,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,,meteoric ,,a/ronomy3 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,%oot+-,,/>s1 ,,fire-,,balls1 ,,& ,,a]olites4 ,,by ,,daniel ,,kirkwood1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,ma!matics ,,9 ,,wa%+ton ,,& ,,jeff]son ,,college4 ,illu/ration ,,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,co4 #ahfg4 ,ent]$1 accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahfg1 by ,,daniel ,,kirkwood1 ,,ll4,d41 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ,we/]n ,di/rict ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,,preface4 ,ari/otle & o!r anci5t writ]s reg>d$ comets z meteors g5]at$ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,?is op9ion 0 g5]ally accept$1 ev5 by ! le>n$1 until ! obs]vations ( ,ty*o1 ne> ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 %[$ ^? my/]i\s objects to be m di/ant ?an ! moon1 ?us rais+ !m to ! dignity ( cele/ial bodies4 ,an a*ievem5t some:at simil>1 & c]ta9ly no less int]e/+1 0 res]v$ = ! a/ronom]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,?is 0 ! great discov]y t %oot+-/>s1 fire-balls1 & meteoric /ones1 are1 l comets1 cosmical bodies mov+ 9 conic sections ab\t ! sun4 ,,dr4 ,,halley 0 ! fir/ to =etell ! return ( a comet1 & ! ye> #agei w ev] be kn[n 9 hi/ory z t :i* witness$ ! fulfillm5t ( 8 prophecy4 ,b 9 ! dep>tm5t ( meteoric a/ronomy1 a simil> honor mu/ n[ be aw>d$ to ! late ,,dr4 ,,olb]s4 ,soon aft] ! great />-%[] ( #ahcc he inf]r$ f a comp>ison ( record$ facts t ! ,novemb] display atta9s a maximum at int]vals ( ?irty-?ree or ?irty-f\r ye>s4 ,he accord+ly designat$ #ahff or #ahfg z ! "t ( its probable return2 & ! night ( ,novemb] #ac? ( ! =m] ye> mu/ always be memorable z af=d+ ! fir/ v]ification ( 8 pr$iction4 ,on t night sev]al ?\s& meteors 7 obs]v$ 9 "o h\r f a s+le /ation4 ,?is rem>kable display1 toge!r ) ! fact t ano!r /ill m brilliant is look$ = 9 ,novemb]1 #ahfg1 has giv5 meteoric a/ronomy a m ?an ord9>y degree ( int]e/ 9 ! public m9d4 ,to gratify1 9 "s measure1 ! curiosity :i* has be5 awak5$1 by pres5t+ 9 a popul> =m ! pr9cipal results ( obs]vation & /udy 9 ?is new field ( rese>*1 is ! ma9 design ( ! foll[+ "w4 ,! fir/ two *apt]s conta9 a popul> view ( :at is kn[n 9 reg>d to ! />-%[]s ( ,augu/ & ,novemb]1 & also ( "s o!r epo*s4 ,! ?ird is a description1 9 *ronological ord]1 ( ! mo/ important falls ( meteoric /ones1 toge!r ) ! ph5om5a att5d+ _! desc5t4 ,! f\r? & foll[+ *apt]s to ! elev5? inclusive1 discuss v>i\s que/ions 9 ! !ory ( meteors3 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! relative numb] ( a]olitic falls dur+ diff]5t p>ts ( ! day1 & also ( ! ye>2 ! coexi/5ce ( ! diff]5t =ms ( meteoric matt] 9 ! same r+s2 meteoric du/2 ! /ability ( ! sol> sy/em2 ! doctr9e ( a resi/+ m$ium2 ! ext5t ( ! atmosph]e z indicat$ by meteors2 ! meteoric !ory ( sol> heat2 & ! ph5om5a ( v>iable & tempor>y />s4 ,! twelf? *apt] reg>ds ! r+s ( ,saturn z d5se meteoric sw>ms1 & acc\nts = ! pr9cipal int]val betwe5 !m4 ,! ?irte5? pres5ts v>i\s facts1 n previ\sly notic$1 respect+ ! a/]oid zone betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]1 ) sugge/ions conc]n+ _! cause or explanation4 ,z ! nebul> hypo!sis furni%es a plausible acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( meteoric /reams1 x seem$ desirable to pres5t an intelligible view ( t celebrat$ !ory4 ,?is accord+ly =ms ! subject ( ! clos+ *apt]4 ,! great] "p ( ! foll[+ treatise1 x is prop] to rem>k1 0 writt5 be=e ! publication 79 ,engl&7 ( ,dr4 ,phipson's volume on ,meteors1 ,a]olites1 & ,fall+-/>s4 ,! au?or has _h t "w be=e him1 h[ev]1 :ile complet+ 8 manuscript1 & has avail$ himself ( "s ( ! acc\nts !re giv5 ( rec5t ph5om5a4 ,,canonsburg1 ,,pa1 ,may1 #ahfg4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introduction #g ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,meteors ( ,novemb] #ab?-#ad? #ac ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,o!r ,meteoric ,r+s #bf ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,a]olites #ce ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,conjectures 9 ,reg>d to ,meteoric ,epo*s #ej ,,*apt] ,v4 ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,meteoric ,/ones--,d ,a]olitic ,falls occur m frequ5tly by ,day ?an by ,night8--,d ,meteorites1 ,bolides1 & ! matt] ( ord9>y ,%oot+-/>s1 coexi/ 9 ! same ,r+s8 #ef ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,ph5om5a suppos$ to be ,meteoric--,meteoric ,du/--,d>k ,days #fe ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,rese>*es ( ,rei*5ba*--,!ory ( ,meteors--,/ability ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em--,doctr9e ( a ,resi/+ ,m$ium #gd ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,does ! ,numb] ( ,a]olitic ,falls v>y ) ! ,e>?'s ,di/ance f ! ,sun8--,relative ,numb]s obs]v$ 9 ! ,=5oon & ,aft]noon--,ext5t ( ! ,atmosph]e z indicat$ by ,meteors #gi ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,meteoric ,!ory ( ,sol> ,heat #hd ,,*apt] ,x4 ,w ! ,meteoric ,!ory acc\nt = ! ,ph5om5a ( ,v>iable & ,tempor>y ,/>s8 #ib ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,lun> & ,sol> ,!ories ( ! ,orig9 ( ,a]olites #if ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! ,r+s ( ,saturn #ajb ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,! ,a/]oid ,r+ betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit] #aje ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,orig9 ( ,meteors--,! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis #aab ,,app5dix #abc ,,introduction4 ,a ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em4 ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em consi/s ( ! sun1 toge!r ) ! planets & comets :i* revolve ar\nd him z ! c5t] ( _! motions4 ,! sun is ! great controll+ orb ( ?is sy/em1 & ! s\rce ( light & heat to its v>i\s memb]s4 ,its magnitude is "o million f\r hundr$ ?\s& times great] ?an t ( ! e>?1 & x conta9s m ?an sev5 hundr$ times z mu* matt] z all ! planets put toge!r4 ,,m]cury is ! ne>e/ planet to ! sun2 its mean di/ance be+ ab\t ?irty-sev5 millions ( miles4 ,its diamet] is ab\t ?ree ?\s& miles1 & x completes its orbital revolution 9 #hh days4 ,,v5us1 ! next memb] ( ! sy/em1 is sometimes our morn+ & sometimes our ev5+ />4 ,its magnitude is almo/ exactly ! same z t ( ! e>?4 ,x revolves r\nd ! sun 9 #bbe days4 ,,! ,,e>? is ! ?ird planet f ! sun 9 ! ord] ( di/ance2 ! radius ( its orbit be+ ab\t n9ety-five millions ( miles4 ,x is att5d$ by "o satellite--! moon--! diamet] ( :i* is #bafj miles4 ,,m>s is ! fir/ planet ext]ior to ! e>?'s orbit4 ,x is consid]ably small] ?an ! e>?1 & has no satellite4 ,x revolves r\nd ! sun 9 #fhg days4 ,,! ,,a/]oids4--,s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury a rem>kable zone ( telescopic planets has be5 discov]$ imm$iately ext]ior to ! orbit ( ,m>s4 ,^! bodies are extremely small2 "s ( !m probably conta9+ less matt] ?an ! l>ge/ m\nta9s on ! e>?'s surface4 ,m ?an n9ety memb]s ( ! gr\p are kn[n at pres5t1 & ! numb] is annually increas+4 ,,jupit]1 ! fir/ planet ext]ior to ! a/]oids1 is ne>ly five hundr$ millions ( miles f ! sun1 & revolves r\nd him 9 a little less ?an twelve ye>s4 ,?is planet is n9ety ?\s& miles 9 diamet] & conta9s m ?an twice z mu* matt] z all ! o!r planets1 prim>y & second>y1 put toge!r4 ,jupit] is att5d$ by f\r moons or satellites4 ,,saturn is ! sev5? planet 9 ! ord] ( di/ance--c\nt+ ! a/]oids z "o4 ,its orbit is ab\t f\r hundr$ millions ( miles beyond t ( ,jupit]4 ,?is planet is att5d$ by eight satellites1 & is surr\nd$ by ?ree broad1 flat r+s4 ,saturn is sev5ty-six ?\s& miles 9 diamet]1 & its mass or quantity ( matt] is m ?an twice t ( all ! o!r planets except ,jupit]4 ,,uranus is at d\ble ! di/ance ( ,saturn1 or n9ete5 times t ( ! e>?4 ,its diamet] is ab\t ?irty-five ?\s& miles1 & its p]iod ( revolution1 eighty-f\r ye>s4 ,x is att5d$ by f\r satellites4 ,,neptune is ! mo/ remote kn[n memb] ( ! sy/em2 its di/ance be+ ne>ly ?ree ?\s& millions ( miles4 ,x is some:at l>g] ?an ,uranus2 has c]ta9ly "o satellite1 & probably sev]al m4 ,its p]iod is ab\t "o hundr$ & sixty-five ye>s4 ,a cannon-ball fly+ at ! rate ( five hundr$ miles p] h\r w\ld n rea* ! orbit ( ,neptune f ! sun 9 less ?an six hundr$ & eighty ye>s4 ,^! planets all move r\nd ! sun 9 ! same direction--f we/ to ea/4 ,_! motions are ne>ly circul>1 & also ne>ly 9 ! same plane4 ,_! orbits1 except t ( ,neptune1 are repres5t$ 9 ! frontispiece4 ,x is prop] to rem>k1 h[ev]1 t all repres5tations ( ! sol> sy/em by maps & planet>iums mu/ give an exce$+ly errone\s view ei!r ( ! magnitudes or di/ances ( its v>i\s memb]s4 ,if ! e>?1 = in/ance1 be d5ot$ by a ball half an in* 9 diamet]1 ! diamet] ( ! sun1 accord+ to ! same scale 7sixte5 ?\s& miles to ! in*71 w be betwe5 f\r & five feet2 t ( ! e>?'s orbit1 ab\t "o ?\s& feet2 :ile t ( ,neptune's orbit w be ne>ly six miles4 ,to give an accurate repres5tation ( ! sol> sy/em at a s+le view is !re=e pla9ly impracticable4 ,,comets4--,! numb] ( comets belong+ to our sy/em is unkn[n4 ,! appe>ance ( m ?an sev5 hundr$ has be5 record$1 & ( ?is numb]1 ! elem5ts ( ab\t two hundr$ h be5 comput$4 ,!y move 9 v ecc5tric orbits--"s1 p]haps1 9 p>abolas or hyp]bolas4 ,,! ,,zodiacal ,,light is a t]m fir/ appli$ by ,dom9ic ,cass9i1 9 #afhc1 to a fa9t nebul\s aurora1 some:at resembl+ ! milky-way1 app>5tly ( a conical or l5ticul> =m1 hav+ its base t[>d ! sun1 & its axis ne>ly 9 ! direction ( ! ecliptic4 ,! mo/ favorable "t = obs]v+ x is :5 its axis is mo/ ne>ly p]p5dicul> to ! horizon4 ,?is1 9 our latitudes1 occurs 9 ,m>* = ! ev5+1 & 9 ,octob] = ! morn+4 ,! angul> di/ance ( its v]tex f ! sun is frequ5tly sev5ty or eighty degrees1 :ile sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely 7except )9 ! tropics71 x exce$s ev5 "o hundr$ degrees4 ,! zodiacal light is probably id5tical ) ! meteor call$ trabes by ,pl9y & ,s5eca4 ,x 0 notic$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury by ,ty*o ,brah1 :o consid]$ x to be an abnormal spr+-ev5+ twilight4 ,x 0 describ$ by ,desc>tes ab\t ! ye> #afcj1 & aga9 by ,*ildrey 9 #affa4 ,! fir/ accurate description ( ! ph5om5on 0 giv51 h[ev]1 by ,cass9i4 ,?is a/ronom] suppos$ ! appe>ance to be produc$ by ! bl5d$ light ( an innum]able multitude ( extremely small planet>y bodies revolv+ 9 a r+ ab\t ! sun4 ,! appe>ance ( ! ph5om5on z se5 9 ?is c\ntry is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,= g5]al read]s x may n be improp] to premise ! foll[+ explanations3 ,meteors are ( two k9ds1 cosmical & t]re/rial3 ! =m] trav]se ! int]planet>y spaces2 ! latt] orig9ate 9 ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,bolides is a g5]al "n = meteoric fire-balls ( great] magnitude ?an %oot+-/>s4 ,! p]iod ( a planet1 comet1 or meteor is ! "t :i* x occupies 9 complet+ "o orbital revolution4 ,! motion ( a heav5ly body is said to be direct :5 x is f we/ to ea/2 & retrograde :5 x is f ea/ to we/4 ,encke's ,hypo!sis ( a ,resi/+ ,m$ium4--,! "t occupi$ by ,encke's comet 9 complet+ its revolution ab\t ! sun is becom+ less & less at ea* successive return4 ,pr(essor ,encke expla9s ?is fact by suppos+ ! int]planet>y spaces to be fill$ ) an extremely r>e fluid1 ! resi/ance ( :i* to ! comet>y motion produces ! obs]v$ contraction ( ! orbit4 ,,meteoric ,,a/ronomy4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,%oot+-,,/>s4 ,i4 ,! ,meteors ( ,novemb] #ab?-#ad?4 ,al?\gh %oot+-/>s h d\btless be5 obs]v$ 9 all ages ( ! _w1 !y h nev]1 until rec5tly1 attract$ ! special att5tion ( sci5tific m54 ,! fir/ exact obs]vations ( ! ph5om5a 7 und]tak51 ab\t ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 by ,messrs4 ,br&es & ,b5z5b]g4 ,! importance1 h[ev]1 ( ?is new dep>tm5t ( rese>* 0 n g5]ally recogniz$ till aft] ! brilliant meteoric display ( ,novemb] #ac?1 #ahcc4 ,?is %[] ( fire c nev] be =gott5 by ^? :o witness$ x4#a ,! display 0 obs]v$ f ! ,we/ ,indies to ,briti% ,am]ica1 & f #fj to #ajj we/ longitude f ,gre5wi*4 ,capta9 ,hammond1 ( ! %ip ,re/itution1 _h j arriv$ at ,salem1 ,massa*usetts1 :]e he obs]v$ ! ph5om5on f midnight till daylight4 ,he notic$ ) a/oni%m5t t precisely "o ye> be=e1 viz41 on ! #ac? ( ,novemb]1 #ahcb1 he _h obs]v$ a simil> appe>ance 7al?\gh ! meteors 7 less num]\s7 at ,mo*a1 9 ,arabia4 ,x 0 soon f\nd1 moreov]1 z a fur!r & mo/ rem>kable co9cid5ce1 t an extraord9>y fall ( meteors _h be5 witness$ on ! #ab? ( ,novemb]1 #agii4 ,?is 0 se5 & describ$ by ,&rew ,ellicott1 ,esq41 :o 0 !n at sea ne> ,cape ,florida4 ,x 0 also obs]v$ 9 ,cumana1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 by ,humboldt1 :o /ates t x 0 simultane\sly se5 9 ! new cont95t1 f ! equator to ,new ,h]rnhut1 9 ,gre5l& 7lat4 #fd #ad71 & betwe5 #df & #hb longitude4 ,?is wond]ful correspond5ce ( dates excit$ a v lively int]e/ ?r\gh\t ! sci5tific _w4 ,x 0 inf]r$ t a recurr5ce ( ! ph5om5on might be expect$1 & accord+ly arrangem5ts 7 made = sy/ematic obs]vations on ! #ab?1 #ac?1 & #ad? ( ,novemb]4 ,! p]iodicity ( ! %[] 0 ?us1 9 a v %ort "t1 plac$ :olly beyond "q4 ,! exam9ation ( old hi/orical records l$ to ! discov]y ( at lea/ #ab appe>ances ( ! ,novemb] %[] previ\s to ! great fall ( #ahcc4 ,! descriptions ( ^! ph5om5a w be f\nd collect$ 9 an int]e/+ article by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,a4 ,newton1 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 = ,may1 #ahfd4 ,!y occurr$ 9 ! ye>s #ijb1 #ica1 #icd1 #ajjb1 #aaja1 #abjb1 #acff1 #aecc1 #afjb1 #afih1 #agii1 & #ahcb4 ,besides ^! #ab enum]at$ by ,pr(essor ,newton z ! pr$ecessors ( ! great exhibition on ! morn+ ( ,novemb] #ac?1 #ahcc1 we f9d #f o!rs1 less di/9ctly m>k$1 9 ! catalogue ( ,m4 ,quetelet4#b ,^! 7 9 ! ye>s #aghg1 #ahah1 #ahbb1 #ahbc1 #ahbh1 & #ahca4 ,f #ahhc to #ahdi1 inclusive1 ,quetelet's catalogue indicates #aa p>tial returns ( ! ,novemb] %[]2 mak+ 9 all1 up to ! latt] date1 #bi4 ,9 #ahce1 ,novemb] #ac?1 a /raw ro( 0 set on fire by a meteoric fire-ball1 9 ! dep>tm5t de l',a9e1 ,france4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,novemb]1 #ahcg1 at #h o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 ! att5tion ( obs]v]s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,great ,brita9 0 direct$ to a bright lum9\s body1 app>5tly proce$+ f ! ,nor?1 :i*1 aft] mak+ a rapid desc5t1 9 ! mann] ( a rocket1 sudd5ly bur/1 & scatt]+ its p>ticles into v>i\s beautiful =ms1 vani%$ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,?is 0 succe$$ by o!rs all simil> to ! fir/1 bo? 9 %ape & ! mann] ( its ultimate disappe>ance4 ,! :ole display t]m9at$ at t5 o'clock1 :5 d>k cl\ds1 :i* cont9u$ up till a late h\r1 ov]spread ! e>?1 prev5t+ any fur!r obs]vations4--,miln]'s ,gall]y ( ,nature1 p4 #adb4 ,9 #ahch1 ,novemb] #ab?-#ac?1 meteors 7 obs]v$ 9 unusual numb]s at ,vi5na4 ,"o ( extraord9>y brilliancy1 hav+ an app>5t magnitude equal to t ( ! full moon1 0 se5 ne> ,*]burg4 ,on sev]al o!r returns ( ! ,novemb] epo* ! numb] ( meteors obs]v$ has be5 great] ?an on ord9>y nights2 ! di/9ctly m>k$ exhibitions1 h[ev]1 up to #ahff1 h all be5 enum]at$4 ,,! ,,%[] ,,( ,,novemb] #ad1 #ahff4 ,! fact t all great displays ( ! ,novemb] meteors h tak5 place at int]vals ( ?irty-?ree or ?irty-f\r ye>s1 or "s multiple ( t p]iod1 _h l$ to a g5]al expectation ( a brilliant %[] 9 #ahff4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 h[ev]1 ! public curiosity 0 mu* disappo9t$4 ,! numb]s se5 7 great] ?an on ord9>y nights1 b n su* z w\ld h attract$ any special att5tion4 ,! greate/ numb] record$ at any "o /ation 0 se5 at ,new ,hav51 by ,pr(4 ,newton4 ,on ! night ( ! #ab?1 #fid 7 c\nt$ 9 five h\rs & tw5ty m9utes1 & on ! foll[+ night1 #hha 9 five h\rs4 ,?is 0 ab\t six times ! ord9>y numb]4 ,a m brilliant display 01 h[ev]1 witness$ 9 ,europe4 ,meteors began to appe> 9 unusual frequ5cy ab\t elev5 o'clock on ! night ( ! #ac?1 & cont9u$ to increase ) great rapidity = m ?an two h\rs2 ! maximum be+ rea*$ a little aft] "o o'clock4 ,! ,ed9burgh ,scotsman1 ( ,novemb] #ad?1 conta9s a highly int]e/+ description ( ! ph5om5on z obs]v$ at t city4 ,/&+ on ! ,calton ,hill1 & look+ we/w>d1 ! editor rem>ks1--) ! ,obs]vatory %utt+ out ! lights ( ,pr9ce's ,/reet--x 0 easy = ! eye to delude ! imag9ation into fancy+ "s di/ant enemy bomb>d+ ,ed9burgh ,ca/le f long range2 & ! occasional cessation ( ! %[] = a few seconds1 only to break out aga9 ) m num]\s & m brilliant drops ( fire1 s]v$ to c\nt5ance ?is fancy4 ,aga91 turn+ ea/w>d1 x 0 possible n[ & !n to cat* brok5 glimpses ( ! tra9 ( "o ( ! meteors ?r\gh ! grim d>k pill>s ( t ru9 ( mo/ successful manufacture1 ! ,national ,monum5t2 & 9 fact f no po9t 9 or out ( ! city 0 x possible to wat* ! /range ra9 ( />s1 p]vad+ z x did all po9ts ( ! heav5s1 )\t pleas$ int]e/1 & a k9dl+ ( ! imag9ation1 & (t5 a t\* ( deep] feel+ t bord]$ on awe4 ,! spectacle1 ( :i* ! l(tie/ & mo/ elaborate description c\ld b be at ! be/ imp]fect--:i* truly %\ld h be5 se5 to be imag9$--w n soon pass f ! memories ( ^? to ^: m9ds 7 la/ night pres5t$ ! my/]i\s activities & b\ndless fecundities ( t univ]se ( ! heav5s1 ! v un*angeabl5ess ( ^: beauty has to _m made x monoton\s & ( no int]e/4 ,! appe>ance ( ! ph5om5on1 z witness$ at ,london1 is m9utely describ$ 9 ! ,times ( ,novemb] #ae?4 ,! %[] occurr$ *iefly betwe5 ! h\rs ( twelve & two4 ,ab\t "o o'clock a s+le obs]v] c\nt$ #bjj 9 two m9utes4 ,! :ole numb] se5 at ,gre5wi* 0 #hdhe4 ,! %[] 0 also obs]v$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries on ! cont95t4 ,! ,meteors ( #ahff comp>$ ) ^? ( =m] ,displays4 ,! /> %[] ( #ahff 0 mu* inf]ior to ^? ( #agii & #ahcc4c ,) ^! exceptions1 h[ev]1 x has1 p]haps1 be5 sc>cely surpass$ dur+ ! la/ #ejj ye>s4 ,hi/orians repres5t ! meteors ( #ijb z innum]able1 & z mov+ l ra9 9 all possible directions4#d ,! exhibition ( #abjb 0 no less magnific5t4 ,! />s1 x is said1 7 se5 to da% aga9/ ea* o!r l sw>ms ( locu/s2 ! ph5om5on la/+ till daybreak4#e ,! %[] ( #acff is ?us describ$ 9 a ,portuguese *ronicle1 quot$ by ,humboldt3 ,9 ! ye> #acff1 tw5ty-two days ( ! mon? ( ,octob] be+ pa/1 ?ree mon?s be=e ! dea? ( ! k+1 ,dom ,p$ro 7( ,portugal71 !re 0 9 ! heav5s a movem5t ( />s1 su* z m5 nev] be=e saw or he>d (4 ,at midnight1 & = "s "t aft]1 all ! />s mov$ f ! ea/ to ! we/2 & aft] be+ collect$ toge!r1 !y began to move1 "s 9 "o direction1 & o!rs 9 ano!r4 ,& aft]w>d !y fell f ! sky 9 su* numb]s1 & s ?ickly toge!r1 t z !y desc5d$ l[ 9 ! air1 !y seem$ l>ge & fi]y1 & ! sky & ! air seem$ to be 9 flames1 & ev5 ! e>? appe>$ z if ready to take fire4 ,t portion ( ! sky :]e !re 7 no />s1 seem$ to be divid$ into _m p>ts1 & ?is la/$ = a long "t4 ,! foll[+ is ,humboldt's description ( ! %[] ( #agii1 z witness$ by himself & ,bonpl&1 9 ,cumana1 ,s\? ,am]ica3 ,f half aft] two1 ! mo/ extraord9>y lum9\s meteors 7 se5 t[>d ! ea/4444 ,?\s&s ( bolides & fall+ />s succe$$ ea* o!r dur+ f\r h\rs4 ,!y fill$ a space 9 ! sky ext5d+ f ! true ea/ #cj t[>d ! nor? & s\?4 ,9 an amplitude ( #fj ! meteors 7 se5 to rise above ! horizon at ,e4 ,n4 ,e4 & at ,e41 describe arcs m or less ext5d$1 & fall t[>d ! s\?1 aft] hav+ foll[$ ! direction ( ! m]idian4 ,"s ( !m atta9$ a height ( #dj1 & all exce$$ #be or #cj4444 ,mr4 ,bonpl& relates1 t f ! beg9n+ ( ! ph5om5on !re 0 n a space 9 ! firmam5t equal 9 ext5t to ?ree diamet]s ( ! moon1 t 0 n fill$ at e in/ant ) bolides & fall+-/>s4444 ,! ,guaiqu]ies 9 ! ,indian suburb came out & ass]t$ t ! firework _h begun at "o o'clock4444 ,! ph5om5on ceas$ by degrees aft] f\r o'clock1 & ! bolides & fall+-/>s became less frequ5t2 b we /ill di/+ui%$ "s t[>d ! nor!a/ a qu>t] ( an h\r aft] sunrise4 ,,discussion ,,( ,,! ,,ph5om5a4 ,s9ce ! memorable display ( ,novemb] #ac?1 #ahcc1 ! ph5om5a ( %oot+-/>s h be5 obs]v$ & discuss$ by ,br&es1 ,b5z5b]g1 ,olb]s1 ,saigey1 ,heis1 ,olm/$1 ,h]rick1 ,tw9+1 ,newton1 ,greg1 & _m o!rs4 ,9 ! elaborate pap] ( ,pr(essor ,olm/$1 x 0 %[n t ! meteors _h _! orig9 at a di/ance ( m ?an #bjjj miles f ! e>?'s surface2 t _! pa?s div]g$ f a common po9t ne> ! /> ,gamma ,leonis2 t 9 a numb] ( in/ances !y became visible ab\t #hj miles f ! e>?'s surface2 t _! velocity 0 comp>able to t ( ! e>? 