,,life',s ,,basis ,,& ,,life',s ,,ideal ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or ,,! ,,mean+ ,,& ,,value ,,( ,,life ,translat$ by ,w4 ,r4 ,,boyce ,,gibson ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 price #cs4 #f;d4 net4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& by ,w4 ,r4 ,,boyce ,,gibson ,,rudolf ,,euck5',s ,,philosophy ,,( ,,life ,second ,edition1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 price #cs4 #f;d4 net4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,,& ,c4 ,,black1 #d ,,soho ,,squ>e1 ,,london1 ,w4 ,,ag5ts3 ,,am]ica ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #fd #ff ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,,au/ralasia ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press #bje ,,fl9d]s ,,lane1 ,,melb\rne ,,canada ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,( ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,h\se1 #gj ,,bond ,,/reet1 ,,toronto ,,india ,,macmillan ,,company1 ,,ltd4 ,,macmillan ,,build+1 ,,bombay #cji ,,b[ ,,baza> ,,/reet1 ,,calcutta ,,life',s ,,basis ,,& ,,life',s ,,ideal ,,! ,,fundam5tals ,,( ,a ,,new ,,philosophy ,,( ,,life ,,by ,,rudolf ,,euck5 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,j5a ,,translat$1 ,,) ,,introductory ,,note ,,by ,,alban ,g4 ,,widg]y ,,=m]ly ,,s*ol> ,,( ,,/4 ,,ca?>9e',s ,,college1 ,,& ,,burney ,,/ud5t1 ,,cambridge1 ,,& ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,j5a ,illu/ration ,,london ,,adam ,,& ,,*>les ,,black #aiab ,fir/ publi%$ ,decemb] #aiaa ,second & ,revis$ ,edition1 ,febru>y #aiab ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,translator',s ,,introductory ,,note vii ,,au?or',s ,,preface xxi ,i4 ,,introductory3 ,,! ,,philosophies ,,( ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,day #a ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks #c ,i4 ,,/atem5t ,,& ,,criticism ,,( ,,individual ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,life #f 7a7 ,! ,old] ,sy/ems #f #a4 ,! ,religi\s ,sy/em #f #b4 ,! ,sy/em ( ,imman5t ,idealism #ae 7b7 ,! ,new] ,sy/ems #bb #a4 ,! ,naturali/ic ,sy/em #bd #b4 ,! ,sociali/ic ,sy/em #da #c4 ,! ,sy/em ( /hetic ,individualism #fa ,,ii4 ,consid]ation ( ! ,situation z a ,:ole1 & ,prelim9>ies = ,fur!r ,inve/igation #ha 7a7 ,! ,nature ( ! ,new z a ,:ole & its ,relation to ! ,old #ha 7b7 ,! ,condition ( ! ,pres5t #hf 7c7 ,! ,=m ( ! ,problem #ib ,,ii4 ,,! ,,outl9e ,,( ,a ,,new ,,philosophy ,,( ,,life #ii ,,introductory ,,rem>ks ,,& ,,consid]ations #aja ,i4 ,,! ,,ma9 ,,!sis #aaj 7a7 ,! ,asc5t to ! ,ma9 ,!sis #aaj #a4 ,man z a ,be+ ( ,nature #aaj #b4 ,! ,gr[? ( ,man beyond ,nature #aac #c4 ,! ,inn] ,contradiction ( ! ,new ,life #acd 7b7 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,ma9 ,!sis #add #a4 ,! ,ma9 ,!sis & ! ,possibility ( a ,new ,sy/em ( ,life #add 7a7 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,spiritual ,life to ,indep5d5ce #add 7b7 ,! ,dem&s ( a ,new ,sy/em ( ,life #aej 7c7 ,! ,spiritual ,basis ( ! ,sy/em ( ,life #aeb 7d7 ,human ,exi/5ce #afa 7e7 ,results & ,prospects #aff #b4 ,! ,trans=mation & ! ,elevation ( ,human ,life #afh 7a7 ,aims & ,ways #afh 7b7 ,! ,nature ( ,fre$om #agd 7c7 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ! ,indep5d5t ,spiritual ,life #ahc 7d7 ,! ,transc5d+ ( ,division #ahg i4 ,! ,spiritual ,conception ( ,hi/ory #ahh ii4 ,! ,spiritual ,conception ( ,society #aif 7e7 ,! ,elevation ( ,life above ,division #bja ,,ii4 ,,! ,,m ,,detail$ ,,=m ,,( ,,our ,,spiritual ,,life #baf 7a7 ,! ,problem ( ,tru? & ,reality #baf 7b7 ,man & ! ,_w #bbf 7c7 ,! ,movem5t ( ! ,spiritual ,life 9 ,man #bcc 7d7 ,! ,em]g5ce ( a ,new ,type ( ,life #bdj #a4 ,life's ,atta9m5t ( ,greatness #bdj #b4 ,! ,increase ( ,movem5t #bdg #c4 ,! ,ga9 ( ,/ability #bea 7e7 ,activism1 a ,pr(ession ( ,fai? #bee ,,iii4 ,,! ,,spiritual ,,life ,,9 ,,man ,,9 ,,conflict ,,& ,,9 ,,victory #bfb 7a7 ,d\bt & ,pro/ration #bfb 7b7 ,consid]ation & ,dem& #bfg 7c7 ,! ,victory #bgc ,,iii4 ,,application ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t3 ,,consequ5ces ,,& ,,requirem5ts #bhg ,introductory ,consid]ations #bhi ,i4 ,,requirem5ts ,,= ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,life ,,z ,a ,,:ole #bih 7a7 ,! ,"* ( ,culture #bih 7b7 ,! ,organisation ( ! ,"w ( ,culture #cae ,,ii4 ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,individual ,,dep>tm5ts #cbb ,prelim9>y ,rem>ks #cbb 7a7 ,religion1 ,morality1 ,education #cbd #a4 ,religion #cbd #b4 ,morality #cce #c4 ,education & ,in/ruction #cdc 7b7 ,sci5ce & ,philosophy #cde 7c7 ,art & ,lit]ature #ced 7d7 ,social & ,political ,life #ceh 7e7 ,! ,life ( ! ,individual #cfi ,,conclusion #cgc ,,index #cge ,,translator',s ,,introductory ,,note ,) ! cons5t ( ! au?or ! title ,life's ,basis & ,life's ,ideal has be5 adopt$ = ?is translation ( ,die ,grundl9i5 e9] neu5 ,leb5sans*auung1 ) ! hope t !reby ! purpose ( ! "w w be m directly indicat$ ?an by a lit]al translation ( ! ,g]man title4 ,x is hop$1 fur!r1 t ! title adopt$ w make an appeal to ! g5]al read+ public4 ,to make su* an appeal is n ! desire ( e writ] on philosophical subjects3 b 9 ! pres5t in/ance x is ! case4 ,! au?or feels t he has a message = ! pres5t "t1 & "o t is vital to ! true int]e/s ( all4 ,x has be5 rem>k$1 & ! pres5t writ] w\ld be among ! fir/ to ackn[l$ge ! tru? ( ! /atem5t1 t ! voice is t ( a prophet 9 ! s5se ( an e?ical tea*]1 r ?an t ( a philosoph] 9 ! m te*nical s5se4 ,nev]!less1 ! use ( a philosophical t]m9ology1 & ! con/ant implicit ref]5ce to ! results ( philosophical endeav\r 9 ! pa/ & pres5t1 comb9$ ) ! peculi>ities ( ! au?or's own views1 make x difficult to und]/& 8 message4 ,to non-philosophical read]s :o are n already acqua9t$ ) ! m popul> works :i* h be5 translat$ "u ! titles ( ,*ri/ianity & ! ,new ,idealism1 ,! ,life ( ! ,_s1 & ,! ,mean+ & ,value ( ,life1 ! pres5t "w w appe> ( consid]able difficulty4 ,difficulty 9 su* a "w is1 h[ev]1 by no means necess>ily an evil1 = x may compel m c>eful read+ & ?\ght4 ,! pres5t "w is ! late/ & be/ g5]al /atem5t1 by ! au?or1 ( 8 philosophical position4 ,by "s ref]5ce "h to c]ta9 ideas1 pr9ciples1 & aims ( ! philosophy1 ! att5tion ( ! read] may be drawn to ^? aspects :i*1 9 p]sonal contact ) ! au?or1 "o comes to feel are reg>d$ by him z ( mo/ importance4 ,x is n inv>iably s1 b 9 ?is case to "k ! man is to ga9 imm5sely 9 ! p[] to und]/& & appreciate ! message4 ,he inspires u ) 8 confid5ce & en?usiasm1 ev5 :5 we h d\bts z to ! adequacy ( 8 philosophical cre$4 ,8 philosophy is1 inde$1 ! outcome ( an attitude ( life4 ,to "k ! man is to und]/& m fully ?an f all 8 writt5 works :at he means :5 he speaks ( ! developm5t ( p]sonality & spiritual individuality4 ,:atev] may be ! value ( :at is writt5 ab\t ,pr(essor ,euck5's position1 no sub/itute c be f\nd = read+ 8 own words 9 z _m ( 8 diff]5t expositions z possible4 ,%\ld anyone seek 9 ?is "w = a sy/ematic discussion ( philosophical problems on ! l9es ( traditional ,rationalism1 :i*1 ?\gh (t5 assum$ to be dead1 /ill ass]ts a /rong influ5ce ^u u1 he w n only look 9 va9 b w also lose mu* t is ( value 9 t :i* is (f]$4 ,! aim ( ! philosophy is n to discuss ! basis & ideal ( ?\ght1 b to probe to ! dep? ( life 9 all its complexity1 & to advance to an all-inclusive ideal4 ,! />t+-po9t = u all is life z we exp]i5ce x1 n an app>5t ultimate1 su* z ! cogito ergo sum ( ,desc>tes1 ! ,i ought ( ,kant1 or ! pure be+ ( ,hegel4 ,at ! outset1 !re=e1 x is necess>y to note ! nature ( ! relation betwe5 philosophy & life4 ,philosophy arises )9 life z an expression ( its nature & g5]al import4 ,life may assume v>i\s =ms1 may be1 t is1 ( diff]5t types2 ) diff]5t individuals & societies x is organis$ 9 div]s ways4 ,life s organis$1 hav+ c]ta9 def9ite t5d5cies1 is call$ by ,pr(essor ,euck5 a sy/em ( life4 ,9 ! philosophies ( life :i* arise 9 ^! types or sy/ems ( life1 life becomes m explicitly consci\s ( its own nature4 ,fur!r1 a philosophy ( life is also a means ( ju/ification & def5ce ( "o sy/em ( life 9 opposition to o!r sy/ems4 ,life z exp]i5c$1 z organis$ 9 "s way1 is prior to any def9ite intellectual or conceptual expression ( x4 ,on ! o!r h& a type ( life may be influ5c$ & modifi$ by *anges 9 ! accept$ philosophy ( life1 or by ! adoption ( a new philosophy4 ,a philosophy1 !re=e1 is to be judg$ by ! sy/em ( life x repres5ts & by its spiritual fruitfulness4 ,z ! roots ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 philosophies are 9 ! sy/ems ( life f :i* ! philosophies arise1 ! conflict is prim>ily n betwe5 !ories1 b betwe5 sy/ems ( life4 ,! gr\nd ( ! au?or's g5]al appeal ?us becomes app>5t4 ,! problem is a vital "o2 9 "o =m or ano!r1 at "o "t or ano!r1 ev]yone is fac$ ) x3 h[ %all ,i m\ld my life8 ,& x is "h t we mu/ insi/ ^u ! importance ( ,pr(essor ,euck5's cont5tion t we h to make our decision = "o sy/em ( life z a :ole1 & ?us = "o philosophy ( life z a :ole1 z aga9/ o!r sy/ems & o!r philosophies tak5 z :oles4 ,life z exp]i5c$ is a process1 a gr[?2 & 9 ?is gr[? x ov]/eps ! b\nds ( ! philosophy 9 :i* at an e>li] /age x express$ itself1 & accord+ to :i* x /rove to fa%ion itself4 ,! ne$ = a new philosophy is !n felt4 ,g5]ally1 ! ne$ is = a philosophy m compreh5sive & m cle>ly def9$ ?an any ( ! previ\s philosophies4 ,n[1 ,pr(essor ,euck5 cont5ds t none ( ! philosophies ( life :i* are common among u 9 ! pres5t "t are adequate to repres5t & guide our life at ?is /age ( its developm5t4 ,he calls u to turn = a few mom5ts f ! ru% & turmoil ( mod]n life to come & reason toge!r z to life's basis & ideal4 ,9 ju/ification ( 8 view1 & 9 accordance ) 8 own pr9ciple t we mu/ />t ) life z we exp]i5ce x1 he consid]s 9 ! fir/ place ! common philosophies ( life ( ! pres5t "t 9 relation to ! sy/ems ( life f :i* !y spr+4 ,few w disagree ) 8 negative view t ,religion--at lea/ z ecclesia/ically pres5t$--,imman5t ,idealism1 ,naturalism1 ,socialism1 & ,individualism involve limitations1 & sometimes unju/ifiable t5d5cies & claims1 & are inadequate to satisfy ! age4 ,8 next & *ief endeav\r is to indicate ! direction 9 :i* a new philosophy is to be s\ght1 & also t5tatively to sket* ! outl9es ( su* a philosophy4 ,9 ! nature ( ! case--z life is a process--no su* philosophy c be reg>d$ z complete4 ,x c & %\ld /rive to take up into itself all t is ( value 9 ! disc>d$ philosophies4 ,any attempt to outl9e a new philosophy w be judg$ by h[ f>1 ) ! incomplet5ess on all h&s1 x takes ! diff]5t ?reads ( life1 & bl5d+ !m into a unity aids _! gr[? individually & z a :ole4 ,brief ref]5ce maybe made "h to an attitude1 common 9 ! pres5t "t especially among ,engli%-speak+ peoples1 :i* ! au?or does n explicitly m5tion4 ,i mean ! attitude ( ,agno/icism4 ,?is1 he w\ld cont5d & x w\ld seem rightly1 is 9 ! ma9 !oretical & does n1 z su*1 correspond to or repres5t a sy/em ( life4 ,! agno/ic's sy/em ( life is =m$ ( aspects ( ! sy/ems discuss$1 ) a /rong t5d5cy to ,naturalism4 ,! case ( ,huxley1 :o co9$ ! t]m ,agno/icism1 is an excell5t example3 not)/&+ 8 frequ5tly insi/+ ) consid]able =ce ^u tru?s ess5tially ideali/ic1 no "o c d\bt ! pr$om9ant naturali/ic t5d5cy ( 8 ?\ght4 ,z a rule ! adoption ( ! attitude ( ,agno/icism is an attempt1 z ,dr4 ,w>d has s cle>ly & =cibly argu$ 9 8 ,naturalism & ,agno/icism1#a to escape f ! difficulties ( ,naturalism1 :i* 9 ! end x betrays4 ,agno/icism is1 9 fact1 only an assum$ abs5ce ( a !ory ( life4 ,pr(essor ,euck5 w\ld insi/ t ! in/ability ( ! position is intol]able 9 actual life4 ,life's dem& = unification1 = consci\sness ( a mean+ & a value1 drives u beyond x4 ,m]e rese>*1 he writes1 p4 #bgb1 c tol]ate a /ate ( hesitation betwe5 affirmation & negation2 x mu/ (t5 refra9 f a decision 9 ! case ( special problems4 ,life1 h[ev]1 _c endure any su* int]m$i>y position2 = life1 su* hesitation 9 arriv+ at a decision mu/ result 9 complete /agnation1 & ?is w\ld help ! m]e negation to victory4 ,! great objection to all ! sy/ems ( life m5tion$ is t !y are too n>r[1 & 9 "s aspects sup]ficial4 ,! new sy/em mu/ unite compreh5siv5ess ) dep?4 ,! insuffici5cy ( intellectualism is n[ g5]ally recognis$3 ! desire ( ! age is to d ju/ice to ! cont5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,?\gh ! new sy/em ( life is to include all t is ( value ( e>li] sy/ems1 x is by no means an eclecticism1 = x has its integrat+ pr9ciple4 ,?is we %all be/ see by consid]+ ! me?od & ! result ( ! philosophy4 ,life z exp]i5c$ has already be5 ref]r$ to z ! />t+-po9t4 ,to :atev] ext5t we may seem1 on ! surface ( exp]i5ce1 to be "u ! anti!sis ( subject & object1 :5 we probe deep] we recognise t bo? are )9 life3 !y are a duality 9 unity4 ,"h aga9 ref]5ce may be made to ! above-m5tion$ "w#b ( ,dr4 ,w>d1 9 :i* probably ! be/ exposition 9 ,engli% ( ?is same tru? is to be f\nd4 ,life z exp]i5c$ is n simply ! empirical /ates ( consci\sness3 its basis lies deep]4 ,! me?od ( ! philosophy is 9 consequ5ce describ$ z nological 9 di/9ction f ! psy*ological me?od1 :i* treats ( man out ( relation to a _w1 & ends ) ! exam9ation ( psy*ical /ates2 & f ! cosmological me?od1 :i* treats ! _w out ( relation to man & aims *iefly at compreh5sion 9 univ]sals ( ?\ght4 ,express$ 9 ano!r way1 life is fundam5tally spiritual4 ,self-consci\sness is ! unify+ pr9ciple3 x is only by relation to life z self-consci\s t we c pr$icate mean+ or value4 ,all t is reg>d$ z true & valuable 9 all ! above-m5tion$ sy/ems presupposes ?is relation4 ,! self-consci\s life is n to be confus$ ) ! subjective life ( ! m]e individual4 ,9 fact1 !re is no m]e individual1 = 9 all !re are t5d5cies :i* transc5d ! limits ( individual exp]i5ce4 ,= example1 life includes ! relation ( man & _w2 & ! life ( society is m ?an a m]e sum ( ! lives ( ! individuals4 ,p]haps a m correct way to /ate ! au?or's position is to say t ! individual %>es ! self-consci\s1 or1 o!rwise express$1 ! spiritual life :i* transc5ds nature1 ! individual1 & society4 ,?is _w-p]vad+ & _w-transc5d+ self-consci\s life--! ,indep5d5t ,spiritual ,life--may be reg>d$ z an absolute or univ]sal life4 ,! pursuit ( ! ideals ( tru?1 goodness1 & beauty c>ries u f> beyond consid]ations ( ! welf>e ( ! individual1 or ! society1 or ev5 humanity z a :ole4 ,9 our activities we (t5 atta9 some?+ q diff]5t f & f> bett] ?an t at :i* we aim4 ,nev]!less1 unless tru?1 goodness1 beauty1 & all t5d5cies lead+ to !m are self-consci\sly exp]i5c$ !y h nei!r mean+ nor value3 view$ univ]sally1 !y presuppose ! ,indep5d5t ,spiritual ,life4 ,! highe/ developm5t ( ! spiritual life kn[n to u is p]sonality1 our be+-=-self1 :i* is n to be id5tifi$ ) subjective individuality4 ,we are n p]sonalities to beg9 )1 b h ! pot5tiality to become su* ?r\gh our own ef=t4 ,p]sonality is our highe/ ideal3 9 x1 z self-consci\s exp]i5ce all o!r values = u are includ$4 ,! au?or calls u1 !re=e1 f t excessive occupation ) ! environm5t 9 :i* we =get ourselves1 to spiritual conc5tration & ! pursuit ( spiritual ideals4 ,! _s ( 8 message may be express$ 9 words famili> to all3 ,:at %all x pr(it a man if he ga9 ! :ole _w & lose 8 own s\l4 ,rememb]+ t life is fundam5tally self-consci\s or spiritual1 x may be said t life's basis & life's ideal is life itself--life completely self-consci\s & foll[+ out its own necessities4 ,! basis ( man's life is ! ,indep5d5t ,spiritual ,life :i* is appropriat$ b n creat$ by him 9 8 /riv+ = a compreh5sive & h>moni\s p]sonality4 ,! ideal ( man's life is su* a p]sonality4 ,! m man loses 8 life 9 ! pursuit ( ! ideals ( tru?1 goodness1 & beauty1 ! m surely w he save x1 ! m compreh5sive1 h>moni\s1 & spiritual 9 nature w he become4 ,!n he w realise himself z a p]sonality1 & become consci\s ( 8 unity ) ! ,indep5d5t ,spiritual ,life4 ,! dom9ant ,idealism ( ?is philosophy ( life is evid5t3 b ! mean+s ( tru?1 goodness1 & beauty are diff]5t f :at !y appe> to be 9 _m ( ! old] pres5tations ( ,idealism4 ,tru?1 goodness & beauty are n ab/ract ideals b concrete exp]i5ces4 ,! pres5t writ] has long be5 ( ! op9ion t mu* ( contempor>y ideali/ic philosophy1 includ+ t ( ,pr(essor ,euck51 might be bett] t]m$ ,spiritualism ?an ,idealism4 ,if life z exp]i5c$ is a process1 x is n difficult to und]/& t importance %\ld be attribut$ to hi/ory4 ,9 ! au?or's exposition n only is con/ant ref]5ce made to hi/orical developm5t1 b ! nature ( hi/ory is made a def9ite subject ( discussion4 ,i w\ld call att5tion to ?is aspect ( ! au?or's "w3 x appe>s a means ( do+ m ju/ice to ! cont5t ( exp]i5ce ?an is done 9 mo/ =ms ( ,idealism4 ,on ! "o h& a ,rationalism :i* t5ds to %ut out ! hi/orical z transi5t & m]ely appe>ance is avoid$1 & on ! o!r a ,hi/orical ,relativism :i* d5ies all /ability & p]man5ce is /r5u\sly oppos$4 ,:ile ! absolute & et]nal--! ,indep5d5t ,spiritual ,life--is ! presupposition ( ! temporal manife/ation ( ! spiritual life 9 man1 = man ! hi/orical is real4 ,! =m ( our spiritual life is due to our own acts & decisions4 ,x is 9 ?is connection t ! fundam5tal nature ( our spiritual ef=t may be/ be se54 ,! au?or's voice is t ( a prophet 9 s f> z 8 :ole exposition is pres5t$ z an endeav\r to ar\se m5 f _! apa?y & f ! pursuit ( :at !y !mselves "k to be unsatisfy+ ideals4 ,! importance atta*$ to spiritual ef=t 9 8 philosophy leads ,pr(essor ,euck5 to adopt ! t]m ,activism z a def9ite philosophical badge4 ,! activi/ic note is evid5t ?r\gh\t1 mu* m s p]haps 9 ! pres5t volume ?an 9 ^? :i* h prec$$ x4 ,! significance ( ?is emphasis is mo/ cle> 9 its be>+ ^u our relation to ! pa/ & ! pres5t4 ,! pres5t is nei!r to be dom9at$ by ! pa/ nor sacrific$ to ! future1 b ! pa/ is to be appropriat$ by our activity 9 ! pres5t1 & ! pres5t1 :ile possess+ reality & value 9 itself1 looks =w>d to ! future4 ,hi/orical cont5t1 spiritual endeav\r 9 pa/1 pres5t1 & future1 mu/ be unifi$ by a common task4 ,! pa/ is ours only s f> z we appropriate x4 ,spiritual inh]itance is n ! same z natural inh]itance4 ,we may by our spiritual ef=t adopt or reject ideas or a sy/em ( life :i* h come to u f ! pa/4 ,! "* :i* ! pa/ w h = u w dep5d on our pres5t spiritual condition4 ,all spiritual progress involves a break ) ! pa/4 ,9 ! same way we may take up an attitude ( antagonism to ! confusions :i* exi/ 9 mod]n life1 & we may foll[ a new c\rse4 ,all ?is is n to d5y ! value ( hi/ory 9 itself & = our pres5t ef=ts3 ! rev]se ( su* a d5ial is ne>] ! tru?4 ,= if we realise ! dep?s & indep5d5ce ( our own life we are n only 9 a position to und]/& & appreciate ! movem5t ( hi/ory1 b1 by ! nature ( life1 we are !n driv5 beyond ! m]e pres5t4 ,! pa/ relives ) a new spiritual mean+ 9 ! consci\sness t makes x its own4 ,hi/ory is m ?an a succession ( facts2 x mu/ be revalu$ z a pres5t exp]i5ce4 ,life is n subjectively individual1 & to realise x we mu/ f9d our place 9 univ]sal t5d5cies :i* are work+ !mselves out 9 hi/ory4 ,! cont5t ( hi/ory _c be press$ into ! n>r[ s*eme ( moral ef=t & atta9m5t1 z t is usually conceiv$1 b 9 x all sph]es ( life ass]t _! indep5d5t "r4 ,hi/ory is n an evolution ( categories1 b a conflict ( concrete realities1 ( sy/ems ( life1 ( p]sonalities4 ,?\gh ! great man _c be und]/ood out ( relation to 8 "t1 he is n simply a product ( ! social environm5t4 ,! great man /rives to raise ! "t to 8 own level4 ,x may be said t 9 ord] adequately to appreciate ! au?or's position 9 reg>d to hi/ory ! book translat$ into ,engli% "u ! title ( ,! ,problem ( ,human ,life z view$ by ! ,great ,?9k]s f ,plato to ! ,pres5t ,"t %\ld be read 9 ! light ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( 8 philosophy4 ,! reality ( evil & ( anti!ses 9 life are fully ackn[l$g$2 b by ! spiritual life be+ !reby call$ to ass]t its indep5d5ce & to /rive to ov]come !m !y may be a factor lead+ to good4 ,evil1 s reg>d$1 is n expla9$ away1 b ! solution is ess5tially a practical "o4 ,! !oretical problem ( evil rema9s an enigma to u4 ,! au?or's message is positive1 n negative3 x is a call to pursue def9ite positive aims r ?an to eradicate pa9ful exp]i5ces4 ,n suff]+1 b spiritual de/itution is man's wor/ enemy 7p4 #cad74 ,x has be5 said )1 x w\ld seem1 a l>ge am\nt ( tru?1 t ! philosophy ( ,hegel has be5 mo/ fruitfully /udi$ on ,engli% soil4 ,!re is reason to believe t x w be some:at ! same 9 ! case ( ,pr(essor ,euck5's philosophy4 ,8 debts to ,kant & ,hegel are obvi\s1 b x is int]e/+ to notice t ! po9ts 9 :i* he m especially div]ges f ,hegelianism are l>gely ! same z h be5 emphasis$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! importance he atta*es to p]sonality & e?ical activity1 8 insi/5ce ^u human endeav\r z a det]m9+ factor 9 reality1 & 8 emphasis on ! dialectic z be+ n "o ( categories b ( concrete realities1 are 9 accord ) mu* ( ! be/ ( rec5t ,engli% philosophical ?\ght4 ,9 ! pres5t "w !re is mu* ( value = ^? :o--:ile diss5t+ f su* p]v]sions z ,pragmatism--hold :at is commonly t]m$ a ,p]sonal ,idealism4 ,! position ( our au?or is n ! same z t ( ,engli% ,p]sonal ,idealism1 nev]!less 8 "w aids x 9 _m ways1 & especially 9 its insi/5ce ^u ! di/9ction betwe5 p]sonality & subjective individuality4 ,a comp>ison ( "s ( ! views ( ! ?ree philosophical writ]s :o h be5 mo/ discuss$ 9 our "t--! late ,pr(essor ,james1 ,m4 ,b]gson1 & our au?or--w\ld be ( int]e/4 ,to ent] ^u a sy/ematic & exhau/ive comp>ison "h is f> f my int5tion1 b a few po9ts may be sugge/$4 ,! modes ( exposition1 :i* 9 a great] or less degree indicate ! respective me?ods1 manife/ /rik+ contra/s3 9 _m respects ! positions ( ,m4 ,b]gson & ,pr(essor ,euck5 appe> totally dissimil>4 ,! acqua9tance ) natural sci5ce1 & ! con/ant ref]5ce to its data1 t we f9d 9 ! works ( ,m4 ,b]gson1 are n f\nd 9 ^? ( our au?or4 ,_! place is tak51 h[ev]1 by :at "s w reg>d z m int]e/+1 & ev5 m important1 an acqua9tance ) ! pres5t condition ( human life1 & also a con/ant ref]5ce to hi/ory4 ,common to ^! writ]s is a reaction aga9/ =malism & intellectualism1 & 9 "o =m or ano!r !re is 9 _! writ+s a /rong elem5t ( empiricism4 ,fre$om 9 "s s5se is insi/$ ^u by all2 ?\gh s f> z we may judge f _! publi%$ expositions !re seem to be consid]able diff]5ces ( view 9 ?is matt]4 ,toge!r ) ?is ass]tion ( ! reality ( ,fre$om1 bo? ,m4 ,b]gson & our au?or def9itely ackn[l$ge ! reality ( ,necessity & recognise ! importance ( /ruggle 9 developm5t4 ,nei!r writ] claims t we c ga9 m ?an ! k ( a direction 9 :i* ! solution ( ! problem may be s\ght4 ,our au?or himself might q well h said1 ?\gh ) application 9 ! ma9 to diff]5t classes ( facts1 :at ,m4 ,b]gson has said3 ,x seems to me t 9 a great numb] ( diff]5t fields !re is a great numb] ( collections ( facts1 ea* ( :i*1 consid]$ ap>t1 gives u a direction 9 :i* ! answ] to ! problem may be s\ght--a direction only4 ,b x is a great ?+ to h ev5 a direction1 & /ill m to h sev]al directions1 = at ! precise po9t :]e ^! directions conv]ge might be f\nd ! solution we are seek+4 ,:at we possess mean:ile are l9es ( facts4#c444 ,b :at is ?is new reality1 writes ,pr(essor ,euck5 7p4 #ace71 & ?is :ole to :i* ! c\rse ( ! movem5t tr5ds8 ,! m we reflect ov] ! "q ! m /rongly we feel t x is a direction r ?an a conclusion t is (f]$ to u 9 ?is matt]4444 ,!re is ano!r passage f ,m4 ,b]gson ! quotation ( :i* 9 ! pres5t context is ju/ifi$ by its h>mony ) s mu* t ,pr(essor ,euck5 himself says ) reg>d to man's ideal ( life3 ,if1 !n1 9 e prov9ce1 ! triumph ( life is express$ by creation1 ought we n to ?9k t ! ultimate reason ( human life is a creation :i*1 9 di/9ction f t ( ! arti/ or ! man ( sci5ce1 c be pursu$ at e mom5t & by all m5 alike2 ,i mean ! creation ( self by self1 ! cont9ual enri*m5t ( p]sonality by elem5ts :i* x does n draw f outside1 b causes to spr+ =? f itself8#d ,:e!r 9 ! works ( ! late ,pr(essor ,james !re is evid5ce ( a lurk+ desire = an ,absolute may be left undiscuss$4 ,m4 ,b]gson c]ta9ly gives m ?an a h9t ( some?+ l an ,absolute4 ,( ! absoluti/ 7n rationali/ic7 t5d5cy 9 ! philosophy ( our au?or !re c be no d\bt4 ,not)/&+ ! antagonism to intellectualism %[n 9 ?is philosophy1 ! influ5ce ( ,hegel seems evid5t 9 its absoluti/ t5d5cy4 ,dr4 ,w>d has ju/ly said t1 ) ,hegel1 ! ,absolute seems at "o "t to be a p]fect ,self ) no h9t ( aught beside or beyond its own complet$ self-consci\sness1 & at ano!r n to be a self at all1 b only ! absolutely spiritual--art1 religion1 & philosophy--! ov]-individual ends1 z !y are sometimes call$1 :i* become realis$ 9 subjective spirits3 n self-consci\s ,_s1 b simply ! imp]sonal ,_s 9 all spirits4#e ,h[ f> a correspond+ criticism is applicable to ! ideas ( ! ,indep5d5t ,spiritual ,life1 & ! spiritual life 9 humanity & ! _w1 9 ! pres5t philosophy1 its read]s mu/ be left to decide4 ,! relation ( philosophy to life z ,pr(essor ,euck5 conceives x may ju/ify him 9 treat+ prim>ily ( :at may be call$ 9 a special s5se ! problems ( life4 ,! difficulty ( ! problems ( ! !ory ( k no "o w d5y1 ?\gh _m are impati5t ( consid]ations ( !m4 ,9 any g5]al appeal su* z we h to d ) 9 ?is "w x is almo/ impossible to deal s]i\sly ) !m4 ,/ill ! problems ( ! !ory ( k =ce !mselves ^u u1 & w n be ?ru/ on "o side4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,james did 8 be/ to leave u 9 no d\bt z to 8 position 9 ?is matt]3 we h m ?an a glimpse ( ! attitudes ( ,m4 ,b]gson & ,pr(essor ,euck54 ,we await1 h[ev]1 z likely to aid u 9 a full] und]/&+ & e/imate ( ! philosophy1 ! volume ! au?or has promis$ u on ! !ory ( k4 ,:atev] ! po9ts ( simil>ity may be 9 ! views ( ^? m5tion$1 we _c fail to note ! diff]5ces--to "s ( ^! 9 ! case ( ,pragmatism ! au?or has himself call$ our att5tion2 fur!r1 we _c mi/ake ! dom9ant ,idealism ( ! philosophy ( life "h pres5t$ to u4 ,"o ^w mu/ be said z to ! au?or's attitude t[>ds ,my/icism2 an attitude t has n always be5 und]/ood4 ,! ,my/icism he opposes is ( ! type t is virtually ! negation ( ! ,activism :i* is to him fundam5tal4 ,b :5 t is recognis$1 ! c>eful read] _c fail to see t1 ultimately1 ! philosophy is ess5tially my/ical4 ,z ,i und]/& x1 ! sugge/ion t our au?or's philosophy w\ld =m a rally+-po9t = ,ideali/s ( v>i\s k9ds is a tribute to its unity & compreh5siv5ess1 ( :i* !re c be no d\bt4 ,r\ghly1 we may take up "o ( two attitudes to ! "w ( a philosoph]4 ,we may accept 8 g5]al po9t ( view1 8 ma9 pr9ciples1 9 a ^w 8 sy/em1 h[ev] t5tative1 & modify x 9 detail4 ,on ! o!r h& we may reject 8 ma9 position1 & yet f9d mu* to accept 9 8 work+ out ( v>i\s aspects ( detail1 & we may incorporate ?is 9 "s o!r g5]al sy/em4 ,x is n = me to /ate "h ! attitude ,i take t[>ds1 or ! difficulties ,i feel 91 ! philosophy2 ,i ?9k t !re w be few :o w n ga9 mu* f ! inspiration & orig9ality :i* are %[n by ! au?or4 ,= 8 own philosophy ( life he seeks no o!r treatm5t ?an t :i* he has met$ to o!rs3 a s9c]e endeav\r to und]/& its basis & its ideal4 ,8 hope is t h[ev] mu* its limitations may be po9t$ out1 ! tru? 9 x may be ackn[l$g$ & appropriat$1 if possible 9 a high] view4 ,! acquisition ( a high] view w\ld cause no "o m real joy ?an ,pr(essor ,euck54 ,i h to ?ank ! au?or = 8 p]sonal k9dness 9 ! discussion ( "s difficult po9ts & 9 ! revision ( a portion ( ! pro( %eets4 ,at 8 sugge/ion or ) 8 cons5t a numb] ( small alt]ations1 z1 = example1 9 ! titles ( sections1 h be5 made f ! pres5t ,g]man text4 ,ow+ to an accid5t1 ! "t = ! prep>ation ( ?is translation 0 un=tunately curtail$3 ,i %\ld be indebt$ = any sugge/ions = its improvem5t4 ,i am indebt$ to ! ,rev4 ,felix ,holt1 ,b4,a41 = read+ ?r\gh ! :ole 9 manuscript & mak+ _m valuable sugge/ions4 ,= all defect & error ,i alone am responsible4 ,,alban ,g4 ,,widg]y ,,cambridge1 ,octob] #aiaa ,,footnotes3 #a ,naturalism & ,agno/icism4 #crd ,edition1 #aijf4 ,vols4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 ,a4 ,c4 ,black4 #b ,ibid4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,lects4 xiv4-xx4 #c ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,octob] #aiaa3 p4 #bf4 #d ,ibid4 p4 #db4 #e ,! ,realm ( ,ends2 or1 ,pluralism & ,!ism 7#aiaa71 p4 #df4 ,,note ,,to ,,second ,,edition ,i h tak5 ! opportunity giv5 by repr9t+ to revise ! :ole4 ,i h made a numb] ( alt]ations r5d]+ ! au?or's mean+ m cle>4 ,my ?anks are aga9 due to ,mr4 ,holt = 8 help4 ,,alban ,g4 ,,widg]y ,,cav]swall1 ,,/oke-,,on-,,tr5t1 ,janu>y #aiab ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,we may hope = a fri5dly reception ( our inve/igation only by ^? :o ackn[l$ge t t :i* occupies u "h is a real problem4 ,x is h>dly op5 to dispute t life 9 ! pres5t "t displays a s]i\s incongruity betwe5 an incalculably ri* & fruitful activity ) reg>d to ! mat]ial1 & complete unc]ta9ty & de/itution 9 respect ( ! spiritual1 side ( life4 ,attempt aft] attempt is made to deliv] u f ?is /ate ( p]plexity1 & to give m s\l & unity to a culture :i* outw>dly is s impos+4 ,b 9 ! ma9 ^! attempts are f> too irresolute 9 _! advance f sup]ficiality to dep?1 & f individual appe>ances to ! :ole3 9 _! inn]mo/ nature !y are "u ! influ5ce ( ! tempor>y conditions beyond :i* !y wi% to lead u4 ,9 tru?1 we _c make an advance 9 relation to our life z a :ole unless we w9 a new basis = x4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 we _c d )\t rais+ ! problem ( our relation to reality1 &1 if x is 9 any way possible1 m\ld+ ?is relation%ip 9 a new way3 fur!r1 we c be ( s]vice 9 ! satisfaction ( ! ne$s ( ! "t only :5 we ga9 an indep5d5ce ( x & a sup]iority to x4 ,"h1 !re=e1 s f> z ! realm ( conviction is conc]n$1 we h a task = philosophy4 ,! confusion t reigns1 h[ev]1 makes ! way difficult = philosophy also2 & sets insup]able limits to its p[]4 ,we d n meet 9 imm$iate exp]i5ce ) facts ^u :i* a new type ( life might be bas$3 mu* toil & tr\ble are necess>y to arrive at t1 :i*1 :5 x is once atta9$1 may seem to be simple & easy4 ,he :o f9ds ! problem too complex1 & %irks to exp5d ! necess>y ef=t1 c d no?+ else ?an resign himself submissively to ! prevail+ confusion4 ,to-day we are unable at fir/ to sket* m ?an ! outl9es & to indicate fundam5tals3 we mu/ be q sure ( ! basis & ! ma9 t5d5cy ( life if we w\ld und]take ! con/ruction ( sy/ems2 & yet x is j ^! ?+s :i* are to-day ! subject ( agitation & conflict4 ,n = a mom5t d we d\bt ! imp]fection ( our own attempt2 we c b hope t o!rs w take up & pursue ! matt] fur!r4 ,not)/&+ ^! limitations & ?is tr\ble1 an urg5t inn] necessity compels u to recognise t !re c be no endur+ life ( g5u9e culture unless humanity is inw>dly unit$ by common aims4 ,m & m cle>ly ?is ma9 "q is se5 to be involv$ 9 all ! p>ticul> que/ions ( ! "t2 m & m does x become evid5t to u t our a*ievem5t 9 individual matt]s c be b insignificant1 if life z a :ole is 9 a /ate ( /agnation & exhau/ion4 ,?\gh "s :o may already h tak5 up a def9ite c\rse1 or :o 9 _! att5tion to "w 9 "s special sph]e h lo/ all s5se = ! :ole1 may refuse to consid] ! matt]1 yet :]ev] life is /ill fl[+1 & :]e fre% impulse resi/s ! t5d5cy to division :i* deprives x ( all s\l1 to deal ) ! problem w be felt to be a necessity4 ,above all1 !re=e1 we tru/ 9 ! "y1 :o1 among all cultur$ nations1 are /riv+ = a deep] & nobl] life4 ,! m successful ?is /riv+1 ! soon] %all we advance f a /ate ( confusion to "o ( ord] & cle>ness1 f a realm ( illusions to ! k+dom ( tru?1 & 9 face ( ! *aotic :irl ( appe>ances we %all atta9 /ability )9 ourselves4 ,,rudolf ,,euck5 ,,j5a1 ,*ri/mas #aijf ,i ,,introductory ,,! ,,philosophies ,,( ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,day ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks ,he :o /rives aft] a new philosophy ( life confesses himself !reby to be ( ! conviction t ! philosophies ( ! pres5t no long] satisfy mank9d2 & s we mu/ beg9 by giv+ reasons = %>+ ?is conviction4 ,9 do+ ?is we hope to be able to take a positive survey ( ! pres5t situation z a :ole1 & also to ga9 a firm />t+-po9t = ! c\rse 9 :i* ! new is to be s\ght1 & n simply to rema9 fix$ 9 a m]e negative attitude4 ,a precise /atem5t ( ! "q is ! fir/ condition = a correct answ]2 to satisfy ?is requirem5t is ! *ief conc]n ( ! fir/ "p ( our treatise4 ,philosophies ( life1 repres5tations ( human life z a :ole1 surr\nd u to-day 9 abundance & c\rt our adh]5ce4 ,! fusion ( ri* hi/orical developm5t ) active reflection gives occasion to ! mo/ div]se comb9ations & makes x easy = ! individual to project a repres5tation correspond+ to 8 circum/ances & 8 mood4 ,?us1 to-day1 ! philosophies ( life ( individuals :irl toge!r 9 *aotic confusion1 ga9 & lose ! pass+ fav\r1 displace "o ano!r1 & !mselves *ange kaleidoscopically4 ,x is n ! conc]n ( philosophy to occupy itself m closely ) op9ions s accid5tal & s fleet+4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 philosophies ( life ( ano!r k9d1 conceptions ( life1 :i* unite & dom9ate l>ge numb]s ( p1 hold up a common ideal = _! activity1 & con/itute a p[] 9 ! life ( univ]sal hi/ory4 ,^! philosophies ( life are root$ 9 p>ticul> concrete =ms ( life1 9 actual comb9ations ( work+ & /riv+1 :i* ) dom9at+ p[] surr\nd ! individual & po9t out 8 c\rse4 ,) su* asc5dancy !y may seem to him to be unassailable & a matt] ( natural necessity2 9 reality !y are a product ( ! indu/ry ( univ]sal hi/ory1 & f ?is po9t ( view appe> m]ely z attempts to compreh5d ! b\ndless /ream ( life & to w9 a "* = our o!rwise indef9ite exi/5ce4 ,= at fir/ we /& def5celess & helpless 9 face ( ! weal? ( impressions & sugge/ions :i* ?rong ^u u & draw u 9 opposite directions4 ,only 9 "o way are we able to prevail3 life mu/ conc5trate & acquire a controll+ c5tre )9 itself1 & f t beg9 a process ( c\nt]action4 ,we lack di/9ction ( c5tre & environm5t2 we ne$ an inn] aspiration1 an aspiration :i* seeks to draw ! :ole ( exi/5ce to itself & to m\ld x 9 its own p>ticul> way4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is impossible1 unless at ! same "t a philosophy ( life1 a pr(ession ( fai? z to ! nature ( ! :ole1 a ju/ification ( our und]tak+1 is evolv$4 ,a philosophy ( life e/abli%$ 9 ?is mann] w be incomp>ably m p[]ful1 & full] 9 cont5t1 ?an ! m]e foam on ! surface ( "t4 ,nev]!less1 ) all its advantages1 su* a philosophy ( life1 l ! correspond+ sy/em ( life itself1 is n ultimate tru?3 x rema9s an attempt1 a problem :i*1 ev] anew1 divides m5 into oppos+ camps4 ,= ! exp]i5ce ( hi/ory tea*es u t ! ef=t aft] conc5tration & an inn] syn!sis ( life does n foll[ "o cle>1 direct c\rse ?r\gh\t1 b t diff]5t possibilities (f] !mselves &1 9 c\rse ( "t1 /ruggle upw>ds to reality4 ,diff]5t sy/ems ?us advance by ! side ( & 9 opposition to "o ano!r1 ea* mak+ ! claim to undivid$ supremacy1 to a sup]iority ov] all o!rs4 ,philosophies ( life n[ become means & in/rum5ts to ju/ify & to e/abli% su* claims4 ,!y mu/ ent] into ! sev]e/ conflict "o ) ano!r1 & ! /rife keeps up a p[]ful t5sion & pressure because "h1 by means ( ! ideas1 t5d5cies ( life compete ) "o ano!r2 because n m]e repres5tations ( reality b realities !mselves /ruggle toge!r4 ,x is manife/ f ! exi/5ce ( ^! la/ problems t we d n gr[ up 9 a f9i%$ _w1 b h fir/ to =m & build up our _w4 ,we are conc]n$ n m]ely ) int]pret+ a giv5 reality1 b fir/ ( all ) w9n+ ! true1 prim>y1 & all-compreh5sive reality4 ,by ?is our life is made unc]ta9 & labori\s1 b x is rais$ at ! same "t to an inn] fre$om & a m g5u9e indep5d5ce4 ,& n[ = ! fir/ "t we see 9 its true light ! fact t its own views ( life c become inadequate to an age4 ,= ! fact t an age lacks an inn] unity1 t cog5t reasons drive x beyond ! extant syn!ses1 is n[ a sign t x is n cle> & c]ta9 z to its own life4 ,to op5 up a way = a new syn!sis1 to organise life m adequately1 becomes ! mo/ press+ ( all dem&s1 ! "q ( que/ions4 ,ev5 ! mo/ cauti\s & mo/ subtle reflection w n lead u f> 9 ?is matt]2 all hope ( success dep5ds ^u our life conta9+ great] dep?s1 :i* hi!rto h n be5 fully grasp$1 & m especially ^u a transc5d5t unity pres5t 9 x1 :i* hi!rto has n come to complete recognition4 ,all ?\ght & reflection is ?us call$ to direct itself to ! compreh5sion ( su* dep?s & ( su* a unity4 ,ev]y?+ "h dep5ds on facts2 on facts1 h[ev]1 :i* d n come to u opportunely f )\t1 b :i* reveal !mselves only to ! eye ( ! _s & to aspiration4 ,i4 ,,/atem5t ,,& ,,criticism ,,( ,,individual ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,life ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! fir/ glance at ! pres5t conditions ( life %[s a *aotic confusion4 ,a m c>eful exam9ation1 h[ev]1 soon discloses a limit$ numb] ( s*emes ( life1 :i*1 al?\gh !y are (t5 comb9$ by individuals1 are 9 _! nature di/9ct & rema9 diff]5tiat$4 ,we recognise five su* sy/ems ( life3 ^? ( ,religion & ( ,imman5t ,idealism on ! "o h&1 & ^? ( ,naturalism1 ,socialism1 & ,individualism on ! o!r h&4 ,=1 two ma9 gr\ps may be cle>ly di/+ui%$3 "o1 old]1 :i* gives to life an invisible _w = its *ief prov9ce2 & "o1 new]1 :i* places man entirely 9 ! realm ( s5se exp]i5ce2 )9 ^! gr\ps1 ! ways aga9 lead 9 div]se directions4 ,let u see :at ea* ( ^! organisations makes out ( life2 on :at ea* supports itself2 & :at ea* accompli%es4 ,let u see also :]e ea* meets ) opposition & 9 :at x f9ds its limits2 & ?is n accord+ to our individual op9ion1 b accord+ to ! exp]i5ces ( ! age4 7a7 ,,! ,,old] ,,sy/ems #a4 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,sy/em ,! religi\s organisation ( life has influ5c$ u 9 ! pa/ ) especial p[]4 ,?is has work$ 9 ! =m ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i*1 z an e?ical religion ( r$emption1 occupies a ?or\ghly unique position among religions4 ,z a religion x unites life to a sup]natural _w1 & subjects our exi/5ce to its supremacy2 z a religion ( r$emption x height5s ! contra/ betwe5 ! two worlds to su* a degree ( h>%ness t a complete revolution becomes a necessity2 z an e?ical religion x reg>ds ! spiritual life z a p[] ( positive creation & self-det]m9ation1 & insi/s ^u a complete *ange ( ! he>t4 ,aris+ 9 an age ( decay1 an age we>y ( life1 x confid5tly took up ! conflict aga9/ ?is fa9tness2 x did n c>ry on ?is conflict1 h[ev]1 by a fur!r developm5t ( ! natural _w & ( culture1 b ?r\gh ! revelation ( a sup]natural ord]1 ( a new community ( life1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! build+ up ( an invisible ,k+dom ( ,god--:i* w9s a visible expression 9 ! ,*ur*--becomes to man 9 fai? & hope ! mo/ c]ta9 pres5ce4 ,*ri/ianity ratifi$ an affirmation ( life2 /ill1 x did n accompli% ?is imm$iately1 b by ! mo/ fundam5tal & def9ite negation2 & ?us to a cursory consid]ation x might appe> to be a flight f ! _w4 ,9 reality1 x unites ! negation & ! affirmation1 flight f1 & r5ewal (1 ! _w2 ! deepe/ feel+ (1 & ! happie/ deliv]ance f1 guilt & suff]+1 & !reby gives to life a great] bread? z well z a ceaseless activity 9 se>* ( its true self4 ,religion does n mean a special doma9 by ! side ( o!rs2 its int5tion is r to be ! inn]mo/ s\l & ! supreme p[] ( ! :ole life4 ,?r\gh its ideals & its /&>ds x l5ds to ! :ole sph]e ( life a di/9ctive "*2 x leads to a def9ite organisation ( mank9d & (f]s p[]ful opposition to all dissipation1 all m]ely individual caprice4 ,x comes to ! individual z a supreme p[] :i* br+s to him salvation & tru?1 %apes him = ! highe/ ends1 & connects 8 ?\ght & feel+ ) an invisible _w4 ,) su* an und]tak+ ,*ri/ianity has ex]cis$ mo/ deep-rea*+ influ5ces on ! c\rse ( hi/ory2 9 ! fir/ place x implant$ a new vitality 9 an exhau/$ humanity2 !n 9 ! ,middle ,ages x work$ to ! education ( a new race2 & n[ t x has become mature x has n ceas$ to ex]cise /rong1 ?\gh quiet]1 influ5ces3 consid]+ all ! facts1 x appe>s to be ! mo/ p[]ful =ce 9 hi/ory4 ,b all ! greatness ( pa/ a*ievem5t c\ld n prev5t a /rong movem5t f aris+ 9 ! ,mod]n ,age aga9/ ,*ri/ianity2 a movem5t :i* /ill cont9ues to increase 9 p[] & :i* und]m9es ! position ( ,*ri/ianity1 :]e outw>dly x /ill appe>s q secure4 ,x is true t !re nev] 0 a p]iod :5 x 0 n oppos$ by individuals1 b ?r\gh ! lack ( any spiritual import ^! isolat$ oppositions _h nev] comb9$ s z to produce a unit$ effect4 ,an effect ( ?is k9d 0 fir/ produc$ ) ! em]g5ce ( new sy/ems ( ?\ght & new /reams ( life s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 z long1 h[ev]1 z ?is movem5t 0 limit$ to ! cultur$ classes & left ! masses unt\*$1 t :i* exi/$ 9 x z a m5ace did n produce its full effect4 ,x 0 ! conviction ( ,bayle1 t ! _s ( ! ,enlight5m5t w\ld nev] p]meate ! masses4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ?is unexpect$ happ5$1 & ! nature ( spiritual endeav\r & ! disposition ( m5 jo9 toge!r 9 an assault ^u ,*ri/ianity2 an assault :i* no "o ) insight w call any?+ b dang]\s4 ,! ?+ mo/ evid5t & mo/ talk$ ( is ! subv]sion ( ! old conception ( ! _w2 a conception :i* is usually associat$ ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is conception is less & less able to ass]t itself 9 face ( ! triumphant onw>d m>* ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,! repres5tation ( nature1 l t ( human hi/ory1 has be5 broad5$ immeasurably & at ! same "t has acquir$ inn] unity1 law1 & ord]2 a direct int]v5tion ( a sup]natural p[] is felt m & m to be an intol]able d]angem5t4 ,! e>?1 hi!rto ! c5tre ( ! :ole & ! *ief plat=m ^u :i* ! de/9y ( ! univ]se 0 decid$1 s9ks to a position ( m correct proportion1 & man is mu* m closely l9k$ to nature & fitt$ into a common ord]4 ,h[ !n c t :i* takes place 9 him decide :at %all be ! de/9y ( ! :ole8 ,if we w\ld )draw f ?is %att]$ conception ( ! _w1 z f a m]e ext]nal matt]1 to ! sub/ance ( ,*ri/ianity1 ?is sub/ance mu/ be mu* m cle>ly & mu* m =cibly pres5t to u ?an x really is4 ,=1 9 ?is *ange we are conc]n$ n simply ) individual phrases1 b ) ! :ole mode ( ?\ght4 ,we h le>nt to ?9k f> m causally & critically2 we p]ceive ! peculi>ity ( ! hi/orical circum/ances 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity arose1 &1 along ) ?is1 become aw>e ( a wide disp>ity f ! circum/ances ( ! pres5t4 ,we "q all hi/orical tradition z to its gr\nds1 & s ov]?r[ ! weight ( au?ority2 our ?\ght has become ?r\gh\t less nave & we /rive to transc5d ! =m ( ! imm$iate impression4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x comes ab\t q easily t ! religi\s mode ( ?\ght appe>s to be a m]e an?ropomorphism1 a *ildlike1 imag9ative int]pretation ( ! _w1 :i*1 to an intellig5ce equipp$ ) ! cle>ness ( objective consid]ation1 c pass only = a /age 9 evolution1 :i* has once = all be5 ov]come4 ,su* is ! tea*+ ( ,positivism1 & x is j 9 ?is ref]5ce to religion t its influ5ce ext5ds f> beyond ! limits ( ! positivi/ic s*ool4 ,! *ange ( ?\ght w\ld n be s f>-rea*+ & s dang]\s if x did n give expression to a *ange ( life z a :ole2 b ?is is :at x really does3 ! ,mod]n ,age ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( its developm5t sets a univ]sal--a sy/em--ov] aga9/ ! religi\s sy/em ( life4 ,t all dep>tm5ts ( life %\ld subord9ate !mselves to ,religion1 t e activity has value only s f> z x ei!r directly or indirectly fur!rs ,religion1 appe>s to ! ,mod]n ,age a mu* too n>r[ conception1 & "o :i* is a mis*iev\s d5ial ( ! tru? t ^! dep>tm5ts ( life conta94 ,s ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! spiritual life--= example1 sci5ce & art1 politics & economics--lib]ate !mselves radically f ! supremacy ( ,religion1 & ?is is felt to be an incalculable ga9 9 fre$om & bread?4 ,s9ce1 unimp$$1 ! new life increases 9 compreh5siv5ess1 & draws ! :ole cont5t ( reality into itself1 x seems to re/ firmly & securely 9 itself & to ne$ no completion ( any k9d :atev]4 ,religion1 h[ev]1 mu/ fir/ seek a place 9 ?is new life4 ,x f9ds ?is place ) great] difficulty1 9 t mod]n life1 z x works out its own peculi> *>act]i/ics1 ev] m directly & ev] m h>%ly opposes ,*ri/ianity4 ,! initial assumptions ( ! two are fundam5tally diff]5t4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity spoke to a g5]ation :i* _h become p]plex$ conc]n+ ! rationality ( ! univ]se & conc]n+ its own capacity2 a g5]ation :i* c\ld atta9 to an affirmation ( life only ?r\gh ! build+ up ( a new _w 9 contra/ to t ( s5se impression4 ,! _w1 !n disda9$1 has acquir$ 9 ! ,mod]n ,age an ev]-increas+ p[] ( attraction4 ,new peoples & epo*s h gr[n up1 :i* h a feel+ ( p[] & wi% to ex]t ! =ce ( _! y\? 9 "w ^u ! surr\nd+ _w2 ?is _w meets su* a desire s9ce x %[s itself to be /ill 9 ! mid/ ( *ange & full ( problems4 ,if =m]ly ! _w surr\nd$ man z an un*angeable fate1 x n[ proves to be capable ( *ange & ( upw>d developm5t2 man c "w & /rive to trans=m x into a k+dom ( reason4 ,! m t p[] & object unite 9 ?is1 ! m victori\s is ! advance ( "w2 ! ne>] ! _w is br\ght to man's inn] life1 ! m does x become to him 8 true & only home4 ,! idea ( imman5ce comes to h a magical s\nd2 ev]y?+ :i* ov]/eps ! b\nd>y m>k$ out by ! "w ( ! _w soon comes to be reg>d$ z a flight into a realm ( %ad[s1 into an o!r _w4 ,satisfaction is obta9$ 9 life 9 grappl+ ) realities2 9 ! display ( mascul9e /r5g?3 :ile ! religi\s attitude to life1 ) its wait+ & hope1 & its expectation ( sup]natural aid1 seems lifeless1 feeble1 & altoge!r lack+ 9 _s4 ,at ! same "t1 all capacity = und]/&+ ! _w 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity set ! s\l ( man disappe>s4 ,t _w 0 "o ( pure inw>dness1 a _w 9 :i* ! fundam5tal relation ( life 0 t ( ! spiritual life to its own ideal conception1 to absolute _s2 a _w 9 :i* ! que/ions ( "* & ( ! det]m9ation ( ! w 7 ! *ief problems4 ,to e>li] ,*ri/ianity t _w 0 any?+ b a m]e o!r _w2 r x con/itut$ t :i* 0 ne>e/ & mo/ c]ta92 ! *ief basis ( life1 f :i* ! _w ( s5se fir/ receiv$ its tru? & its value4 ,b ! m significant ! _w ( s5se becomes to man1 & ! m p[]fully x draws 8 affections to itself1 ! m does ! relation to ?is _w become ! fundam5tal relation ( life2 ! m does t pure inn] _w fade1 & ! m x appe>s to be some?+ artificial1 %ad[y1 some?+ add$ z an aft]?\ght2 & ! turn+ to x comes to be reg>d$ z a flight into an o!r _w4 ,*ri/ianity mu/ necess>ily be ali5 & un9telligible to anyone :o feels ! _w :i* 0 to ,*ri/ianity ! *ief _w to be a m]e o!r _w2 = him all ! cont5tions ( ,*ri/ianity are inevitably di/ort$1 & e elem5t ( joyful affirmation & h]oic victory :i* x conta9s obscur$2 ! :ole mu/ pres5t a mis]able & morbid picture4 ,n[ t ! c5tre ( life has *ang$ its position 9 relation to ! _w1 is x possible to avoid ! consequ5ces ( a gr[+ t5d5cy to displace & dissolve ,*ri/ianity8 ,! inn] _w 0 to ,*ri/ianity ess5tially a realm ( conviction & decision1 a relation ( w to w1 ( p]sonality to p]sonality3 free action1 9 p[] & love1 9 guilt & reconciliation1 =m$ ! ess5ce ( all ev5ts & gave to ! _w a s\l4 ,only z e?ical1 p]sonal p[] did ! spiritual life appe> to f9d its own dep? & to be able to gov]n ! _w4 ,"h aga9 ! ,mod]n ,age takes a directly antagoni/ic c\rse4 ,its "w is consid]$ mo/ ( all to lead beyond ! subjectivity ( man to ! cont5t & "u ! objective necessity ( ?+s4 ,= we seem fir/ to atta9 g5u9e tru? :5 we place ourselves 9 ! _w ( fact1 reveal its relations1 & take "p 9 its movem5ts2 we h to foll[ ! objective & imman5t necessities ( ?+s2 to int]pret e p>ticul> case f ! /&po9t ( ^! necessities & to h>monise our own conduct ) !m4 ,life seems to acquire greatness & univ]sal significance only insomu* z ! process comes be=e ! effect1 ! law be=e fre$om1 fix$ relations be=e ! resolution into individual occurr5ces4 ,to ! ,mod]n ,age1 n only has nature be5 trans=m$ into a cont9u\s causal *a91 b 9 its spiritual activity also ! age =ms great complexes1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! =ce ( logical necessity1 are plac$ beyond ! influ5ce ( all caprice1 & ( all ! int]e/s ( ! n>r[ly human4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( su* an evolution ! realm ( e?ical life appe>s to be a m]e subjective sph]e2 a tissue ( human op9ion & /riv+2 some?+ :i* falls outside ( g5u9e reality & :i* c nev] be =c$ into its /ructure4 ,to cont9ue 9 ! position ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity is look$ ^u z a rema9+ at a l[] level ( life2 conceptions su* z fre$om ( ! w & moral judgm5t are reg>d$ z *ildi% delusions :i* are ! m decid$ly reject$ ! m ! new life displays its fundam5tal "*4 ,aga91 ) a transvaluation ( all values1 t :i* to ,*ri/ianity 0 ! highe/ 9 life & dom9at$ ! :ole is reg>d$ z a m]e accompany+ appe>ance2 inde$1 a dang] to ! en]gy & tru? ( life4 ,h5ce a mode ( life has aris5 :i* n only reg>ds ! answ]s ( ,*ri/ianity ) indiff]5ce1 b does n ev5 recognise its problems2 & ?is mode ( life is attract+ to itself m & m ! convictions & en]gies ( mank9d4 ,ev5 n[ ! anti!sis :i* ! c5turies h prep>$ is be+ =c$ ) unmi/akable cle>ness into prom95ce4 ,x 0 possible = u to deceive ourselves ) reg>d to its implacability s long z a rationali/ic & pan!i/ic way ( ?9k+ pres5t$ ,*ri/ianity 9 ! mo/ g5]al way1 & tri$ to compreh5d its nature z some?+ univ]sal1 & at ! same "t plac$ nature & ! univ]se 9 ! transfigur+ light ( speculative consid]ation4 ,b1 9 ! c\rse ( fur!r exp]i5ce1 t mode ( ?\ght has be5 sev]ely %ak5 & appe>s m & m to be a m]e aggregate ( phrases2 & s ! anti!ses face "o ano!r unreconcil$ & a decision is n to be evad$4 ,9 ?is matt] mank9d is "u ! influ5ce ( a /rong reaction aga9/ ! religi\s1 & especially ! ,*ri/ian1 mode ( life4 ,?r\gh\t _m c5turies ,*ri/ianity has giv5 life a unity & has ?r[n light ^u reality f its /&po9t3 fur!r1 x has pres5t$ its way z ! only possible "o2 "o to :i* ev]y?+ :i* 9 any way /rives spiritually upw>d has to adapt itself4 ,if ! tru? ( ! :ole n[ falls into d\bt1 ev]y?+ :i* 0 int5d$ to give to life /ability & "* is soon felt to be heavily oppressive & intol]ably n>r[2 & ev]y?+ :i* 9 t mode ( life 0 accid5tal1 temporal1 & human advances into ! =egr\nd4 ,we cle>ly p]ceive t mu* pass$ curr5t z true only because we _h become unaccu/om$ to ask que/ions conc]n+ x1 & also t _m ?+s ow$ _! acceptance n to _! inn] necessity1 b only to social sanction4 ,) su* feel+s x may come to be consid]$ a great deliv]ance to %ake (f ! :ole1 & a necess>y /ep t[>ds tru?fulness ( life to elim9ate e aspect ( t mode ( life :i* ?r\gh cu/om or au?ority cont9ues to exi/4 ,^! t5d5cies are t5d5cies ( reaction ) all _! "o-sid$ness4 ,b c we d5y t a great *ange ( life has be5 accompli%$1 a *ange :i* rea*es f> beyond ^! t5d5cies1 & :i* is /ill work+ itself out8 ,t :i* previ\sly 0 mo/ proximate to u is n[ made to rec$e2 :at held curr5cy z absolutely c]ta9 mu/ n[ be labori\sly prov$1 &1 ?r\gh cont9ual reflection1 loses all fre%ness & p[] to conv9ce2 imm$iate exp]i5ce1 axiomatic c]ta9ty1 immovable conviction are lack+4 ,! self-evid5t c]ta9ties 9 ! light ( :i* e>li] ages liv$ & work$ are want+1 & we are compell$ to ackn[l$ge t "s ?+s become unc]ta91 ev5 impossible1 :5 !y cease to be self-evid5t4 ,aga91 x _c fail to be recognis$ t we are tir$ ( a m]ely religi\s way ( life2 we feel its limitations2 new ne$s are awak5$ & seek new =ms ( life & expression2 ev5 ! traditional t]m9ology displeases u2 ev5 ! acute/ dialectic _c l5d to ! old ! p[] ( y\?4 ,( c\rse ! matt] is n f9ally settl$ by ^! judgm5ts ( ! age4 ,=1 a lat] age is n ! infallible judge ( an e>li]2 mu* :i* to u mod]ns seems c]ta9 may soon become problematic2 mu* :i* satisfies u may soon be %[n to be inadequate4 ,x may be t ! old is capable ( ass]t+ ! ultimate dep? ( life 9 contra/ to ! new2 t ! _w ( inn] spiritual exp]i5ce :i* x discloses may f9ally %[ itself sup]ior to e assault4 ,b1 9 any case1 ! new conta9s a weal? ( fact n only 9 individual results b 9 ! :ole ( its be+2 ?r\gh its em]g5ce x has trans=m$ ! :ole condition ( ?+s2 x is impossible to decry x z a m]e apo/asy & to appeal to ! consci5ces ( individuals4 ,x may be t spiritual p[] "h /&s aga9/ spiritual p[] 9 a titanic /ruggle = ! s\l ( man3 victory mu/ fall to ! p[] :i* p5etrates to ! prim>y dep?s ( life & is capable ( tak+ possession ( :at is true 9 ! o!rs4 ,b if 9 ?is ! old] view ( life is inw>dly sup]ior1 x c develop su* sup]iority only by its own complete r5ewal & en]getic inw>d elevation1 ?r\gh ! mo/ fundam5tal settlem5t ) ev]y?+ antagoni/ic 9 an all-compreh5sive :ole ( life4 ,yet h[ deeply ! age is /ill involv$ 9 its se>*6 ,h[ f> x is f ! conclusion6 ,= ! pres5t1 z f> z ! life ( culture is conc]n$1 ,religion has fall5 into complete unc]ta9ty2 its *ief support & realm lie n )9 b outside ( t life4 ,x is ?is :i* makes all affirmation ( ,religion weak & all negation /rong2 x is ?is :i* ?reat5s to /amp1 z some?+ subjective & false1 e conception ( a sup]natural4 ,religion has become unc]ta9 to u n m]ely 9 s+le doctr9es & t5d5cies1 b 9 ! :ole ( its be+1 9 its fundam5tal cont5tion z to ! nature ( life2 & :at x (f]s 9 ! traditional =m 9 :i* x has come to u no long] satisfies a life :i* has be5 ar\s$ to great] bread? & fre$om4 #b4 ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,imman5t ,,idealism ,by ! side ( ! religi\s sy/em ( life1 = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 n[ z supplem5t>y1 n[ z contradictory1 !re has be5 ano!r :i* may be designat$ z ,imman5t ,idealism4 ,! latt] sy/em is n s fix$ & ov]aw+ a /ructure z ! =m]1 b ) a quiet] =ce x p5etrates ! :ole ( life4 ,x is n ( a simple nature1 b is f\nd 9 _m diff]5t =ms2 /ill1 !re exi/s s mu* 9 common 9 ^! t !y cle>ly exhibit & emphasise "o common t5d5cy4 ,l ! religi\s sy/em1 ?is ,idealism also places life prim>ily 9 a _w ( ?\ght1 f :i* x organises s5se exp]i5ce2 x is di/+ui%$ f ! =m] sy/em1 h[ev]1 9 t x nev] sep>ates ! two worlds "o f ! o!r1 b conceives !m z relat$ elem5ts or aspects ( a s+le :ole4 ,!y are relat$ to "o ano!r z appe>ance & reality1 z cause & effect1 z animat+ & animat$ nature 7natura naturans & naturata74 ,! div9e is n s mu* a p[] transc5d+ ! _w z "o p]meat+ x & liv+ 9 x2 n some?+ specific outside ( ?+s1 b _! connection 9 a liv+ unity2 x does n make dem&s & pres5t u ) problems s mu* z give to ! _w its tru? & dep?4 ,?us1 reality appe>s z an inw>dly co-ord9at$ :ole3 ! individual f9ds 8 g5u9e be+ only z a "p ( ?is :ole4 ,& s1 "h1 ! fundam5tal relation ( life is t to ! invisible :ole ( reality2 ) ! developm5t ( ?is relation1 t :i* seems lifeless becomes animat$2 ! elem5ts :i* seem isolat$ are br\ght toge!r2 & ! _w discloses an inf9ite cont5t & gives x to man = a joy\s possession4 ,b x w\ld be impossible = man to accompli% ! transition f appe>ance to reality1 if he 7 n root$ 9 ! fundam5tal p]man5cies & if1 9 ! compreh5d+ ( ! _w1 he did n f9d 8 own be+4 ,if ?is is ! case1 h[ev]1 & if1 ?r\gh c\rage\s turn+ f ! sup]ficiality to :i* he 9 ! fir/ place belongs1 he is able to set himself 9 ! dep? ( reality1 !n a magnific5t life ) ! wide/ prospects op5s out be=e him4 ,=1 n[1 he may w9 ! :ole ( inf9ity = 8 own & set himself free f ! triviality ( ! m]ely human )\t los+ himself 9 an ali5 _w2 he may direct ! movem5t ( life to a positive ga91 s9ce he guides x f )9 & f ! :ole4 ,?is life w f9d its c5tre 9 ! activities :i* br+ man into relation ) ! :ole & broad5 him f )9 to ! :ole2 ?us1 9 sci5ce & art spiritual creation becomes ! *ief conc]n2 its =ceful developm5t all[s u to hope = an ennobl+ ( ! :ole ( exi/5ce4 ,) ?is creative activity z c5tre1 ! re/ is reg>d$ z its environm5t1 its means1 its presupposition2 b !re rema9 a cle> di/9ction & gradation betwe5 t :i* a creative life evolves imm$iately1 & t :i* =ms a m]e condition = ?is & may nev] become an aim 9 itself4 ,?us1 ! beautiful is sep>at$ %>ply f ! m]ely useful2 ! inn] life f all pres]vation ( physical exi/5ce2 a g5u9e spiritual culture1 z ! revelation ( ! dep? ( ?+s1 f all p]fect+ ( natural & social conditions1 f m]e civilisation4 ,"h life f9ds an aim & a task 9 itself2 !y are n pres5t$ to x f a transc5d5t _w2 b x c evolve a morality 9 ! s5se ( tak+ up ! :ole into "o's own volition1 ! subjection ( caprice to ! necessity ( ?+s4 ,a life ?us full ( cont5t & joy\s activity arose :5 ,greek culture 0 at its height1 & ex]cis$ its influ5ce ?r\gh ! c\rse ( ! c5turies2 ,*ri/ianity also soon laid aside its orig9al suspicion aga9/ ?is life & jo9$ x to itself4 ,?is life1 h[ev]1 fir/ atta9$ complete indep5d5ce & self-consci\sness 9 mod]n culture s f> z ?is culture foll[$ ! way ( ,idealism4 ,x is felt to be sup]ior to ,religion & hopes to be able to %ape ! _w ( man m satisfactorily ?an ,religion c4 ,9 ?is sy/em =mulat$ conceptions & p]plex+ doctr9es ( ! div9e are n necess>y1 z !y are 9 ,religion1 because ! div9e is pres5t imm$iately 9 ! process ( life & surr\nds man on all sides4 ,man's p[]s are n drawn 9 a p>ticul> direction & no?+ is disc>d$1 b ev]y?+ is to be uni=mly develop$ & unifi$ 9 an all-inclusive h>mony2 natural in/9cts are re/ra9$ & ennobl$ ?r\gh _! relations 9 a l>g] :ole4 ,a p[] ( organisation is display$ :i* rea*es ! f9e/ ve9 ( ! s\l1 ?r[s ! g5u9ely human into relief 9 contra/ ) environm5t & tradition1 & makes x ! matt] ( *ief conc]n3 ) all ?is x deep5s life 9 itself & f9ds incalculable treasure 9 su* dep?4 ,ev]y:]e !re is p[]ful ef=t & creative activity on ! "p ( man1 b at ! same "t ! consci\sness ( an invisible ord]2 a joyful affirmation ( life1 b at ! same "t a deliv]ance f unre/ra9$ curiosity & co>se enjoym5t2 a bread? & a fre$om ( life1 & ) ?is a cle> consci\sness ( ! greatness b also ( ! limitations ( man4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( conviction 9 ! classical p]iod ( ,g]man lit]ature4 ,?is =m ( life has1 ) rem>kable quickness1 be5 relegat$ into ! di/ance2 ) all its ext]nal proximity x has become inw>dly m ali5 to u ?an ! _w ( ,religion4 ,all ?is has come to pass1 h[ev]1 n s mu* ?r\gh direct conflict1 :i* its free & compreh5sive nature c\ld sc>cely provoke1 z ?r\gh inn] *anges ( conditions & /riv+s1 :i* h n[ ?ru/ o!r facts into prom95ce & driv5 m5 to o!r tasks4 ,! trans=mation c\ld h>dly h be5 effect$ s quickly & s fundam5tally if ?is mode ( life did n involve fix$ limits & problematic presuppositions :i* we h n[ become fully consci\s ( = ! fir/ "t4 ,x is ! ari/ocratic nature ( ?is ,imman5t ,idealism :i* fir/ awak5s suspicion & opposition4 ,spiritual creation1 f :i* x expects complete salvation1 c take possession ( & satisfy ! :ole s\l only :]e x breaks =? spontane\sly ) great & p[]ful effect1 :]e1 ) ov]:elm+ p[]1 x raises man above himself4 ,an incontrov]tible exp]i5ce %[s u t ?is takes place only 9 r>e & exceptional cases2 !re mu/ be a union ( _m =ces be=e man c rise to su* a height & be sway$ by ! compulsion ( ?is creation4 ,n[1 x is true t ! ga9 ( su* r$-lett] days c>ries its effect into ord9>y days & t f ! heights light p\rs d[n ^u l[] levels4 ,b 9 su* transmission !re is a s]i\s & inevitable loss 9 p[] & purity2 inde$1 9 v]acity3 t :i* fills ! life ( ^? produc+ x & ar\ses x to its highe/ passion easily becomes to ! receiv] a subsidi>y matt]1 a pleasant accompany+ exp]i5ce4 ,?us we see epo*s ( organisation foll[ ^u times ( creation1 b we see t su* organisation s9ks m & m into a reflective & passive reproduction4 ,su* organisation t5ds to become m]e imag9ation2 ! man imbu$ ) ! _s ( su* organisation easily seems to himself m ?an he is2 ) a false self-consci\sness talks & feels z ?\gh he 7 at a supreme height2 lives less 8 own life ?an an ali5 "o4 ,soon] or lat] opposition mu/ necess>ily arise aga9/ su* a half-life1 su* a life ( pret5ce1 & ?is opposition w become especially /rong if x is animat$ by ! desire t all :o be> human features %\ld p>ticipate 9 ! *ief goods ( our exi/5ce & freely co-op]ate 9 ! highe/ tasks4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t ?is long+ is "o :i*1 at ! pres5t "t1 is f\nd to be irresi/ible4 ,& s ! ari/ocratic "* ( ,imman5t ,idealism produces a type ( life rigidly exclusive1 h>% & intol]able4 ,b n only does ?is type ( life lack complete p[] & tru?fulness 9 reg>d to mank9d z a :ole2 x is subject to simil> limitations 9 relation to ! _w & to ?+s4 ,all success 9 our relation to ! _w & to ?+s dep5ds on ! spiritual con/itut+ ! ?+'s own dep?1 on ?+s f9d+ _! g5u9e be+ 9 x1 & :]e ?is dep? is rea*$1 on ! visible _w unit+ ) x will+ly1 inde$ joyfully1 & m\ld+ itself solely & completely = spiritual expression4 ,_s & _w mu/ /rive toge!r 9 mutual tru/ & ea* mu/ f9ally be completely involv$ "o 9 ! o!r2 reality mu/ build itself up1 if n at "o /roke1 at any rate 9 ceaseless advance z a k+dom ( reason4 ,a solution at once s simple & s easy bluntly contradicts ! exp]i5ces ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,bo? )\t & )9 ! s\l ( man an inf9ite concret5ess makes itself evid5t1 :i* )/&s all d]ivation f g5]al pr9ciples1 all ins]tion into a compreh5sive s*eme1 ob/9ately ass]ts its p>ticul>ity1 =ms its own complexes1 & foll[s its own c\rse4 ,! reali/ic mode ( ?\ght ( ! ,mod]n ,age has br\ght ?is aspect ( reality to full recognition4 ,if ! spiritual life _c take complete possession ( ?+s1 if a realm ( facts cont9ues to exi/ ov] aga9/ x1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! spiritual is ( ! ultimate be+ ( ! _w & reveals ! reality ( ?+s1 or :e!r x m]ely comes to !m f )\t & only t\*es _! surface4 ,9 ! latt] case ext]nal limitation becomes ! cause ( an inw>d convulsion4 ,?is is a fact :i* we f9d corroborat$ :5 we come to reflect t ,imman5t ,idealism treats ! spiritual life 9 man mu* too ha/ily & boldly z absolute spiritual life2 t x attributes to human capacity1 )\t fur!r consid]ation1 t :i* belongs to spiritual life 9 g5]al4 ,! exp]i5ces ( mod]n life place ! p>ticul>ity & insignificant ( man m & m be=e our eyes2 !y enable u to see ) :at difficulty & h[ sl[ly any k9d ( spiritual life :atev] has em]g$ 9 ! human sph]e1 & ) :at toil x ma9ta9s itself !re2 !y insi/ t1 if ! spiritual life is n to s9k d[n to a m]e appe>ance to man1 a %>p di/9ction mu/ be made betwe5 ! sub/ance ( ! spiritual life & ! =m ( its exi/5ce 9 man2 9 e sph]e mod]n life puts que/ions :i* lead beyond ! position ( ,imman5t ,idealism4 ,imman5t ,idealism seems to treat ! problem ( life mu* too summ>ily & n to p5etrate suffici5tly to ultimate dep?s4 ,! conflict betwe5 ,imman5t ,idealism & mod]n life is /ill m ke5 9 reg>d to ! problem :e!r reality is rational4 ,x is ess5tial to ?is ,idealism to affirm ?is rationality2 x ne$ n conceive x z pres5t 9 a complete /ate1 b x mu/ be sure ( an advance to x2 ! movem5t ( reality1 ) its anti!ses & conflicts1 mu/ pass 9 elem5ts ( reason4 ,imman5t ,idealism tol]ates no inn] division ( ! spiritual life2 :]ev] spiritual movem5t em]ges1 !re c be no d\bt conc]n+ ! aim2 ! developm5t ( p[] mu/ br+ ! "r disposition ) x2 e limitation c come only f weakness or misund]/&+2 !re c be no radical evil4 ,) an optimism ( ?is k9d ! lead+ m9ds ( ,g]man classical lit]ature are imbu$2 b h[ mu*1 9 ! mid/ ( all ! progress ( civilisation1 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ! appe>ance ( ! _w has be5 d>k5$6 ,we see n[ ) complete cle>ness ! indiff]5ce ( ! =ces ( nature t[>ds ! aims ( ! _s2 we see ! incessant cross+ ( ! "w ( reason by bl9d necessity2 we see ! spiritual life divid$ aga9/ itself1 em95t spiritual p[]s drawn into ! s]vice ( l[] int]e/s1 & c>ri$ away by unre/ra9$ passion4 ,9 a "t ( extraord9>y increase ( te*nical & social culture1 we see ! spiritual life w9 sc>cely any?+1 9 fact1 s]i\sly rec$e2 we see x become p]plex$ conc]n+ its ma9 direction1 & oscillate 9 unc]ta9ty betwe5 diff]5t possibilities4 ,we exp]i5ce 9 e sph]e a viol5t convulsion ( ! _s4 ,h[ c ,imman5t ,idealism satisfy u "u su* circum/ances2 h[ c x assure to our life a firm basis8 ,inde$1 we may n[ d\bt :e!r ,imman5t ,idealism signifies a type ( life at all2 :e!r x is n simply a compromise betwe5 a religi\s %ap+ ( life & a life turn$ t[>ds s5se exp]i5ce2 a via m$ia1 :i* z m]ely transitional is only able to ma9ta9 itself = a "t4 ,! hi/orical exp]i5ce ( ! ,mod]n ,age seems to %[ t ! latt] hypo!sis is ! true "o4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! epo* ,religion /ood 9 secure supremacy & ! div9e act$ on man f a sov]eignty t 0 supreme ov] ! _w4 ,!n ! div9e came ev] clos] to ! _w t x might spread itself ov] x & p]meate x1 till f9ally !re 0 no long] any sep>ation1 & ,god & _w bl5d$ toge!r 9 a s+le :ole4 ,at fir/ ?is seem$ a pure & a great ga93 ! div9e put (f all rigid sov]eignty & spoke to u imm$iately out ( ! :ole ext5t ( life2 ! _w 0 relat$1 ?r\gh ! p[] ( ! div9e1 to an inn] :ole &1 illum9at$ by x1 receiv$ a transfigur$ appe>ance4 ,& yet ?is solution 0 only app>5t2 x conta9$ an inn] contradiction1 :i* ultimately 0 b\nd to break =? ) a p[] ( de/ruction4 ,! div9e _h develop$ its p[] & its dep? 9 opposition to ! _w2 w x reta9 t p[] & t dep? if ! opposition ceases2 w n ! r5unciation ( supremacy1 ! fusion ) ?+s1 rob x ( all di/9ctive cont5t8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ) ?is increase 9 proximity & ext5sion1 ! div9e fades & dissolves m & m2 ev] less p[] proce$s f x3 & s ! _w is ev] less trans=m$ & elevat$ by x2 its transfigur+ light is dissipat$ & its inn] relations are brok54 ,f be+ a life-p5etrat+ p[] ,pan!ism becomes m & m a vague disposition2 inde$1 an empty phrase4 ,! liv+ :ole1 :i* 9 ! beg9n+ rais$ ?+s to itself1 has f9ally become a m]e ab/raction :i* _c hold its gr\nd be=e vigor\s ?\ght4 ,?us1 ) an imman5t dialectic1 su* z hi/orical life (t5 en\gh %[s1 ! movem5t1 s9ce x /rove = bread?1 has be5 de/roy$ 9 its life-giv+ root2 x has ab&on$ ! basis f :i* x d]iv$ its tru? & p[]4 ,imman5t ,idealism %[s itself to be "o great contradiction2 a fasc9at+ illusion1 :i*1 in/ead ( reality1 pres5ts u ) m]e appe>ance4 ,( c\rse1 ,imman5t ,idealism is n f9ally refut$ by su* d\bts & difficulties2 x puts =w>d dem&s :i* ne$ to be satisfi$ 9 "s way2 x conta9s tru?s :i* 9 "s mann] mu/ be ackn[l$g$4 ,:at w\ld become ( human life if x %\ld ab&on its /riv+ =w>ds to ! :ole2 its spiritual p5etration ( ! _w2 its advance 9 greatness & bread?2 its joy\s & vigor\s nature2 ! excell5ce ( its disposition8 ,b ! indisp5sable tru? t is involv$ 9 ,imman5t ,idealism mu/ be br\ght into wid] relations1 & ?us made cle> & modifi$1 s t x may be m secure & m fruitful 9 its effect4 ,mean:ile1 we see t "h also we are 9 complete unc]ta9ty2 t :i* 0 int5d$ to give a firm support1 & to po9t out a cle> c\rse to our life1 has itself become a difficult problem4 7b7 ,,! ,,new] ,,sy/ems ,no attack f )\t & no relaxation f )9 c\ld h br\ght ! old] sy/ems ( life into ! /ate ( *aos :i* we actually f9d !m to be 91 if ! exp]i5ce ( s5se _h n become f> m to man & _h n giv5 him f> m to d ?an 9 e>li] times4 ,hi!rto g5u9e spiritual life seem$ to be able to unfold itself only 9 en]getic deta*m5t f ! _w ( s5se2 x r$uc$ ?is _w to a subord9ate sph]e :i* receiv$ its position & value only f a transc5d5t ord]2 ?us1 all t>ry+ ) ! ?+s ( s5se seem$ to be a sign ( a l[] disposition1 a fall+ f ! heights ( human life4 ,?is view has be5 radically alt]$ by ! c\rse ( ! ,mod]n ,age4 ,:5 ! invisible _w became unc]ta9 to man & ! life direct$ t[>ds x %ad[y1 an int5se ?ir/ = reality1 = a life out ( ! abundance & tru? ( ?+s1 arose1 & only ! visible _w seem$ to promise satisfaction4 ,?is _w _h be5 se5 previ\sly 9 a p>ticul> light :i* is n[ felt to be artificial & di/ort+2 if ?is light fails & ! _w c unfold itself unaffect$1 x %[s a f> ri*] cont5t1 f> firm] relations1 f> great] tasks4 ,all ?is is m especially because ! _w no long] appe>s to be some?+ f9i%$1 b z /ill 9 process & z capable ( a ?or\gh-go+ elevation2 because great possibilities :i* human p[] is able to awak5 /ill lie dormant 9 x4 ,9 div]se directions s5se exp]i5ce advances f> beyond ! old] =m2 ,natural ,sci5ce analyses ! visible _w into its s+le compon5ts & makes x p5etrable to our ?\ght1 & at ! same "t te*nical skill w9s p[] ov] its =ces4 ,9 ! political & social sph]e m5 f9d new tasks n only 9 reg>d to isolat$ que/ions1 b ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( its organisation1 & great hopes ( an ess5tial elevation ( life are rais$4 ,! individual also appe>s m p[]ful & ri*]1 9 t ! decay ( traditional ties gives him complete fre$om = 8 developm5t4 ,ev5 if1 9 ! /ruggle = ! control ( life1 ^! movem5ts 9 _m ways fall into contradiction "o ) ano!r1 /ill1 9 ! fir/ place !y unite 9 advanc+ ! _w ( s5se 9 man's e/imation1 9 fix+ 8 love & 8 "w !re1 & 9 also mak+ m5 m & m dis9cl9$ to consid] ! life-sy/ems root$ 9 ! invisible4 ,s5se exp]i5ce pres5ts itself ev] m decid$ly z some?+ :i* c tol]ate nei!r p>tn] nor rival2 ! life direct$ t[>ds x loses m & m ! nature ( be+ an oppon5t1 :i* x hi!rto _h1 & x und]takes to %ape our :ole exi/5ce *>act]i/ically 9 positive a*ievem5t & also to satisfy ! spiritual ne$s ( man completely4 ,all ?is signifies an entire rev]sal ( ! ord] ( life2 =1 s9ce ! _w :i* =m]ly _h seem$ second>y n[ becomes pr$om9ant1 inde$ exclusive1 all /&>ds & values are *ang$1 & ! old possession appe>s also z a new ga94 ,x is true t ! new mode ( ?\ght misses ! advantages :i* a long tradition gave to ! old3 b 9 place ( ?is1 x has ! *>m ( se>*+ & f9d+ = itself1 ! joy ( fir/ discov]y & successful ex]tion2 "h an inf9ite horizon is disclos$2 be=e ! rese>* & ef=t ( man lies an op5 way4 ,endeav\r d]ives p>ticul> p[] & confid5ce f ! conviction t ! new is no?+ else ?an ! old & g5u9e1 b hi!rto misund]/ood1 nature3 x is a return ( life to itself1 to its pla9 & pure tru?1 :i* p]mits u to expect a new _w epo*4 ,& s mank9d1 exalt$ 9 m9d & ) *e]ful c\rage1 ent]s ^u ! c\rse :i* promises s mu*4 #a4 ,,! ,,naturali/ic ,,sy/em ,! movem5t t[>ds giv+ sole att5tion to ! _w ( s5se _c make sure progress )\t a m def9ite decision conc]n+ ! ma9 ag5ts & ! ma9 direction ( "w4 ,diff]5t possibilities "h (f] !mselves2 ?ree1 h[ev]1 9 p>ticul>4 ,9 reality1 ^! h all evolv$1 sometimes bl5d+ toge!r & /r5g!n+ "o ano!r1 at o!r times cross+ & h9d]+ "o ano!r4 ,none ( ^! movem5ts has display$ m en]gy & ex]cis$ m p[] ?an t :i* makes ! s5se exp]i5ce ( surr\nd+ nature its basis1 & /rives to include man's entire be+ )9 ?is exp]i5ce4 ,?is is ,naturalism1 :i*1 />t+ out f ! me*anical conception ( nature1 :i* has be5 develop$ 9 ! ,mod]n ,age1 applies ! ideas ?us obta9$ to ev]y?+1 & subord9ates ev5 ! life ( ! s\l to !m4 ,! movem5t orig9at$ at ! dawn ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 an indep5d5ce & autonomy ( nature began to be ackn[l$g$4 ,nature _h be5 cov]$ ) a veil ( explanation1 ma9ly /hetic or religi\s 9 "*1 :i* gave x a col\r correspond+ to ! prevail+ disposition1 b at ! same "t exclud$ ! possibility ( a sci5tific compreh5sion4 ,a compreh5sion ( ?is k9d c\ld only be atta9$ by gett+ rid ( all subjective addition :i* _h be5 made by man1 & by inve/igat+ nature purely by itself4 ,s9ce ,desc>tes & ,galileo t has be5 accompli%$1 & nature n[ appe>s z an imm5se web ( s+le ?reads1 z a complex ( fundam5tally mobile1 b s\lless1 elem5ts1 ^: movem5ts take simple basal =ms1 :ile ! comb9ation ( ^! elem5ts produces all con/ructions1 ev5 ! mo/ complicat$4 ,?is mighty ma*9]y nev] po9ts beyond1 & z x runs its c\rse solely )9 itself1 s x requires to be und]/ood solely f itself4 ,ev]y?+ spiritual is ?us elim9at$2 ?is realm ( fact has no implication ( aims1 or ( a mean+ ( ev5ts4 ,?is new sci5tific conception ( nature _h fir/1 ) mu* toil & difficulty1 to wre/le ) ! traditional1 navely human1 repres5tation2 ?is 0 *iefly a matt] ( r$uc+ fir/ appe>ances to _! simple elem5ts1 & ( con/ruct+ ! _w anew f ^!4 ,by ?is process1 nature at ! same "t became accessible to ! op]ation ( man4 ,=1 ! te*nical control ( nature presupposes ! analytic "* ( rese>*2 only su* a rese>*1 ) its discov]y ( ! s+le elem5ts & t5d5cies1 places man 9 a relation ( activity t[>ds nature2 :ile 9 e>li] times only an attitude ( contemplation _h be5 grant$ to him4 ,natural ,sci5ce ?us creat$ a new type ( life1 a life en]getic1 mascul9e1 press+ =w>d unceas+ly4 ,?is life1 l sci5ce itself1 9 ! fir/ place =ms a special "p ( a wid] :ole4 ,z ! expulsion ( ! s\l f nature at fir/ br\ght ab\t a /r5g!n+ ( ! s\l 9 itself1 nature 0 ! less imm$iately able to gov]n ! :ole4 ,! individual ( mod]n times /r5g!n$ & ass]t$ himself aga9/ nature1 & insi/$ ^u a realm ( indep5d5t inw>dness4 ,! conte/ 0 a sev]e "o2 yet ! m nature 0 se5 to ext5d1 on ! "o h&1 to ! inf9itely great1 &1 on ! o!r1 to ! inf9itely small1 ! m fix$ relations x %[$1 s mu* ! m ov]:elm+ly did x draw man to itself1 ! m did its conception t5d to include ! inn] aspects ( ! s\l also4 ,! f9al bl[ 9 ! /ruggle 0 giv5 by ! mod]n !ory ( desc5t1 s9ce ?is !ory ass]ts man to be ! product solely ( natural =ces1 & ma9ta9s t ev]y?+ :i* man ascribes to himself z *>act]i/ic & di/9ctive is d]iv$ f a gradual developm5t ( natural factors4 ,& s nature is exalt$ z an all-compreh5sive _w--nature1 t is1 z repres5t$ 9 ! mod]n me*ani/ic !ory1 :i* is ?us trans=m$ into a f9al !ory ( ! _w1 a naturali/ic metaphysic4 ,! human & spiritual _w1 :i* hi!rto _h be5 felt to be an indep5d5t realm 9 contra/ ) nature1 appe>s h5ce=? z its m]e cont9uation1 z some?+ :i* fits completely into a wid] conception ( nature4 ,a conviction ( ?is k9d mu/ fundam5tally alt] ! position ( ! spiritual life1 z well z its magnitudes & values3 & ?is conviction is no m]e !ory1 b desires & /rives to take possession ( ! :ole ( exi/5ce & to *ange its =m completely4 ,inde$1 a p>ticul> naturali/ic type ( life arises & w9s a p[]ful influ5ce ov] ! ?\ght & activity ( ! "t4 ,naturalism d5ies all indep5d5ce ( ! spiritual life1 :i* x reg>ds z no?+ m ?an an adjunct to ! realm ( nature1 & "o t c only exi/ along ) s5se exi/5ce1 z a "p ( or z a supplem5t to x4 ,spirituality has1 !re=e1 to subord9ate itself & con=m entirely to ! life ( nature2 x c nev] produce & guide a movem5t f itself1 nev] evolve a basal & compreh5sive activity1 nev] )draw itself into its own sph]e z into an indep5d5t realm4 ,all self-exi/5t spirituality fades to a _w ( m]e %ad[s2 :atev] makes itself felt 9 u c only become a complete reality by w9n+ fle% & blood ?r\gh ! appropriation ( physical =ces4 ,life1 ?us und]/ood1 possesses no?+ 9 itself2 x receives ev]y?+ f its relations to ! environm5t ) :i* x is b\nd up3 ?\ght br+s =? no new ideas2 all ideas are m]ely abbreviations ( s5se impressions4 ,ef=t c nev] realise purely spiritual values2 ! ess5ce ( all happ9ess is s5su\s enjoym5t1 h[ev] ref9$ t may 9 "s cases be4 ,! naturali/ic sy/em ( life receives a m def9ite del9eation f ! repres5tation ( nature1 :i* ! me*anical !ory1 toge!r ) a !ory ( desc5t adapt$ to x1 sket*es & impressively holds up to ! pres5t age4 ,by ?is !ory nature is completely resolv$ into a co-exi/5ce ( individual =ces1 :i*1 )9 ! n>r[ b\nds ( exi/5ce1 mu/ cla% viol5tly toge!r1 & ass]t !mselves "o aga9/ ! o!r 9 ceaseless conflict4 ,?is conflict1 h[ev]1 is a s\rce ( progressive movem5t1 9 t x br+s toge!r1 e/abli%es1 & employs ev]y?+ useful = self-pres]vation2 x keeps life 9 a /ate ( y\?ful fre%ness1 9 t new conditions cont9ually arise & dem& new accommodations ) respect to ! biologico-economic environm5t4 ,a biologico-economic mode ( ?\ght is evolv$ :i* revolutionises all previ\s e/imations ( values4 ,ev]y?+ intr9sically valuable disappe>s f ! _w2 its expulsion seems a deliv]ance f a confus$1 inde$ a mean+less1 conception ( ?+s2 ! useful1 t :i* promotes ! int]e/s ( liv+ be+s1 ea* aft] its k9d1 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 becomes ! all-dom9at+ value4 ,no my/]i\s be+ ( ?+s is appreh5d$ 9 ! ,true2 b ^? pres5tations & sy/ems ( ?\ght are call$ true :i* ensure t ! be/ accommodation to ! conditions ( life %all be atta9$1 & :i* j 9 ?is way hold ! individuals toge!r4 ,no long] does a ,good speak to man ) au/]e dem& f a transc5d5t sov]eignty2 b t is good :i*1 )9 our exp]i5ce1 is ( s]vice to ! pres]vation ( life4 ,! ,beautiful1 also1 is subord9at$ to ! useful1 & x is solely by its value 9 relation to ?is t x ass]ts itself4 ,9 ev]y?+1 x is only "o's own welf>e1 ! int]e/ ( individual pres]vation1 t directly inspires conduct2 b real life %[s man 9 s _m relations1 s closely implicat$ ) 8 environm5t1 t he c /rive = no?+ = himself )\t also /riv+ = o!rs4 ,?is ext5sion ( int]e/s has no limits2 !re is no?+ 9 ! :ole ( inf9ity :i* c\ld n 9 ?is way become to man1 indirectly1 a means ( self-pres]vation & ?us an object ( desire4 ,! naturali/ic type ( life ext5ds f ! mo/ g5]al ( impulses to e bran* ( activity1 & =ms e dep>tm5t ( life 9 a di/9ctive fa%ion4 ,k dep5ds entirely ^u exp]i5ce2 e speculative elem5t mu/ be exclud$ z a subjective delusion2 9 all its bran*es k is no?+ else ?an a broad5$ ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,art may n pursue imag9>y ideals2 x f9ds its s+le task 9 ! fai?ful & simple reproduction ( ! natural environm5t4 ,social life & endeav\r w develop1 above all1 natural p[]s1 & w seek to adapt itself to ! conditions giv5 by nature1 &1 reject+ all aims bas$ ^u m]e imag9ation1 x w c>e *iefly = ! physical welf>e ( ! :ole1 z ! s\rce ( all p[] & ( all success4 ,x is n difficult to und]/& h[ ?is =m ( life 0 able to w9 & c>ry away ! m9ds ( its contempor>ies4 ,9 ! fir/ place x has ! "* ( simplicity & imm$iacy1 :i*1 9 contra/ ) ! complexity & ! remot5ess ( ! traditional position1 appe>s a great advantage4 ,=1 9 ?is s*eme1 life1 ) all its multiplicity1 is dom9at$ & unifi$ by ! idea ( natural self-pres]vation2 & ! ?+s :i* imm$iately affect u1 :i* lie physically & psy*ically ne> to u1 come mo/ directly into relation to ?is aim4 ,x is a fur!r t5d5cy ( ?is s*eme ( life to br+ ! :ole ( exi/5ce into a /ate ( activity & re/less advance4 ,= ! /ate ( conflict :i* prevails "u ! naturali/ic sy/em all[s no?+ to p]si/ m]ely because ( its pres5t exi/5ce or ?r\gh ! weight ( tradition1 b ev]y?+ mu/ always be reass]t+ its "r to exi/5ce2 x mu/ /ret* & ext5d itself 9 ord] to be useful 9 ! life ( ! pres5t4 ,t :i* _c satisfy ?is te/ is unm]cifully ?r[n ov] z a dead weight4 ,x is also ( great importance to ! !ory 9 "q t nature & ! _w are involv$ 9 ceaseless *ange1 & t1 along ) ! conditions ( life1 ! requirem5ts also alt]3 ! matt] is "o ( cont9ually accommodat+ oneself anew2 & s life is plac$ entirely 9 ! pres5t1 & ! fixity ( an absolute conception & treatm5t ( *ange yields to ! in/ability ( a relative "o4 ,la/ ( all1 & mo/ especially1 life accord+ to its own conviction be>s ! "* ( tru?4 ,= human /riv+ appe>s to atta9 ! firm basis ( reality1 & to become tru?ful 9 itself only :5 x is def9itely relat$ to ! surr\nd+ _w2 :ile1 s long z x tru/$ to ! capacity ( ! subject--:i* fondly imag9$ itself indep5d5t--x fell into unspeakable error4 ,only :5 deliv]$ f subjectivity1 only :5 fix$ )9 ! web ( ! :ole ( nature1 does life seem to awak5 out ( a dream1 & to become fully real1 a g5u9e1 securely gr\nd$ life4 ,! en]gy ( negation :i* ?is !ory employs & ) :i* x drives out ev]y?+ :i* has become old adds /r5g? to ! elem5ts ( ass]tion & positive a*ievem5t 9 ^! *anges4 ,9 ?is !ory !re is no?+ indef9ite :i* c\ld s(t5 ! opposition1 no?+ m$iatory :i* c\ld ov]come x1 b1 di/9ctly & h>%ly1 affirmation & negation /& face to face & call = a pla9 decision betwe5 !m4 ,:atev] rema9s 9 d\bt & "u suspicion is =c$ into ! backgr\nd1 inde$ elim9at$ altoge!r1 ?r\gh ! victori\s onw>d m>* ( mod]n ,natural ,sci5ce & ! increas+ triumphs ( te*nical skill1 :i* seem to demon/rate1 imm$iately1 ! tru? ( ! naturali/ic type ( life4 ,?us1 ?is movem5t spreads 9 a mighty flood ?r\gh humanity1 & seizes ) a p>ticul> p[] ! classes :i* are /ruggl+ upw>d1 & :i* meet sci5ce & culture ) a fai? yet undi/urb$4 ,9 matt]s temporal !re is h>dly any?+ :i* seems able to )/& su* an attack4 ,nev]!less1 t :i* ga9s ! support ( _m contempor>ies is n !reby prov$ to be ! supreme p[] & ! f9al tru?4 ,9 t movem5t !re may be f> m1 & some?+ f> m important ?an x itself admits4 ,x may be t x a*ieves t :i* x does a*ieve only ) ! help ( elem5ts ( ano!r k9d2 p]haps1 inde$1 x is able to ma9ta9 its tru? only 9 s f> z x ent]s into broad] relations 9 a wid] :ole & !reby *anges its mean+ ess5tially4 ,:e!r su* is ! case c be asc]ta9$ n by ref]5ce to subjective op9ion1 b by an exam9ation ( ! life ( humanity4 ,n[1 ! fir/ movem5t ( opposition is produc$ 9 j t sph]e :i* seem$ ,naturalism's /ronge/ bulw>k1 t is1 ,natural ,sci5ce1 ! ,natural ,sci5ce bas$ on ma!matics & physics4 ,only ! mo/ fleet+ survey c lead to ! confusion ( ,natural ,sci5ce ) ,naturalism2 9 reality1 ! naturali/ic ?9k] _c ) ju/ice ackn[l$ge any exact ,natural ,sci5ce1 & a natural sci5ti/ _c be naturali/ic 9 ?\ght 9 consequ5ce ( 8 sci5ce1 b only 9 spite ( x4 ,=1 ,natural ,sci5ce is any?+ b a m]e copy ( ! s5se impressions :i* we exp]i5ce2 its orig9 & progress are due to ! fact t ?\ght fundam5tally acts ^u & trans=ms ^? impressions4 ,if our intellect 7 no m ?an ,naturalism c logically make x out to be1 x c\ld1 at mo/1 only ref9e ! animal pres5tations a little2 x nev] c\ld h advanc$ beyond ! s+le pres5tations to a repres5tative conception ( ! _w z a :ole4 ,su* an advance c be a*iev$ only by ?\ght rais+ itself above ! /ream ( appe>ances & plac+ itself ov] aga9/ x2 b h[ c\ld a m]e bundle ( p]ceptions1 to :i* ,naturalism r$uces ! intellect1 a*ieve ?is8 ,incomp>ably m unity ( be+ & fre$om ( op]ation are necess>y = ?is a*ievem5t ?an su* a bundle c\ld produce4 ,9 e>li] times1 no d\bt1 man w5t v mu* a/ray 9 ! int]pretation ( 8 environm5t2 he transf]r$ 8 imm$iate feel+s into x2 he col\r$ ! :ole _w 9 human col\rs1 & associat$ ) its realities z ) be+s ( ! same nature z himself4 ,b ev5 ! error %[s a seek+ & an int]pretation2 ! simple putt+ ( ! "q proclaims a be+ becom+ sup]ior to m]e nature4 ,! mo/ important ?+1 h[ev]1 is t man has n reg>d$ ! matt] z f9ally settl$ ) ?is an?ropomorphism2 he has come to reg>d x z inadequate & has press$ =w>d to a new way ( ?9k+4 ,:at c\ld drive him to t *ange b a desire = tru?1 & h[ is su* a conception z tru? atta9able f nature8 ,& if ?\ght has succe$$ 9 break+ ?r\gh ! mi/y veil ( an?ropomorphism & seeks ?+s 9 _! own relations2 if an objective consci\sness ( ! _w has em]g$1 a consci\sness :i* is z diff]5t f ! imm$iacy ( s5se impressions z ! sky is di/ant f ! e>?1 has n man also gr[n 9 himself beyond m]e s5se impression2 is x n a "w ( ?\ght :i* supports & gov]ns ! :ole con/ruction1 & diff]5tiates g5u9e nature f appe>ance8 ,h[ mu* p[] ( compreh5sion & ( relat+ toge!r is exhibit$ ev5 by ,natural ,sci5ce1 9 t x analyses ! s5se pres5tation ( ! environm5t into its s+le elem5ts1 asc]ta9s ! laws ( ^!1 & traces ! movem5t f ! simple/ beg9n+s "r up to its pres5t /age ( developm5t4 ,all activity ( ?\ght is ?us subject to a c]ta9 reproa* 9 t x mu/ cont9ually br+ itself into relation to p]ception3 nev]!less x w int]weave all t is imp>t$ to x by p]ception into a framework ( ?\ght--trans=m x1 9 fact1 into a realm ( ?\ght4 ,spirituality is b\nd2 b h[ dull an individual mu/ be to confuse su* a b\nd spirituality ) m]e s5su\sness6 ,! error ( ,naturalism is obvi\s2 conc]n$ solely ) ! object & its =m1 x entirely leaves out ( acc\nt ! psy*ical activity :i* is involv$ 9 ! p]ception ( an object2 x ov]looks ! life-process )9 :i* alone we c h k ( an object & occupy ourselves ) x4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z we reg>d ! object f ?is po9t ( view1 x w be trans=m$ & w assume f> m spiritual traits4 ,reality w !n bur/ asund] ! framework into :i* ,naturalism desires to press x4 ,! type ( life :i* ,naturalism gives rise to also conta9s m ?an ,naturalism is able to expla94 ,at fir/ sight x seems z ?\gh man is tak5 up completely into a wid] conception ( nature2 z ?\gh 8 life obeys its =ces & impulses exclusively2 z ?\gh all 8 ass]t$ sup]iority to nature is simply imag9>y4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 9 ?is turn+ to nature1 man1 ) 8 spiritual activity1 /&s n )91 b above1 nature4 ,= he does n appe> z a m]e piece ( nature1 b exp]i5ces x & ?9ks ov] x3 its k+dom1 its organisation1 its /ability become to him a joyful possession & a wid5+ ( 8 be+4 ,! spiritual life has develop$ 9 relation to nature2 nature has n weld$ x toge!r4 ,! same may be said ( ! idea ( ! increase ( p[]1 :i* con/itutes ! ma9 ga9 ( life 9 ! naturali/ic sy/em4 ,=1 9 ! naturali/ic type ( life p[] is n direct$ t[>ds ext]nals1 z 9 nature1 b is exp]i5c$ & enjoy$1 & only ?us does x con/itute a s\rce ( happ9ess2 yet h[ c\ld x be t1 )\t an organisation ( life 9 an inn] unity :i* transc5ds individual occurr5ces8 ,?us1 ! intellectual & ! te*nical control ( nature :i* ! ,mod]n ,age has acquir$ attracts m5 & prevails ov] !m *iefly z a gr[? ( life1 z an increase ( self-reliance4 ,ev5 mat]ial goods1 weal? & prop]ty1 d n det]m9e ! endeav\r ( ! man ( culture s mu* ?r\gh s5su\s enjoym5t1 ! limit ( :i* is soon rea*$1 z ?r\gh _! possibilities z means to activity & creation1 to ! advancem5t ( human capacity4 ,x is ?is 9 p>ticul> :i* has fill$ ! mat]ial civilisation ( ! pres5t ) ! _s ( re/lessness & extravagance1 & gives x its demoniacal p[] ov] m54 ,x is ?is relation alone :i* expla9s & ju/ifies ! pres5t e/imate ( mat]ial goods1 s mu* high] z t is 9 mod]n culture ?an x 0 9 ! old] sy/ems ( ?\ght1 :i* br&$ z unwor?y all endeav\r direct$ to ! acquirem5t ( su* ?+s4 ,9 %ort1 ev5 ,naturalism 9 no way elim9ates ! subject ) its inw>dness2 r 9 its own developm5t x ev]y:]e presupposes ! subject4 ,x does n %ape life out ( m]e & pure nature1 b out ( a close union ( a transc5d5t spiritual life ) nature1 & out ( an en]getic insi/5ce ^u elem5ts ( nature )9 ! s\l4 ,h[ev]1 man exp]i5ces n s mu* ! ?+s !mselves z himself 9 ! ?+s2 ! relat+ toge!r1 ! survey+1 ! exp]i5c+ ( ! :ole is always a spiritual p]=mance4 ,?is p]=mance makes some?+ diff]5t out ( nature1 j z ! naturali/ic culture t is /riv5 = is diff]5t f ! /ate ( nature t is f\nd at ! beg9n+4 ,! misconception ( ! relation ( nature to ! m9d2 ! po/ulation ( nature )\t m9d1 9 place ( nature ) m9d1 makes ,naturalism self-contradictory & unt5able4 ,naturalism !re=e /ruggles va9ly aga9/ ! foll[+ dilemma3 if x is really 9 e>ne/ 9 ! elim9ation ( spiritual realities1 x mu/ inevitably de/roy its own fundam5tal basis &1 z a sy/em ( life1 mu/ break d[n2 :ile if x 9 any way ackn[l$ges a transc5d5ce ( nature1 & a transc5d5ce j 9 t :i* is fundam5tal to x1 !n x is necess>ily driv5 beyond itself4 ,b su* contradiction 9 ! basal position mu/ be pres5t ?r\gh ! :ole developm5t ( ,naturalism & mu/ make all its factors v>iat+ 9 col\r & d\ble 9 mean+1 s9ce at "o & ! same "t !y involve ! spiritual elem5t & reject x1 elim9ate x & br+ x into ! =egr\nd1 ! =m] op5ly & explicitly1 ! latt] conceal$ly & implicitly4 ,su* is ! case1 9 p>ticul>1 ) ! fundam5tal conception ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,9 ! context ( ,naturalism1 ?is conception c signify no?