,e/abli%$ by ,edw>d ,l4 ,y\mans ,,appletons' ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly ,,edit$ ,,by ,,william ,,jay ,,y\mans ,,vol4 ,,liv ,,novemb]1 #ahih1 ,,to ,,april1 #ahii ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company #ahii ,,copyright1 #ahii1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company4 ,,vol4 ,,liv4 ,,e/abli%$ ,,by ,,edw>d ,l4 ,,y\mans4 ,,no4 #d4 ,,appletons' ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly4 ,,febru>y1 #ahii4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,william ,,jay ,,y\mans4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,i4 ,vegetation a ,rem$y = ! ,summ] ,heat ( ,cities4 ,by ,,/eph5 ,,smi?1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d #dcc ,,ii4 ,miv>t's ,gr\ndwork ( ,sci5ce4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,wm4 ,,kei? ,,brooks #dej ,,iii4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,obs]vation4 ,by ,,*>les ,,livy ,,:ittle4 7,illu/rat$47 #def ,,iv4 ,dea? ,gul*1 a ,natural ,be>-,trap4 ,by ,t4,a4 ,,jagg>1 ,jr4 7,illu/rat$47 #dge ,v4 ,! ,labor ,problem 9 ! ,tropics4 ,by ,w4 ,,alleyne ,,irel& #dha ,,vi4 ,pr9ciples ( ,taxation4 ,,xx4 ,! ,law ( ! ,diffusion ( ,taxes4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,by ! ,late ,hon4 ,,david ,a4 ,,wells #dij ,,vii4 ,! ,great ,bomb>dm5t4 ,by ,,*>les ,f4 ,,hold]4 7,illu/rat$47 #ejf ,,viii4 ,! ,_s ( ,conque/4 ,by ,j4 ,,novic[ #eah ,,ix4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,sci5tific ,in/ruction4 ,,ii4 ,by ,sir ,j4,n4 ,,locky] #ebi ,x4 ,! ,s]ies ,me?od3 a ,comp>ison4 ,by ,,*>lotte ,,taylor #ecg ,,xi4 ,! ,e>lie/ ,writ+ 9 ,france4 ,by ,m4 ,,gabriel ,,de ,,mortillet #edb ,,xii4 ,sket* ( ,gabriel de ,mortillet4 7,) ,portrait47 #edf ,,xiii4 ,correspond5ce3 ,! ,f\ndation ( ,sociology4--,evolution & ,education aga94--,em]son & ,evolution #eec ,,xiv4 ,editor's ,table3 ,! ,new ,sup]/ition4--,em]son #eeg ,,xv4 ,sci5tific ,lit]ature #eei ,,xvi4 ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce #efi ,,new ,,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 #gb ,,fif? ,,av5ue4 ,,s+le ,,numb]1 #ej ,,c5ts4 ,,ye>ly ,,subscription1 #e4jj4 ,,copyright1 #ahii1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company4 ,ent]$ at ! ,po/ ,(fice at ,new ,york1 & admitt$ = transmission ?r\gh ! mails at second-class rates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gabriel ,,de ,,mortillet4 ,,appletons' ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly4 ,,febru>y1 #ahii4 ,,vegetation ,a ,,rem$y ,,= ,,! ,,summ] ,,heat ,,( ,,cities4 ,a ,,plea ,,= ,,! ,,cultivation ,,( ,,trees1 ,,%rubs1 ,,plants1 ,,v9es1 ,,& ,,grasses ,,9 ,,! ,,/reets ,,( ,,new ,,york ,,= ,,! ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,heal?1 ,,= ,,! ,,com=t ,,( ,,summ] ,,resid5ts1 ,,& ,,= ,,ornam5tation4#a ,,by ,,/eph5 ,,smi?1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,"o ( ! mo/ prolific s\rces ( a high sickness & dea? rate 9 ! city ( ,new ,york is develop$ dur+ ! summ] qu>t]4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t f ?ree to five ?\s& p]sons die & sixty to "o hundr$ ?\s& cases ( sickness occur annually 9 ?is city1 f causes :i* are eng5d]$ dur+ ! mon?s ( ,june1 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb]4 ,an exam9ation ( ! records ( ! ,heal? ,dep>tm5t = any ye> reveals ! important fact t c]ta9 diseases are n only m frequ5t dur+ ! summ] qu>t] ?an at any o!r "t1 b t !y are f> m fatal1 especially 9 ! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/1 ?an dur+ any o!r p]iod ( ! ye>4 ,^! are ! zymotic diseases1 or ^? dep5d+ ^u "s =m ( g]m life4 ,! foll[+ table illu/rates ! c\rse ( mortality f ^? diseases 9 "o ye>3 ,mon?4 ,dea?s4 ,janu>y #eda ,febru>y #dge ,m>* #dgf ,april #eed ,may #ehd ,june #gih ,july #a1dcc ,augu/ #a1abf ,septemb] #gia ,octob] #ebb ,novemb] #dfj ,decemb] #ejd ,x appe>s t dur+ eight mon?s ( ! ye>1 exclud+ ,june1 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb]1 ! av]age mon?ly mortality f zymotic diseases 0 #deb4 ,_h ! same av]age cont9u$ dur+ ! rema9+ f\r mon?s ! total mortality f ^? diseases = t ye> w\ld h be5 #d1dbd2 b ! actual mortality 0 #g1gfd1 :i* proves t #c1cdj p]sons 7 sacrific$ dur+ ^? f\r fatal mon?s to conditions :i* exi/ 9 ! city only at t p]iod ( ! ye>4 ,/ill m />tl+ is ! e/imate ( ! sickness rate caus$ by ! unheal?ful conditions creat$ 9 ! summ] mon?s 9 ,new ,york city4 ,if we e/imate t !re are tw5ty cases ( sickness = e dea? by a zymotic disease !re 7 #ff1hjj m cases ( sickness 9 ! ye> above ref]r$ to ?an !re w\ld h be5 _h ! sickness rate be5 ! same 9 ! summ] z 9 ! o!r mon?s ( t ye>4 ,"o ( ! sadde/ features ( ?is high sickness & dea? rate appe>s :5 we notice ! ages ( ^? :o are especially ! victims ( ^! fatal diseases4 ,dur+ ! week end+ ,july #i? la/ !re 7 #cii dea?s f di>rhal diseases1 ( :i* numb] #chb 7 *ildr5 "u five ye>s ( age4 ,! foll[+ table tak5 f ! records ( ! ,heal? ,dep>tm5t %[ 9 a v /rik+ mann] h[ fatal to *ild life are ! conditions peculi> to our summ] season3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,dea?s ,,f ,,di>rh,,al ,,diseases4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,mon?4 ,"u "o ,"u two ,"u five ye>4 ye>s4 ye>s4 ,all ages4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,janu>y #ej #ee #eh #hb ,febru>y #dg #ea #eh #ge ,m>* #ge #hj #hc #if ,april #hb #ia #ig #ajh ,may #aja #aag #aba #ajd ,june #chg #dcj #dcf #dfg ,july #hji #iij #a1jbj #a1ajj ,augu/ #dfd #efe #fig #gfb ,septemb] #bfg #cid #dji #dfb ,octob] #aad #adh #aed #aij ,novemb] #ei #gj #gb #hi ,decemb] #eg #fb #fd #hb ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,^! /ati/ics demon/rate ! extreme unheal?fulness ( ,new ,york dur+ ! summ]1 & ! va/ proportion ( *ildr5 :o p]i% f ! fatal ag5cies :i* are !n br\ght into activity4 ,x is a matt] ( great public conc]n to det]m9e ! nature ( ! unhygi5ic conditions on :i* ?is excessive mortality dep5ds1 & ?us discov] ! prop] rem$ial measures4 ,z high temp]ature is ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ! summ] mon?s1 we v naturally conclude t excessive heat is a mo/ important factor1 if n ! sole cause1 ( ! diseases s fatal to human life at ?is p]iod4 ,a close comp>ison ( ! temp]ature & mortality records ( any summ] 9 ?is city demon/rates ! direct relation ( ! =m] to ! latt]4 ,= illu/ration1 we w take ! records ( ! ,heal? ,dep>tm5t dur+ ! pa/ summ]1 select+ di>rhal diseases = comp>ison1 z !y prevail & are mo/ fatal at t season ( ! ye>4 ,! table gives ! total mortality f ^! diseases & ! mortality f ^? diseases ( *ildr5 "u five ye>s ( age4 ,to ! f\r mon?s1 ,june1 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb]1 are add$ ,may & ,octob]1 = ! purpose ( %[+ ! gradual increase ( ! mortality f ^! diseases z ! hot wea!r approa*es & its decl9e z ! hot wea!r abates4 ,key3 ,,tf4 ,temp]ature 7,fahr5heit7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,total ,di>rhal ,,week ,,end+ di>rhal diseases "u ,mean ,maximum,m9imum diseases4 five yrs4 ,,tf4 ,,tf4 ,,tf4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,may #g? #aj #h #eb4d #gb #dg ,may #ad? #bj #ag #ee4e #ga #dj ,may #ba/ #ad #ab #fc4c #hf #eb ,may #bh? #bb #ai #fj4i #gj #ef ,june #d? #ah #af #fe4h #gf #ed ,june #aa? #bf #bj #ga4f #hf #eh ,june #ah? #cf #cb #gc4j #hi #ei ,june #be? #gd #fi #fi4c #id #ed ,july #b;d #agj #afd #gh4f #id #fg ,july #i? #cii #chb #gg4d #ajj #fa ,july #af? #ccj #cba #ga4a #ia #eg ,july #bc;d #chh #cef #gg4d #ia #fg ,july #cj? #chj #cec #gh4e #ie #gj ,augu/ #f? #chj #cec #gh4h #ib #fg ,augu/ #ac? #cdb #cjf #gc4i #ij #fe ,augu/ #bj? #bij #bfa #gd4h #hi #fd ,augu/ #bg? #bfh #bdf #gf4f #ic #fc ,septemb] #c;d #bhi #bef #gi4j #ic #ei ,septemb] #aj? #bhc #bee #gd4j #ib #eh ,septemb] #ag? #agi #aeh #fg4c #he #eb ,septemb] #bd? #aic #afg #fh4g #ij #eb ,octob] #a/ #acb #aag #ff4e #hj #ed ,octob] #h? #ij #gh #fi4f #ha #ec ,octob] #ae? #ga #eh #fj4a #gd #di ,octob] #bb;d #ed #db #ee4i #ga #dd ,octob] #bi? #ci #cb #ec4i #fg #da ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,aga91 if we comp>e ! temp]ature & mortality records = a s]ies ( days in/ead ( mon?s1 x w be notic$ t ! mortality record foll[s ! fluctuations ( ! heat record ) z mu* precision z effect foll[s cause4 ,! summ] heat g5]ally beg9s ab\t ! #bj? ( ,june & cont9ues ) v>y+ int5sity until ! #ae? ( ,septemb]4 ,)9 t p]iod we c select _m examples :i* /rik+ly illu/rate ! relations ( temp]ature to mortality4 ,= example1 ! fir/ heat$ t]m ( ! ye> be=e u began on ! #ai? ( ,june & la/$ until ! #bf? ( t mon?4 ,! two records are z foll[s3 --------------------------- ,,day4 ,temp]ature4,mortality4 --------------------------- #ai? #gh #hc --------------------------- #bj? #hj #ajj --------------------------- #ba/ #hb #abb --------------------------- #bb;d #hj #aaf --------------------------- #bc;d #gg #ajd --------------------------- #bd? #fh #aai --------------------------- #be? #fe #hh --------------------------- ,on ! #bh? ( ,june a second heat$ t]m began1 :5 ! temp]ature rose to #hj1 & cont9u$ above t figure until ,july #e?1 a p]iod ( eight days4 ,! foll[+ is ! record1 includ+ ! temp]ature 9 ! sun3 ---------------------------------------- ,,temp]ature ,,day4 ---------------------------- ,9 %ade4 ,9 sun4,mortality4 -------------------------------------- ,june #bh? #hj #aah #aah -------------------------------------- ,june #bi? #hd #abj #afc -------------------------------------- ,june #cj? #he #abd #aia -------------------------------------- ,july #a/ #hh #abe #bdg -------------------------------------- ,july #b;d #hg #abh #cea -------------------------------------- ,july #c;d #hb #abj #bch -------------------------------------- ,july #d? #hd #abb #bbg -------------------------------------- ,july #e? #hj #aba #ahd -------------------------------------- ,x w be notic$ t dur+ ! la/ heat$ p]iod !re 0 a m prolong$ high temp]ature ?an dur+ ! fir/1 & t ! mortality ( ! second 0 high] = ! same temp]ature ?an t ( ! fir/4 ,^! facts are 9 accord ) ! hi/ory ( our summ] mon?s4 ,! range ( temp]ature increases z ! season advances1 & ! rate ( mortality rises1 ow+ to ! dim9i%$ resi/+ p[] to ! effects ( high heat on ! "p ( ! p1 especially ( ! *ildr51 ! ag$1 & ^? already enfeebl$ by disease4 ,9 ord] to fully und]/& ! influ5ce ( heat & its effects ^u ! public heal?1 we mu/ fir/ notice ! conditions regulat+ ! temp]ature ( ! body 9 heal? & disease4 ,! temp]ature ( animals 9 a /ate ( heal? is n a fix$ quantity1 b has a limit$ range :i* dep5ds ^u int]nal & ext]nal conditions n incompatible ) heal?4 ,9 man ! range ( temp]ature 9 heal? is fix$ at #ig4be ,f4 to #ii4e ,f4 ,any temp]ature above or bel[ ^! extremes1 unless expla9$ by special circum/ances n affect+ ! normal condition ( ! p]son1 is an indication ( disease4 ,?is comp>atively fix$ temp]ature 9 heal? is a rem>kable feature ( ! liv+ animal4 ,:5 subject$ to a temp]ature above or bel[ ! extremes "h giv5 x w /ill ma9ta9 its equilibrium4 ,?is fix$ temp]ature "u v>y+ conditions ( heat & cold is due to a heat-regulat+ p[]1 inh]5t 9 ! con/itution ( e animal1 by :i* x imp>ts heat :5 ! temp]ature ( ! air is high & cons]ves heat :5 ! latt] is l[4 ,! heat escapes f ! body--#a1 by radiation f ! surface2 #b1 by transmission to o!r bodies2 #c1 by evaporation2 & #d1 by ! conv]sion ( heat into motion4 ,! surface ( ! body furni%es ! pr9cipal m$ium = ! loss ( heat by ! fir/ ?ree me?ods--viz41 radiation1 transmission1 & evaporation4 ,x is e/imat$ t #ic4jg p] c5t ( ! heat produc$ escapes by ! processes ( radiation1 evaporation1 conduction1 & me*anical "w4 ,! rema9+ heat units are lo/ by w>m+ inspir$ air & ! foods & dr9ks tak54 ,!re are app>5tly o!r subtile influ5ces1 s-call$ regulators ( heat1 at "w to pres]ve an equilibrium ( temp]ature 9 ! animal body1 b !y are n well kn[n4 ,! result ( ! op]ation ( ^! =ces is ?is--viz41 if1 by any means1 ! heat ( ! body is increas$1 comp5sative losses ( heat quickly occur1 & ! normal temp]ature is soon re/or$2 & if1 on ! contr>y1 ! loss ( heat is unusually increas$1 ! comp5sative production ( heat ( ! body at once foll[s1 & ! equilibrium is at once re/or$4 ,! important fact to rememb] is ?is--viz41 ! production & loss ( heat 9 ! human organism :5 9 heal? & n subject$ to too viol5t di/urb+ causes are s nicely balanc$ t ! temp]ature is always ma9ta9$ at an av]age ( #ih4f ,f41 ! extremes be+ #ig4be ,f4 & #ii4e ,f4 ,s beautifully is ?is balance pres]v$1 ,p>kes rem>ks1 t ! /ability ( ! animal temp]ature 9 all c\ntries has always be5 a subject ( m>vel4 ,if1 h[ev]1 any?+ prev5ts ! op]ation ( ! processes ( cool+--viz41 radiation1 evaporation1 & conduction--! bodily temp]ature rises by ! accumulation ( heat1 & dea? is ! result f combu/ion4 ,9 exp]im5ts 9 ov5s a man has be5 able to be> a temp]ature ( #bfj ,f4 = a %ort p]iod1 provid$ ! air 0 dry s t evaporation c\ld be c>ri$ on rapidly4 ,b if ! air is v moi/1 & p]spiration is imp$$1 ! temp]ature ( ! body rises rapidly1 & ! p]son soon succumbs to ! excessive heat4 ,ano!r important fact is ?is1 viz41 ! normal temp]ature ( ! "y & ( ! v old is high] ?an ! middle-ag$4 ,! infant at bir? has a temp]ature ( #ii ,f4 to #ajj ,f41 & x ma9ta9s a temp]ature ( #ii ,f4 & upw>d = sev]al days4 ,! v>iations ( temp]ature f o!r causes are mu* great] 9 *ildr5 ?an 9 adults1 z also ! normal daily v>iations ( temp]ature4 ,ab\t ! sixtie? ye> ! av]age temp]ature ( man beg9s to rise1 & approximates t ( ! infant4 ,9 ! "y & old ! heat-regulat+ p[] is m readily exhau/$1 & h5ce cont9u$ high temp]ature is f> m fatal to ^! classes4 ,! fir/ noticeable fact 9 reg>d to bodily temp]ature 9 disease is t !re are daily fluctuations z 9 heal?1 b mu* m extreme4 ,9 g5]al1 ! remission ( temp]ature 9 disease occurs 9 ! morn+1 & ! exac]bation 9 ! aft]noon & ev5+2 ! m9imum is rea*$ betwe5 six & n9e o'clock 9 ! morn+1 & ! maximum betwe5 ?ree & six o'clock 9 ! ev5+4 ,9 _m diseases ! m9imum temp]ature is n bel[ #ajj ,f41 & usually x is "o or two degrees above t po9t1 :ile ! maximum has no def9ite limit & may rea* ! dang]\s height ( #ajg ,f4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! highe/ daily temp]ature 9 disease1 z 9 heal?1 occurs 9 ! aft]noon1 :5 ! temp]ature ( ! air 9 summ] is ! greate/4 ,! conditions affect+ ! temp]ature ( ! body o!r ?an ^? due to physiological conditions are v num]\s4 ,fir/ & mo/ obvi\s is ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,x is a well-e/abli%$ fact t an av]age temp]ature ( ! air ( #ed ,f4 is be/ adapt$ to ! public heal?1 = at t temp]ature ! decomposition ( animal & vegetable matt] is slight1 & normal temp]ature is mo/ easily ma9ta9$4 ,e degree ( temp]ature above or bel[ t po9t requires a m or less ef=t ( ! heat-regulat+ p[] to ma9ta9 ! prop] equilibrium4 ,ev5 m pot5t 9 elevat+ ! bodily temp]ature is ! introduction into ! blood1 :e!r by respiration or by direct injection1 ( putrid fluids & ! gases ( decompos+ matt]s4 ,if ?is injection is repeat$ at %ort int]vals1 dea? w occur ) a high temp]ature4 ,! air ( cities conta9s emanations1 9 hot wea!r1 f a va/ numb] ( s\rces ( animal & vegetable decomposition1 & ! inhalation ( air s vitiat$ br+s 9 contact ) ! blood ^! delet]i\s products 9 a highly divid$ /ate :i* cause a fatal elevation ( temp]ature 9 ! "y1 old1 & enfeebl$4 ,! same effect is produc$ by ! air 9 close & heat$ places1 z 9 t5em5t h\ses1 work%ops1 s*oolh\ses1 hospital w>ds1 & o!r rooms :]e _m p]sons congregate = h\rs4 ,air ?us *>g$ ) poison\s gases becomes m dang]\s if ! temp]ature ( ! place is rais$1 z happ5s almo/ daily 9 ! summ] mon?s 9 cities4 ,f ! prec$+ facts we may conclude t1 z long z ! body cont9ues 9 heal?1 ! heat-regulat+ p[]1 :i* con/antly t5ds to pres]ve an equilibrium ( temp]ature1 is capable ( resi/+ ! ord9>y ag5cies t1 op]at+ ext]nally or int]nally1 exagg]ate ! heat-produc+ conditions1 & ?us de/roy ! individual4 ,b if ! p]son is suff]+ f a disease :i* weak5s ! heat-regulat+ p[] ^! delet]i\s ag5cies1 :i* ! heal?y p]son may resi/1 w readily ov]p[] ! already q exhau/$ heat-regulat+ =ces1 & he p]i%es by combu/ion4 ,x is v evid5t t 9 an organism hav+ complicat$ functions1 l t ( man1 & subject to su* a multitude ( adv]se influ5ces1 ! balance betwe5 heal? & disease mu/ be v nicely adju/$4 ,too great an elevation or too great a depression ( temp]ature may de/roy ! heat-regulat+ p[]1 & disease or dea? w be ! consequ5ce4 ,or ?is heat-regulat+ p[] may be weak5$ or de/roy$ by causes g5]at$ )9 ! body1 or receiv$ f )\t1 & ! heat-produc+ ag5cies are !n "u influ5ces :i* may prove to be p[]fully de/ructive =ces4 ,x w n n[ be difficult to und]/& 9 :at mann] high temp]ature affects ! public heal? ( l>ge cities4 ,evid5tly 9 ! direct action ( heat ^u ! human body we h ! mo/ p[]ful ag5cy 9 ! production ( our great summ] mortality4 ,:ile sun/roke repres5ts ! maximum direct effect ( sol> heat ^u ! human subject1 ! l>ge increase ( dea?s f wa/+ *ronic diseases & di>rhal affections1 ( *ildr5 "u "o ye> ( age & p]sons upw>d ( sev5ty ye>s ( age1 %[s ! t]rible effects ( ! prevail+ int5se heat ( summ] ^u all :o are debilitat$ by disease or age & !reby h _! heat-regulat+ p[] dim9i%$4 ,! fact has be5 e/abli%$ by repeat$ exp]im5t t :5 sol> or artificial heat is cont9ually appli$ to ! animal ! temp]ature ( its body w gradually rise until all ( ! comp5sat+ or heat-regulat+ ag5cies fail to pres]ve ! equilibrium1 & ! temp]ature rea*es a po9t at :i* dea? takes place f actual combu/ion4 ,9 g5]al1 a temp]ature ( #ajg ,f4 9 man w\ld be reg>d$ z indicat+ an unfavorable t]m9ation ( any disease4 ,9 p]sons suff]+ f sun/roke ! temp]ature (t5 ranges f #ajf ,f4 to #aaj ,f41 ! high] temp]ature appe>+ j be=e a fatal t]m9ation4 ,! indirect effects ( heat appe> 9 ! production ( poison\s gases :i* vitiate ! air & r5d] x m or less prejudicial to heal?4 ,decomposition ( all =ms ( refuse animal & vegetable matt] proce$s ) f> great] rapidity dur+ ! summ] qu>t] ?an dur+ o!r mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,among ! e>ly results ( summ] heat is ! damage to food4 ,milk retail$ ?r\gh ! city1 ! sole or *ief diet ( ?\s&s ( h&-f$ infants1 und]goes su* *anges z to r5d] x n only less nutriti\s b also hurtful to ! dige/ive organs4 ,! vegetables & fruits 9 ! m>kets rapidly det]iorate & become unfit = food4 ,meats & fi% quickly take on putrefactive *anges :i* r5d] !m m or less indige/ible4 ,! effect ( ?is increase ( temp]ature ^u ! refuse & fil? ( ! /reets1 c\rts1 & alleys1 ^u ! air 9 close places1 9 ! t5em5t h\ses1 & ^u ! t5ants !mselves is soon p]ceptible4 ,! f\l gases ( decomposition fill ! atmosph]e ( ! city & r5d] ! air ( close & unv5tilat$ places /ifl+2 :ile languor1 depression1 & debility fall ^u ! population l a widespread epidemic4 ,! physician n[ recognizes ! fact t a new elem5t has ent]$ into ! m$ical con/itution ( ! season4 ,! sickly "y1 ! enfeebl$ old1 ^? exhau/$ f wa/+ diseases1 ^: native en]gies 7 j suffici5t to ma9ta9 _! t5ure ( life1 are ! fir/ to succumb to ?is pressure ^u _! vital res\rces4 ,di>rhal diseases ( e =m next appe> & assume a fatal int5sity1 & f9ally ! occurr5ce ( sun/roke 7or heat-/roke7 det]m9es ! maximum effects ( heat ^u ! public heal?4 ,! sickness records ( disp5s>ies & ! mortality records ( ! ,heal? ,dep>tm5t %[ t a new & mo/ de/ructive =ce is n[ op]at+1 n only 9 ! diseases above m5tion$1 b 9 ne>ly all ( ! diseases ( ! p]iod4 ,fev]s1 inflammatory diseases1 & o!rs ( a simil> nature run a m rapid c\rse1 & are f> less am5able to treatm5t4 ,?is is due1 9 ! op9ion ( em95t m$ical au?ority1 to ! addition ( ! heat ( ! air to ! heat ( ! body4 ,inde$1 ! only safety is 9 flight f ! city to ! c\ntry & to cool localities1 z ! sea%ore or ! m\nta9s4 ,! imm$iate improvem5t ( ^? suff]+ f affections ( ! city :5 transf]r$ to ! c\ntry is (t5 m>vel\s1 & %[s conclusively h[ fatal is ! elem5t ( heat 9 its direct & indirect effects ^u ! resid5ts ( ! city4 ,let u next consid] ! causes ( high temp]ature 9 ! city ( ,new ,york4 ,x is a well-e/abli%$ fact t ! temp]ature ( l>ge & d5sely populat$ t[ns is f> high] ?an ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,?is is due to a v>iety ( causes1 ! *ief ( :i* are ! abs5ce ( vegetation2 ! dra9age & h5ce ! dryness ( ! soil2 ! cov]+ ( ! e>? ) /one1 bricks1 & mort>2 ! aggregation ( population to surface area2 ! mass+ toge!r ( build+s2 & ! artificial heat ( work%ops & manufactories4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! mean temp]ature ( ! city at ,coop] ,in/itute & at ! ,ars5al1 ,c5tral ,p>k1 = a s+le mon?1 illu/rates ?is fact4 ,ano!r /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]ature ( ^! two po9ts ( obs]vation is t ! range is mu* great] at ,c5tral ,p>k ?an at ,coop] ,in/itute1 ! temp]ature fall+ at night m at ! =m] ?an at ! latt] place4 ,! effect ( vegetation is to l[] ! temp]ature at night1 :ile brick & /one reta9 ! heat & prev5t any consid]able fall ( temp]ature dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x may be said ( ,new ,york t x has all ! conditions ( increas$ temp]ature above giv5 9 an int5sifi$ =m4 ,x has a s\!rn exposure2 all ( its broad av5ues run nor? & s\?2 ! surface is cov]$ ) /one1 brick1 & asphalt2 x is de/itute ( vegetation except 9 its p>ks1 :i* h a v limit$ area comp>$ ) ! ne$s ( ! city2 its build+s are irregul>ly arrang$ & cr[d$ toge!r s z to give ! l>ge/ am\nt ( elevation ) ! lea/ sup]ficial area2 v5tilation ( c\rts1 areas1 & liv+ rooms is sacrific$2 its ill-con/ruct$ & ov]cr[d$ t5em5t h\ses1 especially ( c]ta9 di/ricts1 h ! l>ge/ population to surface area ( any city 9 ! civiliz$ _w4 ,to ^! natural & /ructural unfavorable sanit>y conditions mu/ be add$ ! enorm\s production ( artificial heat 9 dwell+s4 ,:5 ! summ] temp]ature beg9s to rise ! sol> heat is con/antly add$ to ! artificial heat already exi/+4 ,! temp]ature ( ! :ole va/ mass ( /ones1 bricks1 mort>1 & asphalt gradually increases1 ) no o!r mitigation or modification ?an t caus$ by ! incon/ant w9ds & occasional ra9/orms4 ,& ! evils ( high temp]ature are ye>ly increas+ z ! area ( brick1 /one1 & asphalt ext5ds4 ,! records ( sun/roke dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s is appall+1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( cases & _! comp>ative increase4 ,if no adequate rem$y is discov]$ & appli$1 ! day w\ld n seem to be di/ant :5 ! resid5t1 especially if he is a labor]1 w rema9 9 ! city & pursue 8 "w dur+ ! summ] at ! con/ant risk ( 8 life4 ,turn+ n[ to consid] ! "q ( ! measures :i* are be/ adapt$ to protect ! pres5t & future population ( ,new ,york f ! effects ( high summ] temp]atures1 we are met by _m sugge/ions ( m or less value4 ,! m important me?ods propos$ are3 a l>ge supply ( public ba?s2 ! daily flu%+ ( ! /reets ) an imm5se volume ( riv] wat]2 recreation pi]s2 excursions to ! sea%ore2 tempor>y resid5ce 9 ! c\ntry1 etc4 ,b ^! are = ! mo/ "p tempor>y exp$i5ts1 applicable to individuals1 & are b accessory to "s m radical measure :i* aims to s *ange ! atmosph]ic conditions t excessive heat c n occur4 ,! real problem to be solv$ may be ?us /at$3 ,h[ c ! temp]ature ( ! city ( ,new ,york be s modifi$ dur+ ! summ] mon?s z to prev5t t extreme degree ( heat on :i* ! enorm\s sickness & dea? rate ( ! p dep5d8 ,discuss+ ! subject broadly f ?is /&po9t1 x becomes at once evid5t t we mu/ employ ^? ag5cies :i* 9 ! wide field ( ,nature are design$ to mitigate heat & purify ! air & ?us create p]man5t climatic conditions favorable = ! habitation ( man4 ,x requires b little k ( ! physical =ces :i* modify ! climate ( l>ge areas ( ! e>?'s surface to recognize ! fact t vegetation plays a mo/ important "p4 ,& ( ! diff]5t =ms ( vegetation1 trees1 z comp>$ ) %rubs1 plants1 v9es1 & grasses1 are und\bt$ly ! mo/ effici5t4 ,?is is due to ! va/ area ( surface :i* _! leaves pres5t to ! air on a v limit$ gr\nd space4 ,! sanit>y value ( trees has hi!rto be5 practically unrecogniz$ by man4 ,) ! mo/ ru?less h& he has ev]y:]e & at all times sacrific$ ?is mo/ important factor 9 ! cons]vation ( a heal?ful & temp]ate climate4 ,he has f\nd1 too late1 h[ev]1 t by ?is wa/e ( ! =e/s he has by no means improv$ 8 own condition4 ,! w9t]s h become cold]1 ! summ]s hott]2 ! liv+ spr+s h ceas$ to fl[ p]petually2 ! f]tiliz+ /reams h disappe>$2 ! e>? is deeply froz5 9 w9t] & p>*$ 9 summ]2 &1 f9ally1 new & grave diseases h appe>$ :]e =m]ly !y 7 unkn[n4 ,x is well und]/ood t ! temp]ature 9 a =e/1 a grove1 or ev5 a clump ( trees1 is cool] 9 summ] & w>m] 9 w9t] ?an ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,man & animals alike seek ! %ade ( groves & trees dur+ ! heat ( ! day1 & are greatly refre%$ & reviv$ by ! cool atmosph]e4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]ature ( ! air "u & among ! bran*es ( a s+le tree1 d5sely leav$1 & ! surr\nd+ air1 on a hot day1 is in/antly realiz$ by ! labor] or travel] :o seeks ! %ade4 ,! !rmomet] 9 ! sun & %ade %[s a diff]5ce ( tw5ty1 ?irty1 & =ty degrees1 & 9 ! soil a diff]5ce ( t5 to elev5 degrees4 ,! rev]se is true 9 w9t]4 ,! labor] & travel] expos$ to ! cold ( ! op5 c\ntry f9d 9 ! =e/ a degree ( w>m? q z great z 9 a build+ b imp]fectly inclos$4 ,railroad eng9e]s in=m u t !y h occasion to use f> less fuel 9 pass+ ?r\gh =e/s 9 w9t] ?an 9 trav]s+ ! same di/ance 9 ! op5 c\ntry4 ,:5 ! gr\nd 9 ! fields is froz5 two or ?ree feet deep1 its temp]ature 9 ! =e/ is f\nd above ! freez+ po9t4 ,=e/s & ev5 s+le trees h1 !re=e1 a m>k$ influ5ce ^u ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 especially dur+ ! summ]1 & !y evid5tly t5d to equalize temp]ature1 prev5t+ extremes bo? 9 summ] & w9t]4 ,h5ce !y become ( imm5se value z sanit>y ag5cies 9 pres]v+ equality ( climatic conditions4 ,x is believ$ by "s vegetable physiologi/s t trees ex]t ?is p[] ?r\gh _! own inh]5t w>m?1 :i* always rema9s at a fix$ /&>d bo? 9 summ] & w9t]4 ,obs]vation %[s1 says ,megus*]1#b t ! wood ( a liv+ tree ma9ta9s a temp]ature ( f #ed to #ef ,f41 :5 ! temp]ature /&s f #cg to #dg ,f4 above z]o1 & t ! int]nal w>m? does n rise & fall 9 proportion to t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,s long z ! latt] is bel[ #fg ,f41 t ( ! tree is always highe/2 b1 if ! temp]ature ( ! air rises to #fg ,f41 t ( ! vegetable gr[? is ! l[e/4 ,s9ce1 !n1 trees ma9ta9 at all seasons a con/ant mean temp]ature ( #ed ,f41 x is easy to see :y ! air 9 contact ) ! =e/ mu/ be w>m] 9 w9t] & cool] 9 summ] ?an 9 situations :]e x is depriv$ ( t influ5ce4#c ,aga91 ! %ade ( trees protects ! e>? f ! direct rays ( ! sun1 & prev5ts sol> irradiation f ! e>?4 ,?is effect is ( imm5se importance 9 cities :]e ! pav$ /reets become excessively heat$1 & radiation creates "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s s\rces ( heat4 ,:oev] has walk$ 9 ! /reets ( ,new ,york1 on a hot summ]'s day1 protect$ f ! direct rays ( a midday sun by 8 umbrella1 has f\nd ! reflect$ heat ( ! pavem5t intol]able4 ,if = a mom5t he pass$ into ! d5se %ade ( a tree1 he at once exp]i5c$ a m>k$ s5se ( relief4 ,?is relief is n due s mu* to ! %ade z to ! cool+ effect ( ! vaporization f ! leaves ( ! tree4 ,trees also h a cutane\s transpiration by _! leaves4 ,& al?\gh !y absorb l>gely ! vapor ( ! surr\nd+ air1 & also ! wat] ( ! soil1 !y nev]!less exhale con/antly l>ge volumes into ! air4 ,?is vaporization ( liquids is a frigorific or cool+ process1 & :5 mo/ rapid ! frigorific effect rea*es its maximum4 ,! am\nt ( fluid exhal$ by vegetation has be51 at v>i\s times1 e/imat$ ) m or less accuracy4 ,hales#d /ates t a sunfl[]1 ) a surface ( #e4faf squ>e in*es1 ?r[s (f at ! rate ( tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r ounces avoirdupois e twelve h\rs2 a v9e1 ) twelve squ>e feet ( foliage1 exhales at ! rate ( five or six ounces daily4 ,bi%op ,watson1 9 8 exp]im5ts on grasses1 e/imat$ t an acre ( grass emits into ! atmosph]e #f4djj qu>ts ( wat] 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t vegetation t5ds p[]fully to cool ! atmosph]e dur+ a summ] day1 & ?is effect increases 9 proportion to ! increase ( ! temp]ature4 ,! influ5ce ( trees heavily leav$1 9 a di/rict :]e !re is no o!r vegetation1 9 mod]at+ & equaliz+ ! temp]ature1 c n be ov]e/imat$4 ,! am\nt ( sup]ficial surface expos$ by ! foliage ( a s+le tree is imm5se4 ,= example1 ! ,wa%+ton elm1 ( ,cambridge1 ,mass41 a tree ( mod]ate size1 0 e/imat$ sev]al ye>s s9ce to produce a crop ( sev5 million leaves1 expos+ a surface ( two hundr$ ?\s& squ>e feet1 or ab\t five acres ( foliage4 ,trees regulate ! humidity ( ! air by ! process ( absorption & transpiration4 ,!y absorb ! moi/ure conta9$ 9 ! air1 & aga9 return to ! air1 9 ! =m ( vapor1 ! wat] :i* !y h absorb$ f ! e>? & ! air4 ,! fl[ ( sap 9 trees = ! mo/ "p ceases at night1 ! /imulus ( light & heat be+ necess>y to ! function ( absorption & evaporation4 ,dur+ ! heat$ portions ( ! day1 !re=e1 :5 !re is ! mo/ ne$ ( ag5cies to equalize bo? temp]ature & humidity1 trees p]=m _! peculi> functions mo/ actively4 ,moi/ure is rapidly absorb$ f ! air by ! leaves1 & f ! e>? by ! roots1 & is aga9 all return$ to ! air & e>? by transpiration or exudation4 ,! effect ( ?is process ^u temp]ature & humidity is ?us /at$ by ,m>%3 ,! evaporation ( ! juices ( ! plant by :atev] process effect$1 takes up atmosph]ic heat & produces refrig]ation4 ,?is effect is n less real1 ?\gh mu* less s5sible 9 ! =e/ ?an 9 mead[ & pa/ure l&1 & x c n be d\bt$ t ! local temp]ature is consid]ably affect$ by x4 ,b ! evaporation t cools ! air diffuses ?r\gh x1 at ! same "t1 a m$ium :i* p[]fully resi/s ! escape ( heat f ! e>? by radiation4 ,visible vapor or cl\ds1 x is well kn[n1 prev5t fro/s by ob/ruct+ radiation1 or r by reflect+ back aga9 ! heat radiat$ by ! e>?1 j z any me*anical scre5 w\ld d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 cl\ds int]cept ! rays ( ! sun also1 & h9d] its heat f rea*+ ! e>?4 ,aga91 he says1 ^u ! :ole1 _! g5]al effect seems to be to mitigate extremes ( atmosph]ic heat & cold1 moi/ure & dr\ght4 ,!y s]ve z equaliz]s ( temp]ature & humidity4 ,aga91 let u notice ! effects ( trees ^u mal>ial emanations4 ,! p[] ( trees1 :5 9 leaf1 to r5d] h>mless ! poison\s emanations f ! e>? has long be5 an e/abli%$ fact4 ,man may live 9 close proximity to m>%es f :i* arise ! mo/ dang]\s mal>ia ) ! utmo/ impunity1 provid$ a grove int]v5e betwe5 8 home & ! m>%4 ,?is function ( trees 0 kn[n to ! ,romans1 :o enact$ laws requir+ ! plant+ ( trees 9 places made un9habitable by ! diffusion ( mal>ia1 & plac$ groves s]v+ su* purposes "u ! protection ( "s div9ity to insure _! protection4 ,x is a rule ( ! ,briti% army 9 ,india to select an encampm5t hav+ a grove betwe5 ! camp & any l[1 wet soil4 ,f9ally1 trees purify ! atmosph]e4 ,! process ( vegetable nutrition consi/s 9 ! appropriation by ! plant or tree ( c>bon4 ,?is elem5t x receives f ! air 9 ! =m pr9cipally ( c>bonic acid1 & 9 ! process ( dige/ion ! oxyg5 is lib]at$ & aga9 re/or$ to ! air1 :ile ! c>bon becomes fix$ z an elem5t ( ! woody fib]4 ,man & animals1 on ! contr>y1 require oxyg5 = _! nutrition1 & ! supply is 9 ! air !y brea!4 ,c>bon is a wa/e product ( ! animal sy/em1 &1 unit+ ) ! oxyg51 is expir$ z c>bonic acid1 a p[]ful animal poison4 ,a slight increase ( ! normal quantity ( c>bonic acid 9 ! air r5d]s x poison\s to man1 & cont9u$ respiration ( su* air1 or a consid]able increase ( ! c>bonic acid1 w prove fatal4 ,! animal & vegetable _w1 !re=e1 complem5t ea* o!r1 & ! "o furni%es ! conditions & =ces by :i* ! o!r ma9ta9s life & heal?4 ,plants1 says ,s*a*t1 imbibe f ! air c>bonic acid & o!r gase\s or volatile products exhal$ by animals1 develop$ by ! natural ph5om5a ( decomposition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! vegetable p\rs into ! atmosph]e oxyg51 :i* is tak5 up by animals & appropriat$ by !m4 ,! tree1 by means ( its leaves & its "y h]bace\s twigs1 pres5ts a consid]able surface = absorption & evaporation2 x ab/racts ! c>bon ( c>bonic acid1 & solidifies x 9 wood fecula1 & a multitude ( o!r comp\nds4 ,! result is t a =e/ )draws f ! air1 by its great absorb5t surface1 mu* m gas ?an mead[s or cultivat$ fields1 & exhales proportionally a consid]ably great] quantity ( oxyg54 ,! influ5ce ( ! =e/s on ! *emical composition ( ! atmosph]e is1 9 a ^w1 ( ! highe/ importance4#e ,9 l>ge cities1 :]e animal & vegetable decomposition goes on rapidly dur+ ! summ]1 ! atmosph]e is1 z already /at$1 at times saturat$ ) delet]i\s gases4 ,at ! p]iod ( ! day :5 mal>ia & mephitic gases are emitt$ 9 ! greate/ quantity & activity1 ?is function ( absorption by vegetation is mo/ active & p[]ful4 ,c>bonic acid1 ammoniacal comp\nds1 & o!r gases1 products ( putrefaction1 s actively poison\s to man1 are absorb$1 & 9 ! process ( vegetable dige/ion ! delet]i\s portion is sep>at$ & appropriat$ by ! plant1 :ile oxyg51 ! elem5t ess5tial to animal life1 is return$ to ! air4 ,trees1 !re=e1 9 cities1 are ( imm5se value1 ow+ to _! p[] to de/roy or neutralize mal>ia1 & to absorb ! poison\s elem5ts ( gase\s comp\nds1 :ile !y r5d] ! air m respirable by emitt+ oxyg54 ,! conclusion f ! =ego+ facts is inevitable t "o ( ! great & press+ sanit>y wants ( ,new ,york city is an ample supply ( trees4 ,x is1 9 effect1 de/itute ( trees2 = ! unsightly %rubs :i* are plant$ by citiz5s are1 9 no prop] s5se1 adequate to ! purpose :i* we contemplate4 ,its long av5ues1 runn+ nor? & s\?1 )\t a %ade tree1 & expos$ to ! full effect ( ! sun1 are all b impassable at noonday 9 ! summ] mon?s4 ,! p$e/rian :o v5tures out at su* an h\r f9ds no protection f an umbrella1 on acc\nt ( ! radiation ( ! int5se heat f ! pav$ surface4 ,animals & man alike suff] f exposure 9 ! gl[+ heat4 ,no?+ mitigates its int5sity b ! w9ds or an occasional ra9/orm4 ,& :5 ev5+ comes on1 ! cool+ ( ! atmosph]e produc$ by vegetation does n occur1 & unless p>tially reliev$ by favor+ w9ds or a %[] ! heat cont9ues1 b little abat$1 & ! atmosph]e rema9s *>g$ ) noxi\s & irrespirable gases4 ,x is evid5t t %ade trees1 ( prop] k9ds1 & suitably arrang$1 supply ! conditions necess>y to c\nt]act ! evils ( excessive heat4 ,!y protect ! pav$ /reets & ! build+s l>gely f ! direct rays ( ! sun2 !y cool ! l[] /ratum ( air by evaporation f _! imm5se surfaces ( leaves2 !y absorb at once ! mal>i\s emanations & gases ( decomposition1 & ab/ract _! poison\s prop]ties = _! own consumption2 !y )draw f ! air ! c>bonic acid ?r[n (f f ! animal sy/em z a poison1 & decompos+ x1 appropriate ! elem5t dang]\s to man1 & give back to ! atmosph]e ! elem5t ess5tial to 8 heal? & ev5 life4#f ,& we may add t cultivat$ %ade trees 9 ,new ,york w\ld be an arti/ic & attractive feature ( ! /reets4 ,e citiz5 enjoys trees1 z is evid5t f ! ef=ts made to cultivate !m ?r\gh\t ! city4 ,x is frequ5tly alleg$ t trees c n be successfully cultivat$ 9 cities on acc\nt ( ! gases 9 ! soil4 ,!re are ample pro(s to ! contr>y4 ,! city ( ,p>is /rik+ly illu/rates ! possibility ( cultivat+ a l>ge v>iety ( trees 9 ! /reets & public places ( l>ge cities :5 ! plant+ & cultivation is plac$ "u compet5t au?ority4 ,9 our own c\ntry ! cities ( ,new ,hav5 & ,wa%+ton are examples ( ! successful cultivation ( trees to an ext5t suffici5t to greatly modify ! summ] temp]ature4 ,au?orities on l&scape g>d5+ & =e/ry su/a9 ! view t "u prop] sup]vision by compet5t & skill$ p]sons a great v>iety ( trees1 %rubs1 plants1 & v9es c be cultivat$ 9 ! /reets & public places ( ?is city4 ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,law ,olm/ead1 to :om ! city is s mu* indebt$ = 8 intellig5t sup]vision ( ,c5tral ,p>k 9 its e>ly p]iod1 w>mly support$ a movem5t to cultivate trees1 %rubs1 plants1 & v9es 9 ! /reets ( ,new ,york4 ,dr4 ,j4,t4 ,ro?rock1 ! v able & exp]i5c$ ,commission] ( ,=e/ry ( ,p5nsylvania1 "u date ( ,octob] #aj1 #ahih1 speak+ ( ! propos$ plan ( secur+ ! cultivat+ trees 9 ! /reets ( ?is city1 rem>ks3 ,i ?9k x an excell5t measure1 & ,i am sure t dur+ ! torrid season ! m tree %ade y h ! few] w be y\r cases ( heat exhau/ion4 ,x is idle to say1 z is (t5 said 9 ?is c\ntry1 t trees c n be made to gr[ 9 our cities4 ,"u exi/+ conditions ! wond] is1 n t trees look unheal?y 9 mo/ cities1 b t any ( !m manage to live at all4 ,x is p]fectly well kn[n t ! city ( ,p>is has ?\s&s ( trees gr[+ vigor\sly "u su* surr\nd+s z ! ,am]ican g>d5] w\ld ?9k impossible4 ,two ?+s are necess>y to success--viz41 fir/1 ! k9ds ( trees to endure city life mu/ be f\nd2 &1 second1 select f among !m su* z are adapt$ by _! size & %ape to ea* special place4 ,mr4 ,gif=d ,p9*ot1 ( ! ,division ( ,=e/ry1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 writes "u date ( ,decemb] #b1 #ahih3 ,/reet trees are successfully plant$ 9 great numb]s 9 all ( ! mo/ beautiful cities ( ! _w4 ,wa%+ton & ,p>is are conspicu\s examples4 ,t su* trees succe$ is l>gely due to ! great c>e tak5 9 sett+ !m out4 ,! attractiv5ess ( cities has come to be reckon$ among _! bus9ess advantages1 & no?+ adds to x m ?an well-select$1 well-plant$1 & well-c>$-= trees4 ,on ! score ( public heal? trees 9 ! /reets ( cities are equally desirable4 ,!y become objectionable only :5 badly select$ & badly ma9ta9$4 ,9 a rec5t pap] on ,tree ,plant+ 9 ! ,/reets ( ,wa%+ton1 ,mr4 ,w4,p4 ,ri*>ds1 surveyor ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 rem>ks t1 "u ! plan adopt$1 tree plant+ has nev] be5 at an exp]im5tal /age 9 t city4 ,wa%+ton 0 a city ( "y trees dur+ ! sev5ties1 & 9 ! spr+ ( #ahge m ?an six ?\s& trees 7 plant$1 consi/+ ( silv] maples1 ,norway maples1 ,am]ican elms1 ,am]ican & ,european l9d5s1 sug> maples1 tulip trees1 ,am]ican :ite a%1 sc>let maples1 v>i\s popl>s1 & a%-leav$ maples4444 ,a c>eful c\nt 0 made ( ! trees 9 #ahhg1 & by comp>+ ?is ) ! numb] ( trees s9ce plant$ & ^? remov$1 !re is f\nd to be m ?an sev5ty-eight ?\s& trees1 :i* if plac$ ?irty feet ap>t w\ld l9e bo? sides ( a b\lev>d betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,new ,york4 ,^! consi/ ( m ?an ?irty v>ieties4 ,mr4 ,ri*>ds adds3 ,! plant+ & c>e ( trees 9 ,wa%+ton gr[s f ye> to ye>1 & ! future w probably dem& m skill & judgm5t ?an 9 ye>s pa/4 ,ab\t tw5ty ?\s& doll>s is sp5t annually1 mo/ ( x 9 ! c>e ( old trees4 ,f "o to ?ree ?\s& "y trees are plant$ dur+ ! spr+ & fall ( ea* ye>4 ,! nurs]y has sev]al ?\s& ( ! be/ v>ieties ready = plant+4 ,! op9ions ( ^! au?orities & ! success ( ! "w 9 ,wa%+ton1 n[ ext5d+ ov] a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 det]m9e beyond all "q ! feasibility & practicability ( successfully cultivat+ trees 9 ! /reets ( cities4 ,& if any "o d\bts ! p[] ( trees cultivat$ 9 ! /reets to *ange ! temp]ature ( a city let him calculate ! am\nt ( foliage :i* ! sev5ty-eight ?\s& trees1 :5 full-gr[n1 w furni% ! city ( ,wa%+ton1 tak+ z 8 basis ! fact t a s+le tree1 ! ,wa%+ton elm1 at ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 :5 9 full leafage1 equals five acres ( foliage1 & t "o acre ( grass emits into ! atmosph]e #f4djj qu>ts ( wat] 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 a p[]fully cool+ process4 ,we h1 f9ally1 to consid] ?r\gh :at ag5cy ! propos$ cultivation ( trees 9 ! city ( ,new ,york c be accompli%$ mo/ rapidly & successfully4 ,?ree me?ods may be sugge/$1 viz43 #a4 ,enc\rage citiz5s ea* to plant & cultivate trees on 8 own premises4 #b4 ,organize volunt>y tree-plant+ associations1 :i* %all aid citiz5s or und]take to d ! "w at a m9imum co/4 #c4 ,place ! "w "u ! entire sup]vision & jurisdiction ( public au?ority4 ,! fir/ me?od has be5 on trial f ! f\ndation ( ! city1 & its results are a few /unt$ apologies = trees :i* are useless = sanit>y purposes & unsightly = ornam5tation4 ,! av]age citiz5 is entirely incompet5t ei!r to select ! prop] tree or to cultivate x :5 plant$4 ,tree-plant+ associations h prov$ useful ag5cies 9 excit+ a popul> int]e/ 9 ! subject1 & 9 aid+ citiz5s 9 ! selection ( suitable trees & 9 cultivat+ !m4 ,! ,tree-,plant+ & ,f\nta9 ,society ( ,brooklyn1 "u ! v able managem5t ( its accompli%$ secret>y1 ,pr(4 ,lewis ,coll9s1 is a model organization ( ! k9d1 & has accompli%$ a va/ am\nt ( good 9 ?is field 9 t city4 ,b x may well be que/ion$ if we h n rea*$ a p]iod ( sanit>y re=m 9 cities :5 a "w ( ! k9d we contemplate 9 ,new ,york %\ld n be und]tak5 by ! /rong arm ( ! city gov]nm5t1 z a matt] ( public policy1 & c>ri$ /eadily =w>d to its completion4 ,! gr[? ( ! great] city is f> too rapid 9 e direction to await ! sl[ movem5ts ( ! p "u ! pressure ( volunt>y organizations4 ,! be/ "w c be done 9 ^? outly+ di/ricts :]e ! /reets are z yet b sp>sely built ^u1 & ! soil has be5 undi/urb$4 ,aga91 x is ( ! utmo/ importance t a "w ( ?is k9d1 :i* w l>gely prove "o ( city ornam5tation1 %\ld be "u ! exclusive direction ( a skill$ c5tral au?ority hav+ ample p[] & means to h>monize e feature ( ! "w f ! c5t] ( ! city to its remote/ limits4 ,f9ally1 ! successful cultivation ( trees & o!r vegetation 9 our /reets c be successfully c>ri$ on only by exp]ts 9 ! art ( tree culture1 :o devote _! entire "t & en]gies to ^! duties1 & are su/a9$ by ! p[] ( ! city gov]nm5t4 ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,law ,olm/ead rem>ks1 ,n "o 9 a hundr$ ( all t may h be5 plant$ 9 ! /reets ( our ,am]ican cities 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s has _h su* treatm5t t its species w\ld come to be if prop]ly plant$ & c>$ =4 ,mr4 ,ri*>ds1 9 ! pap] ref]r$ to on ,tree ,plant+ 9 ! ,/reets ( ,wa%+ton1 makes ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,! selection1 plant+1 & c>e ( all trees 9 ! /reets ( ,wa%+ton are "u ! direction ( ! ,di/rict au?orities2 individual pref]5ces & private ent]prises are n all[$ to regulate ?is improvem5t1 z is g5]ally done 9 o!r cities4 ,moreov]1 ! city has its own nurs]y1 :]e se$s plant$ f its own trees gr[ & supply all ! ne$$ v>ieties4 ,x is app>5t t to accompli% su* a "w z we propose ! und]tak+ mu/ be plac$ "u ! jurisdiction ( a dep>tm5t ( ! city gov]nm5t1 skill$ 9 ! p]=mance ( su* duties1 fully equipp$ ) all ne$ful appliances1 & clo!d ) ample p[] & suppli$ ) ! f9ancial res\rces necess>y to ov]come e ob/acle4 ,=tunately1 we h 9 our ,dep>tm5t ( ,p>ks an organiz$ bran* ( ! city adm9i/ration end[$ ) e qualification = ! p]=mance ( ^! duties4 ,! *>t] provides z foll[s3 ,x %all be ! duty ( ea* commission] 444 to ma9ta9 ! beauty & utility ( all su* p>ks1 squ>es1 & public places z are situat$ )9 8 jurisdiction1 & to in/itute & execute all measures = ! improvem5t !re( = ornam5tal purposes & = ! b5eficial uses ( ! p ( ! city1 444 & he %all h p[] to plant trees & to con/ruct1 erect1 & e/abli% seats1 dr9k+ f\nta9s1 /atues1 & works ( art1 :5 he may deem x ta/eful or appropriate s to d4 ,at ! head ( ?is s]vice is a l&scape ar*itect1 skill$ & exp]t1 ^: ass5t %all be requisite to all plans & works or *anges !re( respect+ ! con=mation1 developm5t1 or ornam5tation ( any ( ! p>ks1 squ>es1 or public places ( ! city1 to ! end t ! same may be uni=m & symmetrical at all times4 ,! conclusion seems inevitable t public policy requires t1 9 ! int]e/s ( ! heal? ( ! p & ! com=t & well-be+ ( t l>ge class ( ! poor :o c n escape ! summ] heat by leav+ ! city1 ! jurisdiction ( ! ,p>k ,dep>tm5t %\ld be ext5d$ to all trees1 %rubs1 plants1 & v9es n[ & h]eaft] plant$ & gr[+ 9 ! /reets ( ,new ,york1 & t said dep>tm5t %\ld be requir$ to plant su* additional trees1 %rubs1 etc41 z x may f "t to "t deem necess>y & exp$i5t = ! purpose ( c>ry+ out ! int5t & purpose ( su* act :i* %\ld be decl>$ to be to improve ! public heal?1 to r5d] ! city com=table to its summ] resid5ts1 & = ornam5tation4 ,he :o plants a tree1 he plants love2 ,t5ts ( coolness1 spread+ out above ,wayf>]s1 he may n live to see4 ,gifts t gr[ are be/1 ,h&s t bless are ble/4 ,plant4 ,life does ! re/4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,9 #ahgb1 :ile a ,commission] ( ,heal?1 ,i _h occasion to exam9e & report on ! causes ( ! high dea? rate dur+ ! summ] mon?s 9 ! city ( ,new ,york4 ,! *ief cause 0 det]m9$ to be ! excessive heat :i* *>act]izes ^? mon?s4 ,x 0 recomm5d$ 9 ! report to ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? t legislation be secur$ emp[]+ & requir+ ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,p>ks to plant & cultivate trees1 %rubs1 plants1 & v9es 9 all ! /reets1 av5ues1 & public places 9 ! city4 ,a bill 0 draft$ & introduc$ into ! ,legislature1 b x did n become a law1 & no fur!r ef=t has be5 made to secure su* legislation4 ,meantime1 two tree-plant+ societies h be5 e/abli%$1 "o 9 ! ,bor\gh ( ,brooklyn & ! o!r 9 ! ,bor\gh ( ,manhattan1 :i* are endeavor+ to awak5 public int]e/ to ! importance ( plant+ a suitable numb] & v>iety ( trees 9 ! /reets = purposes ( ornam5tation4 ,! aim ( ?is pap]1 :i* is l>gely bas$ on ! report ( #ahgb1 is to revive ! project ( giv+ ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,p>ks jurisdiction ov] ! trees 9 ! /reets1 & require x to plant & cultivate additional trees1 %rubs1 plants1 & o!r =ms ( vegetation = ! improvem5t ( ! public heal? & = ! purpose ( ornam5tation4 #b ,man & ,nature4 ,g4,p4 ,m>%1 ,new ,york1 #ahgb4 #c ,x is int]e/+ to notice1 9 ?is connection1 ! rem>k ( ,angus ,smi?1 t a temp]ature ( #ed ,f4 is important 9 ! decomposition ( animal & vegetable matt]4 #d ,public ,p>ks4 ,by ,john ,h4 ,rau*1 ,m4,d41 ,*icago1 #ahfi4 #e ,les ,arbres1 quot$ by ,m>%4 #f ,! late ,dr4 ,francis rem>k$ t he _h notic$ a m>k$ increase 9 ! fatality ( diseases 9 sections ( ! city aft] ! removal ( trees & all vegetation4 ,,miv>t',s ,,gr\ndwork ,,( ,,sci5ce4#g ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,william ,,kei? ,,brooks4 ,if books l ?is by ,pr(essor ,miv>t1 :o holds t ! gr\ndwork ( sci5ce mu/ be s\ght 9 ! human m9d1 help to tea* t ! greate/ s]vice ( sci5ce to mank9d is n practical1 b intellectual1 !y are wor?y ! consid]ation ( ! ?