,,unique ,,& ,,popul> ,,works ,,= ,,all ,,nature ,,lov]s4 ,uni=m ) ?is ,volume4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wayside & ,woodl& ,blossoms ,a ,pocket ,guide to ,briti% ,wild ,fl[]s = ! ,c\ntry ,rambl]4 7,fir/ & ,second ,s]ies47 ,) ,cle> ,descriptions ( #gfj ,species4 ,,by ,,edw>d ,,/ep1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,& ,col\r$ ,figures ( #beg ,species by ,,mabel ,e4 ,,/ep4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wayside & ,woodl& ,trees ,a ,pocket ,guide to ! ,briti% ,sylva4 ,,by ,,edw>d ,,/ep1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,) #abg ,plates f ,orig9al ,photographs by ,,h5ry ,,irv+1 ,& #eg ,illu/rations ( ! ,leaves1 ,fl[]s & ,fruit by ,,mabel ,e4 ,,/ep4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,at ,,all ,,booksell]s4 ,full ,prospectuses on application to ! ,publi%]s-- ,,fr$]ick ,,w>ne ,,& ,,co4 ,,london3 #ae1 ,b$=d ,/reet1 ,/r&4 ,,new ,,york3 #cf1 ,ea/ #bbnd ,/reet4 ,,! ,,wayside ,,& ,,woodl& ,,s]ies ,,! ,,butt]flies ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,isles ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #a4 ,frontispiece4 ,swall[-tail ,butt]fly4 ,male & female1 ) cat]pill>s & *rysalids4 ,,! ,,butt]flies ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,isles ,,by ,,ri*>d ,,s\?1 ,f4,e4,s4 ,,editor ,,( ,,! ,,entomologi/1 ,,etc4 ,,) ,,accurately ,,col\r$ ,,figures ,,( ,,e ,,species ,,& ,,_m ,,v>ieties ,,also ,,draw+s ,,( ,,egg1 ,,cat]pill> ,,*rysalis1 ,,& ,,food-,,plant ,,london ,,fr$]ick ,,w>ne ,,co4 ,,& ,,new ,,york #aijf 7,all rights res]v$7 ,,preface4 ,few ?+s add m enjoym5t to a c\ntry ramble ?an a k ( ! _m & v>i$ =ms belong+ to ! animal & vegetable k+doms t pres5t !mselves to ! notice ( ! obs]v+ wayf>] on e side4 ,almo/ e "o admires ! wild fl[]s t ,nature produces s lavi%ly1 & 9 su* *>m+ v>iety ( =m & col\r2 b1 9 addition to _! own prop] floresc5ce1 ! plants ( woodl&1 mead[1 moor1 or d[n h o!r blossoms t arise f !m1 al?\gh !y are n ( !m4 ,^! are ! beautiful w+$ creatures call$ butt]flies1 :i* z crawl+ cat]pill>s obta9 _! n\ri%m5t f plant leafage1 & 9 ! p]fect /ate help ! bees to rifle ! fl[]s ( _! sweets1 & at ! same "t assi/ 9 ! "w ( f]tilization4 ,x is ! /ory ( ^! arial fl[]s t we wi% to tell1 & hope t 9 ! tell+ we may w9 f ! read] a lov+ int]e/ 9 "s ( ! mo/ attractively int]e/+ ( ,nature's *ildr54 ,!re are _m p1 no d\bt1 :o take an intellig5t int]e/ 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( animal life1 & yet d n c>e to collect specim5s because1 z 9 ! case ( butt]flies = in/ance1 ! necessity arises = kill+ _! captives4 ,su* lov]s ( ,nature are q satisfi$ to "k ! names ( ! species1 & to le>n some?+ ( _! life-hi/ories & habits4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 !re are o!rs1 & possibly a l>g] numb]1 :o w desire to capture a few specim5s ( ea* k9d ( butt]fly = clos] exam9ation & /udy4 ,x is believ$ t ?is little volume w be f\nd useful to bo? sections ( naturali/s alike4 ,! au?or 9 prep>+ ! book has be5 l>gely guid$ by a recollection ( ! k9d ( in=mation he s\ght :5 he himself 0 a beg9n]1 n[ "s =ty odd ye>s ago4 ,9 conclusion1 he desires to t5d] 8 mo/ s9c]e ?anks to ! und]m5tion$ g5tlem51 :o s k9dly furni%$ him ) eggs1 cat]pill>s1 & *rysalids2 or fav\r$ him ) ! loan ( "s ( _! *oice/ v>ieties ( butt]flies = figur+2 )\t _! valu$ assi/ance _m ( ! illu/rations c\ld n h be5 prep>$3--,rev4 ,gilb]t ,raynor1 ,major ,rob]tson1 ,messrs4 ,f4 ,noad ,cl>k1 ,t4 ,de:ur/1 ,c4,h4 ,=sy!1 ,f4,w4 ,frohawk1 ,a4,h4 ,hamm1 ,a4 ,h>rison1 ,h4 ,ma91 ,a4,m4 ,montgom]y1 ,e4,d4 ,morgan1 ,g4,b4 ,oliv]1 ,j4 ,ov5d51 ,g4 ,r&ell1 ,a4,l4 ,rayw>d1 ,e4,j4 ,salisbury1 ,a4,h4 ,%eph]d1 ,f4,a4 ,small1 ,l4,d4 ,sym+ton1 ,a4,e4 ,tonge1 ,b4 ,w$dell1 ,f4,g4 ,:ittle1 & ,h4 ,wood4 ,v>ieties--,messrs4 ,r4 ,adk91 ,j4,a4 ,cl>k1 ,f4,w4 ,frohawk1 & ,e4 ,sab9e4 ,) k9d p]mission ( ! ,ray ,society1 figures ( ! foll[+ l>v & pup h be5 reproduc$ f ,buckl]'s ,l>v ( ,briti% ,butt]flies3--,p4 daplidice1 ,c4 edusa1 ,m4 a?alia1 ,p4 c-album1 ,s4 semele1 ,a4 hyp]an?us1 ,c4 typhon1 ,c4 pamphilus1 ,c4 rubi1 ,c4 argiolus1 ,a4 ?aumas1 ,a4 acton4 ,l>va only--,l4 s9apis1 ,a4 sel5e1 ,a4 aur9ia1 & ,t4 pruni4 ,figures ( ,a4 cratgi1 ,a4 l9eola1 & ,c4 palmon h be5 made f pres]v$ sk9s4 ,= col\r$ plates1 #a1 #cj1 #db1 #dh1 #eh1 #ff1 #ih1 #ajj1 #aab1 #aaf1 #aah1 & ! accurately drawn black-&-:ite figures1 includ+ enl>gem5ts1 ! au?or is greatly indebt$ to ,mr4 ,horace ,knight4 ,,introductory4 ,butt]flies belong to ! great ,ord] ( insects call$ ,lepidopt]a 7,greek lepis1 a scale1 & pt]on1 a w+71 t is1 insects ^: w+s are cov]$ ) m9ute /ructures t]m$ scales4 ,mo?s 7,het]oc]a7 also belong to ! same ord]1 & ! fir/ po9t to deal ) is h[ may butt]flies be di/+ui%$ f mo?s8 ,9 a broad k9d ( way !y may be recogniz$ by _! horns 7ant5n71 :i* are sl5d] z reg>ds ! %aft1 b are gradually or abruptly clubb$ at ! extremity4 ,= ?is reason !y 7 designat$ ,rhopaloc]a1 or club horn$1 ! ,het]oc]a be+ suppos$ to h horns ( v>i\s k9ds o!r ?an clubb$4 ,z a matt] ( fact ?is me?od ( sep>at+ mo?s & butt]flies does n hold good 9 deal+ ) ! ,lepidopt]a ( ! _w1 & x is f a /udy ( ^!1 z a :ole1 t sy/emati/s h arriv$ at ! conclusion t !re is no actual l9e ( division betwe5 mo?s & butt]flies4 ,9 mod]n classification1 !n1 butt]flies are r$uc$ f ! rank ( a sub-ord]1 :i* !y =m]ly held1 & are n[ dovetail$ into ! v>i\s new] sy/ems ( arrangem5t betwe5 c]ta9 families ( mo?s4 ,z reg>ds ,briti% butt]flies1 h[ev]1 x w be f\nd t ^! may be kn[n1 z su*1 by _! clubb$ horns4 ,only ! ,burnets among ,briti% mo?s h horns 9 any way simil>1 & ^! are ?ick5$ gradually t[>ds ! extremity r ?an clubb$4 ,day-fly+ mo?s1 especially ! bright-col\r$ ones1 might be mi/ak5 = butt]flies by ! un9itiat$1 b 9 all ^! ! horns w be f\nd n at all butt]fly-l4 ,al?\gh v>ieties ( ! species w be ref]r$ to 9 ! descriptive portion ( ! book1 a few g5]al rem>ks on v>iation 9 butt]flies may "h be made4 ,all k9ds are liable to v>y 9 t9t or 9 ! m>k+s1 sometimes 9 bo?4 ,su* v>iation1 9 ! m or less con/ant species especially1 is p]haps only trivial & !re=e h>dly attracts att5tion4 ,9 a good _m k9ds v>iation is (t5 ( a v pron\nc$ "*1 & is !n almo/ c]ta9 to obta9 notice4 ,except 9 a few in/ances1 :]e ! ab]ration is ( an unusual k9d1 x is possible to obta9 all ! int]m$iate /ages1 or gradations1 betwe5 ! ord9>y =m ( a species & its mo/ extreme v>iety4 ,a s]ies ( su* connect+ l9ks 9 ! v>iation ( a species is ( great] int]e/1 & high] educational value1 ?an "o 9 :i* ! extremes alone h a place4 ,9 ^? k9ds ( butt]flies t atta9 ! p]fect /ate twice 9 ! ye>1 ! individuals compos+ ! fir/ flight are some:at diff]5t 9 m>k+ f ^? ( ! second flight4 ,su* species z ! l>ge & small :ites exhibit ?is k9d ( v>iation1 :i* is t]m$ seasonal dimorphism4 ,! males ( "s species1 z = example ! ,common ,blue & ! ,orange-tip1 diff] f ! females 9 col\r2 ?is is kn[n z sexual dimorphism4 ,! ,silv]-,wa%$ ,fritill>y1 :i* has two =ms ( ! female1 "o br[n l ! male1 ! o!r gre5 or gre5i% 9 col\r1 is a good example ( dimorphism conf9$ to "o sex4 ,gyn&r\s specim5s1 sometimes call$ ,h]maphrodites1 are ^? :i* exhibit bo? male & female coloration1 or o!r w+ *>act]s2 :5 "o side is entirely male & ! o!r side entirely female1 ! gyn&romorphism w\ld be describ$ z complete4 ,! ornam5tation on ! "u side ( a butt]fly diff]s f t ( ! upp] side1 & is f\nd to assimilate or h>monize 9 a rem>kable mann] ) ! usual re/+-place4 ,x is !re=e ( s]vice to ! insect :5 settl$ ) w+s erect ov] ! back1 9 ! mann] ( all butt]flies1 except "s few k9ds ( ,skipp]s4 ,! numb] ( kn[n species ( butt]flies ?r\gh\t ! _w has be5 put at ab\t ?irte5 ?\s&1 & x has be5 sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,%>p t !re may be ne>ly twice z _m /ill await+ discov]y4 ,dr4 ,/aud+] 9 8 ,catalog gives a li/ ( ov] sev5 hundr$ k9ds ( butt]flies z occurr+ 9 ! :ole ( ! ,palarctic ,region4 ,?is zoological region embraces ,europe1 includ+ ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 ,africa nor? ( ! ,atlas range ( m\nta9s1 & temp]ate ,asia1 includ+ ,japan4 ,! entire numb] ( species t c by any means be reg>d$ z ,briti% does n exce$ sixty-eight4 ,ev5 ?is limit$ total comprises sundry migratory butt]flies1 su* z ! ,cl\d$ ,yell[s1 ! ,pa9t$ ,lady1 ! ,r$ ,admiral1 ! ,camb]well ,beauty1 & ! ,milkwe$ ,butt]fly2 & also ! /ill less frequ5t1 or p]haps m accid5tal visitors1 ! ,long-tail$ ,blue & ! ,ba? ,:ite4 ,aga91 ! ,l>ge ,copp] is n[ ext9ct 9 ,engl&1 & ! ,maz>9e ,blue does n seem to h be5 obs]v$ 9 any ( its old haunts 9 ! c\ntry = ov] =ty ye>s4 ,! ,black-ve9$ ,:ite is also sc>ce & exce$+ly local4 ,! majority ( ! rema9+ fifty-sev5 butt]flies may be consid]$ natives1 & ( ^! ab\t half are s widely di/ribut$ t ! "y collector %\ld1 if fairly en]getic1 secure ne>ly all ( !m dur+ 8 fir/ campaign4 ,! o!r species w h to be look$ = 9 _! special localities1 b a few k9ds are s /rictly atta*$ to p>ticul> spots1 t a good deal ( pati5ce w h to be ex]cis$ be=e a *ance may occur ( obta9+ !m4 ,a few rem>ks may "h be made 9 ref]5ce to ! names & arrangem5t adopt$ 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,z w be adv]t$ to 9 ! descriptive section1 ! ,engli% names ( our butt]flies h n always be5 q ! same z ^? n[ 9 g5]al use4 ,!re has1 h[ev]1 be5 f> less /ability 9 sci5tific nom5clature1 & v _m *anges 9 bo? g5]ic & specific names h be5 made dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s1 m especially p]haps )9 ! la/ decade4 ,g5]a are n[ f\nd$ by "s speciali/s on *>act]s :i* =m]ly s]v$ to di/+ui% "o species f ano!r1 :il/ o!r au?orities m]ge sev]al g5]a 9 "o ^u c]ta9 details ( /ructure t are common to !m all4 ,pati5t rese>* into ! entomological antiquities has reveal$ mu* important mat]ial1 "s ( :i* may furni% a new int]pretation ( ! ,l9nean classification ( ,lepidopt]a4 ,! discov]y ( ! e>lie/ ,lat9 specific "n be/[$ ^u an insect1 is a lab\r :i* entails a l>ge exp5diture ( "t & requires f9e judgm5t4 ,great cr$it is !re=e due to ^? :o und]take su* inve/igations1 ! result ( :i* may t5d to ! e/abli%m5t ( a fix$ nom5clature 9 !1 probably n remote1 future1 al?\gh x sadly hamp]s & p]plexes /ud5ts 9 ! mean:ile4 ,all ?+s consid]$ !n1 x has be5 deem$ advisable n to make _m *anges 9 specific names1 & to reta9 ! old g5]a z f> z possible4 ,! arrangem5t ( families1 g5]a1 etc41 w be f\nd to accord ) t mo/ g5]ally accept$ bo? 9 ,engl& & on ! cont95t4 ,,! ,,butt]flies ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,isles4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,life ,,cycle ,,( ,a ,,butt]fly4 ,z is ! case ) all o!r ,lepidopt]a1 butt]flies pass ?r\gh ?ree v di/9ct /ages be=e !y atta9 ! p]fect =m4 ,^! /ages are3--#a4 ,! egg 7ovum1 plural ova74 #b4 ,! cat]pill> 7l>va1 l>v74 #c4 ,! *rysalis 7pupa1 pup74 ,! p]fect insect is call$ ! imago 7plural imag9es74 ,! ,egg4 ,butt]fly eggs are ( v>i\s =ms1 & :il/ 9 "s k9ds ! egg-%ell 7*orion7 is elaborately ribb$ or flut$1 o!rs are simply pitt$ or cov]$ ) a k9d ( network or reticulation2 o!rs1 aga91 are almo/ or q smoo?4 ,if ! top ( an egg1 su* z t ( ! ,purple ,emp]or 7,plate #bh71 is exam9$ "u a good l5s a depression w be not$1 & 9 ?is w be se5 a neat & />like k9d ( ornam5tation4 ,9 ! middle ( ?is rosette are1 pres5t 9 all eggs1 m9ute ap]tures kn[n z micropyles 7little doors71 & x is ?r\gh ^! t ! sp]matozoa ( ! male f9ds entry to ! int]ior ( ! egg & f]tilization is effect$4 ,! *anges t occur 9 ! egg aft] x is laid are ( a v complex nature1 & read]s :o may desire in=mation on ?is subject are ref]r$ to ,%>p's ,insects1 ,"p ,i41 9 ! ,cambridge ,natural ,hi/ory1 :]e also w be f\nd mu* int]e/+ & in/ructive matt] connect$ ) ! cat]pill> & *rysalis1 to :i* /ages only brief ref]5ce c "h be made4 ,! ,cat]pill>4 ,! second /age is t ( ! cat]pill>1 & 9 "s species1 su* z ! ,r$ ,admiral1 ?is is ( v %ort duration1 a few weeks only1 :il/ 9 o!rs1 z = example ! ,small ,blue1 x usually la/s = _m mon?s4 ,!re is consid]able div]sity bo? 9 ! %ape &1 :]e x is pres5t1 9 ! hairy or sp9y clo?+ 7armature7 ( cat]pill>s4 ,all1 h[ev]1 are alike 9 "o respect1 t is ! body is divid$ into ?irte5 m or less well-def9$ r+s 7segm5ts71 :i* toge!r ) ! head make up f\rte5 divisions4 ,9 ref]r+ to ^! body-r+s1 ! fir/ ?ree ne>e/ ! head1 ea* ( :i* is furni%$ ) a pair ( true legs 7?oracic legs71 are call$ ! ?oracic segm5ts1 z !y correspond to ! ?orax ( ! p]fect butt]fly4 ,! rema9+ t5 r+s are ! abdom9al segm5ts2 ! la/ two are n always easily sep>able "o f ! o!r1 & s = all practical purposes !y may be consid]$ only n9e 9 numb]4 ,^! n9e r+s1 !n1 correspond to ! abdom5 ( ! future butt]fly4 ,! ?ird to six? ( ?is s]ies h ea* a pair ( false legs 7prolegs71 & !re is also a pair on ! la/ r+2 ! latt] are ! anal clasp]s4 ,! w>ts 7tub]cles7 are ! bases ( hairs & sp9es1 & are to be se5 9 mo/ butt]fly cat]pill>s1 b !y g5]ally require a l5s to br+ !m cle>ly into view4 ,^! w>ts are usually arrang$ 9 two r[s on ! back 7dorsal s]ies7 & ?ree r[s on ea* side 7lat]al s]ies74 ,all ! v>i\s p>ts ref]r$ to1 or to be pres5tly m5tion$1 may be se5 9 ,fig4 #a1 :i* also %[s a peculi>ity t is f\nd 9 v "y cat]pill>s ( ! ,orange-tip1 & 9 "s o!rs ( ! ,:ites 7,pi]id74 ,! odd ?+ ab\t ?is baby cat]pill> is t ! f9e hair aris+ f ea* w>t is =k$ at ! tip 7,fig4 #a1 a71 & holds !reon a m9ute globule ( fluid4 ,:5 ! cat]pill>s become ab\t half gr[n ^! special hairs are lo/ 9 a g5]al clo?+ ( f9e hair4 ,fig4 #a1 b1 repres5ts a magnifi$ s+le r+ ( ! cat]pill>1 & ?is %[s a spiracle & ! folds ( ! sk9 7subsegm5ts74 ,! mann] 9 :i* su* fold+ occurs is to be obs]v$ 9 ! high] /udy ( l>val morphology4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,"y cat]pill> ( ,orange-tip highly magnifi$4 7,aft] ,%>p47 ,on ea* r+1 except ! second 7includ+ n[ ! ?ree ?oracic ) ! n9e abdom9al2 & s mak+ twelve r+s71 ! ?ird1 & ! la/1 !re is an oval or r\ndi% m>k :i* indicates ! position ( ! brea?+ hole 7spiracle74 ,?r\gh ^! m9ute op5+s air ent]s to ! brea?+ tubes 7tra*e71 :i* are spread ?r\gh\t ! int]ior ( ! cat]pill> 9 a seem+ly complicat$ k9d ( network ( ma9 bran*es & f9] twigs2 air is ?us convey$ to e "p ( ! body4 ,9 ! ev5t ( "o or two air-holes becom+ 9 any way ob/ruct$1 ! cat]pill> w\ld possibly be none ! worse2 b if all ! op5+s 7 clos$ up effectually1 x w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly die4 ,total imm]sion 9 wat]1 ev5 = "s h\rs1 is n always fatal4 ,turn+ aga9 to ! feet ( ! cat]pill>1 x w be se5 f ! figure t ! true legs 7a7 diff] f ! false legs 7b7 9 /ructure4 ,! =m] are horny1 jo9t$1 & h t]m9al claws2 ! latt] are fle%y1 ) slid+ jo9ts1 & ! foot is furni%$ ) a s]ies ( m9ute hooks :i* enable ! cat]pill> to obta9 a secure hold :5 fe$+1 etc4 ,! false legs are also ! *ief means ( locomotion1 z ! true legs are ( little s]vice = ?is purpose4 ,! true legs1 h[ev]1 appe> to be ( use :5 ! cat]pill> is fe$+1 z ! leaf is held betwe5 !m s z to keep x /eady :il/ ! jaws are do+ _! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 7a7 ,true & 7b7 false legs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 a1 labrum2 b1 m&ible2 c1 ant5na2 d1 ocelli2 e1 maxilla2 f1 labium2 g1 sp9n]et2 h1 labial palp4 ,9 ! accompany+ figure ( ! head ( a cat]pill> ! m\? p>ts are cle>ly %[n4 ,! bit+ jaws 7m&ibles7 are slightly ap>t1 above !m is se5 ! upp] lip 7labrum71 & bel[ !m is ! "u lip 7labium or l+ua74 ,! maxill are v t9y affairs1 b !y %\ld be not$ because 9 ! butt]fly !y become ! basal portions ( ! two tubes :i*1 :5 unit$ toge!r1 =m ! suck+ organs 7proboscis74 ,! eyes1 or ocelli z !y are t]m$1 are m9ute1 & are said to be ( slight use to ! cat]pill> z organs ( sight1 s t x probably has to dep5d on its little feel]s 7ant5n7 = guidance to ! "r plants = its n\ri%m5t4 ,att5tion %\ld also be giv5 to ! sp9n]et1 z x is by means ( ?is t ! silk5 ?reads1 etc41 = its v>i\s requirem5ts are provid$2 ! sub/ance itself be+ secret$ 9 gl&s plac$ 9 ! body ( ! cat]pill>4 ,! palpi are organs ( t\*1 & seem to be ( use to ! cat]pill> :5 mov+ ab\t4 ,imm$iately aft] hat*+1 _m cat]pill>s eat ! egg-%ell = _! fir/ meal2 !y !n settle d[n to ! bus9ess ( fe$+ & gr[+4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t x is entirely on gr[? made :il/ 9 ! cat]pill> /age t ! size ( a butt]fly dep5ds4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a day or two ! necessity arises = fa/+1 z m\lt+1 an important ev5t1 is ab\t to take place4 ,hav+ spun a sl5d] c>pet ( silk on a leaf or twig1 ! cat]pill> secures itself !reto1 & !n awaits ! mom5t :5 all is ready = ! trans=mation to comm5ce4 ,aft] a s]ies ( twi/+s f side to side & o!r contortions1 ! sk9 yields along ! back ne> ! head1 ! head is drawn away f its old cov]+ & ?ru/ ?r\gh ! slit 9 ! back1 ! old sk9 !n peels d[nw>ds :il/ ! cat]pill> draws itself upw>ds until x is free4 ,! new sk91 toge!r ) any hairs or sp9es ) :i* x may be clo!d1 is at fir/ v s(t4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a %ort "t all is p]fect$1 & ! cat]pill> is ready to ent] ^u its second /age ( gr[?4 ,at ! end ( ! second /age ! sk9-*ang+ op]ation is aga9 p]=m$1 & ! :ole bus9ess is repeat$ two or m times aft]w>ds4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 :5 ! cat]pill> has %$ its sk9 = ! la/ "t1 ! *rysalis is reveal$1 b ) ! future w+s seem+ly free4 ,^!1 toge!r ) ! o!r organs1 are soon fix$ d[n to ! body by ! %ell1 :i* results f a v>ni%-l ooze :i* cov]s all ! p>ts & !n h>d5s4 ,g5]ally speak+1 newly hat*$ cat]pill>s1 ?\gh ( diff]5t k9ds1 are 9 c]ta9 respects some:at alike1 b ! special *>act]s ( ea* beg9 to appe>1 z a rule1 aft] ! fir/ *ange ( sk9 7ecdysis71 & ^! g on develop+ ) ea* successive /age 7/adium7 until ! cat]pill> is full gr[n4 ,! =m assum$ 9 ea* /age is t]m$ ! in/>1 !re=e a cat]pill> j f ! egg w\ld be ref]r$ to z 9 ! fir/ in/>2 betwe5 ! fir/ & second *anges ( sk91 z 9 ! second in/>1 & s on to ! *rysalis1 :i* 9 ! case ( a cat]pill> t m\lt$1 or *ang$ its sk91 f\r times be=e atta9+ full gr[?1 w\ld be ! six? in/>1 & ! butt]fly w\ld !n be ! sev5? in/>4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 x is usually ! /ages ( ! cat]pill> alone t are indicat$ 9 ?is way4 ,! ,*rysalis4 ,! t]m *rysalis m especially applies to su* ( !m z are spott$ or spla%$ ) metallic col\r1 z1 = example1 ! *rysalids ( "s ( ! ,fritill>ies4 ,! sci5tific t]m = ! *rysalis is pupa1 :i* 9 ! ,lat9 tongue means a doll or puppet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,cat]pill> ( ,small ,:ite1 ab\t to *ange to *rysalis4 ,9 pass+ to ! *rysalis /age ! cat]pill>s h sometimes to make r m prep>ations ?an 9 previ\s sk9-*ang+ provisions4 ,^? ( ! ,swall[-tail1 ,:ites1 ,orange-tip1 & simil> k9ds h to provide a silk5 girdle = ! wai/ z well z a pad = ! tail4 ,*rysalids t hang susp5d$1 head d[nw>ds1 su* z ! ,vanessids1 ,fritill>ies1 etc41 are atta*$ by ! crema/]--a hook$ arrangem5t on ! tail 7,fig4 #e7--to a pad ( silk2 o!rs1 su* z ! ,blues & ! ,copp]s1 appe> to be held 9 position on a leaf1 or "s o!r object1 by means ( a f9e girdle ( silk1 or sometimes a few silk5 ?reads spread net-l above & bel[ !m--rudim5ts ( a cocoon 9 fact4 ,*rysalids ( ! ,skipp]s are enclos$ 9 a m or less complete cocoon plac$ )9 a *amb]1 =m$ ( a leaf or leaves ( ! food-plant1 drawn toge!r by silk5 cables4 ,"s ( ^! *rysalids are furni%$ ) hooks on ! tail z well z ) a girdle = susp5sion2 b o!rs h hooks only4 ,z almo/ all ! *rysalids "h consid]$ are figur$ 9 ! illu/rations1 x w be unnecess>y to ref] 9 detail to _! great div]sity 9 =m1 b a few g5]al rem>ks on ! /ructure ( a *rysalis may be made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,enl>g$ view ( crema/]1 & a hook /ill m enl>g$4 7,aft] ,%>p47 ,if ! upp] 7dorsal7 surface ( a *rysalis is exam9$1 ! ?orax & ! body divisions w easily be made out1 :ile1 by look+ at ! sides & ! "u 7v5tral7 surface1 ! v>i\s organs1 su* z ! w+s1 legs1 ant5n1 etc41 w be f\nd neatly laid along ea* side ( ! tongue1 or proboscis1 :i* latt] ext5ds d[n ! c5tre4 ,all ^! are sep>ately encas$1 b by reason ( ! %ell m5tion$ 9 ! rem>ks on ! cat]pill>1 !y appe> to be weld$ toge!r4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! butt]fly is ready to em]ge1 ! %ell ( ! *rysalis is split along ! ?orax & at ! l[] edge ( ! w+-cases1 & ! insect is !n able to release itself f ! pupal trapp+s4 ,?is break+ op5 ( ! *rysalis %ell is t]m$ dehisc5ce 7dehisco1 to split op571 & ! mann] 9 :i* x is effect$ v>ies 9 diff]5t species4 ,! em]g5ce ( a butt]fly f ! *rysalis is always an int]e/+ op]ation to obs]ve1 & e "o %\ld make a po9t ( wat*+ ! process1 s t he may obta9 practical k ( h[ ! ?+ is done4 ,a photograph ( x w be f\nd 9 ! description ( ! ,wall ,butt]fly4 ,! ,butt]fly4 ,hav+ safely cle>$ itself free ( ! *rysalis %ell1 ! butt]fly makes its way to "s suitable twig1 spray1 or o!r object1 f :i* x c hang1 sometimes 9 an inv]t$ position1 :il/ a v important function takes place4 ,?is is ! di/5tion & dry+ ( ! w+s1 :i* at fir/ are v weak & some:at baggy affairs1 al?\gh ! col\r & m>k+s appe> ^u !m 9 m9iature4 ,all o!r p>ts ( ! butt]fly seem fully =m$1 b ! helpless condition ( ! w+s alone prev5t x z yet f float+ (f into ! air4 ,9 a rem>kably %ort "t1 aft] ! insect has settl$ to ! bus9ess1 ! fluids f ! body comm5ce to fl[ & circulate ?r\gh ! w+s1 & ^! are se5 gradually exp&+ & fill+ out until !y atta9 _! prop] size4 ,occasionally !re is "s ob/ruction to ! equal di/ribution ( ! fluids1 & :5 ?is occurs a great] or less] am\nt ( di/ortion1 or cockle1 9 ! w+ affect$ is ! result4 ,:5 ! inflation is complet$ ! w+s are kept /raight out = a "t2 !y are !n motionless1 b all _! surfaces are well ap>t4 ,! w+s be+ n[ fully develop$1 ! fur!r fl[ ( fluid appe>s to be arre/$4 ,x has be5 /at$ by "s au?orities t ?is fluid is fibr9 held 9 solution1 & t :5 ! "w ( expansion has be5 accompli%$1 ! wat]y m$ium evaporates1 leav+ ! fibr9 to h>d51 & s fa/5 toge!r ! upp] & l[] membranes ( ! w+ & to fix ! ve9s1 or n]ves1 9 _! prop] position4 ,may]1 a speciali/ on ^! matt]s1 ref]r+ to ! expansion ( ! w+s1 rem>ks t ! blood ! fluid previ\sly m5tion$ =c$ into ! fre%ly em]g$ w+ w\ld cause x to become a balloon-%ap$ bag if x 7 n = fibres t hold ! upp] & l[] walls closely toge!r4 ,! fibres ref]r$ to1 he /ates1 are d]iv$ f ^? hypod]mic cells :i* d n contribute to ! =mation ( scales1 b are /ret*$ out f "o wall ( ! w+ to ! o!r4 ,x may be well n[ to briefly consid] "s ( ! /ructural details ( ! p]fect butt]fly1 s a beg9n+ w be made ) ! head 7,fig4 #f74 ,:5 look+ at ! head ( a butt]fly1 ! fir/ ?+ to attract ! att5tion is ! v l>ge size ( ! comp\nd eye 7a71 :i* seems to take up ! l>ge/ %>e ( ! :ole affair4 ,al?\gh s bulky & s complex 9 ! matt] ( divisions1 or facets1 z !y are t]m$ 7! facets are n %[n 9 figure71 ! p[] ( sight is n really v ke54 ,a butt]fly c see ?+s 9 a g5]al way readily en\gh1 b x seems unable to cle>ly di/+ui% "o object f ano!r4 ,:5 engag$ 9 egg-lay+1 ! female butt]fly r>ely fails to place h] eggs on a leaf or spray ( ! plant t ! future cat]pill> w fe$ ^u1 & x has be5 sugge/$ t 9 mak+ ?is un]r+ selection ! insect is guid$ m by ! s5se ( smell ?an by t ( sight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,head ( ,butt]fly4 a1 comp\nd eye2 b1 palp2 c1 ant5na2 d1 proboscis4 ,! horns 7c7 7ant5n71 or feel]s1 z !y are sometimes call$1 :i* adorn ! head1 are n[ consid]$ to be organs ( smell4 ,^! are compos$ ( a numb] ( r+s or segm5ts1 :i* v>y 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( butt]fly1 z also does ! %ape ( ! t]m9al r+s =m+ :at is kn[n z ! club4 ,9 ,fig4 #g1 e 7,purple ,emp]or7 & f 7,m>bl$ ,:ite7 repres5t ! gradually ?ick5$ club2 9 g 7,brim/one7 & h 7,d>k-gre5 ,fritill>y7 ! clubs are m or less abruptly =m$4 ,our ,skipp]s h well-develop$ clubs2 ^! may be hook$ at ! tip z 9 i 7,l>ge ,skipp]71 or blunt at ! tip z 9 j 7,*equ]$ ,skipp]72 at ! base ( ! ,skipp]'s ant5na1 t is at ! po9t :]e x is ins]t$ 9 ! head1 !re is a tuft ( r long hairs4 ,( ! v>i\s m\? p>ts x w only be necess>y to ref] to ! suction-tube1 ,fig4 #f1 d 7proboscis71 (t5 call$ ! tongue1 :i* is p]haps ! mo/ important1 at lea/ to ! butt]fly itself1 z ?is organ is1 9 a way1 z useful to x 9 ! p]fect /ate z 7 ! v diff]5tly con/ruct$ /rong bit+ jaws 7m&ibles7 ( its cat]pill> exi/5ce4 ,^! latt] 9 ! butt]fly are only microscopically repres5t$1 & ! suction-tube ( ! p]fect insect is an ext5sion ( ! maxill1 :i* 9 ! cat]pill> are n conspicu\s4 ,:5 n engag$ 9 prob+ ! nect>ies ( fl[]s = ! sweets !y conta91 ! suction-tube is neatly coil$ up betwe5 ! palpi 7,fig4 #f1 b74 ,its great flexibility is due to ! _m r+s ( :i* x is compos$4 ,al?\gh seem+ly entire1 x is really made up ( two tubes1 ea* be+ groov$ on its inn] side1 & =m+1 :5 ! edges are br\ght toge!r1 an additional c5tral canal1 ?r\gh :i* ! sweets f ! fl[]s & o!r liquids are drawn up into a bulb-l receptacle 9 ! head1 :5ce x passes into ! /oma*4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ! passage ( sweet1 & no d\bt /icky1 fluid ?r\gh ! c5tral tube w\ld mo/ probably result 9 its walls becom+ clogg$1 !re is reason to suppose t ! me?od ( con/ruction p]mits ( ! canal be+ cleans$ f "t to "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,ant5n ( ,butt]flies4 ,! important divisions ( ! body are ! ?orax & ! abdom54 ,! =m] is made up ( ?ree segm5ts 7nam$ ! pro-1 meso-1 & meta-?orax71 ea* ( :i*1 z 9 ! cat]pill> /ate1 is furni%$ ) a pair ( legs2 ! second & ?ird1 :i* are closely unit$1 ea* be> a pair ( w+s also4 ,! legs1 :i* 9 ! butt]fly are adapt$ = walk+ at a leisurely pace1 are made up ( f\r ma9 p>ts2 ^! are 7a7 ! basal jo9t 7coxa1 cox71 7b7 ! ?igh 7femur1 femora71 7c7 ! %ank 7tibia1 tibi71 & 7d7 ! foot 7t>sus1 t>si74 ,! small jo9t unit+ ! coxa ) ! femur is ! tro*ant] 7tr474 ,! foot usually has five jo9ts1 ! la/ ( :i* is provid$ ) claws 7e74 ,! abdom5 really consi/s ( t5 r+s or segm5ts accord+ to "s speciali/s4 ,exam9$ f above1 ! female butt]fly appe>s to h only sev5 r+s & ! male butt]fly eight4 ,?is discrepancy arises f ! fact t 9 ! =m] sex two r+s & 9 ! latt] "o r+ are )drawn into ! body1 & s are tuck$ away out ( sight4 ,! organs ( reproduction are plac$ 9 ! t]m9al r+4 ,! brea?+ arrangem5ts are pretty mu* z 9 ! cat]pill>1 b ! ext]nal op5+s are n s app>5t ow+ to ! d5se clo?+ ( ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,leg ( ,butt]fly4 ,! beauty ( a butt]fly's w+s is intimately connect$ ) ! =m & col\r ( ! scales ) :i* !y are cov]$1 z ) a k9d ( mosaic2 b be=e ! scales & _! me?od ( atta*m5t1 etc41 are ref]r$ to1 some?+ %\ld be said ab\t ! w+s !mselves4 ,! v>i\s %apes ( ^! organs ( flight w be se5 on turn+ to ! plates1 :]e w be f\nd accurate portraits ( e species t w be dealt ) 9 ! descriptive section lat] on4 ,a butt]fly's w+ consi/s ( an upp] & a l[] membrane1 ) a framework ( holl[ tubes1 act+ z ribs1 betwe5 ! two lay]s4 ,fig4 #i1 ,a1 %[s a =e & a h9d w+ ( ! ,swall[-tail butt]fly4 ,! po9t ( atta*m5t ) ! ?orax is ! base ( ! w+1 & ! edge f>!/ f ! base is ! out] m>g9 7t]m572 ! upp] edge1 or front m>g91 is ! co/a2 & ! l[] edge is ! inn] m>g9 7dorsum74 ,! po9t :]e ! upp] m>g9 meets ! out] m>g9 on ! =e w+ is ! apex1 b on ! h9d w+ x is call$ ! out] angle2 ! angle =m$ by ! junction ( out] & inn] m>g9s is ! inn] angle ( ! =e w+1 b ! anal angle ( ! h9d w+4 ,! t]m tornus is sometimes us$ = ?is angle on ei!r w+4 ,divid+ ! w+s transv]sely into ?ree portions1 we h ?ree areas1 t]m$ respectively basal1 c5tral or discal1 & out]4 ,^! are t]ms us$ 9 descriptions ( butt]flies1 & x w be useful to rememb] !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,butt]flies' ,w+s4 ,! ribs ( a butt]fly's w+s are by "s au?ors describ$ z ve9s1 :il/ o!rs /yle ! ma9 ones n]vures1 & ! bran*es n]vules4 ,fig4 #i1 ,b1 repres5ts ! v5ation1 or neuration ( ! ,black-ve9$ ,:ite1 & ! num]al sy/em ( indicat+ ! ve9s has be5 adopt$1 z x is ! mo/ simple4 ,9 ano!r me?od ( ref]r+ to ! v5ation1 & "o t has be5 mu* 9 use1 ve9 #ab ( ! =e w+ w\ld be /yl$ ! co/al n]vure1 or ve92 ve9s #aa1 #aj1 #i 7abs5t 9 figure71 #h1 & #g w\ld be ! subco/al n]vules #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e2 #f w\ld become ! upp] radial1 & #e ! l[] radial2 #b1 #c1 & #d w\ld be ! m$ian n]vules #a1 #b1 & #c2 ve9 #a w\ld be ! subm$ian n]vure1 or ve94 ,on ! h9d w+1 ve9 #a;a w\ld be ! int]nal ve92 #a ! subm$ian2 #b1 #c1 & #d ! m$ian n]vules2 #e ! l[] & #f ! upp] radials2 #g ! subco/al1 & #h ! co/al n]vures4 ,j ne> ! base ( ! h9d w+ w be not$ a %ort recurv$ ve9 7p4c472 ?is is ! preco/al ve91 & s nam$ because x comes be=e ! co/al4 ,x is always abs5t 9 "s species4 ,comp>+ ! v5ation ( ,a & ,b1 x w be se5 t 9 ,a ! =e w+ has #ab ve9s & ! h9d w+ #h ve9s1 :il/ 9 ,b !re are only #aa ve9s on ! =e w+1 b ! h9d w+ has "o ve9 m ?an t ( ,a4 ,9 ! ,black-ve9$ ,:ite1 ve9 #i is abs5t on ! =e w+1 & on ! h9d w+ !re is "o int]nal ve94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,arrangem5t ( ,scales4 7,aft] ,holl&47 ,du/-l z !y appe> to ! nak$ eye1 ! scales f a butt]fly's w+ se5 "u ! microscope are f\nd to be exce$+ly int]e/+ /ructures & v v>i$ 9 %ape4 ,dr4 ,%>p describes !m z delicate *it9\s bags4 ,*it91 x may be m5tion$1 is ! horny sub/ance ( :i* ! *rysalis %ell is =m$1 & ?is 0 adv]t$ to :5 discuss+ ! *rysalis /age z a v>ni%-l ooze4 ,z se5 on ! w+s1 ! scales are flatt5$ & ! upp] & "u sides are !n almo/1 or q1 br\ght toge!r4 ,!y are atta*$ 9 l9es on ! membrane or cov]+ ( ! w+ by %ort /alks :i* fit into sockets 9 ! membrane4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! scales1 :i* has (t5 be5 /at$ to resemble t ( ! slates on a ro(1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,col\r is *iefly due to pigm5t conta9$ 9 ! scale or adh]+ to ! int]ior ( its upp] side4 ,pigm5ts1 accord+ to ,may]1 are d]iv$1 by v>i\s *emical processes1 f ! blood :ile ! butt]fly is /ill 9 ! *rysalis4 ,"s scales h m9ute p>allel l9es 7/ri7 on _! upp] sides1 & rays ( light fall+ on ^! are turn$ aside or brok5 up1 & s produce *anges 9 ! col\r+ ( a w+1 accord+ to ! angle f :i* x is look$ at4 ,! males ( _m k9ds ( butt]fly h special scales1 :i* are kn[n z &roconia1 or plumules4 ,x is believ$ t ^! are sc5t organs4 ,:atev] _! p>ticul> use may be to ! possessor1 ^! &roconia enable ! entomologi/ to di/+ui% male specim5s f females ) great c]ta9ty4 ,9 ! ,fritill>ies !y are plac$ on "o or m ( ! m$ian n]vules 7ve9s #b1 #c1 & #d7 ( ! =e w+4 ,9 ! ,mead[ ,br[n & its k9dr$ !y =m br&s on ! disc ( ! =e w+4 ,9 ! ,skipp]s !y are plac$ 9 a fold ( ! co/a 9 "s species1 & 9 o!r species !y are clu/]$ toge!r1 into m or less b>-l m>ks1 ab\t ! middle ( ! =e w+s4 ,"s ( ^! v>i\s %ap$ plumules are %[n 9 ! illu/rations4 ,9 ! =ego+ sket* ( ! life cycle ( a butt]fly1 ! object has be5 to cond5se z mu* necess>y in=mation z possible into a limit$ space4 ,_m matt]s ( importance to ! /ud5t h n be5 t\*$ on1 b x 0 consid]$ t1 z ^! 7 m especially connect$ ) a high] sci5tific phase ( ! subject ?an w\ld "h be f\nd helpful1 !y might be omitt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,butt]fly ,plumules4 a4 ,tuft$ ,plumule 7,satyrs72 b4 ,bri/le ,plumule 7,grizzl$ ,skipp]72 c4 ,hair ,plumule 7,d+y ,skipp]72 d4 ,jo9t$ ,plumule 7,silv]-/udd$ ,skipp]72 e4 ,bladd] ,plumule 7,common ,blue72 f4 ,dott$ ,plumule 7,:ite-lett] ,hair/reak74 7,aft] ,aurivillius47 ,collect+4 ,naturally ! fir/ matt] = consid]ation1 :5 ! =mation ( a collection ( butt]flies has be5 decid$ ^u1 is h[ to set ab\t x4 ,well1 !re are two me?ods ( effect+ our purpose4 ,! specim5s may be pur*as$ f a deal] 9 su* ?+s1 or we may acquire an outfit compris+ net1 boxes1 & p9s1 & g 9 se>* ( ! insects ourselves4 ,ap>t f its heal?ful & ent]ta9+ possibilities1 ! latt] me?od has v mu* to recomm5d x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ^? :o are at all obs]vant--& no true lov] ( ,nature c be suspect$ ( be+ o!rwise--w become acqua9t$ ) ! objects "u natural conditions1 & s be enabl$ to appreciate !m m highly ?an c\ld be ! case if !y 7 obta9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,! *ief purpose 9 mak+ a collection ( ,natural ,hi/ory specim5s %\ld be /udy ( "s k9d r ?an m]e accumulation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,y-piece4 ,sid5ote3 ,nets4 ,! net may be a simple cane r+ "o ( home con/ruction1 or ! m elaborate1 b n necess>ily m effici5t1 fabrication ( /eel-jo9t$ r+ ) gr5ad9e bag & telescopic h&le4 ,a good s]viceable butt]fly-net may be fitt$ up z foll[s4 ,procure a light flexible cane1 ab\t #c feet or s 9 l5g?4 ,next1 a ,y-%ap$ hold] 7,fig4 #ab7 = ! two ends ( ! cane w h to be made1 & ei!r t9 or brass may be us$ = ! purpose4 ,! latt] is ! bett] metal1 & ! p>ts %\ld be braz$ & n sold]$ toge!r4 7,if difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 ! manufacture ( ?is article1 x may be obta9$ f any deal] 9 entomological requisites = a few p5ce47 ,! bag may be made ( l5o1 t>letan1 or f9e mosquito nett+2 ! latt] is ! mo/ s]viceable1 & %\ld be us$ :]ev] x c be obta9$4 ,! size ( ! bag at ! top1 :]e x has a wide b& to take ! cane1 %\ld n exce$ ! circumf]5ce ( ! cane r+ :5 fitt$ 9 ! two arms ( ! ,y-piece2 ! dep? %\ld be j a little less ?an ! l5g? ( "o's arm1 & ! bottom %\ld be r\nd$ (f s t no corn]s are available = ! butt]flies to get into & damage _! w+s4 ,an op5+ ab\t #c in*es 9 l5g? is left 9 ! seam ( ! bag j "u ! ,y-piece1 s t ! cane may be remov$ & roll$ up :5 ! net is put out ( action4 ,! r+ b& %\ld be cov]$ ) "s /\t] mat]ial to prev5t x f fray+1 ?9 lea!r is sometimes us$ = ?is purpose2 ! slit 9 ! seam also requires protect+ on ea* side1 & /r5g!n+ at ! l[] end by a crosspiece4 ,an ord9>y walk+-/ick1 ) ! f]rule end ?ru/ into ! long] tube ( ! ,y1 w s]ve z a h&le to ! complete net4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,kite or ,balloon ,net4 ,! deal]s adv]t$ to above g5]ally /ock a v>iety ( nets ready fitt$ = use4 ,among ^! is a v useful patt]n kn[n z ! kite or balloon net 7,fig4 #ac74 ,?is is made 9 two sizes1 & z ! writ] has us$ ?is k9d ( net = at lea/ tw5ty ye>s1 he is able to speak well ( its m]its4 ,x does n ne$ a /ick = ord9>y "w1 & ! long end ( ! socket %\ld be ab\t #i in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! r+ be+ made ( f\r sep>ate rods1 9 addition to ! ,y-piece1 "s c>e w h to be tak5 :5 a balloon net is un%ipp$4 ,x w be f\nd a good plan to leave ! two %ort curv$ canes 9 ! hem or b& ( ! bag1 remove ! two /raight arms f ! ,y-piece & ! b&1 place ^! on top ( ! bag :5 fold$1 & !n roll all up toge!r4 ,a canvas or l95 p\* or pocket1 op5+ at "o end1 may be made to conta9 ! :ole affair4 ,! umbrella-net1 :5 9 its case1 looks v l ! famili> gamp4 ,its *ief m]it is t x is quickly put up = use1 & its pr9cipal defect is t ! /ick1 :i* crosses ! m\? ( ! bag1 frequ5tly damages ! qu>ry4 ,ano!r implem5t ( ! *ase kn[n z ! ,ortn] net is us$ pretty ext5sively on ! ,cont95t4 ,engli% entomologi/s :o h us$ x speak ( x mo/ fav\rably4 ,its great advantage ov] o!r nets is f\nd 9 ! simple & rapid me?od ( its adju/m5t = use4 ,9 connection ) nets x may be well to advise ! wield] to rememb] t c>ry+ a ?read$ ne$le is a useful practice4 ,te>s & r5ts are apt to occur1 & x is well to h ! means ( repair h&y4 ,sid5ote3 ,kill+4 ,"s collectors seem to be exp]t at kill+ butt]flies by press+ ! sides ( ! ?orax toge!r4 ,! me?od is n1 h[ev]1 z satisfactory z "o c\ld wi%1 & s no m ne$ be said ab\t x4 ,= ! happy despat* ( insects1 ! cyanide bottle is frequ5tly us$4 ,all t has to be done is to clap ! op5 bottle ov] ! captive :ile /ill 9 ! net1 !n draw ! gauze or :at-n ov] ! m\? ( ! bottle until ! bung c be ins]t$1 & ! :ole affair )drawn f ! net4 ,cyanide ( potassium is a deadly poison1 & no inexp]i5c$ p]son %\ld attempt to *>ge a cyanide bottle himself4 ,9 fact1 *emi/s are n p]mitt$ to supply ! poison to unkn[n cu/om]s4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions1 h[ev]1 a *emi/ might cons5t to make up a kill+ bottle1 & ! foll[+ in/ructions may help him 9 do+ ?is4 ,a fairly /rong1 cle> glass bottle1 hold+ ab\t #d to #f ounces2 ! m\? mu/ be pretty wide1 & clos$ ) a well-fitt+ bung t has be5 dipp$ 9 melt$ wax2 if ! bung is ( f9e gra9$ cork1 ! wax w n be ne$$4 ,at ! bottom ( ! bottle place a ?ick lay] ( ! cyanide1 & ov] ?is p\r pla/] ( ,p>is :i* has be5 mix$ ) wat] & conv]t$ into a cream-l pa/e3 "o-?ird ( ! dep? ( ! bottle to be occupi$ by ! poison & pla/]1 b only a ?9 lay] ( ! latt] %\ld cov] ! =m]4 ,deal]s :o supply cyanide bottles 7un*>g$7 also h 9 /ock a brass bottle = *lor(orm1 :i* "s p pref] z a kill+ ag5t because x does n *ange ! col\r ( insects z cyanide is occasionally apt to d4 ,9 us+ ?is1 ! insect %\ld be box$1 !n a drop ( ! *lor(orm may be all[$ to run f ! bottle ov] ! p]=at$ lid or bottom ( ! box1 & a f+] put ov] ! hole or holes = a %ort "t4 ,! majority ( butt]flies1 if transf]r$ to pill boxes f ! net1 settle d[n quietly4 ,9 ?is way !y may be tak5 to "o's home & !re plac$1 boxes & all1 into ! ammonia j>1 a simple b v effective contrivance4 ,to />t "o ( ^! le?al *amb]s1 procure a good siz$ pickle j>1 "o ( ! br[n e>!nw>e k9d1 hold+ ab\t #b gallons4 ,at ! bottom put 9 sev]al lay]s ( /\t blott+-pap]1 & h ready a cov]+ = ! m\? ( ! j>4 ,?is cov]+ may be ( sk91 wat]pro(-apron mat]ial1 or ev5 ?ick br[n pap]4 ,be=e turn+ ! boxes into ! j>1 lift up ! blott+-pap]1 drop 9 ab\t half a teaspoonful ( /rong liquid ammonia 7#hhj7 & replace blott+-pap]4 ,directly ! boxes are 9 ! j>1 put on cov] & tie x d[n securely4 ,if br[n pap] is us$1 a piece ( pa/ebo>d %\ld be put ov] x & a weight on top ( t4 ,suffocation takes place directly ! gas rea*es ! insect1 b x (t5 happ5s t "o or m ( ! boxes exclude ! gas long] ?an o!rs4 ,at ! end ( half an h\r all may be remov$1 b ! insects w n hurt 9 any way if left 9 all night4 ,! be/ k9d ( boxes = field "w are ^? kn[n z glass bottom$1 z 9 ^! ! captives c be exam9$ &1 if n want$1 may be set free4 ,x is always bett] to reta9 only ^? specim5s t we "k are really useful1 r ?an to incur ! necessity ( ?r[+ away insects aft] we h depriv$ !m ( life4 ,sid5ote3 ,p9n+4 ,if butt]flies are p9n$ on ! spot1 a collect+ box w be requir$1 & ! mo/ useful & conv5i5t is "o ( an oval %ape4 ,?is %\ld be made ( z9c1 & l9$ ) cork t is held 9 place by z9c clips4 ,! cork %\ld be kept damp :5 9 use1 & ! wat] us$ = damp+ %\ld h a few drops ( c>bolic acid mix$ ) x s z to prev5t ! =mation ( m\ld4 ,insects may rema9 9 su* a box = sev]al days )\t injury4 ,?is box w also be useful = relax+ specim5s t h be5 badly set1 or h be5 simply p9n$ dur+ ! busy season4 ,9 ! matt] ( p9s1 x is n altoge!r easy to make sugge/ions4 ,!re are1 p]haps1 only two mak]s 9 ?is c\ntry ( entomological p9s1 & ea* ( ^! supplies a l>ge numb] ( sizes4 ,! selection ( suitable p9s w l>gely dep5d on ! me?od ( sett+ adopt$4 ,black p9s are1 h[ev]1 ! be/ = butt]flies1 & are n[ us$ almo/ exclusively4 ,9 p9n+ a specim5 c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! p9 passes 9 a direct l9e ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! ?orax4 ,insects t are prop]ly p9n$ set bett]1 & h a neat appe>ance :5 arrang$ 9 ! collection4 ,= regulat+ ! height ( specim5s on ! p91 a h&y graduat$ /age has be5 devis$ by ,dr4 ,sc>ancke 7see ,fig4 #ad74 ,ea* ( ! little re/s are holl[$ to receive ! body ( ! insect1 s suppose we wi% a qu>t] ( an in* ( ! p9 to %[ bel[ ! body ( a specim51 ! p9 is pu%$ ?r\gh a p]=ation 9 ! c5tre ( ! re/ groove m>k$ #c_/af until ! po9t t\*es ! wood5 base1 & we h ! requir$ l5g?4 ,beg9n]s w\ld1 p]haps1 f9d ?ree sizes ( p9s q suffici5t = almo/ e purpose--say1 ,nos4 #aj1 #h1 & #e ( "o mak]2 or ,nos4 #i1 #ag1 & #e ( ! o!r4 ,9 ea* case ! fir/ size p9 w\ld be suitable = small butt]flies1 ! second size = all o!r butt]flies except q ! l>ge/1 = :i* ,no4 #e w\ld rema94 ,engli% p9s are sold by ! ounce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,p9n+ ,/age4 ,sid5ote3 ,sett+4 ,sett+1 z x is call$1 t is1 spread+ out & fix+ ! w+s s t all _! p>ts are display$1 arrang+ ! horns1 etc41 is p]haps ! mo/ t$i\s "w t ! collector w be call$ ^u to p]=m4 ,! v>i\s me?ods w be ref]r$ to1 & he mu/ !n decide z to :i* he w adopt4 ,ea* /yle may possibly be f\nd to h its difficulties at fir/2 b "t & pati5ce w ov]come ^!1 !re=e he mu/ be prep>$ = a good deal ( tr\blesome practice be=e he q gets ! hang ( ! ?