 & x w be suffici5t to /ate t 9 tabulat+ ! practice made ) su* ordnance ! deflections are inv>iably record$ 9 y>ds1 :]eas ) ?is rifl$ gun !y c only be prop]ly giv5 9 in*es4 8,) respect to p5etration1 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s w be reg>d$ z equally rem>kable1 consid]+ ! small weight ( ! %ot & ! l5g? ( ! range4 ,! butt 0 #c ft4 ?ick1 & 0 compos$ ( six lay]s ( rock elm bolt$ toge!r1 s z to =m a solid block4 ,"o %ot pass$ entirely ?r\gh2 ano!r /ruck ne> ! edge & glanc$2 & ! rema9+ six p5etrat$ )9 a few in*es ( ! opposite side4 8,%ell fir+ 0 next tri$ at a di/ance ( #a1ejj y>ds2 ! gun be+ fir$ at ! same elevation & ) ! same *>ge z 9 ! previ\s practice at ! butt4 8,9 ?is case two t>gets 7 erect$1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 s z to appe> z "o object :5 view$ f ! gun1 & a space ( #cj feet 0 left betwe5 !m4 ,! front t>get 0 int5d$ to exhibit ! p]=ations ( ! %ell be=e bur/+1 & ! back "o to %[ ! effect ( ! fragm5ts result+ f explosion4 8,aft] "s prelim9>y exp]im5ts tw5ty-two %ells 7 fir$ at ! front t>get1 & ( ^! only "o miss$ ! object ( aim4 ,! foll[+ are ! p>ticul>s3--,sev5te5 hit ! fir/ t>get direct1 & bur/ beh9d x1 ! fragm5ts p5etrat+ ! second "o2 ?ree graz$ & bur/ imm$iately 9 front ( ! fir/ t>get1 & p]=at$ bo? ) ! pieces2 "o hit ! bottom ( ! fir/ t>get & explod$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! rema9+ "o miss$ entirely & bur/ on "s rocks ne>ly on l9e beyond4 ,a /rong side w9d 0 bl[+ at ! "t1 & acc\nt$ = ! deviation ( ?is s+le %ell4 8,f\r %ells & ?ree %ots 7 !n fir$ at an elevation ( #f degrees1 f a di/ance ( #b1jjj1 or1 m accurately1 #a1ifd y>ds4 ,all ^! /ruck )9 ! bread? ( ! t>get2 b ! elevation be+ sc>cely suffici5t1 !y all fell a little %ort1 except "o %ell1 :i*1 rang+ some:at fur!r ?an ! o!rs1 hit ! t>get & bur/ z usual4 8,! results ( ?is %ell-fir+ 7 z foll[s3--,! front t>get conta9$ #ea holes1 & ! back "o #afd1 :ile ! gr\nd betwe5 & adjac5t to ! t>gets exhibit$ ab\t #gj p]=ations by fragm5ts ( %ells1 ! great] portion ( :i* 7 aft]w>ds recov]$ by digg+4 8,) respect to ranges exce$+ #b1jjj y>ds1 ,i may /ate t on previ\s occasions ! gun _h be5 tri$ up to #c1jjj y>ds--a di/ance :i* 0 rea*$ ) an elevation ( #aa deg41 & ! usual *>ge ( #aj ounces ( p[d]1 or #a-h? ! weight ( ! projectile4 ,by augm5t+ ! *>ge ! range is increas$1 b ! accuracy is impair$2 & ,i !re=e adh]e to ! #aj-ounce *>ge1 :i* gives ample p5etration1 z ! exp]im5ts at ! butt w te/ify4 ,i may also obs]ve t ! ranges obta9$ ) ?is *>ge be> a fav\rable comp>ison ) ^? ( ! heavie/ r\nd-%ot guns fir$ ) a mu* l>g] proportion ( p[d]4 8,x is a curi\s fact1 & "o :i* greatly increases ! effici5cy ( ! %ells1 t ow+ to ! bur/+ *>ge requir+ a m9ute space ( "t to mature its ignition aft] ! fir+ ( ! fuse by impact1 ! %ell is enabl$ to travel f\r or five feet aft] /rik+ an object be=e disruption takes place4 ,h5ce1 !re=e1 x acts z a %ot be=e x bur/s z a %ell4 ,:5 x p]=ates a t>get ! explosion may be se5 to take place at a few feet beyond1 & :5 x grazes x has "t to rise1 & may be obs]v$ to bur/ aft] cle>+ ! gr\nd4 ,if1 !re=e1 x 7 fir$ aga9/ a %ip1 x w\ld fir/ p5etrate ! side 9 its entirety1 & !n1 bur/+1 trav]se ! deck 9 fragm5ts2 or if direct$ aga9/ troops1 x w\ld pi]ce ! front l9e z a bullet1 & op]ate l grape-%ot beyond4 ,! %ells explode ) equal c]ta9ty :e!r ! fir/ sub/ance /ruck be h>d or s(t2 &1 9 fact1 !y ev5 bur/ on ! surface ( wat]1 provid$ ! elevation ( ! gun be n too great4 ,! bur/+ *>ge is v small1 b x suffices to break ! %ell into ab\t #cj pieces1 :i* pursue _! =w>d c\rse )\t too mu* disp]sion4 8,x is impossible to contemplate ! results obta9$ ) ?is gun )\t be+ impress$ ) ! important "p x is calculat$ to p]=m 9 w>f>e4 ,oppos$ to any ord9>y field-piece1 x w\ld be l ! ,gre5] rifle aga9/ ! old musket2 & no gun c\ld be work$ at an embrasure if a fire ( %ells 7 direct$ aga9/ x by "o ( ^! rifl$ pieces plac$ )9 ! di/ance ( a mile4 ,9 naval op]ations1 also1 guns ( ?is description1 b ( l>g] size1 might app>5tly be appli$ ) great effect--m especially z a sy/em ( bree* load+1 comb9$ ) a self-recov]+ recoil action1 w\ld be peculi>ly advantage\s 9 fir+ f por?oles4 ,ev5 light #e-p\nd]s1 s5d+ _! %ells f great di/ances ?r\gh ! sides ( a %ip & sweep+ ! decks ) fragm5ts ( lead & iron1 w\ld produce v de/ructive effects2 & a small swift /eam] c>ry+ a few su* guns might prove a v tr\blesome oppon5t to a l>ge %ip ( w>4 ,b if ! dim5sions ( ! gun 7 increas$ s z to adapt x = %ells ( #bj lb4 or #cj lb41 /ill m t]rible injury c\ld be inflict$ at great] di/ances2 & ! pond]\s artill]y n[ us$ at sea w\ld be ( little s]vice :5 oppos$ to ! accurate & long-range fir+ ( su* rifl$ %ell-guns40 ,s9ce ! publication ( ^! rem>ks1 rifl$ artill]y ( ,mr4 ,arm/rong's production has1 we believe1 be5 ext5sively tri$4 ,! results ( ^! trials h be5 mo/ extraord9>y2 & ! pr9ciple is1 we believe1 id5tical ) ! expansive pr9ciple be>+ my cognom53 an ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple ( ! ,gre5] & ,enfield rifle1 h]eaft] to be describ$4 ,i h _h ! hon\r ( be+ consult$ bo? by ,engli% & =eign au?orities1 & ,i h assi/$ 9 con/ruct+ rifl$ artill]y = sev]al ye>s2 & ! exp]i5ce ?us obta9$ ju/ifies me 9 mak+ kn[n to ! _w "s ( my obs]vations on ?is subject4 ,rifl$ cannon ) elongat$ projectiles1 simil> 9 %ape & pr9ciple to ! ,gre5]ian bullet1 give1 ) *>ges inf]ior to ^? ( ! old rgime & calibre1 m ?an d\ble ! range1 ) t5 times great] accuracy4 ,n[1 ei!r ( ^! po9ts1 if ga9$1 w\ld be mo/ important improvem5ts1 & :5 comb9$ w\ld produce ! mo/ extraord9>y results4 ,b ?is is n all3 a great dim9ution 9 ! weight ( ! gun might also be effect$2 & ^! advantages may be /ill fur!r ext5d$ :5 we h _h "t to increase our k ( ! valuable mat]ials ) :i* we are only j n[ becom+ acqua9t$4 ,! foll[+ table w %[ ! advantages to be ga9$ bo? 9 l5g? & accuracy ( range4 ,be=e rev]t+ to ! table1 x may be necess>y to rem9d ! read] t ! great r$uction 9 ! weight ( guns arises f ! adoption ( ! elongat$ projectile4 ,= example3 ! diamet] ( ! elongat$ projectile = an 8#ah-p\nd]0 is mu* less ?an ! diamet] ( ! gun = ! sph]ical #ah-p\nd]2 ?us all[+ ! ?ickness ( metal to be equal 9 bo? guns4 ,! gun = ! elongat$ projectile may be greatly r$uc$ 9 weight )\t at all dim9i%+ its /r5g?1 simply on acc\nt ( ! great dim9ution 9 ! diamet] ( ! arc4 ,!re is ano!r important fact1 :i* ,mr4 ,:itwor?1 ) all 8 boa/+1 has c>efully conceal$3 viz41 t a mu* great] pressure is ex]t$ ^u ! squ>e in* 9 ! less] ?an 9 ! l>g] diamet] ( bore2 & to conceal ?is fact1 :il/ claim+ m]it = a bullet ( #ej-;gauge exce$+ 9 range "o ( #be-;gauge1 ! *>ge ( gunp[d] be+ alike 9 bo? cases1 appe>s v l deception4 ,any eng9e] w tell u t ! pressure 9 ! less] is twice z great z 9 ! l>g] bore2 & ?is expla9s :y great] velocity is giv5 to ! projectile4 ,) ^! explanations ! read] w be bett] prep>$ to weigh c>efully my obs]vations4 ,my task w\ld1 d\btless1 h be5 r5d]$ m easy1 if a cle> elucidation ( ! pr9ciples ( ! expansive bullet c\ld h be5 giv5 ?us e>ly 9 ! "w2 b x is ?\ght bett] to d ?is 9 its prop] place4 ,i w only add "h1 t al?\gh two bullets1 "o elongat$1 ! o!r sph]ical1 & ( equal diamet]1 meet ) ! same am\nt ( atmosph]ic resi/ance1 yet ! "o conta9+ twice z mu* matt] z ! o!r reta9s its m$ium velocity ne>ly d\ble ! di/ance4 ,) ^! explanatory rem>ks ,i give ! foll[+ table3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,pres5t ,range,pres5t,r$uc$ ,weight,range :5 ( ,guns4 ,weight4:5 ,rifl$4 ,rifl$4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #f-pndr4 #a1ejj yds4 #ag #ab cwts4 #c1jjj yds4 #i-pndr4 #a1fjj #bf #ah #d1jjj #ab-pndr4 #a1gjj #cd #bb #d1ejj #ah-pndr4 #a1ghj #db #bi #e1jjj #bd-pndr4 #a1hej #ej #cd #e1ejj #cb-pndr4 #b1jjj #fc #db #f1jjj #dh-pndr4 #b1ejj #gj #de #f1ejj #ef-pndr4 #e1jjj #he #fj #h1jjj #fh-pndr4 or #h-;94 #d1ejj #he #fj #h1jjj #hf-pndr4 or #aj-;94 #d1gjj #ie #fe #i1jjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! read] mu/ und]/& t all ! guns giv5 9 ?is table 7 n rifl$1 & t !y h n all be5 subject$ to trial4 ,! #f1 #ab1 #ah1 #bd1 & #dh-p\nd]s h be5 tri$1 ) ! results giv5 above2 b ! heavi] guns h n z yet be5 te/$3 ! ranges & weights giv5 9 ! table h1 h[ev]1 be5 d]iv$ f ! results yield$ 9 ! trial ( ! less] guns1 & may be safely reli$ on z sci5tific data2 be+1 9 tru?1 r "u ?an ov] ! m>k4 ,all exp]im5ts cle>ly e/abli% "o v important pr9ciple1 long kn[n to ^? acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( projectiles1 viz41 8,t ! heavi] ! projectile1 ! less ! deflection40 ,?us x is q possible t ! longe/ ranges may ultimately be obta9$ )\t any p]ceptible deflection4 ,& :5 we obs]ve t ! deflection ( an ord9>y #cb-%ot 9 a range ( #b1jjj y>ds1 is #ej feet1 & 9 #b1ejj y>ds1 #hj feet1 :il/ ! elongat$ %ot1 at a mu* great] di/ance1 is n deflect$ half z _m in*es1 ,i ?9k we may fairly say t our k ( gunn]y is yet 9 its infancy4 ,fulm9at+ p[d] may be us$ z an auxili>y 9 %ells = v>i\s important purposes2 su*1 = in/ance1 z de/roy+ an entire fleet2 & x is cle>ly )9 ! range ( possibility t by its ag5cy ! l>ge/ %ip may be de/roy$ by a s+le %ot4 ,! accuracy ( rifl$ cannon r5d]s x an easy task to /rike a plank only "o in* above ! wat] l9e1 & ! p5etration ( an elongat$ gun-metal or lead-alloy$ %ell w\ld enable u to rea* ! inn]mo/ p>ts ( ! magaz9e3 = x is sc>cely possible to produce ev5 an iron cas+ :i* %all resi/ ! p[] ( su* projectiles4 ,x is possible1 !re=e1 t we may see ! noble/ fleet de/roy$ 9 a few m9utes by ! ag5cy ( su* projectiles4 ,i w endeav\r to give an outl9e ( ! me?od by :i* ?is may be effect$4 ,a long rifl$ cannon1 con/ruct$ = an elongat$ gun-metal %ell2 ( f fifty-six to eighty-six p\nds1 & ) an extreme range ( f #f1jjj to #g1jjj y>ds1 may be consid]$ to be a suitable in/rum5t4 ,?is %ell %\ld be *>g$ 9 ! head ) a giv5 quantity ( ! fulm9ate1 su* z w\ld be mo/ calculat$ to prev5t ! t5d5cy to explode f ! concussion produc$ by ! dis*>ge ( ! gun4 ,x w be necess>y to place ! fulm9ate 9 ?9 lay]s betwe5 %eets ( prep>$ ca\t*\c1 or "s o!r prep>ation ( ,india-rubb]2 hav+ ?us arrang$ ! fulm9ate 9 ! head ( ! %ell & secur$ x !re1 ! usual me?od ( fill+ ! rema9d] is resort$ to1 & ! ap]ture is securely screw$ up3 fuses n be+ necess>y 9 ?is arrangem5t4 ,! difficulty 9 us+ ?is %ell is to prev5t its explosion :5 ! gun is dis*>g$2 & to obviate ?is all our eng9e]+ skill is requir$4 ,"t & exp]i5ce w %[ t1 by a modification ( ! propell+ ag5t1 ! %ell may be />t$ f a rifl$ cannon at a v l[ velocity2 ! velocity be+ increas$ l t ( ! rocket4 ,?is is to be done by modify+ ! arrangem5t ( ! gunp[d] s z to ensure ! %ell acquir+ its greate/ velocity z x leaves ! muzzle ( ! cannon4 ,! result ( ?is has be5 already %[n4 ,on ! %ell /rik+ any object1 su* z ! %ip's side1 ! metal ( ! %ell is driv5 9 ^u itself1 & an explosion ( ! fulm9ate foll[s z a natural consequ5ce4 ,exp]im5t has prov$ t %ells explod+ z !y /rike ! %ip's sides1 produce v little damage beyond mak+ a hole 9 ! %ip ! size ( ! %ell4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 arises f ! %ort space ( "t occupi$ by ! %ell 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! side ( ! %ip2 all its =ce be+ ex]t$ 9 ! int]ior in/ead ( on ! sides ( ! vessel4 ,all %ells ( ! nature allud$ to w\ld1 at c]ta9 di/ances1 take su* a l9e ( flight z to ensure !m dipp+ t[>ds ! c5tre ( gravity1 & ?us explod+ ! magaz9es1 h[ev] deep bel[ ! wat]-l9e2 & :5 we consid] ! de/ructive effects ( fulm9ates1 we ?9k x q )9 ! range ( probability t !y might produce all ! effects we h spok5 (4 ,!re are _m ag5ts equally p[]ful to be introduc$ into de/ructive w>f>e2 & ) ! advantages to be d]iv$ f improvem5ts 9 rifl$ %ells1 :i* ! +5uity ( ! pres5t race w c]ta9ly effect1 he w\ld be a ra% man :o w\ld set any limits to ! advancem5t ( projectile sci5ce4 ,! great difficulty 9 ! use ( fulm9ates w be surm\nt$ if ^! sugge/ions c be c>ri$ out2 & exp]im5t is all t w !n be necess>y to e/abli% ! l9e ( proce$+4 ,to effect ?is is ! prov9ce ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry2 to wait = x to be p]fect$ by individual skill & ent]prise w\ld be unju/ to sci5ce1 & injuri\s to ! be/ int]e/s ( ! nation4 ,! ne$ful exp5diture c only be borne by ! nation1 & %\ld be ent]$ ^u1 9 ord] to effect improvem5t 9 projectiles1 ) ! view ( ma9ta9+ our l& & m>9e artill]y at ! highe/ po9t ( effici5cy4 ,!re is "o "q ( great importance to inv5tors1 & to :i* ,i h paid mu* att5tion1 namely1 ! obta9+ a spiral motion 9 a projectile :i* has be5 fir$ f a smoo? bor$ gun4 ,all we h witness$ goes f> to prove t ! atta9m5t ( ?is is impossible1 9 consequ5ce ( a pr9ciple n hi!rto inve/igat$ by inv5tors4 ,if ! c\rse ( a projectile is *ang$ f ! /raight to ! spiral1 x c only be done at ! exp5se ( range2 & t = ! foll[+ reasons3 fir/1 ! =ce :i* is necess>y to induce ?is spiral movem5t mu/ be ex]t$ at ! exp5se ( ! =ce :i* propels x =w>d2 secondly1 :5 ?is spiral movem5t is acquir$1 x is s mu* 9 excess ( ! direct movem5t1 t aft] advanc+ a c]ta9 di/ance x falls to ! gr\nd4 ,a v simple exp]im5t w prove ?is4 ,take an ord9>y t9 tube1 cut a bullet ( an elongat$ =m--cyl9dro-conical if wi%$--hav+ grooves f ! po9t backw>ds1 ) ! degree ( spiral necess>y to effect ! object 9 view4 ,let ! bullet be made ( cork or light wood1 su* z c be project$ by a bla/ f ! m\?1 & ! result w be t ! projectile w g "o-half ! di/ance be=e ! friction ( ! atmosph]e produces a motion on its axis p>allel to its l9e ( flight2 f ?is po9t x gradually loses its velocity 9 a =w>d direction1 x sp9s until its =ce is exp5d$1 & !n falls v]tically to ! gr\nd4 ,to f9d ! sequel1 try ! same exp]im5t )\t groov+1 & ! range1 ) ! same =ce1 w be f\nd to be d\ble4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i witness$ su* a trial ) a #cb-p\nd]2 &1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( all pres5t1 ! bullet rose above ! horizontal l9e1 & !n fell to ! gr\nd1 l ! cork bullet ( :i* we h already spok54 ,! endeav\r to produce bree*-load+ cannon is an ef=t to obta9 uncall$-= & sup]flu\s facility 9 gunn]y2 & if a p]fect bree*-load+ cannon c\ld possibly be produc$1 :at w\ld x avail8 ,:at sup]ior prop]ty c\ld x possess ov] ! solid gun8 ,x c\ld n be safety2 = :5 we consid] ! v limit$ numb] ( explosions by :i* ! v be/ guns are de/roy$1 x c sc>cely be possible = a gun compos$ ( _m p>ts to endure ! int5se vibrations to :i* l>ge cannon are subject$4 ,! regul> di/ribution ( vibrations 9 ! metal ( ! gun is ! great po9t to be att5d$ to 9 ! con/ruction ( artill]y2 s t vibrations may n be incorrectly induc$ by mal=mation1 or by an excess or defici5cy ( metal at any p>ticul> po9t2 = :]e ! waves ( vibration are *eck$ by an unequal di/ribution ( metal1 or o!r causes1 !re ! weak po9t 9 a gun is always f\nd1 z all fractur$ guns cle>ly demon/rate4 ,an intimate acqua9tance ) ! metallurgy ( cannon1 enables me to give an almo/ un]r+ op9ion z to ! causes lead+ to ! fracture4 ,mo/ und\bt$ly1 vibration1 if judici\sly di/ribut$1 is ! s\l ( endurance2 b if injudici\sly di/ribut$ is c]ta9 to result 9 ! de/ruction ( ! cannon4 ,9 /ructures compos$ necess>ily ( _m jo9ts1 ob/ruction to ! waves ( vibration mu/ occur2 ! diff]5t p>ts d n exp& & vibrate equally2 a k9d ( revulsion is induc$2 "p repels "p1 & de/ruction ensues z a natural consequ5ce4 ,"u no circum/ances1 !re=e1 c a bree*-load] be z safe z a solid gun4 ,! facility ) :i* bree*-load]s c be *>g$ is g5]ally trumpet$ =? to ! _w z an advantage ( vital importance2 b let u c>efully exam9e ?is po9t & see if x has n be5 exagg]at$--:e!r1 9 fact1 a solid gun _c be *>g$ & dis*>g$ z rapidly z a bree*-load]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all guns recoil2 ?is necessitates ! relay+ ( ! gun aft] e dis*>ge1 9 ord] to obta9 accuracy ( aim2 & if facility ( load+ is to be obta9$ at ! exp5se ( aim1 x c sc>cely be call$ an advantage4 ,aim consumes m "t ?an load+4 ,a six-p\nd] may be load$ & fir$ six times 9 ! fir/ m9ute2 b x w\ld be impossible to d ?is & re-lay ! gun aft] ea* %ot4 ,:]e !n is ! advantage ( fir+ six %ots p] m9ute if y _c hit six objects8 ,& if bree*-load]s c\ld be fir$ sixty times p] m9ute1 :at w\ld !y avail if aim 0 want+8 ,! rais+ or depress+ ( ! bree* ( a gun by means ( ! elevat+ screw2 slew+ to ! "r or left1 spung+ ! gun1 & ramm+ home ! p[d] & %ot1 all consume "t2 h5ce we ?9k t quickness ( load+ is wor?less4 ,bree*-load+ cannon _c be con/ruct$ = bullets ( l>g] diamet] ?an t ( ! rifle bore1 )\t a ductile bullet be us$2 =1 z is usual 9 bree*-load+ small-arms1 ! bullet rifles itself z x is =c$ up ! grooves4 ,! projectiles = rifl$ cannon h hi!rto be5 ca/ ) correspond+ grooves & l&s to fit ! int]nal =m ( ! cannon4 ,a comp\nd %ot1 compos$ ( iron1 & cov]$ ext]nally ) ductile metal1 has be5 tri$ 9 a few in/ances2 b1 un=tunately1 ! difficulty ( comb9+ two metals s dissimil> z iron & lead has be5 f\nd s great z inv>iably to end 9 a failure2 !re=e no prospect exi/s ( br++ into play ?is1 ! be/ po9t exi/+ 9 bree*-load+ arms4 ,la/ly1 ! t5d5cy ( all guns to absorb ! heat1 develop$ dur+ explosion1 puts a limit to all extreme rapidity ( fire2 ev5 if ?is 0 n already limit$ by ! m ess5tial po9t ( tak+ aim4 ,at ,sweaborg x 0 f\nd necess>y to all[ an int]val ( five m9utes betwe5 ea* dis*>ge ( a mort>1 & yet ! :ole ( !m bur/ aft] an av]age ( #abj %ots4 ,"t & +5uity sp5t 9 plann+ & con/ruct+ bree*-load+ cannon w always end 9 disappo9tm5t & failure4 ,_m are ! plans extant1 ev9c+ great skill1 p]sev]ance1 & ev]y?+ ne$ful 9 po9t ( me*anical exp]i5ce1 b betray+ a total ignorance ( ! metallurgic sci5ce & ( practical results f ! use ( ! eng9e4 ,! /udy ( ^! po9ts w save money1 "t1 & :at is ( m value1 bra9-"w1 :i* might be bett] employ$4 ,/riv+ to produce p]fect bree*-load+ cannon is l /riv+ to squ>e ! circle4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,on ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,iron ,,= ,,gun ,,b>rels4 ,a consid]able progress 9 improvem5t has tak5 place 9 manufactur+ ! high] quality ( iron s9ce my la/ publication4 ,n t ,i arrogate to myself any cr$it on t score1 b x is evid5t t good frequ5tly comes ( flagellations1 :e!r on ! body or ! m9d4 ,"o "p ( human nature w ev] fe> ! exposure ( bad qualities1 :ile ano!r is embold5$ to advance 9 improvem5t if ! slighte/ *ance exi/ ( success or enc\ragem5t4 ,?us we (t5 see m5 /riv+ to produce "o inv5tion on ! back ( ano!r1 ) wond]ful p]sev]ance1 f9d+ _m blanks & r>ely a prize2 = truly 9 ?is compet+ age1 ! m9d mu/ be /rong t c fight long4 ,bitt] is ! disappo9tm5t ( ! truly +5i\s m9d1 to see ! produce ( 8 bra9s ?r[n z lumb] into ! h]r+ b>rel1--z ! pr9t] t]ms ! receptacle = :at he sets no value ^u2 :ile ! valueless contrivances ( ! mean & sordid are pref]r$ & rew>d$1 because !y enable ! manufactur] to produce *eap]1 by foi/+ on ! public a deceptive or a spuri\s article4 ,all inv5tions = purposes ( deception1 are readily1 aye1 eag]ly1 patronis$2 = !y return gold to ! c(f]s soon]4 ,! improvem5t 9 ! manufacture ( gun-b>rels dep5ds on ! quality ( ! iron entirely2 = x w\ld be a useless wa/e ( "t to endeav\r to make a good b>rel ( inf]ior metal4 ,sci5ce & exp]i5ce h work$ a wond]ful *ange 9 ! mixture ( ! sup]ior qualities ( iron3 we h _h ann\ncem5ts ( silv]-/eel b>rels at t5 gu9eas a pair 9 ! r\gh1 ( ,brescian /eel b>rels1 c>bonis$ iron1 & ,i "k n h[ _m m descriptions or comp\nds ( metals1 to =m ! be/ mat]ial = high-pric$ b>rels4 ,we h n[ metal :i*1 9 ! rod1 _c be sold = less ?an "o %ill+ & twop5ce p] p\nd3 ! iron = a pair ( b>rels ?us co/+ sixte5 %ill+s & f\rp5ce4 ,?is is good2 nay1 m ?an good--'tis excell5t4 ,b !re is a d>k side ( ! picture1 ov] :i* ,i w\ld fa9 draw a veil3 b ,i mu/ n4 ,belgium1 ,france1 ,holl&1 & ,g]many1 are improv+1 are m>*+ onw>d1 & we1 alas6 are /&+ /ill4 ,competition & *eapness comb9$1 are driv+ our gun trade into a labyr9?1 out ( :i* x w be long ere x f9ds ! clue ( exit4 ,our manufacture ( inf]ior gunn]y has c]ta9ly rea*$ a dep? ( inf]iority :i* nev] any o!r manufacture 9 ! _w rea*$1 & ,i hope nev] w4 ,dur+ ! exi/5ce ( ! slave-trade1 _m ?\s& guns p] ye> 7 made ( :at is1 by ! trade1 te*nically t]m$ 8p>k pal+10 a mat]ial only fit = su* purposes2 & ! co/ ( x 0 only sev5 %ill+s & sixp5ce ea* spike2 b n[ we c furni% slave trad]s ) %ip-loads1 if !y *oose1 at only six %ill+s & sixp5ce ea*1 & x is /ill suppos$ t "o ( ^! imitation guns is ! blood-money = a fell[-creature4 ,x w\ld be a j & equitable law1 if our legislature w\ld pass x1 8,t e man %\ld fire ! guns he manufactures30 no?+ w\ld m surely t5d to improve ! quality ( guns ( a l[ grade4 ,a consid]able increas+ difficulty att5ds ! obta9+ ( horse-nail /ubs f ! cont95t4 ,9 v>i\s cont95tal m>kets f :5ce we draw our supply1 ! skill & ability ( ! gun-b>rel mak]s h increas$2 & ! pref]5ce = sup]ior fire-arms :i* is ga9+ gr\nd ) _m cont95tal sportsm51 has taught =eign]s ! value ( _! old horse-nails2 & h5ce _! increas$ sc>city4 ,! inf]ior iron ( :i* we make horse-nails prev5ts entirely ! use ( our own2 consequ5tly x requires no =esight to pr$ict t our manufactur]s w soon resolve !mselves into two descriptions--! v be/ & ! v wor/4 ,! latt] are already actively employ$1 & ! o!rs are advanc+2 z no d\bt an increas+ desire to obta9 ! mo/ p]fect gun p]vades ! ?9k+ & afflu5t portion ( ! sport+ _w4 ,! manufacture ( iron is a sci5ce truly wor? ! consid]ation ( ! philosoph]1 = x is fraught ) ! mo/ important consequ5ces1 consid]$ ei!r z a mat]ial ( comm]ce1 or ! means to an end4 ,9 advanc+ manufactures & ! progress ( improvem5t1 x has _h an effect on civilization unequall$ by any kn[n product1 gold n except$2 = no sub/itute exi/s = iron1 or ev] did4 ,no d\bt ! anci5ts _h _! bronze1 ( :i* !y c\ld =m edge tools1 ev5 razors2 b t 0 a v limit$ use ( cutt+ tools3 en\gh1 p]haps1 = w> or subsi/5ce1 b n = ! progress ( ! arts4 ,( ! fir/ discov]y & use ( iron we h no record2 ?\gh its value may be presum$ f ! fact1 t ,qu9tus ,curtius m5tions t 8,alex&] ( ,mac$on1 receiv$ a pres5t f ,porus1 an ,indian *ief1 ( ab\t #cj lbs4 weight ( /eel40 ,if ?is 7 a pres5t fit = ! conqu]or ( ! _w1 its value1 ev5 at t e>ly date1 mu/ h be5 great inde$4 ,= _m c5turies1 up to ! sixte5?1 all iron 0 produc$ by ! aid ( wood *>coal2 & ) su* contract$ & limit$ means1 x 0 f\nd t n m ?an #ej p] c5t1 ( ! metal conta9$ 9 ! ore 0 extract$2 consequ5tly at ?is day all ! anci5t deposits ( slag are s\ght = & re-smelt$1 yield+ a h&some return to ! manufactur]4 ,! adoption ( coal coke 0 a matt] ( necessity1 b x has be5 productive ( ext5sive b5efit 9 all manufactures ( iron ( m$ium quality4 ,! op9ions ( _m m5 ( sci5ce lead to ! belief t x has b5efit$ ! high] quality also2 b ,i am q satisfi$ ( ! rev]se4 ,! quantity =m]ly obta9$ 9 ! yield 01 z %[n1 only #ej p] c5t4 ( ! quantity exi/+ 9 ! ore2 b yet x 0 ! pure/ metal3 = x is unque/ionable t ! be/ is soone/ fus$4 ,! iron ore ( ,great ,brita9 is1 beyond a d\bt1 inf]ior to t ( _m p>ts ( ! _w2 z all attempts to produce good /eel f x h be5 att5d$ ultimately ) disappo9tm5t4 ,mr4 ,mu%et1 9 8 excell5t "w on iron1 says1 8,! successful ex]tions ( individuals h increas$ ! manufacture ( ca/ & malleable iron beyond all prec$5t 9 ?is c\ntry2 nor h we be5 )\t "s enlight5$ individuals1 :o h laudably endeav\r$ to =m a sup]ior quality along ) ! ext5sion ( _! manufactures4 ,success has s f> cr[n$ _! praisewor?y ex]tions1 aid$ by ! op]ation ( k1 9 remov+ ! prejudices ( ! artisan1 t b> iron ( our own manufactur+ has be5 sub/itut$1 to a great ext5t1 9 place ( t =m]ly us$ ( ! ,sw$i% & ,russian m>ks2 b hi!rto all attempts h fail$ to make b>s ( prop] quality to =m /eel1 9 any degree comp>able to t we daily manufacture 9 great quantities f =eign iron4 8,"h we rema9 at an imm5se di/ance beh9d2 & :ile our manufacture ( iron goods exce$s ! collective ex]tions ( all ,europe1 we humbly feel our dep5d5ce ^u two =eign m>kets = ! supply ( t /eel-iron1 )\t :i* ! beauty1 ! utility1 & ext5t ( our h>dw>e manufactures w\ld be ess5tially injur$ & abridg$4 8,! policy ( ! =eign hold]s ( ?is article communicates _m undue advantages to ! fav\r$ few to :om ! /eel-iron is consign$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! rapid progressive rise 9 value ( ?is iron1 = _m ye>s pa/1 has already ne>ly d\bl$ ! price ( /eel to ! workman1 & giv5 ! trade 9 g5]al a melan*oly =eta/e ( ! evils ( dep5d5ce & monopoly40 ,s x is ) ! scrap1 requisite to =m good iron = gun-b>rels4 ,i h _h sev]al pairs ( b>rels s5t f ,b]l9 & ,vi5na1 to be fitt$ up 9 ! ,engli% /yle1 ) a c]ta9 k t !y 7 want$ = patt]ns2 & 9 ju/ice let x be said1 ! mat]ial & figure 9 ! b>rel 7 mo/ beautiful3 be+ a v>iety ( ,damascus1 or fancy patt]n 9 ! metal1 sup]ior to any?+ se5 ( ?is c\ntry's manufacture4 ,true1 ?is is n an ess5tial requisite1 be+ m = appe>ance ?an utility2 b ! fact cle>ly %[s ! indu/ry & w ( ! artisan4 ,! iron1 too1 9 cle>ness & d5sity1 we c sc>cely surpass2 !re=e1 if ,i regret t we are n advanc+ ) our competitors1 x proce$s f a cle> conviction ( ! tru? t we are slumb]+ ^u our fanci$ sup]iority4 ,a fri5d :o _h lately visit$ ,liege1 in=m$ me t 9 "o gun-mak]'s %op alone1 7 employ$ f\rte5 ( our be/ workm52 9 fact1 he br\ght ) him a gun :i* atte/s ! great improvem5t ! ,belgians h made ( late ye>s4 ,i h _h possession ( ?ree guns1 be>+ on ! lock & b>rels1 8,joseph ,manton1 ,london20 8,joseph ,egg1 ,london20 & 8,john ,manton & ,son1 ,london20 all ( :i* 7 manufactur$ 9 ,belgium2 & s well is ! imitation execut$1 t x w\ld puzzle mo/ amateurs to discov] ! fraud4 ,rec5tly a company1 entitl$ 8,! ,indian ,iron & ,/eel ,company10 has comm5c$ import+ & & manufactur+ iron & /eel f ,h9do/an ore1 & native-made b> iron4#g ,if !y succe$ 9 compet+ ) ,sw$5 & ,russia1 ?is iron w be a valuable acquisition to ! ,briti% empire4 ,!y h already issu$ a quantity #ce p] c5t4 *eap] !n ! latt]1 b quality is ! end !y %\ld /rive =4 ,h[ev]1 ! bus9ess is 9 able h&s1 & ,i h no d\bt b t ?is object w be kept prom95tly 9 view4 #g ,! f9e quality ( ! ,indian /eel is g5]ally ackn[l$g$4 ,! iron is fir/ obta9$ by smelt+1 9 small quantities1 ! wootz-ore1 or ! magnetic oxide ( iron1 :i* x f\nd comb9$ ) ab\t #db p] c5t4 ( qu>tz2 ! yield be+1 out ( #ajj p>ts ( ore1 only #ae p>ts ( metal3 b ?is is ( ! f9e/ "*4 ,! process by :i* ! iron is conv]t$ into /eel is z foll[s1 & fully acc\nts = t peculi> quality = :i* ! ,indian /eel is valu$4 ,! iron is cut into pieces & pack$ closely 9 a crucible ( clay1 conta9+ ab\t #a lb4 only ( ! iron1 mix$ ) a t5? "p ( dri$ wood cut small1 ! :ole cov]$ ov] ) gre5 leaves4 ,! crucible is !n /opp$1 by cov]+ ! m\? ) temp]$ clay1 s z to effectually exclude ! air4 ,aft] a "t t is1 z soon z ! clay-plugs are suffici5tly h>d1 f tw5ty to ?irty ( ! crucibles are built up 9 an ar*$ =m plac$ 9 a small bla/ furnace1 & kept cov]$ ) *>coal2 ?us be+ subject$ to ! heat ( ! furnace = two or ?ree h\rs4 ,! process is !n complete4 ,z soon z ! crucibles are cool1 !y are brok5 op5 & ! cakes ( /eel are f\nd r\nd$ at ! bottom4 ,! top ( ! cakes %\ld be f\nd cov]$ ) /ri1 radiat+ f a c5tre1 & be free f holes or r\gh projections4 ,if ! cakes are honeycomb$1 ! process has be5 imp]fect & incomplete4 ,:5 re-melt$ & tilt$ into rods1 a v sup]ior article has be5 ! result4 ,! natives prep>e ! cakes = be+ drawn into b>s1 by anneal+ !m = sev]al h\rs 9 a small *>coal furnace1 excit$ by bell[s2 ! curr5t ( air be+ made to play ^u ! cakes :ile turn$ ov] be=e x1 :]eby a portion ( ! comb9$ c>bon is dissipat$ & ! /eel probably s(t5$3 )\t :i* op]ation ! cakes w\ld break 9 draw+ !m4 ,!y are drawn by a hamm] ( only a v few p\nds weight1 b ! repeat$ hamm]+ greatly t5ds to ! production ( a highly cond5s$ & p]fect article4 ,=esee+ ! difficulty t w\ld ev5tually beset u 9 obta9+ a suffici5t supply ( old horse nails f ,g]many & else:]e1 ,i direct$ my exp]im5ts to /eel entirely1 hav+ =m]ly p]ceiv$ t :]e ! greate/ quantity ( /eel exi/$ 9 ! mixture necess>y to =m mat]ial = _! be/ gun b>rels1 !re also exi/$ ! greate/ t5u\s /r5g?4 ,i _h at t "t a decid$ objection to all /eel1 z ! foll[+ quotation f 8,! ,gun0 w %[3-- 8,we recomm5d hamm]-h>d5+ 9 all mixtures conta9+ iron4 ,if y ?r[ ! iron aside1 & conf9e y\r manufacture :olly to /eel1 x w\ld be an evil1 f ?is simple cause3--/eel is ( itself close en\gh 9 ! gra92 hamm]+ x1 !re=e1 9 a cold /ate1 only t5ds to make x m brittle4 ,b ! rev]se is ! case ) iron3 ! m x is beat5 ! great] becomes its t5acity2 & :5 mix$ ) /eel 9 ! way ! /ubs-composition is1 x prev5ts ! p>ticles ( /eel f becom+ too h>d40 ,mr4 ,adams1 ( ,w$nesbury1 & ! successors ( ,mr4 ,clive1 ( ,birm+ham1 manufacture a consid]able quantity bo? ( silv] /eel & common twi/ /eel = ! trade2 ,i make my own lam9at$ /eel3 ! diff]5ce 9 silv] /eel & common twi/ /eel m]ely consi/s 9 ! v>iety ( tortu\s twi/+ ! =m] und]goes1 :ile ! latt] is roll$ out into rods ( #f-af?s broad1 ) ! fibres runn+ p]fectly longitud9al4 ,! me?od ( mak+ or weld+ ! pieces into a bloom1 is 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,hav+ collect$ a suffici5cy ( mild /eel scraps1 su* z cutt+s ( saws1 wa/e f /eel p5 mak+1 old coa* spr+s1 & ! imm5se v>iety ( pieces aris+ f ! v>i\s manufactures ( tools1 !y are cut into pieces ( equal dim5sions1 poli%$ 9 a revolv+ drum by _! friction on ea* o!r1 until q bright1 & !n plac$ = fusion on ! b$ ( an air furnace4 ,! p>ts fir/ fus$ are ga!r$ on ! end ( a simil>ly fabricat$ rod1 9 a weld+ /ate1 & ^! ga!r toge!r by _! adhesion1 ! rema9d] z !y become suffici5tly heat$1 until ! bloom is complete4 ,! /eel is !n remov$ f ! furnace1 & und]goes ! effect ( a ?ree-ton =ge hamm] & ! tilt1 until x =ms a l>ge squ>e b>2 x is !n re-heat$1 & !nce convey$ to ! roll+ mill1 :]e ev5tually x is r$uc$ to ! size ( rod requir$4 ,i g5]ally h ! metal requir$ cut into %ort pieces ( six in*es long4 ,a c]ta9 numb] are bundl$ toge!r & weld$1 & !n drawn d[n aga9 9 ! roll+ mill4 ,?is c be repeat$ any numb] ( times--elongat+ ! fibres & multiply+ _! numb] to an indef9ite ext5t z may be requir$4 ,illu/ration ,! great advantage d]iv$ 9 ?is in/ance f air-furnace weld+ is a *emical "o2 = :ile ! small pieces ( /eel are fus+ on ! b$ ( ! air furnace1 ! oxyg5 is extract+ ! c>bon1 & leaves ! result+ metal mild /eel1 or iron ( ! d5se/ description2 :ile ! succe$+ hamm]+ & roll+ & re-weld+1 produce ! me*anical arrangem5t ( mak+ ! :ole ( an extremely fibr\s description4 ,! poli%+ secures a clean metal2 inde$1 s free f specks are ! g5]ality ( b>rels ?us made1 t x is sc>cely possible to imag9e cle>] metal4 ,:5 contra/$ ) ! be/ ( ord9>y iron1 by a p[]ful microscope1 ! clos5ess & d5sity ( gra9 are /rongly app>5t4 ,to su* an ext5t has ?is be5 c>ri$1 t ,i c produce specim5s ( a consid]ably increas$ specific gravity4 ,! b>rels made ( ?is metal1 9 g5]al1 beat all tri$ aga9/ !m2 ) ?is great advantage1 t ! f9] ! poli% 9 ! int]ior ! bett] !y %oot1 & cont9ue long] free f lead4 ,! only difficulty is 9 ! work+2 z ! bor+1 fil+1 c41 are m difficult4 ,moreov]1 great] c>e is requir$ to see t !y are n anneal$1#h :5 9 ! h&s ( ! bor] or fil]2 = 9 su* case !y w\ld be consid]ably injur$1 ?\gh n to ! same ext5t z b>rels ( a s(t] nature4 ,i te/$ a great v>iety ( b>s by draw+ !m asund] longitud9ally by ! te/+ ma*9e1 & ! av]age /r5g? ( a rod ( #f-af?s broad by #e-af?s ?ick & #ab in*es long1 conta9+ #adjfbe solid in*es ( iron1 0 equal to a t5sion ( #aa1bjj lbs4 ,?is furni%$ a b>rel hav+ a ?ickness ( metal 9 all p>ts ( ! ar* equal1 or #c-af?s ( an in* ?ick1 capable ( be>+ an int]nal pressure ( #f1jbb lbs4 to ! in* ( ! tube4 #h ,dr4 ,ure falls into an error 9 describ+ ! process ( b>rel bor+3 he says 8! b>rel is fir/ prop]ly anneal$1 & all[$ to cool gradually10 c4 ,! b>rel-mak] t w\ld take su* a proce$+ ) a b>rel ( ours %\ld nev] d s to ano!r4 ,! ,doctor ought to h po9t$ out ! evil t5d5cy ( ?is4 ,we nev] saw x done1 & we d\bt mu* :e!r he did1 ?\gh we h he>d ( ! practice1 :i* induces u to notice x1 b ! ,doctor describes x z a necess>y proce$+4 ,! g5]ality ( b>rel mak]s spoil ?is metal by an attempt to obta9 figure2 = all extreme twi/+s 9 ! rod depreciate ! metal1 by sep>at+ ! fibres3 to borr[ a simile1 !y obta9 only an ov]-twi/$ rope4 ,?is is n only disadvantage\s b useless2 = ! extreme d5sity ( ! metal r5d]s ! figure difficult to be %[n di/9ctly1 z acid acts ^u x b slightly1 & nev] s well z on metal fabricat$ f two diff]5tly con/ruct$ c>bonis$ mat]ials4 ,_m conjectures h be5 advanc$1 & an endless discussion creat$1 to acc\nt = ! wat]+ or 8j[h]0 9 ori5tal sword-blades1 & g5u9e ,damascus gun-b>rels4 ,any?+ approa*+ ! tru? is seldom met )2 ?\gh ,i ?9k ! explanation is v simple4 ,x mu/ be well kn[n t !re is an imm5se v>iety ( diff]5t qualities 9 bo? iron & /eel3 no uni=mity ( quality is f\nd 9 two productions out ( a hundr$4 ,! v ore1 ! coal1 ! pres5ce ( oxyg51 ! excess ( x1 all v>y ! quality ( ! mat]ial4 ,an excess ( c>bon is m detrim5tal ?an a sc>city2 = :]e c>bon has once be51 x leaves an indelible m>k1 & ?\gh extract$ to z great an ext5t z practicable1 x leaves a residue t possesses an aff9ity to absorb c>bon aga9 equal to ! orig9al quantity3 ?us1 /eel once made w nev]1 by any process yet kn[n1 be reconv]t$ back to iron ( ! same nature x 0 orig9ally4 ,mr4 ,mu%et has giv5 u ! proportions ( c>bon held 9 solution by ! v>i\s qualities ( /eel & iron1 & ! read] w f9d !m 9 ! note bel[4#i ,x inevitably foll[s1 z a pr9ciple1 t ! quantity ( c>bon conta9$ 9 ! metal--avoid+ ca/ iron--w increase or decrease1 & ?us regulate ! degree ( h>dness ( ! metals 9 "q4 ,a quantity ( metals dissimil> 9 ?is p>ticul>1 mix$ toge!r1 & run into a vessel 9 a /ate ( fusion1 !n1 :5 cold1 fil$ & poli%$1 w %[ a v>iety accord+ to ! place !y hold 9 ! cry/allis$ mass4 ,"w & twi/ ?is mat]ial 9 all ! tortu\s ways & %apes x is capable (1 & y only twi/ ! fibres ( ! diff]5t bodies 9 ! same way2 & :5 !y come to be act$ ^u by acid or oxidisation1 !y /ill reta9 _! relative positions1 =m+ ! wat]+ or figure1 z 0 ! int5tion ( ! tortu\s twi/+4 ,all ! beautiful arrangem5ts 9 ,damascus figures are obta9$ 9 ?is way4 ,metals conta9+ m or less c>bon w always produce ?is wat]+4 ,to obta9 a satisfactory pro(1 any p]son may case-h>d5 a few p\nds weight ( /ubs1 & aft]w>ds melt !m 9 a crucible1 & run !m into a receiv]2 :5 ^! are work$ d[n into ! b> 7or n1 z he pleases71 dress & apply a little sulphuric acid1 & ! peculi> situation ! v>i\s /ubs _h tak5 9 ! fluid /ate1 w be cle>ly disc]nible4 #i ,iron1 semi-/eelifi$1 is made ) *>coal #a-aej? "p4 ,s(t ca/ /eel1 capable ( weld+ ) ditto #a-abj? d4 ,ca/ /eel1 = common purposes1 ) ditto #a-abj? d4 ,ca/ /eel1 requir+ m h>dness1 ) *>coal #a-ij? d4 ,/eel1 capable ( /&+ a few bl[s1 b q unfit = draw+ ) ditto #a-aej? d4 ,fir/ approa* to a /eely granulat$ fracture is f #a-ej? to #a-dj? d4 ,:ite ca/ iron1 ) *>coal #a-be? d4 ,mottl$ ca/ iron1 ) ditto #a-bj? d4 ,c>bonat$ ca/ iron #a-ae? d4 ,& sup]c>bonat$ crude iron #a-ab? d4 ,! orig9al b>rel-weld]s1 ! real ,damascus iron-work]s1 71 l "s ( ours ( ! pres5t day1 n ! mo/ consci5ti\s individuals1 nor ! mo/ hon\rable4 ,=1 /range to say--b x is n m /range ?an true--on exam9ation ( mo/ real ,damascus b>rels to be met )1 we f9d ! iron mu/ h be5 s valuable z to induce ! workm5 to plate or v5e] ! sup]ior mixture ov] a body ( ! commone/ iron3 all l>ge b>rels are ?us made1 rifles especially4 ,i presume ! mod]ns borr[$ ! inv5tion2 & x w\ld be well if !y made no m ext5sive use ( x ?an on rifle b>rels4 ,! mod]n me?od ( mak+ wire-twi/ & ,damascus iron1 be+ gradations f ! same mat]ial1 are "h describ$ "u "o head3-- ,alt]nate b>s ( iron & /eel are plac$ on ea* o!r1 9 numb]s ( six ea*2 !y are !n =g$ into "o body or b>2 aft] :i*1 if = ! mak+ ( wire-twi/ b>rels1 !y are roll$ d[n into rods ( #c-h?s ( an in* 9 bread?1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness accord+ to ! size ( ! b>rel = :i* !y are want$3 if = ,damascus1 inv>iably #c-h?s ( an in* squ>e4 ,:5 ab\t to be twi/$ into spirals = b>rels1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! edges ( ! /eel & iron %all be out]mo/2 s t :5 ! b>rel is f9i%$ & br[n$ x %all h ! appe>ance ( be+ weld$ ( pieces ! size ( wires1 ! :ole l5g? ( ! b>rel4 ,a portion ( ! rod1 pickl$ 9 sulphuric acid1 exhibits ! foll[+ appe>ance1 ! bright p>ts be+ ! /eel1 ! o!r ! iron4 ,illu/ration ,:5 ab\t to be conv]t$ into ,damascus1 ! rod is heat$ ! :ole l5g?1 & ! two squ>e ends put into ! heads 7"o ( :i* is a fixture7 ( a k9d ( la!1 :i* is work$ by a h&le simil> to a w9*4 ,x is !n twi/$ l a rope 7or1 z ,colonel ,hawk] says1 wrung z wet clo!s are7 until x has f twelve to f\rte5 complete turns 9 ! in*1 :5 x pres5ts ?is appe>ance4 ,illu/ration ,by ?is sev]e twi/+1 ! rod ( six feet is %ort5$ to ?ree1 d\bl$ 9 ?ickness1 & made p]fectly r\nd4 ,?ree ( ^! rods are !n plac$ toge!r1 ) ! incl9ations ( ! twi/s runn+ 9 opposite directions2 !y are !n weld$ into "o1 & roll$ d[n into a rod #aa-af?s ( an in* 9 bread?4 ,be+ pickl$ 9 acid1 to eat away ! iron1 x exhibits ! foll[+ appe>ance3-- ,illu/ration ,?is iron has long be5 held 9 great e/eem4 ,x looks pretty2 b c]ta9ly does n possess ei!r ! /r5g? or t5acity ( wire-twi/ iron4 ,x is well kn[n t ! /r5g? ( a rope may be de/roy$ by twi/+ x too mu*3 s is x ) ?is sort ( iron4 ,iron is be/ :5 n twi/$ at all3 ,i speak ( ! b>4 ,x resembles wood1 inasmu* z ! /r&s or fibres run p>allel1 firmly adh]e1 & add /r5g? to ea* o!r2 if y twi/ ^? fibres y te> !m asund]1 & !y no long] support ea* o!r4 ,s x is ) iron4 ,! objection made to ! wire-twi/ is1 t ow+ to ! iron & /eel be+ p]fectly sep>ate bodies runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole ?ickness ( ! b>rel1 !re is a difficulty 9 weld+ !m p]fectly2 &1 ( c\rse !re is dang] ( _! break+ across1 at any trifl+ imp]fection or mis-weld4 ,?is objection is c]ta9ly well gr\nd$1 z _m b>rels break 9 ! prov+4 ,i h se5 a v /rong b>rel inde$ brok5 across ! knee )\t ! slighte/ difficulty1 :ile1 to all appe>ance1 x 0 p]fectly s\nd4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! manufactur]s h ceas$ to make !m1 except = ! ,am]ican trade4 ,x may be said t ! fibres 9 ! ,damascus1 aft] be+ torn asund]1 are weld$ anew4 ,true2 b c\ld y ev] glue ! fibres ( a piece ( wood 7twi/$ 9 ! same way7 toge!r aga91 to make !m z /rong z be=e8 ,no3 cut sev]al pieces ( wood across ! gra9 & glue !m toge!r1 y w\ld n expect !m1 ?\gh equal 9 sub/ance ) a piece 9 :i* ! gra9s run l5g?wise1 to be ( equal /r5g?4 ,9 %ort1 ,i hold a ,damascus b>rel to be little sup]ior to a common b>rel1 9 :i* ! fibres run p>allel to ! bore4 ,all ! v>ieties ( figur$ b>rels are b modifications ( ,damascus4 ,! mo/ endless v>iety possible may be atta9$2 a figure ) ! c>bonis$ mat]ial1 %[+ only ! ends or edges ( ! v>i\s lam91 or portions ( ! face ( t lam91 may ) equal facility be obta9$1 if ! pati5ce ( ! arti/ be 9 proportion4 ,x w\ld be a nev]-end+ task1 a subject = _m volumes1 to endeav\r to describe a ti! ( ! v>ieties t might be1 & h be5 made4 ,! ,belgians are v exp]t at ?is sort ( ornam5tal "w4 ,! v m9ute ,damascus figure !y frequ5tly produce1 is admirable1 if beauty alone 7 ! advantage s\ght 9 a gun b>rel4 ,!y use ?irty-two alt]nate b>s ( /eel & iron1 & roll !m into a %eet ( #c-af?s ?ick1 & !n slit !m by a ma*9e into squ>e rods2 ^! are twi/$ 9 ! way j describ$1 b to su* an extreme z to resemble ! ?reads ( a v f9e screw3 six ( !m are weld$ into "o1 in/ead ( ?ree z ) u4 ,! figure is s extremely f9e z to appe> n to be l>g] ?an ! f9e/ ne$le4 ,i h se5 b>rels made 9 ,liege1 sup]ior 9 m9ute figure to any real ,damascus b>rel1 or sword ei!r4 ,our workm5 "h say ! /eel is bett]2 :i* ,i am incl9$ to ?9k is true3 x is a bran* ( ! gun manufacture !y h long excell$ 94 ,! v be/ 8,damasc5e0 work]s are to be f\nd at ,la ,*afonta9e1 a few miles f ,liege1 :]e !y dwell 9 z beautiful a dell z fancy c\ld wi%1 ) a p[]ful hill-/ream work+ _! bor+ & gr9d+-mills1 ?us enabl+ !m to s5d _! b>rels into ,liege1 ready = ! fil]4 ,i h sp5t consid]able "t1 & tak5 great tr\ble1 to produce 9 ,birm+ham iron equally good2 & ,i h succe$$3 b1 un=tunately1 ,engli%m5 are s extravagant 9 _! ideas ( value1 z to r5d] ! con/ant manufacture ( ?is iron "h1 a los+ speculation4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be obta9$ f ,belgium n[1 "u ! am5d$ t>iff1 at t5 p] c5t4 on ! value4 ,x c be pur*as$ !re1 ready = b>rel mak+1 at a franc p] p\nd2 & *eap x is at t price3 two & a half francs w\ld n pur*ase x "h4 ,t ,damascus iron is incompatible ) goodness1 ,i c & %all cle>ly prove4 ,exp]im5t ) ! te/+ ma*9e %[s a rod ( wire-twi/ #c-h?s squ>e1 conta9+ #afhge solid in*es1 z equal to a t5sion ( #aa1bjj lbs42 :]eas a rod1 :5 conv]t$ into ,damascus ( #aa-af?s ( an in* 9 bread?1 by #d-af?s 9 ?ickness1 conta9+ #bfbe solid in*es1 0 only equal to #h1ifj lbs42 ?us %[+ a cle> loss ( full ?irty-five p] c5t4 ,& :5 weld$ into b>rels ( ! dim5sions describ$1 ! relative int]nal /r5g? ( ea* is #e1jai-a_/b lbs41 & #c1bib lbs4 to ! in* ( tube4 ,?is con/itutes a great diff]5ce4 ,b un=tunately t is n all4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] ,i not$ ! fact1 t all sorts ( iron lose a portion ( _! /r5g? by be+ heat$ or s(t5$2 b ,i f\nd t ,damascus suff]$ m ?an any o!r sort ( iron1 except+ ! common k9ds4 ,= in/ance1 ! b> ( wire-twi/ w\ld1 9 ! /ate x came f ! roll+ mill1 be> #aa1bjj lbs41 b1 aft] s(t5+1 x w\ld only be> #aj1ahj lbs41 be+ a dim9ution ( #aj p] c5t4 ,a b> ( ,damascus susp5d+ a weight ( #h1idj lbs41 ! measure ( its /r5g?1 :5 anneal$1 0 #g1hdj lbs41 be+ a fall+ (f ( #ab-a_/b p] c5t4 ,?us1 ,i tru/ ,i h cle>ly %[n1 t :atev] o!r quality ,damascus possesses1 /r5g? is n "o ( its prop]ties4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be suppos$ t ! above weight indicates its greate/ /r5g?2 on ! contr>y1 its /r5g? c be increas$ full #bb-a_/b p] c5t4 by cold hamm]+4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 x w only hold its relative position to o!r k9ds ( iron ) respect to /r5g?1 s9ce !y are all capable ( hav+ _! /r5g? increas$ by ! same process4 ,damascus b>rels h fall5 mu* into disuse1 be+ r>ely se5 except z pi/ol b>rels1#aj :i*1 toge!r ) a great quantity ( c\nt]feits1 are made = ! ,s\? & ,nor? ,am]ican trades1 9 ! %ape ( d\ble & s+le guns ( a fla%y appe>ance--all inv>iably v5e]$ or plat$ ) ribbons ( ?is ornam5tal iron4 ,i %all n[ dismiss ?is subject2 aft] rem>k+1 t c]ta9ly a v h&some b>rel may be made aft] ?is pr9ciple1 if too mu* twi/+ be avoid$4 ,x has be5 se5 t ! rods are twi/$ until !re is f\rte5 turns 9 ! in* ( l5g?3 an excess productive ( ! detrim5tal effect m5tion$2 :ile1 _h !re be5 b two turns1 a l>ge proportion ( /r5g?1 if n all1 w\ld h be5 reta9$4 ,"o turn only1 "u ! same circum/ances1 w\ld v likely be highly b5eficial2 inde$ ,i h f\nd x to be s3 "o twi/ b9ds ! int]ior /r&s1 z ! out] does ! int]ior 9 a rope1 & ?us adds /r5g?4 ,?is %[s t !re is a m$ium 9 all ?+s4 #aj ,! ,london mak]s are aga9 us+ !m ext5sively2 :i* is c]ta9ly no pro( ( _! judgm5t4 ,! use ( old horse-%oe nails is ( a date ne>ly coeval ) ! use ( small fire-arms4 ,^! nails are made f rod iron ( ! be/ description2 & ! hamm]+ cold1 or temp]+ ! nail1 s b5efits & cond5ses ! iron z to improve x greatly4 ,! me?od 9 use until a late p]iod1 0 to fill & =ce into an iron hoop1 ( six or sev5 in*es diamet]1 z _m /ubs z x w\ld conta91 to weld ! :ole1 & draw !m d[n to a b> ( su* dim5sions z might be requir$4 ,mod]n improvem5t1 h[ev]1 has %[n ! advantage ( cleans+ ! /ubs p]fectly by a revolv+ drum1 & !n fus+ & ga!r+ !m into a bloom on ! b$ ( an air-furnace4 ,?us a body ( f #dj to #ej lbs4 ( melt+ iron c be obta9$ at "o heat2 a matt] ( economy & necessity1 :]e l>ge quantities are requir$1 besides possess+ ! sup]ior advantage ( hav+ ! :ole mass equally heat$3 ?is _c be done by ! old hoop me?od1 z ! surface mu/ be frequ5tly burnt be=e ! int]ior is at all 9 a weld+ /ate4 ,exp]i5ce taught ! late ,mr4 ,adams & 8 bro!r ,george--:o /ill manufacture "s ( ! be/ gun iron 9 ! _w--t ! /ub iron alone 0 insuffici5t2 = ev5 !n 7=ty ye>s ago7 ! absurdity ( imag9+ t no b>rels 7 or c\ld be good )\t be+ s(t1 0 und]/ood & act$ ^u by !m4 ,!y introduc$ at fir/ "o-f\r? ( /eel to ?ree ( /ubs2 ?is hav+ be5 f\nd highly advantage\s1 ! prejudices ( ! gun-mak]s 7 gradually ov]come1 or left 9 abeyance f ignorance ( ! introduction4 ,x is a fact1 t z late z #ahdb1 :5 ,i issu$ my =m] "w1 m5 :o _h be5 all _! lives gun-mak]s 7by c\rtesy7 actually refus$ to believe t any /eel at all ent]$ into ! composition ( ! be/ b>rels2 & sev]al :om ,i "k p]fectly well1 ord]$ ! factors ) :om !y dealt 8to be sure to s5d !m no b>rels ) /eel 91 z !y did n wi% _! cu/om]s' h&s to be bl[n (f40 ,*>coal iron has1 up to ?is day1 be5 ! only /ub twi/ b>rels !y 7& we believe two-?irds ( ! prov9cial mak]s also7 h ev] be5 s]v$ )4 ,reason ) ^! m51 & !y w snappi%ly tell y1 8,we pay ! be/ price1 & we ought to h ! be/3 we don't see t our neighb\rs h any bett]40 ,on "o occasion ( my call+ ^u "o ( ! fir/ prov9cial gun-mak]s 9 ! k+dom1 ! subject ( b>rels 0 adv]t$ to--8,an excell5t "w t ( y\rs1 ,i d>e say2 b1 sir1 y h done a deal ( h>m3 x is wrong to let g5tlem5 "k too mu*2 !y give y f> too mu* tr\ble3 !y get too kn[+40 ,^!1 & su* l obs]vations1 are ! only ?anks ,i ev] receiv$ f ! g5]ality ( ! gun trade4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s enlight5$ m5 :o1 und]/&+ ! subject1 h appreciat$ my motives2 b by f> ! great] proportion h done ! rev]se1 ass]t+ 8t ,i _h told !m no?+ b :at !y knew be=e40 ,! mixture ( a portion ( /eel ) ! /ubs hav+ cle>ly %[n an improvem5t1 an increas$ proportion has be5 adopt$ by v>i\s mak]s3 we h _h z high z ?ree-f\r?s ( /eel to "o ( iron4 ,:]e prop] att5tion is paid to ! clipp+ ( ! /eel to pieces1 correspond+ ) ! /ubs1 & prop]ly mix+ ! :ole1 weld+ & =g+ by ! heavy hamm]1 r$uc+ by a tilt & roll+ d[n to ! smalle/ description ( rod1 a mo/ excell5t1 t5aci\s1 & d5se body ( iron is ?us obta9$2 :ile1 by cutt+ into l5g?s ( six in*es1 bundl+ a numb] toge!r1 & re-weld+ !m into a b>1 an increas$ d5sity & t5acity is ga9$1 by an increase 9 quantity1 & an elongation ( ! fibr\s sy/em4 ,any description ( b>rel1 ( ?is iron1 if made ) a mod]ate degree ( c>e & att5tion1 is consid]ably /rong] ?an any explosive fluid ev] yet comp\nd$ c\ld bur/1 "u any circum/ances bord]+ on fair exp]im5t4 ,! great advantage d]iv$ f weld+ on ! b$ ( an air-furnace1 arises f an abs5ce ( ! m9ute portions ( *>coal1 ( ei!r wood or coal1 z ! case may be4 ,millions ( ^! v m9ute portions are imb$d$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! metal 9 e "p4 ,!y are enclos$ 9 cells orig9ally ( _! own dim5sions1 b are drawn out ) ! fibres to an indef9ite ext5t1 =m+ a sy/em ( tubes t may be comp>$ to ! capill>y sy/em 9 trees1 & mak+ ! iron ( a spungy1 compressible nature4 ,x is ! abs5ce ( ^! p>ticles ( *>coal t gives "p ( ! sup]iority to /eel z n[ made = gun-b>rels2 & ! exi/5ce ( a portion ( !m causes ! inf]iority ( all o!r k9ds ( iron4 ,9 a *emical analysis ( iron1 a l>ge portion ( crude coal-*>coal or wood-*>coal is f\nd1 accord+ z ei!r has be5 us$ dur+ ! manufacture4 ,?is is n ( c\rse giv5 z s mu* c>bon 9 ! result1 ?\gh ! injury is equally detrim5tal z an excess ( c>bon is to ! goodness ( ! metal2 = x r5d]s ! :ole por\s1 & liable to attract moi/ure & induce oxidation4 ,x mu/ be kept prom95tly 9 view1 & cle>ly compreh5d$1 t ! d5s] ! body ( metal1 ! less ! liability to oxidise1 or 9 o!r words ru/2 & "h is ! "o great pres]vative pr9ciple 9 good iron3 8x is ! fibre ( d5se cocoa-wood1 comp>$ ) t ( will[ or saugh40 ,9 all situations & = all purposes1 :]e iron is liable to sudd5 *anges ( ei!r heat or cold1 wet or dry1 ! v be/ ( iron %\ld be obta9$2 z x w be less affect$ by ! *anges ( temp]ature1 & amply repay by its durability ! extra co/ 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,! v ext5sive r\nd ( exp]im5ts to :i* ,i h submitt$ mixtures ( ?is nature1 cle>ly e/abli%es all ! conclusions ,i h =m$ on ^! po9ts4 ,! /r5g? ( ! mixture1 ?ree p>ts /eel to "o ( /ubs1 gives a resi/ance 9 ! rod ( #f-af?s broad by #e-af?s ?ick1 & #ab in*es long1 conta9+ #adjfbe solid in*es1 equal to #aj1bie lbs4 be=e sep>at+2 ?us be+ equal1 9 a b>rel ( ! dim5sions be=e m5tion$1 to an int]nal pressure ( #e1eee lbs4 to ! in* ( tube4 ,! proportions m5tion$ 9 my previ\s "w are #be lbs4 ( /ubs to #ae lbs4 ( /eel2 ! /r5g? ( ?is mixture 9 ! rod is equal to a t5sion ( #h1ifj lbs41 & ! b>rel is capable ( re/ra9+ a pressure int]nally ( #d1hah lbs41 mak+ full #ae p] c5t4 dissimil>ity 9 fav\r ( ! l>g] proportion ( /eel3 inde$1 all exp]i5ce po9ts to ! great advantage1 t /eel1 prop]ly work$1 possesses ov] iron alone4 ,great good c be effect$ by cond5s+ iron by hamm]-h>d5+2 great] ?an ,i h %[n /eel to be capable ( receiv+ additionally3 z1 already hav+ x naturally1 !re is no necessity = us+ artificial means to obta9 x4 ,nor is /eel s liable to depreciation 9 ! h&s ( an inexp]i5c$ artisan2 z ! degree ( expansion is n m1 9 ! l>ge proportion ( /eel mixture1 ?an a loss ( /r5g? equal to #d-a_/b p] c5t1 by heat+ & cool+ gradually4 ,! loss 9 ! mixture conta9+ less /eel is #g-a_/b p] c5t4 ,! specific gravity ( ! two is 9 proportion4 ,! frequ5t weld+ & re-roll+ ( iron is ( ! mo/ b5eficial t5d5cy1 ! elongation ( ! fibres be+ highly advantage\s2 =1 a fibr\s piece ( iron may be comp>$ to a wire rope1 ! m /r&s ! great] t5acity2 & ! small] ! /r&s1 ev5 up to a proximity ( f95ess to ! human hair1 ! great] ! weight !y w be> 9 t5sion4 ,"o l>ge wire :i*1 :5 s+le1 w susp5d #ejj lbs41 w1 :5 drawn d[n to six small ones1 susp5d #fjj lbs42 & s on to ! greate/ extreme4 ,ano!r great advantage receiv$ by ! repeat$ rework+ ( iron1 is obta9+ an increas$ d5sity2 = :5 ?is is secur$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 y h clos$ 9 proportion ! pores ( ! metal2 & 9 ?is /ate x is n liable to t degree ( expansion or contraction1 or t fluctuation 9 /r5g?1 :i* arises f s(t5+ ! iron4 ,nor c y ga91 save to a limit$ ext5t1 any improvem5t by hamm]+1--hamm]-h>d5+1 = in/ance1--simply because x is already improv$ to ! utmo/ ext5t we are at pres5t acqua9t$ )4 ,h[ wond]fully b5eficial to mank9d is ?is beautiful arrangem5t ( ! metallic fibr\s sy/em6 ,)\t x :at c\ld we d8 our manufactures w\ld be conf9$ to simple ca/+s1 or cry/allizations1 possess$ m]ely ( /r5g? 9 proportion to ! cohesive nature ( ! metal4 ,:]e w\ld be all ! wond]ful spr+s ^: f95ess vies ) ! silk5 fibre8 ,( :at c\ld !y be con/ruct$8 ,all-p[]ful gold w\ld n suffice1 nor silv]2 ?\gh ea*1 9 its place1 possesses wond]ful prop]ties4 ,gold & silv] may bo? be spread 9 ! ?9ne/ conceivable coat ov] space incr$ible2 on ! gild$ cup1 or1 /ill ?9n] by electric ag5cy1 on ! plat$ ep]gne4 ,b iron alone is to ! arts1 ! 8summum bonum0 = :i* !re is no sub/itute3 x is ! 8s9e qu non0 ( practical me*anics4 ,improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( a v sup]ior iron may1 we believe1 be plac$ to ! cr$it ( ! gunmak+ pr(ession exclusively2 no o!r body or class ( m5 hav+ ev] yet deem$ x wor? _! tr\ble to endeav\r to obta9 any?+ ( a bett] description ?an b> iron1 suitable to make /eel f4 ,mr4 ,mu%et1 f ^: "w ,i h already quot$1 has evid5tly be5 m intimately acqua9t$ ) ! r\t9e ( iron manufactur+ ?an any o!r p]son ,i ev] met ) or read (3 he und]/&s ! "q p]fectly2 yet he seems to c>e = no?+ fur!r ?an a suitable /eel iron4 ,h[ _m & h[ fe>ful h be5 ! explosions by all-p[]ful /eam s9ce ! p]iod ( its introduction4 ,h[ _m weep+ wid[s1 & h[ _m fa!rless *ildr5 h _h to m\rn its effects6 ,yet :at has human +5uity done1 :at h ! wond]ful en]gies ( ! pres5t race ( sci5tific m5 accompli%$ to /ay ?is annual slaught]8 ,comp>atively little beyond discov]y ( my/]i\s causes :]e none exi/4 ,x rem9ds me ( my fir/ lesson 9 c\rs+--8,if y want to f9d a h>e1 "y man10 said ! keep]1 8look at y\r feet3 y w n f9d h] at a di/ance40 ,s x is ) ! /ate ( k on /eam boil] explosions2 if y want to f9d ! cause1 look 8at y\r feet30 d n endeav\r to envelope 9 my/]y1 :at y may f9d 9 simple & natural causes4 ,i may "h obs]ve t ,i h be5 pr(essionally engag$ to inspect ! effects1 ) a hope ( f9d+ ! cause1 ( ?irty-f\r cases ( explosion1 :]e ! sacrifice ( human life 0 above an av]age ( two ea*1 or ne>ly "o hundr$1 & ,i nev] yet h f\nd "o s+le case :i* c\ld n be cle>ly demon/rat$ to h be5 caus$ ei!r solely by neglect ( ! sup]9t5d5t1 or f %e] ignorance on ! "p ( ! eng9e] con/ruct+ ! arrangem5t ( boil]s4 ,= e accid5t may sweep+ly be said to be occasion$ by a want ( space = ! escape ( ! /eam3 a too small valve1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & 9 ! second1 a villan\s con/ruction ( :at is call$ iron boil] plate--a conc5tration ( ! v]ie/ rubbi%1 "u ! "n ( wr\ght iron1 ev] ga!r$ toge!r4 ,= ?is reason1 ,i h drawn ! read]'s att5tion aside = a few mom5ts4 ,! improvem5t ( boil]-iron may deta9 u slightly1 if by ! delay any good c be accompli%$4 ,= an inconsid]able increase ( outlay1 a boil] might be r5d]$ d\bly safe to :at x is at pres5t1 by simply us+ mod]ate caution 9 ! selection ( scrap iron1 a p]fect cleans+ ( t scrap1 & by fus+ ! bloom on ! b$ ( an air furnace4 ,! great advantage w\ld be t y w\ld get a /rong]1 a mu* d5s]1 & consequ5tly a mu* bett]1 metal3 nor is ?is all ! advantage2 y might use a v mu* ?9n] plate1 :i* w\ld yet be equally /rong2 & sci5ce w tell y t /eam w\ld be m easily g5]at$1 z heat is m rapidly conduct$4 ,!re is a v h&some description ( b>rel-iron made1 g5]ally t]m$ 8,/ub-,damascus40 ,! me?od ( prep>+ x1 is ( late consid]ably alt]$4 ,a quantity ( old files are h>d5$1 by be+2 heat$ r$-hot & imm]s$ 9 wat]1 !n brok5 9 pieces ) a hamm]1 & aft]w>ds p\nd$ 9 a mort> until ! pieces d n exce$ 9 size a corn ( numb] five %ot4 ,a proportion ( #ae lbs4 ( ^! to #be lbs4 ( /ubs1 is fus$ toge!r on ! b$ ( an air-furnace1 beat5 d[n1 & roll$ into rods4 ,! rod ( #c-h?s ( an in* squ>e1 is twi/$ l a rope1 precisely 9 ! same way z ! ,damascus4 ,! effect ( ?is w9d+1 is to give a beautiful mottle to ! b>rel2 :i* w be f\nd depict$ 9 plate ,no4 #c4 ,ano!r mixture1 repres5t$ 9 plate ,no4 #b1 0 fir/ made by ,mr4 ,wisw\ld1 ( ,birm+ham4 ,x is a comp\nd1 s f> z ,i h be5 able to asc]ta91 ( ?ree p>ts ( /eel to two ( iron1 intimately bl5d$ & int]mix$1 & twi/$ z j describ$4 ,x is a mo/ beautifully clean & d5se iron2 b ! extreme twi/+ is to x1 z to all1 highly injuri\s & prejudicial4 ,! twi/+ is simil> to ! ,damascus2 only t two twi/$ rods are weld$ toge!r in/ead ( ?ree1 & ) ! twi/ ( ! /r&s runn+ 9 opposite angles1 z depict$ 9 ! wood-cut bel[4 ,illu/ration ,! degree ( /r5g? is simil> to t ( ! /ub1 & o!r ,damascus2 x be+ q c]ta91 t1 be ! composition :at x may1 ?is r5d+ ( ! cohesive atta*m5t by twi/+1 w ev5tually equalise ! /r5g? ( ! :ole4 ,! use & introduction ( :at is call$ 8*>coal-iron10 is "o ( ! %ams re>$ & support$ by ! hotb$ ( competition & deception comb9$3 a wi% to foi/ on ! pur*as] a c\nt]feit = ! real metal4 ,i w\ld n give %op-room to ! be/ b>rels ev] made f su* a comp\nd4 ,i hate a sc\ndrel & a hypocrite2 ?is iron exemplifies ! qualities ( bo?4 ,?is wor?less comp\nd consi/s pr9cipally ( cutt+s ( %eet iron2 ( :i* !re is an endless supply 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,birm+ham1 f pun*+s & f "o inf]ior metal & ano!r4 ,aft] prop]ly clean+1 a quantity is put into a *>coal furnace & melt$1 ca/ into a pig1 !n =g$ d[n to a b>1 & roll$ into rods correspond+ ) ! size ( /ub twi/1 :i* x is int5d$ to repres5t4 ,! action ( ! *>coal communicates to x a portion ( c>bon1 :i*1 :5 /a9$ 9 a c]ta9 way1 gives an appe>ance mu* resembl+ t beautiful metal j m5tion$ 7/ub-,damascus72 b if e means imag9$ by ! inv5tive faculty ( man 7 employ$ ^u x1 x c\ld n be made into really good iron4 ,an iron :i* is te*nically t]m$ 8weak10 c nev] be made a /rong bodi$ iron1 or an 8iron suitable to make /eel10 to repeat a =m] quotation4 ,! orig9al iron f :i* ^! scraps g5]ally come1 is requir$ to be 8weak0 iron1 = ! facility ) :i* x c be roll$ into plates2 a /rong fibr\s iron is n necess>y4 ,its greate/ /r5g? appe>s to be z foll[s3 #g-af?s ( an in* broad1 & #e-af?s ?ick1 solid cont5ts #adjfce in*es1 w be> a weight ( #aj1jhj p\nds2 s t if my calculations are correct1 x w be> only a pressure ( #d1ebf p\nds 9 ! tube4 ,! loss ( /r5g? by heat+ or s(t5+1 be+ full #aj p] c5t4 ,?is conv]t$ iron1 h[ev]1 w n endure ! te/ ( br[n+ by smoke1 or1 m prop]ly1 flame2 z ! oxyg5 inv>iably de/roys ! appe>ance ( /eel 9 twelve h\rs aft] its application4 ,by ! old me?od ( /a9+1 x w\ld be z impossible = any man1 :o 0 n a judge1 to po9t out ! real f ! c\nt]feit1 z to disc]n a copy execut$ by a clev] arti/ f an orig9al pa9t+ by "o ( ! old ma/]s4 ,b deception is ev] f]tile 9 exp$i5ts1 & an +5i\s inv5tion 0 soon f\nd out to imitate ! advantage possess$ by ! 