9 its orbit2 & t 9 "s cases _! ext9ction occurr$ at an elevation ( #cj miles4 ,x 0 inf]r$1 moreov]1 t !y consi/$ ( combu/ible matt] :i* took fire & 0 consum$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e2 t ?is matt] 0 d]iv$ f a nebul\s body revolv+ r\nd ! sun 9 an elliptical orbit1 b little incl9$ to ! plane ( ! ecliptic2 t its aphelion 0 ne> t po9t ( ! e>?'s orbit ?r\gh :i* we annually pass ab\t ! #ac? ( ,novemb]--! p]ihelion be+ a little )9 ! orbit ( ,m]cury2 & f9ally t its p]iod 0 ab\t "o-half t ( ! e>?4 ,dr4 ,olm/$ subsequ5tly modifi$ 8 !ory1 hav+ be5 l$ by fur!r obs]vations to reg>d ! zodiacal light z ! nebul\s body f :i* ! %oot+-/>s are d]iv$4 ,! latt] hypo!sis 0 also adopt$ by ! celebrat$ ,biot4 ,! fact t ! position ( ! radiant po9t does n *ange ) ! e>?'s rotation1 places ! cosmical orig9 ( ! meteors :olly beyond "q4 ,! !ory ( a clos$ r+ ( nebul\s matt] revolv+ r\nd ! sun 9 an elliptical orbit :i* int]sects t ( ! e>?1 af=ds a simple & satisfactory explanation ( ! ph5om5a4 ,?is !ory 0 adopt$ by ,humboldt1 ,arago1 & o!rs1 %ortly aft] ! occurr5ce ( ! meteoric %[] ( #ahcc4 ,t ! body :i* furni%es ! mat]ial ( ^! meteors moves 9 a clos$ or elliptical orbit is evid5t f ! p]iodicity ( ! %[]4 ,x is also manife/ f ! p>tial recurr5ce ( ! ph5om5on f ye> to ye>1 t ! matt] is diffus$ ar\nd ! orbit2 :ile ! extraord9>y falls ( #ahcc1 #agii1 #acff1 & #abjb1 prove ! diffusion to be f> f uni=m4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,orbit4 ,future obs]vations1 x may be hop$1 w ultimately lead to an accurate det]m9ation ( ! elem5ts ( ?is r+3 _m ye>s1 h[ev]1 w probably elapse be=e all ! circum/ances ( its motion c be satisfactorily kn[n4 ,pr(essor ,newton1 ( ,yale ,college1 has l$ ! way 9 an able discussion ( ! obs]vations4#f ,he has %[n t ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! r+ are1 9 all probability1 ( v unequal d5sity2 t ! motion is retrograde2 & t ! "t1 dur+ :i* ! meteors complete a revolution ab\t ! sun1 mu/ be limit$ to "o ( five accurately det]m9$ p]iods1 viz43 #ahjje days1 #aheed days1 #cedfb days1 #cgfe days1 or #ccbe ye>s4 ,he makes ! incl9ation ( ! r+ to ! ecliptic ab\t #ag4 ,! five p]iods specifi$1 he rem>ks1 are n all equally probable4 ,"s ( ! memb]s ( ! gr\p :i* visit$ u la/ ,novemb] #ahfc gave u ! means ( locat+ approximately ! c5tral po9t ( ! region f :i* ! pa?s div]ge4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,nol5 has1 by graphical processes specially devis$ = ! purpose1 f\nd its longitude to be #adb1 & its latitude #h #cj4 ,?is longitude is v ne>ly t ( ! po9t 9 ! ecliptic t[>d :i* ! e>? is mov+4 ,h5ce ! po9t f :i* ! absolute motion ( ! bodies is direct$ 7be+ 9 a great circle ?r\gh ! o!r two po9ts7 has ! same longitude4 ,! absolute motion ( ea* meteor1 !n1 is direct$ v ne>ly at "r angles to a l9e f x to ! sun1 ! deviation be+ probably n m ?an two or ?ree degrees4 ,n[1 if 9 "o ye> ! gr\p make #b #a_/ccbe revolutions1 !re is only a small portion ( ! orbit ne> ! aphelion :i* fulfills ! above condition4 ,9 l mann]1 if ! p]iodic "t is #ccbe ye>s1 only a small portion ( ! orbit ne> ! p]ihelion fulfills x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! annual motion is #a #a_/ccbe revolutions1 ! requir$ condition is answ]$ ?r\gh a l>ge "p ( ! orbit4 ,inasmu* z no reason appe>s :y ! e>? %\ld meet a gr\p ne> its apsides r ?an else:]e1 we mu/ reg>d x z m probable t ! gr\p makes 9 "o ye> ei!r #a #a_/ccbe1 or #a - #a_/ccbe revolutions4 ,pr(essor ,newton concludes t ! ?ird ( ! above-m5tion$ p]iods1 viz41 #cedfb days1 comb9es ! greate/ am\nt ( probability ( be+ ! true "o4 ,we grant ! =ce ( ! reasons assign$ = its adoption4 ,at lea/ "o consid]ation1 h[ev]1 9 favor ( ! long p]iod ( #ccbe ye>s is by no means de/itute ( weight3 ( ne>ly #ajj kn[n bodies :i* revolve ab\t ! sun 9 orbits ( small ecc5tricity1 n "o has a retrograde motion4 ,n[ if ?is /rik+ fact has result$ f a g5]al cause1 h[ %all we acc\nt = ! backw>d motion ( a meteoric r+1 9 an orbit almo/ circul>1 & b little incl9$ to ! plane ( ! ecliptic8 ,9 su* a case1 is n ! prepond]ance ( probability 9 favor ( ! long] p]iod8 ,a revolution 9 #ccbe ye>s corresponds to an ellipse ^: major axis is #bjf4 ,consequ5tly ! aphelion di/ance w\ld be some:at great] ?an ! mean di/ance ( ,uranus4 ,x may also be wor?y ( note1 t five p]iods ( ! r+ w\ld be v ne>ly equal to two ( ,uranus4 ,! ,mon?ly ,notices ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society = ,decemb]1 #ahff1 & ,janu>y1 #ahfg1 conta9 num]\s articles on ! /> %[] ( ,novemb] #ac?-#ad?1 #ahff4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el c>efully obs]v$ ! ph5om5a1 & 8 conclusions 9 reg>d to ! orbit are confirmatory ( ^? ( ,pr(essor ,newton4 ,we are con/ra9$ to conclude1 he rem>ks1 t ! true l9e ( direction1 9 space ( ea* meteor's flight1 lay 9 a plane at "r angles to ! e>?'s radius vector at ! mom5t2 & t !re=e1 except 9 ! improbable assumption t ! meteor 0 at t mom5t 9 p]ihelio or 9 aphelio1 its orbit w\ld n deviate greatly f ! circul> =m4 ,! "q is "o to be decid$ by obs]vation1 & ! only meteor ^: track & "t ( flight seem to h be5 well obs]v$1 is t describ$ by ,pr(essor ,newton 9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal = ,janu>y1 #ahfg1 p4 #hf4 ,! velocity 9 ?is case1 if ! e/imat$ "t ( flight 0 ne>ly correct1 0 inconsi/5t ) ! !ory ( a circul> orbit4 ,x is also wor?y ( notice t ,dr4 ,oppolz]'s elem5ts ( ! fir/ comet ( #ahff resemble1 9 a rem>kable mann]1 ^? ( ! meteoric r+1 suppos+ ! latt] to h a p]iod ( ab\t #cc-a_/d ye>s4 ,s*iap>elli's elem5ts ( ! ,novemb] r+1 & ,oppolz]'s elem5ts ( ! comet ( #ahff1 are z foll[s3 ,novemb] ,comet ( ,meteors4 #ahff4 ,longitude ( p]ihelion #ef #be #fj #bh ,longitude ( asc5d+ node4 #bca #bh #bca #bf ,incl9ation #ag #dd #ag #ah ,p]ihelion di/ance #jihgc #jigfe ,ecc5tricity #jijdf #jijed ,semi-axis major #ajcdjj #ajcbdj ,p]iod1 9 ye>s #ccbejj #ccagfj ,motion ,retrograde4 ,retrograde4 ,x seems v improbable t ^! co9cid5ces %\ld be accid5tal4 ,lev]ri] & o!r a/ronom]s h f\nd elem5ts ( ! meteoric orbit agree+ closely ) ^? giv5 by ,s*iap>elli4 ,%\ld ! id5tity ( ! orbits be fully confirm$1 x w foll[ t ! comet ( #ahff is a v l>ge meteor ( ! ,novemb] /ream4 ,! rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,c4 ,bruhns1 ( ,leipzig1 9 reg>d to ?is gr\p ( meteors af=d a probable explanation ( ! division ( ,biela's comet--a ph5om5on :i* has greatly p]plex$ a/ronom]s = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,adopt+ ! p]iod ( #cc-a_/d ye>s1 ,pr(essor ,bruhns f9ds t ! comet pass$ extremely ne>1 & probably ?r\gh ! meteoric r+ ne> ! la/ ( ,decemb]1 #ahde4 ,x is easy to p]ceive t su* a collision might produce ! sep>ation soon aft]w>d obs]v$4 ,z ! comet ( ,biela makes ?ree revolutions 9 tw5ty ye>s1 x 0 aga9 at ?is int]section1 or approximate int]section ( orbits ab\t ! end ( #ahfe4 ,b al?\gh ! comet's position1 ) respect to ! e>?1 0 ! same z 9 #ahde-f1 & al?\gh a/ronom]s wat*$ eag]ly = its appe>ance1 _! se>* 0 unsuccessful4 ,9 %ort1 ! comet is lo/4 ,! d5s] portion ( ! meteoric /ream 0 !n approa*+ its p]ihelion4 ,a portion ( ! arc _h ev5 pass$ t po9t1 z a meteoric %[] 0 obs]v$ at ,gre5wi* on ! #ac? ( ,novemb]1 #ahfe4g ,! motion ( ! meteoric /ream is retrograde2 t ( ! comet1 direct4 ,did ! latt] plunge into ! =m]1 & 0 its non appe>ance ! result ( su* collision & entanglem5t8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,probable ,orbit ( ! ,novemb] ,meteors4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,o!r ,,meteoric ,,r+s4 ,,ii4 ,! ,meteors ( ,augu/ #f?-#aa?4 ,mus*5broek1 9 8 ,introduction to ,natural ,philosophy1 publi%$ 9 #agfb1 call$ att5tion to ! fact t %oot+-/>s are m abundant 9 ,augu/ ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! ye>4 ,! annual p]iodicity ( ! maximum on ! #i? or #aj? ( ! mon? 0 fir/ %[n1 h[ev]1 by ,quetelet1 %ortly aft] ! discov]y ( ! ye>ly return ( ! ,novemb] ph5om5on4 ,s9ce t "t an extraord9>y numb] ( meteors has be5 regul>ly obs]v$1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 f ! #g? to ! #aa? ( ! mon?2 ! greate/ numb] be+ g5]ally se5 on ! #aj?4 ,9 #ahci1 ,edw>d ,heis1 ( ,aix-la-,*apelle1 saw #afj meteors 9 "o h\r on ! night ( ! #aj?4 ,9 #ahdb1 he saw #cd 9 t5 m9utes at ! "t ( ! maximum4 ,9 #ahfa1 on ! night ( ! #aj?1 f\r obs]v]s1 wat*+ toge!r at ,new ,hav51 saw 9 ?ree h\rs--f t5 to "o o'clock--#bhi meteors4 ,on ! same night1 at ,natick1 ,massa*usetts1 two obs]v]s saw #cig 9 ab\t sev5 h\rs4 ,at ,london1 ,m]c] ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 on ! night ( ,augu/ #i?1 #ahff1 ,samuel ,s4 ,gilson1 ,esq41 wat*+ alone1 saw #gb meteors 9 =ty m9utes1 &1 ) an assi/ant1 #aag 9 "o h\r & fifte5 m9utes4 ,g5]ally1 ! numb] obs]v$ p] h\r1 at ! "t ( ! ,augu/ maximum1 is ab\t n9e times z great z on ord9>y nights4 ,l ! ,novemb] meteors1 !y h a common radiant2 t is1 _! tracks1 :5 produc$ backw>d1 meet1 or ne>ly meet1 9 a p>ticul> po9t 9 ! con/ellation ,p]seus4 ,( ! #cae meteoric displays giv5 9 ,quetelet's ,catalogue des pr9cipales app>itions d'toiles filantes1 #fc seem to h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,augu/ r+4 ,! fir/ #aa ( ^!1 ) "o exception1 7 obs]v$ 9 ,*9a dur+ ! la/ days ( ,july1 z foll[s3 #a ,a4,d4 #haa1 ,july #be?4 #b #hbj1 #be?-#cj?4 #c #hbd1 #bf?-#bh?4 #d #hcj1 #bf?4 #e #hcc1 #bg?4 #f #hce1 #bf?4 #g #hda1 #be?-#cj?4 #h #ibd1 #bg?-#cj?4 #i #ibe1 #bg?-#cj?4 #aj #ibf1 #bg?-#cj?4 #aa #icc1 #be?-#cj?4 ,! next dates are #abdc1 ,augu/ #b;d1 & #adea1 ,augu/ #g?4 ,a comp>ison ( ^! dates indicates a =w>d motion ( ! node ( ! r+ along ! ecliptic4 ,?is 0 po9t$ out sev]al ye>s s9ce by ,boguslawski4 ,a simil> motion ( ! node has also be5 f\nd 9 ! case ( ! ,novemb] r+4 ,t ^! po9ts %\ld be /ation>y is1 inde$1 altoge!r improbable4 ,! nodes ( all ! planet>y orbits1 x is well kn[n1 h a secul> v>iation4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,augu/ #aj?1 #ahfa1 at ab\t #aa;h4 #cjm41 a meteor 0 se5 by ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,h]rick & ,pr(4 ,a4 ,c4 ,tw9+1 at ,new ,hav51 ,connecticut1 :i* 0 mu* m spl5did ?an ,v5us1 & left a tra9 ( sp>ks :i* rema9$ lum9\s = tw5ty seconds aft] ! meteor disappe>$4 ,! same meteor 0 also accurately obs]v$ at ,burl+ton1 ,new ,j]sey1 by ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,v4 ,m>%4 ,x 0 con=mable1--t is1 its track produc$ backw>d pass$ ?r\gh ! common radiant--& x 0 und\bt$ly a memb] ( ! ,augu/ gr\p4 ,! obs]vations 7 discuss$ by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,a4 ,newton1 ( ,yale ,college1 :o d$uc$ f !m ! foll[+ approximate elem5ts ( ! r+3#h ,semi-axis major #jhd ,ecc5tricity #jbh ,p]ihelion di/ance #jfj ,incl9ation #hd ,p]iod #bha days4 ,motion1 retrograde4 ,! e>? mov+ at ! rate ( #fh1jjj miles p] h\r1 is at lea/ five days 9 pass+ entirely ?r\gh ! r+4 ,?is gives a ?ickness ( m ?an #h1jjj1jjj miles4 ,! result ( ,pr(essor ,newton's rese>*es on ! orbit ( ?is r+1 ?\gh und]tak5 ) inadequate data1 & h5ce1 9 "s respects1 probably f> f correct1 is nev]!less highly int]e/+ z be+ ! fir/ attempt to det]m9e ! orbit ( %oot+-/>s4 ,m rec5t inve/igations h %[n a rem>kable resemblance betwe5 ! elem5ts ( ^! meteors & ^? ( ! ?ird comet ( #ahfb4 ,! =m]1 by ,s*iap>elli1 & ! latt]1 by ,oppolz]1 are z foll[s3 ,meteors ( ,augu/ #aj?4 ,comet ,,iii41 #ahfb4 ,longitude ( p]ihelion #cdc #ch #cdd #da ,asc5d+ node #ach #af #acg #bg ,incl9ation #fc #c #ff #be ,p]ihelion di/ance #jifdc #jifbf ,p]iod #aje ye>s7874 #abc ye>s7874 ,motion ,retrograde4 ,retrograde4 ,?is simil>ity is too great to be accid5tal4 ,! ,augu/ meteors & ! ?ird comet ( #ahfb probably belong to ! same r+4 ,,iii4 ,! ,meteors ( ,april #ah?-#bf?4 ,! foll[+ dates ( ! ,april meteoric %[]s are extract$ f ,quetelet's table previ\sly ref]r$ to3 #a ,a4,d4 #dja1 ,april #i?4 #b #ech1 #g?4 #c #hci1 #ag?4 #d #ibg1 #ag?4 #e #icd1 #ah?4 #f #ajji1 #af?4 #g #ajid1 #aj?4 #h #ajif1 #aj?4 #i #aabb1 #aa?4 #aj #aabc1 #aa?4 #aa #ahjc1 #bj?4 #ab #ahch1 #bj?4 #ac #ahda1 #ai?4 #ad #ahej1 #aa?-#ag?4 ,! display ( #dja 0 witness$ 9 ,*9a1 & is describ$ z v rem>kable4 ,t ( #ahjc 0 be/ obs]v$ 9 ,virg9ia1 & 0 at its maximum betwe5 "o & ?ree o'clock4 ,! al>m ( fire _h call$ _m ( ! inhabitants ( ,ri*mond f _! h\ses1 s t ! ph5om5on 0 g5]ally witness$4 ,! meteors seem$ to fall f e po9t 9 ! heav5s1 9 su* numb]s z to resemble a %[] ( sky-rockets4 ,"s 7 ( extraord9>y magnitude4 ,"o 9 p>ticul>1 appe>$ to fall f ! z5i?1 ( ! app>5t size ( a ball #ah in*es 9 diamet]1 t light$ ! :ole hemisph]e = sev]al seconds4 ,! probability t ! meteoric falls ab\t ! #bj? ( ,april are d]iv$ f a r+ :i* int]sects ! e>?'s orbit1 0 fir/ sugge/$ by ,arago1 9 #ahcf4 ,! prec$+ li/ indicates a =w>d motion ( ! node4 ,! radiant1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,greg1 is ab\t ,corona4 ,! numb] ( meteors obs]v$ 9 #ahch1 #ahda1 & #ahej1 0 n v extraord9>y4 ,rec5t obs]vations indicate ,april #i?-#ab? z ano!r epo*4 ,! radiant is 9 ,virgo4 ,,iv4 ,! ,meteors ( ,decemb] #f?-#ac?4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,decemb]1 #agie1 a l>ge meteoric /one fell 9 ,engl&4 ,on ! night1 betwe5 ! #f? & #g? ( ,decemb]1 #agih1 ,pr(essor ,br&es1 !n a /ud5t 9 ,gtt+51 saw #bjjj %oot+-/>s4 ,on ! #aa? ( ! mon?1 #ahcf1 a fall ( meteoric /ones1 describ$ by ,humboldt z enorm\s1 occurr$ ne> ! village ( ,macao1 9 ,brazil4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s unusual numb]s ( %oot+-/>s h be5 notic$ by diff]5t obs]v]s f ! #aj? to ! #ac?2 ! maximum occurr+ ab\t ! #aa?4 ,f ,a4,d4 #hdh1 ,decemb] #b;d1 to #ahdg1 ,decemb] #h?-#aj?1 we f9d #ad /> %[]s 9 ,quetelet's catalogue1 d]iv$1 probably1 f ?is meteoric /ream4 ,z 9 o!r cases1 ! dates seem to %[ a progressive motion ( ! node4 ,! position ( ! radiant1 z det]m9$ by ,b5jam9 ,v4 ,m>%1 ,esq41 ( ,philadelphia1 f obs]vations 9 #ahfa & #ahfb1 & also by ,r4 ,p4 ,greg1 ,esq41 ( ,man*e/]1 ,engl&1 is at a po9t midway betwe5 ,ca/or & ,pollux4 ,v4 ,! ,meteors ( ,janu>y #b;d-#c;d4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ,mr4 ,julius ,s*midt1 ( ,bonn1 a di/+ui%$ & accurate obs]v]1 designat$ ! #b;d ( ,janu>y z a meteoric epo*2 *>act]iz+ x1 h[ev]1 z probably some:at d\btful4 ,rec5t obs]vations1 especially ^? ( ,r4 ,p4 ,greg1 ,esq41 h fully confirm$ x4 ,! meteors = sev]al h\rs are said to be z num]\s z at ! ,augu/ maximum4 ,! radiant is ne> ! /> ,beta ( ! con/ellation ,botes4 ,quetelet's li/ conta9s at lea/ five exhibitions :i* belong to ?is epo*4 ,two or ?ree o!rs may also be ref]r$ to x ) m or less probability4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sev]al o!r meteoric epo*s h be5 indicat$2 "s ( :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ yet be reg>d$ z d\btful4 ,9 ?irty ye>s1 f #ahji to #ahci1 #ab falls ( bolides & meteoric /ones occurr$ f ! #bg? to ! #bi? ( ,novemb]4 ,su* co9cid5ces c h>dly be accid5tal4 ,unusual numb]s ( %oot+-/>s h also be5 se5 ab\t ! #bg? ( ,july2 f ! #ae? to ! #ai? ( ,octob]1 & ab\t ! middle ( ,febru>y4 ,! radiant1 = ! la/-m5tion$ epo*1 is 9 ,leo ,m9or4 ,! numb]s obs]v$ 9 ,octob] are said to be at pres5t increas+4 ,at lea/ sev5 ( ! exhibitions 9 ,quetelet's catalogue are ref]able to ?is epo*4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 moreov]1 t ?ree ( ! dates specifi$ by ,mr4 ,greg z a]olite epo*s are co9cid5t ) ^? ( %oot+-/>s2 viz41 ,febru>y #ae?-#ai?1 ,july #bf?1 & ,decemb] #ac?4 ,! :ole numb] ( exhibitions enum]at$ 9 ,quetelet's catalogue is #cae4 ,9 eighty-two in/ances ! day ( ! mon? on :i* ! ph5om5on occurr$ is n specifi$4 ,ne>ly two-?irds ( ! rema9d]1 z we h se51 belong to e/abli%$ epo*s1 & ! p]iodicity ( o!rs w p]haps yet be discov]$4 ,b reasons are n want+ = believ+ t our sy/em is trav]s$ by num]\s meteoric /reams besides ^? :i* actually int]sect ! e>?'s orbit4 ,! a/]oid region betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit] is probably occupi$ by su* an annulus4 ,! numb] ( ^! a/]oids increases z _! magnitudes dim9i%2 & ?is d\btless cont9ues to be ! case f> bel[ ! limit ( telescopic discov]y4 ,! zodiacal light is probably a d5se meteoric r+1 or r1 p]haps1 a numb] ( r+s4 ,we speak ( x z d5se 9 comp>ison ) o!rs1 :i* are invisible except by ! ignition ( _! p>ticles 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,f a discussion ( ! motions ( ! p]ihelia ( ,m]cury & ,m>s1 ,lev]ri] has inf]r$ ! exi/5ce ( two r+s ( m9ute a/]oids2 "o )9 ! orbit ( ,m]cury1 ^: mass is ne>ly equal to t ( ,m]cury himself2 ! o!r at ! mean di/ance ( ! e>?1 ^: mass _c exce$ ! t5? "p ( ! mass ( ! e>?4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s a di/+ui%$ ,european savant1 ,buys-,ballot1 ( ,utre*t1 has discov]$ a %ort p]iod ( v>iation 9 ! am\nt ( sol> heat receiv$ by ! e>?3 ! "t f "o maximum to ano!r exce$+ ! p]iod ( ! sun's app>5t rotation by ab\t twelve h\rs4 ,! v>iation _c !re=e be due to any inequality 9 ! heat+ p[] ( ! diff]5t portions ( ! sun's surface4 ,! discov]] has sugge/$ t x may be produc$ by a meteoric r+1 ^: p]iod slightly exce$s t ( ! sun's rotation4 ,su* a zone might influ5ce our temp]ature by p>tially int]cept+ ! sol> heat4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks4 #a4 ,! av]age numb] ( %oot+-/>s se5 9 a cle>1 moonless night by a s+le obs]v]1 is ab\t #h p] h\r4 ,"o obs]v]1 h[ev]1 sees only ab\t "o-f\r? ( ^? visible f 8 po9t ( obs]vation4 ,ab\t #cj p] h\r might !re=e be se5 by wat*+ ! entire hemisph]e4 ,9 o!r words1 #gbj %oot+-/>s p] day c\ld be se5 by ! nak$ eye at any "o po9t ( ! e>?'s surface1 did ! sun1 moon1 & cl\ds p]mit4 #b4 ,! mean altitude ( %oot+-/>s above ! e>?'s surface is ab\t #fj miles4 #c4 ,! numb] visible ov] ! :ole e>? is ab\t #aj1dfj times ! numb] to be se5 at any "o po9t4 ,h5ce ! av]age numb] ( ^? daily ent]+ ! atmosph]e & hav+ suffici5t magnitude to be se5 by ! nak$ eye1 is ab\t #g1ecb1fjj4 #d4 ,! obs]vations ( ,pape & ,w9necke indicate t ! numb] ( meteors visible ?r\gh ! telescope1 employ$ by ! latt]1 is ab\t #ec times ! numb] visible to ! nak$ eye1 or ab\t #djj1jjj1jjj p] day4#i ,?is is two p] day1 or #gc1jjj p] c5tury1 = e squ>e mile ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,by increas+ ! optical p[]1 ?is numb] w\ld probably be indef9itely increas$4 ,at special times1 moreov]1 su* z ! epo*s ( ! great meteoric %[]s1 ! addition ( =eign matt] to our atmosph]e is mu* great] ?an ord9>y4 ,x becomes1 !re=e1 an int]e/+ "q :e!r s5sible *anges may n ?us be produc$ 9 ! atmosph]e ( our planet4 #e4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahfc1 #bj %oot+-/>s 7 d\bly obs]v$ 9 ,engl&2 t is1 !y 7 se5 at two diff]5t /ations4 ,! av]age weight ( ^! meteors1 e/imat$--9 accordance ) ! me*anical !ory ( heat--f ! quantity ( light emitt$1 0 a little m ?an two ounces4 #f4 ,a meteoric mass ext]ior to ! atmosph]e1 & consequ5tly non-lum9\s1 0 obs]v$ on ! ev5+ ( ,octob] #d?1 #ahfd1 by ,edw>d ,heis1 a di/+ui%$ ,european a/ronom]4 ,x ent]$ ! field ( view z he 0 obs]v+ ! milky way1 & he 0 enabl$ to foll[ x ov] #aa or #ab degrees ( its pa?4 ,x eclips$1 :ile 9 view1 a numb] ( ! fix$ />s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,a]olites4 ,x is n[ well kn[n t mu* great] v>iety obta9s 9 ! /ructure ( ! sol> sy/em ?an 0 =m]ly suppos$4 ,?is is true1 n only 9 reg>d to ! magnitudes & d5sities ( ! bodies compos+ x1 b also 9 respect to ! =ms ( _! orbits4 ,! :ole numb] ( planets1 prim>y & second>y1 kn[n to ! immortal au?or ( ! ,mecanique ,cele/e1 0 only #bi4 ,?is numb] has be5 m ?an quadrupl$ 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,9 ,laplace's view1 moreov]1 all comets 7 /rang]s )9 ! sol> doma91 hav+ ent]$ x f )\t4 ,x is n[ believ$ t a l>ge proportion orig9at$ 9 ! sy/em & belong prop]ly to x4 ,! gradation ( planet>y magnitudes1 omitt+ su* bodies z diff] b little f ^? giv51 is pres5t$ at "o view 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,"n4 ,diamet] 9 miles4 ,jupit] #ij1jjj ,uranus #ce1jjj ,! ,e>? #g1ibf ,m]cury #c1jjj ,! ,moon #b1afj ,rhea1 ,saturn's #e? satellite #a1bjj ,dione #d? #ejj ,ve/a#aj #bfj ,juno #ajd ,melpom5e #eb ,polyhymnia #ce ,isis #be ,atalanta #bj ,he/ia #ae ,! dim9ution d\btless cont9ues indef9itely bel[ ! pres5t limit ( optical p[]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! orbits h small ecc5tricity1 su* a/]oids c\ld n become kn[n to u unless _! mean di/ances 7 ne>ly ! same ) t ( ! e>?4 ,b f ! foll[+ table x w be se5 t ! v>iety is no less di/9ctly m>k$ 9 ! =ms ( ! orbits3 ,"n4 ,ecc5tricity4 ,v5us #jjjfhc ,! ,e>? #jjafgg ,jupit] #jjdhbd ,metis #jabdaj ,m]cury #jbjefb ,pallas #jbdjjj ,polyhymnia #jcchbj ,faye's comet #jeeffj ,d',arre/'s #jffjij ,biela's #jgeehj ,encke's #jhdfgj ,halley's #jifgdj ,f\r? comet ( #aheg #jihadj ,fif? comet ( #aheh 7,donati's7 #jiifbj ,?ird comet ( #ahbg #jiiibg ,7 ! ecc5tricities ( ! ne>e/ a/]oids equal to t ( ,faye's comet1 !y w\ld 9 p]ihelion int]sect ! e>?'s orbit4 ,n[1 9 ! case ( bo? a/]oids & comets1 ! smalle/ are ! mo/ num]\s2 & z ?is d\btless cont9ues bel[ ! limit ( telescopic discov]y1 ! e>? ought to enc\nt] su* bodies 9 its annual motion4 ,x actually does s4 ,! numb] ( cometoids ?us enc\nt]$ 9 ! =m ( meteoric /ones1 fire-balls1 & %oot+-/>s 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le ye> am\nts to _m millions4 ,! extremely m9ute1 & su* z consi/ ( matt] 9 ! gase\s =m1 are consum$ or dissipat$ 9 ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,no deposit f ord9>y %oot+-/>s has ev] be5 kn[n to rea* ! e>?'s surface4 ,b !re is probably great v>iety 9 ! physical con/itution ( ! bodies enc\nt]$2 & ?