+ else ?an ! pres]vation ( natural exi/5ce1 ( m]e life2 su* a conception1 h[ev]1 is z incapable ( compreh5d+ ! :ole weal? ( ! "w ( civilisation & culture z x is ( develop+ )9 itself4 ,if ! pres]vation ( exi/5ce 9 ?is s5se 7 really ! highe/ aim1 !n1 all ! "w ( humanity1 incalculable & great z x is1 all ! toil & creative activity ( hi/ory1 w\ld be )\t result2 9 no way w\ld x lead beyond ! />t+-po9t2 we %\ld1 ( c\rse1 h life1 b no?+ along ) & 9 life4 ,inde$1 ! movem5t w\ld be a cont9ual retrogression1 = ! exp]i5ce ( ! pres5t %[s u cle>ly en\gh t ! conflict ( life becomes ev] m difficult1 toilsome1 & embitt]$4 ,if all ?is toil does n yield m ?an 0 possess$ 9 ! orig9al condition1 t is1 physical exi/5ce1 !n ?is implies t we h to make an ev] great] det\r to e/abli% t :i* =m]ly devolv$ ^u u imm$iately4 ,9 su* a case our life w\ld be a cont9ual s9k+1 a toil cont9ually increas+ 9 difficulty1 9 ord] t we might simply be some?+1 )\t be+ any?+ 9 p>ticul>4 ,or1 w anyone ass]t t !re is no retrogression :5 ! a*ievem5t ( ! same aim co/s ev] m ef=t1 ev] m lab\r & turmoil ( _s8 ,! fact is t ,naturalism also gives to life1 :i* is se5 to be ?us imm]s$ 9 conflict1 "s k9d ( cont5t1 :i* x conceives z increas+ cont9ually 9 ! c\rse ( ! movem5t1 & z atta9+ = u ?r\gh ! conflict an ev] ri*] & m compreh5sive exi/5ce4 ,b h[ c a conception su* z t ( ! cont5t ( life orig9ate 9 m]e nature8 ,h[ c x be ev5 conceiv$ unless life possesses "s consci\sness ( itself1 unless !re is a trans=mation ( :at is ext]nal into some?+ int]nal--a ?+ :i* nature c nev] accompli%8 ,) ! conception ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! useful becomes ! prepond]ant p[] ( life2 x attempts a transvaluation ( all values1 s9ce x lays /ress r on ! relation ( ?+s to u ?an on _! own nature4 ,! conception won acceptance f & p[] ov] ! m9ds ( m5 because x 0 a complete *ange f ! g5]ally accept$ explanation1 & at ! same "t seem$ to simplify matt]s greatly4 ,un=tunately1 on fur!r consid]ation ?is trans=mation proves to be a complete rev]sal ( ! g5]al s*eme ( life1 inde$ a de/ruction ( x4 ,man1 x is true1 does n pres]ve 8 physical exi/5ce )\t toil2 he mu/ cont9ually w9 x anew1 & no?+ c occupy him :i* does n acquire "s relation to ?is necessity & make itself consi/5t ) x4 ,b ! fur!r "q arises1 :e!r anxiety = ! useful is also able to cru% out t :i* is di/9ctive & *>act]i/ic 9 ! _w ( humanity4 ,if we recognise ! limits ( ! endeav\r aft] ! useful1 we %all soon become d\btful conc]n+ its claim to be ! sole aim ( conduct4 ,t endeav\r is sp5t solely on ! welf>e ( ! individual2 x c nev] free itself f ref]5ce to ! individual1 & nev]1 beyond t p]ceiv$1 c x take up any?+ z an aim 9 itself4 ,int]e/ is c5tr$ solely ^u ! ext]nal products ( ! activity ( m5 & ( ! process ( nature1 & n at all ^u :at m5 & nature are 9 !mselves4 ,we f9d "h no?+ b isolat$ sph]es ( exi/5ce :i* are devoid alike ( inn] relation to !mselves & to "o ano!r4 ,n[1 ,naturalism c appeal 9 its own def5ce to ! fact t real life %[s its individual dep>tm5ts to h ?\s&s ( int]-relation%ips1 s t ! welf>e ( ! individual is insep>ably b\nd up ) t ( 8 environm5t1 8 family1 8 home1 8 /ate2 & t !re=e1 9 ord] to prosp] himself1 8 endeav\r mu/ be = ! good ( ^! also4 ,x may ev5 s]ve 8 own int]e/ to give up a direct advantage 9 fav\r ( a great] indirect "o4 ,fur!r1 ,naturalism is able to ass]t t1 h[ev] little ! inn] disposition ( o!rs may affect u directly1 ?is disposition c acquire a value = u 9 s f> z its p]si/5ce alone assures to u a cont9uance ( a*ievem5t4 ,z consid]ations ( ?is k9d may be ext5d$ )\t limit1 !re is no?+ 9 ! :ole bread? ( exi/5ce :i* ! utilit>ian view ( life ne$ reject4 ,b1 9 ! mid/ ( all ?is ext5sion 9 bread?1 ?is developm5t ( life reta9s a fix$ limitation 9 its inn] nature1 :i* _c be transc5d$3 we c nev] /rive = ! ali51 ! o!r1 ! :ole1 = its own sake1 b only z a means = our own welf>e2 ev]y?+ inw>d becomes a matt] ( indiff]5ce if1 soon] or lat]1 x is n trans=m$ into an ext]nal result4 ,human life1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh its own developm5t has gr[n beyond ?is limitation2 if n 9 ! bread? ( exi/5ce1 yet 9 its inn] nature & at its highe/1 x manife/s some?+ significantly m4 ,man is capable ( a love :i* values ano!r1 n because x hopes = ?is or t :i* is useful f him1 b because ) ! :ole ( 8 exi/5ce he is valuable to x4 ,man is capable ( a love :i* c lead him to ! will+ subord9ation1 inde$ ! joyful sacrifice1 ( 8 own exi/5ce2 ( a love 9 :i* ! fir/ self dies & a new self is born4 ,love is ! greate/ ( all contradictions1 & "o :i* ! und]/&+ _c solve1 s9ce !re is no?+ m imp5etrable ?an ?is individuality ( self-consci\sness1 :i* is negat$1 & :i* yet ,i %\ld reta9 z positive 7,hegel74 ,into :at a /ate ( pov]ty humanity w\ld fall if a g5u9e love ( ?is k9d 7 /ruck out ( ! numb] ( its possessions6 ,b c ,naturalism 9 any way und]/& & e/imate su* an inn] expansion ( ! he>t1 su* a ,/irbe und ,w]de a dy+ to live1 to use ! words ( ,goe!8 ,a deliv]ance ( life f ! m]e ego is effect$ 9 ano!r direction 9 "w4 ,( c\rse1 "w also /&s 9 close relation to ! pres]vation ( life2 x mu/ demon/rate itself to be 9 "s way useful4 ,b "w w\ld nev] fill ! s\l & atta9 to any?+ great if x did n also become an aim 9 itself2 if x 7 n c>ri$ on 9 complete submission to ! object & accord+ to its requirem5ts4 ,h[ l[ all educational endeav\r1 p]sonal gu>dian%ip1 all "w = humanity w\ld s9k2 h[ humanity w\ld lack all self-=gett+ devotion to x1 all bold press+ =w>d2 & h[ un9telligible ! joy 9 a life's vocation w\ld be1 if ! idea ( utility solely & entirely det]m9$ conduct1 if ! *ief conc]n 7 always h[ ! "w paid6 ,%\ld we n s9k1 9 su* a case1 into a slav]y :i* w\ld en?ral man f> m oppressively ?an any comm& :i* a tyrant c\ld be capable (8 ,x is true t on ! av]age level ( exi/5ce mu* is turn$ to ! s]vice ( ! m]ely useful :i* 0 produc$ f love & "w1 & ?is rev]sal ( spiritual goods may be ! fir/ ?+ :i* comes def9itely "u our notice4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 ev5 to be s appli$ & rev]s$1 !y mu/ orig9ally h be5 g5]at$ 9 "s mann]1 & ?is orig9al g5]ation c nev] proce$ f ! useful1 b only out ( ! inn] =ce & compulsion ( ! object1 z1 = example1 9 ! case ( ! great transitions ( ?\ght1 ( arti/ic creation1 & ( religi\s conviction4 ,&1 z ^! h proce$$ f inn] movem5ts1 s !y h also br\ght ab\t p[]ful inn] *anges4 ,!y h n alt]$ ?is or t 9 a giv5 _w 9 ord] to make x m com=table to man1 b ) an en]getic revolution h trans=m$ our _w f its v f\ndations1 & h con/ruct$ a new _w 9 contra/ to t :i* imm$iately surr\nds u4 ,h[ mu* or h[ little individual m51 or inde$ ev5 mank9d z a :ole1 h appropriat$ ( ?is2 h[ f> man has correspond$ & /ill corresponds to ! necessities ( 8 own nature1 is a matt] & a "q 9 itself3 9 ! spiritual life ( humanity ! new magnitudes are extant1 & !y op]ate "h z norms = te/+ all a*ievem5t4 ,at ! same "t1 !y %[ t our life & our nature are ( a k9d diff]5t f :at ,naturalism repres5ts !m to be4 ,h[ev] mu* ,naturalism may boa/ t x is possible = ev5 ! highe/ to be drawn into ! s]vice ( ! m]ely human1 ) all its boa/+ x has n expla9$ ! orig9 ( ! highe/3 c a ?+ proce$ f its own %ad[8 ,! naturali/ic attempt to trace ev]y?+ back to ! useful really rev]ses ! condition ( affairs & results 9 inn] de/ruction :]ev] disposition /&s fir/4 ,= conduct *anges its "* completely accord+ z x is reg>d$ z a m]e means1 or z an end 9 itself2 accord+ z its aim is /riv5 = directly or only indirectly4 ,d su* ?+s z love1 fidelity1 hon\r des]ve ^! names if ! ?\ght ( selfi% advantage is _! motive p[]8 ,x lies 9 ! nature ( c]ta9 ?+s t !y mu/ be treat$ z ends 9 !mselves & z matt]s ( prim>y conc]n3 to degrade !m to a subsidi>y position is 9 _! case only a f9] k9d ( de/ruction2 to be oppos$ to utility is an attribute insep>able f _! v be+4 ,:]e disposition is valu$ only z a pre-condition ( a*ievem5t1 z 9 ,naturalism1 at ! highe/ only a tol]able appe>ance1 a sub/itute = a g5u9e disposition1 c be rea*$ 9 ! :ole moral sph]e4 ,naturalism af=ds u an example ( su* a sub/itution :5 x sets up an altrui/ic action1 t is1 an action :i* produces some?+ useful to ano!r1 9 place ( an inn] expansion ( life1 :i* takes ! o!r up inw>dly into our own volition & be+1 & :i* alone leads beyond egoism4 ,naturalism is able to ov]look all ?is2 is able to make :at is ! second>y view ( ?+s ! prim>y "o2 ! d]iv$1 ! orig9al2 is able to put ! relation to human p]ception 9 place ( ! ?+ itself1 only because its int]e/ is s completely occupi$ ) ext]nal relations t x does n indep5d5tly evaluate ! inn]2 & aga91 because a reflection t appeals to ! und]/&+ h9d]s all imm$iate relation & spontane\s appropriation4 ,o!rwise1 x also w\ld feel h[ deep1 h[ intol]able1 a degradation ( man ensues if 8 inn]mo/ exp]i5ce1 8 /riv+ aft] tru?1 8 wre/l+ = unity )9 himself1 8 love1 & 8 suff]+ are made a m]e means to physical self-pres]vation1 & are ?us reg>d$ f ! po9t ( view ( utility4 ,if we glance ov] ! life ( univ]sal hi/ory1 we see t a hi/ory ( a di/9ctively human "* extricates itself f ! ma*9]y ( nature only ?r\gh man's acquir+ an indep5d5ce ov] aga9/ 8 environm5t1 evolv+ a life consci\s ( itself & f x ex]t+ a trans=m+ p[] ^u all pres5t$ to x4 ,only ?us does a civilisation gr[ up 9 contra/ ) ! m]e /ate ( nature4 ,9 civilisation & culture man ent]s into conflict ) ! inf9ity ( ! ext]nal _w1 b he _c c>ry on ?is conflict victori\sly )\t sett+ an inn] inf9ity 9 opposition to t ext]nal "o4 ,9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ^! two worlds ! life ( man is trans=m$ no less ?an ! appe>ance ( reality4 ,m & m ! visible _w becomes an expression ( an invisible "o2 m & m life draws ! _w into itself & f9ds ! *ief problems 9 its own sph]e4 ,?us life becomes rais$ above simple physical pres]vation2 t :i* s]ves 9 ?is pres]vation is reg>d$ z a condition only & z some?+ prelim9>y4 ,among ! peoples situat$ ne>e/ to u1 ?is t5d5cy has tak5 diff]5t =ms2 b ! sep>ation ( creative spiritual activity f all m]e utility is common to all4 ,?us1 ,greek culture gave bir? to a life re/+ 9 its own movem5t1 a life satisfi$ 9 itself4 ,9 ! %>pe/ mann] x m>k$ (f ! beautiful1 t :i* c\ld produce pleasure imm$iately & ( itself1 f ! m]ely useful1 ev]y?+ :i* s]v$ some?+ else4 ,x laud$ ! life fill$ ) ! p]ception & appreciation ( ! beautiful z ! only free life1 & pron\nc$ e o!r way ( life to be s]vile4 ,fur!r1 if 9 ,*ri/ianity1 9 ! compreh5siv5ess ( its relations1 ! c>e = ! welf>e ( ! n>r[ly human takes up a great am\nt ( att5tion1 & a utilit>ianism ( a religi\s k9d is evolv$1 ! height ( its creation & disposition is n affect$3 9 x ! w9n+ ( a new life sup]ior to all selfi%ness1 ! becom+ "o ) ! div9e1 is ! "o end 9 itself4 ,if ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria c\ld say t1 if x 0 a matt] ( *oos+ betwe5 ! k ( ,god & et]nal bliss1 he w\ld h1 )\t hesitation1 to r5\nce ! latt]1 or if ,?omas ,kempis said1 ,i w\ld r be poor = ,?y sake ?an ri* )\t ,!e4 ,i *oose r to be a pilgrim ) ,!e on ! e>?1 ?an )\t ,!e to possess heav54 ,= :]e ,?\ art1 !re is heav52 b :]e ,?\ art n1 !re is dea? & hell--!n ^! are n m]ely ! l(ty say+s ( individuals1 b a fai?ful expression ( t :i* gave to ! :ole sy/em its _w-p5etrat+ & _w-reviv+ p[]4 ,! ,mod]n ,age1 too1 :i* has conc$$ s mu* to utilit>ian /riv+1 is 9 ! inn]mo/ ess5ce ( its ef=t f> remov$ f ! _s ( m]e utility4 ,=1 f ! two poles ( its life1 f ! subject z f ! object1 x breaks ?r\gh all t is simply giv5 & =ms a new1 self-exi/5t _w4 ,9 mod]n times ! subject frees itself f ! environm5t1 places itself pr\dly ov] aga9/ x1 & f9ds its secure/ exp]i5ce 9 ! self-c]ta9ty ( its own life4 ,at ! same "t x 9 no way r5\nces ! surr\nd+ _w2 b ?r\gh ! activity ( ?\ght x recon/ructs t _w1 & 9 ?is conceptualises & idealises all its magnitudes4 ,! m ! subject becomes assur$ ( see+ all ?+s spiritually & sci5tifically by means ( its own organisation1 ! m true is x t all s5se exp]i5ce is su/a9$ & modifi$ by spiritual p[]4 ,natural self-pres]vation _c possibly satisfy ! /riv+ ( ! subject4 ,= ?is /riv+ c nev] be r$uc$ to a m]e means1 b f9ds its p[]1 z its joy1 9 becom+ a _w 9 itself2 9 ! pr\d ma9t5ance & e/abli%m5t ( its own nature 9 face ( e opposition2 9 ! impression ( its p>ticul>ity ^u ! inf9ity ( ?+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ov] aga9/ ! circum/antiality ( man1 great sy/ems ( ?\ght are =m$2 evolve a *>act]i/ic cont5t & indep5d5t p[]s2 &1 z =ces 9 ! life ( univ]sal hi/ory1 press =w>d _! consequ5ces ) inevitable necessity4 ,^! sy/ems seek to br+ reality "u _! sway1 & d n manife/ ! lea/ conc]n ) reg>d to ! cont9uance & ! int]e/s ( man4 ,sci5ce & art & ! political & economical aspects ( life af=d examples ( :at we mean4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! mod]n _w & 9 ! mod]n man1 two movem5ts t[>ds inf9ity cla% toge!r1 & f ^! !re arise great commotion & viol5t unre/4 ,:atev] may rema9 enigmatical 9 ?is1 ! fact ( ! trans=mation ( ! fir/1 ! s5se exp]i5ce ( ?+s1 is beyond d\bt4 ,x is also beyond d\bt t man1 reg>d$ spiritually1 does n f9d himself a memb] ( a giv5 _w1 b mu/ fir/ seek & make cle> 8 fundam5tal relations to ! _w4 ,f ?is position ,naturalism1 ) its nave ass]tion ( ! f9ality & p]man5ce ( ! s5se impression1 appe>s to be an intol]able dogmatism4 ,naturalism is se5 to be f> bel[ ! highe/ po9t ( univ]sal hi/orical developm5t2 x _c appropriate ! exp]i5ces & results ( t developm5t2 x consi/s ( a confusion ( nave & sci5tific modes ( ?\ght1 :i* w9 ! adh]5ce ( _m individuals1 b :i*1 ?r\gh _! contradictions1 c nev] gu>antee to life g5u9e /ability & a cle> c\rse4 ,only because x evolves 9 ! atmosph]e ( a _w ( ano!r k9d1 & !reby imp]ceptibly enhances its own conceptions1 does x appe> at all plausible4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 s1 x is a mis*iev\s confusion ( ?\ght :i* mu/ act detrim5tally ^u conduct4 ,^? especially w be oppos$ to x :o recognise 9 human life great tasks & sev]e p]plexities1 & desire t ! highe/ p[]s & cle>e/ ?\ght %all be call$ =? = ! accompli%m5t ( ^? tasks & ! solution ( ^? p]plexities4 ,b ,naturalism1 obscur+1 z x does1 ! inn] problems ( life2 ) its backw>dness 9 ! movem5t ( univ]sal hi/ory2 & ) its attempt to take f human life all pr\d & free self-consci\sness1 inde$ all s\l1 c t5d only to r$uce ! en]gy ( life4 ,! rejection ( ,naturalism by no means signifies failure to appreciate ! increas$ att5tion to nature1 out ( ! wrong int]pretation ( :i* ,naturalism has proce$$4 ,n only has visible nature become m to our k2 x has also become incomp>ably m to our life4 ,! fact t we feel ourselves condition$ by x1 & h become m closely associat$ ) x1 c be fully appreciat$ & mu/ =ce u to a radical revision ( ! traditional =m ( life4 ,su* a revision1 h[ev]1 c be successful 9 a*iev+ its aim only if ! new exp]i5ces are sy/ematis$ to =m a consi/5t :ole ) ! rema9+ facts 9 a compreh5sive1 univ]sal life2 spiritual endeav\r is solely & alone capable ( (f]+ ?is univ]sality & ( accompli%+ ?is task4 #b4 ,,! ,,sociali/ic ,,sy/em ,! sociali/ic sy/em ( life is (t5 closely b\nd up ) ! naturali/ic1 & bl5ds ) x s well z almo/ to =m a s+le :ole2 inde$1 !re is s mu* aff9ity 9 _! fundam5tal pr9ciples t ! "o may appe> to be ! completion ( ! o!r4 ,b :5 we come to details1 we f9d t a diff]5t "* & a diff]5t emotional life are yield$ accord+ z ! relation to nature or to human society gov]ns life2 especially z we are p>ts 9 an inf9ite nature1 or z we place our own prov9ce 9 ! =egr\nd & seek a new =m = x4 ,on ! "o h& k takes ! lead1 on ! o!r activity4 ,:ile ! =m]1 accord+ to its nature1 is m conc]n$ ) rea*+ a consi/5t :ole1 ! latt] feels ! contradictions ( exp]i5ce mo/ int5sely4 ,) ! "o progress appe>s to be a gradual accumulation1 ) ! o!r x does n seem possible to disp5se ) a radical *ange2 :ile ! =m] is broad] 9 its outlook1 ! latt] has m w>m? ( en?usiasm4 ,?r\gh ! dom9ation ( ?\ght & life by ! problems ( society1 a di/9ctive =m ( culture may !re=e be expect$4 ,9 mod]n life diff]5t motives h l$ to a clos] unity ( m5 on ! basis ( exp]i5ce4 ,religion no long] accords to ! individual firm support z 9 e>li] times1 & ) e advance ( sci5tific rese>* nature is remov$ inw>dly fur!r f u2 ceaseless criticism & reflection t5d to prev5t u m & m f compreh5d+ ! :ole z a unity4 ,man1 ?us isolat$ 9 ! :ole1 seems to himself to be lo/1 unless he succe$s 9 discov]+ relations betwe5 himself & o!rs ( ! same nature z himself1 & unless 9 co-op]ation ) !m he helps to build up an indep5d5t realm ( _! own1 :i* may l5d support & value to ! life ( ! individual4 ,9 ! ,mod]n ,age social life has t5d$ to ?is end "u ! influ5ce ( fre% impressions & new prospects4 ,hi!rto t life 0 "u ! influ5ce ( an invisible _w ( ?\ght1 especially ( "o ( a religi\s k9d4 ,! union ( m5 _h p>ticul> presuppositions & 0 realis$ 9 a p>ticul> mann]2 "h1 ! m closely a c]ta9 gr\p held toge!r1 ! m %>ply 0 x sep>at$ f o!rs2 ! call+ =? ( p[] 9 "o p>ticul> direction meant div]t+ x f o!r tasks4 ,a *ang$ mode ( ?\ght 0 also able to take exception to ! view t ! ties :i* b9d m5 toge!r came f a transc5d5t ord]1 :i* is n[ felt z an o!r _w & is ! subject ( d\bt4 ,at fir/1 !re=e1 we are apt to ?9k x a pure ga9 if mod]n society no long] conc]ns itself ) ^! invisible bonds1 & reg>ds ! union z aris+ solely & entirely out ( ! imm$iate exp]i5ce ( life4 ,= !n !re is no?+ to h9d] ! balanc$ developm5t ( all ! relation%ips ( m5 among !mselves2 ! social life s]ves no o!r end1 b f9ds its task & happ9ess 9 itself1 & 9 its actuality is di/urb$ by no k9d ( d\bt4 ,) ?is deliv]ance f all ext]nal con/ra9t1 a positive advance ( ! life ( society on ! basis ( ! ,mod]n ,age is associat$4 ,a life m free 9 conduct1 & :i* ?r\gh progress 9 ! arts ceaselessly exp&s1 br+s m5 ne>] to "o ano!r1 & =ces !m into clos] union2 action & reaction accel]ate ea* o!r4 ,! op9ions & /riv+s ( ! masses are det]m9$ m easily & ex]cise m influ5ce2 ! :ole & its influ5ce ^u ! individual become incomp>ably /rong]4 ,at ! same "t1 ! en]getic att5tion t m5 be/[ ^u ! surr\nd+ reality ?r[s into bold relief relations :i* h exi/$ f ! e>lie/ times1 b :i* hi!rto h n be5 prom95t1 & enables !m to acquire a great] value = life4 ,s9ce ! old appe>s 9 a new light1 & ! new arises1 div]se /reams ( social life are =m$1 & ?r\gh _! div]sity op]ate to ! /r5g!n+ ( ! ma9 t5d5cy4 ,mod]n ,sociology %[s ! individual to be f> m dep5d5t ^u ! social environm5t1 ^u g5]al conditions1 ?an we are wont to assume f ! fir/ impression1 :i* usually ?r[s diff]5ces into relief & ov]looks common traits1 g5]ally fails to pay suffici5t att5tion to ! gr[? ( ! individuals1 & is too apt to take ! positions :i* !y possess z ess5tially ! result ( _! own "w4 ,9 contra/ to ?is1 ! "o ?+ :i* n[ has p[] to impress u is ! fact t ! dep5d5ce rea*es back to ! e>lie/ beg9n+s2 t ! individual has become :at he has become ?r\gh ! ov]p[]+ influ5ces ( h]$ity1 education1 & environm5t4 ,fur!r1 ! conviction t ! diff]5ces lie )9 asc]ta9able limits1 & t !re is a c]ta9 av]age level ?r\gh\t all ! multiplicity ( life1 is ga9+ a firm] hold4 ,to asc]ta9 ^! av]age levels n[ becomes ! *ief problem ( k1 & to realise !m ! *ief task ( practical political provision4 ,inn] *anges are also br\ght ab\t4 ,! fact t1 ) ^! *anges1 responsibility1 guilt1 & des]t are transf]r$ m & m f ! individual to ! society t5ds to call =? m humane sympa?y & m mildness ( judgm5t1 & t5ds to discr$it ! excessive self-e/eem ( a self-righte\s ,ph>isaism4 ,at ! same "t x con/itutes a p[]ful motive to "w = ! :ole2 to /rive to raise ! :ole1 morally & physically2 to develop a social morality & a /rong feel+ ( solid>ity4 ,to ! mod]n man1 !re=e1 ! life ( ! ,/ate advances ?r\gh *anges 9 cont5t & =m4 ,! ,/ate1 :i* 9 ! ,middle ,ages _h to leave all problems ( inn] tra9+ to ! ,*ur*1 9 its new function ( culture ,/ate n[ assumes all tasks1 influ5ces ! :ole life ( ! individual1 & is confid5t 9 its p[] to trans=m our exi/5ce m & m into a realm ( reason4 ,along ) ?is !re is a /rong t5d5cy to place ! ,/ate increas+ly on ! p[] & insight ( individuals2 all ?r\gh ! n9ete5? c5tury ?is t5d5cy won an ev] m ov]:elm+ p[]4 ,! m activity we be/[ ^u a p>ticul> sph]e ( "w1 ! m valuable does x become to u1 ! ne>] does x /& to our inn] nature4 ,?us1 ! anci5t mode ( ?\ght1 t ! individual is a m]e memb] ( ! political organism1 & t he receives 8 tasks & obta9s 8 p[] f x1 0 able to be reviv$4 ,) ?is ! /rong] emphasis laid ^u national peculi>ities1 & ! m def9ite self-ass]tion & m vigor\s developm5t ( nations are associat$4 ,=m]ly national "* _h be5 veil$ &1 z f> z ! spiritual ideals ( humanity are conc]n$1 z ?\gh lo/4 ,n[ nations appe> z po9ts :]e ! spiritual life manife/s itself & conc5trates di/9ctively4 ,to "w out _! peculi>ities cle>ly1 & manfully to ass]t !m 9 ! competition ( peoples1 promises great ga9 = ! organisation & en]gis+ ( life2 = ! fir/ "t1 ! div9e seems to pass into daily toil on e>?4 ,mo/ ( all1 ! mod]n organisation ( lab\r1 ) its enhanc+ ( te*nique & its advance beyond ! capacity ( production ( ! m]e individual1 height5s ! p[] ( impression ( ! picture z a :ole4 ,"w br+s ab\t a deliv]ance f ! passivity ( ! subject2 x organises itself into indep5d5t complexes1 :i* develop into a /ate entirely =eign to our nature4 ,x produces its own motive p[]s & necessities1 & requires f ! individual ! /ricte/ ob$i5ce4 ,! p]=mance ( ! individual atta9s a value only 9 def9itely ord]$ co-op]ation ) o!rs2 x loses all wor? if he attempts to ignore ?is relation4 ,?is is %[n ) p>ticul> cle>ness 9 ! evolution ( ! factory ) its production by ma*9]y4 ,x is %[n fur!r 9 e specifically mod]n "w 9 adm9i/rative gov]nm5t1 9 milit>y organisation1 9 k & education4 ,ev]y:]e we f9d great organisations2 an enorm\s gr[? 9 ! capacity ( ! :ole1 b a s9k+ ( ! individual to a m]e l9k ( ! great *a91 a proscrib+ ( all individual w4 ,if all ?us dep5ds ^u ! :ole1 ! success ( endeav\r & ! happ9ess ( life w be decid$ *iefly by ! organisation ( ! :ole4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at1 !n1 if ! anti!ses :i* arise 9 ref]5ce to ?is organisation agitate p 9 ! /ronge/ degree2 if a fai? 9 ! omnipot5ce ( political & social =ms gr[s up1 & if ov] ^! ! ke5e/ fight rages4 ,9 ?is connection !re is no problem :i* gives rise to great] complications & sev]] conflicts ?an t 9 reg>d to ! pres]vation & rais+ ( ! /&>d ( mat]ial exi/5ce4 ,if1 9 g5]al1 we attribute incomp>ably m value to ! mat]ial 9 life ?an 0 done =m]ly1 s "h also ! problems ( mod]n lab\r rea* _! climax4 ,! organisation & conc5tration ( lab\r h made by f> _! greate/ progress 9 ?is matt]2 a gigantic accumulation ( capital on ! "o side & ( lab\r p[] on ! o!r has int5sifi$ to ! utt]mo/ ! opposition betwe5 man & man4 ,9 ?is conflict m ?an 9 any o!r ! :ole be+ ( man comes into play2 "h1 !re=e1 ! mo/ p[]ful passions flame up4 ,no wond] t1 if ! ?\ght ( a fundam5tal re-organisation rises to ! surface1 x w9s an influ5ce am\nt+ to fasc9ation1 ar\ses ! hope ( an ess5tial advancem5t ( ! :ole ( human exi/5ce1 & impels m5 to vigor\s activity4 ,?us1 !n1 ?is sph]e1 9 :i* fact is reg>d$ z pr9ciple1 & 9 :i* ! problem ( ! developm5t ( society is elevat$ to a position ( importance above all o!rs1 & seeks to impress its /amp ^u ! :ole ( life1 is fir/ & =emo/4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! organisation ( society is ! c5tral problem ( all culture1 & a di/9ctive social culture1 a social sy/em ( life1 is evolv$4 ,b t :i* em]ges at ?is po9t ) especial p[] & cle>ness w\ld n h be5 able to w9 m5 s quickly & influ5ce !m s /rongly if x did n con/itute a high-wat] m>k ( a wid] movem5t1 ( a g5]al t5d5cy ( ! mod]n man to reg>d ! social relation z be+ ( ! ess5ce ( life1 & to %ape life anew f ?is4 ,view$ hi/orically1 ?is t5d5cy arose z a reaction aga9/ ! practice ( plac+ ! individual 9 ! =egr\nd1 a practice :i* s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,mod]n ,age _h be5 resort$ to 9 ! mo/ div]se dep>tm5ts ( life4 ,:at 0 felt to be unconditionally "r 9 opposition to ! bondage ( ! ,middle ,ages has1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 %[n a rev]se side4 ,_m pa9ful exp]i5ces h l$ u to fav\r a movem5t 9 ! direction ( ! :ole aga92 & s x comes ab\t t all hope ( amelioration is able to be reg>d$ z inevitably b\nd up ) ! complete victory ( ?is movem5t4 ,a di/9ctive social type ( life c be =m$ & c /rive = supremacy only if great problems arise )9 society & if its position 9 ! :ole ( our life is capable ( & 9 ne$ ( *ange4 ,x w soon be se5 t ! case is s 9 respect ( bo? ^! ?+s2 & also t two movem5ts1 "o m g5]al 9 k9d1 & ano!r m precise b also m unc]ta9 z to its goal1 are connect$4 ,! po9t at :i* ! new developm5t ( life in/itutes a new dem& is ! relation ( ! individual to ! means ( exi/5ce & ! goods ( culture4 ,=m]ly an ari/ocratic ord] prepond]at$1 :i* all[$ only a few to %>e 9 ! abundance ( ^! goods1 :ile x 0 only aft]w>ds t ! _m 7 able to p>take ( ! poor rema9s4 ,9 mat]ial1 z 9 spiritual1 ?+s man 0 conc]n$ less ) ! equitable di/ribution ( ! possessions ( humanity ?an ) increas+ !m4 ,! matt] ( *ief importance1 & ?is ) reg>d to que/ions ( inw>d culture also1 appe>$ to be 9 "s way to incorporate ! cont5ts & goods )9 ! sph]e ( human exi/5ce1 & to fix !m !re2 ! ext5sion ( ^! goods among m5 0 a matt] ( second>y consid]ation1 & (t5 "o t 0 only v lightly ?\ght (4 ,! limitation to a small *os5 class1 inde$1 seem$ to be q indisp5sable = a secure & wor?y organisation ( life4 ,?us1 ?is culture acquir$ its "* at ! highe/ levels ( society1 & f !re desc5d$ 9 dim9i%+ degrees to l[] levels3 x 0 reg>d$ z inevitable t 9 ?is desc5t mu* %\ld be lo/1 & t ! less privileg$ classes mu/ p]=ce be satisfi$ ) v little4 ,a movem5t 9 opposition to ?is /ate ( ?+s arose 9 ! fir/ place among ! individuals :o 7 plac$ 9 ! backgr\nd by su* an organisation1 & :o1 n conv9c$ ( ! validity ( ! doctr9e ( ! immutability ( _! fate1 began to make comp>isons & to ask que/ions4 ,_! desire 0 n m]ely = m happ9ess1 b = spiritual advance also4 ,9 humanity !re is an en]getic /riv+ & advance1 & 9 ?is a f> great] spirituality & a f> ke5] ?ir/ = tru? are (t5 %[n 9 ! classes ( ! p :o are /ruggl+ upw>d & press+ =w>d ?an 9 ^? classes :i* f e>ly times h _h possession ( p[] & weal? & :i* are hamp]$ by a feel+ ( self-satisfaction4 ,t :i* at fir/ is /riv5 = by m]ely a "p ( mank9d acquires1 ?r\gh its inn] necessities1 a p[] ov] o!rs also1 & becomes a requirem5t ( ! :ole4 ,we exp]i5ce "h :at e>li] 0 call$ ! p[] ( ideas 9 hi/ory1 t is1 ! fact t 9 c]ta9 p]iods c]ta9 ?\ghts & dem&s acquire an ov]:elm+ p[] ( p5etration & impel m5 to a l9e ( conduct :i* is ev5 oppos$ to _! special int]e/s4 ,we may s f> speak ( ! supremacy ( ! social idea 9 ! pres5t1 z n only 9 ! disposition ( individuals b also ?r\gh organisation & legislation !re is an endeav\r to br+ help to ! poor & ! weak1 to raise ^? :o are /ruggl+ upw>d1 & to convey z directly z possible bo? mat]ial & spiritual goods to all :o be> human features4 ,x is n only t ?is appe>s a matt] ( ju/ice2 a rejuv5ation & an en]gis+ ( ! :ole ( culture are also hop$ =4 ,)\t a radical rejection ( all t :i* 9 ! traditional position has decay$1 become ali51 or is n[ artificial2 )\t a deep-rea*+ simplification & a great] proximity to ! s\l1 h[ c\ld all p>take ( culture1 & h[ c\ld x become a conc]n ( all8 ,! old dem& ( lead+ educationali/s1 ( ,com5ius & ,r\sseau1 ( ,pe/alozzi & ,froebel1 ! desire = a rejuv5ation ( our culture antiquat$ z x is 9 _m respects1 seems to be approa*+ its fulfilm5t n[ t ! matt] is a conc]n ( ! :ole ( mank9d4 ,h[ev]1 ?is /riv+1 :i* 9 itself _c be reject$1 ent]s ^u a n>r[ c\rse & at ! same "t ^u mu* t is problematical1 9 t x unites ) ! positivi/ic t5d5cies ( ! age 9 ! rejection ( all invisible connections & 9 ! re/riction ( life to ! exp]i5ce ( s5se4 ,in/ead ( ! :ole1 we n[ h ! av]age & ! masses1 & in/ead ( a creation f ! :ole1 a build+ up f bel[2 ! ne$s ( ! masses are ! ma9 motive p[] ( life4 ,b z ) ! masses ! *ief que/ions are ^? ( ! physical pres]vation ( life1 & ( economic exi/5ce1 x seems z if1 ) _! solution1 ) ! deliv]ance f oppress+ c>es & necessity ?r\gh a radical revolution1 a complete /ate ( happ9ess & a ceaseless spiritual advance ( humanity are assur$4 ,mat]ial welf>e1 :i* 9 e>li] organisations ( life 0 s depreciat$1 9 ! new sy/em becomes ! matt] ( *ief conc]n2 x is reg>d$ z t :i* m ?an any?+ else leads to ! developm5t ( e p[] & makes culture ! tru? = ! :ole ( humanity4 ,! life ( society is ?us se5 to be full ( problems4 ,nev]!less1 ! position ( society 9 our life z a :ole has be5 *ang$ & rais$4 ,we h become f> m unc]ta9 conc]n+ our relation to ultimate & univ]sal reality2 we d\bt ! possibility & ! validity ( fir/ w9n+1 ?r\gh religion or speculation1 a _w beyond human exp]i5ce1 ( ! convey+ x to t exp]i5ce1 & f ! po9t ( view ( su* a _w giv+ ! human its light & sett+ x its task4 ,9 %ort1 ! c5tre ( life has *ang$ f ! object to ! subject2 we "k t we _c ab/ract f our own nature our spiritual organisation1 b t we c>ry x into e aspect ( ! :ole2 t we see & =m ! _w ?r\gh man4 ,) su* a transition1 ! movem5t f man to _w becomes ! *ief movem5t ( life2 & ! conception ( man w decide ! nature ( ! conceptions ( life & ( reality4 ,h5ce=? greatness may be attribut$ to ^! only if human nature is capable ( an advance beyond :at x appe>s to be 9 ! fir/ impression4 ,t1 h[ev]1 w sc>cely be possible unless humanity is conceiv$ z a :ole &1 ) su* a unity1 has m p[] & dep? ?an x has z x exi/s imm$iately be=e u4 ,?is also w op]ate to ! /r5g!n+ ( ! social ord]1 9 :i* s5se exp]i5ce controls ?\ght4 ,?us1 _m diff]5t factors unite to make ! condition ( mank9d z x is1 t is1 ! /ate ( society on ! basis ( exp]i5ce1 ! />t+-po9t & f9al aim ( all endeav\r1 & ! relation ( man to surr\nd+ m5 ! fundam5tal relation ( 8 life4 ,b1 z 9 ! case ( culture z a :ole1 ! individual dep>tm5ts ( life mu/ also w9 a di/9ctive "* if ! welf>e ( ! social :ole1 ! a*ievem5t = man & ! influ5ce on man1 becomes ! all-controll+ task :i* sets ! aim & po9ts out ! way = all activity4 ,9 ?is context sci5ce does n reveal hidd5 dep?s ( ?+s1 b aids man 9 w9n+ p[] ov] appe>ances2 x leads him to a m zeal\s & a m active life4 ,art does n lift him into an ideal _w2 b1 )9 exp]i5ce1 s(t5s ! pressure ( exi/5ce & fills life ) pure joys4 ,morality does n subject our conduct to an invisible ord]1 b directs man beyond himself to m5 ar\nd him2 x develops ! feel+ ( solid>ity & raises ! /&>d ( ! inn] relation%ips ( society4 ,= religion z ! revelation ( an o!r _w !re is no room2 ?is _w %[s 9 humanity an object wor?y ( rev]5ce2 s und]/ood1 religion also mu/ "w to ! inn] elevation ( society4 ,9 ev]y?+ t :i* di/+ui%es ! individual is ?ru/ into ! backgr\nd to make way = t :i* is common2 "w has 9 ! fir/ place to conc]n itself ) t :i* is common to all4 ,9 t "h sci5ce makes man ! *ief /udy ( man1 x consid]s him especially z a social be+ & f9ds its *ief !me 9 ! k ( social conditions4 ,simil>ly1 ! *ief subject ( art is n1 z 0 =m]ly ! case1 ! do+s & exp]i5ce ( individuals1 b ! =ceful repres5tation ( ^! social conditions4 ,! rais+ ( ! g5]al level becomes ! *ief c>e ( all practical activity1 z also ( education4 ,accord+ to ?is s*eme ! individual is ( consequ5ce & ( wor? only ?r\gh ^? elem5ts ( ! common life :i* he br+s to expression1 & ?r\gh ! way 9 :i* he reacts ^u t life4 ,! indu/ry ( univ]sal hi/ory is und]/ood1 !re=e1 n f t :i* relates prim>ily to individuals1 b f t relat+ to ! movem5ts & de/9ies ( society4 ,su* an e/imate ( ! :ole involves a conviction :i* seldom f9ds expression1 b :i* sil5tly ex]ts its influ5ce ev]y:]e3 ! belief 9 a summation ( reason by ! organisation ( individuals into a :ole4 ,only a belief ( ?is k9d is able to e/abli% ! supremacy ( ! mass ov] aga9/ ! individuals1 also 9 spiritual ?+s2 only su* a belief is able to ju/ify ! hope ( a victory ( ! good 9 ! sph]e ( humanity4 ,! net result ( all ^! ideas & t5d5cies is a co-ord9at$ sy/em ( ?\ght1 a di/9ctive type ( life4 ,9 ?is sy/em man is fir/ & =emo/ a memb] ( society2 he orig9ates 9 x2 he rema9s 9 x2 & 8 activity c>ries implications f> beyond 8 own life4 ,n community ( lab\r only jo9s him ) 8 fell[s1 b also ! g5]al tone ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,?is type ( life is n "o )\t sacrifice2 = x has to give up _m ?+s :i* 9 e>li] times seem$ a secure possession & 7 a s\rce ( joy4 ,yet ^! ?+s 7 only illusions :i* vani%$1 & mank9d seems to f9d a comp5sation1 m ?an equival5t = all t has be5 lo/1 9 t x is m closely unit$ & ?r\gh ?is w9s new p[]s2 & h5ce=? out ( its own capacity c v5ture to take up ! /ruggle aga9/ e irrationality ( exi/5ce1 & to advance its own well-be+ )\t con/ra9t4 ,a life is !re=e evolv$1 consci\s ( its limits1 b at ! same "t active & c\rage\s4 ,9 ?is mann]1 !n1 transc5d+ all subjective op9ions & wi%es1 a di/9ctive social culture has aris51 & its gr[? & results are cle>ly evid5t to u4 ,?r\gh comb9ation ( =ces & ?r\gh dilig5t activity on behalf ( "o ano!r1 & ?is ) ! aid ( a highly evolv$ te*nique1 we h br\ght ab\t a magnific5t elevation ( our be+2 necessity & disease h be5 successfully f\ght aga9/2 ! /&>d ( education & ! am\nt & k9d ( joy 9 life h be5 rais$ 9 _m ways2 9 life & suff]+ m5 h be5 drawn toge!r inw>dly & associat$ toge!r ) a great] degree ( solid>ity4 ,if "o accepts ! cre$ ( ! sociali/ic movem5t 9 ! n>r[] s5se3 t human society c be plac$ on a new basis & at ! same "t rais$ ess5tially 9 its a*ievem5t1 "o c conceive t social culture may gr[ to ! compreh5siv5ess ( culture 9 g5]al1 & ar\se ! hope ( a k+dom ( reason among m54 99 99 99 99 99 ,b "h also !re is a limit set to ?+s1 n f )\t1 b f )92 n f a rationalis+ criticism1 b ?r\gh ! actual facts ( ! life ( humanity4 ,?is limit appe>s ) especial cle>ness :5 we consid] ! relation ( ! individual1 toge!r ) 8 "w1 to ! society 9 :i* he /&s4 ,if social culture %\ld be reg>d$ z absolute culture1 ! individual mu/ sp5d himself solely & entirely 9 relation to 8 environm5t2 all 8 activity & endeav\r mu/ be ex]t$ 9 a*ievem5t = ?is culture--mu/1 inde$1 be reg>d$ z a m]e "p ( a common "w4 ,9 su* a sy/em man c\ld nev] atta9 an indep5d5t position & a sup]ior "r 9 opposition to society4 ,let u exam9e :e!r ! exp]i5ce ( hi/ory e/abli%es ! tru? ( ?is sy/em or :e!r x does n mu* r %[ ! opposite to be m correct4 ,x 0 only 9 ! e>lie/ /ate ( culture1 & "u v simple conditions ( life1 t ! individual 0 solely & entirely b\nd up ) ! social organism1 simply a memb] ( family1 ( tribe1 & su* l2 entirely sway$ by cu/om1 au?ority1 & tradition4 ,all fur!r evolution 0 a diff]5tiation & l$ to ! great] indep5d5ce ( ! individual4 ,!re came a "t1 h[ev]1 :51 9 contra/ ) 8 m]e memb]%ip ( ! society1 ! individual felt himself to h arriv$ at a /ate ( maturity2 :5 he que/ion$ ! "r ( ! traditional ord]1 & ultimately f\nd himself com+ into opposition ) ! :ole ( society2 8 own ?\ght ?us became ! *ief basis ( 8 life & ! measure ( all ?+s4 ,at fir/ t may h appe>$ an impi\s break & a de/ructive negation2 9 reality1 ! positive results :i* h be5 ?us effect$ c\ld nev] h be5 produc$ out ( a m]e revolt4 ,=1 a deep5+ ( life 9 all its bran*es w5t h& 9 h& ) ! individual's atta9m5t ( indep5d5ce2 n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 ,religion develop$ a p]sonal religi\s exp]i5ce1 & ,art fill$ man's :ole s\l2 n[ only did ,sci5ce set a di/9ctive _w ( ?\ght 9 opposition to ! traditional pres5tation2 & s ! :ole ( life ga9$ enorm\sly 9 indep5d5ce1 mobility1 & dep?4 ,h[ c\ld ?is po9t h be5 rea*$ if an imm$iate relation to reality _h n em]g$ 9 ! s\l ( man2 if an inn] _w _h n be5 =m$ f ?is reality1 z ! repres5tative ( :i* ! individual might feel sup]ior to ! society &1 f inn] necessities1 criticise ! prevail+ condition ( ?+s8 ,! fact is t all deep5+ ( culture1 all awak5+ ( life to self-consci\sness1 is a ris+ above ! life ( society1 a summon+ ( ! individual to creative activity4 ,nev] h real advances 9 ,religion1 ,sci5ce1 & ,art1 or great trans=mations ( life1 orig9at$ out ( a comb9ation ( ! activities ( ! majority4 ,only 9 isolat$ cases has an incomp>able individuality1 supreme 9 ! entire range ( creative activity1 be5 rea*$1 & spiritual tasks be5 treat$ z ends 9 !mselves1 )\t :i* !re is no?+ great4 ,only out ( ! necessity ( spiritual self-pres]vation1 only z an ov]com+ ( intol]able contradictions )9 our own be+1 c\ld creative activity f9d a sure direction & a l(ty self-confid5ce 9 ord] to lead ! :ole ( humanity along new pa?s4 ,! individuals 9 :om ?is 0 accompli%$ 71 to be sure1 "u _m influ5ces f hi/orico-social life2 b1 to ov]look ! ess5tial elevation above ! entire doma9 ( m]ely human int]e/s into a realm ( self-consci\s tru?1 :i* 0 accompli%$ by ^! individuals1 "o mu/ confuse ! conditions ) spiritual activity itself4 ,z ?is spiritual life has transc5d$ social life f ! beg9n+1 9 ! same way its effects are by no means exhau/$ 9 t life4 ,x has1 x is true1 ex]t$ its activity ^u ! social environm5t1 &1 aft] ! initial opposition has be5 ov]come1 has (t5 be5 sup]abundantly hon\r$2 b ev5 s1 x has be5 accept$ 9 isolat$ & ext]nal relations r ?an 9 ! :ole ( its be+1 & 9 its appropriation ?r\gh society x is apt to lose :at is be/ 9 x4 ,ev] anew1 ev5 aft] c5turies & c5turies1 x has attract$ aspir+ s\ls to itself1 & has always be5 able to (f] some?+ new to !m2 9 fact1 9 its ess5ce x /&s n 9 "t b above x4 ,! m su* g5u9e creative activity & production 9 all its sph]es become unifi$1 ! m a k+dom ( tru? spreads l an ar* ov] ! :ole ma*9]y ( human hi/ory1 &1 measur$ by ! /&>ds ( t tru?1 human /&>ds are se5 to be extremely l[1 l ! size ( ! e>? :5 contra/$ ) ! region ( ! fix$ />s4 ,?is realm ( et]nal tru?1 h[ev]1 reveals itself imm$iately only to ! s\l ( ! individual1 :o mu/ convey x to society4 ,su* an e/imate ( spiritual dep? 9 ! individual is q compatible ) ! fact t 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory ! individual has (t5 fall5 into utt] unc]ta9ty2 has felt de/itute & lonely1 & has passionately s\ght a support 9 society4 ,= ! individual may cut himself adrift f ! invisible connections 9 :i* 8 greatness is root$2 he may base himself on 8 own isolat$ p[] & grop+ intellect4 ,:5 he has inde$ done ?is1 he has soon p]ceiv$ & exp]i5c$ 8 insuffici5cy2 aft] su* exp]i5ce he has long$ = ! build+ up ( a new society by spiritual activity1 & :5 ?is has be5 atta9$ he has fl$ to x z to a sure hav54 ,m5 /rove = su* a society 9 ! lat] p]iod ( ,antiquity2 "o su* 0 f\nd$ by ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 by :i* ! c5tre ( life 0 transf]r$ f ! individual to ! society4 ,b 9 ?is transition ! individual did n aga9 become simply a memb] ( society4 ,= ! new union t 0 s\ght c\ld n come to m5 f )\t1 b c\ld proce$ only z a result ( spiritual endeav\r2 = its orig9 & 9 ! e>ly /ages ( its life x requir$ great creative p]sonalities ( ! k9d ( ,augu/9e2 = its pres]vation x ne$$ appropriation by individuals1 :o unless !y made an indep5d5t decision c\ld n come to a complete k ( ! tru?4 ,:]ev] su* individual activity langui%$1 ! inw>dness ( life at once became weak2 ! :ole ?reat5$ to lose its spiritual nature & to be trans=m$ into m]e me*anism4 ,b aft]1 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 ! individual has develop$ s f> z exp]i5ce %[s him to h done2 aft] t1 z microcosm1 he has f\nd an imm$iate relation to reality & to himself1 8 transc5d5ce may = a "t be obscur$1 b he c nev] be depriv$ ( x4 ,z ! individual has gr[n /rong only z ! repres5tative & *ampion ( a culture t is spiritual1 z oppos$ to "o t is m]ely human1 s at ! same "t t spiritual culture ass]ts itself & criticises all :i* limits man to 8 own sph]e4 ,aft] hav+ atta9$ a great] compreh5siv5ess1 a pure self-exi/5ce1 & o!r /&>ds toilsomely en\gh1 a n>r[ly social culture mu/ be absolutely intol]able to u4 ,?is ass]tion is valid especially 9 reg>d to ! social culture ( ! pres5t4 ,t culture1 z we saw1 makes significant & ju/ifiable dem&s :i* h aris5 f hi/orical conditions2 b its "r gives place to error1 if ^! dem&s are made ! c5tral po9t ( life z a :ole1 & ev]y?+ else subord9at$ to !m4 ,! unsatisfactor9ess ( ?is sy/em ( culture & ! impossibility ( a*iev+ its aims w\ld be /ill m manife/ if x did n con/antly supplem5t its own results out ( ! o!r organisations ( life1 & did n boldly & unju/ifiably idealise ! man ( exp]i5ce4 ,?is social culture may be %ortly describ$ 9 "s ( its t5d5cies3 7#a7 ,"w = society 0 ! compell+ motive 9 ! %ap+ ( ?is life ( social utility4 ,"s su* social pr9ciple may suffice = ! di/ribution ( goods2 x nev] suffices = _! orig9al production4 ,we saw h[ spiritual exp]i5ce c arise only f ! compulsion ( an inn] self-pres]vation1 9 :i* man does n ?9k 9 ! lea/ ( ! effects on o!rs1 b ( himself & ! object4 ,only t ef=t :i* has sprung up )\t reg>d to its m]e utility has be5 able to a*ieve great ?+s4 ,if1 !re=e1 m]ely social culture rigidly b9ds up vital en]gy ) ! direction ( all ?\ghts on ! effect1 9 ! long run x mu/ s]i\sly degrade life4 ,c we d5y t 9 ! *ief dep>tm5ts ( ! spiritual life ! pres5t already cle>ly %[s t5d5cies to su* a degradation8 ,& c ?is be o!rwise :5 we only m widely diffuse ! inh]it$ possession1 b are unable to increase x ?r\gh our own activity8 7#b7 ,social culture makes ! judgm5t ( ! society ! te/ ( all tru? & requires f ! individual a complete subord9ation4 ,x c d ?is1 z we saw1 only "u ! assumption t reason is summ$ 9 a judgm5t by ! p z a :ole2 b1 9 face ( ! exp]i5ces ( hi/ory & ! impressions ( ! pres5t "t1 c ?is assumption be ratifi$8 ,^u its em]g5ce1 tru? has ne>ly always be5 *ampion$ by a m9ority s small z to be h>dly disc]nible2 & :at 9 its case is call$ victory is usually no?+ else ?an ! trans=m+ ( ! /ruggle f an ext]nal into an int]nal "o4 ,he :o cont9ues firm 9 8 fai? 9 ! victory ( tru? does s because he tru/s1 n s mu* 9 ! wisdom ( ! majority z 9 a reason transc5d+ all t is empirically human1 & :i* begets a tru? ) p[] to con/ra94 ,! pres5t gives u ! opportunity ( te/+ ?is ass]tion by an example4 ,we see movem5ts ( ! masses 9 pl5ty1 b :]e d we see great spiritual creations arise f ! result+ *aos8 ,ev5 ,socialism 9 ! n>r[] s5se has to ?ank b a few m5 = its vital p[] & "*1 z1 = example1 ,m>x2 ! masses are inde$ a condition & an environm5t1 b nev] z su* ! be>]s ( creative activity4 7#c7 ,:]e man1 z he is1 gov]ns all ?\ght1 8 well-be+1 8 complac5cy1 an exi/5ce z free f c>e z possible1 & z ri* z possible 9 pleasure1 w become ! highe/ ( all aims4 ,b w\ld n "o f9d an inn] empt9ess1 a monotony1 ev5 m intol]able ?an any suff]+ if ?is aim 7 rea*$ & life 7 fre$ f all pa9 & necessity8 ,intelligible z x is t1 to ! classes ^: life is sp5t 9 h>d /ruggle aga9/ necessity & c>e1 ! deliv]ance f ^! appe>s ! highe/ good & an assurance ( complete happ9ess1 x is j z un9telligible t anyone :o is consci\s ( ! "w ( univ]sal hi/ory & ! inn] movem5t ( humanity c %>e su* a belief4 ,= t movem5t has giv5 rise to difficult problems & sev]e conflicts )9 ! s\l ( man2 a wre/l+ = a tru? & a cont5t ( life1 :]e we n[ drift hi!r & ?i!r on ! surface ( appe>ance2 a long+ = inf9ity & et]nity1 :]e n[ a f9itude & a pa/ fasc9ate & *>m u2 a cla%+ toge!r ( fre$om & de/9y1 ( nature & _s4 ,! t5d5cies & tasks :i* ?is movem5t produces may = a "t be ?ru/ into ! backgr\nd1 b !y cont9ually reappe> & claim _! "r4 ,x is a fooli% und]tak+ to try to make man happy by direct+ him to give up :at is di/9ctive 9 him1 & to give 8 /riv+ a less wor?y "*4 7#d7 ,f a radical improvem5t ( ! conditions ( life1 ! sociali/ic way ( ?9k+ expects a cont9u\s advance ( culture & an increas+ ennoblem5t ( man4 ,to "s ext5t ?is expectation w\ld be ju/ifi$ if a /rong spiritual impulse & a sure t5d5cy t[>ds ! good 7 f\nd ev]y:]e2 if x 7 only a matt] ( op5+ ! door to an inn] /riv+ t 0 ev]y:]e op]ative2 only a matt] ( remov+ re/rictions4 ,! actual picture ( human conditions corresponds b little to su* an optimism4 ,h[ small a place spiritual impulse has 9 human conduct & ef=t6 ,h[ we>isome to ! indiff]5t & reluctant av]age man any ?\ght ( spiritual goods becomes1 & :at sev]e re/rictions moral developm5t meets ) 9 selfi%ness1 av>ice1 & jeal\sy6 ,! impressions :i* reality gives speak too pla9ly 9 reg>d to ?is = ev5 ! believ]s 9 sociali/ic culture to be able to hide ! facts f !mselves2 b x is notewor?y en\gh t n t :i* !y see ) _! eyes & grasp ) _! h&s det]m9es _! judgm5t1 b t :i*1 unconsci\sly1 !y add to x3 an invisible humanity1 a greatness & a dignity ( human nature1 a nobility 9 ! dep?s ( ! s\l2 conceptions = :i*1 9 ?is context1 !re is n ! lea/ ju/ification4 ,all ^! consid]ations %[ cle>ly en\gh ! limits ( simply sociali/ic culture1 & ! %>p contradictions ( its adh]5ts4 ,?is culture only ?r[s man back increas+ly ^u ! m]ely human1 & unm]cifully holds him firmly fix$ 9 x4 ,x *a9s him to 8 own appe>ance & suppresses all t5d5cies t[>ds dep?4 ,x kn[s no?+ ( life's consci\sness ( itself2 x kn[s no inn] problems1 no inf9ite developm5t ( ! s\l2 x _c ackn[l$ge a common life ( an inn] k9d1 b mu/ d]ive all f ext]nal relations4 ,at ! same "t x excludes all und]/&+ ( ! movem5t ( univ]sal hi/ory2 = ! *ief cont5t ( ?is movem5t con/itutes j ^? problems :i* ,socialism reg>ds z fooli% delusions4 ,to be sure1 ! /riv+ aft] an inn] indep5d5ce ( life has br\ght mu* error ) x1 & x may involve mu* t is problematical4 ,b t a long+ aft] su* indep5d5ce %\ld arise at all & prove itself able to call =? s mu* endeav\r suffici5tly demon/rates t man is m ?an a m]e be+ ( society2 m ?an a memb] ( a social organism4 ,ultimately1 sociali/ic culture presupposes1 9 its own developm5t1 a great] dep? ( life ?an x is itself able to produce4 ,x c make s mu* out ( its data only because x assumes 9 !m a m compreh5sive & a deep] _w ( ?\ght4 ,l ,naturalism1 ,socialism rea*es a tol]able conclusion only by mu* plagi>ism f ! old ,idealism1 be=e ! pr9cipal conceptions ( :i* x crosses itself z be=e some?+ atroci\s4 ,?is inn] inconsi/5cy ( sociali/ic culture1 its rema9+ b\nd up ) some?+ :i* inw>dly x contradicts1 is mo/ pla9ly %[n by ! hi/orical exp]i5ce ( ! ,mod]n ,age4 ,m5 7 at fir/ l$ to take up ! movem5ts t[>ds ! /r5g!n+ ( society *iefly by ! expectation t ! invisible =ces 9 human exi/5ce w\ld be invigorat$1 & by ! hope t ! inn] life ( m5 w\ld be rais$4 ,! m !y h cut !mselves adrift f ^! invisible connections & h plac$ !mselves simply on ! basis ( exp]i5ce ! m h !y lo/ 9 spiritual cont5t4 ,! movem5t t[>ds ! mod]n free ,/ate arose 9 association ) religi\s /riv+s2 ! desire = political indep5d5ce atta*$ itself to & inw>dly grew f ! long+ = m complete equality be=e ,god4 ,! m ?is relation to ,religion &1 fur!r1 to an invisible realm rec$$ into ! backgr\nd1 ! m difficult did x become to gu>d ! /riv+ = fre$om f be+ div]t$ 9 ! int]e/s ( individuals1 classes1 & p>ties2 ! m did ! movem5t inw>dly lose by ext]nal expansion4 ,we saw t ! idea ( nationality acquir$ p[] f ! conviction t !re results 9 an indep5d5t p an individualisation ( ! spiritual & div9e :i* is ! fir/ ?+ to ensure to exi/5ce a def9ite "* & a firm support4 ,s long z ?is conviction pr$om9at$1 ea* p _h a great inn] task 9 rea*+ ! highe/ po9t ( developm5t ( its nature1 &1 :at is m important1 did n ne$ to direct its en]gies ^u ext]nals4 ,) ! obscur+ or ! complete surr5d] ( ?is spiritual f\ndation1 a bl9d adoration ( "o's own c\ntry1 an increase ( unfruitful pride ( race1 a passionate /ruggle = ext]nal expansion & p[]1 inevitably accompani$ by ! surr5d] ( humanity & ju/ice1 ?reat5s u4 ,:5 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ! mod]n idea ( ! ,/ate aga9 came into curr5cy1 ! ,/ate came to be reg>d$--z1 = example1 9 ! sy/em ( ,hegel--z ! realisation ( an absolute reason1 & desir$ to be hon\r$ z some?+ e>?ly div9e4 ,its lead+ adm9i/rators1 h[ev]1 m5 ( ! k9d ( ,alt5/e91 7 imbu$ ) ! philosophic _s2 7 m5 :o c\ld be reg>d$ z philosoph]s 9 ,plato's s5se4 ,to-day we /ill he> ( su* spiritual bases ( ! ,/ate1 9 syllabuses ( c\rses ( /udy2 b we c\nt s little on a philosophical tra9+ t :5 anyone gives any sign ( su* a tra9+ he is reg>d$ ) a/oni%m5t z a r>e exception4 ,ev5 ! sociali/ic movem5t 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 ! long+ = an economic revolution1 at fir/ /ood 9 close connection ) philosophical endeav\rs1 & ! hope ( an inn] ennobl+ ( humanity1 ! hope ( rais+ ! :ole ( culture1 work$ 9 x z a p[]ful motive =ce4 ,m & m1 out ( ?is a m]e desire = p[] & enjoym5t has develop$1 a passionate /ruggle ( class aga9/ class1 ( int]e/ aga9/ int]e/1 & h[ ?is might lead to an inn] elevation ( humanity is n app>5t4 ,! m sociali/ic culture1 9 its press+ =w>d1 has cut itself loose f a ri*] & m inw>d culture & has tru/$ solely to its own res\rces1 ! m di/9ct h its limitations become1 ! m has its incapacity to include ! :ole ( human exi/5ce be5 made evid5t4 ,to ass]t ?is does n mean to depreciate ! significance ( ! facts :i* ! social t5d5cy has made u consci\s ( & ! tasks :i* x has impos$ ^u u4 ,n only d ! advance into prom95ce ( ! economic side ( life1 & ! desire = a m en]getic realisation ( a social organisation 9 ?is direction1 rema9 unimpea*$1 b !re are dem&s ( an imp]ative k9d :i* ext5d beyond ! scope ( ?is n>r[ conception4 ,! increas+ isolation & sep>ation ( individuals make u feel ! desire = reunion m & m /rongly4 ,man1 ) t :i* is ne> him & 9 him1 acquires an ev] great] significance = ! %ap+ ( our life & our _w2 f no o!r po9t ( dep>ture ?an f him c we attempt to rea* ! dep?s ( reality & f ^! to build up a realm ( reason4 ,sociali/ic culture1 h[ev]1 treats ^! problems1 to :i* x gives rise1 f> too ext]nally & too meanly to hold out any hope t its me?od c lead to _! solution2 & s1 z we see x imm$iately be=e u1 x br+s tru? & error into a melan*oly mixture4 ,only a broad] conception ( life c\ld br+ ab\t a diff]5tiation & give to ea* factor its "r4 ,9 ?is case also ! promis$ solution ( ! problem is se5 to be itself a problem4 #c4 ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,/hetic ,,individualism ,! naturali/ic & sociali/ic t5d5cies unite 9 ! mod]n life ( culture = action 9 common4 ,h[ ne> !y /& to ea* o!r1 not)/&+ all _! diff]5ces1 our acc\nts ( !m w h %[n4 ,n only d bo? make ! _w ( s5se ! sole _w ( man1 b bo? also f9d life entirely 9 ! relation to ! environm5t1 be x nature or society4 ,aga91 bo? ma9ta9 t all happ9ess arises f "w ^u ?is environm5t1 :e!r ! "w be 9 ! ma9 sci5tific & te*nical1 or practical & political4 ,?us ! culture ( bo? sy/ems be>s ?r\gh\t ! "* ( a culture ( "w2 9 "o z 9 ! o!r great complexes ( "w arise1 & draw ! individual to !mselves2 all tr\ble & ef=t are = ! sake ( ! result2 9 bo? a re/less progressive movem5t surr\nds u & directs all reflection & ?\ght to a bett] future4 ,) su* a t5d5cy we h gr[n clos] to ! environm5t & we h ascrib$ m value to ! _w & to life4 ,) an ev]-increas+ activity1 a pr\d self-consci\sness has develop$ 9 humanity4 ,b ! limitations & defects ( su* a culture1 c5tr$ z x is ^u results1 c\ld n rema9 conceal$4 ,! age1 al]t & fond ( reflect+ ^u its own nature1 has be5 compell$ m & m to p]ceive ! negation t accompani$ ! ass]tion made 9 t sy/em4 ,! /riv+ = results alone made c>e = ! s\l impossible2 ! be+ fitt$ into a complex :ole impair$ ! developm5t to complete individuality4 ,! m indu/rial & social activities h become specialis$1 ! less significant has t "p ( human exi/5ce become :i* is embodi$ 9 ! individual z su*1 ! m h all aspects ( 8 nature o!r ?an ^? involv$ 9 8 "w deg5]at$4 ,! cont9ual ?\ght ( ! future1 ! impetu\s movem5t ev] onw>d & onw>d1 also ?reat5s to de/roy all appreciation ( ! pres5t1 all self-consci\sness & indep5d5ce ( life4 ,if we exi/ m]ely 9 ord] to s]ve z means & in/rum5ts to a s\lless process ( culture1 does n ! :ole enorm\s movem5t f9ally am\nt to no?+1 if x is n exp]i5c$ & appropriat$8 ,once su* que/ions arise & make man conc]n$ ab\t ! mean+ & ! happ9ess ( 8 life1 a sudd5 *ange mu/ soon take place4 ,man may at all times fall into error conc]n+ ! aims ( ! culture ( "w2 inde$1 conc]n+ "w itself4 ,x may appe> to him z some?+ :i*1 orig9ally 8 own creation1 has brok5 loose f him1 plac$ itself 9 opposition to him1 enslav$ him1 & f9ally1 l a gigantic spid]1 ?reat5s to suck 8 life's blood4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x may be reg>d$ z ! mo/ important ( all tasks aga9 to become ma/] ( "w1 & to pres]ve a life inw>dly consci\s ( itself1 9 contra/ ) ! t5d5cy ( "w to occupy itself solely ) ext]nals2 to realise a true pres5t 9 contra/ ) ! re/less hurry onw>d & onw>d2 a quietness & a dep? ( ! s\l 9 contra/ ) "w's bu/le & agitation4 ,to ^? ) su* a conviction ! culture ( "w mu/ seem sordid1 secul>1 pr(ane1 & 9 contra/ a long+ = m inspiration1 m s\l1 m p]man5t spl5d\r ( life w arise4 ,_m movem5ts ( ?is k9d make !mselves app>5t 9 ! pres5t2 ! long+ = a return ( life to itself1 = m joy & m dep? 9 life1 gr[s ev] /rong] & /rong]4 ,( all ^! movem5ts1 h[ev]1 "o /&s out ) def9ite a*ievem5t--"o :i*1 ^u ! basis ( ! pres5t & ) ! means ( s5se exp]i5ce1 seeks a rem$y :i*1 :ile 9 ^! two aspects x %>es ! g5]al initial assumption ( ! culture ( "w1 )9 ! limits ( ?is assumption is entirely oppos$ to ?is culture ( "w4 ,we mean ! sy/em ( ,subjectivism & ,individualism4 ,9 t ?is sy/em is bl5d$ ) a k9d ( art ( its own1 & ga9s /r5g? f ?is1 x boldly und]takes to gov]n & %ape our :ole exi/5ce4 ,he :o wi%es to rise above ! culture ( "w )\t transc5d+ ! region ( exp]i5ce w sc>cely discov] any o!r basis ?an ! individual ) 8 self-consci\sness1 8 be+-=-self4 ,=1 h[ev] f> "w ) its influ5ces may p5etrate into ! inn]mo/ recesses ( ! s\l1 !re always rema9s some?+ :i* is able to resi/ x4 ,some?+ orig9al seems to spr+ up "h1 :i* fits into no s*eme & b[s d[n to no ext]nal p[]4 ,if1 !re=e1 a newly ar\s$ long+ = great] imm$iacy & happ9ess 9 life drives man once m to ! subjective & to ! individual1 he c emphasise ?is factor conceptually 9 ord] to depreciate ! o!r sy/ems ( life4 ,=1 :e!r ! individual belongs to an invisible _w ( ?\ght or to a visible /ructure1 8 task & 8 wor? is !n assign$ to him by ! :ole2 8 activity w h a def9ite direction det]m9$ by ! :ole1 & 8 p[] w be call$ into play only s f> z x fitt$ into ! framework ( ! :ole organisation4 ,if all su* relation to ! :ole is disc>d$1 & ! individual becomes bold en\gh to place himself simply ^u 8 own capacity1 & to ackn[l$ge no o!r /&>d ?an 8 own decision1 an inf9ite c\rse seems to op5 up be=e him4 ,:at lies 9 him is n[ able to develop ) complete fre$om1 & he ne$ take nei!r a visible nor an invisible ord] into anxi\s consid]ation4 ,! individual1 rais$ to su* sov]eignty1 w make f> m out ( himself1 & w mean f> m ?an ! n>r[ & (t5 ov]-aw$ individual ( e>li] ages4 ,true1 ev5 9 e>li] times opposition f ! individual 0 n lack+1 b ! circum/ances ( ! ,mod]n ,age are especially conducive to 8 developm5t & recognition4 ,we "k h[ ! mod]n man extricat$ himself f ! ties :i* b\nd him1 & h[ he boldly plac$ himself 9 opposition to ! _w4 ,we "k h[ mu* m freely ?\ght rules 9 mod]n life2 h[ mu* m deeply an ov]-subtle reflection p5etrates ev]y:]e & takes all /ability f ?+s4 ,we "k1 too1 h[ ! ext]nal =m ( civilisation1 ) its accel]ation ( int]c\rse1 & its developm5t 9 a ?\s& directions1 sets ! individual m free4 ,is x to be wond]$ at if ! mod]n individual reg>ds himself z ! c5tre & und]takes to %ape ! :ole ( life f himself8 ,! individual c atta9 complete indep5d5ce only :5 he lib]ates 8 s\l f all ext]nal connections1 f e objective relation1 &1 z a free subject1 simply lives 8 own /ates ( consci\sness4 ,?is is a*iev$ above all 9 ! disposition--transc5d+ all =m & %ape & b\nd to no p>ticul> object--:i* has obta9$ an indep5d5t position *iefly z a result ( ! ,romantic movem5t4 ,9 ?is a complete deta*m5t ( life1 an inw>d inf9ity1 & a complete indep5d5ce seem atta9$2 e individual has 8 own c\rse & 8 own tru?2 no limit is set to life1 no comm& giv51 b he c ) ! utmo/ fre$om develop e impulse & exhau/ its possibilities accord+ to its nature4 ,?us a life arises1 pr(use & extremely active3 a life f9e & delicate 9 nature2 a life :i* is 9 no way direct$ beyond itself4 ,b all agitation1 pr(us5ess1 & ref9em5t c\ld h>dly h prev5t$ ?is emotional life f becom+ holl[1 if1 :5 x turn$ to ! individual1 x _h n unit$ to itself ano!r movem5t1 :i* is fl[+ ) a p[]ful curr5t ?r\gh ! age4 ,we mean ! movem5t t[>ds art1 & beyond t t[>ds an /hetic conception ( life4 ,f anci5t times !re has always be5 an anti!sis ( an e?ical & an /hetical fa%ion+ ( life3 ( a prepond]ance on ! "o h& ( ! active1 on ! o!r h& ( ! contemplative relation to reality4 ,emphasis on ! activity ( man has l$ to ! =mation 9 mod]n sy/ems ( life ( a culture ( "w & utility4 ,an /hetical1 contemplative mode ( ?\ght c ) good reason feel itself sup]ior to t culture4 ,9 contra/ to utility1 x promises beauty2 ov] aga9/ ! heav9ess & we>9ess ( ! way ( life ( a culture ( "w1 x promises a joy & a lightness2 9 opposition to ef=t1 hurri$ly & cont9ually /riv+ fur!r & fur!r1 x promises an indep5d5t self-consci\sness1 & an inw>d calm4 ,b1 z ?is movem5t t[>ds art bl5ds ) t t[>ds ! subject x lapses into a n>r[ c\rse & assumes a di/9ctive "*4 ,"h1 art has less to compreh5d ! object ?an to /imulate & please ! subject2 x w /rive less aft] cont5t & a fur!r con/ruction ?an ) lyrical cad5ces1 to give expression to *ang+ moods4 ,x has a difficult task giv5 to x :i* c only approximately be solv$--! task ( express+ some?+ fundam5tally inexpressible & resi/+ all attempts to give x =m4 ,b 9 t art und]takes su* an impossibility1 & ex]ts its p[] to ! utt]mo/1 x br+s ab\t a ref9em5t ( ! s\l z well z an enri*m5t ( expression4 ,x enables mu* to be grasp$ & compreh5d$ :i*1 )\t x1 passes l a fleet+ %ad[4 ,x p]mits ! obs]vation ( ! mo/ delicate vibrations ( ! s\l1 & ?r[s light into dep?s :i* w\ld o!rwise be inaccessible4 ,a di/9ctive type ( life is ?us =m$ f ! side ( lit]ature & art1 & ?is feels securely supreme ov] all ! emb>rassm5ts ( ! culture ( "w & ( ! masses4 ,! c5tre ( life is transf]r$ into ! inn] tissue ( self-consci\sness4 ,) ! developm5t ( ?is self-consci\sness1 life appe>s to be plac$ entirely on its own res\rces & direct$ simply t[>ds itself4 ,?r\gh all *ange ( circum/ances & conditions x rema9s undi/urb$2 9 all ! inf9ity ( t :i* happ5s to x1 x feels t x is supreme4 ,all ext]nal manife/ation is valuable to x z an unfold+ ( its own be+2 x nev] exp]i5ces ?+s1 b only itself--t is1 its own passive /ates ( consci\sness--9 ! ?+s4 ,a life ( su* a k9d gives rise1 9 diff]5t directions1 to di/9ctive t5d5cies1 :i*1 ?r\gh _! anti!sis to ! traditional =ms1 are %>ply acc5tuat$4 ,?is sy/em ?9ks especially to turn ! :ole ( human exi/5ce into some?+ positive1 to limit x on none ( its sides1 to raise x ev]y:]e to activity1 joy1 & pleasure4 ,9 ! old] sy/ems ( life1 especially 9 ! religi\s1 x f9ds f> too mu* feeble r5unciation1 f> too mu* sad negation3 su* a depreciation ( life is h5ce=? to give way to a complete & joyful affirmation4 ,b an affirmation appe>s to be possible because 9 ?is sy/em1 ?r\gh t ref]5ce to & excitem5t ( subjectivity1 all t 9 any way affects man is trans=m$ 9 activity & advance2 because be=e all else ! subject feels its own life 9 e exp]i5ce & takes pleasure 9 ?is4 ,x mu/ be add$ t ! self-ref9em5t ( life1 its mobility & delicacy1 free x f all ! heav9ess ( exi/5ce1 & t ! free play ( =ces :i* exi/ "h trans=ms ! :ole ( exi/5ce into some?+ lightly pois$4 ,we f9d ?is to be especially ! case :5 we turn to art1 :i* jo9s beauty to p[]1 or1 r1 /r5g!ns life 9 itself ?r\gh its embodim5t 9 ! beautiful4 ,?is free1 joy\s1 & z x w\ld seem purely self-consci\s life is ?r\gh\t ( an ari/ocratic & individual "*4 ,9 t x is adapt$ to ! old exp]i5ce1 t to only a few is giv5 ! p[] & ! disposition = indep5d5t creation & indep5d5t life1 x addresses itself to ^! few & summons !m to ! greate/ possible developm5t ( ! individuality ( _! nature1 to ! mo/ decisive deta*m5t f ! *>act]less av]age ( ! masses4 ,=1 )\t a completely develop$ consci\sness ( individuality1 )\t an en]getic diff]5tiation & isolation1 life does n seem to atta9 its greate/ height4 ,?us ! matt] is "o ( mak+ all ! relations & all ! ext]nals ( life z individual z possible4 ,ev]y?+ :i* places ! developm5t ( life "u univ]sal /&>ds1 &1 ?r\gh ^!1 limits t developm5t1 is reject$ z an unw>rantable limitation & an intol]able re/riction4 ,?is individualis+ ( our exi/5ce ext5ds also to ! matt] ( our relation to "t4 ,"o mom5t may n be sacrific$ to ano!r2 ! pres5t may n be degrad$ to ! /atus ( be+ a m]e prep>ation = ! future1 b e mom5t %\ld be an end 9 itself1 &1 ) ?is1 life is consid]$ z be+ solely 9 ! pres5t4 ,& s life is a ceaseless *ange1 a p]petual self-r5ewal1 a cont9u\s transition2 b x is j ?is :i* pres]ves to life its y\?ful fre%ness & gives to x ! capacity to attract ?r\gh e new *>m4 ,h5ce ?is sy/em pres5ts ! mo/ def9ite contra/ to ! int]m9able *a9 & ! gigantic con/ruction :i* ! culture ( "w makes out ( ! activities ( ! individuals4 /hetic ,individualism appe>s mo/ di/9ctive 9 ! way x repres5ts ! relation betwe5 ! spiritual & ! s5su\s4 ,x _c take its att5tion f ! ext]nal _w1 9 ord] to c5tre x ^u human p]ception1 )\t /r5g!n+ ! psy*ical4 ,b1 z its own sy/em is bas$ ^u s5se exp]i5ce1 x is impossible = x to ackn[l$ge an indep5d5t spirituality & to contra/ x ) ! s5su\s2 ! spirituality :i* x recognises always rema9s b\nd & bl5d$ ) ! s5su\s4 ,= x an entirely mutual int]p5etration is ! highe/ ideal1 a spiritualis+ ( ! s5su\s1 & a s5sualis+ ( ! spiritual to an exactly equival5t degree4 ,?is high e/imate ( ! s5su\s1 & ! endeav\r to h>monise ! spiritual ) x1 put ?is new sy/em ( life 9 ! %>pe/ opposition to ! old] sy/ems1 especially to religi\s ,idealism1 9 :i* ! supremacy ( ! spiritual is ess5tial4 ,f su* a basal "* ?is sy/em evolves a di/9ctive relation to ! individual values & sph]es ( life4 ,arti/ic lit]>y creation becomes ! s\l ( life2 ! s\rce ( ! influ5ces = ! fa%ion+ ( a new man4 ,! social1 political1 sph]e is r$uc$ to ! level ( a m]e outside _w1 :i* urges less to activity on our own "p ?an provokes a sceptical & critical attitude4 ,! lack ( att5tion to all t :i* fits man into a common ord]1 be x into ! ,/ate ) its laws1 or ! civic community ) its cu/oms & arrangem5ts1 p]mits ! free relation ( individual to individual 9 social contact1 fri5d%ip & love1 to develop s mu* m =cefully4 ,9 p>ticul>1 x is ! int]-relation%ip ( ! sexes1 ) its _m-sid$ness & its insep>able int]weav+ ( spirituality ) s5su\sness1 :i* occupies ?\ght & dom9ates lit]>y production4 ,/rike out ! erotic elem5t f specifically mod]n lit]ature1 & h[ insignificant ! rema9d] w\ld appe>6 ,x is also 9 ! relation ( ! sexes t ?is s*eme ( life insi/s on ! fulle/ fre$om4 ,!re is a m>k$ t5d5cy to reg>d an ackn[l$gm5t ( fix$ /&>ds & ( traditional morals 9 ?is connection z a sign ( weakness & ( a n>r[-m9d$ way ( ?9k+4 ,s9ce ?is s*eme seeks to realise an /hetic conception ( life & an arti/ic culture 9 opposition to all ! re/ra9t ( tradition & environm5t1 x w come into p>ticul>ly sev]e conflict ) traditional religion & morality4 ,x mu/ reject religion1 or at lea/ :at hi!rto has be5 call$ religion1 because1 ) its bl5d+ toge!r ( ! spiritual & ! s5su\s 9 a s+le _w1 x c by no means ackn[l$ge a _w ( indep5d5t spirituality2 its ?\ght is mu* too moni/ic = t4 ,x mu/ reject religion also = ! reason t1 ) its imm$iate affirmation ( life1 x _c 9 ! lea/ und]/& ! />t+-po9t ( religion1 ! exp]i5ce & p]ception ( h>% inn] contradictions 9 our exi/5ce4 ,religion1 ) all ! h]oism t x truly %[s1 is "h reg>d$ z a m]e l[]+ ( vital en]gy2 a *im]a :i* pleases ! weak4 ,9 relation to morality ! matt] is n mu* diff]5t4 ,a f\ndation ( morality 9 ! necessity ( its own nature is lack+ 9 ?is sy/em4 ,:at motive c\ld move a man :o :ole-he>t$ly accept$ /hetic ,individualism to ackn[l$ge some?+ ext]nal to ! subject z a /&>d1 & 9 accordance ) ?is /&>d to put a *eck ^u 8 natural impulses8 ,inde$1 ) ! d5ial ( spiritual activity & ! division ( ! _w into = & aga9/1 ! entire anti!sis ( good & evil loses its mean+ & its ju/ification4 ,reality appe>s f ! po9t ( view ( ?is sy/em to be r5t 9 twa9 9 an unw>rantable mann] at ! comm& ( a human au?ority4 ,:at is usually call$ morality is consid]$ to be only a /atute ( ! community1 a means by :i* x seeks to rob ! individual ( 8 indep5d5ce & to subord9ate him to itself4 ,all ?is reason+ pres5ts itself z an (fspr+ ( our own "t1 & wi%es to e/abli% ! correctness ( its claims on its own gr\nd ?r\gh its results4 ,yet x by no means lacks hi/orical relations3 (t5 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies ! subject has %ak5 (f e con/ra9t & s\ght a solution to life's problems 9 its own realm4 ,?is happ5$1 fir/ among ! ,sophi/s2 !n 9 a =m less m>k$ & ) m direct att5tion to happ9ess 9 ,epicureanism2 lat]1 9 pr\d exaltation & 9 a titanic /ruggle ) ! _w1 9 ! ,r5aissance2 & aga9 9 a m delicate & m contemplative mann] 9 ! ,romantic p]iod4 ,t5d5cies f all ^! op]ate 9 ! /hetic ,individualism ( ! pres5t "t & enri* x 9 _m ways1 ?\gh _! contributions are n always free f contradiction4 ,b1 ev5 ) ^! hi/orical elem5ts1 /hetic ,individualism is ess5tially a mod]n product2 & x _c be d5i$ t x has won a great p[] 9 ! pres5t2 a movem5t ( culture 9 ?is direction is unmi/akeable4 ,x is ! v nature ( ?is s*eme ( life n to ha/5 to a def9ite =m1 & = ?is reason x does n manife/ itself ) v def9ite features2 b1 ) invisible p[]1 x is ev]y:]e pres5t & creates a spiritual atmosph]e f :i* x is difficult to )draw ourselves4 ,not)/&+ all ! attacks x is subject$ to & ! d\bts z to its validity1 x draws p[] cont9ually f bo? ! ma9 t5d5cies :i* x unites2 f ! evolution ( ! subject & f ! gr[? ( art4 ,?us1 "h aga9 we are conc]n$ n ) m]e subjective will+ & wi%+1 b ) an actual movem5t 9 univ]sal hi/ory4 ,:e!r ?is movem5t be ! prim>y & ! all-dom9ant rema9s to be exam9$ by consid]ation ( ! total possessions ( humanity4 ,su* an exam9ation is 9 ?is case peculi>ly difficult1 because 9 ,individualism & ,subjectivism div]se =ms m+le toge!r & give to ! movem5t v diff]5t levels4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 an obvi\s dang] t1 view+ ^! =ms f ! position ( an av]age level1 at :i* we may attempt to arrive1 we may judge "o too sev]ely & ano!r too l5i5tly4 ,& yet we _c disp5se ) ! assumption ( su* an av]age level2 only1 x mu/ n be appli$ me*anically to ! individual =ms :i* are s num]\s4 ,9 =m+ our judgm5t 9 ?is matt]1 x is necess>y 9 ! fir/ place to di/+ui% ! aims & ! me?ods ( ! s*eme ( life4 ,!re c h>dly be any d\bt or dispute conc]n+ ! aims4 ,=1 if we are call$ to give to life an indep5d5ce1 a cont5t & a value2 to raise x to complete p[]2 to press =w>d f anxi\s negation to joyful affirmation2 to r$uce ! monotony ( exi/5ce2 to organise ! :ole realm ( individuality s t x %all be fully cle>2 & if1 at ! same "t1 ! fact ( ! deg5]ation ( ! inn] life ?r\gh a culture ( "w l5ds to su* dem&s ! impressiv5ess & ! voice ( a pres5t ne$1 x is difficult to see h[ ?is sy/em is to be effectively oppos$4 /hetic ,individualism "h appe>s z ! *ampion ( tru?s :i* may be obscur$ = a "t1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 cont9ually ga9 9 significance 9 human evolution z a :ole4 ,a fur!r "q is :e!r its aims1 :i* _c be reject$1 are atta9able along ! ways :i* ,individualism foll[s & beyond :i* x is n able to g2 :e!r ! means suffice = ! atta9m5t ( ! end4 ,if ?is %\ld n be ! case1 we are 9 pres5ce ( a great difficulty1 9 t some?+1 9 itself ( ! highe/ necessity1 is desir$1 b is desir$ 9 a way :i* n only is inadequate to ! aim1 b directly contradicts x4 ,& yet t is h[ ! matt] really /&s4 ,x is ess5tial to ,individualism--) ?is x /&s or falls--t x lead to an indep5d5t life1 to a self-consci\sness2 t x trans=m our :ole condition into some?+ ( positive value on ! basis ( s5se exp]i5ce4 ,t ! actual condition ( human reality1 ! nature ( human exp]i5ce1 inexorably resi/s su* a trans=mation1 & t on ?is acc\nt ! individuali/ic s*eme ( life is contradictory1 we int5d to indicate m 9 detail4 ,man desires a self-consci\s life1 a deliv]ance f all ext]nal ties1 a removal ( all oppressions4 ,?is desire is a l(ty "o1 b "o :i*1 z ?+s are1 is v difficult ( atta9m5t4 ,= n only 9 :at happ5s to u1 b also 9 ! inn]mo/ dep?s ( ! s\l--9 our spiritual con/itution--we are b\nd up ) an ov]:elm+ & imp5etrable _w4 ,! me*anism ( nature z well z ! organisation ( society surr\nds & visibly & invisibly co]ces u4 ,at fir/ sight we are no m ?an p>ts ( an imm5se :ole1 & appe> to be completely det]m9$ by t :i* happ5s 9 ?is :ole2 we come f x & s9k back into x1 & e mom5t we are dep5d5t ^u t :i* takes place ar\nd u4 ,:at is ,individualism able to d aga9/ su* =ces1 & :at does x succe$ 9 a*iev+ t[>ds life's atta9m5t ( indep5d5ce8 ,! means x employs are ! ar\s+ ( an unre/ra9$ mood1 & ! )drawal ( life to ! greate/ possible conc5tration 9 its own passive /ates ( consci\sness4 ,because by ^! means man is 9 "s measure reliev$ f ! oppression ( ?+s1 he imag9es himself to be fully free4 ,b is he free simply because he appe>s to himself to be s2 free1 to take ! example ( ,sp9oza1 9 ! way 9 :i* ! /one ?r[n up into ! air might dur+ its motion suppose itself to be free8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 z ev]yday exp]i5ce %[s u1 x is j 9 8 moods t man is lea/ /able & lea/ "l ( 8 own s\l1 & t ! mo/ div]se circum/ances1 physical & psy*ical1 visible & invisible1 great & small1 influ5ce & compel him4 ,! transitor9ess ( appe>ances1 :i* =m ! matt] ( fact z f> z moods are conc]n$1 is lack+ 9 all firm relation1 all inn] con/ruction ( life2 = no?+ is m mobile1 no?+ m subject to sudd5 *anges1 ?an mood--no?+ except ! surface ( ! roll+ sea1 or a re$ %ak+ 9 ! w9d4 ,! life ( mood is1 9 reality1 a purely sup]ficial life2 a projection ( ! psy*ical nature on to ! surface ( ! imm$iate passive /ates ( consci\sness4 ,life 9 ?is case atta9s no dep?1 cont5t1 or indep5d5ce1 b only subjective op9ion1 ! m]e semblance ( indep5d5ce4 ,we %all see t ,individualism s p]si/5tly (f]s ! semblance in/ead ( ! real ?+ t x has come to believe t ) ! production ( ! semblance x has acquir$ ! reality4 ,life c only atta9 a real indep5d5ce :5 x has be5 wid5$ to a realm 9 itself1 :5 inn] relations1 anti!ses1 problems ?us become evid5t2 & :51 ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( activity ^u ^!1 an inn] _w is rais$ up1 :i* confid5tly places itself 9 opposition to ! endlessness ( ! s\lless _w & is able to take up ! /ruggle ) x4 ,we mu/ %[ unrel5t+ ho/ility to any attempt to id5tify mood ) inn] spirituality1 ) ! s\l's self-consci\sness2 =1 really1 !re is no great] contra/ ?an t betwe5 simple disposition & spiritual dep?1 betwe5 ! man ( m]e s5tim5t1 ) 8 dep5d5ce & vacillation1 & ! p]sonality root$ 9 an inn] inf9ity4 ,& s ! indep5d5ce & ! pr$om9ance ( ! individual ov] ! social environm5t1 :i* ,individualism ass]ts1 are no?+ m ?an an appe>ance4 ,= :at is (f]$ 9 ?is sy/em is f> less a self-consci\s life & an undi/urb$ pursuance ( our own c\rse ?an ! incl9ation to say & d ! opposite ( t :i* is said & done by ! majority ( ^? :o surr\nd u4 ,x is easy to see t life1 z a matt] ( fact1 always rema9s relat$ to its environm5t & to ! /&>d ( t environm5t2 & t :at is repres5t$ "h z indep5d5ce is no?+ b a diff]5t k9d ( dep5d5ce1 an indirect dep5d5ce4 ,to ! endeav\r ( ,individualism to provide a free c\rse = ! individual ) 8 p>ticul>ity x is sc>cely possible to (f] any opposition4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 int5tion & realisation are diff]5t ?+s1 & ,individualism is apt to assume z some?+ simple & self-evid5t t :i* ( all ?+s is ! mo/ difficult1 t is1 individuality itself4 ,j z ,socialism promises a sure advance ( life z a result ( ! removal ( ext]nal h9drances1 s ,individualism expects a magnific5t advance ( an inexhau/ible individuali/ic culture1 if only ! /atutes by :i* ! community oppresses & limits ! individual are annull$4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! real /ate ( ! matt]8 ,are m5 s full ( spiritual impulse t x is only necess>y to op5 up a c\rse = x8 ,& fur!r1 does t :i* is peculi> 9 a man signify1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t he is an individuality ) "s sort ( value8--& is x at once capable ( =m+ a c5tre ( life8 ,h[ indef9ite & h[ lack+ 9 consi/5cy ! psy*ical nature ( man usually is6 ,h[ mu* t is l(ty & h[ mu* t is mean1 h[ mu* t is noble & h[ mu* t is vulg>1 is f\nd "h6 ,%all ?is *aos display itself & be extoll$ z an individuality8 ,9 tru?1 an inn] unity app]ta9s to a g5u9e individuality1 & ! asc]ta9+ & realisation ( ?is are n simply a gift f nature1 b a result ( spiritual endeav\r4 ,to atta9 to a g5u9e individuality requires an en]getic conc5tration ( life2 an ov]com+ ( ! _s ( indiff]5ce2 a unify+ ( ! multiplicity ( exp]i5ce2 (t51 also1 a transc5d+ ( %>p contradictions4 ,h[ difficult x has be5 = ev5 ! mo/ prom95t individualities--m5 su* z ,lu!r1 ,kant1 ,goe!--to f9d _! true selves1 t is1 ! ess5ce ( _! be+1 ! aspect 9 :i* _! /r5g? lay6 ,h[ great a problem1 & :at an object ( ! ke5e/ conflict1 _! g5u9e individuality =m$ to !m6 ,h[ c\ld a task ( su* difficulty f9d fulfilm5t1 & life a unification & elevation1 9 sup]ficial & fleet+ mood8 ,if 9 ord] to make m5 indep5d5t individuals x suffic$ to decl>e !m s1 we %\ld inde$ be mu* fur!r advanc$ ?an un=tunately is ! case4 ,! new life ought n to be simply autonom\s1 indep5d5t & individual1 x %\ld also be p[]ful & great4 ,is ! m]e evolution & cultivation ( s5tim5t able to give su* p[] & greatness to an unre/ra9$ passivity8 ,( c\rse1 9 its own e/imation unre/ra9$ mood c raise itself high above ! :ole _w1 & s magnify ! suppos$ indep5d5ce z to give rise to a feel+ ( supreme p[]2 b aga91 x is only a repres5tation ( p[]1 a semblance ( p[]1 & n a real p[]1 t is rea*$4 ,m]e mood & g5u9e p[] con/itute an irreconcilable anti!sis4 ,att5tion to & cultivation ( s5tim5t may ref9e life2 x w at ! same "t weak5 & dissipate x4 ,p[] develops & gr[s only 9 grappl+ ) resi/ances1 :e!r !y be outside or )9 "o's own s\l4 ,life w acquire a p[]ful "* only :]e an active spirituality is ackn[l$g$1 :i*1 draw+ f its own nature1 holds up /&>ds & aims to ! actual condition ( reality1 especially to its own s\l1 & und]takes to *ange ?is condition 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts set by ^! /&>ds & aims4 /hetic ,individualism1 h[ev]1 z we saw1 conceives ( ! spiritual life z *iefly receptive & contemplative2 z an appropriation1 a mirror+ & an enjoym5t ( an exi/5t reality4 ,?us = x ! spiritual life might be closely connect$ ) ?is exi/5t reality1 inde$ might be "o ) x2 b at ! same "t ! view robs t life ( ! p[] ( ar\s+ & elevat+1 ( indep5d5t con/ruction & secure advance4 ,an ari/ocratic "*1 ! sep>ation ( an exot]ic & an esot]ic sph]e1 has be5 di/9ctive ( an /hetic conception ( life f anci5t times ev5 until n[4 ,! fact appeal$ to 9 ju/ification ( its assumption ( ?is "* is beyond d\bt3 x is t1 n only 9 art b 9 all spiritual creation1 only few among ^? creat+ or reproduc+ /& high2 t g5u9e creation always comes ab\t 9 opposition to ! m$iocre2 t if x id5tifi$ itself ) ! int]e/s & conditions ( ! majority x w\ld be deeply degrad$1 inde$ inw>dly de/roy$4 ,b ?is is a contra/ betwe5 spiritual creation & human circum/ances1 n a division ( humanity accord+ to two sets ( circum/ances2 9 tru?1 few] ( ! really great ?an ( ^? great 9 _! own e/imation h boa/$ ( greatness4 ,= ! g5u9ely great h be5 occupi$ f> too mu* by ! dem&s ( _! task1 & be5 too deeply consci\s ( ! inadequacy ( human capacity1 to h be5 able to indulge 9 a reflection ^u & a va9 enjoym5t ( !mselves4 ,! inf9ity ( ! task by :i*1 r ?an by o!r m51 !y measur$ !mselves made ev5 ! highe/ result appe> inadequate to !m4 ,x is necess>y to ,individualism to repres5t ! unmi/akeable di/9ction betwe5 a culture t is g5u9ely spiritual & "o t is m]ely human1 z a diff]5ce betwe5 two classes ( m52 & x is only because x kn[s no objective re/ra9t1 no inn] necessities1 & c measure m5 only ) m51 t x is able to believe itself ju/ifi$ 9 look+ d[n ^u o!r m5 f its /&po9t--z ?\gh ! m]e pr(ession ( fai? 9 its programme at once effect$ an elevation ( nature4 ,! und]tak+ to trans=m life completely into some?+ ( positive value1 sudd5ly & directly to advance to complete affirmation ( life1 is associat$ ) ! desire = p[]4 ,s f> z ?is is simply a desire to ab&on an irresolute & n>r[ mode ( ?\ght1 false humiliation & self-belittlem5t1 & m]e accommodation to circum/ances 9 tasks :]e ! beg9n+ is difficult & calls = great ef=t1 we may frankly admit its ju/ification4 ,b ! matt] is n s simple z x is repres5t$ 9 ?is tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,ultimately no spiritual movem5t :i* w\ld w9 mank9d c give up its claim to a f9al affirmation ( life4 ,ev5 ! mo/ completely pessimi/ic sy/ems1 sy/ems ( absolute negation--z1 = example1 ! orig9al ,buddhism--c\ld n conqu] wid] areas )\t mak+ t negative mild] & trans=m+ x into an affirmative4 ,b ! "q is :e!r1 aft] all t humanity has exp]i5c$ & suff]$1 a quick & imm$iate affirmation is possible2 :e!r ! way to a f9al affirmation does n lead r ?r\gh an en]getic negation4 ,s long z ! re/riction :i* life felt seem$ to come f outside only1 & n to rea* ! inn] recesses ( ! s\l1 z ! prevail+ mode ( ?\ght 9 ,antiquity repres5t$ ! case to be1 ! decisive rejection ( all suff]+1 ! pr\d arm\r+ ( ! s\l aga9/ all pa91 c\ld be accept$ z ! cr[n ( all virtues4 ,9 face1 h[ev]1 ( actual exp]i5ce1 ,antiquity c\ld n cont9ue to hold su* a conviction4 ,= good or = evil1 x 0 compell$ to reg>d suff]+ z some?+ m important & to occupy itself m ) x1 &1 until ,*ri/ianity op5$ up new pa?s1 x fell into ! dang] ( los+ all vital en]gy4 ,:atev] position "o may take up ) reg>d to ! dogma & ! t5d5cies ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! fact _c be /ruck out ( hi/ory t x has laid b>e inf9ite p]plexities 9 ! s\l ( man 9 reg>d to 8 relation to ! _w1 & at ! same "t has tak5 up suff]+ into ! c5tre ( life1 n to p]petuate x1 b to rise above x by ! reveal+ ( a _w ( _s & ( love4 ,?is has n made life easi]1 b m difficult2 yet at ! same "t x has made x great]1 deep]1 & m inw>dly det]m9$4 ,e s*eme ( life :i* light-he>t$ly pr(esses to be able to lead u quickly ov] suff]+ & to ca/ x (f proves itself to be intol]ably sup]ficial1 if n frivol\s4 ,sup]ficiality easily triumphs ov] m5 & becomes _! fir/ op9ion2 m5 seem to welcome fir/ e way ( ?9k+ :i* makes life com=table & pres5ts no dem&s ( any sort4 ,b ! problems ( our exi/5ce1 & ! long+ = g5u9e & n m]ely illusory happ9ess1 rema91 & 9 face ( ! s]i\sness ( ^! problems x soon proves to be fleet+ & va9 to try to f9d satisfaction 9 t :i* is simply com=table4 ,! case is no diff]5t 9 reg>d to ,individualism & ! problem ( morality4 ,! value ( an en]getic opposition to laws ( conv5tion & ext]nal etiquette is beyond "q2 b x %\ld n be =gott5 t su* a conflict has be5 c>ri$ on )9 ! sph]e ( morality & religion f anci5t times2 t 9 e age t :i* 0 spiritually highe/ has =cibly )/ood ! ef=ts ( m5 illegitimately to claim absolute validity = _! /atutes & t5d5cies4 ,b ,individualism commits ! error ( ass]t+ t ! mean morality :i* is rea*$ at ! av]age level ( humanity con/itutes ! ess5ce ( morality1 & 9 s do+ excludes f itself ! feel+ = ev]y?+ great & deep :i* lies )9 morality4 ,) all its talk ( greatness & bread?1 ,individualism makes life n>r[1 s9ce x leads man solely to ! cultivation & unfold+ ( 8 own passive /ates ( consci\sness1 & p]mits ! pleasure-seek+ ego to draw ev]y?+ to itself & hold x fa/ !re4 ,ev]y?+1 h[ev]1 :i* exi/s beyond 8 sph]e x int]prets z a m]e o!r _w1 & ?us decl>es all submission to ! object = its own sake1 all =getfulness ( self1 all becom+ m compreh5sive1 & all r5ewal ?r\gh g5u9e love1 to be only delusory4 ,fur!r1 9 ?is sy/em1 9 :i* natural impulse gov]ns ev]y?+1 ! conceptions ( responsibility & guilt1 & ) ?is ! anti!sis ( good & evil1 mu/ be held to be ! result ( a n>r[ly human way ( ?9k+1 z some?+ :i*1 ?\gh s]v+ no real purpose1 /ill al>ms m5 & ov]awes life4 ,yet ?r\gh ! developm5t ( a spiritual activity :i* places x 9 a m inw>d & free relation to reality1 humanity has really advanc$ beyond ! position 9 :i* man act$ z a "p ( m]e nature4 ,9 ?is1 too1 ,*ri/ianity also m>ks a great advance2 we h only to picture to ourselves ! life-"w ( ,augu/9e 9 ord] to h a cle> example ( ! sep>ation ( a g5u9e morality1 z ! expression ( a new _w bas$ ^u fre$om1 f ! att5tion to & cultivation ( natural in/9cts4 ,! greate/ ?9k] ( ! ,mod]n ,age1 ,kant1 has only e/abli%$ ?is di/9ction 9 a new] =m4 ,9 ?is connection responsibility & guilt1 z transc5d+ nature1 also become a witness ( greatness2 !y give expression to ! fact t man is an indep5d5t co-op]ator 9 ! univ]se1 & reg>ds ! _w z 9 "s s5se 8 own2 to ! fact t life does n simply happ5 to him1 b also ?r\gh him4 ,=1 along ) fre$om & its _w1 ! old _w ( giv5 exi/5ce rema9s & holds u fa/1 n m]ely ext]nally b inw>dly also2 life is a sev]e conflict betwe5 high] & l[]1 betwe5 fre$om & de/9y4 ,) s mu* t is complicat$ & p]plex1 life mu/ be reg>d$ z 9 ! highe/ degree unf9i%$4 ,b j because ( ?is x involves an incalculable t5sion1 & ev5 9 its con/ra9ts & pa9s x leaves ! self-pres]vation & ! welf>e ( ! m]e subject at a level f> b5ea? itself4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,individualism1 neglect+ ! movem5t ( univ]sal hi/ory1 wi%es to limit u to ?is m]e subject1 &1 effac+ all divid+ l9es1 calls ^u u to submit to e =ce :i* plays ^u u1 & to ent] into ! glad enjoym5t ( life1 !re is really no diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & advis+ a man1 :o has gone ?r\gh ! _m & difficult exp]i5ces ( life1 to ?r[ to ! w9ds all he has ?us ga9$1 & to please himself aga9 ) ! games ( *ildhood4 ,! position is simil> ) reg>d to ! relation ( ! spiritual & ! s5su\s1 z ,individualism repres5ts x4 ,x is rightly oppos$ to bo? a monki% asceticism & a conv5tional1 feign$1 l[ e/imate ( ! s5su\s2 x is inde$ ) good reason t /hetic ,individualism def5ds ! "r ( ! s5su\s4 ,b to give ! s5su\s its "r does n mean to p]mit x to be jo9$ toge!r 9 an undiff]5tiat$ unity ) ! spiritual1 z ?\gh x 7 ( equal value4 ,nave ages 7 able to /rive = a p]fect balance ( spiritual & s5su\s2 b1 ) ! increas+ dep? ( ! life ( ! s\l1 a division has result$ :i* no toil & no art c simply remove aga94 ,n[1 !re=e1 ei!r ! spiritual w be dom9ant ov] ! s5su\s or ! s5su\s ov] ! spiritual4 ,9 ,individualism1 ) its amalgamation ( ! spiritual & ! s5su\s1 by :i* all claim to spiritual activity1 & !re=e to all indep5d5ce ( spiritual life1 is giv5 up1 ! s5su\s w inevitably dom9ate ov] ! spiritual4 ,! result is simply a deg5]ation ( ! spiritual1 a ref9$ s5su\sness2 & x is def5celess aga9/ an intrusion ( vulg> pleasure4 ,w any "o s]i\sly ass]t t we f9d ourselves to-day 9 a nave position 9 relation to s5se8 ,9 ?is respect1 z 9 all o!rs1 ! /r5g? ( ,individualism lies *iefly 9 criticism2 its ref9$ p]ception makes x especially capable ( appreh5d+ cle>ly ! errors ( ! traditional conceptions ( life4 ,its influ5ce1 h[ev]1 suff]s f ! contradiction :i* x involves1 9 t x purposes to solve ! problems1 to :i* only an indep5d5t & self-det]m9+ spiritual life is equal1 ) ! means ( s5se exp]i5ce4 ,su* a spiritual life is to be atta9$ only by transc5d+ ?is s5se exp]i5ce4 ,ow+ to ! fact t ,individualism places its sole att5tion ^u ! surface ( s5se exp]i5ce1 its aims1 9 !mselves ( ! highe/ necessity1 mu/ be di/ort$ & grossly misrepres5t$4 ,indep5d5ce1 greatness1 & c]ta9ty--ev] hov]+ be=e life--_c be atta9$ by ,individualism 9 reality1 b only 9 picture & semblance4 ,& x c l5d to ?is appe>ance a mod]ate p[] ( conviction only because1 j 9 ! same way z ! o!r mod]n organisations ( life1 x enri*es itself imp]ceptibly f ! same traditional modes ( ?\ght & ( culture1 9 opposition to :i* x /&s1 & ( :i* ! impell+ motives are to x a seal$ book4 ,?us1 9 tru?1 x does n (f] m]e & pure subjectivity1 b subjectivity on ! basis ( a ri* life ( culture1 :i* x is itself unable to produce1 b )\t :i* x w\ld lapse at once into complete empt9ess4 ,! /hetic-individuali/ic s*eme ( life proves to be a ph5om5on1 accompany+ a ripe1 inde$ an ov]-ripe1 culture4 ,an indep5d5t culture1 ) its lab\r & its sacrifice1 x is unable to produce4 ,to reject /hetic ,individualism means to attack mod]n art & its s]vice to life j z little z to reject ,naturalism & ,socialism is to e/imate meanly mod]n natural sci5ce & pres5t social endeav\r4 ,on ! contr>y1 x may be said t1 z ,naturalism has no ke5] antagoni/ ?an mod]n natural sci5ce1 s mod]n art1 ) ! en]gy :i* is be/[$ ^u x & ) its _m-sid$ expansion ( ! s\l1 /&s n 9 agreem5t ) b 9 opposition to /hetic ,individualism4 ,=1 inde$1 a creative arti/ ( ! fir/ rank has nev] subscrib$ to a m]ely /hetic conception ( life4 ,/ill1 h[ev] mu* arti/ic endeav\r & a m]ely /hetic conception ( ! _w may be associat$ by ! individual1 9 _! nature !y rema9 diff]5tiat$1 & no appreciation ( art is able to ju/ify ! /hetic conception ( life1 :i* subjects all life to a contradiction2 works aga9/ life 9 /riv+ to atta9 its own ends2 neglects ! developm5t ?r\gh ! c5turies2 &1 in/ead ( ! sub/ance hop$ =1 (f]s only op9ion & appe>ance4 ,h[ c life f9d a support 9 ?is8 ,,ii4 ,,consid]ation ,,( ,,! ,,situation ,,z ,a ,,:ole ,,& ,,prelim9>ies ,,= ,,fur!r ,,inve/igation 7a7 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,z ,a ,,:ole ,,& ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,old ,f ! description t has be5 giv5 ( ! mod]n sy/ems ( life1 we h se5 t ! ,mod]n ,age is by no means homog5e\s1 & t ! conception mod]n has m ?an "o mean+4 ,culture1 9 p>ticul>1 has a "* fundam5tally diff]5t accord+ z life f9ds its basis on ! "o h& 9 some?