8smoke br[n10 :i* !y obta9 by fir/ br[n+ or /a9+ ! b>rels v d>k4 ,a weak solution ( muriatic acid1 or spirits ( salt1 is appli$ v lightly ) a sponge1 & ! col\r is extract$ f ^? portions ( ! iron left m prom95t1 by ! excessive pickl+ !y are subject$ to be=e /a9+2 !y are !n imm$iately dri$1 scald$ ) hot wat]1 & ! /a9 is complete2 x is a mo/ +5i\s imitation4 ,i h already /at$ t ?is iron is v mu* us$ 9 consequ5ce ( its *eapness2 its co/ be+ only f\rp5ce p] p\nd1 :ile /ub twi/ co/s fivep5ce4 ,x is also easily work$1 be+ consid]ably s(t] ?an any ( ! above-describ$ k9ds ( iron4 ,x may be ask$1 :y s mu* inf]ior iron is us$1 :5 ! diff]5ce 9 ! price betwe5 ! good & ! bad is only a p5ny p] p\nd8 ,! reason is ?is3--,if a b>rel fil] receive an ord] = a pair ( b>rels1 he 7hav+ probably deceiv$ 8 cu/om] be=e1 or1 at any rate1 kn[+ t he c deceive him )\t runn+ any risk ( detection7 s5ds to ! weld] suffici5t *>coal-iron to =ge ^! b>rels4 ,%\ld ! quantity am\nt to t5 p\nds1 he1 ( c\rse1 saves t5p5ce4 ,! weld] receives two %ill+s less = weld+ ?is description ( iron1 ?an = weld+ /ub-twi/2 s t "h is already a sav+ ( #bs4 #aj;d4 ,at ! bor+-mill1 & ! gr9d+-mill1 ! *>ge is also proportionate3 ! wages ( ! j\rneym5 are less2 s t by impos+ on 8 cu/om] "o pair ( b>rels manufactur$ ( ?is sort ( iron in/ead ( ! real /ub-twi/1 he pockets a cle> ga9 ( above #is42 & %\ld he manufacture "o hundr$ pair ( su* b>rels 9 ! ye>1 x w\ld make at ! end no small item 9 ! ye>'s acc\nt ( pr(it4 ,?us x is ) all description ( b>rels4 ,! *>ge = mak+1 by ea* workman1 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( ! manufacture1 is accord+ to ! quality ( ea* pair ( b>rels4 ,! sav+1 !n1 to ! man :o makes "o hundr$ pairs ( b>rels 9 ! ye>1 ?\gh x be b a f>?+ 9 ! p\nd ( iron1 am\nts to a consid]able sum4 ,?is fraudul5t ga9 ( m ?an #es4 on a pair ( pret5d$ /ub b>rels1 is :at is call$ 9 ,birm+ham1 8do+ ! natives10 & is a rew>d = +5i\s knav]y4 ,:5 ord]s are giv5 by :at are call$ g5]al factors1 :o v k9dly supply _! c\ntry fri5ds at a mod]ate commission ( #dj to #ej p] c5t41 ^! g5try take c>e to lap up ! cream2 = we "k f facts t ! b>rel fil] has sometimes sc>cely five p] c5t4 = 8 tr\ble ( ov]look+4 ,"o consequ5ce naturally results f ?is1 t e species ( deception w be resort$ to1 9 ord] to indemnify workpeople = _! lab\r & tr\ble4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ,i h no d\bt t !re are hundr$s ( guns made 9 ,birm+ham1 ! b>rels ( :i*1 9 "s in/ances1 nev] ent] ! pro( h\se3 z eightp5ce p] b>rel1 ! co/ ( pro(1 is a great temptation6 ,besides1 a great numb] ( b>rels decl>$ 8wa/]s0--su* z repeat$ly bulg$ 9 ! pro(1 are full ( flaws1 h holes 9 ! sides1 or "s o!r fault suffici5t to condemn !m 9 ! eyes ( a mod]ately consci5ti\s b>rel-mak]--are b\ght by m5 :o live by ?is species ( fraud2 & are repair$ ) great neatness1 by putt+ 9 pieces artfully1 beat+ d[n swell+s or bulges4 ,!n ! pro(-m>k 8( d\btful id5tity20 &1 la/ ( all1--m>k6--!y fit !m up1 & s5d !m to ! engrav] to h ! "n ( "s liv+ or defunct ,london gun-mak] ( respectability engrav$ ^u !m1 & palm !m (f ^u "s deal] z a good article4 ,i comm5d to ! read] ! advice ( 8,edw>d ,davies10 a g5tleman :o wrote 9 #afai2 :o says 8,he t loves ! safetie ( 8 own p]son1 & delighte? 9 ! goodness & beautie ( a piece1 let him always make *oice ( "o t is d\ble bree*$2 & if possible1 a ,mylan piece1 = !y be ( t\gh & p]fect temp]1 light1 squ>e1 & bigge ( bree*1 & v /rong :]e ! p[d] do? lie1 & :]e ! viol5t =ce ( ! fire do? consi/1 & not)/&+ ?9ne at ! end4 ,our ,engli% pieces approa* v ne>e unto !m 9 beautie & goodness1 7_! heav9ess only except$7 s t !y be made ( purpose1 & n "o ( ^! common sale pieces1 ) r\nd b>rels1 :]eunto a beat5 s\ldi] w h great respect1 & *oose r to pay d\ble money = a good piece1 ?an to sp>e 8 purse & endang] himself40 ,truly1 ! frat]nity h always1 we f9d1 be5 ( d\btful hone/y3 always mak+ 8sale pieces40 8,?reep5ny skelp iron0 is made f an inf]ior quality ( scrap to t f :i* 8*>coal iron0 is made2 b unlike x1 !re is no pret5sion ( quality4 ,its inf]iority is n d5i$2 x is poor 9 quality1 & suits p>ties :o _c buy bett]4 ,! me?od ( prep>+ is by an air-furnace1 =ge1 tilt & roll+ mill1 z be=e describ$4 ,! greate/ /r5g? ( a b> #aa-af?s broad by #c-af?s ?ick1 conta9+ #aedfh solid in*es1 is #g1hdj lbs42 or equal to an int]nal pressure ( #c1hda lbs4 to ! in* ( tube4 ,"o p>ticul> fact atta*es to all k9ds ( inf]ior iron--! great] ! mass act$ ^u by ! roll]s ! great] ! v>iation ( /r5g?4 ,?is arises entirely f ! increas$ spong9ess ( ! metal1 & its great] expansibility4 ,= in/ance1 a rod #a-af? ?ick]1 is #ae p] c5t4 weak] 9 proportion2 & s on to ! greate/ ext5t4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 x is capable ( recov]+ a great increase ( /r5g? by cold hamm]+2 great] ?an bett] iron4 ,a consid]able quantity ( ?is iron is sold to eng9e]s1 & us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( locomotive & o!r eng9es2 ! price & uni=mity ( texture 9 gra9 fitt+ x = t purpose4 8,twop5ny0 or 8,w$nesbury skelp0 is almo/ too bad to be us$ 9 mak+ an article :i* may endang] ! limbs ( our fell[ creatures1 & is n[ little us$1 =tunately4 ,x is made ( an inf]ior scrap to ! =m]1 9 precisely ! same mann]2 & 9 po9t ( /r5g? is /ill l[]4 ,! b> is g5]ally #a & #a-af? in*es 9 bread?1 by #c-af?s ?ick1 ! solid cont5ts #b in*es & #be-fd?s1 & w be> a weight ( #g1hdj p\nds2 consequ5tly ! /r5g? w be #b1hdj p\nds to ! in* ( tube4 ,?is is a great fall+-(f 9 /r5g?2 & ,i w\ld ask any "o :o values ! safety ( 8 h&1 if he w\ld l to risk x1 by us+ a gun made ( iron possess+ s l[ a degree ( /r5g?1 z comp>$ to ! =ce ( ! *>ge x has to be>8 ,let him recollect t ! =ce ( ! *>ge may be increas$ by a v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,! pressure ( a c]ta9 quantity ( p[d]1 on :i* a c]ta9 weight ( %ot is plac$1 is s _m p\nds to ! in*2 & if y d\ble t weight ( %ot1 y ne>ly d\ble ! pressure4 ,9 e/imat+ ! =ce ( pressure1 ! oppos+ friction is also to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,if ! gun be all[$ to get v f\l1 !n friction is increas$1 & ( c\rse a /ill great] pressure is ?r[n on ! tube ( ! b>rel4 ,all ^! circum/ances be+ tak5 into consid]ation1 ,i repeat1 t no b>rel is safe1 ^: p[] ( resi/ance is n m ?an d\ble ! /r5g? ( a *>ge ( suffici5t =ce = g5]al %oot+4 ,e bad gun %\ld be ?r[n aside z unsafe1 or us$ ) ! greate/ caution4 ,bad & inf]ior guns are made f ! =ego+ mat]ial2 & n _m ye>s h elaps$ s9ce x 0 ?\ght good en\gh = milit>y arms4 8,%am damn skelp0 is made f ! mo/ inf]ior scrap4 ,i %\ld n h m5tion$ ?is description ( iron _h ,i n se5 hundr$s ( b>rels made ( x1 all :i* are utt]ly unfitt$ = ! use ( any p]son :o c>es at all = 8 safety4 ,i h met ) !m frequ5tly "u ! dignifi$ "n ( twi/$ b>rels4 ,guns t are fitt$ up at f t5 to twelve %ill+s ea* are n ( c\rse pat5t bree*$1 b are made to appe> s by /a9+ !m g5]ally blue1 & by hav+ a c\ple ( b&s to imitate plat9a1 across ! squ>es4 ,a project+ "p is weld$ on to ! side1 into :i* ! nipple is ins]t$1 & ! lock jo9ts neatly "u x4 ,_m ( !m are good imitations2 b only take ! b>rel out ( ! /ock & ! deception is in/antly app>5t1 z x is r>ely c>ri$ fur!r ?an ! outside4 ,! beautiful way 9 :i* ! b>rels are pa9t$ to imitate f9e twi/1 cat*es ! eye ( ! simple c\ntryman1 :o is g5]ally ! dupe ( ?is artifice2 & ! p]suasive eloqu5ce ( ! it9]ant h>dw>eman1 seldom fails to extract f ! pocket ( 8 unsuspect+ pur*as] sometimes ?irty or =ty %ill+s ( 8 e>n+s = :at ! mode/ trad] r>ely pays above fifte5 %ill+s4 ,_m are ! ana!mas v5t$1 :5 ! deception is f\nd out by "s "o m kn[+ ?an ! dupe1 :o n unfrequ5tly pur*ases 8 exp]i5ce at ! exp5se ( a f+] or a h&4 ,x is a/oni%+ :at a quantity ( ?is rubbi% is dispos$ ( by hawk]s :o infe/ m>ket t[ns & villages ) guns = sale4 ,b ! ,engli% peasant is n ! only dupe ( ?is species ( knav]y4 ,?\s&s ( ^! guns are s5t mon?ly to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to ! ,brazils1 & ,s\? ,am]ica2 :]e !y are dispos$ (1 among ! poor ,indians1 9 ex*ange = sk9s & furs4 ,!y are all und]/ood to be 8prov$40 ,h[ _m are s :o c tell2 b t "s ( !m are n1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,x is said t ! manufacture ( ^! guns is a great support to ! gun trade ( ,birm+ham4 ,9 "o respect x is1 c]ta9ly2 yet w\ld n ! int]e/ ( ! trade be advanc$1 if we 7 to manufacture none ( s inf]ior a quality8 8,b !n10 x w be urg$1 8we c\ld n compete ) our rivals 9 ,g]many & ! ,ne!rl&s40 ,true1 we %\ld n be _! rivals 9 ! production ( rubbi%2 b ! sup]iority ( our guns w\ld !n comm& a bett] m>ket4 ,by s5d+ to ! m>ket an article no bett] ?an !irs1 we h made =eign]s indiff]5t ab\t ! pur*ase ( ours3 !y say 8,! ,engli% guns are no bett] ?an ! ,belgian or ,g]man2 we may z well pur*ase "o z ! o!r40 ,! =ce ( ?is rem>k is illu/rat$ by ! /ate ( ! ,african trade4 ,! base k9d ( articles we suppli$ !m ) "s ye>s ago1 has produc$ a di/ru/ ( our manufacture1 :i* w n easily be remov$2 & a simil> di/ru/ is eng5d]$ by ! same cause 9 ! m9ds ( our pres5t cu/om]s4 ,x is mu* to be deplor$ t ! eag]ness = pres5t ga91 %\ld r5d] m5 bl9d to ! consequ5ces ( _! conduct1 & lead !m to pref] ! imm$iate gratification ( _! av>ice ev5 to _! own future prosp]ity2 to say no?+ ( ! welf>e ( ! trade ( ! c\ntry4 ,! me?od ,i sugge/$ ( te/+ all iron 9 ! b> w\ld g f> to de/roy ?is trade4 ,i h n ?\ght x wor? :ile to te/ ?is iron4 ,b twi/ b>rels are made ( x4 ,%\ld ! read] meet ) a d\ble gun s made1 let him avoid x3 x is unsafe1 unless x be s heavy z to be unmanageable4 ,a great _m long rifle b>rels are made ( ?is iron1 pr9cipally = ! ,am]ican trade2 b f _! imm5se weight1 & ! small *>ge ( p[d] requir$1 !re does n exi/ ! same dang] f _! use4 ,f[l+-piece b>rels made ( x may be g5]ally recognis$ by ! smallness ( ! bore & ! ?ickness ( metal4 ,z ! *>ge ( p[d] us$ 9 prov+ is v small :5 comp>$ ) ! *>ges = prov+ guns ( a wid] calibre1 we ne$ n be surpris$ t _m ( ^? t are prov$ /& pro(4 8,swaff iron =g+0 is a pr(itable bran* ( =g+ c>ri$ on 9 ,birm+ham "u ! above title4 ,x is a metal :i* is compos$ ( iron & /eel fil+s1 *ipp+s ( bree*es1 pieces & cutt+s ( ! ends ( ! screws1 lock-plates1 cocks1 ! r\gh bor+s ( b>rels1 & all o!r small scraps f\nd 9 gunmak]s' & o!r work%ops4 ,^! are collect$ by ! boys 9 ea* %op1 & :5 !y h accumulat$1 are sold to ! 8swaff-=g]10 ! proce$s be+ consid]$ z dr9k+ money4 ,!y are =g$ into b>s ( iron by atta*+ !m toge!r & imm]s+ !m 9 dilut$ sulphuric acid2 !n1 aft] dra9+ x f !m aga91 & plac+ a l>ge iron pan full 9 a hot situation1 !y become cem5t$ toge!r by ! action ( ! oxide4 ,! comp\nd is !n tak5 f ! pan1 by turn+ x upside d[n1 & is put into an air-furnace heat$ to a weld+ heat1 be+ !nce remov$ & beat5 into a b>3 ?ree m5 ) light hamm]s beat+ x z quickly z !y d 9 weld+ a gun-b>rel4 ,?is iron is sold to ! gun-"w =g]s1 = ! =g+ ( ! pat5t bree*es1 lock-plates1 furniture1 & o!r p>ts ( ! gun :i* !y ?9k wor?y ( good iron2 b s9ce *eapness has become s mu* ! ord] ( ! day1 ! use ( ?is iron is conf9$ to ! =g+ ( be/ gun-"w1 ca/ iron be+ ?\ght q good en\gh = common gun-"w4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,gun-,,mak+4 ,9 ?is *apt] ,i %all briefly describe ! process ( ! manufacture ( guns ( all qualities1 comm5c+ ) b>rel-weld+2 :i*1 9 importance1 is inf]ior only to ! quality ( iron 9 ! r\t9e ( good gun-mak+4 ,birm+ham1 & ! surr\nd+ di/ricts1 are ! only places 9 ,engl& :]e b>rel-weld+ is practis$4 ,! sup]ior advantage possess$ 9 hav+ coal ne>ly 7if n entirely7 free f ! pres5ce ( ! sulphuret ( iron1 :i* has always be5 f\nd a consid]able h9drance to ! obta9m5t ( cle> & good b>rels1 is greatly 9 _! fav\r4 ,= a consid]able p]iod individuals 9 ,london cont5d$ ) ! ,w>wick%ire weld]s2 b be+ an unequal conte/1 x end$ 9 fav\r ( ! prov9ciali/s4 ,?is is to be regrett$1 z !re c be no d\bt b t great] reliance c\ld be plac$ on ! mat]ial ( ! ,london manufacture4 ,b a consid]able drawback exi/$ ) ! latt]3 !y made only "o sort ( b>rel1 & t ! be/4 ,n[ x is requisite to h a fire fitt$ = ! purpose ( weld+ be/ b>rels--temp]$1 z x 7--& ?is c only be effect$ by "s h\rs' us+1 :i* is g5]ally employ$ 9 ! production ( a numb] ( v inf]ior b>rels4 ,z ! ,london p made no common guns1 & ne$$ no inf]ior b>rels1 !y weld$ _! be/ b>rels 9 a raw1 untemp]$ fire2 & h5ce arose ! admitt$ inf]iority ( _! "w4 ,! late ,mr4 ,full>d /ruggl$ long & h>d 9 ! competition2 b ) 8 dea?1 b>rel-weld+ ceas$ 9 ! metropolis4 ,inde$ x w\ld h be5 highly imprud5t & unpr(itable = any "o to h ent]$ ^u su* a speculation2 !re be+ no c]ta9ty ( success1 b r ( ! contr>y4 ,! ,birm+ham b>rel-weld]s are wond]fully clev] smi?s3 !y _c be excell$4 ,if ridd5 ) a curb1 !y d well2 b no opportunity mu/ be giv5 !m1 or to a c]ta9ty !y w 8bolt0 f ! true pa?4 ,! metal rods are twi/$ by means ( two iron b>s1 ! "o fix$ ! o!r loose4 ,9 ! latt] !re is a prong or not* to receive "o end2 & :5 ins]t$1 ! b> is turn$ by a h&le4 ,! fix$ b> prev5t+ ! rod f go+ r\nd1 x is b5t & twi/$ ov] ! moveable rod l ! pieces ( lea!r r\nd ! h&le ( a :ip4 ,! loose b> is un%ipp$1 ! spiral knock$ (f1 & ! same process recomm5c$ ) ano!r rod4 ,! l5g? ( all ! spirals dep5ds on ! bread? ( ! rod3 = in/ance1 ! /ub-twi/ has sixte5 circles 9 six in*es long2 a rod ( five feet w make a spiral ( only sev5 in*es2 :ile iron1 ( an in* 9 bread?1 w make a spiral ( z _m in*es long z !re are twi/s3 h5ce ! reason :y be/ b>rels h m jo9+s ?an common ones ( equal l5g?4 ,! ,damascus be+ roll$ into rods ( #aa-af?s broad =ms a spiral ) ! appe>ance %[n 9 ! accompany+ woodcut4 ,illu/ration ,! fancy /eel b>rels & o!rs1 :]e ! rod is =m$ ( m ?an "o piece1 su* z ! /ub ,damascus1 c41 is ( r great] bread?1 l ! repres5tation bel[4 ,illu/ration ,! iron made f /ubs & /eel1 & pla9 fibr\s /eel1 is inv>iably roll$ d[n into rods ( #f-af?s broad1 =m+ a spiral1 z bel[4 ,illu/ration ,a prop] att5tion to ! f95ess ( ! spiral w always enable an amateur to detect any attempt at imposition4 ,! spiral =m$ f ! rod ( *>coal iron has a some:at diff]5t appe>ance2 b 9 cases :]e x is int5d$ to supply ! place ( ! real /ub iron x is ( correspond+ dim5sions1 & 9 g5]al v difficult to detect )\t a v intimate k inde$ ( ! nature ( iron4 ,:5 hone/ly int5d$1 x =ms a simil> spiral to ! accompany+ "o4 ,illu/ration ,! wid5ess ( ! twi/1 or ! angul> direction ( ! fibres1 w enable ! mo/ un9itiat$ to recognise a b>rel made f ?reep5ny skelp iron3 ! v few welds requir$1 is "o cause ( ! *eapness ( b>rels made f x4 ,judgm5t may be =m$ ( x f ! foll[+ repres5tation4 ,illu/ration ,twop5ny1 or ,w$nesbury skelp is co>s] 9 ! spiral /ill1 & runn+ s angul> z n to be v difficult to detect4 ,illu/ration ,all iron =m$ 9 spirals1 z a matt] ( c]ta9ty1 =ms twi/ b>rels--! p>ties ^: use !y are int5d$ =1 seldom "k or c>e = any?+ fur!r ?an hav+ 8a twi/ b>rell$ gun40 ,! advantage ( %am damn iron be+ twi/$ is all imag9>y3 if us$ at all1 x may be twi/$2 b ^? :o value _! safety w\ld consult x be/ by ty+ a l>ge /one to su* a gun & s9k+ x fa?oms deep4 ,b to satisfy ^? :o may fancy su* ?+s1 ,i give a woodcut ( ! spiral ready = weld+4 ,illu/ration ,! spirals be+ ?us =m$1 ! weld]s comm5ce _! day's "w4 ,! bat* consi/s ( a =eman1 "o on ^: skill all dep5ds1 & two subord9ates1 ^: duty x is to bl[ ! bell[s1 /rike1 c4 ,!y proce$ to weld probably a doz5 long common b>rels = ! ,am]ican trade2 :i* are g5]ally compos$ ( ! inf]ior iron m5tion$ be=e1 roll$ into two l5g?s ( diff]5t ?icknesses4 ,^! skelps are heat$1 & beat5 on a groove until !y =m a tube half clos$4 ,!y are !n heat$ aga91 & clos$ ) "o edge ov]-lapp+ ! o!r2 z a brazi] w\ld ov]-lap ! edge ( a t9 pipe1 = boys to bl[s peas )4 ,hav+ got ! two l5g?s ( ! :ole doz5 turn$ into tubes1 !y proce$ to weld ! long] l5g? or =ep>t1 by heat+ x suffici5tly = f\r or five in*es1 introduc+ a m&ril ( ! requir$ size to suit ! bore want$1 & !n beat+ x into a p]fect tube1 9 a groove on ! anvil1 ( correspond+ diamet]2 heat+ x aga9 & aga91 until ! jo9t is clos$ ! :ole l5g?4 ,!y !n proce$ ) ! o!r elev5 =ep>ts1 & advance ! :ole to t /age be=e weld+ on ! bree* l5g?s2 :i* are n[ p>tially heat$ by lay+ on ! outskirts ( ! fire1 to be 9 read9ess3 !y are !n clos$ ! same z ! =ep>ts4 ,! end1 :5 ab\t to be jo9t$1 is op5$ a little on ! peam ( ! anvil1 to admit a portion ( ! end ( ! =ep>t2 :i* is introduc$ z soon z bo? are 9 a weld+ /ate3 ! m&ril is !n introduc$1 & ! jo9t is p]fect$1 9 less "t ?an we h occupi$ 9 ! description4 ,! o!r "p ( ! tube is clos$1 & ! b>rel is !n complete4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! bree* "p is to be squ>e or octagon %ap$1 x is n weld$ 9 a groove1 b on a pla9 surface4 ,competition has r$uc$ ?is dep>tm5t ( ! trade to a l[ ebb2 ?\s&s ( ^! sort ( b>rels be+ n[ annually weld$ = ab\t eightp5ce ea*3 if to ?is we add "o p5ny f>?+ p] p\nd = six p\nds ( iron1 we get a =g$ gun b>rel = "o %ill+ & ?reep5ce halfp5ny4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a poor remun]ation = sweat+ ov] a furnace conta9+ f two to ?ree hundr$weight ( int5sely heat$ coal4 ,! introduction ( weld+ by ! roll+ mill1 w ev5tually sup]s$e ?is arrangem5t2 a matt] to be regrett$ only on ! score ( its answ]+ ! purpose ( prep>+ ! fire = be/ weld+4 ,( late ye>s roll+ has ne>ly sup]s$$ ?is description ( weld+4 ,illu/ration ,!y n[ comm5ce ! weld+ ( twi/ b>rels4 ,spirals t are int5d$ = ! bree* end1 are heat$ to a weld+ heat = ab\t ?ree in*es1 remov$ f ! fire1 & jump$ close by /rik+ ! end aga9/ ! anvil4 ,aga9 !y are heat$1 & aga9 jump$1 to ensure ! p]fect weld+4 ,!y are !n beat5 lightly 9 a groove1 to make !m r\nd4 ,! neate/ "p ( ! process consi/s 9 ! jo9+ ( ! po9ts ( ! two rods1 s z to make ! b>rel appe> z if x _h be5 twi/$ out ( "o rod4 ,! ends ( ! two rods are a little deta*$1 br\ght f ! fire1 & appli$ to ea* o!r2 a g5tle tap is !n giv51 & ! union is p]fect 9 an in/ant4 ,! rapidity & dext]ity ) :i* ?is is accompli%$1 ought to be se5 to be duly appreciat$4 ,?is tr\ble is only tak5 ) ! be/ b>rels4 ,9 ! manufacture ( b>rels ( an inf]ior description1 ! ends ( ! rods are cut 9 a slop+ direction1 & :5 weld$ toge!r1 become q squ>e at ! "p :]e ! pieces are jo9$4 ,9 a f9i%$ b>rel ! po9ts ( junction are easily recognis$4 ,by trac+ ! twi/1 a confusion w be f\nd to exi/ = ab\t an eigh? ( an in*1 e six or sev5 in*es2 & f ?is appe>ance y may conclude t1 = a b>rel s jo9$1 ! weld] _h n ! be/ price4 ,hav+ jo9$ ! :ole ( ! spirals1 ?ree in*es are aga9 heat$ to a weld+ heat1 ! m&ril is introduc$1 & ! tube hamm]$1 9 a groove1 to ! size requir$4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ until ! :ole l5g? is f9i%$4 ,!n foll[s hamm]-h>d5+3 t is1 beat+ ! b>rel1 9 a comp>atively cold /ate1 9 a groove1 ) light hamm]s1 = ! space ( half an h\r4 ,?is is a mo/ important "p ( ! process4 ,x closes ! pores1 cond5ses ! texture ( ! metal1 compresses a great] sub/ance into less b\nds1 increases greatly ! /r5g? ( ! b>rel1 & r5d]s x m ela/ic4 ,yet ?is is seldom done1 unless specially reque/$2 & !n a gratuity is1 ( c\rse1 expect$ ei!r 9 money or be]4 ,a few pots ( ! juice ( ,sir ,john ,b>leycorn w infuse m /r5g? into y\r b>rels ?an y c\ld pur*ase = t5 times ! am\nt 9 money2 z !y h ! effect ( mak+ ! hamm]s desc5d ) increas$ velocity4 ,if all b>rels 7 h>d5$ 9 ?is mann]1 _! %oot+ p[]s w\ld be increas$1 & !y w\ld n be s liable to bur/ 9 ! h&s ( ! sportsman4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c be done1 unless ! pur*as] ei!r sees x done himself1 or has x done "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( "s p]son on :om he c dep5d4 ,! ,birm+ham workm51 if well paid & well look$ aft] 7to c\nt]act ! bad habits !y h acquir$ f be+ employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( s l>ge a quantity ( goods ( an inf]ior quality71 w\ld produce an article sup]ior to any t c\ld be produc$1 at ! same co/1 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,! ,belgian weld]s d _! "w at consid]ably less co/ 9 coal ?an our ,engli% workm54 ,coal1 x is well kn[n1 is v de> 9 ,liege1 & necessity may h taught !m ! extreme ( economy bo? 9 ! size ( _! fire & ! duration ( x4 ,!y effect ?is by add+ to two-?irds ( coal1 beat into du/1 "o-?ird ( clay2 ! latt] is mix$ ) ! coal by be+ put into a wood5 b>rel1 ! two well /irr$ up toge!r1 & ! wat] dra9$ f x4 ,ev5 ?is mixture is us$ sp>+ly3 ! fire be+ sc>cely l>g] ?an might be held 9 ! two h&s1 :ile ) u little %ort ( two hundr$weight suffices3 :i* is unque/ionably a great & unnecess>y wa/e4 ,true ! ,belgian does n get ?r\gh ! great quantity ( "w ! ,engli%man does by hav+ 8a great _m irons 9 ! fire0 at once2 b he c]ta9ly does x well & clean3 ! quantity ( e>?y matt] 9 ! ,belgian's fire gives a great heat1 :i* also is reta9$ long]2 & x is also free f any excessive quantity ( p>ticles ( *>coal4 ,all twi/ b>rels und]go a simil> r\nd2 ! "t & c>e be/[$ ^u !m dep5d+ entirely on ! price1 :i* v>ies f "o p\nd p] pair d[n to eighte5p5ce1 & 9 "s in/ances l[]4 ,9 a =m] "w ,i notic$ ! introduction ( a villan\s sy/em ( cov]+ or plat+ b>rels ) f9e iron ov] a body ( v inf]ior iron4 ,i "h quote t description3-- ,! deceptions practis$ 9 ?is bran* ( manufacture are num]\s1 & injuri\s to ! trade4 ,= in/ance1 if y wi% to h a heavy s+le b>rel made f ,damascus1 or any ( ! be/ irons1 & y s5d to ! manufactur] ! weight ( iron requir$1 ! probability is1 t unless y sup]9t5d ! manufacture y\rself1 iron ( an inf]ior quality w be introduc$ into ! inside ( ! spirals4 ,by ?is fraud !y obta9 iron wor? ?reep5ce a p\nd m ?an t :i* !y knavi%ly ins]t into ! b>rel4 ,i _h be5 repeat$ly told ( ?is practice1 b 0 incr$ul\s4 ,h[ev]1 ,i gave an ord] = f\r v heavy rifle b>rels to be made ( ,damascus iron4 ,!y 7 made2 b on pickl+ ^! b>rels = ! purpose ( %[+ ! figure ( ! ,damascus1 ,i discov]$ t ! iron seem$ to be mu* m easily eat5 away at ! muzzle ?an on ! surface4 ,?is l$ me to exam9e !m1 :5 ,i f\nd t ! inside 0 entirely compos$ ( iron1 ov] :i* ! cov]+ ( ,damascus _h be5 twi/$4 ,b = ! pickl+1 ?is fraud nev] w\ld h be5 detect$2 yet = ^! b>rels ,i 0 *>g$ at ! rate ( two b>rels = ea*4 ,s9ce ?is occurr$1 ,i h subject$ _m heavy b>rels to exam9ation1 & h f\nd ! fraud to be v common4 ,! practice is n only di%one/1 b spoils ! gun1 by de/roy+ ! %oot+ p[]1 9 consequ5ce ( ! metals1 be+ ( diff]5t temp]atures1 n act+ toge!r at ! mom5t ( expansion4 ,illu/ration ,v5e]+ or plat+ b>rels is m ext5sively practis$ 9 ,belgium ?an 9 any o!r nation we are acqua9t$ )2 !y d n conceal x1 b !y use equally good iron1 ?\gh n ornam5t$ iron3 ( ?is !re is mu* d\bt4 ,! me?od ( accompli%+ ?is is by hav+ ! iron requir$ roll$ d[n into ribbons ( a ?9 description2 ^! are twi/$ spirally r\nd a tube ( common iron hav+ ! fibres runn+ l5g?-ways1 or p>allel ) ! bore4 ,! accompany+ cut w convey an idea ( ?is me?od4 ,_m w ask :at inducem5t h ! weld]s to take ?is extra tr\ble8 ,ga94 ,! co/ ( ,damascus is #g-a_/b;d4 p] p\nd1 & ! iron !y use = ?is purpose is only #a-a_/d;d4 ,a pair ( b>rels take #ad lbs4 ( iron2 say #f lbs4 ( ?is is ,damascus plate1 co/+ #cs4 #i;d42 #h lbs4 is common1 am\nt+ to #aj;d4 in/ead ( #es41 or a sav+ ( #ds4 #b;d4 a pair4 ,a spl5did pr(it if y ord] "o hundr$4 ,! bor] *>ges less1 ! iron is s(t]1 ! fil] has less1 & all items clubb$ am\nt to some?+4 ,! facility ) :i* weld]s c d ?is is wond]ful2 x cle>ly e/abli%es _! ability1 & proves _! claim to be consid]$ ! clev]e/ blacksmi?s on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,x is n only ! be/ descriptions ( iron !y plate )3 twop5ny skelp is m 9 use ?an any4 ,x is n[ r>e to meet ) pa9t$ b>rels3 all are g5u9e twi/ b>rels1 w>rant$2 = !y are mo/ly all plat$1 ev5 d[n to ! gun co/+ b f\rte5 %ill+s1 :olesale price4 ,?is is a subject ( s]i\s importance2 "o :i* ! gun-mak]s1 bo? metropolitan & prov9cial1 %\ld resolutely condemn2 = safety z well z goodness ( %oot+ _c be secur$ 9 p]fection ) any b>rels s con/ruct$4 ,i h met ) plat$ b>rels 9 guns :i* co/ ! pur*as] ?irty-five gu9eas1 & ,i h detect$ !m 9 "s ( ! fir/ mak]s' guns2 = ! p]fection ) :i* ! fraud is accompli%$ is wond]ful1 & few c detect x :o are n /rictly up to 8! dodge40 ,! application ( a portion ( sulphuric acid into ! tube at ! bree* end ( ! b>rel1 is ! be/ way ( %[+ ! fraud2 =1 9 mo/ cases1 x is all bor$ out at ! ?9 portion ( ! muzzle1 & ! application !re w\ld1 "u ^! circum/ances1 be no te/4 ,i h frequ5tly be5 appli$ to by _m ma/]s 9 ! trade = advice 9 ! recomm5dation ( a b>rel-mak]4 ,x is at all times an invidi\s task to act z a selector = individuals1 & to give praise to "o man ov] ano!r2 m especially :]e ! m]its ( workm5 approximate ne> to ea* o!r4 ,b 9 b>rel-mak+1 a man1 to be a ma/] ( 8 trade1 %\ld n only be a good workman1 bree*+ & fil+ well1 b %\ld possess a good eye 9 putt+ b>rels toge!r 7= "h ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! eye7 & f9i%+ !m highly3 ^! are only a portion ( ! abilities a b>rel-mak] %\ld possess4 ,sev]al ( ! ,london b>rel-mak]s are exce$+ly good workm51 = ,i h tri$ !m all2 b only conv]se ) !m1 & y f9d ! te*nicalities ( ! "w is all !y c disc\rse ^u3 ! iron1 ! vital pr9ciple1 is ,greek to !m2 !y "k no?+ ab\t x1 & c>e less4 ,h[ c ^! m5 be guides 9 ! "r direction8 ,!y may h se5 b>rels weld$2 b1 if s1 x is only a matt] ( *ance3 ev5 9 ,birm+ham1 :]e ?is c be se5 daily1 n9ete5 out ( tw5ty "k no?+ !oretically4 ,y w frequ5tly he> !m heap+ ana!mas on a h>d b>rel1 :5 float+ x1 & wi%+ ! man :o inv5t$ /eel b>rels 89 ! %ades bel[40 ,ask ^! m5's op9ions1 & if !y expect to h ! job ( fil+ ! b>rels1 !y w surely recomm5d y s(t iron1 /ub-twi/1 or *>coal-iron4 ,illu/ration ,bor+ & gr9d+ gun-b>rels g5]ally take place "u ! same ro(2 ! bor] occupy+ a v small %op1 ! gr9d] a l>ge "o4 ,two m5 & two boys are g5]ally f\nd 9 a %op4 ,!re are f\r b5*es1 to ea* a sp9dle1 9 :i* !re is an oblong hole to receive ! end ( ! bor+ bit4 ,! b>rel is secur$ on a sort ( c>riage1 :i* is at lib]ty to trav]se ! :ole l5g? ( ! b5*4 ,a bor+ bit is !n select$ ( suitable size2 x is put into ! sp9dle1 & ! po9t introduc$ into ! end ( ! b>rel4 ,a sort ( lev] is !n tak5 & hook$ on to a k9d ( /aple1 or a piece ( hook$ iron 7a numb] ( :i* are fix$ 9 "o side ( ! b5* ! :ole l5g?71 & pass$ beh9d ! c>riage to =ce x up to ! bit2 ?is is remov$ & fix$ aga91 until1 by =c+ up ! c>riage1 ! bor+ bit has pass$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! b>rel4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation a /ream ( wat] is kept play+ on ! b>rel to keep x cool4 ,a bit1 ( l>g] dim5sions1 is next introduc$ & pass$ ?r\gh2 !n o!rs ( /ill l>g] dim5sions1 until ! :ole ( ! scales or blacks are entirely bor$ out2 or until ! b>rel has become s l>ge 9 ! bore1 z to preclude any fur!r bor+ ) safety4 ,if ! scales are ( great ext5t1 ! fault is ! =g]'s1 & ! loss w consequ5tly be 84 ,if ! b>rels be f\nd p]fect1 !y are s5t back to ! fil]1 or he comes to inspect !m1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r !y be p]fectly /raight 9 ! inside2 if n1 to make !m s4 ,! necessity ( great c>e & att5tion to ?is po9t1 mu/ be v obvi\s2 =1 if n p]fectly correct at ?is /age1 x w require m skill & "t to get x correct aft]w>ds ?an ! g5]ality ( b>rel-mak]s are incl9$ to be/[4 ,:5 ! inside has be5 f\nd to be all "r1 ! b>rel is ready = gr9d+4 ,_m b>rel-mak]s turn _! b>rels entirely by self-act+ la!s1 & ?us obta9 a correct tap] f bree* end to muzzle4 ,exp]i5ce has cle>ly conv9c$ u t ?is is n ! be/ %ape1 b slightly holl[ t[>ds ! muzzle is pref]able1 z additional weight !re is decid$ly injuri\s1 & ! %oot+ ( b>rels ( light] con/ruction is decid$ly bett]4 ,! g5]ality ( ,birm+ham b>rels are gr\nd to ! size requir$ on l>ge /ones1 :i* revolve at a t]rific rate4 ,! skill acquir$ by _m ( ! workm5 is a/oni%+4 ,ov] & ov] aga91 h we se5 b>rels com+ f ! mill put into ! la!1 & f\nd almo/ z true z if !y _h be5 turn$4 ,!y h a me?od ( all[+ ! b>rel to revolve 9 _! h&s at half ! rate ( ! /one1 & by ?is means !y gr9d !m s f9e t _m w\ld be puzzl$ to det]m9e :e!r !y _h be5 turn$ or gr\nd1 7 ! b>rel smoo!d l5g?ways m]ely to take out ! m>ks ( ! /one4 ,we h se5 ! squ>es ( a rifle b>rel gr\nd to z p]fect an octagon z ! eye c\ld assi/ 9 =m+4 ,be/ b>rels are g5]ally turn$ aft] !y are gr\nd4 ,inf]ior b>rels are /ruck up ) a l>ge rubb]1 or smoo?1 by boys2 9 "s in/ances by wom54 ,!re is "o advantage d]iv$ f gr9d+ b>rels1 namely1 t ! friction ( ! /one be+ cont9u\s1 ! temp] ( ! b>rel is n s mu* affect$ z :]e ! tool 9 ! slide-re/ is cutt+ a consid]able portion at once2 = all b>rels are be/1 & sup]ior to _! compe]s1 :i* require lea/ metal to be ei!r gr\nd or turn$ (f _! surface1 z !re is a d5sity on ! out] :i* is n 9 ! int]ior portion4 ,! h>d] ! mat]ial1 ! less ! ext5t ( ?is objection4 ,to obta9 ! true =m1 x is important t !y %\ld be turn$4 ,! way ( fix+ !m 9 ! la! is by hav+ a numb] ( plugs or m&rils1 :i* are p]fectly true1 & ( v>i\s sizes1 to fit diff]5t bores2 ^! are c5tr$ & put 9 ! la!2 a c>ri] is !n secur$ on a "p ( ! plug t projects out ( ! bree*-end ( ! b>rel1 & !n put into ! face-plate ( ! la!1 :i* c>ries x r\nd4 ,! lead+ screw t travels ! slide-re/1 is !n set 9 ! angle to :i* ! b>rel is to be turn$ 7?\gh "s la!s h n ! p[] ( alt]ation1 b turn all b>rels 9 "o angle72 ! slide is next adju/$ to ! ?ickness ( ! muzzle want$1 &1 :5 all is ready1 ! la! is set go+2 ! lead+ screw is turn$ at ! same mom5t by ! ma*9]y connect$1 :i* keeps ! tool cutt+ suffici5tly ke5 to turn a b>rel 9 ab\t tw5ty-five m9utes4 ,?is be+ done1 no?+ m is requir$ ?an a f9e smoo? file to remove ! m>ks ( ! tool4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( ! sup]iority ( ?is mode ( turn+ b>rels1 if due c>e only be tak5 ) ! tool4 ,if x get blunt$ by any scales or impurities1 x is apt to te> pieces out ( ! b>rel1 simil> to ! r+s t may be notic$ 9 a slov5ly bor$ b>rel1 ow+ to dirt gett+ on ! edges ( ! bit4 ,9 turn+ a b>rel by a common la!1 x is fix$ 9 ! same mann] z be=e2 ab\t an in* ( ! surface at ! bree* & ! muzzle is turn$ to ! diamet] want$2 ! re/ is !n remov$1 & half an in* m is turn$ f\r or five in*es f ei!r end2 !n ano!r half in*1 at ano!r di/ance ( f\r or five in*es1 & s on1 accord+ to ! l5g?2 mak+ an all[ance ea* "t 9 ! dep? ( ! turn+1 accord+ to ! tap] ( ! b>rel4 ,! iron betwe5 ^! cutt+s is !n fil$ (f by floats ! l5g?ways ( ! b>rel1 or m frequ5tly gr\nd (f2 ?is is a sure mode ( gett+ ! b>rels p]fectly /raight on ! outside1 & )\t any ( ^? holl[s & %ades :i* may be always discov]$ 9 an ill-made b>rel4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ beautifully _m b>rels are /ruck by ! float4 ,! mode ( turn+ by ! la! is1 h[ev]1 *eap]1 & is n[ conf9$ to milit>y b>rels4 ,!re is a great div]sity ( op9ion z to ! prop] incl9ation ( a pair ( d\ble b>rels4 ,x is ne$less to /ate ! precise di/ance at :i* ! conv]g+ l9es drawn f ! c5tre ( ea* b>rel1 & indicat+ ! incl9ation ( ! b>rels to ea* o!r1 %\ld come to a po9t4 ,if we take ! po9t ( conv]g5ce ( ^? l9es at #b-a_/b y>ds1 x w foll[ t1 at #dj y>ds1 ea* b>rel1 7 x fix$ 9 a vice1 w\ld ?r[ ! c5tre ( its *>ge six in*es on ! opposite side ( ! m>k fir$ at2 b if ! gun be fir$ f ! %\ld]1 ! recoil w inv>iably cause ! gun to sw]ve outw>ds1 s t at t di/ance x w nev] fail to ?r[ ! %ot 9 a good direction = ! m>k or bull's-eye4 ,! subject may be und]/ood by ! foll[+ obs]vations4 ,all tap]+ sub/ances1 :5 laid toge!r 7 ! tap] ext5d$1 w\ld come to a po9t at a c]ta9 di/ance4 ,gun-b>rels are made to tap] t[>ds ea* o!r1 & "s m ?an o!rs4 ,to make !m uni=m1 x requires t !y %\ld be r$uc$ or flatt5$1 s t ! ?ick or heavy end %\ld jo9 clos]1 to all[ ! po9t ( conv]g5ce to be ext5d$ to a great] di/ance4 ,if1 !n1 we take two b>rels two feet eight in*es long1 & hav+ a solid sub/ance ( metal at ! bree* ( #c-af?s ( an in* ea* & #a-af? at ! muzzle2 x requires ! diff]5ce #d-af?s to be multipli$ #de times 7!re be+ t numb] ( l5g?s 9 #dj y>ds7 to asc]ta9 :at di/ance ! po9ts ( ! diff]5t l9es are f ea* o!r3 :i* w be elev5 #d-af?s ( an in*1 or five #aj-af? in*es f ! c5tre or l9e ( sight4 ,if y wi% to r$uce x f ! c5tre1 y h to jo9 ! b>rels s mu* ne>] at ! bree*2 or %\ld ! incl9ation be too little1 ! muzzle mu/ be jo9t$ clos]4 ,z1 h[ev]1 all guns are n[ made v heavy at ! bree*1 !y v seldom require any clos+ at ! muzzle3 ?\gh x is cu/om>y to d x1 & to a great ext5t2 b x is ow+ to ! ignorance ( ! nature ( %oot+4 ,diff]5t l5g?s require a diff]5ce 9 ! height ( ! rib4 ,a great] height is also requir$ = a p]son accu/om$ to use a crook$ /ock1 & less height = "o accu/om$ to ! use ( a /raight] "o2 & s on4 ,few b>rels are to be met ) 9 :i* ! elevation is suffici5t4 ,?is is a species ( innovation mu* practis$ by gunmak]s ( ! pres5t day2 b :atev] m]it !re may h be5 9 ! orig9al inv5tion1 !re is none 9 8! improvem5t10 z !y t]m x4 ,take any ( ! mod]n b>rels1 & calculate :at is ! real elevation ( !m1 & y w f9d x is n equal to ! di/ance t *>ges w droop at =ty y>ds1 :5 we consid] ! v l>ge *>ges ( %ot t _m are accu/om$ to use1 )\t a correspond+ quantity ( p[d]4 ,x rema9s !n to be decid$ :at elevation a gun %\ld h = t di/ance4 ,i h tri$ ! exp]im5t "s hundr$s ( times ) guns ( all descriptions1 bo? ) a re/ & f ! %\ld]1 & /&+ z firm z possible2 by turn+ quickly r\nd1 & fir+ 7z we might d 7 a bird to spr+ 9 a situation :]e we c\ld only get a snap %ot7 aga9/ t>gets su* z are us$ 9 milit>y ball-practice1 be+ ab\t six feet high1 & by means ( :i* "o c p]ceive :]e ! body ( ! %ot _h /ruck4 ,i h also fir$ aga9/ ! /eep sides ( s&-banks1 on :i*1 f _! smoo?ness1 y c tell e %ot t has /ruck !m4 ,my conviction is1 t almo/ all guns *>g$ 7z is ! cu/om7 ) heavy *>ges ( %ot1 droop full twelve in*es 9 =ty y>ds2 ?\gh by us+ small *>ges ( %ot y w f9d !m to be ?r[n mu* m correctly ?an ! heavy *>ges2 s t x is possible to make a gun too high on ! rib = a %oot] :o ?9ks m p[d] & less lead pref]able to mu* lead & little p[d]4 ,! elevation ,i h giv5 w be f\nd to be z ne> :at is requisite z possible1 if we cont9ue to load z h]et(ore2 if r$uc$ *>ges ( %ot be adopt$1 a less elevation w suffice4 ,to asc]ta9 :at elevation at ! bree* = ! above scale is requisite1 take ! ?ickness ( ! bree* & muzzle1 & multiply ! diff]5ce by z _m times z !re are l5g?s ( y\r b>rels 9 ! =ty y>ds1 & y w !n asc]ta9 :at elevation !y give ( !mselves2 & to make up ! diff]5ce want$1 mu/ be ! elevation ( ! rib1 :i* may be calculat$ 9 ! same way z ! b>rels2 ! l5g? ( ! b>rels be+ ! only way ( obta9+ a correct idea ( ! height requir$4 ,if mak+ woodcock guns1 less elevation is requir$1 ! di/ance ( %oot+ be+ %ort]4 ,9 l>ge guns a great] elevation is necess>y4 ,we believe1 h[ev]1 ,colonel ,hawk] has fall5 into an error1 :5 he says t long guns require a great] elevation ?an %ort ones4 ,does n a long gun keep ! %ot m toge!r8 ,is n m =ce g5]at$8 & is n ! initial velocity great] ?an 9 a %ort gun8 ,if ^! be facts1 :y is m elevation requir$ if ! %ot d n droop8 ,we appreh5d ! ,colonel means1 if ! same height be requir$ to be giv5 above ! m>k4 ,no?+ c be pla9] ?an ?is--t if "o pair ( b>rels be f\r in*es long] ?an ano!r1 & ! elevation ! same1 !re _c be z _m l5g?s 9 ! =ty y>ds ( ! long] b>rels z ( ! %ort]1 & h5ce ! diff]5ce :5 multipli$4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 he _c h tak5 into consid]ation ! sup]iority 9 _! %oot+2 = !re _c be a d\bt t1 if a gun keep ! %ot toge!r long]1 x _c require t all[ance = droop+ :i* a %ort] gun does4 ,z soon z ! b>rels are prop]ly jo9t$2 c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t !y are p]fectly level4 ,if ! b>rels are n level1 x w be impossible to %oot correctly1 z "o b>rel w ?r[ ! %ot above1 ! o!r bel[ ! m>k4 ,?is be+ done1 ! b>rels are b\nd toge!r & braz$ ) h>d sold] or brass1 = ab\t f\r or five in*es4 ,great] injury _c be done to b>rels ?an by ?is p]nici\s practice2 = !y _c be braz$ )\t be+ heat$ to a :ite heat2 & by ?is heat all ! advantages d]iv$ f hamm]+ are dissipat$ at once3 ! cond5sation is gone1 & ! /r5g? is r$uc$ at lea/ #ab-a_/b p] c5t4 ,& = :at purpose8 ,"u ! pret5ce t ! b>rels are firm] & n s liable to become loose4 ,?is is a po9t trivial 9 importance comp>$ to ! excell5ce & /r5g? ( ! b>rel2 = ev5 if !y h receiv$ no m hamm]+ ?an is necess>y 9 ! =g+1 !y are /ill injur$ to ! ext5t ( #ab-a_/b p] c5t43 = ev5 beat+ !m :5 hot improves !m mu*1 provid$ !y be n heat$ aga92 b if !y h be5 cold hamm]$1 ! injury is full #cj p] c5t4 ,?is circum/ance %[s h[ little ! pr9ciples ( gun-mak+ are und]/ood by ! fir/ gun-mak]s1 ! braz+ ( b>rels be+ practis$ by all4 ,mr4 ,wilk9son admits ?is1 = he says--8,! practice ( braz+ ! b>rels is decid$ly injuri\s1 by s(t5+ t "p m ?an ! o!r2 b if !y 7 only s(t sold]$1 ! inconv5i5ce w\ld be f> great]1 z ! b>rels w\ld be liable to "s accid5t by ! repeat$ expansion & contraction t takes place 9 fir+1 z well z by ! =ce requir$ to turn out ! bree*+s40 ,i c only say t ,i h _h consid]ably m ?an five ?\s& pairs ( b>rels made & put toge!r ) s(t sold] only1 & n "o pair has come asund] f any ( ! causes m5tion$2 nor ev] w1 ) fair play4 ,on ! contr>y1 b>rels braz$ c nev] be s\nd2 = at "s di/ance f ! "p heat$ = braz+1 y _c get ! b>rels re-t9n$ effectually1 & ?us = a consid]able space betwe5 ! s(t & h>d sold]1 !re is no cohesion at all4 ,b>rels braz$ toge!r only = ?ree or f\r in*es at ! bree*-end1 c nev] be s\nd3 !y almo/ inv>iably become s ru/$ "u ! rib1 9 a few ye>s1 z bo? to s]i\sly injure ! b>rels1 & =ce ! rib upw>ds2 !re=e1 if y h>d sold] at all1 d s f bree* to muzzle1 z t w be pref]able to p>tially do+ x4 ,i feel q satisfi$1 & c prove x to demon/ration1 t ?is is und\bt$ly ! mo/ injuri\s process to :i* iron c be subject$2 & ,i believe ! prejudice ) :i* ! ,london b>rel-mak]s /ick to ?is practice is productive ( consid]able injury to !m3 m especially :5 we recollect t !y are ! advocates 79 practice7 ( a v inf]ior quality ( ,damascus b>rels3 an iron v susceptible ( injury4 ,! ,belgian b>rels1 & ,fr5* also1 are ( good iron2 & ,i fe> n contradiction 9 ass]t+ _! inf]iority to ,engli% b>rels mo/ly consi/s 9 ! fooli% practice ( braz+ !m toge!r f end to end4 ,bo? *emically & me*anically x is a practice = :i* no valid excuse c be (f]$4 ,all b>rels %\ld h solid ribs = at lea/ eight in*es f ! bree*3 !y t5d to less5 ! vibration ( recoil1 z well z to r5d] ! b>rels m s\nd & firm4 ,no mak] ei!r und]/&s sci5ce or /udies quality1 :o advocates braz+ & holl[ ribs4 ,! inv5tion ( ! pat5t bree* 0 ! emanation ( a sci5tific m9d2 = x has be5 productive ( m real b5efit to ! progress ( gunn]y ?an any o!r improvem5t ( ! la/ two c5turies4 ,exp]i5ce & /udy 9 ! !ory ( guns & gunp[d]1 give ! m9d a mu* m enl>g$ view ( ! subject1 if regulat$ by ! e/abli%$ laws ( true & s\nd pr9ciples3 a want ( ?or\gh k induces ! individual to draw conclusions prematurely1 & ?us he is apt to fall1 & to lead o!rs1 into error4 ,i confess1 t1 toge!r ) _m hundr$s m1 ,i once conclud$ t ! great advantage ( ! pat5t bree* arose entirely f ! loose /ate 9 :i* ! p[d] 0 pres]v$ :ile 9 ! bree*1 & its ?us be+ m in/antane\sly ignit$4 ,b ,i h already %[n t ! quickness ( p[d] is1 9 a great measure1 ! greate/ drawback to its efficacy1 & ,i am cle>ly conv9c$ t compression1 9 mo/ in/ances1 is b5eficial1 by ret>d+ ! ignition to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,"h1 !n1 is pro( positive1 t we h be5 on ! wrong sc5t1 & runn+ aft] a 8,w o' ! ,wisp40 ,illu/ration ,!re is ! cle>e/ evid5ce1 t ! only advantage to be d]iv$ f any conical =m ( bree*1 does n arise f any peculi>ity atta*$ to ! ignition ( ! gunp[d]1 b solely f ! effect ( ! angul> %ape2 conical =m be+ be/ suit$1 or pres5t+ ! lea/ direct surface1 to ! action ( ! explod$ fluid3 ! angles receive ! bl[ & ?r[ x (f at ! same opposite angle1 & s on1 )\t receiv+ any am\nt ( =ce f ! elem5t /rik+ x1 & ?us ! ela/ic fluid is enabl$ to be resi/$ efficaci\sly4 ,! cone becomes & =ms an artificial solid base1 to a c]ta9 ext5t2 & z su*1 x is mu* m b5eficial ?an ! same quantity ( p[d] ignit$ on a flat surface--z a common plug bree*1 = in/ance2 = "h ! direct quantity ( space on ! face ( ! bree* receives ! same impulse z ! ball project$1 & is act$ ^u 9 precisely ! same ratio 9 proportion to _! diff]5t weights4 ,9 a musket ( #aa lbs41 ! comp>ative weight ( gun & ball is z #a to #agf2 & exactly 9 t proportion w be ! di/ribution ( impulse f ! expellant fluid4 ,x ?us becomes a pla9 "q betwe5 ! pat5t bree* & ! flat surface ( ! plug4 ,! two halves ( a p>abola inv]t$1 or ! %ape ( a p>abolic sp9dle1 w be ! be/ %ape1 accord+ to ! laws ( sci5ce4 ,! repres5tation giv5 on page #bji is z ne> z ,i c get ! engrav] to repres5t my views ( ! be/ %ape ( bree*4 ,a great v>iety ( =ms h be5 advocat$ & puff$2 "s ( !m ( ! mo/ unsci5tific description possible3 b x matt]s n2 = if a zeal\s advocate c\ld be f\nd to puff well ! advantages ( ! old mat*lock1 he w\ld f9d believ]s2 s prone are mank9d to be delud$ by ! v]ie/ quack]y4 ,! absurdity ( explod+ gunp[d] 9 a %ell at ! bree* ( a gun1 & p]si/+ 9 ! advantage ( x1 is c]ta9ly tilt+ at a w9dmill4 ,x w be ask$ h[ x is t ,gov]nm5t d n adopt ! pat5t bree* 9 ! musket8 ,i answ]1 because ( a want ( sci5ce 9 ! direction1 & an imp]fect sy/em ( exp]im5ts4 ,9 fact1 !y say !y d n f9d any advantage f ! pat5t bree* 9 a musket3 t ! range is z great )\t x z ) x4 ,gov]nm5t nev] consid]s ! p]sonal com=t ( ! private soldi]1 or x w\ld h long ago us$ ! pat5t bree* = milit>y arms2 =1 sett+ aside ! propellant advantage1 ! recoil is 7z ne> z ,i h be5 able to asc]ta97 "u ! same circum/ances1 z "o to two 9 fav\r ( ! angul> bree*4 ,?is is no exagg]at$ /atem5t3 ,i h te/$ x1 & w /ake my reputation ^u its accuracy4 ,b ! sup]ior k ( projectiles :i* artill]i/s h obta9$ s9ce ! ext5sive introduction ( *amb]s to ne>ly all descriptions ( ordnance1 is ! cle>e/ pro(1 7 any want+4 ,! use ( ! ,gom] =m ( *amb]1 is ne>ly univ]sal 9 brass guns3 ! %ape is ! fru/um ( a cone ) a sph]ical bottom4 ,! inutility ( enl>g+ on1 or describ+1 ! v>i\s %apes or plans ( bree*+1 w be app>5t2 my int5tion be+ to po9t out ! sci5ce ( ! "q1 n ! folly ( e inv5tion4 ,!re h be5 _m good gun-lock mak]s2 b !y h1 ,i fe>1 decreas$ mu* ( late4 ,f ! great dem& = second-rate goods1 !y are r>ely call$ ^u to make a fir/-rate article2 & ?us1 f be+ s little accu/om$ to make any b inf]ior locks1 !y1 ( c\rse1 are out ( practice4 ,in/ead ( ! manufacture ( ! be/ be+ enc\rag$1 x is becom+ e day m r>e to meet ) a good "o4 ,!re is a great degree ( skill display$ 9 ! mak+ ( locks1 ?\gh to ! casual obs]v] x is n app>5t4 ,on ! simple hang+ ( ! swivel dep5ds all ! smoo?ness ( ! play ( ! ma9-spr+2 & on ! plac+ ! hole = ! sce>-p9 dep5ds ! sweetness ( ! sce> play+ on ! tumbl]4 ,_m :o n[ pass = excell5t workm5 w\ld f9d ?is a difficult und]tak+1 simple z x may seem1 )\t a patt]n by :i* to "w4 ,all locks = p]cussion %\ld h ! greate/ /r5g? ( ma9spr+ at ! mom5t !y /rike ! nipple1 or z x is t]m$1 :5 ! lock is d[n4 ,on ! pit*+ ! sce> dep5ds ! cutt+ ( ! b5ts1 & on _! =mation1 ! dang] ( ! lock cat*+ at half-cock1 :5 ! trigg] is made to pull easy2 b ^! obs]vations w be und]/ood by a lock-mak] bett] ?an ,i c expla9 !m4 ,! quality ( all locks dep5ds on ! price !y co/ fil+1 & unless y pay ! workman a prop] remun]ation1 y may rely on hav+ !m some:at inf]ior1 or 9 accordance ) ! price3 b ?is requires a workman to po9t out2 s t any p]son :o is n a fir/-rate judge1 is completely dep5d5t on ! hone/y ( ! workman4 ,!re is m real sci5ce display$ 9 ! con/ruction ( a gun-lock ?an me*anics 9 g5]al imag9e4 ,! plac+ or hang+ ( ! swivel on ! arm ( a tumbl]1 is an arrangem5t ( lev]age p>tak+ ( ! multiplicate2 z ! weight :5 at full cock1 is less5$ by ! lev] br++ ! mov+ =ce 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! axle1 & :5 d[n on ! nipple1 increas+ or multiply+ t =ce by ! div]g5ce4 ,! ,b>side lock possesses ?is advantage to a great] degree ?an has yet be5 obta9$ by any backwork lock yet made2 ?\gh ,i p]ceive no h9drance1 if prop]ly und]/ood & tri$3 x is only ne$ful to obta9 a great] l5g? ( arm1 & a proportionate l5g? ( swivel4 ,! family ( ! ,brazi]s1 ( ,wolv]hampton1 h long be5 celebrat$ = ! goodness ( _! locks2 :i* arises solely f ! fact t !y take m pa9s1 & w n manufacture any b ! be/3 = x w\ld be ridicul\s to suppose t !re are n pl5ty ( m5 equally z good1 & probably bett]1 workm5 ?an !mselves 9 ! k+dom1 7 !y prop]ly enc\rag$1 & conf9$ to mak+ no?+ b fir/-rate articles4 ,! ,brazi]s h appr5tices & j\rneym51 & x is prepo/]\s to imag9e t !y file ! t5? "p ( ! locks !y furni% to ! trade2 b yet !y h always1 & des]v$ly1 obta9$ a mu* bett] price ?an any o!r lock-fil]s out ( ,london4 ,sev]al ( ,brazi]'s workm5 h ( late ye>s comm5c$ manufactur+ on _! own acc\nt1 & n[ mo/ excell5t locks c be _h f ,w4 ,evans1 ( ,ba?-/reet1 ,birm+ham1 :o = _m ye>s held ! fir/ place 9 ,joseph ,brazi] & ,sons' manufactory4 ,! op]ations ( false bree*+1 jo9t+ locks1 /ock+1 c41 are m]ely me*anical2 requir+1 c]ta9ly1 great skill & ability1 b yet involv+ no pr9ciple fur!r ?an is conta9$ 9 ! prop] suit+ ( ! %ape to ! make ( ! us]4 ,an endless v>iety ( op9ions has always exi/$1 & always w exi/1 z to ! description ( b5d or crook be/ fitt$ = rapid %oot+1 z fly+ or runn+4 ,i h in/ruct$1 & ) success1 too1 _m "y %oot]s1 :o by comm5c+ ) a long & /raight /ock1 h atta9$ a p]fection 9 %oot+ sc>cely to be excell$2 & !y nev] ent]ta9 aft]w>ds any wi% to *ange ei!r l5g? or b5d4 ,!re=e ,i recomm5d to all beg9n]s to use z long & z /raight a /ock z !y c conv5i5tly br+ to ! %\ld]4 ,all practis$ %oot]s h g5]ally s accu/om$ !mselves to "o %ape1 t x w\ld be prejudicial to *ange4 ,! practice ( ?r[+ (f a /ock at ! butt1 or b5d+ f ! h& to ! heel-plate1 9 a direction to ! "r1 s t ! eye may get m readily 9 a l9e ) ! c5tre ( ! bree* & ! sight1 is a practice n to be def5d$ on sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,! body w suit itself be/2 & if ! /ock be n too /raight1 ! eye w always f9d ! true l9e4 ,! p]cussion+ ( a gun 7z ! fitt+-9 ( nipple1 bor+ bree*es1 fil+ cocks1 c41 is t]m$17 is also a me*anical op]ation1 requir+ workm5 ( ! v be/ abilities4 ,! desid]atum to be obta9$ is ne>ly a direct communication into ! b>rel1 & an abs5ce ( unnecess>y angles1 ante*amb]s1 c42 !re=e x is ne$ful t1 9 a d\ble gun1 ! nipples %\ld be ins]t$ z ne> ! c5tre ( ! bree*es z !y c be conv5i5tly plac$1 ) ! nipples /&+1 n upright1 b at an angle ( #de2 s t ! bl[ ( ! cock %all be 9 or z ne> a l9e ) ! imag9>y upright ( ! nipple z possible4 ,! v>i\s plans ( copp] cap1 copp] tubes1 & ,i "k n h[ _m o!r devices1 w be discuss$ "u ! head ( guns & %oot+4 ,f9i%+ ! /ock1 poli%+1 engrav+1 h>d5+1 c41 /rictly speak+1 involve no sci5ce ( consequ5ce1 & z su* x is sc>cely necess>y to occupy ! att5tion ( ! read] respect+ !m4 ,! be/ me?od ( /a9+ b>rels is by ! foll[+ recipe3 b "o mat]ial fact mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,a consid]able difficulty exi/s 9 /a9+ b>rels all /eel2 9 su* a case1 !re=e1 ! acid %\ld n be s mu* dilut$4 #a oz4 muriate t9cture ( /eel4 #a oz4 spirits ( w9e4 #a_/d oz4 muriate ( m]cury4 #a_/d oz4 /rong nitric acid4 #a_/h oz4 blue /one4 #a qu>t ( wat]4 ,^! are to be well mix$1 & all[$ to /& a mon?1 to amalgamate4 ,aft] ! oil or grease has be5 remov$ f ! b>rels by lime1 ! mixture is laid on lightly ) a sponge e two h\rs4 ,x %\ld be scrat*$ (f ) a /eel-wire bru% night & morn+1 until ! b>rels are d>k en\gh2 & !n ! acid is de/roy$ by p\r+ on ! b>rels boil+ wat]1 & cont9u+ to rub !m till ne>ly cool4 ,! ,birm+ham p br[n _! b>rels ( inf]ior quality 9 ! foll[+ way1 to make !m look equal to ! be/4 ,!y dissolve z mu* muriate ( m]cury z c be tak5 up 9 a dram-glassful ( spirits ( w9e2 ?is solution is mix$ ) "o p9t ( wat]1 or z mu* dilut$ z ! p]son requires4 ,a small quantity ( ! mixture is p\r$ on a little :it5+1 & laid on ! b>rel ) a sponge1 r lightly2 z soon z dry1 x is bru%$ (f1 & a fre% coat is laid on2 & s on until ! b>rel is d>k en\gh1 :i* is g5]ally ab\t two days4 ,! effect t ! m]cury has on e "o ( ! jo9ts ( ! fibres is wond]ful3 x nev] fails to make !m1 9 two or ?ree days at mo/1 a beautiful br[n2 :ile ! o!r p>ts1 be+ h>d]1 rema91 comp>atively speak+1 q light4 ,! ru/ is kill$ by hot wat]1 b aft] t1 ! b>rels are sudd5ly imm]s$ 9 cold wat]2 :i* has ! effect ( height5+ ! brightness ( bo? ! col\rs4 ,! appe>ance is beautiful1 & equally z f9e to ! eye z /ub-b>rels br[n$ 9 ! same way2 ?\gh ?is process is mo/ly us$ = ! *>coal iron & ! ?reep5ny iron b>rels4 ,! only me?od 9 :i* !re is no deception1 is ! smoke br[n or /a92 &1 pla9ly speak+1 ?is & no o!r is ! reason ! gun-mak]s condemn x4 ,z ! acid is decid$ly weak]1 & ( c\rse less liable to imp>t injury to ! iron1 no b>rel c be br[n$ by x1 to look well & f9e1 b ! be/2 or1 9 o!r words1 none save ^? possess+ /eel 9 _! composition4 ,! me?od ( /a9+ is ?is3 ! b>rels are ano9t$ ) a little vitriolic acid1 to cause ! iron to receive ! effect ( ! gas m readily2 x is !n wa%$ (f1 & ! b>rels rubb$ dry4 ,! =ge fire mu/ !n be light$1 & bl[n up ) coal possess+ z mu* hydrog5 gas & z little sulphur z possible4 ,:5 ! coals are burnt till !y give out a cle> :ite flame ) no black smoke ar\nd x1 ! b>rels mu/ be pass$ gradually ?r\gh t flame backw>d & =w>d1 until ! :ole are cov]$ ) a black sooty cov]+4 ,place !m 9 z damp & cool a cell> z c be procur$1 & all[ !m to /& = eighte5 h\rs2 at t "t1 if ! place is suffici5tly damp1 ! iron p>ts w be f\nd cov]$ ) a r$ ru/1 :ile ! p>ticles ( /eel /ill reta9 ! orig9al sooty coat4 ,scrat* ^! (f ) a /eel bru%1 ! same z by any o!r me?od ( /a9+2 !n take a piece ( l95 clo?1 & wa% or poli% ! b>rels ) wat] & a little wa%$ em]y2 :5 ! /eel w be f\nd ( its orig9al bright col\r1 & ! iron a %ade d>k]1 ) ! outl9es ( bo? di/9ctly pres]v$4 ,rub ! b>rels dry1 & aga9 pass !m ?r\gh ! flame precisely z be=e2 b above all ?+s be c>eful n to all[ !m to rema9 9 ! flame till !y become hot en\gh to melt ! sold]4 ,:5 y h once pass$ !m ?r\gh1 d n be 9 a hurry to pass !m aga92 b 9 bo? be guid$ by mod]ation3 nei!r all[ !m1 aft] ! fir/ "t1 to /& to ru/ m ?an twelve h\rs ea* "t4 ,poli% !m z be=e1 & y w f9d !m a %ade d>k] at e smok+4 ,p]sev]e1 until !y become z d>k z y wi% to h !m4 ,! utmo/ y c obta9 is a f9e purple-black col\r on ! iron2 & on ! /eel1 a %ade incl9$ to a copp] col\r3 b if prop] att5tion be paid to ! poli%+1 x w n *ange mu* f its orig9al col\r4 ,! b>rels are tak5 out ( /a9 9 ! same way z 9 ! o!r recipes1 by hot wat]2 b y mu/ cont9ue to scrat* or bru% !m long]1 = by t means y obta9 a great] gloss4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is /a9 is simply ?us3 ! hydrog5 gas conta9$ 9 ! coal act+ on ! iron 7f be+ ( a s(t] nature ?an ! /eel1 :i* x does n affect71 & ! flame also possess+ a quantity ( t>1 x is imp]ceptibly embodi$ by ! iron dur+ ! action ( ! oxide2 &1 :5 f9i%$1 by fill+ up ! spaces creat$1 x becomes decid$ly m imp]vi\s to damp or wet ?an ! o!r /a91 :i* is entirely compos$ ( ! oxide ( iron4 ,! only objection to ?is br[n has be5 f\nd to arise f ! dis*>ge ( ! black col\r f ! s(t] p>ts ( ! b>rels2 z x be+ b coal t>1 ! sweat ( ! h&1 hot wat] 9 wa%+1 c41 inv>iably extract x 9 a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,! recipe1 = ! ,birm+ham imitations1 is z foll[s3-- #a oz4 sweet nitre4 #a_/b oz4 t9cture ( /eel4 #a_/d oz4 blue vitriol4 #f drops nitric acid4 #ad grs4 corrosive sublimate4 #a p9t ( wat]4 ,:5 ! b>rels are d>k en\gh1 drop a few drops ( muriatic acid 9 a bas9 ( wat]1 & wa% ! b>rel slightly1 to bright5 ! twi/s4 ,?is la/ process is borr[$ f ! ,belgians4 ,9 ! work+ ( _! extremely f9e ,damascus b>rels1 !y f\nd a v great difficulty 9 /a9+ !m s z to produce a cle> & di/9ct figure4 ,! way !y n[ proce$ is ei!r to eat away ! p>ticles ( iron1 leav+ ! /eel prom95t & ! b>rels bright2 or !y poli% !m extremely f9e f end to end1 & !n blue !m 9 a /ove ) *>coal4 ,! process is ?us describ$ 9 ! notes to a ,g]man translation1 by ,dr4 ,s*midt1 ( ,weim>1 ( my la/ edition ( ! 8,sci5ce ( ,gunn]y40 8,! me?od ( br[n+ ! ,damascus b>rels1 :i* are s mu* admir$ 9 ,engl& = _! di/9ctness 9 col\r & beauty ( figure1 is obta9$ v simply3 namely1 fir/ burni% ! b>rels v f9e2 !n cov] !m ) bone oil2 p\nd1 or drop1 or /rew wood-a%es all ov]2 !n heat !m 9 a cage ( wire fill$ ) *>coal1 until y obta9 a d>k fir/ blue2 aft] !y are cold1 mix a small quantity ( sulphuric acid 9 wat] 7a qu>t] ( a p9t ) s _m drops72 !n take a h>d bru% & apply x to ! b>rel1 :5 ! acid w extract ! col\r f ! /eel1 leav+ ! iron ) its great] adhesion cov]$ ) ! blue col\r4 ,great c>e mu/ be us$ & skill display$ to keep a good col\r & n to extract too mu*40 ,?is we _c d1 because we sold] ) t94 ,! 8,belgian ,damascus0 b>rels are g5]ally 8eat up10 z x is te*nically t]m$4 8,pickl$0 is ! t]m also us$ to describe ! process1 :i* is simply eat+ away ! s(t] metals f ar\nd ! /eel or h>d] mat]ial4 ,! be/ prep>ation = ?is purpose is #a lb4 ( ! sulphate ( copp] 7kn[n z blue vitriol7 dissolv$ 9 a gallon ( s(t wat]1 at ! boil+ po9t1 & cont9u$ boil+ 9 an e>!nw>e vessel1 until ! quantity is r$uc$ by evaporation #be p] c5t42 let x cool1 & !n p\r x into a lead5 tr\gh or ba?4 ,! b>rels1 :5 prop]ly secur$ at ! muzzle & bree*-ends to prev5t ! liquid gett+ into ! int]ior1 are imm]s$ !re94 ,! solution w act suffici5tly ^u ! metals 9 ! space ( f fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes2 c>e be+ tak5 to remove & c>efully wa% !m ) cold wat]1 & !n1 aft] obs]v+ ! progress ( ! pickl+1 re-imm]s+ !m z be=e1 until ! op]ation is complete4 ,!n p\r boil+ wat] ov] !m1 & scrat* !m well ) a /eel bru%1 :i* w ev5tually give t beautiful bright 8wavy0 surface mu* admir$ by _m p4 ,lam9at$ /eel b>rels also look v well1 aft] be+ subject$ to ?is op]ation4 ,hav+ n[ detail$ z mu* ( ! 8modus op]&i10 z ! pati5ce ( ! read] w admit1 ,i %all endeav\r to give a peep into ! 8sanctum sanctorum0 ( ! gun-mak]s' work%op4 ,i h %[n 9 detail :at c\rse ought to be pursu$ 9 ! con/ruction ( guns ( ! be/ quality only2 & be=e proce$+ fur!r %all f9i% ?is "p ( ! subject4 ,i am n1 z "s w\ld say1 8go+ to expose ! :ole secrets ( ! trade30 oh no1 only a portion4 ,!re are six qualities or v>ieties ( mixtures ( iron = b>rels ( be/ quality4 ,! plate-fac+ conta9s two k9ds f9i%$1 compos$ ( /eel entirely1 b ( diff]5t degrees ( c>bonization2 "o is compos$ entirely ( a lam9at$ s]ies conta9+ _m scores ( di/9ct lam9 9 ! ?ickness ( ! sides ( ! b>rels1 twi/$ & beat into tortu\s %apes4 ,! o!r1 ( l>g] lam91 b %[+ ! edges ( ! lam9 at an angle ) ! l5g?1 & ?us appe>+ l>g] ?an1 if pres5t+ ! side or end ( ! plates4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! great proportion ( ! fibres %all always run r\nd ! tube1 s t ! greate/ portion ( /r5g? may be obta9$1 toge!r ) a beautiful figure4 ,! co/ ( ?is arrangem5t is consid]able1 z x involves a great wa/e ( metal1 & occupies a consid]able "t to "w & re-"w--twi/+1 faggot+ ) ! b>s plac$ 9 v>i\s =ms1 at acute angles to ea* o!r1 at "r angles1 plait+ ?ree or f\r rods toge!r1 z a lady does h] hair1 cutt+ ^! into pieces1 faggot+ & weld+ !m into "o1 &1 9 %ort1 und]go+ an endless r\t9e ( manipulations1 :i* x w\ld be /rictly unpr(itable to detail1 b are all productive ( co/4 ,an +5i\s man may "w & improve metal ( ?is nature until its co/ equals ! price ( silv]2 &1 if judici\sly done1 improv+ x /ill1 ev5 until he has wa/$ #ij p] c5t4 ( ! orig9al mat]ial4 ,! ultimate *>act]i/ics & prop]ties ( iron h1 z yet1 nev] be5 asc]ta9$3 x is capable ( be+ cond5s$ until x becomes ne>ly1 if n q1 equal to ! specific gravity ( silv] or lead4 ,no pursuit1 me*anical or philosophical1 pres5ts s great & s b5eficial a rese>*1 to ! :ole civiliz$ & sci5tific _w1 z iron4 ,i c\ld twi/ & retwi/ iron1 until1 f ! beautiful & int]e/+ results1 x w\ld become ) me a sort ( monomania4 ,i wond] n at ! v>iety ( patt]ns 9 a ,damascus sword-blade3 ! m9d conveys me to ! sc5e1 & a regret arises t ,i did n live 9 ^? times2 yet /ill x is b a me*anical arrangem5t direct$ by an +5i\s m9d1 & ! ultimate b5efit1 ap>t f ! beauty1 is m ?an imag9>y4 ,h[ev]1 x proves t ! ,ori5tals 7 arti/s1 & t !y 7 appreciat$3 7 ?is ! case n[ ) u1 we c\ld d all !y ev] did1 & m4 ,lam9at$ /eel is n[ a great fact4 ,x is a "n /]eotyp$ 9 ,belgium1 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,am]ica1 z well z 9 ! place ( its bir?--,engl&2 & ord]s come f all qu>t]s ( ! globe = ! celebrat$ lam9at$ /eel4 ,e writ] ( em95ce is l\d 9 its praise1 & ju/ly s too2 = ab\t its m]its !re is no mi/ake4 ,no comb9ation ( metals ev] yet be=e tri$ s9ce ! bir? ( gunn]y1 c equal x1 ei!r 9 d5sity1 ductility1 or t5acity4 ,a lam9at$ /eel b>rel has nev] be5 kn[n to bur/4 8,reput$0 lam9at$ /eel b>rels h be5 bur/1 b no real "o ev]4 ,nor is x probable1 save f malcon/ruction4 ,?r\gh inatt5tion 9 ! weld+ ! be/ ( metal may be burnt2 b ! bett] ! iron1 ! great] ! difficulty4 ,/eel is m liable to melt ?an burn2 s t1 ) c>e & skill on ! "p ( ! workman1 x w v seldom inde$ occur4 ,b t *ance is provid$ =1 z f> z human judgm5t c d1 9 entru/+ su* b>rels only to fir/-rate & /eady workm54 ,su* m5 are no d\bt1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 sc>ce2 b !y may yet be f\nd3 ! ,birm+ham weld] ( prov$ skill & ability is inf]ior to none 9 ! _w4 ,lam9at$ /eel b>rels are m sc>ce ?an weld]s4 ,al?