\gh comp>atively few conta9 a suffici5t am\nt ( matt] 9 ! solid =m to rea* ! surface ( our planet1 sc>cely a ye> passes )\t ! fall ( meteoric /ones 9 "s "p ( ! e>?1 ei!r s+ly or 9 clu/]s4 ,n[1 :5 we consid] h[ small a proportion ( ! :ole numb] are probably obs]v$1 x is obvi\s t ! actual occurr5ce ( ! ph5om5on c be by no means r>e4#aa ,al?\gh num]\s in/ances ( ! fall ( a]olites _h be5 record$1 "s ( !m app>5tly well au!nticat$1 ! occurr5ce long appe>$ too m>vel\s & improbable to ga9 cr$5ce ) sci5tific m54 ,su* a %[] ( rocky fragm5ts occurr$1 h[ev]1 on ! #bf? ( ,april1 #ahjc1 at ,l',aigle1 9 ,france1 z =ev] to dissipate all d\bt on ! subject4 ,at "o o'clock ,p4,m41 ! heav5s be+ almo/ cl\dless1 a trem5d\s noise1 l t ( ?und]1 0 he>d1 & at ! same "t an imm5se fire-ball 0 se5 mov+ ) great rapidity ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by a viol5t explosion :i* la/$ sev]al m9utes1 & :i* 0 he>d n only at ,l',aigle1 b 9 e direction ar\nd x to ! di/ance ( sev5ty miles4 ,imm$iately aft] a great numb] ( meteoric /ones fell to ! e>?1 g5]ally p5etrat+ to "s di/ance b5ea? ! surface4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! fragm5ts weigh$ #ag-a_/b p\nds4 ,?is occurr5ce v naturally excit$ great att5tion4 ,m4 ,biot1 "u ! au?ority ( ! gov]nm5t1 repair$ to ,l',aigle1 collect$ ! v>i\s facts 9 reg>d to ! ph5om5on1 took ! depositions ( witnesses1 etc41 & f9ally embrac$ ! results ( 8 inve/igations 9 an elaborate memoir4 ,x w\ld n comport ) ! design ( ! pres5t treatise to give an ext5d$ li/ ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt1 h[ev]1 includes ! mo/ important in/ances ( ! fall ( a]olites1 & also ( ! displays ( meteoric fire-balls4 #a4 ,accord+ to ,livy a numb] ( meteoric /ones fell on ! ,alban ,hill1 ne> ,rome1 ab\t ! ye> #fed ,b4,c4 ,?is is ! mo/ anci5t fall ( a]olites on record4 #b4 #dfh ,b4,c41 ab\t ! ye> 9 :i* ,socrates 0 born4 ,a mass ( rock1 describ$ z ( ! size ( two mill/ones1 fell at gos ,potamos1 9 ,?race4 ,an attempt to r$iscov] ?is meteoric mass1 s celebrat$ 9 antiquity1 0 rec5tly made1 b )\t success4 ,not)/&+ ?is failure1 ,humboldt express$ ! hope t1 z su* a body w\ld be difficult to de/roy1 x may yet be f\nd1 s9ce ! region 9 :i* x fell is n[ become s easy ( access to ,european travel]s4 #c4 #iba ,a4,d4 ,an imm5se a]olite fell into ! riv] 7a bran* ( ! ,tib]7 at ,n>ni1 9 ,italy4 ,x project$ ?ree or f\r feet above ! surface ( ! wat]4 #d4 #adib1 ,novemb] #g?4 ,an a]olite1 weigh+ two hundr$ & sev5ty-six p\nds1 fell at ,ensi%eim1 9 ,alsace1 p5etrat+ ! e>? to ! dep? ( ?ree feet4 ,?is /one1 or ! great] portion ( x1 may /ill be se5 at ,ensi%eim4 #e4 #aeaa1 ,septemb] #ad?4 ,at noon an almo/ total d>k5+ ( ! heav5s occurr$ at ,crema4 ,dur+ ?is midnight gloom1 says a writ] ( t p]iod1 unhe>d-( ?und]s1 m+l$ ) awful lightn+s1 res\nd$ ?r\gh ! heav5s4 99 99 99 ,on ! pla9 ( ,crema1 :]e nev] be=e 0 se5 a /one ! size ( an egg1 !re fell pieces ( rock ( enorm\s dim5sions & ( imm5se weight4 ,x is said t t5 ( ^! 7 f\nd weigh+ a hundr$ p\nds ea*4 ,a monk 0 /ruck dead at ,crema by "o ( ^! rocky fragm5ts4 ,?is t]rific meteoric display is said to h la/$ two h\rs1 & #abjj a]olites 7 subsequ5tly f\nd4 #f4 #afcg1 ,novemb] #bi?4 ,a /one1 weigh+ fifty-f\r p\nds1 fell on ,m\nt ,vaison1 9 ,prov5ce4 #g4 #afej1 ,m>* #cj?4 ,a ,franciscan monk 0 kill$ at ,milan by ! fall ( a meteoric /one4 #h4 #afgd4 ,two ,sw$i% sailors 7 kill$ on %ip-bo>d by ! fall ( an a]olite4 #i4 #afhf1 ,july #ai?4 ,an extraord9>y fire-ball 0 se5 9 ,engl&2 its motion be+ opposite to t ( ! e>? 9 its orbit4 ,halley pron\nc$ ?is meteor a cosmical body4 7,see ,philos4 ,transact41 vol4 xxix47 #aj4 #agjf1 ,june #g?4 ,a /one weigh+ sev5ty-two p\nds fell at ,l>issa1 9 ,mac$onia4 #aa4 #agai1 ,m>* #ai?4 ,ano!r great meteor 0 se5 9 ,engl&4 ,its explosion occurr$ at an elevation ( #fi miles4 ,not)/&+ its height1 h[ev]1 ! report 0 l t ( a broadside1 & s great 0 ! concussion t w9d[s & doors 7 viol5tly %ak54 #ab4 #agea1 ,may #bf?4 ,two meteoric masses1 consi/+ almo/ :olly ( iron1 fell ne> ,agram1 ! capital ( ,croatia4 ,! l>g] fragm5t1 :i* weighs sev5ty-two p\nds1 is n[ 9 ,vi5na4 #ac4 #agef4 ,! concussion produc$ by a meteoric explosion ?rew d[n *imneys at ,aix1 9 ,prov5ce1 & 0 mi/ak5 = an e>?quake4 #ad4 #agga1 ,july #ag?4 ,a l>ge meteor explod$ ne> ,p>is1 at an elevation ( #be miles4 #ae4 #aghc1 ,augu/ #ah?4 ,a fire-ball ( extraord9>y magnitude 0 se5 9 ,scotl&1 ,engl&1 & ,france4 ,x produc$ a rumbl+ s\nd l di/ant ?und]1 al?\gh its elevation above ! e>?'s surface 0 #ej miles at ! "t ( its explosion4 ,! velocity ( its motion 0 equal to t ( ! e>? 9 its orbit1 & its diamet]1 accord+ to ,sir ,*>les ,blagd51 0 ab\t half a mile4 #af4 #agij1 ,july #bd?4 ,betwe5 n9e & t5 o'clock at night a v l>ge igne\s meteor 0 se5 ne> ,b\rdeaux1 ,france4 ,ov] ,b>botan a l\d explosion 0 he>d1 :i* 0 foll[$ by a %[] ( meteoric /ones ( v>i\s magnitudes4 #ag4 #agid1 ,july4 ,a fall ( ab\t a doz5 a]olites occurr$ at ,si5na1 ,tuscany4 #ah4 #agie1 ,decemb] #ac?4 ,a l>ge meteoric /one fell ne> ,wold ,cottage1 9 ,york%ire1 ,engl&4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! ph5om5on is tak5 f ,miln]'s ,gall]y ( ,nature1 p4 #acd3 ,sev]al p]sons he>d ! report ( an explosion 9 ! air1 foll[$ by a hiss+ s\nd2 & aft]w>d felt a %ock1 z if a heavy body _h fall5 to ! gr\nd at a little di/ance f !m4 ,"o ( ^!1 a pl[man1 saw a huge /one fall+ t[>d ! e>?1 eight or n9e y>ds f ! place :]e he /ood4 ,x ?rew up ! m\ld on e side2 & aft] p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! soil1 lodg$ "s in*es deep 9 solid *alk rock4 ,^u be+ rais$1 ! /one 0 f\nd to weigh fifty-six p\nds4 ,x fell 9 ! aft]noon ( a mild b hazy day1 dur+ :i* !re 0 no ?und] or lightn+2 & ! noise ( ! explosion 0 he>d ?r\gh a consid]able di/rict4 #ai4 #agif1 ,febru>y #ai?4 ,a /one ( t5 p\nds' weight fell 9 ,portugal4 #bj4 #agih1 ,m>* #ab?4 ,a /one weigh+ tw5ty p\nds fell at ,sules1 ne> ,ville ,fran*e4 #ba4 #agih1 ,m>* #ag?4 ,an a]olite weigh+ ab\t tw5ty p\nds fell at ,sale1 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,rhone4 #bb4 #agih1 ,decemb] #ai?4 ,a %[] ( meteoric /ones fell at ,b5>es1 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! ph5om5on 0 giv5 by ,j4 ,lloyd ,williams1 ,f4,r4,s41 !n a resid5t 9 ,b5gal4 ,! sky _h be5 p]fectly cle> = sev]al days4 ,at eight o'clock 9 ! ev5+ a l>ge meteor appe>$1 :i* 0 att5d$ ) a l\d rumbl+ noise4 ,imm$iately aft] ! explosion a s\nd 0 he>d l t ( heavy bodies fall+ 9 ! neighborhood4 ,next morn+ ! fre% e>? 0 f\nd turn$ up 9 _m places1 & a]olites ( v>i\s sizes 7 discov]$ b5ea? ! surface4 #bc4 #ahjc1 ,april #bf?4 ,! %[] at ,l',aigle1 previ\sly describ$4 #bd4 #ahjg1 ,decemb] #ad?4 ,a l>ge meteor explod$ ov] ,we/on1 ,connecticut4 ,! height1 direction1 velocity1 & magnitude ( ?is body 7 ably discuss$ by ,dr4 ,b[dit* 9 a memoir communicat$ to ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces 9 #ahae4 ,! foll[+ cond5s$ /atem5t ( ! pr9cipal facts1 embodi$ 9 ,dr4 ,b[dit*'s pap]1 is extract$ f ! ,p's ,magaz9e = ,janu>y #be?1 #ahcd3 ,! meteor ( #ahjg 0 obs]v$ ab\t a qu>t]-pa/ six on ,monday morn+4 ,! day _h j dawn$1 & !re 0 little light except f ! moon1 :i* 0 j sett+4 ,x seem$ to be half ! diamet] ( ! full moon2 & pass$1 l a globe ( fire1 across ! nor!rn m>g9 ( ! sky4 ,x pass$ beh9d "s cl\ds1 & :5 x came out x fla%$ l heat lightn+4 ,x _h a tra9 ( light1 & appe>$ l a burn+ fire-br& c>ri$ aga9/ ! w9d4 ,x cont9u$ 9 sight ab\t half a m9ute1 &1 9 ab\t an equal space aft] x fad$1 ?ree l\d & di/9ct reports1 l ^? ( a f\r-p\nd] ne> at h&1 7 he>d4 ,!n foll[$ a quick succession ( small] reports1 seem+ l :at soldi]s call a runn+ fire4 ,! appe>ance ( ! meteor 0 z if x took ?ree successive ?roes1 or leaps1 & at ea* explosion a ru%+ ( /ones 0 he>d ?r\gh ! air1 "s ( :i* /ruck ! gr\nd ) a heavy fall4 ,! fir/ fall 0 9 ! t[n ( ,hunt+ton1 ne> ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,m]w9 ,burr4 ,he 0 /&+ 9 ! road1 9 front ( 8 h\se1 :5 ! /one fell1 & /ruck a rock ( granite ab\t fifty feet f him1 ) a l\d noise4 ,! rock 0 /a9$ a d>k-r$ color1 & ! /one 0 pr9cipally %iv]$ into v small fragm5ts1 :i* 7 ?r[n ar\nd to a di/ance ( tw5ty feet4 ,! l>ge/ piece 0 ab\t ! size ( a goose egg1 & 0 /ill w>m4 ,! /ones ( ! second explosion fell ab\t five miles di/ant1 ne> ,mr4 ,william ,pr9ce's resid5ce1 9 ,we/on4 ,he & 8 family 7 9 b$ :5 !y he>d ! explosion1 & also he>d a heavy body fall to ! e>?4 ,!y aft]w>d f\nd a hole 9 ! e>?1 ab\t tw5ty-five feet f ! h\se1 l a newly dug po/-hole1 ab\t "o foot 9 diamet]1 & two feet deep1 9 :i* !y f\nd a meteoric /one buri$1 :i* weigh$ ?irty-five p\nds4 ,ano!r mass fell half a mile di/ant1 ^u a rock1 :i* x split 9 two1 & 0 itself %iv]$ to pieces4 ,ano!r piece1 weigh+ ?irte5 p\nds1 fell a half a mile to ! nor!a/1 into a pl[$ field4 ,at ! la/ explosion1 a mass ( /one fell 9 a field belong+ to ,mr4 ,elijah ,seely1 ab\t ?irty rods f ! h\se4 ,?is /one fall+ on a l$ge1 0 %iv]$ to pieces4 ,x pl[$ up a l>ge portion ( ! gr\nd1 & scatt]$ ! e>? & /ones to ! di/ance ( fifty or a hundr$ feet4 ,"s cattle t 7 ne> 7 v mu* fright5$1 & jump$ into an inclosure4 ,x 0 conclud$ t ?is la/ /one1 be=e be+ brok51 mu/ h weigh$ ab\t two hundr$ p\nds4 ,^! /ones 7 all ( a simil> nature1 & diff]5t f any commonly f\nd on ?is globe4 ,:5 fir/ f\nd1 !y 7 easily r$uc$ to p[d] by ! f+]s1 b by exposure to ! air !y gradually h>d5$4 #be4 #ahei1 ,novemb] #ae?4 ,betwe5 n9e & t5 o'clock 9 ! morn+1 an extraord9>y meteor 0 se5 9 sev]al ( ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 & ,virg9ia4 ,! app>5t diamet] ( ! head 0 ne>ly equal to t ( ! sun1 & x _h a tra91 not)/&+ ! bright sun%9e1 sev]al degrees 9 l5g?4 ,its disappe>ance on ! coa/ ( ! ,atlantic 0 foll[$ by a s]ies ( ! mo/ t]rific explosions4 ,x is believ$ to h desc5d$ into ! wat]1 probably into ,delaw>e ,bay4 ,a highly int]e/+ acc\nt ( ?is meteor1 by ,pr(4 ,loomis1 may be f\nd 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts = ,janu>y1 #ahfj4 #bf4 #ahfj1 ,may #a/4 ,ab\t tw5ty m9utes be=e "o o'clock ,p4,m41 a %[] ( meteoric /ones--"o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y on record--fell 9 ! ,s4 ,w4 corn] ( ,gu]nsey ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,full acc\nts ( ! ph5om5a are giv5 9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal = ,july1 #ahfj1 & ,janu>y & ,july1 #ahfa1 by ,pr(essors ,e4 ,b4 ,&rews1 ,e4 ,w4 ,evans1 ,j4 ,l4 ,smi?1 & ,d4 ,w4 ,johnson4 ,f ^! int]e/+ pap]s we le>n t ! c\rse ( ! meteor 0 ab\t #dj we/ ( nor?4 ,its visible track 0 ov] ,wa%+ton & ,noble ,c\nties1 & ! prolongation ( its projection1 on ! e>?'s surface1 passes directly ?r\gh ,new ,concord1 9 ! ,s4 ,e4 corn] ( ,musk+um ,c\nty4 ,! height ( ! meteor1 :5 se51 0 ab\t #dj miles1 & its pa? 0 ne>ly p>allel ) ! e>?'s surface4 ,! sky1 at ! "t1 01 = ! mo/ "p1 cov]$ ) cl\ds ov] nor?we/]n ,ohio1 s t if any portion ( ! meteoric mass cont9u$ on its c\rse1 x 0 invisible4 ,! velocity ( ! meteor1 9 relation to ! e>?'s surface1 0 f #c to #d miles p] second2 & h5ce its absolute velocity 9 ! sol> sy/em 0 f #bj to #ba miles p] second4 ,?is w\ld indicate an orbit ( consid]able ecc5tricity4 ,at ,new ,concord1#ab ,musk+um ,c\nty1 :]e ! meteoric /ones fell1 & 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood1 !re 7 _m di/9ct & l\d reports he>d4 ,at ,new ,concord !re 7 fir/ he>d 9 ! sky1 a little s\!a/ ( ! z5i?1 a l\d detonation1 :i* 0 comp>$ to t ( a cannon fir$ at ! di/ance ( half a mile4 ,aft] an int]val ( t5 seconds ano!r simil> report4 ,aft] two or ?ree seconds ano!r1 & s on ) dim9i%+ int]vals4 ,tw5ty-?ree di/9ct detonations 7 he>d1 aft] :i* ! s\nds became bl5d$ toge!r & 7 comp>$ to ! rattl+ fire ( an awkw>d squad ( soldi]s1 & by o!rs to ! ro> ( a railway tra94 ,^! s\nds1 ) _! rev]b]ations1 are ?\ght to h cont9u$ = two m9utes4 ,! la/ s\nds seem$ to come f a po9t 9 ! s\!a/ #de bel[ ! z5i?4 ,! result ( ?is cannonad+ 0 ! fall+ ( a l>ge numb] ( /ony meteorites ^u an area ( ab\t t5 miles long by ?ree wide4 ,! sky 0 cl\dy1 b "s ( ! /ones 7 se5 fir/ z 'black specks1' !n z 'black birds1' & f9ally fall+ to ! gr\nd4 ,a few 7 pick$ up )9 tw5ty or ?irty m9utes4 ,! w>me/ 0 no w>m] ?an if x _h la9 on ! gr\nd expos$ to ! sun's rays4 ,!y p5etrat$ ! e>? f two to ?ree feet4 ,! l>ge/ /one1 :i* weigh$ "o hundr$ & ?ree p\nds1 /ruck ! e>? at ! foot ( a l>ge oak tree1 &1 aft] cutt+ (f two roots1 "o five in*es 9 diamet]1 & graz+ a ?ird root1 x desc5d$ two feet t5 in*es into h>d clay4 ,?is /one 0 f\nd re/+ "u a root t 0 n cut (f4 ,?is w\ld seem+ly imply t x ent]$ ! e>? obliquely4 ,ov] ?irty ( ! /ones :i* fell 7 discov]$1 :ile d\btless _m1 especially ( ! small]1 be+ deeply buri$ b5ea? ! soil1 entirely escap$ obs]vation4 ,! weight ( ! l>ge/ t5 0 f\r hundr$ & eighte5 p\nds4 #bg4 #ahfd1 ,may #ad?4 ,e>ly 9 ! ev5+ a v l>ge & brilliant meteor 0 se5 9 ,france1 f ,p>is to ! ,spani% bord]4 ,at ,montauban1 & 9 ! vic9ity1 l\d explosions 7 he>d1 & %[]s ( meteoric /ones fell ne> ! villages ( ,orgueil & ,nohic4 ,! pr9cipal facts 9 reg>d to ?is meteor are ! foll[+3 ,elevation :5 fir/ se51 ov] #ee miles4 at ! "t ( its explosion #bj ,incl9ation ( its pa? to ! horizon #bj or #be ,velocity p] second1 ab\t #bj miles1 or equal to t ( ! e>?'s orbital motion4 ,?is example1 says ,pr(4 ,newton1 af=ds ! /ronge/ pro( t ! detonat+ & /one-produc+ meteors are ph5om5a n ess5tially unlike4 ,! =ego+ li/ conta9s b a small proportion ev5 ( ^? meteoric /ones ! date ( ^: fall is kn[n4 ,b besides ^!1 o!r masses h be5 f\nd s closely simil> 9 /ructure to a]olites ^: desc5t has be5 obs]v$1 z to leave no d\bt 9 reg>d to _! orig94 ,"o ( ^! is a mass ( iron & nickel1 weigh+ sixte5 hundr$ & eighty p\nds1 f\nd by ! travel] ,pallas1 9 #agdi1 at ,abakansk1 9 ,sib]ia4 ,?is imm5se a]olite may be se5 9 ! ,imp]ial ,museum at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,on ! pla9 ( ,otumpa1 9 ,bu5os ,ayres1 is a meteoric mass #g-a_/b feet 9 l5g?1 p>tly buri$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,its e/imat$ weight is ?irty-?ree ?\s& six hundr$ p\nds4 ,a specim5 ( ?is /one1 weigh+ f\rte5 hundr$ p\nds1 has be5 remov$ & deposit$ 9 "o ( ! rooms ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,a simil> block1 ( meteoric orig91 weigh+ twelve or ?irte5 ?\s& p\nds1 0 discov]$ "s ye>s s9ce 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,bahia1 9 ,brazil4 ,"s ( ! inf]5ces d]iv$ f ! exam9ation ( meteoric /ones1 & ! consid]ation ( ! ph5om5a att5d+ _! fall1 are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,r4 ,p4 ,greg1 ,esq41 ( ,man*e/]1 ,engl&1 :o has made lum9\s meteors a special /udy1 has f\nd t meteoric /one-falls occur ) great] frequ5cy ?an usual on or ab\t p>ticul> days4 ,he calls att5tion especially to five a]olite epo*s1 viz43 ,febru>y #ae?-#ai?2 ,may #ai?2 ,july #bf?2 ,novemb] #bi?1 & ,decemb] #ac?4 #b4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t no new elem5ts h be5 f\nd 9 meteoric /ones4 ,humboldt1 9 8 ,cosmos1 call$ att5tion to ?is int]e/+ fact4 ,i w\ld ask1 he rem>ks1 :y ! elem5t>y sub/ances t compose "o gr\p ( cosmical bodies1 or "o planet>y sy/em1 may n 9 a great measure be id5tical8 ,:y %\ld we n adopt ?is view1 s9ce we may conjecture t ^! planet>y bodies1 l all ! l>g] or small] agglom]at$ masses revolv+ r\nd ! sun1 h be5 ?r[n (f f ! once f> m exp&$ sol> atmosph]e1 & h be5 =m$ f vapor\s r+s describ+ _! orbits r\nd ! c5tral body8#ac #c4 ,b :ile a]olites conta9 no elem5ts b su* z are f\nd 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 ! mann] 9 :i* ^! elem5ts are comb9$ & arrang$ is s peculi> t a skillful m9]alogi/ w readily di/+ui% !m f t]re/rial sub/ances4 #d4 ,( ! eighte5 or n9ete5 elem5ts hi!rto obs]v$ 9 meteoric /ones1 iron is f\nd 9 ! greate/ abundance4 ,! specific gravities v>y f #aid to #gija3 ! =m] be+ t ( ! /one ( ,alais1 ! latt]1 t ( ! meteorite ( ,wayne ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 describ$ by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,l4 ,smi? 9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal = ,novemb]1 #ahfd1 p4 #che4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ! specific gravity is ab\t #c or #d4 #e4 ,! contemplation ( ! heav5ly bodies has (t5 produc$ 9 ?\ghtful m9ds an int5se desire to "k some?+ ( _! nature & physical con/itution4 ,?is curiosity is gratifi$ 9 ! exam9ation ( a]olites4 ,to h&le1 weigh1 inspect1 & analyze bodies t h w&]$ unnumb]$ ages ?r\gh ! planet>y spaces--p]haps approa*+ 9 _! p]ihelia )9 a comp>atively %ort di/ance ( ! sol> surface1 & aga9 rec$+ 9 _! aphelia to ! limits ( ! planet>y sy/em--mu/ naturally excite a tra9 ( pleasurable emotions4 #f4 ,x is highly probable t 9 pre-hi/oric times1 be=e ! sol> sy/em _h rea*$ its pres5t /age ( maturity1 ^? *aotic w&]]s 7 m num]\s 9 ! vic9ity ( ! e>?'s orbit ?an 9 rec5t epo*s4 ,ev5 n[ ! int]ior planets1 ,m]cury & ,v5us1 appe> to be mov+ ?r\gh ! masses ( matt] :i* con/itute ! zodiacal light4 ,x w\ld seem probable1 !re=e1 t !y are receiv+ f ?is s\rce mu* great] accretions ( matt] ?an ! e>?4 #g4 ,z ,m]cury's orbit is v ecc5tric1 he is beyond 8 mean di/ance dur+ mu* m ?an half 8 p]iod4 ,h5ce1 probably1 ! great] increm5ts ( meteoric matt] are d]iv$ f su* portions ( ! zodiacal light z h a long] p]iod ?an ,m]cury himself4 ,if s1 ! t5d5cy w\ld be to dim9i% sl[ly ! planet's mean motion4 ,su* a l5g!n+ ( ! p]iod has be5 actually discov]$4#ad ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,conjectures ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,meteoric ,,epo*s4 ,x is highly probable t a]olites & %oot+-/>s are d]iv$ ei!r f r+s ?r[n (f 9 ! planes ( ! sol> or planet>y equators1 or f /reams ( nebul\s matt] drawn into ! sol> sy/em by ! sun's attraction4 ,su* annuli or /reams w\ld probably ea* furni% an imm5se numb] ( meteor-a/]oids4 ,if any r+s int]sect ! e>?'s orbit1 our planet mu/ enc\nt] su* masses z happ5 at ! same "t to be pass+ ! po9t ( int]section4 ,?is mu/ be repeat$ at ! same epo* 9 diff]5t ye>s2 ! frequ5cy ( ! enc\nt] ( c\rse dep5d+ on ! clos5ess & regul>ity ) :i* ! masses are di/ribut$ ar\nd ! r+4 ,accord+ly x has be5 f\nd t n only ! meteors ( ,novemb] #ad? & ( ! epo*s nam$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 h _! respective radiants1 b also ^? ( _m o!r nights4 ,mr4 ,alex&] ,s4 ,h]s*el1 ( ,coll+wood1 ,engl&1 /ates t fifty-six su* po9ts ( div]g5ce are n[ well e/abli%$4 ,we h m5tion$ 9 a previ\s *apt] t ,mr4 ,greg1 ( ,man*e/]1 has specifi$ sev]al epo*s at :i* fire-balls appe>1 & meteoric /one-falls occur1 ) unusual frequ5cy4 ,! numb] ( ^! p]iods w probably be increas$ by future obs]vations4 ,p]haps ! foll[+ facts may ju/ify ! designation ( ,july #ac?-#ad? z su* an epo*3 #a4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,july1 #agig1 a l>ge fire-ball 0 se5 9 ,gtt+54 #b4 ,on ! #ad? ( ,july1 #ahja1 a fire-ball 0 se5 9 ,montgaill>d4 #c4 ,on ! #ad? ( ,july1 #ahde1 a brilliant meteor 0 se5 9 ,london4 #d4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,july1 #ahdf1 at ab\t #i;h4 & #cjm4 ,p4,m41 a brilliant fire-ball pass$ ov] ,m>yl& & ,p5nsylvania1 & 0 se5 also 9 ,virg9ia1 ,delaw>e1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,new ,york1 & ,connecticut4 ,its c\rse 0 nor?1 ab\t ?irty degrees ea/1 & ! projection ( its pa? on ! e>?'s surface pass$ ab\t f\r miles we/ ( ,lanca/]1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ne>ly ?r\gh ,mau* ,*unk1 9 ,c>bon ,c\nty4 ,:5 we/ ( ,philadelphia its angle ( elevation1 z se5 f t city1 0 =ty-two degrees4 ,consequ5tly its altitude1 :5 ne> ,lanca/]1 0 ab\t fifty-n9e miles4 ,! projection ( its visible pa?1 on ! e>?'s surface1 0 at lea/ two hundr$ & fifty miles 9 l5g?4 ,its height1 :5 ne>e/ ,gettysburg1 0 ab\t sev5ty miles1 & x disappe>$ at an elevation ( ab\t eighte5 miles1 ne> ! s\? corn] ( ,wayne ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,its app>5t diamet]1 z se5 f ,york & ,lanca/]1 0 ab\t half t ( ! moon1 & its e/imat$ helioc5tric velocity 0 betwe5 tw5ty & tw5ty-five miles4 ,! au?or 0 assur$ by p]sons 9 ,h>=d ,c\nty1 ,m>yl&1 & also 9 ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 t %ortly aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! meteor a di/9ct report1 l t ( a di/ant cannon1 0 he>d4 ,z might be expect$1 _! e/imates ( ! int]val :i* elaps$ 7 diff]5t2 b ,daniel ,m4 ,ett+]1 ,esq41 ( ,york1 :o 0 pay+ p>ticul> att5tion1 9 expectation ( a report1 /at$ t x 0 a little ov] six m9utes4 ,?is w\ld indicate a di/ance ( ab\t sev5ty-five miles4 ,! s\nd c\ld n !re=e h result$ f an explosion at or ne> ! t]m9ation ( ! meteor's obs]v$ pa?4 ,! incl9ation ( ! meteoric track to ! surface ( ! e>? 