+ ext]nal to itself1 9 nature1 or 9 society1 or on ! o!r h& 9 ! subjective /ates ( consci\sness4 ,b t a common /riv+ is pres5t 9 spite ( e diff]5ce1 inde$ ( e anti!sis1 is prov$ by ! en]gy ) :i* all d5y & reject ! old] =m ( culture & its transc5d5ce ( s5se exp]i5ce2 by ! vig\r ( ! /ruggle aga9/ t :i* is reg>d$ by ! m mod]n sy/ems z m]e phantasy & deception1 b :i* nev]!less cont9ues to dom9ate social life4 ,! k9%ip ( ^! sy/ems ext5ds1 beyond a common acquiesc5ce 9 a negation1 to a common affirmation4 ,on all sides a ?ir/ aft] a m =ceful reality1 & a m impos+ imm$iacy ( life1 is to be f\nd4 ,s5se exp]i5ce manife/s itself ?r\gh\t z full] 9 cont5t & m pla/ic2 & s ! *ief po9t ( support is f\nd )9 x1 &1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t ways1 ! :ole ( life is organis$ f x4 ,/ill1 grant$ t ?is c\ld be effect$ only 9 opposition to ! traditional conduct ( life1 ! new is by no means desir\s ( rema9+ 9 a /ate ( m]e opposition4 ,x seeks r to unite ! oppos+ elem5ts to itself1 to adapt !m to itself1 & to satisfy to ! fulle/ ext5t ! ideal dem&s ( human nature4 ,x is an attempt entirely to r5ew & completely to revolutionise life--a va/ und]tak+6 ,:e!r x has succe$$1 or :e!r x is /ill engag$ 9 br++ ! attempt to a successful issue1 is ! problem t we _h to inve/igate4 ,z f> z our *ief "q is conc]n$1 our result 0 a decid$ negative4 ,true1 mu* t is great & mu* t may n be lo/ aga9 has be5 a*iev$4 ,! new sy/ems ( life h inde$ appropriat$ :ole gr\ps ( facts2 h invigorat$ :ole gr\ps ) new p[]s2 h reveal$ new tasks ( ! mo/ fruitful k9d1 n only 9 ! individual b also = ! :ole2 & h giv5 to life dom9at+ impulses & a p[]ful impetus4 ,b all ?is becomes a d\btful ga91 inde$ x ?reat5s to become a loss1 if p>ticul> exp]i5ce & a*ievem5t desire to gov]n ! :ole ( life1 & to impress ^u x _! own peculi> /amp4 ,n only does life become intol]ably "o-sid$ 9 su* a case1 b its weal? ( exp]i5ce is cut d[n 9 ord] to fit x into ! giv5 framework4 ,we also saw t a s]i\s inn] inconsi/5cy orig9ates4 ,= a long p]iod ?is inconsi/5cy may be conceal$1 b :]e any great en]gy is pres5t 9 life1 x mu/ break =? ) a di/urb+ =ce & become intol]able4 ,s9ce ! mod]n sy/ems reg>d ! :ole ( life z aris+ f relation1 :e!r x be to ! environm5t or to ! subjective /ates ( consci\sness1 !y mu/ r$uce ev]y?+ inw>d & univ]sal to ! level ( a d]iv$ & second>y product2 !y mu/ repudiate & oppose an orig9al & indep5d5t spirituality1 a self-consci\s inn] _w4 ,su* an inn] spiritual exp]i5ce has evolv$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( hi/ory1 & transc5ds all =ms ( life-organisation3 x is impossible to expla9 x away4 ,! mod]n sy/ems mu/ !mselves exp]i5ce ?is4 ,= !y c\ld n possibly trans=m ! abundance ( div]se appe>ances into an organis$ :ole2 !y c\ld n pass f univ]sal to univ]sal1 )\t presuppos+ & employ+ ! same transc5d5t & encompass+ inn] _w1 :i* directly !y attack4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 !y give to e factor ( life a position & a dep? :olly inconsi/5t ) :at !y are ju/ifi$ 9 do+ ) _! own mode ( ?\ght4 ,!y _c p]=m _! own tasks )\t draw+ incessantly ^u ano!r k9d ( reality1 "o ri*] & m sub/antial4 ,9 tru?1 !y are some?+ o!r1 & some?+ f> m ?an !y believe !mselves to be4 ,does ?is n %[1 beyond possibility ( refutation1 t !y d n fill ! :ole ( life8 ,! contradiction imman5t 9 ! mod]n sy/ems ( life is especially app>5t 9 ! fact t !y are unable to bani% sup]s5sual p[]s & to limit life to s5se exp]i5ce1 )\t attribut+ to s5se exp]i5ce m cont5t & m value ?an t :i* exp]i5ce itself ju/ifies1 & :i*1 to be consi/5t1 !y %\ld n ov]/ep4 ,! naturali/ic ?9k] ascribes unp]ceiv$ to nature1 :i* to him c be only a co-exi/5ce ( s\lless elem5ts1 an inn] connection & a liv+ s\l4 ,only ?us c he rev]e x z a high] p[]1 z a k9d ( div9ity2 only ?us c he pass f ! fact ( dep5d5ce to a devotional surr5d] ( 8 feel+s4 ,! sociali/ bases human society1 ) its motives mix$ ) triviality & passion1 on an invisible community1 an ideal humanity1 :i* he clo!s ) ! spl5d\r ( a p[] & dignity t transfigures ! imm$iate appe>ance ( society4 ,x is only 9 ?is way t he is able to direct 8 :ole ef=t ^u ! welf>e ( mank9d1 & to expect a pure victory ( reason )9 its sph]e4 ,! individuali/ 9 8 conception exalts ! individual to a height f> m l(ty ?an is ju/ifi$ by ! individual z he is f\nd 9 exp]i5ce2 = 8 ?\ght1 ! individual is f> m p[]ful & f> m prom95t & noble ?an imm$iate impressions indicate4 ,only ?us is he able1 f ! fre$om & ! developm5t ( ! individual1 to hope = ! beg9n+ ( a new epo*4 ,9 ^! new] sy/ems ( life ! conception ( reality z a :ole is also subject$ to ! same gr\ndless &1 likewise1 false idealisation4 ,z 9 ^! sy/ems no?+ may be ackn[l$g$ :i* transc5ds s5se exp]i5ce1 !re c be no univ]sal :i* p]vades & holds toge!r ! manifold4 ,?is be+ ! case1 reality mu/ be a co-exi/5ce ( s+le pieces2 b no "o w readily confess himself ( ?is op9ion4 ,a pan!ism1 vague to ! highe/ degree1 is !re=e seiz$ ^u z a cure-all1 t man may h some?+ :i* p]meates & connects2 b ( ?is some?+1 h[ev]1 all m detail$ description is lack+1 & is c>efully avoid$4 ,a conception s vague all[s u at ! same "t to ?9k & n to ?9k some?+2 at ! same "t to affirm & to d5y4 ,x seems to accompli% s mu* & to dem& s little2 x makes ! impossible possible2 & (f]s ! mo/ conv5i5t asylum to all indef9it5ess & confusion4 ,x is a pity t 9 all ?is x is n a reality t surr\nds u1 b a m]e fata morgana :i* deceives4 ,& a conception s vague is to displace religion & accord support to ! new life6 ,truly1 ?is requires a /rong] fai? ?an t ) :i* ! old] religions 7 satisfi$4 ,! mod]n sy/ems ( life desire a m =ceful reality2 9 ?is !y set "w an aim :i* _c be reject$4 ,! c\rse !y h ent]$ ^u1 h[ev]1 does n br+ !m ne>] to ?is aim1 b r removes !m fur!r f x4 ,nei!r ! self-evid5ce ( ! s5ses nor ! oscillation ( mood c ev] repres5t g5u9e reality to a be+ :o1 = good or = evil1 has once le>n$ to ?9k4 ,_m & v>i$ impressions may come & g 9 s5se exp]i5ce2 b _! abundance _c prev5t ! *ief conceptions1 by :i* !y are "h accompani$1 f receiv+ a "* ab/ract & vague 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,we he> cont9ually ( ! :ole1 ( reason1 ( p[]1 ( evolution2 b all ^! conceptions h no /ability & little cont5t2 !y are l %ad[s & phantoms :i* vani% z soon z we wi% to take hold ( !m4 ,s1 by an irony ( fate1 j ^? modes ( ?\ght ^: *ief impulse 0 ! desire = m reality dissipate1 dissolve reality4 ,we see t ! spiritual life may be d5i$ by ! individual1 b n driv5 f ! "w ( culture4 ,x is true t imm$iate exp]i5ce1 out] & inn]1 has become mu* m to ! pres5t age ?an x 0 to e>li] ages2 b x has become s only ?r\gh spiritual endeav\r4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ,mod]n ,age n[ turns def9itely aga9/ ?is spiritual activity1 to rob x ( all indep5d5ce1 x de/roys t :i* fir/ gave x its own p[]4 ,! mod]n sy/ems ( life h rais$ ! /&>d ( human exi/5ce enorm\sly 9 reg>d to p[] & cont5t2 b !y h done ?is at ! co/ ( its spiritual concret5ess4 ,!y h suppress$ ! life ( inn] spiritual exp]i5ce & d5i$ ! problems ( man's inn] nature4 ,!y "k ( no grappl+ ( man ei!r ) ! inf9ite or ) 8 own nature2 !y recognise no conflict betwe5 fre$om & fate1 & no inn] developm5t ( ! s\l4 ,& all ?is because _! view ( life z a :ole takes away all dep?1 & trans=ms exi/5ce into a m]e s]ies ( appe>ances4 ,?us1 = anyone :o reg>ds su* dep? z ! basis ( life1 & :o1 !re=e1 w n reject ! exp]i5ce & ! result ( ! "w ( univ]sal hi/ory1 x becomes a necessity to reject & oppose ! mod]n sy/ems z guides ( life4 ,! m explicitly & exclusively !y are pres5t$1 ! m decid$ mu/ 8 opposition be4 ,=1 :at %all all ! ga9 on ! circumf]5ce ( life pr(it man if ?r\gh att5tion to t ! c5tre ( 8 life becomes empty & weak1 if !re em]ges no cont5t & no mean+ 9 life itself8 ,:at is ! value ( all ! advanc+ & ref9+ ( human exi/5ce if x does n br+ ) x a g5u9e spiritual culture & an inw>d elevation ( mank9d8 ,! increas+ exp]i5ce & p]ception ( su* limitations 9 ! new may lead m5 to give m att5tion aga9 to ! old4 ,! /riv+ to transc5d m]e s5se exp]i5ce c no long] appe> z a m]e flight into an o!r _w ( dreams1 or z due to a feeble & c[>dly disposition2 x may n[ be admitt$ r z a deeply root$ endeav\r to rea* great] dep?s ( life4 ,yet su* a relaxation ( ! opposition to ! old1 & su* an incl9ation to e/imate x m highly1 by no means ju/ifies u 9 simply tak+ x up aga9 9 ! =m 9 :i* x lies be=e u4 ,= to ?is n m]ely ! mod]n sy/em ( life1 b ! :ole developm5t ( life & "w1 is oppos$4 ,! contradictions & d\bts :i* h gr[n up 9 ! c\rse ( ?is developm5t are n 9 ! lea/ ov]come by ! failure ( ! mod]n sy/ems ( life4 ,= we d n f9d ourselves confront$ "h ) an ei!r--or1 9 :i* ! invalidity ( ! "o alt]native imm$iately e/abli%es ! validity ( ! o!r2 b bo? may be inadequate4 ,s we rema9 surr\nd$ by ! old & ! new1 "u p[]ful influ5ces f bo?1 b n 9 a position to accept ei!r ! "o or ! o!r exclusively4 7b7 ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,! ,,pres5t ,?is situation1 ) its juxtaposition ( ! new & ! old1 is s full ( confusion & p]plexity t only a feeble disposition is capable ( acquiesc+ 9 x4 ,9 ! old we respect or surmise a dep?2 b ?is dep? does n "k h[ to give itself a =m suitable to ! pres5t1 or to influ5ce u ) ! means available 9 our own "t4 ,! new directs all our att5tion to ! imm$iate pres5t & fills u ) its intuitions2 b ?is pres5t becomes sup]ficial to u1 & ) increas+ p[] a desire = m sub/ance & s\l 9 life rises up 9 opposition to x4 ,! old lift$ u to ! pr\d height ( a new _w1 b ?is height %[$ signs ( becom+ sev]$ f ! re/ ( exi/5ce1 & laps$ !re=e into a /ate ( pa9ful insecurity4 ,! new builds up f ! exp]i5ce ( s5se1 b x f9ds no conclusion )\t go+ beyond ?is exp]i5ce & ?us contradict+ itself4 ,! old reg>d$ ! spiritual life ( man1 if n man himself1 z occupy+ ! c5tre ( all & !reby fell into ! dang] ( a ha/5$ conclusion & ( an an?ropomorphic conception ( reality4 ,! new takes f man e position by :i* he is especially di/+ui%$1 & ignores all connection ) ultimate dep?s1 b 9 s do+ x ov]?r[s m ?an x int5ds2 x und]m9es no?+ less ?an ! possibility ( all spiritual "w1 all sci5ce1 all culture4 ,& s we f9d ourselves 9 ! mid/ ( contradictions1 drawn fir/ 9 "o direction1 !n 9 ano!r3 t we are at a crisis 9 life z a :ole & 9 culture1 t we are 9 /ate ( spiritual ne$1 _c fail to be recognis$4 ,?is crisis is made all ! m acute ?r\gh ! peculi>ity ( ! hi/orical circum/ances :i* h l$ up to x & ! social conditions :i* surr\nd u4 ,hi/orically1 we are "u ! influ5ces ( two cultures3 "o old]1 :i* up to ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 9 undisput$ supremacy & :i* has ass]t$ its au?ority up to ! pres5t day1 especially 9 reg>d to ! arrangem5ts ( social life2 & "o new]1 :i*1 aft] ! influ5ce ( _m v>i$ prelim9>y t5d5cies1 has aris5 s9ce t "t ) ! en]gy ( y\?1 & :i*1 9 ! m9ds ( individuals1 has easily become ! dom9ant p[]4 ,! two cultures _h diff]5t />t+-po9ts & foll[$ diff]5t ma9 c\rses4 ,! old culture c>ri$ )9 itself ! exp]i5ces ( ,greek life1 ! inn] progress ( :i* may be se5 especially 9 ! developm5t ( its philosophy4 ,9 ! old culture endeav\r 0 driv5 m & m beyond ! _w ( s5se to a _w ( ?\ght1 9 :i* x w5t on f a univ]sal to an e?ical & ultimately to a religi\s conviction4 ,to ! ?\ght ( ,greece1 z %e grew old1 ! _w ( s5se exp]i5ce sank m & m 9 reality & value1 & life f\nd its basis & *ief realm ( exp]i5ce 9 a region transc5d+ s5se4 ,*ri/ianity def9itely e/abli%$ ?is view ( life1 & made ! invisible ,k+dom ( ,god ! true home ( man1 ! mo/ imm$iate & ! mo/ secure t ?is life kn[s4 ,new peoples !n grew up 9 ?is way ( ?9k+2 peoples :o /ill _h _! "w be=e !m2 to ^!1 ! break ) ! _w ( s5se came m z ! imposition ( an ov]p[]+ au?ority ?an z due to _! own exp]i5ce4 ,?is fact con/itut$ a po9t ( weakness 9 e way2 b no s]i\s complication arose s long z ^! peoples 7 n yet ripe = spiritual indep5d5ce4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z ?is 0 ! case1 x 0 inevitable t contradictions %\ld manife/ !mselves1 & t a newly awak5$ impulse %\ld urge ! movem5t into an entirely opposite direction4 ,t is :at really happ5$2 ! ma9 t5d5cy ( life is n[ direct$ j z mu* ^u ! _w z e>li] x w5t beyond x2 x has be5 transf]r$ f ! invisible to ! visible1 f ! sup]natural to ! natural4 ,we see ?is mo/ cle>ly 9 ! case ( religion1 :i*1 z ?\gh ) imman5t necessity1 runs ?r\gh ! sequ5ce ( a pr$om9ant transc5d5t ,!ism1 a ,pan5!ism1 a ,pan!ism--gradually becom+ col\rless--an ,agno/icism1 & a ,positivism4 ,ev]y?+ sup]natural disappe>s f ?\ght1 & life is conc]n$ solely ) s5se exp]i5ce4 ,?us1 f9ally1 we appe> to h arriv$ at ! same po9t z t f :i* ! ,greeks />t$ out3 ! ,monism ( ! mo/ mod]n co9+1 = example1 is h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f ! ,hylozoism ( ! anci5t ,ionian ?9k]s4 ,b is ! :ole result ( ! movem5t ( univ]sal hi/ory really only a deception8 ,has x simply br\ght u back aga91 f ! false pa?s t we h tri$1 )\t accord+ u any k9d ( positive pr(it :atev]8 ,we h become m5 ( ano!r k9d2 we ?9k & feel diff]5tly2 we h built up a ri* culture1 h trans=m$ ! _w1 h creat$ a spiritual atmosph]e2 & we are capable ( /riv+ aft] inf9ite life & ultimate tru?4 ,c\ld all ( ?is spr+ out ( m]e error8 ,if t 7 s1 %\ld we n be compell$ to reject ! :ole ( ?is z phantasy & deception8 ,b if ! error 0 a means & an in/rum5t 9 ! atta9m5t ( tru?1 & if mank9d 9 its go+ out f itself & 9 its return to itself is inw>dly develop$1 :]e does ! b\nd>y betwe5 tru? & error lie1 & :at is ! mean+ ( ! :ole8 ,s "h aga9 we lapse into unc]ta9ty2 hi/ory1 to o!r ages a secure support1 leads u into /ill great] d\bt4 ,f9ally1 we mu/ add to ?is crisis ( culture ! onw>d m>* ( ! social movem5t1 :i* cont9ually increases 9 p[]2 ! passionate long+ ( ev]-gr[+ gr\ps ( m5 = imm$iate p>ticipation 9 culture & ! joys ( life4 ,su* movem5ts may accompli% !mselves )9 a fix$ & ackn[l$g$ sph]e ( culture & ( life2 :at *anges !y !n br+ lie )9 ?is sph]e2 !y d n place ! :ole 9 "q4 ,?us1 ! democratic movem5ts ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies left c]ta9 pr9ciples ( religi\s conviction unt\*$2 !y left ! conception ( ! _w entirely un*ang$4 ,b ! matt] is q o!rwise :5 a movem5t ( ?is k9d comes 9 contact ) a culture :i* is inw>dly un/able & :i* is gr[+ unc]ta9 conc]n+ its f9al aims4 ,we _c fail to recognise :at a great dang] ( deg5]ation !re is "u su* circum/ances4 ,! masses1 ?us /ruggl+ upw>d1 !n seek _! own way ( life1 & 9 s do+ !y naturally conc5trate _! att5tion ^u t :i* lies imm$iately be=e _! eyes & affects _! imm$iate well-be+4 ,f ?is position !y w advance all ! m quickly to a c]ta9 conclusion1 9 t !y are unconc]n$ ) ! exp]i5ces & p]plexities ( ! "w ( univ]sal hi/ory1 & !re=e1 ) uncl\d$ en?usiasm1 expect complete tru? & pure happ9ess f fre] ex]cise ( _! p[]s & ! rejection ( all au?ority4 ,if we wi% to ignore ! dang]s to culture :i* ?us gr[ up1 we mu/ ei!r e/imate man z he is too highly1 or spiritual tasks too meanly4 ,until ! pres5t1 an indep5d5t spiritual life1 mak+ man m compreh5sive 9 be+1 rais+ & free+ him1 has manife/$ itself only at individual po9ts2 9 ! fir/ place 9 *os5 individuals1 f :om x has be5 convey$ to ! common life4 ,! spiritual _w made its appe>ance z a p[] sup]ior to ! int]e/s & ! op9ions ( individuals & ( ! masses4 ,only 9 su* transc5d5ce ( ! m]ely human did x develop any *>act]i/ic cont5t1 f9d an inn] unity1 ar\se respect1 & lead man beyond m]e nature4 ,if all ?is %\ld n[ become diff]5t1 if man 9 ! mass %\ld come to feel himself to be ! measure ( all ?+s1 & %\ld relate all to 8 p]ception z ! c5tre ( inf9ity1 w\ld n a sev]e contradiction arise betwe5 human ent]prise & spiritual necessity1 & w\ld n ! full developm5t ( ?is opposition ?reat5 ! :ole /ate ( culture ) a viol5t convulsion8 ,ultimately ! inn] necessities ( our be+ w\ld c]ta9ly w9 ! day aga9/ all errors ( sup]ficiality1 b :at sev]e conflicts & losses ! division mu/ co/6 ,! consid]ation ( all ^! facts reveals u "u ! p[] ( diff]5t1 inde$ antagoni/ic1 movem5ts1 & mo/ especially 9 ! mid/ ( ! great /ruggle = supremacy betwe5 ! visible & invisible _w1 z ! conflict betwe5 ,positivism & ,idealism gives expression to x4 ,life = u conta9s two movem5ts1 "o ( :i* />ts f ! c5tre & ! o!r f ! circumf]5ce2 ! =m] _c embrace ! fullness ( reality1 & its basis is also insecure2 ! latt] gives no inn] unity to life & l[]s ! /&>d ( ! :ole4 ,z ea* ( ^! ma9 t5d5cies aga9 divides1 movem5ts ! mo/ v>i$ surr\nd u1 te> u asund]1 & cru% our s\ls "u _! oppositions4 ,god & reason h become unc]ta9 to u1 & ! sub/itutes t are (f]$--nature1 society1 ! individual--fail to satisfy u4 ,! unre/ & unc]ta9ty t arise f ?is are n limit$ to a s+le sph]e1 !y ext5d to ! ultimate basal pr9ciples ( life4 ,! new mode ( ?\ght decl>es ! *ief _w ( ! anci5ts to be a delusion2 b we saw its own _w dissolv$ 9 %ad[s & s*emes by spiritual activity4 ,s9ce ! "o dissolves ! reality ( ! o!r1 we are ?reat5$ ) ! loss ( all def9ite results2 our own be+ becomes a d>k problem to u2 we "k nei!r :at we are nor :at we are n4 ,! impression t we get ( ! condition ( ! pres5t z a :ole may also be repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ! hi/orical movem5t ( humanity unfolds an incalculable weal? ( life2 ?is life1 h[ev]1 _c rea* its own highe/ po9t & _c w9 a "* ( a spiritual k9d unless x organises itself into a :ole1 unless x atta9s an inn] syn!sis transc5d+ all isolat$ /ates4 ,su* syn!ses h be5 realis$1 & h l$ to di/9ctive organisations ( life2 b ^! organisations h all prov$ to be too insignificant & too n>r[1 & none has be5 able to ov]come ! re/ & to embrace ! :ole weal? ( life4 ,s life z a :ole has brok5 !m d[n2 & s9ce x has ?us lo/ all inn] /ructure1 x mu/ inevitably fall into a /ate ( rapid deg5]ation1 & mu/ ?reat5 to lose all cont5t & mean+4 ,! evil effects on ! developm5t ( life t are caus$ by ?is convulsion & division1 & by ! lack ( a dom9ant t5d5cy2 h[ ?is condition leads to ! de/ruction ( ev]y?+ simple & self-evid5t1 & l5ds to an unre/ra9$ reflection an unw>rantable p[]2 h[ x robs endeav\r ( all its ma9 t5d5cies1 & p]mits true & untrue1 good & evil1 to run confus$ly toge!r1 all ?is & mu* else is to-day s mu* & s widely discuss$1 & pres5ts itself ) su* ov]p[]+ cle>ness to our vision1 t its description ne$ n deta9 u ev5 = a mom5t4 ,ought we to submit to ?is dis9tegration & degradation ( life z to an inevitable de/9y1 or is x possible to "w aga9/ x & to /rive aft] a unity transc5d+ ! division8 ,! fact t ! division makes s /rong an impression on u & t we feel x to be s intol]able is at once 9 fav\r ( ! latt] alt]native4 ,h[ c\ld ?is exp]i5ce be possible if all multiplicity did n fall )9 a compreh5sive :ole ( life--if our nature 7 n sup]ior to ! oppositions & did n drive u compulsorily to seek a unity8 ,! life :i*1 9 di/9ct contra/ to decay+ ,antiquity1 fl[s ?r\gh our age 9 a p[]ful1 ceaselessly swell+ flood2 ! unwe>i$ activity ( ?is age2 ! excell5ce ( its "w2 its passionate long+ = m happ9ess & fullness ( life1 all =bids a ha/y & light r5unciation4 ,x is true t !re are h>d contradictions1 & t spiritual p[] is at pres5t n equal to cope ) !m2 b ?is p[] is n a giv5 & fix$ magnitude3 x is capable ( an incalculable increase4 ,?us we ought n to be too ready to ass]t t ! limitations ( ! age are id5tical ) ! b\nds ( humanity1 & we ought n fa9t-he>t$ly to discont9ue ! /ruggle = a unity & a mean+ 9 life4 ,?is problem _c be ackn[l$g$ )\t at ! same "t be+ admitt$ z ! mo/ important & ! mo/ urg5t ( all problems4 ,=1 on ! decision conc]n+ ! :ole1 t conc]n+ ! spiritual "* ( life dep5ds1 &1 z ?is "* ext5ds ?r\gh ! :ole ( life1 e s+le matt] w be diff]5tly decid$ accord+ to ! decision conc]n+ ! :ole4 ,only purely te*nical & m]ely =mal matt]s ( "w may rema9 unaffect$ by ! problem1 b :]ev] a cont5t comes into "q x w at once arise & manife/ its urg5cy4 ,?is problem1 !re=e1 w n suff] itself to be ?ru/ into ! backgr\nd2 we c nei!r dally ) x nor turn aside f x4 ,! individual1 inde$1 9 8 sph]e ( free decision & ( indep5d5t action c )draw himself f ! "q1 b he c d s only at ! price ( ! debasem5t ( ! quality ( 8 life1 only 9 t1 f an indep5d5t co-op]ator 9 ! build+ up ( ! ages1 he becomes a dep5d5t "u-work]4 7c7 ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,problem ,only a few words are n[ necess>y to come to a m def9ite und]/&+ conc]n+ ! =m ( ! problem1 :i*1 ) compell+ =ce1 rises into prom95ce out ( all ?is complexity4 ,:]e ! convulsion is su* a fundam5tal & univ]sal "o z x %[s itself to u to be1 x is ( ! fir/ importance to rise above ! exi/+ *aos1 & to avoid all t :i*1 ev5 indirectly1 w\ld lead u back to x4 ,_m ( ! aids :i* w\ld-be heal]s ( ! "t's evils recomm5d ) vig\r !re=e ne$ n be consid]$4 ,e attempt to make a direct compromise betwe5 ! diff]5t =ms ( life1 to appropriate eclectically ?is aspect f "o & t aspect f ano!r1 is inadequate4 ,! view t none ( ! sy/ems ( life c\ld h won s mu* p[] ov] mank9d )\t conta9+ "s k9d ( tru?1 :i* may n be lo/1 has1 to be sure1 a good deal ( tru? 9 x4 ,x is fir/ necess>y1 h[ev]1 to atta9 a position f :i* ?is tru? 9 ea* case may be asc]ta9$ & rightly appreciat$2 & we c only rea* su* a position 9 opposition to ! confusion :i* surr\nds u4 ,a rec\rse to hi/ory & an adh]5ce to a high a*ievem5t ( ! pa/ promise j z little help4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta93 hi/ory _c be elim9at$ f our life2 its highe/ a*ievem5ts invite u to consid] !m aga9 & aga94 ,b :at is to be accept$ by u z high1 inde$1 :at z spiritual hi/ory1 is n at all def9ite )\t fur!r consid]ation4 ,x is :at is e/eem$ 9 our own conviction z true & great :i* decides 9 ?is matt]4 ,we look at hi/ory f ! position ( ! pres5t & ) ! _s ( ! pres5t4 ,if1 !re=e1 z we saw1 ! pres5t has fall5 inw>dly into a /ate ( complete unc]ta9ty & d\bt1 our consid]ation ( hi/ory mu/ be affect$ 9 ! same way2 &1 ( c\rse1 n its ext]nal data1 b its inn] spiritual cont5t & mean+ mu/ be made unc]ta94 ,at ! same "t1 we _c fail to recognise t 9 ref]5ce to ! c5tral problem ) :i* we are conc]n$1 ! pres5t situation is q peculi>1 & lacks hi/orical p>allel4 ,%>p contra/s h always be5 f\nd 9 human exp]i5ce2 & 9 transitional p]iods 9 hi/ory !y h be5 felt ) pa9ful acut5ess4 ,b nev] did !y s ext5d ov] ! :ole ( life & s deeply affect fundam5tals2 nev] 0 !re s mu* unc]ta9ty ) reg>d to :at %\ld be ! ma9 direction ( endeav\r1 & ! mean+ ( all human exi/5ce & man's relation to ! univ]se1 z 9 ! pres5t4 ,ev]y?+ :i* to e>li] ages appe>$ an inviolable possession has become to u a problem4 ,:at ga91 !re=e1 9 respect ( ! *ief matt] c\ld a return to ! pa/ br+8 ,9 8 inve/igation ( ! f>-(f ages ! s*ol> may = a "t =get ! pres5t3 ! attitude ( m9d :i* may result 9 br++ him fame = 8 "w w\ld be dang]\s & de/ructive z a disposition ( ! :ole ( mank9d4 ,= we _c treat t :i* is =eign to our nature z some?+ ( our own1 )\t los+ our di/9ctive "* & degrad+ our own life to "o ( m]e imitation4 ,fur!r1 x has become impossible to /rive = ! ideal by select+ f ! realm ( exp]i5ce a s+le po9t & treat+ x z an ar*im$ean po9t1 z absolutely fix$1 & %ap+ our life f x4 ,desc>tes attempt$ to d ?is ) 8 ,i ?9k1 & ,kant ) 8 ,i ought4 ,b x is v d\btful :e!r !re is an ar*im$ean po9t 9 man2 :e!r to make su* an assumption is n to ov]-e/imate man4 ,! exp]i5ce ( hi/ory %[s fur!r t t :i* "s h tak5 z absolutely prim>y & axiomatic has be5 reg>d$ by o!rs z d]ivative1 & has be5 expla9$ 9 an entirely diff]5t mann]4 ,! pres5tationali/ does n d5y ! actuality ( ?\ght1 or ! naturali/ic ?9k] consci5ce2 b he und]/&s x z a subsidi>y ph5om5on1 & !re=e c f9d no support 9 x4 ,h[ !n c t ov]come all d\bt :i* itself calls =? s]i\s d\bt8 ,a :ole sph]e c be )drawn f ! confusion & us$ to ov]come x j z little z c a s+le lead+ po9t4 ,= ! unc]ta9ty ) reg>d to ! :ole ext5ds f> into e individual sph]e2 & su* a sph]e may appe>1 to "o 9 "o way1 & to ano!r 9 ano!r4 ,sci5ce is n infrequ5tly treat$ z ?\gh x 7 en?ron$ on high1 supreme above all ! /ruggles & ! d\bts ( exi/5ce1 & z ?\gh1 f its sov]eign capacity1 x 7 able to give a secure cont5t ( tru? to life4 ,x is true t sci5ce has mu* 9 its =ms & 9 its "w :i* is n ! subject ( dispute2 b t ) :i* we are "h conc]n$--its intr9sic value1 its spiritual "*1 & its place 9 life z a :ole--is by no means a matt] beyond dispute4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 e sy/em ( life has its own ass]tion 9 ref]5ce to ?is problem3 to ea* to "k signifies some?+ diff]5t & is capable ( some?+ diff]5t4 ,:oev] decides = "o ( ^! ass]tions conc]n+ ! nature ( kn[+ has at ! same "t made a decision conc]n+ ! sy/ems ( life4 ,he /&s n outside1 b 9 ! mid/1 ( ! /ruggle4 ,! same ?+ holds good ) reg>d to morality1 :i* is (t5 welcom$ z a secure refuge f ! d\bts ( sci5ce4 ,=1 h[ev] c]ta9 x may be t 9 ?is sph]e also !re is no diff]5ce ( op9ion 9 respect ( _m ?+s1 z1 = example1 conc]n+ ! goodness or badness ( c]ta9 types ( conduct1 /ill1 ! m we come to be conc]n$ ) pr9ciples ! m d problems arise4 ,9 ! imm$iate pres5t ! fact is mo/ unmi/akably cle> t 9 ?is field also ! fight does n rage ar\nd ! int]pretation ( a giv5 & ackn[l$g$ fact1 b ar\nd ! fact itself4 ,:at a diff]5t purport & mean+ morality has 9 ! sy/ems ( ,religion1 ,imman5t ,idealism1 ,naturalism1 ,socialism1 & ,individualism respectively6 ,f9ally1 ! attempt to give to life /ability & peace by turn+ to ! subject1 to p]sonality1 z to a po9t remov$ f all p]plexity1 also fails4 ,we %\ld be ! la/ to place a l[ e/imate ^u p]sonality1 b ! conception receives its mean+ & value only 9 its spiritual connections1 & )\t ^! x soon becomes no?+ m ?an a m]e t]m1 :i* blurs & blunts ! great anti!sis ( exi/5ce4 ,if t :i* is call$ p]sonality exi/s z a m]ely individual po9t by ! side ( ?+s1 !n we c nev] discov] h[ occupation ) ?+s is capable ( trans=m+ life z a :ole4 ,if1 h[ev]1 9 ?is activity we %\ld w9 an inw>d relation to inf9ity & a spontaneity ( life1 !n ?is admission involves a confession conc]n+ reality z a :ole :i* c nev] be ju/ifi$ by a !ory :i* reg>ds ! m]e individual z ! />t+-po9t4 ,t ! idea ( p]sonality implies a problem r ?an a fact is indicat$ by ! diff]5t conceptions ( x :i* we meet 9 ! diff]5t sy/ems ( life4 ,9 consid]+ p]sonality1 ,religion ?9ks ( ! imm$iate relation ( ! s\l to ,god2 ,imman5t ,idealism1 ( ! pres5ce ( ! inf9ite at ! individual po9t2 ,individualism1 ( ! supremacy ( ! free subject ov] aga9/ ! social environm5t4 ,x is only by reason ( ! common t]m9ology t we fail to recognise h[ great ! diff]5ces are 9 ! ?\ght on ! matt]2 h[ t :i* "o reg>ds z ( value 9 p]sonality is sev]ely attack$ by ano!r4 ,all ^! attempts !re=e prove to be inadequate because !y lead back to ! /ate ( unc]ta9ty !y 7 meant to ov]come4 ,to reject !m1 h[ev]1 involves u 9 a c]ta9 ass]tion1 :i* to "s ext5t po9ts out ! ma9 direction :i* fur!r inve/igation mu/ foll[4 ,no ext]nal compromise c help u1 b only ! w9n+ ( a transc5d5t position :i* is capable ( giv+ to ea* factor its "r )\t r$uction2 no flight into hi/ory c lead u to ! tru?1 b only an activity ( ! pres5t1 n1 h[ev]1 ( ! pres5t ( ! m]e mom5t1 b :i* embraces ! "w ( univ]sal hi/ory2 no plac+ a s+le po9t or sph]e into a supreme & all-dom9ant position c help u to ov]come division1 b only a conflict = a new :ole2 no m]e turn+ to p]sonality is ( value be=e a sure basis is giv5 to x f ! :ole6 ,all leads u to ?is conclusion3 we mu/ /rive = a new sy/em ( life4 ,& to a*ieve ?is is n impossible1 =1 z we saw1 a sy/em ( life is n impos$ ^u u by fate1 b mu/ arise f our own activity4 ,if ! sy/ems :i* h previ\sly be5 =m$ no long] satisfy1 :y _c mank9d evolve o!rs8 ,or is x prov$ t ! exi/5t =ms exhau/ all possibilities8 ,a too n>r[ conception ( life 0 se5 to be a common defect ( all ^! sy/ems2 its ri*ness broke ?r\gh ! attempt$ unifications1 & ) ?is !y fell into irreconcilable contradiction4 ,%\ld n a syn!sis be possible :i* w\ld d m ju/ice to ! :ole ext5t ( life2 :i* ne$ n d5y & exclude s mu*2 & :i* might also unite :at at fir/ seems absolutely contradictory8 ,d\btless su* a syn!sis w\ld n be a*iev$ all at once2 x is inevitable t gr[+ life %\ld involve _m discords & movem5ts )9 itself4 ,yet ?is syn!sis w\ld pres5t itself at lea/ 9 a mann] simil> to t ( ! extant sy/ems2 &1 s9ce x /rives aft] some?+ human1 x mu/ always be m9dful ( its limits4 ,%\ld su* a univ]sal syn!sis be at all possible1 x mu/ c]ta9ly be some?+ :i* is to be f\nd & disclos$ r ?an some?+ :i* simply is to be produc$ f ourselves4 ,h[ c\ld we hope to advance to x if x 7 n someh[ involv$ 9 ! dep? ( our be+1 & 9 our fundam5tal relation to ! _w1 & if x did n already exi/ "h 9 "s way8 ,x is a matt]1 !re=e1 ( ar\s+ to full] indep5d5ce & at ! same "t ( rais+ inw>dly some?+ :i* exi/s )9 u2 ( recognis+ some?+ new & ev5 a/oni%+ 9 ! old & ! suppos$ly self-evid5t1 s t ! tru? ( ! univ]se may become our tru? & give p[] to our life4 ,a task ( ?is k9d is a matt] ( ! :ole s\l & n m]ely ( ! und]/&+2 x is a conc]n ( humanity1 n ( ! individual alone4 ,( t :i* ! s+le individual may contribute t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( ! aim x is h>dly possible to ?9k humbly en\gh4 ,& yet ea* has to use 8 p[] to ! be/ ( 8 ability2 if 9 cases ( great necessity & ( ill-=tune 9 matt]s ( an ext]nal k9d ! individual consid]s x only "r to ha/5 to help1 h[ c\ld he )draw himself :]e ! task is ! satisfy+ ( a spiritual ne$ ( mank9d8 ,/ill less ?an 9 ! =m] case is he able to disreg>d ! matt] z some?+ ali5 & indiff]5t to himself4 ,=1 9 ! /ruggle = ! :ole1 he fights at ! same "t = ! unity ( 8 own be+1 = a mean+ = 8 own life4 ,,ii ,,! ,,outl9e ,,( ,a ,,new ,,philosophy ,,( ,,life ,,introductory ,,rem>ks ,,& ,,consid]ations ,our inquiry end$ 9 a def9ite negation2 x %[$ ! pres5t condition ( ?+s to be m>k$ by sev]e int]nal conflict & 9 dang] ( dissolution f )94 ,_m movem5ts ( ?\ght & life cross1 di/urb1 limit1 & oppose "o ano!r4 ,s9ce :at to "o seems a :olesome tru? seems to ano!r p]nici\s error1 all inn] community ( life disappe>s1 & ) x all firmness ( conviction & joy ( creative activity4 ,! m ^! conflict+ t5d5cies develop ! m d !y cru% & de/roy all ! traditional elem5ts ( our life2 ! m are ! spiritual cont5ts & goods1 :i* ! necessities ( life compel u to adh]e to1 depriv$ ( _! basis 9 ! dep?s ( ! s\l4 ,! confusion :i* prevails 9 ! pres5t "t1 ) its cont9ual *ange1 its rapid alt]ation ( circum/ances1 its p[] to convey ! mo/ div]se impressions1 its production ( ev] new comb9ations1 might ev5 attract & ent]ta9 u if x 7 no m ?an a drama4 ,b if ! confusion is m ?an ?is1 if x includes our de/9y & is meant to signify ! :ole ( our life1 !n1 by reason ( its detrim5tal effects ^u ! :ole ( life & ^u man's inw>dness1 & by reason ( its lack ( cont5t & s\l1 x mu/ completely fail to satisfy u1 & mu/ provoke an en]getic resi/ance4 ,true1 a condition ( ?+s s full ( contradictions has also its advantages2 x accords to ! activity ( ! individual ! greate/ lib]ty & gives him a feel+ ( supremacy2 its dissolution ( ev]y?+ previ\sly reg>d$ z fix$ enables uncontroll$ feel+ & un/able mood to acquire p[]1 & at "o "t to flatt] man pleasantly1 & at ano!r to c>ry him away impetu\sly4 ,! individual's atta9m5t ( fre$om1 h[ev]1 gives z yet no cont5t to life2 & ! feel+ ( supremacy is z yet n a real supremacy4 ,^! feel+s & t5d5cies1 :i*1 )9 a wid] :ole ( life1 c]ta9ly s]ve to add to its animation1 inevitably lead to a /ate ( vagu5ess & empt9ess :5 !y put !mselves =w>d z ! :ole4 ,! suppos$ aids :i* are (f]$ u are no m ?an m]e pret5ces2 & !y become dang]\s & h>mful s f> z !y deceive u conc]n+ ! s]i\sness & t5sion ( ! situation4 ,! feel+ ( t5sion 0 increas$ ?r\gh ! hi/orical treatm5t :i* accompani$ our inquiry4 ,=1 f ! po9t ( view ( hi/ory1 ! pres5t confusion %[s itself to be n a tempor>y obscur+ ( an indisputable tru?1 or a t5d5cy on ! "p ( man to become feeble & we>y 9 ! appropriation ( su* a tru?1 b to involve 9 d\bt ! basal nature ( tru? itself3 ! mean+ ( our life z a :ole 0 se5 to h fall5 into unc]ta9ty4 ,! sy/ems ( ?\ght1 9 ! light ( :i* we h hi!rto reg>d$ reality & /e]$ ! oncom+ flood ( appe>ances1 h brok5 up & dissolv$4 ,we h become def5celess 9 face ( ! impressions ( ! environm5t :i* affect u ) increas+ =ce1 & impel u n[ 9 "o direction1 n[ 9 ano!r4 ,x is n simply ?is or t aspect 9 human exi/5ce1 b ! :ole ( man's nature :i* has become problematical 9 ?is dissolution4 ,=m]ly1 ! *ief result ( ! ef=t ( univ]sal hi/ory _h seem$ to be t man rises m & m above nature & builds = himself a realm ) new cont5ts & new values4 ,n[1 ! desire to be some?+ high] ?an nature appe>s to be a bold presumption2 ! idea t man has a special position is ably conte/$1 & e di/9ctive task is d5i$ him4 ,man appe>s to be f> too insignificant & to possess f> too little fre$om to be able to take up arms aga9/ ! _w & to obta9 ! ma/]y ( x4 ,d\bts su* z ^! are all ! m pa9ful because !y are ! result ( our own "w2 9 t we toil$1 inve/igat$1 & press$ =w>d1 we und]m9$ ! f\ndations ( our own life2 our "w has turn$ ) de/roy+ p[] aga9/ ourselves4 ,) ! increase ( ext]nal results1 life z a :ole has become increas+ly holl[2 x has no long] an organis+ & gov]n+ c5tre4 ,is x to be wond]$ at if ! f9] spirits ( our age are we>y1 di%e>t5$1 & repell$ by ! feel+ ( ! di%>mony ( ! :ole ( pres5t culture1 :i* calls = s mu* ef=t f man & yields him s little g5u9e happ9ess2 speaks ( tru? & lives f semblance & pret5ce2 assumes an impos+ mi5 & utt]ly fails to satisfy :5 confront$ ) ultimate problems8 ,is n ! p[] ( attraction1 :i* ! figure ( ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi 0 rec5tly able to acquire1 an eloqu5t witness to ! reality ( ! long+ = m pla9ness & simplicity 9 life8 ,& yet we _c take up aga9 ! position occupi$ by an e>li] age2 we _c take up a pa/ phase un*ang$4 ,no return to ! conditions ( ! pa/ c br+ satisfaction to ! spiritual ne$s ( ! pres5t1 = a device ( ?is k9d always leads by a det\r back aga9 to ! />t+-po9t4 ,ultimately1 x is f ourselves alone t help c come2 & we c h rec\rse to no means o!r ?an ^? ( ! liv+ pres5t4 ,fir/ ( all1 our /ate ( necessity mu/ be admitt$ to ! full1 & ! dang] ( a fur!r deg5]ation ( life 9 respect ( its spiritual nature adequately e/imat$4 ,x is always a ga9 to obta9 a cle> idea ( ! condition ( ! matt] 9 "q & to grasp ! problem z a :ole4 ,=1 ?r\gh ?is1 we are sav$ n only f illusions lead+ to error1 b also f ! au?ority ( ! m]e pres5t & f a feel+ ( anxiety & fe> 9 ! pres5ce ( contempor>y op9ion4 ,if ?is age is 9 a /ate ( su* unc]ta9ty2 if x a*ieves s little = t :i* conc]ns ! f\ndations ( our spiritual exi/5ce1 !n nei!r its agreem5t c impress u1 nor its opposition appal u2 b ! endeav\r to make life firm aga9 c seek confid5tly :at is ne$ful = x1 &1 ) c>e 9 reg>d to :at x %all affirm & d5y1 c foll[ ! way :i* its own necessities po9t out4 ,"o fact 9 p>ticul> mu/ t5d to increase our confid5ce 9 ?is endeav\r3 ! fact1 namely1 t a negative result1 :i* proce$s f our own "w1 _c be a m]e negation1 b mu/ conta9 an affirmative elem5t )9 x4 ,f :at reason c\ld ! traditional sy/ems ( life h become inadequate to man o!r ?an t !y d n satisfy a dem& t we ourselves make ^u !m1 & mu/ make ^u !m8 ,x is pla9 t we ne$ & seek m ?an we possess1 & ?is seek+ betrays t our be+ is wid] or deep] ?an 0 assum$ 9 ^? sy/ems4 ,:y did ea* ( ! diff]5t sy/ems become inadequate1 unless x 0 t life itself reject$ z too n>r[ ! /&>d involv$ 9 !m8 ,:y 0 x impossible to reg>d ! diff]5t sy/ems z hav+ a c]ta9 validity1 to all[ !m to cont9ue side by side1 & divide our exi/5ce among/ !m1 if n because we _c possibly give up all claim to an inn] unity8 ,if1 !n1 ! pres5t confusion is root$ 9 a wrong relation betwe5 our desire & our a*ievem5t1 we ne$ n fa9t-he>t$ly surr5d] ourselves to x4 ,x is pla9 t !re is some?+ high] 9 u1 :i* we h to ar\se to life & realise to its fulle/ ext5t4 ,we may be confid5t t ! necessity ( our be+1 :i* gave rise to ! desire1 w also reveal "s way by :i* x may be satisfi$4 ,a clos] consid]ation ( ! results ( our inquiry leaves no d\bt ) reg>d to ! direction :i* rese>* has to take to accompli% its task4 ,div]se1 fundam5tally diff]5t sy/ems pass$ 9 review be=e u2 ea* came =w>d z ! unadorn$ & true expression ( a reality t seem$ common to !m all2 _! /ruggle appe>$ to be a conflict conc]n+ ! int]pretation ( ?is reality4 ,x became evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! conflict is1 on ! contr>y1 9 reg>d n to ! int]pretation b ! fundam5tal nature ( reality2 diff]5t realities arise :i* are irreconcilably oppos$4 ,! sy/ems d n orig9ate 9 a common & secure basis3 ! basis itself is s\ght1 & may assume v>i\s =ms4 ,! conflict !re=e is mu* m ov] ultimate problems ?an is usually suppos$2 x arises prim>ily out ( ! nature ( life itself1 out ( ! inn] movem5t :i* advances aga9/ ! illimitable _w ar\nd u1 & seeks to ga9 ! ma/]y ov] x4 ,our life & our _w acquire a def9ite "* only by our tak+ up su* a movem5t ( c\nt]action1 ! p>ticul> nature ( :i* decides ov] all fur!r m\ld+ ( life4 ,we h se5 t :5 we ourselves became active we took up & emphasis$ "o ( ! possibilities :i* lie )9 ! range ( our life1 & held x z supreme ov] all ! re/2 we took z ! fundam5tal relation "o ( ! relations ( :i* our life is capable1 z1 = example1 ! relation to ,god1 to ! imman5t reason ( ! univ]se1 to nature1 to society1 to "o's own individuality4 ,a p>ticul> sph]e ( life 0 ?us m>k$ out2 a s*eme ( life 0 yield$ :i* appe>$ capable ( tak+ up all exp]i5ce into itself3 accord+ to ! />t+-po9t adopt$1 we sket*$ a di/9ctive outl9e & s\ght to include ! :ole cont5t ( human indu/ry1 man's univ]se ( "w--z we might call x--9 ord] to lead to our own p]fection4 ,?is s*eme1 assum$ to be true1 !n _h to %[ :at x 0 capable (2 a p[]ful ef=t 0 br\ght =? to ov]come ! resi/ance ( a _w :i*1 ev5 :5 x 0 grasp$ f )91 /ill rema9$ ali5 to our nature2 &1 ultimately1 to =m ! :ole into a unity4 ,we 7 n1 z x 71 an empty vessel into :i* a cont5t fl[s f outside1 b we g5]at$ f )9 a movem5t :i* w5t onw>d & onw>d1 & desir$ to take up ev]y?+ 9 itself2 x 0 a matt] ( radically trans=m+ ! ext]nal into an inn] life4 ,we c\ld succe$ 9 ?is only 9 t life self-consci\sly press$ =w>d to w9 new p[]s2 =m$ connections1 bran*es1 & graduations2 accompli%$ an inn] con/ruction2 & ) progressive self-elevation became an all-inclusive :ole1 :i* did n possess a reality by ! side ( itself1 b itself became complete reality4 ,?us1 life took possession ( ! _w only 9 t x wid5$ itself f )9 to ! _w1 &1 9 ! appropriation ( ev]y?+ ali5 to x1 advanc$ f ! orig9al outl9e to full concret5ess4 ,accord+ to ! results ( our inquiry1 ! *ief decision 9 ! /ruggle ) reg>d to ! nature ( ! _w also dep5ds ^u our type ( life4 ,we conv9c$ ourselves t !re 0 no conception ( life common to ! diff]5t sy/ems1 b t f its />t+-po9t1 ?r\gh\t its :ole developm5t1 ea* ( !m %ap$ life diff]5tly f ! o!rs2 & we saw t ! diff]5ces ev5 w5t z f> z complete opposition4 ,ea* sy/em ( life _h its own k9d ( exp]i5ce2 ea* =m$ its own in/rum5ts = ! appropriation ( ! _w2 ea* saw ( ! inf9ite t 9 p>ticul> :i* correspond$ to ! ma9 direction ( its own movem5t4 ,a consid]ation ( all ! facts makes x q cle> t a decision dep5ds nei!r ^u ext]nals nor ^u ! individual1 b ^u ! inn] life & ! :ole2 & fur!r1 t cognition does n give a solution to ! problems ( life1 b t life itself has to rea* a solution ?r\gh its own organisation & con/ruction1 its own advance & creative activity4 ,h[ev]1 t :i* 0 ! compell+ & decid+ p[] 9 ! sy/ems ( ! pres5t day--! /ruggle = life itself--has n atta9$ to complete recognition 9 !m4 ,r1 !y 7 too quick to beg9 to occupy !mselves ) objects1 & s\ght to %[ !mselves sup]ior 9 ?is respect to _! rivals2 ! att5tion to results prev5t$ ! correct appreciation & e/imation ( exp]i5ce itself4 ,! impossibility ( com+ to an agreem5t conc]n+ ! object !n =c$ u back to ! life-process2 & we 7 l$ to ! view t ! object appe>$ diff]5t because we ourselves plac$ some?+ diff]5t into x1 & t we saw less ! object itself ?an ourselves & our life 9 ! object4 ,?us we 7 induc$ to place our att5tion *iefly on ! subject2 b !n !re 0 a /rong t5d5cy to leave ! _w outside z a special realm2 & ! division ( "w betwe5 subject & object drove u /ill fur!r into unc]ta9ty4 ,9 ! mid/ ( su* confusion1 we did n come to ! po9t ( mak+ a decision2 we did n atta9 ! position f :i* alone an agreem5t is possible2 at "o "t "o sy/em1 at ano!r "t ano!r c>ri$ u away4 ,we fail$ to recognise t1 h[ev] mu* we come into contact ext]nally1 we live spiritually 9 sep>ate worlds2 t1 :ile us+ ! same expressions1 we speak diff]5t languages1 & !re=e _c possibly und]/& "o ano!r4 ,! ga9 is by no means an insignificant "o1 & a di/9ctive treatm5t arises1 if we become cle>ly consci\s ( ! fact t ! %ap+ ( ! process ( life itself is ! *ief object ( conflict2 t ! movem5t is n "o betwe5 _w & life1 b lies entirely )9 life2 & t ! ess5tial matt] is ! p]fect+ ( life itself4 ,! recognition ( ?is fact leads u to an imman5t mode ( treatm5t t has _m advantages4 ,! facts involv$ are n[ se5 to lie deep]4 ,! s\rce ( exp]i5ces is n s mu* ! relation to ! environm5t z ! movem5t & expansion ( life itself4 ,/riv+ & conduct may n[ involve a c]ta9 concret5ess2 inde$1 ! actual exp]i5c+ ( limitations & negations may lead to an elevation above !m4 ,! type ( life does n seek to ju/ify itself1 to %[ its tru?1 ?r\gh h>mony ) an ext]nal _w2 x is ju/ifi$ by its own advance1 its increase 9 /r5g?1 & its upw>d gr[?4 ,x is only a ju/ification ( ?is k9d1 a ju/ification )9 its own realm1 t c acquire a p[] to conv9ce & to re/ore aga9 to life t concret5ess ( :i*1 9 opposition to ! excess ( unre/ra9$ reflection & vague feel+1 x is to-day 9 ! dire/ ne$4 ,if we desire to arise above ?is /ate ( division1 & to atta9 a great] unity1 we c a*ieve our aim only by ! p[] ( an inn] unification ( our life4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( consid]+ ! int]nal f ! po9t ( view ( ! ext]nal1 we mu/ consid] ! ext]nal f ! po9t ( view ( ! int]nal2 our k mu/ be ess5tially a k ( self1 our exp]i5ce an exp]i5ce ( self1 if we w\ld come any ne>] to ! atta9m5t ( ! aim4 ,our inn] nature is n giv5 to u z some?+ complete2 x has fir/ to be ar\s$ to life & develop$2 we ne$ to atta9 to a /ate ( self-det]m9+ activity if we w\ld rea* ! highe/ t we are capable (4 ,f ! recognition ( ! necessity ( great] activity1 & ( seek+ ! roots ( ! problem at great] dep?s1 we become aw>e ( a new relation ( ?\ght to life4 ,al?\gh ?\ght may involve c]ta9 fundam5tal =ms1 & may adh]e to !m 9 all its activity1 x is life 9 its totality1 z we und]/& x1 :i* fir/ gives to ?\ght its m detail$ =m1 a *>act]i/ic nature1 cle> aims & sure t5d5cies4 ,?\ght1 !re=e1 is insep>able f ! movem5t & ! advance ( life2 all hope ( progress re/s on ! hope ( a fur!r deep5+ ( life2 a reveal+ ( new relations1 & a developm5t ( new p[]s4 ,x is n f m]e k1 b only f ! movem5t ( life z a :ole t we c make any advance2 b ! life "h ref]r$ to is "o t includes k1 & n "o t takes up a position indep5d5t ( k1 &1 9 opposition to x1 bases itself on suppos$ practical ne$s4 ,a treatm5t su* z ! "o we h indicat$ has to be foll[$ 9 ! inve/igation ^u :i* we are ab\t to ent]4 ,! *ief aim ( ?is inve/igation is to reveal & to call =? life2 x is n its *ief aim to int]pret life 9 conceptual t]ms4 ,x is f ?is position1 !re=e1 t we ask ! "q--:i* ! conflict ( ! diff]5t sy/ems ( life =c$ ^u u--:e!r a unity transc5d+ ! oppositions exi/s 9 u & c be ar\s$ to life ?r\gh our self-det]m9+ activity4 ,x is f ?is position also t we ask ! fur!r "q--:i* spr+s out ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ! old] & ! new] modes ( ?\ght--:e!r ultimately man mu/ give up ! sup]ior position :i* f e>ly times he has adjudg$ himself1 or :e!r an inn] elevation is possible :i* gives him ! p[] to cope ) new tasks & new conditions4 ,:e!r su* a treatm5t leads to a positive result is a "q ( fact2 & :at ! answ] to ?is is _c be decid$ by a prelim9>y consid]ation1 b only by ! actual inve/igation4 ,i4 ,,! ,,ma9 ,,!sis 7a7 ,,! ,,asc5t ,,to ,,! ,,ma9 ,,!sis ,! mo/ exp$iti\s way ( arriv+ at a compreh5sive conception ( human life is to beg9 ) ! impression :i* we get ( x z a :ole2 asc]ta9 :at problems arise f ?is1 & seek to make :at headway we c 9 solv+ !m until we rea* a /age :]e ! necessity ( a p>ticul> ass]tion becomes app>5t4 ,f ! outset1 h[ev]1 ! att5tion w be c5tr$ *iefly ^u t :i* diff]5tiates human life f o!r =ms ( life exi/+ )9 our k2 x is f a consid]ation ( ?is t we %all mo/ readily see ! :ole 9 its prop] light4 #a4 ,,man ,,z ,a ,,be+ ,,( ,,nature ,no "o d\bts t human life =ms ! highe/ po9t ( developm5t t comes )9 our exp]i5ce2 t x is 9 "s way m ?an m]e animal life4 ,b :at x is t is *>act]i/ic 9 human life z di/9ct f animal life1 & h[ x is to be int]pret$1 is a matt] ( dispute4 ,f ! e>lie/ times !re has be5 a great div]sity ( op9ion & conviction conc]n+ ?is matt]1 & absolutely contradictory views h be5 ma9ta9$4 ,"s ?9k]s h believ$ x possible to reg>d human life1 9 spite ( its uniqu5ess1 z ess5tially ! same z t ( ! animal1 & to trace back all diff]5ce to a diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( ! fundam5tal nature :i* !y all possess2 ^! ?9k]s did n conc]n !mselves ) pres5t+ ! high] z develop$ f ! l[] by a gradual gr[?4 ,o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 reg>d$ human life z some?+ ess5tially new & 9 its v nature di/9ct--! beg9n+ ( ano!r k9d ( _w--& d5i$ to ! utt]mo/ a d]ivation f l[] =ms2 ^! held x to be impossible to avoid ! recognition ( a break betwe5 animal & human life4 ,accord+ to :i* ( ^! positions 0 accept$1 life obta9$ a fundam5tally diff]5t prospect & a fundam5tally diff]5t task2 activity necess>ily _h diff]5t aims & s\ght diff]5t pa?s2 ! conflict ar\nd ?is problem affect$ ! :ole sph]e ( exi/5ce4 ,z a result ( ! movem5ts & exp]i5ces ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ?is conflict has ent]$ ^u a new /age4 ,9 e>li] times ! decision _h g5]ally be5 made z a result ( ! imm$iate impression ( ! civilis$ man :o 0 consci\s ( 8 sup]iority2 x did n seem possible = him to lift himself f> en\gh above 8 environm5t2 ! life ( 8 s\l1 ?r\gh its di/9ctive spiritual "*1 seem$ to be z di/9ct f e impulse :i* nature exhibit$ z ! sky is di/ant f ! e>?4 ,sci5ce & art1 morality & religion 7 accept$ z an orig9al possession ( man & z ! p[] :i* _h dom9at$ 8 life f ! beg9n+4 ,he appe>$ to be a high] be+2 & to direct all ?\ght & endeav\r t[>ds ! /r5g!n+ ( ! di/9ctively human 0 reg>d$ z ! *ief requirem5t ( life4 ,! movem5ts :i* h aris5 9 ! ,mod]n ,age h l$ to a radical *ange 9 our treatm5t ( ?is "q3 ?is *ange is *iefly due to sci5ce4 ,mod]n sci5ce breaks d[n ! au?ority ( ! imm$iate impression1 &1 9 contra/ ) x1 projects a new repres5tation ( ! _w4 ,man is no long] look$ ^u z occupy+ a position ( lonely elevation1 b is se5 to be 9 ! close/ concat5ation ) nature ar\nd him1 & is reg>d$1 f9ally1 z a m]e "p ( its ma*9]y4 ,_m movem5ts ( ?\ght t5d t[>d ?is conclusion & support "o ano!r4 ,! physical relation%ip :i* exi/s betwe5 man & ! animals c\ld n h be5 s cle>ly p]ceiv$1 & trac$ ) su* exactitude ( detail by mod]n sci5ce _h n ! fix$ b\nd>ies1 :i* 9 our repres5tation _h hi!rto divid$ ! life ( ! human s\l f t ( ! animals1 be5 aboli%$4 ,! new view 0 fur!r support$ by ! results ( a ke5] inve/igation into ! nature ( psy*ical life1 s9ce 9 ?is inve/igation ! traditional conception 0 analys$ into its individual con/itu5ts1 & x 0 s\ght to expla9 f _! comb9ations ev5 ! highe/ spiritual a*ievem5ts4 ,! result ( ?is modification ( ideas 0 t ! inn] life ( man 0 assimilat$ mu* m closely to nature ?an be=e2 ! juxtaposition & ! succession ( occurr5ces ga9$ 9 significance2 x 0 recognis$ t relations did n hold f ! beg9n+ b are develop$ gradually4 ,! =ces & impulses :i* 7 op]ative 9 ?is developm5t seem$ to h aris5 f an actual process ( nature1 )\t any co-op]ation ( human caprice4 ,our psy*ical life appe>$ to be no?+ m ?an a cont9uation ( nature4 ,! great div]g5ce betwe5 ! heights atta9$ 9 exp]i5ce1 & ! !ories t 7 =mulat$ to acc\nt = !m1 caus$ no misgiv+s because ! idea ( a gradual evolution dur+ an indef9ite p]iod ( "t 0 suffici5t to bridge ! wide/ gulf4 ,at ! same "t ! conception ( society alli$ itself ) t ( hi/ory & l5t its support to ! g5]al t5d5cy4 ,e high] aspect ( life t 0 accept$ =m]ly z a pro( ( a sup]natural ord] n[ became a witness to hi/orico-social relation%ip &1 ) its new int]pretation1 lo/ its old my/]i\sness4 ,all ?is 01 ( c\rse1 only on ! assumption t human life br+s no?+ ess5tially new ) x4 ,n ! lea/ d\bt z to ! validity ( ?is assumption came to ^? :o ent]$ ^u ?is tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,?\ght 0 able to foll[ ?is c\rse ) ! great] confid5ce because x w5t h& 9 h& ) a *ange 9 practical life4 ,by reason ( ! developm5t ( mod]n life1 man's relations to ! environm5t h become increas+ly significant to man4 ,mod]n indu/ry & physical sci5ce h l$ him f a prepond]at+ly contemplative relation to 8 environm5t to an active "o2 inf9ite prospects h be5 disclos$2 ! =ces ( nature h be5 press$ m & m into ! s]vice ( mank9d4 ,b ev5 9 ! s]vice :i* !y r5d] man ^! =ces h won a p[] ov] him1 s9ce ) a det]m9+ p[] !y keep 8 activity & 8 ?\ght b5t ^u !mselves4 ,! mat]ial side ( life has escap$ f ! mean e/imation 9 :i* x _h previ\sly be5 held1 if n 9 ! conduct ( individuals1 yet at ! height ( spiritual culture3 to ! pres5t age x has become ! indisp5sable basis ( all developm5t4 ,! social movem5t1 ) its summon+ ( ! masses to complete p>ticipation 9 happ9ess & culture1 supports ! t5d5cy to e/imate mat]ial goods m highly4 ,) ! cessation ( oppression & necessity1 & ) ! increase ( mat]ial well-be+1 a g5]al advance & an inn] developm5t ( life seem assur$4 ,! :ole t5d5cy :i* we h consid]$ exhibits man z solely & entirely a "p ( nature1 ev5 ?\gh nature may be conceiv$ ( m broadly ?an x 0 =m]ly2 & ! life ( ! society & ( ! individual z be+ det]m9$ by natural =ces & subject to natural laws4 ,h[1 along ) ?is t5d5cy1 ! traditional conception ( ! _w has be5 completely trans=m$2 h[ biology1 9 ! s5se ( natural sci5ce1 has be5 tak5 z ! lead+ po9t ( view = ! explanation ( life1 x is unnecess>y to foll[ fur!r1 s9ce our consid]ation ( ! naturali/ic sy/em ( life has already giv5 u an insight into ?is matt]4 #b4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,man ,,beyond ,,nature ,b ev5 aft] we _h se5 an old] type ( life disappe> & a new "o ) ! p[] ( y\? rise up1 ga9 ma/]y ov] s\ls1 & trans=m conditions1 despite all its triumphs ! new movem5t manife/$ limitations--limitations :i* did n ar\se ! criticism ( ! ?9k]1 b ) ! compulsion ( an actual p[] ! opposition ( ! develop+ life ( mank9d4 ,t :i* we became aw>e ( 9 ?is connection w become ev5 m cle> to u1 & impel u to seek = new aims1 if we n[ conc5trate our att5tion ^u ! process ( life & foll[ x ?r\gh\t its exp]i5ces4 ,!re _c be ! lea/ d\bt t we belong to nature3 no "o c fail to recognise t x p5etrates deep into ! life ( ! s\l1 & to a m>k$ ext5t impresses its own =m ^u t life3 ! b\nd>y !re=e is n betwe5 man & nature1 b )9 ! s\l ( man itself4 ,b :e!r nature is able to claim ! :ole life ( ! s\l1 or :e!r at "s po9t !re does n arise an insup]able opposition to su* a claim1 is ano!r "q4 ,ev5 ! mo/ zeal\s *ampion ( ! claims ( nature _c d5y t man a*ieves some?+ di/9ctive3 we n only belong to nature1 we also h k ( ! fact2 & ?is k is 9 itself suffici5t to %[ t we are m ?an nature4 ,= 9 k1 be x 9 ! fir/ place h[ev] meanly conceiv$1 h[ev] mu* conc]n$ ) ! simple repres5tation ( ext]nal occurr5ces1 !re is a k9d ( life o!r ?an t :i* is %[n 9 ! simultaneity & succession ( ev5ts at ! level ( nature4 ,= x is a *>act]i/ic ( k t 9 x we hold ! s+le po9ts pres5t toge!r & connect !m into a *a92 b h[ c\ld we d t )\t 9 "s way ris+ above ! m]e succession & survey+ x f a transc5d5t po9t8 ,9 ?is survey we pass f e>li] to lat]1 f lat] to e>li]2 & at ! same "t we are able to hold ! multiplicity toge!r3 !re mu/ be a unity ( "s k9d rul+ )9 u2 b ! me*anism ( nature c nev] produce su* a unity4 ,a transc5d5ce ( nature !re=e is already accompli%$ 9 ! process ( ?\ght1 ev5 :5 x only repres5ts nature1 only displays x to our consci\sness4 ,intellectual a*ievem5t1 h[ev]1 is by no means exhau/$ 9 ! repres5tation ( nature4 ,! developm5t ( a new sci5tific conception ( nature suffici5tly demon/rates1 z we saw reason to believe1 t ?\ght has f> m indep5d5ce ?an su* repres5tation implies2 t 9 arrang+ & trans=m+ ph5om5a x opposes itself to ! environm5t4 ,= ! sci5tific conception ( nature is n (f]$ to u imm$iately z some?+ complete2 x has to be won f ! nave view ) toil & difficulty4 ,9 ord] to arrive at ?is sci5tific conception1 ?\ght mu/ h a position antec$5t to ! impressions1 mu/ become consci\s ( itself1 realise its own /r5g?1 & 9 its activity lead f univ]sal to univ]sal4 ,! "w ( ?\ght is n simply transitional3 )\t its cont9uance t :i* has be5 ga9$ w\ld be quickly lo/4 ,m]e exi/5ce gives to nature no pres5t reality = our ?\ght & life4 ,to foll[ ! pa?way to reality involves ! ov]?r[ ( manifold delusions2 & ?is necessitates su* a long+ = tru?1 & a p[] to ga9 tru?1 z only a ?\ght1 :i* transc5ds ! s5se impression1 c produce4 ,n only is transc5d5ce ( nature demon/rat$ ?r\gh ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( ?\ght ) su* indep5d5ce1 ?\ght also c>ries )9 its be+ unique dem&s1 measures ! life ( nature by _! /&>d1 & 9 t life recognises limitations n simply on ?is side & t1 b also 9 ! inn] be+ ( ! :ole4 ,?\ght _c possibly be satisfi$ ) ! /ate ( ?+s z !y are pres5t$2 x desires to illum9ate1 p5etrate1 & compreh5d x2 x asks ,:5ce8 & ,:y8--x insi/s t ev5ts mu/ h a mean+ & be rational4 ,& f ?is po9t ( view x feels ! m]e actuality ( nature--:i* excites no opposition )9 its own sph]e--to be a pa9ful limitation & con/ra9t1 some?+ d>k & mean+less4 ,to ?\ght1 a life :i* is sway$ by bl9d natural impulse mu/ be inadequate1 inde$ intol]able4 ,simil> conflicts arise 9 o!r directions4 ,?\ght embraces a :ole & dem&s a :ole2 x _c refra9 f pass+ a judgm5t ^u ! :ole4 ,if ?is treatm5t is appli$ by ?\ght to nature1 ! pr$om9ant conc5tration ( life 9 ! s+le individuals & _! juxtaposition w appe> to be a s]i\s defect2 all ! passionate /riv+s ( ! individual be+s _c deceive u conc]n+ ! inn] empt9ess ( ! :ole4 ,= 9 nature !re is no?+ t exp]i5ces ! :ole ( ?is movem5t z a :ole2 makes ! exp]i5ce self-consci\s & some?+ ( value 9 itself4 ,9 ! movem5t ( nature ev]y?+ individual is sacrific$2 & !re seems to be no?+ to :i* ?is sacrifice br+s results :i* are exp]i5c$ z a good4 ,! same holds good ( a culture t resolves human social relation%ip into a simple co-exi/5ce ( individuals1 reg>ds !m z battl+ toge!r 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & believes all progress ( ! :ole to be dep5d5t ^u _! ceaseless & pitiless conflict4 ,ev5 if su* a conflict leads to fur!r ext]nal results1 !re is no spiritual product3 ! results are exp]i5c$ by no "o z an inn] ga94 ,! indescribable meanness ( ?is :ole culture1 sway$ z x is solely by ! _s ( egoism2 ! slavi% dep5d5ce to :i* ?is culture condemns man2 ! rig\r ( ! individualism t rules 9 x1 _c possibly escape f ! criticism ( ?\ght4 ,?\ght1 9 trans=m+ ?is condition ( ?+s into an exp]i5ce--t is1 9 mak+ u consci\s ( x--at ! same "t makes x impossible = man to accept x z f9al4 ,s9ce x makes u m consci\s ( ! limitations ( ?is /ate ( life1 ?\ght demon/rates--& t ?r\gh ?is v consci\sness ( its limitations itself--t our :ole exi/5ce is n exhau/$ by t individualisation & deta*m5t1 b t !re is a t5d5cy ( "s sort )9 u :i* /rives t[>ds ! unity ( ! :ole4 ,problems no less complex arise 9 relation to "t4 ,look$ at f ! po9t ( view ( nature1 no inconsi/5cy is felt 9 ! fact t only a %ort span ( "t is grant$ to ! life ( individuals2 t !y come & g 9 mo/ rapid succession4 ,= "h ! individuals d n rise to ! consid]ation ( any?+ beyond _! own "t2 _! pres5tation & desire are exhau/$ 9 ! pres5t2 !y feel no long+ = a cont9uation ( life4 ,! position is radically *ang$ ) ! entrance ( ?\ght4 ,?\ght does n drift along ) "t3 z c]ta9ly z x /rives to atta9 tru?1 x mu/ rise above "t & its treatm5t mu/ be timeless3 a timeless validity app]ta9s to tru?1 a compreh5sion ( ?+s "u ! =m ( et]nity 7sub specie aet]nitatis74 ,to a be+ :o1 9 8 ?\ght1 rises to compreh5sion ( exp]i5ce f ! po9t ( view ( ! et]nal1 all temporal limitation1 & especially ! %ort duration ( human life1 is a s\rce ( surprise & a contradiction4 ,! rapid sequ5ce ( g5]ations1 ! p]petual decay ( all t impels u s =cibly to desire life & holds u s firmly to x1 seem to deprive our endeav\r ( all its value1 & give to ! :ole ( exi/5ce a %ad[y1 phantom-l "*4 ,feel+s ( ?is k9d h be5 ar\s$ anew 9 our own "t4 ,! re/lessness ( ! activities ( our civilisation & ! lack ( real mean+ 9 ?is civilisation1 :i* to ! pres5t age seems to con/itute ! :ole ( life1 ne$ only to be cle>ly & =cibly compreh5d$ by ?\ght1 & all its bu/le & all its passion _c prev5t ! em]g5ce ( an acute feel+ ( its dream-l nature4 ,! feel+ ( ! lack ( reality & dep? 9 ! life ( nature w become ! ke5] 9 proportion to ! degree ( indep5d5ce ?\ght evolves4 ,= ! m ?\ght f9ds its own basis 9 itself1 ! m w x treat nature z an appe>ance1 ! m cle>ly w x recognise t s5se1 ) all its obvi\sness & palpability1 does n gu>antee ! possession ( tru?2 = tru? comes to u only ?r\gh ?\ght4 ,9 ?\ght1 !re=e1 ! _w ( nature loses its imm$iacy & becomes a realm ( appe>ances & phantoms4 ,a consid]ation ( all ! facts leads u to ! result t a life consi/+ solely ( nature & intellig5ce involves an intol]able inconsi/5cy3 =m & cont5t are %>ply sep>at$ f ea* o!r2 ?\ght is /rong en\gh to di/urb ! s5se ( satisfaction ) nature1 b is too weak to con/ruct a new _w 9 opposition to x4 ,life is 9 a /ate ( pa9ful unc]ta9ty1 & man is a ,prome!us b\nd 9 t he mu/ ne$s exp]i5ce all ! con/ra9t & mean+lessness ( ! life ( nature1 & mu/ suff] !refrom an increas+ pa9 )\t be+ able to *ange ?is /ate 9 any way4 ,! exp]i5ce ( our "t confirms ?is conclusion 9 no indef9ite mann]4 ,s9ce1 ) reg>d to ! mat]ial & ! te*nical1 we h atta9$ heights nev] be=e rea*$1 ! bonds betwe5 u & our environm5t h increas$ a ?\s&fold1 & our "w has unit$ u m closely ) ! _w1 we seem n[ = ! fir/ "t to atta9 a sure hold ( reality4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 ! activity ( ?\ght1 & ) x unre/ra9$ reflection1 h also increas$ immeasurably 9 mod]n life4 ,?is reflection =bids all nave submission to ! imm$iacy ( nature2 de/roys all feel+ ( security2 & comes betwe5 u & our own s\l1 our own volition4 ,we are ?r[n back once m on to ! _w ( s5se1 t we may seek 9 x a support & a scope = our life & ef=t2 & f ! po9t ( view ( ?is _w ! "w ( ?\ght appe>s to be a =mation ( cl\ds4 ,b ?is =mation p]si/s2 draws u back aga9 to itself &1 ) all its insub/antiality1 proves /rong en\gh to make u reg>d ! physical z appe>ance4 ,our life is divid$ into two p>ts :i* _c & w n coalesce4 ,! em]g5ce ( a new life1 :i* c d no?+ b compreh5d ! o!r 9 ?\ght1 & :i*1 :ile x is inde$ capable ( depreciat+ ! o!r1 _c itself advance fur!r1 is se5 to involve a mon/r\s inconsi/5cy4 ,if ! union ( nature & intellig5ce produces s mu* confusion1 we are inevitably l$ to ask :e!r man does n possess 9 himself m ?an ?\ght2 :e!r ?\ght is n root$ 9 a deep] & a m compreh5sive life1 f :i* x d]ives its p[]4 ,x is n necess>y t su* a life %\ld be manife/ to u 9 all its complet5ess2 we %all also be compell$ to ackn[l$ge x z a fact ev5 if 9 ! fir/ place x has to /ruggle up 9 face ( opposition2 h[ev]1 9 its developm5t x mu/ %[ di/9ctive cont5ts & p[]s :i* c\ld n be ! "w ( a subjective reflection4 ,if !re is a life & a developm5t ( ?is k9d1 x w be necess>y = u to compreh5d x 9 its v>i\s aspects & t5d5cies1 & only :5 we h accompli%$ ?is may we endeav\r to obta9 a repres5tation ( ! :ole4 ,n[1 developm5ts ( life :i* defy limitation by ! me*anism ( nature & set a new k9d ( be+ 9 opposition to x d1 9 tru?1 appe>4 ,we recognise su* developm5ts 9 ! processes by :i* life lib]ates itself f bondage to an individualism & its subjectivity1 & aft]w>ds atta9s a self-consci\s inw>dness4 ,we may consid] bo? ^! developm5ts some:at m 9 detail4 ,s f> z man belongs to nature1 8 conduct is det]m9$ solely by ! impulse to self-pres]vation2 e movem5t mu/ ei!r directly or indirectly t5d to ! welf>e ( ! individual2 ev]y?+ may be trac$ back to :at happ5s to ! individuals4 ,?is by no means indicates a di/9ct sep>ation ( man f 8 environm5t4 ,= ev5 ! me*anism ( nature closely unites t :i* happ5s to ! individual ) t :i* happ5s ar\nd him2 ! individual c progress only 9 s f> z he is unit$ ) o!rs3 he _c advance 8 own well-be+ )\t advanc+ t ( o!rs4 ,ev5 9 a /ate ( nature man takes 8 family1 8 nation1 & ! :ole ( humanity inde$1 up into 8 int]e/s2 & z ?is t5d5cy is n b\nd$ f )\t1 b may be immeasurably ref9$ & ext5d$ 9 an indef9ite numb] ( directions1 x easily comes to appe> t ?is involves an inn] deliv]ance f self1 & t ano!r is ( value to u = 8 own sake4 ,b x is no m ?an an appe>ance2 = ) all ! ext]nal agreem5t ! inw>d sep>ation is f> great]1 & am\nts to opposition4 ,)9 ! limits ( nature we c c]ta9ly conc]n ourselves ) some?+ :i* is only indirectly useful to u2 b we c nev] be conc]n$ ) any?+ :i* is devoid ( all use to ourselves2 we _c take su* a direct int]e/ 9 ! welf>e ( o!rs z w t5d to our own disadvantage4 ,if exp]i5ce gives evid5ce ( su* an activity & su* an int]e/1 9 s do+ x demon/rates a transc5d5ce ( nature4 ,n[1 exp]i5ce does give su* evid5ce1 & inde$ ) irresi/ible cle>ness4 ,a witness to ?is is se5 9 ! zeal ) :i* man habitually attempts to give to 8 /ruggles = m]e self-pres]vation a bett] appe>ance1 a semblance ( conduct p]=m$ out ( g5u9e reg>d = ! int]e/s ( o!rs4 ,to :at purpose all ?is tr\ble to acquire su* an appe>ance2 = :at reason ?is hypocrisy :i* p]meates ! :ole ( human life2 & :5ce ?is appe>ance itself if we belong solely & entirely to nature8 ,fur!r1 :atev] elem5ts ( semblance !re may be 9 ! g5]al /ate ( human life1 ! developm5t ( t life is by no means no?+ b semblance4 ,! social life ( man is n explicable z a simple collection ( individuals relat$ to "o ano!r 9 diff]5t ways2 b 9 ! family1 9 ! /ate1 9 humanity z a :ole !re is evolv$ an inn] unity1 a sph]e ( life ) di/9ctive values & cont5ts4 ,& z x is ( ! nature ( ^! to transc5d ! ends & aims ( ! individuals1 to ar\se o!r feel+s & /imulate to o!r ef=ts1 s _! dem&s may be directly oppos$ to ^? ( individual self-pres]vation4 ,man sees himself compell$ to decide :e!r he w pursue 8 own welf>e or t ( ! :ole3 f ! necessity ( a decision x is impossible to escape4 ,h[ev] mu* 9 ! majority ( cases self-int]e/ may prepond]ate1 we _c dispute ! possibility ( 8 act+ 9 direct & consci\s opposition to 8 own int]e/2 ( 8 subord9at+ & sacrific+ himself2 & ( 8 do+ ?is n grudg+ly nor ( necessity1 b will+ly & gladly2 ( 8 feel+ ?is subord9ation to be n a negation & a limitation1 b an affirmation & an expansion ( 8 life4 ,all :o /rive = "s ess5tial r5ewal & elevation ( human life base _! hope & tru/ ^u su* a disposition4 ,a r5ewal & an elevation ( life involve f> too mu* toil1 conflict1 & dang]2 !y dem& a r5unciation & a sacrifice f> too great = !m to be comm5d$ to u by consid]ation ( our own welf>e1 or = !m to disp5se ) ! necessity ( c\nt+ ^u an unselfi% submission1 a s9c]e sympa?y1 a g5u9e love4 ,t :i* 0 produc$ ) gl[+ passion 9 h]oic beg9n+s mu/ ) a quiet] w>m? p]vade all progress also4 ,an inn] community ( m9ds is indisp5sable if ! :ole ( culture is n to become a s\lless me*anism & inw>dly ali5 to u4 ,x is true t ! ext]nal way ( reg>d+ ! facts ( life (t5 fuses toge!r z "o1 l[] & high]1 a cont9uation ( nature & ! beg9n+ ( a new life4 ,language also supports ?is t5d5cy1 s9ce x indicates fundam5tally diff]5t psy*ical /ates ) ! same t]ms4 ,yet ! love 9 :i* ! union ) o!rs is s\ght only 9 ord] to advance "o's own int]e/s1 & ! love :i* f9ds 9 ?is union a release f ! limitations ( ! natural ego1 & ga9s a new life1 rema9 di/9ct4 ,! sympa?y :i* feels ! suff]+s ( o!rs to be unpleasant because "o's own complac5cy is di/urb$ by !m1 & :i* 9 consequ5ce fades away & disappe>s z soon z ! sight ( ! suff]+ comes to an end1 is absolutely sep>at$ f a sympa?y :i* ext5ds to ! s\l ( ! o!r1 & possess+ :i*1 9 ord] to contribute to ! reliev+ ( ! o!r's ne$1 "o will+ly sacrifices "o's own complac5cy3 a sympa?y1 !re=e1 :i* ext5ds its int]e/ & help )\t limit beyond all t simply has to d ) ! relation to ! environm5t4 ,h[ mu* real love & g5u9e sympa?y ! exp]i5ce ( humanity %[s is a "q 9 itself4 ,ev5 z possibilities ( our be+1 z matt]s ( ?\ght :i* occupy our att5tion1 & z tasks & problems1 !y give evid5ce ( a developm5t ( our life beyond ! limits ( nature4 ,?is =getfulness ( self is a k9d ( deliv]ance ( life f ! limitations & ! int]e/s ( ! individual3 a new relation ( man to man1 ( p]son to p]son1 ?us arises & br+s ab\t an ess5tial *ange1 inde$ a complete trans=mation ( aims & feel+s4 ,! deliv]ance is effect$ 9 ano!r direction ) ! em]g5ce ( a new relation to ?+s1 to ! object4 ,9 ! realm ( nature ev]y?+ t is ext]nal has a value = man only z a means & an in/rum5t to ! advancem5t ( 8 own welf>e2 f ! po9t ( view ( nature1 x is impossible to und]/& h[ a ?+ c\ld attract u on acc\nt ( a cont5t & a value ( its own4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! object does attract u & acquire a p[] ov] u 9 ?is mann]1 & ?is n m]ely "h & !re b ov] a wide area 9 movem5ts :i* affect & trans=m ! :ole ( life4 ,no?+ else diff]5tiates "w--view$ spiritually--f o!r activity1 & no?+ else elevates "w above o!r activity ?an ?is3 t 9 "w ! object is inw>dly pres5t2 & t man may make its m\ld+ & ext5sion a motive1 & f9d ?is a s\rce ( joy4 ,?is seems to be some?+ self-evid5t1 only because x happ5s daily to u & ar\nd u2 & we d n recognise a new type ( life 9 x1 simply because 9 human life x is usual to f9d t "w only gradually atta9s complete indep5d5ce4 ,= x is ! press+ necessity ( life1 ! impulse to self-pres]vation1 t fir/ ar\ses u f our natural inactivity & compels u to occupy ourselves ) ?+s2 & 9 ?is *ange f inactivity to activity x is our own advantage t we fir/ seek4 ,b t :i* to u1 to comm5ce )1 0 simply a means2 t :i* 0 p]haps mo/ unwill+ly done1 beg9s to attract & hold u m & m = its own sake2 becomes an end 9 itself1 & is able s to *>m u t x =ces ! idea ( utility completely into ! backgr\nd4 ,x is possible = "w to become s attractive1 & ( su* a value 9 our e/imation1 t to ensure its success we c make sacrifices1 & c pursue x 9 direct opposition to our own welf>e4 ,only :5 ! object is reg>d$ & treat$ 9 ?is mann] c x w9 an inn] proximity to u2 reveal to u its relations2 develop *>act]i/ic laws2 make dem&s ^u u & call =? our p[] to meet !m4 ,9 ?is way x con/ra9s u1 b ! con/ra9t is n ex]t$ ^u u f )\t1 b proce$s f our own decision & activity4 ,we d n feel ! relation to be an oppression1 b r z a witness to our fre$om2 9 ! subord9ation to ! object we feel t we are caught up into a life m compreh5sive1 cle>] & ri*] ?an any we c develop f ! subjective4 ,we rea* a /ability & a calm 9 ourselves1 & h )9 our own be+ a support aga9/ all vacillation & error4 ,"w1 !re=e1 produces relations :i* on ! "o h& unify ! endeav\r ( ! individual & fa%ion 8 life z a def9ite :ole2 & on ! o!r1 b9d humanity into a creative community4 ,9 ! =m] case we h vocation1 ) its dem&s & its limitations1 x is true1 b ) !m also its /r5g!n+ & its elevation ( life2 9 ! latt] complexes ( "w develop 9 :ole dep>tm5ts ( life1 9 :i* ! individuals f9d !mselves side by side & are ultimately unit$ into ! community ( an all-inclusive :ole ( culture4 ,f ?is some?+ is evolv$ :i* is indep5d5t n only ( ! *oice b also ( ! int]e/s ( m]e man3 a k+dom ( tru?1 a _w ( ?\ght transc5d+ all human subjectivity is =m$4 ,?us we see some?+ gr[ up )9 ! human sph]e :i* leads man beyond himself1 & :i* is valid n simply = him b ev5 9 opposition to him4 ,! :ole matt] bri/les ) problems3 f ! po9t ( view ( ! life ( nature ?is new life mu/ appe> to be an insoluble riddle2 & yet x has f> too mu* value & c]titude to be bani%$ z imag9>y4 ,along ) ?is deta*m5t ( life f ! m]e individual & ! m]e subjectivity ( man1 !re is a lib]ation f ext]nal ties1 & ! developm5t ( a self-consci\s spirituality4 ,z at ! level ( nature life is sp5t 9 ! developm5t ( relations ) ! environm5t1 9 action & reaction1 s ! =m ( life 9 man rema9s b\nd1 s9ce ! life ( ! s\l _c dissociate itself f ! exp]i5ce ( s5se4 ,! app>5t inw>dness t is evolv$ at ?is level is simply an aft]-effect ( s5su\s feel+s & desires4 ,s f> z ! life ( nature ext5ds1 ! =ces & laws ( ! life ( ! s\l w only ref9e :at ! ext]nal _w exhibits 9 co>s] features4 ,! me*anism ( nature also ext5ds into human life2 natural impulses ( conduct1 z well z association ( ideas1 reveal ! fact t ! life ( ! s\l is 9 complete dep5d5ce ^u natural conditions4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x seems impossible t inw>dness %\ld ev] become indep5d5t4 ,! actual exp]i5ce ( human life1 h[ev]1 %[s t :at is ?us reg>d$ z impossible is indisputably real4 ,! deta*m5t f ! m]e subjectivity ( ! ego & ! developm5t ( univ]sal values1 :i* exi/ ov] aga9/ u1 c be effect$ only if ! basis ( life lies deep] ?an ! contact ) ! environm5t4 ,x 0 a "w ( ?\ght :i* br\ght ab\t ! transition & gave bir? to ! new life2 only ) ! help ( ?\ght did x ev] become possible to =m relations ( a new k9d & to r\se man's int]e/ 9 !m4 ,! realities :i* arose 7 n ( s5se b conceptual1 ideal4 ,! m ?is movem5t increas$ 9 ext5t1 ! m human exi/5ce 0 trans=m$ into realities ( ?\ght4 ,is n su* a trans=mation evid5t :5 9 ourselves we see be=e all else1 n ! s5su\s be+ ( nature1 b a p]sonality or an individuality2 :5 9 relation%ip ) "o ano!r we =m ! idea ( ! /ate1 & feel t we are ourselves memb]s ( ! /ate2 :5 we reg>d & value ! cognate be+s ar\nd u f ! conception ( humanity8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 a /rong t5d5cy 9 ?is direction runs ?r\gh ! :ole hi/ory ( humanity3 s5se does n disappe>1 b is tak5 up m & m into some?+ conceptual2 ! _w ( ?\ght gives u increas+ly ! po9t ( view f :i* we fa%ion our lives4 ,we f9d a progressive spiritualisation ( religion1 ( morality1 ( law1 ( ! :ole life ( culture4 ,9 ev]y?+ life seeks a deep] basis2 an inw>dness w9s an indep5d5ce ( ! environm5t1 & ex]cises on ! environm5t a trans=m+ p[]4 ,! relations & ! ord] ( ! realities ( ?\ght manife/ a law diff]5t f t ( s5se pres5tations ) _! m]e juxtaposition4 ,= 9 ! =m] case an inn] unity1 an objective relation is evolv$1 & ! significance ( ! individual memb] is e/imat$ accord+ to its position 9 ! :ole4 ,! di/9ctive attributes 9 a conception =m no m]e collection1 & ! /atem5t ( a syllogism no m]e sequ5ce2 r1 9 bo?1 a compreh5d+ act ( ?\ght grasps ! manifold & arranges ! sep>ate elem5ts accord+ to _! relation%ip )9 ! :ole4 ,! c\rse ( pres5tation ) its m]e succession is by no means simply suppress$ ?r\gh ?is developm5t ( ?\ght2 x p]si/s & gov]ns consci\sness on ! surface4 ,b ! surface is n ! totality ( ! intellectual life2 ?r\gh x & transc5d+ x an activity ( ?\ght manife/s itself1 =ms new connections1 & ma9ta9s itself aga9/ all opposition4 ,accord+ly1 ! p[] t ?\ght ex]cises is fundam5tally diff]5t f ! physical p[] ( association1 or ev5 ( cu/om4 ,9 ! case ( ?\ght !re is an insi/5ce ^u a consi/5t & relat$ :ole :i*1 ev5 ?\gh ext]nally insignificant1 produces mo/ p[]ful effects4 ,if contradictions exi/ 9 our _w ( ?\ght & condition ( life1 !y may become intol]able1 & ! desire to remove !m lead to ! em]g5ce ( impetu\s movem5ts4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we recognise t c]ta9 ?+s :i* =m]ly seem$ to be unrelat$1 ev5 ?\gh !y exi/$ side by side1 are really inw>dly relat$2 or if1 aga91 an ass]tion involves a consequ5ce t has n hi!rto be5 d$uc$1 !n ! dem&1 t ^! ?+s %all be unifi$ & ?is consequ5ce develop$1 is capable ( break+ d[n ev5 ! /ronge/ opposition4 ,9 ?is matt] an invisible is capable ( m ?an a visible p[]4 ,( c\rse1 ?\ght 9 isolation has n su* a p[]2 x acquires x only ?r\gh its relation to a wid] life & 9 *ampion+ ! cause ( t life4 ,= ?\ght is wont to def5d ! life ( ! individual1 ( a p1 a hi/orical situation ( humanity1 on ! "o h& f an abundance ( inconsi/5cies1 & on ! o!r f dissolution & incomplet5ess1 )\t any conflict gr[+ out ( x4 ,life z we exp]i5ce x imm$iately is any?+ b a regul> logic ( ! s*ools4 ,9 itself simple p]ception ( ! fact t an inconsi/5cy exi/s1 or t ideas :i* h be5 reg>d$ z valid require fur!r developm5t1 ne$ n ar\se ! feel+ ( man & lead him to ass]t 8 activity2 he c acquiesce1 & leave ! condition ( ?+s unalt]$2 he c volunt>ily resign himself to ! inconsi/5cies & incomplet5ess4 ,b1 nev]!less1 !re is a po9t at :i* ?is condition ( inconsi/5cy c be endur$ no long]1 at :i* to transc5d x becomes ! dom9ant task ( life4 ,?is po9t is rea*$ :5 ! confusion is no long] some?+ ext]nal to u :i* we contemplate1 b ent]s into ! sub/ance ( our life1 s t ! inconsi/5cy becomes a division1 & an attitude ( inconsequ5ce t[>ds x a limitation ( our own be+4 ,! solv+ ( ! problem !n becomes an ess5tial "p ( our spiritual pres]vation4 ,& 9 t x comm&s ! :ole en]gy & passion ( su* pres]vation x c d t ( :i* ?\ght1 ) its necessity1 is n 9 itself capable1 x c r\se our :ole life to activity & break d[n ev5 ! /ronge/ opposition4 ,x is f ! inn] pres5ce ( a det]m9+ & m\ld+ process ( life t ?\ght itself fir/ obta9s a *>act]i/ic =m1 & is able to impress x ^u ?+s1 & s subject !m to itself4 ,a spiritual self-pres]vation ( ?is k9d is fundam5tally diff]5t f all physical self-pres]vation3 = ! =m]1 x is n a matt] ( ! self ass]t+ its place 9 ! co-exi/5ce ( ?+s1 b ( becom+ an indep5d5t inw>d nature1 & ( e/abli%+ a di/9ctive :ole ( life4 ,! exact significance ( spiritual self-pres]vation is = ! pres5t obscure en\gh2 b :atev] x may be1 x d]ives its p[] f )9 & n f contact ) ! environm5t4 ,h[ deeply ^! inn] movem5ts are root$ 9 human life ! s-call$ hi/orical ideas %[ ) p>ticul> cle>ness4 ,c]ta9 ?\ght complexes1 or r c]ta9 t5d5cies ( life1 arise1 & w9 an ov]:elm+ p[] 9 opposition to all n>r[ly human conc]ns4 ,!y =ce ! activity ( mank9d into p>ticul> *annels2 !y foll[ out _! consequ5ces ) pitiless rig\r2 !y speak to u 9 a tone ( comm&1 & require absolute ob$i5ce4 ,nei!r ! int]e/s ( individuals nor ^? ( :ole classes prevail aga9/ !m2 e consid]ation ( utility vani%es be=e _! inn] necessity4 ,! hi/ory ( religions1 = example1 has (t5 %[n su* an a/oni%+ consi/5cy 9 ! foll[+ ( *>act]i/ic t5d5cies t _! adh]5ts c\ld see 9 x ! work+ ( a div9e _s4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,enlight5m5t1 9 its "t ) ov]p[]+ might seiz$ m9ds & p5etrat$ deeply into e dep>tm5t ( life2 to-day we h a simil> exp]i5ce 9 ! case ( ! social movem5t4 ,on all sides some?+ is ackn[l$g$ z an imp]ative requirem5t1 z indisp5sable = ! spiritual p]si/5ce ( man--some?+ :i* _c be br\ght 9 f outside1 & :i* may inde$ be entirely inconsi/5t ) ext]nal conditions4 ,has n ! conflict ( inn] necessities ) ! ext]nal circum/ances t 7 oppos$ to !m be5 a lead+ motive p[] 9 hi/ory1 & is n all g5u9e progress a*iev$ ?r\gh su* an opposition8 ,aga91 ! great =ce t has be5 ex]t$ 9 ! movem5t ( hi/ory 9 ! detection & ! elim9ation ( contradictions c be expla9$ only 9 ?is context4 ,logic1 z we saw1 play$ an unassum+ rle 9 ?is matt]1 & ! indol5ce ( man always incl9$ to easy accommodation & compromise4 ,x 0 ! increas$ vital en]gy1 ! adoption ( a p>ticul> issue z ! ma9 issue1 t made movem5ts1 :i* _h long exi/$ 9 a /ate ( h>mony & peace1 irreconcilable enemies1 & drove !m to a life-&-dea? /ruggle4 ,) a l[] level ( spiritual activity ! ,middle ,ages unsuspici\sly unit$ a religion ( ecclesia/ical organisation ) a religion ( p]sonal feel+ & disposition2 & x did n feel t !re 0 an inconsi/5cy 9 _! union s mu* z t "o 0 ! completion ( ! o!r4 ,z soon & s f>1 h[ev]1 z 9 ! ,mod]n ,age spirituality won m indep5d5ce & m self-consci\sness1 & felt itself to be ! c5tre ( ! :ole1 x 0 inevitable t a dep5d5ce ^u an ext]nal ord] %\ld be exp]i5c$ only z an intol]able oppression2 & ! division ( life betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r became an impossibility4 ,x 0 necess>y only t a p[]ful & passionate p]sonality1 l t ( ,lu!r1 %\ld take up ! problem1 & make x ! sole object ( 8 ef=t1 & ! h\r ( revolution _h come4 ,h[ meanly !y ?9k ( ! controll+ =ces ( hi/ory :o w\ld trace back su* *anges to ! selfi%ness or ! vanity ( individuals6 ,look$ at f our po9t ( view1 ! inn] *anges )9 ! life ( univ]sal hi/ory (t5 appe> to be simplifications--cases ( en]getic conc5tration on ! ess5tial1 & ( fundam5tal sep>ation ( ! subsidi>y4 ,! truly great c>ry on a ceaseless conflict aga9/ ! *aotic confusion :i* ! life ( ! majority is wont to produce ev] anew--a condition 9 :i* matt]s ( ! fir/ importance are confus$ ) ^? t are subsidi>y2 all inn] gradation is lack+2 & ! great is treat$ z some?+ insignificant1 & ! insignificant z some?+ great4 ,!re is a /ruggle to secure a cle> diff]5tiation & gradation2 to e/abli% a c5tre1 & to trans=m life into a g5u9ely self-consci\s life4 ,h n all ! pr9cipal revivals ( religion1 ( morality1 ( education1 be5 simplifications8 ,^! movem5ts %[ life 9 a p>ticul> =m2 some?+ em]ges 9 x :i*1 unconc]n$ ) ! weal & ! woe ( man1 foll[s its own c\rse & makes absolute dem&s2 &1 m ?an any?+ else1 di/urbs & de/roys 8 calmness & complac5cy4 ,h[ heavily ,g]many has _h to pay = ! movem5t ( ! ,re=mation by be+ ?r[n back politically1 nationally1 & economically6 ,x is inevitable t all movem5ts ( an ideal k9d1 ! social movem5t ( ! pres5t includ$1 %\ld appe> f ! po9t ( view ( natural well-be+1 tr\blesome & p]nici\s di/urbances4 ,!y c be reg>d$ z some?+ high] only :5 we ackn[l$ge t life does n consi/ entirely 9 ext]nal relations1 or 9 ! endeav\r to atta9 h>mony ) ! environm5t1 b t an inn] task gr[s out ( life itself1 & fir/ gives to human exi/5ce a value & a dignity4 ,9 ! developm5t ( a self-consci\sness & ( a movem5t ( life itself1 we rise above ! motive ( utility1 by :i* nature is sway$4 ,x is a moral elem5t 9 ! wide/ s5se2 x is ! consci\sness ( some?+ objectively necess>y1 unconditionally transc5d+ ! ends ( ! n>r[ly human1 t fir/ gives to convictions axiomatic c]ta9ty & to conduct ! "r en]gy4 ,?is moral elem5t atta9s to a m indep5d5t display 9 ! moral self-judgm5t ( man t is call$ consci5ce4 ,true1 ?is conception has be5 ! subject ( mu* error & has be5 mu* ov]-e/imat$4 ,n only has ! moral judgm5t less p[] ov] man ?an is frequ5tly assum$1 b t :i* is call$ consci5ce is (t5--g5]ally1 9 fact--no?+ m ?an a by-product ( cu/om & ( accommodation 9 human social life4 ,9 ?is case ! inn] life has /ill atta9$ no indep5d5ce1 b rema9s dep5d5t ^u ! environm5t2 & ! disposition ?us produc$ is no?+ m ?an a feel+ ( av]sion to ! results ( conduct1 no?+ m nor less ?an conceal$ fe> ( puni%m5t--a /ate ( ! s\l :i* ! mo/ prom95t ?9k]s h1 ) good reason1 /igmatis$ z a manife/ation ( weakness & c[>dice4 ,b1 h[ev] mu* t is =eign to x & ( an inf]ior ord] may h be5 associat$ ) consci5ce1 nev]!less1 judg+ conduct1 z x does1 accord+ to ! inw>d disposition & n accord+ to consequ5ces1 consci5ce is a unique1 orig9al ph5om5on4 ,to :atev] ext5t consci5ce1 z we "k x1 may h _h its s\rce 9 some?+ ext]nal1 & 9 h[ev] great a degree x may dep5d ^u *ang+ circum/ances1 x is nev]!less impossible to expla9 ! fundam5tal fact by ref]5ce to ! environm5t4 ,=1 if our life dep5d$ solely & entirely ^u ! environm5t & no movem5t arose f )91 all influ5ce f )\t c\ld d no?+ b subdue u by %e] =ce2 !re c\ld nev] be an indep5d5t recognition & acceptance ( ! comm& address$ to u2 nev] ! feel+ ( an inn] responsibility = conduct2 nev] an indep5d5t ext5sion ( ! orig9al precept2 & yet all ^! ph5om5a are 9 fact f\nd 9 human exp]i5ce4 ,true1 we are affect$ v greatly by ext]nal =ces2 b t !y may a*ieve :at !y d a movem5t f )9 mu/ meet !m1 take !m up1 & c>ry !m fur!r4 ,! enorm\s am\nt ( pret5ce :i* fl\ri%es among/ u ) reg>d to matt]s ( morality1 & :i* s easily obscures our vision = ! *ief matt]1 w\ld be un9telligible if ! spiritual did n manife/ "s k9d ( indep5d5ce 9 ! moral judgm5t4 ,unless !re is su* a developm5t t[>ds indep5d5ce1 ! moral judgm5t mu/ also1 z f> z its cont5t is conc]n$1 be det]m9$ by ! condition ( ! social environm5t3 x c\ld nev] foll[ a c\rse ( its own2 nev] give rise to any?+ new2 nev] ent] into inn] conflict ) ! environm5t4 ,yet1 z a matt] ( fact1 we f9d ^! t5d5cies 9 abundance4 ,! individual is able1 9 ! light ( 8 own moral conviction1 to approve & value some?+ :i* all ar\nd him reject2 & conv]sely1 to condemn & reject some?+ :i* all ar\nd him e/eem & respect2 & ?is he is able to d "u ! compulsion ( inn] necessity1 & n simply out ( a love ( va9 p>adox4 ,?is opposition ( individuals to ! condition ( ?+s 9 ! social environm5t has be5 ! ma9 s\rce ( all inn] progress 9 matt]s ( morality4 ,= x is 9 matt]s ( morality1 9 p>ticul>1 t t :i* hi!rto _h giv5 no (f5ce has become intol]able to individuals2 & t new & imp]ative dem&s su* z _h nev] be5 made be=e h em]g$ ) con/ra9+ p[]4 ,or did ! idea ( humanity1 ! abolition ( slav]y1 & ! comm&m5t to love "o's enemies1 = example1 arise 9 "s o!r way8 ,if 9 respect ( su* matt]s z ^! t :i* on its fir/ appe>ance 0 p>adoxical quickly came to be reg>d$ z self-evid5t1 :at else 0 op]ative 9 br++ ab\t ?is result ?an an inn] necessity1 f :i*1 :5 once we become consci\s ( x1 we c nev] aga9 escape8 ,suitable conditions 9 ! social environm5t 71 ( c\rse1 also necess>y = ! fulfilm5t & ! ext5sion ( ^? moral requirem5ts2 b !y c\ld nev] h orig9at$ f ! environm5t1 or h d]iv$ f x _! unconditional nature1 _! c]ta9ty ( victory1 & _! indiff]5ce to all ext]nal consequ5ces3 qualities )\t :i* !y c\ld n h effect$ :at !y h4 ,9 ! life ( ! individual ! moral judgm5t manife/s its p[] 9 affirmation z well z 9 negation4 ,if x approves "o's disposition & conduct1 x gives to life a great] /ability & joyfulness2 if x condemns1 !n exi/5ce is p>alys$ by division4 ,9 ?is exp]i5ce x is implicitly assum$ t ! di/9ction ( good & evil has its s\rce nei!r 9 ! pref]5ces ( ! human individual nor 9 ^? ( ! human society2 b t 9 ?is anti!sis a new ord] t is pres5t only to ! inn] nature is reveal$4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t 9 contra/ ) its atta*m5t to ! ext]nal1 life atta9s an indep5d5t inw>dness :i* we are compell$ to ackn[l$ge1 h[ev] my/]i\s ! inw>d may at pres5t be to u1 & h[ev] little we may be able to def9e its nature m closely4 ,e>li] 9 our inve/igation we 7 l$ to recognise a movem5t ( life f ! n>r[ness ( ! individual to ! compreh5siv5ess ( ! :ole4 ,x is obvi\s t our two results are closely connect$ ) ea* o!r & ref] to ea* o!r4 ,= we atta9 a unity1 z contra/$ ) ! juxtaposition ( ! elem5ts ( ! visible _w1 only ?r\gh a p[]ful activity f )92 b ?is activity _c em]ge unless life =ms a :ole 9 contra/ ) its dissipation into disconnect$ po9ts4 ,^! two developm5ts are obvi\sly sides ( ! same life--a life :i* be>s a totally diff]5t "* f t ( ! psy*ical life :i* =ms a m]e cont9uation ( nature4 ,)9 ! s\l itself !re is a di/9ction betwe5 two levels1 ( :i* t o!r ?an nature may 9 agreem5t ) e/abli%$ usage be call$ spiritual1 h[ev] little may be impli$ by ?is expression2 h[ev] my/]i\s1 inde$1 ! conception may = ! pres5t be4 ,9 contra/ ) ! old1 ?is new level is unmi/akably at a disadvantage4 ,! old seems to include ! :ole range ( human exi/5ce2 ! new1 on ! o!r h&1 mu/ toilsomely /ruggle = a place ( "s k9d4 ,nev]!less1 9 spite ( its ext]nal insignificance1 ! spiritual gives bir? to a movem5t ( no mean "*2 9 face ( all opposition x seeks to =m a c5tre ( life ( its own1 & to make ?is ! *ief basis ( ef=t2 x is to be f\nd ?us 9 ! life ( mank9d z reveal$ 9 hi/ory1 & also 9 t ( ! individual4 ,)9 ! conception ( culture we compreh5d all a*ievem5ts di/9ctive ( man4 ,b :at is culture if x does n assure to man a position indep5d5t ( nature2 if x does n set up ideals :i* c arise only out ( a new life8 ,ultimately ! *ief motive-p[] ( culture is ! long+ ( mank9d = a new k9d ( be+ 9 contra/ to t ( nature4 ,culture necess>ily becomes sup]ficial & empty :5 x directs human /riv+ to ext]nal objects & does n lead ?r\gh all occupation ) ext]nals to its own developm5t & to ! advance ( its own be+4 ,! "w ( culture is g5u9e & p[]ful only :5 man seeks 9 x 8 own true & ultimate self4 ,h[ e developm5t ( ! spiritual advances t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( a new unity ( life may be m cle>ly se5 9 ! case ( ! individual1 9 relation to :om we meet ) ! conceptions ( p]sonality & ( spiritual individuality4 ,h[ev] mu* confusion !re may be 9 ! ord9>y use ( ^! conceptions1 ! conception ( p]sonality m]its ! e/imation 9 :i* x is held only if x is reg>d$ z ! be>] ( a new life 9 contra/ to t ( nature1 & n simply z some?+ add$ to nature4 ,! developm5t is m evid5t ) ! conception ( spiritual individuality4 ,= su* an individuality is by no means some?+ giv5 to a man 9 ! natural *>act]i/ics :i* he br+s ) him into life4 ,)9 ?is p>ticul> nature1 z a rule1 _m ?+s1 significant & insignificant--?+s :i* are orig9al 9 himself & ?+s :i* are due to ext]nal influ5ce--are *aotically confus$2 &1 z x lacks an inn] unity & an adju/m5t ( ! diff]5t aspects1 "o aspect may directly contradict ano!r4 ,if ! individual is no m ?an ^! natural *>act]i/ics1 he c become active z a :ole only ?r\gh a summation ( ! multiplicity1 & n ?r\gh a dom9at+ & organis+ unity4 ,) ! transition to ! new k9d ( life a desire = su* a unity awak5s & gives rise to a def9itely *>act]i/ic movem5t4 ,a unity mu/ be f\nd )9 u 9 "s mann]2 x mu/ be includ$ 9 ! range ( possibilities op5 to u4 ,b 9 ord] to obta9 supremacy x mu/ be grasp$1 be appropriat$ & /r5g!n$ by our self-activity4 ,we ourselves !re=e become a task 9 ! treatm5t ( :i* x is possible to fall into s]i\s error4 ,look$ at f ?is po9t ( view our spiritual nature is se5 to be ! product ( our own activity4 ,we _c fail to recognise a peculi> int]weav+ ( fre$om & fate 9 our exi/5ce4 ,! inn] hi/ory ( all creative m9ds %[s h[ great may be ! inspiration & ! t5sion :i* arise 9 ?is /riv+ to realise a spiritual nature2 an inspiration & a t5sion :i* are evid5t ev5 :5 ! ma9 direction = ! realisation ( ?is nature has be5 easily f\nd & only ! m detail$ =m has to be s\ght3 !y are /ill m app>5t :5 ! ma9 direction itself is 9 "q4 ,h[ toilsome x has (t5 be5 = a man to come to t 9 :i* 8 /r5g? lay1 & ) ! aid ( reflection to atta9 a /ate ( secure creative activity2 to unite all =ces to a common a*ievem5t2 & to make a di/9ct advance beyond ! traditional position ( ! spiritual life6 ,life 0 by no means a complet$ gift & some?