\gh ! v>i\s manufactur]s ( ,europe h complim5t$ me by adopt+ ! "n ( my inv5tion1 yet ,i am sorry to add x is b 9 "n3 !re are v few ev5 tol]able imitations ( !m4 ,! co/ is ! 8bugbe>30 ! "n co/s no?+1 & c easily be assum$2 b to make lam9at$ /eel b>rels is q ano!r matt]3 x t\*es ! pocket1 & int]f]es ) ! pr(it2 & x is only 9 v r>e cases inde$--al?\gh ! ord] may be explicit z words c make x--t ! real article is suppli$4 ,!re are v few mak]s 9 ,birm+ham :o 9 reality make 8lam9at$ /eel40 ,/eel b>rels are m pl5tiful3 !y c>e n s mu* = ! price ( ! metal2 x is ! aft] repeat$ manipulations t are evad$3 ! lab\r & loss ( mat]ial is too mu*1 & is necess>ily 8%irk$10 & argum5t is always met ) ! answ]1 8,we see no?+ 9 x40 ,yet ! words 8lam9at$ /eel0 are to be f\nd engrav$ ^u b>rels ( ! l[e/ quality ( iron ( :i* d\ble b>rels are made4 ,iron twi/ is subject$ to a simil> process to t already describ$ z employ$ 9 produc+ ,damascus iron1 & :i* may be t]m$ common iron ,damascus4 ,?\s&s ( guns are made f ?is k9d ( metal1 & ye>ly s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica2 yet all are unblu%+ly repres5t$ z 8lam9at$ /eel b>rels40 ,! actual price *>g$ = ^! sort ( guns 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,i "k n1 b h no d\bt = ! :ole gun x is ab\t equal to :at w\ld be ! prime co/ ( a pair ( real lam9at$ /eel b>rels alone4 ,pur*as]s %\ld be fully acqua9t$ ) ! fact t x is impossible to produce lam9at$ /eel b>rels at a l[ figure3 lab\r1 high-pric$1 skill$ lab\r1 is always co/ly2 & tal5t mu/ be paid = 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! atta9m5t ( high class b>rels at a l[ figure1 z a rule1 is an impossibility2 & ! mak] :o w\ld pret5d1 promise1 or und]take to make a lam9at$ /eel b>rell$ gun "u #ael4 to #bjl4 is an arrant deceiv]3 he c\ld nev] pr(itably c>ry out su* an int5tion1 ev5 if he possess$ ! ability to produce ! article4 ,= judgm5t1 skill1 & ability1 z well z lab\r1 are requir$ to produce lam9at$ /eel b>rels4 ,/eel alone is n lam9at$2 & t is ano!r difficulty3 =tunately !re are n _m p]sons capable ( effect+ x4 ,my me?od ( lam9at+ /eel is kept z mu* out ( sight z possible1 z a means ( self-protection4 ,/ub ,damascus is by _m mak]s call$ 8/eel30 bo? fir/ & second class /ub2 & any attempt to reason !m out ( ! absurdity is a hopeless task4 ,_m ( ! highe/ class mak]s /ill dogg$ly /ick to /ub ,damascus1 & ins9uate und]h&$ly t ! b5efit ( /eel is d\btful3 few d x op5ly2 b ,i feel sorry to record ! fact t prejudice on ?is po9t is /ill rampant4 ,on ! sup]ior %oot+ prop]ties ( /eel b>rels ,i w enl>ge 9 ano!r place4 ,! ,exhibitions h told v b5eficially on ! future ( ,birm+ham2 ! fact ( /&+ highe/ 9 e competition w d 7& has done7 m to remove ! prejudice ent]ta9$ aga9/ ,birm+ham manufacture ?an aught beside4 ,sportsm5 beg9 to und]/& ! fact t x is bett] to ord] _! guns direct f ! manufactur] ?an f ! m]e salesman1 :o c only take 8 goods on tru/1 & w>rants )\t kn[+ t he c ju/ly d s4 ,any sy/em t w\ld id5tify ! mak] ) 8 "w w\ld d all t is necess>y to emancipate ,birm+ham f ! /igma :i* prejudice has entail$ ^u h] "n2 & f :i* ,i hope to see h] rise rapidly yet4 ,b ,i d n wi% to see h] rise on ! reputation ( ,london3 w\ld t all ,birm+ham guns 7 l ^? ( ,london mak]s2 or sup]ior to !m1 if possible4 ,9 addition to ! s]i\s evil ( produc+ guns ( su* great inf]iority 9 mat]ial1 & dubb+ su* b>rels 8lam9at$ /eel10 a f> m s]i\s "o is ! practice ( unscrupul\sly add+ to su* guns ! names ( mak]s :o h sp5t ! majority ( _! lives 9 obta9+ a "n = _! manufacture2 ?us robb+ !m indirectly ( :at is de> to all hone/ m5--reputation4 ,few are judges suffici5tly qualifi$ to detect a spuri\s gun ( ?is description2 & ! "n ?us =g$ reflects unm]it$ discr$it on a mak] :o w\ld scorn to all[ su* an article to leave 8 manufactory3 b z long z ! /&>d ( moral hone/y is s l[1 bo? among m]*ants & manufactur]s1 su* ?+s w be4 ,m5 may excuse !mselves = affix+ ! names ( m5 & firms to inf]ior or wor?less guns by ! plea ( hav+ be5 ord]$ to d x by ! export]s1 b !y are n ! less do+ a moral wrong1 9 ?us aid+ 9 a deception :i* pr(its !m n4 ,b su* practices w cont9ue1 until ! s5se ( "r & wrong becomes m consci5ti\s1 & trade morality rises to a high] /&>d ?an at pres5t4 ,i h e reason to believe1 & h n ! lea/ hesitation 9 /at+ ! fact1 t n only is ! epi!t 8lam9at$ /eel0 add$ to guns ! b>rels ( :i* d n conta9 a p>ticle ( /eel1 b t a f> m s]i\s misrepres5tation & injury is p]petrat$ by affix+ ! words 8,william ,gre5]'s ,lam9at$ ,/eel1 inde/ructible by ,gunp[d]10 to _m guns n ev5 ( middl+ fair quality1 b ! v]ie/ rubbi% ev] manufactur$4 ,t ?is is a species ( =g]y !re c be no d\bt2 yet ! law ( ?is c\ntry af=ds no rem$y to effectually prev5t & puni% ! rascality ( (f]+ = sale an article fraudul5tly pr(ess+ to be :at x is n1 to ! injury ( ! pur*as] z well z ! manufactur] ^: good "n is ?us malign$4 ,=g$ 8,gre5]'s0 are to be f\nd pr9cipally 9 ! ,am]ican m>kets2 :]e bat*es ( t5 & twelve h be5 se5 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,/ates1 pr9cipally 9 ! h&s ( 8it9]ant m]*ants40 ,!y are1 ,i believe1 pretty pl5tifully produc$ 9 8,liege10 also2 :]e1 9 fact1 =g]ies on all our pr9cipal mak]s are produc$4 ,z ! law provides no effectual rem$y or puni%m5t = su* rascality1 ,i n[1 9 ord] to less5 x z mu* z possible1 m>k e gun leav+ my manufactory ) a 8private m>k0 9 addition to its numb]2 & on ref]5ce to me1 giv+ a description ( ! gun pur*as$ 8& its numb]10 in=mation w be return$ ( ! private m>k1 :i* w /amp ! article z real or spuri\s4 ,if ! gun has no numb] ref]5ce is useless1 z ,i numb] e gun t ,i s5d out1 & ! want is c]ta9 pro( t x is a =g]y4 ,b ) a view to less5 ! evil z mu* z c be1 ,i may "h say t ! be/ d\ble gun1 ) case complete1 t ,i c make w be freely giv5 to any individual :o w produce evid5ce :i* w enable me to expose all p>ties conc]n$ 9 su* nef>i\s deal+1 & ju/ify me 9 hold+ !m up to public reprobation3 :i* w be done z c]ta9ly z pro( c be adduc$4 ,!re are ample fields ( comm]ce 9 gunn]y yet to be develop$1 7 articles produc$ suitable = use1 n = %[ or deception4 ,inf]iority ( manufacture comb9$ ) deception is ! wor/ c\rse ev] adopt$ by any community4 ,if ,birm+ham w\ld repudiate su* a c\rse1 & refuse to make wor?less articles1 att5d+ m to quality ?an *eapness1 ! gun trade w\ld be m prosp]\s ?an x ev] has be54 ,"t is rapidly realis+ ! recomm5dations ,i h put =? ( ! great b5efit to be obta9$1 n only 9 /eam boil]s1 b v>i\s o!r me*anical con/ructions1 by ! use ( high] qualities ( metals4 ,we h n[ ev5 8/eel %ips0 z well z /eel guns1 giv+ d\ble ! /r5g?1 ) half ! weight2 & if all manufactur]s ( high class ma*9es adopt$ ! same pr9ciples1 an imm5se sav+ w\ld be effect$ 9 ! long run1 f ! abs5ce ( repairs alone1 9 addition to ! great] durability ( ! ma*9e4 ,!re ought to be no accid5ts f ! break+ ( railway c>riage axles3 su* an occurr5ce z ! break+ ( an axle is an ev]la/+ disgrace2 = axles c\ld be con/ruct$ t no kn[n 8fair application0 ( /ra9 c\ld possibly break4 ,a simple comb9ation ( /eel & iron faggot$ 9 segm5ts1 z be=e describ$1 & roll$ holl[1 w\ld enable axles to la/ d\ble ! "t ( ^? at pres5t 9 use3 #dj1jjj miles travell+ is /at$ to be ! maximum di/ance an axle c be safely tru/$2 ! de/ruction be+ ma9ly due to ! heat+ 9 ! j\rnals1 or to galvanic action *ang+ ! fibr\s iron into cry/all9e 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! be>+4 ,axles con/ruct$ ( diff]5t metals1 z /eel & iron 9 conjunction1 w\ld n be s affect$2 & might be r5d]$ /ill less likely to be s by a small holl[ 9 ! c5tre ( ! axle4 ,b ?is is a digression2 ?\gh ,i may be p>don$ = x1 9 consid]ation ( ! importance ( ! subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate4 ,,ii4 ,,damascus ,,b>rel$ ,,gun ,,fancy ,,/eel ,,b>rel$ ,,gun ,! opposite plate 7,no4 #b7 repres5ts my mixture 9 imitation ( ,damascus2 ! process necess>y to produce x1 z well z its companion1 has already be5 describ$4 ,^! two also come "u ! head ( be/ b>rels1 z !y are co/ly1 & :5 hone/ly made 7n plat$7 con/itute1 ) ! defects be=e enum]at$1 good b>rels4 ,! co/ ( a really good fir/-rate gun mu/ & w always v>y1 accord+ to ! circum/ances ( manufacture or ! peculi> arrangem5ts ( ! manufactur]4 ,joseph ,manton is entitl$ to ! gratitude1 n only ( ! pres5t g5]ation ( gun-mak]s1 b ( all succe$+ ones1 = ?is reason1--he n only gave a "* to ,engli% guns1 b s l9k$ 8 "n ) improvem5ts1 t x w nev] be =gott54 ,8 0 ! m9d to "k & appreciate ! value ( good workman%ip2 he elevat$ ! ,engli% artisan ) himself1 & rais$ ! gunmak] to ! acme ( me*anical skill3 =1 )\t invidi\s comp>ison ( ! ability requir$ 9 o!r pr(essions1 we may say t a fir/-rate workman z a gun-mak]#aa 7,i mean only a gun-mak]7 is "o ( ! v be/ me*anics ,engl& c boa/ (1 or 9 tru? any "p ( ! _w4 ,gun-mak+ is ! pr(ession ( a man ( m9d3 any man or any workman _c make a gun1 work+ by squ>e & rule entirely1 z o!r me*anics d3 no1 ! true gun-mak] is an arti/1 & ,joe ,manton made him s4 #aa ,b>rel weld]s1 bor]s1 lock-fil]s1 c41 are n te*nically gun-mak]s3 ! latt] are ^? workm5 :o1 hav+ b>rels1 locks1 wood = /ock1 c41 make !m into a gun4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y to say gunsmi?s2 b ?is appellation c be appli$ to ! work] 9 iron only4 ,x is true1 we h n n[ t complex ma*9e1 ! fl9t-lock gun1 9 :i* ,joe s peculi>ly excell$2 b we h a m simple & a m efficaci\s "o 9 ! p]cussion gun4 ,he 0 n s =tunate 9 ! latt] z ! =m]2 b all m5 are at fault sometimes1 & he c\ld n be expect$ to fondle ! *ild ( ano!r3 no1 x 0 = ! fir/ improvem5t ( ! workman%ip ( ! gun1 t 8 memory mu/ be rev]$4 ,! ,engli% gun1 at ! outset ( 8 c>e]1 0 z f> inf]ior to :at he left x1 z ! tawdry manufacture ( ! cont95t is to ours ( ! pres5t day4 ,! prices he obta9$ 7 enorm\s c]ta9ly2 b all m5 %\ld be paid well1 :o c prove !y possess extra bra9s & ability3 he remun]at$ 8 workm5 on ?is scale1 & he unque/ionably _h ! be/ set ! _w ev] saw4 ,we c1 at ?is p]iod1 f> excel !m1 = ! pupil sometimes exce$s ! tutor2 b ?is arises f lay+ firmly ! f\ndation ( a sup]ior sy/em4 ,all my ambition has be5 to be able to make an article t _c be exce$$ 9 goodness & neatness1 comb9$ ) ta/e1 by ! g5]ation 9 :i* we live4 ,9 pro( ( ?is success ,i may m5tion t ! two ,fir/ ,class ,prize ,m$als 9 ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea2 two m 9 #ahec at ,new ,york2 &1 la/ly1 two at ,p>is 9 #ahee1 7 aw>d$ to me4 ,! be/ gun1 or z good a "o z ev] 0 con/ruct$1 or ev] w be1 %\ld yield ! mak] a pr(it at #cel4 ,*eap] x _c be made1 if x be hone/ly ! be/4 ,i h /udi$ & e/imat$ ! co/ bo? ( t[n & c\ntry-made guns1 & am aw>e t ! ,london mak] w\ld be b>ely remun]at$ at ?is rate1 ow+ to ! extra exp5ses he is liable to4 ,b ,i also "k1 )\t d\bt1 t z good guns c be1 & h be51 made 9 ,birm+ham z ev] 7 produc$ 9 ,london3 ! facilities ,birm+ham possesses w always tell 9 t competition4 ,we/ley ,ri*>ds is an example2 = n mu* bett] guns c be manufactur$ ?an he produces daily1 z mo/ ,london gun-mak]s full well "k4 ,let b "s individual1 ) ! head & ! ca%1 try ! exp]im5t ( mak+ guns himself at ,birm+ham1 & a =tune w\ld be ! result2 z bett] workm51 if well look$ aft]1 _c be f\nd 9 ! _w4 ,b _! tal5ts are n[ pro/itut$ 9 ! production ( inf]ior articles2 & :5 want$ are1 ( c\rse1 amiss = any great ef=t4 ,birm+ham is a work%op :]e if "o tool does n suit y y c get ano!r3 if a b>rel be faulty1 or locks inf]ior1 y c h a new "o 9 ! "t a ,london h\se w\ld take 9 ord]+ x4 ,^! rem>ks are n dictat$ by any feel+ ( dislike to ! metropolitan mak]s1 b f a conviction ( _! tru?4 ,e/abli%m5ts l ,joe ,manton's are n met ) 9 ,london n[-a-days--n "o h\se 9 ! bus9ess c ma9ta9 !m4 ,i _c possibly h any wi% to depreciate4 ,:at b5efit w\ld be ga9$ by x8 ,b ,i _c praise ! ,london manufactur] aga9/ conviction2 & ,i am un=tunately too mu* 9 ! secret3 ,i "k too well :]e & h[ ! va/ majority ( ,london guns are made4 ,:y keep up a di/9ction t does n exi/8 ,:y call a gun ,london-made because ! sell] r5ts a %op & calls himself a gun-mak]8 ,:y n at once say1 8,our manufactory is 9 ,birm+ham1 z we f9d we c make bo? bett] & *eap] !re40 ,?is is tru?1 & ought to be told4 ,x is n[ ! extreme ( folly to say1 8,^! are ,brummagem guns30 t t]m only applies to ! 8rubbi%10 ! l[ pric$ article1 :i* no hone/ man has h>dihood en\gh to br& ) 8 own "n1 b sub/itutes t ( "s deceas$ memb] ( ! frat]nity4 ,b :5 s5sible ,london tradesm5 s f> =get !mselves z to designate ! produce ( a 8bro!r *ip0 z 8only ,birm+ham guns10 )\t ev] hav+ se5 or exam9$ t "w1 ,i feel s5sitive on ! po9t2 = ?\gh ! t]m is /rictly correct1 yet ! mean+ is sl&]\s4 ,i h always writt5 & impress$ ^u sportsm5 ! imp]ative necessity ( obta9+ ! v be/ gun t h&s c\ld produce2 ,i urg$ ?is s9c]ely1 & = do+ s feel myself entitl$ to ! gratitude ( all gunmak]s :o delight 9 good "w4 ,yet in/ead ( ! m]it ( my "w be+ appreciat$1 ,i h un=tunately _h to cont5d ) ! secret revil+s ( ^? :o possess n ! he>t or ability to compete ) me4 8,a fair field & no fav\r0 has ev] be5 my motto2 &1 )\t egotism1 ,i c safely (f] to make a gun or guns aga9/ any mak] 9 ! _w4 ,i d n claim ?is ability exclusively2 = ,i c "n sev]al 9 ,birm+ham1 :o1 if !y h ! price1 w n be f> beh9d4 ,i may fe>lessly po9t to ! fact t ?r\gh\t ! :ole bread? ( ,engl& e gunmak] is a copyi/ ( my patt]ns4 ,?ree mon?s aft] ! op5+ ( ! ,p>is ,exhibition1 imitations 7 f\nd 9 e gun-mak]'s %op 9 ,p>is1 labell$1 8,fusils de *asse a l',anglais40 ,bo? ! ,belgians & ,fr5* are mak+ va/ /rides 9 competition ) u4 ,9 ,liege !y h v rec5tly pur*as$ guns by mo/ ( our celebrat$ mak]s z models2 & e "p ( ! gun is be+ imitat$ to ! greate/ nicety4 ,i h be=e allud$ to tw5ty-six ( ,we/ley ,ri*>ds' guns1 =g]ies1 hav+ be5 s5t to ,london2 9 tru? !y h tak5 u z a model1 & if we d n keep go+ ahead1 dep5d ^u x we %all be h>d run4 ,9 e respectable mak]'s %op abroad y w f9d pro( ( ?is fact4 ,i br\ght to ,engl& sev]al specim5s ( _! productions1 & among/ o!rs a pair ( imitation 8,brazi]s' locks20 ^! h be5 %[n to _m mak]s 9 ,birm+ham1 & pron\nc$ unanim\sly a fair pair ( locks3 inde$ no workman 9 ! k+dom b w\ld h tak5 !m to be ( ,engli% manufacture4 ,9 ,p>is !y c>ry _! imitation1 if possible1 f>!r /ill4 ,i saw 9 ,le ,page's e/abli%m5t "s v good "w inde$1 & said s2 rem>k+ t !y 7 v little inf]ior to our be/ ,engli% guns4 8,inf]ior1 inde$60 said he1 8we consid] !m q z good1 ,i assure y30 %[+ evid5tly a wi% to h !m z good4 ,! ,fr5* may excel u 9 ! laudable desire to improve4 ,_! p]iodical ,exposition is a pro( ( ?is4 ,we %\ld h our 8,exposition0 also4 ,look at ! national importance x w\ld give to our arti/s 9 all metals6 h[ _m bright m5 w\ld !n spr+ into notice6 :at an impetus x gives to competition4 ,arti/s & sculptors exhibit ! effects ( _! g5ius3 :y %\ld n gunmak]s also8 ,! highe/ skill is requir$ 9 produc+ a gun3 a fir/-rate gun is inde$ a "w ( art4 ,:y is x n done8 8,self0 is ! /umbl+-block4 ,! fir/ mak]s 8p> excell5ce0 d n enc\rage x1 be+ jeal\s ( be+ beat5 by "s prov9cial4 ,!re wants unanimity1 a co-op]ative feel+1 bo? 9 ,london & ,birm+ham4 ,a well-arrang$ 8,mutual ,improvem5t ,society0 w\ld be ! means ( driv+ ! 8rubbi%0 out ( ! m>ket1 & ! sordid manufactur] into a re=mation ( 8 ways2 x w\ld %[ him t hone/y 9 8 manufactures is z ess5tial z hone/y 9 8 outw>d deal+s4 ,i lam5t t ?is unt[>d feel+ %\ld exi/2 m especially 9 ,birm+ham1 :]e !y possess all ! elem5ts = future prosp]ity3 b ^! are blight$1 f ! want ( an expansive1 lib]al feel+ to ea* o!r4 ,i hope to see ?is /ate ( ?+s atta9$ soon3 ! se$s ( improvem5t are tak+ root4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate4 ,,iii4 ,,/ub ,,twi/ ,,b>rel$ ,,gun ,,/ub ,,damascus ,,b>rel$ ,,gun ,! plate 7,no4 #c7 opposite repres5ts /ub twi/ & /ub ,damascus2 ! =m]1 if prop]ly att5d$ to 9 manufacture1 w long hold its /ation 9 ! con/ruction ( good guns4 ,an excell5t second-rate gun c be made = ab\t #bjl41 ) case1 c4 ,at ?is "t !re are a great numb] made at ?is price3 9 fact1 v few co/ m2 ev5 ^? ( ! be/ production ( ,birm+ham4 ,sup]ior articles to any yet produc$ c\ld be made !re1 if occasion dem&$ x1 & if !re 7 a suffici5cy ( heads to direct & control4 ,! g5]ality ( gunmak]s 9 ,birm+ham are m]ely me*anics1 & :5 y say ?is1 all has be5 said t c be3 a va/ majority ( excell5t workm5 h nev] fir$ a gun1 & "k no?+1 /rictly speak+1 ( its use4 ,a gunmak]1 9 ! true mean+ ( ! ^w1 is1 or ought to be1 an en?usia/2 delight+ 91 & liv+ =1 8 art alone2 )\t be+ clogg$ ) prejudice or ) a /ubborn m9d t refuses to advance1 b animat$ by a _s to conceive & realize ! emanations ( g5ius4 ,i h already suffici5tly enl>g$ ^u ! inf]iority ( b>rels made f *>coal iron4 ,a great quantity ( ^! guns are made or got up = ! g5]al factors1 :o take ord]s = ev]y?+1 f 8a ne$le to an an*or20 b !y manufacture no?+1 & only employ _! money = a mod]ate return4 ,! h>dw>eman is ! pr9cipal sell] ( ?is description ( guns2 he g5]ally pays betwe5 eight & t5 p\nds ea* = !m1 & retails !m at f twelve to f\rte5 p\nds1 if he c make 8 cu/om]s believe t !y are z good z !y c get else:]e = tw5ty p\nds4 ,i h kn[n a tradesman ( ?is k9d sell m guns 9 a season ?an ?ree gun-mak]s 9 ! same t[n dur+ ! same "t4 ,a c]ta9 portion ( ! w>ranty 0 correct1 8t !y 7 z good z c\ld be got else:]e = eighte5 p\nds20 = ! articles1 z f> z b>rels & locks are conc]n$1 are id5tically ! same4 ,un=tunately1 ! g5]ality ( gunmak]s are cont5t to live l ! snail1 :o c>es n h[ ! _w goes1 s long z 8 h\se rema9s :ole above 8 head2 r ?an try to improve _! productions1 or to meet ! exig5cies ( ! times1 !y are cont5t to all[ ! trade to be injur$ by ! influx ( wor?less articles1 to _! own loss & ! discr$it ( ! bus9ess g5]ally4 ,! enorm\s prices :i* g5tlem5 h be5 *>g$ = prov9cial-made guns ( ! mo/ inf]ior quality1 has driv5 !m to obta9 /ill worse at a less co/4 ,an hon\rable & tradesmanlike me?od ( conduct+ bus9ess w always be appreciat$1 & if a gun be requir$ at a l[ figure1 an hone/ly-made article might be furni%$ at a price to suit ! cu/om]1 & ( equal & mutual b5efit to buy] & sell]4 ,b ?is w n d3 high prices or no ord]s is ! rule4 ,x w\ld d v well if no?+ 7 manufactur$ b high-pric$ articles1 z good 9 quality z !y pret5d to be2 b few prov9cial mak]s h ! means to d ?is3 an e/abli%m5t suffici5tly l>ge c only be support$ 9 c]ta9 di/ricts4 ,i mu/ be excus$ = mak+ ^! rem>ks1 z ,i h bo? ! int]e/ ( ! mak]1 comb9$ ) t ( ! sport+ _w1 9 view1 & h no o!r end to s]ve4 ,i d n include all1 only a "p ( ! pr(ession 9 ^! /rictures1 = !re are _m hon\rable exceptions4 ,! ironmong] receives ^! inf]ior guns1 & disposes ( !m z /ub-twi/ b>rels3 he kn[s no o!r1 nor w\ld he c>e if he did4 ,a fla%y outside is v captivat+ to ! novice2 b "o or two ye>s' use w soon %[ ! quality ( ! article3 ! wood !n %r9ks1 ! glue & wax wa% out ( ! fitt+s1 & an app>5tly crazy & break+-up con/itution displays itself mo/ cle>ly3 = "w put toge!r at a c]ta9 price w h only a c]ta9 duration4 ,7 ,i free ( ! gun-mak+ pr(ession entirely1 & ask$ = my consci5ti\s advice 9 ! pur*as+ ( a gun1 ,i %\ld decid$ly say1 buy a gun f no "o :o has n a "* to lose2 :o is n only answ]able = ! article he sells1 b also capable ( judg+ ( ! quality1 & appreciates ! value ( good mat]ials4 ,! trade is ov]-run ) sw>ms ( ,jew salesm5 & o!rs1 :o _c1 nor ev] w be1 able to duly und]/& & appreciate ! responsibility atta*$ to ! pr(ession ( a gun-mak]4 ,!re h be5 individuals 9 ,birm+ham :o realis$ consid]able sums by manufactur+ guns ( ?is quality only = two or ?ree sale %ops ( puff+ celebrity 9 ,london1 & s ext5sive are _! ord]s /ill1 t an engrav] is kept 9 full employm5t by !m1 ! excell5ce ( ^: =g$ imitations ( names1 c41 is wond]ful3 s devoid ( %ame & debas$ 9 intellect d m5 become f p]sev]ance 9 evil4 ,joe ,manton's guns h become l pictures ( celebrat$ ma/]s2 _h he produc$ "o p] h\r dur+ 8 exi/5ce1 he c\ld n h made "o-half ( ! numb] t be> 8 "n4 ,guns made ( ?reep5ny skelp iron are pl5tifully to be met ) 9 sale-%ops & pawnbrok+ e/abli%m5ts2 !y g5]ally be> false col\rs & hail f fictiti\s ports1 & are b$eck$ ) pa9t$ /ocks & tawdry imitation gold & silv] ornam5ts2 b z to ! me*anical arrangem5t1 to use a ,brummagism1 !y are z if !y _h be5 pit*$ toge!r4 ,a dec5t gun c\ld be made ) b>rels ( ?is quality1 if con/ruct$ a little heavi] ?an usual2 & x w\ld be p]fectly safe1 & suit$ = ! use ( ^? :o c\ld n pur*ase bett]3 if firm & s\ndly fitt$ up1 ) dec5t locks1 s\nd /ock1 c41 x w\ld be wor? ab\t eight gu9eas2 b y c get !m by ! hundr$ 9 ,birm+ham = #cl4 #aes4 ea*1 &1 if y p>ticul>ly wi% x1 at #bl4 #aes41 or less2 & s+le guns1 ) plat$ b>rels1 ab\t half t sum4 ,we h n[ rea*$ ! utmo/ limits ( civilization1 & are ab\t to pass ! great des]t1 :]e sci5ce is nev] se5 or he>d (1 except x be 9 ! pret5ces ( an inv5tor ( deceptions3 ?+s ( wood & iron1 call$ guns4 ,pocket volcanoes w\ld be a fitt] title1 or portable explod]s--= no "o c possibly expect any?+ b de/ruction :o uses su* comp\nds ( dang]\s contrivances4 ,b = ! edification ( ^? :o use su*1 we give ! prices ( ea* "p & co/ ( manufacture ( !m3 ! /atem5t is lit]ally true2 &1 except t by possibility ! items may v>y a p5ny or two1 ! :ole is sub/antially correct4 ,co/ ( ,mat]ial & ,workm5's ,prices = mak+ ,d\ble & ,s+le ,guns1 ) 8,twop5ny0 or 8,w$nesbury ,skelp ,iron0 ,twi/ ,b>rels4 ,,d\ble ,,guns4 s4 d4 ,d\ble b>rels1 twi/1 pat5t bree*$ #ab #j ,pair ( locks #b #j ,wood = /ock #j #f ,set ( ca/ furniture #j #e ,/ock+ #b #j ,screw+ toge!r #c #j ,p]cussion+ #b #j ,poli%+ & engrav+ #a #j ,v>ni%+ 7includ+ pa9t+7 #j #f ,br[n+ #j #f ,f9i%+ #c #j ,ramrod1 tip1 & worm #j #f ,small "w1 nails1 escut*eons1 wood1 screws1 c4 #a #j ---------- #a #h #e ---------- ,,s+le ,,guns4 s4 d4 ,s+le b>rel1 twi/1 c4 #e #i ,lock #a #j ,wood = /ock #j #f ,set ( ca/ furniture #d #j ,/ock+ #a #j ,screw+ toge!r #b #j ,p]cussion+ #a #j ,poli%+ & engrav+ #j #h ,/ock v>ni%+ & pa9t+ #j #d ,b>rel br[n+ #j #d ,f9i%+ #b #j ,ramrod1 tip1 & worm #j #f ,small "w1 c4 #j #h -------- #af #a -------- ,common iron b>rels plat$ ) ?is iron c be furni%$ by b>rel-mak]s1 d\ble = eight %ill+s p] pair1 s+le = f\r %ill+s ea*2 :i* d$uct$ f ea*1 gives d\ble complete1 #al4 #ds4 #h;d41 & s+le #ads4 #d;d4 ea*2 & = ^! we h kn[n ! factor *>ge ! ironmong]1 d\ble3 #cl4 #ajs4 ea*1 & #al4 #aes4 s+le2 s x is /rictly an imposition on bo? sides1 "o *>g+ #el41 & ! o!r #cl4 ,n[ = ! next3 bad z is ! prec$+1 ?is is inf9itely worse2 ! =m] co/s two-p5ce p] p\nd1 ! pres5t v>ies f "o p5ny to "o p5ny f>?+ p] p\nd4 8,%am damn iron0 is simil> 9 nature to brass2 a metal ) fibres c]ta9ly1 b !y are l ! fibres ( will[ comp>$ to oak3 x is an iron s(t & spongy1 capable ( be+ cond5s$ to an imm5se degree4 ,all slave gun-b>rels are made ( x4 ,mungo ,p>k detail$ "s ( ! lam5table atrocities committ$ by ^! guns bur/+4 ,! _m ?\s&s ( mutilat$ wret*es :o h liv$ to curse ! cupidity ( _! fell[-m51 =m n a bright side 9 ! picture ( human nature2 b 7 y to bawl into ! e>s ( ^? employ$ 9 ! con/ruction1 all ^! & a ?\s& m su* direful effects ( _! h&iwork1 y w\ld n abate "o 9 ! numb] ( ^! man-traps4 ,co/ ( ,guns made ( ,%am ,damn ,iron4 ,,d\ble ,,guns4 s4 d4 ,d\ble b>rels1 pla9 iron1 ) side huts1 p] pair #g #j ,locks #a #f ,wood = /ock #j #f ,/ock+ #a #b ,furniture #j #e ,screw+ toge!r #b #j ,p]cussion+ #a #d ,poli%+ & engrav+ #j #i ,v>ni%+ & pa9t+ /ock #j #d ,pa9t+ twi/ b>rels #j #d ,rod1 tip1 worm #j #d ,small "w #j #g -------- ,total #af #j -------- ,,s+le ,,guns4 s4 d4 ,s+le b>rel1 ribb$ & bree*$ #c #h ,lock #j #i ,wood = /ock #j #f ,/ock+ #j #h ,furniture #j #d ,screw+ toge!r #a #d ,p]cussion+ #j #i ,poli%+ & engrav+ #j #f ,v>ni%+ & pa9t+ /ock #j #d ,pa9t+ twi/$ b>rel #j #c ,rod1 tip1 worm #j #d ,small "w #j #d -------- ,total #aj #i -------- ,! above guns are sold to ! factor1 at #bjl4 & #abl4 ! score respectively4 ,! ,jews sometimes get ev5 !m at t1 or a l[] price1 z money happ5s to be pl5tiful or sc>ce4 ,!re is a description ( tradesm5 9 ?is t[n ( h>dw>e1 ^: e/abli%m5ts be> ! euphoni\s titles ( ! 8slaught] %op0 & 8blood h\se20 & 9 ^! emporiums ( ! productions ( ! ne$y2 may be obta9$ gunn]y ( all k9ds1 z well z all o!r mat]ial1 ! productions ( ,birm+ham4 ,if ! article co/s little manufactur+1 x co/s ^! m5 /ill less4 ,! slaught]-ma/] is a cormorant1 :o swall[s ! sub/ance ( ! weak1 & once pa/ 8 awful jaws he _c be made to disgorge4 ,"h it9]ant h>dw>em5 f9d an abundant supply3 he has always a /ock4 ,! wants ( ! poor are always press+1 & ! gun-mak+ portions ( ! inhabitants ( ,birm+ham are n ov] provid5t1 seldom c>+ = :at to-morr[ may br+ =?4 ,! pa9t$ pair ( %ams is fa9tly portray$ 9 ! opposite engrav+ 7,plate #d72 & ! un9itiat$ may be able to detect :at ,i h endeav\r$ to acqua9t !m )4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate4 ,,iv4 ,,*>coal ,,iron ,,b>rel$ ,,gun ,,?reep5ny ,,iron ,,b>rel$ ,,gun ,illu/ration3 ,,plate4 ,v4 ,,twop5ny ,,iron ,,b>rel$ ,,gun ,a ,,%am ,,damn ,,b>rel$ ,,gun ,i %all j give ! co/ ( ! v>i\s items 9 ! fitt+-up ( an imitation gun = ! ,african m>ket1 comb9$ ) an imitation musket = ! same2 ! =m] is n s desp]ately bad z ! latt]1 ! "o be+ b>ely half an in* 9 ! bore1 ! o!r full ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*1 & yet _! weights are n dissimil>4 ,y c h a %ipload ( ^! = #es4 #i;d4 ea*4 ,x is satisfactory to "k t !y s5d p[d] ) !m ( correspond+ quality4 ,co/ ( 8,african guns0 alias 8,p>k ,pal+40 s4 d4 ,common musket b>rel1 or bird+ b>rel #b #j ,lock #j #d ,/ock #j #d ,/ock+ #j #e ,brass furniture #j #c-a_/b ,screw+ toge!r1 & f9i%+ #j #i ,poli%+ & h>d5+1 hamm]1 c4 #j #d ,/eel rod #j #c ,br[n+ & pa9t+ b>rel & /ock #j #d ,small items #j #c ------------ ,total #e #c-a_/b ------------ ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,pro( ,,( ,,gun ,,b>rels4 ,= a consid]able p]iod subsequ5tly to ! introduction ( ! manufacture ( gunn]y into ,engl&1 !re exi/$ no public pro(1 or te/1 = ! goodness & safety ( b>rels2 fur!r ?an t ! feel+ ( ! mak] induc$ him to protect ! limbs ( 8 cu/om]4 ,ev5 s e>ly z ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! bias ( human nature to evil began to be display$ 9 ! production ( mat]ials = guns1 ! use ( :i* 0 att5d$ ) loss ( bo? life & limb4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! frequ5t bur/+ ( inf]ior guns1 ! ,company ( ,gunmak]s ( ! ,city ( ,london in/itut$ a pro(-h\se1 to :i* ! b>rels ( respectable mak]s 7 all s5t to be prov$4 ,! ,ea/ ,india ,company requir$ all _! muskets to und]go ! same te/2 h5ce x became a cu/om to h b>rels prov$ !re3 _m also und]w5t an extra te/ on ! premises ( ! manufactur]2 s jeal\s 7 sportsm51 & s necess>y 0 x deem$ to provide aga9/ any possibility ( accid5t4 ,?us x 0 %[n cle>ly t laws are n always requir$ to c>ry out c]ta9 results1 b t x is sometimes pref]able to all[ matt]s ( ?is k9d to be arrang$ accord+ to ! k ( ! p>ties int]e/$2 = frequ5tly :5 an individual is aw>e t !re is a law "u :i*1 9 case ( ne$1 he c %elt] himself--z _m d at ?is day 9 case ( guns bur/+--he becomes c>eless3 he has always a ready answ]1 8,i c assure y ! b>rel 0 prov$2 & !re mu/ h be5 "s un=tunate cause = h] go+3 y c\ld n h ramm$ ! wadd+ home1 or y mu/ h put 9 an extra *>ge10 & su* l excuses4 ,x is nev] = a mom5t suppos$ t !re 0 any insuffici5cy 9 ! pro(4 ,! great dem& = rubbi% ( a villan\s description dur+ ! exi/5ce ( ! slave trade1 induc$ "s philan?ropic g5tlem5 9 ,birm+ham to f\nd a ,company1 ) suitable premises1 = ! pro( ( all gun b>rels2 & an ,act ( ,p>liam5t 0 obta9$ 9 ! ye> #ahac1 incorporat+ ! body4 ,! fir/ ,act prov$ insuffici5t1 z ! ,birm+ham mak]s f\nd easy means ( evad+ x2 s !y _h to obta9 a fre% ,act 9 #ahae1 by :i* p>ties receiv+ any b>rel to rib1 /ock1 c41 )\t its hav+ previ\sly be5 prov$1 became liable to a p5alty ( tw5ty p\nds1 & n less ?an tw5ty %ill+s3 x also enact$ t any p]son or p]sons mak+ & sell+ any gun1 ! b>rels ( :i* _h n be5 prov$ at ei!r ?is or ! ,london pro(-h\se1 became liable to ! same p5alty2 & x fur!r enact$1 t any p]son or p]sons =g+ ! /amps or m>ks ( ei!r ( ! two pro(-h\ses1 %\ld be liable to ! same p5alties1 & 9 default ( paym5t1 to a c]ta9 t]m ( imprisonm5t1 c4 ,x also ord]$1 t all b>rels be prov$ ) ! quantity ( p[d] 9 proportion to ! v>i\s bores enum]at$ 9 ! table4 ,! sev]e1 b j1 /rictures ca/ ^u ! lax nature ( ?is ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 & ! equally lax way 9 :i* its provisions 7 c>ri$ out 7individual b5efit be+ held to be ! mo/ important elem5t 9 ! int]pretation71 imp]atively call$ = an imm$iate improvem5t4 ,! heavy d5unciations :i* ,i felt b\nd to visit on ! defective work+ ( ?is 8miscall$ pro( ( gun b>rels0 9 my =m] works1 at l5g? op5$ ! eyes1 n only ( ! sportsman & ! trade1 b also ( ! ,gov]nm5t2 & 7,i believe 9 #ahed7 x 0 intimat$ to ! pro( companies ( ,london & ,birm+ham t ! "t _h arriv$ 8:5 gun b>rels %\ld be prov$ 9 reality20 & t if ! initiative 0 n tak5 by ! trade1 ! ,gov]nm5t 7 prep>$ to introduce a public ,act ( ,p>liam5t = t purpose4 ,! natural consequ5ce foll[$1 & 9 #ahee an ,act 0 pass$ entitl$ 8,! ,gun ,b>rel ,pro( ,act #ahee10 by :i* mo/ ext5sive p[]s are delegat$ to ! two companies4 ,! clause ( mo/ vital importance enacts t all gun b>rels %all be prov$ twice2 fir/ 9 ! r\gh1 :i* is call$ provisional pro(2 & secondly1 :5 ! b>rels are sold]$ toge!r1 bree*$1 & p]cussion$4 ,?us1 9 a comp>atively f9i%$ /ate1 :5 all ! necess>y r$uctions & o!r op]ations h be5 effect$1 ! b>rels become prop]ly te/$4 ,n only ! metal ( ! b>rels & ! s\ndness ( ! bree*es1 b ! screw+ 9 ( ! nipples is prov$--a mo/ important *eck on a v important bran* ( workman%ip1 & :i* if imp]fectly done r5d]s ! gun dang]\s4 ,! fir/ regulation enacts t 8b>rels are n to be made up unless prov$1 & m>k$ z prov$40 #bnd4 ,small arms are n to be sold or export$ unless prov$1 & m>k$ z prov$4 #crd4 ,b>rels provisionally prov$ & r$uc$ 9 /r5g? are to be deem$ unprov$4 #d?4 ,b>rels r$uc$ s t ! m>k does n repres5t ! pro( are to be deem$ unprov$4 #e?4 ,b>rels ) m>ks defac$ are to be deem$ unprov$4 #f?4 ,b>rels ) m>ks remov$ are to be deem$ unprov$4 #g?4 ,b>rels are to be m>k$ accord+ to scale4 ,"h foll[s a li/ ( (f5ces3-- ,,xcix4 ,e p]son committ+ any ( ! foll[+ (f5ces %all = e su* (f5ce be guilty ( a misdemean\r1 & %all at ! discretion ( ! c\rt be s5t5c$ to imprisonm5t1 ) or )\t h>d lab\r1 = n m ?an ?ree ye>s1 to wit3 #a4 ,e p]son :o =ges or c\nt]feits any /amp or any "p ( any /amp already or h]eaft] provid$ or us$ by ei!r ( ! two companies = ! m>k+ ( any b>rel3 #b4 ,e p]son :o sells or p>ts ) ! possession ( any su* =g$ or c\nt]feit /amp or "p ( a /amp1 kn[+ ! same to be =g$ or c\nt]feit3 #c4 ,e p]son :o kn[+ly m>ks any b>rel ) any su* =g$ or c\nt]feit /amp or ) any "p ( su* =g$ or c\nt]feit /amp3 #d4 ,e p]son :o makes up any b>rel s m>k$1 kn[+ ! same to be s m>k$3 #e4 ,e p]son :o sells or p>ts ) ! possession ( any b>rel s m>k$1 kn[+ ! same to be s m>k$3 #f4 ,e p]son :o =ges or c\nt]feits or by any means :atev] produces an imitation ^u any b>rel ( any m>k or ( any "p ( any m>k ( any /amp already or h]eaft] provid$ or us$ by ei!r ( ! two companies = ! m>k+ ( any b>rel3 #g4 ,e p]son :o sells or p>ts ) ! possession ( any su* m>k or "p ( a m>k1 kn[+ ! same to be =g$ or c\nt]feit or an imitation3 #h4 ,e p]son :o transposes or removes f any b>rel to any o!r b>rel any m>k or any "p ( any m>k ( any /amp already or h]eaft] provid$ or us$ by ei!r ( ! two companies = mak+ any b>rel3 #i4 ,e p]son :o %all h 9 8 possession or :o %all "p ) ! possession ( any m>k or any "p ( any m>k s transpos$ or remov$1 kn[+ ! same to be transpos$ or remov$3 #aj4 ,e p]son )\t lawful excuse1 ! pro( :]e( %all lie on him1 hav+ 9 8 possession any su* =g$ or c\nt]feit /amp or "p ( a /amp1 or any su* =g$ or c\nt]feit m>k or imitation ( a m>k1 or any su* transpos$ or remov$ m>k1 kn[+ ! same respectively to be =g$1 c\nt]feit1 imitat$1 m>k$1 transpos$1 or remov$3 #aa4 ,e p]son :o cuts or sev]s f any b>rel any m>k or any "p ( any m>k ( any /amp already or h]eaft] provid$ or us$ by ei!r ( ! two companies = ! /amp+ ( any b>rel1 ) int5t t su* m>k or su* "p ( a m>k be plac$ ^u or jo9$ or affix$ to any o!r b>rel3 #ab4 ,e p]son :o places ^u or jo9s or affixes to any b>rel any su* m>k or "p ( a m>k s cut or sev]$3 #ac4 ,e p]son :o1 ) int5t to defraud1 uses any g5u9e /amp already or h]eaft] provid$ or us$ by ei!r ( ! two companies = ! m>k+ ( any b>rel3 #ad4 ,e p]son :o =ges or c\nt]feits1 or by any means produces an imitation ^u any b>rel ( any m>k1 or ( any "p ( any m>k1 ( any /amp ( a =eign c\ntry regi/]$ by ! two companies pursuant to ! provisions ( ?is ,act4 ,c4 ,e p]son committ+ any ( ! foll[+ (f5ces %all = e su* (f5ce be subject to a p5alty z foll[s1 to wit3 #a4 ,e p]son sell+ or ex*ang+1 or expos+ or keep+ = sale1 or export+ or import+1 or attempt+ to export or import f or to ,engl&1 or hav+ 9 8 possession )\t lawful excuse 7! pro( :]e( %all lie ^u him71 any b>rel hav+ !reupon any m>k ( any =g$ or c\nt]feit /amp or "p ( a /amp already or h]eaft] provid$ or us$ by ei!r ( ! two companies = m>k+ any b>rel1 or hav+ !reupon any =g$ or c\nt]feit m>k or imitation ( a m>k ( any /amp or "p ( a /amp s provid$ or us$1 or hav+ !reupon any m>k ( any /amp or "p ( a /amp s provid$ or us$1 su* m>k hav+ be5 transpos$ or remov$ !reto f any o!r b>rel1 %all = e su* b>rel s sold or ex*ang$1 or expos$ or kept = sale1 or export$ or import$1 or attempt$ to be export$ or import$1 or s 9 8 possession1 =feit n exce$+ tw5ty p\nds3 #b4 ,e p]son sell+ or ex*ang+ or expos+ or keep+ = sale1 or export+ or attempt+ to export f ,engl&1 any small arm1 ! b>rel or b>rels :]e( are n "u ?is ,act duly prov$ & m>k$ z prov$1 %all = e su* b>rel =feit n exce$+ tw5ty p\nds3 #c4 ,e p]son fraudul5tly eras+1 oblit]at+1 or defac+1 or fraudul5tly caus+ to be eras$1 oblit]at$1 or defac$ f any b>rel1 any m>k or any "p ( any m>k ( any /amp already or h]eaft] provid$ or us$ by ei!r ( ! two companies = ! m>k+ ( b>rels1 %all = e su* (f5ce =feit n exce$+ tw5ty p\nds3 #d4 ,e p]son deliv]+ or s5d+ or caus+ or procur+ to be deliv]$ or s5t = sale1 or "u pret5ce ( sale1 or remov+1 consign+1 or transmitt+1 or caus+ or procur+ to be remov$1 consign$1 or transmitt$ = sale1 or "u pret5ce ( sale1 any small arm1 ! b>rel or b>rels :]e( are n duly prov$ at ! ,pro(-h\se ( ! ,gunmak]s' ,company1 or ! ,birm+ham ,pro(-h\se1 or "s o!r public pro(-h\se e/abli%$ by law1 & m>k$ z prov$1 %all1 = e small arm s deliv]$ or s5t1 or caus$ or procur$ to be deliv]$ or s5t1 or remov$1 consign$1 or transmitt$1 or caus$ or procur$ to be remov$1 consign$1 or transmitt$1 =feit n exce$+ tw5ty p\nds4 ,! prec$+ li/ ( (f5ces aga9/ ! prop] conduct+ ( ! gun manufacture h be5 f\nd1 aft] ne>ly ?ree ye>s' exp]i5ce1 to fulfil ! int5tions ( ! fram]s#ab ( ! bill4 ,und\bt$ly a mu* m heal?y tone has be5 giv5 to ! con/itution ( ! trade2 & x is to be f]v5tly hop$ t x w entirely eradicate ! evil ( produc+ su* a va/ am\nt ( wor?less & dang]\s guns4 ,! d\ble-pro( has be5 too mu* = _m ( ! 8%am damns40 ,no d\bt mu* rema9s to be done ev5 yet2 b ! trade is progress+ t[>ds convalesc5ce1 aft] ?is sev]e purg+4 ,) ^! rem>ks ,i %all introduce s*$ule ,b ( ! new ,act4 #ab ,i _h ! hon\r ( be+ "o ( a committee to frame ! clauses4 ,,s*$ule 7,b47 ,,rules ,,& ,,regulations ,,applicable ,,to ,,! ,,pro( ,,( ,,small ,,arms4 ,classification ( ,small ,arms4 ,fir/ ,class4--,compris+ s+le-b>rell$ milit>y arms ( smoo? bore4 ,second ,class4--,compris+ d\ble-b>rell$ milit>y arms ( smoo? bore1 & rifl$ arms ( e description1 :e!r ( "o or m b>rels1 or con/ruct$ ( pla9 or twi/$ iron4 ,?ird ,class4--,compris+ e description ( s+le-b>rell$ bird+ & f[l+-pieces = fir+ small %ot2 & also ^? kn[n by ! names ( ,dani%1 ,dut*1 ,c>ol9a1 & ,spani%4 ,f\r? ,class4--,compris+ e description ( d\ble-b>rell$ bird+ & f[l+-pieces = fir+ small %ot4 ,fif? ,class4--,compris+ revolv+ & bree*-load+ small arms ( e description & sy/em4 ,rule ( ,pro(4 ,! gunp[d] us$ = pro( %all be ( equal quality & /r5g? ) t :i* is n[ us$ by ! ,hon\rable ,bo>d ( ,ordnance4 ,! balls us$ = ! pro( ( b>rels ( all classes %all be ( lead1 & sph]ical1 & ( ! size & weight prescrib$ by ! scale = pro(4 ,b>rels = arms ( ! second class & ( ! f\r? class1 & = bree*-load+ arms ( ! fif? class1 %all be prov$ provisionally & def9itively1 & b>rels = all o!r arms %all be prov$ once def9itively4 ,conditions prec$5t to ,pro(4 ,b>rels = arms ( ! fir/ class %all n be qualifi$ = pro( until !y %all be 9 a fit & prop] /ate = sett+ up4 ,b>rels = arms ( ! ?ird class %all n be qualifi$ = pro( until !y %all be 9 a fit & prop] /ate = sett+ up1 ) ! prop] bree*es 92 & all b>rels lump$ = p]cussion+ %all be prov$ ?r\gh ! nipple hole1 ) ! prop] p9s or plugs 94 ,b>rels = arms ( ! second & f\r? classes3 ,= provisional pro(3--,if ( pla9 metal1 %all be bor$ & gr\nd1 hav+ plugs atta*$1 ) t\*-holes drill$ 9 ! plugs1 ( a diamet] n exce$+ "o-sixte5? ( an in*4 ,if any t\*-hole %all be enl>g$1 f any cause :atev]1 to a dim5sion exce$+ 9 diamet] "o-t5? ( an in*1 ! b>rel %all be disqualifi$ = pro(4 ,not*es 9 ! plugs in/ead ( drill$ t\*-holes %all disqualify = pro(4 ,if ( twi/$ metal1 !y %all be f9e-bor$1 & /ruck up1 ) prov+ plugs atta*$1 & t\*-holes drill$ z 9 ! case ( pla9 metal b>rels4 ,= def9itive pro(3--,! b>rels1 :e!r ( pla9 or twi/$ metal1 %all be 9 ! f9i%$ /ate1 ready = sett+ up1 ) ! bree*es 9 ! p]cussion$ /ate1 break-(fs fitt$ & locks jo9t$2 ! top & bottom ribs %all be r\gh /ruck up1 pipes1 loops1 & /opp]s on4 ,all rifle b>rels mu/ be rifl$2 ! top & bottom ribs ( d\ble b>rels %all be /ruck up1 pipes1 loops1 & /opp]s on1 ! prop] bree*es 91 & ! ?read ( ! screws %all be suffici5tly s\nd & full = pro(4 ,b>rels = revolv+ arms ( ! fif? class %all h ! cyl9d]s ) ! revolv+ action atta*$ & complete4 ,b>rels = bree*-load+ arms ( ! fif? class %all be subject to provisional pro(1 accord+ to ! class to :i* !y belong1 & to def9itive pro( :5 ! bree*-load+ action is atta*$ & complete4 ,m>ks ( ,pro(4 ,! m>ks applicable to ! def9itive pro( %all be ! pro( & view m>ks n[ us$ by ! two companies respectively4 ,! m>ks applicable to ! provisional pro( = ! ,gunmak]s ,company %all be ! lett]s 7,g4,p47 int]lac$ 9 a cyph] surm\nt$ by a lion rampant1 & = ! ,birm+ham ,company %all be ! lett]s 7,b4,p47 int]lac$ 9 a cyph] surm\nt$ by a ,cr[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,london m>ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,birm+ham m>ks4 ,mode ( affix+ ,pro( ,m>ks4 ,on arms ( ! fir/ & ?ird classes ! def9itive pro( m>k & view m>k %all be impress$ at ! bree* end ( ! b>rel1 & if ! b>rel be con/ruct$ ) a pat5t bree*1 ! view m>k %all be also impress$ ^u ! bree*4 ,on arms ( ! second1 f\r?1 & fif? classes1 ! provisional pro( m>k %all be impress$ at ! bree* end ( ! b>rel2 ! def9itive pro( m>k & view m>k %all be impress$ ^u ! b>rel above ! provisional pro( m>k2 & if ! b>rel be con/ruct$ ) a pat5t bree*1 or ) revolv+ cyl9d]s or *amb]s1 ! view m>k %all be also impress$ ^u ! bree*1 or ^u ea* ( ! cyl9d]s or *amb]s ) :i* ! b>rel is connect$1 z ! case may be4 ,on all b>rels ! gauge size ( ! b>rel %all be /ruck1 bo? at ! provisional & at ! def9itive pro(4 ,scale = ,pro(4 ,! ,scale foll[+ %[s ! ,proportions ( ,gunp[d] applicable "u ! =ego+ ,rules & ,regulations to ! ,pro( ( ! v>i\s ,classes ( ,arms z di/+ui%$ by ! ,trade ,numb]s indicat+ ! ,calibre4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,*>ges ( ,p[d] ,numb] ,diamet] ,diamet] ,weight ( = ,pro(4 ( ( ,bore by ( ,balls =,balls =------------------ ,gauge4,calculation4 ,pro(4 ,pro(4 ,fir/ ,class4 ------------------ ,def9itive ,pro(4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- in*es4 in*es4 gra9s4 gra9s4 ozs4 drs4 #a #affi #afdi #fgeb #dhab #aa 444 #b #acbe #acje #ccdb #bcbd #e #e #c #aaeg #aajg #bbaa #aeca #c #h #d #ajeb #ajcb #afdi #aagf #b #aa #e #igf #ief #acae #icj #b #b #f #hai #hii #ajij #gff #a #ab #g #hgc #hec #ica #fef #a #h #h #hce #hae #hab #fjb #a #f #i #hjc #ghc #gbj #dib #a #b #aj #gge #gee #fdf #dfe #a #a #aa #gea #gca #ehf #dcg 444 #af #ab #gbi #gji #ece #dcg 444 #af #ac #gaj #fij #dic #daj 444 #ae #ad #fic #fgc #deg #chc 444 #ad #ae #fgg #feg #dbe #chc 444 #ad #af #ffb #fdb #cii #cfi 444 #ac-a_/b #ag #fdi #fbi #cgd #cfi 444 #ac-a_/b #ah #fcg #fag #ceb #cdb 444 #ab-a_/b #ai #fbf #fjf #ccd #cja 444 #aa #bj #fae #eie #caf #bgc 444 #aj #ba #fje #ehe #cjj #bgc 444 #aj #bb #eif #egf #bhg #bdf 444 #i #bc #ehg #efg #bgd #bdf 444 #i #bd #egi #eei #bfb #bcb 444 #h-a_/b #be #ega #eea #bea #bcb 444 #h-a_/b #bf #efc #edc #bdb #bcb 444 #h-a_/b #bg #eef #ecf #bca #bcb 444 #h-a_/b #bh #eej #ecj #bbc #bcb 444 #h-a_/b #bi #edc #ebc #bad #bje 444 #g-a_/b #cj #ecg #eag #bjg #bje 444 #g-a_/b #ca #eca #eaa --- #bje 444 #g-a_/b #cb #ebf #ejf #aid #bje 444 #g-a_/b #cc #ebj #ejj --- #aia 444 #g #cd #eae #die #ahb #aia 444 #g #ce #eaj #dij --- #aia 444 #g #cf #ejf #dhf #agb #aia 444 #g #cg #eja #dha --- #aia 444 #g #ch #dig #dgg #afb #agh 444 #f-a_/b #ci #dib #dgb --- #agh 444 #f-a_/b #dj #dhh #dfh #aed #agh 444 #f-a_/b #da #dhd #dfd --- #afd 444 #f #db #dhj #dfj #adf #afd 444 #f #dc #dgf #def --- #afd 444 #f #dd #dgc #dec #aci #afd 444 #f #de #dfi #ddi --- #aej 444 #e-a_/b #df #dff #ddf #acc #aej 444 #e-a_/b #dg #dfc #ddc --- #aej 444 #e-a_/b #dh #dei #dci #abg #aej 444 #e-a_/b #di #def #dcf --- #aej 444 #e-a_/b #ej #dec #dcc #abb #aej 444 #e-a_/b ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,*>ges ( ,p[d] = ,pro(4 ,numb]---------------------------------- --------------------- ( ,second ,class4 ,?ird ,class4 ,gauge4--------------------------------- --------------------- ,provisional ,pro(4 ,def9itive ,pro(4 ,def9itive ,pro(4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- gra9s4 ozs4 drs4 gra9s4 ozs4 drs4 gra9s4 ozs4 drs4 #a #dhab #aa 444 #bdjf #e #h #chej #h #ab-c_/d #b #bcbd #e #e #aafb #b #aj-a_/b #ahei #d #d #c #aeca #c #h #gff #a #ab #abbe #b #ab-c_/d #d #aagf #b #aa #ehh #a #e-a_/b #ida #b #b-a_/b #e #icj #b #b #dfe #a #a #gdd #a #aa-a_/d #f #gff #a #ab #chc 444 #ad #fab #a #f-a_/b #g #fef #a #h #cbh 444 #ab #ebe #a #c-a_/d #h #fjb #a #f #cja 444 #aa #dha #a #a-a_/b #i #dib #a #b #bdf 444 #i #cid 444 #ad-a_/b #aj #dfe #a #a #bcb 444 #h-a_/b #cgb 444 #ac-a_/b #aa #dcg 444 #af #bai 444 #h #cej 444 #ab-c_/d #ab #dcg 444 #af #bai 444 #h #cej 444 #ab-c_/d #ac #daj 444 #ae #bje 444 #g-a_/b #cbh 444 #ab #ad #chc 444 #ad #aia 444 #g #cjf 444 #aa-a_/d #ae #chc 444 #ad #aia 444 #g #cjf 444 #aa-a_/d #af #cfi 444 #ac-a_/b #ahe 444 #f-c_/d #bie 444 #aj-c_/d #ag #cfi 444 #ac-a_/b #ahe 444 #f-c_/d #bie 444 #aj-c_/d #ah #cdb 444 #ab-a_/b #aga 444 #f-a_/d #bgc 444 #aj #ai #cja 444 #aa #aej 444 #e-a_/b #bda 444 #h-c_/d #bj #bgc 444 #aj #acg 444 #e #bai 444 #h #ba #bgc 444 #aj #acg 444 #e #bai 444 #h #bb #bdf 444 #i #abc 444 #d-a_/b #aig 444 #g-a_/d #bc #bdf 444 #i #abc 444 #d-a_/b #aig 444 #g-a_/d #bd #bcb 444 #h-a_/b #aaf 444 #d-a_/d #ahf 444 #f-c_/d #be #bcb 444 #h-a_/b #aaf 444 #d-a_/d #ahf 444 #f-c_/d #bf #bcb 444 #h-a_/b #aaf 444 #d-a_/d #ahf 444 #f-c_/d #bg #bcb 444 #h-a_/b #aaf 444 #d-a_/d #ahf 444 #f-c_/d #bh #bcb 444 #h-a_/b #aaf 444 #d-a_/d #ahf 444 #f-c_/d #bi #bje 444 #g-a_/b #ajb 444 #c-c_/d #afd 444 #f #cj #bje 444 #g-a_/b #ajb 444 #c-c_/d #afd 444 #f #ca #bje 444 #g-a_/b #ajb 444 #c-c_/d #afd 444 #f #cb #bje 444 #g-a_/b #ajb 444 #c-c_/d #afd 444 #f #cc #aia 444 #g #if 444 #c-a_/b #aec 444 #e-a_/b #cd #aia 444 #g #if 444 #c-a_/b #aec 444 #e-a_/b #ce #aia 444 #g #if 444 #c-a_/b #aec 444 #e-a_/b #cf #aia 444 #g #if 444 #c-a_/b #aec 444 #e-a_/b #cg #aia 444 #g #if 444 #c-a_/b #aec 444 #e-a_/b #ch #agh 444 #f-a_/b #hi 444 #c-a_/d #adb 444 #e-a_/d #ci #agh 444 #f-a_/b #hi 444 #c-a_/d #adb 444 #e-a_/d #dj #agh 444 #f-a_/b #hi 444 #c-a_/d #adb 444 #e-a_/d #da #afd 444 #f #hb 444 #c #aca 444 #d-c_/d #db #afd 444 #f #hb 444 #c #aca 444 #d-c_/d #dc #afd 444 #f #hb 444 #c #aca 444 #d-c_/d #dd #afd 444 #f #hb 444 #c #aca 444 #d-c_/d #de #aej 444 #e-a_/b #ge 444 #b-c_/d #abj 444 #d-a_/b #df #aej 444 #e-a_/b #ge 444 #b-c_/d #abj 444 #d-a_/b #dg #aej 444 #e-a_/b #ge 444 #b-c_/d #abj 444 #d-a_/b #dh #aej 444 #e-a_/b #ge 444 #b-c_/d #abj 444 #d-a_/b #di #aej 444 #e-a_/b #ge 444 #b-c_/d #abj 444 #d-a_/b #ej #aej 444 #e-a_/b #ge 444 #b-c_/d #abj 444 #d-a_/b ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------- --- ,*>ges ( ,p[d] = ,pro(4 ,numb]---------------------------------- --- ( ,f\r? ,class4 ,gauge4--------------------------------- --- ,provisional ,pro(4 ,def9itive ,pro(4 ---------------------------------------- -- gra9s4 ozs4 drs4 gra9s4 ozs4 drs4 #a #chej #h #ab-c_/d #bdjf #e #h #b #ahei #d #d #aafb #b #aj-a_/b #c #abbe #b #ab-c_/d #gff #a #ab #d #ida #b #b-a_/b #ehh #a #e-a_/b #e #gdd #a #aa-a_/d #dfe #a #a #f #fab #a #f-a_/b #chc 444 #ad #g #ebe #a #c-a_/d #cbh 444 #ab #h #dha #a #a-a_/b #cja 444 #aa #i #cid 444 #ad-a_/b #bdf 444 #i #aj #cgb 444 #ac-a_/b #bcb 444 #h-a_/b #aa #cej 444 #ab-c_/d #bai 444 #h #ab #cej 444 #ab-c_/d #bai 444 #h #ac #cbh 444 #ab #bje 444 #g-a_/b #ad #cjf 444 #aa-a_/d #aia 444 #g #ae #cjf 444 #aa-a_/d #aia 444 #g #af #bie 444 #aj-c_/d #ahe 444 #f-c_/d #ag #bie 444 #aj-c_/d #ahe 444 #f-c_/d #ah #bgc 444 #aj #aga 444 #f-a_/d #ai #bda 444 #h-c_/d #aej 444 #e-a_/b #bj #bai 444 #h #acg 444 #e #ba #bai 444 #h #acg 444 #e #bb #aig 444 #g-a_/d #abc 444 #d-a_/b #bc #aig 444 #g-a_/d #abc 444 #d-a_/b #bd #ahf 444 #f-c_/d #aaf 444 #d-a_/d #be #ahf 444 #f-c_/d #aaf 444 #d-a_/d #bf #ahf 444 #f-c_/d #aaf 444 #d-a_/d #bg #ahf 444 #f-c_/d #aaf 444 #d-a_/d #bh #ahf 444 #f-c_/d #aaf 444 #d-a_/d #bi #afd 444 #f #ajb 444 #c-c_/d #cj #afd 444 #f #ajb 444 #c-c_/d #ca #afd 444 #f #ajb 444 #c-c_/d #cb #afd 444 #f #ajb 444 #c-c_/d #cc #aec 444 #e-a_/b #if 444 #c-a_/b #cd #aec 444 #e-a_/b #if 444 #c-a_/b #ce #aec 444 #e-a_/b #if 444 #c-a_/b #cf #aec 444 #e-a_/b #if 444 #c-a_/b #cg #aec 444 #e-a_/b #if 444 #c-a_/b #ch #adb 444 #e-a_/d #hi 444 #c-a_/d #ci #adb 444 #e-a_/d #hi 444 #c-a_/d #dj #adb 444 #e-a_/d #hi 444 #c-a_/d #da #aca 444 #d-c_/d #hb 444 #c #db #aca 444 #d-c_/d #hb 444 #c #dc #aca 444 #d-c_/d #hb 444 #c #dd #aca 444 #d-c_/d #hb 444 #c #de #abj 444 #d-a_/b #ge 444 #b-c_/d #df #abj 444 #d-a_/b #ge 444 #b-c_/d #dg #abj 444 #d-a_/b #ge 444 #b-c_/d #dh #abj 444 #d-a_/b #ge 444 #b-c_/d #di #abj 444 #d-a_/b #ge 444 #b-c_/d #ej #abj 444 #d-a_/b #ge 444 #b-c_/d ---------------------------------------- -- ,n4,b4--,revolv+ ,arms ( ! ,fif? ,class %all be prov$ once only1 & su* ,pro( %all be by ! ,scale laid d[n = def9itive ,pro( ( ! ,f\r? ,class4 ,illu/ration ,z soon z a numb] ( gun b>rels are load$ accord+ to ! =ego+ scale1 !y are tak5 to a h\se or deta*$ build+1 /&+ ap>t f o!r (fices4 7,! woodcut repres5ts ! int]ior accurately47 ,! h\se is l9$ ?r\gh\t ) ?ick %eet iron1 & ! w9d[s1 :i* resemble ,v5etian bl9ds1 are con/ruct$ ( ! same metal4 ,iron frames are laid ! :ole l5g? ( ! room2 on ^! ! b>rels ( v>i\s qualities1 :5 ab\t to be fir$1 are plac$4 ,9 ! front ( ^! frames lies a l>ge mass ( s&1 to receive ! balls4 ,beh9d ! frame1 on :i* ! twi/ b>rels are fix$1 lies ano!r b$ ( s&2 9 :i*1 on ! recoil1 ! b>rels are buri$4 ,beh9d ! frame1 on :i* ! common b>rels or muskets are tri$1 a /rong iron b> is plac$1 hav+ a numb] ( holes l>ge en\gh to receive ! tang ( ! bree*1 b n ! b>rel4 ,! b>rels be+ ?us fix$1 x is impossible = !m to fly back4 ,a groove runs along ! :ole l5g? ( ea* frame1 9 :i* ! tra9 ( p[d] is /rew$ to ignite ! *>ges1 ^u :i* ! b>rels are laid1 ) ! t\*-holes d[nw>ds4 ,:5 ev]y?+ is ready = ! pro(1 ! w9d[s are let close d[n1 ! door is %ut & secur$1 & an iron rod heat$ r$ hot is introduc$ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! wall4 ,on ignit+ ! tra91 a trem5d\s explosion takes place4 ,! w9d[s are !n drawn up1 ! door op5$1 & ! smoke dissipat$4 ,! twi/ b>rels are f\nd buri$ 9 ! s&1 ! common ones are ?r[n =w>ds2 "s are f\nd p]fect1 o!rs bur/ to pieces4 ,x is r>ely t be/ b>rels are f\nd bur/2 m frequ5tly !y are bulg$1 or swell$ out1 9 places :i* are faulty1 or ( a s(t] temp]4 ,^? t are f\nd p]fect1 are !n m>k$ ) ! provisional pun* ( diff]5t sizes 7b hav+ ! same impression71 accord+ to ! quality ( ! b>rel4 ,9 ,london & ,birm+ham !y h n[ an additional pun*1 conta9+ ! numb] ( ! bore by :i* ! b>rel has be5 tri$4 ,?is m>k easily enables ! obs]v] to discov] :e!r ! b>rel has _h any consid]able quantity bor$ out aft] prov+4 ,^? t are bulg$ are s5t to ! mak]1 :o beats d[n ! swell+s1 & s5ds back ! b>rels to be prov$ aga94 ,!y g5]ally /& ! second pro(1 ?\gh we h kn[n a b>rel und]go f\r pro(s be=e x 0 m>k$4 ,! common b>rels are requir$ to /& tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e !y are exam9$2 :51 if n bur/1 any holes or o!r mat]ial imp]fections are made q app>5t by ! action ( ! saltpetre4 ,su* b>rels are1 ( c\rse1 s5t back unm>k$4 ,^? t are f\nd satisfactory are duly /amp$ & tak5 home4 ,! importance ( ! gun trade to ,engl& may be e/imat$ f ! numb] ( b>rels prov$ dur+ ! la/ ye>1 #aheg1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a correct /atem5t3-- ,provisional ,pro(4 ,pla9 iron b>rels #ahe1ggf ,twi/$ b>rels #acf1hjd ,saddle pi/ol b>rels #cc1dhj ,be/ pi/ol b>rels #ifb ,common pi/ol b>rels #b1jff ,revolv+ & d\ble b>rel pi/ols #eg1ajf ------- ,total #daf1aid ,def9itively prov$1 #gj1ajj1 be+ pr9cipally d\ble b>rels4 ,?is is 9 ,birm+ham alone2 no d\bt ! ,london ,company prove to ! ext5t ( #bjj1jjj ye>ly1 :i* may also be debit$ to ,birm+ham1 z ! b>rels are all weld$1 bor$1 & gr\nd be=e be+ s5t to ,london4 ,9 addition to ^! may be c\nt$ ! ,gov]nm5t contracts ( "s hundr$ ?\s&s ye>ly4 ,! pass+ ( ?is ,act ( ,p>liam5t levell$ all di/9ctions betwe5 ,london & ,birm+ham prov$ b>rels2 !y are n[ treat$ precisely alike1 & "o is equally good ) ! o!r4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,gunn]y4 8,sci5ce beg9s at ! po9t :]e m9d dom9ates matt]1 :]e ! attempt is made to subject ! mass ( exp]i5ce to ! scrut9y ( reason4 ,sci5ce is m9d br\ght into connection ) nature40--,,cosmos4 ,a new era 9 ! sci5ce ( gunn]y may be dat$ f ! comm5cem5t ( ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 & long be=e its close o!r improvem5ts may be effect$ :i* %all eclipse ev5 ^? ( our day4 ,a new elem5t>y pr9ciple has be5 infus$ into ! sci5ce4 ,rifles are n[ really weapons ( ! highe/ ord]2 9 tru? we may be said to h only rec5tly become acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples on :i* !y %\ld be con/ruct$4 ,little ( sci5ce _h hi!rto be5 appli$ to !m2 z milit>y arms !y 7 neglect$ = c5turies1 to be u%]$ into notice at la/ by ! unassi/$ ef=ts ( private individuals2 ,gov]nm5t1 to :om arms 7 ( ! greate/ importance1 hav+ sy/ematically neglect$ all improvem5t1 by inv>iably refus+ pecuni>y aid1 ! only grease at all calculat$ to ov]come ! friction ret>d+ ! :eels ( progress4 ,x is an old prov]b1 t 8"o extreme begets ano!r10 & :5 *anges are once />t$1 ! difficulty is to /op !m2 ! t5d5cy is to ru% on f "o alt]ation to ano!r1 be=e we are really well acqua9t$ ) :at we h s ha/ily ?r[n aside4 ,improvem5t does n always foll[ a *ange2 ! human race1 & ! ,engli% m especially1 h an inord9ate desire = 8! m>vell\s20 & multitudes ( 8wond]ful discov]ies0 & inv5tions ( ! utmo/ value are h]ald$ daily by ! ev] eag] press1 (t5 to be z ha/ily =gott51 or discov]$1 ev5 by _! promulgators1 to be my?s4 ,improvem5t1 to be at all b5eficial1 mu/ br+ ) x all ! elem5ts ( improvem5t2 & to r5d] x easy ( atta9m5t1 none ( its ess5tial po9ts %\ld be co/ly4 ,9 gunn]y m especially1 x is ess5tial to avoid all unnecess>y friction1 excess ( recoil1 & wa/e ( gunp[d]2 :il/1 at ! same "t1 transport ( ! gun mu/ n be cumb]some1 & durability 9 all its po9ts is ess5tial4 ,h[ few /udy ! subject 9 all its be>+s6 ,h[ rapidly conclusions are jump$ at6 ,ev5 9 gett+ range1 if x is to be pur*as$ at ! co/ ( o!r ess5tial pr9ciples1 x is n economy to sacrifice sev]al ev5 mod]ately valuable pr9ciples = ! sake ( range alone4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! pres5t age has %[n t all our important discov]ies h _! limits3 ! locomotive _c be us$ ) advantage beyond a c]ta9 limit$ spe$2 /eam vessels attempt$ to be propell$ at an unusual velocity h b a v brief endurance1 & rapidly decay4 ,all matt] has p[] only to effect a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w1 & ?is is endur$ be/ at a m$ium application2 %[+ mo/ cle>ly t 8! race is n always to ! swift or ! battle to ! /rong40 ,exp]i5ce is requir$ 9 ! greate/ ( mod]n inv5tions4 ,electricity1 at a mod]ate imm]sion1 subject$ to a mod]ate sup]9cumb5t weight1 is an effectual mess5g]1 swift z ?\ght2 b :5 ov]weight$ by imm]sion to dep?s :]e ! sup]9cumb5t pressure am\nts to ?\s&s ( p\nds ^u ! squ>e in*1 !n ! mess5g] becomes p>alys$1 & refuses to obey man's w2 %[+ v cle>ly t until t pressure be artificially remov$ by insulat+ ! conduct+ wire 9 tubes equal to re/ra9 or keep f x t enorm\s load1 ! la/+ success ( an ,atlantic telegraph is v d\btful4 ,_m simil> in/ances might be cit$ to %[ ! necessity ( consid]+ well ! e/abli%$ laws ( nature1 & _! be>+ on ! object pursu$4 ,9 no sci5ce is ?is ( m importance ?an 9 gunn]y2 & ! hundr$s ( useless inv5tions 9 gunn]y are to be ascrib$ to ! non-obs]vance ( ^! rules4 ,! two-groov$ rifle1 ! 8/eam gun10 8! sciva10 8,w>n]'s long-range my?10 & _m o!r inv5tions equally absurd1 engage ! att5tion = a "t1 b soon vani%3 9 fact1 all exp]i5ce %[s t improvem5t c only be effect$ 9 accordance ) c]ta9 e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( nature & practical sci5ce4 ,iron1 9 quantities suffici5t = all reasonable requirem5ts1 is a dutiful s]vant2 b1 :5 requir$ ( colossal proportions1 x refuses to obey3 giv+ u a h9t f nature1 t we %\ld be cont5t ) mod]ation4 ,all ! pr9ciples app]ta9+ to sci5ce are bas$ on c]ta9 e/abli%$ laws2 ! uns\ndness ( "o r5d]s ! sup]/ructure uns\nd also2 & any d$uctions drawn f uns\nd pr9ciples are comp>atively wor?less4 ,gunn]y1 z a sci5ce1 mu/ be 9 uni=mity ) tru? 9 all its p>ts1 or no sci5ce exi/s 9 its arrangem5ts4 ,?is w be be/ illu/rat$ by divid+ ! subject into sev]al heads3 #a/1 ! explosive p[] & its velocity2 #bnd1 ! ret>d+ ag5ts1 air & friction2 #crd1 ! con/ruction ( ! projectile tubes2 & #d?1 ! =m ( projectile be/ calculat$ to atta9 a p]fect result4 #a/4 ,! explosive p[]4 ,gunp[d] has be5 /at$ by diff]5t au?orities to lib]ate its gases ) v diff]5t degrees ( rapidity4 ,hutton has giv5 to x a mu* great] rapidity ?an ,rob9s has evid5tly ev5 surmis$2 ?\gh1 no d\bt1 z we h already %[n1 high velocity 9 gunp[d] dep5ds on sev]al circum/ances--! degree ( purification ( its +r$i5ts1 _! intimate me*anical mixture 7t ! elem5ts may ex]t _! aff9ities ) ! utmo/ facility71 &1 la/ly1 ! degree ( granulation obs]v$3 & 9 addition1 ! suitability ( ! tubes or vessels = c>ry+ on correctly su* important exp]im5ts4 ,rob9s & ,hutton unque/ionably may be reg>d$ z ! ,engli%1 if n ! ,european1 au?orities1 & any "w on ! sci5ce ( gunn]y w\ld be v incomplete )\t _! valuable elucidations4 ,previ\sly to ! rese>*es ( ,rob9s1 ! !ory ( atmosph]ic resi/ance 0 b imp]fectly surmis$1 & :5 he made 8 /atem5ts ( ! imm5se resi/ance :i* ! fluidity ( ! air (f]$ to projectiles 9 a high /ate ( velocity1 !y 7 treat$ z ! idle *im]as ( a speculative bra92 & yet he only 0 enabl$ to e/imate ! real effect ( ! explosive nature & =ce ( gunp[d] to a v limit$ ext5t3 inde$1 s limit$1 t ,hutton1 only tw5ty ye>s subsequ5tly1 speak+ ( ,rob9s' !ory1 says1 8,mr4 ,rob9s & o!r au?ors1 x may be said1 h only guess$ at1 r ?an det]m9$4 ,t +5i\s philosoph]1 9 a simple exp]im5t1 truly %[$ t1 by ! fir+ ( a p>cel ( gunp[d]1 a quantity ( ela/ic air 0 dis5gag$2 :i*1 :5 conf9$ 9 ! space only occupi$ by ! p[d] be=e x 0 fir$1 0 f\nd to be ne>ly #bej times /rong] ?an ! weight or ela/icity ( ! common air4 ,he !n heat$ ! same p>cel ( air to ! degree ( r$ hot iron1 & f\nd x 9 t temp]ature to be ab\t f\r times z /rong z be=e2 :5ce he inf]r$1 t ! fir/ /r5g? ( ! inflam$ fluid mu/ be ne>ly #a1jjj times ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,b ?is 0 m]ely guess+ at ! degree ( heat 9 ! inflam$ fluid1 &1 consequ5tly1 ( its fir/ /r5g?2 bo? :i* 9 fact are f\nd to be mu* great]4 ,x is true t ?is assum$ degree ( /r5g? accord$ pretty well ) t au?or's exp]im5ts2 b ?is seem+ agreem5t1 x might easily be %[n1 c\ld only be ow+ to ! inaccuracy ( 8 own fur!r exp]im5ts2 &1 9 fact1 ) f> bett] opportunities ?an fell to ! lot ( ,mr4 ,rob9s1 we h %[n t inflam$ gunp[d] is ab\t d\ble ! /r5g? t he has assign$ to x1 & t x exp&s itself ) ! velocity ( ab\t #e1jjj feet p] second40 ,on ! same subject he fur!r says3--8,on ?is pr9ciple x 0 t ,mr4 ,rob9s made all 8 exp]im5ts & p]=m$ all 8 calculations 9 gunn]y4 ,b x is manife/ t ?is me?od ( guess+ at ! degree ( heat ( ! flame mu/ be v unc]ta9 & unsatisfactory1 be+ mu* bel[ ! tru?2 s9ce all our notions & exp]i5ce ( ! heat ( inflam$ p[d] conv9ce u t x is high] ?an t ( r$ hot iron1 &1 inde$1 x has cle>ly appe>$ f our exp]im5ts1 t its heat is at lea/ d\ble t ( r$ hot iron1 & t x increases ! ela/icity ( ! ela/ic fluid m ?an eight times40 ,"h is evid5ce1 ?