\ghtful1 ev5 if ?is consid]ation %\ld lead "s ( ! ?\ghtful to di/ru/ ,miv>t's gr\ndwork1 or to d\bt :e!r x is firm en\gh = any sup]/ructure4 ,_m1 no d\bt1 ?9k ! desire to "k a suffici5t gr\ndwork = sci5ce1 believ+ t !y wi% to "k 9 ord] t !y may rightly ord] _! lives2 b ! s*ool to :i* ,miv>t belongs tells !m all ?is is m]e vulg> ignorance1 s9ce ! gr\ndwork ( sci5ce is1 & mu/ be1 some?+ kn[n1 r ?an a humble wi% to "k4 ,accord+ to ,miv>t1 ! gr\ndwork ( sci5ce consi/s ( tru?s :i* c n be obta9$ by reason+1 & c n dep5d = _! c]ta9ty on any exp]im5ts or obs]vations alone1 s9ce :atev] tru?s dep5d ^u reason+ c n be ultimate1 b mu/ be po/]ior to1 & dep5d ^u1 ! pr9ciples1 obs]vations1 or exp]im5ts :i* %[ t x is inde$ true1 & ^u :i* its acceptance ?us dep5ds4 ,! gr\ndwork ( sci5ce mu/ !re=e be compos$1 he says1 ( tru?s :i* are self-evid5t2 & he assures u t1 if ?is 7 n ! case1 natural k w\ld be m]e m5tal p>alysis & self-/ultification4 ,he w\ld tell ! wayf>] :o1 hav+ be5 lo/ among ! m\nta9s1 comes at la/ ^u a broad highway w9d+ ar\nd ! foo?ills & /ret*+ d[n ov] ! pla9 to ! horizon1 t an attempt to g any:]e ^u ?is road is m]e p>alysis1 unless he kn[s :]e x beg9s & :]e x ends4 ,he w\ld h told ! anci5t dwell]s ^u ! %ores ( ! ,nile t _! belief t !y ow$ to ! riv] _! agriculture1 _! comm]ce1 _! art & sci5ce1 & all _! civilization1 0 m]e self-/ultification1 because !y knew no?+ ( its s\rces 9 ! c5tral table-l&4 ,may n "o believe1 ) ,miv>t1 t ! sci5tific k :i* arises 9 ! m9d by means ( ! s5ses ?r\gh contact ) ! _w ( ,nature1 ?us arises by virtue ( our innate reason1 & yet f9d good gr\nd = ask+ :e!r physical sci5ce may n h some?+ useful & important to tell u ab\t ! me*anism & hi/ory ( ?is innate reason itself8 ,is pro( t our reason is innate1 or born ) u1 pro( t x is ultimate or necess>y or beyond ! rea* ( improvem5t & developm5t by ! application ( natural k8 ,may n ?is reason itself prove1 p]haps1 to be a me*anical ph5om5on ( matt] & motion1 & a "p ( ! discov]able ord] ( physical causation2 & may n sci5ce "s "t tell u h[ x became innate1 & :at x is wor?8 ,que/ions ( ?is sort are easy to ask b h>d to answ]2 = _m hold our only way to rea* an answ] to be to f9d out by sci5tific rese>* & discov]y4 ,:ile ?is me?od may be too sl[ = a priori philosoph]s1 may x n be wise = ^? :o1 be+ no philosoph]s1 "k ( no %ort cut to natural k1 to admit t1 :ile !y w\ld l to "k m1 !y h n yet le>n$ all !re is to le>n8 ,if ?is susp5sion ( judgm5t is inde$ self-/ultification1 ! case ( _m /ud5ts is h>d1 ?\gh !y may n really f9d !mselves s helpless z !y are told t !y mu/ be2 = he :o is told by ! le>n$ faculty t he is p>alyz$ ne$ n be greatly tr\bl$ if he f9ds 8 p[]s = "w z mu* at 8 comm& z !y 7 be=e4 ,! mod]n /ud5t has he>d s _m v]sions ( ! /ory ( ! two-fac$ %ield t he is mu* dispos$ to suspect t _m ( ! que/ions :i* h s long divid$ philosoph]s may be only new illu/rations ( ! old fable1 & he asks :e!r !re ne$ be any real antagonism betwe5 ^? :o attribute k to exp]i5ce & ^? :o attribute x to our innate reason4 ,!re are m5 ( sci5ce :o1 see+ no good reason to *all5ge ,plato's belief t exp]i5ce1 creat+ no?+1 only calls =? ! ideas :i* 7 already dormant or lat5t 9 ! m9d1 d nev]!less f9d reason to ask :e!r exhau/ive k ( our physical hi/ory may n "s "t %[ h[ ^! dormant ideas came to be :at !y are4 ,!y ask :e!r errors may n be judgm5ts :i* lead u into dang] & t5d to our physical de/ruction1 & :e!r x may n be because a judgm5t has1 9 ! long run1 prov$ pres]vative 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce t we call x true4 ,may n1 = example1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! error t ! /ick half 9 wat] is b5t & ! tru? t ! /ick 9 air is /raight1 "s "t prove to be t ! savage :o has rectifi$ 8 judgm5t has spe>$ 8 fi%1 :ile he :o has n has lo/ 8 d9n]8 ,s long z we c ask su* que/ions z ?is1 h[ c we be sure t because a judgm5t is no m ?an might h be5 expect$ f u1 z ,nature has made u1 at our pres5t intellectual level1 x is ei!r necess>y or ultimate or univ]sal8 ,?+s t are innate or natural are n always necess>y or univ]sal1 = :ile reason is natural to ! m9d ( man1 "s m5 are unreasonable1 & a few h be5 ev5 kn[n to be illogical4 ,x !re=e seems cle> t ano!r view ( ! gr\ndwork ( sci5ce ?an t set =? by ,pr(essor ,miv>t is possible1 = _m believe t ?is gr\ndwork is to be f\nd 9 our desire to "k :at we d n yet "k1 r ?an 9 ?+s kn[n2 & !y believe !y wi% to "k 9 ord] t !y may le>n to di/+ui% tru? f error1 & walk ) sure feet :]e ! ignorant grope & /umble4 ,_m books are pr(itable & in/ructive ev5 if !y fail to conv9ce2 & ! "q :i* a prospective /ud5t ( ,miv>t's book is likely to ask is :e!r x is consi/5t ) itself2 = if ! au?or has n s f> made himself ma/] ( 8 subject z to /ate 8 case )\t palpable contradiction1 no "o w expect mu* help f him4 ,x is a rem>k ( ,ari/otle1 9 ! ,introduction to ! ,p>ts ( ,animals1 t :ile "o may ne$ special tra9+ to tell :e!r an au?or has prov$ 8 po9t1 all may judge :e!r he is consi/5t ) himself1 & ! attempt to le>n :e!r ,miv>t's book is consi/5t may n greatly tax our m9ds4 ,he tells u t _m m5 ( sci5ce are ideali/s2 & he says t idealism1 be+ m]e self-/ultify+ skepticism1 mu/ be refut$ & demoli%$ be=e we c beg9 our se>* = ! gr\ndwork ( sci5ce or be sure t we "k any?+4 ,x w\ld h surpris$ ,b]keley n a little to be told t 8 notions are ! v ess5ce ( skepticism1 = ! good bi%op tells u aga9 & aga9 t 8 only motive 9 writ+ is to make an end ( idle skepticism1 once = all1 t !y :o are no philosoph]s1 b simple1 hone/ folks1 may come by _! own & live at ease4 ,!re is little ease1 & less ju/ice1 ev5 at ?is late day1 = ! man ( sci5ce :o insi/s t he is nei!r an ideali/ nor a mat]iali/ nor a moni/1 b a naturali/2 & t x w be "t en\gh to h an op9ion z to ! relation betwe5 m9d & matt] :5 we f9d out2 b _m w1 no d\bt1 be pleas$ to he> t ! crime ( :i* !y are n[ suspect$ is no long] mat]ialism1 b idealism1 = ! public atta*es no odium to ! ideali/1 :atev] may be ,pr(essor ,miv>t's v]dict4 ,/ill all mu/ feel an int]e/ 9 ! exposure ( ! weakness ( idealism1 s9ce we h be5 told1 by _m %rewd ?9k]s1 t ,b]keley's /atem5t ( ! case1 :ile inconclusive1 is unansw]able2 al?\gh !y hold t x is lack ( exp]im5tal evid5ce :i* /&s 9 ! way ( ei!r its acceptance or its refutation4 ,miv>t beg9s 8 treatm5t ( idealism by a simple & satisfactory summ>y1 pages #cf-ch1 ( ,b]keley's ,pr9ciples1 b he =gets x on ! next page1 = x is no exagg]ation to ass]t t ! idealism :i* he refutes is a m]e p>ody on t :i* he has j giv5 8 read]s1 & some?+ t no sane man w\ld dream ( hold+4 ,= example1 he admits1 on page #ch1 t no?+ c be m absurd ?an ! criticism ( ^? p]sons :o say t ideali/s1 to be consi/5t1 ought to run up aga9/ lamp-po/s1 fall into dit*es1 & commit o!r l absurdities4 ,on page #dg he und]takes to %[1 by ! natural spontane\s judgm5t ( mank9d1 t ext]nal mat]ial bodies exi/ ( !mselves1 & h a sub/antial reality 9 addition to t ( ! qualities we p]ceive2 because ! spontane\s judgm5t ( mank9d accords ) :at ev5 animals le>n ?r\gh _! s5ses4 ,a wide riv] is an objective ob/acle to ! progress ( a man's dog1 z well z to t ( ! dog's own]4 ,"o :o comp>es ! extract f page #ch ) ?is f page #dg c1 s f> z ,i c see1 reconcile !m only by "o ( ^! hypo!ses3 #a1 t ,miv>t holds a wide riv] to af=d pro( ( reality :i* is n af=d$ by a dit*2 or1 #b1 t ! dog :i* does n run aga9/ lamp-po/s af=ds evid5ce ( ! reality ( ,nature :i* is n af=d$ by a man 9 ! same circum/ances2 or1 #c1 t no?+ c be m absurd ?an ! criticism ( ^! p]sons :o reason l ,pr(essor ,miv>t4 ,:ile sometimes "r & sometimes wrong1 l ! re/ ( u1 ! apo/le ( t> wat] 0 no fool1 al?\gh ! gr\ndwork ( ,miv>t's sci5ce1 9 ! book be=e u1 is ! ass]tion t ideali/s idiotically d5y ev]y?+ :i* !y h n p]ceiv$1 & hold t ! ext]nal _w has no exi/5ce4 ,x is h>d to see h[ words c\ld be cle>] ?an ^? 9 :i* ,b]keley repudiates all nons5se ( ?is sort4 ,i d n argue1 says he1 aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( any "o ?+ t we appreh5d1 ei!r by s5se or by reflection4 ,t ! ?+s ,i see ) my eyes & t\* ) my h&s d exi/1 really exi/1 ,i make n ! lea/ "q4 ,i am ( a vulg> ca/1 simple en\gh to believe my own s5ses1 & to take ?+s z ,i f9d !m4 ,to be pla91 x is my op9ion t ! real ?+s are ! v ?+s t ,i see & feel1 & p]ceive by my s5ses4 ,i c n = my life help ?9k+ t sn[ is :ite & fire hot4 ,& z ,i am no skeptic ) reg>d to ! nature ( ?+s1 s nei!r am ,i z to _! exi/5ce4 ,t a ?+ %\ld be really p]ceiv$ by my s5ses1 & at ! same "t n really exi/1 is to me a pla9 contradiction4 ,wood1 /one1 fire1 wat]1 fle%1 iron1 & ! l ?+s1 :i* ,i "n & disc\rse (1 are ?+s ,i "k4 ,away1 !n1 ) all t skepticism1 all ^? ridicul\s philosophical d\bts6 ,i might z well d\bt ( my own be+ z ( ! be+ ( ^? ?+s ,i actually see & feel4 ,miv>t lays great /ress ^u ! op9ion ( m5 9 g5]al z a refutation ( idealism2 & z ,b]keley also says he is cont5t to appeal to ! common s5se ( ! _w1 x may be well to ask :at ! v]dict ( pla91 untutor$ m5 is1 ev5 if we d\bt :e!r su* a jury is ! highe/ tribunal4 ,ask ! g>d5]1 says ,b]keley1 :y he ?9ks yond] *]ry tree exi/s 9 ! g>d51 & he %all tell y1 because he sees x & feels x4 ,miv>t holds x "o ?+ to see1 & q ano!r matt] to "k t we see1 = he says t :ile we see & feel ! qualities ( ?+s by ^? l[] faculties :i* we %>e ) ! brutes1 we p]ceive ! sub/ance 9 :i* ^! qualities inh]e1 by c]ta9 high] faculties1 :i*1 :e!r repres5t$ 9 ! brutes by lat5t pot5cies or n1 h be5 giv5 to man 9 _! complet5ess1 & n sl[ly & gradually built up f l[ & simple beg9n+s 9 ! brutes4 ,! "q we are to ask ! g>d5] is1 !re=e1 some?+ to ?is effect3 ,:e!r he ?9ks ! *]ry tree exi/s because he sees x & feels x1 or because1 :5 he sees x & feels x1 he kn[s t he does s8 ,if he weighs 8 words w he n ask h[ he c "k t he does see x & feel x unless he kn[s t he does s8 ,i1 myself1 am no philosoph]2 b1 to my untutor$ m9d1 ,miv>t's di/9ction betwe5 ?+s p]ceiv$ by s5se1 & ?+s p]ceiv$ by s5se1 seems a m]e v]bal diff]5ce ( acc5t & emphasis1 r ?an a fundam5tal di/9ction4 ,z mo/ m5 use ! ^w1 m9d implies consci\sness ( t sort :i* ,miv>t calls self-consci\sness1 & :ile !re is no reason :y ^? :o *oose %\ld n s use ! ^w z to include unconsci\s or subconsci\s or consci5ti\s c]ebration1 mo/ pla91 untutor$ m5 pref] to use words z _! neighbors d4 ,if long wait+ on ,nature has giv5 to ! old g>d5] m %rewdness ?an we commonly f9d 9 ^? ^: pursuits are less leisurely1 he may say t1 :ile he kn[s ! tree is !re because he has plant$ x & t5d$ x & wat*$ x gr[1 x n[ falls on 8 eyes day aft] day1 )\t attract+ 8 notice1 unless some?+ ab\t x :i* calls = 8 skill cat*es 8 eye1 & comm&s 8 att5tion4 ,if we see reason to believe t ?is diff]5ce is a matt] ( words & def9itions1 r ?an a real diff]5ce 9 k9d2 if we fail to f9d any %>p divid+ l9e betwe5 unp]ceiv$ c]ebration & m9d1 is n ?is1 9 itself1 en\gh to lead ev5 ,macaulay's s*oolboy to ask :e!r m9d may n be a sl[ & gradual gr[? f small beg9n+s1 & a co-ord9at$ :ole1 to ! common function ( :i* all its p>ts contribute1 r ?an a gift ( l[] faculties & high] faculties8 ,we mu/ ask1 h[ev]1 :e!r me*anical explanations ( m9d are 9 any way antagoni/ic to ! conviction t x is a gift4 ,may n "o /udy ! hi/ory ( ! me*anism ( m9d1 & ! way ?is me*anism works1 9 a _s ( pr(\nd & humble gratitude to ! ,giv] ( all good gifts8 ,is ! lam5table preval5ce1 among pla9 untutor$ m51 ( ! notion t me*anical explanations ( ,nature are inconsi/5t ) belief t all ,nature is a gift1 to be laid to ! *>ge ( ! m5 ( sci5ce8 ,is x n r ! poison\s fruit ( ! ill-advis$ attempts ( philosoph]s l ,pr(essor ,miv>t to tea* t a gift c n be a gift at all unless x is an arbitr>y int]ruption to ! law & ord] ( physical ,nature4 ,,footnote3 #g ,! ,gr\ndwork ( ,sci5ce4 ,a ,/udy ( ,epi/emology4 ,by ,/4 ,george ,miv>t1 ,m4,d41 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,new ,york3 ,g4,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 #ahih4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,obs]vation4 ,,by ,,*>les ,,livy ,,:ittle4 ,?is is an era ( obs]vation2 9 _m fields & 9 div]s c\ntries ! /udy ( ,nature f a /rictly sci5tific /&po9t is be+ prosecut$ ) results :i* are rapidly increas+ our k ( ! univ]se4 ,?is mod]n gr[? has come ab\t z ! natural reb\nd ( ! suppress$ en]gy t has be5 held =cibly "u subjugation dur+ ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s1 at a "t :5 ! clos+ e*oes ( ! w>f>e betwe5 ! lit]al int]pretation ( ! ,scriptures & sci5ce h ceas$4 ,a review ( ?is long battle ) ! =ces ( ! ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant *ur*es on ! "o h&1 array$ aga9/ a relatively few inve/igators1 scatt]$ ?r\gh ! la/ t5 c5turies1 on ! o!r h&1 %[s a record on :i* none c look )\t regret4 ,z f> z we are able to le>n1 !re 0 little opposition to ! /udy ( sci5ce be=e ! collection & translation ( ! old manuscripts n[ con/itut+ ! ,alex&rian v]sion ( ! ,bible & ! consequ5t upbuild+ ( ! ,jewi% *ur*4 ,! rema9s ( anci5t ,egyptian civilization %[ t sci5ce prior to t p]iod1 z measur$ by ! discov]ies 9 physics & a/ronomy1 _h atta9$ no inconsid]able prom95ce2 & _h ?is p endur$ until ! pres5t "t1 un9flu5c$ by ! /rife t = _m c5turies rack$ ! inhabitants ( ! ea/]n hemisph]e1 we %\ld to-day be f> m advanc$ 9 our und]/&+ ( ! univ]se4 ,9 ! m progressive c\ntries1 at lea/1 ! break+ ( ! %ackles 9 :i* ! inve/igat+ m9d _h be5 imprison$ = s long has l$ n only to a great] numb] ( sci5tific work]s1 b also to an increase 9 ! fields ( obs]vation4 ,! me?ods ( inve/igation h likewise und]gone a trans=mation4 ,9 place ( d$uctive reason+1 ev5 z late z a few decades 9 ! pa/1 conclusions & g5]alizations are n[ f\nd$ on l9es ( ?\ght m l>gely inductive4 ,m5 ( middle age are able to recall ! "t :5 ev5 our lead+ in/itutions ( le>n+ requir$ in/ruction 9 sev]al bran*es ( sci5ce to be giv5 by "o tea*]4 ,x 0 possible tw5ty-five ye>s ago = a man ( great ability to ma/] ! ess5tials ( ! lead+ sci5ces & to tea* !m1 b "u ! pres5t /imulus = inve/igation no "o c hope to excel 9 m ?an "o subject4 ,x has ?us come ab\t t 9 place ( ! _m-sid$ tea*] ( sci5ce we n[ h 9 our l>g] univ]sities speciali/s 9 e subject4 ,z ! "w ( rese>* progresses1 ! speciali/--= example1 9 geology--is compell$ by ! increas$ scope ( ! in=mation on 8 subject to select "o bran* ( geology ( :i* he %all be ma/]4 ,! *air ( geology is n[ split up into economic1 glacial1 & m9+ geology1 paleontology1 etc41 & speciali/s are requir$ 9 ea* division4 ,?is break+ up is true ( mo/ o!r sci5ces4 ,9 ?is labyr9? ( specializ$ subjects1 & ! maze ( te*nical t]ms r5d]$ necess>y !reby1 ! p z a :ole c only grope 9 d>kness2 b out ( ?is bewild]+ condition ( affairs1 f ! mass ( facts collect$1 & ! result+ g5]alizations & !ories1 !re may be cull$ ! k]nel ( "o important pr9ciple by means ( :i* ^! facts are asc]ta9$ & ! g5]alizations made4 ,! gr[? ( sci5ce & its ev]-ramify+ divisions1 & ! gradual e/abli%m5t ( new me?ods ( inve/igation1 h br\ght =? :at may be t]m$ ! sci5ce ( obs]vation2 & x is ?r\gh an application ( ! above pr9ciple t ! p may be taught correctly to int]pret ,nature1 &1 by _! new habit ( ?\ght1 to free ! bra9 f ! tangle ( sup]/ition :i* is /ill pres5t ) mo/ ( u4 ,a k ( h[ to obs]ve natural ph5om5a & to draw correct inf]5ces !refrom has be5 ! product ( sl[ gr[?1 :ile ?r\gh long cu/om1 9 matt]s closely p]ta9+ to our daily life1 !re has be5 obs]vation on /rictly sci5tific pr9ciples = c5turies4 ,/at$ succ9ctly1 natural ph5om5a are due to causes1 "o or m1 simple or complex4 ,^! causes are ! laws ( ! univ]se1 & to arrive at an und]/&+ ( !m we mu/ free our m9ds ( any bias & /udy ph5om5a exp]im5tally 9 ! laboratory1 or 9 our daily contact ) ,nature4 ,9 ?is way a mass ( facts w be ga!r$ by ! sy/ematic obs]v] :i* w be f\nd to fall into natural gr\ps1 & by inductive reason+ ! laws gov]n+ ea* gr\p may be le>n$4 ,x is n possible = mank9d z a :ole to inve/igate 9 ?is exhau/ive mann]2 b x is important t ! me?od ( arriv+ at ! laws ( ,nature be und]/ood4 ,_m &1 9 fact1 mo/ ph5om5a met ) 9 "s ( ! sci5ces1 p>ticul>ly ^? hav+ to deal ) ! e>?1 are susceptible ( correct int]pretation )\t attempt+ broad g5]alizations1 if ! pr9ciples ( sci5tific obs]vation are br\ght to be> ^u _! solution1 & x is our purpose to %[ by practical examples drawn f ,nature h[ elem5t>y /ud5ts may attack & solve "s ( ! simple problems met ) on e side4 ,x is propos$ to use = illu/ration simple ph5om5a p]ta9+ to ! e>?1 drawn f geology & its newly con/itut$ si/] sci5ce1 physical geography4 ,^! two sci5ces p]haps af=d ! greate/ range ( ph5om5a1 :i* are accessible to e "o1 9 :atsoev] "p ( ! e>? he may reside4 ,no "p ( ! l& surface is want+ 9 problems :i* dem& explanation1 & :i* may be attack$ f ! /&po9t ( ! geologi/ or physical geograph]1 or bo?4 ,"o ( ! mo/ pron\nc$ dep>tures tak+ place 9 prep>atory-s*ool education at ! pres5t "t is to be f\nd 9 ! prom95ce giv5 to ^! subjects1 n only 9 ! s*oolroom1 b by practical exp]i5ce 9 ! laboratory ( ,nature1 among ! hills & m\nta9s1 z well4 ,! object ( ?is dep>ture is tw(old3 ! fir/ & mo/ important is to tra9 ! "y e>ly to obs]ve ph5om5a & to int]pret !m2 ! second1 9 a n>r[] s5se1 is purely educational4 ,! "o inculcates a habit ( ?\ght t w be ( ine/imable advantage 9 pursu+ future /udy2 ! o!r1 )\t tak+ into consid]ation ! elem5t ( m5tal tra9+1 con/itutes in/ruction 9 concrete ?+s t are matt]s ( g5]al education4 ,be=e ! /ud5t 9 ! introductory s*ools is br\ght 9 contact ) problems 9 ! field1 x is ess5tial t he receive text-book or oral in/ruction 9 "s ( ! geological processes giv+ rise to ! ph5om5a to be /udi$ lat] out ( doors4 ,9 practical tea*+ ! /ud5t is tak5 on excursions into ! region n f> remov$ f ! s*ool4 ,at fir/ "s simple geological facts are %[n him1 (t5 on a v small scale1 b embody+ pr9ciples :i*1 :5 und]/ood1 lead to a ready int]pretation ( l>g] problems4 ,/ep by /ep ! fir/ pr9ciples are amplifi$ by a l>g] & m v>i$ class ( examples1 until ! /ud5t is able logically to apply ! reason+ 9 explanation ( simple problems to ! solution ( ! great] problems 9 physical geography & geology4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( su* excursions1 ,i %all introduce a s]ies ( photographs c>efully arrang$ to lead ! read] along ! same l9e ( reason+ up to simil> broad conclusions--a me?od :i*1 if n s satisfactory & in/ructive1 w at lea/ h an educative value4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,qu>ry ,,%[+ ,,fre% ,,& ,,wea!r$ ,,rocks4 ,our fir/ excursion w be to a locality :]e an op5 cut has be5 made = ! purpose ( c>ry+ on qu>ry+ op]ations4 ,! accompany+ photograph has be5 s tak5 z to include bo? ! top & ! bottom ( ! qu>ry 7,fig4 #a74 ,let u fir/ inspect ! rock 9 ! l[] "p ( ! qu>ry4 ,! exi/5ce ( planes ( fracture1 or jo9ts1 cross+ ! rock 9 v>i\s directions1 divid+ x into blocks1 e>ly attracts our att5tion4 ,! /one appe>s d>k-color$1 t\gh1 & is se5 to be made up ( two or ?ree diff]5t m9]als3 "o is black1 cleaves readily into ?9 plates ( a transluc5t nature1 & we easily recognize x z an iron-be>+ mica1 or is+lass4 ,ano!r is :ite1 & cleaves or breaks 9 two directions1 mak+ angles ( ab\t n9ety degrees2 ?is we "k z common feldsp>4 ,! ?ird is less easily recogniz$ z pyrox5e1 ano!r ( ! _m m9]als conta9+ iron4 ,hav+ te/$ our k ( m9]alogy1 we w look ab\t & see if all ! rock expos$ is l t at ! bottom ( ! qu>ry4 ,z we asc5d f ! po9t indicat$ by ! l[] hamm]1 we notice t ! d>k blue rock gradually takes on a ru/y hue1 & its t\ghness has become less4 ,go+ /ill high]1 ! ru/y "* increases1 & along jo9ts ! rock is s lack+ 9 coh]5cy z to fall to pieces :5 /ruck a light bl[ ) a hamm]4 ,! c5tral portions ( ! blocks1 h[ev]1 aft] we h remov$ ! out] %ell ( ru/y mat]ial1 are se5 to be l ! l[] rock4 ,9 ! middle =egr\nd ( ! picture !re are %[n sev]al b[ld]s d]iv$ f above1 :i* are m]ely ^! residual cores1 & are kn[n z b[ld]s ( dis9tegration4 ,^! are also %[n 9 place ne> ! top ( ! picture at ! extreme left4 ,ne> ! top ( ! qu>ry1 at a po9t m>k$ by ! upp] hamm]1 ! solid rock gives place to a ru/y mass ( loose mat]ial1 trav]s+ :i* ! cracks may /ill be se51 & 9 :i* !re are few indications ( ! solid rock#h 7see ,fig4 #b74 ,?is loose mat]ial :5 c>efully exam9$ is f\nd to be made up ( exactly ! same m9]als z ! d5se rock bel[1 b we notice t ! mica & pyrox5e are ru/y & t ! feldsp> is /a9$ yell[i% br[n4 ,! pyrox5e 9 p>ticul> is v mu* *ang$1 & quickly crumbles away 9 ! h&4 ,x is cle> t !re is e /age betwe5 ! solid rock & ! incoh]5t p[d] at ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! jo9t planes cross+ ! solid rock bel[ may /ill be obs]v$ trav]s+ ! decay$ portion1 & also _m r\nd$ areas ( rock1 :i* are se5 to be id5tical ) ! /one at ! bottom ( ! qu>ry4#i ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,detail$ ,,view ,,( ,a ,,portion ,,( ,,qu>ry ,,%[+ ,,wea!r$ ,,rock4 ,h[ %all ! facts be=e u be expla9$8 ,x has be5 %[n t ! d5se rock & ! loose mat]ial are ! same m9]alogically1 & grade f "o into ! o!r1 & x is c]ta9ly rational to suppose t ! latt] is m]ely a *ang$ =m ( ! fir/4 ,"s =ce mu/ h be5 at "w on ! solid rock1 de/roy+ its coh]5cy & conv]t+ x into loose s&4 ,if we inspect ! p[d]$ rock1 x w become app>5t t ?is *ange has be5 br\ght ab\t ma9ly by ! process ( wea!r+3 surface wat]1 ) its ev]-pres5t acid impurities1 has br\ght ab\t ! p>tial decay ( ! pyrox5e & mica & caus$ ! dis9tegration ( ! upp] "p ( ! rock4 ,wat] has n only attack$ ! rock f ! upp] surface1 b has p5etrat$ to consid]able dep?s along ! jo9t planes1 work+ inw>d t[>d ! c5t] ( ea* block until ! mass becomes completely dis9tegrat$4 ,?is process expla9s ! conc5tric %ells ab\t cores ( unalt]$ rock1 ea* repres5t+ orig9al jo9t blocks1 :i* are se5 9 ! second photograph4 ,all our excursions into ! field w %[ t ?is is n an isolat$ case1 = :]ev] a l$ge is expos$ to our view !re w be f\nd a zone ( wea!r$ rock1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness f m]e films to _m feet4 ,by ?is process ! greate/ "p ( ! mat]ials con/itut+ soils is =m$1 & ! flora & fauna ( ! e>? are r5d]$ possible4 ,^u su* products ( decay ! food supply ( runn+ wat] manife/ly dep5ds 9 a l>ge measure1 z w be po9t$ out on our next excursion2 & 7 ! scope ( ?is article some:at l>g]1 x w\ld be easy to %[ t ! rock decay se5 9 our photograph has tak5 place 9 a l5g? ( "t measur$ by some?+ l t5 ?