+ to be easily enjoy$1 ev5 9 ! case ( natures lavi%ly equipp$ by de/9y--z1 = example1 ,goe!3 x 0 9 a /ruggle = itself t x won a complete indep5d5ce & a pr\d sup]iority ov] ev]y?+ ext]nal4 ,?is /ruggle 0 be+ f\ght 9 all 8 c>es1 9 all ?\ght = natural & social well-be+1 all utilit>ian consid]ations 9 reg>d to ! ext]nals ( life4 ,x gave to ! man amid all 8 d\bts & agitations ! c]ta9ty ( be+ some?+ unique1 some?+ indisp5sable2 at ! same "t x lift$ him into an invisible _w1 & enabl$ him to und]/& 8 own life z an end complete 9 itself4 ,h[ diff]5t ?is is f ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 = ! pres]vation ( physical life2 & h[ cle>ly a new life1 ano!r k9d ( reality1 arises 9 ^! movem5ts6 ,! new life does n by any means appe> only at ! heights ( spiritual creation2 r x w\ld be true to say t ! life :i* is pres5t 9 ! :ole ( human exi/5ce becomes mo/ easily disc]nible at ^! heights4 ,! movem5t t[>ds a spiritual individuality may be begun 9 ! mo/ simple conditions2 & x is n to be e/imat$ accord+ to ! degree ( its a*ievem5t4 ,=1 :]e _w /&s aga9/ _w1 ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! decision ) reg>d to ! fundam5tal pr9ciple1 & ?is may be made at any po9t4 ,! m]e possibility ( mak+ su* a decision te/ifies "h irrefutably to a reality3 ! reality ( a new ord] ( ?+s4 #c4 ,,! ,,inn] ,,contradiction ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,life ,! conclusion we are l$ to is t a new life di/9ct f t ( nature arises 9 our s\l4 ,) a great div]sity ( manife/ations1 x surr\nds u ) an indisputable actuality2 no "o c fail to recognise t some?+ ( importance1 some?+ di/9ctive comes to pass 9 u4 ,b z soon z we try to compreh5d ^! manife/ations z a :ole1 & to asc]ta9 ! mean+ ( ! :ole1 a difficult problem arises4 ,x is comp>atively easy1 h[ev]1 to come to an und]/&+ z to ! negative aspect ( ! matt]4 ,x is obvi\s t ! new life is n an embelli%m5t or a cont9uation ( nature2 x w\ld br+ ) x some?+ ess5tially new4 ,aga91 x is obvi\s t x is n a product ( a s+le psy*ical function1 su* z ?\ght or feel+2 x w\ld =m a :ole transc5d+ ! psy*ical functions1 & f ?is :ole det]m9e ! =m ( ea* function di/9ctively4 ,b :at is ?is new reality & ?is :ole to :i* ! c\rse ( ! movem5t tr5ds8 ,! m we reflect ov] ! "q ! m /rongly we feel t x is a direction r ?an a conclusion t is (f]$ to u 9 ?is matt]2 some?+ high]1 some?+ inw>d & s on is to evolve1 b :at is emb$d$ 9 ! inw>d & 9 :at ?is supremacy is bas$ is at pres5t n app>5t4 ,fur!r1 e attempt at a m def9ite ori5tation at once reveals to u a wide gulf1 inde$ a h>% contradiction1 betwe5 ! cont5t ( t :i* is s\ght & ! =m ( exi/5ce f :i* x is s\ght4 ,! *ief impulse ( ! spiritual life is t x wills to lib]ate u f ! m]ely human2 to give u a %>e 9 ! life ( ! :ole2 to remove u f a happ5+ betwe5 ?+s to _! fundam5tal happ5+4 ,se5 f )91 ! hi/ory ( humanity is prim>ily an increas+ deliv]ance ( life f bondage to ! n>r[ly human1 an em]g5ce ( some?+ m ?an human1 & an attempt to %ape our life f ! po9t ( view ( ?is3 x is an increas+ conflict ( man ) himself4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 x is a tak+ up ( ! :ole into himself2 s9ce man 9 all 8 plann+ & /riv+ is relat$ to ! :ole1 x seems to him t 8 own nature mu/ rema9 ali5 to himself if ! :ole does n disclose itself to him & all[ him to p>ticipate 9 a life :i* has its s\rce 9 ultimate dep?s2 if 9 ! life ( ! :ole he does n f9d a pur] & a m g5u9e self4 ,! idea ( tru? impels u beyond all ! limitations to :i* a p>ticul> be+ is subject1 beyond all communication ( ?+s f )\t4 ,!re mu/ be no?+ betwe5 u & reality2 ! inn] life ( reality mu/ become ours1 & ?us our life w em]ge = ! fir/ "t f a %ad[y exi/5ce to full reality1 f ! n>r[ness ( ! m]e individual to ! compreh5siv5ess ( inf9ity4 ,! idea ( ! good makes simil> dem&s4 ,to ! spiritual movem5t1 ! advancem5t ( m]ely human well-be+ is f> too mean an aim4 ,?is movem5t makes u cle>ly consci\s ( ! triviality ( m]e happ9ess2 ( ! oppressive & de/ructive effect ( a cont9ual ref]5ce to our own subjectivity2 & ( ! unwor?9ess ( treat+ love & ju/ice z only means to our welf>e4 ,x becomes at ! same "t an urg5t duty to break ?r\gh ! n>r[ limitations ( ! natural ego1 & to conduct our life f ! po9t ( view ( objective tru? & compreh5siv5ess1 & s = ! fir/ "t to become capable ( g5u9e love & ju/ice4 ,x is true t ^! aims are l(ty1 &1 we feel we h ! "r to say1 aims t may n be reject$4 ,b x is n at all evid5t h[ !y are to be rea*$ f ! position ( man2 x is n at all cle> h[ man %all press =w>d f m]e exi/5ce to ! creative basis1 f ! "p to ! :ole3 = 8 p>ticul>ity & 8 m]e exi/5ce hold him fix$4 ,b 9 8 exi/5ce nature prepond]ates by f>3 individual t5d5cies ( a new ord] d appe>2 b h[ c\ld !y 9 _! /ate ( isolation & weakness br+ ab\t a revolution & place life on a new f\ndation8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we usually f9d ^! impulses to a new life drawn into ! s]vice ( natural & social self-pres]vation1 &1 ov] aga9/ ! passionate /ruggle = exi/5ce1 condemn$ to complete impot5ce & %ad[9ess4 ,! :ole life ( culture makes u cle>ly consci\s ( ?is p]plexity4 ,! ess5ce ( t life consi/s 9 ?is1 & by ?is alone c x be held z true--t x wills to build up a new1 spiritual reality )9 ! sph]e ( humanity4 ,b to :at ext5t is su* a reality recognisable on ! basis ( exp]i5ce8 ,9 & ) all civilisation man cont9ues ob/9ately b5t ^u ! atta9m5t ( 8 own ends3 ! /ruggle = mat]ial goods ex]ts an imm5se influ5ce ^u & controls m52 an indescribable am\nt ( pret5ce & hypocrisy accompanies & surr\nds ! spiritual movem5t4 ,betwe5 t :i* man really /rives =1 & t :i* he ass]ts t he is /riv+ =1 & :i* p]haps x is 8 int5tion to /rive =1 !re is great div]g5ce4 ,falsehood l ?is is n limit$ to individuals2 our :ole culture is "o mon/r\s deception 9 s f> z x promises to develop humanity to some?+ new & high]1 :ile 9 reality ! new is occupi$ mo/ly ) poli%+ up ! old1 ! life ( nature1 to give x a glitt]+ appe>ance4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t 9 times ( criticism & introspection s mu* opposition has be5 (f]$ to culture2 t su* passionate scorn has be5 ar\s$ aga9/ ! hypocrisy & pret5ce :i* p]vades its :ole life4 ,b al?\gh we are fully aw>e ( its deplorable /ate1 we d n break its p[] ov] u4 ,x is p]haps ! mo/ bitt] ( all our exp]i5ces t we are held fa/ "u ! spell ( a condition ( ?+s conc]n+ ! vanity & futility ( :i* no "o ) any insight has ! slighte/ d\bt4 ,h[ev]1 9 moralis+ ov] ?is /ate ( ?+s we ought to gu>d ourselves f becom+ too passionate4 ,= x is a "q :e!r x c\ld be o!rwise2 :e!r ! fault is 9 any way 9 our w1 & is n solely & entirely 9 ! nature ( our be+ itself4 ,= x is c]ta9ly a contradiction ?r\gh\t t man1 :o is an individual be+ exi/+ by ! side ( o!rs1 & ^: life belongs to ! doma9 ( exp]i5ce1 %\ld set himself 9 a univ]sal life transc5d+ all p>ticul>ity & live f ! bases ( reality4 ,h[ c t :i* is prim>ily a "p ( a giv5 _w build up a new _w8 ,ideas l ^? ( ! true & ! good are1 f ?is po9t ( view1 simply delusions1 manife/ impossibilities2 man may tr\ble & we>y himself ) !m1 b all 8 endeav\r only leads him into a /ate ( great] confusion4 ,^! ideas are to him = ev] an o!r _w2 he may exp& himself & develop1 b he does n come a /ep ne>] by do+ s4 ,x is true t 9 /riv+ = tru?1 man advances beyond s5se pres5tation to ! activity ( ?\ght2 b ! ?\ghts always rema9 8--?\ghts ( m]e man4 ,h[ev] mu* he may wid5 8 own sph]e z a consequ5ce ( 8 reflection ^u !m1 he does n g beyond x4 ,9 hi/ory also ! /riv+ = a sci5tific compreh5sion ( tru? appe>s to be a va9 /ruggle2 ! pass+ ?r\gh diff]5t phases has n br\ght x ne>] its aim s mu* z1 ) ev]-increas+ cle>ness1 x has manife/$ ! impossibility ( atta9+ :at is s\ght4 ,! anci5t conception ( tru?1 ) its belief 9 a relation%ip ( ! be+ ( man ) ! :ole2 ) x assumption ( an easy transf]5ce ( life f "o to ! o!r2 ) its view ( tru? z an agreem5t ( ?\ght ) an ext]nal reality1 has ?r\gh ! c\rse ( life become unt5able2 x has be5 reject$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! t5d5cy ( our be+ to become m inw>d4 ,= ?is t5d5cy necess>ily l$ to a deta*m5t f ! environm5t ( ! _w1 & to a sep>ation ( ! two sides ( our exp]i5ce4 ,we became cle>ly consci\s ( ?is sep>ation at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,mod]n ,age4 ,we saw t1 if we 7 n to give up all claim to tru?1 only "o c\rse rema9$ possible3 to make a division )9 ! human doma91 a division betwe5 a m]ely human & some?+ else :i* might be reg>d$ z ! pres5ce ( univ]sal & g5u9e life 9 man4 ,& s ,sp9oza di/+ui%$ an objective ?\ght f ! spr+s ( ! emotions2 ,kant di/+ui%$ practical reason f ! !oretical :i* is b\nd up ) ! limitations ( human nature2 & ,hegel elevat$ ! ?\ght-process1 :i* manife/s itself 9 ! "w ( univ]sal hi/ory1 f> above ! op9ions & ! wi%es ( individuals4 ,ea* ( ^! *ampion$ a di/9ctive conception ( tru? & a *>act]i/ic =m ( ! spiritual life2 b ) reg>d to all attempts we come to d\bt :e!r ev5 t proclaim$ z m ?an human is n /ill )9 ! doma9 ( man2 :e!r 9 e case we d n wrongly decl>e ! la/ po9t :i* we rea* to be ! deepe/ basis ( reality4 ,! position is some:at simil> ) reg>d to ! idea ( ! good4 ,9 ! attempts to :i* we h ref]r$1 x pass$ curr5t z a deliv]ance f all selfi% happ9ess1 :i* 0 felt to be intol]ably n>r[4 ,a new1 pur]1 & m compreh5sive life is to proce$ f ! w9n+ ( a new position4 ,n[1 !re are _m diff]5t conceptions ( happ9ess1 & high] levels are di/+ui%$ pla9ly f l[]4 ,b ! highe/ level does n transc5d human desire2 man mu/ br+ all into relation ) 8 own well-be+4 ,he _c 9 opposition to 8 own well-be+ adopt some?+ ali5 z an end 9 itself2 8 activity c be ar\s$ = no?+ :i* has n "s value = himself4 ,9 ?is case also1 !re=e1 ! b\nds ( 8 life hold him fa/1 &1 unless ^! b\nds are transc5d$1 ! good _c be di/+ui%$ f ! useful4 ,( ?is a cle> confirmation is furni%$ by ! exp]i5ces ( religions4 ,9 _! orig9 !y wi%$ to free man f himself & to set him 9 a new life--:e!r !y promis$ tranquillity 9 a surr5d] to ! inf9ite :ole or won a positive cont5t by ! revelation ( a k+dom ( div9e love4 ,h[ soon ! succession ( ev5ts has l$ back to a que/ ( happ9ess6 ,h[ soon has x become evid5t t ! religions h f> less reveal$ a new _w to ! majority ( mank9d ?an *a9$ !m m firmly to ! old2 & t !y easily ar\se to great] p[] ! raw in/9ct ( life1 :i* !y desir$ to ov]come6 ,we seem to be %ut 9 on all sides3 x seems a mon/r\s inconsi/5cy to wi% to build up f man a _w transc5d+ man2 to remove him into a _w o!r ?an t ( a man4 ,a _w ( ?is k9d is1 h[ev]1 ess5tial to ! spiritual life2 ) its ab&onm5t t life is only a delusion2 & ! less intellig5t p :o reject z a mean+less folly all /riv+ = ! true & ! good seem to be "r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:y d we refuse to adopt ?is view1 & to discont9ue an endeav\r ! aims ( :i* appe> to be unatta9able8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 because ! movem5t _c be giv5 up s easily z ^? critics imag9e :o adopt ?is view2 = x does n consi/ simply ( explanations & !ories t might be completely refut$ by rigor\s argum5t1 b a c]ta9 reality has be5 evolv$1 desires ar\s$1 =ces call$ into life1 & movem5ts inaugurat$4 ,ev5 if !y halt 9 _! c\rse !y 7 some?+2 !y d n disappe> !re=e be=e ! attacks ( ,scepticism2 fur!r1 h[ev] mean _! results may be1 !y prove to be /rong en\gh to indicate ! limitations 9 ! life ( nature1 & to make x inadequate = u4 ,! matt] is ! m my/]i\s 9 t ! /riv+ is any?+ b a product ( ! natural desire = happ9ess4 ,= ! movem5t di/urbs all our complac5cy2 x leads man to be discont5t$ ) t :i* hi!rto _h fully satisfi$ him2 x surr\nds him ) fix$ organisations2 desires f him mu* lab\r & sacrifice1 & makes exi/5ce1 n easi]1 b m difficult = him4 ,delusions are wont to deceive u by pleas+ pictures2 to attract u ) ! promise ( pleasure & enjoym5t4 ,h[ does a delusion1 t imposes s mu* toil & tr\ble ^u u1 w9 s mu* p[] ov] u8 ,!re is ano!r matt] to be consid]$ 9 ?is connection4 ,a complete r5unciation c appe> possible only because x is n cle>ly p]ceiv$ h[ mu* :i* we _c give up & :i* ultimately we h no desire to give up is involv$ 9 x4 ,only a want ( cle>ness ( ?\ght1 & /ill m a weakness ( "*1 c\ld wi% to reta9 9 ! p>ticul> case :at 0 giv5 up z a :ole2 c\ld affirm z effect :at x d5i$ z cause4 ,z soon z ?is c\rse is recognis$ to be impossible1 x becomes evid5t t ) ! rejection ( ! spiritual life ev]y?+ is ab&on$ :i* gives to our life dignity1 greatness1 & inn] unity1 & jo9s u to o!rs ) an inw>d bond4 ,realities su* z love & hon\r1 tru? & "r1 mu/ be reg>d$ z empty =ms2 & ev5 sci5ce mu/ come to an end1 because !re is no long] any inn] unity ( "w1 no objective necessity4 ,su* consid]ations aga9 %[ u t a complete negation is impossible2 & x seems t we mu/ rema9 = ev] 9 pa9ful susp5se betwe5 an unatta9able affirmation & an impossible negation4 ,we might be able to endure ?is condition ( affairs if x conc]n$ a problem :i* arose 9 ref]5ce to some?+ ( little importance to our life1 some?+ t we c\ld relegate to ! backgr\nd1 & simply p]mit to lie !re1 )\t compromis+ our life4 ,b our problem lies at ! c5tre ( life2 is1 9 fact1 itself ! c5tre4 ,to be left 9 susp5se "h means to condemn life z a :ole to a /ate ( p>alysis1 to surr5d] x to complete dissolution4 ,aga9/ ?is ev]yone :o has any vital en]gy 9 him w cont5d2 ) 8 :ole might he w seek to escape f a condition s intol]able2 he w n hold back f mak+ a bold v5ture1 m9dful ( ! words ( ,goe!1 ,necessity is ! be/ c\nsellor4 ,9 seek+ a way out ( ! contradiction1 x is ess5tially necess>y n to =get ! s\rce ( ! contradiction4 ,we saw t s\rce to be 9 ! fact t ! spiritual life w\ld set up a new _w1 & at ! same "t rema9s b\nd up ) ! m]ely human & pres5ts itself z an endeav\r ( m]e man4 ,to ! spiritual life a univ]sal "* is indisp5sable2 ( ?is claim no?+ c be abat$4 ,!re mu/ !re=e be a *ange z reg>ds man2 x mu/ be t m comes to pass 9 him ?an ! fir/ impression makes evid5t4 ,x mu/ be t ! spiritual )9 him1 :i* seems at fir/ to be 8 own product1 is a p>ticipation 9 wid] connections2 ! spiritual mu/ be op]ative 9 man1 b n orig9ate out ( ! m]ely human4 ,x is true t ?is makes a rev]sal ( ! traditional position necess>y1 & n m]ely ( its repres5tations2 & su* a rev]sal provokes s]i\s d\bt4 ,mod]n sci5ce1 h[ev]1 has taught u suffici5tly (t5 t ! fir/ appe>ance ( any?+ ne$ n be ! ultimate "o2 t !re may be cog5t reasons = reg>d+ some?+ t at fir/ seems bas$ 9 itself z ! pro( ( some?+ exi/+ beyond4 ,?us1 mod]n natural sci5ce has trans=m$ ! _w ( s5se into a _w pres5t only to ! eyes ( rese>*4 ,c]ta9ly1 sci5ce accompli%es ^! *anges )9 ! b\nds ( exp]i5ce3 on ! contr>y1 9 reg>d to our problem1 9 :i* ! fundam5tal =m ( reality is 9 "q1 x is indisp5sable t we %\ld transc5d ^! b\nds2 )\t a *ange 9 respect ( ! :ole1 & h5ce )\t a resort to metaphysics1 x is n possible to accompli% our purpose4 ,x is q cle> t ! t5d5cy ( our "t is oppos$ to appeals to metaphysics3 yet x is a "q h[ f> ?is attitude is ju/ifi$4 ,s f> z metaphysics assumes ! same =m z 9 ! pa/--t ( conceptual speculation ( a ?\ght hov]+ unre/ra9$ ov] ! exi/+ _w--!n x is rightly oppos$4 ,b ! attitude is unju/ifiable :i* assumes t ) ! ov]?r[ ( ! old] metaphysics all metaphysics may be ignor$4 ,= a metaphysic c proce$ also f ! :ole life1 & ne$ n be a product ( m]e ?\ght4 ,! implication !re=e is ?is1 t ! c5tre ( life itself mu/ be *ang$1 & ?us a revolution ( ! previ\s condition accompli%$2 t an actuality already op]ative 9 life is to be giv5 its rightful place & br\ght to its full effect4 ,! bus9ess ( metaphysics1 !re=e1 is n to add some?+ 9 ?\ght to a reality :i* lies be=e u1 or to weave su* a reality into a texture ( conceptions2 b to seek to grasp reality 9 itself1 & to r\se x to life 9 its entire dep? = ourselves4 ,e *ange ( ?\ght !n re/s on a *ange ( life4 ,su* a metaphysic may appeal to ! say+ ( ,hebbel1 ,only fools w bani% metaphysic f ! drama2 x makes a great diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 :e!r life evolves out ( metaphysic or metaphysic out ( life4 ,ev5 if our age rejects a metaphysic ( ?is k9d also1 if x surr5d]s itself )\t resi/ance to ! inconsi/5cies ( ! _w ( s5se1 ?is w\ld be ! la/ ?+ :i* c\ld det] u f an appeal to metaphysic4 ,= ! inn] cleavages & ! sup]ficiality ( ! life ( our "t--& we saw reason to believe t ^! are facts--/& 9 ! close/ relation to ! rejection ( metaphysics3 ?is rejection has made ! age inw>dly insignificant4 ,if an indirect pro( ( ! necessity ( a revolution>y trans=mation ( life1 & at ! same "t ( a metaphysic may be (f]$1 our age furni%es "o q suffici5t 9 its own exp]i5ces2 its opposition c be only a recomm5dation ( an appeal to metaphysic4 ,! "o ma9 !sis :i* x is ess5tially necess>y to e/abli% is analys$ 9 suffici5t detail ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( our inve/igation2 x simply sums up t :i* has already be5 advanc$ po9t by po9t4 ,! intol]able contradiction arises1 z we saw1 f ?is1 t ! spiritual life ) its new _w %\ld be a product ( m]e man1 & t t life %\ld rema9 )9 man & at ! same "t lead 9 its ess5ce beyond him4 ,?is contradiction _c be ov]come o!rwise ?an by our recognis+ & ackn[l$g+ 9 ! spiritual life a univ]sal life1 :i* transc5ds man1 is %>$ by him1 & raises him to itself4 ,t ?is transition br+s ) x a *ange 9 ! appe>ance ( life & ( ! _w z a :ole1 & t z a result our /riv+ is br\ght "u entirely diff]5t conditions1 ne$s m detail$ pres5tation4 7b7 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,ma9 ,,!sis #a4 ,! ,ma9 ,!sis & ! ,possibility ( a ,new ,sy/em ( ,life 7a7 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,spiritual ,life to ,indep5d5ce ,our inve/igation rea*$ its highe/ po9t 9 ! dem& t ! spiritual life %\ld become indep5d5t ( man4 ,man _c produce a spiritual life ( 8 own capacity3 a spiritual _w mu/ imp>t itself to him & raise him to itself4 ,x mu/ be %[n t ?is does n by any means signify only a *ange ( "n1 a new labell+ ( an old possession1 b implies f>-rea*+ *anges1 & inde$ involves a complete rev]sal ( ! fir/ condition4 ,at ! same "t ! c\rse ( ! inve/igation mu/ e/abli% t ?is transition to ! spiritual life is n some?+ subsequ5tly inf]r$ or (f]$ simply = ! explanation ( an o!rwise un9telligible fact1 b t x w\ld ov]come a false appe>ance1 & help a misund]/ood tru? to its "r4 ,! fact t is affirm$ %\ld become an imm$iate exp]i5ce ( "o's own & %\ld advance life r ?an k4 ,only ! :ole inve/igation & n an introductory consid]ation c furni% a pro( ( our cont5tion4 ,!re are )9 our own s\l di/9ctive movem5ts t5d+ 9 directions diff]5t f ^? ( nature4 ,we recognis$ t !re is a life :i* proce$s f "s k9d ( compreh5sive :ole2 a life :i* transc5ds ! opposition ( subject & object1 & evolves a self-consci\sness 9 contra/ ) ! relation to ext]nals4 ,all ^! features pres5t a q diff]5t appe>ance1 =m a m coh]5t :ole1 & w occupy a m def9ite position 9 ! repres5tation ( reality1 if 9 !m an indep5d5t life sup]ior to m]e man is recognis$ & ackn[l$g$4 ,! pr9cipal reason = ?is is t x is only by means ( t deliv]ance f ! simply human t ! new life is able to express its own nature cle>ly & to realise z "p ( its own nature :at o!rwise seem$ to h its s\rce 9 some?+ ext]nal4 ,! individual traits t we become aw>e ( are ! revelation ( a univ]sal life1 if !y are no long] reg>d$ z limit$ by ! idiosyncrasies ( ! human4 ,) ?is ackn[l$gm5t !y c ga9 asc5dancy ov] man & prove _! p[] ^u him4 ,we saw t x is *>act]i/ic ( ! spiritual life t x is liv$ f ! :ole2 ! elem5ts are fa%ion$ by a compreh5sive unity2 ! diff]5t complexes & t5d5cies :i* arise 9 ?is life /rive ultimately t[>ds a s+le aim4 ,we saw also t x 0 absolutely impossible t ! t5d5cy to univ]sality %\ld be orig9at$ by man1 ^: *ief movem5t is t[>ds diff]5tiation & division2 &1 fur!r1 t x %\ld be realis$ by him 9 face ( ! opposition ( nature1 :i* ext5ds to ! immeasurable 9 matt]s great & small4 ,! unity t is necess>y = ?is _c arise out ( ! _m z an ultimate result2 x mu/ be orig9al & be op]ative f ! beg9n+4 ,we may po/ulate su* a unity only if ! spiritual life is itself a univ]sal life transc5d+ t ( ! isolat$ individuals2 if x be>s 9 itself a unity :i* takes ! multiplicity up into itself4 ,& s ! :ole f an ab/ract conception is = ! fir/ "t rais$ to a liv+ reality2 & only on ?us becom+ a reality c x ex]cise a di/9ctive p[] ^u individuals & 9 contra/ to individuals2 & inw>dly unite & ess5tially raise !m4 ,only 9 ?is way is x conceivable t ano!r k9d ( activity hav+ its s\rce )9 ! s\l may ex]t itself 9 opposition to ! me*anism ( nature & transc5d x2 & t selfi%ness & spiritual weakness may 9 "s way be ov]come4 ,man1 s f> z he %>es 9 ! spiritual life1 is m ?an a m]e individual2 a univ]sal life becomes 8 own & works )9 him z a p[] ( 8 life4 ,fur!r1 ! tak+ up ( ! object into ! life-process1 ! transc5d5ce ( ! anti!sis ( subject & object1 is *>act]i/ic ( ! spiritual life4 ,b ?is rema9$ an inn] contradiction1 a complete impossibility s long z ! spiritual life 0 reg>d$ z an occurr5ce 9 a be+ :o1 ) a clos$ nature1 /&s ov] aga9/ ?+s z ?\gh !y 7 ali52 & :o c take up no?+ into himself )\t accommodat+ x to 8 own p>ticul> nature4 ,! contradiction is remov$ only :5 ! spiritual becomes indep5d5t2 = !n bo? sides ( ! anti!sis come to belong to ea* o!r & are relat$ to ea* o!r 9 a s+le life2 & a life transc5d+ ! division may develop1 a life t produces ! anti!sis f )91 lives 9 ! diff]5t sides & seeks 9 !m its own p]fection4 ,! life-process is n[ se5 to be a movem5t t is nei!r f object to subject1 nor f subject to object2 nei!r ! subject's atta9m5t ( cont5t f ! object1 nor ! object's becom+ controll$ by ! subject1 b an advance ( a self-consci\s life 9 & ?r\gh ! anti!sis4 ,life1 by ?is movem5t1 ceases to be a s+le1 ?9 ?read2 x w9s bread?2 x exp&s to an inn] univ]sality4 ,at ! same "t a dep? is manife/$ 9 t a p]si/5t & compreh5sive activity em]ges :i* lives 9 ! anti!sis4 ,9 ?is mann] life fir/ becomes a life 9 a spiritual s5se1 a self-consci\s & self-det]m9+ life1 a self-consci\sness4 ,t ?is *ange is possible & br+s ) x a new type ( life is %[n ) complete cle>ness by exp]i5ce 9 ! sep>ate dep>tm5ts ( ! spiritual life4 ,?us1 arti/ic creation at its highe/ is nei!r ! production ( ! true/ possible copy ( an ext]nal object1 ! arti/ pa9fully ab/a9+ f all subjective addition2 nor a pres5tation ( subjective situations & moods1 ! arti/ endeav\r+ to ! utmo/ to avoid ev]y?+ objective2 b a transc5d5ce ( ! opposition ( s\lless objectivity & empty subjectivity by an art t is sov]eign1 autonom\s1 & ) a "* ( its own2 ! creative activity belong+ to :i* gives life f ! s\l to ! object1 & m\lds ! s\l by means ( ! object4 ,?is k9d ( arti/ic creation is direct$ prim>ily t[>ds an inn] tru?1 n t[>ds a tru? t is produc$ by ! object1 b "o t arises only 9 ! contact ( ! object ) ! s\l4 ,x is manife/ t creation is effect$ "h n z an int]action betwe5 subject & object1 b above & ?r\gh ?is anti!sis2 x is only by transc5d+ ! anti!sis t ! arti/ c give himself 9 8 "w1 l5d to x a s\l1 place an inf9ity )9 x4 ,9 ?is respect conduct manife/s a "* simil> to t ( creation4 ,conduct w\ld nev] atta9 an inn] /ability & ent] ^u an indep5d5t c\rse1 if x c\ld n raise itself above ! opposition ( a submission to ord]s t are =c$ ^u x f )\t1 & a m]e play ( subjective incl9ation2 if x 7 n able to become ! self-ass]tion & self-developm5t ( a life transc5d+ t opposition4 ,at ?is po9t also ! ackn[l$gm5t ( an indep5d5t spiritual life tea*es u to compreh5d z a :ole t :i*1 9 a _m-sid$ developm5t1 ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( life %[ to be real4 ,! obscurity 9 :i* ! conception ( inw>dness 0 hi!rto involv$ beg9s to disappe> :5 ! spiritual life is no long] reg>d$ z supplem5t>y b z an indep5d5t life4 ,x _c be d5i$ t1 )9 humanity1 !re is an endeav\r to develop ! life ( ! s\l to a /ate ( self-det]m9+ activity &1 at ! same "t1 to free t life f ! bondage to s5se 9 :i* x rema9s at ! level ( nature4 ,yet1 def9ite affirmation t %all correspond to ! negation ( s5se has be5 lack+2 x has n be5 cle> h[ inw>dness might f9d cont5t & *>act]i/ic =ms2 !re has be5 no advance f ! subjective to ! sub/antial4 ,b s9ce a univ]sal activity is op]ative )9 ! multiplicity & ?r\gh ! division1 & s9ce x sets itself 9 ! division & f ?is returns to itself1 a self-consci\s inw>dness becomes conceivable :i* has a life ( its own ) new exp]i5ces4 ,s9ce )9 ?is life to receive presupposes ! compreh5d+ p[] & ! self-det]m9+ activity ( a vital :ole1 some?+ o!r ?an s5se is able to evolve & ?r\gh all ! p]si/5ce ( s5se to become ! *ief matt]4 ,! spiritual life is n direct$ to a reality adjac5t to x1 b evolves a reality out ( itself2 or r1 x evolves z a reality1 a k+dom1 a _w2 & s x advances f vague outl9e to m complete developm5t2 x /ruggles = itself1 = its own p]fection1 n = any?+ ext]nal4 ,x is directly impli$ 9 ! above conception t ! spiritual life is some?+ diff]5t f s+le psy*ical functions1 su* z cognition1 volition1 & ! l2 & t man1 s f> z he %>es 9 x1 is m ?an "o su* function or a sum ( su* functions4 ,= ^! functions come "u ! anti!sis ( subject & object1 :ile ! spiritual life transc5ds x4 ,x is also cle> t ! spiritual life does n *ange ?is or t 9 a life :i* already exi/s1 or add ?is or t to x1 b t x introduces a new k9d ( life--a life by :i* man is di/+ui%$ cle>ly f ev]y?+ inf]ior to him4 ,if ! spiritual life is an evolution ( a reality 9 ! life-process1 !n ! "q arises z to h[ ?is reality is relat$ to ! _w t imm$iate exp]i5ce %[s u to be surr\nd$ by4 ,z surely z man 9 8 subjective reflection is able to free himself f ! _w & to place himself 9 opposition to x1 s !re c be no d\bt t ! spiritual life belongs to ! p]man5t reality ( ! _w &1 z we see x1 gr[s up out ( its movem5t4 ,! transition to an indep5d5t inw>dness is n some?+ :i* happ5s ext]nally to ! _w b )9 x3 no special sph]e1 sep>ate f all ! re/1 is orig9at$2 b reality itself evolves an inn] life3 x is ! _w itself t reveals a spiritual dep?1 or1 z we might say1 a s\l4 ,we are n ju/ifi$ 9 d\bt+ & attack+ ?is view simply because ! spiritual life meets u only 9 man1 & ?us1 9 contra/ ) ! inf9ity ( nature1 is 9 its ext]nal manife/ation s insignificant4 ,= some?+ ess5tially new appe>s 9 x1 some?+ t involves ano!r ord] ( ?+s3 ! fact t little falls )9 our range ( vision is 9 ?is connection n at all relevant4 ,if anyone is di/urb$ & driv5 to d5ial by ! ext]nal insignificance ( ! manife/ations ( ! spiritual life1 he %[s only t he misund]/&s :at is di/9ctive & revolutionis+ 9 t life4 ,! spiritual life is n to be ?\ght ( m]ely 9 ref]5ce to ! exp]i5ces ( ! individual1 b also to ! "w ( humanity1 to hi/ory1 to ! advance ( culture4 ,all ^! %[ u a developm5t ( life t pres5ts ! _w f a new side2 & ?is mu/ be an important factor 9 ! e/imation ( ! _w1 especially if ! spiritual is recognis$ z hav+ a life indep5d5t ( man4 ,! inw>d mu/ necess>ily pres5t itself z ! fundam5tal & ! compreh5sive2 z t :i* 9 its invisibility su/a9s1 dom9ates1 & unifies ! visible _w4 ,nature1 :i* !re 0 a t5d5cy to reg>d z ! :ole1 is n[ ( ! ess5ce ( a wid] reality & a /age 9 its developm5t2 & x is impossible = ! conception =m$ f x to be regulative ( ! :ole4 ,ultimately1 !re=e1 reality _c be reg>d$ z some?+ dead1 deta*$1 & giv53 x signifies to u some?+ liv+1 some?+ exp]i5c$ 9 itself1 some?+ su/a9$ by incessant activity4 ,at ! same "t1 ! lat5ess ( ! appe>ance ( ! spiritual life )9 our realm & ! _m ways 9 :i* ?is appe>ance is condition$ =ce u to ackn[l$ge t ! life ( ! _w z a :ole has a hi/ory4 ,! conception ( hi/ory t we h become famili> ) 9 its application to nature & to ! spiritual life ?r\gh\t is n[ ext5d$ to ! relation betwe5 ! two4 ,h[ev] _m my/]ies x yet involves1 def9ite progress 9 our conception ( ! _w mu/ be admitt$4 ,mo/ ( all x is man ) 8 life & endeav\r t appe>s 9 a new light4 ,two worlds meet toge!r 9 him1 &1 inde$1 n m]ely 9 su* a mann] t he provides ! place 9 :i* !y meet & ent] into conflict1 b s t he acquires an indep5d5t p>ticipation 9 ! new _w1 & ?r\gh 8 own decision co-op]ates 9 its developm5t4 ,= spiritual life1 ) its self-det]m9+ activity1 c nev] become itself z a m]e effect2 to become ?is x mu/ be appreh5d$ & r\s$ to activity z cause4 ,b x is cause & animat+ p[] only 9 its be+ z a :ole2 s1 z a :ole x mu/ be pres5t to man & become 8 own life4 ,?us1 9 contra/ to ! p>ticul>ity ( 8 natural exi/5ce1 a life hav+ its s\rce 9 ! inf9ite gr[s up )9 him3 9 ! =m] a m]e "p ( a _w2 9 ! latt] he becomes a _w 9 himself3 9 ! "o1 b\nd up ) ! p>ticul> nature ( man2 9 ! o!r1 he is elevat$ above all p>ticul>ity to some?+ m ?an human1 to some?+ cosmic4 ,to su* *anges 9 ! cont5t ( life !re mu/ be correspond+ *anges 9 its =m4 ,empirical consci\sness ) its discret5ess & succession ( pres5tations & /ates _c possibly compreh5d ! new life2 to d t ! s\l mu/ acquire a great] dep?4 ,x mu/ be capable ( an activity :i*1 ) s+le phases1 ext5ds into ?is consci\sness1 b :i* z a :ole & 9 its creative "w mu/ transc5d x4 ,) ! ackn[l$gm5t ( an indep5d5t spiritual life 9 man two que/ions giv+ rise to diff]5t me?ods ( treatm5t necess>ily become di/+ui%$3 ! "o z to ! nature & ext5t ( ! spiritual t is reveal$ 9 him2 & ! o!r1 h[1 "u ! specific conditions ( 8 nature1 x em]ges & e/abli%es itself4 ,x w become evid5t h[ important x is to di/+ui% ^! suffici5tly1 & yet on ! o!r h& to associate !m closely4 7b7 ,! ,dem&s ( a ,new ,sy/em ( ,life ,if ! ackn[l$gm5t ( an indep5d5t spirituality ?us alt]s ! view ( reality z a :ole1 & 9 p>ticul> ( man1 we are fac$ ) ! "q :e!r we may n atta9 a new syn!sis ?r\gh ?is spirituality1 & :e!r x does n beg9 a *>act]i/ic =mation ( our _w4 ,our treatm5t ( ! philosophies ( life ( ! pres5t day makes x possible = u to approa* ?is "q ) def9ite dem&s4 ,we saw life bran* (f 9 diff]5t movem5ts1 ea* ( :i* took up into itself a weal? ( fact2 b we f\nd none ( !m /rong en\gh to absorb ! o!rs into itself1 or ev5 able to e/imate !m4 ,if life is n f9ally to fall into dissolution1 x ne$s1 9 contra/ to ^! movem5ts1 "o m univ]sal 9 "*1 & ?is c be m ?an a weak compromise only :5 !re is a /ill m fundam5tal relation ( life ?an t :i* ! developm5ts t we h consid]$ pr(f]$4 ,9 t case ! m orig9al basal relation ought to be able to manife/ itself z a presupposition ( ^? developm5ts2 x %\ld make intelligible h[ divisions c orig9ate 9 ! condition ( man2 9 p>ticul> x %\ld illum9ate ! opposition betwe5 ! ideali/ic & ! naturali/ic sy/ems ( life--an opposition :i*1 l a deep gulf1 divides ! life ( ! pres5t4 ,9 %ort1 x %\ld dep5d ^u :e!r ! *ange t results ) ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! indep5d5ce ( ! spiritual life makes x possible = u p]man5tly to transc5d ^? oppositions & to "w t[>ds _! reconciliation4 ,b we ought !n to see t1 ) its univ]sality1 ! sy/em ( life /riv5 = does n fall into a /ate vague & lack+ 9 "*4 ,?r\gh its :ole be+1 9 affirmation & 9 negation1 ! sy/em ( life mu/ def9itely express itself2 x mu/ syn!sise & diff]5tiate1 elevate & exclude4 ,b x w be able to d ?is only if x produces a new k9d ( life-process & a new web ( life3 only ?us c ess5tially new evaluations & tasks1 new exp]i5ces & g5u9e developm5ts1 orig9ate2 only ?us c life z a :ole be def9itely rais$4 ,( c\rse1 ?is new _c signify some?+ t has j be5 discov]$ & t has aris5 sudd5ly4 ,h[ c\ld x be a tru? :i* gives to u security1 & h[ c\ld x dom9ate our life1 if x is n root$ 9 our be+1 & if x _h n ex]t$ an influ5ce at all times8 ,b x makes a great diff]5ce :e!r ! new has be5 conceal$1 obscure & aga9/ ! t5d5cy ( our own activity2 or :e!r x is tak5 up fully 9 our own self-det]m9+ activity & !reby ess5tially advanc$4 ,if1 on ! "o h&1 ! new mu/ be some?+ old1 on ! o!r h& ! old mu/ become some?+ new if x is to lib]ate1 /r5g!n1 & elevate our life :]e its ne$s are s urg5t4 7c7 ,! ,spiritual ,basis ( ! ,sy/em ( ,life ,!re c be no d\bt t ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! indep5d5ce ( ! spiritual life involves ! recognition ( a new fundam5tal relation ( our life4 ,?is relation is no o!r ?an t ( man to ! spiritual _w1 :i* is imman5t 9 him & at ! same "t transc5ds him4 ,x is m orig9al ?an ! relations impli$ 9 ! sy/ems ( ! pres5t day2 = ^!1 ev5 ?\gh contr>y to _! own k & int5tion1 all presuppose ?is fundam5tal relation to ! spiritual life4 ,religion c\ld n be s viol5tly attack$ & s zeal\sly d5i$ by s _m1 if ! relation ( life to ,god 7 ! absolute relation & 7 pres5t be=e all o!rs4 ,! value ( religion dep5ds ess5tially ^u ! cont5t ( ! spiritual life :i* x s]ves4 ,) ! m]e relation ( life to a sup]natural p[]1 ! nature ( :i* is n m closely def9$--) m]e bl9d devotion--no?+ ( value is atta9$4 ,an hone/ religi\s attitude ( a =mal k9d c g toge!r1 on ! "o h&1 ) spiritual pov]ty & bl9dness1 &1 on ! o!r1 ) hatr$ & passion4 ,h[ sad ! condition ( ?+s 9 g5]al has (t5 be5 ev5 :5 religion has %[n a /rong developm5t ( p[]6 ,h[ (t5 ! help ( div9e p[] has be5 invok$ ev5 9 ! commission ( crime6 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! value ( religion & its effect on ! sub/ance ( life are measur$ accord+ to its spiritual cont5t1 !n ?is cont5t necess>ily becomes ! *ief object ( att5tion & conduct4 ,we c assure ourselves ( ! relation to a sup]natural p[] only f ! exp]i5ces ( ! spiritual life1 & n previ\sly to ?is life & indep5d5tly ( x4 ,! relation ( life to ! spiritual life mu/ !re=e necess>ily prec$e its relation to ,god2 life mu/ be c]ta9 ( a univ]sal spiritual "* be=e x c assume a truly religi\s "o4 ,we f9d ! case to be no diff]5t z reg>ds ! sy/em ( ,imman5t ,idealism4 ,x is op5 to consid]able d\bt :e!r ! _w z x lies be=e u c be look$ ^u z a pure unfold+ ( ! spiritual life1 z ?is ,idealism ass]ts4 ,9 any case1 = ! spiritual life to compreh5d ! _w )9 itself x mu/ itself be e/abli%$ z a univ]sal p[]1 & cle>ly di/+ui%$ f m]e man4 ,o!rwise ! way ( ,imman5t ,idealism leads to an an?ropomorphism ( a m ref9$ k9d2 & !re is a dang] t ! :ole _w :i* ?is sy/em *ampions may be criticis$ ho/ilely & reject$ z simply human4 ,imman5t ,idealism1 !re=e1 also po9ts to ! problem ( sub/antial spiritual life4 ,! naturali/ic sy/ems d ! same ?+ 9 a diff]5t way1 & ?is1 inde$1 9 contradiction to _! ma9 cont5tion4 ,=1 :5 !y attempt$ to produce a sy/em f !mselves1 !y c\ld a*ieve _! object only 9 t !y 7 implicitly bas$ ^u ! spiritual life1 & introduc$ aga9 indirectly t :i* !y _h previ\sly reject$4 ,!y are developm5ts ( ! spiritual life 9 p>ticul> directions & "u p>ticul> circum/ances3 !y ?9k t !y are able to accompli% out ( _! own res\rces some?+ :i* !y accompli% only ) ! help ( a fundam5tal spiritual life2 & s ! m consi/5t !y are 9 _! d5ial ( an indep5d5t spirituality ! m inevitably !y lose all int]nal coh]5ce4 ,?us f :atev] po9t we />t we come to ! "q ( an indep5d5t spirituality2 an answ] to ?is "q is involv$ 9 e sy/em ( life4 ,b z its implications are n di/9ctly recognis$1 x does n receive its prop] due4 ,if we consid] ! "q adequately1 x w be f\nd t a univ]sal life mu/ prec$e all diff]5tiation & division2 & t f ?is life ea* movem5t mu/ receive a new elucidation4 ,a multiplicity )9 ! :ole is q intelligible1 because x is a developm5t ( ! spiritual life1 n absolutely1 t is 9 "q1 b 9 relation to ! position ( man & "u ! conditions to :i* he is subject4 ,! desire to give great] /ability to our life 9 opposition to ! nev]-ceas+ fl[ ( appe>ances t con/itutes our imm$iate exi/5ce1 also compels u /rongly to emphasise ! importance ( ! relation to ! spiritual life1 :i* is ackn[l$g$ z indep5d5t4 ,)\t an elevation above ?is con/ant *ange all spiritual "w mu/ inevitably become dis9tegrat$1 & no tru? ( any k9d w\ld be possible to u4 ,9 ! ,mod]n ,age especially !re is a ke5 desire = a firm basis1 z a secure support ( life z a :ole4 ,b x is useless to seek ?is basis 9 life z we imm$iately exp]i5ce x1 :e!r 9 ?\ght1 9 activity1 or 9 any?+ else2 = 9 ! :ole life ( imm$iate exp]i5ce !re is no?+ t is free f *ange4 ,to seek ?is basis 9 a p>ticul> po9t is also to no purpose1 ev5 if "o c\ld be rais$ to a position above *ange2 = x c\ld n op]ate beyond itself 9 su* a way z to support ! re/ ( life4 ,if1 !re=e1 we w\ld n submit to a dissolution ( life1 we mu/ seek a basis = x beyond its imm$iate /ate & 9 a :ole ( life4 ,su* a :ole ( life is (f]$ only by ! spiritual life1 :i*1 transc5d+ man1 is also imman5t 9 him4 ,( c\rse ?is _c be tak5 possession ( imm$iately at ! beg9n+ ( ! j\rney ( life2 b x is held up to u z an aim1 & we c only gradually approa* x4 ,b h[ c\ld x op]ate )9 u ?us1 if our life _h n "s k9d ( p>ticipation 9 x f ! beg9n+2 if our life 7 n 9 "s way bas$ 9 ! spiritual life1 & 9 progressive activity only develop$ ! spiritual t is 9 x8 ,= unless we are bas$ 9 ! spiritual life we %\ld drift helplessly to & fro 9 unc]ta9ty1 & our endeav\r w\ld nev] be intelligible4 ,f ?is po9t ( view also1 our relation to ! spiritual life is se5 to be ! fundam5tal problem t mu/ prec$e all o!rs4 ,if !re c be no d\bt t ! problem ( life is compreh5d$ mo/ univ]sally :5 we view x 9 relation to ! spiritual life1 !re may be all ! m unc]ta9ty :e!r all *>act]i/ic =m &1 ) x1 all deep-rea*+ effect are n lo/ by reason ( ?is univ]sality4 ,if ! conception ( ! spiritual life involv$ its usual vagu5ess1 ?is w\ld 9 reality be ! case1 = rec\rse to x w\ld n effect any fundam5tal trans=mation ( ! imm$iate condition ( life2 & we %\ld n rise above ! m]e comb9ation ( its v>i\s movem5ts4 ,! case is q o!rwise if ! spiritual life is di/+ui%$ cle>ly f ! human & is ackn[l$g$ to be an indep5d5t _w4 ,s und]/ood1 x mu/ %[ a p>ticul> cont5t1 a new /ructure ( life1 & mu/ give a di/9ct =m to ev]y?+ t x takes up into itself4 ,x is necess>y to consid]1 also1 its relation to ! _w ( s5se1 & we may expect to be fac$ 9 ?is matt] ) complications & problems t w agitate our life 9 its :ole ext5t1 & set x 9 a new light4 ,9 ! spiritual life we recognis$ a new _w1 a realm ( inw>dness1 :i* has become indep5d5t4 ,)9 ?is realm life _c be direct$ to some?+ ali51 b c be occupi$ only ) itself1 ) its own developm5t4 ,its exp]i5ces _c be relat$ to ext]nals2 !y mu/ lie 9 itself4 ,n[1 h we any k ( a movem5t t rea*es back 9 ?is mann] to ! elem5ts ( life8 ,we p]ceive a movem5t ( ?is k9d cle>ly en\gh4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all developm5t ( ! spiritual life %[s1 ev5 )9 ! individual1 ! attribute t a univ]sal mode ( ?\ght1 conviction1 disposition1 sets itself 9 ! s+le function & cont9ues pres5t )9 x4 ,! t5d5cies & manife/ations ( ! spiritual are n all at ! same level ( developm5t1 b s9ce a univ]sal activity1 a compreh5sive & p]si/5t de$1 is pres5t 9 ! p>ticul> manife/ation1 ! process acquires a dep?1 & a s+le act is able to give expression to a t5d5cy ( ! :ole z well z to react ^u x4 ,b ?is movem5t ext5ds beyond ! imm$iate /ate ( ! s\l ( ! individual to spiritual "w1 & gives x a p>ticul> =m4 ,life z a :ole1 z reality's consci\sness ( itself1 may be reg>d$ z ?r\gh\t capable ( a multiplicity1 z conta9+ )9 itself diff]5t sides & possibilities4 ,s9ce its evolution produces ?is multiplicity1 life z a :ole c express itself 9 ! individual aspects & t5d5cies2 exp& !m till !y become diff]5t dep>tm5ts2 exp]i5ce itself 9 p>ticul> ways 9 ^! dep>tm5ts1 & 9 s do+ a*ieve a developm5t ( its own2 x is able also to br+ ^! dep>tm5ts & _! developm5ts into _! relation to "o ano!r4 ,s9ce ?us1 )9 ! _w z a :ole1 life conc5trates 9 diff]5t ways1 & ! p>ticul> t5d5cies :i* ?us arise meet & ent] into conflict ) "o ano!r1 & s9ce _! conflict is 9 p>ticul> a conte/ to det]m9e ! =m ( ! :ole1 !re is reveal$ ! prospect ( a weal? ( exp]i5ces :i* come n f )\t b out ( ! movem5t ( life itself1 & spr+ f its occupation ) itself4 ,! conflict betwe5 ! diff]5t movem5ts ( life mu/ br+ ! :ole into a /ate ( t5sion & lead x to fur!r developm5t4 ,9 ! progressive =mation ( itself1 9 ! developm5t ( a reality consci\s ( itself1 life ?r\gh its movem5t f9ds itself & develops a cont5t4 ,?is movem5t w summon all ! psy*ical p[]s ( man to activity2 x _c possibly proce$ f !m4 ,if we are to take "p 9 ! build+ up ( t inn] _w1 a spiritual creative activity f ! basis ( our be+ mu/ be op]ative ?r\gh ^! psy*ical functions1 unit+ !m1 & apply+ !m z means & in/rum5ts4 ,if1 = u m51 life becomes consci\s ( its cont5t only ?r\gh movem5t & conflict1 nev]!less ?is cont5t may n be reg>d$ z ultimately proce$+ f !m4 ,if1 z a :ole1 life did n transc5d movem5t & conflict1 if ! latt] 7 n includ$ )9 a self-consci\s & self-det]m9+ life1 !n !y c\ld yield no inn] result1 & c\ld n lead to ! fur!r developm5t ( ! :ole4 ,! attempts to d]ive ?is self-consci\s & self-det]m9+ life f ontological conceptions su* z be+1 :ole1 movem5t1 & s on1 z ! old] metaphysics (t5 und]took to d2 or ! t5d5cy to treat x only z a supplem5t to !m1 are to be dismiss$ mo/ decisively4 ,! fundam5tal qualities t ! spiritual life evolves always presuppose a self-consci\s life & become intelligible only 9 relation to x4 ,)\t x1 ! conceptions ( ! true & ! good rema9 9 complete obscurity1 z w be %[n lat] 9 m detail4 ,if our human reflection (t5 advances f ! indef9ite to ! def9ite1 f ! ab/ract to ! concrete1 ?is does n involve t ! latt] is orig9at$ f ! =m]3 ! advance c\ld n be a*iev$ unless t :i* comes at ! end 0 op]ative f ! beg9n+ z its basis & presupposition4 ,if a self-consci\s life unfolds itself ) an increas+ cont5t ?r\gh all dep>tm5ts & activities ( life1 !n ^! dep>tm5ts w h _! mean+ & _! value prim>ily 9 t :i* !y accompli% = ! fur!r developm5t ( t life1 & 9 ! p>ticul> t5d5cies t !y add to x3 ?is yields a treatm5t & a /&>d ( value diff]5t f ^? :i* we are l$ to if we make ! psy*ical /ates ( ! individual our />t+-po9t4 ,! treatm5t ( religion1 = example1 z a m]e occurr5ce ( an unre/ra9$ psy*ical life may und]/& by religion a p>ticul> agitation ( ?is or t psy*ical function2 b ) ?is we d n obta9 a spiritual cont5t4 ,aga91 x is n evid5t h[ a _w ( ?\ght =m$ f su* an individual psy*ical life c\ld acquire an indep5d5ce ( man1 & lift him above ! position 9 :i* x f9ds him4 ,! problem ( religion atta9s q a diff]5t basis if ! spiritual movem5ts & cont5ts :i* em]ge ) x are emphasis$2 ) ?is x develops & discloses ! reality ( ! spiritual life m deeply4 ,!n ?r\gh x we may discov] & w9 some?+ t alt]s ! condition ( life1 transc5ds ! imm$iate life ( ! s\l1 & is able to ex]t an elevat+ influ5ce ^u man4 ,! value & ! tru? ( a p>ticul> religion w be judg$ 9 ! fir/ place by ! nature ( ! spiritual sub/ance t x (f]s1 & ! degree 9 :i*1 9 its advance1 x is able to jo9 itself to ! movem5t ( life z a :ole & to guide x fur!r4 ,a great div]g5ce is possible betwe5 ?is spiritual sub/ance & ! movem5t & passion t call =? a religion on ! basis ( humanity3 ! real is1 9 human relations1 by no means )\t fur!r consid]ation to be reg>d$ z rational4 ,! case ( ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( life is ! same z t ( religion3 ! "* & ! value ( all a*ievem5t dep5d entirely ^u ! range & ! k9d ( sub/antial spirituality t !y evolve4 ,! same is valid ( :ole epo*s & cultures1 ( peoples & individuals4 ,! ex]tion ( ! greate/ en]gy ^u ext]nals & ! mo/ revolution>y trans=mation ( human conditions _c protect u f becom+ inw>dly de/itute1 or lead u beyond m]e appe>ance to g5u9e reality4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! exp]i5ce ( hi/ory %[s (t5 en\gh t spiritual revivals h be5 accompani$ 9 _! orig9 & gr[? by manife/ations ext]nally insignificant2 & t some?+ :i* /ruggles aga9/ ! broad /ream ( human life fundam5tally *anges ! /&>ds & values ( our exi/5ce4 ,our :ole spiritual life1 !re=e1 con/itutes a problem2 x is an indefatigable seek+ & press+ =w>d4 ,9 self-consci\sness ! framework is giv5 :i* has to be fill$2 9 x we h acquir$ only ! basis ^u :i* ! sup]/ructure has to be rais$4 ,we h to f9d exp]i5ces 9 life itself1 to reveal some?+ new1 to develop life1 to increase its range & its dep?4 ,! endeav\r to advance 9 spirituality1 to w9 itself ?r\gh /ruggle1 is ! s\l ( ! life ( ! individual & ( ! "w ( univ]sal hi/ory3 :]e !re is no endeav\r ( ?is k9d1 !re is no true life & no g5u9e hi/ory2 our activity 9 relation to ! _w z a :ole assumes a diff]5t =m1 & ! _w is repres5t$ diff]5tly & pres5ts to u diff]5t problems accord+ to t :i* is atta9$ "h 9 ! basal /ructure ( life4 ,life's /ruggle = itself1 = its own cont5t1 its own tru?1 is ! greate/ & mo/ int5se ( all /ruggles4 ,! passion :i* animates all ! endeav\r aft] a revelation ( life & to w9 life itself is no o!r ?an ! desire = a g5u9e reality3 = a be+ )9 ! activity1 = a full z oppos$ to an empty life4 ,if ! =mation ( reality f )9 once beg9s1 & ! desire = a sub/antial inw>dness ga9s ! day ov] ! m]ely subjective1 !n ! intol]able inadequacy ( all t is usually call$ life is b\nd to be /rongly felt4 ,! gr[? ( intellig5ce has l$ man beyond ! life ( nature & its bl9d actuality4 ,9 intellig5ce1 ! inn] life already proves f> too indep5d5t to be satisfi$ ) be+ a m]e appe>ance accompany+ nature4 ,) ?is evolution ! psy*ical p[]s w9 a great] fre$om1 & man is able to face 8 environm5t m boldly3 inde$1 9 8 ?\ght he c grasp an inf9ity2 & 9 ar\s+ & us+ all 8 p[]s he may hope f 8 own position1 9 ! int]action ( subject & environm5t1 to give to life a cont5t1 & ?us to make x a g5u9e life4 ,b "h ! limitation ( man & ! contradictory "* ( life z x is imm$iately exp]i5c$ soon come to be felt4 ,all ! r\s+ ( =ces1 all ! pass+ backw>ds & =w>ds betwe5 subject & object t we exp]i5ce 9 ! imm$iate condition ( life1 does n lead beyond int]action1 & yields no cont5t3 x does n raise life to a self-consci\s & self-det]m9+ life2 s t1 9 spite ( all its activity1 our life 9 ?is condition rema9s inw>dly ali54 ,!re is ?us an enorm\s disp>ity betwe5 ! means t are (f]$ & ! aims t are rea*$2 an inw>d unre/2 an incessant conflict1 )\t any prospect ( victory1 aga9/ ! ev]-recurr+ t5d5cy to become spiritually de/itute2 a /ate ( dissatisfaction 9 ! mid/ ( all results ( an ext]nal k9d4 ,only ! revelation ( a self-consci\s life1 a life :i* itself evolves z a reality1 c be ! s\rce ( progress1 & lead f appe>ances & %ad[s to a g5u9e life4 ,x is app>5t t ) su* an aim a task is pres5t$ t dom9ates & compreh5ds ! :ole ext5t ( our exi/5ce4 ,we h to take up ev]y?+ into t self-consci\s & self-det]m9+ life & to trans=m ! condition ( life z x lies imm$iately be=e u4 ,a dem& ( ?is k9d is n limit$ to a *ange ( ?is or t2 x implies a complete trans=mation & r5ewal4 ,x n only involves ! :ole multiplicity ( life1 b x mu/ also itself t5d to br+ ab\t an increase 9 ! multiplicity2 inde$1 ?is task fir/ gives ! multiplicity a firm f\ndation & an inn] value4 ,= ! developm5t & ! =mation ( self-consci\s life1 x is ess5tial1 z we saw1 t life conc5trate 9 p>ticul> t5d5cies & dep>tm5ts2 t ! :ole place itself 9 !m1 & return to itself f !m2 & t by ?is !y develop a life ( _! own & give rise to _! own exp]i5ces4 ,to act ?us1 to advance ! :ole 9 its own developm5t1 ! individual conc5trations ( life mu/ possess an inn] spiritual unity :i* compreh5ds & dom9ates all multiplicity4 ,?is is se5 9 ! case ( individuals1 peoples1 epo*s1 & :ole civilisations3 only by ov]com+ ! /ate ( confusion & division 9 :i* !y at fir/ f9d !mselves d !y come to wre/le ) ! spiritual life z a :ole & w9 a spiritual "*4 ,^! unities ( life1 h[ev]1 w ent] into ! mo/ div]se relations ) ! :ole & ) "o ano!r2 & s9ce 9 s do+ !y fur!r self-consci\s & self-det]m9+ life1 !y develop reality )\t limit4 ,f all ! facts we h consid]$ we see t1 ) ! atta9m5t ( indep5d5ce by ! spiritual life1 !re em]ges a di/9ctive k9d ( be+ :i* ev]y:]e ex]ts its activity1 holds up a new aim1 & desires a trans=mation3 life is = ! fir/ "t plac$ on a firm f\ndation1 & tak5 possession ( 9 ! deepe/ s\rce ( its movem5t4 7d7 ,human ,exi/5ce ,= ! con/ruction ( a new sy/em ( life1 ?is indep5d5t nature ( ! spiritual life is prim>y & mo/ ess5tial4 ,su* con/ruction is dep5d5t 9 ! second place ^u ! relation 9 :i* ! developm5t ( ! self-consci\s & self-det]m9+ life ( reality /&s to ! position & to ! activity ( man2 9 p>ticul> :e!r x w9s ?is position & activity = itself ) ease or meets ) def9ite opposition4 ,n[1 !re _c be any d\bt t ! recognition ( ! fact ( ! developm5t ( ! spiritual life to indep5d5ce ( man1 z we trac$ x1 mu/ make u feel t ! /ate ( ?+s at ! usual level ( human life is mo/ unsatisfactory4 ,x is n t "o or ano!r aspect is inadequate1 b t z a :ole x is def9itely oppos$ to ! requirem5ts ( an indep5d5t spiritual life4 ,= ! spirituality t is evolv$ "h is treat$ = ! mo/ "p z a m]e means 9 ! pursuit ( human welf>e4 ,civilisation1 at ! level at :i* we are mo/ accu/om$ to x1 lifts man above m]e nature1 b at ! same "t x =ces him into rivalry & conflict ) 8 equals1 & leads him to expect happ9ess f victory4 ,?is is ! case n only among individuals b also among nations4 ,s9ce ! desire & ! conflict = m g5]ate an indescribable am\nt ( excitem5t & passion1 life seems to be full1 :]eas 9 reality x is entirely lack+ 9 cont5t1 & beh9d ! tumult is felt to be empty4 ,b man has no int5tion ( giv+ up all claim to a %>e 9 g5u9e spirituality3 & s he gives a bett] outw>d appe>ance to 8 endeav\r & 8 conduct1 & practises deceit ^u himself z well z ^u o!rs4 ,g5u9e spiritual life _c possibly proce$ f circum/ances s contradictory & s confus$4 ,nei!r c su* circum/ances produce ! conc5tration ( life t is necess>y = ! /r5g!n+ & advancem5t ( ! spiritual life4 ,x is n ! abuse ( "s "o ?+ t provokes attack3 x is n a p>ticul> fail+1 b ! ord9>y daily c\rse :i*1 unresi/+ly1 man is accu/om$ to accept z 8 _w1 t %[s 9 its successes no less ?an 9 its failures ! greate/ div]g5ce f g5u9e spirituality4 ,x is j at ! po9t :]e man becomes pr\d ( 8 own do+s & makes mu* o/5tati\s display t he c lea/ ( all conceal ! spiritual pov]ty & ! fooli%ness ( 8 way ( ?9k+4 ,attempts to attribute ! responsibility ( all limitation to man & 8 w1 to f9d ! root ( all evil 9 ! moral fail+s ( humanity1 h n be5 want+4 ,univ]sal religions h giv5 ^! attempts an embodim5t4 ,x has seem$ z ?\gh ! h>mony ( reality is only di/urb$ by man1 & z ?\gh 8 moral re/oration 7 ! only ?+ necess>y to lead to all good4 ,to be sure1 su* a way ( ?9k+ manife/s a disposition ( great s]i\sness1 & x may appeal to ! fact t ! p]plexity ( our exi/5ce is n[h]e m real ?an 9 ref]5ce to ! e?ical problem4 ,/ill1 !re is no possibility ( d\bt = ! man ( ! ,mod]n ,age t ?is conception is too n>r[2 t x n only contradicts indisputable impressions & exp]i5ces1 b also takes ! "q mu* too subjectively & too an?ropomorphically1 & ?us falls into ! dang] ( do+ h>m to ! cause t x wi%es to s]ve4 ,x is n simply our disposition1 x is our be+ z a :ole & ! circum/ances t we are 91 :i* ob/9ately oppose ! em]g5ce & ! developm5t ( an indep5d5t spiritual _w4 ,x is ! mo/ elem5t>y =ms ( life !mselves t prev5t ! elevation ( our exi/5ce to ! level ( a g5u9e spiritual life4 ,we _c bl9d ourselves to ! fact t ! great] "p ( our life is b\nd up ) a =m ( exi/5ce 9 :i* x is n able to embrace ! spiritual life4 ,any k9d ( appropriation ( ! spiritual--if x is at all possible--c be effect$ !re=e only 9 opposition to t =m ( exi/5ce4 ,9 g5u9e spiritual life all movem5t %\ld proce$ f ! :ole & %\ld be su/a9$ by ! :ole1 ev5 :5 x is conc5trat$ 9 ! individual dep>tm5ts & t5d5cies4 ,human exi/5ce pres5ts ! spectacle ( individuals rang$ side by side2 & if a movem5t to ov]come ! orig9al in]tia is to beg9 at all1 _! impulses1 _! desire = happ9ess1 & _! conflicts are necess>y4 ,! spiritual life kn[s no limits2 x works & creates f ! inf9ite :ole3 ! individual is n>r[ly limit$1 & ) all 8 activity & "w con/itutes b a t9y po9t 9 ! inf9ite :ole4 ,! spiritual life pres5ts its cont5t z transc5d+ "t2 ev5 if = u x is only gradually reveal$1 "t is 9 ?is a m]e means to ! pres5tation ( an et]nal & immutable tru?3 man1 h[ev]1 drifts ) "t2 is dep5d5t ^u ! mom5t>y situation1 & exp]i5ces himself 9 an incessant *ange3 h[ c he compreh5d ! et]nal8 ,spiritual creation is effect$ 9 ! transc5d+ ( ! anti!sis ( subject & object3 human endeav\r is condition$ by ?is anti!sis4 ,! =m] ) its self-det]m9+ activity ov]comes f )9 ! atta*m5t to s5se3 man ev5 9 ! highe/ flight ( 8 endeav\r _c )draw himself f x4 ,f ! altitudes occupi$ by ! spiritual life submission to ! impulses & ! goods ( s5se seems to be some?+ mean & base3 & yet )\t ^! man _c possibly pres]ve 8 life2 he has n conf]r$ s5su\s ne$s & desires ^u himself by an act ( w1 b f9ds himself end[$ ) !m f ! beg9n+4 ,spiritual life ) its =mation f )9 bani%es f itself all me*anism2 all compulsion ( bl9d actuality3 )\t a me*anism 9 ?\ght & 9 conduct1 )\t habits & me?ods det]m9$ by cu/om1 human life _c atta9 to an endur+ /ability ei!r 9 ! case ( ! individual or 9 t ( society4 ,?us1 ?r\gh ! ev]-pres5t necessity ( self-pres]vation & self-r5ewal1 human life is compulsorily relat$ to some?+1 b\nd to some?+1 t n only is n adequate to fulfil ! tasks ( an indep5d5t spiritual life1 b is directly oppos$ to !m4 ,!re is some?+ 9 our life :i* we _c disp5se )1 yet :i*1 f ! spiritual po9t ( view1 x is an imp]ative duty to %ake (f4 ,we see cle>ly en\gh t x is n m]ely our w t is 9 play1 b t two worlds conflict )9 u1 & t ! _w to :i* we prim>ily belong1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( exp]i5ce1 holds u fix$ ) sup]ior p[]1 & draws back to itself all movem5t :i* /rives upw>d4 ,if1 9 p>ticul>1 ! dimness & ! weakness ( ! spiritual life 9 man2 its sev]ance f its s\rce2 its dis9tegration into isolat$ p[]s2 &1 f9ally1 ! moral p]v]sity :i* human exi/5ce exhibits1 & ! debasem5t ( spiritual p[] to a m]e means = natural or social self-pres]vation1 become cle> to u1 !n x is evid5t t a compromise betwe5 su* a pitiable & %all[ confusion & a g5u9e spiritual life is absolutely impossible4 ,! ackn[l$gm5t ( an indep5d5t spiritual _w t5ds only to increase ! contradiction & make u m cle>ly consci\s ( x4 ,a cle> consci\sness ( ! inadequacy ( ! human is especially important & necess>y 9 contra/ to ! utt] confusion :i* reigns ) reg>d to ! spiritual life & vitiates ! :ole ( ! endeav\r ( ! pres5t4 ,! increas+ transf]5ce ( life to ! _w ( s5se has l$ ! pres5t age to ab&on all inn] bonds ( mank9d4 ,! endeav\r ( ,antiquity to lift our life above ! insignificantly human by giv+ x a %>e 9 ! greatness & magnific5ce ( ! :ole1 & ! attempt ( ,*ri/ianity to give a new nature to life f ! relation to ,god1 appe> to ! pres5t age to be ,utopian4 ,s9ce ! fai? ( mod]n ,idealism 9 ! imman5t univ]sal reason has become m & m dim1 man is ?r[n back m & m exclusively ^u himself1 ^u man z he is1 ^u empirical society4 ,!re has gr[n up a /rong belief t ?is empirical exi/5ce is q suffici5t 9 itself1 & is able to satisfy our spiritual ne$s f itself4 ,! ennobl+ ( man1 ! improvem5t ( 8 condition )9 ?is exi/5ce1 becomes ! aim ( aims4 ,n[1 ?is presupposes t )9 ! prov9ce ( man1 ! good1 ev5 if x does n entirely prepond]ate1 is /ill confid5t ( a triumphant advance4 ,x presupposes1 fur!r1 t ! e/abli%m5t ( a c]ta9 /ate ( life w br+ complete happ9ess ) x4 ,at ! same "t1 all t is disagreeable 9 human exp]i5ce--! p[] ( selfi%ness & pride2 ! weakness ( love2 ! feebl5ess ( all spiritual impulse2 ! incessant increase ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ) ! consequ5t deg5]ation ( ! inw>dness ( ! :ole--appe>s ) dazzl+ cle>ness to ! m ref9$ p]ception ( ! mod]n man4 ,aft] ev5 a little consid]ation he _c d\bt t1 if1 9 spite ( all limitations1 an uncl\d$ /ate ( human well-be+ c\ld be e/abli%$2 if all pa9 c\ld be bani%$ f our life1 life w\ld fall into ! p[] ( ! o!r & worse enemy--empt9ess & monotony4 ,z a refuge f su* p]plexities !re is a t5d5cy to flee to society & hi/ory4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( humanity z a :ole & ) ! ?\ght ( a bett] future1 all defects & losses ( individuals seem to vani%2 ! hope ( an unceas+ progressive developm5t rises above ! feel+ ( ! unsatisfactor9ess ( ! condition ( ! mom5t4 ,b :at are ^! relations ( empirical humanity o!r ?an ^? ( a m]e collection ( individuals :o nev] become an inn] community1 & :at is empirical hi/ory o!r ?an a m]e succession :i* nev] produces an inn] unity ( movem5t8 ,9 ! appeal to ! =m]1 z 9 t to ! latt]1 x is only surreptiti\sly t some?+ ess5tial c appe> to be acquir$4 ,9 reality1 conceptions are "h made use ( :i* 9 o!r relations h a mean+1 b :i* "h signify no?+ m ?an empty ab/ractions1 simply subjective con/ructions ( ?\ght4 ,h[ev]1 not)/&+ all ! gloss+ ov]1 ! real /ate ( ?+s mu/ ultimately ass]t itself3 pessimism mu/ !n be ! la/ ^w1 & ! belief 9 a rationality 9 human exi/5ce mu/ f9ally be giv5 up4 ,! fai? 9 ! greatness ( ! empirical man is1 inde$1 ( all fai?s ! bolde/4 ,=1 if ! o!r fai?s proclaim a new reality 9 contra/ ) ! _w ( s5se1 !y h ! possibility ( "o 9 an invisible _w4 ,9 ! case t we are consid]+1 h[ev]1 exp]i5ce itself mu/ (f] m ?an m]e exp]i5ce2 we mu/ n only be c]ta9 ( a ?+ t we d n see1 b t :i* we d n see mu/ co9cide ) t :i* exi/s imm$iately be=e u4 ,su* a position is no long] a fai?1 b a gross contradiction1 a complete absurdity4 7e7 ,results & ,prospects ,! imm$iate exp]i5ce ( man may by no means be reject$ z a :ole on ?is acc\nt2 if x 71 spiritual "w itself w\ld deg5]ate & lack cont5t4 ,h[ev]1 we only ne$ to take up into a :ole ! impressions & exp]i5ces :i* ea* 9 8 sph]e ackn[l$ges to be indisputable1 & x w be cle> t a movem5t t[>d spiritual indep5d5ce c nev] proce$ f su* a pitiable /ate ( confusion z t :i* is !reby se5 to exi/4 ,x is ess5tial t ! movem5t t[>d spiritual indep5d5ce h an indep5d5t />t+ po9t1 & proce$ on its own c\rse4 ,only !n is x able to select & appropriate ! spirituality t exi/s 9 ^? confus$ exp]i5ces1 & at ! same "t purify & /r5g!n x4 ,we may mo/ decisively reject all presumption to sov]eignty on ! "p ( ! human realm2 nev]!less1 = ! con/ruction ( a spiritual _w t realm _c be disp5s$ )4 ,= ?is con/ruction is n peacefully & securely accompli%$ ?r\gh ! self-developm5t ( a spiritual p[] plac$ 9 u1 z 0 suppos$ by ^? :o attempt$ to repres5t reality z a :ole z a cosmic process ( ?\ght4 ,if ?r\gh ! joyfulness ( its fai? & ! def9it5ess ( its und]tak+ ?is attempt captivat$ ! m9ds ( m5 = a "t1 at la/ x 0 fru/rat$ by ! fact t we m5 d n f9d ourselves imm$iately 9 ! atmosph]e ( reason1 b h fir/ ?r\gh toil to raise ourselves into x2 t we h to d n ) absolute spiritual life1 b ) spiritual life "u ! conditions & limitations ( human exi/5ce4 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ place an indep5d5t spiritual life1 a univ]sal self-consci\sness1 mu/ "w 9 u & be *ang$ 9 our activity2 & ?is c be accompli%$ only by a revolution>y trans=mation ( life z we imm$iately exp]i5ce x2 only by ! atta9m5t ( a new po9t ( view4 ,b if at ?is po9t ( view c]ta9 fundam5tals ( a new _w become evid5t1 !y are z yet only fundam5tals1 &1 )\t ! help ( a _w ( imm$iate exi/5ce1 )\t rec\rse to ! movem5ts & exp]i5ces ( human life1 !y _c be completely develop$ & embodi$4 ,! complete developm5t ( a self-consci\s reality is by no means made possible by comb9+ an orig9al spiritual movem5t ) ! _w ( s5se br\ght to meet x4 ,= ! spiritual life c be fur!r$ by com+ into contact ) t _w only s f> z ! spiritual life takes x up & trans=ms x2 ! situation is r t ! spiritual movem5t wre/s a cont5t f s5se exp]i5ce & at ! same "t is rais$ 9 itself2 x is a realisation ( self ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,! fur!r ! movem5t advances ! m "o may w9 "o's own 9 :at is app>5tly ali52 ! m t :i* is really ali5 may be sep>at$ & oppos$4 ,?us we h a *>act]i/ic picture ( ! spiritual life 9 man2 only ! m detail$ treatm5t c confirm x4 ,! matt] ( greate/ importance to ! :ole1 & ! "o ^u :i* all hope ( success re/s1 is t ! movem5t t[>ds an indep5d5t spirituality1 to ! build+ up ( a new _w1 %\ld1 9 spite ( ! opposition ( imm$iate circum/ances1 become manife/ also 9 ! human sph]e 9 *>act]i/ic op]ation1 & t x %\ld e/abli% /able bases 9 ?is sph]e & rise ^u !m to ! highe/ by means ( "w4 ,we h n[ to inve/igate m closely1 to demon/rate m exactly1 & z f> z possible to %[ t at all ! *ief po9ts ( life su* movem5ts beg92 t "o su* movem5t advances ano!r2 & t all are associat$ 9 a community ( /riv+1 & t f "h ! spiritual movem5t t we see 9 hi/ory is lit up1 /r5g!n$1 & = ! fir/ "t r5d]$ practicable4 #b4 ,! ,trans=mation & ! ,elevation ( ,human ,life 7a7 ,aims & ,ways ,! "q be=e u is :e!r any k9d ( transc5d5ce ( ! gulf betwe5 ! spiritual _w & man is effect$2 :e!r t _w1 9 spite ( its anti!sis to ! _w ( s5se1 manife/s itself also ) a *>act]i/ic effect 9 our sph]e1 & !reby inaugurates a movem5t :i* takes possession ( our :ole life & advances x4 ,only on ! result ( su* an inquiry c we judge :e!r man is able aga9 to e/abli% 8 position1 :i* has be5 s %ak5 9 ! c\rse ( mod]n culture2 & to save ! c\rage & fai? ( life f viol5t *anges & convulsions4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ asc]ta9 :e!r ! repres5tation ( ! spiritual life t we h sket*$ is true 9 ref]5ce to ?+s z !y are f\nd 9 ! human sph]e4 ,to be sure1 pro( or v]ification ?r\gh exp]i5ce is1 9 ! case ( ?is problem1 9 ! highe/ degree peculi>4 ,no def9ite reality spreads itself be=e u by :i* we mu/ te/ ! validity ( our repres5tations ( ?\ght4 ,repres5tation & object _c be simply br\ght into co9cid5ce1 b z life1 :i* we wi% to compreh5d1 is f\nd 9 movem5t1 & z1 fur!r1 9 imm$iate exp]i5ce g5u9e fact & ! =m assum$ by x 9 ! idea ( man are confus$1 s ! revelation ( ! spiritual life does n come to u imm$iately1 b has fir/ to be extricat$ & wre/$ f ! mo/ div]se errors & half-tru?s4 ,e attempt to obta9 pro( f exp]i5ce re/s on ! conviction t a movem5t ( ! k9d1 ! recognition ( :i* is be+ f\ght = by u1 is already 9 "s way 9 process ev]y:]e :]e human life goes beyond m]e nature2 & t only ! cle> compreh5sion ( ! aim & ! tak+ x up ) complete self-consci\s & self-det]m9+ activity are lack+4 ,if n[ ! aim :i* is pres5t$ is ! "r "o1 t is1 t :i* is impli$ 9 ! spiritual movem5t ( life itself1 !n its ackn[l$gm5t & appropriation mu/ t5d to ! elucidation1 ! unification1 & ! /r5g!n+ ( all endeav\r t5d+ 9 ! direction ( ?is movem5t2 x mu/ lead to a developm5t & an elevation ( life above ! condition 9 :i* x is imm$iately exp]i5c$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ be %[n t ! connections1 prep>ations1 directions 9 life 9 its g5]al condition1 t5d t[>ds ! new accord+ to its *ief dem&s2 &1 fur!r1 x mu/ be %[n t ! exi/+ condition is rais$ ess5tially ?r\gh becom+ compreh5d$ by ! reveal$ univ]sal movem5t1 & is l$ to its own p]fection4 ,aga91 x has to be %[n t ?us life w9s a m precise cont5t & a great] p[] 9 its e aspect3 t :i* is pres5t 9 all human endeav\r z a necess>y requirem5t mu/ n[ become m intelligible1 & at ! same "t f some?+ impossible ( fulfilm5t to some?+ possible1 & reveal new aspects & new tasks4 ,fur!r1 ^? elem5ts :i* at fir/ sight exi/ unconnect$ side by side & t5d to limit "o ano!r mu/ unite1 & mu/ /r5g!n "o ano!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 divisions mu/ arise3 x is z necess>y en]getically to reject t :i* foll[s wrong aims z to come to a peaceful settlem5t ) t :i* errs only 9 ! means4 ,! anti!ses :i* ! "w ( humanity conta9s mu/ also become intelligible1 & at ! same "t a way mu/ be prep>$ by :i* ^! anti!ses may be ov]come1 n "o by :i* m]ely a compromise betwe5 !m may be arriv$ at4 ,! break+ =? ( ! new mu/ t5d always t[>d ! self-elevation ( life2 ) ar\s+ & /r5g!n+ p[]1 x mu/ take up ! :ole ( life into its movem5t3 x mu/ demon/rate a transc5d5ce ( all ! reflection & subjectivity ( man1 & ?is c be accompli%$ only ?r\gh ! disclosure ( new =ms & cont5ts ( life4 ,accord+ly att5tion mu/ 9 ! fir/ place be c5tr$ ^u ! po9t+ out ( su* new =ms & cont5ts4 ,! union ( ! spiritual life ) man1 its be+ firmly root$ 9 him1 is se5 to be at ! same "t some?+ old & some?+ new--some?+ old 9 s f> z x mu/ h be5 exi/5t & 9 "s way effective f ! beg9n+1 some?+ new 9 s f> z its di/9ct em]g5ce & its transition to a /ate ( self-det]m9+ activity mu/ alt] ! condition ( ?+s ess5tially2 9 fact1 mu/ turn life z a :ole into a problem4 ,:]e ! reality ( man is r$uc$1 z by ,hegel1 solely to an unfold+ ( ?\ght & cognition1 ! pres5t may f9d its mo/ important task 9 ! complete cl>ification & appropriation ( ! pa/2 life comes to complete satisfaction 9 ! draw+ ( hi/orical a*ievem5t to itself4 ,:]e x is a "q ( ! build+ up ( a reality bas$ on self-consci\s & self-det]m9+ activity1 :5 we ourselves %>e 9 su* activity1 we mu/ f9d ourselves 9 an ess5tially diff]5t relation to ?+s2 & ) all ! connection ) ! pa/1 life w press =w>d1 *ang+ & elevat+ 9 contra/ ) ! :ole pa/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a contact1 inde$ a union1 mu/ !re=e be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! indep5d5t spiritual _w--:i* 9 "s way mu/ be op]ative 9 u--& ! activity ( our own :i* /ruggles upw>d2 &1 ?r\gh ! ga9 ( su* a contact1 t _w mu/ be l$ to m complete organisation1 & t :i* /rives upw>d made secure1 unifi$1 & advanc$4 ,9 ?is x is ess5tial t ! movem5ts & ! dem&s :i* ! fundam5tal idea ( ! spiritual life conta9s be pres5t to our m9ds4 ,! spiritual life appe>s1 s we saw reason to believe1 9 ! fir/ place1 to be some?+ ess5tially new 9 contra/ to ! life ( nature4 ,! spiritual life is n ! product ( a gradual developm5t f ! life ( nature1 b has an indep5d5t orig91 & evolves new p[]s & /&>ds3 new beg9n+s mu/1 !re=e1 be recognisable 9 u if ! spiritual life is to become our life4 ,! new1 h[ev]1 manife/$ a developm5t ( ! inn] life to indep5d5ce 9 opposition to its /ate ( subjection at ! level ( nature1 & s ?us 9 man also ! inn] life mu/ 9 "s way come to itself & atta9 to fre$om4 ,we saw1 fur!r1 t ?is developm5t to indep5d5ce _c be br\ght ab\t ?r\gh new a*ievem5ts 9 a giv5 _w1 b t x ne$s ! build+ up ( a new _w--a new basis = life3 x ext5ds ev5 to ! f9al basal =ms2 n any k9d ( activity c\ld suffice1 b a be+ )9 ! activity1 or1 r1 a division ( activity into some?+ su/a9+ & compreh5d+ on ! "o h&1 & some?+ demon/rat+ & produc+ on ! o!r1 is necess>y4 ,x is only ?us t life becomes turn$ t[>d itself & elevat$ to a self-consci\s life2 activity to self-det]m9+ activity2 exp]i5ce to self-consci\s exp]i5ce4 ,man c\ld n p>ticipate 9 su* a self-consci\s & self-det]m9+ life1 if 9 him also a new life1 a spiritual self1 _h n begun to be 9 "s way4 ,x is impossible = ?is self to be m]ely individual 9 nature3 x c *ange ! =m ( ?+s & convey a new _w only if x encompasses ! multiplicity & exp]i5ces x z its own4 ,an inf9ite self-consci\s & self-det]m9+ life mu/ n only include man )9 itself2 x mu/ become 8 own life1 8 true self4 ,to realise ?is life1 ?is self1 9 m detail & to pass f m]e impulse to fruitful "w1 su* z ! build+ up ( a new reality necessitates1 man mu/ 9 "s way transc5d 9 8 own sph]e ! m]e juxtaposition ( individual p[]s4 ,connections mu/ be =m$ )9 ! realm ( man t someh[ deal ) t task & advance t[>ds its accompli%m5t 9 a way t is beyond ! capacity ( individuals4 ,a transc5d5ce ( ! anti!sis ( subject & object1 t dom9ates ! great] "p ( life1 is also ess5tial to ! new life2 an en]getic revolution mu/ raise life to a /ate ( re/+ ^u itself1 to autonomy3 & s 9 man also movem5ts mu/ appe> 9 opposition to ?is anti!sis--cond5sations & conc5trations1 9 :i* life f be+ a movem5t hi!r & ?i!r becomes a =m+ ( reality f )94 ,9 ^! connections only out ( a self-developm5t ( life has a reality aris5 at all2 & its cont5t 0 n !re complete at ! outset1 b 0 yield$ only ?r\gh ! cont9uance ( t self-developm5t3 x mu/ be %[n1 !re=e1 t 9 man also life beg9s to turn t[>d itself1 & t ?is makes x possible to attempt tasks :i* to our capacity are o!rwise inaccessible4 ,x is necess>y to ackn[l$ge t 9 all ! spiritual movem5t :i* appe>s 9 ! doma9 ( man1 !re is a revelation ( ! spiritual _w3 z m]ely human p[] _c lead ! :ole to new heights1 9 all developm5t ( ! spiritual life ! communication ( ! new _w mu/ prec$e ! activity ( man4 ,at ! same "t1 :]e we are conc]n$ ) a life t is indep5d5t1 & ( :i* ! activity is consci\s & self-det]m9$1 ! *ange _c possibly simply happ5 to man3 x mu/ be tak5 up by 8 own activity2 x ne$s 8 own decision & acceptance4 ,we %all consid] ! "q ( ! possibility ( ?is almo/ imm$iately3 s mu*1 h[ev]1 is c]ta9--t ?is necessity ( a decision by man himself makes ! matt] f> m complex & ( f> great] risk4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( an indep5d5t spiritual life 9 man f9ds its *ief enemy n 9 nature1 b 9 ! limitation & p]v]sion ( spiritual impulse ?r\gh man's subord9at+ x to 8 own ends4 ,! *ief conflict is n betwe5 _s & nature1 b betwe5 real & false spirituality4 ,?us ?\ght em]ges 9 man1 seeks a repres5tation ( ! _w & w\ld 9 ?is atta9 to tru?2 b :5 ?is /riv+ fir/ appe>s1 man is wont to treat himself z ! c5tral po9t ( ! :ole1 to measure ! :ole ( inf9ity accord+ to :at x a*ieves 9 relation to him1 & to see reflections ( himself ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t4 ,& s we h ! an?ropomorphic way ( ?9k+1 ! nature ( :i* we h become aw>e ( only ?r\gh toil dur+ ! progress ( ! "w ( culture2 a way ( ?9k+ f :i* x has ne$$ ev5 m toil to protect ourselves1 & :i*1 9 =ms (t5 h>dly noticeable1 is ev] ready to appe> aga9 & to draw ! spiritual movem5t into its pa?s4 ,) ! em]g5ce ( ! spiritual life1 man becomes m free 9 relation to 8 environm5t2 m free also 9 relation to ! necessities ( m]e nature3 8 activity c ex]t itself m indep5d5tly1 conc]n itself ) l(ty aims1 /rive t[>ds ! inf9ite4 ,b all ?is capacity becomes drawn into ! s]vice ( ! human2 ! wi%es & ! desires ( ! individual gr[ to an enorm\s ext5t4 ,s9ce out ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ) its natural limitation1 an int]m9able /ruggle = m exi/5ce arises1 nave self-pres]vation becomes trans=m$ into an unre/rict$ egoism4 ,t ! m-?an-human :i* appe>s 9 ! doma9 ( man %\ld be employ$ to ! advancem5t ( ! m]ely human is a dang] t is pres5t ev5 at ! highe/ /ages ( developm5t3 at "o "t man w\ld prove 8 own p[] 9 ! m-?an-human2 at ano!r1 & ?is m especially1 he treats x z a means to atta9 8 mat]ial welf>e4 ,religion1 = example1 w\ld reveal to man a new dep? ( reality1 & s create a new life = him2 & yet1 h[ (t5 ev5 ?is new reality is degrad$ to a means = ! pres]vation ( 8 insignificant p]sonality1 & reg>d$ z some?+ :i* on 8 behalf guides ! :ole _w aright6 ,! developm5t ( ! spiritual life 9 ! human sph]e c ?us be se5 to be any?+ b a sure & /eady progress2 e /ep =w>d br+s new dang]s2 unutt]able confusion arises ?r\gh ! use & ! p]v]sion ( ! new 9 ! int]e/s ( man4 ,b1 if ! developm5t ( ! spiritual life )9 man is ?us an unceas+ conflict aga9/ human error1 ?is conflict1 despite its exhibition ( ! littl5ess ( man1 is at ! same "t a witness to 8 greatness4 ,= x %[s n only t ! spiritual movem5t ne$s ! active co-op]ation ( man1 b also t !re is a conflict )9 humanity itself aga9/ ! p]v]sion ( ! spiritual2 t !re mu/ be m )9 man & op]ative 9 him ?an ! n>r[ly human4 ,inde$1 9 no?+ does man seem great] ?an 9 ?is developm5t ( a m-?an-human )9 ! doma9 ( man1 9 ?is sev]e & untir+ conflict ) himself4 ,h[ c\ld ?is conflict arise & become ! s\l ( univ]sal hi/ory if man did n possess a life & be+ transc5d+ 8 p>ticul>ity1 & if he did n realise m 9 himself ?an we at ! fir/ glance see 9 him8 ,! error ( ,positivism is t1 al?\gh x %[s mo/ cle>ly h[ ?is spiritual movem5t dissolves ! =ms ( life z x is imm$iately exp]i5c$1 x does n p]ceive & value ! fact t1 at ! same "t1 a new life1 an inn] life em]ges2 t1 inde$1 ! negation itself is possible only ?r\gh a m compreh5sive spiritual revelation4 ,to consid] ! negative & ! positive 9 _! relation to ea* o!r1 & to weigh !m "o aga9/ ! o!r1 is ! indisp5sable condition = ! adequate und]/&+ ( human life4 7b7 ,! ,nature ( ,fre$om ,! ar\s+ ( a new _w to life )9 man is a problem & a task3 x _c be effect$ unless ! spontaneity & self-det]m9+ activity t are di/9ctive ( ?is _w also manife/ !mselves )9 him4 ,fur!r1 x _c be effect$ unless )9 man1 :o ) ! great] "p ( 8 be+ belongs prim>ily to nature1 a deliv]ance f nature is accompli%$ & ! c5tre ( life is remov$ to its spiritual side2 & ?is _c happ5 )\t ! co-op]ation ( man4 ,we ne$ fre$om1 !re=e1 9 two s5ses3 z ! pres5ce ( an indep5d5t inn] life1 & z man's capacity to *ange--& we _c fail to recognise t ^! are closely relat$4 ,n[1 ! impressions & exp]i5ces ( mod]n life are oppos$ to fre$om 9 bo? ( ^! s5ses2 inde$1 ) app>5tly insup]able =ce !y oppose fre$om 9 e s5se4 ,mod]n sci5ce mo/ cle>ly %[s t man belongs to a great _w-:ole & _w-movem5t2 8 life & "w seem to be completely det]m9$ ?r\gh 8 relations 9 ?is :ole2 8 :ole life is subject to an irresi/ible de/9y1 & 9 all 8 und]tak+s & conduct he c only foll[ ! c\rse direct$ by x4 ,?is de/9y assumes = u ! mo/ div]se =ms2 & ?r\gh ?is div]sity surr\nds u on all sides4 ,?r\gh ! p[] ( h]$ity we ent] life ) a def9ite nature3 9 ! family1 ! /ate1 & ! society a p>ticul> k9d ( environm5t surr\nds u & gives to our nature its m detail$ col\r+3 ! age meets u ) p>ticul> t5d5cies1 takes u up into itself ) a supreme p[]1 & j z decid$ly directs u t[>ds c]ta9 ends z x div]ts u f o!rs4 ,ev5 9 e>li] times all ?is 0 n ignor$1 s f> z ! individual aspects are conc]n$2 b ! ,mod]n ,age 0 ! fir/ to conceive ! problem z a :ole1 & ) ?is x has pursu$ ! idea ( det]m9ation ev5 into ! inn] /ructure ( ! life ( ! s\l1 ) ! demon/ration t "h also no?+ is spontane\s1 no?+ unm$itat$1 b t ev5 d[n to ! mo/ prim>y impulse ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u some?+ else1 & proce$s f def9ite relations4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! idea ( fre$om1 & 9 p>ticul> t ( a fre$om ( *oice1 appe>s to be only a remnant ( an unsci5tific way ( ?9k+4 ,! fact t man feels--z an imm$iate impression--free 9 cases ( hesitation betwe5 diff]5t possibilities has lo/ its p[] to conv9ce ! individual ( ! ,mod]n ,age4 ,= ! new mode ( ?\ght has evolv$ po9t = po9t along ) an increas+ div]g5ce f ! nave mann] ( repres5tation1 & x has won its greate/ victories 9 opposition to ?is mann] ( repres5tation4 ,! revolution t ,cop]nicus accompli%$ 9 ! repres5tation ( ! _w has become typical ( ! :ole ( mod]n "w2 & z reg>ds our problem also1 diss5t f ord9>y op9ion is less a cause = d\bt ?an a recomm5dation4 ,h[ev]1 our attitude 9 reg>d to ?is problem has1 inde$1 be5 ess5tially *ang$ by mod]n ?\ght4 ,!re c be no fur!r talk ( a vague fre$om ( ! w1 ( a capacity to act 9 "o mann] or ano!r unaffect$ by any?+ t prec$$ & by ! :ole environm5t2 ! fact ( ! subjection ( man to a de/9y1 bo? ext]nal & int]nal1 is =c$ ^u u ) ov]:elm+ p[]4 ,:e!r ! idea ( fre$om 9 e s5se is %[n to be invalid is ano!r "q2 p]haps ! problem is n s mu* solv$ z put on "o side4 ,9 any case1 if a fundam5tal problem--"o t has be5 discuss$ f ! e>lie/ times--is sudd5ly decl>$ to be f9ally solv$1 ! suspicion mu/ soon arise t ! solution appe>s to be self-evid5t only because c]ta9 presuppositions :i* are 9 no way self-evid5t are implicitly assum$ 9 x4 ,! surr5d] ( e k9d ( fre$om meets 9 ! fir/ place ) ! suspicion t !reby f> m is lo/ ?an we ?9k or int5d2 t mu* is lo/ to :i* x is impossible to surr5d] all claim4 ,great tr\ble is tak5 to prove t ! d5ial ( fre$om by no means does away ) ! possibility ( an e?ical m\ld+ ( life4 ,yet x might be %[n )\t difficulty t1 9 attempts ( ?is k9d1 ei!r ! fre$om1 reject$ 9 its ord9>y s5se1 f9ds entrance aga9 alt]$ & deep5$--z1 = example1 9 ! philosophy ( ,sp9oza--or ! e?ic t rema9s aft] fre$om has be5 d5i$ reta9s only ! "n1 & 9 itself signifies some?+ m]ely me*anical4 ,b :y d we insi/ ^u ! e?ical2 :y does s mu* dep5d ^u its cont9uance8 ,= ?is reason3 t ^u x dep5ds :e!r life m]ely happ5s to u or also f u2 :e!r we are simply p>ts ( a rigid _w-me*anism or self-det]m9+ co-op]ators 9 ! build+ up ( reality4 ,if ! =m] hypo!sis is true1 we are no m ?an ! plat=m ^u :i* ev5ts become connect$2 & we c possess no o!r unity ?an a summation ( ! multiplicity4 ,a unity ( ?is k9d c\ld n possibly atta9 to indep5d5ce & transc5d5ce2 c\ld n make an inn] judgm5t ^u ev5ts2 c\ld n take up a conflict 9 opposition to ! condition ( life z x is imm$iately exp]i5c$4 ,! conception ( conduct w\ld inevitably be degrad$ to t ( m]e occurr5ce4 ,we %\ld cease to h inn] unity & be compreh5sive selves2 we %\ld n be able to speak ( disposition & conviction3 = x is ( ! ess5ce ( all ^! ?+s t !y _c be imp>t$1 b mu/ arise newly & spontane\sly j 9 ! individual1 & = ?is a conc5tration ( life1 an elevation to self-consci\s & self-det]m9+ activity1 is necess>y4 ,:]e inn] unity & su* an activity are lack+1 a true pres5t does n exi/4 ,= if1 ?r\gh ! all-dom9ant relation ( cause & effect1 t :i* comes lat] proce$s 9 c]ta9 sequ5ce f t :i* came e>li]1 our :ole exi/5ce is only a /ream ( occurr5ces1 & t :i* is call$ pres5t is no?+ m ?an ! po9t ( transition f ! pa/ to ! future4 ,n[1 a real pres5t c be rea*$ f su* an app>5t pres5t only if an indep5d5t task orig9ates at ?is po9t1 & a decision has to be made3 ! m our :ole life & be+ "h become a problem aga91 ! m securely might we tru/ to ! possibility ( advanc+ beyond all previ\s a*ievem5t1 & ( a spontane\s break+ =? ( new p[]s1 ! m w our life be trans=m$ into a g5u9e pres5t4 ,a g5u9e pres5t does n exi/ )9 ! sequ5ce1 b above x2 x _c come to u opportunely1 b mu/ be atta9$ ?r\gh our own activity3 x is our own "w4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n a common & equal possession1 b is diff]5tly con/itut$ accord+ to ! individual4 ,! pres5t is ! m real & compreh5sive = u ! m spiritual p[] we evolve & ! m spiritual cont5t we give to life4 ,?us ! pres5t is n a m]e po9t 9 ! succession ( times1 a m]e ripple 9 ! /ream ( appe>ances1 b involves a c\nt]action to ?is fl[2 its =mation is to be accompli%$ only by ! plac+ ( life 9 ! region ( ! spontane\s1 ! indep5d5t1 ! "t-transc5d5t4 ,all ! losses 9 individual matt]s are1 h[ev]1 only appe>ances & p>ts ( a univ]sal loss t ! surr5d] ( fre$om involves4 ,?is loss is no o!r ?an t ( an indep5d5t nature-transc5d+ spiritual life 9 g5]al4 ,spontaneity is no subsidi>y quality1 ! disappe>ance ( :i* might only involve a modification2 ) x1 ! spiritual life z a :ole /&s or falls4 ,! exp]i5ce ( hi/ory also %[s cle>ly en\gh t t :i* has 9 any way rea*$ a spiritual height nev] p]si/s by simply exi/+1 b t1 if x is n to deg5]ate rapidly1 x mu/ proce$ ev] anew f spontane\s creative activity4 ,! law ( nature1 t ev]y?+ rema9s 9 its exi/5t /ate ( re/ or motion until x is act$ ^u f )\t1 is n true ( ! spiritual3 ( x no?+ abides t is n cont9ually br\ght =? anew4 ,! surr5d] ( fre$om1 !re=e1 means no less ?an ! inn] de/ruction ( ! spiritual life4 ,& be=e we submit to ?is we %all feel compell$ to make a m c>eful inquiry1 to see :e!r ! argum5ts aga9/ fre$om are really s cog5t z !y are repres5t$4 ,!y d ex]t a compell+ =ce1 b only s long z _! presuppositions are admitt$ & held to be unassailable4 ,t !y are n unassailable w become evid5t z soon z we cle>ly recognise _! nature & implications4 ,if ! _w =ms a clos$ & giv5 sy/em1 9 :i* e p>ticul> is det]m9$ completely by its position 9 ! :ole1 !re is no place = spontaneity4 ,! "q ( fre$om has no mean+ = man if he belongs solely & entirely to su* a _w1 & )9 x has only to weigh aims "o aga9/ ano!r4 ,b 9 accordance ) ! results ( our inve/igation we conte/ ^! two presuppositions mo/ decid$ly4 ,to an inve/igation t beg9s ) ! life-process z ! basis ( its treatm5t1 x is c]ta9 t a giv5 _w nev] c be prim>y1 b only second>y4 ,t x may atta9 to an inn] pres5t x ne$s a life t is n itself giv51 b ) its activity encompasses a multiplicity1 unifies1 & makes x def9ite2 = any?+ to be exp]i5c$ z giv5 a self-consci\s & self-det]m9+ activity is necess>y4 ,if ?is self-det]m9+ activity c /ruggle upw>ds to complete p[] & consci\sness only sl[ly1 /ill x is ! fir/ & ! su/a9+ _w2 & at ! same "t x c nev] be ass]t$ t ! =ms ( its life are only ideas & appe>ances4 ,life is n =m$ f exi/+ individual po9ts1 & does n pass betwe5 su* po9ts1 b all multiplicity is su/a9$ by an active :ole1 & f ?is :ole animat$ ev] anew4 ,?is active :ole may n be conceiv$ z dep5d5t ^u ano!r1 & x is q capable ( advance4 ,we h endeav\r$ to %[ t ! matt] is n "o ( subtleties ( ?\ght1 b ( diff]5t natures ( ! _w & ( activity2 & t ) ! atta9m5t ( indep5d5ce a new _w em]ges4 ,we h also %[n t 9 u ! new _w mu/ fir/ wre/le ) ano!r1 to :i* we prim>ily belong2 t inn] *anges mu/ take place 9 u2 & t1 if all our toil is n to be 9 va91 ! relation ( ! two worlds mu/ be *ang$4 ,man1 !re=e1 has a special significance 9 t ! two worlds meet toge!r )9 him1 & 9 t !re c be no *ange 9 _! relation to ea* o!r at ?is po9t )\t 8 co-op]ation4 ,! problem ( 8 life conc]ns m ?an 8 conduct1 x ext5ds to 8 be+2 ! "q is1 h[ f> ! diff]5t worlds may become 8 own _w1 8 life4 ,! matt] is "o ( %ift+ ! c5tre ( life f ! position 9 :i* x is 9 imm$iate exp]i5ce4 ,?us1 ! t5sion & ! conflict involve ! ultimate elem5ts3 ea* ( ! worlds has its own tasks & evaluations2 ?+s d n affect man ) a giv5 & fix$ value1 b !y receive _! value fir/ f _! relation to ! ma9 c\rse ^u :i* 8 life ent]s2 & s all conflict conc]n+ p>ticul> matt]s implies a decision conc]n+ ! :ole4 ,( c\rse1 su* a decision is n be+ made f mom5t to mom5t2 & m especially1 x is n made simply by reflection1 b x is involv$ 9 ! :ole ( life4 ,only t :i* 9 him1 9 endeav\r & "w1 p>ticipates 9 su* decision is true life2 individual acts ( ext]nal conduct only br+ to expression t :i* has happ5$ & /ill cont9ues to happ5 inw>dly & 9 ! :ole4 ,9 all ?is ! possibility ( an inn] elevation is presuppos$4 ,ev]yone :o /rives = an inn] developm5t ( man2 ev]yone :o1 ) cle> insight into ! meanness ( ! g5]al condition ( human affairs1 unsw]v+ly cont9ues to /rive = ! advancem5t ( humanity1 relies on ?is possibility3 )\t x !re is no hope ( a developm5t & a gr[? ( "o's own life1 ( an elevation ( x above ! condition 9 :i* x is fir/ exp]i5c$4 ,& s )\t ?is possibility endeav\r loses all its true t5sion1 & all t we are able to accompli% 9 ourselves & 9 o!rs is no m ?an a dext]\s use ( exi/5t =ces4 ,b is ?is condition ( ! matt]1 spiritually disc]n$1 m ?an a m]e discipl9e8 ,x is true t ! possibility ( an elevation has its fix$ conditions2 x necessitates p>ticul> convictions ) reg>d to ! _w & to man4 ,we mu/ view ! _w z be+ /ill 9 a /ate ( flux & reg>d man z n be+ simply a clos$ & limit$ individual4 ,! inf9ite spiritual life mu/ be pres5t z a :ole to him1 & ar\se a new _w to life 9 him2 8 conduct mu/ be root$ 9 ! p[] & cont5t ( ! inf9ite life3 only ?us c we und]/& t 9 man also a movem5t beg9s & a *ange is br\ght ab\t4 ,& s x rema9s ev] an ind]ivable1 orig9al ph5om5on1 :i* we mu/ ackn[l$ge z a fact1 t a spontane\s life breaks =? 9 man1 a new & relatively indep5d5t life-c5tre orig9ates4 ,we always come back 9 ! long run to orig9al ph5om5a2 ! orig9 ( liv+ be+ 9 g5]al is also an orig9al ph5om5on4 ,may we d5y ! fact ( su* orig9al ph5om5a1 because !y make our repres5tation ( ! _w less uni=m & simple8 ,to d s w\ld be no?+ else ?an to make our previ\sly =m$ conceptions ! measure ( reality2 x w\ld be a new1 specifically mod]n an?ropomorphism4 ,?is fre$om1 ) its requirem5t ( a _w ( inn] life t introduces new cont5ts1 & also t we belong 9 "s way to ?is _w1 is by no means a capacity to make a decision caprici\sly at any mom5t2 x is n a d5ial ( ! p[] ( necessity4 ,( c\rse1 x implies t !re may be "s k9d ( c\nt]action to ?is necessity2 & t if ?is c\nt]action c atta9 success only z a result ( ! activity ( life z a :ole1 ev5 ! individual mom5t ne$ n be a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,=1 z ! spiritual life has always to w9 its own height anew1 s ! pres5t 9 its relations is n a m]e consequ5ce ( ! pa/3 times ( temptation c come repeat$ly :5 all t :i* has be5 a*iev$ becomes d\btful aga92 b times ( elevation also come :5 an advance is made beyond t previ\sly a*iev$4 ,x is n possible = u simply to reject ! pres5t exi/5ce & all ! conditions :i* con/ra9 u1 & to *oose = ourselves a new k9d ( exi/5ce1 in/ead ( ! "o we h2 f t x is impossible to free ourselves3 9 all fur!r endeav\r we h to take x into acc\nt1 to make our peace ) x4 ,nev]!less1 life c atta9 to a transc5d5t po9t ( view1 f :i* ! _w ( s5se becomes ! object ( judgm5t & ( adaptation2 f :i*1 to be reg>d$ z completely ours1 x ne$s ackn[l$gm5t & appropriation by u2 & f :i* x is se5 n to con/itute our :ole life1 z t :i* is ultimate4 ,inde$1 ! t5d5cies )9 u :i* are conc]n$ ) nature1 fir/ rea* _! highe/ ?r\gh su* ackn[l$gm5t & appropriation by u3 plac$ on a spiritual basis !y lose _! rigid exclusiv5ess & become unifi$2 our p>ticul> nature no long] con/itutes our :ole be+1 b becomes ! c5tral po9t ( a m compreh5sive life1 :i* ext5ds fur!r & fur!r to inf9ity4 ,our life1 !re=e1 is a conflict betwe5 fate & fre$om1 betwe5 be+ giv5 & spontaneity2 & ?is conflict may be foll[$ ?r\gh all life's divisions4 ,! conflict appe>s prim>ily 9 ! individual 9 ! developm5t t[>ds p]sonality & spiritual individuality4 ,=1 z p]sonality1 unless life has a spontane\s s\rce1 is an empty ^w1 s also spiritual individuality does n come to anyone1 b has fir/ to be won by ! "w ( life ess5tially elevat+ t :i* de/9y br+s3 s f>1 x is our own "w2 b x is n entirely our own "w1 because t :i* comes to u f nature1 & ! condition ( life gives u fix$ po9ts ( support & po9ts out a c]ta9 c\rse4 ,simil>ly1 peoples h 9 _! nature1 environm5t1 & hi/ory def9ite conditions ( _! be+1 f :i* !y _c )draw4 ,b spiritual creation & inw>d greatness d n gr[ simply out ( ^! conditions1 h[ev] fav\rable !y may be1 b out ( a spontane\s activity :i* takes up t :i* has be5 pres5t$ to x1 gives x a c5tral po9t1 & f ?is develops x4 ,! decid+ "q is always :e!r & h[ f> individuals & peoples atta9 to & pres]ve su* a self-det]m9+ activity4 ,?is activity alone makes x possible = life to be unifi$ inw>dly2 = its elem5ts to be di/+ui%$ & sep>at$1 & = "s to be br\ght into prom95ce & o!rs relegat$ to ! backgr\nd2 = life to be made secure & elevat$1 & z ! result ( all = a spiritual individuality to be =m$4 ,! same ?