0 su* t ! body c\ld n h pass$ out ( ! atmosph]e4 ,z no a]olites1 h[ev]1 7 f\nd b5ea? any "p ( its pa?1 p]haps ! entire mass may h be5 dissipat$ be=e rea*+ ! e>?4--,silliman's ,j\rnal = ,may1 #ahff4 #e4 ,on ! #ad? ( ,july1 #ahdg1 a rem>kable fall ( a]olites 0 witness$ at ,braunau1 9 ,bohemia4 ,humboldt /ates t ! fall5 masses ( /one 7 s hot1 t1 aft] six h\rs1 !y c\ld n be t\*$ )\t caus+ a burn4 ,an analysis ( "s ( ! fragm5ts1 by ,fis*] & ,duflos1 gave ! foll[+ result3 ,iron #iahfb ,nickel #eeag ,cobalt #jebi ,copp]1 manganese1 ars5ic1 calcium1 magnesium1 silicium1 c>bon1 *lor9e & sulphur4 #bjgb ------- #ajjjjj #f4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,july1 #ahdh1 a brilliant fire-ball 0 se5 at ,/one-,ea/on1 ,som]set1 ,engl&4 #g4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,july1 #aheb1 a l>ge bolide 0 se5 9 ,london4 #h4 ,on ! #ad? ( ,july1 #ahed1 a fire-ball 0 se5 at ,s5ft5b]g4 #i4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,july1 #ahee1 a meteor1 ?ree times z l>ge z ,jupit]1 0 se5 at ,nott+ham1 ,engl&4 #aj4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ falls t h occurr$ ( late ye>s is t :i* happ5$ on ! #ad? ( ,july1 #ahfj1 betwe5 two & half-pa/ two 9 ! aft]noon1 at ,dhurmsala1 9 ,india4 ,! a]olite 9 "q fell ) a mo/ fe>ful noise1 & t]rifi$ ! inhabitants ( ! di/rict n a little4 ,sev]al fragm5ts 7 pick$ up by ! natives1 & c>ri$ religi\sly away1 ) ! impression t !y _h be5 ?r[n f ! summit ( ! ,himalayas by an invisible ,div9ity4 ,"l ,cann+ =w>d$ "s ( ^! /ones to ! ,briti% ,museum & to ! ,vi5na ,museum4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,saund]s also s5t "s ( ! /ones to ,europe4 ,x appe>s t1 soon aft] _! fall1 ! /ones 7 int5sely cold4#ae ,!y are ord9>y e>?y a]olites1 hav+ a specific gravity ( #caea1 conta9+ fragm5ts ( iron & iron pyrites2 !y h an unev5 texture1 & a pale-gray color4 #aa4 ,at a qu>t]-pa/ t5 o'clock on ! ev5+ ( ,july #ac?1 #ahfd1 a l>ge fire-ball 0 se5 9 ,new ,engl&4#af ,! h\r ( its appe>ance1 x w be obs]v$1 0 ne>ly ! same ) t ( ! bolide ( ,july #ac?1 #ahdf2 & x is also wor?y ( rem>k t _! directions 7 ne>ly ! same4 ,! meteor ( #ahfd _h a tail ?ree or f\r degrees 9 l5g?1 & ! body1 l t ( #ahdf1 explod$ ) a l\d report4 #ab4 ,on ! #h? ( ,july1 #aahf1 an a]olite fell at ,mons1 9 ,belgium 7,quetelet's ,physique du ,globe1 p4 #cbj74 ,a =w>d motion ( ! node1 some:at less ?an t obs]v$ 9 ! r+s ( ,novemb] & ,augu/1 w\ld give a correspond5ce ( dates betwe5 ! falls ( #aahf1 #ahdg1 & #ahfj4 ,) ! exception ( ! la/1 :i* is d\btful1 ^! ph5om5a all occurr$ )9 a p]iod ( #fg ye>s4 ,,! ,,epo* ,,( ,,novemb] #bi4 ,x has be5 /at$ t 9 diff]5t ye>s meteoric /ones h fall5 ab\t ! #bi? ( ,novemb]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rec5t a]olites :i* c be assign$ to ?is epo* is t :i* fell on ! #cj? ( ,novemb]1 #ahej1 at ,%alka1 9 ,b5gal4 ,x may be m5tion$1 z at lea/ a co9cid5ce1 t ! e>? passes ! approximate int]section ( h] orbit ) t ( ,biela's comet at ! date ( ?is epo*4 ,d o!r bodies besides ! two ,biela comets move 9 ! same ellipse8 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t two /> %[]s h be5 obs]v$ at ?is date3 "o 9 ,*9a1 ,a4,d4 #icj1 ! o!r 9 ,europe1 #ahej 7see ,quetelet's ,catalogue74 ,x is c]ta9ly important t ! meteors ( ?is epo* %\ld be c>efully /udi$4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,meteoric ,,/ones--,,d ,,a]olitic ,,falls ,,occur ,,m ,,frequ5tly ,,by ,,day ,,?an ,,by ,,night8--,,d ,,meteorites1 ,,bolides1 ,,& ,,! ,,matt] ,,( ,,ord9>y ,,%oot+-,,/>s1 ,,coexi/ ,,9 ,,! ,,same ,,r+s8 ,pr(essor ,*>les ,upham ,%ep>d1 ( ,amh]/ ,college1 :o has devot$ special att5tion to ! /udy ( meteoric /ones1 has designat$ two di/ricts ( c\ntry1 "o 9 ea* cont95t1 b bo? 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 9 :i* m ?an n9e-t5?s ( all kn[n a]olites h fall54 ,he rem>ks3 ,! fall ( a]olites is conf9$ pr9cipally to two zones2 ! "o belong+ to ,am]ica is betwe5 #cc & #dd nor? latitude1 & is ab\t #be 9 l5g?4 ,its direction is m or less f nor!a/ to s\?we/1 foll[+ ! g5]al l9e ( ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,( all kn[n occurr5ces ( ?is ph5om5on dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 #ibh p] c5t4 h tak5 place )9 ^! limits1 & mo/ly 9 ! neighborhood ( ! sea4 ,! zone ( ! ,ea/]n cont95t--) ! exception t x ext5ds t5 degrees m to ! nor?--lies betwe5 ! same degrees ( latitude1 & foll[s a simil> nor!a/ direction1 b is m ?an twice ! l5g? ( ! ,am]ican zone4 ,( all ! obs]v$ falls ( a]olites1 #iji p] c5t4 h tak5 place )9 ?is area1 & 7 also conc5trat$ 9 t half ( ! zone :i* ext5ds along ! ,atlantic4 ,! facts z /at$ by ,pr(essor ,%ep>d are1 ( c\rse1 unque/ionable4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 extremely improbable t ! di/ricts specifi$ %\ld receive a mu* l>g] proportion ( a]olites ?an o!rs ( equal ext5t4 ,h[1 !n1 are ! facts to be acc\nt$ =8 ,we answ]1 ! numb] ( a]olites se5 to fall 9 a c\ntry dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( its inhabitants4 ,! ocean1 des]ts1 & un9habit$ portions ( ! e>?'s surface af=d no in/ances ( su* ph5om5a1 simply = ! want ( obs]v]s4 ,9 sp>sely settl$ c\ntries ! fall ( a]olites w\ld n unfrequ5tly escape obs]vation2 & z su* bodies g5]ally p5etrate ! e>? to "s dep?1 ! *ances ( discov]y1 :5 ! fall is n obs]v$1 mu/ be exce$+ly r>e4 ,n[ ! "p ( ! ,am]ican cont95t designat$ by ,pr(essor ,%ep>d1 x w be notic$1 is ! olde/ & mo/ ?ickly settl$ "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 :ile t ( ! ,ea/]n cont95t /ret*es 9 l mann] across ! mo/ d5sely populat$ c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,?is fact alone1 9 all probability1 af=ds a suffici5t explanation ( ,pr(4 ,%ep>d's /atem5t4#ag ,d a]olites fall m frequ5tly by day ?an by night8--,mr4 ,alex&] ,s4 ,h]s*el1 ( ,coll+wood1 ,engl&1 has ) mu* c>e & indu/ry collect$ & collat$ ! kn[n facts 9 reg>d to bolides & a]olites4 ,"o result ( 8 inve/igations is t a mu* great] numb] ( meteoric /ones are obs]v$ to fall by day ?an by night4 ,f ?is he inf]s t1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! orbits 9 :i* !y move are int]ior to t ( ! e>?4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 is obvi\sly susceptible ( a v diff]5t explanation--an explanation q simil> to t ( ! frequ5t falls 9 p>ticul> di/ricts4 ,at night ! numb] ( obs]v]s is incomp>ably less2 & h5ce _m a]olites escape detection4 ,!re w\ld seem to be no cause1 reason1 or antec$5t probability ( ^! falls be+ m frequ5t at "o h\r ?an ano!r 9 ! :ole tw5ty-f\r4 ,! coexi/5ce ( meteorites1 bolides1 & ! matt] ( %oot+-/>s 9 ! same r+s8--,x has be5 /at$ on a previ\s page t sev]al a]olite epo*s are co9cid5t ) ^? ( %oot+-/>s4 ,is ! numb] ( su* cases suffici5t to ju/ify ! conclusion t ! correspond5ce ( dates is n accid5tal8 ,we w consid]1 ,i4 ,! ,epo* ( ,novemb] #aa?-#ad?4 #a4 #aedh1 ,novemb] #f?4 ,a v l>ge detonat+ meteor 0 se5 at ,mansfield1 ,?ur+ia1 at two o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,! kn[n rate ( movem5t ( ! node br+s ?is meteor )9 ! ,novemb] epo*4 #b4 #afbd1 ,novemb] #g?4 ,a l>ge fire-ball 0 se5 at ,tub+54 ,! motion ( ! node br+s ?is also )9 ! epo*4 #c4 #agfe1 ,novemb] #aa?4 ,a bright meteoric light 0 obs]v$ at ,frank=t4 #d4 #agia1 ,novemb] #aa?4 ,a l>ge meteor 0 se5 at ,gtt+5 & ,lili5?al4 #e4 #ahjc1 ,novemb] #ac?4 ,a fire-ball1 tw5ty-?ree miles high1 0 se5 at ,london & ,ed9burgh4 #f4 #ahjc1 ,novemb] #ac?4 ,a spl5did meteor 0 se5 at ,dov] & ,h>ts4 #g4 #ahjh1 ,novemb] #aa?4 ,a fire-ball 0 se5 9 ,engl&4 #h4 #ahah1 ,novemb] #ac?4 ,a fire-ball 0 se5 at ,gosport4 #i4 #ahai1 ,novemb] #ac?4 ,a fire-ball 0 se5 at ,/4 ,dom+o4 #aj4 #ahbj1 ,novemb] #ab?4 ,a l>ge detonat+ meteor 0 se5 at ,*olims*k1 ,russia4 #aa4 #ahbb1 ,novemb] #ab?4 ,a fire-ball appe>$ at ,potsdam4 #ab4 #ahbh1 ,novemb] #ab?4 ,a meteor 0 se5 9 full sun%9e at ,sury1 ,france4 #ac4 #ahca1 ,novemb] #ac?4 ,a fire-ball 0 se5 at ,bruneck4 #ad4 #ahca1 ,novemb] #ac?4 ,a brilliant meteor 0 se5 9 ! ,nor? ( ,spa94 #ae4 #ahcc1 ,novemb] #ab?4 ,a fire-ball 0 se5 9 ,g]many4 #af4 #ahcc1 ,novemb] #ac?4 ,a meteor1 two-?irds ! size ( ! moon1 0 se5 dur+ ! great meteoric %[] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ag4 #ahcd1 ,novemb] #ac?4 ,a l>ge fire-ball 0 se5 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 #ah4 #ahce1 ,novemb] #ac?4 ,sev]al a]olites fell ne> ,belmont1 ,dep>tm5t de l',a91 ,france4 #ai4 #ahcf1 ,novemb] #aa?4 ,an a]olitic fall occurr$ at ,macao1 ,brazil4 #bj4 #ahcg1 ,novemb] #ab?4 ,a rem>kable fire-ball 0 se5 9 ,engl&4 #ba4 #ahch1 ,novemb] #ac?4 ,a l>ge fire-ball 0 se5 at ,*]b\rg4 #bb4 #ahdi1 ,novemb] #ac?4 ,an extraord9>y meteor appe>$ 9 ,italy4 ,se5 9 ! s\!rn sky4 ,v>i$ 9 color2 a bright cl\d visible "o & a half h\r aft]2 accord+ to "s a detonation he>d fifte5 m9utes aft] bur/+4 ,se5 also l a /ream ( fire betwe5 ,tunis & ,tripolis1 :]e a %[] ( /ones fell2 "s ( !m into ! t[n ( ,tripolis itself4 #bc4 #ahdi1 ,novemb] #ac?4 ,a l>ge meteor 0 se5 at ,meckl5burg & ,breslau4 #bd4 #ahef1 ,novemb] #ab?4 ,a meteoric /one fell at ,tr5zano1 ,italy4 #be4 #ahff1 ,novemb] #ad?4 ,at ,a!ns1 ,greece1 a l>ge numb] ( bolides 0 se5 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,julius ,s*midt1 dur+ ! %[] ( %oot+-/>s4 ,"o ( ^! fire-balls 0 ( ! fir/ class1 & left a tra9 :i* 0 visible "o h\r to ! nak$ eye4 ,,ii4 ,! ,epo* ( ,augu/ #g?-#aa?4 #a4 #afdb1 ,augu/ #d?4 ,a meteoric /one fell 9 ,suffolk ,c\nty1 ,engl&4 #b4 #afej1 ,augu/ #f?4 ,an a]olite fell 9 ,holl&4 ,! obs]v$ motion ( ! node br+s bo? ^! /one-falls )9 ! epo*4 #c4 #agfe1 ,augu/ #i?4 ,a l>ge bolide 0 se5 at ,gre5wi*4 #d4 #aggc1 ,augu/ #h?4 ,a fire-ball 0 se5 at ,nor?all]ton4 #e4 #ahjj1 ,augu/ #h?4 ,a l>ge meteor 0 se5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 #f4 #ahjb1 ,augu/ #aj?4 ,a fire-ball appe>$ at ,qu$l9burg4 #g4 #ahjg1 ,augu/ #i?4 ,a bolide 0 se5 at ,nur5b]g4 #h4 #ahaj1 ,augu/ #aj?4 ,a /one weigh+ sev5 & ?ree-qu>t] p\nds fell at ,tipp]>y1 ,irel&4 #i4 #ahaf1 ,augu/ #g?4 ,9 ,hung>y a l>ge fire-ball 0 se5 to bur/1 ) detonations4 #aj4 #ahag1 ,augu/ #g?4 ,a brilliant fire-ball 0 se5 at ,augsburg4 #aa4 #ahah1 ,augu/ #aj?4 ,a meteoric /one1 weigh+ sev5 p\nds1 fell at ,slobodka1 ,russia4 #ab4 #ahbb1 ,augu/ #g?4 ,a meteorite fell at ,kadonah1 ,agra4 #ac4 #ahbb1 ,augu/ #g?4 ,a l>ge meteor 0 se5 9 ,moravia4 #ad4 #ahbb1 ,augu/ #aa?4 ,a l>ge mass ( fire fell d[n ) a great explosion ne> ,cobl5tz4 #ae4 #ahbc1 ,augu/ #g?4 ,two meteoric /ones fell 9 ,nobleboro'1 ,ma9e4 #af4 #ahbf1 ,augu/ #h?4 ,a fire-ball 0 se5 at ,od5see4 #ag4 #ahbf1 ,augu/ #aa?4 ,a bright meteor appe>$ at ,halle4 #ah4 #ahcc1 ,augu/ #aj?4 ,a fire-ball 0 se5 at ,worce/]%ire1 ,engl&4 #ai4 #ahcd1 ,augu/ #aj?4 ,a bolide appe>$ at ,brussels4 #bj4 #ahch1 ,augu/ #i?4 ,a f9e meteor 0 se5 9 ,g]many4 #ba4 #ahci1 ,augu/ #g?4 ,a spl5did fire-ball 0 se5 at sea4 #bb4 #ahdj1 ,augu/ #g?4 ,a bolide appe>$ at ,naples4 #bc4 #ahda1 ,augu/ #aj?4 ,an a]olite fell at ,iwan1 ,hung>y4 #bd4 #ahdb1 ,augu/ #i?4 ,a gre5i% fire-ball 0 se5 at ,hamburg4 #be4 #ahdd1 ,augu/ #h?4 ,a l>ge meteor 0 se5 9 ,brittany4 #bf4 #ahdd1 ,augu/ #aj?4 ,a fire-ball 0 se5 at ,hamburg4 #bg4 #ahde1 ,augu/ #aj?4 ,a brilliant meteor 0 se5 at ,london & ,ox=d4 #bh4 #ahdg1 ,augu/ #i?4 ,a l>ge irregul> meteor1 l a bright cl\d ( smoke1 0 se5 at ,brussels4 #bi4 #ahej1 ,augu/ #aj?4 ,a meteor z l>ge z ! moon 0 se5 9 ,irel&4 #cj4 #ahej1 ,augu/ #aj?4 ,a v l>ge bolide 0 obs]v$ 9 ,p>is4 #ca4 #ahej1 ,augu/ #aa?4 ,a fire-ball 0 se5 9 ,p>is4 #cb4 #ahec1 ,augu/ #g?4 ,a bolide 0 obs]v$ at ,glasg[4 #cc4 #ahec1 ,augu/ #g?4 ,a meteor twice z l>ge z ,v5us 0 se5 at ,p>is4 #cd4 #ahec1 ,augu/ #i?4 ,a l>ge meteor 0 se5 to sep>ate into two p>ts4 #ce4 #ahee1 ,augu/ #aj?4 ,a blui% meteor1 five times z l>ge z ,jupit]1 0 se5 at ,nott+ham4 #cf4 #aheg1 ,augu/ #aa?4 ,a bolide 0 se5 9 ,p>is4 #cg4 #ahei1 ,augu/ #g?4 ,a detonat+ meteor appe>$ 9 ,g]many4 #ch4 #ahei1 ,augu/ #aa?4 ,a meteoric /one fell ne> ,albany1 ,new ,york4 #ci4 #ahei1 ,augu/ #aa?4 ,a f9e meteor 0 se5 at ,a!ns4 #dj4 #ahfb1 ,augu/ #h?4 ,a meteoric /one-fall occurr$ at ,pilli/f]1 ,russia4 #da4 #ahfc1 ,augu/ #aa?4 ,an a]olite fell at ,%ytal1 ,india4 ,,iii4 ,! ,epo* ( ,decemb] #f?-#ac?4 ,! foll[+ falls ( meteoric /ones h occurr$ at ?is epo*3 #a4 #agie1 ,decemb] #ac?4 ,at ,wold ,cottage1 ,engl&4 #b4 #agih1 ,decemb] #ac?4 ,at ,b5>es1 ,india4 #c4 #ahjc1 ,decemb] #ac?4 ,at ,mss+1 ,bav>ia4 #d4 #ahac1 ,decemb] #ac?4 ,at ,luotolaks1 ,f9l&4 #e4 #aheh1 ,decemb] #i?4 ,at ,ausson1 ,france4 #f4 #ahfc1 ,decemb] #g?4 ,at ,tirlemont1 ,belgium4 #g4 #ahfc1 ,decemb] #aj?4 ,at ,inly1 ne> ,trebizond4#ah ,,iv4 ,! ,epo* ( ,april #ah?-#bf?4 ,= ?is epo* we h ! foll[+ a]olites3 #a4 #ahjc1 ,april #bf?4 ,at ,l',aigle1 ,france4 #b4 #ahjh1 ,april #ai?4 ,at ,casignano1 ,p>ma1 ,italy4 #c4 #ahch1 ,april #ah?4 ,at ,abkurpore1 ,india4 #d4 #ahdb1 ,april #bf?4 ,at ,mil5a1 ,croatia4 ,v4 ,! ,epo* ( ,april #i?-#ab?4 #a4 #ahje1 ,april #aj?4 ,at ,doron9sk1 ,russia4 #b4 #ahab1 ,april #aj?4 ,at ,t\l\se1 ,france4 #c4 #ahah1 ,april #aj?4 ,at ,zaborzika1 ,russia4 #d4 #ahfd1 ,april #ab?4 ,at ,n]ft1 ,russia4 ,! =ego+ li/s1 :i* might be ext5d$1 are suffici5t to e/abli% ! fact t meteoric /ones are b ! l>ge/ masses 9 ! nebul\s r+s f :i* %[]s ( %oot+-/>s are d]iv$2 a fact wor?y ( consid]ation :atev] !ory may be adopt$ 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( su* annuli4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,ph5om5a ,,suppos$ ,,to ,,be ,,meteoric--,,meteoric ,,du/--,,d>k ,,days4 ,x is well kn[n t great v>iety has be5 f\nd 9 ! composition ( a]olites4 ,:ile "s are extremely h>d1 o!rs are ( su* a nature z to be easily r$ucible to p[d]4 ,x is n impossible t :5 "s ( ! latt] class explode 9 ! atmosph]e !y are completely pulv]iz$1 s t1 rea*+ ! e>? 9 extremely m9ute p>ticles1 !y are nev] discov]$4 ,x is v unlikely1 moreov]1 t ( ! millions ( %oot+-/>s t daily p5etrate ! atmosph]e no?+ :atev] 9 ! solid =m %\ld ev] rea* ! e>?'s surface4 ,inde$1 ! celebrat$ ,rei*5ba*1 :o devot$ great att5tion to ?is subject1 believ$ t he _h actually discov]$ su* deposits ( meteoric matt]4 ,*ladni & o!rs h detail$ in/ances ( ! fall ( du/1 suppos$ to be meteoric1 f ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! foll[+ may be reg>d$1 ) m or less probability1 z in/ances ( su* ph5om5a3 #a4 ,a4,d4 #dge1 ,novemb] #e? or #f?4 ,a %[] ( black du/ fell 9 ! vic9ity ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,imm$iately be=e or ab\t ! "t ( ! fall1 accord+ to old acc\nts1 ! heav5s appe>$ to be on fire1 :i* seems to indicate a meteoric display ( an extraord9>y "*4 #b4 ,on ! #c;d ( ,decemb]1 #aehf1 a consid]able quantity ( d>k-color$ matt] fell f ! atmosph]e1 at ,v]de1 9 ,hanov]4 ,! fall 0 att5d$ by int5se light1 z well z by a l\d report resembl+ ?und]4 ,! sub/ance :i* fell 0 hot :5 x rea*$ ! e>?1 z ! planks on :i* a portion ( x 0 f\nd 7 slightly burnt1 or *>r$4 ,! date ( ?is occurr5ce1 all[ance be+ made = ! movem5t ( ! node1 is includ$ )9 ! limits ( ! meteoric epo* ( ,decemb] #f?-#ac?4 #c4 ,ab\t a c5tury lat]1 viz41 on ! #ca/ ( ,janu>y1 #afhf1 a v ext5sive deposit ( blacki% matt]1 9 appe>ance some:at resembl+ *>r$ pap]1 took place 9 ,norway & o!r c\ntries 9 ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,a portion ( ?is sub/ance1 :i* _h be5 c>efully pres]v$1 0 analyz$ by ,grot?us1 & f\nd to conta9 iron1 silica1 & o!r elem5ts frequ5tly met ) 9 a]olites4 #d4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,novemb]1 #agee1 r$ ra9 fell 9 ,sw$5 & ,russia1 & on ! same day 9 ,switz]l&4 ,x gave a r$di% color to ! wat]s ( ,lake ,con/ance1 to :i* x also imp>t$ an acid ta/e4 ,! ra9 :i* fell on ?is occasion deposit$ a s$im5t ^: p>ticles 7 attract$ by ! magnet4 #e4 ,9 #agia a lum9\s meteor explod$ ov] ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 & at ! same "t a quantity ( matt] resembl+ s& desc5d$ to ! surface4 #f4 ,accord+ to ,*ladni ! explosion ( a l>ge bolide ov] ,p]u1 on ! #bg? ( ,augu/1 #agib1 0 foll[$ by a %[] ( c9d]y matt]1 ! fall ( :i* cont9u$ dur+ ?ree consecutive days4 #g4 ,on ! #ac? & #ad? ( ,m>*1 #ahac1 a %[] ( r$ du/ fell 9 ,calabria1 ,tuscany1 & ,friuli4 ,! deposit 0 suffici5t to imp>t its color to ! sn[ :i* 0 !n ^u ! gr\nd4 ,t ?is du/ 0 meteoric c sc>cely be d\bt$1 s9ce at ! same "t a %[] ( a]olites fell at ,cutro1 9 ,calabria1 att5d$ by two l\d reports resembl+ ?und]4 ,! %[] ( du/ cont9u$ sev]al h\rs1 & 0 accompani$ by a noise :i* 0 comp>$ to ! di/ant da%+ ( ! waves ( ! ocean4#ai #h4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahai1 black ra9 & sn[ fell 9 ,canada4 #i4 ,on ! #c;d ( ,may1 #ahca1 r$ ra9 fell ne> ,giess54 ,x deposit$ a d>k-color$ s$im5t :i* ,dr4 ,zimm]mann f\nd to conta9 silica1 oxide ( iron1 & v>i\s o!r sub/ances obs]v$ 9 a]olites4 ,x is well kn[n t quantities ( s& are (t5 convey$1 by ! trade-w9ds1 f ! cont95t ( ,africa & deposit$ 9 ! ocean4 ,su* s&-%[]s h sometimes occurr$ sev]al hundr$ miles f ! coa/4 ,volcanic matt] also has be5 occasionally c>ri$ a consid]able di/ance4 ,! ph5om5a above describ$ _c1 h[ev]1 be ref]r$ to su* causes2 & !re c be little d\bt t mo/1 if n all ( !m1 7 ( meteoric orig94 ,!re is1 9 all probability1 a regul> gradation f ! smalle/ visible %oot+-/>s to bolides & a]olites4 ,no d\bt a great numb] ( v small meteoric /ones p5etrate b5ea? ! e>?'s surface & escape obs]vation4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! accid5tal discov]y ( su* cele/ial pebbles has rec5tly be5 giv5 by ,pr(essor ,haid+]1 ( ,vi5na4 ,! meteor f :i* !y 7 d]iv$ 0 b little l>g] ?an an ord9>y %oot+-/>4 ,its track 0 visible1 h[ev]1 until x t]m9at$ at ! e>?'s surface4 ,pr(essor ,haid+]'s acc\nt is z foll[s3 ,on ! #ca/ ( ,july1 #ahei1 ab\t half-pa/ n9e o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 ?ree inhabitants ( ! b\rg ( ,montpreis1 9 ,/yria1 saw a small lum9\s globe1 v simil> to a %oot+-/>1 & foll[$ by a lum9\s /reak 9 ! heav5s1 fall directly to ! e>?1 :i* x atta9$ close to ! *teau t exi/s 9 ! locality4 ,! fall 0 accompani$ by a :i/l+ or hiss+ noise 9 ! air1 & t]m9at$ by a slight detonation4 ,! ?ree obs]v]s1 ru%+ to ! spot :]e ! meteor fell1 imm$iately f\nd a small cavity 9 ! h>d1 s&y soil1 f :i* !y extract$ ?ree small meteoric /ones ab\t ! size ( nuts1 & a quantity ( black p[d]4 ,= five to eight seconds ^! /ones cont9u$ 9 a /ate ( inc&esc5ce1 & x 0 necess>y to all[ upw>ds ( a qu>t] ( an h\r to elapse be=e !y c\ld be t\*$ )\t inflict+ a burn4 ,!y appe> to h be5 ord9>y meteoric /ones1 cov]$ ) ! usual black r9d4 ,! possessors w\ld n give !m up to be analyz$4 ,! details ( ?is rem>kable occurr5ce ( ! fall ( an extremely small meteor1 we owe to ,h]r ,des*ann1 ,cons]vator ( ! ,museum ( ,laiba*1 9 ,c>niola1 & memb] ( ! ,au/rian ,*amb] ( ,deputies4 ,! foll[+ is p]haps ! only in/ance on record 9 :i* a %oot+-/> l[] ?an ! cl\ds has be5 und\bt$ly obs]v$4 ,! date is "o at :i* meteors are said to be m ?an usually num]\s2 & ! radiant po9t = ! epo* has be5 rec5tly det]m9$1 by ,briti% obs]v]s1 to be ab\t ,gamma ,cygni4 ,! meteor 0 se5 by ,mr4 ,david ,tr[bridge1 ( ,hector1 ,s*uyl] ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 :o says3 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,july #bf?1 #ahff1 ab\t #h;h4 #aem4 ,p4,m41 a v bright meteor fla%$ out 9 ,cygnus1 & mov$ f ea/ to we/ ) great rapidity4 ,its pa? 0 ab\t #cj aft] ,i saw x4 ,height above ! nor!rn horizon ab\t #ej4 ,duration ( flight f "o-half to "o second4 ,x left a beautiful tra94 ,! head 0 r$ & tra9 