,,unique ,,and ,,popular ,,works ,,for ,,all ,,nature ,,lovers4 ,uniform with this ,volume4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wayside and ,woodland ,blossoms ,a ,pocket ,guide to ,british ,wild ,flowers for the ,country ,rambler4 7,first and ,second ,series47 ,with ,clear ,descriptions of #gfj ,species4 ,,by ,,edward ,,step1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,and ,coloured ,figures of #beg ,species by ,,mabel ,e4 ,,step4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wayside and ,woodland ,trees ,a ,pocket ,guide to the ,british ,sylva4 ,,by ,,edward ,,step1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,with #abg ,plates from ,original ,photographs by ,,henry ,,irving1 ,and #eg ,illustrations of the ,leaves1 ,flowers and ,fruit by ,,mabel ,e4 ,,step4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,at ,,all ,,booksellers4 ,full ,prospectuses on application to the ,publishers-- ,,frederick ,,warne ,,and ,,co4 ,,london3 #ae1 ,bedford ,street1 ,strand4 ,,new ,,york3 #cf1 ,east #bbnd ,street4 ,,the ,,wayside ,,and ,,woodland ,,series ,,the ,,butterflies ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,isles ,illustration3 ,pl4 #a4 ,frontispiece4 ,swallow-tail ,butterfly4 ,male and female1 with caterpillars and chrysalids4 ,,the ,,butterflies ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,isles ,,by ,,richard ,,south1 ,f4,e4,s4 ,,editor ,,of ,,the ,,entomologist1 ,,etc4 ,,with ,,accurately ,,coloured ,,figures ,,of ,,every ,,species ,,and ,,many ,,varieties ,,also ,,drawings ,,of ,,egg1 ,,caterpillar ,,chrysalis1 ,,and ,,food-,,plant ,,london ,,frederick ,,warne ,,co4 ,,and ,,new ,,york #aijf 7,all rights reserved7 ,,preface4 ,few things add more enjoyment to a country ramble than a knowledge of the many and varied forms belonging to the animal and vegetable kingdoms that present themselves to the notice of the observing wayfarer on every side4 ,almost every one admires the wild flowers that ,nature produces so lavishly1 and in such charming variety of form and colour2 but1 in addition to their own proper florescence1 the plants of woodland1 meadow1 moor1 or down have other blossoms that arise from them1 although they are not of them4 ,these are the beautiful winged creatures called butterflies1 which as crawling caterpillars obtain their nourishment from plant leafage1 and in the perfect state help the bees to rifle the flowers of their sweets1 and at the same time assist in the work of fertilization4 ,it is the story of these arial flowers that we wish to tell1 and hope that in the telling we may win from the reader a loving interest in some of the most attractively interesting of ,nature's children4 ,there are many people1 no doubt1 who take an intelligent interest in the various forms of animal life1 and yet do not care to collect specimens because1 as in the case of butterflies for instance1 the necessity arises for killing their captives4 ,such lovers of ,nature are quite satisfied to know the names of the species1 and to learn something of their life-histories and habits4 ,still1 however1 there are others1 and possibly a larger number1 who will desire to capture a few specimens of each kind of butterfly for closer examination and study4 ,it is believed that this little volume will be found useful to both sections of naturalists alike4 ,the author in preparing the book has been largely guided by a recollection of the kind of information he sought when he himself was a beginner1 now some forty odd years ago4 ,in conclusion1 he desires to tender his most sincere thanks to the undermentioned gentlemen1 who so kindly furnished him with eggs1 caterpillars1 and chrysalids2 or favoured him with the loan of some of their choicest varieties of butterflies for figuring2 without their valued assistance many of the illustrations could not have been prepared3--,rev4 ,gilbert ,raynor1 ,major ,robertson1 ,messrs4 ,f4 ,noad ,clark1 ,t4 ,dewhurst1 ,c4,h4 ,forsythe1 ,f4,w4 ,frohawk1 ,a4,h4 ,hamm1 ,a4 ,harrison1 ,h4 ,main1 ,a4,m4 ,montgomery1 ,e4,d4 ,morgan1 ,g4,b4 ,oliver1 ,j4 ,ovenden1 ,g4 ,randell1 ,a4,l4 ,rayward1 ,e4,j4 ,salisbury1 ,a4,h4 ,shepherd1 ,f4,a4 ,small1 ,l4,d4 ,symington1 ,a4,e4 ,tonge1 ,b4 ,weddell1 ,f4,g4 ,whittle1 and ,h4 ,wood4 ,varieties--,messrs4 ,r4 ,adkin1 ,j4,a4 ,clark1 ,f4,w4 ,frohawk1 and ,e4 ,sabine4 ,with kind permission of the ,ray ,society1 figures of the following larv and pup have been reproduced from ,buckler's ,larv of ,british ,butterflies3--,p4 daplidice1 ,c4 edusa1 ,m4 athalia1 ,p4 c-album1 ,s4 semele1 ,a4 hyperanthus1 ,c4 typhon1 ,c4 pamphilus1 ,c4 rubi1 ,c4 argiolus1 ,a4 thaumas1 ,a4 acton4 ,larva only--,l4 sinapis1 ,a4 selene1 ,a4 aurinia1 and ,t4 pruni4 ,figures of ,a4 cratgi1 ,a4 lineola1 and ,c4 palmon have been made from preserved skins4 ,for coloured plates1 #a1 #cj1 #db1 #dh1 #eh1 #ff1 #ih1 #ajj1 #aab1 #aaf1 #aah1 and the accurately drawn black-and-white figures1 including enlargements1 the author is greatly indebted to ,mr4 ,horace ,knight4 ,,introductory4 ,butterflies belong to the great ,order of insects called ,lepidoptera 7,greek lepis1 a scale1 and pteron1 a wing71 that is1 insects whose wings are covered with minute structures termed scales4 ,moths 7,heterocera7 also belong to the same order1 and the first point to deal with is how may butterflies be distinguished from moths8 ,in a broad kind of way they may be recognized by their horns 7antenn71 which are slender as regards the shaft1 but are gradually or abruptly clubbed at the extremity4 ,for this reason they were designated ,rhopalocera1 or club horned1 the ,heterocera being supposed to have horns of various kinds other than clubbed4 ,as a matter of fact this method of separating moths and butterflies does not hold good in dealing with the ,lepidoptera of the world1 and it is from a study of these1 as a whole1 that systematists have arrived at the conclusion that there is no actual line of division between moths and butterflies4 ,in modern classification1 then1 butterflies are reduced from the rank of a sub-order1 which they formerly held1 and are now dovetailed into the various newer systems of arrangement between certain families of moths4 ,as regards ,british butterflies1 however1 it will be found that these may be known1 as such1 by their clubbed horns4 ,only the ,burnets among ,british moths have horns in any way similar1 and these are thickened gradually towards the extremity rather than clubbed4 ,day-flying moths1 especially the bright-coloured ones1 might be mistaken for butterflies by the uninitiated1 but in all these the horns will be found not at all butterfly-like4 ,although varieties of the species will be referred to in the descriptive portion of the book1 a few general remarks on variation in butterflies may here be made4 ,all kinds are liable to vary in tint or in the markings1 sometimes in both4 ,such variation1 in the more or less constant species especially1 is perhaps only trivial and therefore hardly attracts attention4 ,in a good many kinds variation is often of a very pronounced character1 and is then almost certain to obtain notice4 ,except in a few instances1 where the aberration is of an unusual kind1 it is possible to obtain all the intermediate stages1 or gradations1 between the ordinary form of a species and its most extreme variety4 ,a series of such connecting links in the variation of a species is of greater interest1 and higher educational value1 than one in which the extremes alone have a place4 ,in those kinds of butterflies that attain the perfect state twice in the year1 the individuals composing the first flight are somewhat different in marking from those of the second flight4 ,such species as the large and small whites exhibit this kind of variation1 which is termed seasonal dimorphism4 ,the males of some species1 as for example the ,common ,blue and the ,orange-tip1 differ from the females in colour2 this is known as sexual dimorphism4 ,the ,silver-,washed ,fritillary1 which has two forms of the female1 one brown like the male1 the other green or greenish in colour1 is a good example of dimorphism confined to one sex4 ,gynandrous specimens1 sometimes called ,hermaphrodites1 are those which exhibit both male and female coloration1 or other wing characters2 when one side is entirely male and the other side entirely female1 the gynandromorphism would be described as complete4 ,the ornamentation on the under side of a butterfly differs from that of the upper side1 and is found to assimilate or harmonize in a remarkable manner with the usual resting-place4 ,it is therefore of service to the insect when settled with wings erect over the back1 in the manner of all butterflies1 except some few kinds of ,skippers4 ,the number of known species of butterflies throughout the world has been put at about thirteen thousand1 and it has been suggested by ,dr4 ,sharp that there may be nearly twice as many still awaiting discovery4 ,dr4 ,staudinger in his ,catalog gives a list of over seven hundred kinds of butterflies as occurring in the whole of the ,palarctic ,region4 ,this zoological region embraces ,europe1 including the ,british ,islands1 ,africa north of the ,atlas range of mountains1 and temperate ,asia1 including ,japan4 ,the entire number of species that can by any means be regarded as ,british does not exceed sixty-eight4 ,even this limited total comprises sundry migratory butterflies1 such as the ,clouded ,yellows1 the ,painted ,lady1 the ,red ,admiral1 the ,camberwell ,beauty1 and the ,milkweed ,butterfly2 and also the still less frequent1 or perhaps more accidental visitors1 the ,long-tailed ,blue and the ,bath ,white4 ,again1 the ,large ,copper is now extinct in ,england1 and the ,mazarine ,blue does not seem to have been observed in any of its old haunts in the country for over forty years4 ,the ,black-veined ,white is also scarce and exceedingly local4 ,the majority of the remaining fifty-seven butterflies may be considered natives1 and of these about half are so widely distributed that the young collector should1 if fairly energetic1 secure nearly all of them during his first campaign4 ,the other species will have to be looked for in their special localities1 but a few kinds are so strictly attached to particular spots1 that a good deal of patience will have to be exercised before a chance may occur of obtaining them4 ,a few remarks may here be made in reference to the names and arrangement adopted in the present volume4 ,as will be adverted to in the descriptive section1 the ,english names of our butterflies have not always been quite the same as those now in general use4 ,there has1 however1 been far less stability in scientific nomenclature1 and very many changes in both generic and specific names have been made during the past twenty years1 more especially perhaps within the last decade4 ,genera are now founded by some specialists on characters which formerly served to distinguish one species from another1 whilst other authorities merge several genera in one upon certain details of structure that are common to them all4 ,patient research into the entomological antiquities has revealed much important material1 some of which may furnish a new interpretation of the ,linnean classification of ,lepidoptera4 ,the discovery of the earliest ,latin specific name bestowed upon an insect1 is a labour which entails a large expenditure of time and requires fine judgment4 ,great credit is therefore due to those who undertake such investigations1 the result of which may tend to the establishment of a fixed nomenclature in the1 probably not remote1 future1 although it sadly hampers and perplexes students in the meanwhile4 ,all things considered then1 it has been deemed advisable not to make many changes in specific names1 and to retain the old genera as far as possible4 ,the arrangement of families1 genera1 etc41 will be found to accord with that most generally accepted both in ,england and on the continent4 ,,the ,,butterflies ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,isles4 ,,part ,i4 ,,the ,,life ,,cycle ,,of ,a ,,butterfly4 ,as is the case with all other ,lepidoptera1 butterflies pass through three very distinct stages before they attain the perfect form4 ,these stages are3--#a4 ,the egg 7ovum1 plural ova74 #b4 ,the caterpillar 7larva1 larv74 #c4 ,the chrysalis 7pupa1 pup74 ,the perfect insect is called the imago 7plural imagines74 ,the ,egg4 ,butterfly eggs are of various forms1 and whilst in some kinds the egg-shell 7chorion7 is elaborately ribbed or fluted1 others are simply pitted or covered with a kind of network or reticulation2 others1 again1 are almost or quite smooth4 ,if the top of an egg1 such as that of the ,purple ,emperor 7,plate #bh71 is examined under a good lens a depression will be noted1 and in this will be seen a neat and starlike kind of ornamentation4 ,in the middle of this rosette are1 present in all eggs1 minute apertures known as micropyles 7little doors71 and it is through these that the spermatozoa of the male finds entry to the interior of the egg and fertilization is effected4 ,the changes that occur in the egg after it is laid are of a very complex nature1 and readers who may desire information on this subject are referred to ,sharp's ,insects1 ,part ,i41 in the ,cambridge ,natural ,history1 where also will be found much interesting and instructive matter connected with the caterpillar and chrysalis1 to which stages only brief reference can here be made4 ,the ,caterpillar4 ,the second stage is that of the caterpillar1 and in some species1 such as the ,red ,admiral1 this is of very short duration1 a few weeks only1 whilst in others1 as for example the ,small ,blue1 it usually lasts for many months4 ,there is considerable diversity both in the shape and1 where it is present1 in the hairy or spiny clothing 7armature7 of caterpillars4 ,all1 however1 are alike in one respect1 that is the body is divided into thirteen more or less well-defined rings 7segments71 which together with the head make up fourteen divisions4 ,in referring to these body-rings1 the first three nearest the head1 each of which is furnished with a pair of true legs 7thoracic legs71 are called the thoracic segments1 as they correspond to the thorax of the perfect butterfly4 ,the remaining ten rings are the abdominal segments2 the last two are not always easily separable one from the other1 and so for all practical purposes they may be considered only nine in number4 ,these nine rings1 then1 correspond to the abdomen of the future butterfly4 ,the third to sixth of this series have each a pair of false legs 7prolegs71 and there is also a pair on the last ring2 the latter are the anal claspers4 ,the warts 7tubercles7 are the bases of hairs and spines1 and are to be seen in most butterfly caterpillars1 but they generally require a lens to bring them clearly into view4 ,these warts are usually arranged in two rows on the back 7dorsal series7 and three rows on each side 7lateral series74 ,all the various parts referred to1 or to be presently mentioned1 may be seen in ,fig4 #a1 which also shows a peculiarity that is found in very young caterpillars of the ,orange-tip1 and in some others of the ,whites 7,pierid74 ,the odd thing about this baby caterpillar is that the fine hair arising from each wart is forked at the tip 7,fig4 #a1 a71 and holds thereon a minute globule of fluid4 ,when the caterpillars become about half grown these special hairs are lost in a general clothing of fine hair4 ,fig4 #a1 b1 represents a magnified single ring of the caterpillar1 and this shows a spiracle and the folds of the skin 7subsegments74 ,the manner in which such folding occurs is to be observed in the higher study of larval morphology4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,young caterpillar of ,orange-tip highly magnified4 7,after ,sharp47 ,on each ring1 except the second 7including now the three thoracic with the nine abdominal2 and so making twelve rings71 the third1 and the last1 there is an oval or roundish mark which indicates the position of the breathing hole 7spiracle74 ,through these minute openings air enters to the breathing tubes 7trache71 which are spread throughout the interior of the caterpillar in a seemingly complicated kind of network of main branches and finer twigs2 air is thus conveyed to every part of the body4 ,in the event of one or two air-holes becoming in any way obstructed1 the caterpillar would possibly be none the worse2 but if all the openings were closed up effectually1 it would almost certainly die4 ,total immersion in water1 even for some hours1 is not always fatal4 ,turning again to the feet of the caterpillar1 it will be seen from the figure that the true legs 7a7 differ from the false legs 7b7 in structure4 ,the former are horny1 jointed1 and have terminal claws2 the latter are fleshy1 with sliding joints1 and the foot is furnished with a series of minute hooks which enable the caterpillar to obtain a secure hold when feeding1 etc4 ,the false legs are also the chief means of locomotion1 as the true legs are of little service for this purpose4 ,the true legs1 however1 appear to be of use when the caterpillar is feeding1 as the leaf is held between them so as to keep it steady whilst the jaws are doing their work4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 7a7 ,true and 7b7 false legs4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 a1 labrum2 b1 mandible2 c1 antenna2 d1 ocelli2 e1 maxilla2 f1 labium2 g1 spinneret2 h1 labial palp4 ,in the accompanying figure of the head of a caterpillar the mouth parts are clearly shown4 ,the biting jaws 7mandibles7 are slightly apart1 above them is seen the upper lip 7labrum71 and below them is the under lip 7labium or lingua74 ,the maxill are very tiny affairs1 but they should be noted because in the butterfly they become the basal portions of the two tubes which1 when united together1 form the sucking organs 7proboscis74 ,the eyes1 or ocelli as they are termed1 are minute1 and are said to be of slight use to the caterpillar as organs of sight1 so that it probably has to depend on its little feelers 7antenn7 for guidance to the right plants for its nourishment4 ,attention should also be given to the spinneret1 as it is by means of this that the silken threads1 etc41 for its various requirements are provided2 the substance itself being secreted in glands placed in the body of the caterpillar4 ,the palpi are organs of touch1 and seem to be of use to the caterpillar when moving about4 ,immediately after hatching1 many caterpillars eat the egg-shell for their first meal2 they then settle down to the business of feeding and growing4 ,it should be remembered that it is entirely on growth made whilst in the caterpillar stage that the size of a butterfly depends4 ,in the course of a day or two the necessity arises for fasting1 as moulting1 an important event1 is about to take place4 ,having spun a slender carpet of silk on a leaf or twig1 the caterpillar secures itself thereto1 and then awaits the moment when all is ready for the transformation to commence4 ,after a series of twistings from side to side and other contortions1 the skin yields along the back near the head1 the head is drawn away from its old covering and thrust through the slit in the back1 the old skin then peels downwards whilst the caterpillar draws itself upwards until it is free4 ,the new skin1 together with any hairs or spines with which it may be clothed1 is at first very soft4 ,in the course of a short time all is perfected1 and the caterpillar is ready to enter upon its second stage of growth4 ,at the end of the second stage the skin-changing operation is again performed1 and the whole business is repeated two or more times afterwards4 ,finally1 however1 when the caterpillar has shed its skin for the last time1 the chrysalis is revealed1 but with the future wings seemingly free4 ,these1 together with the other organs1 are soon fixed down to the body by the shell1 which results from a varnish-like ooze which covers all the parts and then hardens4 ,generally speaking1 newly hatched caterpillars1 though of different kinds1 are in certain respects somewhat alike1 but the special characters of each begin to appear1 as a rule1 after the first change of skin 7ecdysis71 and these go on developing with each successive stage 7stadium7 until the caterpillar is full grown4 ,the form assumed in each stage is termed the instar1 therefore a caterpillar just from the egg would be referred to as in the first instar2 between the first and second changes of skin1 as in the second instar1 and so on to the chrysalis1 which in the case of a caterpillar that moulted1 or changed its skin1 four times before attaining full growth1 would be the sixth instar1 and the butterfly would then be the seventh instar4 ,in practice1 however1 it is usually the stages of the caterpillar alone that are indicated in this way4 ,the ,chrysalis4 ,the term chrysalis more especially applies to such of them as are spotted or splashed with metallic colour1 as1 for example1 the chrysalids of some of the ,fritillaries4 ,the scientific term for the chrysalis is pupa1 which in the ,latin tongue means a doll or puppet4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,caterpillar of ,small ,white1 about to change to chrysalis4 ,in passing to the chrysalis stage the caterpillars have sometimes to make rather more preparations than in previous skin-changing provisions4 ,those of the ,swallow-tail1 ,whites1 ,orange-tip1 and similar kinds have to provide a silken girdle for the waist as well as a pad for the tail4 ,chrysalids that hang suspended1 head downwards1 such as the ,vanessids1 ,fritillaries1 etc41 are attached by the cremaster--a hooked arrangement on the tail 7,fig4 #e7--to a pad of silk2 others1 such as the ,blues and the ,coppers1 appear to be held in position on a leaf1 or some other object1 by means of a fine girdle of silk1 or sometimes a few silken threads spread net-like above and below them--rudiments of a cocoon in fact4 ,chrysalids of the ,skippers are enclosed in a more or less complete cocoon placed within a chamber1 formed of a leaf or leaves of the food-plant1 drawn together by silken cables4 ,some of these chrysalids are furnished with hooks on the tail as well as with a girdle for suspension2 but others have hooks only4 ,as almost all the chrysalids here considered are figured in the illustrations1 it will be unnecessary to refer in detail to their great diversity in form1 but a few general remarks on the structure of a chrysalis may be made4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,enlarged view of cremaster1 and a hook still more enlarged4 7,after ,sharp47 ,if the upper 7dorsal7 surface of a chrysalis is examined1 the thorax and the body divisions will easily be made out1 while1 by looking at the sides and the under 7ventral7 surface1 the various organs1 such as the wings1 legs1 antenn1 etc41 will be found neatly laid along each side of the tongue1 or proboscis1 which latter extends down the centre4 ,all these are separately encased1 but by reason of the shell mentioned in the remarks on the caterpillar1 they appear to be welded together4 ,when1 however1 the butterfly is ready to emerge1 the shell of the chrysalis is split along the thorax and at the lower edge of the wing-cases1 and the insect is then able to release itself from the pupal trappings4 ,this breaking open of the chrysalis shell is termed dehiscence 7dehisco1 to split open71 and the manner in which it is effected varies in different species4 ,the emergence of a butterfly from the chrysalis is always an interesting operation to observe1 and every one should make a point of watching the process1 so that he may obtain practical knowledge of how the thing is done4 ,a photograph of it will be found in the description of the ,wall ,butterfly4 ,the ,butterfly4 ,having safely cleared itself free of the chrysalis shell1 the butterfly makes its way to some suitable twig1 spray1 or other object1 from which it can hang1 sometimes in an inverted position1 whilst a very important function takes place4 ,this is the distention and drying of the wings1 which at first are very weak and somewhat baggy affairs1 although the colour and markings appear upon them in miniature4 ,all other parts of the butterfly seem fully formed1 but the helpless condition of the wings alone prevent it as yet from floating off into the air4 ,in a remarkably short time1 after the insect has settled to the business1 the fluids from the body commence to flow and circulate through the wings1 and these are seen gradually expanding and filling out until they attain their proper size4 ,occasionally there is some obstruction to the equal distribution of the fluids1 and when this occurs a greater or lesser amount of distortion1 or cockle1 in the wing affected is the result4 ,when the inflation is completed the wings are kept straight out for a time2 they are then motionless1 but all their surfaces are well apart4 ,the wings being now fully developed1 the further flow of fluid appears to be arrested4 ,it has been stated by some authorities that this fluid is fibrin held in solution1 and that when the work of expansion has been accomplished1 the watery medium evaporates1 leaving the fibrin to harden1 and so fasten together the upper and lower membranes of the wing and to fix the veins1 or nerves1 in their proper position4 ,mayer1 a specialist on these matters1 referring to the expansion of the wings1 remarks that the blood the fluid previously mentioned forced into the freshly emerged wing would cause it to become a balloon-shaped bag if it were not for fibres that hold the upper and lower walls closely together4 ,the fibres referred to1 he states1 are derived from those hypodermic cells which do not contribute to the formation of scales1 but are stretched out from one wall of the wing to the other4 ,it may be well now to briefly consider some of the structural details of the perfect butterfly1 so a beginning will be made with the head 7,fig4 #f74 ,when looking at the head of a butterfly1 the first thing to attract the attention is the very large size of the compound eye 7a71 which seems to take up the largest share of the whole affair4 ,although so bulky and so complex in the matter of divisions1 or facets1 as they are termed 7the facets are not shown in figure71 the power of sight is not really very keen4 ,a butterfly can see things in a general way readily enough1 but it seems unable to clearly distinguish one object from another4 ,when engaged in egg-laying1 the female butterfly rarely fails to place her eggs on a leaf or spray of the plant that the future caterpillar will feed upon1 and it has been suggested that in making this unerring selection the insect is guided more by the sense of smell than by that of sight4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,head of ,butterfly4 a1 compound eye2 b1 palp2 c1 antenna2 d1 proboscis4 ,the horns 7c7 7antenn71 or feelers1 as they are sometimes called1 which adorn the head1 are now considered to be organs of smell4 ,these are composed of a number of rings or segments1 which vary in the different kinds of butterfly1 as also does the shape of the terminal rings forming what is known as the club4 ,in ,fig4 #g1 e 7,purple ,emperor7 and f 7,marbled ,white7 represent the gradually thickened club2 in g 7,brimstone7 and h 7,dark-green ,fritillary7 the clubs are more or less abruptly formed4 ,our ,skippers have well-developed clubs2 these may be hooked at the tip as in i 7,large ,skipper71 or blunt at the tip as in j 7,chequered ,skipper72 at the base of the ,skipper's antenna1 that is at the point where it is inserted in the head1 there is a tuft of rather long hairs4 ,of the various mouth parts it will only be necessary to refer to the suction-tube1 ,fig4 #f1 d 7proboscis71 often called the tongue1 which is perhaps the most important1 at least to the butterfly itself1 as this organ is1 in a way1 as useful to it in the perfect state as were the very differently constructed strong biting jaws 7mandibles7 of its caterpillar existence4 ,these latter in the butterfly are only microscopically represented1 and the suction-tube of the perfect insect is an extension of the maxill1 which in the caterpillar are not conspicuous4 ,when not engaged in probing the nectaries of flowers for the sweets they contain1 the suction-tube is neatly coiled up between the palpi 7,fig4 #f1 b74 ,its great flexibility is due to the many rings of which it is composed4 ,although seemingly entire1 it is really made up of two tubes1 each being grooved on its inner side1 and forming1 when the edges are brought together1 an additional central canal1 through which the sweets from the flowers and other liquids are drawn up into a bulb-like receptacle in the head1 whence it passes into the stomach4 ,when it is remembered that the passage of sweet1 and no doubt sticky1 fluid through the central tube would most probably result in its walls becoming clogged1 there is reason to suppose that the method of construction permits of the canal being cleansed from time to time4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,antenn of ,butterflies4 ,the important divisions of the body are the thorax and the abdomen4 ,the former is made up of three segments 7named the pro-1 meso-1 and meta-thorax71 each of which1 as in the caterpillar state1 is furnished with a pair of legs2 the second and third1 which are closely united1 each bear a pair of wings also4 ,the legs1 which in the butterfly are adapted for walking at a leisurely pace1 are made up of four main parts2 these are 7a7 the basal joint 7coxa1 cox71 7b7 the thigh 7femur1 femora71 7c7 the shank 7tibia1 tibi71 and 7d7 the foot 7tarsus1 tarsi74 ,the small joint uniting the coxa with the femur is the trochanter 7tr474 ,the foot usually has five joints1 the last of which is provided with claws 7e74 ,the abdomen really consists of ten rings or segments according to some specialists4 ,examined from above1 the female butterfly appears to have only seven rings and the male butterfly eight4 ,this discrepancy arises from the fact that in the former sex two rings and in the latter one ring are withdrawn into the body1 and so are tucked away out of sight4 ,the organs of reproduction are placed in the terminal ring4 ,the breathing arrangements are pretty much as in the caterpillar1 but the external openings are not so apparent owing to the dense clothing of the body4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,leg of ,butterfly4 ,the beauty of a butterfly's wings is intimately connected with the form and colour of the scales with which they are covered1 as with a kind of mosaic2 but before the scales and their method of attachment1 etc41 are referred to1 something should be said about the wings themselves4 ,the various shapes of these organs of flight will be seen on turning to the plates1 where will be found accurate portraits of every species that will be dealt with in the descriptive section later on4 ,a butterfly's wing consists of an upper and a lower membrane1 with a framework of hollow tubes1 acting as ribs1 between the two layers4 ,fig4 #i1 ,a1 shows a fore and a hind wing of the ,swallow-tail butterfly4 ,the point of attachment with the thorax is the base of the wing1 and the edge farthest from the base is the outer margin 7termen72 the upper edge1 or front margin1 is the costa2 and the lower edge is the inner margin 7dorsum74 ,the point where the upper margin meets the outer margin on the fore wing is the apex1 but on the hind wing it is called the outer angle2 the angle formed by the junction of outer and inner margins is the inner angle of the fore wing1 but the anal angle of the hind wing4 ,the term tornus is sometimes used for this angle on either wing4 ,dividing the wings transversely into three portions1 we have three areas1 termed respectively basal1 central or discal1 and outer4 ,these are terms used in descriptions of butterflies1 and it will be useful to remember them4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,butterflies' ,wings4 ,the ribs of a butterfly's wings are by some authors described as veins1 whilst others style the main ones nervures1 and the branches nervules4 ,fig4 #i1 ,b1 represents the venation1 or neuration of the ,black-veined ,white1 and the numeral system of indicating the veins has been adopted1 as it is the most simple4 ,in another method of referring to the venation1 and one that has been much in use1 vein #ab of the fore wing would be styled the costal nervure1 or vein2 veins #aa1 #aj1 #i 7absent in figure71 #h1 and #g would be the subcostal nervules #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 and #e2 #f would become the upper radial1 and #e the lower radial2 #b1 #c1 and #d would be the median nervules #a1 #b1 and #c2 vein #a would be the submedian nervure1 or vein4 ,on the hind wing1 vein #a;a would be the internal vein2 #a the submedian2 #b1 #c1 and #d the median nervules2 #e the lower and #f the upper radials2 #g the subcostal1 and #h the costal nervures4 ,just near the base of the hind wing will be noted a short recurved vein 7p4c472 this is the precostal vein1 and so named because it comes before the costal4 ,it is always absent in some species4 ,comparing the venation of ,a and ,b1 it will be seen that in ,a the fore wing has #ab veins and the hind wing #h veins1 whilst in ,b there are only #aa veins on the fore wing1 but the hind wing has one vein more than that of ,a4 ,in the ,black-veined ,white1 vein #i is absent on the fore wing1 and on the hind wing there is one internal vein4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,arrangement of ,scales4 7,after ,holland47 ,dust-like as they appear to the naked eye1 the scales from a butterfly's wing seen under the microscope are found to be exceedingly interesting structures and very varied in shape4 ,dr4 ,sharp describes them as delicate chitinous bags4 ,chitin1 it may be mentioned1 is the horny substance of which the chrysalis shell is formed1 and this was adverted to when discussing the chrysalis stage as a varnish-like ooze4 ,as seen on the wings1 the scales are flattened and the upper and under sides are then almost1 or quite1 brought together4 ,they are attached in lines on the membrane or covering of the wing by short stalks which fit into sockets in the membrane4 ,the arrangement of the scales1 which has often been stated to resemble that of the slates on a roof1 is shown in ,fig4 #aj4 ,colour is chiefly due to pigment contained in the scale or adhering to the interior of its upper side4 ,pigments1 according to ,mayer1 are derived1 by various chemical processes1 from the blood while the butterfly is still in the chrysalis4 ,some scales have minute parallel lines 7stri7 on their upper sides1 and rays of light falling on these are turned aside or broken up1 and so produce changes in the colouring of a wing1 according to the angle from which it is looked at4 ,the males of many kinds of butterfly have special scales1 which are known as androconia1 or plumules4 ,it is believed that these are scent organs4 ,whatever their particular use may be to the possessor1 these androconia enable the entomologist to distinguish male specimens from females with great certainty4 ,in the ,fritillaries they are placed on one or more of the median nervules 7veins #b1 #c1 and #d7 of the fore wing4 ,in the ,meadow ,brown and its kindred they form brands on the disc of the fore wing4 ,in the ,skippers they are placed in a fold of the costa in some species1 and in other species they are clustered together1 into more or less bar-like marks1 about the middle of the fore wings4 ,some of these various shaped plumules are shown in the illustrations4 ,in the foregoing sketch of the life cycle of a butterfly1 the object has been to condense as much necessary information as possible into a limited space4 ,many matters of importance to the student have not been touched on1 but it was considered that1 as these were more especially connected with a higher scientific phase of the subject than would here be found helpful1 they might be omitted4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,butterfly ,plumules4 a4 ,tufted ,plumule 7,satyrs72 b4 ,bristle ,plumule 7,grizzled ,skipper72 c4 ,hair ,plumule 7,dingy ,skipper72 d4 ,jointed ,plumule 7,silver-studded ,skipper72 e4 ,bladder ,plumule 7,common ,blue72 f4 ,dotted ,plumule 7,white-letter ,hairstreak74 7,after ,aurivillius47 ,collecting4 ,naturally the first matter for consideration1 when the formation of a collection of butterflies has been decided upon1 is how to set about it4 ,well1 there are two methods of effecting our purpose4 ,the specimens may be purchased from a dealer in such things1 or we may acquire an outfit comprising net1 boxes1 and pins1 and go in search of the insects ourselves4 ,apart from its healthful and entertaining possibilities1 the latter method has very much to recommend it4 ,in the first place1 those who are at all observant--and no true lover of ,nature can be suspected of being otherwise--will become acquainted with the objects under natural conditions1 and so be enabled to appreciate them more highly than could be the case if they were obtained in any other way4 ,the chief purpose in making a collection of ,natural ,history specimens should be study of some kind rather than mere accumulation4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,y-piece4 ,sidenote3 ,nets4 ,the net may be a simple cane ring one of home construction1 or the more elaborate1 but not necessarily more efficient1 fabrication of steel-jointed ring with grenadine bag and telescopic handle4 ,a good serviceable butterfly-net may be fitted up as follows4 ,procure a light flexible cane1 about #c feet or so in length4 ,next1 a ,y-shaped holder 7,fig4 #ab7 for the two ends of the cane will have to be made1 and either tin or brass may be used for the purpose4 ,the latter is the better metal1 and the parts should be brazed and not soldered together4 7,if difficulty is experienced in the manufacture of this article1 it may be obtained from any dealer in entomological requisites for a few pence47 ,the bag may be made of leno1 tarletan1 or fine mosquito netting2 the latter is the most serviceable1 and should be used wherever it can be obtained4 ,the size of the bag at the top1 where it has a wide band to take the cane1 should not exceed the circumference of the cane ring when fitted in the two arms of the ,y-piece2 the depth should be just a little less than the length of one's arm1 and the bottom should be rounded off so that no corners are available for the butterflies to get into and damage their wings4 ,an opening about #c inches in length is left in the seam of the bag just under the ,y-piece1 so that the cane may be removed and rolled up when the net is put out of action4 ,the ring band should be covered with some stouter material to prevent it from fraying1 thin leather is sometimes used for this purpose2 the slit in the seam also requires protecting on each side1 and strengthening at the lower end by a crosspiece4 ,an ordinary walking-stick1 with the ferrule end thrust into the longer tube of the ,y1 will serve as a handle to the complete net4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,kite or ,balloon ,net4 ,the dealers adverted to above generally stock a variety of nets ready fitted for use4 ,among these is a very useful pattern known as the kite or balloon net 7,fig4 #ac74 ,this is made in two sizes1 and as the writer has used this kind of net for at least twenty years1 he is able to speak well of its merits4 ,it does not need a stick for ordinary work1 and the long end of the socket should be about #i inches in length4 ,the ring being made of four separate rods1 in addition to the ,y-piece1 some care will have to be taken when a balloon net is unshipped4 ,it will be found a good plan to leave the two short curved canes in the hem or band of the bag1 remove the two straight arms from the ,y-piece and the band1 place these on top of the bag when folded1 and then roll all up together4 ,a canvas or linen pouch or pocket1 opening at one end1 may be made to contain the whole affair4 ,the umbrella-net1 when in its case1 looks very like the familiar gamp4 ,its chief merit is that it is quickly put up for use1 and its principal defect is that the stick1 which crosses the mouth of the bag1 frequently damages the quarry4 ,another implement of the chase known as the ,ortner net is used pretty extensively on the ,continent4 ,english entomologists who have used it speak of it most favourably4 ,its great advantage over other nets is found in the simple and rapid method of its adjustment for use4 ,in connection with nets it may be well to advise the wielder to remember that carrying a threaded needle is a useful practice4 ,tears and rents are apt to occur1 and it is well to have the means of repair handy4 ,sidenote3 ,killing4 ,some collectors seem to be expert at killing butterflies by pressing the sides of the thorax together4 ,the method is not1 however1 as satisfactory as one could wish1 and so no more need be said about it4 ,for the happy despatch of insects1 the cyanide bottle is frequently used4 ,all that has to be done is to clap the open bottle over the captive while still in the net1 then draw the gauze or what-not over the mouth of the bottle until the bung can be inserted1 and the whole affair withdrawn from the net4 ,cyanide of potassium is a deadly poison1 and no inexperienced person should attempt to charge a cyanide bottle himself4 ,in fact1 chemists are not permitted to supply the poison to unknown customers4 ,under certain conditions1 however1 a chemist might consent to make up a killing bottle1 and the following instructions may help him in doing this4 ,a fairly strong1 clear glass bottle1 holding about #d to #f ounces2 the mouth must be pretty wide1 and closed with a well-fitting bung that has been dipped in melted wax2 if the bung is of fine grained cork1 the wax will not be needed4 ,at the bottom of the bottle place a thick layer of the cyanide1 and over this pour plaster of ,paris which has been mixed with water and converted into a cream-like paste3 one-third of the depth of the bottle to be occupied by the poison and plaster1 but only a thin layer of the latter should cover the former4 ,dealers who supply cyanide bottles 7uncharged7 also have in stock a brass bottle for chloroform1 which some people prefer as a killing agent because it does not change the colour of insects as cyanide is occasionally apt to do4 ,in using this1 the insect should be boxed1 then a drop of the chloroform may be allowed to run from the bottle over the perforated lid or bottom of the box1 and a finger put over the hole or holes for a short time4 ,the majority of butterflies1 if transferred to pill boxes from the net1 settle down quietly4 ,in this way they may be taken to one's home and there placed1 boxes and all1 into the ammonia jar1 a simple but very effective contrivance4 ,to start one of these lethal chambers1 procure a good sized pickle jar1 one of the brown earthenware kind1 holding about #b gallons4 ,at the bottom put in several layers of stout blotting-paper1 and have ready a covering for the mouth of the jar4 ,this covering may be of skin1 waterproof-apron material1 or even thick brown paper4 ,before turning the boxes into the jar1 lift up the blotting-paper1 drop in about half a teaspoonful of strong liquid ammonia 7#hhj7 and replace blotting-paper4 ,directly the boxes are in the jar1 put on cover and tie it down securely4 ,if brown paper is used1 a piece of pasteboard should be put over it and a weight on top of that4 ,suffocation takes place directly the gas reaches the insect1 but it often happens that one or more of the boxes exclude the gas longer than others4 ,at the end of half an hour all may be removed1 but the insects will not hurt in any way if left in all night4 ,the best kind of boxes for field work are those known as glass bottomed1 as in these the captives can be examined and1 if not wanted1 may be set free4 ,it is always better to retain only those specimens that we know are really useful1 rather than to incur the necessity of throwing away insects after we have deprived them of life4 ,sidenote3 ,pinning4 ,if butterflies are pinned on the spot1 a collecting box will be required1 and the most useful and convenient is one of an oval shape4 ,this should be made of zinc1 and lined with cork that is held in place by zinc clips4 ,the cork should be kept damp when in use1 and the water used for damping should have a few drops of carbolic acid mixed with it so as to prevent the formation of mould4 ,insects may remain in such a box for several days without injury4 ,this box will also be useful for relaxing specimens that have been badly set1 or have been simply pinned during the busy season4 ,in the matter of pins1 it is not altogether easy to make suggestions4 ,there are1 perhaps1 only two makers in this country of entomological pins1 and each of these supplies a large number of sizes4 ,the selection of suitable pins will largely depend on the method of setting adopted4 ,black pins are1 however1 the best for butterflies1 and are now used almost exclusively4 ,in pinning a specimen care should be taken that the pin passes in a direct line through the centre of the thorax4 ,insects that are properly pinned set better1 and have a neat appearance when arranged in the collection4 ,for regulating the height of specimens on the pin1 a handy graduated stage has been devised by ,dr4 ,scarancke 7see ,fig4 #ad74 ,each of the little rests are hollowed to receive the body of the insect1 so suppose we wish a quarter of an inch of the pin to show below the body of a specimen1 the pin is pushed through a perforation in the centre of the rest groove marked #c_/af until the point touches the wooden base1 and we have the required length4 ,beginners would1 perhaps1 find three sizes of pins quite sufficient for almost every purpose--say1 ,nos4 #aj1 #h1 and #e of one maker2 or ,nos4 #i1 #ag1 and #e of the other4 ,in each case the first size pin would be suitable for small butterflies1 the second size for all other butterflies except quite the largest1 for which ,no4 #e would remain4 ,english pins are sold by the ounce4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,pinning ,stage4 ,sidenote3 ,setting4 ,setting1 as it is called1 that is1 spreading out and fixing the wings so that all their parts are displayed1 arranging the horns1 etc41 is perhaps the most tedious work that the collector will be called upon to perform4 ,the various methods will be referred to1 and he must then decide as to which he will adopt4 ,each style may possibly be found to have its difficulties at first2 but time and patience will overcome these1 therefore he must be prepared for a good deal of troublesome practice before he quite gets the hang of the thing1 and can set out his specimens without removing a greater or lesser number of the scales4 ,first1 as to the flat and high setting as practised by almost every lepidopterist abroad and by some in our own country4 ,boards of the pattern1 shown in the illustration1 will be required2 also some tracing cloth1 and a pair of entomological forceps1 bead-headed pins1 etc4 ,in these boards1 it will be noticed1 the sides tilt outwards2 this is to allow for drooping of the wings1 which generally occurs after insects are removed from the sets4 ,in this case the wings would settle dead flat1 which is considered to be the acme of perfection in this style of setting4 ,carlsbad or other foreign pins would be used for this kind of work4 ,they are of a uniform length1 about one inch and a half1 but vary in thickness1 and are usually sold by the #ajj or #ajjj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,board for ,flat-setting4 ,manipulation of the specimen on these boards is as follows4 ,having carefully pinned it1 leaving the greater length of pin below the insect1 guide the pin carefully through the narrow opening 7a ,fig4 #ae7 and the cork 7,fig4 #af7 below to a suitable depth1 so that the body of the insect rests in the groove and the wings lie easily on the board4 ,then take two strips of tracing cloth1 glazed side downwards1 and pin them on at the end of each side of the setting-board 7,fig4 #ag74 ,the strip should be just wide enough to cover all but the basal part of the wings4 ,now pass the strips over the wings1 press one side lightly with the fingers of the left hand while the wings are moved into position with the setting needle 7a fine needle with eye end fixed into the stick of a small penholder will do for this7 from the uncovered base1 a pin being inserted below the fore wing while the hind wing is brought into position1 but when this has been done and another pin inserted to keep it in place1 as shown in the diagram1 the first pin may be removed2 repeat the same operation on the other side4 ,other pins will be required to keep the horns1 etc41 in place4 ,in dealing with the next specimen the strips will have to be turned back while it is fixed into position1 then proceed as before4 ,an imaginary line following the inner margin of the fore wings and passing through the pin on the thorax is an excellent guide to uniformity in setting4 ,the groove will prevent the pin leaning to either side1 but care should be taken that it does not incline either forwards or backwards4 ,the strip of tracing cloth may be used more than once1 but the roughness of the pin holes should be removed by drawing the strip across the back of a knife4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,longitudinal ,section of ,setting-board4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,setting-board in use4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,saddle ,setting-board4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,setting-bristle4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,brace and ,band ,modes of setting4 ,the setting-boards most frequently used in this country have sloping sides1 and are known as saddles 7,fig4 #ah74 ,where tracing cloth is used1 the modus operandi is exactly similar to that just described1 but small pins will do for pinning down the strips1 as the saddles are made of cork1 or cork carpet1 instead of wood4 ,the following method of setting butterflies on the ,english kind of board or saddle is frequently adopted4 ,select a suitable saddle1 that is one that has the groove wide enough to take the body1 and rather wider than the wings when expanded4 ,a setting bristle will then be required4 ,this is made1 as shown in ,fig4 #ai1 by fixing a fairly long and stout bristle1 or a very fine needle1 or a thin length of quill1 in a cube of cork2 the cork cube has a stoutish and sharp-pointed pin pushed through it as indicated4 ,having placed the first insect on the saddle with its body comfortably resting in the groove and the wings flush with the surface1 the setting bristle is then brought into action4 ,the point of the pin is rested on the saddle directly in the rear of the hind wing1 and the top of the bristle touching the saddle in advance of the front wing4 ,tilt the pin slightly forward until the bristle presses lightly on the central area of the wings1 then with the setting needle push the wings into the required position1 and at the same time drive pin of bristle into the saddle4 ,after the wings have been secured by means of braces 7triangular pieces of