+ holds good ( ! condition ( a p>ticul> "t1 & man's relation to x4 ,at fir/ man appe>s to be a *ild ( 8 age1 a slave ( 8 age4 ,b by ! spiritual life he is able to w9 an indep5d5ce ( ! age1 & to make himself its "l4 ,aga91 he _c free himself f ! problems ( ! age2 he _c alt] !m j z he likes1 _c div]t into an opposite direction ! p[] :i* !y ex]t ^u him4 ,b !re is always an ei!r--or1 ei!r submission to ! succession ( exp]i5ce1 or ! beg9n+ ( an opposition f spiritual self-det]m9+ activity3 9 ?is1 also1 ! possibility ( call+ new p[]s to life pres5ts itself4 ,f ?is spiritual po9t ( view activity c5tr$ ^u ! conc]ns ( ! p>ticul> age is no long] reg>d$ z ! :ole life2 ! p>ticul> age ) its "w is compreh5d$ 9 an inf9ite life4 ,z ?r\gh all its diff]5t /ages & con/itu5ts1 s ultimately humanity z a :ole also c>ries on a /ruggle = a spiritual be+1 an advance to a new level4 ,humanity may n be reg>d$ z some?+ f9i%$2 x mu/ evolve to a nature o!r ?an its pres5t "o1 br+ ab\t a trans=mation ( its life1 & w9 a spiritual individuality3 ! life ( humanity is 9 a /ate ( motion & x mu/ become self-det]m9$4 ,! idea ( fre$om ?us reveals f>-rea*+ prospects & ! greate/ tasks2 x manife/s its tru? & p[] 9 tak+ possession ( common exp]i5ces & illum9at+ !m1 & 9 ! ar\s+ & re-organisation ( our life4 ,) ! ackn[l$gm5t & ! adequate appreciation ( fre$om1 ) ! revelation ( its univ]sal relations1 man is elevat$ 9 ! mo/ ess5tial mann]1 = x manife/s ! new _w z active 9 ! mid/ ( 8 life & capable ( appropriation by him3 x calls him to indep5d5t co-op]ation 9 ! conflict ( ! worlds2 x gives to ! simply human & ! app>5tly commonplace an incomp>able greatness4 ,h[ev] p[]ful de/9y may be1 x does n det]m9e man entirely2 =1 ev5 9 beg9n+ opposition to x !re is a lib]ation f x4 ,h[ev] mean man's activity1 x c>ries 9 x a decision betwe5 worlds2 h[ev] vani%+ ! mom5t1 x is n entirely lo/4 ,true1 ! idea ( fre$om involves def9ite presuppositions3 x involves1 inde$1 a pr(ession ( fai? conc]n+ life & reality z a :ole1 a pr(ession ( fai? t contradicts e =m ( ,naturalism & ,intellectualism1 &1 9 opposition to _! repres5tations ( ! _w1 *ampions ano!r4 ,b ?is pr(ession ( fai? does n conc]n ?is problem only2 x is involv$ 9 our "w z a :ole1 & s ! :ole may support & confirm x4 7c7 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ! ,indep5d5t ,spiritual ,life ,z ! problem ( fre$om ga9s 9 cle>ness & dep? 9 ! relations :i* h be5 discuss$1 s also ! beg9n+s ( indep5d5t spiritual life :i* are manife/$ 9 ! doma9 ( man become mu* cle>] 9 !m4 ,)\t su* beg9n+s1 :i* repres5t a new ord] 9 contra/ to nature1 & :i* oppose ! deg5]ation ( life to ! n>r[ly human1 a movem5t t[>ds indep5d5t spirituality c\ld nev] em]ge 9 u4 ,!y are really intelligible & acquire p[] only :5 !y are unifi$ & ackn[l$g$ z ! activity ( a new life & be+4 ,^! beg9n+s appe> 9 an elevation ( life accessible to e individual1 an elevation above ! =ms z well z ! cont5t ( m]e nature4 ,we p]ceive ?is 9 ! norms ) :i* ! rese>* ( ! pres5t is busily occupi$4 ,our life does n consi/ entirely ( simple matt]s ( fact1 b 9 c]ta9 directions qualities & =ms are pres5t$ to x :i* are able to contradict ! imm$iate /ate ( ?+s & to ex]cise a c]ta9 p[] ov] x4 ,?us ! norms ( ?\ght1 ! norms ( conduct & ( arti/ic creation are evolv$1 ea* mak+ p>ticul> dem&s1 & be+ diff]5t 9 ! mann] ( its op]ation4 ,h[ev]1 we are conc]n$ "h n ) ! aspects ( diff]5ce1 b ) t :i* is common to all2 & ?is consi/s 9 ! work+ ( an actuality 9 u t is some?+ o!r ?an natural occurr5ce1 an actuality t ne$s our ackn[l$gm5t1 & ?r\gh ?is ackn[l$gm5t fir/ w9s p[] ov] u4 ,! dem&s :i* ^! norms make ^u u are 9 no way conv5i5t to u2 !y limit our caprice2 !y (t5 co/ h>d toil & heavy sacrifice2 our desire = natural happ9ess does n comm5d !m to u4 ,h[ is x !n t we d n simply reject !m8 :at is x t gives to !m a con/ra9+ p[] ov] u8 ,if !y rema9$ isolat$ & imp5etrable exp]i5ces1 if !y adh]$ to u z some?+ ali5 9 nature1 7 =eign elem5ts 9 our be+1 _! p[] w\ld be un9telligible4 ,x is to be expla9$ only ^u ! hypo!sis t !y are unfold+s ( our own life1 :i* by ^! unfold+s is prov$ to be some?+ o!r ?an a life ( nature4 ,unless !y are root$ 9 our own life1 ^! norms are l mi/y =ms 9 ! air4 ,!y obta9 complete reality & motive p[] fir/ z movem5ts ( our self1 :i* !n is no m]e po9t by ! side ( o!r po9ts1 b an indep5d5t manife/ation ( life ( ! spiritual _w4 ,?is is 9 p>ticul> cle>ly ! case 9 ! idea ( duty1 ! elucidation ( ! inn] mean+ ( :i* is ,kant's greate/ & mo/ endur+ s]vice4 ,a duty is always a comm&2 x pres5ts itself z indep5d5t ( all caprice4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 x c nev] be =c$ ^u u by an ext]nal p[]2 x ne$s our own ass5t & ackn[l$gm5t4 ,our own volition & be+ mu/ op]ate 9 x1 &1 9 ?is1 be+ mu/ pres5t itself o!rwise ?an x appe>s to be at ! fir/ glance4 ,we mu/ be> & ma9ta9 )9 u a new _w2 9 submission to its ord]s we mu/ ass]t & develop ourselves4 ,9 ?is mann] alone c we expla9 ! joyfulness :i* accompanies all g5u9e p]=mance ( duty1 & )\t :i* duty is no m ?an a task =c$ ^u u4 ,h[ mu* p[] duty1 & ! norms 9 g5]al1 may acquire 9 ! great] "p ( human life is a "q 9 itself2 b !y c\ld n exi/ = u ev5 z ideas & possibilities if !y 7 n 9 "s way bas$ 9 our own be+4 ,h[ev]1 z !y %[ ?is be+ 9 a new light1 x foll[s t !y mu/ !mselves ga9 9 cle>ness & 9 p[] & become m closely unifi$ if !y are und]/ood & treat$ z developm5ts & modes ( self-pres]vation ( our own life4 ,x is ) reg>d to cont5t z well z to =m t beg9n+s ( a new life appe>4 ,at ! level ( nature only t :i* s]ves ! self-pres]vation & ! advancem5t ( ! life ( ! individual be+ is e/imat$ z a good2 all t is involv$ 9 ?is may be compreh5d$ "u ! conception ( utility4 ,b not)/&+ its great p[] ov] man ! consid]ation ( utility does n =m ! only motive ( 8 life4 ,= a detail$ treatm5t ( ?is matt] we may ref] to :at 0 said 9 ! discussion ( ,! ,gr[? ( ,man beyond ,nature4 ,at pres5t we are conc]n$ especially ) ! view t ! new t appe>s 9 u %\ld be ackn[l$g$ to be ! manife/ation ( a new _w & ! expression ( our real be+4 ,9 ! gr[+ ( man beyond nature negation usually prepond]ates2 he mu/ limit ! impulses ( 8 natural ego1 ackn[l$ge & respect ! rights ( o!rs1 be ready to subord9ate & sacrifice himself4 ,x is = ! mo/ "p n evid5t :at c comm5d su* a negation to him & give x p[] ov] him2 & an impulse ar\s$ to cle> consci\sness & /rong desire may1 !re=e1 feel ?is entire connection ) a new _w to be an unw>rantable limitation1 & reject x z a viol5t intimidation & a degradation ( life4 ,! matt] is se5 9 its "r light only :5 negation is reg>d$ z ! rev]se side ( affirmation1 & ev5 !n only if ! w9n+ ( a new life & be+ is ackn[l$g$ 9 ?is affirmation4 ,! positive impulse ( self-pres]vation is indisp5sable to complete vital-en]gy1 b m]e self-ass]tion on ! "p ( an individual 9 opposition to o!rs does n con/itute a g5u9e self2 a g5u9e self is con/itut$ only by ! com+ to life ( ! inf9ite spiritual _w 9 an indep5d5t conc5tration 9 ! individual4 ,only ?us does life1 :i* o!rwise 7 empty1 acquire a cont5t4 ,!n ! individual is no long] compell$ to develop 8 p[]s 9 conflict ) o!r individuals1 b 9 direct+ 8 life t[>ds ?is inf9ite spiritual _w1 9 its complete appropriation & organisation4 ,h5ce1 only t :i* raises ! spiritual cont5t ( life c be reg>d$ z good1 & goods w be comp>$ 9 value 9 accordance ) ?is /&>d4 ,! m !y lead beyond m]e results to ! developm5t ( a new be+ & self1 ! m ess5tial !y are to spiritual self-pres]vation2 ev]y?+ else becomes a means or a prelim9>y condition4 ,negation1 also1 has great] significance & importance f ?is po9t ( view4 ,! new affirmation c acquire no complete tru? & no real p[] 9 man )\t a fundam5tal deliv]ance ( life f m]e nature & its p>ticul>ity4 ,)\t e>ne/ness ( r5unciation ! new life s9ks back to ! old or bo? are comb9$ 9 an undiff]5tiat$ unity1 ) ! consequ5ce t ! new life loses its p[] to /imulate to new endeav\r4 ,z human be+s are1 ?is negation mu/ always be a %>p "o4 ,9 ?is connection1 x may be said t life ne$s ! /age ( law :i* re/ricts natural impulse1 & con/ra9s to ! ackn[l$gm5t ( sup]ior organisations ( life2 b f ! /age ( law !re mu/ be progress to ! /age ( love1 :i* = ! fir/ "t reveals an inn] relation to reality & reacts ^u ! /age ( law1 giv+ x a s\l4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a love t w\ld be g5u9e comes n to de/roy ! law1 b to fulfil1 to take x up into itself4 ,z love & law are indisputable p[]s 9 ! life ( humanity1 s !y also proclaim ! em]g5ce ( a new _w & ! developm5t ( a new be+ )9 ! doma9 ( humanity4 7d7 ,! ,transc5d+ ( ,division ,a p>ticul>ly sev]e conflict ) reg>d to ! problem ( ! unity ( life arises betwe5 ! natural condition ( man & ! requirem5ts ( an indep5d5t spiritual life4 ,! spiritual life dem&s an endur+ :ole :i* includes all multiplicity )9 itself & ( :i* ! movem5t orig9ates )93 human exi/5ce is prim>ily a juxtaposition ( individuals & a succession ( mom5ts2 no union seems to be m ?an t :i* is con/itut$ by a m]e collection ( ! individuals4 ,if ! division 7 n 9 "s way transc5d$ no spiritual life c\ld gr[ up )9 humanity1 & man h no %>e 9 ! build+ up ( a spiritual _w4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury gave a confid5t answ] to ! problem3 x cont5d$ t hi/ory & society ( _! own capacity b9d ! elem5ts ( life into /able =ms :i* take up all multiplicity into !mselves & raise our exi/5ce to spirituality4 ,we mo/ emphatically d5y ! validity ( ?is cont5tion1 & hope to %[ t hi/ory & society !mselves involve difficult problems2 fur!r1 t only :5 we conceive !m 9 a p>ticul> way are !y able to help 9 ! unification ( life & !n only 9 a limit$ mann]2 & la/ly1 t !y d n s mu* produce a spiritual life z presuppose x1 z ess5tial to _! own exi/5ce4 ,naturalism & ,intellectualism h also confus$ ! outlook2 if we free x f ?is confusion1 hi/ory & society w take a second>y place 9 our e/imation2 !y w !mselves be se5 to be deep] & m compreh5sive & to involve movem5ts :i* ext5d fur!r ?an appe>s 9 imm$iate exp]i5ce2 & !y w become witnesses to ! liv+ pres5ce ( ! spiritual life )9 humanity4 7i47 ,! ,spiritual ,conception ( ,hi/ory ,! n9ete5? c5tury transmitt$ to u a conception ( hi/ory t is f> m peculi> 9 nature & f> m op5 to attack ?an is usually recognis$3 hi/ory is repres5t$ z a great /ream :i* takes up all individual a*ievem5ts into itself1 unites !m1 &1 reg>dless ( all human error & caprice1 leads surely to its end4 ,no g5u9e a*ievem5t is lo/1 & all ga9 seems to be p]man5t2 beyond all ! tr\ble & unc]ta9ty ( ! mom5t appeal is made to ! p[] :i*1 direct+ & elevat+1 p]meates ! movem5t1 cl>ifies & ref9es x4 ,9 ?is conception ! necessity ( a process t has ! p[] ( det]m9+ its own activity & mak+ its own decision is prim>y4 ,! fact t ! matt] is n s simple z ?is conception ( hi/ory repres5ts is %[n by ! exp]i5ce ( ! age itself1 :i* directly contradicts x4 ,= accord+ to ?is conception ! :ole pa/ %\ld dis*>ge itself into ! pres5t & s imp>t its :ole result imm$iately to u1 & ! direction t our activity ought to take %\ld be po9t$ out to u ) complete c]ta9ty by hi/ory4 ,b we are di/9ctly aw>e ( ! ext5t to :i* ?is direction is a matt] ( "q & d\bt1 & ( ! unc]ta9ty into :i* we h fall5 ) reg>d to ! relation ( ! pres5t to ! pa/3 9 ! process ( our inve/igation we saw ?is 9 p>ticul> 9 ! division & conflict betwe5 ! diff]5t sy/ems ( life4 ,hi/ory is se5 to be a difficult problem f> m ?an a secure fact2 & we are compell$ to take up a new consid]ation ( ! "q4 ,9 ?is consid]ation a di/9ct delimitation ( ! a*ievem5ts *>act]i/ic ( man is prim>ily necess>y4 ,mod]n sci5ce already recognises a hi/ory ( nature1 & mu* t 0 =m]ly reg>d$ z complete is n[ se5 to be 9 a /ate ( flux & movem5t4 ,s9ce e ev5t leaves effects beh9d1 9 ! c\rse ( ages ! results accumulate1 develop1 & act ^u "o ano!r1 t :i* comes lat] is condition$ by ! influ5ce ( ! e>li] & is intelligible only 9 relation to x1 a di/9ctive hi/orical me?od ga9s curr5cy4 ,geology pres5ts to u ) p>ticul> cle>ness a hi/ory ( ?is type4 ,9 s f> z man belongs to nature & ! spiritual life has n yet develop$ to any degree ( indep5d5ce 9 him1 he is also ! subject ( su* a hi/ory4 ,t :i* happ5s )9 him leaves beh9d effects t become ! conditions ( lat] occurr5ce4 ,?is conception ( hi/ory1 z det]m9$ solely by me*anical causes1 is /ill ma9ta9$ 9 "s qu>t]s 9 spite ( fur!r developm5ts ( ?\ght4 ,b x is n app>5t f ?is po9t ( view h[1 ev5 ) ! greate/ accumulation ( effects1 hi/ory c\ld yield any?+ ( ga9 to an inn] unity1 to a life f ! :ole3 = t1 man mu/ br+ ) him some?+ ess5tially new2 & z a matt] ( fact ?is is :at he does4 ,n only d ev5ts happ5 to u & *ange our condition1 b ) our own activity we are able to hold fa/ to ^! ev5ts1 to give to !m an inn] p]man5ce1 to br+ !m ev] anew f ! dim di/ance into ! liv+ pres5t4 ,we d n drift onw>d ) ! /ream ( "t1 b )/& x2 seek to wre/ some?+ fix$ f becom+ & *ange1 & salvation 9 ! et]nal4 ,we _c d ?is )\t alt]+ ! :ole view ( ?+s & manife/+ a new spiritual capacity4 ,! ret5tion 9 m9d ( individual ev5ts by means ( annals1 monum5ts & simil> me?ods is ! beg9n+ ( a hi/ory ( a high] k9d3 ev5 s mu* %[s a great] activity1 s9ce x involves a judgm5t ( ! significance ( ev5ts1 & on ! basis ( ?is judgm5t beg9s to wage w> aga9/ ! de/roy+ p[] ( cormorant dev\r+ "t4 ,! a*ievem5t is incomp>ably high]1 if c]ta9 spiritual unities & t5d5cies are adh]$ to & are giv5 p]man5t curr5cy3 ?us religion 9 p>ticul> gave a /ability to life & deliv]$ m5 f ! tyranny ( ! m]e mom5t4 ,! matt] rema9s simple s long z ! movem5t is )9 a s+le p or a def9ite sph]e ( culture4 ,b 9 its progress x goes f> beyond ^! limits4 ,new peoples arise2 ! /ate ( culture und]goes great *anges1 inde$ revolutions2 life is tak5 up f new />t+ po9ts1 f :i* ev]y?+ ( importance to e>li] ages loses its value4 ,b x is lo/ only = a "t2 a desire to return to x & to br+ x into complete h>mony ) ! new is soon felt4 ,! circle ( vision is ?us increas+ly wid5$1 & all multiplicity is f9ally unit$ into a :ole4 ,?is ret5tion ( ! pa/ is prim>ily a matt] ( k & ( intellectual appropriation4 ,b x is n limit$ to ?is2 x w\ld op]ate n only 9 ! ext5sion ( k b beyond ?is 9 ! developm5t ( life4 ,:atev] has be5 won by human p[] is to be pres]v$1 unifi$1 & us$ to advance ! pres5t4 ,?us1 !re arises a hi/orical culture2 an education on a hi/orical basis2 religion & philosophy1 art & law d]ive p[] & cont5t f ! "w ( univ]sal hi/ory1 & life z a :ole seems to w9 a great] compreh5siv5ess & /ability4 ,& s x has come to appe> z ?\gh ! pa/ imp>ts its :ole result to ! pres5t )\t any ef=t on ! "p ( man & )\t incurr+ him 9 any risk4 ,9 reality ! case is entirely diff]5t4 ,! /ream ( ! ages becomes spiritually significant to u only 9 s f> z we develop an indep5d5ce ( x4 ,! /ream does n itself1 automatically & indep5d5tly ( u1 select ! elem5ts ( value :i* x conta9s or unite ! ages to a h>moni\s result3 we ourselves mu/ a*ieve ?is4 ,spiritually reg>d$1 we d n f ! beg9n+ /& ^u a sure f\ndation1 on :i* we might peacefully build2 we mu/ fir/ acquire su* a f\ndation ?r\gh endeav\r1 & 9 ?is matt] we see d\bt & viol5t *ange cont9ually make t unc]ta9 :i* is app>5tly mo/ secure1 & make x necess>y to seek great] dep?s4 ,= ?is treatm5t ( hi/ory1 involv+1 z x does1 self-det]m9+ activity1 an elevation above "t is ess5tial4 ,)\t 9 "s way transc5d+ "t we c\ld n survey individual ev5ts & unite !m 9 "o repres5tation4 ,b we w\ld d f> m ?an t2 we w\ld select & take up into our own life t :i* is valuable 9 ! e>li]1 9 ord] !reby to enri* & /r5g!n our life1 & to lead x z f> z possible f ! pres5t ( ! m]e mom5t to a pres5t encompass+ ! ages4 ,h[ c\ld ?is come to pass unless we 7 able to secure an indep5d5t vantage gr\nd transc5d+ ! /ream ( ! ages2 a vantage gr\nd f :i* we may survey & judge ! ages1 appropriate "s elem5ts f !m & reject o!rs8 ,exp]i5ce %[s cle>ly en\gh t ! t5d5cy & ! cont5t ( life ) :i* we meet ! pa/1 decide :at %all be its spiritual repres5tation1 & h[ we %all /& 9 relation to x4 ,= exp]i5ce %[s t ea* ma9 t5d5cy ( life has its own view ( hi/ory & its own treatm5t ( hi/ory2 x %[s fur!r t e *ange 9 life :i* is 9 any way f>-rea*+ involves an alt]ation 9 our relation to ! pa/2 gives prom95ce to ! new1 & relegates ! old to ! backgr\nd4 ,!re arises !re=e a hi/ory ( hi/ory2 a hi/ory1 = example1 ( t :i* 9 ! life ( ,antiquity has seem$ ess5tial & valuable to ! diff]5t lat] ages4 ,= u1 !re=e1 hi/ory1 9 reg>d to its spiritual nature1 is involv$ 9 con/ant *ange4 ,! pa/ does n decide conc]n+ ! pres5t s mu* z ! pres5t conc]n+ ! pa/2 ! pa/ is n some?+ dead & fix$ beh9d u2 ev] anew x becomes ! object ( passionate conflict4 ,b does n ?is dep5d5ce ( ! pa/ ^u ! pres5t deprive hi/ory ( all indep5d5ce & ( all value8 ,does x n surr5d] life completely to ! cont+5cy ( ! *ang+ mom5ts8 ,does x n de/roy all inn] unity ( ! ages8 ,?is w\ld1 9 fact1 be ! case if ! matt] rema9$ on a simply human basis2 if a spiritual life transc5d+ "t 7 n manife/$ ?r\gh all ! *anges ( ! ages2 if a spiritual hi/ory c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f a n>r[ly human "o4 ,spiritual hi/ory is conc]n$ ) t :i* ?r\gh all human activity & endeav\r reveals a self-consci\s inn] life & :i*1 z su* a revelation1 is valid n only = a p>ticul> age b ?r\gh all ages & indep5d5tly ( all ages4 ,spiritual hi/ory w\ld be impossible unless !re is active )9 u f ! beg9n+ an indep5d5t spiritual life :i* fir/ realises its cont5t ?r\gh ! hi/orical process4 ,su* a transc5d5t nature is mo/ evid5t at ^? highe/ po9ts ( human developm5t :i* we call classical1 n because !y %\ld dom9ate & b9d all ages1 b because 9 !m ! spiritual life atta9$ to a complete indep5d5ce ov] aga9/ man1 lift$ him above himself into ! fire & flood ( creative activity1 & made x possible = him to produce *>act]i/ic cont5ts4 ,^! classical a*ievem5ts are especially important = ! developm5t ( life if !y n only br+ some?+ new 9 individual dep>tm5ts & 9 p>ticul> directions1 b also %ape & pres5t ! :ole to u 9 a di/9ctive mann]1 & seek to appropriate to !mselves1 & 9 ! appropriation to elevate1 ! spiritual impulse t exi/s 9 man2 if a new be+1 9 contra/ to nature & society1 em]ges & w\ld become "l ( ! :ole4 ,life z a :ole is ?us trans=m$ into a problem & a conflict4 ,! "q is :e!r ?is movem5t is able to take up ev]y?+ into itself & to lead life to its highe/ level1 or :e!r x meets ) an insup]able resi/ance4 ,9 ?is matt] life te/s itself by itself1 by its own developm5t--a ?+ :i* is possible only if its exp]i5ces arise out ( its be+ z a :ole4 ,if 9 a p>ticul> case x proves t ess5tial requirem5ts rema9 unsatisfi$1 t ! movem5t is n able to include ! spiritual life )9 itself1 a sev]e convulsion is inevitable1 ! spiritual life z a :ole comes to a /&/ill1 & !re c be no advance until life conc5trates anew & ! new conc5tration ga9s gr\nd4 ,x is to be expect$ t a new conc5tration w br+ =w>d & develop t1 9 p>ticul>1 :i* =m]ly did n f9d complete satisfaction4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re=e1 !re is an abrupt break & ! em]g5ce ( an app>5tly irreconcilable opposition3 ! old is relegat$ to ! backgr\nd2 te/$ by ! new1 ! old soon comes to be reg>d$ z a complete mi/ake4 ,9 reality x is n s4 ,=1 z c]ta9ly z spontane\s creative activity 0 op]ative 9 ! old & produc$ *>act]i/ic cont5ts1 x involves some?+ :i*1 sup]ior to all ! *ange ( "t1 w survive convulsion & d\bt1 & ass]t itself 9 "s way 9 a m compreh5sive life4 ,b ! old w n survive & re-ass]t itself unless ! timeless reality )9 x sep>ates itself f all human & tempor>y addition2 unless x manife/s :at lies beh9d ! hi/orical =m4 ,! same ?+ happ5s 9 ! case ( ! new movem5t t arises4 ,) all its greatness ( a*ievem5t1 limitations become manife/ 9 x2 !n1 m compreh5sive =ms arise2 & s 9 ! hi/orical movem5t z a :ole ! spiritual life is reveal$ 9 =ms cont9ually increas+ 9 cont5t4 ,9 opposition to ! t5d5cy = "o age to be sep>at$ f ano!r1 h[ev]1 a desire = unity1 = a life :i* 9 "s way embraces ! multiplicity ( movem5ts & conc5trations ( life1 & b9ds !m into a :ole1 makes itself felt4 ,a unity c h>dly be a*iev$ by simply reg>d+ ! diff]5t conc5trations & t5d5cies z on ! same level & mak+ a compromise betwe5 !m2 r x is necess>y t ! diff]5t conc5trations & diff]5t movem5ts cont5d ) "o ano!r2 x is j _! conflict :i* may elevate & deep5 life4 ,! movem5t to secure ?is unity & to reta9 elem5ts f ! pa/ is n an accumulation ( elem5ts & t5d5cies 9 "t1 b an increas+ deliv]ance f "t1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a timeless tru? indep5d5t ( ! *ange ( ?+s4 ,exp]i5ces1 ( :i* ! ext]nal manife/ations no long] exi/1 are aga9 call$ to life1 & pres]v$ = all "t by spiritual p[]2 inde$1 t :i* is lo/ 9 imm$iacy by ! abs5ce ( ! ext]nal manife/ation is m ?an comp5sat$ = by an advance to ! s\rce ( ! p[]3 ?+s :i* 9 _! temporal =m are a m]e co-exi/5ce are trans=m$ into an organis$ :ole4 ,movem5ts1 :i* 9 hi/ory h (t5 be5 engag$ 9 passionate conflict1 may ent] into a relation ( int]action1 & may be reg>d$ z a sequ5ce ( /ages1 9 :i* ! e>li] prep>es = ! lat]1 & ! lat] presupposes ! e>li]2 9 :i* all give life to & fur!r "o ano!r4 ,a univ]sal life ?us progressively arises )9 ! doma9 ( man2 ! individual a*ievem5ts unite m & m to ! build+ up ( a new1 endur+ _w2 ! :ole realises itself 9 ! individual occurr5ce1 & ?r\gh ! developm5t ( a "t-inclusive pres5t transc5ds ! m]e mom5t4 ,?is movem5t ( life 9 hi/ory involves m unre/1 conflict & d\bt1 ?an ! n9ete5?-c5tury doctr9e ( evolution impli$4 ,= ?is doctr9e saw 9 ! hi/orical movem5t ! unfold+ ( a spiritual life1 sure z reg>ds its f\ndation & its ma9 direction2 ! anti!ses )9 t movem5t seem$ to be involv$ 9 a s+le process1 :i* det]m9$ ! limits ( ea* t5d5cy 9 relation to ! o!rs2 a transc5d5t necessity 0 reg>d$ z lead+ to ! developm5t ( all 9 _! relation to "o ano!r4 ,z a fact1 ! conflict is also conc]n+ ! sub/ance & ! ma9 direction ( ! :ole2 ! spiritual life mu/ fir/ realise itself )9 ! region ( mank9d1 & x is realis$ ?r\gh ! toil & "w ( man himself4 ,x is j ! fact t ! problem is an ultimate "o1 t ev5 ! fundam5tal =ms ( life develop only 9 conflict & exp]i5ce1 & t we are conc]n$ n ) w9n+ simply ?is or t 9 life1 b g5u9e life itself1 t makes hi/ory significant4 ,at ! same "t1 ?is br+s man into a m inw>d relation to ! spiritual life1 & ?is life is made m 8 own life & be+ ?an if he 7 surr\nd$ by ! p[] ( physical or intellectual processes4 ,no?+ makes humanity z a :ole m significant ?an t 9 its prov9ce & ?r\gh its "w ! new _w beg9s to develop4 ,) su* a conception ( hi/ory1 ! philosophical treatm5t ( x mu/ direct its att5tion *iefly to ! indep5d5t spirituality :i* 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies1 & especially 9 great *anges1 is evolv$ 9 contra/ ) ! n>r[ly human2 & to ! ma9 direction :i* is giv5 to life by ?is spirituality4 ,! philosophical treatm5t ( hi/ory ought fir/ ( all to trace ! lib]ation ( life f ! simply human2 ! inn] elevation ( our be+ to a m-?an-human4 ,antiquity at ! height ( its spiritual developm5t began to desire a univ]sal tru? indep5d5t ( man2 a m\ld+ ( life 9 accordance ) an inn] "r2 & an ord] ( ?+s beyond ! p[] ( human caprice1 z 0 %[n by ! giv+ symmetry & h>mony prec$5ce 9 art1 & ju/ice 9 conduct4 ,*ri/ianity br\ght ab\t a lib]ation ( ! inn]mo/ disposition1 ! root ( endeav\r & ( love1 f purely natural impulse1 h[ev] ennobl$2 & 9 ?is way br\ght m5 into new relation%ips & set !m be=e new tasks4 ,! ,mod]n ,age on ! "p ( sci5ce began a rel5tless conflict aga9/ ! an?ropomorphism ( ! mode ( life z imm$iately exp]i5c$2 ?us x has made ! spiritual life ev5 9 its =m indep5d5t ( man1 9 t x has creat$ spiritual complexes & has recognis$ 9 !m movem5ts & inn] necessities ( _! own4 ,?r\gh ! :ole ( ?is movem5t ( univ]sal hi/ory life frees itself m & m f its dep5d5ce ^u m]e man1 & f ! bondage to giv5 presuppositions & giv5 natural impulses1 & f a giv5 _w 9 g5]al4 ,life is bas$ m & m ^u its own indep5d5t nature1 & f its position ( indep5d5ce develops a new k9d ( be+4 ,x is ?is ga9 ( a new _w ?r\gh /ruggle t alone gives to hi/ory a mean+ & an inn] unity4 ,if hi/ory ?us accompli%es ! =mation ( great spiritual complexes1 & if !re is an endeav\r to fit ^! ) all _! anti!ses into an all-compreh5sive :ole1 if x unites all ages & all p[]s ) ! bond ( a univ]sal task1 x is a cle> witness to ! liv+ pres5ce ( ! spiritual life )9 ! human sph]e4 ,ap>t f ?is pres5ce all ^! a*ievem5ts w\ld be impossible1 & ! :ole movem5t mu/ vani% into ?9 air4 ,! e/imate ( hi/ory "h giv5 is valid only :5 a spiritual hi/ory is cle>ly di/+ui%$ f m]ely human hi/ory4 ,only :5 hi/ory z a :ole ga9s a s\l & a support f ?is spiritual hi/ory are ! non-spiritual factors able to atta9 to any rational significance2 only !n c hi/ory h a mean+ & transc5d ! relativity f :i* o!rwise x _c escape4 ,on ! "o h&1 hi/ory dem&s = its own exi/5ce ! pres5ce ( a spiritual _w )9 humanity2 on ! o!r1 x te/ifies to ?is pres5ce by t :i* is *>act]i/ic 9 its own cont5t2 by t :i* c be und]/ood only z a progressive disclosure ( su* a _w4 7ii47 ,! ,spiritual ,conception ( ,society ,! problem ( society is closely ak9 to t ( hi/ory4 ,9 ! life ar\nd u a c]ta9 union is atta9$ 9 t m5 dwell toge!r1 b ?is imm$iate union does n simply ( itself produce a spiritual unity1 a spiritual :ole3 if society manife/s su* a unity1 !n 9 x1 also1 a di/9ctive revelation ( ! spiritual mu/ be ackn[l$g$4 ,mod]n sci5ce %[s cle>ly & di/9ctly t ! individual is n an isolat$ atom1 b exi/s 9 relation ) a social environm5t2 & t1 ev5 to ! inn]mo/ recesses ( 8 be+1 he is det]m9$ by ! con/itution ( ?is environm5t4 ,b sci5ce falls into s]i\s error if x goes beyond ! tru? ( ?is cont5tion & attempts to repres5t spiritual creation z ! result ( ! m]e int]-relation & accumulation ( individual p[]s4 ,= betwe5 spiritual creation & ?is int]-relation & accumulation ( individual p[]s1 9 spite ( all _! ext]nal proximity1 !re is ! wide/ div]g5ce4 ,spiritual creation requires to be treat$ z an end complete 9 itself1 & mu/ foll[ ! laws ( its own be+2 x claims an inali5able supremacy above all trivial human int]e/s1 :i* yet = a "t dom9ate ! common life4 ,fur!r1 x _c succe$ )\t ! developm5t ( an inn] unity :i* ma9ta9s & *>act]i/ically =ms a :ole ( life4 ,! exi/5ce ( m5 side by side gives rise to a v>iety ( op9ions1 /riv+s1 dispositions1 :i* m+le confus$ly toge!r2 ! usual condition ( ?+s t arises f ?is confusion has any?+ b a def9ite "*4 ,! condition ( our own "t mu/ conv9ce ev]yone :o is unprejudic$1 h[ little ?is pitiable confusion c ( itself produce any?+ spiritual & associate m5 toge!r 9 an inn] unity4 ,= 9 ! epo* ( railways1 telegraphs & newspap]s1 ( l>ge t[ns & ( factories1 movem5ts ( ! masses are c]ta9ly n lack+2 !y surr\nd ! individual & influ5ce him m /rongly ?an ev] be=e4 ,b :]e1 out ( all ! fluctuation ( public op9ion1 out ( ! confusion & bu/le ( life1 does creative spiritual activity arise1 give to life an inn] cont5t1 & unite humanity 9 an inn] community8 ,r1 we see humanity cont9ually split up into oppos+ factions2 we see ! /rife t5d m & m to affect ! f\ndation ( our exi/5ce4 ,h[ev]1 9 spite ( ! spiritual impot5cy ( ! movem5ts ( ! masses1 creative spiritual activity has em]g$ 9 humanity1 has ov]come ! sep>ation ( ! individuals & inw>dly unifi$ ! =ces ( life4 ,x mu/ n only be possible to effect1 b we mu/ actually effect a unity :i* transc5ds ! individuals1 a union :i* has its s\rce 9 ! spiritual life itself4 ,9 reality ! exp]i5ce ( humanity %[s su* a union4 ,( prim>y importance 9 ?is connection is ! fact ( ! p[] ( s-call$ ideas 9 hi/ory--! fact t c]ta9 aims transc5d+ natural welf>e w9 p[] ov] ! :ole doma9 ( culture1 b9d m5 toge!r & lift !m above _! selfi% int]e/s4 ,to be sure1 9 ! movem5ts :i* arise to c>ry out ^! ideas mu* t is insignificantly human is introduc$2 & ! int]e/s ( individuals & ( classes (t5 l>gely prepond]ate1 b ! orig9 & ! progress ( ^! movem5ts _c be acc\nt$ = by ! m]ely human2 !y are only to be expla9$ z due to man feel+ directly )9 himself ! necessity ( spiritual tasks4 ,if he feels ?is necessity only "u p>ticul> conditions1 & if x is only = a %ort "t t x ass]ts itself at its highe/1 /ill x ext5ds its influ5ce ov] life z a :ole1 & is ev]y:]e a unique ph5om5on1 ev5 :5 limit$ & confus$ by mu* t is ali5 to x4 ,fur!r1 ! fact t :ole peoples h develop$ di/9ctive national *>act]s is ( importance 9 ?is connection4 ,su* a "* is di/+ui%$ ess5tially f all m]e p>ticipation ( common conditions1 n only physical b also psy*ical1 t social life br+s ) x4 ,= ! developm5t ( su* a "* life mu/ rise to en]getic activity & become unifi$2 !re mu/ be an advance t[>ds a common goal2 an active relation mu/ be tak5 up n only t[>ds ! environm5t b also t[>ds itself4 ,a national "* is n giv51 b is atta9$ ?r\gh ! "w ( hi/ory2 x develops only ?r\gh common exp]i5ces1 suff]+s1 & triumphs3 9 its orig9 & its cont9uance x involves an elevation above ! aims ( physical & social pres]vation1 a developm5t ( pure inw>dness4 ,f9ally1 no inn] relation ( humanity proce$s f ! physical association ( m51 f _! meet+ 9 a common _w4 ,if a vital :ole1 a common tru?1 did n exi/ )9 u1 all our relations w\ld be ext]nal3 we c\ld n foll[ common aims 9 life & endeav\r or h common exp]i5ces2 we c\ld n ?9k & live = "o ano!r1 or develop spiritual cont5ts 9 diff]5t dep>tm5ts1 su* z ^? ( law & religion1 sci5ce & art1 & give to !m a cognate spiritual "*4 ,x is always ! pres5ce ( a self-consci\s reality t b9ds humanity toge!r inw>dly4 ,we c be z c]ta9 9 our ackn[l$gm5t ( ?is pres5ce z we c t our exp]i5ce %[s su* an inn] unity 9 important a*ievem5ts & 9 ! =mation ( :ole dep>tm5ts ( "w & o!r complexes4 ,) its ackn[l$gm5t we avoid ! sev]e contradiction t is %[n 9 ! contempor>y e/imate & conception ( humanity4 ,to our m dispassionate consid]ation ( ?+s ! disagreeable aspect ( ! social ma*9]y1 ! gr[+ %>pness ( ! conflict1 ! passionate eag]ness ( ! desire = m1 ! inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! enorm\s am\nt ( subjective excitem5t & ! spiritual pov]ty1 are cle>4 ,logically1 ?is confus$ & self-contradictory /ate ( affairs ought to lead to a rejection ( ! :ole1 & to a pron\nc$ pessimism4 ,yet humanity is reg>d$ z noble & wor?y ( respect2 x is made ! value ( all values2 ! object ( our fai? & our hope2 all our ef=ts are direct$ t[>ds its well-be+4 ,& ?is is done )\t x be+ p]ceiv$ t ?us ! basis ( exp]i5ce is =sak5 & t ! impression ( humanity obta9$ f exp]i5ce is bluntly contradict$3 ! introduction ( an ab/ract conception seems to alt] ev]y?+ & to lead to its be+ reg>d$ z good4 ,9 ! %att]+ ( beliefs at lea/ ?is "o has rema9$3 belief 9 ! p[] ( ab/ractions4 ,he :o w\ld ab&on ?is belief & at ! same "t hold fa/ to ! high e/imate ( humanity mu/ admit t a spiritual _w is active 9 man1 & 9 s do+ ackn[l$ge t man is m ?an he appe>s 9 imm$iate exp]i5ce4 ,su* a "o w feel increas+ly ! necessity ( actively compreh5d+ & def9itely di/+ui%+ f ! m$ley ( trivial social conc]ns e manife/ation ( a spiritual _w 9 man4 ,x is n out ( society b 9 conflict ) x t ev]y?+ great has gr[n4 ,& yet t :i* is great is root$ 9 a :ole ( life4 ,spiritual "w mu/ h its basis 9 ?is invisible :ole1 n 9 m]e society2 & f ?is position x mu/ prote/ aga9/ ! presumptu\s claim ( society to evolve ! spiritual life ( its own p[]4 ,! community t proce$s f a spiritual union w be prim>ily an invisible "o2 b :e!r ?is invisible unity c\ld n realise itself bett] & be effective also 9 ! visible _w is a s]i\s & difficult "q t cont9ually becomes m urg5t4 ,if ! conviction t we h "h giv5 an acc\nt ( def9itely contradicts ! hi/orico-social view ( life :i* 0 s pot5t 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & :i* deeply degrad$ ! spiritual life & its self-consci\s & self-det]m9+ activity1 x by no means fails to recognise ! significance ( hi/ory & society2 & has no int5tion ( tak+ up aga9 ! mode ( ?\ght common 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,enlight5m5t4 ,hi/ory & society are indisp5sable means = ! developm5t ( ! spiritual life 9 humanity3 f m]e individuals & f individual mom5ts x c\ld atta9 nei!r cont5t nor p[]4 ,b to decl>e = ?is reason t hi/ory & society are ! g5]at+ basis ( ! spiritual life 0 a def9ite error2 ?\gh 9 ! hi/orical movem5t ( ! problem x c]ta9ly f9ds an explanation & an excuse4 ,! high] e/imate ( hi/ory & society has gr[n up on ! basis ( ,idealism2 to ,idealism ! spiritual life seem$ to live & fir/ to atta9 to its complete tru? 9 hi/ory & society4 ,lat] on1 att5tion & activity 7 div]t$ f a _w ( ?\ght *iefly to ! _w ( s5se2 & ) ?is *ange hi/ory & society lo/ _! spiritual f\ndation & _! animat+ s\l4 ,nev]!less1 _! claim to produce ! spiritual life rema9$2 !y 7 expect$ to a*ieve ( _! own p[] m ?an 0 possible ev5 ) ! greate/ ex]tion4 ,9 tru? !y c br+ =? spiritual cont5ts1 & s]ve ! developm5t ( ! spiritual life )9 man1 only "u ! presupposition ( ! pres5ce ( a transc5d5t spiritual life4 ,at ! same "t _! a*ievem5t 9 ! comb9ation ( =ces & 9 ! production ( spiritual results is a witness to ! reality ( ! spiritual life4 7e7 ,! ,elevation ( ,life above ,division ,we saw t ! spiritual life atta9s an indep5d5ce only if x does n simply br+ ab\t an effect ^u a _w indep5d5t ( x1 b produces a reality f itself2 conc5trates s z to become a reality itself4 ,at ! fir/ glance man seems by no means to satisfy ?is dem&4 ,= 8 life1 aft]1 9 its progress1 ris+ above its initial /ages1 9 :i* x 0 undiff]5tiat$ f ! environm5t1 is subject to ! anti!sis ( man & _w1 ( subject & object1 & ! div]g5ce seems to increase cont9ually 9 ! c\rse ( 8 developm5t4 ,! m p[] ! life ( ! s\l w9s1 ! m x produces a *>act]i/ic cont5t1 ! fre] & m active reflection becomes1 ! m does ! _w rec$e be=e man1 ! m def9itely is imm$iate contact ) ! _w prev5t$4 ,! gulf is n bridg$ by ! epi/emological consid]ation t t ov] aga9/ :i* we place ourselves mu/ also1 fundam5tally1 belong to our own life1 be 9 "s way includ$ )9 x3 ?is treatm5t signifies a removal ( ! anti!sis to ano!r region r ?an an inn] transc5d5ce ( x4 ,a g5u9e transc5d5ce _c be effect$ )\t an expansion & developm5t ( life1 evolv+ new connections :i* transc5d ! division1 & lift+ u into a sph]e above m]e subjectivity4 ,connections su* z ^! are1 z a fact1 br\ght ab\t by an expansion & developm5t ( life2 b ^! connections :i* 9 _! individual appe>ances are evid5t to all are seldom adequately e/imat$ z a :ole1 & 9 respect ( ! problems to :i* !y give rise4 ,^! connections are effect$ 9 "w1 9 "w z a spiritual occurr5ce4 ,we h already se5 h[ 9 "w ! object loses its ali5 nature & is tak5 up into our own life2 we mu/ n[ foll[ m closely ! process by :i* "w is ext5d$ & deep5$2 produces a *>act]i/ic sph]e ( life & e/abli%es a spiritual reality 9 ! doma9 ( man4 ,at fir/ we are occupi$ 9 "w ) an abundance ( individual tasks t h no inn] relation to "o ano!r4 ,b ! m "w advances f an ext]nal contact ) objects to an inn] *ange ( !m1 ! m necess>y is x t ^! tasks %\ld be unifi$ s z to =m a :ole2 & t ea* task %\ld h its position 9 ?is :ole1 & repres5t 9 itself a p>ticul> aspect ( ! :ole4 ,! pro( ( greatness 9 a "w is j t ! nature ( ! individual aspects is det]m9$ fundam5tally by _! relation )9 ! :ole2 t :at is *>act]i/ic 9 ! "w z a :ole is manife/$ ev5 9 its simple/ elem5ts2 ?us1 = example1 e indep5d5t ?9k] has p>ticul> views ) reg>d to ! nature ( ! fundam5tal =ms ( logical ?\ght su* z ! concept & ! judgm5t2 9 ! same way e indep5d5t arti/ creates 8 own language ( =ms4 ,"w n only leads to a unity ( life 9 ! case ( individuals2 b1 fur!r1 )\t a union ( individual =ces = a common end1 )\t an organisation ( all human "w1 we %\ld /& def5celess 9 face ( ! inf9ity ( ! _w1 & we c\ld nev] advance to a /ate ( culture4 ,9 su* community ( "w man creates a new sph]e ( exi/5ce = himself2 he =ms 8 _w ( "w & sets x 9 contra/ to ev]y?+ :i* does n come )9 x4 ,?is _w ( "w transc5ds ! individual2 & yet x is our _w2 x is su/a9$ by human p[] &1 direct+ & =m+1 reacts ^u man4 ,=1 ! m unity ?is _w ( "w acquires & ! m control x w9s ov] ! object1 ! m def9ite dep>tm5ts & relations x evolves 9 itself1 ! m does x manife/ *>act]i/ic laws & me?ods :i*1 ) sup]ior p[]1 prescribe to human activity its nature & direction1 b :i* c orig9ate n[h]e else ?an 9 ! doma9 ( man4 ,& s )9 ! doma9 ( man we rise above all caprice & subjectivity3 s9ce ! law ( ! object det]m9es man's "w1 8 life is rais$ above ! anti!sis betwe5 s\l & object4 ,"w is n some?+ t man1 ess5tially p]fect1 und]takes incid5tally & z some?+ supplem5t>y1 b x is t ?r\gh :i* he fir/ develops a spiritual life2 ?r\gh :i* he acquires a spiritual exi/5ce2 & ! "* ( ! "w det]m9es at ! same "t ! nature ( ?is exi/5ce4 ,z ! individual dep>tm5ts ( "w evolve *>act]i/ic modes ( ?\ght & conviction1 s out ( "w z a :ole a p>ticul> spiritual nature arises :i* does n exi/ 9 relation to a _w ext]nal to x1 b conta9s )9 itself a _w =m$ by its own activity4 ,all ?is1 9 con=mity ) our fundam5tal conviction1 involves ! implication t man is n a spiritual be+ f ! beg9n+1 b only has ! pot5cy to become "o4 ,su* a rais+ ( ! aim :i* is set to "w involves an increase 9 ! am\nt ( toil t x necessitates1 & ! dang]s :i* are incurr$3 ! object & ! encompass+ life are subject to ^! dang]s4 ,= ! complete success ( "w & ! =mation ( a g5u9e self1 x is z necess>y t ! object be tak5 up entirely into ! process ( "w z t !re %\ld n be ano!r vital unity m ultimate ?an ! self :i* gr[s up 9 ! "w1 b t ! self %\ld =m ! f9al conclusion3 :atev] is n tak5 up into ! process ( "w less5s its cont5t1 weak5s its p[]1 endang]s its tru?1 & prev5ts j t f be+ a*iev$ :i* is "h 9 "q4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we consid] ! opposition t arises at diff]5t po9ts1 g5u9e "w is se5 to be a high ideal1 an inf9ite task :i* ev5 9 fav\rable cases is only approximately fulfill$4 ,at ! same "t x is a witness to ! sway ( elevat+ & modify+ p[]s )9 ! doma9 ( man4 ,! object is conceal$ f man *iefly by 8 own incl9ation to treat himself z ! c5tre ( reality2 to trans=m ! environm5t into a reflection ( 8 own be+2 & to measure ! inf9ite by ! /&>d ( 8 own well-be+4 ,along ) ?is humanis+ ( ! environm5t1 man develops ! mo/ div]se =ms ( occupation ) x1 b h[ev] f> su* occupation may be ext5d$1 x does n lead man beyond 8 own doma92 x does n aid him 9 8 spiritual progress4 ,x is possible = occupation ^u ! environm5t to aid spiritual progress only :5 ?+s atta9 an indep5d5ce1 & f ?is firmly resi/ ! t5d5cy ( man to repres5t !m 9 accordance ) 8 subjective wi%es4 ,only su* indep5d5ce ( ! objective makes x possible = x to ar\se new p[]s 9 man & = 8 life to be bas$ on some?+ deep] ?an imm$iate feel+ & desire1 & to beg9 an inn] trans=mation4 ,b ?is movem5t has v>i\s levels :i* diff] di/9ctly f "o ano!r2 & f ! position ( a high] level x is difficult to reg>d ! a*ievem5t at a l[] "o z g5u9e & complete "w4 ,! ,mod]n ,age ) its exact rese>* (t5 _c reg>d ! "w ( e>ly natural sci5ce z "w ( high value4 ,a simil> gradation is evid5t 9 ! /riv+ = happ9ess2 = ! rais+ ( human well-be+4 ,s long z endeav\r is direct$ to atta9+ & pres]v+ m]e subjective /ates ( feel+1 & s long z a movem5t beyond ?is subjectivity is n ackn[l$g$ to exi/ )9 man himself1 & ! requirem5ts ( ?is movem5t are n satisfi$--z is ! case ) ,epicureanism & ,utilit>ianism--endeav\r1 e>ne/ z x may be1 does n acquire ! "* ( spiritual "w2 x does n ess5tially advance life1 & !re=e 9 ! long run does n satisfy human ne$s4 ,epicureanism & ,utilit>ianism ) all _! results inevitably become insipid & empty to him4 ,if !re are p[]ful h9drances to ?is endeav\r = some?+ m ?an ! subjective1 !re is at ! same "t a weal? ( movem5t :i* bids defiance to !m1 & ! c\rse ( hi/ory %[s cont9u\s expansion & developm5t ( ?is movem5t2 x %[s t man is able to take up a conflict aga9/ ! trivially human1 &1 9 ! build+ up ( a new _w1 to raise himself ess5tially above 8 orig9al condition4 ,exact sci5ce breaks away f ! object ( p]ception1 removes x to a di/ance1 analyses x !re1 asc]ta9s its laws1 & !n re/ores x 9 *ang$ =m to m53 9 ?is x also advances human life 9 itself1 9 t ?\ght rises m freely above p]ception1 & a sy/em ( pure ?\ght su/a9s ! :ole _w ( s5se4 ,a fur!r div]g5ce betwe5 ! /ruggle = physical exi/5ce & ! build+ up ( a new _w appe>s 9 hi/ory 9 ! endeav\r = happ9ess & a significant cont5t ( life4 ,9 ! exp]i5ce ( humanity1 morality & religion1 look$ at inw>dly1 assume two fundam5tally diff]5t =ms4 ,on ! "o h& !y are look$ ^u z a m]e means to support man 9 a giv5 _w2 to br+ him into cong5ial relation ) ! _w2 & s to organise ?is _w t x may a*ieve z mu* z possible = human well-be+4 ,?is =m gov]ns human exp]i5ce at its g5]al level1 & easily comes to be reg>d$ z ! only =m4 ,at high] levels ( creative activity1 h[ev]1 a totally diff]5t =m made its appe>ance3 !re 0 a break ) ! :ole _w ( s5se & well-be+ z ?\gh ) some?+ intol]ably n>r[1 & 9 a self-consci\s life a new _w arose & br\ght =? *>act]i/ic cont5ts2 ! appropriation ( ?is _w rais$ life above all m]e p>ticul>ity & subjectivity2 at ! same "t ?is appropriation became an inf9ite task & "w = man & = humanity z a :ole4 ,if ?is =m ( religion & morality has be5 manife/$ ) complete cle>ness only at high levels ( life 9 hi/ory1 f ^! heights ?is =m has also ex]t$ an influ5ce ^u ! re/ ( life1 animat+ & rais+ x2 inde$1 x is only ?is g5u9e conception ( religion & morality :i* fir/ gives to !m an indep5d5ce & a value 9 !mselves4 ,?us1 not)/&+ ! inadequacy ( human a*ievem5t we _c b recognise t life transc5ds m]e subjectivity & ! sep>ation t x involves4 ,9 ano!r direction complexities arise 9 t some?+ objective is evolv$ & e/abli%$ :i*1 h[ev]1 is n br\ght suffici5tly into relation ) life z a :ole & unit$ ) x4 ,!n1 "w may progress )9 its own prov9ce con/antly & vigor\sly1 b x loses t\* ) our s\l2 we d n realise or develop ourselves 9 x4 ,) all ! fev]i% t5sion ( individual p[]s "w is !n inw>dly ali5 to u1 & its p[] ov] u may become a heavy oppression4 ,?r\gh su* a deta*m5t f life z a :ole "w loses s\l & is no?+ m ?an me*anical2 9 %ort1 we h all ^? results ( division betwe5 "w & s\l :i* we may feel ) p>ticul> acut5ess 9 ! contempor>y /ate ( culture4 ,exp]i5ces ris+ f ?is division lead u to dem& t "w %all be s organis$ z to be capable ( tak+ up life z a :ole into itself1 & ) ?is ( becom+ our true self4 ,aga91 life z a :ole _c ent] ^u "w z complete1 = !n x w\ld =ce some?+ ali5 ^u "w1 & by ?is p]v]t x2 life z a :ole c be evolv$ only f ! unification & elevation ( "w itself4 ,we d n beg9 & c>ry on "w z a fix$ individuality1 b we =m individuality fir/ ?r\gh "w by ! cont9ual ov]com+ ( ! opposition ( subjective disposition & object4 ,spiritual cont5ts are n produc$ by a communication ( some?+ t is 9 itself complete to some?+ else t is 9 itself complete1 an int]action ( disposition & object2 r mu/ we say t g5u9e "w sets bo? sides 9 motion & ) elevat+ p[] unites !m 9 a s+le life4 ,s und]/ood1 e movem5t :i* t5ds to ! developm5t ( spirituality 9 individuals1 peoples1 ages1 & f9ally ( humanity z a :ole1 is a witness to ! possibility ( a transc5d5ce ( ?is opposition1 ( ! em]g5ce ( a reality )9 ! life-process4 ,we _c give "w a spiritual nature 9 ?is way1 & make x ! in/rum5t ( a new reality1 )\t be+ compell$ to ackn[l$ge t !re is mu* less g5u9e "w among m5 ?an we are accu/om$ to assume4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ also recognise t ! little t !re is signifies mu* m1 & indicates mu* great] advances ( life ?an x is usual to admit4 ,no?+ diff]5tiates individuals & ages m f "o ano!r ?an ! ext5t to :i* !y take "p 9 g5u9e "w2 ! degree to :i* !y trans=m _! life 9 su* "w4 ,m]e reflection & good w c accompli% v little 9 ?is matt]2 )\t an en]getic nature1 a /rong inn] disposition ) a def9ite t5d5cy1 z well z ! fav\r ( de/9y1 n mu* c be a*iev$4 ,:at is usually call$ life is only a w to live1 a /ra9+ aft] life2 x yields b an outw>d appe>ance & a %ad[ ( life3 g5u9e life is fir/ br\ght =? by t trans=mation4 ,b ! less human exi/5ce 9 g5]al imm$iately includes g5u9e "w1 ! m indisp5sable is x t !re %\ld be firmly root$ t5d5cies to su* "w 9 ! basis ( our be+1 & t ^! t5d5cies %\ld be develop$ to great] cle>ness ( =m & to great] effect 9 ! "w ( univ]sal hi/ory4 ,s t our "w may n be split up & de/roy$1 we ne$ def9ite syn!ses t e/abli% a /ructure ( life4 ,on ! "o h& we mu/ accompli% an analysis into individual t5d5cies & dep>tm5ts ( life :i*1 op]at+ indep5d5tly1 g5]ate life2 & on ! o!r h& we mu/ f9d a unity ( endeav\r among ^! t5d5cies & dep>tm5ts2 a movem5t f "o to ano!r2 a common activity direct$ t[>ds ! build+ up ( a new _w4 ,^! syn!ses mu/ be an imm$iate exp]i5ce at ea* po9t2 !y mu/ be involv$ 9 all division ( "w2 ev]y:]e set di/9ctive tasks2 produce *>act]i/ic a*ievem5ts2 & 9 en]getic organisation ( exi/5ce elevate x to ! level ( a *>act]i/ic sy/em ( life1 full ( p[]1 :i* presses =w>d to fur!r developm5t4 ,only ?us c\ld a movem5t orig9ate :i* might exp& to a real :ole & be capable ( e/abli%+ ?is :ole aga9/ ! _w z x is = imm$iate exp]i5ce2 only ?us c\ld humanity def5d itself aga9/ ! p[] ( ! environm5t & ( de/9y4 ,exp]i5ce alone c decide :e!r our life conta9s su* syn!ses1 & :e!r by means ( !m x =ms a :ole3 ! movem5t ( univ]sal hi/ory %[s t !re are su* syn!ses4 ,! natures ( ^! syn!ses give to ! *ief epo*s ( culture _! di/9ctive *>act]s1 by :i* ! natures ( _! elem5ts & ( ! relations betwe5 !m are det]m9$2 & man acquires a def9ite relation to ! _w & c make a judgm5t ^u x4 ,su* a syn!sis1 ) its life-p5etrat+ & life-=m+ p[]1 c]ta9ly conta9s "s tru?2 x is n a product ( n>r[ly human reflection & imag9ation4 ,! c\rse ( "t & ! *anges ( hi/ory1 !re=e1 _c simply break x d[n completely2 r ) ! tru? t x conta9s su* a syn!sis elevates life above "t into ! et]nal4 ,b x has n be5 demon/rat$ t life is capable ( only "o syn!sis1 or t x may n produce a v>iety ( su*3 life does n necess>ily realise its unity 9 simply e/abli%+ a s+le syn!sis2 x c seek unity 9 ! supremacy ( a *ief syn!sis above o!rs4 ,t exp]i5ce 9 our own sph]e ( culture %[s ! latt] to be ! case we int5d to indicate 9 a few l9es4 ,a *>act]i/ic syn!sis fir/ made its appe>ance at ! height ( classical ,antiquity4 ,x 0 art1 *iefly pla/ic art1 t det]m9$ ! nature ( ?is syn!sis4 ,=m z a unify+ & sy/ematis+ p[] is at ! c5tre ( life1 takes possession ( matt] & organises x1 trans=ms *aos into a cosmos2 & 9 ?is ex]cise ( p[] x realises itself1 ev5 ?\gh its fundam5tal nature is reg>d$ z transc5d+ all *ange & v>iation4 ,spiritual "w is =mative & selective2 x is ! triumphant realisation ( =m2 x is necess>y t life 9 all its /ages ( developm5t %\ld be p]meat$ by ?is =mative spiritual activity4 ,!re are num]\s indep5d5t c5tres ( life1 b ! t5d5cies f ea* are t[>ds ! realisation ( ! :ole1 & f9d _! p]fection 9 x alone4 ,?\ght1 indep5d5t ( ! _w1 mu/ extract f ! m$ley ( fir/ impressions p]man5t =ms1 & unite ^! into a consi/5t repres5tation ( ! :ole2 x f9ds ! acme ( its a*ievem5t 9 br++ ?is repres5tation cle>ly to consci\sness 9 a =m t is complete & free f subjective addition4 ,9 conduct1 an organisation & a unify+ ( ! elem5ts s z to produce a h>moni\s effect is ! *ief ?+4 ,f ! *aotic mass ( individuals1 ! /ate by con/itution & law =ms a liv+ "w ( art1 a diff]5tiat$ organism4 ,= ! individual ! *ief matt] 9 conduct is to br+ ! div]se =ces 9 ! s\l into ! "r relation ( ord] & gradation1 to rea* ! highe/ ( all h>monies1 ! h>moni\s life4 ,all ?is involves p>ticul> e/imates ( value1 a *>act]i/ic solution ( ! problems & a h>monis+ ( ! oppositions ( our exi/5ce4 ,x is a matt] ( g5]al k h[ ?is syn!sis has elevat$ & ennobl$ life1 & is /ill increas+ly felt z an influ5ce t5d+ to fur!r developm5t & h>mony4 ,b x is equally well kn[n h[ ! progress ( life has rebuff$ ! claim ( ?is sy/em ( life to be ! only valid "o4 ,we h become aw>e ( contradictions :i* d n f9d suffici5t ackn[l$gm5t 9 ?is sy/em3 a gulf deep] ?an x is able to transc5d has made its appe>ance betwe5 man & 8 environm5t3 9 p>ticul>1 ! supremacy ( =m1 :i* con/itutes ! basis ( ! sy/em1 has be5 %ak54 ,antiquity1 at its highe/ developm5t1 _h1 )\t mu* consid]ation1 giv5 to =m a liv+ s\l2 its lat] c\rse dissolv$ ?is union1 ! s\l deg5]at$ m & m into an inw>dness ( feel+1 & gave up all claim1 if n to ! _w1 yet to its organisation & =mation3 =m1 depriv$ ( s\l1 ?reat5$ to become sup]ficial1 & to *ange life into play & enjoym5t4 ,x 0 at ?is po9t t ,*ri/ianity int]v5$ ) a p[]ful effect1 b x has n1 9 ! s5se ) :i* we are "h conc]n$1 produc$ an organis$ sy/em ( life4 ,su* a sy/em 0 fir/ produc$ 9 ! ,mod]n ,age1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,enlight5m5t4 ,?is sy/em makes =ce ! c5tre ( life2 to increase =ce )\t limit is ! task ( tasks4 ,! elem5ts ( reality are c5tres ( =ce2 b ^! elem5ts are n isolat$1 because =ce is call$ =? only by =ce1 & ! am\nt ( life dep5ds on ! degree to :i* relations are develop$4 ,s9ce 9 ?is way "o t5ds t[>ds ano!r1 !y become int]weav$ & jo9$1 & ! _m are unit$4 ,= ?is sy/em ! _w does n appe> z a "w ( art :i* re/s 9 itself1 b z a process t ceaselessly increases 9 volume3 ! ma9 a*ievem5t ( spiritual "w is1 ) complete consci\sness & self-det]m9+ activity1 to take possession ( ?is process1 :i* actually surr\nds u2 to *ange its inf9ite life z mu* z possible into our own life1 & to co-op]ate to ! be/ ( our capacity = its advancem5t4 ,s9ce "h spiritual "w nev] tol]ates a /ate ( inactive peace1 nev] accepts ! _w z a rigid de/9y1 b is conc]n$ to develop ! _w1 to analyse ! _w z x fir/ appe>s into its elem5ts 9 ord] to rea* ! =ces t move x1 life acquires a m active relation to ! environm5t ?an x does 9 ! e>li]1 m contemplative sy/em1 & feels itself to be m 9 ! work%op ( reality4 ,! relation ( k & life is *ang$ f its traditional "*4 ,rese>* _c trans=m ! _w f ! app>5t calm & complet5ess ( ! imm$iate impression into movem5t & developm5t1 )\t analys+ ! repres5tation (f]$ into its ultimate elem5ts2 asc]ta9+ _! laws1 & f9ally1 ) ! help ( ! idea ( unlimit$ "t1 recon/ruct+ f ! beg9n+ ! _w1 :i* x _h fir/ ( all de/roy$4 ,) su* de/ruction & recon/ruction mod]n rese>* br+s ! _w mu* ne>] to u1 & gives u m p[] ov] x ?an does ! e>li] type4 ,correspond+ to ! und]/&+ ( reality f its evolution1 man f9ds 8 own life 9 a progressive movem5t4 ,human society is reg>d$ less z a well-arrang$ "w ( art ?an z a complex ( =ces1 :i* come to full developm5t & make sure progress only 9 _! relation4 ,! *ief dem& is = ! greate/ am\nt ( fre$om ( movem5t2 ! greate/ numb] ( relations betwe5 individuals1 & a ceaseless increase ( ! /ream ( life1 t %\ld take up into itself all t be> human features4 ,! individual also mu/ realise 8 exi/5ce z "o ( becom+ & motion2 he is n b\nd by a clos$ /&>d ( nature4 ,?r\gh ! p[] ( 8 spiritual nature he is able to assimilate ev] new capacity1 & to gr[ )\t limit3 no?+ gives m pr\d c\rage & joy\s =ce to 8 life ?an ?is consci\sness ( an inn] inf9itude4 ,a *>act]i/ic ideal ( culture & education is =m$3 all individual dep>tm5ts ( spiritual "w are n[ reg>d$ prim>ily z means to ! increase ( human p[]1 & mu/ assume a =m correspond+ to ?is4 ,& s life ev]y:]e becomes m active & m p[]ful3 x f9ds its aim )9 itself1 9 its own elevation1 & has !re=e no ne$ to seek x 9 some?+ ext]nal2 ! :ole exi/5ce ( man becomes m 8 own "w4 ,z "w comes m deeply into t\* ) ! nature ( ?+s ! developm5t ( p[] becomes at ! same "t a controll+ ( ! _w4 ,x 0 n to be wond]$ at1 !re=e1 :5 ! mod]n man1 ) ! developm5t ( ?is sy/em ( life1 believ$ t = ! fir/ "t he _h left a *ildlike condition ( con/ra9t & limitation1 & ent]$ a /ate ( fre$om & maturity4 ,b ! fur!r developm5t ( life %[s cle>ly en\gh t ?is sy/em1 :i* makes =ce & movem5t its lead+ pr9ciples1 is n ! f9al /age ( human endeav\r3 ! lead+ idea ( our :ole inve/igation is t human endeav\r is m ?an ?is4 ,we h se5 t a sy/em ( m]e =ce & movem5t gives no s\l to "w & does n lead life to self-consci\sness & self-det]m9ation4 ,a ru%+ /ream seizes u & c>ries u along ) x1 b we rea* no position indep5d5t ( x2 & s we _c unify ! multiplicity1 nor ga9 a cont5t f its immeasurable a*ievem5t2 inde$1 ! increas+ ext5sion ( life divides u m & m into s+le =ces1 & deprives u ( a self t transc5ds ! movem5t4 ,at fir/ ?is 0 n fully p]ceiv$1 s9ce ! s\l 0 implicitly assum$ to be =ce & ! ext5sion ( movem5t 0 reg>d$ z a pure ga9 to ! life ( ! s\l4 ,b ! fur!r developm5t & ! ke5] emphasis on ! new /ate atta9$ c\ld n b cle>ly indicate ! contradiction "h involv$2 c\ld n b lead to a sep>ation betwe5 s\l & "w1 & =ce !m into conflict4 ,h5ce !re is a dang] ( "w becom+ me*anical1 & ( ! life ( ! s\l1 :i*1 ) ?is sep>ation1 is ?r[n back entirely ^u ! subjective1 be+ lo/ 9 indef9it5ess4 ,^! exp]i5ces ( me*anical "w & indef9ite subjectivity give bir? to a new situation1 9 :i* ! problem ( ! s\l1 a problem :i* 9 ! e>li] sy/ems rema9$ 9 ! backgr\nd1 is =c$ into prom95ce4 ,! task ( life is se5 to be a m fundam5tal "o2 x is a matt] n s mu* ( alt]+ a giv5 reality 9 "o way or ano!r z ( fir/ discov]+ a g5u9e reality1 ( advanc+ beyond all m]e activity to a be+ :i* exi/s )9 ! activity4 ,x has become evid5t to u 9 _m ways t f ! recognition ( ?is a *>act]i/ic =m ( life proce$s4 ,! only "q is :e!r ! *ange is capable ( br++ ab\t a ?or\gh organisation ( life1 :e!r x c produce indep5d5t c5tres ( life & unite !m into a community ( life1 & ?us lead to ! developm5t ( a sy/em ( life4 ,we ourselves mo/ resolutely ma9ta9 ! view t ?is is really possible2 t life is 9 process ( =m+ itself into a new :ole1 & t ) ! cle>] e/abli%m5t ( ?is1 problems :i* h exi/$ f e>ly times receive full explanation1 & a def9ite advance is made 9 _! solution4 ,we saw t1 9 its highe/ /ages ( developm5t1 life conc5trates at p>ticul> po9ts1 & t a *>act]i/ic sph]e ( life is 9 ?is way br\ght =?1 z1 = example1 9 spiritual individualities1 national "*1 & s on4 ,z soon z ^! developm5ts are ackn[l$g$ to be spiritual & are suffici5tly di/+ui%$ f simply natural exi/5ce1 z soon z ! manife/ation ( a new _w is recognis$ 9 !m1 !y become a great problem4 ,!n !y _c be reg>d$ z a m]e product ( a p>ticul> "p ( nature1 b mu/ be accept$ z prim>ily a creation f ! spiritual life z a :ole1 a creation :i* at ! same "t mu/ ma9ta9 itself & trans=m 9 its own activity t :i* x receives4 ,! relation to ! spiritual _w z a :ole is ! fundam5tal relation ( life1 & yet ! fur!r developm5t ( life does n foll[ imm$iately f ! relation to ! :ole1 b f ! relation to ! innum]able o!r c5tres ( life2 ! inf9itude t ! individual be+ acquires f ! relation to ! :ole receives t :i* is p>ticul> 9 its organisation & its cont5t only f ! exp]i5ce ( ! relation to o!rs4 ,! relation to o!rs1 h[ev]1 is n produc$ by nature1 b z spiritual1 only f ! spiritual _w z a :ole & mu/ be cont9ually su/a9$ by ! :ole4 ,! relations ( individual to individual w !re=e be includ$ )9 ! :ole1 & ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( ! :ole w be ess5tially advanc$ beyond ! capacity ( m]e nature4 ,! love t arises "h is fundam5tally diff]5t f all ! love :i* arises f natural impulse2 &1 und]/ood 9 ?is mann]1 not)/&+ all t may be d\btful 9 respect ( its fulfilm5t 9 individual matt]s1 !re is mu* po9t 9 ! dem& ( ,augu/9e1 t1 9 ! relation ( man to man1 n man b ,god %\ld be set 9 ! fir/ place1 & t man is to be lov$ only ?r\gh ,god4 ,h[ev]1 x is n an increase ( activity alone t is s\ght 9 ! multiplicity ( relations1 b a gr[? ( be+--a be+ n beyond all activity1 b exi/5t )9 x4 ,x is necess>y n only t ! life-process a*ieve m1 b also t x gr[ 9 itself1 *ange t :i* is ali5 to x into its own1 & display m reality )9 itself2 life mu/ exp]i5ce e s+le activity z ! manife/ation ( ! activity ( ! :ole1 & ?us1 along ) unlimit$ ext5sion1 pres]ve self-consci\sness4 ,! dem& = a self-consci\s life1 ! dem& = an elevation ( activity to ! organisation & developm5t ( be+1 by no means excludes o!r =ms ( activity1 if only = ! reason t ?is dem& pres5ts a high ideal to :i* man c only v sl[ly approximate4 ,b ?is ideal con/itutes an aim & a /&>d = all o!r activity2 ! giv+ ( =m & ! increas+ ( =ce mu/ aid 9 ! developm5t t[>ds ?is aim if !y are n to become devoid ( real wor?4 ,! m necess>y x is to insi/ ^u an animation ( reality ?r\gh ! developm5t ( self-consci\s life1 ! m mu/ we gu>d aga9/ ! dang] ( an?ropomorphism1 :i*1 :5 we are ha/y & impati5t1 inevitably f9ds an entrance to & corrupts ! :ole ( our ?\ght & life4 ,only ) mu* toil & ) cont9ual self-criticism c life be br\ght to ! po9t :]e ! transition to self-consci\sness is possible2 & ev5 !n ! :ole _c1 "u human circum/ances1 be atta9$ at "o /roke2 b at fir/ life mu/ endeav\r to conc5trate1 to =m a nucleus s t 9 ?is way x may acquire a firm basis1 & f ?is take up a /ruggle = its fur!r spiritualisation4 ,! same ?+ is to be se5 9 ! diff]5tiation & ! gradation ( life3 ev]y:]e a movem5t t[>ds self-consci\sness beg9s1 b ! em]g5ce ( ?is movem5t =ces an anti!sis into prom95ce1 & life is completely trans=m$ into "w & conflict4 ,?\ght _c be satisfi$ ) repres5t+ ! _w z a "w ( art or z a process2 ?\ght mu/ seek self-consci\sness 9 ! _w4 ,?is x f9ds 9 ! em]g5ce ( an indep5d5t spiritual life & 9 reality's com+-to-itself2 at ! same "t ! diff]5ce betwe5 _s & nature becomes m pron\nc$1 & all ! div]g5ces 9 life increase4 ,m5 c f9d _! highe/ unity nei!r 9 jo9+ toge!r s z to =m a :ole z a "w ( art1 nor 9 a sy/em ( progressive increase ( =ce4 ,nei!r alone c\ld prev5t society f becom+ spiritually de/itute1 nor c\ld bo? toge!r4 ,society also ne$s a self-consci\sness & acquires x only ?r\gh ! developm5t ( a spiritual cont5t & spiritual "*2 b ?is mu/ be won by cont9ual /ruggle f ! m$ley :i* con/itutes ! g5]al condition ( social life4 ,aga91 ! individual does n atta9 a cont5t = 8 life ?r\gh an imm$iate comb9ation ( 8 p[]s s z to =m a h>moni\s :ole1 or ?r\gh increas+ !m )\t limit2 ! individual also mu/ by activity conc5trate 8 life & s ga9 ! basis ( a new _w3 nev] is he 9 8 life1 z a :ole1 p]sonality & spiritual individuality4 ,true1 !re lies )9 him ! pot5tiality to become su* a spiritual individuality1 & ?is pot5tiality may be trans=m$ 9 8 own activity2 & ! exi/5ce ?us acquir$ c affect ! re/ ( life1 ar\s+ & elevat+ x4 ,?us ! ideal is set completely 9 ! di/ance2 x is se5 t we d n live our life f a giv5 basis1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 we h fir/ to acquire ! basis & to pres]ve x by cont9u\s "w2 x is n a p>ticul> direction ( life1 b a g5u9e life itself & ) ?is a spiritual be+ t is 9 "q4 ,we appe>1 !re=e1 m imp]fect ?an ev] be=e4 ,b 9 ?is connection ! imp]fection itself is a witness t important tasks are set be=e u1 & t sup]ior =ces rule 9 u4 ,9 ! mid/ ( all t is obscure x _c fail to be recognis$ t !re is a movem5t t[>ds ! developm5t ( a new self-consci\s reality above ! capacity & ! int]e/s ( m]e man4 ,?is movem5t has be5 manife/$ 9 great hi/orical a*ievem5ts1 9 ! =mation ( fruitful sy/ems ( life :i* at ! same "t 7 developm5ts ( ! life ( ! individual4 ,x has br\ght =? ev] new creations2 n[ x sets be=e u ! task ( develop+ a new sy/em ( life :i* does complete ju/ice to self-consci\sness1 & 9 accordance ) its ma9 idea mu/ also trans=m all individual aspects & dep>tm5ts4 ,:]e we recognise s mu* to d1 we are c]ta9ly f> remov$ f op9ion & pret5ce4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,m ,,detail$ ,,=m ,,( ,,our ,,spiritual ,,life 7a7 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,tru? ,,& ,,reality ,:atev] !re is peculi> 9 our conception ( ! spiritual life mu/ be manife/$ & prov$ 9 ref]5ce to ! problem ( tru? & reality4 ,9 ! fir/ place our conception decid$ly rejects ! widely held view ( tru? z a correspond5ce ( our ?\ght ) an ext]nal reality4 ,= ! atta9m5t ( indep5d5ce by ! inn] life makes x impossible = some?+ ext]nally exi/+ to be tak5 up into life )\t und]go+ an ess5tial *ange4 ,x is also inconceivable f ?is po9t ( view h[ some?+ beyond u c\ld 9 any way attract & ar\se u4 ,! problem ( tru? c d ?is only if x orig9ates )9 our own life3 x c become a compell+ p[] only if ! atta9m5t ( tru? aids u to transc5d a division )9 ourselves :i* has become intol]able4 ,! repres5tation ( life1 t we h giv51 makes x q evid5t t su* a division does spr+ up )9 u4 ,)9 our own life a c]ta9 activity beg9s1 :i* becomes wid] & wid]1 & :i* w\ld signify our :ole be+4 ,b ?is activity f9ds limits & contradiction )9 ourselves3 mu* takes place 9 our exp]i5ce indep5d5t ( ?is activity & app>5tly )\t our co-op]ation2 a c]ta9 condition ( ?+s exi/s1 & ass]ts a rigid actuality2 &1 s f> z ?is condition ext5ds1 we are b\nd2 we be> some?+ imp5etrable )9 u4 ,s long z ^! two sides ( our be+ rema9 sep>at$ life is n complete & g5u9e3 activity lacks a f\ndation1 a cont5t1 & a direction t is sure ( its aim2 & all ! bu/le ( free movem5ts1 all ef=t ( reflection _c conceal ! /ate ( spiritual pov]ty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fact t we be> s mu* )9 u t only half belongs to u & t presses ^u u l a fate mu/ cramp & oppress u4 ,& s life does n exp]i5ce itself z a unity2 x lacks an inn] tru?1 s9ce activity pres5ts itself z a :ole & yet is n "o4 ,life itself is !re=e a problem4 ,! problem mu/ be felt to be ! m s]i\s ! /rong] ! desire = a self-consci\sness becomes4 ,h[ev]1 self-consci\sness _c possibly be rea*$ )\t a transc5d5ce ( ! division betwe5 activity & ! giv5 condition ( ?+s4 ,life has fir/ to seek itself1 its unity1 its p]fection2 & x is j ?is t is ! problem ( tru?3 & 9 ?is problem life is turn$ n t[>ds ext]nals1 b t[>ds itself4 ,we und]/& n[ h[ ! desire = tru? c ex]t su* an enorm\s p[]1 =1 9 ?is /ruggle = tru?1 we fight n = some?+ ali51 b = our own be+4 ,?is conception ( tru? det]m9es also ! nature ( ! ef=t to atta9 tru?4 ,! task _c be to subord9ate "o side ( life to ! o!r1 & to d]ive "o side z f> z possible f ! o!r2 t is1 to trans=m ! giv5 condition ( life z f> z possible into free activity1 or to adapt activity to ! giv5 condition 9 su* a way t activity is m]g$ into x2 b ! task is "o ( press+ =w>d to a transc5d5t active :ole :i* unites ! two sides1 & develops !m bo?2 & 9 mutual relation gives to activity a cont5t & to ! giv5 condition a s\l4 ,we h se5 h[ a movem5t to atta9 su* a unity runs ?r\gh hi/ory & ext5ds into ! s\l ( ! individual4 ,t life is 9 g5]al able to unify & raise itself is ! presupposition ( all /riv+ aft] tru?3 ! pro( ( ?is1 h[ev]1 is to be f\nd 9 ! actual fur!rance ( life1 9 ! new cont5ts :i* are ?us obta9$4 ,su* a way ( reg>d+ tru?1 t is1 z an upw>d endeav\r ( life to its own unity1 a unity n =c$ ^u x b imman5t1 exhibits its unique nature especially 9 its opposition to ! intellectuali/ic conception ( tru?1 :i*1 not)/&+ t x has be5 reject$ & attack$ s (t51 /ill cont9ues to ass]t a mighty p[]4 ,accord+ to ! intellectuali/1 cognition %\ld treat ! problem & solve x ( its own capacity2 x seems t ! syn!sis t is s\ght mu/ be f\nd 9 ! fir/ place 9 ! realm ( ?\ght1 & !nce imp>t$ to ! re/ ( life4 ,z a fact1 h[ev]1 k itself is affect$ ) p>ticul> sev]ity by ! division ( free activity & fix$ giv5 condition2 & f its own capacity ?\ght _c atta9 to a /ate ( full creative activity :i* alone is able to ov]come ! division1 b = ! atta9m5t ( ?is is ref]r$ to an advance ( life z a :ole :i* alone c rea* an ess5tially new position4 ,to be sure1 cognition has p>ticul> fundam5tal logical pr9ciples :i* regulate all its "w4 ,b to regulate & to produce are two diff]5t ?+s4 ,! mo/ scrupul\s adh]5ce to ^! pr9ciples does n lead beyond reflection to an inn] relation to ! object1 to an inn] transc5d5ce1 a p5etration1 & an appropriation ( ! object2 x leaves u /ill 9 ! position ( simply attempt+ to "k1 9 a /ate ( m]e reflection & se>*4 ,all real k involves a spiritual creation1 an advance1 & a self-=mation ( life z a :ole4 ,! *ief epo*s ( culture h !re=e giv5 a di/9ctly unique "* to ! inn] nature & ! fundam5tal texture ( k2 ! "* giv5 to x by "o epo* be+ entirely diff]5t f t giv5 to x by ano!r4 ,mod]n k does n diff] f e>li] k only 9 a quantitative way3 z soon z its connection ) ! *ief syn!sis *>act]i/ic ( mod]n life is reveal$1 x c no long] be reg>d$ z absolute k1 b only z a p>ticul> k9d ( k beyond :i* !re are possibilities ( fur!r developm5ts4 ,f life z a :ole ! conflict w ext5d into all its individual dep>tm5ts1 & give to ! activity 9 !m a great] int5sity4 ,religion1 art1 & human society all h fir/ to ov]come ! opposition ( subjective p[] & ali5 giv5 condition1 & !reby to w9 a tru?4 ,9 no case does tru? mean a tak+ up ( ?+s :i* are pres5t$ to ! activity ( life--x means r an advance ( life to its own p]fection4 ,9 accordance ) ?is conception ( tru?1 t :i* claims to be true w n be able to prove its "r o!rwise ?an ?r\gh its p[]1 t is1 ?r\gh its capacity to embrace life z a :ole & to raise x above opposition into ! /ate ( complete activity4 ,e su* attempt mu/ prove its p[] & its "r 9 opposition to rivals by be+ able to wre/ f !m ! tru? conta9$ by !m1 & 9 new relation%ips to lead beyond ! /ate !y rea*1 & to *ange life m into a self-consci\sness ?an !y are able4 ,h5ce ! endeav\r aft] tru? "h %[s m movem5t1 m fre$om1 m multiplicity3 diff]5t />t+ po9ts & diff]5t ways may be *os51 & ! correctness ( ! "o ne$ n involve ! incorrectness ( ! o!r4 ,! only indisp5sable ?+ is t ! movem5t pass beyond ! /ate ( division & reflection to "o ( complete activity2 only 9 t way c ! cont5t ( life ga9 ?r\gh ! movem5t ( life4 ,& s we see ! great significance ( progress 9 "w1 9 spiritual "w2 accord+ z x succe$s1 g5u9e life is di/+ui%$ f ! m]e w to live4 ,to be sure1 ea* piece ( "w t is "h und]tak5 is a v5ture2 x is f> easi] & f> m secure to cont9ue 9 ! /ate ( m]e reflection & reason+4 ,b ! latt] does n lead u to an exp]i5ce & a decision 9 a matt] conc]n+ ! developm5t ( life1 & !re=e does n br+ u a /ep fur!r 9 ?is *ief matt]4 ,"w ) its failures is bett] ?an all subtle contemplation :i* leads to no activity2 = failure c lead u beyond itself to tru?1 :ile feebl5ess & inactivity keep u 9 ! old position4 ,9 our conception ( x tru? is any?+ b a sy/em ( univ]sal propositions out ( :i*1 by d$uction1 all detail might be d]iv$4 ,r ! organisation ( life into an inn] unity1 ^u :i* 9 ?is view ( tru? ev]y?+ dep5ds1 w exclude all t is only g5]al & turn t[>ds ! diff]5tiation ( ! :ole4 ,! m life progresses 9 ?is direction ! less is x a m]e application ( g5]al pr9ciples2 ! less does x f9d its consummation aft] ! mann] ( a conclusion f giv5 premises2 ! m does x become a progressive activity1 a new =mation & an elevation4 ,9 ?is conception1 !re is also room = a tru? peculi> to ! s+le individuals4 ,z ! compreh5sive life-syn!sis c p]meate e individual detail ( exi/5ce1 s x is necess>y = e individual life-c5tre to realise its own p>ticul> syn!sis1 & t e individual %\ld fight = 8 inn] unity & ?us1 also1 = a tru? ( 8 own2 he mu/1 h[ev]1 realise ?is unity & tru? 9 e p>ticul> activity4 ,a tru? :i* is n my tru? is1 = me1 n a complete tru?4 ,only x is necess>y t su* individualisation be effect$ )9 ! :ole1 n indep5d5t ( x2 x mu/ result f ! inn] necessity ( creative activity1 n out ( a va9 wi% to excel4 ,9 any case1 x foll[s "h t1 z ! imman5t & univ]sal =m ( tru? requires m activity & p[]1 x is also able to grant m free movem5t & multiplicity4 ,tru? & fre$om h be5 ?\ght oppos$ to "o ano!r 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory2 if ! =m] seem$ to require unconditional submission1 ! latt] _h a /rong t5d5cy to %ake (f e tie z an oppressive yoke4 ,if we see t tru? ( life c be rea*$ only ?r\gh fre$om1 & also t fre$om acquires a cont5t & a spiritual "* only ?r\gh its relation to tru?1 ! opposition by no means entirely disappe>s1 b a basis is won ^u :i* we may /rive to atta9 an agreem5t & a fruitful int]action betwe5 ! two4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s und]/ood1 ! problem ( tru? has ! close/ connection ) t ( reality3 ) reg>d to ! "o z to ! o!r we are conc]n$ 9 a conflict aga9/ ! ext]nal conception common to a nave /ate ( life1 :i*1 ?\gh f> surpass$ by ! inn] movem5t ( ! "w ( hi/ory1 ob/9ately ass]ts itself ?r\gh ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses 9 s+le individuals & h>dly ceases to impress m5 ) its app>5t self-evid5ce4 ,! nave way ( ?9k+ und]/&s reality z a space :i* encompasses m5 & ?+s2 reality seems to be pres5t$1 giv51 to man ?r\gh ! s5ses2 only t :i* is exhibit$ to man 9 ^! s5se-relations passes curr5t z real4 ,9 ?is ,ptolemaic =m ( life1 dom9at$ by s5se impression1 ev]y?+ o!r ?an s5se fades to a m]e illusion1 & ?is includes ! spiritual life itself1 al?\gh 9 x alone is reality kn[n4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 z sci5ce has ) no mean p[] l$ beyond ?is ,ptolemaic repres5tation ( nature1 s ! developm5t ( life has l$ beyond ! ,ptolemaic reality4 ,life c\ld n emancipate itself f its atta*m5t to ! environm5t & develop an inw>dness )\t effect+ a revolution 9 ?is problem4 ,! inw>d becomes ! fir/ & sure/ exp]i5ce1 ) :i* all t is to pass curr5t z real mu/ %[ itself to be 9 consi/5t relation3 ev]y?+ ext]nal loses its proximity & becomes a problem2 x c be e/abli%$ z real only ?r\gh t :i* x a*ieves = ! inn] nature & 9 accordance ) ! /&>ds ( t nature4 ,! p[] to conv9ce possess$ by s5se impression is n[ bas$1 n on its obvi\sness1 b on ! spiritual activity t x ar\ses4 ,"h also1 only ! exp]i5ces ( ! spiritual life itself c lead to ! exp]i5ce ( some?+ less ?an spiritual4 ,z su* a revolution br+s cle>ly to consci\sness ! spiritual a*ievem5t 9 ! =mation ( reality1 s at ! same "t x gives ! object m movem5t & trans=ms x 9 spiritual endeav\r4 ,two ?+s are necess>y to ! conception ( reality3 an indep5d5ce ( man1 & a realisation ( ! _m z a unity4 ,n[1 s9ce t :i* lies :olly beyond exp]i5ce mu/ = t reason be inaccessible to u1 ?is ass]tion ( indep5d5ce c h no o!r mean+ ?an t1 )9 life itself1 some?+ becomes deta*$ f ! /ream ( consci\sness & fixes & ass]ts itself z indep5d5t ( x4 ,! p[] ?us to transc5d ! "t-process is a *>act]i/ic m>k ( all spiritual activity2 ?is activity evolves )9 u some?+ 9 opposition to u1 & 9 s do+ accompli%es a m>vell\s expansion4 ,?is is mo/ cle>ly se5 )9 ! sph]e ( ?\ght4 ,= all ! functions peculi> to ?\ght receive _! diff]5tiat+ *>act]i/ic only ?r\gh su* a deta*m5t f ! fl[ ( s5se-pres5tation & by e/abli%+ !mselves z indep5d5t ( x3 ! concept pres5ts its cont5t z some?+ fix$ 9 contra/ to ! /ream ( pres5tations2 ! judgm5t proclaims its connection ( concepts to be some?+ t does n pass away ) ! act ( connect+ !m b p]si/s 9 face ( all ! *anges ( ! psy*ical life4 ,life accompli%es a gradation )9 itself & lifts itself above ! m]e /ream ( *ange4 ,only because life e/abli%es )9 itself a fix$ nucleus1 & 9 ?is mann] w9s an indep5d5ce ( its own mom5t>y condition1 c x oppose a _w to itself1 & set itself ! task ( appropriat+ ?is _w--t1 fur!r1 t indep5d5t nucleus %\ld rema9 no m]e collection1 b %\ld be inw>dly unifi$ is aga9 a requirem5t & an a*ievem5t ( ! spiritual life4 ,h[ f> t requirem5t w be fulfill$ dep5ds ^u ! nature & ! degree ( ! developm5t ( ! spiritual life4 ,reality1 !re=e1 is to be f\nd *iefly 9 ! self-consci\sness ( ! spiritual life2 f ?is self-consci\sness we build up our reality4 ,s9ce spiritual requirem5t is f ?is po9t ( view ! measure ( human und]tak+1 our activity is judg$ by ! degree to :i* ! /ate ( ! _w is *ang$ 9 x & has ?us become our reality4 ,h[ f> our capacity rea*es 9 ?is matt] _c be decid$ by prelim9>y consid]ation1 b only by ! progress ( life itself3 9 p>ticul> x is n p]missible to assume ?+s-9-!mselves indep5d5t ( u & ?us to r$uce our _w to a realm ( m]e appe>ances4 ,=1 s f> z t indep5d5ce rea*$1 ?+s c\ld nev] ent] our life1 & nev] be inw>dly appropriat$2 at mo/ !y c\ld conc]n u only 9 _! effects4 ,z f> z ! conception ( nature z a me*anism is conc]n$1 :i* reg>ds all occurr5ce z a texture ( relat$ individual po9ts :i* exi/1 inaccessible1 beh9d x1 !re is mu* to be said = ! view t ?+s are only kn[n 9 _! effects2 b ?is view is an intol]able limitation--dogmatic 9 ! highe/ degree--if x is meant to repres5t our fundam5tal relation to reality & to ourselves4 ,= !n we %\ld be relat$ to ourselves z to some?+ ali52 all ! self-consci\sness ( life w\ld be de/roy$2 !re c\ld be no developm5t ( be+ 9 contra/ to s+le acts1 b we mu/ be completely resolv$ 9 ! /ream ( appe>ances2 !re w\ld be no advance 9 ! /riv+ aft] reality4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we are conc]n$ prim>ily ) ! cont5t t life is able to give to itself2 h[ f> x presses =w>d to reality4 ,our _w is to be measur$ m especially by ! degree 9 :i* life becomes deep5$4 ,b f ! beg9n+ man1 s f> z he %>es 9 ! spiritual life1 is n a be+ adjac5t to reality1 b )9 x4 ,he w\ld nev] be able to atta9 to a reality if he did n be> x )9 himself & ne$$ only to develop x4 ,?us ultimately he does n look inw>ds f outside1 b outw>ds f )92 & 8 limitation is n ! *ief ?+1 b ! second>y4 ,! inn] /ructure ( our life corresponds ) ?is conviction4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( all spiritual life t x does n pass hi!r & ?i!r betwe5 individual po9ts1 b includes & develops a multiplicity )9 a transc5d5t unity2 by ?is ! spiritual life gr[s )9 itself1 & m & m acquires a self-consci\sness4 ,& x is j 9 ?is way t x evolves to a reality4 ,reality1 !re=e1 "h is n a fix$ & complet$ magnitude1 b is ( diff]5t degrees4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! en]gy :i* ma9ta9s a union ( ! manifold & a transc5d5ce ( ! division3 accord+ to ! nature ( ?is en]gy ! self appe>s1 sometimes /rong]1 sometimes weak]2 its p[] ( *ang+1 at "o "t great]1 at ano!r small]4 ,aga91 ! =ce ( ! resi/ance t ! giv5 condition to be appropriat$ (f]s1 diff]s accord+ to ! am\nt ( its positive p[]2 & ! cla% ( ! giv5 condition & free activity w be h>d] or m g5tle accord+ to ?is p[]4 ,"o man f9ds intol]able contradictions :]e to ano!r all is pla9 & smoo?2 "o believes t ?+s are trans=m$ 9 _! own be+ :]e ano!r holds t only _! surface is affect$3 & s1 t :i* "o reg>ds z reality may seem to ano!r only a realm ( %ad[s4 ,m]e en]gy1 h[ev]1 is too subjective to be able to obta9 a g5u9e reality f life3 = t1 a trans=mation ( life 9 "w1 an elevation to full activity1 is necess>y2 b ! prec$+ p>agraph has %[n t ?is trans=mation & elevation is ( diff]5t k9ds & ( diff]5t degrees4 ,! sy/em ( ! =mation ( be+ promises to give to life ! mo/ fundam5tal organisation & ! mo/ =ceful reality4 ,= into ! s+le elem5ts embrac$ by ! movem5t ( life x is able to brea! a life ( _! own1 to conf] ^u !m an incomp>ably great] indep5d5ce ?an 9 ^? sy/ems 9 :i* !y are reg>d$ z lifeless objects :i* are act$ ^u1 & :i* only set isolat$ =ces 9 motion4 ,:5 )9 a compreh5sive life diff]5t c5tres ( life meet1 & 9 _! int]action ! activity ( ! :ole w9s an ev] ri*] cont5t & a m /able nature1 g5u9e reality mu/ increas+ly unfold itself4 ,look$ at f ?is position1 reality is n a fact b a problem & an ideal2 x does n lie at ! beg9n+ b at ! end ( ! c\rse3 x is diff]5t ) diff]5t individuals1 peoples1 & times2 ea* 9 its p>ticul> nature & "w has its own reality4 ,?us we _c compreh5d ! problem ( reality f exp]i5ce )\t conceiv+ reality z exi/+ 9 flux3 ! ass]tion ( an indep5d5t spiritual life1 transc5d5t ov] all human und]tak+1 is a suffici5t safegu>d aga9/ a de/ructive relativism4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ tr\blesome appe>ances 9 ! conflicts ( m9ds t !y fail to recognise ! _m-sid$ness & fluidity ( our conceptions ( reality2 t ea* takes 8 conception z ! self-evid5t "o & urges x ^u ! o!rs4 ,9 ?is way orig9ate ! _m unfruitful disputes conc]n+ ?is _w & ! next1 imman5ce & transc5d5ce1 9 :i* ! mo/ ext]nal & sup]ficial conception is usually pres5t$ z self-evid5t2 :ile yet1 accord+ to ! fundam5tal relation & ! *ief basis ( life1 v diff]5t conceptions arise1 & z a fact1 sy/ems ( ?\ght n[h]e come into m sev]e conflict ?an ) reg>d to _! conceptions ( reality4 ,only to a mode ( ?\ght :i*1 )\t fur!r consid]ation1 accepts ! _w ( s5se z ! g5u9e & only reality1 c philosophy & religion1 = example1 appe> to be occupi$ ) ?+s imply+ an o!r _w1 & :i*1 !re=e1 are incompreh5sible4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e ?\ght to atta9 to g5u9e reality & at ! same "t a true life only by elevation to a realm above s5se1 s t to him ! _w ( s5se 0 second>y & d]ivative4 ,to-day we are aga9 deeply conc]n$ ) ! problem ( reality4 ,not)/&+ all ! passionate agitation ( =ces 9 ! incalculable ext5sion ( & ! brea?less ha/e 9 "w1 a g5u9e reality fails u2 our life lacks ! prop] "* ( be+ real2 & s1 9 ! mid/ ( all ! ext]nal results ( our "w1 our life1 spiritually disc]n$1 ?reat5s to become de/itute & unreal4 ,an eag] desire = reality exi/s 9 our "t2 x is (t5 ?\ght possible to satisfy x by ! close/ possible connection ) s5se impression & impulse1 & by expell+ z f> z possible all elem5ts ( ?\ght4 ,b ?\ght is !re1 & _c be expell$2 ) its p[] to analyse1 x /eps cont9ually betwe5 u & ?+s1 takes away f !m ! proximity !y h = u1 & dissolves !m into m]e pictures & %ad[s4 ,z a fact1 ! problem ( reality lies prim>ily )9 ! spiritual life2 & x _c be solv$ o!rwise ?an 9 t ! spiritual life advances )9 itself f division to unity1 f ! movem5t ( =ces to self-det]m9+ activity1 f all m]e activity to a =mation ( be+4 ,if ?us our life becomes trans=m$ into a self-pres]vation1 if 9 x we unfold & ass]t a spiritual be+1 we become c]ta9 ( a reality & feel a satisfaction4 ,nev]1 h[ev]1 c reality come to u f )\t4 7b7 ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,_w ,?r\gh our :ole inve/igation we h express$ ! conviction t man acquires a secure relation to ! _w only ?r\gh 8 belong+ to a spiritual life ackn[l$g$ z indep5d5t2 o!rwise1 all entrance to ! _w is %ut (f4 ,! gr[+ indep5d5ce ( ! inn] life has brok5 d[n ! imm$iate connection :i* dom9ates ! nave way ( ?9k+3 if1 h[ev]1 man once f9ds himself set 9 a position ( indep5d5ce ( ! _w1 he c h>dly draw x back to himself simply ( 8 own capacity4 ,all appeal to subtlety & reflection seems only to wid5 ! gulf /ill m4 ,only ! ackn[l$gm5t ( an indep5d5t spiritual life (f]s a way out ( su* a desp]ate situation3 if 9 ! spiritual life ! _w atta9s to a self-consci\sness1 & if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! spiritual life is pres5t & active )9 man1 !re is a possibility t man & ! _w are unit$2 & t1 at ! same "t1 human life also becomes cosmic4 ,b x is a "q h[ f> ! possibility comes to be realis$2 h[ f> ! union t exi/s 9 ! inn]mo/ basis c be develop$ & trans=m$ )9 u 9 ! "w ( life4 ,only ! actual exp]i5ce ( life c answ] ?is "q4 ,we mu/ asc]ta9 :e!r !re are any p>ticul> developm5ts ( life :i* are n productions ( ! human1 b :i* manife/ ! op]ation ( a transc5d5t _w2 &1 fur!r1 :e!r ^! developm5ts are able to f9d a m detail$ =mation 9 _! contact ) ! _w ar\nd u1 & to adapt !mselves to ! multiplicity ( ?is _w4 ,su* a turn+ to ! individual ?+ w\ld be impossible if a complete life-=m rul$ )9 u & impress$ itself on ?+s only f ! outside4 ,= 9 ?is case ?is =m mu/ inevitably be uni=mly effective 9 its :ole ext5t2 9 appropriat+ ! multiplicity x c\ld n itself advance to great] concret5ess4 ,if su* an advance is effect$1 !re is a contact )9 life betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r2 & s ! _w acquires an inn] connection ) our activity1 & ! spiritual movem5t c take possession ( ! bread? ( our life & ) its diff]5tiation ga9 a great] intuitiv5ess4 ,an imm$iate union ( man & _w is inde$ oppos$ to ! fact t ! spiritual life :i* %\ld unite !m always exi/s1 = u1 9 its p>ticul> =m 9 human exi/5ce & t ?is =m _c be project$ beyond man into ! :ole4 ,! =m ( human exi/5ce con/itutes an insup]able b\nd>y2 if x gov]n$ our life z a :ole1 !n man c\ld nev] ov]/ep 8 n>r[1 p>ticul> sph]e4 ,b x is a conviction t is fundam5tal to our inve/igation t our :ole life does n come "u ?is =m1 b t !re are t5d5cies 9 life :i* are op]ative beyond ?is =m ( exi/5ce1 & atta9 to an indep5d5ce ( x4 ,s f> z ^! life-t5d5cies may be deta*$ & develop$1 man may confid5tly take up ! problem ( ! _w1 & feel relat$ to ! _w ar\nd him2 he c try to trans=m its life into 8 own4 ,! p>ticul>ity ( 8 mann] ( pres5tation & p]ception !n simply sets ! limitation1 t t :i* may be admitt$ to be c]ta9 & true 9 its fundam5tal cont5t c be pres5t$ only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( human peculi>ity2 ! m detail$ amplification ( ! repres5tation is always only ( a symbolic "*4 ,we see f ?is fact t !re is a contradiction ev] pres5t )9 our life t prev5ts x f ev] ga9+ an ultimate conclusion2 h[ev]1 x does n take f u ! possibility ( an inn] union & a community ) ! :ole4 ,inde$1 ! contradiction itself1 & ! p[]ful movem5t t x calls =?1 are to ! tra9 ( ?\ght "h indicat$ a witness to a fundam5tal expansion ( our life4 ,an attempt to unite our life ) ! :ole appe>s 9 ! fir/ place 9 ?\ght1 9 its "w ( obta9+ k4 ,?is em]g5ce ( ?\ght involves a trans=mation ( life t c\ld nev] be occasion$ by m]e man1 b c be und]/ood only z ! revelation ( a new /age ( univ]sal life4 ,9 ?\ght1 ! intellect1 o!rwise b\nd to ! me*anism ( ! sequ5ce ( pres5tations1 atta9s an indep5d5ce4 ,x places itself 9 a position indep5d5t ( ! _w1 & seeks to compreh5d x z a :ole1 to appropriate x z a :ole4 ,! prim>y connection ) ?+s is dissolv$1 to become e/abli%$ anew ^u a high] level & ) an important trans=mation ( its nature2 ?r\gh ! deviation a real appropriation is a*iev$4 ,all ?is is incomp>ably m ?an a m]ely becom+ consci\s ( a giv5 _w1 :i* is an exp]i5ce t c\ld arise 9 "s way at isolat$ po9ts2 ?\ght conta9s a developm5t ( ! _w :i* ultimately c proce$ only f ! p[] ( ! _w itself4 ,h[ c ! individual matt] be elucidat$ if ! :ole rema9 obscure8 ,h[ c ! desire = enlight5m5t obta9 su* a p[] ov] man1 & ass]t itself 9 him 9 opposition to ! int]e/s ( 8 physical self-pres]vation1 if a univ]sal movem5t 7 n op]ative 9 him8 ,man does n elucidate ! _w1 b ! _w elucidates itself )9 him4 ,:at is ?us rea*$ is valid n = him alone1 b univ]sally2 ! developm5t ( ?is univ]sal movem5t ( ?\ght enables him to w9 a clos] relation to ! _w1 a life embrac+ ! _w4 ,our ?\ght _c advance 9 ! def9ite "w ( build+ up sci5ce )\t produc+ & employ+ a def9ite logical /ructure ) fix$ pr9ciples3 ^! pr9ciples are imman5t 9 ! "w ( ?\ght2 !y are above all ! caprice & all ! diff]5ces ( ! individuals4 ,?is logical /ructure _c be c>ri$ ov] & appli$ to ! _w ar\nd u1 z all sci5tific rese>* c>ries x ov] & applies x1 )\t implicitly presuppos+ an objective logic ( ?+s1 a conceivability ( exp]i5ce3 9 ?is1 man does n simply project ext]nally & apply me*anically =ms already exi/+ 9 a complete & f9al /ate )9 him4 ,= ! multiplicity ( ?+s n only gives to ^? pr9ciples a p>ticul> =m1 9 ! production ( :i* !y mu/ !mselves p>ticipate1 b ?r\gh ! relation to ! _w ! fundam5tal =ms are also fur!r develop$ 9 _! nature z a :ole2 x is only ) ! co-op]ation ( bo? sides t ! ?\ght-/ructure a*ieves :at is ultimately rea*$4 ,! *ief ?+ is t ?\ght actually transc5ds ! /ate ( contemplative reflection1 & advances to fully active "w2 t out ( ! movem5t ( our ?\ght proce$ fur!r developm5ts1 :i* ext5d to ! object also2 t1 moreov]1 we come "u ! compulsion ( inn] necessities1 &1 possess+ ! highe/ fre$om1 are rais$ securely above all caprice4 ,?is creative ?\ght 9 u1 :i* is at ! same "t our own ?\ght1 con/itutes a witness to a meet+ ( our ?\ght ) a ?\ght t has its basis 9 ?+s & 9 ! :ole4 ,inability to imag9e su* a ?\ght %\ld nev] lead to ! d5ial ( an absolute logic1 ) :i* all sci5tific rese>* /&s or falls4 ,! disclosure ( ?is relation1 h[ev]1 gives to our ?\ght1 9 ! mid/ ( all d\bt1 a firm f\ndation1 a joyful c]ta9ty1 an inf9ite task4 ,arti/ic creation & appreciation br+s ano!r *>act]i/ic unfold+ ( life2 & ?is also demon/rates an inn] relation ( man to ! _w1 & c be develop$ only :5 ?is relation is ackn[l$g$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 = ?is creation & appreciation a deliv]ance ( life f ! turmoil ( ends & int]e/s1 :i* at fir/ sway our exi/5ce1 is ess5tial2 arti/ic creation & appreciation involves a re/+ & a t>ry+ 9 itself4 ,if ! _w 7 no m ?an ?is turmoil1 if x did n 9 "s way atta9 to self-consci\sness1 h[ c\ld su* a deliv]ance be br\ght ab\t8 ,if a self-consci\s life 7 n pres5t 9 man1 h[ c\ld a long+ = an arti/ic m\ld+ ( life arise 9 him8 ,b an ar\s+ ( an inn] life 9 ?+s1 ! revelation ( a s\l1 is accompli%$ n ?r\gh imp>t+ some?+ f )\t1 b ?r\gh a meet+ toge!r ( ?+s & human endeav\r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! spiritual expresses itself 9 a visible =m & 9 do+ s m\lds itself4 ,! *ief ?+ 9 ?is connection is n m]e beauty1 a prep>ation = idle enjoym5t1 b a tru?1 a revelation ( cont5ts1 a fur!r developm5t ( life ?r\gh & above ! anti!sis4 ,h[ c\ld some?+ invisible & some?+ visible1 to express ! matt] briefly1 f9d a common gr\nd & comb9e toge!r 9 a common action if nature 7 n m ?an ! m]e web ( relations into :i* ! me*ani/ic conception ( x trans=ms x2 if spiritual life 7 n m ?an ! subjective =m ( life t x is suppos$ to be1 accord+ to g5]al op9ion2 if f t =m ( life an inn] life did n arise1 & beyond all subjectivity atta9 to a full activity1 & ?us to ! build+ up ( a reality )9 its own prov9ce8 ,t we d n simply become aw>e ( a movem5t )9 ourselves1 & !n read x into nature1 b only take up & lead to its own tru? t :i* /rives upw>d 9 nature1 is aga9 te/ifi$ by ! inn] advance ( ?is /riv+ ?r\gh its contact ) ! _w1 & by ! inf9ite abundance ( p>ticul> cont5ts :i* are reveal$ to u 9 ! _w & :i* cont9ually aid 9 our developm5t4 ,aga91 our life exp]i5ces ! mo/ important elevation 9 t x takes up & c>ries fur!r a movem5t ( ! :ole1 & is lib]at$ f ! n>r[ness ( ! p>ticul> sph]e1 )\t m]g+ into a vague inf9ity4 ,to realise cle>ly t we belong to ! _w1 & en]getically to amplify ?is relation1 is ( ! greate/ significance = arti/ic creation & appreciation4 ,= x is only by becom+ firmly e/abli%$ 9 ^! relations t arti/ic endeav\r is able to resi/ ! t5d5cy to deg5]ate into play & pleasure--a t5d5cy :i* ?reat5s x ) inn] de/ruction2 z 9 a simil> mann] ! "w ( ?\ght mu/ gu>d itself f deg5]at+ into m]e reflection4 ,9 ! realms ( ?\ght & art !re rema9s mu* t is ali51 ev] surmise & symbol2 b ev5 symbol is n to be disda9$1 if x s]ves an important tru?4 ,a univ]sal "* is %[n mo/ cle>ly by ! movem5ts t co-op]ate t[>ds ! e?ical m\ld+ ( life4 ,)\t fre$om !re is no su* m\ld+2 b we saw above t fre$om requires a _w ( spontane\s life & its pres5ce )9 man4 ,h[ev]1 :5 fre$om is ?