blue4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly bel[ ! cl\ds4 ,x pass$ betwe5 me & "s cirro-/ratus cl\ds1 s d5se z to hide ord9>y />s completely4 ,sev]al o!rs t saw x said x 0 bel[ ! cl\ds4--,silliman's ,j\rnal = ,sept4 #ahff4 ,x seems altoge!r probable t :5 a meteor ?us desc5ds1 be=e its explosion or dissipation1 into ! l[] atmosph]ic /rata1 at lea/ portions ( its mass mu/ rea* ! e>?'s surface4 ,,meteoric ,,transits--,,d>k ,,days4 ,if %oot+-/>s & a]olites are d]iv$ f meteoric r+s revolv+ r\nd ! sun 9 orbits ne>ly int]sect+ t ( ! e>?1 !n 7#a7 ^! masses mu/ sometimes transit ! sol> disk2 7#b7 if any ( ! r+s conta9 ei!r individual masses ( consid]able magnitude1 or suffici5tly d5se sw>ms ( meteoric a/]oids1 su* transits may sometimes be obs]v$2 7#c7 ! passage ( a d5se meteoric clu/] ov] ! sol> disk mu/ p>tially int]cept ! sun's light & heat2 & 7#d7 %\ld bo? nodes ( ! r+ v ne>ly int]sect ! e>?'s orbit1 meteoric falls might occur :5 ! e>? is at ei!r2 9 :i* case ! epo*s w\ld be sep>at$ by an int]val ( ab\t six mon?s4 ,h any su* ph5om5a z ^? indicat$ be5 actually obs]v$8 ,! passage ( d>k spots across ! sun1 hav+ a mu* m rapid motion ?an ! sol> macul1 has be5 frequ5tly notic$4 ,! foll[+ in/ances are well au!nticat$3 #aggi1 ,june #ag?4 ,ab\t mid-day ! em95t ,fr5* a/ronom]1 ,messi]1 saw a great numb] ( black po9ts cross+ ! sun4 ,rapidly mov+ spots 7 also se5 by ,pa/orff on ! foll[+ dates3 #ahbb1 ,octob] #bc;d1 #ahbc1 ,july #bd? & #be?1 #ahcf1 ,octob] #ah?1 & on sev]al subsequ5t occasions ! same a/ronom] witness$ simil> ph5om5a4 ,ano!r transit ( ?is k9d has be5 se5 q rec5tly4 ,on ! #h? ( ,may1 #ahfe1 a small black spot 0 se5 by ,c\mb>y to cross ! sol> disk4 ,x seems difficult to acc\nt = ^! appe>ances 7s frequ5tly se5 by exp]i5c$ obs]v]s7 unless we reg>d !m z meteoric masses4 ,,p>tial ,,int]ception ,,( ,,! ,,sun',s ,,light ,,& ,,heat4 ,num]\s in/ances are on record ( p>tial obscurations ( ! sun :i* c\ld n be acc\nt$ = by any kn[n cause4 ,cases ( su* ph5om5a took place1 accord+ to ,humboldt1 9 ! ye>s #ajij1 #abjc1 & #aedg4 ,ano!r s-call$ d>k day occurr$ on ! #ab? ( ,may1 #agjf1 & sev]al m 7"s ( /ill lat] date7 might be specifi$4 ,*ladni & o!r physici/s h reg>d$ ! transit ( meteoric masses z ! mo/ probable cause ( ^! obscurations4 ,x is prop] to rem>k1 h[ev]1 t ! em95t ,fr5* a/ronom]1 ,faye1 :o has giv5 ! subject mu* att5tion1 f9ds little or no evid5ce 9 support ( ?is conjecture4 ,an exam9ation ( meteorological records is said to h e/abli%$ two epo*s ( abnormal cold1 viz41 ab\t ! #ab? ( ,febru>y & ! #ab? ( ,may4 ,! =m] 0 po9t$ out by ,br&es ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury2 ! latt] by ,mdl]1 9 #ahcd4 ,! ,may epo* occurs :5 ! e>? is 9 conjunction ) "o ( ! nodes ( ! ,novemb] meteoric r+2 & t ( ,febru>y has a simil> relation to ! ,augu/ meteors4 ,m4 ,erman1 a di/+ui%$ ,g]man sci5ti/1 soon aft] ! discov]y ( ! ,augu/ & ,novemb] meteoric epo*s1 sugge/$ t ^? depressions ( temp]ature might be expla9$ by ! int]v5tion ( ! meteoric zones betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun4 ,! p]iod1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,novemb] meteors be+ /ill some:at d\btful1 _! position ) respect to ! e>? ab\t ! #ab? ( ,may is also unc]ta94 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 ! foll[+ dates ( a]olitic falls seem to indicate ,may #h?-#ad?1 or especially ,may #ab?-#ac?1 z a meteoric epo*3 7a7 ,may #h?1 #ahbi1 ,=sy?1 ,georgia1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 7b7 ,may #h?1 #ahdf1 ,mac]ata1 ,italy4 7c7 ,may #i?1 #ahbg1 ,na%ville1 ,t5nessee1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 7d7 ,may #ab?1 #ahfa1 ,goruckpore1 ,india4 7e7 ,may #ac?1 #ahca1 ,v\ill1 ,france4 7f7 ,may #ac?1 #ahee1 ,oesel1 ,baltic ,sea4 7g7 ,may #ac?1 #ahee1 ,bremevrde1 ,hanov]4 7h7 ,may #ad?1 #ahfa1 ne> ,villanova1 9 ,catalonia1 ,spa94 7i7 ,may #ad?1 #ahfd1 ,orgueil1 ,france4 ,all ! =ego+1 except t ( ,may #ad?1 #ahfa1 may be f\nd 9 ,%ep>d's li/1 ,silliman's ,j\rnal = ,janu>y1 #ahfg4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 a =m] *apt] t m ?an sev5 millions ( %oot+-/>s ( suffici5t magnitude to be se5 by ! nak$ eye daily ent] ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,z ! small ones are ! mo/ num]\s1 x is n improbable t an indef9itely great] numb] ( meteoric p>ticles1 too m9ute to be visible1 are be+ con/antly1 9 ?is mann]1 arre/$ 9 _! orbital motion4 ,n[1 x w\ld c]ta9ly be a v unw>rant$ conclusion t ^! atmosph]ic increm5ts are all ( a p]man5tly gase\s =m4 ,9 view ( ?is /rong probability t meteoric du/ is daily rea*+ ! e>?'s surface1 ,b>on von ,rei*5ba*1 ( ,vi5na1 conceiv$ ! idea ( attempt+ its discov]y4 ,asc5d+ to ! tops ( "s ( ! ,g]man m\nta9s1 he c>efully collect$ small quantities ( ! soil f positions 9 :i* x _h n be5 di/urb$ by man4 ,?is matt]1 on be+ analyz$1 0 f\nd to conta9 small portions ( nickel & cobalt--elem5ts r>ely f\nd 9 ! m9]al masses scatt]$ ov] ! e>?'s surface1 b v frequ5tly met ) 9 a]olites4 ,9 %ort1 ,rei*5ba* believ$1 & c]ta9ly n )\t "s probability1 t he _h detect$ m9ute portions ( meteoric matt]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,fur!r ,,rese>*es ,,( ,,rei*5ba*--,,!ory ,,( ,,meteors--,,/ability ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em--,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,resi/+ ,,m$ium4 ,! able & orig9al rese>*es ( ! celebrat$ ,rei*5ba*1 :o has made meteoric ph5om5a ! subject ( long-cont9u$ & en?usia/ic inve/igation1 h attract$ ! g5]al att5tion ( sci5tific m54 ,x is propos$ to pres5t1 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 a brief resum ( 8 views & conclusions4 #a4 ,! ,con/itution ( ,comets4--,x is a rem>kable fact t comet>y matt] has no refractive p[]1 z is manife/ f ! obs]vations ( />s se5 ?r\gh _! sub/ance4#bj ,^! bodies1 !re=e1 are n gase\s2 & ! mo/ probable !ory 9 reg>d to _! nature is t !y consi/ ( an inf9ite numb] ( discrete1 solid molecules1 at great di/ances f ea* o!r1 ) v little attraction among !mselves1 or t[>d ! nucleus1 & hav+1 !re=e1 great mobility4 ,n[ ,b>on ,rei*5ba*1 hav+ c>efully exam9$ a great numb] ( meteoric /ones1 has f\nd !m = ! mo/ "p compos$ ( extremely m9ute globules1 app>5tly cem5t$ toge!r4 ,he h5ce inf]s t !y h be5 comets--p]haps v small ones--^: compon5t molecules h by degrees collect$ into s+le masses4 #b4 ,! ,numb] ( ,a]olites4--,! av]age numb] ( a]olitic falls 9 a ye> 0 e/imat$ by ,s*reib]s1 z previ\sly /at$1 at #gjj4 ,rei*5ba*1 h[ev]1 aft] a ?or\gh discussion ( ! data at h&1 makes ! numb] mu* l>g]4 ,he reg>ds ! probable annual av]age1 = ! entire surface ( ! e>?1 z n less ?an #dejj4 ,?is w\ld give ab\t twelve daily falls4 ,!y are ( e v>iety z to magnitude1 f a weight ( less ?an a s+le ounce to ov] #cj1jjj p\nds4 ,! ,b>on ev5 suspects ! meteoric orig9 ( l>ge masses ( dol]ite :i* all =m] geologi/s _h consid]$ native to our planet4 ,9 view ( ! fact t f ! l>ge/ memb]s ( our planet>y sy/em d[n to ! p>ticles ( meteoric du/ !re is an approximately regul> gradation1 & t ! l>g]1 at lea/ 9 "s in/ances1 appe> to h be5 =m$ by ! aggregation ( ! small]1 he asks may n ! e>? itself h be5 =m$ by an agglom]ation ( meteorites8 ,! le>n$ au?or1 f ! g5]al scope ( 8 speculations1 w\ld ?us seem to h adopt$ a =m ( ! nebul> hypo!sis some:at diff]5t f t propos$ by ,laplace4 #c4 ,composition & mean ,d5sity ( ,a]olites4--,a l>ge proportion ( meteoric /ones are simil> 9 /ructure to ! volcanic or plutonic rocks ( ! e>?2 & all consi/ ( elem5ts id5tical ) ^? 9 our planet's cru/4 ,_! mean d5sity1 moreov]1 is v ne>ly ! same ) t ( ! e>?4 ,^! facts are reg>d$ by ,rei*5ba* z indicat+ t ^? meteoric masses :i* are daily becom+ incorporat$ ) our planet1 h _h a common orig9 ) ! e>? itself4 ,b>on ,rei*5ba*'s views1 z pres5t$ by himself1 w be f\nd at l5g? 9 ,pogg5dorf's ,annal5 = ,decemb]1 #aheh4 ,/ability ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4--,! well-kn[n demon/rations ( ! /ability ( ! sol> sy/em1 giv5 by ,lagrange & ,laplace1 are n to be accept$ 9 an unlimit$ s5se4 ,!y make no provision aga9/ ! de/ructive ag5cy ( a resi/+ m$ium1 or ! entrance ( matt] into ! sol> doma9 f ! int]/ell> spaces4 ,9 %ort1 ! cons]vative influ5ce ascrib$ to ^! celebrat$ !orems ext5ds only to ! major planets2 & ev5 9 _! case x is to be und]/ood z apply+ only to _! mutual p]turbations4 ,! ph5om5a ( %oot+-/>s & a]olites h demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( consid]able quantities ( matt] mov+ 9 un/able orbits4 ,! am\nt ( su* matt] )9 ! sol> sy/em _c n[ be det]m9$2 b ! t]m probably includes ! zodiacal light1 _m1 if n all1 ( ! meteoric r+s1 & a l>ge numb] ( comets4 ,^! un/able p>ts ( ! sy/em are be+ gradually incorporat$ ) ! sun1 ! e>?1 & d\btless also ) ! o!r l>ge planets4 ,x is highly probable t at =m] epo*s ! quantity ( su* matt] 0 mu* great] ?an at pres5t1 & t1 unless new supplies be receiv$ ab extra1 x mu/1 by sl[ degrees1 disappe> f ! sy/em4 ,! fact1 n[ well e/abli%$1 ( ! ext5sive diffusion ( meteoric matt] ?r\gh ! int]planet>y spaces has an obvi\s be>+ on ,encke's !ory ( a resi/+ m$ium4 ,if we grant ! exi/5ce ( su* an e!r1 x w\ld seem unphilosophical to ascribe to x "o ( ! prop]ties ( a mat]ial fluid--! p[] ( resi/+ ! motion ( all bodies mov+ ?r\gh x--& to d5y x su* prop]ties 9 o!r respects4 ,its cond5sation1 !re=e1 ab\t ! sun & o!r l>ge bodies mu/ be a necess>y consequ5ce4 ,?is cond5sation exi/$ 9 ! primitive sol> sph]oid1 be=e ! =mation ( ! planets3 ! rotation ( ! sph]oid w\ld be communicat$ to ! coexi/+ e!r2 & h5ce1 dur+ ! entire hi/ory ( ! planet>y sy/em1 ! e!r has revolv$ ar\nd ! sun 9 ! same direction ) ! planets4 ,?is cond5s$ e!r1 x is also obvi\s1 mu/ p>ticipate 9 ! progressive motion ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,b aga92 ev5 if we reject ! doctr9e ( ! developm5t ( ! planet>y bodies f a rotat+ nebula1 we mu/ /ill reg>d ! d5sity ( ! e!r z increas+ to ! c5t] ( ! sy/em4 ,! sun's rotation1 !re=e1 w\ld communicate motion to ! fir/ & d5s] portions2 ?is motion w\ld be transmitt$ outw>d ?r\gh successive /rata1 ) a con/antly dim9i%+ angul> velocity4 ,! motion ( ! planets !mselves ?r\gh ! m$ium 9 ne>ly circul> orbits w\ld concur 9 imp>t+ to x a revolution 9 ! same direction4 ,:e!r1 !re=e1 we receive or reject ! nebul> hypo!sis1 ! resi/ance ( ! e!real m$ium to bodies mov+ 9 orbits ( small ecc5tricity & 9 ! direction ( ! sun's rotation1 becomes an inf9itesimal quantity4 ,! hypo!sis ( ,encke1 x is well kn[n1 0 bas$ solely on ! obs]v$ accel]ation ( ! comet :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,m rec5tly1 h[ev]1 a /ill great] accel]ation has be5 f\nd 9 ! case ( ,faye's comet4 ,n[ z ! meteoric matt] ( ! sol> sy/em is a kn[n cause = su* ph5om5a1 suffici5t1 9 all probability1 bo? 9 mode & measure1 ! doctr9e ( a resi/+ e!real m$ium w\ld seem to be a :olly unnecess>y assumption4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,does ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,a]olitic ,,falls ,,v>y ,,) ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,di/ance ,,f ,,! ,,sun8--,,relative ,,numb]s ,,obs]v$ ,,9 ,,! ,,=5oon ,,& ,,aft]noon--,,ext5t ,,( ,,! ,,atmosph]e ,,z ,,indicat$ ,,by ,,meteors4 ,an analysis ( any ext5sive table ( meteorites & fire-balls proves t a great] numb] ( a]olitic falls h be5 obs]v$ dur+ ! mon?s ( ,june & ,july1 :5 ! e>? is ne> its aphelion1 ?an 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y1 :5 ne> its p]ihelion4 ,x is f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! rev]se is true 9 reg>d to bolides1 or fire-balls4 ,n[ ! !ory has be5 held by m ?an "o physici/1 t a]olites are ! outrid]s ( ! a/]oid r+ betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]2 _! orbits hav+ become s ecc5tric t 9 p]ihelion !y approa* v ne> t ( ! e>?4 ,if ?is !ory be ! true "o1 ! e>? w\ld probably enc\nt] ! greate/ numb] ( ^? meteor-a/]oids :5 ne> its aphelion4 ,! hypo!sis !re=e1 x has be5 claim$1 appe>s to be support$ by well-kn[n facts4 ,! v>iation1 h[ev]1 9 ! obs]v$ numb] ( a]olites may be readily acc\nt$ = indep5d5tly ( any !ory z to _! orig94 ,! fall ( meteoric /ones w\ld evid5tly be m likely to escape obs]vation by night ?an by day1 by reason ( ! relatively small numb] ( obs]v]s4 ,b ! days are %orte/ :5 ! e>? is 9 p]ihelion1 & longe/ :5 9 aphelion2 ! ratio ( _! l5g?s be+ ne>ly equal to t ( ! correspond+ numb]s ( a]olitic falls4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is obvi\s t fire-balls1 unless ( v extraord9>y magnitude1 w\ld n be visible dur+ ! day4 ,! obs]v$ numb] w !re=e be greate/ :5 ! nights are longe/2 t is1 :5 ! e>? is ne> its p]ihelion4 ,?is1 x w be f\nd1 is precisely 9 accordance ) obs]vation4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 moreov]1 t a great] numb] ( meteoric /ones fall dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! day1 t is1 f midnight to noon1 ?an 9 ! latt] half1 f noon to midnight4 ,?is w\ld seem to indicate t a l>ge proportion ( ! a]olites enc\nt]$ by ! e>? h direct motion4 ,height ( ! ,atmosph]e4--,! weight ( a giv5 volume ( m]cury is #aj1eag times t ( an equal volume ( air at ! e>?'s surface2 & s9ce ! mean height ( ! m]curial column 9 ! b>omet] is ab\t ?irty in*es1 if ! atmosph]e 7 ( uni=m d5sity its altitude w\ld be ab\t #bf1cjj feet1 or ne>ly five miles4 ,! d5sity rapidly dim9i%es1 h[ev]1 z we asc5d above ! e>?'s surface4 ,call+ x unity at ! sea level1 ! rate ( v>iation is approximately express$ z foll[s3 ,altitude 9 ,miles4 ,d5sity4 #j #a #g #a_/d #ad #a_/af #ba #a_/fd #bh #a_/bef #ce #a_/ajbd #gj #a_/ajjjjjj #aje #a_/ajjjjjjjjj #adj #a_/ajjjjjjjjjjjj etc4 etc4 ,f ?is table x w be se5 t at ! height ( #ce miles ! air is "o ?\s& times r>] ?an at ! surface ( ! e>?2 & t1 suppos+ ! same rate ( decrease to cont9ue1 at ! height ( #adj miles ! r>ity w\ld be "o trillion times great]4 ,! atmosph]e1 h[ev]1 is n unlimit$4 ,:5 x becomes s r>e t ! =ce ( repulsion betwe5 its p>ticles is c\nt]balanc$ by ! e>?'s attraction1 no fur!r expansion is possible4 ,to det]m9e ! altitude ( its sup]ior surface is a problem at once difficult & int]e/+4 ,n _m ye>s s9ce ab\t #de or #ej miles 7 g5]ally reg>d$ z a probable limit4 ,consid]able light1 h[ev]1 has be5 ?r[n ^u ! "q by rec5t obs]vations 9 meteoric a/ronomy4 ,sev]al hundr$ detonat+ meteors h be5 obs]v$1 & _! av]age height at ! in/ant ( _! fir/ appe>ance has be5 f\nd to exce$ #ij miles4 ,! great meteor ( ,febru>y #c;d1 #ahef1 se5 at ,brussels1 ,g5eva1 ,p>is1 & else:]e1 0 #aej miles high :5 fir/ se51 & a few app>5tly well-au!nticat$ in/ances are kn[n ( a /ill great] elevation4 ,we conclude1 !re=e1 f ! evid5ce af=d$ by meteoric ph5om5a1 t ! height ( ! atmosph]e is c]ta9ly n less ?an #bjj miles4 ,x might be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ! resi/ance ( ! air at su* altitudes w\ld n develop a suffici5t am\nt ( heat to give meteorites _! brilliant appe>ance4 ,?is "q has be5 discuss$ by ,j\le1 ,?omson1 ,haid+]1 & ,rei*5ba*1 & may n[ be reg>d$ z def9itively settl$4 ,:5 ! velocity ( a meteorite is kn[n ! quantity ( heat produc$ by its motion ?r\gh air ( a giv5 d5sity is readily det]m9$4 ,! temp]ature acquir$ is ! equival5t ( ! =ce ) :i* ! atmosph]ic molecules are met by ! mov+ body4 ,?is is ab\t "o degree 7,fahr5heit7 = a velocity ( #ajj feet p] second1 & x v>ies directly z ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,a velocity1 !re=e1 ( #cj miles 9 a second w\ld produce a temp]ature ( #b1ejj1jjj4 ,! weight ( #ebhj cubic feet ( air at ! e>?'s surface is ab\t #b1hcj1jjj gra9s4 ,?is1 consequ5tly1 is ! weight ( a column #a mile 9 l5g?1 & ^: base or cross section is "o squ>e foot4 ,! weight ( a column ( ! same dim5sions at a height ( #adj miles w\ld be ab\t #a_/cejjjj? ( a gra94 ,h5ce ! heat acquir$ by a meteoric mass ^: cross section is "o squ>e foot1 9 mov+ #a mile w\ld be "o gra9 rais$ #g-a_/g degrees1 or "o-fif? ( a gra9 #bejj 9 #gj miles4 ,?is temp]ature w\ld und\bt$ly be suffici5t to r5d] meteoric bodies brilliantly lum9\s4 ,b !re h be5 indications ( an atmosph]e at an elevation ( m ?an #ejj miles4 ,a discussion ( ! be/ obs]vations ( ! great aurora se5 ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ! #bh? ( ,augu/1 #ahei1 gave #ecd miles z ! height ( ! upp] limit above ! e>?'s surface4 ,! aurora ( ,septemb] #b;d1 ( ! same ye>1 _h an elevation b little inf]ior1 viz41 #die miles4 ,n[1 accord+ to ! obs]v$ rate ( v>iation ( d5sity1 at ! height ( #ebe miles1 ! atmosph]e w\ld be s r>e t a sph]e ( x fill+ ! orbit ( ,neptune w\ld conta9 less matt] ?an #a_/cj? ( a cubic in* ( air at ! e>?'s surface4 ,9 o!r words1 x w\ld weigh less ?an #a_/ij? ( a gra94 ,we are ?us =c$ to ! conclusion ei!r t ! law ( v>iation is n ! same at great heights z ne> ! surface2 or1 t beyond ! limits ( ! atmosph]e ( air1 !re is ano!r ( electricity1 or ( "s o!r fluid4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,meteoric ,,!ory ,,( ,,sol> ,,heat4 ,( ! v>i\s !ories propos$ by a/ronom]s to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! sun's light & heat1 only two h at pres5t any consid]able numb] ( advocates4 ,^! are-- #a4 ,! ,*emical ,!ory2 accord+ to :i* ! light & heat ( ! sun are produc$ by ! *emical comb9ation ( its elem5ts2 9 o!r words1 by an int5se combu/ion4 #b4 ,! ,meteoric ,!ory1 :i* ascribes ! heat ( our c5tral lum9>y to ! fall ( meteors ^u its surface4 ,! =m] is advocat$ ) great +5uity by ,pr(essor ,ennis 9 a rec5t "w on ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,/>s1 & ! ,causes ( _! ,motions & _! ,light4 ,x has1 on ! o!r h&1 be5 ably oppos$ by ,dr4 ,may]1 ,pr(essor ,william ,?omson1 & o!r em95t physici/s4 ,a brief exam9ation ( its claims may n be de/itute ( int]e/4 ,if ! sun's heat is produc$ by *emical action1 :5ce comes ! necess>y supply ( fuel to support ! combu/ion8 ,! quantity ( sol> heat radiat$ into space has be5 det]m9$ ) at lea/ an approximation to ma!matical precision4 ,we "k also ! am\nt produc$ by ! combu/ion ( a giv5 quantity ( coal4 ,n[ x has be5 f\nd by calculation t if ! sun 7 a solid globe ( coal1 & a suffici5t supply ( oxyg5 7 furni%$ to support its combu/ion1 ! am\nt ( heat result+ f its consumption w\ld be less ?an t actually emitt$ dur+ ! la/ #fjjj ye>s4 ,9 %ort1 no kn[n elem5ts w\ld meet ! dem&s ( ! case4 ,b x is highly probable t ! diff]5t bodies ( ! sol> sy/em are compos$ ( ! same elem5ts4 ,?is view is su/a9$ by ! well-kn[n fact t meteoric /ones1 :i* h rea*$ u f diff]5t & di/ant regions ( space1 h br\ght u no new elem5t>y sub/ances4 ,! *emical !ory ( sol> heat seems ?us encumb]$ ) difficulties well-nigh insup]able4 ,pr(essor ,ennis' mode ( obviat+ ?is objection1 ?\gh highly +5i\s1 is by no means conclusive4 ,! late/ analyses ( ! sol> spectrum indicate1 he affirms1 ! pres5ce ( num]\s elem5ts besides ^? ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,"s ( ^! may yield by _! combu/ion a mu* great] am\nt ( heat ?an ! same quantity ( any kn[n elem5ts 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,e />1 he rem>ks1 z f> z yet kn[n1 has a diff]5t set ( fix$ l9es1 al?\gh !re are c]ta9 resemblances betwe5 !m4 ,!y lead to ! conclusion t ea* /> has1 9 "p at lea/1 its peculi> modifications ( matt]1 call$ simple elem5ts2 b ! numb] ( />s is inf9ite1 & !re=e ! numb] ( elem5ts mu/ be inf9ite4#ba ,he argues1 moreov]1 t 9 a globe s va/ z ! sun !re may be =ces 9 op]ation ) ^: nature we are :olly unacqua9t$4 ,?is leav+ ( ! kn[n elem5ts z well z ! kn[n laws ( nature = unkn[n possibilities w h>dly be satisfactory to unbias$ m9ds4 ,aga93 t ! diff]5t bodies ( ! univ]se are compos$ ( diff]5t elem5ts is inf]r$ by our au?or f ! foll[+ among o!r consid]ations3 ,9 our sol> sy/em ,m]cury is sixty or eighty times m d5se ?an "o ( ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 & probably 9 a mu* great] proportion d5s] ?an ! satellites ( ,saturn4 ,?is indicates a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! nature ( _! elem5ts4 ,?is /atem5t is aga9 repeat$ 9 a subsequ5t page4#bb ,! d5sities ( ! planets & _! satellites prove t !y are compos$ ( v diff]5t elem5ts4 ,m]cury is m ?an sixty times1 & our e>? ab\t fifty times1 m d5se ?an ! inn] moon ( ,jupit]4 ,saturn is only ab\t "o-n9? z d5se z ! e>?2 x w\ld float buoyantly on wat]4 ,!re is a high probability t ! satellites ( ,saturn & ,uranus are f> light] ?an ^? ( ,jupit]4 ,betwe5 ! two extremes ( ! att5dants ( ! sun1 !re is probably a great] diff]5ce 9 d5sity ?an "o hundr$ to "o2 & f "o extreme to ! o!r !re are regul> gradations ( small am\nt4 ,! diff]5ce 9 con/itution betwe5 ! e>? & ! moon is se5 9 _! d5sities3 t ( ! moon be+ ab\t half t ( ! e>?4 ,! nitrog5 ( our globe is f\nd only 9 ! atmosph]e1 & su* sub/ances z d]ive x f ! atmosph]e4 ,! moon has no appreciable atmosph]e1 & !re=e1 9 a high probability1 no nitrog54 ,! /atem5ts "h quot$ 7 design$ to %[ t ! physical con/itution ( ! sun & planets is widely diff]5t f t ( ! e>?1 & t ! combu/ion ( "s ( ! elem5ts 9 ?is indef9ite v>iety may acc\nt = ! orig9 ( sol> heat4 ,let u exam9e ! facts4 ,accord+ to ,laplace ! mass ( ,jupit]'s fir/ satellite is #jjjjjagcbh1 t ( ,jupit] be+ #a4 ,! diamet] is #bdcf miles4 ,h5ce ! correspond+ d5sity is a little m ?an "o-fif? ( ! mean d5sity ( ! e>?4 ,9 o!r words1 x is some:at great] ?an ! d5sity ( wat]1 & v ne>ly equal to t ( ,jupit] himself4 ,pr(essor ,ennis' value is !re=e errone\s4#bc ,9 reg>d to ! d5sities ( ! ,saturnian & ,uranian satellites no?