\gh n conclusive1 ( ! imm5se =ce ( gunp[d]1 & also ( ! progress ( k on ! subject2 yet x cle>ly %[s ! evil ( com+ to ha/y conclusions1 h[ev] well support$ by app>5t facts1 z x has _h 9 ?is case a t5d5cy to *eck inquiry & ret>d ! advancem5t ( k4 ,= ! ext5sive exp]im5ts ( ,hutton 7 b limit$ 9 discov]y1 because !y 7 n c>ri$ to a suffici5t ext5t1 & ?us1 !y are q unsuit$ to ! pres5t day4 ,he 0 satisfi$ because he _h gone fur!r ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors2 & ?\gh he e/abli%$ & cle>ly prov$ ! s\ndness ( 8 own !ory1 yet he c\ld n ei!r view ! subject to its utmo/ b\nds1 nor yet g suffici5tly f>1 b t o!rs1 tak+ up ! "q :]e he left x1 may pursue ! subject to a mu* m remote limit4 ,! subject1 inde$1 0 limit$ to him4 ,he f> excell$ ,rob9s1 no d\bt1 z he has %[n2 b t involves no detraction f ! m]it due to ,rob9s = 8 exp]im5ts & discov]ies1 no m ?an any individual prov+ ! subject to be a m ext5sive "o ?an ,hutton did1 w\ld excel ,hutton2 = ! value ( improvem5t is m to be attribut$ to him :o lays ! f\ndation1 ?an to him :o raises ! build+4 ,s is x 9 ?is case2 ,rob9s laid ! f\ndation = an ext5sive k ( ! nature & p[] ( ! explosive fluids1 & ,hutton built ^u t f\ndation a c]ta9 ext5t ( sup]/ructure1 & !re he left x1 )\t ro(+ ! build+3 he consid]$ ! "q z settl$4 ,common cons5t has1 z yet1 receiv$ 8 conclusion z un%ak5 & uncontrov]t$2 & x is n my int5tion to make ! attempt to controv]t x1 b m]ely to %[ t 8 d$uctions fall %ort ( :at ! pr9ciples ( gunp[d]-mak+ admit--c>ri$ out 9 ! m ext5sive way x has be5 )9 ! la/ few ye>s--ow+ to ! limit$ nature ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,?is is r an ext5sive position = me to occupy1 or endeav\r to hold3 b ,i d n mean ! size ( ! tools ( exp]im5t s mu* z ! div]sity ( !m2 = explod+ t5 ?\s& tons ( p[d] 9 ! same ma*9e & 9 ! same way1 w\ld b give ! same or simil> results2 x is ! v>iety & ! s+ul>ity ( exp]im5ts t exp& & increase ! fund ( k1 & enable ! m9d to conceive & compreh5d ! imm5sity ( ! p[] & velocity ( ?is wond]ful comb9ation4 ,we h be5 pr9cipally indebt$ to ! ex]tions ( ! *emi/ = means ( purify+ & extract+ f ! +r$i5ts :i* =m ?is a/oni%+ comp\nd =ce1 ! impurities & =eign sub/ances :i* exi/1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 all ! ?ree1 & ?us t5d+ to =m a m p]fect combu/ion by increas+ ! aff9ities4 ,hutton %[s t gunp[d] is b s mu* cond5s$ air2 = he says 8,we may h5ce1 also1 d$uce ! amaz+ degree ( cond5sation ( ! ela/ic air 9 ! nitre & gunp[d]1 & ! a/oni%+ =ce exp]i5c$ by its explosion4 ,x has be5 f\nd by ,mr4 ,rob9s1 & o!r philosoph]s1 t #c-aj?s ( ! mass ( ! p[d] consi/s ( ! pure cond5s$ air1 or t ! weight ( ! cond5s$ air is equal to #c-aj?s ( ! :ole composition4 ,b ! :ole composition ( ! p[d] consi/s ( eight p>ts by weight1 ( :i* six p>ts are nitre1 "o "p sulphur1 "o *>coal2 ( :i* ! nitre or #c-d?s ( ! composition furni%es ! :ole ( ! cond5s$ air1 :ile ! sulphur & *>coal only give ! fire t produces ! explosion4 ,b #c-aj?s ( ! :ole mass ( eight p>ts is equal to #d-aj?s ( ! six p>ts ( nitre1 t is #d-aj?s or #b-e?s ( ! nitre consi/s ( cond5s$ air1 or ! weight ( ! gross matt] 9 ! nitre z f\r to six1 or z two to ?ree2 & ^! two p>ts1 x is probable1 are ( equal d5sity or specific gravity4 ,yet ! specific gravity ( nitre is #a1ijj1 t ( wat] be+ #a1jjj1 & ( air #ab1 :i* is conta9$ 9 #a1ijj1 z mu* z #a1ehc times2 t is1 ! air 9 ! nitre mu/ be cond5s$ ! amaz+ quantity ( #a1ehc times1 if its specific gravity be equal to ! comp\nd nitre itself40 ,also1 8,! air is cond5s$ 9 ! nitre ab\t #a1fjj times1 ne>ly d\ble ! d5sity ( wat]1 :i* may well be consid]$ z probably ! greate/ degree ( compression t air is capable (4 ,h5ce x may be p]ceiv$ t a prodigi\s =ce mu/ be ex]t$ by nature 9 g5]at+ nitre2 & z ?is great =ce actually exi/s 9 nature1 x is v probable t ! air 9 ! nitre is ?us compress$ into ! mo/ d5se /ate possible1 & 9 ?is consi/s ! similitude among ! diff]5t p>ticles ( nitre40 ,?is extract f ,hutton enables u to dive/ ! "q ( any te*nicalities1 & puts x 9 s pla9 a g>b t ! simple/ m9d may compreh5d x4 ,n[1 ! great improvem5t ( *emi/ry has be5 to extract f ! nitre ! gross mat]ial :i* is conta9$ 9 ! proportions--#b-e?s impurities1 & #b-e?s cond5s$ air2 ?us1 half ! quantity be+ useless1 ! extraction ( ^! alloys gives a great] quantity ( cond5s$ gases 9 ! same quantity ( matt]2 = if we take away #b-e?s ( ! proportions ( useless matt]1 & supply its place ) #b-e?s m cond5s$ air1 we ?us get #d-e? explosive matt] 9 ! same bulk ( mat]ial1 & ?us simply obta9 an imm5se increase ( p[] )\t an increase 9 bulk4 ,we h "h evid5ce ( ! progress t has be5 made 9 ! sci5ce ( explosive =ce4 ,consid]+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 gunp[d] 9 #aghc & gunp[d] 9 #aheh1 ,i _c say1 ) ,hutton1 t ! =ce is d\bl$ n[ to :at x 0 :5 he wrote2 b ,i believe t ?is w\ld n be f> f ! tru?2 = x mu/ be q cle>--if he is correct 7:i* ,i believe he is7 9 say+ ! =ce ( gunp[d] consi/s 9 ! quantity ( explosive matt] let loose & exp&$ by heat--t ! great] ! quantity ( cond5s$ matt] we may h 9 any giv5 weight1 ! great] ! =ce1 & ! m rapid ! explosion3 purifi$ saltpetre ?us =m+ ne>ly pure gase\s matt]2 z ! diamond is pure c>bon4 ,x seems s+ul>1 & is r presumptu\s to say1 t ,hutton 0 n mu* ( a *emi/2 b _h he be5 m s1 he mu/ h p]ceiv$ t 9 ! extraction ( ! =eign matt] f ! nitre1 exi/$ ! means ( obta9+ an increas$ quantity ( explosive p[]1 & a proportionate increase ( spe$ or velocity 9 t explosive mat]ial4 ,to asc]ta9 ! velocity be/ suit$ to all projectiles1 con/itutes ! g]m ( ! sci5ce2 & t we are approa*+ a new era 9 ev5 t m intimate portion ( ! sci5ce1 is daily app>5t4 ,sci5ce %[s cle>ly t if a giv5 =ce1 a quantity to be correctly asc]ta9$1 c produce a c]ta9 result1 ! use ( m is wa/e1 & unwor?y ( ! seek] aft] p]fection2 & ?us we h to det]m9e ^u1 or def9e1 :at is ! degree or size ( gun = c]ta9 effects3 a m]e calculation ne>ly alli$ to t portion ( eng9e]+ :i* w\ld def9e :at p[] ( eng9e w\ld "w a ?\s& cotton sp9dles1 or raise a million gallons ( wat]2 & all ?is w ev5tually be done4 ,sci5ce requires t !re %\ld be no excess1 no wa/e1 no unnecess>y recoil1 & all t comb9$ ) ! utmo/ range ( projectile2 ?is w h to be def9$ accurately be=e we c cle>ly or truly say we are ma/]s ( ! sci5ce ( gunp[d]4 ,true x is t ! granulation ( gunp[d] gives a cle> road to its atta9m5t2 b x w be a we>isome j\rney to rea* ! summit3 yet x mu/ & w be effect$1 & ! nation t fir/ attempts & c>ries out ! atta9m5t1 w ev9ce a real love = & ma/]y ( sci5ce4 ,! foll[+ practical exp]im5ts illu/rate ! degree ( velocity & ! effects ( projectiles s cle>ly1 t !y alone w convey "s idea ( ! high velocity ( ! evolutions ( ! gases 9 gunp[d]4 ,my exp]im5ts are1 l ,rob9s'1 on a small scale2 nor w\ld ,i1 l ,hutton1 try a brass gun ( sixty calibres 9 l5g?1 c>ry+ a "o-p\nd ball2 = "o is /rictly m limit$ ?an ! o!r1 & ?us r5d]$ ! results laid d[n by him imp]fect3 =1 z he says1 8,if y fill ! tube ) p[d] y get no great] velocity1 z !re is n a duration 9 ! conf9em5t to enable ! p[d] to explode40 ,if he _h assimilat$ ! gra9 ( 8 p[d] to ! gun1 he w\ld h obta9$ a diff]5t result2 & a k ( ?is fact1 ,i appreh5d1 makes all ! diff]5ce4 ,! greate/ velocity he obta9$ 0 ) p[d] #a-a_/b times ! weight ( ! ball 9 a gun ( sixty calibres 9 l5g?1 & ! velocity he !n obta9$ 0 only #c1aha feet p] second4 ,! inf]5ces t probably induc$ him to recomm5d o!rs n to endeav\r to obta9 a great] velocity ?an #b1jjj feet p] second1 71 l ^! exp]im5ts1 drawn f imp]fect data4 ,) a ball ( an ounce weight 9 a b>rel ( sixty calibres1 & ) #c-d?s ! weight ( ball 9 p[d]1 or #ab dra*ms1 a velocity c be giv5 to ! ball to equal x 9 =ce to #df1hge p\nds4 ,! velocity ( ?is ball ,i leave to ! calculations ( ! ma!matical _w4 ,b1 h[ev]1 ,i w give ! results ( a r\nd ( exp]im5ts tri$ to asc]ta9 ?is2 & if ! data laid d[n be correct1 t ! velocity ( a ball mu/ be multipli$ by its weight to f9d ! =ce1 ! result w be ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em ( velocity nev] yet dreamt (4 ,i _c b imag9e t !re exi/s "s error2 ?\gh :]e x is ,i "k n3 e d$uction ,i h drawn is consequ5t ^u ! results h]eaft] describ$4 8,! p[] requir$ to =ce a pun* #jej in* diamet] ?r\gh an iron plate #jjh in* ?ick is #f1jbe p\nds1 ?r\gh copp] #c1ich p\nds4 ,a simple rule = det]m9+ ! =ce requir$ = pun*+ may ?us be d$uc$3-- 8,tak+ "o in* diamet] & "o in* 9 ?ickness z ! units ( calculation x is %[n t #aej1jjj is ! con/ant numb] = wr\ght-iron plates1 & #if1jjj = copp] plates4 8,multiply ! con/ant numb] by ! giv5 diamet] 9 in*es1 ! product is ! pressure 9 p\nds :i* w be requir$ to pun* a hole ( a giv5 diamet] ?r\gh a plate ( a giv5 ?ickness40 ,n[ an idea /ruck me1 t ?is w\ld =m a v good te/ ( ! comp>ative =ce ( gunp[d]1 & ,i consequ5tly comm5c$ an ext5sive r\nd ( exp]im5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ attempt ,i f\nd ! results to v>y ) ! weight ( ! p5dulum ( iron plate1 & t x 0 necess>y to obta9 uni=mity ( size & surface2 z x mu/ be compreh5d$ t ! only resi/+ m$ium to ! p5dul\s plate 0 atmosph]ic resi/ance1 & a dissimil>ity ( size ( surface w\ld inv>iably give diff]5t results4 ,hav+ a numb] ( plates ( ! diff]5t ?icknesses h]eaft] describ$1 ,i cont9u$ increas+ ! *>ge f a def9ite quantity1 until ! projectile 0 driv5 ) suffici5t velocity to p]=ate ! plate susp5d$4 ,! gun select$ = ?is purpose 0 ( heavy mat]ial1 weigh+ ne>ly sev5te5 p\nds1 x 0 ?ree feet long1 ! metal ( ! b>rel z ?ick at ! muzzle z at ! bree*1 & c>ri$ a sph]ical ball ( sixte5 to ! p\nd1 or "o ounce1 & :i* fitt$ tight ) ! ?9ne/ pat* procurable4 ,! bore 0 p]fectly cyl9drical1 & pla9 inside1 be+ poli%$ longitud9ally to a high /ate ( f95ess4 ,) a *>ge ( twelve dra*ms ( ,curtis & ,h>vey's diamond gra9 p[d]1 ! ball w5t ?r\gh ! half-in* plate1 b w5t only a few y>ds fur!r2 d5ot+ t ! ef=t necess>y _h ne>ly exhau/$ its velocity & mom5tum4 ,! recoil ( ! gun 0 ( ! mo/ sev]e description1 & ! %\ld] _h to be protect$ = _m explosions previ\s to ?is high *>ge4 ,! l>g] siz$ gra9 0 insuffici5t1 t5 dra*ms effect+ ! greate/ ext5t ( p[] x seem$ capable (1 & x became q app>5t t ! tube w\ld n explode m p[d]1 z indications conv9c$ me3 :5 any m 0 add$1 a portion came out unburnt4 ,! =ce necess>y to effect ?is1 by ! above calculation1 is #df1gie p\nds4 ,! next plate 0 #g-af?s ?ick1 & a *>ge ( t5 dra*ms pun*$ ! piece out clean2 n9e & a half dra*ms 7 equal to x1 :5 ! c5tre ( ! p5dulum c\ld be hit fairly1 because !re 0 !n an equal resi/ance f ! atmosph]e1 :i* _c exi/ 9 cases :]e ! edge ( ! disc receives ! bl[4 ,i got ) ease a p]=ation 9 a #f-af?s plate1 ) a *>ge ( ei!r f9e or co>se p[d]1 n exce$+ eight dra*ms2 a *>ge ( sev5 dra*ms ( f9e gra9 0 unequal to ! task2 b sev5 dra*ms ( ! co>se %[$ evid5tly great] effects produc$1 ?\gh ! p]=ation 0 n p]fect4 ,six & a half dra*ms ( ,no4 #b gra9 p5etrat$ a plate ( #e-af?s ?ick easily1 :ile x took full six & ?ree-qu>t]s dra*ms ( f9e gra92 five dra*ms ( ! l>g] p]=at$ a qu>t]-in* plate1 b x took full five & a half dra*ms ( f9e gra9 to effect ! same2 :ile a #c-af?s plate took ?ree & ?ree-qu>t]s dra*ms ( f9e1 or ?ree & a qu>t] ( ,no4 #b gra92 & #a-h? plate 0 easily pun*$ by a *>ge ( two & a half dra*ms co>se or ?ree dra*ms f9e4 ,i w place ! relative results 9 a table1 ) ! =ce effect$ by ea*3-- ,oz4 ,dra*ms4 ,pun*$ a boil] plate ,equal 9 =ce to #a ball #ab ( p[d] ,half-in* ?ick #df1hge lbs4 #a #aj #g-af?s #da1jae #a #h #f-af?s #ce1aee #a #f-a_/b #e-af?s #bi1bie #a #e #d-af?s #bc1dcg #a #c-a_/d #c-af?s #ag1egh #a #b #b-af?s #aa1gah ,7 ,i to adopt ! e/abli%$ me?od ( calculation1 multiply+ ! weight ( ball by ! velocity1 ,i %\ld get an answ] t w\ld po9t to ! utt] impossibility ( any su* velocity be+ possible4 ,& yet ! result is1 accord+ to ! rule ( figures1 correct2 b 9 tru? !re are exceptions to _m rules1 = !y are only correct :5 appli$ to kn[n products4 ,t ! velocity ( ^! balls 0 mu*1 v mu*1 great] ?an #g1jjj feet p] second ( "t1 !re _c be any d\bt2 x 0 ne>ly ?ree times t4 ,yet ,i mu/ n conceal ! fact1 t ?is pun*+ is ! m p]fect1 ! high] ! velocity2 & x %[s h[ ! fibres ( iron are sep>at$ f a want ( vibration to equilibrise ! cohesion4 ,mr4 ,col?ur/ f\nd t duration ( pressure less5$ ! ultimate =ce necess>y to pun* ?r\gh metal1 & ?us x may be t extremely quick pressure may produce ! same4 ,!re=e ,i suspect x is n ! mo/ correct !ory t calculates =ce to be accompli%$ at all times by extreme velocity2 !re w be f\nd discrepancies 9 ! rule1 & "o ( !m arises f no calculation ev] hav+ be5 made ) extreme velocities3 m$ium velocities may g5]ally give su* conclusions1 b ! v extreme 9 ?is case c nev] h be5 tak5 into consid]ation at all2 z ,i h v little d\bt--9 fact1 ,i am c]ta9--t no p]son ev] obta9$ su* high velocity be=e4 ,x mu/1 & is a va/ deal great]1 incompreh5sibly great]1 ?an any velocity obta9$ by ,hutton2 & mu* m ext5sive ?an ev] c\ld be obta9$1 or1 9 fact1 ev] w1 by any ordnance :atev]4 ,i wi% mu* ,i c\ld h exp]im5t$ ) a gun ( great] l5g? & bore1 = ) "o 9 e way fitt$ = ! purpose1 ,i h no d\bt ( be+ able to p]=ate an in* ?ickness ( plate4 ,%\ld any p]son possess+ ! opportunity & means1 wi% to try ! exp]im5t1 ,i w\ld advise !m to get a b>rel ( #d-a_/b feet long1 #h bore1 to c>ry a #b oz4 ball1 & ( a weight to all[ ( ext5d+ ! explosion up to #cj drs4 ( p[d]2 !y w\ld !n obta9 ! ext5t ( =ce ,i h sugge/$4 ,!re is a c]ta9 po9t to be /rictly obs]v$3 see t ! plate y use is p]fectly s\nd2 = if lam9at$1 or compos$ ( v>i\s plates n firmly weld$ & atta*$1 ! exp]im5t w\ld be imp]fect1 z !re w\ld be an unev5 vibration creat$1 & act+ z ! hamm] does :5 held aga9/ ! po9t ( ! nail :ile driv+ x 91 cl9*es ! po9t1 s does ! sub/ance 9 ! portions ( plate prev5t a p]=ation4 ,an ounce ball1 susp5d$ aga9/ ! back ( ! p5dulum1 by ! j> or bl[ x receives & communicates1 completely prev5ts ! effect1 & ! ball is flatt5$1 in/ead ( p]=at+ ! object /ruck3 s is x if y place a #a_/d-;in* plate aga9/ any support2 x ?us has ! p[] ( p]fectly resi/+ ! =ce ( ! ball1 ?\gh fir$ ) consid]ably m p[] ?an is requisite "u o!r circum/ances4 ,! effect appe>s to be *iefly me*anical2 ! out] fibres are driv5 9 ^u ^? beh9d !m ) su* quickness t !y lose cohesion1 or are cond5s$ quick] ?an ! waves ( vibration travel1 ?us giv+ !m no means ( communicat+ ! vibration4 ,b :5 pun*$1 ! rapidity ( _! motion produces 9 ! metal a s\nd ( ! mo/ int5se vivacity1 :i* plays ^u ! e> = a consid]able p]iod1 ) r a pleasant effect4 ,lead alone is capable ( be+ us$ 9 ?is exp]im5t2 except1 ( c\rse1 ! preci\s metals1 :i* x w\ld n be conv5i5t to use4 ,ev5 an adult]ation ( ! slighte/ quantity ( sold] is suffici5t to prev5t ! result :i* lead1 pure1 w inv>iably give4 ,lead project$ aga9/ lead1 if suffici5tly ?ick1 _c p]=ate1 b ! less] portion becomes flatt5$2 a ca/-iron ball fir$ aga9/ lead1 ) a c]ta9 velocity1 is brok5 into pieces1 affect+ ! lead comp>atively little3 %[+ beautifully ! peculi>ity ( d5se incompressible bodies to resi/ mo/ effectually ! great] ! velocity ) :i* !y are /ruck4 ,wat] w1 if /ruck v %>ply ) ! flat ( a sword1 act aga9/ ! bl[ 9 a way to spl9t] ! blade into pieces4 ,! great] ! velocity ) :i* a ball is fir$ into wat]1 ! less ! dep? ( p5etration2 ?us %[+ cle>ly ! _m excell5t prop]ties ( d5se incompressible bodies z projectiles1 & prov+ ! objection t lead is too s(t = artill]y to be )\t a f\ndation1 & only ent]ta9$ f a want ( k ( its nature4 ,a po9t ( great importance 0 exemplifi$ dur+ ^! exp]im5ts2 & z ! "q has lately giv5 rise to consid]able discussion1 x w be well t ! facts %\ld be /at$4 ,at v %ort di/ances f ! muzzle ( ! gun ! p5etration 0 f\nd to be less ?an at di/ances m ext5d$4 ,at five y>ds ! iron plate c\ld n be p]=at$2 at t5 y>ds ! effect 0 mu* great]1 b fifte5 y>ds 0 ! lea/ di/ance at :i* x c\ld be said to be effectually p]=at$2 at tw5ty y>ds ! result 0 /ill m satisfactory1 cle>ly demon/rat+ t bullets ga9 bo? 9 velocity & p5etration = a consid]able di/ance aft] leav+ ! muzzle ( ! gun4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts v]ify ?is rem>k3-- ,9 ! report ( ! exp]im5ts :i* 7 c>ri$ on at ,cork 9 #aheb1 x is /at$ t ! p[] ( p5etration ( an elongat$ rifle bullet gradually increases z ! range is increas$1 up to #aij y>ds4 ,9 ord] to prove ?is1 exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ on at ,enfield = ?ree days ) a v>iety ( fire-arms1 & diff]5t sorts ( projectiles4 ,on ! f\r? day ! exp]im5ts 7 repeat$ ) ! common musket & ,wilk9son's rifle4 ,! =m]1 at =ty y>ds1 gave a p5etration ( #bbe in*es2 & ! latt] av]ag$ #bge1 9 a t>get ( gre5 elm4 ,aga93 at n9ety y>ds1 ! musket p5etrat$ #bbe in*es1 & ! rifle #ce in*es4 ,at #abj y>ds1 ! musket gave #be in*es1 & ! rifle #cbe4 ,bo? be+ subsequ5tly fir$ at e successive t5 y>ds up to #bbj1 ! result 0 t ! p5etration ( ! musket ball gradually decreas$ 9 p[] z ! di/ance increas$1 :ile ! elongat$ bullet ga9$ p[] ( p5etration up to #aij y>ds2 aft] :i* x slightly decreas$4 #bnd4 ,consequ5t on ! velocity ( ! explosive fluids is ! resi/ance ( t ari=m fluid fill+ all space4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t 9 a vacuum1 matt] 9 motion w\ld be a long "t 9 com+ to re/2 & v provid5tially x is t nature 9 h] gr& arrangem5ts has made "o elem5t to control ano!r4 ,9 no o!r portion ( nature's "w has any?+ m wond]ful ?an atmosph]ic air be5 produc$2 its action on ! velocity ( projectiles is ( s ext5sive a nature1 t )\t cle>ly und]/&+ t action1 ! sci5ce ( gunn]y nev] c be ?or\ghly acquir$4 ,! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e is 9 proportion to ! velocity ( ! attempt to displace x2 ! high] t velocity becomes1 ! great] is ! resi/ance4 ,?is is %[n by ! actions ( all ! fulm9ates4 ,a quantity ( ! fulm9ate ( silv] explod$ on a copp] plate w p]=ate t plate1 or1 if fir$ ^u a piece ( wood1 w bury itself 9 t sub/ance1 spl9t]+ x 9 proportion to ! quantity4 ,n[1 ord9>y gunp[d] has no su* effect z ?is1 because1 ?\gh x may produce ! same am\nt ( expansive gas1 x produces x at "o-f\r? ! velocity ( ! fulm9ates3 ! air is driv5 back ^u itself s gradually z to (f] no v important resi/ance2 b ! action ( ! fulm9ates is s rapid & s viol5t t ! high ela/icity ( ! air has n "t to yield1 & ! =ce is driv5 into ! app>5tly m solid mat]ial1 ! copp] or ! wood4 ,! mode 9 :i* atmosph]ic resi/ance mo/ly int]f]es ) projectile =ce is ow+ to ! column> =m x assumes 9 ! tubes ( all descriptions ( gunn]y4 ,if ! velocity ( gunp[d] be z great z we suppose x to be1 ! displacem5t ( a column ( air mu/ be effect$ by driv+ ! :ole column 9 a gun-b>rel ( _m in*es1 into a column probably less ?an half an in* 9 height2 or1 if ! l5g? ( ! tube f ! />t+ ( ! *>ge to ! muzzle be #ch in*es1 !n w ! displacem5t require a =ce capable ( cond5s+ ?irty-eight atmosph]es into "o1 or some?+ l #egj lbs42 )\t e/imat+ ! lat]al pressure ( t column on ! sides ( ! gun-b>rel1 :i* may be safely e/imat$ at "o-half m4 ,x may be suppos$ t ! column w\ld be p>tially 9 motion = a great] di/ance ?an half an in* 9 front ( ! projectile2 b ?is is disprov$ by ! fact t "t is ess5tial to put ari=m matt] 9 motion1 & naturally x nev] does s at a great] velocity ?an x is famili>ly kn[n to d 9 ! %ape ( w9ds3 b ! fact is bett] illu/rat$ by ! frequ5t bur/+ ( b>rels ne> ! muzzle1 caus$ by a piece ( sn[ or clay1 a piece ( pap] or wadd+4 ,7 a curr5t e/abli%$ ar\nd ?is projection x w\ld pass on1 b ! air /rikes ^! light ob/ructions :5 9 a high /ate ( cond5sation1 am\nt+ to _m atmosph]es 9 "o3 s _m z to be ne>ly equal to a solid :i* is m p[]ful ?an ! b>rel2 ! latt] !re=e succumbs to x4 ,! resi/ance ( ! air is s highly philosophical a "q1 t ,i m]ely t\* on its actual be>+s on ! passage ( projectiles to %[ h[ ! quantity ( =ce is absorb$ or exp5d$ 9 relation to ! quantity ( ! gunp[d] employ$2 :i*1 x may be assum$1 is a proportion ( ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! :ole1 or a quantity indep5d5t ( t necess>y to give velocity to ! lead5 projectile1 to enable x to ov]come ! /ill & uni=m imp$+ ag5t up to ! end ( its flight4 ,! rapid exit ( ! bullet f ! b>rel1 ) a resi/+ influ5ce ( ?is weight into ! comp>atively insignificant "o ( #ae lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 w fully expla9 h[ x is t a bullet increases 9 velocity ev5 up to a consid]able di/ance aft] leav+ ! muzzle ( ! gun2 & fur!r %[+ t 9 all arrangem5ts ( truly sci5tific gunn]y1 ! increas+ resi/ance mu/ be met by a fre% production ( explosive fluid ov] e atom ( space 9 t tube1 :]e x is demon/rable t ! resi/ance is increas+ 9 a geometrical progression z ! po9t ( exit is becom+ ne>]2 s t gunn]y1 unless all ! cont+5cies are provid$ =1 mu/ necess>ily rema9 an imp]fect sci5ce4 ,intimately alli$ to ! displacem5t ( ! atmosph]e is ! am\nt ( friction4 ,gunn]y is n[ rid ( ! anomaly ( be+ assi/$ by friction3 ! det5tion ( ! projectile 9 ! tube by artificial friction1 to enable m =ce to be g5]at$1 is "o ( ^? absurdities p>donable only 9 bygone days4 ,sci5ce is be/ consult$ by less5+ friction2 guns ( /eel1 ) int]iors z f9e z ! poli% 9 a mirror1 are f\nd to %oot be/3 a r\gh road is b s mu* =ce uselessly absorb$2 ! exp]i5ce ( ! la/ few ye>s hav+ prov$ t a range ( #a1hjj y>ds _c be accompli%$ except ) b>rels hav+ surfaces z smoo? z possible4 ,rifles1 no d\bt1 are n[ 9 use 9 :i*1 by increas+ ! degree ( spiral1 friction is m ?an d\bl$1 p]haps trebl$2 b su* unsci5tific con/ructions are b z "o error to c\nt]act ano!r4 ,unsci5tifically =m$ projectiles n hav+ 9 !mselves ! pr9ciples necess>y = true flight1 h to receive a c\nt]act+ ag5cy 9 ! %ape ( additional sp9n+1 on an axis co9cid5t to ! l9e ( flight1 to enable !m to range a giv5 di/ance1 )1 z x w be p]ceiv$1 an additional am\nt ( expellant ag5cy2 b ^! _c be includ$ 9 ! category ( sci5tific gunn]y4 #crd4 ,next to abs5ce ( friction is ! con/ruction ( ! gun b>rel4 ,already h we %[n t ! inn] surface ( a gun b>rel requires to be l glass2 next to ?is x is necess>y t ! metal %\ld be compos$ ( ! mo/ unyield+ /ructure4 ,metals absorb =ce 9 proportion to _! s(tness3 a b>rel con/ruct$ ( lead gives ! wor/ result ( any metal2 9 tru?1 z is ! increase ( t5acity & d5sity 9 ! tube1 s is ! increase ( range 9 projectiles4 ,! wond]ful results display$ by ! use ( /eel guns ( all descriptions be> out ?is ass]tion to ! fulle/ ext5t4 ,a yield+ gun b>rel may be comp>$ to ! dragg+ ( a heavily load$ waggon ov] boggy gr\nd1 :i* rises 9 a wave be=e ! :eels dur+ its progress4 #d?4 ,next 9 importance to ! inflexibility ( ! gun b>rel is ! =m ( projectile be/ calculat$ to displace ! atmosph]e dur+ its ext5d$ flight4 ,"u ! head ( ,rifles ?is subject w be m fully discuss$2 b1 z ?\s&s ( ye>s h /amp$ ! arr[ z be+ 9 accordance ) nature's laws1 x %\ld no d\bt be ! object ( sci5ce to approximate ! lead5 projectile to t =m z mu* z possible1 & h5ce ! cyl9dro-conoidal may be assum$ to be ! be/ =m ( projectile4 ,t bo? ,jacob's & ,:itwor?'s bullets p>take ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( 8wabbl+0 motion aft] lead+ ! muzzle ( ! gun is c]ta91 f _! l5g?1 z well z f ! fact t 9 bo? ! c5tre ( gravity is 9 ! h9d] "p ( ! bullet2 ?us !y are bo? 9 reality bad 9 a sci5tific po9t ( view4 ,if any m]it c be claim$ = ei!r1 x is on acc\nt ( ! me*anical +5uity display$ 9 neutraliz+ ! effects ( want ( sci5tific pr9ciple4 ,! want ( pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 is n ! only evil1 7 su* guns to come into g5]al use2 _! manufacture1 9 ! h&s ( t portion ( ! gun trade :i* nev] e/imates consequ5ces1 & nev] /udies ! !ory ( ! sci5ce at all1 b manufactures all fire-arms by 8rule ( ?umb10 w\ld prove dang]\s 9 ! extreme4 ,! bur/+ ( b>rels 9 any attempt to project l5g!n$ projectiles is ( a v diff]5t description to t :i* ord9>ily occurs1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t direction 9 :i* ! =ce is appli$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( _! great] l5g?1 & _! increas$ friction aga9/ ! sides ( ! b>rel1 !y are m reluctantly set 9 motion--i4 e41 _! in]tia is ) great] difficulty ov]come4 ,! result ( ?is is1 t 9 ov]com+ _! in]tia ! greate/ /ra9 is ex]t$ backw>d1 on ! bree* ( ! gun2 :i*1 if n m firm ?an usual1 is bl[n out1 ent]+ ! =ehead ( ! %oot]3 an accid5t :i* w\ld prove fatal n only to ! gun1 b to ! p]son :o us$ x4 ,?is accid5t may no d\bt be effectually gu>d$ aga9/ by /r5g!n+ ! bree* end ( ! gun z well z ! bree* itself2 b )\t t precaution x is to be fe>$ t su* accid5ts w\ld be ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,a consid]able error may easily be promulgat$1 z to ! heat necess>y to be appli$ ere gunp[d] w explode4 ,a late writ] says1 x is necess>y to raise x to #fjj degrees be=e x is explosive4 ,?is is a splitt+ ( hairs1 & su* a palpable my/ification1 t x is sc>cely wor? notic+4 ,b ,i w expla93 if y place ^u a plate a few gra9s ( p[d]1 by heat+ ! plate und]nea? 7= in/ance1 on a smi?'s fire17 y w see ! sulphur giv+ out a blue flame1 x be+ easily fus$4 ,z ! plate becomes heat$ to ne>ly a r$ heat1 ! :ole explodes1 9 consequ5ce ( ! *>coal & nitre n be+ hot en\gh to all[ ! gases g5]at+ ! heat to be lib]at$2 b z soon z ?is does take place ! explosion ensues4 ,n[1 x is a well kn[n fact1 t ! smalle/ p>ticle ( matt] possess+ above #fjj ( heat1 w ignite any quantity ( p[d] x comes 9 imm$iate contact )2 we w suppose ) "o portion ( *>coal1 "o ( sulphur1 & "o ( nitre 7x matt]s n h[ small !y are3 a t5 hundr$? "p ( ! sub/ance ( "o ( ! smalle/ gra9s ( p[d] w\ld suffice71 & if x has ! means ( communicat+ to ^! small portions #fjj1 ?is is suffici5t1 z _! explosion induces also t ( ! v l>ge/ quantity3 = x ought to be p]fectly und]/ood1 t a great explosion is b s _m millions ( small ones comb9$1 & by _! unit$ =ce effect+ ! great results we see4 ,! +r$i5ts ( p[d] are gr\nd & intimately mix$ toge!r on ! b$ ( ! mill to ! great ext5t !y are1 to ! end t1 if possible1 !re %all n be 9 ! composition two gra9s or portions ( "o +r$i5t 9 imm$iate contact ) ea* o!r2 b t1 :5 ! ignition does take place1 ea* may be pres5t to add its peculi> gas1 9 ord] t ea* aff9ity may be suppli$4 ,?us becomes evid5t ! necessity ( a mo/ ext5sive incorporation1 a bl5d+ & equal division ( mixture ?r\gh\t ! :ole mat]ial4 ,! advantage ( unglaz$ gunp[d] is "h fully %[n2 = x pres5ts an inequality1 a r\ghness ( surface1 ov] :i* ! flame f ! p]cussion mixture _c travel )\t ignit+ "s ( ! prom95t p>ts1 & ?us ! :ole4 ,y may glaze p[d] & make x s smoo? t x w\ld be v difficult inde$ to ignite2 b except t x enables ! p[d] to resi/ moi/ure bett]1 x is o!rwise v detrim5tal1 z t5d+ bo? to prev5t ignition & l5g!n+ ! p]iod ( effect+ x4 ,! flame f ! p]cussion p[d] is ( t int5se & vivid description1 t if a *>ge ( p[d] 9 ! bree* ( a gun is loose1 ! flame w =m a mass ( cond5s$ air r\nd itself1 & driv+ ! gra9s ( p[d] be=e x1 prev5t ! imm$iate contact ( ! heat & ! p>ticles ( p[d]1 until ! heat is exp5d$2 & ?us arises a 8miss fire40 ,if ! p[d] is up only to ! nipple1 !re be+ a quantity ( air 9 ! tube ( t nipple1 ! explosion ( ! fluid w drive d[n ?is air1 & cond5se x betwe5 ! p[d] & top ( ! nipple to su* an ext5t z to cause a c]ta9 8miss fire40 ,x becomes requisite to f9d a rem$y = ?is1 & x c only be done by br++ ! p[d] into ! v vic9ity ( ! explosion on ! nipple4 ,?is c be effect$ 9 sev]al ways1 b ! mo/ p]fect is to obta9 z direct a communication z possible2 a wid5+ ( ! p]=ations ( ! bree*1 & space to all[ ! p[d] free access up ! nipple4 ,= ?is purpose we propose an improv$ =m ( nipple4 ,! c5tre "o ( ! ?ree 7"h %[n 9 section7 is consid]ably broad] & %ort] ?an ! o!rs4 ,a cap made broad] & n s deep w\ld be an improvem5t1 z br++ ! po9t ( ignition ne>] ! *>ge1 & ?us effect+ a sav+ ( "t2 = great & wond]fully quick z is ! explosion1 x is cle> to ! s5ses t x may be quick5$4 ,we are n f9d+ fault ) ! 8lightn+ be+ too sl[10 z ,colonel ,hawk] says2 b sci5ce means p]fection1 & ! ne>] we c come to x ! bett]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,plan ,,( ,,nipple4 ,,newe/ ,,plan ,,( ,,nipple4 ,,improv$ ,,nipple ,,( #ahce4 ,! nipples n[ 9 g5]al use h ! small] orifice at ! bottom1 &1 be+ l9$ ) plat9a1 nev] f\l4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t admitt+ ! gunp[d] into ! nipple 8is n advantage\s10 especially ) l>ge gra9$ p[d]2 by con/ruct+ ! nipple ) ! small orifice at ! bottom1 ! l>ge/ gra9 c be us$ b5eficially4 ,z ! velocity ( ! fulm9at+ gas is mu* great] ?an 8a tra90 ( gunp[d] ev] c be1 quickness is also ga9$ by _! adoption4 ,i h us$ !m = _m ye>s ) great success2 no?+ b co/ det]s _! g5]al adoption4 ,! pass+ ( ! flame ?r\gh ! v small op5+ 9 ! plat9a1 by ?is v high imp+em5t1 increases its heat to a great ext5t1 ensur+ explosion4 ,! true sci5ce ( gunn]y consi/s 9 kn[+ t a c]ta9 =ce is requisite to effect a c]ta9 purpose1 or1 9 o!r words1 to kill at a c]ta9 di/ance2 & also h[ to arrange t =ce s z to effect ! purpose )\t hav+ any extra =ce1 or any wa/e ( p[d]1 nor yet too little1 b ) a correspond+ result3 a suffici5cy2 nei!r m nor less4 ,?is we h %[n is atta9able by ! me*anical arrangem5t ( granulation2 = x is useless to use less1 or to use an iota m ( f9e gra9 p[d]1 if ! size l>g] w effect ! purpose )\t t iota4 ,propellant velocity is ! gr& desid]atum 9 all gunn]y2 ! obta9m5t ( ?is1 to ! greate/ ext5t1 is ! p[] ( kill+ at ! greate/ di/ance3 all ranges are dep5d5t on velocity2 no extreme range c be obta9$ )\t a correspond+ spe$4 ,! v f9e/ p[d]1 x w be p]ceiv$1 is fitt$--p]fectly fitt$1 pref]able1 inde$--to co>s] gra9 = guns ( a %ort l5g? ( tube1 :]e a p]fect combu/ion ( ! :ole *>ge c be obta9$ )\t any wa/e or want2 b z su* is q unsuit$ = long] b>rels3 ,i _c too (t5 repeat x4 ,! column ( air is ! rul+ p[]4 ,look :at its effects are by ,hutton's calculations1 ) ! v l[ velocities he obta9$6 ,s great z to br+ all projectiles he us$ to a m$ium velocity1 be=e !y 7 project$ beyond a c]ta9 di/ance4 ,!n :at mu/ its resi/ance be :]e ! velocities are trebl$8 ,i say trebl$1 = my p[d] & ! p]cussion comb9$ h m ?an trebl$ ! velocities4 ,y mu/ !n cle>ly h a p[d] ( su* gra9 z suits ! capacity ( y\r gun4 ,all b>rels h a size ( gra9 t w suit !m be/1 & manufactur]s ( gunp[d] w consult _! own pr(it & ! conv5i5ce ( sportsm51 if !y assimilate ! gra9 ( p[d] to v>i\s sizes2 z 9 %ot1 to ,no4 #a1 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 & s on3 ev5tually ?is sy/em mu/ be adopt$4 ,?is w expla9 q cle>ly h[ ! fact 7s+ul> to _m7 occurs1 ( %ort guns excell+ _! long] competitors1 & h[ frequ5tly a p>ticul> mak] obta9s an imm5sity ( cr$it = an excell5t gun only tw5ty-two in*es3 8,beat my ,"l ,s-&-s's ( ?irty in*es60 & h[1 8,:5 ,i cut f\r in*es (f my d\ble1 %e %ot bett] ?an ev] %e did40 ,all ^! occurr5ces are p]fectly dep5d5t on a k ( ! g5]at+ ( ! explosive =ce1 & may be rev]s$ at any "t by a p]son possess$ ( suffici5t k ( ^! facts3 put 9 co>se gra9 into ! %ort gun1 & f9e into ! long1 & ! facts w be *ang$ consid]ably1 z w be easily se54 ,a degree ( my/]y has hi!rto exi/$ z to ! cause ( ?is discrepancy2 b ,i tru/ ?is explanation w cle> x up4 ,exp]im5t has %[n ! error ( /at+ t only a c]ta9 quantity ( p[d] c\ld be consum$3 ! proportion /at$ 0 consid]ably bel[ ! actual quantity1 z ! exp]im5ts ( pun*+ ! plates %[2 = s9ce twelve dra*ms c be burnt 9 a ?ree-feet b>rel1 !re=e t5 dra*ms may be consum$ 9 "o two feet eight in*es1 ) a giv5 weight to lift4 ,9 addition to ?is1 mu/ be plac$ ! fact ( improvem5t1 bo? 9 ! composition & granulation ( ! p[d]2 :i* we h no hesitation 9 /at+ has be5 consid]able1 )9 only a v few ye>s1 all t5d+ to ! quickness ( g5]at+ =ce4 ,! granulatory sy/em1 if act$ ^u1 w give ! sportsman or soldi] a completely new p[] 9 gunn]y2 = x mu/ be evid5t1 if we h ! means ( project+ c]ta9 bodies ) an extreme velocity1 say #e1jjj feet p] second1 x becomes a simple calculation to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( =ce & l5g? ( tube to give to a c]ta9 weight4 ,take1 = in/ance1 an ounce ball 9 a b>rel two feet six in*es long4 ,extremely f9e gra9 p[d]1 f its rapidity ( expansion1 gives to ! ball ?is velocity at fifte5 in*es f ! bree*2 ! rema9+ fifte5 in*es conta9 a column ( air highly cond5s$1 :i* w inevitably r$uce ?is velocity back ne>ly fifty p] c5t41 or #b1ejj1 & ) t velocity ! ball leaves ! muzzle4 ,!re=e1 z we h already said1 x mu/ be evid5t y h "h g5]at$ a high spe$ to be z quickly r$uc$2 & x %[s cle>ly t if a diff]5t gra9 ( p[d] w\ld exp& f bree* to muzzle1 increas+ ! velocity on a granulat$ scale until x obta9$ ! highe/1 or #e1jjj feet p] second1 z ! ball left ! muzzle1 y w\ld save "h cle> #ej p] c5t4 9 =ce1 ) less recoil1 less int]nal /ra9 on ! b>rel1 & ) exactly ! same weight ( p[d]2 ?us %[+ t y h j a def9ite quantity ( =ce 9 a def9ite quantity ( p[d]4 ,! true sci5ce ( gunn]y is ! k h[ to be/ arrange ! collat]al p>ts1 s t y may obta9 ! greate/ result ) ! lea/ means4 ,i h also cle>ly %[n t ! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e is "o1 & ! pr9cipal ob/ruction 9 ! atta9m5t ( high velocities2 its resi/ance be+ regulat$ entirely by ! degree ( spe$ ) :i* x is want$ to be displac$4 ,?us x is true1 z bo? ,rob9s & ,hutton h %[n1 t only a c]ta9 velocity c be obta9$ b5eficially2 ?\gh ! degree is consid]ably great] !n ei!r conceiv$1 z f> great] impetus has be5 obta9$1 & project$ bodies h rang$ mu* beyond _! calculations1 & t b5eficially too4 ,"o drawback on ! !ory ( ^! g5tlem5 is _! calculat+ ! velocities ) iron projectiles2 = ! heavi] ! mat]ial ! m p[]ful ! mom5tum1 & consequ5tly ! long] ret5tion ( _! velocity1 f n pres5t+ ! same space to ! resi/+ m$ium1 ! air4 ,! developm5t ( ! sy/em ( granulation mu/ & does ex]cise consid]able control ov] ! %oot+ ( b>rels ( e description4 ,i h already expla9$ :at has be5 hi!rto consid]$ ! curi\s ph5om5a ( %ort & long b>rels %oot+ s dissimil>ly1 & ?is illu/ration completely e/abli%es ! fact ( ! expulsive & repulsive =ces be+ controll$ by ea* o!r3 z ei!r prepond]ates1 s is ! result4 ,! op5-end$ b>rel project+ balls1 & ev5tually bur/+1 is a beautiful & int]e/+ elucidation1 bo? ( ! =ce ( gunp[d] & ! /ubborn nature ( ! atmosph]ic fluid4 ,all ^! facts are valuable1 inasmu* z !y lay b>e circum/ances :i* h nev] be5 satisfactorily acc\nt$ =1 & enable ! m9d ( l[e/ capacity to und]/& ! cause & effect4 ,! sup]iority ( "o b>rel 9 ?r[+ %ot /rong] & m ev5ly di/ribut$1 arises1 x w be easily se51 f ! abs5ce1 or exi/5ce (1 int]nal friction1 :5 contra/$ ) ! diff]5t degrees ( expell+ =ce1 & ! degree ( resi/ance f ! atmosph]e2 x also acc\nts cle>ly = ! fact ( guns %oot+ /rong] on "o day ?an on ano!r1 9 f9e & 9 r\gh wea!r3 ! weight1 ! resi/ance ( ! air1 is ! only cause ( ! v>iation2 = gunp[d] _c drive back a d5se atmosph]e z quickly z a light] "o4 ,! cause ( guns bur/+ is to be plac$ to ! acc\nt ( bo? air & ! g5]ation ( ! explosive fluid s in/antane\sly2 ! solid front :i* air (f]s to quick compression1 ?r[s ! =ce on ! b>rel1 & ! sides ( ! tube give way because !y are weak]3 ?is _c occur s easily ) p[d] ( a m gradually expansive =ce1 !re=e safety is consult$ 9 its use1 9 addition to ! num]\s advantages x o!rwise possesses4 ,mr4 ,bla9e1 9 8 ,encyclopdia ( ,rural ,sports1 has ! foll[+3 8,! increase ( metal 9 ! detonator1 we ?9k1 ) ,colonel ,hawk]1 to be an ess5tial requisite1 fir/1 to resi/ ! quick]1 &1 consequ5tly1 m =cible1 expansive =ce appli$ by ! ignition ( ! p[d] ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( detonation1 & t5d to less5 ! recoil s mu* m =cibly felt 9 mo/ detonators4 ,?is increas$ weight ( p]cussion ,mr4 ,gre5]1 h[ev]1 objects to1 & inquires1 #8,:e!r "s ( ! be/ fl9t guns met )1 h n be5 v light8' ,to ?is we answ]1 t x 0 ! pr9ciple on :i* ! explosion ( ! fl9t gun 0 effect$ t enabl$ x to be made light]1 & yet to rema9 equally safe 9 us+2 b we also "k1 t :]e x 0 requir$ to add to ! rapidity & =ce ( ! ignition1 x !n became necess>y to increase ! sub/ance ( ! b>rel40 ,exp]i5ce tea*es ! writ]1 & ,i d>e say x w\ld ,mr4 ,bla9e1 if he 7 to exp]im5t to ! ext5t ,i h done1 t !re is no rapidity 9 ! ignition fur!r ?an ! clos+ ( t po9t ( ignition by ! cock1 & no 8=ce0 beyond :at ! comp>ative in/antane\s ignition ( ! gunp[d] 9 ! nipple creates4 ,?is is q suffici5t to prev5t ! fur!r p5etration ( ! p]cussion flame2 & ! only increase1 to quote 8 own words1 8to resi/ ! quick]1 &1 consequ5tly1 m expansive1 =ce appli$ by ! ignition ( ! p[d] ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( detonation10 arises f an improvem5t 7z x is t]m$7 9 ! granulation ( ! p[d]1 :i* alone creates ! increas$ expansive =ce4 ,?is w be cle>ly und]/ood by any "o read+ ?is "w f ! beg9n+2 ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! fl9t & p]cussion sy/ems is ! /opp+ ( ! orifice ( ignition 9 "o1 & all[+ x to escape 9 ! o!r2 = ! flame has to travel to w9dw>d 7to use a nautical expression7 9 ! fl9t2 ! o!r has its own accumulat+ p[] to =ce ignition ?r\gh ! body ( ! p[d]4 ,?is alone con/itutes ! diff]5ce4 ,! necessity = an increase ( metal at ! bree* ( a b>rel does n arise f any peculi>ity 9 ! mode ( communicat+ ! fire1 b 9 ! increas$ inflammability ( ! p[d] alone4 ,! extreme smallness ( gra9 has effect$ ?is m ?an ! use ( fulm9at+ flame2 & ! cont9u\s cry = f9e p[d]1 to get bett] up ! nipples1 has produc$ an alt]ation :i* is plac$ wrongfully to ! cr$it ( ! p]cussion4 ,aga91 he says1 8,mr4 ,gre5]1 h[ev]1 w\ld h u acquire ?is increase ( p[] ( resi/ance1 n by quantity ( mat]ial1 b by increas$ t5acity & ela/icity 9 ! metal ! gun is =m$ (1 & we agree t x w\ld be a great improvem5t if x c\ld be br\ght ab\t4 ,b :at is our prospect ( x8 ,is x n ! g5]al compla9t t gun metal is n by any means :at x 08 ,we h %[n t x is n2 &1 !re=e1 we d n ?9k1 z ,mr4 ,gre5] ass]ts1 t any recomm5dation ( increas$ weight ( metal to ! p]cussion b>rel beyond t ( ! fl9t gun 8is f\nd$ on ignorance20 b1 on ! contr>y1 t ! v reason ,mr4 ,gre5] gives to prove x1 is t :i* we ?9k af=ds evid5ce ( its p]fect rationality1 ! explosive =ce creat$40 ,! answ] giv5 above applies to ?is also3 save on ! score ( less5+ recoil1 sup]ior quality is pref]able1 to quantity4 ,! %oot+ p[]s ( gun b>rels are dep5d5t on two circum/ances--goodness ( metal1 & a prop] %ape ( ext]ior3 x _c be too (t5 repeat$1 t a gun b>rel is a spr+1 to all int5ts & purposes2 if y add metal1 y add /ubbornness1 & de/roy t expansibility1 )\t ! exi/5ce ( :i* ! b>rel is1 comp>atively speak+1 useless4 ,heavy1 pond]\s b>rels d n propel a *>ge ( %ot ) ei!r t sm>tness or degree ( clos5ess t a b>rel m sci5tifically con/ruct$ does2 y h less recoil c]ta9ly1 b ! addition ( half an in* ( m metal beh9d ! butt ( ! bree* w\ld d ?is m effectually1 & save y c>ry+ an additional weight4 ,! gradual ignition ( p[d] obviates ! necessity ( a great ?ickness ( metal 9 ! sides ( ! b>rels2 b if x is det]m9$ to p]sev]e 9 ! use ( peculi>ly f9e gra9$ p[d]1 y w\ld c]ta9ly be ju/ifi$1 nay1 requir$1 to h m & bett] metal ?an at pres5t1 = ! electrical nature ( ! explosion w ?r[ ^u ! tube t =ce :i* w\ld be m judici\sly employ$ 9 giv+ impetus to ! *>ge ( projectiles4 ,i h f\nd t expansion w increase ! %oot+ p[]s ( a b>rel2 b !n x mu/ n be ! expansion ( an unela/ic piece ( metal1 b ( metal ^: ela/icity reb\nds ) a =ce equal to t ) :i* x exp&s2 = :atev] else y may obta9 by creat+ friction1 by bor+ ! bree* end ( ! b>rel wid] y obta9 a great] expansion1 z x no d\bt has t t5d5cy4 ,we f9d x an inv>iable fact1 t :5 b>rels are v heavy1 comp>$ ) _! size ( bore 7if a cyl9d]71 !y %oot weak4 ,also1 :5 b>rels are made ( irons ( diff]5t temp]atures1 :]e "o is plac$ to prev5t ! expansion or spr++ nature ( ! o!r1 !y are nev] f\nd to %oot well4 ,z a pro( ( ?is fact1 let any "o take ! be/ b>rel he ev] %ot )1 & encase x ) lead v tight2 fire x at a doz5 %eets ( pap]1 & see if ! effect be equal to :at x 0 :5 ! b>rel 0 un5cumb]$4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w be f\nd to h %ot v weak1 ?\gh close4 ,let him !n exam9e ! lead2 &1 if any mod]ate sub/ance1 he w f9d t ! explosion has enl>g$ x consid]ably4 ,?is exp]im5t ,i h tri$ repeat$ly1 & c v\* = its tru?4 ,! pro( ( b>rels is ano!r fact corroborat+ ! tru? ( our ass]tion4 ,:at else c occasion ! bulg+1 b ! expansion8 ,:]e ! b>rels are possess$ ( s(t & h>d portions 7:i* is ! result ( diff]5t temp]s ( diff]5t metals71 "o exp&s fur!r ?an ! o!r1 & !n1 ( c\rse1 ! s(t "p receives no assi/ance f ! h>d1 & x does n return to its orig9al /ate4 ,put on a b>rel1 f ! bree* end to ! muzzle1 a numb] ( r+s ( lead2 be sure y h !m tight1 & n fur!r ap>t ?an ?ree or f\r in*es2 fire t b>rel ) a usual *>ge1 & if x be a correct tap] = %oot+1 x w h exp&$ ! :ole ( ! r+s an equal di/ance4 ,f ! obs]vations already made1 ! read] w p]ceive t ! %oot+ ( all b>rels dep5ds on a c]ta9 degree ( friction4 ,! degree ( friction necess>y1 v>ies accord+ to ! nature & sub/ance ( ! metal4 ,^? metals t require lea/ %oot be/4 ,! object ( ! friction is to create a great] =ce1 by deta9+ ! *>ge long] 9 ! b>rel4 ,if1 !n1 !re %\ld n be an extra quantity ( p[d] to consume1 ! friction w\ld be a decid$ evil4 ,?is may be und]/ood by rifle practice1 9 :i* we f9d t a %ort b>rel ( eighte5 in*es1 ) a c]ta9 *>ge1 w ?r[ a ball z /raight1 & q z /rong1 or /rong]1 ?an a b>rel ( ?ree feet1 load$ ) a simil> *>ge4 ,i acc\nt = ?is fact ?us3 ! b>rel ( eighte5 in*es w burn all ! p[d] put into x2 ! long "o c d no m4 ,z soon z ! ball has left ! %ort b>rel1 x meets ) no imp$im5t b ! air4 ,by ! "t ! ball 9 ! long] "o has travell$ eighte5 in*es ! p[d] is all consum$2 ! volume ( air 9 ! rema9+ eighte5 in*es acts z a de/roy] ( ! =ce giv5 to x1 & x naturally drops its ball %ort ( ! o!r4 ,increase ! *>ge ( p[d] to z mu* z ! long "o c burn1 & !n x w ?r[ its %ot to ne>ly twice ! di/ance ( ! o!r4 ,an addition ( p[d] beyond ! quantity ! b>rel c consume is disadvantage\s2 ! rev]se w be f\nd equally s4 ,?us x is ) f[l+-pieces4 ,! quantity ( p[d] t a gun w\ld burn 9 ! %ape ( a cyl9d]1 w\ld be too little1 :51 by alt]+ t %ape1 y increase ! friction4 ,! quantity mu/1 !re=e1 be increas$1 or ?is friction w dim9i% ! =ce ( ! %ot4 ,x is on ?is t ! mi/ak5 supposition is f\nd$1 t %ort b>rels w %oot z f> z long ones4 ,x is true t ) a small *>ge1 or v f9e p[d]1 ! %ort b>rel w kill at ! di/ance ( ?irty y>ds1 z well z ! long "o2 b put 9 ! long "o z mu* p[d] z x c consume1 !n try ! two at twice ! di/ance1 & y w f9d out ! mi/ake "u :i* y h be5 lab\r+4 ,x is on ! nature ( ! metal t ! goodness ( ! %oot+ pr9cipally dep5ds4 ,t b>rel :i* is possess$ ( ! greate/ degree ( ela/icity & t5acity1 w ?r[ its %ot /ronge/ & close/ ) ! lea/ artificial friction4 ,x is on ! k ( ! qualities & temp]atures ( ! v>i\s irons1 & on practice 9 ! art ( %oot+1 t a man's ability 9 mak+ guns %oot ) precision mu/ re/4 ,all plans are m]ely me?ods by :i* an unsci5tific mak] has mo/ frequ5tly succe$$4 ,x w\ld be no difficult task to produce a hundr$ b>rels :i* w %oot ne>ly alike2 yet e b>rel %all be diff]5t 9 its bore4 ,! l5g? ( friction dep5ds entirely on ! l5g? ( ! b>rel4 ,long b>rels require m ?an %ort1 ?\gh ! latt] require x 9 a great] degree4 ,a mode ( creat+ friction1 mu* practis$ by ^? :o are ignorant ( ! true me?od1 is to bore ! b>rels z r\gh & z full ( r+s z possible4 ,^! r+s are (t5 tak5 = flaws2 ?\gh t may be asc]ta9$ by notic+ :e!r or n !y h ! same incl9ation z ! twi/1 & :e!r or n !y are at ! jo9t+ ( a spiral4 ,if !y be n1 ! *ance is t ! b>rel is r+-bor$1 z x is t]m$4 ,?is r\ghness1 h[ev]1 answ]s ! same z friction by relief2 b b>rels ?us r\gh5$ are v liable to lead1 & become f\l4 ,:ile ! well-bor$ b>rel w fire =ty %ots z well z tw5ty1 ^! _c be fir$ m ?an tw5ty times ) safety & effect4 ,ea* ( ! b>rels 9 ! table bel[1 if #c-af?s ?ick at ! bree*1 is equal to ! pressure /at$4 ,! resi/ance ( a *>ge ( %ot ( "o ounce we f9d to be m ?an be=e /at$2 & ! additional increase ( explosive =ce obta9$ at ! mom5t ( ignition1 requires ! am\nt to be mu* great] 9 computation1 !re=e1 we may safely take a pressure ( #a1gjj p\nds to ! in* ( tube4 ,! read] w p]ceive1 on ref]5ce to ! foll[+ table1 t ) ! tube fill$ ) p[d] = an in* 9 l5g?1 :i* is a small *>ge1 ! explosive =ce w be equal to #dj1jjj p\nds1 or ne>ly #a1gjj p\nds to ! in*4 ,pressure ( ,surplus *>ge4 /r5g?4 ,lam9at$ & o!r /eel b>rels lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 are equal to a pressure ( #f1jbb #a1gjj #d1cbi ,wire twi/ #e1jai-a_/b #a1gjj #c1cai-a_/b ,new /ub twi/ mixture #e1eee #a1gjj #c1hee ,old /ub twi/ #d1hah #a1gjj #c1aah ,*>coal iron #d1ebf #a1gjj #b1hbf ,?reep5ny skelp iron #c1hda #a1gjj #b1ada ,damascus iron #c1bib #a1gjj #a1eib ,fancy twi/$ /eel #c1acd #a1gjj #a1dcd ,twop5ny skelp iron #b1hdj #a1gjj #a1adj ,if ! *>ge he increas$ to "o ounce & a half1 ! l5g? x occupies1 & ! lat]al pressure by ! jamm+1 w create an additional pressure 9 proportion1 or ne> #b1eej p\nds1 z "u3-- ,pressure ( ,surplus #a-a_/b oz4 %ot4 /r5g?4 ,lam9at$ & o!r /eel b>rels lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 are equal to a pressure ( #f1jbb #b1eej #c1dgb ,wire twi/ b>rel #e1jai-a_/b #b1eej #b1dfi-a_/b ,new /ub twi/ mixture #e1eee #b1eej #c1jje ,old /ub twi/ #d1hah #b1eej #b1bfh ,*>coal iron #d1ebf #b1eej #a1igf ,?reep5ny skelp iron #c1hda #b1eej #a1bia ,damascus iron #c1bib #b1eej #gdb ,fancy twi/$ /eel #c1acd #b1eej #ehd ,twop5ny skelp iron #b1hdj #b1eej #bij ,a *>ge ( %ot two ounces weight w be great] 9 pressure ?an b>rels ( ^! dim5sions are equal to re/ra91 &1 consequ5tly1 no b>rels %\ld be *>g$ to ?is ext5t at any "t2 b inf]ior b>rels1 z a matt] ( c]ta9ty1 are sure to give way if s load$4 ,pressure ( ,surplus4 #b oz4 %ot4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,lam9at$ b>rels1 c4 #f1jbb #c1djj #b1fbb ,wire twi/ b>rels #e1jbi-a_/b #c1djj #a1fai-a_/b ,new /ub twi/ mixture #e1eee #c1djj #b1aee ,old /ub twi/ #d1hah #c1djj #a1dah ,*>coal iron #d1ebf #c1djj #a1abf ,?reep5ny skelp iron #c1hda #c1djj #dda ,damascus iron #c1bib #c1djj ,fancy /eel b>rels #c1acd #c1djj ,twop5ny skelp iron #b1hdj #c1djj ,! =ego+ tables %[ cle>ly ! dang] ( p]sev]+ 9 us+ heavy *>ges ( %ot2 = x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t accid5tal circum/ances w increase ?is pressure1 & nev] c act s z to less5 x3 a f\l gun1 or a v>iety ( o!r circum/ances1 be+ sure to increase ! dang]4 ,hav+ fully expla9$ ! nature ( gunp[d]1 x rema9s to say some?+ ab\t ! o!r portion1 namely1 ! %ot4 ,t a b>rel creat+ explosive =ce1 until ! *>ge is 9 ! act ( leav+ ! muzzle1 w %oot bett] ?an ano!r :i* does n d ?is1 !re _c exi/ a d\bt2 = ?is is ! g]m ( ! sci5ce4 ,also t ! column ( air 9 b>rels1 :]e ! explosive fluid is soon] exp5d$1 acts ^u ! wadd+1 & influ5ces ! lat]al direction ( ! %ot1 !re c also be no d\bt2 !re=e1 m att5tion is requisite to ?is po9t ?an is g5]ally giv54 ,i am q c]ta9 t all well-con/ruct$ b>rels1 bo? z reg>ds metal & ext]ior %ape1 %oot be/1 %oot s longe/1 & f\l or lead less1 ?an b>rels hav+ ! aid ( friction3 s(t b>rels require x1 no d\bt1 b :y make s(t b>rels8 ,! o!rs co/ b little m1 & ! sup]iority admits ( no "q4 ,! quantity ( %ot is a matt] ( ! fir/ consequ5ce1 & ,i ?9k t ,i h cle>ly e/abli%$ ! fact1 t ! less ! weight1 9 proportion to ! =ce1 ! great] ! spe$ or velocity giv5 to t weight2 h5ce x foll[s t to be b5eficial a c]ta9 quantity is suit$4 ,all guns1 accord+ to _! bore & l5g?1 w %oot a c]ta9 weight & a c]ta9 size ( %ot be/4 ,a great deal ( %ot 9 a small bore lies too f> up ! b>rel1 & creates an unnecess>y friction2 & ! %ot1 by ! compression at ! mom5t ( explosion1 becomes all %apes3 a circum/ance :i* mat]ially affects its flight4 ,if ( too great a weight1 ! p[d] has n p[] to drive x ) t spe$ & =ce requir$ to be efficaci\s1 because ! weight is too great 9 proportion4 ,^? :o reason f ma!matical calculation w object to ?is doctr9e4 ,!y w say1 ! great] ! weight ! great] ! effect4 ,no d\bt x is s1 if ?r[n ) a proportionate =ce2 b t _c be obta9$ ) a small gun4 ,we mu/ adapt ! weight ( projectile =ce to ! p[] we are 9 possession (2 & f _m exp]im5ts1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 t a f\rte5 gauge1 two feet eight in*es b>rel1 %\ld nev] be load$ ) above "o ounce & a qu>t] ( %ot 7,no4 #f w suit be/71 & ! utmo/ p[d] %e w burn4 ,a fifte5 gauge w n require m ?an "o ounce2 & no d\bt ,no4 #g w\ld be ?r[n by h] q z /rong z ,no4 #f by ! f\rte5 gauge gun1 & d z mu* execution at =ty y>ds ) less recoil4 ,sett+ aside all o!r reasons1 ,i %\ld1 on ?is acc\nt1 pref] ! fifte5 gauge-gun1 if bo? be ( a l5g?2 z ,i f9d z mu* execution c be done at ! same di/ance ) "o z ) ! o!r4 ,to r5d] a f\rte5 gauge b>rel sup]ior1 ,colonel ,hawk] is "r 9 /at+1 t x %\ld nev] be "u ?irty-f\r in*es2 :i* description ( b>rel ,i v mu* approve4 ,he also says1 8,y _c h clos5ess & /r5g? 9 %oot+ comb9$1 beyond a c]ta9 degree30 an obs]vation1 9 ! tru? ( :i* ,i fully concur2 x be+ f\nd t :]e !re is a great] degree ( ei!r /r5g? or clos5ess1 ! o!r requisite is always want+4 ,nei!r w\ld x be advisable1 z ! sportsman w f9d a m$ium decid$ly ! be/3 a m$ium t w give ! %ots fairly spread ov] a space ( ?irty in*es diamet]1 at =ty y>ds2 & s regul>ly1 t a space1 :i* w\ld all[ a bird to escape1 %all n occur above twice out ( five %ots1 & ea* %ot to p5etrate ?r\gh ?irty %eets ( pap]4 ,x w be f\nd1 t a gun do+ ?is regul>ly1 is f> sup]ior to "o ?r[+ twice z close & n "o-half ?r\gh ! pap]2 z ! latt] w require f\r or five pellets to kill a bird1 :5 two ( ! o!r w\ld be q z efficaci\s1 on acc\nt ( p5etrat+ twice z f>4 ,9 fav\r ( small %ot1 ,mr4 ,daniel's obs]vations are s p]t95t1 t ,i _c d bett] ?an quote him4 ,he says1 8,! velocity ( a *>ge ( ,no4 #g be+ equal 7we w say ne>ly7 to "o ( ,no4 #c at t di/ance 7#ce y>ds71 & s9ce small %ot fly ?ick] ?an l>ge 9 proportion to its size2 & z !re are _m p>ts ab\t ! body ( a bird1 :]e9 a pellet ( ,no4 #g w affect its vitality equal to a pellet ( ,no4 #b1 ! *ances by us+ ! =m] are multipli$ 9 ! workman's fav\r2 = x is ! numb] & n ! magnitude ( ! p>ticles t kills on ! spot4 ,!y :o pref] l>ge %ot1 & accu/om !mselves to fire at great di/ances1 leave ne>ly z _m langui%+ 9 ! field z imm$iately die4 ,:]eas1 ^? t use small %ot1 & %oot fair1 fill _! bag ) little spoil or wa/e beyond :at !y take ) !m f ! field40 ,to an old gamekeep] ( 8 7he tells u7 he has (t5 put ! "q1 8,:y he 0 s p>tial to small %ot10 & 8 reply 01 8,sir1 !y g betwe5 ! fea!rs l p9s & ne$les2 :il/ ! l>ge %ot y use1 z (t5 glance (f z p5etrate !m40 ,no d\bt1 "h ,mr4 ,daniel is z correct z may be4 ,mr4 ,bla9e says1 qu]y8 ,b he ought to be aw>e1 z ,i suppose he is1 ?\gh all[+ himself to lose sight ( pr9ciples1 t small %ot c be1 & are1 propell$ f ! b>rel ) an equal velocity ) ! l>g]2 x is only 9 ! l5g? ( range t ! great] triumphs2 b if we take ?irty or ?irty-five y>ds' di/ance z an av]age1 ! latt] w n 8lead0 9 ! race4 ,!re=e1 ! advocates ( small %ot h unque/ionably ! bett] ( ! argum5t at ?is di/ance2 at great]1 ,i w n dispute x1 ?\gh ,i h pick$ up ,no4 #e %ot #cjj y>ds f ! spot fir$ f2 l>g]1 ,no4 #c1 r>ely rea*es #djj y>ds4 ,h>d %ot is n s liable to be mis-%ap$1 nor does x lose its velocity by contact1 z easily z s(t4 ,"u ! head mix$ %ot1 ,bla9e obs]ves1 8,we d n believe any law 9 projectiles c be br\ght =w>d to prove its impropriety4 ,! mass ( %ot is propell$ by ! expansive p[] ( ! p[d]2 x is eject$ 9 a mass2 & :5 x sep>ates1 ea* %ot c>ries ) x its own %>e ( ejective =ce1 ) v little int]f]5ce ) any o!r1 x be+ evid5t t ! projectile =ce act+ on ea* %ot is 9 ! proportion ( its area ( dim5sions10 c4 ,"h is a great mi/ake4 ,! law ( projectiles is n want$ to prove its fallacy2 ! laws ( motion w d t4 ,if y take any numb] ( equal or dissimil> sizes ( %ot1 & place x z a *>ge is plac$ 9 a gun b>rel1 occupy+ #c_/d ( an in* ( tube1 !re is1 ( c\rse1 a wadd+ betwe5 p[d] & %ot2 ?is wadd+ is1 or ought to be1 a pi/on2 velocity is communicat$ to ?is pi/on by ! explosion2 x does s to ! %ot imm$iately above x1 t to ! lay]s above1 & s on until ! :ole mass is 9 motion4 ,! velocity beh9d ! pi/on is increas+ to a c]ta9 po9t1 :]e x ceases2 !n x is t ! lay] f>!/ f ! pi/on1 hav+ receiv$ its maximum f ! lay]s bel[1 travels quick] ?an its assi/ants2 :o1 hav+ p>t$ ) _! =ce1 fall beh9d 9 proportion3 s does ea* lay]1 ev5 until ! la/ "o :i* receiv$ x f ! pi/on1 hav+ communicat$ s mu* to 8 fri5ds be=e him1 is left )\t himself4 ,x is an undisput$ law 9 motion t "o body may convey to ano!r1 by contact1 ne>ly its own velocity1 b 9 s do+1 is sure to come to re/ imm$iately4 ,/rike "o billi>d ball aga9/ ano!r1 if ! bl[ is c5trical1 ! ball /ruck receives ! motion1 ! o!r comes to re/2 & s is x ) %ot3 x is only ! lay]s next ! muzzle :i* /rikes ! t>get1 ! rema9d] fall )\t travell+ ! same di/ance4 ,i h fir$ ?ree balls f a rifle1 & hav+ m>k$ !m ,i f\nd ! upp]mo/ project$ f>!/1 & ! o!rs 9 proportion4 ,?is is easily prov$4 ,?us1 x is q cle> t 9 all *>ges ( mix$ %ot1 ! l>g] w extract ! velocity f ! small]1 & consequ5tly become useless = ! purpose int5d$3 ?is fact is unque/ionable4 ,9 speak+ ( ! longe/ duck or swivel guns1 ,i may in/ance ,colonel ,hawk]'s acc\nt ( ! p]=mance ( su* f[l+ artill]y4 ,x appe>s evid5t t !y d n effect any?+ l ! execution :i* might be expect$ f _! imm5se size & capability4 ,! reason ( ?is is obvi\s4 ,f ! great space ( ! int]ior1 9 ord] to receive t equal pressure on ! in* :i* a common f[l+-piece receives1 !y %\ld be *>g$ 9 proportion to ! increas$ size2 b !n1 ,i sc>cely ne$ add1 !y w\ld become ungov]nable4 ,9 addition to ?is objection1 !y c\ld n be =g$ ( malleable iron1 s z to be safe2 on acc\nt ( ! impossibility ( =g+ a b>rel ( t weight by h& hamm]s1 & ! little probability ( hamm]s ev] be+ inv5t$ to "w by /eam to d x suffici5tly quick4 ,! great] ! weight ( ! b>rel its /r5g? is gradually decreas$1 ow+ to ! impossibility ( suffici5tly beat+ x ?r\gh\t ! :ole body4 ,x mu/ be well kn[n to any "o v]s$ 9 me*anics1 t an an*or-%ank weigh+ "s hundr$weights is m easily brok5 ?an iron "o-tw5tie? "p ( ! weight1 :i* has _h ! advantage ( be+ =g$ by hamm]s :]e ! bl[s 7 felt ?r\gh ! :ole mass4 ,?is _c be ! case 9 =g+ l>ge b>rels1 z ! workm5 _c use hamm]s heavy en\gh2 consequ5tly ! b>rel is turn$ out ( h& ) ! pores m op5 ?an a piece ( ca/ iron4 ,!y h tri$ ?is ) l>ge guns = ! artill]y1 & x has repeat$ly fail$1 entirely f ! want ( suffici5t p[] to compress ! iron4 ,all guns1 !re=e1 ( an unusual size1 are n ( /r5g? 9 proportion to a small gun2 h5ce ! reason !y _c ) safety be *>g$ up to ! correspond+ scale4 ,nei!r are !y ( ! l5g? !y %\ld be1 if ! bore is to be ! crit]ion4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t to be *>g$ 9 proportion1 ! pressure on ! in* %\ld be z _m times ! pressure on ! in* ( ! small gun1 z ! "o is ! numb] ( times l>g] ?an ! o!r4 ,if we come exactly to ! real /ate ( ! case1 we d\bt mu* 7:5 tak+ into consid]ation ! diff]5ce ( surface7 t ! pressure on ! in* 9 ! l>ge gun is equal ev5 to t on a small gun4 ,! comp>ison might be c>ri$ up to ! l>ge/ artill]y1 & ,i d\bt :e!r x w\ld come up to ?is scale2 z x is well kn[n t ! heavie/ guns w n ?r[ _! projectile z f> 9 proportion z ! small gun1 because y d>e n g5]ate ! =ce requir$ to d x4 ,! same pr9ciple is applicable to artill]y z to f[l+-pieces4 ,f ! above data1 ,i w\ld say1 nev] make duck-guns above sev5-eigh?s 9 ! bore1 if y wi% !m to kill at a great di/ance2 & n less ?an fifte5 or sixte5 p\nds weight1 & full f\r feet long2 because !n y c g5]ate /r5g? suffici5t4 ,!re=e1 in/ead ( ! l>ge /an*ion-guns be+ "o hundr$ p\nds weight1 !y %\ld1 /rictly speak+1 be two hundr$1 & s on4 ,9 pro( ( ?is ,i may j m5tion t1 ^u repeat$ exp]im5ts1 ,i h asc]ta9$ t a d\ble /an*ion-gun1 ) ea* b>rel ( ! same bore1 weight1 & l5g?1 z a s+le gun1 w kill fur!r ?an ! latt]2 simply ow+ to ! advantage ( ! great] weight ( ! d\ble gun4 ,i h made obs]vations1 :5 try+ mod]ate-siz$ & %\ld] duck-guns on t f9e level piece ( s& be=e spok5 (1 & by trac+ ! graz+ ( ! %ots ,i h be5 enabl$ to pick !m up4 ,! l>ge %ot f ! duck-gun1 mo/ly ,no4 #b1 ,i f\nd sc>cely #djj y>ds f ! spot :]e %e 0 fir$2 ! small %ot1 five & six1 f a f\rte5 bore1 7 repeat$ly pick$ up at #cej y>ds3 ?us %[+ t ! l>ge gun _h n mu* advantage2 b yet mak+ probable _m ass]tions made ( kill+ at sev5ty1 eighty1 & sometimes a hundr$ y>ds1 ) a common-siz$ gun4 ,by ?is x appe>s possible2 = %ot t w fly t di/ance mu/ kill1 if x hit dur+ its flight ?r\gh ! fir/ qu>t] ( su* a range2 b !n1 at a s+le bird1 above fifty-five or sixty y>ds1 x is always tw5ty to "o aga9/ hitt+ ! object at all2 z ! pellets beg9 to sep>ate rapidly at t di/ance1 ?