+1 & c set out 8 specim5s )\t remov+ a great] or less] numb] ( ! scales4 ,fir/1 z to ! flat & high sett+ z practis$ by almo/ e lepidopt]i/ abroad & by "s 9 our own c\ntry4 ,bo>ds ( ! patt]n1 %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 w be requir$2 also "s trac+ clo?1 & a pair ( entomological =ceps1 bead-head$ p9s1 etc4 ,9 ^! bo>ds1 x w be notic$1 ! sides tilt outw>ds2 ?is is to all[ = droop+ ( ! w+s1 :i* g5]ally occurs aft] insects are remov$ f ! sets4 ,9 ?is case ! w+s w\ld settle dead flat1 :i* is consid]$ to be ! acme ( p]fection 9 ?is /yle ( sett+4 ,c>lsbad or o!r =eign p9s w\ld be us$ = ?is k9d ( "w4 ,!y are ( a uni=m l5g?1 ab\t "o in* & a half1 b v>y 9 ?ickness1 & are usually sold by ! #ajj or #ajjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,bo>d = ,flat-sett+4 ,manipulation ( ! specim5 on ^! bo>ds is z foll[s4 ,hav+ c>efully p9n$ x1 leav+ ! great] l5g? ( p9 bel[ ! insect1 guide ! p9 c>efully ?r\gh ! n>r[ op5+ 7a ,fig4 #ae7 & ! cork 7,fig4 #af7 bel[ to a suitable dep?1 s t ! body ( ! insect re/s 9 ! groove & ! w+s lie easily on ! bo>d4 ,!n take two /rips ( trac+ clo?1 glaz$ side d[nw>ds1 & p9 !m on at ! end ( ea* side ( ! sett+-bo>d 7,fig4 #ag74 ,! /rip %\ld be j wide en\gh to cov] all b ! basal "p ( ! w+s4 ,n[ pass ! /rips ov] ! w+s1 press "o side lightly ) ! f+]s ( ! left h& :ile ! w+s are mov$ into position ) ! sett+ ne$le 7a f9e ne$le ) eye end fix$ into ! /ick ( a small p5hold] w d = ?is7 f ! uncov]$ base1 a p9 be+ ins]t$ bel[ ! =e w+ :ile ! h9d w+ is br\ght into position1 b :5 ?is has be5 done & ano!r p9 ins]t$ to keep x 9 place1 z %[n 9 ! diagram1 ! fir/ p9 may be remov$2 repeat ! same op]ation on ! o!r side4 ,o!r p9s w be requir$ to keep ! horns1 etc41 9 place4 ,9 deal+ ) ! next specim5 ! /rips w h to be turn$ back :ile x is fix$ into position1 !n proce$ z be=e4 ,an imag9>y l9e foll[+ ! inn] m>g9 ( ! =e w+s & pass+ ?r\gh ! p9 on ! ?orax is an excell5t guide to uni=mity 9 sett+4 ,! groove w prev5t ! p9 lean+ to ei!r side1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 t x does n incl9e ei!r =w>ds or backw>ds4 ,! /rip ( trac+ clo? may be us$ m ?an once1 b ! r\ghness ( ! p9 holes %\ld be remov$ by draw+ ! /rip across ! back ( a knife4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,longitud9al ,section ( ,sett+-bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,sett+-bo>d 9 use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,saddle ,sett+-bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,sett+-bri/le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,brace & ,b& ,modes ( sett+4 ,! sett+-bo>ds mo/ frequ5tly us$ 9 ?is c\ntry h slop+ sides1 & are kn[n z saddles 7,fig4 #ah74 ,:]e trac+ clo? is us$1 ! modus op]&i is exactly simil> to t j describ$1 b small p9s w d = p9n+ d[n ! /rips1 z ! saddles are made ( cork1 or cork c>pet1 in/ead ( wood4 ,! foll[+ me?od ( sett+ butt]flies on ! ,engli% k9d ( bo>d or saddle is frequ5tly adopt$4 ,select a suitable saddle1 t is "o t has ! groove wide en\gh to take ! body1 & r wid] ?an ! w+s :5 exp&$4 ,a sett+ bri/le w !n be requir$4 ,?is is made1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai1 by fix+ a fairly long & /\t bri/le1 or a v f9e ne$le1 or a ?9 l5g? ( quill1 9 a cube ( cork2 ! cork cube has a /\ti% & %>p-po9t$ p9 pu%$ ?r\gh x z indicat$4 ,hav+ plac$ ! fir/ insect on ! saddle ) its body com=tably re/+ 9 ! groove & ! w+s flu% ) ! surface1 ! sett+ bri/le is !n br\ght into action4 ,! po9t ( ! p9 is re/$ on ! saddle directly 9 ! re> ( ! h9d w+1 & ! top ( ! bri/le t\*+ ! saddle 9 advance ( ! front w+4 ,tilt ! p9 slightly =w>d until ! bri/le presses lightly on ! c5tral area ( ! w+s1 !n ) ! sett+ ne$le pu% ! w+s into ! requir$ position1 & at ! same "t drive p9 ( bri/le into ! saddle4 ,aft] ! w+s h be5 secur$ by means ( braces 7triangul> pieces ( ?9 c>d or /\t pap]1 ) a p9 ?r\gh ! base ( ! triangle71 proce$ 9 ! same way ) ! o!r side4 ,f9ally1 fix a brace to ! tip & angle ( ea* =e w+ to keep !m f turn+ up 9 dry+1 & a p9 or two may be requir$ = ! horns if ^! are n 9 a good position4 ,in/ead ( us+ braces1 a /rip ( transp>5t pap] may be p9n$ ov] ! w+s beyond ! bri/le1 b 9 ?is case ! bri/le mu/ be press$ across ! w+s at a po9t ne>] _! base ?an 9 ! previ\s me?od 7see l[] figure 9 ,fig4 #bj74 ,9 lieu ( a sett+ bri/le a l5g? ( sew+ cotton may be us$4 ,tie a d\ble knot at "o end1 & ?r\gh ?is pass ! po9t ( a p9 9 su* a way t ! cotton lies flu% on ! saddle :5 9 use4 ,ins]t ! p9 firmly 9 ! saddle a little 9 advance ( ! =e w+1 !n draw ! cotton d[nw>ds across ! w+s & hold x taut1 ) ! =e f+] ( ! left h& plac$ on x j 9 re> ( ! h9d w+4 ,:il/ s held ! w+s c be got into pose ) ! sett+ ne$le1 & braces may !n be appli$ z previ\sly direct$4 ,fig4 #ba %[s a specim5 set by a me?od t is 9 vogue 9 ! nor?4 ,blocks ( s(t p9e1 groov$ & bevell$ z 9 ! cork saddle1 are easily made4 ,d[n ! c5tre ( ! groove !re is a saw cut = ! po9t ( ! p9 to ent]1 & nicks are cut along ! bottom edge at ea* end4 ,"o end ( a l5g? ( cotton is knott$ & fix$ 9 a nick1 !n a turn is tak5 ov] ! w+s on "o side2 ^! are plac$ 9 position & secur$ by o!r turns ( ! cotton4 ,! o!r side is !n treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 & ! end ( ! cotton fa/5$ (f 9 "o ( ! nicks4 ,?is is a quick &1 9 skill$ h&s1 a v neat me?od4 ,z specim5s aft] be+ set w h to rema9 on ! sett+ bo>ds or saddles = at lea/ a =tnight1 x w be necess>y to protect !m n only f du/1 b f possible attack by ants1 cockroa*es1 mice1 etc4 ,?is is be/ ensur$ by plac+ ! sets into a receptacle call$ a sett+ or dry+ h\se4 ,deal]s supply ^!1 b ! "y collector may h a k ( c>p5try & c\ld make "o = himself4 ,! height & dep? ( su* a con/ruction w\ld dep5d ^u ! numb] & ! wid? ( ! bo>ds or saddles t w\ld be put !re94 ,! wid? w\ld be t ( ! l5g? ( ! bo>ds1 :i* is usually #ad in*es4 ,ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* ( cork is cut (f ea* end ( ! saddles1 & grooves are cut 9 ! sides ( ! h\se = ^! to run 94 ,! back & ! door %\ld h a squ>e ( f9e p]=at$ z9c ins]t$ 9 !m = v5tilation4 ,z an example ( hold+ capacity x may be well to note t a h\se ) a height ( #ab in*es1 & a dep? ( #f in*es1 inside measurem5t1 w\ld take eighte5 #b-;in* bo>ds if ! grooves 7 cut at #b in*es ap>t1 or tw5ty-f\r bo>ds ( same wid? if #a-a_/b in* only 7 all[$ betwe5 ! grooves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,cotton ,me?od ( sett+4 ,9 tak+ insects (f ! sets1 ! braces or /rips %\ld be remov$ f ! w+s1 & ! p9s f ! horns1 ) c>e1 z a good deal ( damage c be done 9 ! p]=mance ( ?is op]ation1 simple z x seems to be4 ,a little twi/ ( a brace & away goes a pat* ( scales1 a side slip ( a p9 & (f comes a horn4 ,p5d+ ! arrival ( t twelve or tw5ty draw] cab9et1 ! beg9n] w probably be cont5t to arrange 8 specim5s 9 boxes4 ,a h&y siz$ box is "o measur+ #ad in*es by #aj :5 clos$1 & x %\ld h a cell = naph?al9e4 ,be=e putt+ ! specim5s away into boxes or draw]s !y %\ld be labell$ ) ! date ( capture1 ! locality1 ! "n ( ! captor1 & any o!r detail ( int]e/ 9 connection ) x4 ,all ^! p>ticul>s may be writt5 on small squ>es ( pap] & put on ! p9s "u ! specim5s4 ,cab9ets or boxes conta9+ insects %\ld always /& :]e !y are free f damp1 o!rwise m\ld may make its appe>ance on ! specim5s4 ,m\ldy insects may be clean$1 b !y nev] look nice aft]w>ds2 s x w be well to be> 9 m9d t prev5tion is bett] ?an cure4 ,:]e draw]s & boxes are n prop]ly att5d$ to 9 ! matt] ( naph?al9e1 mites are apt to ent] & cause injury to ! specim5s4 ,if ^! pe/s %\ld effect a lodgm5t1 a little b5z9e p\r$ on ! bottom ( box or draw] w quickly kill !m4 ,! b5z9e1 if pure1 w n make ! lea/ /a91 & ( c\rse ! draw] or box mu/ be clos$ directly ! b5z9e is put 94 ,d ?is only 9 ! daytime4 ,re>+ butt]flies f ! egg is mu* practis$1 & is a v excell5t way4 ,"o n only obta9s specim5s 9 f9e condition1 b ga9s k ( ! e>ly /ages at ! same "t4 ,! eggs ( mo/ ( ! ,:ites1 ! ,orange-tip1 ! ,brim/one1 & "s o!rs are n difficult to obta91 b se>*+ ! food-plants = ! eggs ( _m ( ! butt]flies is tiresome "w1 & n altoge!r remun]ative4 ,females may be wat*$ :5 engag$ 9 egg-lay+1 & hav+ m>k$ ! spot1 /ep 9 :5 %e has left & rob ! ne/4 ,! be/ plan is to capture a few females & enclose !m 9 roomy1 wide-m\!d bottles1 or a gauze cage1 putt+ 9 ) !m a sprig or two ( ! food-plant plac$ 9 a hold] conta9+ wat]4 ,! m\? ( ! bottle %\ld be cov]$ ) gauze or l5o1 & a bit ( moi/5$ sug> put on ! top outside4 ,ei!r bottle or cage mu/ be /ood 9 ! sun%9e1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! butt]flies require pl5ty ( air z well z sun%9e1 & t !y c h too mu* ( ! latt]4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,descriptions ,,( ,,species4 ,! ,swall[-tail 7,papilio ma*aon74 ,! ,swall[-tail butt]fly is ! only ,briti% memb] ( ! ext5sive & univ]sally di/ribut$ sub-family ,papilion91 :i* includes "s ( ! l>ge/ z well z ! mo/ h&some k9ds ( butt]fly4 ,our species has yell[ w+s ornam5t$ ) black1 blue1 & r$1 & is an exce$+ly attractive insect4 ,! black m>k+s are *iefly a l>ge pat* at ! base ( ! =e w+s1 ?is is p[d]$ ) yell[ scales2 a b&1 also p[d]$ ) yell[1 runs along ! out] or h9d portion ( all ! w+s4 ,!re are also ?ree black spots on ! front or co/al m>g91 & ! ve9s are black4 ,! b&s v>y 9 wid?1 & t on ! h9d w+s is usually cl\d$ m or less ) blue4 ,at ! l[] angle ( ! h9d w+s !re is a some:at r\nd pat* ( r$1 & occasionally !re are spla%es ( r$ on ! yell[ cresc5ts beyond ! b&4 ,! male & female are %[n on ,plate #b4 ,! eggs are laid on leaflets ( ! milk p>sley 7,peuc$anum palu/re71 :i* 9 ! f5ny home ( ! butt]fly is p]haps ! *ief food-plant ( ! cat]pill>4 ,?is is "o ( ! few eggs ( ,briti% butt]flies t ,i h n se54 ,buckl] says t x is globul> 9 %ape1 ( good size1 gre5i% yell[ 9 col\r :5 fir/ laid1 quickly turn+ to gre51 & aft]w>ds becom+ purpli%4 ,! cat]pill> :5 full gr[n1 z figur$ on ,plate #a1 is bright gre5 ) an orange-spott$ black b& on ea* r+ ( ! body1 & blacki% t+$ ) blui% betwe5 ! r+s4 ,! head is yell[ /rip$ ) black4 ,:5 x fir/ leaves ! egg-%ell1 :i* x eats1 ! cat]pill> is black ) a noticeable :ite pat* ab\t ! middle ( ! body4 ,aft] ! ?ird *ange ( sk9 x assumes ! gre5 col\r1 & at ! same "t a rem>kable ,v-%ap$ fle%y /ructure ( a p9ki% or orange col\r is develop$4 ,?is is ! osmat]ium1 & is said to emit a /rong smell1 :i* has be5 comp>$ to t ( a decay+ p9e-apple4 ,! organ1 :i* is ext5d$ 9 ! figure ( ! full-gr[n cat]pill>1 is n always 9 evid5ce1 b :5 ! cat]pill> is annoy$ ! =k$ arrangem5t makes its appe>ance f a fold 9 ! =ep>t ( ! r+ ne>e/ ! head4 ,o!r food-plants besides milk p>sley are angelica 7,angelica sylve/ris71 f5nel 7,fo5iculum vulg>e71 wild c>rot 7,daucus c>ota71 etc4 ,f eggs laid 9 ,may or ,june cat]pill>s hat* 9 f t5 to twelve days1 & ^! atta9 ! *rysalis /ate 9 ab\t six or sev5 weeks4 ,if ! season is a fav\rable "o1 t is f9e & w>m1 "s ( ! butt]flies %\ld appe> 9 ,augu/1 ! o!rs rema9+ 9 ! *rysalids until ,may or ,june ( ! foll[+ ye>2 a few may ev5 pass a second w9t] 9 ! *rysalis4 ,cat]pill>s f eggs laid by ! ,augu/ females may be f\nd 9 ,septemb]1 ne>ly or q full gr[n1 & *rysalids f ,octob] onw>ds ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,!y are mo/ frequ5tly se5 on ! /ems ( re$s1 b !y may also be f\nd on /ems or sprays ( ! food-plants1 z well z on bits ( /ick1 etc4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be practically useless to se>* = ! late *rysalids z ! re$s are usually cut d[n 9 ,octob]1 :5 ! f5m5 keep a %>p look-out = !m1 & few are likely to escape detection 9 any place t w\ld be accessible to ! entomologi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #b4 ,swall[-tail ,butt]fly4 #a male2 #b female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #c4 ,black-ve9$ ,:ite ,butt]fly4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,on ,plate #a ?ree =ms ( ! *rysalis are %[n4 ,! figures are drawn f specim5s collect$ 9 ,wick5 ,f5 9 ,octob]1 #aije4 ,occasionally a mu* d>k]1 ne>ly black1 =m is f\nd4 ,?is butt]fly 0 kn[n to ,petiv] & o!r e>ly eighte5?-c5tury entomologi/s z ! ,royal ,william4 ,!re is e reason to believe t at "o "t x 0 f> m widely di/ribut$ 9 ,engl& ?an x n[ is4 ,/eph5s1 writ+ 9 #ahbg1 /ates t x 0 =m]ly abundant at ,we/]ham1 & gives sev]al o!r localities1 "s v ne> to ,london4 ,dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s or s1 ! butt]fly has be5 se5 on ! w+1 f "t to "t1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,s\!rn & ,midl& c\nties4 ,cat]pill>s h also be5 f\nd at l>ge 9 ,k5t4 ,possibly attempts may h be5 made to e/abli% ! species 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,engl&1 & ! pres5ce ( odd specim5s 9 /range places may ?us be acc\nt$ =4 ,or su* butt]flies may h escap$ f "s "o :o _h re>$ !m4 ,on ! ,cont95t ! butt]fly is common 9 woods z well z 9 mead[s1 & ev5 on m\nta9s up to an elevation ( #ejjj feet4 ,x occurs also1 b less commonly1 at mu* high] altitudes4 ,x !re=e seems /range t 9 ,engl& x %\ld be conf9$ to ! l[-ly+ f5s ( ,norfolk & ,cambridge%ire4 ,su* is ! case1 h[ev]1 & a j\rney to "o or o!r ( its localities w h to be made by ^? :o wi% to see ?is beautiful creature 9 its ,engli% home4 ,x may be add$ t ! geographical range ( ! butt]fly ext5ds ea/w>ds ?r\gh ,asia z f> z ,japan4 ,a =m1 kn[n z ! ,alaskan ,swall[-tail1 is f\nd 9 ,alaska4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ t5 species belong to ! ,pi]91 ano!r sub-family ( ,papilionid4 ,! ,black-ve9$ ,:ite 7,aporia cratgi74 ,! ,black-ve9$ ,:ite 7,plate #d7 may be at once recogniz$ by its r\ndi% :ite w+s & _! conspicu\s ve9s1 :i* latt] are black 9 ! male butt]fly1 & 9 ! female br[ni% on ! ma9 ones 7n]vures7 & black on ! bran*es 7n]vules74 ,z ! scales on ! w+s are d5s] 9 ! male ?an 9 ! female1 ! =m] always appe>s to be ! :it] insect4 ,on ! out] m>g9 ( ! =e w+s !re are m or less triangul> pat*es ( dusky scales1 & ^! 9 occasional specim5s are s l>ge t _! edges almo/ or q meet1 & s =m an irregul>1 dusky bord] to ! =e w+s4 ,^! pat*es are also pres5t on ! h9d w+s1 b are n s well def9$4 ,sometimes ! pat*es are abs5t f all ! w+s4 ,! fr+es ( ! w+s are s %ort t !y appe> to be want+ altoge!r4 ,! e>ly /ages are figur$ on ,plate #c4 ,! egg is upright & ribb$ f ab\t ! middle to ! curi\sly ornam5t$ top1 :i* appe>s to be furni%$ ) a sort ( coronet4 ,! col\r is at fir/ honey-yell[1 !n d>k] yell[1 & j be=e ! cat]pill> hat*es1 greyi%4 ,! eggs are laid 9 a clu/] on ! upp] side ( a leaf ( sloe1 haw?orn1 or plum1 etc41 9 ! mon? ( ,july4 ,! cat]pill> :5 full gr[n is tawny br[n ) pal] hairs aris+ f :ite w>ts2 ! /ripes along ! sides & back are black4 ,! "u p>ts are greyi%4 ,! head1 legs1 & spiracles are blacki%4 ,cat]pill>s hat* f ! egg 9 ,augu/1 & !n live toge!r 9 a common habitation :i* is =m$ ( silk & :iti% 9 col\r4 ,!y come out 9 ! morn+ & aga9 9 ! ev5+ to fe$1 b a few leaves are g5]ally enclos$ 9 _! t5em5t4 ,9 ,octob] !y seem to retire = ! w9t] & reappe> 9 ! spr+4 ,dur+ ,may !y become full gr[n & !n ent] ! *rysalis /ate4 ,! butt]flies are on ! w+ at ! end ( ,june & 9 ,july4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #d4 ,black-ve9$ ,:ite ,butt]fly4 #a1 #b male2 #c1 #d female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #e4 ,l>ge ,:ite ,butt]fly4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalids4 ,! *rysalis is creamy :ite1 sometimes t+$ ) gre5i%1 & dott$ ) black4 ,?is butt]fly 0 m5tion$ z ,engli% by ,m]ret 9 #affg1 & by ,ray 9 #agaj4 ,alb9 9 #agca1 :o wrote ( x z ! ,:ite ,butt]fly ) black ve9s1 figures ! cat]pill> & ! *rysalis1 & /ates t cat]pill>s f\nd by him 9 ,april turn$ to *rysalids e>ly 9 ,may & to butt]flies 9 ,june4 ,moses ,h>ris 9 #agge gave a m ext5d$ acc\nt ( ! butt]fly's life-hi/ory1 & :at he !n wrote seems to tally almo/ exactly ) :at is kn[n ( its habits to-day4 ,?is species has seem+ly always be5 some:at unc]ta9 9 its appe>ance 9 ,engl&4 ,au?ors f ,hawor? 7#ahjc7 to ,/eph5s 7#ahbg7 m5tion ,*elsea1 ,coombe ,wood 9 ,surrey1 & ,muswell ,hill 9 ,middlesex1 among o!r localities = ! butt]fly4 ,x has also be5 record$ at "o "t or ano!r1 betwe5 #ahdd & #ahgb1 f _m ( ! ,midl& & ,s\!rn c\nties4 ,9 #ahfg x 0 f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s1 ab\t mid-summ]1 9 hay fields 9 ,monm\?%ire4 ,! late/ in=mation conc]n+ ! appe>ance ( ! species 9 ,s\? ,wales relates to ! ye> #ahic1 :5 sev]al cat]pill>s & f\r butt]flies 7 not$ on ,may #bb 9 ! ,newport di/rict4 ,at "o "t x 0 n uncommon 9 ! ,new ,=e/1 b no captures ( ! butt]fly 9 ,hamp%ire h be5 record$ dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is probably mo/ regul>ly obta9$ 9 a ,k5ti% locality1 presumably 9 ! ,isle ( ,?anet1 :i* is only kn[n to a few collectors4 ,x may be m5tion$ t "s ?irty ye>s ago cat]pill>s ( ! ,black-ve9$ ,:ite c\ld be obta9$ f a ,cant]bury deal] at a few %ill+s p] gross4 ,! species is widely di/ribut$1 & (t5 abundant1 on ! ,cont95t1 & its range ext5ds ?r\gh ,we/]n & ,nor!rn ,asia to ,yesso1 ,nor!rn ,japan4 ,! ,l>ge ,:ite 7,pi]is brassic74 ,?is butt]fly is probably almo/ z famili> to ^? :o dwell 9 t[ns z x mu/ be to ^? :o live 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x is p]haps unnecess>y to describe x 9 any detail1 & x may !re=e suffice to say t x is :ite ) r broad black tips to ! =e w+s2 !re are "s black scales along ! front m>g9 ( ^! w+s1 & on ! basal area ( all ! w+s4 ,! male has a black spot on ! front m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s1 & ! female has1 9 addition1 two r\ndi% black spots on ! =e w+s1 ) a black da% f ! l[] "o along ! inn] m>g94 ,z !re is a r important diff]5ce betwe5 ! specim5s ( ! spr+ 7v]nal7 & ! summ] 7/ival7 broods1 figures ( a male & a female ( ea* brood1 & %[+ ! upp] & "u sides1 are giv54 ,^? on ,plate #f repres5t ! spr+ =m1 :i* 0 at "o "t consid]$ to be a di/9ct species1 & nam$ *>iclea by ,/eph5s4 ,plate #i %[s ! summ] =m4 ,! *ief po9t ( diff]5ce is to be not$ 9 ! tips ( ! =e w+s1 :i* 9 ! spr+ butt]flies are usually1 b n inv>iably1 greyi%2 9 ! summ] butt]flies ! tips are black1 z a rule1 b n 9 e case4 ,occasionally ! black on tip ( ! =e w+ 9 ! female is increas$ 9 wid?1 & f x /reaks project inw>ds t[>ds ! upp] discal spot4 ,9 "s examples ( ! male !re is a m or less di/9ct blacki% spot on ! disc ( ! =e w+s4 ,v r>ely ! gr\nd col\r is creamy or sulphur t9t$4 ,! gre5i% t+e ab\t ! ve9s1 sometimes se5 9 ^! butt]flies1 is due to "s accid5tal cause1 probably injury to ! ve9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #f4 ,l>ge ,:ite ,butt]fly 7,spr+ ,brood7 #a1 #b male2 #c1 #d female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #g4 ,small ,:ite ,butt]fly ,re/+4 ,! egg is yell[i% 9 col\r1 some:at skittle-%ap$1 & v prettily ribb$ & reticulat$4 ,on ,plate #e !re are two figures ( ! egg f enl>g$ draw+s by ,h]r ,max ,gillm]1 to :om ,i am greatly indebt$ = ! loan ( !m4 ,9 ! figure on ! "r1 ! d>k spot at ! %\ld] ( ! egg repres5ts ! head ( ! "y cat]pill>1 & 9 t on ! left is se5 ! cat]pill> ab\t to come out ( ! egg4 ,! head is already out1 & ! jaws h left _! m>k on ! egg-%ell4 ,mo/ cat]pill>s ( ! ,:ites1 z well z ^? ( o!r butt]flies1 dev\r _! egg-%ells4 ,! eggs are laid 9 bat*es ( f six to ov] "o hundr$ 9 ea* bat*4 ,!y are plac$ on end1 & on ei!r side ( a leaf1 *iefly cabbage4 ,h]r ,gillm] writes t he wat*$ a female deposit+ h] eggs on a leaf ( :ite cabbage 9 ! hot sun%9e1 & f\nd t %e laid tw5ty-sev5 9 ab\t n9e m9utes4 ,a previ\s obs]v] _h tim$ a female1 & not$ t %e produc$ eggs at ! rate ( ab\t f\r 9 ! m9ute4 ,cat]pill>s hat* f ! egg 9 ab\t sev5 days 9 ! summ]4 ,! cat]pill> 7,plate #e7 :5 full gr[n is gre5 t+$ ) blue or grey above1 & gre5i% b5ea?4 ,!re are num]\s %ort :iti% hairs aris+ f little w>ts on ! back & sides2 ! l9es are yell[4 ,! cat]pill>s fe$ 9 ,july1 & sometimes aga9 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 on all plants ( ! cabbage tribe1 & also on tropolum & mignonette4 ,a numb] ( ^! cat]pill>s may (t5 be se5 cr[d$ toge!r on a cabbage leaf1 & !y sometimes ab\nd to su* an ext5t t mu* loss is su/a9$ by gr[]s ( ?is mo/ useful vegetable4 ,a peculi>ity ( ^! cat]pill>s is t ev5 :5 n num]\s1 _! pres5ce is indicat$ by an evil smell t proce$s f !m4 ,! unpleasantness ( ! od\r is greatly int5sifi$ if ! cat]pill>s are trodd5 ^u4 ,! *rysalis 7,plate #e7 is ( a grey col\r1 m or less spott$ ) black & /reak$ ) yell[4 ,x is (t5 to be se5 fix$ horizontally "u ! cop+s ( walls1 ! top b> ( a f5ce1 or a w9d[-sill2 b x sometimes affects ! upright position :5 fa/5$ 9 ! angle =m$ by two pales4 ,a position t af=ds "s measure ( protection f wea!r is g5]ally select$4 ,al?\gh ?is butt]fly is almo/ annually to be se51 9 great] or less] numb]s1 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 x is occasionally sc>ce1 ei!r g5]ally or 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,= example1 dur+ ! pa/ ye> 7#aije7 x 0 abnormally pl5tiful 9 ,irel&1 b at ! same "t comp>atively r>e 9 ,engl&4 ,x is a migratory species1 & no d\bt its abundance 9 any ye> 9 ^! isl&s is dep5d5t on ! arrival ( a l>ge numb] ( immigrants4 ,possibly 9 "s ye>s none ( ! migrant butt]flies rea* our %ores1 & t x is l>gely to ?is failure ! r>ity ( ! species 9 su* ye>s is to be attribut$4 ,cat]pill>s result+ f ali5 butt]flies may absolutely sw>m 9 ! autumn ( "o ye>1 b ! ecc5tricities ( an ,engli% w9t] may be too mu* = ! vitality ( su* ( !m z escape _! enemies1 ,apanteles glom]atus1 & o!r s-call$ i*neumons1 & rea* ! *rysalis /ate4 ,s1 ) immigration on ! "o h& & de/ructive ag5cies on ! o!r1 x may be und]/ood h[ x comes ab\t t ! ,l>ge ,:ite is sometimes abundant & sometimes sc>ce4 ,?is species seems to range ov] ! :ole ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 ) ! exception1 p]haps1 ( ! ,%etl&s4 ,abroad1 x has be5 f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! ,palarctic ,region1 except ! extreme nor?1 & ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,! ,small ,:ite 7,pi]is rap74 ,! ,small ,:ite butt]fly 7,plate #aa7 is1 p]haps1 m (t5 9 evid5ce !n its l>g] k9sman j ref]r$ to4 ,x also is a migrant1 & al?\gh x nev] seems to be abs5t f ^! isl&s1 9 its prop] season1 its great increase 9 numb]s 9 "s ye>s is almo/ c]ta9ly due to ! arrival ( immigrants4 ,! spr+ =m ( ?is butt]fly1 nam$ metra by ,/eph5s1 :o1 toge!r ) o!rs1 consid]$ x a good species1 has ! tips ( ! =e w+s only slightly cl\d$ ) black2 & ! black spots ne> ! c5tre ( ! w+s are always m or less fa9t 9 ! male4 ,sometimes ! c5tral spot & also ! blacki% cl\d+ ( ! tip are entirely abs5t4 ,! summ] brood1 on ! o!r h&1 has fairly blacki% tips & di/9ct black spots--"o 9 ! male & ?ree 9 ! female1 ! l[] "o ly+ on ! inn] m>g94 ,occasionally examples ( ?is flight be> a /rong resemblance to ! ,gre5-ve9$ ,:ite1 ! next species4 ,! w+s are sometimes1 *iefly 9 ,irel&1 ( a creamy col\r1 m especially 9 ! female1 or1 m r>ely1 ( a yell[i% t9t4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e ?is species 0 accid5tally or int5tionally introduc$ "s ye>s ago1 bright yell[ =ms are n uncommon 9 "s localities1 & ! v>iety is !re kn[n z novangli4 ,9 c]ta9 fav\rable ye>s a p>tial ?ird brood has occurr$1 b su* specim5s are (t5 small 9 size4 ,! egg 7,plate #h7 is at fir/ pale gre5i%1 b lat] on x turns yell[i%1 & ?is t9t x reta9s until j be=e ! cat]pill> hat*es out4 ,! cat]pill> :5 full-gr[n has a br[ni% head & a gre5 body2 ! latt] is spr9kl$ ) black & clo!d ) %ort blacki% hairs emitt$ f pale w>ts4 ,!re is a yell[i% l9e on ! back1 & a l9e =m$ ( yell[ spots on ! side4 ,x fe$s on mo/ plants ( ! cabbage tribe1 & 9 fl[] g>d5s on mignonette & na/urtiums4 ,x is (t5 attack$ by p>asites1 & especially by ! ,apanteles1 ref]r$ to z de/ructive to cat]pill>s ( ! ,l>ge ,:ite4 ,! *rysalis may be ( v>i\s t9ts1 rang+ f pale br[n1 ?r\gh grey to gre5i%2 ! m>k+s are black1 b ^! are sometimes only fa9t4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 simil> situations to ^? *os5 by ! cat]pill> ( ! la/ species1 b (t5 "u ! l[] rail ( a f5ce or bo>d ( a wood5 build+4 ,:]e cat]pill>s h be5 fe$+ 9 a g>d51 !y (t5 ent] gre5h\ses1 among o!r places1 to pupate2 & :]e ^! /ructures are heat$ dur+ ! w9t]1 ! butt]flies sometimes em]ge q e>ly 9 ! ye>4 ,di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 except ! ,hebrides & ,%etl&s4 ,x is common ov] ! :ole ( ,europe1 & ext5ds ?r\gh ,asia to ,*9a & ,japan4 ,9 ,am]ica1 :]e x 0 introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates "s =ty-five ye>s ago1 x has n[ spread nor?w>ds into ,canada1 & also s\?w>ds4 ,! ,gre5-ve9$ ,:ite 7,pi]is napi74 ,?is butt]fly is n (t5 se5 away f its fav\rite haunts 9 ! c\ntry2 ^! are woods1 especially ! sunny sides1 leafy lanes1 & ev5 m>% l&4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! two ,:ites previ\sly notic$1 !re are always two broods 9 ! ye>4 ,! fir/ flight ( ! butt]flies is 9 ,may & ,june1 occasionally z e>ly z ,april 9 a =w>d season4 ,^! specim5s h ! ve9s t+$ ) grey & r di/9ct1 b are n s /rongly m>k$ ) black z ^? belong+ to ! second flight1 :i* occurs 9 late ,july & ?r\gh\t ,augu/4 ,?is seasonal v>iation1 z x is call$1 is also mo/ cle>ly exhibit$ on ! "u side4 ,9 ! ,may & ,june butt]fly 7,plate #ac1 left side7 ! ve9s bel[ are gre5i%-grey1 & ^? ( ! h9d w+s are broadly bord]$ also ) ?is col\r4 ,9 ! bulk ( ! ,july & ,augu/ specim5s 7,plate #ac1 "r side7 only ! n]vures are %ad$ ) gre5i%-grey1 & ! n]vules are only fa9tly1 or n at all1 m>k$ ) ?is col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #h4 ,small ,:ite ,butt]fly4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalids4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #i4 ,l>ge ,:ite ,butt]fly 7,summ] ,brood74 #a1 #b male2 #c1 #d female4 ,n[ & !n a specim5 ( ! fir/ brood may assume ! *>act]s prop]ly belong+ to ! specim5s ( ! second brood2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 a butt]fly ( ! second brood may closely resemble "o ( ! fir/ brood4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! seasonal diff]5ces ref]r$ to are fairly con/ant4 ,by re>+ ?is species f ! egg x has be5 asc]ta9$ t "p 7sometimes ! small]7 ( a brood f eggs laid 9 ,june atta9s ! butt]fly /age ! same ye>1 & ! o!r "p rema9s 9 ! *rysalis until ! foll[+ spr+1 ! butt]flies 9 ea* set be+ ( ! =m prop] to ! "t ( em]g5ce4 ,! /rongly-m>k$ specim5s 7,plate #ad7 are f ,irel&1 & are ( ! fir/ or spr+ brood4 ,! seasonal v>iation 9 ?is species is n s well def9$ 9 ,irel& z 9 ,engl&4 ,a =m ( v>iation 9 ! female1 & mo/ frequ5t p]haps 9 ,iri% specim5s1 is a t5d5cy ( ! spots on ! upp] side ( ! =e w+s to spread & run toge!r1 & s =m an int]rupt$ b&4 ,specim5s ) a di/9ct creamy t9t on ! w+s are sometimes met )1 b su* v>ieties1 z well z yell[ ones 7v>4 flava1 ,kane71 are probably m (t5 obta9$ 9 ,irel& & ,scotl& ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,occasionally male specim5s ( ! second brood h two black spots on ! disc ( ! w+4 ,"s =ms ( ?is butt]fly h be5 nam$1 & ^! w n[ be ref]r$ to4 ,sabellic 7,petiv]71 ,/eph5s1 has be5 consid]$ z a species di/9ct f ,p4 napi1 ,l4 ,/eph5s 7,brit4 ,entom4 ,hau/41 ,i4 ,pl4 iii41 ,figs4 #c1 #d7 figur$ a male & a female z sabellic1 :i* he /ates diff]s f napi 9 hav+ %ort] & m r\nd$ yell[i%-:ite w+s4 ,no locality or date is giv5 9 ! text 7p4 #ba7 = ! specim5s figur$2 b ref]r+ to ano!r example :i* he took at ,highgate on ,june #d1 he says t x agrees ) 8 ,fig4 #b4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 x 0 8 second figure t he int5d$1 ! ,fig4 #d ( ! plate1 :i* is a female4 ,?is is r m heavily m>k$ ) dusky scales ?an is usual 9 specim5s ( ! fir/ brood1 at lea/ 9 ,engl&1 al?\gh x agrees 9 ?is respect ) "s ,iri% ,june examples4 ,fig4 #c repres5ts a male :i* c]ta9ly seems to be ref]able to ! spr+ =m4 ,mo/ au?ors give sabellic z belong+ to ! summ] flight1 b ?is does n seem to be correct4 ,v>4 nap is a l>ge =m ( ! summ] brood1 occurr+ commonly on ! ,cont95t1 9 :i* ! ve9s on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s are only fa9tly %ad$ ) gre5i%-grey4 ,occasionally specim5s are tak5 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ,augu/1 :i* bo? f _! size & fa9t m>k+s on ! "u side seem to be ref]able to ?is =m4 ,v>4 bryoni is an ,alp9e =m ( ! female1 & 9 col\r is d+y yell[ or o*re\s1 ) ! ve9s broadly suffus$ ) blacki% grey1 sometimes s broadly z to hide ! great] "p ( ! gr\nd col\r4 ,?is =m does n occur 9 any "p ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 b "s specim5s f ,irel& & f ! nor? ( ,scotl& some:at approa* x4 ,all ! e>ly /ages are %[n on ,plate #aj4 ,! egg is ( a pale /raw col\r :5 fir/ laid1 b x soon turns to gre5i%1 & z ! cat]pill> )9 matures1 ! %ell ( ! egg becomes pal]4 ,! ribs seem to be f\rte5 9 numb]4 ,! eggs are laid s+ly on h$ge g>lic 7,sisymbrium alli>ia7 & o!r k9ds ( plants belong+ to ! ,crucif]4 ,! egg 9 ! illu/ration 0 laid on a se$-pod ( h$ge g>lic1 b ! cat]pill> t hat*$ f x 0 re>$ on leaves ( g>d5 na/urtium & wallfl[]4 ,! cat]pill> :5 full gr[n is gre5 above1 ) black w>ts1 f :i* arise :iti% & blacki% hairs4 ,!re is a d>k] l9e along ! back1 & a yell[ l9e l[ d[n on ! sides4 ,und]nea? ! col\r is :iti%-grey4 ,! spiracul> l9e is dusky1 b n conspicu\s1 & ! spiracles are blacki% surr\nd$ ) yell[4 ,x has be5 /at$ t cat]pill>s f$ ^u h$ge g>lic & hors]adi% produce light butt]flies1 & t ^? re>$ on mignonette & wat]cress produce d>k butt]flies4 ,b>rett m5tions hav+ re>$ a brood ( ! cat]pill>s ^u a bun* ( wat]cress plac$ 9 wat] & /ood 9 a sunny w9d[1 b he does n ref] to any?+ peculi> ab\t ! butt]flies result+ !refrom4 ,he /ates1 h[ev]1 t f eggs laid 9 ,june ! e>lie/ butt]fly appe>$ )9 a mon?1 & ! rema9d] by ! middle ( ,augu/1 only "o rema9+ 9 ! *rysalis until ! foll[+ ,june4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #aj4 ,gre5-ve9$ ,:ite ,butt]fly4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #aa4 ,small ,:ite ,butt]fly4 #a1 #b1 #d male 7spr+71 #c d4 7summ]72 #e1 #g1 #h female 7spr+71 #f1 #i1 d4 7summ]74 ,cat]pill>s may be f\nd 9 ,june & ,july & 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,! *rysalis is gre5 9 col\r1 & ! rais$ p>ts are yell[i% & br[n4 ,?is is ! mo/ frequ5t =m1 b x v>ies ?r\gh yell[i% to buff or greyi%1 & is sometimes )\t m>k+s4 ,g5]ally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 b its range nor?w>ds does n seem to ext5d beyond ,ross4 ,9 ,europe x is g5]ally common1 & ext5ds ?r\gh ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,asia to ,sib]ia1 &1 accord+ to ,lee*1 is f\nd 9 ,nor? ,japan4 ,9 ,amurl& & ,corea x is repres5t$ by ! =m ori5tis1 ,ob]?4 ,x occurs 9 ,nor?-,we/ ,africa1 ! ,can>y ,isles1 & ! ,azores4 ,9 ,am]ica x is f\nd 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates & 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! ,ba? ,:ite 7,pi]is daplidice74 ,! ,ba? ,:ite 7,plate #ad7 is su* a r>e visitor to ?is c\ntry1 t any "o :o captures a specim5 may congratulate himself on ! ev5t4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! la/ c5tury n m ?an sixty specim5s seem to h be5 record$ z tak5 9 ,engl&1 & t5 ( ^! 7 captur$ betwe5 #ahie & ! pres5t "t4 ,ne>ly all ( ^! 7 nett$ on ! s\? or s\?-ea/]n coa/1 & 9 ! mon?s ( ,july or ,augu/1 b *iefly ! latt]4 ,! occurr5ce ( specim5s 9 ,may or ,june appe>s to be q exceptional4 ,al?\gh x might be pass$ ov] = a ,gre5-ve9$ ,:ite1 or o!r common butt]fly1 :5 se5 on ! w+1 x is v diff]5t f any ( our o!r species :5 se5 at close qu>t]s4 ,9 ! gre5i% mottl+ ( ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s1 ! male has "s lik5ess to ! female ,orange-tip1 b on ! ,ba? ,:ite ! gre5 is heavi] & less brok5 up4 ,on ! upp] side ( ! =e w+s ! black m>k+s comprise a spot1 sometimes divid$1 at ! end ( ! cell1 & a pat* on ! tips ( ! w+s2 ! latt] enclose spots ( ! gr\nd col\r4 ,! m>k+s ( ! "u side %[ ?r\gh blacki% on ! upp] side ( ! h9d w+s4 ,! female diff]s f ! male 9 hav+ a black spot betwe5 ve9s #a & #b ( ! =e w+s1 & ! m>k+s ( ! h9d w+s are black]1 especially on ! out] area4 ,! egg is /at$ by ,buckl] to be ( a bright p9ki%-r$ col\r1 agree+ 9 ?is respect1 z well z 9 size1 ) ! an!rs ( ! fl[]s ( mignonette1 ^u :i* plant x is laid 9 an upright position4 ,! %ape is comp>$ to t ( an acorn )\t ! cup1 & x has twelve or f\rte5 r prom95t ribs4 ,! full-gr[n cat]pill> is blui%-grey1 dott$ ) glossy black w>ts1 f ea* ( :i* !re is a %ort blacki% hair4 ,! l9es along ! back & sides are yell[1 or :ite spott$ ) yell[4 ,head yell[i%1 dott$ ) black1 & hairy4 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,x fe$s on g>d5 z well z wild mignonette 7,res$a74 ,! *rysalis is at fir/ simil> 9 col\r to ! cat]pill>1 b x aft]w>ds becomes :iti%4 ,x has num]\s black dots1 & is m>k$ ) yell[ along ! sides & on ! back ( ! ?orax4 ,! above descriptions are abridg$ f ,buckl]'s m detail$ acc\nt ( ! life-hi/ory ( ?is species4 ,( ! cat]pill>s result+ f ?irty-?ree eggs1 only two atta9$ ! *rysalis /ate1 9 ,septemb]4 ,"o ( ^! turn$ black & di$ 9 ,novemb]1 & f ! o!r a butt]fly em]g$ 9 ! foll[+ ,june4 ,! figures ( cat]pill> & *rysalis on ,plate #ab are f ,buckl]'s ,l>v4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ab4 ,ba? ,:ite ,butt]fly4 ,cat]pill> & *rysalis 7aft] ,buckl]74 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ac4 ,gre5-ve9$ ,:ite ,butt]fly4 #a1 #b male 7spr+71 #e1 #f1 d4 7summ]72 #c1 #d female 7spr+71 #g1 #h d4 7summ]74 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t specim5s tak5 9 ,july & ,augu/ are ! (fspr+ ( immigrants t arrive "h 9 ,may1 b !re is no conclusive evid5ce ( ?is4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 prov$ t our climate is n suitable = ! p]man5t e/abli%m5t ( ! species "h4 ,! e>lie/ writ]s on ,engli% insects call$ ?is butt]fly ,v]non's ,half ,m\rn]1 or ,! ,gre5i% ,half ,m\rn]4 ,x 0 fir/ m5tion$ by ,petiv]1 "s two hundr$ ye>s ago1 & ab\t t "t only two ,briti% specim5s 7 kn[n4 ,"o ( ^! 0 tak5 9 ,cambridge%ire1 & "o at ,hamp/ead4 ,accord+ to ,lew91 :o wrote ab\t x 9 #agie1 ! "n ,ba? ,:ite 0 giv5 to ! butt]fly f a piece ( ne$lework execut$ at ,ba? by a "y lady1 f a specim5 ( ?is insect1 said to h be5 tak5 ne> t place4 ,9 #agif ,donovan only knew ( ! ,ba? specim52 & 9 #ahjc ,hawor? m5tions a fad$ specim5 tak5 9 ,june at ,gaml+ay 9 ,cambridge%ire4 ,! species is m or less common 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe1 b x seems to be mo/ at home & abundant 9 ! s\?4 ,its range ext5ds to ,nor? ,africa1 ,madeira1 ! ,can>y ,isles1 & ! temp]ate p>ts ( ,asia1 includ+ ,nor!rn ,*9a & ,corea4 ,! ,orange-tip 7,eu*lo c>dam9es74 ,?is butt]fly 7,plate #ag71 z its "n sugge/s1 has a l>ge pat* ( orange col\r on ! out] ?ird ( its :ite1 or creamy :ite1 =e w+s1 & ! extreme tip is blacki%2 at lea/1 ?is is s 9 ! male4 ,! female is )\t ! orange pat*1 & ?is is replac$ by a small] "o ( blacki%-grey4 ,! l[] portion ( ?is pat* is brok5 up by ! gr\nd col\r1 & by :ite spots on ! out] m>g9 & ar\nd ! tips ( ! w+s4 ,! h9d w+s1 9 bo? sexes1 appe> to be dappl$ ) greyi%-gre51 & ?is is caus$ by ! gre5 m>k+ on ! "u surface ( ! w+s %[+ ?r\gh4 ,"s specim5s1 *iefly f ,irel&1 h all ! w+s 9 ! male1 & ! h9d w+s 9 ! female1 di/9ctly t+$ ) yell[4 ,! discal black spot v>ies 9 size & 9 %ape2 (t5 x is r\ndi%1 & sometimes x is cresc5t-l4 ,x is always l>g] 9 ! female ?an 9 ! male1 & may be entirely abs5t 9 ! latt] sex2 b ?is probably occurs v r>ely4 ,usually ! orange pat* ( ! male ext5ds v ne> to ! inn] angle ( ! w+1 b sometimes x is cont9u$ ?r\gh to ?is po9t4 ,x ranges 9 col\r f deep to pale orange1 & occasionally to almo/ yell[4 ,small specim5s1 "s n m ?an "o in* & a qu>t] 9 expanse1 occur f "t to "t4 ,9 ^! dw>fs ! orange pat* does n rea* beyond ! black discal spot1 :i* 9 normal specim5s x usually does4 ,?is small =m has be5 consid]$ a di/9ct species1 & ! "n hesp]idis has be5 propos$ = x4 ,female specim5s ) spla%es or /reaks ( ! male col\r on ! upp] or ! "u sides h be5 not$ n infrequ5tly2 & m r>ely specim5s ) "o side entirely male & ! o!r entirely female h be5 tak54 ,! egg 7,plate #ae71 :5 fre%ly laid1 is :iti%1 fa9tly t+$ ) gre5i%2 x soon *anges to yell[1 &1 lat] on1 turns orange & !n d>k violet4 ,:5 ! latt] col\r appe>s1 ! little cat]pill> may be expect$ to hat* out v %ortly4 ,! eggs are plac$ upright on ! foot-/alks ( ! fl[]s1 & may be readily f\nd 9 ,june by se>*+ ! blossom-clu/]s ( h$ge-mu/>d or cuckoo-fl[]4 ,! cat]pill>1 :5 mature1 is dull blui%-gre51 ) rais$ dots & w>ts2 f ! =m] arise :iti% hairs1 & f ! latt] long] blacki% hairs4 ,!re is a :ite l9e1 or /ripe1 along ! sides1 & ! und]p>ts ( ! body are gre5] ?an ! back4 ,bo? 9 col\r & m>k+ ! cat]pill> agrees s closely ) ! se$-pods ( its food-plant t its detection is n always easy4 ,a peculi>ity 9 v "y cat]pill>s ( ?is species1 & also ^? ( "s ( ! ,:ites1 is1 t ! hairs are =k$ at ! tips1 & be> globules ( moi/ure !reon 7see figure & rem>ks on p4 #c74 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ad4 ,gre5-ve9$ ,:ite 7,iri%74 #a male2 #b1 #c female4 ,ba? ,:ite4 #d1 #e male2 #f female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ae4 ,orange-tip ,butt]fly4 ,egg1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,! cat]pill>s fe$ 9 ,june & ,july on lady's smock or cuckoo-fl[] 7,c>dam9e prat5sis71 *>lock 7,brassica s9api/rum71 h$ge-mu/>d 7,sisymbrium (fic9ale71 g>lic mu/>d 7,s4 alli>ia71 rock-cress 7,arabis71 hors]adi% 7,co*le>ia armoracia71 dame's violet 7,hesp]is matronalis71 wat]cress 7,na/urtium (fic9ale71 etc4 ,! *rysalis1 z w be se5 f ! figure 7,plate #ae71 is curi\sly elongat$1 & tap]s t[>ds ea* end2 ! outl9e ( ! back is curv$1 & ! w+-cases bulge out into an angle ab\t ! middle ( ! "u side4 ,! col\r is pale grey or :itey-br[n1 sometimes ) a /rong rosy t+e2 ! back is speckl$ ) br[ni%1 & has an olive-grey dorsal l9e1 & ! ve9s ( ! w+s are well def9$4 ,?is /age la/s1 z a rule1 f ,augu/ ( "o ye> until ,may ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,:5 ! *rysalis is fir/ =m$1 x is gre51 ) ! w+-cases bright]1 & ?is col\r is sometimes reta9$4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ! *rysalids assume ! col\r ( _! imm$iate surr\nd+s1 & ?is may be s2 b all t ,i h _h "u obs]vation 7 ( ! col\rs describ$ above1 al?\gh "s 7 fa/5$ to gre5 /em1 o!rs to musl91 & o!rs1 aga91 to glass4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ,may & 9 ,june is ! usual "t = ?is butt]fly to be on ! w+4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 notic$ z e>ly z ab\t ! middle ( ,april1 & z late z ! middle ( ,july1 & r>ely 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,! specim5s1 se5 9 ! la/-m5tion$ mon?s1 may h repres5t$ a second brood1 &1 if s1 a v unusual ev5t4 ,possibly1 h[ev]1 !y may h be5 specim5s ^: em]g5ce _h = "s reason n und]/ood1 be5 ret>d$4 ,!re is at lea/ "o record ( ! insect rema9+ 9 ! *rysalis = two w9t]s4 ,al?\gh g5]ally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ,engl&1 ,wales1 & ,irel&1 & occurr+ 9 ,scotl& z f> nor? z ! ,cal$onian ,canal1 x seems to be m common 9 "s di/ricts ?an 9 o!rs4 ,abroad1 its range ext5ds ov] ,europe1 & ?r\gh ,asia z f> ea/ z ,amurl& & ,*9a4 ,! ,wood ,:ite 7,leucophasia s9apis74 ,! graceful little butt]fly figur$ on ,plate #ai is creamy :ite1 ) a r squ>e black or blacki% spot on ! tip ( ! =e w+s ( ! male4 ,9 ! female ! spot is r$uc$ to "s blacki% scales on & betwe5 ! ve9s4 ,occasionally !re is a second brood 9 ! ye>1 & ! specim5s ( ?is flight h small] & r\nd] black spots 9 ! males1 & almo/ none at all 9 ! females4 ,specim5s ( ! female sex entirely devoid ( black m>k+ are ref]able to v>4 erysimi 7see f\r? figure 9 second r[1 ,plate #af74 ,s]ies ( ea* brood are %[n on ,plate #af1 :i* is reproduc$ f a photograph by ,mr4 ,hamm4 ,! l[] specim5 9 ea* s]ies has be5 rev]s$ to %[ ! seasonal v>iation ( ! "u side4 ,! r[ ( specim5s on ! left are ( ! fir/ brood1 & ! second & la/ examples 9 ?is s]ies %[ ! *>act]s ( v>4 la?yri--black tips to ! =e w+s1 & dusky b&-l %ades on ! h9d w+s2 ! "u sides ( ! h9d w+s dull gre5i%--to :i* =m a good _m ( our spr+ specim5s belong4 ,! specim5s ( ! second g5]ation are ref]able to v>4 d9i5sis4 ,! species is sometimes ref]r$ to ,leptosia1 ,hb4 ,! egg1 :i* is figur$ on ,plate #ah1 is yell[i%-:ite 9 col\r2 x is ribb$1 & r glassy 9 appe>ance4 ,! cat]pill>s h be5 kn[n to hat* out ab\t a week aft] ! eggs 7 laid4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #af4 ,wood ,:ite ,butt]fly4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ag4 ,orange-tip ,butt]fly4 #a1 #e male2 #b d4 7,iri%72 #c1 #f female2 #d d4 7,iri%74 ,! cat]pill> :5 full gr[n is1 accord+ to ,hell9s1 a beautiful gre51 ! front segm5ts m9utely dott$ ) black2 dorsal l9e d>k] gre51 edg$ ) yell[i%-gre52 spiracul> l9e di/9ct1 ( a f9e cle> yell[1 edg$ above ) d>k] gre52 spiracles indi/+ui%able4 ,! *rysalis 9 %ape is some?+ l t ( ! la/ species1 b ! back is n curv$1 & ! ends are less tap]$4 ,! col\r is a lovely delicate gre52 ! abdom5 r yell[i%2 j 9 ! spiracul> region !re runs all r\nd ! body a /\t p9k rib1 enclos+ ! gre5i% spiracles2 f ?is a /rong p9k l9e bran*es (f1 bord]+ ! out] edge ( ! w+-case1 & ! n]vures ( ! w+s !mselves are delicately outl9$ 9 p9k 7,hell9s74 ,sometimes ! *rysalids are gre5 )\t m>k+4 ,mr4 ,a4,m4 ,montgom]y1 :o on "o occasion _h f\r bat*es ( eggs1 & ! subsequ5t cat]pill>s1 "u obs]vation1 /ates t ! cat]pill>s hat*$ ab\t ,june #b f eggs laid ab\t ,may #bb4 ,pupation took place ab\t ,july #c1 &1 except f "o bat* t rema9$ = ! w9t] 9 ! *rysalids1 ! butt]flies em]g$ betwe5 ,july #af & #bb4 ,! food-plant 9 ?is case 0 bird's-foot trefoil 7,lotus corniculatus74 ,! yell[ pea 7,la?yrus prat5sis7 is a fav\rite pabulum1 b ! cat]pill> w also eat a vet* 7,vicia cracca71 & probably _m o!r plants belong+ to ! ord] ,legum9os4 ,cat]pill>s f ! ,july butt]flies w\ld fe$ 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,?is fragile-look+ little species is some:at local1 b is n altoge!r uncommon 9 "s ( its p>ticul> haunts4 ,z its ,engli% "n implies1 ! butt]fly is fond ( ! woods1 or1 p]haps1 is r m p>tial to _! %ady rides & m>g9s4 ,on dull or wet days1 x settles on ! "u side ( a leaf4 ,! fir/ brood is on ! w+ 9 ,may1 & ! second--:5 ?is occurs1 :i* is n e ye>--9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,9 ,irel&1 :]e x is abundant 9 ! s\? & we/1 !re seems to be only "o flight1 & ?is is 9 ,june4 ,x may be well to rememb] t ?is butt]fly does n l ! pill-box1 & w n settle d[n quietly !re94 ,possibly ! ,wood ,:ite _h a mu* m g5]al di/ribution 9 ,engl& at "o "t ?an x n[ seems to h4 ,x 0 n uncommon 9 p>ts ( ,sussex "s ye>s ago1 b !re appe>s to be no record ( its occurr5ce !re n[4 ,x is c]ta9ly mu* sc>c] 9 ! ,new ,=e/ ?an x us$ to be4 ,h[ev]1 x is /ill to be f\nd1 no d\bt1 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl& & ,wales1 b *iefly p]haps 9 ! c\nties ( ,b]k%ire1 ,devon%ire1 ,cornwall1 ,worce/]%ire1 ,h]e=d%ire1 ,lanca%ire1 & ,cumb]l&4 ,also 9 ! s\? & we/ ( ,irel&4 ,x occurs ?r\gh\t ,europe1 ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,asia1 & its range ext5ds ea/w>ds ?r\gh ,sib]ia1 ,amurl&1 ,*9a1 & ,corea to ,japan4 ,! ,pale ,cl\d$ ,yell[ 7,colias hyale74 ,?is usually sc>ce butt]fly 7,plate #ba7 is ( a primrose-yell[ col\r 9 ! male1 &1 z a rule1 almo/ :ite 9 ! female2 sometimes ! latt] sex is ( ! yell[ male col\r4 ,! out] m>g9 ( ! =e w+s is broadly black 9 bo? sexes1 b !re are "s m or less unit$ spots ( ! gr\nd col\r 9 ! black t[>ds ! tips ( ! w+s1 & bel[ ve9 #c ! black is usually conf9$ to ! out] m>g94 ,!re is a black spot ne> ! middle ( ! w+1 & "s blacki% du/+ q ne> ! base ( ! w+4 ,! h9d w+s h a pale orange c5tral spot1 sometimes two spots1 & ! blacki% bord] on ! out] m>g9 is g5]ally n>r[1 & (t5 int]rupt$ or brok5 up into spots4 ,! fr+es ( all ! w+s are p9ki%1 z also are ! ant5n4 ,! egg is pe>ly yell[i%-:ite :5 fir/ laid2 a few days lat] ! top becomes transp>5t1 :ite1 & glassy1 %ad+ d[nw>ds into yell[1 & !n cle> rosy orange2 ! base is pale1 b less transp>5t ?an ! top4 ,x has a numb] ( transv]se ribs1 rang+ f n9ete5 to tw5ty-two4 ,be=e ! cat]pill> hat*es out1 ! egg *anges to a purpli% lead5 col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ah4 ,wood ,:ite ,butt]fly4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> 7aft] ,buckl]7 & *rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ai4 ,wood ,:ite ,butt]fly4 #a1 #d1 #f male2 #c d4 7v>472 #b1 #e1 #g female4 ,! cat]pill> 9 ,octob]1 be=e hib]nation1 is ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* long1 & deep clov]-gre5 9 col\r2 x has a numb] ( pale1 %9+ w>ts along ! back1 f ea* ( :i* !re is a mod]ately long black bri/le1 & !re is a pale yell[i%-:ite /ripe above ! black spiracles4 ,! head is pale o*re\s gre51 ) w>ts & bri/les z on ! body4 ,x re/s ^u a pad ( silk spun on ! c5tre ( a leaflet4 ,:5 full gr[n ! col\r is cle> light gre51 b has a d>ki% velvety appe>ance1 due to ! entire surface be+ d5sely spr9kl$ ) black w>ts1 ! bri/les f ! w>ts on ! back are black1 & ^? on ! l[] surface are :ite1 ! l9e above ! spiracles1 :i* are :ite outl9$ ) black1 is made up ( lemon-yell[1 orange-v]milion1 & orange ) an upp] bord] ( :ite4 ,! head1 clasp]s1 & legs are gre54 ,x fe$s 9 ,june1 & aga9 9 ,augu/1 on clov]1 trefoil1 etc4 ,! figure on ,plate #bj is aft] ,hbn]4 ,! *rysalis is v simil> to t ( ! ,cl\d$ ,yell[1 ! *ief diff]5ces are t ! head-beak ( ! pres5t species is /raight in/ead ( be+ slightly upturn$1 & ! tip ( ! w+-case ext5ds fur!r d[n ! body4 ,! above p>ticul>s ( ! e>ly /ages ( ! ,pale ,cl\d$ ,yell[ are adapt$ f ,mr4 ,frohawk's acc\nt ( ! life-hi/ory ( ! species 7,entomologi/1 #ahib & #ahic74 ,f eggs laid 9 ,septemb] by a captur$ female1 ,mr4 ,williams re>$ two butt]flies 9 ,novemb] ( ! same ye>4 ,o!r cat]pill>s f ! same bat* ( eggs hib]nat$ & recomm5c$ fe$+ 9 ! spr+1 b fail$ to atta9 ! *rysalis /ate4 ,"y cat]pill>s f eggs obta9$ 9 ,augu/ 7 successfully hib]nat$ by ,mr4 ,c>p5t]1 & _m ( ^! produc$ butt]flies 9 ! foll[+ ,may4 ,9 re>+ ?is species f eggs laid 9 ! autumn1 a fairly dry treatm5t appe>s to be ! be/4 ,protect ! "y cat]pill>s f fro/1 & d n wat] ! plants dur+ ! w9t]4 ,:5 !y become active aga91 ab\t ,febru>y1 transf] !m to o!r gr[+ plants1 :i* %\ld be kept ready = ! *ange4 ,d n wat] ! plants mu*1 or wet ! foliage at all1 & keep a %>p look-out = e>wigs4 ,x seems pretty cle> t ?is species passes ! w9t] z a cat]pill>1 & f ! evid5ce available x appe>s equally c]ta9 t ! cat]pill>s w\ld n survive an ord9>y w9t] 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,possibly1 h[ev]1 9 v mild w9t]s1 or 9 c]ta9 w>m nooks on ! s\? coa/1 "s may be able to exi/ until ! spr+1 & !n complete _! gr[? & rea* ! butt]fly /ate4 ,9 su* native-born butt]flies ! ance/ral migratory habit may be lo/1 ow+ to climate1 & !y w\ld n1 !re=e1 w&] f> f ! spot :]e !y em]g$ f ! *rysalis1 b f\nd a colony1 :i* probably w\ld be cle>$ (f soon] or lat] by ! sev]ity ( an ,engli% w9t]4 ,! ,pale ,cl\d$ ,yell[ 0 n m5tion$ z an ,engli% butt]fly until ,lew9 wrote ab\t x 9 #agie4 ,he /ates t he only met ) x 9 ! ,isle ( ,%eppey & on a hilly pa/ure-field ne> ,ospr+e 9 ,k5t4 ,he seems to h not$ x 9 diff]5t ye>s at bo? places4 ,/eph5s1 9 #ahbg1 ref]r$ to x z a r>e ,briti% species1 & f t date until #ahfg x seems to h be5 common only 9 #ahce1 #ahdb1 #aheg1 & #aheh4 ,9 #ahfh x 0 abundant 9 ! s\!rn & ea/]n c\nties1 & 0 obs]v$ z f> nor? z ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire1 also 9 ,irel&4 ,x 0 common on ! s\? coa/ 9 #ahgb1 & r m s 9 #ahge1 :5 x spread into ,essex & ,suffolk1 & also inl&4 ,until #ahge ! butt]flies seem only to h be5 notic$ 9 ! autumnal mon?s1 b 9 t ye> specim5s _h be5 se5 9 ,may & ,june4 ,9 #ahgf ! species 0 pretty pl5tiful1 b aft] t date x did n aga9 occur 9 numb]s until #ahib1 :5 x 0 record$ f mo/ ( ! s\!rn & ea/]n c\nties4 ,9 #ahic "o or two specim5s 7 report$ z se5 9 ,april or ,may1 b less ?an a doz5 7 record$ z captur$ dur+ ! autumn ( t ye>4 ,n mu* 0 se5 ( ! butt]fly aga9 until #ahii1 :5 a score or s 7 record$ f ,k5t4 ,two or ?ree specim5s 7 se5 on ! s\? coa/ 9 ,june1 #aijj1 & ! species 0 pl5tiful 9 ! autumn ( t ye> 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,s+le specim5s 7 se5 9 ,june1 #aija1 & 9 ! autumn ! butt]fly 0 aga9 fairly common 9 sev]al s\!rn c\nties1 & abundant 9 p>ts ( ,essex4 ,9 #aijb a male 0 tak5 ne> ,d>t=d 9 ,m>*1 & "o example 9 ,may 9 a locality :]e two specim5s _h be5 captur$ on ,octob] #bj ( ! previ\s ye>2 six males & "o female 7 obta9$ betwe5 ,june #bg & ,july #ab at ,%e]ness4 ,! summ] ( #aijb 0 a cold "o1 &1 ) ! exception ( f\r specim5s at ,folke/one 9 ,augu/1 ! species 0 n aga9 se5 dur+ t ye> or ! foll[+ "o2 b 9 #aijd a good _m specim5s 7 secur$ at ,*a?am 9 ,septemb]1 & "o or two at ,m>gate 9 ,augu/4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #bj4 ,pale ,cl\d$ ,yell[ ,cat]pill>4 7,aft] ,hbn]47 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ba4 ,pale ,cl\d$ ,yell[4 #a1 #b male2 #c1 #d female4 ,:5 x occurs 9 ?is c\ntry ! butt]fly %\ld be look$ = 9 clov] & luc]ne fields4 ,common ?r\gh\t ! ,palarctic ,region4 ,x is probably a species ( ,ea/]n orig91 b ) a t5d5cy to spread we/w>d4 ,! ,cl\d$ ,yell[ 7,colias edusa74 ,9 its typical col\r+--orange ) broad black bord]s--?is butt]fly 7,plate #bb7 w be recogniz$ ! fir/ "t x is se54 ,bo? sexes h a black spot ab\t ! c5tre ( ! =e w+s1 & a deep orange spot ne> ! middle ( ! h9d w+s--! latt] is subject to v>iation 9 size & %ape4 ,! female usually has ! black bord]s spott$ ) yell[1 b 9 "s examples ^! spots are almo/ 7,plate #bd1 ,fig4 #a7 or q abs5t4 ,ano!r =m ( ! female1 kn[n z v>4 helice 7,plate #bd1 ,fig4 #b71 has ! orange col\r replac$ by yell[i%-:ite1 & 9 "s ye>s is n altoge!r uncommon4 ,betwe5 ?is yell[i%-:ite at "o end ( ! col\r range & ! typical orange at ! o!r1 specim5s %[+ all ! int]m$iate %ades h be5 obta9$1 *iefly by re>+ ! butt]flies f eggs laid by a female helice4 ,"o ( ^! int]grades w be se5 on ,plate #bd1 ,fig4 #c4 ,! males v>y1 especially br$ ones1 f deep ri* orange to ! pale/ *rome yell[2 ! m>g9al b&s also v>y 9 wid?2 9 _m examples ! yell[ n]vules run ?r\gh ! bord]s ( all ! w+s4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! males h ! h9d w+s %ot ) a beautiful ame?y/9e blue 7,frohawk74 ,! egg 7,plate #bc7 is oval1 tap]+ t[>ds ea* end1 v pale yell[i% 9 col\r at fir/1 b aft]w>ds becom+ d>k] yell[1 & !n p9k4 ,! eggs are laid1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 on ! upp] side ( a leaf ( clov] or luc]ne1 sometimes s+ly1 b (t5 9 small bat*es4 ,! cat]pill> :5 full gr[n is deep gre5 ) m9ute black dots1 f :i* f9e hairs arise1 & a p9k-m>k$ yell[1 or :iti%1 spiracul> l9e4 ,! head is also gre51 r d[ny1 & small 9 size4 ,:5 fir/ hat*$ ! cat]pill> is br[ni%1 b soon *anges to gre5i%4 ,x fe$s on clov] 7,trifolium71 trefoil 7,lotus71 melilot 7,melilotus71 etc41 9 ,june & aga9 9 ,septemb] or ,octob]4 ,! *rysalis is yell[i%-gre5 above1 some:at pal] bel[2 ! w+-cases are r deep] 9 t9t ?an ! ?orax & back1 & h a c5tral black speck & a r[ ( sl5d] m>ks at ! edges4 ,! body is m>k$ ) a spla% ( r$di% & t9y black dots on ! "u side4 ,! beak-l projection f ! head is d>k gre5 above & yell[ b5ea?4 ,! figures ( ! cat]pill> & ! *rysalis are tak5 f ,buckl]'s ,l>v ( ,briti% ,butt]flies1 & ! descriptions ( ^! /ages by ! same au?or h be5 foll[$4 ,! ,cl\d$ ,yell[ has a great fancy = clov] or luc]ne fields1 & %\ld be look$ = 9 su* places 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,x is n v difficult to re> f ! egg1 s t if a female is captur$ 9 ,augu/ 7! spr+ ones %\ld n be tak571 x w\ld be a good plan to try to induce h] to lay "s eggs4 ,! be/ me?od to succe$ 9 ?is is to pot up a gr[+ plant ( clov]1 & ov] ?is place a glass cyl9d] ) a musl9 cov]4 7,see fur!r directions 9 ! ,introduction1 page #bh47 ,?is butt]fly1 :i* 0 kn[n1 to ! e>lie/ ,engli% au?ors z ! ,saffron or ,spott$ ,saffron1 has always1 no d\bt1 be5 erratic & unc]ta9 9 its appe>ance 9 ?is c\ntry1 sometimes becom+ increas+ly abundant = ?ree1 f\r1 or ev5 five ye>s 9 succession1 & !n sc>ce or entirely abs5t = simil> p]iods4 ,! mo/ rec5t ye>s ( pl5ty1 or :5 x 0 fairly common1 7 #ahgg1 ! great ,edusa ye>1 #ahib1 #ahic1 #ahid1 #ahie1 #ahii1 #aijj1 & #aijb4 ,9 "s ( ^! ye>s ! ,pale ,cl\d$ ,yell[ 0 also common4 ,9 "s ( ! w>m] c\ntries t ?is butt]fly inhabits x has c]ta9ly ?ree1 & possibly f\r1 broods 9 ! ye>4 ,x is !re=e conceivable t at times its increase 9 numb]s may become v great 9 "s p>ticul> area4 ,at su* times sw>ms ( ! surplus butt]fly population set out to seek fre% fields & pa/ures new4 ,"s portion ( ^! flights rea* our c\ntry f "t to "t1 & ?is probably always occurs 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>4 ,! wea!r conditions be+ fav\rable1 ! (fspr+ ( ! visitors put 9 a welcome appe>ance 9 ! autumn1 & n only gladd5 ! he>t ( ! entomologi/1 b add a *>m to ! c\ntryside :i* e "o c appreciate4 ,! butt]fly has probably occurr$1 at "s "t or o!r1 9 almo/ e c\nty 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 ,irel& & ,scotl&1 ext5d+ ev5 to ! ,orkney ,isl&s 7#ahgg74 ,its home appe>s to be 9 ,nor? ,africa & ,s\? ,europe1 :5ce x spreads ov] ! great] "p ( ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia4 ,,note4--,accord+ to ,kirby1 ?is butt]fly %\ld be call$ ,eurymus hyale1 ,l9n41 & ! ,pale ,cl\d$ ,yell[ be kn[n z ,eurymus kirbyi1 ,lewis4 ,! ,brim/one 7,gonept]yx rhamni74 ,?is butt]fly 7,plate #bf7 has ! tips ( ! =e w+s %>ply po9t$1 & !re is a r acute angle ab\t ! middle ( ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s4 ,! col\r ( ! male is bright sulphur yell[1 ) a c5tral orange spot on ea* w+1 t on ! h9d w+s usually ! l>ge/2 !re is also a ru/y dot at ! out] end ( ! upp] ve9s & along ! front m>g9 ( ! =e w+s t[>ds ! tip4 ,! female is gre5i% yell[1 & is m>k$ simil>ly to ! male4 ,9 bo? sexes ! horns 7ant5n7 are r$di%1 & ! long silky hair on ! ?orax is a noticeable "*4 ,x is probably ?is insect to :i* ! "n butt]-col\r$ fly1 contract$ into butt]fly1 0 fir/ giv52 anyway1 x is ! only species to :i* ! "n applies s well4 ,! egg4 ,if ! "u sides ( ! leaves ( buck?orn 7,rhamnus ca?