thin card or stout paper1 with a pin through the base of the triangle71 proceed in the same way with the other side4 ,finally1 fix a brace to the tip and angle of each fore wing to keep them from turning up in drying1 and a pin or two may be required for the horns if these are not in a good position4 ,instead of using braces1 a strip of transparent paper may be pinned over the wings beyond the bristle1 but in this case the bristle must be pressed across the wings at a point nearer their base than in the previous method 7see lower figure in ,fig4 #bj74 ,in lieu of a setting bristle a length of sewing cotton may be used4 ,tie a double knot at one end1 and through this pass the point of a pin in such a way that the cotton lies flush on the saddle when in use4 ,insert the pin firmly in the saddle a little in advance of the fore wing1 then draw the cotton downwards across the wings and hold it taut1 with the fore finger of the left hand placed on it just in rear of the hind wing4 ,whilst so held the wings can be got into pose with the setting needle1 and braces may then be applied as previously directed4 ,fig4 #ba shows a specimen set by a method that is in vogue in the north4 ,blocks of soft pine1 grooved and bevelled as in the cork saddle1 are easily made4 ,down the centre of the groove there is a saw cut for the point of the pin to enter1 and nicks are cut along the bottom edge at each end4 ,one end of a length of cotton is knotted and fixed in a nick1 then a turn is taken over the wings on one side2 these are placed in position and secured by other turns of the cotton4 ,the other side is then treated in the same manner1 and the end of the cotton fastened off in one of the nicks4 ,this is a quick and1 in skilled hands1 a very neat method4 ,as specimens after being set will have to remain on the setting boards or saddles for at least a fortnight1 it will be necessary to protect them not only from dust1 but from possible attack by ants1 cockroaches1 mice1 etc4 ,this is best ensured by placing the sets into a receptacle called a setting or drying house4 ,dealers supply these1 but the young collector may have a knowledge of carpentry and could make one for himself4 ,the height and depth of such a construction would depend upon the number and the width of the boards or saddles that would be put therein4 ,the width would be that of the length of the boards1 which is usually #ad inches4 ,about a quarter of an inch of cork is cut off each end of the saddles1 and grooves are cut in the sides of the house for these to run in4 ,the back and the door should have a square of fine perforated zinc inserted in them for ventilation4 ,as an example of holding capacity it may be well to note that a house with a height of #ab inches1 and a depth of #f inches1 inside measurement1 would take eighteen #b-;inch boards if the grooves were cut at #b inches apart1 or twenty-four boards of same width if #a-a_/b inch only were allowed between the grooves4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,cotton ,method of setting4 ,in taking insects off the sets1 the braces or strips should be removed from the wings1 and the pins from the horns1 with care1 as a good deal of damage can be done in the performance of this operation1 simple as it seems to be4 ,a little twist of a brace and away goes a patch of scales1 a side slip of a pin and off comes a horn4 ,pending the arrival of that twelve or twenty drawer cabinet1 the beginner will probably be content to arrange his specimens in boxes4 ,a handy sized box is one measuring #ad inches by #aj when closed1 and it should have a cell for naphthaline4 ,before putting the specimens away into boxes or drawers they should be labelled with the date of capture1 the locality1 the name of the captor1 and any other detail of interest in connection with it4 ,all these particulars may be written on small squares of paper and put on the pins under the specimens4 ,cabinets or boxes containing insects should always stand where they are free from damp1 otherwise mould may make its appearance on the specimens4 ,mouldy insects may be cleaned1 but they never look nice afterwards2 so it will be well to bear in mind that prevention is better than cure4 ,where drawers and boxes are not properly attended to in the matter of naphthaline1 mites are apt to enter and cause injury to the specimens4 ,if these pests should effect a lodgment1 a little benzine poured on the bottom of box or drawer will quickly kill them4 ,the benzine1 if pure1 will not make the least stain1 and of course the drawer or box must be closed directly the benzine is put in4 ,do this only in the daytime4 ,rearing butterflies from the egg is much practised1 and is a very excellent way4 ,one not only obtains specimens in fine condition1 but gains knowledge of the early stages at the same time4 ,the eggs of most of the ,whites1 the ,orange-tip1 the ,brimstone1 and some others are not difficult to obtain1 but searching the food-plants for the eggs of many of the butterflies is tiresome work1 and not altogether remunerative4 ,females may be watched when engaged in egg-laying1 and having marked the spot1 step in when she has left and rob the nest4 ,the best plan is to capture a few females and enclose them in roomy1 wide-mouthed bottles1 or a gauze cage1 putting in with them a sprig or two of the food-plant placed in a holder containing water4 ,the mouth of the bottle should be covered with gauze or leno1 and a bit of moistened sugar put on the top outside4 ,either bottle or cage must be stood in the sunshine1 but it must be remembered that the butterflies require plenty of air as well as sunshine1 and that they can have too much of the latter4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,descriptions ,,of ,,species4 ,the ,swallow-tail 7,papilio machaon74 ,the ,swallow-tail butterfly is the only ,british member of the extensive and universally distributed sub-family ,papilionin1 which includes some of the largest as well as the most handsome kinds of butterfly4 ,our species has yellow wings ornamented with black1 blue1 and red1 and is an exceedingly attractive insect4 ,the black markings are chiefly a large patch at the base of the fore wings1 this is powdered with yellow scales2 a band1 also powdered with yellow1 runs along the outer or hind portion of all the wings4 ,there are also three black spots on the front or costal margin1 and the veins are black4 ,the bands vary in width1 and that on the hind wings is usually clouded more or less with blue4 ,at the lower angle of the hind wings there is a somewhat round patch of red1 and occasionally there are splashes of red on the yellow crescents beyond the band4 ,the male and female are shown on ,plate #b4 ,the eggs are laid on leaflets of the milk parsley 7,peucedanum palustre71 which in the fenny home of the butterfly is perhaps the chief food-plant of the caterpillar4 ,this is one of the few eggs of ,british butterflies that ,i have not seen4 ,buckler says that it is globular in shape1 of good size1 greenish yellow in colour when first laid1 quickly turning to green1 and afterwards becoming purplish4 ,the caterpillar when full grown1 as figured on ,plate #a1 is bright green with an orange-spotted black band on each ring of the body1 and blackish tinged with bluish between the rings4 ,the head is yellow striped with black4 ,when it first leaves the egg-shell1 which it eats1 the caterpillar is black with a noticeable white patch about the middle of the body4 ,after the third change of skin it assumes the green colour1 and at the same time a remarkable ,v-shaped fleshy structure of a pinkish or orange colour is developed4 ,this is the osmaterium1 and is said to emit a strong smell1 which has been compared to that of a decaying pine-apple4 ,the organ1 which is extended in the figure of the full-grown caterpillar1 is not always in evidence1 but when the caterpillar is annoyed the forked arrangement makes its appearance from a fold in the forepart of the ring nearest the head4 ,other food-plants besides milk parsley are angelica 7,angelica sylvestris71 fennel 7,foeniculum vulgare71 wild carrot 7,daucus carota71 etc4 ,from eggs laid in ,may or ,june caterpillars hatch in from ten to twelve days1 and these attain the chrysalis state in about six or seven weeks4 ,if the season is a favourable one1 that is fine and warm1 some of the butterflies should appear in ,august1 the others remaining in the chrysalids until ,may or ,june of the following year2 a few may even pass a second winter in the chrysalis4 ,caterpillars from eggs laid by the ,august females may be found in ,september1 nearly or quite full grown1 and chrysalids from ,october onwards throughout the winter4 ,they are most frequently seen on the stems of reeds1 but they may also be found on stems or sprays of the food-plants1 as well as on bits of stick1 etc4 ,it would1 however1 be practically useless to search for the late chrysalids as the reeds are usually cut down in ,october1 when the fenmen keep a sharp look-out for them1 and few are likely to escape detection in any place that would be accessible to the entomologist4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #b4 ,swallow-tail ,butterfly4 #a male2 #b female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #c4 ,black-veined ,white ,butterfly4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,on ,plate #a three forms of the chrysalis are shown4 ,the figures are drawn from specimens collected in ,wicken ,fen in ,october1 #aije4 ,occasionally a much darker1 nearly black1 form is found4 ,this butterfly was known to ,petiver and other early eighteenth-century entomologists as the ,royal ,william4 ,there is every reason to believe that at one time it was far more widely distributed in ,england than it now is4 ,stephens1 writing in #ahbg1 states that it was formerly abundant at ,westerham1 and gives several other localities1 some very near to ,london4 ,during the last twenty-five years or so1 the butterfly has been seen on the wing1 from time to time1 in various parts of the ,southern and ,midland counties4 ,caterpillars have also been found at large in ,kent4 ,possibly attempts may have been made to establish the species in certain parts of ,england1 and the presence of odd specimens in strange places may thus be accounted for4 ,or such butterflies may have escaped from some one who had reared them4 ,on the ,continent the butterfly is common in woods as well as in meadows1 and even on mountains up to an elevation of #ejjj feet4 ,it occurs also1 but less commonly1 at much higher altitudes4 ,it therefore seems strange that in ,england it should be confined to the low-lying fens of ,norfolk and ,cambridgeshire4 ,such is the case1 however1 and a journey to one or other of its localities will have to be made by those who wish to see this beautiful creature in its ,english home4 ,it may be added that the geographical range of the butterfly extends eastwards through ,asia as far as ,japan4 ,a form1 known as the ,alaskan ,swallow-tail1 is found in ,alaska4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following ten species belong to the ,pierin1 another sub-family of ,papilionid4 ,the ,black-veined ,white 7,aporia cratgi74 ,the ,black-veined ,white 7,plate #d7 may be at once recognized by its roundish white wings and their conspicuous veins1 which latter are black in the male butterfly1 and in the female brownish on the main ones 7nervures7 and black on the branches 7nervules74 ,as the scales on the wings are denser in the male than in the female1 the former always appears to be the whiter insect4 ,on the outer margin of the fore wings there are more or less triangular patches of dusky scales1 and these in occasional specimens are so large that their edges almost or quite meet1 and so form an irregular1 dusky border to the fore wings4 ,these patches are also present on the hind wings1 but are not so well defined4 ,sometimes the patches are absent from all the wings4 ,the fringes of the wings are so short that they appear to be wanting altogether4 ,the early stages are figured on ,plate #c4 ,the egg is upright and ribbed from about the middle to the curiously ornamented top1 which appears to be furnished with a sort of coronet4 ,the colour is at first honey-yellow1 then darker yellow1 and just before the caterpillar hatches1 greyish4 ,the eggs are laid in a cluster on the upper side of a leaf of sloe1 hawthorn1 or plum1 etc41 in the month of ,july4 ,the caterpillar when full grown is tawny brown with paler hairs arising from white warts2 the stripes along the sides and back are black4 ,the under parts are greyish4 ,the head1 legs1 and spiracles are blackish4 ,caterpillars hatch from the egg in ,august1 and then live together in a common habitation which is formed of silk and whitish in colour4 ,they come out in the morning and again in the evening to feed1 but a few leaves are generally enclosed in their tenement4 ,in ,october they seem to retire for the winter and reappear in the spring4 ,during ,may they become full grown and then enter the chrysalis state4 ,the butterflies are on the wing at the end of ,june and in ,july4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #d4 ,black-veined ,white ,butterfly4 #a1 #b male2 #c1 #d female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #e4 ,large ,white ,butterfly4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalids4 ,the chrysalis is creamy white1 sometimes tinged with greenish1 and dotted with black4 ,this butterfly was mentioned as ,english by ,merret in #affg1 and by ,ray in #agaj4 ,albin in #agca1 who wrote of it as the ,white ,butterfly with black veins1 figures the caterpillar and the chrysalis1 and states that caterpillars found by him in ,april turned to chrysalids early in ,may and to butterflies in ,june4 ,moses ,harris in #agge gave a more extended account of the butterfly's life-history1 and what he then wrote seems to tally almost exactly with what is known of its habits to-day4 ,this species has seemingly always been somewhat uncertain in its appearance in ,england4 ,authors from ,haworth 7#ahjc7 to ,stephens 7#ahbg7 mention ,chelsea1 ,coombe ,wood in ,surrey1 and ,muswell ,hill in ,middlesex1 among other localities for the butterfly4 ,it has also been recorded at one time or another1 between #ahdd and #ahgb1 from many of the ,midland and ,southern counties4 ,in #ahfg it was found in large numbers1 about mid-summer1 in hay fields in ,monmouthshire4 ,the latest information concerning the appearance of the species in ,south ,wales relates to the year #ahic1 when several caterpillars and four butterflies were noted on ,may #bb in the ,newport district4 ,at one time it was not uncommon in the ,new ,forest1 but no captures of the butterfly in ,hampshire have been recorded during the last quarter of a century4 ,at the present time it is probably most regularly obtained in a ,kentish locality1 presumably in the ,isle of ,thanet1 which is only known to a few collectors4 ,it may be mentioned that some thirty years ago caterpillars of the ,black-veined ,white could be obtained from a ,canterbury dealer at a few shillings per gross4 ,the species is widely distributed1 and often abundant1 on the ,continent1 and its range extends through ,western and ,northern ,asia to ,yesso1 ,northern ,japan4 ,the ,large ,white 7,pieris brassic74 ,this butterfly is probably almost as familiar to those who dwell in towns as it must be to those who live in the country4 ,it is perhaps unnecessary to describe it in any detail1 and it may therefore suffice to say that it is white with rather broad black tips to the fore wings2 there are some black scales along the front margin of these wings1 and on the basal area of all the wings4 ,the male has a black spot on the front margin of the hind wings1 and the female has1 in addition1 two roundish black spots on the fore wings1 with a black dash from the lower one along the inner margin4 ,as there is a rather important difference between the specimens of the spring 7vernal7 and the summer 7stival7 broods1 figures of a male and a female of each brood1 and showing the upper and under sides1 are given4 ,those on ,plate #f represent the spring form1 which was at one time considered to be a distinct species1 and named chariclea by ,stephens4 ,plate #i shows the summer form4 ,the chief point of difference is to be noted in the tips of the fore wings1 which in the spring butterflies are usually1 but not invariably1 greyish2 in the summer butterflies the tips are black1 as a rule1 but not in every case4 ,occasionally the black on tip of the fore wing in the female is increased in width1 and from it streaks project inwards towards the upper discal spot4 ,in some examples of the male there is a more or less distinct blackish spot on the disc of the fore wings4 ,very rarely the ground colour is creamy or sulphur tinted4 ,the greenish tinge about the veins1 sometimes seen in these butterflies1 is due to some accidental cause1 probably injury to the veins4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #f4 ,large ,white ,butterfly 7,spring ,brood7 #a1 #b male2 #c1 #d female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #g4 ,small ,white ,butterfly ,resting4 ,the egg is yellowish in colour1 somewhat skittle-shaped1 and very prettily ribbed and reticulated4 ,on ,plate #e there are two figures of the egg from enlarged drawings by ,herr ,max ,gillmer1 to whom ,i am greatly indebted for the loan of them4 ,in the figure on the right1 the dark spot at the shoulder of the egg represents the head of the young caterpillar1 and in that on the left is seen the caterpillar about to come out of the egg4 ,the head is already out1 and the jaws have left their mark on the egg-shell4 ,most caterpillars of the ,whites1 as well as those of other butterflies1 devour their egg-shells4 ,the eggs are laid in batches of from six to over one hundred in each batch4 ,they are placed on end1 and on either side of a leaf1 chiefly cabbage4 ,herr ,gillmer writes that he watched a female depositing her eggs on a leaf of white cabbage in the hot sunshine1 and found that she laid twenty-seven in about nine minutes4 ,a previous observer had timed a female1 and noted that she produced eggs at the rate of about four in the minute4 ,caterpillars hatch from the egg in about seven days in the summer4 ,the caterpillar 7,plate #e7 when full grown is green tinged with blue or grey above1 and greenish beneath4 ,there are numerous short whitish hairs arising from little warts on the back and sides2 the lines are yellow4 ,the caterpillars feed in ,july1 and sometimes again in ,september and ,october1 on all plants of the cabbage tribe1 and also on tropolum and mignonette4 ,a number of these caterpillars may often be seen crowded together on a cabbage leaf1 and they sometimes abound to such an extent that much loss is sustained by growers of this most useful vegetable4 ,a peculiarity of these caterpillars is that even when not numerous1 their presence is indicated by an evil smell that proceeds from them4 ,the unpleasantness of the odour is greatly intensified if the caterpillars are trodden upon4 ,the chrysalis 7,plate #e7 is of a grey colour1 more or less spotted with black and streaked with yellow4 ,it is often to be seen fixed horizontally under the copings of walls1 the top bar of a fence1 or a window-sill2 but it sometimes affects the upright position when fastened in the angle formed by two pales4 ,a position that affords some measure of protection from weather is generally selected4 ,although this butterfly is almost annually to be seen1 in greater or lesser numbers1 throughout the country1 it is occasionally scarce1 either generally or in some parts of the ,british ,islands4 ,for example1 during the past year 7#aije7 it was abnormally plentiful in ,ireland1 but at the same time comparatively rare in ,england4 ,it is a migratory species1 and no doubt its abundance in any year in these islands is dependent on the arrival of a large number of immigrants4 ,possibly in some years none of the migrant butterflies reach our shores1 and that it is largely to this failure the rarity of the species in such years is to be attributed4 ,caterpillars resulting from alien butterflies may absolutely swarm in the autumn of one year1 but the eccentricities of an ,english winter may be too much for the vitality of such of them as escape their enemies1 ,apanteles glomeratus1 and other so-called ichneumons1 and reach the chrysalis state4 ,so1 with immigration on the one hand and destructive agencies on the other1 it may be understood how it comes about that the ,large ,white is sometimes abundant and sometimes scarce4 ,this species seems to range over the whole of the ,british ,islands1 with the exception1 perhaps1 of the ,shetlands4 ,abroad1 it has been found in all parts of the ,palarctic ,region1 except the extreme north1 and ,eastern ,asia4 ,the ,small ,white 7,pieris rap74 ,the ,small ,white butterfly 7,plate #aa7 is1 perhaps1 more often in evidence then its larger kinsman just referred to4 ,it also is a migrant1 and although it never seems to be absent from these islands1 in its proper season1 its great increase in numbers in some years is almost certainly due to the arrival of immigrants4 ,the spring form of this butterfly1 named metra by ,stephens1 who1 together with others1 considered it a good species1 has the tips of the fore wings only slightly clouded with black2 and the black spots near the centre of the wings are always more or less faint in the male4 ,sometimes the central spot and also the blackish clouding of the tip are entirely absent4 ,the summer brood1 on the other hand1 has fairly blackish tips and distinct black spots--one in the male and three in the female1 the lower one lying on the inner margin4 ,occasionally examples of this flight bear a strong resemblance to the ,green-veined ,white1 the next species4 ,the wings are sometimes1 chiefly in ,ireland1 of a creamy colour1 more especially in the female1 or1 more rarely1 of a yellowish tint4 ,in ,north ,america1 where this species was accidentally or intentionally introduced some years ago1 bright yellow forms are not uncommon in some localities1 and the variety is there known as novangli4 ,in certain favourable years a partial third brood has occurred1 but such specimens are often small in size4 ,the egg 7,plate #h7 is at first pale greenish1 but later on it turns yellowish1 and this tint it retains until just before the caterpillar hatches out4 ,the caterpillar when full-grown has a brownish head and a green body2 the latter is sprinkled with black and clothed with short blackish hairs emitted from pale warts4 ,there is a yellowish line on the back1 and a line formed of yellow spots on the side4 ,it feeds on most plants of the cabbage tribe1 and in flower gardens on mignonette and nasturtiums4 ,it is often attacked by parasites1 and especially by the ,apanteles1 referred to as destructive to caterpillars of the ,large ,white4 ,the chrysalis may be of various tints1 ranging from pale brown1 through grey to greenish2 the markings are black1 but these are sometimes only faint4 ,it is to be found in similar situations to those chosen by the caterpillar of the last species1 but often under the lower rail of a fence or board of a wooden building4 ,where caterpillars have been feeding in a garden1 they often enter greenhouses1 among other places1 to pupate2 and where these structures are heated during the winter1 the butterflies sometimes emerge quite early in the year4 ,distributed throughout the ,british ,islands1 except the ,hebrides and ,shetlands4 ,it is common over the whole of ,europe1 and extends through ,asia to ,china and ,japan4 ,in ,america1 where it was introduced into the ,united ,states some forty-five years ago1 it has now spread northwards into ,canada1 and also southwards4 ,the ,green-veined ,white 7,pieris napi74 ,this butterfly is not often seen away from its favourite haunts in the country2 these are woods1 especially the sunny sides1 leafy lanes1 and even marsh land4 ,as in the case of the two ,whites previously noticed1 there are always two broods in the year4 ,the first flight of the butterflies is in ,may and ,june1 occasionally as early as ,april in a forward season4 ,these specimens have the veins tinged with grey and rather distinct1 but are not so strongly marked with black as those belonging to the second flight1 which occurs in late ,july and throughout ,august4 ,this seasonal variation1 as it is called1 is also most clearly exhibited on the under side4 ,in the ,may and ,june butterfly 7,plate #ac1 left side7 the veins below are greenish-grey1 and those of the hind wings are broadly bordered also with this colour4 ,in the bulk of the ,july and ,august specimens 7,plate #ac1 right side7 only the nervures are shaded with greenish-grey1 and the nervules are only faintly1 or not at all1 marked with this colour4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #h4 ,small ,white ,butterfly4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalids4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #i4 ,large ,white ,butterfly 7,summer ,brood74 #a1 #b male2 #c1 #d female4 ,now and then a specimen of the first brood may assume the characters properly belonging to the specimens of the second brood2 and1 on the other hand1 a butterfly of the second brood may closely resemble one of the first brood4 ,as a rule1 however1 the seasonal differences referred to are fairly constant4 ,by rearing this species from the egg it has been ascertained that part 7sometimes the smaller7 of a brood from eggs laid in ,june attains the butterfly stage the same year1 and the other part remains in the chrysalis until the following spring1 the butterflies in each set being of the form proper to the time of emergence4 ,the strongly-marked specimens 7,plate #ad7 are from ,ireland1 and are of the first or spring brood4 ,the seasonal variation in this species is not so well defined in ,ireland as in ,england4 ,a form of variation in the female1 and most frequent perhaps in ,irish specimens1 is a tendency of the spots on the upper side of the fore wings to spread and run together1 and so form an interrupted band4 ,specimens with a distinct creamy tint on the wings are sometimes met with1 but such varieties1 as well as yellow ones 7var4 flava1 ,kane71 are probably more often obtained in ,ireland and ,scotland than in ,england4 ,occasionally male specimens of the second brood have two black spots on the disc of the wing4 ,some forms of this butterfly have been named1 and these will now be referred to4 ,sabellic 7,petiver71 ,stephens1 has been considered as a species distinct from ,p4 napi1 ,l4 ,stephens 7,brit4 ,entom4 ,haust41 ,i4 ,pl4 iii41 ,figs4 #c1 #d7 figured a male and a female as sabellic1 which he states differs from napi in having shorter and more rounded yellowish-white wings4 ,no locality or date is given in the text 7p4 #ba7 for the specimens figured2 but referring to another example which he took at ,highgate on ,june #d1 he says that it agrees with his ,fig4 #b4 ,probably1 however1 it was his second figure that he intended1 the ,fig4 #d of the plate1 which is a female4 ,this is rather more heavily marked with dusky scales than is usual in specimens of the first brood1 at least in ,england1 although it agrees in this respect with some ,irish ,june examples4 ,fig4 #c represents a male which certainly seems to be referable to the spring form4 ,most authors give sabellic as belonging to the summer flight1 but this does not seem to be correct4 ,var4 nap is a large form of the summer brood1 occurring commonly on the ,continent1 in which the veins on the under side of the hind wings are only faintly shaded with greenish-grey4 ,occasionally specimens are taken in this country in ,august1 which both from their size and faint markings on the under side seem to be referable to this form4 ,var4 bryoni is an ,alpine form of the female1 and in colour is dingy yellow or ochreous1 with the veins broadly suffused with blackish grey1 sometimes so broadly as to hide the greater part of the ground colour4 ,this form does not occur in any part of the ,british ,islands1 but some specimens from ,ireland and from the north of ,scotland somewhat approach it4 ,all the early stages are shown on ,plate #aj4 ,the egg is of a pale straw colour when first laid1 but it soon turns to greenish1 and as the caterpillar within matures1 the shell of the egg becomes paler4 ,the ribs seem to be fourteen in number4 ,the eggs are laid singly on hedge garlic 7,sisymbrium alliaria7 and other kinds of plants belonging to the ,crucifer4 ,the egg in the illustration was laid on a seed-pod of hedge garlic1 but the caterpillar that hatched from it was reared on leaves of garden nasturtium and wallflower4 ,the caterpillar when full grown is green above1 with black warts1 from which arise whitish and blackish hairs4 ,there is a darker line along the back1 and a yellow line low down on the sides4 ,underneath the colour is whitish-grey4 ,the spiracular line is dusky1 but not conspicuous1 and the spiracles are blackish surrounded with yellow4 ,it has been stated that caterpillars fed upon hedge garlic and horseradish produce light butterflies1 and that those reared on mignonette and watercress produce dark butterflies4 ,barrett mentions having reared a brood of the caterpillars upon a bunch of watercress placed in water and stood in a sunny window1 but he does not refer to anything peculiar about the butterflies resulting therefrom4 ,he states1 however1 that from eggs laid in ,june the earliest butterfly appeared within a month1 and the remainder by the middle of ,august1 only one remaining in the chrysalis until the following ,june4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #aj4 ,green-veined ,white ,butterfly4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #aa4 ,small ,white ,butterfly4 #a1 #b1 #d male 7spring71 #c do4 7summer72 #e1 #g1 #h female 7spring71 #f1 #i1 do4 7summer74 ,caterpillars may be found in ,june and ,july and in ,august and ,september4 ,the chrysalis is green in colour1 and the raised parts are yellowish and brown4 ,this is the most frequent form1 but it varies through yellowish to buff or greyish1 and is sometimes without markings4 ,generally distributed throughout the ,british ,islands1 but its range northwards does not seem to extend beyond ,ross4 ,in ,europe it is generally common1 and extends through ,western and ,central ,asia to ,siberia1 and1 according to ,leech1 is found in ,north ,japan4 ,in ,amurland and ,corea it is represented by the form orientis1 ,oberth4 ,it occurs in ,north-,west ,africa1 the ,canary ,isles1 and the ,azores4 ,in ,america it is found in the ,northern ,states and in ,california4 ,the ,bath ,white 7,pieris daplidice74 ,the ,bath ,white 7,plate #ad7 is such a rare visitor to this country1 that any one who captures a specimen may congratulate himself on the event4 ,during the whole of the last century not more than sixty specimens seem to have been recorded as taken in ,england1 and ten of these were captured between #ahie and the present time4 ,nearly all of these were netted on the south or south-eastern coast1 and in the months of ,july or ,august1 but chiefly the latter4 ,the occurrence of specimens in ,may or ,june appears to be quite exceptional4 ,although it might be passed over for a ,green-veined ,white1 or other common butterfly1 when seen on the wing1 it is very different from any of our other species when seen at close quarters4 ,in the greenish mottling of the under side of the hind wings1 the male has some likeness to the female ,orange-tip1 but on the ,bath ,white the green is heavier and less broken up4 ,on the upper side of the fore wings the black markings comprise a spot1 sometimes divided1 at the end of the cell1 and a patch on the tips of the wings2 the latter enclose spots of the ground colour4 ,the markings of the under side show through blackish on the upper side of the hind wings4 ,the female differs from the male in having a black spot between veins #a and #b of the fore wings1 and the markings of the hind wings are blacker1 especially on the outer area4 ,the egg is stated by ,buckler to be of a bright pinkish-red colour1 agreeing in this respect1 as well as in size1 with the anthers of the flowers of mignonette1 upon which plant it is laid in an upright position4 ,the shape is compared to that of an acorn without the cup1 and it has twelve or fourteen rather prominent ribs4 ,the full-grown caterpillar is bluish-grey1 dotted with glossy black warts1 from each of which there is a short blackish hair4 ,the lines along the back and sides are yellow1 or white spotted with yellow4 ,head yellowish1 dotted with black1 and hairy4 ,august and ,september4 ,it feeds on garden as well as wild mignonette 7,reseda74 ,the chrysalis is at first similar in colour to the caterpillar1 but it afterwards becomes whitish4 ,it has numerous black dots1 and is marked with yellow along the sides and on the back of the thorax4 ,the above descriptions are abridged from ,buckler's more detailed account of the life-history of this species4 ,of the caterpillars resulting from thirty-three eggs1 only two attained the chrysalis state1 in ,september4 ,one of these turned black and died in ,november1 and from the other a butterfly emerged in the following ,june4 ,the figures of caterpillar and chrysalis on ,plate #ab are from ,buckler's ,larv4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ab4 ,bath ,white ,butterfly4 ,caterpillar and chrysalis 7after ,buckler74 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ac4 ,green-veined ,white ,butterfly4 #a1 #b male 7spring71 #e1 #f1 do4 7summer72 #c1 #d female 7spring71 #g1 #h do4 7summer74 ,it has been suggested that specimens taken in ,july and ,august are the offspring of immigrants that arrive here in ,may1 but there is no conclusive evidence of this4 ,it has1 however1 been proved that our climate is not suitable for the permanent establishment of the species here4 ,the earliest writers on ,english insects called this butterfly ,vernon's ,half ,mourner1 or ,the ,greenish ,half ,mourner4 ,it was first mentioned by ,petiver1 some two hundred years ago1 and about that time only two ,british specimens were known4 ,one of these was taken in ,cambridgeshire1 and one at ,hampstead4 ,according to ,lewin1 who wrote about it in #agie1 the name ,bath ,white was given to the butterfly from a piece of needlework executed at ,bath by a young lady1 from a specimen of this insect1 said to have been taken near that place4 ,in #agif ,donovan only knew of the ,bath specimen2 and in #ahjc ,haworth mentions a faded specimen taken in ,june at ,gamlingay in ,cambridgeshire4 ,the species is more or less common in many parts of ,europe1 but it seems to be most at home and abundant in the south4 ,its range extends to ,north ,africa1 ,madeira1 the ,canary ,isles1 and the temperate parts of ,asia1 including ,northern ,china and ,corea4 ,the ,orange-tip 7,euchlo cardamines74 ,this butterfly 7,plate #ag71 as its name suggests1 has a large patch of orange colour on the outer third of its white1 or creamy white1 fore wings1 and the extreme tip is blackish2 at least1 this is so in the male4 ,the female is without the orange patch1 and this is replaced by a smaller one of blackish-grey4 ,the lower portion of this patch is broken up by the ground colour1 and by white spots on the outer margin and around the tips of the wings4 ,the hind wings1 in both sexes1 appear to be dappled with greyish-green1 and this is caused by the green marking on the under surface of the wings showing through4 ,some specimens1 chiefly from ,ireland1 have all the wings in the male1 and the hind wings in the female1 distinctly tinged with yellow4 ,the discal black spot varies in size and in shape2 often it is roundish1 and sometimes it is crescent-like4 ,it is always larger in the female than in the male1 and may be entirely absent in the latter sex2 but this probably occurs very rarely4 ,usually the orange patch of the male extends very near to the inner angle of the wing1 but sometimes it is continued through to this point4 ,it ranges in colour from deep to pale orange1 and occasionally to almost yellow4 ,small specimens1 some not more than one inch and a quarter in expanse1 occur from time to time4 ,in these dwarfs the orange patch does not reach beyond the black discal spot1 which in normal specimens it usually does4 ,this small form has been considered a distinct species1 and the name hesperidis has been proposed for it4 ,female specimens with splashes or streaks of the male colour on the upper or the under sides have been noted not infrequently2 and more rarely specimens with one side entirely male and the other entirely female have been taken4 ,the egg 7,plate #ae71 when freshly laid1 is whitish1 faintly tinged with greenish2 it soon changes to yellow1 and1 later on1 turns orange and then dark violet4 ,when the latter colour appears1 the little caterpillar may be expected to hatch out very shortly4 ,the eggs are placed upright on the foot-stalks of the flowers1 and may be readily found in ,june by searching the blossom-clusters of hedge-mustard or cuckoo-flower4 ,the caterpillar1 when mature1 is dull bluish-green1 with raised dots and warts2 from the former arise whitish hairs1 and from the latter longer blackish hairs4 ,there is a white line1 or stripe1 along the sides1 and the underparts of the body are greener than the back4 ,both in colour and marking the caterpillar agrees so closely with the seed-pods of its food-plant that its detection is not always easy4 ,a peculiarity in very young caterpillars of this species1 and also those of some of the ,whites1 is1 that the hairs are forked at the tips1 and bear globules of moisture thereon 7see figure and remarks on p4 #c74 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ad4 ,green-veined ,white 7,irish74 #a male2 #b1 #c female4 ,bath ,white4 #d1 #e male2 #f female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ae4 ,orange-tip ,butterfly4 ,egg1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,the caterpillars feed in ,june and ,july on lady's smock or cuckoo-flower 7,cardamine pratensis71 charlock 7,brassica sinapistrum71 hedge-mustard 7,sisymbrium officinale71 garlic mustard 7,s4 alliaria71 rock-cress 7,arabis71 horseradish 7,cochlearia armoracia71 dame's violet 7,hesperis matronalis71 watercress 7,nasturtium officinale71 etc4 ,the chrysalis1 as will be seen from the figure 7,plate #ae71 is curiously elongated1 and tapers towards each end2 the outline of the back is curved1 and the wing-cases bulge out into an angle about the middle of the under side4 ,the colour is pale grey or whitey-brown1 sometimes with a strong rosy tinge2 the back is speckled with brownish1 and has an olive-grey dorsal line1 and the veins of the wings are well defined4 ,this stage lasts1 as a rule1 from ,august of one year until ,may of the following year4 ,when the chrysalis is first formed1 it is green1 with the wing-cases brighter1 and this colour is sometimes retained4 ,it has been stated that the chrysalids assume the colour of their immediate surroundings1 and this may be so2 but all that ,i have had under observation were of the colours described above1 although some were fastened to green stem1 others to muslin1 and others1 again1 to glass4 ,towards the end of ,may and in ,june is the usual time for this butterfly to be on the wing4 ,it has1 however1 been noticed as early as about the middle of ,april1 and as late as the middle of ,july1 and rarely in ,august and ,september4 ,the specimens1 seen in the last-mentioned months1 may have represented a second brood1 and1 if so1 a very unusual event4 ,possibly1 however1 they may have been specimens whose emergence had for some reason not understood1 been retarded4 ,there is at least one record of the insect remaining in the chrysalis for two winters4 ,although generally distributed throughout ,england1 ,wales1 and ,ireland1 and occurring in ,scotland as far north as the ,caledonian ,canal1 it seems to be more common in some districts than in others4 ,abroad1 its range extends over ,europe1 and through ,asia as far east as ,amurland and ,china4 ,the ,wood ,white 7,leucophasia sinapis74 ,the graceful little butterfly figured on ,plate #ai is creamy white1 with a rather square black or blackish spot on the tip of the fore wings of the male4 ,in the female the spot is reduced to some blackish scales on and between the veins4 ,occasionally there is a second brood in the year1 and the specimens of this flight have smaller and rounder black spots in the males1 and almost none at all in the females4 ,specimens of the female sex entirely devoid of black marking are referable to var4 erysimi 7see fourth figure in second row1 ,plate #af74 ,series of each brood are shown on ,plate #af1 which is reproduced from a photograph by ,mr4 ,hamm4 ,the lower specimen in each series has been reversed to show the seasonal variation of the under side4 ,the row of specimens on the left are of the first brood1 and the second and last examples in this series show the characters of var4 lathyri--black tips to the fore wings1 and dusky band-like shades on the hind wings2 the under sides of the hind wings dull greenish--to which form a good many of our spring specimens belong4 ,the specimens of the second generation are referable to var4 diniensis4 ,the species is sometimes referred to ,leptosia1 ,hb4 ,the egg1 which is figured on ,plate #ah1 is yellowish-white in colour2 it is ribbed1 and rather glassy in appearance4 ,the caterpillars have been known to hatch out about a week after the eggs were laid4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #af4 ,wood ,white ,butterfly4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ag4 ,orange-tip ,butterfly4 #a1 #e male2 #b do4 7,irish72 #c1 #f female2 #d do4 7,irish74 ,the caterpillar when full grown is1 according to ,hellins1 a beautiful green1 the front segments minutely dotted with black2 dorsal line darker green1 edged with yellowish-green2 spiracular line distinct1 of a fine clear yellow1 edged above with darker green2 spiracles indistinguishable4 ,the chrysalis in shape is something like that of the last species1 but the back is not curved1 and the ends are less tapered4 ,the colour is a lovely delicate green2 the abdomen rather yellowish2 just in the spiracular region there runs all round the body a stout pink rib1 enclosing the greenish spiracles2 from this a strong pink line branches off1 bordering the outer edge of the wing-case1 and the nervures of the wings themselves are delicately outlined in pink 7,hellins74 ,sometimes the chrysalids are green without marking4 ,mr4 ,a4,m4 ,montgomery1 who on one occasion had four batches of eggs1 and the subsequent caterpillars1 under observation1 states that the caterpillars hatched about ,june #b from eggs laid about ,may #bb4 ,pupation took place about ,july #c1 and1 except from one batch that remained for the winter in the chrysalids1 the butterflies emerged between ,july #af and #bb4 ,the food-plant in this case was bird's-foot trefoil 7,lotus corniculatus74 ,the yellow pea 7,lathyrus pratensis7 is a favourite pabulum1 but the caterpillar will also eat a vetch 7,vicia cracca71 and probably many other plants belonging to the order ,leguminos4 ,caterpillars from the ,july butterflies would feed in ,august and ,september4 ,this fragile-looking little species is somewhat local1 but is not altogether uncommon in some of its particular haunts4 ,as its ,english name implies1 the butterfly is fond of the woods1 or1 perhaps1 is rather more partial to their shady rides and margins4 ,on dull or wet days1 it settles on the under side of a leaf4 ,the first brood is on the wing in ,may1 and the second--when this occurs1 which is not every year--in ,july and ,august4 ,in ,ireland1 where it is abundant in the south and west1 there seems to be only one flight1 and this is in ,june4 ,it may be well to remember that this butterfly does not like the pill-box1 and will not settle down quietly therein4 ,possibly the ,wood ,white had a much more general distribution in ,england at one time than it now seems to have4 ,it was not uncommon in parts of ,sussex some years ago1 but there appears to be no record of its occurrence there now4 ,it is certainly much scarcer in the ,new ,forest than it used to be4 ,however1 it is still to be found1 no doubt1 in many parts of ,england and ,wales1 but chiefly perhaps in the counties of ,berkshire1 ,devonshire1 ,cornwall1 ,worcestershire1 ,herefordshire1 ,lancashire1 and ,cumberland4 ,also in the south and west of ,ireland4 ,it occurs throughout ,europe1 ,western and ,central ,asia1 and its range extends eastwards through ,siberia1 ,amurland1 ,china1 and ,corea to ,japan4 ,the ,pale ,clouded ,yellow 7,colias hyale74 ,this usually scarce butterfly 7,plate #ba7 is of a primrose-yellow colour in the male1 and1 as a rule1 almost white in the female2 sometimes the latter sex is of the yellow male colour4 ,the outer margin of the fore wings is broadly black in both sexes1 but there are some more or less united spots of the ground colour in the black towards the tips of the wings1 and below vein #c the black is usually confined to the outer margin4 ,there is a black spot near the middle of the wing1 and some blackish dusting quite near the base of the wing4 ,the hind wings have a pale orange central spot1 sometimes two spots1 and the blackish border on the outer margin is generally narrow1 and often interrupted or broken up into spots4 ,the fringes of all the wings are pinkish1 as also are the antenn4 ,the egg is pearly yellowish-white when first laid2 a few days later the top becomes transparent1 white1 and glassy1 shading downwards into yellow1 and then clear rosy orange2 the base is pale1 but less transparent than the top4 ,it has a number of transverse ribs1 ranging from nineteen to twenty-two4 ,before the caterpillar hatches out1 the egg changes to a purplish leaden colour4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ah4 ,wood ,white ,butterfly4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar 7after ,buckler7 and chrysalis4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ai4 ,wood ,white ,butterfly4 #a1 #d1 #f male2 #c do4 7var472 #b1 #e1 #g female4 ,the caterpillar in ,october1 before hibernation1 is about a quarter of an inch long1 and deep clover-green in colour2 it has a number of pale1 shining warts along the back1 from each of which there is a moderately long black bristle1 and there is a pale yellowish-white stripe above the black spiracles4 ,the head is pale ochreous green1 with warts and bristles as on the body4 ,it rests upon a pad of silk spun on the centre of a leaflet4 ,when full grown the colour is clear light green1 but has a darkish velvety appearance1 due to the entire surface being densely sprinkled with black warts1 the bristles from the warts on the back are black1 and those on the lower surface are white1 the line above the spiracles1 which are white outlined with black1 is made up of lemon-yellow1 orange-vermilion1 and orange with an upper border of white4 ,the head1 claspers1 and legs are green4 ,it feeds in ,june1 and again in ,august1 on clover1 trefoil1 etc4 ,the figure on ,plate #bj is after ,hbner4 ,the chrysalis is very similar to that of the ,clouded ,yellow1 the chief differences are that the head-beak of the present species is straight instead of being slightly upturned1 and the tip of the wing-case extends further down the body4 ,the above particulars of the early stages of the ,pale ,clouded ,yellow are adapted from ,mr4 ,frohawk's account of the life-history of the species 7,entomologist1 #ahib and #ahic74 ,from eggs laid in ,september by a captured female1 ,mr4 ,williams reared two butterflies in ,november of the same year4 ,other caterpillars from the same batch of eggs hibernated and recommenced feeding in the spring1 but failed to attain the chrysalis state4 ,young caterpillars from eggs obtained in ,august were successfully hibernated by ,mr4 ,carpenter1 and many of these produced butterflies in the following ,may4 ,in rearing this species from eggs laid in the autumn1 a fairly dry treatment appears to be the best4 ,protect the young caterpillars from frost1 and do not water the plants during the winter4 ,when they become active again1 about ,february1 transfer them to other growing plants1 which should be kept ready for the change4 ,do not water the plants much1 or wet the foliage at all1 and keep a sharp look-out for earwigs4 ,it seems pretty clear that this species passes the winter as a caterpillar1 and from the evidence available it appears equally certain that the caterpillars would not survive an ordinary winter in this country4 ,possibly1 however1 in very mild winters1 or in certain warm nooks on the south coast1 some may be able to exist until the spring1 and then complete their growth and reach the butterfly state4 ,in such native-born butterflies the ancestral migratory habit may be lost1 owing to climate1 and they would not1 therefore1 wander far from the spot where they emerged from the chrysalis1 but found a colony1 which probably would be cleared off sooner or later by the severity of an ,english winter4 ,the ,pale ,clouded ,yellow was not mentioned as an ,english butterfly until ,lewin wrote about it in #agie4 ,he states that he only met with it in the ,isle of ,sheppey and on a hilly pasture-field near ,ospringe in ,kent4 ,he seems to have noted it in different years at both places4 ,stephens1 in #ahbg1 referred to it as a rare ,british species1 and from that date until #ahfg it seems to have been common only in #ahce1 #ahdb1 #aheg1 and #aheh4 ,in #ahfh it was abundant in the southern and eastern counties1 and was observed as far north as ,lancashire and ,yorkshire1 also in ,ireland4 ,it was common on the south coast in #ahgb1 and rather more so in #ahge1 when it spread into ,essex and ,suffolk1 and also inland4 ,until #ahge the butterflies seem only to have been noticed in the autumnal months1 but in that year specimens had been seen in ,may and ,june4 ,in #ahgf the species was pretty plentiful1 but after that date it did not again occur in numbers until #ahib1 when it was recorded from most of the southern and eastern counties4 ,in #ahic one or two specimens were reported as seen in ,april or ,may1 but less than a dozen were recorded as captured during the autumn of that year4 ,not much was seen of the butterfly again until #ahii1 when a score or so were recorded from ,kent4 ,two or three specimens were seen on the south coast in ,june1 #aijj1 and the species was plentiful in the autumn of that year in many parts of the country4 ,single specimens were seen in ,june1 #aija1 and in the autumn the butterfly was again fairly common in several southern counties1 and abundant in parts of ,essex4 ,in #aijb a male was taken near ,dartford in ,march1 and one example in ,may in a locality where two specimens had been captured on ,october #bj of the previous year2 six males and one female were obtained between ,june #bg and ,july #ab at ,sheerness4 ,the summer of #aijb was a cold one1 and1 with the exception of four specimens at ,folkestone in ,august1 the species was not again seen during that year or the following one2 but in #aijd a good many specimens were secured at ,chatham in ,september1 and one or two at ,margate in ,august4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #bj4 ,pale ,clouded ,yellow ,caterpillar4 7,after ,hbner47 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ba4 ,pale ,clouded ,yellow4 #a1 #b male2 #c1 #d female4 ,when it occurs in this country the butterfly should be looked for in clover and lucerne fields4 ,common throughout the ,palarctic ,region4 ,it is probably a species of ,eastern origin1 but with a tendency to spread westward4 ,the ,clouded ,yellow 7,colias edusa74 ,in its typical colouring--orange with broad black borders--this butterfly 7,plate #bb7 will be recognized the first time it is seen4 ,both sexes have a black spot about the centre of the fore wings1 and a deep orange spot near the middle of the hind wings--the latter is subject to variation in size and shape4 ,the female usually has the black borders spotted with yellow1 but in some examples these spots are almost 7,plate #bd1 ,fig4 #a7 or quite absent4 ,another form of the female1 known as var4 helice 7,plate #bd1 ,fig4 #b71 has the orange colour replaced by yellowish-white1 and in some years is not altogether uncommon4 ,between this yellowish-white at one end of the colour range and the typical orange at the other1 specimens showing all the intermediate shades have been obtained1 chiefly by rearing the butterflies from eggs laid by a female helice4 ,one of these intergrades will be seen on ,plate #bd1 ,fig4 #c4 ,the males vary1 especially bred ones1 from deep rich orange to the palest chrome yellow2 the marginal bands also vary in width2 in many examples the yellow nervules run through the borders of all the wings4 ,a large proportion of the males have the hind wings shot with a beautiful amethystine blue 7,frohawk74 ,the egg 7,plate #bc7 is oval1 tapering towards each end1 very pale yellowish in colour at first1 but afterwards becoming darker yellow1 and then pink4 ,the eggs are laid1 as shown in the figure1 on the upper side of a leaf of clover or lucerne1 sometimes singly1 but often in small batches4 ,the caterpillar when full grown is deep green with minute black dots1 from which fine hairs arise1 and a pink-marked yellow1 or whitish1 spiracular line4 ,the head is also green1 rather downy1 and small in size4 ,when first hatched the caterpillar is brownish1 but soon changes to greenish4 ,it feeds on clover 7,trifolium71 trefoil 7,lotus71 melilot 7,melilotus71 etc41 in ,june and again in ,september or ,october4 ,the chrysalis is yellowish-green above1 somewhat paler below2 the wing-cases are rather deeper in tint than the thorax and back1 and have a central black speck and a row of slender marks at the edges4 ,the body is marked with a splash of reddish and tiny black dots on the under side4 ,the beak-like projection from the head is dark green above and yellow beneath4 ,the figures of the caterpillar and the chrysalis are taken from ,buckler's ,larv of ,british ,butterflies1 and the descriptions of these stages by the same author have been followed4 ,the ,clouded ,yellow has a great fancy for clover or lucerne fields1 and should be looked for in such places in ,august and ,september4 ,it is not very difficult to rear from the egg1 so that if a female is captured in ,august 7the spring ones should not be taken71 it would be a good plan to try to induce her to lay some eggs4 ,the best method to succeed in this is to pot up a growing plant of clover1 and over this place a glass cylinder with a muslin cover4 7,see further directions in the ,introduction1 page #bh47 ,this butterfly1 which was known1 to the earliest ,english authors as the ,saffron or ,spotted ,saffron1 has always1 no doubt1 been erratic and uncertain in its appearance in this country1 sometimes becoming increasingly abundant for three1 four1 or even five years in succession1 and then scarce or entirely absent for similar periods4 ,the most recent years of plenty1 or when it was fairly common1 were #ahgg1 the great ,edusa year1 #ahib1 #ahic1 #ahid1 #ahie1 #ahii1 #aijj1 and #aijb4 ,in some of these years the ,pale ,clouded ,yellow was also common4 ,in some of the warmer countries that this butterfly inhabits it has certainly three1 and possibly four1 broods in the year4 ,it is therefore conceivable that at times its increase in numbers may become very great in some particular area4 ,at such times swarms of the surplus butterfly population set out to seek fresh fields and pastures new4 ,some portion of these flights reach our country from time to time1 and this probably always occurs in the spring of the year4 ,the weather conditions being favourable1 the offspring of the visitors put in a welcome appearance in the autumn1 and not only gladden the heart of the entomologist1 but add a charm to the countryside which every one can appreciate4 ,the butterfly has probably occurred1 at some time or other1 in almost every county in ,england and ,wales1 ,ireland and ,scotland1 extending even to the ,orkney ,islands 7#ahgg74 ,its home appears to be in ,north ,africa and ,south ,europe1 whence it spreads over the greater part of ,europe and ,western ,asia4 ,,note4--,according to ,kirby1 this butterfly should be called ,eurymus hyale1 ,linn41 and the ,pale ,clouded ,yellow be known as ,eurymus kirbyi1 ,lewis4 ,the ,brimstone 7,gonepteryx rhamni74 ,this butterfly 7,plate #bf7 has the tips of the fore wings sharply pointed1 and there is a rather acute angle about the middle of the outer margin of the hind wings4 ,the colour of the male is bright sulphur yellow1 with a central orange spot on each wing1 that on the hind wings usually the largest2 there is also a rusty dot at the outer end of the upper veins and along the front margin of the fore wings towards the tip4 ,the female is greenish yellow1 and is marked similarly to the male4 ,in both sexes the horns 7antenn7 are reddish1 and the long silky hair on the thorax is a noticeable character4 ,it is probably this insect to which the name butter-coloured fly1 contracted into butterfly1 was first given2 anyway1 it is the only species to which the name applies so well4 ,the egg4 ,if the under sides of the leaves of buckthorn 7,rhamnus catharticus7 or of the berry-bearing alder 7,r4 frangula7 are examined in ,may or ,june1 the eggs of this butterfly may be found thereon4 ,they are often placed on a rib of the leaf1 but sometimes they are laid as shown in the illustration 7,plate #be74 ,at first the colour is pale greenish and rather glossy1 but it soon changes to yellowish1 and later on1 when the caterpillar has formed inside1 to a dull purplish-grey4 ,the caterpillar when full grown is green1 merging into bluish-green on the sides1 thickly powdered with shining black specks4 ,there is a pale line on each side below the spiracles4 ,it feeds in ,june and ,july on both kinds of buckthorn1 and will generally be found resting along the main rib of a leaf4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #bb4 ,clouded ,yellow4 #a1 #c male2 #b1 #d female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #bc4 ,clouded ,yellow4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,the chrysalis is bluish-green in colour and of a curious shape4 ,the sharp yellowish and brown beak-like projection in front and raised brownish bases of the wing-covers1 together with the humped thorax1 somewhat resemble a bird's head when seen from the front4 ,then1 again1 the enlarged wing-cases1 which are rather greener than the other parts1 in conjunction with the general outline1 give a very good imitation of a curled leaf4 ,the butterfly is very constant as regards colour and marking1 but occasionally the fore wings may be more or less suffused with orange1 and in this respect assumes the coloration of the ,south ,european species known as ,g4 cleopatra4 ,the attempt has been made to establish the last-named butterfly in ,ireland1 but the experiment seems to have been only partially successful4 ,sometimes female specimens are found to have splashes of the male colour on their wings4 ,occasionally their colour is intermediate between their own proper tint and that of the male1 and more rarely the wings on one side may be yellow1 as in the male1 while those on the other side are greenish1 as in the female4 ,such specimens are termed gynandrous examples1 and sometimes hermaphrodites4 ,the latter1 however1 is not correct4 ,an unusual variation of the butterfly is shown on ,plate #bg4 ,this has large oval pale brownish-orange marks on the under side of the wings4 ,it was taken in the ,new ,forest4 ,the ,brimstone butterfly enjoys a longer existence in the perfect state than any of the other ,british species1 with the exception1 perhaps1 of the ,tortoiseshells and their allies4 ,it leaves the chrysalis at the end of ,july or beginning of ,august1 and is usually quite common during the latter month4 ,after this it takes up its winter quarters1 from which1 however1 it may be tempted to come out whenever the day is sufficiently warm and sunny for it to indulge in a few hours' flight4 ,the fine condition of some of the specimens that are seen in ,may or ,june has suggested the possibility of such specimens having remained in the chrysalis during the winter1 but it is not at all probable that they do so4 ,it may be seen any sunny day from ,march1 or even ,february1 to ,june in almost every ,english and ,welsh county where its food-plant grows1 and locally in ,ireland4 ,the best time to take specimens is in the autumn1 when they are often to be seen in numbers flying along the rides in or on the outskirts of woods1 and also in clover fields4 ,distributed over the whole of temperate ,europe1 and extending through ,asia to the far east and to ,north ,africa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the thirty butterflies now to be considered belong to the ,nymphalid1 which has a larger membership than any other family of butterflies4 ,it is divided into several sub-families1 but only four of these concern us2 these are ,apaturin 7#a species71 ,nymphalin 7#ag species71 ,danain 7#a species71 and ,satyrin 7#aa species74 ,the next butterfly is our only representative of ,apaturin4 ,the ,purple ,emperor 7,apatura iris74 ,on account of its large size and the beautiful purple sheen over its brownish-black velvety wings1 this butterfly 7,plate #bi7 is always counted a prize by the collector4 ,it is1 however1 only the male that dons the purple1 and he only when seen from the proper angle4 ,the female is without the purple reflection and her wings are browner1 but the white spots on the fore wings and the white bands on the hind wings are rather wider than those of the male4 ,above the anal angle of the hind wings1 in both sexes1 there is a black spot1 ringed with tawny and sometimes centred with white1 and a tawny mark on veins #a and #b4 ,as will be seen on turning to the figures on ,plate #ca1 the under side of this butterfly is exceedingly pretty4 ,on the same plate there is a figure of the rare variety known as iole 7for the loan of which ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,sabine71 in which most of the white spots are absent or obscured4 ,intermediates between this extreme form and the type also occur1 but all such aberrations are uncommon4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #bd4 ,clouded ,yellow4 #a ,female aberration2 #b1 #c1 #d var4 helice4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #be4 ,brimstone ,butterfly4 ,egg1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,the egg 7,plate #bh7 may be looked for in ,august on the upper surface of a leaf of the sallow 7,salix caprea74 ,according to ,buckler1 it is pale olive green in colour1 and cylindrical in shape2 the height from base to top being about equal to the width through from side to side4 ,it has about fourteen ribs4 ,the caterpillar in ,october1 just before hibernation1 is dingy green roughened with numerous whitish warts from which arise short bristles1 some of the latter appearing to be tinged with reddish1 and those along the sides longer than those on the upper part of the body2 the straight lines along the back and the oblique ones on the sides are yellowish4 ,the head and the two horn-like projections1 reminding one of the horns of a slug1 are reddish-grey and covered with warts and bristles4 ,the anal points 7tails71 which lie close together1 are tipped with reddish4 ,it should be mentioned here that on emerging from the egg the young caterpillar is without horns2 these are not developed until the first skin is thrown off1 which event happens from eight to twelve days after hatching4 ,the full-grown caterpillar is green1 merging into yellowish towards the anal points 7tails72 the oblique stripes on the sides are yellowish1 edged with reddish4 ,the individual depicted on the plate took up a position for change to the chrysalis on ,june #f4 ,it spun a mat of silk to the under side of a sallow leaf1 and the next day it was found suspended by the claspers1 which were grasping the silken mat4 ,on the fourth day the chrysalis was fully developed1 and from this a male butterfly emerged on ,june #bd1 an unusually early date4 ,the chrysalis is whitish1 more or less tinged with green1 but having the oblique lines on the sides whitish2 the veins of the wings also show up whitish4 ,the caterpillar was well known to entomologists in this country as far back as #ageh1 when1 in ,may1 four were obtained from sallow at ,brentwood in ,essex4 ,it usually occurs on sallow1 but an instance is recorded of it refusing to eat this plant2 it would probably have starved if willow1 upon which it fed up1 had not been substituted4 ,a full-grown caterpillar was on one occasion found at ,raindene in ,sussex on poplar1 which is a well-known food of the species on the ,continent4 ,now and then a full-grown caterpillar has been met with in ,october1 and ,buckler reared two in the autumn from the egg almost to the chrysalis stage1 but they died before the change was effected4 ,as befits his rank1 the ,emperor has lofty habits1 and after quitting the clump of sallow bushes1 among which its transformations from egg to the perfect insect were effected1 it resorts to the oak trees1 around which it flies in ,july1 and1 when not so engaged1 rests on a leaf of the higher branches4 ,to capture the butterfly1 when seen at such times1 is not altogether an easy matter1 as for the purpose the net must be affixed to the end of a pole about #ad or #ae feet in length4 ,the insect's rather depraved taste for the juices of animal matter1 in a somewhat advanced stage of decay1 is a fact well known to the professional collector and others who have taken advantage of it to the monarch's destruction4 ,this method of attracting a butterfly for the purpose of capture is1 however1 not exactly to be commended4 ,it surely is a greater pleasure to show one's friends a single specimen that has been captured by dexterity with the net1 than to exhibit fifty that were secured by a device which is not only unsavoury1 but unsportsmanlike4 ,the female1 however1 is not to be allured2 she must be sought among the sallows1 and when seen is not easy to net1 as she skims away over the tops of the bushes and is difficult to follow4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #bf4 ,brimstone ,butterfly4 #a1 #c male2 #b1 #d female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #bg4 ,brimstone ,butterfly4 ,underside 7aberration74 ,common ,blue4 ,at rest4 ,although most certainly not so common or so generally distributed as in former times1 the butterfly still occurs in the larger oak woods in most of the midland1 western1 and southern counties of ,england1 but is1 perhaps1 most frequent in ,lincolnshire and ,northamptonshire4 ,in ,wales it is found in ,monmouthshire4 ,it has not been recorded from ,scotland1 and only doubtfully from ,ireland4 ,in ,central ,europe it is often abundant1 and its range extends eastward into ,amurland1 ,central and ,western ,china4 99 99 99 99 99 ,now follow seventeen butterflies of the sub-family ,nymphalin4 ,the ,white ,admiral 7,limenitis sibylla74 ,the ,white ,admirable ,butterfly1 as it was called by some of the older ,english entomologists1 needs only to be seen to be at once recognized 7,plate #cc74 ,the white markings on its blackish wings are somewhat similar to those of the ,purple ,emperor4 ,as in that butterfly1 so1 too1 in this1 the most beautiful ornamentation is found on the under side4 ,the shape of the wing is1 however1 very different in the two butterflies1 and there is no probability of confusing one with the other4 ,a somewhat uncommon form is shown on ,plate #ca 7also kindly loaned by ,mr4 ,sabine72 this is var4 nigrina4 ,intermediates also occur1 but these1 too1 are also rather rare4 ,the eggs1 which ,i have not seen1 are stated to hatch in about fourteen days1 and are laid in ,july4 ,they have been described as pale green in colour1 and of the shape of an orange1 but flatter at the base and top4 ,the caterpillar 7,plate #cj7 when full grown is dark green on the back and lighter on the sides1 roughened with yellow dots1 and with a yellow-marked white line above the feet4 ,the bristly spines are reddish with pinkish tips1 and those on the second1 third1 fifth1 tenth1 and eleventh rings are longer than the others4 ,the first ring seems to be without spines1 but the brownish head is set with short ones1 two on the crown being rather longer and blacker than the others1 and are inclined backwards4 ,in the autumn1 when still quite tiny1 it constructs a winter retreat 7hibernaculum7 7,plate #cj7 by fastening a growing leaf of sallow to a twig with silken threads1 and then1 using more silk1 it draws the edges of the leaf together1 and so forms a secure chamber wherein it can rest until the following spring1 when it quits the domicile and sets to work on the tender foliage around it4 ,at this time the caterpillar is brownish in colour4 ,the chrysalis is of the remarkable shape shown on the plate4 ,it is brownish1 with purplish or olive tinge2 behind the rounded hump there is a patch of bright green1 and above the wing-cases a beautiful golden sheen4 ,there are also other metallic spots and dots on various parts4 ,altogether1 it is one of the prettiest of ,british butterfly chrysalids4 ,i am tempted here to quote ,buckler's excellent description of the pupation of this species1 as it will serve to show the remarkable method by which caterpillars are able to perform a seemingly impossible feat2 that is1 to get absolutely free of the old skin whilst hanging head downwards from the silken pad or button to which they attach themselves by the anal claspers when preparing to pupate4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #bh4 ,purple ,emperor4 ,egg enlarged2 young and full-grown caterpillars2 chrysalis4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #bi4 ,purple ,emperor4 #a male2 #b female4 ,when full fed the larva becomes rapidly paler1 and then suspends itself by the anal prolegs to a stem of the honeysuckle or other surface1 and hangs with its body downwards in a sinuous curve1 with its head bent a little upwards1 facing the abdomen2 it then remains motionless for three days1 becoming whitish on the abdomen1 and remaining very pale green on the thoracic segments4 ,in the course of the third day the creature seems to wake up1 unbends its head1 swings itself to and fro a few times1 then stretches itself downwards in a long attenuated line1 which causes a rupture of the skin close to the head2 the skin then is seen slowly to ascend1 exposing the bare and soft shining parts below1 from which a flat and forked pair of horns grow out perceptibly as one beholds this wonderful process2 the skin continues to glide slowly upwards1 and as the soft parts become exposed1 they are seen to swell out laterally1 and to assume the very singular projections so characteristic of this chrysalis1 the skin of the old head gliding up the belly marks the progress of the disclosure1 as the colour of the old and new surfaces is at this time alike1 the new being1 however1 rather more shining and transparent4 ,occasionally during the bulging out of the soft parts1 a kind of convulsive heave or two occurs1 but otherwise it remains still until the creature is uncovered as far as the ninth or tenth segment2 it then curves its anal extremity by a sudden twist laterally1 and in a moment dexterously withdraws the tip of the anal segment from the larval prolegs by an opening on the back of the skin at that part4 ,at this critical moment one has time to see that the naked shining point is furnished with black hooks1 and to apprehend a fall2 but in another moment the pupa has forcibly pressed the curved tip with its hooks against the stem close to the previous attachment of the anal prolegs1 and now it is strongly and firmly fixed4 ,the creature now seems endowed with wonderful power and vigour2 it swings boldly to and fro1 and undulates itself as if to gain longer swings1 when presently the old skin that remains is seen to burst away and fall off1 the chrysalis gradually becoming quiescent1 the entire metamorphosis1 from the first waking to the last movement1 occupying nearly seven minutes4 ,in sixteen days the perfect insect emerged4 ,linnus in #agfg wrote of the sexes of this butterfly as sibylla1 or rather sibilla1 and camilla1 but1 as ,kirby points out1 three years earlier the same author had given the butterfly the name camilla4 ,it is probable1 therefore1 that the latter name will have to be adopted for our butterfly4 ,certain it is that the older ,british authors--,donovan1 ,haworth1 ,stephens1 etc41 knew our species as camilla4 ,the species known on the ,continent as camilla1 and which1 owing to the confusion of names has been supposed to be ,british1 will have to be called drusilla1 according to ,kirby4 ,this species seems to be pretty much restricted to the southern and eastern counties of ,england4 ,in the ,new ,forest1 ,hampshire1 it is often exceedingly abundant in ,july4 ,so long ago as #afie the butterfly was known to occur in ,essex1 and the species is found in some woods in that county at the present time4 ,it has1 however1 quite disappeared from several woodland localities in ,kent and ,sussex1 where it formerly occurred4 ,it has been recorded from ,shropshire and also from ,worcestershire1 but both these counties appear to be beyond the normal range of the species4 ,almost all writers on our butterflies1 from ,haworth downwards1 have commented on the graceful flight of the ,white ,admiral as it skims aloft and alow through the woodland glades4 ,this elegance of motion is still retained even when the wings become sadly torn and frayed1 probably by contact with twigs and thorns4 ,widely distributed throughout ,central ,europe4 ,it is also found in ,amurland1 ,corea1 and ,japan4 ,the ,comma 7,polygonia c-album74 ,the peculiar shape of the wings of this butterfly 7,plate #ce7 might cause it to be mistaken for a very tattered example of one of the ,tortoiseshells4 ,the irregular contour of the outer edges of the wings is1 however1 quite natural1 and is subject to some variation in its jaggedness4 ,their colour is deep tawny or fulvous1 with brownish borders on their outer margin4 ,on the fore wings there are three black spots on the front or costal area1 and below the first1 which is often divided1 there is a roundish black spot 7sometimes double7 just above the inner margin2 two1 sometimes three1 other spots lie between this and the third costal spot4 ,on the hind wings there are three black spots on the basal half1 and a series of pale fulvous spots before the brownish border2 these are inwardly edged with brownish1 and sometimes this edging is united with the marginal border4 ,similar spots are1 in some specimens1 present in a like position on the fore wings also4 ,on the under side the wings are of various shades of brown1 sometimes variegated with whitish1 or yellowish1 and greenish1 the latter often conspicuous2 other specimens are paler on the outer half than on the basal half1 and1 except occasionally having a series of greenish or dusky spots on the outer area1 are without marking4 ,these differences occur in both sexes4 ,the white comma or c mark1 placed about the middle of the under side of the hind wings1 is rather stronger in the variegated specimens2 but it varies1 generally1 in shape as well as in size4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #cj4 ,white ,admiral4 ,young caterpillar with hibernaculum 7h72 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ca4 #a1 #b ,purple ,emperor2 #c var4 iole4 #d1 #e ,white ,admiral1 var4 nigrina4 ,var4 hutchinsoni1 ,robson1 which has been renamed pallida and lutescens1 differs from the typical form in having the ground colour much lighter and brighter on the upper side and ochreous on the under side4 ,it is shown on ,plate #ce4 ,the outline of the wings of this form1 which occurs in ,june and ,july1 is said to be less jagged1 and this may be so as a rule1 but it certainly is not always the case4 ,possibly this is ,the ,pale ,comma of ,petiver4 ,there are two broods of this species in the year1 but the first or summer flight of butterflies seems to depend upon a favourable season1 as also does the second or autumnal brood1 at least as regards the number of butterflies representing it4 ,the late butterflies hibernate and reappear in ,april1 or even ,march1 of the following year4 ,it has been stated that all the specimens appearing in the spring are of the form with plain under sides4 ,from eggs laid between ,april #bg and ,may #f1 ,miss ,e4 ,hutchinson1 writing in #ahhg1 says caterpillars hatched between ,may #e and #aa4 ,they were fed on currant and nettle mixed1 and were full grown from ,june #agth till the #bcrd4 ,the first butterfly emerged on ,june #bf1 and the last on ,july #c1 and all were very fine and of the pale summer variety4 ,two of the insects paired on ,june #cj1 and the female commenced laying on ,july #a1 and continued doing so till the #ajth1 when there were #abj ova4 ,unfortunately1 a very cold spell of weather began on ,july #ab1 and more than half the eggs perished4 ,the butterflies resulting from the remainder appeared during ,august1 from the #agth to the #bgth1 but they would not pair1 probably because1 although they had emerged at an early date1 they properly belonged to the autumnal flight4 ,in #ahid ,mr4 ,frohawk reared #bjj of these butterflies from #bge eggs laid by a female between ,april #ag and ,june #a of that year4 ,the caterpillars were supplied with nettle only4 ,the first butterfly emerged on ,june #cj1 and the last on ,august #b4 ,of the whole number forty-one were of the light fulvous form1 var4 hutchinsoni1 and all the others of the dark or typical form4 ,with few exceptions1 the light-coloured butterflies were the first to emerge1 and the major portion of these during early ,july1 and before any examples of the dark form had come out4 ,the egg is at first green in colour with ribs whiter1 but changes before the caterpillar hatches out to yellowish4 ,in confinement the female butterflies deposit their eggs singly or in chains of three or four2 probably the latter is the usual method of laying the eggs under natural conditions4 ,the caterpillar when full grown is black1 netted with greyish2 the spines on the second to fifth rings inclusive are yellowish1 and those on the back of the other rings are white2 the back from ring #f to ring #aj inclusive is broadly white1 marked with black1 and the upper surface of the other rings is more or less yellowish4 ,the head is black1 marked with ochreous2 the crown is lobed1 and on each lobe is a short club-like knob4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #cb4 ,comma ,butterfly4 ,egg enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #cc4 ,white ,admiral4 #a1 #c male2 #b1 #d female4 ,the chrysalis is brownish tinged with pink2 the wing-cases and the rings of the body are edged with blackish2 there is a greyish line along the back of the body and a brownish stripe along the spiracles2 at the point where the body joins the thorax there are some silvery or golden spots4 ,the figures of caterpillar and chrysalis on ,plate #cb are after ,buckler4 ,this butterfly seems to have disappeared from many localities in ,england where it formerly flourished4 ,about seventy or eighty years ago1 for example1 it was plentiful in ,epping ,forest1 in ,herts1 and in ,dorset4 ,during the last half-century or so it has been common in certain parts of many of the counties from ,somerset to ,durham and ,cumberland1 but seems to have occurred only sparingly or singly in ,norfolk1 ,suffolk1 ,essex1 ,kent1 ,sussex1 ,hants1 ,wilts1 and ,devon4 ,it still occurs now and then in the ,dover district1 the most recent record being of one taken in ,october1 #ahid2 and it was reported from ,north ,staffordshire in #ahic4 ,probably it is now almost entirely confined to favoured districts embraced within the area represented by the counties of ,herefordshire1 ,worcestershire1 and ,monmouthshire1 whence it may occasionally stray into the adjoining counties1 or even further afield4 ,this butterfly is often associated with hop gardens1 but it is by no means restricted to such places4 ,the usual food-plants of the caterpillars are hop 7,humulus lupulus71 nettle 7,urtica dioica71 and currant 7,ribes71 but it is reported to eat gooseberry 7,r4 grossularia7 and elm 7,ulmus74 ,abroad it has a very wide distribution in ,europe1 and extends through ,asia to ,japan4 ,the ,large ,tortoiseshell 7,vanessa polychloros74 ,apart from its larger size1 and somewhat different outline1 this butterfly may be known from the ,small ,tortoiseshell by its duller colour1 which is brownish-orange2 on the fore wing there are1 as a rule1 no blue crescents in the hind marginal border1 but there is an extra black spot placed between veins #a and #b2 on the hind wings a black spot on the front area represents the black basal area seen on the ,small ,tortoiseshell2 and this is an important point of difference1 although the two species are not likely to be confused when both are well known4 ,the blue spots referred to as not usually present on the fore wings are stated to occur in specimens emerging from chrysalids that have been kept in a rather cold temperature for a certain length of time4 ,an aberration known as testudo has the black spots of the fore wings united1 and forming blotches on the front and inner areas2 the ground colour of the fore wings is lighter1 and the hind wings are blacker4 ,this form occurs at large on the ,continent1 but it is rare2 it has also been produced in the course of temperature experiments4 ,the only eggs of this butterfly that ,i have been able to obtain are the batch figured on ,plate #cd4 ,these were purplish with whitish ribs1 but no caterpillars hatched from them4 ,hellins1 who squeezed a few eggs from a freshly killed female1 states that the colour apparently is a dull green4 ,the ribs vary from seven to nine in number4 ,the caterpillar in the adult stage is black1 with a speckled dark ochreous band traversed by a black central line on the back2 the sides are dappled with ochreous grey2 the under parts are brown dappled with darker1 and merging into the black4 ,the spines are dark ochreous tipped with black1 and the head is shiny black and bristly4 7,the figure is after ,buckler47 ,these caterpillars live in large companies1 often at the top of a high elm tree1 from which they may be dislodged by a well-aimed stick1 if this happens to be heavy enough to jar the branch when it reaches the mark4 ,besides elm trees 7,ulmus71 they also may be found on willow and sallow 7,salix71 aspen and poplar 7,populus71 white-beam 7,pyrus aria71 and various fruit trees1 especially cherry4 ,occasionally they have been found on nettle1 but the butterflies from these were small in size4 ,june is the best month for them4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #cd4 ,large ,tortoiseshell4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ce4 ,comma ,butterfly4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f male2 #g female 7var4 hutchinsoni74 ,the chrysalis 7,plate #cd7 is greyish1 tinged with pink or reddish1 sprinkled with greenish1 and shaded with brown and black2 the back of the body nearest the thorax is adorned with golden spots4 ,i once obtained a number of these chrysalids in ,july at ,mill ,hill2 they were found suspended by the tail from the edges of boards that formed a rickety old cart-shed standing at one end of a field and beneath an elm tree4 ,although this butterfly is often common in the caterpillar state1 the perfect insect1 which emerges in ,july and ,august1 is more frequently seen in the spring after hibernation than before that event4 ,it probably establishes itself in suitable quarters1 in old trees1 faggot stacks1 barns1 etc41 for its long rest during the winter1 at an early period after emerging from the chrysalis4 ,no doubt large numbers are destroyed by their great enemies1 the parasitic flies1 chiefly perhaps the ,hymenopterous ,apanteles4 ,an observer states that from fifty chrysalids only one butterfly resulted1 all the others were found to be filled with parasites4 ,in another case of one hundred caterpillars1 some collected when quite small1 only one was not ichneumoned4 ,these butterflies1 in common with most other ,vanessids1 do not pair until the spring1 but ,barrett cites an instance of caterpillars1 from eggs laid by a female in early ,september1 being reared until about #a_/b inch in length1 when they apparently laid up for hibernation4 ,lanes margined with trees1 especially elms1 or the verges of woods1 are the most likely places in which to find the butterfly4 ,at one time and another it has been observed in nearly every county of ,england and ,wales1 and also in some parts of ,scotland1 but not in ,ireland4 ,it appears to be more or less common in all counties around ,london1 extending to ,somerset in the west2 to ,cambs1 ,norfolk1 and ,suffolk in the east2 and to ,northampton and ,warwick in the ,midlands4 ,abroad it is found throughout the greater part of ,europe1 ,asia ,minor1 and eastward to the ,himalayas4 ,the ,small ,tortoiseshell 7,vanessa urtic74 ,this butterfly is one of the most ubiquitous as well as prettiest that we have in this country4 ,its reddish-orange colour1 marked with yellow patches1 black spots1 and blue crescents1 gives it a charming appearance as it sits on a flower1 or even on the ground1 with wings fully expanded to the sunlight4 ,when the wings are closed up1 however1 the butterfly seems to disappear1 as the under side of the wings is quite sombre in colour4 ,the only bright spot on the under side is the yellowish central area of the fore wing1 and when the wings are held erect over the insect's back this is not seen1 but only the tips of these wings1 which are of the same dull colour as the hind wings4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,the ground colour is subject to modification as regards the shade of red in the orange1 and this may be intense or reduced to just a mere tinge4 ,specimens have been taken on the wing in which the colour was some shade of buff1 and the same kind of colour change will sometimes result from an over-long exposure to the action of ammonia4 ,the black markings vary in size1 and sometimes those on the costal area are more or less connected or even confluent 7,fig4 #bb72 a greater or lesser amount of blackish suffusion on the hind wings 7,fig4 #bc7 generally accompanies confluence of the costal spots on fore wings4 ,the two black spots between veins #b and #d occasionally enlarge and unite1 or1 on the other hand1 they decrease in size to vanishing point4 ,some specimens have black scales between the second costal spot and the black spot on the inner margin1 and the space between these two spots may be entirely covered with black and so form a central transverse band 7var4 polaris74 ,a modification of this form is shown on ,plate #ch1 lower figure4 ,the yellow patch between the second and third costal black spots is sometimes continued right across the wings to the yellow spot on the inner margin1 and in this respect resembles an ,indian form of the species named ladakensis4 ,dwarf specimens result1 in most cases1 when the caterpillars have fed on hop 7,humulus72 at least1 this is so in confinement4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,the egg is at first green1 but after a time becomes tinted with yellow and the ribs stand out clear and transparent4 ,the eggs are laid in a cluster on the under side of a terminal leaf of a nettle plant in ,may and again in ,july4 ,the adult caterpillar is yellowish1 closely covered with black speckling and short hairs2 there is a black line down the centre of the back1 and this is bordered on each side by the clear ground colour4 ,the spiracles are black ringed with yellow1 and there is a yellowish line above them4 ,the yellowish spines have black tips4 ,head black1 hairy1 and speckled with yellow4 ,individuals of another company were almost entirely black1 the spines alone being tinged with yellow4 ,these caterpillars are gregarious from the time they hatch from the egg until about the last stage4 ,the chrysalis is most often of some shade of grey and sometimes tinged with pinkish4 ,the points on the upper parts of the body are in some examples metallic at the base1 and occasionally the metallic lustre spreads over the thorax and other parts as well4 ,there are two broods in the year1 one in ,june1 the other in ,august and ,september4 ,the latter brood1 or at least some of the butterflies1 hibernate and reappear in the earliest sunny days of spring4 ,they have been seen on the wing as early as ,january and ,february 7#ahif71 and as late as ,december4 ,the geographical range of this species extends through ,europe and ,asia to ,japan4 ,the ,peacock 7,vanessa io74 ,unlike the last species referred to1 this handsome butterfly is more frequently seen in the autumn than after hibernation4 ,it is not likely to be mistaken for any other kind1 for on its brownish-red velvety wings it bears its own particular badge1 the peacock eyes4 ,the marks on the hind wings are more like the eyes on the tail feathers of the peacock than are those on the fore wings1 and the brownish-red on these wings is confined to a large patch below the eye-mark1 the remainder being blackish1 powdered with yellow scales on the basal area4 ,some specimens have a blue spot below the eye on the hind wings1 and the name cyanosticta has been proposed for this form by ,raynor4 ,the under side is blackish1 with a steely sheen1 and crossed by irregular black lines2 the fore wings are tinged with brown on the inner area1 and the central dot and a series of dots beyond are ochreous2 the hind wings have an ochreous central dot4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #cf4 ,large ,tortoiseshell4 #a1 #c male2 #b1 #d female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #cg4 ,small ,tortoiseshell4 ,eggs enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,in a state of nature the butterfly seems little given to variation4 ,in rearing from the caterpillar1 however1 some curious aberrations occasionally crop up4 ,in my early days of collecting ,i raised a number of specimens from caterpillars selected from a large brood2 every one of these butterflies was of a dull brownish colour and had a greasy semi-transparent appearance4 ,i regret to add that ,i set them all at liberty as they did not come up to my1 then1 standard of what a ,peacock butterfly should be4 ,now and then specimens are bred from collected caterpillars1 in which the eye spots are represented by a broad white cloud-like suffusion on the fore wings1 and by a pale roundish patch on the hind wings2 in conjunction with this the black costal spots of the fore wings are all more or less united 7see ,plate #da74 ,this extreme variety is known in the vernacular as the ,blind ,peacock1 and as ab4 belisaria in science2 between it and the typical form there are all kinds of intermediate modifications1 and one of these is also shown on the plate referred to4 ,it may be interesting to remark that similar varieties have been produced by subjecting the chrysalids at a particular period to a very low temperature4 ,readers who may wish to know more about ,temperature ,experiments are referred to a pamphlet on the subject by ,dr4 ,max ,standfuss4 ,the egg1 an enlarged figure of which will be found on ,plate #ci1 is olive green in colour1 and has eight ribs1 which start just above the base and turn over the top4 ,the eggs are laid in ,april or ,may in batches on the upper part of nettle plants and under the young leaves4 ,the mature caterpillar is velvety black with white dots1 and the divisions between the rings of the body are well marked4 ,the spines are black and rather glossy1 and besides this clothing1 the body is also provided with short hair which gives the velvety appearance4 ,the head and a plate on the next ring1 also the legs1 are shining black2 the prolegs are blackish1 tipped with yellowish4 ,when quite young they are greenish-grey1 and although hairy are without spines4 ,the caterpillars usually feed in companies in ,june and ,july on the common stinging nettle4 ,they have also been found on hop4 ,once or twice ,i have reared caterpillars of this butterfly1 and also those of the ,small ,tortoiseshell and the ,red ,admiral1 on hop1 but the result has been disappointing1 as the specimens produced were always small in size4 ,the individuals for these experiments were obtained from nettle1 and were generally about half grown at the time they were put on the hop diet4 ,the chrysalis is figured on ,plate #ci4 ,its colour may be pale greenish1 greyish1 pale brown1 or brownish-grey1 but is usually stippled with blackish1 especially the antenn and the outline of the wing-cases4 ,some of the points on the thorax and the ring1 or rings1 next to it have a metallic lustre4 ,two chrysalids among those resulting from my hop-fed caterpillars were more or less suffused with the metallic sheen4 ,it does not seem to be very clearly known where the caterpillars retire to for pupation4 ,those that ,i have found have been under a tent-like arrangement of the lower nettle leaves4 ,in confinement1 however1 ,i have noted that in a roomy cage they all go to one end of it and suspend themselves from the roof2 in a large flower-pot they crowd together in much the same way4 ,the butterfly is on the wing in ,august and ,september1 and frequents all and every kind of ground where flowering plants1 especially the taller kinds1 are available2 clover fields are attractive1 and so also are orchards4 ,it passes the winter in some hollow tree trunk1 wood stack1 or possibly buildings of some kind1 and in the spring it again comes forth4 ,march and ,april are the usual months for its reappearance1 but in #aijj it was seen flying over the snow on ,february #ag4 ,the time last mentioned is probably an unusual one1 but it is interesting to note that a very similar observation was made by ,harris1 who in #aggh wrote in his remarks on this butterfly1 ,i have seen them flying in ,february1 when the snow has been on the ground4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ch4 ,small ,tortoiseshell4 #a1 #b female2 #c1 #e male2 #d var4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ci4 ,peacock ,butterfly4 ,egg enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,usually the ,peacock butterfly assumes the perfect state but once in the year4 ,there is1 however1 a record of half-grown caterpillars being found in ,september1 and that these produced butterflies in due course4 ,although not always abundant1 the butterfly is to be1 or has been1 found in almost every part of the kingdom1 excepting perhaps north of the ,caledonian ,canal in ,scotland4 ,around ,bishop ,auckland and in other parts of the county of ,durham1 and also in ,northumberland1 it was common some forty years ago1 but it seems to be hardly ever seen there now4 ,the same applies to other northern localities where it was once plentiful4 ,its distribution includes the whole of ,europe1 ,asia ,minor1 ,siberia1 ,amurland1 ,corea1 and ,japan4 ,the ,camberwell ,beauty 7,vanessa antiopa74 ,this is a large and handsome insect2 its chocolate-brown wings are bordered with ochreous speckled with black scales4 ,the border is variable in width1 and this is occasionally so wide that it partly or completely hides the blue spots1 which in the ordinary form are placed on a dark band just before the ochreous border4 ,such specimens are known as var4 hygia or var4 lintneri 7,plate #da72 but in the former form the yellow spots on the front edge of the fore wing are absent1 and in the latter variety these spots are sometimes united and form a blotch4 ,one authority states that the proportion of these extreme variations in nature is about #a in #ejj4 ,the same form may be produced by subjecting summer chrysalids to a temperature of about #aaj deg4 ,fahr4 during three to five consecutive days1 the chrysalids being placed in this heat four times a day1 and for a period of one hour each time4 ,dr4 ,max ,standfuss1 who has made many experiments with this and other butterflies1 states that the result of such treatment as that adverted to1 and as regards this species1 has been the production of as many as seven of the varieties among forty specimens4 ,it would seem probable1 then1 that the varieties occurring in the open are from chrysalids that received a greater amount of heat than those that produce the ordinary butterfly4 ,it has been stated that the borders are ochreous1 but this only applies to the specimens seen in the summer or early autumn4 ,the butterflies hibernate1 and when they leave their winter retreats in the spring1 the colour of the border is considerably paler and often even white4 ,for some time it was considered that white borders were a peculiarity of the ,british ,camberwell ,beauty and stamped it a genuine native4 ,probably there are some who may still hold this opinion4 ,an example of each form is represented on ,plate #dc1 the upper one was taken in the spring1 and the other in the autumn4 ,both belong to ,mr4 ,j4,a4 ,clark1 to whom ,i am indebted for their loan4 ,the egg is at first deep ochreous yellow1 changing through olive brown to red brown1 and a day or two before the larva hatches out becoming leaden grey4 ,the ribs1 which are eight or nine in number1 are most prominent below the top1 and disappear before the base is reached4 ,the eggs are laid on twigs or stems in small batches of #cj or #dj up to large ones of #aej to #bej4 ,the caterpillar has been described by ,mr4 ,frohawk1 who gives a full account of the life-history of this species in the ,entomologist for #aijb and #aijc4 ,the following is an abridgement of his description4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #dj4 ,peacock ,butterfly4 #a1 #c male2 #b1 #d female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #da4 #a1 #c ,peacock vars42 #b ,camberwell ,beauty var4 ,the head is bilobed1 having a deep notch on the crown1 and of a dull black colour1 covered with black warts1 each emitting a white hair4 ,the ground colour of the body is deep velvety black1 and densely sprinkled with pearl-white warts1 each emitting a fine white hair1 some being of considerable length1 and the majority slightly curved4 ,down the centre of the back is a series of rich deep rust-red shield-like markings1 which commences on the third segment and terminates on the eleventh segment4 ,in the centre of the anal segment is a shining black dorsal disc1 much resembling the head2 the legs are black and shining1 and the four pairs of prolegs are rust colour1 with a polished band above the feet1 and the anal pair are black with pale reddish feet4 ,the caterpillars feed on sallow1 willow1 birch1 and elm4 ,they cover the leaves of their food-plant with a silken web and live thereon in companies1 and do not separate until about to prepare for the chrysalis state4 ,the chrysalis4 ,the dorsal half of the head and wing points are black1 and the ventral half orange4 ,some of the points on the body are tipped with orange4 ,the whole surface is finely and irregularly furrowed and granulated4 ,the ground colour is pale buff1 covered with fine fuscous reticulations4 ,the entire surface is clothed with a whitish-powdery substance1 giving a pale lilac or pinkish bloom to the chrysalis1 which1 however1 is easily rubbed off1 the chrysalis then assuming a brownish hue4 ,our figure of the chrysalis is after ,holland4 ,mr4 ,frohawk1 who had female butterflies living under observation for about three months1 states that eggs were laid in ,april1 ,may1 and ,june4 ,caterpillars from the first batch of #aib eggs hatched early in ,may1 nineteen days after they were laid4 ,these were full grown by ,june #bj1 and entered the chrysalis state soon after4 ,the butterflies from these commenced to emerge about the middle of ,july4 ,he says3 ,both sallow and willow are equally suitable food for the larv1 and birch is readily eaten1 even when willow has formed the sole food until the last stage2 they will feed on elm4 ,nettle was not appreciated1 and not touched by them during the last two or three stages4 ,this butterfly appears to have first attracted the attention of the earlier ,british entomologists about the middle of the eighteenth century4 ,stephens1 writing in #ahbg1 remarks that about sixty years since it appeared in such prodigious numbers throughout the kingdom1 that the entomologists of that day gave it the appellation of the ,grand ,surprise4 ,harris figured the butterfly under the name mentioned by ,stephens1 and it has also been referred to by others as the ,willow ,beauty and the ,white ,petticoat4 ,newman called it the ,white-bordered2 and from this1 as well as from his description of the butterfly1 it would seem that he had not seen any specimen1 caught in ,britain1 with ochreous borders4 ,such specimens have most certainly been captured in these islands1 and occasionally in some numbers1 as1 for example1 in the autumns of #ahgb and #ahhj4 ,in the former year the butterflies were seen or taken in a great many parts of the kingdom4 ,the single specimens that are taken now and then in the spring have hibernated1 and possibly they may have just come over from the ,continent4 ,it is1 however1 equally possible that they may have arrived in the country the previous autumn and passed the winter here4 ,after the invasion in the autumn of #ahgb1 specimens were observed in ,january1 ,march1 and ,april1 #ahgc1 at places widely apart4 ,in #ahha single specimens were taken in ,april in ,surrey1 ,kent1 and ,brecknockshire2 and in ,essex and at ,hampstead in ,august4 ,one or two specimens were taken in the summer or autumn of the years #ahhd to #ahhg inclusive4 ,in #ahhh two were captured in ,essex in ,may2 and in ,august1 three in ,kent1 one each ,surrey1 ,hants1 and ,isle of ,wight2 and one in ,kent in ,september4 ,in #ahhi a specimen was taken in ,surrey in ,april1 one in ,kent1 and one in ,cambs in ,may2 a few also in the autumn of that year4 ,in #ahia a specimen was seen at ,balham in ,september4 ,in #ahic one was taken in ,epping ,forest in ,april1 and one in ,south ,devon in ,august4 ,single specimens were noted in ,oxfordshire1 ,lincolnshire1 ,berwick1 and the ,isle of ,skye1 in ,september1 #ahif1 and one at ,epsom in ,december of that year4 ,in #ahig one was recorded from ,yorks 7,august71 and one from ,norfolk 7,september72 and in ,may1 #ahih1 one was taken at ,norwich4 ,one or two were