\ght ( 9 ^! relations1 x is elevat$ above ! usual conception ( x & also above ! usual criticism4 ,all moral life is pret5ce & delusion )\t ! ar\s+ & fundam5tal idea ( duty4 ,b :]e is ! tru? m cle>ly express$ ?an 9 duty1 t :at man does by no means conc]ns himself alone2 & t no?+ c con/ra9 him b :at he ackn[l$ges z 8 own w1 8 own be+8 ,z duty is conc]n$ ultimately n ) some?+ isolat$ b ) a :ole1 n ) a p]=mance )9 ! old ord] b ) ! creation ( a new ord]1 s 9 ! moral life a :ole new _w appe>s to be tak5 up into man's own w & be+4 ,duty exhibits ! new _w p>ticul>ly 9 relation & 9 opposition to ! old2 ! new _w appe>s 9 itself to be pre-em95tly a k+dom ( love4 ,love is prim>ily n a subjective emotion1 b an expansion & a deep5+ ( life1 ?r\gh life sett+ itself 9 ! o!r1 tak+ ! o!r up into itself2 & 9 ?is movem5t life itself becomes great]1 m compreh5sive & noble4 ,love is n a m]e relation ( giv5 individuals1 b a developm5t & a gr[+ 9 communion1 an elevation & an animation ( ! orig9al condition4 ,& ?is movem5t ( love has no limits2 x has all inf9ity = its developm5t2 x ext5ds beyond ! relation to p]sons to ! relation to ?+s2 = ?+s also reveal _! inn]mo/ be+ only to a disposition ( love4 ,aga91 ! /riv+ aft] tru? 9 sci5ce & art _c succe$ )\t love & an animation t proce$s f x1 )\t inw>dly becom+ "o ) ! object4 ,h[ c\ld ?is unity & activity 9 ! :ole be possible1 h[ c\ld x ev5 become an object ( desire1 if ! :ole itself did n /rive8 ,& h[ c\ld su* a weal? ( cultures proce$ out ( ?is movem5t if t :i* 0 /riv5 t[>ds at "o "t 0 n tak5 up & c>ri$ fur!r by o!r times2 h[ c\ld ! s+le movem5ts t5d toge!r )\t ! unify+ & elevat+ p[] ( a univ]sal life8 ,z a ph5om5on to ! individual1 ! movem5t involves a def9ite contradiction3 :]ev] x has be5 fur!r & m freely develop$ x has be5 direct$ to a k+dom ( love2 & ?is has necess>ily be5 ?\ght ( z ! s\l ( reality1 & a sev]e conflict has be5 tak5 up aga9/ ! _w ( self-ass]tion4 ,?us 9 ! realm ( morality also we f9d ourselves 9 _w-movem5ts1 we create out ( ! :ole1 "w t[>ds ! :ole1 & are borne on ! flood ( inf9ite life4 ,accord+ly1 life-developm5ts ( v>i\s & relat$ k9ds arise3 ) _! manifold exp]i5ces !y /rive to atta9 to a h>mony & a union ) "o ano!r4 ,!y c seek ^! only on ! basis ( a self-consci\sness ( reality2 f9d !m only ?r\gh _! unification 9 a univ]sal life1 to :i* ea* individual t5d5cy leads4 ,repres5tations ( ! :ole are attempt$ at ! highe/ po9ts ( creative activity by philosophy1 religion1 & art2 ^! repres5tations accompany1 inde$ gov]n1 ! "w 9 ^! sph]es ( life ?r\gh hi/ory4 ,b ! limitations ( our capacity1 ?r\gh :i* we are unable to give a suitable =m to necess>y cont5ts1 & ?r\gh :i* we attribute & mu/ attribute human traits to t :i* %\ld lead u beyond ! human1 are ( p>ticul> =ce 9 ?is matt] ( =m+ a repres5tation ( ! :ole2 &1 inde$1 ?is is ! m s ! fur!r we remove ourselves f t :i* may be imm$iately trans=m$ 9 "w4 ,^! repres5tations ( ! :ole are1 !re=e1 inadequate2 _! cont5t ( tru? is clo!d 9 a wrapp+ ( my?1 & humanity lies "u ! dang] ( tak+ ! my? = ! *ief ?+ & ?us ( obscur+ ! tru?1 & ?is mu/ produce an incalculable am\nt ( error & /rife4 ,/ill1 x is impossible to give up all claim to ^! repres5tations ( ! :ole2 = !y alone make ! fact ( our belong+ to ! :ole & ( ! pres5ce ( ! :ole 9 our life q cle> & enable x to ex]t a f>-rea*+ influ5ce4 ,only ) _! help c ! deg5]ation ( life to ! intol]able insignificance ( ! n>r[ly human be resi/$2 only ) _! help c a movem5t f :ole to :ole beg94 ,?us x is a matt] n s mu* ( ab&on+ ^! repres5tations ( ! :ole z ( ref]r+ !m cont9ually to _! ess5ce2 to ^? unfold+s ( life :i* are exp]i5c$ by u2 to te/ !m by ^! & to r5ew !m f ^!4 ,x 0 ! error ( ! e>li] position--mu* too indulg5t to ,intellectualism-t x did n suffici5tly ma9ta9 ! relation ) ^! liv+ s\rces1 & s fell into ! dang] ( hav+ no def9ite t5d5cy1 or ev5 ( fail+ to recognise ! relativity ( ! my?4 ,if a m en]getic direction ( life ^u its own cont5t & exp]i5ces tea*es u to pres]ve ^! connections bett] & to develop !m m =cefully1 a new type ( repres5tation ( ! :ole is yield$ 9 contra/ to ! old1 & f> m diff]5t f x ?an may appe> at ! fir/ glance4 ,we may hope t ) its developm5t ! tru? w be se5 m cle>ly ?r\gh ! my?1 & t ! /riv+1 :i* we _c give up1 to w9 a univ]sal life may n lead u a/ray into a _w ( dreams4 7c7 ,,! ,,movem5t ,,( ,,! ,,spiritual ,,life ,,9 ,,man ,! "q z to 9 :i* direction ! spiritual life moves 9 man is impli$ ?r\gh our :ole inve/igation1 & 9 x receives an answ]4 ,nev]!less1 x requires to be def9itely /at$ & treat$ by itself1 s t ! di/9ctive "* ( ! movem5t & its influ5ce 9 ! m\ld+ ( life may be fully ackn[l$g$4 ,x has become cle>ly evid5t to u t an indep5d5t &1 !re=e1 g5u9e spiritual life _c arise out ( life 9 its usual condition1 b only 9 opposition to ?is condition4 ,=1 h[ev] little ?is condition ( life may lack spiritual elem5ts1 !y are mix$ & b\nd up ) o!r elem5ts f> too mu* to be able to b9d !mselves imm$iately into a :ole1 & to display an indep5d5t p[]4 ,t ! spiritual life mu/ & c ga9 a basis indep5d5t ( ?is condition ( life is ! indisp5sable1 fundam5tal idea ( ,idealism4 ,b su* atta9m5t ( indep5d5ce ( ! usual condition w\ld help little if ! spiritual life :i* is bas$ ^u itself _h n a p>ticul> nature ( its own1 & if f ?is x did n oppose ev]y?+ ali5 & p>tly ali5 to itself4 ,! doctr9es ( innate ideas1 ( an a priori1 & s on1 :i* h occupi$ humanity = ?\s&s ( ye>s did n int5d any?+ diff]5t f ?is4 ,! details ( ! conception ( ^! 7 inde$ (t5 op5 to criticism3 x 0 s\ght to exhibit individual conceptions & propositions z exi/+ complete at ! beg9n+1 :]e r movem5ts or t5d5cies are 9 "q1 :i* c f9d _! realisation only )9 ! "w ( life4 ,aga91 ! a priori 0 limit$ to ! intellectual sph]e1 :]eas x is indisp5sable to all spiritual activity2 = example1 h[ c morality1 ris+ above m]ely natural pres]vation & reject+ all m]e utility1 z x does1 be conceiv$ )\t su* an a priori8 ,to d5y to spiritual life an orig9al nature & p[]--an a priori 9 ?is m compreh5sive s5se--means no?+ else ?an to elim9ate t life z an indep5d5t factor1 & to r$uce x to ! position ( a second>y product4 ,= )\t an orig9al nature ! spiritual life w\ld be l s(t wax t may be %ap$ 9 "o =m or ano!r to suit our own pleasure3 !n ! spiritual life c\ld n possibly foll[ its own aims1 c\ld n possibly atta9 to an indep5d5ce 9 ! inn] life1 9 :i* we recognis$ ! *>act]i/ic nature ( ! inn] life4 ,z c]ta9 z x is t !re is a spiritual life at all1 s c]ta9ly does x br+ c]ta9 fundam5tal t5d5cies & movem5ts ) x2 z surely z x develops 9 p>ticul> directions--& t x does ?is we h se5--s surely is ?is a priori also diff]5tiat$4 ,to trace ?is fundam5tal /ate ( spiritual activity 9 all its relations & multiplicity is an especially important task ( philosophic rese>*4 ,! revelation ( su* an orig9al fundam5tal activity ( ! _s mu/ induce u to und]take to =m our :ole _w f ?is activity1 & to produce f x or to trans=m into x t :i* exi/s ov] aga9/ activity z an indep5d5t realm ( exp]i5ce4 ,?is has be5 attempt$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s ) ! summon+ ( an enorm\s am\nt ( spiritual p[] & ! ar\s+ ( a pr\d self-consci\sness4 ,b failure 0 inevitable because x 0 n recognis$ t ! developm5t ( ! spiritual life 9 man is condition$4 ,h[ev] c]ta9 x may be t orig9al spiritual movem5ts mu/ be active )9 u1 !y are n s ) organis$ cont5t & ov]:elm+ p[] f ! beg9n+1 b !y acquire cont5t & p[] only ?r\gh ! process ( life itself1 only 9 grappl+ ) ! oppositions ( exp]i5ce & 9 ! appropriation ( ! tasks & /imuli :i* exp]i5ce br+s to !m4 ,! incomplet5ess & ! mutability ( :at 0 accept$ e>li] z a fix$ & un*angeable racial possession ( ! spiritual life is to-day q cle>ly p]ceiv$4 ,:at great *anges morality1 = example1 has und]gone 9 ! c\rse ( ! ages2 h[ toilsomely has mu* be5 won :i* lat] ages h consid]$ self-evid5t6 ,to be sure1 morality rema9s1 ev5 ?r\gh all su* *anges1 an orig9al spiritual ph5om5on1 :i* c nev] be d]iv$ f an ext]nal s\rce1 b :i* c\ld em]ge & e/abli% itself only z an inn] necessity ( ! spiritual life 9 opposition to ! realm ( m]e utility4 ,b ! actuality ( ?is orig9al ph5om5on gives rise to a difficult problem1 = ! solution ( :i* a clos] contact ) ! environm5t1 a fundam5tal arrangem5t ) exp]i5ce1 is necess>y4 ,& s ! problem is trac$ to a m ultimate s\rce1 &1 ?\gh ?is makes ! matt] less simple1 x gives a high] significance to our "w & to ! movem5t ( hi/ory4 ,ev5 ! fundam5tal =ms ( ?\ght :i* are (t5 accept$ z ( ev]y?+ ! mo/ fix$ %>e 9 ?is gradual amplification4 ,man1 s f> z he p>ticipates 9 spiritual impulse1 ?9ks1 ( c\rse1 9 conceptions2 he gives to appe>ances fix$ po9ts ( support by ! e/abli%+ ( ?+s1 & relates ev5ts causally4 ,b all ?is is full ( problems & is compreh5d$ only 9 its upw>d endeav\r2 x raises m problems ?an x solves2 & ar\nd ! solution ( ^! ! :ole "w ( sci5ce moves4 ,:at diff]5t ?+s ! idea meant to ,plato & to ,kant1 & to anci5t & to mod]n ?\ght g5]ally3 h[ e ?9k] ( mom5t has giv5 a p>ticul> conception ( sub/ance & ( causality2 h[ :ole epo*s h exhibit$ _! p>ticul> nature 9 ! treatm5t ( ^! problems6 ,= ! sake ( its own p]fection1 !re=e1 ! spiritual life mu/ cont9ually turn back to ! realm ( exp]i5ce1 f :i*1 at fir/1 x tore itself free4 ,attempts to evolve ! :ole life f t a priori h always giv5 z a result some?+ ( a bloodless nature1 ab/ract 9 ! highe/ degree1 a m]e web ( =mul1 9 s f> z exp]i5ce1 :i* _h be5 relegat$ to ! backgr\nd1 has n indirectly ass]t$ its "r aga91 & infus$ ! =mul ) life4 ,accord+ly1 our life does n sp5d itself 9 "o direction1 b be>s )9 x ! c\nt]-t5d5cies ( a te>+ oneself free f ! _w ( s5se & a return+ back to x1 ( a deta*m5t f x & an appropriation ( x to oneself4 ,b1 9 ?is1 indep5d5t life & b\nd life d n become comb9$2 h[ c\ld t be ! case )\t ! loss ( all inn] unity8 ,a basis is necess>y2 & x is furni%$ only by self-det]m9+ activity4 ,exp]i5ce acquires a spiritual cont5t & value only s f> z x is bas$ ^u ?is activity1 & is tak5 up into a spiritual movem5t4 ,exp]i5ce does n %>e some?+ ) ! spiritual life1 b1 ?r\gh /imulation & opposition1 x =ces t life to fur!r developm5t )9 itself4 ,! /ate 9 :i* ! _w ( s5se is fir/ f\nd und]goes an inn] elevation 9 t appropriation3 s5se pres5tation1 = example1 is to sci5tific "w some?+ q diff]5t f :at x is to nave p]ception2 ev5 if x ob/9ately )/&s a complete resolution into magnitudes ( pure ?\ght1 x takes up m & m ?\ght elem5ts2 x ent]s into conceptual relations2 x answ]s que/ions :i* ! "w ( ?\ght sets4 ,to ! :ole sph]e ( s5se sci5ce gives ! backgr\nd ( a _w ( ?\ght1 & trans=ms m]e s5se into a spatially b\nd spirituality4 ,! same ?+ is valid ) reg>d to ! ?+s ( value 9 life2 9 ^!1 also1 s5se & _s are n simply comb9$2 b some?+ ( s5se becomes a spiritual good only s f> z x s]ves ! spiritual life 9 "s way2 x _c d ?is1 h[ev]1 )\t itself und]go+ a trans=mation4 ,?is is to be se5 n[h]e m cle>ly ?an 9 economics4 ,money & e/ate _h at all times a value = self-pres]vation & enjoym5t1 b 9 ! doctr9e ( economics & political economy !y c\ld obta9 ackn[l$gm5t only aft] a p[] to advance ! spiritual life _h be5 recognis$ 9 !m4 ,z culture 9 ! anci5t _w _h n yet rea*$ ?is po9t ( view1 x br&$ all endeav\r aft] mat]ial weal? z inf]ior1 & z f> z possible *eck$ su* endeav\r4 ,only s9ce ! ,mod]n ,age has recognis$ 9 money & e/ate an indisp5sable means ( ga9+ control ov] ! surr\nd+ _w & ( increas+ human p[] h !y secur$ a place )9 ! spiritual life1 & z a result ( ?is h become m highly e/imat$4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 !y h be5 *ang$ inw>dly 9 ! process1 s9ce t :i* !y a*ieve1 n t[>ds o/5tati\s display & enjoym5t1 b t[>ds ! increase ( human p[] ov] ?+s has become ! *ief matt]4 ,z 9 ?is way ! cont5t & ! value ( t :i* is (f]$ by ! _w ( s5se %[s its dep5d5ce ^u ! condition ( ! spiritual life1 s 9 sci5ce also a simil> relation betwe5 exp]i5ce & ! spiritual life is f\nd4 ,sci5ce appeals to exp]i5ce ) p>ticul> zeal1 m especially aft] x has fir/ accompli%$ f>-rea*+ *anges 9 its own ?\ght con/ructions2 only !n does exp]i5ce give any?+ new to k & exhibit a great] dep?4 ,exp]i5ce c answ] only 9 ! measure 9 :i* x is que/ion$2 ! "q1 h[ev]1 v>ies accord+ to ! /age ( developm5t ( ! spiritual life4 ,su* a view fully appreciates ! significance ( life-"w1 & mu/ /rive en]getically to ga9 its ackn[l$gm5t4 ,?is "w is n a c>ry+ out ( a complete s*eme 9 a giv5 condition ( ?+s1 an application ( firmly root$ pr9ciples to p>ticul> cases1 b a self-realisation & self-p]fect+ ( ! spiritual life :i* builds up a self-consci\s reality4 ,9 ?is our life is n divid$ betwe5 two diff]5t realms1 b1 9 a compreh5sive spiritual _w1 diff]5t /ages ( reality meet toge!r1 :i* mu/ be br\ght into relation & develop$4 ,to be sure1 ! _w ( s5se reta9s a c]ta9 indep5d5ce2 x resi/s a complete trans=mation into spiritual magnitudes1 & our life1 !re=e1 reta9s a c]ta9 re/riction & imp5etrability4 ,b ! self-consci\sness ( ! _s becomes m & m ! *ief basis & sph]e ( life3 ?is self-consci\sness cont9ually takes up m into itself2 x makes ! _w t 0 to u at fir/ prim>y1 inde$ ! only _w1 m & m second>y & subord9ate4 ,?is increas+ spiritualisation ( human life nev] becomes a sure possession t calls = no toil2 ev] anew x dem&s our att5tion & activity2 x has cont9ually to be won anew z a :ole4 ,z soon z ! t5sion slack5s1 ! _w ( exp]i5ce ) its appeal to s5se prepond]ates1 & x soon appe>s to be man's sole _w1 "o :i* _c tol]ate any?+ beyond itself4 ,= ! spiritualisation ( human life1 a long+ root$ 9 ! :ole be+ is prim>ily necess>y2 = ) ! ke5 feel+ ( ! vanity ( ! _w ( s5se exp]i5ce1 ?is leads to ! removal ( ! c5tre ( life into ! invisible _w ( self-det]m9+ activity4 ,fur!r1 a cle> pres5tation ( ?is invisible _w is ne$$2 & 9 ?is ! help ( ! visible is n to be disp5s$ )4 ,= its own e/abli%m5t ! realm ( ! invisible mu/ borr[ means ( expression f ! visible1 :i* n[ gov]ns human pres5tation2 mu/ trans=m & ref9e !m = its aims2 prep>e out ( !m an impressive pres5tation ( ! :ole4 ,along ) ! en]gy ( turn+ to ! spiritual life a creative imag9ation is requir$1 ?r\gh :i* ! invisible may become equal to hold+ its own aga9/ ! visible4 ,! help ( su* imag9ation is indisp5sable = religion1 9 ord] t ! sup]natural _w advocat$ by x may ga9 an effective pres5ce 9 ! prov9ce ( humanity4 ,& s ) bold upw>d flights ( imag9ation ! h]oes ( religion h project$ a new condition ( reality z a :ole1 a k+dom ( ju/ice or ( love1 & h judg$ human exi/5ce by ! /&>d ( ?is new condition4 ,simil>ly1 philosophy did n become an indep5d5t _w ( ?\ght )\t ! help ( imag9ation2 & ( h[ indisp5sable x is to art we ne$ n speak at all4 ,aga91 "w 9 political1 social1 educational matt]s1 at lea/ z f> z radical r5ewals are conc]n$1 has really be5 tak5 up & c>ri$ on1 & has won a triumphant p[]1 only :]e ! /ate /riv5 = has be5 pres5t$ z some?+ visible & cle>ly pres5t2 ?is alone has unit$ ! multiplicity1 & has l$ ) compell+ =ce beyond ! extant situation z ?\gh t 7 some?+ intol]able4 ,humanity z a :ole mu/ be pres5t 9 an ideal condition to our m9ds = u to be ar\s$ suffici5tly f our indol5ce4 ,our life1 !re=e1 conta9s movem5ts :i* t5d 9 opposite directions3 !re are a press+ =w>d & a turn+ backw>d1 a deta*m5t f exp]i5ce & a tak+ up aga9 ( exp]i5ce2 & s we may well speak ( an action & reaction )9 its movem5t4 ,b ! anti!ses t arise aid 9 advancem5t only s long z !y are encompass$ by a :ole ( activity4 ,9 t ! c\rse ( hi/ory increases f> m ?an x dim9i%es ! anti!ses1 ! dang]s gr[ m & m1 ! possibilities & ! tasks ( human exi/5ce1 h[ev]1 also gr[4 7d7 ,,! ,,em]g5ce ,,( ,a ,,new ,,type ,,( ,,life ,! conception ( ! spiritual life "h develop$ gives rise to a p>ticul> type ( life :i* c br+ ab\t a trans=mation & elevation ( man f two ma9 positions3 ! union ( man ) ! spiritual life is mu* clos]1 & ! spiritual life 9 itself is incomp>ably m1 ?an is repres5t$ by ! cu/om>y conception ( t life4 ,= 9 our conception man does n m]ely ent] into "s k9d ( relation ) ! spiritual life1 b f9ds 8 own be+ 9 x1 & becomes s completely unit$ ) x t x is able to det]m9e him imm$iately z 8 own self4 ,! spiritual life is n a p>ticul> function among o!rs1 n a "p or an aspect ( a m compreh5sive _w1 b is itself a _w1 &1 inde$1 a _w 9 :i* life fir/ atta9s to self-consci\sness & becomes a complete reality4 ,if ?is _w becomes ! imm$iate possession ( man himself1 8 life mu/ exp]i5ce a deep-rea*+ *ange1 inde$ a revolution ( its usual condition3 to trace ! ma9 t5d5cies ( ?is revolution is our imm$iate task4 7#a7 ,life's ,atta9m5t ( ,greatness ,! plac+ ( man 9 ! spiritual life1 becom+ aw>e ( its own indep5d5ce1 mu/ make ! =ms ( ?is life 8 own1 & 9 ?is way br+ ab\t a rev]sal ( ! commonplace ( e day4 ,life is transpos$ f ! n>r[ness ( its m]ely p>ticul> nature to inf9ity2 :at 0 hi!rto ali5 & ho/ile to man is *ang$ into 8 own possession1 & is able to ar\se an animat+ & elevat+ love4 ,at ! same "t a deliv]ance f subjectivity & its web ( int]e/s & ideas is effect$1 to ! advantage ( a life-process t takes up ! object into itself1 & ?us advances to indep5d5ce & sov]eign creation2 a life is atta9$ t is n sp5t 9 movem5t to & fro betwe5 anti!ses1 b unfolds a cont5t ?r\gh !m4 ,z ?is life atta9s to complete indep5d5ce only because x produces a univ]sal activity 9 contra/ to individual activities1 s p>ticipation 9 ?is life mu/ lead man beyond division to a compreh5sive unity4 ,x is ?is t is s\ght 9 ! idea ( p]sonality--an idea :i* is (t5 q obscure & sup]ficial1 b :i* c 9 ?is context be elucidat$1 manife/ its complete significance1 & prove its p[] ( developm5t4 ,z ! spiritual life is a self-consci\sness1 s man also w9s f x a life t is n exhau/$ by activity direct$ ^u any?+ ext]nal to ?is life1 & t does n expect its cont5t f outside l an empty vessel1 b w\ld be itself & realise ! possibilities ly+ )9 itself4 ,s f> z su* a life ext5ds man does n /& on ! bord] ( ?+s b 9 ! c5tre1 9 ! =mation & creation ( ! :ole2 he exp]i5ces ! _w n z some?+ ext]nal b f )94 ,! "q ( ! limits ( ?is life is no long] prim>y b second>y1 & ! answ] to ?is "q is to be expect$ f ! exp]i5ce ( life1 n f prelim9>y reflections4 ,s9ce1 9 ?is1 life has a cont5t 9 itself & develops ?is cont5t ?r\gh its movem5t1 x di/9ctly gr[s above all ! play ( =ces ) :i* x is (t5 confus$2 if su* a play ( =ces suffices = a l[] /age x _c suffice = fur!r developm5t4 ,= ! feel+ ( joy\s excitem5t :i* accompanies ! ex]tion ( p[] is n suffici5t 9 opposition to ! s]i\s p]plexities t accompany all spiritual "w2 inde$1 n ev5 aga9/ ! c>es & ne$s t are involv$ 9 ! m]e pres]vation ( exi/5ce 9 an advanc+ culture4 ,life !n easily comes to be reg>d$ z full ( tr\ble & ( "w1 & becomes a burd5 f :i* "o wi%es to be deliv]$4 ,life is n f ! beg9n+ a good1 b x mu/ prove itself to be su* by its m detail$ developm5t4 ,9 ! spiritual life ?is comes to pass1 s9ce x produces a reality out ( itself2 x does n become valuable fir/ 9 its relation to ! ext]nal _w1 b x c>ries a value 9 itself1 z is cle>ly %[n by ! joy t p]meates all exp]i5ce ( ! true1 ! good1 & ! beautiful4 ,?is joy mu/ be fur!r increas$ if all ! multiplicity ( ?is exp]i5ce is reg>d$ z ! unfold+ ( a compreh5sive & p]si/5t fundam5tal life4 ,a life ( ?is k9d is no indef9ite impulse2 x _c become an indep5d5t reality )\t p5etrat+ into e aspect & mak+ ! ord9>y /ate ( ?+s ev]y:]e inadequate1 inde$ intol]able4 ,s9ce ! indep5d5t spirituality & spiritual "* t is acquir$1 & t :i* ! p>ticul> ?+ & activity signifies 9 ! spiritual life z a :ole1 ev]y:]e con/itutes ! mo/ important "q1 ! problem ( tru? w be rais$ at ea* po9t2 & 9 ?is way a %>p division w be made betwe5 ! g5u9e & ! spuri\s2 ev]y?+ t /rives )9 u 9 ! direction ( ! _s w unite & acquire a m /able basis2 ev]y?+ t w\ld satisfy man 9 o!r ways w be se5 to be empty & va94 ,life n[ acquires a deep] reality1 b ?is mu/ fir/ be rea*$ & br\ght to complete effect4 ,new =ms1 9 contra/ to ! ord9>y repres5tations1 mu/ also make _! appe>ance if life is to be equal to ! task ( develop+ cont5t & "*4 ,life 9 ! individual mu/ h roots deep] ?an ! imm$iate psy*ical life2 = psy*ical life _c itself produce & make cle> t :i* occurs 9 x1 = ?is reason at lea/1 t x involves ! anti!sis ( individual & environm5t1 ( subject & object1 beyond :i* spiritual creation results4 ,! spiritual impulse t ! imm$iate life ( ! s\l manife/s c be bas$ only ^u deep] realities & m compreh5sive relations4 ,& s a nological treatm5t is to be di/+ui%$ f ! psy*ological1 n 9 ord] to displace or limit ! latt]1 b r to complete x2 & x is a problem to %[ ! po9t ( transition 9 ! imm$iate life ( ! s\l4 ,! significance ( ! individual life1 z f> z cont5t is conc]n$1 w dep5d ^u :e!r an indep5d5t spirituality arises )9 x1 & con/itutes x a di/9ctive life-c5tre4 ,accord+ to ! new /&>ds a free spiritual activity does n suffice1 h[ev] ext5d$ x may be1 & h[ev] su/a9$ by subjective emotion4 ,= all su* activity may be )\t spiritual sub/ance1 & 9 spite ( all ext]nal results ! life t is no?+ b ?is activity may rema9 spiritually de/itute3 h[ %all[ _m individuals are ^: a*ievem5ts des]ve & obta9 ! highe/ appreciation6 ,! inw>dness t ! spiritual life requires is n simply a reflex ( "w 9 ! s\l--f t little is ga9$--b ! =m+ ( a *>act]i/ic spiritual self-consci\sness t lifts u above all m]e a*ievem5t1 & also by giv+ to activity a s\l fir/ makes x complete4 ,we h (t5 se5 h[ ! ackn[l$gm5t ( an indep5d5t spiritual life =ces u to make a %>p] di/9ction betwe5 human hi/ory & human society & all m]ely natural hi/ory & m]ely natural co-exi/5ce ( m54 ,at ! same "t1 9 t :i* is call$ hi/ory & society1 a di/9ction betwe5 an esot]ic & an exot]ic k9d is also requir$4 ,! value ( individual epo*s & ( hi/ory z a :ole dep5ds ^u ! spiritual sub/ance t gr[s up 9 !m2 ev]y?+ else1 to :atev] ext5t x may1 ) commotion & ext]nal result1 assume ! air ( be+ ! *ief ?+1 is only environm5t or supplem5t4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! case ( society1 ! spiritual cont5t1 if x has "o at all1 & human =tune & conduct mu/ become m di/9ctly sep>at$4 ,!re is f> less g5u9e hi/ory & society ?an is usually assum$2 b ?is little signifies incomp>ably m ?an bo? w\ld imply )\t ! spiritual life4 ,simil>ly1 ) ! ackn[l$gm5t ( an indep5d5t spiritual life 9 u1 a new light is %$ ^u ! individual dep>tm5ts ( life1 & new tasks are set !m4 ,!y h n[1 prim>ily1 n to fur!r human well-be+1 to be ( s]vice 9 ! atta9m5t ( n>r[ly human aims1 b !y are *>act]i/ic unfold+s ( ! spiritual life4 ,! p>ticul> nature ( ^! dep>tm5ts has its basis 9 t life1 & !y mu/ prove _! capacity by advanc+ x4 ,!y are conc]n$ ) man only s f> z he p>ticipates 9 ! spiritual life2 & s !y w n s mu* /r5g!n him 9 8 human nature z elevate him spiritually1 & rem\ld him m & m to ! =m ( ! spiritual life4 ,a deliv]ance f ! confusion ( t :i* is n>r[ly human ) ! spiritual is also necess>y1 &1 along ) ?is1 life z a :ole mu/ be m en]getically bas$ ^u ! spiritual life1 & ! spiritual life itself mu/ be giv5 a m di/9ct =m4 ,f ! position ( ?is life1 t :i* has be5 h&$ d[n to u mu/ be evaluat$ & new pa?s mu/ be op5$ up = ! future4 ,religion c\ld obta9 no cont5t1 & all *ange 9 x w\ld be only an advance f a m crude to a m ref9$ an?ropomorphism1 if x 7 bas$ solely ^u human ne$s & aid$ man to atta9 a suppos$ happ9ess4 ,religion rises above su* a condition ( d\bt only if x exhibits its roots 9 an indep5d5t spiritual life & is able to %[ its actuality & its p[] by aid+ ! developm5t ( ! spiritual life4 ,at its highe/ religion has always be5 conc]n$ ) w9n+ a new _w & a new humanity1 n ) ! a*ievem5t ( some?+ )9 ! old _w & = ! old humanity4 ,& z we ne$ a religion ( ! spiritual life1 we also ne$ a morality1 an art1 &1 f9ally1 an all-compreh5sive spiritual culture1 ?r\gh :i* some?+ really new may be produc$ & man be elevat$ 9 ?is be+1 & n simply circle r\nd & r\nd cont9ually 9 ! old pa?s4 ,ev]y:]e ! matt] is "o ( advance & revelation2 f ?is po9t ( view ! complexes ( e day mu/ also be se5 9 a new light1 & 9 :at is app>5tly simple & self-evid5t great a*ievem5ts & tasks become manife/4 ,we n[1 = ! fir/ "t & 9 ano!r s5se1 w9 aga9 t :i* we ?\ght we already possess$2 inde$1 by ! revolution to ! spiritual life1 life z a :ole is trans=m$ into a task4 ,e individual has su* a life-embrac+ task 9 ! cultivation ( a g5u9e p]sonality & a spiritual individuality4 ,humanity z a :ole has su* a task 9 ! build+ up ( a k+dom ( reason )9 its doma91 9 ! fur!rance ( ! movem5t :i* comes to x f ! :ole & summons x to co-op]ation4 ,human life by p>ticipation 9 ! spiritual life f9ds its basis 9 ! inw>d & spontane\s1 9 ! inf9ite & et]nal4 ,! developm5t & ! exp]i5ces ( ! spiritual life & its conflict ) a _w1 :i* is only be+ won1 are "h ! *ief cont5t ( human life & unite individuals inw>dly2 ! de/9ies ( individuals receive _! p>ticul> nature f su* a common life4 ,z ?is life ( indep5d5t spirituality is possible only by deta*m5t f ! *aotic condition ( life z we f9d x at its g5]al level1 ! developm5t ( ! spiritual life mu/ make u cle>ly consci\s ( ! spiritual de/itution ( ! majority2 & especially mu/ x oppose ! attempt on ! "p ( su* a life z t ( ! majority to pres5t itself z ! :ole1 & to make itself ! /&>d ( human endeav\r4 ,9 su* an attempt ! trivially human inevitably prepond]ates1 & ?is n[1 at its highe/ po9ts1 inve/s itself ) o/5tati\s pomp & a feel+ ( p[]2 n[1 almo/ z a :ole1 relies on ! reason ( ! masses1 :i* l\dly & noisily proclaims t ^? ?+s :i* accord+ to human op9ion are valuable are ( all ?+s ! highe/2 confid5tly makes its judgm5t & its task ! /&>d ( tru?2 &1 ) arrogant presumption1 dem&s a rev]5ce t[>ds itself t is due solely to ! spiritual _w4 ,f ( old !re h be5 _m indictm5ts ( ?is1 b z long z a new life1 bas$ 9 ! spiritual _w 9 contra/ ) m]ely human life1 0 n atta9$ to1 ^! indictm5ts did n lead to a deliv]ance4 ,"u ! guidance ( religion humanity has evolv$ su* a life & = ?\s&s ( ye>s has f\nd support 9 x4 ,h[ev]1 humanity has lo/ ?is life & ?is support1 9 its old =m1 & ! loss 0 inevitable4 ,if humanity w /rive aft] a new =m & at ! same "t transc5d m]e appe>ance1 x c atta9 to ?is only on ! basis ( ! spiritual life1 t is ackn[l$g$ to be indep5d5t4 ,only on ?is basis c x ent] into ! conflict on ! side ( gods aga9/ idols1 = tru? aga9/ appe>ance & empt9ess4 ,! new life _c develop )\t elevat+ ! individual 9 8 spiritual nature above all environm5t4 ,=1 z surely z ! con/ruction ( a spiritual reality )9 humanity ne$s a union ( all p[]s1 !re is a spontane\s spr++ up ( ! indep5d5t spiritual life only )9 ! s\l ( ! individual4 ,all social & all hi/orical life t does n unceas+ly draw f ?is s\rce falls irrecov]ably into a /ate ( /agnation & desolation4 ,! individual c nev] be r$uc$ to ! position ( a m]e memb] ( society2 ( a *ur*1 ( a /ate2 not)/&+ all ext]nal subord9ation he mu/ ass]t an inn] sup]iority2 ea* spiritual individual is m ?an ! :ole ext]nal _w4 ,b z ! individual does n d]ive ?is sup]iority f himself1 n f a natural p>ticul>ity & peculi>ity 9 di/9ction f o!rs1 b only f ! pres5ce ( a spiritual _w1 s he is securely gu>d$ f all va9 self-assurance & ! arrogance ( ! idea ( ! ,sup]man1 :i* grotesquely di/orts ! great fact ( ! revelation ( a univ]sal life at individual po9ts4 ,! desire = ! pres5ce ( ! inf9ite at ! individual po9t may be *>act]is$ z an approximation to my/icism4 ,inde$1 we ne$ bo? a metaphysic & a my/icism2 b we want bo? 9 a new =m1 n 9 ! old4 ,x seems to u prepo/]\s to decl>e t necess>y dem&s ( ! spiritual life are f9ally dispos$ (1 because ! old] solution has become inadequate4 ,if man does n 9 "s way succe$ 9 appropriat+ ! spiritual life1 if x is n actively pres5t z a :ole )9 him & animat+ him1 !n 8 relation to ! spiritual life rema9s = ev] an ext]nal "o2 & ?is life _c acquire a complete spontaneity 9 him1 c nev] become a g5u9e life ( 8 own4 ,b ! old] my/icism 0 ! (fspr+ ( a worn-out age1 :i* prim>ily reflect$ ^u quietness & peace1 & 0 "u ! influ5ce ( a philosophy t s\ght ! tru? 9 /riv+ t[>ds ! mo/ compreh5sive univ]sal1 & saw 9 all p>ticul>ity a defect 7omnis det]m9atio negatio74 ,& s1 to be completely m]g$ 9 ! =mless inf9ite c\ld be reg>d$ z ! culm9ation ( life4 ,z ! spiritual life is to u1 on ! contr>y1 an increas+ activity & creation1 a _w ( self-det]m9+ activity1 s its be+ call$ to life at individual po9ts is a r\s+ ( life to its highe/ en]gy2 9 ?is also1 a cont9ual appropriation is necess>y4 ,fur!r1 ! movem5t ( ! spiritual life does n appe> to u z an advance f p>ticul> to univ]sal1 b z "o f diff]5tiation to ! liv+ :ole2 f ! indef9it5ess ( ! beg9n+s to complete organisation & di/9ctive =m4 ,! inw>dness t we advocate is n a feeble e*o & a ye>n+ = dissolution1 b is ( an active & mascul9e nature1 & re/s on ceaseless self-det]m9+ activity4 ,"o may or may n call ?is my/icism2 9 any case my/icism ( su* a k9d _c be *>g$ ) t :i* n[ appe>s to u to be defect or error 9 ! old] =m4 7#b7 ,! ,increase ( ,movem5t ,z c]ta9ly z a univ]sal life mu/ surr\nd u &1 ) effici5t p[]1 9 "s way be implant$ )9 u1 yet only our own activity c appropriate & amplify t life = u4 ,z ! transition to ! indep5d5t spiritual life *anges ! problem s t no a*ievem5t 9 a giv5 _w w satisfy x1 b only ! w9n+ ( a new _w1 our exi/5ce mu/ become mu* m active2 our life mu/ be made n only mu* m compreh5sive b also inw>dly trans=m$ & deep5$4 ,nave op9ion is accu/om$ to presuppose a fix$ sph]e = our activity2 x is possible = x to d ?is only because x confuses ! spiritual & t :i* is less ?an ! spiritual & leaves !m undiff]5tiat$4 ,s9ce ! atta9m5t ( indep5d5ce by ! spiritual life makes ?is confusion impossible1 x may at ! same "t be recognis$ t ! fix$ relations 9 :i* we seem to be are also 9 reality due to our own activity4 ,f ?is fact a me?od ( treatm5t is ju/ifi$1 ! introduction ( :i* con/itutes "o ( ! greate/ s]vices ( ,kant4 ,?is me?od 9 8 own t]m9ology is ! transc5d5tal me?od4 ,unlike ord9>y op9ion1 x does n reg>d ! relation ( ! dep>tm5ts ( life & all its activities z be+ self-evid5t1 b x enquires into ! inn] possibility ( ?is relation1 t is1 x indicates ! conditions )\t :i* ! union ( ! manifold c\ld n be accompli%$2 x reveals ! spiritual activity t exi/s 9 ! :ole4 ,x reveals a f> f9] texture ( life2 x %[s syn!ses f ! :ole to ! elem5ts2 x indicates cle>] limits & makes u m def9itely recognise :at diff]5tiates ! individual dep>tm5ts4 ,?is is :at ,kant did 9 ! case ( sci5tific k1 ( morality1 & ( ! realm ( ! beautiful4 ,! transc5d5tal me?od itself is fir/ indisputably ju/ifi$ & giv5 a secure f\ndation ) ! ackn[l$gm5t t a _w ( indep5d5t spirituality em]ges 9 man1 & ?is ?r\gh 8 own activity1 n by a m]e fav\r & gift ( de/9y4 ,=1 :5 ?is indep5d5t spiritual _w is ackn[l$g$ x fir/ becomes a matt] beyond d\bt t ! basis1 & ! bonds :i* unite ! :ole1 c\ld n be giv51 b mu/ proce$ f our own activity4 ,! transc5d5tal me?od mu/ !re=e be appli$ n only to ! individual bran*es b also to ! :ole1 & ! possibility ( a spiritual life 9 man 9 g5]al made a problem4 ,!n f ! :ole ! me?od mu/ also be ext5d$ to ! dep>tm5ts t are n br\ght into prom95ce by ,kant2 x mu/ discuss1 = example1 ! possibility ( hi/ory 9 a *>act]i/ically human s5se4 ,s9ce our reality is ?us dep5d5t 9 ! fir/ place ^u our own activity1 life & movem5t acquire a wid] scope & a great] value4 ,! movem5t ( life also t5ds to be increas$ by ! fact t 9 our conviction ! m detail$ =m ( ! spiritual life itself mu/ fir/ be won by our activity1 & t ?is detail c be acquir$ only little by little ?r\gh attempts1 exp]i5ces1 convulsions2 t = man ! spiritual life ) its actuality =ms a difficult problem4 ,:at m p>ticul>ly sep>ates u f ! ,enlight5m5t is t :ile = x ! ultimately valid =m ( ! spiritual life appe>$ to be imm$iately pres5t & to ne$ only an en]getic work+ out1 we ext5d ! hi/orical treatm5t n only to ! repres5tation1 b also to ! nature1 ( ! spiritual life2 & s ! ultimately valid =m ( ! spiritual life appe>s to be a high ideal1 to :i* man c only gradually approximate4 ,! fact t endeav\r is c5tr$ n ^u ext]nals b prim>ily ^u our own be+ mu/ make our activity f> m significant & m int5se2 & ?is leads to a high] e/imate ( hi/ory z well z ( a hi/orical treatm5t4 ,z h5ce epo*s are no long] di/+ui%$ simply by _! a*ievem5ts1 b by ! nature ( _! spiritual life1 s ! life ( ! pres5t mu/ also be giv5 its place 9 ! mov+ /ream1 & s our inn]mo/ nature also dep5ds on spiritual "w4 ,if ) su* an increase ( movem5t mu* is mutable t o!rwise seem$ to be z firm z a rock2 & if1 9 p>ticul>1 ! f\ndations ( life !mselves also suff] *ange1 life seems to lose all support & to fall into an unlimit$ relativism4 ,inde$1 life mu/ ?us lose all /ability if 9 ! spiritual sph]e movem5t does n involve some?+ 9 opposition to *ange3 & ?is z a fact x does involve4 ,z ! spiritual life _c develop a cont5t )\t pres5t+ x z timeless1 !re is no great a*ievem5t 9 hi/ory t does n include "s k9d ( timeless tru?1 & ! movem5t ( ! spiritual life is n m]ely a fl[+ onw>d ) "t b also an elevation above "t4 ,9 spiritual "w1 !re=e1 ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ages c be survey$ & exam9$2 inde$1 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 pa/ & n pa/ ! sequ5ce ( times c be trans=m$ into a timeless pres5t4 ,( c\rse ?is is valid only ) ! presupposition ( an absolute spiritual life1 :i* is pres5t 9 all ! unc]ta9ty & *ange ( human und]tak+1 & does n all[ x to become fix$ 9 error4 ,unless an imman5ce ( ! absolute spiritual life is ackn[l$g$1 an ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! spiritual "w ( ! ,mod]n ,age rema9s absolutely un9telligible1 namely1 its critical "*4 ,mod]n "w is n completely objective1 & occupation ) ! object does n completely exhau/ t "w2 b activity realises its indep5d5ce ( ! object1 inve/igates its relation to ! object1 surveys t :i* has be5 a*iev$1 & te/s x by transc5d5t /&>ds4 ,su* a critique belongs especially to ! fundam5tal nature ( ! ,enlight5m5t1 to ! pr\d self-confid5ce ( :i* a consci5ti\s self-exam9ation =ms a necess>y anti!sis4 ,! critical me?od rea*$ its highe/ po9t 9 ,kant1 & we c nev] g back aga9 ^u ! trans=mation ( life t has be5 effect$ by x4 ,b h[ c\ld ! critique be ju/ifi$ & ex]cise su* f>-rea*+ influ5ce z x has done1 if x 7 n m ?an a product ( a subjective reflection t accompanies ! object1 & t has to d ) ! object ext]nally8 ,! critique c\ld effect an inn] trans=mation & elevation ( "w only because x set new =ces 9 motion4 ,& x did ?is 9 t x measur$ all human a*ievem5t by ! dem&s ( a transc5d5t spiritual life & out ( x develop$ inn] necessities1 to :i* all a*ievem5t _h to correspond4 ,s ! movem5t 0 n lo/ ?r\gh ! lack ( an aim2 & life did n fl[ onw>d ) ! /ream ( pres5tations1 b f\nd a support 9 itself2 x 0 able to ex]t a p[]ful c\nt]action2 x did n ne$ to ackn[l$ge any?+ t _h n prov$ its validity be=e ! judgm5t-seat ( imman5t reason4 ,?is em]g5ce ( ! "q ( validity 9 contra/ to t ( actuality mu/ inw>dly raise & ennoble ! movem5t ( life2 x reveals to man an active relation n only to ! environm5t b prim>ily to himself2 x leads to a ceaseless diff]5tiation & exam9ation ( ! quality ( life4 ,x is true t ! ,enlight5m5t1 :i* ackn[l$g$ t alone to be true :i* 0 cle>ly & di/9ctly cognis$1 ex]cis$ ?is critique 9 a too n>r[ mann]2 yet not)/&+ all t may be problematical 9 its application to details1 ! "r & ! necessity ( ! fundam5tal idea are n !reby ov]?r[n3 ! "q rema9s2 x c be fully ju/ifi$ only 9 ! relations t we h indicat$2 b at ! same "t x mu/ be transf]r$ f ! m]ely intellectual to ! spiritual z a :ole1 & =m 9 relation to ! :ole t :i* 9 ! /ate ( culture conta9s & develops an indep5d5t spirituality & a self-consci\s life2 b by ?is x ga9s a cont5t ( tru?4 ,?is self-consci\sness alone c be reg>d$ z ess5ce & g5u9e reality1 :ile ev]y?+ else is r$uc$ to m]e environm5t & becomes matt] ( second>y importance1 if n ( m]e appe>ance4 ,task aft] task is reveal$1 m especially = ! pres5t2 we see h[1 ) ! atta9m5t ( indep5d5ce by ! spiritual life1 ! movem5t is n only ext5d$1 b also gr[s inw>dly & t5ds t[>ds ! elevation ( life4 7#c7 ,! ,ga9 ( ,/ability ,! movem5t ( ! spiritual life z n only direct$ t[>ds ! outside b also turn$ inw>ds t[>ds itself ga9$ = u a great] indep5d5ce4 ,b ev5 t :i* em]ges f )9 exi/s only 9 ! process ( =mation1 & 9 ?is t :i* satisfies u to-day may to-morr[ be unc]ta92 & s we _c dismiss ! "q :e!r ! spiritual life lacks ! necess>y /ability2 :e!r1 9 ! mid/ ( all becom+ & *ange1 caprice & subjectivity are n )\t ! necess>y opposition4 ,9 any case1 ! "q ( fixation mu/ h a diff]5t appe>ance )9 a sy/em ( life bas$ ^u activity f t x w\ld h )9 a sy/em :i* proce$$ f a giv5 _w3 9 ! =m]1 t :i* is fix$ _c be introduc$ f outside1 b mu/ exi/ )9 ! movem5t itself2 x c manife/ itself only ?r\gh a movem5t ( a k9d & =m :i* transc5d ! utmo/ capacity ( ! m]e subject4 ,our inve/igation z a :ole cont5ds t ! fixity is ( ?is k9d2 & at ?is po9t only a %ort revision & a summ+ up are requir$4 ,all spiritual activity is1 z we saw1 a transc5d5ce ( ! anti!sis ( subject & object2 x is progressive & =mative univ]sal activity4 ,b ?is activity _c be produc$ & =m$ accord+ to desire or fancy2 we mu/ be elevat$ into x2 &1 z a result ( ?is1 we feel t we are "u ! compulsion ( an inn] necessity1 :i* di/9ctly c\nt]acts ! caprice ( ! m]e subject4 ,we saw1 fur!r1 t )9 ! life-process spiritual cont5ts are rais$ out ( ! /ream ( ev5ts1 & t !y unite s z to =m a _w 9 contra/ ) t /ream1 a _w great] & m compreh5sive1 :i* nev]!less cont9ues )9 our life4 ,?is applies to all ! bran*es ( our "w2 ev]y:]e ! decid+ /ep to joyful advance is :5 activity proce$s f m]e se>* & contemplation "u ! necessity ( ! object4 ,no resolution1 h[ev]1 or ev5 ! mo/ s9c]e volition1 c ( itself =ce u to ?is decisive /ep4 ,man mu/ be tak5 possession ( by a spiritual activity & p[]1 & elevat$ above ! /ate ( grop+ & d\bt4 ,?is is %[n 9 all sci5tific "w & arti/ic creation2 ev]y:]e success does n appe> to be ! "w ( ! human1 b a gift & a grace f high] =ces2 ev]y:]e ^? :o h creat$ h felt guid$ & su/a9$ by su* =ces4 ,beyond individuals humanity z a :ole develops complexes 9 sci5ce1 9 law1 & s on1 :i* evolve inn] necessities & require _! recognition & fulfilm5t by man1 & foll[ c\rses ( _! own reg>dless ( ! weal or ! woe ( individuals2 s f> z life foll[s ^! t5d5cies1 x is elevat$ above d\bt to a /ate ( /ability & joyfulness4 ,su* movem5ts appe> at fir/ z a multiplicity1 & are mo/ directly effective ?r\gh t :i* is di/9ctive 9 ! p>ticul> dep>tm5ts ( life4 ,b ?r\gh all multiplicity & above x1 !re is a /riv+ t[>ds a compreh5sive unity2 e advance t[>ds ?is unity is an imm$iate ga9 9 /ability & c]ta9ty4 ,no?+ helps ! individual to become inw>dly firm m ?an ! unification ( 8 life 9 a :ole ( activity1 m ?an becom+ c]ta9 ( an inw>d all-compreh5sive task 9 ! developm5t ( a spiritual individuality4 ,! developm5t ( a spiritual individuality is a task t comes to him f )91 & :i*1 :ile x is m ?an any?+ else 8 own1 is yet above all caprice4 ,?is task may t5d little to promote t :i* is usually call$ happ9ess2 ! /riv+ to fulfil x may trans=m ! :ole ( exi/5ce into a /ate ( toil & tr\ble1 ( conflict & c>e2 & yet x alone gives to life a mean+ & a value1 a sure direction & a secure self-consci\sness1 & by assur+ man ( a spiritual exi/5ce ( 8 own makes him c]ta9 ( ! spiritual life z a :ole4 ,su* a unification ( ! manifold activities s z to =m a life-"w1 an incomp>able k9d ( spiritual be+1 is some?+ entirely axiomatic1 :i* is 9 no way d]iv$ f outside4 ,aga91 ?is unification does n dep5d ^u p>ticul> repres5tations ( ! _w2 only ! fanaticism ( p>ty c b9d x to def9ite doctr9es ( ! human & ! div9e4 ,x itself1 h[ev]1 is a secure />t+-po9t = ! developm5t ( convictions2 its ackn[l$gm5t involves ! ackn[l$gm5t ( a spiritual _w indep5d5t ( & op]ative )9 u1 & summon+ u to co-op]ation1 ev5 ?\gh ?is implication is (t5 conceal$ f consci\sness4 ,:]e our own life lacks su* a f\nta9-head ! conviction ( a spiritual life nev] atta9s to axiomatic c]ta9ty1 b dep5ds on ! ?9 ?reads ( reasons & pro(s1 & !re=e is mo/ easy to ov]?r[4 ,& s1 = ! ov]com+ ( d\bt & fa9!>t$ness ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u atta9+ to a unity ( activity & creation :i* inw>dly embraces life z a :ole1 & ) ?is1 ^u be+ some?+1 n simply do+ some?+4 ,:at is valid ( individuals is valid also ( peoples & epo*s1 ( humanity z a :ole4 ,:e!r a p feels c]ta9 ( a spiritual life1 & is !reby elevat$ to a /ate ( inw>d joyfulness1 dep5ds prim>ily ^u :e!r x recognises & ackn[l$ges 9 itself a common spiritual task3 if ?is is n ! case1 ! acute/ apologetic _c prev5t ! increase ( d\bt & fa9tness ( he>t4 ,simil>ly1 ! disposition & life-feel+ ( epo*s is decid$ prim>ily by :e!r _! endeav\r unites !m inw>dly or :e!r x is divid$1 & at ! same "t becomes inconsi/5t4 ,! endeav\r ( our own "t does suff] f su* division & inconsi/5cy2 x is ?is 9 p>ticul> t gives ! negative t5d5cy s mu* p[] ov] u & 9 ! mid/ ( all greatness ( a*ievem5t 9 ext]nal matt]s makes u inw>dly despond5t4 ,humanity z a :ole c atta9 to a /able spiritual life :i* is m ?an t ( ! p>ticul> times & peoples only by ! revelation & appropriation ( an all-compreh5sive task :i* gov]ns x ) inn] necessities4 ,su* a task alone makes life a pres]vation ( spiritual "*2 & gives conviction an un%akable firmness1 & a joy\s confid5ce ( victory4 ,& s ev]y:]e only ! =mation ( life itself is able to gu>antee to x inn] /ability2 ! movem5t itself by its elevation above all caprice & its inn] unity is alone able to ov]come ! dang]s :i* ! trans=mation ( life into activity br+s ) x4 7e7 ,,activism3 ,a ,,pr(ession ,,( ,,fai? ,! sy/em ( life "h develop$ receives its di/9ctive col\r & tone *iefly because x br+s into prom95ce ! fact t we d n belong to a _w ( reason1 :i* f ! beg9n+ _h only to be p]ceiv$ & enjoy$1 b t we h fir/ to advance to su* a _w2 & = ?is we require a revolution ( ! fir/ condition ( ?+s4 ,! basis ( true life mu/ cont9ually be won anew2 & ev5 ! individual a*ievem5t always conta9s a decision betwe5 "o & ano!r type ( life4 ,only ?r\gh ceaseless activity c life rema9 at ! height to :i* x has atta9$2 t :i* life exp]i5ces & receives is judg$ accord+ to ! m precise =m ( activity4 ,s9ce x gives ?is prec$5ce to activity1 to su* activity1 ?is sy/em may be call$ ,activism4 ,activism1 h[ev]1 demon/rates its unique "* & develops its capacity only if x is def9itely di/+ui%$ f all o!r app>5tly relat$ t5d5cies4 ,nei!r a sudd5 resolution nor ev5 a m]e incitem5t ( p[] br+s u at once into ! condition ( activity4 ,= at fir/ we are surr\nd$ & embrac$ by a _w ( inflexible nature & ( feeble spirituality1 :i* is at ! same "t mix$ ) human pret5ce3 ?is _w b9ds u s /rongly1 & suppresses all indep5d5ce ) su* =ce1 t ! m]e individual rema9s entirely p[]less 9 opposition to x1 & c\ld so> to no high] wisdom ?an t ( an involunt>y submission to x4 ,activity )\t release f ! giv5 _w is an absurdity2 b su* release is atta9able only ?r\gh ! liv+ pres5ce ( a _w ( self-det]m9+ activity2 ! p[] ( su* a _w alone is able to ar\se ! individual to self-det]m9+ activity4 ,b h[ c\ld man appropriate ?is _w to himself )\t *ang+ its life into 8 own2 )\t ackn[l$g+ its cont5t z valid = himself also2 )\t mak+ its laws norms ( 8 conduct8 ,activity 9 ?is way acquires an e?ical "*2 x is ?is :i* draws ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 spiritual activity & m]ely natural impulse1 & di/+ui%es g5u9e f imag9>y self-det]m9+ activity4 ,e?ical relation does n mean a submission to ali5 & unsympa!tic regulations1 b a tak+ up ( ! inf9ite spiritual _w into our own volition & be+3 ?is relation br+s ?+s close to u & reveals !m1 s t !y are able to imp>t _! life to u1 & we are able to gr[ ) _! gr[?4 ,s und]/ood1 e?ical relation is prim>ily n regulative b productive2 x is n m]ely be+ prep>$ to fulfil c]ta9 dem&s1 :5 !y are made ^u u1 to live 9 accordance ) /rict regulations1 b x involves ! motive ( aid+ 9 ! developm5t ( ! _w1 ( advanc+ ev]y?+ good & true3 x requires an untir+ =w>d endeav\r & advance to ! build+ up ( a k+dom ( reason & love4 ,if 9 ?is way conduct is lift$ above ! pursuit ( t :i* pleases & int]e/s ! m]e subject1 ?is is n on behalf ( some?+ ali51 b = ! elevation ( our own be+1 = ! sake ( ?is g5u9e be+1 = ! sake ( our spiritual self4 ,x is ?is inn] elevation & ?is dem& = a new _w t di/+ui%es ,activism f all m]e ,volunt>ism & ,pragmatism1 to :i* x appe>s to approximate1 & ) :i*1 9 its negative aspect1 x is1 inde$1 associat$4 ,= x %>es ) !m ! rejection ( an intellectuali/ic view ( life1 9 :i* cognition is reg>d$ z f9d+ tru? ( its own p[] & z convey+ x to ! re/ ( life4 ,fur!r1 ,activism desires1 z d ,volunt>ism & ,pragmatism also1 ! bas+ ( tru? ^u a m spontane\s & ess5tial activity4 ,b ! flight to ! w is m a reaction aga9/ ,intellectualism ?an an ov]com+ ( ! difficulty4 ,z su* ! w does n yield a new _w & a transc5d5t p[]2 x may1 !re=e1 be t m]e volition is implicitly trans=m$ into a self-det]m9+ activity encompass+ ! :ole ext5t ( life4 ,pragmatism1 also1 :i* has rec5tly made s mu* headway among ,engli%-speak+ peoples & beyond !m1 is m incl9$ to %ape ! _w & life 9 accordance ) human condition & ne$s ?an to inve/ spiritual activity ) an indep5d5ce 9 relation to ^!1 & apply its /&>ds to ! te/+ & sift+ ( ! :ole cont5t ( human life4 ,b aft] ! exp]i5ces ( hi/ory ! claim to ?is latt] c sc>cely be giv5 up4 ,aft] man has be5 se5 to be p>ticul> & limit$ 9 nature1 z ?+s fir/ pres5t !mselves1 he no long] suffices = ! />t+-po9t ( ! endeav\r = tru?1 b to atta9 to ?is />t+-po9t an elevation above ! human into a univ]sal spiritual life is necess>y4 ,& t is ! int5tion ( ,activism4 ,! unique "* ( ,activism becomes cle>] especially 9 comp>ison ) organisations ( life1 ( :i* "o inde$ makes activity ! *ief ?+1 b gives to x ! "* ( a m]e process2 :ile ano!r ?9ks ( ! fundam5tal relation ( man to reality 9 g5]al n "u ! ideas ( conduct & progress b "u ^? ( contemplation & enjoym5t4 ,! idea t life con/itutes a process transc5d+ all human endeav\r & decision has %[n a /rong p[] ( attraction 9 ! ,mod]n ,age2 &1 9 ! sy/em ( ,hegel especially1 has f\nd an impos+ embodim5t4 ,?is idea is ass]t$ mo/ def9itely 9 ! evolution>y conception ( hi/ory1 s9ce x reg>ds ! motive p[] ( hi/ory z /riv+ to its aim1 c]ta9 ( accompli%+ x1 & unaffect$ by human op9ion & pref]5ce4 ,by ?is deliv]ance f ! insignificance ( human motives & ! v>iations ( human conditions ! object seem$ to ga9 incomp>ably 9 greatness2 b x 0 consid]$ t ?is deliv]ance f man involv$ an elevation above ! e?ical conception1 :i* !n appe>$ to be some?+ subjectively human4 ,b n only does ?is conception ( a process t ceaselessly advances ) compell+ necessity contradict ! actual /ate ( ?+s z !y are f\nd 9 hi/ory1 :i* %[s s mu* /agnation & retrogression1 & s _m diff]5t sph]es ( culture exi/+ side by side indiff]5t to "o ano!r1 b ! trans=mation ( life into a m]e process1 if consi/5tly c>ri$ out1 mu/ also de/roy or s]i\sly debase its spiritual "*4 ,if life 7 a m]e process x w\ld be no?+ o!r ?an a s\lless me*anism2 only 9 ! case ( su* a me*anism c "o phase proce$ imm$iately f ! o!rs )\t at ! same "t a :ole ( life becom+ active & ex]cis+ an animat+ p[] )9 ! :ole process4 ,z a fact1 ! process is usually supplem5t$ 9 ?\ght by a univ]sal life unify+1 su/a9+1 & controll+ ! individual phases2 h[ev]1 s f> z su* a life does n simply come to u1 b ne$s our own activity1 ! de$ comes be=e ! process2 & a new _w reveals itself to u4 ,! disreg>d ( ! e?ical elem5t by ! sy/ems :i* make m]e process _! fundam5tal idea is expla9$ by ! fact t !y und]/& ! e?ical only z a decision & turn+ ( man1 accompany+ ! spiritual life1 n z ! motive & progressive p[] ( ! spiritual life itself4 ,!y "k only a human e?ic1 n an e?ic ( ! spiritual life--z a self-ass]tion & a self-elevation1 ?r\gh :i* x fir/ atta9s its complete fre$om & indep5d5ce4 ,/ill1 to trace ?is fur!r is ! less necess>y s9ce ?is mode ( ?\ght lives r f e>li] a*ievem5ts ?an works f fre% impulse spr++ up 9 ! pres5t4 ,! relation ( ,activism to ! /hetic mode ( ?\ght requires clos] consid]ation2 we indicat$ at ! beg9n+ ( our inve/igation t /heticism =ms "o ( ! *ief /reams ( ! life ( ! pres5t day2 at ?is po9t1 only its relation to ,activism ne$ be exam9$4 ,?is /heticism has its def9ite conditions4 ,:]e ! contemplation & enjoym5t ( ! _w & its beauty are to con/itute ! ess5ce ( life1 we mu/ be assur$ t ! _w is a k+dom ( reason & beauty1 s t ! condition 9 :i* x is incites u to no f>-rea*+ *ange4 ,fur!r1 !re mu/ be no p]plexities 9 our s\l1 & no deep conflicts )9 our be+1 s t ?is contemplation may occupy u completely1 & be a s\rce ( happ9ess4 ,la/ly1 we mu/ be closely & surely unit$ ) ! _w s t a *ange ( life may be accompli%$ easily & smoo?ly4 ,if "o ( ^! requirem5ts is n satisfi$2 if1 in/ead ( ?is h>mony1 ! _w manife/s sev]e conflicts & h>% contradictions2 if su* exi/ also )9 our s\l2 if1 la/ly1 !re appe>s to be a deep gulf betwe5 u & ! :ole1 !n ! /hetic solution ( ! problem ( life is an impossibility4 ,if 9 spite ( ^! contradictions we attempt to ent]ta9 ?is solution1 our life w become ins9c]e1 & w lose all spiritual productivity1 &1 z a :ole1 our life w be sp5t 9 subjective mood1 empty enjoym5t1 & become feeble4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! ,mod]n ,age develops 9 a direction :i* is directly oppos$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! /hetic =m ( life4 ,! great _w appe>s to u to be a mean+less ma*9e2 & 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ! e>li] h>mony is =gott54 ,we p]ceive 9 man f> too mu* t is insignificant & f> too mu* selfi%ness1 empt9ess1 & m]e %[ = u to be able to reg>d him z be+ inw>dly complete4 ,la/ly1 ! mod]n /r5g!n+ ( ! subject & ! ceaseless gr[? ( reflection h s fundam5tally ov]?r[n ! imm$iate relation ( man to ! _w t only a f>-rea*+ trans=mation ( life c prep>e = a reunion4 ,if our life is s full ( problems & tasks2 if we d n f9d ourselves 9 a complet$ _w ( reason2 b if we mu/1 ) all our p[]s1 "w t[>d su* a _w1 we %all turn to ,activism z ! only help possible4 ,b we %all resolutely reject /heticism z a veil+ ( ! real condition ( ?+s & a too facile solution ( ! great problems ( life4 ,activism does n imply t imm$iately & at "o /roke our life may be trans=m$ into spiritual activity & may quickly e/abli% a positive relation to reality3 t w\ld be to fail to recognise ! conditions "u :i* man exi/s1 & ! necessity ( und]go+ exp]i5ces & *anges4 ,su* an attitude might easily lead to ! =mation ( syn!ses ( life t w\ld be mu* too ha/y & f> too n>r[2 & ! necess>y break+ up ( ^! w\ld ar\se a ke5 di/ru/ ( ! :ole und]tak+4 ,! p[] :i* ! ,romantic movem5t f "t to "t w9s ov] m9ds is bas$ on ! fact t x w>ns u aga9/ an ov]-e/imation ( our activity2 t x dem&s t ! s\l %\ld be op5 to ! influ5ces ( ! _w2 t its impressions %\ld be appropriat$ )\t re/riction & p]mitt$ to fade away completely2 t 9 opposition to all ! limitation & organisation ( life1 x /ill longs = ! inf9ite2 & t x also to "s ext5t satisfies by turn+ to unre/ra9$ feel+4 ,at ! same "t1 ! ,romantic movem5t makes u cle>ly consci\s ( ! p[] ( de/9y1 ! transc5d5ce ( ext]nal & int]nal necessities above all human int5tion & utilit>ian conduct4 ,9 ?is way life acquires a mu* great] compreh5siv5ess & fre%ness2 x seems to return to its s\rce1 to reta9 f> m imm$iacy4 ,b x is "o ?+ to ackn[l$ge ! importance ( ?is1 ano!r to make x ! ess5ce ( life4 ,:5 su* prec$5ce is giv5 to ?is ,romantic t5d5cy life ?reat5s to become delicate1 feeble1 effem9ate2 x kn[s no en]getic opposition to ! fl[ ( pres5tations2 in/ead ( a def9ite union x (f]s aphori/ic ?\ghts & /imuli2 ?r\gh ! lack ( logical acut5ess x falls into ! dire/ contradictions2 x sacrifices all di/9ct =m & organisation to a revell+ 9 vague moods4 ,z 9 su* a /ate ( weakness ! spiritual life does n succe$ 9 ga9+ complete indep5d5ce 9 face ( ! natural conditions ( our exi/5ce1 s x does n atta9 ! necess>y asc5dancy ov] s5se4 ,s5se1 9 its own prov9ce entirely inconte/able1 raises d\bts 9 u 9 t x fl[s toge!r ) ! spiritual1 is undiff]5tiat$ f x1 br+s x "u itself1 & turns x f its c\rse4 ,&1 9 ?is1 s5se does n possess ! nave fre%ness & ! natural limitation ( its orig9al /ate1 b x is ov]-ref9$ & too full ( excitem5t4 ,to recognise all ?is cle>ly is at ! same "t to ackn[l$ge ! sup]iority ( ,activism ov] all m]e ,romanticism4 ,h[ev] mu* may /ill be lack+ 9 ,activism1 ?r\gh ! fact t man (t5 reg>ds ! difficult & complicat$ task z easy & simple1 & ?us sets too l[ an e/imate ^u ! di/ance betwe5 himself & ! spiritual _w1 !re is /ill ! objective necessity ( ! requirem5t to trans=m our life z f> z possible into a /ate ( indep5d5ce1 to a*ieve indep5d5ce 9 opposition to a _w confus$ & only half rational4 ,su* a self-det]m9+ activity is by no means simply a matt] ( subjective disposition2 x requires a p>ticul> =m ( life4 ,9 opposition to ! desultor9ess & *ange ( ! life ( s5se x ne$s a p[]ful unification & organisation4 ,x advances to me?ods & laws ( ! object 9 contra/ to playful caprice2 to a logic ( ! object 9 opposition to a p]si/5ce 9 contradiction2 to a fur!r con/ruction ( ! fir/ impression 9 contra/ to com=table complac5cy2 to a c\rage\s cont9uation & build+ up ( life 9 opposition to a complac5t acceptance ( de/9y4 ,x gives to life a dramatic "* 9 contra/ to a lyrical1 s5tim5tal "o1 & along ) ?is x c ackn[l$ge fully t a g5u9e drama usually conta9s mu* t is lyrical4 ,x is detrim5tal to ,activism itself if x takes ! problem ( life lightly4 ,x is vital t x %\ld n =get or und]e/imate ! fact t ! ef=t to solve ! problems ( life meets ) great difficulties1 t ! solution co/s incalculable tr\ble & "w1 & t ev5 :5 ! be/ is a*iev$ x is only approximate4 ,:5 ,activism recognises ?is fact x may ackn[l$ge a c]ta9 validity 9 ! positions ( its oppon5ts & may le>n f !m4 ,b !re is a h>% contradiction t ext5ds to ! inn]mo/ basis ( life1 an implacable ei!r--or1 :e!r man simply receives ! _w & accompanies x ) 8 own mood1 or :e!r he f9ds c\rage & p[] to take up a conflict aga9/ confusion & irrationality1 to co-op]ate 9 ! build+ up ( a k+dom ( reason4 ,= ! latt]1 ! affirmation ( reason 9 ! inn]mo/ basis ( reality z a :ole & ( 8 own be+ is necess>y4 ,:e!r m5 & times f9d a way to su* an inn] e/abli%m5t1 to su* transc5d5ce ( all ext]nal & int]nal limitation1 is t :i* decides ! ma9 t5d5cy ( _! life4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,spiritual ,,life ,,9 ,,man ,,9 ,,conflict ,,& ,,9 ,,victory ,we int5d to make ! foll[+ section z %ort z possible1 z we h treat$ ?is subject s mu* 9 detail 9 ,! ,tru? ( ,religion & also 9 ,! ,/ruggle = a ,concrete ,spiritual ,exp]i5ce4 ,we mu/ ref] ^? :o wi% = a clos] consid]ation ( ! subject to ^? works3 ! subject w be treat$ ( "h only s f> z is necess>y = a repres5tation ( life z a :ole2 a concise /atem5t may h di/9ct advantages4 7a7 ,,d\bt ,,& ,,pro/ration ,x is a lead+ idea ( our :ole inve/igation1 & "o :i* has held good 9 e bran* ( x1 t = u m5 spiritual life is evolv$ only 9 opposition to a _w o!r ?an spiritual2 t reality does n surr\nd u f ! beg9n+1 b =ms a high ideal 9 contra/ to ! cu/om>y want ( purpose & en]gy 9 life4 ,! exi/5ce ( a _w l[] ?an ! spiritual1 & ! late appe>ance ( t :i* arises f )9 z ! prim>y & ! all-dom9ant reality1 mu/ give bir? to _m que/ions & mu* d\bt2 f e>ly times ^! facts h occupi$ & mu* di/urb$ reflective ?\ght4 ,man might place ! problem on "o side )\t incurr+ any risk1 if ! spiritual life :5 x comes to ! =e assumes ! guidance ( life & manife/s itself z _w-transc5d5t p[]--ext]nally1 9 t x subord9ates to itself & takes up into itself ev]y?+ else2 int]nally1 9 t ) c]ta9 progress x presses =w>d 9 ! human prov9ce1 w9s ! :ole s\l ( man1 & becomes m & m 8 only _w4 ,9 p>ticul>1 :]e ! spiritual life is reg>d$1 z we reg>d x1 z ! self-consci\sness ( reality2 :]e1 !re=e1 t :i* app>5tly /&s 9 opposition to ! spiritual life mu/ ultimately h its basis )9 x1 ! dem&s ( ! spiritual life h a co]cive p[]4 ,& s :5 exp]i5ces a ?\s&fold1 new & old1 pres5t a picture :i* contradicts ^! dem&s we mu/ feel ! /ate ( ?+s to be a p>ticul>ly pa9ful "o4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is :at really happ5s3 x is ! case 9 ! relation ( ! spiritual life to nature1 z well z 9 its relation to humanity2 x happ5s1 !re=e1 9 our :ole exp]i5ce4 ,if ! spiritual life con/itutes ! fundam5tal nature ( reality2 if1 9 x1 reality fir/ atta9s to self-consci\sness1 x is to be expect$ t :5 ! spiritual life appe>$ x w\ld create = itself an indep5d5t =m ( exi/5ce 9 contra/ to t ( nature1 & w\ld ex]cise a sup]ior p[] 9 ?is =m ( exi/5ce1 to :i* nature mu/ accommodate itself4 ,b1 z a fact1 ?is is s f> f be+ ! case t ev5 ! attempt to imag9e ! spiritual 9 any way leads imm$iately to ! quixotic4 ,9 ! exp]i5ce ( humanity ! spiritual life is relat$ 9 its entirety to a natural basis2 9 no way does x seem able to free itself f ?is1 b 9 all its activity x rema9s dep5d5t ^u nature4 ,if nature simply foll[s its own t5d5cies2 if1 indiff]5t to value & lack ( value1 )\t aim & ideal1 nature lives its life ( s\lless movem5t1 union ) an ord] s ali5 & imp5etrable mu/ mo/ s]i\sly affect ! spiritual life4 ,! _w goes on its c\rse unconc]n$ ) ! weal or ! woe1 ! p]si/5ce or ! disappe>ance ( spiritual be+1 ( spiritual relations1 inde$ ( spiritual life 9 g5]al4 ,n only d great cata/rophes1 z 9 e>?quakes1 /orms1 & floods1 %[ h[ indiff]5t ! exi/5ce or ! non-exi/5ce ( spiritual life is to ! =ces ( nature1 b ! commonplaces ( ev]yday exp]i5ce & ( individual de/9y also %[ ! same indiff]5ce4 ,9 nature we f9d no diff]5ce ( treatm5t 9 accordance ) any di/9ction ( good & evil1 great & mean1 noble & vulg>4 ,ev5 ! mo/ em95t p]sonality1 :o may be almo/ indisp5sable to our spiritual welf>e1 is subject to ! same cont+5cy1 ! same fate z all o!rs4 ,reg>d$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! _w ( s5se1 all spiritual life is a *aotic confusion ( fleet+ appe>ances1 all ( :i* are dep5d5t2 x is n an indep5d5t _w1 b a subsidi>y addition to a _w :i* is o!r ?an spiritual4 ,exp]i5ce ( ! impot5ce ( ! spiritual life 9 relation to nature has be5 ! cause ( m5tal disquiet f e>ly times4 ,b ?is exp]i5ce 0 n necess>ily oppressive s long z mank9d 0 call$ ^u to trans=m nature into a realm ( reason1 & s long z !re 0 hope ( accompli%+ ?is4 ,= ! contra/ ) ! cold & rigid ext]nal _w has deep5$ ! inw>dness ( human relation%ip & made u consci\s ( ! dignity & greatness ( spiritual creation4 ,9 culture1 humanity has =m$ a *>act]i/ic sph]e ( life1 & 9 do+ ?is has aid$ ! spiritual life to atta9 a c]ta9 reality4 ,9 culture1 spiritual factors & values w9 p[]2 & a new ord] ( life 9 contra/ to t ( nature is evolv$4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t a new reality makes its appe>ance2 b x is an op5 "q :e!r ?is new reality fulfils ! hopes :i* h be5 plac$ ^u x2 &1 fur!r1 :e!r p]plexities & confusions1 :i* make x d\btful :e!r any?+ has be5 ga9$1 d n arise out ( its fur!r developm5t4 ,?is "q is c]ta9ly n answ]$ lightly 9 ! affirmative by ! conviction t reg>ds ! spiritual life z a turn+ ( reality t[>ds its own tru?1 :i* !re=e 9 its developm5t mu/ insi/ prim>ily on complete spontaneity & indep5d5ce4 ,=1 if 9 culture ! spiritual life atta9s an indep5d5ce ov] aga9/ nature1 x is at ! same "t drawn s deeply into ! p>ticul>ity & limitation ( human life1 & is associat$ s mu* ) ! m]ely human1 t culture z a :ole is any?+ b ! unfold+ ( a realm ( pure1 or ev5 ( only prepond]at+1 spirituality4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! spiritual life does n introduce a def9ite & fix$ cont5t into our exp]i5ce1 & x does n foll[ pa?s indep5d5t ( human /riv+ & error2 b arises ?r\gh h>d toil & only sl[ly f9ds any unity3 9 its fur!r endeav\r x by no means foll[s ! same t5d5cy1 b effects great *anges1 inde$ revolutions1 into /ates ! exact opposite ( its previ\s /ates4 ,:5 x is s unc]ta9 z to its own aim ! spiritual life becomes s]i\sly involv$ 9 ! seek+ & vacillation1 9 ! ne$s & passions1 ( man3 in/ead ( giv+ to man an immovable support & po9t+ out a def9ite aim = 8 activity1 x seems itself unable to pass beyond a /ate ( unc]ta9 grop+ & error4 ,correspond+ to ?is unc]ta9ty z to its cont5t1 !re is a want ( p[] on ! "p ( ! spiritual life )9 man4 ,in/ead ( controll+ ! conduct ( man directly1 ! spiritual life g5]ally det]m9es x ?r\gh t :i* x contributes t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( 8 aims4 ,if ?is is s 9 ! case ( ! individual1 x is ev5 m s 9 ! case ( social life1 = 9 x spiritual activity is reg>d$ *iefly z a means to obta9 advantages ov] o!rs1 & to advance socially4 ,& s t ( :i* x is ! nature to be an end complete 9 itself is treat$ z a means to o!r ends2 x is n itself active1 & its own p[] is n a motive =ce2 b ev5 = its own ma9t5ance x ne$s ! help & support ( ?+s ali5 to itself3 ! artificial me*anism ( social organisation mu/ br+ =? toilsomely t :i*1 unless x fl[s imm$iately f its s\rce1 _c be fre% or g5u9e4 ,su* a /ate ( human affairs rema9s f> bel[ ! aims ( ! spiritual life2 x produces ins9c]ity1 a luxuriant gr[? ( hypocrisy & pret5ce4 ,= all /riv+ = ! true & ! good involves ! ass]tion t ! object is desir$ = its own sake3 if ! object really s]ves ! aims ( m]e man1 !re inevitably orig9ates a wide div]g5ce betwe5 :at is will$ & :at is alleg$ to be will$4 ,9 respect ( ?is1 "o _c1 ) ! morali/s1 lay ! blame simply on ! w4 ,=1 9 man1 spiritual impulse 9 g5]al is insignificant2 )\t ! compulsion ( ! social environm5t x w\ld h>dly prevail at all aga9/ nature4 ,?is social compulsion1 !re=e1 not)/&+ its defects1 _c be disp5s$ )2 h[ev] cle>ly we may see its inadequacy1 we _c r5\nce x altoge!r4 ,society _c ex]t su* co]cive p[] )\t pres5t+ itself z ! *ampion ( pure reason2 )\t desir+ an infallibility = its decisions4 ,?is attitude naturally ar\ses ! opposition ( individuals & a ke5 /ruggle ensues1 b z "o side may be "r ! condition ( ! spiritual life is n mu* improv$ by ! /ruggle4 ,! /ate ( life1 unc]ta9 ( its aims & inadequate 9 its means1 is r a paltry sub/itute = a realm ( reason ?an su* a realm itself4 ,a noisy & self-consci\s agitation1 mu* unre/ & excitem5t1 b little sub/ance & s\l2 a ceaseless anxiety conc]n+ ! means ( life & hurri$ pursuit ( !m1 & 9 ! occupation ) ! means =getfulness & neglect ( life itself2 mu* self-glorification & o/5tation1 & little rev]5ce = ! spiritual life--su* is social life 9 g5]al4 ,:]e ! vanity1 empt9ess1 & falsehood ( ! social ma*9]y h come to be cle>ly p]ceiv$1 man has become absolutely we>i$ & satiat$1 & has (t5 fl$ f society to nature1 to seek !re9 simple tru? & endur+ peace4 ,b he c\ld believe x possible to f9d su* 9 nature only because he read ?is tru? & peace into x f himself2 z1 nev]!less1 he mu/ ultimately return to ^? ( ! same nature z himself3 ?us he rema9s 9 a /ate ( vacillation betwe5 nature1 :i* is indiff]5t to ! spiritual life1 & humanity1 :i* corrupts ! spiritual life by draw+ x d[n to ! level ( ! n>r[ly human4 ,if ! spiritual life n[h]e atta9s to pure unfold+ & c]ta9 effect )9 our exp]i5ce1 h[ c ! spiritual life be accept$ by u 9 ?is exp]i5ce z ! ess5ce ( reality8 ,9 ! mid/ ( su* d\bt1 ! orig9al suspicions1 :i* may h rec$$ be=e ! hope ( ! em]g5ce ( a new _w1 also become felt aga9--! insignificance ( ! ext]nal manife/ation ( ! spiritual life 9 contra/ ) ! immeasurabl5ess ( nature2 ! late appe>ance ( ! spiritual life 9 ! _w-process1 & its probable disappe>ance z a result ( ! expect$ *anges 9 ! conditions ( nature4 ,does n ev]y?+ t5d to give u ! impression t ! spiritual life signifies no m ?an an episode 9 ! _w-process2 an episode :i* passes fleet+ly1 & does n affect ! fundam5tal nature ( reality at all8 ,! necessity ( su* a conclusion rema9s conceal$ s long z man1 9 an undevelop$ /ate ( life1 is able to fill ! _w ) =ms simil> to himself1 & to und]/& ! control ( nature on an analogy ) human conduct4 ,b ! progress ( culture & especially ! gr[? ( sci5tific k h1 ) irresi/ible p[]1 tak5 u beyond t /ate2 h l$ u f dream & illusion to a /ate ( complete al]tness4 ,has n all indep5d5ce ( ! spiritual life become d\btful ) ?is progress ( culture & sci5tific k1 & mu/ we n give up all claim to subject our exi/5ce to its sov]eignty1 & to det]m9e our life & ef=t spiritually8 ,= !re _c be any d\bt t1 ) ! spiritual life1 ! *>act]i/ic organisation ( our exi/5ce also falls4 ,x may be t we h ?\ght sup]ficially & confus$ly en\gh to decl>e some?+ to be 9 itself falsehood & deceit1 & at ! same "t to give to x ! guidance ( our life4 7b7 ,,consid]ation ,,& ,,dem& ,! previ\s tra9 ( ?\ght may appe> to be a pla9 & /raight=w>d negation1 a complete r5unciation ( ! spiritual life z ! mo/ adequate solution ( our problem4 ,b t tra9 ( ?\ght is itself ! result ( a sup]ficial treatm5t2 e deep] consid]ation inevitably contradicts su* a summ>y proc$ure4 ,a contradiction ( t tra9 ( ?\ght is f\nd especially 9 ! fact :i* gov]ns ! :ole c\rse ( our inve/igation1 t ) ! transition to ! spiritual life !re appe> ess5tially new magnitudes & values1 new =ms & cont5ts ( life1 :i* advance beyond n only ! nature b also ! capacity ( m]e man4 ,:5ce all ^!1 if spiritual life is only delusion8 ,! new 9 u may be nev] s p[]less2 /ill1 ! fact t x em]ges 9 our _w ( ?\ght & hov]s be=e u z a possibility proves t x has a c]ta9 reality also )9 u4 ,fur!r1 is ! spiritual life1 ultimately1 9 e s5se s p[]less z x at fir/ appe>s8 ,t x does n pass by z a phantom among our pres5tations is %[n by ! fact t we d n simply receive ! exi/+ condition ( ?+s1 & its degrad+ oppression ( ! spiritual life1 b we feel x to be a cause ( h>m & ( pa9 to u4 ,c\ld we exp]i5ce ?is if we belong$ entirely to t condition ( ?+s2 & is n ,hegel "r :5 he says t he :o feels a limitation is already 9 "s way above x8 ,we feel ! insuffici5cy1 ! feebl5ess1 ! ?readb>5ess ( all human morality2 c\ld we feel ?is if we did n exp]i5ce a long+ = a m g5u9e morality8 ,& :5ce arises ?is long+ 9 opposition to an entirely diff]5t _w1 if n f a spirituality implant$ )9 our own be+8 ,we p]ceive ! limitations 9 our k2 a gr[+ insight into all its conditions & oppositions may lead u 9 ?is matt] almo/ to complete scepticism3 b :5ce came ! desire = an inn] elucidation ( reality2 & h[ did ev5 ! idea ( x orig9ate1 if we belong entirely to ! d>kness ( a nature t is less ?an spiritual1 & if !re is no fight at all )9 u8 ,we feel t ! rapid fl[ ( "t1 its *ange & c\rse1 its sudd5 revolutions sometimes ev5 into ! complete opposite ( ! previ\s /ate1 is a defect1 a s\rce ( s]i\s dang] to tru?3 c\ld we feel ?is to be s if our :ole be+ 7 c5tr$ 9 ! pass+ mom5t2 if we did n survey & comp>e ! diff]5t times2 if our be+ did n p>ticipate 9 some?+ sup]-temporal8 ,& la/ly1 if ! feel+ t culture is inadequate & inde$ no?+ b a pret5ce is s /rong & s pa9ful1 !n "h aga9 we set ourselves 9 a position indep5d5t ( ! condition ( ?+s1 & judge t condition by a transc5d5t /&>d :i* only our own be+ c supply4 ,if all ^! aims 7 only inv5t$ by man & appli$ to life 9 an ext]nal mann]1 failure to realise !m c\ld n agitate u z x does4 ,besides1 ! matt] is n by any means at an end ) ! feel+ ( ! inadequacy ( our position2 a movem5t 9 opposition to ?is condition is also n lack+4 ,=1 z has be5 se5 ?r\gh\t our :ole treatm5t1 spiritual op]ation1 creative activity is to be f\nd )9 human exp]i5ce4 ,x meets u ) especial cle>ness at ! heights ( ! "w ( hi/ory2 b ^! also belong to humanity z a :ole1 & ! light k9dl$ !re is n entirely lo/ 9 ! mi/ ( ! commonplace circum/ances ( e day4 ,9 relation ) ^! heights ( endeav\r !re is1 9 humanity z a :ole1 a movem5t 9 opposition to ! t5d5cy ( m$iocre culture to fill life entirely2 a long+ = a m spontane\s1 a pur]1 & a m g5u9e life4 ,our own p[] ( creation may be dormant2 only ! adv5t ( a /rong sugge/ion1 or a s]i\s convulsion1 is necess>y & x breaks =? =cefully1 & %[s di/9ctly t !re is m spirituality 9 man ?an ! circum/ances ( e day all[ u to p]ceive4 ,! spiritual movem5t manife/s itself also 9 private life & 9 ! relation ( individual to individual4 ,he :o does n measure spiritual greatness by physical /&>ds w (t5 f9d m g5u9e greatness 9 ! simplicity ( ^! relations ?an 9 ! fam\s de$s ( hi/ory2 & at ! same "t he w f9d t ?r\gh ^! relations an effective pres5ce ( ! spiritual life )9 human exp]i5ce is /r5g!n$4 ,if 9 its opposition to human p]v]sion ( x g5u9e spiritual life does n always rea* a def9ite positive result1 ! op]ation ( t life z ! law & ! judge ( human ?+s is all ! m di/9ct4 ,man may try to )draw himself f ! spiritual life2 he may reject & mock at t :i* ! age pres5ts to him z an aim2 he may seek to fill 8 life completely ) human int]e/s & incl9ations3 b he _c d ?is )\t deg5]at+ into a /ate ( de/itution1 :i* ev5 he himself soon f9ds to be intol]able1 & )\t be+ =c$1 ) ! compulsion ( necessity1 to surr5d] mu* :i* x is impossible = him to surr5d]4 ,! cata/rophes ( hi/ory 9 :i* t :i* has be5 f\nd insignificant s9ks1 & t :i* c>ries a spiritual necessity )9 x rises1 c>eless1 z x seems1 ( ! weal or ! woe ( man1 %[ 9 lett]s ( brass t ! spiritual life may n be modifi$ by man at 8 pleasure1 9 ?is way or t1 9 accordance ) 8 circum/ances & 8 mood4 ,:5 we consid] all ! facts toge!r1 we d n get ! impression t ! spiritual life is simply a fleet+ illusion t may easily be bani%$2 b r1 t !re are s]i\s complications1 out ( :i* we _c f9d our way2 & t some?+ occurs )9 u1 some?+ is begun )9 u1 t is unaffect$ by mood & caprice1 & t %[s u to be 9 relations mu* m compreh5sive1 ?\gh obscure 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,9 p>ticul>1 = a treatm5t t />ts out f ! life-process1 & sees ! spiritual movem5t *iefly 9 /riv+s1 collisions1 & ev5 9 failures1 !re c be no d\bt conc]n+ ! actuality ( ?is movem5t1 ! em]g5ce ( a new life1 & ?us ( a new /age ( reality 9 man4 ,:5 we recognise ! actuality ( ! spiritual movem5t ! relation ( ! spiritual life to nature & to ! _w is also to be reg>d$ diff]5tly f ! mann] 9 :i* ! negative mode ( ?\ght repres5ts x4 ,x is n[ impossible1 z x (t5 happ5s1 m p>ticul>ly among philosophis+ natural sci5ti/s1 to consid] ! repres5tation ( nature z a complete repres5tation ( reality1 & to leave ! spiritual life out ( att5tion z some?+ supplem5t>y & subsidi>y4 ,! spiritual life is n[ itself ackn[l$g$ to be a reality1 & mu/ help to det]m9e ! repres5tation ( reality z a :ole4 ,nature mu/ be m ?an a s\lless ma*9e if its evolution is to lead1 z x does1 to ! po9t :]e a self-consci\s life em]ges4 ,)9 our own exp]i5ce po9ts ( transition are n lack+ :]e nature produces some?+ t becomes elevat$ to ! spiritual1 & fur!rs ! spiritual life4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! sexes1 = example1 is prim>ily a matt] ( natural organisation1 & :at a ri* s\rce ( spiritual animation x is6 ,no?+ manife/s ! union betwe5 nature & ! spiritual life m conv9c+ly ?an ! beautiful1 :51 9 accordance ) ! result ( our inve/igation1 x is reg>d$ z a *>act]i/ic unfold+ ( ! spiritual life1 & n z some?+ :i* m]ely fasc9ates man & is a s\rce ( pleasure to him4 ,= h[ c\ld ! ext]nal receive a *>act]i/ic s\l by be+ tak5 up into ! inn] life2 h[ c\ld ! inw>d ne$ an ext]nal =m = its p]fection if ! two realms 7 n unit$1 if a compreh5sive reality did n transc5d ! anti!sis8 ,la/ly1 x %\ld n be =gott5 t x is mod]n sci5ce1 especially 9 its late/ phases1 ) its de/ruction ( ! suppos$ self-evid5ce ( ! s5se impression ( nature1 t has plac$ ! relation ( nature to ! spiritual life 9 a m fav\rable light ?an x 0 plac$ by ! dogmatic me*ani/ic !ory1 :i* 9 e>li] times seem$ to be ! ultimate solution ( ! problem ( _! relation4 ,nature has aga9 become f> m ( a problem to u1 & we recognise t our conception ( x is a "w ( ! _s4 ,! old facts ( ! connection & int]action ( ph5om5a1 ( ! con=mity to law on ! "p ( occurr5ces1 ( ! developm5ts ( =m1 & ( a progress to ev5 m arti/ic complexes & ev] f9] organisation1 once m make u feel1 & f> m ke5ly ?an be=e1 t !y involve difficult problems4 ,x is m cle>ly evid5t to u ?an x 0 =m]ly t e attempt to make ^! facts intelligible is made by ! spiritual life & by analogy ) ! spiritual life4 ,if 9 su* analogy we d n g beyond symbols1 yet ! symbols !mselves betray a dep? & a secret ( reality4 ,at ! pres5t "t :5 sci5tific "w is at its highe/ /age ( developm5t1 ! %all[ness & ! ra%ness ( a radical negation are di/9ctly recognis$4 ,x is true t = ! p>ticul> life-problem t we are consid]+ we h n yet ga9$ mu* f ?is recognition2 to p]ceive ! impossibility ( an absolute negation does n 9 itself imply ! victory ( a joyful affirmation4 ,= all ! p]plexities t previ\sly occupi$ u /ill rema91 z d ! limitation & ! curtailm5t ( ! spiritual life :i* proce$$ f ^! p]plexities2 ! :ole movem5t also rema9s 9 its /ate ( /agnation4 ,z c]ta9ly z on ! "o h& !re is too mu* ( ! spiritual life pres5t$ to u to all[ ( negation1 s on ! o!r x is by no means suffici5t = ! removal ( all d\bt4 ,m]e rese>* c tol]ate a /ate ( hesitation betwe5 affirmation & negation2 x mu/ (t5 refra9 f a decision 9 ! case ( special problems4 ,life1 h[ev]1 _c endure any su* int]m$i>y position2 = life1 su* hesitation 9 arriv+ at a decision mu/ result 9 complete /agnation1 & ?is w\ld help ! negation to victory4 ,if life is fac$ ) an ei!r--or ! affirmation has a prospect ( victory only if ! situation previ\sly describ$ may be 9 "s way trans=m$ 9 its fav\r4 ,?is _c come to pass unless ! spiritual movem5t c transc5d ! limitations :i* appe> 9 human life1 & unless a fur!r developm5t c proce$ out ( ! limitations !mselves4 ,only su* an advance c help ! endang]$ affirmation to victory4 ,b :e!r ! spiritual movem5t does transc5d ^! limitations1 n a logical consid]ation ( concepts b only ! exp]i5ce ( life w decide2 let u enquire !re=e :e!r life (f]s :at we seek4 7c7 ,,! ,,victory ,! que/ions t are giv5 rise to 9 ! consid]ation ( human life z x is are answ]$ 9 ! affirmative ) joyful c]ta9ty by ! religions4 ,! religions d ?is 9 t !y ann\nce to man ! help ( a transc5d5t ord]2 an appe>ance ( div9e p[] & goodness 9 ! doma9 ( man4 ,b aft] ! f>-rea*+ *anges ( life & ( conviction t we h exp]i5c$1 c ?is confid5ce /ill be ju/ifi$8 ,& h we a place = ?is ass]tion ( help f a transc5d5t ord] :5 we ackn[l$ge ! reality ( ! indep5d5t spiritual life8 ,ev]y?+ ( a religi\s "* & ev5 t :i* is relat$ to x meets1 at lea/ ^u ! surface1 9 ! pres5t ! ke5e/ opposition4 ,?is opposition is ar\s$ 9 ! fir/ place by an?ropomorphism--! indulg5ce 9 m]ely human repres5tations & desires--:i* is (t5 f\nd associat$ ) religion4 ,if ! ess5ce ( religion 7 insep>able f su* an?ropomorphism1 ! dissolution & subm]g5ce ( religion c\ld h>dly be prev5t$4 ,b accord+ to ! witness ( hi/ory1 an en]getic conflict aga9/ all su* m]e an?ropomorphism has be5 c>ri$ on )9 religion itself &1 9 its highe/ /ages ( developm5t1 religion has dem&$ a complete surr5d] ( ev]y?+ n>r[ly human3 an?ropomorphism & religion are1 !re=e1 n absolutely id5tical4 ,our inve/igation1 emphasis+ z x does ! radical di/9ction betwe5 ! sub/ance ( ! spiritual life & its appropriation by man1 c\nsell$ u to be cauti\s 9 ref]5ce to ?is matt]1 & w>n$ u aga9/ a ha/y rejection ( religion4 ,! ess5ce ( religion is /ill less affect$ by ! *>ge t mod]n natural sci5ce 9 conceiv+ ( ! spatial _w z inf9ite leaves no room = a visible heav54 ,=1 to take su* a criticism s]i\sly1 we mu/ n only ?9k ( religion z at a primitive /age :i*1 9 ! developm5t ( its spiritual cont5t1 x has ov]/epp$1 b we mu/ also completely ignore ! fundam5tal revolution t mod]n philosophy & ! :ole t5d5cy ( mod]n ?\ght h accompli%$ 9 ! repres5tation ( ! visible _w4 ,mod]n ?\ght has de/roy$ ! self-evid5ce t ! nave man attribut$ to t repres5tation1 by ! exp]i5ce & ! pro( t ! visible _w ar\nd u does n come to u completely z we repres5t x1 b t we =m ! repres5tation f our po9t ( view1 & "u ! conditions ( our spiritual nature4 ,our own activity is embodi$ 9 ! repres5tation2 & x w dep5d ^u ! value ( ?is activity h[ f> ! repres5tation may be accept$ z reality z a :ole & ! ultimate & absolute _w4 ,n[1 z 9 ! visible _w ! spiritual life is always b\nd up ) some?+ ali5 & :i* _c be completely trans=m$ by ! activity ( t life1 s e ass]tion ( an indep5d5t spiritual life is a prote/ aga9/ ! view t ! _w ( s5se is ! only _w4 ,b 9 t1 unless ! spiritual life is indep5d5t1 !re is nei!r sci5ce nor culture1 ! priority ( a _w o!r ?an t ( s5se _c be 9 any way a matt] ( d\bt to philosophy4 ,b a _w o!r ?an ! _w ( s5se is by no means ! transc5d5t _w ( religion2 su* a _w z ! latt] c\ld be rea*$ only by a cont9uation ( ! life-process beyond ! position yet atta9$2 ! c\rse ( our inve/igation1 h[ev]1 has left no unc]ta9ty conc]n+ ! direction 9 :i* su* a _w is to be s\ght4 ,we saw t ! spiritual life c\ld n acquire an indep5d5ce )\t becom+ a univ]sal life3 only ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ?is univ]sal life at ! individual po9t ar\ses & pres]ves a spiritual life 9 x4 ,9 spite ( ?is imm$iate pres5ce ( ! :ole1 ! life ( man receives its m detail$ organisation & developm5t f 8 relation to ! environm5t & 9 ! build+ up ( a _w2 ! unity t exi/s 9 ! :ole reveals itself at fir/ only 9 relation to ! multiplicity4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 /ill ! possibility t a new & *>act]i/ic life %\ld evolve out ( an exclusive relation to ! :ole2 su* a life1 9 contra/ to t build+ up ( a _w1 w\ld be> a _w-transc5d5t "*4 ,?is possibility con/itutes ! only way ( advanc+ beyond ! position hi!rto rea*$4 ,n[1 h[ev] mu* "w 9 ! _w =ms ! ma9 "p ( our life & ass]ts itself to be su*1 yet1 z a fact1 our life is n tak5 up entirely by su* "w4 ,9 ! /riv+ ( humanity & 9 ! s\l ( ! individual !re is a movem5t t[>ds a _w-transc5d5t life1 a life t fir/ atta9s to a complete inw>dness :5 x becomes _w-transc5d5t4 ,only su* an inw>dness (f]s a firm support1 a spirituality unp]v]t$ by ! p]plexities ( ! _w2 b ?is is n possible o!rwise ?an by man's ga9+ p>ticipation 9 a _w-transc5d5t spiritual life :i* is purely & absolutely self-consci\s3 ?is life mu/ become man's own life1 & spirituality 9 ?is way self-consci\sly advance t[>ds div9ity4 ,?is makes x = ! fir/ "t intelligible h[ life1 ev5 :5 x suff]s complete failure 9 its "w 9 ! _w1 ev5 :5 ! activity ex]t$ ^u ! _w is completely fru/rat$1 by no means deg5]ates into a /ate ( de/itution & ru94 ,= a new task is n[ reveal$ to man 9 8 own attitude to ! spiritual life z a :ole1 a relation :i* may 9 diff]5t cases be v diff]5t 9 "*1 & he may f9d 9 ! solution ( ! task incalculable difficulties4 ,"h activity also *anges its "*1 s9ce )\t any ext]nal manife/ation x c become complete & purely inw>d3 "* c free itself ( ev]y?+ passive & become fully active2 f be+ a m]e accompanim5t x c become an active :ole4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 is possible only if life is direct$ t[>d a _w-transc5d5t spirituality & only by ! p[] ( su* a spirituality4 ,z ?is new k9d ( life does n make its appe>ance sudd5ly1 b is prep>$ by ! :ole evolution ( spiritual life1 :i* we h previ\sly consid]$1 s its ma9 individual t5d5cies are also relat$ to ?is evolution4 ,ess5tial qualities ( ! spiritual life are manife/$ 9 "w 9 ! _w1 b 9 ?is !y d n come to pure =mation & victori\s e/abli%m5t3 only ! elevation to ! _w-transc5d5t self-consci\sness makes possible t ) :i* ! spiritual life z a :ole _c well disp5se1 inde$ 9 :i* x has its ess5tial nature4 ,! /riv+ itself1 & its ar\s+ & motive p[]1 c\ld n be expla9$ if ! end 7 n op]ative )9 our life3 ,?\ w\ld/ n seek me1 if ?\ had/ n already f\nd me 7,pascal74 ,! spiritual life 9 man c\ld h no hope ( acquir+ tru? if x 7 n root$ 9 a life :i* transc5ds all error & :i* 9 "s way imp>ts to u ?is transc5d5ce4 ,if ! spiritual life 9 man did n "k ( c]ta9 tru? su/a9$ at "o inn]mo/ po9t1 a tru? t ex]ts a direct+ p[] on all human und]tak+1 & prev5ts x f becom+ fix$ 9 error1 man w\ld lose all confid5ce 9 tru? 9 face ( ! obscurities & errors ( life z !y are %[n by ! "w ( culture4 ,fur!r1 = ! ma9t5ance ( ! spiritual life1 ! pres]vation ( spontaneity1 a possibility ( ov]com+ all re/riction by nature & ( defy+ de/9y is absolutely necess>y4 ,b 9 "w 9 ! _w ?is spontaneity is subject to ! mo/ sev]e limitations2 ! p[] ( fate surr\nds man on all sides3 9 ! natural c\rse ( ?+s ev5 8 own "w becomes a rigid de/9y to him1 & *a9s him ) inexorable necessity4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! individual1 s also 9 t ( humanity z a :ole1 life is a gradual n>r[+1 an ev] fur!r exclusion ( orig9al possibilities2 & ?is t5d5cy is cont9ually felt z an increas+ oppression 9 its opposition to ! fre$om ( ! w & an indep5d5t pres5t4 ,h[ may ! spiritual life be prev5t$ f gr[+ feeble & s5ile1 if new pure beg9n+s _c be produc$ f a fundam5tal relation transc5d+ ! relation ) ! _w1 if f ?is fundam5tal relation a spontane\s life _c spr+ up ev] anew8 ,! fact t humanity is able n only to trans=m ! nature ( culture 9 its p>ticul> aspects1 b also to fall into error conc]n+ culture z a :ole1 )\t surr5d]+ itself1 is an indication t ! life ( humanity is n exhau/$ 9 "w 9 ! _w4 ,! spiritual life mu/ unite 9 an inn] community all :o p>ticipate 9 x2 & ?is is impossible unless ! spiritual life leads man to a po9t :]e all walls ( p>tition & all diff]5ces fall away4 ,b spiritual "w increases r ?an dim9i%es ^! diff]5ces2 ) culture ! diff]5tiation ( m5 also gr[s4 ,we mu/ s9k ev] deep] 9 su* diff]5tiation2 lose m & m ! possibility ( a mutual und]/&+1 ( a life & feel+ ) "o ano!r & = "o ano!r1 if ?is movem5t t[>d diff]5tiation does n come into contact ) a transc5d5t p[] t c\nt]acts x1 if "s p[] does n unite u inw>dly4 ,:at o!r p[] c\ld ?is be ?an ! spiritual life itself1 & h[ c\ld x effect ?is result o!rwise ?an 9 ! revelation ( a _w-transc5d5t self-consci\s life :i* ?us pres5ts itself z an ,absolute8 ,=1 !n a removal ( diff]5ces 9 negative & 9 positive matt]s becomes possible3 9 negative matt]s s f> z all a*ievem5ts 9 ! human sph]e1 h[ev] di/ant !y may be f "o ano!r1 appe> equally inadequate :5 !y are judg$ by ! /&>d ( an absolute life3 9 positive matt]s s f> z ! absolute life produces some?+ at ea* po9t transc5d+ all complexity1 by :i* ! movem5t is fre$ f its re/rictions & resumes its fl[1 & by ! imp>t+ ( :i* to man 9 ! inn]mo/ dep? ( 8 be+1 reveals a new life 9 :i* all may 9 l mann] p>ticipate4 ,! possibility ( a f9ally valid affirmation ( life is fir/ atta9$ :5 ?is _w-transc5d5t self-consci\s life is ackn[l$g$4 ,)\t turn+ to ! absolute life1 life c\ld n )draw f its p]plexities2 suff]+ & guilt w\ld cru% man4 ,) ?is turn+1 h[ev]1 he acquires1 n 9 8 m]ely human nature1 b s f> z he is tak5 up into ! absolute life1 "p 9 ! p]fection1 inf9ity1 & et]nity ( t life3 9 ! mid/ ( all *ange & becom+ some?+ immovable is disclos$ to him2 9 ! mid/ ( all dep5d5ce ^u ! _w1 a sure _w-transc5d5ce2 9 ! mid/ ( all d>kness & suff]+1 a /ate ( incalculable bliss4 ,f ! ultimate dep?s ! ,yes triumphs ov] ! ,no1 :i*1 at ! fir/ glance1 seems s easily its sup]ior4 ,?is transition d]ives a p[] to conv9ce prim>ily f ! union ( ! individual t5d5cies s z to =m a vital :ole ( _w-transc5d5t inw>dness4 ,su* a :ole1 ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic 9 its nature1 is nev] a "w ( m]e man1 a product ( critical reflection2 x c proce$ only f ! spiritual life itself4 ,look$ at f ! po9t ( view ( t life ?is :ole _c be reg>d$ z some?+ lat] & z some?+ supplem5t>y2 b x w be se5 t t :i* = u fir/ atta9s complete cle>ness ?r\gh suff]+ & convulsion mu/ be effective f ! beg9n+1 & already exi/ 9 ! "w ^u ! _w4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x becomes our possession only :5 x takes prec$5ce1 !n ! :ole prospect ( reality mu/ be alt]$ & deep5$1 & = u life w be divid$ into ! /ages ( ! e/abli%+1 /ruggl+1 triumph+ ( spirituality4 ,x is ?is fact ( transc5d5t spirituality t ! religions take up & develop1 & seek to br+ ne> to humanity4 ,! doctr9es !y conta9 are ultimately only ! framework or ! outw>d manife/ation ( t _w-transc5d5t inw>dness2 !y desire to realise its p[] ( deliv]ance & elevation completely4 ,!y !mselves h _! support & ju/ification 9 ?is transc5d5t spiritual life1 & ! prec$5ce ( "o to ! o!rs w be judg$ by ! degree to :i* 9 affirmation & negation !y develop ?is spiritual life 9 its _w-transc5d+ sov]eignty & 9 its _w-p5etrat+ p[]4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( t life1 religion z a :ole mu/ ma9ta9 its tru? & its indisp5sable nature3 :]e t life is lack+1 religion is simply a delusion1 a folly ! absurdity ( :i* is h>dly conceivable2 b :]e x is develop$ religion mu/ pass curr5t z t :i*1 ( all ?+s1 is ! mo/ c]ta91 z ! fundam5tal axiom ( ! :ole spiritual life4 ,betwe5 ?is ei!r--or !re is no middle c\rse2 hi/orical exp]i5ce %[s t religion has be5 to m5 & ages ei!r ! mo/ c]ta9 ( all ?+s or ! "o ab\t :i* !re has be5 mo/ dispute4 ,we c n[ return to ! "q t l$ u to ?is discussion1 to ! "q ( ! rationality ( our reality4 ,to be sure1 ev5 aft] ! fur!r revelation ( ! spiritual life1 ! answ] is n s easy z ! adh]5ts ( religion (t5 ?9k4 ,= !y (t5 believe t ) ! ackn[l$gm5t ( a _w-transc5d5t spirituality1 its triumphant manife/ation )9 our _w is imm$iately assur$2 & ) ?is conviction !y attempt to pres5t ?is _w z a k+dom ( ju/ice1 ev5 if n ( love4 ,b all endeav\r1 h[ev] en]getic1 & all rec\rse to subtlety ( ?\ght1 yield no satisfactory conclusion3 at mo/1 ! possibility is rea*$ t t :i* seems irrational may acquire "s rationality 9 m compreh5sive relations2 b ev5 if t is s1 we are n free f irrationality2 & ^? m]e possibilities are f> f be+ equal to c\nt]act+ ! /rong impression ( ! reality ( evil4 ,ev5 religion1 :i* w\ld br+ ab\t a transition to ! bett]1 is itself deeply involv$ 9 ?is irrationality2 a pa9ful m>tyrdom has (t5 be5 impos$ ^u its h]oes1 & its =m has cont9ually deg5]at$ 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( human error & passion4 ,s9ce 9 ! latt] ! re/riction is pres5t$ z an opposition to ! div9e1 ! view ( ! _w z x imm$iately appe>s is d>k5$ r ?an illum9at$4 ,nev]!less1 ?r\gh ! revelation t ! _w has a deep] basis1 ! p]plexity conc]n+ life & reality is ess5tially *ang$4 ,evil is n remov$2 ! ext]nal view ( ?