>ticus7 or ( ! b]ry-be>+ ald] 7,r4 frangula7 are exam9$ 9 ,may or ,june1 ! eggs ( ?is butt]fly may be f\nd !reon4 ,!y are (t5 plac$ on a rib ( ! leaf1 b sometimes !y are laid z %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7,plate #be74 ,at fir/ ! col\r is pale gre5i% & r glossy1 b x soon *anges to yell[i%1 & lat] on1 :5 ! cat]pill> has =m$ inside1 to a dull purpli%-grey4 ,! cat]pill> :5 full gr[n is gre51 m]g+ into blui%-gre5 on ! sides1 ?ickly p[d]$ ) %9+ black specks4 ,!re is a pale l9e on ea* side bel[ ! spiracles4 ,x fe$s 9 ,june & ,july on bo? k9ds ( buck?orn1 & w g5]ally be f\nd re/+ along ! ma9 rib ( a leaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #bb4 ,cl\d$ ,yell[4 #a1 #c male2 #b1 #d female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #bc4 ,cl\d$ ,yell[4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,! *rysalis is blui%-gre5 9 col\r & ( a curi\s %ape4 ,! %>p yell[i% & br[n beak-l projection 9 front & rais$ br[ni% bases ( ! w+-cov]s1 toge!r ) ! hump$ ?orax1 some:at resemble a bird's head :5 se5 f ! front4 ,!n1 aga91 ! enl>g$ w+-cases1 :i* are r gre5] ?an ! o!r p>ts1 9 conjunction ) ! g5]al outl9e1 give a v good imitation ( a curl$ leaf4 ,! butt]fly is v con/ant z reg>ds col\r & m>k+1 b occasionally ! =e w+s may be m or less suffus$ ) orange1 & 9 ?is respect assumes ! coloration ( ! ,s\? ,european species kn[n z ,g4 cleopatra4 ,! attempt has be5 made to e/abli% ! la/-nam$ butt]fly 9 ,irel&1 b ! exp]im5t seems to h be5 only p>tially successful4 ,sometimes female specim5s are f\nd to h spla%es ( ! male col\r on _! w+s4 ,occasionally _! col\r is int]m$iate betwe5 _! own prop] t9t & t ( ! male1 & m r>ely ! w+s on "o side may be yell[1 z 9 ! male1 :ile ^? on ! o!r side are gre5i%1 z 9 ! female4 ,su* specim5s are t]m$ gyn&r\s examples1 & sometimes h]maphrodites4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 is n correct4 ,an unusual v>iation ( ! butt]fly is %[n on ,plate #bg4 ,?is has l>ge oval pale br[ni%-orange m>ks on ! "u side ( ! w+s4 ,x 0 tak5 9 ! ,new ,=e/4 ,! ,brim/one butt]fly enjoys a long] exi/5ce 9 ! p]fect /ate ?an any ( ! o!r ,briti% species1 ) ! exception1 p]haps1 ( ! ,tortoise%ells & _! allies4 ,x leaves ! *rysalis at ! end ( ,july or beg9n+ ( ,augu/1 & is usually q common dur+ ! latt] mon?4 ,aft] ?is x takes up its w9t] qu>t]s1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 x may be tempt$ to come out :5ev] ! day is suffici5tly w>m & sunny = x to indulge 9 a few h\rs' flight4 ,! f9e condition ( "s ( ! specim5s t are se5 9 ,may or ,june has sugge/$ ! possibility ( su* specim5s hav+ rema9$ 9 ! *rysalis dur+ ! w9t]1 b x is n at all probable t !y d s4 ,x may be se5 any sunny day f ,m>*1 or ev5 ,febru>y1 to ,june 9 almo/ e ,engli% & ,wel% c\nty :]e its food-plant gr[s1 & locally 9 ,irel&4 ,! be/ "t to take specim5s is 9 ! autumn1 :5 !y are (t5 to be se5 9 numb]s fly+ along ! rides 9 or on ! outskirts ( woods1 & also 9 clov] fields4 ,di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole ( temp]ate ,europe1 & ext5d+ ?r\gh ,asia to ! f> ea/ & to ,nor? ,africa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ?irty butt]flies n[ to be consid]$ belong to ! ,nymphalid1 :i* has a l>g] memb]%ip ?an any o!r family ( butt]flies4 ,x is divid$ into sev]al sub-families1 b only f\r ( ^! conc]n u2 ^! are ,apatur9 7#a species71 ,nymphal9 7#ag species71 ,dana9 7#a species71 & ,satyr9 7#aa species74 ,! next butt]fly is our only repres5tative ( ,apatur94 ,! ,purple ,emp]or 7,apatura iris74 ,on acc\nt ( its l>ge size & ! beautiful purple %e5 ov] its br[ni%-black velvety w+s1 ?is butt]fly 7,plate #bi7 is always c\nt$ a prize by ! collector4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only ! male t dons ! purple1 & he only :5 se5 f ! prop] angle4 ,! female is )\t ! purple reflection & h] w+s are br[n]1 b ! :ite spots on ! =e w+s & ! :ite b&s on ! h9d w+s are r wid] ?an ^? ( ! male4 ,above ! anal angle ( ! h9d w+s1 9 bo? sexes1 !re is a black spot1 r+$ ) tawny & sometimes c5tr$ ) :ite1 & a tawny m>k on ve9s #a & #b4 ,z w be se5 on turn+ to ! figures on ,plate #ca1 ! "u side ( ?is butt]fly is exce$+ly pretty4 ,on ! same plate !re is a figure ( ! r>e v>iety kn[n z iole 7= ! loan ( :i* ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,sab9e71 9 :i* mo/ ( ! :ite spots are abs5t or obscur$4 ,int]m$iates betwe5 ?is extreme =m & ! type also occur1 b all su* ab]rations are uncommon4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #bd4 ,cl\d$ ,yell[4 #a ,female ab]ration2 #b1 #c1 #d v>4 helice4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #be4 ,brim/one ,butt]fly4 ,egg1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,! egg 7,plate #bh7 may be look$ = 9 ,augu/ on ! upp] surface ( a leaf ( ! sall[ 7,salix caprea74 ,accord+ to ,buckl]1 x is pale olive gre5 9 col\r1 & cyl9drical 9 %ape2 ! height f base to top be+ ab\t equal to ! wid? ?r\gh f side to side4 ,x has ab\t f\rte5 ribs4 ,! cat]pill> 9 ,octob]1 j be=e hib]nation1 is d+y gre5 r\gh5$ ) num]\s :iti% w>ts f :i* arise %ort bri/les1 "s ( ! latt] appe>+ to be t+$ ) r$di%1 & ^? along ! sides long] ?an ^? on ! upp] "p ( ! body2 ! /raight l9es along ! back & ! oblique ones on ! sides are yell[i%4 ,! head & ! two horn-l projections1 rem9d+ "o ( ! horns ( a slug1 are r$di%-grey & cov]$ ) w>ts & bri/les4 ,! anal po9ts 7tails71 :i* lie close toge!r1 are tipp$ ) r$di%4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ "h t on em]g+ f ! egg ! "y cat]pill> is )\t horns2 ^! are n develop$ until ! fir/ sk9 is ?r[n (f1 :i* ev5t happ5s f eight to twelve days aft] hat*+4 ,! full-gr[n cat]pill> is gre51 m]g+ into yell[i% t[>ds ! anal po9ts 7tails72 ! oblique /ripes on ! sides are yell[i%1 edg$ ) r$di%4 ,! individual depict$ on ! plate took up a position = *ange to ! *rysalis on ,june #f4 ,x spun a mat ( silk to ! "u side ( a sall[ leaf1 & ! next day x 0 f\nd susp5d$ by ! clasp]s1 :i* 7 grasp+ ! silk5 mat4 ,on ! f\r? day ! *rysalis 0 fully develop$1 & f ?is a male butt]fly em]g$ on ,june #bd1 an unusually e>ly date4 ,! *rysalis is :iti%1 m or less t+$ ) gre51 b hav+ ! oblique l9es on ! sides :iti%2 ! ve9s ( ! w+s also %[ up :iti%4 ,! cat]pill> 0 well kn[n to entomologi/s 9 ?is c\ntry z f> back z #ageh1 :51 9 ,may1 f\r 7 obta9$ f sall[ at ,br5twood 9 ,essex4 ,x usually occurs on sall[1 b an in/ance is record$ ( x refus+ to eat ?is plant2 x w\ld probably h />v$ if will[1 ^u :i* x f$ up1 _h n be5 sub/itut$4 ,a full-gr[n cat]pill> 0 on "o occasion f\nd at ,ra9d5e 9 ,sussex on popl>1 :i* is a well-kn[n food ( ! species on ! ,cont95t4 ,n[ & !n a full-gr[n cat]pill> has be5 met ) 9 ,octob]1 & ,buckl] re>$ two 9 ! autumn f ! egg almo/ to ! *rysalis /age1 b !y di$ be=e ! *ange 0 effect$4 ,z befits 8 rank1 ! ,emp]or has l(ty habits1 & aft] quitt+ ! clump ( sall[ bu%es1 among :i* its trans=mations f egg to ! p]fect insect 7 effect$1 x resorts to ! oak trees1 ar\nd :i* x flies 9 ,july1 &1 :5 n s engag$1 re/s on a leaf ( ! high] bran*es4 ,to capture ! butt]fly1 :5 se5 at su* times1 is n altoge!r an easy matt]1 z = ! purpose ! net mu/ be affix$ to ! end ( a pole ab\t #ad or #ae feet 9 l5g?4 ,! insect's r deprav$ ta/e = ! juices ( animal matt]1 9 a some:at advanc$ /age ( decay1 is a fact well kn[n to ! pr(essional collector & o!rs :o h tak5 advantage ( x to ! mon>*'s de/ruction4 ,?is me?od ( attract+ a butt]fly = ! purpose ( capture is1 h[ev]1 n exactly to be comm5d$4 ,x surely is a great] pleasure to %[ "o's fri5ds a s+le specim5 t has be5 captur$ by dext]ity ) ! net1 ?an to exhibit fifty t 7 secur$ by a device :i* is n only unsav\ry1 b unsportsmanlike4 ,! female1 h[ev]1 is n to be allur$2 %e mu/ be s\ght among ! sall[s1 & :5 se5 is n easy to net1 z %e skims away ov] ! tops ( ! bu%es & is difficult to foll[4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #bf4 ,brim/one ,butt]fly4 #a1 #c male2 #b1 #d female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #bg4 ,brim/one ,butt]fly4 ,und]side 7ab]ration74 ,common ,blue4 ,at re/4 ,al?\gh mo/ c]ta9ly n s common or s g5]ally di/ribut$ z 9 =m] times1 ! butt]fly /ill occurs 9 ! l>g] oak woods 9 mo/ ( ! midl&1 we/]n1 & s\!rn c\nties ( ,engl&1 b is1 p]haps1 mo/ frequ5t 9 ,l9coln%ire & ,nor?ampton%ire4 ,9 ,wales x is f\nd 9 ,monm\?%ire4 ,x has n be5 record$ f ,scotl&1 & only d\btfully f ,irel&4 ,9 ,c5tral ,europe x is (t5 abundant1 & its range ext5ds ea/w>d into ,amurl&1 ,c5tral & ,we/]n ,*9a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[ foll[ sev5te5 butt]flies ( ! sub-family ,nymphal94 ,! ,:ite ,admiral 7,lim5itis sibylla74 ,! ,:ite ,admirable ,butt]fly1 z x 0 call$ by "s ( ! old] ,engli% entomologi/s1 ne$s only to be se5 to be at once recogniz$ 7,plate #cc74 ,! :ite m>k+s on its blacki% w+s are some:at simil> to ^? ( ! ,purple ,emp]or4 ,z 9 t butt]fly1 s1 too1 9 ?is1 ! mo/ beautiful ornam5tation is f\nd on ! "u side4 ,! %ape ( ! w+ is1 h[ev]1 v diff]5t 9 ! two butt]flies1 & !re is no probability ( confus+ "o ) ! o!r4 ,a some:at uncommon =m is %[n on ,plate #ca 7also k9dly loan$ by ,mr4 ,sab9e72 ?is is v>4 nigr9a4 ,int]m$iates also occur1 b ^!1 too1 are also r r>e4 ,! eggs1 :i* ,i h n se51 are /at$ to hat* 9 ab\t f\rte5 days1 & are laid 9 ,july4 ,!y h be5 describ$ z pale gre5 9 col\r1 & ( ! %ape ( an orange1 b flatt] at ! base & top4 ,! cat]pill> 7,plate #cj7 :5 full gr[n is d>k gre5 on ! back & light] on ! sides1 r\gh5$ ) yell[ dots1 & ) a yell[-m>k$ :ite l9e above ! feet4 ,! bri/ly sp9es are r$di% ) p9ki% tips1 & ^? on ! second1 ?ird1 fif?1 t5?1 & elev5? r+s are long] ?an ! o!rs4 ,! fir/ r+ seems to be )\t sp9es1 b ! br[ni% head is set ) %ort ones1 two on ! cr[n be+ r long] & black] ?an ! o!rs1 & are incl9$ backw>ds4 ,9 ! autumn1 :5 /ill q t9y1 x con/ructs a w9t] retreat 7hib]naculum7 7,plate #cj7 by fa/5+ a gr[+ leaf ( sall[ to a twig ) silk5 ?reads1 & !n1 us+ m silk1 x draws ! edges ( ! leaf toge!r1 & s =ms a secure *amb] :]e9 x c re/ until ! foll[+ spr+1 :5 x quits ! domicile & sets to "w on ! t5d] foliage ar\nd x4 ,at ?is "t ! cat]pill> is br[ni% 9 col\r4 ,! *rysalis is ( ! rem>kable %ape %[n on ! plate4 ,x is br[ni%1 ) purpli% or olive t+e2 beh9d ! r\nd$ hump !re is a pat* ( bright gre51 & above ! w+-cases a beautiful gold5 %e54 ,!re are also o!r metallic spots & dots on v>i\s p>ts4 ,altoge!r1 x is "o ( ! prettie/ ( ,briti% butt]fly *rysalids4 ,i am tempt$ "h to quote ,buckl]'s excell5t description ( ! pupation ( ?is species1 z x w s]ve to %[ ! rem>kable me?od by :i* cat]pill>s are able to p]=m a seem+ly impossible feat2 t is1 to get absolutely free ( ! old sk9 :il/ hang+ head d[nw>ds f ! silk5 pad or button to :i* !y atta* !mselves by ! anal clasp]s :5 prep>+ to pupate4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #bh4 ,purple ,emp]or4 ,egg enl>g$2 "y & full-gr[n cat]pill>s2 *rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #bi4 ,purple ,emp]or4 #a male2 #b female4 ,:5 full f$ ! l>va becomes rapidly pal]1 & !n susp5ds itself by ! anal prolegs to a /em ( ! honeysuckle or o!r surface1 & hangs ) its body d[nw>ds 9 a s9u\s curve1 ) its head b5t a little upw>ds1 fac+ ! abdom52 x !n rema9s motionless = ?ree days1 becom+ :iti% on ! abdom51 & rema9+ v pale gre5 on ! ?oracic segm5ts4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! ?ird day ! creature seems to wake up1 unb5ds its head1 sw+s itself to & fro a few times1 !n /ret*es itself d[nw>ds 9 a long att5uat$ l9e1 :i* causes a rupture ( ! sk9 close to ! head2 ! sk9 !n is se5 sl[ly to asc5d1 expos+ ! b>e & s(t %9+ p>ts bel[1 f :i* a flat & =k$ pair ( horns gr[ out p]ceptibly z "o beholds ?is wond]ful process2 ! sk9 cont9ues to glide sl[ly upw>ds1 & z ! s(t p>ts become expos$1 !y are se5 to swell out lat]ally1 & to assume ! v s+ul> projections s *>act]i/ic ( ?is *rysalis1 ! sk9 ( ! old head glid+ up ! belly m>ks ! progress ( ! disclosure1 z ! col\r ( ! old & new surfaces is at ?is "t alike1 ! new be+1 h[ev]1 r m %9+ & transp>5t4 ,occasionally dur+ ! bulg+ out ( ! s(t p>ts1 a k9d ( convulsive heave or two occurs1 b o!rwise x rema9s /ill until ! creature is uncov]$ z f> z ! n9? or t5? segm5t2 x !n curves its anal extremity by a sudd5 twi/ lat]ally1 & 9 a mom5t dext]\sly )draws ! tip ( ! anal segm5t f ! l>val prolegs by an op5+ on ! back ( ! sk9 at t "p4 ,at ?is critical mom5t "o has "t to see t ! nak$ %9+ po9t is furni%$ ) black hooks1 & to appreh5d a fall2 b 9 ano!r mom5t ! pupa has =cibly press$ ! curv$ tip ) its hooks aga9/ ! /em close to ! previ\s atta*m5t ( ! anal prolegs1 & n[ x is /rongly & firmly fix$4 ,! creature n[ seems end[$ ) wond]ful p[] & vig\r2 x sw+s boldly to & fro1 & undulates itself z if to ga9 long] sw+s1 :5 pres5tly ! old sk9 t rema9s is se5 to bur/ away & fall (f1 ! *rysalis gradually becom+ quiesc5t1 ! entire metamorphosis1 f ! fir/ wak+ to ! la/ movem5t1 occupy+ ne>ly sev5 m9utes4 ,9 sixte5 days ! p]fect insect em]g$4 ,l9nu 9 #agfg wrote ( ! sexes ( ?is butt]fly z sibylla1 or r sibilla1 & camilla1 b1 z ,kirby po9ts out1 ?ree ye>s e>li] ! same au?or _h giv5 ! butt]fly ! "n camilla4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t ! latt] "n w h to be adopt$ = our butt]fly4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! old] ,briti% au?ors--,donovan1 ,hawor?1 ,/eph5s1 etc41 knew our species z camilla4 ,! species kn[n on ! ,cont95t z camilla1 & :i*1 ow+ to ! confusion ( names has be5 suppos$ to be ,briti%1 w h to be call$ drusilla1 accord+ to ,kirby4 ,?is species seems to be pretty mu* re/rict$ to ! s\!rn & ea/]n c\nties ( ,engl&4 ,9 ! ,new ,=e/1 ,hamp%ire1 x is (t5 exce$+ly abundant 9 ,july4 ,s long ago z #afie ! butt]fly 0 kn[n to occur 9 ,essex1 & ! species is f\nd 9 "s woods 9 t c\nty at ! pres5t "t4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 q disappe>$ f sev]al woodl& localities 9 ,k5t & ,sussex1 :]e x =m]ly occurr$4 ,x has be5 record$ f ,%rop%ire & also f ,worce/]%ire1 b bo? ^! c\nties appe> to be beyond ! normal range ( ! species4 ,almo/ all writ]s on our butt]flies1 f ,hawor? d[nw>ds1 h comm5t$ on ! graceful flight ( ! ,:ite ,admiral z x skims al(t & al[ ?r\gh ! woodl& glades4 ,?is elegance ( motion is /ill reta9$ ev5 :5 ! w+s become sadly torn & fray$1 probably by contact ) twigs & ?orns4 ,widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ,c5tral ,europe4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ,amurl&1 ,corea1 & ,japan4 ,! ,comma 7,polygonia c-album74 ,! peculi> %ape ( ! w+s ( ?is butt]fly 7,plate #ce7 might cause x to be mi/ak5 = a v tatt]$ example ( "o ( ! ,tortoise%ells4 ,! irregul> cont\r ( ! out] edges ( ! w+s is1 h[ev]1 q natural1 & is subject to "s v>iation 9 its jagg$ness4 ,_! col\r is deep tawny or fulv\s1 ) br[ni% bord]s on _! out] m>g94 ,on ! =e w+s !re are ?ree black spots on ! front or co/al area1 & bel[ ! fir/1 :i* is (t5 divid$1 !re is a r\ndi% black spot 7sometimes d\ble7 j above ! inn] m>g92 two1 sometimes ?ree1 o!r spots lie betwe5 ?is & ! ?ird co/al spot4 ,on ! h9d w+s !re are ?ree black spots on ! basal half1 & a s]ies ( pale fulv\s spots be=e ! br[ni% bord]2 ^! are inw>dly edg$ ) br[ni%1 & sometimes ?is edg+ is unit$ ) ! m>g9al bord]4 ,simil> spots are1 9 "s specim5s1 pres5t 9 a l position on ! =e w+s also4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are ( v>i\s %ades ( br[n1 sometimes v>iegat$ ) :iti%1 or yell[i%1 & gre5i%1 ! latt] (t5 conspicu\s2 o!r specim5s are pal] on ! out] half ?an on ! basal half1 &1 except occasionally hav+ a s]ies ( gre5i% or dusky spots on ! out] area1 are )\t m>k+4 ,^! diff]5ces occur 9 bo? sexes4 ,! :ite comma or c m>k1 plac$ ab\t ! middle ( ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s1 is r /rong] 9 ! v>iegat$ specim5s2 b x v>ies1 g5]ally1 9 %ape z well z 9 size4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #cj4 ,:ite ,admiral4 ,"y cat]pill> ) hib]naculum 7h72 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ca4 #a1 #b ,purple ,emp]or2 #c v>4 iole4 #d1 #e ,:ite ,admiral1 v>4 nigr9a4 ,v>4 hut*9soni1 ,robson1 :i* has be5 r5am$ pallida & lutesc5s1 diff]s f ! typical =m 9 hav+ ! gr\nd col\r mu* light] & bright] on ! upp] side & o*re\s on ! "u side4 ,x is %[n on ,plate #ce4 ,! outl9e ( ! w+s ( ?is =m1 :i* occurs 9 ,june & ,july1 is said to be less jagg$1 & ?is may be s z a rule1 b x c]ta9ly is n always ! case4 ,possibly ?is is ,! ,pale ,comma ( ,petiv]4 ,!re are two broods ( ?is species 9 ! ye>1 b ! fir/ or summ] flight ( butt]flies seems to dep5d ^u a fav\rable season1 z also does ! second or autumnal brood1 at lea/ z reg>ds ! numb] ( butt]flies repres5t+ x4 ,! late butt]flies hib]nate & reappe> 9 ,april1 or ev5 ,m>*1 ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,x has be5 /at$ t all ! specim5s appe>+ 9 ! spr+ are ( ! =m ) pla9 "u sides4 ,f eggs laid betwe5 ,april #bg & ,may #f1 ,miss ,e4 ,hut*9son1 writ+ 9 #ahhg1 says cat]pill>s hat*$ betwe5 ,may #e & #aa4 ,!y 7 f$ on currant & nettle mix$1 & 7 full gr[n f ,june #ag? till ! #bcrd4 ,! fir/ butt]fly em]g$ on ,june #bf1 & ! la/ on ,july #c1 & all 7 v f9e & ( ! pale summ] v>iety4 ,two ( ! insects pair$ on ,june #cj1 & ! female comm5c$ lay+ on ,july #a1 & cont9u$ do+ s till ! #aj?1 :5 !re 7 #abj ova4 ,un=tunately1 a v cold spell ( wea!r began on ,july #ab1 & m ?an half ! eggs p]i%$4 ,! butt]flies result+ f ! rema9d] appe>$ dur+ ,augu/1 f ! #ag? to ! #bg?1 b !y w\ld n pair1 probably because1 al?\gh !y _h em]g$ at an e>ly date1 !y prop]ly belong$ to ! autumnal flight4 ,9 #ahid ,mr4 ,frohawk re>$ #bjj ( ^! butt]flies f #bge eggs laid by a female betwe5 ,april #ag & ,june #a ( t ye>4 ,! cat]pill>s 7 suppli$ ) nettle only4 ,! fir/ butt]fly em]g$ on ,june #cj1 & ! la/ on ,augu/ #b4 ,( ! :ole numb] =ty-"o 7 ( ! light fulv\s =m1 v>4 hut*9soni1 & all ! o!rs ( ! d>k or typical =m4 ,) few exceptions1 ! light-col\r$ butt]flies 7 ! fir/ to em]ge1 & ! major portion ( ^! dur+ e>ly ,july1 & be=e any examples ( ! d>k =m _h come out4 ,! egg is at fir/ gre5 9 col\r ) ribs :it]1 b *anges be=e ! cat]pill> hat*es out to yell[i%4 ,9 conf9em5t ! female butt]flies deposit _! eggs s+ly or 9 *a9s ( ?ree or f\r2 probably ! latt] is ! usual me?od ( lay+ ! eggs "u natural conditions4 ,! cat]pill> :5 full gr[n is black1 nett$ ) greyi%2 ! sp9es on ! second to fif? r+s inclusive are yell[i%1 & ^? on ! back ( ! o!r r+s are :ite2 ! back f r+ #f to r+ #aj inclusive is broadly :ite1 m>k$ ) black1 & ! upp] surface ( ! o!r r+s is m or less yell[i%4 ,! head is black1 m>k$ ) o*re\s2 ! cr[n is lob$1 & on ea* lobe is a %ort club-l knob4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #cb4 ,comma ,butt]fly4 ,egg enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #cc4 ,:ite ,admiral4 #a1 #c male2 #b1 #d female4 ,! *rysalis is br[ni% t+$ ) p9k2 ! w+-cases & ! r+s ( ! body are edg$ ) blacki%2 !re is a greyi% l9e along ! back ( ! body & a br[ni% /ripe along ! spiracles2 at ! po9t :]e ! body jo9s ! ?orax !re are "s silv]y or gold5 spots4 ,! figures ( cat]pill> & *rysalis on ,plate #cb are aft] ,buckl]4 ,?is butt]fly seems to h disappe>$ f _m localities 9 ,engl& :]e x =m]ly fl\ri%$4 ,ab\t sev5ty or eighty ye>s ago1 = example1 x 0 pl5tiful 9 ,epp+ ,=e/1 9 ,h]ts1 & 9 ,dorset4 ,dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury or s x has be5 common 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( _m ( ! c\nties f ,som]set to ,durham & ,cumb]l&1 b seems to h occurr$ only sp>+ly or s+ly 9 ,norfolk1 ,suffolk1 ,essex1 ,k5t1 ,sussex1 ,hants1 ,wilts1 & ,devon4 ,x /ill occurs n[ & !n 9 ! ,dov] di/rict1 ! mo/ rec5t record be+ ( "o tak5 9 ,octob]1 #ahid2 & x 0 report$ f ,nor? ,/af=d%ire 9 #ahic4 ,probably x is n[ almo/ entirely conf9$ to fav\r$ di/ricts embrac$ )9 ! area repres5t$ by ! c\nties ( ,h]e=d%ire1 ,worce/]%ire1 & ,monm\?%ire1 :5ce x may occasionally /ray into ! adjo9+ c\nties1 or ev5 fur!r afield4 ,?is butt]fly is (t5 associat$ ) hop g>d5s1 b x is by no means re/rict$ to su* places4 ,! usual food-plants ( ! cat]pill>s are hop 7,humulus lupulus71 nettle 7,urtica dioica71 & currant 7,ribes71 b x is report$ to eat gooseb]ry 7,r4 grossul>ia7 & elm 7,ulmus74 ,abroad x has a v wide di/ribution 9 ,europe1 & ext5ds ?r\gh ,asia to ,japan4 ,! ,l>ge ,tortoise%ell 7,vanessa poly*loros74 ,ap>t f its l>g] size1 & some:at diff]5t outl9e1 ?is butt]fly may be kn[n f ! ,small ,tortoise%ell by its dull] col\r1 :i* is br[ni%-orange2 on ! =e w+ !re are1 z a rule1 no blue cresc5ts 9 ! h9d m>g9al bord]1 b !re is an extra black spot plac$ betwe5 ve9s #a & #b2 on ! h9d w+s a black spot on ! front area repres5ts ! black basal area se5 on ! ,small ,tortoise%ell2 & ?is is an important po9t ( diff]5ce1 al?\gh ! two species are n likely to be confus$ :5 bo? are well kn[n4 ,! blue spots ref]r$ to z n usually pres5t on ! =e w+s are /at$ to occur 9 specim5s em]g+ f *rysalids t h be5 kept 9 a r cold temp]ature = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t4 ,an ab]ration kn[n z te/udo has ! black spots ( ! =e w+s unit$1 & =m+ blot*es on ! front & inn] areas2 ! gr\nd col\r ( ! =e w+s is light]1 & ! h9d w+s are black]4 ,?is =m occurs at l>ge on ! ,cont95t1 b x is r>e2 x has also be5 produc$ 9 ! c\rse ( temp]ature exp]im5ts4 ,! only eggs ( ?is butt]fly t ,i h be5 able to obta9 are ! bat* figur$ on ,plate #cd4 ,^! 7 purpli% ) :iti% ribs1 b no cat]pill>s hat*$ f !m4 ,hell9s1 :o squeez$ a few eggs f a fre%ly kill$ female1 /ates t ! col\r app>5tly is a dull gre54 ,! ribs v>y f sev5 to n9e 9 numb]4 ,! cat]pill> 9 ! adult /age is black1 ) a speckl$ d>k o*re\s b& trav]s$ by a black c5tral l9e on ! back2 ! sides are dappl$ ) o*re\s grey2 ! "u p>ts are br[n dappl$ ) d>k]1 & m]g+ into ! black4 ,! sp9es are d>k o*re\s tipp$ ) black1 & ! head is %9y black & bri/ly4 7,! figure is aft] ,buckl]47 ,^! cat]pill>s live 9 l>ge companies1 (t5 at ! top ( a high elm tree1 f :i* !y may be dislodg$ by a well-aim$ /ick1 if ?is happ5s to be heavy en\gh to j> ! bran* :5 x rea*es ! m>k4 ,besides elm trees 7,ulmus71 !y also may be f\nd on will[ & sall[ 7,salix71 asp5 & popl> 7,populus71 :ite-beam 7,pyrus aria71 & v>i\s fruit trees1 especially *]ry4 ,occasionally !y h be5 f\nd on nettle1 b ! butt]flies f ^! 7 small 9 size4 ,june is ! be/ mon? = !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #cd4 ,l>ge ,tortoise%ell4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ce4 ,comma ,butt]fly4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f male2 #g female 7v>4 hut*9soni74 ,! *rysalis 7,plate #cd7 is greyi%1 t+$ ) p9k or r$di%1 spr9kl$ ) gre5i%1 & %ad$ ) br[n & black2 ! back ( ! body ne>e/ ! ?orax is adorn$ ) gold5 spots4 ,i once obta9$ a numb] ( ^! *rysalids 9 ,july at ,mill ,hill2 !y 7 f\nd susp5d$ by ! tail f ! edges ( bo>ds t =m$ a rickety old c>t-%$ /&+ at "o end ( a field & b5ea? an elm tree4 ,al?\gh ?is butt]fly is (t5 common 9 ! cat]pill> /ate1 ! p]fect insect1 :i* em]ges 9 ,july & ,augu/1 is m frequ5tly se5 9 ! spr+ aft] hib]nation ?an be=e t ev5t4 ,x probably e/abli%es itself 9 suitable qu>t]s1 9 old trees1 faggot /acks1 b>ns1 etc41 = its long re/ dur+ ! w9t]1 at an e>ly p]iod aft] em]g+ f ! *rysalis4 ,no d\bt l>ge numb]s are de/roy$ by _! great enemies1 ! p>asitic flies1 *iefly p]haps ! ,hym5opt]\s ,apanteles4 ,an obs]v] /ates t f fifty *rysalids only "o butt]fly result$1 all ! o!rs 7 f\nd to be fill$ ) p>asites4 ,9 ano!r case ( "o hundr$ cat]pill>s1 "s collect$ :5 q small1 only "o 0 n i*neumon$4 ,^! butt]flies1 9 common ) mo/ o!r ,vanessids1 d n pair until ! spr+1 b ,b>rett cites an in/ance ( cat]pill>s1 f eggs laid by a female 9 e>ly ,septemb]1 be+ re>$ until ab\t #a_/b in* 9 l5g?1 :5 !y app>5tly laid up = hib]nation4 ,lanes m>g9$ ) trees1 especially elms1 or ! v]ges ( woods1 are ! mo/ likely places 9 :i* to f9d ! butt]fly4 ,at "o "t & ano!r x has be5 obs]v$ 9 ne>ly e c\nty ( ,engl& & ,wales1 & also 9 "s p>ts ( ,scotl&1 b n 9 ,irel&4 ,x appe>s to be m or less common 9 all c\nties ar\nd ,london1 ext5d+ to ,som]set 9 ! we/2 to ,cambs1 ,norfolk1 & ,suffolk 9 ! ea/2 & to ,nor?ampton & ,w>wick 9 ! ,midl&s4 ,abroad x is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ,europe1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ea/w>d to ! ,himalayas4 ,! ,small ,tortoise%ell 7,vanessa urtic74 ,?is butt]fly is "o ( ! mo/ ubiquit\s z well z prettie/ t we h 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,its r$di%-orange col\r1 m>k$ ) yell[ pat*es1 black spots1 & blue cresc5ts1 gives x a *>m+ appe>ance z x sits on a fl[]1 or ev5 on ! gr\nd1 ) w+s fully exp&$ to ! sunlight4 ,:5 ! w+s are clos$ up1 h[ev]1 ! butt]fly seems to disappe>1 z ! "u side ( ! w+s is q sombre 9 col\r4 ,! only bright spot on ! "u side is ! yell[i% c5tral area ( ! =e w+1 & :5 ! w+s are held erect ov] ! insect's back ?is is n se51 b only ! tips ( ^! w+s1 :i* are ( ! same dull col\r z ! h9d w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,! gr\nd col\r is subject to modification z reg>ds ! %ade ( r$ 9 ! orange1 & ?is may be int5se or r$uc$ to j a m]e t+e4 ,specim5s h be5 tak5 on ! w+ 9 :i* ! col\r 0 "s %ade ( buff1 & ! same k9d ( col\r *ange w sometimes result f an ov]-long exposure to ! action ( ammonia4 ,! black m>k+s v>y 9 size1 & sometimes ^? on ! co/al area are m or less connect$ or ev5 conflu5t 7,fig4 #bb72 a great] or less] am\nt ( blacki% suffusion on ! h9d w+s 7,fig4 #bc7 g5]ally accompanies conflu5ce ( ! co/al spots on =e w+s4 ,! two black spots betwe5 ve9s #b & #d occasionally enl>ge & unite1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 !y decrease 9 size to vani%+ po9t4 ,"s specim5s h black scales betwe5 ! second co/al spot & ! black spot on ! inn] m>g91 & ! space betwe5 ^! two spots may be entirely cov]$ ) black & s =m a c5tral transv]se b& 7v>4 pol>is74 ,a modification ( ?is =m is %[n on ,plate #ch1 l[] figure4 ,! yell[ pat* betwe5 ! second & ?ird co/al black spots is sometimes cont9u$ "r across ! w+s to ! yell[ spot on ! inn] m>g91 & 9 ?is respect resembles an ,indian =m ( ! species nam$ ladak5sis4 ,dw>f specim5s result1 9 mo/ cases1 :5 ! cat]pill>s h f$ on hop 7,humulus72 at lea/1 ?is is s 9 conf9em5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,! egg is at fir/ gre51 b aft] a "t becomes t9t$ ) yell[ & ! ribs /& out cle> & transp>5t4 ,! eggs are laid 9 a clu/] on ! "u side ( a t]m9al leaf ( a nettle plant 9 ,may & aga9 9 ,july4 ,! adult cat]pill> is yell[i%1 closely cov]$ ) black speckl+ & %ort hairs2 !re is a black l9e d[n ! c5tre ( ! back1 & ?is is bord]$ on ea* side by ! cle> gr\nd col\r4 ,! spiracles are black r+$ ) yell[1 & !re is a yell[i% l9e above !m4 ,! yell[i% sp9es h black tips4 ,head black1 hairy1 & speckl$ ) yell[4 ,individuals ( ano!r company 7 almo/ entirely black1 ! sp9es alone be+ t+$ ) yell[4 ,^! cat]pill>s are greg>i\s f ! "t !y hat* f ! egg until ab\t ! la/ /age4 ,! *rysalis is mo/ (t5 ( "s %ade ( grey & sometimes t+$ ) p9ki%4 ,! po9ts on ! upp] p>ts ( ! body are 9 "s examples metallic at ! base1 & occasionally ! metallic lu/re spreads ov] ! ?orax & o!r p>ts z well4 ,!re are two broods 9 ! ye>1 "o 9 ,june1 ! o!r 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,! latt] brood1 or at lea/ "s ( ! butt]flies1 hib]nate & reappe> 9 ! e>lie/ sunny days ( spr+4 ,!y h be5 se5 on ! w+ z e>ly z ,janu>y & ,febru>y 7#ahif71 & z late z ,decemb]4 ,! geographical range ( ?is species ext5ds ?r\gh ,europe & ,asia to ,japan4 ,! ,peacock 7,vanessa io74 ,unlike ! la/ species ref]r$ to1 ?is h&some butt]fly is m frequ5tly se5 9 ! autumn ?an aft] hib]nation4 ,x is n likely to be mi/ak5 = any o!r k9d1 = on its br[ni%-r$ velvety w+s x be>s its own p>ticul> badge1 ! peacock eyes4 ,! m>ks on ! h9d w+s are m l ! eyes on ! tail fea!rs ( ! peacock ?an are ^? on ! =e w+s1 & ! br[ni%-r$ on ^! w+s is conf9$ to a l>ge pat* bel[ ! eye-m>k1 ! rema9d] be+ blacki%1 p[d]$ ) yell[ scales on ! basal area4 ,"s specim5s h a blue spot bel[ ! eye on ! h9d w+s1 & ! "n cyano/icta has be5 propos$ = ?is =m by ,raynor4 ,! "u side is blacki%1 ) a /eely %e51 & cross$ by irregul> black l9es2 ! =e w+s are t+$ ) br[n on ! inn] area1 & ! c5tral dot & a s]ies ( dots beyond are o*re\s2 ! h9d w+s h an o*re\s c5tral dot4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #cf4 ,l>ge ,tortoise%ell4 #a1 #c male2 #b1 #d female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #cg4 ,small ,tortoise%ell4 ,eggs enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,9 a /ate ( nature ! butt]fly seems little giv5 to v>iation4 ,9 re>+ f ! cat]pill>1 h[ev]1 "s curi\s ab]rations occasionally crop up4 ,9 my e>ly days ( collect+ ,i rais$ a numb] ( specim5s f cat]pill>s select$ f a l>ge brood2 e "o ( ^! butt]flies 0 ( a dull br[ni% col\r & _h a greasy semi-transp>5t appe>ance4 ,i regret to add t ,i set !m all at lib]ty z !y did n come up to my1 !n1 /&>d ( :at a ,peacock butt]fly %\ld be4 ,n[ & !n specim5s are br$ f collect$ cat]pill>s1 9 :i* ! eye spots are repres5t$ by a broad :ite cl\d-l suffusion on ! =e w+s1 & by a pale r\ndi% pat* on ! h9d w+s2 9 conjunction ) ?is ! black co/al spots ( ! =e w+s are all m or less unit$ 7see ,plate #da74 ,?is extreme v>iety is kn[n 9 ! v]nacul> z ! ,bl9d ,peacock1 & z ab4 belis>ia 9 sci5ce2 betwe5 x & ! typical =m !re are all k9ds ( int]m$iate modifications1 & "o ( ^! is also %[n on ! plate ref]r$ to4 ,x may be int]e/+ to rem>k t simil> v>ieties h be5 produc$ by subject+ ! *rysalids at a p>ticul> p]iod to a v l[ temp]ature4 ,read]s :o may wi% to "k m ab\t ,temp]ature ,exp]im5ts are ref]r$ to a pamphlet on ! subject by ,dr4 ,max ,/&fuss4 ,! egg1 an enl>g$ figure ( :i* w be f\nd on ,plate #ci1 is olive gre5 9 col\r1 & has eight ribs1 :i* />t j above ! base & turn ov] ! top4 ,! eggs are laid 9 ,april or ,may 9 bat*es on ! upp] "p ( nettle plants & "u ! "y leaves4 ,! mature cat]pill> is velvety black ) :ite dots1 & ! divisions betwe5 ! r+s ( ! body are well m>k$4 ,! sp9es are black & r glossy1 & besides ?is clo?+1 ! body is also provid$ ) %ort hair :i* gives ! velvety appe>ance4 ,! head & a plate on ! next r+1 also ! legs1 are %9+ black2 ! prolegs are blacki%1 tipp$ ) yell[i%4 ,:5 q "y !y are gre5i%-grey1 & al?\gh hairy are )\t sp9es4 ,! cat]pill>s usually fe$ 9 companies 9 ,june & ,july on ! common /++ nettle4 ,!y h also be5 f\nd on hop4 ,once or twice ,i h re>$ cat]pill>s ( ?is butt]fly1 & also ^? ( ! ,small ,tortoise%ell & ! ,r$ ,admiral1 on hop1 b ! result has be5 disappo9t+1 z ! specim5s produc$ 7 always small 9 size4 ,! individuals = ^! exp]im5ts 7 obta9$ f nettle1 & 7 g5]ally ab\t half gr[n at ! "t !y 7 put on ! hop diet4 ,! *rysalis is figur$ on ,plate #ci4 ,its col\r may be pale gre5i%1 greyi%1 pale br[n1 or br[ni%-grey1 b is usually /ippl$ ) blacki%1 especially ! ant5n & ! outl9e ( ! w+-cases4 ,"s ( ! po9ts on ! ?orax & ! r+1 or r+s1 next to x h a metallic lu/re4 ,two *rysalids among ^? result+ f my hop-f$ cat]pill>s 7 m or less suffus$ ) ! metallic %e54 ,x does n seem to be v cle>ly kn[n :]e ! cat]pill>s retire to = pupation4 ,^? t ,i h f\nd h be5 "u a t5t-l arrangem5t ( ! l[] nettle leaves4 ,9 conf9em5t1 h[ev]1 ,i h not$ t 9 a roomy cage !y all g to "o end ( x & susp5d !mselves f ! ro(2 9 a l>ge fl[]-pot !y cr[d toge!r 9 mu* ! same way4 ,! butt]fly is on ! w+ 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 & frequ5ts all & e k9d ( gr\nd :]e fl[]+ plants1 especially ! tall] k9ds1 are available2 clov] fields are attractive1 & s also are or*>ds4 ,x passes ! w9t] 9 "s holl[ tree trunk1 wood /ack1 or possibly build+s ( "s k9d1 & 9 ! spr+ x aga9 comes =?4 ,m>* & ,april are ! usual mon?s = its reappe>ance1 b 9 #aijj x 0 se5 fly+ ov] ! sn[ on ,febru>y #ag4 ,! "t la/ m5tion$ is probably an unusual "o1 b x is int]e/+ to note t a v simil> obs]vation 0 made by ,h>ris1 :o 9 #aggh wrote 9 8 rem>ks on ?is butt]fly1 ,i h se5 !m fly+ 9 ,febru>y1 :5 ! sn[ has be5 on ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ch4 ,small ,tortoise%ell4 #a1 #b female2 #c1 #e male2 #d v>4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ci4 ,peacock ,butt]fly4 ,egg enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,usually ! ,peacock butt]fly assumes ! p]fect /ate b once 9 ! ye>4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a record ( half-gr[n cat]pill>s be+ f\nd 9 ,septemb]1 & t ^! produc$ butt]flies 9 due c\rse4 ,al?\gh n always abundant1 ! butt]fly is to be1 or has be51 f\nd 9 almo/ e "p ( ! k+dom1 except+ p]haps nor? ( ! ,cal$onian ,canal 9 ,scotl&4 ,ar\nd ,bi%op ,auckl& & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\nty ( ,durham1 & also 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 x 0 common "s =ty ye>s ago1 b x seems to be h>dly ev] se5 !re n[4 ,! same applies to o!r nor!rn localities :]e x 0 once pl5tiful4 ,its di/ribution includes ! :ole ( ,europe1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,sib]ia1 ,amurl&1 ,corea1 & ,japan4 ,! ,camb]well ,beauty 7,vanessa antiopa74 ,?is is a l>ge & h&some insect2 its *ocolate-br[n w+s are bord]$ ) o*re\s speckl$ ) black scales4 ,! bord] is v>iable 9 wid?1 & ?is is occasionally s wide t x p>tly or completely hides ! blue spots1 :i* 9 ! ord9>y =m are plac$ on a d>k b& j be=e ! o*re\s bord]4 ,su* specim5s are kn[n z v>4 hygia or v>4 l9tn]i 7,plate #da72 b 9 ! =m] =m ! yell[ spots on ! front edge ( ! =e w+ are abs5t1 & 9 ! latt] v>iety ^! spots are sometimes unit$ & =m a blot*4 ,"o au?ority /ates t ! proportion ( ^! extreme v>iations 9 nature is ab\t #a 9 #ejj4 ,! same =m may be produc$ by subject+ summ] *rysalids to a temp]ature ( ab\t #aaj deg4 ,fahr4 dur+ ?ree to five consecutive days1 ! *rysalids be+ plac$ 9 ?is heat f\r times a day1 & = a p]iod ( "o h\r ea* "t4 ,dr4 ,max ,/&fuss1 :o has made _m exp]im5ts ) ?is & o!r butt]flies1 /ates t ! result ( su* treatm5t z t adv]t$ to1 & z reg>ds ?is species1 has be5 ! production ( z _m z sev5 ( ! v>ieties among =ty specim5s4 ,x w\ld seem probable1 !n1 t ! v>ieties occurr+ 9 ! op5 are f *rysalids t receiv$ a great] am\nt ( heat ?an ^? t produce ! ord9>y butt]fly4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ! bord]s are o*re\s1 b ?is only applies to ! specim5s se5 9 ! summ] or e>ly autumn4 ,! butt]flies hib]nate1 & :5 !y leave _! w9t] retreats 9 ! spr+1 ! col\r ( ! bord] is consid]ably pal] & (t5 ev5 :ite4 ,= "s "t x 0 consid]$ t :ite bord]s 7 a peculi>ity ( ! ,briti% ,camb]well ,beauty & /amp$ x a g5u9e native4 ,probably !re are "s :o may /ill hold ?is op9ion4 ,an example ( ea* =m is repres5t$ on ,plate #dc1 ! upp] "o 0 tak5 9 ! spr+1 & ! o!r 9 ! autumn4 ,bo? belong to ,mr4 ,j4,a4 ,cl>k1 to :om ,i am indebt$ = _! loan4 ,! egg is at fir/ deep o*re\s yell[1 *ang+ ?r\gh olive br[n to r$ br[n1 & a day or two be=e ! l>va hat*es out becom+ lead5 grey4 ,! ribs1 :i* are eight or n9e 9 numb]1 are mo/ prom95t bel[ ! top1 & disappe> be=e ! base is rea*$4 ,! eggs are laid on twigs or /ems 9 small bat*es ( #cj or #dj up to l>ge ones ( #aej to #bej4 ,! cat]pill> has be5 describ$ by ,mr4 ,frohawk1 :o gives a full acc\nt ( ! life-hi/ory ( ?is species 9 ! ,entomologi/ = #aijb & #aijc4 ,! foll[+ is an abridgem5t ( 8 description4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #dj4 ,peacock ,butt]fly4 #a1 #c male2 #b1 #d female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #da4 #a1 #c ,peacock v>s42 #b ,camb]well ,beauty v>4 ,! head is bilob$1 hav+ a deep not* on ! cr[n1 & ( a dull black col\r1 cov]$ ) black w>ts1 ea* emitt+ a :ite hair4 ,! gr\nd col\r ( ! body is deep velvety black1 & d5sely spr9kl$ ) pe>l-:ite w>ts1 ea* emitt+ a f9e :ite hair1 "s be+ ( consid]able l5g?1 & ! majority slightly curv$4 ,d[n ! c5tre ( ! back is a s]ies ( ri* deep ru/-r$ %ield-l m>k+s1 :i* comm5ces on ! ?ird segm5t & t]m9ates on ! elev5? segm5t4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! anal segm5t is a %9+ black dorsal disc1 mu* resembl+ ! head2 ! legs are black & %9+1 & ! f\r pairs ( prolegs are ru/ col\r1 ) a poli%$ b& above ! feet1 & ! anal pair are black ) pale r$di% feet4 ,! cat]pill>s fe$ on sall[1 will[1 bir*1 & elm4 ,!y cov] ! leaves ( _! food-plant ) a silk5 web & live !reon 9 companies1 & d n sep>ate until ab\t to prep>e = ! *rysalis /ate4 ,! *rysalis4 ,! dorsal half ( ! head & w+ po9ts are black1 & ! v5tral half orange4 ,"s ( ! po9ts on ! body are tipp$ ) orange4 ,! :ole surface is f9ely & irregul>ly furr[$ & granulat$4 ,! gr\nd col\r is pale buff1 cov]$ ) f9e fusc\s reticulations4 ,! entire surface is clo!d ) a :iti%-p[d]y sub/ance1 giv+ a pale lilac or p9ki% bloom to ! *rysalis1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is easily rubb$ (f1 ! *rysalis !n assum+ a br[ni% hue4 ,our figure ( ! *rysalis is aft] ,holl&4 ,mr4 ,frohawk1 :o _h female butt]flies liv+ "u obs]vation = ab\t ?ree mon?s1 /ates t eggs 7 laid 9 ,april1 ,may1 & ,june4 ,cat]pill>s f ! fir/ bat* ( #aib eggs hat*$ e>ly 9 ,may1 n9ete5 days aft] !y 7 laid4 ,^! 7 full gr[n by ,june #bj1 & ent]$ ! *rysalis /ate soon aft]4 ,! butt]flies f ^! comm5c$ to em]ge ab\t ! middle ( ,july4 ,he says3 ,bo? sall[ & will[ are equally suitable food = ! l>v1 & bir* is readily eat51 ev5 :5 will[ has =m$ ! sole food until ! la/ /age2 !y w fe$ on elm4 ,nettle 0 n appreciat$1 & n t\*$ by !m dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree /ages4 ,?is butt]fly appe>s to h fir/ attract$ ! att5tion ( ! e>li] ,briti% entomologi/s ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,/eph5s1 writ+ 9 #ahbg1 rem>ks t ab\t sixty ye>s s9ce x appe>$ 9 su* prodigi\s numb]s ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 t ! entomologi/s ( t day gave x ! appellation ( ! ,gr& ,surprise4 ,h>ris figur$ ! butt]fly "u ! "n m5tion$ by ,/eph5s1 & x has also be5 ref]r$ to by o!rs z ! ,will[ ,beauty & ! ,:ite ,petticoat4 ,newman call$ x ! ,:ite-bord]$2 & f ?is1 z well z f 8 description ( ! butt]fly1 x w\ld seem t he _h n se5 any specim51 caught 9 ,brita91 ) o*re\s bord]s4 ,su* specim5s h mo/ c]ta9ly be5 captur$ 9 ^! isl&s1 & occasionally 9 "s numb]s1 z1 = example1 9 ! autumns ( #ahgb & #ahhj4 ,9 ! =m] ye> ! butt]flies 7 se5 or tak5 9 a great _m p>ts ( ! k+dom4 ,! s+le specim5s t are tak5 n[ & !n 9 ! spr+ h hib]nat$1 & possibly !y may h j come ov] f ! ,cont95t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 equally possible t !y may h arriv$ 9 ! c\ntry ! previ\s autumn & pass$ ! w9t] "h4 ,aft] ! invasion 9 ! autumn ( #ahgb1 specim5s 7 obs]v$ 9 ,janu>y1 ,m>*1 & ,april1 #ahgc1 at places widely ap>t4 ,9 #ahha s+le specim5s 7 tak5 9 ,april 9 ,surrey1 ,k5t1 & ,brecknock%ire2 & 9 ,essex & at ,hamp/ead 9 ,augu/4 ,"o or two specim5s 7 tak5 9 ! summ] or autumn ( ! ye>s #ahhd to #ahhg inclusive4 ,9 #ahhh two 7 captur$ 9 ,essex 9 ,may2 & 9 ,augu/1 ?ree 9 ,k5t1 "o ea* ,surrey1 ,hants1 & ,isle ( ,wight2 & "o 9 ,k5t 9 ,septemb]4 ,9 #ahhi a specim5 0 tak5 9 ,surrey 9 ,april1 "o 9 ,k5t1 & "o 9 ,cambs 9 ,may2 a few also 9 ! autumn ( t ye>4 ,9 #ahia a specim5 0 se5 at ,balham 9 ,septemb]4 ,9 #ahic "o 0 tak5 9 ,epp+ ,=e/ 9 ,april1 & "o 9 ,s\? ,devon 9 ,augu/4 ,s+le specim5s 7 not$ 9 ,ox=d%ire1 ,l9coln%ire1 ,b]wick1 & ! ,isle ( ,skye1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahif1 & "o at ,epsom 9 ,decemb] ( t ye>4 ,9 #ahig "o 0 record$ f ,yorks 7,augu/71 & "o f ,norfolk 7,septemb]72 & 9 ,may1 #ahih1 "o 0 tak5 at ,norwi*4 ,"o or two 7 obs]v$ 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb]1 #ahih & #ahii2 & 9 #aijj !re seems to h be5 an invasion1 on a small scale1 ( ?is butt]fly 9 ,augu/ into "s ( ! ea/]n & s\!rn c\nties ( ,engl&4 ,x ext5d$ we/w>d to ,som]set%ire1 & nor?w>d to ,roxburgh%ire4 ,a few 7 tak5 9 v>i\s s\!rn localities1 includ+ s\?-ea/ & nor? ,london1 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb] ( #aija4 ,a specim5 occurr$ 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight 9 ,septemb]1 #aijc1 & "o 9 ,septemb]1 #aijd2 & 9 ! latt] ye> "o 0 captur$ 9 ,augu/ at ,raynes ,p>k 9 ,surrey4 ,9 #aije "o butt]fly 0 tak5 at ,h>r[1 ,middlesex1 on ,july #bg2 "o at ,norwi* on ,augu/ #bf1 & "o 9 ,suffolk on ,septemb] #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #db4 ,camb]well ,beauty4 ,egg enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #dc4 ,camb]well ,beauty4 ,a full record ( ?is f9e butt]fly 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s w\ld occupy too mu* space1 b ! details giv5 above w %[ some?