\s& ye>s4 ,if all rock decay$ z easily1 & if ! rate ( decomposition1 z det]m9$ "h1 held good = great di/ances f ! surface1 m\nta9s two miles 9 height w\ld become a prey to ! =ce ( *emical action 9 six & a half million ye>s4 ,we c n1 h[ev]1 give a "t equival5t = ! de/ruction ( a m\nta9 range1 s9ce decay1 & consequ5t dis9tegration1 is only "o ( ! _m =ces act+ to sap ! /r5g? ( solid rocks & to te> !m asund]4 ,! above figures are giv5 m]ely to make pla9 t ! "t necess>y to accompli% ! level+ ( a m\nta9 *a9 is b a small "p ( ! e>?'s exi/5ce z su*1 great z ?is p]iod may seem f ! /&po9t ( human hi/ory4 ,we %all1 if possible1 "t ! second excursion imm$iately aft] a heavy ra91 & we %all select = our objective po9t a place :]e ! ra9 wat]1 9 its ef=ts to rea* a /ream1 is =c$ to run d[n "s /eep declivity4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 ! c>ry+ p[] ( ! wat] w be v great1 & we %all hope to f9d evid5ce ( its "w 9 transport+ ! products ( rock wea!r+ & o!r mat]ial brok5 up by ! action ( fro/4 ,a little dilig5ce w soon rew>d u ) ! evid5ce :i* we seek4 ,a local inequality ( ! gr\nd1 p]haps only a few feet across1 is f\nd fill$ ) wat]--a m9ute1 tempor>y lake caus$ by ! rec5t heavy ra9fall4 ,su* little wat] bodies are extremely common1 b ! accompany+ geological ph5om5a are1 not)/&+1 none ! less int]e/+1 & ! conclusions to be drawn f ! evid5ce ?us pres5t$ are none ! less valuable4 ,if we exam9e ! pool critically1 x w be notic$ t its %ore l9e is cut by a little *annel along :i* ! ov]fl[ makes its escape4 ,fur!r inve/igation w %[ t at ano!r po9t along ! %ore1 especially if we are =tunate en\gh to visit ! locality v soon aft] a ra91 !re is a small rivulet ent]+ ! pool2 & also t ! ent]+ /ream is discolor$ ) mud & c>ries m or less s&1 :ile ! escap+ /ream is ne>ly cle>1 & is free f all traces ( co>se1 s&y mat]ial4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ! s$im5t br\ght 9 by ! /ream has be5 left beh9d 9 ! pool1 & ( c\rse w be f\nd deposit$ at its bottom1 & x w appe> t ! only explanation ( ! inability ( ! wat] fur!r to transport its burd5 is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t wat] loses ne>ly all its motion1 & !re=e its transport+ p[]1 on ent]+ a /agnant pool4 ,^! are elem5t>y tru?s1 b an amplification ( su* simple ph5om5a is (t5 fully capable ( acc\nt+ = ! mo/ /up5d\s results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,tempor>y ,,wet-,,wea!r ,,delta4 ,hav+ made ^! obs]vations1 let u look at ! =m assum$ by ! s$im5t :5 x is =c$ to fall to ! bottom4 ,at ! po9t :]e ! /ream ent]s ! pool !re is se5 an accumulation ( mat]ial hav+ a ne>ly level upp] surface1 pres5t+ a scallop$ or lobe-%ap$ out] m>g91 ^u :i* ! /ream may be se5 fl[+ & ent]+ ! wat] at "o ( ! lobes4 ,o!r *annels1 ?\gh unoccupi$ by wat]1 also lead to simil> lobes4 ,if we wat* closely1 we may be able to witness ! gr[? ( ?is body ( s&1 call$ a delta1 z ! fall+ s$im5t rapidly increases ! size ( ! lobe2 & also to p]ceive t z soon z ! lobe is built out consid]ably 9 advance ( ! ma9 body ( s&1 x w be easi] = ! /ream to ent] ! wat] on "o side ( ! scallop1 ?us ab&on+ its old m\?4 ,9 ?is mann] ! /ream moves f "o place to ano!r1 successively build+ ! little scallops & cont9ually c>v+ new *annels = itself4 ,fig4 #c is a photograph ( su* a delta1 "s ?ree feet across1 tak5 aft] ! wat] _h be5 dra9$ away1 & reveals its =m 9 a *>act]i/ic mann]4 ,z we wat* its gr[?1 x w become evid5t t only ! co>se/ mat]ial transport$ by ! /ream goes to make up ! delta1 & t ! clay & f9e/ s& are deposit$ f>!r away1 :]e ! wat] is m quiet1 or else pass out 9 ! /ream dra9+ ! pool4 ,let u look ab\t a little4 ,n f> f our m9iature lake !re are sev]al o!rs4 ,9 "s ! size ( ! delta is mu* l>g] 9 proportion to ! area ( ! pool ?an is ! case ) ! "o fir/ /udi$4 ,we f9d 9 "s cases t ! /ream has progressively built its delta completely across ! old wat] surface4 ,tak+ a ?9 piece ( bo>d or a l>ge knife1 we c easily cut v]tically ?r\gh ?is s& deposit1 ?us expos+ :at is call$ a geological section4 ,! s& gra9s ( :i* ! deposit is l>gely compos$ are se5 to be arrang$ 9 lay]s ne>ly horizontal1 & ^! lay]s are f\nd to be due to alt]nations ( s$im5t v>y+ 9 f95ess4 ,?is ph5om5on is call$ /ratification1 & is :at we %\ld expect ( ! action ( gravity op]at+ on mat]ial ( diff]5t sizes & d5sities susp5d$ 9 a body ( wat]4 ,x has be5 f\nd inexp$i5t to attempt to %[ a photograph ( ?is section1 ow+ to ! smallness ( ! subject1 b ! same ph5om5a may be obs]v$ on a mu* l>g] scale 9 ,fig4 #e1 :i* w be describ$ bel[4 ,a few rods away ! /ream t fe$s ! pool has its orig94 ,! s$im5t c>ri$ by ! wat] & go+ to build up its delta has its s\rce 9 "p 9 a neighbor+ bank made up ( mat]ial d]iv$ f solid rock by wea!r+1 simil> to t %[n on our fir/ excursion1 & p>tly f old] wat] deposits4 ,/eep *annels exi/ 9 ! dis9tegrat$ rock1 :i* repres5t ! mat]ial remov$ by ! fa/-fl[+ ra9 wat]4 ,n[ :at geological ph5om5a h we obs]v$ at ?is locality8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x has become cle> t runn+ wat] possesses ! p[] ( transport+ s$im5t4 ,9 ! second place1 ?is s$im5t has be5 deposit$ :]ev] ! velocity ( ! wat] has be5 mat]ially *eck$4 ,! s$im5t has be5 laid d[n 9 horizontal lay]s "u ! influ5ce ( gravity4 ,fur!rmore1 ! mat]ial ( :i* ! delta is compos$ has be5 %[n1 9 "p at lea/1 to h be5 d]iv$ f a solid rock su* z =ms our m\nta9s4 ,9 our fir/ excursion we saw t *emical *ange promot$ dis9tegration2 9 our second1 runn+ wat] is obs]v$ seiz+ ^u ^! products ( decay1 transport+ !m & build+ !m into /ratifi$ deposits 9 ! fir/ conv5i5t pool4 ,a level-topp$ delta is fir/ =m$1 :i* may or may n gr[ to fill ! pool 9 :i* x is born4 ,"s ( ! pools h become fill$1 :ile ! delta z su* has disappe>$2 x has gr[n into a t9y s& pla94 ,let u see if ! "w p]=m$ by ^! tempor>y rivulets is typical ( runn+ wat] 9 g5]al4 ,= ?is purpose we %all visit a spot :]e a riv] ent]s "s consid]able body ( wat] su* z a lake4 ,let u inspect ! riv]4 ,its wat] is sluggi%1 discolor$ by organic matt] d]iv$ f decay+ vegetation1 & = "s di/ance up /ream f its m\? x me&]s sl[ly across a flat1 m>%y area or mead[4 ,if we also visit ! spot at a "t :5 ! riv] is swoll5 by heavy ra9s or melt+ sn[s1 ! pres5ce ( ?is organic matt] w be mask$ by ! turbidity ( ! wat]2 we %all le>n t only 9 ! fre%et seasons does ! wat] atta9 suffici5t velocity to c>ry any visible load ( s& & clay4 ,! upp] end ( ! lake w be f\nd to be %all[1 muddy1 & wat] lilies w h discov]$ cong5ial surr\nd+s4 ,at ano!r "p ( ! lake ! outfl[+ wat] appe>s cle> z cry/al2 ! s$im5t br\ght 9 by ! riv] has manife/ly be5 deposit$ 9 ! lake1 z 0 ! case 9 our little pool4 ,! m>% at ! upp] end1 ( c\rse1 is m]ely ano!r delta1 sl[ gr[+ 9 ?is in/ance1 grass-cov]$1 b z surely encroa*+ on ! wat] area z 9 ! e>li] examples4 ,:5 an ent]+ /ream is normally ( great transport+ p[]1 ow+ to /eep slopes d[n :i* x ru%es1 ! =m ( its delta is n unlike ! "o fir/ describ$4 ,) ! data already ga!r$1 we c n escape f ! conclusion t ! gr[? go+ on at ! head ( ! lake w 9 "t1 if pres5t conditions cont9ue to exi/1 pu% its way =w>d until x has occupi$ ! :ole wat] area4 ,! s$im5t :i* is n[ deposit$ !re9 w !n be transport$ across ! pla91 & w be c>ri$ along until ano!r body ( wat] is rea*$4 ,fur!r se>* w br+ to light ! fact t !re are pl5ty ( examples %[+ all /ages betwe5 ! simple delta & ! completely fill$ lake4 ,! innum]able m>%es & mead[s :i* *>act]ize ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are f9e examples ( lakes :i* h p]i%$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,a ,,common ,,=m ,,( ,,l>ge ,,delta4 ,our next excursion w be made to ! locality %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 :i* is a sket* ( a l>ge delta occurr+ at a consid]able height above ! g5]al level ( ! c\ntry1 al?\gh at ! pres5t "t ! delta is n 9 vic9ity ( wat]4#aj ,x w be evid5t to ! read] t x diff]s 9 no important p>ticul>1 except+ size1 f our little type specim5 =m$ 9 a pool4 ,its level top & frontal lobes are to-day ne>ly z /rongly m>k$ z at ! "t x 0 made4 ,! read] w h little difficulty 9 pictur+ ! orig9al conditions ( its =mation 9 "s anci5t lake4 ,?is old lake did n endure until ! infl[+ /reams _h fill$ x to a level pla91 b = "s reason1 :i* x is unnecess>y = u to consid]1 ! wat] 0 p]mitt$ to escape1 leav+ ! delta p]*$ on ! valley side4 ,su* deltas are v common1 & we f9d !m 9 all /ages1 f simple beg9n+s1 z above1 to ! complet$ s& pla94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,geological ,,cross-,,section ,,( ,a ,,delta4 ,! s& ( :i* our fir/ delta 0 compos$ has already be5 ref]r$ to z arrang$ 9 horizontal lay]s4 ,9 ord] to v]ify our conclusions reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ?is delta1 let u seek = an opportunity to obs]ve its int]nal /ructure1 & to comp>e x ) t obs]v$ 9 ! fir/ example4 ,x may happ5 t ! opportunity does n exi/ at ?is imm$iate locality1 b a little way (f a simil> deposit occurs1 & a beautiful section has be5 uncov]$ by ! vigor\s attacks ( a /eam %ovel4 ,?is section has already be5 ref]r$ to on page #dfd1 z illu/rat+ ! /ructure ( ! s& lay]s mak+ up ! t9y delta1 z well z wat] deposits 9 g5]al1 & is reproduc$ "h z ,fig4 #e4 ,! read] w obs]ve 9 ?is picture _m famili> features common to railroad excavations4 ,! upp] "p ( ! geological section ?us expos$ is some:at mask$ by a d[nfall ( s& & loam1 & ! l[] "p is also hidd5 by ! same mat]ials4 ,along ! c5tral "p1 h[ev]1 ! s& & gravel may be se5 arrang$ 9 horizontal lay]s ( a v>y+ ?ickness4 ,a close inspection ( ! upp]mo/ lay]s w detect a v>iation 9 co>s5ess among ! diff]5t /rata4 ,su* alt]nations ( lay]s ( co>se & f9e mat]ial are due to diff]5ces 9 ! transport+ p[] ( ! runn+ wat] t br\ght ! s& & pebbles to _! pres5t re/+ place2 ! co>se gravel & pebbles 7 c>ri$ by fa/-fl[+ riv]s1 & ! f9e s& by /reams ( less rapidity & consequ5tly less transport+ p[]4 ,b$s ( ?is "* ord9>ily correspond closely 9 "t ) alt]nat+ p]iods ( great ra9fall or sn[ melt+ & ! summ] seasons4 ,! pebbles ( :i* ! co>se lay]s are compos$1 z we %\ld expect1 are f> f sph]ical1 & ! op]ation ( gravity on su* bodies1 z !y fall to ! floor ( a lake or ocean1 is to cause !m to arrange !mselves ) _! flat surfaces horizontal & p>allel to "o ano!r4 ,9 ! example be=e u ?is fact is app>5t1 & af=ds ! basis = ano!r l9e ( reason+ by :i* all su* /ratifi$ deposits1 h[ev] great _! magnitude1 are to be ref]r$ to ! same s\rce--namely1 /ream-transport$ mat]ials d]iv$ f a decay+ & wa/+ l& surface1 laid d[n 9 wat] "u ! influ5ce ( gravity4 ,we h n[ arriv$ at a mo/ important & f>-rea*+ g5]alization s f> z ! "w p]=m$ by runn+ wat] is conc]n$1 & its action 9 fill+ our lakes & ponds2 & we h le>n$ by obs]vation on a small scale ! means by :i* su* deposits may be recogniz$4 ,let u apply ^! means ( recognition to ! ph5om5a %[n by our l>ge riv]s & ! m endur+ oceans into :i* !y dra94 ,9 ! same mann] t we h /udi$ ! little pool & l>g] lake1 we w look into ! "w done by ! great wat]ways ( our cont95ts1 select+ z a type ( su* /reams ! mighty ,mississippi4 ,c>eful measurem5t has %[n t ?is riv] annually transports two hundr$ million tons ( s$im5t me*anically susp5d$4 ,:at becomes ( ?is enorm\s quantity ( s& & clay1 equal to a cubic mile 9 a little ov] a c5tury1 z x is swept into ! wat]s ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico8 ,= ?is purpose we h only to visit ! region ab\t its m\? to become acqua9t$ ) ! almo/ impot5t /ruggles t h be5 made by our ,gov]nm5t dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s 9 an ef=t to keep ! riv] bel[ ,new ,orleans1 9 "p at lea/1 conf9$ to its pres5t *annels2 & to /udy ! *>t ( t portion ( ! ,gulf coa/ prep>$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey 7see ,fig4 #f74 ,we h n =gott5 ! little lobes2 _! me?od ( gr[?1 & ! g5]al =m ( our fir/-se5 delta1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,9 view+ ! ph5om5a at ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi1 x is no long] necess>y = our pres5t purposes to make a detail$ /udy1 s9ce x w become app>5t at once t ! riv] is do+ ! "w on a l>g] scale typifi$ by ! p]=mance ( ! t9y /ream fl[+ into its tempor>y pool4 ,9 place ( ! little delta ) its /ill small] lobes1 ! ,mississippi has deposit$ at its m\? an enorm\s delta1 ?\s&s ( squ>e miles 9 area1 & its bifurcat+ arms may be se5 build+ out sev]al scallops = miles into ! wat]s ( ! gulf4 ,= c5turies ^! long lobes h be5 build+ 9 advance ( ! delta front4 ,! arms gradually become clogg$ ) s$im5t1 a new passage to ! ocean is op5$ on ! sides1 :]e deposition w beg9 at a new po9t1 produc+ a lobe z be=e4 ,situat$ _m miles up ! riv]1 x is to-day ! great fe> ( ,new ,orleans t its only navigable arm to ! sea w ?us be clos$ to t comm]ce ^u :i* ! life ( ! city dep5ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,! ,,delta ,,( ,,! ,,mississippi4 ,only a portion ( ! s$im5t br\ght 9 by ! riv] goes to =m its delta2 a l>ge "p ( ! f9e/ mat]ial1 su* z clay1 is transport$ by tempor>y & p]man5t curr5ts ?\s&s ( miles away1 :]e x is deposit$ 9 ! m quiet wat]s ( ! ocean4 ,9 ?is mann] ! ,mississippi has be5 %[n to deposit a cubic mile ( me*anically transport$ mat]ial 9 a little ov] a c5tury4 ,:at %all we say ( ! effects produc$ on ! cont95ts & oceans by ?\s&s ( riv]s1 ea* do+ its proportionate %>e ( "w & act+ ?r\gh millions ( ye>s8 ,two ma9 results mu/ foll[1 unless int]ruptions occur3 ! l[] elevations & ! magnific5t m\nta9 ranges1 :i* re> _! l(ty heads above ! p]man5t sn[ l9e1 w be divid$ into m9or peaks2 valleys w be c>v$ out2 ! :ole l& surface w sl[ly wa/e away1 at fir/ rapidly1 at la/ sl[ly1 & be transport$ to ! oceans1 :]e x w =m great horizontal b$s diff]+ 9 no ess5tial p>ticul>1 except+ size1 f ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #e--;great deposits t are m]ely deltas on a l>ge scale4 ,! geologi/1 h[ev]1 f9ds no evid5ce to indicate t at any "t 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory h ^! !oretical results tak5 place4 ,l& masses1 ( cont95tal dim5sions1 h n be5 all[$ ?us to wa/e entirely away to a g5]al flatness on acc\nt ( ! int]ruptions caus$ by elevation--! bodily lift+ ( great areas ( rock1 ev5 out ( ! ocean floor1 to become m\nta9s or plateaus1 9 "s cases high] ?an any po9t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,if our obs]vations ?us f> & ^? yet to be made s]ve to make ?is cle>1 "o ( ! objects ( ?is article w h be5 accompli%$4 ,x is to be hop$ t our obs]vations h made pla9 ! processes ( rock dis9tegration & wat] transportation2 t 9 ! oceans all ^! mat]ials are ev5tually deposit$ 9 b$s horizontally arrang$1 compos$ ( su* products ( decay 9 ! condition ( s& & mud4 ,we h only to po9t out ! pro( t great l& masses1 compos$ ( wat]-deposit$ mat]ials1 h be5 lift$ f ! ocean to become cont95ts & m\nta9 ranges4 ,z ! ocean deposits sl[ly accumulate 9 lay]s to b$s ( _m ?\s&s ( feet 9 ?ickness1 ! l[] p>ts are gradually subject$ to greatly increas$ pressure produc$ by ! ov]ly+ b$s4 ,dur+ ?is "t wat]s ( a v>y+ temp]ature1 c>ry+1 *emically dissolv$1 great quantities ( lime1 silica1 & iron oxide1 are all[$ free circulation ?r\gh !m4 ,^! conditions promote *emical *ange3 mu* silica 7! m9]al qu>tz71 less] am\nts ( c>bonate ( lime 7! m9]al calcite71 & iron oxide are precipitat$ ab\t ! loose s& gra9s1 firmly cem5t+ !m toge!r into a solid rock4 ,a cycle has ?us be5 complet$2 ! d5se rocks compos+ a cont95t h pass$ by ! process ( wea!r+ into incoh]5t s& & clay1 :i*1 :5 transport$ to ! ocean floor1 become aga9 conv]t$ into solid rock4 ,hi/orical records prove t dur+ ! la/ ?ree ?\s& ye>s !re h tak5 place _m *anges 9 ! ocean's level4 ,old isl&s h disappe>$2 new ones h em]g$ above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,great /ret*es ( seacoa/ exi/ at ! pres5t "t :i* )9 ! hi/orical p]iod h be5 cov]$ by ! ocean4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t writ+ we are witness+ ! gradual subm]g5ce ( "s p>ts ( ! e>? & ! ris+ ( o!rs2 t]races on ! nor!rn ,atlantic coa/ may be se5 along ! hillsides _m feet above ! pres5t level ( ! ocean--all ( :i* g to %[ t ! relation%ip ( ! l& to ! wat] is an un/able "o4 ,^! are ! evid5ces ( cont95tal gr[? & depressions f ! hi/orical /&po9t1 & ! validity ( ! data ^u :i* ! belief is f\nd$ c n be %ak54 ,! evid5ce f ! geological side is ov]:elm+1 b be=e we speak ( ?is x w be well once m to say a ^w z to ! causes ( cont95tal uplift4 ,f an orig9al fluid globe possess+ a high temp]ature1 ! e>? has n[ cool$ d[n to a degree suffici5tly l[ to p]mit ! =mation ( a ?ick rock cru/4 ,und]nea? ?is cru/ an approa* to ! old surface temp]atures is /ill ma9ta9$1 & ! exi/5ce ( a c]ta9 degree ( fluidity is demon/rat$ to u f "t to "t by ! ph5om5on ( volcanism4 ,successive zones ( cool+ took place4 ,! out] "p c\ld only con=m to a %r9k+ int]ior by wr9kl+1 fold+1 or bodily lift+ consid]able areas above ! g5]al level4 ,an adju/m5t ( /ra9s ?us set up w\ld take place ei!r ) or )\t fold+ ( ! /rata4 ,^! initial wr9kles gave rise to our fir/ m\nta9s1 & ! cont9uation ( ^! conditions at ! pres5t "t is z surely n\ri%+ m\nta9 gr[? z at any "t 9 ! pa/4 ,9 ?is way ! fluctuations ( ! ocean's level1 above ref]r$ to1 alone are to be expla9$1 & su* =m b tempor>y rises & falls 9 ! hi/ory ( a cont95t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,m\nta9 ,,%[+ ,,rock ,,fold+4 ,! rate at :i* an ocean b$ is rais$ to =m a m\nta9 range is1 no d\bt1 a v>iable "o2 always sl[1 (t5 int]rupt$1 b seldom or nev] viol5t4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! /rata usually und]go cru%+ & fold+2 /ret*+ takes place1 & displacem5ts ( ! rocks1 or fault+1 are n uncommon4 ,z an example ( ! wr9kl+ t ! /rata may suff] "u ^! conditions1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! beautiful symmetrical fold %[n on ! side ( a m\nta9 9 ! ,appala*ians 7,fig4 #g74 ,simil> fold+ is ! rule1 b (t5 imm5se areas are rais$ to great heights above ! ocean )\t di/urb+ ! horizontal position ( ! b$s 7see ,fig4 #h74 ,co9cid5t ) ! em]g5ce ( ! rocks f b5ea? ! wat]1 !re beg9 ! attacks ( ! =ces op]at+ to de/roy !m4 ,h& 9 h& !re g on gr[? & de/ruction4 ,! two may keep an ev5 pace2 ei!r may obta9 ! ma/]y4 ,9 ! "o case1 lack ( consid]able elevation & flatness result2 9 ! o!r1 great altitudes may be atta9$4 ,! riv]s may cut _! valleys d[nw>d z fa/ z ! l& rises1 or ! d[n-cutt+ may be relatively sl[]4 ,9 any case1 aft] a giv5 l& mass has atta9$ its greate/ height above ! sea1 ! l>g] riv]s soon cut _! *annels d[n z f> z riv] cutt+ is possible--namely1 to )9 a few feet ( sea level4 ,) relatively rapid elevation1 s(t rocks1 & l>ge riv]s1 ! resultant valley takes ! =m ( a caon1 examples ( :i* are f\nd along ! c\rses ( ! ,colorado & ! ,yell[/one ,riv]s 7see ,fig4 #h74aa ,valleys ( ?is nature soon lose _! /eep sides by ! action ( wea!r+ & all t ?is implies1 & pass into a m op5 /ate1 l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,horizontal ,,rocks1 ,,gr& ,,ca,,on ,,( ,,! ,,colorado4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,,m\nt ,,/eph51 ,,%[+ ,,its ,,horizontal ,,rocks4 ,^! views h be5 select$ 9 ord] t a comp>ison ( ?is type ( m\nta9 /ructure may be made ) t %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,! po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ! two sections expos$1 "o by a /eam %ovel1 ! o!r by riv] action1 are ! horizontal position ( ! /rata & ! alt]nations ( b$s ( unlike "*4 ,! diff]5ces are ma9ly t ! b$s mak+ up ! m\nta9 %[ t !y are built up ( alt]nat+ lay]s ( s& 7n[ conv]t$ into a s&/one7 & clay 7n[ 9 ! condition ( a slate74 ,are n ^! ! products ( a decay$ cont95t8 ,is _! position to be expla9$ o!rwise ?an along ! l9es already /at$8 ,our only difficulty 9 readily accept+ ?is conclusion is f\nd$ on a h]$it>y belief1 born 9 ignorance & n\ri%$ to maturity by sup]/ition1 t ! e>? came into exi/5ce z we see x to-day1 ! surface dissect$ by valleys 9 :i* ! riv]s f9d e/abli%$ c\rses to ! sea2 possess+ a multiplicity ( highl& & l[l&1 granite m\nta9s & m>ble hills1 z a result ( "s plan c>ri$ into effect z a creative act4 ,sci5ce has reveal$ ! impossibility ( ?is int]pretation4 ,consid]$ 9 ! light ( evolution1 act+ ?r\gh an imm5se p]iod ( "t1 by means ( ! processes already enum]at$1 ! div]sity ( l& =m is made pla9 to u1 & ! ev]-v>y+ *>act]s ( rock /ructure & composition are 9 ! ma9 made easy ( compreh5sion4 ,view$ 9 ! light ( ! =ego+ pages1 & illu/rat+ z !y d l& =m & ! great] "p ( ! e>?'s cru/1 ! rock /ructures reveal$ on ! sides ( ! m\nta9s & caons1 z well z ! broad] valley itself1 take on a new & m intellig5t int]e/4 ,high & endur+ z ! m\nta9s may appe>1 resi/ant z _! solid rocks may seem1 !y are doom$ z m\nta9s to ! same fate t _! own /ructure & composition prove to h ov]tak5 e>li] m\nta9s be=e !m4 ,! e>? has kn[n no cessation 9 ?is cycle ( decay1 deposition1 & elevation2 aga9 & aga9 h cont95tal masses be5 rais$ f ! ocean floor only to become a prey to ! =ces t de/roy !m4 ,^! cycles w cont9ue--m\nta9 ranges w fade away & new ones w be born4 ,a m p]man5t relation%ip betwe5 ! l[l&1 ! upl&1 & ! ocean level w nev] be atta9$ until ! =ces t w>p & wr9kle ! e>?'s cru/ %all h ceas$ =ev]4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,! position ( ! solid rock is %[n by ! hamm] at ! extreme "r1 /&+ v]tically4 #i ,?is photograph repres5ts a m detail$ view ( ! qu>ry wall se5 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! relation ( ! two views w be und]/ood by obs]v+ ! positions ( ! hamm]s1 :i* are 9 ! same place 9 bo? photographs4 ,^! photographs1 z well z "s ( ! o!rs t foll[1 7 tak5 by ,mr4 ,john ,l4 ,g>dn]1 #b;d1 = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ ^! pages4 #aj ,9 ord] to obta9 ?is sket*1 a survey 0 made ( ! delta1 & f ! in=mation ?us ga!r$ a model 0 con/ruct$ out ( clay4 ,! dim5sions ( ! delta are ab\t "o ?\s& by sev5 hundr$ feet4 #aa ,! bottom ( ! caon at ?is po9t is betwe5 f\r & five ?\s& feet bel[ ! flat surfaces 9 ! =egr\nd--a %e] desc5t ( ne>ly a mile4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,h5ri ,b\rget1 ( ! ,t\l\se 7,france7 ,obs]vatory1 has call$ att5tion 9 ,nature to a common ph5om5on :i* he believes has n be5 m5tion$ 9 any sci5tific book4 ,if "o end ( a b> ( metal is heat$1 b n en\gh to make ! o!r end too hot to be held 9 ! h&1 & !n sudd5ly cool$1 ! temp]ature ( ! o!r end w rise till ! h& c n be> x4 ,all workm5 :o h occasion to h&le & heat pieces ( metal1 he says1 "k ?is4 ,,dea? ,,gul*1 ,a ,,natural ,,be>-,,trap4 ,,by ,t4,a4 ,,jagg>1 ,,jr41 ,,ph4,d4 ,cases ( asphyxiation by gas h be5 v frequ5tly report$ ( late ye>s1 & we commonly associate ) su* reports ! idea ( a second-rate hotel & an unsophi/icat$ c\ntryman :o bl[s out ! gas4 ,su* incid5ts we connect ) ! sup]civilization ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b x is none ! less true t ,nature furni%es simil> accid5ts1 & t 9 regions f> remote f ! haunts ( m54 ,9 ! he>t ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ( ,wyom+1 unkn[n to ei!r ! t\ri/ or ! trapp]1 !re is a natural ho/elry = ! wild inhabitants ( ! =e/1 :]e1 ) food1 dr9k1 & %elt] all 9 sight1 ! poor creatures are tempt$ "o aft] ano!r into a ba? ( invisible poison\s vapor1 :]e !y s9k d[n to add _! bones to ! fossil records ( an int]m9able li/ ( simil> trag$ies1 dat+ back to a p]iod long prec$+ ! records ( human hi/ory4 ,x 0 ! writ]'s privilege1 z a memb] ( ! exp$ition ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey ( ! ,yell[/one ,p>k1 "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,arnold ,hague1 to visit & = ! fir/ "t to photograph ?is rem>kable locality4 ,a simil> visit 0 la/ made by memb]s ( ! survey 9 ! summ] ( #ahhh1 & an acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( ,dea? ,gul* 0 publi%$ 9 ,sci5ce 7,febru>y #ae1 #ahhi7 "u ! title ,a ,deadly ,gas ,spr+ 9 ! ,yell[/one ,p>k1 by ,mr4 ,walt] ,h>vey ,we$4 ,! foll[+ extracts f ,mr4 ,we$'s pap] indicate concisely ! g5]al "* ( ! gul*1 & ! description ( ! dea?