+s is n alt]$2 ! good is p]haps /r5g!n$1 &1 inde$1 life 9 its inn]mo/ dep? )drawn f all p[] ( p]plexity & l$ to a new /age4 ,s f>1 ! irrationality may appe> 9 ano!r light f ?is po9t ( view1 z h5ce ! conflicts & ! convulsions may !mselves be factors :i* help life to realise its own ideal & to e/abli% x 9 ! new _w4 ,9 hi/ory1 suff]+ has be5 reg>d$ z absolutely irrational1 & has be5 unconditionally reject$ only :]e man has be5 reg>d$ z ess5tially complete4 ,b if an imm5se problem is recognis$ 9 suff]+1 !n suff]+ also1 by r\s+ u to activity & by mak+ u less inflexible1 may acquire a positive value & be ( s]vice 9 ! developm5t ( be+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n give u a !odicy2 x ju/ifies nei!r philosophy nor religion 9 try+ to act z advocate = ! ,deity4 ,to u evil is an insoluble riddle3 no =mula c make x intelligible :y a p[]ful & cle> reason is implant$ 9 our _w & t at ! same "t ! l[] mo/ ob/9ately ass]ts itself 9 opposition1 treats x z a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 (f]s an insurm\ntable resi/ance to x4 ,?us we c h>dly rea* a decision 9 reg>d to our la/ conviction by way ( intellectual consid]ation2 r1 9 ! decision conc]n+ ! ei!r--or :i* is ! "q "h1 our :ole be+ is involv$4 ,on ! "o side !re is ! ext]nal impression ( ! _w1 ! weakness ( ! good1 its p]v]sion into evil1 ! app>5t indiff]5ce ( ! _w-process t[>ds ! aims ( ! _s1 ! app>5t futility ( all t w\ld advance beyond nature4 ,c any?+ t is ar\s$ )9 our inn] be+1 & ) s mu* toil f9ds any =m1 arise 9 opposition to ?is immeasurable _w8 ,?is w be possible only :5 a movem5t ( ! _w itself1 & n a m]e product ( man1 is recognis$ 9 t :i* is ar\s$ )9 man3 = only !n w its ext5sion be a matt] ( complete indiff]5ce1 &1 h[ev] mean an ext5sion x %[s 9 ! human sph]e1 a turn+ ( ! :ole w\ld be prov$1 a revolution ( ! :ole accompli%$4 ,!n t :i* = u em]ges on ! edge ( our life mu/ nev]!less be reg>d$ z ! su/a9+ basis & ! controll+ p[] ( reality z a :ole4 ,our :ole inve/igation has *ampion$ ! view t ! turn+ to ! spiritual life implies a movem5t ( ! _w3 :]ev] ! indep5d5ce ( ! spiritual life is ackn[l$g$ ! supremacy ( reason _c be d\bt$4 ,b x is "o ?+ to ackn[l$ge su* a !sis to be necess>y1 ano!r to give x ! p[] to conv9ce & impress1 )\t :i* x does n leave ! realm ( phantoms1 & does n become a liv+ p[]4 ,?is is possible only :]e ! spiritual life is tak5 up z our own life1 & develop$ z our own life2 :]e1 !re=e1 its v9dication atta9s to ! ov]:elm+ p[] & ! axiomatic c]ta9ty ( self-pres]vation4 ,! c5tre ( reality w be *ang$ = u only if we *ange ! c5tre ( our own life1 & f9d true imm$iacy no long] 9 s5se impression1 b 9 self-det]m9+ activity4 ,! ackn[l$gm5t ( a self-consci\s inw>dness1 ( a _w-transc5d5t spirituality1 toge!r ) ! recognition ( ano!r k9d ( _w1 full ( oppositions1 mu/ give a *>act]i/ic =m to our conception ( our reality4 ,"h1 a rational solution ( ! _w-problem is = ev] exclud$1 & ! _w pres5t to man mu/ be accept$ z a p>ticul> k9d ( reality1 :i* _c be reg>d$ z ! only & ultimate "o4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! :ole life ( humanity mu/ appe> to be a m]e l9k 9 a great *a92 an act ( a drama1 ! c\rse ( :i* we are unable to survey2 ! fundam5tal idea ( :i*1 h[ev]1 glimm]s ?r\gh suffici5tly cle>ly to po9t out a direction to our life4 ,?r\gh ! em]g5ce ( a _w-transc5d5t inw>dness !re appe> *>act]i/ic tasks & complications1 also = ! m detail$ developm5t ( our life4 ,unqualifi$ e/eem = t inw>dness has (t5 l$ religions to dem& t life %\ld be plac$ solely & entirely 9 t transc5d5t sph]e1 9 ! realm ( fai? & ( disposition1 & to free life z f> z possible f ! "w ( ! _w2 ! =m] life seem$ to excel ! latt] z ! div9e ! human4 ,b ?is comp>ison does n hold good2 = ! div9e is to u n only a _w-transc5d5t sov]eignty b also a _w-p]vad+ p[]3 to hon\r ! =m] prepond]at+ly may be ! only salvation = times & individuals 9 a /ate ( pro/ration & collapse1 & 9 ?is way life w\ld be giv5 a prepond]at+ly religi\s "*2 b ?is =m ( life c nev] be accept$ z ! normal "o & ! "o alone wor? /riv+ =4 ,= "o ?+1 t transc5d5t _w1 z f> z its cont5ts & tasks are conc]n$1 is pres5t$ to u only 9 outl9e2 all its m detail$ nature mu/ result f ! _w ( our activity1 & mu/ reta9 a symbolic "*4 ,if ! connection ( ! spiritual _w ) ! empirical _w is brok5 x falls into ! dang] ( becom+ de/itute2 s t religion may come to be simply a revell+ 9 feel+2 or a devotion1 indiff]5t to all cont5t & :i*1 !re=e1 judg$ by spiritual /&>ds1 is wor?less4 ,x is by h>d "w alone1 9 relation to m5 & ?+s1 t our life acquires a spiritual "*4 ,religion does1 inde$1 elevate life above "w1 & give to life its full dep?4 ,/ill1 movem5t & diff]5tiation mu/ be includ$ )9 a vital :ole2 & ! relation to activity :i* is ! *ief factor 9 life _c be giv5 up ev5 at its greate/ dep?4 ,! high e/imate ( spirituality may n rightly lead to a mean e/imate ( nature1 to a conflict ) nature su* z has be5 ! case 9 ! realm ( religion 9 ! t5d5cy to asceticism4 ,= z c]ta9ly z our ackn[l$gm5t ( an indep5d5t spirituality involves a subord9ation ( nature1 ?is subord9ation does n imply a mean e/imate1 /ill less a rejection4 ,asceticism :i* appe>s to be ! atta9m5t ( a high level ( spiritual life soon leads to an inw>d deg5]ation4 ,= 9 asceticism ! *ief task is n ! p[]ful developm5t & c\rage\s advance ( spirituality1 b simply a negation & suppression ( s5se4 ,reflection & ?\ght w ?us be c5tr$ ^u j ^? ?+s beyond :i* ! spiritual movem5t wi%es to lead4 ,p>ticul> tempor>y circum/ances may make ! t5d5cy to asceticism compreh5sible2 su* times 7 ov]-ref9$ & diseas$1 & ! diseas$ may n rightly give to life its rule4 ,b if1 9 ?is way1 we oppose a specifically religi\s or ascetic =m ( life we are n prev5t$ f ackn[l$g+ ! /rong & fruitful influ5ce ( a _w ( transc5d5t inw>dness ^u life z a :ole4 ,= its p]fect heal? & bread?1 our life ne$s two t5d5cies :i*1 ?\gh !y directly contradict ea* o!r1 mu/1 nev]!less1 )9 u be complem5t>y to ea* o!r3 x ne$s an en]getic conflict aga9/ all t is irrational1 & at ! same "t to be elevat$ into a sph]e 9 :i* ev]y?+ is rational1 into a realm ( peace & p]fection4 ,)9 ! spiritual life itself1 tasks are giv5 _! =m & are e/imat$ on ! "o h& f ! human po9t ( view1 & on ! o!r f an ultimate1 "o might say an absolute1 view ( ?+s4 ,! significance ( ?is di/9ction is to be se5 mo/ cle>ly 9 hi/ory1 &1 p]haps1 9 ! contra/ betwe5 ! ,greek & ! ,*ri/ian "*4 ,! =m] places man 9 ! mid/ ( ! _w1 & requires him en]getically to take up ! /ruggle = ! cause ( rationality & decisively to reject ! irrational4 ,suff]+ & pa9 7 to be avoid$2 man 0 nev] to submit to !m4 ,c\rage appe>$ to be ! *ief quality ( ?is =m ( life1 & 9 relation to o!rs ju/ice 0 its det]m9+ idea4 ,b if ?is idea dem&s t ea* %\ld receive accord+ to 8 a*ievem5t1 !n ! high] & ! l[]1 ! noble & ! common1 mu/ be di/9ctly sep>at$ & nev] all[$ to be confus$4 ,t ! noble =m a small m9ority1 & t hi/ory h>dly promises any *ange 9 ?is matt]1 is a fact t has n escap$ p]ception2 & ! p]man5ce ( ! anti!sis ( an esot]ic & an exot]ic =m1 !re=e1 appe>s to be inevitable4 ,! diff]5ce t exi/s is reg>d$ z due prim>ily to nature1 n to free decision4 ,to make nature completely active1 & to unify t :i* x (f]s 9 a scatt]$ & an unsy/ematic mann]1 appe>s to be our :ole life-"w4 ,! result1 !re=e1 is a p[]ful1 active1 self-consci\s life1 :i* n only affects u by its results b to :i* we mu/ assign a p]man5t significance4 ,b z ! only & exclusive =m ( life1 x involves great re/rictions & rig\r2 its limitations may rema9 hidd5 9 days ( joyful creative activity & 9 ! highe/ circles ( society1 b !y mu/ be ke5ly felt if life falls into a condition ( /agnation1 & man1 z man1 asks que/ions ) reg>d to ! happ9ess ( life4 ,?is de/9y may !n become an intol]able compulsion2 m]e c\rage1 an ov]-ex]tion ( human p[]2 m]e ju/ice1 sev]ity & unm]cifulness2 ! %>p di/9ction betwe5 m51 an actual sep>ation1 :i* t5ds on ! "o side to pr\d haught9ess & on ! o!r to d\bt & depression4 ,a ke5 p]ception ( su* limitations & dang]s mu/ necess>ily =ce life into new pa?s4 ,! c\nt] movem5t has won ! victory 9 ,*ri/ianity1 :i* makes n "w 9 ! _w b ! relation to a _w-transc5d5t spiritual life ! *ief ?+4 ,man does n 9 ! fir/ place tru/ a nature t safely leads him b at ! same "t limits him2 b 8 nature seems full ( problems1 & to ne$ a complete trans=mation1 :i* only a miracle ( grace c accompli%4 ,m5 are n reg>d$ z be+ sep>at$ by fix$ diff]5ces1 b 9 comp>ison ) ! div9e p]fection all diff]5ces vani%1 & f ! relation to ,god ! feel+ ( equality & bro!rhood is evolv$4 ,?\ght ( 9 relation to ! requirem5t ( a pure inw>dness ( ! :ole be+1 diff]5ces 9 a*ievem5t are totally insignificant3 ju/ice gives place to an inf9ite love t dispels all h>%ness1 makes all diff]5ces consi/5t & h>moni\s1 & tol]ates no feel+ ( ho/ility4 ,! anti!sis ( a nature :i* is op]ative )9 ! _w & :i* elevates above ! _w mu/ p]meate life z a :ole & mu/ give rise to opposite t5d5cies 9 e "p ( life4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re is a di/9ct =mation 9 f9ite relations1 an insi/5ce ^u pla/ic organisation & complete consci\sness ( life2 on ! o!r1 an aspiration t[>ds ! inf9ite1 a m submissive fai?1 a m unre/ra9$ disposition1 a high] e/imate ( ! nave & ! *ildlike4 ,9 ! =m]1 man1 full ( confid5ce 9 8 own p[]1 himself produces a rationality ( reality1 & disda9s all aids ali5 to himself2 9 ! latt]1 life is su/a9$ by a tru/ 9 an inf9ite good & p[] :i*1 9 a way transc5d+ ! capacity ( man1 guides to ! atta9m5t ( ! be/2 9 %ort1 z a :ole & 9 its individual aspects ea* is a fundam5tally diff]5t type ( life f ! o!r4 ,! type ( life advocat$ by ,*ri/ianity has result$ 9 a great deep5+ ( life2 x _c possibly be giv5 up aga9 9 fav\r ( an e>li] type4 ,b ?is ,*ri/ian type also does n suffice = ! m\ld+ ( life z a :ole4 ,mo/ sev]e complications w\ld ensue if ! position ( ,*ri/ianity 7 tak5 up z an ultimate conclusion & an absolute evaluation 9 ! conditions :i* at pres5t exi/1 & its pr9ciples )\t fur!r consid]ation 7 appli$ to our life z a :ole4 ,! annull+ ( all diff]5ces1 ev5 ( spiritual capacity2 ! displacem5t ( ju/ice ?r\gh pity2 ! cessation ( ! conflict aga9/ evil2 ! l[ e/imate ( man's own p[]1 w\ld all endang] mo/ sev]ely ! rational "* ( life2 an adoption ( ?is type ( life 9 its entirety w\ld lead to ! discont9uance ( ! "w ( culture2 9 p>ticul>1 x is inconsi/5t ) any k9d ( political organisation4 ,f9ite conditions are n to be judg$ by inf9ite /&>ds2 & we m5 are1 aft] all1 9 ! f9ite & rema9 s4 ,& s1 f ! e>lie/ times s9ce ,*ri/ianity1 f be+ m]ely "o ( oppos+ sy/ems1 became ! dom9ant p[]1 compromises h be5 s\ght4 ,! sy/em ( ! developm5t ( p[] & ( ju/ice has nev]!less ass]t$ its influ5ce1 & ?\gh ,*ri/ianity has _h an ext]nal supremacy1 ?is sy/em has =c$ *>act]i/ically ,*ri/ian life to be reg>d$ z a matt] ( m]e subjective disposition & ( private life4 ,b z su* compromises d n fully & truly express spiritual necessity1 !y easily lead to falsity4 ,to rise above ?is t5d5cy to make su* compromises1 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! "r & ( ! limits ( ea* type1 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! necessity ( bo? )9 a compreh5sive :ole1 is necess>y4 ,su* a :ole & along ) x a common gr\nd1 ^u :i* ! movem5ts meet toge!r1 & c /rive to und]/& "o ano!r1 is giv5 to u by ! spiritual life1 ackn[l$g$ 9 its indep5d5ce4 ,x is n = u to =ce our life into a f9i%$ s*eme1 b to develop fully & to ackn[l$ge ! movem5ts & oppositions :i* exi/ 9 our life4 ,true1 life w ev] rema9 unf9i%$1 b c we wi% to make x m complete ?an x c be1 & c ! incomplet5ess cause u anxiety1 :5 we are sure ( its ma9 direction8 ,,iii ,,application ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,consequ5ces ,,& ,,requirem5ts ,introductory ,consid]ations ,) a consid]ation ( ! pres5t we set out3 to ! pres5t we n[ return4 ,! convictions at :i* we h arriv$1 & :i* h l$ u to a *>act]i/ic philosophy ( life1 mu/ n[ be consid]$ 9 relation to ! ne$s ( ! pres5t2 we mu/ see :e!r ?is philosophy proves to be true 9 ?is connection1 & ?is by its own developm5t1 z well z by ! simplification ( ! condition ( a "t1 :i*1 z x is imm$iately exp]i5c$1 is confus$ 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,b1 at ! outset ( our treatm5t ( ?is problem1 we p]ceive h[ difficult x is = ! ackn[l$gm5t ( an indep5d5t spirituality to det]m9e our relation to ! temporal environm5t2 we see h[ ?is ackn[l$gm5t trans=ms t relation into a problem4 ,! conception ( ! pres5t is by no means simple & c]ta91 ev5 z f> z its ext]nal b\nd>y is conc]n$4 ,! m]e to-day is obvi\sly too %ort a p]iod to con/itute ! pres5t2 b h[ mu* is to be add$ & :]e mu/ x cease 9 ord] t we may h a g5u9e pres5t8 ,true1 ! pres5t mu/ involve a *>act]i/ic cont5t t associates ! mom5ts & unites !m s z to produce a common effect2 b does our "t give u su* a cont5t8 ,! fir/ glance at ! /ate ( life 9 our "t reveals a *aotic confusion1 :i* includes ! mo/ div]se endeav\rs1 n[ 9 passionate union1 n[ 9 complete indiff]5ce to "o ano!r1 & yet aga9 9 h>% ho/ility2 fur!r1 !re is a con/ant displacem5t ( ! individual elem5ts by a process ( elevation & ( degradation4 ,ev5 if some?+ common & p]man5t is op]ative 9 ! pres5t1 its close amalgamation ) ?is *ange & movem5t prev5ts x f be+ purely develop$3 ! tru? conta9$ 9 ! pres5t /ate ( life is insep>ably mix$ ) human error & passion4 ,& yet ?is is n an exp]i5ce simply ( ! pres5t1 b "o common to all ages4 ,= fundam5tal spiritual creation has always be5 effect$ 9 ! dire/ contradiction to ! social environm5t4 ,:at h>% judgm5ts1 & judgm5ts t set its value at nil1 h be5 pass$ ^u society ) reg>d to its capacity n only 9 religion b also 9 philosophy & art6 ,h[ sev]e a conflict has be5 c>ri$ on 9 all dep>tm5ts ( life aga9/ ! presumption ( society6 ,! pres5t1 especially1 is tr\bl$ by ^! problems1 because1 z has become evid5t to u f ! beg9n+ ( our inve/igation1 x c>ries )9 x movem5ts ( a div]se & contradictory nature1 s t x c h>dly produce a consi/5t impression ( ! :ole1 /ill less atta9 to a def9ite "*4 ,human int]e/s & p>ties seek ) all _! en]gy to impress ^u ! "t _! own "*2 !y call t mod]n :i* is useful to & 9 h>mony ) !mselves4 ,! mo/ div]se t5d5cies cross "o ano!r2 exp]i5ces 9 p>ticul> dep>tm5ts ( life det]m9e ! conception ( ! :ole2 ! diff]5t classes ( society foll[ diff]5t c\rses 9 accordance ) _! diff]5t int]e/s2 mu* t is accid5tal is reg>d$ z vital & is all[$ to influ5ce u3 ! extreme has ! advantage ( be+ able to make an impression ^u u2 & ! sup]ficial & ! negative creep into fav\r ?r\gh ! eas9ess ( ! conclusion pres5t$ by !m3 9 %ort1 9 ?is /ate ( ! "t1 t :i* arises 9 human op9ion is incapable ( (f]+ to spiritual endeav\r a secure support & an ori5tation conc]n+ its aims4 ,?is unc]ta9ty _c be remov$ by turn+ our att5tion to hi/ory1 by tak+ an int]e/ 9 pa/ ages4 ,=1 ) :atev] cle>ness a highly develop$ sci5ce ( hi/ory may pres5t ! :ole c\rse ( ! ages to u1 to believe t our own life is enri*$ & made m /able by ?is1 we mu/ confuse k & life1 ! m]e pres5t repres5tation ( e>li] times & ! appropriation ( !m by our own activity--a dang] into :i* ! purely academic mode ( ?\ght easily falls4 ,! p[] & ! t5d5cy ( life 9 ! pres5t det]m9e ! nature ( our appropriation ( ! pa/ & ( its trans=mation 9 self-det]m9+ activity4 ,if ?is life /agnates1 !n we are helpless 9 face ( ! /ream ( e>li] sy/ems ( ?\ght4 ,ev5 if ^! sy/ems attract u to !mselves1 & c>ry u ) !m = a "t1 f9ally !y w manife/ _! anti!ses & ?r[ u back aga9 ^u ourselves3 we _c escape f ourselves2 we c nev] f9d a sub/itute f outside = want ( conviction & p[] ( our own4 ,x is a fundam5tal error1 n1 inde$1 ( hi/orical rese>* b ( a feeble hi/orical relativism1 to expect u to =m a conviction ( our own by conc]n+ ourselves ) ! pa/2 & to ?9k t ! lat] /age 9 hi/ory proce$s f ! e>li] z a self-evid5t f9al result4 ,by tak+ su* an attitude to ! pa/ we %\ld only fall into ! half-w & half-life common to an age ( decad5ce4 ,if ! pres5t is ?us unc]ta9 9 ! he>t ( its spiritual nature1 & x is n possible to escape f ?is unc]ta9ty by resort+ to ! pa/1 x may appe> to be ess5tial t we %\ld be completely deliv]$ f ! tyranny ( "t1 & t we %\ld take up an attitude ( entire unconc]n ( its affirmation & its negation ( spiritual endeav\r4 ,b a rejection ( ! imm$iate relation to "t by no means settles ! matt]4 ,if spiritual "w 7 completely dissociat$ f ! temporal environm5t & ! hi/orical movem5t1 x w\ld be dep5d5t solely ^u ! capacity ( ! m]e individual & ^u ! pass+ mom5t2 all relation1 all community ( "w1 w\ld ?us be giv5 up1 & ! p]=mance ( o!rs c\ld n be any?+ to u1 nor our a*ievem5t any?+ to o!rs2 !re w\ld be no inn] build+ up ( life1 & no hope ( rea*+ great] dep?s4 ,n only is x impossible to ab&on su* aims1 b our exp]i5ce ( spiritual "w itself contradicts ! dis9tegration ( life into no?+ b isolat$ po9ts4 ,if all spiritual creation is effect$ 9 contradiction to "t1 :at is d5i$ 9 ?is contradiction is r t :i* lies ^u ! surface ( "t ?an t :i* is deep]2 r human accommodation to ?an ! spiritual cont5t ( "t4 ,all :o believe t di/9ctive human hi/ory is su/a9$ by ! activity ( a spiritual life w attribute to "t su* a spiritual cont5t4 ,e age1 !re=e1 9 virtue ( ! pres5ce ( ?is spiritual life1 w conta9 *>act]i/ic spiritual motives1 movem5ts1 & dem&s1 & w be especially qualifi$ to convey c]ta9 cont5ts to man1 to op5 up c]ta9 exp]i5ces to him1 & to po9t out c]ta9 directions4 ,all ^! mu/ be appropriat$ by anyone :o wi%es to transc5d ! orig9al /ate ( empt9ess1 & to advance to spiritual creation & to a spiritual fa%ion+ ( life4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is a m fri5dly attitude may be tak5 up t[>ds "t2 & we %all be f> m grateful to x--?\gh p]haps n ) explicit consci\sness1 p]haps ev5 9 contradiction to def9ite purpose--?an we c\ld ev] be ) reg>d to ! exp]i5ces on ! surface ( "t4 ,h[ev] l[1 = example1 ! e/imate ,plato may h =m$ ( ! _m ar\nd him2 & ?\gh ) ! :ole passion ( 8 s\l he may h insi/$ ^u a trans=mation ( ! imm$iate condition ( life1 :at he (f]$ ( 8 own & ! new t he requir$1 ) all its orig9ality & uniqu5ess1 contradicts nei!r ! natural _s ( ! ,greek nor ! contempor>y ,greek culture3 ,plato c be reg>d$ only z a ,greek ( a p>ticul> "t4 ,8 conflict ) ! "t is n ! conflict ( an incomp>able individuality ) 8 environm5t1 b a selection & a unification ( ! possibilities exi/+ 9 "t2 x is an ar\s+ to life ( ! deep] realities ( "t aga9/ its sup]ficialities1 ( spiritual necessities 9 opposition to ! conduct & int]e/s ( m54 ,9 ?is mann] ! great man also is a *ild ( 8 age1 & is un9telligible out ( relation to x4 ,c\ld "o ?9k ( ,goe! z liv+ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 or ( ,augu/9e z liv+ 9 ! age ( ! ,enlight5m5t8 ,inde$1 we may c>ry our cont5tion fur!r1 & say t ! great has be5 j t :i* has _h ! close/ relation ) ! "t2 & t x has rea*$ a p]man5t significance1 j because x express$ ! unique nature & ! inn] long+ ( ! "t1 t :i* 0 incomp>able & ind]ivable 9 x4 ,t :i* has be5 able to "w p]man5tly beyond ! "t 9 :i* x made its appe>ance 0 born n f a timeless consid]ation ( ?+s1 b f ! deepe/ feel+ ( ! ne$s ( ! "t2 only ?us c we escape f ! feel+ ( unreality :i* o!rwise accompanies ! /riv+ aft] spirituality4 ,?is consid]ation mu/ comm5d to spiritual "w ! close/ possible relation ) ! "t1 & ! spiritual life may hope = an ess5tial advance ( its own /riv+ z a result ( ?is relation4 ,/ill1 ! matt] is n s simple z x is (t5 ?\ght to be4 ,! spiritual cont5t ( ! ages is n a complete fact t p]meates life ) a sure & def9ite effect1 s t x c\ld be tak5 up by activity4 ,r1 t :i* is great & *>act]i/ic 9 ! ages is f\nd only 9 creative spiritual activity1 ab/ract$ f :i* x is no m ?an a possibility2 a sugge/ion t is inevitably lo/1 if an advanc+ spiritual activity is lack+4 ,spiritual creation is n a m]e copy1 an employm5t ( an exi/5t "t-"*4 ,r1 "t fir/ atta9s a spiritual "* ?r\gh spiritual activity1 & by spiritual creation possibility fir/ becomes complete reality4 ,?is spiritual creation is n simply a summation b a pot5tialisation1 an ess5tial elevation ( t :i* exi/s 9 "t4 ,)\t ?is activity ! spiritual elem5ts 9 "t rema9 m]ely coexi/5t1 & h no liv+ unity2 !y realise no life ( ! :ole1 no be+ )9 ! activity1 no?+ t means to u developm5t ( be+4 ,temporal life !n rema9s only a half-life1 a life ( pret5ce2 x lacks complete self-consci\sness & true /ability & joy1 & at ! same "t x lacks a g5u9e pres5t4 ,to atta9 su* a pres5t ?us appe>s to be a difficult task1 ! p]=mance ( :i* is n s mu* presuppos$ by ! diff]5t bran*es ( spiritual life z is an object ( _! "w4 ,art1 = example1 is rightly requir$ to express ! feel+ ( ! life ( ! "t2 yet x does n f9d su* a feel+ ( life already exi/5t1 b x mu/ fir/ wre/ x f ! *aos ( ! g5]al condition ( life4 ,art is great 9 giv+ to ! "t t :i* x did n already possess1 b :i* is1 nev]!less1 necess>y to ! complete reality ( its life4 ,spiritual "w1 !re=e1 is n some?+ j add$ 9 "t1 b t :i* fir/ gives to "t a g5u9e life & a g5u9e pres5t4 ,?is task may be a*iev$ ) q diff]5t degrees ( success2 x is n all times t rea* ?is elevation & atta9 to a g5u9e pres5t2 ^? t d s we call great & classical times4 ,! g5]al /ate ( our life--:i*1 h[ev]1 does n imply "t z a :ole--appe>s f ?is po9t ( view to be especially afflict$ ) ! defect & fault ( ins9c]ity2 our age does n s mu* live a life ( its own z a /range life2 & yet ?is life is repres5t$ z be+ a life ( our own4 ,& x is especially s 9 our own "t1 :5 along ) a /ate ( division 9 our own purposes we are inundat$ by sy/ems ( ?\ght ali5 to u4 ,we are ?us 9 dang] ( becom+ half-he>t$ & liv+ a life ( pret5ce3 9 religion we ass]t ! pr(ession ( fai? & ! feel+s ( times long gone by to be our own conviction & feel+s2 we build our ca!drals 9 /yles t correspond to ano!r spiritual condition & ano!r t5d5cy ( life2 9 philosophy we hang ^u sy/ems & problems ( o!r times2 9 ev]y?+ we lack s9c]ity4 ,b :y is ?is s1 & :y d we r5\nce all claim to a life 9 accordance ) our own nature8 ,c]ta9ly n because our "t lacks problems & tasks ( its own1 or because x is defici5t 9 spiritual possibilities & necessities2 =1 ( ^! !re is an abundance2 9 ?is matt] our "t is n beh9d any o!r4 ,b !re pr$om9ates a wrong relation betwe5 ^! tasks & ! c5tral p[] ( ! spiritual life1 :i* is equal to cope ) !m & out ( ! possibilities create a reality4 ,9 any case spiritual "w has a great deal to d ) ! "t2 & 9 reg>d to ?is x f9ds itself 9 no simple situation4 ,spiritual "w mu/ ackn[l$ge a giv5 condition1 :i* x _c alt] to suit its own pref]5ces2 b x c make some?+ else out ( ?is condition & also see some?+ else 9 x ?an imm$iately meets ! eye4 ,! possibilities ( a "t are reveal$ only 9 spiritual "w1 & ?r\gh x alone are !y sep>at$ f ! human additions t usually ov]gr[ !m4 ,^! possibilities _c become cle>ly evid5t1 unless a close relation to hi/ory is won3 !y are n sugge/ions simply ( ! mom5t1 = !y h be5 prep>$ by ! :ole "w ( hi/ory4 ,hi/ory acquires q a diff]5t--a f> m positive--mean+ :5 ! spiritual life is ackn[l$g$ to be indep5d5t1 & :5 x is admitt$ t spiritual life is n j ! embelli%m5t ( a reality o!r ?an spiritual1 b ! =mation ( ! only g5u9e & sub/antial reality1 ! transition to a self-consci\sness ( life4 ,=1 z su* a =mation ( reality1 ?is creative activity ext5ds beyond ! p>ticul> "t 9 :i* x orig9ates1 & becomes "p ( a "t-transc5d+ pres5t4 ,true1 ?is activity always appe>s 9 a g>m5t t seems simply tempor>y2 b ?is g>m5t does n con/itute its be+3 ! imp]i%able 9 x1 its fundam5tal life1 rema9s inw>dly ne> & pres5t ev5 aft] great *anges ( temporal condition2 & )9 ! sph]e ( spiritual "w is always capable ( new effect4 ,*ri/ianity1 = example1 9 spite ( ! attacks t are & h be5 made ^u x1 /ill ass]ts itself z a liv+ p[]4 ,yet !re _c be ! slighte/ d\bt t 9 ev]y?+ t lies on ! surface ( our life we are z f> z possible remov$ f ! c5turies ( its =mation2 t n only ! view ( ! _w b also ! tasks ( life & ! nature ( feel+ & disposition h become radically diff]5t4 ,b life is n exhau/$ 9 ^! activities on ! surface1 :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z ext]nal manife/ations t proce$ f an inn] unity4 ,t :i* ^! c5turies h p]=m$ = ! ess5ce ( life3 ! realisation ( a fre$om ( spiritual inw>dness1 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( an indep5d5t spiritual _w ) great aims & tasks1 may1 inde$1 become obscur$ = ! consci\sness ( individuals & ( :ole p]iods2 x rema9s1 h[ev]1 an ess5tial "p1 a presupposition ( all fur!r spiritual life4 ,z 9 ?is mann] 9 ! case ( ,*ri/ianity1 spiritual reality has also be5 evolv$ o!rwise 9 "s creative epo*s2 & 9 ! movem5t ( hi/ory !y h all toge!r produc$ a c]ta9 condition ( spiritual evolution :i* con/itutes ! invisible basis ( our own activity1 & f :i* x is fir/ possible to elucidate ! spiritual nature ( a p>ticul> "t4 ,?is univ]sal1 hi/orical /ate ( spiritual evolution indicates a level1 to :i* mu/ correspond all "w1 :i* desires n simply to atta9 ! aim ( ! mom5t b also to s]ve 9 ! build+ up ( a spiritual reality )9 ! doma9 ( humanity4 ,?is hi/orical condition ( ! spiritual life is n conf]r$ ^u u by hi/ory2 r hi/ory only m$iates an inc5tive t mu/ fir/ be trans=m$ by our own activity & conviction4 ,only a mode ( ?\ght :i* transc5ds ! movem5t ( hi/ory c recognise a spiritual cont5t 9 hi/ory & 9 our own "t1 & use ?is cont5t = our own /riv+4 ,spiritual "w1 !re=e1 & philosophy z "p ( x1 has a tw(old relation to "t1 a negative & a positive3 x mu/ possess an indep5d5ce ( "t1 & x mu/ seek an intimate relation ) x4 ,! mod]n1 accord+ to ! s5se 9 :i* x is tak51 w ar\se u at "o "t to en]getic opposition1 at ano!r to ! close/ intimacy2 ! =m] :5 x desires to subject u to ! contempor>y conditions ) all _! cont+5cy1 ! latt] :5 x *ampions ! spiritual possibilities ( ! "t & ! /ate ( spiritual evolution 9 contra/ ) ! human4 ,we are conc]n$ 9 a conflict = g5u9e aga9/ false "t2 we are to di/+ui% cle>ly betwe5 ! m]ely human & ! spiritual pres5t2 ! spiritual life mu/ fir/ give a g5u9e reality to "t1 & 9 do+ ?is mu/ advance 9 itself4 ,e p>ticul> philosophic conviction mu/ ju/ify itself 9 its treatm5t ( ?is problem2 x mu/ be 9 a position to wre/ ! tru? f ! error 9 "t2 to und]/& & to e/imate ! endeav\r ( ! "t )\t yield+ to x2 to compreh5d z a :ole ! manifold elem5ts ( tru? 9 ! life ( ! pres5t1 & to elucidate !m f a transc5d5t unity4 ,)\t d\bt great problems & fruitful possibilities exi/ 9 ! "t1 b we (t5 feel ! mo/ pa9ful contra/ betwe5 _! dem&s & ! a*ievem5ts ( man4 ,to dim9i% ?is div]g5ce2 = ! "t to atta9 m to its own p]fection & become a g5u9e pres5t1 is an urg5t task 9 ! p]=mance ( :i* philosophy also mu/ co-op]ate2 & by ?is endeav\r philosophy c also ga9 mu* = itself4 ,i4 ,,requirem5ts ,,= ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,life ,,z ,a ,,:ole 7a7 ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,culture ,! t]m culture receiv$ its pres5t mean+ 9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 culture itself rea*es back to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,mod]n ,age4 ,! :ole evolution ( ! ,mod]n ,age is a /riv+ beyond ! religi\s =m ( life :i* prevail$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & :i* began to be felt to be n>r[ & "o-sid$4 ,9 opposition to ?is type ( life a new type arose1 increas$ 9 /r5g?1 & f9ally we became fully consci\s ( x 9 ! idea ( culture4 ,! new type has be5 felt to be f> sup]ior to ! old 9 _m ways2 x is n limit$ to "o side ( human nature1 b desires to take x1 & to develop x z a :ole2 x does n ref] man to any k9d ( ext]nal aid1 b makes 8 life dep5d z mu* z possible ^u 8 own p[]1 & f9ds an aim fully suffici5t 9 ! limitless ext5sion ( ?is p[]2 x directs man's p]ception & endeav\r n s mu* beyond ! _w z to x1 & hopes by ?is means to give a /ability to 8 /riv+1 & a close relation ) ! abundance ( ?+s4 ,! movem5t has br\ght ab\t a f>-rea*+ trans=mation ( life3 t :i* 0 ly+ dormant has be5 ar\s$2 ! rigid made pla/ic2 ! manifold wov5 into a :ole ( life2 ! :ole range ( life has acquir$ m spontane\s fre%ness & inn] movem5t4 ,! result ( ! "w ( hi/ory n[ becomes = ! fir/ "t a complete possession1 s9ce above ev]y?+ cont+5t & accid5tal x elevates an ess5tial1 & above ev]y?+ t5d+ to sep>ation & ho/ility1 a common humanity4 ,! animat+ & ennobl+ influ5ce ( mod]n culture is n[h]e m manife/ ?an 9 ! life-"w ( ,goe!4 ,= we recognise ! greatness ( 8 nature prim>ily 9 t1 ) ! acute/ vision & ! greate/ fre$om1 he ent]$ into ! multiplicity ( exp]i5ce & ev5ts2 ) placid yet p[]ful dom9ance /ripp$ (f all t 0 m]e semblance & pret5ce1 all t 0 simply conv5tional & p>tial1 & fully realis$ ! g5u9e1 ! fre%ness ( life1 & ! purely human4 7,v4 ,! ,problem ( ,human ,life47 ,8 treatm5t ( ,biblical n>ratives is a good example ( ?is3 t a k+ reign$ 9 ,egypt :o knew n ,joseph sugge/s to him h[ quickly ev5 ! mo/ magnific5t human a*ievem5ts are =gott52 t ,saul w5t =? to f9d 8 fa!r's %e-asses1 & f\nd a k+dom1 symbolises to him ! tru? t we m5 (t5 rea* some?+ totally diff]5t f1 & also mu* bett] ?an1 t = :i* we /rove & hop$2 ! miracle ( ! walk+ on ! wat] is to him a p>able ( unfl9*+ fai?--! hold+ fa/ to app>5t impossibilities--)\t :i* !re c be no great creation4 ,if1 ) ?is a*ievem5t1 mod]n culture may h ! feel+ ( be+ ! fulfilm5t ( ! /riv+s ( ! ages1 yet its own c\rse has produc$ oppositions1 & eng5d]$ p]plexities t culm9ate 9 a dang]\s crisis4 ,culture1 z x 0 repres5t$ at ! height ( ,g]man spiritual life1 0 direct$ *iefly t[>ds ! inn] developm5t ( man2 x 0 call$ ) especial satisfaction spiritual culture4 ,its adh]5ts 7 conc]n$ n s mu* ) f9d+ a bett] relation to ! environm5t z ) gr[+ 9 ! realm ( _! own s\l1 & ) employ+ :atev] ! exp]i5ce ( life br\ght 9 ! developm5t ( a self-consci\s p]sonality1 ( pure inw>dness4 ,only 9 ?is way did !y seem to advance f ! previ\s /ate ( limitation to ! complete bread? ( exi/5ce1 & ! ex]cise ( all _! p[]s4 ,a joy 9 life1 a firm confid5ce 9 ! rationality ( reality gave ?is inn] culture a s\l2 & a bold flight bore x f> above ! n>r[ness & heav9ess ( daily life2 /hetic lit]>y creation became ! *ief sph]e ( its "w1 & ! *ief means = ! developm5t & self-p]fect+ ( p]sonality4 ,inn] culture has by no means vani%$ f our life2 effects ( _m k9ds are felt f x 9 ! pres5t4 ,b x has be5 =c$ to resign its supremacy 9 fav\r ( a reali/ic culture1 :i* makes ! relation to ! environm5t ! *ief matt]1 & removes ! c5tre ( life to ! intellectual & practical control ( ?is environm5t4 ,9 reali/ic culture ! inn] developm5t ( "w1 ( "w 9 ! direction ( natural sci5ce & te*nical art1 z well z 9 politics & social endeav\r1 is less occupi$ ) ! acquir+ ( a p[]ful individuality ?an ) ! e/abli%m5t ( an agreeable condition ( society z a :ole4 ,s9ce activity is relat$ m & m closely ) ?+s1 & receives laws & directions f !m1 culture is fre$ f dep5d5ce ^u man & 8 subjectivity4 ,culture is an imp]sonal p[] 9 contra/ ) man2 x does n lead ultimately to a good to him s mu* z make him simply a means & an in/rum5t ( its progressive movem5t4 ,an immeasurable /ructure ( life1 a ceaseless self-ass]tion & self-advancem5t1 an ar\s+ & an ex]tion ( all p[]s t c br+ man into relation ) ! environm5t1 are manife/ 9 ?is culture3 b at ! same "t !re is an increas+ trans=mation ( our life into a m]e life ( relation & m$iation1 a deprivation & a vani%+ ( self-consci\sness4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! magnific5t triumphs 9 ext]nal matt]s !re is an increas+ly p]ceptible contra/ betwe5 an a/oni%+ developm5t ( ! te*nical1 & a pitiful neglect ( ! p]sonal side ( life3 9 reg>d to ! =m] we surpass all o!r times1 z mu* z we fall bel[ mo/ 9 reg>d to ! latt]4 ,along ) a ceaseless increase ( te*nical capacity1 !re is a rapid deg5]ation ( p]sonal life1 a paup]is+ ( ! s\l4 ,:]e ! matt] is "o ( a te*nical nature !re is a magnific5t condition1 def9ite progress 9 all dep>tm5ts1 "w consci\s ( its aim2 b !re is a pa9ful grop+ & helpless hesitation1 a /agnation ( production1 an empt9ess t is only j hidd5 by a v5e] ( academic education1 :]e p[]ful p]sonalities & impressive individualities are requir$4 ,= a "t we 7 c>ri$ away entirely by ! t5d5cy to place our att5tion solely ^u ! environm5t1 & we seem$ to be satisfi$ absolutely by x4 ,b ! inn] life t has be5 evolv$ )9 human exp]i5ce by ! "w ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & ?r\gh sev]e convulsions1 prev5ts ?is condition be+ accept$ z a conclusion2 t :i* has once become an indep5d5t c5tre _c possibly p]mit itself to be degrad$ to ! position ( a m]e means & an in/rum5t4 ,x is impossible to give up all claim to self-consci\s & self-det]m9+ life & a satisfaction ( ?is life4 ,our spiritual nature compels u to ask que/ions & to make claims2 if !y are n satisfi$1 !n1 not)/&+ all ! weal? ( exp]i5ces1 ! feel+ ( pov]ty spreads & we seek = aids1 &1 fir/1 we turn back to t inn] culture f :i* we _h turn$ away4 ,b we f9d ! ways %ut (f2 a direct return is impossible4 ,?is culture _h *>act]i/ic pr9ciples & presuppositions2 & ! c\rse ( mod]n life itself has1 if n ov]?r[n !m1 involv$ !m 9 s]i\s d\bt4 ,we h become cle>ly consci\s ( ! limitations :i* ?is inn] culture _h )\t itself feel+ !m2 movem5ts :i* x unit$ h n[ sep>at$1 & h become ho/ile4 ,inn] culture re/$ on a firm fai? 9 ! p[] ( reason 9 reality1 & ?is fai? begot a joyful confid5ce4 ,= x ! _w 0 su/a9$ & det]m9$ by inn] =ces3 we feel ! rigid actuality ( occurr5ces1 ! indiff]5ce ( ! ma*9]y ( ! _w t[>ds ! aims ( ! _s1 & ! contradictions ( exi/5ce4 ,9 ! =m] case ! greatness ( man 0 ! pr$om9ant fai?2 & ?is greatness 0 s\ght 9 8 fre$om3 we1 h[ev]1 feel mu* m our bondage to obscure p[]s & at ! same "t our insignificance4 ,9 ! =m] aga91 x ar\s$ no opposition to call only a *os5 "p ( humanity1 ! creative1 to full & complete life1 & to assign a mo/ meagre portion to ! majority3 we _c possibly r5\nce ! conc]n = all mank9d & = ! welf>e ( e individual4 ,9 ! =m]1 morality & art 7 h>moni\sly unit$ 9 ! ideal ( life2 9 our "t !y h sep>at$ & are at deadly enmity ) "o ano!r4 ,ev]y:]e life has giv5 rise to m problems1 m inconsi/5cies1 m obscurities2 ?us1 ) all its ext]nal proximity1 ! joyfully secure ideal ( life ( our classical writ]s is inw>dly remov$ f> f u2 )\t ins9c]ity we _c proclaim x to be our pr(ession ( fai?4 ,9 p>ticul> ! resort to ,goe!1 z to "o ) a secure /&>d ( life1 is 9 g5]al no m ?an an expression ( p]plexity1 no m ?an a flight f a cle> decision ( our own3 ! univ]sality & ! flexibility ( 8 _s p]mit a po9t ( contact ) him to be f\nd by ^? ^: views directly contradict ^? ( "o ano!r1 & all[s ea* to ab/ract1 & make a pr(ession ( fai? ( t :i* is pref]able & pleas+ to himself4 ,?us to-day we are 9 a /ate ( unc]ta9ty & indef9it5ess 9 ref]5ce to ! problem ( culture4 ,s9ce ! new does n suffice1 & ! old _c be tak5 up aga91 we are 9 d\bt ) reg>d to ! :ole conception ( culture2 we "k nei!r :at we h ( x nor :at x dem&s f u4 ,we _c give up our claim to be+ some?+ m ?an nature1 )\t s9k+ aga9 to ! level ( ! m]e animal2 b 9 :at ?is m consi/s & h[ x is at all possible to surpass nature is to u completely obscure4 ,a develop$ hi/orical consci\sness & ! free unfold+ ( ! p[]s ( ! pres5t p]mit _m ?+s to ru% 9 ^u u2 & we are involv$ 9 mu* inconsi/5cy4 ,we h se5 div]se sy/ems ( life arise & attract man to !mselves2 _! conflict relegates to ! backgr\nd all t is common to !m1 produces ! greate/ unc]ta9ty1 & gives rise to ! incl9ation1 9 ord] to avoid all p]plexities1 to reg>d life z be+ made up entirely ( t :i* occurs )9 s5se exp]i5ce2 & to acquire aims f ?is exp]i5ce1 z well z to d]ive p[]s f x4 ,b 9 ?is we fall into ! dang] ( idealis+ s5se exp]i5ce falsely1 & ( expect+ a*ievem5ts f movem5ts )9 x :i* are possible only if ^! movem5ts fl[ f deep] s\rces4 ,we flee to morality to become free f all religion & metaphysics2 z ?\gh morality1 elevat+ man1 z x does1 above simply physical pres]vation & ! compulsion ( m]e in/9ct1 is n itself a metaphysic1 & z ?\gh x does n ( necessity require ! exi/5ce ( an ord] sup]ior to nature4 ,!n we flee to ! subject ) its unre/ra9$ inw>dness & contra/ ?is inw>dness ) all ! re/rict+ relations ( life2 z ?\gh ! subject _h any cont5t & any value )\t an indep5d5t inn] _w1 ! recognition ( :i* involves a complete revolution ( ! repres5tation ( reality2 z !n accord+ to ! witness ( hi/ory also humanity has rea*$ su* an inn] _w only ?r\gh we>isome toil & =ceful resolutions4 ,! :ole c\rse ( ,antiquity _h be5 lead+ up to ?is inn] _w1 b ! collision ( ,antiquity at ! "t ( its decay1 ) ,*ri/ianity :i* 0 !n aris+1 fir/ develop$ x cle>ly4 ,su* an inn] _w mu/ ev] be ju/ifi$ anew2 & = ?is our own activity & conviction are necess>y4 ,if we surr5d] its basis1 x becomes dead capital :i*1 little by little1 is inevitably sp5t1 & !n ! appeal to ! subject t has lo/ its spiritual cont5t is b a m]e semblance ( help1 :i* deceives u conc]n+ ! s]i\sness ( ! situation ) sweet-s\nd+ words l p]sonality1 individuality1 & s =?4 ,if ! spiritual life is n /r5g!n$ & does n en]getically c\nt]act ?is t5d5cy1 !n1 not)/&+ all ext]nal progress1 we mu/ inw>dly s9k l[] & l[]4 ,x is obvi\s t !re is already su* a c\nt]action 9 exi/5ce2 o!rwise1 h[ c\ld spiritual de/itution & ! insignificance ( ! m]ely human be s ke5ly felt 9 ! pres5t2 h[ c\ld s ard5t a desire = an inn] elevation spread among/ m5 z we exp]i5ce x ar\nd u8 ,!re is no lack ( attempts & endeav\rs aft] new aims & new ways4 ,b mu* is /ill lack+ = ^! attempts to be equal to satisfy ! requirem5ts ( ! matt]4 ,we place f> too mu* hope 9 ext]nal re=ms1 in/ead ( prim>ily /r5g!n+ ! inn] basis ( life2 we fix our att5tion f> too mu* ^u individual tasks in/ead ( seiz+ ! :ole2 we h f> too mu* fai? t we c rise to a new life out ( ?is *aotic condition1 in/ead ( insi/+ ^u an atta9m5t ( indep5d5ce 9 relation to ?is condition4 ,h[ c\ld indep5d5ce be atta9$ except by an en]getic reflection ( man ^u himself1 ^u 8 fundam5tal relation to reality1 ^u ! life dwell+ 9 him1 9 %ort1 except by self-consci\sness8 ,x is n ! fir/ "t t1 9 ! c\rse ( ! ages1 to satisfy su* a dem& has become ! mo/ urg5t ( all tasks4 ,! "w ( hi/ory has n un%akable f\ndations f ! beg9n+2 b ! spiritual nature ( epo*s always involves ! activity & ! decisions ( man2 x involves1 !re=e1 presuppositions t = a long p]iod may be accept$ z e/abli%$ tru?s1 & :i*1 yet1 f9ally become problematic4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,mod]n ,age1 especially 9 ! transition to ! ,enlight5m5t1 app>5tly e/abli%$ tru?s became problematic 9 ?is way3 ! pres5t is 9 a simil> situation4 ,! ?reads t we h hi!rto foll[$ break2 all ext]nal help is reject$1 z is also ! au?ority ( hi/ory2 no?+ else rema9s to u ?an our own capacity1 & ! hope to f9d 9 x a new support & ! basis = a new con/ruction4 ,only by our own p[]1 & aft] a break ) ! imm$iate pres5t1 %all we be able to /rive aft] a new idea ( culture :i* corresponds to ! hi/orical position ( spiritual evolution1 & :i* c take up into itself ! exp]i5ces ( humanity4 ,su* times ( error1 ( vacillation1 ( se>*+1 ( necess>y r5ewal1 are disagreeable & sev]e1 b x dep5ds only on ! summon+ ( spiritual p[] :e!r !y become great & fruitful4 ,=1 ) reg>d to ^! c5tral que/ions ! times d n make m51 b m5 make ! times1 n1 ( c\rse1 9 accordance ) _! own pref]5ces1 b by seiz+ & realis+ ! necessities t exi/ 9 ! spiritual condition ( ! "t4 ,n[1 z sc>cely any?+ else 9 life is m call$ ^u to co-op]ate 9 ! r5ew+ ( culture ?an philosophy1 s ! sy/em "h concisely pres5t$ is plac$ 9 ! s]vice ( ?is task2 x attempts a con/ruction *iefly by ! union ( ?ree dem&s & po9ts ( attack3 x requires a m en]getic developm5t & a complete unification ( ! life-process2 x requires ! ackn[l$gm5t & developm5t ( a spiritual life ( indep5d5t nature pres5t to u2 & la/ly1 x requires t ?is life %all be und]/ood & treat$ z ! _w's consci\sness ( itself & ?us z ! only reality4 ,all ^! dem&s mu/ t5d t[>ds an ess5tial alt]ation ( ! exi/5t /ate ( culture2 !y make mu* inadequate t previ\sly suffic$2 b !y also reveal an abundance ( new prospects & ! possibility ( a ?or\gh inn] elevation4 ,x is a lead+ idea ( our :ole inve/igation t only f ! life-process itself are we able to ori5tate ourselves 9 relation to ourselves & ! _w2 & ?is idea is 9 agreem5t ) ! pres5t mode ( ?\ght 9 sci5ce4 ,b to apply to our own "t t :i* is already ackn[l$g$ 9 g5]al ideas is by no means simple4 ,to give ! life-process su* a position 9 our ?\ght & to e/imate x s highly is possible only :5 life is di/9ctly di/+ui%$ f ! /ates ( ! m]e subject1 f ! m]e reflex ( ! environm5t 9 ! individual4 ,?is deta*m5t _c be accompli%$ unless we compreh5d z a :ole t :i* exi/s 9 individual manife/ations ( life2 di/+ui% diff]5t levels 9 life1 indicate relations & movem5ts )9 !m1 & ?us advance to new exp]i5ces ( life2 reveal a union ( fact1 a di/9ctive syn!sis 9 life1 :i* f a transc5d5t unity %apes ! multiplicity t x conta9s4 ,b if 9 g5]al x is difficult to free ourselves s mu* f ! condition ( life 9 :i* we f9d ourselves1 to be able to illum9ate ?is condition 9 ?is way1 & to ?r[ its inn] framework into relief2 = u !re is also to be add$ ! immeasurable expansion t directs ! int]e/s & ! vision to ! outside1 & is accu/om$ to treat1 z a m]e supplem5t1 a m]e means & in/rum5t1 ! life t 9 reality su/a9s all inf9ity4 ,a culture t has made ! atta9m5t ( results ! *ief ?+ has be5 detrim5tal to ! spiritual1 :i* no long] tru/s itself to encompass ^! a*ievem5ts & to *ange !m 9 a developm5t ( life1 to take up ! conflict = dom9ion ov] reality4 ,x will+ly flees to ! passivity ( ! subject1 :]e soon] or lat] x expires 9 complete de/itution4 ,if inw>dness is s feeble & ext]nal relations s ov]:elm u1 life necess>ily receives its cont5t f outside1 & seems to be det]m9$ ess5tially by t :i* happ5s ar\nd u4 ,x is ?is t l5ds s mu* p[] to-day to a sup]ficial enlight5m5t t c5tres 9 natural sci5ce1 & expects life to be advanc$ )\t limit1 & man to be reviv$ & ennobl$1 simply by rea*+ a m valid repres5tation ( ! environm5t4 ,we d n ask "h h[ f> ! repres5tations propos$ ov]come ! difficulties ( ! old] repres5tations1 or :e!r new & m difficult problems d n arise f ! solutions (f]$2 b we d ask :e!r life c obta9 its aim & cont5t f outside1 & :e!r x c be treat$ simply z an addition to nature )\t deg5]at+ inw>dly1 & los+ all inn] motive4 ,we ask :at ! !ories bas$ *iefly on ext]nals make ( man1 & :at !y a*ieve = 8 s\l4 ,we summon him to an exam9ation1 to see :e!r ! picture t is held up to him by ^! !ories agrees ) :at he longs =1 &1 by a compell+ necessity ( 8 be+1 mu/ long =4 ,to-day x w also be evid5t t ! f9al decision does n re/ ) ! intellect1 b ) life z a :ole4 ,=1 little z intellectual a*ievem5t is abs5t f tru?1 ! masses--& to ! masses belong ^? at ! av]age level ( all classes1 high] z well z l[]--w always hold fa/ to ! ext]nal impression4 ,! advance beyond ?is impression & ! appreciation ( ! inn] conditions ( k w always rema9 a conc]n ( ! m9ority4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a po9t :]e ! problem becomes real to ea* individual1 & :]e ea* c (f] 8 op9ion3 ?is is 9 ref]5ce to ! "q ( ! happ9ess & ! cont5t ( life4 ,! m ?is "q is felt1 ! great] w be ! ?ir/ = a sub/antial tru? 9 contra/ ) ! %ad[s ( ! ,enlight5m5t2 ! m w ! "q conc]n+ ! nature ( life z a :ole receive its due consid]ation1 & ! p]ception ( ?+s ext]nally w give place to a compreh5sion ( _! inn] reality4 ,only ) su* a revolution c our life & we ourselves be trans=m$ f a /ate ( spiritual de/itution to "o ( indep5d5t en]gy2 only ?us c we discov] ! weal? t is )9 u2 only ?us c culture1 f be+ an occupation ) ?+s1 become a pres]vation & an unfold+ ( our own selves2 only ?us c we /rive = m simplicity 9 contra/ to ! complexity t w\ld o!rwise be our condition2 & only ?us c we wre/ f :at w\ld o!rwise be *aos1 fundam5tals & t5d5cies4 ,our dem&1 !re=e1 t ! />t+-po9t %\ld be ! life-process itself is 9 h>mony ) ! inn]mo/ long+ ( ! "t--ev5 if ?is long+ is (t5 indef9ite--aft] a deep5+ ( life & an atta9m5t ( its indep5d5ce4 ,if ! turn+ to ! life-process puts ! "q1 ! ass]tion ( an indep5d5t spiritual life gives ! answ] to x3 h[ev] /range ?is ass]tion may seem 9 relation to sup]ficial temporal exp]i5ce1 x meets a deep long+4 ,= we are completely satiat$ ) n>r[ly human culture2 ! movem5ts & exp]i5ces ( ! ,mod]n ,age1 & 9 p>ticul> ( ! pres5t1 make u s cle>ly consci\s ( all t is trivial1 simply app>5t1 disagreeable1 feeble1 %all[1 empty1 & futile 9 human conduct1 t all hope ( f9d+ satisfaction 9 ?is conduct1 & ( advanc+ life ess5tially by its means & p[]s1 mu/ be ab&on$4 ,we h1 !re=e1 to face ! foll[+ alt]native3 ei!r absolute d\bt & ! cessation ( all ef=t1 or ! ackn[l$gm5t ( a m 9 man2 !re is no ?ird possibility4 ,b 9 ! context ( our inve/igation no discussion is requir$ to %[ t ?is m _c consi/ 9 an individual's elevation ( himself above o!rs2 t x _c consi/ 9 a s-call$ ,sup]man--a view t only involves u m 9 ! n>r[ly human4 ,ei!r ! m s\ght = is only imag9>y1 a cov]+ ( t9sel ) :i* we conceal our nak$ness1 or a _w transc5d+ ! m]ely human1 a new /age ( reality1 reveals itself to man1 :i* c become 8 own life4 ,z x is ?is transc5d5t _w alone t eng5d]s a univ]sal life )9 u & opposes ! insignificantly human2 s also f ?is alone1 & z its manife/ation1 c culture become indep5d5t 9 relation to man4 ,only :5 x is und]/ood 9 ?is way c culture include aims & tasks t d n /r5g!n man 9 8 n>r[ness1 b free him f x1 & make him spiritually great]4 ,n only ! conception b ! :ole nature ( t :i* is call$ culture is an un/able hybrid4 ,x %\ld elevate man above nature1 & give to 8 life a *>act]i/ic spiritual cont5t2 b at ! same "t we h a dread ( a deta*m5t f ! exp]i5ce ( s5se & ( ! con/ruction ( an indep5d5t _w1 because ^! mu/ lead to t :i*1 ( all ?+s1 is ! cause ( mo/ al>m1 to a *ange ( a metaphysical "*1 to a trans=mation ( exi/5ce4 ,9 tru?1 9 ! "w ( humanity two t5d5cies are usually undi/+ui%$1 :i*1 if life is to cont9ue to advance1 ne$ to be di/9ctly sep>at$3 a spiritual culture & a m]ely human culture4 ,! =m] reveals new cont5ts & aims2 ) x a new _w em]ges )9 man1 & trans=ms 8 life f its basis3 ! latt] uses t :i* a high] organisation has giv5 u1 solely z a means = ! advancem5t ( our natural & social exi/5ce4 ,m]ely human culture turns ! spiritual into a m]e means to increase n>r[ly human happ9ess1 :]eas ! spiritual by its v nature makes u feel ! :ole ( ?is happ9ess to be too insignificant1 inde$ intol]able4 ,! diff]5ce ( a m]ely human & a spiritual culture ext5ds f ! fundam5tal disposition to all ! sep>ate dep>tm5ts ( life4 ,religion1 = example1 is to ! =m] a means by :i* ! individual may make himself z com=table & z secure z possible 9 an exi/5t _w1 & conduct 8 own insignificant ego ?r\gh all dang]s2 to ! latt]1 x signifies a radical break ) t _w & ! ga9 ( a new life1 9 :i* c>e = t ego1 or ev5 ! /ate ( society1 is relegat$ completely into ! backgr\nd4 ,to ! "o1 morality is simply a means 9 ! organisation ( human social life1 9 ! accommodation ( ! individual to 8 environm5t2 to ! o!r1 x discloses a new fundam5tal relation to reality1 & 9 ! trans=mation ( exi/5ce 9 self-det]m9+ activity all[s life to w9 an inn] union ) ! inf9ite & its self-consci\sness4 ,on ! "o h&1 art1 sci5ce1 ! life ( ! /ate1 education1 & s =? are ! idols ( utility1 ( exp$i5cy1 ! adornm5ts ( a giv5 exi/5ce2 on ! o!r1 !y are ! gods ( tru?1 ( inn] indep5d5ce1 ( _w-r5ew+ spontaneity4 ,t !re %\ld be an end to ! confusion ( ! wor%ip ( idols & ( gods2 t spiritual culture %\ld be di/+ui%$ f m]ely human culture2 t ! spiritual cont5t ( ! individual dep>tm5ts ( life %\ld be en]getically develop$1 & ! spiritual pov]ty ( m]ely human culture made cle>--all ?is is ! urg5t dem& ( ! pres5t1 )\t ! fulfilm5t ( :i* its /ate ( confusion _c be ov]come4 ,yet spiritual culture c nev] become indep5d5t unless ! spiritual _w is indep5d5t4 ,only ! pres5ce ( ?is spiritual _w makes x possible = culture1 at ! level at :i* x is g5]ally f\nd1 to be te/$ by a transc5d5t /&>d to see h[ mu* spiritual sub/ance1 h[ mu* cont5t & value1 x conta9s4 ,?is te/ w prove t we possess f> less spirituality ?an we ?9k2 & t ! mo/ ( :at is call$ culture is no m ?an ! semblance ( culture1 no m ?an imag9ation & presumption4 ,b at ! same "t we recognise & ga9 9 ! little spirituality t rema9s to u incomp>ably m2 we w9 ! pres5ce ( a new _w1 & by ?is1 dep? ( life & ! possibility ( an inn] r5ewal4 ,our life w\ld be indescribably %all[ if x 7 to pass on "o level & 7 to be exhau/$ 9 ! exp]i5ces at t level4 ,! ackn[l$gm5t ( an indep5d5t spiritual life saves u f ?is %all[ness1 9 t x %[s an inn] gradation )9 our own prov9ce & sets life z a :ole a task4 ,if ! ackn[l$gm5t ( a spiritual _w1 inw>dly pres5t to u1 gives to culture a di/9ctive "*1 ?is "* receives a fur!r modification f ! p>ticul> mann] 9 :i* ! spiritual life makes its appe>ance & becomes e/abli%$ )9 our exi/5ce2 at ! same "t1 f ?is position !re is also ! possibility ( diff]5t sides & tasks )9 an all-compreh5sive "w ( culture4 ,( special significance 9 ref]5ce to ?is modification is ! circum/ance t ! spiritual life does n possess man z a natural fact1 does n op]ate )9 him ) complete p[] & sure direction f ! beg9n+1 b is pres5t to him at fir/ only z a possibility1 & z a transc5d5ce ( ! g5]al condition ( ?+s4 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 al?\gh ! spiritual belongs to our nature1 x is n s mu* giv5 to u z set z a task2 = its realisation x ne$s our own att5tion & appropriation2 all developm5t ( ! spiritual life )9 u1 !re=e1 involves our own activity & s receives an e?ical "*4 ,! spiritual life also has su* an e?ical "* because1 transc5d+ our orig9al condition1 x mu/ be convey$ to u1 & mu/ be ma9ta9$ by an imp>t+ & an activity4 ,9 ! spiritual life we f9d ourselves 9 a sph]e ( activity & ( fre$om 9 contra/ ) t ( nature2 9 ?is way our life becomes our "w1 our own life 9 a mu* m real s5se4 ,we see ?is 9 ! case ( ! fundam5tal =m ( ! spiritual life t is call$ p]sonality4 ,we m5 are by no means p]sonalities f ! beg9n+2 b we be> )9 u simply ! pot5tiality ( becom+ a p]sonality4 ,:e!r we %all realise our p]sonality is decid$ by our own "w2 x dep5ds prim>ily ^u ! ext5t to :i* we succe$ 9 /riv+ beyond ! giv5 exi/5ce to a /ate ( self-det]m9+ activity4 ,! fact t we ?us take "p 9 ! =mation ( our own be+ proves t we are citiz5s ( a new _w--a _w o!r ?an nature--& %[s t we are incomp>ably m ?an we c\ld become simply z p>ts ( nature4 ,nei!r philosophy nor religion w conv9ce "o :o1 at ?is po9t1 does n recognise an elevation to a high] p[]1 inde$ a trans=mation ( exi/5ce4 ,b "o :o recognises ?is w desire su* a trans=mation & su* an elevation ( culture also2 he w n come to an easy compromise ) ! giv5 condition ( ?+s & draw ! greate/ possible am\nt ( pleasure f ?is condition2 b he w set culture an objective ideal2 ar\se x f ! prevail+ /ate ( indol5ce2 fully ackn[l$ge ! anti!ses ( exp]i5ce1 & w be provok$ r to make fur!r ex]tions ?an dispos$ to ab&on himself to ^! anti!ses4 ,life f9ds its ma9 problem 9 itself1 solely 9 ! developm5t ( an e?ical "*1 & atta9s to complete indep5d5ce & a transc5d5ce ( nature only :5 ! spiritual takes prec$5ce4 ,e culture t does n treat ! e?ical task1 9 ! wide/ s5se1 z ! mo/ important ( tasks & ! "o t decides all1 s9ks inevitably to a semblance ( culture1 a half-culture1 inde$ a com$y4 ,! /hetic sy/em1 ) its trans=mation ( life into play & pleasure1 ) its beautiful language & its spiritual pov]ty1 is su* a life4 ,to-day1 !re=e1 we c revive & /r5g!n culture only by e/abli%+ su* an e?ical conviction4 ,only a culture ( an e?ical "* c develop an indep5d5t & positive spirituality2 only su* a culture c free ! impulse ( life f be+ direct$ simply to natural self-pres]vation1 & 9 do+ ?is n make ! impulse weak]1 b /rong]4 ,9 no?+ h m9ds be5 m divid$ & 9 no?+ w !y become m divid$ ?an ) reg>d to ! "q :e!r1 aft] ! p]ception ( ! inadequacy ( m]e nature & society1 a new _w reveals itself to !m1 or :e!r ?is negation is ! ultimate conclusion2 ! =m] w be possible only ?r\gh t :i* we call e?ical4 ,! conception t we h "h pres5t$ ( ! spiritual life & ( its relation to man also makes x = ! fir/ "t possible to und]/& & ackn[l$ge ! manifold & oppos+ elem5ts 9 our "t )\t fall+ into a %all[ eclecticism4 ,realism advances 9 p[]1 & ,idealism seems to be endang]$ 9 respect n only ( its =m b also ( its inn]mo/ nature4 ,idealism is inde$ 9 dang] s long z ! spiritual life has n atta9$ to indep5d5ce 9 relation to man2 =1 s long z ! spiritual life is reg>d$ z a production ( man ! k ( man's relation to nature & 8 animal orig9 mu/ lead to a s]i\s pro/ration1 to a complete dissolution ( ,idealism4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is e/abli%$ t ) ! spiritual life a new ord] transc5d+ ! p[] ( man makes its appe>ance )9 him1 !n ! recognition ( human incapacity becomes a direct witness to ! indep5d5ce ( ! spiritual life4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 cease to treat spiritual developm5ts1 su* z religion1 art1 morality1 z ! natural attributes ( all call$ m54 ,man's natural "* simply (f]s t5d5cies & relations :i* c f9d a spiritual "* only by ! revelation ( a spiritual _w4 ,! decisive po9t ( transition is n betwe5 man & animal1 b betwe5 nature & _s4 ,b ev5 :]e culture is suppos$ to be at its highe/1 human exi/5ce is = ! mo/ "p at ! level ( nature--& is only embelli%$ 9 "s degree4 ,9 ,idealism a religi\s %ap+ ( life is to be di/+ui%$ f an imman5t %ap+ ( life by spiritual creation1 especially 9 art & sci5ce4 ,! dem& = a univ]sal spiritual sy/em involves ! rejection ( ! specific religi\s sy/em z be+ 9 _m ways too n>r[ & op5 to ho/ile criticism2 ?is univ]sal sy/em1 h[ev]1 z x is pres5t$ :5 ! spiritual life is ackn[l$g$ to be indep5d5t1 is closely relat$ to religion4 ,n only is all spirituality )9 u dep5d5t ^u a univ]sal spiritual life1 b ?is spiritual life )9 u always pres5ts itself z some?+ transc5d5t & is n co9cid5t ) our life4 ,?is religi\s "* mu/ be ! m cle>ly emphasis$ ! great] ! toil ) :i* ! spiritual life mu/ def5d itself f a _w app>5tly ali5 & ho/ile4 ,imman5t ,idealism1 fill+ life z x does ?r\gh art & sci5ce1 _c possibly be ! :ole & conclusive--= ?is reason at lea/1 t x has too little ) :i* to c\nt]act ! p]plexities ( spiritual & ( mat]ial life1 & because x conc5trates life too little )9 itself4 ,b a sci5tific "* is indisp5sable to a univ]sal spiritual culture1 9 ord] t life may n pass 9 subjective feel+ & pres5tation1 & t life may h an objective "*1 & be l$ to ! cle>ness ( a univ]sal consci\sness4 ,an /hetic =m & creative activity p]ta9 also to ?is life2 =1 o!rwise1 no repres5tation ( reality z a :ole c\ld be obta9$ f ! confus$ impressions ( imm$iate exp]i5ce2 ! spiritual c\ld atta9 to no cle> pres5t1 & c\ld n p]meate reality ) ennobl+ p[]1 & *ange all t is de=m$ & indiff]5t to x 9 ! orig9al condition ( ?+s4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( spiritual culture ! movem5ts 9 ! direction ( ,realism also may be reg>d$ z ( value1 if only !y d n desire to dom9ate life & to impress _! =m directly ^u x4 ,! t5d5cy to place a l[ e/imate ^u ! natural & mat]ial conditions ( life & ( human social relation%ip has ev]y:]e rev5g$ itself ^u ! spiritual life1 s9ce x has all[$ t life to fall into a /ate ( weakness & effem9acy1 & prev5t$ x f realis+ its full p[] & /r5g?4 ,! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! multiplicity ( tasks t are involv$ 9 all ! dep>tm5ts mu/ be a s\rce ( great dang] to life1 if e dep>tm5t ( human exp]i5ce does n s]ve ! developm5t ( an indep5d5t spiritual life4 ,! m p[] ! spiritual life acquires1 ! m securely w x t5d to prev5t division4 ,nev]!less1 ev]y?+ is 9 a /ate ( movem5t2 man mu/ fir/ w9 a coh]5t "* = 8 life4 ,b x is already a great ga9 t we are n def5celess 9 face ( ! anti!ses )9 ! human sph]e1 t ! pres5ce ( an indep5d5t spiritual life elevates u inw>dly above !m & only all[s an inn] unity to take up a conflict4 ,we may also briefly consid] h[ ! conception ( ! spiritual life z a com+ ( reality to itself1 z a =mation & developm5t ( be+1 mu/ t5d to deep5 & /r5g!n ! "w ( culture4 ,h[ mu* m ?is "w mu/ become to u1 h[ mu* m indisp5sable mu/ x be1 if x is n simply a matt] ( giv+ an exi/5t mat]ial a new =m1 ( ar\s+ dormant p[]s1 b if 9 x we fir/ advance f a life t is only a half-life & a life ( pret5ce to a real & g5u9e life2 if we /ruggle n = "o ?+ or ano!r )9 exi/5ce1 b = our be+ z a :ole6 ,if once life is awak5$ to reflect ^u itself1 & if at ! same "t x makes a claim to self-consci\sness & a cont5t1 x _c d\bt ! pov]ty ( ! life ( m]e nature & j z little t ( ! life ( m]e society2 9 ! =m]1 z 9 ! latt]1 !re are only sugge/ions ( a g5u9e life1 only possibilities1 mo/ ( :i* d n come to be realis$4 ,n suff]+1 b spiritual de/itution is man's wor/ enemy4 ,f ?is position ! outlook ( ! life ( ! majority c be only a cl\dy "o1 its value only mean4 ,if we ab/ract f ! exp]i5ce ( man t :i* is due to ! necessity ( self-pres]vation & to social tra9+1 h[ mu* inn] movem5t1 h[ mu* life ( 8 own1 h[ mu* t is spiritual rema9s 9 him6 ,h[ _m dead s\ls !re are 9 all classes ( society2 h[ _m :o1 all[+ _! p[]s to lie dormant1 drift ab\t aimlessly6 ,nev]!less o!r possibilities exi/ 9 man1 & ev5 if !y are n positively develop$1 /ill !y prev5t him f feel+ satisfi$ 9 t /ate ( spiritual pov]ty1 & always keep him 9 an insecure /ate ( susp5sion4 ,! less we ?9k ( ! imm$iate welf>e & capacity ( man1 ! m w ! spiritual life transc5d u & ! m urg5t w ! task ( ! spiritual life become--to pres]ve to human exi/5ce 9 ! mid/ ( all ext]nality & pret5ce "s k9d ( sub/ance & "s k9d ( s\l4 ,h[ev]1 we h already occupi$ ourselves ) ! "q ( ! nature & significance ( tru? & reality 9 ! spiritual life4 7b7 ,,! ,,organisation ,,( ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,culture ,a problem f :i* no sy/em ( life c escape is t ( ! organisation ( culture1 ! "q h[ ! "w ( culture c be divid$ into diff]5t dep>tm5ts & at ! same "t pres]ve a unity4 ,to-day we are 9 a /ate ( great p]plexity 9 ?is matt]2 an old solution has become unt5able1 & a new "o has n yet be5 f\nd4 ,! ,middle ,ages h&$ d[n to u a sy/em ( culture t may be describ$ z a hi]>*y1 9 ! wide/ s5se ( t t]m4 ,! multiplicity ( life 0 unit$ into a :ole2 b ?is :ole 0 dom9at$ by di/9ctive religi\s & philosophic convictions1 :i* assign$ to ea* individual dep>tm5t its place 9 ! :ole & set x its task2 ^! dep>tm5ts atta9$ to a complete indep5d5ce z little z t sy/em _h an indep5d5ce = individual =ms4 ,! ,mod]n ,age has evolv$ & has realis$ a sy/em ( fre$om 9 increas+ opposition to ! e>li] sy/em4 ,h[ ?is ev]y:]e effects an emancipation is demon/rat$ by our problem ( ! increas+ developm5t to indep5d5ce by ! individual dep>tm5ts ( life4 ,! /ate & society1 sci5ce & art1 f9d _! tasks m & m )9 !mselves1 9 _! own developm5t2 !y eng5d] di/9ctive laws & me?ods ( _! own2 !y seem to be able to rea* _! aims ( _! own capacity4 ,ef=t is direct$ m & m into individual dep>tm5ts1 & !re is a feel+ ( complete satisfaction 9 ?is t5d5cy4 ,our life has ga9$ imm5sely 9 compreh5siv5ess & bread? by ! transition to ?is mod]n sy/em3 x comes m closely into t\* ) ! realm ( fact2 x produces a great] div]sity ( movem5t1 s9ce ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts h _! own />t+-po9ts1 ent] ^u di/9ctive pa?s1 & direct _! p[]s into ^! pa?s4 ,! atta9m5t ( indep5d5ce by ! individual dep>tm5ts ( life con/itutes "o ( ! *ief ga9s ( mod]n culture1 & x _c aga9 be giv5 up4 ,b ! atta9m5t ( indep5d5ce by ! individual dep>tm5ts br+s great p]plexities ) x1 :i* make a def9ite c\nt]-movem5t necess>y4 ,at fir/ ! t5d5cies *>act]i/ic ( ! individual dep>tm5ts directly contradict "o ano!r2 inde$1 ?is is inevitable1 if !y are n sy/ematis$ 9 "s way4 ,=1 p>ticul> exp]i5ces ( human life are pres5t 9 ea* dep>tm5t3 "o feels our greatness m1 ano!r our weakness2 "o is mov$ m by ! h>mony ( exi/5ce1 ano!r m by ! anti!ses2 "o t5ds r to ex]t p[] ^u ! environm5t1 ! o!r to conc5tration 9 itself2 f ^! exp]i5ces !re mu/ orig9ate diff]5t modes ( life & diff]5t repres5tations ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is condition ( life x is impossible = ! diff]5t t5d5cies n to cross "o ano!r & to cla% toge!r2 & ?is ?reat5s to divide our life1 & to rob x ( all its inn] unity4 ,a glance at ! condition ( life 9 ! pres5t is suffici5t to conv9ce u t su* dang]s are m ?an fancies4 ,to ! difficulty 9 respect ( ! relations ( ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts among !mselves1 we mu/ add ano!r1 if any?+ great]1 9 respect ( ! relation ( ea* dep>tm5t to life z a :ole4 ,to be well organis$ ea* dep>tm5t ne$s a co-op]ation ( =m & cont5t1 ( ! te*nical & ! p]sonal2 ! =m] gives ! dep>tm5t its p>ticul> nature2 = ! latt] a relation ) life z a :ole is necess>y4 ,! "w ( sci5ce1 = example1 foll[s c]ta9 =ms ( ?\ght1 :i* x evolves f itself1 & :i* are equally valid = all times & p>ties4 ,b ev5 ! mo/ consci5ti\s foll[+ ( ^! laws does n give to sci5ce a cont5t & a "*2 sci5ce c acquire ^! only 9 relation ) a movem5t ( life z a :ole1 :i*1 9 its /riv+ f :ole to :ole1 takes up ! exp]i5ces ( humanity & unites !m into a :ole4 ,only 9 ?is way does sci5ce1 f be+ simply an arrangem5t & accumulation1 become k1 an inn] appropriation ( ?+s4 ,if 9 accordance ) ?is ! individual dep>tm5ts are deta*$ m & m f life z a :ole1 & are made dep5d5t solely ^u _! own capacity1 x c h>dly be o!rwise ?an t 9 ! mid/ ( all p]fection 9 execution !y lose m & m all spiritual cont5t & all def9ite "*4 ,at ! same "t1 x may soon foll[ t ! effect ^u humanity z a :ole w become subsidi>y & a matt] ( indiff]5ce2 ! individual dep>tm5ts w become exclusively a matt] ( a circle ( speciali/s1 & /rive = an effect )9 ?is circle only4 ,9 ?is way an art arises :i*1 9 ! arti/1 =gets ! man1 & :i* does n s mu* convey new cont5t to human life1 or help ! "t to atta9 to a *>act]i/ic feel+ ( life1 & elevate x above ! mean+lessness & ! confusion ( commonplace ev]yday exp]i5ce1 b :i* is = ! mo/ "p m9dful ( ref9em5t 9 execution1 & s1 easily deg5]ates into ! complicat$ & ! virtuoso4 ,9 ! case ( sci5ce we f9d ! same ?+4 ,x may1 ?r\gh exagg]at+ ! indep5d5ce necess>y to x1 assume an air ( pr\d self-satisfaction1 &1 by deta*m5t f ! movem5t ( life z a :ole1 t :i* is its ma9 conc]n1 namely1 k1 may suff]4 ,= x soon t5ds to become m]e erudition1 :i* treats problems z some?+ half-ali51 ga9s no inn] relation to ?+s1 does n und]/& h[ to animate reality1 inde$ ev5 rejects1 z unsci5tific1 all /riv+ aft] su* animation4 ,?is t5d5cy produces1 to use an expression ( ,hegel's1 excell5t c\nt]-s]v]s1 :o d n look aft] bus9ess ( _! own1 b only t ( o!rs4 ,no p are m ?reat5$ by ! dang] ( ?is t5d5cy ?an we ,g]mans2 m especially because ! t5d5cy is closely relat$ ) a mo/ advantage\s quality ( our nature--will+ subord9ation to ! object1 fidelity to & consci5ti\sness 9 our "w4 ,b s9ce we foll[ ?is "o t5d5cy1 aspects & t5d5cies :i* are absolutely necess>y to a complete life /agnate & decay4 ,we d n suffici5tly develop a p]sonal life indep5d5t ( ! object2 we d n encompass & trans=m x f its v base by a transc5d5t life-process2 & s we are occupi$ too mu* ) ! mat]ial1 & d n completely spiritualise x2 we d n br+ into relief simple l9es 9 ! inf9ite abundance1 :i* we require & mu/ ma9ta9 complete4 ,h[ _m excell5t s*ol>s our "t possesses1 :o are equipp$ ) an a/oni%+ capacity = "w1 :o are ma/]s ( ev5 ! mo/ complicat$ te*nical matt]s1 & yet h[ few spiritual types !re are among !m2 h[ few :o h any?+ to say to humanity1 & :o w ex]t _! influ5ce 9 ?is way beyond ! pres5t6 ,! hi/ory ( ,g]man =mative art also indicates a pa9ful div]g5ce betwe5 ! am\nt ( untir+ "w & ! c>efulness ( execution1 & ! creation ( simple & pure =ms t w\ld increase ! spiritual possessions ( humanity1 & be p]man5t factors 9 its movem5t4 ,h[ev]1 ! trait is root$ f> too deeply 9 our be+ = ev5 ! mo/ det]m9$ resolution to be able directly to a*ieve mu* to c\nt]act x4 ,nev]!less1 x is n a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r we give ourselves complac5tly up to ?is "o-sid$ness1 & =tify ourselves pr\dly 9 x2 or :e!r we oppose x to ! be/ ( our ability4 ,we f9d ourselves !re=e 9 ! pres5t 9 a difficult situation ) reg>d to ! organisation ( culture4 ,to give up ! indep5d5ce ( ! individual dep>tm5ts1 or ev5 only to limit x 9 any way1 w\ld be an enorm\s & impossible retrogression2 on ! o!r h&1 "s k9d ( inn] unity ( life mu/ be obta9$4 ,a transc5d5ce ( ! anti!sis mu/1 !re=e1 be s\ght2 & ?is ne$s a di/9ctive /ructure ( life4 ,! spiritual life (f]s su* a /ructure 9 s f> z x con/itutes ! developm5t ( be+4 ,= we saw h[ indep5d5t c5tres & *>act]i/ic movem5ts arise 9 an all-compreh5sive life4 ,betwe5 ^! movem5ts !re may be manifold relations & anti!ses1 b !y are )9 a vital :ole & ) _! exp]i5ces c aid its fur!r developm5t4 ,view+ ! dep>tm5ts ( life f ?is position1 x w be necess>y to %[ t ea* individual dep>tm5t has a root 9 life z a :ole & a significance = ?is life2 only ?us c ! p[] ( ?is :ole life be ex]t$ 9 ! individual dep>tm5ts1 & p5etrate !m4 ,b ! dep>tm5t does n receive its =m simply f ! :ole by way ( d]ivation2 b x c take up & treat ! problem indep5d5tly1 & ) its own means2 t :i* exi/s 9 ! :ole z an affirmation may be only a "q & a sugge/ion 9 ! individual dep>tm5t4 ,yet ?is is 9 no way )\t value3 =1 nev]!less1 x leads u beyond ! indef9it5ess ( ! orig9al condition1 & guides ef=t 9 circumscrib$ pa?s4 ,:at gives "w 9 ! individual dep>tm5ts special significance & int5sity is ! fact t !y take up ! problem ( ! :ole 9 a p>ticul> sph]e1 & c treat t problem 9 a *>act]i/ic mann]2 t !y are n m]e aids & assi/ants1 b indep5d5t co-op]ators4 ,9 ?is connection x is ( especial importance t ! spiritual life is n conf]r$ ^u man 9 a f9i%$ =m2 b t )9 him x mu/ fir/ be work$ t[>ds ) great toil & ?r\gh d\bt & error1 f indef9ite outl9es to m detail$ developm5t4 ,x is obvi\s t ! =m ( ! :ole w ev] be que/ionable2 & t ! individual dep>tm5ts mu/ co-op]ate 9 ! exam9ation & ju/ification ( ! =ms propos$4 ,inde$1 x is j ! m>k ( great a*ievem5ts 9 ! individual dep>tm5ts t1 :ile !y trans=m _! own sph]e1 !y at ! same "t develop ! :ole4 ,x is ?is t di/+ui%es ,leibniz f ,wolff1 & ,kant f ,h]b>t4 ,su* an organisation gives to life a movem5t 9 two directions3 x mu/ be conduct$ f :ole to "p1 & f "p to :ole4 ,! individual dep>tm5ts mu/ be develop$ f> en\gh to reveal _! p>ticul>ity & to produce a *>act]i/ic t5d5cy ( _! own2 b !y mu/ rema9 )9 a :ole1 to receive f x & to lead back to x4 ,! relations betwe5 ! individual dep>tm5ts w be di/9ctive 9 su* a sy/em2 ! influ5ce ( "o ^u ano!r w be )\t suspicion1 & advantage\s1 only :5 x is ex]t$ ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! :ole2 :ile di/urbances are inevitable1 :5 "o conveys imm$iate exp]i5ces to ano!r & imposes its nature ^u ano!r4 ,x 0 necess>y1 = example1 to reject ! e>li] encroa*m5ts ( religion ^u o!r dep>tm5ts ( life2 art1 too1 (t5 f\nd x necess>y to resi/ ! t5d5cy to subord9ate x to morality2 & to-day !re is a /rong incl9ation to %ape e dep>tm5t ( life 9 accordance ) ! in/ructions ( natural sci5ce4 ,yet al?\gh su* encroa*m5ts mu/ be reject$1 & ! indep5d5ce ( ea* 9 relation to ! o!rs pres]v$1 ! *anges t are effect$ 9 "o dep>tm5t are by no means indiff]5t & lo/ to ! o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,=1 if ?r\gh ^! *anges life z a :ole is develop$1 !n ! effect ( ! *ange mu/ ext5d to ! o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,9 ?is mann] ( m$iation religion has ex]cis$ a /rong influ5ce ^u ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( life2 & 9 ?is s5se1 to-day1 an influ5ce ( natural sci5ce ^u ! :ole circle ( exi/5ce w be readily ackn[l$g$4 ,b ?is does n involve a limitation or an enslav+ ( o!r dep>tm5ts1 because ! *ange 9 life z a :ole mu/ n[ be asc]ta9$ fir/2 &1 besides1 ea* individual dep>tm5t mu/ te/ by its own exp]i5ces ! sugge/ion com+ f ! :ole4 ,:5 we take all ^! facts into consid]ation we see t ! organisation ( culture is a difficult problem & t our organisation is un/able4 ,9 culture1 diff]5t t5d5cies w cross "o ano!r2 anti!ses _c be avoid$1 & collisions w n be lack+4 ,b t :i* life loses 9 complet5ess & exclusiv5ess1 x ga9s 9 weal? & movem5t2 & division ne$ n be a cause ( anxiety s long z a p[]ful spiritual life embraces & unifies ! multiplicity4 ,)\t su* a c\nt]action by ! spiritual life we mu/ drift t[>ds ev] great] specialisation2 &1 ) ?is1 we %\ld n only see life become m & m dis9tegrat$1 b we %\ld also become less & less spiritual1 & be trans=m$ into a s\lless me*anism4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,individual ,,dep>tm5ts ,prelim9>y ,consid]ations ,be=e we proce$ to discuss ! individual dep>tm5ts ( life we may briefly consid] ! common task t is impos$ ^u !m all by ! di/9ctive condition ( ! "t3 !y mu/ become indep5d5t 9 relation to ! e>li] z well z to ! m mod]n conceptions ( !m1 &1 if necess>y1 take up a conflict aga9/ bo?4 ,! c\rse ( our inve/igation c h left no d\bt ) reg>d to ! /ate ( pro/ration ( ! old] =ms ( life3 ! unc]ta9ty affects ! :ole & ! fundam5tal pr9ciples mu* m ?an x has ev] done be=e4 ,=m]ly ! /ruggle 0 conc]n$ r ) individual dep>tm5ts or individual t5d5cies ( life2 x 0 c>ri$ on m 9 ref]5ce to ! conception & mean+ ( fundam5tal tru?s ?an ) reg>d to ! validity ( ^? tru?s !mselves4 ,! passionate /ruggles ( ! p]iod ( ! ,re=mation left ! fundam5tals ( ,*ri/ianity unt\*$2 9 a simil> mann] ! lat] attacks ^u ecclesia/ical religion usually _h a basis ( firm fai? 9 morality1 & d]iv$ _! p[] m especially f x4 ,to-day ! au?ority ( morality is j z s]i\sly %ak5 z t ( religion2 & ! conception ( tru? is itself 9 ! same condition ( unc]ta9ty4 ,9 ?is condition ( ?+s an appeal to hi/ory _c be employ$ z pro( ( any position2 a pat*work ( our own & ( some?+ ali5 gives u /ill less a position above p]plexity3 !re is no o!r way ?an to take up ! problem ) ! means ( ! pres5t itself4 ,= ?is ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! indep5d5ce ( ! spiritual life =ms a fit f\ndation4 ,! spiritual life is n dep5d5t ^u & fix$ to p>ticul> temporal conditions2 ev] anew x c break =? spontane\sly1 & f ! p>ticul>ity ( ! "t advance to et]nal tru?s4 ,x is to u a s\rce ( joy t a "t has come aga9 :5 we ne$ n foll[ o!r pa?s1 b mu/ g our own2 :5 no?+ c b9d u b t :i* has be5 approv$ by our own be+ & our own conviction4 ,x is n necess>y = a "t su* z ?is to take up an attitude ( ho/ility t[>ds ! :ole pa/2 r--& especially :5 x ?9ks wor?ily ( itself--x w seek a fri5dly relation%ip ) hi/ory4 ,b ?is is possible only :5 ! pres5t has atta9$ complete indep5d5ce1 & only f ?is indep5d5t position2 only :5 an et]nal cont5t is reveal$ 9 t :i* hi/ory conveys to u4 ,9 opposition to submission to au?ority su* a "t makes a dem& = unlimit$ fre$om & complete spontaneity2 su* fre$om & spontaneity are ess5tial if life is aga9 to f9d ! tru?fulness & ! inn] p[] t we s pa9fully miss4 ,su* a requirem5t ( life & ?\ght aris+ out ( ! imm$iate pres5t may easily lead u to sep>ate f ^? to :om ! crisis does n seem s s]i\s1 & :o believe t x is possible to trans=m ! old 9 a quiet & inho/ile mann] into ! new4 ,! conflict w be f> m acute ) ^? :o1 ) u1 make ! dem& = an indep5d5t pres5t2 b :o1 by ! conceptions ( an indep5d5t pres5t1 fre$om & spontaneity1 und]/& some?+ totally diff]5t f t :i* we ourselves und]/& by !m f ! po9t ( view ( an indep5d5t spiritual life4 ,9 all times ( spiritual revival ! fre$om & imm$iacy :i* ! spiritual life ne$s = itself h be5 usurp$ by m]e man z ?\gh !y 7 a "r p]ta9+ to him3 & !n x appe>s t only ! complete emancipation ( individuals1 a sev]ance ( all connections1 unconditional submission to ! pass+ mom5t1 are necess>y 9 ord] to lead life to tru? & greatness1 & man to a glori\s /ate ( happ9ess4 ,su* a movem5t _c spread )\t mak+ ! anti!ses ( life appe> less acute1 conceal+ its problems & its dep?s1 & falsely idealis+ man ) all ! cont+5cy ( 8 exp]i5ce3 ) all ! bu/le ( its prep>ation & all its agitation ! movem5t mu/ t]m9ate 9 a /ate ( spiritual de/itution2 x ?reat5s life ) inn] de/ruction4 ,) a mod]nity ( ?is k9d we h no?+ 9 common4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 ) all our p[]1 wage w> aga9/ ! n>r[ly human & imag9>y fre$om on behalf ( "o t is g5u9e & spiritual3 ?is conflict is exceptionally complicat$ & difficult1 because real life does n make su* a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! g5u9e & ! false z ! conceptions d1 b r all[s !m to be confus$4 ,= ?is reason ! conflict w be c>ri$ on n only on ! "r h& & on ! left1 b also aga9/ ! confusion t obscures ! great ei!r--or1 )\t ! di/9ct pres5ce ( :i* a spontane\s life does n acquire p[] & consci\sness4 ,a way mu/ be f\nd by :i*1 not)/&+ manifold dang]s & complications1 we may advance to a life t comb9es dep? ) fre$om1 /ability ) movem5t3 ?is is an inn] necessity ( ! age1 & once x is recognis$ & tak5 up z su*1 x w 9 "s way be realis$4 7a7 ,,religion1 ,,morality1 ,,education #a4 ,,religion ,9 no sph]e ( life is !re m inn] division & unc]ta9ty at ! pres5t "t ?an 9 t ( religion4 ,to "o1 ! rejection ( all religion seems to be indisp5sable to ! s9c]ity ( life & to ! atta9m5t ( heal?y conditions1 because1 z a p]nici\s legacy f pa/ ages1 x oppresses our life1 confuses our ?\ght1 p>alyses our p[] ( activity1 & provokes m5 to ! greate/ hatr$ ( "o ano!r4 ,to ano!r1 on ! contr>y1 religion seems to be ! only firm support 9 face ( ! ne$s & confusions ( ! age--! only ?+ t inw>dly unites m5 & elevates ea* individual above himself1 ! only ?+ t reveals a dep? 9 life & all[s life to %>e 9 ! inf9ite & ! et]nal4 ,! adh]5ts to ea* ( ^! views %[ ! greate/ e>ne/ness & zeal2 we _c treat ! negation lightly & dispose ( x ) ! conv5i5t cat*word unbelief1 if only = ! reason t on ! "p ( _m ?is negative attitude is due to a s9c]e anxiety = ! tru?fulness ( life4 ,to rise above ?is conflict 9 reg>d to religion we mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 e/imate ! po9ts at issue imp>tially2 & no?+ else is m call$ ^u to d ?is ?an philosophy4 ,philosophy w n make light ( ! pro/ration ( religion2 = a survey ( hi/ory %[s t ! /ate ( life has und]gone a complete *ange s9ce ! epo* :5 religion ex]cis$ an undisput$ supremacy4 ,at t "t ! _w & human life receiv$ all mean+ & value f _! relation to an invisible & sup]natural ord]4 ,! c\rse ( ! ,mod]n ,age has made ! _w t surr\nds u ev] m significant1 & s9ce man has direct$ 8 activity ^u ?is _w1 ! _w ( fai? has be5 all[$ to rec$e m & m4 ,! movem5t t l$ to our pres5t position atta9$ increas+ p[] & consci\sness ?r\gh ?ree /ages3 at ! height ( ! ,r5aissance ! div9e 0 rev]$ less 9 its _w-transc5d5t sov]eignty ?an 9 its _w-p]vad+ op]ation2 !n1 ! ,pan!ism ( a speculative & /hetic culture associat$ ! _w & ,god toge!r 9 "o reality2 f9ally1 9 ! inve/igation ( inimitable nature & ! =mation ( political & social relations ! _w ( s5se gives man s mu* to d1 fett]s 8 p[] s mu*1 & gives him at ! same "t su* a pr\d consci\sness ( ?is p[]1 t ! conception ( a transc5d5t _w fades entirely2 & an ,agno/icism t rejects z sup]flu\s & unfruitful all reflection ^u & c>e conc]n+ su* a _w ga9s gr\nd4 ,?is *ange 9 ! direction & 9 ! disposition ( life mu/ itself h =c$ religion m or less out ( ! field ( our att5tion4 ,b x is fraught ) f> m dang]s to religion t ! "w ( ! ,mod]n ,age 9 all its ma9 t5d5cies is direct$ aga9/ ! pr9ciples ( ! life ^u :i* ! developm5t ( religion re/s4 ,mod]n natural sci5ce has dispossess$ man ( ! c5tral position t he =m]ly attribut$ to himself1 & has depriv$ nature ( its s\l4 ,! mod]n sci5ce ( hi/ory1 ) its demon/ration ( ceaseless *ange 9 all t is human1 has und]m9$ ! fai? 9 an absolute tru?4 ,at ! same "t1 ) reg>d to ! beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity1 !re is a wide div]g5ce betwe5 ! traditional conception ( fai? & ! new conception obta9$ by hi/orical rese>*4 ,! t5d5cy ( mod]n culture has be5 to make ! increas+ ( p[]1 9 "w ^u ?+s & 9 _! control1 ! highe/ ideal2 f ! po9t ( view ( ?is ideal ( imp]sonal p[]1 ! _w ( pure inw>dness1 ! home ( ,*ri/ianity1 has be5 able to appe> to be simply a subjective & subsidi>y accompanim5t ( ! life-process4 ,he :o e/imates rightly ! fact t all ^! t5d5cies ( mod]n life "w toge!r & /r5g!n "o ano!r _c fail to recognise t !y =ce religion f ! c5tre ( life to its circumf]5ce1 & trans=m x f an impregnable fact into a difficult problem2 !y de/roy t self-evid5ce ( religion :i* previ\sly made life secure & calm4 ,if1 h[ev]1 religion no long] spr+s up 9 ! consci\sness ( contempor>ies f a necessity ( _! own life1 x is n difficult to und]/& t ! complications ( ! problem are too great = _m ( !m2 t ! burd5 ( obsolete =ms ov]-balances ! p[] ( _! own impulse1 & ?us1 by a sudd5 revolution1 to reject x seems ! only way to save tru?4 ,!n religion seems to be only a delusion t arose 9 a pa/ age--a delusion simil> to a/rology & al*emy2 "o :i*1 9 face ( gr[+ enlight5m5t1 mu/ ultimately be completely dispell$4 ,b if ! philosophic treatm5t und]/&s ! negation rightly1 x c only w>n u aga9/ be+ ha/y 9 our acceptance ( x4 ,to be sure1 q ap>t f all ! caprice & purpose ( man1 ! condition ( life has become v mu* *ang$2 b x 0 less ! /ate ( affairs itself t p]mitt$ ! *anges to cla% s irreconcilably ) religion ?an ! int]pretation :i* x receiv$ & ! exclusiv5ess :i* 0 attribut$ to x4 ,! decision 9 ?is matt] has dep5d$ 9 p>ticul> ^u :at is call$ ! _s ( ! age1 :i* is (t5 no?+ m ?an ! incl9ation & disposition ( man2 su* incl9ation1 z hi/ory %[s1 may *ange into ! direct opposite2 x does n =m a sure t\*/one ( tru?4 ,^! consid]ations1 inde$1 d n make mu* headway 9 opposition to ! /orm & /ress ( ! movem5ts ( ! age3 t :i* op]ates f> m /rongly 9 fav\r ( religion is ! exp]i5ce & ! feel+ t ! attempt$ negation ( religion by no means easily & directly solves ! problem ( life2 &1 fur!r1 t along ) religion mu* becomes unt5able to :i* ev5 ! mod]n man _c lightly r5\nce all claim4 ,:atev] !re may be 9 religion1 x has br\ght man into union ) ! deepe/ basis ( reality1 & at ! same "t reveal$ to him a life ( pure inw>dness3 x has set a task = life z a :ole & has giv5 to life a mean+ & a value2 x has c\nt]act$ ! l[] impulses & ! egoism ( m]e self-pres]vation2 & has organis$ humanity spiritually4 ,^! aims h h>dly become sup]flu\s & wor?less3 ev5 )\t religion1 & aft] ab&on+ its pr9ciples1 x w\ld be necess>y to accompli% ^! aims 9 o!r ways4 ,x is 9 ! attempts at recon/ruction t ! futility ( ! negation ( religion becomes pa9fully evid5t4 ,phrases conc]n+ ! greatness & noble-m9d$ness ( all t be> human features2 a bl9d fai? 9 ! elevat+ p[] ( intellectual enlight5m5t or ev5 ( ext]nal organisation2 a confusion ( ?\ght :i*1 unobs]v$1 rejects & elevates its own pr9ciples1 & s ma9ta9s 9 ! conclusion t :i* x reject$ 9 ! premises2 all ^! ?+s c deceive him alone conc]n+ ! spiritual pov]ty & ! complete p[]lessness ( :at is (f]$ 9 !m1 ^: zeal 9 8 antagonism to religion has depriv$ him ( balance ( feel+ & imp>tiality ( judgm5t4 ,if x is inquir$ :at cont5t & value human life /ill reta9s aft] ! surr5d] ( all relation to ! :ole & ( all inn] relation1 x w be recognis$ t ! complete negation ( religion consi/5tly c>ri$ out mu/ lead to an appall+ convulsion ( human exi/5ce z a :ole4 ,b if su* consid]ations c\nsel u to be cauti\s 9 reg>d to ! negation ( religion1 !y d n ju/ify an adh]5ce to its traditional =m4 ,! f>-rea*+ *anges ( life t we are aw>e ( _c possibly be expla9$ away or _! significance less5$2 !y mu/ be e/imat$1 & br\ght into relation ) religion4 ,! b\nd>y betwe5 ! et]nal & ! temporal1 ! sub/ance & ! outw>d =m 9 religion1 has be5 made unc]ta9 by ^! *anges2 9 p>ticul> !y =bid philosophy to treat ! religi\s problem f ! po9t ( view ( a dogmatic confession4 ,! anti!sis betwe5 ,ca?olicism & ,prote/antism is ! (fspr+ ( an age t prec$$ ! developm5t ( mod]n culture1 ) all its deep-rea*+ revolutions4 ,! ma9 problem ( religion at ! "t :5 ! anti!sis made its appe>ance 0 diff]5tly /at$ f ! way 9 :i* we n[ /ate x4 ,= !n x 0 a "q :e!r ,*ri/ianity 0 to be =m$ f society or f p]sonality2 :ile to-day ,*ri/ianity fights = its exi/5ce z a :ole1 & mu/ def5d its fundam5tal tru?s aga9/ a "t 9 :i* activity is direct$ into o!r pa?s4 ,! pres5t anti!sis _c possibly be reg>d$ z ultimately id5tical ) ! =m] "o2 & x is = ?is reason impossible to take up ! pres5t conflict conc]n+ religion "u ! bann] ( a p>ticul> dogmatic confession4 ,su* an ante-dat+ ( ! conflict also has ! disadvantage t x prev5ts ! great anti!ses :i* are involv$ to-day bo? 9 ,ca?olicism & ,prote/antism f be+ cle>ly display$4 ,two diff]5t /reams h be5 pres5t 9 ,ca?olicism f its beg9n+3 to ! "o1 ! p[] ( ! ecclesia/ical sy/em is ! ma9 ?+2 :ile to ! o!r1 on ! contr>y1 ! religi\s disposition is ( supreme importance4 ,! influ5ces ( mod]n culture h increas$ ?is diff]5ce1 bo? directly & indirectly1 &1 *iefly outside ( ,g]many1 !re are signs ( ! beg9n+ ( a /rong] movem5t t[>ds a m inw>d ,ca?olicism4 ,prote/antism c>ries )9 x an anti!sis ( ! old ecclesia/ical =m ( religion1 :i* adh]es z mu* z possible to ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & a =m trans=m$ by ! ,idealism 9 mod]n culture m into ! univ]sal1 ! free1 ! purely human1 b also n infrequ5tly into vagu5ess & sup]ficial optimism4 ,b s long z ! bitt]ness ( sect>ian prejudice div]ts ! att5tion ( m5 f ! *ief ?+1 ^! anti!ses are n cle>ly express$ & en]getically develop$4 ,!re are s]i\s contradictions involv$ 9 ^! views ( religion1 & !y _c be develop$ )\t giv+ rise to p>ties4 ,philosophy mu/ /rive ) all its en]gy to br+ x ab\t t ^! p>ties %all be =m$ 9 relation to ! pres5t situation1 & n f ! po9t ( view ( a pa/ age2 & t ! conflict %all be rais$ to a high] level1 to tru? & greatness1 by br++ itself into relation ) ! ne$s ( ! age4 ,! task ( philosophy is n limit$ to e/imat+ z imp>tially z possible ! /ate ( ?+s z we imm$iately exp]i5ce x2 t task also includes a positive treatm5t ( ! religi\s problem4 ,t :i* is *>act]i/ic 9 ! philosophy ( life advocat$ 9 ?is treatise1 ,notism1 z x might be call$1 mu/ also f9d a def9ite expression & %[ :at capacity x has1 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ?is task4 ,9 accordance ) its fundam5tal relation to hi/ory1 :i* has be5 mu* discuss$1 ,notism _c make hi/ory mo/ important1 ev5 9 religion1 & _c read into hi/ory z mu* z possible ( :at ! pres5t dem&s2 x mu/ reg>d any su* proc$ure z a weakness & a half-tru?4 ,notism mu/ insi/ ^u religion's ju/ify+ itself & e/abli%+ its reality be=e ! tribunal ( ! spiritual life3 only !n c ! tru? t exi/s 9 hi/ory & t :i*1 ?r\gh progressive diff]5tiation1 promotes ! cause ( transc5d5t tru? & br+s x ne>] to humanity z a :ole1 be elucidat$4 ,we h n = a mom5t lo/ sight ( ! fact t x is ess5tial to religion to be relat$ n to s+le individuals b to all2 & t religion c evolve no p[] )\t compell+ m5 to "s k9d ( unity4 ,n[1 = ! treatm5t ( ! religi\s problem1 ,notism (f]s fir/ a position f :i* dem&s are made compatible :i* are o!rwise directly oppos$ to "o ano!r4 ,religion is conc]n$ ) exp]i5ces :i* at "o & ! same "t mu/ possess a univ]sal "*1 belong to our own life1 & be imm$iately accessible to ea*4 ,! attempt ( speculative philosophy to e/abli% religion by d$uction f ! nature ( ! :ole has ! requir$ univ]sal "*2 b x introduces religion to ! s\l f outside1 & rema9s a m]e intellectual ga94 ,! contr>y attempt to base religion 9 ! individual s\l develop$ an inw>dness2 b ?is attempt %[s t ! s\l does n "k h[ to build up a _w & to contra/ x ) ! subject1 to pres5t ?is _w z some?+ transc5d5t2 x makes no sure progress beyond ! fluctuation & undulation ( feel+4 ,only an indep5d5t spiritual life1 inw>dly pres5t to u1 elevates u above ?is division ( subjective feel+ & a transc5d5t _w1 & inaugurates univ]sal exp]i5ces 9 our own doma94 ,h[ ) ! spiritual life new realities are manife/$2 h[ a _w-:ole :i* transc5ds human exi/5ce becomes evid5t1 has already be5 discuss$1 & x is n necess>y to make any repetition "h4 ,e ackn[l$gm5t ( an indep5d5t spiritual life is fav\rable to religion 9 s f> z ?is ackn[l$gm5t makes u cle>ly p]ceive ! inadequacy1 ! illusor9ess1 & ! vanity ( all n>r[ly human conduct & occupation1 its futility 9 matt]s bo? small & great4 ,s long z att5tion is fix$ on individual matt]s1 & s long z we may expect "s improvem5t 9 ^! 9 ! pres5t or 9 ! future1 we may n be aw>e ( ! futility ( ?is conduct2 b z soon z ! situation is grasp$ z a :ole & e/imat$ z a :ole1 su* human conduct is f\nd to be entirely inadequate1 ^! ext]nal aids are f\nd want+1 & !re rema9s only ! inexorable ei!r--or3 ei!r ! p[] ( a new _w is op]ative 9 man1 & makes him /rong outw>dly & inw>dly1 or ! :ole life ( man is spiritually lo/--"o great delusion1 "o great error4 ,if f ! po9t ( view ( ! spiritual life ! cont\r ( a new _w is acquir$1 we may turn back to hi/ory1 & ask h[ f> x indicates a movem5t :i* t5ds 9 ! direction ( su* a _w4 ,! spiritual life itself br+s a di/9ctive /&>d = ?is inquiry3 ! fundam5tal fact is n a s+le factor )9 life1 b ! exi/5ce ( a self-consci\s :ole ( life1 ( a spiritual process itself4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! spiritual life1 ! *ief ?+ 9 religions w be ! k9d ( life !y reveal2 :at !y make ( ! life-process2 h[ ?r\gh ! relation to an absolute life !y evolve ! life-process to a high] /age4 ,only s f> z !y express ?is life-process1 & n 9 !mselves1 are ! doctr9es & practices ( religion ( value4 ,if we apply ?is te/ to ! individual religions1 ,*ri/ianity di/9ctly %[s itself to be f> sup]ior to ! o!rs4 ,m ?an any ( ! o!r religions1 ,*ri/ianity fulfils ! dem&s :i* are made by ! nature ( ! spiritual life & its relation to ! _w2 & s f> z ,*ri/ianity satisfies ^! dem&s1 b n 9 its hi/orical =m z a :ole1 x may ass]t itself to be absolute4 ,if ,*ri/ianity z a religion ( r$emption requires t we %\ld te> ourselves f ! old _w & aspire to a new "o1 ?is dem& receives a di/9ctive significance by ! m detail$ conception :i* ,*ri/ianity =ms ( x4 ,z evil & t :i* is to be ov]come is reg>d$ n1 z among ! ,h9dus1 z m]e appe>ance1 b z moral guilt1 :i* disorganises ! _w1 x is n ! fundam5tal reality ( ! _w b a p>ticul> conception ( x t is reject$2 & s !re rema9s ! possibility ( life be+ giv5 a positive "*2 & 9 ?is ! ma9 ?