+ is kn[n1 & conjecture is useless4 ,9 %ort1 ,saturn has ! lea/ mean d5sity ( all ! planets1 prim>y or second>y1 s f> z kn[n4 ,?is may be ow+ to ! great ext5t ( 8 atmosph]ic envelope4 ,! d5sity ( ! moon is b ?ree-fif?s t ( ! e>?3 x is to be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ! mass & pressure are also mu* less4 ,) respect to meteorites ! same au?or rem>ks t l ! moon1 !y are probably satellites ( ! e>?2 b be+ v small1 !y are liable to extraord9>y p]turbations1 & h5ce /rike ! e>? 9 _m directions4 ,"h1 aga91 8 facts are at fault2 = 7#a7 ! obs]v$ velocities ( ^! bodies are inconsi/5t ) ! supposition ( _! be+ satellites ( ! e>?2 & 7#b7 ! am\nt ( p]turbation ( su* bodies does n v>y ) _! masses3 a small meteorite w\ld fall t[>d ! e>? or any o!r planet ) no great] velocity ?an a l>ge "o4 ,,! ,,meteoric ,,!ory4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 a previ\s *apt] t imm5se numb]s ( meteoric a/]oids are con/antly trav]s+ ! planet>y spaces--t _m millions1 9 fact1 daily ent] ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,reasons are n want+ = suppos+ ! numb]s ( ^! bodies to increase ) great rapidity z we approa* ! c5t] ( ! sy/em4 ,moreov]1 on acc\nt ( ! great] =ce ( gravity at ! sun's surface ! heat produc$ by _! fall mu/ be mu* great] ?an at ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t if "o ( ^! a/]oids be arre/$ 9 p]ihelion by ! sol> atmosph]e1 ! quantity ( heat ?us develop$ w be #ijjj times great] ?an t produc$ by ! combu/ion ( an equal mass ( coal4 ,!re c1 !re=e1 be no reasonable d\bt t a portion ( ! sun's heat is produc$ by ! impact ( meteoric matt]4 ,9 consid]+ ! probability t x is *iefly s g5]at$1 ! foll[+ que/ions naturally pres5t !mselves3 #a4 ,:at am\nt ( matt] precipitat$ ^u ! sun w\ld develop ! quantity ( heat actually emitt$8--,?is "q has be5 satisfactorily discuss$ by em95t physici/s1 & x w be suffici5t = our purpose to give ! result4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,william ,?omson1 ( ,glasg[1 ! pres5t rate ( emission w\ld be kept up by a meteoric deposit :i* w\ld =m an annual /ratum #fj feet 9 ?ickness ov] ! sun's surface4 #b4 ,c\ld su* an increase ( ! sun's magnitude be detect$ by micrometrical measurem5t8--,?is inquiry is readily answ]$ 9 ! negative4 ,! app>5t diamet] w\ld be augm5t$ only "o second 9 #ag1fjj ye>s4 #c4 ,is !re any kn[n or visible s\rce f :i* ?is am\nt ( meteoric matt] may be suppli$8--,?omson1 ,may]1 & o!r di/+ui%$ writ]s reg>d ! zodiacal light z ! s\rce ( su* meteorites4 ,! inn] portions ( ?is imm5se tornado mu/ be resi/$ 9 _! motions by ! sol> atmosph]e1 & h5ce precipitat$ ^u ! sun's surface4 #d4 ,w\ld ?is increase ( ! sun's mass d]ange ! motions ( ! sol> sy/em8--,to ?is "q ,pr(4 ,ennis gives an affirmative answ]2 8 fir/ objection to ! !ory "u consid]ation be+ /at$ z foll[s3 ,! con/ant accumulation ( su* mat]ials1 dur+ hundr$s ( millions ( ye>s1 w\ld increase ! body ( ! sun & its consequ5t gravity s greatly z to d]ange ! entire sol> sy/em1 by de/roy+ ! balance betwe5 ! c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ces n[ act+ on ! planets4#bd ,?is1 x mu/ be confess$1 w\ld be a valid objection1 if ! meteoric matt] 7 suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ! extra-planet>y spaces4 ,z _! s\rce1 h[ev]1--! zodiacal light--is int]ior to ! e>?'s orbit1 x c h no application to any planet ext]ior to ,v5us4 ,mo/ probably ! great] portion ( ! meteoric mass is ev5 )9 ! orbit ( ,m]cury1 s t ! effect ( its conv]g5ce c\ld sc>cely be notic$ ev5 9 ! motion ( ! int]ior planets4 ,9 pre-hi/oric "t ! zodiacal light may h ext5d$ f> beyond ! e>?'s orbit4 ,if s1 its conv]g5ce to its pres5t dim5sions 0 und\bt$ly att5d$ by an accel]ation ( ! e>?'s mean motion4 ,we c ( c\rse h no evid5ce t su* a %ort5+ ( ! ye> has nev] occurr$4 ,! second objection urg$ aga9/ ! meteoric !ory by ! au?or ( ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,/>s is ?us express$3 ,z we mu/ believe t all />s 7 light$ up by ! same means1 s we mu/ believe1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 t ! pres5t int]ior heat ( ! e>? & its =m] melt$ condition 9 bo? ext]ior & int]ior1 0 caus$ by ! fall ( meteorites4 ,b if s1 !y mu/ h gradually ceas$ to fall1 z space became cle>$ ( _! pres5ce1 & we w\ld n[ f9d a ?ick cov]+ ( meteorites on ! e>?'s cool$ surface4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 we f9d !m v r>ely1 & 9 accordance ) _! pres5t v r>e falls4 ,to ?is x may be repli$ t ! primitive igne\s fluidity ( ! e>? & planets 0 a necess>y consequ5ce ( _! cond5sation--a fact :i* has no inconsi/5cy ) ! !ory 9 "q4 ,a diff]5t me*anical !ory ( ! orig9 ( sol> heat is advocat$ by ,pr(essor ,helmholtz 9 8 int]e/+ "w ,on ! ,int]action ( ,natural ,=ces4 ,9 reg>d to ! sun he says3 ,if we adopt ! v probable view1 t ! rem>kably small d5sity ( s l>ge a body is caus$ by its high temp]ature1 & may become great] 9 "t1 x may be calculat$ t if ! diamet] ( ! sun 7 dim9i%$ only ! t5-?\s&? "p ( its pres5t l5g?1 by ?is act a suffici5t quantity ( heat w\ld be g5]at$ to cov] ! total emission = #bajj ye>s4 ,su* a small *ange besides x w\ld be difficult to detect by ! f9e/ a/ronomical obs]vations4#be ,! same view is adopt$ by ,dr4 ,joel ,e4 ,h5dricks1 ( ,des ,mo9es1 ,i[a4#bf ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,w ,,! ,,meteoric ,,!ory ,,acc\nt ,,= ,,! ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,v>iable ,,& ,,tempor>y ,,/>s8 ,hav+ %[n t meteor-a/]oids are diffus$ 9 va/ quantities ?r\gh\t ! univ]se2 t accord+ to em95t physici/s ! sol> heat is produc$ by ! precipitation ( su* matt] on ! sun's surface2 & t ,lev]ri] has f\nd x necess>y to introduce ! di/urb+ effect ( meteoric r+s 9 ord] fully to acc\nt = ! motion ( ,m]cury's p]ihelion2 we n[ propose ext5d+ ! meteoric !ory to a numb] ( ph5om5a t h hi!rto receiv$ no satisfactory explanation4 ,,v>iable ,,& ,,tempor>y ,,/>s4 ,no !ory z to ! orig9 ( ! sun's light & heat w\ld seem to be admissible unless applicable also to ! sid]eal sy/ems4 ,w ! meteoric !ory expla9 ! ph5om5a ( v>iable & tempor>y />s8 ,x has be5 rem>k$ respect+ v>iable />s1 t 9 pass+ ?r\gh _! successive phases1 !y are subject to s5sible irregul>ities1 :i* h n hi!rto be5 r$uc$ to fix$ laws4 ,9 g5]al !y d n always atta9 ! same maximum brightness1 _! fluctuations be+ 9 "s cases v consid]able4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,argel&]1 ! v>iable /> 9 ,corona ,borealis1 :i* ,pigott discov]$ 9 #agie1 exhibits on "s occasions su* feeble *anges ( brightness1 t x is almo/ impossible to di/+ui% ! maxima f ! m9ima by ! nak$ eye2 b aft] x has complet$ sev]al ( its cycles 9 ?is mann]1 its fluctuations all at once become s consid]able1 t 9 "s in/ances x totally disappe>s4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 moreov]1 t ! light ( v>iable />s does n increase & dim9i% symmetrically on ea* side ( ! maximum1 nor are ! successive int]vals betwe5 ! maxima exactly equal to ea* o!r4--,grant's ,hi/ory ( ,physical ,a/ronomy1 p4 #eda4 ,( ! num]\s hypo!ses hi!rto propos$ to acc\nt = ^! ph5om5a we believe none c be f\nd to include & h>monize all ! facts ( obs]vation4 ,! !ories ( ,h]s*el & ,maup]tius fail to expla9 ! irregul>ity 9 "s ( ! p]iods2 :ile ^? ( ,newton & ,dunn af=d no explanation ( ! p]iodicity itself4#bg ,b let u suppose t among ! fix$ />s "s h atmosph]es ( great ext5t1 z 0 probably ! case ) ! sun at a remote epo* 9 its hi/ory4 ,let u also suppose ! exi/5ce ( nebul\s r+s1 l ^? ( our own sy/em1 mov+ 9 orbits s elliptical t 9 _! p]ihelia !y pass ?r\gh ! atmosph]ic envelopes ( ! c5tral />s4 ,su* meteoric r+s ( v>y+ d5sity1 l ^? revolv+ ab\t ! sun1 w\ld evid5tly produce ! ph5om5a ( v>iable />s4 ,! resi/+ m$ium ?r\gh :i* !y pass 9 p]ihelion mu/ gradually contract _! orbits1 or1 9 o!r words1 dim9i% ! int]vals betwe5 consecutive maxima4 ,su* a %ort5+ ( ! p]iod is n[ well e/abli%$ 9 ! case ( ,algol4 ,aga91 if a r+ be influ5c$ by p]turbation ! p]iod w be v>iable1 l t ( ,mira ,ceti4 ,a *ange1 moreov]1 9 ! p]ihelion di/ance w acc\nt = ! occasional increase or dim9ution ( ! app>5t magnitude at ! diff]5t maxima ( ! same />4 ,b h[ are we to acc\nt = ! v>iations ( brightness obs]v$ 9 a numb] ( />s :]e no ord] or p]iodicity 9 ! v>iation has z yet be5 discov]$8 ,x is easy to p]ceive t ei!r a s+le nebul\s r+ ) m ?an "o hiatus1 or sev]al r+s ab\t ! same />1 may produce ph5om5a ( ! "* describ$4 ,f9ally1 if ! matt] ( an elliptic r+ %\ld accumulate 9 a s+le mass1 s z to occupy a comp>atively small arc1 its passage ?r\gh p]ihelion might produce ! ph5om5on ( a s-call$ tempor>y />4 ,rec5t rese>*es relat+ to nebul seem 9 "s measure confirmatory ( ! view "h pres5t$4 ,^! obs]vations h %[n 7#a7 a *ange ( position 9 "s ( ^! objects1 r5d]+ x probable t 9 c]ta9 cases !y are n m di/ant ?an fix$ />s visible to ! nak$ eye2 & 7#b7 a v>iation 9 ! brilliancy ( _m small />s situat$ 9 ! great nebula ( ,orion1 & also ! exi/5ce ( num]\s masses ( nebul\s matt] 9 ! =m ( tufts app>5tly atta*$ to />s1--facts reg>d$ z indicative ( a physical connection betwe5 ! />s & nebul4#bh ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,lun> ,,& ,,sol> ,,!ories ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,a]olites4 ,besides ! cosmical !ory ( a]olites :i* has be5 adopt$ 9 ?is "w1 & :i* is n[ accept$ by a great majority ( sci5tific m51 at lea/ f\r o!rs h be5 propos$3 7#a7 ! atmosph]ic1 accord+ to :i* !y are =m$1 l hail1 9 ! e>?'s atmosph]e2 7#b7 ! volcanic1 :i* reg>ds !m z matt] eject$ ) great =ce f t]re/rial volcanoes2 7#c7 ! lun>1 :i* supposes !m to h be5 ?r[n f crat]s 9 ! moon2 & 7#d7 ! sol> hypo!sis1 accord+ to :i* !y are project$ by "s trem5d\s explosive =ce f ! great c5tral orb ( our sy/em4 ,! fir/ & second h be5 univ]sally ab&on$ z unt5able4 ,! ?ird & f\r?1 h[ev]1 are entitl$ to consid]ation4 ,,! ,,lun> ,,!ory4 ,! !ory :i* reg>ds meteoric /ones z products ( eruption 9 lun> volcanoes 0 receiv$ ) favor by ! celebrat$ ,laplace3 ,z ! gravity at ! surface ( ! moon1 he rem>ks1 is mu* less ?an at ! surface ( ! e>?1 & z ?is body has no atmosph]e :i* c oppose a s5sible resi/ance to ! motion ( projectiles1 we may conceive t a body project$ ) a great =ce1 by ! explosion ( a lun> volcano1 may atta9 & pass ! limit1 :]e ! attraction ( ! e>? comm5ces to pr$om9ate ov] t ( ! moon4 ,= ?is purpose x is suffici5t t its initial velocity 9 ! direction ( ! v]tical may be #bejj met]s 9 a second2 !n 9 place ( fall+ back on ! moon1 x becomes a satellite ( ! e>?1 & describes ab\t x an orbit m or less elongat$4 ,! direction ( its primitive impulsion may be su* z to make x move directly t[>d ! atmosph]e ( ! e>?2 or x may n atta9 x1 till aft] sev]al & ev5 a great numb] ( revolutions2 = x is evid5t t ! action ( ! sun1 :i* *anges 9 a s5sible mann] ! di/ances ( ! moon f ! e>?1 ought to produce 9 ! radius vector ( a satellite :i* moves 9 a v ecc5tric orbit1 mu* m consid]able v>iations1 & ?us at l5g? s dim9i% ! p]igean di/ance ( ! satellite1 z to make x p5etrate our atmosph]e4 ,?is body trav]s+ x ) a v great velocity1 & exp]i5c+ a v s5sible resi/ance1 might at l5g? precipitate itself on ! e>?2 ! friction ( ! air aga9/ its surface w\ld be suffici5t to inflame x1 & make x detonate1 provid$ t x conta9$ +r$i5ts prop] to produce ^! effects1 & !n x w\ld pres5t to u all ^? ph5om5a :i* meteoric /ones exhibit4 ,if x 0 satisfactorily prov$ t !y are n produc$ by volcanoes1 or g5]at$ 9 our atmosph]e1 & t _! cause mu/ be s\ght beyond x1 9 ! regions ( ! heav5s1 ! prec$+ hypo!sis1 :i* likewise expla9s ! id5tity ( composition obs]v$ 9 meteoric /ones1 by an id5tity ( orig91 w n be devoid ( probability4--,sy/me du ,monde1 t4 ii4 cap4 v4 ,kn[+ ! masses & volumes ( ! e>? & moon1 x is easy to e/imate ! =ce ( gravity at _! surfaces1 ! di/ance f ea* to ! po9t ( equal attraction1 & ! =ce ) :i* a projectile mu/ be ?r[n f ! lun> surface to pass )9 ! sph]e ( ! e>?'s influ5ce4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t an initial velocity ( ab\t a mile & a half 9 a second w\ld be suffici5t = ?is purpose--a =ce n great] ?an t kn[n to h be5 ex]t$ by t]re/rial volcanoes4 ,! possibility1 !re=e1 t volcanic matt] f our satellite may rea* ! e>?'s surface seems fairly admissible4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,laplace1 sev]al di/+ui%$ ,european a/ronom]s h reg>d$ ! lun> hypo!sis z m or less probable4 ,x 0 advocat$ z rec5tly z #ahea by ! late ,pr(4 ,j4 ,p4 ,ni*ol1 ( ,glasg[4 ,?is popul> & int]e/+ writ]1 aft] describ+ ,ty*o1 a l>ge & well-kn[n lun> crat]1 f :i* lum9\s rays or /ripes radiate ov] a consid]able "p ( ! moon's surface1 expresses ! op9ion t t imm5se cavity 0 =m$ by a s+le trem5d\s explosion4 ,reflect+1 he rem>ks1 on ! probable sudd5ness & magnitude ( t =ce1 or r ( t explosive en]gy "o ( ^: acts we h trac$1 z well z on ! imm5se mass ( matt] :i* seems to h be5 ?us viol5tly disp]s$1 is n ! inquiry a natural "o1 :]e is t matt] n[8 ,x is a mass inde$ :i* _c well h :olly disappe>$4 ,x fill$ a cav]n #ee miles 9 bread?1 & #ag1jjj feet deep--a cav]n into :i* ev5 n[ "o might ca/ ,*imborazo & ,mont ,blanc1 & room be left = ,t5]iffe beh9d6 ,l rocks flung al(t by our volcanoes1 did ?is imm5se mass fall back 9 fragm5ts to ! surface ( ! moon1 or 0 ! expulsive =ce /rong en\gh to give x an outw>d velocity suffici5t to resi/ ! attractive p[] ( its p>5t globe8 ,! moon1 be x recollect$1 is v small 9 mass comp>$ ) ! e>?1 & h] attractive en]gy greatly inf]ior accord+ly4 ,laplace has ev5 calculat$ t ! =ce urg+ a cannon-ball1 increas$ to a degree q )9 ! limits ( :at is conceivable1 c\ld effect a f9al sep>ation betwe5 our satellite & any ( its compon5t p>ts4 ,x is possible !n1 &1 al?\gh n demon/rable1 v f> f a *im]a1 t ! disrupt$ & expell$ masses 71 9 ! case ( :i* we are speak+1 driv5 conclusively into space2 b if s1 :]e are !y n[8 :]e _! new resid5ce1 & :at _! functions8 ,9 ! em]g5cy to :i* ,i ref]1 su* fragm5ts w\ld necess>ily w&] among ! int]planet>y spaces 9 mo/ irregul> orbits1 & *iefly 9 ! neighborhood ( ! moon & ! e>?4 ,n[1 :ile ! planet>y orbits are s nicely adju/$ t nei!r confusion nor int]f]5ce c ev] occur1 x is n at all likely t ! same ord] c\ld be e/abli%$ "h2 nay1 x is next to c]ta91 t 9 ! c\rse ( its orbital revolution our globe w\ld ev] & anon come 9 contact ) ^! lun> fragm5ts2 9 o!r words1 ,,/ones w\ld fall occasionally to its surface1 & app>5tly f its atmosph]e4--,planet>y ,sy/em1 pp4 #cja1 #cjb4 ,we h pref]r$ to give ! views ( ^! em95t sci5ti/s 9 _! own language4 ,olb]s1 ,biot1 & ,poisson1 :o adopt$ ! same !ory1 e/imat$ ! initial velocity :i* w\ld be necess>y 9 ord] t lun> fragm5ts might pass ! po9t ( equal attraction1 & also ! f9al1 or acquir$ velocity on rea*+ ! e>?'s surface4 ,! sev]al det]m9ations ( ! =m] 7 z foll[s3 ,accord+ to ,olb]s #aegj miles a second4 ,biot #aefi ,laplace #adhc ,poisson #adcg ,! mean be+ almo/ exactly a mile & a half4 ,! velocity on rea*+ our planet1 accord+ to ,olb]s1 w\ld be ab\t six & a half miles4 ,at ! date ( ^! calculations1 h[ev]1 ! true velocity ( a]olites _h n be5 9 any case satisfactorily det]m9$4 ,s9ce t "t x has be5 f\nd 9 num]\s in/ances to exce$ tw5ty miles a second--a velocity great] ?an t ( ! e>?'s orbital motion4 ,?is fact ( itself w\ld seem fatal to ! !ory ( a lun> orig94 ,at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 9 #ahei1 ,dr4 ,b4 ,a4 ,g\ld read a pap] on ! suppos$ lun> orig9 ( a]olites1 9 :i* ! hypo!sis 0 subject$ to ! te/ ( a rigid ma!matical analysis4 ,we w n attempt ev5 an ab/ract ( ?is int]e/+ memoir4 ,x am\nts1 h[ev]1 to a virtual dispro( ( ! lun> hypo!sis4 ,,! ,,sol> ,,!ory4 ,! !ory :i* ascribes a sol> orig9 to meteorites is n ( rec5t date1 hav+ be5 held by ,diog5es ,la]tius & o!r anci5t ,greeks4 ,among ! mod]ns its advocates h be5 mu* less num]\s ?an ^? ( ! lun> hypo!sis4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,*>les ,w4 ,hackley1 ( ,new ,york1 reg>d$ %oot+-/>s1 a]olites1 & ev5 comets1 z matt] project$ ) enorm\s =ce f ! sol> surface4 ,! corona se5 dur+ total eclipses ( ! sun he suppos$ to be ! emanations ( ?is matt] ?r\gh ! int]vals ( ! luculi4--7,see ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,f\rte5? ,meet+1 #ahfj47 ,an +5i\s !ory1 diff]+ 9 its details f t ( ,pr(essor ,hackley1 ?\gh some:at simil> 9 its g5]al features1 has lately be5 advocat$ by ,alex&] ,wilcocks1 ,m4,d41 ( ,philadelphia1 9 a memoir read be=e ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 ,may #bj?1 #ahfd1 & publi%$ 9 _! ,proce$+s4 ,9 reg>d to ?is hypo!sis x seems suffici5t to rem>k t x fails to give a satisfactory acc\nt ( ! annual p]iodicity ( meteoric ph5om5a4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,r+s ,,( ,,saturn4 ,until ab\t ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury ! r+s ( ,saturn 7 univ]sally reg>d$ z solid & cont9u\s4 ,! labors1 h[ev]1 ( ,pr(essors ,bond & ,pi]ce1 ( ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 z well z ! m rec5t inve/igations ( ,pr(4 ,maxwell1 ( ,engl&1 h %[n ?is hypo!sis to be :olly unt5able4 ,! mo/ probable op9ion1 bas$ on ! rese>*es ( ^! a/ronom]s1 is1 t !y consi/ ( /reams or cl\ds ( meteoric a/]oids4 ,! zodiacal light & ! zone ( small planets betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit] appe> to con/itute analog\s prim>y r+s4 ,9 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 a l>ge proportion ( ! primitive matt] seems to h collect$ 9 di/9ct1 segregat$ masses4 ,^! meteoric zones h probably pres5t$--:at are n else:]e f\nd 9 ! sol> sy/em--cases ( comm5surability 9 ! planet>y p]iods4 ,! int]ior satellites ( ,saturn are s ne> ! r+ z d\btless to ex]t great p]turbative influ5ce4 ,un=tunately1 ! elem5ts ( ! ,saturnian sy/em z det]m9$ by diff]5t a/ronom]s are some:at discordant4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is by no means surpris+ :5 we consid] ! great di/ance ( ! planet & ! small magnitude ( "s ( ! satellites4 ,= conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce ! mean app>5t di/ances ( ! satellites1 toge!r ) _! p]iodic times1 are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,! =m] are tak5 f ,h9d's ,sol> ,sy/em2 ! latt] f ,h]s*el's ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy4 ,,table ,i4--,,! ,,satellites ,,( ,,saturn4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,mean ,,app>5t ,,"n4 ,,sid]eal ,,revolution4 ,,di/ance4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- d4 h4 m4 s4 ,mimas #j #bb #cg #bbi #bfgh ,enceladus #a #h #ec #fg #cdch ,te?ys #a #ba #ah #beg #dbeg ,dione #b #ag #da #hi #eded ,rhea #d #ab #be #ajh #gfaf ,titan #ae #bb #da #beb #agfee ,hyp]ion #bb #ab8 #bacc8 ,japetus #gi #g #ec #djd #eadeb ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,! late ,pr(essor ,bessel devot$ mu* att5tion to ! !ory ( ,titan1 ^: mean di/ance he f\nd to be #bjgjf equatorial radii ( ! prim>y4 ,/ruve's measurem5ts ( ! r+ are giv5 9 ! second column ( ! foll[+ table4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 h[ev]1 reg>ds ! ,russian a/ronom]'s int]val betwe5 ! r+s z some:at too small4#bi ,?is rem>k is confirm$ by ! measurem5ts ( ,encke1 ^: results are giv5 9 column ?ird4 ,! f\r? conta9s ! mean ( ,/ruve's & ,encke's measurem5ts2 & ! fif?1 ! same1 express$ 9 equatorial radii ( ,saturn4 ,,table ,,ii4--,,! ,,r+s ,,( ,,saturn4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,9 ,,/ruve4 ,,encke4 ,,mean4 ,,semi-,,diam4 ,,( ,,saturn4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,equatorial radius ( ! planet #hiiee ,ext4 semi-diamet] ( ext]ior r+ #bjjdg #bjbbbe #bjacdge #bbchcj ,int4 semi-diamet] ( ext]ior r+ #agfdd #ahjaij #aghcaej #aihbcj ,ext4 semi-diamet] ( int]ior r+ #agbcg #agcgde #agcjege #aibchj ,int4 semi diamet] ( int]ior r+ #acccd #accghj #accefjj #adhdgj ,bread? ( int]val #jjdjg #jjfdde #jjebege #jjehdd ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,! p]iod ( a satellite revolv+ at ! di/ance1 #aibch1 ! int]ior limit ( ! int]val #aj;h4 #ejm4 #afs4 ,"o-six? ( ! p]iod ( ,dione #aj #ef #ec ,"o-?ird ,enceladus #aj #ei #bb ,"o-half ,mimas #aa #ah #cb ,"o-f\r? ,te?ys #aa #ai #cf ,& ! p]iod ( a satellite at ! di/ance1 #aihbc1 ! ext]ior limit ( ! int]val #aa #bh #c ,! int]val1 !re=e1 occupies precisely ! space 9 :i* ! p]iods w\ld be comm5surable ) ^? ( ! f\r memb]s ( ! sy/em imm$iately ext]ior4 ,p>ticles occupy+ ?is portion ( ! primitive r+ w\ld always come into conjunction ) "o ( ^! satellites 9 ! same p>ts ( _! orbits4 ,su* orbits w\ld become m & m ecc5tric until ! matt] mov+ 9 !m w\ld unite ne> "o ( ! apsides ) o!r portions ( ! r+4 ,we h ?us a physical cause = ! exi/5ce ( ?is rem>kable int]val4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,a/]oid ,,r+ ,,betwe5 ,,m>s ,,& ,,jupit]4 ,! mean di/ances ( ! m9or planets betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit] v>y f #bbj to #cdi4 ,! bread? ( ! zone is !re=e #bj1jjj1jjj miles great] ?an ! di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun2 great] ev5 ?an ! entire int]val betwe5 ! orbits ( ,m]cury & ,m>s4 ,moreov]1 ! p]ihelion di/ance ( "s memb]s ( ! gr\p exce$s ! aphelion di/ance ( o!rs by a quantity equal to ! :ole int]val betwe5 ! orbits ( ,m>s & ! e>?4 ,! ,olb]sian hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( ^! bodies seems ?us to h lo/ all claim to probability4#cj ,pr(essor ,alex&]'s !ory ( ! disruption ( a primitive discoidal planet ( great equatorial diamet]1 is less objectionable2 /ill1 h[ev]1 x requires confirmation4 ,b :atev] may h be5 ! orig9al con/itution ( ! r+1#ca its exi/5ce 9 its pres5t =m = an indef9ite p]iod is unque/ion$4 ,let u !n consid] "s ( ! effects ( its secul> p]turbation by ! p[]ful mass ( ,jupit]4 ,portions ( ! r+ 9 :i* ! p]iods ( a/]oids w\ld be comm5surable ) t ( ,jupit]4--,! bread? ( ?is zone is su* z to conta9 sev]al portions 9 :i* ! p]iods ( a/]oids w\ld be comm5surable ) t ( ,jupit]4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! p]turbation ( ,saturn's r+ by ! int]ior satellites1 ! t5d5cy ( ,jupit]'s influ5ce w\ld be to =m gaps or *asms 9 ! primitive r+4 ,! mean di/ance ( an a/]oid ^: p]iod is #a_/b t ( ,jupit] #cbggf ,t ( "o ^: p]iod is #a_/c ( ,jupit]'s #bejab #b_/e #bhbde #b_/g #bbefi #c_/g #biegd #d_/i #cjbii ,= ! purpose ( facilitat+ ! comp>ison ( ^! numb]s ) ! mean di/ances ( ! a/]oids & ( obs]v+ :e!r any ord] obta9s 9 ! di/ribution ( ^! mean di/ances 9 space1 we h arrang$ ! m9or planets1 9 ! foll[+ table1 9 ! consecutive ord] ( _! p]iods3 ,p]iods & ,di/ances ( ! ,a/]oids4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,ord] ,,( ,,"n4 ,,di/ance4 ,,p]iod4 ,,discov]y4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #h ,flora #bbjad #aaic d #dc ,ariadne #bbjcd #aaidf #gb ,f]onia #bbfed #abded #dj ,h>monia #bbfgg #abdgc #ah ,melpom5e #bbief #abgjd #hj ,sappho #bbiga #abgaf #ab ,victoria #bccdb #acjbf #bg ,eut]pe #bcdfh #acacb #d ,ve/a #bcfac #acbec #hd ,clio #bcfah #acbeh #cj ,urania #bcfee #acbhi #ea ,nemausa #bcfeg #acbij #i ,metis #bcheh #acdfj #g ,iris #bchfc #acdfe #fj ,e*o #bcica #acebb #fc ,ausonia #bcidi #acech #be ,phocea #bdjjh #acehh #bj ,massilia #bdadd #acfee #fg ,asia #bdbag #acgfe #dd ,nysa #bdbcd #acghj #f ,hebe #bdbdd #acgij #hc ,beatrice #bdbhg #achbe #db ,isis #bddjj #acibb #ba ,lutetia #bddaa #acicj #ai ,=tuna #bddaf #acice #gi ,eurynome #bddcg #aciec #aa ,p>!nope #bdeai #adjbd #ag ,!tis #bdgcg #adbaa #df ,he/ia #bebfb #adffe #hi #bedih #adhgb #bi ,amphitrite #beedd #adiab #e ,a/ra #beggb #aeaab #ac ,eg]ia #begge #aeaad #ad ,ir5e #behfj #aeaij #cb ,pomona #behfh #aeaif #ia #beieh #aebge #ef ,melete #beiei #aebgg #gj ,panopea #bfabi #aedcj #ec ,calypso #bfahh #aedhj #gh ,diana #bfbcf #aeeec #bc ,?alia #bfbhj #aefhj #cg ,fides #bfdad #aegjj #ae ,eunomia #bfdcf #aegbf #he ,io #bfdff #aegcj #ej ,virg9ia #bfdia #aegej #hh ,?isbe #bfeec #aehjj #bf ,pros]p9a #bfefa #aehaa #ff ,maia #bffce #aehgh #gc ,clytie #bffff #aeije #c ,juno #bfgjg #aeidb #ge ,eurydice #bfgjg #aeidb #gg ,frigga #bfgai #aeiec #fd ,angel9a #bfhje #afjcj #cd ,circe #bfhfe #afjhc #eh ,concordia #bgjad #afbbj #ed ,alex&ra #bgabc #afcaf #ei ,elpis #bgaca #afcbc #de ,eug5ia #bgbah #afdja #ch ,l$a #bgdja #afefh #cf ,atalanta #bgdeh #affbj #ga ,niobe #bgeja #affeh #hb ,alcm5e #bgedg #afgjj #ee ,p&ora #bgeia #afgdj #da ,daphne #bgfeg #afgii #a ,c]es #bgffc #afhaj #b ,pallas #bgfif #afhce #ci ,ltitia #bggdj #afhgf #gd ,galatea #bgggg #afiji #bh ,bellona #bgghe #afiaf #fh ,leto #bghcf #afifc #ha ,t]psi*ore #bheia #agfeg #cc ,polyhymnia #bhfec #aggjf #dg ,aglaia #bhhab #aghfd #bb ,calliope #bijib #ahabd #af ,psy*e #bibcc #ahbfj #fi ,hesp]ia #bigjg #ahgaa #fa ,dana #bihcg #ahhbd #ce ,leuco!a #cjjdj #aijdb #di ,pales #cjhbe #aigff #hf ,semele #cjiji #aihdg #eb ,europa #cajjj #aiicf #dh ,doris #cajid #bjjbg #fb ,erato #cabig #bjbbc #bd ,!mis #cadca #bjcec #aj ,hygeia #caeab #bjdcb #ca ,euphrosyne #caeac #bjddf #eg ,mnemosyne #caefe #bjdhd #ij ,antiope #caegf #bjdid #gf ,freia #cchfd #bbgfb #fe ,cybele #cdbje #bcajf #hg ,sylvia #cdibg #bchdb ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,table4 #a4 ,! fir/ two memb]s ( ! gr\p1 ,flora & ,ariadne1 h v ne>ly ! same mean di/ance4 ,imm$iately ext]ior to ^!1 h[ev]1 occurs a wide int]val1 includ+ ! di/ance at :i* sev5 p]iods ( an a/]oid w\ld be equal to two ( ,jupit]4 #b4 ,on ! out] limit ( ! r+ ,freia1 ,cybele1 & ,sylvia h also ne>ly equal di/ances1 & are sep>at$ f ! next int]ior memb] by a wide space includ+ ! di/ance at :i* two p]iods w\ld be equal to "o ( ,jupit]1 & also t at :i* five w\ld be equal to "o ( ,saturn4 #c4 ,besides ^! extreme memb]s ( ! gr\p1 our table conta9s eighty-six m9or planets1 all ( :i* are includ$ betwe5 ! di/ances #bbf & #caf2 ! mean int]val betwe5 !m be+ #jjaje4 ,! di/ances are di/ribut$ z foll[s3 #bbf to #bcf #f m9imum4 #bcf to #bdf #ai maximum4 #bdf to #bef #d m9imum4 #bef to #bff #af #bff to #bgf #af maximum4 #bgf to #bhf #h #bhf to #bif #d m9imum4 #bif to #cjf #c #cjf to #caf #aj maximum4 ,! clu/]+ t5d5cy is "h q app>5t4 #d4 ,! ?ree wide/ int]vals betwe5 ^! bodies are-- 7a7 betwe5 ,leuco!a & ,pales #jjghe1 7b7 ,leto & ,t]psi*ore #jjgee1 7c7 ,!tis & ,he/ia #jjebe2 & ^!1 x w be obs]v$1 are ! ?ree rema9+ di/ances1 indicat$ on a previ\s page1 at :i* ! p]iods ( ! primitive meteoric a/]oids w\ld be comm5surable ) t ( ,jupit]4 ,n[1 if ! orig9al r+ consi/$ ( an indef9ite numb] ( sep>ate p>ticles mov+ ) diff]5t velocities1 accord+ to _! respective di/ances1 ^? revolv+ at ! di/ance #bdice--;9 ! int]val betwe5 ,!tis & ,he/ia--w\ld make precisely ?ree revolutions :ile ,jupit] completes "o4 ,a planet>y p>ticle at ?is di/ance w\ld !re=e always come 9 conjunction ) ,jupit] 9 ! same p>ts ( its pa?3 consequ5tly its orbit w\ld become m & m ecc5tric until ! p>ticle itself w\ld unite ) o!rs1 ei!r ext]ior or int]ior1 ?us =m+ an a/]oidal nucleus1 :ile ! primitive orbit ( ! p>ticle w\ld be left de/itute ( matt]1 l ! int]val 9 ,saturn's r+4 #e4 ,if ! di/ribution ( matt] 9 ! zone 0 orig9ally ne>ly cont9u\s1 z 9 ! case ( ,saturn's r+s1 x w\ld probably break up into a numb] ( conc5tric annuli4 ,on acc\nt1 h[ev]1 ( ! great p]turbations to :i* !y 7 subject1 ^! n>r[ r+s w\ld frequ5tly come 9 collision4 ,aft] _! rupture1 & :ile ! fragm5ts 7 collect+ 9 ! =m ( a/]oids1 num]\s int]sections ( orbits & new comb9ations ( matt] w\ld occur1 s z to leave1 9 ! pres5t orbits1 b few traces ( ! r+s f :i* ! exi/+ a/]oids 7 d]iv$4 ,a comp>ison1 h[ev]1 ( ! elem5ts ( ,clytie & ,frigga %[s a /rik+ simil>ity2 & ,pr(essor ,lespiault has po9t$ out a correspond+ lik5ess betwe5 ! orbits ( ,fides & ,maia4 ,= ^! f\r a/]oids ! nodal l9es & also ! incl9ations are ne>ly ! same2 :ile ! p]iods diff] by only a few days4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t !y are all fragm5ts ( ! same n>r[ r+4 ,f9ally1 z !y all move ne>ly 9 ! same plane1 !y mu/ at "s future "t approa* extremely ne> ea* o!r1 & p]haps become unit$ 9 "o l>ge a/]oid4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,meteors--,,! ,,nebul> ,,hypo!sis4 ,9 reg>d to ! physical hi/ory ( ^? meteoric masses :i*1 9 su* inf9ite numb]s1 trav]se ! int]planet>y spaces1 our k is exce$+ly limit$4 ,su* z h rea*$ ! e>?'s surface consi/ ( v>i\s elem5ts 9 a /ate ( comb9ation4 ,x has be5 rem>k$1 h[ev]1 by a di/+ui%$ sci5ti/#cb t ! "* ( ! con/itu5t p>ticles ( meteorites1 & _! g5]al microscopical /ructure1 diff] s mu* f :at is se5 9 t]re/rial volcanic rocks1 t x appe>s extremely improbable t !y 7 ev] portions ( ! moon1 or ( a planet1 :i* diff]$ f a l>ge meteorite 9 hav+ be5 ! seat ( a m or less modifi$ volcanic action4 ,z ! celebrat$ nebul> hypo!sis seems to af=d a v probable explanation ( ! orig9 ( ^? bodies1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( r+s or sporadic masses1 its brief consid]ation may n be de/itute ( int]e/4 ,we w m]ely premise t ! exi/5ce ( true nebul 9 ! heav5s--t is1 ( matt] consi/+ ( lum9\s gas--has be5 plac$ beyond d\bt by ! revelations ( ! spectroscope4 ,z a gr\p1 our sol> sy/em is comp>atively isolat$ 9 space2 ! di/ance ( ! ne>e/ fix$ /> be+ at lea/ sev5 ?\s& times t ( ,neptune1 ! mo/ remote kn[n planet4 ,besides ! c5tral or controll+ orb1 x conta9s1 s f> z kn[n at pres5t1 n9ety-n9e prim>y planets1 eighte5 satellites1 ?ree planet>y r+s1 & ne>ly eight hundr$ comets4 ,9 tak+ ! mo/ cursory view ( ?is sy/em we _c fail to notice ! foll[+ int]e/+ facts 9 reg>d to ! motions ( its v>i\s memb]s3 #a4 ,! sun rotates on 8 axis f we/ to ea/4 #b4 ,! prim>y planets all move ne>ly 9 ! plane ( ! sun's equator4 #c4 ,! orbital motions ( all ! planets1 prim>y & second>y1 except ! satellites ( ,uranus & ,neptune1 are 9 ! same direction ) ! sun's rotation4 #d4 ,! direction ( ! rot>y motions ( all ! planets1 prim>y & second>y1 9 s f> z has be5 obs]v$1 is id5tical ) t ( _! orbital revolutions2 viz41 f we/ to ea/4 #e4 ,! r+s ( ,saturn revolve ab\t ! planet 9 ! same direction4 #f4 ,! planet>y orbits are all ne>ly circul>4 #g4 ,! comet>y is di/+ui%$ f ! planet>y portion ( ! sy/em by sev]al /rik+ *>act]i/ics3 ! orbits ( comets are v ecc5tric & incl9$ to ea* o!r1 & to ! ecliptic at all possible angles4 ,! motions ( a l>ge proportion ( comets are f ea/ to we/4 ,! physical con/itution ( ! latt] class ( bodies is also v diff]5t f t ( ! =m]2 ! matt] ( :i* comets are compos$ be+ s exce$+ly att5uat$1 at lea/ 9 "s in/ances1 t fix$ />s h be5 di/9ctly visible ?r\gh :at appe>$ to be ! d5se/ portion ( _! sub/ance4 ,none ( ^! facts are acc\nt$ = by ! law ( gravitation4 ,! sun's attraction c h no influ5ce :atev] 9 det]m9+ ei!r ! direction ( a planet's motion1 or ! ecc5tricity ( its orbit4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is p[] w\ld su/a9 a planet>y body mov+ f ea/ to we/1 z well z f we/ to ea/2 9 an orbit hav+ any possible degree ( incl9ation to ! plane ( ! sun's equator1 no less ?an 9 "o co9cid5t ) x2 or1 9 a v ecc5tric ellipse1 z well z 9 "o diff]+ b little f a circle4 ,! consid]ation ( ! co9cid5ces :i* we h enum]at$ l$ ,laplace to conclude t _! explanation mu/ be ref]r$ to ! mode ( our sy/em's =mation--a conclusion :i* he reg>d$ z /rongly confirm$ by ! contempor>y rese>*es ( ,sir ,william ,h]s*el4 ,( ! num]\s nebul discov]$ & describ$ by t em95t obs]v]1 a l>ge proportion c\ld n1 ev5 by 8 p[]ful telescope1 be resolv$ into />s4 ,9 reg>d to _m ( ^!1 x 0 n d\bt$ t glasses ( sup]ior p[] w\ld %[ !m to be extremely remote sid]eal clu/]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a consid]able numb] 7 exam9$ :i* gave no indications ( resolvability4 ,^! 7 suppos$ to consi/ ( self-lum9\s1 nebul\s matt]--! *aotic elem5ts ( future />s4 ,! great numb] ( ^! irresolvable nebul scatt]$ ov] ! heav5s & app>5tly indicat+ ! v>i\s /ages ( c5tral cond5sation1 v naturally sugge/$ ! idea t ! sol> sy/em1 & p]haps e o!r sy/em 9 ! univ]se1 orig9ally exi/$ 9 a simil> /ate4 ,! sun 0 suppos$ by ,laplace to h be5 an exce$+ly diffus$1 rotat+ nebula1 ( sph]ical or sph]oidal =m1 ext5d+ beyond ! orbit ( ! mo/ di/ant planet2 ! planets z yet hav+ no sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,?is imm5se sph]e ( vapor1 9 consequ5ce ( ! radiation ( heat & ! cont9ual action ( gravity1 became gradually m d5se1 :i* cond5sation 0 necess>ily att5d$ by an increas$ angul> velocity ( rotation4 ,at l5g? a po9t 0 ?us rea*$ :]e ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! equatorial p>ts 0 equal to ! c5tral attraction4 ,! cond5sation ( ! int]ior mean:ile cont9u+1 ! equatorial zone 0 deta*$1 b necess>ily cont9u$ to revolve ar\nd ! c5tral mass ) ! same velocity t x _h at ! epo* ( its sep>ation4 ,if p]fectly uni=m ?r\gh\t its entire circumf]5ce1 :i* w\ld be highly improbable1 x w\ld cont9ue its motion 9 an unbrok5 r+1 l t ( ,saturn2 if n1 x w\ld probably collect into sev]al masses1 hav+ orbits ne>ly id5tical4 ,^! masses %\ld assume a sph]oidal =m1 ) a rot>y motion 9 ! direction ( t ( _! revolution1 because _! inf]ior articles h a less real velocity ?an ! sup]ior2 !y h !re=e con/itut$ s _m planets 9 a /ate ( vapor4 ,b if "o ( !m 0 suffici5tly p[]ful to unite successively by its attraction all ! o!rs ab\t its c5t]1 ! r+ ( vapors w\ld be *ang$ into "o sph]oidal mass1 circulat+ ab\t ! sun1 ) a motion ( rotation 9 ! same direction ) t ( revolution4#cc ,su*1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ,laplace1 is ! hi/ory ( ! =mation ( ! mo/ remote planet ( our sy/em4 ,t ( e o!r1 bo? prim>y & second>y1 w\ld be precisely simil>4 ,9 support ( ! nebul> hypo!sis1 ( :i* ! =ego+ is a brief g5]al /atem5t1 we rem>k t x furni%es a v simple explanation ( ! motions & arrangem5ts ( ! planet>y sy/em4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is evid5t t ! sep>ation ( a r+ w\ld take place at ! equator ( ! revolv+ mass1 :]e ( c\rse ! c5trifugal =ce w\ld be greate/4 ,^! conc5tric r+s--& consequ5tly ! result+ planets--w\ld all revolve 9 ne>ly ! same plane4 ,x is evid5t also t ! c5tral body mu/ h a revolution on its axis 9 ! same direction ) ! progressive motion ( ! planets4 ,aga93 at ! break+ up ( a r+1 ! p>ticles ( nebul\s matt] m di/ant f ! sun w\ld h a great] absolute velocity ?an ^? ne>] to x1 :i* w\ld produce ! obs]v$ unity ( direction 9 ! rot>y & orbital revolutions4 ,! motions ( ! satellites are expla9$ 9 l mann]4 ,! hypo!sis1 moreov]1 acc\nts satisfactorily = ! fact t ! orbits ( ! planets are all ne>ly circul>4 ,& f9ally1 x pres5ts an obvi\s explanation ( ! r+s ( ,saturn4 ,x w\ld almo/ seem1 inde$1 z if ^! wond]ful annuli _h be5 left by ! ,ar*itect ( ,nature1 z an index to ! creative process4 ,! argum5t d]iv$ f ! motions ( ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em is n new1 hav+ be5 =cibly /at$ by ,laplace1 ,pontc\lant1 ,ni*ol1 & o!r a/ronom]s4 ,its full weight & importance1 h[ev]1 h n1 we ?9k1 be5 duly appreciat$4 ,t a common physical cause has det]m9$ ^! motions1 mu/ be admitt$ by e philosophic m9d4 ,b ap>t f ! nebul> hypo!sis1 no su* cause1 adequate bo? 9 mode & measure1 has ev] be5 sugge/$2--inde$ none1 x seems to u1 is conceivable4 ,! ph5om5a :i* we h enum]at$ dem& an explanation1 & ?is dem& is met by ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,x w be f\nd1 !re=e1 :5 closely exam9$1 t ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! cele/ial motions is suffici5t to give ! !ory ( ,laplace a v high degree ( probability4 ,a comp>ison ( ! facts kn[n 9 reg>d to comets1 fall+-/>s1 & meteoric /ones1 seems to w>rant ! inf]5ce t !y are bodies ( ! same nature1 & p]haps ( simil> orig92 diff]+ f ea* o!r ma9ly 9 ! accid5ts ( magnitude & d5sity4 ,! hypo!sis ( ,laplace v obvi\sly acc\nts = ! =mation ( planets & satellites1 mov+ 9 ! same direction1 & 9 orbits ne>ly circul>2 b h[1 x may be ask$1 c ! same !ory expla9 ! extremely ecc5tric1 & 9 "s cases retrograde1 motions ( comets & a]olites8 ,?is is ! "q to :i* we n[ direct our att5tion4 ,aft] ! nuclei ( ! sol> & sid]eal sy/ems _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! primitive nebula1 & :51 9 consequ5ce1 imm5se gase\s sph]oids _h collect$ ar\nd su* nuclei1 we may suppose t ab\t ! po9ts ( equal attraction betwe5 ! sun & neighbor+ sy/ems1 portions ( nebul\s matt] w\ld be left 9 equilibrio4 ,su* out/&+ nebulosities w\ld gradually contract ?r\gh ! op]ation ( gravity2 & if1 z w\ld sometimes be ! case1 ! sol> attraction %\ld prepond]ate1 !y w\ld comm5ce fall+ t[>d our sy/em4 ,unless di/urb$ by ! planets !y w\ld probably move r\nd ! sun 9 p>abolas4 ,%\ld !y pass1 h[ev]1 ne> any ( ! l>ge bodies ( ! sy/em1 _! orbits might be *ang$ into ellipses by planet>y p]turbation4 ,su* 0 ! view ( ,laplace 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( comets4 ,x seems probable1 h[ev]1 t _m ( ^! bodies orig9at$ )9 ! sol> sy/em1 & belong prop]ly to x4 ,! out] r+s ?r[n (f by ! planets may h be5 at too great di/ances f ! prim>ies to =m /able satellites4 ,su* masses w\ld be sep>at$ by p]turbation f _! respective prim>ies1 & w\ld revolve r\nd ! sun 9 indep5d5t orbits4 ,aga93 small portions ( nebul\s matt] may h be5 ab&on$ z prim>y r+s1 at v>i\s int]vals betwe5 ! planet>y orbits4 ,at p>ticul> di/ances su* r+s w\ld be liable to extraord9>y p]turbations1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* _! orbits w\ld ultimately assume an extremely elliptical =m1 l ^? ( comets1 & p]haps also ^? ( meteors4 ,x 0 %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 t sev]al su* regions occur 9 ! a/]oid zone betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,we may add1 9 confirmation ( ?is view1 t !re are twelve kn[n comets ^: p]iods are includ$ betwe5 ^? ( ,flora & ,jupit]4 ,_! motions are all direct2 _! orbits are less ecc5tric ?an ^? ( o!r comets2 & ! mean ( _! incl9ations is ab\t ! same z t ( ! a/]oids4 ,^! facts c]ta9ly appe> to indicate "s orig9al connection betwe5 ^! bodies & ! zone ( m9or planets4 ,! nebul> hypo!sis1 x is ?us se51 acc\nts satisfactorily = ! orig9 ( comets1 a]olites1 fire-balls1 %oot+-/>s1 & meteoric r+s2 reg>d+ !m all z bodies ( ! same nature1 mov+ 9 comet>y orbits ab\t ! sun4 ,9 ?is !ory1 ! zodiacal light is an imm5se sw>m ( meteor-a/]oids2 s t ! meteoric !ory ( sol> heat1 expla9$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 f9ds its place z a "p ( ! same hypo!sis4 ,,conclusion4 ,"s ( ! prom95t results ( obs]vation & rese>* 9 meteoric a/ronomy may be summ$ up z foll[s3 #a4 ,! %oot+-/>s ( ,novemb]1 ,augu/1 & o!r less not$ epo*s1 are d]iv$ f elliptic r+s ( meteoric matt] :i* int]sect ! e>?'s orbit4 #b4 ,meteoric /ones & ! matt] ( %oot+-/>s coexi/ 9 ! same r+s2 ! =m] be+ m]ely collections or aggregations ( ! latt]4 #c4 ,! mo/ probable p]iod ( ! ,novemb] meteors is ?irty-?ree ye>s & ?ree mon?s4 ,lev]ri]'s elem5ts ( ?is r+ agree s closely ) ,oppolz]'s elem5ts ( ! comet ( #ahff z to r5d] x probable t ! latt] is m]ely a l>ge meteor belong+ to ! same annulus4 #d4 ,! spectroscopic exam9ation ( ?is comet 7( #ahff7 by ,william ,hugg9s1 ,f4,r4,s41 indicat$ t ! nucleus 0 self-lum9\s1 t ! coma 0 r5d]$ visible by reflect+ sol> light1 & t ! mat]ial ( ! comet 0 simil> to ! matt] ( :i* ! gase\s nebul consi/4 #e4 ,! "t ( revolution ( ! ,augu/ meteors is believ$ to be ab\t #aje ye>s4 ,m4 ,s*iap>elli has f\nd a /rik+ simil>ity betwe5 ! elem5ts ( ?is r+ & ^? ( ! ?ird comet ( #ahfb4 ,! same di/+ui%$ a/ronom] has %[n1 moreov]1 t a nebul\s mass ( consid]able ext5t1 drawn into ! sol> sy/em ab extra1 w\ld =m a r+ or /ream4 #f4 ,! a]olitic epo*s1 e/abli%$ ) m or less c]ta9ty1 are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,febru>y #ae?-#ai?4 #b4 ,m>* #ab?-#ae?4 #c4 ,april #aj?-#ab?4 #d4 ,april #ah?-#bf?4 #e4 ,may #h?-#ad?2 or especially1 #ab?-#ac?4 #f4 ,may #ai?4 #g4 ,july #ac?-#ad?4 #h4 ,july #bf?4 #i4 ,augu/ #g?-#aa?4 #aj4 ,octob] #ac?-#ad?4 #aa4 ,novemb] #aa?-#ad?4 #ab4 ,novemb] #bg?-#cj?4 #ac4 ,decemb] #g?-#ac?4 ,ab\t "o-half ( ?is numb] are also kn[n z %oot+-/> epo*s4 #g4 ,! epo* ( ,novemb] #bg?