\gh _! =ce is /ill suffici5t1 & 9 l>ge flocks is apt to d execution4 ,! inv5tion ( ! pat5t wire c>tridge is r ! production ( a sci5tific m9d ?an ! production ( *ance2 ?\gh ! inv5tion ( ,g5]al ,%rapnell conta9s ! pr9ciple1 & ! p]fection atta9$ is b ! ext5sion ( t pr9ciple3 namely1 ! means ( project+ a numb] ( bodies ( a simil>ity 9 size )\t subject+ !m to an extreme jamm+ by ! lat]al expansion1 & ?us all[+ ea* to travel 8 allott$ di/ance )\t any ( 8 companions robb+ him ( 8 spe$ by impact4 ,! great peculi>ity ( ! wire c>tridge is1 t be+ less ?an ! bore1 & hav+ no bottom wadd+1 ! explosive fluid acts all ar\nd1 betwe5 ! sides ( ! b>rel & ! net1 by :at may n inaptly be t]m$ ! w9dage1 & ! %ot are ?us expell$ by a cu%ion-l =ce1 :i* does n jam or compress !m 9 ! way x is liable to by a wadd+ =c+ x outw>ds4 ,"h ! net is ( use to keep ! :ole 9 a mass2 b y mu/ n suppose ! same w\ld be obta9$ by a *>ge ( %ot1 )\t a wadd+ bel[4 ,! net op5s1 aft] leav+ ! muzzle ( ! gun4 ,! introduction ( bone-du/ is int5d$ =1 & answ]s ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! gra9s ( %ot be+ mis-%ap$ by ! compression3 dur+ _! passage up ! b>rel !y =m ) ! bone-du/ a comp>atively solid body1 & keep ! pellets f impact1 ?us all[+ !m to g =? into ! atmosph]e beautifully r\nd & un9jur$2 &1 z su*1 m likely to travel f>!r & /rong]4 ,! latt] arrangem5t possesses all ! sci5ce1 z ! net c be disp5s$ )2 = x aids ! comb9ation b slightly1 & 9 no case m ?an a mod]ate quantity ( good pap] w\ld d4 ,! sci5ce ( ?is me*anical con/ruction ( projectiles is p]fectly 9 keep+ ) all ! e/abli%$ laws ( motion1 & m p>ticul>ly good 9 ?us avoid+ ! necessity ( lat]al pressure on ! sides ( ! tube ( ! gun1 ! upp] end hav+ ! means ( bett] resi/+ ! column ( air 9 _! progress outw>ds2 = !re c be no "q b ?is controls & induces ! div]g5ce ( ! %ot 9 leav+ ! muzzle4 ,"o ( ! old arrangem5ts1 (t5 laugh$ at1 ,i mean ! bell muzzle 9 old guns1 intimates t our ance/ors possess$ "s smatt]+ ( sci5ce2 z ! relief 9 ! muzzle ( a gun has a t5d5cy1 by all[+ a gradual expansion lat]ally1 to keep ! *>ge ( %ot bett] toge!r3 = x is q app>5t t any body sev]ely compress$ = a c]ta9 di/ance1 exp&s 9 proportion :5 free ( t re/ra9t2 & ! consequ5ce is a t5d5cy to fly (f at a tang5t1 z ! friction ( a crook$ b>rel induces a ball to fly 9 a curve contr>y to ! b5d ( ! b>rel4 ,! extreme relief we f9d 9 "s old b>rels is c]ta9ly n requir$2 b /ill x cle>ly %[s t ! pr9ciple 0 und]/ood & act$ ^u3 ! v extreme has be5 produc$ by ignorance1 z c]ta9ly z ! sugge/ion 0 a pro( ( k on ! "p ( ! sugge/or2 = _m ?9k1 if a small dose is good = a pati5t1 a l>ge "o mu/ be equally s4 ,l ourselves ( ! pres5t day1 hav+ discov]$ t f9e gunp[d] 0 advantage\s1 we h c>ri$ ! pr9ciple s f> z und\bt$ly to ov]/ep ! l9e to :i* x 0 b5eficial we %\ld advance2 ?us cle>ly e/abli%+ ! tru? ( ! old adage1 8,"o extreme begets ano!r40 ,!re=e1 9 advocat+ ! adoption ( gun-b>rels ( ! v ess5ce ( iron1 ,i also say1 let t "p ( ! tube ^: duty is ! g5]at+ ( =ce be ne>ly cyl9drical1 & let !re be a gradual expansion ( ! bore = a few in*es 9 approa*+ ! muzzle1 t ! re/ra9t ( ! lat]al pressure may n be too rapidly loos5$4 ,b yet let t expansion be s graduat$ t !re %all n be an extreme ei!r way--only a sc>cely p]ceptible relief2 yet su* z w influ5ce & prev5t ! div]g5ce ( ! projectiles to a consid]able ext5t4 ,bla9e says--8,a v long b>rel is liable to h ! =ce ( its dis*>ge less5$ by ! increase ( c\nt] pressure 9 ! great] volume ( int]nal air 9 a long ?an 9 a %ort b>rel40 ,! column ( air 9 ! b>rel is unque/ionably calculat$ to less5 ! =ce ( ! dis*>ge4 ,b ,i h already %[n t ?is is completely controll$ by ! sy/em ( granulation4 ,fur!r1 he says--8,its =ce mu/ also suff] by ! loss :i* ! ela/icity ( ! propell+ gas exp]i5ces 9 its l5g!n$ transit ?r\gh an ext5d$ range ( b>rel40 ,he is "h suppos+ an in/antane\s g5]ation ( =ce1 :i* _c possibly happ52 & if x did1 w\ld be comp>atively useless4 ,b he is evid5tly on ! "r sc5t1 if he c\ld only foll[ x up4 ,aga91--8,9 su* cases1 x is probable1 t ! %ot1 :i* %\ld leave ! m\? ( ! piece at ! in/ant :5 ! propell+ =ce has ga9$ its maximum1 9 a long b>rel are deta9$ beyond t p>ticul> limit ( capacity we h po9t$ out z inh]5t 9 ea* b>rel2 & :i* prop]ties1 & :i* quantities ( *>ge1 no?+ b repeat$ & v>i$ trials c tea* ! own] ( ! gun40 ,?is is an excell5t illu/ration ( ! 8!ory0 ( ! resi/ance ( ! column ( air 9 long b>rels ) v f9e quickly-burnt p[d]2 & c\ld he h po9t$ out ! cause1 ! explanation w\ld h be5 p]fect2 z x mu/ be q app>5t to ! read] t x is n ! l5g? ( b>rel :i* is 9 fault1 b a want ( a cont9u\s produc+ =ce 9 ! p[d]2 = :5 all ! *>ge is explod$1 ! maximum has be5 obta9$4 ,?is cle>ly proves t ! *>ge 0 too small to keep up t maximum1 or t ! gra9 ( ! p[d] 0 too f9e1 & ?us too quickly exp5d$4 ,!re is no discrepancy betwe5 ! fact ( long b>rels be+ pref]able half a c5tury ago1 & %ort ones n[2 = x is 9 ! improvem5t ( gunp[d] burn+ 9 half ! "t n[ t x did !n1 & leaves ! "q ( l5g? ( b>rel precisely :]e x has ev] be54 ,y may h any l5g? y l 9 mod]ation1 if y suit ! gra9 ( p[d] to x4 ,i am q satisfi$ to /e] betwe5 extremes2 avoid+ alike too small a *>ge ( projectiles & too wide a calibre ) too heavy a *>ge ( ! =m]1 & pref]r+ a size ( bore t gives1 "u all circum/ances1 ! greate/ range ) ! lea/ am\nt ( explosive mat]ial2 :i* nei!r requires t to be too f9e a gra91 nor too co>se3 namely1 a bore ( fifte5 & two feet six in*es long4 ,"u all ! above circum/ances comb9$1 ?is size w long hold a position 9 ! front rank ( sport+ guns4 ,! ,belgians h long be51 & /ill are1 our pr9cipal competitors 9 supply+ ^? p>ts ( ! _w :i* d n rank gun manufactur+ among _! /aple trade4 ,! co/ ( lab\r be+ small1 !y h great facilities = produc+ *eap mat]ial2 & ! ext5t to :i* !y tempt ! eye ( ^? inexp]i5c$ 9 gunn]y is q obvi\s to ! _w2 b except+ ! *eapness ( ! l[] grade ( guns1 ! ,belgian products are n at all to be plac$ on an equality ) ! well made ,engli% manufacture4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! relaxation ( our cu/om laws1 =eign gunn]y is n[ admitt$ at t5 p] c5t4 duty2 & z soon z ?is *ange 0 made1 ! ,belgians s5t l>ge quantities ( _! guns & pi/ols to ,london2 :5ce !y f\nd _! way ?r\gh diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,regul> e/abli%m5ts 7 op5$ = ! sale ( _! v highly ornam5t$ b>rels3 t5 diff]5t v>ieties 7 produc$1 ev5 to ! imitation ( lam9at$ /eel4 ,^! b>rels 7 at fir/ s5t 9 ! bor$ & gr\nd /ate1 9 l>ge quantities2 _! app>5t l[ price & great beauty q captivat$ "s ( ! 8,brums10 s t = a p]iod !y 7 all ! rage2 & ! ,belgians began to boa/ ( ! ext5sive trade !y 7 do+4 ,b no?+ 9 ?is _w runs smoo?4 8,! be/ laid s*emes ( mice & m5 (t gang agee20 & s x 0 ) ! ,belgian importations4 ,our pro( 0 n exactly to _! lik+1 or p]haps ! iron 0 n equal to ! pro(2 losses & discov]ies began to accumulate3 8,too s(t1 by f>10 says "o2 8,!y are all plat$10 says ano!r2 8,fil$ x ?r\gh1 by j+o60 exclaim$ a ?ird2 8,common iron1 by all t's wond]ful60 prote/$ a f\r?2 8,oh1 twi/$ iron1 "u su* inimitable ,damascus60 gr[l$ a fif?3 9 %ort1 /eel ov] iron turn$ out to be ! secret ( ! :ole bus9ess4 ,x is v probable t su* facts z ^! soon e/abli%$ ! inf]iority ( 8! beautiful ,damascus & arabesque0 ( ! ,belgian manufactur]s2 & !y h1 ,i tru/1 disappe>$ = ev] f ! ,engli% m>ket3 at lea/1 !y are n held 9 e/imation by ^? qualifi$ to judge4 ,_! advocates h = ye>s adduc$ ! fact1 t ! ,belgian laws requir$ guns to be twice prov$2 & our old laws n requir+ ?is1 !y _h c]ta9ly a tangible argum5t2 b our improv$ pro( laws h n[ remov$ t anomaly1 & c]ta9ly our pro( is n[ mu* sup]ior1 ev5 to t ( ! ,belgians3 s mu* s1 inde$1 t ,i h n[ be=e me a lett] f a ,belgian b>rel mak]1 :o1 9 reply to ! inquiry :y he did n s5d any m b>rels1 says v truly1 8y\r ,engli% pro( is too sev]e40 ,a v c>efully conduct$ exp]im5t on at lea/ tw5ty be/ ,belgian b>rels1 satisfi$ me ( ! indisputable fact1 t at lea/ n9ete5 out ( ! tw5ty 7 plat$1 & pr9cipally on twi/$ iron ( ! s(te/ description2 z 0 %[n by eat+ x entirely away1 by a l5g!n$ imm]sion 9 a solution ( ! sulphate ( copp]4 ,?is may be done 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs1 leav+ ! ,damascus1 & ! arabesque plat+ comp>atively unt\*$4 ,! production ( t extremely beautiful figure has to be effect$ by us+ metals ( consid]able dissimil>ity 9 _! /ate ( c>bonization2 ! iron evid5tly be+ entirely dec>boniz$ be=e mix+ ) ! /eel1 & ! /eel ev5 appe>+ extremely s(t2 al?\gh1 no d\bt1 mu* ( ?is w\ld be effect$ dur+ ! heat+ ( ! b>rels to sold] ) brass3 & x is well kn[n ?is _c be done1 except by heat+ !m to ne>ly a :ite heat4 ,z ?is is ! univ]sal practice ) all b>rels :i* ! ,belgians f9i%1 a good %oot+ gun is1 by all fix$ laws ( sci5ce1 a sc>city ) !m4 ,b a po9t ( /ill great] importance arises f ?is injuri\s proce$+4 ,9 ! act ( heat+ two tubes l gun b>rels1 x is an impossibility to heat !m equally1 s t nei!r %all be at a high] temp]ature ?an ! o!r2 & aga9 9 lift+ !m f ! furnace1 & 9 cool+1 all are subject to b5d by expansion & contraction alone2 ! result is t p]fectly /raight ,belgian h>d sold]$ b>rels are utt]ly unatta9able4 ,to an unpractis$ eye ! b5d+ 9 & out appe>s trifl+1 b pr(essionally1 x is a v s]i\s defect inde$2 & on t score alone1 ! ,belgian c nev] compete 9 quality ) our own manufacture4 ,"t1 h[ev]1 w no d\bt rem$y ?is2 already !y are great imitators1 & !y w1 no d\bt1 become great]4 ,!y are competitors :om respectable manufactur]s ne$ n fe>2 & ?\gh !y es*ew ! imitation ( our high] quality1 !y imitate1 ev5 to ! "n1 ! 8m>ks0 ( our lead+ mak]s4 ,i /ill w\ld welcome & frat]nize ) !m1 z highly skill$ work]s 9 elaborate mixtures ( metals suitable = ornam5tal gun-b>rels4 ,! ,fr5* gunmak]s h n yet realiz$ ! true value ( ! %oot+ ( _! f[l+-pieces4 ,?is arises1 9 a great measure1 no d\bt1 f ! want ( a prop] field = improvem5t4 ,necessity has always be5 an important improv]1 & wild game creat+ ! necessity = good guns 9 ,engl&1 a diff]5t direction has be5 giv5 to ! manufactur]1 ow+ to ! cont9ual cry = long kill+ guns2 & n a d\bt c exi/ t ,engli% guns are bett] con/ruct$ = t purpose1 ?an ^? ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,att5tion to ! %oot+ has always be5 ! fir/ /udy ( e ,engli% gunmak]1 & great progress has be5 made dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s2 inde$1 a comp>ison betwe5 ! l>ge/ 8t>get0 ( to-day1 & ! be/ t ,colonel ,hawk] ev] made ) 8 crack ,joe ,manton1 w %[ a progressive improvem5t ( ne>ly #ajj p] c5t41 n only 9 clos5ess ( %oot+1 b also 9 p5etration4 ,all ?is may n be due entirely to ! gun1 b 9 "p to ! gunp[d]2 & to ! s5sible c\rse we n[ pursue ( us+ less weight ( %ot1 avoid+ artificial friction 9 ! b>rels1 in/ead ( increas+ x to ret>d ! %ot ) ! view ( increas+ its p[]3 also by hav+ ! expellant ag5t accel]ative to ! greate/ ext5t1 clos5ess & /r5g? ( %oot+ are obta9$1 ) ! lea/ am\nt ( recoil possible4 ,our ,fr5* competitors h paid mu* m att5tion to ! arti/ic decoration ( _! guns ?an to _! usefulness2 & ! univ]sal result ( ?is sort ( proce$+1 ev] s9ce ! inv5tion ( gunn]y1 has be5 a total neglect ( _! p[] ( extreme projection4 ,! metal1 l o!r portions ( _! "w is1 9 all cases1 manipulat$ ) a view to beauty only2 z ! fact ( _! v5e]+1 or plat+1 _! b>rels proves4 ,if at all ma/]s ( ! sci5ce1 !y mu/ be aw>e t ?is weak5s ! %oot+ ( ! b>rels1 & is an injuri\s practice4 ,b ! great] fact rema9s1 t !y cont9ue to fix all _! b>rels toge!r1 by bras+ !m ) brass f end to end1 z !y d 9 ,belgium2 ?us less5+ ! /r5g? ( ! b>rels 9 po9t ( safety1 & ne>ly de/roy+ any sm>t %oot+ p[] !y might h possess$4 ,! ,fr5* appe> to me to h only rea*$ t /age ( progress :i* we atta9$ =ty ye>s ago1 :5 e intellig5t me*anic 0 seek+ aft] t 8useless ?+10 ev5 :5 atta9$1 8a p]fect safety gun20 :i*1 f its complex "*1 might h be5 designat$ 8! dang]\s gun20 inde$1 exp]i5ce taught 7?\gh n )\t great co/7 t few w\ld use x :5 atta9$1 & ! consequ5ce 0 t x fell into disuse4 ,our ,cont95tal neighb\rs1 h[ev]1 are m9+ x ) great en]gy4 ,a little m ( our exp]i5ce1 & !y1 also1 w see ! folly ( ! attempt4 ,all ! facts g cle>ly to e/abli% ! tru? ( ! ass]tion1 t = all useful purposes !y are half a c5tury beh9d u 9 ! ess5tial "p ( gun manufactur+4 ,! anxiety %[n by all lead+ ,cont95tal sportsm5 to obta9 a fir/-class ,engli% gun1 & m especially ( lam9at$ /eel1 is v /rong evid5ce 9 support ( ?is ass]tion4 ,all ! guns ,i exhibit$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahee 7 eag]ly b\ght up at high figures2 & ,i h s9ce execut$ _m ord]s = ,france1 ,au/ria1 ,prussia1 ,s>d9ia1 & ,russia1 z well z = o!r nor!rn /ates4 ,! display ( arti/ically con/ruct$ guns by ! ,fr5* mak]s 9 _! ,great ,exposition ( #ahee1 0 v great1 & by c]ta9 classes ( sportsm5 w\ld be consid]$ sup]b4 ,my notes1 made at ! "t ( inspection1 w %[ bett] ?an a description c d1 9 :at /ate ( transition _! manufacture is1 & h[ !y vacillate betwe5 _! old & our pres5t /yle3-- ,p>isian gunmak]s pres5t$ #cf2 ,rheims1 #a2 ,/4 ,eti5ne1 #ad4 ,leopold ,b]n>d1 b>rel-mak]4--,v good "w2 b>rels made ( two spirals1 inn] & out]1 ) ! twi/ runn+ ! rev]se way2 f9e figure2 mixture ( /eel & iron4 ,monsieur ,gauva94--,v good s\nd "w2 all highly arti/ic2 ! cock =m$ s z to resemble a tree ) a snake coil$ r\nd x1 ! head ( ! snake /rik+ on ! nipple4 ,sev]al o!r guns ( ! late/ ,engli% patt]ns4 ,monsieur ,b]+]4--,guns ornam5t$ arabesque2 a m$ium %[ ( "w2 pr9cipally bree*-load]s4 ,monsieur ,c>on4--,%[y1 ornam5tal1 v middl+4 ,lepage & ,m\ti]4--,"w good1 ornam5t$1 pr9cipally arabesque4 ,game & ,engli% scroll patt]n1 engrav+1 cocks1 c41 b inf]ior to ! ,engli% patt]ns ( ,gauva94 ,h\lli] ,blan*>d4--,good "w2 designs ,engli%2 a v novel patt]n ( figure 9 ! b>rels4 ,monsieur ,le ,p]r94--,all 8 guns arti/ic2 rais$1 emboss$1 arti/ic1 ornam5tal1 heavy cocks to imitate my %ape2 "o good ,engli% patt]n s(t gun4 ,monsieur ,la94--,good s\nd "w2 ,engli% patt]n ( tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,monsieur ,&r4--,good "w2 ornam5ts emboss$2 8,devisme0 inlay+2 c>v+ & emboss+ unequall$2 sev]al ,engli% patt]n guns1 b ( ! /&>d tw5ty ye>s ago4 8,?omas40--,guns well inlaid2 "w m$ium4 ,alb]t ,b5>d1 b>rel-mak]4--,iron v good1 b all l9$2 b> app>5tly r$uc$ f a mass two in*es squ>e1 :i* t5uates ! figure extremely1 z ! b>s are only #a_/d in* ?ick4 ,ga/i5ne ,r5ette4--,all highly arti/ically ornam5t$2 "w good1 c>v+ v elaborate4 ,a novel mode ( bree*-load+3 a piece on h+e turns out1 a c>tridge1 slides 9 return to its place1 & a quo9 l a w$ge =ces x up into a *amb]2 ! w$ge & head receiv+ all ! =ce ( ! recoil4 ,l5oir1 b>rel-mak]4--,iron v good2 ?irty rods 9 a faggot #e #f1 & weld$ & drawn d[n into #c_/h ( an in* squ>e3 an enorm\s elongation ( ! fibres4 ,doye4--,good ,engli% patt]n-"w--no?+ else4 ,font]eau4--,"w1 all ,engli% patt]n2 v good4 ,m4 ,brunn1 successor to ,arm& & ,b\rbon4--,highly emboss$ "w3 a novel bree*-load]2 arti/ic design = cock2 female figures ) fi%es' tails 9 scroll on to ! tumbl]4 ,gu]94--,a novel safety gu>d2 locks :ile on ! nipple at half cock1 & full cock2 swivel d\ble l a split r+4 ,may4--,a novel safety gu>d1 v likely to break ! f+]3 sure to d x if on an ,engli% gun4 ,bree*-load]3 c5tral fire1 ! same z n[ made by ,lanca/]4 ,log]1 b>rel-mak]4--,b>s faggot$ #f #b1 & s =m$ to imitate lam9at$ /eel4 ,duf\r4--,all bree*-load+ guns2 b all "w ( ! fir/ class4 ,juelle ,magana1 b>rel-mak]1 ,/4 ,eti5ne4--,b>rels well fitt$ & figure v>y+1 b n possess+ ! regul>ity obs]v$ 9 ! ,belgian b>rels4 ,*apellon4--,c\t]eau4--,exhibit "s b>rels fill$1 ) a *>ge ( #ab in*es ( p[d]1 #f-a_/b in*es ( %ot1 & w>rant !m n to bur/ on fir+ t *>ge4 ,delab\rse1 ,p>is4--,good "w 8 la ,purdey40 ,lefau*eaux1 ,p>is1 prize m$ali/1 #ahea4--;,good emboss$ "w2 bree*-load]s2 also v good imitation ( ,engli% "w4 ,su* is a fair sample ( ! :ole4 ,b ! be/ "w by f> is t by ,gauva91 ?\gh n s highly e/imat$ by ! jury2 b t is 9 _m cases no te/ ( ability :atev]--z mu* dep5ds ^u ! influ5ce & /&+ ( ! individual4 ,great exhibitions are calculat$ to effect great good if prop]ly c>ri$ out4 ,9 t ( ! ,engli% exhibitors at ,p>is no?+ c\ld be m repreh5sible1 = ! jurors left !m to ! t5d] m]cies ( _! =eign competitors4 ,9 ! case ( ! gun-mak]s1 no?+ c\ld be worse1 = ! two jurym5 appo9t$ by ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t nev]1 ,i believe1 saw a gun1 home-made or =eign2 & ! fact ( my obta9+ two fir/-class m$als speaks mu* = ! imp>tiality ( our ,cont95tal bre?r54 ,,recoil4 ,recoil v>ies accord+ to ! position ( ! gun2 :5 fir$ on ! horizontal1 ! resi/ance to be ov]come is ! t5d5cy ( ! projectile to fall to ! e>?1 & its friction z x moves 9 a l9e p>allel to ! e>?4 ,:5 ! muzzle is elevat$ ?is resi/ance is increas$1 because ! =ce g5]at$ by ! explosion ( ! gunp[d] has to ex]t its action m directly 9 opposition to ! direction ( ! =ce ( gravity2 & :5 ?is =ce is ex]t$ 9 a l9e directly oppos$ to ! c5tre ( gravity1 z x is :5 ! gun is fir$ v]tically1 !n ! recoil is d\bl$1 & is made m pa9ful1 because ! body re/+ on ! e>? _c yield4 ,a gun fir$ 9 ! direction ( ! e>?1 or 9 ! l9e ( ! c5tre ( gravity1 w\ld recoil mu* less 7p]haps fifty p] c5t4 less7 ?an :5 fir$ v]tically2 f ! v obvi\s fact1 t if ! bullet 0 n kept 9 position by its friction on ! sides ( ! b>rel1 x w\ld fall to ! gr\nd ( itself4 8,! recoil ( a gun is insep>able f a dis*>ge ( its cont5ts--on ! broad pr9ciple t action begets reaction2 x is1 !re=e1 only :5 ! #8kick1' z x is call$1 becomes pa9ful1 t x is ess5tial to avoid or less5 x4 ,irregul>ity 9 ! bore ( ! b>rel is a v common s\rce ( viol5t recoil2 contract$ bree*es also1 b m ?an all1 ! contraction ( ! b>rel at its c5tre1 occasion recoil1 & t ( ! mo/ dang]\s k9d3 ! exp&+ flame1 dur+ its ignition1 presses viol5tly to make its way ?r\gh ! contract$ to ! wid] "p1 ?us also de/roy+ ! expell+ =ce4 #8,n[1 action & reaction be+ equal1 x foll[s1 t ! weight ( ! piece be+ ! same1 ! recoil w be 9 proportion to ! quantity ( ! p[d]1 & ! weight ( ! ball1 or %ot2 & t ) ! same *>ge ! recoil w be 9 proportion to ! weight ( ! piece1 or ! light] ! piece ! great] ! recoil4'0--,essay on ,%oot+4 ,"h is a true exposition ( recoil1 ?\gh n ( contractions 9 ! bree*2 = !re ! action w\ld n be directly back1 b h an incl9ation t[>ds ! muzzle2 = ! reaction w\ld n h "t to tell on ! bree*1 be=e ! *>ge 0 out ( ! muzzle4 ,an extremely spirall$ rifle b>rel de/roys ! explosive =ce ( gunp[d]1 b ! effects are n felt 9 ! recoil1 be+ mo/ all exp5d$ lat]ally4 ,bla9e says1 8,c\ld we entirely obviate all recoil f a gun1 we %\ld n only remove an unpleasant %ock to our p]sons1 b !re is reason to believe we %\ld mu* assi/ ! range & =ce ( ! %ot likewise2 al?\gh !re is an op9ion preval5t1 t ! degree ( ! recoil is 9 ! proportion ( ! projectile =ce40 ,( ?is1 h[ev]1 "s d\bts are ent]ta9$1 :i* are w>rant$ by ! foll[+ fact3--8,mort>s ) iron b$s immoveably fix$ 9 ! e>? ?r[ _! %ot to great] di/ances ?an guns :i* are affix$ to c>riages c d1 & :i*1 !re=e1 c recoil4 ,?is has be5 inconte/ibly prov$1 bo? 9 l>ge & small artill]y4 ,hav+ susp5d$ a gun b>rel1 *>g$ ) a det]m9ate quantity ( %ot1 f ! ceil+ by two cords1 s z to all[ ( its recoil1 fire x po9t blank at a t>get1 & m>k ! result accurately4 ,n[1 fix ! same b>rel to a block1 & *>ge x exactly ) a simil> *>ge2 !n hav+ mov$ ! t>get fifte5 y>ds fur!r1 fire ! b>rel2 x is probable t ! la/ %ot1 ?\gh at ?is increas$ di/ance1 w exce$ ! =m]1 bo? 9 range & =ce4' ,^! & su* l exp]im5ts are laugh$ at by ! giddy & inconsid]ate2 b x is by ^! illu/rations t ! mo/ important facts are br\ght to light4 8,projectile =ce is1 !re=e1 to be increas$ by resi/ance2 & ! k ( ?is fact (f]s u a practical h9t1 t :5 we /& immoveable to our %ot1 n only by hold+ ! gun tightly to our %\ld]1 b by also lean+ some:at =w>d 9 our %oot+ attitude1 we consid]ably increase ! resi/ance1 &1 consequ5tly1 we n only less5 ! %ock ( ! recoil to ourselves1 b we aid ! =ce ( ! %ot & ext5d its range4 ,t su* is ! case1 may be fur!r exemplifi$ by ! foll[+ exp]im5t3--,?r[ a h&-ball aga9/ any moveable body1 & x w displace t body2 b ! ball w drop to ! gr\nd p]p5dicul>ly1 h[ev] h>d ! body aga9/ :i* x is ?r[n may be4 ,fix ! same body securely1 & !n ! reb\nd ( ! ball w be ne>ly equal to ! =ce ) :i* x 0 ?r[n40 ,! weight or am\nt ( =ce ) :i* a gun recoils aga9/ ! %\ld]1 is due to1 & regulat$ by1 sev]al circum/ances4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important is ! am\nt ( explosive =ce g5]at$ be=e ! *>ge is mov$ & dur+ ! act ( mov+1 & ! am\nt ( in]tia 9 ! body ( ! projectile4 ,:5 a quantity ( gunp[d] is explod$ )\t any resi/+ weight 9 front ( x1 !n ! column ( air gives comp>atively a slight recoil2 ?\gh !re is1 9 fact1 consid]able recoil1 b su* z is due to ! resi/ance ( ! air only1 &1 consequ5tly1 m l a pu% ?an a bl[4 ,! exact am\nt ( recoil is also due to ! diff]5ce betwe51 or proportionate weights (1 ! *>ge ( %ot or bullet & ! gun2 action & reaction be+ always equal until "o or ! o!r body moves2 ! division !n w be 9 fav\r ( t mov+ fa/e/1 & h5ce ! obta9+ ( accel]ative velocity3 x ?us foll[s1 z a truism1 t ! small] ! quantity ( explod$ gases t c be employ$ to fir/ move ! *>ge1 ! less ! recoil4 ,! advantage ( ! granulation sy/em is "h aga9 mo/ cle>ly %[n2 & 7allud+ aga9 to ! law ( putt+ matt] 9 motion gradually7 if y w\ld ga9 ! greate/ b5efit1 x is cle> t1 9 ! same l5g? ( tube1 y w\ld1 at ! t]m9ation ( ! accel]ative p[]1 h ga9$ a mu* great] am\nt ( velocity ?an c\ld be obta9$ "u any o!r circum/ances ) ! m viol5tly explosive gunp[d]4 ,_m !ories h be5 advanc$1 & _m conjectures made z to ! cause ( ! recoil ( guns2 & x mu/ be evid5t t ! causes v>y ) ! =m ( gun1 ) ! nature ( ! gunp[d]1 & ! weight2 or peculi> arrangem5t ( ! %ot or bullet4 ,= in/ance1 an ounce ( %ot1 & an ounce ( lead 9 ! =m ( a r\nd bullet1 fir$ f ! same gun w\ld give two v diff]5t am\nts ( recoil1 :5 measur$ by ! spr+ cu%ion2 ! ounce bullet n giv+ mu* m ?an half ! recoil produc$ by ! ounce ( %ot4 ,?is is ow+ to ! simple fact t ! bullet be+ a compact body1 (f]s only ! resi/ance ( its weight1 & ! simple friction ( slid+ or roll+ along ! b>rel accord+ z x is tight or loose2 b ! t5d5cy ( ! hundr$s ( %ot corns is to 8jam & w$ge0 9 ! mo/ extreme mann]1 (f]+1 by _! lat]al pressure aga9/ ! sides ( ! b>rel1 ! greate/ am\nt ( friction & reluctance to be driv5 out3 h5ce ! reaction on ! gun1 & !nce on ! %\ld] ( ! %oot]2 & ! small] ! size ( %ot ! great] ! jamm+4 ,aga91 ! same weight ( %ot1 fir$ f a #af-;bore & a #ab-;bore w recoil mu* m 9 ! small] ?an 9 ! l>g] bore1 ev5 :5 all o!r po9ts are equal2 because ! *>ge rea*es high] 9 ! #af-;bore1 ?us (f]+ at fir/ a great] am\nt ( in]tia4 ,secondly1 !re is also m t5d5cy to jam2 &1 ?irdly1 ! ext5sion ( ! surface ( lat]al pressure on ! tubes ( ! b>rel mu/ also add to recoil4 ,dirty guns1 x is well kn[n1 kick viol5tly1 simply f ! great] friction1 or difficulty ( ! matt] ( ! *>ge be+ put 9 motion4 ,! "q z to :at ! actual am\nt ( recoil really is has nev] be5 settl$ satisfactorily2 ! mo/ errone\s op9ions h be5 giv51 & ass]tions equally errone\s h be5 made1 by ^? :o h att5d$ to ! subject4 ,to cle>ly elucidate ?is "q1 x is absolutely necess>y t ! circum/ances be r$uc$ to "o /&>d3 b ! difficulty is to obta9 t2 = x w\ld v>y accord+ to muscul> developm5t1 ! weight & height ( ! sportsman4 ,inde$ any pr9ciple laid d[n w\ld be liable to be disput$1 f ! v diff]5t way 9 :i* e sportsman lifts 8 gun to 8 %\ld]3 if "o presses x aga9/ 8 %\ld] ) a pressure equal to #e lbs41 he w receive a c]ta9 am\nt ( recoil2 he t presses x ) a =ce equal to #aj lbs4 w receive less2 & ) a pressure ( #cj lbs4 x w be f\nd to yield ! lea/ ( all4 ,i w illu/rate x 9 ?is way4 ,take a spr+ cu%ion 7some?+ l ! spr+ ma*9e f\nd at all fairs = te/+ ! =ce ( a man press+ aga9/ x71 if y all[ a gun to recoil aga9/ ?is :5 ! />t+ pressure is only #e lbs41 x w drive x up to #gj lbs41 or ne>ly s1 f ! velocity ) :i* y h put ! #g lbs4 ( matt] :i* is conta9$ 9 ! gun into a long sweep+ bl[4 ,! next "t y try1 put ! />t+ po9t at #aj lbs41 & y w f9d a mu* less result 9 ! extreme weight d5ot$2 b c>ry on ?is exp]im5t1 plac+ ! cu%ion ) a resi/+ =ce ( #cj lbs41 & y w f9d ! extreme recoil indicat$ at f #dj lbs4 to #de lbs41 & ev5 up to a high] />t+ resi/ance4 ,b to ?is ext5t x is n advisable to g1 = ! /ra9 becomes too great on ! h&le ( ! gun-/ock1 & !re is too ne> an app>5t approa* to a solid resi/ance1 :i* x is well-kn[n w\ld break ! be/ /ock t 0 ev] made4 ,hav+ %[n h[ we may approximately obta9 ! exact am\nt ( =ce1 & h[ x may1 ev5 ) two p]sons1 give diff]5t results1 ,i w n[ /ate :at ,i h f\nd to be ! result ( _m hundr$s ( trials made ) ! view ( decid+ ?is "q4 ,be=e do+ s1 h[ev]1 ,i w fur!r premise t hundr$s ( attempts h be5 made at v>i\s times by diff]5t ,gov]nm5ts1 & by _m tal5t$ m51 to obta9 a correct recoil ma*9e :i* %all effici5tly measure ! recoil1 & 9 su* a p]fect l9e ) ! int5d$ direction ( ! projectile z to obta9 accurate results3 b ?is is f\nd to be p]fectly unatta9able1 ?\gh ,i believe ! ne>e/ approa* to x has be5 made by ,mr4 ,:itwor? dur+ 8 exp]im5ts ) ! hexagonal rifle4 ,to prove t x is impossible to get all ! circum/ances alike1 s z accurately to asc]ta9 ! exact =ce ( ! recoil1 "o in/ance only ne$ be cit$4 ,fire y\r gun at a fix$ object1 !n fire at an object 9 motion1 & to y\r s5ses ! recoil w appe> d\ble :5 fir$ at ! fix$ object2 b x is n really s3 9 ! latt] in/ance1 ! body ( ! p]son fir+ ! gun1 & ! gun itself be+ 9 motion1 a consid]able am\nt ( ! =ce ( ! recoil is absorb$ 9 ov]com+ ! motion ( ! gun1 & !n t ( ! %oot]s body1 s t ! effect is n notic$4 ,i h already allud$ to ! great] =ce ( recoil felt f ! light] pressure ( ! gun aga9/ ! %\ld]2 "h ! t5d5cy ( ! gun & body mov+ 9 "o direction is to close !m toge!r1 & ! proportion w be z ! velocity ( t movem5t4 ,!re=e1 to br+ ?is to a conclusion1 ,i f9d t "u ord9>y circum/ances a #ab-;bore gun ( #g-a_/b lbs4 weight1 #cj in*es 9 l5g?1 ) a *>ge ( #b-a_/b drams ( ,no4 #e gra9$ gunp[d]1 & #a-a_/d oz4 %ot1 ! b>rels draw-bor$ cyl9drically1 ) ! lea/ possible eas+ at ! bree* ends1 & metal ( ! be/ lam9at$ /eel1 w recoil ) a =ce ( f #dj lbs4 to #dh lbs41 or on an av]age #dd lbs43 ?is is ! mo/ satisfactory conclusion ,i h be5 able to draw f my exp]im5ts4 ,?is ( c\rse w v>y1 z ,i h %[n2 & x is also liable to deviations1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 & o!r collat]al circum/ances4 ,great v>iations w ( c\rse arise f guns ( f9e or r\gh insides2 guns new or old1 well kept or neglect$2 & 9 guns bor$ l>g] at ! bree*-ends1 9 ord] to give artificial resi/ance to ! escape ( ! *>ge4 ,^! la/ are n[1 ,i tru/1 obsolete1 except 9 t abortion ( sci5ce ! 8,fr5* bree*-load+ crut* gun20 & z an exception1 all ill-con/ruct$ guns4 ,! sci5ce ( ! "q may n[ be reg>d$ z cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,gun-b>rels ( ! utmo/ t5acity1 ) insides ( a cyl9drical =m z true z possible1 poli%$ z f9e z a mirror1 ) a mod]ate weight ( %ot calculat$ to suit ! gun & a good *>ge ( l>ge granulat$ gunp[d]1 w give ! greate/ kill+ p[]1 ) ! greate/ am\nt ( com=t1 or abs5ce ( recoil1 t is to be f\nd 9 ! pursuit ( %oot+4 ,a po9t ( consid]able importance 9 obta9+ regul> & good %oot+--"o1 h[ev]1 :i* is frequ5tly neglect$--is t ( asc]ta9+ :at siz$ %ot is p>ticul>ly suit$ to ! size ( bore us$4 ,! correct adaptation ( ,no4 #e or ,no4 #f = y\r p>ticul> gun is easily atta9$4 ,place 9 ! muzzle an ord9>y wadd+1 press x into ! b>rel ! dep? ( ! diamet] ( ! %ot1 :i* %\ld be exactly flu% ) ! muzzle1 place z _m %ot corns on ?is z y c1 )\t hav+ m ?an "o di/9ct lay]1 & obs]ve ! size t be/ fills1 9 conc5tric r+s1 ! :ole circumf]5ce ( ! bore1 leav+ no half-spaces unfill$2 note :e!r x be ,no4 #e or ,no4 #f %ot1 & keep to t size = y\r g5]al %oot+4 ,aga91 on o!r occasions y may wi% to use l>g] %ot 7,nos4 #d1 #c1 or #b72 !n asc]ta9 by ! same me?od :i* fills ! conc5tric r+s mo/ p]fectly3 ! same %\ld be done ) ! small] sizes1 ,nos4 #h or #i4 ,! rationale ( ?is proce$+ is t any half-spaces are fill$ by %ot f above press$ 9 ^u ! l[] lay]1 disfigur+ itself & ^? x comes into contact )2 ?is is multipli$ up to ! #ac or #ad lay]s ( :i* ! *>ge is compos$1 & ! inevitable result is t f\r or five pellets are press$ toge!r until !y adh]e2 ei!r 8ball+0 or leav+ empty spaces 9 ! di/ribution ( ! *>ge1 to ! injury ( ! gun's %oot+--a defect :i* may easily be obviat$ by att5d+ to ! in/ructions giv5 above4 ,"o o!r po9t may be obs]v$1 viz41 t if #a-a_/d give #ae-a_/b lay]s ( %ot 9 conc5tric r+s1 ! *>ge %\ld be r$uc$ until ! r+s are complete1 = ! half-lay] w d mu* mis*ief by its unequal pressure on ! lay]s b5ea? x4 ,& x is fur!r necess>y to obs]ve t 9 load+ a gun1 ei!r ) p[d] or ) %ot1 ! gun %\ld be kept z ne>ly 9 ! upright position z possible3 ! m upright ! gun is held1 ! m p]fectly w x be *>g$1 & ! m p]fect w be its %oot+4 ,a va/ numb] ( useless *anges h ( late ye>s be5 introduc$ into ! con/ruction ( gunn]y2 !y h di$1 h[ev]1 a natural dea?1 z !y ought to h done1 & h ?us af=d$ additional evid5ce t sportsm5 ( ! pres5t day only adopt :at are really improvem5ts4 ,great pr(essional reputation 9 a gunmak] is n n[1 z =m]ly1 all t is requir$ to comm& a trial ( individual plans ( improvem5t3 ! improvem5t mu/ be self-evid5t2 no?+ be+ tak5 on tru/3 a bon fide b5efit to ! sportsman is ess5tial 9 ! pres5t day to obta9 patronage4 ,!re has lately be5 introduc$ a v novel improvem5t 9 ! con/ruction ( d\ble gun b>rels1 9 ord] to ov]come t defect long admitt$ to exi/ 9 fir+ ! second %ot4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t 9 a #dj y>ds' flight1 %ot falls sev]al in*es2 & x is an e/abli%$ fact t few sportsm5 c kill ) ! second %ot s well z ) ! fir/1 al?\gh x is c]ta9ly )9 range ( ! gun4 ,?is no d\bt arises 9 almo/ e case1 f ! %ot hav+ fall5 bel[ ! object 9 trav]s+ ! great] di/ance2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! second b>rel1 9 ord] to kill z well z ! fir/1 ought be fir$ six in*es high]2 b ?is ! be/ %ots f9d x difficult to d1 & x has !re=e be5 propos$ to d x = !m4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,pr9ce1 ( ,no4 #ach1 ,bond-/reet1 has pat5t$ an improvem5t to obviate ?is difficulty2 ?is he does by elevat+ or po9t+ upw>d ! second b>rel1 s z to cov] ! calculat$ fall 9 ! body ( ! %ot2 & ! result is1 t ! second bird is z well aim$ at & z effici5tly kill$ z ! fir/4 ,! alt]ation is s exce$+ly simple1 & ! b5efit result+ f x s app>5t1 t ! only wond] is t x %\ld nev] h be5 done be=e2 & x be+ ! improvem5t ( a really practical sportsman ( ! v fir/ class1 z ,mr4 ,pr9ce has long be5 kn[n to be1 is suffici5t to /amp 8 inv5tion z wor?y ( e consid]ation4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,fr5* 8,,crut*10 ,,or ,,bree*-,,load+ ,,%ot ,,gun4 ,sport+ 9 ,france has nev] be5 br\ght to ! same /ate ( p]fection z 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,gr\se-%oot+ on our wild romantic hills is a v diff]5t sport f quail1 p>tridge1 or rabbit %oot+ 9 ! vales & on ! hills ( ! ,cont95t4 ,wild game requires great en]gy & p]sev]ance on ! "p ( ! sportsman1 c\rage & /r5g? on ! "p ( ! dog1 & la/1 ?\gh n lea/1 great capacity on ! "p ( ! gun4 ,= _m ye>s ! sup]iority ( ! ,engli% manufactur$ gun1 z well z ( ! ,engli% gunp[d]1 & ! mat*less skill ( ! ,engli% sportsman1 h be5 ackn[l$g$ by all ! _w4 ,all ?+s1 h[ev]1 h _! limits--! longe/ lane has a turn+1 & a v plausible & insidi\s innovation has be5 made to detract f ! acquir$ reputation ( ! ,engli% sportsman1 & r5d] 8 %oot+ inf]ior to t ( "s ( our fri5ds on ! o!r side ( ! ,*annel4 ,! ,fr5* sy/em ( bree*-load+ fire-arms is a speci\s pret5ce1 ! suppos$ advantages ( :i* h be5 l\dly boa/$ (2 b none ( ^! advantages h z yet be5 e/abli%$ by its mo/ /r5u\s advocates4 ,h[ x is t ! ,briti% sportsman has become ! dupe ( c]ta9 m5 :o set !mselves up = reputable gunmak]s ,i "k n4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t by ^! acts !y h =feit$ all claim to ! confid5ce ( _! too confid+ cu/om]s1 & t !y nev] c\ld h te/$ ! %oot+ prop]ties ( _! guns4 ,) reg>d to ! safety ( ^! guns1 !y display an utt] want ( ! mo/ ord9>y judgm5t2 & ?is is abundant pro( t !y consid]$ nei!r _! safety1 nor 7:at is also ( importance7 ! economy ( ! :ole arrangem5t1 z reg>ds _! manufacture or _! use4 ,guns are p]fect only s long z !y possess ! p[] ( %oot+ /rong & close1 ) ! lea/ available *>ges4 ,! p]iod has pass$ :5 b>rels 7 bor$ by rule ( ?umb1 )\t any well-def9$ int5tion2 ! workman be+ ignorant z to :e!r he w\ld h ! bore ( ! b>rel cyl9drical1 or 7z 0 frequ5tly ! case7 9 ! =m ( two inv]t$ cones1 & ?us he cont9u$ to bore at ! b>rel until x 0 utt]ly useless1 or until by *ance he hit ^u a tidy %oot+ bore4 ,b>rels are n[ con/ruct$ s ne>ly alike1 t x is no /ret* ( tru? to ass]t t n9ety-six or n9ety-eight b>rels out ( a hundr$ c be made s ne>ly alike 9 _! %oot+1 z to r5d] x v difficult to discov] ! real diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,yet1 9 ! face ( ?is high /ate ( p]fection c]ta9 ,engli% gunmak]s introduce1 & recomm5d to _! patrons z an improvem5t1 a description ( gun possess+ ! foll[+ negative qualities3--,fir/1 !re is no possibility ( a bree*-load] ev] %oot+ equal to a well-con/ruct$ muzzle load]2 secondly1 ! gun is unsafe1 & becomes m & m unsafe f ! fir/ "t x is us$2 &1 ?irdly1 x is a v co/ly affair1 bo? z reg>ds ! gun & ammunition4 ,nor are ^! negative qualities at all comp5sat$ = by any ( ! advantages claim$ = ^! guns by _! advocates2 ?is ass]tion ,i n[ proce$ to e/abli%4 ,9 ! fir/ place recoil has be5 an important ob/acle to cont5d )1 ev] s9ce ! inv5tion ( fire-arms1 & ! me?ods ( less5+ recoil h engag$ ! special att5tion ( all inv5tors up to ! pres5t day2 on ?is important po9t1 inde$1 v mu* dep5ds4 ,gunn]y is good only :5 recoil exi/s 9 a m9imum degree4 ,=ce1 :e!r x be t ( ! g5tle 8zephyr10 or ( ! mammo? /eam-boil] :i* is capable ( mov+ ?\s&s ( tons1 c always be measur$1 & ! friction ( /eam aga9/ ! tube ?r\gh :i* x passes c be measur$ also4 ,! "t 01 :5 guns 7 s imp]fectly con/ruct$1 t ! recoil & friction ( ! *>ge aga9/ ! b>rel de/roy$ m ?an half ! =ce g5]at$ by ! explosion ( ! gunp[d]2 & ?is loss ( =ce hav+ be5 obviat$1 by f9ely poli%+ ! int]ior ( ! b>rel1 z well z by improv+ ! metal ( ! gun1 has r5d]$ ,engli% guns sup]ior 9 _! p]=mance to ^? manufactur$ 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,bree*es ( a conical =m (f] ! greate/ resi/ance to ! action ( ari=m bodies 9 a direct l9e2 ?is is ! pr9ciple ( :at is be/ kn[n z 8! pat5t bree*30 to speak ( :i* w\ld be a wa/e ( "t1 z no?+ m is requir$ to support its sup]iority ?an ! fact1 t 9 well con/ruct$ artill]y ( e c\ntry1 ! int]ior =m ( ! bree* or *amb] is m or less conical4 ,?us we see t by adopt+ ! crut* gun1 we h to give up "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ univ]sally ackn[l$g$ pr9ciples 9 less5+ recoil--namely1 ! conical =m ( ! bree*--& to adopt ! v rev]se ( ?is3 namely1 ! old "r-angl$1 flat-fac$ bree*1 ^u :i* recoil c ex]t its utmo/ =ce ) ! c]ta9ty ( its rea*+ ! %\ld] ( ! un=tunate us]4 ,secondly1 to enable ! gun to be load$ ) a c>tridge :i* %all keep its place1 a complicat$ arrangem5t is necess>y4 ,on inspection ( ! b>rel1 x w be p]ceiv$ t a cavity has be5 =m$ l>g] ?an ! bore ( ! b>rel1 & t ?is 9 "s cases only tap]s t[>d ! fur!r end4 ,?is cavity exactly receives ! c>tridge1 & ! gunp[d] is inflam$ 9 a space mu* l>g] ?an ! b>rel1 :i* x has aft]w>ds to pass ?r\gh4 ,! *>ge ( %ot is also />t$ 9 a l>g] space ?an t :i* x aft]w>ds has to trav]se1 & ! column mu/ ( necessity become contract$ & elongat$ be=e x c escape f ! b>rel4 ,! fir/ consid]ation is at :at co/ ( =ce is all ?is effect$8 ,?irty p] c5t4 w\ld c]ta9ly be a %rewd guess2 & :o is !re conv]sant ) ! nature ( gunp[d] h>dy en\gh to ga9say ! fact8 ,i "h pres5t ! read] ) ! measurem5t ( a pair ( b>rels--bore #ab1 diamet] ( ! cavity #aj1 or two sizes diff]5ce1--tri$ at ! celebrat$ trial ( ,bree* v]sus ,muzzle-load+ fire-arms1 :i* took place 9 ,april la/1 9 ! c\rt at ,cremorne4 ,! foll[+ are ! results ( ! trial3-- ,class #a compris$ twelve bore d\ble guns1 n exce$+ #g-a_/b lbs4 9 weight2 ! *>ge = ! bree*-load]s 0 ?ree dra*ms ( p[d]1 & "o ounce & a qu>t] ( %ot2 t = ! muzzle-load]s1 two & ?ree-qu>t] dra*ms ( p[d]1 & an ounce & a qu>t] ( %ot4 ,! "q w be ask$ :y 7 bo? n *>g$ alike8 & ! answ] is1 because ! advocates = bree*-load]s well knew ! loss ( p[] caus$ by ! enl>g$ bree* end w\ld require a l>g] quantity ( p[d]2 yet1 ) ?is advantage1 ! result 0 a v]dict 9 fav\r ( ! muzzle-load]s ( ne>ly two to "o4 ,i quote f ! ,field4 ,! aggregate numb] ( pellets 9 ! t>gets f bree*-load]s 0 #agj1 ! p5etration #ai4 ,! aggregate numb] ( pellets put 9 by ! muzzle-load]s 0 #bca1 ! p5etration #dh2 & ?is 0 effect$ ) a qu>t] ( a dra*m ( p[d] less4 ,few w d\bt t ?is mu/ be ! inevitable result4 ,=ce _c be exp5d$ & reta9$3 we 8_c eat our cake & h x40 ,if =ce is de/roy$ by friction1 x is z useless z if x _h nev] be5 g5]at$4 ,s mu*1 !n1 = ! %oot+ qualities ( ! bree*-load]4 ,& n[ comes ! "q1 ( mu* m importance ?an ! %oot+ qualities ( ^! guns3 namely1 c all ?is =ce--#cj p] c5t41 9 fact1 ( ! :ole *>ge--be ?r[n away ) no worse result ?an ! m]e wa/+ ( ! p[d]8 ,is !re no *ange tak+ place 9 ! b>rel ( ! gun e "t x is dis*>g$8 ,iron & its comb9ations are z c]ta9ly limit$ 9 _! duration z is human life itself4 ,e b> ( iron is capable only ( resi/+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( pressure2 e successive /ra9 on its fibres det]iorat+ x m rapidly2 & :e!r x be ! ma9spr+ ( ! lock1 or a gun-b>rel itself1 a c]ta9 numb] ( /ra9s w de/roy x4 ,?is be+ ! case1 h[ mu* m rapidly mu/ a bree*-load] be de/roy$ :]e #cj p] c5t4 ( ! *>ge is always 8absorb$0 on ! sides ( ! b>rel 9 ! cavity alone4 ,?is a l5g!n$ exp]im5t w prove2 ?\gh ! fact is s self-evid5t1 t no exp]im5t is requir$ to demon/rate x4 ,caution 9 gunn]y is absolutely necess>y "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 & disreg>d ( p]fection 9 ! con/ruction ( a gun is q unp>donable2 !n :at %all be said ( t memb] ( society :o1 ) all ^? facts be=e him1 c say to 8 cu/om]s1 8,i advise y to h a bree*-load]3 !y are really good guns80 ,9 :at e/imation su* a tradesman mu/ be held ,i w n v5ture to say4 ,mu* m might fairly be said aga9/ ^! guns1 b ,i sum up ! :ole 9 ! foll[+ damnatory s5t5ce3 ,bree*-load]s d n %oot ne>ly s well1 & are n half s safe1 z muzzle-load+ guns4 ,x is said1 & truly1 t a bree*-load] c be *>g$ m rapidly ?an a muzzle-load]2 b ,i hold ?is to be no advantage1 = ?is reason3 all guns c be load$ m quickly ?an !y are fir$1 & ! t5d5cy ( all b>rels to absorb heat1 puts a limit to rapidity ( fir+2 inde$1 aft] t5 rapid %ots ) ea* b>rel1 bo? guns w\ld be ab\t on an equality4 ,ano!r "q is1 c bree*-load]s be us$ long] ?an muzzle-load+ guns1 )\t clean+8 ,my op9ion is1 !y _c4 ,at ! trial already spok5 (1 aft] tw5ty-two %ots _h be5 fir$ f ! bree*-load]s1 ! c>tridge-cases _h to be extract$ f ! b>rels ) a hook1 & 9 sev]al cases x 0 necess>y to cut !m out ) a knife2 :il/ a muzzle-load+ gun )\t friction w\ld h gone on to a hundr$ %ots )\t be+ wip$ out4 ,!re are few plans or presum$ improvem5ts :i* h n "s r$eem+ po9ts2 b 9 ! case ( bree*-load+ fire-arms x is q a task to f9d ev5 a resemblance to "o4 ,all ! advocates = bree*-load]s :om ,i h ev] met ) yield1 ) ?is ackn[l$gm5t3 8,i mu/ admit t ,i nev] lik$ !m2 b s _m g5tlem5 are ask+ = !m t ,i 0 compell$ to make !m1 to keep my cu/om]s40 ,?is is1 no d\bt1 ! tru?2 b x is calculat$ to lead to s]i\s calamities3 = x 0 app>5t to hundr$s1 at ! ,cremorne trials1 t ev5 ! be/ & newe/ bree*-load+ guns p]mitt$ an escape ( gas at ! bree* to an ext5t t ,i nev] ?\ght possible2 & if ?is occurs 9 new guns1 :at w happ5 aft] a s+le season's %oot+1 %\ld any "o be f\nd suffici5tly reckless to use a bree*-load] s long8 ,no fe> ne$ be ent]ta9$ t ! use ( bree*-load]s w become g5]al2 manufactures on false pr9ciples soon %[ !mselves wor?less1 h[ev] p]t9aci\sly !y may be puff$ (f4 ,! numb] ( accid5ts aris+ f ! use ( bree*-load+ fire-arms has n be5 v great z yet2 ?\gh ,i h already he>d ( sev]al v s]i\s cases1 f ! use ( well-made guns3 let u consid] :at w\ld be result if ! workman%ip 0 inf]ior8 ,!re is "o o!r po9t to :i* ,i may briefly allude be=e dismiss+ ! bree*-load] to ! 8tomb ( all ! ,capulets40 ,! majority ( guns on ?is pr9ciple m]ely abut aga9/ a false bree*2 &1 f ! fact ( !re be+ no connection ei!r by hook or by cohesion1 ! explosion causes a sep>ation betwe5 ! b>rel & ! bree* to an ext5t :i* w\ld sc>cely be cr$it$4 ,?is may1 h[ev]1 be satisfactorily demon/rat$ by b9d+ a small /r+ ( gutta p]*a r\nd ! jo9t1 :5 aft] explosion ! /r+ w be f\nd to h fall5 9 betwe5 ! b>rel & ! bree*2 ?us %[+ t ! muzzle droops 9 ! act ( be+ dis*>g$1 :i* mu/ mu/ mat]ially influ5ce ! correctness ( fire4 ,! recoil ( an ord9>y #ab-;bore gun1 load$ at ! muzzle1 v>ies f =ty to =ty-eight p\nds1 seldom exce$+ ! latt]2 t ( a bree*-load] v>ies f sixty-eight to sev5ty-six6 ,& ?is q indep5d5tly ( ! enorm\s =ce :i* is ex]t$ on ! sides ( ^! enl>g$ bree* guns4 ,! %\ld] left 9 ! b>rel1 too1 is a =midable b>ri] = ! *>ge to pass by2 &1 9 do+ ?is1 ! circle ( %ot 9 imm$iate contact ) ! b>rel becomes disfigur$ & mis%ap$1 s z to insure its flight only to a v %ort di/ance4 ,9 ! muzzle-load] an av]age ( #ahj %ots /rike a t>get ( two feet six in*es diamet]2 b bree*-load]s ( ! same calibre w r>ely put 9 #abj %ots2 %[+ a cle> loss ( #fj pellets4 ,?is is due to ! enorm\s jamm+ !y h und]gone 9 pass+ f ! great] to ! less] area ( ! b>rel4 ,x is said t ! pap] ( ! c>tridge fills up ?is enl>gem5t2 b any "o :o kn[s :at ! =ce ( gunp[d] is1 mu/ also "k t pap] int]v5+ betwe5 ! *>ge & ! sides ( ! b>rel w\ld be cond5s$ at ! mom5t ( explosion to "o-f\r? its orig9al ?ickness4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,rifle4 ,! ,rifle has at l5g? tak5 its place among sci5tifically improv$ weapons4 ,ma!maticians lab\r$ long & e>ne/ly to develope ! important pr9ciples involv$ 9 x1 & :i* lay hidd5 l lat5t heat1 only wait+ = ! mom5t :5 !y 7 to be extract$1 z !y 7 at l5g? by exp]im5t1 ! result ( necessity3 inde$ necessity has done m = ! improvem5t ( gunn]y ?an all ! m5tal toil & lab\r be/[$ on ! sci5ce itself4 ,! philosoph] has s\ght 9 va9 = t :i* me*anical skill unpatronis$ & unhe$$ =c$ ^u ! _w1 & t1 too1 9 spite ( prejudice & contempt2 & ! pres5t g5]ation see improvem5ts br\ght out :i* 7 pr$ict$ g5]ations be=e--z ! foll[+ quotation f ,rob9s cle>ly %[s3--8,:atev] /ate %all ?or\ghly compreh5d ! nature & advantages ( rifle pieces1 & hav+ facilitat$ & complet$ _! con/ruction1 %all introduce into _! armies _! g5]al use1 ) a dext]ity 9 ! managem5t ( !m1 !y w by ?is means acquire a sup]iority :i* w almo/ equal any?+ t has be5 done at any "t by ! p>ticul> excell5ce ( any "o k9d ( arms1 & w p]haps fall b little %ort ( ! wond]ful effects :i* hi/ories relate to h be5 =m]ly produc$ by ! fir/ inv5tors ( fire-arms40 ,t ! result "h pr$ict$ has n[ be5 obta9$ no "o c d\bt4 ,great] ext5sion ( range is yet atta9able2 b accuracy ( range am\nts already to almo/ ma!matical precision4 ,all t is n[ requir$ is1 t ! same pr9ciple %\ld be appli$ to ! heavie/ projectiles2 & :5 ^! are project$ "u precisely ! same laws1 exp]i5ce w fur!r e/abli% ?is pr9ciple1 t 8! heavi] ! body 9 equal velocities ! less ! deflection f atmosph]ic resi/ance40 ,:5 ?is is demon/rat$ ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s w be rev]s$2 heavy ordnance w exce$ ! %\ld] rifle 9 ext5sion & accuracy ( range1 :il/ ! %\ld] rifle w aga9 fall back to its =m] /ate ( comp>ative inf]iority4 ,b>rels 7 fir/ groov$ or rifl$ at ,vi5na1 ab\t ! ye> #adih4 ,! orig9al object ( groov+ or rifl+ ! b>rels 0 to f9d space = ! reception ( ! f\l residue produc$ by dis*>g+ ! rifle1 & ?us to dim9i% ! friction ( ! bullet z x 0 =c$ d[n by ! ramrod4 ,dur+ ! next tw5ty ye>s a spiral turn 0 giv5 to ! groove1 & bullets 7 us$ ) projections to fit ! grooves1 ! degree ( twi/ or spiral v>y+ z ! skill ( ! gun-mak] ?\ght be/4 ,! difficulty ( load+ rifles has at all times be5 a drawback to _! univ]sal adoption z w>like weapons1 & x has be5 res]v$ = a humble individual to a*ieve t :i* all ! tal5t devot$ to x = ?ree c5turies _h hi!rto fail$ to accompli%4 ,a multitude ( claimants h 8put 9 _! plea0 = a %>e 9 "s "p ( ! inv5tion2 & x may b5efit n only ! pres5t b also ! future g5]ation1 if we give a succ9ct acc\nt ( ! approa*es made by diff]5t m5 t[>ds ! pres5t e/abli%$ pr9ciple1 & %[ ! be>+ ea* _h 9 br++ ab\t ! revolution t has tak5 place 9 ! sci5ce ( gunn]y4 ,! e>lie/ notice ( an elongat$ bullet is ,rob9s's 8egg-%ap$10 :i* gives to ! hemisph]ical end ! c5tre ( gravity1 ?us e/abli%+ ! fir/ ess5tial pr9ciple2 b !ory & practice 7 "h sadly discordant1 = its wild unc]ta9 flight1 caus$ by ! small end act+ z a rudd]1 r5d]$ 8 !ory useless1 & x soon di$ ( a natural dea?4 ,! next innovation on ! sph]ical pr9ciple ( bullets 0 ! attempt made by ! late ,sir ,home ,popham to introduce elongat$ sph]o-cyl9drical bullets into cannon1 ) grooves & projections on ! ext]ior to imp>t a sp9n+ motion1 :i* %\ld be su/a9$ by ! action ( ! atmosph]e2 b ?is1 l ,rob9s's idea1 surviv$ only a v %ort "t4 ,! next 9 rotation is a description giv5 by ,capta9 ,beaufoy1 9 8 "w on ! rifle call$ ,scloppet>ia1 & publi%$1 we believe1 9 #ahjh4 ,capta9 ,beaufoy gives a draw+ ( an elongat$ bullet "o & a qu>t] diamet]s 9 l5g?1 hav+ a hemisph]ical cavity accurately correspond+ 9 %ape to its c\nt]p>t at ! opposite end4 8,?is10 he /ates1 8he _h he>d 0 b5eficial f ! fact ( ! ru% ( atmosph]ic air into ! vacuum creat$1 ?us induc+ a =w>d motion by ! kick po/]iori40 ,?is app>5tly 0 b a surmise1 an idea nev] c>ri$ out1 = 9 ! same "w a degree ( spiral groov+ is advocat$ ) :i* ! action ( ?is bullet1 _h x ev] be5 int5d$ to be expansive 9 pr9ciple1 w\ld be q incompatible4 ,next comes ! celebrat$ ,joseph ,manton ) 8 inv5tion1 int5d$ to give a spiral motion to ! ball by ! cup ( wood already describ$ "u ! head ( rifl$ cannon4 ,?is v idea has s9ce be5 reviv$ by ,g5]al ,jacob2 & 9 #ahbb ,capta9 ,norton introduc$ to ! notice ( ! ,gov]nm5t 8 8,rifl$ ,%ell0 = ! explosion ( an enemy's tumbrils4 ,?is 0 ( necessity an elongat$ holl[ bullet1 conta9+ a small *>ge ( gunp[d]1 :i* 0 ignit$ by ! explosion ( a cap on a nipple1 screw$ into ! =e-end ( ! lead5 %ell4 ,"h1 no d\bt1 0 a p>tially expansive bullet2 = ! bullet w\ld be driv5 9 ^u itself1 & ?us exp& f ! weakness ( ! holl[ %ell2 ?is ne> approa*1 h[ev]1 to ! inv5tion 0 n int5tional3 ! sole object 9 view 0 ! action ( ! %ell1 & no m importance 0 atta*$ to its expansion1 9 ,capta9 ,norton's e/imation1 ?an to ! bullet describ$ by ,capta9 ,beaufoy 9 8 ,scloppet>ia4 ,x is only )9 ! la/ few ye>s t "s fri5d1 ) m acum5 ?an ! gallant (fic]1 discov]$ 8 ne> approa* to ! subsequ5t inv5tion1 & a claim has be5 made on 8 behalf :i* he himself nev] dreamt (1 dur+ ! _m ye>s we 7 batt]+ at ! doors ( prejudice2 clos$ z !y 7 aga9/ milit>y innovation4 ,9 #ahbf1 ,capt4 ,delvigne propos$ to use an elongat$ bullet3 8hav+ obs]v$ t :5 a bullet 0 =c$ 9 by ! old sy/em ( ! mallet1 its diamet] 0 increas$ p]p5dicul>ly to ! axis ( ! b>rel1 he came to ! conclusion t by giv+ a *amb] to ! bree* ( ! rifle1 & load+ ) an elongat$ bullet hav+ j suffici5t w9dage to ent] freely1 two or ?ree taps f a /eel ramrod w\ld flatt5 x suffici5tly to make x take ! =m ( ! grooves1 into :i* x w\ld c]ta9ly p5etrate :5 fir$40 ,?is contrivance 01 h[ev]1 f\nd to be useless = milit>y purposes2 = aft] a trial1 ext5d+ ov] two or ?ree ye>s1 by ! ,g>de ,royal 9 ,alg]ia1 x 0 giv5 up 9 #ahcj4 ,?is1 !n1 is cle> pro( ( an attempt to con/ruct an expansive bullet1 & conclusive evid5ce also ( its failure4 ,f #ahcj to #ahci1 no evid5ce c be f\nd ( any progress hav+ be5 made by ^! inv5tors4 ,9 #ahcf ,i _h ! hon\r ( produc+ ! fir/ p]fect expansive bullet4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahce & ! spr+ ( #ahcf1 ,i made an ext5sive s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 ord] to ov]come ! effect ( ! v ext5sive w9dage exi/+ 9 milit>y muskets at t "t2 bett] kn[n 9 ! pres5t day by ! "n ( 8,old ,br[n ,bess40 ,! mean diamet] ( ! bore 0 #gfj1 ! diamet] ( ! bullet 0 #gja1 or ( ! bett] und]/ood gauge ( #aa & #ad bore1 ?us leav+ m ?an ?ree sizes = w9dage4 ,to obviate ?is great discrepancy by exp&+ a bullet f #ad to #aa bore1 s z to de/roy ! w9dage1 0 ! fir/ consid]ation2 &1 inde$1 ! fir/ great /ep t[>ds t *ange ( :i* we h z yet only se5 ! beg9n+4 ,i "h give a repres5tation ( my fir/ attempt1 & ! obs]vations made ^u x 9 #ahda3-- ,five ye>s ago ,i p]fect$ & laid be=e ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance a new plan or sy/em ( con/ruct+ expansive balls1 :i* is accompli%$ by hav+ two dissimil> portions4 ,an oval ball ) a flat end & a p]=ation ext5d+ ne>ly ?r\gh1 is ca/2 a tap] plug ) a head l a r\nd topp$ button is also ca/1 ( a composition ( lead1 t91 & z9c1 z bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,expansive ,,ball ,,be=e ,,us+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,expansive ,,ball ,,) ,,plug ,,driv5 ,,home4 ,! end ( ! plug be+ slightly ins]t$ into ! p]=ation1 ! ball is put into ! rifle or musket ) ei!r end =emo/4 ,:5 ! explosion takes place1 ! plug is driv5 home into ! lead1 exp&+ ! out] surface1 & ?us ei!r fill+ ! grooves ( ! rifle1 or de/roy+ ! w9dage ( ! musket1 z ! case may be4 ,! result ( ?is exp]im5t 0 beyond calculation2 & = musketry1 :]e ! /upid regulations ( ! s]vice require #c-a_/b sizes ( bore diff]5ce = w9dage1 x is mo/ excell5t1 z rem$y+ ?is consid]able drawback ^u ! usefulness ( ! arm2 ! facility ( load+ be+ z great1 if n great]1 ?an by ! pres5t practice4 ,inv5tions1 h[ev]1 are ( no use :il/ kept 9 obscurity1 & my fir/ & natural c\rse 0 to br+ x "u ! notice ( ! p>ties = ^: b5efit x 0 int5d$4 ,accord+ly1 9 ,july1 #ahcf1 a memorial 0 duly drawn up1 & laid be=e ! ,ma/]-,g5]al & ,bo>d ( ,ordnance1 solicit+ a trial4 ,aft] ov]com+ "s difficulties1 a trial 0 ord]$ at ! 8co/ ( ! inv5tor10 & 9 ,augu/1 #ahcf1 x took place at ,tynem\?1 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 "u ! comm& ( ,major ,walcot1 ( ! ,royal ,horse ,artill]y1 a p>ty ( ! #fj? ,rifles be+ ! fir+ p>ty4 ,! exact =m ( ! memorial1 & ! po9ts claim$ by ! inv5tor1 are z foll[s3-- 8,to ! ,"r ,hon\rable ! ,ma/]-,g5]al & ,(fic]s ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,bo>d ( ,ordnance4 ,! humble ,memorial ( ,william ,gre5]1 ,gunmak]1 ( ,newca/le-^u-,tyne1 humbly %ewe?-- 8,t y\r memoriali/ has1 aft] consid]able tr\ble & exp5se1 discov]$ a me?od by :i* ! facility ( load+ all rifles1 muskets1 & o!r small fire-arms w be mu* increas$1 z well z a consid]able additional =ce or range ( ! projectile be obta9$1 ev5 ) a less quantity ( p[d] ?an at pres5t us$4 ,y\r memoriali/ has frequ5tly load$ "o ( 8 ,maje/y's rifles by ?is me?od1 z quickly z any soldi] c\ld load ! pla9 musket1 & ! balls :5 fir$ h receiv$ ! same or great] effect f ! action ( ! grooves ( ! rifle4 ,y\r memoriali/'s plan simply consi/s 9 ! manufacture ( a m ready k9d ( c>tridge1 :i* w answ] = all fire-arms z at pres5t con/ruct$1 & w also be a consid]able sav+ to 8 ,maje/y4 8,y\r memoriali/ be+ aw>e1 f =m] communications ) y\r ,hon\rable ,bo>d1 t 9 no case is any sum ( money all[$ = travell+ exp5ses1 c41 & y\r memoriali/ be+ v f> f ri*1 is unable to att5d any committee1 ei!r at ,woolwi* or else:]e1 y\r memoriali/1 !re=e1 sugge/s t if x meet ! approbation ( y\r ,hon\rable ,bo>d to issue an ord] to ! (fic] comm&+ ! depot ( 8 ,maje/y's #a/ ,brigade #fj? ,rifles1 at pres5t /ation$ 9 ?is t[n1 or to any o!r regim5t or deta*m5t 9 ! neighb\rhood1 to appo9t a squad ( m5 to fire #ajj r\nds ( memoriali/'s & #ajj r\nds ( ! c>tridges n[ 9 use1 & to comp>e _! respective m]its1 ! :ole to be provid$ at y\r memoriali/'s exp5se4 8,& memoriali/1 z 9 duty b\nd1 w ev] pray4 8,,william ,,gre5]40 ,! success ( ! exp]im5ts f> surpass$ ! expectations ( ! milit>y m5 pres5t2 & t !y fully e/abli%$ all ! po9ts claim$1 w be evid5t f ! foll[+ secret report made by ,major ,walcott to ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance3-- 8,i !n exam9$ ,mr4 ,gre5]'s ammunition1 & f\nd he _h n made x up into complete c>tridges1 b t 8 ball 0 sep>ate f 8 p[d]4 ,i !n exam9$ ! ball1 :i* be+ less ?an ! b>rel ( ! rifle1 w5t d[n v easily--inde$ slid$ d[n1 & is ?us =m$4 ,! ball is ca/ ) a holl[ 9 x1 to :i* a plug ( ! same metal is ins]t$1 b n go+ home4 ,! =ce ( ! *>ge is said by ,mr4 ,gre5] s to act on ?is holl[ ball z to exp& x1 fill+ up ! :ole b>rel1 prev5t+ all w9dage1 & s truly keep+ its flight t ! head ( ! plug fir/ /rik+ ! object fir$ at1 is !n driv5 home2 ! ball becomes a solid1 & z su* is equal to ! pres5t mode1 z well z hav+ m =ce & ) a less quantity ( p[d] ?an at pres5t us$4 8,a deta*m5t ( ! #fj? 0 !n ord]$ to load ) ,mr4 ,gre5]'s1 & an equal numb] ) 8 ,maje/y's practice ammunition4 ,! fir/ c]ta9ly _h ! advantage 9 quickness ( load+1 b ?is may be acc\nt$ = by ,mr4 ,gre5]'s ball be+ put 9 sep>ate f ! c>tridge2 = ,i am by no means c]ta9 7x be+ necess>y t 8 plug %\ld be exactly 9 ! c5tre1 ei!r next ! c>tridge or f x7 :e!r1 :5 made into a complete =m1 %\ld ! plug h %ift$ f its position1 x w\ld n co/ ! soldi] m "t to place x "r2 nei!r am ,i c]ta9 :e!r ! plug might n be liable to become jamm$ 9 ! soldi]'s c>t\*-box4 8,aft] fir+ sev]al r\nds1 at #bjj y>ds1 at ! t>get1 we succe$$ 9 obta9+ "s ( ,mr4 ,gre5]'s balls1 "o ( :i* t _h /ruck ! t>get & did n g ?r\gh ,i s5d 7m>k$7 z ! mo/ fav\rable specim5 ( ! day's practice1 ! plug be+ driv5 h>d into ! ball1 ! o!rs hav+ lo/ _! plugs4 ,mr4 ,gre5]1 ^: wi%es ,i compli$ ) 9 e way ,i c\ld1 !n propos$ fir+ a numb] ( r\nds into a s&bank1 to %[ t ! plugs did n quit ! ball4 ,a great _m r\nds 7 fir$2 9 _m ! plugs 7 out1 9 _m loosely fix$ & easily remov$1 & 9 a "p firm4 ,n hav+ ! advantage ( ! t>get ,i _h desir$ him to br+1 a numb] ( r\nds 7 fir$ at ! rifle's extreme range1 #cej y>ds1 z ! be/ means left ( asc]ta9+ ! diff]5ce ( range2 ! only result ( :i* 01 t x appe>$ inv>iably to me & o!rs on ! slighte/ resi/ance f ! fir/ ! plug quitt$ ! ball1 & !re=e mu/ h less5$ its =ce f loss ( weight4 ,! balls f bo? *>ges1 ,mr4 ,gre5]'s & 8 ,maje/y's1 w5t home to ! t>get1 b only "o ( ! latt] w5t ?r\gh4 ,i _h !n fir$ mo/ ( ,mr4 ,gre5]'s c>tridges & balls1 & fifty r\nds ( ! practice ammunition ( ! #fj?4 ,i beg to submit ) ! greate/ def]5ce t 9 s great a *ange z ?is propos$1 ev5 %\ld x be consid]$ wor?y any o!r trial1 t ! specim5s ,i %all s5d up by ! e>lie/ opportunity may h compet5t exam9ation--=1 al?\gh ! balls ( ,mr4 ,gre5] be> ! impress ( ! grooves ( ! rifle1 ,i am n able to /ate :e!r su* may n equally well be produc$ by ! action ( be+ =c$ f ! rifle z by ! expansion ,mr4 ,gre5] /ates to take place--%\ld ! ,ma/]-,g5]al deem x necess>y t any fur!r exp]im5t be made by me & ) c>tridges prop]ly made up40 ,! imm$iate result 0 a v pi?y epi/le f ! ,secret>y to ! ,bo>d1 say+1 t 89 consequ5ce ( ! bullet ,i _h submitt$ be+ #8a comp\nd1' x 0 totally unfit = 8 ,maje/y's s]vice1 & no m trials c\ld be all[$40 ,?is1 9 #ahcf1 0 ! univ]sal mode ( proce$+1 z subsequ5t ev5ts cle>ly prov$2 :e!r f inability on ! "p ( ! con/itut$ milit>y sci5ce controll]s1 or f a fix$ det]m9ation to reject all improvem5ts f civilians1 ,i knew n2 b "t expla9$ x all1 z ! sequel w %[4 ,! total de/ruction1 9 #ahda1 ( ! small arms dep>tm5t 9 ! ,t[] ( ,london1 toge!r ) all ! arms x conta9$1 op5$ a vi/a to improvem5t bo? 9 ! pr9ciple & me*anical con/ruction ( 8,old ,br[n ,bess40 ,?is opportunity 0 n lo/4 ,a s]ies ( lett]s1 ,nos4 #a to #f1 appe>$ 9 ! ,times 9 ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 #ahda1 urg+ ! necessity ( a radical *ange 9 ! con/ruction ( milit>y arms1 if ! nation 0 /ill to hold its high milit>y pre/ige4 ,! s5sation creat$ at ?is "t 0 imm5se1 & no d\bt laid ! f\ndation /one = t *ange :i* has r5d]$ ,engli% arms sup]ior to any 9 ! _w1 in/ead ( be+1 z !y =m]ly 71 inf]ior to any 9 ,europe4 ,9 "o ( ^? lett]s1 :i* may /ill be f\nd 9 ! ,times ( ,decemb] #be?1 #ahda1 ! foll[+ acc\nt is giv5 ( ! progress ,i _h made 9 ! inv5tion s9ce #ahcf2 & :5 ! =m & proportions ( my expansive bullet ( #ahda are contra/$ ) ! pres5t & ! orig9al =m adopt$ by our ,gov]nm5t f ! ,fr5* ( ,capta9 ,m9i 9 #ahdi1 x mu/ /rike ! read] z be+ s palpable a copy z to leave no gr\nd = argum5t4 8,"o fav\rite sugge/ion ( ,hutton's has hi!rto be5 /r5u\sly reject$1 ev5 by ^? to :om 8 recomm5dations h1 9 o!r respects1 be5 laws--viz41 8 plan ( us+ #8oblong bullets4' ,"s ye>s ago ,i laid be=e ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance a v simple plan ( gett+ rid ( all w9dage1 yet ( load+ easily1 & add+ to ! weight ( ! projectile 7a fav\rite !ory ) ! artill]i/s74 ,?is 0 effect$ by employ+ an oblong ball ( lead #8a diamet] & a half 9 l5g?1' hav+ a p]=ation ext5d+ ?r\gh two-?irds ( x4 ,an iron plug ( a conical %ape is slightly ins]t$ into ?is p]=ation1 & ! gun load$ ) x4 ,:5 ! explosion takes place1 ?is plug is driv5 home into ! lead1 &1 by exp&+ its out] surface1 ! projectile comes out ( ! gun fitt+ z tight z possible1 & a l9e ( flight is giv5 to x ( correspond+ accuracy4 ,! advantages ( ?is arrangem5t are num]\s1 b1 9 naval w>f>e1 ( ! mo/ important nature1 giv+ heavi] metal ) small] rates1 & f ! composition & %ape ( ! projectile comb9$1 produc+ a correspond+ de/ruction4 8,b ! au?orities laid ! plan ^u ! %elf1 :]e x w re/ until produc$ by "s m important p]sonage ?an myself4 ,! poor inv5tor obta9s b poor enc\ragem5t1 :ile 8 m weal?y competitor is enabl$ to h e opportunity ( try+ s*emes :i*1 9 mo/ cases1 are n wor? ! consid]ation ( any1 save ! fri5ds ( ! p>ty40 ,9 #ahdb1 p[]ful influ5ce be+ br\ght to be>1 x 0 hop$ t a trial ( my inv5tion w\ld result2 & 9 ord] to meet ! /rongly express$ public op9ion1 ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance ord]$ me to con/ruct !m model arms on my own pr9ciple4 ,?is 0 done1 & ! trial promis$ by ! ,ma/]-,g5]al 0 dem&$1 b z ob/9ately refus$ by ! ,select ,committee at ,woolwi*1 ^: p[] 0 sup]ior to t ( ! ,ma/]-,g5]al2 ?