+ ( its erratic occurr5ce s9ce #ahhj4 ,x visits ,irel& occasionally1 b !re are no rec5t reports ( its hav+ be5 se5 !re4 ,kane1 9 8 ,catalogue ( ! ,lepidopt]a ( ,irel&1 m5tions a specim5 tak5 9 ,co4 ,k]ry1 ,july #ba1 #ahfe2 "o f ne> ,belfa/ 9 #ahge82 & a ?ird example se5 by a fri5d _m ye>s ago ne> ,trillick1 ,co4 ,tyrone4 ,! latt] 0 settl$ on ! roadside1 b n captur$1 x be+ ,sunday4 ,di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! temp]ate p>ts ( ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e1 x is common 9 ! ,sc&9avian ,p59sula1 :5ce probably our specim5s came2 also 9 ,g]many4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,cont95t x is1 h[ev]1 almo/ z unc]ta9 9 its occurr5ce z 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,pa9t$ ,lady 7,pyrameis c>dui74 ,! usual col\r ( ?is butt]fly is tawny-orange1 b 9 "s specim5s1 especially fre% ones1 !re is a t+e ( p9k1 or a rosy flu%2 ! m>k+s are black1 & !re are "s :ite spots t[>ds ! tips ( ! =e w+s4 ,! black m>k+s on ! h9d w+s are subject to v>iation 9 size1 & sometimes !y run "o into ! o!r4 ,occasionally ?is union ( ! spots is accompani$ by blacki% suffusion spread+ m or less ov] ! entire surface ( ! w+s1 s t !y appe> blacki% ) tawny-orange pat*es or cl\ds4 ,a some:at peculi> v>iety ( ! species1 k9dly l5t by ,mr4 ,j4,a4 ,cl>k1 is %[n on ,plate #di4 ,specim5s ( ?is =m1 or "s modification ( x1 h be5 obta9$ 9 ,engl&1 b v r>ely4 ,simil> examples h also be5 f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ! globe4 ,fig4 #bd repres5ts ano!r int]e/+ ab]ration ( ?is butt]fly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #dd4 ,pa9t$ ,lady4 ,cat]pill>1 *rysalis & protection-web4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #de4 ,pa9t$ ,lady4 #a1 #c1 #d male2 #b1 #e female4 ,! egg is at fir/ gre51 & gradually becomes d>k]4 ,x is /rongly ribb$ f ! base to ! top1 :]e ! ribs become f9] & turn ov] t[>ds ! c5tral holl[1 at ! bottom ( :i* is ! micropyle4 ,! f9e cross-ribs =m slight bosses at _! junction ) ! upright ribs4 ,! eggs are laid on ! leaves ( ! ?i/le1 b usually only "o on a leaf4 ,! cat]pill> is r /\t = its l5g?4 ,x has a d>k greyi% head1 :i* is cov]$ ) %ort bri/les4 ,! gr\nd col\r ( ! body v>ies f greyi%-gre5 & o*re\s-grey to blacki%1 & 9 ! d>k] col\r is g5]ally freckl$ ) pal]1 sometimes yell[i%4 ,!re is a black l9e along ! back1 (t5 edg$ ) yell[i%1 & sometimes mu* brok5 up2 ! l9es on ! sides are yell[i%1 b n always di/9ct2 ! l9e bel[ ! yell[-r+$ black spiracles1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally broad & yell[i% 9 col\r4 ,al?\gh ?i/les 7,c>duus7 appe> to be ! plants mo/ frequ5tly eat5 by ^! cat]pill>s1 !y h sometimes be5 f\nd fe$+ ^u mall[ 7,malva71 burdock 7,arctium71 vip]'s bugloss 7,e*ium71 & ev5 nettle 7,urtica74 ,!y comm5ce life by fix+ up ! edges ( a leaf s z to =m a sort ( pocket 9 :i* to conceal !mselves1 b z !y eat away ! fle%y "p ( ! leaf _! retreat is easily detect$4 ,! hid+-place1 or d9+-room1 ( a full-gr[n cat]pill> is %[n on ! plate2 *ange to ! *rysalis is (t5 effect$ 9 a some:at simil> /ructure4 ,! *rysalis is grey1 o*re\s-grey1 or gre5i%2 %ad$ or /rip$ ) br[ni%4 ,! rais$ po9ts are burni%$1 & accord+ to ! way light falls on !m appe> gold5 or silv]y4 ,?is metallic effect is also se5 on o!r p>ts ( ! *rysalis1 b *iefly on ! back4 ,?is butt]fly is a notori\s migrant4 ,its prop] home is probably 9 ,nor!rn ,africa1 & !re x1 at times1 becomes s exce$+ly num]\s t emigration is possibly a necessity 9 ! int]e/s ( future g5]ations ( ! species4 ,:atev] ! cause ( _! leav+ may be1 !re is no d\bt ab\t ! fact t ! butt]flies d quit ! l& ( _! bir? 9 great sw>ms4 ,almo/ any "p ( ! _w may become ! dump+-gr\nd ( ?is surplus /ock4 ,our own isl&s are frequ5tly fav\r$ 9 ?is way1 & x is mo/ likely t if ?is 7 n s1 ?is pretty butt]fly w\ld n be s common ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita9 z x is 9 "s ye>s4 ,! natural habit ( ! species is to g on reproduc+ its k9d ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & ^? individuals t arrive "h mo/ c]ta9ly endeav\r to d ?is 9 _! new home4 ,un=tunately our climate is n1 z a rule1 a suitable "o = ^? cat]pill>s :i* hat* f ! egg late 9 ! season1 & al?\gh "s may complete _! gr[?1 & ev5 atta9 ! p]fect /ate1 ! butt]fly1 s f> z is kn[n1 does n hib]nate z d ! ,tortoise%ells & ! ,peacock4 ,x may !re=e be assum$ t ! specim5s se5 9 ,may or ,june ( any ye> are n native born1 b e>ly immigrants1 & t x is f su* ali5s t ! cat]pill>s & butt]flies obs]v$ lat] 9 ! ye> are desc5d$4 ,a curi\s habit ( ! ,pa9t$ ,lady1 & also ( ! ,r$ ,admiral1 is t ( cont9u+ on ! w+ long aft] o!r k9ds ( butt]fly h retir$ to _! re/+-places = ! night4 ,bo? h be5 se5 fly+ ab\t at dusk1 & h be5 record$ z attract$ by light on m ?an "o occasion4 ,x has be5 not$ t ^! butt]flies1 9 e>ly summ]1 usually occur s+ly1 & seem to become atta*$ to "s %ort /ret* ( gr\nd1 ov] :i* !y c>e] to & fro ) almo/ me*anical regul>ity4 ,!y may be /ruck at ) ! net aga9 & aga91 b d n des]t _! beat4 ,ev5 if caught & releas$ aga9 !y appe> to be undismay$1 & resume _! int]rupt$ patrol ei!r at once or v %ortly aft]w>ds4 ,! lat] butt]flies also are n afraid ( ! net1 & w repeat$ly return to "s fav\rite p]* aft] be+ /ruck at & miss$4 ,al?\gh ! butt]fly has be5 obs]v$1 sometimes 9 abundance1 9 e "p ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 ev5 to ! ,%etl&s1 its occurr5ce 9 any giv5 locality is always unc]ta94 ,9 "s ye>s x may be fairly common 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> & v sc>ce lat] on4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #df4 ,r$ ,admiral4 ,eggs enl>g$2 "y & adult cat]pill>s2 *rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #dg4 ,r$ ,admiral4 #a1 #b male2 #c1 #d female4 ,a ,nor? ,am]ican species1 ,pyrameis virg9i5sis 7hunt]a71 has be5 once or twice1 s9ce #ahbh1 report$ z captur$ 9 ,engl&1 b its occurr5ce 9 ?is c\ntry c only be reg>d$ z accid5tal4 ,! ,r$ ,admiral 7,pyrameis atalanta74 ,! vivid contra/ ( black & sc>let 9 ?is butt]fly w c]ta9ly arre/ ! att5tion ( ev5 ! lea/ obs]vant4 ,b ,nature1 ev] excell5t 9 h] col\r s*emes1 has ton$ d[n ! gl>e ( ! sc>let b&s by ! addition ( "s spla%es & dots ( :ite above !m on ! =e w+s1 & "s dots ( black on ^? ( ! h9d w+s4 ,!n1 by way ( a f9i%1 !re is a delicate trac+ ( blue along ! out] m>g9 ( ! =e w+s1 & a t\* ( ! same col\r at ! angle ( ! h9d w+s1 ! scallop$ m>g9s ( all ! w+s be+ :ite reliev$ by black po9ts4 ,on ! "u side ! comb9ation ( col\r on ! =e w+s is mu* ! same z above1 b !re is also "s blue trac+ on ! c5tral area1 & ! tips h>monize ) ! h9d w+s1 :i* are mottl$ ) v>i\s %ades ( br[n1 trav]s$ by wavy black l9es1 & h a m or less squ>e pale spot on _! front edges4 ,! ord9>y v>iation 9 ?is butt]fly consi/s ( slight diff]5ces 9 ! tone ( ! r$ m>k+s1 :i* ranges f ! normal sc>let 9 "o direction to almo/ crimson1 & 9 ! o!r to orange-yell[4 ,! b&s on ! =e w+s may be brok5 up into two1 or sometimes ?ree1 di/9ct p>ts2 & a specim5 ) ! b&s ( h9d w+s m>k$ ) yell[ has be5 not$4 ,!re is (t5 a :ite dot 9 ! b&s ( ! =e w+s1 & ?is occurs 9 bo? sexes4 ,a some:at r>e v>iety is repres5t$ on ,plate #di4 ,x 0 re>$ f "o ( ?ree cat]pill>s casually pick$ up at ,eri?1 & is n[ 9 ,mr4 ,sab9e's collection4 ,some:at simil> specim5s h be5 figur$ else:]e4 ,"o ( ^! 0 br$ f a cat]pill> f\nd at ,a%ton 9 #ahfg1 & ano!r 0 captur$ 9 ,j]sey 9 #ahic4 ,all ^! v>ieties seem to be modifications ( ! =m nam$ klem5siewiczi by ,s*ille1 & :i* 0 figur$ by ,esp] z a v>iety ( atalanta 9 #aggg4 ,?is =m has also result$ f temp]ature exp]im5ts on ! *rysalis1 ( ! k9d previ\sly adv]t$ to4 ,! egg :5 fir/ laid is gre5 9 col\r1 b z ! cat]pill> matures )9 ! col\r *anges to gre5i%-black1 ) ! t5 ribs %[+ up m or less transp>5t4 ,! egg is laid 9 an upright position on nettle leaves & "y %oots1 b n 9 bat*es l ^? ( ! ,tortoise%ell1 etc4 ,! cat]pill> v>ies 9 col\r4 ,"s are blacki% freckl$ ) :ite1 ) two yell[ /ripes1 sometimes brok5 up1 on ! sides2 & ! r[s ( bran*$ sp9es yell[1 except ^? ne>e/ ! head1 :i* are black or tipp$ ) black4 ,o!rs are greyi%1 or grey m>k$ ) yell[i%-gre54 ,o!rs1 aga91 are d>k br[ni%1 ) ! sp9es on ! back pale1 & ^? on ! sides black2 or all ! sp9es may be %9+ black 7,hell9s74 ,! *rysalis is greyi%1 prettily ornam5t$ ) gold along ! c5tre ( ! back & on ! ?orax & head4 ,! projections are also t+$ ) metallic gloss4 ,x is g5]ally susp5d$ "u a canopy ( nettle leaves4 ,! cat]pill>s d n live 9 companies l ^? ( ! ,peacock & ,tortoise%ells1 b ea* individual con/ructs = itself a k9d ( t5t 7see ,plate #dh7 by sp9n+ toge!r ! leaves ( its food-plant1 ! common /++-nettle4 ,al?\gh ! cat]pill> is well conceal$ 9 su* hid+-places :5 newly made1 x gives itself away :5 x has p>tly consum$ its home4 ,x has be5 f\nd on pellitory 7,p>iet>ia (fic9alis71 & also on hop 7,humulus72 b ,i h f\nd t cat]pill>s f$ on hop alone always produce small butt]flies4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #dh4 ,r$ ,admiral4 ,cat]pill>'s %elt]-t5t1 & *rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #di4 #a1 #b ,r$ ,admiral v>4 #c1 #d ,pa9t$ ,lady v>4 ,! cat]pill>s1 :i* 9 a /ate ( ,nature are (t5 badly i*neumon$1 h be5 not$ 9 ,engl& z e>ly z ! end ( ,june & z late z ,octob]4 ,9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe !y h be5 se5 9 ,febru>y4 ,! butt]flies se5 9 spr+ & e>ly summ]1 up to1 say1 ! beg9n+ ( ,july1 are suppos$ to h w9t]$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 b !re is no positive evid5ce1 t ,i c f9d1 t ! butt]fly does hib]nate "h4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mo/ probable t !y are arrivals f abroad4 ,! species is f\nd ?r\gh\t ,europe & ,nor? ,africa1 ,nor!rn ,asia1 & ,nor? ,am]ica1 & x may be suspect$ ( migration1 al?\gh !re is1 p]haps1 n su* conclusive evid5ce on ?is po9t z 9 ! case ( its c\s91 ! ,pa9t$ ,lady4 ,anyway1 unless we admit immigration1 x seems difficult to und]/& :y ?is butt]fly %\ld sudd5ly become common 9 "s ,briti% localities f :i* x has be5 almo/ or q abs5t = sev]al ye>s4 ,aga91 we r>ely he> ( butt]flies mov+ ab\t at night1 b ! ,r$ ,admiral1 z well z ! ,pa9t$ ,lady1 are kn[n to d ?is4 ,if x does hib]nate 9 ?is c\ntry x is v late 9 tak+ up w9t] qu>t]s1 z x is se5 on ! w+ at ! end ( ,octob]1 & sometimes ev5 9 ,novemb]2 x has also be5 kn[n to em]ge f ! *rysalis 9 ! latt] mon?4 ,x does n appe> 9 ! spr+ ) o!r hib]nat+ species1 & is r>ely se5 be=e ! end ( ,may1 b ,june seems to be ab\t ! normal "t4 ,9 ! autumn x is fond ( mak+ excursions into ! fl[] g>d5 & ! or*>d1 :]e x takes toll f fl[] & fruit1 an ov]-ripe pe> or plum be+ its special weakness4 ,! blossoms ( ivy1 hop1 ?i/le1 teazle1 etc41 are attractive1 b a tree-/em t has be5 bor$ by ! cat]pill> ( ! goat mo? w be visit$ by ne>ly e ,r$ ,admiral 9 ! di/rict4 ,"o obs]v] m5tions t he once saw q ?irty ( ^! butt]flies ga!r$ ar\nd "o w\nd$ bir* tree on ,wimbl$on ,common4 ,!re 0 n room = all to imbibe at ! same "t1 b ^? unable to satisfy _! desire at ! mom5t 7 cont5t to sit ar\nd & await a fav\rable opportunity ( jo9+ 9 ! fea/4 ,! s$uctive fluid obta9$ f su* trees is evid5tly m pot5t ?an ! nect> f fl[]s1 z "u its influ5ce ! insect is s li/less t x may be tak5 up betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb4 ,its range ext5ds ?r\gh\t ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 & seems to be v simil> to t ( ! ,pa9t$ ,lady4 ,! ,silv]-wa%$ ,fritill>y 7,argynnis paphia74 ,! w+s ( ?is f9e butt]fly are fulv\s1 ) ! ve9s & spots black2 ! spots on ! h9d w+s are b&-l1 & ! c5tral spots on ! =e w+s are sometimes connect$4 ,! female is pal] ?an ! male1 & is )\t ! heavy black scales 7&roconia7 on ve9s #a1 #b1 & #c2 ! basal ?ird ( ! =e w+1 & a l>g] area ( ! h9d w+1 t+$ ) gre5i%4 ,! =m ( ! female ) all ! w+s gre5i% is ! v>4 vales9a 7,plate #eb71 & betwe5 ?is & ! type !re are v>i\s int]grades1 "o ( :i* is %[n on ! plate4 ,specim5s ) :ite spots on ! =e w+s1 & *iefly 9 ! males1 are sometimes n uncommon 9 ! ,new ,=e/1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ye> #ahic1 :5 q a l>ge numb] 7 secur$4 ,v mu* m r>ely :ite spots occur on all ! w+s 7,plate #eg1 ,fig4 #a74 ,9 a v rem>kable male specim51 tak5 9 ! ,new ,=e/ 9 #ahha1 ! c5tral area ( all f\r w+s is black1 & ! ve9s beyond are broadly edg$ ) ! same col\r4 ,a curi\s female ab]ration has ! c5tral black spots mu* r$uc$ or abs5t1 :il/ ^? on ! out] m>g9 are unit$1 & =m elongate blot*es betwe5 ! ve9s1 ! upp] "o be+ w$ge-%ap$4 ,ab]rations ( ! vales9a =m1 simil> to t figur$ on ,plate #eg1 ,fig4 #b1 & ,fig4 #be on next page1 are n (t5 met )2 ! gr\nd col\r is gre5i%1 b mu* suffus$ & cl\d$ ) black4 ,n[ & !n gyn&r\s specim5s are obta9$1 ! "o side normal male & ! o!r side typical female1 or v>4 vales9a4 ,! egg :5 newly laid1 9 ,july1 is :iti% t+$ ) gre51 ribb$1 & cross-furr[$1 ! alt]nate ribs n ext5d+ to ! top4 ,z ! cat]pill> matures1 ! egg-%ell appe>s blacki% & ! ribs ho>y4 ,! cat]pill> :5 full gr[n is velvety black ) two bright yell[ l9es along ! back2 ! sp9es are ( a r$di%-o*re\s col\r ) ! extreme tips & bran*es black4 ,!re are only two on ! fir/ r+1 & ^! are incl9$ =w>d ov] ! head4 ,! *rysalis is ( a pale o*re\s col\r1 /reak$ & mottl$ ) br[ni%2 ! holl[ "p ( ! back has a brilliant gold5 %e51 & ! po9ts on ! re/ ( ! body are gold tipp$4 ,susp5d$ by ! anal hooks to a silk5 pad spun on a twig1 rock1 or o!r object 9 ! vic9ity ( its fe$+-place1 x is capable ( mu* activity 9 ! way ( wriggl+ :5 t\*$1 & displays ! beauty ( its metallic adornm5t to ! greate/ advantage :5 s engag$4 ,! cat]pill> hat*es 9 ,augu/1 & aft] eat+ its egg-%ell & nibbl+ a leaf or two ( dog-violet 7,viola can9a71 goes into w9t] qu>t]s :il/ 9 its second sk91 & consequ5tly v small2 ! sp9es1 :i* are su* an impos+ feature ( ! adult cat]pill>1 h n yet appe>$4 ,9 ,april1 aft] fe$+ aga91 x m\lts ! second "t1 & ! sp9es are !n disclos$4 ,sometimes cat]pill>s cont9ue to fe$ 9 ! autumn in/ead ( hib]nat+4 ,?is1 at lea/1 has happ5$ to ,mr4 ,frohawk on two occasions1 notably 9 #ahic1 :5 he _h sev]al individuals ( a brood1 f eggs laid by a female ( ! vales9a =m1 t dep>t$ f ! usual cu/om ( _! k9d by fe$+ & gr[+ until !y ev5tually pass$ ?r\gh all ! /ages & em]g$ p]fect butt]flies 9 ,septemb] & ,octob] ( t ye>4 ,some?+ simil> occurr$ 9 a brood t he 0 re>+ 9 ! autumn ( #ahie1 b on ?is occasion only "o cat]pill> cont9u$ to fe$ beyond ! normal "t4 ,! ,engli% "n by :i* we n[ "k ?is1 ! l>ge/ ( ! six ,briti% ,argynnids1 seems to h be5 giv5 to x by ,moses ,h>ris 9 #aggh4 ,sixty ye>s or s be=e t date x 0 call$ ! ,great] ,silv]-/reak$ ,fritill>y4 ,=tunately1 9 ?is case1 z 9 o!rs :]e ! vulg> tongue is entomologically conc]n$1 ! law ( priority does n apply1 s t ! "n ,silv]-wa%$1 :i* s well expresses ! und]side ornam5tation1 may be reta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,ab]ration ( v>4 vales9a4 ,! butt]fly is probably to be f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! ,s\!rn ,engli% & ,wel% c\nties1 especially :]e !re are ext5sive woods4 ,9 ,nor? ,devon1 h[ev]1 x occurs 9 places :]e !re is n mu* 9 ! way ( woodl&4 ,x is abundant 9 ! ,new ,=e/1 & also 9 "s p>ts ( ,irel&4 ,al?\gh x has be5 obs]v$ z f> nor? z ! ,clyde1 x is sc>ce 9 ,nor? ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,! vales9a =m is to be se51 9 ,july & ,augu/1 9 ! ,new ,=e/ e ye>1 & sometimes 9 numb]s4 ,?is v>iety has be5 report$ f ,k5t1 ,sussex1 ,devon1 & ,dorset2 also f ne> ,read+ & ! bord] ( ,h]t=d%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ej4 ,silv]-wa%$ ,fritill>y4 #a1 #c male2 #b1 #d1 #e female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ea4 ,silv]-wa%$ ,fritill>y4 ,egg1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,abroad1 ! typical =m is di/ribut$ ?r\gh ,europe & ,asia to ,*9a1 ,corea1 & ,japan4 ,! vales9a v>iety is uncommon 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 b 9 "s p>ts ( ,*9a x seems to be ! dom9ant =m4 ,! ,high ,br[n ,fritill>y 7,argynnis adippe74 ,bright fulv\s ) black spots & ve9s4 ,! female is n s bright 9 t9t z ! male1 & is )\t ! ?ick pat* ( scales on ve9s #b & #c4 ,! s]ies ( black spots p>allel ) ! out] m>g9 ( ! =e w+ are normally six 9 numb]1 b ! ?ird is usually small & sometimes abs5t1 :il/ ! f\r? & fif? are (t5 mu* l>g] ?an o!rs ( ! s]ies4 ,9 ! correspond+ r[ on ! h9d w+ ! fir/ & ?ird spots are sometimes want+4 ,on ! "u side ! silv]y spots are g5]ally z se5 9 ,plate #ed1 b !y are subject to modification1 & n infrequ5tly are abs5t f ! tips ( ! =e w+s1 & sometimes f ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s also4 ,a v r>e ab]ration has ! c5tral area ( ! =e w+s black on ! upp] & "u sides2 ! h9d w+s are black above ) fulv\s lunules on ! out] m>g91 & ! silv]y spots on ! "u side are r$uc$ to five1 & ^! are conf9$ to ! basal area4 ,9 ano!r rem>kable =m ! h9d w+s above are simil> to ! la/-m5tion$ v>iety1 b on ! "u side ! silv]y spots on ! basal half are unit$ & =m a l>ge pat*1 :i* is divid$ by ! n]vures1 & !re are no silv]y spots on ! out] m>g94 ,! v>iety %[n on ,plate #eg has ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s buff 9 col\r1 ! m>k+s on ! out] m>g9 are r$di%-br[n ) a few silv]y scales t[>ds ! anal angle1 & ! basal silv]y spots are conflu5t1 agree+ 9 ! latt] "* ) ! prec$+ v>iety1 & also ) v>4 *>lotta ( ! next species4 ,9 v>4 cleodoxa ! spots on ! "u side are yell[i% in/ead ( silv]y1 b ! r$ spots on ! out] area are sometimes silv] c5tr$2 ?is =m is only r>ely f\nd 9 ,brita94 ,possibly "s ( ! reput$ ,briti% examples ( ,a4 niobe may h be5 ref]able to cleodoxa1 b :at appe>s to be m c]ta9 is t ! actual occurr5ce ( niobe 9 ,engl& is exce$+ly d\btful4 ,! egg :5 newly laid is yell[i%-gre52 x aft]w>ds turns p9k1 & !n rosy r$2 dur+ ! w9t] x *anges to greyi% or blui%-gre54 ,z a rule1 ! eggs are laid at ! end ( ,july1 & ! cat]pill>s d n hat* until ! foll[+ ,m>* or e>ly 9 ,april4 ,9 #ahic1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,frohawk _h a few cat]pill>s hat* out betwe5 ! middle ( ,augu/ & ,septemb] #bj1 f a numb] ( eggs laid at ! end ( ,june4 ,"o ( ^!1 f$ up1 pupat$ on ,octob] #ac1 & ! butt]fly em]g$ on ,novemb] #ba4 ,! majority ( ! eggs rema9$ ov] to ! foll[+ spr+4 ,accord+ to an obs]vation made by ,mr4 ,w4,h4,b4 ,flet*]1 ! cat]pill> is fully =m$ soon aft] ! egg is laid1 b rema9s )9 ! %ell all ! w9t]4 ,! cat]pill>1 :i* fe$s ^u dog-violet1 & also ! sweet violet1 is figur$ on ,plate #ec4 ,! head is p9ki%-br[n1 cov]$ ) %ort greyi% bri/les4 ,body black1 incru/$ ) o*re\s grey on ! sides1 & on ! back m>k$ ) o*re\s grey on ! h9d] half ( ea* r+2 dorsal l9e :ite4 ,! bran*$ sp9es are p9ki%-br[n4 ,! *rysalis is deep br[n1 freckl$ ) pal]2 po9ts along ! back ( ! body brilliant gre5i%-gold51 z also are ! f\r po9ts on ! ?orax4 ,! w+-cases are r pal]4 ,! =ego+ brief description 0 tak5 on ,july #aj1 & ! butt]fly em]g$ five days aft]w>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #eb4 ,gre5i% ,silv]-wa%$ ,fritill>y4 ,v>4 vales9a1 female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ec4 ,high ,br[n ,fritill>y4 ,eggs enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,b>rett says1 ,app>5tly f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! l>g] woods ( ! s\!rn c\nties1 f ,k5t1 ,essex1 ,suffolk1 & ,norfolk on ! ea/1 to ,devon%ire1 ,glamorgan%ire1 & ,m]ione?%ire on ! we/2 also 9 simil> situations ?r\gh ! nor?-we/]n c\nties & ! m %elt]$ woods ( ! ,midl&s to ,h]e=d%ire1 ,%rop%ire1 ,d]by%ire1 & ,l9coln%ire4 ,f\nd 9 sev]al localities 9 ,york%ire1 9 ! fav\r$ ,grange & ,silv]dale di/ricts ( ,lanca%ire1 & ne> ,lake ,w9d]m]e 9 ,we/morel&1 its extreme nor!rn b\nd>y be+ rea*$ 9 ,cumb]l&4 ,x is widely di/ribut$ ov] ,europe1 & its range ext5ds into ,asia ,m9or & ,amurl&4 ,9 ,*9a & ,japan x is repres5t$ by v>i\s =ms1 ! commone/ ( :i* is v>4 locuples4 ,! ,d>k ,gre5 ,fritill>y 7,argynnis aglaia74 ,?is butt]fly is bright fulv\s 9 ! male1 pal] 9 ! female2 ! latt] sex is blacki% t[>ds ! base1 & has pal] spots on ! out] m>g94 ,! black m>k+ is pretty mu* z 9 ! previ\s species1 b ! male has ! black scales 7&roconia7 on ve9s #a & #b1 & ^! are less conspicu\s4 ,! basal two-?irds ( ! h9d w+s is gre5i% on ! "u side4 ,! silv]y spots are arrang$ 9 fairly regul> s]ies1 & !re are no silv]y c5tr$ r$ spots betwe5 ! two out] s]ies4 ,! blacki% cresc5ts on ! out] m>g9 ( ! =e w+s are edg$ ) silv]1 b ?is is *iefly t[>ds ! tips ( ! w+s4 ,!re is "s v>iation 9 ! tone ( ! gr\nd col\r1 light] or d>k] ?an normal 9 bo? sexes2 ! female seems to be ! mo/ v>iable 9 ?is respect1 & sometimes1 especially 9 ! nor?1 examples ( ?is sex are mu* suffus$ ) blacki% or gre5i%-black4 ,occasionally ! col\r is q pale1 z %[n 9 ! middle figure on ,plate #fa1 & sometimes x is cl\d$ ) greyi%4 ,! black spots are apt to run toge!r1 & s =m b&s & blot*es4 ,an example ( ?is k9d ( ab]ration is %[n on ! plate4 ,v>4 *>lotta diff]s v little f ! type on ! upp] side1 b on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s ! basal silv]y spots are unit$1 z %[n 9 ! upp] rev]se side figure on ! plate4 ,?is v>iety 0 kn[n to ! entomologi/ ( ,hawor?'s "t z ! ,que5 ( ,engl& ,fritill>y1 & !re is a figure ( x 9 ,s[]by's ,briti% ,miscellany1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahjf4 ,! egg is yell[i% :5 fir/ laid1 & a day or two aft]w>ds violet-br[n r+s appe> above ! base & ! apical half4 ,x is ribb$ & f9ely cross-ribb$1 & "s ( ! ribs are cont9u$ to ! truncate & slightly depress$ top4 ,:5 full gr[n ! cat]pill> is %9+ purpli%-grey1 ?ickly mix$ ) velvety black2 ! grey is mo/ 9 evid5ce betwe5 ! r+s & along ! l[] "p ( ! sides4 ,!re is a yell[ /ripe along ! middle ( ! back1 & ?is has a c5tral black l9e ( irregul> wid?2 along ! l[] "p ( ! sides !re is a r[ ( r$di% spots1 & ^! are connect$ by a f9e yell[i% l9e4 ,! black sp9es are bran*$1 &1 except on ! fir/ ?ree r+s1 :i* h only two r[s1 arrang$ 9 ?ree r[s on ea* side ( ! yell[ /ripe4 ,! head is glossy black1 &1 l ! body1 hairy4 7,adapt$ f ,buckl]47 ,x fe$s 9 ,may & ,june on dog-violet1 & has be5 re>$ on g>d5 pansy4 ,! *rysalis has ! head1 ?orax1 & w+-cases black1 v glossy1 & m>k$ ) pale br[ni%2 ! body is pale br[ni%1 & ! po9ts black4 ,susp5d$ 9 a t5t-l arrangem5t ( leaves4 ,moorl&s1 d[ns1 sea-cliffs1 & fl[]y slopes are ! k9d ( situations mo/ to ! fancy ( ?is agile butt]fly4 ,x is on ! w+ 9 ,july & ,augu/1 & is mu* m easily se5 ?an caught4 ,h[ev]1 x is r fond ( p]*+ on ! tall] k9ds ( ?i/les1 & is !n n difficult to capture1 if quietly approa*$4 ,x is common locally 9 mo/ ( ! ,engli% & ,wel% c\nties4 ,9 ,irel& x seems to be *iefly atta*$ to ! coa/1 & is pl5tiful 9 "s ( its localities4 ,9 ,scotl& x occurs 9 _m suitable di/ricts1 b ,skye is ! only "o ( ! isles f :i* x has be5 report$4 ,its di/ribution ext5ds ?r\gh ,europe & ,asia to ,amurl&1 ,*9a1 & ,japan4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ed4 ,high ,br[n ,fritill>y4 #a1 #d1 #e male2 #b1 #c female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ee4 ,d>k ,gre5 ,fritill>y4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,! ,que5 ( ,spa9 ,fritill>y 7,argynnis la?onia74 ,9 %ape & 9 g5]al appe>ance ?is butt]fly is n unlike a small example ( ! ,silv]-wa%$ ,fritill>y2 ! l>ge silv]y1 or sometimes pe>ly1 blot*es on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s at once reveal its high] ,briti% rank4 ,:5 fly+ x has a curi\s resemblance to ! ,wall1 & sometimes x has be5 tak5 :5 ! captor suppos$ t he 0 nett+ a specim5 ( t plebeian butt]fly4 ,! black m>k+s on ! upp] side v>y some:at 9 size1 & occasionally ^? on ! front area1 or ^? on ! inn] area ( ! =e w+s1 are m or less conflu5t2 v r>ely ! w+s are suffus$ ) a /eely-blue or bronze col\r4 ,! specim5s occurr+ 9 ?is c\ntry d n1 h[ev]1 exhibit s mu* v>iation z has be5 obs]v$ 9 ?is butt]fly abroad4 ,i h n se5 any ( ! e>ly /ages4 ,! figures ( ! cat]pill> & ! *rysalis 7,plate #eh7 are aft] ,hbn]1 & ! foll[+ descriptions ( ! egg & o!r /ages are adapt$ f ! detail$ life-hi/ory ( ! species by ,mr4 ,frohawk1 publi%$ 9 ! ,entomologi/ = #aijc3-- ,! egg is "o-=tie? ( an in* high1 ( a r /raight-sid$ conical =m1 wide/ at ! base1 :]e x is smoo? & r\nd$ (f at ! edge4 ,!re are ab\t =ty longitud9al keels1 irregul>ly =m$ & ( diff]5t l5g?s1 "s n rea*+ halfway up ! side1 & o!rs runn+ ! entire l5g? f base to cr[n1 :]e !y t]m9ate abruptly1 & =m a s]ies ( triangul> peaks r\nd ! summit surr\nd+ ! granulat$ micropyle2 ! spaces betwe5 ! keels are f9ely ribb$ transv]sely4 ,:5 fir/ laid x is ( a v pale lemon-yell[ col\r1 incl9+ to o*re\s1 appe>+ almo/ :ite 9 c]ta9 lights2 ! col\r gradually deep5s1 becom+ yell[] ) a gre5i% t+e4 ,on ! fif? day ! cr[n ( ! egg assumes a dull grey1 f9ally *ang+ to a lilac-grey4 ,! female butt]fly1 :5 plac$ 9 ! sun%9e1 laid ab\t a hundr$ eggs dur+ ! day--,augu/ #g4 ,^! 7 mo/ly plac$ s+ly on ! leaves or o!r p>ts ( a plant ( he>t's-ease 7,viola tricolor71 b "s 7 laid on ! gauze cov] ( ! cage4 ,all ! cat]pill>s hat*$ out on ,augu/ #ad4 ,! cat]pill> :5 full gr[n is velvety black1 d5sely spr9kl$ ) t9y :ite dots1 ea* be>+ a black bri/le2 !re are six r[s ( sp9es1 :i* are ( v>i\s %ades ( br[n ) yell[i% bases & %9+ black bri/les2 along ! back !re are two :ite /reaks on ! =e "p ( ea* r+1 & :ite w>ts emitt+ black bri/les on ! h9d "p4 ,! head is amb]-col\r$ above1 b black bel[1 & is cov]$ ) bri/les l ! body4 ,! *rysalis has ! head1 ?orax1 & w+-cases %9+ olive-br[n2 ! body *equ]$ & speckl$ ) olive-br[n1 o*re\s1 black1 & :ite4 ,! spiracles are black & conspicu\s1 & ! po9ts on ! body are amb]-col\r$4 ,! ?orax & fir/ two body r+s h brilliant burni%$ silv]-gilt ornam5tation4 ,! butt]flies comm5c$ to em]ge on ,septemb] #be1 & betwe5 t date & ! #bh? t5 came out4 ,al?\gh he succe$$ 9 re>+ almo/ all ! cat]pill>s to ! *rysalis1 no less ?an eighty di$ 9 ?is /age1 & he /ates t !re is no d\bt t ! late autumn ,engli% climate is q unsuit$ = ! exi/5ce ( ?is species1 z well z = o!rs t come to u f abroad4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ef4 #a1 #b1 #c ,pe>l-bord]$ ,fritill>y v>s4 #d1 #e ,small ,pe>l-bord]$ ,fritill>y v>s4 #f1 #g ,hea? ,fritill>y v>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #eg4 #a1 #b ,silv]-wa%$ ,fritill>y v>s4 #c ,high ,br[n ,fritill>y v>4 ,moses ,h>ris1 9 #agge1 gave ?is butt]fly ! "n ,que5 ( ,spa92 x _h be5 kn[n to ,engli% entomologi/s f #agaj until !n z ! ,less] ,silv]-spott$ ,fritill>y4 ,gaml+ay 9 ,cambridge%ire seems to h be5 ! only ,briti% locality 9 :i* x _h be5 obs]v$ until #agie1 :5 ,lew9 m5tions a specim5 tak5 9 a ,bor\gh 7,london7 g>d5 9 ,augu/4 ,all ! ,cambridge specim5s _h be5 captur$ 9 ! mon? ( ,may4 ,/eph5s1 writ+ 9 #ahbh 7,ill4 ,brit4 ,ent4 ,hau/41 i4 #cg71 says-- ,previ\sly to ! ye> #ahah1 few cab9ets possess$ ev5 a s+le specim52 & f ! v few kn[n in/ances ( its capture 7six only1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,hawor?71 !re is reason to believe t "s ( ! specim5s at t "t #ahjc plac$ 9 collections 7 =eign2 b 9 ! above rem>kable ye> = ! appe>ance ( c]ta9 papilionace\s insects1 ?is species occurr$ simultane\sly 9 sev]al1 & v di/ant1 p>ts1 hav+ be5 tak5 9 ,augu/ by ,mr4 ,hawor? at ,halv]gate1 9 ,norfolk2 by ,mr4 ,vigors 9 ,batt]sea-fields2 by myself at ,dov]1 &1 dur+ t & ! foll[+ mon?1 ne> ,col*e/]2 ,bir*wood1 ,k5t2 & ,h]t=d 9 pl5ty by o!rs4 ,at ! latt] place ,i saw sev]al specim5s1 b 0 n =tunate en\gh to secure any4 ,! butt]fly has be5 tak51 *iefly odd specim5s1 9 _m ( ! ea/]n & s\!rn c\nties1 f ,norfolk to ,dov]1 & almo/ always 9 ! autumn4 ,x has also occurr$ at ,sc>bor\gh 7#ahfh71 & at lea/ once 9 ,irel& 7#ahfd74 ,! neighb\rhood ( ,dov] seems to h always be5 ! mo/ fav\r$ locality1 & no less ?an tw5ty-five specim5s 7 captur$ !re 9 #ahhb4 ,sev]al examples 7 also obta9$ at ,dov] 9 #ahhc1 & a s+le specim5 9 o!r p>ts ( ,k5t 9 #ahhd & #ahhe4 ,! mo/ rec5t records are--,brighton1 "o example 9 #ahib2 ,clifton1 "o 9 ,july1 #ahih2 ,*ri/*ur*1 "o 9 ,augu/1 #ahii2 ,poole1 "o 9 #aija4 ,!re does n seem to be any au!ntic record ( ! cat]pill> hav+ be5 obs]v$ 9 ,k5t or any o!r ,briti% locality 9 :i* ! butt]fly has be5 not$4 ,?is may possibly be due to its love ( concealm5t4 ,!re are two flights ( ! butt]fly 9 ! ye>1 "o 9 ! spr+ & ! o!r 9 ! autumn4 ,females f ! ,cont95t may arrive on our ea/ or s\? coa/s 9 ,may1 & deposit eggs f :i* ! autumn butt]flies are develop$4 ,"s ( ^! might w&] f>!r inl&1 b eggs w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly be laid on ! spot4 ,! fate ( ! cat]pill>s f autumnal eggs w\ld dep5d on ! w9t]2 if mild !y1 or at lea/ "s ( !m1 might manage to get ?r\gh & atta9 ! butt]fly /ate ab\t ,may1 b _! do+ s is r d\btful4 ,! species is widely di/ribut$ & (t5 common on ! ,cont95t1 & its range ext5ds to ,p]sia1 ,nor!rn ,asia1 & ,nor? ,africa4 ,9 ,ea/]n ,asia x is repres5t$ by v>4 isoea4 ,! ,pe>l-bord]$ ,fritill>y 7,argynnis euphrosyne74 ,"s au?ors consid] ! small] ,fritill>ies to be g5]ically sep>able f ! l>g] k9ds1 & place ?is & ! next species 9 ! g5us ,br5?is1 :il/ ! ,que5 ( ,spa9 is ref]r$ to ! g5us ,issoria1 ,hbn]4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 !y are reta9$ 9 ,argynnis4 ,9 col\r & 9 ! m>k+ ( ! upp] side ! ,pe>l-bord]$ is v l ! ,high ,br[n1 b1 z w be se5 f ! figures1 x is mu* small] 9 size1 & ! ornam5tation on ! "u side is diff]5t4 ,!re is "o silv]y spot at ! base ( ! h9d w+s1 a l>g] "o ab\t ! middle ( ! w+s1 & a r[ ( spots on ! out] m>g94 ,! female is r l>g] ?an ! male1 & d>k] at ! bases ( ! w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #eh4 ,que5 ( ,spa9 ,fritill>y4 ,cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ei4 ,d>k ,gre5 ,fritill>y4 #a1 #d male2 #b1 #c1 #e female4 ,v>iation on ! upp] side consi/s ( m or less black suffusion on ! basal or g5]al area ( ! w+s1 & an increase 9 ! size ( ! black spots1 result+ 9 ! =mation ( b&s or pat*es2 or ! black spots may be mu* r$uc$ 9 size1 & "s ( !m entirely abs5t4 ,"s ( ! m /rik+ k9ds ( ab]ration1 bo? above & bel[1 are repres5t$ on ,plate #ef1 ,figs4 #a-c1 & ,plate #fe1 ,figs4 #a-d4 ,! usual col\r is sometimes replac$ by buff1 & ?is may be yell[i% or :iti% 9 t9t2 occasionally :ite spots appe> on ! w+s4 ,! life-hi/ory ( ?is butt]fly is depict$ on ,plate #fj4 ,! egg1 :i* is laid 9 ,may or ,june1 is :iti%-gre5 at fir/1 & aft]w>ds turns br[ni%4 ,x is di/9ctly ribb$1 & ! top is some:at r\nd$ & holl[$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,! full-gr[n cat]pill> is black1 & ! num]\s m9ute hairs ) :i* x is clo!d give x a velvety appe>ance4 ,!re is a greyi%-edg$ black l9e d[n ! middle ( ! back1 & ! sp9es on ea* side ( ?is are :iti% or yell[i%1 ) ! tips & ! bran*es black2 all ! o!r sp9es are black4 ,a greyi% /ripe runs along ! l[] "p ( ! sides1 & ?is is trav]s$ f ! f\r? to ! la/ r+ by a blacki% l9e4 ,head black1 %9+1 d[ny1 & slightly not*$ on ! cr[n4 ,! natural food-plant is dog-violet 7,viola can9a71 b ! cat]pill> w also eat g>d5 pansy1 & has be5 kn[n to nibble a leaf ( primrose4 ,x retires = hib]nation :5 q small1 & recomm5ces to fe$ 9 ,m>*4 ,! *rysalis is br[ni%1 ) ! rais$ p>ts ( ! ?orax & head greyi%2 ! body is pal] br[n1 & ! po9ts !reon are blacki%4 ,?is butt]fly seems to be fairly common 9 woods ?r\gh\t ,engl& & ,wales1 & x is (t5 abundant 9 "s ( ! m ext5sive woodl&s1 especially 9 ! s\!rn c\nties4 ,x us$ to be pl5tiful 9 ,nor?umb]l& & ,durham1 b has become sc>c] 9 ^? c\nties1 & 9 "s o!rs 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&4 ,x occurs 9 ,scotl&1 & is n uncommon 9 ,su!rl&%ire1 b ,kane does n include x 9 8 ,iri% catalogue4 ,cle>+s 9 woods are g5]ally ! be/ places 9 :i* to f9d ?is pretty little ,fritill>y2 b x also seems to h a fondness = ! m>g9s ( brooks & rills1 :]e ^! run ?r\gh or by ! sides ( woods4 ,usually x is on ! w+ 9 ,may or ,june1 b sometimes1 9 e>ly seasons1 x puts 9 an appe>ance at ! end ( ,april4 ,to entomologi/s ( a bygone age x 0 kn[n z ! ,april ,fritill>y1 b ?is "n w\ld h>dly be a suitable "o = x 9 ! pres5t day4 ,v r>ely a few specim5s h be5 tak5 9 ,augu/2 & !re is at lea/ "o record ( cat]pill>s t _h ceas$ fe$+ 9 ,july1 9 ! usual way1 & 7 app>5tly settl$ d[n = hib]nation1 sudd5ly ar\s+ f _! slumb]s1 & complet+ _! gr[? 9 ,augu/4 ,abroad1 ! species is di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 except ! extreme s\?1 & ext5ds into ,arm5ia1 ,nor!rn ,asia ,m9or1 ! ,altai1 & ,amurl&4 ,x is /at$ to be d\ble-brood$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,! ,small ,pe>l-bord]$ ,fritill>y 7,argynnis sel5e74 ,?is butt]fly diff]s f ! la/ "o ref]r$ to 9 hav+ a r deep] col\r on ! upp] side1 & heavi] black m>k+s on ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s4 ,! female is slightly m orange 9 t9t1 & has a s]ies ( pale spots on ! out] m>g9 ( ea* w+4 ,on ! "u side ! r$ m>k+s are br[n] 9 t9t1 & !re are m silv]y spots on ! h9d w+s4 ,v>iation 9 col\r & m>k+ is simil> to t m5tion$ "u ! ,pe>l-bord]$4 ,on ,plate #ff a :ite spott$ female & a specim5 ) ! h9d w+s cl\d$ ) black are repres5t$4 ,^! are r uncommon ab]rations4 ,! life-hi/ory ( ?is species is figur$ on ,plate #fb4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #fj4 ,pe>l-bord]$ ,fritill>y4 ,egg1 natural size & enl>g$2 p>tly gr[n cat]pill>2 *rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #fa4 ,d>k ,gre5 ,fritill>y v>s4 #a1 #b1 #d1 #e male2 #c female4 ,! egg is at fir/ gre5i%1 !n yell[i%1 & aft]w>ds greyi%1 & !n becom+ blacki% t[>ds ! holl[$ top4 ,! ribs seem to be eighte5 or tw5ty 9 numb]2 laid 9 ,june or ,july on plants ( dog-violet4 ,on em]g+ f ! egg ! "y cat]pill> dev\rs mo/ ( ! %ell4 ,x is !n ( a pale olive col\r ) br[ni% w>ts1 f ea* ( :i* !re is a pale & r long jo9t$ bri/le2 ! head is black4 ,! full-gr[n cat]pill> is smoky p9k & velvety-look+4 ,!re is a br[ni% l9e along ! middle ( ! back4 ,! sp9es are o*re\s 9 col\r1 t+$ ) p9k1 & beset ) f9e po9t$ black bri/les4 ,! upp] ones are r /\t] ?an ! o!rs1 & ! pair on ! fir/ r+1 ! only sp9es on ?is r+1 are r m ?an twice ! l5g? ( ! o!rs1 & are direct$ =w>d ov] ! head1 ?us giv+ ! appe>ance ( a pair ( horns2 ! second & ?ird r+s h ea* f\r sp9es1 :i* are r f9] ?an ^? on ! re/ ( ! body1 :i* are arrang$ 9 six r[s4 ,a pale p9ki% /ripe runs along ! l[] "p ( ! body2 j above ! feet4 ,head black & not*$ on ! cr[n 7,buckl]74 ,! *rysalis is br[n on ! ?orax & ! body2 ! w+-cases are m o*re\s & m>k$ ) black ne> ! edge4 ,!re is a black ,v-m>k on ! ?orax1 ) a silv]y spot on ea* side1 "o silv]y spot on ea* side ( ! head1 & o!r metallic spots on ! body ne> ! ?orax 7,buckl]74 ,on ! ,cont95t !re are two broods ( ! butt]fly1 & specim5s are occasionally se5 9 ,augu/ 9 ?is c\ntry2 "o ( ^! late examples1 tak5 by ,mr4 ,b>k] 9 #ahha1 is %[n on ! plate 7,fig4 #f74 ,sometimes "o or two cat]pill>s ( a brood 9 conf9em5t w fe$ up & atta9 ! p]fect /ate 9 ,augu/ in/ead ( settl+ d[n ) _! companions = hib]nation4 ,! butt]fly 9 ,june & ,july frequ5ts simil> places to ^? fav\r$ by ! ,pe>l-bord]$1 & its di/ribution 9 ,brita9 is some:at simil>1 al?\gh x is a m local species4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 to be common] 9 ,scotl& ?an ! ,pe>l-bord]$1 & has be5 record$ at lea/ once f ,irel&4 ,its range abroad ext5ds f>!r ea/1 z x is f\nd 9 ,corea4 ,! ,hea? ,fritill>y 7,melita a?alia74 ,! gr\nd col\r ( ?is butt]fly1 sometimes call$ ! ,pe>l-bord]$ ,lik5ess or ,may ,fritill>y1 is br[ni%-orange1 & ! m>k+s are black or blacki%2 ! bases ( ! w+s are cl\d$ ) blacki%1 & ! fr+es are :ite *eck]$ ) black4 ,! gr\nd col\r v>ies 9 t9t1 & may be pale tawny or deep r$di%4 ,! black m>k+s are subject to modification 9 two directions2 9 "o lead+ up to almo/ complete disappe>ance f ! c5tral area1 & 9 ! o!r !y are mu* int5sifi$ & greatly obscure ! gr\nd col\r4 ,sometimes ! :ole ( ! w+s1 ) ! exception ( a s]ies ( orange spots on ! out] area1 are blacki%4 ,?is =m is kn[n z v>4 nav>9a4 ,! left-h& figure at ! bottom ( ,plate #fh %[s an ab]ration approa*+ ?is =m1 :il/ ! "r-h& figure comes close to v>4 cory?alia4 ,specim5s ) all ! w+s ?9ly m>k$ ) black1 z 9 ! =e w+ ( ! v>iety la/ ref]r$ to1 w\ld be ref]able to v>4 obsoleta4 ,accord+ to ,b>rett1 specim5s f ,essex h ! gr\nd col\r on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+ mu* yell[] ?an are ! same p>ts 9 specim5s f ,sussex4 ,i h n notic$ ?is1 b "s ,essex examples t ,i h se5 7 mu* d>k] & m heavily m>k$ ) black on ! upp] side1 & especially on ! h9d w+s1 ?an any t ,i h se5 f o!r p>ts ( ,engl&1 except1 p]haps1 a few individuals f ,nor? ,devon%ire4 ,^! ,essex specim5s rem9d$ me v mu* ( ,m4 dictynna1 a ,cont95tal species1 ) :i*1 x appe>s1 ! ,hea? ,fritill>y 0 conf\nd$ by "s ( ! old au?ors4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #fb4 ,small ,pe>l-bord]$ ,fritill>y4 ,egg1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> 7aft] ,buckl]71 & *rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #fc4 ,que5 ( ,spa9 ,fritill>y4 #a1 #b male2 #c1 #d female4 ,!re is a good deal ( v>iation on ! "u side1 b *iefly ( a m9or "*1 & mo/ (t5 unconnect$ ) v>iation on ! upp] side4 ,! foll[+ are m important v>ieties4 ,v>4 tessellata1 ! ,/raw ,may ,fritill>y ( ,petiv]1 & figur$ by him 9 #agag & by ,/eph5s 9 #ahbg1 has ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s entirely /raw-col\r$ ) black ve9s4 ,!re are ?ree l>ge squ>i% yell[ spots on ! basal area1 outl9$ 9 black2 a yell[ c5tral b&1 m>g9$ & trav]s$ by black l9es4 ,on ! out] m>g9 !re is a s]ies ( yell[ cresc5ts1 outl9$ 9 black4 ,v>4 eos ( ,hawor? 7! ,d>k ,und]w+ ,fritill>y7 is ! pyronia ( ,hbn] & ,/eph5s1 & a modification ( v>4 cory?alia1 ,hbn4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are fulv\s1 & h two black spots 9 ! discal cell1 & a black b&1 int]sect$ by ! ve9s1 on ! c5tral area4 ,on ! h9d w+s ! basal ?ird is fulv\s ) eight black spots2 ! c5tral area is :iti% int]sect$ by ! black ve9s4 ,on ! yell[-t+$ :iti% out] area !re is a s]ies ( black-m>g9$ orange cresc5ts2 a r[ ( black lunules prec$es a ?9 black l9e on ! out] m>g94 ,! egg is upright1 ribb$1 & pale :iti%-gre5 9 col\r4 ,z ! cat]pill> matures ! %ell becomes greyi%4 ,! eggs 7 laid 9 a clu/] on a leaf ( c[-:eat 7,melampyrum prat5se7 z %[n 9 ! figure1 b fail$ to hat*4 ,! full-gr[n cat]pill> is black on ! back1 becom+ olive t+$ on ! sides & olive-br[n und]nea?2 ! divisions betwe5 ! r+s are olive4 ,! :ole ( ! upp] surface1 except a l9e along ! middle ( ! back1 is dott$ ) :ite1 & !re are elev5 :ite-tipp$ orange or yell[i% sp9es on ea* r+1 except ! la/ two & ! ?ree ne>e/ ! head2 ! fir/ & ! la/ ea* h f\r sp9es1 ! ?ird has eight1 & ! second & ! elev5? h ea* t5 sp9es4 ,! head is black m>k$ ) :ite1 & is clo!d ) %ort1 /iff1 black hair or bri/les 7,buckl]74 ,! *rysalis is pale :iti%-o*re\s1 ! m>k+s on ! w+-cases are black1 & ^? on ! o!r p>ts are orange & black4 ,c[-:eat appe>s to be ! *ief food ( ! cat]pill>1 b x w also eat1 & has be5 f\nd on1 foxglove 7,digitalis purpurea7 & woodsage 7,teucrium scorodonia74 ,planta9 is also said to be a food-plant1 b ,buckl] says t 8 cat]pill>s w\ld n eat ?is4 ,! cat]pill>s are r %y 9 _! habits1 &1 except :5 ! sun is %9+ brightly1 require to be c>efully look$ = among _! food-plant & ! dead leaves1 etc41 ar\nd4 ,!y hat* f ! egg 9 ,july1 fe$ = a few weeks1 & !n hib]nate 9 companies "u a web4 ,9 ,april & ,may !y become active aga91 fe$ up quickly1 & appe> z butt]flies 9 ,june & e>ly ,july4 ,! species is1 un=tunately1 becom+ sc>c] 9 ,engl& ?an x us$ to be4 ,x seems q to h disappe>$ f "s ( ! di/ricts 9 :i* x 0 =m]ly common4 ,no d\bt 9 "o or two ( its old & well-kn[n localities ! butt]flies1 & p]haps ! cat]pill>s also1 h be5 too freely tak51 & its natural enemies h probably complet$ ! bus9ess4 ,cle>+s 9 woods or hea?y bord]s ( woods are ! k9d ( places ?is species appe> to pref]4 ,its headqu>t]s 9 any giv5 locality seems to be *ang$ f "t to "t1 s t ! exact spot :]e x w occur next ye> _c be pr$ict$ f ?is ye>'s obs]vations4 ,! butt]fly seems to be unkn[n 9 ,scotl&1 & has only be5 record$ f ,kill>ney 9 ,irel&4 ,9 ,engl& x is to be f\nd 9 ! c\nties ( ,essex1 ,k5t1 ,surrey1 & ,devon%ire4 ,its geographical di/ribution ext5ds ?r\gh ,europe into ,asia ,m9or1 ,ea/ ,sib]ia1 & ,nor!rn ,amurl&4 ,9 ,corea & ,japan x is repres5t$ by a l>g] =m kn[n z v>4 niphona4 ,! ,glanville ,fritill>y 7,melita c9xia74 ,?is butt]fly is bright br[ni%-orange ) black m>k+s1 z %[n on ,plate #ga4 ,! "u side ( ! h9d w+s & ! tips ( ! =e w+s are v pale yell[i%2 ! =m] ) two black-m>g9$ br[ni%-orange b&s1 & l9es ( black dots2 ! tip ( ! =e w+ is also dott$ & m>k$ ) black4 ,! female is slightly pal]1 & ! m>k+s are (t5 blurr$4 ,!re is v>iation 9 ! black m>k+s on ! upp] side4 ,sometimes ^! are enl>g$1 b m (t5 !y are mu* r$uc$1 & ! c5tral "o may be completely abs5t f all ! w+s4 ,connect$ ) ! suppression ( ! middle black l9e above !re is usually ab]ration on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s also1 :]e ! c5tral area is cle> ( black dots1 & ! basal area is fulv\s1 edg$ & m>k$ ) black4 ,two v rem>kable ab]rations are repres5t$ on ,plate #fe1 ,figs4 #g1 #h4 ,! eggs1 :i* are yell[i%-:ite1 & sometimes t+$ ) gre51 are laid 9 a clu/] on ! "u side ( ! tip ( a leaf ( ! n>r[-leaf$ planta9 7,plantago lanceolata74 ,! cat]pill>s hat* 9 ,july & ,augu/1 & hib]nate 9 companies "u a web4 ,! mature cat]pill> is black ) :ite dots1 & black bri/les aris+ f gre5i% w>ts4 ,! r$ head1 :i* is not*$ on ! cr[n1 & ! r$ =e legs di/+ui% ?is at once f ! cat]pill>s ( ! ,hea?1 or ! ,m>% ,fritill>y4 ,x fe$s 9 e>ly spr+ on planta91 b seems to pref] ,plantago m>itima to ,p4 lanceolata :5 bo? are pres5t4 ,! *rysalis is br[ni% 9 col\r1 & is ornam5t$ ) orange on ! ?orax1 & ) orange po9ts & black m>ks on ! body4 ,x may be f\nd 9 ,april & e>ly ,may susp5d$ f ! l[] p>ts ( ! /ems ( ! planta9 or o!r plants ar\nd4 ,newman /ates t he f\nd doz5s ( ! *rysalids 9 company1 b ,i h only occasionally met ) !m1 & always s+ly4 ,q e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ?is butt]fly _h only be5 obs]v$ 9 ,engl& 9 ,l9coln%ire1 :]e1 accord+ to ,ray1 x 0 common1 & 9 a wood at ,dulwi*4 ,petiv]1 :o m5tion$ ! la/-nam$ locality1 calls x ! ,dullidge ,fritill>y4 ,wilkes 9 #aggc wrote ( x z ! ,planta9 ,fritill>y1 al?