-#cj? corresponds ) t ( ! e>?'s cross+ ! orbit ( ,biela's two comets4 ,! a]olites ( ?is epo* may !re=e h be5 mov+ 9 ne>ly ! same pa?4 #h4 ,a great] numb] ( a]olitic falls are obs]v$-- #a4 ,by day ?an by night4 #b4 ,9 ! aft]noon ?an 9 ! =5oon4 #c4 ,:5 ! e>? is 9 aphelion ?an :5 9 p]ihelion4 ,! fir/ fact is acc\nt$ = by ! diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( obs]v]s2 ! second indicates t a majority ( a]olites h direct motion2 & ! ?ird is dep5d5t on ! relative l5g?s ( ! day & night 9 ! aphelic & p]ihelic portions ( ! orbit4 #i4 ,! obs]v$ velocities ( meteorites are incompatible ) ! !ory ( _! lun> orig94 #aj4 ,if ! meteoric sw>m ( ,novemb] #ad? has a p]iod ( ?irty-?ree ye>s1 ,biela's comet pass$ v ne>1 if n actually ?r\gh x t[>d ! close ( #ahde1 ab\t ! "t ( ! comet's sep>ation4 ,0 ! division ( ! comet>y mass produc$ by ! enc\nt]8 #aa4 ,! r+s ( ,saturn may be reg>d$ z d5se meteoric masses1 & ! pr9cipal or p]man5t division acc\nt$ = by ! di/urb+ influ5ce ( ! int]ior satellites4 #ab4 ,! a/]oidal space betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit] is probably a wide meteoric r+ 9 :i* ! l>ge/ aggregations are visible z m9or planets4 ,9 ! di/ribution ( ! mean di/ances ( ! kn[n memb]s ( ! gr\p a clu/]+ t5d5cy is q obvi\s4 #ac4 ,! meteoric masses enc\nt]$ by ,encke's comet may acc\nt = ! %ort5+ ( ! p]iod ( ! latt] )\t ! hypo!sis ( an e!real m$ium4 ,,app5dix4 ,a4 ,! ,meteors ( ,novemb] #ad?4 ,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts = ,may1 #ahfg 7receiv$ by ! au?or aft] ! fir/ *apt]s ( ?is "w _h gone to press71 conta9s an int]e/+ article by ,pr(essor ,newton ,on c]ta9 rec5t contributions to ,a/ro-,meteorology4 ,( ! five possible p]iods ( ! ,novemb] r+1 fir/ designat$ by ,pr(essor ,n1 x is n[ grant$ t ! longe/1 viz41 #cc-a_/d ye>s1 is mo/ probably ! true "o4 ,! results ( ,lev]ri]'s rese>*es 9 reg>d to ! epo* at :i* ?is meteoric mass 0 introduc$ into ! sol> sy/em1 are giv5 9 ! same article4 ,?is di/+ui%$ a/ronom] supposes ! gr\p ( meteors to h be5 ?r[n into an elliptic orbit by ! di/urb+ influ5ce ( ,uranus4 ,! meteoric /ream1 accord+ to ! mo/ tru/wor?y elem5ts ( its orbit1 pass$ extremely ne> t planet ab\t ! ye> #abf ( our era2 :i* date is !re=e assign$ by ,lev]ri] z ! probable "t ( its entrance into ! planet>y sy/em4 ,?is result1 h[ev]1 requires confirmation4 ,al?\gh ! e>lie/ display ( ! ,novemb] meteors1 s f> z c]ta9ly kn[n1 0 t ( ! ye> #ijb1 sev]al m anci5t exhibitions may1 ) "s probability1 be ref]r$ to ! same epo*4 ,^! are ! ph5om5a ( #ecb1 #eii1 & #fjj1 ,a4,d41 & #agfh1 ,b4,c4 7,see ,quetelet's ,catalogue47 ,! "t ( ! ye> at :i* ^! %[]s occurr$ is n giv54 ,! ye>s1 h[ev]1 correspond v well ) ! epo*s ( ! maximum display ( ! ,novemb] meteors4 ,! int]vals arrang$ 9 consecutive ord]1 are z foll[s3 ,f ,b4,c4 #agfh to ,a4,d4 #ecb1 #fi p]iods ( #cccai ye>s ea*4 ,a4,d4 #ecb to #eiie1 #b #ccgej #eiie to #ijb1 #i #ccfad #ijb to #icd1 #a #cbjjj #icd to #ajjb1 #b #cdjjj #ajjb to #aaja1 #c #ccjjj #aaja to #abjb1 #c #ccffg #abjb to #acff1 #e #cbhjj #acff to #aecc1 #e #ccdjj #aecc to #afih1 #e #ccjjj #afih to #agii1 #c #ccffg #agii to #ahcc1 #a #cdjjj #ahcc to #ahff1 #a #ccjjj ,! fir/ ?ree dates are alone d\btful4 ,! :ole numb] ( int]vals f ,b4,c4 #agfh to ,a4,d4 #ahff is #aji1 & ! mean l5g? is #cccc ye>s4 ,! p]turbations ( ! r+ by ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 & ,uranus1 are d\btless consid]able4 ,x is wor?y ( note t-- #ad p]iods ( ,jupit] are ne>ly equal to #e ( ! r+4 #i ,saturn #h #bc ,uranus #eh ,?is gr\p or /ream has its p]ihelion at ! orbit ( ! e>?2 its aphelion1 at t ( ,uranus4 7,see diagram1 p4 #bd47 ,x mu/ !re=e produce />-%[]s at ! latt] z well z at ! =m]4 ,our planet1 moreov]1 at ea* enc\nt] appropriates a portion ( ! meteoric matt]2 :ile at ! remote apsis ( ! /ream ,uranus 9 all probability does ! same4 ,! matt] ( ! r+ w ?us by sl[ degrees be ga!r$ up by ! two planets4 ,b4 ,comets & ,meteors4 ,! rec5t rese>*es & speculations ( ,european a/ronom]s 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( comets & ( meteoric /reams1 h sugge/$ to ! au?or ! propriety ( reproduc+ ! foll[+ extracts f an article writt5 by himself1 9 ,july1 #ahfa1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,danville ,qu>t]ly ,review = ,decemb] ( t ye>3 ,diff]5t views are ent]ta9$ by a/ronom]s 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( comets2 "s believ+ !m to ent] ! sol> sy/em ab extra2 o!rs suppos+ !m to h orig9at$ )9 its limits4 ,! =m] is ! hypo!sis ( ,laplace1 & is reg>d$ ) favor by _m em95t a/ronom]s4 ,x seems to af=d a plausible explanation ( ! paucity ( l>ge comets dur+ c]ta9 long int]vals ( "t4 ,9 "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 f #afjj to #agej1 sixte5 comets 7 visible to ! nak$ eye2 ( :i* eight appe>$ 9 ! tw5ty-five ye>s f #affd to #afhi4 ,aga91 dur+ sixty ye>s f #agej to #ahaj1 only five comets 7 visible to ! nak$ eye1 :ile 9 ! next fifty ye>s !re 7 d\ble t numb]4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,laplace's hypo!sis1 pat*es ( nebul\s matt] h be5 left ne>ly 9 equilibrium 9 ! int]/ell> spaces4 ,z ! sun1 9 8 progressive motion1 approa*es su* clu/]s1 !y mu/1 by virtue ( 8 attraction1 move t[>d ! c5t] ( our sy/em2 ! ne>] portions ) great] velocity ?an ! m remote4 ,! nebul\s fragm5ts ?us introduc$ into our sy/em w\ld con/itute comets2 ^? ( ! same clu/] w\ld ent] ! sol> doma9 at p]iods n v di/ant f ea* o!r2 ! =ms ( _! orbits dep5d+ ^u _! orig9al relative positions ) ref]5ce to ! sun's c\rse1 & also on planet>y p]turbations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! passage ( ! sy/em ?r\gh a region ( space de/itute ( ?is *aotic vapor w\ld be foll[$ by a correspond+ paucity ( comets4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( ! telescope1 ! appe>ance ( a comet 0 a comp>atively r>e occurr5ce4 ,! :ole numb] visible to ! nak$ eye dur+ ! la/ ?ree hundr$ & sixty ye>s has be5 fifty-five2 or a mean ( fifte5 p] c5tury4 ,! rec5t rate ( telescopic discov]y1 h[ev]1 has be5 ab\t f\r or five annually4 ,z _m ( ^! are extremely fa9t1 x seems probable t an indef9ite numb]1 too small = detection1 may be con/antly trav]s+ ! sol> doma94 ,if we adopt ,laplace's hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( comets1 we may suppose an almo/ cont9u\s fall ( primitive nebul> matt] t[>d ! c5t] ( ! sy/em--! drops ( :i*1 p5etrat+ ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 produce sporadic meteors2 ! l>g] aggregations =m+ comets4 ,! di/urb+ influ5ce ( ! planets may h trans=m$ ! orig9al orbits ( _m ( ! =m]1 z well z ( ! latt]1 into ellipses4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t ! motions ( "s lum9\s meteors--or cometoids1 z p]haps !y might be call$--h be5 decid$ly indicative ( an orig9 beyond ! limits ( ! planet>y sy/em4 ,b h[ are ! ph5om5a ( p]iodic meteors to be acc\nt$ =1 9 accordance ) ?is !ory8 ,! division ( ,biela's comet into two di/9ct p>ts sugge/s sev]al int]e/+ que/ions 9 comet>y physics4 ,! nature ( ! sep>at+ =ce rema9s to be discov]$2 'b x is impossible to d\bt t x arose f ! divell5t action ( ! sun1 :atev] may h be5 ! mode ( op]ation4' ',a signal manife/ation ( ! influ5ce ( ! sun1' says a di/+ui%$ writ]1 'is sometimes af=d$ by ! break+ up ( a comet into two or m sep>ate p>ts1 on ! occasion ( its approa* to ! p]ihelion4 ,s5eca relates t ,ephoras1 an anci5t ,greek au?or1 makes m5tion ( a comet :i* be=e vani%+ 0 se5 to divide itself into two di/9ct bodies4 ,! ,roman philosoph] appe>s to d\bt ! possibility ( su* a fact2 b ,keppl]1 ) *>act]i/ic sagacity1 has rem>k$ t its actual occurr5ce 0 exce$+ly probable4 ,! latt] a/ronom] fur!r rem>k$ t !re 7 "s gr\nds = suppos+ t two comets1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! same region ( ! heav5s 9 ! ye> #afah1 7 ! fragm5ts ( a comet t _h exp]i5c$ a simil> dissolution4 ,hevelius /ates t ,cysatus p]ceiv$ 9 ! head ( ! great comet ( #afah unequivocal symptoms ( a break+ up ( ! body into di/9ct fragm5ts4 ,! comet :5 fir/ se5 9 ! mon? ( ,novemb]1 appe>$ l a r\nd mass ( conc5trat$ light4 ,on ! #h? ( ,decemb] x seem$ to be divid$ into sev]al p>ts4 ,on ! #bj? ( ! same mon? x resembl$ a multitude ( small />s4 ,hevelius /ates t he himself witness$ a simil> appe>ance 9 ! head ( ! comet ( #affa4'cd ,edw>d ,biot1 moreov]1 9 8 rese>*es among ! ,*9ese records1 f\nd an acc\nt ( '?ree dome-=m$ comets' t 7 visible simultane\sly 9 #hif1 & pursu$ v ne>ly ! same app>5t pa?4 ,ano!r in/ance ( a simil> ph5om5on is record$ by ,dion ,cassius1 :o /ates t a comet :i* appe>$ elev5 ye>s be=e our era1 sep>at$ itself into sev]al small comets4 ,^! v>i\s examples are pres5t$ at "o view1 z foll[s3 ,i4 ,anci5t bip>tition ( a comet4--,s5eca1 ,qu/4 ,nat41 lib4 ,,vii4 cap4 ,,xvi4 ,,ii4 ,sep>ation ( a comet into a numb] ( fragm5ts1 #aa ,b4,c4--,dion ,cassius4 ,,iii4 ,?ree comets se5 simultane\sly pursu+ ! same orbit1 ,a4,d4 #hif--;,*9ese records--,comptes ,r5dus1 tom4 xx4 #ahde1 p4 #ccd4 ,,iv4 ,probable sep>ation ( a comet into p>ts1 ,a4,d4 #afah4--;,hevelius1 ,cometographia1 p4 #cda4--,keppl]1 ,de ,cometis1 p4 #ej4 ,v4 ,indications ( sep>ation1 #affa4--;,hevelius1 ,cometographia1 p4 #dag4 ,,vi4 ,bip>tition ( ,biela's comet1 #ahde-f4 ,9 view ( ^! facts x seems highly probable1 if n absolutely c]ta91 t ! process ( division has tak5 place 9 sev]al in/ances besides t ( ,biela's comet4 ,may n ! =ce1 :atev] x is1 t has produc$ "o sep>ation1 aga9 divide ! p>ts8 ,& may n ?is action cont9ue until ! fragm5ts become invisible8 ,accord+ to ! !ory n[ g5]ally receiv$1 ! p]iodic ph5om5a ( %oot+-/>s are produc$ by ! int]sections ( ! orbits ( su* nebul\s bodies ) ! e>?'s annual pa?4 ,n[ !re is reason to believe t ^! meteoric r+s are v elliptical1 & 9 ?is respect :olly dissimil> to ! r+s ( primitive vapor :i*1 accord+ to ! nebul> hypo!sis1 7 successively ab&on$ at ! sol> equator2 9 o!r words1 t ! matt] ( :i* !y are compos$ moves 9 comet>y r ?an planet>y orbits4 ,may n our p]iodic meteors be ! debris ( anci5t b n[ dis9tegrat$ comets1 ^: matt] has become di/ribut$ ar\nd _! orbits8 ,c4 ,biela's ,comet & ! ,meteors ( ,novemb] #bg?-#cj?4 ,at ! close ( ,*apt] ,,iv4 x 0 sugge/$ t ! meteors ( ,novemb] #bg?-#cj? might possibly be d]iv$ f a r+ ( meteoric matt] mov+ 9 ! orbit ( ,biela's comet4 ,s9ce t *apt] 0 writt5 simil> conjectures h be5 />t$ 9 ! ,a/ronomis*e ,na*ri*t5#ce by ,dr4 ,edmund ,weiss & ,pr(4 d',arre/4 ,! latt] attempts to %[ t ! ,decemb] meteors may be d]iv$ f ! same r+4 ,! "q w d\btless be decid$ at no di/ant day4 ,d4 ,! ,fir/ ,comet ( #ahfa & ! ,meteors ( ,april #bj?4 ,rec5t inve/igations r5d] x probable t ! orbit ( ! fir/ comet ( #ahfa is id5tical ) t ( ! meteors ( ,april #bj?4 ,! orbit is ne>ly p]p5dicul> to ! ecliptic4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,= a full description1 see ,silliman's ,j\rnal = ,janu>y & ,april1 #ahcd 7,pr(4 ,olm/$'s article74 ,also a valuable pap]1 9 ! ,july ,no4 ( ! same ye>1 by ,pr(4 ,tw9+4 #b ,physique du ,globe1 ,*ap4 ,,iv4 #c ,pr(essor ,olm/$ e/imat$ ! numb] ( meteors1 visible at ,new ,hav51 dur+ ! night ( ,novemb] #ab?-#ac?1 #ahcc1 at #bdj1jjj4 #d ,conde says1 !re 7 se51 z x 7 lances1 an inf9ite numb] ( />s1 :i* scatt]$ !mselves l ra9 to ! "r & left1 & t ye> 0 call$ '! ye> ( />s4' #e ,9 #abjb1 on ! la/ day ( ,muh>rem1 />s %ot hi!r & ?i!r 9 ! heav5s1 ea/w>d & we/w>d1 & flew aga9/ "o ano!r l a scatt]+ sw>m ( locu/s1 to ! "r & left2 ?is ph5om5on la/$ until daybreak2 p 7 ?r[n into con/]nation1 & cri$ to ,god ! ,mo/ ,high ) confus$ clamor4--,quot$ by ,pr(4 ,newton1 9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 ,may1 #ahfd4 #f ,am4 ,j\rn4 ( ,sci4 & ,arts1 ,may & ,july1 #ahfd4 #g ,! /ream or arc ( meteors is sev]al ye>s 9 pass+ its node4 ,! fir/ indication ( ! approa* ( ! display ( #ahff 0 ! appe>ance ( meteors 9 unusual numb]s at ,malta1 on ! #ac? ( ,novemb]1 #ahfd4 ,! great l5g? ( ! arc is indicat$1 moreov]1 by ! %[]s ( #ica & #icd4 #h ,silliman's ,j\rn4 = ,sept4 & ,nov41 #ahfa4 #i ,! num]ical results "h giv5 are ^? f\nd by ,pr(essor ,newton4 ,see ,silliman's ,j\rn4 = ,m>*1 #ahfe4 #aj ,! diamet]s ( ! a/]oids are d]iv$ f a table by ,pr(4 ,lespiault1 9 ! ,rep4 ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/4 = #ahfa1 p4 #baf4 #aa ,x appe>s probable1 f ! rese>*es ( ,s*reib]s1 t #gjj fall annually4--,cosmos1 vol4 i4 p4 #aai 7,bohn's ,ed474 ,rei*5ba* makes ! numb] mu* great]4 #ab ,new ,concord is close to ! ,gu]nsey ,c\nty l9e4 ,ne>ly all ! /ones fell 9 ,gu]nsey4 #ac ,cosmos1 vol4 i4 p4 #abj4 #ad ,lev]ri]'s ,annals ( ! ,obs]vatory ( ,p>is1 vol4 i4 p4 #ch4 #ae ,?is is a rem>kable example ( a /one arriv+ on ! e>? ) a temp]ature approa*+ t ( ! int]planet>y spaces4 ,a]olites conta9+ mu* iron1 a sub/ance :i* conducts heat well1 get ?or\ghly heat$ by _! passage ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,b ! /ony a]olites1 conta9+ less iron1 conduct+ heat badly1 pres]ve 9 _! int]ior ! temp]ature ( ! locality f :i* !y fall2 _! surface only is heat$1 & g5]ally fus$4 ,:5 ! /ones are l>ge1 ! excessive cold ( _! int]ior portion1 :i* mu/ be ne>ly t ( int]planet>y space1 is rem>k$2 b :5 small1 !y rema9 hot = "s "t4--,dr4 ,phipson4 #af ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 ,septemb]1 #ahfd4 #ag ,! same explanation is giv5 by ,t4 ,m4 ,hall1 ,f4,g4,s41 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,review = ,oct4 #ahff4 #ah ,?is li/ conta9s no?+ b a]olites4 ,9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review = ,janu>y1 #ahfg1 we f9d ! foll[+ /atem5ts3 ,out ( ! l>ge numb] ( au!ntic a]olites pres]v$ 9 m9]alogical collections1 two only--"o on ! #aj? ( ,augu/1 & "o on ! #ac? ( ,novemb]--are record$ to h fall5 on />-%[] dates4 ,on ! o!r h&1 five or six meteorites1 on ! epo* ( ! #ac?-#ad? ( ,octob]1 belong to a date :5 />-%[]s1 s f> z is at pres5t kn[n1 d n make _! appe>ance4 ,! inaccuracy ( ! =m] /atem5t is suffici5tly app>5t4 ,9 reg>d to ! latt] we rem>k t ,quetelet's ,catalogue gives "o />-%[] on ! #ad? ( ,octob]1 & ano!r on ! #ab?4 #ai ,! date ( ?is rem>kable occurr5ce is wor?y ( note z a probable a]olite epo*4 ,f ! #ab? to ! #ae? ( ,m>* we h ! foll[+ falls ( meteoric /ones3 #a4 #agca1 ,m>* #ab?4 ,at ,hal/ead1 ,essex1 ,engl&4 #b4 #agih1 ,m>* #ab?4 ,at ,sals1 ,france4 #c4 #ahjf1 ,m>* #ae?4 ,at ,alais1 ,france4 #d4 #ahjg1 ,m>* #ac?4 ,at ,timo*91 ,russia4 #e4 #ahaa1 ,m>* #ac?4 ,at ,kules*(ka1 ,russia4 #f4 #ahac1 ,m>* #ac?-#ad?4 ,! ph5om5a above describ$4 #g4 #ahda1 ,m>* #ab?4 ,at ,grneb]g1 ,silesia4 ,num]\s fire-balls h appe>$ at ! same epo*4 #bj ,! inn]mo/ or semi-transp>5t r+ ( ,saturn appe>s to be simil>ly con/itut$1 z ! body ( ! planet is se5 ?r\gh x )\t any di/ortion :atev]4 #ba ,orig9 ( ! ,/>s1 p4 #agc4 #bb ,orig9 ( ! ,/>s1 p4 #ahd4 #bc ,s9ce ! above 0 writt5 ,pr(4 ,ennis has in=m$ ! au?or t1 )\t mak+ any e/imate ( 8 own1 he adopt$ ! d5sity ( ,jupit]'s fir/ satellite z giv5 9 ,l>dn]'s ,h&book ( ,a/ronomy4 #bd ,orig9 ( ! ,/>s1 p4 #gg4 #be ,y\man's ,correlation & ,cons]vation ( ,=ces1 p4 #bdd4 #bf ,i[a ,in/ructor & ,s*ool ,j\rnal = ,novemb]1 #ahff1 p4 #di4 #bg ,a rec5t hypo!sis 9 reg>d to ! tempor>y /> ( #aegb has be5 propos$ by ,alex&] ,wilcocks1 ,m4,d41 ( ,philadelphia4 ,see ,j\rn4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ( ,phila4 = #ahei4 #bh ,gauti]'s ,notice ( ,rec5t ,rese>*es relat+ to ,nebul4--,silliman's ,j\rnal = ,jan4 #ahfc1 & ,m>*1 #ahfd4 #bi ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy1 ,art4 #ddb4 #cj ,a le>n$ & highly int]e/+ exam9ation ( ?is hypo!sis w be f\nd 9 a memoir ,on ! ,secul> ,v>iations & ,mutual ,relations ( ! ,orbits ( ! ,a/]oids1 communicat$ to ! ,am4 ,acad4 ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 ,april #bd?1 #ahfj1 by ,simon ,newcomb1 ,esq4 #ca ,= an explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! a/]oids accord+ to ! nebul> hypo!sis1 see an article by ,david ,tr[bridge1 ,a4,m41 9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal = ,nov4 #ahfd1 & ,jan4 #ahfe4 #cb ,h4 ,c4 ,sorby1 ,f4,r4,s4 #cc ,h>te's ,trans4 ( ,laplace's ,sy/4 ( ! ,_w1 vol4 ii41 note vii4 #cd ,grant's ,hi/4 ( ,phys4 ,a/r41 p4 #cjb4 #ce ,nos4 #afcb & #afcc4 ,,publications ,,( ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,co41 ,phila4 ,w be s5t by ,mail1 po/-paid1 on receipt ( price4 ,,new ,,am]ica4 ,by ,,william ,,hepwor? ,,dixon1 ,editor ( ,! ,a!num1 & au?or ( ,! ,holy ,l&1 ,william ,p5n1 etc4 ,) ,illu/rations f ,orig9al ,photographs4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,complete 9 "o volume1 ,cr[n ,octavo4 ,pr9t$ on t9t$ pap]4 ,extra ,clo?4 ,price #b4ge4 ,9 ^! graphic volumes ,mr4 ,dixon sket*es ,am]ican m5 & wom51 %>ply1 vigor\sly1 & tru?fully1 "u e aspect4 ,! sm>t ,yankee1 ! grave politician1 ! s5ate & ! /age1 ! pulpit & ! prairie1 loaf]s & philan?ropi/s1 cr[d$ /reets & ! h[l+ wild]ness1 ! saloon & ! b\doir1 ) wom5 ev]y:]e at full l5g?--all passes on be=e u 9 "s ( ! mo/ vivid & brilliant pages ev] writt54--,dubl9 ,univ]sity ,magaz9e4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,art ,,criticism4 ,a ,text-book = ,s*ools & ,colleges1 & a ,h&-book = ,amateurs & ,arti/s4 ,by ,g4 ,w4 ,,samson1 ,d4,d41 ,presid5t ( ,columbian ,college1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?4 ,price #c4ej4 ,?is "w comprises a ,treatise on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,man's ,nature z address$ by ,art1 toge!r ) a ,hi/oric survey ( ! ,me?ods ( ,art ,execution 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( ,draw+1 ,sculpture1 ,ar*itecture1 ,pa9t+1 ,l&scape ,g>d5+1 & ! ,decorative ,arts4 ,! ,r\nd ,table says3 ,! "w is inconte/ably "o ( great z well z unique value4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,,sanit>y ,,commission4 ,be+ ! ,g5]al ,report ( its ,"w on ! ,w> ( ! ,rebellion4 ,by ,,*>les ,j4 ,,/ill1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,"o vol4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 bevel$ bo>ds4 ,price #c4ej4 ,,t]ra ,,m>i2 or1 ,?reads ( ,m>yl& ,colonial ,hi/ory4 ,by ,,edw>d ,d4 ,,neill1 "o ( ! ,secret>ies ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #abmo4 ,extra ,clo?4 ,price #b4jj4 ,,com+ ,,wond]s1 expect$ betwe5 #ahfg & #ahge4 ,by ! ,,rev4 ,m4 ,,baxt]1 au?or ( ,! ,com+ ,battle4 ,"o vol4 #abmo4 ,clo?4 ,price #a4jj4 ,,lipp9cott',s ,,pron\nc+ ,,gazette] ,,( ,,! ,,_w1 ,,or ,,geographical ,,diction>y4 ,revis$ ,edition1 ) an ,app5dix conta9+ ne>ly t5 ?\s& new notices1 & ! mo/ rec5t ,/ati/ical ,in=mation1 accord+ to ! late/ ,c5sus ,returns1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,=eign ,c\ntries4 ,lipp9cott's ,pron\nc+ ,gazette] gives-- ,i4--,a ,descriptive notice ( ! ,c\ntries1 ,isl&s1 ,riv]s1 ,m\nta9s1 ,cities1 ,t[ns1 etc41 9 e "p ( ! ,globe1 ) ! mo/ ,rec5t & ,au!ntic ,in=mation4 ,,ii4--,! ,names ( all ,important places1 etc41 bo? 9 _! ,native & ,=eign ,languages1 ) ! ,,pronunciation ( ! same--a ,feature nev] attempt$ 9 any o!r ,"w4 ,,iii4--,! ,classical ,names ( all ,anci5t ,places1 s f> z !y c be accurately asc]ta9$ f ! be/ ,au?orities4 ,,iv4--,a ,complete ,etymological ,vocabul>y ( ,geographical ,names4 ,v4--,an elaborate ,introduction1 explanatory ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,pronunciation ( ,names 9 ! ,dani%1 ,dut*1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,greek1 ,hung>ian1 ,italian1 ,norwegian1 ,poli%1 ,portuguese1 ,russian1 ,spani%1 ,sw$i%1 & ,wel% ,languages4 ,compris$ 9 a volume ( ov] two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ imp]ial octavo pages4 ,price1 #aj4jj4 ,,f ,,! ,,hon4 ,,horace ,,mann1 ,,ll4,d41 ,late ,presid5t ( ,antio* ,college4 ,i h _h y\r ,pron\nc+ ,gazette] ( ! ,_w be=e me = "s weeks4 ,hav+ long felt ! necessity ( a "w ( ?is k9d1 ,i h sp5t no small am\nt ( "t 9 exam9+ y\rs4 ,x seems to me s important to h a compreh5sive & au!ntic gazette] 9 all our colleges1 academies1 & s*ools1 t ,i am induc$ 9 ?is in/ance to dep>t f my g5]al rule 9 reg>d to giv+ recomm5dations4 ,y\r "w has evid5tly be5 prep>$ ) imm5se labor2 & x exhibits pro(s f beg9n+ to end t k has presid$ ov] its execution4 ,! ris+ g5]ation w be greatly b5efit$1 bo? 9 ! accuracy & ext5t ( _! in=mation1 %\ld y\r "w be kept z a book ( ref]5ce on ! table ( e pr(essor & tea*] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 occasional unbalanc$ quotation m>ks reta9$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,text uses bo? /> %[] & />-%[]2 n *ang$ "h4 ,keppl] is spell$ t way 9 ?is text4