\gh he 0 fully pl$g$ to af=d me a trial4 ,?us ! progress ( inv5tion 0 delay$ until #ahdh2 sometimes enliv5$1 h[ev]1 by ! bur/+ ( a %ell ( intellig5ce 9 ! camp ( milit>y prejudice4 ,sla%+ lett]s appe>$ f "t to "t on milit>y incapacity4 ,mean:ile ,capta9 ,delvigne & ,capta9 ,?i]ry cont9u$ _! exp]im5ts1 & on ,june #ba/1 #ahdb1 a pat5t 0 obta9$ 9 ,france1 :i* is ?us describ$3-- 8,= hav+ holl[$ ! base ( my cyl9dro-conical bullet1 n only = motives m5tion$ 9 ! descriptive memoir giv5 ) my dem& = a pat5t1 b besides to obta9 its expansion 7son pan\issem5t7 by ! effect ( ! gases produc$ ?r\gh ! ignition ( ! p[d]4 ,by ?is means ! ef=t ( ! p[d] itself1 :i* =m]ly caus$ sph]ical bullets to deviate f ! grooves1 n[ contributes to =ce ! bullets ( my sy/em m firmly into !m40 ,9 a pap] publi%$ by ,m4 ,delvigne 9 ! ,spectateur ,militaire1 ( ,augu/1 #ahdc1 we also f9d3-- 8,9 ord] to avoid too great friction ,i groov$ ! cyl9drical surface ( ! bullet2 b1 :il/ ,i ?us increas$ ! w9dage ( ! body ( ! projectile1 ,i res]v$1 at ! two extremities ( ! cyl9drical "p1 two circul> r+s ( a diamet] almo/ equal to t ( ! calibre4 ,^! two r+s fix$ accurately 9 ! bore1 secur$ ! p]fect position ( ! axis ( ! bullet1 :i* ! bl[ ( ! ramrod !n =c$ tightly4 ,9 case ( f\lness1 !y easily gave way to ! bl[s ( ! ramrod1 & ! axis ( ! bullet rema9$ 9 ! requir$ position4 ,! holl[+ ( ! sides ( ! bullet gives besides ! means ( fix+ on ! c>tridge )\t increas+ ! diamet] ( ! calibre4 ,b dur+ ^! inve/igations1 ,i made an important discov]y1 :i* 01 t ! gas produc$ by ! ignition ( ! p[d]1 ru%+ into ! vacuum =m$ at ! base ( ! bullet1 exp&$ x & =c$ x into ! grooves4 ,i "h give ! idea1 a new "o1 z ,i ?9k1 & recomm5d its application to su* z occupy !mselves ) ! effect ( fire-arms & p[d]4 ,! foll[+1 h[ev]1 mu/ be avoid$3 if ! holl[ is too deep1 ! expansion is too great1 & ! consequ5t friction enorm\s2 sometimes ev5 ! gas w trav]se ! bullet1 & consequ5tly ! projectile is depriv$ ( a proportion>y am\nt ( velocity2 if too small1 ! expansion does n take place40 ,9 #ahdg & #ahdh ,capta9 ,m9i makes 8 fir/ appe>ance on ! bo>ds2 & he propos$ a holl[ iron cup to fill up ! cavity 9 ,delvigne's bullet1 & f ?is circum/ance we get ! "n ( ,m9i rifle4 ,! s]i\s defects 9 our arms 7 n[1 h[ev]1 becom+ s gl>+1 & ! disgrace ( gett+ wor/$ 9 skirmi%es ) contemptible foes 9 ! ,cabul & ,caffre w>s1 z well z ne>] home 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 rais$ public indignation aga9/ ! milit>y arms dep>tm5t2 & ?is indignation rea*$ su* a pit* t an imm$iate *ange 0 call$ =4 ,! s-call$ inv5tion ( ,capta9 ,m9i (f]$ itself1 & 0 imm$iately adopt$1 ?\gh ! v same ?+ _h previ\sly1 on two occasions1 be5 reject$ at my h&s4 ,?us ! hi/ory ( ! rifle is br\ght up to ! adoption by ! ,gov]nm5t ( my pr9ciple1 "u ! "n ( ! ,m9i rifle2 & ! validity ( ! pleas on ! "p ( ! sev]al claimants = a %>e 9 ! inv5tion has be5 succ9ctly /at$4 ,dur+ ! succe$+ ye>s ,i sev]al times made unsuccessful attempts to obta9 f ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t a recognition ( my claim to ! inv5tion4 ,true x is t insult 0 n add$ to injury1 = !y did n tell me ,i _h no claim z an inv5tor1 b !y %elt]$ !mselves "u ! political plea ( 8,oh1 my de> sir1 ! inju/ice did n occur "u our ,adm9i/ration1 or we %\ld be s happy to rem$y x60 ,"t w5t on1 & w> came at l5g?1 & br\ght ) x pro( t b = my inv5tion we %\ld h be5 ill prep>$4 8,! que5 ( weapons sav$ ! fight30 s said ! ,?und]]4 8,:5 w>'s wild d9 0 done10 ! poor inv5tor 0 li/5$ to4 ,! fir/ /ep tak5 0 ?r\gh ,mr4 ,s*olefield1 ! memb] = ,birm+ham1 :o mov$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons = copies ( ! correspond5ce betwe5 myself & ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance 9 #ahcf1 & ! pap]s !re) connect$4 ,?us an act ( gl>+ inju/ice 0 expos$1 & !re 0 evid5ce ( proce$+s hav+ be5 enact$ ov] :i* ,i w\ld r draw a veil4 ,! au?orities 7 no d\bt %ock$ at ! inju/ice :i* ! poor inv5tor _h met ) at ! h&s ( ! !n ,bo>d ( ,ordnance4 ,?us ,i obta9$ ! ,secret ,report1 :i* elevates s high ! names ( ^? :o c\ld designate a plan z 8useless & *im]ical10#ac :i* 0 de/9$ ev5tually to create great] *anges 9 gunn]y ?an x _h und]gone f its e>lie/ inv5tion4 #ac ,,! ,,secret ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,select ,,committee4 ,,pres5t3--,major-,g5]al ,mill>2 ,colonel ,adye1 ,c4,b42 ,colonel ,ty]1 ,c4,b42 ,colonel ,drummond1 ,c4,b42 ,sir ,alex4 ,dickson1 ,k4,c4,b42 ,major ,dundas4 8,woolwi*1 #bi? ,augu/1 #ahcf4 8,,sir1-- 8,i h ! hon\r to report t1 9 ob$i5ce to y\r m9ute1 dat$ ! #bbnd in/41 ,i assembl$ ! ,select ,committee = ! purpose ( consid]+ a new inv5t$ c>tridge = rifles1 made by ,mr4 ,william ,gre5]1 gunmak]1 ( ,newca/le4 ,patt]ns ( ^! c>tridges1 ) a report f ,major ,walcott1 ,royal ,horse ,artill]y1 ( a day's practice ) !m at ,tynem\?4 ,sev]al balls t h be5 dis*>g$ at & collect$ aft] t practice 7 submitt$ to ! ,committee1 :o1 aft] an att5tive consid]ation1 is ( op9ion t ! ends purpos$ by ,mr4 ,gre5] h n be5 accompli%$2 t 8 plan is useless & *im]ical4 ,! ,committee d n1 !re=e1 recomm5d any fur!r trial 9 ! t]ms solicit$ by ,mr4 ,gre5] 9 8 memorial ( ! #f? in/4 8,i h1 c41 8,,william ,,mill>1 ,dep4-,adjut4-,g540 ,i !n disput$ ! fact ( its be+ a ,fr5* inv5tion be=e ! juries ( ! ,fr5* ,exposition 9 #ahee2 !re1 h[ev]1 my evid5ce 0 inadmissible1 f ! fact ( x n hav+ be5 exhibit$1 & ! inv5tion n be+ a rec5t "o4 ,9 spite ( all ?is1 ,i /ill p]sev]$2 & my next /ep 0 to submit ! subject to royalty4 ,i fir/ submitt$ x to ! ,emp]or ,napoleon1 :o c>efully inve/igat$ ! facts ( ! case1 & admitt$ ! ,engli%man's priority4 ,ev5tually ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 aft] mu* tr\ble1 also admitt$ ! fact1 7?\gh n until aft] x _h be5 submitt$ to ! successors ( ! orig9al select committee7 & aw>d$ me ! sum ( #a1jjjl4 9 ! army e/imates ( #aheg4 ,x is a fact1 :i* all w ackn[l$ge1 t ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 an inv5tion %\ld be be/ kn[n to ! inv5tor himself2 & if he is unable to expla9 ! v pr9ciples ( su* inv5tion1 !n x is q fair to presume t he 0 n ! orig9al inv5tor4 ,n[ !re is no evid5ce t ei!r ,delvigne or ,m9i _h any pr(\nd k ( ! sci5ce ( gunn]y1 & _! k ( ! pr9ciples ( ! expansive rifle 0 s meagre z to ju/ify ! assumption1 t _! only connection ) its production 0 t ( copy+ f ! ,times newspap]1 or f my works publi%$ 9 #ahdb & #ahdf4 ,my obs]vations c]ta9ly appe>$ be=e any ( !irs2 & ,i believe t no /ra9+ ( facts c 9 any way connect !m ) ! inv5tion1 :i* 0 z p]fect 9 #ahda z :5 !y reproduc$ x 9 #ahdh & #ahdi4 ,) ^! rem>ks1 ,i pass on to :at is ( m importance1 viz41 ! pr9ciple ( ! expansive rifle4 ,x _h long be5 kn[n t to give a spiral motion to a bullet 9 a direction co9cid5t to its l9e ( flight1 0 ! /&>d ( p]fection 9 rifle projectiles2 b ?is1 until ! inv5tion ( ! expansive bullet1 c\ld nev] be atta9$ ) safety4 ,sph]es receiv+ ?is motion are n likely to reta9 x1 because ! p]iph]y ( ! sph]ical bullet is1 9 all cases1 subject$ to mu* m friction ?an ! re/ ( ! sph]e2 a *ange w\ld !re=e c]ta9ly be induc$1 ! axis ( ! sp9n+ motion be+ *ang$ f "o co9cid5t to ! l9e ( flight to t ( "o v]tical to ! same4 ,! two groov$ rifle 0 an illu/ration ( ?is2 = 9 all cases ! projections on ! bullet induc$ a *ange1 ! r+ ( ! bullet revolv+ p>allel to ! horizontal l9e1 z ,i pr$ict$ 9 #ahda4 ,en\gh has be5 said to po9t out ! prejudicial action ( any projections on projectiles1 bo? z reg>ds _! accuracy & l5g? ( flight2 p]fect smoo?ness ( surface be+1 9 fact1 absolutely necess>y4 ,l5g!n$ /udy & a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) bullets ( a sph]o-cyl9drical %ape hav+ grooves & projections on _! ext]ior id5tical ) ! groov+ ( ! int]ior ( ! b>rel1 l$ me to consid] ! production ( a bullet ) a consid]able cavity 7equal1 9 fact1 to two-?irds ( its l5g?7 at ! same "t adopt+ z a /&>d "o & a half diamet]s 9 ! l5g? ( ! bore ( ! gun2 ?us ! ?ickness ( ! metal betwe5 ! apex ( ! bullet & apex ( ! cavity 0 ne>ly "o half ( ! diamet]1 z ! foll[+ diagram w %[4 ,illu/ration ,?is enabl$ me to insure two important pr9ciples1 on :i* dep5d$ ! success ( ! :ole inv5tion4 #a/4 ,! c5tre ( gravity 0 9 ! head ( ! projectile4 #bnd4 8,! =ce 0 communicat$ directly to ! c5tre ( gravity dur+ ! explosion40 ,?is is a mo/ important pr9ciple1 :i* all writ]s presum+ to give _! v]sion to ! !ory ( ! expansive sy/em1 h entirely ov]look$4 ,if ! arr[ c\ld receive ! propell+ =ce 9 ! head1 its motion w\ld be ev51 & free f 8hobbl+10 z ,rog] ,as*am wi%es x to be2 b if1 on ! contr>y1 x is receiv$ at ! opposite extremity1 !n !re is a /ruggle betwe5 ! head & ! tail1 z to :i* %all be fir/1 & a 8wobbl+0 motion is induc$1 endur+ until an equilibrium ( velocity is e/abli%$4 ,x is ess5tial to all future progress 9 ! sci5ce ( projectiles1 t ?is po9t %\ld be rememb]$1 & its importance duly e/imat$2 & x is possible to apply ?is pr9ciple to projectiles ( any weight4 ,if ?is po9t be att5d$ to1 :]e is ! difficulty 9 ext5d+ ! l5g? ( our projectiles to t ( arr[s8 ?us increas+ _! range indef9itely4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 no law to limit ! l5g? ( expansive bullets3 ! only limit to _! l5g? n[ is ! t5d5cy ( lead to squa%2 b alloys ( lead & o!r metals may yet be b5eficially us$ = projectiles1 & t to an ext5t ( :i* at pres5t we c =m no conception4 ,! range ( vision ( ! human eye be+ inf]ior to ! range ( ! rifle w probably be ! only limit to its use2 & ?is range w n be difficult to atta93 r$uction 9 ! size ( bore enables u to elongate ! bullet )\t dim9i%+ its weight or ! accuracy ( its range2 b )\t ! exi/5ce ( a cavity to insure ! =ce be+ appli$ to ! head ( ! bullet1 ?is _c possibly be done2 :il/ all o!r %apes are limit$ 9 _! application1 & an ext5sion ( range _c be obta9$ ) !m4 ,next to ^! two important po9ts 9 ! inv5tion comes ! "q ( expansion1 :]eby ! grooves ( ! rifle are fill$ up ) lead1 & w9dage is z f> z possible obviat$4 ,! exp&] ,i fir/ employ$ consi/$ ( a tap]+ piece ( iron1 simil> 9 %ape to ! fru/um ( a cone1 & ?is1 :5 ins]t$ into ! cavity ( ! bullet1 0 flu% ) ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! =ce g5]at$ by ! ignition ( ! *>ge 0 ex]t$ equally on ! plug & on ! lead5 cyl9d]2 ! plug1 h[ev]1 mov+ m rapidly ?an ! lead1 is driv5 quick] into ! bullet1 ! bullet exp&s1 & ?us ! fill+ up ( ! grooves is accompli%$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t at ! same "t an upw>d =ce is ex]t$ by ! plug on ! lead5 bullet2 & t1 too1 ( a m ela/ic "* ?an w\ld be ex]t$ by ! gases !mselves1 if !y 7 all[$ to act directly ) all _! =ce ^u ! lead2 = x is a fact beyond all dispute1 t any =ce t5d+ to set matt] 9 motion gradually is m effective ?an t :i* is in/antane\s 9 its action4 ,_m writ]s condemn 9 toto ! ,m9i pr9ciple & its cup4 ,m9i did n und]/& x2 & ! introduction ( ! cup by him 01 ,i believe1 an accid5t1 or ! be/ he c\ld d by copy+ my mode ( us+ x3 x 0 n ! production ( 8 own bra94 ,x has be5 urg$ z an argum5t aga9/ ! use ( ?is cup1 t sometimes expansion does n occur4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may easily be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! cup is n tightly fitt$ into ! cavity ( ! bullet2 a space is left ?r\gh :i* ! ela/ic fluid p5etrates ! cavity1 ! cup !n has z mu* pressure ex]t$ ^u x beh9d z 9 front1 & h5ce x rema9s undi/urb$4 ,!n ! cup is sometimes driv5 9 s viol5tly t x becomes flatt5$ aga9/ ! flat surface ( ! upp] portion ( ! cavity1 cutt+ ! lead s entirely z to leave ! cyl9drical portion ( ! bullet 9 ! bree* ( ! gun2 ?is is well kn[n to h be5 a frequ5t occurr5ce on ! fir/ introduction ( ?is bullet4 ,^! defects are in/anc$1 z evid5ce to %[ t ,m9i & o!rs h no claim :atev] to ! production ( ! orig9al idea--!y _c ev5 n[ grasp x1 b condemn x1 because x is beyond ! limits ( _! compreh5sion4 ,true x is t1 aft] blund]+ = sev]al ye>s1 our ,gov]nm5t h come back to my orig9al idea1 z ! foll[+ quotation w %[3-- 8,colonel ,hay10 says ,sir ,h[>d ,d\glas1 8has introduc$ an important improvem5t 9 ! %ape ( ! cup1 & 9 ! figure ( ! cavity into :i* x is =c$ on ! fir+ ( ! *>ge4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t ! cavity 9 ! ,m9i %ot has ! =m ( ! fru/um ( a cone1 :ile t ( ! cup is a hemisph]e3 n[ all :o h exam9$ ! %ot pick$ up aft] hav+ /ruck an iron t>get or p5etrat$ into ! e>?1 f9d t ! hemisph]ical cup is v liable to be cant$ or turn$ in/ead ( be+ =c$ directly into ! holl[ space2 ! lead ( ! %ot is n driv5 equally into ! grooves ( ! rifle4 ,= ?is evil ,colonel ,hay has propos$ a rem$y1 9 giv+ bo? to ! cup & ! cavity 9 ! %ot conoidal =ms2 by :i* means ! =m] mu/1 by ! =ce ( ! p[d]1 proce$ directly =w>d 9 ! holl[ space1 & ?us uni=mly exp& ! l[] "p ( ! %ot 9 ! bore40 ,if ?is is n conclusive evid5ce ( ! priority ( my inv5tion1 !n ,i _c und]/& ! ,engli% language4 ,! next object ,i s\ght to obta9 9 ! inv5tion 0 a r$uction ( oppos+ surface1 & an increas$ mom5tum4 ,! law ( atmosph]ic resi/ance is z ! area ( displacem5t1 & ! velocity ) :i* t displacem5t is effect$4 ,?us1 a sph]ical bullet ( "o ounce weight displaces a bulk ( ! atmosph]e equal to ! area ( its hemisph]e2 :]eas an elongat$ bullet ( ! same weight w\ld h to displace s mu* less z is ! diff]5ce betwe5 _! diamet]s4 ,^! two bullets1 />t$ at equal velocities1 are act$ ^u v diff]5tly by oppos+ =ces2 ! velocity ( ! sph]ical is dim9i%$ mu* soon] ?an t ( ! elongat$ bullet1 on acc\nt ( its great] diamet]3 h5ce ! increas$ range ( ! elongat$ bullet4 ,let u suppose an extreme case4 ,take a bullet produc$ f a description ( h>d5$ lead five diamet]s 9 l5g?1 & pres5t+ to ! atmosph]e "o-fif? ! surface ( a sph]ical bullet ( equal weight2 ! reasonable assumption w\ld be t ?is bullet w\ld range a great] di/ance if project$ at ! same velocity1 & if ! same *>ge ( gunp[d] be us$ z ) a sph]ical bullet4 ,! fir/ s]ies ( exp]im5ts cle>ly e/abli%$ ! fact t increas$ range c\ld be obta9$1 & also ) a va/ r$uction 9 ! *>ge ( gunp[d]3 ) a sav+1 9 fact1 ( ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 ,two dra*ms & a half 7 f\nd equal to a range ( f\rte5 hundr$ y>ds1 :il/ f\r dra*ms & a half on ! old sy/em w\ld r>ely rea* half t di/ance4 ,^! important po9ts 7 gradually develop$1 ?\gh n )\t _m disappo9tm5ts & mu* m5tal anxiety3 ! la/ discov]y1 to h r5d]$ ! task easy1 %\ld h be5 ! fir/4 ,extreme spiral curve 9 ! rifle b>rel is incompatible ) ! correct action ( ! expansive bullet4 ,! old-e/abli%$ turns ( "o 9 f\r feet1 "o 9 ?ree feet1 & "o 9 two feet n9e in*es1 gave results 9 ! ord] ,i h plac$ !m2 & x 0 n until ! adoption ( a spiral approximat+ to "o turn 9 five & a half up to six feet1 t ,i f\nd ! success ( my exp]im5ts uni=m3 & ?is fact illu/rates "o great ob/acle :i* my inv5tion _h to cont5d ) be=e x 0 g5]ally adopt$4 ,! ord9>y sport+ rifles h inv>iably too mu* spiral2 ! am\nt ( friction g5]at$ by an expansive bullet 9 a rifle ( ?is con/ruction is enorm\s1 absorb+ 9 _m cases "o half ! p[] ( ! expellant4 ,! result ( ?is is mo/ unsatisfactory3 ! bullet sudd5ly loos$ f ?is imm5se friction1 & fre$ f ! column ( air 9 ! tube1 ru%es s wildly =w>d z entirely to de/roy equilibrium 9 its flight2 & h5ce ! v l\d compla9ts ( disappo9t$ exp]im5t]s4 ,! expansive pr9ciple n[ adopt$ comb9es su* qualities t1 h[ev] long & l\dly x may be condemn$1 x w aga9 ass]t its sup]iority1 & hold undisput$ ! fir/ place = g5]ations to come4 ,x is bas$ on t law ( nature :i* w always tell 9 me*anical productions2 namely1 m9imum ( friction1 & h5ce maximum ( propulsion or velocity2 ! greate/ possible range ) ! lea/ am\nt ( expellant ag5cy4 ,! same law holds1 ev5 ?\gh ! bullet %\ld be elongat$ & made into an arr[4 ,t :i* has be5 introduc$ to ! _w z an improvem5t on my inv5tion1 & mode/ly t]m$ ! 8,prit*ett bullet10 ,i reject$ 9 #ahda z be+ inf]ior to ! expansive bullet3 any "o :o is curi\s1 & wi%es to be conv9c$ ( ?is fact1 w f9d ! foll[+ quotation 9 ! ,naval & ,milit>y ,gazette = ,febru>y1 #ahdb3--8;,a great improvem5t may be effect$ by us+ plugs ( a cyl9drical %ape1 hav+ ! upp] end r\nd1 & ! "p next ! p[d] flat or concave2 = rifles1 to be ( use1 mu/ be con/ruct$ = high velocity1 & ?is c be done by a proportionate spiral & ! use ( a plug simil> to t giv5 above4 ,9 ?is case we may load ) ! greate/ facility1 & ! bullet exp&+1 =ces itself into ! grooves ( ! rifle1 & ?us receives ! modicum ( spiral motion requir$40 ,a p]usal ( 8,capta9 ,j]vis on ! ,musket ,rifle0 w\ld lead "o to inf] t ?is 0 a great inv5tion on ! "p ( ,mr4 ,prit*ett1 & t x w\ld sup]s$e to a c]ta9ty ! m p]fect expansive bullet2 b ,mr4 ,prit*ett's s-call$ inv5tion has sunk into oblivion1 f :5ce x w nev] em]ge4 ,f practice ,i f\nd t ! mo/ mat]ial defect 9 ?is bullet 0 its unc]ta9ty ( action3 x 0 driv5 9 ^u itself1 & ?us its diamet] 0 increas$4 ,a slight diff]5ce 9 ! h>dness ( ! lead1 a bullet m\ld$ :5 ! metal 0 hot1 & ! rev]se1 w\ld be su* insup]able difficulties z to r5d] _! adoption q impracticable2 moreov]1 :5 rapid fir+ became necess>y1 ! enorm\s friction creat$ by ! heat & h>dness ( ! previ\s deposit f explod$ p[d]1 r5d]$ ! use ( ^! bullets highly dang]\s2 z 0 prov$ 9 ! ,crimean w>4 ,i tru/ !y are n[ = ev] ab&on$1 = _! adoption did n %[ great intellig5ce on ! "p ( _! advocates4 ,! expansive pr9ciple n be+ adopt$ 9 ! armies ( ,france & o!r ,cont95tal nations1 may be ju/ly attribut$ to ! exp]im5t]s ( ! ,fr5* s*ool hav+ be5 l$ a/ray2 claim+1 z !y did1 ! entire m]it ( ! inv5tion4 ,x is b fair t :il/ endeav\r+ to e/abli% my own claim to ! inv5tion1 ,i %\ld po9t out ! discrepancies exi/+ 9 ! !ory ( my oppon5ts4 ,t consid]able imp]fections exi/ 9 ! expansive rifle us$ 9 ,france1 is evid5t f ! results ( _! exp]im5ts1 & ! "t :i* has be5 wa/$ 9 discuss+ ! pr9ciples necess>y = correct+ ! flight ( ! bullet by 8annul> r+s0 be+ appli$ to its cyl9drical "p4 ,capta9 ,tamissi]'s !ory is 8t an elongat$ bullet 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! air1 describ+ ! curve ( ! trajectory1 ma9ta9$ its axis p>allel 9 its successive positions to ! position x _h at />t+1 & t ! angle =m$ by ?is axis ) ! elem5t ( ! trajectory--t is1 ! direction ( ! motion--*ang$ e in/ant4 ,! action ( atmosph]ic resi/ance w\ld also be alt]$ by ! surface pres5t$ by ! projectile2 z ! po9t ( application ( ?is =ce w\ld n always pass ?r\gh ! c5tre ( gravity1 b w\ld e/abli% a rotatory motion diff]5t f t ) :i* ! bullet 0 orig9ally animat$3 9 diff]5t words1 ! bullet1 by pres]v+ its orig9al position1 w\ld aft] a "t be pursu+ its pa? ) its broadside =emo/2 t is1 ) ! po9t ( its axis above ! l9e ( ! trajectory & ! ne> end bel[4 8,to rem$y ?is1 & increase ! precision ( fire ) ^! bullets1 ,capta9 ,tamissi] ?\ght x 0 necess>y to create resi/ances to ! atmosph]e z f> z possible beh9d _! c5tre ( gravity1 9 ord] to br+ ! po9t ( ! bullet back to its orig9al c\rse4 ,= ?is purpose he =m$ a numb] ( circul> grooves on ! cyl9drical "p ( ! bullet1 9 imitation ( ! fea!rs ( an arr[2 :i*1 he says1 are plac$ at ! h9d] "p to eng5d] resi/ances40 ,! folly ( su* a !ory mu/ be v app>5t to a practical man4 ,! engrav+ bel[ ( a bullet obta9$ direct f ,capta9 ,m9i 9 ,decemb]1 #ahee1 & ) :i* ! troops 7 !n exp]im5t+ at ,v9c5nes1 :5 comp>$ ) my bullet ( #ahdc1 r5d]s any fur!r argum5t unnecess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m9ie ,,bullet1 #ahee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gre5]ian ,,bullet1 #ahdc4 ,) ?is ,i contra/ my bullet ( #ahda1 at page #ced1 & a v slight inspection w be suffici5t to satisfy any "o ( its sup]iority3 e practical rifle-%oot] kn[s t ! smoo!r all ! surfaces ( ! bullet1 ! m ext5sive & accurate is ! range4 ,t ! ,fr5* exp]im5ts %\ld h giv5 unsatisfactory results ,i am n at all surpris$3 ! flat surface on ! po9t ( ! bullet mu/ (f] a l>ge space = ! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e1 dur+ #a1jjj y>ds ( flight4 ,!n to ?is mu/ be add$ ! effect produc$ by ! r+s ar\nd ! bullet2 & :5 ! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e & t produc$ by ! friction ( ! bullet are add$ toge!r1 we ne$ n be surpris$ t ! results ( ! exp]im5ts turn$ out v unsatisfactory4 ,surely1 if ! ,fr5* s*ool inv5t$ ! bullet :i* produc$ ?is wond]ful revolution 9 gunn]y1 !y w\ld h r5d]$ x p]fect1 in/ead ( produc+ x 9 a m rude /ate 9 #ahdh ?an ,i _h produc$ x 9 #ahdj4 ,ano!r po9t af=d+ /rong evid5ce t ! :ole 0 copi$ f my "w ( #ahdb1 is ?is4 ,9 my orig9al plan ! bottom ( ! cavity ( ! bullet 0 flat1 exactly z x n[ appe>s 9 ,capta9 ,m9i's annul> r+$ bullet4 ,9 #ahdc ?is 0 *ang$ into a hemisph]ical bottom2 & ?is exi/s 9 all ,engli% expansive bullets1 z ! adjo9+ woodcut w %[4 ,9 #aheb ,i produc$ a new =m ( cup1 int5d$ to obviate ! use ( ! heavi] sub/ance1 or conical piece ( iron4 ,9 addition to a cup ( a p>abolic sp9dle %ape1 x _h a rim l t on a man's hat1 z ! woodcut w %[4 ,illu/ration ,a great advantage is ga9$ by ?is contrivance 9 effectually exp&+ ! bullet1 & ?us clos+ up /ray app5dages1 :i* are f\nd to ex]t consid]able influ5ce on ! ultimate direction ( ! bullet4 ,a slight tail ( c>tridge-pap]1 a /r+1 or an app5dage ( any description1 ex]ts su* an important influ5ce on ! bullet's flight1 z to cause x 9 "s in/ances to describe a curve1 ! t]m9ation ( :i* is v ecc5tric1 & comm5ces f ! v base ( its />t+4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t great accuracy is necess>y 9 ord] to produce a p]fect expansive bullet4 ,engli% bullets are press$ into %ape by ma*9]y1 :il/ 9 ,france !y are =m$ 9 ! ord9>y m\ld2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is at all times an unc]ta9 mode ( mak+ !m3 a slight cavity 9 ! head ( ! bullet w\ld make x ecc5tric 9 its flight2 & ?is is v difficult to avoid3 a slight puncture1 or an eruption on ! surface1 w\ld1 dur+ a l5g!n$ flight1 be mat]ially act$ ^u by ! atmosph]e1 s z to influ5ce 9 a great degree ! direction ( its flight4 ,! sci5tific _w is deeply indebt$ to ,g5]al ,jacob1 ( ! ,sc9de ,horse1 = ! zeal & en]gy he has display$ 9 c>ry+ out 8 pr9ciple ( projectiles4 ,he exp]im5t$ on a scale nev] be=e attempt$ by any private individual2 8 explosive projectiles h creat$ univ]sal int]e/1 & ! great ranges he obta9$ w h& d[n ! ,g5]al's "n 9 ! hi/ory ( gunn]y to all future g5]ations4 ,:il/ ascrib+ all cr$it to ,g5]al ,jacob = ! b5efit he has be/[$ on projectile sci5ce1 x is n less my duty to po9t out h[ un=tunate = sci5ce1 & = ! ,g5]al's sci5tific reputation1 7 ! defects :i* exi/ 9 ! sy/em ( :i* he is s /r5u\s an advocate4 ,g5]al ,jacob's pr9ciple diff]s f m9e z widely z ! poles are sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,9 m9e !re exi/s ! lea/ am\nt ( friction1 ! m9imum ( spiral motion1 & a mo/ ext5sive range1 ) ! smalle/ exp5diture ( expellant =ce4 ,9 ! ,g5]al's inv5tion ^! po9ts are exactly rev]s$3 friction is at ! highe/ po9t1 ! degree ( spiral 9 ! groove is m ?an d\ble1 & ! *>ge1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 is mu* great]4 ,! range is great]1 no d\bt2 z x ought to be1 be+ obta9$ at treble co/4 ,co/1 9 all cases1 is ! key to success or failure2 n co/ 9 a monet>y s5se only1 b co/ ( we> & te>4 ,de/ruction ( ! b>rel1 & ! am\nt ( buffet+ by recoil1 are po9ts ( co/2 & ! pr9ciple ( ,g5]al ,jacob is s ne>ly alli$ to t ( ! 8hexagonal0 rifle1 t _m w ?9k1 & p]haps n )\t good reason1 t ! "o has giv5 rise to ! production ( ! o!r4 ,! great l5g? ( column1 #b-a_/b diamet]s 9 height1 is s extreme1 z to be evid5ce 9 itself ( ! v uns\nd pr9ciples on :i* ?is rifle is con/ruct$4 ,:5 bullets compos$ entirely ( lead are us$1 ! result is t ! bullet is s driv5 9 ^u itself1 z to upset ! :ole /ructure1 8swag+0 x :il/ 9 ! b>rel into a long cyl9drical tube ( lead1 z ! wood-cut1 exhibit+ ! bullet be=e & aft] fir+1 w suffici5tly expla92 :il/ ! friction & lat]al pressure on ! tube ( ! b>rel1 :i* mu/ be necess>y to effect ! *ange 9 ! bullet1 require no fur!r comm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,po9t ,,( ,,bullet ,,be=e ,,fir+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:ole ,,bullet ,,aft] ,,fir+4 ,! exp]i5ce ga9$ by ,g5]al ,jacob induc$ him subsequ5tly to adopt an iron or z9c-po9t$ bullet1 z is depict$ 9 ! wood engrav+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,complete ,,bullet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,metal ,,po9t4 ,?us dep>t+ f ! true sci5ce ( ! "q1 in/ead ( giv+ ! c5tre ( gravity to ! head ( ! bullet1 he tries to ov]come ! difficulties by :i* 8 sy/em is beset1 by increas+ ! spiral motion4 ,z o!r writ]s take a simil> view ( ! "q1 ,i ins]t ! foll[+ quotation f a small "w by ,lieut5ant ,simons1 ,b5gal ,artill]y1 entitl$ 8,a ,treatise on ,fire-arms10 :]e we h ! foll[+ appropriate rem>ks1 /rongly be>+ on ! peculi>ities ( ?is sy/em3-- 8,e po9t ^u ! surface ( a projectile 9 motion1 :e!r x be a rocket1 javel91 %ip1 bullet1 arr[1 or any o!r description ( projectile1 is ! end ( a lev]1 ! fulcrum ( :i* is situat$ 9 ! projectile's c5tre ( gravity4 ,! effect ( ! air to upset1 i4 e41 to =ce ! light or po9t$ end ( su* projectile to ! re>1 or to un/eady1 or cause to wav]1 ! same1 dep5ds ^u ! l5g?s ( ! lev]s at ! ends ( :i* x acts1 & ^u ! angles at :i* x presses aga9/ su* lev]s1 z det]m9$ by ! positions ( ! po9ts & by ! %ape ( ! projectile2 x likewise dep5ds ^u ! specific int5sity ( ! pressure1 :i* is d\btless greate/ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ^? p>ts ( ! projectile :i* lea/ easily all[ ! air to escape pa/ !m4 8,an illu/ration 9 "p ( ! tru? ( ! =ego+ proposition w pres5t itself to ! conceptions ( ^? :o h tak5 notice ( ! mann] ( ! flight ( rockets1 or :o h witness$ %ells project$ f mort>s at night "t4 ,! light ( ! burn+ fuse1 p>ticul>ly dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! flight ( ! %ell1 is seldom obscur$ f ! sight ( ! behold]s 9 ! batt]y f :i* x is fir$4 ,! end ( ! fuse protrud+ beyond ! g5]al surface ( ! %ell is ! end ( a lev] ^: fulcrum is ! %ell's c5tre ( gravity4 ,! pressure ( ! air aga9/ ?is lev] z ! %ell moves =w>d1 drives x to ! re>1 9 :i* place x w\ld rema9 /eady1 did ! %ell 9 its c\rse describe a /raight l9e2 a curve1 h[ev]1 be+ ! l9e actually describ$1 x foll[s t ! direction f :i* ! resi/ance creat$ by ! %ell's own motion comes1 is ev] v>y+2 :]eby ! occurr5ce ( an equilibrium is prev5t$1 & ! %ell is caus$ to oscillate lat]ally z x 74 ,if ! size ( ! fuze end ( x1 h[ev]1 be at all consid]able1 ! %ell w r>ely topple ov]1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! light ( ! fuze1 dur+ ! asc5d+ curve1 w g5]ally be visible4 8,! m rapidly a ball is made to rea* its goal1 ! ne>] w ! l9e describ$ by x approa* to a /raight "o1 & ! less w x roll4 ,x is possible t ! old musket-ball did n roll mu* dur+ ! fir/ fifty or hundr$ y>ds ( its flight1 & t ! accuracy ( %oot+ ) x w h be5 less on ?is acc\nt4 ,a ball :i* does n roll1 may be said to be #89 position2' !re is inh]5t 9 x a fix$ t5d5cy to deviate f ! l9e 9 :i* x is project$4 ,n[ a %ell :i* rolls mu* by reason ( its comp>atively sl[ motion1 is ev] t5d+ to /ray 9 diff]5t directions1 &1 !re=e1 a movem5t 9 ! wrong direction1 at "o mom5t1 be+ comp5sat$ = ! next by a correspond+ movem5t 9 ! opposite direction1 x may be by ?is means a recipi5t ( an am\nt ( accid5tal comp5sation to :i*1 p]haps1 ! musket-ball is a /rang]4 8,su* be+ ! manife/ effect ( projections ^u ! surface ( a %ell1 x is n difficult to imag9e :at mu/ be ! unse5 effect ( projections on ! surface ( a rifle ball4 ,"o projection1 plac$ )\t reg>d to effect ^u su* surface1 w\ld make ! ball jog & oscillate mu* aft] ! mann] t has be5 describ$4 ,two or m ( prop] =m & con/ruction w1 on ! contr>y1 if prop]ly plac$ ^u a projectile1 hold x /eady1 & s imp>t to x a fix$ t5d5cy to digress1 !reby prep>+ x to be usefully op]at$ ^u by spiral motion4 8,s mu* z has be5 said w1 ,i ?9k1 suffice to disprove t n unfrequ5tly ent]ta9$ notion to ! effect t ! light end ( a bullet is kept =w>d by ! op]ation ( ! spiral motion imp>t$ to x4 ,i c\ld cite m ?an "o p]son & pamphlet 7,g5]al ,jacob71 app>5tly "u ! influ5ce ( ?is belief1 b :i* c]ta9ly does n accord ) !ory1 & ! practical incorrectness ( :i* 0 ?us manife/$ to me40 ,! ,:itwor? rifle1 :i* 0 introduc$ to ! _w ) a cl>ion fl\ri% f ! ,times1 has n made any v rapid progress t[>d p]fection4 ,x /ill drags out an exi/5ce1 x is true1 b its boa/$ sup]iority is all a my?2 z "t & exp]i5ce w %[4 ,l ! =m]1 b m m]itori\s1 inv5tion ( ,g5]al ,jacob1 x is bas$ on an uns\nd pr9ciple1 an unt5able !ory1 good only 9 seem+1 :i* collapses :5 grasp$ by ! h& ( practical exp]i5ce4 ,! peculi>ity connect$ ) ?is weapon is ! extraord9>y circum/ances "u :i* x fir/ saw ! light3--,x 0 produc$ by ! aid ( ,plutus1 dragg+ 9 reput$ sci5ce to fa%ion on ! in/ant a weapon sup]ior to ! t>dy results ( ?ree c5turies2 ?\gh dur+ t p]iod numb]s ( tal5t$ individuals _h devot$ _! lives to ! /udy ( gunn]y4 ,weal? is g5]ally believ$ to be able to remove all ob/ructions1 & ev5 to pur*ase capacity1 if ne$ be2 ?\gh x c sc>cely enable "o individual to surpass ! exp]i5ce ( ages1 h[ev] tal5t$ t individual may be4 ,! attempt ?us to obta9 su* assi/ance 0 a slight by ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! day to ! improv]s ( ,briti% fire-arms2 !y 7 pass$ ov] z ( no value1 & ! c\ntry's weal? 0 ?r[n into ! lap ( a tal5t$1 b at ! same "t1 n a practical man4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ?is c\ntry _h on all previ\s occasions exact$ f inv5tors _! bra9s & _! money1 z an (f]+ 9 ex*ange = patronage2 on ?is occasion1 h[ev]1 !y dep>t$ widely f _! usual cu/om1 = ! 8m\nta9 came to ! m\se40 ,x w\ld h be5 a grateful complim5t if ! ,gov]nm5t _h said to ! inv5tor1 8,y h done some?+ = ! good ( y\r c\ntry ) y\r limit$ means1 "h are ?\s&s ( p\nds at y\r comm&2 d some?+ bett]1 = we ne$ x40 ,b no?+ ( ! k9d 0 done3 a selection 0 made1 ju/ifi$ by no antec$5t qualifications4 ,! fir/ ?+ necess>y 0 ! acquirem5t 9 a v %ort "t ( a practical k ( gunn]y1 9 ord] t a weapon %\ld be produc$ sup]ior to any o!r2 b :e!r success has att5d$ ^! ef=ts or n is /ill d\btful1 & ?is is 9 itself a fit rebuff to ! ,m9i/]1 :o expect$1 l ! citiz5's wife1 t 8gold w\ld pur*ase capacity40 ,! great defect 9 ! hexagonal-bor$ rifle is ! extreme am\nt ( friction1 & ! consequ5t useless exp5diture ( means4 ,! bullet is produc$ 9 ! mo/ accurate mann] 9 a la!1 & is compos$ ( an alloy ( lead1 t91 & manganese1 s z to r5d] x h>d en\gh to resi/ ! t5d5cy to squa% or swage2 :i* is ! case 9 ,g5]al ,jacob's pr9ciple4 ,! angles on ! bullet are cut ) ! greate/ precision1 9 ord] to fit ! groove ( ! b>rel2 con/itut+1 9 fact1 a female screw ( two turns 9 e ?irty-n9e in*es ( l5g?4 ,z fair play has always be5 my motto1 ,i am actuat$ by no o!r desire ?an t ( enabl+ ! read] to =m a true conception ( ! intricate nature ( projectile sci5ce2 & ?\gh ! eulogium be/[$ on ! inv5tor's own creation is r egoti/ical1 ,i give x entire1 dissect+ x aft]w>ds 9 ! mann] ,i ?9k mo/ conducive to a correct k ( ! real sci5ce ( gunn]y4 8,,! ,,:itwor? ,,& ,,enfield ,,rifles4 8,= ! la/ few days a v int]e/+ & important s]ies ( exp]im5ts has be5 9 progress at ! ,gov]nm5t ,s*ool ( ,musketry1 ,hy!1 9 ord] to te/ ! comp>ative m]its ( ^! two rifles4 ,! trial1 :i* 0 ( ! mo/ se>*+ & imp>tial "*1 0 conduct$ by ,colonel ,hay1 ! able head ( ! s*ool1 & has t]m9at$ 9 e/abli%+ beyond all d\bt ! great & decid$ sup]iority ( ,mr4 ,:itwor?'s inv5tion4 ,! ,enfield rifle1 :i* 0 consid]$ s mu* bett] ?an any o!r z to ju/ify ! =mation ( a va/ ,gov]nm5t e/abli%m5t = its special manufacture1 has be5 completely beat54 ,9 accuracy ( fire1 9 p5etration1 & 9 range1 its rival excels x to a degree :i* h>dly leaves room = comp>ison4 8,! foll[+ table gives ! be/ results t h be5 obta9$ f #aj %ots ( ea* arm respectively1 9 ! c\rse ( ! exp]im5ts1 :i* h ext5d$ ov] a week 9 "t1 & 7 br\ght to a close ye/]day 9 ! pres5ce ( ,"l ,panmure & ( a numb] ( milit>y & sci5tific spectators3-- ---------------------------------------- - ,range 9 ,elevation4,figure ( ,,rifle4 y>ds4 ,m]it4 ---------------------------------------- - ,deg4 ,feet4 ,:itwor? #aae #jcg ,enfield #ejj #acb #bbd ,:itwor? #bbj #ajj ,enfield #hjj #bde #daa ,:itwor? #cde #bda ,enfield #a1ajj #dab #hjd ,:itwor? #ejj #dfb ,enfield #a1djj #fbj to #g4 ,no hits ,:itwor? #fdj #aafb ,enfield #a1hjj -- -- ---------------------------------------- - ,x w\ld appe> f ^! figures t at #ejj y>ds 9 #aj %ots ! ,man*e/] rifle has a sup]ior accuracy ( #ahg ( a foot2 at #hjj y>ds #caa2 at #a1ajj y>ds #efc2 & t at #a1djj y>ds & upw>ds ! ,enfield weapon ceases to af=d any data = a comp>ison4 ,9 p5etration ! results obta9$ h be5 equally decisive2 ! ,:itwor? projectile1 ) ! regulation *>ge ( p[d]1 go+ ?r\gh #cc half-in* planks ( elm1 & be+ br\ght up by a solid oak bulk beyond1 :ile ! ,enfield ball c\ld n get pa/ ! #ac? plank4 8,! %oot+ on ,tuesday 0 m to satisfy ,"l ,panmure & ! o!r /rang]s pres5t ^u ! comp>ative m]its ( ! two weapons ?an to %[ ! limit ( :at ea* c\ld d "u fav\rable circum/ances4 ,/ill1 ! t>gets ( e #aj %ots on ei!r side bore decisive evid5ce ( ! sup]iority ( ! new rifle1 z a glance at ! foll[+ table w prove3-- ---------------------------------------- ,range 9,elevation4,figure ( ,,rifle4 y>ds4 ,m]it4 ---------------------------------------- ,deg4 ,feet4 ,:itwor? #bbb #ada ,enfield #hjj #bde #efg ,:itwor? #abg ,enfield #ejj -- #ccj ,:itwor? #acc ,enfield #ejj -- #dja ---------------------------------------- 8,! la/ entry 9 ! table records ! mean radial di/ance f a c5tral po9t ( #aj %ots fir$ f a table-re/1 by ,colonel ,hay & ,mr4 ,gunn]1 ! manag] ( ! ,enfield factory4 ,bo? are fir/-rate m>ksm51 yet at #ejj y>ds ! ,man*e/] rifle 9 ! h&s ( ! =m] gives ?ree times z good %oot+ z ! latt] c get out ( ! ,gov]nm5t arm4 ,all ! o!r trials 7 made by fir+ f a beautifully-con/ruct$ ma*9e re/1 :i* plac$ bo? weapons on a foot+ ( p]fect equality z to ! conditions "u :i* !y 7 te/$4 ,9 addition to ! =ego+ exp]im5ts1 !re 0 "o = %[+ t ) cyl9dro-conoidal balls on ! expansion pr9ciple ( ^? us$ = ! ,enfield rifle1 v sup]ior %oot+ c\ld be obta9$ f ,:itwor?'s hexagonal bore4 ,?is 0 mo/ satisfactorily e/abli%$1 ! mean deviation on ! t>get f ! c5tre ( ! gr\p ( #aj hits be+ only #he ( a foot at #ejj y>ds' range4 ,x w be obs]v$ t at #ejj y>ds' range1 at :i* ! practice comm5c$1 ! %oot+ ( ,:itwor?'s rifle 0 s mu* bett] ?an ! o!r t no great] di/ance 0 attempt$4 ,a ref]5ce to ! fir/ table ( exp]im5ts w also demon/rate t ! t>get made by ! =m] weapon at #a1ajj y>ds is ne>ly z good z t made by ! latt] at #ejj4 ,^! are great results to h a*iev$1 & amply ju/ify ! =e?\ght ( ! late ,"l ,h>d+e 9 secur+ ! s]vices ( s em95t a me*anic z ,mr4 ,:itwor? = ! improvem5t ( ! rifle4 ,until he took ! subject 9 h& ! prop] pr9ciples = guidance 9 ! con/ruction ( ! weapon _h n be5 accurately det]m9$4 ,! manufacture 0 /ill conduct$ by rule ( ?umb1 & 9 a v hap-haz>d way on ! mo/ important po9ts4 ,! use ( grooves & an expansive projectile made x impossible to secure ! requisite am\nt ( pit* 9 ! rifl+ & ! indisp5sable h>dness ( metal 9 ! bullet = p5etration4 ,moreov]1 f ! small am\nt ( be>+1 ! we> & te> bo? 9 ! b>rel & 9 ! projectile 7 enorm\s1 & ! l5g? ( ! latt] c\ld n be increas$ )\t caus+ x to capsize 9 its flight4 ,by ! polygonal bore & rapid pit* to :i* ! =m ( ! bullet accurately con=ms1 ,mr4 ,:itwor? has r5d]$ /ripp+ impossible1 &1 8 rifle :5 fir$ act+ exactly l a male & female screw1 ! projectile mu/ rotate ) p]fect /ead9ess & precision on its axis4 ,he c increase its l5g? s consid]ably z to secure space = conv]t+ x into a %ell if necess>y2 &1 be+ able to use metal ( any degree ( h>dness1 he c adapt its =m & /r5g? exactly to ! "w :i* x has to p]=m4 ,?us ) a rifle #ci in*es long & half-in* bore1 hav+ a turn 9 #bj in*es1 or two turns 9 its l5g?1 he f9ds no difficulty 9 p5etrat+ a wr\ght-iron plate #f-aj?s ( an in* ?ick or cutt+ a core out ( a piece ( solid timb] half a foot ?ick2 & "s idea may be =m$ ( ! extraord9>y p[] ( ?is arm :5 we m5tion t 8 projectiles 9 _! flight rotate at ! rate ( #ae1jjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! "q ( driv+ holes 9 ! #d-;in* brea/ plates ( float+ batt]ies is at once solv$ by ! application ( ^! pr9ciples to artill]y1 ! con/ruction ( :i* ?is new rifle proves mu/ be completely revolutioniz$4 ,a weapon :i* 9 exp]t h&s w make good practice at #a1djj y>ds1 & ! range ( :i* c be v easily help$ by a telescope if necess>y1 gives ! c\p de grace to our pres5t sy/em ( field batt]ies4 ,at ! ,alma x w\ld h sil5c$ ! ,russian guns or driv5 !m f _! position1 r5d]+ ! ru% ( ! ,light ,division1 ) ! heavy loss ( life consequ5t !reon1 unnecess>y4 ,nor dur+ ! siege ( ,seba/opol w\ld ! rope mantlets ( ! ,r$an & ! ,malakh(f hav+ giv5 mu* protection to ! m5 work+ beh9d ! embrasures10 c41 c41 c4 ,s mu* = ! praise be/[$ by ,mr4 ,:itwor? on 8 own production4 ,a beautiful exp]im5t x has be51 & "o = :i* ! sci5tific _w is b\nd to be ?ankful2 giv+1 z x does1 p]haps a fa9t idea only ( :at is yet to be effect$4 ,h[ev]1 all is n gold t glitt]s3 x is v well to d all ?is by /ra9+ e pr9ciple t c be br\ght to be>1--extra *>ge1 bullets h>d5$ & turn$ ) ma!matical precision1 /eel b>rels1 ) a f95ess ( poli% 9 ! int]ior l t ( a look+-glass--^! are all great adjuncts 9 ! trial aga9/ an ord9>y unprep>$ gun1 tak5 f a numb] promiscu\sly1 & :i* p]haps might be ! wor/ specim5 9 ! possession ( ! p>ty at ,hy!4 ,b ^! are trifles :5 comp>$ ) ! two foll[+ facts4 ,! diamet] ( ! bore ( ,mr4 ,:itwor?'s is #ejj1 or half-in* at ! l>ge/ diamet]1 & #dej at ! smalle/1 or a mean1 tak+ ! two extremes1 ( fifty bore2 ! ,enfield is #egg1 or tw5ty-five bore1 & ! bullets on leav+ ! guns 7 ! same weight exactly4 ,! l5g? ( ! ,enfield bullet is #g_/h in*1 t ( ! ,:itwor? is #a-c_/h in*4 ,b all ?is w be m fully se5 f ! woodcuts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,enfield ,,b>rel ,,& ,,prit*ett ,,bullets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:itwor? ,,b>rel ,,& ,,bullets4 ,?us x w be se5 t ! am\nt ( resi/ance or displacem5t ( atmosph]ic air by "o bullet is ne>ly d\ble t ( ! o!r1 & ?is is a mo/ important po9t 9 ,mr4 ,:itwor?'s fav\r2 b ! quantity ( gunp[d] us$ 9 ! "o is precisely ! same z t us$ 9 ! o!r1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,:itwor?'s rifle is little m ?an half ! size ( bore1 ! pressure on ! squ>e in* be+ consequ5tly ne>ly d\ble2 h5ce ! circum/ances are n suffici5tly equal = ,mr4 ,:itwor? to claim = 8 rifle any great sup]iority3 ! gun may take ! att5tion ( ! unw>y1 b its pr9ciples w n be> inve/igation4 ,let me *ange ! circum/ances ( ! case1 by reta9+ ! pr9ciple ( ! ,enfield1 b *ang+ ! bore to ! same z ,mr4 ,:itwor?'s1 increas+ at ! same "t ! l5g? ( projectile1 & ,i w engage to beat x ) a mu* r$uc$ *>ge4 ,! extreme degree ( female screw or spiral1 "o turn 9 tw5ty in*es1 or two turns 9 ! :ole l5g? ( ! b>rel1 creates1 z mu/ be famili> to ! mo/ obtuse m9d1 an enorm\s am\nt ( friction1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is an equal quantity ( =ce is absorb$3 9 o!r words1 !re is a useless wa/e ( =ce4 ,! ,enfield b>rel has b a proportion ( turn1 "o 9 six feet six in*es1 or exactly half a spiral 9 ! ?ree feet ?ree1 g5]at+ #cjj p] c5t4 less friction ?an 9 ! ,:itwor? rifle2 s t on ?is score alone ! sav+ w\ld be v great1 & 9 ?is trial ! ,:itwor? w\ld be inf]ior to ! ,enfield2 ! inv5tor1 !re=e1 has unju/ly laid claim to sup]iority1 z ! trial has be5 conduct$ on v unequal t]ms4 ,mr4 ,:itwor? says 8 bullet rotates at ! rate ( #ae1jjj revolutions 9 a m9ute2 n[ ! friction on ! p]iph]y ( a bullet hav+ ?is extreme sp9n+ on an axis1 mu/ v mu* less5 its range4 ,if we weigh =ce1 & c>efully calculate its exp5diture 9 #b1jjj y>ds1 ! p]iph]y has made #d1jjj revolutions4 ,n[ look at ! %ape ( ! hexagonal body depict$ 9 ! woodcut at page #cgg1 & e/imate ! friction x w und]go4 ,! ,enfield 9 ! same di/ance w\ld rotate only #a1jjj times1 ?us af=d+ ano!r ga9 ( #cjj p] c5t4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 :i* arises is ?is3 ,if all ?is c be done equally well ) ! ,enfield1 :y n d x8 ,& ! answ] is1 because !re is no?+ to be ga9$ by x4 ,great d\bts n[ exi/ :e!r ! bore #be is n too great a r$uction3 9 fact1 y w f9d no milit>y advocates = x4 ,! faculty w tell y t small w\nds are n s de/ructive z l>ge ones3 ! human body is z mu* affect$ by ! %ock z by ! p5etration ( a bullet4 ,_m o!r reasons might be advanc$ 9 fav\r ( increas$ size ( bullet1 & mu* m important reasons mu/ be giv51 be=e ! :ole milit>y sy/em has to be re-*ang$1 ?an a m]e ga9 ( #cjj or #djj y>ds2 :il/ !re c be little d\bt t ! ranges we n[ possess 9 ! ,enfield are m ?an equival5t to our wants4 ,! human eye _c def9e precisely at #ijj or #a1jjj y>ds1 & yet great] accuracy is requir$ to fire a ball at a di/ance ( #b1jjj y>ds2 aga91 x is a "q :i* has frequ5tly aris5 9 my m9d1 9 h[ _m situations 9 ,engl& or on ! ,cont95t c we get a cle> view ( #b1jjj y>ds4 ,! ef=t1 inde$1 to increase range appe>s l seek+ aft] a rem$y = a disease :i* has nev] yet be5 discov]$4 ,if ranges ( #b1jjj y>ds & upw>ds are requir$1 rifl$ cannon w aga9 take _! prop] place2 = on inve/igat+ ! tables ( practice publi%$ by ,g5]al ,jacob1 ,i f9d ! av]age di/ance ( %ot f ! c5tre ( butt to be1 at #b1jjj y>ds1 ne>ly #i feet1 ) #acg degrees elevation2 :il/ ! ,:itwor? is said to be #aa-a_/b feet1 ) ab\t #h degrees ( elevation4 ,i saw1 "s "t ago1 "s practice at ,%oeburyness ) an #ah-p\nd] rifle cannon1 :i* gave a range ( #c1fej y>ds1 ) an elevation ( #jaj-c_/d degrees1 & a breeze bl[+ across1 a mean deflection ( only #cj in*es f ! c5tre4 ,?is ?r[s ,jacob1 ,:itwor?1 & ! ,enfield all into ! %ade toge!r2 yet !re c be no d\bt t ?is c be excell$1 :5 heavi] guns are br\ght to ! same /ate ( p]fection z ?is #ah-p\nd]4 ,! case !re=e /&s ?us3 ! ,jacob rifle has a great] range ?an ! ,enfield1 at a co/ ( #ajj p] c5t4 m friction1 & an exp5diture ( #ej p] c5t4 m ( projectile =ce2 ! ,:itwor? has also a great] range1 b at a co/ ( #cjj p] c5t4 m friction1 & #ajj p] c5t4 additional projectile =ce4 ,) ^! obs]vations ,i leave ?is subject 9 ! h&s ( ! public1 be+ conv9c$ t projectile p[] obta9$ at su* a co/ w nev] come into g5]al use2 ?\gh ! production ( ! ,:itwor? rifle w always be look$ ^u z an exp]im5t ( v great int]e/4 ,!re is b "o o!r po9t relat+ to ! use ( guns on su* a pr9ciple1 & t is _! safety2 :i* is always ( ! greate/ importance4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! fir/ movem5t ( projectiles dep5ds v mu* on ! am\nt ( in]tia 9 t projectile2 & diff]5t =ms ( projectiles1 ?\gh ( ! same weight1 w (f] v diff]5t am\nts ( resi/ance to motion4 ,no "o c d\bt t two columns ( lead1 ea* ( an ounce 9 weight1 "o be+ z high aga9 z ! o!r1 w (f] diff]5t am\nts ( resi/ance2 fir/1 f ! law t ! "t occupi$ 9 ov]com+ in]tia is 9 proportion to ! l5g? ( t body2 secondly1 if ^! columns ( metals are conf9$ 9 tubes1 !n ! friction on ! "o :i* is half an in* long w be mu* less ?an on ! o!r1 :i* is "o in* 9 l5g?3 & ?is is1 on ! milde/ t]ms1 ! relative position ( ! two4 ,!re c be no d\bt t a mu* great] pressure is requir$ to />t ! long] column ( d\ble ! l5g?2 b :5 we consid] t !re are ! facets ( six angles1 ) a spiral incl9ation ( "o 9 n9ete51 ! difficulty ( />t+ ?is bullet becomes /ill m app>5t4 ,n[ suppose ! gun has be5 load$ a few h\rs1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( adhesion has be5 effect$ betwe5 ! bullet & sides ( ! b>rel1 by ! unctu\s deposit f previ\s dis*>ges1 !n ! difficulty ( />t+ ! bullet in/antane\sly w be /ill m increas$3 suppos+ ! bree* end ( a b>rel1 ) ! ord9>y *>ge ( ! ,enfield c>tridge & bullet1 has a =ce ex]t$ ^u x ( #b1jjj p\nds 9 ! squ>e in*1 !n 9 ! hexagonal n mu* less ?an d\ble t /r5g? w be requisite to meet ! cont+5cies ( dirty guns3 9 fact ,i "k t a s]i\s accid5t did occur v rec5tly ) a d\ble rifle con/ruct$ on ,:itwor?'s pr9ciple1 not)/&+ all ! c>e be/[$ ^u x by a fir/-rate mak]2 & ,i believe t ?is gun1 if x is to be us$ ) safety1 mu/ h a b>rel d\ble ! /r5g? ( o!r rifles4 ,! d\btful nature ( ,mr4 ,:itwor?'s exp]im5ts mu/ be app>5t f ! fact t !y 7 made 9 a %$1 f :i* /rong curr5ts ( air 7 exclud$3 any bullet w\ld range accurately 9 vacuo1 or 9 atmosph]e equally quiesc5t2 d$uctions1 !re=e1 drawn f su* exp]im5ts mu/ be wor?less4 ,battles occur n "u su* fav\rable circum/ances2 protub]ances on bullets tell mo/ 9 high curr5ts1 & lea/ 9 a quiet atmosph]e2 s t _h ! exp]im5ts be5 in/itut$ 9 ! op5 air1 !y w\ld d\btless h yield$ a diff]5t result4 ,! hexagonal bullet ( l>ge size has be5 prov$ to be v ecc5tric inde$ 9 its flight2 h5ce a bullet ( ! smalle/ dim5sions 0 us$1 = _h x be5 l>g]1 its great enemy1 ! atmosph]e1 w\ld h r5d]$ ! *ance ( ev5 p>tial success p]fectly hopeless4 ,n[1 obs]ve :at w\ld be ! effect ( ext5sion ( l5g? & decrease ( diamet] 9 ! ,gre5]ean expansive bullet4 ,h>d5 x by alloys1 z adopt$ 9 ! ,:itwor?2 use ! same *>ge1 & ! probability is great1 t1 f ! abs5ce ( extreme friction1 x w excel 9 range1 accuracy1 & p5etration ! ,:itwor?1 z mu* z t does n[ ! ,enfield4 ,if ! ,gov]nm5t c see any important advantage to be ga9$ by ext5d+ ! range we n[ possess2 if any?+ is to be ga9$ by r$uction f #be to #ej bore2 if1 inde$1 !re is any po9t :i* is advantage\s 9 ! ,:itwor?1 ,i w pl$ge my reputation t ?is may be obta9$ 9 ! expansive pr9ciple3 & t1 too1 ) a mu* less exp5diture ( expellant =ce4 ,! 8hoodw9k+0 ( ! public by n disclos+ ! fact t ! pressure ( ! gunp[d] 9 ! ,:itwor? 0 d\ble1 ! bore be+ b "o-half1 is at be/ an attempt at concealm5t n cr$itable to ! p>ties conc]n$4 ,k ( ! pr9ciples :i* regulate projectile sci5ce is n s scanty z to all[ ! palm to be c>ri$ away f ! pr(ession1 & worn by a g5tleman :o1 on 8 own admission1 is unpractis$ 9 ! sci5ce ( gunn]y4 ,! sci5ce to be effectually improv$ mu/ be c>ri$ on at ! co/ ( ! nation1 z ,mr4 ,:itwor?'s exp]im5ts 74 ,?is fact c]ta9ly be>s ! appe>ance ( a good prec$5t1 & ,i hope x may be ext5d$4 ,mr4 ,:itwor?1 l ,g5]al ,jacob1 has _h to sacrifice sci5tific economy 9 ord] to obta9 ! po9ts he requir$4 ,i h already dilat$ ^u ! truism t all projectiles range ) ! greate/ economy :i* h ! c5tre ( gravity 9 ! head or =e "p ( ! bullet4 ,i h also po9t$ out ! fact t ! elongat$ projectiles :i* h n ! c5tre ( gravity 9 ! head1 turn ov] dur+ _! flight aft] leav+ ! muzzle ( ! gun2 & ?is is also f\nd to be ! case 9 rifles hav+ a great] degree ( spiral ?an ! ,enfield1 "o turn 9 six feet #f in*es4 ,to meet ?is difficulty1 !re=e1 ,g5]al ,jacob adopts "o turn ( spiral 9 e ?ree feet3 ?us 8 bullet 9 pass+ out has d\ble ! friction ( ! ,enfield2 & :5 we look at ! fact t he is fur!r compell$ to increase ! l5g? ( 8 bullet to #b-a_/b diamet]s1 a little reflection w po9t out ! entire want ( economy 9 8 :ole arrangem5t4 ,on turn+ to ! ,:itwor?1 we f9d t1 9 ord] to ensure 8 bullet keep+ po9t =emo/ 9 its flight1 he has to d\ble ! v great spiral adopt$ by ,jacob3 ?us we h all its concomitant disadvantages1 friction1 exp5diture ( matt]1 & dang] ( bur/+ ! gun4 ,:5 we contemplate su* arrangem5ts z exi/ 9 ^! two guns1 x mu/ be evid5t t !y are bo? self-de/ructive4 ,no sy/em ( projectiles c be durable :i* is effect$ by /ra9+ all ! ackn[l$g$ pr9ciples ( me*anics2 & ?is has be5 done 9 ea* ( ^! cases4 ,! sci5tific _w kn[s well t a mu* high] rate ( spe$ c be atta9$ 9 railway travell+ ?an is daily practis$2 b !y also "k t x c only be obta9$ 9 ! same way z ,jacob & ,:itwor? obta9$ _! range 9 gunn]y3 namely1 by an excessive exp5diture ( fuel1 & a we> ( eng9e am\nt+ to comp>ative de/ruction2 :il/1 at ! same "t1 ! dang] is s mu* increas$ t x w\ld be folly & recklessness to p]si/ 9 su* a c\rse4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 resolves itself into ?is2 t 9 locomotion & 9 projectile sci5ce1 if we w\ld h !m p]fect1 we mu/ /udy ! mode ( obta9+ ! greate/ results ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( means4 ,facility ( load+ mu/ at all times be ( great importance3 ! soldi] _c h ! means ( clean+ 8 rifle :5 9 action1 & yet if ! hexagonal pr9ciple 7 to be adopt$1 x mu/ be repeat$ly clean$1 or x w\ld be almo/ impossible to load x1 & :5 dis*>g$ x w\ld ei!r bur/ or its fire w\ld n be effective4 ,dur+ su* a w> z t 9 ,india1 go+ on day & night1 a soldi] c\ld n be expect$ to wa% out 8 rifle aft] e half-doz5 %ots4 ,! field 9 :i* exp]im5ts are c>ri$ on is v diff]5t f t ( a battle4 ,exp]im5ts1 z detail$1 sometimes turn out mo/ fallaci\s :5 put to ! use = :i* !y are int5d$2 & 9 no case is ?is m app>5t ?an 9 bree*-load+ arms3 ?\s&s ( r\nds may be fir$ 9 a few days ) great success2 b ext5d t ov] twelve mon?s1 a c]ta9 numb] be+ fir$ e day1 & ! gun be+ clean$ aft] ea* day's practice1 & long be=e ?\s&s are fir$1 ! gun displays weak po9ts--po9ts :i* c\ld n be discov]$ 9 ! less] exp]im5t4 ,s x is 9 practice3 a gun left dirty = h\rs is und]go+ rapid de/ruction2 ! unctu\s deposit f gunp[d] has su* an aff9ity = iron t m9ute galvanic cells are =m$ on its surface 9 a v %ort "t3 half an h\r aft] a gun has be5 dis*>g$ 9 a damp atmosph]e ^! op]ations may be se5 to be go+ on ) rapidity1 & an old gun on ! hexagonal pr9ciple 7if "o %\ld la/ long en\gh to gr[ old7 w\ld n be a v desirable weapon1 9 po9t ( safety4 ,! comp>ative co/ ( ammunition = ! hexagonal rifle & ! ,enfield1 is a po9t ( no little importance4 ,calculation gives ! =m] at some?+ equival5t to #d-a_/b;d4 or #e;d4 at ea* dis*>ge1 :ile ! latt] _c exce$ #a-a_/d;d41 or at mo/ #a-a_/b;d4--a s]i\s "q = ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]4 ,t ?is sum may be less5$ by ! employm5t ( ma*9]y is n unlikely2 b ?is c only be done to a limit$ ext5t1 x be+ ess5tial t ma!matical nicety1 z well z ! "r degree ( h>dness1 %\ld be /rictly obs]v$1 o!rwise ! p[] ( p5etration w be sacrific$3 & ( ?is prop]ty a great deal has be5 made4 ,!re are few :o d n "k t a p\nd hamm] w soon drive to ! head a f9e-po9t$ sl5d] nail2 :il/ a %ort1 ?ick1 /umpy nail requires ?ree times ! =ce3 aga91 if f9e /eel poli%$ nails 7 con/ruct$1 a /ill small] am\nt ( =ce w\ld suffice4 ,if su* effects are c>efully /udi$1 mu* may be done ) v little means4 ,v rec5tly a /atem5t appe>$ 9 ! press t1 ow+ to "s ill-made c>tridges be+ s]v$ out to ! troops 9 ,india1 ! m5 f\nd x almo/ impossible to load _! ,enfield rifles at all2 hav+ to call 9 ! aid ( trees & /ones aga9/ :i* to butt ! ramrod1 9 ord] to =ce ! bullet home4 ,! same acc\nt attribut$ ?is defect to ! c>eless con/ruction ( ^! c>tridges by ! contractors4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is unju/2 all c>tridges = ! ,enfield rifles be+ alone produc$ 9 ! laboratory at ,woolwi*2 & h5ce ! defect is ! m unp>donable4 ,x is easy to conceive t 9 ,india1 :]e ! heat is int5se1 ! grease on ! c>tridge might h disappe>$2 ! unctu\s deposit ( gunp[d] on ! int]ior ( ! b>rel is also r5d]$ m adhesive1 & necess>ily (f]s great] ob/ruction to ! ramm+ d[n ( ! bullet4 ,! v slight diff]5ce betwe5 ! diamet] ( ! bullet & t ( ! bore1 or w9dage1 mu/ necess>ily add to ! difficulty "u su* circum/ances2 b if half a size1 or a few decimals ( diamet]1 7 tak5 f ! sides ( ! bullet & add$ to its l5g?1 ! difficulty w\ld be effectually remov$3 ) increas$ l5g?1 & increas+ means ( expansion1 if necess>y1 su* an occurr5ce c\ld nev] take place4 ,! orig9al exp&+ bullet 0 int5d$ to fill up ! diff]5ce ( ?ree sizes ( gauge2 surely1 !n1 !re c be no difficulty 9 exp&+ a mu* less diamet] ( bullet "o half1 or ev5 full "o size ( gauge4 ,:]e w\ld be ! difficulty 9 hav+ ! bullet #bf-;bore1 or ev5 small]1 & exp&+ x to #be4 ,! occurr5ce1 inde$1 ( su* a fact z t allud$ to is to an intellig5t m9d q incompreh5sible2 x c\ld only arise f gross incompet5cy--"s cobbl+ ) ! bullet's cup 9 ! press+1 or p]haps enl>gem5t by we>1 or m likely /ill f ! pulp-made c>tridge pap]4 ,t ?is difficulty has be5 exp]i5c$ is obvi\s2 & ! inf]5ce is /rong1 t ! (ficial manag]s ( ^! affairs are /ill 9 ! mid/ ( a long exp]im5t3 x is cle> t !y are n p]fectly ma/]s ( ! practice ( gunn]y1 & x is almo/ "t ! p ( ?is c\ntry _h _! "w bett] done4 ,x is m ?an probable t1 in/ead ( meet+ ?is difficulty ) ! prop] _s ( improvem5t1 !y w fly (f at "s o!r tang5t1 & adopt ! no/rum ( "s 8arrant quack20 ?us effectually add+ to ! complication4 ,ea* regim5t ought to h m\lds1 & ! means ( mak+ _! c>tridges on su* em]g5cies2 a body ( provid5t (ficials ought to att5d to ?is1 t a repetition ( x may be avoid$4 ,an ord9>y m9d w\ld h p]ceiv$ t1 9 su* l5g!n$ op]ations z ^? our soldi]s h be5 engag$ 91 ! clean+ ( _! arms w\ld be almo/ impossible2 /ill ! m5 are n in/ruct$ t 9 su* a difficulty an oil$ rag pass$ up & d[n ! b>rel w\ld dim9i% x2 nei!r is su* a simple rem$y provid$3 let u tru/1 h[ev]1 t ?is mis=tune w lead to improvem5t4 ,if ?is difficulty is enc\nt]$ 9 ! ,enfield1 :i* is1 comp>atively speak+1 a smoo? bore1 :at w\ld be ! difficulty 9 ! hexagonal bore ) two turns 9 #ci in*es6 ,! possibility ( load+ ! latt] w\ld be v remote inde$1 if n q impracticable1 & a total b> to any?+ l its g5]al adoption4 ,pure lead is indisp5sable = all rifle bullets1 b m especially = ! expansive1 :i* is 9 reality useless )\t x4 ,a lubricat+ grease1 ( a giv5 consi/5cy = v>i\s climates1 is also a desid]atum yet to be accompli%$2 h[ desirable x w\ld be1 is %[n by all ! acc\nts ( good %oot+ ,i h ev] receiv$ or met )4 ,a va/ numb] ( projectiles h be5 produc$1 & /r5u\sly advocat$2 b f ! total want ( sci5tific arrangem5t 9 _! con/ruction !y h _h b a v %ort exi/5ce4 ,! vital pr9ciple 9 all elongat$ projectiles is to h ! c5tre ( gravity 9 ! =e end2 want+ t1 an unnecess>y sp9n+ motion mu/ be resort$ to1 at ! co/ ( imm5se friction3 = ! t5d5cy to *ange position c only be obviat$ by excessive spiral motion2 :il/ 9 a bullet hav+ ! c5tre ( gravity 9 ! head1 mu* less spiral motion suffices3 its sci5tific con/ruction admits ( no t5d5cy to *ange2 /raight =w>d is its natural incl9ation1 & to ?is incl9ation x adh]es4 ,a late writ] on projectiles has lab\r$ h>d to condemn ! expansive pr9ciple & ! cup2 he has ev5 aspir$ to lecture on x be=e ,royalty1 & z an improvem5t ^u x1 he recomm5ds ! foll[+ inv5tion ( 8 own3-- 8,9 my endeav\rs to rem$y ! evils :i* h be5 s (t5 & ju/ly compla9$ (1 ,i attempt$ ! con/ruction ( sev]al bullets1 p>ticul>ly ) ! view ( solv+ ! "q--c a cyl9dro-conoidal bullet be contriv$1 :i* w h a flat surface = its base1 & ! c5tre ( gravity 9 ! =e "p8 ,9 my attempts f "t to "t ,i met ) less or m success until ,i arriv$ at my la/ improvem5t1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* has af=d$ me s mu* satisfaction1 t ,i fancy ,i h only to describe x1 to enable any intellig5t m>ksman to p]ceive at once ! utility ( ! contrivance4 8,9 ! end ( ! bullet1 :i* is a fair cyl9d] = half its l5g?1 ,i =m$ a cavity ( a conical =m1 simil> to ! inside ( a small ?imble1 :i* /ret*es =w>d some:at m ?an half ! l5g? ( ! bullet1 & :i* is wide en\gh to r$uce suffici5tly ! weight ( ! h9d] end1 s z to ?r[ ! c5tre ( gravity into ! =e "p1 ev5 aft] ! explosion ( ! *>ge takes place4 ,on ! edge ( ! cavity ,i made an ind5tation1 or %\ld]1 ab\t a twelf? ( an in* 9 dep?1 & ^u ?is ,i plac$ an iron disc ( ! same ?ickness1 :i* closes up ! cavity ev5 ) ! end ( ! bullet1 mak+ a flat surface ( t "p2 s t x may be call$ a holl[ flat-end$ bullet1 ?