observed in ,august or ,september1 #ahih and #ahii2 and in #aijj there seems to have been an invasion1 on a small scale1 of this butterfly in ,august into some of the eastern and southern counties of ,england4 ,it extended westward to ,somersetshire1 and northward to ,roxburghshire4 ,a few were taken in various southern localities1 including south-east and north ,london1 in ,august and ,september of #aija4 ,a specimen occurred in the ,isle of ,wight in ,september1 #aijc1 and one in ,september1 #aijd2 and in the latter year one was captured in ,august at ,raynes ,park in ,surrey4 ,in #aije one butterfly was taken at ,harrow1 ,middlesex1 on ,july #bg2 one at ,norwich on ,august #bf1 and one in ,suffolk on ,september #bi4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #db4 ,camberwell ,beauty4 ,egg enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #dc4 ,camberwell ,beauty4 ,a full record of this fine butterfly in the ,british ,islands would occupy too much space1 but the details given above will show something of its erratic occurrence since #ahhj4 ,it visits ,ireland occasionally1 but there are no recent reports of its having been seen there4 ,kane1 in his ,catalogue of the ,lepidoptera of ,ireland1 mentions a specimen taken in ,co4 ,kerry1 ,july #ba1 #ahfe2 one from near ,belfast in #ahge82 and a third example seen by a friend many years ago near ,trillick1 ,co4 ,tyrone4 ,the latter was settled on the roadside1 but not captured1 it being ,sunday4 ,distributed throughout the temperate parts of the ,northern ,hemisphere1 it is common in the ,scandinavian ,peninsula1 whence probably our specimens came2 also in ,germany4 ,in some parts of the ,continent it is1 however1 almost as uncertain in its occurrence as in ,england4 ,the ,painted ,lady 7,pyrameis cardui74 ,the usual colour of this butterfly is tawny-orange1 but in some specimens1 especially fresh ones1 there is a tinge of pink1 or a rosy flush2 the markings are black1 and there are some white spots towards the tips of the fore wings4 ,the black markings on the hind wings are subject to variation in size1 and sometimes they run one into the other4 ,occasionally this union of the spots is accompanied by blackish suffusion spreading more or less over the entire surface of the wings1 so that they appear blackish with tawny-orange patches or clouds4 ,a somewhat peculiar variety of the species1 kindly lent by ,mr4 ,j4,a4 ,clark1 is shown on ,plate #di4 ,specimens of this form1 or some modification of it1 have been obtained in ,england1 but very rarely4 ,similar examples have also been found in other parts of the globe4 ,fig4 #bd represents another interesting aberration of this butterfly4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #dd4 ,painted ,lady4 ,caterpillar1 chrysalis and protection-web4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #de4 ,painted ,lady4 #a1 #c1 #d male2 #b1 #e female4 ,the egg is at first green1 and gradually becomes darker4 ,it is strongly ribbed from the base to the top1 where the ribs become finer and turn over towards the central hollow1 at the bottom of which is the micropyle4 ,the fine cross-ribs form slight bosses at their junction with the upright ribs4 ,the eggs are laid on the leaves of the thistle1 but usually only one on a leaf4 ,the caterpillar is rather stout for its length4 ,it has a dark greyish head1 which is covered with short bristles4 ,the ground colour of the body varies from greyish-green and ochreous-grey to blackish1 and in the darker colour is generally freckled with paler1 sometimes yellowish4 ,there is a black line along the back1 often edged with yellowish1 and sometimes much broken up2 the lines on the sides are yellowish1 but not always distinct2 the line below the yellow-ringed black spiracles1 however1 is generally broad and yellowish in colour4 ,although thistles 7,carduus7 appear to be the plants most frequently eaten by these caterpillars1 they have sometimes been found feeding upon mallow 7,malva71 burdock 7,arctium71 viper's bugloss 7,echium71 and even nettle 7,urtica74 ,they commence life by fixing up the edges of a leaf so as to form a sort of pocket in which to conceal themselves1 but as they eat away the fleshy part of the leaf their retreat is easily detected4 ,the hiding-place1 or dining-room1 of a full-grown caterpillar is shown on the plate2 change to the chrysalis is often effected in a somewhat similar structure4 ,the chrysalis is grey1 ochreous-grey1 or greenish2 shaded or striped with brownish4 ,the raised points are burnished1 and according to the way light falls on them appear golden or silvery4 ,this metallic effect is also seen on other parts of the chrysalis1 but chiefly on the back4 ,this butterfly is a notorious migrant4 ,its proper home is probably in ,northern ,africa1 and there it1 at times1 becomes so exceedingly numerous that emigration is possibly a necessity in the interests of future generations of the species4 ,whatever the cause of their leaving may be1 there is no doubt about the fact that the butterflies do quit the land of their birth in great swarms4 ,almost any part of the world may become the dumping-ground of this surplus stock4 ,our own islands are frequently favoured in this way1 and it is most likely that if this were not so1 this pretty butterfly would not be so common throughout ,great ,britain as it is in some years4 ,the natural habit of the species is to go on reproducing its kind throughout the year1 and those individuals that arrive here most certainly endeavour to do this in their new home4 ,unfortunately our climate is not1 as a rule1 a suitable one for those caterpillars which hatch from the egg late in the season1 and although some may complete their growth1 and even attain the perfect state1 the butterfly1 so far as is known1 does not hibernate as do the ,tortoiseshells and the ,peacock4 ,it may therefore be assumed that the specimens seen in ,may or ,june of any year are not native born1 but early immigrants1 and that it is from such aliens that the caterpillars and butterflies observed later in the year are descended4 ,a curious habit of the ,painted ,lady1 and also of the ,red ,admiral1 is that of continuing on the wing long after other kinds of butterfly have retired to their resting-places for the night4 ,both have been seen flying about at dusk1 and have been recorded as attracted by light on more than one occasion4 ,it has been noted that these butterflies1 in early summer1 usually occur singly1 and seem to become attached to some short stretch of ground1 over which they career to and fro with almost mechanical regularity4 ,they may be struck at with the net again and again1 but do not desert their beat4 ,even if caught and released again they appear to be undismayed1 and resume their interrupted patrol either at once or very shortly afterwards4 ,the later butterflies also are not afraid of the net1 and will repeatedly return to some favourite perch after being struck at and missed4 ,although the butterfly has been observed1 sometimes in abundance1 in every part of the ,british ,islands1 even to the ,shetlands1 its occurrence in any given locality is always uncertain4 ,in some years it may be fairly common in the early part of the year and very scarce later on4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #df4 ,red ,admiral4 ,eggs enlarged2 young and adult caterpillars2 chrysalis4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #dg4 ,red ,admiral4 #a1 #b male2 #c1 #d female4 ,a ,north ,american species1 ,pyrameis virginiensis 7huntera71 has been once or twice1 since #ahbh1 reported as captured in ,england1 but its occurrence in this country can only be regarded as accidental4 ,the ,red ,admiral 7,pyrameis atalanta74 ,the vivid contrast of black and scarlet in this butterfly will certainly arrest the attention of even the least observant4 ,but ,nature1 ever excellent in her colour schemes1 has toned down the glare of the scarlet bands by the addition of some splashes and dots of white above them on the fore wings1 and some dots of black on those of the hind wings4 ,then1 by way of a finish1 there is a delicate tracing of blue along the outer margin of the fore wings1 and a touch of the same colour at the angle of the hind wings1 the scalloped margins of all the wings being white relieved by black points4 ,on the under side the combination of colour on the fore wings is much the same as above1 but there is also some blue tracing on the central area1 and the tips harmonize with the hind wings1 which are mottled with various shades of brown1 traversed by wavy black lines1 and have a more or less square pale spot on their front edges4 ,the ordinary variation in this butterfly consists of slight differences in the tone of the red markings1 which ranges from the normal scarlet in one direction to almost crimson1 and in the other to orange-yellow4 ,the bands on the fore wings may be broken up into two1 or sometimes three1 distinct parts2 and a specimen with the bands of hind wings marked with yellow has been noted4 ,there is often a white dot in the bands of the fore wings1 and this occurs in both sexes4 ,a somewhat rare variety is represented on ,plate #di4 ,it was reared from one of three caterpillars casually picked up at ,erith1 and is now in ,mr4 ,sabine's collection4 ,somewhat similar specimens have been figured elsewhere4 ,one of these was bred from a caterpillar found at ,ashton in #ahfg1 and another was captured in ,jersey in #ahic4 ,all these varieties seem to be modifications of the form named klemensiewiczi by ,schille1 and which was figured by ,esper as a variety of atalanta in #aggg4 ,this form has also resulted from temperature experiments on the chrysalis1 of the kind previously adverted to4 ,the egg when first laid is green in colour1 but as the caterpillar matures within the colour changes to greenish-black1 with the ten ribs showing up more or less transparent4 ,the egg is laid in an upright position on nettle leaves and young shoots1 but not in batches like those of the ,tortoiseshell1 etc4 ,the caterpillar varies in colour4 ,some are blackish freckled with white1 with two yellow stripes1 sometimes broken up1 on the sides2 and the rows of branched spines yellow1 except those nearest the head1 which are black or tipped with black4 ,others are greyish1 or grey marked with yellowish-green4 ,others1 again1 are dark brownish1 with the spines on the back pale1 and those on the sides black2 or all the spines may be shining black 7,hellins74 ,the chrysalis is greyish1 prettily ornamented with gold along the centre of the back and on the thorax and head4 ,the projections are also tinged with metallic gloss4 ,it is generally suspended under a canopy of nettle leaves4 ,the caterpillars do not live in companies like those of the ,peacock and ,tortoiseshells1 but each individual constructs for itself a kind of tent 7see ,plate #dh7 by spinning together the leaves of its food-plant1 the common stinging-nettle4 ,although the caterpillar is well concealed in such hiding-places when newly made1 it gives itself away when it has partly consumed its home4 ,it has been found on pellitory 7,parietaria officinalis71 and also on hop 7,humulus72 but ,i have found that caterpillars fed on hop alone always produce small butterflies4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #dh4 ,red ,admiral4 ,caterpillar's shelter-tent1 and chrysalis4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #di4 #a1 #b ,red ,admiral var4 #c1 #d ,painted ,lady var4 ,the caterpillars1 which in a state of ,nature are often badly ichneumoned1 have been noted in ,england as early as the end of ,june and as late as ,october4 ,in the ,south of ,europe they have been seen in ,february4 ,the butterflies seen in spring and early summer1 up to1 say1 the beginning of ,july1 are supposed to have wintered in this country1 but there is no positive evidence1 that ,i can find1 that the butterfly does hibernate here4 ,it is1 however1 most probable that they are arrivals from abroad4 ,the species is found throughout ,europe and ,north ,africa1 ,northern ,asia1 and ,north ,america1 and it may be suspected of migration1 although there is1 perhaps1 not such conclusive evidence on this point as in the case of its cousin1 the ,painted ,lady4 ,anyway1 unless we admit immigration1 it seems difficult to understand why this butterfly should suddenly become common in some ,british localities from which it has been almost or quite absent for several years4 ,again1 we rarely hear of butterflies moving about at night1 but the ,red ,admiral1 as well as the ,painted ,lady1 are known to do this4 ,if it does hibernate in this country it is very late in taking up winter quarters1 as it is seen on the wing at the end of ,october1 and sometimes even in ,november2 it has also been known to emerge from the chrysalis in the latter month4 ,it does not appear in the spring with other hibernating species1 and is rarely seen before the end of ,may1 but ,june seems to be about the normal time4 ,in the autumn it is fond of making excursions into the flower garden and the orchard1 where it takes toll from flower and fruit1 an over-ripe pear or plum being its special weakness4 ,the blossoms of ivy1 hop1 thistle1 teazle1 etc41 are attractive1 but a tree-stem that has been bored by the caterpillar of the goat moth will be visited by nearly every ,red ,admiral in the district4 ,one observer mentions that he once saw quite thirty of these butterflies gathered around one wounded birch tree on ,wimbledon ,common4 ,there was not room for all to imbibe at the same time1 but those unable to satisfy their desire at the moment were content to sit around and await a favourable opportunity of joining in the feast4 ,the seductive fluid obtained from such trees is evidently more potent than the nectar from flowers1 as under its influence the insect is so listless that it may be taken up between the finger and thumb4 ,its range extends throughout the ,british ,islands1 and seems to be very similar to that of the ,painted ,lady4 ,the ,silver-washed ,fritillary 7,argynnis paphia74 ,the wings of this fine butterfly are fulvous1 with the veins and spots black2 the spots on the hind wings are band-like1 and the central spots on the fore wings are sometimes connected4 ,the female is paler than the male1 and is without the heavy black scales 7androconia7 on veins #a1 #b1 and #c2 the basal third of the fore wing1 and a larger area of the hind wing1 tinged with greenish4 ,the form of the female with all the wings greenish is the var4 valesina 7,plate #eb71 and between this and the type there are various intergrades1 one of which is shown on the plate4 ,specimens with white spots on the fore wings1 and chiefly in the males1 are sometimes not uncommon in the ,new ,forest1 as1 for instance1 in the year #ahic1 when quite a large number were secured4 ,very much more rarely white spots occur on all the wings 7,plate #eg1 ,fig4 #a74 ,in a very remarkable male specimen1 taken in the ,new ,forest in #ahha1 the central area of all four wings is black1 and the veins beyond are broadly edged with the same colour4 ,a curious female aberration has the central black spots much reduced or absent1 whilst those on the outer margin are united1 and form elongate blotches between the veins1 the upper one being wedge-shaped4 ,aberrations of the valesina form1 similar to that figured on ,plate #eg1 ,fig4 #b1 and ,fig4 #be on next page1 are not often met with2 the ground colour is greenish1 but much suffused and clouded with black4 ,now and then gynandrous specimens are obtained1 the one side normal male and the other side typical female1 or var4 valesina4 ,the egg when newly laid1 in ,july1 is whitish tinged with green1 ribbed1 and cross-furrowed1 the alternate ribs not extending to the top4 ,as the caterpillar matures1 the egg-shell appears blackish and the ribs hoary4 ,the caterpillar when full grown is velvety black with two bright yellow lines along the back2 the spines are of a reddish-ochreous colour with the extreme tips and branches black4 ,there are only two on the first ring1 and these are inclined forward over the head4 ,the chrysalis is of a pale ochreous colour1 streaked and mottled with brownish2 the hollow part of the back has a brilliant golden sheen1 and the points on the rest of the body are gold tipped4 ,suspended by the anal hooks to a silken pad spun on a twig1 rock1 or other object in the vicinity of its feeding-place1 it is capable of much activity in the way of wriggling when touched1 and displays the beauty of its metallic adornment to the greatest advantage when so engaged4 ,the caterpillar hatches in ,august1 and after eating its egg-shell and nibbling a leaf or two of dog-violet 7,viola canina71 goes into winter quarters whilst in its second skin1 and consequently very small2 the spines1 which are such an imposing feature of the adult caterpillar1 have not yet appeared4 ,in ,april1 after feeding again1 it moults the second time1 and the spines are then disclosed4 ,sometimes caterpillars continue to feed in the autumn instead of hibernating4 ,this1 at least1 has happened to ,mr4 ,frohawk on two occasions1 notably in #ahic1 when he had several individuals of a brood1 from eggs laid by a female of the valesina form1 that departed from the usual custom of their kind by feeding and growing until they eventually passed through all the stages and emerged perfect butterflies in ,september and ,october of that year4 ,something similar occurred in a brood that he was rearing in the autumn of #ahie1 but on this occasion only one caterpillar continued to feed beyond the normal time4 ,the ,english name by which we now know this1 the largest of the six ,british ,argynnids1 seems to have been given to it by ,moses ,harris in #aggh4 ,sixty years or so before that date it was called the ,greater ,silver-streaked ,fritillary4 ,fortunately1 in this case1 as in others where the vulgar tongue is entomologically concerned1 the law of priority does not apply1 so that the name ,silver-washed1 which so well expresses the underside ornamentation1 may be retained4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,aberration of var4 valesina4 ,the butterfly is probably to be found in most of the ,southern ,english and ,welsh counties1 especially where there are extensive woods4 ,in ,north ,devon1 however1 it occurs in places where there is not much in the way of woodland4 ,it is abundant in the ,new ,forest1 and also in some parts of ,ireland4 ,although it has been observed as far north as the ,clyde1 it is scarce in ,north ,england and ,scotland4 ,the valesina form is to be seen1 in ,july and ,august1 in the ,new ,forest every year1 and sometimes in numbers4 ,this variety has been reported from ,kent1 ,sussex1 ,devon1 and ,dorset2 also from near ,reading and the border of ,hertfordshire4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ej4 ,silver-washed ,fritillary4 #a1 #c male2 #b1 #d1 #e female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ea4 ,silver-washed ,fritillary4 ,egg1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,abroad1 the typical form is distributed through ,europe and ,asia to ,china1 ,corea1 and ,japan4 ,the valesina variety is uncommon in ,northern ,europe1 but in some parts of ,china it seems to be the dominant form4 ,the ,high ,brown ,fritillary 7,argynnis adippe74 ,bright fulvous with black spots and veins4 ,the female is not so bright in tint as the male1 and is without the thick patch of scales on veins #b and #c4 ,the series of black spots parallel with the outer margin of the fore wing are normally six in number1 but the third is usually small and sometimes absent1 whilst the fourth and fifth are often much larger than others of the series4 ,in the corresponding row on the hind wing the first and third spots are sometimes wanting4 ,on the under side the silvery spots are generally as seen in ,plate #ed1 but they are subject to modification1 and not infrequently are absent from the tips of the fore wings1 and sometimes from the outer margin of the hind wings also4 ,a very rare aberration has the central area of the fore wings black on the upper and under sides2 the hind wings are black above with fulvous lunules on the outer margin1 and the silvery spots on the under side are reduced to five1 and these are confined to the basal area4 ,in another remarkable form the hind wings above are similar to the last-mentioned variety1 but on the under side the silvery spots on the basal half are united and form a large patch1 which is divided by the nervures1 and there are no silvery spots on the outer margin4 ,the variety shown on ,plate #eg has the under side of the hind wings buff in colour1 the markings on the outer margin are reddish-brown with a few silvery scales towards the anal angle1 and the basal silvery spots are confluent1 agreeing in the latter character with the preceding variety1 and also with var4 charlotta of the next species4 ,in var4 cleodoxa the spots on the under side are yellowish instead of silvery1 but the red spots on the outer area are sometimes silver centred2 this form is only rarely found in ,britain4 ,possibly some of the reputed ,british examples of ,a4 niobe may have been referable to cleodoxa1 but what appears to be more certain is that the actual occurrence of niobe in ,england is exceedingly doubtful4 ,the egg when newly laid is yellowish-green2 it afterwards turns pink1 and then rosy red2 during the winter it changes to greyish or bluish-green4 ,as a rule1 the eggs are laid at the end of ,july1 and the caterpillars do not hatch until the following ,march or early in ,april4 ,in #ahic1 however1 ,mr4 ,frohawk had a few caterpillars hatch out between the middle of ,august and ,september #bj1 from a number of eggs laid at the end of ,june4 ,one of these1 fed up1 pupated on ,october #ac1 and the butterfly emerged on ,november #ba4 ,the majority of the eggs remained over to the following spring4 ,according to an observation made by ,mr4 ,w4,h4,b4 ,fletcher1 the caterpillar is fully formed soon after the egg is laid1 but remains within the shell all the winter4 ,the caterpillar1 which feeds upon dog-violet1 and also the sweet violet1 is figured on ,plate #ec4 ,the head is pinkish-brown1 covered with short greyish bristles4 ,body black1 incrusted with ochreous grey on the sides1 and on the back marked with ochreous grey on the hinder half of each ring2 dorsal line white4 ,the branched spines are pinkish-brown4 ,the chrysalis is deep brown1 freckled with paler2 points along the back of the body brilliant greenish-golden1 as also are the four points on the thorax4 ,the wing-cases are rather paler4 ,the foregoing brief description was taken on ,july #aj1 and the butterfly emerged five days afterwards4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #eb4 ,greenish ,silver-washed ,fritillary4 ,var4 valesina1 female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ec4 ,high ,brown ,fritillary4 ,eggs enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,barrett says1 ,apparently found in most of the larger woods of the southern counties1 from ,kent1 ,essex1 ,suffolk1 and ,norfolk on the east1 to ,devonshire1 ,glamorganshire1 and ,merionethshire on the west2 also in similar situations through the north-western counties and the more sheltered woods of the ,midlands to ,herefordshire1 ,shropshire1 ,derbyshire1 and ,lincolnshire4 ,found in several localities in ,yorkshire1 in the favoured ,grange and ,silverdale districts of ,lancashire1 and near ,lake ,windermere in ,westmoreland1 its extreme northern boundary being reached in ,cumberland4 ,it is widely distributed over ,europe1 and its range extends into ,asia ,minor and ,amurland4 ,in ,china and ,japan it is represented by various forms1 the commonest of which is var4 locuples4 ,the ,dark ,green ,fritillary 7,argynnis aglaia74 ,this butterfly is bright fulvous in the male1 paler in the female2 the latter sex is blackish towards the base1 and has paler spots on the outer margin4 ,the black marking is pretty much as in the previous species1 but the male has the black scales 7androconia7 on veins #a and #b1 and these are less conspicuous4 ,the basal two-thirds of the hind wings is greenish on the under side4 ,the silvery spots are arranged in fairly regular series1 and there are no silvery centred red spots between the two outer series4 ,the blackish crescents on the outer margin of the fore wings are edged with silver1 but this is chiefly towards the tips of the wings4 ,there is some variation in the tone of the ground colour1 lighter or darker than normal in both sexes2 the female seems to be the most variable in this respect1 and sometimes1 especially in the north1 examples of this sex are much suffused with blackish or greenish-black4 ,occasionally the colour is quite pale1 as shown in the middle figure on ,plate #fa1 and sometimes it is clouded with greyish4 ,the black spots are apt to run together1 and so form bands and blotches4 ,an example of this kind of aberration is shown on the plate4 ,var4 charlotta differs very little from the type on the upper side1 but on the under side of the hind wings the basal silvery spots are united1 as shown in the upper reverse side figure on the plate4 ,this variety was known to the entomologist of ,haworth's time as the ,queen of ,england ,fritillary1 and there is a figure of it in ,sowerby's ,british ,miscellany1 which was published in #ahjf4 ,the egg is yellowish when first laid1 and a day or two afterwards violet-brown rings appear above the base and the apical half4 ,it is ribbed and finely cross-ribbed1 and some of the ribs are continued to the truncate and slightly depressed top4 ,when full grown the caterpillar is shining purplish-grey1 thickly mixed with velvety black2 the grey is most in evidence between the rings and along the lower part of the sides4 ,there is a yellow stripe along the middle of the back1 and this has a central black line of irregular width2 along the lower part of the sides there is a row of reddish spots1 and these are connected by a fine yellowish line4 ,the black spines are branched1 and1 except on the first three rings1 which have only two rows1 arranged in three rows on each side of the yellow stripe4 ,the head is glossy black1 and1 like the body1 hairy4 7,adapted from ,buckler47 ,it feeds in ,may and ,june on dog-violet1 and has been reared on garden pansy4 ,the chrysalis has the head1 thorax1 and wing-cases black1 very glossy1 and marked with pale brownish2 the body is pale brownish1 and the points black4 ,suspended in a tent-like arrangement of leaves4 ,moorlands1 downs1 sea-cliffs1 and flowery slopes are the kind of situations most to the fancy of this agile butterfly4 ,it is on the wing in ,july and ,august1 and is much more easily seen than caught4 ,however1 it is rather fond of perching on the taller kinds of thistles1 and is then not difficult to capture1 if quietly approached4 ,it is common locally in most of the ,english and ,welsh counties4 ,in ,ireland it seems to be chiefly attached to the coast1 and is plentiful in some of its localities4 ,in ,scotland it occurs in many suitable districts1 but ,skye is the only one of the isles from which it has been reported4 ,its distribution extends through ,europe and ,asia to ,amurland1 ,china1 and ,japan4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ed4 ,high ,brown ,fritillary4 #a1 #d1 #e male2 #b1 #c female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ee4 ,dark ,green ,fritillary4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,the ,queen of ,spain ,fritillary 7,argynnis lathonia74 ,in shape and in general appearance this butterfly is not unlike a small example of the ,silver-washed ,fritillary2 the large silvery1 or sometimes pearly1 blotches on the under side of the hind wings at once reveal its higher ,british rank4 ,when flying it has a curious resemblance to the ,wall1 and sometimes it has been taken when the captor supposed that he was netting a specimen of that plebeian butterfly4 ,the black markings on the upper side vary somewhat in size1 and occasionally those on the front area1 or those on the inner area of the fore wings1 are more or less confluent2 very rarely the wings are suffused with a steely-blue or bronze colour4 ,the specimens occurring in this country do not1 however1 exhibit so much variation as has been observed in this butterfly abroad4 ,i have not seen any of the early stages4 ,the figures of the caterpillar and the chrysalis 7,plate #eh7 are after ,hbner1 and the following descriptions of the egg and other stages are adapted from the detailed life-history of the species by ,mr4 ,frohawk1 published in the ,entomologist for #aijc3-- ,the egg is one-fortieth of an inch high1 of a rather straight-sided conical form1 widest at the base1 where it is smooth and rounded off at the edge4 ,there are about forty longitudinal keels1 irregularly formed and of different lengths1 some not reaching halfway up the side1 and others running the entire length from base to crown1 where they terminate abruptly1 and form a series of triangular peaks round the summit surrounding the granulated micropyle2 the spaces between the keels are finely ribbed transversely4 ,when first laid it is of a very pale lemon-yellow colour1 inclining to ochreous1 appearing almost white in certain lights2 the colour gradually deepens1 becoming yellower with a greenish tinge4 ,on the fifth day the crown of the egg assumes a dull grey1 finally changing to a lilac-grey4 ,the female butterfly1 when placed in the sunshine1 laid about a hundred eggs during the day--,august #g4 ,these were mostly placed singly on the leaves or other parts of a plant of heart's-ease 7,viola tricolor71 but some were laid on the gauze cover of the cage4 ,all the caterpillars hatched out on ,august #ad4 ,the caterpillar when full grown is velvety black1 densely sprinkled with tiny white dots1 each bearing a black bristle2 there are six rows of spines1 which are of various shades of brown with yellowish bases and shining black bristles2 along the back there are two white streaks on the fore part of each ring1 and white warts emitting black bristles on the hind part4 ,the head is amber-coloured above1 but black below1 and is covered with bristles like the body4 ,the chrysalis has the head1 thorax1 and wing-cases shining olive-brown2 the body chequered and speckled with olive-brown1 ochreous1 black1 and white4 ,the spiracles are black and conspicuous1 and the points on the body are amber-coloured4 ,the thorax and first two body rings have brilliant burnished silver-gilt ornamentation4 ,the butterflies commenced to emerge on ,september #be1 and between that date and the #bhth ten came out4 ,although he succeeded in rearing almost all the caterpillars to the chrysalis1 no less than eighty died in this stage1 and he states that there is no doubt that the late autumn ,english climate is quite unsuited for the existence of this species1 as well as for others that come to us from abroad4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ef4 #a1 #b1 #c ,pearl-bordered ,fritillary vars4 #d1 #e ,small ,pearl-bordered ,fritillary vars4 #f1 #g ,heath ,fritillary vars4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #eg4 #a1 #b ,silver-washed ,fritillary vars4 #c ,high ,brown ,fritillary var4 ,moses ,harris1 in #agge1 gave this butterfly the name ,queen of ,spain2 it had been known to ,english entomologists from #agaj until then as the ,lesser ,silver-spotted ,fritillary4 ,gamlingay in ,cambridgeshire seems to have been the only ,british locality in which it had been observed until #agie1 when ,lewin mentions a specimen taken in a ,borough 7,london7 garden in ,august4 ,all the ,cambridge specimens had been captured in the month of ,may4 ,stephens1 writing in #ahbh 7,ill4 ,brit4 ,ent4 ,haust41 i4 #cg71 says-- ,previously to the year #ahah1 few cabinets possessed even a single specimen2 and from the very few known instances of its capture 7six only1 according to ,mr4 ,haworth71 there is reason to believe that some of the specimens at that time #ahjc placed in collections were foreign2 but in the above remarkable year for the appearance of certain papilionaceous insects1 this species occurred simultaneously in several1 and very distant1 parts1 having been taken in ,august by ,mr4 ,haworth at ,halvergate1 in ,norfolk2 by ,mr4 ,vigors in ,battersea-fields2 by myself at ,dover1 and1 during that and the following month1 near ,colchester2 ,birchwood1 ,kent2 and ,hertford in plenty by others4 ,at the latter place ,i saw several specimens1 but was not fortunate enough to secure any4 ,the butterfly has been taken1 chiefly odd specimens1 in many of the eastern and southern counties1 from ,norfolk to ,dover1 and almost always in the autumn4 ,it has also occurred at ,scarborough 7#ahfh71 and at least once in ,ireland 7#ahfd74 ,the neighbourhood of ,dover seems to have always been the most favoured locality1 and no less than twenty-five specimens were captured there in #ahhb4 ,several examples were also obtained at ,dover in #ahhc1 and a single specimen in other parts of ,kent in #ahhd and #ahhe4 ,the most recent records are--,brighton1 one example in #ahib2 ,clifton1 one in ,july1 #ahih2 ,christchurch1 one in ,august1 #ahii2 ,poole1 one in #aija4 ,there does not seem to be any authentic record of the caterpillar having been observed in ,kent or any other ,british locality in which the butterfly has been noted4 ,this may possibly be due to its love of concealment4 ,there are two flights of the butterfly in the year1 one in the spring and the other in the autumn4 ,females from the ,continent may arrive on our east or south coasts in ,may1 and deposit eggs from which the autumn butterflies are developed4 ,some of these might wander farther inland1 but eggs would almost certainly be laid on the spot4 ,the fate of the caterpillars from autumnal eggs would depend on the winter2 if mild they1 or at least some of them1 might manage to get through and attain the butterfly state about ,may1 but their doing so is rather doubtful4 ,the species is widely distributed and often common on the ,continent1 and its range extends to ,persia1 ,northern ,asia1 and ,north ,africa4 ,in ,eastern ,asia it is represented by var4 isoea4 ,the ,pearl-bordered ,fritillary 7,argynnis euphrosyne74 ,some authors consider the smaller ,fritillaries to be generically separable from the larger kinds1 and place this and the next species in the genus ,brenthis1 whilst the ,queen of ,spain is referred to the genus ,issoria1 ,hbner4 ,here1 however1 they are retained in ,argynnis4 ,in colour and in the marking of the upper side the ,pearl-bordered is very like the ,high ,brown1 but1 as will be seen from the figures1 it is much smaller in size1 and the ornamentation on the under side is different4 ,there is one silvery spot at the base of the hind wings1 a larger one about the middle of the wings1 and a row of spots on the outer margin4 ,the female is rather larger than the male1 and darker at the bases of the wings4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #eh4 ,queen of ,spain ,fritillary4 ,caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ei4 ,dark ,green ,fritillary4 #a1 #d male2 #b1 #c1 #e female4 ,variation on the upper side consists of more or less black suffusion on the basal or general area of the wings1 and an increase in the size of the black spots1 resulting in the formation of bands or patches2 or the black spots may be much reduced in size1 and some of them entirely absent4 ,some of the more striking kinds of aberration1 both above and below1 are represented on ,plate #ef1 ,figs4 #a-c1 and ,plate #fe1 ,figs4 #a-d4 ,the usual colour is sometimes replaced by buff1 and this may be yellowish or whitish in tint2 occasionally white spots appear on the wings4 ,the life-history of this butterfly is depicted on ,plate #fj4 ,the egg1 which is laid in ,may or ,june1 is whitish-green at first1 and afterwards turns brownish4 ,it is distinctly ribbed1 and the top is somewhat rounded and hollowed in the centre4 ,the full-grown caterpillar is black1 and the numerous minute hairs with which it is clothed give it a velvety appearance4 ,there is a greyish-edged black line down the middle of the back1 and the spines on each side of this are whitish or yellowish1 with the tips and the branches black2 all the other spines are black4 ,a greyish stripe runs along the lower part of the sides1 and this is traversed from the fourth to the last ring by a blackish line4 ,head black1 shining1 downy1 and slightly notched on the crown4 ,the natural food-plant is dog-violet 7,viola canina71 but the caterpillar will also eat garden pansy1 and has been known to nibble a leaf of primrose4 ,it retires for hibernation when quite small1 and recommences to feed in ,march4 ,the chrysalis is brownish1 with the raised parts of the thorax and head greyish2 the body is paler brown1 and the points thereon are blackish4 ,this butterfly seems to be fairly common in woods throughout ,england and ,wales1 and it is often abundant in some of the more extensive woodlands1 especially in the southern counties4 ,it used to be plentiful in ,northumberland and ,durham1 but has become scarcer in those counties1 and in some others in the north of ,england4 ,it occurs in ,scotland1 and is not uncommon in ,sutherlandshire1 but ,kane does not include it in his ,irish catalogue4 ,clearings in woods are generally the best places in which to find this pretty little ,fritillary2 but it also seems to have a fondness for the margins of brooks and rills1 where these run through or by the sides of woods4 ,usually it is on the wing in ,may or ,june1 but sometimes1 in early seasons1 it puts in an appearance at the end of ,april4 ,to entomologists of a bygone age it was known as the ,april ,fritillary1 but this name would hardly be a suitable one for it in the present day4 ,very rarely a few specimens have been taken in ,august2 and there is at least one record of caterpillars that had ceased feeding in ,july1 in the usual way1 and were apparently settled down for hibernation1 suddenly arousing from their slumbers1 and completing their growth in ,august4 ,abroad1 the species is distributed throughout ,europe1 except the extreme south1 and extends into ,armenia1 ,northern ,asia ,minor1 the ,altai1 and ,amurland4 ,it is stated to be double-brooded on the ,continent4 ,the ,small ,pearl-bordered ,fritillary 7,argynnis selene74 ,this butterfly differs from the last one referred to in having a rather deeper colour on the upper side1 and heavier black markings on the outer margin of the hind wings4 ,the female is slightly more orange in tint1 and has a series of pale spots on the outer margin of each wing4 ,on the under side the red markings are browner in tint1 and there are more silvery spots on the hind wings4 ,variation in colour and marking is similar to that mentioned under the ,pearl-bordered4 ,on ,plate #ff a white spotted female and a specimen with the hind wings clouded with black are represented4 ,these are rather uncommon aberrations4 ,the life-history of this species is figured on ,plate #fb4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #fj4 ,pearl-bordered ,fritillary4 ,egg1 natural size and enlarged2 partly grown caterpillar2 chrysalis4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #fa4 ,dark ,green ,fritillary vars4 #a1 #b1 #d1 #e male2 #c female4 ,the egg is at first greenish1 then yellowish1 and afterwards greyish1 and then becoming blackish towards the hollowed top4 ,the ribs seem to be eighteen or twenty in number2 laid in ,june or ,july on plants of dog-violet4 ,on emerging from the egg the young caterpillar devours most of the shell4 ,it is then of a pale olive colour with brownish warts1 from each of which there is a pale and rather long jointed bristle2 the head is black4 ,the full-grown caterpillar is smoky pink and velvety-looking4 ,there is a brownish line along the middle of the back4 ,the spines are ochreous in colour1 tinged with pink1 and beset with fine pointed black bristles4 ,the upper ones are rather stouter than the others1 and the pair on the first ring1 the only spines on this ring1 are rather more than twice the length of the others1 and are directed forward over the head1 thus giving the appearance of a pair of horns2 the second and third rings have each four spines1 which are rather finer than those on the rest of the body1 which are arranged in six rows4 ,a pale pinkish stripe runs along the lower part of the body2 just above the feet4 ,head black and notched on the crown 7,buckler74 ,the chrysalis is brown on the thorax and the body2 the wing-cases are more ochreous and marked with black near the edge4 ,there is a black ,v-mark on the thorax1 with a silvery spot on each side1 one silvery spot on each side of the head1 and other metallic spots on the body near the thorax 7,buckler74 ,on the ,continent there are two broods of the butterfly1 and specimens are occasionally seen in ,august in this country2 one of these late examples1 taken by ,mr4 ,barker in #ahha1 is shown on the plate 7,fig4 #f74 ,sometimes one or two caterpillars of a brood in confinement will feed up and attain the perfect state in ,august instead of settling down with their companions for hibernation4 ,the butterfly in ,june and ,july frequents similar places to those favoured by the ,pearl-bordered1 and its distribution in ,britain is somewhat similar1 although it is a more local species4 ,it seems1 however1 to be commoner in ,scotland than the ,pearl-bordered1 and has been recorded at least once from ,ireland4 ,its range abroad extends farther east1 as it is found in ,corea4 ,the ,heath ,fritillary 7,melita athalia74 ,the ground colour of this butterfly1 sometimes called the ,pearl-bordered ,likeness or ,may ,fritillary1 is brownish-orange1 and the markings are black or blackish2 the bases of the wings are clouded with blackish1 and the fringes are white checkered with black4 ,the ground colour varies in tint1 and may be pale tawny or deep reddish4 ,the black markings are subject to modification in two directions2 in one leading up to almost complete disappearance from the central area1 and in the other they are much intensified and greatly obscure the ground colour4 ,sometimes the whole of the wings1 with the exception of a series of orange spots on the outer area1 are blackish4 ,this form is known as var4 navarina4 ,the left-hand figure at the bottom of ,plate #fh shows an aberration approaching this form1 whilst the right-hand figure comes close to var4 corythalia4 ,specimens with all the wings thinly marked with black1 as in the fore wing of the variety last referred to1 would be referable to var4 obsoleta4 ,according to ,barrett1 specimens from ,essex have the ground colour on the under side of the hind wing much yellower than are the same parts in specimens from ,sussex4 ,i have not noticed this1 but some ,essex examples that ,i have seen were much darker and more heavily marked with black on the upper side1 and especially on the hind wings1 than any that ,i have seen from other parts of ,england1 except1 perhaps1 a few individuals from ,north ,devonshire4 ,these ,essex specimens reminded me very much of ,m4 dictynna1 a ,continental species1 with which1 it appears1 the ,heath ,fritillary was confounded by some of the old authors4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #fb4 ,small ,pearl-bordered ,fritillary4 ,egg1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar 7after ,buckler71 and chrysalis4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #fc4 ,queen of ,spain ,fritillary4 #a1 #b male2 #c1 #d female4 ,there is a good deal of variation on the under side1 but chiefly of a minor character1 and most often unconnected with variation on the upper side4 ,the following are more important varieties4 ,var4 tessellata1 the ,straw ,may ,fritillary of ,petiver1 and figured by him in #agag and by ,stephens in #ahbg1 has the under side of the hind wings entirely straw-coloured with black veins4 ,there are three large squarish yellow spots on the basal area1 outlined in black2 a yellow central band1 margined and traversed by black lines4 ,on the outer margin there is a series of yellow crescents1 outlined in black4 ,var4 eos of ,haworth 7the ,dark ,underwing ,fritillary7 is the pyronia of ,hbner and ,stephens1 and a modification of var4 corythalia1 ,hbn4 ,on the under side the fore wings are fulvous1 and have two black spots in the discal cell1 and a black band1 intersected by the veins1 on the central area4 ,on the hind wings the basal third is fulvous with eight black spots2 the central area is whitish intersected by the black veins4 ,on the yellow-tinged whitish outer area there is a series of black-margined orange crescents2 a row of black lunules precedes a thin black line on the outer margin4 ,the egg is upright1 ribbed1 and pale whitish-green in colour4 ,as the caterpillar matures the shell becomes greyish4 ,the eggs were laid in a cluster on a leaf of cow-wheat 7,melampyrum pratense7 as shown in the figure1 but failed to hatch4 ,the full-grown caterpillar is black on the back1 becoming olive tinged on the sides and olive-brown underneath2 the divisions between the rings are olive4 ,the whole of the upper surface1 except a line along the middle of the back1 is dotted with white1 and there are eleven white-tipped orange or yellowish spines on each ring1 except the last two and the three nearest the head2 the first and the last each have four spines1 the third has eight1 and the second and the eleventh have each ten spines4 ,the head is black marked with white1 and is clothed with short1 stiff1 black hair or bristles 7,buckler74 ,the chrysalis is pale whitish-ochreous1 the markings on the wing-cases are black1 and those on the other parts are orange and black4 ,cow-wheat appears to be the chief food of the caterpillar1 but it will also eat1 and has been found on1 foxglove 7,digitalis purpurea7 and woodsage 7,teucrium scorodonia74 ,plantain is also said to be a food-plant1 but ,buckler says that his caterpillars would not eat this4 ,the caterpillars are rather shy in their habits1 and1 except when the sun is shining brightly1 require to be carefully looked for among their food-plant and the dead leaves1 etc41 around4 ,they hatch from the egg in ,july1 feed for a few weeks1 and then hibernate in companies under a web4 ,in ,april and ,may they become active again1 feed up quickly1 and appear as butterflies in ,june and early ,july4 ,the species is1 unfortunately1 becoming scarcer in ,england than it used to be4 ,it seems quite to have disappeared from some of the districts in which it was formerly common4 ,no doubt in one or two of its old and well-known localities the butterflies1 and perhaps the caterpillars also1 have been too freely taken1 and its natural enemies have probably completed the business4 ,clearings in woods or heathy borders of woods are the kind of places this species appear to prefer4 ,its headquarters in any given locality seems to be changed from time to time1 so that the exact spot where it will occur next year cannot be predicted from this year's observations4 ,the butterfly seems to be unknown in ,scotland1 and has only been recorded from ,killarney in ,ireland4 ,in ,england it is to be found in the counties of ,essex1 ,kent1 ,surrey1 and ,devonshire4 ,its geographical distribution extends through ,europe into ,asia ,minor1 ,east ,siberia1 and ,northern ,amurland4 ,in ,corea and ,japan it is represented by a larger form known as var4 niphona4 ,the ,glanville ,fritillary 7,melita cinxia74 ,this butterfly is bright brownish-orange with black markings1 as shown on ,plate #ga4 ,the under side of the hind wings and the tips of the fore wings are very pale yellowish2 the former with two black-margined brownish-orange bands1 and lines of black dots2 the tip of the fore wing is also dotted and marked with black4 ,the female is slightly paler1 and the markings are often blurred4 ,there is variation in the black markings on the upper side4 ,sometimes these are enlarged1 but more often they are much reduced1 and the central one may be completely absent from all the wings4 ,connected with the suppression of the middle black line above there is usually aberration on the under side of the hind wings also1 where the central area is clear of black dots1 and the basal area is fulvous1 edged and marked with black4 ,two very remarkable aberrations are represented on ,plate #fe1 ,figs4 #g1 #h4 ,the eggs1 which are yellowish-white1 and sometimes tinged with green1 are laid in a cluster on the under side of the tip of a leaf of the narrow-leafed plantain 7,plantago lanceolata74 ,the caterpillars hatch in ,july and ,august1 and hibernate in companies under a web4 ,the mature caterpillar is black with white dots1 and black bristles arising from greenish warts4 ,the red head1 which is notched on the crown1 and the red fore legs distinguish this at once from the caterpillars of the ,heath1 or the ,marsh ,fritillary4 ,it feeds in early spring on plantain1 but seems to prefer ,plantago maritima to ,p4 lanceolata when both are present4 ,the chrysalis is brownish in colour1 and is ornamented with orange on the thorax1 and with orange points and black marks on the body4 ,it may be found in ,april and early ,may suspended from the lower parts of the stems of the plantain or other plants around4 ,newman states that he found dozens of the chrysalids in company1 but ,i have only occasionally met with them1 and always singly4 ,quite early in the eighteenth century this butterfly had only been observed in ,england in ,lincolnshire1 where1 according to ,ray1 it was common1 and in a wood at ,dulwich4 ,petiver1 who mentioned the last-named locality1 calls it the ,dullidge ,fritillary4 ,wilkes in #aggc wrote of it as the ,plantain ,fritillary1 although he gives clover and grass1 as well as plantain1 as the food of the caterpillar4 ,moses ,harris in the ,aurelian 7#aggi7 calls the butterfly the ,glanville ,fritillary1 and states that it was named after ,lady ,glanville1 who was interested in butterflies1 and whose will was disputed on that ground4 ,this fact will serve to show that entomology as a pursuit was not much in vogue at that time1 and that those who collected butterflies1 etc41 were apt to be regarded by their friends as being--well1 just a wee bit daft4 ,both ,wilkes and ,harris1 it may be remarked1 seem to have been acquainted with the caterpillar of this species as well as with that of the ,marsh ,fritillary1 and there seems little reason1 therefore1 to suspect that they confused the two species4 ,the localities given by the earlier authors appear1 however1 to suggest that the butterfly they wrote about may have been the ,marsh ,fritillary2 but there is no direct evidence of this4 ,stephens in #ahbg 7,illustrations of ,british ,entomology1 ,haustellata1 vol4 i4 p4 #cd7 wrote-- ,this is a very local species1 and is found in meadows by the sides of woods2 in ,wilkes' time it was not uncommon in ,tottenham wood2 recently the places where it has been chiefly observed have been near ,ryde and the ,sandrock ,hotel1 ,isle of ,wight2 in the latter place in plenty3 also at ,birchwood1 and near ,dartford and ,dover1 and in a wood near ,bedford4 ,i believe that it has been found in ,yorkshire4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #fd4 ,pearl-bordered ,fritillary4 #a1 #b1 #c male2 #d1 #e1 #f