-trap z x !n appe>$ (f]s int]e/+ mat]ial = comp>ison ) its condition z obs]v$ 9 ! summ] ( #ahig4 ,dea? ,gul* is a small & gloomy rav9e 9 ! nor!a/ corn] ( ! ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k4 ,9 ?is region ! lavas :i* fill ! anci5t bas9 ( ! p>k re/ ^u ! flanks ( m\nta9s =m$ ( fragm5t>y volcanic ejecta1 444 :ile ! hydro!rmal =ces ( ! c5tral portion ( ! p>k %[ b feeble manife/ations ( _! en]gy 9 ! almo/ ext9ct hot-spr+ areas ( ,soda ,butte1 ,lam> ,riv]1 ,ca*e ,creek1 & ,mill] ,creek4 ,al?\gh hot wat] no long] fl[s f ^! v5ts1 gase\s emanations are n[ giv5 (f 9 consid]able volume4 ,on ,ca*e ,creek1 ab\t two miles above its conflu5ce ) ,lam> ,riv]1 are deposits ( alt]$ & cry/all9e trav]t9e1 ) pools 9 ! creek viol5tly eff]vesc+ locally4 ,?is is due to ! copi\s emission ( gas4 ,above ^! deposits ! creek cuts into a bank ( sulphur & gravel cem5t$ by ?is mat]ial1 & a few y>ds beyond is ! db\*ure ( a small lat]al gully com+ d[n f ! m\nta9side4 ,9 its bottom is a small /ream ( cle> & cold wat]1 s\r ) sulphuric acid1 & fl[+ d[n a n>r[ & /eep *annel cut 9 b$s ( d>k-gray volcanic tuff4 ,asc5d+ ?is gul*1 ! sides1 clos+ toge!r1 become v /eep slopes ( :ite1 decompos$ rock4444 ,! only spr+s n[ fl[+ are small oozes ( wat] issu+ f ! base ( ^! slopes1 or f ! *annel b$1 =m+ a ?ick1 creamy1 :ite deposit ab\t ! v5ts1 & cov]+ ! /ream b$4 ,?is deposit consi/s l>gely ( sulphate ( alum9a4444 ,ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty feet above ! ma9 /ream ^! ooz+ spr+s ( acid wat] cease1 b ! "* ( ! gul* rema9s ! same4 ,! odor ( sulphur n[ becomes /rong]1 ?\gh produc+ no o!r effect ?an a slight irritation ( ! lungs4 ,! gul* ends1 or r beg9s1 9 a scoop or bas9 ab\t two hundr$ & fifty feet above ,ca*e ,creek1 & j bel[ ?is 0 f\nd ! fre% body ( a l>ge be>1 a silv]-tip grizzly1 ) ! rema9s ( a companion 9 an advanc$ /age ( decomposition above him4 ,ne> by 7 ! skeletons ( f\r m be>s1 ) ! bones ( an elk a y>d or two above1 :ile 9 ! bottom ( ! pocket 7 ! fre% rema9s ( sev]al squirrels1 rock h>es1 & o!r small animals1 besides num]\s dead butt]flies & insects4 ,! body ( ! grizzly 0 c>efully exam9$ = bullet holes or o!r m>ks ( injury1 b %[$ no traces ( viol5ce1 ! only indication be+ a few drops ( blood "u ! nose4 ,x 0 evid5t t he _h met 8 dea? b a %ort "t be=e1 z ! c>cass 0 /ill p]fectly fre%1 ?\gh (f5sive en\gh at ! "t ( a lat] visit4 ,! rema9s ( a c9namon be> j above & alongside ( ?is 7 9 an advanc$ /ate ( decomposition1 :ile ! o!r skeletons 7 almo/ d5ud$ ( fle%1 ?\gh ! claws & mu* ( ! hair rema9$4 ,x 0 app>5t t ^! animals1 z well z ! squirrels & insects1 _h n met _! dea? by viol5ce1 b _h be5 asphyxiat$ by ! irrespirable gas giv5 (f 9 ! gul*4 ,! holl[s 7 te/$ = c>bonic-acid gas ) light$ tap]s )\t prov+ its pres5ce1 b ! /rong smell ( sulphur1 & a *ok+ s5sation ( ! lungs1 indicat$ ! pres5ce ( noxi\s gases1 :ile ! /rong w9d prevail+ at ! "t1 toge!r ) ! op5 nature ( ! rav9e1 mu/ h caus$ a rapid diffusion ( ! vapors4 ,?is place diff]s1 !re=e1 v mat]ially f ! fam\s ,dea? ,valley ( ,java & simil> places1 9 be+ simply a ,v-%ap$ tr5*1 n ov] sev5ty-five feet deep1 cut 9 ! m\nta9 slope1 & n a holl[ or cave4 ,t ! gas at times accumulates 9 ! pocket at ! head ( ! gul* is1 h[ev]1 prov$ by ! dead squirrels1 etc41 f\nd on its bottom4 ,x is n probable1 h[ev]1 t ! gas ev] accumulates "h to a consid]able dep?1 ow+ to ! op5 nature ( ! place1 & ! fact t ! gul* dra9+ x w\ld c>ry (f ! gas1 :i* w\ld1 f its d5sity1 t5d to fl[ d[n ! rav9e4 ,?is (f]s an explanation ( ! dea? ( ! be>s1 ^: rema9s occur n 9 ?is bas91 b :]e x n>r[s to =m ! rav9e1 = x is "h t ! lay] ( gas w\ld be deepe/1 & has prov$ suffici5t to suffocate ! fir/ be>1 :o 0 probably attract$ by ! rema9s ( ! elk1 or p]haps ( ! small] victims ( ! invisible gas2 & he1 9 turn1 has d\btless s]v$ z bait = o!rs :o h 9 turn succumb$4 ,?\gh ! gul* has d\btless s]v$ z a dea?-trap = a v long p]iod ( "t1 ^! skeletons & bodies mu/ be ! rema9s ( only ! mo/ rec5t victims1 = ! rav9e is s n>r[ & ! fall s great t ! *annel mu/ be cle>$ out e few ye>s1 if n annually4 ,! *ange wr\ght by ! wat] dur+ a s+le ra9/orm1 :i* occurr$ 9 ! int]val betwe5 ,mr4 ,we$'s fir/ & second visits1 0 s consid]able t x seems probable t ! floods ( e>ly spr+1 :5 ! sn[s are melt+ "u ! hot sun ( ?is region1 mu/ be p[]ful en\gh to wa% ev]y?+ d[n to ! cone ( dbris at ! m\? ( ! gul*4 ,mr4 ,arnold ,hague1 on ! occasion ( 8 visit1 0 m successful 9 obta9+ evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( c>bonic-dioxide gas4 ,he writes3 ,! day ,i w5t up ! rav9e ,i 0 able 9 two places to ext+ui% a long br[n pap] tap]4 ,! day ,i 0 !re x 0 v calm1 & :]e ,i made ! te/ ! wat] 0 trickl+ d[n a n>r[ gorge %ut 9 by %elv+ rocks above4 ,x 0 at noon on ! #bb;d ( ,july 9 ! summ] ( #ahig t we made camp ne> ! m\? ( ,ca*e ,creek1 ab\t ?ree miles s\!a/ ( ! milit>y po/ & mail /ation ( ,soda ,butte4 ,9 company ) ,dr4 ,francis ,p4 ,k+ ,i at once />t$ up ! creek1 keep+ ! left bank1 t we might n miss ! gul*1 :i* jo9s ! valley ( ,ca*e ,creek f ! s\!rn side4 ,we _h a toilsome climb ?r\gh timb] & ov] /eep embankm5ts1 cut by ! creek 9 a loose conglom]ate1 & aft] go+ ab\t a mile & a half we notic$ t "s ( ^! banks 7 /a9$ ) :iti% & yell[ deposits ( alum & sulphur1 indicat+ t we 7 ne>+ ! old hot-spr+ di/rict4 ,soon a cav$-9 cone ( trav]t9e 0 se51 ) cry/all9e calcite & sulphur 9 ! cavities1 & ! b$ ( ! creek 0 m or less completely :it5$ by ^! deposits1 :ile "h & !re c\ld be se5 along ! banks ooz+ pa9t-pots ( calc>e\s mud1 9 "o case inky black1 ) deposits ( v>icolor$ salts ab\t its rim1 & a /eady ebullition ( gas bubbles ris+ f ! bottom4 ,9 o!r cases ^! pools 7 cry/al cle>1 & always cold4 ,! vegetation1 :i* bel[ _h be5 d5se close to ! creek's bank1 "h became m scanty1 especially on ! s\!rn side1 :]e ! b>e rock 0 expos$ & se5 to be a volcanic breccia1 mu* decompos$ & /a9$ ) solfat>ic deposits4 ,a m\nd ( co>se dbris se5 j above on ?is side indicat$ ! pres5ce ( a lat]al rav9e1 :i* f its situation & "* we decid$ 0 probably ! gul* s\ght =4 ,a /rong odor ( sulphuret$ hydrog5 _h be5 p]ceptible = "s "t1 & :5 we ent]$ ! gully ! fumes became oppressive1 caus+ a heavy burn+ s5sation 9 ! ?roat & lungs4 ,! rav9e prov$ to be z describ$1 a ,v-%ap$ tr5* cut 9 ! volcanic rock1 ab\t fifty feet 9 dep?1 ) v /eep b>e :iti% slopes1 n>r[+ to a /ony rill b$ t asc5d$ /eeply back into ! m\nta9 side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,view1 ,,look+ ,,d[n/ream1 ,,( ,,l[] ,,"p ,,( ,,dea? ,,gul*4 ,climb+ ?r\gh ?is tr\gh1 a frightfully weird & dismal place1 utt]ly )\t life1 & occupi$ by only a t9y /reamlet & an appall+ odor1 we at l5g? discov]$ "s br[n furry masses ly+ scatt]$ ab\t ! floor ( ! rav9e ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile f ! po9t :]e we _h left ,ca*e ,creek4 ,approa*+ cauti\sly1 x became quickly evid5t t we _h be=e u a l>ge gr\p ( huge recumb5t be>s2 ! "o ne>e/ to u 0 ly+ ) 8 nose betwe5 8 paws1 fac+ u1 & s exactly l a huge dog asleep t x did n seem possible t x 0 ! sleep ( dea?4 ,to make sure1 ,i ?rew a pebble at ! animal1 /rik+ him on ! flank2 ! di/5d$ sk9 res\nd$ l a drumhead1 & ! only response 0 a bel* ( poison\s gas t almo/ ov]:elm$ u4 ,clos] exam9ation %[$ t ! animal 0 a "y silv]-tip grizzly 7,ursus horribilis72 a few drops ( ?ick1 d>k-r$ blood /a9$ 8 no/rils & ! gr\nd b5ea?4 ,!re prov$ to be five o!r c>casses1 all be>s1 9 v>i\s /ages ( decay2 c>eful se>* reveal$ oval areas ( hair & bones t repres5t$ two o!r be>s1 mak+ a total ( eight c>casses 9 all4 ,sev5 7 grizzlies1 "o 0 a c9namon be> 7,ursus am]icanus74 ,"o huge grizzly 0 s rec5t a victim t 8 tracks 7 /ill visible 9 ! :ite1 e>?y slopes1 lead+ d[n to ! spot :]e he _h met 8 dea?4 ,9 no case 7 any m>ks ( viol5ce se51 & !re c be no "q t dea? 0 occasion$ by ! gas4 ,! w9d 0 bl[+ directly up ! rav9e dur+ our visit1 & we fail$ to get any te/ = c>bonic acid1 ?\gh we exhau/$ all our mat*es 9 ! ef=t1 plung+ ! flames into holl[s ( ! rill b$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( its c\rse2 !y inv>iably burn$ brightly1 & %[$ n ! slighte/ t5d5cy to ext+ui%4 ,! dilution ( ! gas 9 su* a breeze w\ld be inevitable1 h[ev]2 t ! gas 0 pres5t 0 atte/$ by ! peculi> oppression on ! lungs t 0 felt dur+ ! entire p]iod t we 7 9 ! gul*1 & :i* only wore (f gradually on our return to camp4 ,i suff]$ f a slight heada*e 9 consequ5ce = sev]al h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,look+ ,,d[n ,,! ,,gul*--,,! ,,late/ ,,victim1 ,a ,,l>ge ,,silv]-,,tip ,,grizzly4 ,!re 0 no diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance ( ! portion ( ! gul* :]e ! eight be>s _h met _! end & ! region above & bel[4 ,a hundr$ y>ds or m up /ream ! solfat>ic deposits become less abundant1 & ! timb] gr[s close to ! brook2 a %ort di/ance beyond ?is ! gul* ends4 ,no bodies 7 f\nd above1 & only be>s 7 f\nd 9 ! locality describ$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,we$'s exp]i5ce diff]s 9 ?is respect f ours1 & ! appe>ance ( ! place 0 some:at diff]5t3 he f\nd elk & small animals 9 addition to ! be>s1 & describes ! dea?-trap z occupy+ ! m\? ( ! bas9 at ! head ( ! gul*1 above ! po9t :]e ! la/ spr+s ( acid wat] cease4 ,! rill obs]v$ by u has its s\rce f> above ! animals2 inde$1 x trickles directly ?r\gh ! worm-eat5 c>cass ( ! c9namon be>--a ?\ght by no means com=t+ :5 we realiz$ t ! wat] supply = our camp 0 drawn f ! creek only a %ort di/ance d[n ! valley4 ,x is n impossible t !re may be two or ?ree ( ^! gullies hav+ simil> prop]ties4 ,t we %\ld h f\nd only be>s may p]haps be acc\nt$ = on ! gr\nd t ! fir/ victim = ?is season 0 a be>1 & 8 c>cass fright5$ away all animals except ^? ( 8 own family4 ,= an illu/ration ( a process ( accumulation ( ! bones ( l>ge v]tebrates1 ) all ! conditions pres5t necess>y = fossilization1 no f9] example c be f\nd 9 ! _w ?an ,dea? ,gul*2 ye> aft] ye> ! sn[ slides & spr+ floods wa% d[n ?is fre% supply ( entrapp$ c>casses to be buri$ 9 ! wa/e cones & alluvial bottoms ( ,ca*e ,creek & ,lam> ,riv]4 ,probably ! /ream-=m$ conglom]ate t we not$ z we asc5d$ ! creek is locally fill$ ) ^! rema9s4 ,! gas is probably g5]at$ by ! action ( ! acid wat] on ! anci5t lime/ones t "h und]lie ! lavas at no great dep?2 outcrops ( ^! lime/ones occur only a few miles away at ! m\? ( ,soda ,butte ,creek4 ,?is gas mu/ emanate f fissures 9 ! rock j above ! be>s1 & on /ill nights x may accumulate to a dep? ( two or ?ree feet 9 ! rav9e1 settl+ 9 a heavy1 wavy /ratum1 & probably roll+ sl[ly d[n ! b$ ( ! rill into ! valley bel[4 ,! accompany+ photographs 7 made dur+ our visit4 ,,! ,,labor ,,problem ,,9 ,,! ,,tropics4 ,,by ,w4 ,,alleyne ,,irel&4 ,a great deal ( space has be5 devot$ 9 ,am]ican magaz9es & newspap]s rec5tly to ! "q ( h[ ?is c\ntry has become a colonial p[]4 ,de/9y & duty1 /r5g? & weakness1 accid5t & design1 hone/y & corruption h be5 call$ on by writ]s1 s+ly & 9 v>i\s comb9ations1 to be> ! responsibility ( ! new dep>ture 9 ! national policy4 ,:atev] int]e/ su* speculations may possess = ! /ud5t :o seeks to discov] 9 ! ev5ts ( hi/ory "s indication ( ! evolution ( national "*1 !re c be little d\bt t ! eyes ( ! p at l>ge are turn$ 9 ano!r direction4 ,:at are our new possessions wor?8 is ! "q :i* intellig5t m5 ( all classes are beg9n+ to ask2 & x is n surpris+1 9 view ( ! comp>ative isolation ( ?is c\ntry 9 ! pa/1 t !re are few :o h suffici5t confid5ce 9 _! own op9ion to answ] ! qu]y4 ,9 ,engl&1 ^: colonial & ,indian empire embraces ne>ly "o f\r? ( ! population ( ! globe1 !re is an a/\nd+ lack ( k 9 relation to colonial affairs2 & ^? :o foll[ ! debates 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons w h notic$ t :5 ! colonies are ! subject "u discussion ! few memb]s :o rema9 9 _! seats seldom fail to exhibit a degree ( ignorance :i* mu/ be mo/ di%e>t5+ to ! able & le>n$ ,colonial ,secret>y4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at1 !n1 t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! p h be5 too mu* occupi$ ) ! problems cont9ually aris+ at home to pay any att5tion to affairs :i*1 until v rec5tly1 h appe>$ entirely outside ! range ( practical politics1 !re %\ld be few m5 :o h giv5 _! "t to t c>eful /udy ( tropical colonization :i* alone c imp>t any value to op9ions 9 reg>d to ! practical issues involv$ 9 ! colonial expansion ( ?is c\ntry4 ,discussion ( ! subject has be5 almo/ entirely along ! l9e ( ! possible effects ( ! new policy on ! political in/itutions & popul> ideals ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & little has be5 writt5 :i* may be said to ?r[ any light on ! problem ( tropical colonization p] se4 ,a resid5ce ( t5 ye>s 9 ! tropical colonies ( ,france1 ,spa91 ,holl&1 & ,great ,brita9--a p]iod dur+ :i* ,i devot$ mu* "t to ! /udy ( colonial affairs--leaves me ( op9ion t !re are two po9ts 9 reg>d to :i* discussion is peculi>ly opportune3 #a4 ,! value ( ! ,philipp9es & ,pu]to ,rico z a field = ! cultivation ( ^? tropical products :i* are consum$ 9 ! temp]ate zones4 #b4 ,! value ( ! isl&s z a m>ket = products & manufactures ( ! temp]ate zones4 ,x w at once be se5 t only 9 s f> z ! isl&s are valuable 9 ! =m] respect c !y be important 9 ! latt]1 = 9 ! abs5ce ( production !re c n be any consid]able consumption ( commodities4 ,! fir/ po9t to be consid]$1 & x is ! "o to :i* ,i %all conf9e myself 9 ! pres5t article1 is by :at means ! productive possibilities ( ,pu]to ,rico & ! ,philipp9es c be develop$4 ,bas+ my calculation on (ficial reports cov]+ a numb] ( ye>s1 ,i f9d t ! av]age value p] capita ( ! annual exports ( native products f a numb] ( tropical colonies select$ by me = ! purpose ( ?is inquiry is z foll[s3 ,tr9idad #bf4dh ,briti% ,guiana #cd4bf ,m>t9ique #bc4dh ,mauritius #bj4bh ,dom9ica #g4bh ,/4 ,v9c5t #g4fh ,ceylon #g4bd ,monts]rat #g4hi ,an exam9ation ( ^! figures w s]ve to %[ t ! value ( ! colonies 9 ! fir/ column1 measur$ by ! /&>d ( _! productiv5ess1 is ?ree times t ( ! colonies 9 ! second column4 ,ref]5ce to ! population returns ( ! colonies nam$ discloses ! fact t 9 ! colonies 9 ! fir/ column ! population conta9s a v l>ge proportion ( import$ contract labor]s & _! desc5dants1 :ile 9 ! o!r colonies practically ! :ole population is home-born = at lea/ two g5]ations4 ,a mom5t's reflection w %[ ! importance ( ! comp>ison in/itut$ above1 & if ! space at my comm& p]mitt$ a m ext5sive analysis ( ! trade ( tropical colonies1 x c\ld be demon/rat$ t ! !ory holds good1 almo/ )\t exception1 t ( tropical c\ntries ^? only are comm]cially valuable 9 :i* a sy/em ( import$ contract labor is 9 =ce4 ,!re are "o or two colonies 7,b>bados is ! mo/ /rik+ example7 9 :i* ! pressure ( population is s great t ! labor supply suffices = ! utmo/ developm5t ( :i* ! c\ntry is capable2 b su* in/ances are r>e4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,engl& 9 gov]n+ tropical colonies is frequ5tly cit$ by ^? :o favor ! s-call$ imp]ial policy = ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a pro( t tropical colonization 9 itself pres5ts no difficulties :i* c n be ov]come by enlight5$ adm9i/ration4 ,x w\ld be difficult to po9t out 9 j :at mann] ,great ,brita9 d]ives any b5efit f h] tropical possessions1 b h] exp]i5ce confirms ! !ory ,i h /at$ above--t ! comm]cial developm5t ( tropical colonies is possible only :]e !re is an extraord9>y d5sity ( population or :]e a sy/em ( import$ contract labor is 9 =ce4 ,a glance ?r\gh ! li/ ( ,great ,brita9's tropical colonies w s]ve to prove ! correctness ( ?is !ory4 ,import$ contract labor is us$ 9 ,briti% ,guiana1 ,tr9idad1 ,jamaica1 ,que5sl&1 ! ,fiji ,isl&s1 ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 & ,mauritius2 :ile ! pressure ( population is extreme 9 ,lagos & ,b>bados1 :i* support respectively #a1ccc & #a1abj p]sons to ! squ>e mile4 ,! rema9+ tropical colonies ( ,great ,brita9--us+ ! t]m tropical colony 9 its /ricte/ s5se--are ! ,gold ,coa/1 ,si]ra ,leone1 ,gambia1 ,hongkong1 ,/4 ,hel5a1 ,briti% ,honduras1 ,gr5ada1 ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,/4 ,lucia1 ,antigua1 ,/4 ,kitts-,nevis1 ,dom9ica1 ,monts]rat1 & a few isl&s 9 ! ,pacific :i* are insignificant comm]cially4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! ,briti% trade returns %[s t ! total export & import trade betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & all ! ,briti% tropical colonies 9 #ahif rea*$ a value ( #adf1jjj1jjj1 & t ( ?is sum #aba1jjj1jjj repres5t$ trade ) ! tropical colonies :i* employ import$ contract labor & ) ,lagos & ,b>bados4 ,9 o!r words1 ! trade betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & ^? ,briti% tropical colonies :]e free labor is us$ & :]e !re is no great pressure ( population made up less ?an eighte5 p] c5t ( ! total trade ) ! ,briti% tropical colonies4 ,x w\ld appe> f ! facts ,i h giv5 t ! comm]cial developm5t ( ^? p>ts ( ! tropics :]e ! population is sp>se w be dep5d5t on ! importation ( labor f m d5sely peopl$ areas4 ,if ! "q is approa*$ f an entirely diff]5t /&po9t ! necessity ( contract labor 9 ! tropics becomes m /rik+ly app>5t4 ,! developm5t ( ! tropics w be 9 ! direction ( agriculture r ?an manufactur+1 & ! requirem5ts ( tropical agriculture 9 respect ( labor are mo/ arbitr>y4 ,x is n suffici5t t ! labor supply is ample1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w2 x mu/ be at all times imm$iately available4 ,?us1 a m9e own] ^: m5 g out on /rike is1 briefly1 plac$ 9 ?is position3 ,he w lose a sum ( money some:at l>g] ?an ! am\nt ( pr(it he c\ld h made dur+ ! p]iod ( ! /rike _h x n occurr$4 ,8 coal1 h[ev]1 is /ill !re1 & is n less valuable--inde$1 9 ! case ( a prolong$ /rike1 may actually be m valuable--:5 ! /rike is ov]2 "w c easily be resum$ :]e x 0 dropp$1 & dur+ ! idle days ! ord9>y runn+ exp5ses ( ! m9e cease4 ,! great] "p ( ! loss su/a9$ 9 ! in/ance ,i h suppos$ is n out-(-pocket loss1 b m]ely ! failure to realize prospective pr(its4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a sug> e/ate 9 ! tropics sp5ds ab\t eight mon?s out ( ! twelve 9 cultivat+ ! crop1 & ! rema9+ f\r 9 reap+ & boil+ op]ations4 ,by ! "t ! crop is ready to reap _m ?\s&s ( doll>s h be5 exp5d$ on x by way ( plant+1 we$+1 dra9+1 & ! application ( nitrog5\s manures4 ,if f any cause ! labor supply fails :5 ! cutt+ ( ! canes is ab\t to comm5ce1 e c5t exp5d$ on ! crop is wa/$2 & if = want ( labor ! canes :i* are cut are n transport$ )9 a few h\rs to ! mills1 !y turn s\r & c n be made into sug>4 ,x w ?us be se5 t 9 ! case ( sug>-gr[+ a p]fectly reliable labor supply is ! fir/ requisite4 ,! same might be said ( ! cultivation ( tea1 c(fee1 cocoa1 spices1 & tropical fruits4 ,?is problem--! secur+ ( a reliable labor supply--has be5 solv$ 9 ! case ( sev]al ( ! tropical possessions ( ,engl& by ! importation ( ,ea/ ,indian labor]s "u contract to s]ve = a fix$ p]iod on ! plantations4 ,z1 9 my op9ion1 ! ,ea/ ,indian contract labor] w play an important "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! tropics1 ,i describe 9 detail ! mo/ p]fect sy/em ( contract labor ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 t exi/+ at ! pres5t "t 9 ! colony ( ,briti% ,guiana4 ,! sy/em ( import$ ind5tur$ labor :i* is 9 =ce 9 _m ( ! ,briti% colonies has be5 ref]r$ to frequ5tly1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,engl&1 z slav]y1 semislav]y1 ! new slav]y4 ,! use ( su* t]ms to describe su* a sy/em indicates a complete ignorance ( ! facts4 ,z "s ( ! be/-in=m$ j\rnals 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 notic+ my writ+s on tropical subjects1 h fall5 into ?is error1 ,i hope t ! description ,i give "h1 :i* is bas$ on sev]al ye>s' exp]i5ce ( ! actual work+ ( ! sy/em1 w s]ve to conv9ce ! read]s ( ?is article t ! ind5ture ( ! ,ea/ ,indian coolie 9 ! ,briti% colonies is no m a =m ( slav]y ?an is any contract ent]$ into betwe5 an employ] & an employee 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:5 ! ,briti% ,guiana plant] 0 in=m$ by ! home ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahcd t f\r ye>s lat] slav]y w\ld be entirely aboli%$ ?r\gh\t ! ,briti% ,empire1 he =esaw at once t unless a new s\rce ( labor 0 ?r[n op5 a v %ort "t w\ld elapse be=e ! cane fields w\ld fall out ( cultivation4 ,he li/5$1 n )\t "s irritation1 to ! assurances ( ! ag5ts ( ! ,antislav]y ,society t z soon z ! slaves 7 fre$ !y w\ld "w ) r$\bl$ en]gy1 & t ! labor supply1 in/ead ( det]iorat+1 w\ld1 9 fact1 improve4 ,! plant]s knew bett]1 & began at once to arrange = ! importation ( contract labor4 ,) ! ye> #ahcd began ! p]iod ( appr5tice%ip = ! slaves1 prior to _! complete emancipation f\r ye>s lat]4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 & be=e ! import$ labor suffic$ = ! ne$s ( ! plantations1 sev]al e/ates 7 ru9$ & fell out ( cultivation because ! appr5tic$ labor]s w\ld n "w4 ,on ,octob] #aa1 #ahch1 ! gov]nor ( ! colony1 ,h5ry ,light1 ,esquire1 issu$ a proclamation to ! fre$ slaves4 ,! proclamation /at$ t ! gov]nor _h le>n$ ) regret t ! labor ( ! fre$ slaves 0 irregul>2 t _! ma/]s c\ld n dep5d on !m2 t !y work$ "o day & idl$ ! next2 t :5 !y _h e>n$ en\gh to fill _! bellies !y lay d[n to sleep or idl$ away _! "t2 t !y left _! tasks unf9i%$1 & !n expect$ to be paid 9 full = !m4 ,9 ! mean:ile ! plant]s import$ labor f ! ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s1 ,malta1 ,madeira1 ,*9a1 & ,g]many2 & ev5tually ! sy/em ( immigration f ,india 0 organiz$4 ,! sy/em is "u ! control ( ! ,indian ,c\ncil 9 ,calcutta on ! "o h& & ! ,briti% ,guiana ,gov]nm5t & ! ,colonial ,(fice on ! o!r4 ,9 ,georget[n1 ! capital ( ! colony1 is ! immigration dep>tm5t1 "u ! managem5t ( ! immigration ag5t g5]al1 :o has "u him a /aff ( inspectors1 subag5ts1 cl]ks1 & int]pret]s1 all ( :om mu/ speak at lea/ "o ,indian dialect4 ,9 ,calcutta resides ! emigration ag5t g5]al1 also an (ficial ( ! ,briti% ,guiana ,gov]nm5t1 :o has "u him a /aff ( m$ical (fic]s1 recruit+ ag5ts1 & cl]ks4 ,ea* ye> ! plant]s ( ,briti% ,guiana s5d 9 requisitions to ! immigration dep>tm5t /at+ ! numb] ( immigrants requir$ = ! foll[+ ye>4 ,^! requisitions are exam9$ by ! ag5t g5]al1 & if1 9 8 op9ion1 any e/ate dem&s m coolies ?an ! ext5t ( its cultivation ju/ifies1 ! numb] is r$uc$4 ,z soon z ! full numb] is decid$ on1 ! ag5t 9 ,calcutta is in=m$1 & ! process ( recruit+ comm5ces4 ,! labor]s are secur$ entirely by volunt>y enli/m5t4 ,! recruit+ ag5ts g ab\t ! c\ntry & expla9 ! t]ms (f]$ by ! ,briti% ,guiana plant]s1 & ^? m5 & wom5 :o express _! will+ness to ent] into a contract are s5t d[n to ,calcutta at ! exp5se ( ! colony4 ,on arrival 9 ,calcutta !y are provid$ ) free food & qu>t]s at ! emigration depot until su* "t z a suffici5t numb] are assembl$ to =m a full pass5g] li/ = a transport4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( wait+1 :i* may ext5d to sev]al weeks1 a c>eful m$ical inspection ( ! labor]s is made1 & all ^? :o may be deem$ unfit = ! "w ( ! e/ates are s5t back to _! homes at ! exp5se ( ! colony4 ,prior to emb>kation ! coolies are call$ up 9 bat*es ( fifte5 or tw5ty1 & ! emigration ag5t or a local magi/rate reads ov] to !m 9 _! own language ! t]ms ( ! ind5ture4 ,ea* "o is !n giv5 an ind5ture ticket on :i* ! t]ms ( ind5ture are pr9t$ 9 ?ree dialects4 ,! ag5t g5]al affixes 8 signature to ea* ticket2 & a special provision 9 ! laws ( ,briti% ,guiana makes 8 signature b9d+ on ! plant]s :o employ ! coolies4 ,! ticket ?us con/itutes a contract valid z aga9/ ei!r p>ty 9 ! c\rts ( ! colony4 ,! coolies h ! "r to c>ry ) !m any *ildr5 !y may wi%1 & ^? "u twelve ye>s ( age are exempt f ind5ture4 ,! transportation is effect$ 9 sail+ vessels1 :i* are = ! "t be+ ,gov]nm5t transports4 ,! reason :y /eam]s are n employ$ is t sail+ vessels are f\nd to be mu* heal?i]1 & t ! long sea voyage has an excell5t effect on ! immigrants4 ,! regulations gov]n+ ! voyage are v /rict4 ,z f> z ! coolies are conc]n$1 ! %ip is 9 *>ge ( a m$ical (fic]4 ,! capta9 ( ! %ip1 ! (fic]s1 & ! crew are all "u ! comm& ( ! doctor1 except 9 s f> z ! actual sail+ ( ! vessel is 9 "q4 ,! vessel has ample hospital accommodation1 a complete disp5s>y 9 *>ge ( a qualifi$ disp5s]1 & all ! arrangem5ts mu/ be pass$ by a ,gov]nm5t inspector be=e ! %ip is giv5 h] cle>ance4 ,! food to be furni%$ dur+ ! voyage is specifi$ by law4 ,! bill ( f>e consi/s *iefly ( bread1 butt]1 rice1 curry1 sago1 cond5s$ milk1 & fre% mutton1 a numb] ( %eep be+ c>ri$ on ! %ip4 ,e morn+ & ev5+ ! doctor makes an inspection ( ! vessel1 & ent]s 9 8 log-book all ess5tial details1 su* z bir?s1 dea?s1 cases treat$ 9 ! hospital1 & s =?4 ,on arrival 9 ! colony ! coolies are allott$ to ! diff]5t e/ates4 ,! coolie is b\nd to rema9 = five ye>s on ! plantation to :i* he is allott$1 & to "w dur+ t "t five days a week1 ! day's "w be+ sev5 h\rs4 ,9 return = ?is ! plant] mu/ furni% him ) a h\se free ( r5t1 & built 9 su* a way z to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! inspector ( immigrants' dwell+s 9 reg>d to v5tilation1 size1 & wat] supply2 & no immigrants are s5t to any e/ate until ^! h\ses h be5 inspect$ & pass$ z satisfactory4 ,! plant] mu/ also furni% on ! e/ate free hospital accommodation & m$ical att5dance1 & 9 addition provide free education = ! *ildr5 ( ind5tur$ immigrants4 ,! m$ical (fic]s are ,gov]nm5t s]vants1 & ! colony is divid$ into di/ricts1 ea* ( :i* has its own doctor1 :o is compell$ by law to visit ea* e/ate 9 8 di/rict at lea/ once 9 =ty-eight h\rs & exam9e & prescribe = all immigrants pres5t+ !mselves at ! hospital4 ,! plant] is fur!r b\nd to pay a m9imum daily wage ( tw5ty-f\r c5ts to ea* man & sixte5 c5ts to ea* woman4 ,?is appe>s at fir/ sight a v small sum1 b :5 x is tak5 into acc\nt t a coolie c live well on eight c5ts a day x w be se5 t ! wage is ?ree times ! liv+ exp5se1 a rate v r>ely paid to agricultural labor]s 9 any "p ( ! _w4 ,t ! coolies d1 9 fact1 save consid]able sums ( money w be se5 :5 ! /ati/ics ( ! immigration dep>tm5t are exam9$4 ,^! records %[ t dur+ ! ye>s #ahgj to #ahif #ch1gic immigrants return$ to ,india aft] complet+ _! t]ms ( ind5ture1 & t !y c>ri$ back ) !m to _! native l& ov] #b1hjj1jjj4 ,at ! end ( #ahif !re 7 ov] five ?\s& ,ea/ ,indian depositors 9 ! ,briti% ,guiana ,gov]nm5t ,sav+s ,bank & ! ,po/-,(fice ,sav+s ,bank1 ) a total sum ( m ?an #dej1jjj to _! cr$it4 ,at ! end ( five ye>s ! ind5tur$ coolie becomes absolutely free4 ,he may cease "w1 or1 if he pref] x1 rema9 on ! e/ates z a free labor]4 ,! :ole colony is op5 to him1 & he may engage 9 any trade or pr(ession = :i* he may be fitt$4 ,if he rema9s = five ye>s long] 9 ! colony1 ev5 ?\gh he be idle dur+ ! :ole ( t "t1 he becomes entitl$ to a grant ( l& f ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! law 9 ?is respect has be5 rec5tly *ang$4 ,all coolies :o came to ! colony prior to #ahih h ! *oice at ! end ( t5 ye>s ( a free grant ( l& or an assi/$ passage back to _! native place4 ,x may be object$ by ^? p]sons :o are unacqua9t$ ) ! sy/em t all ?is s\nds v well on pap]1 b t ! opportunities = fraud & oppression mu/ be v frequ5t1 &1 human nature be+ :at x is1 v frequ5tly tak5 advantage (1 to ! injury ( ! coolies' int]e/s4 ,su* *>ges h1 9 fact1 be5 made f "t to "t1 b !y h1 on inve/igation1 prov$ to be unf\nd$1 or1 at ! wor/1 highly exagg]at$4 ,! treatm5t ( ! ind5tur$ immigrants 9 ,briti% ,guiana 0 ! subject ( a ,royal commission ( inquiry 9 #ahgj4 ,! appo9tm5t ( ! commission foll[$ a s]ies ( *>ges made by a c]ta9 ,mr4 ,des ,voeux1 a magi/rate 9 ! colony1 9 a lett] to ,e>l ,granville1 at t "t ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ! ,colonies4 ,! commission visit$ ! colony & conduct$ a mo/ se>*+ inquiry4 ,hundr$s ( witnesses 7 exam9$1 & ! commission]s visit$ sev]al e/ates1 )\t giv+ any w>n+ ( _! int5tions1 & que/ion$ _m ( ! coolies z to _! treatm5t4 ,mr4 ,des ,voeux entirely fail$ to sub/antiate 8 *>ges2 & ,sir ,cl9ton ,murdo*1 ! *airman ( ! emigration bo>d--a p]man5t dep>tm5t ( ! ,colonial ,(fice--9 ref]r+ to ! report ( ! commission 9 a blue book issu$ 9 #ahgb1 said3 ,x may1 ,i ?9k1 be consid]$ t ! report ( ! commission]s is g5]ally satisfactory1 bo? z reg>ds ! magi/racy1 ! plant]s1 & ! immigrants4 ,_m defects 9 ! sy/em & mode ( work+ x are no d\bt po9t$ out1 b !y are defects caus$ by errors ( judgm5t1 by insuffici5cy ( ! law1 or by want ( =esight1 n by int5tional neglect or indiff]5ce to ! well-be+ ( ! p1 /ill less by oppression or cruelty4 ,! v9dication ( ! magi/racy & ( ! m$ical (fic]s appe>s to be complete1 & ! fair deal+ & k9dness ( ! manag]s t[>d ! immigrants is ackn[l$g$4 ,! laws h be5 am5d$1 ! ,gov]nm5t inspection has be5 made m complete1 & to-day x is impossible t any abuse ( p[] on ! "p ( ! plant]s c pass unnotic$4 ,to give an in/ance ( ! effectiv5ess ( ! ,gov]nm5t sup]vision--ea* e/ate is compell$ by law to keep pay li/s accord+ to a =m specifi$ by ! immigration dep>tm5t1 9 :i* ! "n ( ea* ind5tur$ immigrant mu/ be ent]$ ) a record ( ea* sep>ate day's "w dur+ ! five ye>s ( ! ind5ture4 ,?us1 if ! pay li/ %[s t 9 a c]ta9 week a man work$ only two days out ( ! legal five1 x mu/ also %[ ! reason :y he did n "w on ! o!r ?ree days4 ,x may h be5 t ! man 0 9 ! hospital1 9 :i* case ! lett] ,h mu/ appe> opposite 8 "n = ^? days2 or he may h be5 grant$ leave ( abs5ce1 :5 ! lett] ,l w\ld acc\nt = him4 ,^! pay li/s are inspect$ by a ,gov]nm5t (fic] twice a mon?1 & any faults disclos$ by ! exam9ation become ! subject ( a sev]e reprim& f ! ag5t g5]al1 foll[$ 9 ! case ( p]si/5t neglect by ! cutt+ (f ( ! supply ( coolies4 ,s m9ute are ! records ( ! immigration dep>tm5t t 7 an application made to ! ag5t g5]al = in=mation reg>d+ "s p>ticul> ind5tur$ coolie1 t (ficial c\ld )\t difficulty supply ! "n ( ! man's fa!r & "m1 8 ca/e1 age1 native place1 ) ! same in=mation 9 reg>d to ! man's wife4 ,he c\ld also make out an acc\nt %[+ e day ! man _h work$ dur+ ! t]m ( 8 ind5ture1 & ! reasons :y he _h n work$ on ! o!r days1 ) ! exact am\nt e>n$ on ea* work+ day4 ,9 addition to ?is he c\ld /ate h[ _m days ! man _h sp5t 9 ! e/ate's hospital & :at 0 ! matt] ) him on ^? occasions1 besides furni%+ a copy ( e prescription made up = ! man 9 ! e/ate's disp5s>y4 ,a /rik+ evid5ce ( ! desire ( ! ,gov]nm5t to protect ! coolies f ill treatm5t ( any k9d is af=d$ by ! rule ( ! immigration dep>tm5t t1 if any ov]se] on an e/ate is convict$ ( an (f5se aga9/ an ind5tur$ immigrant1 ! dismissal ( ! (f5d] is dem&$1 & ea* e/ate 9 ! colony is w>n$ t if x employ ! man ! supply ( immigrants w be cut (f4 ,! coolies are giv5 e facility to compla9 ( ill-treatm5t or brea* ( contract on ! "p ( ! plant]s1 =1 9 addition to ! opportunity af=d$ by ! regul> visits ( ! subag5ts1 ! "r is secur$ to !m by law ( leav+ any e/ate )\t p]mission 9 ord] to visit ! ag5t g5]al or ! ne>e/ magi/rate2 & ei!r ( ^! (ficials has ! p[] to issue all process ( law free ( co/ to any coolie :o satisfies him t !re is a prima facie cause ( compla9t4 ,su*1 9 brief1 are ! features ( ! ,ea/ ,indian immigration sy/em ( ,briti% ,guiana4#ab ,^? :o approa* ! "q ( ! labor supply = ! ,am]ican colonies ) an unprejudic$ m9d w see t !re is no?+ 9 ! sy/em ,i h describ$ :i* is at v>iance ) ! pr9ciples ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,all t is requir$ to make su* a sy/em a boon bo? to ! employ] & to ! labor] is t ! (ficials *>g$ ) ! inspection ( ! sy/em & ! protection ( ! immigrants' int]e/s %\ld be intellig5t1 hone/1 & fe>less 9 ! dis*>ge ( _! duties4 ,,footnote3 #ab ,to ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! subject ( ind5tur$ labor 9 ! tropics1 ! foll[+ /ati/ics1 compil$ by me f (ficial s\rces1 may be ( int]e/4 ,! figures relate to ,briti% ,guiana3 ,ye>4 ,numb] ( ind5tur'd labor]s import$ f ,india4 ,numb] ( "t-expir$ immigrants :o return$ to ,india4 ,value 9 doll>s ( money & ornam5ts c>ri$ back to ,india by return+ immigrants4 ,numb] ( ,ea/ ,indian depositors 9 ! ,gov't ,sav+s ,bank4 ,total am\nt ( _! deposits1 9 doll>s4 ,numb] ( plant]s convict$ ( (f5ses aga9/ immigrants4 ,dea? rate p] #a1jjj among ind5tur$ labor]s4 ,g5]al dea? rate ( ! colony4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ahhf #d1gif #a1hhi #aaa1gge #e1eeh #dbe1ief #i #bg4dj #be4ef #ahhg #c1ibh #a1dbj #ib1fac #e1hba #dch1fjj #d #bc4bj #cb4da #ahhh #b1gga #a1ich #ie1jgd #e1ijd #deg1hhf #a #ai4gc #bi4bg #ahhi #c1egc #b1jdb #aab1abd #f1hjb #eac1bbj #a #ab4eg #bh4ac #ahij #c1dcb #b1abe #adb1faa #g1bfi #eeh1gcd #c #bj4dj #ci4hj #ahia #e1bbi #b1aea #acd1bbe #f1cih #eae1bdf #b #bj4dj #cg4jj #ahib #e1bda #b1jad #ig1ebi #f1jhe #ebg1bjc #a #be4bj #ci4jj #ahic #d1adf #a1hdh #ajd1gfc #f1agi #edd1dbj #a #bd4ia #ce4jj #ahid #i1ehe #a1iih #aac1cjh #f1abh #ebi1afa #b #bd4bb #cc4ec #ahie #b1dbe #b1jga #aai1bhi #d1iej #dec1iej #a #bj4cf #bi4eh #ahif #b1djh #b1jei #gf1dgj #d1ebj #dcd1gei #a #af4ej #bd4aj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,taxation4 ,,by ,,! ,,late ,,hon4 ,,david ,a4 ,,wells4 ,,xx4--,,! ,,law ,,( ,,! ,,diffusion ,,( ,,taxes4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,att5tion is next ask$ to an analysis ( ! incid5ce ( taxation1 :at is ma9ly direct1 on processes & products1 & on ! ma*9]y by :i* "o is effect$ & ! o!r di/ribut$1 & at ! outset ! foll[+ propositions 9 ! nature ( economic axioms are submitt$1 :i* x is believ$ w s]ve z /epp+ /ones to ! atta9m5t ( broad g5]alizations4 ,?us1 prop]ty is solely produc$ to supply human wants & desires2 & taxes =m an important "p ( ! co/ ( all production1 di/ribution1 & consumption1 & repres5t ! labor p]=m$ 9 gu>d+ & protect+ prop]ty at ! exp5se ( ! ,/ate1 9 all ! processes ( developm5t & trans=mation4 ,! ,/ate is ?us an active & important p>tn] 9 all production4 ,)\t its assi/ance & protection1 production w\ld be imp$$ or :olly arre/$4 ,! soldi] or policeman gu>ds1 :ile ! citiz5 p]=ms 8 labor 9 safety4 ,z a p>tn] 9 all ! =ms ( production & bus9ess1 ! ,/ate mu/ pay its exp5ses--i4e41 its ag5ts1 = _! s]vices2 & its only means ( pay+ are ?r\gh its receipts f taxation4 ,taxes1 !n1 are cle>ly items ( exp5se 9 all bus9ess1 ! same z r5t1 fuel1 co/ ( mat]ial1 light1 labor1 wa/e1 insurance1 cl]ical s]vice1 adv]tis+1 expressage1 freight1 & ! l1 & on bus9ess pr9ciples !y f9d _! place on ! pages ( pr(it & loss2 &1 l all o!r exp5ses :i* ent] into ! co/ ( production1 mu/ f9ally be su/a9$ by ^? :o gratify _! wants or desires by consumption4 ,production is only a means1 & consumption is ! end1 & ! consum] mu/ pay 9 ! end all ! exp5ses ( production4 ,e deal] 9 dome/ic or import$ m]*&ise keeps on h&1 at all times1 ^u 8 %elves1 a /ock ( diff]5t & accumulat$ taxes--cu/oms1 int]nal rev5ue1 ,/ate1 s*ool1 & municipal--) 8 goods2 & :5 we buy & c>ry away f any /ore or %op an article1 we buy & c>ry away ) x ! accompany+ & inh]5tial taxes4 ,any prim>y taxpay]1 :o does n ultimately consume ! ?+ tax$1 & :o does n include ! tax 9 ! price ( ! tax$ prop]ty or its products1 mu/ lit]ally ?r[ away 8 money & mu/ soon become bankrupt & disappe> z a competitor2 & accord+ly ! tax advanc] w add ! tax 9 8 prices if he und]/&s simple addition4 ,h[ rapidly bankruptcy w\ld befall deal]s 9 import$ goods1 w>es1 & m]*&ise 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o did n /rictly obs]ve ?is rule w be realiz$ :5 "o rememb]s t ! av]age tax impos$ by its ,gov]nm5t 79 #ahif7 on all dutiable imports is 9 excess ( fifty p] c5t4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,frankl9 0 ask$ by a committee ( ! ,engli% ,h\se ( ,commons1 prior to ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 if ! prov9ce ( ,p5nsylvania did n practically relieve f>m]s & o!r l&[n]s f taxation1 & at ! same "t impose a heavy tax on m]*ants1 to ! injury ( ,briti% trade1 he answ]$ t if su* special tax 0 impos$1 ! m]*ants 7 exp]ts ) _! p5s1 & add$ ! tax to ! price ( _! goods1 & ?us made ! f>m]s & all l&[n]s pay _! "p ( ! tax z consum]s4 ,taxes uni=mly levi$ on all ! subjects ( taxation1 & :i* are n s excessive z to become a prohibition on ! use ( ! ?+ tax$1 become1 !re=e1 a "p ( ! co/ ( all production1 di/ribution1 & consumption1 & diffuse & equate !mselves by natural laws 9 ! same mann] & 9 ! same m9ute degree z all o!r elem5ts t con/itute ! exp5ses ( production4 ,we produce to consume & consume to produce1 & ! co/ ( consumption1 includ+ taxes1 ent]s into ! co/ ( production1 & ! co/ ( production1 includ+ taxes1 ent]s into ! co/ ( consumption1 & ?us taxes levi$ uni=mly on ?+s ( ! same class1 by ! laws ( competition1 supply1 & dem&1 & ! all-p]vad+ m$iums ( labor1 w be di/ribut$1 p]cuss$1 & rep]cuss$ to a remote degree1 until !y f9ally fall ^u e p]son1 n 9 proportion to 8 consumption ( a giv5 article1 b 9 ! proportion 8 consumption be>s to ! aggregate consumption ( ! tax$ community4 ,a great capitali/1 l ,mr4 ,a/or1 be>s no great] burd5 ( taxation 7& c n be made to be> m by any laws t c be prop]ly t]m$ tax laws7 ?an ! proportion :i* 8 aggregate individual consumption be>s to ! aggregate individual consumption ( all o!rs 9 8 circuit ( imm$iate competition2 & z to 8 o!r taxes1 he is a m]e tax collector1 or conduit1 conduct+ taxes f 8 t5ants or borr[]s to ! ,/ate or city treasury4 ,a :isky di/ill] is a tax conduit1 or tax collector1 & sells m taxes ?an ! orig9al co/ ( :isky1 z f9ds pro( & illu/ration 9 ! fact t ! ,unit$ ,/ates imposes a tax ( "o doll> & t5 c5ts p] gallon on pro( :isky :i* its manufactur] w\ld be v glad to sell free ( tax = an av]age ( ?irte5 c5ts p] gallon4 ,! tax1 fur!rmore1 is requir$ to be laid be=e ! :isky c be remov$ f ! di/ill]y or bond$ w>eh\se & all[$ to become an article ( m]*&ise4 ,tobacco 9 l mann] c n g into consumption till ! tax is paid4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 :]e all tobacco consum$ is import$1 = e #c;d4 paid by ! consum]1 #b4e;d4 repres5ts cu/oms duties or taxes4 ,9 ,russia x is e/imat$ t ! ,gov]nm5t annually requires ( its peasant produc]s "o ?ird ! m>ket value ( _! entire crop ( c]eals 9 paym5t ( _! taxes1 & fixes ! "t ( collect+ ! same 9 ! autumn1 :5 ! peasant sells suffici5t ( 8 gra9 7ma9ly = exportation71 & ) ! pur*ase money meets ! dem&s ( ! tax collector4 ,c x be d\bt$ t ! sums ?us extort$ ent] into & =m an ess5tial "p ( ! co/ ( ! entire crop or product ( ! l&8 ,x is1 !re=e1 immat]ial :]e ! process ( manufacture takes place2 ! citiz5s ( a ,/ate pay 9 proportion to ! quantity :i* !y consume4 ,! travel] :o /ops at "o ( ! great city hotels c n avoid reimburs+ ! own] = ! tax he prim>ily pays on ! prop]ty2 & ! own]1 9 respect to ! taxation ( 8 hotel prop]ty1 is b a great & effective real-e/ate & diffus$ tax collector4 ,aga91 ! f>m] *>ges taxes 9 ! price ( 8 products2 ! labor]1 9 8 wages2 ! cl]gyman1 9 8 sal>y2 ! l5d]1 9 ! int]e/ he receives2 ! lawy]1 9 8 fees2 & ! manufactur]1 9 8 goods4 ,! ,am]ican ,bible ,society is always 9 "p load$ ) ! :isky & tobacco taxes paid by ! pr9t]s1 pap]-mak]s1 & book-b9d]s1 or by ! produc]s ( articles consum$ by ^! me*anics1 & reflect$ & embodi$ 9 _! wages & ! products ( _! labor accord+ to ! degree ( abs5ce ( competition f fell[-me*anics :o ab/a9 f ! use ( ^! & o!r tax$ articles4 ,^! conclusions respect+ ! diffusion ( taxes may be said to be univ]sally accept$ by economi/s s f> z !y relate to ! results ( production be=e !y rea* ! h&s ( ! f9al consum]s2 b !y are n accept$ by _m1 z ,mr4 ,h5ry ,george has rec5tly express$ x1 9 respect to taxes on special pr(its or advantages on ?+s ( :i* ! supply is /rictly limit$1 or ( weal? 9 ! h&s ( f9al consum]s1 or 9 ! c\rse ( di/ribution by gift1 & f9ally 9 respect to taxes on l&4 ,b a little exam9ation w\ld seem to %[ t all ( ^! exceptions are ( ! k9d t are said to prove ! rule4 ,special pr(its & advantages 9 ?is age ( quick diffusion ( k & int5se competition are exce$+ly ephem]al1 & are ma9ly conf9$ to results :i* ! ,/ate ) a view ( enc\rag+ removes = a limit$ "t f ! natural laws ( competition by grant+ pat5ts1 copyrights1 & fran*ises4 ,( ?+s :i* are /rictly limit$ 9 respect to supply1 :at & :]e are !y8 ,only a v few c be specifi$3 ivory1 ,p]uvian guano1 :alebone1 amb]gris1 & ! pelts ( ! fur seal4 ,( weal? 9 ! process ( transmission1 or 9 ! h&s ( f9al consum]s1 x is n tangible weal? unless x is tangible prop]ty1 :i* con=ms "u any correct sy/em ( taxation to ! pr9ciples ( taxation2 & if any "o advocates ! taxation ( ! "r to receive prop]ty :i* has already be5 tax$1 he 9 effect advocates a d\ble exaction ( "o & ! same ?+4 ,if x be ask$1 ,w an income tax on a p]son retir$ f bus9ess be diffus$8 ! answ]1 beyond "q1 mu/ be 9 ! affirmative1 if ! tax is uni=m on all p]sons & on all am\nts1 & is absolutely collect$ 9 m9ute sums4 ,w\ld any "o pay ! same price = a railroad bond :i* is subject to an income tax z he w\ld = x if x 0 free f tax8 ,if "o's l& is tax$1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( r5t or income1 w n ! t5ant h ! burd5 prim>ily ?r[n ^u him8 ,&1 f9ally1 w n ! consum] ( ! t5ant's goods pay ?r\gh or by reason ( su* consumption8 ,respect+ ! incid5ce ( ! tax on mortgages1 x does n make any diff]5ce h[ mortgages are tax$--no e>?ly p[] c make ! l5d] pay x4 ,if ! borr[] w\ld n agree to pay ! tax1 ! l5d] w\ld n loan him money1 & :5ev] possible loans w\ld be =eclos$ & paym5t insi/$ ^u if ! borr[] %\ld refuse to pay ! tax4 ,let u next subject to analysis ! incid5ce ( ! s-call$ taxation ( l&4 ,consid]$ p] se 7or 9 itself71 l&1 9 common ) unappropriat$ air & wat]1 has no value2 & x c n 9 any /rict s5se be affirm$ t we tax l&2 & :5 su* affirmation is made1 its only legitimate & ju/ifiable mean+ is t we tax ! value ( l&2 :i* value is due entirely to ! am\nt ( p]sonal prop]ty 79 ! s5se ( embodi$ labor7 exp5d$ ^u x1 & ! pressure or dem& ( su* prop]ty or labor to use1 possess1 & occupy x4 ,vattel1 9 8 ,law ( ,nations1 enunciates z a self-evid5t & irrefutable proposition t ,nature has n h]self e/abli%$ prop]ty1 & 9 p>ticul> ) reg>d to l&s4 ,%e only approves ?is introduction = ! advantage ( ! human race4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ examples ( evid5ce 9 illu/ration & pro( ( ?is proposition is to be f\nd 9 an incid5t1 :i* has h]et(ore escap$ att5tion1 :i* occurr$ dur+ a debate 9 ! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahij on a bill = revision ( duties on imports1 9 respect to ! article borax 7borate ( soda74 ,=m]ly ! _w's supply ( ?is m9]al sub/ance1 :i* ent]s l>gely into indu/rial processes & m$ic9e1 0 limit$1 & ma9ly d]iv$ f c]ta9 hot spr+s 9 ,tuscany1 ,italy2 b )9 a comp>atively rec5t p]iod x has be5 f\nd t x exi/s 9 su* abundance 9 c]ta9 ( ! des]t regions ( ,cali=nia1 ,nevada1 & ,arizona1 t x c be ga!r$ ) ! m9imum ( labor f ! v surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,7 a s+le acre ( simil> des]t to be f\nd 9 any section ( a c\ntry enjoy+ ! mo/ ord9>y privileges 9 respect to transportation & wat] supply1 x w\ld be a s\rce ( weal? to its proprietor4 ,b "u exi/+ circum/ances1 al?\gh ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( acres ( ?is l& c be b\ght ) c]ta9 title f its own]--! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t--= two doll>s & tw5ty-five c5ts an acre1 no "o wants x at any price2 & ! prospective dem& = x has n yet be5 suffici5t to w>rant ! ,gov]nm5t 9 in/itut+ ev5 a survey z a prelim9>y to effect+ a sale4 ,9 ! ,s5ate debate above allud$ to x 0 propos$ to increase ! duty on import$ borax1 ) ! expectation t a consequ5t increase 9 its dome/ic price w\ld af=d suffici5t pr(it to induce su* con/ruction ( roads & su* a supply ( wat] & labor on ! borax tracts ( ! des]ts z to enable !m to become prop]ty4#ac ,9 ! oases ( ! des]ts ( ,nor? ,africa & ,egypt ! value ( a tract ( l& dep5ds v little ^u its size or location1 b almo/ exclusively ^u ! numb] ( ! date-be>+ palms1 ! result ( labor1 gr[+ ^u x1 & ! quality ( _! fruit4 ,john ,bright on "o occasion /at$ t if ! l& ( ,irel& 7 /ripp$ ( ! improvem5ts made ^u x by ! labor ( ! occupi]1 ! face ( ! c\ntry w\ld be z b>e & nak$ z an ,am]ican prairie4 ,an exact p>allel to ?is /ate ( ?+s is af=d$ 9 ! case ( l&s ( no value reclaim$ f ! sea & made valuable1 z has be5 (t5 done 9 ,engl&1 ,holl&1 & o!r c\ntries1 by embody+ labor ^u !m 9 ! %ape ( re/ra9+ embankm5ts & ! transportation & use ( fill+ mat]ial4 ,aga91 ! value ( spr+s or runn+ /reams ( wat] is g5]ally limit$ & ( little acc\nt4 ,b :51 ?r\gh direct labor1 or ! results ( labor1 ! wat] is collect$ 9 res]voirs & made ! in/rum5tality ( imp>t+ p[] to ma*9]y1 or conduct$ ?r\gh conduits to c5t]s ( population :i* o!rwise c\ld n obta9 x1 x becomes extremely valuable1 & capable ( be+ sold 9 l>ge or small quantities4 ,ano!r simil> illu/ration is to be f\nd 9 ! case ( atmosph]ic air1 :i* 9 its natural & ord9>y /ate has no m>ketable value1 b :5 compress$ by labor embodi$ 9 ! =m ( ma*9]y & made capable ( transmitt+ =ce1 x at once becomes end[$ ) value & c be sold at a high price4 ,an op9ion ent]ta9$ & /rongly advocat$ by n a few economic writ]s & tea*]s ( repute 7m especially 9 ,europe1 b n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates7#ad is1 t taxes on l& d n diffuse !mselves1 b fall :olly on ! l&[n]1 & t !re is no way 9 :i* he c ?r[ x (f & cause any consid]able "p ( !m to be paid by anybody else4 ,! concrete argum5t 9 support ( ?is op9ion has be5 ?us /at$3 ,:5 l& is tax$1 ! own] c n1 z a g5]al rule1 escape ! tax1 = ! reason t1 to get rid ( ! tax1 ! price ( ! l& or ( ! r5t mu/ be rais$ ! full am\nt ( ! tax1 & ! only way 9 :i* ?is c be done is by r$uc+ ! supply or quantity (f]$ 9 m>ket1 or else by increas+ ! dem&4 ,! supply ( l& c n be r$uc$1 & ! dem& be+ creat$ by capital & population1 bo? ( :i* are beyond ! control ( ! l&[n]1 he c d no?