\gh he gives clov] & grass1 z well z planta91 z ! food ( ! cat]pill>4 ,moses ,h>ris 9 ! ,aurelian 7#aggi7 calls ! butt]fly ! ,glanville ,fritill>y1 & /ates t x 0 nam$ aft] ,lady ,glanville1 :o 0 int]e/$ 9 butt]flies1 & ^: w 0 disput$ on t gr\nd4 ,?is fact w s]ve to %[ t entomology z a pursuit 0 n mu* 9 vogue at t "t1 & t ^? :o collect$ butt]flies1 etc41 7 apt to be reg>d$ by _! fri5ds z be+--well1 j a wee bit daft4 ,bo? ,wilkes & ,h>ris1 x may be rem>k$1 seem to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! cat]pill> ( ?is species z well z ) t ( ! ,m>% ,fritill>y1 & !re seems little reason1 !re=e1 to suspect t !y confus$ ! two species4 ,! localities giv5 by ! e>li] au?ors appe>1 h[ev]1 to sugge/ t ! butt]fly !y wrote ab\t may h be5 ! ,m>% ,fritill>y2 b !re is no direct evid5ce ( ?is4 ,/eph5s 9 #ahbg 7,illu/rations ( ,briti% ,entomology1 ,hau/ellata1 vol4 i4 p4 #cd7 wrote-- ,?is is a v local species1 & is f\nd 9 mead[s by ! sides ( woods2 9 ,wilkes' "t x 0 n uncommon 9 ,tott5ham wood2 rec5tly ! places :]e x has be5 *iefly obs]v$ h be5 ne> ,ryde & ! ,s&rock ,hotel1 ,isle ( ,wight2 9 ! latt] place 9 pl5ty3 also at ,bir*wood1 & ne> ,d>t=d & ,dov]1 & 9 a wood ne> ,b$=d4 ,i believe t x has be5 f\nd 9 ,york%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #fd4 ,pe>l-bord]$ ,fritill>y4 #a1 #b1 #c male2 #d1 #e1 #f female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #fe4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d ,pe>l-bord]$ ,fritill>y v>s4 #e1 #f ,m>% ,fritill>y v>s4 #g1 #h ,glanville ,fritill>y v>s4 ,!re is no d\bt t betwe5 #aheh & #ahfc ! butt]fly 0 m or less common on p>ts ( ! ,k5ti% coa/ betwe5 ,folke/one & ,s&gate1 b x seems to be equally c]ta9 t ! species has long be5 abs5t f t "p ( ,engl& z well z f o!r localities t h be5 m5tion$1 except ! ,isle ( ,wight1 :]e x is /ill to be f\nd4 ,x flies 9 ,may & ,june1 & seems to h a pref]5ce = ! r\gh] p>ts ( ! und]cliff2 b ,i h se5 butt]flies & cat]pill>s too on ! high] slopes ( ,/4 ,boniface4 ,:5ev] ! cat]pill>s are met )1 x w be well to rememb] t only ! full-gr[n ones %\ld be tak51 z ! small] ones d n ?rive v well 9 conf9em5t4 ,a little self-d5ial 9 ?is matt] w br+ its own rew>d 9 ! %ape ( f9e specim5s = ! cab9et1 & ! pleasant reflection t ! useless sacrifice ( a numb] ( cat]pill>s has be5 avoid$4 ,! butt]fly is widely spread & g5]ally common on ! ,cont95t1 & 9 ! ,*annel ,isl&s x is pl5tiful 9 ,ald]ney & ,gu]nsey4 ,its range ext5ds into ,asia ,m9or1 ,c5tral ,asia1 & ,sib]ia4 ,! ,m>% ,fritill>y 7,melita aur9ia74 ,?is species1 ( :i* sev]al =ms are repres5t$ on ,plate #gc1 is subject to consid]able v>iation 9 dep? ( col\r1 & also 9 size & int5sity ( ! m>k+s1 9 all localities4 ,! v>ieties "h ref]r$ to are m or less *>act]i/ic ( ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y occur4 ,to m5tion all ! =ms1 or ev5 ^? to :i* v>ietal names h be5 giv51 w\ld occupy m space ?an is available = ! purpose4 ,r$di%-orange or bright tawny1 ve9s black1 break+ up ! yell[ or yell[i% transv]se b&s2 !re are ?ree or f\r transv]se black l9es1 ! fir/ & second1 c\nt+ f ! base ( ! w+1 n always di/9ct2 basal area m or less suffus$ ) black4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are fulv\s1 ) fa9t traces ( ! upp]-side m>k+s2 ! h9d w+s are r r$d]1 especially on ! out] half1 & h yell[i% m>k+s1 compris+ "s spots t[>ds ! base ( ! w+s1 a b& beyond ! middle1 a s]ies ( black c5tr$ spots1 & cresc5ts on ! out] m>g94 ,! above applies m p>ticul>ly to ! =m ( ! butt]fly occurr+ 9 ,engl& & ,wales4 ,! ,iri% =m kn[n z prcl>a has ! transv]se b& /raw-col\r$1 ! r$ col\r is m vivid1 & ! black ve9s & cross-l9es heavi]2 ! area ne>e/ ! base ( ! w+s is (t5 black]4 ,9 a =m occurr+ 9 ,scotl&1 & kn[n z v>4 scotica1 ! black is /ill m int5se1 & ! /raw-col\r$ m>k+s are dull 9 col\r4 ,! egg is pale br[ni% & v glossy4 ,x appe>s smoo? t[>ds ! r\nd$ base1 b is ribb$ f j be=e ! middle to ! top4 ,! eggs are laid 9 bat*es on leaves ( scabi\s1 *iefly ! ,devil's bit 7,scabiosa succisa74 ,! full-gr[n cat]pill> is black1 ) a numb] ( t9y :iti% dots1 ea* be>+ a %ort black hair2 %ort black sp9es are arrang$ 9 n9e r[s f r+ f\r1 ! fir/ r+ is only hairy1 ! second & ?ird h ea* two sp9es4 ,! head is black1 ) a groove d[n ! front & %ort hairs on ! sides4 ,! true legs are black1 & ! false legs & ! "u p>ts ( ! body are dull ru/-col\r$4 ,! cat]pill>s hat* f ! egg 9 ,june or ,july1 & t[>ds ! end ( ,augu/ !y con/ruct silk5 webs1 9 :i* !y e/abli% !mselves = hib]nation4 ,e>ly 9 ,m>* !y recomm5ce fe$+1 & "u ! influ5ce ( mu* sun%9e fe$ up quickly4 ,besides wild scabi\s1 !y w eat honeysuckle & ! g>d5 k9ds ( ,scabiosa4 ,! *rysalis is pale buff1 ) orange po9ts on ! body2 ! w+-cases are m>k$ ) black & orange4 ,! *rysalids are susp5d$ f a silk5 web1 :i* is atta*$ to a leaf or drawn-toge!r leaves4 ,! e>ly /ages are figur$ on ,plate #gj4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ff4 ,small ,pe>l-bord]$ ,fritill>y4 #a1 #c1 #d male2 #f d4 7second brood72 #g d4 v>42 #b1 #e female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #fg4 ,hea? ,fritill>y4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> 7aft] ,buckl]71 & *rysalis4 ,kane 7,catalogue ( ! ,lepidopt]a ( ,irel&71 ref]r+ to ?is species1 rem>ks3 ,?is butt]fly has be5 kn[n to increase s prodigi\sly t :ole fields & roads became black5$ by ! mov+ myriads ( l>v4 ,an in/ance ( ?is 0 obs]v$ by ! ,rev4 ,s4,l4 ,brakey1 ne> ,ennis1 ,co4 ,cl>e1 :]e he drove out to see a report$ '%[] ( worms1' & f\nd z above describ$1 ! l>v be+ s multitud9\s 9 "s fields t ! black lay] ( insects seem$ to roll 9 corrugations z ! migrat+ ho/s sw>m$ ov] ea* o!r 9 se>* ( food4 ,! imag9es t result$ f ! />v$ survivors 7 extremely small & fad$ 9 col\r4 ,^! cat]pill>s are de/roy$ 9 great numb]s by ,hym5opt]\s p>asites1 *iefly ,apanteles1 & x is almo/ c]ta9 t a l>ge p]c5tage ( ^? collect$ w prove to h be5 /ung4 ,! butt]fly is on ! w+ 9 ,may & ,june1 & seems to affect damp mead[s1 m>%y gr\nd on ! sides ( hills1 & su* k9d ( places4 ,x does n necess>ily occur :]ev] its food-plant is abundant1 b scabi\s is always f\nd to be pres5t 9 ! haunts ( ! butt]fly2 s if we "k t ! insect occurs 9 a p>ticul> di/rict we %\ld probably get a clue to its exact :]eab\ts by not+ ! likely places 9 t di/rict :]e ! food-plant fl\ri%es4 ,al?\gh x has seem+ly disappe>$ f v>i\s ,engli% localities :]e x 0 =m]ly common1 ! butt]fly may be f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 b x is local & does n occur nor?w>ds mu* beyond ! ,cal$onian ,canal4 ,abroad x spreads ov] ,europe to ,nor!rn ,africa1 & its range ext5ds ea/w>d ?r\gh ,asia to ,amurl& & ,corea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! f9e butt]fly next 9 ord] is reg>d$ z a memb] ( ! ,dana9 by mo/ au?ors4 ,al?\gh its g5]ic position seems to be e/abli%$1 its prop] place 9 ! classification ( butt]flies is /ill unfix$2 & ev5 ! "q ( its trivial or specific "n is n f9ally settl$4 ,accord+ to ,kirby1 ?is butt]fly is ,anosia m5ippe1 ,hbn]1 & n ! true ,papilio plexippus ( ,l9nu1 nor ! ,p4 ar*ippus ( ,cram]4 ,am]ican au?ors1 h[ev]1 consid] x to be ! ,l9nean plexippus1 & give m5ippe ,hb4 z a synonym4 ,! species is "h reta9$ 9 ,dana91 b ,holl& places x 9 ,euploe9 & ,sk9n] 9 ! ,family ,lymnadid4 ,! ,milkwe$ ,butt]fly 7,anosia plexippus74 ,! butt]fly figur$ on ,plate #abj is br[ni%-orange1 ) black ve9s & m>g9s on all ! w+s4 ,:ite spots are arrang$ 9 d\ble r[s on ! black out] m>g9 ( ea* w+1 & !re are sev5 o!r r l>g] :ite spots on ! black apical pat* ( ! =e w+s4 ,! male has a pat* ( black scales1 cov]+ ! sc5t p\*1 close to ve9 #b on ! h9d w+s4 ,! egg is long1 oval 9 %ape1 ) ov] tw5ty l[ upright ridges & _m cross-l9es2 is ( a pale gre5 col\r2 & is laid s+ly on ! food-plant ( ! cat]pill> 7v>i\s k9ds ( milkwe$1 especially ! commone/ k9d1 ,asclepias cornuti71 & usually ^u ! "u surface ( ! upturn$ apical leaves ne> ! middle4 ,! egg /ate la/s only ab\t f\r days 7,scudd]74 ,! cat]pill> has ! head smoo? & r\nd$1 yell[1 conspicu\sly b&$ ) black4 ,body cyl9drical1 tap]+ a little 9 front1 nak$1 b ) two pairs ( long & v sl5d] black ?read-l filam5ts1 "o pair1 ! long]1 on ! second ?oracic1 ! o!r on ! eigh? abdom9al segm5t4 ,! body is :ite1 ) num]\s sl5d] black & yell[1 & especially black1 transv]se /ripes1 repeat$ ) consid]able regul>ity on ea* ( ! segm5ts1 s t !re are n[h]e any broad pat*es ( col\r 7,scudd]74 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #fh4 ,hea? ,fritill>y4 #a1 #b1 #c male2 #d1 #e1 #f female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #fi4 ,glanville ,fritill>y4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,! *rysalis is /\t & n elongat$1 l>ge/ 9 ! middle ( ! abdom52 :]e x is transv]sely ridg$2 else:]e x is smoo? & r\nd$1 ) no /rik+ prom95ces1 b ) little conical projections at mo/ ( ! elevat$ po9ts1 l ^? :i* half encircle ! body at ! abdom9al ridge1 all ( a gold5 col\r except ! latt]1 :i* are situat$ 9 a tri-col\r$ b&1 black 9 front1 nacre\s 9 ! middle1 & gilt beh9d 7,scudd]74 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,holl&1 ! butt]fly is consid]$ to be polygoneutic1 t is to say1 _m broods are produc$ annually2 & x is believ$ by writ]s1 t ) ! adv5t ( cold wea!r ^! butt]flies migrate to ! ,s\? 9 ,am]ica1 ! *rysalids & cat]pill>s :i* may be undevelop$ at ! "t ( ! fro/s are de/roy$1 & t :5 ^! insects reappe>1 z !y d e summ] 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 !y repres5t a wave ( immigration com+ nor?w>d f ! w>m] regions ( ! ,gulf ,/ates4 ,x is n believ$ t any ( !m hib]nate 9 any /age ( _! exi/5ce4 ,?is insect sometimes appe>s 9 great sw>ms on ! ea/]n & s\!rn coa/s ( ,new ,j]sey 9 late autumn4 ,! sw>ms press+ s\?w>d are arre/$ by ! ocean4 ,)9 q rec5t ye>s x seems to h effect$ a settlem5t 9 ,au/ralia1 & has !nce spread nor?w>d & we/w>d1 until 9 its migrations x has rea*$ ,java & ,sumatra1 & long ago took possession ( ! ,philipp9es4 ,mov+ ea/w>d on ! l9es ( travel1 x has e/abli%$ a m or less prec>i\s foo?old = itself 9 ,s\!rn ,engl&4444 ,x is well e/abli%$ at ! ,cape ,v]de ,isl&s1 & 9 a %ort "t we may expect to he> ( x z hav+ tak5 possession ( ! cont95t ( ,africa1 9 :i* ! family ( plants ^u :i* ! cat]pill>s fe$ is well repres5t$4 ,s f> z is %[n by ! publi%$ records1 ! actual numb] ( specim5s ( ! ,milkwe$1 or1 z x is sometimes call$1 ,mon>* butt]fly1 se5 or caught 9 ,engl& betwe5 #ahgf1 9 :i* ye> x 0 fir/ obs]v$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! pres5t "t1 does n mu* exce$ ?irty1 & ab\t "o-?ird ( ^! 7 obta9$ 9 ,septemb]1 #ahhe4 ,9 #ahgf s+le specim5s 7 captur$ at ,nea?1 ,s4 ,wales2 ,hayw>d's ,hea? & ,keym]1 ,sussex2 & ,poole1 ,dorset4 ,9 #ahif s+le specim5s 7 report$ z se5 at ,lym+ton1 ,hants1 9 ,may2 ,newl&s ,corn]1 ,surrey1 9 ,july2 & ! ,liz>d1 ,cornwall1 9 ,septemb]4 ,! ye>s 9 :i* ! butt]fly has be5 notic$ 9 ,brita9 are #ahgf1 #ahha1 #ahhd1 #ahhe1 #ahhf1 #ahhg1 #ahij1 & #ahif4 ,x 0 fir/ obs]v$ on ! ,cont95t 9 #ahgg1 :51 accord+ to ,b>rett1 a specim5 0 tak5 9 ,la ,v5de1 ,france4 ,9 #ahhf1 :5 half a doz5 7 record$ f ,engl&1 s+le specim5s 7 obta9$ 9 ,gu]nsey1 & at ,oporto & ,gibralt>4 ,m rec5tly1 ,b>rett /ates1 ,mr4 ,h4,w4 ,vivian f\nd x1 ,i believe n uncommonly1 9 ! ,can>ies1 & v k9dly br\ght me a specim54 ,!re seems to be no "q t ! species is migratory 9 its habits1 b exactly h[ x rea*es ?is c\ntry is n def9itely kn[n4 ,nei!r is x kn[n :e!r ! species1 hav+ arriv$1 is able to reproduce its k9d "h4 ,f ! fact ( its recurr5ce 9 ,engl& = f\r ye>s 9 succession1 ! possibility ( its bre$+ 9 ?is c\ntry might be assum$4 ,"o objection to any su* inf]5ce1 h[ev]1 is t x is a _m-brood$ species1 b1 ) ! exception ( two records 9 #ahif1 all ,briti% specim5s 7 captur$ or se5 9 ,augu/1 ,septemb]1 or ,octob]1 & none seem to h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! e>li] mon?s ( ^? ye>s 9 :i* ! autumnal butt]flies 7 obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #gj4 ,m>% ,fritill>y4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> 7aft] ,buckl]7 & *rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ga4 ,glanville ,fritill>y4 #a1 #b1 #d male2 #c1 #e1 #f1 #g female4 ,! ,milkwe$s 7,asclepias7 are n indig5\s plants1 b1 z po9t$ out by ! late ,mr4 ,j4 ,j5n] ,weir1 ,a4 purpuresc5s & ,a4 tub]osa are h>dy 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,he endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 :e!r ^! plants1 or ei!r ( !m1 7 gr[n 9 any ( ! g>d5s 9 ! ,corni% locality :]e f\r fre% specim5s 7 captur$ 9 ,septemb]1 #ahhe4 ,i d n f9d t ! desir$ in=mation 0 furni%$4 ,rec5tly ,i h asc]ta9$ t ,a4 cornuti1 :i* gr[s to a height ( f\r feet1 is us$ z a bord] plant 9 "s p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,x is commonly kn[n z ,swall[-wort1 & is e/eem$ = its fragrant pale purple fl[]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we n[ come to ! ,satyr91 :i*1 z reg>ds ! numb] ( species belong+ to x1 is a v l>ge sub-family4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 h[ev]1 !re are b elev5 species1 & al?\gh "s ( ^! are r local1 none are really sc>ce1 & mo/ are common4 ,! ,m>bl$ ,:ite 7,melan>gia galatea74 ,old] ,engli% names = ! butt]fly figur$ on ,plate #ge are ,our ,half-m\rn] 7,petiv]1 #agag71 ,! ,m>moris 7,wilkes71 & ,! ,m>moress 7,h>ris74 ,! gr\nd col\r is :ite or creamy :ite1 & ! m>k+s are black4 ,on ! "u side ! m>k+s are simil> 9 design to ^? on ! upp] side1 b mu* fa9t]3 ! eye spots1 :i* are n always 9 evid5ce above1 are well def9$ bel[1 & especially s on ! h9d w+s4 ,! female is g5]ally :it] & l>g] ?an ! male1 & has ! basal half ( ! co/a1 or front m>g9 ( ! =e w+ o*re\s br[n1 & ! m>k+s on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s are t+$ ) ! same col\r4 ,v>iation consi/s *iefly ( increase or decrease 9 ! size ( ! black m>k+s4 ,at lea/ "o specim5 is kn[n 9 :i* all ! w+s are uni=m smoky black4 ,?is is 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,a4,b4 ,f>n1 & 0 captur$ ne> ,ro*e/]1 ,k5t1 9 #ahga4 ,betwe5 ?is extreme & specim5s ) ! black m>k+s ( typical proportions !re are v>i\s modifications2 b /rik+ ab]rations are r>e 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,sometimes !re is entire or p>tial abs5ce ( black pigm5t4 ,a rem>kable example ( ?is k9d ( ab]ration1 tak5 on ! cliffs betwe5 ,dov] & ,walm] "s ye>s ago1 is describ$ z ( a cle> milky-:ite col\r1 & has n1 ei!r on ! upp] or "u side ( ! w+s1 ! smalle/ speck ( black4 ,! gr\nd col\r is sometimes decid$ly yell[1 & v occasionally br[ni%4 ,! life-hi/ory ( ?is butt]fly is figur$ on ,plate #gd4 ,! egg is :iti%1 opaque1 ) a d>k speck on ! apex2 base flatt5$ & slightly holl[$2 f9ely reticulat$1 b )\t di/9ct /riations or any?+ resembl+ ribs4 ,! eggs are laid 9 ,july1 & are n atta*$ to any?+4 ,! cat]pill> :5 full gr[n1 is :ity-br[n 9 col\r ) br[ni% l9es4 ,! head is br[n1 t+$ ) p9k1 & ! tail-l po9ts on ! la/ r+ are p9k4 ,! head1 z well z ! body1 is clo!d ) %ort hair4 ,! *rysalis is also :ity-br[n ) a p9ki% t+e1 br[n] speckl+ on ! w+ cases1 & ! body is m>k$ d[n ! back ) yell[4 ,hell9s says1 ,x hib]nates :5 v small1 becomes full f$ 9 ,june1 & *anges to a pupa )\t susp5d+ itself 9 any way1 or mak+ a cocoon2 ,i ?9k x w\ld hide itself1 z my examples did2 ,i f\nd !y _h got among ! ?ick moss ) :i* ,i _h furni%$ ! bottom ( _! cage1 & app>5tly made little holl[s = !mselves by turn+ r\nd4 ,cock's-foot grass 7,dactylis glom]ata7 & cat's-tail grass 7,phleum prat5se7 are giv5 z food-plants1 b ! cat]pill>s 9 conf9em5t seem to eat any k9d ( grass t is suppli$4 ,! butt]fly is f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! ,midl& c\nties & 9 ne>ly all ( ! ,s\!rn ones1 b is especially common on ! *alk d[ns ( ! ,s\?-we/4 ,x does n occur 9 ,irel& or ,scotl&1 & seems to be abs5t f ! ,nor!rn c\nties ( ,engl& except ,york%ire4 ,9 ! la/-nam$ c\nty x 0 suppos$ to be ext9ct1 b dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s x has be5 obs]v$ at ,sl$m]e1 & ne> ,sc>bor\gh & ,helmsley4 ,x is also report$ to be n uncommon 9 ?ree localities n f> f ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #gb4 ,milkwe$ ,butt]fly4 ,egg1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis 7aft] ,smi?74 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #gc4 ,m>% ,fritill>y4 #a1 #c1 #e1 #i1 #aj male2 #b1 #d1 #f1 #g1 #aa female4 #a1 #b1 #d1 #f1 #g1 #i ,engli%2 #h ,wel%2 #c1 #e1 #aj1 #aa ,iri%4 ,! butt]flies usually affect brok5 gr\nd1 r\gh fields1 grassy slopes ne> woods1 or ev5 sunny banks on ! edges ( cornfields4 ,occasionally an odd specim5 or two may be met ) "h & !re1 b z a rule !y seem to keep pretty mu* toge!r1 s t :5 "o comes ^u a colony ( ^! butt]flies1 ! selection ( a s]ies on ! spot is q an easy matt]1 & c be effect$ )\t de/roy+ a s+le specim5 ov] & above ! requir$ numb]4 ,abroad1 ?is species is abundant 9 ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,europe1 & its range ext5ds to ,nor!rn ,asia ,m9or & ,arm5ia4 ,! ,small ,m\nta9 ,r+let 7,erebia epiphron74 ,! typical =m ( ?is butt]fly1 epiphron1 ,knock1 has ! tawny b&s unbrok5 on ! =e w+s1 & almo/ s on ! h9d w+s2 ! black dots on ! h9d w+s ( ! female are (t5 pupill$ ) :ite1 & m r>ely ?is is s 9 ! male also4 ,x has be5 /at$ t specim5s occur 9 ,p]?%ire :i* exhibit ^! *>act]s4 ,all ! ,briti% examples ( ! ,small ,m\nta9 ,r+let t ,i h se5 are ref]able to ! =m kn[n z cassiope1 ,fab4 7,plate #gg74 ,! tawny1 or orange1 b&s are r>ely s entire on ! =e w+s z 9 epiphron1 & are g5]ally r n>r[]2 & t on ! h9d w+ is brok5 up into ?ree or f\r r+s4 ,! black dots are usually small] & )\t :ite pupils4 ,! female is some:at l>g] & ! b&s or r+s pal]4 ,v>iation 9 ! m>k+s is ext5sive4 ,! b&s on ! =e w+s become less & less complete1 until !y are r$uc$ to a s]ies ( m]e r+s ar\nd ! black dots4 ,! black dots decrease 9 size & 9 numb] until !y1 toge!r ) ! tawny m>k+1 entirely disappe>1 & a pla9 blacki%-br[n insect only rema9s4 ,?is extreme =m has be5 nam$ obsoleta1 ,tutt4 ,! e>lie/ r+s to vani% seem to be ! ?ird on ! =e w+s & ! fir/ on ! h9d w+s4 ,simil> modifications occur on ! "u side also1 b !re may be ab]ration on ! upp] side ( a specim51 & n1 or at lea/ n 9 ! same way1 on ! "u side4 ,! egg1 :5 fir/ laid1 is yell[1 *ang+ aft]w>ds to fawn col\r ) d>k] m>k+s1 especially t[>ds ! top4 ,x is laid 9 ,july on blades ( grass4 ,! l>va hat*es 9 ab\t sixte5 days4 ,! "y cat]pill>1 be=e hib]nation 9 ,octob]1 is gre5i%1 ) d>k] gre5 & yell[ l9es4 ,head br[ni%4 ,fe$s 9 ,july & aft] hib]nation on v>i\s grasses1 among :i* ,poa annua1 ,fe/uca ov9a1 ,aira prcox1 & ,a4 cspitosa h be5 specifi$ z eat5 by cat]pill>s 9 conf9em5t4 ,a di/9ct pref]5ce1 h[ev]1 has be5 %[n = mat grass 7,n>dus /ricta71 & x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is may be ! natural food4 ,! full-gr[n cat]pill> appe>s to be undescrib$4 ,! *rysalis is describ$ by ,buckl] z be+ little m ?an ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 l5g?1 r ?ick 9 proportion1 be+ less dumpy 9 =m ?an hyp]an?us1 b m s ?an bl&9a4 ,! col\r ( ! back ( ! ?orax & w+ cases is a light gre51 r glauc\s2 ! abdom5 a pale drab or dirty :iti%2 a d>k br[n dorsal /reak is conspicu\s on ! ?orax1 & !re is ! fa9te/ possible indication ( its be+ cont9u$ z a /ripe along ! abdom54 ,! eye-1 trunk-1 ant5na-1 & leg-cases are m>g9$ ) d>k br[n1 & ! w+ n]vures are indicat$ by ! same col\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #gd4 ,m>bl$ ,:ite4 ,eggs enl>g$1 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ge4 ,m>bl$ ,:ite4 #a1 #b1 #d male2 #c1 #e1 #f female4 ,z is indicat$ by its ,engli% "n1 ?is int]e/+ little butt]fly only frequ5ts high gr\nd1 & is r>ely f\nd bel[ ab\t #aejj feet4 ,all its ,engli% localities are 9 ! lake di/rict ( ,cumb]l& & ,we/morel&4 ,x seems to l boggy gr\nd1 & 9 su* places on ,gable ,hill1 ,r$ ,skrees1 & at ,langdale ,pikes1 among o!rs1 x is n uncommon4 ,previ\s to #ahji ! species 0 unkn[n to occur 9 ,brita91 b 9 ,june ( t ye> specim5s 7 captur$ by ,mr4 ,t4 ,/o?>d on ! m\nta9s at ,ambleside4 ,hawor?1 9 #ahab1 ref]r$ to ^! specim5s z f ,scotl&1 b ! butt]fly 0 n tak5 9 t c\ntry until #ahdd1 :5 x 0 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,r4 ,weav] 9 ,p]?%ire4 ,x is n[ kn[n to occur1 sometimes 9 abundance1 on ,b5 ,nevis & o!r adjac5t hills1 also 9 suitable spots & ! prop] elevation ar\nd ,lo*s ,ranno* & ,v5na*>1 z well z 9 ! ,tay di/rict & ,argyle%ire4 ,9 ,irel& x 0 tak5 by ,mr4 ,e4 ,bir*all1 9 ,june1 #ahed1 9 a grassy holl[ ab\t halfway up ! ,we/port side ( ,croagh ,patrick4 ,ab\t five ye>s ago ,mr4 ,w4,f4 de ,vismes ,kane met ) ! butt]fly on ,neph91 ,mayo1 & he m5tion$ a specim5 believ$ to h be5 tak5 on ! hilly slopes on ! ea/]n %ores ( ,lake ,gill1 ,sligo4 ,abroad ! species is f\nd 9 m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,s\? ,g]many1 ,switz]l&1 ,france1 ,nor? & ,c5tral ,italy4 ,! typical =m1 epiphron1 is m especially obta9$ 9 ! ,h>tz & ,alsatian ,m\nta9s1 ,silesia1 ,hung>y1 & ,bulg>ia4 ,! ,scot* ,argus 7,erebia ?iops bl&9a74 ,! butt]fly figur$ on ,plate #gg is deep velvety br[n1 appe>+ almo/ black 9 v fre% male specim5s4 ,!re is a broad fulv\s b& on ! out] area1 b n rea*+ ei!r ! co/a or ! inn] m>g92 x is contract$ ab\t ! middle1 ! upp] "p encloses two :ite pupill$ black spots1 & ! l[] "p has "o su* spot4 ,! h9d w+s h a n>r[ fulv\s b&1 usually enclos+ ?ree :ite pupill$ black spots4 ,! "u side is m di/9ctly br[n & n velvety1 b& ( =e w+s simil> to above2 ! h9d w+s h a greyi% b& beyond ! middle1 ) ?ree small :ite pupill$ black spots on its out] edge2 ! basal area is (t5 greyi% also4 ,! female is g5]ally less d>k & velvety1 ! b&s are r wid]1 m orange 9 col\r1 & ! :ite pupils ( ! spots are m conspicu\s2 on ! "u side ! alt]nate d>k & pale b&s are m /rik+1 & sometimes ! grey col\r is replac$ by o*re\s1 :i* seems to con/itute ! ab]ration nam$ o*racea1 ,tutt4 ,! spots on ! =e w+s1 upp] side1 are (t5 increas$ to f\r by ! addition ( a small "o betwe5 ^? previ\sly m5tion$4 ,m r>ely !re is an extra spot above ! upp] pair1 & /ill less frequ5tly1 & 9 ! female sex1 an additional pair is f\nd bel[ ! usual l[] spot1 ?us mak+ six 9 all4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! only spots 9 evid5ce may be ! pair 9 ! upp] "p ( ! b&4 ,! spots on ! h9d w+s range 9 numb] f two to five1 b occasionally all are abs5t4 ,! fulv\s b&s on ! =e w+s may be r$uc$ to r+s ar\nd ! upp] & l[] spots respectively1 & altoge!r want+ on ! h9d w+s4 ,su* an ab]ration w\ld be ref]able to obsoleta1 ,tutt1 :i* is consid]$ to be v r>e4 ,!re are _m o!r modifications1 b ^! m5tion$ w s]ve to %[ ! v>iable "* ( ?is local butt]fly4 ,! egg is o*re\s :ite1 or bone col\r1 f9ely freckl$ ) pale br[n or p9ki%-br[n2 x has a numb] ( ribs1 & is also reticulat$4 ,! cat]pill> 9 its la/ sk9 is pale drab1 ! w>ts pale :iti%-br[n1 emitt+ %ort tap]+ bri/les2 dorsal /ripe blacki%-br[n1 enclos$ by two pal] drab l9es2 subdorsal /ripe pal] drab1 becom+ n>r[ t[>ds ! anal po9t1 edg$ above ) a gre5i%-br[n ?read1 & bel[ ) blacki% or br[ni% da%es1 t almo/ =m a cont9u\s l9e2 bel[ ?is come two ?9 pale l9es1 above ! l[] ( :i* are ! circul> black spiracles2 ! "u p>ts & ! legs are ( a some:at w>m] t9t ( ! gr\nd col\r ( ! back4 ,x *ang$ on ,june #bbnd to a pupa1 unatta*$1 b plac$ 9 an upright position among/ ! grass ne> ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #gf4 ,small ,m\nta9 ,r+let4 ,egg1 natural size & enl>g$2 "y cat]pill>4 ,scot* ,argus4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #gg4 ,small ,m\nta9 ,r+let4 #a1 #d male2 #c female 7,engli%72 #b1 #e1 #f1 #g male 7,scot*74 ,scot* ,argus4 #h1 #aa male 7,scot*72 #i d4 7,engli%72 #aj1 #ab female 7,scot*74 ,! *rysalis has ! body o*re\s1 ) a d>k] /ripe d[n ! back1 & o!r l9es2 ! eye cov]s are black1 & ! ?orax1 ant5n cases1 & w+ cov]s are d+y1 d>k purpli%-br[n4 ,! above descriptions ( cat]pill> & *rysalis are adapt$ f ,buckl]1 ^: figures ( ^! /ages are also reproduc$ on ! plate4 ,aira prcox1 ,a4 cspitosa1 & ,poa are ! grasses t seem to be ! food ( ! cat]pill>4 ,mr4 ,hagg>t1 ( ,gala%iels1 :o _h exceptional opportunities = obs]v+ ! habits ( ?is butt]fly 9 its natural home1 gives a mo/ int]e/+ acc\nt ( x 9 ! ,entomologi/ = ,novemb]1 #ahie4 ,he writes-- ,! haunt ( ?is species is1 almo/ )\t exception1 ! m>g9 ( a plantation or wood :]e ! diff]5t species ( ,poa gr[ abundantly1 & always situat$ 9 su* a position z to receive ! fir/ rays ( ! ris+ sun4 ,?is la/-m5tion$ fact is s pla9ly evid5t1 t ! lea/ obs]vant _c fail to notice x4 ,! insect is truly sun lov+1 & no collector ne$ g 9 se>* ( x ) any ?\ght ( success if ! day be dull4 ,x is mo/ int]e/+ to obs]ve ! extreme s5sibility ( ! insect to %9e & %ade4 ,a v good day to illu/rate ?is is "o :5 heavy cl\ds at int]vals obscure ! sun2 ! mom5t x disappe>s s also does ! butt]fly1 & no soon] does x %9e =? aga9 ?an1 z if by magic1 scores ( ! insect are on ! w+4 ,! "u side ( ! insect be>s a m>k$ resemblance to t ( a dead leaf1 & ,i h (t5 wat*$ ! males be+ deceiv$ by )]$ leaves ly+ among ! moss4 ,!y w\ld flutt] d[n q close to ! leaf1 imm$iately rise ) a disappo9t$ air & fly a little fur!r1 only to be deceiv$ aga9 & aga94 ,! ova are deposit$ among/ ! ,poa grass1 & hat* 9 ,septemb]4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ,octob] ! l>v g d[n & hib]nate ?r\gh\t ! w9t] & spr+1 com+ up to fe$ aga9 9 ,may2 !y are g5]ally full-f$ ab\t ! end ( ,june2 & ! insect appe>s 9 ,july or ,augu/4 ,! l>v are nocturnal fe$]s1 com+ up to fe$ on ! grass j ab\t dusk4 ,! me?od ( procur+ ! l>v is by no means enviable1 ev5 to ! mo/ ard5t entomologi/1 z 9 ! unc]ta9 light x necessitates crawl+ on "o's h&s & knees among/ ! grass1 & !re is always ! risk ( grasp+ ^? little br[n slugs 9 mi/ake1 :i* resemble ! l>v v mu* 9 %ape & col\r4 ,no artificial light c be us$1 z ! l>v imm$iately drop d[n among/ ! grass if ?is is done4 ,! only alt]native1 !re=e1 is to use "o's eyes to ! be/ advantage until ! d>kness makes t impossible4 ,!y are n difficult to re> 9 conf9em5t if ! l>v are kept prop]ly suppli$ ) food4 ,?is butt]fly1 :i* z a ,briti% species 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,isle ( ,arran 9 #ahjd1 only occurs 9 ! nor? ( ,engl& & 9 ,scotl&4 ,its localities 9 ! latt] c\ntry are ,gl5 ,tilt & o!r valleys 9 ! ,p]?%ire highl&s1 ,/ra?glass 9 ,inv]ness1 ,altyre woods at ,=res2 ,selkirk1 ,roxburgh1 & v>i\s p>ts ( ,argyle%ire2 ar\nd ! ,l[!r ,hills1 ,dumfrie%ire2 also 9 ,arran & ! ,isle ( ,skye4 ,9 mo/ ( ! places x is pl5tiful4 ,9 ,engl& x occurs 9 ! c\nties ( ,durham1 ,we/morel&1 ,cumb]l&1 ,lanca%ire1 & ,york%ire4 ,x is common 9 ,ca/le ,ed5 ,d5e1 ,durham2 at ,grass+ton1 9 ,york%ire2 at ,)]slack & ,arnside1 9 ,we/morel&2 & at ,grange & ,silv]dale1 9 ,lanca%ire4 ,abroad1 x is di/ribut$ ?r\gh ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,europe1 & its range ext5ds into ,nor!rn ,asia ,m9or1 ,kurdi/an1 & ,arm5ia2 ! ,altai & ,s\? ,sib]ia4 ,x may be not$ "h t ,e4 ligea 0 suppos$ to h be5 tak5 9 ,arran at ! same "t z ,e4 bl&9a1 t is 9 #ahjd4 ,if ?is 7 s1 x w\ld seem t ! captor mu/ h ext]m9at$ ! species1 =1 al?\gh ! isl& has (t5 be5 closely explor$1 no "o has be5 able to detect ! ,arran ,br[n aga94 ,! ,grayl+ 7,satyrus semele74 ,on ! upp] side1 ?is butt]fly 7,plate #gh7 is br[n1 m or less suffus$ ) black1 & ?is is especially noticeable on ! out] area ( ! w+s 9 ! male1 :]e x obscures ! o*re\s or ru/-col\r$ b&s1 :i* 9 ! female are almo/ free f ! suffusion4 ,! =e w+s h two black spots1 ! upp] "o g5]ally1 & ! l[] (t51 pupill$ ) :ite4 ,on ! h9d w+s ! b&s are cle> ( blacki% suffusion to a great] or less] ext5t1 & !re is "o black spot t[>ds ! anal angle :i* may be pupill$ ) :ite4 ,ap>t f its l>g] size & bright] b&s1 ! female may be di/+ui%$ f ! male by ! abs5ce ( ! blacki% br& on ! disc ( ! =e w+s4 ,on ! "u side1 ! =e w+s are o*re\s1 t+$ ) orange on ! basal half or two-?irds2 h9d w+s are greyi%1 ) d>k] m>k+s1 & an irregul> :ite or :iti% b& beyond ! middle4 ,v>iation is l>gely conf9$ to ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s1 & ^! w+s1 z well z ! co/al edge & ! tips ( ! =e w+s1 are col\r$ & m>k$1 9 v>i\s localities t ! butt]fly affects1 s t ! insects may be protect$ f _! enemies :5 re/+4 ,on ! upp] side ( ! =e w+s an additional spot is sometimes pres5t bel[ "o or o!r ( ! usual ones4 ,! b&s ( ! w+s are pale o*re\s 9 "s examples1 & ru/-col\r$ 9 o!rs2 b x is n unusual = a specim5 ) o*re\s b&s on ! =e w+s to h ru/-col\r$ b&s on ! h9d w+s1 or o*re\s b&s ) ru/-col\r$ pat*es on ! out] portion2 ^! pat*es are mo/ frequ5tly triangul> 9 %ape1 & plac$ betwe5 ! ve9s4 ,gyn&r\s specim5s also occur1 b v r>ely4 ,! egg is ( a dull creamy t9t1 ribb$1 & ) a slight depression on ! top4 ,! eggs 7 laid e>ly 9 ,augu/1 on blades & /ems ( a k9d ( grass2 also on ! l5o cov]+1 & ! sides ( ! glass j> 9 :i* ! female butt]fly 0 enclos$4 ,! cat]pill> :5 full gr[n is drab1 delicately mottl$1 ) longitud9al /ripes broade/ along ! middle segm5ts1 viz4 a dorsal /ripe ( olive-br[n1 v d>k at ! beg9n+ ( ea* segm5t1 ) a ?9 edg+ ( br[ni%-:ite4 ,along ! subdorsal region are ?ree /ripes1 ( :i* ! fir/ is compos$ ( a d\ble n>r[ l9e ( yell[i%-br[n1 ! second wid] ( ! mottl$ gr\nd col\r1 edg$ ) pal] above & ) :ite bel[2 ! ?ird ( simil> wid? is ( a d>k grey-br[n1 edg$ above ) black4 ,! spiracul> /ripe is broad] & ( ne>ly equal wid?1 pale o*re\s-br[n1 edg$ ) br[ni%-:ite bo? above & bel[2 ! spiracles are black4 ,! head is br[n1 & ! pr9cipal /ripes ( ! body are delicately m>k$ ) d>k] br[n 7,buckl]74 ,! *rysalis is describ$ z obtuse1 r\nd$1 tumid1 & smoo?1 ! abdom9al r+s sc>cely visible1 & :olly ( a deep r$ mahogany col\r4 ,x 0 9 a holl[ space a qu>t] ( an in* bel[ ! surface1 ! p>ticles ( s& & e>? v slightly coh]+ toge!r1 & close to ! roots ( ! grass1 yet free f !m4 ,! figures ( cat]pill> & *rysalis are drawn f ^? 9 ,buckl]'s ,l>v ( ,briti% ,butt]flies4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #gh4 ,grayl+ ,butt]fly4 ,males1 #a1 #c 7,*alk71 #b 7,hea?72 females1 #d 7,hea?72 #e1 #f 7,*alk74 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #gi4 ,grayl+ ,butt]fly4 ,egg enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis 7bo? aft] ,buckl]74 ,! cat]pill>s hat* 9 ,augu/1 hib]nate :5 q small1 & fe$ up 9 ! spr+ & e>ly summ]4 ,!y live ^u grasses1 su* z ,triticum rep5s1 ,aira cspitosa1 & ,a4 prcox4 ,! butt]fly delights 9 sitt+ r ?an fly+ ab\t cliffs & s&-hills1 hea?s & d[ns1 /ony hillsides1 dry fields1 & ev5 op5 woodl&s4 ,x is fond ( sunn+ itself on rocks1 & by "s ( ! old ,aurelians x 0 call$ ! ,rock ,und]w+1 no d\bt 9 ref]5ce to ! patt]n & col\r ( ! "u side4 ,x 0 also kn[n z ! ,tunbridge ,grayl+ "s two hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 x 0 said to be v r>e ab\t ,london4 ,x has long s9ce be5 asc]ta9$ to occur 9 almo/ e c\nty 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 z f> nor? z ,su!rl&%ire 9 ,scotl&1 & is widely di/ribut$ 9 ,irel&4 ,on ! *alk d[ns & cliffs ! butt]fly has ! "u side ( its h9d w+s s admirably agree+ 9 col\r & m>k+ ) ! soil1 etc41 t al?\gh "o may wat* x settle a few y>ds ahead1 x is n to be se5 :5 "o rea*es ! spot4 ,:il/ we are int5t on ! se>* ! insect />ts up1 flies a %ort di/ance1 & !re repeats ! disappe>+ butt]fly trick4 ,! same rem>ks apply to ^? ,grayl+s t affect peaty or s&y hea?s1 etc4 ,:5 ! butt]fly alights on ! gr\nd--& x r>ely gets on ! w+ unless di/urb$--x imm$iately closes its w+s1 & !n all[s !m to fall m or less on "o side1 s t ! :ole ( "o h9d w+ is pres5t$ to view4 ,x is said to h a fancy = ! res9\s sap t oozes f p9e trees1 & has also be5 obs]v$ to visit ! trunks t h be5 sug>$4 ,abroad1 x is f\nd commonly ?r\gh\t ! temp]ate p>ts ( ,europe1 ,nor? ,africa1 & ,nor!rn & ,we/]n ,asia4 ,! ,speckl$ ,wood 7,p>>ge eg]ia74 ,q e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ,petiv] met ) ! butt]fly %[n on ,plate #hj at ,enfield1 s he figur$ x z ! ,enfield ,eye 9 t curi\s old book entitl$ ,papiliorium ,britanni ,icones4 ,lat] on1 ,wilkes nam$ ! butt]fly ! ,wood ,argus1 ?us indicat+ its fav\rite haunts1 z well z a prom95t "* 9 its ornam5tation4 ,h>ris *ang$ ! "n to ! ,speckl$ ,wood ,butt]fly1 :i* seems ev5 m suitable4 ,! g5]al col\r is blacki%-br[n1 & ! spots are yell[i%4 ,! =e w+s h "o :ite-pupill$ black eye spot t[>ds _! tips1 & ! h9d w+s h ?ree su* eye spots on ! out] area4 ,! male has a long oblique pat* ( blacki% scales on ! middle ( ! =e w+s1 :i* is1 p]haps1 m easily detect$ if ! insect is held up to ! light4 ,! female is usually slightly l>g] ?an ! male1 ! w+s r r\nd]1 & ! yell[i% spots1 are1 z a rule1 di/9ctly l>g]4 ,! typical or s\!rn =m ( ?is butt]fly has ! spots ( a tawny col\r1 b x does n occur 9 ,brita94 ,our =m1 9 all its modifications1 belongs to eg]ides1 ,/aud+]4 ,occasionally1 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&1 specim5s are f\nd 9 :i* ! spots are t+$ ) fulv\s2 o!rs h almo/ :ite spots4 ,! spots are sometimes mu* r$uc$ 9 size 9 ! male1 or greatly enl>g$ 9 ! female4 ,! egg is pale gre5i%1 f9ely reticulat$2 z ! cat]pill> matures )91 ! %ell becomes less glossy ?an at fir/1 & ! upp] "p is blacki%4 ,! cat]pill> has a gre5 head1 :i* is l>g] ?an ! fir/ r+ ( ! body 7#a/ ?oracic71 cov]$ ) %ort f9e :iti% hairs1 ) :i* are mix$ a few d>k hairs4 ,! body is r bright] gre51 ) d>k] l9es1 edg$ ) yell[i%1 along ! back & sides2 ! sk9 is transv]sely wr9kl$1 ! r+s be+ subdivid$1 & ! :ole ( ! body is clo!d ) f9e :iti% hair & a few d>k hairs aris+ f w>ts2 ! anal po9ts are :iti% & also hairy4 ,x fe$s on v>i\s grasses1 among :i* are ,triticum rep5s & ,dactylis glom]ata4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #hj4 ,speckl$ ,wood4 ,spr+ ,brood3 #a1 #b male2 #c1 #e female4 ,summ] brood3 #d1 #f male2 #g female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ha4 ,speckl$ ,wood4 ,egg1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,! *rysalis is pale gre51 t+$ ) yell[i% or :iti%2 ! edges ( ! w+ cov]s are br[n1 & !re are :iti% dots on ! body4 ,accord+ to ,hell9s ! col\r v>ies1 & gre5 *rysalids may be cov]$ all ov] ) v f9e smoky freckles4 ,b>rett /ates t !y are occasionally br[ni% ) d>k] br[n l9es4 ,susp5d$ by ! crema/] f a silk5 pad4 ,f eggs laid 9 e>ly ,may butt]flies 7 re>$ at ! end ( ,june2 & f eggs laid at ! end ( ,june butt]flies result$ dur+ middle ,augu/4 ,e>ly ,july eggs produc$ p]fect insects 9 e>ly ,septemb]1 & f cat]pill>s f$ up 9 ,octob] butt]flies 7 obta9$ 9 ,novemb]4 ,^! obs]vations 7 n all made 9 ! same ye>4 ,b>rett writes1 ,9 ! s\? ( ,surrey 9 #ahfb1 ! fir/ em]g5ce took place 9 ,april 9 abundance1 ^! specim5s became worn & disappe>$1 & a second em]g5ce took place at ! end ( ,may1 a ?ird at ! end ( ,july1 & a f\r? 9 ,septemb]2 ! next ye> ! fir/ em]g5ce 0 9 ! ?ird week 9 ,m>*1 & aga9 f\r broods 7 obs]v$1 b ?is is n ! case e ye>1 ?ree em]g5ces be+ probably ! rule4 ,mr4 ,joy has record$ t ( cat]pill>s1 result+ f a pair+ induc$ 9 captivity1 9 ,augu/1 eighty p] c5t4 hib]nat$ z pup1 tw5ty p] c5t4 z half-f$ cat]pill>s4 ,butt]flies f ! w9t] pup em]g$ 9 ,may1 b ! cat]pill>s t _h gone ?r\gh ! w9t] 9 t /ate did n produce butt]flies until ,june4 ,possibly some?+ ( ?is sort occurs 9 ! op51 & we may suppose t ! e>ly & late spr+ butt]flies are n sep>ate broods1 b e>ly & late em]g5ces ( "o brood4 ,butt]flies se5 on ! w+ 9 ,novemb] may be a few individuals t1 ow+ to fav\rable wea!r1 h em]g$ f *rysalids :i* "u ord9>y conditions w\ld h rema9$ z su* dur+ ! w9t]4 ,%ady lanes1 rides 9 woods1 z well z ! bord]s ( ! same1 are its fav\rite haunts4 ,x is n a sun-lov+ butt]fly1 b is g5]ally f\nd to frequ5t places :]e ! sun's rays are m or less int]cept$ by a leafy scre54 ,x seems to be m abundant 9 wet seasons ?an 9 dry ones4 ,x is g5]ally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ,engl& & ,wales1 b m pl5tiful 9 s\!rn & we/]n c\nties ?an 9 ! ea/]n & nor!rn4 ,9 ,irel&1 ,kane says1 x is ev]y:]e abundant & d\ble brood$4 ,x is local 9 ,scotl&1 & r>e nor? ( ! ,cal$onian ,canal4 ,abroad our =m ( ! butt]fly eg]ides is f\nd commonly 9 ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,europe1 except 9 ! extreme nor?1 & 9 ,nor!rn ,asia ,m9or & ,arm5ia4 ,! typical =m1 eg]ia prop]1 occurs 9 ,s\?-,we/]n ,europe1 ,nor? ,africa1 & ,syria4 ,! ,wall ,butt]fly 7,p>>ge megra74 ,! butt]fly n[ "u consid]ation is figur$ on ,plate #hb4 ,x is bright fulv\s 9 col\r1 ) blacki%-br[n ve9s1 m>g9s1 & transv]se l9es4 ,!re is "o :ite pupill$ black spot on ! =e w+s1 & f\r ( su* spots on ! out] area ( ! h9d w+s2 ! f\r?1 :i* is g5]ally bl9d1 is plac$ at ! end ( ! s]ies ne> ! anal angle4 ,! male has a v conspicu\s sexual br& on ! c5tral area4 ,! "u side ( ! =e w+s is pal] ?an above1 b ! m>k+s are simil>1 except t ! br& is abs5t & ! m>g9s are grey]2 ! h9d w+s on ! "u side are greyi% m>k$ ) br[n & trav]s$ by d>k l9es2 !re is a r[ ( six ey$ spots on ! out] area2 t ne>e/ ! anal angle is d\ble4 ,! female has m ample w+s1 & z ! br& is abs5t on ! =e w+s 9 ?is sex1 ! c5tral black transv]se l9es are m di/9ct4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #hb4 ,wall ,butt]fly4 #a1 #b1 #e male2 #c1 #d1 #f female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #hc4 ,wall ,butt]fly4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,! ,wall ,butt]fly j em]g$ f ! ,*rysalis1 & ) w+s di/5d$4 ,v>iation is *iefly 9 ! size ( ! ey$ spots2 sometimes ! apical "o ( ! =e w+s has a small] "o atta*$ to its l[] m>g91 or 9 ! int]space 7i4e4 betwe5 ! ve9s7 above x or bel[ x2 or bo? extra spots1 :i* are usually )\t :ite pupils1 may be pres5t4 ,v r>ely ! apical spot may be almo/ abs5t on "o =e w+1 b well def9$ on ! o!r4 ,! c5tral transv]se l9es on ! =e w+s ( ! female are sometimes broad1 & v occasionally ! space betwe5 ! l9es is blacki%2 blacki%-b&$ male specim5s are also f\nd 9 "s localities1 su* z ! slopes ( ,d>tmoor1 ,devon1 z m5tion$ by ,b>rett4 ,! gr\nd col\r v>ies 9 t9t1 d>k] or light] ?an normal1 b specim5s ( a bright gold5 yell[-br[n1 /raw col\r1 or :iti% are kn[n to occur1 al?\gh su* extreme ab]rations are exceptional4 ,! egg is pale gre5 :5 fir/ laid1 & 9 %ape x is almo/ sph]ical1 b r high] ?an broad2 x is f9ely ribb$ & reticulat$1 b unless exam9$ ?r\gh a l5s x appe>s to be q smoo?4 ,! cat]pill> :5 full gr[n is :iti%-gre51 dott$ ) :ite4 ,f ! l>g] ( ^! dots on ! back arise greyi% bri/les2 ! ?ree l9es on ! back 7dorsal & subdorsal7 are :iti%1 edg$ ) d>k gre52 ! l9e on ! sides 7spiracul>7 is :ite1 fr+$ ) greyi% hairs2 anal po9ts gre51 hairy1 extreme tips :ite4 ,head l>g] ?an ! fir/ r+ 7#a/ ?oracic segm5t71 gre5 dott$ ) :ite & hairy1 jaws m>k$ ) br[ni%4 ,x fe$s on grasses4 ,! *rysalis is gre51 ) yell[-t9t$ :ite m>k+s on ! edge ( ! w+ cov]s & ridges2 ! spots on ! body are yell[i%1 or sometimes :ite4 ,occasionally ! *rysalids are blacki%1 ) :ite or yell[ po9ts on ! body4 ,!re are c]ta9ly two broods ( ?is butt]fly 9 ! season1 & 9 fav\rable ye>s !re may be ?ree broods4 ,9 an ord9>y way ! fir/ flight is 9 ,may & ,june1 & ! second flight 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,! cat]pill>s fe$ on ,poa annua1 ,dactylis glom]ata1 etc4 ,^? hat*$ 9 autumn hib]nate m or less completely1 & become full gr[n 9 e>ly or late spr+ accord+ to ! season4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y seem to fe$ dur+ ! w9t]1 & assume ! *rysalis 9 ,m>*4 ,probably x is f su* precoci\s cat]pill>s t ! butt]flies sometimes se5 9 ,april result4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #hd4 ,mead[ ,br[n4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d male2 #e1 #f1 #g female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #he4 ,mead[ ,br[n4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill>s & *rysalis4 ,! ,speckl$ ,wood1 x 0 not$1 pref]s %ady places2 ! pres5t butt]fly is m p>tial to sun%9e & pl5ty ( x4 ,z its ,engli% "n sugge/s1 x is fond ( bask+ on walls1 b x does ?is also on dry h$ge banks1 sides ( gravel pits1 tree-trunks--9 fact1 :]ev] x c enjoy ! full sun%9e4 ,x is n at all %y1 & w be pretty sure to introduce itself to ! notice ( ! collector z soon z he ent]s its doma94 ,al?\gh x n[ seems to be abs5t f c]ta9 di/ricts 9 :i* x 0 once abundant1 x may /ill be reg>d$ z a g5]ally common species 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 & ev5 pl5tiful1 9 "s ye>s1 9 ! s\!rn1 ea/]n1 & we/]n c\nties2 x appe>s to be m local 9 ,nor? ,engl&4 ,9 ,scotl& x seems fairly di/ribut$1 & n sc>ce 9 ! s\?2 its range ext5ds to ,ab]de5%ire4 ,kane /ates t x is ev]y:]e abundant ?r\gh\t ,irel&4 ,abroad x is common ?r\gh\t ,europe1 except ! extreme nor?1 & ext5ds into ,nor? ,africa1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,arm5ia4 ,! ,mead[ ,br[n 7,ep9ephele ianira74 ,! female is ! jurt9a ( ,l9nu1 & z he describ$ ?is sex be=e ! male1 "u ! impression t !y 7 di/9ct species1 ! law ( priority1 we are told1 mu/ be obs]v$ & ! e>li] "n be adopt$4 ,?is fusc\s-br[n butt]fly ( ! mead[s is m>k$1 especially 9 ! female1 ) dull orange4 ,! male1 ( :i* sex ?ree specim5s are %[n 7,plate #hd1 ,figs4 #a-c71 has a broad black sexual br& on ! c5tral area ( ! =e w+s1 & a :ite pupill$ black spot t[>ds ! tips ( ! w+s2 ?is spot is usually encircl$ ) orange1 & !re is (t5 m or less ( ?is orange col\r bel[ x 7,fig4 #b typical74 ,! "u side ( ! =e w+s is orange ) ! co/a n>r[ly1 & ! out] m>g9 broadly1 greyi%-br[n to mat* ) ! col\r ( ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s4 ,! female is )\t ! black br&1 & is m ornam5t$ ) orange1 :i* g5]ally =ms a broad pat* on ! out] area ( ! =e w+s 7,fig4 #f71 b x is sometimes cont9u$ inw>ds1 s t almo/ ! :ole ( ! discal area--t is1 ne>ly all b ! m>g9s1 appe>s to be orange 7,fig4 #g72 ! h9d w+s h an indi/9ct pal] b& on ! out] area1 & ?is is sometimes suffus$ or cl\d$ ) orange4 ,on ! "u side ! pale b& is m def9$ 7,fig4 #e74 ,! apical spot ( =e w+s is sometimes d\ble1 & a t5d5cy to ?is v>iation is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 b 9 ! complete =m !re are two :ite dots 7bi-pupillat$74 ,at ! o!r extreme1 & g5]ally 9 ! male1 ! apical spot is entirely abs5t 7v>4 anommata71 or is greatly r$uc$ 9 size1 & is )\t ! :ite pupil4 ,spots on ! "u side are z (t5 abs5t z pres5t4 ,!y may be f "o to five 9 numb]1 & ei!r simply black dots or r+$ ) orange1 z 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,occasionally ! orange on ! upp] side ( ! female gives place to a pale /raw or ev5 :iti% col\r2 & on ! "u side to :iti%-grey4 ,n infrequ5tly a great] or less] area ( ! w+s is blea*$1 & ?is seems to be due to abs5ce ( pigm5t 9 ! scales on su* p>ts4 ,?is blea*+ may affect ! :ole or a portion ( "o w+ only1 or x may take ! =m ( symmetrical blot*es on ea* w+4 ,all su* abnormal specim5s ( ?is1 & ( o!r species simil>ly affect$1 are c]ta9ly ( value to ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 t]atology1 b !y seem to be out ( place 9 a collection ( butt]flies :]e ! aim %\ld be to %[ ! true v>iation ( species r ?an freaks1 :i* are ! result ( accid5t or disease4 ,! egg1 laid on a blade ( grass z %[n 7,plate #he71 is upright & ribb$2 ! top is flatt5$1 ) an impress$ r+ !reon4 ,col\r1 :iti%-gre5 incl9+ to br[ni%-yell[ z x matures1 & m>k$ ) purpli%-br[n4 ,! cat]pill> is bright gre51 clo!d ) %ort :iti% hairs2 !re is a d>k] l9e d[n ! back1 & a diffus$ :ite /ripe on ea* side above ! r$di% spiracles2 ! anal po9ts are :ite4 ,head r d>k] gre51 hairy4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #hf4 ,gatekeep]4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #hg4 ,gatekeep]4 #a1 #b1 #f1 #g male2 #c1 #d1 #e female4 ,! *rysalis is pale gre51 m>k$ ) br[ni% on ! w+-cov]s1 ! ?orax is spott$ ) blacki%1 & ! po9ts on ! body are br[ni%4 ,susp5d$1 & ) ! old sk9 atta*$1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,f its wide di/ribution & g5]al abundance1 ?is may be said to be our commone/ butt]fly4 ,x appe>s to be always on ! w+1 9 dull wea!r z well z 9 sun%9e1 &1 except = a %ort int]val 9 e>ly ,augu/1 x is to be se5 9 hayfields1 op5 places 9 woods1 on grassy slopes1 or bord]s ( highways & byways f ,june to ,septemb]4 ,al?\gh q fre% specim5s are fusc\s-br[n1 ! butt]fly1 aft] a %ort "t on ! w+1 loses ! dusky t+e & becomes br[n4 ,x is1 !re=e1 always desirable to re> specim5s = ! cab9et f cat]pill>s4 ,^! fe$ on grasses ( v>i\s k9ds 9 ,may1 are easily manag$1 & may be f\nd 9 mo/ hay mead[s at night1 :51 ( c\rse1 a lant]n w be ne$$ to ?r[ a light on ! bus9ess ( collect+ !m4 ,! n infrequ5t occurr5ce ( fre% specim5s 9 ! autumn is /rong presumptive evid5ce ( at lea/ an occasional second brood4 ,p]haps1 z has be5 sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,r4 ,adk91 a late em]g5ce ( ,ep9ephele ianira is ! rule r ?an ! exception1 especially 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! butt]fly is f\nd ?r\gh\t ,engl& & ,wales1 ,irel&1 & ,scotl&1 includ+ ,isles ( ,lewis & ,orkney4 ,abroad x occurs 9 all p>ts ( ,europe except ! mo/ nor!rn1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,arm5ia1 ,nor? ,africa1 & ! ,can>y ,isles4 ,! ,gatekeep] 7,ep9ephele ti?onus74 ,o!r ,engli% names 9 use at ! pres5t "t = ?is butt]fly 7,plate #hg7 are ,small ,mead[ ,br[n1 ,h$ge ,br[n1 & ,l>ge ,hea?1 b ! latt] is m (t5 appli$ to ano!r species :i* w be ref]r$ to lat]4 ,petiv] call$ x ! ,h$ge ,eye4 ,! g5]al col\r is br[ni%-orange1 & ! m>g9s are fusc\s-br[n2 !re is a black spot t[>ds ! tips ( ! =e w+s1 & ?is1 z a rule1 encloses two :ite dots2 "o or bo? ( ^! dots sometimes abs5t 9 ! male4 ,! male diff]s f ! female 9 its r small] size1 & 9 hav+ a fusc\s b& on ! c5tral area2 ! latt] is broade/ t[>ds ! inn] m>g91 & 9 ?is "p are "s pat*es ( blacki% &roconial scales or plumules2 at ! upp] end ( ! b& !re is sometimes a fusc\s cl\d4 ,occasionally1 "o or m small black spots1 "s ) :ite pupils1 are pres5t bel[ ! apical "o4 ,f\r su* spots are r>e1 b specim5s ) "o or ) two are n uncommon4 ,!re is usually a :ite-pupill$ black spot t[>ds ! anal angle ( ! h9d w+1 b ,i h sev]al males & females t are )\t ?is spot4 ,sometimes !re are z _m z f\r spots on ! h9d w+s1 b ?is is p]haps exceptional 7,plate #aac1 ,fig4 #e74 ,on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s !re are (t5 two :ite dots1 sometimes r+$ ) black1 t[>ds ! co/a1 & two or ?ree o!r simil> dots t[>ds ! anal angle2 b ! numb] ( dots may be r$uc$ to two1 "o ( :i* is ne> ! co/a1 or be increas$ to six4 ,col\r *anges1 simil> to ^? 9 ! la/ species1 occur1 & ! orange col\r1 9 bo? sexes1 may be replac$ by yell[ 7v>4 m9cki1 ,seebold71 or by :ite 7v>4 albida1 ,russell1 ,plate #aai1 ,figs4 #f1 #g74 ,su* ab]rations are v local & r>e2 a few h be5 obta9$ on *alk hills 9 ,s\? ,hamp%ire4 ,9 an extraord9>y ab]ration1 tak5 9 ,sussex 9 #ahig1 ! :ole ( ! d>k br[n col\r ( m>g9s & b& is replac$ by pale p9ki%-o*re\s1 b ! normal br[ni% orange rema9s4 ,o!r some:at simil> specim5s h be5 record$4 ,! egg 7,plate #hf7 is pale yell[i% :5 fir/ laid1 becom+ light] & irregul>ly blot*$ ) r$di%-br[n1 ! upp] blot*es =m+ a sort ( b& r\nd ! egg2 z ! cat]pill> matures ! %ell assumes a d>k] t+e1 incl9+ to slaty1 & ! m>k+s are less di/9ct4 ,! cat]pill>1 :5 full gr[n1 is pale o*re\s1 clo!d ) %ort pale hair1 & freckl$ ) br[ni%2 ! l9e d[n ! back is d>k]1 "o on ea* side is pal]1 & t above ! feet is yell[i%4 ,! head is r d>k] ?an ! body1 m>k$ ) br[ni%1 & bri/ly4 ,accord+ to ,hell9s1 ! newly hat*$ cat]pill> is :iti%-grey1 ) ru/y yell[ l9es on ! back4 ,9 ,octob]1 aft] ! fir/ m\lt1 x becomes gre5 ) a br[ni% head4 ,9 ,april ! body is gre5i%-grey1 & ! head pale gre5i%-br[n4 ,at ! end ( ,april x m\lts = ! la/ "t1 & is !n pale o*re\s g5]ally1 b "s cat]pill>s are d>k] ?an ?is1 & "s pal] ) a gre5i%-grey t+e4 ,! *rysalis is :iti%-o*re\s1 ) d>k br[n /reaks on ! w+-cov]s & "s br[ni% spots & cl\ds on ! back & sides4 ,susp5d$ f /em or blade ( grass2 ! old sk9 rema9s atta*$4 ,! cat]pill>s fe$ at night on grasses1 su* z ,poa annua1 ,triticum rep5s1 & ,dactylis glom]ata1 f ,septemb] to ,june4 ,! butt]fly is on ! w+ 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,al?