female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #fe4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d ,pearl-bordered ,fritillary vars4 #e1 #f ,marsh ,fritillary vars4 #g1 #h ,glanville ,fritillary vars4 ,there is no doubt that between #aheh and #ahfc the butterfly was more or less common on parts of the ,kentish coast between ,folkestone and ,sandgate1 but it seems to be equally certain that the species has long been absent from that part of ,england as well as from other localities that have been mentioned1 except the ,isle of ,wight1 where it is still to be found4 ,it flies in ,may and ,june1 and seems to have a preference for the rougher parts of the undercliff2 but ,i have seen butterflies and caterpillars too on the higher slopes of ,st4 ,boniface4 ,whenever the caterpillars are met with1 it will be well to remember that only the full-grown ones should be taken1 as the smaller ones do not thrive very well in confinement4 ,a little self-denial in this matter will bring its own reward in the shape of fine specimens for the cabinet1 and the pleasant reflection that the useless sacrifice of a number of caterpillars has been avoided4 ,the butterfly is widely spread and generally common on the ,continent1 and in the ,channel ,islands it is plentiful in ,alderney and ,guernsey4 ,its range extends into ,asia ,minor1 ,central ,asia1 and ,siberia4 ,the ,marsh ,fritillary 7,melita aurinia74 ,this species1 of which several forms are represented on ,plate #gc1 is subject to considerable variation in depth of colour1 and also in size and intensity of the markings1 in all localities4 ,the varieties here referred to are more or less characteristic of the countries in which they occur4 ,to mention all the forms1 or even those to which varietal names have been given1 would occupy more space than is available for the purpose4 ,reddish-orange or bright tawny1 veins black1 breaking up the yellow or yellowish transverse bands2 there are three or four transverse black lines1 the first and second1 counting from the base of the wing1 not always distinct2 basal area more or less suffused with black4 ,on the under side the fore wings are fulvous1 with faint traces of the upper-side markings2 the hind wings are rather redder1 especially on the outer half1 and have yellowish markings1 comprising some spots towards the base of the wings1 a band beyond the middle1 a series of black centred spots1 and crescents on the outer margin4 ,the above applies more particularly to the form of the butterfly occurring in ,england and ,wales4 ,the ,irish form known as prclara has the transverse band straw-coloured1 the red colour is more vivid1 and the black veins and cross-lines heavier2 the area nearest the base of the wings is often blacker4 ,in a form occurring in ,scotland1 and known as var4 scotica1 the black is still more intense1 and the straw-coloured markings are dull in colour4 ,the egg is pale brownish and very glossy4 ,it appears smooth towards the rounded base1 but is ribbed from just before the middle to the top4 ,the eggs are laid in batches on leaves of scabious1 chiefly the ,devil's bit 7,scabiosa succisa74 ,the full-grown caterpillar is black1 with a number of tiny whitish dots1 each bearing a short black hair2 short black spines are arranged in nine rows from ring four1 the first ring is only hairy1 the second and third have each two spines4 ,the head is black1 with a groove down the front and short hairs on the sides4 ,the true legs are black1 and the false legs and the under parts of the body are dull rust-coloured4 ,the caterpillars hatch from the egg in ,june or ,july1 and towards the end of ,august they construct silken webs1 in which they establish themselves for hibernation4 ,early in ,march they recommence feeding1 and under the influence of much sunshine feed up quickly4 ,besides wild scabious1 they will eat honeysuckle and the garden kinds of ,scabiosa4 ,the chrysalis is pale buff1 with orange points on the body2 the wing-cases are marked with black and orange4 ,the chrysalids are suspended from a silken web1 which is attached to a leaf or drawn-together leaves4 ,the early stages are figured on ,plate #gj4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ff4 ,small ,pearl-bordered ,fritillary4 #a1 #c1 #d male2 #f do4 7second brood72 #g do4 var42 #b1 #e female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #fg4 ,heath ,fritillary4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar 7after ,buckler71 and chrysalis4 ,kane 7,catalogue of the ,lepidoptera of ,ireland71 referring to this species1 remarks3 ,this butterfly has been known to increase so prodigiously that whole fields and roads became blackened by the moving myriads of larv4 ,an instance of this was observed by the ,rev4 ,s4,l4 ,brakey1 near ,ennis1 ,co4 ,clare1 where he drove out to see a reported 'shower of worms1' and found as above described1 the larv being so multitudinous in some fields that the black layer of insects seemed to roll in corrugations as the migrating hosts swarmed over each other in search of food4 ,the imagines that resulted from the starved survivors were extremely small and faded in colour4 ,these caterpillars are destroyed in great numbers by ,hymenopterous parasites1 chiefly ,apanteles1 and it is almost certain that a large percentage of those collected will prove to have been stung4 ,the butterfly is on the wing in ,may and ,june1 and seems to affect damp meadows1 marshy ground on the sides of hills1 and such kind of places4 ,it does not necessarily occur wherever its food-plant is abundant1 but scabious is always found to be present in the haunts of the butterfly2 so if we know that the insect occurs in a particular district we should probably get a clue to its exact whereabouts by noting the likely places in that district where the food-plant flourishes4 ,although it has seemingly disappeared from various ,english localities where it was formerly common1 the butterfly may be found in many parts of the ,british ,islands1 but it is local and does not occur northwards much beyond the ,caledonian ,canal4 ,abroad it spreads over ,europe to ,northern ,africa1 and its range extends eastward through ,asia to ,amurland and ,corea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the fine butterfly next in order is regarded as a member of the ,danain by most authors4 ,although its generic position seems to be established1 its proper place in the classification of butterflies is still unfixed2 and even the question of its trivial or specific name is not finally settled4 ,according to ,kirby1 this butterfly is ,anosia menippe1 ,hbner1 and not the true ,papilio plexippus of ,linnus1 nor the ,p4 archippus of ,cramer4 ,american authors1 however1 consider it to be the ,linnean plexippus1 and give menippe ,hb4 as a synonym4 ,the species is here retained in ,danain1 but ,holland places it in ,euploein and ,skinner in the ,family ,lymnadid4 ,the ,milkweed ,butterfly 7,anosia plexippus74 ,the butterfly figured on ,plate #abj is brownish-orange1 with black veins and margins on all the wings4 ,white spots are arranged in double rows on the black outer margin of each wing1 and there are seven other rather larger white spots on the black apical patch of the fore wings4 ,the male has a patch of black scales1 covering the scent pouch1 close to vein #b on the hind wings4 ,the egg is long1 oval in shape1 with over twenty low upright ridges and many cross-lines2 is of a pale green colour2 and is laid singly on the food-plant of the caterpillar 7various kinds of milkweed1 especially the commonest kind1 ,asclepias cornuti71 and usually upon the under surface of the upturned apical leaves near the middle4 ,the egg state lasts only about four days 7,scudder74 ,the caterpillar has the head smooth and rounded1 yellow1 conspicuously banded with black4 ,body cylindrical1 tapering a little in front1 naked1 but with two pairs of long and very slender black thread-like filaments1 one pair1 the longer1 on the second thoracic1 the other on the eighth abdominal segment4 ,the body is white1 with numerous slender black and yellow1 and especially black1 transverse stripes1 repeated with considerable regularity on each of the segments1 so that there are nowhere any broad patches of colour 7,scudder74 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #fh4 ,heath ,fritillary4 #a1 #b1 #c male2 #d1 #e1 #f female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #fi4 ,glanville ,fritillary4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,the chrysalis is stout and not elongated1 largest in the middle of the abdomen2 where it is transversely ridged2 elsewhere it is smooth and rounded1 with no striking prominences1 but with little conical projections at most of the elevated points1 like those which half encircle the body at the abdominal ridge1 all of a golden colour except the latter1 which are situated in a tri-coloured band1 black in front1 nacreous in the middle1 and gilt behind 7,scudder74 ,according to ,dr4 ,holland1 the butterfly is considered to be polygoneutic1 that is to say1 many broods are produced annually2 and it is believed by writers1 that with the advent of cold weather these butterflies migrate to the ,south in ,america1 the chrysalids and caterpillars which may be undeveloped at the time of the frosts are destroyed1 and that when these insects reappear1 as they do every summer in ,north ,america1 they represent a wave of immigration coming northward from the warmer regions of the ,gulf ,states4 ,it is not believed that any of them hibernate in any stage of their existence4 ,this insect sometimes appears in great swarms on the eastern and southern coasts of ,new ,jersey in late autumn4 ,the swarms pressing southward are arrested by the ocean4 ,within quite recent years it seems to have effected a settlement in ,australia1 and has thence spread northward and westward1 until in its migrations it has reached ,java and ,sumatra1 and long ago took possession of the ,philippines4 ,moving eastward on the lines of travel1 it has established a more or less precarious foothold for itself in ,southern ,england4444 ,it is well established at the ,cape ,verde ,islands1 and in a short time we may expect to hear of it as having taken possession of the continent of ,africa1 in which the family of plants upon which the caterpillars feed is well represented4 ,so far as is shown by the published records1 the actual number of specimens of the ,milkweed1 or1 as it is sometimes called1 ,monarch butterfly1 seen or caught in ,england between #ahgf1 in which year it was first observed in this country1 and the present time1 does not much exceed thirty1 and about one-third of these were obtained in ,september1 #ahhe4 ,in #ahgf single specimens were captured at ,neath1 ,s4 ,wales2 ,hayward's ,heath and ,keymer1 ,sussex2 and ,poole1 ,dorset4 ,in #ahif single specimens were reported as seen at ,lymington1 ,hants1 in ,may2 ,newlands ,corner1 ,surrey1 in ,july2 and the ,lizard1 ,cornwall1 in ,september4 ,the years in which the butterfly has been noticed in ,britain are #ahgf1 #ahha1 #ahhd1 #ahhe1 #ahhf1 #ahhg1 #ahij1 and #ahif4 ,it was first observed on the ,continent in #ahgg1 when1 according to ,barrett1 a specimen was taken in ,la ,vende1 ,france4 ,in #ahhf1 when half a dozen were recorded from ,england1 single specimens were obtained in ,guernsey1 and at ,oporto and ,gibraltar4 ,more recently1 ,barrett states1 ,mr4 ,h4,w4 ,vivian found it1 ,i believe not uncommonly1 in the ,canaries1 and very kindly brought me a specimen4 ,there seems to be no question that the species is migratory in its habits1 but exactly how it reaches this country is not definitely known4 ,neither is it known whether the species1 having arrived1 is able to reproduce its kind here4 ,from the fact of its recurrence in ,england for four years in succession1 the possibility of its breeding in this country might be assumed4 ,one objection to any such inference1 however1 is that it is a many-brooded species1 but1 with the exception of two records in #ahif1 all ,british specimens were captured or seen in ,august1 ,september1 or ,october1 and none seem to have been observed in the earlier months of those years in which the autumnal butterflies were obtained4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #gj4 ,marsh ,fritillary4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar 7after ,buckler7 and chrysalis4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ga4 ,glanville ,fritillary4 #a1 #b1 #d male2 #c1 #e1 #f1 #g female4 ,the ,milkweeds 7,asclepias7 are not indigenous plants1 but1 as pointed out by the late ,mr4 ,j4 ,jenner ,weir1 ,a4 purpurescens and ,a4 tuberosa are hardy in this country4 ,he endeavoured to ascertain whether these plants1 or either of them1 were grown in any of the gardens in the ,cornish locality where four fresh specimens were captured in ,september1 #ahhe4 ,i do not find that the desired information was furnished4 ,recently ,i have ascertained that ,a4 cornuti1 which grows to a height of four feet1 is used as a border plant in some parts of ,england4 ,it is commonly known as ,swallow-wort1 and is esteemed for its fragrant pale purple flowers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we now come to the ,satyrin1 which1 as regards the number of species belonging to it1 is a very large sub-family4 ,in ,great ,britain1 however1 there are but eleven species1 and although some of these are rather local1 none are really scarce1 and most are common4 ,the ,marbled ,white 7,melanargia galatea74 ,older ,english names for the butterfly figured on ,plate #ge are ,our ,half-mourner 7,petiver1 #agag71 ,the ,marmoris 7,wilkes71 and ,the ,marmoress 7,harris74 ,the ground colour is white or creamy white1 and the markings are black4 ,on the under side the markings are similar in design to those on the upper side1 but much fainter3 the eye spots1 which are not always in evidence above1 are well defined below1 and especially so on the hind wings4 ,the female is generally whiter and larger than the male1 and has the basal half of the costa1 or front margin of the fore wing ochreous brown1 and the markings on the under side of the hind wings are tinged with the same colour4 ,variation consists chiefly of increase or decrease in the size of the black markings4 ,at least one specimen is known in which all the wings are uniform smoky black4 ,this is in the collection of ,mr4 ,a4,b4 ,farn1 and was captured near ,rochester1 ,kent1 in #ahga4 ,between this extreme and specimens with the black markings of typical proportions there are various modifications2 but striking aberrations are rare in this country4 ,sometimes there is entire or partial absence of black pigment4 ,a remarkable example of this kind of aberration1 taken on the cliffs between ,dover and ,walmer some years ago1 is described as of a clear milky-white colour1 and has not1 either on the upper or under side of the wings1 the smallest speck of black4 ,the ground colour is sometimes decidedly yellow1 and very occasionally brownish4 ,the life-history of this butterfly is figured on ,plate #gd4 ,the egg is whitish1 opaque1 with a dark speck on the apex2 base flattened and slightly hollowed2 finely reticulated1 but without distinct striations or anything resembling ribs4 ,the eggs are laid in ,july1 and are not attached to anything4 ,the caterpillar when full grown1 is whity-brown in colour with brownish lines4 ,the head is brown1 tinged with pink1 and the tail-like points on the last ring are pink4 ,the head1 as well as the body1 is clothed with short hair4 ,the chrysalis is also whity-brown with a pinkish tinge1 browner speckling on the wing cases1 and the body is marked down the back with yellow4 ,hellins says1 ,it hibernates when very small1 becomes full fed in ,june1 and changes to a pupa without suspending itself in any way1 or making a cocoon2 ,i think it would hide itself1 as my examples did2 ,i found they had got among the thick moss with which ,i had furnished the bottom of their cage1 and apparently made little hollows for themselves by turning round4 ,cock's-foot grass 7,dactylis glomerata7 and cat's-tail grass 7,phleum pratense7 are given as food-plants1 but the caterpillars in confinement seem to eat any kind of grass that is supplied4 ,the butterfly is found in most of the ,midland counties and in nearly all of the ,southern ones1 but is especially common on the chalk downs of the ,south-west4 ,it does not occur in ,ireland or ,scotland1 and seems to be absent from the ,northern counties of ,england except ,yorkshire4 ,in the last-named county it was supposed to be extinct1 but during the past ten years it has been observed at ,sledmere1 and near ,scarborough and ,helmsley4 ,it is also reported to be not uncommon in three localities not far from ,york4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #gb4 ,milkweed ,butterfly4 ,egg1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis 7after ,smith74 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #gc4 ,marsh ,fritillary4 #a1 #c1 #e1 #i1 #aj male2 #b1 #d1 #f1 #g1 #aa female4 #a1 #b1 #d1 #f1 #g1 #i ,english2 #h ,welsh2 #c1 #e1 #aj1 #aa ,irish4 ,the butterflies usually affect broken ground1 rough fields1 grassy slopes near woods1 or even sunny banks on the edges of cornfields4 ,occasionally an odd specimen or two may be met with here and there1 but as a rule they seem to keep pretty much together1 so that when one comes upon a colony of these butterflies1 the selection of a series on the spot is quite an easy matter1 and can be effected without destroying a single specimen over and above the required number4 ,abroad1 this species is abundant in ,central and ,southern ,europe1 and its range extends to ,northern ,asia ,minor and ,armenia4 ,the ,small ,mountain ,ringlet 7,erebia epiphron74 ,the typical form of this butterfly1 epiphron1 ,knock1 has the tawny bands unbroken on the fore wings1 and almost so on the hind wings2 the black dots on the hind wings of the female are often pupilled with white1 and more rarely this is so in the male also4 ,it has been stated that specimens occur in ,perthshire which exhibit these characters4 ,all the ,british examples of the ,small ,mountain ,ringlet that ,i have seen are referable to the form known as cassiope1 ,fab4 7,plate #gg74 ,the tawny1 or orange1 bands are rarely so entire on the fore wings as in epiphron1 and are generally rather narrower2 and that on the hind wing is broken up into three or four rings4 ,the black dots are usually smaller and without white pupils4 ,the female is somewhat larger and the bands or rings paler4 ,variation in the markings is extensive4 ,the bands on the fore wings become less and less complete1 until they are reduced to a series of mere rings around the black dots4 ,the black dots decrease in size and in number until they1 together with the tawny marking1 entirely disappear1 and a plain blackish-brown insect only remains4 ,this extreme form has been named obsoleta1 ,tutt4 ,the earliest rings to vanish seem to be the third on the fore wings and the first on the hind wings4 ,similar modifications occur on the under side also1 but there may be aberration on the upper side of a specimen1 and not1 or at least not in the same way1 on the under side4 ,the egg1 when first laid1 is yellow1 changing afterwards to fawn colour with darker markings1 especially towards the top4 ,it is laid in ,july on blades of grass4 ,the larva hatches in about sixteen days4 ,the young caterpillar1 before hibernation in ,october1 is greenish1 with darker green and yellow lines4 ,head brownish4 ,feeds in ,july and after hibernation on various grasses1 among which ,poa annua1 ,festuca ovina1 ,aira prcox1 and ,a4 cspitosa have been specified as eaten by caterpillars in confinement4 ,a distinct preference1 however1 has been shown for mat grass 7,nardus stricta71 and it has been suggested that this may be the natural food4 ,the full-grown caterpillar appears to be undescribed4 ,the chrysalis is described by ,buckler as being little more than three-eighths of an inch in length1 rather thick in proportion1 being less dumpy in form than hyperanthus1 but more so than blandina4 ,the colour of the back of the thorax and wing cases is a light green1 rather glaucous2 the abdomen a pale drab or dirty whitish2 a dark brown dorsal streak is conspicuous on the thorax1 and there is the faintest possible indication of its being continued as a stripe along the abdomen4 ,the eye-1 trunk-1 antenna-1 and leg-cases are margined with dark brown1 and the wing nervures are indicated by the same colours4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #gd4 ,marbled ,white4 ,eggs enlarged1 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ge4 ,marbled ,white4 #a1 #b1 #d male2 #c1 #e1 #f female4 ,as is indicated by its ,english name1 this interesting little butterfly only frequents high ground1 and is rarely found below about #aejj feet4 ,all its ,english localities are in the lake district of ,cumberland and ,westmoreland4 ,it seems to like boggy ground1 and in such places on ,gable ,hill1 ,red ,skrees1 and at ,langdale ,pikes1 among others1 it is not uncommon4 ,previous to #ahji the species was unknown to occur in ,britain1 but in ,june of that year specimens were captured by ,mr4 ,t4 ,stothard on the mountains at ,ambleside4 ,haworth1 in #ahab1 referred to these specimens as from ,scotland1 but the butterfly was not taken in that country until #ahdd1 when it was discovered by ,mr4 ,r4 ,weaver in ,perthshire4 ,it is now known to occur1 sometimes in abundance1 on ,ben ,nevis and other adjacent hills1 also in suitable spots and the proper elevation around ,lochs ,rannoch and ,vennachar1 as well as in the ,tay district and ,argyleshire4 ,in ,ireland it was taken by ,mr4 ,e4 ,birchall1 in ,june1 #ahed1 in a grassy hollow about halfway up the ,westport side of ,croagh ,patrick4 ,about five years ago ,mr4 ,w4,f4 de ,vismes ,kane met with the butterfly on ,nephin1 ,mayo1 and he mentioned a specimen believed to have been taken on the hilly slopes on the eastern shores of ,lake ,gill1 ,sligo4 ,abroad the species is found in mountainous parts of ,south ,germany1 ,switzerland1 ,france1 ,north and ,central ,italy4 ,the typical form1 epiphron1 is more especially obtained in the ,hartz and ,alsatian ,mountains1 ,silesia1 ,hungary1 and ,bulgaria4 ,the ,scotch ,argus 7,erebia thiops blandina74 ,the butterfly figured on ,plate #gg is deep velvety brown1 appearing almost black in very fresh male specimens4 ,there is a broad fulvous band on the outer area1 but not reaching either the costa or the inner margin2 it is contracted about the middle1 the upper part encloses two white pupilled black spots1 and the lower part has one such spot4 ,the hind wings have a narrow fulvous band1 usually enclosing three white pupilled black spots4 ,the under side is more distinctly brown and not velvety1 band of fore wings similar to above2 the hind wings have a greyish band beyond the middle1 with three small white pupilled black spots on its outer edge2 the basal area is often greyish also4 ,the female is generally less dark and velvety1 the bands are rather wider1 more orange in colour1 and the white pupils of the spots are more conspicuous2 on the under side the alternate dark and pale bands are more striking1 and sometimes the grey colour is replaced by ochreous1 which seems to constitute the aberration named ochracea1 ,tutt4 ,the spots on the fore wings1 upper side1 are often increased to four by the addition of a small one between those previously mentioned4 ,more rarely there is an extra spot above the upper pair1 and still less frequently1 and in the female sex1 an additional pair is found below the usual lower spot1 thus making six in all4 ,on the other hand1 the only spots in evidence may be the pair in the upper part of the band4 ,the spots on the hind wings range in number from two to five1 but occasionally all are absent4 ,the fulvous bands on the fore wings may be reduced to rings around the upper and lower spots respectively1 and altogether wanting on the hind wings4 ,such an aberration would be referable to obsoleta1 ,tutt1 which is considered to be very rare4 ,there are many other modifications1 but these mentioned will serve to show the variable character of this local butterfly4 ,the egg is ochreous white1 or bone colour1 finely freckled with pale brown or pinkish-brown2 it has a number of ribs1 and is also reticulated4 ,the caterpillar in its last skin is pale drab1 the warts pale whitish-brown1 emitting short tapering bristles2 dorsal stripe blackish-brown1 enclosed by two paler drab lines2 subdorsal stripe paler drab1 becoming narrow towards the anal point1 edged above with a greenish-brown thread1 and below with blackish or brownish dashes1 that almost form a continuous line2 below this come two thin pale lines1 above the lower of which are the circular black spiracles2 the under parts and the legs are of a somewhat warmer tint of the ground colour of the back4 ,it changed on ,june #bbnd to a pupa1 unattached1 but placed in an upright position amongst the grass near the ground4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #gf4 ,small ,mountain ,ringlet4 ,egg1 natural size and enlarged2 young caterpillar4 ,scotch ,argus4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #gg4 ,small ,mountain ,ringlet4 #a1 #d male2 #c female 7,english72 #b1 #e1 #f1 #g male 7,scotch74 ,scotch ,argus4 #h1 #aa male 7,scotch72 #i do4 7,english72 #aj1 #ab female 7,scotch74 ,the chrysalis has the body ochreous1 with a darker stripe down the back1 and other lines2 the eye covers are black1 and the thorax1 antenn cases1 and wing covers are dingy1 dark purplish-brown4 ,the above descriptions of caterpillar and chrysalis are adapted from ,buckler1 whose figures of these stages are also reproduced on the plate4 ,aira prcox1 ,a4 cspitosa1 and ,poa are the grasses that seem to be the food of the caterpillar4 ,mr4 ,haggart1 of ,galashiels1 who had exceptional opportunities for observing the habits of this butterfly in its natural home1 gives a most interesting account of it in the ,entomologist for ,november1 #ahie4 ,he writes-- ,the haunt of this species is1 almost without exception1 the margin of a plantation or wood where the different species of ,poa grow abundantly1 and always situated in such a position as to receive the first rays of the rising sun4 ,this last-mentioned fact is so plainly evident1 that the least observant cannot fail to notice it4 ,the insect is truly sun loving1 and no collector need go in search of it with any thought of success if the day be dull4 ,it is most interesting to observe the extreme sensibility of the insect to shine and shade4 ,a very good day to illustrate this is one when heavy clouds at intervals obscure the sun2 the moment it disappears so also does the butterfly1 and no sooner does it shine forth again than1 as if by magic1 scores of the insect are on the wing4 ,the under side of the insect bears a marked resemblance to that of a dead leaf1 and ,i have often watched the males being deceived by withered leaves lying among the moss4 ,they would flutter down quite close to the leaf1 immediately rise with a disappointed air and fly a little further1 only to be deceived again and again4 ,the ova are deposited amongst the ,poa grass1 and hatch in ,september4 ,towards the end of ,october the larv go down and hibernate throughout the winter and spring1 coming up to feed again in ,may2 they are generally full-fed about the end of ,june2 and the insect appears in ,july or ,august4 ,the larv are nocturnal feeders1 coming up to feed on the grass just about dusk4 ,the method of procuring the larv is by no means enviable1 even to the most ardent entomologist1 as in the uncertain light it necessitates crawling on one's hands and knees amongst the grass1 and there is always the risk of grasping those little brown slugs in mistake1 which resemble the larv very much in shape and colour4 ,no artificial light can be used1 as the larv immediately drop down amongst the grass if this is done4 ,the only alternative1 therefore1 is to use one's eyes to the best advantage until the darkness makes that impossible4 ,they are not difficult to rear in confinement if the larv are kept properly supplied with food4 ,this butterfly1 which as a ,british species was discovered in the ,isle of ,arran in #ahjd1 only occurs in the north of ,england and in ,scotland4 ,its localities in the latter country are ,glen ,tilt and other valleys in the ,perthshire highlands1 ,strathglass in ,inverness1 ,altyre woods at ,forres2 ,selkirk1 ,roxburgh1 and various parts of ,argyleshire2 around the ,lowther ,hills1 ,dumfrieshire2 also in ,arran and the ,isle of ,skye4 ,in most of the places it is plentiful4 ,in ,england it occurs in the counties of ,durham1 ,westmoreland1 ,cumberland1 ,lancashire1 and ,yorkshire4 ,it is common in ,castle ,eden ,dene1 ,durham2 at ,grassington1 in ,yorkshire2 at ,witherslack and ,arnside1 in ,westmoreland2 and at ,grange and ,silverdale1 in ,lancashire4 ,abroad1 it is distributed through ,central and ,southern ,europe1 and its range extends into ,northern ,asia ,minor1 ,kurdistan1 and ,armenia2 the ,altai and ,south ,siberia4 ,it may be noted here that ,e4 ligea was supposed to have been taken in ,arran at the same time as ,e4 blandina1 that is in #ahjd4 ,if this were so1 it would seem that the captor must have exterminated the species1 for1 although the island has often been closely explored1 no one has been able to detect the ,arran ,brown again4 ,the ,grayling 7,satyrus semele74 ,on the upper side1 this butterfly 7,plate #gh7 is brown1 more or less suffused with black1 and this is especially noticeable on the outer area of the wings in the male1 where it obscures the ochreous or rust-coloured bands1 which in the female are almost free from the suffusion4 ,the fore wings have two black spots1 the upper one generally1 and the lower often1 pupilled with white4 ,on the hind wings the bands are clear of blackish suffusion to a greater or lesser extent1 and there is one black spot towards the anal angle which may be pupilled with white4 ,apart from its larger size and brighter bands1 the female may be distinguished from the male by the absence of the blackish brand on the disc of the fore wings4 ,on the under side1 the fore wings are ochreous1 tinged with orange on the basal half or two-thirds2 hind wings are greyish1 with darker markings1 and an irregular white or whitish band beyond the middle4 ,variation is largely confined to the under side of the hind wings1 and these wings1 as well as the costal edge and the tips of the fore wings1 are coloured and marked1 in various localities that the butterfly affects1 so that the insects may be protected from their enemies when resting4 ,on the upper side of the fore wings an additional spot is sometimes present below one or other of the usual ones4 ,the bands of the wings are pale ochreous in some examples1 and rust-coloured in others2 but it is not unusual for a specimen with ochreous bands on the fore wings to have rust-coloured bands on the hind wings1 or ochreous bands with rust-coloured patches on the outer portion2 these patches are most frequently triangular in shape1 and placed between the veins4 ,gynandrous specimens also occur1 but very rarely4 ,the egg is of a dull creamy tint1 ribbed1 and with a slight depression on the top4 ,the eggs were laid early in ,august1 on blades and stems of a kind of grass2 also on the leno covering1 and the sides of the glass jar in which the female butterfly was enclosed4 ,the caterpillar when full grown is drab1 delicately mottled1 with longitudinal stripes broadest along the middle segments1 viz4 a dorsal stripe of olive-brown1 very dark at the beginning of each segment1 with a thin edging of brownish-white4 ,along the subdorsal region are three stripes1 of which the first is composed of a double narrow line of yellowish-brown1 the second wider of the mottled ground colour1 edged with paler above and with white below2 the third of similar width is of a dark grey-brown1 edged above with black4 ,the spiracular stripe is broader and of nearly equal width1 pale ochreous-brown1 edged with brownish-white both above and below2 the spiracles are black4 ,the head is brown1 and the principal stripes of the body are delicately marked with darker brown 7,buckler74 ,the chrysalis is described as obtuse1 rounded1 tumid1 and smooth1 the abdominal rings scarcely visible1 and wholly of a deep red mahogany colour4 ,it was in a hollow space a quarter of an inch below the surface1 the particles of sand and earth very slightly cohering together1 and close to the roots of the grass1 yet free from them4 ,the figures of caterpillar and chrysalis are drawn from those in ,buckler's ,larv of ,british ,butterflies4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #gh4 ,grayling ,butterfly4 ,males1 #a1 #c 7,chalk71 #b 7,heath72 females1 #d 7,heath72 #e1 #f 7,chalk74 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #gi4 ,grayling ,butterfly4 ,egg enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis 7both after ,buckler74 ,the caterpillars hatch in ,august1 hibernate when quite small1 and feed up in the spring and early summer4 ,they live upon grasses1 such as ,triticum repens1 ,aira cspitosa1 and ,a4 prcox4 ,the butterfly delights in sitting rather than flying about cliffs and sand-hills1 heaths and downs1 stony hillsides1 dry fields1 and even open woodlands4 ,it is fond of sunning itself on rocks1 and by some of the old ,aurelians it was called the ,rock ,underwing1 no doubt in reference to the pattern and colour of the under side4 ,it was also known as the ,tunbridge ,grayling some two hundred years ago1 when it was said to be very rare about ,london4 ,it has long since been ascertained to occur in almost every county in ,england and ,wales1 as far north as ,sutherlandshire in ,scotland1 and is widely distributed in ,ireland4 ,on the chalk downs and cliffs the butterfly has the under side of its hind wings so admirably agreeing in colour and marking with the soil1 etc41 that although one may watch it settle a few yards ahead1 it is not to be seen when one reaches the spot4 ,whilst we are intent on the search the insect starts up1 flies a short distance1 and there repeats the disappearing butterfly trick4 ,the same remarks apply to those ,graylings that affect peaty or sandy heaths1 etc4 ,when the butterfly alights on the ground--and it rarely gets on the wing unless disturbed--it immediately closes its wings1 and then allows them to fall more or less on one side1 so that the whole of one hind wing is presented to view4 ,it is said to have a fancy for the resinous sap that oozes from pine trees1 and has also been observed to visit the trunks that have been sugared4 ,abroad1 it is found commonly throughout the temperate parts of ,europe1 ,north ,africa1 and ,northern and ,western ,asia4 ,the ,speckled ,wood 7,pararge egeria74 ,quite early in the eighteenth century ,petiver met with the butterfly shown on ,plate #hj at ,enfield1 so he figured it as the ,enfield ,eye in that curious old book entitled ,papiliorium ,britanni ,icones4 ,later on1 ,wilkes named the butterfly the ,wood ,argus1 thus indicating its favourite haunts1 as well as a prominent character in its ornamentation4 ,harris changed the name to the ,speckled ,wood ,butterfly1 which seems even more suitable4 ,the general colour is blackish-brown1 and the spots are yellowish4 ,the fore wings have one white-pupilled black eye spot towards their tips1 and the hind wings have three such eye spots on the outer area4 ,the male has a long oblique patch of blackish scales on the middle of the fore wings1 which is1 perhaps1 more easily detected if the insect is held up to the light4 ,the female is usually slightly larger than the male1 the wings rather rounder1 and the yellowish spots1 are1 as a rule1 distinctly larger4 ,the typical or southern form of this butterfly has the spots of a tawny colour1 but it does not occur in ,britain4 ,our form1 in all its modifications1 belongs to egerides1 ,staudinger4 ,occasionally1 in the south of ,england1 specimens are found in which the spots are tinged with fulvous2 others have almost white spots4 ,the spots are sometimes much reduced in size in the male1 or greatly enlarged in the female4 ,the egg is pale greenish1 finely reticulated2 as the caterpillar matures within1 the shell becomes less glossy than at first1 and the upper part is blackish4 ,the caterpillar has a green head1 which is larger than the first ring of the body 7#ast thoracic71 covered with short fine whitish hairs1 with which are mixed a few dark hairs4 ,the body is rather brighter green1 with darker lines1 edged with yellowish1 along the back and sides2 the skin is transversely wrinkled1 the rings being subdivided1 and the whole of the body is clothed with fine whitish hair and a few dark hairs arising from warts2 the anal points are whitish and also hairy4 ,it feeds on various grasses1 among which are ,triticum repens and ,dactylis glomerata4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #hj4 ,speckled ,wood4 ,spring ,brood3 #a1 #b male2 #c1 #e female4 ,summer brood3 #d1 #f male2 #g female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ha4 ,speckled ,wood4 ,egg1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,the chrysalis is pale green1 tinged with yellowish or whitish2 the edges of the wing covers are brown1 and there are whitish dots on the body4 ,according to ,hellins the colour varies1 and green chrysalids may be covered all over with very fine smoky freckles4 ,barrett states that they are occasionally brownish with darker brown lines4 ,suspended by the cremaster from a silken pad4 ,from eggs laid in early ,may butterflies were reared at the end of ,june2 and from eggs laid at the end of ,june butterflies resulted during middle ,august4 ,early ,july eggs produced perfect insects in early ,september1 and from caterpillars fed up in ,october butterflies were obtained in ,november4 ,these observations were not all made in the same year4 ,barrett writes1 ,in the south of ,surrey in #ahfb1 the first emergence took place in ,april in abundance1 these specimens became worn and disappeared1 and a second emergence took place at the end of ,may1 a third at the end of ,july1 and a fourth in ,september2 the next year the first emergence was in the third week in ,march1 and again four broods were observed1 but this is not the case every year1 three emergences being probably the rule4 ,mr4 ,joy has recorded that of caterpillars1 resulting from a pairing induced in captivity1 in ,august1 eighty per cent4 hibernated as pup1 twenty per cent4 as half-fed caterpillars4 ,butterflies from the winter pup emerged in ,may1 but the caterpillars that had gone through the winter in that state did not produce butterflies until ,june4 ,possibly something of this sort occurs in the open1 and we may suppose that the early and late spring butterflies are not separate broods1 but early and late emergences of one brood4 ,butterflies seen on the wing in ,november may be a few individuals that1 owing to favourable weather1 have emerged from chrysalids which under ordinary conditions would have remained as such during the winter4 ,shady lanes1 rides in woods1 as well as the borders of the same1 are its favourite haunts4 ,it is not a sun-loving butterfly1 but is generally found to frequent places where the sun's rays are more or less intercepted by a leafy screen4 ,it seems to be more abundant in wet seasons than in dry ones4 ,it is generally distributed throughout ,england and ,wales1 but more plentiful in southern and western counties than in the eastern and northern4 ,in ,ireland1 ,kane says1 it is everywhere abundant and double brooded4 ,it is local in ,scotland1 and rare north of the ,caledonian ,canal4 ,abroad our form of the butterfly egerides is found commonly in ,central and ,northern ,europe1 except in the extreme north1 and in ,northern ,asia ,minor and ,armenia4 ,the typical form1 egeria proper1 occurs in ,south-,western ,europe1 ,north ,africa1 and ,syria4 ,the ,wall ,butterfly 7,pararge megra74 ,the butterfly now under consideration is figured on ,plate #hb4 ,it is bright fulvous in colour1 with blackish-brown veins1 margins1 and transverse lines4 ,there is one white pupilled black spot on the fore wings1 and four of such spots on the outer area of the hind wings2 the fourth1 which is generally blind1 is placed at the end of the series near the anal angle4 ,the male has a very conspicuous sexual brand on the central area4 ,the under side of the fore wings is paler than above1 but the markings are similar1 except that the brand is absent and the margins are greyer2 the hind wings on the under side are greyish marked with brown and traversed by dark lines2 there is a row of six eyed spots on the outer area2 that nearest the anal angle is double4 ,the female has more ample wings1 and as the brand is absent on the fore wings in this sex1 the central black transverse lines are more distinct4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #hb4 ,wall ,butterfly4 #a1 #b1 #e male2 #c1 #d1 #f female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #hc4 ,wall ,butterfly4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,the ,wall ,butterfly just emerged from the ,chrysalis1 and with wings distended4 ,variation is chiefly in the size of the eyed spots2 sometimes the apical one of the fore wings has a smaller one attached to its lower margin1 or in the interspace 7i4e4 between the veins7 above it or below it2 or both extra spots1 which are usually without white pupils1 may be present4 ,very rarely the apical spot may be almost absent on one fore wing1 but well defined on the other4 ,the central transverse lines on the fore wings of the female are sometimes broad1 and very occasionally the space between the lines is blackish2 blackish-banded male specimens are also found in some localities1 such as the slopes of ,dartmoor1 ,devon1 as mentioned by ,barrett4 ,the ground colour varies in tint1 darker or lighter than normal1 but specimens of a bright golden yellow-brown1 straw colour1 or whitish are known to occur1 although such extreme aberrations are exceptional4 ,the egg is pale green when first laid1 and in shape it is almost spherical1 but rather higher than broad2 it is finely ribbed and reticulated1 but unless examined through a lens it appears to be quite smooth4 ,the caterpillar when full grown is whitish-green1 dotted with white4 ,from the larger of these dots on the back arise greyish bristles2 the three lines on the back 7dorsal and subdorsal7 are whitish1 edged with dark green2 the line on the sides 7spiracular7 is white1 fringed with greyish hairs2 anal points green1 hairy1 extreme tips white4 ,head larger than the first ring 7#ast thoracic segment71 green dotted with white and hairy1 jaws marked with brownish4 ,it feeds on grasses4 ,the chrysalis is green1 with yellow-tinted white markings on the edge of the wing covers and ridges2 the spots on the body are yellowish1 or sometimes white4 ,occasionally the chrysalids are blackish1 with white or yellow points on the body4 ,there are certainly two broods of this butterfly in the season1 and in favourable years there may be three broods4 ,in an ordinary way the first flight is in ,may and ,june1 and the second flight in ,july and ,august4 ,the caterpillars feed on ,poa annua1 ,dactylis glomerata1 etc4 ,those hatched in autumn hibernate more or less completely1 and become full grown in early or late spring according to the season4 ,sometimes1 however1 they seem to feed during the winter1 and assume the chrysalis in ,march4 ,probably it is from such precocious caterpillars that the butterflies sometimes seen in ,april result4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #hd4 ,meadow ,brown4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d male2 #e1 #f1 #g female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #he4 ,meadow ,brown4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillars and chrysalis4 ,the ,speckled ,wood1 it was noted1 prefers shady places2 the present butterfly is more partial to sunshine and plenty of it4 ,as its ,english name suggests1 it is fond of basking on walls1 but it does this also on dry hedge banks1 sides of gravel pits1 tree-trunks--in fact1 wherever it can enjoy the full sunshine4 ,it is not at all shy1 and will be pretty sure to introduce itself to the notice of the collector as soon as he enters its domain4 ,although it now seems to be absent from certain districts in which it was once abundant1 it may still be regarded as a generally common species in ,england and ,wales1 and even plentiful1 in some years1 in the southern1 eastern1 and western counties2 it appears to be more local in ,north ,england4 ,in ,scotland it seems fairly distributed1 and not scarce in the south2 its range extends to ,aberdeenshire4 ,kane states that it is everywhere abundant throughout ,ireland4 ,abroad it is common throughout ,europe1 except the extreme north1 and extends into ,north ,africa1 ,asia ,minor1 and ,armenia4 ,the ,meadow ,brown 7,epinephele ianira74 ,the female is the jurtina of ,linnus1 and as he described this sex before the male1 under the impression that they were distinct species1 the law of priority1 we are told1 must be observed and the earlier name be adopted4 ,this fuscous-brown butterfly of the meadows is marked1 especially in the female1 with dull orange4 ,the male1 of which sex three specimens are shown 7,plate #hd1 ,figs4 #a-c71 has a broad black sexual brand on the central area of the fore wings1 and a white pupilled black spot towards the tips of the wings2 this spot is usually encircled with orange1 and there is often more or less of this orange colour below it 7,fig4 #b typical74 ,the under side of the fore wings is orange with the costa narrowly1 and the outer margin broadly1 greyish-brown to match with the colour of the under side of the hind wings4 ,the female is without the black brand1 and is more ornamented with orange1 which generally forms a broad patch on the outer area of the fore wings 7,fig4 #f71 but it is sometimes continued inwards1 so that almost the whole of the discal area--that is1 nearly all but the margins1 appears to be orange 7,fig4 #g72 the hind wings have an indistinct paler band on the outer area1 and this is sometimes suffused or clouded with orange4 ,on the under side the pale band is more defined 7,fig4 #e74 ,the apical spot of fore wings is sometimes double1 and a tendency to this variation is shown in ,fig4 #f1 but in the complete form there are two white dots 7bi-pupillated74 ,at the other extreme1 and generally in the male1 the apical spot is entirely absent 7var4 anommata71 or is greatly reduced in size1 and is without the white pupil4 ,spots on the under side are as often absent as present4 ,they may be from one to five in number1 and either simply black dots or ringed with orange1 as in ,fig4 #d4 ,occasionally the orange on the upper side of the female gives place to a pale straw or even whitish colour2 and on the under side to whitish-grey4 ,not infrequently a greater or lesser area of the wings is bleached1 and this seems to be due to absence of pigment in the scales on such parts4 ,this bleaching may affect the whole or a portion of one wing only1 or it may take the form of symmetrical blotches on each wing4 ,all such abnormal specimens of this1 and of other species similarly affected1 are certainly of value to those who are interested in teratology1 but they seem to be out of place in a collection of butterflies where the aim should be to show the true variation of species rather than freaks1 which are the result of accident or disease4 ,the egg1 laid on a blade of grass as shown 7,plate #he71 is upright and ribbed2 the top is flattened1 with an impressed ring thereon4 ,colour1 whitish-green inclining to brownish-yellow as it matures1 and marked with purplish-brown4 ,the caterpillar is bright green1 clothed with short whitish hairs2 there is a darker line down the back1 and a diffused white stripe on each side above the reddish spiracles2 the anal points are white4 ,head rather darker green1 hairy4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #hf4 ,gatekeeper4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #hg4 ,gatekeeper4 #a1 #b1 #f1 #g male2 #c1 #d1 #e female4 ,the chrysalis is pale green1 marked with brownish on the wing-covers1 the thorax is spotted with blackish1 and the points on the body are brownish4 ,suspended1 and with the old skin attached1 as shown in the figure4 ,from its wide distribution and general abundance1 this may be said to be our commonest butterfly4 ,it appears to be always on the wing1 in dull weather as well as in sunshine1 and1 except for a short interval in early ,august1 it is to be seen in hayfields1 open places in woods1 on grassy slopes1 or borders of highways and byways from ,june to ,september4 ,although quite fresh specimens are fuscous-brown1 the butterfly1 after a short time on the wing1 loses the dusky tinge and becomes brown4 ,it is1 therefore1 always desirable to rear specimens for the cabinet from caterpillars4 ,these feed on grasses of various kinds in ,may1 are easily managed1 and may be found in most hay meadows at night1 when1 of course1 a lantern will be needed to throw a light on the business of collecting them4 ,the not infrequent occurrence of fresh specimens in the autumn is strong presumptive evidence of at least an occasional second brood4 ,perhaps1 as has been suggested by ,mr4 ,r4 ,adkin1 a late emergence of ,epinephele ianira is the rule rather than the exception1 especially in the warmer parts of the country4 ,the butterfly is found throughout ,england and ,wales1 ,ireland1 and ,scotland1 including ,isles of ,lewis and ,orkney4 ,abroad it occurs in all parts of ,europe except the most northern1 ,asia ,minor1 ,armenia1 ,north ,africa1 and the ,canary ,isles4 ,the ,gatekeeper 7,epinephele tithonus74 ,other ,english names in use at the present time for this butterfly 7,plate #hg7 are ,small ,meadow ,brown1 ,hedge ,brown1 and ,large ,heath1 but the latter is more often applied to another species which will be referred to later4 ,petiver called it the ,hedge ,eye4 ,the general colour is brownish-orange1 and the margins are fuscous-brown2 there is a black spot towards the tips of the fore wings1 and this1 as a rule1 encloses two white dots2 one or both of these dots sometimes absent in the male4 ,the male differs from the female in its rather smaller size1 and in having a fuscous band on the central area2 the latter is broadest towards the inner margin1 and in this part are some patches of blackish androconial scales or plumules2 at the upper end of the band there is sometimes a fuscous cloud4 ,occasionally1 one or more small black spots1 some with white pupils1 are present below the apical one4 ,four such spots are rare1 but specimens with one or with two are not uncommon4 ,there is usually a white-pupilled black spot towards the anal angle of the hind wing1 but ,i have several males and females that are without this spot4 ,sometimes there are as many as four spots on the hind wings1 but this is perhaps exceptional 7,plate #aac1 ,fig4 #e74 ,on the under side of the hind wings there are often two white dots1 sometimes ringed with black1 towards the costa1 and two or three other similar dots towards the anal angle2 but the number of dots may be reduced to two1 one of which is near the costa1 