\gh to all appe>ance solid40 ,! adoption ( ! disc1 & ! clos+ ( ! orifice at ! bottom ( ! bullet1 is m]ely ! production ( an elongat$ plug ) weak sides1 :i* mu/ necess>ily be driv5 9 ^u !mselves1 & ?us %ort5$2 & 9 s do+ !y exp&4 ,! disc prev5ts ! possibility ( ! explosive gases act+ ^u ! c5tre ( gravity or ! head1 & ?us ! advantage ( t be+ ! prim>y motion is lo/2 & :i* ensures ! abs5ce ( 8wobbl+10 a pr9ciple inh]5t 9 all plug bullets aft] leav+ ! muzzle3 & a defect :i* x 0 ! ma9 object ( my inv5tion to avoid4 ,! idea is evid5tly t ( ,capta9 ,norton1 z ev9c$ 9 8 rifle %ell1 & consequ5tly is a plagi>ism1 ei!r delib]ate or accid5tal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,swiss ,,bullet4 ,! ,swiss bullet has obta9$ to "s ext5t a reputation1 admitt+1 l ! ,lanca/] elliptical bullet1 ( be+ put into high] velocity4 ,its range1 h[ev]1 is limit$1 f ! v great friction x und]goes 9 pass+ up ! b>rel3 x is driv5 9 ^u itself until x becomes a m]e plug ( lead ) a hemisph]ical head2 & ! c5tre ( gravity be+ beh9d1 ensures its flight frequ5tly t]m9at+ by turn+ 8topsy turvy40 ,moreov]1 x _c be us$ on a l>ge scale1 except by ! addition ( a h>d metal po9t1 z 9 ,g5]al ,jacob's bullet4 ,! wisdom display$ 9 rifl+ b>rels ) ! ga!r+ or deep5+ groove may be d\bt$2 x admits ( s]i\s consid]ation1 :e!r or n x t5ds to increase ! friction ( ! bullet pass+ outw>d4 ,x is evid5t t did ! bullet exp& all at once x w\ld d s2 b z ?is is well kn[n n to be ! case1 ! "q arises :at is ! advantage ga9$8 = x is ass]t$ on high au?ority t x improves ! %oot+4 ,! m]e deep5+ ( ! grooves at ! bree* end c h b little effect2 & ! "q is1 does ! %all[+ ( ! grooves z ! bullet approa*es ! muzzle1 produce ! effect8 ,we ?9k x does4 ,9 ! process ( rifl+ ^! b>rels1 ! rifl+ tool1 by a v +5i\s arrangem5t ( screws1 is caus$ gradually to cut deep] z x travels f ! muzzle to ! bree*1 s t :5 f9i%$ ! dep? ( grooves at ! muzzle is #jje ( an in*2 half-way d[n ! b>rel x is #jaj1 & at ! bree* end #jae3 ?us gradually deep5+ #aj_/ajjj ( an in*1 :]eas ! usual me?od ( rifl+ is to h "o uni=m dep? ( #jaj in*es4 ,f ! contraction ( ! protub]ances on ! bullet f #a_/aj to #a_/ejjj ( an in* 9 pass+ up ! b>rel1 results ! app>5t b5efit3 su* a r$uction w\ld surely all[ ( ! bullet cont9u+ its flight ) less friction on ! atmosph]e2 = x _c be too (t5 repeat$ t p]fect smoo?ness1 ev5 to a poli%$ surface1 is ess5tial to ! easy passage ( all bullets ?r\gh ! air4 ,!re are "s r curi\s d$uctions obta9$ by practice alone1 :i* to ord9>y m9ds appe> ( trifl+ importance2 b !y cle>ly %[ t correct rifle-%oot+ c only be obta9$ by ! mo/ p]fect arrangem5t 9 ! rifl+ & sci5tific con/ruction ( ! b>rels4 ,! ,gov]nm5t h lately adopt$ a highly f9i%$ & co/ly rifle arm1 ) sword bayonet atta*$ to ! usual =m ( b> sold]$ to ! end ( ! b>rels on ! "r side4 ,:5 ^! b>rels 7 fir/ con/ruct$1 !y 7 made light] ?an exp]i5ce subsequ5tly %[$ !y ought to be2 = x 0 f\nd t ! b>rel n exp&+ equally ) ! o!r portions at ?is necess>ily rigid po9t1 influ5c$ ! %oot+ ( ! gun to a consid]able ext5t2 s t an increase ( metal 0 f\nd necess>y4 ,! difficulty ( obta9+ good %oot+ ) d\ble rifles1 "o side ( ea* b>rel be+ held rigid :il/ ! o!r is yield+1 expla9s ! difficulty1 & po9ts to ! rem$y3 an increase ( metal1 or1 :at w\ld be m conv5i5t1 ! adoption ( ! mo/ p]fect lam9at$ /eel = all d\ble rifles2 x be+ self-evid5t t s(t b>rels & correct rifle-%oot+ are to a c]ta9 ext5t incompatible4 ,d\ble rifles h ne>ly sup]s$$ s+le ones2 = few :o c af=d ! additional price w use ! latt]1 :5 9 ! same weight he c h two useful weapons4 ,! "o great end g5]ally s\ght 9 a rifle is suffici5t weight to neutralise ! =ce ( ! explosion or recoil2 & ! additional b>rel answ]s ?is z effectually z additional ?ickness ( iron 9 ! s+le4 ,b !re is "o objection :i* ,i h nev] be5 able to ma/] 9 ! con/ruction ( d\ble rifle b>rels1 & ,i mu* d\bt ! possibility ( effectually ov]com+ x--ano!r pro( t ma!matical demon/rations are frequ5tly wrong 9 practice1 h[ev] correct 9 !ory4 ,_m hold x to be ess5tial t d\ble rifle b>rels %\ld be put toge!r p]fectly p>allel4 ,i foll[$ ?is rule1 & 0 at consid]able co/ 9 p]fect+ tools = ! purpose2 yet1 /range to say1 9 trial ,i f\nd inv>iably t ! "r b>rel ?rew ! ball slightly to ! "r1 & ! left to ! left4 ,?is ,i h be5 at enorm\s tr\ble to asc]ta91 & am enabl$ positively to decl>e x is an indisputable fact4 ,! cause ( x is evid5tly ! recoil n /rik+ ! /ock 9 ! c5tre1 b on "o side2 :i* causes ! gun to sw]ve to t side4 ,h[ev] small or unapp>5t ! recoil may be1 /ill !re is a recoil2 & h5ce its effect4 ,to rem$y ?is x is necess>y to incl9e ! b>rels 91 t[>ds ! muzzle1 to c\nt]act t t5d5cy2 b 9 do+ ?is ano!r evil is creat$1 = y c only d ?is to suit a giv5 di/ance1 ei!r #ajj1 #aej1 or #bjj y>ds1 z may be det]m9$4 ,?us x w be p]ceiv$ a defici5cy mu/ exi/ at all times2 & x %[s cle>ly ! necessity = motion be+ resi/$ c5trically1 if tru? is to be ma9ta9$4 ,?is defect 9 ! d\ble rifle w always be a drawback to ! 8mo/ correct %oot+20 yet "u ord9>y circum/ances x may n be a matt] ( vital importance1 nei!r does !re exi/ any means ( sight+ to ov]come ! difficulty4 ,! only way to obta9 a d\ble rifle p]fectly true--p]fectly p>allel1 is to con/ruct ! b>rels "o above ! o!r1 z d\ble pi/ols are n[ con/ruct$4 ,! only objection to !m is ! difficulty att5d+ ! arrangem5t ( ! locks1 z "o cock mu/ /rike ! nipple ! ?ickness ( ! b>rel bel[ ! o!r1 & is an unsightly matt] at be/4 ,^! facts lead to ano!r1 namely1 ! necessity ( all rifles be+ /ock$ z /raight z possible1 avoid+ 9 all cases any ca/+ (f 9 ! butt2 z x is evid5t t ^! matt]s h consid]able influ5ce on ! correctness ( %oot+4 ,"o great drawback to correct %oot+ is produc$ f ! /ock be+ ?r[n (f at ! butt end2 &1 9 o!r cases1 f imp]fections 9 ! /ock+ ( ! gun--all tru? dep5d+ on ! b>rel or b>rels be+ bo? /ock$ & held p]fectly level 9 ! act ( us+4 ,x mu/ be q cle>1 t 9 case ! "r b>rel ( a pair be depress$ b ! #cbnd "p ( an in*1 ! angle ( ! sight on ! top1 in/ead ( giv+ elevation1 w cause ! l9e ( flight ( ball to be to ! left1 & 8vice v]s40 ,!re=e1 fir/ ( all be sure ! gun is held squ>e2 & great advantage w be f\nd 9 po9t+ ! muzzle 9 all cases a few feet bel[ ! object1 & rais+ x 9 a p]fect l9e upw>ds to ! bull's eye4 ,if ?is c be done well1 9 addition to ! gun be+ held squ>e1 ! bett] half ( ! difficulty is ov]come2 fur!r practice w make p]fect4 ,! po9t next 9 importance1 is to take (f ! weight ( ! pull 9 ! trigg]1 dur+ ! upw>d motion2 ov]com+ ! la/ atom ( weight z ! muzzle sight cov]s ! bull's eye4 ,x mu/ be done s gradually1 t no j]k or pull c move ! gun1 be x ev] s trifl+ly3 9 fact1 all good %ots fire ?us :ile ! gun is 9 motion4 ,if ! sight _c be correctly obta9$ dur+ ! movem5t1 always take ! rifle d[n f ! %\ld]1 & raise x aga92 = dep5d ^u x1 rifle %oot+ c nev] be acquir$ p]fectly1 :]e ! habit is practis$ ( hold+ ! gun at ! %\ld]1 8pok+0 ! muzzle ab\t & seek+ ! bull's eye4 ,all good %oot+ is produc$ f ! %\ld]2 an abs5ce ( pulsation 9 ! body :i* is induc$ by hold+ a weight4 ,! %\ld] re/s are f\nd to be ! cause ( vibration2 re/+ "o "p ( ! body & /ra9+ ano!r begets x in/antly1 & :]e re/s are us$ !y %\ld be m]ely supports = ! muzzle1 & n = ! c5tre ( ! gun4 ,if ! c5tre is plac$ ^u x1 ! action ( recoil is almo/ sure to jump ! gun upw>ds4 ,! be/ %oot+ c be accompli%$ f ! %\ld]1 if ! above in/ructions be c>efully foll[$4 ,avoid 9 all cases gripp+ a rifle tightly1 or y w mo/ assur$ly communicate ! pulsation ( ! body to ! rifle4 ,dur+ ! ,crimean w> _m ( ! ,enfield rifles exp&$ s mu* ) ! ,prit*ett plug bullet z n only to loos5 all ! b&s on ! /ock1 b also to produce a visible effect on ! b>rel2 & to rem$y ?is ! ,gov]nm5t adopt$ my exp&+ screw b&s1 :i* admit ( be+ tight5$ by ! screw :5 necess>y4 ,! production ( a p]fect bree*-load+ small arm is z difficult z ! production ( a p]fect bree*-load+ cannon1 & t is s problematical z to am\nt1 9 my humble op9ion1 to ne>ly an impossibility4 ,all exp]i5ce tea*es t a p]fectly s\nd base ( projection 9 ! gun is indisp5sable1 if good direction & velocity are requir$2 )\t :i* !re c be no good %oot+4 ,if ?is be a law1 h[ c x be obta9$ :]e s\ndness is abs5t8 ,jo9ts1 slides1 & _! att5dants1 are all incompatible ) s\ndness3 ! two _c exi/ toge!r2 & h5ce no bree*-load] c give ! same results z a solid con/ruct$ gun b>rel1 uns\ndness & absorption ( p[] be+ always f\nd to g h& 9 h& toge!r4 ,i h _h consid]able exp]i5ce 9 bree*-load+ guns1 hav+ obta9$ "o or two pat5ts2 & v c>eful att5tion to ! subject has satisfi$ me t ! "q 0 suffici5tly v5tilat$ soon aft] ! adoption ( gunn]y1 & t x 0 exhau/$ by _m hundr$s ( inv5tors z +5i\s z ^? ( ! pres5t day2 ! result be+ 9 all cases a total failure4 ,"o ( ! be/ bree*-load+ c>b9es ( ! pres5t day is und\bt$ly t ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,pr9ce1 & ^? to :om !y are unobjectionable w c]ta9ly f9d 9 ?is ! simple/ & a mo/ effective weapon ( ! k9d3 ,mr4 ,pr9ce has c]ta9ly made ! mo/ ( ! practical k he has br\ght to be> ^u ! inv5tion4 ,revolv+ rifles are1 l revolv+ pi/ols1 complicat$ weapons1 useful only = c]ta9 purposes2 requir+1 z !y d1 v great c>e & cleanl9ess1 to insure at be/ _! limit$ s]vices4 ,long b>rels are useless1 because all ! velocity t c be giv5 to ! projectile has to be g5]at$ 9 ! revolv+ *amb]s2 all ! sup]flu\s =ce escap+ at ! jo9t ( bree*es & b>rels4 ,= any useful purpose1 a n9e-in* w\ld be bett] ?an a long] b>rel1 all[+ ! bullet to leave ! muzzle at a mu* high] velocity ?an x w\ld d aft] pass+ ?r\gh a b>rel ( ?irty in*es4 ,x is evid5t1 inde$1 t a revolv+ pi/ol & a revolv+ rifle are possess$ ( p[] 9 inv]se ratio to _! l5g?s4 ,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t are mak+ great ef=ts to improve _! milit>y sy/em1 9 imp>t+ to e soldi] z mu* in=mation relative to 8 weapons & ! be/ me?od ( us+ !m1 z is compatible ) 8 limit$ education4 ,_! in/itution ( a normal-s*ool = ! in/ruction ( ! :ole army 9 all t relates to guns1 %oot+1 & natural 8trigonometry10 is pro( ( ?is4 ,a deta*m5t f e infantry regim5t 9 ! s]vice arrives at 8,v9c5nes0 e>ly 9 ! spr+1 & ! m5 und]go a complete c\rse ( in/ruction dur+ ! :ole ( ! summ] & autumn mon?s1 or until by ability !y acquire all t is to be taught4 ,! fir/ & a v ess5tial "p ( ! duty is to tea* !m to judge ( di/ance2 = ?is purpose a soldi] takes a t>get1 & runs /raight ahead z f> z he pleases4 ,hav+ plant$ x1 ea* man is call$ ^u to judge ! di/ance1 :i* is record$ 9 a report ( ! day4 ,?is ex]cise is c>ri$ on to a great ext5t1 until ea* becomes well able to judge correctly2 !n comm5ces ! in/ruction 9 %oot+1 ea* soldi] us+ an elevation accord+ to ! di/ance he calculates he is f ! t>get2 & ?is is practis$ at all di/ances1 f #ejj to #a1jjj paces4 ,! greate/ degree ( p]fection atta9$ by ! in/ruct$ is rew>d$1 by promotion or o!rwise2 & su* skill 9 %oot+ is display$ by ^! v>i\s deta*m5ts z w\ld truly a/oni% our milit>y (fic]s4 ,! accompli%m5t ( a s*ool ( in/ruction = tea*]s ( rifle %oot+ to ! ,briti% army is n[ an e/abli%$ fact2 ! results1 mo/ flatt]+ to ! projectors1 m ?an v]ify+ _! anticipations4 ,! degree ( p]fection atta9$ by "s be=e leav+ ,hy! is s extraord9>y1 t ,i w leave ! reality to be imag9$ or witness$2 & x w well repay ! j\rney4 ,! /&+ ord] lately issu$1 aw>d+ sub/antial b5efits to ! adept 9 %oot+1 is sure to be> its fruits1 & is only ! fir/ /ep to _m o!rs ( no less importance4 ,d\ble rifl$ c>b9es c be con/ruct$ ( s light a weight t _! exclusive use = cavalry purposes is n f> di/ant1 #e-a_/b p\nds be+ suffici5t weight to ensure p]fect safety4 ,a c>b9e ( ?is description1 f #ah to #bj in*es 9 ! b>rel1 c\ld give a practical range ( f #fjj to #gjj y>ds1 ) an extreme range ( #a1jjj to #a1ajj4 ,a cavalry soldi] arm$ ) two ( ^! w\ld be equal to f\r ( ! pres5t day1 = !y w\ld be no great] encumbrance ?an ! late c>b9e us$ by ! ,gu>ds1 :i* approa*es #aj lbs4 9 weight2 & a pair ( d\ble c>b9es c\ld easily be c>ri$ at ! saddle b[1 _! l5g? be+ no ob/acle4 ,revolv]s h n yet be51 & ,i fe> !y nev] c be1 made suffici5tly durable to become a useful cavalry app5dage4 ,! fact may be conceal$1 b x is true1 nev]!less1 t _! fragile nature1 indep5d5tly ( _! great co/1 w always conf9e _! use to an exclusive few3 inde$1 revolv+ & bree*-load+ weapons are among ! d\btful class ( arms1 n fully develop$ z yet1 ev5 if !y ev] c be4 ,! adoption ( d\ble c>b9es w ev5tually ?r[ all o!r small arms = cavalry purposes into ! back gr\nd2 a range ( #a1jjj y>ds ) a toy #e-a_/b lbs4 9 weight is "o ( ! greate/ wond]s ( ?is wond]ful age1 %[+ ! a/oni%+ *ange :i* has be5 effect$ 9 gunn]y3 = a deadly p[] n[ exi/s 9 ! mo/ ,lilliputian toy z well z 9 ! ,brobdignagian mon/]2 & t1 too1 at imm5se di/ances4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 ,i w j quote a lett] f t gallant (fic]1 ,lieut5ant ,william ,a4 ,k]r1 ,s\!rn ,mahratta ,irregul> ,horse4 8,camp1 ,bejapore1 ,may #bi?1 #aheh4 8,,sir1 8,i h receiv$ ! ,enfield c>b9e1 & am mu* pleas$ ) x 9 e respect4 ,x _c1 ,i consid]1 be improv$ on1 & is by f> ! be/ weapon = ! m\nt$ s]vice ,i h ev] h&l$4 ,x is b due to y t ,i %\ld m5tion1 t y\r "w1 z put into ! c>b9e1 is f> beyond :at ,i expect$ at ! money4 ,i hope to be 9 a position1 at no v di/ant date1 to give y a heavy commission1 & w c]ta9ly recomm5d y 9 e way ,i c4 ,i h knock$ ov] a de] at #djj y>ds ) ! c>b9e1 & make v good practice up to #hjj y>ds1 by fir+ ) two dra*ms ( f9e rifle p[d]4 ,i h giv5 x1 & ,pr9ce's bree*-load]1 a fair trial2 ! latt] _c be comp>$ to ! =m]2 x has n ! same range1 p[] ( projection1 or ( %oot+2 x moreov] f\ls 9 ! proportion ( at lea/ #c to #a m4 ,_h ,i _h su* c>b9es at ,kolapore1 ,i w\ld h de/roy$ ! #bg? ,native ,infantry 9 an h\r4 8,i am1 sir1 y\rs1 c41 8,,william ,a4 ,,k]r40 ,! weight ( ?is s+le c>b9e is only #e-a_/d lbs41 & x is #bj in*es 9 ! b>rel4 ,! great p[] ( %oot+ w\ld ju/ify a r$uction ( l5g? to #ae in*es1 ?us r$uc+ ! weight to a little ov] #d-a_/d lbs42 & yet ?is c>b9e w\ld be m c]ta9 9 its effects at #fjj y>ds1 ?an old ,br[n ,bess at #aej4 ,! compla9t t c>b9es are f\nd to be an encumbrance 9 ! s]vice is no long] valid3 !y may be made to =m m]ely a portion ( ! saddle ) ! same facility ( h&l+ z a pi/ol1 & ) a hundr$fold great] accuracy ( range4 ,illu/ration3 ,mr4 ,gre5]'s ,model ,c>b9e1 #bb in*es long 9 ! b>rel1 4#egg bore1 #e-a_/d lbs4 weight4 ,! hybrid affair1 adopt$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 ( a pi/ol made to s]ve z a c>b9e by ! introduction ( a loose butt1 is ( d\btful utility3 if valuable z a c>b9e1 x w nev] be us$ z a pi/ol2 h5ce x _h be5 mu* bett] to make x a c>b9e at once1 ?us r5d]+ x at ! same "t m durable & less co/ly3 ev5 a d\ble c>b9e might be con/ruct$ at ab\t twice ! price paid = ! socket jo9t alone4 ,b !re is /ill a want 9 ! ,gov]nm5t e/abli%m5t ( 8design]s0 ( ability2 all t has be5 effect$ by way ( improvem5t has be5 done by feel+ ! way3 a k9d ( progressional exp]im5t1 ) a total abs5ce ( m9d to grasp good ideas1 & to hold !m fa/4 ,! arms us$ by ! corps ( ,guides :o h di/+ui%$ !mselves s mu* 9 ,india are n[ sev5 ye>s old1 & !y w be> comp>ison ) ! be/ arms our ,gov]nm5t are only j n[ produc+3 9 fact1 ! irregul> cavalry 9 ,india h always be5 arm$ ) weapons 9 advance ( ^? ( ! ,gov]nm5t troops2 & ! explanation ( ?is is v sugge/ive1 !y provide arms = !mselves1 & are m alive ?an ! ,gov]nm5t (ficials to ! importance ( hav+ good ones4 ,! adoption ( greas$ c>tridges 9 ,india by "s irregul> corps1 took place 9 c>b9es suppli$ by me eight or n9e ye>s ago2 & ! orig9 ( ! idea 0 ?is3-- ,! pr9cipal objection urg$ aga9/ ! adoption ( ! rifle1 is t ( load+4 ,i "k n h[ quickly x is possible to load a musket2 b ) c>tridges prop]ly made1 ,i ?9k ,i c\ld load & fire a rifle f\r times 9 a m9ute4 ,b !n x w be said1 at ! conclusion ( s _m %ots1 ! rifle gets s f\l1 t x w be difficult to get ! ball d[n4 ,n difficult at all4 ,h y\r c>tridges made ) a saturat$ cov]1 to surr\nd ! ball1 & fit prop]ly ! grooves ( ! rifle4 ,x w\ld clean ! b>rel s mu*1 z to all[ =ty %ots to be fir$ ) z mu* ease z y n[ fire tw5ty4 ,or let a /eel-wire bru% be atta*$ to ! rifle2 & by screw+ x to ! end ( ! rod1 y c1 by two or ?ree times rubb+ up & d[n1 remove any accumulation ( dirt f ! p[d]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! cov]+ ,i h m5tion$ 7 us$ ) a weighty rod to ! rifle1 !re w\ld be no occasion = clean+1 %ort ( fifty %ots4 ,exp]i5ce leaves no room = d\bt t a few grooves are bett] ?an _m1 9 all expansive-pr9cipl$ rifles3 ! ne>] ! approa* to a smoo? surface ! bett]1 & ! ?ree divisions ( grooves & projections adopt$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t is ! be/ to meet all requirem5ts4 ,!y w %oot z well z poly-groov$ rifles2 & if ?ree grooves give ! same result1 m are unnecess>y & useless4 ,! advantage ( ! atmosph]e act+ to keep ! bullet /eady by its curr5t d[n ! groov+ on ! bullet seems to meet ) no confirmation2 improv$ %oot+ accru+ by ! grooves be+ r$uc$1 z 9 ! case ( ! ga!r+-groov$ rifle exp]im5ts4 ,9 all cases ( wild animal %oot+ at %ort di/ances ) small *>ges1 ! _m grooves w be an advantage3 ! same z ^? =m]ly adopt$1 & :i* are %[n 9 ! cut4 ,illu/ration ,expansive bullets may be effectually us$2 b 9 v>y+ *>ges1 incid5tal to game %oot+1 ! same =m ( cavity 9 ! bullet z is obs]v$ 9 ! ,enfield w\ld n act1 !re=e a l>ge cavity w\ld be pref]able to enable ! less *>ge to act 9 exp&+ ! lead into ! groov+4 ,= o!r purposes ?an w>1 rifles w cont9ue to be con/ruct$ on ! poly-groove pr9ciple1 & ) sph]ical bullets4 ,! p]fect de/ruction ( v>i\s animals is dep5d5t g5]ally on two causes3 ! p5etration into ! body1 & ! %ock to ! sy/em dur+ t act ( p5etration4 ,no d\bt exi/s t a sph]ical bullet w\ld comb9e ^! two qualities be/4 ,! #be bore1 ! #cb & #ej hexagonal bore w\ld be1 practically speak+1 useless = ! kill+ ( elephants1 tig]s1 c4 ,! effectual & in/ant kill+ ( seals on ice is an illu/ration3 fail+ to kill a seal dead1 he w to a c]ta9ty rea* 8 hole 9 ! ice1 & disappe>1 to ! %oot]'s s]i\s disappo9tm5t4 ,small bore elongat$ bullets 7 v rapidly adopt$1 & z rapidly ab&on$4 8,!y did n kill dead20 ! sph]ical bullet did ?is bett]4 ,x w\ld be wise to pause & consid] :e!r a good milit>y rifle is a good game-%oot+ rifle or n3 :e!r ! hole 9 ! bea/ be wide en\gh4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k ! r$uction to a bore ( #be too small = ?is purpose4 ,9 milit>y muskets ( smoo? bore1 ! elongat$ bullet is n applicable3 v little b5efit is ga9$ 9 us+ !m 9 a smoo? bore2 &1 al?\gh ! orig9al inv5tion contemplat$ ?is1 exp]i5ce decid$ o!rwise4 ,! sph]ical bullet be+ ?us indisp5sable1 x foll[s t "o size %\ld be adopt$ :i* comb9es ! greate/ numb] ( fav\rable po9ts4 ,_m ye>s ago ,i made numb]less exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ?is fact1 & _h x demon/rat$ beyond all d\bt to be a bore ( #ah & a bullet ( #ai2 ! diff]5ce 9 size admitt+ ( ! pap] ( ! c>tridge ) a mod]ate degree ( tightness4 ,! ultimate range ( su* a musket ) ?ree dra*ms ( gunp[d]1 w\ld be equal to ! range ( ! ,enfield2 b1 ( c\rse1 )\t "o-t5? its accuracy4 ,yet = close qu>t]s1 l9e-fir+1 or quickness ( load+1 ! musket w hold its place = c5turies to come2 & t ?is op9ion is ent]ta9$ by _m (fic]s1 is prov$ by ! fact t our ,gov]nm5t is at ?is mom5t issu+ contracts = #ajj1jjj pla9-bor$ muskets3 #ag bore1 #c feet #c in*es long 9 ! b>rel4 ,! ne> approximation ( bore to my /&>d is sugge/ive ( ! influ5ce my writ+s h _h aft] _m ye>s1 z ! foll[+ extract f my book ( #ahdb %[s3-- 8,milit>y rifles %\ld nev] be %ort] ?an ?ree feet--say ?ree feet ?ree in*es1 ) half-turn ( spiral--! l5g? ( ! musket4 ,!y %\ld n be l>g] 9 ! bore ?an a ball eighte5 to ! p\nd1 z at t l5g? a =ce1 calculat$ to ?r[ an extreme di/ance1 might be g5]at$4 ,:atev] may be ! argum5ts = heavy sub/ances1 !y d n avail "h1 z x is impossible to ?r[ !m ei!r ) velocity or accuracy2 = !re nev] c be c]ta9ty1 :]e s mu* elevation is requir$4 ,! size ( ball we h m5tion$1 c be ?r[n ) great c]ta9ty1 z f>1 if n f>!r1 ?an any soldi] 9 h] ,maje/y's s]vice c accurately survey a s+le object4 ,= ! purpose ( annoy+ a d5se body ( m51 su* z a squ>e column1 su* a rifle w\ld be an invaluable gun2 z ! muskets n[ made w n ?r[ a ball "o-half ! di/ance4 ,z to ! actual range ( a rifle ( ?is bore & l5g?1 ,i %\ld ?9k x w\ld rea*1 effectively1 ! di/ance ( #a1ejj y>ds40 ,! exp]im5tal or competitive trials by ! ,royal ,eng9e]s at ,*a?am to prove ! sup]iority ( ! elliptical bor$ rifle ov] ! ,enfield1 is ano!r ( ^? occasional clap-traps ) :i* ! public are amus$4 ,! ord9>y read] w\ld judge & set x d[n = an e/abli%$ fact t ! elliptical rifle 01 z has g5]ally be5 repres5t$1 an inv5tion purely ,lanca/]ian1 gun & bullet2 :ile ! real facts are q contr>y3 true1 ! b>rel is rifl$1 slightly elliptical1 & hav+ 8an increas+ spiral20 b ! ammunition is t ( ! ,enfield--! 8#8,gre5]ian' expansive bullet ) ! c5tre ( gravity 9 ! head40 ,! bullet t ,lanca/] adopt$1 z well kn[n1 _h a lead5 plug4 ,i quote f ! report ( ! select committee3-- 8,! plug bullet us$ by ,mr4 ,lanca/] does n appe> suitable = milit>y s]vice1 = :5 ! plug is driv5 into ! bullet by ! ignition ( ! p[d]1 x g5]ally nips ! pap] ( ! c>tridge betwe5 itself & ! base ( ! bullet1 & c>ries a portion ( x away1 z may be se5 by ! specim5s s5t to ! committee2 ^u ! am\nt ( pap] s c>ri$ away by ! ball dep5ds ! accuracy or inaccuracy ( its flight2 & ! plugs d n 9 all cases rema9 firmly atta*$ to ! bullet40 ,:at !n are ^! trials conduct$ to prove8 ,x _c be ! sup]iority ( ,lanca/]'s bullet2 = he has ab&on$ t1 8& uses ! ,enfield40 ,is x ! rifl+8--if s1 let u see :at ! same committee say ( t3-- 8,! *ief peculi>ity ( ?is rifle consi/s 9 ! inn] surface ( ! b>rel be+ smoo?1 in/ead ( cut into grooves1 z 9 mo/ rifl$ b>rels4 ,z a sub/itute = grooves1 ! int]ior ( ! b>rel is cut into ! =m ( an ellipse1 ^: major axis exce$s ! m9or by #jje ( an in*4 ,! ball is rifl$ by be+ =c$ 7:5 exp&$ by ! explosion ( ! gunp[d]7 into ! major axis ( ! ellipse1 :i* ?us fulfils ! (fice ( grooves 9 conduct+ ! ball into ! requir$ degree ( spiral motion4 8,z ,mr4 ,lanca/] has adopt$ ! ,am]ican plan ( a #8ga9+-twi/1' or #8increas+ spiral1' & appli$ x to 8 smoo?-bor$ b>rels ) elongat$ projectiles1 x may be z well to consid] ! m]its ( ?is sy/em4 8,! advantages are suppos$ to be3 8#a/4 ,increas$ accuracy4 8#bnd4 ,less recoil4 8#crd4 ,an abs5ce ( ! t5d5cy a ball has1 :5 />t+ ) a rapid spiral1 to twi/ ! rifle ov] sideways to ! "r or left1 accord+ to ! incl9ation ( ! grooves4 8#d?4 ,a dim9ution ( ! t5d5cy a ball has to #8/rip' :5 fir/ />t$4 8#a/4 ,! alleg$ increas$ accuracy has be5 by "s attribut$ to ! supposition t ! revolutions ( ! bullet r\nd its own axis increase 9 rapidity :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! air1 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ acquir$ t motion :5 pass+ ?r\gh ! b>rel1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! grooves2 b x is difficult to imag9e h[ a lead5 bullet c c>ry )9 itself1 aft] leav+ ! muzzle1 any p[] ( increas+ its own rotatory or progressive motion4 8#bnd4 ,t !re %\ld be less recoil is natural1 z ! bullet meets ) less opposition :5 fir/ />t$ f a /ate ( re/2 b ! am\nt ( recoil 9 all rifles n[ made = exp&+ projectiles is q inconsid]able1 & n wor? notic+4 8#crd4 ,! t5d5cy ( a bullet to twi/ ! rifle on "o side is n[ avoid$ by r$uc+ ! spirality ( ! grooves4 ,in/ead ( be+ "o turn 9 ?ree or f\r feet z =m]ly1 x is n[ "o turn 9 six feet six in*es1 & sometimes only "o turn 9 eight or n9e feet4 8#d?4 ,! advocates ( ?is sy/em ma9ta9 t a bullet is less likely to #8/rip1' or pass out ( ! b>rel )\t rifl+ itself1 :5 conduct$ gradually into ! requir$ degree ( spirality4 ,b ! "q is1 :e!r 9 a well-con/ruct$ rifle1 ! bullet does /rip8 & if n1 !n a ga9+-twi/ is unnecess>y & objectionable1 z x (f]s to ! ball's progress a cont9ually increas+ opposition1 :ile ! ball itself is subject$ to a cont9ually increas+ urg+ =ce f ! inflam$ gunp[d] 9 ! b>rel1 s t1 z ! velocity ( ! ball increases1 s also does ! resi/ance to its escape4 ,a projectile is set 9 motion gradually1 & is 7or %\ld be1 if ! quality & quantity ( ! p[d]1 & ! b>rel1 h a "r proportion to ea* o!r7 at its greate/ velocity j be=e leav+ ! muzzle2 consequ5tly ! t5d5cy ( a ball w\ld be to yield to ! increas+ =ce ( ! p[d] & pass /raight out ( ! b>rel )\t foll[+ ! grooves2 & ?is m especially 9 a smoo? bore1 :i* has no cle>ly def9$ edges to hold & guide ! ball to its prop] degree ( spirality1 b :]e ! lead may be compress$ along ! smoo? surface s z to pass /raight along ! b>rel40 ,s mu* = ! ga9+ twi/2 x requires no fur!r argum5t4 ,! oval bore is n an inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,lanca/]3 x is old] ?an ,capta9 ,beaufoy's book1 8,scloppet>ia10 publi%$ 9 #ahjh1 = 9 x y w f9d a description h[ to rifle a smoo? bore2 & he gives draw+s ( ! tools to d x )4 ,if ^! /atem5ts are facts--& ,i defy !m be+ ga9said--:at connection has ?is g5tleman ) x at all8 = :at purpose is x pomp\sly ann\nc$ t ! ,lanca/] elliptical bor$ rifle %oots sup]ior to ! ,enfield1 :5 !re is n su* a ?+8 ,! sup]ior %oot+ ( "o man ov] ano!r is m ?an suffici5t explanation4 ,! highly unsci5tific !ory ( putt+ a bullet into excessive spiral motion at ! in/ant x has acquir$ a maximum ( velocity is unt5able1 admitt+ ( no lucid explanation4 ,! ,enfield rifle has evid5tly _m enemies1 :o d n hesitate 9 injur+ h] reputation1 nor hesitate ab\t ! means ( do+ x4 ,all elliptical bores are b ! two-groov$ rifle 9 disguise3 an idea fa/ explod+4 ,! tru? ( my op9ion ab\t ! two-groov$ or ,brunswick rifle1 introduc$ into ! s]vice 9 #ahdj1 is n[ prov$4 ,_m ( my read]s w recollect t 9 my books ( #ahdb & #ahdf ,i t]m$ ?is 8an abortion ( sci5ce30 x has s9ce di$ ) t cognom52 ?\gh x 0 puff$ up1 z my read]s w rememb]1 by _m high au?orities1 & among/ ! re/ by ,dr4 ,ure1 :o said ne>ly z mu* = x z is n[ advanc$ 9 fav\r ( ! hexagonal rifle4 ,on ref]r+ to ! report ( ! ,select ,committee on ,small ,arms1 publi%$ 9 #aheb1 ,i f9d ! foll[+ acc\nt ( x3-- 8,at all di/ances above #djj y>ds ! %oot+ 0 s wild z to be unrecord$4 ,! ,brunswick rifle has %[n itself to be mu* inf]ior 9 po9t ( range to e o!r arm hi!rto notic$4 8,! load+ ( ?is rifle is s difficult t x is wond]ful h[ ! rifle regim5ts h cont9u$ to use x s long--! =ce requir$ to ram d[n ! ball be+ s great z to r5d] any man's h& un/eady = accurate %oot+4 ,comm5t is unnecess>y40 ,! ,prussian ne$le gun1 too1 has dep>t$ ?is life3 ano!r in/ance ( ! absurdity ( adopt+ plans conta9+ 9 !mselves ! rev]se ( sci5tific pr9ciples2 = x may safely be accept$ z an axiom t success at ! pres5t day c only arise to me*anical con/ructions :i* are bas$ on ^? immutable f\ndations ( me*anical sci5ce 9 accordance ) great ,nature's laws4 ,t ! pr9ciples ( ! expansive or 8,gre5]ian0 rifles are fa/ ga9+ ! approbation ( all sci5tific m5 qualifi$ by _! pursuits to judge1 is evid5t f ! fact t ,birm+ham has contribut$1 )9 ! la/ twelve mon?s1 a consid]able numb] ( workm5 to con/ruct ,enfield rifles 9 all ! pr9cipal ,/ates ( ,europe4 ,france1 & ,russia especially1 are exp5d+ l>ge am\nts 9 manufactur+ ?is arm2 s t x is no /ret* ( imag9ation to suppose t 9 a few ye>s ! equilibrium ( arms w be aga9 e/abli%$1 all nations be+ arm$ ) equally good weapons1 to contra/ ) ! contemptible ones ( bygone times4 ,be=e sep>at+ = ! recess1 a "q 0 ask$ f ! (ficials by an hon\rable memb] 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons3--8,:5 a report w\ld be giv5 9 z to ! relative m]its ( ! ,enfield & ,:itwor? rifles z milit>y weapons80 ,! answ] giv5 0 evid5tly int5d$ to my/ify2 =1 f ! mo/ intimate inquiries ,i h made1 ,i f9d t no exp]im5ts :atev] are 9 progress4 ,! la/ took place at ,woolwi*1 9 ,octob]1 #aheg1 & t]m9at$ s v unsatisfactorily1 t ,mr4 ,:itwor? wi%$ to make "s alt]ations 9 8 rifles1 9 ord] to ov]come ! difficulties pres5t$4 ,up to ! pres5t "t ! au?orities in=m me t no o!r rifles h be5 s5t 9 = fur!r trial4 ,! defects demon/rat$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts 7 precisely ^? po9t$ out 9 ?is *apt]4 ,on rev]s+ _! positions1 8h>d bullets v4 s(t10 ! p5etration ( ! ,enfield 0 f\nd to be equal to t ( ! ,:itwor?2 ! same numb] ( elm deals be+ p]=at$4 ,?is proves :at may be done by 8me*anical dodges10 & h[ intimately acqua9t$ ^? 9 *>ge ( 8gunn]y exp]im5ts0 ought to be ) all its ramifications1 or !y1 too1 may be hoodw9k$4 ,! difficulty ( load+ 0 "h m /rongly exemplifi$ ?an at ,hy!4 ,! deposit f ! 8,gov]nm5t gunp[d]0 became s t5aci\s 9 ! 8hexagonal grooves10 t aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( %ots1 load+ became a v difficult matt] inde$2 s mu* s1 t ,mr4 ,:itwor? consid]ately provid$ a v sup]ior description ( gunp[d]1 ) :i* ! hexagonal rifle work$ a little bett]4 ,! recoil1 too1 0 ( t sev]e k9d z to leave /rong recollections ( its =ce on ! m9ds ( ! reluctant op]ative %oot]s employ$ to c>ry out ! exp]im5t4 ,! entire result may be summ$ up1 9 ! milde/ t]m1 z 8unsatisfactory40 ,! concealm5t ( ?is result may be probably a consid]ate act on ! "p ( ! late ,gov]nm5t2 ! p>ts act$ by "s ( ! memb]s ( x mu/ be /rong 9 ! recollection ( o!rs2 & lett+ d[n quietly ?is v highly inflat$ 8w9d-bag10 :5 x %[$ symptoms ( collapse1 0 d\btless a judici\s act4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,revolv+ ,,pi/ols4 ,revolv+ or repeat+ pi/ols h n[ become z necess>y 9 w> z ! rifle4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! conte/s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,am]ica fir/ %[$ ! necessity ( a weapon be+ con/ruct$1 ! moral & de/ructive effects ( :i* %\ld be equal4 ,colonel ,colt 0 unque/ionably ! fir/ to ov]come ! difficulties f\nd to exi/ 9 ! e>lie/ productions1 & :5 ! introduction ( ! revolv] into ,europe became g5]al1 & ! dem&s = x increas$1 ! manufactur]s 7 enabl$1 f ! comm5cem5t1 to avoid ! defects :i* he _h ov]come 9 ! c\rse ( 8 exp]i5ce2 & ?us1 _! task 0 a light] "o ?an 84 ,an imm5se numb] ( revolv+ pi/ols h be5 con/ruct$ 9 a v %ort "t2 b1 l all new creations 9 me*anical sci5ce1 ! production has be5 di/+ui%$ by quantity r ?an quality4 ,! g5]al adoption ( ^! arms has be5 greatly imp$$ by ! v inf]ior quality produc$4 ,revolv+ pi/ols may be _h f #ajs4 upw>ds2 b z to ! utility ( su* *eap tra% no?+ c be said4 ,! possession ( "o may h a moral effect on ! c\rage ( ! be>]1 & its appe>ance may act on ! fe>s ( ! oppon5t1 b ! dang] is greate/ to him :o fires4 ,! complicat$ arrangem5t ( all repeat+ fire-arms requires t !y %\ld be ( ! v be/ workman%ip1 if !y are to be safe & effici5t weapons4 ,t !y h be5 ( ! utmo/ use to ! alli$ armies 9 ! ,crimea1 & 9 t m desultory b trea*]\s /ruggle 9 ! ,ea/1 is c]ta94 ,_m & valuable lives h be5 sav$ by _! ready application4 ,! moral effect ( ! revolv] 0 amply demon/rat$ :]e "o noble "y soldi] held 8 po/ at 8,rewah0 by ! dread ( 8 revolv] alone2 ! mut9e]s kn[+ well t six ( !m mu/ fall be=e !y c\ld rea* him1 & feel+ t ea* might be "o ( ! six1 he held 8 own until relief came4 ,aga91 a tale is told ( ano!r gallant (fic] :o %ot five 9 succession1 res]v+ ! six? = t ar*-miscreant ,nana ,sahib2 b un=tunately t six? b>rel miss$ fire4 ,h[ _m ?\s&s ( lives t %ot might h sav$ _h x be5 successfully fir$6 ,) all good1 h[ev]1 comes a c]ta9 am\nt ( evil3 no p]fect weapon has ev] yet be5 con/ruct$2 b ?is %[s h[ desirable x is t a p]fect revolv] %\ld be inv5t$1 if possible4 ,!re are b few manufactur]s ( revolv]s :o h rea*$ any degree ( em95ce3 ,colt1 ,dean1 ,adams1 ,trant]1 & ,webley1 comprise ne>ly all ! di/+ui%$ m5 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!re are a multitude ( second-rate mak]s 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,belgium2 b ! mo/ celebrat$ mak]s 9 ,europe are ^? ,i h enum]at$2 & 9 ord] to guide ! read] z f> z my k w s]ve1 ,i w imp>tially po9t out ! advantages & defects belong+ to ea* production4 ,! con/ruction ( ,colonel ,colt's repeat+ pi/ol is1 accord+ to 8 own description1 a motion got by cock+ ! lock & rotat+ ! cyl9d]s2 z describ$ 9 ! foll[+ quotation3-- 8,!y diff] f ^? =m]ly made1 pr9cipally 9 ! great] simplicity & ! bett] proportions ( ! p>ts ( ! lock & ! framework4 ,important additions & improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! load+ lev] & ramm] = =c+ ! balls firmly into ! cyl9d]1 ! employm5t ( ! helical or spiral groove on ! arbor on :i* ! cyl9d] turns1 ^: %>p edges are int5d$ to prev5t f\l+ by scrap+ (f any smoke or dirt accumulat+ 9 ! cyl9d] f ! lat]al fire ent]+ ! c5tre op5+1 & ! incl9$ plane lead+ to ! recesses on ! p]iph]y ( ! cyl9d]1 to direct ! bolt bel[ ! opposite %\ld] 9 ! recesses2 ?us prev5t+ ! cyl9d] f be+ accid5tally ?r[n too f> by ! sudd5 action ( cock+4 ,! lock is n[ compos$ ( five work+ p>ts1 in/ead ( sev5te51 z =m]ly2 & x is obvi\s t if ! sev]al p>ts ( ! ma*9]y are made proportionally /rong = ! "w !y h to d1 s is ! arm r5d]$ m effici5t by ! great] simplicity ( ! g5]al con/ruction4 8,9 all arms hav+ a moveable bree* x is desirable to br+ ! b>rel & cyl9d] z ne>ly 9 contact z possible1 9 ord] to prev5t ! escape ( lat]al fire1 & yet to leave fre$om = motion1 )\t friction3 ?is is n[ effect$ by ! base p91 on :i* ! cyl9d] turns1 ent]+ a correspond+ op5+ 9 ! "u "p ( ! b>rel1 be+ !re held 9 place by a key pass+ ?r\gh & be>+ aga9/ ! back end ( ! slot 9 ! b>rel1 & ! =e end ( ! slot 9 ! base p91 :i* is ?us drawn up to ! bottom ( ! hole1 & yet ! b>rel is prev5t$ f be+ br\ght too close ^u1 or 9 absolute contact )1 ! cyl9d]1 :il/ its end is /ill held 9 its prop] position ) respect to ! cyl9d]4 ,9 ! ev5t ( any abrasion ( ! end ( ! cyl9d] or ( ! b>rel1 by deep5+ ! cavity1 or fil+ ! end ( ! base p91 ! key c be driv5 fur!r 91 & ! prop] di/ance = ! readju/m5t ( ^? p>ts be ma9ta9$1 :il/ ! ess5tial rigidity ( /ructure is secur$4 8,9 load+ ! pres5t arm1 x is necess>y to draw back ! hamm] to ! half not*1 to all[ ! cyl9d] to be rotat$ freely by h&2 a *>ge ( p[d] is !n plac$ 9 ea* *amb]1 & ! balls1 )\t wadd+ or pat*1 are put "o at a "t ^u ! m\?s ( ! *amb]s1 turn$ "u ! ramm] & =c$ d[n1 by ! lev]1 bel[ ! m\? ( ! *amb]4 ,?is is repeat$ until all ! *amb]s are load$4 ,p]cussion caps are !n plac$ on ! nipples1 :51 by draw+ back ! hamm] to ! full cat*1 ! click or lev] is br\ght into contact ) "o ( ! rat*et tee?1 on ! base ( ! cyl9d]1 br++ ! nipple into ! precise position to receive ! bl[ ( ! hamm]3 ! arm is !n 9 a condition = be+ dis*>g$ by simply pull+ ! trigg]2 & a repetition ( ! same portion produces ! l results1 until all ! *amb]s are dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! b>rel4 8,! movem5ts ( ! revolv+ *amb] & hamm] are admirably provid$ =4 ,! brea*1 conta9+ six cyl9drical cells = hold+ ! p[d] & ball1 moves "o-six? ( a revolution at a "t2 x c1 !re=e1 only be fir$ :5 ! *amb] & ! b>rel are 9 a direct l9e4 ,! base ( ! cyl9drical bree* be+ cut ext]nally into a circul> rat*et ( six tee? 7! lev] :i* moves ! rat*et be+ atta*$ to ! hamm]71 z ! hamm] is rais$ 9 ! act ( cock+1 ! cyl9d] is made to revolve1 & to revolve 9 "o direction only4 ,:ile ! hamm] is fall+1 ! *amb] is firmly held 9 its position by a lev] fitt$ = ! purpose2 :5 ! hamm] is rais$1 ! lev] is remov$ & ! *amb] releas$4 8,s long z ! hamm] rema9s at half-cock ! *amb] is free1 & c be load$ at pleasure4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ^! arms c be load$ is "o ( _! great recomm5dations1 ! p[d] be+ m]ely p\r$ into ea* receptacle 9 succession1 & ! balls be+ !n dropp$ 9 ^u x1 )\t any wadd+1 & driv5 home by ! ramrod1 :i* ( c\rse is nev] requir$ to ent] ! b>rel4 8,:ile c>ri$ 9 ! pocket1 or belt1 !re is no possibility ( an accid5tal dis*>ge ( ^! pi/ols4 ,:5ev] x is requir$ to clean ! b>rel & *amb]1 !y c be tak5 to pieces 9 a mom5t1 wip$ out1 oil$1 & replac$4 8,! hamm] at full-cock =ms ! sight by :i* aim is tak54 ,! pi/ol is readily cock$ by ! ?umb ( ! "r h&1 a plan 9 e way f> sup]ior to ! arrangem5t :]eby ! hamm] is rais$ by a pull on ! trigg]3 ?is is 9 e respect mo/ objectionable1 ! pull mat]ially int]f]+ ) ! correctness ( aim2 & ! se>-spr+ hav+ ! duty ( ! ma9-spr+ to p]=m z well1 is apt con/antly to be gett+ out ( ord]4 8,! ramrod atta*$ to ^! pi/ols consi/s ( a v clev] b simple comp\nd lev]1 :i*1 =c+ ! ball effectually home1 h]metically seals ! *amb] conta9+ ! p[d]1 & by ! application ( a small quantity ( wax to ! nipple be=e capp+1 ! pi/ol may be imm]s$ = h\rs 9 wat] )\t ! *ance ( a miss-fire40 ,! great disadvantage said to be exi/+ 9 ?is revolv] is ! necessity ( cock+ & half-cock+ at e dis*>ge2 :i* d\ble action is difficult 9 c]ta9 positions :]e revolv]s are ( ! greate/ use1 z 9 a mele surr\nd$ by _m enemies1 :]e ! cock+ & fir+ by "o pull+ motion1 z 9 ,trant]'s & ,dean's1 is m exp$iti\s3 9 fact1 c]tificates are publi%$ by (fic]s :o1 at ! battle ( ,ink]mann1 w\ld h be5 cut d[n _h ! slighte/ delay be5 necess>y = cock+ ! pi/ol4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is said1 t no c]ta9 aim c be tak5 :]e ! pull+ up & sudd5 lib]ation ( ! ma9spr+ dis*>ges ! pi/ol2 ! act ( dis*>g+ x de/roy+ ! aim4 ,^! two po9ts h _! advocates & _! objectors1 z has always be5 ! case ) new plans4 ,! me*anical con/ruction ( ,colt's pi/ol is effect$ entirely by ma*9]y1 & on ?is acc\nt sup]iority is claim$ = x2 9 my op9ion1 h[ev]1 ! boa/$ b5efits ( ma*9]y h nev] yet be5 realis$4 ,! manufacture ( guns )\t ma*9]y is difficult1 b ! entire use ( x is unnecess>y4 ,c]ta9 portions ( pi/ol-mak+ c nev] be done z !y %\ld be by ma*9]y2 & ,i h n yet be5 able to discov] any?+ 9 ,colt's manufacture to make me advocate ! use ( ma*9]y4 ,i %\ld n consid] a pi/ol made by h&1 & equal to ! be/ ( ,colt's1 z well made2 a h&-made pi/ol ought to be mu* bett] 9 all respects4 ,dean & ,adams 7 ! fir/ mak]s ( note :o conte/$ ! palm ) ,colt4 ,!y ?us describe _! pi/ol3-- 8,! b>rel1 ! lock-frame1 & top-b> 7 all =g$ out ( "o piece ( iron3 ! *amb] to conta9 five *>ges1 revolv$ on a c5tre p91 :i* c\ld be ei!r drawn entirely1 or p>tially out1 z 0 requir$ & 0 held 9 its position by a side spr+2 ! too!d rat*et 0 secur$ to ! base ( ! *amb] by two screws1 s z to admit ( its be+ r5ew$1 :5 x 0 abrad$ by use1 & motion 0 giv5 to x by a rat*et pall1 connect$ ) ! hamm]1 :i* 0 lift$ by pull+ ! trigg]4 ,! hamm] mov$ on a transv]se p91 & 0 press$ d[n on ! nipple by a back spr+ 9 ! /ock1 be+ connect$ ) x by a swivel l9k2 ! trigg] 0 kept 9 position by a horizontal b5t spr+1 & _h atta*$ to x ! hamm]-lift] & ! rat*et pall2 ! po9t ( ! =m] fell into a not* 9 ! base ( ! hamm]1 s t z ! trigg] 0 pull$1 ! hamm] 0 rais$1 until ! r\nd$ portion ( ! base1 act+ z a cam1 =c$ ! lift] out ( ! not*1 & all[$ ! hamm] to desc5d on ! nipple & to explode ! p]cussion-cap4 ,on )draw+ ! f+] f ! trigg]1 ! lift] & rat*et pall desc5d$ & aga9 slipp$ into ! not*es ( ! hamm] & ! *amb]1 9 read9ess = repeat+ ! op]ation ( fir+4 ,! lift] 0 reta9$ 9 contact ) ! hamm]1 by a small flat spr+1 ! upp] end ( :i* 0 atta*$ to ! pall1 :ile ! l[] end act$ ^u ! lift]1 :i*1 9 turn+ on its c5tre1 br\ght ! l[] prolongation aga9/ ! spr+1 bel[ ! c5tre1 s z to press ! upp] end 9 ! prop] direction1 9 ord] t its action might be c]ta94 8,! rotation ( ! *amb]s 0 obta9$ by a rat*et pall1 act+ on a too? ea* "t ! trigg] 0 pull$1 ?us caus+ ! *amb]s to revolve1 s f> z to br+ a nipple into ! prop] position = receiv+ ! bl[ ( ! hamm]1 & 9 t situation x 0 held by a project+ /op on ! back ( ! trigg]4 8,9 ord] to load ! *amb]s x 0 necess>y t !y %\ld revolve free ( ! /op3 ?is 0 effect$ by press+ inw>ds ano!r /op1 atta*$ to a spr+ on ! side ( ! lock1 :i* engag$ ! po9t ( ! hamm] & prev5t$ x f desc5d+ on ! nipple1 until ! *amb]s 7 load$1 :51 on ! trigg] be+ pull$1 ! side spr+ /op 0 releas$ & resum$ its orig9al position1 leav+ ! weapon ready = action4 8,! bullets 7 ca/ ) a small #8tang' on !m1 :i* s]v$ to fix a wad on ea*2 ?us no ramrod 0 requir$ 9 load+1 ! bullets be+ m]ely press$ 9 ) ! f+]4 ,! ap]ture ( ! b>rel 0 slightly exp&$ at ! l[] end to admit ( ! bullets ent]+ m readily 9 fir+4 ,! rifl+ ( ! b>rel 0 ! rev]se ( ! ord9>y sy/em1 z x consi/$ ( ?ree project+ #8fea!rs1' or ridges1 ext5d+ ! l5g? ( ! tube1 leav+ v wide grooves betwe5 !m4 8,x w\ld be obs]v$1 t ! cock+ & fir+ 7 p]=m$ by ! same action ( ! trigg]2 !re=e ! rapidity ( fir+ 0 proportionally great2 ! arm 0 v light1 its con/ruction simple1 & its action c]ta940 ,! defect ( cock+ & fir+ by ! same action ( ! trigg] mu/ h be5 important2 = new pat5ts 71 ,i believe1 tak5 to cov] bo? plans1 & !y n[ manufacture :at is t]m$ a d\ble-action pi/ol1 :i* acts ei!r by cock+ ) ! f+]1 or by ! trigg]1 z ( old4 ,! important improvem5t 9 ! durability & s\ndness ( ,dean & ,adams's pi/ol ov] ,colt's is1 t ! b>rel1 ! lock-frame1 & top b>1 are all =g$ out ( "o piece ( iron2 ?us1 ! cyl9d]s revolve 9 a frame :i* _c und]go any displacem5t4 ,9 ,colt's1 ! b>rel is support$ by a crook$ elb[1 ris+ f ! c5tre1 or revolv+ p92 its pr9cipal support consequ5tly is "s di/ance bel[ ! tube ( ! b>rel1 b p>allel to x3 ! effect ( long fir+ is to b5d ?is elb[1 caus+ ! b>rel to fall or droop d[nw>d1 in/ead ( cont9u+ 9 a /raight l9e ) ! *amb]s2 ?us1 an op5+ betwe5 ! *amb]s & ! b>rel is e/abli%$1 increas+ ! space = lat]al escape4 ,next1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n lea/1 is ,trant]'s pi/ol1 ( ?ree diff]5t modes ( con/ruction4 ,! "n ( ?is manufactur] has ris5 high] ?an t ( 8 ,london competitors2 ow+1 no d\bt1 9 a great measure1 to ! g5]ally ent]ta9$ op9ion t all ess5tial improvem5ts 9 ! ,engli% revolv+ pi/ols h aris5 f ! skill & untir+ indu/ry ( ,mr4 ,william ,trant]4 ,:e!r ! op9ion t he orig9at$ all ! improvem5ts claim$ = ,dean & ,adams's pi/ol is well f\nd$ or n1 ,i _c say3 ,i only reit]ate ! op9ion2 & ,i believe1 f ! v great att5tion ,mr4 ,trant] has paid to ! subject1 & f 8 great me*anical skill1 t he is q capable ( effect+ ^! improvem5ts4 ,any admir] ( beautiful arrangem5ts 9 gunn]y has only to exam9e "o ( 8 d\ble-trigg] revolv+ pi/ols1 to be /ruck ) ! elaborate nature ( 8 improvem5ts4 ,i give a wood-cut ( x on ! next page1 & "s quotations f 8 own description ( its quality3-- 8,w4 ,trant]'s pat5ts = a d\ble trigg]1 a safety-hamm] spr+1 an elongat$ socket = ! *amb]1 a load+ lev]1 & a lubricat+ bullet = revolv+ arms1 increase ! value & effici5cy ( ^! arms z def5sive weapons4 ,illu/ration3 ,half size ( ! m$ium #ed gauge d\ble-trigg] ,revolv]4 8,by means ( ! pat5t d\ble-trigg] ! pi/ol c be held m firmly 9 ! h& :ile be+ fir$1 & only "o h& is requir$ to raise ! hamm] & fire ! pi/ol4 ,a p]fectly accurate & quick] aim c be tak51 & ! pi/ol dis*>g$ at ! in/ant desir$2 ! hamm] c be rais$ aga9 )\t l[]+ or remov+ ! pi/ol f ! object till ! :ole ( ! *amb]s are fir$ (f4 ,! *amb] is held firmly opposite ! front b>rel be=e ! hamm] beg9s to fall1 & also at ! mom5t x is dis*>g$2 ! *amb] _c be turn$ away f ! front b>rel by ! hamm] at ! mom5t x is dis*>g$4 ,9 cases ( em]g5cy ! pi/ol c be fir$ ) ! greate/ rapidity by pull+ bo? trigg]s toge!r4 ,! explod$ caps d n get into ! works & r5d] ! pi/ol useless till remov$4 ,b little practice is requir$ to enable a p]son to %oot ) accuracy4 8,! pat5t safety hamm] spr+ always acts ) ! hamm] & trigg]2 %\ld any?+ accid5tally lift ! hamm]1 ! safety-spr+ in/antly falls "u x & prev5ts x fall+ ^u ! cap1 !reby prev5t+ an accid5tal dis*>ge4 ,! safety-spr+ also facilitates ! load+1 by all[+ ! hamm] to re/ ^u x :ile ! *amb]s are be+ *>g$1 & at ! same "t act+ z a safety-spr+ dur+ ! op]ation ( load+4 ,! pi/ol c be c>ri$ ) p]fect safety :5 load$1 ei!r 9 ! pocket or hol/]1 by all[+ ! hamm] to re/ ^u ! safety-spr+4 8,by means ( ! pat5t elongat+ socket1 ! *amb] c be prop]ly & readily adju/$ to ! frame ( ! pi/ol2 & z ! *amb] ) use becomes too free1 & ! /r5g? ( ! %oot+ depreciat$1 ! elongat+ socket enables x to be readju/$ z p]fectly z :5 fir/ made--an important consid]ation ) ^! arms4 8,! pat5t load+ lev] enables ! pi/ol to be load$ ) great] facility1 & fits ! lubricat+ bullet to ! *amb] s exactly t ! p[d] _c fail to b5d up ! flange ( ! bullet & di/ribute ! lubrication all ov] ! inn] surface ( ! *amb] & b>rel2 x also fixes ! bullet s firmly 9 its place 9 ! *amb] t x does n fall out ) be+ c>ri$ 9 ! pocket or hol/]1 nei!r does x project =w>d ) ! fir+ ( ! pi/ol4 8,! pat5t lubricat+ bullet1 ) ! lubricat+ composition1 effectually lubricates ! inn] surface ( ! *amb] z f> z ! bullet ent]s1 also ! face ( ! *amb] :]e x comes 9 contact ) ! front b>rel1 & ! :ole ( ! inn] surface ( ! front b>rel2 !reby prev5t+ any deposit ( lead or p[d] t may de=m ! bullet1 enabl+ ! pi/ol to be load$ ) ! greate/ ease aft] fir+ a numb] ( %ots1 & facilitat+ ! passage ( ! bullet ?r\gh ! front b>rel4 ,! accurate fitt+ ( ! bullet & ! repell5t prop]ties ( ! lubrication completely protect ! p[d] f exposure to wet or damp1 & effectually prev5t "o *amb] ignit+ ! p[d] 9 ! o!r :ile be+ fir$4 ,! pi/ol has be5 fir$ five hundr$ times 9 succession ) ! lubricat+ bullets )\t be+ clean$ or gett+ out ( ord]1 ! la/ fifty %ots be+ fir$ ) z mu* accuracy z ! fir/2 ! pi/ol c\ld !n be load$ & fir$ ) ! greate/ facility1 !re be+ no deposit :i* int]f]$ ei!r ) ! load+ or fir+4 8,w4 ,trant] has tak5 out ano!r pat5t = improvem5ts 9 fire-arms1 & hav+ comb9$ ) ^? improvem5ts "s ( ! improvem5ts compris$ 9 8 =m] pat5ts1 recomm5ds ! above z possess+ e requisite = a d\ble-action cock+ revolv]40 ,^! revolv]s w be f\nd to possess ! foll[+ advantages3-- 8,! pi/ol c be us$ ) "o h&1 & fir$ ) ! greate/ rapidity & facility by pull+ ! trigg] ) ! =e f+] only4 8,! hamm] c be rais$ & ! pi/ol fir$ z an ord9>y f[l+-piece4 8,! spr+ lock = lock+ ! *amb]s enables ! pi/ol to be c>ri$ safely1 & c be releas$ :5 requir$ by ! ?umb ( ! "r h&4 8,! lock ( ! pi/ol is simple1 & n liable to d]angem5t4 ,x c be easily tak5 to pieces :5 requir$1 & z easily put toge!r aga94 8,! pat5t elongat+ socket is comb9$ ) ?is revolv] 9 ! same mann] z ) ! pat5t d\ble-trigg] revolv]1 & ) ! same advantages4 ,illu/ration3 ,trant]'s d\ble-action ,revolv]4 8,! new pat5t load+ lev] is atta*$ to ?is revolv] 9 ! same mann] & ) ! same advantages z to ! pat5t d\ble-trigg] revolv]40 ,webley's pat5t revolv+ pi/ol is an improvem5t ^u ,colt's be/ pi/ol1 ! cyl9d] rotat+ by ! cock+ ( ! lock4 ,! advantages obta9$ are1 an exce$+ly simple con/ruction 9 ! rotat+ movem5t1 enabl+ ! pat5tee to manufacture !m at a l[] price ?an any ( ! prec$+ mak]s1 & ?us to produce1 :at is a great desid]atum1 a good & reasonable pric$ pi/ol4 ,illu/ration3 ,webley's ,revolv]4 8,keep y\r p[d] dry0 0 ! old wat*word3 8,take c>e ( y\r ammunition0 ought to be ! wat*word ( ! pres5t day4 ,facility ( load+ is no d\bt to a c]ta9 ext5t an advantage1 b d\bts exi/ :e!r bree*-load+ guns1 if br\ght to su* a /ate ( p]fection z to come into g5]al use1 w\ld n1 f _! v facility ( load+1 become a s]i\s evil4 ,! difficulty :i* ,comm&+ ,(fic]s h to cont5d ) 9 w> is 9 re/ra9+ _! m5 f fir+ too rapidly1 us+ two %ots :]e "o w\ld suffice2 b ! process ( load+ inculcates c>e ( x1 takes consid]able tr\ble1 & h5ce m5 husb& _! fire ! m4 ,! two diff]5t pr9ciples ( revolv]s illu/rate ?is4 ,! self-act+ "o is apt to be fir$ m ?an once2 a man 9 a /ate ( excitem5t may pull twice be=e he pauses1 & two %ots are exp5d$ :]e "o w\ld h suffic$4 ,! cock+-lock pi/ol1 9 addition to ! less pull requir$ 9 fir+1 gives "t = obs]vation1 z ! necessity = cock+ e "t creates a pause1 & is an admonition to coolness3 ?is is (t5 v advantage\s 9 %oot+ game1 9 :i*1 z 9 ! m s]i\s affair ( %oot+ m51 delib]ate coolness is requir$4 ,!re=e1 except+ only ! *ance--! v remote *ance1 t may arise1 requir+ y to fire six %ots z rapidly z possible--s rapidly t ! cock+ pi/ol w\ld be too sl[1 ,i w\ld myself pref] ! cock+ pi/ol2 f ! fact ( be+ able to take mu* bett] aim ) x1 & !re be+ less *ance ( miss+1 ?r\gh ! heavy pull necess>y to raise ! cock & fire ! pi/ol on ! self-act+ pr9ciple4 ,! almo/ g5]al adoption1 9 ! pres5t day1 ( ! cock+-lock1 & its application 9 bo? ,adams's & ,trant]'s self-act+ pr9ciples1 is pro( ( ! g5]al bias t[>ds ! same op9ion4 ,! t5d5cy ( all revolv+ pi/ols1 & ( c\rse revolv+ rifles also1 to f\l 9 ! b>rel aft] a few %ots1 is a v s]i\s drawback to _! effici5cy 9 use4 ,! foll[+ quotation f ,lieut5ant ,symons' "w is "o op9ion :i* ,i select f a numb] 9 my possession3-- 8,revolv+ pi/ols only ought n[-a-days1 9 my op9ion1 to be made bree*-load+2 & ( ^! ! pi/ol ( ,colonel ,colt is a v good specim54 ,i c g5]ally hit a t>get ! size ( a man ) ?is pi/ol at a di/ance ( #aej y>ds :5 clean1 i4 e41 ) ! fir/ %ot2 & ,i on "o occasion put five out ( ! six %ots into ! t>get successively4 ,:5 f\l1 h[ev]1 ! bullets w n fly /eadily & on _! po9ts4 ,i "o day1 = ! purpose ( exp]im5t1 fir$ #fj r\nds )\t clean+1 at planks plac$ a few y>ds (f only1 :5 latt]ly ! bullets1 in/ead ( cutt+ ! circul> holes !y _h be5 do+1 comm5c$ to make m>ks 9 ! planks z if nails an in* long _h /ruck !m sideways4 ,on tak+ (f ! b>rel to asc]ta9 ! cause1 ,i f\nd t x 0 ne>ly *ok$ up ) lead4 ,! b>rel ( ?is pi/ol rapidly f\ls1 ?\gh ! *amb]s d n40 ,x also furni%es a complete answ] to ! absurd proposition ( imp>t+ spiral motion to a bullet1 by means ( an increas+ spiral1 aft] x is put into high velocity4 ,! f\l+ ( ! b>rel by lead to an ext5t 7z ,i h se57 ( a consid]able portion ( ! bore1 is absolute pro( t ! bullet does n foll[ ! c\rse ( ! groov+3 9 its passage ?r\gh ! direct+ b>rel x passes /raight out1 ) ! velocity imp>t$ to x 9 ! *amb]4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ?is fact induc$ ,mr4 ,trant] to inv5t 8 lubricat+ bullet1 ! only =m ( pi/ol ) :i* _m %ots c be fir$ )\t clean+4 ,!re are1 9 reality1 _m defects to be ov]come 7?\gh x is v d\btful :e!r !y w ev] be7 be=e revolv]s c 9 any degree be reli$ ^u = con/ant op]ations4 ,i "k = a fact t at ?is mom5t ,gov]nm5t h 9 /ore _m ?\s&s1 disabl$ = all useful purposes1 ?\gh by ! mo/ trivial circum/ances2 f\l+ ) lead be+ "o ( ! mo/ prom95t defects1 or "s trifl+ dis>rangem5t ( ! rotat+ ma*9]y1 su* z x might be suppos$ c\ld be repair$3 b !y are return$ to /ore z hopeless1 9 ! usual c\rse1 & ?us _! fate is seal$ z a milit>y weapon4 ,! d\ble-b>rell$ "u-&-ov] pi/ol 0 entirely disc>d$ = ! new toy2 b hopes are ent]ta9$ t ! =m] w soon be re/or$ to ! lo/ pref]5ce ( all :o value _! own safety1 & w\ld r dep5d on two c]ta9ly de/ructive %ots ?an six unc]ta9 ones4 ,= my own p]sonal use 9 any sc5e ( combat1 my reliance w\ld be on a pair ( d\ble-b>rell$ pi/ols2 or :at is ( m use /ill1 on d\ble c>b9es4 ,! ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5*1 h[ev]1 is arm+ 8 sailors ) revolv+ pi/ols2 & lately1 9 ,india1 a squadron ( ,dragoons us$ ! revolv] ) deadly effect on a body ( rebel ,sepoys4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,enfield ,,ma*9e-,,made ,,rifles4 ,enfield1 ! seat ( ! ,gov]nm5t manufacture ( small arms1 w become a celebrat$ place 9 future hi/ory2 its productions be+ n[ "o ( ! wond]s ( ! pres5t age4 ,! t]m 8,enfield ,rifle0 does n d5ote any "o improvem5t1 b a s]ies ( improvem5ts2 ,enfield be+ m]ely ! "n ( ! place :]e ! manufactory is situat$4 ,! ,enfield rifle diff]s f ! orig9al rifl$ musket 7bett] kn[n z ! ,m9i musket7 9 ! fact ( ! bore hav+ be5 r$uc$ to #egg1 & ! weight ( ! arm to #i lbs4 ,! regulation ,m9i musket 0 #aj lbs4 #h-c_/d oz4 9 weight1 s t a sav+ ( #a-a_/b lbs4 has be5 effect$ by ! adoption ( ! pres5t gun4 ,! size ( ! bore 0 #gjb1 & ! weight ( ! bullet #fhj gra9s1 :il/ ! pres5t regulation musket is only #egg bore1 ! bullet be+ #ebj gra9s 9 weight4 ,! model arms ord]$ by ,"l ,h>d+e1 ! ,comm&]-9-,*ief1 9 #aheb1 ( ,messrs4 ,gre5]1 ,purday1 ,ri*>ds1 ,lanca/]1 & ,wilk9son1 =m$ ! base f :i* ! ,enfield 0 con/ruct$4 ,! 8,sight0 0 ,we/ley ,ri*>ds' inv5tion4 ,! ,exp&+ ,b&s = secur+ ! /ock & b>rels 7)\t :i* a ma*9e-made musket w\ld always be an unc]ta9ty7 are an inv5tion ( m9e2 sev]al o!r po9ts 7 also adopt$ on my recomm5dation3 z1 = in/ance1 ! furniture be+ case-h>d5$1 z 9 ! rifle-corps gun1 & ! fa/5+s ( ! bayonet4 ,^! po9ts1 h[ev]1 be+ m]ely sugge/$ improvem5ts1 & n1 /rictly speak+1 inv5tions1 conf]r$ no b5efit on me beyond ! complim5t involv$ 9 _! adoption4 ,x is well kn[n t1 b = my evid5ce be=e a committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #ahdh1 ! swivel-lock w\ld n h be5 s soon adopt$ z x 04 ,?us x is evid5t t mu* ( ! out] =m1 z well z ! pr9ciple1 ( ! pres5t arm is due to my ex]tions4 ,mu* surprise 0 %[n by ! ,select ,committee 9 #aheb t ,i did n give 9 = trial "s improvem5t ^u my own pr9ciple 7:i*1 by ! by1 !y _h n at t "t admitt$72 b prud5ce taught me o!rwise3 to h done s w\ld h affect$ ! s\ndness ( my claims4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahea x 0 det]m9$ to adopt "s portion ( ! ,am]ican sy/em ( manufactur+ guns by ! aid ( ma*9]y4 ,a commission 0 appo9t$ & s5t out to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ord] to inspect ! op]ations ( _! me*anism1 & to asc]ta9 ! advisability ( adopt+ ! :ole1 or a portion1 ( _! ma*9]y 9 ,engl&4 ,to ! selection ( ! memb]s ( t commission1 & to _! judgm5t1 may be ascrib$ :atev] is ill or good 9 ! sy/em2 ! majority be+ milit>y m5 connect$ ) milit>y matt]s1 & ! o!rs ma*9i/s1 ! bias 0 no d\bt 9 fav\r ( ma*9]y4 ,! ,enfield manufactory1 at its />t+1 0 int5d$ to be a mod]ate affair1 ,i believe2 b n[ x has exp&$ into su* gigantic proportions t1 if x cont9ues 9 action1 ! manufacture ( milit>y arms mu/ p>tially cease to be ! trade ( ,birm+ham3 = all l>ge e/abli%m5ts ( ma*9]y mu/ be employ$1 to protect !m f decay2 & :atev] may be ! co/ ( production1 ma*9]y mu/ g on1 or be entirely giv5 up4 ,! ext5t ( ! ,enfield manufactory may be e/imat$ f ! fact t x n[ produces weekly #a1ajj /& ( arms complete1 & employs m5 & boys to ! numb] ( #a1cjj4 ,at ?is rate ( production1 a v few ye>s w suffice to place su* a /ock ( arms at ! comm& ( ! ,gov]nm5t z w r5d] ! employm5t ( =eign artisans unnecess>y4 ,enfield ma*9e-made arms are und\bt$ly specim5s ( ! highe/ class ( t description2 b :e!r !y w be f\nd z durable z h&-made arms ,i v mu* d\bt3 "t alone c decide ?is4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,h>poon ,,gun4 ,:ale %oot+ has n[ become a great fact2 no o!r means be+ us$ to capture ?is mon/] ( ! deep b ! h>poon gun1 :5 x is possible to obta9 x4 ,al?\gh little d\bt rema9s b t :ales1 l 8gr\se10 are becom+ sc>ce1 & t 9 a %ort "t !y w become almo/ ext9ct1 yet _! great value :5 captur$ w always /imulate h>dy & d>+ seam5 to pursue !m ev5 into _! remote/ haunts4 ,! foll[+ cut repres5ts ! boat & gun n[ 9 use4 ,illu/ration ,exp]i5ce has prov$ ! value ( ?is inv5tion2 & e %ip t goes to ! fi%+ has n[ a full complem5t ( six h>poon guns4 ,n9e-t5?s ( ! fi% got )9 ! la/ few ye>s h be5 %ot4 ,f a calculation ,i made aft] ! conclusion ( a late season1 ! result mu/ h be5 v satisfactory & pr(itable to ! own]s ( ! %ips1 & also to ! gun-mak]s4 ,i h e reason to "k t ! am\nt ( money realis$ by ^! h>poon guns am\nt$ to little %ort ( #ajj1jjjl42 & ?is f guns ( my manufacture alone3 = ,i1 l mo/ inv5tors1 h competitors1 :o manufacture ^u my model & at less ?an my price4 ,h>poon guns are simil> to small swivel guns2 !y are ( #a-a_/b in* bore & #c feet long 9 ! b>rel1 :i* :5 /ock$ & complete weighs #ge lbs4 ,! con/ruction ( ! lock is v simple1 be+ ^u ! pr9ciple ( a saddle pi/ol lock2 ! caps1 ! nipples1 & lock1 are completely & effectually cov]$1 & protect$ f damp1 or spray f ! sea4 ,! lock is also securely bolt$ until ! mom5t x is want$2 :5 by ! removal ( a p91 ! trigg] /r+ is pull$1 :i* fires ! gun4 ,! h>poon is project$ ) consid]able accuracy to any di/ance "u eighty-f\r y>ds2 t be+ ! greate/ range ev] obta9$ ) ?is description ( gun4 ,! *>ge is v small to project #dj lbs4 weight2 = ! h>poon itself is #aj-a_/b lbs41 ) an increas+ weight ( ?ree-in* l9e f ! gun to ! extreme range1 9 all weigh+ full #dj lbs4 ,?is imm5se improvem5t is ! result ( calculations1 d$uc$ f ! nature ( gunp[d]4 ,! *>ge is %ort ( an ounce ( p[d]2 b is1 or ought to be1 good p[d]1 ( ! l>ge/ gra92 f9e p[d] w n d x1 b1 on ! contr>y1 w\ld jump up ! end ( ! h>poon1 or b5d x1 s t x w\ld be ( no fur!r use until repair$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,on ,,%ot1 ,,caps1 ,,& ,,wadd+4 ,pat5t %ot be+ /ill produc$ z at ! "t ( publi%+ previ\s editions ( my works1 ,i h no important improvem5t to record4 ,illu/ration ,! manufacture is v simple3 ! lead is fir/ temp]$ by ! aid ( ars5ic1 9 ! proportions requir$ by ! slag 7a te*nical t]m7 = ! k9d us$2 "s lead tak+ m & "s less4 ,! melt$ metal is !n p\r$ into a p]=at$ pan plac$ ov] ! m\? ( ! pit1 or t[] 7:i*ev] may be 9 use47 ,messrs4 ,walk]s1 ,p>k]s1 & ,co4 h t[]s 9 _! v>i\s factories :]e !y make %ot2 ! cut repres5ts ! "o 9 ,newca/le4 ,messrs4 ,locke1 ,blackett1 & ,co4 ca/ d[n ! %aft ( a pit1 & by ?is means obta9 a great] fall4 ,! fluid metal takes a globul> %ape 9 fall+1 & ! conc5tric motion ( ea* p>ticle r\nd its axis keeps x 9 ?is =m until its passage ?r\gh ! air has extract$ ! heat1 & be=e x rea*es ! body ( wat] plac$ to receive x4 ,! only difficulty is 9 ca/+ v l>ge sizes2 = if ! di/ance ! drops fall be n suffici5tly great1 & !y rea* ! wat] 9 a semi-fluid /ate1 ! resi/ance ( ! wat] mis%apes !m4 ,ab\t ?ree diff]5t sizes come out ?r\gh "o pan4 ,^! are sep>at$ by ! aid ( riddles1 or tabl$1 z ! process is t]m$4 ,a quantity ( ! %ot is plac$ on a slight incl9e1 :5 ^? t d n run (f are reject$4 ,! :ole are !n poli%$ 9 a ma*9e t]m$ a drum1 ) a mixture ( black lead4 ,?is gives to ! %ot t beautiful poli% :i* captivates ! eye1 b :i* injures ! %oot+ ( ! gun1 z ! black lead adh]es to ! int]ior ( ! tube4 ,all %ot %\ld be us$ unpoli%$2 & ! addition ( h>dness is unque/ionably ano!r advantage4 ,slag-lead is light] ?an o!r lead1 b x is mu* h>d]1 & ?us m suitable = %ot4 ,i regret ! disuse ( %ot made ) quicksilv]1 z x is unque/ionably mu* sup]ior1 ?