\gh ^! butt]flies may be se51 sometimes 9 consid]able numb]s1 :]e ! rides are grassy1 9 woods1 !y are p]haps m atta*$ to h$g][s4 ,bramble fl[]s are _! special attraction1 b !y are n indiff]5t to ! blossoms ( ! wood sage 7,teucrium scorodonia7 or ( m>joram 7,origanum vulg>e74 ,pretty g5]ally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ,engl&1 x is (t5 exce$+ly pl5tiful 9 ! s\? & also 9 ,s\? ,wales4 ,9 ,scotl& ! butt]fly seems to be common 9 ,kircudbright%ire1 b n common 9 o!r s\!rn c\nties up to ,argyle & ,fife4 ,kane says t 9 ,irel& x is almo/ conf9$ to ! s\!rn c\nties4 ,abroad x is f\nd ?r\gh\t ,europe1 except ! ,nor?-,ea/1 & its range ext5ds into ,nor!rn ,asia ,m9or4 ,! ,r+let 7,aphantopus hyp]an?us74 ,! sombre-look+ butt]fly1 ( :i* sev]al figures w be f\nd on ,plate #hi1 has be5 kn[n by its pres5t ,engli% "n s9ce #aggh1 ! ye> 9 :i* ,moses ,h>ris publi%$ ,! ,aurelian4 ,! ,lat9 specific "n 0 writt5 hyp]antus by ,l9nu1 b ,esp] correct$ ?is to hyp]an?us4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 suppos$ t ,l9nu really int5d$ to h writt5 hyp]an!s 7a son ( ,d>ius71 & ?is =m ( ! "n has be5 us$1 b ,esp]'s em5dation is "h adopt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,v>4 lanceolata4 ,all ! w+s are sooty-br[n1 ! male :5 q fre% appe>+ almo/ black1 & ! sexual br& is !n difficult to see2 !re are "o or m black spots ) pale r+s1 & sometimes :ite pupils1 on ! =e w+s1 b ^! are always m prom95t 9 ! female ?an 9 ! male2 9 ! latt] sex !y may be entirely abs5t4 ,on ! "u side !re are g5]ally two1 sometimes ?ree1 ocellat$ spots on ! =e w+s1 & !re are five su* spots on ! h9d w+s1 ! two ne>e/ ! co/a be+ d\ble1 & n v infrequ5tly !re is a small] spot ne> or atta*$ to ! l[] edge ( ! d\ble "o4 ,9 ! matt] ( size ( ! spots on ! "u side !re is a wide range ( v>iation1 & at "o end ( ?is is v>4 lanceolata1 ,%ipp1 & at ! o!r v>4 obsoleta1 ,tutt1 9 :i* n a trace ( any ( ! spots rema9s4 ,specim5s ) a v>y+ numb] ( :ite dots1 ) or )\t yell[ r+s1 are usually ref]r$ to v>4 arete1 b ,fig4 #f on ! ,plate repres5ts a modification ( ?is v>iety1 kn[n z coeca4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #hh4 ,r+let4 ,egg1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalids4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #hi4 ,r+let4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #g male2 #d1 #e1 #h female2 #f v>4 cca1 male4 ,occasionally1 on ! "u side1 !re are transv]se l9es on ! out] half ( all ! w+s1 & ! space betwe5 ^! l9es is suffus$ ) :iti%4 ,! specim5 %[+ ^! l9es fa9tly 7,fig4 #c on ! ,plate7 is f ,nor? ,cumb]l&4 ,! e>ly /ages are figur$ on ,plate #hh4 ,! egg is yell[i%-:ite at fir/1 b soon turns to a pale br[n4 ,z w be se5 on comp>+ ! enl>g$ figure ( ?is egg ) ^? ( ! two previ\s species1 x is q diff]5t 9 %ape1 & is pitt$ r ?an ribb$4 ,! eggs are n atta*$ to any?+1 b are all[$ to fall d[n among ! roots ( ! grass ov] :i* !y are deposit$4 ,! cat]pill> is describ$ by ,newman z pale wa9scot br[n 9 col\r1 ) a d>k] l9e d[n ! back1 & ! head has ?ree broad1 slightly d>k] b fa9t1 /ripes on ea* *eek4 ,accord+ to o!rs x is o*re\s or br[ni%-grey1 ) a d>k br[n l9e on ! back1 a pale "o ) d>k] edge on ! sides1 & a :iti% /ripe above ! feet4 ,! *rysalis is o*re\s-br[n spr9kl$ ) r$di%-br[n1 & m>k$ ) br[n on ! w+-cov]s4 ,x lies l[ d[n among ! tufts ( grass4 ,! figures ( cat]pill> & *rysalis are f ,buckl]'s ,l>v ( ,briti% ,butt]flies4 ,! cat]pill>s fe$ ^u v>i\s grasses1 includ+ ,poa annua & ,dactylis glom]ata1 gr[+ ab\t damp places 9 woodl& di/ricts4 ,!y em]ge f ! egg 9 ,augu/1 fe$ leisurely until ,octob]1 :5 !y appe> to hib]nate4 ,9 ,m>* !y resume fe$+1 b d n atta9 full gr[? until ,june4 ,! butt]flies are on ! w+ 9 ,july & ,augu/1 & frequ5t lanes & ! outskirts ( woods4 ,!y usually fly along ! %ady side1 b !y are n av]se to ! nect> ( ! bramble blossom1 & ,i h se5 !m tak+ a sip "h & !re al?\gh !y 7 fully expos$ to sun%9e all ! "t4 ,:]ev] !re are suitable haunts ! butt]fly may be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ,engl& & ,wales4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 to h disappe>$ f "s di/ricts 9 ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire :]e x 0 =m]ly common4 ,x is fairly pl5tiful 9 mo/ ( ! s\!rn c\nties ( ,scotl&1 & its range ext5ds nor? to ,ab]de54 ,9 ,irel& x is abundant 9 ! s\? & ! we/1 & seems to occur 9 mo/ suitable places2 also common 9 c]ta9 localities 9 ,donegal & ,antrim4 ,abroad x is di/ribut$ ?r\gh ,europe & ,nor!rn ,asia ea/w>d to ,japan4 ,! ,l>ge ,hea? 7,co5onympha typhon74 ,! butt]fly n[ to be consid]$ is a mo/ v>iable "o1 bo? z reg>ds col\r & m>k+4 ,sev]al ( ! v>ieties h be5 nam$1 & 9 ! "t ( ,hawor? d[n to ,/eph5s1 & ev5 mu* lat]1 at lea/ ?ree ( ^! 7 reg>d$ z di/9ct species4 ,9 ! pres5t day1 h[ev]1 x is g5]ally accept$ t all ! v>ieties are =ms ( "o species1 al?\gh two local races are recogniz$4 ,! typical =m is typhon1 ,rottemburg1 & polydama 7,! ,m>% ,r+let7 ( ,hawor? 7,plate #ij1 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #e1 #g-aa74 ,! col\r ranges f d>ki%-br[n to a pale tawny2 !re is an o*re\s r+$ black spot t[>ds ! tips ( ! =e w+s1 sometimes ano!r simil> spot above ! inn] angle1 & occasionally :5 bo? spots are pres5t !re is an o*re\s spot betwe5 !m2 ! h9d w+s h f "o to ?ree ( ^! spots1 b a l>g] numb] ?an ?ree is exceptional4 ,! "u side ( ! =e w+s is ei!r bright or dull fulv\s1 & ! spots are pretty mu* z above1 b ) :ite pupils1 & !re is a :iti% b& be=e !m2 ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s is olive br[n on ! basal two-?irds1 cov]$ ) pale hair1 & ! out] ?ird is br[ni% m]g+ into greyi% on ! out] m>g92 an irregul> :ite or :iti% b& limits ! two areas2 !re are six o*re\s r+$ black spots1 ) :ite pupils1 b !y are always r small 9 size4 ,! female is mu* pal] ?an ! male4 ,?is is ! usual =m 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 ,cumb]l&1 ,york%ire1 & ,irel&2 x also occurs 9 ,lanca%ire1 ,we/morel&1 & ! ,s\? ( ,scotl&4 ,v>4 philox5us1 ,esp]4 ,?is is davus 7,small ,r+let71 ,hawor?1 & ro?liebii1 ,newman 7,plate #ij1 ,figs4 #c1 #d1 #f74 ,on ! upp] side ! col\r is d>k br[n 9 ! male & r pal] 9 ! female2 ! spots are v di/9ct1 r+$ ) fulv\s2 ^? on ! h9d w+s are g5]ally ?ree 9 numb]1 & (t5 five or six2 on ! "u side1 ! b&s are :it]1 & (t5 broad]1 & ! spots are v black1 l>ge1 & conspicu\s4 ,?is =m is f\nd on "s ( ! mosses 9 ,lanca%ire & ,we/morel&1 9 ,delam]e ,=e/1 ,*e%ire1 & 9 ,nor? ,%rop%ire2 b ! mo/ *>act]i/ic examples ( ! =m are *iefly obta9$ 9 ! fir/-nam$ c\nty1 f :i* x 0 fir/ made kn[n1 9 #agie1 z ! ,man*e/] ,argus1 or ,man*e/] ,r+let4 ,v>4 scotica1 ,/aud+] 7laidion1 ,/aud41 b n ( ,borkhaus571 ,pl4 #ij1 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #d1 #e male1 #c female1 is ! typhon ( ,hawor?1 z /at$ by ,newman2 ! latt] au?or1 h[ev]1 figures x z davus1 ,fabricius1 :i* is d\btful4 ,! gr\nd col\r is pale tawny1 sometimes suffus$ ) br[ni%1 greyi% on ! m>g91 & broadly s on ! out] area ( ! h9d w+s2 ! spots are (t5 abs5t1 & :5 pres5t are r>ely v di/9ct4 ,! female is mu* pal] ?an ! male4 ,! "u side ( ! h9d w+s is some:at simil> to t ( ! typical =m1 b sometimes ! :ole area is a uni=m greyi%2 ! spots are only r>ely at all di/9ct1 & !n only "o1 or p]haps two1 on a w+1 & n infrequ5tly !y are entirely abs5t4 ,?is =m occurs 9 ,scotl&1 especially 9 ,ab]de5%ire & ,su!rl&%ire1 also 9 ! ,isle ( ,arran1 9 ! ,orkney & ,%etl& ,isles1 & 9 ! ,out] ,hebrides4 ,kane /ates t he has met ) s+le specim5s at ,kill>ney1 ,we/mea?1 ,galway1 & ,sligo4 ,9 "s localities1 su* z ,c>lisle1 ,ro!rham1 & o!rs 9 ,york%ire1 =ms int]m$iate betwe5 ! type & v>4 philox5us are f\nd2 modifications ( ! type =m 9 ! direction ( v>4 scotica occur 9 ,cumb]l&1 ,nor?umb]l&1 & ,co4 ,leitrim1 9 ,irel&2 & =ms approa*+ ! type m ne>ly ?an v>4 scotica are met ) 9 ! ,glasg[ di/rict1 & at ,pitcaple 9 ,ab]de5%ire4 ,! egg is v pale gre5i%-yell[ at fir/1 b ! gre5 fades1 br[ni% blot*es appe>1 & "s d>k m>k+s appe> ar\nd ! upp] "p a %ort :ile be=e ! cat]pill> hat*es out4 ,x is f9ely scor$ almo/ f ! base to ! top1 :i* is depress$1 & has a rais$ boss 9 ! c5tre1 z 9 ! egg ( ! ,small ,hea?4 ,f "s eggs s5t to me 9 ,july1 cat]pill>s hat*$ 9 ,augu/4 ,!y f$ on ord9>y mead[ grass1 & 9 ,septemb] 7 figur$1 :5 !y 7 ab\t half an in* 9 l5g?4 ,head %all[ly not*$ 9 front1 gre51 r\gh5$ ) :iti% dots1 eyes & jaws br[ni%4 ,body gre51 r\gh5$ ) :ite dots1 ) d>k] l9e d[n ! back1 & pal]1 almo/ :ite l9es along ! sides1 anal projections r$di% 7^! 7 gre5i% :5 y\ng]74 ,! figure ( ! full-gr[n cat]pill> is aft] ,buckl]1 :o describes x z ( a bright gre51 ) d>k blui%-gre5 dorsal l9e1 edg$ ) pale lemon-yell[1 ! subdorsal & spiracul> l9es are ( ! same pale yell[1 b ! subdorsal is edg$ above ) d>k blui%-gre51 & betwe5 ^! two l9es is an int]rupt$ /reak ( a d>k] col\r1 po/]iorly ) a slight t+e ( r$di% or p9k1 & ! caudal =k is tipp$ ) p9k4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ij4 ,l>ge ,hea?4 #a1 #c1 #d1 #f male1 #b female 7,delam]e72 #g1 #i male1 #e female 7,arran72 #h male 7,n4 ,salop72 #aj d4 7,irel&72 #aa d4 7,c>lisle74 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ia4 ,l>ge ,hea?4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill>s & *rysalis4 ,! *rysalis is bright gre51 ) br[n /reaks on ! edges & c5tre ( ! w+-cov]s1 & at ! tip ( ! tail1 turn+ d>k br[n j be=e ! butt]fly em]ges4 7,figure & description aft] ,buckl]47 ,! eggs are laid 9 ,july on blades ( grass1 & ! cat]pill>s hat* out 9 t mon? & ,augu/4 ,! food ( ! cat]pill>s is said to be ! beak$-ru% 7,rhyn*ospora alba72 ^? t ,i _h f ,)]slack eggs f$ well ^u ord9>y grass until ,octob]1 b !y di$ dur+ ! w9t]4 ,aft] hib]nation !y recomm5ce fe$+1 & are full gr[n 9 ,may & ,june1 :5 !y pupate1 & ! butt]flies appe> at ! end ( ,june & 9 ,july4 ,b>rett1 writ+ ( ! butt]fly 9 all its =ms1 says1 ,its mo/ s\!rn kn[n locality 9 ,engl& is ,*>tley ,p>k1 ,d]by%ire1 & x is common 9 all 'mosses' ( ,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire--all moors ab\t ,grange1 & 9 ,*at ,moss1 ,risley ,moss1 ,rixton ,moss1 ,simondswood1 ,l9don ,moss1 & ,c>r+ton ,moss1 z well z at ,delam]e ,=e/4 ,9 ,york%ire abundant 9 ,?orne ,wa/e1 n sc>ce 9 ,w5sleydale1 & f\nd on ,cott+ham ,moor1 ,hatfield ,moors1 & else:]e4 ,nor?w>d x is f\nd 9 all suitable mosses & moors 9 ,durham1 ,we/morel&1 & ,cumb]l&1 b seems to h be5 ext]m9at$ 9 ,nor?umb]l&4 ,9 ,scotl& x appe>s to be pretty g5]ally di/ribut$1 & occurs up to an elevation ( "s #bjjj feet4 ,kane /ates t 9 ,irel& x is widely spread ?r\gh\t1 on ! bogs & m\nta9s4 ,x is /at$ to h occurr$ 9 ,nor? ,wales a long "t ago1 b !re are no rec5t records f t c\ntry4 ,abroad x is f\nd 9 ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,europe1 ext5d+ to ,lapl&1 & ?r\gh ,nor!rn ,asia to ,amurl&4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica x is repres5t$ by two =ms1 :i* are n q l any ( ^? occurr+ else:]e4 ,! ,small ,hea? 7,co5onympha pamphilus74 ,to ! anci5t fa!rs ! male ( ! butt]fly on ,plate #ib 0 kn[n z ! ,selv$g$ ,hea? ,eye1 & ! female 0 call$ ! ,gold5 ,hea? ,eye4 ,h>ris figur$ x z ,! ,small ,hea?1 or ,gatekeep]2 ! latt] "n be+ n[ associat$ ) ano!r species1 x may be all[$ to drop out 9 ! pres5t connection4 ,! w+s are pale tawny1 ) a br[ni% or greyi%-br[n bord]1 ( v>iable wid?1 on all ! w+s1 & /rong] 9 ! male ?an ! female2 !re is a black spot t[>ds ! tip ( ! =e w+4 ,! "u side resembles t ( ! la/ species 9 "s degree1 b ! ey$ spots ( ! h9d w+s are n always prom95t1 (t5 only :ite dots1 & may be abs5t altoge!r 7,fig4 #i74 ,v>iation 9 ?is species is ext5sive1 b n /rik+4 ,! t9t ( ! gr\nd col\r may be r$di% or yell[i%2 occasionally br[ni% or greyi%-br[n specim5s ( ! male occur1 & m r>ely purpli%-br[n examples ( ! same sex h be5 f\nd4 ,females1 9 all cases pal]1 & g5]ally l>g] ?an ! male1 are sometimes :iti%-o*re\s 9 col\r1 &1 v r>ely1 yell[i%-:ite4 ,! br[n bord] is also a v>iable "*1 & may be v d>k & broad 7v>4 lyllus71 or r$uc$ to l9e> proportions4 ,! apical spot on ! =e w+s may be ( fair size & v black1 v pale & indi/9ct 7,figs4 #h1 #ab71 or entirely abs5t2 x does n seem to be pupill$ ) :ite 7z x is on ! "u side71 b sometimes !re is a pale speck 9 ! c5tre4 ,on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s !re is v>iation 9 ! wid? ( ! c5tral :iti% b&-l pat*1 9 "s specim5s ) unusually d>k gr\nd col\r ?is pat* is v broad2 9 o!r examples1 ( normal coloration1 ! b& is complete1 & ext5ds to ! inn] m>g94 ,! :ite dots t normally d duty z ocelli are n infrequ5tly set 9 r$di%-br[n spots1 & !n become r m noticable 7,fig4 #ad74 ,?is =m is v>4 ocellata1 ,tutt4 ,! egg is gre5 at fir/1 aft]w>ds becom+ :iti% or bone-col\r2 lat] on a br[ni% irregul> r+ appe>s a little above ! middle1 & !re are v>i\s br[ni% freckles4 ,x is f9ely ribb$1 & ! top is depress$1 =m+ a holl[ ) a c5tral boss4 ,laid 9 a clu/] ( f\r on a blade ( grass1 b ?is may h be5 accid5tal4 ,o!rs 7 deposit$ s+ly on musl9 & on f9e grass1 all 9 mid-,june4 ,! cat]pill> is ( a cle> gre5 col\r1 ) d>k] gre5 dorsal /ripe1 & a spiracul> /ripe n s d>k2 ! anal po9ts p9k 7,hell9s74 ,! *rysalis is ( a delicate pale r yell[i%-gre51 ) a fa9tly d>k] gre5 dorsal /ripe1 ! edge ( ! project+ w+-cov]s on ea* side :iti%1 outl9$ ) a /reak ( r$di%-br[n2 ! abdom5 freckl$ v delicately ) pal] gre52 ! tip ( ! anal po9t1 ) a %ort /reak ( br[ni%-r$ on ea* side2 ! w+-cases fa9tly m>k$ ) d>k] gre5 n]vures 7,buckl]74 ,! figures ( cat]pill> & *rysalis on ,plate #ic are f ,buckl]'s ,l>v ( ,briti% ,butt]flies4 ,"s cat]pill>s1 f eggs laid 9 ,may or ,june1 become full-gr[n 9 f\r or five weeks1 & appe> z butt]flies 9 ,augu/1 b o!rs d n complete _! gr[? until ! foll[+ spr+4 ,j exactly :at happ5s 9 ! case ( eggs f autumn females does n seem to be v def9itely asc]ta9$4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 /at$ t cat]pill>s hat*+ f eggs laid 9 ,augu/1 atta9 ! size ( ! sl[-gr[+ cont+5t f ,may eggs1 & !n hib]nate4 ,probably1 !re=e1 x is ^! t produce ! ,july butt]flies1 & if s1 ! succession ( em]g5ces may be some?+ 9 ?is way3 ,may & ,june butt]flies f ,may & ,june eggs 7twelve mon?s' cycle71 ,july butt]flies f ,augu/ eggs 7elev5 mon?s cycle71 ,augu/ & ,septemb] butt]flies 7p>tial second brood7 f ,may & ,june eggs 7f\r mon?s' cycle74 ,?is int]e/+ little butt]fly is to be se5 almo/ ev]y:]e1 b x is p]haps mo/ frequ5tly to be f\nd 9 grassy places 9 lanes1 on hea?s & d[ns1 railway banks1 9 r\gh mead[s1 etc4 ,x occurs on m\nta9s ev5 up to an elevation ( #bjjj feet4 ,:5 fly+ 9 company ) ! blues & copp]s1 all frolick+ toge!r ov] "s pat* ( long grass1 ! col\r comb9ation has an exce$+ly pleas+ effect4 ,!y re/ by day1 & sleep at night on grass or ru%es4 ,a common species ?r\gh\t ,engl& & ,wales1 ,irel& & ,scotl&1 z f> nor? z ,nairn1 also 9 ! ,out] ,hebrides4 ,abroad its di/ribution ext5ds ov] ,europe to ,s\?-,we/ ,sib]ia1 ,c5tral & ,nor?-,ea/ ,asia1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,nor? ,africa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we n[ arrive at ! ,hair/reaks1 ,copp]s1 & ,blues4 ,^! belong to ! ,lycnid1 a v l>ge family ( butt]flies :i* is repres5t$ 9 all p>ts ( ! globe4 ,!re are eighte5 species 9 ,brita91 b at lea/ "o ( ^! is ext9ct & ano!r is suppos$ to be s2 two are v r>e1 & ! *ances ( meet+ ) ei!r are probably ab\t equal4 ,! ,br[n ,hair/reak 7,zephyrus betul74 ,! butt]fly is repres5t$ on ,plate #id1 ,figs4 #a-c4 ,! male is blacki%-br[n ) a fa9t greyi% t+e1 & !re is a conspicu\s black b> at ! end ( ! discal cell ( ! =e w+1 foll[$ by a pale cl\d2 !re are two orange m>ks at ! anal angle ( ! h9d w+s4 ,! female is blacki%-br[n1 & has ! black b> at end ( ! cell1 & an orange b& beyond2 !re are usually ?ree orange m>ks on ! h9d w+s at ! anal angle1 b sometimes !re are only two4 ,! "u side ( ! male is o*re\s1 b t ( ! female is m orange2 ! =e w+s h ! black b> edg$ on ea* side ) :ite1 & !re is a :ite-edg$1 br[ni% triangul> /reak beyond1 ! out] m>g9 is t+$ ) r$di%2 on ! h9d w+s !re are two :ite irregul> l9es & ! space betwe5 !m is br[ni%1 ! out] m>g9 is r$di%1 becom+ broadly s t[>ds ! anal angle1 :]e !re is a black spot4 ,v>iation is n ( a v /rik+ "*4 ,! %ade foll[+ ! black b> at end ( ! discal cell on ! =e w+s 9 ! male is sometimes yell[i% t+$1 n infrequ5tly fairly l>ge1 & ) two small] spots bel[ x4 ,m r>ely all ?ree spots are di/9ctly o*re\s-yell[ 7v>4 sp9os1 ,g]h>d74 ,a simil> ab]ration1 b ) ! m>ks :ite in/ead ( yell[1 has be5 nam$ pallida1 ,tutt4 ,! orange b& 9 ! female v>ies 9 wid? & 9 l5g?2 occasionally x ext5ds well bel[ ve9 #b1 & into ! discal cell )9 ! black b>4 ,i h "o specim5 9 :i* ! b& is brok5 up into ?ree p>ts1 & ! upp] "o ( ^! is b little wid] ?an ! same spot 9 v>4 sp9os1 ! o!r two be+ almo/ exactly ( ! same size z 9 t v>iety4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ib4 ,scot* ,l>ge ,hea?4 #a1 #b1 #e male2 #c1 #d female4 ,small ,hea?4 #f1 #i1 #aj1 #ad male2 #g1 #h1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ic4 ,small ,hea?4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,! life-hi/ory is figur$ on ,plate #ie--! l[] set ( figures4 ,! egg is describ$ by ,newman z a depress$ sph]e & :ite1 & he /ates1 x is atta*$ to ! twigs ( black?orn 7,prunus sp9osa7 9 ! autumn1 (t5 z late z ! end ( ,septemb] or beg9n+ ( ,octob]2 x is n hat*$ until ! spr+4 ,! cat]pill> is bright pale gre51 & ! l9es on ! back & sides are yell[i%1 z also are ! oblique /reaks on ! sides & ! bord] ( ! ridge above ! feet4 ,!re are "s bri/les along ! ridge on ! back & also on t above ! feet4 ,x fe$s on black?orn 9 ,may & ,june1 & w eat ! foliage ( almo/ any k9d ( plum4 ,i h re>$ f9e specim5s f cat]pill>s :i* f$ on gre5gage4 ,! *rysalis is pale r$di%-br[n ) a d>k l9e d[n ! middle ( ! back & "s pale oblique /reaks on ea* side2 ! w+-cases are freckl$ ) d>k] br[n4 ,b>rett1 quot+ ,f5n1 says1 ,susp5d$ by ! tail & a silk5 gir? to ! /em ( ! food-plant close to ! gr\nd4 ,^? t ,i h se5 pupat$ on or "u leaves1 & s f> z ,i c\ld obs]ve )\t any gir?1 & c]ta9ly n susp5d$4 ,ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s ago ! male ( ?is butt]fly 0 kn[n z ! ,br[n ,hair/reak1 :il/ ! female 0 call$ ! ,gold5 ,hair/reak4 ,! cat]pill> seems to h be5 obs]v$ 9 q e>ly times4 ,x has always be5 a local species1 & al?\gh x appe>s to frequ5t h$g][s occasionally1 its haunts g5]ally are op5 gr\nds 9 ! neighb\rhood ( woods1 :]e black?orn or sloe is pl5tiful4 ,augu/ & ,septemb] are ! mon?s = ! butt]fly1 b x does n seem to be v (t5 obs]v$ on ! w+1 ev5 9 places :]e ! cat]pill>s are kn[n to occur4 ,:5 se5 x is g5]ally high up on1 or ar\nd1 "s oak tree4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 x visits ! bramble blossoms1 & at su* times becomes a fairly easy prey4 ,! cat]pill> is obta9$ by beat+ sloe bu%es4 ,b>rett1 :o seems to h work$ out its di/ribution 9 ,engl& & ,wales pretty closely1 rem>ks1 ,9 ! ea/]n c\nties x has be5 tak5 occasionally 9 ,norfolk & ,suffolk1 m frequ5tly 9 ,essex1 :]e1 9 ,epp+ ,=e/1 x has be5 fairly common2 also 9 ,cambridge%ire1 ,hunt+don%ire1 & ,nor?ampton%ire1 9 "s pl5ty4 ,9 v few localities 9 ,k5t1 ,sussex1 ,hants1 & ,dorset2 r>ely 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 & possibly ,som]set2 b f\nd 9 _m ,devon%ire localities1 especially 9 ! %elt]$ valleys ar\nd ! ,d>tmoor range1 & 9 ! *>m+ly wood$ di/ricts ab\t ,axm9/] & ,sidm\?2 becom+ common t[>ds ,d>tm\?4 ,x has also be5 f\nd commonly ne> ,m>lbor\gh1 ,wilts1 & pl5tifully 9 "s p>ts ( ,nor? ,wales2 app>5tly r>e 9 ,s\? ,wales1 b c]ta9ly exi/+ 9 "s p>ts ( ! wood$ di/ricts skirt+ ,mil=d ,hav54 ,also record$ f ,worce/]%ire1 & ,cannock ,*ase 9 ,/af=d%ire2 & nor?w>d 9 ! fav\r$ di/ricts ( ,grange & ,silv]dale 9 ,nor? ,lanca%ire1 & ,)]slack 9 ,we/morel&4 ,z ,surrey is n quot$ 9 ! =ego+1 x may be m5tion$ z "o ( ! c\nties 9 :i* ! species is f\nd4 ,9 ,irel& ,kane says t x is abundant 9 c]ta9 localities 9 ,mun/]2 & 9 ,co4 ,galway at ,cl>+ ,bridge1 & ,oranmore2 ,cork2 ,killoghrum ,wood1 ,enniscor?y2 ,bl>ney1 ,kill>ney4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #id4 ,br[n ,hair/reak4 #a1 male2 #b1 #c female4 ,:ite-lett] ,hair/reak4 #d1 #f male2 #e1 #g female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ie4 ,:ite-lett] ,hair/reak4 ,egg enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,br[n ,hair/reak4 ,egg enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,x is di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,europe1 except ! ,pol> region1 & its range ext5ds ?r\gh ,nor!rn ,asia to ,amurl&1 ,ussuri1 & ,*9a4 ,! ,purple ,hair/reak 7,zephyrus qu]cus74 ,! butt]fly 7figur$ on ,plate #if7 has ! sexes diff]5tly ornam5t$1 z 9 ! la/ species4 ,! male is /rongly t+$ ) purpli%-blue1 ! ve9s are blacki%2 ! out] m>g9 ( ! =e w+s are n>r[ly1 & ! co/a & out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s are broadly1 bord]$ ) black4 ,! female is purpli%-black1 ) two pat*es ( blui%-purple 9 ! discal cell & space bel[2 (t5 !re is a small] pat* ( ! same col\r betwe5 !m1 ! :ole =m+ a l>ge blot* int]rupt$ by ! blacki% ve9s4 ,"u side greyi% ) blacki% %ad$ :ite l9es2 two or ?ree blacki% cl\ds on ! out] m>g9 ( =e w+s above ! inn] angle2 ^! are sometimes edg$ ) orange2 a black spot on anal angle ( ! h9d w+s1 ) an orange "o above x1 & a black-c5tr$ orange spot betwe5 ve9s #b & #c4 ,v>iation 9 ?is species is exceptional4 ,an ab]ration kn[n z bella1 ,g]h>d1 has a yell[i% m>k at end ( ! cell on ! upp] side ( ! =e w+s1 & at lea/ "o su* v>iety has be5 tak5 9 ,engl&4 ,sometimes ! blot* on ! female is r blue ?an purple2 a male specim5 ) blue /reaks on ! co/a ( ! =e w+s has be5 record$1 & ,b>rett m5tions a gyn&r\s specim5 9 :i* ! "r side 0 t ( ! male4 ,! egg is pale br[n t+$ ) p9k1 & ov] ?is is a :iti% network4 ,! cat]pill> is r$di%-br[n & d[ny2 a black l9e along ! back has a :iti% edge1 & !re are :iti% oblique /ripes1 ) blacki% edge1 on ea* side ( ! c5tral l9e2 ! segm5tal divisions are well m>k$1 & ! spiracles are blacki% ) pale r+s4 ,! head1 :i*1 :5 ! cat]pill> is re/+1 is hidd5 )9 ! fir/ body r+1 is br[ni% & glossy1 & !re is a greyi% %ield-l m>k on ! second r+4 ,! *rysalis is r$-br[n1 ) d>k] freckles2 ! body is d[ny1 & !re are traces ( oblique m>ks !reon4 ,x does n appe> to be fa/5$ by ! tail1 b ! ca/ l>val sk9 rema9s atta*$2 !re are a few /r&s ( silk ar\nd & ab\t ! *rysalis1 b ^! are v flimsy1 al?\gh !y hold x 9 position on ! gr\nd or "u a leaf4 ,! eggs are laid 9 ,july or ,augu/ on twigs ( oak1 b ! cat]pill>s1 x is said1 d n hat* out until ! foll[+ spr+4 ,9 ,may & e>ly ,june ! cat]pill>s are full gr[n1 & may be obta9$ by beat+ or j>r+ ! bran*es ( oak trees 9 places :]e ! butt]fly is kn[n to occur4 ,!y h also be5 f\nd on sall[4 ,?is species frequ5ts oak woods1 or ! bord]s !re(1 9 ,july & ,augu/1 & is (t5 m easy to see ?an to capture1 z x has a tantaliz+ trick ( fly+ ar\nd ! upp] bran*es ( ! trees4 ,occasionally x resorts to l[] gr[+ asp5s1 probably to fea/ on ! honey dew1 ! secretions ( ,aphides1 ) :i* ! leaves are (t5 cov]$ 9 hot summ]s4 ,x seems to be pretty g5]ally di/ribut$ 9 all p>ts ( ,engl& & ,wales1 & 9 ,scotl& z f> nor? z ,ross4 ,9 ,irel& x appe>s to be m local1 & has only be5 record$ f ! ea/ & s\?4 ,x is f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ,europe1 except ! nor!rn4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #if4 ,purple ,hair/reak4 #a male2 #b1 #c female4 ,black ,hair/reak4 #d1 #f male2 #e female4 ,gre5 ,hair/reak4 #g male2 #h1 #i female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ig4 ,black ,hair/reak4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,purple ,hair/reak4 ,egg enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,gre5 ,hair/reak4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,! ,black ,hair/reak 7,!cla pruni74 ,?is butt]fly is figur$ on ,plate #if4 ,9 col\r x is d>k br[n or1 :5 q fre%1 br[ni%-black2 !re are "s orange m>ks on ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s1 & ^! are mo/ di/9ct 9 ! female1 9 :i* sex !re are orange spots on ! =e w+s also4 ,! male has a pale sexual m>k at ! end ( ! cell ( ! =e w+s1 b ?is is less di/9ct ?an 9 ! foll[+ species4 ,! "u side is br[n1 ) a blui%-:ite int]rupt$ transv]se l9e on ea* w+1 t on ! h9d w+s angl$ be=e rea*+ ! inn] m>g94 ,all ! w+s h an orange b& on ! out] m>g91 b on ! =e w+s ( ! male ?is is (t5 indi/9ct2 !re are "s :ite-edg$ black spots be=e x1 &1 on ! h9d w+s1 beyond x also4 ,! eggs are laid 9 ,july on ! twigs ( black?orn1 b ! cat]pill>s d n hat* until ! foll[+ spr+4 ,! egg figur$ on ,plate #ig 0 r$di%-br[n & appe>$ r %9y4 ,! cat]pill> is describ$ z yell[i%-gre51 ) a d>k] gre5 furr[ & purpli% ridges along ! back2 ! latt] are edg$ ) :iti% & ! divisions betwe5 ! r+s are yell[i%4 ,! head is pale br[n4 ,! *rysalis1 :i* is atta*$ by ! tail & has a silk5 ?read ar\nd x1 is black1 m>k$ on ! head & body ) yell[i%-:ite4 ,! cat]pill>s fe$ on black?orn 7,prunus sp9osa7 9 a /ate ( nature1 b w eat ! leaves ( damson 9 conf9em5t4 ,!y may be obta9$ 9 ,may1 9 _! p>ticul> haunts1 by beat+ sloe bu%es ) a beat+ tray1 or an inv]t$ op5 umbrella1 held "u to int]cept ! evict$ cat]pill>s1 etc4 ,?is butt]fly 0 n kn[n z ,briti% until #ahbh1 :5 a numb] ( specim5s 7 captur$ at ,monkswood 9 ,hunt+don%ire4 ,^! 7 sold by ! captor z ,t4 w-album1 :i* 0 !n call$ ! ,black ,hair/reak4 ,z soon z ! mi/ake 0 detect$1 x 0 giv5 out t ! specim5s _h be5 tak5 9 ,york%ire1 b ?is 0 only a ruse1 z ,t4 pruni has nev] occurr$ 9 t c\nty4 ,x is conf9$1 s f> z ,brita9 is conc]n$1 to ?ree or f\r ( ! midl& c\nties4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,goss1 :o has f\nd x at ,b>nwell ,wold1 & 9 o!r wood$ di/ricts ( ,nor?ampton%ire1 at int]vals1 = m ?an tw5ty ye>s pa/1 says t x is fond ( sitt+ on ! fl[]s ( privet 7,ligu/rum71 & ( ,viburnum lantana1 9 ! woods1 & sometimes is to be f\nd 9 numb]s4 ,its "t ( em]g5ce is v v>iable1 app>5tly regulat$ by ! lat5ess ( ! spr+--f ,june #ag? to ! fir/ week 9 ,july4 ,re>$ specim5s made _! appe>ance f ,june #ac? to #bg?4 ,he writes1 ',x 0 ! greate/ possible pleasure to see !m walk+ ab\t ! table :ile ,i 0 at breakfa/4' ,9 #aheh x 0 f\nd commonly at ,kett]+1 & 9 #ahei at ,oundle1 & has be5 record$ at ,w>boys ,wood1 ,hunt+don%ire1 & 9 ,buck+ham%ire4 ,"o specim5 0 tak5 at ,br&e/on1 ,suffolk1 by ! ,rev4 ,joseph ,gre52 & ,mr4 ,allis f\nd x commonly 9 ! ,ov]ton ,woods & ab\t ,/4 ,ives4 ,!re is also a record 9 ,monm\?%ire1 :i* may require confirmation4 ,?is butt]fly does n appe> to be los+ gr\nd 9 ?is c\ntry1 its fondness = trees & l(ty bu%es r5d]+ x difficult to capture 7,b>rett74 ,a writ] 9 ! ,entomologi/ = #ahgd m5tions ,l9=d ,woods1 9 ,bucks1 z a locality :]e he _h obs]v$ sev]al specim5s1 mo/ly females1 on fl[]s ( privet4 ,x is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ,europe & also 9 ,amurl& & ,corea4 ,! ,:ite ,lett] ,hair/reak 7,!cla w-album74 ,! male ( ?is butt]fly 7,plate #id7 is blacki%1 ) a small :iti% sex m>k at end ( ! discal cell ( ! =e w+2 !re is a small orange spot at ! anal angle ( ! h9d w+s4 ,! female agrees 9 col\r ) ! male1 b ! tails are long]1 & !re is no sex m>k on ! =e w+s4 ,! "u side is br[ni%1 ) a :ite l9e on ea* w+1 t on ! h9d w+s =m+ a ,w be=e ! inn] m>g92 ! h9d w+s h a black-edg$ orange b& on ! out] m>g9 :i* is f9ely tap]$ t[>ds ! co/a4 ,captur$ specim5s are usually br[n] ?an ^? t are re>$ f cat]pill>s4 ,! species does n exhibit mu* t5d5cy to v>iation4 ,! :ite l9es on ! "u side may be r broad or v n>r[1 & t on ! h9d w+s is sometimes s brok5 up t[>ds ! inn] m>g9 t ! ,w "* disappe>s2 :5 abs5ce ( ! anal orange spots on ! upp] side is associat$ ) ! brok5 l9e1 ! =m is kn[n z butl][i4 ,i h sev]al males )\t ! ,w1 & "s ( ^! h ! orange spot above1 :il/ o!rs are )\t x4 ,b>rett ref]s to a specim5 9 :i* !re is on ! "u side an ext5sion ( :ite col\r f ! :ite l9e t[>ds ! m>g91 9 ! =e w+s =m+ a broad w$ge-%ap$ b&1 b 9 ! h9d w+s occupy+ ! :ole space f ! :ite l9e to ! orange b&4 ,! egg has be5 describ$ z :iti% 9 col\r1 & 9 %ape some?+ l an orange ) a depression on ! top4 ,! eggs are laid on twigs ( elm 9 ,july1 &1 accord+ to "s writ]s1 rema9 !reon ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,! cat]pill> :5 full gr[n is yell[i%-gre5 & cov]$ ) %ort hairs2 ! ridges on ! back are yell[i%1 & !re are oblique :iti% /reaks on ea* side ( ! d>k] dorsal l9e4 ,! head is black4 ,:5 ab\t ready to assume ! *rysalis /ate1 ! :ole body becomes purpli%-br[n4 ,! *rysalis is br[ni%1 sometimes t+$ ) purple2 cov]$ ) t9y bri/les except on ! blacki% w+ cases1 & !re are two purpli% l9es on ! back4 ,x is atta*$ by ! tail1 & has a /r& or two ( silk ar\nd x1 g5]ally on ! "u side ( a leaf4 ,9 a /ate ( nature ! cat]pill> fe$s on wy*-elm 7,ulmus montana71 b x w eat ! leaves ( ! common elm 7,ulmus campe/ris74 ,x is to be obta9$ 9 ,may & ,june by beat+ wy*-elms 9 localities :]e ! butt]fly is kn[n to occur4 ,! butt]fly is on ! w+ 9 ,july1 & usually disports itself ar\nd ! elm trees1 b x is fond ( bramble blossoms1 & may (t5 be nett$ :5 fea/+ on ^? fl[]s4 ,x is a local species1 b1 z a rule1 pl5tiful en\gh 9 its localities4 ,x is r>e 9 ,hamp%ire & ,dorset%ire1 sc>ce 9 ,sussex1 & n f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ,k5t4 ,ripley1 9 ,surrey1 0 a well-kn[n locality = x 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 & ! cat]pill>s 7 f\nd !re commonly q rec5tly4 ,9 ,essex x is g5]ally common ne> ,maldon4 ,&1 accord+ to ,b>rett1 x is pl5tiful 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,suffolk2 v sc>ce 9 ,norfolk2 f\nd m or less pl5tifully 9 ,h]ts1 ,hants41 ,cambs41 & ,nor?ampton%ire2 v r>e 9 ,nott+ham%ire2 b aga9 to be f\nd 9 ,nor? ,l9coln%ire2 & common 9 sev]al localities ne> ,donca/]1 ,b>nsley1 & else:]e 9 ,york%ire4 ,?is appe>s to be its nor!rn limit1 & 9 ?is respect x contra/s curi\sly ) ,!cla betul ,! ,br[n ,hair/reak1 s9ce x ext5ds f>!r nor? 9 ! ea/ ?an t species2 yet 9 ! we/ is record$ no f>!r ?an ,*e%ire & ,%rop%ire1 :]e ,i f\nd x ?irty-five ye>s ago ^u ,b5?all ,edge4 ,9 ,h]e=d%ire x is record$ b r>ely2 m commonly 9 ,worce/]%ire2 also 9 ,d]by%ire & ,ne$wood ,=e/1 ,/af=d%ire2 common ar\nd ,burton-on-,tr5t & else:]e 9 ,leice/]%ire2 & 9 ,ox=d%ire1 ,bucks1 & ,b]ks4 ,b its metropolis seems to be ,wilt%ire1 :]e ,mr4 ,p]k9s has f\nd x ar\nd ,m>lbor\gh & ,sav]nake 9 ?\s&s1 z well z 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,x has also be5 obta9$ 9 ,monm\?%ire1 b its extreme we/]n limit seems to be ,we/on-sup]-,m>e1 ,som]set%ire4 ,abroad x is widely di/ribut$ 9 ,europe1 except ! extreme nor? & s\?-we/2 its range ext5ds into ,asia ,m9or1 & to ,amurl& & ,japan4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ih4 ,l>ge ,copp]4 #a1 #d1 male2 #b1 #c1 #e female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ii4 ,l>ge ,copp]4 ,cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,!cla sp9i & ,t4 ilicis1 two species ( ,hair/reak butt]flies belong+ to ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,europe1 h be5 m5tion$ z occurr+ 9 ,brita9 by "s ( ! e>li] au?ors4 ,!re is n1 h[ev]1 ! slighte/ reason to suppose t ei!r ( !m ev] occurr$ naturally 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,gre5 ,hair/reak 7,callophrys rubi74 ,bo? sexes ( ?is butt]fly 7,plate #if7 are br[n ) a fa9t gold5 t+e above1 & gre5 on ! "u side4 ,! male has a d>k1 or1 :5 ! plumules are dislodg$1 pale sexual m>k1 :i* is oval 9 %ape1 & plac$ at ! upp] corn] ( ! discal cell 9 ! =e w+s4 ,occasionally !re are "s orange scales at ! anal angle ( ! h9d w+s1 & m r>ely1 & 9 ! female1 at ! extremities ( ve9s two & ?ree also4 ,on ! "u side ( "s specim5s1 *iefly f ,nor!rn localities1 !re is a transv]se s]ies ( :ite dots across all ! w+s2 m (t5 ^! are conf9$ to ! h9d w+s1 & sometimes !y are almo/ or q abs5t f all ! w+s4 ,n[ & !n ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s is f\nd to be br[n 9 col\r1 & ?is *ange 9 col\r has be5 ascrib$ to ! action ( moi/ure4 ,! life-hi/ory is figur$ on ,plate #ig4 ,! egg is gre5i%1 reticulat$ ) pal] or ) :iti%-gre52 ! reticulation is some:at r\gh on ! side1 b becomes f9] t[>ds & on ! top1 :i* has ! c5tre holl[$4 ,laid on ! petals ( ! common furze 7,ulex europu71 & on leaves ( rock-rose 7,helian!mum *amci/us74 ,! cat]pill> fe$s 9 ,june & ,july4 ,x is pale gre51 ) a d>k] l9e along ! back1 & yell[ oblique /ripes on ! sides4 ,among ! plants t x has be5 f\nd ^u1 or is kn[n to eat1 are dy]'s gre5we$ 7,g5i/a t9ctoria71 ne$le furze 7,g4 anglica71 broom 7,cytisus scop>ius71 dw>f furze 7,ulex nanus71 :ortleb]ry 7,vacc9ium myrtillus72 also ! b]ries ( buck?orn 7,rhamnus71 mak+ holes ?r\gh :i* ! cont5ts ( ! b]ry is extract$2 buds ( bramble 7,rubus71 & ( dogwood 7,cornus sangu9ea71 are also attack$ 9 a simil> way4 ,! *rysalis is clo!d ) t9y hairs1 & :5 fre%ly =m$ is gre5 9 col\r1 b becomes purpli%-br[n aft] a "t4 ,x appe>s to be unatta*$ to any?+4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t !re are g5]ally a few /r&s ( silk ar\nd or ab\t x1 b ^! are s easily brok5 :5 ! *rysalids are remov$ t !y escape obs]vation4 ,may & ,june are ! mon?s = ! butt]fly1 :i* occurs 9 v>i\s k9ds ( situations1 su* z ! outskirts ( woods1 high h$g][s1 hill slopes1 & boggy hea?s4 ,i once saw x 9 abundance ab\t ! entrance f ,lynton to ! ,valley ( ,rocks4 ,its resemblance on ! "u side to ! leaves on :i* x p]*es is z baffl+ to ! collector z is ! re/+ habit ( ! ,grayl+ butt]fly previ\sly ref]r$ to4 ,x seems to be pretty g5]ally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 b is r m local 9 ,irel& ?an else:]e1 & x has n yet be5 record$ f ! ,orkney or ,%etl& ,isles4 ,its range ext5ds ?r\gh\t ! ,palarctic ,region4 ,! ,l>ge ,copp] 7,*rysophanus disp>74 ,! brilliant butt]fly1 figur$ on ,plate #ii1 is ( a copp]y orange col\r4 ,9 ! male ! =e w+s h two black dots 9 ! discal cell1 ! out] "o l9e>1 & ! out] m>g9 is n>r[ly blacki%2 ! h9d w+s h a l9e> black m>k 9 ! cell1 & ! out] m>g9 is n>r[ly edg$ ) blacki% & dott$ ) black4 ,! female is m conspicu\sly m>k$ ) black2 !re are two1 sometimes ?ree1 spots 9 ! cell ( ! =e w+s1 & a transv]se s]ies ( sev5 or eight beyond2 ! out] m>g9 is broadly bord]$ ) black1 & !re are g5]ally two spots above ! inn] angle2 ! h9d w+s h a black spot 9 ! cell1 & a s]ies ( black spots beyond1 b ! :ole basal ?ree-f\r?s ( ^! w+s is (t5 deeply suffus$ ) blacki%2 ! out] m>g9 is bord]$ & spott$ ) black4 ,! sexes are mu* alike on ! "u side1 & h r$di%-orange =e w+s ) blui% grey out] m>g9s1 & black spots z on ! upp] side ( ! female2 ! h9d w+s are blui%-grey1 p[d]$ ) blui% t[>ds ! base1 & ) :iti% r+$ black spots2 five ( ^! spots are be=e ! l9e> discal m>k1 & a s]ies ( n9e or t5 beyond2 an orange b& on ! out] m>g9 has black dots on ea* edge4 ,except z reg>ds ! size & ! %ape ( ! spots1 especially 9 ! female1 !re appe>s to h be5 b little v>iation not$ 9 ?is species 9 ,engl&4 ,! two f9e female specim5s figur$ on ! plate h a m or less di/9ct w$ge-%ap$ black spot 9 ! basal end ( ! discal cell ( ! =e w+s4 ,dale m5tions t he has an almo/ entirely black example ( ! female 9 8 collection4 ,! v>4 rutilus1 :i* is ! cont95tal =m ( our butt]fly1 is small] 9 size1 z a rule1 ! spots are n s l>ge1 & ! orange b& is always n>r[] on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s4 ,x has be5 av]r$ t "s ( ! ,briti% specim5s are ref]able to ?is =m4 ,newman1 writ+ ab\t #ahgj1 gave ! foll[+ life-hi/ory details3--,! egg is laid on ! leaves ( ! great wat]-dock 7,rumex hydrolapa?um7 dur+ ! mon? ( ,augu/1 & ! "y cat]pill>s 7nev]1 to ! be/ ( my belief1 obs]v$7 probably em]ge dur+ ! foll[+ mon?1 & hib]nate v e>ly at ! base ( ! petioles4 ,! cat]pill> is full f$ 9 ,june1 & !n lies flat on ! dock-leaf1 r>ely mov+ f place to place1 &1 :5 x does s1 glid+ ) a slug-l motion1 ! legs & clasp]s be+ entirely conceal$4 ,! head is extremely small1 & c be completely )drawn into ! second segm5t3 ! body has ! dorsal surface convex1 ! v5tral surface flat2 ! divisions ( ! segm5ts are di/9ctly m>k$1 ! po/]ior m>g9 ( ea* slightly ov]lapp+ ! ant]ior m>g9 ( ! next1 & ! entire cat]pill> hav+ v mu* ! appe>ance ( a ,*iton2 ! sides are slightly dilat$1 ! legs & clasp]s are seat$ 9 closely approximate pairs1 ne>ly on a m$io-v5tral l9e4 ,! col\r is gre51 sc>cely di/+ui%able f t ( ! dock-leaf2 !re is an obscure m$io-dorsal /ripe1 slightly d>k] ?an ! disk1 & 9 all probability due to ! pres5ce ( food 9 ! alim5t>y canal4 ,! *rysalis is obese1 blunt at bo? extremities1 atta*$ by m9ute hooks at ! caudal extremities1 & also by a belt r\nd ! wai/4 ,newman adds1 ,my acqua9tance ) ! cat]pill> & *rysalis 0 made v _m ye>s ago 9 ,mr4 ,d\bl$ay's g>d5 at ,epp+1 :]e ! v plant ( ,rumex hydrolapa?um1 on :i* ! cat]pill>s f$1 is /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,! cat]pill> 0 describ$ by ,/eph5s1 9 #ahbh1 z some:at hairy1 bright gre51 ) innum]able :ite dots4 ,! same au?or /ates t ! *rysalis 0 fir/ gre51 !n pale a%-col\r$1 ) a d>k dorsal l9e & two abbreviat$ :ite ones on ea* side1 &1 la/ly1 sometimes deep br[n4 ,! figure ( ! cat]pill> on ,plate #ih is aft] ,we/wood1 & t ( ! *rysalis aft] ,newman 7,gramm> ( ,entomology74 ,al?\gh he ref]s to x z hippo?o1 ! ,l>ge ,copp] seems to h be5 kn[n to ,lew9 7#agie71 z he /ates t specim5s _h be5 tak5 9 ,hunt+don%ire4 ,hawor? 7#ahjc7 m5tions its occurr5ce 9 ! f5s ( ,cambridge%ire1 & ,/eph5s1 tw5ty-five ye>s lat]1 wrote3--,?is spl5did insect appe>s to be conf9$ to ! f5ny c\nties ( ,cambridge & ,hunt+don1 ) ! neighb\r+ ones ( ,suffolk & ,norfolk1 unless ! acc\nt ( its capture 9 ,wales by ,hudson be admitt$2 b ?is may probably be ! foll[+ species hippo?o1 :i* may1 moreov]1 ev5tually prove synonym\s ) ,ly4 disp>4 ,9 ! fir/ two localities x appe>s to occur 9 great pr(usion1 z sev]al hundr$ specim5s h be5 captur$ )9 ^! la/ t5 ye>s by ! ,london collectors1 :o h visit$ ,:ittlesea & ,yaxley ,m]es1 dur+ ! mon? ( ,july1 = ! sole purpose ( obta9+ specim5s ( ?is insect4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ajj4 ,small ,copp]4 ,egg1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill>s & *rysalids4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #aja4 ,small ,copp]4 #a1 #b ,typical male2 #c typical female2 #d1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab v>ieties2 #g v>4 s*midtii4 ,dale /ates t ! late/ capture1 consi/+ ( five specim5s1 appe>s to h be5 made 9 ,holme ,f51 by ,mr4 ,/retton ei!r 9 #ahdg or #ahdh4 ,!re is evid5ce t floods1 :i* 7 n uncommon 9 ! home ( ! ,l>ge ,copp]1 7 n really injuri\s to ! butt]fly1 & !re=e ! occasional subm]g5ce ( its fe$+ gr\nds c h>dly h be5 ! cause ( its almo/ sudd5 de/ruction4 ,x seems m probable t its disappe>ance 0 due to ! dra9+ ( ! f5s1 & at lea/ x is significant t ! two ev5ts 7 almo/ co9cid5t4 ,!re are records ( ! butt]fly hav+ be5 tak5 9 v>i\s odd localities s9ce x 0 la/ se5 9 f5l&1 b ! late/ ( ^? dates back to ! ye> #ahfe4 ,!re seems to be no "q t ! butt]fly is n[ ext9ct 9 ,engl&1 &1 lam5table to relate1 ! *ief locality :]e we c hope to secure a specim5 or two = our collection is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cov5t ,g>d51 :]e ! only requirem5t = ! capture w be a well-l9$ purse4 ,! cont95tal =m rutilus is f\nd 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,nor!rn ,italy1 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,europe 7except ,greece71 ,nor!rn ,asia ,m9or1 ,arm5ia1 & ! ,altai4 ,! ,asian =m auratus occurs 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,sib]ia1 ,amurl&1 ,corea1 ,nor!rn ,*9a1 & ,amdo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f\r o!r k9ds ( ,copp]s h be5 report$ z occurr+ 9 ,engl&3 ^! are ,*rysophanus hippo?o & ,c4 virgaure1 bo? ( :i* h ev5 _h ,engli% names be/[$ ^u !m1 to wit1 ! ,purple-edg$ ,copp] & ! ,sc>ce ,copp]2 ,c4 gordius1 & ,c4 circe 7dorilis74 ,^! are only m5tion$ to af=d an opportunity = say+ t !re does n appe> to be ! lea/ reason = consid]+ ei!r ( !m to be a ,briti% butt]fly4 ,kirby1 ,b>rett1 & o!rs1 h[ev]1 ?9k x possible t ! fir/ two may h inhabit$ ,engl& 9 anci5t times4 ,! ,small ,copp] 7,*rysophanus phlz74 ,?is little butt]fly is v sm>t1 9 activity z well z appe>ance4 ,9 col\r x is v simil> to ! la/ species1 b bo? sexes are spott$ ) black on ! =e w+s1 ! out] s]ies ( six spots =m+ a v irregul> r[2 ! h9d w+s are black1 ) a wavy orange-r$ b& on ! out] m>g94 ,!re is consid]able v>iation1 & x is1 !re=e1 deem$ advisable to give a numb] ( figures repres5t+ "s ( ! m /rik+ ab]rations4 ,! ?ree figures at ! top ( ,plate #aja depict ! normal male & female2 ! latt] sex is ,fig4 #c4 ,= ! loan ( ! o!r specim5s 7,figs4 #d-ab7 my ?anks are due to ,mr4 ,e4 ,sab9e1 :o has a v f9e & ext5sive s]ies ( v>ieties ( ?is butt]fly4 ,o!r examples ( ab]ration on ! "u side are %[n on ,plate #aai4 ,blue spots are sometimes f\nd on ! h9d w+s2 ^! are plac$ ne> ! orange-r$ b&1 & occasionally !y atta9 a good size4 ,specim5s mu* suffus$ ) blacki% sometimes occur2 ^! are ref]able to v>4 eleus1 :i* is ! usual summ] =m 9 "s ( ! w>m] c\ntries abroad4 ,a v r>e =m is t kn[n z s*midtii 7,fig4 #g71 9 :i* ! gr\nd col\r ( ! =e w+s & ! b& on ! h9d w+s are silv]y :ite in/ead ( orange or copp]y-r$4 ,a modification ( ?is =m :i* is h>dly less r>e has a creamy t9t4 ,/raw-col\r$ or pale gold5 specim5s are r m frequ5tly met )4 ,! col\r ( ! h9d w+s 9 fre% specim5s is sometimes /eely-grey1 b blacki% is ! m usual hue2 ! b& on ! out] area1 :i* z a rule agrees 9 col\r ) ! =e w+s1 v>ies 9 wid? a good deal1 & occasionally is m or less obscur$ by ! blacki% gr\nd col\r4 ,! arrangem5t1 size1 & %ape ( ! black spots1 bo? above & bel[1 are subject to mu* vag>y1 sometimes ( a v /rik+ k9d1 z1 = example1 :5 ! spots ( ! out] s]ies on ! =e w+s are unit$ ) ! discal pair & =m a l>ge irregul> blot*4 ,a rem>kable specim5 tak5 "s ye>s ago 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight _h a small pat* ( copp] ) a black spot 9 x on ! "u side4 ,?is gave "o ! idea ( a clumsy attempt at pat*+1 b z ,i happ5$ to take t p>ticul> specim51 ,i "k t x _h n be5 tamp]$ )4 ,gyn&r\s specim5s ( ?is butt]fly sometimes occur1 b ^! are v r>e4 ,! egg is ( a yell[i%-:ite col\r at fir/1 & aft]w>ds becomes greyi%2 ! patt]n on ! %ell1 :i* resembles network1 is always :it]4 ,! cat]pill> is gre5 & simil> 9 t9t to ! leaf ( dock or sorrel ^u :i* x fe$s4 ,x is clo!d ) %ort greyi% hair :i* arises f :ite dots2 ! dorsal l9e is br[ni%-olive1 & ! r+ divisions1 especially along ! back1 are well def9$4 ,head v small1 pale br[ni%1 m>k$ ) blacki%1 drawn into ! fir/ r+ ( ! body :5 re/+4 ,! legs & prolegs are t+$ ) p9k1 & sometimes ! body is m>k$ ) p9k4 ,! *rysalis is pale br[n1 sometimes t+$ ) gre5i%1 & freckl$ ) d>k] br[n2 !re is a d>k l9e along ! middle ( ! ?orax & body1 ! w+ cases are /reak$ ) blacki%1 & ! body is dott$ ) black4 ,atta*$ by ! tail & loose silk5 ?reads ar\nd ! body to a leaf or /em4 ,!re seem to be ?ree broods ( ?is species 9 mo/ ye>s3 ! fir/ is on ! w+ 9 ,may1 sometimes 9 ,april2 ! second 9 ,july or e>ly ,augu/2 & ! ?ird 9 e>ly ,octob]4 ,x is n a difficult species to re> f ! egg1 & z v>ieties appe> to be mo/ frequ5t 9 ! ?ird brood1 ! eggs %\ld be obta9$ f females ( ! second brood4 ,dock & sorrel 7,rumex7 are ! food-plants ( ! cat]pill>1 & ^! are mo/ useful 9 a gr[+ condition4 ,! butt]fly frequ5ts all k9ds ( op5 situations1 & is fond ( bask+ ^u fl[]s1 m p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,composit1 f :i* vantage gr\nd x da%es ) great al]tness at any o!r small butt]fly t may happ5 to fly t way4 ,:e!r ^! seem+ attacks are really due to pugnacity1 z has be5 /at$ by "s writ]s1 or are m]ely ( a sportive "*1 is n altoge!r cle>4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! meet+ ( ! two butt]flies usually results1 :5 bo? are ,small ,copp]s1 9 a s]ies ( arial evolutions by ! pair1 x w\ld seem t !re is a good deal ( playfulness 9 ! bus9ess4 ,aft] ! gambol is ov]1 "o butt]fly may d>t (f ) ! o!r 9 hot pursuit1 & !n bo? move s rapidly t _! c\rse is difficult to foll[4 ,if ! butt]fly int]cept$ happ5s to be a ,blue or a ,small ,hea?1 ! ,copp] returns to ! fl[] f :i* x />t$1 & prep>es = ano!r raid :5 ! opportunity (f]s4 ,x occurs ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 b 9 ,scotl& x does n ext5d nor?w>ds beyond ! ,cal$onian ,canal4 ,abroad x is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,palarctic ,region1 & is repres5t$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica by ! =m hypophlz4 ,! ,long-tail$ ,blue 7,lampides boeticus74 ,! male is purpli%-blue suffus$ ) fusc\s1 especially on all m>g9s except ! inn] "o2 !re are two velvety black spots encircl$ ) pale blue at ! anal angle ( ! h9d w+s1 & a sl5d] black tail1 tipp$ ) :ite1 appe>s to be a cont9uation ( ve9 #b4 ,! "u side is grey-br[n1 ) num]\s :ite wavy l9es & broad] /reaks2 !re is a :iti% b& on ea* w+ be=e ! out] m>g91 & black spots z above1 b ^! are r+$ ) metallic blue4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ajb4 ,%ort-tail$ ,blue4 ,eggs enl>g$4 ,long-tail$ ,blue4 ,cat]pill> & *rysalis 7aft] ,millire74 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ajc4 ,long-tail$ ,blue4 #a male2 #b1 #c female4 ,%ort-tail$ ,blue4 #d1 #f male2 #e1 #g female4 ,i h n se5 any ( ! e>ly /ages ( ?is butt]fly4 ,! cat]pill>1 :i* fe$s ^u ! gre5 se$s 9 pods ( ! ,legum9os1 includ+ ! g>d5 pea & ! lup9e1 is figur$ on ,plate #ajb4 ,x is describ$ z be+ gre5 or r$di%-br[n 9 col\r1 ) a d>k /ripe on ! back1 d\ble oblique l9es on ! sides1 & a :ite l9e bel[ ! yell[ spiracles2 head black4 ,! *rysalis is ( a r$ or yell[i% col\r1 & dott$ ) br[n4 ,x has a silk5 girdle & is said to be atta*$ to a /em1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 b probably x is m (t5 fix$ up among ! )]$ leaves ( ! food-plant4 ,two ( ! e>lie/ kn[n ,briti% specim5s ( ?is butt]fly 7 tak5 by ! late ,mr4 ,neil ,mc,arthur on ,augu/ #d? & #e?1 #ahei1 on ! ,d[ns at ,brighton2 ! ?ird example 0 captur$ by ,capta9 de ,lat\r at ,*ri/*ur*1 :]e x 0 fly+ ab\t a plant ( ! ev]la/+ pea 9 8 g>d5 on ,augu/ #d? ( ! same ye>4 ,newman has not$ t 9 t p>ticul> ye> ! butt]fly 0 v abundant 9 ! ,*annel ,isl&s & on ! coa/ ( ,france4 ,no o!r specim5 seems to h be5 obs]v$ 9 ,engl& until #ahgi1 9 :i* ye> "o 0 tak5 at ,fre%wat] 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight on ,augu/ #bcrd4 ,9 #ahhj a specim5 0 captur$ 9 a g>d5 ne> ,bognor1 ,sussex1 on ,septemb] #ab?4 ,on ,octob] #bnd1 #ahhb1 "o 0 obta9$ at ,we/ ,b\rnem\?4 ,?ree 7 nett$ 9 #ahic1 "o ( ^! 