+ to raise ! price ( l&1 & h5ce c n get rid ( ! tax4 ,x may be /at$1 !n1 z a g5]al rule1 t a tax on l&1 or on any commodity ! supply ( :i* is limit$ absolutely1 mu/ be paid by ! own]4 ,x is possible to sugge/ cases 9 :i*1 ?r\gh comb9ation ( own]s & ! necessities ( consum]s1 a dem& may be creat$ /rong en\gh to raise ! price to ! full am\nt ( su* tax1 b x is d\bt$ if su* cases ev] really occur4#ae ,! s\rce ( ! cont5tion on ?is important economic & social "q1 & ! difficulty 9 ! way ( ! atta9m5t ( h>moni\s conclusions1 is due to a nonrecognition ( ! fact t l& is tax$ "u two conditions1 & c n be tax$ o!rwise4 ,?us1 if a p]son holds l& = 8 exclusive use or enjoym5t1 & consumes all ( its product1 a tax on su* l&1 :i* has be5 *>act]iz$ by "s economi/s z its pure r5t1 w n diffuse itself1 because x is a tax on p]sonal enjoym5t or f9al consumption4 ,! same is ! case :5 a portion ( a riv] or lake or its %ore is r5t$ = fi%+ = ! purposes ( sport4 ,a l result w also foll[1 9 a great] or less degree1 f ! inability or unwill+ness ( t5ants1 z has be5 (t5 ! case 9 ,irel&1 to pay r5t suffici5t to reimburse ! l&[n] = int]e/ on 8 inve/m5t ( capital & co/ ( repairs4 ,b if "o employs l& z an in/rum5tality = acquir+ ga9 ?r\gh its uses1 ! taxation ( l& mu/ include ! taxation ( its uses--its cont5ts1 all t re/s ^u x1 all t is produc$1 sold1 exp5d$1 manufactur$1 or transport$ on x--& all su* taxes w diffuse !mselves4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! taxation ( l& "u su* circum/ances & conditions does n diffuse itself1 !n ! tak+ is simply a process ( confiscation1 :i* if cont9u$ w ultimately rob ! own] ( 8 prop]ty1 & is n gov]n$ by any pr9ciple4 ,x is inde$ difficult to see h[ a !ory s :olly inapplicable to fact & exp]i5ce z t ( ! nondiffusion ( taxes on l&--:i* makes prop]ty 9 l& an exception to ! rule ackn[l$g$ to be applicable to all o!r prop]ty--c\ld orig9ate & be /r5u\sly ma9ta9$ to ! ext5t ev5 ( /igmatiz+ any opposite view z s v sup]ficial z sc>cely to des]ve a refutation4#af ,no little ( confusion & controv]sy on ?is subject has aris5 f ! assumption t l& specifically1 & ! r5t ( l&1 con/itute two di/9ct & legitimate subjects = taxation1 :5 ! fact is j ! contr>y4 ,! r5t ( l& is 9 ! nature ( an income to its own]2 & x is an economic axiom t :5 a gov]nm5t taxes ! income ( prop]ty x 9 reality taxes ! prop]ty itself4 ,9 ,engl& & on ! cont95t ( ,europe l& is g5]ally tax$ on its ye>ly income or income value1 & ^! taxes are always consid]$ z l& taxes4 ,alex&] ,hamilton1 9 discuss+ ! taxation ( incomes d]iv$ directly f prop]ty1 us$ ?is language3 ,:at1 9 fact1 is prop]ty b a fiction1 )\t ! b5eficial use ( x8 ,9 _m in/ances1 inde$1 ! income is ! prop]ty itself4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt1 9 its rec5t decision ( ! income tax 7#ahie71 also practically indors$ ?is conclusion4 ,to levy taxes on ! r5t ( l& & also ^u ! l& itself is1 !re=e1 d\ble taxation on "o & ! same prop]ty1 :i* 9 common ) all o!r unequal & unju/ taxes c n be diffus$2 & = ?is reason %\ld be reg>d$ z 9 ! nature ( exactions or confiscation1 conc]n+ ! incid5ce ( :i* no?+ c be safely pr$icat$4 ,9 %ort1 ?is :ole discussion1 & ! unw>rant$ assumption involv$ 9 x & l>gely accept$1 is an illu/ration ( :at may be reg>d$ z a maxim1 t ! greate/ errors 9 political economy h aris5 f ov]look+ ! mo/ obvi\s facts or d$uctions f exp]i5ce4 ,) a purpose ( fur!r elucidat+ ?is problem1 att5tion is ask$ fir/ to its consid]ation f an ab/ract1 & next f a practical /&po9t ( view4 ,let u endeavor to cle>ly und]/& ! common mean+ ( ! ^w r5t4 ,x is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 r$dita1 ?+s giv5 back or paid1 & 9 pla9 ,engli% is a ^w = price or hire4 ,x may be ! hire ( any?+4 ,x is ! price we pay = ! "r ( exclusive use ov] some?+ :i* is n our own4 ,?us we speak ( ! r5t ( l&1 ( build+s & ap>tm5ts1 ( a fi%]y1 ( boats1 ( wat]1 ( an op]a box1 ( a piano1 sew+ ma*9es1 furniture1 vehicles1 & ! l4 ,9 ,scotl& at ! pres5t "t f>m]s hire c[s to dairym51 :o pay an agre$-^u price by ! ye> or = a t]m ( ye>s = ea* c[1 & reimburse !mselves = su* paym5t & make a pr(it on ! transaction by ! sale ( ! products ( ! animal4 ,?is hire is call$ a r5t1 & is cle>ly ! same 9 k9d z ! r5t ( l&4 ,we d n apply ! ^w hire to ! employm5t ( m51 because we h a sep>ate ^w--wages--= t p>ticul> case ( hire4 ,nei!r d we apply ! ^w r5t 9 ,engli% to ! hire ( money1 because we h ano!r sep>ate ^w--int]e/--:i* has come into special use = ! price paid = ! loan or hire ( money4 ,b 9 ! ,fr5* language ! ^w r5t is habitually & specially us$ to signify ! price ( ! hire money1 & t ( r5tes to inve/m5ts ( money pay+ int]e/2 ! ,fr5* national debt be+ always spok5 ( z les r5tes2 :ile ! m5 :o live on ! l5d+ ( money1 or capital 9 any =m1 are call$ r5ti]s4 ,! "q next naturally arises1 ,:y is x necess>y to set up any special !ory at all ab\t ! natural disposition ( ! price :i* we pay = ! hire ( l&1 any m ?an ab\t ! price we pay = ! hire ( a h\se1 ( furniture1 ( a boat1 ( an op]a box1 or ( a c[8 ,! p>ticul> k9d ( use to :i* we put ea* ( ^! v>i\s ?+s is no d\bt v diff]5t f ! k9d ( use to :i* we put ea* or all ! o!rs4 ,b all ( ^! uses resolve !mselves into ! desire we h to d]ive "s pleasure or "s pr(it by ! possession = a "t ( ! "r ( exclusive use ( some?+ :i* is n our own1 & = :i* we mu/ pay ! price1 n ( pur*ase1 b ( hire4 ,! explanation ( ?is curi\s economic ph5om5on is to be f\nd 9 ! assumption & positive ass]tion on ! "p ( n a few di/+ui%$ economi/s t ! truly sci5tific & only correct use ( ! t]m r5t is its application to ! income d]iv$ f ?+s ( all k9ds ( :i* ! supply is limit$1 & c n be increas$ by man's action4#ag ,z a rule1 economi/s :o accept ?is def9ition conf9e its application to ! hire ( l& alone1 al?\gh x pr(esses to include o!r ?+s1 ( all k9ds1 to :i* ! same description applies--namely1 t !y c n be increas$ 9 quantity by any human action4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 no su* o!r ?+s specifi$1 & 9 any lit]al s5se !re are no su* o!r ?+s exi/+1 unless wat] & ! atmosph]e be int5d$4 ,n[1 al?\gh x is indisputably true t man by 8 action c n increase ! absolute or total quantity ( l&1 any m ?an ( wat] & air1 app]ta9+ to ! :ole globe on :i* we live1 !re is practically no limitation to ! degree ( value :i* man's action c imp>t to l&1 & :i* is ! only ?+ = :i* l& is want$1 b\ght1 or sold1 & :i*1 z already %[n1 c be truly made ! subject ( taxation4 ,! tracts ( l& on ! e>?'s surface :i* are ( no pres5t m>ketable value are its des]ts1 its wild]nesses1 ! sides & summits ( its m\nta9s1 & its cont9ually froz5 zones1 :]e no results ( labor are embodi$ 9 or reflect$ ^u x2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 its tracts ( greate/ value are 9 ! l>ge cities & m>ts ( trade & comm]ce1 z 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 or 9 ,wall ,/reet1 :]e ! results ( labor are s conc5trat$ & reflect$ ^u l& t x is necess>y to cov] x ) gold 9 ord] to acquire by pur*ase a title to x & a "r to its exclusive use4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 l& at tw5ty-five doll>s an acre & tw5ty-five doll>s a squ>e foot is simply t ! latt] is or may be 9 ! ne> future cov]$ or surr\nd$ by capital & bus9ess1 :ile ! =m] is remote f ^! s\rces ( value4 ,"o ( ! greate/ possible1 p]haps probable1 outcomes ( ! mod]n progress ( *emi/ry is t ?r\gh ! utilization ( microbic organizations ! value ( l& z an in/rum5tality = ! production ( food may be increas$ to an ext5t t at ! pres5t "t is h>dly possible ( conception4 ,aga91 9 ! case ( air & wat]1 al?\gh _! total absolute quantity c n be increas$1 _! available & useful quantity 9 any place1 z be=e %[n1 c be by ! ag5cy ( man1 & _! use made subject to hire or r5t4 ,consid]ation is next ask$ to ! "q at issue f :at may be t]m$ its practical /&po9t4 ,we h fir/ a proposition 9 ! nature ( an economic axiom1 t ! price ( ev]y?+ necess>y = production1 or ! hire ( any?+--l&1 money1 & ! l--)\t :i* ! product c\ld n arise1 is1 & mu/ be1 )\t exception1 a "p ( ! co/ ( t product2 second1 t all levies ( ! ,/ate :i* are wor?y ( be+ designat$ z taxes con/itute an ess5tial elem5t ( ! co/ ( all products4 ,! r5t ( an op]a box1 giv5 to obta9 a m]e pleasure1 con/itutes a "p ( ! fund out ( :i* ! musicians are paid1 & if !y are n s paid !y w n play or s+4 ,! r5t giv5 = ! "r to fi% on a c]ta9 "p ( a riv] or its %ores is a "p ( ! co/ ( produc+ ! fi% z a m>ketable commodity4 ,if a h\se is hir$ = ! purpose ( conduct+ any bus9ess 9 x1 ! price ( t hire does mo/ c]ta9ly ent] into ! co/ ( t bus9ess1 :atev] x may be1 assum+ t ! use ( ! h\se is a necessity = c>ry+ x on4 ,z no man w produce a commodity by :i* he is sure to lose money1 or fail to obta9 ! ord9>y rate ( pr(it1 ! tax mu/ be add$ to ! price1 or ! production w cease4 ,if a uni=m tax is impos$ on all l& occupi$1 x w be paid by ! occupi]1 because occupation 7h\se-build+7 w cease until ! r5t rises suffici5tly to cov] ! tax4 ,! l&lord assesses ^u 8 t5ants ! tax he has paid ^u 8 real e/ate2 ea* t5ant assesses 8 %>e ^u ea* ( 8 cu/om]s2 & s p]fect is ?is diffusion ( l& taxation t e travel] f a di/ant "p ( ! c\ntry :o rema9s = ev5 a s+le day at a hotel pays1 )\t /opp+ to ?9k ab\t x1 a portion ( ! taxes on ! build+1 fir/ paid by ! own]1 !n assess$ ^u ! lessees1 & next cut up by !m m9utely 9 ! p] diem *>ge4 ,b ( c\rse nei!r ! own] nor lessee really escapes taxation1 because a portion ( somebody else's tax is ?r[n back ^u !m4 ,is x possible to believe t 9 a city l ,new ,york1 :]e less ?an f\r p] c5t ( its population pay any direct tax on real e/ate1 or 9 a city l ,montreal1 :]e ! exp5ses ( ! city are ma9ly d]iv$ f taxes on l& & ! build+ occupancy ( l&1 ! great majority ( ! inhabitants ( ^? cities are exempt f all l& taxation8 ,9 ,*9a1 :]e1 z be=e %[n1 ! title or own]%ip ( all l& ve/s 9 ! emp]or1 & ! rev5ue ( ! ,gov]nm5t is almo/ exclusively d]iv$ f taxation ( l& 9 ! =m ( r5t1 does ! burd5 ( tax rema9 ^u ! own] ( ! l&8 ,if ! tax 9 ! =m ( r5t is paid 9 ! products ( ! l&1 z und\bt$ly x is 9 "p1 w n ! co/ ( ! p]c5tage ( ! :ole product ( ! l& t is ?us tak5 increase to ! r5t] ! co/ ( ! p]c5tage t is left to him2 or1 if ! product is sold = money ) :i* to pay ! tax r5t1 w n its sell+ price embody ! co/ ( ! tax1 z x w ! co/ ( e o!r ?+ necess>y = production8 ,to affirm to ! contr>y is to say t ! price :i* ! ,*9ese f>m] pays = ! "r ( ! exclusive use ( 8 l& is no "p ( ! crops he may raise ^u x4 ,consid] next ! ass]tion ( ^? :o ma9ta9 ! nondiffusion !ory t taxes on l& are paid by ! own]s because ! supply ( l& c nei!r be increas$ nor dim9i%$4 ,9 answ] to x we h ! indisputable fact t ! own]s ( l&1 :5ev] taxes are increas$1 attempt to obta9 an increas$ r5tal = x if ! circum/ances w p]mit x4 ,& ! v attempt t5ds to increase ! r5t4 ,no?+ b adv]se circum/ances1 su* z dim9i%+ population or comm]cial & indu/rial di/ress1 c prev5t a rise 9 ! r5tal ( l& on :i* ! taxes are increas$2 & 9 ! case ( dwell+s & w>eh\ses ! rise is almo/ always v prompt1 because no man w erect new dwell+s or w>eh\ses unless _! r5t comp5sate fully ! increase ( taxation4 ,& 9 any prosp]\s community1 9 :i* population increases 9 ! natural ratio1 !re mu/ be a con/ant increase ( dwell+s & w>eh\ses to prev5t a rise ( r5t1 indep5d5t ( high] wages & high] taxation4 ,9 no o!r occupation is capital sur] ( obta9+ ! av]age net remun]ation ?an 9 ! erection ( dwell+s & w>eh\ses1 & no?+ b lack ( g5]al prosp]ity & dim9i%+ population c ?r[ ! burd5 ( taxation on real e/ate or its own]s1 )\t ! slighte/ attempt at comb9ation on _! "p4 ,if ! own]s ( l& are n reimburs$ = its taxation by its occupants1 new h\ses w\ld n be erect$1 ! old ones w\ld we> out1 & aft] a "t ! supply w\ld be s small t ! dem& w\ld raise r5ts1 & h\se build+ beg9 aga91 ! tax hav+ be5 transf]r$ to ! occupi]4 ,x is p]t95t at ?is po9t to notice ! av]m5t t is frequ5tly made1 t cultivators ( ! soil c n incorporate taxes on ! l& 9 ! price ( _! products1 because ! price ( _! :ole crop is fix$ by ! price at :i* any portion ( x c be sold 9 =eign m>kets4 ,9 answ] to ?is we h fir/ ! fact t1 to give ! population ( ! _w an adequate supply ( food & o!r agricultural products1 x is n only necess>y t all ! l& at pres5t "u cultivation %all cont9ue to be s employ$1 b fur!r t new l&s %all ea* ye> be br\ght "u cultivation1 or else ! l& already cultivat$ %all be made m productive4 ,! population ( ! _w /eadily increases1 not)/&+ w>s1 epidemics1 & all ! evils :i* are consequ5ces ( man's ignorance & ( 8 improp] use ( ?+s1 8 own faculties includ$4 ,h5ce1 9 case ( increas$ taxation on l&1 ! cultivator ( ! soil is g5]ally enabl$ to transf] easily & promptly ! burd5 ( ! tax to ! pur*as]s ( ! products he raises1 )\t ab&on+ ! cultivation ev5 ( ! lea/ productive soil4 ,fur!rmore1 ! exports ( _m agricultural products are due n to ! *eapness ( _! co/ ( production1 b to ! v>iations :i* occur 9 ! productiv5ess ( ! crops ( o!r c\ntries4 ,m4 ,r\h]1 a ,fr5* economi/1 & = a p]iod a m9i/] ( comm]ce1 ?or\ghly inve/igat$ ?is matt]1 & prov$ by inconte/able data t almo/ inv>iably :5 ! yield ( bread/uffs 9 ,europe 0 l>ge 9 ! c\ntry dra9$ by ! ,black & ,baltic ,seas1 x 0 small 9 ! c\ntries dra9$ by ! ,atlantic4 ,?is v>iation 9 ! yield ( agricultural crops =ces ! c\ntries :]e crops are defici5t to pur*ase f ^? :]e !y are abundant1 or :o h a surplus on h& f previ\s abundant h>ve/s4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :5 ! h>ve/s are abundant1 ! ,am]ican f>m]s1 r ?an sell bel[ a c]ta9 price1 keep a portion ( _! crops on h& until bad crops 9 ,europe produce a =eign dem&1 :i* has to be suppli$ at once4 ,"u su* circum/ances ^? :o hold ! surplus /ock ( bread/uffs1 or any o!r product1 w\ld control ! price1 & n ! =eign]s :o /& 9 ne$ ( x4 ,! only *eck1 !n1 to ! cupidity ( ! hold]s ( bread/uffs is ! competition betwe5 !mselves1 :i* inv>iably suffices to prev5t any undue advantage be+ tak5 ( ! necessities ( ! c\ntries ^: h>ve/s are defici5t4 ,^! bad crops occur frequ5tly en\gh to consume all ! surplus ( ! c\ntries t produce 9 excess ( _! own wants4 ,9 fact1 ?is transi5t1 irregul> dem& is c\nt$ ^u & provid$ = by produc]s j z mu* s z ! regul> home dem&--h5ce is "o ( ! elem5ts t regulate production & control prices4 ,at ?is po9t ( ! discussion x is desirable to obta9 a cle> & true idea ( ! mean+ or def9ition ( ! phrase diffusion ( taxes4 ,z sometimes us$ 9 popul> & sup]ficial discussions1 x is held to imply t e tax impos$ by law di/ributes itself equitably ov] ! :ole surface ( society4 ,su* implication w\ld1 h[ev]1 be ev5 m fallaci\s ?an an assumption t e exp5diture made by an individual di/ributes itself 9 su* a way t x becomes equally an exp5diture by e o!r individual4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a fair consid]ation ( ! =ego+ summ>y ( facts & d$uctions w\ld seem to compel e m9d n previ\sly w>p$ by prejudice to accept & indorse ! foll[+ z great fundam5tal pr9ciples 9 taxation3 ,fir/1 t 9 ord] to burd5 equitably & uni=mly all p]sons & prop]ty1 = ! purpose ( obta9+ rev5ue = public purposes1 x is n necess>y to tax prim>ily & uni=mly all p]sons & prop]ty )9 ! tax+ di/rict4 ,second1 equality ( taxation consi/s 9 a uni=m assessm5t ( ! same articles or class ( prop]ty t is subject to taxation4 ,?ird1 taxes "u su* a sy/em equate & diffuse !mselves2 & if levi$ ) c]ta9ty & uni=mity ^u tangible prop]ty & fix$ signs ( prop]ty1 !y w1 by a diffusion & rep]cussion1 rea* & burd5 all visible prop]ty1 & also all ( ! s-call$ invisible & intangible prop]ty1 ) un]r+ c]ta9ty & equality4 ,all taxation ultimately & necess>ily falls on consumption2 & ! burd5 ( e man1 "u any equitable sy/em ( taxation1 & :i* no ef=t w enable him to avoid1 w be 9 ! exact proportion or ratio :i* 8 aggregate consumption ma9ta9s to ! aggregate consumption ( ! tax+ di/rict1 ,/ate1 or community ( :i* he is a memb]4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 cont5d$ t unequal taxation on competitors ( ! same class1 p]sons1 or ?+s diffuses itself :e!r su* inequality be ! result ( int5tion or ( defective laws1 & _! m defective adm9i/ration4 ,& d\btless "o prime reason :y economi/s & o!rs int]e/$ h n accept$ ! law ( diffusion ( taxes z "h giv5 is t !y see1 z ! practical work+s ( ! tax sy/ems !y live "u1 or h become practically famili> )1 t taxes 9 _m in/ances d seem to rema9 on ! p]son :o imm$iately pays !m2 & fail to see t su* result is due--z 9 ! case ( ! taxation ( l>ge classes ( ! s-call$ p]sonal prop]ty--to ! adoption ( a sy/em :i* does n p]mit ( equality 9 assessm5t1 & !re=e c n be foll[$ by any?+ ( equality 9 diffusion4 ,su* p]sons may n unfairly be comp>$ to physici/s1 :o1 con/antly work+ ) imp]fect in/rum5ts1 & con/antly obta9+1 9 consequ5ce1 defective results1 come at la/ to reg>d _! errors z 9 ! nature ( e/abli%$ tru?s4#ah ,accord+ to ^! conclusions1 ! greate/ consum]s mu/ be ! greate/ taxpay]s4 ,! man also :o evades a tax cle>ly robs 8 neighbors4 ,! ?ief also pays taxes indirectly1 = he is a consum]1 & mu/ pay ! advanc$ price caus$ by 8 own rogu]y = all he consumes1 al?\gh he does /eal ! money to pay )4 ,idl]s & ev5 tramps pay taxes1 b ! am\nt t !y indirectly pay into ! fund is mu* less ?an !y take out ( x4 ,p are sometimes ref]r$ to or *>act]iz$ z non-taxpay]s1 & 9 political h>angues & sociali/ic essays measures or policies are recomm5d$ by :i* c]ta9 p]sons or classes1 by reason ( _! extreme pov]ty1 %all be entirely exempt f all incid5ce or burd5 ( taxation4 ,su* a p]son does n1 h[ev]1 exi/ 9 any civiliz$ community4 ,if "o c\ld be f\nd he w\ld be a great] curiosity ?an exi/s 9 any museum4 ,to avoid taxation a man mu/ g into an unsettl$ wild]ness :]e he has no neighbors1 = z soon z he has a companion1 if t companion be only a dog1 :i* he 9 "p or all supports1 taxation beg9s1 & ! m companions he has1 ! great] improvem5ts he makes1 & ! high] civilization he enjoys1 ! heavi] w be ! taxes he mu/ pay4 ,taxes legitimately levi$1 !n1 are a "p ( ! co/ ( all production1 & !re c be no m t5d5cy = taxes to rema9 ^u ! p]sons :o imm$iately pay !m ?an !re is = r5ts1 ! co/ ( insurance1 wat] supply1 & fuel to foll[ ! same law4 ,! p]son :o wi%es to use or de/roy ! utility ( prop]ty by consumption to gratify 8 desires1 or satisfy 8 wants1 c n obta9 x f ! own]s or produc]s ) _! cons5t1 except by gift1 )\t giv+ pay or s]vices = x2 & ! av]age price ( all prop]ty is co9cid5t ) ! co/ ( production1 includ+ ! taxes advanc$ ^u x1 :i* are a "p ( its co/ 9 ! h&s ( ! sell]4 ,aga91 no p]son :o produces any =m ( prop]ty or utility1 = ! purpose ( sale or r5t1 su/a9s any burd5 ( legitimate taxation1 al?\gh he may be a tax advanc]2 =1 z a tax advanc]1 he is ! ag5t ( ! ,/ate1 & a tax collector f ! consum]4 ,b he :o produces or buys1 & does n sell or r5t1 b consumes1 is ! taxpay]1 & su/a9s a tax 9 8 aggregate consumption1 :]e all taxation mu/ ultimately re/4 ,9 %ort1 no p]son be>s ! burd5 ( taxation1 "u an equitable1 legitimate sy/em1 except ^u ! prop]ty :i* he applies to 8 own exclusive use 9 ultimate consumption4 ,! great consum] is ! only great taxpay]4 ,f9ally1 a great economic law po9t$ out by ,adam ,smi?1 :i* has an important & almo/ conclusive be>+ ^u ?is vex$ problem ( ! diffusion ( taxes1 %\ld n be ov]look$--namely1 8 /atem5t 9 ,! ,weal? ( ,nations t no tax c ev] r$uce = any consid]able "t ! rate ( pr(it 9 any p>ticul> trade1 :i* mu/ always keep its level ) o!r trades 9 ! neighborhood4 ,9 o!r words1 taxes & pr(its1 by ! op]ation ( ! laws ( human nature1 con/antly t5d to equate !mselves4 ,man is always prompt$ to engage 9 ! mo/ pr(itable occupation & to make ! mo/ pr(itable inve/m5t4 ,& s9ce ! emancipation f feudalism ) its sumptu>y laws1 legal regulations ( ! price ( labor & m]*&ise1 & o!r arbitr>y gov]nm5tal invasions ( private rights1 individual judgm5t & self-int]e/ h be5 recogniz$ z ! be/ te/s or arbit]s ( ! pr(itabl5ess ( a giv5 inve/m5t or occupation4 ,! av]age pr(its1 !re=e1 ( "o =m ( inve/m5t1 or ( "o occupation 7z orig9ally %[n by ,adam ,smi?71 mu/ = any long p]iod equal ! av]age pr(its ( o!r inve/m5ts & occupations1 :e!r tax$ or untax$1 skill1 risk1 & agreeabl5ess ( occupation be+ tak5 into consid]ation4#ai ,natural laws w1 accord+ly1 always produce an equilibrium ( burd5 betwe5 tax$ & untax$ ?+s & p]sons4 ,!re is a level ( pr(it & a level ( taxation by natural laws1 z !re is a level ( ! ocean by natural laws4 ,9 fact1 all proportional contributions to ! ,/ate f direct competitors are diffus$ ^u p]sons & ?+s 9 ! tax+ jurisdiction by a uni=mity z manife/ z is ! pressure ^u wat]1 :i* is kn[n to be equal 9 e direction4 ,a ^w "h 9 ref]5ce to ! popul> idea t ! exemption ( any =m ( prop]ty is to grant a favor to ^? :o possess su* prop]ty4 ,?is idea has1 h[ev]1 no w>rant = its acceptance4 ,?us1 an exemption is fre$om f a burd5 or s]vice to :i* o!rs are liable2 b 9 case ( ! exclusion ( an entire class ( prop]ty f prim>y taxation1 no p]son is liable1 & !re=e !re is no exemption4 ,an exclusion ( all milk f taxation1 :ile :isky is tax$1 is n an exemption1 = ! two are n compet+ articles1 or articles ( ! same class4 ,x is true t highly excessive taxation ( a giv5 article may cause ano!r & simil> article1 9 "s in/ances1 to become a sub/itute or compet+ article2 & h5ce ! necessity ( c>e & mod]ation 9 e/abli%+ ! rate ( taxation4 ,we d n consid] t putt+ a giv5 article into ! free li/1 "u ! t>iff1 is an exemption to any p>ticul> individual2 b if we make ! rate high] on "o taxpay] or on "o import] ( ! same article ?an on ano!r taxpay] or import]1 we grant an exemption4 ,we use ! ^w exemption1 !re=e1 imp]fectly1 :5 we speak ( ! exemption ( an entire class ( prop]ty1 z1 = example1 ^u all p]sonal prop]ty2 = if ! removal ( ! burd5 op]ates uni=mly on all int]e/$1 or own+ su* prop]ty1 !n !re c be no prim>y exemption4 ,,footnotes3 #ac ,s5ator ,paddock3 ,i %\ld l to ask ! ,s5ator f ,nevada if1 9 ! region ( c\ntry :]e borax is f\nd1 by reason ( f9d+ x ! l& 9 ! p>ticul> ,/ate or ,t]ritory is appreciat$ 9 value on acc\nt ( its exi/5ce4 ,s5ator ,/ew>t3 ,n at all4 ,s5ator ,paddock3 ,! value !n giv5 to x is all 9 labor4--,congressional ,record1 ,july1 #ahij4 #ad ,9 ,am]ica1 :]e !re has be5 b little s]i\s /udy ( taxation1 ! few writ]s ( prom95ce are1 rem>kable to relate1 almo/ all abject foll[]s ( ,?i]s1 ! ,fr5* economi/ & /atesman1 :o claim$ to h inv5t$ ! t]m diffusion ( taxes4 #ae ,our conclusion is1 t "u actual conditions 9 ,am]ica to-day ! l&[n] may virtually be decl>$ to pay 9 ! la/ in/ance ! taxes t are impos$ on 8 l&1 & t at all ev5ts x is absolutely errone\s to assume any g5]al %ift+ to ! consum]4 ,9 s f> z our l& tax is a "p ( a g5]al prop]ty tax1 x c n possibly be %ift$2 9 s f> z x is m or less an exclusive tax1 x is ev5 !n apt to rema9 :]e x is fir/ put--on ! l&[n]4--,seligman3 ,incid5ce ( ,taxation1 p4 #ii4 #af ,seligman4 ,%ift+ & ,incid5ce ( ,taxation4 #ag ,pr(essor ,m>%all4 #ah ,9 a l exp]i5ce ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 9 8 "w ,! ,unse5 ,f\ndations ( ,society1 f9ds an explanation ( ! s-call$ !ory ( ,ric>do1 t ! r5t :i* a f>m] ( agricultural l& pays z ! price ( its hire--t is to say1 ! price :i* he pays = ! exclusive use ( x--is no "p ( ! co/ ( ! crops he may raise ^u x2 a conclusion t c n be possibly true1 unless x be also true t r5t is paid = some?