or be increased to six4 ,colour changes1 similar to those in the last species1 occur1 and the orange colour1 in both sexes1 may be replaced by yellow 7var4 mincki1 ,seebold71 or by white 7var4 albida1 ,russell1 ,plate #aai1 ,figs4 #f1 #g74 ,such aberrations are very local and rare2 a few have been obtained on chalk hills in ,south ,hampshire4 ,in an extraordinary aberration1 taken in ,sussex in #ahig1 the whole of the dark brown colour of margins and band is replaced by pale pinkish-ochreous1 but the normal brownish orange remains4 ,other somewhat similar specimens have been recorded4 ,the egg 7,plate #hf7 is pale yellowish when first laid1 becoming lighter and irregularly blotched with reddish-brown1 the upper blotches forming a sort of band round the egg2 as the caterpillar matures the shell assumes a darker tinge1 inclining to slaty1 and the markings are less distinct4 ,the caterpillar1 when full grown1 is pale ochreous1 clothed with short pale hair1 and freckled with brownish2 the line down the back is darker1 one on each side is paler1 and that above the feet is yellowish4 ,the head is rather darker than the body1 marked with brownish1 and bristly4 ,according to ,hellins1 the newly hatched caterpillar is whitish-grey1 with rusty yellow lines on the back4 ,in ,october1 after the first moult1 it becomes green with a brownish head4 ,in ,april the body is greenish-grey1 and the head pale greenish-brown4 ,at the end of ,april it moults for the last time1 and is then pale ochreous generally1 but some caterpillars are darker than this1 and some paler with a greenish-grey tinge4 ,the chrysalis is whitish-ochreous1 with dark brown streaks on the wing-covers and some brownish spots and clouds on the back and sides4 ,suspended from stem or blade of grass2 the old skin remains attached4 ,the caterpillars feed at night on grasses1 such as ,poa annua1 ,triticum repens1 and ,dactylis glomerata1 from ,september to ,june4 ,the butterfly is on the wing in ,july and ,august4 ,although these butterflies may be seen1 sometimes in considerable numbers1 where the rides are grassy1 in woods1 they are perhaps more attached to hedgerows4 ,bramble flowers are their special attraction1 but they are not indifferent to the blossoms of the wood sage 7,teucrium scorodonia7 or of marjoram 7,origanum vulgare74 ,pretty generally distributed throughout ,england1 it is often exceedingly plentiful in the south and also in ,south ,wales4 ,in ,scotland the butterfly seems to be common in ,kircudbrightshire1 but not common in other southern counties up to ,argyle and ,fife4 ,kane says that in ,ireland it is almost confined to the southern counties4 ,abroad it is found throughout ,europe1 except the ,north-,east1 and its range extends into ,northern ,asia ,minor4 ,the ,ringlet 7,aphantopus hyperanthus74 ,the sombre-looking butterfly1 of which several figures will be found on ,plate #hi1 has been known by its present ,english name since #aggh1 the year in which ,moses ,harris published ,the ,aurelian4 ,the ,latin specific name was written hyperantus by ,linnus1 but ,esper corrected this to hyperanthus4 ,it has1 however1 been supposed that ,linnus really intended to have written hyperanthes 7a son of ,darius71 and this form of the name has been used1 but ,esper's emendation is here adopted4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,var4 lanceolata4 ,all the wings are sooty-brown1 the male when quite fresh appearing almost black1 and the sexual brand is then difficult to see2 there are one or more black spots with pale rings1 and sometimes white pupils1 on the fore wings1 but these are always more prominent in the female than in the male2 in the latter sex they may be entirely absent4 ,on the under side there are generally two1 sometimes three1 ocellated spots on the fore wings1 and there are five such spots on the hind wings1 the two nearest the costa being double1 and not very infrequently there is a smaller spot near or attached to the lower edge of the double one4 ,in the matter of size of the spots on the under side there is a wide range of variation1 and at one end of this is var4 lanceolata1 ,shipp1 and at the other var4 obsoleta1 ,tutt1 in which not a trace of any of the spots remains4 ,specimens with a varying number of white dots1 with or without yellow rings1 are usually referred to var4 arete1 but ,fig4 #f on the ,plate represents a modification of this variety1 known as coeca4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #hh4 ,ringlet4 ,egg1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalids4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #hi4 ,ringlet4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #g male2 #d1 #e1 #h female2 #f var4 cca1 male4 ,occasionally1 on the under side1 there are transverse lines on the outer half of all the wings1 and the space between these lines is suffused with whitish4 ,the specimen showing these lines faintly 7,fig4 #c on the ,plate7 is from ,north ,cumberland4 ,the early stages are figured on ,plate #hh4 ,the egg is yellowish-white at first1 but soon turns to a pale brown4 ,as will be seen on comparing the enlarged figure of this egg with those of the two previous species1 it is quite different in shape1 and is pitted rather than ribbed4 ,the eggs are not attached to anything1 but are allowed to fall down among the roots of the grass over which they are deposited4 ,the caterpillar is described by ,newman as pale wainscot brown in colour1 with a darker line down the back1 and the head has three broad1 slightly darker but faint1 stripes on each cheek4 ,according to others it is ochreous or brownish-grey1 with a dark brown line on the back1 a pale one with darker edge on the sides1 and a whitish stripe above the feet4 ,the chrysalis is ochreous-brown sprinkled with reddish-brown1 and marked with brown on the wing-covers4 ,it lies low down among the tufts of grass4 ,the figures of caterpillar and chrysalis are from ,buckler's ,larv of ,british ,butterflies4 ,the caterpillars feed upon various grasses1 including ,poa annua and ,dactylis glomerata1 growing about damp places in woodland districts4 ,they emerge from the egg in ,august1 feed leisurely until ,october1 when they appear to hibernate4 ,in ,march they resume feeding1 but do not attain full growth until ,june4 ,the butterflies are on the wing in ,july and ,august1 and frequent lanes and the outskirts of woods4 ,they usually fly along the shady side1 but they are not averse to the nectar of the bramble blossom1 and ,i have seen them taking a sip here and there although they were fully exposed to sunshine all the time4 ,wherever there are suitable haunts the butterfly may be found throughout the greater part of ,england and ,wales4 ,it seems1 however1 to have disappeared from some districts in ,lancashire and ,yorkshire where it was formerly common4 ,it is fairly plentiful in most of the southern counties of ,scotland1 and its range extends north to ,aberdeen4 ,in ,ireland it is abundant in the south and the west1 and seems to occur in most suitable places2 also common in certain localities in ,donegal and ,antrim4 ,abroad it is distributed through ,europe and ,northern ,asia eastward to ,japan4 ,the ,large ,heath 7,coenonympha typhon74 ,the butterfly now to be considered is a most variable one1 both as regards colour and marking4 ,several of the varieties have been named1 and in the time of ,haworth down to ,stephens1 and even much later1 at least three of these were regarded as distinct species4 ,in the present day1 however1 it is generally accepted that all the varieties are forms of one species1 although two local races are recognized4 ,the typical form is typhon1 ,rottemburg1 and polydama 7,the ,marsh ,ringlet7 of ,haworth 7,plate #ij1 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #e1 #g-aa74 ,the colour ranges from darkish-brown to a pale tawny2 there is an ochreous ringed black spot towards the tips of the fore wings1 sometimes another similar spot above the inner angle1 and occasionally when both spots are present there is an ochreous spot between them2 the hind wings have from one to three of these spots1 but a larger number than three is exceptional4 ,the under side of the fore wings is either bright or dull fulvous1 and the spots are pretty much as above1 but with white pupils1 and there is a whitish band before them2 the under side of the hind wings is olive brown on the basal two-thirds1 covered with pale hair1 and the outer third is brownish merging into greyish on the outer margin2 an irregular white or whitish band limits the two areas2 there are six ochreous ringed black spots1 with white pupils1 but they are always rather small in size4 ,the female is much paler than the male4 ,this is the usual form in ,northumberland1 ,cumberland1 ,yorkshire1 and ,ireland2 it also occurs in ,lancashire1 ,westmoreland1 and the ,south of ,scotland4 ,var4 philoxenus1 ,esper4 ,this is davus 7,small ,ringlet71 ,haworth1 and rothliebii1 ,newman 7,plate #ij1 ,figs4 #c1 #d1 #f74 ,on the upper side the colour is dark brown in the male and rather paler in the female2 the spots are very distinct1 ringed with fulvous2 those on the hind wings are generally three in number1 and often five or six2 on the under side1 the bands are whiter1 and often broader1 and the spots are very black1 large1 and conspicuous4 ,this form is found on some of the mosses in ,lancashire and ,westmoreland1 in ,delamere ,forest1 ,cheshire1 and in ,north ,shropshire2 but the most characteristic examples of the form are chiefly obtained in the first-named county1 from which it was first made known1 in #agie1 as the ,manchester ,argus1 or ,manchester ,ringlet4 ,var4 scotica1 ,staudinger 7laidion1 ,staud41 but not of ,borkhausen71 ,pl4 #ij1 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #d1 #e male1 #c female1 is the typhon of ,haworth1 as stated by ,newman2 the latter author1 however1 figures it as davus1 ,fabricius1 which is doubtful4 ,the ground colour is pale tawny1 sometimes suffused with brownish1 greyish on the margin1 and broadly so on the outer area of the hind wings2 the spots are often absent1 and when present are rarely very distinct4 ,the female is much paler than the male4 ,the under side of the hind wings is somewhat similar to that of the typical form1 but sometimes the whole area is a uniform greyish2 the spots are only rarely at all distinct1 and then only one1 or perhaps two1 on a wing1 and not infrequently they are entirely absent4 ,this form occurs in ,scotland1 especially in ,aberdeenshire and ,sutherlandshire1 also in the ,isle of ,arran1 in the ,orkney and ,shetland ,isles1 and in the ,outer ,hebrides4 ,kane states that he has met with single specimens at ,killarney1 ,westmeath1 ,galway1 and ,sligo4 ,in some localities1 such as ,carlisle1 ,rotherham1 and others in ,yorkshire1 forms intermediate between the type and var4 philoxenus are found2 modifications of the type form in the direction of var4 scotica occur in ,cumberland1 ,northumberland1 and ,co4 ,leitrim1 in ,ireland2 and forms approaching the type more nearly than var4 scotica are met with in the ,glasgow district1 and at ,pitcaple in ,aberdeenshire4 ,the egg is very pale greenish-yellow at first1 but the green fades1 brownish blotches appear1 and some dark markings appear around the upper part a short while before the caterpillar hatches out4 ,it is finely scored almost from the base to the top1 which is depressed1 and has a raised boss in the centre1 as in the egg of the ,small ,heath4 ,from some eggs sent to me in ,july1 caterpillars hatched in ,august4 ,they fed on ordinary meadow grass1 and in ,september were figured1 when they were about half an inch in length4 ,head shallowly notched in front1 green1 roughened with whitish dots1 eyes and jaws brownish4 ,body green1 roughened with white dots1 with darker line down the back1 and paler1 almost white lines along the sides1 anal projections reddish 7these were greenish when younger74 ,the figure of the full-grown caterpillar is after ,buckler1 who describes it as of a bright green1 with dark bluish-green dorsal line1 edged with pale lemon-yellow1 the subdorsal and spiracular lines are of the same pale yellow1 but the subdorsal is edged above with dark bluish-green1 and between these two lines is an interrupted streak of a darker colour1 posteriorly with a slight tinge of reddish or pink1 and the caudal fork is tipped with pink4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ij4 ,large ,heath4 #a1 #c1 #d1 #f male1 #b female 7,delamere72 #g1 #i male1 #e female 7,arran72 #h male 7,n4 ,salop72 #aj do4 7,ireland72 #aa do4 7,carlisle74 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ia4 ,large ,heath4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillars and chrysalis4 ,the chrysalis is bright green1 with brown streaks on the edges and centre of the wing-covers1 and at the tip of the tail1 turning dark brown just before the butterfly emerges4 7,figure and description after ,buckler47 ,the eggs are laid in ,july on blades of grass1 and the caterpillars hatch out in that month and ,august4 ,the food of the caterpillars is said to be the beaked-rush 7,rhynchospora alba72 those that ,i had from ,witherslack eggs fed well upon ordinary grass until ,october1 but they died during the winter4 ,after hibernation they recommence feeding1 and are full grown in ,may and ,june1 when they pupate1 and the butterflies appear at the end of ,june and in ,july4 ,barrett1 writing of the butterfly in all its forms1 says1 ,its most southern known locality in ,england is ,chartley ,park1 ,derbyshire1 and it is common in all 'mosses' of ,lancashire and ,cheshire--all moors about ,grange1 and in ,chat ,moss1 ,risley ,moss1 ,rixton ,moss1 ,simondswood1 ,lindon ,moss1 and ,carrington ,moss1 as well as at ,delamere ,forest4 ,in ,yorkshire abundant in ,thorne ,waste1 not scarce in ,wensleydale1 and found on ,cottingham ,moor1 ,hatfield ,moors1 and elsewhere4 ,northward it is found in all suitable mosses and moors in ,durham1 ,westmoreland1 and ,cumberland1 but seems to have been exterminated in ,northumberland4 ,in ,scotland it appears to be pretty generally distributed1 and occurs up to an elevation of some #bjjj feet4 ,kane states that in ,ireland it is widely spread throughout1 on the bogs and mountains4 ,it is stated to have occurred in ,north ,wales a long time ago1 but there are no recent records from that country4 ,abroad it is found in ,central and ,northern ,europe1 extending to ,lapland1 and through ,northern ,asia to ,amurland4 ,in ,north ,america it is represented by two forms1 which are not quite like any of those occurring elsewhere4 ,the ,small ,heath 7,coenonympha pamphilus74 ,to the ancient fathers the male of the butterfly on ,plate #ib was known as the ,selvedged ,heath ,eye1 and the female was called the ,golden ,heath ,eye4 ,harris figured it as ,the ,small ,heath1 or ,gatekeeper2 the latter name being now associated with another species1 it may be allowed to drop out in the present connection4 ,the wings are pale tawny1 with a brownish or greyish-brown border1 of variable width1 on all the wings1 and stronger in the male than the female2 there is a black spot towards the tip of the fore wing4 ,the under side resembles that of the last species in some degree1 but the eyed spots of the hind wings are not always prominent1 often only white dots1 and may be absent altogether 7,fig4 #i74 ,variation in this species is extensive1 but not striking4 ,the tint of the ground colour may be reddish or yellowish2 occasionally brownish or greyish-brown specimens of the male occur1 and more rarely purplish-brown examples of the same sex have been found4 ,females1 in all cases paler1 and generally larger than the male1 are sometimes whitish-ochreous in colour1 and1 very rarely1 yellowish-white4 ,the brown border is also a variable character1 and may be very dark and broad 7var4 lyllus71 or reduced to linear proportions4 ,the apical spot on the fore wings may be of fair size and very black1 very pale and indistinct 7,figs4 #h1 #ab71 or entirely absent2 it does not seem to be pupilled with white 7as it is on the under side71 but sometimes there is a pale speck in the centre4 ,on the under side of the hind wings there is variation in the width of the central whitish band-like patch1 in some specimens with unusually dark ground colour this patch is very broad2 in other examples1 of normal coloration1 the band is complete1 and extends to the inner margin4 ,the white dots that normally do duty as ocelli are not infrequently set in reddish-brown spots1 and then become rather more noticable 7,fig4 #ad74 ,this form is var4 ocellata1 ,tutt4 ,the egg is green at first1 afterwards becoming whitish or bone-colour2 later on a brownish irregular ring appears a little above the middle1 and there are various brownish freckles4 ,it is finely ribbed1 and the top is depressed1 forming a hollow with a central boss4 ,laid in a cluster of four on a blade of grass1 but this may have been accidental4 ,others were deposited singly on muslin and on fine grass1 all in mid-,june4 ,the caterpillar is of a clear green colour1 with darker green dorsal stripe1 and a spiracular stripe not so dark2 the anal points pink 7,hellins74 ,the chrysalis is of a delicate pale rather yellowish-green1 with a faintly darker green dorsal stripe1 the edge of the projecting wing-covers on each side whitish1 outlined with a streak of reddish-brown2 the abdomen freckled very delicately with paler green2 the tip of the anal point1 with a short streak of brownish-red on each side2 the wing-cases faintly marked with darker green nervures 7,buckler74 ,the figures of caterpillar and chrysalis on ,plate #ic are from ,buckler's ,larv of ,british ,butterflies4 ,some caterpillars1 from eggs laid in ,may or ,june1 become full-grown in four or five weeks1 and appear as butterflies in ,august1 but others do not complete their growth until the following spring4 ,just exactly what happens in the case of eggs from autumn females does not seem to be very definitely ascertained4 ,it has1 however1 been stated that caterpillars hatching from eggs laid in ,august1 attain the size of the slow-growing contingent from ,may eggs1 and then hibernate4 ,probably1 therefore1 it is these that produce the ,july butterflies1 and if so1 the succession of emergences may be something in this way3 ,may and ,june butterflies from ,may and ,june eggs 7twelve months' cycle71 ,july butterflies from ,august eggs 7eleven months cycle71 ,august and ,september butterflies 7partial second brood7 from ,may and ,june eggs 7four months' cycle74 ,this interesting little butterfly is to be seen almost everywhere1 but it is perhaps most frequently to be found in grassy places in lanes1 on heaths and downs1 railway banks1 in rough meadows1 etc4 ,it occurs on mountains even up to an elevation of #bjjj feet4 ,when flying in company with the blues and coppers1 all frolicking together over some patch of long grass1 the colour combination has an exceedingly pleasing effect4 ,they rest by day1 and sleep at night on grass or rushes4 ,a common species throughout ,england and ,wales1 ,ireland and ,scotland1 as far north as ,nairn1 also in the ,outer ,hebrides4 ,abroad its distribution extends over ,europe to ,south-,west ,siberia1 ,central and ,north-,east ,asia1 ,asia ,minor1 and ,north ,africa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we now arrive at the ,hairstreaks1 ,coppers1 and ,blues4 ,these belong to the ,lycnid1 a very large family of butterflies which is represented in all parts of the globe4 ,there are eighteen species in ,britain1 but at least one of these is extinct and another is supposed to be so2 two are very rare1 and the chances of meeting with either are probably about equal4 ,the ,brown ,hairstreak 7,zephyrus betul74 ,the butterfly is represented on ,plate #id1 ,figs4 #a-c4 ,the male is blackish-brown with a faint greyish tinge1 and there is a conspicuous black bar at the end of the discal cell of the fore wing1 followed by a pale cloud2 there are two orange marks at the anal angle of the hind wings4 ,the female is blackish-brown1 and has the black bar at end of the cell1 and an orange band beyond2 there are usually three orange marks on the hind wings at the anal angle1 but sometimes there are only two4 ,the under side of the male is ochreous1 but that of the female is more orange2 the fore wings have the black bar edged on each side with white1 and there is a white-edged1 brownish triangular streak beyond1 the outer margin is tinged with reddish2 on the hind wings there are two white irregular lines and the space between them is brownish1 the outer margin is reddish1 becoming broadly so towards the anal angle1 where there is a black spot4 ,variation is not of a very striking character4 ,the shade following the black bar at end of the discal cell on the fore wings in the male is sometimes yellowish tinged1 not infrequently fairly large1 and with two smaller spots below it4 ,more rarely all three spots are distinctly ochreous-yellow 7var4 spinos1 ,gerhard74 ,a similar aberration1 but with the marks white instead of yellow1 has been named pallida1 ,tutt4 ,the orange band in the female varies in width and in length2 occasionally it extends well below vein #b1 and into the discal cell within the black bar4 ,i have one specimen in which the band is broken up into three parts1 and the upper one of these is but little wider than the same spot in var4 spinos1 the other two being almost exactly of the same size as in that variety4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ib4 ,scotch ,large ,heath4 #a1 #b1 #e male2 #c1 #d female4 ,small ,heath4 #f1 #i1 #aj1 #ad male2 #g1 #h1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ic4 ,small ,heath4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,the life-history is figured on ,plate #ie--the lower set of figures4 ,the egg is described by ,newman as a depressed sphere and white1 and he states1 it is attached to the twigs of blackthorn 7,prunus spinosa7 in the autumn1 often as late as the end of ,september or beginning of ,october2 it is not hatched until the spring4 ,the caterpillar is bright pale green1 and the lines on the back and sides are yellowish1 as also are the oblique streaks on the sides and the border of the ridge above the feet4 ,there are some bristles along the ridge on the back and also on that above the feet4 ,it feeds on blackthorn in ,may and ,june1 and will eat the foliage of almost any kind of plum4 ,i have reared fine specimens from caterpillars which fed on greengage4 ,the chrysalis is pale reddish-brown with a dark line down the middle of the back and some pale oblique streaks on each side2 the wing-cases are freckled with darker brown4 ,barrett1 quoting ,fenn1 says1 ,suspended by the tail and a silken girth to the stem of the food-plant close to the ground4 ,those that ,i have seen pupated on or under leaves1 and so far as ,i could observe without any girth1 and certainly not suspended4 ,nearly two hundred years ago the male of this butterfly was known as the ,brown ,hairstreak1 whilst the female was called the ,golden ,hairstreak4 ,the caterpillar seems to have been observed in quite early times4 ,it has always been a local species1 and although it appears to frequent hedgerows occasionally1 its haunts generally are open grounds in the neighbourhood of woods1 where blackthorn or sloe is plentiful4 ,august and ,september are the months for the butterfly1 but it does not seem to be very often observed on the wing1 even in places where the caterpillars are known to occur4 ,when seen it is generally high up on1 or around1 some oak tree4 ,occasionally1 however1 it visits the bramble blossoms1 and at such times becomes a fairly easy prey4 ,the caterpillar is obtained by beating sloe bushes4 ,barrett1 who seems to have worked out its distribution in ,england and ,wales pretty closely1 remarks1 ,in the eastern counties it has been taken occasionally in ,norfolk and ,suffolk1 more frequently in ,essex1 where1 in ,epping ,forest1 it has been fairly common2 also in ,cambridgeshire1 ,huntingdonshire1 and ,northamptonshire1 in some plenty4 ,in very few localities in ,kent1 ,sussex1 ,hants1 and ,dorset2 rarely in ,gloucestershire1 and possibly ,somerset2 but found in many ,devonshire localities1 especially in the sheltered valleys around the ,dartmoor range1 and in the charmingly wooded districts about ,axminster and ,sidmouth2 becoming common towards ,dartmouth4 ,it has also been found commonly near ,marlborough1 ,wilts1 and plentifully in some parts of ,north ,wales2 apparently rare in ,south ,wales1 but certainly existing in some parts of the wooded districts skirting ,milford ,haven4 ,also recorded from ,worcestershire1 and ,cannock ,chase in ,staffordshire2 and northward in the favoured districts of ,grange and ,silverdale in ,north ,lancashire1 and ,witherslack in ,westmoreland4 ,as ,surrey is not quoted in the foregoing1 it may be mentioned as one of the counties in which the species is found4 ,in ,ireland ,kane says that it is abundant in certain localities in ,munster2 and in ,co4 ,galway at ,claring ,bridge1 and ,oranmore2 ,cork2 ,killoghrum ,wood1 ,enniscorthy2 ,blarney1 ,killarney4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #id4 ,brown ,hairstreak4 #a1 male2 #b1 #c female4 ,white-letter ,hairstreak4 #d1 #f male2 #e1 #g female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ie4 ,white-letter ,hairstreak4 ,egg enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,brown ,hairstreak4 ,egg enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,it is distributed throughout ,central and ,northern ,europe1 except the ,polar region1 and its range extends through ,northern ,asia to ,amurland1 ,ussuri1 and ,china4 ,the ,purple ,hairstreak 7,zephyrus quercus74 ,the butterfly 7figured on ,plate #if7 has the sexes differently ornamented1 as in the last species4 ,the male is strongly tinged with purplish-blue1 the veins are blackish2 the outer margin of the fore wings are narrowly1 and the costa and outer margin of the hind wings are broadly1 bordered with black4 ,the female is purplish-black1 with two patches of bluish-purple in the discal cell and space below2 often there is a smaller patch of the same colour between them1 the whole forming a large blotch interrupted by the blackish veins4 ,under side greyish with blackish shaded white lines2 two or three blackish clouds on the outer margin of fore wings above the inner angle2 these are sometimes edged with orange2 a black spot on anal angle of the hind wings1 with an orange one above it1 and a black-centred orange spot between veins #b and #c4 ,variation in this species is exceptional4 ,an aberration known as bella1 ,gerhard1 has a yellowish mark at end of the cell on the upper side of the fore wings1 and at least one such variety has been taken in ,england4 ,sometimes the blotch on the female is rather blue than purple2 a male specimen with blue streaks on the costa of the fore wings has been recorded1 and ,barrett mentions a gynandrous specimen in which the right side was that of the male4 ,the egg is pale brown tinged with pink1 and over this is a whitish network4 ,the caterpillar is reddish-brown and downy2 a black line along the back has a whitish edge1 and there are whitish oblique stripes1 with blackish edge1 on each side of the central line2 the segmental divisions are well marked1 and the spiracles are blackish with pale rings4 ,the head1 which1 when the caterpillar is resting1 is hidden within the first body ring1 is brownish and glossy1 and there is a greyish shield-like mark on the second ring4 ,the chrysalis is red-brown1 with darker freckles2 the body is downy1 and there are traces of oblique marks thereon4 ,it does not appear to be fastened by the tail1 but the cast larval skin remains attached2 there are a few strands of silk around and about the chrysalis1 but these are very flimsy1 although they hold it in position on the ground or under a leaf4 ,the eggs are laid in ,july or ,august on twigs of oak1 but the caterpillars1 it is said1 do not hatch out until the following spring4 ,in ,may and early ,june the caterpillars are full grown1 and may be obtained by beating or jarring the branches of oak trees in places where the butterfly is known to occur4 ,they have also been found on sallow4 ,this species frequents oak woods1 or the borders thereof1 in ,july and ,august1 and is often more easy to see than to capture1 as it has a tantalizing trick of flying around the upper branches of the trees4 ,occasionally it resorts to lower growing aspens1 probably to feast on the honey dew1 the secretions of ,aphides1 with which the leaves are often covered in hot summers4 ,it seems to be pretty generally distributed in all parts of ,england and ,wales1 and in ,scotland as far north as ,ross4 ,in ,ireland it appears to be more local1 and has only been recorded from the east and south4 ,it is found in all parts of ,europe1 except the northern4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #if4 ,purple ,hairstreak4 #a male2 #b1 #c female4 ,black ,hairstreak4 #d1 #f male2 #e female4 ,green ,hairstreak4 #g male2 #h1 #i female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ig4 ,black ,hairstreak4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,purple ,hairstreak4 ,egg enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,green ,hairstreak4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,the ,black ,hairstreak 7,thecla pruni74 ,this butterfly is figured on ,plate #if4 ,in colour it is dark brown or1 when quite fresh1 brownish-black2 there are some orange marks on the outer margin of the hind wings1 and these are most distinct in the female1 in which sex there are orange spots on the fore wings also4 ,the male has a pale sexual mark at the end of the cell of the fore wings1 but this is less distinct than in the following species4 ,the under side is brown1 with a bluish-white interrupted transverse line on each wing1 that on the hind wings angled before reaching the inner margin4 ,all the wings have an orange band on the outer margin1 but on the fore wings of the male this is often indistinct2 there are some white-edged black spots before it1 and1 on the hind wings1 beyond it also4 ,the eggs are laid in ,july on the twigs of blackthorn1 but the caterpillars do not hatch until the following spring4 ,the egg figured on ,plate #ig was reddish-brown and appeared rather shiny4 ,the caterpillar is described as yellowish-green1 with a darker green furrow and purplish ridges along the back2 the latter are edged with whitish and the divisions between the rings are yellowish4 ,the head is pale brown4 ,the chrysalis1 which is attached by the tail and has a silken thread around it1 is black1 marked on the head and body with yellowish-white4 ,the caterpillars feed on blackthorn 7,prunus spinosa7 in a state of nature1 but will eat the leaves of damson in confinement4 ,they may be obtained in ,may1 in their particular haunts1 by beating sloe bushes with a beating tray1 or an inverted open umbrella1 held under to intercept the evicted caterpillars1 etc4 ,this butterfly was not known as ,british until #ahbh1 when a number of specimens were captured at ,monkswood in ,huntingdonshire4 ,these were sold by the captor as ,t4 w-album1 which was then called the ,black ,hairstreak4 ,as soon as the mistake was detected1 it was given out that the specimens had been taken in ,yorkshire1 but this was only a ruse1 as ,t4 pruni has never occurred in that county4 ,it is confined1 so far as ,britain is concerned1 to three or four of the midland counties4 ,mr4 ,herbert ,goss1 who has found it at ,barnwell ,wold1 and in other wooded districts of ,northamptonshire1 at intervals1 for more than twenty years past1 says that it is fond of sitting on the flowers of privet 7,ligustrum71 and of ,viburnum lantana1 in the woods1 and sometimes is to be found in numbers4 ,its time of emergence is very variable1 apparently regulated by the lateness of the spring--from ,june #agth to the first week in ,july4 ,reared specimens made their appearance from ,june #acth to #bgth4 ,he writes1 ',it was the greatest possible pleasure to see them walking about the table while ,i was at breakfast4' ,in #aheh it was found commonly at ,kettering1 and in #ahei at ,oundle1 and has been recorded at ,warboys ,wood1 ,huntingdonshire1 and in ,buckinghamshire4 ,one specimen was taken at ,brandeston1 ,suffolk1 by the ,rev4 ,joseph ,green2 and ,mr4 ,allis found it commonly in the ,overton ,woods and about ,st4 ,ives4 ,there is also a record in ,monmouthshire1 which may require confirmation4 ,this butterfly does not appear to be losing ground in this country1 its fondness for trees and lofty bushes rendering it difficult to capture 7,barrett74 ,a writer in the ,entomologist for #ahgd mentions ,linford ,woods1 in ,bucks1 as a locality where he had observed several specimens1 mostly females1 on flowers of privet4 ,it is found throughout the greater part of ,europe and also in ,amurland and ,corea4 ,the ,white ,letter ,hairstreak 7,thecla w-album74 ,the male of this butterfly 7,plate #id7 is blackish1 with a small whitish sex mark at end of the discal cell of the fore wing2 there is a small orange spot at the anal angle of the hind wings4 ,the female agrees in colour with the male1 but the tails are longer1 and there is no sex mark on the fore wings4 ,the under side is brownish1 with a white line on each wing1 that on the hind wings forming a ,w before the inner margin2 the hind wings have a black-edged orange band on the outer margin which is finely tapered towards the costa4 ,captured specimens are usually browner than those that are reared from caterpillars4 ,the species does not exhibit much tendency to variation4 ,the white lines on the under side may be rather broad or very narrow1 and that on the hind wings is sometimes so broken up towards the inner margin that the ,w character disappears2 when absence of the anal orange spots on the upper side is associated with the broken line1 the form is known as butlerowi4 ,i have several males without the ,w1 and some of these have the orange spot above1 whilst others are without it4 ,barrett refers to a specimen in which there is on the under side an extension of white colour from the white line towards the margin1 in the fore wings forming a broad wedge-shaped band1 but in the hind wings occupying the whole space from the white line to the orange band4 ,the egg has been described as whitish in colour1 and in shape something like an orange with a depression on the top4 ,the eggs are laid on twigs of elm in ,july1 and1 according to some writers1 remain thereon throughout the winter4 ,the caterpillar when full grown is yellowish-green and covered with short hairs2 the ridges on the back are yellowish1 and there are oblique whitish streaks on each side of the darker dorsal line4 ,the head is black4 ,when about ready to assume the chrysalis state1 the whole body becomes purplish-brown4 ,the chrysalis is brownish1 sometimes tinged with purple2 covered with tiny bristles except on the blackish wing cases1 and there are two purplish lines on the back4 ,it is attached by the tail1 and has a strand or two of silk around it1 generally on the under side of a leaf4 ,in a state of nature the caterpillar feeds on wych-elm 7,ulmus montana71 but it will eat the leaves of the common elm 7,ulmus campestris74 ,it is to be obtained in ,may and ,june by beating wych-elms in localities where the butterfly is known to occur4 ,the butterfly is on the wing in ,july1 and usually disports itself around the elm trees1 but it is fond of bramble blossoms1 and may often be netted when feasting on those flowers4 ,it is a local species1 but1 as a rule1 plentiful enough in its localities4 ,it is rare in ,hampshire and ,dorsetshire1 scarce in ,sussex1 and not found in many parts of ,kent4 ,ripley1 in ,surrey1 was a well-known locality for it in the early part of the last century1 and the caterpillars were found there commonly quite recently4 ,in ,essex it is generally common near ,maldon4 ,and1 according to ,barrett1 it is plentiful in various parts of ,suffolk2 very scarce in ,norfolk2 found more or less plentifully in ,herts1 ,hants41 ,cambs41 and ,northamptonshire2 very rare in ,nottinghamshire2 but again to be found in ,north ,lincolnshire2 and common in several localities near ,doncaster1 ,barnsley1 and elsewhere in ,yorkshire4 ,this appears to be its northern limit1 and in this respect it contrasts curiously with ,thecla betul ,the ,brown ,hairstreak1 since it extends farther north in the east than that species2 yet in the west is recorded no farther than ,cheshire and ,shropshire1 where ,i found it thirty-five years ago upon ,benthall ,edge4 ,in ,herefordshire it is recorded but rarely2 more commonly in ,worcestershire2 also in ,derbyshire and ,needwood ,forest1 ,staffordshire2 common around ,burton-on-,trent and elsewhere in ,leicestershire2 and in ,oxfordshire1 ,bucks1 and ,berks4 ,but its metropolis seems to be ,wiltshire1 where ,mr4 ,perkins has found it around ,marlborough and ,savernake in thousands1 as well as in ,gloucestershire4 ,it has also been obtained in ,monmouthshire1 but its extreme western limit seems to be ,weston-super-,mare1 ,somersetshire4 ,abroad it is widely distributed in ,europe1 except the extreme north and south-west2 its range extends into ,asia ,minor1 and to ,amurland and ,japan4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ih4 ,large ,copper4 #a1 #d1 male2 #b1 #c1 #e female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ii4 ,large ,copper4 ,caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,thecla spini and ,t4 ilicis1 two species of ,hairstreak butterflies belonging to ,central and ,southern ,europe1 have been mentioned as occurring in ,britain by some of the earlier authors4 ,there is not1 however1 the slightest reason to suppose that either of them ever occurred naturally in this country4 ,the ,green ,hairstreak 7,callophrys rubi74 ,both sexes of this butterfly 7,plate #if7 are brown with a faint golden tinge above1 and green on the under side4 ,the male has a dark1 or1 when the plumules are dislodged1 pale sexual mark1 which is oval in shape1 and placed at the upper corner of the discal cell in the fore wings4 ,occasionally there are some orange scales at the anal angle of the hind wings1 and more rarely1 and in the female1 at the extremities of veins two and three also4 ,on the under side of some specimens1 chiefly from ,northern localities1 there is a transverse series of white dots across all the wings2 more often these are confined to the hind wings1 and sometimes they are almost or quite absent from all the wings4 ,now and then the under side of the hind wings is found to be brown in colour1 and this change in colour has been ascribed to the action of moisture4 ,the life-history is figured on ,plate #ig4 ,the egg is greenish1 reticulated with paler or with whitish-green2 the reticulation is somewhat rough on the side1 but becomes finer towards and on the top1 which has the centre hollowed4 ,laid on the petals of the common furze 7,ulex europus71 and on leaves of rock-rose 7,helianthemum chamcistus74 ,the caterpillar feeds in ,june and ,july4 ,it is pale green1 with a darker line along the back1 and yellow oblique stripes on the sides4 ,among the plants that it has been found upon1 or is known to eat1 are dyer's greenweed 7,genista tinctoria71 needle furze 7,g4 anglica71 broom 7,cytisus scoparius71 dwarf furze 7,ulex nanus71 whortleberry 7,vaccinium myrtillus72 also the berries of buckthorn 7,rhamnus71 making holes through which the contents of the berry is extracted2 buds of bramble 7,rubus71 and of dogwood 7,cornus sanguinea71 are also attacked in a similar way4 ,the chrysalis is clothed with tiny hairs1 and when freshly formed is green in colour1 but becomes purplish-brown after a time4 ,it appears to be unattached to anything4 ,i think1 however1 that there are generally a few strands of silk around or about it1 but these are so easily broken when the chrysalids are removed that they escape observation4 ,may and ,june are the months for the butterfly1 which occurs in various kinds of situations1 such as the outskirts of woods1 high hedgerows1 hill slopes1 and boggy heaths4 ,i once saw it in abundance about the entrance from ,lynton to the ,valley of ,rocks4 ,its resemblance on the under side to the leaves on which it perches is as baffling to the collector as is the resting habit of the ,grayling butterfly previously referred to4 ,it seems to be pretty generally distributed throughout the kingdom1 but is rather more local in ,ireland than elsewhere1 and it has not yet been recorded from the ,orkney or ,shetland ,isles4 ,its range extends throughout the ,palarctic ,region4 ,the ,large ,copper 7,chrysophanus dispar74 ,the brilliant butterfly1 figured on ,plate #ii1 is of a coppery orange colour4 ,in the male the fore wings have two black dots in the discal cell1 the outer one linear1 and the outer margin is narrowly blackish2 the hind wings have a linear black mark in the cell1 and the outer margin is narrowly edged with blackish and dotted with black4 ,the female is more conspicuously marked with black2 there are two1 sometimes three1 spots in the cell of the fore wings1 and a transverse series of seven or eight beyond2 the outer margin is broadly bordered with black1 and there are generally two spots above the inner angle2 the hind wings have a black spot in the cell1 and a series of black spots beyond1 but the whole basal three-fourths of these wings is often deeply suffused with blackish2 the outer margin is bordered and spotted with black4 ,the sexes are much alike on the under side1 and have reddish-orange fore wings with bluish grey outer margins1 and black spots as on the upper side of the female2 the hind wings are bluish-grey1 powdered with bluish towards the base1 and with whitish ringed black spots2 five of these spots are before the linear discal mark1 and a series of nine or ten beyond2 an orange band on the outer margin has black dots on each edge4 ,except as regards the size and the shape of the spots1 especially in the female1 there appears to have been but little variation noted in this species in ,england4 ,the two fine female specimens figured on the plate have a more or less distinct wedge-shaped black spot in the basal end of the discal cell of the fore wings4 ,dale mentions that he has an almost entirely black example of the female in his collection4 ,the var4 rutilus1 which is the continental form of our butterfly1 is smaller in size1 as a rule1 the spots are not so large1 and the orange band is always narrower on the under side of the hind wings4 ,it has been averred that some of the ,british specimens are referable to this form4 ,newman1 writing about #ahgj1 gave the following life-history details3--,the egg is laid on the leaves of the great water-dock 7,rumex hydrolapathum7 during the month of ,august1 and the young caterpillars 7never1 to the best of my belief1 observed7 probably emerge during the following month1 and hibernate very early at the base of the petioles4 ,the caterpillar is full fed in ,june1 and then lies flat on the dock-leaf1 rarely moving from place to place1 and1 when it does so1 gliding with a slug-like motion1 the legs and claspers being entirely concealed4 ,the head is extremely small1 and can be completely withdrawn into the second segment3 the body has the dorsal surface convex1 the ventral surface flat2 the divisions of the segments are distinctly marked1 the posterior margin of each slightly overlapping the anterior margin of the next1 and the entire caterpillar having very much the appearance of a ,chiton2 the sides are slightly dilated1 the legs and claspers are seated in closely approximate pairs1 nearly on a medio-ventral line4 ,the colour is green1 scarcely distinguishable from that of the dock-leaf2 there is an obscure medio-dorsal stripe1 slightly darker than the disk1 and in all probability due to the presence of food in the alimentary canal4 ,the chrysalis is obese1 blunt at both extremities1 attached by minute hooks at the caudal extremities1 and also by a belt round the waist4 ,newman adds1 ,my acquaintance with the caterpillar and chrysalis was made very many years ago in ,mr4 ,doubleday's garden at ,epping1 where the very plant of ,rumex hydrolapathum1 on which the caterpillars fed1 is still in existence4 ,the caterpillar was described by ,stephens1 in #ahbh1 as somewhat hairy1 bright green1 with innumerable white dots4 ,the same author states that the chrysalis was first green1 then pale ash-coloured1 with a dark dorsal line and two abbreviated white ones on each side1 and1 lastly1 sometimes deep brown4 ,the figure of the caterpillar on ,plate #ih is after ,westwood1 and that of the chrysalis after ,newman 7,grammar of ,entomology74 ,although he refers to it as hippotho1 the ,large ,copper seems to have been known to ,lewin 7#agie71 as he states that specimens had been taken in ,huntingdonshire4 ,haworth 7#ahjc7 mentions its occurrence in the fens of ,cambridgeshire1 and ,stephens1 twenty-five years later1 wrote3--,this splendid insect appears to be confined to the fenny counties of ,cambridge and ,huntingdon1 with the neighbouring ones of ,suffolk and ,norfolk1 unless the account of its capture in ,wales by ,hudson be admitted2 but this may probably be the following species hippotho1 which may1 moreover1 eventually prove synonymous with ,ly4 dispar4 ,in the first two localities it appears to occur in great profusion1 as several hundred specimens have been captured within these last ten years by the ,london collectors1 who have visited ,whittlesea and ,yaxley ,meres1 during the month of ,july1 for the sole purpose of obtaining specimens of this insect4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ajj4 ,small ,copper4 ,egg1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillars and chrysalids4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #aja4 ,small ,copper4 #a1 #b ,typical male2 #c typical female2 #d1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab varieties2 #g var4 schmidtii4 ,dale states that the latest capture1 consisting of five specimens1 appears to have been made in ,holme ,fen1 by ,mr4 ,stretton either in #ahdg or #ahdh4 ,there is evidence that floods1 which were not uncommon in the home of the ,large ,copper1 were not really injurious to the butterfly1 and therefore the occasional submergence of its feeding grounds can hardly have been the cause of its almost sudden destruction4 ,it seems more probable that its disappearance was due to the draining of the fens1 and at least it is significant that the two events were almost coincident4 ,there are records of the butterfly having been taken in various odd localities since it was last seen in fenland1 but the latest of those dates back to the year #ahfe4 ,there seems to be no question that the butterfly is now extinct in ,england1 and1 lamentable to relate1 the chief locality where we can hope to secure a specimen or two for our collection is in the neighbourhood of ,covent ,garden1 where the only requirement for the capture will be a well-lined purse4 ,the continental form rutilus is found in ,germany1 ,france1 ,northern ,italy1 ,south-,eastern ,europe 7except ,greece71 ,northern ,asia ,minor1 ,armenia1 and the ,altai4 ,the ,asian form auratus occurs in ,south-,eastern ,siberia1 ,amurland1 ,corea1 ,northern ,china1 and ,amdo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,four other kinds of ,coppers have been reported as occurring in ,england3 these are ,chrysophanus hippotho and ,c4 virgaure1 both of which have even had ,english names bestowed upon them1 to wit1 the ,purple-edged ,copper and the ,scarce ,copper2 ,c4 gordius1 and ,c4 circe 7dorilis74 ,these are only mentioned to afford an opportunity for saying that there does not appear to be the least reason for considering either of them to be a ,british butterfly4 ,kirby1 ,barrett1 and others1 however1 think it possible that the first two may have inhabited ,england in ancient times4 ,the ,small ,copper 7,chrysophanus phlas74 ,this little butterfly is very smart1 in activity as well as appearance4 ,in colour it is very similar to the last species1 but both sexes are spotted with black on the fore wings1 the outer series of six spots forming a very irregular row2 the hind wings are black1 with a wavy orange-red band on the outer margin4 ,there is considerable variation1 and it is1 therefore1 deemed advisable to give a number of figures representing some of the more striking aberrations4 ,the three figures at the top of ,plate #aja depict the normal male and female2 the latter sex is ,fig4 #c4 ,for the loan of the other specimens 7,figs4 #d-ab7 my thanks are due to ,mr4 ,e4 ,sabine1 who has a very fine and extensive series of varieties of this butterfly4 ,other examples of aberration on the under side are shown on ,plate #aai4 ,blue spots are sometimes found on the hind wings2 these are placed near the orange-red band1 and occasionally they attain a good size4 ,specimens much suffused with blackish sometimes occur2 these are referable to var4 eleus1 which is the usual summer form in some of the warmer countries abroad4 ,a very rare form is that known as schmidtii 7,fig4 #g71 in which the ground colour of the fore wings and the band on the hind wings are silvery white instead of orange or coppery-red4 ,a modification of this form which is hardly less rare has a creamy tint4 ,straw-coloured or pale golden specimens are rather more frequently met with4 ,the colour of the hind wings in fresh specimens is sometimes steely-grey1 but blackish is the more usual hue2 the band on the outer area1 which as a rule agrees in colour with the fore wings1 varies in width a good deal1 and occasionally is more or less obscured by the blackish ground colour4 ,the arrangement1 size1 and shape of the black spots1 both above and below1 are subject to much vagary1 sometimes of a very striking kind1 as1 for example1 when the spots of the outer series on the fore wings are united with the discal pair and form a large irregular blotch4 ,a remarkable specimen taken some years ago in the ,isle of ,wight had a small patch of copper with a black spot in it on the under side4 ,this gave one the idea of a clumsy attempt at patching1 but as ,i happened to take that particular specimen1 ,i know that it had not been tampered with4 ,gynandrous specimens of this butterfly sometimes occur1 but these are very rare4 ,the egg is of a yellowish-white colour at first1 and afterwards becomes greyish2 the pattern on the shell1 which resembles network1 is always whiter4 ,the caterpillar is green and similar in tint to the leaf of dock or sorrel upon which it feeds4 ,it is clothed with short greyish hair which arises from white dots2 the dorsal line is brownish-olive1 and the ring divisions1 especially along the back1 are well defined4 ,head very small1 pale brownish1 marked with blackish1 drawn into the first ring of the body when resting4 ,the legs and prolegs are tinged with pink1 and sometimes the body is marked with pink4 ,the chrysalis is pale brown1 sometimes tinged with greenish1 and freckled with darker brown2 there is a dark line along the middle of the thorax and body1 the wing cases are streaked with blackish1 and the body is dotted with black4 ,attached by the tail and loose silken threads around the body to a leaf or stem4 ,there seem to be three broods of this species in most years3 the first is on the wing in ,may1 sometimes in ,april2 the second in ,july or early ,august2 and the third in early ,october4 ,it is not a difficult species to rear from the egg1 and as varieties appear to be most frequent in the third brood1 the eggs should be obtained from females of the second brood4 ,dock and sorrel 7,rumex7 are the food-plants of the caterpillar1 and these are most useful in a growing condition4 ,the butterfly frequents all kinds of open situations1 and is fond of basking upon flowers1 more particularly those of the ,composit1 from which vantage ground it dashes with great alertness at any other small butterfly that may happen to fly that way4 ,whether these seeming attacks are really due to pugnacity1 as has been stated by some writers1 or are merely of a sportive character1 is not altogether clear4 ,as1 however1 the meeting of the two butterflies usually results1 when both are ,small ,coppers1 in a series of arial evolutions by the pair1 it would seem that there is a good deal of playfulness in the business4 ,after the gambol is over1 one butterfly may dart off with the other in hot pursuit1 and then both move so rapidly that their course is difficult to follow4 ,if the butterfly intercepted happens to be a ,blue or a ,small ,heath1 the ,copper returns to the flower from which it started1 and prepares for another raid when the opportunity offers4 ,it occurs throughout the ,united ,kingdom1 but in ,scotland it does not extend northwards beyond the ,caledonian ,canal4 ,abroad it is found throughout the ,palarctic ,region1 and is represented in ,north ,america by the form hypophlas4 ,the ,long-tailed ,blue 7,lampides boeticus74 ,the male is purplish-blue suffused with fuscous1 especially on all margins except the inner one2 there are two velvety black spots encircled with pale blue at the anal angle of the hind wings1 and a slender black tail1 tipped with white1 appears to be a continuation of vein #b4 ,the under side is grey-brown1 with numerous white wavy lines and broader streaks2 there is a whitish band on each wing before the outer margin1 and black spots as above1 but these are ringed with metallic blue4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ajb4 ,short-tailed ,blue4 ,eggs enlarged4 ,long-tailed ,blue4 ,caterpillar and chrysalis 7after ,millire74 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ajc4 ,long-tailed ,blue4 #a male2 #b1 #c female4 ,short-tailed ,blue4 #d1 #f male2 #e1 #g female4 ,i have not seen any of the early stages of this butterfly4 ,the caterpillar1 which feeds upon the green seeds in pods of the ,leguminos1 including the garden pea and the lupine1 is figured on ,plate #ajb4 ,it is described as being green or reddish-brown in colour1 with a dark stripe on the back1 double oblique lines on the sides1 and a white line below the yellow spiracles2 head black4 ,the chrysalis is of a red or yellowish colour1 and dotted with brown4 ,it has a silken girdle and is said to be attached to a stem1 as shown in the figure1 but probably it is more often fixed up among the withered leaves of the food-plant4 ,two of the earliest known ,british specimens of this butterfly were taken by the late ,mr4 ,neil ,mc,arthur on ,august #dth and #eth1 #ahei1 on the ,downs at ,brighton2 the third example was captured by ,captain de ,latour at ,christchurch1 where it was flying about a plant of the everlasting pea in his garden on ,august #dth of the same year4 ,newman has noted that in that particular year the butterfly was very abundant in the ,channel ,islands and on the coast of ,france4 ,no other specimen seems to have been observed in ,england until #ahgi1 in which year one was taken at ,freshwater in the ,isle of ,wight on ,august #bcrd4 ,in #ahhj a specimen was captured in a garden near ,bognor1 ,sussex1 on ,september #abth4 ,on ,october #bnd1 #ahhb1 one was obtained at ,west ,bournemouth4 ,three were netted in #ahic1 one of these in late ,august1 and one in the third week of ,september1 both in ,sussex2 the third was taken in ,kent 7inland7 in ,september4 ,in #ahii a specimen was found at ,winchester on ,september #ast1 and one at ,deal on the #afth of the same month2 each of these1 curiously1 was sitting on a window4 ,on ,august #bnd1 #aijd1 one example was taken in a garden near ,truro1 ,cornwall4 ,in addition to the above1 single specimens have been reported as taken at ,brighton1 ,july1 #ahij1 and at ,heswell1 ,cheshire1 in #ahhf or #ahhg4 ,it will thus be seen that the occurrence of this butterfly in ,england is exceedingly infrequent4 ,the species is common in ,africa and in ,southern ,europe2 thence it extends eastward through ,asia to ,china and ,japan1 and southwards to ,australia4 ,it is also found in the ,sandwich ,islands4 ,it is believed to be migratory in its habits1 and it is supposed that the occasional specimens that arrive in this country come to us vi the west coast of ,europe4 ,in its proper home there is a succession of broods of the butterfly1 and if by chance a few females were to visit this country in the early summer1 they most probably would lay eggs1 and the caterpillars resulting from these would almost certainly be able to feed up and attain the perfect state here4 ,so far there is no reason to suppose that the caterpillar has ever occurred in ,england4 ,the ,short-tailed or ,bloxworth ,blue 7,cupido argiades74 ,the interesting little butterfly represented on ,plate #ajc was not known to occur in ,britain until #ahhe1 when the ,rev4 ,o4 ,pickard ,cambridge made the startling announcement that his sons had captured two specimens1 a female on ,august #ahth1 and a male on ,august #bjth of that year1 the scene of capture being ,bloxworth ,heath1 ,dorset4 ,shortly after this fact was made public the ,rev4 ,j4,s4 ,st4 ,john added a record of two males that he had discovered in a small collection of ,lepidoptera made by ,dr4 ,marsh1 who stated that he had taken the specimens of ,c4 argiades in #ahgd1 close to a small quarry near ,frome4 ,in addition to these a specimen1 also recorded by ,mr4 ,cambridge1 was taken at ,bournemouth in ,august1 #ahhe2 one is reported to have been captured at ,blackpool1 about #ahfj2 and one at ,wrington1 about twelve miles north of ,bristol1 in #ahie or #ahif4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ajd4 ,brown ,argus4 ,egg1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis2 7a7 ,egg of ,scotch ,argus enlarged4 ,silver-studded ,blue4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalids4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #aje4 ,silver-studded ,blue4 #a1 #b1 #c male2 #d1 #e1 #f female4 ,brown ,argus4 #aj1 #ab male2 #g1 #h1 #i female2 #aa1 #ac1 #ad male 7,durham72 #ae male1 #af1 #ag female 7,scotland74 ,the following details of the early stages are obtained from ,mr4 ,frohawk's life-history of the species published in the ,entomologist for ,october1 #aijd4 ,the egg 7,plate #ajb1 figured from a photomicrograph by ,mr4 ,tonge7 is of a pale greenish-blue1 but varies both in the extent of the ground colour and in the structure of the reticulations1 which are white1 resembling frosted glass4 ,the full-grown caterpillar 7,august #bcrd7 measures #c_/h inch in length4 ,it is of the usual wood-louse shape1 with only a very shallow furrow on the back1 bordered on each side by a fringe of spinous bristles1 which vary in length2 the whole surface is densely studded with shorter but similarly formed whitish or brownish bristles4 ,the ground colour is pale green1 with a darker green stripe along the centre of the back1 and fainter green oblique stripes on the sides4 ,the head is black and shining1 and is hidden under the first ring when the caterpillar is not feeding or moving about4 ,the caterpillars hatched on ,july #cjth1 from eggs that were laid in the ,south of ,france on ,july #bdth1 and were reared on bird's-foot trefoil 7,lotus corniculatus71 of which they ate the flowers1 seeds1 and leaves4 ,the chrysalis1 which is attached to the food-plant by a silk pad at the tail and a thread round the body1 is pale green and very finely reticulated2 the wing-cases are rather whiter green1 sprinkled with minute black specks1 and the veins are white2 there is a blackish line along the centre of the back1 but this is only well defined on the head and thorax4 ,the whole surface1 except the wings1 is sprinkled with slightly curved and moderately long white hairs4 ,the butterfly emerges in about ten to fourteen days1 according to temperature4 ,the male is violet-blue with the veins rather darker2 the outer margin is narrowly bordered with blackish1 and there are some black dots on the outer margin of the hind wings2 the fringes are white1 and there is a slender tail on the hind wings4 ,the female is brownish1 tinged with violet towards the base2 the hind wings have black spots on the outer margin1 and some of these are inwardly edged with orange2 the tails are slightly longer than those of the male4 ,all the available information concerning the occurrence of this species in ,england has already been given4 ,no doubt the localities from which specimens were recorded have been closely investigated during the past twenty years1 but no further captures of this butterfly have been recorded4 ,this seems to indicate that it is not really indigenous1 but that its presence here may possibly have been due to accidental introduction4 ,the spring form1 polysperchon1 is smaller than the specimens occurring in the summer1 but so far that form has not been seen in ,england4 ,the species is widely distributed over ,central and ,southern ,europe1 and its range extends through ,northern ,asia to ,amurland1 ,corea1 and ,japan4 ,it is also represented in ,northern and ,central ,america by var4 comyntas1 and has been recorded from ,australia4 ,the ,silver-studded ,blue 7,lycna argus gon74 ,the male of this butterfly 7,plate #aje7 is purplish-blue with a black border on the outer margins1 and sometimes black dots on that of the hind wings4 ,the female is sooty-brown1 powdered to a greater or lesser extent with blue scales on the basal area2 there is generally a series of orange marks forming a more or less complete band on the outer margin of the hind wings1 and sometimes on the fore wings also4 ,the under side is bluish-grey in the male1 and brownish-grey in the female2 the black spots are ringed with white1 and on the fore wings there is one at the end of the discal cell and a series of seven beyond2 the hind wings have from three to five spots before the discal spot1 and a curved series of seven beyond2 there is a black-edged orange band on all the wings1 and beyond this on the hind wings there is a series of metallic blue centred spots2 hence the ,english name of the butterfly1 given to it by ,moses ,harris1 which is certainly more suitable than ,petiver's ,lead ,argus4 ,in a general way the male is rather larger than the female1 but this is not invariably the case4 ,the colour of the male varies in shade1 and very occasionally1 perhaps1 is of a lilac tint2 the border varies in width1 and is sometimes reduced to a mere line4 ,in the female the orange marks may be of a brownish or yellowish tint1 and now and then there may be a series of wedge-shaped blue spots above these marks on the hind wings4 ,on the under side there is a good deal of modification of the black spots as regards size and shape1 and occasionally there is at least one extra spot on the fore wings placed between the discal spot and the base of the wing2 white markings sometimes appear on the fore wings between the outer series of black spots and the orange band1 and with this there is generally a white band in a similar position on the hind wings4 ,female specimens with splashes of the male colour on one or more of the wings have been obtained1 and1 more rarely1 examples entirely male on one side and female on the other have been recorded4 ,frohawk states that the egg both in colour and texture1 resembles white porcelain2 all the depths produce a deep purplish-grey shade4 ,the ova are deposited singly1 and adhere firmly to the receptacle4 ,caterpillars hatched out from eggs1 laid the previous summer1 on ,april #ast to #crd4 ,they were reared on gorse 7,ulex europus71 pupated towards the end of ,june1 and the first butterfly1 a male1 appeared on ,july #ajth4 ,the caterpillar figured on ,plate #ajd1 when full grown1 was reddish-brown1 finely dotted with white1 and from each dot a tiny hair arose2 the stripe on the back and line on the side were black edged with white1 head black and shining4 ,this caterpillar was found on the last day of ,may1 crawling on the ground under heather at ,oxshott4 ,it was then about half-grown1 and was reared on heather1 pupated in due course1 and produced a female butterfly on ,july #aath4 ,the chrysalis1 of which two figures are given1 had a pale brownish and rather shining head2 the body was brown with a darker line on the back2 the thorax and wing-cases dull yellowish-green1 the former rather glossy4 ,it was placed in an angle formed by a side and the floor of the cage1 lying quite flat and secured by silken threads1 which1 owing to position1 ,i was unable to examine4 ,some of the caterpillars that ,mr4 ,frohawk reared were pale green with a dark purplish stripe on the back4 ,another food-plant is bird's-foot vetch 7,ornithopus perpusillus74 ,the butterfly is on the wing in ,july and ,august1 and seems to be more often found on sandy heaths than elsewhere4 ,it is especially common1 in some years1 in the heather-clad districts of ,surrey and ,hampshire1 as well as other counties in ,england4 ,in ,norfolk and ,suffolk it is said to be common1 but scarce in ,gloucestershire and ,somersetshire4 ,its range extends through the greater part of ,england and ,wales1 and into ,scotland as far as ,perthshire4 ,specimens from the northwest coast of ,wales are said to be larger than those from inland localities4 ,as regards ,ireland1 there is only ,birchall's record1 ,the ,murrough of ,wicklow1 and near ,rostrevor1 in evidence of the butterfly occurring in that country at all4 ,abroad1 it appears to range pretty well over the whole of ,europe1 and through ,asia eastward to ,siberia1 ,corea1 and ,japan4 ,the ,brown ,argus 7,lycna astrarche74 ,fore wings blackish or sooty-brown with a black discal spot1 and a row of reddish-orange spots on the outer margin of all the wings2 the fringes are white1 sometimes with blackish interruptions4 ,the under side is greyish or greyish-brown1 and the black spots are distinctly ringed with white4 ,on the fore wing there are seven of these spots1 one at the end of the cell1 and the others in an irregular series beyond2 the last in this series is sometimes double1 or it may be absent4 ,on the hind wings the spots comprise a series of four preceding the white discal mark1 and a series of seven beyond2 the second spot in this series is placed directly under the first1 forming a colon-like mark1 and this character will help to distinguish the ,brown ,argus from the blackish or brown females of the next species4 ,the female has larger orange markings1 and the outline of the fore wings is rather rounder on the outer margin1 otherwise the sexes are very similar4 ,the orange spots referred to in the male are sometimes absent towards the tips of the fore wings1 and in this respect lead up to the form known as the ,durham ,argus 7var4 salmacis1 ,stephens71 which is blackish above and ochreous-brown below2 the black spots on the under side are much smaller then in typical specimens1 and some may be absent altogether4 ,the male has a black discal spot1 and the female a white one1 on the upper side of the fore wings2 the hind wings have a red or orange band on both surfaces4 ,sometimes the male also has a white spot on the fore wings4 ,specimens with the orange spots on upper side almost entirely absent are referable to var4 allous4 ,artaxerxes is the form occurring in ,scotland1 and is known as the ,scotch ,white ,spot4 ,both sexes have a conspicuous white discal spot on the fore wings1 and the spots on the under side are white1 and rarely centred with black4 ,in var4 quadripuncta1 ,tutt1 all four wings have a white discal spot above4 ,occasionally an odd specimen with white discal spots is found in the south4 ,figures of the butterfly will be found on ,plate #aje1 and of its life history on ,plate #ajd2 the upper egg is that from a typical female1 and the lower one was laid by a female artaxerxes4 ,the egg1 which is whitish1 with a faint greyish tinge1 is laid on the upper side of a young leaf of the rock-rose 7,helianthemum chamcistus74 ,the caterpillar has a black shining head2 the body is green with whitish hairs1 a pinkish line along the back1 a whitish one bordered with pinkish along the sides2 the green colour becomes dingy as the caterpillar matures4 ,the chrysalis is obscure yellowish-green1 the front of the thorax is edged with pinkish1 and there are bands of the same colour on the back and sides of the body2 the thorax and the wing-cases are rather glossy4 ,held in position by a few silken threads between leaves of the food-plant4 ,the ordinary form of the butterfly is on the wing in ,may and ,june1 and again in ,august4 ,it is widely distributed throughout the southern half of ,england1 and also in ,wales4 ,although chiefly associated with rock-rose1 especially in chalky districts1 it occurs too among stork's-bill 7,erodium cicutarium71 upon which plant the caterpillar also feeds1 in sandy places inland as well as on the coast4 ,caterpillars from the first flight of butterflies may be found in ,july1 and those from the second flight hibernate and feed up in ,april4 ,the butterfly has a marked liking for roosting on the flower stems of long grasses1 and quite a number may often be found resting together towards sundown1 or on dull days1 in sheltered hollows4 ,sometimes several specimens of this species and of the ,common ,blue may be found on the same perch4 ,it is rather less frequently seen in the ,midland counties1 but it is more or less common in some parts of ,derbyshire1 ,yorkshire1 and ,lancashire4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ajf4 ,common ,blue4 #a1 #b1 #g1 #aj1 #ab male2 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #i1 #aa1 #ac female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ajg4 ,common ,blue4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillars and chrysalids4 ,the intermediate form1 salmacis and its modifications1 is found in the neighbourhood of ,richmond1 ,yorks1 and thence northward to the ,scottish border4 ,var4 artaxerxes occurs in ,scotland from ,roxburgh to ,aberdeenshire on the east1 and from ,dumfries to the ,clyde on the west4 ,kane records four specimens from ,co4 ,galway1 and these are all that are known of the species from ,ireland4 ,this form1 together with the var4 salmacis1 are not found anywhere outside the ,united ,kingdom1 and1 it may be added1 the latter appears to be getting scarce--at least1 in some of its old haunts in ,durham4 ,the species is distributed throughout the ,palarctic ,region1 except the ,polar parts4 ,the ,common ,blue 7,lycna icarus74 ,the male is blue1 with either a tinge of violet or mauve in its composition4 ,sometimes1 though rarely1 it assumes the brighter shade of the ,adonis ,blue4 ,all the wings are very narrowly edged with black on the outer margins2 the veins are generally pale1 shining blue1 sometimes becoming blackish towards the outer margins1 and occasionally continued into the fringes1 but not to their tips4 ,the female is most often brown1 with some blue scales on the basal area of all the wings2 there is a black discal spot on the fore wings1 and a series of orange crescents before a row of black spots on the outer margin2 the hind wings have an outer marginal row of black spots1 edged outwardly with white and inwardly with orange4 ,on ,plate #ajf1 ,fig4 #a represents a typical male1 and ,fig4 #c a typical female1 whilst the normal under sides of the sexes are shown in ,figs4 #aj and #aa4 ,the size of this butterfly ranges from one inch and a half to three-quarters of an inch4 ,the large specimens at the bottom of the plate are from ,scotland4 ,scotch and ,irish males often have some black spots on the outer margin of the hind wings1 as in ,fig4 #b1 but this is from ,ventnor in the ,isle of ,wight4 ,the female is sometimes of a uniform brown coloration1 devoid of blue scales1 and1 with the exception of slight traces of orange on the outer margin of the hind wings1 entirely without marking4 ,on the other hand1 this sex is sometimes almost as blue as the male in colour 7var4 crulea71 but the discal spot1 outer marginal borders1 and orange markings are present4 ,occasionally the orange spots give place to yellow ones4 ,the discal spot on the fore wings may be encircled with bluish-white scales1 and now and then this spot on all the wings is surrounded very distinctly with bluish-white4 ,i have seen the latter form from ,durham and ,ireland only1 but it probably occurs in other parts of the kingdom4 ,quite a number of gynandrous specimens of this species have been recorded1 some of them being male on the right side and female on the left1 in others the reverse was the case4 ,on the under side the male is greyish and the female brownish1 consequently the white rings around the black spots show up more distinctly in the latter sex4 ,a not uncommon aberration is without spots between the discal spot and the base of the fore wing2 this is known as icarinus4 ,another form that occurs fairly often has the lower basal spot united with the last spot of the outer series1 as in ,fig4 #i1 this is ab4 arcua1 and a modification1 with the junction bar-like instead of arched1 has been named melanotoxa4 ,very rarely the whole of the under side1 except the outer margins1 is free of spots 7,plate #aai74 ,a specimen exhibiting aberration in this direction is shown on ,plate #aah1 ,fig4 #f1 whilst ,figs4 #a and #c show modifications of what is known as the streaked form4 ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,e4 ,sabine1 of ,erith1 for the loan of all the fine aberrations of the ,blues figured on ,plate #aah4 ,on ,plate #ajg will be found figures of the early stages4 ,the egg1 which is usually laid on the upper side of a terminal leaf of bird's-foot trefoil 7,lotus corniculatus7 or on rest-harrow 7,ononis spinosa71 is whitish-green in colour1 netted with glossy white4 ,the caterpillar is green1 covered with short brownish hairs1 with which are mixed some longer ones2 it is wrinkled on the side1 ridged on the back1 and the line along the middle of the back is darker4 ,head black and glossy4 ,the chrysalis is green1 with the head1 wing-cases1 and sometimes the hinder parts of the body1 tinged with buff2 thorax brighter green1 rather shiny2 a darker line down the centre of the body4 ,the plants mentioned1 and especially rest-harrow1 are known to be the food of the caterpillar1 but eggs have also been found1 in ,scotland1 on red clover1 plantain1 burnet saxifrage1 and yarrow4 ,the caterpillars are to be found1 after hibernation1 in ,april1 and a second brood in ,june and ,july4 ,those feeding on rest-harrow seem to prefer the blossom4 ,this caterpillar is stated to form a cocoon1 but the only approach to any such structure made by the seven individuals ,i had under observation was in the case of two caterpillars that pupated among leaves of ,lotus1 which were drawn together by the slenderest of threads4 ,four effected the change at the bottom of the cage and seemed to be quite free1 one had climbed to the leno top of the cage and there spun a silken carpet under itself1 which drew the leno together1 and so formed a shallow cave in which the chrysalis rested4 ,in every case the cast skin was attached to the tail1 and so remained after the butterflies emerged4 ,the butterfly is to be found almost everywhere in the country1 and its distribution extends throughout the ,united ,kingdom1 except1 perhaps1 the ,shetland ,isles4 ,there appears to be only one flight in the north of ,scotland and ,ireland1 and this occurs in ,june and ,july4 ,in ,england there are two broods1 and in some years probably three in the southern counties4 ,it may be seen on the wing1 in greater or lesser numbers1 all through the season from ,may to ,september4 ,abroad1 the range extends over the whole of ,europe to ,north ,africa1 and through ,western and ,northern ,asia to ,amurland and ,china4 ,the ,common ,blue1 as well as the ,chalk ,hill and the ,adonis ,blues1 are to be found1 often commonly and sometimes in large numbers1 in their favourite haunts4 ,each of them is subject to a considerable range of variation on the under side1 and this seems to be of a similar character in all4 ,very striking aberrations are1 perhaps1 not often obtained1 but still many modifications are to be found1 and the possibility of a really good thing turning up1 induces one to give attention to the business of overhauling these butterflies4 ,a very good method of conducting this kind of work is to first ascertain the places where they chiefly congregate1 and then to visit there on dull days or late in the afternoon1 when the butterflies are asleep or1 at all events1 resting4 ,they can then be easily examined as they sit on the long grass stems1 etc4 7,plate #bg71 but only the under sides can be viewed in this way4 ,so to avoid passing over a good upper-side variety1 it will be needful to take each specimen between the finger and thumb of the right hand1 seizing the closed wings gently1 but firmly1 near their base1 and then quickly secure the thorax from underneath with thumb and index finger of the left hand1 when the upper as well as the under side becomes available for inspection4 ,there is no reason whatever to damage the insects in any way1 and those that are not required may be set free again none the worse for their short detention4 ,work against the wind1 and to avoid a second interview1 turn rejected specimens to the rear4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ajh4 ,chalkhill ,blue4 ,egg enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #aji4 ,chalkhill ,blue4 #a1 #b1 #h1 #aj male2 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #i1 #aa1 #ab female4 ,the ,chalk ,hill ,blue 7,lycna corydon74 ,although this butterfly 7,plate #aji7 is1 in ,england1 fairly constant in the matter of colour1 and1 as regards the male especially1 differences in tint are noticeable when series from various localities are ranged side by side4 ,silvery-blue perhaps best expresses the general colour of the male on the upper surface1 sometimes very pale1 and sometimes faintly tinged with greenish4 ,the blackish border on the outer margin of the fore wings varies in width and in intensity2 often there are indications of eyed spots on this margin1 and occasionally these spots are quite distinct1 although the whitish rings are not always clearly outlined4 ,the black border on the outer margin of the hind wings is often narrow and external to a series of white-edged black spots1 but sometimes it is broad and obscures the spots2 orange markings rarely appear on this margin1 but such aberrations have been taken on the ,dorset coast4 ,the fringes are white chequered with blackish on the fore wings1 but with seeming continuation of the veins through those of the hind wings4 ,the female is sooty-brown above1 with a black discal spot on the fore wings1 and sometimes on the hind wings also1 and these spots may be ringed with blue or bluish-white2 the outer marginal borders are hardly darker1 and those on the fore wings are limited by a wavy pale line1 which may be faintly or strongly marked with orange1 but orange marking on these wings is rather the exception than the rule2 on the outer margin of the hind wings there are some black spots1 edged outwardly with white and inwardly with orange4 ,the fringes are white chequered with brown1 and those of the fore wings are tinged with brown4 ,there are generally some blue scales at the base of the fore wings and over a larger portion of the basal area of the hind wings1 but occasionally the whole discal area of the hind wings 7,fig4 #g1 ,plate #aag71 or of all the wings1 var4 syngrapha 7,fig4 #h1 ,plate #aag71 is of the male colour4 ,the former is from ,eastbourne and the latter from ,wiltshire4 ,they are rather uncommon varieties1 but intermediate forms are more often met with in the same localities as well as in other parts of ,england where the species occurs4 ,on the coast of ,dorsetshire a very unusual form occurs4 ,the border of the outer margin is white instead of the usual black or blackish2 the inner limit of this border is1 on the fore wings1 defined by a dusky shade1 and the black nervules break up the border into six spots2 on the hind wings four or five of the white spots are centred with black dots4 ,the female has a similar border1 but on the hind wings it is inwardly edged with orange4 ,it has been named var4 fowleri1 and ,i have seen one example of this form without black dots in the marginal white spots of the hind wings4 ,on the under side variation is on somewhat similar lines to that adverted to in the last species4 ,on ,plate #aji1 ,fig4 #h represents the typical under side of the male1 and ,fig4 #g that of the female4 ,it will be noticed that the male is greyer than the female4 ,some of the ordinary aberrations are shown on the same plate1 and some rarer ones will be found on ,plate #aah1 and of these ,fig4 #ab1 if without the basal spot on the fore wings1 would represent var4 lucretia4 ,for figures of the early stages see ,plate #ajh2 that of the caterpillar is after ,buckler4 ,the egg is flat on the top1 with a slightly darker pit in the centre 7the micropyle72 the sides are rounded1 netted1 and studded1 and the colour whitish-green4 ,the above short description was taken from one of a few eggs of this butterfly sent me in ,august last by ,mr4 ,ovenden1 and the same egg has been figured4 ,mr4 ,frohawk has described the egg more fully in the ,entomologist for #aijj4 ,with reference to the egg-laying of the butterfly he writes3 ,on ,august #acth1 #aijj1 ,i watched several females in the act of depositing1 on various stems of the usual stunted herbage to be found growing on chalk downs4 ,they frequently crawled among the plants for a distance of about a couple of feet1 occasionally curving the abdomen downwards among the small plant-stems and grasses1 and here and there depositing an egg4 ,i therefore dug up portions of the turf1 potted it1 and placed a couple of females on each lot2 they deposited ova on the #adth and #aeth1 on the stems of various plants2 a few were laid upon the brown dead trefoil leaves1 as well as on the living leaves2 but the site generally chosen is the intermingled stems of both plants and grasses4 ,another female1 placed upon a similar pot of plants1 deposited about fifty ova on ,september #ajth1 nearly all being placed upon the stems1 and a few upon the under side of the leaves of rock-rose2 in all cases the eggs are deposited singly4 ,the caterpillars do not hatch out until the following spring4 ,according to ,buckler and ,hellins1 the only difference between the caterpillar of this butterfly and that of the next species1 ,adonis1 is that the latter has its ground colour deeper green1 with the hairs or bristles black1 while ,corydon has the ground colour of a lighter1 brighter green 7a green with more yellow in its composition71 and the hairs light brown4 ,the butterfly is common and often abundant in ,july and ,august1 chiefly the latter month1 on chalk downs in ,oxfordshire1 ,buckinghamshire1 ,berkshire1 ,kent1 ,surrey1 and ,sussex2 it is also found in the ,newmarket district of ,cambridgeshire and on one chalk hill in ,norfolk1 according to ,barrett1 who adds3 on the oolite as well as the chalk in ,wilts1 ,dorset1 ,gloucestershire1 and ,somerset2 and on limestone at ,grange and ,silverdale in ,north ,lancashire1 in ,lincolnshire1 ,westmoreland1 and ,cumberland4 ,it has also been taken in ,essex1 ,hants1 ,cornwall1 and in one locality in ,glamorganshire4 ,mr4 ,sydney ,webb has stated that a dwarf form occurs pretty regularly in a valley about two miles east of ,dover1 but that it only appears to be found at odd times in other parts of ,england4 ,abroad1 the species is found in ,central ,europe1 also in the ,pyrenees1 ,aragonia1 and the ,balkan ,peninsula4 ,the ,adonis ,blue 7,lycna bellargus74 ,the butterfly on ,plate #aaj is the ,clifden ,blue of ,moses ,harris 7#agge71 so named because it was said to have been first observed at ,clifden in ,bucks4 ,the male is of a beautiful bright blue colour1 but as in the same sex of the previous two species1 it is not quite constant in tint4 ,in some specimens we find a distinct mauve shade1 and in others1 but more rarely1 the blue colour is tinged with greenish 7,plate #aah1 ,fig4 #aa73 the veins become distinctly black on the outer margins1 and appear to run through the white fringes on all the wings4 ,often there are black dots on the outer margin of the hind wings4 ,the female is dark brown1 sometimes slaty-black1 with orange spots or crescents on the outer margins2 these are often only faintly in evidence on the fore wings1 and sometimes this is the case on the hind wings also2 there is a black discal spot on the fore wings1 and the fringes of all the wings are white chequered with black4 ,the bases of the wings are powdered with blue1 but this is more noticeable on the hind wings4 ,on the under side the fore wings of the male are greyish1 and the hind wings greyish-brown2 all the wings of the female are brownish1 with a faint grey tinge in some specimens2 the ornamentation is very similar to that of the ,common ,blue4 ,the two figures on ,plate #aaj1 showing specimens with the wings closed1 represent typical male and female1 and the other figures of under sides on this plate exhibit minor aberrations from typical lines2 examples of the more extreme variations will be found on ,plate #aah1 where also are figured some uncommon aberrations in the colour of the male on the upper side4 ,there is often a tendency in the female to assume the colour of the male1 and this is usually seen on the hind wings1 but occasionally on the fore wings also4 ,in the extreme form of this phase of variation1 var4 ceronus1 the whole of the upper surface1 with the exception of the orange-spotted borders1 is almost as blue as that of the male4 ,this is a parallel aberration to that of the ,chalk ,hill ,blue known as syngrapha1 but it seems to be somewhat rarer in this country4 ,figures of the early stages will be found on ,plate #aaa4 ,the egg is greenish-white1 becoming rather greener in tint towards the top1 which is depressed2 the netting is whitish and shining1 and somewhat rougher on the sides than towards and on the top4 ,buckler describes the full-grown caterpillar as deep1 full green in colour1 covered with tiny black speckles1 bearing little black bristles1 which are longest on the dorsal humps and on the yellow-edged ridge above the spiracles2 on the top of each of the eight pairs of dorsal humps is a deep bright yellow longitudinal dash1 somewhat wider behind than in front2 these dashes form in effect two yellow stripes interrupted by the deeply sunk segmental divisions2 the line along the back is darker than the ground colour1 and the spiracles are black4 ,the head is dark brown1 and there are two yellow dots on the first ring of the body near the head4 ,the chrysalis1 when first formed1 is greenish-brown with the wing-cases greenish1 the whole afterwards becomes ochreous2 the thorax and wing-cases are rather glossy1 and the body is slightly hairy4 ,buckler states that some of his caterpillars buried themselves about half an inch deep in the loose soil1 and formed a weak sort of cocoon2 others1 not having been supplied with soil that could be so easily penetrated1 retired under the stems of their food-plants1 and in angles formed by the branching stems spun a few weak threads to keep themselves in place4 ,the food-plant is the horseshoe vetch 7,hippocrepis comosa74 ,from eggs laid in ,august1 the caterpillars appear to hatch towards the end of ,september1 but do not feed up until the spring4 ,butterflies from these caterpillars are on the wing between the middle of ,may and the middle of ,june1 thus occupying about nine months in passing through the various stages from egg to perfect insect4 ,from eggs laid in ,may and ,june the butterflies appear in ,august and ,september4 ,although it is found in similar kinds of situations to those affected by the last species1 and sometimes on the same grounds1 it is more local1 and almost confined to the counties of ,kent1 ,surrey1 and ,sussex4 ,it is1 however1 rather common at ,ventnor and in some other parts of the ,isle of ,wight1 and is found near ,winchester4 ,barrett states that it is abundant at ,corfe ,castle1 ,dorset1 and gives as localities for the butterfly ,wotton-under-,edge1 and near ,bristol1 near ,torquay1 ,sidmouth1 and ,seaton4 ,its range abroad extends through ,central and ,southern ,europe1 to ,armenia1 ,northern ,asia ,minor1 and ,western ,kurdistan4 ,it is also found in ,north-,west ,africa1 where the males are greenish-blue with conspicuous black spots on the outer margins of the hind wings2 this is the var4 punctifera4 ,the ,holly ,blue 7,cyaniris argiolus74 ,about the beginning of the eighteenth century this butterfly 7,plate #aac7 was known as the ,blue ,speckt1 but ,harris1 in #agge1 changed the name to the ,azure ,blue4 ,the male is a pretty lilac-tinged blue1 with a narrow black edging on the outer margin of the fore wings1 often only in evidence towards the tip1 and a narrow black line on the outer margin of the hind wings4 ,the white fringes of the fore wings are distinctly marked with black at the ends of the veins4 ,the female is of the same shade of blue1 or sometimes much paler 7var4 clara1 ,tutt71 with a broad blackish border on the outer margin of the fore wings extending along the front margin to about the middle2 this border varies in width and seems to be wider in summer specimens than in those of the earlier flight2 the discal mark on the fore wings is black1 but this is sometimes very faint2 there is a series of black dots on the outer margin of the wings4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #aaj ,adonis ,blue4 #a1 #b1 #d1 #e1 #i male2 #c1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #aj1 #aa female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #aaa ,adonis ,blue4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillars and chrysalis4 ,although the colour of the upper side is somewhat like that of the ,common ,blue1 it should not be confused with that species1 as the under side is very different both as regards the colour1 which is bluish-white1 and the arrangement of the black spots4 ,on the outer margins of the wings in some specimens there are more or less distinct traces of blackish crescents4 ,there is no considerable variation in this species1 but the spots on the under side are subject to slight modification in the matters of size and shape2 the borders also vary in width1 and in the female the blue area is thus sometimes much restricted4 ,a gynandrous specimen has been recorded1 in which the right side is male4 ,the egg 7,plate #aab7 is described as whitish or bluish-green in colour4 ,the full-grown caterpillar has a blackish head1 the body is bright yellowish-green with paler lines2 eight rings from and including the second are crested with two ridges of humps1 between which lies the sunk dorsal space2 the whole skin of the body is velvety1 with its surface thickly covered with yellowish warty granules1 each bearing a minute bristly white hair4 ,sometimes the humps and the middle of the back are marked with rose-pink4 ,the chrysalis is pale brownish-ochreous with a thin blackish-brown line on the back of the brown freckled thorax2 the body is marked with rather blotchy arrow-head dashes1 and some larger dark brown blotches2 the wing-cases are pale greyish freckled and outlined with brown1 their surface is smooth and rather more glistening than the other parts1 which are thickly studded with fine1 short1 brownish bristles4 7,adapted from ,buckler47 ,the following is a brief summary of a paper by ,mr4 ,r4 ,adkin 7,proc4 ,s4 ,lond4 ,ent4 and ,nat4 ,hist4 ,soc4 for #ahif71 in which he gives a most interesting account of the earlier stages of the second brood of this species4 ,at the time when the butterflies of the second brood are on the wing1 the flower-buds of the ivy 7,hedera helix7 are still young1 and form compact heads4 ,the butterfly1 having selected one of these heads1 settles upon its top1 closes her wings over her back1 and bending her abdomen down and round underneath the buds1 affixes an egg to the under side of one of the slender single bud-stalks4 ,in about a week the eggs hatch4 ,the young larva which in colour matches the buds very closely1 rests on the bud-stalk with its anterior segments1 which completely cover its head1 pressed closely against the bud1 and looks so exactly like a slight swelling of the upper part of the stalk as to make detection a matter of great difficulty1 even with the aid of a fairly powerful lens4 ,the larva is very sluggish in its habits1 seldom leaving the head of the buds on which it is hatched1 so long as sufficient food remains for its nourishment1 or occasionally when about to change its skin4 ,it appears to feed only at night1 and its manner of feeding1 which is the same throughout its life1 is to eat a round hole through the outer shell of a bud1 and pressing its head forward through it to clear out the soft inside of the bud4 ,in from four to six weeks it is full-fed2 it then quits the buds1 and attaches itself by slender threads to a leaf1 and in a few days becomes a pupa1 in which state it passes the winter4 ,normally the eggs of the spring butterflies are laid on the under side of the calyces of flower-buds of holly 7,ilex74 ,the caterpillars feed on the flower-buds and also on the young green berries4 ,they are full grown in about a month1 change to chrysalids1 and the butterflies emerge in ,july and ,august4 ,among other pabula that have been mentioned are the flowers of dogwood 7,cornus sanguinea71 berry-bearing alder 7,rhamnus frangula71 and spindle 7,euonymus europus74 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #aab4 ,holly ,blue4 ,eggs enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #aac4 ,holly ,blue4 #a1 #b1 #f male2 #c1 #d1 #g female 7spring72 #e male2 #h1 #i female 7summer74 ,in confinement the caterpillars will eat young leaves of holly and probably of ivy also1 but where flower-buds are available they prefer them and ignore the tender leaves4 ,the ,rev4 ,gilbert ,raynor1 on ,may #ah1 #aija1 observed a female deposit an egg on an unopened flower-bud of rhododendron in his garden2 and he also mentions that he beat a number of the caterpillars of all sizes from holly during the first week of ,july in the same year4 ,mr4 ,dennis reported that on ,october #i1 #aijb1 all stages of the species were to be found at ,earl's ,colne1 ,essex4 ,butterflies of the first flight are usually to be seen in ,april and ,may1 and of the second1 which is perhaps only partial and may not be represented at all1 in ,july and ,august4 ,specimens have been observed as early as the last week of ,march1 and1 as adverted to above1 as late as ,october4 ,for a few years in succession the species may become increasingly numerous1 and then suddenly become quite scarce for a year or two4 ,most probably this is the result of favourable or unfavourable weather conditions4 ,the taller hollies1 where these grow in gardens1 open woody places1 on hillsides1 or even in hedgerows1 are frequented by these butterflies in the spring2 and the ivy-clad walls1 etc41 are their haunts in the summer4 ,the species is widely distributed1 and often common1 over the whole of the south of ,england and ,wales4 ,north of the ,midlands1 as well as in ,ireland1 it is more local1 and occurs1 ,i believe1 only in the first brood4 ,possibly in the ,south of ,ireland there may be a second brood4 ,barrett states that there is no reliable record for ,scotland4 ,abroad1 its range extends throughout ,europe and ,northern ,asia1 except the ,polar ,regions1 to ,china and ,japan4 ,it also occurs in ,north ,africa4 ,the ,small ,blue 7,zizera minima74 ,the butterfly on ,plate #aae is sometimes referred to as the ,bedford ,blue and also as the ,little ,blue4 ,both sexes are blackish1 or sooty-brown2 the male is powdered1 more or less1 with silvery-blue scales4 ,the under side is greyish-white with a tinge of blue at the base of each wing1 but chiefly on the hind pair2 the spots are black encircled with white4 ,as will be seen on turning to the plate1 there is variation in size4 ,fig4 #e represents a giant race occurring in some localities1 and the particular specimen depicted was taken1 with many others1 on the coast near ,lymington1 ,hants2 it seems to be referable to var4 alsoides1 ,gerhard4 ,variation on the under side is usually in the direction of complete absence of spots1 but ,mr4 ,joy has recorded a specimen with the spots on the hind wings extended into streaks of considerable but varying length4 ,figures of the early stages will be found on ,plate #aad4 ,the egg is pale greenish in colour1 netted with whitish2 it is laid in ,june on the calyx of a flower-bud1 generally low down1 of the kidney-vetch 7,anthyllis vulneraria74 ,according to ,buckler1 caterpillars hatched on ,june #ba from eggs laid between the #afth and #ahth of that month1 and at once commenced to feed on the flowers of the kidney-vetch1 and made their way to the seed1 for which they evinced a marked preference4 ,when full grown1 the caterpillar is brownish1 sometimes tinged with pink4 ,the fine bristles are dark brown2 there is a darker line along the middle of the back1 and a line of dark marks on each side4 ,the head is black and shining4 ,the chrysalis is described by ,buckler as dirty whitish-grey1 approaching to drab1 palest on the back of the abdomen1 greyish on the head and thorax1 both of which are marked with a black dorsal stripe1 which is a little interrupted2 on either side is a subdorsal row of short slanting black dashes4 ,the pale ground colour is sprinkled with some very minute black specks4 ,the head1 thorax1 and abdomen are hairy with bristly whitish hairs4 ,although the caterpillars feed up rather quickly and are full grown and apparently ready to assume the chrysalis state1 they do not effect the change until the following ,may or ,june4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #aad4 ,small ,blue4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalids4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #aae4 ,small ,blue4 #a male2 #b1 #c female2 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h male vars4 ,mazarine ,blue4 #i1 #aa male2 #aj1 #ab female4 ,the butterfly emerges in about three weeks1 so it will be seen that this species continues the caterpillar existence for something over ten months4 ,on the ,continent there are two broods of the butterfly1 and in ,england there appears to be a partial second flight in some years1 as1 for instance1 in #aija1 when captures in ,august were reported from ,herts1 ,kent1 ,surrey1 and ,wilts4 ,its haunts are warm and sunny grassy hollows and slopes1 and it is often common in such places on the chalk hills in the south1 from the end of ,may to the end of ,june4 ,according to ,barrett it is scarce in the ,eastern ,counties2 widely distributed but local in the ,midland and ,western ,counties1 even to ,devon1 and in ,wales1 where chalk or limestone is found2 also in extremely restricted localities in ,yorkshire1 ,lancashire1 ,cumberland1 and ,durham1 and in various places in ,scotland1 extending as far north as ,aberdeen4 ,in ,ireland it is much more plentiful1 especially on the limestone of the west and on the coast hills near ,belfast1 and even frequents the sand-hills of the ,dublin coast4 ,it is widely spread over ,europe1 except the ,polar parts1 and1 apparently1 the south of ,portugal and ,spain2 its range extends eastward to ,amurland1 ,mongolia1 and ,china4 ,the ,mazarine ,blue 7,nomiades semiargus74 ,the male is dull purplish-blue1 narrowly bordered with blackish on the outer margin2 the female is dark brown4 ,on the underside both sexes are pale greyish-brown1 with a bluish tinge at the base2 there is a black discal spot and a series of black spots beyond1 all ringed with white4 ,the egg is described as being white in colour and small1 and round in shape4 ,the caterpillar is of a dingy yellowish-green1 with darker lines on the back and sides2 there are fine hairs on the body1 and the head and spiracles are dark brown 7,rhl74 ,it feeds in ,july and ,august on the flowers and seeds of thrift 7,armeria vulgaris71 kidney-vetch 7,anthyllis vulneraria71 and melilot 7,melilotus officinalis74 ,the chrysalis is rather oval in shape1 pale olive-green in colour when first formed1 in ,september1 but olive-brown later2 it is attached by the tail to a stalk of the food-plant and has a silken girdle 7,rhl74 ,this butterfly 7,plate #aae7 is the cymon of ,lewin1 who1 writing in #agie1 considered it very rare4 ,in #ahbh ,stephens refers to it as scarce and local1 found in chalky districts in ,norfolk1 ,cambridge1 ,yorkshire1 and ,dorsetshire2 also near ,brockenhurst and ,amesbury1 ,hants2 and on ,windlesham ,heath1 ,surrey1 towards the end of ,may and of ,july4 ,newman 7#ahga7 adds ,warwickshire1 ,herefordshire1 ,gloucestershire1 ,monmouthshire1 ,glamorganshire1 ,somersetshire1 and ,lincolnshire4 ,curtis gives ,leicestershire and ,worcestershire4 ,it seems to have been fairly common1 and even plentiful in some years around ,glanville's ,wotton1 ,dorset1 but has not been seen in that district since #ahda2 at ,wotton-under-,edge1 ,gloucester1 it was not uncommon up to #aheh2 as late as #ahfd it occurred at ,epworth1 ,north ,lincolnshire4 ,probably the latest captures in ,britain were the specimens taken in ,glamorganshire in the years #ahgd-gg4 ,tutt mentions that the butterfly was taken near ,cuxton in ,kent1 some thirty-five years ago1 but it has not since been seen in that locality4 ,occurs in ,may and ,june and again in ,july and ,august over the greater part of ,europe2 its range extends to ,asia ,minor1 and eastward to ,siberia1 ,mongolia1 and ,amurland4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #aaf4 ,large ,blue4 ,egg1 natural size and enlarged2 chrysalis4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #aag4 ,large ,blue4 #a1 #e male2 #b1 #c1 #d1 #f female4 ,chalkhill ,blue vars4 #g female2 #h do4 var4 syngrapha4 ,the ,large ,blue 7,nomiades arion74 ,the butterfly on ,plate #aag1 ,figs4 #a-f1 is the largest ,blue found in this country4 ,all the wings on the upper side are deep blue1 and their outer margins are bordered with blackish2 the discal spot1 and a row of spots beyond1 are black2 the hind wings have a row of black dots on the outer margin1 and sometimes1 and especially in the female1 there is a series of black dots just beyond the central area2 the fringes are white4 ,the under side is greyish tinged with blue towards the base of each wing1 but covering nearly the whole of the basal third of the hind pair2 the spots are black ringed or edged with white2 on the fore wings there are two in the discal cell and a row of six beyond2 