9 late ,augu/1 & "o 9 ! ?ird week ( ,septemb]1 bo? 9 ,sussex2 ! ?ird 0 tak5 9 ,k5t 7inl&7 9 ,septemb]4 ,9 #ahii a specim5 0 f\nd at ,w9*e/] on ,septemb] #a/1 & "o at ,deal on ! #af? ( ! same mon?2 ea* ( ^!1 curi\sly1 0 sitt+ on a w9d[4 ,on ,augu/ #bnd1 #aijd1 "o example 0 tak5 9 a g>d5 ne> ,truro1 ,cornwall4 ,9 addition to ! above1 s+le specim5s h be5 report$ z tak5 at ,brighton1 ,july1 #ahij1 & at ,heswell1 ,*e%ire1 9 #ahhf or #ahhg4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! occurr5ce ( ?is butt]fly 9 ,engl& is exce$+ly infrequ5t4 ,! species is common 9 ,africa & 9 ,s\!rn ,europe2 !nce x ext5ds ea/w>d ?r\gh ,asia to ,*9a & ,japan1 & s\?w>ds to ,au/ralia4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s4 ,x is believ$ to be migratory 9 its habits1 & x is suppos$ t ! occasional specim5s t arrive 9 ?is c\ntry come to u vi ! we/ coa/ ( ,europe4 ,9 its prop] home !re is a succession ( broods ( ! butt]fly1 & if by *ance a few females 7 to visit ?is c\ntry 9 ! e>ly summ]1 !y mo/ probably w\ld lay eggs1 & ! cat]pill>s result+ f ^! w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly be able to fe$ up & atta9 ! p]fect /ate "h4 ,s f> !re is no reason to suppose t ! cat]pill> has ev] occurr$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,%ort-tail$ or ,bloxwor? ,blue 7,cupido argiades74 ,! int]e/+ little butt]fly repres5t$ on ,plate #ajc 0 n kn[n to occur 9 ,brita9 until #ahhe1 :5 ! ,rev4 ,o4 ,pick>d ,cambridge made ! />tl+ ann\ncem5t t 8 sons _h captur$ two specim5s1 a female on ,augu/ #ah?1 & a male on ,augu/ #bj? ( t ye>1 ! sc5e ( capture be+ ,bloxwor? ,hea?1 ,dorset4 ,%ortly aft] ?is fact 0 made public ! ,rev4 ,j4,s4 ,/4 ,john add$ a record ( two males t he _h discov]$ 9 a small collection ( ,lepidopt]a made by ,dr4 ,m>%1 :o /at$ t he _h tak5 ! specim5s ( ,c4 argiades 9 #ahgd1 close to a small qu>ry ne> ,frome4 ,9 addition to ^! a specim51 also record$ by ,mr4 ,cambridge1 0 tak5 at ,b\rnem\? 9 ,augu/1 #ahhe2 "o is report$ to h be5 captur$ at ,blackpool1 ab\t #ahfj2 & "o at ,wr+ton1 ab\t twelve miles nor? ( ,bri/ol1 9 #ahie or #ahif4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ajd4 ,br[n ,argus4 ,egg1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis2 7a7 ,egg ( ,scot* ,argus enl>g$4 ,silv]-/udd$ ,blue4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalids4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #aje4 ,silv]-/udd$ ,blue4 #a1 #b1 #c male2 #d1 #e1 #f female4 ,br[n ,argus4 #aj1 #ab male2 #g1 #h1 #i female2 #aa1 #ac1 #ad male 7,durham72 #ae male1 #af1 #ag female 7,scotl&74 ,! foll[+ details ( ! e>ly /ages are obta9$ f ,mr4 ,frohawk's life-hi/ory ( ! species publi%$ 9 ! ,entomologi/ = ,octob]1 #aijd4 ,! egg 7,plate #ajb1 figur$ f a photomicrograph by ,mr4 ,tonge7 is ( a pale gre5i%-blue1 b v>ies bo? 9 ! ext5t ( ! gr\nd col\r & 9 ! /ructure ( ! reticulations1 :i* are :ite1 resembl+ fro/$ glass4 ,! full-gr[n cat]pill> 7,augu/ #bcrd7 measures #c_/h in* 9 l5g?4 ,x is ( ! usual wood-l\se %ape1 ) only a v %all[ furr[ on ! back1 bord]$ on ea* side by a fr+e ( sp9\s bri/les1 :i* v>y 9 l5g?2 ! :ole surface is d5sely /udd$ ) %ort] b simil>ly =m$ :iti% or br[ni% bri/les4 ,! gr\nd col\r is pale gre51 ) a d>k] gre5 /ripe along ! c5tre ( ! back1 & fa9t] gre5 oblique /ripes on ! sides4 ,! head is black & %9+1 & is hidd5 "u ! fir/ r+ :5 ! cat]pill> is n fe$+ or mov+ ab\t4 ,! cat]pill>s hat*$ on ,july #cj?1 f eggs t 7 laid 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france on ,july #bd?1 & 7 re>$ on bird's-foot trefoil 7,lotus corniculatus71 ( :i* !y ate ! fl[]s1 se$s1 & leaves4 ,! *rysalis1 :i* is atta*$ to ! food-plant by a silk pad at ! tail & a ?read r\nd ! body1 is pale gre5 & v f9ely reticulat$2 ! w+-cases are r :it] gre51 spr9kl$ ) m9ute black specks1 & ! ve9s are :ite2 !re is a blacki% l9e along ! c5tre ( ! back1 b ?is is only well def9$ on ! head & ?orax4 ,! :ole surface1 except ! w+s1 is spr9kl$ ) slightly curv$ & mod]ately long :ite hairs4 ,! butt]fly em]ges 9 ab\t t5 to f\rte5 days1 accord+ to temp]ature4 ,! male is violet-blue ) ! ve9s r d>k]2 ! out] m>g9 is n>r[ly bord]$ ) blacki%1 & !re are "s black dots on ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s2 ! fr+es are :ite1 & !re is a sl5d] tail on ! h9d w+s4 ,! female is br[ni%1 t+$ ) violet t[>ds ! base2 ! h9d w+s h black spots on ! out] m>g91 & "s ( ^! are inw>dly edg$ ) orange2 ! tails are slightly long] ?an ^? ( ! male4 ,all ! available in=mation conc]n+ ! occurr5ce ( ?is species 9 ,engl& has already be5 giv54 ,no d\bt ! localities f :i* specim5s 7 record$ h be5 closely inve/igat$ dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s1 b no fur!r captures ( ?is butt]fly h be5 record$4 ,?is seems to indicate t x is n really indig5\s1 b t its pres5ce "h may possibly h be5 due to accid5tal introduction4 ,! spr+ =m1 polysp]*on1 is small] ?an ! specim5s occurr+ 9 ! summ]1 b s f> t =m has n be5 se5 9 ,engl&4 ,! species is widely di/ribut$ ov] ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,europe1 & its range ext5ds ?r\gh ,nor!rn ,asia to ,amurl&1 ,corea1 & ,japan4 ,x is also repres5t$ 9 ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,am]ica by v>4 comyntas1 & has be5 record$ f ,au/ralia4 ,! ,silv]-/udd$ ,blue 7,lycna argus gon74 ,! male ( ?is butt]fly 7,plate #aje7 is purpli%-blue ) a black bord] on ! out] m>g9s1 & sometimes black dots on t ( ! h9d w+s4 ,! female is sooty-br[n1 p[d]$ to a great] or less] ext5t ) blue scales on ! basal area2 !re is g5]ally a s]ies ( orange m>ks =m+ a m or less complete b& on ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s1 & sometimes on ! =e w+s also4 ,! "u side is blui%-grey 9 ! male1 & br[ni%-grey 9 ! female2 ! black spots are r+$ ) :ite1 & on ! =e w+s !re is "o at ! end ( ! discal cell & a s]ies ( sev5 beyond2 ! h9d w+s h f ?ree to five spots be=e ! discal spot1 & a curv$ s]ies ( sev5 beyond2 !re is a black-edg$ orange b& on all ! w+s1 & beyond ?is on ! h9d w+s !re is a s]ies ( metallic blue c5tr$ spots2 h5ce ! ,engli% "n ( ! butt]fly1 giv5 to x by ,moses ,h>ris1 :i* is c]ta9ly m suitable ?an ,petiv]'s ,lead ,argus4 ,9 a g5]al way ! male is r l>g] ?an ! female1 b ?is is n inv>iably ! case4 ,! col\r ( ! male v>ies 9 %ade1 & v occasionally1 p]haps1 is ( a lilac t9t2 ! bord] v>ies 9 wid?1 & is sometimes r$uc$ to a m]e l9e4 ,9 ! female ! orange m>ks may be ( a br[ni% or yell[i% t9t1 & n[ & !n !re may be a s]ies ( w$ge-%ap$ blue spots above ^! m>ks on ! h9d w+s4 ,on ! "u side !re is a good deal ( modification ( ! black spots z reg>ds size & %ape1 & occasionally !re is at lea/ "o extra spot on ! =e w+s plac$ betwe5 ! discal spot & ! base ( ! w+2 :ite m>k+s sometimes appe> on ! =e w+s betwe5 ! out] s]ies ( black spots & ! orange b&1 & ) ?is !re is g5]ally a :ite b& 9 a simil> position on ! h9d w+s4 ,female specim5s ) spla%es ( ! male col\r on "o or m ( ! w+s h be5 obta9$1 &1 m r>ely1 examples entirely male on "o side & female on ! o!r h be5 record$4 ,frohawk /ates t ! egg bo? 9 col\r & texture1 resembles :ite porcela92 all ! dep?s produce a deep purpli%-grey %ade4 ,! ova are deposit$ s+ly1 & adh]e firmly to ! receptacle4 ,cat]pill>s hat*$ out f eggs1 laid ! previ\s summ]1 on ,april #a/ to #crd4 ,!y 7 re>$ on gorse 7,ulex europu71 pupat$ t[>ds ! end ( ,june1 & ! fir/ butt]fly1 a male1 appe>$ on ,july #aj?4 ,! cat]pill> figur$ on ,plate #ajd1 :5 full gr[n1 0 r$di%-br[n1 f9ely dott$ ) :ite1 & f ea* dot a t9y hair arose2 ! /ripe on ! back & l9e on ! side 7 black edg$ ) :ite1 head black & %9+4 ,?is cat]pill> 0 f\nd on ! la/ day ( ,may1 crawl+ on ! gr\nd "u hea!r at ,ox%ott4 ,x 0 !n ab\t half-gr[n1 & 0 re>$ on hea!r1 pupat$ 9 due c\rse1 & produc$ a female butt]fly on ,july #aa?4 ,! *rysalis1 ( :i* two figures are giv51 _h a pale br[ni% & r %9+ head2 ! body 0 br[n ) a d>k] l9e on ! back2 ! ?orax & w+-cases dull yell[i%-gre51 ! =m] r glossy4 ,x 0 plac$ 9 an angle =m$ by a side & ! floor ( ! cage1 ly+ q flat & secur$ by silk5 ?reads1 :i*1 ow+ to position1 ,i 0 unable to exam9e4 ,"s ( ! cat]pill>s t ,mr4 ,frohawk re>$ 7 pale gre5 ) a d>k purpli% /ripe on ! back4 ,ano!r food-plant is bird's-foot vet* 7,orni?opus p]pusillus74 ,! butt]fly is on ! w+ 9 ,july & ,augu/1 & seems to be m (t5 f\nd on s&y hea?s ?an else:]e4 ,x is especially common1 9 "s ye>s1 9 ! hea!r-clad di/ricts ( ,surrey & ,hamp%ire1 z well z o!r c\nties 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,norfolk & ,suffolk x is said to be common1 b sc>ce 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire & ,som]set%ire4 ,its range ext5ds ?r\gh ! great] "p ( ,engl& & ,wales1 & into ,scotl& z f> z ,p]?%ire4 ,specim5s f ! nor?we/ coa/ ( ,wales are said to be l>g] ?an ^? f inl& localities4 ,z reg>ds ,irel&1 !re is only ,bir*all's record1 ,! ,murr\gh ( ,wickl[1 & ne> ,ro/revor1 9 evid5ce ( ! butt]fly occurr+ 9 t c\ntry at all4 ,abroad1 x appe>s to range pretty well ov] ! :ole ( ,europe1 & ?r\gh ,asia ea/w>d to ,sib]ia1 ,corea1 & ,japan4 ,! ,br[n ,argus 7,lycna a/r>*e74 ,=e w+s blacki% or sooty-br[n ) a black discal spot1 & a r[ ( r$di%-orange spots on ! out] m>g9 ( all ! w+s2 ! fr+es are :ite1 sometimes ) blacki% int]ruptions4 ,! "u side is greyi% or greyi%-br[n1 & ! black spots are di/9ctly r+$ ) :ite4 ,on ! =e w+ !re are sev5 ( ^! spots1 "o at ! end ( ! cell1 & ! o!rs 9 an irregul> s]ies beyond2 ! la/ 9 ?is s]ies is sometimes d\ble1 or x may be abs5t4 ,on ! h9d w+s ! spots comprise a s]ies ( f\r prec$+ ! :ite discal m>k1 & a s]ies ( sev5 beyond2 ! second spot 9 ?is s]ies is plac$ directly "u ! fir/1 =m+ a colon-l m>k1 & ?is "* w help to di/+ui% ! ,br[n ,argus f ! blacki% or br[n females ( ! next species4 ,! female has l>g] orange m>k+s1 & ! outl9e ( ! =e w+s is r r\nd] on ! out] m>g91 o!rwise ! sexes are v simil>4 ,! orange spots ref]r$ to 9 ! male are sometimes abs5t t[>ds ! tips ( ! =e w+s1 & 9 ?is respect lead up to ! =m kn[n z ! ,durham ,argus 7v>4 salmacis1 ,/eph5s71 :i* is blacki% above & o*re\s-br[n bel[2 ! black spots on ! "u side are mu* small] !n 9 typical specim5s1 & "s may be abs5t altoge!r4 ,! male has a black discal spot1 & ! female a :ite "o1 on ! upp] side ( ! =e w+s2 ! h9d w+s h a r$ or orange b& on bo? surfaces4 ,sometimes ! male also has a :ite spot on ! =e w+s4 ,specim5s ) ! orange spots on upp] side almo/ entirely abs5t are ref]able to v>4 all\s4 ,artax]xes is ! =m occurr+ 9 ,scotl&1 & is kn[n z ! ,scot* ,:ite ,spot4 ,bo? sexes h a conspicu\s :ite discal spot on ! =e w+s1 & ! spots on ! "u side are :ite1 & r>ely c5tr$ ) black4 ,9 v>4 quadripuncta1 ,tutt1 all f\r w+s h a :ite discal spot above4 ,occasionally an odd specim5 ) :ite discal spots is f\nd 9 ! s\?4 ,figures ( ! butt]fly w be f\nd on ,plate #aje1 & ( its life hi/ory on ,plate #ajd2 ! upp] egg is t f a typical female1 & ! l[] "o 0 laid by a female artax]xes4 ,! egg1 :i* is :iti%1 ) a fa9t greyi% t+e1 is laid on ! upp] side ( a "y leaf ( ! rock-rose 7,helian!mum *amci/us74 ,! cat]pill> has a black %9+ head2 ! body is gre5 ) :iti% hairs1 a p9ki% l9e along ! back1 a :iti% "o bord]$ ) p9ki% along ! sides2 ! gre5 col\r becomes d+y z ! cat]pill> matures4 ,! *rysalis is obscure yell[i%-gre51 ! front ( ! ?orax is edg$ ) p9ki%1 & !re are b&s ( ! same col\r on ! back & sides ( ! body2 ! ?orax & ! w+-cases are r glossy4 ,held 9 position by a few silk5 ?reads betwe5 leaves ( ! food-plant4 ,! ord9>y =m ( ! butt]fly is on ! w+ 9 ,may & ,june1 & aga9 9 ,augu/4 ,x is widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! s\!rn half ( ,engl&1 & also 9 ,wales4 ,al?\gh *iefly associat$ ) rock-rose1 especially 9 *alky di/ricts1 x occurs too among /ork's-bill 7,erodium cicut>ium71 ^u :i* plant ! cat]pill> also fe$s1 9 s&y places inl& z well z on ! coa/4 ,cat]pill>s f ! fir/ flight ( butt]flies may be f\nd 9 ,july1 & ^? f ! second flight hib]nate & fe$ up 9 ,april4 ,! butt]fly has a m>k$ lik+ = roo/+ on ! fl[] /ems ( long grasses1 & q a numb] may (t5 be f\nd re/+ toge!r t[>ds sund[n1 or on dull days1 9 %elt]$ holl[s4 ,sometimes sev]al specim5s ( ?is species & ( ! ,common ,blue may be f\nd on ! same p]*4 ,x is r less frequ5tly se5 9 ! ,midl& c\nties1 b x is m or less common 9 "s p>ts ( ,d]by%ire1 ,york%ire1 & ,lanca%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ajf4 ,common ,blue4 #a1 #b1 #g1 #aj1 #ab male2 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #i1 #aa1 #ac female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ajg4 ,common ,blue4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill>s & *rysalids4 ,! int]m$iate =m1 salmacis & its modifications1 is f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ri*mond1 ,yorks1 & !nce nor?w>d to ! ,scotti% bord]4 ,v>4 artax]xes occurs 9 ,scotl& f ,roxburgh to ,ab]de5%ire on ! ea/1 & f ,dumfries to ! ,clyde on ! we/4 ,kane records f\r specim5s f ,co4 ,galway1 & ^! are all t are kn[n ( ! species f ,irel&4 ,?is =m1 toge!r ) ! v>4 salmacis1 are n f\nd any:]e outside ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 &1 x may be add$1 ! latt] appe>s to be gett+ sc>ce--at lea/1 9 "s ( its old haunts 9 ,durham4 ,! species is di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ,palarctic ,region1 except ! ,pol> p>ts4 ,! ,common ,blue 7,lycna ic>us74 ,! male is blue1 ) ei!r a t+e ( violet or mauve 9 its composition4 ,sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 x assumes ! bright] %ade ( ! ,adonis ,blue4 ,all ! w+s are v n>r[ly edg$ ) black on ! out] m>g9s2 ! ve9s are g5]ally pale1 %9+ blue1 sometimes becom+ blacki% t[>ds ! out] m>g9s1 & occasionally cont9u$ into ! fr+es1 b n to _! tips4 ,! female is mo/ (t5 br[n1 ) "s blue scales on ! basal area ( all ! w+s2 !re is a black discal spot on ! =e w+s1 & a s]ies ( orange cresc5ts be=e a r[ ( black spots on ! out] m>g92 ! h9d w+s h an out] m>g9al r[ ( black spots1 edg$ outw>dly ) :ite & inw>dly ) orange4 ,on ,plate #ajf1 ,fig4 #a repres5ts a typical male1 & ,fig4 #c a typical female1 :il/ ! normal "u sides ( ! sexes are %[n 9 ,figs4 #aj & #aa4 ,! size ( ?is butt]fly ranges f "o in* & a half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*4 ,! l>ge specim5s at ! bottom ( ! plate are f ,scotl&4 ,scot* & ,iri% males (t5 h "s black spots on ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s1 z 9 ,fig4 #b1 b ?is is f ,v5tnor 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,! female is sometimes ( a uni=m br[n coloration1 devoid ( blue scales1 &1 ) ! exception ( slight traces ( orange on ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s1 entirely )\t m>k+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is sex is sometimes almo/ z blue z ! male 9 col\r 7v>4 crulea71 b ! discal spot1 out] m>g9al bord]s1 & orange m>k+s are pres5t4 ,occasionally ! orange spots give place to yell[ ones4 ,! discal spot on ! =e w+s may be encircl$ ) blui%-:ite scales1 & n[ & !n ?is spot on all ! w+s is surr\nd$ v di/9ctly ) blui%-:ite4 ,i h se5 ! latt] =m f ,durham & ,irel& only1 b x probably occurs 9 o!r p>ts ( ! k+dom4 ,q a numb] ( gyn&r\s specim5s ( ?is species h be5 record$1 "s ( !m be+ male on ! "r side & female on ! left1 9 o!rs ! rev]se 0 ! case4 ,on ! "u side ! male is greyi% & ! female br[ni%1 consequ5tly ! :ite r+s ar\nd ! black spots %[ up m di/9ctly 9 ! latt] sex4 ,a n uncommon ab]ration is )\t spots betwe5 ! discal spot & ! base ( ! =e w+2 ?is is kn[n z ic>9us4 ,ano!r =m t occurs fairly (t5 has ! l[] basal spot unit$ ) ! la/ spot ( ! out] s]ies1 z 9 ,fig4 #i1 ?is is ab4 arcua1 & a modification1 ) ! junction b>-l in/ead ( ar*$1 has be5 nam$ melanotoxa4 ,v r>ely ! :ole ( ! "u side1 except ! out] m>g9s1 is free ( spots 7,plate #aai74 ,a specim5 exhibit+ ab]ration 9 ?is direction is %[n on ,plate #aah1 ,fig4 #f1 :il/ ,figs4 #a & #c %[ modifications ( :at is kn[n z ! /reak$ =m4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,e4 ,sab9e1 ( ,eri?1 = ! loan ( all ! f9e ab]rations ( ! ,blues figur$ on ,plate #aah4 ,on ,plate #ajg w be f\nd figures ( ! e>ly /ages4 ,! egg1 :i* is usually laid on ! upp] side ( a t]m9al leaf ( bird's-foot trefoil 7,lotus corniculatus7 or on re/-h>r[ 7,ononis sp9osa71 is :iti%-gre5 9 col\r1 nett$ ) glossy :ite4 ,! cat]pill> is gre51 cov]$ ) %ort br[ni% hairs1 ) :i* are mix$ "s long] ones2 x is wr9kl$ on ! side1 ridg$ on ! back1 & ! l9e along ! middle ( ! back is d>k]4 ,head black & glossy4 ,! *rysalis is gre51 ) ! head1 w+-cases1 & sometimes ! h9d] p>ts ( ! body1 t+$ ) buff2 ?orax bright] gre51 r %9y2 a d>k] l9e d[n ! c5tre ( ! body4 ,! plants m5tion$1 & especially re/-h>r[1 are kn[n to be ! food ( ! cat]pill>1 b eggs h also be5 f\nd1 9 ,scotl&1 on r$ clov]1 planta91 burnet saxifrage1 & y>r[4 ,! cat]pill>s are to be f\nd1 aft] hib]nation1 9 ,april1 & a second brood 9 ,june & ,july4 ,^? fe$+ on re/-h>r[ seem to pref] ! blossom4 ,?is cat]pill> is /at$ to =m a cocoon1 b ! only approa* to any su* /ructure made by ! sev5 individuals ,i _h "u obs]vation 0 9 ! case ( two cat]pill>s t pupat$ among leaves ( ,lotus1 :i* 7 drawn toge!r by ! sl5d]e/ ( ?reads4 ,f\r effect$ ! *ange at ! bottom ( ! cage & seem$ to be q free1 "o _h climb$ to ! l5o top ( ! cage & !re spun a silk5 c>pet "u itself1 :i* drew ! l5o toge!r1 & s =m$ a %all[ cave 9 :i* ! *rysalis re/$4 ,9 e case ! ca/ sk9 0 atta*$ to ! tail1 & s rema9$ aft] ! butt]flies em]g$4 ,! butt]fly is to be f\nd almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ! c\ntry1 & its di/ribution ext5ds ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 except1 p]haps1 ! ,%etl& ,isles4 ,!re appe>s to be only "o flight 9 ! nor? ( ,scotl& & ,irel&1 & ?is occurs 9 ,june & ,july4 ,9 ,engl& !re are two broods1 & 9 "s ye>s probably ?ree 9 ! s\!rn c\nties4 ,x may be se5 on ! w+1 9 great] or less] numb]s1 all ?r\gh ! season f ,may to ,septemb]4 ,abroad1 ! range ext5ds ov] ! :ole ( ,europe to ,nor? ,africa1 & ?r\gh ,we/]n & ,nor!rn ,asia to ,amurl& & ,*9a4 ,! ,common ,blue1 z well z ! ,*alk ,hill & ! ,adonis ,blues1 are to be f\nd1 (t5 commonly & sometimes 9 l>ge numb]s1 9 _! fav\rite haunts4 ,ea* ( !m is subject to a consid]able range ( v>iation on ! "u side1 & ?is seems to be ( a simil> "* 9 all4 ,v /rik+ ab]rations are1 p]haps1 n (t5 obta9$1 b /ill _m modifications are to be f\nd1 & ! possibility ( a really good ?+ turn+ up1 induces "o to give att5tion to ! bus9ess ( ov]haul+ ^! butt]flies4 ,a v good me?od ( conduct+ ?is k9d ( "w is to fir/ asc]ta9 ! places :]e !y *iefly congregate1 & !n to visit !re on dull days or late 9 ! aft]noon1 :5 ! butt]flies are asleep or1 at all ev5ts1 re/+4 ,!y c !n be easily exam9$ z !y sit on ! long grass /ems1 etc4 7,plate #bg71 b only ! "u sides c be view$ 9 ?is way4 ,s to avoid pass+ ov] a good upp]-side v>iety1 x w be ne$ful to take ea* specim5 betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb ( ! "r h&1 seiz+ ! clos$ w+s g5tly1 b firmly1 ne> _! base1 & !n quickly secure ! ?orax f und]nea? ) ?umb & index f+] ( ! left h&1 :5 ! upp] z well z ! "u side becomes available = inspection4 ,!re is no reason :atev] to damage ! insects 9 any way1 & ^? t are n requir$ may be set free aga9 none ! worse = _! %ort det5tion4 ,"w aga9/ ! w9d1 & to avoid a second int]view1 turn reject$ specim5s to ! re>4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ajh4 ,*alkhill ,blue4 ,egg enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #aji4 ,*alkhill ,blue4 #a1 #b1 #h1 #aj male2 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #i1 #aa1 #ab female4 ,! ,*alk ,hill ,blue 7,lycna corydon74 ,al?\gh ?is butt]fly 7,plate #aji7 is1 9 ,engl&1 fairly con/ant 9 ! matt] ( col\r1 &1 z reg>ds ! male especially1 diff]5ces 9 t9t are noticeable :5 s]ies f v>i\s localities are rang$ side by side4 ,silv]y-blue p]haps be/ expresses ! g5]al col\r ( ! male on ! upp] surface1 sometimes v pale1 & sometimes fa9tly t+$ ) gre5i%4 ,! blacki% bord] on ! out] m>g9 ( ! =e w+s v>ies 9 wid? & 9 int5sity2 (t5 !re are indications ( ey$ spots on ?is m>g91 & occasionally ^! spots are q di/9ct1 al?\gh ! :iti% r+s are n always cle>ly outl9$4 ,! black bord] on ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s is (t5 n>r[ & ext]nal to a s]ies ( :ite-edg$ black spots1 b sometimes x is broad & obscures ! spots2 orange m>k+s r>ely appe> on ?is m>g91 b su* ab]rations h be5 tak5 on ! ,dorset coa/4 ,! fr+es are :ite *equ]$ ) blacki% on ! =e w+s1 b ) seem+ cont9uation ( ! ve9s ?r\gh ^? ( ! h9d w+s4 ,! female is sooty-br[n above1 ) a black discal spot on ! =e w+s1 & sometimes on ! h9d w+s also1 & ^! spots may be r+$ ) blue or blui%-:ite2 ! out] m>g9al bord]s are h>dly d>k]1 & ^? on ! =e w+s are limit$ by a wavy pale l9e1 :i* may be fa9tly or /rongly m>k$ ) orange1 b orange m>k+ on ^! w+s is r ! exception ?an ! rule2 on ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s !re are "s black spots1 edg$ outw>dly ) :ite & inw>dly ) orange4 ,! fr+es are :ite *equ]$ ) br[n1 & ^? ( ! =e w+s are t+$ ) br[n4 ,!re are g5]ally "s blue scales at ! base ( ! =e w+s & ov] a l>g] portion ( ! basal area ( ! h9d w+s1 b occasionally ! :ole discal area ( ! h9d w+s 7,fig4 #g1 ,plate #aag71 or ( all ! w+s1 v>4 syngrapha 7,fig4 #h1 ,plate #aag71 is ( ! male col\r4 ,! =m] is f ,ea/b\rne & ! latt] f ,wilt%ire4 ,!y are r uncommon v>ieties1 b int]m$iate =ms are m (t5 met ) 9 ! same localities z well z 9 o!r p>ts ( ,engl& :]e ! species occurs4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,dorset%ire a v unusual =m occurs4 ,! bord] ( ! out] m>g9 is :ite in/ead ( ! usual black or blacki%2 ! inn] limit ( ?is bord] is1 on ! =e w+s1 def9$ by a dusky %ade1 & ! black n]vules break up ! bord] into six spots2 on ! h9d w+s f\r or five ( ! :ite spots are c5tr$ ) black dots4 ,! female has a simil> bord]1 b on ! h9d w+s x is inw>dly edg$ ) orange4 ,x has be5 nam$ v>4 f[l]i1 & ,i h se5 "o example ( ?is =m )\t black dots 9 ! m>g9al :ite spots ( ! h9d w+s4 ,on ! "u side v>iation is on some:at simil> l9es to t adv]t$ to 9 ! la/ species4 ,on ,plate #aji1 ,fig4 #h repres5ts ! typical "u side ( ! male1 & ,fig4 #g t ( ! female4 ,x w be notic$ t ! male is grey] ?an ! female4 ,"s ( ! ord9>y ab]rations are %[n on ! same plate1 & "s r>] ones w be f\nd on ,plate #aah1 & ( ^! ,fig4 #ab1 if )\t ! basal spot on ! =e w+s1 w\ld repres5t v>4 lucretia4 ,= figures ( ! e>ly /ages see ,plate #ajh2 t ( ! cat]pill> is aft] ,buckl]4 ,! egg is flat on ! top1 ) a slightly d>k] pit 9 ! c5tre 7! micropyle72 ! sides are r\nd$1 nett$1 & /udd$1 & ! col\r :iti%-gre54 ,! above %ort description 0 tak5 f "o ( a few eggs ( ?is butt]fly s5t me 9 ,augu/ la/ by ,mr4 ,ov5d51 & ! same egg has be5 figur$4 ,mr4 ,frohawk has describ$ ! egg m fully 9 ! ,entomologi/ = #aijj4 ,) ref]5ce to ! egg-lay+ ( ! butt]fly he writes3 ,on ,augu/ #ac?1 #aijj1 ,i wat*$ sev]al females 9 ! act ( deposit+1 on v>i\s /ems ( ! usual /unt$ h]bage to be f\nd gr[+ on *alk d[ns4 ,!y frequ5tly crawl$ among ! plants = a di/ance ( ab\t a c\ple ( feet1 occasionally curv+ ! abdom5 d[nw>ds among ! small plant-/ems & grasses1 & "h & !re deposit+ an egg4 ,i !re=e dug up portions ( ! turf1 pott$ x1 & plac$ a c\ple ( females on ea* lot2 !y deposit$ ova on ! #ad? & #ae?1 on ! /ems ( v>i\s plants2 a few 7 laid ^u ! br[n dead trefoil leaves1 z well z on ! liv+ leaves2 b ! site g5]ally *os5 is ! int]m+l$ /ems ( bo? plants & grasses4 ,ano!r female1 plac$ ^u a simil> pot ( plants1 deposit$ ab\t fifty ova on ,septemb] #aj?1 ne>ly all be+ plac$ ^u ! /ems1 & a few ^u ! "u side ( ! leaves ( rock-rose2 9 all cases ! eggs are deposit$ s+ly4 ,! cat]pill>s d n hat* out until ! foll[+ spr+4 ,accord+ to ,buckl] & ,hell9s1 ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! cat]pill> ( ?is butt]fly & t ( ! next species1 ,adonis1 is t ! latt] has its gr\nd col\r deep] gre51 ) ! hairs or bri/les black1 :ile ,corydon has ! gr\nd col\r ( a light]1 bright] gre5 7a gre5 ) m yell[ 9 its composition71 & ! hairs light br[n4 ,! butt]fly is common & (t5 abundant 9 ,july & ,augu/1 *iefly ! latt] mon?1 on *alk d[ns 9 ,ox=d%ire1 ,buck+ham%ire1 ,b]k%ire1 ,k5t1 ,surrey1 & ,sussex2 x is also f\nd 9 ! ,newm>ket di/rict ( ,cambridge%ire & on "o *alk hill 9 ,norfolk1 accord+ to ,b>rett1 :o adds3 on ! oolite z well z ! *alk 9 ,wilts1 ,dorset1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 & ,som]set2 & on lime/one at ,grange & ,silv]dale 9 ,nor? ,lanca%ire1 9 ,l9coln%ire1 ,we/morel&1 & ,cumb]l&4 ,x has also be5 tak5 9 ,essex1 ,hants1 ,cornwall1 & 9 "o locality 9 ,glamorgan%ire4 ,mr4 ,sydney ,webb has /at$ t a dw>f =m occurs pretty regul>ly 9 a valley ab\t two miles ea/ ( ,dov]1 b t x only appe>s to be f\nd at odd times 9 o!r p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,abroad1 ! species is f\nd 9 ,c5tral ,europe1 also 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 ,aragonia1 & ! ,balkan ,p59sula4 ,! ,adonis ,blue 7,lycna bell>gus74 ,! butt]fly on ,plate #aaj is ! ,clifd5 ,blue ( ,moses ,h>ris 7#agge71 s nam$ because x 0 said to h be5 fir/ obs]v$ at ,clifd5 9 ,bucks4 ,! male is ( a beautiful bright blue col\r1 b z 9 ! same sex ( ! previ\s two species1 x is n q con/ant 9 t9t4 ,9 "s specim5s we f9d a di/9ct mauve %ade1 & 9 o!rs1 b m r>ely1 ! blue col\r is t+$ ) gre5i% 7,plate #aah1 ,fig4 #aa73 ! ve9s become di/9ctly black on ! out] m>g9s1 & appe> to run ?r\gh ! :ite fr+es on all ! w+s4 ,(t5 !re are black dots on ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s4 ,! female is d>k br[n1 sometimes slaty-black1 ) orange spots or cresc5ts on ! out] m>g9s2 ^! are (t5 only fa9tly 9 evid5ce on ! =e w+s1 & sometimes ?is is ! case on ! h9d w+s also2 !re is a black discal spot on ! =e w+s1 & ! fr+es ( all ! w+s are :ite *equ]$ ) black4 ,! bases ( ! w+s are p[d]$ ) blue1 b ?is is m noticeable on ! h9d w+s4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s ( ! male are greyi%1 & ! h9d w+s greyi%-br[n2 all ! w+s ( ! female are br[ni%1 ) a fa9t grey t+e 9 "s specim5s2 ! ornam5tation is v simil> to t ( ! ,common ,blue4 ,! two figures on ,plate #aaj1 %[+ specim5s ) ! w+s clos$1 repres5t typical male & female1 & ! o!r figures ( "u sides on ?is plate exhibit m9or ab]rations f typical l9es2 examples ( ! m extreme v>iations w be f\nd on ,plate #aah1 :]e also are figur$ "s uncommon ab]rations 9 ! col\r ( ! male on ! upp] side4 ,!re is (t5 a t5d5cy 9 ! female to assume ! col\r ( ! male1 & ?is is usually se5 on ! h9d w+s1 b occasionally on ! =e w+s also4 ,9 ! extreme =m ( ?is phase ( v>iation1 v>4 c]onus1 ! :ole ( ! upp] surface1 ) ! exception ( ! orange-spott$ bord]s1 is almo/ z blue z t ( ! male4 ,?is is a p>allel ab]ration to t ( ! ,*alk ,hill ,blue kn[n z syngrapha1 b x seems to be some:at r>] 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,figures ( ! e>ly /ages w be f\nd on ,plate #aaa4 ,! egg is gre5i%-:ite1 becom+ r gre5] 9 t9t t[>ds ! top1 :i* is depress$2 ! nett+ is :iti% & %9+1 & some:at r\gh] on ! sides ?an t[>ds & on ! top4 ,buckl] describes ! full-gr[n cat]pill> z deep1 full gre5 9 col\r1 cov]$ ) t9y black speckles1 be>+ little black bri/les1 :i* are longe/ on ! dorsal humps & on ! yell[-edg$ ridge above ! spiracles2 on ! top ( ea* ( ! eight pairs ( dorsal humps is a deep bright yell[ longitud9al da%1 some:at wid] beh9d ?an 9 front2 ^! da%es =m 9 effect two yell[ /ripes int]rupt$ by ! deeply sunk segm5tal divisions2 ! l9e along ! back is d>k] ?an ! gr\nd col\r1 & ! spiracles are black4 ,! head is d>k br[n1 & !re are two yell[ dots on ! fir/ r+ ( ! body ne> ! head4 ,! *rysalis1 :5 fir/ =m$1 is gre5i%-br[n ) ! w+-cases gre5i%1 ! :ole aft]w>ds becomes o*re\s2 ! ?orax & w+-cases are r glossy1 & ! body is slightly hairy4 ,buckl] /ates t "s ( 8 cat]pill>s buri$ !mselves ab\t half an in* deep 9 ! loose soil1 & =m$ a weak sort ( cocoon2 o!rs1 n hav+ be5 suppli$ ) soil t c\ld be s easily p5etrat$1 retir$ "u ! /ems ( _! food-plants1 & 9 angles =m$ by ! bran*+ /ems spun a few weak ?reads to keep !mselves 9 place4 ,! food-plant is ! horse%oe vet* 7,hippocrepis comosa74 ,f eggs laid 9 ,augu/1 ! cat]pill>s appe> to hat* t[>ds ! end ( ,septemb]1 b d n fe$ up until ! spr+4 ,butt]flies f ^! cat]pill>s are on ! w+ betwe5 ! middle ( ,may & ! middle ( ,june1 ?us occupy+ ab\t n9e mon?s 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! v>i\s /ages f egg to p]fect insect4 ,f eggs laid 9 ,may & ,june ! butt]flies appe> 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,al?\gh x is f\nd 9 simil> k9ds ( situations to ^? affect$ by ! la/ species1 & sometimes on ! same gr\nds1 x is m local1 & almo/ conf9$ to ! c\nties ( ,k5t1 ,surrey1 & ,sussex4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 r common at ,v5tnor & 9 "s o!r p>ts ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1 & is f\nd ne> ,w9*e/]4 ,b>rett /ates t x is abundant at ,corfe ,ca/le1 ,dorset1 & gives z localities = ! butt]fly ,wotton-"u-,edge1 & ne> ,bri/ol1 ne> ,torquay1 ,sidm\?1 & ,seaton4 ,its range abroad ext5ds ?r\gh ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,europe1 to ,arm5ia1 ,nor!rn ,asia ,m9or1 & ,we/]n ,kurdi/an4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ,nor?-,we/ ,africa1 :]e ! males are gre5i%-blue ) conspicu\s black spots on ! out] m>g9s ( ! h9d w+s2 ?is is ! v>4 punctif]a4 ,! ,holly ,blue 7,cyaniris argiolus74 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury ?is butt]fly 7,plate #aac7 0 kn[n z ! ,blue ,speckt1 b ,h>ris1 9 #agge1 *ang$ ! "n to ! ,azure ,blue4 ,! male is a pretty lilac-t+$ blue1 ) a n>r[ black edg+ on ! out] m>g9 ( ! =e w+s1 (t5 only 9 evid5ce t[>ds ! tip1 & a n>r[ black l9e on ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s4 ,! :ite fr+es ( ! =e w+s are di/9ctly m>k$ ) black at ! ends ( ! ve9s4 ,! female is ( ! same %ade ( blue1 or sometimes mu* pal] 7v>4 cl>a1 ,tutt71 ) a broad blacki% bord] on ! out] m>g9 ( ! =e w+s ext5d+ along ! front m>g9 to ab\t ! middle2 ?is bord] v>ies 9 wid? & seems to be wid] 9 summ] specim5s ?an 9 ^? ( ! e>li] flight2 ! discal m>k on ! =e w+s is black1 b ?is is sometimes v fa9t2 !re is a s]ies ( black dots on ! out] m>g9 ( ! w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #aaj ,adonis ,blue4 #a1 #b1 #d1 #e1 #i male2 #c1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #aj1 #aa female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #aaa ,adonis ,blue4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill>s & *rysalis4 ,al?\gh ! col\r ( ! upp] side is some:at l t ( ! ,common ,blue1 x %\ld n be confus$ ) t species1 z ! "u side is v diff]5t bo? z reg>ds ! col\r1 :i* is blui%-:ite1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! black spots4 ,on ! out] m>g9s ( ! w+s 9 "s specim5s !re are m or less di/9ct traces ( blacki% cresc5ts4 ,!re is no consid]able v>iation 9 ?is species1 b ! spots on ! "u side are subject to slight modification 9 ! matt]s ( size & %ape2 ! bord]s also v>y 9 wid?1 & 9 ! female ! blue area is ?us sometimes mu* re/rict$4 ,a gyn&r\s specim5 has be5 record$1 9 :i* ! "r side is male4 ,! egg 7,plate #aab7 is describ$ z :iti% or blui%-gre5 9 col\r4 ,! full-gr[n cat]pill> has a blacki% head1 ! body is bright yell[i%-gre5 ) pal] l9es2 eight r+s f & includ+ ! second are cre/$ ) two ridges ( humps1 betwe5 :i* lies ! sunk dorsal space2 ! :ole sk9 ( ! body is velvety1 ) its surface ?ickly cov]$ ) yell[i% w>ty granules1 ea* be>+ a m9ute bri/ly :ite hair4 ,sometimes ! humps & ! middle ( ! back are m>k$ ) rose-p9k4 ,! *rysalis is pale br[ni%-o*re\s ) a ?9 blacki%-br[n l9e on ! back ( ! br[n freckl$ ?orax2 ! body is m>k$ ) r blot*y arr[-head da%es1 & "s l>g] d>k br[n blot*es2 ! w+-cases are pale greyi% freckl$ & outl9$ ) br[n1 _! surface is smoo? & r m gli/5+ ?an ! o!r p>ts1 :i* are ?ickly /udd$ ) f9e1 %ort1 br[ni% bri/les4 7,adapt$ f ,buckl]47 ,! foll[+ is a brief summ>y ( a pap] by ,mr4 ,r4 ,adk9 7,proc4 ,s4 ,lond4 ,ent4 & ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 = #ahif71 9 :i* he gives a mo/ int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! e>li] /ages ( ! second brood ( ?is species4 ,at ! "t :5 ! butt]flies ( ! second brood are on ! w+1 ! fl[]-buds ( ! ivy 7,h$]a helix7 are /ill "y1 & =m compact heads4 ,! butt]fly1 hav+ select$ "o ( ^! heads1 settles ^u its top1 closes h] w+s ov] h] back1 & b5d+ h] abdom5 d[n & r\nd und]nea? ! buds1 affixes an egg to ! "u side ( "o ( ! sl5d] s+le bud-/alks4 ,9 ab\t a week ! eggs hat*4 ,! "y l>va :i* 9 col\r mat*es ! buds v closely1 re/s on ! bud-/alk ) its ant]ior segm5ts1 :i* completely cov] its head1 press$ closely aga9/ ! bud1 & looks s exactly l a slight swell+ ( ! upp] "p ( ! /alk z to make detection a matt] ( great difficulty1 ev5 ) ! aid ( a fairly p[]ful l5s4 ,! l>va is v sluggi% 9 its habits1 seldom leav+ ! head ( ! buds on :i* x is hat*$1 s long z suffici5t food rema9s = its n\ri%m5t1 or occasionally :5 ab\t to *ange its sk94 ,x appe>s to fe$ only at night1 & its mann] ( fe$+1 :i* is ! same ?r\gh\t its life1 is to eat a r\nd hole ?r\gh ! out] %ell ( a bud1 & press+ its head =w>d ?r\gh x to cle> out ! s(t inside ( ! bud4 ,9 f f\r to six weeks x is full-f$2 x !n quits ! buds1 & atta*es itself by sl5d] ?reads to a leaf1 & 9 a few days becomes a pupa1 9 :i* /ate x passes ! w9t]4 ,normally ! eggs ( ! spr+ butt]flies are laid on ! "u side ( ! calyces ( fl[]-buds ( holly 7,ilex74 ,! cat]pill>s fe$ on ! fl[]-buds & also on ! "y gre5 b]ries4 ,!y are full gr[n 9 ab\t a mon?1 *ange to *rysalids1 & ! butt]flies em]ge 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,among o!r pabula t h be5 m5tion$ are ! fl[]s ( dogwood 7,cornus sangu9ea71 b]ry-be>+ ald] 7,rhamnus frangula71 & sp9dle 7,euonymus europu74 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #aab4 ,holly ,blue4 ,eggs enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #aac4 ,holly ,blue4 #a1 #b1 #f male2 #c1 #d1 #g female 7spr+72 #e male2 #h1 #i female 7summ]74 ,9 conf9em5t ! cat]pill>s w eat "y leaves ( holly & probably ( ivy also1 b :]e fl[]-buds are available !y pref] !m & ignore ! t5d] leaves4 ,! ,rev4 ,gilb]t ,raynor1 on ,may #ah1 #aija1 obs]v$ a female deposit an egg on an unop5$ fl[]-bud ( rhodod5dron 9 8 g>d52 & he also m5tions t he beat a numb] ( ! cat]pill>s ( all sizes f holly dur+ ! fir/ week ( ,july 9 ! same ye>4 ,mr4 ,d5nis report$ t on ,octob] #i1 #aijb1 all /ages ( ! species 7 to be f\nd at ,e>l's ,colne1 ,essex4 ,butt]flies ( ! fir/ flight are usually to be se5 9 ,april & ,may1 & ( ! second1 :i* is p]haps only p>tial & may n be repres5t$ at all1 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,specim5s h be5 obs]v$ z e>ly z ! la/ week ( ,m>*1 &1 z adv]t$ to above1 z late z ,octob]4 ,= a few ye>s 9 succession ! species may become increas+ly num]\s1 & !n sudd5ly become q sc>ce = a ye> or two4 ,mo/ probably ?is is ! result ( fav\rable or unfav\rable wea!r conditions4 ,! tall] hollies1 :]e ^! gr[ 9 g>d5s1 op5 woody places1 on hillsides1 or ev5 9 h$g][s1 are frequ5t$ by ^! butt]flies 9 ! spr+2 & ! ivy-clad walls1 etc41 are _! haunts 9 ! summ]4 ,! species is widely di/ribut$1 & (t5 common1 ov] ! :ole ( ! s\? ( ,engl& & ,wales4 ,nor? ( ! ,midl&s1 z well z 9 ,irel&1 x is m local1 & occurs1 ,i believe1 only 9 ! fir/ brood4 ,possibly 9 ! ,s\? ( ,irel& !re may be a second brood4 ,b>rett /ates t !re is no reliable record = ,scotl&4 ,abroad1 its range ext5ds ?r\gh\t ,europe & ,nor!rn ,asia1 except ! ,pol> ,regions1 to ,*9a & ,japan4 ,x also occurs 9 ,nor? ,africa4 ,! ,small ,blue 7,ziz]a m9ima74 ,! butt]fly on ,plate #aae is sometimes ref]r$ to z ! ,b$=d ,blue & also z ! ,little ,blue4 ,bo? sexes are blacki%1 or sooty-br[n2 ! male is p[d]$1 m or less1 ) silv]y-blue scales4 ,! "u side is greyi%-:ite ) a t+e ( blue at ! base ( ea* w+1 b *iefly on ! h9d pair2 ! spots are black encircl$ ) :ite4 ,z w be se5 on turn+ to ! plate1 !re is v>iation 9 size4 ,fig4 #e repres5ts a giant race occurr+ 9 "s localities1 & ! p>ticul> specim5 depict$ 0 tak51 ) _m o!rs1 on ! coa/ ne> ,lym+ton1 ,hants2 x seems to be ref]able to v>4 alsoides1 ,g]h>d4 ,v>iation on ! "u side is usually 9 ! direction ( complete abs5ce ( spots1 b ,mr4 ,joy has record$ a specim5 ) ! spots on ! h9d w+s ext5d$ into /reaks ( consid]able b v>y+ l5g?4 ,figures ( ! e>ly /ages w be f\nd on ,plate #aad4 ,! egg is pale gre5i% 9 col\r1 nett$ ) :iti%2 x is laid 9 ,june on ! calyx ( a fl[]-bud1 g5]ally l[ d[n1 ( ! kidney-vet* 7,an?yllis vuln]>ia74 ,accord+ to ,buckl]1 cat]pill>s hat*$ on ,june #ba f eggs laid betwe5 ! #af? & #ah? ( t mon?1 & at once comm5c$ to fe$ on ! fl[]s ( ! kidney-vet*1 & made _! way to ! se$1 = :i* !y ev9c$ a m>k$ pref]5ce4 ,:5 full gr[n1 ! cat]pill> is br[ni%1 sometimes t+$ ) p9k4 ,! f9e bri/les are d>k br[n2 !re is a d>k] l9e along ! middle ( ! back1 & a l9e ( d>k m>ks on ea* side4 ,! head is black & %9+4 ,! *rysalis is describ$ by ,buckl] z dirty :iti%-grey1 approa*+ to drab1 pale/ on ! back ( ! abdom51 greyi% on ! head & ?orax1 bo? ( :i* are m>k$ ) a black dorsal /ripe1 :i* is a little int]rupt$2 on ei!r side is a subdorsal r[ ( %ort slant+ black da%es4 ,! pale gr\nd col\r is spr9kl$ ) "s v m9ute black specks4 ,! head1 ?orax1 & abdom5 are hairy ) bri/ly :iti% hairs4 ,al?\gh ! cat]pill>s fe$ up r quickly & are full gr[n & app>5tly ready to assume ! *rysalis /ate1 !y d n effect ! *ange until ! foll[+ ,may or ,june4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #aad4 ,small ,blue4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalids4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #aae4 ,small ,blue4 #a male2 #b1 #c female2 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h male v>s4 ,maz>9e ,blue4 #i1 #aa male2 #aj1 #ab female4 ,! butt]fly em]ges 9 ab\t ?ree weeks1 s x w be se5 t ?is species cont9ues ! cat]pill> exi/5ce = some?+ ov] t5 mon?s4 ,on ! ,cont95t !re are two broods ( ! butt]fly1 & 9 ,engl& !re appe>s to be a p>tial second flight 9 "s ye>s1 z1 = in/ance1 9 #aija1 :5 captures 9 ,augu/ 7 report$ f ,h]ts1 ,k5t1 ,surrey1 & ,wilts4 ,its haunts are w>m & sunny grassy holl[s & slopes1 & x is (t5 common 9 su* places on ! *alk hills 9 ! s\?1 f ! end ( ,may to ! end ( ,june4 ,accord+ to ,b>rett x is sc>ce 9 ! ,ea/]n ,c\nties2 widely di/ribut$ b local 9 ! ,midl& & ,we/]n ,c\nties1 ev5 to ,devon1 & 9 ,wales1 :]e *alk or lime/one is f\nd2 also 9 extremely re/rict$ localities 9 ,york%ire1 ,lanca%ire1 ,cumb]l&1 & ,durham1 & 9 v>i\s places 9 ,scotl&1 ext5d+ z f> nor? z ,ab]de54 ,9 ,irel& x is mu* m pl5tiful1 especially on ! lime/one ( ! we/ & on ! coa/ hills ne> ,belfa/1 & ev5 frequ5ts ! s&-hills ( ! ,dubl9 coa/4 ,x is widely spread ov] ,europe1 except ! ,pol> p>ts1 &1 app>5tly1 ! s\? ( ,portugal & ,spa92 its range ext5ds ea/w>d to ,amurl&1 ,mongolia1 & ,*9a4 ,! ,maz>9e ,blue 7,nomiades semi>gus74 ,! male is dull purpli%-blue1 n>r[ly bord]$ ) blacki% on ! out] m>g92 ! female is d>k br[n4 ,on ! und]side bo? sexes are pale greyi%-br[n1 ) a blui% t+e at ! base2 !re is a black discal spot & a s]ies ( black spots beyond1 all r+$ ) :ite4 ,! egg is describ$ z be+ :ite 9 col\r & small1 & r\nd 9 %ape4 ,! cat]pill> is ( a d+y yell[i%-gre51 ) d>k] l9es on ! back & sides2 !re are f9e hairs on ! body1 & ! head & spiracles are d>k br[n 7,rhl74 ,x fe$s 9 ,july & ,augu/ on ! fl[]s & se$s ( ?rift 7,arm]ia vulg>is71 kidney-vet* 7,an?yllis vuln]>ia71 & melilot 7,melilotus (fic9alis74 ,! *rysalis is r oval 9 %ape1 pale olive-gre5 9 col\r :5 fir/ =m$1 9 ,septemb]1 b olive-br[n lat]2 x is atta*$ by ! tail to a /alk ( ! food-plant & has a silk5 girdle 7,rhl74 ,?is butt]fly 7,plate #aae7 is ! cymon ( ,lew91 :o1 writ+ 9 #agie1 consid]$ x v r>e4 ,9 #ahbh ,/eph5s ref]s to x z sc>ce & local1 f\nd 9 *alky di/ricts 9 ,norfolk1 ,cambridge1 ,york%ire1 & ,dorset%ire2 also ne> ,brock5hur/ & ,amesbury1 ,hants2 & on ,w9dle%am ,hea?1 ,surrey1 t[>ds ! end ( ,may & ( ,july4 ,newman 7#ahga7 adds ,w>wick%ire1 ,h]e=d%ire1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ,monm\?