\gh m co/ly4 ,a consid]able improvem5t is yet to be introduc$ 9 ! manipulation ( %ot-mak+2 & ,i %all comm5ce a r\nd ( exp]im5ts ) t object at ! e>lie/ opportunity4 ,copp] caps are n[ a misnom]3 v few are to be met )4 ,brass caps boil$ to ! col\r ( copp] are ! rule1 ! =m] ! exception4 ,good caps are made 9 ,birm+ham1 if a remun]ative price is paid = !m2 & ,i h ! pleasure to "n sev]al mak]s3 ,messrs4 ,e4 & ,a4 ,ludl[1 ,messrs4 ,pursall & ,philips1 & ,mr4 ,cox4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t *eapness means inf]iority3 e article is made accord+ to price4 ,! mixture ( fulm9at+ m]cury composition is3 ,fulm9at+ m]cury #c gra9s or ounces4 ,*lorate ( pota% #e d4 ,sulphur #a d4 ,p[d]$ glass #a d4 ,! above is "o ( ! be/ comp\nds 9 use4 ,*lorate ( ,pota% #f gra9s or ounces4 ,sulphur #c d4 ,glass1 p[d]$ #a d4 ,*>coal1 ditto #a_/b d4 ,is ! be/ mixture :]e ! corrosive pr9ciple is n he$$4 ,messrs4 ,eley1 ,bro!rs1 7 ! fir/ manufactur]s :o turn$ _! att5tion to mak+ wat]pro( copp] caps = sport+ purposes1 comm5c+ x 9 #ahcg4 ,! pr9ciple is simple1 ! excell5ce ma9ly consi/+ 9 ! quality ( ! +r$i5ts us$1 & _! be+ ?or\ghly secur$ f ! effects ( moi/ure4 ,!y are s con/itut$ t ! l>ge/ portion ( ! p]cussion p[d] & ! weake/ "p ( ! wat]pro( cov]+ :i* l9es ! inn] surface ( ! cap1 are imm$iately ov] ! surface ( ! nipple2 consequ5tly1 :5 ! bl[ ignites ! p]cussion p[d]1 ! l>g] portion ( ! explosion is =c$ d[n ! nipple1 & is ( su* int5sity ( heat 7especially 9 plat9a-l9$ nipples7 t x w ignite ! gunp[d] "s di/ance up ! b>rel3 9 an epr\vette x w d s at f\r or five in*es f ! nipple4 ,a miss-fire ?us v seldom occurs1 z ! heat is sure to p5etrate to ! *>ge1 ev5 :5 a gun has become f\l aft] a long day's %oot+ & ! p[d] _c pass freely ?r\gh ! *amb]s to ! nipples4 ,x is well kn[n t caps :i* d n possess ^! ignit+ qualities may be fir$ ?r\gh gunp[d]1 & frequ5tly fail to ignite x1 f ! want ( prop] att5tion to ! con/itution ( ! fulm9ate & its mixture4 ,9 all *eaply manufactur$ caps ?is inf]iority is sure to prevail1 & ! manifold advantages to be d]iv$ f ! /]l+ quality ( all sport+ adjuncts is n[ fully appreciat$ by sportsm5 g5]ally4 8,p5ny wise & p\nd fooli%0 is a prov]b m borne 9 m9d ?an =m]ly1 & ! conviction is n[ g5]al t a good gun only proves to be s :5 prop] att5tion is paid to ! load+ 9 e p>ticul>4 ,good wadd+ is z ess5tial z good gunp[d]3 a p]fect sep>ation mu/ be ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! explod$ p[d] & ! %ot1 or no result c be dep5d$ ^u2 *eap wadd+1 !re=e1 accord+ to ! above adage1 is out ( fav\r4 ,c>tridges ( wire1 or 8univ]sal10 are n[ s well kn[n z to ne$ no treatise to po9t out _! advantages4 ,a m /rik+ example ( ! progress ( k 9 prop]ly e/imat+ ! value ( high-class manufactures _c be adduc$ ?an 9 ! case ( ,eley1 ,bro!rs1 :o h by unwe>i$ indu/ry 9 ! production ( sport+ ammunition ( ! fir/ quality1 ne>ly obta9$ a monopoly 9 t dep>tm5t ( gunn]y4 ,i c safely ref] to ! ,manufactur]s to be f\nd 9 ! adv]tis+ li/ z able to supply ! sportsman ) all requisites1 f a gun 8to a turnscrew10 & on su* t]ms z w be f\nd to be advantage\s to ! pur*as]4 ,,f9is4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,smi?1 ,,eld] ,,& ,,co4 ,,little ,,gre5 ,,arb\r ,,c\rt4 ,adv]tisem5ts4 ,,william ,,gre5]1 ,,gun ,,manufactur]1 ,,a/on ,,new ,,t[n1 ,,birm+ham1 ,,highe/ ,,prize ,,m$alli/ ,,9 #ahea1 #ahec1 ,,& #ahee1 ,9 return+ ?anks to ! ,sport+ ,_w = _! di/+ui%$ support dur+ _m ye>s1 begs to intimate to !m t he has n[ accompli%$ ! long *]i%$ wi% ( e/abli%+ 8 manufactory 9 ,birm+ham1 ! seat ( ! gun manufacture1 :]e ! facilities ( produc+ a fir/-rate gun are sup]ior to any o!r locality 9 ! _w2 = "h he c reject imp]fect mat]ials & replace !m1 :ile mak]s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! k+dom w\ld be writ+ ab\t ! defici5cy4 ,"h he c ex]cise 8 own judgm5t on ! goodness ( mat]ial dur+ ! progress ( production2 "h he c c>ry out any alt]ation or improvem5t 9 b>rels or locks t may sugge/ itself2 & "h ev5tually w settle ! :ole manufacture = ! k+dom4 ,?is is ne>ly accompli%$ n[1 = x w\ld be idle to conceal ! fact t a va/ majority ( :at is sold 9 ,london1 z ,london make1 is made "h4 ,"h ! be/ workm5 are congregat+ & meet ) ! greate/ enc\ragem5t4 ,"u ^! circum/ances he has judg$ x be/ to avail himself ( ! means (f]$ ( produc+1 )\t 8egotism10 guns equal1 if n sup]ior1 to any?+ yet produc$ by any mak] :atev]4 ,?is may be consid]$ a wide ass]tion1 b to prove he does n make x ra%ly he is prep>$ to te/ ! fact by a competition ) any mak] :atev]1 b>r+ none2 to be decid$ by ! foll[+ five po9ts3 #a/1 safety--! greate/ difficulty 9 bur/+2 #bndly1 lightness2 #crdly1 goodness ( %oot+--/r5g? & clos5ess comb9$ ) ! lea/ *>ges2 #d?ly1 durability2 #e?ly1 beauty & ta/e comb9$4 ,he consid]s x a crime ( great magnitude t guns %\ld bur/2 !y nev] d s :]e prop] metal is us$4 ,he w produce an ord9>y weight ( b>rel :i* he w all[ any "o to bur/ if !y c2 9 fact1 he believes x to be ! greate/ difficulty to d s4 ,w4 ,g4 w und]take contracts = quantities ( arms subject to private arrangem5t1 su* z milit>y arms1 %ipp+ ditto1 rifles or seal+ guns1 = =eign p[]s or private companies1 provid$ 9 all cases ! quality be suffici5tly good to enable him to br& !m ) 8 "n2 any?+ inf]ior he decl9es to make4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! prices ( 8 guns are z "u3-- ,d\ble rifles ( e sup]ior quality ( ta/e & s4 d4 f9i%1 case complete ) e requisite #dj #j #j ,d\ble guns ( v sup]ior quality1 ) lam9at$ /eel b>rels1 c41 case & e requisite complete #ce #j #j ,d\ble rifle1 second quality1 same mat]ial1 b n s highly f9i%$1 case complete #cj #j #j ,d\ble gun1 second quality1 same mat]ial1 b n s highly f9i%$1 case complete #be #j #j ,d\ble rifle1 excell5t quality1 /ubs ,damascus1 no case #ah #j #j ,d\ble gun1 excell5t quality1 lam9at$ /eel1 no case #ae #j #j ,d\ble rifle1 good #aj #aj #j ,d\ble gun1 good #h #aj #j ,d\ble rifle1 no engrav+1 c4 #h #j #j ,d\ble gun1 ditto #f #j #j ,v be/ s+le rifles1 sup]ior /yle & f9i%1 case complete #ba #j #j ,second quality1 case #af #af #j ,good quality1 no case #aj #aj #j ,pla91 ditto #e #j #j ,seal+ rifles #c #aj #j ,v be/ s+le gun1 case complete #af #af #j ,second quality1 ) case #ab #ab #j ,good quality #g #j #j ,pla91 ditto #d #j #j ,seal+ or o!r guns 9 quantity #c #j #j ,enfield musket p]cussion1 swivel locks #b #j #j ,enfield rifle1 pla9 ditto #a #e #j ,! above includes e size :i* c be fir$ f ! %\ld]4 ,pi/ols1 ,cutlasses1 ,pikes1 c41 suppli$ on ! mo/ mod]ate ,t]ms4 ,bus9ess done = ca% on deliv]y only4 ,=eign ,bills = ord]s payable 9 ,london1 or ref]5ce = paym5t 9 any "p ( ,engl&4 ,n4,b4--,w4 ,g4 n[ manufactures a v sup]ior d\ble wat]pro( copp] & iron cap4 ,,s*uyl]1 ,,h>tly1 ,,graham4 ,,maid5 ,,lane1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,sole ,,ag5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,to ,,william ,,gre5]1 ,,gun ,,manufactur]1 ,,a/on ,,new ,,t[n1 ,,birm+ham4 ,e description ( ,sport+ ,guns import$ on reasonable ,t]ms4 ,,p[d] ,,flasks1 ,,%ot ,,p\*es1 ,,wa%+ ,,rods1 ,,& ,,implem5ts ,,( ,,e ,,description ,,requisite ,,= ,,! ,,sport+ ,,field4 ,,eley',s ,,caps ,,& ,,wadd+s1 ,,pat5t ,,c>tridges4 ,,/>key',s1 ,,pursall ,,& ,,phillips',s1 ,e4 ,,& ,e4 ,,ludl[',s1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,manufactur]s' ,,copp] ,,caps4 ,e4 ,,baylis ,,& ,,son1 ,manufactur]s ( ,,e ,,description ,,( ,,milit>y ,,& ,,sport+ ,,implem5ts1 ,,dog-,,coll>s1 ,,h&cuffs ,,& ,,leg-,,irons4 ,contractors to ! ,hon\rable ,bo>d ( ,ordnance4 ,,/4 ,,m>y',s ,,squ>e1 ,,birm+ham4 ,,?omas ,,d]r+ton ,,& ,,son1 ,deal]s 9 ,,gun ,,& ,,pi/ol ,,/ocks1 ,,:olesale ,,& ,,retail4 ,a l>ge quantity ( f9e well-season$ ,gun-/ocks always on h&4 ,,walnut ,,trees1 ,,walnut ,,planks1 ,,or ,,/ocks1 ,,b\ght4 ,,re$',s ,,build+s1 ,,%adwell-,,/reet1 ,,birm+ham4 ,,philip ,,webley1 #hd1 ,,weaman ,,/reet1 ,,birm+ham1 ,,pres5t ,,contractor ,,to ,,! ,,hon4 ,,bo>d ,,( ,,ordnance1 ,,pat5tee ,,( ,,safety ,,revolv+ ,,pi/ols4 ,illu/ration ,p4 ,,webley respectfully in=ms ! public1 t he is prep>$ to supply 9 any quantity 8 ,,pat5t ,,revolv+ ,,pi/ols1 :i* he c confid5tly recomm5d1 z !y embrace all late/ improvem5ts ) ! greate/ possible simplicity ( con/ruction1 & are pron\nc$ by m5 ( exp]i5ce1 bo? civil & milit>y1 to be mo/ effici5t weapons4 ,! action is v simil> to ! ord9>y gun lock2 ! ?umb be+ us$ to br+ ! hamm] to cock1 :ile ! arm is ext5d$2 ! *amb] at ! same "t revolv+ & firmly lock$ at ! mom5t ( dis*>ge1 by a spr+ und]nea?1 ?us obviat+ ! objection to o!r ,pat5t ,pi/ols1 :i* are self-act+4 7,l>ge size #dh1 middle #fj1 small #abj bores74 ,p4 ,w4 also manufactures ,(fic]s' ,d\ble1 ,"u & ,ov]1 ,brea/ & ,s+le ,pi/ols4 ,p4 ,w4 p>ticul>ly invites att5tion to 8 ,"u & ,ov] ,pi/ols1 :i* are rifl$ & made to suit ! pres5t ,gov]nm5t size c>tridge4 ,p4 ,w4 also manufactures e description ( ,revolv+1 ,saloon1 ,hol/]1 ,pocket1 ,inlaid & ,fancy ,pi/ols4 ,,bullet ,,m\lds ( e description1 ,gre5]ian1 ,m9ie1 ,prit*ett1 ,:itwor?1 ,jacob1 ,cone1 ,sph]ical1 c4 ,rifle sights1 bo? milit>y & burd54 ,rifle /rap1 ,furniture1 ,gunlocks1 & all o!r ,implem5ts4 ,,pres5t ,,contractor ,,to ,,! ,,hon\rable ,,bo>d ,,( ,,ordnance4 ,,p]cussion ,,caps4 ,e4 ,,& ,a4 ,,ludl[1 ,,milit>y ,,p]cussion ,,cap ,,mak]s1 ,,& ,,pres5t ,,gov]nm5t ,,contractors1 ,manufactur]s ( ! ,pat5t ,d\ble ,wat]pro( ,c5tral ,fire & ,anticorrosive ,caps2 ,*emically prep>$ edg$ ,gun ,wadd+2 ,c>tridges ( e description4 ,inv5tor & sole ,manufactur] ( ! ,improv$ ,flang$ 7or ,hat7 ,caps1 z adopt$ by all ! lead+ sportsm5 ( ! day1 & ackn[l$g$ by all to be ! be/ & mo/ ready prim] ev] introduc$4 ,samples ) ,price ,li/ may be obta9$ at ! ,works4 #gb ,,& #gc ,,legge ,,/reet1 ,,birm+ham4 ,,joseph ,,b\rne1 7,,contractor ,,to ,h4 ,m4',s ,,w> ,,dep>tm5t17 ,manufactur] ( ,guns1 ,muskets1 ,revolv]s1 ,pi/ols1 ,rifles1 & ,small ,arms suitable = ! v>i\s m>kets & ,gov]nm5ts ( ! _w4 ,no4 #e1 ,,:ittall ,,/reet1 ,,birm+ham4 ,,by ,,h] ,,maje/y',s ,,royal ,,lett]s ,,pat5t4 ,,moore ,,& ,,h>ris1 ,,improv$ ,,f[l+ ,,& ,,rifle ,,gun1 ,,& ,,pi/ol ,,mak]s1 ,,/4 ,,m>y',s ,,squ>e1 ,,birm+ham4 ,improv$ ,bree*-,load+ ,guns1 ,repeat+ ,arms1 & e approv$ article 9 ! above l9e4 ,,by ,,h] ,,maje/y',s ,,royal ,,lett]s ,,pat5t4 ,,pursall1 ,,phillips ,,& ,,son1 ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,t4 ,,/>key ,,& ,,co4',s ,,c5tral ,,fire ,,wat]-,,pro( ,,safety ,,cap1 ,,contractors ,,to ,h4 ,m4',s ,,hon4 ,,bo>d ,,( ,,ordnance1 ,,& ,,to ,,! ,,hon4 ,,ea/ ,,india ,,company4 ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,,p]cussion1 ,,imp]ial1 ,,& ,,anticorrosive ,,copp] ,,caps ,,tubes4 ,prim]s1 ,c>tridges1 c41 ( e description1 ,*emically ,prep>$1 & o!r ,gun ,wadd+s4 #bb1 ,,:ittall ,,/reet1 ,,/4 ,,m>y',s ,,squ>e1 ,,birm+ham4 ,,pig\ ,,& ,,wilks1 ,,gunp[d] ,,manufactur]s1 ,,d>t=d ,,& ,,london4 ,,*>les ,,lawr5ce ,,& ,,son1 ,,gunp[d] ,,manufactur]s1 ,,battle ,,& ,,london4 ,,john ,,hall ,,& ,,son1 ,,gunp[d] ,,manufactur]s1 ,,fav]%am ,,mills ,,& ,,london4 ,,curtis ,,& ,,h]vey1 ,,gunp[d] ,,manufactur]s1 ,,h\nsl[ ,,mills ,,& ,,london4 ,,! ,,prize ,,m$al ,,aw>d$ ,,to ,,joseph ,,brazi] ,,& ,,son1 ,,! ,,a%es ,,works1 ,,wolv]hampton1 ,manufactur]s ( ,gun ,locks ( ! v be/ description = ! ,london & ,scot* trades2 ,%ot ,p\*es1 ,gun ,implem5ts1 c4 c4 ,pat5tees ( ,improv$ ,revolv+ ,pi/ols1 c4 ,,rifle ,,mak] ,,to ,,! ,,w> ,,dep>tm5t4 ,,william ,,trant]1 ,,inv5tor1 ,,pat5tee1 ,,& ,,manufactur] ,,( ,,! ,,d\ble-,,trigg] ,,safety ,,revolv]s1 ,,d\ble ,,action ,,cock+ ,,revolv]s1 ,,revolv+ ,,*amb] ,,rifles ,,& ,,c>b9es1 ,,oscillat+ ,,bree*-,,load+ ,,rifles1 ,,lubricat+ ,,bullets1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d\ble ,,trigg] ,,revolv]4 #ac1 ,,/4 ,,m>y',s ,,squ>e1 ,,birm+ham4 ,,james ,,t[ns5d1 #aa #ab1 ,,s& ,,/reet1 ,,/4 ,,m>y',s ,,squ>e1 ,,birm+ham4 ,,manufactur] ,,( ,,air ,,canes1 ,,air ,,guns1 ,,& ,,air ,,weapons ,( e description1 ^u an improv$ con/ruction1 adapt$ = num]\s ,sports & ,amusem5ts1 viz4--,kill+ ,rabbits1 ,rooks1 ,sea ,f[l1 c41 ) ball1 de/roy+ v]m91 small birds1 & collect+ r>e specim5s ) %ot1 & fi% ne> ! surface ( ! wat] ) h>poons & l9es4 ,,also1 ,manufactur] ( ,p[d]1 ,walk+-,/ick ,guns1 ,rifles ( e v>iety1 ,saloon ,pi/ols1 ,bullet$ ,caps1 ,ne$le ,rifles1 c41 c4 ,n4,b4--,ag5ts = ! ,london ,arm\ry ,company = ! sale ( ,,adams' ,,pat5t ,,revolv] ,,pi/ols4 ,& likewise ,ag5t = ,,colonel ,,colt',s ,,pat5t ,,revolv] ,,pi/ol4 ,,an ,,assortm5t ,,( ,,ea* ,,always ,,kept ,,9 ,,/ock4 ,w4 ,r4 ,,pape4 ,,gun ,,& ,,rifle ,,mak]1 #dd1 ,,we/gate ,,/reet1 ,,newca/le-,,on-,,tyne4 ,possesses ! highe/ practical k ( :at a ,gun ought to be = g5]al sport+ purposes1 & ! fact ( submitt+ e ,gun to ! sev]e/ te/s1 be=e be+ f9ally f9i%$1 gives him e confid5ce 9 /at+1 t = %oot+ p[]s & o!r good qualities1 8 guns _c be excell$ by any mak] :atev]2 = pro( ( :i*1 see ! am\nt ( %oot+ at ,a%burnham ,p>k1 ,london1 on ! #i? ,april #aheh1 9 ! ,field ,newspap] ( #ag? ,april1 #aheh4 ,,?omas ,,kilby ,,& ,,son1 ,,gun ,,b>rel ,,manufactur]s1 #aa1 ,,c\rt1 ,,/eelh\se ,,lane1 ,,birm+ham4 ,e description ( ,d\ble & ,s+le ,b>rels1 ,rifle & ,revolv+ ,pi/ol ,b>rels1 w>rant$ equal to ^? ( any o!r ,manufactur] ( ! day4 ,,c\ntry ,,ord]s ,,punctually ,,att5d$ ,,to4 ,,eley',s ,,ammunition4 ,,eley ,,bro!rs1 ,,london1 beg to call ! att5tion ( ,sportsm5 to ! advantages to be d]iv$ f ! use ( ! ,wire ,c>tridge1 9 ! pursuit ( all k9ds ( l>ge or small game4 ,z !re are few ,sportsm5 :o are n 9 ! habit ( us+ ^! ,c>tridges1 !y are s well kn[n z to make a description ( !m sc>cely requisite4 ,! %ot is pack$ )9 a wire cage1 :i* is con/ruct$ s z to all[ !m to escape f x gradually :ile ! *>ge is 9 motion4 ,!y cause all guns to %oot ) d\ble ! /r5g? :i* c be obta9$ by ! ord9>y mode ( load+1 & ) mu* great] regul>ity1 z ea* %ot reta9s its sph]ical =m4 ,! ,royal ,c>tridge is mo/ly us$ 9 ?is c\ntry = kill+ wild game4 ,! ,gre5 ,c>tridge is ! sort g5]ally 9 dem& = ,india & ,am]ica1 be+ made = =eign field sports ) ! l>ge/ drop %ot1 & also ) m\ld %ot1 & w be f\nd v effective at l>ge game :]e ! ,sportsman has n a rifle 9 ! field4 ,,eley',s ,,d\ble ,,wat]pro( ,,c5tral ,,fire ,,caps4 ,^! ,caps are n[ well kn[n & approv$1 be+ f\nd sup]ior to all o!rs = _! c]ta9ty & rapidity ( fire1 ei!r 9 dry or wet wea!r4 ,= ,india & ! ,colonies1 or any climate :]e ,caps may be expos$ to great vicissitudes ( heat1 cold1 or moi/ure1 !y are p>ticul>ly recomm5d$1 z !y _c be injur$ by any am\nt ( exposure to wet or heat1 nor _! qualities impair$1 if kept = ye>s 9 a tropical climate4 ,! ignition at all times is safe & c]ta91 :il/ 9 humid wea!r1 ! dis*>ge is z in/antane\s z ) ! ord9>y ,cap on ! drye/ day4 ,= te/imonials z to _! value = %oot+ 9 ,india see ,colonel ,jacob's "w on 8,rifles & ,projectiles40 ,!y h be5 mu* approv$ = ! rifle 9 =eign field sports1 :]e ! ,cap is (t5 all[$ to rema9 a long "t ^u ! nipple4 ,be+ p]fectly wat]pro(1 !y w be> imm]sion 9 sea-wat] = days )\t injury2 b :5 te/+ !m 9 ?is mann]1 x is necess>y to bl[ ! wat] out ( !m be=e plac+ !m ^u ! nipple4 ,concav$ ,felt1 & *emically prep>$ ,clo? ,gun ,wadd+s1 to prev5t ! lead+ ( guns1 w>rant$ n to bl[ to pieces 9 ! b>rel4 ,c>tridges = ,bree*-load+ ,%ot ,guns1 ,rifles1 c42 also = ,%>p's ,bree*-load+ ,rifles1 & ,pr9ce's ,bree*-load+ ,c>b9es4 ,c>tridges made = ,ne$le ,rifles1 v simple & effective 9 _! con/ruction4 ,sk9 ,c>tridges1 suitable = ,adams'1 ,deane's1 & ,colt's ,revolv]s--w>rant$ to leave no deposit :5 fir$4 ,also ,rifle ,%ell ,tubes1 z manufactur$ by direction ( ,colonel ,john ,jacob1 ( ! ,bombay ,artill]y1 & e description ( ammunition = sport+ or milit>y purposes4 ,sole ,contractors to ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t = ,wat]pro( ,milit>y ,caps1 ,revolv] ,c>tridges1 ,jacob's ,rifle ,%ell ,tubes1 c4 ,eley's ammunition may be _h ( all ,gunmak]s & ,deal]s at home or abroad4 ,,eley ,,bro!rs1 ,,london4 7,,:olesale ,,only47 ,,william ,,evans1 ,,?irte5 ,,ye>s ,,) ,,joseph ,,brosi] ,,& ,,son1 ,,gun ,,lock ,,manufactur]1 #ae ,,ba? ,,/reet1 ,,birm+ham4 ,,*>les ,,maybury1 ,,manufactur] ,,( ,,e ,,description ,,( ,,sportsman',s ,,guns1 ,,rifles1 ,,pi/ols1 ,,etc41 ,,revolv]s ,,on 8,,trant]',s0 ,,& ,,all ,,o!r ,,pat5t ,,improv$ ,,pr9ciples1 ,,= ,,home ,,& ,,exportation1 #ae ,,/4 ,,m>y',s ,,squ>e1 ,,birm+ham4 ,w4 ,,& ,c4 ,,scott ,,& ,,son1 ,,gun ,,& ,,pi/ol ,,mak]s1 #ie1 ,,ba? ,,/reet1 ,,birm+ham4 ,,guns ,,= ,,home ,,use ,,& ,,exportation4 #fe1 ,cornhill1 ,london1 ,septemb]1 #aheh4 ,,new ,,& ,,/&>d ,,works ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,smi?1 ,,eld] ,co4 ,,works ,,9 ,,! ,,press4 ,social ,innovators & _! ,s*emes4 ,by ,,william ,,lucas ,,s>gant1 ,au?or ( 8,! ,sci5ce ( ,social ,opul5ce10 c4 ,po/ #hvo4 ,indian ,sc5es & ,*>act]s1 ,sket*$ f ,life4 ,by ,pr9ce ,,alexis ,,soltyk(f4 ,sixte5 ,plates 9 ,t9t$ ,li?ography1 ) ,descriptions4 ,colombi] ,folio4 7,ne>ly ,ready47 ,*ri/ianity 9 ,india4 ,by ,,john ,,william ,,kaye1 ,au?or ( 8,life ( ,"l ,metcalfe10 c4 #hvo4 7,9 ! ,press47 ,lectures & ,addresses on ,lit]>y & ,social ,topics4 ,by ! late ,rev4 ,,fr$4 ,w4 ,,rob]tson1 ( ,brighton4 ,po/ #hvo4 7,j ,ready47 ,t5ts & ,t5t ,life4 ,by ,capt4 ,,godfrey ,,rhodes1 #id? ,regt4 ,po/ #hvo41 ) ,tw5ty-eight ,plates1 #abs4 clo?4 ,! ,life ( ,j4 ,deacon ,hume1 ,esq41 late ,secret>y to ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,*>les ,,badham4 ,po/ #hvo4 ,phanta/es3 a ,fa]ie ,romance = ,m5 & ,wom54 ,by ,,george ,,macdonald1 ,au?or ( 8,)9 & ,)\t40 ,po/ #hvo4 ,hi/oric ,notes on ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t4 ,by ,,samuel ,,%>pe1 ,esq4 ,new & ,revis$ ,edition4 ,po/ #hvo4 ,! ,p>5ts' ,cab9et ( ,amusem5t & ,in/ruction1 = ,"y ,p]sons4 ,a ,new & ,revis$ ,edition4 ,9 ,%ill+ ,volumes1 ,po/ #hvo41 ) a ,frontispiece pr9t$ 9 ,oil ,col\rs1 & num]\s ,woodcuts1 9 a h&some ,illu/rat$ ,b9d+4 ,,volume ,i4 ,,w ,,be ,,publi%$ ,,on ,,! #a,,/ ,,( ,,decemb]4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,*eap] ,,edition4 ,! ,life ( ,*>lotte ,bront4 7,,curr] ,,bell47 ,au?or ( 8,,jane ,,eyre10 8,,%irley10 8,,villette10 c4 ,by ,,mrs4 ,,gaskell1 ,au?or ( 8,nor? & ,s\?10 c4 ,f\r? ,edition1 ,revis$1 ,"o ,volume1 ) a ,portrait ( ,miss ,bront & a ,view ( ,hawor? ,p>sonage4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 8,all ! secrets ( ! lit]>y workman%ip ( ! au?oress ( #8,jane ,eyre' are unfold$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is extraord9>y n>rative40--,times4 8,mrs4 ,gaskell has produc$ "o ( ! be/ biographies ( a woman by a woman :i* we c recall to m9d40--,a!num4 ,gunn]y 9 #aheh3 be+ a ,treatise on ,rifles1 ,cannon1 & ,sport+ ,arms4 ,by ,,william ,,gre5]1 ,au?or ( 8,! ,gun40 ,demy #hvo41 ) ,illu/rations1 price #ads41 clo?4 ,p]sonal ,adv5tures dur+ ! ,indian ,rebellion1 9 ,rohilcund1 ,futteghur1 & ,oude4 ,by ,w4 ,,edw>ds1 ,esq41 ,b4,c4,s4 ,po/ #hvo41 price #fs4 clo?4 8,= t\*+ incid5ts1 hair-bread? #8scapes1 & ! pa?os ( suff]+s almo/ incr$ible1 !re has appe>$ no?+ l ?is little book ( #8,p]sonal ,adv5tures4'0--,a!num4 8,among ! /ories ( hair-bread? escapes 9 ,india ?is is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & t\*+40--,exam9]4 8,a v t\*+ n>rative40--,lit4 ,gazette4 8,no acc\nt ( x c d x ju/ice40--,globe4 ,! ,crisis 9 ! ,punjab4 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,h4 ,,coop]1 ,esq41 ,c4,s41 ,umritsir4 ,po/ #hvo1 ) ,map1 price #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 8,! book is full ( t]rible int]e/4 ,! n>rative is writt5 ) vig\r & e>ne/ness1 & is full ( ! mo/ tragic int]e/40--,economi/4 8,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & spirit$ books :i* h sprung out ( ! sepoy mut9y40--,globe4 ,eight ,mon?s' ,campaign aga9/ ! ,b5gal ,sepoys1 dur+ ! ,mut9y1 #aheg4 ,by ,colonel ,,george ,,b\r*i]1 ,c4,b41 ,b5gal ,horse ,artill]y4 ,) ,plans4 ,po/ #hvo1 price #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 8,a "r manly1 fair1 & =cible /atem5t ( ev5ts40--,a!num4 8,colonel ,b\r*i] relates 8 adv5tures 9 a free & graceful mann]40--,lit]>y ,gazette4 ,! ,p>sees3 _! ,hi/ory1 ,religion1 ,mann]s1 & ,cu/oms4 ,by ,,dosabhoy ,,framjee4 ,po/ #hvo1 price #ajs4 clo?4 8,an acceptable addition to our lit]ature4 ,x gives in=mation :i* _m w be glad to h c>efully ga!r$ toge!r1 & =m$ into a %apely :ole40--,economi/4 ,homely ,ballads = ! ,work+ ,man's ,fireside4 ,by ,,m>y ,,sewell4 ,po/ #hvo1 clo?1 ,"o ,%ill+4 ,,new ,,publications--cont9u$4 ,! ,*apla9's ,n>rative ( ! ,siege ( ,delhi4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,e4 ,w4 ,,rotton1 ,*apla9 to ! ,delhi ,field ,=ce4 ,po/ #hvo1 ) a ,plan ( ! ,city & ,siege ,works1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 clo?4 8,a simple & t\*+ /atem5t1 :i* be>s ! impress ( tru? 9 e ^w40--,a!num4 8,an e>ne/ record by a ,*ri/ian m9i/] ( "s ( ! mo/ t\*+ sc5es :i* c come "u obs]vation40--,lit]>y ,gazette4 ,! ,def5ce ( ,luckn[3 ,a ,,/aff-,,(fic]',s ,,di>y4 ,by ,capt4 ,,?os4 ,f4 ,,wilson1 #ac? ,b5gal ,n4 ,i41 ,assi/ant-,adjutant-,g5]al4 ,six? ,?\s&4 ,) ,plan ( ! ,resid5cy4 ,small po/ #hvo41 price #bs4 #f;d4 8,! /ory ( ! glori\s g>rison ( ,luckn[ is told 9 ?is volume ) all its ?rill+ & pa9ful details40--,noncon=mi/4 8,! #8,/aff ,(fic]' supplies exact milit>y in=mation ) di/9ctness40--,globe4 ,life & ,correspond5ce ( ,"l ,metcalfe4 ,by ,,john ,,william ,,kaye4 ,new & ,*eap ,edition1 9 #b ,vols41 ,small ,po/ #hvo1 ) ,portrait1 price #abs4 clo?4 8,"o ( ! mo/ valuable biographies ( ! pres5t day40--,economi/4 8,an edition revis$ ) c>e & judgm5t40--,globe4 ,n>rative ( ! ,mission f ! ,gov]nor-,g5]al ( ,india to ! ,c\rt ( ,ava 9 #ahee4 ,) ,notices ( ! ,c\ntry1 ,gov]nm5t1 & ,p4 ,by ,,capta9 ,,h5ry ,,yule1 ,b5gal ,eng9e]s4 ,imp]ial #hvo41 ) #bd ,plates 7#ab col\r$71 #ej ,woodcuts1 & #d ,maps4 ,elegantly b\nd 9 clo?1 ) gilt edges1 price #bl4 #abs4 #f;d4 8,a /ately volume 9 gorge\s gold5 cov]s4 ,su* a book is 9 our times a r>ity4 ,l>ge1 massive1 & beautiful 9 itself1 x is illu/rat$ by a spr9kl+ ( elegant wood-cuts1 & by a s]ies ( admirable t9t$ li?ographs4444 ,we h read x ) curiosity & gratification1 z a fre%1 full1 & lum9\s report ^u ! condition ( "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ divisions ( ,asia beyond ! ,ganges40--,a!num4 ,! ,education ( ! ,human ,race4 ,n[ fir/ ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,,less+4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 antique clo?1 price #ds4 ,?is rem>kable "w is n[ fir/ publi%$ 9 ,engli%4 8,an agreeable & fl[+ translation ( "o ( ,less+'s f9e/ ,essays40--,national ,review4 ,! ,essay makes q a gem 9 its ,engli% =m40--,we/m9/] ,review4 8,?is invaluable ,tract40--,critic4 ,! ,autobiography ( ,lutfullah1 a ,moham$an ,g5tleman1 ) an ,acc\nt ( 8 ,visit to ,engl&4 ,edit$ by ,e4 ,b4 ,,ea/wick1 ,esq4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,small ,po/ #hvo4 ,price #es4 clo?4 8,we h read ?is book ) wond] & delight40--,a!num4 8,x be>s ! /ronge/ resemblance to ,gil ,blas ( any?+ we h ev] read40--,spectator4 ,! ,life & ,correspond5ce ( ,sir ,john ,malcolm1 ,g4,c4,b4 ,by ,,john ,,william ,,kaye4 ,two ,volumes1 #hvo4 ,) ,portrait4 ,price #cfs4 clo?4 8,?is book des]ves to p>ticipate 9 ! popul>ity :i* x 0 ! good =tune ( ,sir ,john ,malcolm to enjoy40--,ed9burgh ,review4 8,mr4 ,kaye has us$ 8 mat]ials well1 & has writt5 an int]e/+ n>rative1 copi\sly illu/rat$ ) valuable docum5ts40--,exam9]4 ,,mr4 ,,rusk9',s ,,works ,,on ,,art4 ,notes on ! ,pictures 9 ! ,exhibition ( ! ,royal ,academy1 c41 = #aheh ,by ,,john ,,rusk94 ,fif? ,?\s&4 #hvo1 price ,"o ,%ill+4 ,! ,political ,economy ( ,art4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 8,a mo/ able1 eloqu5t1 & well-tim$ "w4 ,we hail x ) satisfaction1 ?9k+ x calculat$ to d mu* practical good1 & we cordially recomm5d x to our read]s40--,witness4 ,mr4 ,rusk9's *ief purpose is to treat ! arti/'s p[]1 & ! art itself1 z items ( ! _w's weal?1 & to %[ h[ ^! may be be/ evolv$1 produc$1 accumulat$1 & di/ribut$40--,a!num4 8,we nev] quit ,mr4 ,rusk9 )\t be+ ! bett] = :at he has told u1 & we !re=e recomm5d ?is little volume1 l all 8 o!r works1 to ! p]usal ( our read]s40--,economi/4 8,?is book1 d>+1 z x is1 glances ke5ly at pr9ciples1 ( :i* "s are among ! articles ( anci5t codes1 :ile o!rs are evolv+ sl[ly to ! light40--,lead]4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,draw+4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) ,illu/rations drawn by ! ,au?or4 ,price #gs4 #f;d41 clo?4 8,! rules are cle>ly & fully laid d[n2 & ! e>li] ex]cises always conducive to ! end by simple & unemb>rass+ means4 ,! :ole volume is full ( livel9ess40--,spectator4 8,we close ?is book ) a feel+ t1 ?\gh no?+ sup]s$es a ma/]1 yet t no /ud5t ( art %\ld laun* =? )\t ?is "w z a compass40--,a!num4 8,x w be f\nd n only an invaluable acquisition to ! /ud5t1 b agreeable & in/ructive read+ = any "o :o wi%es to ref9e 8 p]ceptions ( natural sc5]y1 & ( its wor?ie/ arti/ic repres5tations40--,economi/4 8,orig9al z ?is treatise is1 x _c fail to be at once in/ructive & sugge/ive40--,lit]>y ,gazette4 8,! mo/ useful & practical book on ! subject :i* has ev] come "u our notice40--,press4 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,on ,m\nta9 ,beauty4 ,imp]ial #hvo1 ) ,?irty-five ,illu/rations engrav$ on ,/eel1 & #aaf ,woodcuts1 drawn by ! ,au?or4 ,price #bl4 #ajs4 clo?4 8,consid]$ z an illu/rat$ volume1 ?is is ! mo/ rem>kable :i* ,mr4 ,rusk9 has yet issu$4 ,! plates & woodcuts are pr(use1 & include num]\s draw+s ( m\nta9 =m by ! au?or1 :i* prove ,mr4 ,rusk9 to be ess5tially an arti/4 ,he is an unique man1 bo? among arti/s & writ]s40--,spectator4 8,! pres5t volume ( ,mr4 ,rusk9's elaborate "w treats *iefly ( m\nta9 sc5]y1 & discusses at l5g? ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! pleasure we d]ive f m\nta9s & _! pictorial repres5tation4 ,! s+ul> beauty ( 8 /yle1 ! he>ty sympa?y ) all =ms ( natural lovel9ess1 ! pr(usion ( 8 illu/rations =m irresi/ible attractions40--,daily ,news4 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,( ,_m ,?+s4 ,) ,eighte5 ,illu/rations drawn by ! ,au?or1 & engrav$ on ,/eel4 ,price #chs4 clo?4 8,e "o :o c>es ab\t nature1 or poetry1 or ! /ory ( human developm5t--e "o :o has a t+e ( lit]ature or philosophy1 w f9d some?+ t is = him 9 ?is volume40--,we/m9/] ,review4 8,mr4 ,rusk9 is 9 possession ( a cle> & p5etrat+ m9d2 he is und5iably practical 9 8 fundam5tal ideas2 full ( ! deepe/ rev]5ce = all t appe>s to him beautiful & holy4 ,8 /yle is1 z usual1 cle>1 bold1 racy4 ,mr4 ,rusk9 is "o ( ! fir/ writ]s ( ! day40--,economi/4 8,! pres5t volume1 view$ z a lit]>y a*ievem5t1 is ! highe/ & mo/ /rik+ evid5ce ( ! au?or's abilities t has yet be5 publi%$40--,lead]4 8,all1 x is to be hop$1 w read ! book = !mselves4 ,!y w f9d x well wor? a c>eful p]usal40--,saturday ,review4 ,,works ,,( ,,mr4 ,,rusk9--cont9u$4 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s4 ,vols4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 ,imp4 #hvo4 ,vol4 ,i41 #e? ,edit1 #ahs4 clo?4 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #d? ,edit41 #ajs4 #f;d4 clo?4 8,mr4 ,rusk9's "w w s5d ! pa9t] m ?an ev] to ! /udy ( nature2 w tra9 m5 :o h always be5 delight$ spectators ( nature1 to be also att5tive obs]v]s4 ,our critics w le>n to admire1 & m]e admir]s w le>n h[ to criticise3 ?us a public w be educat$40--,blackwood's ,magaz9e4 8,a g5]\s & impassion$ review ( ! works ( liv+ pa9t]s4 ,a he>ty & e>ne/ "w1 full ( deep ?\ght1 & develop+ great & /rik+ tru?s 9 art40--,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review4 8,a v extraord9>y & delightful book1 full ( tru? & goodness1 ( p[] & beauty40--,nor? ,briti% ,review4 ,! ,/ones ( ,v5ice4 ,complete 9 ,?ree ,volumes1 ,imp]ial #hvo1 ) ,fifty-?ree ,plates & num]\s ,woodcuts1 drawn by ! ,au?or4 ,price #el4 #aes4 #f;d41 clo?4 ,,ea* ,,volume ,,may ,,be ,,_h ,,sep>ately4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,! ,,f\ndations1 ) #ba ,plates1 price #bl4 #bs4 #bnd ,ed4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,sea ,,/ories1 ) #bj ,plates1 price #bl4 #bs4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,fall1 ) #ab ,plates1 price #al4 #aas4 #f;d4 8,?is book is "o :i*1 p]haps1 no o!r man c\ld h writt51 & "o = :i* ! _w ought to be & w be ?ankful4 ,x is 9 ! highe/ degree eloqu5t1 acute1 /imulat+ to ?\ght1 & f]tile 9 sugge/ion4 ,x w1 we are conv9c$1 elevate ta/e & intellect1 raise ! tone ( moral feel+1 k9dle b5evol5ce t[>ds m51 & increase ! love & fe> ( ,god40--,times4 8,! #8,/ones ( ,v5ice' is ! production ( an e>ne/1 religi\s1 progressive1 & in=m$ m9d4 ,! au?or ( ?is essay on ar*itecture has cond5s$ into x a poetic appreh5sion1 ! fruit ( awe ( ,god1 & delight 9 nature2 a k1 love1 & j e/imate ( art2 a hold+ fa/ to fact & repudiation ( he>say2 an hi/oric bread?1 & a fe>less *all5ge ( exi/+ social problems1 ^: union we "k n :]e to f9d p>allel$40--,spectator4 ,! ,sev5 ,lamps ( ,ar*itecture4 ,second ,edition1 ) ,f\rte5 ,plates drawn by ! ,au?or4 ,imp]ial #hvo4 ,price #al4 #as4 clo?4 8,by ! #8,sev5 ,lamps ( ,ar*itecture1' we und]/& ,mr4 ,rusk9 to mean ! sev5 fundam5tal & c>d9al laws1 ! obs]vance ( & ob$i5ce to :i* are indisp5sable to ! ar*itect1 :o w\ld des]ve ! "n4 ,! politician1 ! morali/1 ! div9e1 w f9d 9 x ample /ore ( in/ructive matt]1 z well z ! arti/4 ,! au?or ( ?is "w belongs to a class ( ?9k]s ( :om we h too few among/ u40--,exam9]4 8,mr4 ,rusk9's book be>s s unmi/akeably ! m>ks ( ke5 & accurate obs]vation1 ( a true & subtle judgm5t & ref9$ s5se ( beauty1 jo9$ ) s mu* e>ne/ness1 s noble a s5se ( ! purposes & bus9ess ( art1 & su* a comm& ( ri* & gl[+ language1 t x _c b tell p[]fully 9 produc+ a m religi\s view ( ! uses ( ar*itecture1 & a deep] insight into its arti/ic pr9ciples40--,gu>dian4 ,lectures on ,ar*itecture & ,pa9t+4 ,) ,f\rte5 ,cuts1 drawn by ! ,au?or4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,price #hs4 #f;d4 clo?4 8,mr4 ,rusk9's lectures--eloqu5t1 graphic1 & impassion$--expos+ & ridicul+ "s ( ! vices ( our pres5t sy/em ( build+1 & excit+ 8 he>]s by /rong motives ( duty & pleasure to att5d to ar*itecture--are v successful40--,economi/4 8,we conceive x to be impossible t any intellig5t p]sons c\ld li/5 to ! lectures1 h[ev] !y might diff] f ! judgm5ts ass]t$1 & f ! g5]al propositions laid d[n1 )\t an elevat+ influ5ce & an ar\s$ en?usiasm40--,spectator4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,portrait ( ,john ,rusk91 ,esq41 ,engrav$ by ,f4 ,,holl1 f a ,draw+ by ,,george ,,ri*mond4 ,pr9ts1 ,"o ,gu9ea2 ,india ,pro(s1 ,two ,gu9eas4 ,,rec5t ,,works4 ,s]mons4 ,by ! late ,,rev4 ,,fr$4 ,w4 ,,rob]tson1 ,a4,m41 ,incumb5t ( ,tr9ity ,*apel1 ,brighton4 ,,fir/ ,,s]ies--,f\r? ,edition1 ,po/ #hvo1 price #is4 clo?4 ,,second ,,s]ies--,f\r? ,edition1 price #is4 clo?4 ,,?ird ,,s]ies--,second ,edition1 ,po/ #hvo1 ) ,portrait1 price #is4 clo?4 8,v beautiful 9 feel+ & occasionally /rik+ & =cible 9 conception to a rem>kable degree40--,gu>dian4 8,mr4 ,rob]tson1 ( ,brighton1 is a "n famili> to mo/ ( u1 & hon\r$ by all to :om x is famili>40--,globe4 8,^! s]mons are full ( ?\ght & beauty4 ,!re is n a s]mon 9 ! s]ies t does n furni% evid5ce ( orig9ality )\t extravagance1 ( discrim9ation )\t t$i\sness1 & ( piety )\t cant or conv5tionalism40--,briti% ,qu>t]ly4 ,esmond4 ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,?ack]ay1 ,esq4 ,a ,new ,edition 9 ,"o ,volume1 ,cr[n #hvo1 price #fs4 clo?4 8,mr4 ,?ack]ay has select$ = 8 h]o a v noble type ( ! cavali] s(t5+ into ! man ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & = 8 h]o9e "o ( ! sweete/ wom5 t ev] brea!d f canvas or f book s9ce ,raffaelle pa9t$ & ,%akspe>e wrote40--,spectator4 8,ap>t f its special m]its 8,esmond0 mu/ be read j n[ z an introduction to 8,! ,virg9ians40 ,x is q impossible fully to und]/& & enjoy ! latt] /ory )\t a k ( 8,esmond40 ,! new tale is 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ! sequel ( ! old1 n only introduc+ ! same *>act]s1 b cont9u+ _! hi/ory at a lat] p]iod40--,lead]4 ,captivity ( ,russian ,pr9cesses 9 ! ,caucasus3 includ+ a ,sev5 ,mon?s' ,resid5ce 9 ,%amil's ,s]aglio1 9 ! ,ye>s #ahed-e4 ,translat$ f ! ,russian1 by ,h4 ,s4 ,,edw>ds4 ,) an au!ntic ,portrait ( ,%amil1 a ,plan ( 8 ,h\se1 & a ,map4 ,po/ #hvo1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 clo?4 8,a book ?an :i* !re are few novels m int]e/+4 ,x is a romance ( ! ,caucasus4 ,! acc\nt ( life 9 ! h\se ( ,%amil is full & v ent]ta9+2 & ( ,%amil himself we see mu*40--,exam9]4 8,! /ory is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ curi\s we h read2 x conta9s ! be/ popul> notice ( ! social polity ( ,%amil & ! mann]s ( 8 p40--,lead]4 8,! n>rative is well wor? read+40--,a!num4 ,religion 9 ,common ,life4 ,by ,,william ,,ellis4 ,po/ #hvo1 price #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 8,a book address$ to "y p ( ! upp] t5 ?\s& ^u social duties40--,exam9]4 8,lessons 9 ,political ,economy = "y p by a skilful h&40--,economi/4 ,! ,sea ,(fic]s ,manual2 be+ a ,comp5dium ( ! ,duties ( a ,comm&]2 ,fir/1 ,second1 ,?ird1 & ,f\r? ,(fic]2 ,(fic] ( ! ,wat*2 & ,mid%ipman 9 ! ,m]cantile ,navy4 ,by ,,capta9 ,a4 ,,p>i%1 ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,m]*ant ,s]vice4 ,second ,edition1 ,small ,po/ #hvo1 price #es4 clo?4 8,a v lucid & comp5di\s manual4 ,we w\ld recomm5d y\?s int5t ^u a seaf>+ life to /udy x40--,a!num4 8,a little book t ought to be 9 great reque/ among "y seam540--,exam9]4 ,,rec5t ,,works--cont9u$4 ,annals ( ,briti% ,legislation1 a ,classifi$ ,summ>y ( ,p>liam5t>y ,pap]s4 ,edit$ by ,,pr(essor ,,leone ,,levi4 ,,! ,,tw5ty-,,fif? ,,"p ,,is ,,j ,,issu$4 ,antiquities ( ,k]t*1 & ,rese>*es 9 ! ,cimm]ian ,bosphorus4 ,by ,,duncan ,,mcph]son1 ,m4,d4 ,imp]ial ,qu>to1 ) ,f\rte5 ,plates & num]\s ,illu/rations1 includ+ ,eight ,col\r$ ,fac-,similes ( ,belies ( ,antique ,art1 price ,two ,gu9eas4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,agriculture2 especially ,tropical4 ,by ,p4 ,,lovell ,,phillips1 ,m4,d4 ,demy #hvo1 price #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,we/g>?'s ,victoria1 & ! ,au/ralian ,gold ,m9es 9 #aheg4 ,po/ #hvo1 ) ,maps1 price #ajs4 #f;d41 clo?4 ,taul]'s ,life & ,s]mons4 ,translat$ by ,,miss ,,susanna ,,w9kwor?4 ,) a ,preface by ! ,,rev4 ,,*>les ,,k+sley4 ,small #dto1 ,pr9t$ on ,t9t$ ,pap]1 & b\nd 9 antique /yle1 ) r$ edges1 suitable = a ,pres5t4 ,price #aes4 ,*&l]'s ,visit to ,salt ,lake2 be+ a ,j\rney ,across ! ,pla9s to ! ,mormon ,settlem5ts at ,utah4 ,po/ #hvo1 ) a ,map1 price #is4 clo?4 ,d\bl$ay's ,life ( ,sir ,rob]t ,peel4 ,two ,volumes1 #hvo1 price #ahs4 clo?4 ,cayley's ,european ,revolutions ( #ahdh4 ,cr[n #hvo1 price #fs4 clo?4 ,buns5s 7,*evali]7 ,signs ( ! ,times2 or1 ,! ,dang]s to ,religi\s ,lib]ty 9 ! ,pres5t ,day4 ,translat$ by ,miss ,susanna ,w9kwor?4 ,"o ,volume1 #hvo1 price #afs4 clo?4 ,payn's ,/ories & ,sket*es4 ,po/ #hvo1 price #hs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,/oney's ,resid5ce 9 ,tasmania4 ,demy #hvo1 ) ,plates1 ,cuts1 & a ,map1 price #ads4 clo?4 ,! ,c\rt ( ,h5ry ,,viii43 be+ a ,selection ( ! ,despat*es ( ,,seba/ian ,,giu/9ian1 ,v5etian ,ambassador1 #aeae-aeai4 ,translat$ by ,,rawdon ,,br[n4 ,two ,vols41 cr[n #hvo1 price #bas4 clo?4 ,,rec5t ,,works--cont9u$4 ,=bes' 7,sir ,john7 ,sight-see+ 9 ,g]many & ! ,tyrol4 ,po/ #hvo1 ) ,map & ,view1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,und9e4 ,f ! ,g]man ( 8,de la ,motte ,f\qu40 ,price #as4 #f;d4 ,conolly on ! ,treatm5t ( ! ,insane4 ,demy #hvo1 price #ads4 clo?4 ,hopk9s's ,h&book ( ,av]age4 #hvo1 price #abs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,morice's ,h&-,book ( ,briti% ,m>itime ,law4 #hvo1 price #es41 clo?4 ,adams's ,hi/ory & ,topography ( ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,qu>to1 #be ,/eel ,plates1 clo?1 gilt edges1 price #bl4 #bs4 ,w>+'s ,manual ( ,!rapeutics4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 price #abs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,vogel on ,disord]s ( ! ,blood4 ,translat$ by ,,*und] ,,coom> ,,dey4 #hvo1 price #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,duncan's ,campaign ) ! ,turks 9 ,asia4 ,two ,vols41 po/ #hvo1 price #bas4 clo?4 ,ross's ,acc\nt ( ,r$ ,riv] ,settlem5t4 ,"o ,volume1 po/ #hvo1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,ross's ,fur ,hunt]s ( ! ,f> ,we/4 ,two ,volumes1 po/ #hvo4 ,) ,map & ,plate4 #bas4 clo?4 ,russo-,turki% ,campaigns ( #ahbh-i4 ,by ,,colonel ,,*esney1 ,r4,a41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,po/ #hvo1 ) ,maps1 price #abs4 clo?4 ,?omson's ,milit>y ,=ces & ,in/itutions ( ,great ,brita94 #hvo1 price #aes4 clo?4 ,! ,militiaman at ,home & ,abroad4 ,) ,two ,et*+s1 by ,,john ,,lee*4 ,po/ #hvo1 price #is4 clo?4 ,levi's ,manual ( ! ,m]cantile ,law ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 #hvo1 price #abs4 clo?4 ,?omson's ,laws ( ,w> ,affect+ ,comm]ce & ,%ipp+4 ,second ,edition1 greatly enl>g$4 #hvo1 price #ds4 #f;d4 bo>ds4 ,,works ,,on ,,india ,,& ,,! ,,ea/4 ,sugge/ions ,t[>ds ! ,future ,gov]nm5t ( ,india4 ,by ,,h>riet ,,m>t9eau4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo1 price #es4 clo?4 8,! g5u9e1 hone/ utt]ances ( a cle>1 s\nd und]/&+1 nei!r obscur$ nor enfeebl$ by p>ty prejudice or p]sonal selfi%ness40--,daily ,news4 8,z ! "w ( an hone/ able writ]1 ^! ,sugge/ions are well wor?y ( att5tion1 & no d\bt !y w g5]ally be duly appreciat$40--,obs]v]4 ,briti% ,rule 9 ,india4 ,by ,,h>riet ,,m>t9eau4 ,fif? ,?\s&4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 8,a good comp5dium ( a great subject40--,national ,review4 8,a succ9ct & compreh5sive volume40--,lead]4 ,traits & ,/ories ( ,anglo-,indian ,life4 ,by ,lieut4-,colonel ,,addison4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations1 price #es4 clo?4 8,a collection ( amus+ anecdotes40--,critic4 ,tig] ,%oot+ 9 ,india4 ,by ,,lieut5ant ,,william ,,rice1 #be? ,bombay ,n4 ,i4 ,sup] ,royal #hvo4 ,) ,twelve ,plates 9 ,*roma-li?ography4 #bas4 clo?4 8,^! adv5tures1 told 9 h&some l>ge pr9t1 ) spirit$ *romo-li?ographs to illu/rate !m1 make ! volume be=e u z pleasant read+ z any record ( sport+ a*ievem5ts we h ev] tak5 9 h&40--,a!num4 8,a rem>kably pleasant book ( adv5tures dur+ sev]al seasons ( #8l>ge game' hunt+ 9 ,rajpootana4 ,! twelve *romo-li?ographs are v valuable accessories to ! n>rative2 !y h wond]ful _s & fre%ness40--,globe4 ,! ,comm]ce ( ,india ) ,europe1 & its ,political ,effects4 ,by ,b4 ,a4 ,,irv+1 ,esq41 ,au?or ( 8,! ,!ory & ,practice ( ,ca/e40 ,po/ #hvo1 price #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,views & ,op9ions ( ,brigadi]-,g5]al ,jacob1 ,c4,b4 ,collect$ & ,edit$ by ,capta9 ,,lewis ,,pelly1 ,late ,political ,secret>y ,p]sian ,exp$ition>y ,=ce4 ,demy #hvo1 price #abs4 clo?4 ,pap]s ( ! late ,"l ,metcalfe4 ,select$ & ,edit$ by ,j4 ,w4 ,,kaye4 ,demy #hvo1 price #afs4 clo?4 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet & ,hi/ory ( ,islam to ! ,era ( ! ,hegira4 ,by ,,william ,,muir1 ,esq41 ,b5gal ,civil ,s]vice4 ,two ,volumes #hvo1 price #cbs4 clo?4 ,,works ,,on ,,india ,,& ,,! ,,ea/--cont9u$4 ,tracts on ! ,native ,army ( ,india4 ,by ,brigadi]-,g5]al ,,jacob1 ,c4,b4 #hvo1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ,rifle ,practice4 ,by ,brigadi]-,g5]al ,,jacob1 ,c4,b4 ,f\r? ,edition1 #hvo1 price #bs4 ,! ,engli% 9 ,we/]n ,india2 be+ ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,factory at ,surat1 ( ,bombay4 ,by ,,philip ,,&]son1 ,a4,m4 ,second ,edition1 #hvo1 price #ads4 clo?4 ,life 9 ,anci5t ,india4 ,by ,,mrs4 ,,speir4 ,) ,sixty ,illu/rations by ,g4 ,,s*>f4 #hvo1 price #aes41 elegantly b\nd 9 clo?1 gilt edges4 ,! ,cauv]y1 ,ki/nah1 & ,godav]y3 be+ a ,report on ! ,works con/ruct$ on ^? ,riv]s1 = ! ,irrigation ( ,prov9ces 9 ! ,presid5cy ( ,madras4 ,by ,r4 ,,baird ,,smi?1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,lt4-,col4 ,b5gal ,eng9e]s1 c41 c4 ,9 demy #hvo1 ) #ai ,plans1 price #bhs4 clo?4 ,! ,bhilsa ,topes2 or1 ,budhi/ ,monum5ts ( ,c5tral ,india4 ,by ,,major ,,cunn+ham4 ,"o ,volume1 #hvo1 ) ,?irty-?ree ,plates1 price #cjs4 clo?4 ,! ,*9ese & _! ,rebellions4 ,by ,,?omas ,,taylor ,,mead[s4 ,"o ,?ick ,volume1 #hvo1 ) ,maps1 price #ahs4 clo?4 ,on ! ,culture & ,comm]ce ( ,cotton 9 ,india4 ,by ,dr4 ,,=bes ,,royle4 #hvo1 price #ahs4 clo?4 ,! ,fibr\s ,plants ( ,india fitt$ = ,cordage1 ,clo?+1 & ,pap]4 ,by ,dr4 ,,=bes ,,royle4 #hvo1 price #abs4 clo?4 ,! ,productive ,res\rces ( ,india4 ,by ,dr4 ,,=bes ,,royle4 ,sup] ,royal #hvo1 price #ads4 clo?4 ,royle's ,review ( ! ,measures adopt$ 9 ,india1 = ! ,improv$ ,culture ( ,cotton4 #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,,works ,,on ,,india ,,& ,,! ,,ea/--cont9u$4 ,a ,sket* ( ,assam2 ) "s ,acc\nt ( ! ,hill ,tribes4 ,col\r$ ,plates1 #hvo1 price #ads4 clo?4 ,butl]'s ,travels & ,adv5tures 9 ,assam4 ,"o ,volume #hvo1 ) ,plates1 price #abs4 clo?4 ,dr4 ,wilson on ,infanticide 9 ,we/]n ,india4 ,demy #hvo1 price #abs4 ,rev4 ,james ,coley's ,j\rnal ( ! ,sutlej ,campaign4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 price #ds4 clo?4 ,crawfurd's ,gramm> & ,diction>y ( ! ,malay ,language4 #b vols4 #hvo1 price #cfs4 clo?4 ,rob]ts's ,indian ,ex*ange ,tables4 #hvo4 ,second ,edition1 enl>g$1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,w>+ on ,abscess 9 ! ,liv]4 #hvo1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,laurie's ,second ,burmese ,w>--,rangoon4 ,po/ #hvo1 ) ,plates1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,laurie's ,pegu4 ,po/ #hvo1 price #ads4 clo?4 ,boyd's ,turki% ,int]pret]3 a ,gramm> ( ! ,turki% ,language4 #hvo1 price #abs4 ,bridgnell's ,indian ,comm]cial ,tables4 ,royal #hvo1 price #bas41 half-b\nd4 ,! ,bombay ,qu>t]ly ,review4 ,nos4 #a to #i at #es4 #aj to #ac1 price #fs4 ea*4 ,baillie's ,l& ,tax ( ,india4 ,accord+ to ! ,moohummudan ,law4 #hvo1 price #fs4 clo?4 ,baillie's ,moohummudan ,law ( ,sale4 #hvo1 price #ads4 clo?4 ,irv+'s ,!ory & ,practice ( ,ca/e4 #hvo1 price #es4 clo?4 ,g+ell's ,c]emonial ,usages ( ! ,*9ese4 ,imp]ial #hvo1 price #is4 clo?4 ,,new ,,*eap ,,s]ies ,,( ,,popul> ,,works4 ,9 ,small ,po/ #hvo1 ) l>ge ,type1 on good ,pap]1 & neat clo? b9d+4 ,lectures on ! ,engli% ,hum\ri/s ( ! #ah? ,c5tury4 ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,?ack]ay1 ,au?or ( 8,vanity ,fair10 8,! ,virg9ians10 c4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,briti% ,rule 9 ,india4 ,by ,,h>riet ,,m>t9eau4 ,price #bs4 #f;d41 clo?4 ,! ,political ,economy ( ,art4 ,by ,,john ,,rusk91 ,m4,a4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,,to ,,be ,,foll[$ ,,by ,! ,t[n2 its ,memorable ,*>act]s & ,ev5ts4 ,by ,,leigh ,,hunt4 ,) #de ,cuts4 ,,& ,,o!r ,,/&>d ,,works4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*eap ,,s]ies ,,( ,,popul> ,,fictions4 ,well pr9t$1 9 l>ge type1 on good pap]1 & /rongly b\nd 9 clo?4 ,jane ,eyre4 ,by ,,curr] ,,bell4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 8#8,jane ,eyre' is a rem>kable production4 ,fre%ness & orig9ality1 tru? & passion1 s+ul> felicity 9 ! description ( natural sc5]y1 & 9 ! analysation ( human ?\ght1 enable ?is tale to /& boldly out f ! mass1 & to assume its own place 9 ! bright field ( romantic lit]ature40--,times4 ,%irley4 ,by ,,curr] ,,bell4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 8,! peculi> p[] :i* 0 s greatly admir$ 9 #8,jane ,eyre' is n abs5t f ?is book4 ,x possesses deep int]e/1 & an irresi/ible grasp ( reality4 ,!re are sc5es :i*1 = /r5g? & delicacy ( emotion are n transc5d$ 9 ! range ( ,engli% fiction40--,exam9]4 ,villette4 ,by ,,curr] ,,bell4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 8,?is novel amply su/a9s ! fame ( ! au?or ( #8,jane ,eyre' & #8,%irley' z an orig9al & p[]ful writ]40--,exam9]4 ,wu!r+ ,heights & ,agnes ,grey4 ,by ,,ellis & ,,acton ,,bell4 ,) ,memoir by ,curr] ,bell4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,a ,lo/ ,love4 ,by ,,a%=d ,,ow54 ,price #bs4 clo?4 ,de]brook4 ,by ,,h>riet ,,m>t9eau4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,paul ,f]roll4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,price #bs4 clo?4 ,,to ,,be ,,foll[$ ,,by ,s*ool = ,fa!rs4 ,by ,,talbot ,,gwynne4 ,price #bs4 clo?4 7,n[ ,ready47 ,tales ( ! ,colonies4 ,by ,,*>les ,,r[cr(t4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,,new ,,novels4 7,,to ,,be ,,_h ,,at ,,all ,,libr>ies74 ,eva ,desmond2 or1 ,mutation4 #c vols4 7,n[ ready47 ,my ,lady3 a ,tale ( ,mod]n ,life4 #b vols4 7,j ready47 ,maud ,skillicorne's ,p5ance4 ,by ,,m>y ,,ca!r9e ,,jackson1 ,au?or ( 8,! ,/ory ( ,my ,w>d%ip40 #b vols4 8,! /yle is natural1 & displays consid]able dramatic p[]40--,critic4 ,! ,crude/ ,wrong ( ,all4 ,by ! ,au?or ( 8,m>g>et2 or1 ,prejudice at ,home40 #a vol4 8,x has ! fir/ requisite ( a "w ( fiction--x is amus+40--,globe4 ,! ,moors & ! ,f5s4 ,by ,f4 ,g4 ,,traf=d4 #c vols4 8,! plot is unhackney$1 & ! composition is p>ticul>ly good40--,critic4 8,! plot is natural1 & skilfully work$ out2 _m ( ! sc5es are describ$ ) great p[]1 & ! *>act]s look l portraits f life40--,ladies' ,newspap]4 ,ga/on ,bligh4 ,by ,l4 ,s4 ,,lav5u1 ,au?or ( 8,erlesm]e40 #b vols4 ,! ,?ree ,*ances4 ,by ! ,au?or ( 8,! ,fair ,c>ew40 #c vols4 ,! ,:ite ,h\se by ! ,sea3 a ,love ,/ory4 ,by ,m4 ,,be?am-,,edw>ds4 #b vols4 ,riv]/on4 ,by ,,georgiana ,m4 ,,craik4 #c vols4 ,! ,pr(essor4 ,by ,,curr] ,,bell4 #b vols4 ,! ,noble ,trayt\r4 ,a ,*ronicle4 #c vols4 ,f>9a2 a ,leg5d ( ,cologne4 ,by ,,george ,,m]$i?4 #a vol4 ,bel[ ! ,surface3 a ,/ory ( ,engli% ,c\ntry ,life4 #c vols4 ,! ,r\a ,pass2 or1 ,engli%m5 9 ! ,highl&s4 ,by ,,erick ,,mack5zie4 #c vols4 ,ka?ie ,br&e4 ,by ,,holme ,,lee4 #b vols4 ,fri5ds ( ,bohemia2 or1 ,phases ( ,london ,life4 ,by ,e4 ,m4 ,,:itty1 ,au?or ( 8,! ,gov]n+ ,classes40 #b vols4 ,lucian ,playfair4 ,by ,,?omas ,,mack]n4 #c vols4 ,,novels ,,=?com+ ,sylvan ,holt's ,daught]4 ,by ,,holme ,,lee1 ,au?or ( 8,ka?ie ,br&e10 c4 #c vols4 7,ne>ly ready47 ,lo/ & ,won4 ,by ,,georgiana ,m4 ,,craik1 ,au?or ( 8,riv]/on40 #a vol4 ,an ,old ,debt4 ,by ,,flor5ce ,,dawson4 #b vols4 ,old & ,"y4 #a vol4 ,a ,new ,novel4 ,by ! ,au?or ( 8,amb]hill40 #c vols4 ,a ,new ,novel4 ,by ! ,au?or ( 8,tales ( ! ,bu%10 c4 #c vols4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,books ,,= ,,"y ,,read]s4 ,by ! ,au?or ( 8,r\nd ! ,fire10 c4 ,old ,g+]bread & ! ,s*ool-boys4 ,) ,f\r ,col\r$ ,plates4 ,price #cs4 clo?4 7,n[ ,ready47 ,unica3 a ,/ory = ,sunday4 ,) ,f\r ,cuts4 ,price #cs4 clo?4 7,n[ ,ready47 ,willie's ,bir?day2 %[+ h[ a ,little ,boy did :at he ,lik$1 & h[ he ,enjoy$ x4 ,) ,f\r ,illu/rations4 ,price #bs4 #f;d41 clo?4 ,willie's ,be/3 a ,sunday ,/ory4 ,) ,f\r ,illu/rations4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 8,graceful little tales1 conta9+ "s pretty p>ables1 & a good deal ( simple feel+40--,economi/4 8,extremely well writt5 /ory books1 amus+ & moral1 & got up 9 a v h&some /yle40--,morn+ ,h]ald4 ,uncle ,jack1 ! ,fault ,kill]4 ,) ,f\r ,illu/rations4 ,price #cs4 clo?4 8,an excell5t little book ( moral improvem5t made pleasant to *ildr52 x is f> beyond ! common-place moral tale 9 design & execution40--,globe4 ,r\nd ! ,fire3 ,six ,/ories = ,"y ,read]s4 ,squ>e #afmo1 ) ,f\r ,illu/rations1 price #cs4 clo?4 8,*>m+ly writt5 tales = ! "y40--,lead]4 8,six delightful little /ories40--,gu>dian4 8,simple & v int]e/+40--,national ,review4 8,true *ildr5's /ories40--,a!num4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,k+ ( ! ,gold5 ,riv]2 or1 ! ,black ,bro!rs4 ,by ,,john ,,rusk91 ,m4,a4 ,?ird ,edition1 ) #bb ,illu/rations by ,,ri*>d ,,doyle4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 8,?is little fancy tale is by a ma/]-h&4 ,! /ory has a *>m+ moral40--,exam9]4 ,rhymes = ,little ,ones4 ,) num]\s ,cuts4 ,price #as4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,,miscellane\s4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's ,a/ronomical ,obs]vations made at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 #dto1 ) plates1 price #dl4 #ds4 clo?4 ,d>w9's ,geological ,obs]vations on ,coral ,reefs1 ,volcanic ,isl&s1 & on ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,) maps1 plates1 & woodcuts1 #ajs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,levi's ,comm]cial ,law ( ! ,_w4 ,two ,vols41 royal #dto1 price #fl4 clo?4 ,play=d's ,h9ts = ,inve/+ ,money4 ,second ,edition1 po/ #hvo1 price #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,sir ,john ,=bes's ,memor&ums 9 ,irel&4 ,two ,vols41 po/ #hvo1 price #al4 #as4 clo?4 ,leigh ,hunt's ,m51 ,wom51 & ,books4 ,two ,vols4 ,price #ajs4 clo?4 -------- ,table ,talk4 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 -------- ,wit & ,hum\r4 #es4 clo?4 -------- ,j> ( ,honey4 #es4 clo?4 ,juv5ile ,del9qu5cy4 ,by ,m4 ,,hill & ,c4 ,f4 ,,cornwallis4 ,po/ #hvo1 price #fs4 clo?4 ,d\bl$ay's ,true ,law ( ,population4 ,?ird ,edition1 #hvo1 #ajs4 clo?4 ,mc,cann's ,arg5t9e ,prov9ces1 c4 ,two ,vols41 po/ #hvo1 ) illu/rations1 price #bds4 clo?4 ,goe!'s ,conv]sations ) ,eck]mann4 ,translat$ by ,,john ,,ox5=d4 ,two ,vols41 po/ #hvo1 #ajs4 clo?4 ,kavanagh's ,wom5 ( ,*ri/ianity ,exempl>y = ,piety & ,*>ity4 ,po/ #hvo1 ) ,portraits1 price #abs41 9 emboss$ clo?1 gilt edges4 ,elem5t>y ,works on ,social ,economy4 ,uni=m 9 foolscap #hvo1 half-b\nd4 ,i4--,,outl9es ,,( ,,social ,,economy4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,ii4--,,progressive ,,lessons ,,9 ,,social ,,sci5ce4 ,,iii4--,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,social ,,sci5ces4 #bs4 ,,iv4--,,outl9es ,,( ,,! ,,und]/&+4 #bs4 ,v4--,,:at ,,am ,i8 ,,:]e ,,am ,i8 ,,:at ,,ought ,i ,,to ,,d8 c4 #as4 sew$4 ,swa9son's ,lectures on ,new ,zeal&4 ,cr[n #hvo1 price #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,swa9son's ,acc\nt ( ,auckl&4 ,po/ #hvo1 ) a ,view1 price #fs4 clo?4 ,,poetry4 ,! ,six ,leg5ds ( ,k+ ,gold5/>4 ,by ! late ,,anna ,,brad/reet4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 price #es4 8,! au?or ev9ces m ?an ord9>y p[]1 a vivid imag9ation1 guid$ by a m9d ( l(ty aim40--,globe4 ,engl& 9 ,"t ( ,w>4 ,by ,,sydney ,,dobell1 ,au?or ( 8,bald]10 8,! ,roman10 c4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 clo?4 8,t ,mr4 ,dobell is a poet1 #8,engl& 9 "t ( ,w>' be>s witness 9 _m s+le l9es1 & 9 two or ?ree %ort poems40--,a!num4 ,! ,cruel ,si/]1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,poems4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #ds4 cl4 8,!re are traces ( p[]1 & ! v]sification displays fre$om & skill40--,gu>dian4 ,poems ( ,pa/ ,ye>s4 ,by ,sir ,,ar?ur ,,hallam ,,elton1 ,b>t41 ,m4,p4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #cs4 clo?4 8,a ref9$1 s*ol>ly1 & g5tlemanly m9d is app>5t all ?r\gh ?is volume40--,lead]4 ,poems4 ,by ,mrs4 ,,frank ,p4 ,,fell[s4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #cs4 cl4 8,!re is easy simplicity 9 ! diction1 & elegant naturalness 9 ! ?\ght40--,spectator4 ,poetry f ,life4 ,by ,c4 ,m4 ,k4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 cl4 gilt1 #es4 8,elegant v]ses4 ,! au?or has a pleas+ fancy & a ref9$ m9d40--,economi/4 ,poems4 ,by ,,walt] ,r4 ,,cassels4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 price #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 8,mr4 ,cassels has deep poetical feel+1 & gives promise ( real excell5ce4 ,8 poems are writt5 sometimes ) a /r5g? ( expression by no means common40--,gu>dian4 ,g>l&s ( ,v]se4 ,by ,,?omas ,,leigh4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 price #es4 clo?4 8,"o ( ! be/ ?+s 9 ! #8,g>l&s ( ,v]se' is an ,ode to ,toil4 ,!re1 z else:]e1 !re is excell5t feel+40--,exam9]4 ,bald]4 ,by ,,sydney ,,dobell4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 8,! writ] has f9e qualities2 8 level ( ?\ght is l(ty1 & 8 passion = ! beautiful has ! tru? ( in/9ct40--,a!num4 ,poems4 ,by ,,william ,,bell ,,scott4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #es4 cl4 8,mr4 ,scott has poetical feel+1 ke5 obs]vation1 deep ?\ght1 & comm& ( language40--,spectator4 ,poems4 ,by ,,m>y ,,mayn>d4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #ds4 clo?4 8,we h r>ely met ) a volume ( poems display+ s l>ge an am\nt ( p[]1 bl5d$ ) s mu* delicacy ( feel+ & grace ( expression40--,*ur* ( ,engl& ,qu>t]ly4 ,poems4 ,by ,,curr]1 ,,ellis1 & ,,acton ,,bell4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #ds4 clo?4 ,select ,odes ( ,horace4 ,9 ,engli% ,lyrics4 ,by ,j4 ,t4 ,,black4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 price #ds4 clo?4 8,r5d]$ into ,engli% ,lyrics ) a vig\r & he>t9ess r>ely1 if ev]1 surpass$40--,critic4 ,london3 ,pr9t$ by ,,smi?1 ,,eld] ,,co41 ,little ,gre5 ,arb\r ,c\rt4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,?is e-book uses ! text ( ! orig9al "w4 ,inconsi/5t capitalisation1 hyph5ation & spell+ h be5 reta9$ 7spungy_/spongy & spung+_/spong+2 sce>_/se>2 immoveable_/immovable2 ,m9i_/,m9ie1 b>el$_/b>ell$1 bras+_/braz+2 ,froiss>t_/,frois>t2 fuse_/fuze2 ,gre5]ean_/,gre5]ian2 ,monk_/,monck2 etc471 except z m5tion$ bel[ "u ,*anges4 ,! two typographical =ms ( fractions 7= example1 #a_/b & #a-h?7 h be5 reta9$4 ,! ,li/ ( ,plates %[s 7slightly7 diff]5t texts f ! captions 9 ! plates !mselves4 ,! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations is incomplete1 & n all illu/rations h ! captions li/$ 9 ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations4 ,! sometimes slight diff]5ce 9 word+ betwe5 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts & ! actual *apt] head+s has be5 reta9$4 ,textual rem>ks ,page #ab1 snaphaunce is n a ,dut* ^w2 x is d]iv$ f ! ,dut* snaphaan4 ,page #fd1 footnote3 ! orig9al does n %[ ! footnote an*or2 ! footnote has be5 includ$ )\t its an*or4 ,possibly ! footnote ref]s to ! ,po9t ,blank ,range data = ! #aj-;in* & #h-;in* h[itz]s4 ,page #bci1 price calculations3 ! total = s+le guns %\ld be #ais4 #i;d4 ,! o!r am\nts giv5 9 ! text d n correspond ) ! table2 ?is has n be5 *ang$4 ,page #bdj1 price calculations3 ! totals = d\ble & s+le guns %\ld be #afs4 #c;d4 & #is4 #i;d41 respectively4 ,page #ac 7fir/ set ( adv]tisem5ts71 am\nt ( %oot+ is possibly an error = acc\nt ( %oot+4 ,fr5* acc5ts h n be5 correct$ or add$ 7,&r1 ,m9ie1 pan\issem5t1 etc471 ,lat9 acc5ts h be5 reta9$1 unless m5tion$ bel[4 ,*anges made to ! text ,footnotes & illu/rations h be5 mov$2 "s illu/rations h be5 rotat$ #ij ,"s miss+_/incorrect punctuation has be5 add$ or correct$ sil5tly ,page vii3 ,polygroove *ang$ to ,poly-groove z else:]e ,page ix3 ,firelock *ang$ to ,fire-lock z 9 ! text ,page xi3 ,badajoz *ang$ to ,badajos2 ,mallett *ang$ to ,mallet 7#bx7 z 9 ! text ,page xvi3 manufactury *ang$ to manufactory z 9 ! text ,page #e3 a cubic di/ance *ang$ to a cubit di/ance ,page #h3 likwise *ang$ to likewise ,page #bc3 suphurett$ *ang$ to sulphurett$ ,page #bg 7table73 #i4ij *ang$ to #iij ,page #db3 horizonal *ang$ to horizontal ,page #fc3 almo/ f a class *ang$ to almo/ =m a class ,page #ia3 eng9]+ *ang$ to eng9e]+ ,page #aca3 impres *ang$ to impress ,page #aci3 fusees *ang$ to fuses ,page #adj3 w?9 *ang$ to )9 ,page #aed3 furnance *ang$ to furnace ,page #aei3 is is *ang$ to is ,page #afj3 exhibibits *ang$ to exhibits ,page #aff3 ,!r *ang$ to ,!re ,page #afi3 #adjbfe *ang$ to #adjfbe ,page #baa3 fu/rum *ang$ to fru/um ,page #bai3 ,weim] *ang$ to ,weim> ,page #bbi3 artizan *ang$ to artisan ,page #bci3 ,w$gebury *ang$ to ,w$nesbury z else:]e ,page #bdi3 tw5t *ang$ to tw5ty ,page #bga3 answ]t hat *ang$ to answ] t ,page #cja3 expansive p[d] *ang$ to expansive p[] ,page #cjc3 impossibity *ang$ to impossibility ,page #cag3 fil$ *ang$ to fill$ ,page #cef3 fru/rum *ang$ to fru/um ,page #ceh3 fru/rum *ang$ to fru/um ,page #dcf3 to to *ang$ to to ,page #e 7fir/ set ( adv]tisem5ts73 ,,/eeet *ang$ to ,,/reet ,page #h 7fir/ set ( adv]tisem5ts73 ,,brm+ham *ang$ to ,,birm+ham ,page #c 7second set ( adv]tisem5ts73 ,gobe *ang$ to ,globe ,page #e 7second set ( adv]tisem5ts73 ,b\*i] *ang$ to ,b\r*i]