+ is n intellectual enlight5m5t1 b radical moral r5ewal1 an elevation into a _w ( love1 grace1 & rev]5ce4 ,?is view ( ! _w makes x impossible to base life simply ^u affirmation or negation2 b affirmation & negation mu/ be pres5t )9 x1 & ?us life is giv5 an inn] compreh5siv5ess & an inn] movem5t :i* x w\ld n o!rwise possess4 ,*ri/ianity includ$ ! inn]mo/ basis ( human life 9 ?is movem5t & trans=mation1 s9ce x n only reg>d$ ! div9e z influ5c+ ! human by individual manife/ations ( its p[]1 b proclaim$ a complete union ( bo?1 & ma9ta9$ ?is ?r\gh its :ole developm5t4 ,a we>i$ & exhau/$ age may h =mulat$ ?is fundam5tal tru? 9 ! mo/ un=tunate mann] 9 ! doctr9e ( ! div9e humanity ( ,*ri/2 nev]!less1 ! effectiv5ess ( ! tru? involv$ 0 n prev5t$ by ?is4 ,only f ! p[] ( a conception ( a union ( ! div9e & ! human c religion acquire ! "* ( pure & complete inw>dness1 ( a spiritual self-consci\sness3 o!rwise ! relation ( ! div9e & ! human rema9s a m or less ext]nal "o4 ,b ?is is n ! place to trace h[ ! ,*ri/ian type ( life has be5 visibly embodi$ 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory 9 ! p]sonality & ! life ( its f\nd]1 & 9 ! common lab\rs ( c5turies1 9 :i* ! ,semitic & ,g]manic natures h be5 h>monis$1 & great peoples & p]sonalities h giv5 _! be/ to ! _w3 "h we may only rem>k fur!r t ! :ole is n a "w complet$ at "o p>ticul> po9t 9 "t1 b a cont9u\s task ( all ages2 & t1 9 ! fundam5tal life transc5d+ all m]e "t1 a fix$ /&>d is (f]$ by :i* to te/ ! a*ievem5t ( all p>ticul> ages1 & to diff]5tiate ! results ( ! "w ( hi/ory z f> z !y correspond ) ! fundam5tal "* ( religion4 ,religion mu/ ma9ta9 ! fundam5tal "* ( ! life t x advocates1 9 face ( all *ange 9 ! /ate ( culture1 j z decid$ly z = its developm5t 9 detail x rema9s dep5d5t ^u ! help ( ! "w ( culture4 ,religion 9 ! pres5t1 !re=e1 has great & difficult tasks4 ,= "o ?+1 religion mu/ en]getically ma9ta9 ! supremacy1 9 opposition to mod]n culture1 ( ! type ( life t x advocates4 ,! fact t !re are po9ts ( direct antagonism betwe5 ! religi\s type ( life & mod]n culture ought nei!r to be d5i$ nor 9 any way obscur$4 ,on ! "o h&1 we h an ideal ( a life ( ! pure inw>dness ( e?ical disposition2 on ! o!r1 ! ideal ( spiritual p[]3 9 ! =m] ! t5d5cy is to p]sonal1 9 ! latt] to imp]sonal life3 9 ! "o case !re is a positive developm5t only by a complete trans=mation2 9 ! o!r ! imm$iate impulse ( life is ! rul+ motive p[] ( ! :ole4 ,x %[s only sup]ficiality & confusion to seek an agreeable compromise betwe5 ^! anti!ses2 =1 9 tru?1 ei!r ! "o or ! o!r mu/ assume ! guidance ( ! :ole4 ,! :ole c\rse ( our inve/igation p]mits ( no d\bt z to our own attitude 9 ?is matt]4 ,b x is impossible to def5d ! supremacy ( ! type ( life advocat$ by ,*ri/ianity )\t recognis+ ! necessity t ?is type ( life mu/ be 9 a =m :i* appropriates to itself ! long exp]i5ce ( humanity & corresponds to ! pres5t /age ( spiritual evolution4 ,! *anges necessitat$ by ?is evolution are f> too great = ! traditional =m ( ,*ri/ianity to be able to express !m2 9 ord] to develop _! own p[]1 & to e/abli% !mselves triumphantly 9 opposition to a ho/ile _w1 !y mu/ acquire an indep5d5t =m = !mselves4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( *anges t are especially necess>y to ! =m ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! pres5t4 7#a7 ,! repres5tation ( ! _w f\nd 9 ! old] =m ( ,*ri/ianity has become absolutely unt5able3 9 ?is matt] we mu/ n seek weak compromises betwe5 ! old & ! new1 b )\t fe> we mu/ fully ackn[l$ge ! elem5ts ( fact t exi/ 9 ! new4 ,we _c d ?is unless we make deep *anges 9 ! way we reg>d religion2 we mu/ f9d ! c\rage & ! p[] = su* a r5ewal4 7#b7 ,! :ole movem5t ( mod]n life has made u feel t ! realities ) :i* traditional religion has to d are f> too insignificant & too n>r[2 a rigid insi/5ce ^u !m ?reat5s to involve u 9 a deg5]ation to ! n>r[ly human & subjective4 ,! conceptions ( inw>dness1 p]sonality1 & morality1 9 p>ticul>1 ne$ to be int]pret$ m compreh5sively & deeply2 ! s\l's be+ = self mu/ be bas$ ^u a self-consci\sness ( ! spiritual life4 ,religion mu/ take up ! conflict ) ! _w spiritually1 & ?r\gh ?is gr[ 9 greatness 9 its :ole effect & gov]nm5t4 7#c7 ,! old] =m ( ,*ri/ianity 0 ! product ( an exhau/$ & fa9t-spirit$ age2 h5ce its fundam5tal attitude is pr$om9antly passive & negative4 ,x %[s a /rong t5d5cy to depreciate human nature1 & to leave ! salvation ( man entirely to ,god's m]cy3 9 emphasis+ man's r$emption f evil x is apt to =get ! elevation ( 8 nature t[>d ! good4 ,! joy\sness ( ! ,*ri/ian life is insuffici5tly dwelt ^u2 & ! rais+ ( m5 f _! pro/ration & p]plexities falls %ort ( a re/oration to a free & self-det]m9+ activity4 ,:at is ne$$ is a ?or\gh-go+ recon/ruction :i* %all emphasise ! importance ( action & joy\sness 9 ,*ri/ian morality1 )\t 9 any way weak5+ ! opposition to all sy/ems ( natural morality bas$ on ! rights ( =ce4 ,9 a ^w1 ) all respect to ,*ri/ianity1 we dem& its expression 9 a new =m4 ,we require t ,*ri/ianity %all id5tify itself m def9itely ) a religion ( ! spiritual life z oppos$ to a religion :i* m]ely m9i/]s to human frailty1 & t x %all %[ great] decision 9 ca/+ (f ! antiquat$ accessories t hamp] its movem5t4 ,we ask t x %all make prom95t ^? simple & fundam5tal features ( its sy/em :i* h value = all "t1 & 9 ?is way re/ore s9c]ity & settl$ confid5ce to life4 ,we c h>dly expect t ! reunion ( man on a religi\s basis w take place all at once1 b x w\ld be a great ga9 if we c\ld only cle>ly realise :at ! oppositions are :i* /ill keep u ap>t4 ,su* insight w\ld help to *eck t ins9c]ity 9 religi\s matt]s :i* mu/ fir/ be got rid (1 if !re is to be any s\rce ( spiritual heal? 9 u4 #b4 ,,morality4 ,f ! p]plexities ( religion _m flee to morality z to some?+ secure & unt\*$ by diss5sion4 ,! position ( morality is1 inde$1 diff]5t f t ( religion4 ,( a!i/s !re are _m2 b !re are few1 if any1 :o d5y ! validity ( all moral values3 t fidelity is bett] ?an deceit1 love bett] ?an hate1 conc]n+ ?is !re is no dispute4 ,b x is a "q h[ f> ?is agreem5t ext5ds & h[ mu* we may ga9 f x4 ,)9 ! same sph]e ( culture at lea/ x is ) v little difficulty t we come to agreem5t 9 respect ( individual matt]s ( morality2 if e?ical societies limit$ !mselves to practical morality1 & did n at ! same "t wi% to settle que/ions ( pr9ciple1 !y w\ld f9d sc>cely any opposition4 ,b1 z soon z we compreh5d ! individual matt]s z a :ole & ask = a f\ndation = ! :ole1 problem aft] problem makes its appe>ance1 & x soon becomes cle> t we c nei!r e/abli% nor di/9ctively =m morality )\t a conviction conc]n+ life z a :ole & our fundam5tal relation to reality4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re is s mu* unc]ta9ty 9 ! pres5t conc]n+ life z a :ole & our fundam5tal relation to reality1 we mu/ inevitably become d\btful & uncle> ) reg>d to morality4 ,9 fact1 ! position may be describ$ 9 ?is way3 we lack a morality :i* has a secure basis & a def9ite "*2 9 morality1 also1 aft]-effects ( ! pa/ m+le ) ! impulses ( ! pres5t2 & we are accu/om$ to conceal ! pov]ty ( our own possessions by hi/orical k & m]e le>n+--s mu* is ?is ! case t we are able ev5 9 a /ate ( disgraceful pov]ty to ?9k ourselves ri*4 ,!re are no less ?an five types ( morality :i* seek our adh]5ce & ! guidance ( our s\l3 we may suppose t 9 ea* ( ^! !re is "s tru?1 b no s+le "o is able to w9 our acceptance entirely2 ea* leads to a c]ta9 po9t1 & !n we recognise a limit4 ,we h a religi\s morality1 9 :i* our volition is relat$ to & our de/9y is det]m9$ by a div9e p[]2 b ?is endang]s ! spiritual indep5d5ce ( man1 & has a /rong t5d5cy to make 8 life too passive2 besides1 9 ?is case1 ! pro/ration ( religion also weak5s ! p[] ( morality & its p[] to direct life4 ,we h a morality ( culture1 :i* directs all p[] t[>ds increas+ ! progress ( humanity1 & subord9ates all subjective pref]5ce to ! requirem5ts ( an objective op]ation & creation2 b ! ceaselessly increas+ diff]5tiation ( "w makes ?is =m ( morality a dang] to ! s\l z a :ole2 man is 9 dang] ( be+ made a m]e means & in/rum5t ( a s\lless process ( culture4 ,we h a social morality1 :i* makes ! welf>e ( society ! *ief ?+1 & :i*1 by /r5g!n+ ! feel+ ( solid>ity1 produces humane ef=ts 9 abundance1 b is unable to include life z a :ole2 9 ?is =m ( morality !re is a great dang] ( ov]e/imat+ ext]nal conditions ( life1 & ( levell+ & weak5+ life4 ,c]ta9 great ?9k]s h advocat$ a morality ( pure reason1 :i* elevates man above ! sph]e ( ! useful & ! pleasant2 & gives to him an inn] indep5d5ce2 b ) all its greatness ?is morality is too =mal & too ab/ract = u2 &1 besides1 we lack to-day ! c]ta9ty ( an invisible _w1 :i* alone c give a secure f\ndation to ?is type ( morality4 ,la/ly1 we h an individuali/ic morality1 a morality ( beautiful s\ls1 :i* reg>ds ! complete developm5t ( "o's own p>ticul> nature1 ! h>moni\s cultivation ( ! :ole range ( "o's p[]s1 z ! aim ( conduct1 b :i* n only necessitates individuals :o are f> great] & f> m *>act]i/ic 9 nature ?an we f9d 9 exp]i5ce 9 g5]al1 b also has little p[] to ar\se u to ef=t1 &1 if accept$ exclusively1 soon t5ds to deg5]ate into a ref9$ self-enjoym5t & va9 self-reflection4 ,! pres5ce ( all ^! t5d5cies & motives 9 morality subjects u to-day to an abundance ( e?ical /imuli2 b x does n give u an e?ic4 ,at ! mo/ x conceals ! fact t ! multiplicity ( activities d n =m = u a univ]sal task1 :i* c\ld c\nt]act ! sep>ation into individuals1 p>ties1 p>ticul> dep>tm5ts1 & give u ! consci\sness ( s]v+ 9 our "w aims t transc5d ! well-be+ & pref]5ce ( m]e man4 ,we are 9 ne$ ( a morality t proce$s f our own life2 & 9 ?is we ne$ mu* m ?an we are consci\s ( ne$+4 ,= we h no univ]sal aim t we might take up 9 our disposition1 & by :i* we might te/ all individual activities2 & s life mu/ become disunifi$ & inw>dly ali52 we lose all spiritual relation to ! _w4 ,! _w surr\nds u 9 ! fir/ place z a d>k & immovable fate2 we d n make ourselves ma/]s ( ?is fate1 j because we give ourselves too mu* to d ) ?+s4 ,r1 to accompli% ?is1 we mu/ trans=m reality f its v f\ndation by our own activity & decision2 we mu/ wage w> aga9/ obscurity & irrationality1 & ?is conflict mu/ t5d to divide our :ole exi/5ce into fri5d & enemy1 good & evil1 b along ) ?is fir/ give to life complete activity1 & lead x to _w-embrac+ greatness4 ,only 9 ?is way does man1 f be+ simply a spectator1 become a co-op]ator 9 ! build+ up ( ! _w2 only ?us does t :i* occurs )9 him become 9 ! fulle/ s5se 8 own4 ,ev]y?+ :i* obscures ! e?ical "* ( human life involves1 !re=e1 a loss 9 greatness & dignity2 a deg5]ation to a /ate ( s]vitude1 to be+ a m]e "p ( an ali5 :ole4 ,p>ticul> p>ties may be 9 agreem5t ) & f9d satisfaction 9 ?is condition2 humanity z a :ole w n re/ cont5t ) x4 ,z c]ta9ly z humanity confid5tly ma9ta9s t its life has mean+ & value1 s c]ta9ly w x take up ! problem ( morality ev] anew aga9/ all attempt$ intimidation4 ,if to-day we are aga9 to take up ?is problem1 !n 9 ! fir/ place ! conditions & ! requirem5ts ( ! problem mu/ be q cle>4 ,we c nev] acquire a morality f ! tr\bl$ confusion ( social life2 on ! contr>y1 morality involves a transc5d5ce ( ?is2 x necessitates di/9ctive convictions conc]n+ ! _w z a :ole & our position 9 x4 ,!re is no indep5d5t morality1 no morality 9 itself2 morality involves a fundam5tal :ole ( life1 :i* is appropriat$ 9 x & by ?is appropriation fir/ atta9s to p]fection4 ,9 contra/ to ! exi/+ condition ( ?+s a new condition mu/ fir/ be rais$ 9 ideas t prec$e conduct4 ,! new condition acquires a moral "* only ?r\gh requir+ on ! "o h& moral fre$om z oppos$ to ! me*anism ( natural impulse1 on ! o!r a transc5d5t ideal 9 opposition to m]e self-pres]vation4 ,^! two toge!r reveal a new ord] ( ?+s di/9ct f nature2 !y mu/ seem impossible f ! po9t ( view ( ! _w ( s5se1 n only fre$om ) its app>5t annull+ ( all connections1 b also ! free+ ( conduct f bondage to m]e nature4 ,= h[ w\ld "o conceive an activity t did n t5d ultimately to ! good ( ! ag5t1 & s aid 9 8 self-pres]vation8 ,does x n involve a contradiction = him to ex]t 8 p[] = some?+ ali5 to himself8 ,if 9 ! pres5t we feel su* problems 9 ! fullness ( _! =ce1 & if we mu/ fight = morality z a :ole1 we mu/ g back to ! f\ndations ( our exi/5ce1 & seek prim>ily = a secure position 9 contra/ ) ! in/ability ( temporal exp]i5ces4 ,9 accordance ) ! :ole c\rse ( our inve/igation1 we c f9d su* a position1 & by fur!r developm5t a di/9ctive morality also1 only 9 an indep5d5t spiritual life1 :i* fir/ conducts ! _w to self-consci\sness & s to g5u9e reality4 ,! two requirem5ts discuss$ above cause no difficulty f ! po9t ( view ( an indep5d5t spiritual life4 ,we conv9c$ ourselves 9 a previ\s section ( ! reality ( fre$om 9 ! spiritual life2 9 morality also conduct c free itself f ! natural ego )\t deg5]at+ into a /ate ( empt9ess1 because ! spiritual life reveals a new & ! alone g5u9e self4 ,?us "h activity is n sp5t ^u some?+ ali5 to u1 some?+ pres5t$ to x f outside1 b is )9 our own be+1 :i* "h1 inde$1 includes ! :ole inf9ity )9 x4 ,activity 9 ! spiritual life s]ves true self-pres]vation1 :i* has only ! "n 9 common ) natural self-pres]vation4 ,:]ev] x is ackn[l$g$ t ! spiritual life involves a turn+ ( reality to complete indep5d5ce & spontaneity1 morality mu/ take a significant1 inde$ ! c5tral1 position4 ,= x is cle> t only ! tak+ up 9 our own activity & conviction1 only complete appropriation1 c br+ life to ! highe/ degree ( p]fection4 ,morality does n f9d 9 exi/5ce a life-cont5t :i* x mu/ convey to ! individual subject1 b is itself )9 ! life-process2 a complete self-consci\sness ( ! spiritual life is atta9$ fir/ 9 morality1 & morality mu/ develop ! cont5t ( t life4 ,x is n t man 9 morality turns t[>d ! spiritual life1 b t ! spiritual life elevates itself 9 ! :ole ( its nature2 all human morality mu/ h its basis 9 a morality ( ! spiritual life4 ,) su* a basis 9 ! inn]mo/ nature1 morality mu/ conc]n ! :ole multiplicity ( life2 x c include & e/imate ! mo/ div]se relations & exp]i5ces ( our exi/5ce4 ,b :atev] is ?us br\ght "u ! sway ( ! morality ( ! spiritual life mu/ und]go an ess5tial *ange1 & mu/ be elevat$ above ! nature ( t :i* is n tak5 up 9 ?is mann]4 ,by an e?ical =mation & developm5t ( art & sci5ce we d n mean t ! individual %\ld be loyal & /raight=w>d 9 _! pursuit1 & %\ld foll[ hone/ aims2 ?is conception w\ld be mu* too n>r[4 ,b x is t we %\ld take possession ( & treat z our own life & be+ t :i* o!rwise rema9s outside z some?+ half ali5 to u2 t ! "w %\ld acquire ! p[] & f]v\r ( self-pres]vation2 & t 9 ?is unification ! necessity ( ! object becomes a def9ite dem& ( our life1 & ! ga9 ( ! object an advance ( our life4 ,only su* a life :i* transc5ds ! anti!sis ( subject & object gives to ! object a s\l1 & fre$om a cont5t4 ,! exp]i5ce ( hi/ory also makes x cle>ly evid5t to u t ! spiritual life fir/ acquires a secure position & an indisputable supremacy ov] nature by its ackn[l$gm5t & appropriation 9 self-det]m9+ activity4 ,= hi/ory %[s t :]ev] morality is n c5tral1 ! spiritual life1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ magnific5t results 9 ext]nal matt]s1 langui%es inw>dly & loses its hold4 ,) individuals also ! f9al decision conc]n+ ! problems ( ! _w & ( life always dep5ds ^u :e!r !y d or d n recognise t man has an inn] moral task 9 8 nature z a :ole4 ,if ?is is ackn[l$g$1 !n--& ?is j 9 oppositions & conflicts--a realm ( inw>dness is assur$ u :i* all app>5tly contr>y exp]i5ces ( ! ext]nal _w _c expel f its c5tral position2 b if !re is no su* ackn[l$gm5t1 ! triumph ( ^! exp]i5ces & ! collapse ( ! spiritual life _c be avoid$4 ,! morality ( ! spiritual life1 z we advocate x1 w h di/9ctive features 9 comp>ison ) o!r conceptions ( morality2 ( ^! we c m5tion b a few "h4 ,! ackn[l$gm5t ( an indep5d5t spiritual life makes life z a :ole a task1 s9ce x requires t z a :ole x %\ld be *ang$ into a /ate ( self-det]m9+ activity2 t ev]y?+ mu/ be ar\s$ & set 9 motion4 ,?us ! morality ( ! spiritual life is con/ructive & progressive1 & n simply regulative 9 "*2 x is n its purpose simply to place life "u regulations & to let activity wait until !re is an opportunity to fulfil !m2 b1 call+ =? all our p[]s1 morality mu/ "w & create1 ar\se & prep>e ! opportunities1 s t 9 ev]y?+ ! realm ( ! _s may be increas$ )9 ! prov9ce ( humanity4 ,l ! spiritual life itself1 ! morality proce$+ f x mu/ be ( a transc5d5t nature4 ,to-day or to-morr[ may n be consid]$ beyond good & evil2 morality may n s9k to be+ a m]e means ( realis+ ! wi%es ( ! "t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 morality transc5ds "t1 & is able to sep>ate ! transitory & ! et]nal 9 "t1 !n1 )9 its task1 x may v well ackn[l$ge di/9ctive situations & problems1 & pres5t diff]5t sides2 inde$1 only by a close relation ) ! "t & by p5etrat+ deeply into ! exp]i5ces ( ! "t w morality acquire ! necess>y proximity & impressiv5ess4 ,to ?is ext5t1 !re=e1 we also insi/ ^u a mod]n morality1 h[ev] decid$ly we reject t :i* to-day is call$ mod]n morality1 & :i* = ! mo/ "p is no m ?an a surr5d] ( morality to ! wi%es & moods ( ! individual4 ,if 9 ^! features ! morality ( ! spiritual life already manife/s a di/9ctive "*1 ?is di/9ctiv5ess is fur!r increas$ by ! p>ticul> nature ( ! actual relation ( man to ! moral task1 z x appe>s "h4 ,! high]+ ( ! ideal w necess>ily increase its div]g5ce f man1 z he is4 ,x w become q evid5t t morality is n a cont9uation ( nature1 a natural attribute ( man1 or a product ( social relation%ip1 b ! mo/ pron\nc$ expression ( a great *ange 9 ! direction ( life1 ! in/itution ( a new ord] ( ?+s4 ,if at ! same "t life is to be fa%ion$ morally1 a conflict is inevitable2 & ! g5]al outlook ( life & ( conduct w dep5d ^u :]e we f9d ! c5tre ( opposition & :at is ! ma9 direction ( ! conflict4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 morality mu/ take up a def9ite attitude t[>ds ! s5se-nature ( man2 t nature mu/ be subord9at$ to ! aims ( ! _s4 ,b we h already se5 t !re is a dang] t ! e?ical task w lose its dep?1 & t life z a :ole w be p]v]t$1 if ! rights ( nature are misund]/ood & !re arises ! desire to suppress x completely1 & if1 9 a t5d5cy to asceticism1 ?is suppression is made ! *ief conc]n4 ,! *ief moral task is ! developm5t & e/abli%m5t ( a g5u9e & real spiritual life1 z oppos$ to a false & m]ely app>5t "o1 :i* is f\nd 9 human conditions1 n only 9 ! /ate ( society b also 9 ! s\l ( ! individual3 ?us a m]e transition f society to ! individual c nev] give any aid4 ,! condition 9 :i* life is g5]ally f\nd evolves no indep5d5t spiritual life2 b x uses ! spiritual impulse t is pres5t )9 x simply z a means to o!r ends1 & ?us ! result is an inn] p]v]sion2 at ! same "t man is g5]ally zeal\sly occupi$ ) giv+ himself ! appe>ance ( int5d+ to foll[ ! spiritual = its own sake1 & ( sacrific+ ev]y?+ to x4 ,9 opposition to su* radical ins9c]ity1 to acquire a s9c]e & g5u9e life is ! *ief task & ! *ief desire ( morality2 = ! e/abli%m5t ( s9c]ity & tru? 9 face ( an oppos+ _w ! s\l ne$s be=e all else loyalty & c\rage4 ,& s morality involves life 9 a great division3 x _c possibly take up a fri5dly attitude t[>ds ev]y?+ & readily admit ev]y?+3 its *ief task mu/ be to ar\se life f its confusion & apa?y4 ,b ?is does n prev5t a morality ( ! spiritual life /riv+ = univ]sality 9 its inn] nature4 ,! morality ( ! spiritual life mu/1 !re=e1 e/abli% a def9ite relation%ip on ! basis ( ! pres5t ) ! prevail+ types ( morality :i* 7 previ\sly m5tion$4 ,if ! morality ( ! spiritual life is c]ta9 ( its own nature1 x is q possible = x to recognise a c]ta9 validity 9 e o!r k9d ( morality )\t deg5]at+ into a feeble eclecticism4 ,! relation t we recognis$ betwe5 ! spiritual life & religion also makes religion valuable to morality3 ! moral significance ( culture may be especially ackn[l$g$ :]e a univ]sal "* is desir$ = ! spiritual life2 ! relation ( man to man may also become inw>dly important :]e x is necess>y to ! inn] con/ruction ( ! life ( society4 ,aga9 ! morality ( ! spiritual life fully agrees ) ! dem& = an indep5d5ce ( morality & = an elevation above n>r[ly human aims1 9 ! mann] t ! morality ( reason advocates2 f9ally1 individuality also c obta9 its due 9 ! spiritual life4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 is valid only ) ! presupposition t we acquire a position above ! anti!ses ( exp]i5ce & n betwe5 !m1 & an inn] indep5d5ce 9 relation to ! *aos ( "t4 ,only f ?is position & ?is indep5d5ce c we advance 9 any way1 ev5 )9 "t4 #c4 ,,education ,,& ,,in/ruction ,education & in/ruction are especially affect$ by ! difficulties t are eng5d]$ by ! lack ( a ma9 t5d5cy 9 life & ( a transc5d5ce ( ! sup]ficiality ( "t4 ,= ! lively int]e/ :i* its que/ions provoke1 ! incalculable am\nt ( "w & activity t is call$ =? 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 d n produce _! full result1 because we d n possess en\gh life ( our own ( a def9ite "* to be able to te/ & sort1 to cl>ify & deep51 t :i* is pres5t$ to u4 ,& s 9 conflict ) "o ano!r we use up mu* p[] )\t mak+ mu* progress 9 ! mo/ important matt]4 ,educational re=m is ! cat*word1 b we h no philosophy ( education t is bas$ ^u a securely e/abli%$ conviction conc]n+ life z a :ole1 & we tr\ble ourselves v little to obta9 "o4 ,we wi% to improve education1 & yet we h n come to an und]/&+ ) reg>d to its ideals1 its possibility1 & its conditions4 ,education mu/ be fundam5tally diff]5t 9 "*1 accord+ z man is reg>d$ z a p>ticul> & exclusively individual be+1 or z a be+ 9 :om a new & univ]sal life seems to em]ge2 accord+ z he is only an elevat$ be+ ( nature or 9 ! highe/ degree possible a spiritual be+2 accord+ z ! high] proce$s f ! l[] gradually & surely aft] ! mann] ( organic gr[?1 or we mu/ f9d a new />t+-po9t & accompli% a revolution4 ,fur!r1 an individuali/ic tra9+1 z x dom9at$ ! classical sy/ems ( p$agogy1 is no long] suffici5t2 ! relation to society mu/ also be fully appreciat$1 & be effective4 ,b att5tion to ?is requirem5t involves u 9 ! dang] ( treat+ ! problem ( education too ext]nally1 & ( br++ all m or less to ! same level2 & ?is dang] mu/ be ov]come4 ,yet h[ c x be ov]come1 unless we possess securely a dep?1 unless we ackn[l$ge ! pres5ce ( ! inf9ite )9 ! human be+1 z x is compreh5d$ 9 our conviction ( ! spiritual life8 ,! =m ( in/ruction suff]s f ! ceaseless onfl[ ( new mat]ial1 ! con/ant increase 9 ! numb] ( claims4 ,9 itself ea* s+le dem& may be q ju/ifiable2 b :e!r x is bett] ?an ! o!rs c be decid$ only f an idea :i* gov]ns ! :ole4 ,if no su* idea exi/s1 a ga9 9 ! individual dep>tm5ts may be a loss to ! :ole2 & an enri*m5t 9 "o dep>tm5t may lead to a decl9e ( ! :ole4 ,9 face ( t :i* has be5 h&$ d[n f ! pa/ & t :i* arises 9 ! pres5t1 x is difficult to come to a balanc$ judgm5t2 ! p>ties may be "r 9 _! attacks "o ^u ano!r1 b ?is does n imply t !y are "r 9 _! own ass]tions4 ,! imm$iate impression t5ds to give ! balance 9 fav\r ( ! requirem5ts ( ! pres5t2 f ! po9t ( view ( ! imm$iate impression1 all occupation ) ! pa/ may appe> to be a flight f ! liv+ to ! dead4 ,! advocate ( ! claims ( hi/ory may reply to ?is t man z a spiritual be+ is n a *ild ( ! m]e mom5t1 & t we conc]n ourselves ) ! pa/ n on acc\nt ( :at is transitory 9 x1 b = its et]nal cont5t4 ,b he :o ?9ks ?us mu/ ?r[ ! et]nal cont5t into relief & sep>ate x %>ply f t :i* is simply temporal2 he mu/ e/abli% a relation betwe5 ?is cont5t & 8 own life1 & make t :i* is ext]nally ali5 8 inw>d possession4 ,?is does inde$ come to pass 9 a few cases2 b c we say t x comes to pass g5]ally or pr$om9antly8 ,we ,g]mans 9 p>ticul> h f> too /rong a t5d5cy to sub/itute s*ol>ly occupation = inn] animation1 & in/ead ( spiritual sub/ance to (f] academically correct k4 ,x is !re=e n )\t good reason if ,classical ,antiquity does n s mu* inspire z we>y our y\?2 yet ! blame = ?is does n re/ ^u ,antiquity1 b on ourselves1 & ^u ! mann] 9 :i* we treat x ) calm s*ol>%ip1 )\t trans=m+ x into our own possession4 ,= h[ c\ld t influ5ce ! :ole man :i* does n come f ! :ole man8 ,ev]y?+ po9ts aga9 & aga9 to ! same ?+--we lack spiritual indep5d5ce1 inn] transc5d5ce ( hi/ory & environm5t1 we lack a *>act]i/ic life z a :ole4 ,! contact ) ! incalculable abundance ( impressions t we exp]i5ce mu/ !re=e rema9 an ext]nal "o2 & ) all our increas+ weal? ( k we ?reat5 to become spiritually poor]4 7b7 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,philosophy ,sci5ce1 ) its innum]able bran*es & its p[]ful p5etration ( life1 is indisputably a /rong feature ( ! age4 ,its effect is n exhau/$ 9 ! abundance ( p>ticul> a*ievem5ts2 by ! objectivity ( its "w x has br\ght ! _w mu* ne>] to u1 has l$ our life to great] cle>ness1 has made u m al]t1 & giv5 u a secure dom9ion ov] ?+s4 ,sci5ce1 !re=e1 mu/ also be a factor 9 ! det]m9ation ( a philosophy ( life1 & mu/ raise ! :ole position ( man4 ,( c\rse1 z soon z we survey & e/imate its "w f ! life-process we f9d t !re is no lack ( difficult problems 9 sci5ce4 ,s9ce ! magnific5t results ( ! natural sci5ces (t5 give rise to ! t5d5cy to =ce _! p>ticul> b5t & me?ods on ! human sci5ces1 to :i* our conception ( ! spiritual life gives a *>act]i/ic sph]e ( _! own1 !re is a dang] t ! balanc$ developm5t ( ! individual sci5ces & ! complete organisation ( :at is di/9ctive 9 !m w be prev5t$4 ,h[ev]1 we d n lack en]getic resi/ance ( ?is dang]2 & ultimately x is less sci5ce itself ?an ! movem5t to popul>ise x t falls into ?is dang]4 ,fur!r1 ! results ( sci5ce ) reg>d to ! object easily t5d to obscure ! subjective elem5t1 ! spiritual activity1 ! *>act]i/ic syn!sis1 :i* =ms an organis$ collection ( pieces ( k into ! unity ( a sci5ce4 ,x is apt to appe> z ?\gh sci5ce ne$s only to con/ruct fur!r on a giv5 basis & 9 a giv5 direction2 :ile bo? ( ^! are op5 to mu* dispute3 diff]5t possibilities1 prospects1 types may be reveal$2 ! "w ( hi/ory has run ?r\gh diff]5t /ages1 & has c]ta9ly n already exhau/$ its possibilities4 ,nev]!less1 ! subjective elem5t ) its fre$om1 mobility1 & _m-sid$ness is becom+ m adequately appreciat$1 & !re is no reason to fe> t sci5ce w become dogmatically pursu$ 9 pa?s t h become fix$4 ,f9ally1 ! problem ( ! relation ( ?\ght to life is ! s\rce ( mu* p]plexity3 we ,g]mans1 = example1 h a /rong t5d5cy to take m]e k = inn] appropriation ( ! object1 & in/ead ( spiritual sub/ance to (f] an abundance ( s*ol>%ip4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n a defect 9 sci5ce itself1 b an error on ! "p ( man1 :o has no life ( 8 own ) :i* to meet ! onfl[ ( impressions f ! environm5t2 & s our e/imate ( sci5ce & our ackn[l$gm5t ( its magnific5t a*ievem5t _c be affect$ by ?is *>ge4 ,philosophy is 9 q a diff]5t position3 its pres5t /ate _c satisfy anyone :o seeks r = a univ]sal sci5ce ?an = an academic discipl9e4 ,= our philosophical ef=ts lack a common aim & close relation ) ! inn]mo/ ne$ ( ! "t2 !y d n ev5 %[ any def9ite & en]getic attempt to ov]come ! confusion f :i* our _w ( ?\ght suff]s4 ,a great /ream ( philosophic ef=t came to an end ) ! speculative philosophy ( ! fir/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,aft] a tempor>y ebb ( ?is philosophic ef=t1 we n[ wi% to take up ! "w aga9 ) fre% p[]1 b we h n yet acquir$ inn] indep5d5ce2 & !re=e1 9 sift+ & collect+1 we are unable to direct ! age to def9ite aims1 or radically expel ! inconsi/5cies into :i* an indef9ite relation to ! pa/ has l$ ! pres5t4 ,!re are ?ree ma9 /reams ( ?\ght :i* come to u f ! pa/1 & we c nei!r completely take !m up nor )draw ourselves f !m3 ! ,enlight5m5t1 ) its philosophic summit 9 ,desc>tes2 ! critical philosophy ( ,kant2 & speculative philosophy1 ) its consummation 9 ,hegel4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t ! ,enlight5m5t1 ) its />t+ out f ! subject1 its unadorn$ intellectualism1 its =mal ratioc9ation1 its rejection ( ev]y?+ t is n compreh5d$ 9 cle> & di/9ct ideas1 0 transc5d$ at ! height ( ,g]man classical lit]ature1 because at t "t a life ri* 9 cont5t 0 set 9 contra/ ) x4 ,b1 z a fact1 no adequate settlem5t ) ! ,enlight5m5t has be5 arriv$ at2 ! suppos$ transc5d5ce is n f9al1 because ! elem5ts ( tru? 9 ! ,enlight5m5t1 especially its turn+ f hi/ory to ! imm$iacy & indep5d5ce ( spiritual life1 7 n prop]ly ackn[l$g$4 ,b to-day x is less ! elem5ts ( tru? ( ! ,enlight5m5t t are a =ce ?an t :i* is trivial & n>r[ly human 9 x--! ratioc9ation ( ! subject :i*1 ! m empty x is1 ! m x feels itself to be ! measure ( all ?+s1 &1 rejoic+ 9 negation1 applies ! results ( ! natural sci5ces 9 an attempt to br+ ab\t ! greate/ possible suppression ( all spiritual relations4 ,9 ?is =m ! ,enlight5m5t ga9s acceptance by ! masses1 :i* =m]ly _h seem$ inaccessible to x2 & ?us x becomes an in/rum5t by :i* life is dissipat$ & made %all[4 ,f its position ( rese>*1 philosophy looks d[n ^u ?is t5d5cy ) contempt2 b x produces no movem5t t is able to take up ! /ruggle ) ?is t5d5cy to %all[ness1 & pass ?r\gh ! /ruggle victori\sly4 ,kant is (t5 laud$ z ! spiritual guide ( our "t2 & x is ov]look$ h[ mu* t 0 c]ta9 = him has become d\btful2 h[ _m new facts1 new problems1 new prospects1 :i* _c be lo/ to ! _w ( ?\ght we h receiv$ f ! n9ete5? c5tury ) its hi/orico-social culture & its ov]:elm+ wid5+ ( ! horizon4 ,kant's critique ( ! reason is bas$ on a conception ( sci5ce2 on a fai? 9 ! possibility ( a k ( tru?2 on a conviction ( a spiritual organisation ( man1 :i* are r 9 contradiction ?an 9 h>mony ) ! ma9 t5d5cies ( ! pres5t4 ,8 absolute e?ic1 ! pill> ( 8 con/ructive ?\ght1 is incompatible ) ! empirical & social treatm5t ( morality to :i* ! pres5t does homage4 ,b at ! same "t we _c free ourselves f ! influ5ce ( ,kant4 ,= we _c refute 8 critique ( ! reason1 break+ up1 z x does1 ! old repres5tation & conception ( tru?2 &1 )\t 8 e?ic1 our e?ic w\ld lose ! appe>ance ( tru? & greatness4 ,9 ! judgm5t ( ! pres5t1 ,hegel exp]i5ces a treatm5t t is j ! opposite ( t :i* ,kant receives3 if 9 ref]5ce to ! latt] we d n notice :at divides u1 s 9 ref]5ce to ! =m] we fail to recognise :at jo9s u4 ,= if ,hegel's exagg]ation ( ! p[] ( ! human _s & 8 id5tification ( _s & ?\ght appe> ali5 to u1 yet 8 idea ( evolution1 :i* embraces all multiplicity1 & repres5ts all realities & conceptions z 9 a /ate ( flux2 8 elevation ( spiritual factors to ! =m ( indep5d5t p[]s :i* develop & e/abli% _! own necessities undet]r$ by ! pref]5ce ( man2 8 emphasis on ! fact ( ! p[] ( contradiction & opposition 9 hi/ory--all ?is1 (t5 9 spite ( our own conceptions1 ex]ts an enorm\s influ5ce ov] u2 & we _c %ake x (f )\t surr5d]+ a consid]able portion ( our spiritual possession4 ,^! t5d5cies all :irl confus$ly toge!r & draw u n[ 9 "o direction1 n[ 9 ano!r2 we c get beyond ! /ate ( decad5ce only :5 we h succe$$ 9 giv+ to ! _w ( ?\ght an indep5d5t "*1 :i* corresponds ) ! spiritual condition ( ! pres5t1 & :i* c d ju/ice to ! old z well z ! new exp]i5ces4 ,aft] ! :ole c\rse ( our inve/igation1 only a brief acc\nt is necess>y to indicate ! directions ! sy/em ( life "h advocat$ po9ts out to rea* ?is2 a full] treatm5t w\ld make a p>ticul> !ory ( k necess>y4 ,we mu/ br+ into prom95ce ?ree ( ! *ief po9ts4 7#a7 ,only ! life-process c be ! />t+-po9t ( philosophy1 n "s k9d ( be+ m ultimate ?an ?is process1 :e!r we conceive ( su* be+ z an ext]nal _w or z a subject exi/+ indep5d5t ( ! _w3 ! ideas ( _w & subject1 z also t ( be+1 c be evolv$ & made cle> only )9 ! life-process2 at ! same "t1 !y rema9 9 a /ate ( flux1 & nev] are s directly oppos$ to "o ano!r z mod]n ?\ght has repres5t$ !m z be+4 ,philosophy1 ) ?is />t+-po9t1 w\ld1 h[ev]1 atta9 an indep5d5ce 9 relation to ! special sci5ces only if x 7 possible )9 ! life-process to =m a unity & a di/9ctive syn!sis1 :i* %\ld deep5 our view ( reality & set x z a :ole 9 a new light4 7#b7 ,su* a syn!sis mu/ transc5d ! /ate ( *ange ( all ! relations & caprice ( m52 ?is is possible only by ! revelation & appropriation ( an indep5d5t spiritual life )drawn f ! life ( s5se4 ,)\t su* a spiritual life !re is no release f ! *aos ( subjective exp]i5ces & op9ions2 only f ! position ( ! spiritual life is x possible = a spiritual occurr5ce to be reveal$ 9 ! prov9ce ( man1 s t we d n ne$ to inf] f man to ! _w1 b t )9 him a univ]sal life c be imm$iately exp]i5c$4 7#c7 ,z1 on ! "o h&1 ! spiritual life is an indisp5sable presupposition1 s on ! o!r x is an inf9ite task2 ! =m] z f> z ! fundam5tal fact is conc]n$1 ! latt] 9 ref]5ce to its detail$ cont5t4 ,?is cont5t c be acquir$ only ?r\gh ! movem5t ( hi/ory z a :ole2 ?us a con/ructive philosophy--& n m]ely a critical "o--c\ld arise only :]e ! spiritual life z a :ole _h acquir$ a *>act]i/ic =m4 ,9 ?is case1 philosophy 0 n simply an (fspr+ ( life1 n m]ely some?+ = life to occupy itself )4 ,by its dem& = a ?or\gh cl>ification ( our ideas & life1 & by its rais+ ! "q ( absolute tru?1 philosophy has ex]cis$ no little influ5ce ^u ! progress ( life4 ,b t :i* x a*iev$ ( a fruitful nature1 x a*iev$ n 9 deta*m5t f1 b only 9 relation to1 life1 & by int]action ) x1 h[ev] mu* ?is relation may be conceal$ at ! fir/ glance4 ,su* a connection ( philosophy ) life z a :ole is by no means new2 x has exi/$ 9 all times4 ,nev] has ! _w ( ?\ght acquir$ a di/9ctive "* except 9 close relation ) life z a :ole3 x is only f life z a :ole t ?\ght has receiv$ its problems1 ! nature ( its proc$ure1 & ! dem>cation ( its "w4 ,a survey ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy makes x evid5t t ! lead+ ?9k]s diff] mo/ly1 & diff] f ! beg9n+1 9 t :i* !y reg>d z ! ess5ce ( life4 ,9 :at !y reg>d z ! ess5ce ( life !y h f\nd ! firm po9t ( support = _! "w2 f t ! direction ( _! rese>* has be5 det]m9$2 & f t ! que/ions arose to :i* !y requir$ an answ] f ! univ]se4 ,& we all "k t 9 ^! matt]s ! "q (t5 implies m ?an ! answ]1 t x (t5 c>ries ! answ] )9 itself4 ,if1 !re=e1 ?is connection ( philosophy ) ! life-process signifies an old & indisputable tru?1 ?is tru? is n suffici5tly ackn[l$g$4 ,its adequate ackn[l$gm5t gives rise to a new situation2 inde$1 x t5ds to ! developm5t ( a new type ( philosophy4 ,) ! critical t5d5cy ( ! ,mod]n ,age1 ?is type %>es ! desire n to surr5d] ?\ght to a /ate ( def5celessness 9 face ( ! /ream ( appe>ances1 b w\ld prim>ily conc5trate x 9 itself1 & 9 an inn] indep5d5ce f9d a /&>d = all fur!r und]tak+4 ,b ?is atta9m5t ( indep5d5ce 9 ?\ght is n accompli%$ by turn+ to ! m]e subject1 b to a c5tral occurr5ce1 transc5d+ ! anti!sis ( subject & object4 ,if ?\ght _c beg9 f su* an occurr5ce1 & und]/& ! movem5t ( life z an unfold+ & p]fect+ ( ?is compreh5sive occurr5ce1 !n !re is no tru? = man4 ,tru?1 z a relation ( two s]ies absolutely ali5 to ea* o!r1 is an absolutely nons5sical conception3 tru? mu/ be imman5t1 9 ! s5se t "o life embraces bo? subject & object1 & t 9 ! movem5t ( life !re is z mu* a com+ toge!r ( subject & object z a com+ toge!r ( activity f ! c5tre & f ! circumf]5ce4 ,t 9 ?is we h to d ) a peculi> =mation ( k & n ) a m]ely =mal modification is %[n by ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,if ?\ght1 9 ! mann] previ\sly suppos$1 takes its />t+-po9t 9 a _w exi/+ indep5d5tly ( ! subject1 !n 9 ord] to subord9ate reality spiritually ?\ght w compreh5d x 9 ! mo/ g5]al conceptions4 ,ultimately1 ! be+ ( ?+s w be s\ght 9 =mal ontological magnitudes1 z1 = example1 9 pure be+4 ,if ! :ole abundance ( reality appe>s to be d]iv$ simply f ^! g5]al conceptions1 x is 9 dang] ( be+ trans=m$ into no?+ b s*emes & %ad[s1 & ( los+ all g5u9e life4 ,if1 z oppos$ to ?is1 ! subject alone is tak5 z ! />t+-po9t1 !n m life & m movem5t is inde$ assur$1 & a m v>i$ prospect w be acquir$1 b !re is no possibility ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 t :i* is only cont+5t to ! individual & t :i* =ms a common inn] _w2 !re is no possibility ( a rejection ( ! n>r[ly human1 or ev5 ( extricat+ a realm ( ideas f ! abundance ( impressions3 if 9 ! =m] case k lo/ all cont5t1 9 ! pres5t case x ?reat5s to be completely dissolv$4 ,if1 fur!r1 on ! "o h& ab/ract univ]sal conceptions1 & on ! o!r ! subjective /ates ( individuals1 =m ! /em ( k1 !n nei!r 9 "o nor 9 ! o!r does ! fullness ( spiritual reality atta9 its due--! reality t exi/s 9 ! build+ up ( a g5u9e spiritual culture4 ,b 9 ! type ( philosophy advocat$ by u ?is is ! *ief ?+2 s9ce 9 contra/ to ! psy*ological & ! cosmological treatm5t ?is philosophy develops a nological treatm5t1 & sees ! c5tral doma9 ( philosophical rese>* 9 ! elucidation & unification ( facts :i*1 9 ! con/ruction ( a spiritual _w 9 ! prov9ce ( man1 appe> 9 ! :ole & 9 e bran*4 ,9 ?is connection ! conception ( fact is some?+ m ultimate & univ]sal 9 its relations2 b x is j t :i* makes x m valuable = ! conviction z a :ole4 ,?is conception ( its task w br+ philosophy into a clos] relation ) p]sonal life1 z well z ) ! "w ( hi/ory1 )\t mak+ x ! m]e in/rum5t ei!r ( ! "o or ! o!r4 ,o!rwise x w\ld seem irrational1 & a t5d5cy f :i* "o mu/ free oneself z mu* z possible1 t 9 philosophy1 p]sonality1 n only 9 creative activity b also 9 appropriation1 signifies s mu*4 ,! object1 on ! contr>y1 acquires a positive value1 if we are c]ta9 t ! /&>d ( life is ultimately also ! /&>d ( k2 if ) ?is ! degree ( ! developm5t ( life at a p>ticul> po9t necess>ily decides ! nature ( ! "w ( ?\ght !re a*iev$4 ,! ne> relation ( ! ?9k] to ! proximate & ! m di/ant culture environm5t is expla9$ f ?is position 9 a mann] no less satisfactory3 ! relation c !n rema9 close1 ev5 if 9 ! fir/ place x appe>s to be "o ( conflict & opposition4 ,simil>ly1 ! :ole movem5t ( hi/ory acquires a great] significance = k2 f>-rea*+ *anges ( life trans=m ! temporal situation1 s9ce !y p]mit u to exp]i5ce1 see1 & seek some?+ else2 all ^! *anges1 h[ev]1 dem& f ?\ght an att5tion to & an appreciation ( ! :ole4 ,no?+ o!r ?an ?is is involv$ 9 ! requirem5t t ?\ght mu/ correspond ) ! hi/orical /ate ( spiritual evolution4 ,?is ackn[l$gm5t ( p]sonal & ( hi/orical life by philosophy makes x intelligible :y philosophy manife/s s mu* div]sity & opposition1 & :y on ! surface x %[s s little unity4 ,:]e ! conviction ( an indep5d5t spiritual life rules1 ! fai? 9 a unity ( tru? c be %ak5 by ?is fact j z little z ! c\rage to creative activity c be p>alys$4 ,! bas+ ( ?\ght ^u ! spiritual life also has ! advantage t ! ma9 types ( ?\ght c be d]iv$ f ! diff]5t positions :i* may be tak5 up t[>ds ! spiritual life1 & ?us a limit may be set to ! o!rwise indef9ite abundance4 ,f ?is po9t ( view !re are = u five *ief types ( ?\ght & _w-conception4 ,m9ds fir/ divide on ! "q :e!r we c unify life at all1 & at ! same "t :e!r we may v5ture to make an ass]tion conc]n+ reality z a :ole4 ,he :o rejects ?is z impossible & readily surr5d]s himself to ! conflict ( imm$iate impressions might be call$ an indiff]5ti/4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a /riv+ t[>ds unity is admitt$1 !n ! "q :e!r a spiritual life ) a reality & values ( its own 9 contra/ ) nature may be ackn[l$g$ or n becomes ! po9t ( decision1 & ! basis ( division into oppos+ camps4 ,he :o gives a negative answ] to ! "q1 & reg>ds nature z ! :ole ( reality1 becomes an advocate ( ,naturalism4 ,he1 h[ev]1 :o answ]s 9 ! affirmative1 & may be call$ an ideali/1 is imm$iately confront$ ) a new problem4 ,he _c ackn[l$ge ! spiritual life )\t at ! same "t giv+ x ! supremacy2 b n[ ! d\bt arises :e!r ?is supremacy may be easily & peacefully e/abli%$1 or :e!r x meets ) /rong opposition4 ,:5 ! exi/5ce ( ^! oppositions is d5i$1 or !y are reg>d$ z be+ easy to ov]come1 !re gr[s up an optimi/ic1 contemplative =m ( ,idealism1 :i* to ! hold]s ( o!r =ms inevitably seems ab/ract & %all[4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! oppositions are fully ackn[l$g$1 ! f9al division orig9ates ) ! "q :e!r f9ally we are to submit to ! /ate ( /agnation br\ght ab\t by ^! oppositions1 or :e!r by "s k9d ( re9=cem5t ( ! c\nt]action to ?is /ate ( /agnation life may once m be set 9 progress3 ! =m] gives rise to ,scepticism & ,pessimism1 ! latt] to ,activism1 z x has be5 discuss$ by u 9 an e>li] section4 ,x is easy to see :at di/9ctive l9es ( conflict & :at k9ds ( conflict mu/ arise betwe5 ! indiff]5ti/1 ! naturali/ic ?9k]1 ! optimi/1 ! sceptic1 & ! activi/4 ,h[ev]1 we _c all[ ?is to deta9 u2 x mu/1 nev]!less1 be po9t$ out "h1 t 9 philosophy ! possibilities are n yet exhau/$1 & t to avail ourselves ( ^! possibilities no?+ is m necess>y ?an a close relation ( its "w ) ! life-process1 & a firm] gr\nd+ 9 ! indep5d5t spiritual life4 7c7 ,,art ,,& ,,lit]ature ,n[h]e does mod]n life ?rob m viol5tly & m /rongly ?an 9 art & lit]ature4 ,t :i* 9 ?is dep>tm5t has a claim to p]man5ce acquires especial p[] f ! fact t ?is dep>tm5t _h to e/abli% itself anew 9 opposition to an attempt to curtail x4 ,= :o c\ld d5y t a culture ( "w & ( utility _h a t5d5cy to r$uce arti/ic lit]>y creation to ! position ( an accompanim5t & a fr+e ( ano!r k9d ( life1 to a div]sion = idle h\rs8 ,! m we feel ! limitations ( ! life ( "w & utility ! m d art & lit]ature become indep5d5t tasks4 ,f art & lit]ature we expect m lightness1 m agility1 & m joy 9 life2 !y %\ld conduct life f too great an att5tion to ext]nals to self-consci\sness1 & 9 ?is way give life a s\l4 ,!y %\ld /r5g!n individuality 9 opposition to ! levell+ t5d5cy ( ! culture ( ! masses1 wre/ simple fundam5tals f *aotic confusion ( life1 & aid ! "t 9 rea*+ a compreh5sive vital-feel+ & a syn!sis transc5d+ its inconsi/5cies4 ,9 opposition to t :i* oppresses u & degrades u to in/rum5ts ( a mean+less ma*9]y1 we desire "s k9d ( prov9ce :]e life re/s 9 itself & purposes no?+ else b itself2 :]e x spr+s up ) complete spontaneity2 & :]e x c express itself ) complete fre$om1 & 9 ?is expression f9d its highe/ joy4 ,f su* a long+ a new art t p]meates our life has aris54 ,art mu/ seek new means ( expression = ! new situation2 x _c s]ve ! developm5t ( a new life-cont5t )\t br++ ab\t lib]ation f all conv5tional /atutes2 x _c prev5t a ?reat5$ t5d5cy ( life to become /agnant )\t desir+ a fully free place = ! subject1 & = ! developm5t ( 8 individuality4 ,he :o sees *iefly ! dang]s 9 ev]y?+ =gets t no?+ new & great c arise )\t br++ dang]s ) x4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! sy/em t we *ampion1 we c q well und]/& ! significance ( ! /hetic movem5t ( ! pres5t1 ackn[l$ge ! deliv]ance ( life :i* x has accompli%$1 & 9 g5]al we c g a good di/ance ) x4 ,b !re comes a po9t :]e ! c\rses div]ge2 n because we ?9k less ( ! capacity ( art1 b we believe t we ?9k m highly ( its task4 ,?is deliv]ance f ! culture ( "w1 ?is turn+ to individuality1 promises an ess5tial elevation ( life only if a new k9d ( be+1 a new _w1 is able to break =? 9 ! s\l t dep5ds ^u itself2 if ! individual 9 8 conflicts aids ! developm5t ( ! inf9ite life2 if1 ?r\gh all trans=mations & pro/rations1 man w9s an inn] relation to ! :ole & to ?+s1 & by ?is gr[s beyond ! n>r[ly human4 ,if ?is does n come to pass1 ! movem5t rema9s on ! surface ( s5se exp]i5ce & relat$ to ! activity & occupation ( m]e man2 & s x _c make any?+ high] or ess5tially new ( u2 x rema9s subject to ! oppositions ( ! age in/ead ( becom+ sup]ior to !m4 ,we are1 inde$1 enri*$ by ! mo/ div]se =ms ( expression3 ev5 ! mo/ conceal$ circum/ances1 ! mo/ delicate pulsations ( ! s\l1 _c )draw !mselves f be+ repres5t$4 ,none ! less1 ! description ( ! _w-environm5t acquires ! mo/ /rik+ cle>ness & p5etration1 & 9 ! incalculable weal? ( individual =ms ( art virtuosi are n lack+ at ^: capacity ( execution we are a/oni%$4 ,b all ?is gives to art no spiritual cont5t & no real greatness4 ,x c1 inde$1 br+ an inexhau/ible abundance ( /imuli to be> ^u individuals & spread a %9y gloss ov] exi/5ce & life1 b x _c raise life ess5tially4 ,! c>e ( ! m]e individual1 ) 8 *ang+ circum/ances1 prev5ts art f tak+ up suffici5tly ! problems ( ! pres5t situation z a :ole2 ( ! spiritual condition ( humanity z a :ole4 ,& s art 9 ?is =m is n able to grasp ! epo* ) its spiritual movem5t z a :ole1 & to fur!r humanity 9 ! /ruggle = spiritual exi/5ce1 9 :i* to-day all individual problems are includ$4 ,humanity is 9 a s]i\s crisis2 ! old f\ndations ( life are ab\t to give way1 & ! new are n yet secur$4 ,! _w has reject$ ! /&>ds :i* man _h impos$ ^u x2 x turns aga9/ him1 & leaves him no?+ m 9 p>ticul>4 ,to be assur$ ( a di/9ctive significance man ne$s a /r5g!n+1 & at ! same "t an ar\s$ reflection =bids him all help f outside4 ,! fact t t :i* is ho/ile & ?reat5s to degrade & to annihilate man takes possession ( 8 own prov9ce ( life & p5etrates into x gives a p>ticul> acut5ess to ^! problems4 ,we are n only surr\nd$ ext]nally by a d>k fate1 b our s\l also deg5]ates 9 x1 & becomes m & m a s\lless me*anism4 ,inde$1 our own activity becomes ! mo/ dang]\s oppon5t ( ! s\l1 s9ce 9 =m+ & tak+ "p 9 complexes ( "w :i* ev] become great] x turns aga9/ u & takes ! s\l f ! s\l4 ,an art :i* has its basis 9 ! individual & :i* does n advance to spiritual sub/ance _c possibly prev5t ! ?reat5$ dissolution ( life4 ,ev5 ! mo/ wond]ful expression ( disposition1 ev5 ! mo/ delicate & mo/ fluid repres5tations ( conditions1 d n free u f ! *aos ( ! "t3 !y might easily b9d u /ill m /rongly to x1 s9ce !y weak5 ! p[]1 inde$ ! t5d5cy to en]getic conc5tration1 & increase ! t5d5cy to deg5]ate into a /ate ( weakness & decay2 :ile to ov]come ^! dang]s x is necess>y prim>ily to increase our activity1 to w9 aga9 an active relation to reality4 ,art _c free itself f t condition ( feebl5ess )\t ent]+ into a close relation ) ! c5tral task ( life & ackn[l$g+ a spirituality transc5d+ ! subjective circum/ances & int]e/s ( m]e man4 ,if ^! requirem5ts are n satisfi$1 no tal5t c prev5t a decl9e ( art into a m ref9$ ,epicureanism4 ,b :]e su* a spiritual life is ackn[l$g$1 & at ! same "t !re arises ! task ( w9n+ = man a new life1 a new spiritual reality1 art inevitably acquires a great significance1 & becomes absolutely indisp5sable4 ,)\t ! lib]ation :i* x br+s1 & its pres5tation ( ?+s 9 a h>mony1 h[ c\ld a :ole ) def9ite "* be rais$8 ,h[ c\ld ! new t hov]s be=e u acquire =m & ex]t a p5etrat+ p[] )\t ! help ( a con/ructive imag9ation :i* prec$es its realisation8 ,h[ c\ld ! s\l's inn]mo/ exp]i5ce p]meate life z a :ole1 & ennoble its :ole /ructure )\t ! help ( art8 ,! high] we place ! ideal ( life1 ! m does ! spiritual cont5t :i* imm$iate exi/5ce manife/s become a m]e s5se =m1 ! m is /hetic activity necess>y to prev5t disunion ( life1 9 ! mid/ ( all oppositions to give x "s k9d ( unity1 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! passion ( conflict "s re/ )9 itself4 ,b1 to a*ieve ?is1 art may n purpose to =m an oasis 9 a wild]ness ( life1 b1 h&-9-h& ) o!r activities1 mu/ fight = spiritual exp]i5ce & a g5u9e mean+ ( life z a :ole4 7d7 ,,political ,,& ,,social ,,life ,to treat ( ! complicat$ problems ( ! political & social life ( ! pres5t does n come )9 our purpose2 we c consid] !m only s f> z ! task ( ! con/ruction ( an indep5d5t spiritual _w is affect$ ei!r = good or evil by ! nature ( _! solution4 ,9 contra/ to ! epo* ( ! ,enlight5m5t1 ! n9ete5? c5tury br\ght ab\t a transition f ! individual to society3 social life has develop$ 9 num]\s bran*es1 has disclos$ a sup]abundance ( new facts1 & has set u new tasks4 ,b ?is developm5t has also br\ght mu* p]plexity ) x4 ,x becomes evid5t 9 ?is developm5t also1 t ea* spiritual movem5t t atta9s p[] exp]i5ces 9 its fur!r c\rse limitations1 & is degrad$ by its contact ) human conditions4 ,along ) ! social movem5t !re has be5 ! (t5-discuss$ *ange by :i* life f be+ c5tr$ 9 an invisible _w becomes occupi$ ) ! visible "o1 & by :i* all dep>tm5ts ( life are giv5 a naturali/ic1 reali/ic "* & t5d5cy4 ,!re has be5 no lack ( opposition to ! movem5t to make society ! fir/ consid]ation2 ! opposition has gone ev5 s f> z to dispute ! "r ( ! :ole4 ,fur!r1 ! e>li] & ! lat] conception ( society1 ! ideali/ic & ! reali/ic1 are (t5 confus$2 & f ?is confusion contradictions arise t n only confuse our ideas b also degrade our life4 ,!re is a dang] t a zeal\s & excit$ occupation ) no?+ b individual tasks may take our att5tion f ! :ole1 & t ! problems :i* ! inn] condition ( man involves may n obta9 due consid]ation4 ,?is turn+ to society is mo/ manife/ 9 ! p[]ful advance ( ! /ate4 ,9 ?is1 an inn] long+ = a m social life1 z ,hegel especially philosophically advocat$ x2 & actual *anges ( conditions op]at$ toge!r1 & /r5g!n$ "o ano!r4 ,! m def9ite manife/ation ( individuality on ! "p ( nations & ! %>p] division betwe5 !m2 ! active int]e/ ( wid] circles 9 political problems2 ! me*anical organisation ( "w1 ) its m exact diff]5tiation & its m rigid organisation ( =ces2 b prim>ily ! long+1 :i* gr[s out ( ! ceaselessly increas+ economical & social p]plexities1 = a p[] sup]ior to ! p>ties 9 dispute & act+ z arbitrator--all ^! h immeasurably increas$ ! p[] ( ! /ate 9 diff]5t degrees among diff]5t peoples1 b 9 g5]al ?r\gh ! :ole civilis$ _w4 ,! fre$om ( ! individual1 !re=e1 _c b suff] f manifold limitations2 !re arises a dang] t ! individual may gradually lose all initiative1 & expect all /imulation f ! /ate4 ,! spontaneity & ! weal? ( life suff] f ! t5d5cy to increase ! p[] ( ! /ate1 & a bureaucracy :i* delights 9 correct =ms1 b :i* spiritually is entirely unproductive1 inde$ ev5 indiff]5t1 appropriates m & m to itself4 ,! sub/ance ( ! spiritual life is also ?reat5$ by ! fact t ! omnipot5t /ate is incl9$ to treat t life1 ) all its bran*es1 z a m]e means 9 ! atta9m5t ( its own p>ticul> aims2 to look ^u sci5ce & art1 & *iefly religion & education1 especially ) reg>d to t :i* !y a*ieve = ! aims ( ! /ate1 & to %ape !m z mu* z possible 9 accordance ) ^! aims4 ,!re is also a /rong t5d5cy to foll[ ! same c\rse to accompli% ! ends ( ! contempor>y =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,an indep5d5t & g5u9e spiritual life c h>dly (f] too great an opposition to su* a p]v]sion1 ) its deification ( human =ms4 ,b ! matt] is by no means simple2 = n ! w ( s+le individuals & p>ties1 b ! :ole t5d5cy ( mod]n life has giv5 ?is p[] to ! /ate2 inde$1 on ! economic side ! /ate w soon exp]i5ce a fur!r increase ( p[]4 ,! m ! guidance on ?is side belongs to ! /ate1 ! m necess>y is a free movem5t ( spiritual culture 9 opposition to x2 ! m urg5t is ! dem& t ! amalgamation ( *ur* & /ate %\ld be discont9u$--an amalgamation :i*1 by ! gr[+ disputes t arise f x1 =ces religion into an undignifi$ position2 ! m def9itely is a great] indep5d5ce to be desir$ = s*ool organisation 9 all its bran*es4 ,! ,g]mans especially h mu* to d 9 ?is matt]2 & !re is mu* at /ake4 ,=1 ) ! limitations ( our spatial ext5sion1 we c be a p]man5t det]m9+ factor 9 _w-culture only by giv+ our culture ! greate/ int5sity2 b ?is requires a call+ =? ( ! complete p[] & ( ! spontaneity ( individuals4 ,ultimately1 9 ?is matt] also1 ! *ief ?+ proves to be ! tak+ up aga9 ( c5tral problems & ! realisation ( human be+ 9 its inn]mo/ dep?s z an unconditional end 9 itself & ! be>] ( an inf9ite life4 ,no conception c gu>d u f s9k+ to ! position ( puppets ( ! s\lless me*anism ( ! /ate1 if we d n f9d ! p[] to give s\l to our life & to ma9ta9 x aga9/ all attempt$ limitation4 ,! long+ = m fre$om & indep5d5ce has !re=e an indisputable validity4 ,b ?is ackn[l$gm5t may easily lead to new complications by fre$om & indep5d5ce be+ conceiv$ 9 a mann] mu* too ext]nal1 & also by a really que/ionable association ( ^! ideas ) ! problem ( equality4 ,! conviction ( ! mod]n man conc]n+ ! _w on ! "o h&1 & ! dem&s ( life on ! o!r1 are (t5 9 direct contradiction ) reg>d to ! conception ( equality4 ,we become aw>e ( our limitation on all sides3 we are repres5t$ simply z a product ( h]$ity & environm5t3 all possibility ( mak+ a decision = ourselves is reject$ z a delusion4 ,if ?us we are depriv$ ( all indep5d5ce & all spontaneity ( life1 !n ev5 9 social life we %all become m]e be>]s ( a rle impos$ ^u u by a d>k fate4 ,"o does n see h[ fre$om c\ld reta9 a value1 ar\se en?usiasm1 & lead to sacrifice 9 su* a case4 ,if ! :ole is a s\lless me*anism1 9 :i* only ! excess ( exi/5t p[] is ! cause ( decisions1 !n we ourselves _c be exceptions4 ,o!r complications h _! orig9 9 ! democratic t5d5cy :i* p]meates n only our political endeav\r b also our :ole life ( culture4 ,h[ f>-rea*+ a *ange1 inde$ h[ complete a revolution1 has be5 accompli%$ by ?is t5d5cy 9 opposition to a condition ( ?+s :i* has /ood = hundr$s or r ?\s&s ( ye>s1 is b seldom fully appreciat$4 ,9 ! e>li] =m ( social life spiritual "w 0 ! *ief matt] only ( a limit$ & exclusive circle2 to ! p z a :ole x 0 only second>y1 & ! b5efit t !y receiv$ f x 0 (t5 ( ! mo/ meagre "*4 ,ev5 ! ,re=mation left ?is ari/ocratic =m ( life z x 02 = z c]ta9ly z x made ! c>e = e individual memb] ( ! *ur* m urg5t1 t c>e 0 be/[$ f above 9 an au?oritative mann]4 ,! e>li] ,enlight5m5t1 z x 0 repres5t$1 = example1 by ,bayle1 0 ( ! conviction t ! deliv]ance f delusion & sup]/ition w\ld always be limit$ to a small circle ( ^? /&+ spiritually high1 & w\ld nev] rea* ! masses4 ,we "k h[ ?is has *ang$2 h[ ! masses are det]m9$ to =m a m]e dep5d5t body ( ! s-call$ high] classes no long]1 b to take ! problem ( life indep5d5tly into _! own h&s1 & h[ !y obta9 _! repres5tation ( ! _w & ! task ( _! life f t :i* is m imm$iately pres5t to !m & directly conc]ns _! welf>e2 & h[ 9 ?is way !y are incl9$ to look ^u !mselves z ! :ole ( humanity4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! dang] t culture z a :ole w ?us be made %all[--a dang] t arises f ! fact t "h ! decision is made by ^? :o sc>cely p>ticipate 9 ! "w ( hi/ory1 & :o dep5d almo/ entirely ^u ! imm$iate impression4 ,fur!r1 we h already cont5d$ t only a simplification & rejuv5ation ( culture are able to cope ) ?is dang]4 ,! fact is important t ?is democratic movem5t appeals to ! equality ( all :o be> human features4 ,"h aga9 !re appe>s to be a direct contradiction betwe5 !oretical conviction & actual conditions4 ,exp]i5ce ev]y:]e %[s a pron\nc$ inequality among m52 x %[s ?is n only 9 ! traditional social relation%ips b also 9 ! organisation ( mod]n indu/ry4 ,m1 h[ev]1 ?an all social arrangem5ts1 nature %[s ! greate/ inequality among/ m52 & ! actual relation ( individuals 9 "w & idl5ess1 9 love & hate1 9 indep5d5t ?9k+ & bl9d subord9ation %[s x none ! less4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( exp]i5ce ! idea ( equality seems to be an empty phrase4 ,if x is m ?an ?is1 if we recognise 9 x a tru? t we _c af=d to lose1 !n x implies ! conviction t humanity has spiritual relations2 t ea* has a significance 9 a spiritual nature1 & t !re is a univ]sal life pres5t ev]y:]e :i* opposes ! guilt & folly ( ! individual & ev5 9 spite ( himself gives him a value4 ,?us we h se5 t 9 hi/ory1 religion & ideal culture 7 ! fir/ to br+ ! idea ( equality into good repute4 ,b to-day ! *ampions ( equality turn ) p>ticul> ke5ness aga9/ religion & ideal culture1 & are n aw>e t 9 s do+ !y are de/roy+ ! f\ndations ( _! own belief4 ,^! inconsi/5cies are n felt1 *iefly because ( ! p[] :i* ab/ractions usually ex]cise ov] m5 9 ! pres5t day4 ,a fai? 9 ab/ractions reigns among/ u :i* is capable ( f> great] ?+s ?an fai? 9 religion or fai? 9 reason4 ,we are surr\nd$ by ! bu/le ( a fi]ce & ceaselessly increas+ /ruggle = exi/5ce3 ideas are ov]gr[n by int]e/s2 ! motives ( p 9 g5]al are trivial1 & all spiritual aspiration is feeble1 & along ) ?is !re is an unutt]able am\nt ( pret5ce :i* p]meates & di/orts all conduct4 ,yet ! disagreeable aspect ( ?is condition seems to vani% z soon z ! m]e ^w humanity is m5tion$4 ,b :at is humanity f ! po9t ( view ( ,naturalism o!r ?an a collection ( be+s ( nature8 ,h[ c a p[] to elevate & to /r5g!n proce$ f ?is conception1 :i* 9 ! naturali/ic context signifies no m ?an ! subjective unification ( ! individuals8 ,or1 aga91 ! idea ( a ceaseless progress ( humanity is plac$ 9 opposition to ! confusions :i* exi/ 9 ! pres5t4 ,b h[ c ?is idea be e/abli%$ if a compell+ reason is n active )9 man8 ,h[ c\ld ! pres5t be s incomplete & s full ( p]plexity z x seems1 especially to ! advocates ( ! idea ( progress1 if c5tury aft] c5tury _h made progress ^u progress8 ,r1 if man has su* a noble nature z he is assum$ to h1 life %\ld be full ( reason & bliss4 ,! old fai? sav$ man by resort+ to an invisible _w2 x requir$ a firm confid5ce 9 t :i* "o did n see4 ,! new fai?1 :i* d5ies an invisible _w1 desires m3 x desires t we %\ld be conv9c$ ( ! direct opposite ( t :i* we see & compreh5d4 ,^! consid]ations 9 no way signify a depreciation on our "p ( ! ef=t to atta9 fre$om & equality--an ef=t t has an indisputable validity4 ,b ?is validity mu/ be bas$ ^u a :ole ( life & be m def9itely det]m9$1 o!rwise ! ef=t is /ifl$ by ! inconsi/5cies 9 :i* ! conceptions ( fre$om & equality are involv$ 9 ! m9ds ( _! advocates4 ,! indep5d5ce ( ! individual & ! spontaneity ( ! spiritual life are endang]$ n only by ! me*anism ( a bureaucracy indiff]5t to spiritual values b also none ! less by ! movem5ts ( ! masses1 :i* 9 mod]n life 9 p>ticul> surr\nd & br[beat ! individual4 ,! man ( ! pres5t day (t5 believes t he has ga9$ fre$om :5 9 reality he has only *ang$ ! nature ( 8 dep5d5ce4 ,:at makes ! movem5ts ( ! masses1 ) _! s-call$ public op9ion1 s irksome is ! falsehood t is g5]ally conta9$ 9 ?is op9ion1 :i* is pres5t$ z proce$+ f ! exp]i5ce & decision ( a great majority1 & !re=e z hav+ a def9ite presupposition ( tru?4 ,! fact1 z a rule1 is t a few v5ture an ass]tion & urge x ^u ! o!rs ) unobs]v$ compulsion1 s9ce !y proclaim z already exi/5t ! agreem5t t !y are only seek+4 ,( c\rse sometimes !re is mu* m 9 public op9ion2 x may be ! expression ( a spiritual necessity :i* subjects to itself ! dispositions ( m54 ,:e!r public op9ion is to be an int]pret] ( tru? or a m]e product ( man rema9s to be decid$2 & ?is decision c re/ only ) ! individual4 ,he w be equal to mak+ ?is decision if he possesses a spiritual exp]i5ce1 & has 9 ?is a t\*/one by :i* to di/+ui% ! g5u9e f ! false4 ,philosophy c ma9ta9 ! rights ( ! individual only s f> z he is root$ 9 spiritual relation%ips & d]ives p[] f !m2 x mu/ absolutely oppose all glorification ( ! natural1 spiritually de/itute individual4 ,we f9d su* a glorification to-day m especially 9 t :i*1 ) p>ticul> emphasis1 is call$ mod]n morality1 b :i* 9 fact ?reat5s r to be a complete negation ( morality2 ev5 ?\gh ?is negation is aga9/ ! int5tions ( its advocates1 mo/ly wom51 :o display great en?usiasm = ?is mod]n morality4 ,x seems z ?\gh life is limit$ & degrad$ because society1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! matt] ( ! sexual life1 prescribes rigid /atutes :i*1 if !y 7 n irrational at ! beg9n+1 h nev]!less become irrational1 & t5d to br& ! "r z wrong & ! wrong z "r4 ,! %ak+ (f ( ^! re/rictions & ( ! pressure ( society 9 g5]al seems to promise a =m ( life incomp>ably m p[]ful1 s9c]e1 & individual3 ?is life is also to (f] m beauty1 = to-day g5]ally ! idea ( beauty is emphasis$ ) great p>tiality :]e life has no cle> ideas & no significant cont5t4 ,?is criticism ( ! /atutes ( society is n entirely )\t reason4 ,su* /atutes d n 9 !mselves con/itute a morality1 z x is easy to imag9e !y d2 b !y only advocate a morality2 z life und]goes su* f>-rea*+ *anges1 ^! /atutes mu/ cont9ually be exam9$ anew z to _! validity & value4 ,b ?is relativity does n make !m wor?less1 & does n ju/ify _! complete rejection 9 fav\r ( an absolute fre$om on ! "p ( individuals4 ,we c\ld expect an elevation ( life by su* an ef=t = fre$om only if we might assume t ! individuals are ?or\ghly noble1 en]getic1 & spiritually ri*1 & if 9 ! relations betwe5 ! sexes a /ate ( p>adisiacal innoc5ce reign$ :i* only ! evil arrangem5ts ( society _h di/urb$4 ,b ?is is a way ( ?9k+ :i* does m hon\r to ! he>ts ?an to ! heads ( its advocates4 ,he :o takes m5 z !y really are & does n pa9t !m 9 romantic col\rs1 & :o at ! same "t recognises ! dang]s ( a highly develop$1 pleasure-seek+1 & ov]-ref9$ /ate ( culture1 w n despise ^? social arrangem5ts1 not)/&+ _! relativity1 b value !m z an indisp5sable safegu>d aga9/ ! selfi%ness1 ! gre$ = pleasure1 & ! in/ability ( ! m]e individual--a safegu>d n only aga9/ ! tyranny ( ext]nals b also = ! individual aga9/ himself4 ,x is un=tunate en\gh t su* safegu>ds are necess>y2 b1 z !y are necess>y1 x is bett] to pres]ve & improve !m z mu* z possible ?an to reject !m1 & to expose humanity to dang]s t might ?r[ x back into ! condition ( ! animals4 ,man is n bett] because he is pa9t$ m beautifully2 r ,pascal is "r :5 he says3 ,l'homme n'e/ ni ange ni bte1 et le malheur veut1 que qui veut faire l'ange fait la bte4 ,! t5d5cy to ?9k t man may be trans=m$ inw>dly & ! :ole condition ( life rais$ by *anges 9 ext]nal organisation is mo/ def9itely felt 9 ! social movem5ts ( ! age4 ,9 ?is !re is a cle>ly m>k$ opposition to ! e>li] mode ( ?\ght1 :i*1 plac+ a l[ e/imate ^u ev]y?+ ext]nal1 & f9d+ greatness too easily 9 disposition1 ov]look$ h[ mu* ! organisation ( ! conditions ( life means = m5 9 :om ! spiritual is only 9 process ( developm5t2 &1 fur!r1 fail$ to notice t !re is also a /rong movem5t f ext]nal to int]nal4 ,nev]!less1 ! fact _c be d5i$1 not)/&+ all ?is1 t ! problems ( ! :ole & ( man's inn] nature require to be treat$ z ( *ief importance4 ,o!rwise1 z ,ari/otle sugge/$1 not)/&+ all ! alt]ation ( conditions1 ! old problems w cont9ually make _! appe>ance anew1 & ! sub/ance ( life might easily suff] f t :i* 0 int5d$ to improve its condition4 ,9 conclusion1 we may briefly consid] ! problems t h be5 rais$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury by ! increas$ emphasis on ! idea ( nationality4 ,influ5ces ( an ideali/ic nature fir/ rais$ ! cultivation & e/abli%m5t ( a p>ticul> national "* to ! position ( a matt] ( ! greate/ importance4 ,?is "* appe>$ to be an extremely valuable =m ( individualisation ( ! spiritual life1 a =m 9 :i* t life atta9s to concret5ess & great] def9it5ess & p5etration4 ,! co-exi/5ce ( ^! individual nationalities gave promise ( an incomp>ably ri*] =mation ( ! life ( humanity z a :ole3 ! inn] developm5t ( _! peculi> natures1 & _! l(ty rivalry1 also promis$ to br+ a weal? ( ar\s+ & elevat+ motives4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury has1 inde$1 won an incalculable am\nt ?r\gh ?is movem5t2 to take up an ab/ract cosmopolitanism aga9 w\ld be decid$ly retrograde4 ,b ! m ! idea ( nationality has be5 br\ght f its high place 9 ! realm ( ?\ght to ! doma9 ( human circum/ance1 ! m has x be5 debas$ & ! m dang]s has x produc$4 ,if previ\sly ! cultivation ( an ideal type ( life 0 mo/ prom95t1 & if ! nations c\ld ?us p]mit "o ano!r to foll[ _! own c\rses peacefully1 ?is has become less & less ! case 9 face ( ! desire & ef=t = p[] & expansion 9 ! visible _w2 & ow+ to ! n>r[ness ( physical space occupi$ by ! nations1 ! diff]5t /riv+s h cla%$ toge!r m & m sev]ely4 ,if ?is t5d5cy cont9ues )\t ! c\nt]action ( an inn] task common to humanity z a :ole1 & ( unify+ & elevat+ ideas1 x is h>dly possible to avoid mutual ho/ility1 a deg5]ation into ob/9acy & inju/ice4 ,! idea ( nationality may !re=e become a dang] to ! e?ical "* ( life4 ,?is is ! case if1 by mild] or by sev]] means1 "o nation tries to =ce its own "* & spee* ^u ano!r4 ,! mode ( ?\ght bas$ on ! old cujus regio ejus natio is 9 no way bett] ?an t bas$ on ! old cujus regio ejus religio1 :i* we are n[ accu/om$ to reg>d ) contempt z a piece ( b>b>ism4 ,! desire = ext]nal p[] at ! same "t t5ds to less5 ! att5tion to ! inn] developm5t & unification ( nationality1 )\t :i* ultimately little progress c be made 9 ! developm5t ( p[]4 ,x is ?r\gh a common national "*1 ) its unification ( ! feel+s & ef=ts ( ! individuals1 t a p is fir/ elevat$ into a g5u9e nation2 x is a "* su* z ?is t gives to a p a p[] ( influ5c+ humanity z a :ole2 x is a "* su* z ?is t gives to ! individuals ! consci\sness ( be+ memb]s "o ( ano!r1 & ) ?is a /ability & a joy 9 life & activity4 ,su* a national "* necessitates c]ta9 natural conditions1 t are l ! ve9s 9 m>ble :i* prescribe a c]ta9 direction to ! "w ( ! arti/4 ,b ^! conditions mu/ fir/ be organis$ & by ! complete elevation ( _! nature spiritually unifi$2 & ?is _c be a*iev$ o!rwise ?an ?r\gh our own "w1 :i* ?r\gh common ev5ts & exp]i5ces foll[s its ideal4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 national "* is n a gift ( nature b a task :i* pres5ts itself di/9ctively to ea* p accord+ to its nature & conditions4 ,9 ?is matt] a p mu/ always 9 ! fir/ place realise a unity 9 its own nature4 ,9 ! fulfilm5t ( ?is task h>dly any o!r p has _h to cont5d ) ke5] opposition1 bo? ext]nal & int]nal1 ?an ! ,g]mans4 ,our physical environm5t does n direct u s def9itely into di/9ctive pa?s z is ! case ) o!r peoples4 ,b our inn] nature conta9s1 be=e all else1 h>% anti!ses4 ,our /r5g? lies *iefly 9 ar\s+ to life dep?s ( ! s\l o!rwise undreamt (4 ,?us 9 music & 9 poetry we h be5 able to surpass all o!r peoples2 aga91 we h be5 able to give to religion a wond]ful inw>dness1 & 9 education to evolve ! lead+ ideas4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 we are driv5 to ! physical _w to take possession ( & to %ape ?+s2 we are n ! ,h9dus ( ,europe1 z o!r p inde$ previ\sly call$ u4 ,we came into hi/ory by a*ievem5ts 9 w>1 & ! desire = conflict & victory has be5 ma9ta9$ ?r\gh all ! phases ( our v>i$ hi/ory4 ,by ! cont9u$ dilig5ce ( our citiz5s 9 "w we h subord9at$ ! _w ar\nd u to our aims2 our capacity = organisation has be5 mo/ m>k$1 z ! pres5t /ate ( indu/ry & trade %[s4 ,h[ev]1 n only h ^! movem5ts t[>ds inw>dness1 & t[>ds ! _w1 a /rong t5d5cy to oppose "o ano!r1 b also1 9 contra/ ) ^! magnific5t gifts1 !re are _m defects & t5d5cies t make ! developm5t ( a p[]ful & unifi$ life exce$+ly difficult4 ,we %[ a want ( =m & ta/e1 a heav9ess & =mality1 a t5d5cy to occupation ) detail &1 9 g5]al1 ) :at is petty 9 life1 &1 z a result ( ?is1 an uncultur$ ,phili/9ism 9 all sph]es ( society1 & along ) ?is ! incl9ation on ! "p ( individuals to insi/ on ! correctness ( _! positions1 & ?us to cause division2 f9ally--& ?is is ! wor/ ( all--mu* envy & jeal\sy4 ,none ( ^! features c be d5i$4 ,!re is an inf9ite am\nt :i* mu/ be alt]$ & ov]come among/ u if we are to become :at we are capable ( becom+1 & if we are to rea* ! highe/ 9 our nature4 ,! limitations t h be5 br\ght ab\t by our hi/ory1 :i* on ! :ole has n be5 a happy "o1 con/itute an important det]m9+ factor 9 ?is matt]4 ,! m problems we be> )9 u1 ! m possibilities ( g5u9e creation t exi/ )9 u1 & ! m we may be to humanity 9 ! future1 ! m pa9ful is x if att5tion & activity are div]t$ f ! *ief task1 & if an ext]nalis+ ( ! idea ( nationality all[s u to consid] ourselves great r ?an lead u to /rive = true greatness4 ,! p t has produc$ ,lu!r & ,ba*1 ,kant & ,goe!1 _c be devoid ( true greatness1 if x only rema9s fai?ful to its own nature1 & if x conc5trates its p[] & treats ! *ief ?+ really z su*4 7e7 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,individual ,! problems & anti!ses t are to be f\nd 9 ! life ( ! pres5t p5etrate deeply into ! life ( ! individual1 & (t5 make _! appe>ance )9 him ) a p>ticul> p[]4 ,! anti!sis t exi/s betwe5 ! conceptions ( ! _w & ! dem&s ( life is especially h>%4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! age is to =m a conception ( ! _w :i* r$uces ! /atus ( ! individual 9 ! greate/ degree3 f ! po9t ( view ( nature & ( society1 he seems to be no m ?an a fleet+ appe>ance1 a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 & to %[ no indep5d5ce1 & nev] to be able to take "p ) spontane\s activity 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! contempor>y =m ( life dem&s ! greate/ indep5d5ce & fre$om ( ! individual4 ,we see 9 him ! *ief be>] ( life1 & we expect salvation f ! sev]e p]plexities ( ! "t1 prim>ily f 8 /r5g!n+4 ,?is /ate ( inconsi/5cy _c be tol]at$ = long2 ei!r ! degradation ( ! individual1 t is f\nd 9 ! conceptions ( ! _w1 mu/ be appli$ to life1 & lead x to a resign$ submission to an imp5etrable _w-process1 or ! positive e/imate ( ! individual :i* gov]ns conduct mu/ be ackn[l$g$ 9 ! conviction conc]n+ reality z a :ole3 only a weakness ( disposition & a feebl5ess ( ?\ght c divide our exi/5ce betwe5 ! "o conviction & ! o!r4 ,! c\rse :i* our inve/igation has tak5 _c leave any possible d\bt z to ! direction :i* our conviction po9ts out to u 9 ?is matt]3 h[ev] mu* we also dem& an en]getic developm5t ( ! individual1 t ! /agnation ( ! age may be ov]come1 at ! same "t we insi/ ^u a necess>y condition ( ?is1 on 8 inn] /r5g!n+ by an inn] _w pres5t to him1 on 8 elevation by a spirituality transc5d+ nature4 ,only if he ?us acquires an inn] relation to inf9ity1 & becomes an indep5d5t c5tre ( life1 c he satisfy ! dem&s t are g5]ally made ^u him1 &1 rem>kably en\gh1 especially by ^? :o !oretically d5y ! inn] _w z a :ole1 & hail a mo/ %all[ ,naturalism z a deliv]ance4 ,( c\rse t inn] elevation ( ! individual by no means lifts him g5tly & simply out ( all ! confusion t ! exp]i5ce ( our exi/5ce %[s2 at ! fir/ glance x may ev5 seem to make ! confusion great]4 ,=1 if ea* individual c become a co-op]ator 9 ! build+ up ( a new _w1 & if 8 activity !reby acquires a value = ! :ole1 !n ! complete indiff]5ce ) :i*1 accord+ to our human impression1 ! individual is treat$ by ! c\rse ( ! physical _w1 ! inflexibility & inju/ice t he (t5 exp]i5ces 9 ?is _w1 ! defect ( love & ju/ice 9 ?is _w1 9 :i* ! bad s (t5 obta9 ! victory & ! good are l$ to de/ruction1 are all ! great] my/]y4 ,! m ! developm5t ( ! spiritual life wid5s ! field ( vision2 ! m x leads u beyond a lifeless resignation to ! "q ( ! rationality ( ev5ts & compels u to comp>e ! de/9y ( "o man ) t ( ano!r1 ! deep] mu/ t feel+ ( my/]y become4 ,all attempts at a !odicy f\nd] on ?is difficulty2 we mu/ inevitably submit to ! view t ) reg>d to ?is problem all is obscure to ! eyes ( man4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no ne$ on ?is acc\nt to d\bt & to reg>d our life z hopeless2 our inve/igation also has %[n ?is4 ,=1 9 contra/ ) ! obscurity ( ! _w ar\nd u1 we are able to set ! fact ( ! em]g5ce ( a new _w )9 u4 ,great ?+s take place )9 u2 n only does a new _w appe>1 b we are call$ by an inn] necessity ( our own be+ to co-op]ate 9 its developm5t1 & ?is co-op]ation is n limit$ to individual activities1 b involves our be+ z a :ole4 ,= x 0 j 9 ?is t we 7 able to recognise ! developm5t ( be+ z ! ess5ce ( ! spiritual life--t ! *ief movem5t ( our life is to w9 a g5u9e be+1 & t 9 ! developm5t ( p]sonality & spiritual individuality su* a be+ is 9 "q4 ,we saw cle>ly en\gh t we are n p]sonalities & individuals f ! beg9n+2 b t nature gives u only ! possibility ( becom+ ?is4 ,to realise ?is possibility our own activity is necess>y2 & ?is activity is n a sudd5 resolution1 b requires a revolution ( our be+ & ! developm5t ( a new nature2 & ?is c only be a*iev$ by a fai?ful & zeal\s life-"w1 & ev5 !n only approximately4 ,?us life z a :ole is a task :i* includes all multiplicity )9 x1 ! task ( w9n+ our own be+ completely1 & j 9 ?is way to increase ! k+dom ( ! _s at our po9t4 ,?is task _c be completely recognis$ & adopt$ )\t mak+ a great div]g5ce f ! aim1 h>% oppositions & difficult conflicts1 manife/ 9 ! inn] recesses ( ! s\l4 ,if our life1 !re=e1 appe>s to be 9 ! highe/ degree incomplete1 a m]e beg9n+1 !n ?is increase ( ! task demon/rates m ?an any?+ else t1 9 ?is matt]1 we are conc]n$ n ) phantoms & imag9ations1 b ) realities3 s "h1 not)/&+ all our incomplet5ess1 we c obta9 ! c]ta9ty ( a spiritual exi/5ce1 & ev5 become /r5g!n$ by ! direct resi/ance ( ! ext]nal _w1 because t _w is h5ce=? r$uc$ to ! second>y position4 ,?us1 z we saw1 ! "q ^u :i* m9ds sep>ate into irreconcilable opposition is :e!r !y ackn[l$ge 9 ! inw>dness ( be+ itself n m]ely individual problems b a univ]sal task2 if ?is is ! case1 ! s]i\sness ( ! task w give to !m an un%akable /ability ( possession & a security sup]ior to all attacks2 if x is n ! case1 ! spiritual _w is an un9telligible p>adox1 because ! want ( an indep5d5t inn] life means t !re is no basis = ! developm5t ( an organ = ! compreh5sion ( a _w ( inw>dness4 ,9 ?is matt] !re is no possibility ( a direct agreem5t2 only ! pro( ( ! _s & ( p[] c decide4 ,b :]e ! life ( ! individual acquires a g5u9e be+ & a connection ) ! realm ( self-consci\sness1 !n1 not)/&+ all t is fleet+ & insub/antial1 ! individual _c reg>d himself z a transitory appe>ance 9 ! :ole1 ev5 9 ! ultimate basis ( 8 be+4 ,:]e1 9 contra/ ) all ! mean+lessness ( m]e nature & all ! pret5ce ( m]e society1 a movem5t t[>ds inn] unity & sub/antial be+ em]ges1 ! individual w be elevat$ into a "t-transc5d5t ord]1 & mu/ necess>ily acquire "s position )9 x4 ,! :ole movem5t t[>ds spirituality 9 ! human sph]e w\ld be va91 & all di/9ctively human life w\ld be a mean+less contradiction1 if ! individuals 9 :om alone ! spiritual life breaks =? spontane\sly 7 includ$ solely & entirely 9 ! /ream ( ! process ( nature4 ,if ! spiritual life has once reveal$ itself to u1 s f> z to beg9 an indep5d5t & di/9ctive be+ )9 u1 !n ?is be+ w ass]t itself 9 "s way4 ,?is does n imply agreem5t ) ! usual belief 9 immortality1 :i* w\ld pres]ve man j z he is ?r\gh all et]nity1 & ?us condemn him to ! torture ( rigid cont9uance 9 ! same =m2 a /ate t w\ld1 inde$1 be z unbe>able z ! pa9 ( ! traditional hell4 ,z ! _w z a :ole is 9 ! highe/ degree my/]i\s to u1 s our future is veil$ 9 ! deepe/ obscurity4 ,b1 if ) ! ess5ce ( our be+ we are elevat$ into a univ]sal spiritual life1 & if 9 ! inn]mo/ basis ( our life we p>ticipate 9 an et]nal ord]1 !n ! "t-transc5d5ce ( ?is life assures to u also "s k9d ( "t-transc5d5ce 9 our be+4 ,s l/ si* j5e grosse ,frage ,na* uns]m zweit5 ,vat]l&1 ,d5n das ,be/ndige d] ird's*5 ,tage ,v]brgt uns ewig5 ,be/&4 ,,goe! ,,conclusion ,9 conclusion a few words w suffice4 ,! la/ section %[$ t ! pres5t sets great problems & reveals possibilities 9 e dep>tm5t ( life2 b t we m5 are v f> f be+ equal to cope ) ^! problems4 ,we are limit$ especially by ! fact t we are incapable ( elevat+ ourselves inw>dly above ! pres5t2 t we d n take possession ( x suffici5tly z a :ole1 & f9d an inn] indep5d5ce 9 relation to x2 & t !re=e we d n ent] ) ! necess>y vig\r into ! conflict aga9/ ! trivial & ! poor-spirit$1 ! decad5t & ! sceptical t ! pres5t conta9s4 ,to po9t out ! way to atta9 su* indep5d5ce appe>$ to u to be ! *ief task ( philosophy 9 ! pres5t4 ,9 ! s]vice ( ?is task1 :i* _c be a*iev$ )\t ! manife/ation ( a new actuality1 )\t a fundam5tal deep5+ ( our reality1 we h made our inve/igation1 :i* conta9s a di/9ctive conception ( ! spiritual life4 ,9 t ev]y:]e we h press$ back f ! results to ! exp]i5ce1 & f ! weal? ( a*ievem5t to ! g5]at+ basis1 we h se5 nature1 hi/ory1 culture1 & human nature z a :ole 9 a new light4 ,we h hop$1 by wid5+ & /r5g!n+ life itself f )91 to supply a sub/itute = ! ext]nal supports t life has lo/4 ,h[ f> we h succe$$ 9 our endeav\r is ano!r "q2 we %all be satisfi$ ev5 if our "w only contributes to br+ ! pres5t to a cle>] consci\sness ( ! /ate ( spiritual crisis 9 :i* x exi/s & conc]n+ ! s]i\sness ( :i* x deceives itself 9 a ?\s& ways4 ,!re is an enorm\s am\nt ( vigor\s activity & effici5t "w1 ( hone/ endeav\r & s]i\s disposition1 9 our "t1 & ! t5d5cy to make life m spiritual is also evid5t4 ,b ! movem5t is /ill f> f atta9+ ! dep? :i* is necess>y to ! *ief "q ( our spiritual exi/5ce2 ?us ! conflict1 in/ead ( be+ betwe5 :ole & :ole1 is divid$2 t :i* is significant & valuable 9 ! endeav\r ( ! "t is 9 dang] ( becom+ problematic1 & ( produc+ ! opposite ( :at x purposes1 because x does n fit itself into a univ]sal life1 & 9 ?is realise its limitations & at ! same "t its "r4 ,a m en]getic conc5tration ( life 9 itself is !re=e ! fir/ condition ( transc5d+ ! *aos ( ! life ( ! pres5t & ( prev5t+ spiritual deg5]ation 9 ! mid/ ( too int5se an occupation ) ext]nals4 ,z = ! re/1 we may say ) ,plot9us3 ,! doctr9e s]ves to po9t ! way & guide ! travell]2 ! vision1 h[ev]1 is = him :o w see x4 ,,index ,ab/ractions2 _! p[] 9 mod]n life1 #cfb ff4 ,activism2 pr(ession ( fai? 91 #bee ff42 h[ x diff]s f a sy/em ( m]e =ce1 #bee ff42 its e?ical "*1 #bef2 h[ x diff]s f ,volunt>ism & ,pragmatism1 #bef ff4 /hetic ,individualism1 #fa ff4 /heticism2 its anti!sis to ,activism1 #beh ff4 ,antiquity2 its di/9ctive syn!sis ( life1 #bjh ff4 ,a priori2 its validity & its limitations1 #bcd ,ar*im$ean po9t 9 ! spiritual life2 its impossibility1 #id ff41 #aed ,art & lit]ature1 condition & tasks 9 ! pres5t1 #ced ff4 ,ascetic organisation ( life2 reject$1 #bha ff4 ,be+1 developm5t (2 z a sy/em ( life1 #bab ff41 #cad ,ca?olicism2 diff]5t t5d5cies 91 #cbh ff4 ,*ri/ianity2 its unique "*1 #f2 ! opposition to1 #g ff42 its p]man5t tru?1 #cca ff42 *anges necess>y to x1 #ccb ff42 ,*ri/ian & ,greek =ms ( life1 #bhc ff4 ,classical1 !2 its significance1 #aib ,conc5tration ( life 7)9 ! :ole71 #aef ff41 #afj ,consci5ce2 its significance1 #abi ff4 ,critical "* ( mod]n "w2 its presuppositions1 #bej ff4 ,culture1 #aaj ff42 g5u9e & app>5t1 #bfi ff42 requirem5ts ( a new type1 #bih ff42 organisation (1 #cae ff4 ,democratic t5d5cy ( mod]n culture1 #cfa ff4 ,dep>tm5ts ( life2 _! relation to life z a :ole1 #caf ff4 ,dogmatic sect>ian po9t ( view2 reject$1 #cbh ,duty2 significance ( ! idea1 #ahd ff41 #bca ,education2 problems 9 ! pres5t /ate (1 #cdc ff4 ,enlight5m5t1 !2 its syn!sis ( life1 #bji ff42 h[ f> problematic1 #bdi2 relation ( ! pres5t to x1 #cdg ff4 ,equality2 problems ( ! pres5t conception (1 #cfb ,et]nity2 h[ f> impli$ 9 ! life ( ! individual1 #cgb ,e?ical "* ( life2 h[ to be und]/ood1 #bef1 #beh2 ( spiritual culture1 #cji ff42 its necessity1 #ccg ff4 ,e?ics 7morality72 diff]5t types 9 ! pres5t "t1 #ccf ff42 conditions ( a morality1 #cch ff42 requirem5ts ( morality 9 a spiritual culture1 #cci ff4 ,evil2 ! problem (1 #bfc ff42 ! way 9 :i* x is solv$1 #bgi ff4 ,evolution1 doctr9e (2 spiritual1 its limitations1 #aid ff41 #beg ff4 ,exp]i5ce2 its significance = ! spiritual life 9 man1 #bce ff4 ,fre$om2 its nature1 #agd ff42 its conflict ) de/9y1 #aha ff42 g5u9e & false1 #cbc ff42 inconsi/5cy 9 contempor>y treatm5t ( ! problem1 #cfj ff4 ,g]man "*2 its greatness & its dang]s1 #cag ff41 #cfh ff4 ,goe!2 *>act]i/ic influ5ce1 #bii ,good1 ! 7idea ( ! good72 h[ x diff]s f ! ,useful1 #aai ff42 app>5t inconsi/5cy1 #ach ff42 m detail$ det]m9ation1 #ahe ff4 ,great man1 !2 8 relation to 8 "t1 #bib ,greek & ,*ri/ian =ms ( life1 #bhc ff4 ,hegel2 relation ( ! pres5t to him indef9ite1 #cdh ,hi/orical & social organisation ( life2 its limitations1 #bjj ,hi/orical ,relativism2 reject$1 #bij ff41 #cbc ff4 ,hi/ory2 ! spiritual conception (1 its conditions1 #ahh ff42 esot]ic & exot]ic hi/ory1 #bdc ff4 ,human life2 h[ f> x is f ! spiritual life1 #afa ff4 ,idealisation1 false2 ( imm$iate exi/5ce1 #hc ff41 #cfb ff4 ,idealism & ,realism2 _! unification 9 a spiritual culture1 #cab ff4 ,ideas 9 hi/ory2 _! unique "*1 #abf ff41 #ahh ff4 ,imag9ation2 indisp5sable 9 all dep>tm5ts ( life1 #bci ,imman5t ,idealism1 its rise & fall1 #ae ff4 ,imman5tal treatm5t 7f ! life-process71 #ajg ff4 ,individual1 !1 & ! ,society2 problems ( _! relation1 #cfd ff4 ,individual1 !2 8 significance 9 ! new relations1 #bdf1 #cfi ff4 ,individual1 life ( !2 its =m 9 ! new sy/em1 #cfi ff4 ,individuality 7spiritual72 z a problem1 #acb ff41 #aha ff41 #cgj ,in/ruction2 problems 9 ! pres5t "t ) ref]5ce to1 #cdc ff4 ,inw>dness2 its atta9m5t ( indep5d5ce 9 man1 #abc ff41 #adf ff42 z ! inn] life ( reality1 #adh ff42 inw>dness & ! inn] _w1 #cjc ,irrationality1 ( exi/5ce2 9 :at mann] ov]come1 #bgi ,kant2 inconsi/5cy 9 ! relation to him 9 ! pres5t "t1 #cdh ,k2 its =m 9 ! new sy/em1 #cea ,life2 its deta*m5t f ! m]e individual1 #aai ff42 ! two movem5ts 9 x1 #bhb ff4 ,life-process2 z ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( inve/igation1 #ajd ff41 #cje ff41 #cdi ff4 ,life's atta9m5t ( greatness1 #bdj ff4 ,life-"w2 its significance 9 acquir+ /ability1 #bec ,love2 z a witness to ! union ) ! :ole1 #bca ,man2 z a be+ ( nature1 #aaj ff42 gr[+ beyond nature1 #aac ff42 8 union ) ! :ole1 #bbf ff4 ,masses1 ! culture ( !2 its problems1 #hi ff4 ,mass-movem5ts2 _! dang]s & limitations1 #cfc ff4 ,metaphysic2 9 :at s5se necess>y1 #ada ff4 ,mod]n1 !2 d\ble mean+1 #bif ,mod]n ,age1 ! 79 a broad s5se72 ! *>act]i/ic 9 its nature1 #i ff4 ,mod]n ,morality2 discuss$ & reject$1 #cfd ff4 ,movem5t1 ( ! spiritual life 9 man2 its uniqu5ess1 #bcc ff42 its increase 9 ! new sy/em ( life1 #bdg ff4 ,my/icism2 9 :at s5se ju/ifiable1 #bdf ,national ,"*1 #aih1 #cfg ff4 ,nationality1 ! idea (2 its problems1 #cff ff4 ,naturalism2 its significance & its limitations1 #bd ff4 ,nature & ,_s1 #bgj ff4 ,negation2 impossibility ( an absolute1 #bfg ff4 ,new] ,sy/ems ( ,life2 :at !y h 9 common1 #bb ff41 #ha ff4 ,nological ,me?od2 di/+ui%$ f ! psy*ological & ! cosmological1 #bdc1 #ceb ,norms2 _! significance1 #ahd ,pan!ism2 vague "* ( ! g5]al conception ( x1 #hd ,pa/2 impossibility ( flight to !1 #ic ff4 ,p & nation1 #cff ff4 ,p]sonal conviction1 conc]n+ reality z a :ole2 :]e ! decision is made1 #bec1 #bha1 #caa ff41 #cdj1 #cgb ,p]sonality2 ! difficulty ( ! conception1 #ie ff42 no m]e gift ( nature1 #caa1 #cgj ,philosophy2 its pres5t position1 #cdf ff42 its ?ree ma9 t5d5cies 9 ! pres5t "t1 #cdg ff42 *ief dem&s1 #cdi ff4 ,philosophy ( life2 ! conception ( a1 #c ff4 ,political & social life2 condition & tasks 9 ! pres5t "t1 #ceh ff4 ,pres5t1 !2 difficulties ( det]m9+ its ext5t1 #bhi ff4 ,prote/antism2 ! diff]5t t5d5cies 9 x1 #cbi ,public op9ion2 mann] ( its =mation1 #cfd ,reality2 difficulty ( ! conception1 #hd ff42 long+ =1 #aei ff42 new conception (1 #bbj ff4 ,relation 7fundam5tal71 ( man to reality2 new1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! spiritual life1 #aeb ff4 ,religion2 ! sy/em ( life (1 #f ff42 its =m & its ju/ification1 #bgc ff42 its necessity 9 a spiritual culture1 #cab ff42 its pres5t condition1 #cbd2 its requirem5ts 9 a spiritual culture1 #ccj ff42 specific religi\s sy/em ( life reject$1 #bha ff4 ,romanticism2 its significance & its limitations1 #beh ff4 ,sci5ce2 its pres5t greatness & problems1 #cde ff4 ,self-pres]vation1 spiritual2 di/+ui%$ f natural self-pres]vation1 #abf ,s5se2 its e/imate1 #bfj ,simplification 79 revivals71 #abh ,sociali/ic sy/em2 its significance & its limitations1 #da ff4 ,society2 ! spiritual conception (1 #aif ff42 emphasis ^u society 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 #ceh ff4 ,spiritual culture1 & human culture1 #cjh ff4 ,spiritual life2 its indep5d5ce a necessity1 #ada ff42 z ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( a new organisation ( ! individual dep>tm5ts ( life1 #aeg ff41 #bdd ff4 ,spiritual "w2 its relation to "t1 #bij ff4 ,/ability 9 life2 h[ won1 #bea ff4 ,/ate1 !2 ! great] emphasis ^u x 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 #cei ff4 ,suff]+ & spiritual de/itution1 #cad ,syn!ses ( life2 9 hi/ory1 #bjg ff4 ,!odicy2 reject$1 #bgi ff41 #cga ,?\ght2 its relation to life1 #ajh1 #abf ff41 #ada ff41 #cdi ff42 its unique op]ation 79 di/9ction f association71 #abe ff4 ,"t2 fundam5tal relation ( man to1 #aaf ff4 ,transc5d5t ,spirituality2 z ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( religion1 #bgh ff4 ,transc5d5tal me?od2 9 :at s5se ju/ifiable1 #bdh ,tru?1 conception (2 its hi/ory1 #ach2 new conception1 #baf ff4 ,"w2 its di/9ctive "*1 #abb2 its p[] to develop1 #bja ff42 ! _w ( "w1 #bja ff4 ,_w1 conceptions ( !2 *ief types1 #cec ff4 ,pr9t$ by ,,ballantyne ,,company ,,ltd ,tavi/ock ,/reet ,cov5t ,g>d5 ,london ,,by ,,rudolf ,,euck5 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,& ,,value ,,( ,,life ,,translat$ ,,by ,,lucy ,,judge ,,gibson ,w4 ,r4 ,,boyce ,,gibson1 ,m4,a4 ,,second ,,edition ,cr[n #hvo1 ,by ,po/ ,clo? ,price #cs4 #f;d4 net #cs4 #i;d4 ,,f ,,! ,,translators' ,,preface ,euck5's influ5ce z a ?9k] has = long be5 felt f> beyond ! bord]s ( 8 native l&4 ,translations ( 8 books h appe>$ 9 _m =eign languages1 includ+ ,fr5*1 ,italian1 ,sw$i%1 ,f9ni% & ,russian4 ,9 our own c\ntry su* articles on ,euck5's works z h appe>$ q rec5tly 9 ! ,times1 ! ,gu>dian1 & ! ,inquir] are significantly sympa!tic & appreciative4 ',x seems likely1' writes ! review] 9 ! ,gu>dian1 't = ! next decade ,euck5 w be ! lead+ guide = ! pilgrims ( ?\ght :o walk on ! ,ideali/ ,road4' ,,press ,,op9ion ,!re are scores ( passages ?r\gh\t ! volume "o w\ld l to quote--! ?9k+ ( a man ( cle>e/ vision & l(tie/ outlook on ! fabric ( life z m5 are fa%ion+ x to-day4 ,x is a volume = ,*ur*m5 & politicians ( all %ades & p>ties1 = ! /ud5t & = ! man ( bus9ess1 = ! work%op z well--a volume = e "o :o is s]i\sly int]e/$ 9 ! great bus9ess ( life4--,ab]de5 ,j\rnal4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,adam ,,*>les ,,black4 #d ,,soho ,,squ>e4 ,,london1 ,w4 ,,rudolf ,,euck5',s ,,philosophy ,,( ,,life ,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,boyce ,,gibson ,,lectur] ,,9 ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,liv]pool ,,?ird ,,edition ,) ,frontispiece ,portrait ( ,rudolf ,euck5 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,by ,po/ ,clo? ,price #cs4 #f;d4 net #cs4 #i;d4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,cont5ts ,! ,new ,idealism3 ,euck5's ,philosophy a ,rally+-po9t = ,ideali/ic ,ef=t ,8 ,!ory ( ,k ,8 ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory ,! ,mean+ ( a ,hi/orical ,fact ,! ,break ) ,ari/otelianism & ,aqu9ism ,euck5's ,criticism ( ! ,naturali/ic ,syntagma ,! ,great ,alt]native3 ,individuality or ,p]sonality ,! ,category ( ,action ,euck5's ,view ( ,revelation ,! ,problem ( ! ,union ( ,human & ,div9e ,! ,new ,spiritual ,imm$iacy ,! ,spiritual ,life z ,euck5 conceives x3 its ,intr9sically ,oppositional ,"* ,euck5's ,philosophy z a ,philosophy ( ,fre$om ,! ,new ,idealism z a ,religi\s ,idealism ,no read] %\ld fail to f9d pleasure 9 a book s full ( fre% & /imulat+ ?\ght1 express$ ) great felicity ( language4 ,! ,scotti% ,review ,x is done ) j ! prop] comb9ation ( sympa?y & criticism4--,! ,briti% ,weekly ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,adam ,,*>les ,,black4 #d ,,soho ,,squ>e4 ,,london1 ,w4