%ire1 ,glamorgan%ire1 ,som]set%ire1 & ,l9coln%ire4 ,curtis gives ,leice/]%ire & ,worce/]%ire4 ,x seems to h be5 fairly common1 & ev5 pl5tiful 9 "s ye>s ar\nd ,glanville's ,wotton1 ,dorset1 b has n be5 se5 9 t di/rict s9ce #ahda2 at ,wotton-"u-,edge1 ,gl\ce/]1 x 0 n uncommon up to #aheh2 z late z #ahfd x occurr$ at ,epwor?1 ,nor? ,l9coln%ire4 ,probably ! late/ captures 9 ,brita9 7 ! specim5s tak5 9 ,glamorgan%ire 9 ! ye>s #ahgd-gg4 ,tutt m5tions t ! butt]fly 0 tak5 ne> ,cuxton 9 ,k5t1 "s ?irty-five ye>s ago1 b x has n s9ce be5 se5 9 t locality4 ,occurs 9 ,may & ,june & aga9 9 ,july & ,augu/ ov] ! great] "p ( ,europe2 its range ext5ds to ,asia ,m9or1 & ea/w>d to ,sib]ia1 ,mongolia1 & ,amurl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #aaf4 ,l>ge ,blue4 ,egg1 natural size & enl>g$2 *rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #aag4 ,l>ge ,blue4 #a1 #e male2 #b1 #c1 #d1 #f female4 ,*alkhill ,blue v>s4 #g female2 #h d4 v>4 syngrapha4 ,! ,l>ge ,blue 7,nomiades arion74 ,! butt]fly on ,plate #aag1 ,figs4 #a-f1 is ! l>ge/ ,blue f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,all ! w+s on ! upp] side are deep blue1 & _! out] m>g9s are bord]$ ) blacki%2 ! discal spot1 & a r[ ( spots beyond1 are black2 ! h9d w+s h a r[ ( black dots on ! out] m>g91 & sometimes1 & especially 9 ! female1 !re is a s]ies ( black dots j beyond ! c5tral area2 ! fr+es are :ite4 ,! "u side is greyi% t+$ ) blue t[>ds ! base ( ea* w+1 b cov]+ ne>ly ! :ole ( ! basal ?ird ( ! h9d pair2 ! spots are black r+$ or edg$ ) :ite2 on ! =e w+s !re are two 9 ! discal cell & a r[ ( six beyond2 on ! h9d w+s !re are f\r or five be=e ! discal spot1 & a s]ies ( sev5 beyond2 all ! w+s h a d\ble m>g9al s]ies1 & "s black dots at ! ends ( ! n]vules4 ,sometimes ! w+s h a purpli% t+e1 & ?is is m usually s 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire specim5s4 ,! *ief v>iation is 9 ! numb] & ! size ( ! spots2 ^! are occasionally only fa9tly 9 evid5ce1 b m r>ely p]haps ^? beyond ! discal spot on ! =e w+s are ( l>ge size & b> or w$ge-l 9 %ape2 ! small] cell-spot is (t5 abs5t4 ,a dw>f =m is /at$ to occur at times 9 all localities4 ,! complete life-hi/ory ( ?is species has yet to be asc]ta9$2 no "o seems to be acqua9t$ ) ! cat]pill> aft] hib]nation4 ,pretty mu* all t is kn[n ( ! e>ly /ages has be5 work$ out by ,mr4 ,frohawk1 :o has publi%$ "s v int]e/+ acc\nts ( 8 obs]vations 9 ! ,entomologi/ = #ahii & #aijc1 & f ^! ! foll[+ details h be5 obta9$4 ,! egg 7,plate #aaf7 is blui%-:ite 9 col\r1 & is laid s+ly among ! buds ( wild ?yme 7,?ymus s]pyllum74 ,cat]pill>s hat*$ on ,july #aj f eggs receiv$ ! previ\s day2 !y 7 plac$ ^u ?yme blossoms & soon comm5c$ to fe$1 "o be+ obs]v$ to eat its way into ! base ( ! calyx s t ! =ep>t ( ! cat]pill> 0 hidd54 ,9 its col\r+ & d[ny cov]+ ! cat]pill> s closely resembles ! fl[]-buds ( ! ?yme t x is v difficult to detect4 ,aft] ! ?ird m\lt 7,july #bf7 ! col\r is a uni=m1 dull1 o*re\s-p9k2 !re are f\r r[s ( long curv$ hairs1 ea* r[ compos$ ( a s+le hair on ea* r+ f ! f\r? to ! n9? inclusive2 ! fir/ ?ree r+s h ea* a set ( ?ree subdorsal hairs1 ^? on ! fir/ r+ curv+ =w>ds2 ! bases ( ! hairs resemble glass-l p$e/als ) flut$ sides4 ,! head is o*re\s ) d>k br[n m>k+s 9 front4 ,! cat]pill> at ?is /age develops an av]sion to ?yme or any o!r plant (f]$ to x1 & seems to be anxi\s to hide itself 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! *rysalis1 :i* is figur$ on ,plate #aaf 7aft] ,frohawk71 is o*re\s :5 fir/ =m$1 b becomes d>k] gradually2 ! w+-cases1 h[ev]1 rema9 ( ! orig9al col\r1 b _! h9d m>g9s d>k54 ,f a *rysalis f\nd on ,july #ab ! butt]fly em]g$ on ,july #af4 ,!re is "s evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! supposition t ?is cat]pill> is 9 "s way dep5d5t ^u ants = n\ri%m5t aft] ! ?ird m\lt1 if n be=e1 b :at ! exact requirem5t may be is n kn[n4 ,probably ! circum/ances connect$ ) ! discov]y ( ! *rysalis 9 #aije by ,messrs4 ,frohawk ,rayw>d may af=d a valuable clue to ! direction 9 :i* _! future inve/igation w h to be conduct$4 ,we may hope1 !re=e1 t ! my/]y t has s long hung ov] ! la/ /ages ( ! cat]pill> w be solv$ be=e v long4 ,lew9 7#agie7 & ,donovan 7#agif7 bo? ref] to ?is z a r>e ,engli% butt]fly4 ,! =m] /ates t x is on ! w+ 9 ,july1 & is f\nd on high *alky l&s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! k+dom1 hav+ be5 tak5 on ! cliffs 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,dov]1 ,m>lbor\gh ,d[ns1 ! hills ne> ,ba?1 & ne> ,clifd5 9 ,bucks4 ,/eph5s1 9 #ahbh1 wrote ( x z an insect ( great r>ity4 ,he m5tion$ ! localities giv5 by ! old] au?ors1 & add$ t x _h be5 tak5 9 ! ,m\se's ,pa/ure1 ne> ,b$=d1 9 rocky situations 9 ,nor? ,wales1 & _h be5 pl5tiful ne> ,w9*e/]4 ,newman 7#ahga7 wrote1 ,its 'metropolis1' if ,i may borr[ an expression f ! rev]$ fa!rs ( ,briti% entomology1 is 9 ,s\? ,devon2 x has occurr$ 9 "s abundance 9 ,som]set%ire1 & on ! ,cotswold ,hills 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire2 f ,gl\ce/]%ire we asc5d to a ,midl& c\nty1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 9 :i* c\nty 7at ,b>nwell ,wold7 a consid]able numb] h be5 tak54 ,"o specim5 0 report$ f ,*>m\? 9 ,dorset%ire1 & ! butt]fly has also be5 record$ f ,h]e=d%ire1 b ^! are matt]s ( anci5t hi/ory4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! species is only to be f\nd 9 limit$ numb]s 9 ! ,cotswolds2 x seems to h become mu* r>] ?an =m]ly 9 its ,s\? ,devon locality1 i4e4 ,bol!ad1 ne> ,plym\?2 "o nev] he>s ( x n[ f ,clovelly1 9 ,nor? ,devon1 :]e1 accord+ to ,dale1 x 0 once report$ to be abundant4 ,9 #ahia ,messrs4 ,wat]h\se obta9$ a f9e s]ies ( specim5s 9 ,we/ ,cornwall1 & s9ce t "t ! di/rict has be5 annually visit$ by an increas+ numb] ( entomologi/s4 ,judg+ f ! big bags t are made ea* ye> x w\ld seem t ! butt]fly has a v /rong & widely di/ribut$ settlem5t 9 ^? p>ts4 ,abroad x is di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 except ! ,pol> & ! s\?-we/]n p>ts1 & is also f\nd 9 ,arm5ia1 ,bi?ynia1 & ,s\? ,sib]ia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our next species belongs to ! ,nemeobi91 a sub-family ( ,lemoniid ,eryc9id4 ,only "o memb] ( ! family is kn[n to occur 9 ,europe2 ?is is ,nemeobius luc9a4 ,z ! =e legs ( ! male butt]fly are abort$1 & are !re=e useless = walk+1 ! species w\ld seem to come ne> ! ,nymphalid1 9 :i* ! =e legs ( ! butt]flies1 9 bo? sexes1 are r$uc$4 ,9 its e>ly /ages1 h[ev]1 ! species seems to be mo/ ne>ly relat$ to ! ,lycnid4 ,! ,duke ( ,burgundy ,fritill>y 7,nemeobius luc9a74 ,?is butt]fly is figur$ on ,plate #abj4 ,! male is black1 ) ?ree transv]se tawny b&s on ! =e w+s2 ^! are cross$ by ! black ve9s1 & s =m s]ies ( irregul> spots4 ,^? on ! out] m>g9 h black c5tres2 on ! h9d w+s !re are ?ree or f\r tawny spots on ! disc1 & a s]ies ( black c5tr$ tawny spots on ! out] area4 ,! female is simil> to ! male1 b ! tawny m>k+s are wid]1 s t ! =e w+s appe> to be ( ?is col\r1 ) a black pat* at ! base1 two black irregul> l9es1 & a s]ies ( black spots on ! out] m>g94 ,on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s !re are two transv]se s]ies ( :iti% spots1 & a s]ies ( black spots on ! out] m>g94 ,! w+s ( ?is sex are always broad] ?an ^? ( ! male1 & ! apex ( ! =e w+s is n s di/9ctly po9t$4 ,v>iation is n usually ( a v pron\nc$ "*1 & 9 a g5]al way x consi/s ma9ly 9 a great] or less] am\nt ( black 9 ! male1 & ?is m p>ticul>ly on ! h9d w+s1 & an increase 9 ! tawny col\r 9 ! female2 9 ! latt] sex1 out] m>g9al black spots are sometimes abs5t f all ! w+s4 ,b>rett m5tions two extreme ab]rations4 ,9 "o1 a female1 ! usually d>k spaces1 b&s1 & ve9s are ( an exce$+ly pale br[n1 suffus$ ) fulv\s1 s z to be comp>atively indi/9ct2 ano!r example1 a male1 has ! basal area ( ! =e w+s pale1 & ! fir/ transv]se d>k b& abs5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #aah4 #a1 #c ,common ,blue v>s41 male2 #f d4 female4 #b1 #e1 #h1 #aa ,adonis ,blue v>s41 male2 #d1 #g1 d4 female4 #i1 #aj ,*alkhill ,blue v>s41 female2 #ab d4 male4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #aai4 #a1 #b1 #c ,small ,copp] v>s42 #d ,adonis ,blue v>4 #e ,common ,blue v>42 #f1 #g1 #h ,gatekeep] v>s4 ,! eggs ( ?is species are to be f\nd at ! end ( ,may on ! "u sides ( ! leaves ( ! c[slip 7,primula v]is71 sometimes z _m z t5 on "o leaf1 b z a rule !re w only be "o or two on a plant4 ,:5 laid1 ! egg is v glassy 9 appe>ance1 b x gradually turns to a p9ki%-grey2 & :5 ! cat]pill> is =m$ inside1 ! %ell becomes transp>5t1 & its occupant c be cle>ly se54 ,x eats a consid]able portion ( ! %ell 9 mak+ its exit !refrom1 & aft]w>ds consumes ! rema9d] ( ! %ell4 ,:5 9 its la/ sk9 ! cat]pill> is br[n1 cov]$ ) %ort :iti% hair1 among :i* are "s long] d>k br[n or blacki% hairs2 ! l9es on ! back & sides are blacki%1 & !re are black dots on ! front "p ( ea* segm5t or r+4 ,head1 honey br[n1 not*$ on ! cr[n2 eyes & jaws1 br[ni%4 ,x fe$s f ,june to ,augu/ on c[slip1 b w also eat primrose 7,primula vulg>is71 & hides among dead & )]$ leaves b5ea? ! food-plant 7,plate #aba74 ,! *rysalis is pale :ity-br[n1 hairy above1 ) black dots2 head & ! upp] edge ( ! w+-cases /reak$ ) black4 ,occasionally a few butt]flies em]ge 9 ,augu/1 b !y usually rema9 9 ! *rysalis until ,may or ,june4 ,?is is a woodl& species1 & pref]s ! sunny b %elt]$ nooks & glades1 b also resorts to ! broad] rides & pa?ways4 ,fl[]s d n seem to h any /rong attraction = x1 b x may (t5 be se5 sitt+ on ! foliage ( a bu% or sapl+ tree4 ,x appe>s to be pretty widely di/ribut$1 al?\gh to a c]ta9 ext5t local1 ?r\gh\t ! s\!rn half ( ,engl&1 b seems to h almo/ or q disappe>$ f ! c\nties ( ,cambridge%ire1 ,suffolk1 & ,essex4 ,dumfries is ! only locality 9 ,scotl& f :i* x has be5 report$4 ,its di/ribution abroad is limit$ to ,c5tral ,europe1 ,d5m>k1 ,livonia1 ,s\!rn ,sw$51 ,c5tral ,spa91 ,nor? ,italy1 & ! ,balkans4 ,n[ foll[ ! ,skipp]s 7,hesp]iid71 ( :i* k9d ( butt]fly we h eight species 9 ,engl&4 ,( ^! ! fir/ two belong to ! ,hesp]i9 & ! o!rs to ! ,pamphil94 ,! ,grizzl$ ,skipp] 7,hesp]ia malv74 ,! w+s ( ! butt]fly figur$ on ,plate #abb are blacki%1 ornam5t$ ) num]\s :ite spots1 :i* are m or less squ>e 9 %ape1 on ! =e w+s4 ,! fr+es are *equ]$ black & :ite4 ,! male diff]s f ! female 9 hav+ ! front edge ( ! =e w+s fold$ t[>ds ! base1 & ^! w+s h scatt]$ greyi% scales on ! basal area2 ! c5tral s]ies ( spots on ! h9d w+s are also m 9 evid5ce1 & n infrequ5tly unite & become b&-l4 ,v>iation consi/s 9 modification ( ! m>k+s1 *iefly 9 a t5d5cy ( ! spots to run toge!r1 culm9at+ 9 v>4 t>as1 ,b]g/r41 9 :i* ! :ite spots ( ! =e w+s are conflu5t & =m a l>ge blot*4 ,?is v>iety 0 figur$ by ,petiv] 9 #agag1 b 0 n nam$ by ,b]g/rss] until #aghj4 ,hawor? describ$ x z lavat]1 & ,newman figur$ x "u ! same "n4 ,on a small plant ( ,alp9e /rawb]ry1 s5t by ! ,rev4 ,gilb]t ,raynor1 7 ?ree eggs ( ?is butt]fly4 ,^! 7 pale gre5 9 col\r1 ribb$1 & delicately nett$ ) cross-l9es4 ,on ,june #bf1 ?ree cat]pill>s 7 notic$ on ! upp] side ( ! leaves1 ea* on a sep>ate leaf1 & "u cov] ( a few co>se silk5 ?reads4 ,!y 7 pale /eely-grey1 ) black heads1 & plates on ! fir/ & la/ segm5ts ( ! body4 ,z ! supply ( /rawb]ry foliage 0 fail+1 ! cat]pill>s 7 giv5 bramble on ,july #ba1 & ! next day ea* 0 f\nd enclos$ 9 a sort ( envelope =m$ ( a bramble leaf4 ,!y 7 !n seem+ly 9 _! la/ sk91 :iti%-gre5 9 col\r1 & cov]$ ) %ort :iti% hair2 a :iti% edg$ d>k olive-br[n l9e along ! back1 & simil> l9es on ! sides2 betwe5 ! r+s ! col\r 0 pale o*re\s4 ,! date ( pupation 0 n not$1 b on ,septemb] #i1 "o ( ! spun-toge!r bramble leaves 0 op5$1 & a *rysalis f\nd )94 ,?is 0 pale br[n1 ) d>k br[n or blacki% m>ks along ! back & sides2 ! head & back 7 cov]$ ) d5se pale r$di%-br[n bri/les2 ! w+1 leg1 & ant5n cases 7 gre5i%1 smoo?1 & %ad$ ) br[ni%4 ,betwe5 ! head & fir/ r+ ( ! body above !re 0 a deep furr[1 ) a black-c5tr$ :ite spot on ea* side ( x 7,plate #abc74 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #abj4 ,duke ( ,burgundy ,fritill>y4 #a1 #b1 #d male2 #c1 #e female4 ,milkwe$ ,butt]fly4 #f male4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #aba4 ,duke ( ,burgundy ,fritill>y4 ,egg enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,besides ! plants adv]t$ to above1 ! cat]pill>s w eat raspb]ry 7,rubus idu7 & c9quefoil 7,pot5tilla frag>ia/rum & ,p4 reptans74 ,! butt]fly is pretty g5]ally di/ribut$ 9 ,great ,brita91 b does n seem to be common 9 ,irel&1 z ,kane only m5tions two examples1 f ,kill>ney4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,may & ,june on *alk d[ns & o!r hillsides1 especially 9 ! holl[s & %elt]$ nooks1 also 9 & ar\nd woods1 & 9 r\gh fields4 ,on dull days & at night x may be f\nd sitt+1 ) ! w+s erect ov] ! back1 on v>i\s se$-heads1 etc4 ,! species is d\ble brood$ on ! ,cont95t1 & occasionally a few butt]flies w appe> 9 ,augu/1 b su* em]g5ces dep5d on a comb9ation ( fav\rable circum/ances4 ,9 v =w>d seasons x has be5 se5 on ! w+ dur+ ! la/ week 9 ,april4 ,its range ext5ds ov] ,europe & into ,nor!rn ,asia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z ,b>rett ref]s to ! capture 9 ,norfolk 7,may or ,june1 #ahfj7 ( sev]al specim5s ( ! ,c5tral & ,s\? ,european species1 ,h4 alveus1 ,hb41 x maybe well to m5tion x "h1 if only = ! purpose ( quot+ 8 rem>ks !reon4 ,aft] detail+ ! facts connect$ ) ! occurr5ce1 he /ates1 ,x seems undesirable n[ to introduce ! species to a place 9 ! ,briti% li/1 b r to record ! captures 9 "q z specim5s accid5tally introduc$ ) plants1 or else ! result ( a v exceptional act ( migration4 ,! ,d+y ,skipp] 7,?anaos tages74 ,! w+s are fusc\s1 ) d>k] fusc\s transv]se b&s on ! middle ?ird ( ! =e w+s2 ! space betwe5 ^! is sometimes1 & 9 bo? sexes1 :iti%2 !re are "s :iti% spots on ! out] b&1 usually t[>ds ! co/a1 b occasionally on ! middle also1 & a s]ies ( :ite po9ts on ! out] m>g9 ( all ! w+s4 ,! h9d w+s h a :iti% discal dot & a b& beyond ! middle1 :i* is almo/ p>allel ) ! out] m>g94 ,! male has a well-m>k$ fold on ! co/a 7,plate #abb74 ,! egg is :iti%-gre5 :5 fre%ly laid2 x aft]w>ds *anges 9 col\r to orange4 ,! cat]pill> is yell[i%-gre5 ) a d>k] l9e along ! back & a pal] l9e on ea* side2 ! spiracles are r$ & edg$ ) :iti%4 ,! head is pale br[n1 /rip$ & m>k$ ) purpli%-black4 ,! body1 toge!r ) ! head1 is cov]$ ) a %ort :iti% pile4 ,x fe$s on bird's-foot trefoil 7,lotus corniculatus7 f ,june until ,augu/1 :5 x hib]nates4 ,i h n se5 ! *rysalis1 b x has be5 describ$ z d>k gre5 ) ! body t+$ ) rosy r$4 ,! butt]fly is on ! w+ 9 ,may & ,june2 9 "s seasons x has be5 se5 z e>ly z ! end ( ,april4 ,v occasionally1 p]haps1 !re is a p>tial second flight 9 ,augu/4 ,x has be5 report$ z pl5tiful at ,lyme ,regis 9 ,augu/4 ,i took "o or two specim5s ab\t ! middle ( ,augu/1 #aijc1 9 ! ,new ,=e/ di/rict1 & 9 ! same mon? ( #aije "o ( two cat]pill>s s5t to me by ,dr4 ,*apman pupat$ 9 ,augu/1 & ! butt]fly em]g$ "s "t 9 ! autumn1 z ,i f\nd x dead 9 ! box e>ly 9 ,octob]4 ,bo? ! cat]pill>s _h spun toge!r sprays ( ! food-plant z %[n 9 ! figure1 ,plate #abc4 ,"o 0 remov$ = its portrait to be tak51 & x 0 suppos$ t ! o!r bundle conta9$ a cat]pill> also1 & 0 n exam9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #abb4 ,grizzl$ ,skipp]4 #a1 #b1 #g male2 #d1 #e1 #h female2 #c v>4 male2 #f d4 female4 ,d+y ,skipp]4 #i1 #aj1 #ab male2 #aa1 #ac1 #ad female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #abc4 ,d+y ,skipp]4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & its %elt]4 ,grizzl$ ,skipp]4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill> & %elt]2 *rysalis 9 cocoon4 ,! butt]fly affects op5 places 91 or ! edges (1 woods 9 *alky di/ricts1 also ! slopes ( *alk d[ns & o!r hillsides1 z well z railway banks & ev5 r\gh fields4 ,x evid5tly delights 9 sun%9e1 & may (t5 be se5 bask+ on a /one or ! b>e e>?4 ,:5 at re/ at night or on dull days x sits on a dead se$-head or grass glume1 ) ! w+s clos$ d[n ov] its back l a noctuid mo?1 & is !n difficult to detect until ! eye becomes accu/om$ to its appe>ance4 ,x is widely di/ribut$ 9 ,great ,brita91 b x is m at home on *alk & lime/one ?an else:]e4 ,9 su* localities z ! f5s ( ,norfolk & ,cambridge x is sc>ce1 & seems to h a r limit$ di/ribution 9 ,irel&1 9 :i* c\ntry ,galway is its headqu>t]s1 accord+ to ,kane4 ,abroad1 x is f\nd ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & its range ext5ds to ,we/]n ,asia4 ,! ,small ,skipp] 7,adopa ?aumas74 ,all ! w+s are br[ni%-orange1 ) ! ve9s d>k] & becom+ black t[>ds ! out] m>g9s1 especially on ! =e w+s4 ,! male has a black sexual m>k 7,plate #abe74 ,except t ! col\r v>ies 9 ! direction ( a pale gold5 t9t !re is little 9 ! way ( ab]ration 9 ?is butt]fly4 ,at lea/ "o gyn&r\s specim5 has be5 record$4 ,! foll[+ descriptions ( ! e>ly /ages 7,plate #abd71 z well z ! figures ( ! cat]pill> & ! *rysalis1 are f ,buckl]'s ,l>v ( ,briti% ,butt]flies3-- ,! egg is ( a long oval figure1 half z long aga9 z wide1 ! %ell gli/5+1 devoid ( ribs or reticulation2 at fir/ :ite1 !n turn+ dull yell[i%1 & at la/ pal] aga91 ) ! d>k head ( ! cat]pill> %[+ ?r\gh4 ,! "y cat]pill> eats "p ( ! empty egg-%ell4 ,! full-gr[n cat]pill> is ( a delicate light gre51 ! /ripe along ! back is r blui%-gre51 ) pal] gre5 c5tral & side l9es2 ! spiracles are fle%-col\r$1 & bel[ ^! !re is a some:at creamy-:ite /ripe4 ,! head is deep] gre5 ?an ! body1 & r\gh5$ ) m9ute po9ts4 ,x fe$s 9 ,june on ,holcus lanatus1 ,bra*ypodium sylvaticum1 & probably o!r k9ds ( s(t grasses1 & its assimilation1 bo? 9 col\r & texture1 ) ! blades ( grass is rem>kable4 ,be=e *ang+ to ! *rysalis x encloses itself )9 two or sometimes ?ree leaves ( ! grass1 jo9$ toge!r longitud9ally by lac+ or sp9n+ ) :ite silk1 ! edges m or less close to ea* o!r1 & becomes completely hidd54 ,! *rysalis is secur$ 9 ! silk5 *amb]1 head upw>d1 by an oblique c9cture beh9d ! ?orax1 & ! anal tip fa/5$ by a fan-l spread ( f9e hooks at ! extremity fix$ 9 ! silk4 ,! col\r is simil> to t ( ! cat]pill>1 & ! l9es are fairly 9 evid5ce4 ,cat]pill>s t spun up on ,june #ah to #bc produc$ butt]flies on ,july #ae & #af4 ,hell9s /ates t eggs 7 laid 9 a r[ 9 a fold$ blade ( grass ab\t ,july #bi1 & t ! cat]pill>s hat*$ out on ,augu/ #ab4 ,accord+ to ,hawes1 ! cat]pill> ( ?is species does n hat* f ! egg until ! foll[+ spr+4 ,al?\gh x does n seem to be v pl5tiful 9 f5l&s1 ?is butt]fly c]ta9ly has a p>tiality = damp places1 :e!r 9 ! rides1 or on ! sides ( woods1 on hill slopes1 or wa/e gr\nd4 ,:]ev] !re is a fairly l>ge gr[? ( ! tall] s(t grasses t ! cat]pill>s fe$ ^u1 !re ! butt]fly may be f\nd 9 ,july & ,augu/ ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ,engl& & ,wales4 ,report$ f ! ,ed9burgh di/rict 9 ,scotl&2 & 9 ,irel& f ,p[]sc\rt & ne> ,cork4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #abd4 ,small ,skipp]4 ,cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,essex ,skipp]4 ,eggs1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill>4 ,lulwor? ,skipp]4 ,eggs enl>g$2 cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #abe4 ,small ,skipp]4 #a1 #c male2 #b1 #d female4 ,essex ,skipp]4 #e1 #g male2 #f1 #h female4 ,lulwor? ,skipp]4 #i1 #aa male2 #aj1 #ab female4 ,! ,essex ,skipp] 7,adopa l9eola74 ,?is butt]fly is v l ! ,small ,skipp]1 b may be sep>at$ f x1 9 bo? sexes1 by ! black "u sides ( ! knobs ( ! ant5n4 ,! black sexual m>k 9 ! male is f9]1 %ort]1 & mu* less oblique 7,plate #abe74 ,! egg 7,plate #abd7 is pale gre5i%-yell[1 oval 9 %ape1 flatt5$ above & bel[2 ! top is slightly depress$4 ,! eggs are deposit$ 9 ,july or ,augu/1 9 dri$ grass se$-heads & inside ! %ea? ( a leaf1 & ! cat]pill>s1 accord+ to ,hawes1 d n hat* until ,april4 ,! cat]pill> is gre51 ) ! incisions betwe5 ! r+s yell[i%2 !re is a d>k] gre5 /ripe on ! back1 & ! l9es on ! sides are yell[4 ,! head is pale br[n & /rip$ ) d>k] br[n4 ,x fe$s f ,april to ,june on co>se grasses1 su* z ,triticum rep5s4 ,:5 full gr[n x sp9s toge!r ! /ems ( ! grass l[ d[n1 ) a network ( :ite silk = pupation 7,hawes74 ,! *rysalis is describ$ z be+ long1 yell[i%-gre5 9 col\r1 & reta9+ ! d>k dorsal /ripe se5 9 ! cat]pill>4 ,no d\bt ?is butt]fly has be5 ) u all ! "t1 b x appe>s to h escap$ detection until ! ye> #ahhh1 :5 ,mr4 ,hawes1 9 ,july ( t ye>1 met ) x 9 ,essex4 ,he1 h[ev]1 did n !n consid] ! ?ree specim5s t he _h tak5 ) ,a4 ?aumas any?+ m ?an que] v>ieties ( t species1 & x 0 n until ,janu>y1 #ahij1 t ! fact ( ,a4 l9eola be+ ,briti% 0 publi%$4 ,s9ce t "t ?is ,skipp] has be5 f\nd 9 a great _m p>ts ( ,essex1 b *iefly along ! coa/1 & 9 su* localities z ,b5fleet1 ,canvey1 ,dov]c\rt1 ,%oeburyness1 ,s\!nd1 etc4 ,at ,hadleigh x is (t5 v abundant4 ,o!r localities are ,%e]ness1 ,cliffe1 & ,graves5d1 9 ,k5t4 ,x has also be5 report$ f ne> ,sudbury1 & f ,h>wi*1 & ,*appel 9 ,suffolk2 f ,a%ton ,wold 9 ,nor?ampton%ire4 ,9 #ahih five specim5s1 id5tifi$ by ! ,rev4 ,gilb]t ,raynor1 7 tak5 ne> ,b$=d4 ,b>rett1 :o m5tions ,wick5 ,f5 & ,burwell among o!r localities1 says t x has a p>tiality = ! embankm5ts :i* protect ! cultivat$ l& f ! inroad ( ! high tides :i* flood ! salt m>%es4 ,"h x flits ab\t1 or sits on ! co>se seaside grasses or on blossoms ( ?i/le1 or ,lotus corniculatus1 indicat+ r sluggi% habits1 yet fly+ swiftly :5 di/urb$4 ,fur!r inl& x seems to frequ5t *alky hillsides & m>%es4 ,x is on ! w+ 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,! species is f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! ,palarctic ,region except ! mo/ nor!rn & ! ,can>y ,isles4 ,! ,lulwor? ,skipp] 7,adopa acton74 ,comp>$ ) ! o!r two species on ,plate #abe1 ! coloration ( ?is butt]fly is some:at d+y2 x is1 h[ev]1 enliv5$1 especially 9 ! female1 by a %ort da% & a curv$ s]ies ( orange spots 9 ! upp] half ( ! =e w+s4 ,! male has a black sexual m>k :i* is v simil> to t ( ! ,small ,skipp]4 ,!re seems to be v little to note 9 v>iation1 except t ! orange m>k+s ref]r$ to are subject to modification1 & 9 ! male may be altoge!r abs5t4 ,an example tak5 at ,swanage1 9 #aijc1 _h ! w+s on ! left side male1 & ^? on ! "r side female4 ,! egg1 figur$1 f a photograph1 on ,plate #abd1 is :iti%1 fa9tly t+$ ) yell[i%4 ,! mature cat]pill> is pale greyi%1 or yell[i%1 gre51 ) ! dorsal vessel d>k]1 & edg$ ) a sl5d] pale yell[ l9e on ei!r side1 & enclos+ a pale longitud9al l9e along its middle4 ,a n>r[ yell[i% l9e runs above on ! side & a broad] "o bel[4 ,! two dorsal l9es are prolong$ z f> z ! middle ( ! head1 & run to ! end ( ! flat anal %ield1 :i* is n>r[ly edg$ ) pale yell[4 ,! head is gre5i% ) two yell[i% l9es4 ,! two sn[-:ite pat*es on ! "u side ( ! n9? & t5? r+s ( ! body are conspicu\s z 9 l9eola1 sylvanus1 & comma4 ,?is :ite sub/ance is spread out at ! tail end ( ! cat]pill> ( acton1 :5 x has =m$ its *rysalis case 7,zell]74 ,buckl]1 ref]r+ to f\r cat]pill>s f\nd on ,bra*ypodium sylvaticum1 ,june #aa1 /ates t !y complet$ _! gr[? on a diet ( ,triticum rep5s4 ,!y ate out w$ge-%ap$ portions f ! sides ( ! grass blades1 & :5 !y _h f9i%$ _! repa/1 !y crawl$ d[n to ! middle ( ! blade1 & !re spun a coat+ ( :ite silk f "o side to ! o!r1 caus+ ! two edges ( ! blade to draw toge!r a little1 & !n 9 ! silk-l9$ holl[ !y re/$ until hung] oblig$ !m to asc5d ! blade aga9 = ano!r meal4 ,ab\t ,june #bc !y _h ceas$ to fe$1 & 7 beg9n+ to fa/5 !mselves )9 m closely con/ruct$ retreats1 =m$ :]e two blades ( grass obliquely cross$ ea* o!r4 ,! col\r ( ! *rysalis is simil> to t ( ! cat]pill>1 & ! l9es are fa9tly traceable4 ,! butt]flies appe>$ ,july #ad to #ah1 em]g+ at night1 & ready = flight 9 ! morn+4 ,?is insect receiv$ its ,engli% "n 9 #ahcb1 :5 x 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ?is c\ntry at ,lulwor? ,cove1 9 ,dorset%ire4 ,x has s9ce be5 f\nd to occur at ,durdle ,cove1 & ! ,burn+ ,cliff1 ,weym\?1 & ! latt] locality appe>s to be its mo/ ea/]n limit4 ,its range ext5ds we/w>d along ! coa/ ( ,dorset%ire & ,devon%ire to ,sidm\?1 ,seaton1 & ,torquay2 & !re are records ( its hav+ be5 obs]v$ 9 ,cornwall4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,e4,r4 ,bankes1 z quot$ by ,b>rett1 ?is butt]fly is n conf9$ to ! coa/ l9e 9 ,dorset1 b is to be f\nd 9 two or ?ree spots along ! *alk range ( ! ,purbeck ,hills1 at a di/ance ( f\r or five miles f ! sea4 ,he also /ates t ! species is only s+le brood$1 t ! be/ "t = x is f ! beg9n+ ( ,july to ! middle ( ,augu/1 & t ! food-plant ( ! cat]pill> is ,bra*ypodium p9natum4 ,! blossoms ( re/-h>r[ 7,ononis arv5sis7 are said to be ! p>ticul> vanity ( ! butt]fly1 & x is seldom f\nd visit+ any o!r fl[]4 ,abroad ! species is n especially atta*$ to ! sea-coa/1 b occurs inl& ?r\gh\t ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,europe1 its range ext5d+ to ,asia ,m9or & ,syria1 & also to ,nor?-,we/ ,africa4 ,! ,l>ge ,skipp] 7,augiades sylvanus74 ,! male has ! discal area ( ! =e w+s bright fulv\s1 & ! out] area broadly br[n2 ! sexual m>k is black2 ! h9d w+s are t+$ ) fulv\s on ! disc1 & h bright] fulv\s spots4 ,! female is br[n ) a fulv\s discal w$ge on ! =e w+s1 & an angulate s]ies ( fulv\s spots beyond2 h9d w+s z 9 ! male1 b spots r m def9$4 ,9 "s examples ( ?is sex ! spots on ! =e w+s are conflu5t1 & ! discal area is !n fulv\s z 9 ! male 7,plate #abf74 ,! egg is :iti% or gre5i%-:ite1 & is laid on a blade ( grass4 ,hell9s /ates t f eggs laid ab\t ,july #a ! cat]pill>s hat*$ on ,july #ac2 !y *ose cocks-foot grass 7,dactylis glom]ata7 = food1 & re/$ 9 ! middle ( a blade1 fa/5+ its edges across ) five or six di/9ct little ropes ( :ite silk4 ,! "y cat]pill> figur$ on ,plate #abg 0 on ,septemb] #aa ab\t half an in* 9 l5g?1 & _h be5 remov$ f ! grass tube1 also %[n1 to be figur$2 ! head 0 !n pale br[n1 bord]$ & l9$ ) purpli% br[n2 ! body 0 d>ki% gre51 pal] on ! la/ r+1 & ) d>k] l9es on ! back & sides4 ,aft] hib]nation 7! figure ( ?is /age ( ! cat]pill> is f ,buckl]71 9 ,may1 ! cat]pill> is ab\t "o in* long1 pale gre5 9 col\r2 ! sk9 is ?ickly cov]$ ) v %ort d>k br[n bri/les1 ! head dirty :ite ) a d>k br[n /ripe d[n ! out] edge ( ea* lobe1 ! neck :iti%-gre5 7,hell9s74 ,! *rysalis 0 =m$ 9 ! grass cocoon %[n ) x4 ,! g5]al col\r 0 br[n ) ! w+-cases d>k]1 & a d>k] suffusion on ! back4 ,! egg-lay+ ( ?is butt]fly has be5 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,ullyett1 :o /ates t ! female1 hav+ select$ a suitable grass-/em1 deposits eggs 9 a l9e 9 a %ea? =m$ by ! leaf r\nd ! /em4 ,! cat]pill>s hib]nate 9 tubes ( grass1 & fe$ up 9 ! spr+4 ,?is butt]fly has be5 suppos$ to be d\ble brood$1 b !re does n seem to be any direct evid5ce t ?is is s4 ,x is on ! w+ 9 grassy places on ! slopes ( d[ns & o!r hillsides1 also 9 rides1 & on ! m>g9s ( woods1 f e>ly ,june until well into ,july1 & sometimes ev5 lat] 9 ! ye>4 ,x is f\nd 9 mo/ ( our ,engli% c\nties1 & also 9 ,scotl&1 s\? ( ! ,=?4 ,9 ,irel& x is n uncommon 9 a mead[ 9 ,"l ,k5m>e's demesne1 ,kill>ney1 & has be5 record$ f ! ,morr\gh ( ,wickl[4 ,abroad its di/ribution ext5ds ?r\gh ,europe & ,nor!rn ,asia to ,*9a & ,japan1 & also to ,nor? ,africa4 ,! ,silv]-spott$ ,skipp] 7,augiades comma74 ,?is butt]fly is v simil> on ! upp] side to ! ,l>ge ,skipp]1 b ! spots1 especially ^? ne>e/ ! front edge ( ! =e w+s1 are yell[]4 ,on ! "u side ! gre5i% t+e ( ! gr\nd col\r1 & ! silv]y spots1 make ! id5tification q easy4 ,! black sex m>k 9 ! male is v simil> to t ( ! la/ species 7,plate #abf74 ,! males v>y a little 9 ! wid? ( ! m>g9al bord]1 & 9 "s females !re is almo/ z mu* fulv\s on ! discal area ( ! w+s z 9 ! male2 9 ! d>ke/ females ! spots always appe> pal] ?an 9 fulv\s specim5s4 ,on ! "u side ! gr\nd col\r is sometimes olive-br[n r ?an gre54 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! life-hi/ory ( ?is butt]fly is adapt$ f ,mr4 ,frohawk's article on ! subject publi%$ 9 ! ,entomologi/ = #aija3-- ,9 ,augu/1 :il/ wat*+ "s ( ! butt]flies on ! w+ ov] a pat* ( *alky gr\nd cov]$ ) a %ort d5se gr[? ( v>i\s grasses1 etc41 he not$ a female hov]+ close ov] ! plants4 ,pres5tly x settl$ on a tuft ( hair grass 7,aira cspitosa71 & aft] walk+ ov] & among x a little "t1 %e curv$ h] abdom5 d[n1 & deposit$ a s+le egg on "o ( ! f9e hair-l blades1 or1 r1 sp9es1 & close by1 )9 an in*1 ano!r egg 0 f\nd4 ,aft]w>ds "s plants ( ?is grass 7 pott$ up1 & "s females plac$ on !m4 ,^! deposit$ a l>ge numb] ( eggs ^u ! grass-/ems & blades4 ,! egg :5 newly laid is pe>l :ite ) ! slighte/ yell[i%-gre5 t+e1 :i* v gradually turns deep] 9 col\r1 assum+ a pale /raw-yell[ on ! six? day1 & s x rema9s until ,janu>y1 :5 x becomes pal]4 ,! cat]pill> hat*es out at ! end ( ,m>* or e>ly 9 ,april4 ,x does n eat ! empty egg-%ell1 b directly aft] leav+ ! egg x />ts sp9n+ ! f9e grass toge!r into a some:at d5se clu/] an in* or two above ! gr\nd4 ,9 ?is compact %elt] ! l>va lives & fe$s ^u ! grass surr\nd+ x1 rema9+ almo/ always completely hidd54 ,sometimes z _m z ?ree or f\r live toge!r4 ,:5 full gr[n & ab\t "o hundr$ days old1 ! cat]pill> is ( a dull olive-gre5 col\r1 ) a black coll> on ! fir/ r+1 & ! entire surface d5sely spr9kl$ ) m9ute %9+ black w>ts1 ea* emitt+ a t9y amb]-col\r$ sp9e ) a cleft knobb$ apex4 ,! head is blacki% m>k$ ) o*re\s l9es4 ,x /ill resides 9 a tube ( grass spun closely toge!r1 & fe$s on any o!r k9d ( grass t happ5s to be int]wov5 ) ! ,aira4 ,j be=e pupation ! cat]pill> (t5 crawls re/lessly ab\t1 b 9 "s in/ances x does n leave its place ( fe$+1 & sp9s a /rong1 co>se network cocoon among ! grass close to ! gr\nd1 weav+ ! gnaw$ loose pieces ( grass ) ! f9e /ems & blades1 & !re9 pupates dur+ ! latt] "p ( ,july4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #abf4 ,l>ge ,skipp]4 #a1 #c1 male2 #b1 #d female4 ,silv]-,spott$ ,skipp]4 #e1 #g male2 #f1 #h female4 ,*equ]$ ,skipp]4 #i1 #aj male2 #aa female4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #abg4 ,l>ge ,skipp]4 ,egg1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill>s1 *rysalis & cocoon4 ,silv]-spott$ ,skipp]4 ,egg1 natural size & enl>g$2 cat]pill>4 ,*equ]$ ,skipp]4 ,egg enl>g$ & cat]pill>4 ,! *rysalis is secur$ 9 ! cocoon by hooks at ! tail & by hook$ bri/les on ! head2 ! head & ?orax are pale olive mottl$ ) blacki%2 ! body olive1 spott$ ) d>k olive1 & incl9+ to yell[ on ! v5tral surface2 bel[ ea* spiracle is a %ort longitud9al m>k2 ! spiracles are amb]-br[n4 ,! butt]fly is to be f\nd 9 ,augu/ on mo/ ( our *alk hills1 b has n be5 record$ f ei!r ,scotl& or ,irel&4 ,x is a v quick fly] & difficult to capture :5 on ! w+1 b x is fond ( sitt+ on l[-gr[+ ?i/les1 & is !n sometimes easy to take4 ,abroad x occurs ?r\gh\t ,europe & ,nor!rn ,asia to ,*9a & ,japan4 ,! ,*equ]$ ,skipp] 7,c>t]ocephalus palmon74 ,! well-def9$ yell[ or orange spots on ! blacki%-br[n gr\nd col\r di/+ui% ?is butt]fly f all o!r ,briti% ,skipp]s4 ,! v>iation is only ( a m9or k9d1 & *iefly 9 ! direction ( an increase or a decrease 9 ! numb] & ! size ( ! spots4 ,occasionally ^? on ! c5tral area ( ! =e w+s are mu* enl>g$ & m or less conflu5t2 & ! spots on ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s are sometimes v small or entirely abs5t4 ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s ( ! e>ly /ages are ab/ract$ f ,mr4 ,frohawk's life-hi/ory ( ! species 7,entomologi/1 #ahib73-- ,liv+ females receiv$ 9 ,june 7 plac$ on a gr[+ plant ( brome grass 7,bromus asp]71 & a few eggs 7 deposit$1 "s ^u ! blades ( grass1 o!rs ^u ! gauze-cov]$ glass j> 9 :i* ! plant 0 plac$2 !y 7 laid s+ly1 firmly adh]+ to :atev] laid ^u4 ,! fir/ lot ( eggs 7 deposit$ on ,june #ad4 ,! egg has a pe>ly appe>ance1 be+ :iti% or yell[i%-:ite 9 col\r4 ,t5 days aft] ! egg is deposit$ ! "y cat]pill> em]ges by eat+ away ! cr[n4 ,soon aft] hat*+ out ! "y cat]pill> makes a little tubul> dwell+1 draw+ toge!r ! edges ( ! grass-blade by sp9n+ ab\t ?ree or f\r /\t cords ( silk1 :i* quickly contract1 caus+ ! edges to draw toge!r1 & sometimes to ov]lap1 =m+ a compact %ort tube2 g5]ally be=e sp9n+ x nibbles (f ! extreme edge ( ! blade :]e ! silk is aft]w>ds atta*$4 ,x fe$s ^u ! blade bo? above & bel[ its abode1 dev\r+ s mu* t frequ5tly only ! midrib ( ! blade rema9s1 & ! tube only j long en\gh to conceal x2 x !n %ifts its qu>t]s1 & prep>es a new home4 ,on ,octob] #c1 :5 "o hundr$ & "o days old1 ! cat]pill> 0 pale primrose-yell[1 & ! /ripes ( a slightly d>k] hue1 ! :ite lat]al l9e %[+ cle>ly1 & spiracles br[ni%2 ! head pale buff ) a fa9t lilac t+e1 ) a black pat* above ! m\? & br[ni% at ! sides4 ,9 ! previ\s /age ! cat]pill> 0 :iti%-gre5 ) a r d>k gre5 l9e along ! middle ( ! back1 ?is l9e bord]$ on ea* side by an almo/ :ite1 v f9e l9e1 foll[$ by alt]nate d>k] & light] l9es1 ! lighte/ be+ extremely f9e2 !n a subdorsal d>k] gre5 l9e1 bord]$ lat]ally by a conspicu\s :iti% l9e1 :i* is aga9 bord]$ bel[ by a pal] & indi/9ct gre5 l9e1 & a v fa9t spiracul> :iti% /ripe1 on :i* ! spiracles are plac$2 !y are :ite1 outl9$ by a d>k b indi/9ct r+2 ! "u surface is :iti%-gre54 ,ab\t ! middle ( ,octob] ! hib]naculum 0 =m$ by sp9n+ two blades ( grass toge!r at ! edges1 s mak+ a tube1 9 :i* ! cat]pill> rema9$ dur+ ! w9t]4 ,on ,m>* #ba x left its retreat1 b did n seem to fe$1 & g5]ally rema9$ quiet1 ly+ along a grass-blade4 ,on ,april #c x _h drawn toge!r ) silk six blades ( grass at ! ends1 =m+ a t5t-l /ructure1 & along ! surface ( "o ( ! broade/ a little c>pet ( silk 0 spun1 ^u :i* x re/$ ) its head upp]mo/2 a silk cord also encircl$ its body r\nd ! f\r? segm5t4 ,x assum$ ! *rysalis /ate on ,april #h1 & _h !n pass$ two hundr$ & eighty-n9e days 9 ! cat]pill> condition4 ,! *rysalis measures five-eigh?s ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is fairly cyl9drical1 b tap]+ to ! tail4 ,dorsal view3 ! head is po9t$ 9 front 9 ! =m ( a %ort conical beak2 ! eyes are r prom95t2 ! ?orax is swoll5 9 ! middle1 ! wide/ "p1 & !n gradually tap]s t[>ds ! la/ segm5t1 :i* is elongat$ & flatt5$4 ,lat]al view3 ! beak is slightly upturn$1 ! ?orax convex$1 & ! segm5t next to ! ?orax is r swoll5 9 ! middle1 s =m+ a r decid$ depression at ! base ( ! ?orax1 :]e ! silk5 cord passes r\nd2 ! body gradually tap]+ to ! la/ segm5t1 :i* t]m9ates 9 a long compress$ curv$ process furni%$ ) long hooks2 ! w+-cases ext5d d[n two-?irds its l5g?1 & only v little1 if at all1 swoll52 ! ant5n & legs are b feebly modell$2 ! tongue is well def9$1 x is dusky at ! base1 bl5d+ into black at ! apex2 ! col\r is ( a v pale primrose-yell[1 %ad+ into pe>ly grey1 & semi-transp>5t on ! head1 w+s1 & flap2 a d>k m$io-dorsal l9e comm5ces at ! base ( ! beak1 & passes d[n ! entire l5g?1 gradually fad+ (f 9 ! anal extremity2 x is blacke/ on ! head & fir/ abdom9al segm5t1 & pale/ on ! ?orax1 :]e x is light br[n2 !re are two ru/-r$ subdorsal l9es1 :i* run p>allel f ! base ( ! ant5n to ! la/ segm5t2 ano!r simil> l9e1 unit$ along ! inn] m>g9 ( ! w+1 passes ov] two spiracles1 & !n runs p>allel ) ! subdorsal l9es4444 ,! ant5n & w+s are fa9tly outl9$ ) dusky br[n4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance & col\r+ ! pupa closely resembles a piece ( dead )]$ grass4 ,a female butt]fly em]g$ on ,may #bj1 ! trans=mation f egg to p]fect insect ?us occupy+ ab\t elev5 mon?s4 ,?is local butt]fly is on ! w+ 9 ,june2 sometimes x is se5 9 ! latt] "p ( ,may1 &1 m r>ely p]haps1 9 ,july4 ,?is species appe>s to h be5 fir/ notic$ z an inhabitant ( ,brita9 9 #agih1 9 :i* ye> specim5s 7 tak5 9 ,clapham ,p>k ,wood1 ,b$=d%ire1 by ,dr4 ,abbott1 :o1 f\r ye>s lat]1 also report$ ! butt]fly f ,:ite ,wood1 ,gaml+ay1 ,cambridge%ire4 ,9 #ahbc x 0 f\nd to occur at ,ca/or ,hangl&s1 ne> ,pet]bor\gh2 & 9 #ahda ,d\bl$ay met ) x1 9 l>ge numb]s1 9 ,monk's ,wood1 ,hunt+don%ire4 ,among o!r localities f :i* x has be5 report$ are ,ropsley ,wood1 ne> ,gran?am1 ,notts1 & ,wy*wood ,=e/1 ,ox=d%ire4 ,9 its special localities1 :i*1 at ! pres5t "t1 are *iefly ! l>g] woods 9 ,l9coln%ire1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 & ,buck+ham%ire1 x frequ5ts ! fl[]s ( gr\nd ivy 7,nepeta gle*oma7 & ( ! bugle 7,ajuga reptans74 ,abroad x is locally common 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,c5tral ,europe2 also occurs 9 ,f9l&1 ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,russia1 ,dalmatia1 ,pi$mont1 & 9 ,labrador1 & o!r p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,a ,,classifi$ ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,butt]flies ,papilionid4 ,,papilion9 ,papilio ma*aon ,,pi]9 ,aporia cratgi ,pi]is brassic rap napi daplidice ,pontia daplidice ,eu*lo c>dam9es ,leucophasia s9apis ,leptidia s9apis ,colias hyale ,eurymus kirbyi ,colias edusa ,eurymus hyale ,gonept]yx rhamni ,colias rhamni ,nymphalid4 ,,apatur9 ,apatura iris ,,nymphal9 ,lim5itis sibylla ,lim5itis camilla ,polygonia c-album ,grapta c-album ,vanessa poly*loros ,eugonia poly*loros ,vanessa urtic ,aglais urtic ,vanessa io antiopa ,euvanessa antiopa ,pyrameis c>dui atalanta ,argynnis paphia adippe aglaia la?onia euphrosyne ,br5?is euphrosyne ,argynnis sel5e ,br5?is sel5e ,melita a?alia c9xia aur9ia ,,dana9 ,anosia plexippus ,,satyr9 ,melan>gia galatea ,erebia epiphron ,melampias epiphron ,erebia ?iops ,satyrus semele ,hipp>*ia semele ,p>>ge eg]ia megra ,satyrus megra ,ep9ephele ianira ,ep9ephele jurt9a ,ep9ephele ti?onus ,aphantopus hyp]an?us ,hipp>*ia hyp]an?us ,enodia hyp]an?us ,co5onympha typhon ,co5onympha tiphon ,co5onympha pamphilus ,lycnid4 ,,lyc,,n9 ,zephyrus betul ,!cla betul ,zephyrus qu]cus ,!cla qu]cus ,!cla pruni w-album ,callophrys rubi ,!cla rubi ,*rysophanus disp> ,polyommatus disp> ,lycna disp> ,*rysophanus phlz ,polyommatus phlz ,lycna phlz ,lampides boeticus ,lycna boeticus ,cupido argiades ,lycna argiades ,lycna argus ,lycna gon ,plebeius argus ,lycna a/r>*e ,lycna age/is ,lycna ic>us ,plebeius alexis ,polyommatus ic>us ,lycna corydon ,polyommatus corydon ,lycna bell>gus ,lycna adonis ,polyommatus !tis ,cyaniris argiolus ,ziz]a m9ima ,lycna m9ima ,nomiades semi>gus ,lycna acis semi>gus ,nomiades arion ,polyommatus arion ,lycna arion ,lemoniid4 ,,nemeobi9 ,nemeobius luc9a ,hesp]iid4 ,,hesp]i9 ,hesp]ia malv ,?anaos tages ,nisoniades tages ,,pamphil9 ,adopa ?aumas l9eola acton ,augiades comma ,erynnis comma ,augiades sylvanus ,c>t]ocephalus palmon ,pamphila palmon ,,index4 99 ,species s m>k$ 9 ?is ,index are reput$ ,briti%4 ,adonis ,blue1 #agj4 ,plates #aaj1 #aaa1 #aai ,adopa acton1 #aij1 ,plates #abd1 #abe2 l9eola1 #ahi1 ,plates #abd1 #abe2 ?aumas1 #ahg1 ,plates #abd1 #abe ,ammonia j>1 #ai ,&roconia1 #ad ,angles ( w+s1 #ab4 ,fig4 #i ,anosia m5ippe1 #ajf2 plexippus1 #ajf1 ,plates #gb1 #abj ,ant5n1 #d1 #i ,apatura iris1 #ef1 ,plates #bh1 #bi1 #ca2 v>4 iole1 #eg1 ,plate #ca ,aphantopus hyp]an?us1 #acj1 ,plates #hh1 #hi2 v>4 arete1 #aca2 v>4 cca1 #aca1 ,plate #hi2 v>4 lanceolata1 #aca2 v>4 obsoleta1 #aca ,aporia cratgi1 #cb4 ,plates #d1 #e ,argynnis adippe1 #hg1 ,plates #ec1 #ed1 #eg2 v>4 cleodoxa1 #hh2 v>4 locuples1 #hi2 aglaia1 #hi1 ,plates #ee1 #ei1 #fa2 v>4 *>lotta1 #ij2 euphrosyne1 #id1 ,plates #ef1 #fd1 #fe2 la?onia1 #ia1 ,plates1 #eh1 #fc2 niobe199 #hh2 paphia1 #hd1 ,plates #ej1 #ea1 #eb1 #eg2 v>4 vales9a1 #hd1 ,plates #eb1 #eg2 sel5e1 #if1 ,plates #ef1 #fb1 #ff ,armature1 #b ,arran ,br[n1 #aag ,augiades comma1 #aic1 ,plates #abf1 #abg2 sylvanus1 #aib1 ,plates #abf1 #abg ,ba? ,:ite1 #da4 ,plates #ab1 #ad ,b5z9e1 #bh ,black ,hair/reak1 #adc4 ,plates #if1 #ig ,black-ve9$ ,:ite1 #cb4 ,plates #c1 #d ,bloxwor? ,blue1 #aef1 ,plates #ajb1 #ajc ,bo>d = ,flat-sett+1 #bb4 ,figs4 #ae-ag ,brace & ,b& ,modes ( ,sett+1 #bd4 ,fig4 #bj ,brim/one1 #ed4 ,plates #be1 #bf ,br[n ,argus1 #afa4 ,plates #ajd1 #aje ,hair/reak1 #ach4 ,plates #id1 #ie ,callophrys rubi1 #adg4 ,plates #if1 #ig ,camb]well ,beauty1 #gc4 ,plates #da1 #db1 #dc ,c>t]ocephalus palmon1 #aie4 ,plates #abf1 #abg ,cat]pill> /age1 #b ,*alk ,hill ,blue1 #abg4 ,plates #ajh1 #aji1 #aag ,*equ]$ ,skipp]1 #aie4 ,plates #abf1 #abg ,*lor(orm ,bottle1 #ai ,*orion1 #a ,*rysalis1 #f ,*rysophanus disp>1 #adh1 ,plates #ih1 #ii2 v>4 rutilus1 #adi2 circe199 #aeb2 dorilis199 #aeb2 gordius199 #aeb2 hippo?o199 #aeb2 phlz1 #aeb1 ,plates #ajj1 #aja1 #aai2 v>4 eleus1 #aeb2 v>4 s*midtii1 #aeb1 ,plate #aja2 v>4 hypophlu1 #aed2 virgaure199 #aeb ,classification1 x ,cl\d$ ,yell[1 #ea4 ,plates #bb1 #bc1 #bd ,clubs ( ,ant5n1 #i4 ,fig4 #g ,cnonympha pamphilus1 #acf1 ,plates #ib1 #ic1 v>4 lyllus1 #acf2 v>4 ocellata1 #acg1 ,plate #ib2 typhon1 #acb1 ,plates #ij1 #ia1 #ib2 v>4 davus1 #acc2 v>4 laidion1 #acc2 v>4 philox5us1 #acc2 v>4 ro?liebii1 #acc2 v>4 scotica1 #acc ,colias edusa1 #ea1 ,plates #bb1 #bc1 #bd2 v>4 helice1 #eb1 ,plate #bd2 hyale1 #dh1 ,plates #bj1 #ba ,collect+1 #af ,comma1 !1 #fb4 ,plates #cb1 #ce ,common ,blue1 #afc4 ,plates #ajf1 #ajg1 #aah1 #aai ,comp\nd ,eye1 #i ,crema/]1 #f4 ,fig4 #e4 ,cupido argiades1 #aef1 ,plates #ajb1 #ajc2 v>4 comyntas1 #aeh2 v>4 polysp]*on1 #aeh ,cyanide ,bottle1 #ai ,cyaniris argiolus1 #agb4 ,plates #aab1 #aac ,d>k ,gre5 ,fritill>y1 #hi4 ,plates #ee1 #ei1 #fa ,dehisc5ce1 #g ,dimorphism1 viii ,d+y ,skipp]1 #ahf4 ,plates #abb1 #abc ,dry+ ,h\se1 #bf ,duke ( ,burgundy1 #ahb4 ,plates #abj1 #aba ,ecdysis1 #e ,egg-/age1 #a ,em]g5ce ( a ,butt]fly1 #g ,ep9ephele ianira1 #abe1 ,plates #hd1 #he2 jurt9a1 #abe2 ti?onus1 #abg1 ,plates #hf1 #hg1 #aai2 v>4 albida1 #abh1 ,plate #aai2 v>4 m9cki1 #abh ,erebia ?iops1 #aac1 ,plates #gf1 #gg2 v>4 obsoleta1 #aad2 v>4 o*racea1 #aad2 bl&9a1 #aac2 epiphron1 #aaa2 v>4 cassiope1 #aaa1 ,plates #gf1 #gg2 v>4 obsoleta1 #aab2 ligea199 #aag ,essex ,skipp]1 #ahi4 ,plates #abd1 #abe ,eu*lo c>dam9es1 #dc1 ,plates #ae1 #ag2 v>4 hesp]idis1 #dd ,eyes or ,ocelli1 #d ,false legs ( cat]pill>1 #d4 ,fig4 #b;,a ,feel]s1 #d1 #i ,feet1 #c ,gatekeep]1 #abg4 ,plates #hf1 #hg1 #aai ,glanville ,fritill>y1 #aja4 ,plates #fe1 #fi1 #ga ,gonept]yx rhamni1 #ed4 ,plates #be-bg ,grayl+1 #aag4 ,plates #gh1 #gi ,gre5 ,hair/reak1 #adg4 ,plates #if1 #ig ,gre5-ve9$ ,:ite1 #ch4 ,plates #aj1 #ac1 #ad ,grizzl$ ,skipp]1 #ahd4 ,plates #abb1 #abc ,gyn&romorphism1 viii ,head ( ,butt]fly1 #h1 ,fig4 #f2 ( ,cat]pill>1 #d1 ,fig4 #c ,hea? ,fritill>y1 #ih4 ,plates #fg1 #fh ,h]maphrodite1 viii ,hesp]ia alveus1 #ahe2 malv1 #ahd1 ,plates #abb1 #abc2 v>4 lavat]1 #ahd2 v>4 t>as1 #ahd ,het]oc]a1 vii ,high ,br[n ,fritill>y1 #hg4 ,plates #ec1 #ed1 #eg ,holly ,blue1 #agb4 ,plates #aab1 #aac ,horns1 #i ,in/>1 #e ,kill+1 #ah ,kite net1 #g4 ,fig4 #ac ,labium1 #d ,labrum1 #d ,lampides boeticus1 #aed4 ,plates #ajb1 #ajc ,l>ge ,blue1 #agi4 ,plates #aaf1 #aag ,copp]1 #adh4 ,plates #ih1 #ii ,hea?1 #acb4 ,plates #ij1 #ia1 #ib ,skipp]1 #aib4 ,plates #abf1 #abg ,l>ge ,tortoise%ell1 #fe4 ,plates #cd1 #cf ,:ite1 #cd4 ,plates #e1 #f1 #i ,leucophasia s9apis1 #df1 ,plates #af1 #ah1 #ai2 v>4 d9i5sis1 #df2 v>4 erysimi1 #df2 v>4 la?yri1 #df ,lim5itis sibylla1 #ei1 ,plates #cj1 #ca1 #cc2 v>4 nigr9a1 #ei1 ,plate #ca ,l+ua1 #d ,long-tail$ ,blue1 #aed4 ,plates #ajb1 #ajc ,lulwor? ,skipp]1 #aij4 ,plates #abd1 #abe ,lycna adonis1 #agj2 gon1 #aeh2 argus1 #aeh1 ,plates1 #ajd1 #aje2 a/r>*e1 #afa1 ,plates #ajd1 #aje2 v>4 artax]xes1 #afa2 v>4 salmacis1 #afa2 v>4 quadripuncta1 #afb2 bell>gus1 #agj1 ,plates #aaj1 #aaa1 #aai2 v>4 c]onus1 #agj2 corydon1 #afg1 ,plates #ajh1 #aji1 #aag1 #aah2 v>4 f[l]i1 #afh2 v>4 lucretia1 #afh2 v>4 syngrapha1 #afh1 ,plate #aah2 ic>us1 #afc1 ,plates #ajf1 #ajg1 #aah1 #aai2 v>4 arcua1 #afd2 v>4 co]ulea1 #afd2 v>4 ic>9us1 #afd2 v>4 melanotoxa1 #afd ,m&ibles1 #d1 #aj ,m>bl$ ,:ite1 #aji4 ,plates #gd1 #ge ,m>g9s ( ,w+s1 #ab4 ,fig4 #i ,m>% ,fritill>y1 #ajc4 ,plates #fe1 #gj1 #gc ,m>% ,r+let1 #acb ,maxill1 #d1 #aj ,maz>9e ,blue1 #agg4 ,plate #aae ,mead[ ,br[n1 #abe4 ,plates #hd1 #he ,melan>gia galatea1 #aji4 ,plates #gd1 #ge ,melita a?alia1 #ih2 ,plates #fg1 #fh2 v>4 cory?alia1 #ih2 v>4 eos1 #ii2 v>4 nav>9a1 #ih2 v>4 niphon1 #ajj2 v>4 obsoleta1 #ih2 v>4 pyronia1 #ii2 v>4 tessellata1 #ii2 aur9ia1 #ajc2 ,plates1 #fe1 #gj1 #gc2 v>4 prcl>a1 #ajd2 v>4 scotica1 #ajd2 c9xia1 #aja1 ,plates #fe1 #fi1 #ga ,micropyles1 #a ,milkwe$ ,butt]fly1 #ajf4 ,plates #gb1 #abj ,mon>* ,butt]fly1 #ajg ,m\ld & ,mites1 #bh ,m\lt+1 #e ,naph?al9e1 #bg1 #bh ,nemeobius luc9a1 #ahb4 ,plates #abj1 #aba ,n]vures & ,n]vules1 #ac ,nets1 #af ,nom5clature1 x ,nomiades arion1 #agi1 ,plates #aaf1 #aag2 semi>gus1 #agg1 ,plate #aae ,ocelli1 #d ,orange-tip1 #dc4 ,plates #ae1 #ag ,pa9t$ ,lady1 #gh4 ,plates #dd1 #de1 #di ,pale ,cl\d$ ,yell[1 #dh4 ,plates #bj1 #ba ,palpi1 #e1 #aj ,papilio ma*aon1 #bi4 ,plates #a1 #b ,p>>ge eg]ia1 #abj2 v>4 eg]ides1 #abj1 ,plates #hj1 #ha2 megra1 #abb1 ,plates #hb1 #hc ,peacock1 #gj4 ,plates #ci1 #dj1 #da ,pe>l-bord]$ ,fritill>y1 #id4 ,plates #fj1 #fd1 #fe ,pi]is brassic1 #cd1 ,plates #e1 #f1 #i2 v>4 *>iclea1 #cd1 ,plate #f2 daplidice1 #da1 ,plates #ab1 #ad2 napi1 #ch2 ,plates #aj1 #ac1 #ad2 v>4 bryoni1 #dj2 v>4 flava1 #ci2 v>4 nap1 #dj2 v>4 ori5tis1 #da2 v>4 sabellic1 #ci2 v>4 rap1 #cf1 ,plates #g1 #h1 #aa2 v>4 metra1 #cg2 v>4 novangli1 #cg ,p9n+1 #bj2 ,p9n+ /age1 #ba1 ,fig4 #ad ,p9s1 #ba ,plumules1 #ad ,polygonia c-album1 #fb1 ,plates #cb1 #ce2 v>4 hut*9soni1 #fc1 ,plate #ce ,proboscis1 #d1 #i ,prolegs1 #b ,purple ,emp]or1 #ef4 ,plates #bh1 #bi1 #ca ,purple ,hair/reak1 #ada4 ,plates #if1 #ig ,pyrameis atalanta1 #ha1 ,plates #df-di2 v>4 klem5siewiczi1 #hb2 c>dui1 #gh1 ,plates #dd1 #de1 #di2 hunt]a199 #ha2 virg9i5sis199 #ha ,que5 ( ,spa91 #ia4 ,plates #eh1 #fc ,re>+ f ! ,egg1 #bh ,r$ ,admiral1 #ha4 ,plates #df-di ,rhopaloc]a1 vii ,r+let1 #acj4 ,plates #hh1 #hi ,saddles1 #bd4 ,fig4 #ah ,satyrus semele1 #aag4 ,plates #gh1 #gi ,scales1 #ac4 ,fig4 #aj ,scot* ,argus1 #aac4 ,plates #gf1 #gg ,seasonable ,dimorphism1 viii ,segm5ts1 #b ,sett+1 ,me?ods (1 #bb-bd ,sexual ,dimorphism1 viii ,silv]-/udd$ ,blue1 #aeh4 ,plates #ajd1 #aje ,silv]-wa%$ ,fritill>y1 #hd1 ,plates #ej1 #ea ,small ,blue1 #agf4 ,plates #aad1 #aae ,copp]1 #aeb4 ,plates #ajj1 #aja1 #aai ,hea?1 #acf4 ,plates #ib1 #ic ,m\nta9 ,r+let1 #aaa4 ,plates #gf1 #gg ,pe>l-bord]$ ,fritill>y1 #if4 ,plates #ef1 #fb1 #ff ,skipp]1 #ahg4 ,plates #abd1 #abe ,tortoise%ell1 #fh4 ,plates #cg1 #ch ,:ite1 #cf4 ,plates #g1 #h1 #aa ,speckl$ ,wood1 #abj4 ,plates #hj1 #ha ,sp9n]ets1 #d ,spiracle1 #c ,/adium1 #e ,subsegm5ts1 #c ,swall[-tail1 #bi4 ,plates #a1 #b ,?anaos tages1 #ahf4 ,plates #abb1 #abc ,!cla ilicis1 sp9i199 #adg2 pruni1 #adc1 ,plates #if1 #ig2 w-album1 #add1 ,plates #id1 #ie2 v>4 butl][i1 #ade ,?oracic legs1 #b ,tra*e1 #c ,tub]cles1 #b ,vanessa antiopa1 #gc1 ,plates #da1 #db1 #dc2 v>4 hygia1 #gc2 v>4 l9tn]i1 #gc2 io1 #gj1 ,plates #ci1 #dj1 #da2 v>4 belis>ia1 #ga1 ,plate1 #da2 v>4 cyano/icta1 #ga2 poly*loros1 #fe1 ,plates #cd1 #cf2 v>4 te/udo1 #ff2 urtic1 #fh1 ,plates #cg1 #ch2 v>4 ladak5sis1 #fi2 v>4 pol>is1 #fi ,v5ation1 #ab4 ,fig4 #i ,wall1 ,!1 #abb4 ,plates #hb1 #hc ,:ite ,admiral1 #ei4 ,plates #cj1 #ca1 #cc ,:ite-lett] ,hair/reak1 #add4 ,plates #id1 #ie ,w+s1 #aa4 ,fig4 #i ,wood ,:ite1 #df4 ,plates #af1 #ah1 #ai ,zephyrus betul1 #ach4 ,plates #id1 #ie2 v>4 pallida1 #aci2 v>4 sp9osa1 #aci2 qu]cus1 #ada1 ,plates #if1 #ig2 v>4 bella1 #ada ,ziz]a m9ima1 #agf4 ,plates #aad1 #aae ,,! ,,end4 99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,transcrib]'s notes3 ,fix$ v>i\s punctuation4 ,p4 #ga4 'w+' *ang$ to 'w+s'4 ,p4 #acg4 'em]g5cies' *ang$ to 'em]g5ces'4 ,p4 #afh4 'localties' *ang$ to 'localities'4 ,p4 #aig4 'next to ! ?orax'4 ,add$ 'to'4 ,emphasis ,notation3 ,italic & ,bold2 ,ma!matical ,notation3 ,:ole & ,fractional ,"p3 #c-e_/h4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------