on the hind wings there are four or five before the discal spot1 and a series of seven beyond2 all the wings have a double marginal series1 and some black dots at the ends of the nervules4 ,sometimes the wings have a purplish tinge1 and this is more usually so in ,gloucestershire specimens4 ,the chief variation is in the number and the size of the spots2 these are occasionally only faintly in evidence1 but more rarely perhaps those beyond the discal spot on the fore wings are of large size and bar or wedge-like in shape2 the smaller cell-spot is often absent4 ,a dwarf form is stated to occur at times in all localities4 ,the complete life-history of this species has yet to be ascertained2 no one seems to be acquainted with the caterpillar after hibernation4 ,pretty much all that is known of the early stages has been worked out by ,mr4 ,frohawk1 who has published some very interesting accounts of his observations in the ,entomologist for #ahii and #aijc1 and from these the following details have been obtained4 ,the egg 7,plate #aaf7 is bluish-white in colour1 and is laid singly among the buds of wild thyme 7,thymus serpyllum74 ,caterpillars hatched on ,july #aj from eggs received the previous day2 they were placed upon thyme blossoms and soon commenced to feed1 one being observed to eat its way into the base of the calyx so that the forepart of the caterpillar was hidden4 ,in its colouring and downy covering the caterpillar so closely resembles the flower-buds of the thyme that it is very difficult to detect4 ,after the third moult 7,july #bf7 the colour is a uniform1 dull1 ochreous-pink2 there are four rows of long curved hairs1 each row composed of a single hair on each ring from the fourth to the ninth inclusive2 the first three rings have each a set of three subdorsal hairs1 those on the first ring curving forwards2 the bases of the hairs resemble glass-like pedestals with fluted sides4 ,the head is ochreous with dark brown markings in front4 ,the caterpillar at this stage develops an aversion to thyme or any other plant offered to it1 and seems to be anxious to hide itself in the ground4 ,the chrysalis1 which is figured on ,plate #aaf 7after ,frohawk71 is ochreous when first formed1 but becomes darker gradually2 the wing-cases1 however1 remain of the original colour1 but their hind margins darken4 ,from a chrysalis found on ,july #ab the butterfly emerged on ,july #af4 ,there is some evidence in favour of the supposition that this caterpillar is in some way dependent upon ants for nourishment after the third moult1 if not before1 but what the exact requirement may be is not known4 ,probably the circumstances connected with the discovery of the chrysalis in #aije by ,messrs4 ,frohawk ,rayward may afford a valuable clue to the direction in which their future investigation will have to be conducted4 ,we may hope1 therefore1 that the mystery that has so long hung over the last stages of the caterpillar will be solved before very long4 ,lewin 7#agie7 and ,donovan 7#agif7 both refer to this as a rare ,english butterfly4 ,the former states that it is on the wing in ,july1 and is found on high chalky lands in different parts of the kingdom1 having been taken on the cliffs in the neighbourhood of ,dover1 ,marlborough ,downs1 the hills near ,bath1 and near ,clifden in ,bucks4 ,stephens1 in #ahbh1 wrote of it as an insect of great rarity4 ,he mentioned the localities given by the older authors1 and added that it had been taken in the ,mouse's ,pasture1 near ,bedford1 in rocky situations in ,north ,wales1 and had been plentiful near ,winchester4 ,newman 7#ahga7 wrote1 ,its 'metropolis1' if ,i may borrow an expression from the revered fathers of ,british entomology1 is in ,south ,devon2 it has occurred in some abundance in ,somersetshire1 and on the ,cotswold ,hills in ,gloucestershire2 from ,gloucestershire we ascend to a ,midland county1 ,northamptonshire1 in which county 7at ,barnwell ,wold7 a considerable number have been taken4 ,one specimen was reported from ,charmouth in ,dorsetshire1 and the butterfly has also been recorded from ,herefordshire1 but these are matters of ancient history4 ,at the present time the species is only to be found in limited numbers in the ,cotswolds2 it seems to have become much rarer than formerly in its ,south ,devon locality1 i4e4 ,bolthead1 near ,plymouth2 one never hears of it now from ,clovelly1 in ,north ,devon1 where1 according to ,dale1 it was once reported to be abundant4 ,in #ahia ,messrs4 ,waterhouse obtained a fine series of specimens in ,west ,cornwall1 and since that time the district has been annually visited by an increasing number of entomologists4 ,judging from the big bags that are made each year it would seem that the butterfly has a very strong and widely distributed settlement in those parts4 ,abroad it is distributed throughout ,europe1 except the ,polar and the south-western parts1 and is also found in ,armenia1 ,bithynia1 and ,south ,siberia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our next species belongs to the ,nemeobiin1 a sub-family of ,lemoniid ,erycinid4 ,only one member of the family is known to occur in ,europe2 this is ,nemeobius lucina4 ,as the fore legs of the male butterfly are aborted1 and are therefore useless for walking1 the species would seem to come near the ,nymphalid1 in which the fore legs of the butterflies1 in both sexes1 are reduced4 ,in its early stages1 however1 the species seems to be most nearly related to the ,lycnid4 ,the ,duke of ,burgundy ,fritillary 7,nemeobius lucina74 ,this butterfly is figured on ,plate #abj4 ,the male is black1 with three transverse tawny bands on the fore wings2 these are crossed by the black veins1 and so form series of irregular spots4 ,those on the outer margin have black centres2 on the hind wings there are three or four tawny spots on the disc1 and a series of black centred tawny spots on the outer area4 ,the female is similar to the male1 but the tawny markings are wider1 so that the fore wings appear to be of this colour1 with a black patch at the base1 two black irregular lines1 and a series of black spots on the outer margin4 ,on the under side of the hind wings there are two transverse series of whitish spots1 and a series of black spots on the outer margin4 ,the wings of this sex are always broader than those of the male1 and the apex of the fore wings is not so distinctly pointed4 ,variation is not usually of a very pronounced character1 and in a general way it consists mainly in a greater or lesser amount of black in the male1 and this more particularly on the hind wings1 and an increase in the tawny colour in the female2 in the latter sex1 outer marginal black spots are sometimes absent from all the wings4 ,barrett mentions two extreme aberrations4 ,in one1 a female1 the usually dark spaces1 bands1 and veins are of an exceedingly pale brown1 suffused with fulvous1 so as to be comparatively indistinct2 another example1 a male1 has the basal area of the fore wings pale1 and the first transverse dark band absent4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #aah4 #a1 #c ,common ,blue vars41 male2 #f do4 female4 #b1 #e1 #h1 #aa ,adonis ,blue vars41 male2 #d1 #g1 do4 female4 #i1 #aj ,chalkhill ,blue vars41 female2 #ab do4 male4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #aai4 #a1 #b1 #c ,small ,copper vars42 #d ,adonis ,blue var4 #e ,common ,blue var42 #f1 #g1 #h ,gatekeeper vars4 ,the eggs of this species are to be found at the end of ,may on the under sides of the leaves of the cowslip 7,primula veris71 sometimes as many as ten on one leaf1 but as a rule there will only be one or two on a plant4 ,when laid1 the egg is very glassy in appearance1 but it gradually turns to a pinkish-grey2 and when the caterpillar is formed inside1 the shell becomes transparent1 and its occupant can be clearly seen4 ,it eats a considerable portion of the shell in making its exit therefrom1 and afterwards consumes the remainder of the shell4 ,when in its last skin the caterpillar is brown1 covered with short whitish hair1 among which are some longer dark brown or blackish hairs2 the lines on the back and sides are blackish1 and there are black dots on the front part of each segment or ring4 ,head1 honey brown1 notched on the crown2 eyes and jaws1 brownish4 ,it feeds from ,june to ,august on cowslip1 but will also eat primrose 7,primula vulgaris71 and hides among dead and withered leaves beneath the food-plant 7,plate #aba74 ,the chrysalis is pale whity-brown1 hairy above1 with black dots2 head and the upper edge of the wing-cases streaked with black4 ,occasionally a few butterflies emerge in ,august1 but they usually remain in the chrysalis until ,may or ,june4 ,this is a woodland species1 and prefers the sunny but sheltered nooks and glades1 but also resorts to the broader rides and pathways4 ,flowers do not seem to have any strong attraction for it1 but it may often be seen sitting on the foliage of a bush or sapling tree4 ,it appears to be pretty widely distributed1 although to a certain extent local1 throughout the southern half of ,england1 but seems to have almost or quite disappeared from the counties of ,cambridgeshire1 ,suffolk1 and ,essex4 ,dumfries is the only locality in ,scotland from which it has been reported4 ,its distribution abroad is limited to ,central ,europe1 ,denmark1 ,livonia1 ,southern ,sweden1 ,central ,spain1 ,north ,italy1 and the ,balkans4 ,now follow the ,skippers 7,hesperiid71 of which kind of butterfly we have eight species in ,england4 ,of these the first two belong to the ,hesperiin and the others to the ,pamphilin4 ,the ,grizzled ,skipper 7,hesperia malv74 ,the wings of the butterfly figured on ,plate #abb are blackish1 ornamented with numerous white spots1 which are more or less square in shape1 on the fore wings4 ,the fringes are chequered black and white4 ,the male differs from the female in having the front edge of the fore wings folded towards the base1 and these wings have scattered greyish scales on the basal area2 the central series of spots on the hind wings are also more in evidence1 and not infrequently unite and become band-like4 ,variation consists in modification of the markings1 chiefly in a tendency of the spots to run together1 culminating in var4 taras1 ,bergstr41 in which the white spots of the fore wings are confluent and form a large blotch4 ,this variety was figured by ,petiver in #agag1 but was not named by ,bergstrsser until #aghj4 ,haworth described it as lavater1 and ,newman figured it under the same name4 ,on a small plant of ,alpine strawberry1 sent by the ,rev4 ,gilbert ,raynor1 were three eggs of this butterfly4 ,these were pale green in colour1 ribbed1 and delicately netted with cross-lines4 ,on ,june #bf1 three caterpillars were noticed on the upper side of the leaves1 each on a separate leaf1 and under cover of a few coarse silken threads4 ,they were pale steely-grey1 with black heads1 and plates on the first and last segments of the body4 ,as the supply of strawberry foliage was failing1 the caterpillars were given bramble on ,july #ba1 and the next day each was found enclosed in a sort of envelope formed of a bramble leaf4 ,they were then seemingly in their last skin1 whitish-green in colour1 and covered with short whitish hair2 a whitish edged dark olive-brown line along the back1 and similar lines on the sides2 between the rings the colour was pale ochreous4 ,the date of pupation was not noted1 but on ,september #i1 one of the spun-together bramble leaves was opened1 and a chrysalis found within4 ,this was pale brown1 with dark brown or blackish marks along the back and sides2 the head and back were covered with dense pale reddish-brown bristles2 the wing1 leg1 and antenn cases were greenish1 smooth1 and shaded with brownish4 ,between the head and first ring of the body above there was a deep furrow1 with a black-centred white spot on each side of it 7,plate #abc74 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #abj4 ,duke of ,burgundy ,fritillary4 #a1 #b1 #d male2 #c1 #e female4 ,milkweed ,butterfly4 #f male4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #aba4 ,duke of ,burgundy ,fritillary4 ,egg enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,besides the plants adverted to above1 the caterpillars will eat raspberry 7,rubus idus7 and cinquefoil 7,potentilla fragariastrum and ,p4 reptans74 ,the butterfly is pretty generally distributed in ,great ,britain1 but does not seem to be common in ,ireland1 as ,kane only mentions two examples1 from ,killarney4 ,it is found in ,may and ,june on chalk downs and other hillsides1 especially in the hollows and sheltered nooks1 also in and around woods1 and in rough fields4 ,on dull days and at night it may be found sitting1 with the wings erect over the back1 on various seed-heads1 etc4 ,the species is double brooded on the ,continent1 and occasionally a few butterflies will appear in ,august1 but such emergences depend on a combination of favourable circumstances4 ,in very forward seasons it has been seen on the wing during the last week in ,april4 ,its range extends over ,europe and into ,northern ,asia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,as ,barrett refers to the capture in ,norfolk 7,may or ,june1 #ahfj7 of several specimens of the ,central and ,south ,european species1 ,h4 alveus1 ,hb41 it maybe well to mention it here1 if only for the purpose of quoting his remarks thereon4 ,after detailing the facts connected with the occurrence1 he states1 ,it seems undesirable now to introduce the species to a place in the ,british list1 but rather to record the captures in question as specimens accidentally introduced with plants1 or else the result of a very exceptional act of migration4 ,the ,dingy ,skipper 7,thanaos tages74 ,the wings are fuscous1 with darker fuscous transverse bands on the middle third of the fore wings2 the space between these is sometimes1 and in both sexes1 whitish2 there are some whitish spots on the outer band1 usually towards the costa1 but occasionally on the middle also1 and a series of white points on the outer margin of all the wings4 ,the hind wings have a whitish discal dot and a band beyond the middle1 which is almost parallel with the outer margin4 ,the male has a well-marked fold on the costa 7,plate #abb74 ,the egg is whitish-green when freshly laid2 it afterwards changes in colour to orange4 ,the caterpillar is yellowish-green with a darker line along the back and a paler line on each side2 the spiracles are red and edged with whitish4 ,the head is pale brown1 striped and marked with purplish-black4 ,the body1 together with the head1 is covered with a short whitish pile4 ,it feeds on bird's-foot trefoil 7,lotus corniculatus7 from ,june until ,august1 when it hibernates4 ,i have not seen the chrysalis1 but it has been described as dark green with the body tinged with rosy red4 ,the butterfly is on the wing in ,may and ,june2 in some seasons it has been seen as early as the end of ,april4 ,very occasionally1 perhaps1 there is a partial second flight in ,august4 ,it has been reported as plentiful at ,lyme ,regis in ,august4 ,i took one or two specimens about the middle of ,august1 #aijc1 in the ,new ,forest district1 and in the same month of #aije one of two caterpillars sent to me by ,dr4 ,chapman pupated in ,august1 and the butterfly emerged some time in the autumn1 as ,i found it dead in the box early in ,october4 ,both the caterpillars had spun together sprays of the food-plant as shown in the figure1 ,plate #abc4 ,one was removed for its portrait to be taken1 and it was supposed that the other bundle contained a caterpillar also1 and was not examined4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #abb4 ,grizzled ,skipper4 #a1 #b1 #g male2 #d1 #e1 #h female2 #c var4 male2 #f do4 female4 ,dingy ,skipper4 #i1 #aj1 #ab male2 #aa1 #ac1 #ad female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #abc4 ,dingy ,skipper4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and its shelter4 ,grizzled ,skipper4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar and shelter2 chrysalis in cocoon4 ,the butterfly affects open places in1 or the edges of1 woods in chalky districts1 also the slopes of chalk downs and other hillsides1 as well as railway banks and even rough fields4 ,it evidently delights in sunshine1 and may often be seen basking on a stone or the bare earth4 ,when at rest at night or on dull days it sits on a dead seed-head or grass glume1 with the wings closed down over its back like a noctuid moth1 and is then difficult to detect until the eye becomes accustomed to its appearance4 ,it is widely distributed in ,great ,britain1 but it is more at home on chalk and limestone than elsewhere4 ,in such localities as the fens of ,norfolk and ,cambridge it is scarce1 and seems to have a rather limited distribution in ,ireland1 in which country ,galway is its headquarters1 according to ,kane4 ,abroad1 it is found throughout ,europe1 and its range extends to ,western ,asia4 ,the ,small ,skipper 7,adopa thaumas74 ,all the wings are brownish-orange1 with the veins darker and becoming black towards the outer margins1 especially on the fore wings4 ,the male has a black sexual mark 7,plate #abe74 ,except that the colour varies in the direction of a pale golden tint there is little in the way of aberration in this butterfly4 ,at least one gynandrous specimen has been recorded4 ,the following descriptions of the early stages 7,plate #abd71 as well as the figures of the caterpillar and the chrysalis1 are from ,buckler's ,larv of ,british ,butterflies3-- ,the egg is of a long oval figure1 half as long again as wide1 the shell glistening1 devoid of ribs or reticulation2 at first white1 then turning dull yellowish1 and at last paler again1 with the dark head of the caterpillar showing through4 ,the young caterpillar eats part of the empty egg-shell4 ,the full-grown caterpillar is of a delicate light green1 the stripe along the back is rather bluish-green1 with paler green central and side lines2 the spiracles are flesh-coloured1 and below these there is a somewhat creamy-white stripe4 ,the head is deeper green than the body1 and roughened with minute points4 ,it feeds in ,june on ,holcus lanatus1 ,brachypodium sylvaticum1 and probably other kinds of soft grasses1 and its assimilation1 both in colour and texture1 with the blades of grass is remarkable4 ,before changing to the chrysalis it encloses itself within two or sometimes three leaves of the grass1 joined together longitudinally by lacing or spinning with white silk1 the edges more or less close to each other1 and becomes completely hidden4 ,the chrysalis is secured in the silken chamber1 head upward1 by an oblique cincture behind the thorax1 and the anal tip fastened by a fan-like spread of fine hooks at the extremity fixed in the silk4 ,the colour is similar to that of the caterpillar1 and the lines are fairly in evidence4 ,caterpillars that spun up on ,june #ah to #bc produced butterflies on ,july #ae and #af4 ,hellins states that eggs were laid in a row in a folded blade of grass about ,july #bi1 and that the caterpillars hatched out on ,august #ab4 ,according to ,hawes1 the caterpillar of this species does not hatch from the egg until the following spring4 ,although it does not seem to be very plentiful in fenlands1 this butterfly certainly has a partiality for damp places1 whether in the rides1 or on the sides of woods1 on hill slopes1 or waste ground4 ,wherever there is a fairly large growth of the taller soft grasses that the caterpillars feed upon1 there the butterfly may be found in ,july and ,august throughout the greater part of ,england and ,wales4 ,reported from the ,edinburgh district in ,scotland2 and in ,ireland from ,powerscourt and near ,cork4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #abd4 ,small ,skipper4 ,caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,essex ,skipper4 ,eggs1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar4 ,lulworth ,skipper4 ,eggs enlarged2 caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #abe4 ,small ,skipper4 #a1 #c male2 #b1 #d female4 ,essex ,skipper4 #e1 #g male2 #f1 #h female4 ,lulworth ,skipper4 #i1 #aa male2 #aj1 #ab female4 ,the ,essex ,skipper 7,adopa lineola74 ,this butterfly is very like the ,small ,skipper1 but may be separated from it1 in both sexes1 by the black under sides of the knobs of the antenn4 ,the black sexual mark in the male is finer1 shorter1 and much less oblique 7,plate #abe74 ,the egg 7,plate #abd7 is pale greenish-yellow1 oval in shape1 flattened above and below2 the top is slightly depressed4 ,the eggs are deposited in ,july or ,august1 in dried grass seed-heads and inside the sheath of a leaf1 and the caterpillars1 according to ,hawes1 do not hatch until ,april4 ,the caterpillar is green1 with the incisions between the rings yellowish2 there is a darker green stripe on the back1 and the lines on the sides are yellow4 ,the head is pale brown and striped with darker brown4 ,it feeds from ,april to ,june on coarse grasses1 such as ,triticum repens4 ,when full grown it spins together the stems of the grass low down1 with a network of white silk for pupation 7,hawes74 ,the chrysalis is described as being long1 yellowish-green in colour1 and retaining the dark dorsal stripe seen in the caterpillar4 ,no doubt this butterfly has been with us all the time1 but it appears to have escaped detection until the year #ahhh1 when ,mr4 ,hawes1 in ,july of that year1 met with it in ,essex4 ,he1 however1 did not then consider the three specimens that he had taken with ,a4 thaumas anything more than queer varieties of that species1 and it was not until ,january1 #ahij1 that the fact of ,a4 lineola being ,british was published4 ,since that time this ,skipper has been found in a great many parts of ,essex1 but chiefly along the coast1 and in such localities as ,benfleet1 ,canvey1 ,dovercourt1 ,shoeburyness1 ,southend1 etc4 ,at ,hadleigh it is often very abundant4 ,other localities are ,sheerness1 ,cliffe1 and ,gravesend1 in ,kent4 ,it has also been reported from near ,sudbury1 and from ,harwich1 and ,chappel in ,suffolk2 from ,ashton ,wold in ,northamptonshire4 ,in #ahih five specimens1 identified by the ,rev4 ,gilbert ,raynor1 were taken near ,bedford4 ,barrett1 who mentions ,wicken ,fen and ,burwell among other localities1 says that it has a partiality for the embankments which protect the cultivated land from the inroad of the high tides which flood the salt marshes4 ,here it flits about1 or sits on the coarse seaside grasses or on blossoms of thistle1 or ,lotus corniculatus1 indicating rather sluggish habits1 yet flying swiftly when disturbed4 ,further inland it seems to frequent chalky hillsides and marshes4 ,it is on the wing in ,july and ,august4 ,the species is found in all parts of the ,palarctic ,region except the most northern and the ,canary ,isles4 ,the ,lulworth ,skipper 7,adopa acton74 ,compared with the other two species on ,plate #abe1 the coloration of this butterfly is somewhat dingy2 it is1 however1 enlivened1 especially in the female1 by a short dash and a curved series of orange spots in the upper half of the fore wings4 ,the male has a black sexual mark which is very similar to that of the ,small ,skipper4 ,there seems to be very little to note in variation1 except that the orange markings referred to are subject to modification1 and in the male may be altogether absent4 ,an example taken at ,swanage1 in #aijc1 had the wings on the left side male1 and those on the right side female4 ,the egg1 figured1 from a photograph1 on ,plate #abd1 is whitish1 faintly tinged with yellowish4 ,the mature caterpillar is pale greyish1 or yellowish1 green1 with the dorsal vessel darker1 and edged with a slender pale yellow line on either side1 and enclosing a pale longitudinal line along its middle4 ,a narrow yellowish line runs above on the side and a broader one below4 ,the two dorsal lines are prolonged as far as the middle of the head1 and run to the end of the flat anal shield1 which is narrowly edged with pale yellow4 ,the head is greenish with two yellowish lines4 ,the two snow-white patches on the under side of the ninth and tenth rings of the body are conspicuous as in lineola1 sylvanus1 and comma4 ,this white substance is spread out at the tail end of the caterpillar of acton1 when it has formed its chrysalis case 7,zeller74 ,buckler1 referring to four caterpillars found on ,brachypodium sylvaticum1 ,june #aa1 states that they completed their growth on a diet of ,triticum repens4 ,they ate out wedge-shaped portions from the sides of the grass blades1 and when they had finished their repast1 they crawled down to the middle of the blade1 and there spun a coating of white silk from one side to the other1 causing the two edges of the blade to draw together a little1 and then in the silk-lined hollow they rested until hunger obliged them to ascend the blade again for another meal4 ,about ,june #bc they had ceased to feed1 and were beginning to fasten themselves within more closely constructed retreats1 formed where two blades of grass obliquely crossed each other4 ,the colour of the chrysalis is similar to that of the caterpillar1 and the lines are faintly traceable4 ,the butterflies appeared ,july #ad to #ah1 emerging at night1 and ready for flight in the morning4 ,this insect received its ,english name in #ahcb1 when it was first discovered in this country at ,lulworth ,cove1 in ,dorsetshire4 ,it has since been found to occur at ,durdle ,cove1 and the ,burning ,cliff1 ,weymouth1 and the latter locality appears to be its most eastern limit4 ,its range extends westward along the coast of ,dorsetshire and ,devonshire to ,sidmouth1 ,seaton1 and ,torquay2 and there are records of its having been observed in ,cornwall4 ,according to ,mr4 ,e4,r4 ,bankes1 as quoted by ,barrett1 this butterfly is not confined to the coast line in ,dorset1 but is to be found in two or three spots along the chalk range of the ,purbeck ,hills1 at a distance of four or five miles from the sea4 ,he also states that the species is only single brooded1 that the best time for it is from the beginning of ,july to the middle of ,august1 and that the food-plant of the caterpillar is ,brachypodium pinnatum4 ,the blossoms of rest-harrow 7,ononis arvensis7 are said to be the particular vanity of the butterfly1 and it is seldom found visiting any other flower4 ,abroad the species is not especially attached to the sea-coast1 but occurs inland throughout ,central and ,southern ,europe1 its range extending to ,asia ,minor and ,syria1 and also to ,north-,west ,africa4 ,the ,large ,skipper 7,augiades sylvanus74 ,the male has the discal area of the fore wings bright fulvous1 and the outer area broadly brown2 the sexual mark is black2 the hind wings are tinged with fulvous on the disc1 and have brighter fulvous spots4 ,the female is brown with a fulvous discal wedge on the fore wings1 and an angulate series of fulvous spots beyond2 hind wings as in the male1 but spots rather more defined4 ,in some examples of this sex the spots on the fore wings are confluent1 and the discal area is then fulvous as in the male 7,plate #abf74 ,the egg is whitish or greenish-white1 and is laid on a blade of grass4 ,hellins states that from eggs laid about ,july #a the caterpillars hatched on ,july #ac2 they chose cocks-foot grass 7,dactylis glomerata7 for food1 and rested in the middle of a blade1 fastening its edges across with five or six distinct little ropes of white silk4 ,the young caterpillar figured on ,plate #abg was on ,september #aa about half an inch in length1 and had been removed from the grass tube1 also shown1 to be figured2 the head was then pale brown1 bordered and lined with purplish brown2 the body was darkish green1 paler on the last ring1 and with darker lines on the back and sides4 ,after hibernation 7the figure of this stage of the caterpillar is from ,buckler71 in ,may1 the caterpillar is about one inch long1 pale green in colour2 the skin is thickly covered with very short dark brown bristles1 the head dirty white with a dark brown stripe down the outer edge of each lobe1 the neck whitish-green 7,hellins74 ,the chrysalis was formed in the grass cocoon shown with it4 ,the general colour was brown with the wing-cases darker1 and a darker suffusion on the back4 ,the egg-laying of this butterfly has been observed by ,mr4 ,ullyett1 who states that the female1 having selected a suitable grass-stem1 deposits eggs in a line in a sheath formed by the leaf round the stem4 ,the caterpillars hibernate in tubes of grass1 and feed up in the spring4 ,this butterfly has been supposed to be double brooded1 but there does not seem to be any direct evidence that this is so4 ,it is on the wing in grassy places on the slopes of downs and other hillsides1 also in rides1 and on the margins of woods1 from early ,june until well into ,july1 and sometimes even later in the year4 ,it is found in most of our ,english counties1 and also in ,scotland1 south of the ,forth4 ,in ,ireland it is not uncommon in a meadow in ,lord ,kenmare's demesne1 ,killarney1 and has been recorded from the ,morrough of ,wicklow4 ,abroad its distribution extends through ,europe and ,northern ,asia to ,china and ,japan1 and also to ,north ,africa4 ,the ,silver-spotted ,skipper 7,augiades comma74 ,this butterfly is very similar on the upper side to the ,large ,skipper1 but the spots1 especially those nearest the front edge of the fore wings1 are yellower4 ,on the under side the greenish tinge of the ground colour1 and the silvery spots1 make the identification quite easy4 ,the black sex mark in the male is very similar to that of the last species 7,plate #abf74 ,the males vary a little in the width of the marginal border1 and in some females there is almost as much fulvous on the discal area of the wings as in the male2 in the darkest females the spots always appear paler than in fulvous specimens4 ,on the under side the ground colour is sometimes olive-brown rather than green4 ,the following account of the life-history of this butterfly is adapted from ,mr4 ,frohawk's article on the subject published in the ,entomologist for #aija3-- ,in ,august1 whilst watching some of the butterflies on the wing over a patch of chalky ground covered with a short dense growth of various grasses1 etc41 he noted a female hovering close over the plants4 ,presently it settled on a tuft of hair grass 7,aira cspitosa71 and after walking over and among it a little time1 she curved her abdomen down1 and deposited a single egg on one of the fine hair-like blades1 or1 rather1 spines1 and close by1 within an inch1 another egg was found4 ,afterwards some plants of this grass were potted up1 and some females placed on them4 ,these deposited a large number of eggs upon the grass-stems and blades4 ,the egg when newly laid is pearl white with the slightest yellowish-green tinge1 which very gradually turns deeper in colour1 assuming a pale straw-yellow on the sixth day1 and so it remains until ,january1 when it becomes paler4 ,the caterpillar hatches out at the end of ,march or early in ,april4 ,it does not eat the empty egg-shell1 but directly after leaving the egg it starts spinning the fine grass together into a somewhat dense cluster an inch or two above the ground4 ,in this compact shelter the larva lives and feeds upon the grass surrounding it1 remaining almost always completely hidden4 ,sometimes as many as three or four live together4 ,when full grown and about one hundred days old1 the caterpillar is of a dull olive-green colour1 with a black collar on the first ring1 and the entire surface densely sprinkled with minute shining black warts1 each emitting a tiny amber-coloured spine with a cleft knobbed apex4 ,the head is blackish marked with ochreous lines4 ,it still resides in a tube of grass spun closely together1 and feeds on any other kind of grass that happens to be interwoven with the ,aira4 ,just before pupation the caterpillar often crawls restlessly about1 but in some instances it does not leave its place of feeding1 and spins a strong1 coarse network cocoon among the grass close to the ground1 weaving the gnawed loose pieces of grass with the fine stems and blades1 and therein pupates during the latter part of ,july4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #abf4 ,large ,skipper4 #a1 #c1 male2 #b1 #d female4 ,silver-,spotted ,skipper4 #e1 #g male2 #f1 #h female4 ,chequered ,skipper4 #i1 #aj male2 #aa female4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #abg4 ,large ,skipper4 ,egg1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillars1 chrysalis and cocoon4 ,silver-spotted ,skipper4 ,egg1 natural size and enlarged2 caterpillar4 ,chequered ,skipper4 ,egg enlarged and caterpillar4 ,the chrysalis is secured in the cocoon by hooks at the tail and by hooked bristles on the head2 the head and thorax are pale olive mottled with blackish2 the body olive1 spotted with dark olive1 and inclining to yellow on the ventral surface2 below each spiracle is a short longitudinal mark2 the spiracles are amber-brown4 ,the butterfly is to be found in ,august on most of our chalk hills1 but has not been recorded from either ,scotland or ,ireland4 ,it is a very quick flyer and difficult to capture when on the wing1 but it is fond of sitting on low-growing thistles1 and is then sometimes easy to take4 ,abroad it occurs throughout ,europe and ,northern ,asia to ,china and ,japan4 ,the ,chequered ,skipper 7,carterocephalus palmon74 ,the well-defined yellow or orange spots on the blackish-brown ground colour distinguish this butterfly from all other ,british ,skippers4 ,the variation is only of a minor kind1 and chiefly in the direction of an increase or a decrease in the number and the size of the spots4 ,occasionally those on the central area of the fore wings are much enlarged and more or less confluent2 and the spots on the outer margin of the hind wings are sometimes very small or entirely absent4 ,the following particulars of the early stages are abstracted from ,mr4 ,frohawk's life-history of the species 7,entomologist1 #ahib73-- ,living females received in ,june were placed on a growing plant of brome grass 7,bromus asper71 and a few eggs were deposited1 some upon the blades of grass1 others upon the gauze-covered glass jar in which the plant was placed2 they were laid singly1 firmly adhering to whatever laid upon4 ,the first lot of eggs were deposited on ,june #ad4 ,the egg has a pearly appearance1 being whitish or yellowish-white in colour4 ,ten days after the egg is deposited the young caterpillar emerges by eating away the crown4 ,soon after hatching out the young caterpillar makes a little tubular dwelling1 drawing together the edges of the grass-blade by spinning about three or four stout cords of silk1 which quickly contract1 causing the edges to draw together1 and sometimes to overlap1 forming a compact short tube2 generally before spinning it nibbles off the extreme edge of the blade where the silk is afterwards attached4 ,it feeds upon the blade both above and below its abode1 devouring so much that frequently only the midrib of the blade remains1 and the tube only just long enough to conceal it2 it then shifts its quarters1 and prepares a new home4 ,on ,october #c1 when one hundred and one days old1 the caterpillar was pale primrose-yellow1 and the stripes of a slightly darker hue1 the white lateral line showing clearly1 and spiracles brownish2 the head pale buff with a faint lilac tinge1 with a black patch above the mouth and brownish at the sides4 ,in the previous stage the caterpillar was whitish-green with a rather dark green line along the middle of the back1 this line bordered on each side by an almost white1 very fine line1 followed by alternate darker and lighter lines1 the lightest being extremely fine2 then a subdorsal darker green line1 bordered laterally by a conspicuous whitish line1 which is again bordered below by a paler and indistinct green line1 and a very faint spiracular whitish stripe1 on which the spiracles are placed2 they are white1 outlined by a dark but indistinct ring2 the under surface is whitish-green4 ,about the middle of ,october the hibernaculum was formed by spinning two blades of grass together at the edges1 so making a tube1 in which the caterpillar remained during the winter4 ,on ,march #ba it left its retreat1 but did not seem to feed1 and generally remained quiet1 lying along a grass-blade4 ,on ,april #c it had drawn together with silk six blades of grass at the ends1 forming a tent-like structure1 and along the surface of one of the broadest a little carpet of silk was spun1 upon which it rested with its head uppermost2 a silk cord also encircled its body round the fourth segment4 ,it assumed the chrysalis state on ,april #h1 and had then passed two hundred and eighty-nine days in the caterpillar condition4 ,the chrysalis measures five-eighths of an inch in length1 is fairly cylindrical1 but tapering to the tail4 ,dorsal view3 the head is pointed in front in the form of a short conical beak2 the eyes are rather prominent2 the thorax is swollen in the middle1 the widest part1 and then gradually tapers towards the last segment1 which is elongated and flattened4 ,lateral view3 the beak is slightly upturned1 the thorax convexed1 and the segment next to the thorax is rather swollen in the middle1 so forming a rather decided depression at the base of the thorax1 where the silken cord passes round2 the body gradually tapering to the last segment1 which terminates in a long compressed curved process furnished with long hooks2 the wing-cases extend down two-thirds its length1 and only very little1 if at all1 swollen2 the antenn and legs are but feebly modelled2 the tongue is well defined1 it is dusky at the base1 blending into black at the apex2 the colour is of a very pale primrose-yellow1 shading into pearly grey1 and semi-transparent on the head1 wings1 and flap2 a dark medio-dorsal line commences at the base of the beak1 and passes down the entire length1 gradually fading off in the anal extremity2 it is blackest on the head and first abdominal segment1 and palest on the thorax1 where it is light brown2 there are two rust-red subdorsal lines1 which run parallel from the base of the antenn to the last segment2 another similar line1 united along the inner margin of the wing1 passes over two spiracles1 and then runs parallel with the subdorsal lines4444 ,the antenn and wings are faintly outlined with dusky brown4 ,in general appearance and colouring the pupa closely resembles a piece of dead withered grass4 ,a female butterfly emerged on ,may #bj1 the transformation from egg to perfect insect thus occupying about eleven months4 ,this local butterfly is on the wing in ,june2 sometimes it is seen in the latter part of ,may1 and1 more rarely perhaps1 in ,july4 ,this species appears to have been first noticed as an inhabitant of ,britain in #agih1 in which year specimens were taken in ,clapham ,park ,wood1 ,bedfordshire1 by ,dr4 ,abbott1 who1 four years later1 also reported the butterfly from ,white ,wood1 ,gamlingay1 ,cambridgeshire4 ,in #ahbc it was found to occur at ,castor ,hanglands1 near ,peterborough2 and in #ahda ,doubleday met with it1 in large numbers1 in ,monk's ,wood1 ,huntingdonshire4 ,among other localities from which it has been reported are ,ropsley ,wood1 near ,grantham1 ,notts1 and ,wychwood ,forest1 ,oxfordshire4 ,in its special localities1 which1 at the present time1 are chiefly the larger woods in ,lincolnshire1 ,northamptonshire1 and ,buckinghamshire1 it frequents the flowers of ground ivy 7,nepeta glechoma7 and of the bugle 7,ajuga reptans74 ,abroad it is locally common in various parts of ,central ,europe2 also occurs in ,finland1 ,central and ,northern ,russia1 ,dalmatia1 ,piedmont1 and in ,labrador1 and other parts of ,north ,america4 ,a ,,classified ,,list ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,butterflies ,papilionid4 ,,papilionin ,papilio machaon ,,pierin ,aporia cratgi ,pieris brassic rap napi daplidice ,pontia daplidice ,euchlo cardamines ,leucophasia sinapis ,leptidia sinapis ,colias hyale ,eurymus kirbyi ,colias edusa ,eurymus hyale ,gonepteryx rhamni ,colias rhamni ,nymphalid4 ,,apaturin ,apatura iris ,,nymphalin ,limenitis sibylla ,limenitis camilla ,polygonia c-album ,grapta c-album ,vanessa polychloros ,eugonia polychloros ,vanessa urtic ,aglais urtic ,vanessa io antiopa ,euvanessa antiopa ,pyrameis cardui atalanta ,argynnis paphia adippe aglaia lathonia euphrosyne ,brenthis euphrosyne ,argynnis selene ,brenthis selene ,melita athalia cinxia aurinia ,,danain ,anosia plexippus ,,satyrin ,melanargia galatea ,erebia epiphron ,melampias epiphron ,erebia thiops ,satyrus semele ,hipparchia semele ,pararge egeria megra ,satyrus megra ,epinephele ianira ,epinephele jurtina ,epinephele tithonus ,aphantopus hyperanthus ,hipparchia hyperanthus ,enodia hyperanthus ,coenonympha typhon ,coenonympha tiphon ,coenonympha pamphilus ,lycnid4 ,,lyc,,nin ,zephyrus betul ,thecla betul ,zephyrus quercus ,thecla quercus ,thecla pruni w-album ,callophrys rubi ,thecla rubi ,chrysophanus dispar ,polyommatus dispar ,lycna dispar ,chrysophanus phlas ,polyommatus phlas ,lycna phlas ,lampides boeticus ,lycna boeticus ,cupido argiades ,lycna argiades ,lycna argus ,lycna gon ,plebeius argus ,lycna astrarche ,lycna agestis ,lycna icarus ,plebeius alexis ,polyommatus icarus ,lycna corydon ,polyommatus corydon ,lycna bellargus ,lycna adonis ,polyommatus thetis ,cyaniris argiolus ,zizera minima ,lycna minima ,nomiades semiargus ,lycna acis semiargus ,nomiades arion ,polyommatus arion ,lycna arion ,lemoniid4 ,,nemeobiin ,nemeobius lucina ,hesperiid4 ,,hesperiin ,hesperia malv ,thanaos tages ,nisoniades tages ,,pamphilin ,adopa thaumas lineola acton ,augiades comma ,erynnis comma ,augiades sylvanus ,carterocephalus palmon ,pamphila palmon ,,index4 99 ,species so marked in this ,index are reputed ,british4 ,adonis ,blue1 #agj4 ,plates #aaj1 #aaa1 #aai ,adopa acton1 #aij1 ,plates #abd1 #abe2 lineola1 #ahi1 ,plates #abd1 #abe2 thaumas1 #ahg1 ,plates #abd1 #abe ,ammonia jar1 #ai ,androconia1 #ad ,angles of wings1 #ab4 ,fig4 #i ,anosia menippe1 #ajf2 plexippus1 #ajf1 ,plates #gb1 #abj ,antenn1 #d1 #i ,apatura iris1 #ef1 ,plates #bh1 #bi1 #ca2 var4 iole1 #eg1 ,plate #ca ,aphantopus hyperanthus1 #acj1 ,plates #hh1 #hi2 var4 arete1 #aca2 var4 cca1 #aca1 ,plate #hi2 var4 lanceolata1 #aca2 var4 obsoleta1 #aca ,aporia cratgi1 #cb4 ,plates #d1 #e ,argynnis adippe1 #hg1 ,plates #ec1 #ed1 #eg2 var4 cleodoxa1 #hh2 var4 locuples1 #hi2 aglaia1 #hi1 ,plates #ee1 #ei1 #fa2 var4 charlotta1 #ij2 euphrosyne1 #id1 ,plates #ef1 #fd1 #fe2 lathonia1 #ia1 ,plates1 #eh1 #fc2 niobe199 #hh2 paphia1 #hd1 ,plates #ej1 #ea1 #eb1 #eg2 var4 valesina1 #hd1 ,plates #eb1 #eg2 selene1 #if1 ,plates #ef1 #fb1 #ff ,armature1 #b ,arran ,brown1 #aag ,augiades comma1 #aic1 ,plates #abf1 #abg2 sylvanus1 #aib1 ,plates #abf1 #abg ,bath ,white1 #da4 ,plates #ab1 #ad ,benzine1 #bh ,black ,hairstreak1 #adc4 ,plates #if1 #ig ,black-veined ,white1 #cb4 ,plates #c1 #d ,bloxworth ,blue1 #aef1 ,plates #ajb1 #ajc ,board for ,flat-setting1 #bb4 ,figs4 #ae-ag ,brace and ,band ,modes of ,setting1 #bd4 ,fig4 #bj ,brimstone1 #ed4 ,plates #be1 #bf ,brown ,argus1 #afa4 ,plates #ajd1 #aje ,hairstreak1 #ach4 ,plates #id1 #ie ,callophrys rubi1 #adg4 ,plates #if1 #ig ,camberwell ,beauty1 #gc4 ,plates #da1 #db1 #dc ,carterocephalus palmon1 #aie4 ,plates #abf1 #abg ,caterpillar stage1 #b ,chalk ,hill ,blue1 #abg4 ,plates #ajh1 #aji1 #aag ,chequered ,skipper1 #aie4 ,plates #abf1 #abg ,chloroform ,bottle1 #ai ,chorion1 #a ,chrysalis1 #f ,chrysophanus dispar1 #adh1 ,plates #ih1 #ii2 var4 rutilus1 #adi2 circe199 #aeb2 dorilis199 #aeb2 gordius199 #aeb2 hippotho199 #aeb2 phlas1 #aeb1 ,plates #ajj1 #aja1 #aai2 var4 eleus1 #aeb2 var4 schmidtii1 #aeb1 ,plate #aja2 var4 hypophlus1 #aed2 virgaure199 #aeb ,classification1 x ,clouded ,yellow1 #ea4 ,plates #bb1 #bc1 #bd ,clubs of ,antenn1 #i4 ,fig4 #g ,cnonympha pamphilus1 #acf1 ,plates #ib1 #ic1 var4 lyllus1 #acf2 var4 ocellata1 #acg1 ,plate #ib2 typhon1 #acb1 ,plates #ij1 #ia1 #ib2 var4 davus1 #acc2 var4 laidion1 #acc2 var4 philoxenus1 #acc2 var4 rothliebii1 #acc2 var4 scotica1 #acc ,colias edusa1 #ea1 ,plates #bb1 #bc1 #bd2 var4 helice1 #eb1 ,plate #bd2 hyale1 #dh1 ,plates #bj1 #ba ,collecting1 #af ,comma1 the1 #fb4 ,plates #cb1 #ce ,common ,blue1 #afc4 ,plates #ajf1 #ajg1 #aah1 #aai ,compound ,eye1 #i ,cremaster1 #f4 ,fig4 #e4 ,cupido argiades1 #aef1 ,plates #ajb1 #ajc2 var4 comyntas1 #aeh2 var4 polysperchon1 #aeh ,cyanide ,bottle1 #ai ,cyaniris argiolus1 #agb4 ,plates #aab1 #aac ,dark ,green ,fritillary1 #hi4 ,plates #ee1 #ei1 #fa ,dehiscence1 #g ,dimorphism1 viii ,dingy ,skipper1 #ahf4 ,plates #abb1 #abc ,drying ,house1 #bf ,duke of ,burgundy1 #ahb4 ,plates #abj1 #aba ,ecdysis1 #e ,egg-stage1 #a ,emergence of a ,butterfly1 #g ,epinephele ianira1 #abe1 ,plates #hd1 #he2 jurtina1 #abe2 tithonus1 #abg1 ,plates #hf1 #hg1 #aai2 var4 albida1 #abh1 ,plate #aai2 var4 mincki1 #abh ,erebia thiops1 #aac1 ,plates #gf1 #gg2 var4 obsoleta1 #aad2 var4 ochracea1 #aad2 blandina1 #aac2 epiphron1 #aaa2 var4 cassiope1 #aaa1 ,plates #gf1 #gg2 var4 obsoleta1 #aab2 ligea199 #aag ,essex ,skipper1 #ahi4 ,plates #abd1 #abe ,euchlo cardamines1 #dc1 ,plates #ae1 #ag2 var4 hesperidis1 #dd ,eyes or ,ocelli1 #d ,false legs of caterpillar1 #d4 ,fig4 #b;,a ,feelers1 #d1 #i ,feet1 #c ,gatekeeper1 #abg4 ,plates #hf1 #hg1 #aai ,glanville ,fritillary1 #aja4 ,plates #fe1 #fi1 #ga ,gonepteryx rhamni1 #ed4 ,plates #be-bg ,grayling1 #aag4 ,plates #gh1 #gi ,green ,hairstreak1 #adg4 ,plates #if1 #ig ,green-veined ,white1 #ch4 ,plates #aj1 #ac1 #ad ,grizzled ,skipper1 #ahd4 ,plates #abb1 #abc ,gynandromorphism1 viii ,head of ,butterfly1 #h1 ,fig4 #f2 of ,caterpillar1 #d1 ,fig4 #c ,heath ,fritillary1 #ih4 ,plates #fg1 #fh ,hermaphrodite1 viii ,hesperia alveus1 #ahe2 malv1 #ahd1 ,plates #abb1 #abc2 var4 lavater1 #ahd2 var4 taras1 #ahd ,heterocera1 vii ,high ,brown ,fritillary1 #hg4 ,plates #ec1 #ed1 #eg ,holly ,blue1 #agb4 ,plates #aab1 #aac ,horns1 #i ,instar1 #e ,killing1 #ah ,kite net1 #g4 ,fig4 #ac ,labium1 #d ,labrum1 #d ,lampides boeticus1 #aed4 ,plates #ajb1 #ajc ,large ,blue1 #agi4 ,plates #aaf1 #aag ,copper1 #adh4 ,plates #ih1 #ii ,heath1 #acb4 ,plates #ij1 #ia1 #ib ,skipper1 #aib4 ,plates #abf1 #abg ,large ,tortoiseshell1 #fe4 ,plates #cd1 #cf ,white1 #cd4 ,plates #e1 #f1 #i ,leucophasia sinapis1 #df1 ,plates #af1 #ah1 #ai2 var4 diniensis1 #df2 var4 erysimi1 #df2 var4 lathyri1 #df ,limenitis sibylla1 #ei1 ,plates #cj1 #ca1 #cc2 var4 nigrina1 #ei1 ,plate #ca ,lingua1 #d ,long-tailed ,blue1 #aed4 ,plates #ajb1 #ajc ,lulworth ,skipper1 #aij4 ,plates #abd1 #abe ,lycna adonis1 #agj2 gon1 #aeh2 argus1 #aeh1 ,plates1 #ajd1 #aje2 astrarche1 #afa1 ,plates #ajd1 #aje2 var4 artaxerxes1 #afa2 var4 salmacis1 #afa2 var4 quadripuncta1 #afb2 bellargus1 #agj1 ,plates #aaj1 #aaa1 #aai2 var4 ceronus1 #agj2 corydon1 #afg1 ,plates #ajh1 #aji1 #aag1 #aah2 var4 fowleri1 #afh2 var4 lucretia1 #afh2 var4 syngrapha1 #afh1 ,plate #aah2 icarus1 #afc1 ,plates #ajf1 #ajg1 #aah1 #aai2 var4 arcua1 #afd2 var4 coerulea1 #afd2 var4 icarinus1 #afd2 var4 melanotoxa1 #afd ,mandibles1 #d1 #aj ,marbled ,white1 #aji4 ,plates #gd1 #ge ,margins of ,wings1 #ab4 ,fig4 #i ,marsh ,fritillary1 #ajc4 ,plates #fe1 #gj1 #gc ,marsh ,ringlet1 #acb ,maxill1 #d1 #aj ,mazarine ,blue1 #agg4 ,plate #aae ,meadow ,brown1 #abe4 ,plates #hd1 #he ,melanargia galatea1 #aji4 ,plates #gd1 #ge ,melita athalia1 #ih2 ,plates #fg1 #fh2 var4 corythalia1 #ih2 var4 eos1 #ii2 var4 navarina1 #ih2 var4 niphon1 #ajj2 var4 obsoleta1 #ih2 var4 pyronia1 #ii2 var4 tessellata1 #ii2 aurinia1 #ajc2 ,plates1 #fe1 #gj1 #gc2 var4 prclara1 #ajd2 var4 scotica1 #ajd2 cinxia1 #aja1 ,plates #fe1 #fi1 #ga ,micropyles1 #a ,milkweed ,butterfly1 #ajf4 ,plates #gb1 #abj ,monarch ,butterfly1 #ajg ,mould and ,mites1 #bh ,moulting1 #e ,naphthaline1 #bg1 #bh ,nemeobius lucina1 #ahb4 ,plates #abj1 #aba ,nervures and ,nervules1 #ac ,nets1 #af ,nomenclature1 x ,nomiades arion1 #agi1 ,plates #aaf1 #aag2 semiargus1 #agg1 ,plate #aae ,ocelli1 #d ,orange-tip1 #dc4 ,plates #ae1 #ag ,painted ,lady1 #gh4 ,plates #dd1 #de1 #di ,pale ,clouded ,yellow1 #dh4 ,plates #bj1 #ba ,palpi1 #e1 #aj ,papilio machaon1 #bi4 ,plates #a1 #b ,pararge egeria1 #abj2 var4 egerides1 #abj1 ,plates #hj1 #ha2 megra1 #abb1 ,plates #hb1 #hc ,peacock1 #gj4 ,plates #ci1 #dj1 #da ,pearl-bordered ,fritillary1 #id4 ,plates #fj1 #fd1 #fe ,pieris brassic1 #cd1 ,plates #e1 #f1 #i2 var4 chariclea1 #cd1 ,plate #f2 daplidice1 #da1 ,plates #ab1 #ad2 napi1 #ch2 ,plates #aj1 #ac1 #ad2 var4 bryoni1 #dj2 var4 flava1 #ci2 var4 nap1 #dj2 var4 orientis1 #da2 var4 sabellic1 #ci2 var4 rap1 #cf1 ,plates #g1 #h1 #aa2 var4 metra1 #cg2 var4 novangli1 #cg ,pinning1 #bj2 ,pinning stage1 #ba1 ,fig4 #ad ,pins1 #ba ,plumules1 #ad ,polygonia c-album1 #fb1 ,plates #cb1 #ce2 var4 hutchinsoni1 #fc1 ,plate #ce ,proboscis1 #d1 #i ,prolegs1 #b ,purple ,emperor1 #ef4 ,plates #bh1 #bi1 #ca ,purple ,hairstreak1 #ada4 ,plates #if1 #ig ,pyrameis atalanta1 #ha1 ,plates #df-di2 var4 klemensiewiczi1 #hb2 cardui1 #gh1 ,plates #dd1 #de1 #di2 huntera199 #ha2 virginiensis199 #ha ,queen of ,spain1 #ia4 ,plates #eh1 #fc ,rearing from the ,egg1 #bh ,red ,admiral1 #ha4 ,plates #df-di ,rhopalocera1 vii ,ringlet1 #acj4 ,plates #hh1 #hi ,saddles1 #bd4 ,fig4 #ah ,satyrus semele1 #aag4 ,plates #gh1 #gi ,scales1 #ac4 ,fig4 #aj ,scotch ,argus1 #aac4 ,plates #gf1 #gg ,seasonable ,dimorphism1 viii ,segments1 #b ,setting1 ,methods of1 #bb-bd ,sexual ,dimorphism1 viii ,silver-studded ,blue1 #aeh4 ,plates #ajd1 #aje ,silver-washed ,fritillary1 #hd1 ,plates #ej1 #ea ,small ,blue1 #agf4 ,plates #aad1 #aae ,copper1 #aeb4 ,plates #ajj1 #aja1 #aai ,heath1 #acf4 ,plates #ib1 #ic ,mountain ,ringlet1 #aaa4 ,plates #gf1 #gg ,pearl-bordered ,fritillary1 #if4 ,plates #ef1 #fb1 #ff ,skipper1 #ahg4 ,plates #abd1 #abe ,tortoiseshell1 #fh4 ,plates #cg1 #ch ,white1 #cf4 ,plates #g1 #h1 #aa ,speckled ,wood1 #abj4 ,plates #hj1 #ha ,spinnerets1 #d ,spiracle1 #c ,stadium1 #e ,subsegments1 #c ,swallow-tail1 #bi4 ,plates #a1 #b ,thanaos tages1 #ahf4 ,plates #abb1 #abc ,thecla ilicis1 spini199 #adg2 pruni1 #adc1 ,plates #if1 #ig2 w-album1 #add1 ,plates #id1 #ie2 var4 butlerowi1 #ade ,thoracic legs1 #b ,trache1 #c ,tubercles1 #b ,vanessa antiopa1 #gc1 ,plates #da1 #db1 #dc2 var4 hygia1 #gc2 var4 lintneri1 #gc2 io1 #gj1 ,plates #ci1 #dj1 #da2 var4 belisaria1 #ga1 ,plate1 #da2 var4 cyanosticta1 #ga2 polychloros1 #fe1 ,plates #cd1 #cf2 var4 testudo1 #ff2 urtic1 #fh1 ,plates #cg1 #ch2 var4 ladakensis1 #fi2 var4 polaris1 #fi ,venation1 #ab4 ,fig4 #i ,wall1 ,the1 #abb4 ,plates #hb1 #hc ,white ,admiral1 #ei4 ,plates #cj1 #ca1 #cc ,white-letter ,hairstreak1 #add4 ,plates #id1 #ie ,wings1 #aa4 ,fig4 #i ,wood ,white1 #df4 ,plates #af1 #ah1 #ai ,zephyrus betul1 #ach4 ,plates #id1 #ie2 var4 pallida1 #aci2 var4 spinosa1 #aci2 quercus1 #ada1 ,plates #if1 #ig2 var4 bella1 #ada ,zizera minima1 #agf4 ,plates #aad1 #aae ,,the ,,end4 99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,transcriber's notes3 ,fixed various punctuation4 ,p4 #ga4 'wing' changed to 'wings'4 ,p4 #acg4 'emergencies' changed to 'emergences'4 ,p4 #afh4 'localties' changed to 'localities'4 ,p4 #aig4 'next to the thorax'4 ,added 'to'4 ,emphasis ,notation3 ,italic and ,bold2 ,mathematical ,notation3 ,whole and ,fractional ,part3 #c-e_/h4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------