+ t is n an indisp5sable condition ( agricultural production4 ,?us rights are 9 _! v nature impalpable & invisible4 ,!y are n mat]ial ?+s1 b relations betwe5 _m mat]ial ?+s & ! human m9d & w4 ,! "r ( exclusive use ov] l& is a ?+ invisible & immat]ial1 z o!r rights are1 &1 al?\gh x is1 & has be5 s9ce ! _w began1 ! basis ( all agricultural indu/ry1 x is a basis impalpable & invisible1 :]eas ! mat]ial visible implem5ts & tools1 ^: "w dep5ds ^u x1 are all visible & palpable en\gh1 & all ( :i* w\ld nev] be 7 we to see !m )\t ! invisible rights ^u :i* !y dep5d4 ,all ( ! =m]1 9 _! place & ord]1 are in/rum5ts ( production2 all ( !m cat* ! eye1 & may easily engross ! att5tion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we are induc$ to =get ^? o!r elem5ts1 :i* are equally ess5tial in/rum5ts ( production1 m]ely because !y are out ( sight1 !n our deception may be complete1 & fallacies :i* become gl>+ :5 memory & att5tion are awak5$ may f9d 9 our half-vacant m9ds an easy & ev5 a cordial reception4 ,adam ,smi? may be fairly consid]$ z hav+ fully committ$ himself beyond all controv]sy 9 8 great "w1 ,! ,weal? ( ,nations1 to ! pr9ciple t taxes1 ) a degree ( infallibility1 diffuse !mselves :5 !y are levi$ uni=mly on ! same article2 & he ev5 goes s f> z to admit t a tax ^u labor1 if x c\ld be uni=mly levi$ & collect$1 w\ld be diffus$1 & t ! labor] w\ld be ! m]e conduit ?r\gh :i* ! tax w\ld pass to ! public treasury4 ,?us he says1 ,:ile ! dem& = labor & ! price ( provisions1 !re=e1 rema9 ! same1 a direct tax ^u wages c h no o!r effect ?an to raise !m some:at high] ?an ! tax4 ,! ,g]man economi/ ,blunts*li1 :o has c>efully /udi$ ?is "q ( ! f9al incid5ce ( all j & equitable taxes1 is 9 sub/antial agreem5t ) ! above conclusions1 b pref]s to use a diff]5t t]m = *>act]iz+ su* f9ality ?an consumption1 & expresses himself z foll[s3 ,9 ! end taxes fall on enjoym5ts4 ,h5ce ! am\nt ( ea* man's enjoym5ts & n 8 income is ! ju/e/ measure ( taxation4 7,blunts*li1 vol4 x1 p4 #adf47 ,m4 ,?i]s1 ! ,fr5* /atesman & economi/1 0 also a believ] & e>ne/ advocate ( ! !ory ( ! diffusion ( taxes1 & lays d[n 8 pr9ciples 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,taxes are %ift$ indef9itely1 & t5d to become a "p ( ! price ( commodities1 to su* an ext5t t e "o be>s 8 %>e1 n 9 proportion to :at he pays ! /ate1 b 9 proportion to :at he consumes4 ,& 9 8 book ,rights to ,prop]ty he ?us illu/rates ! me?od 9 :i* taxation diffuses itself3 ,9 ! same mann] z our s5ses1 deceiv$ by appe>ances1 tell u t x is ! sun :i* moves & n ! e>?1 s a p>ticul> tax appe>s to fall ^u "o class1 & ano!r tax ^u ano!r class1 :5 9 reality x is n s4 ,! tax really be/ suit$ to ! poore/ memb] ( society is t :i* is be/ suit$ to ! g5]al =tune ( ! /ate2 a =tune :i* is mu* m = ! possession & enjoym5t ( ! poor man ?an x is = ! ri*2 a fact ( :i* we are nev] suffici5tly conv9c$4 ,b ( ! mann]1 nev]!less1 9 :i* taxes are divid$ among ! diff]5t classes ( ! /ate1 ! mo/ c]ta9 ?+ we c say is3 ,t !y are divid$ 9 proportion to :at ea* man consumes1 & = a reason n g5]ally recogniz$ or und]/ood1 namely1 t taxes are reflect$1 z x 71 to inf9ity1 & f reflection to reflection become ev5tually an integral "p ( ! prices ( ?+s4 ,h5ce ! greate/ pur*as]s & consum]s are ev]y:]e ! greate/ taxpay]s4 ,?is is :at ,i call 'diffusion ( taxation1' to borr[ a t]m f physical sci5ce1 :i* applies ! expression 'diffusion ( light' to ^? numb]less reflections1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! light :i* has p5etrat$ ! slighte/ ap]ture spreads itself ar\nd 9 e direction1 & 9 su* a mann] z to rea* all ! objects :i* x r5d]s visible4 ,s a tax :i* at fir/ sight appe>s to be paid directly1 9 reality is only advanc$ by ! individual :o is fir/ call$ ^u to pay x4 #ai ,z appli$ to ! wages ( labor1 ! tru? ( ?is pr9ciple is equally inconte/able4 ,! sew+ girl p]=m+ h] toilsome "w by ! ne$le at "o doll> a day1 ! /reet sweep] work+ ! mud ) 8 broom at a doll> & a half1 ! skill$ labor] at two & ?ree doll>s1 ! pr(essor at five1 ! editor at five or t51 ! arti/ & ! song/ress at t5 or five hundr$ doll>s a day are all memb]s ( ! work+ classes1 ?\gh work+ at diff]5t rates4 ,& x is only ! diff]5ce 9 _! effectiv5ess t causes ! diff]5ce 9 _! e>n+s4 ,br+ !m all to ! same po9t ( effici5cy1 & _! e>n+s also w be ! same4--,w4 ,jung/1 ,c9c9nati4 ,john ,locke1 9 8 treatise ,on ! ,/&>d ( ,value1 treats ( taxation1 & %[s conclusively t if all l&s 7 nom9ally free f taxation1 ! own]s ( l&s w\ld proportionally pay m taxes ?an n[1 because ! same am\nt ( money mu/ cont9ue to be collect$ 9 "s =m1 & ! av]age pr(its ( l&s w\ld only be equal to ! av]age pr(its ( o!r inve/m5ts2 & fur!r1 t ! exp5se & annoyance 7ano!r =m ( exp5se7 w\ld be increas$ if ! tax 7 exclusively levi$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance ^u p]sonal prop]ty2 & h5ce ! l&[n] w\ld be burd5$ ) 8 proportion ( ! unnecess>y exp5se & annoyance4 ,he also %[s t y may *ange ! =m ( a uni=m tax1 b t y c n *ange ! burd52 & t ! *ange w increase ! burd51 if ! new sy/em is m exp5sive & annoy+ ?an ! old4 ,locke wrote ne>ly a c5tury be=e ,adam ,smi? publi%$ 8 ,weal? ( ,nations1 & x w\ld seem probable t ,smi? acquir$ 8 ideas relative to ! av]age pr(its ( inve/m5ts f ,locke4 ,,! ,,great ,,bomb>dm5t4 ,,by ,,*>les ,f4 ,,hold]4 ,a ?9 /ratum ( air1 an invisible armor ( great t5uity1 lies betwe5 man & ! m5ace ( possible annihilation4 ,! regions ( space beyond our planet are fill$ ) fly+ fragm5ts4 ,"s meet ! e>? 9 its onw>d ru%2 o!rs1 hav+ atta9$ inconceivable velocity1 ov]take & cra% into ! :irl+ sph]e ) l\d detonation & om9\s gl>e1 f9d+ de/ruction 9 its molecul> armor1 or p]haps rico*et+ f x aga9 into ! unkn[n4 ,"s come s+ly1 vagrant fragm5ts f ! inf9ity ( space2 o!rs fall 9 %[]s l gold5 ra92 all con/itut+ a bomb>dm5t appall+ 9 its magnitude4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t e tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! e>? or its atmosph]e is /ruck by f\r hundr$ million missiles ( iron or /one1 rang+ f an ounce up to tons 9 weight4 ,e mon? !re ru%es ^u ! fly+ globe at lea/ twelve billion iron & /one fragm5ts1 :i*1 ) lurid accompanim5t1 cra% into ! circumambi5t atmosph]e4 ,ow+ to ! resi/ance (f]$ by ! air1 few ( ^! solid %ots /rike ! e>?4 ,!y move out ( space ) a possible velocity ( ?irty or =ty miles p] second1 &1 l mo?s1 plunge into ! revolv+ globe1 lur$ to _! de/ruction by its fatal attraction4 ,! mom5t !y ent] our atmosph]e !y ignite2 ! air is pil$ up & compress$ ahead ( !m ) inconceivable =ce1 ! resultant friction produc+ an imm$iate rise 9 temp]ature1 & ! %oot+ />1 ! meteor ( popul> p>lance1 is ! result4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ideal ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,z ,,x ,,is ,,bomb>d$ ,,by ,,! ,,e/imat$ ,,f\r ,,hundr$ ,,million ,,meteorites ,,e ,,tw5ty-,,f\r ,,h\rs4#bj ,a simple exp]im5t1 made by ,j\le & ,?omson1 well illu/rates ! possibility ( ?is rise 9 temp]ature by atmosph]ic friction4 ,if a wire is :irl$ ?r\gh ! air at a rate ( "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five feet p] second1 a rise ( "o degree1 c5tigrade1 w be notic$4 ,if ! revolutions are increas$ to ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-two feet p] second1 ! elevation w be #e4c ,c4 ,if ! temp]ature increases z ! squ>e ( ! velocity1 a rate ( spe$ ( tw5ty miles p] second w\ld develop a temp]ature n f> f #cfj1jjj ,c41 :i* is probably f> less ?an t at ! surface ( ! ord9>y meteor z x is se5 blaz+ ?r\gh our atmosph]e4 ,if ! meteor is small x is (t5 consum$ by ! int5se heat g5]at$2 b l>g] fragm5ts1 ow+ to _! velocity & ! fact t !y are poor conductors ( heat & burn sl[ly1 rea* ! surface & bury !mselves 9 ! sea or e>?4 ,b few escape ! inevitable consequ5ces ( ! contact1 & ( ! untold millions :i* h /ruck ! e>? )9 ! memory ( man b five hundr$ & ?irty h be5 se5 to fall4 ,! ph5om5a associat$ ) ! plung+ meteor is mo/ int]e/+4 ,a blaze ( light1 z ! t]rific heat ignites ! iron1 ann\nces its entrance into our atmosph]e4 ,x may be r$1 yell[1 :ite1 gre51 or blue1 all ^! hues hav+ be5 obs]v$4 ,!n foll[s ! explosion1 caus$ by ! contact ) ! air pil$ up ahead1 & 9 c]ta9 in/ances a l\d detonation or a s]ies ( noises is he>d1 :i* may be repeat$ indef9itely until ! meteoric mass is completely de/roy$1 & drops1 a %[] ( dis9tegrat$ p>ticles1 :i* fall rattl+ to ! gr\nd4 ,! blaze ( light does n cont9ue to ! e>?1 nor does ! meteor1 %\ld x survive1 /rike ! gr\nd ) ! velocity ) :i* x ent]$ ! atmosph]e1 z ! latt] (t5 arre/s its motion s completely t x drops ^u ! e>? by its own weight1 well illu/rat$ by ! meteorites ( ! ,hesslefall1 :i* dropp$ ^u ice b a few in*es ?ick1 reb\nd+ z !y fell4 ,?us ! atmosph]e protects ! inhabitants ( ! globe f a t]rific bomb>dm5t by de/roy+ _m ( ! l>ge/ meteorites1 r$uc+ ! size ( o!rs be=e !y rea* ! surface & arre/+ ! velocity s t few bury !mselves deeply 9 ! soil4 ,! writ] obs]v$ a rem>kable meteor 9 #ahid4 ,x ent]$ our atmosph]e1 app>5tly1 ov] ! ,mojave ,des]t1 9 ,cali=nia1 & explod$ ov] ! ,san ,gabriel ,valley1 ?\gh )\t any appreciable s\nd1 & aft] ! fir/ fla% disappe>$1 leav+ 9 ! air a l>ge balloon-%ap$ object ( yell[ light :i* la/$ "s mom5ts1 pres5t+ a rem>kable spectacle4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! meteor _h probably explod$ or be5 consum$1 leav+ only ! light to tell ! /ory1 ! atmosph]ic armor ( ! e>? hav+ successfully w>d$ (f ! bl[4 ,view+ ! facts z !y exi/1 ! e>?1 a seem+ fugitive mass fly+ ?r\gh space1 va9ly endeavor+ to break ! bonds :i* b9d x to ! sun1 hunt$1 bomb>d$ ) /range missiles hurl$ f unse5 h&s or =ces f ! inf9ity ( space1 x is little wond] t ! anci5ts & "s savage races ( lat] times inve/$ ! ph5om5a ) /range mean+s4 ,x requires b little imag9ation to see 9 ! fly+ e>? a liv+ mon/] foll[$ by %ad[y furies :i* hurl !mselves ^u x1 n[ va9ly attempt+ to rea* ! air-protect$ body or aga9 /rik+ x ) t]rific =ce1 lodg+ deep 9 its sides amid l\d rev]b]ation & dazzl+ blaze ( light4 ,meteorites h be5 kn[n f ! v e>lie/ times1 & h (t5 be5 reg>d$ z miracul\s creatures to be wor%ip$ & h&$ d[n f family to family4 ,! fam\s meteorite :i* fell 9 ,phrygia1 c5turies ago1 0 wor%ip$ z ,cybele1 ! "m ( ! gods1 & ab\t ! ye> #bjd ,b4,c4 0 c>ri$ to ,rome ) mu* display & c]emony1 :5 p ( all classes fell d[n be=e x1 deem+ x a mess5g] f ! gods4 ,diana ( ,ephesus & ! fam\s ,cyprian ,v5us 71 9 all probability1 meteoric /ones :i* 7 se5 to fall1 & 7 wor%ip$ = ! same reason z above4 ,livy describes a %[] ( meteorites :i* fell ab\t ! ,alban ,m\nt #feb ,b4,c4 ,! s5ate 0 demoraliz$1 & c]ta9 prophets ann\nc$ x a w>n+ f heav51 s impress+ ! lawmak]s t !y decl>$ a n9e-days' fe/ival ) :i* to propitiate ! gods4 ,! visitor to ,mecca w f9d en%r9$ 9 a place ( honor a meteorite :i* c be trac$ back beyond #fjj ,a4,d41 & :i* is wor%ip$ by pilgrims4 ,! ,t>t>s po9t$ out a meteorite to ,pallas1 9 #aggb1 :i* _h fall5 at ,krasnoj>sk1 & :i* !y consid]$ a holy mess5g] f heav54 ,a l>ge body ( meteoric iron f\nd 9 ,wi*ita ,c\nty1 ,texas1 0 reg>d$ by ! ,indians z a feti*4 ,!y told /rang]s t x came f ! sky z a mess5g] f ! ,great ,_s4 ,?is meteorite 0 /ation$ at a po9t :]e two ,indian trails met1 & 0 obs]v$ & wor%ip$ z a %r9e4 ,! ,*9ese h records ( meteors :i* fell #fdd ,b4,c4 ,! olde/ au!ntic fall 9 :i* ! /one is pres]v$ is t ( ,ensi%eim1 ,elsass1 ,g]many1 9 #adib4 ,! /one1 :i* weigh$ two hundr$ & sixty p\nds1 fell ) a l\d ro>1 mu* to ! dismay ( ! peasantry1 p5etrat+ ! gr\nd to a dep? ( five feet4 ,x 0 secur$ by ,k+ ,maximilian1 :o1 aft] pres5t+ ! ,duke ,sigismund ) a section1 hung ! rema9d] 9 ! p>i% *ur* z a holy relic1 :]e1 x is said1 x may /ill be se54 ,meteorites v>y 9 size f m9ute objects n l>g] ?an a pea to masses ( iron ( enorm\s size4 ,! ,*upad]os meteorite1 :i* fell 9 ,*ihuahua1 ,mexico1 weighs tw5ty-five tons4 ,ano!r1 :i* fell 9 ,kansas1 broke into myriads ( pieces1 ! sections f\nd weigh+ ?irte5 hundr$ p\nds4 ,a meteorite 9 ! ,vi5na ,museum1 :i* fell 9 ,hung>y1 weighs six hundr$ & =ty-sev5 p\nds1 :ile ! ,cranb\rne meteorite 9 ! ,briti% ,museum weighs f\r tons4 ,! ,r$ ,riv] meteorite 9 ! ,yale ,museum weighs sixte5 hundr$ & ?irty p\nds4 ,! l>ge/ meteorite kn[n 0 discov]$ )9 ! ,arctic ,circle by ,lieut5ant ,pe>y4 ,! ,eskimos _h kn[n ( x = g5]ations z a s\rce ( supply = iron4 ,x 0 f\nd by ,lieut5ant ,pe>y 9 ,may1 #ahid1 b1 ow+ to its enorm\s weight1 c\ld n be remov$ until ! summ] ( #ahig1 :51 aft] mu* labor1 x 0 excavat$ & hoi/$ into ! hold ( ! /eam :al+ b>k ,hope & c>ri$ to ,new ,york1 :]e x has f\nd a re/+ place 9 ! cab9et ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,x is believ$ to weigh "o hundr$ tons4 ,up to #aggb ! /ories ( bodies fall+ f space 7 n ent]ta9$ s]i\sly by sci5tific m54 ,s em95t a sci5ti/ z ,lavoisi]1 aft] ?or\ghly inve/igat+ a case1 decid$ t x 0 m]ely a /one :i* _h be5 /ruck by lightn+4 ,falls f9ally occurr$ :i* demon/rat$ beyond dispute t ! missiles came f space1 & sci5ce recogniz$ ! fact t ! e>? 0 lit]ally be+ bomb>d$1 & t human safety 0 due to ! atmosph]ic armor1 sc>cely "o hundr$ miles ?ick1 t envelop$ ! e>?4 ,in/ances ( ! de/ruction ( human life f ?is cause are v r>e4 ,"s ye>s ago a meteorite cru%$ into ! home ( an ,italian peasant1 kill+ ! occupant2 & cattle h be5 kn[n to be de/roy$ by !m2 b su* in/ances are exceptional4 ,9 #affj a meteorite fell at ,milan1 on ! au?ority ( ! ,italian physici/ ,paolo ,m>ia ,tezzayo1 kill+ a ,franciscan monk4 ,humboldt is au?ority = ! /atem5t t a monk 0 /ruck dead by a meteorite at ,crema1 ,septemb] #d1 #aeaa2 & 9 #afgd1 on ! same au?ority1 a meteorite /ruck a %ip at sea & kill$ two ,sw$i% sailors4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #agie1 at ,wold ,cottage1 9 ,york%ire1 ,engl&1 a /one weigh+ fifty p\nds da%$ ?r\gh ! air ) a l\d ro>1 al>m+ p 9 ! vic9ity1 & bury+ itself 9 ! gr\nd n ?irty feet f a labor]4 ,?is mass1 ?\gh und\bt$ly travel+1 :5 x /ruck our atmosph]e1 at a rate ( at lea/ ?irty miles a second1 0 *eck$ s completely t x sank b twelve in*es into ! s(t *alk4 ,great z is ! heat g5]at$ dur+ ! passage ( a meteorite ?r\gh ! air1 x does n always p]meate ! entire body4 ,?is 0 well illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( ! meteorite :i* fell at ,dhurmsala1 ,kangra1 ,punjaub1 ,india1 9 #ahfj1 fragm5ts ( :i* c be se5 9 ! ,field ,museum 9 ,*icago4 ,( x ,dr4 ,oliv] ,c4 ,f>+ton says3 ,! fragm5ts 7 s cold z to b5umb ! f+]s ( ^? :o collect$ !m4 ,?is is p]haps ! only in/ance kn[n 9 :i* ! cold ( space has become p]ceptible to human s5ses4 ,"s ( ! individual falls dur+ rec5t ye>s h attract$ widespread att5tion4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable is kn[n z ! ,great ,kansas ,meteor4 ,x 0 evid5tly ( l>ge size1 fla%+ into sight eighty or n9ety miles f ! e>?1 on ! #bj? ( ,june1 #ahgf1 ov] ! ,/ate ( ,kansas4 ,to ! fir/ obs]v]s x appe>$ to come f ! vic9ity ( ! moon1 & resembl$ a small moon or a gigantic fire ball1 blaz+ brightly1 & creat+ t]ror & amazem5t among ?\s&s ( spectators :o witness$ its flight4 ,x pass$ to ! ea/1 disappe>+ ne> ! horizon 9 a blaze ( light4 ,! entire passage occupi$ ne>ly fifty seconds1 be+ visible to ! inhabitants ( ,i[a1 ,nebraska1 ,miss\ri1 ,indiana1 ,wiscons91 ,ill9ois1 ,mi*igan1 ,k5tucky1 ,ohio1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,?is visitor creat$ ! greate/ al>m & appreh5sion along its pa?1 ! blaze ( light be+ accompani$ by repeat$ explosions & detonations :i* s\nd$ l ! rumble & ro> ( cannonad+4 ,to "s x appe>$ l ! rattl+ ( heavy teams ov] a r\gh1 rocky road2 o!rs believ$ subt]ranean explosions accompani$ ! fall4 ,horses ran away1 /ock hurri$ bell[+ to cov]1 & m51 wom51 & *ildr5 cr\*$ 9 fe> or fl$ be=e ! fi]y visitor ^: ro> 0 di/9ctly he>d sev]al m9utes aft] x _h disappe>$4 ,z ! meteor cross$ ! ,mississippi ,riv] ! noise ( ! explosions increas$ 9 sev]ity1 & 7 di/9ctly he>d sixty or sev5ty miles f its pa?1 or a di/ance ( "o hundr$ & =ty miles ap>t4 ,! great ball ( flame rema9$ intact z x cross$ five or six ,/ates1 b z x pass$ ov] c5tral ,ill9ois l\d detonations 7 he>d & ! light spread out l an explod+ rocket ) fla%+ po9ts4 ,?is 0 ! dea? & de/ruction ( ! mon/]1 & f "h x da%$ on1 a /ream or %[] ( c\ntless meteors in/ead ( a solid body1 =m+ ov] ,indiana & ,ohio a clu/] ov] =ty miles long & five 9 bread?1 %[+ t :ile ! meteor _h brok5 up x 0 /ill mov+ ) great velocity4 ,h[ f> x travel$ is n kn[n1 z x 0 n se5 to /rike4 ,obs]v]s 9 ,p5nsylvania saw x ru%+ 9 ! direction ( ,new ,york1 & p 9 t ,/ate1 :]e ! day 0 cl\dy1 he>d /range rumbl+s & detonations4 ,h\ses rattl$1 & ! inhabitants along ! l9e ! meteor 0 suppos$ to h pass$ accr$it$ ! ph5om5a to an e>?quake4 ,some:]e1 p]haps 9 ! =e/ region ( ! ,adirondacks1 or 9 ! ,atlantic1 lies ! wreck ( ?is meteor4 ,b "o fragm5t 0 f\nd4 ,a f>m] 9 ,indiana1 :ile wat*+ its passage he>d ! ?ud ( a fall+ object1 & go+ to ! spot ! foll[+ morn+ f\nd a small meteorite weigh+ two ?irds ( a p\nd4 ,?is m>vel\s body 0 fir/ obs]v$ 9 all probability 9 ! nor?we/]n corn] ( ! ,indian ,t]ritory1 possibly sixty or sev5ty miles above ! e>?1 & f "h x da%$ along ) repeat$ explosions1 almo/ p>allel to ! e>?'s surface1 disappe>+ ov] ,new ,york4 ,ano!r rem>kable meteor fell into ! ,atlantic ,ocean f> out at sea1 ,july #bj1 #ahfj4 ,x resembl$ ! "o m5tion$ above 9 t x 0 accompani$ by a m>vel\s pyrote*nic display4 ,x fir/ appe>$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,mi*igan1 blaz+ out ) a fi]y gl[ t fill$ ! heav5s ) light4 ,cocks cr[$1 ox5 l[$1 & p ru%$ f _! homes along its c\rse ov] ! ,/ates ( ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,new ,j]sey4 ,:5 la/ se51 ov] ! ,atlantic1 x _h sep>at$ into ?ree p>ts1 :i* foll[$ ea* o!r z sep>ate fire bodies1 )\t ! noise :i* 0 ! accompany+ feature ( ! ,kansas meteor4 ,d\btless ! majority ( meteors plunge into ! ocean1 & 9 mod]n times sev]al l>ge meteoric bodies h n>r[ly escap$ pass+ vessels4 ,on ,decemb] #a1 #ahif1 ! (fic]s ( ! %ip ,walkomm+1 b\nd f ,new ,york to ,brem51 notic$ a l>ge & brilliant meteor fla%+ d[n ^u !m4 ,its direction 0 f s\!a/ to nor?we/1 & x plung$ into ! sea ahead ( ! vessel ) a l\d ro> & hiss+ s\nd2 a few m9utes lat] an imm5se tidal wave1 presumably caus$ by ! fall1 /ruck ! %ip1 do+ no little damage4 ,ev5 m rem>kable 0 ! escape ( ! ,briti% %ip ,cawdor1 :i* 0 giv5 up by ! und]writ]s1 b :i* rea*$ ,san ,francisco ,novemb] #bj1 #ahig4 ,dur+ a heavy /orm1 ,augu/ #bj?1 a l>ge meteor fla%$ f ! sky & pass$ betwe5 ! ma9 & mizz5 ma/s1 cra%+ into ! sea ) a bl9d+ fla% & deaf5+ detonation4 ,= a mom5t x 0 ?\ght ! %ip 0 on fire1 & ! air 0 fill$ ) sulphur\s fumes4 ,9 #ahhh a meteor da%$ into ! atmosph]e ( ! e>? & made a brilliant display ov] s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,x appe>$ betwe5 twelve & "o o'clock 9 ! morn+1 & %ot across ! heav5s1 a fi]y r$ mass--n l ! ord9>y meteor1 b wri?+ & twi/+ 9 a mann] peculi>ly its own1 resembl+ a huge s]p5t4 ,:5 x _h pass$ ne>ly across ! sky x app>5tly /opp$ & d\bl$ 9 ! =m ( a horse%oe1 accord+ to ! in=mant ( ! writ]1 z l>ge z a half-mile race track4 ,! horse%oe rema9$ visible sev]al m9utes1 gradually disappe>+4 ,! brilliancy ( ?is meteor c be imag9$ :5 x is kn[n t ! entire ,san ,gabriel ,valley 0 illum9$ z ?\gh an electric light ( great p[] _h sudd5ly be5 fla%$ ^u x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,coon ,,butte1 ,,on ,,slope ,,( ,,:i* ,,t5 ,,tons ,,( ,,meteoric ,,iron ,,has ,,be5 ,,f\nd1 ,,& ,,:i* ,,0 ,,suppos$ ,,to ,,h ,,be5 ,,made ,,by ,a ,,meteor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,int]ior ,,( ,,coon ,,butte4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,coon ,,butte4 ,"s "t 9 pa/ ages a meteorite weigh+ at lea/ t5 tons %ot into our atmosph]e & /ruck ! e>? ne> ! fam\s ,caon ,diablo 9 ,arizona1 ! my/]i\s gul* cross$ by ! ,at*ison1 ,topeka & ,santa ,f ,railroad4 ,! discov]y 0 made sev]al ye>s ago by a %eep h]d]1 nam$ ,armijo4 ,f9d+ a piece ( iron ) a peculi> lu/r\s surface :i* he believ$ to be silv]1 he c>ri$ x to "o ( ! t[ns1 :]e x f9ally fell into ! h&s ( a geologi/1 :o pron\nc$ x a meteorite4 ,! discov]y 0 foll[$ up1 & on ! cre/ & 9 ! vic9ity ( a s+ul> cone ab\t f\r ?\s& feet 9 diamet] pieces ( a meteorite 7 f\nd on ! surface1 :i* gave a comb9$ weight ( t5 tons1 9 all probability b a fraction ( ! real mon/]4 ,! iron masses 7 widely scatt]$ ov] ! slope & ! adjac5t mesa1 & x 0 assum$ t a gigantic meteorite or /> _h fall5 & produc$ ! cone1 ano!r /rik+ ! e>? & =m+ :at is n[ kn[n z ! ,caon ,diablo4 ,a l>ge piece ( meteoric iron 0 f\nd tw5ty miles f ! cone2 ano!r eight miles ea/ ( x2 two ?\s& pieces weigh+ n ov] a few p\nds or ounces 7 tak5 f ! slopes2 two exce$+ a ?\s& p\nds 7 f\nd )9 a half mile1 :ile =ty or fifty weigh+ ab\t "o hundr$ p\nds 7 discov]$ )9 a radius ( half a mile4 ,"h n only a meteor1 b a l>ge-siz$ meteoric %[]1 _h succe$$ 9 p5etrat+ ! armor ( ! e>?1 leav+ _m evid5ces ( ! extraord9>y occurr5ce :i* may h be5 witness$ by ! e>ly man ( :at is n[ kn[n z ,arizona4 ,f ! peculi> & int]e/+ evid5ce a geologi/ d$uc$ ! hypo!sis t ! crat] kn[n z ,coon ,butte c\ld h be5 produc$ by a meteor ) a diamet] ( fifte5 hundr$ feet1 & a c>eful exam9ation ) a view ( discov]+ x 0 made ) nicely adju/$ magnetic in/rum5ts2 b 9 no in/ance did !y indicate ! pres5ce ( a va/ body ( metal buri$ 9 ! e>?1 & x 0 assum$ t ! /rik+ ( ! crat] by ! colossal meteorite 0 a *ance bl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,crat] ,,( ,,coon ,,butte ,,ne> ,,ca,,on ,,diablo1 ne> :i* ! fragm5ts ( a meteorite h be5 f\nd1 & :i* 0 suppos$ at "o "t to h be5 made by ! meteorite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,sixty-,,"o ,,p\nd ,,meteorite4 ,a "p ( ! t5-ton meteorite :i* fell at ,coon ,butte1 ne> ,caon ,diablo4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,sixty-,,"o ,,& ,a ,,half ,,p\nd ,,meteorite ,,f\nd ,,ne> ,,crat] ,,( ,,coon ,,butte4 ,illu/ration3 ,,crosses ,,%[ ,,l>ge ,,pieces ,,( ,,! ,,meteorite ,,f\nd ,,at ,,coon ,,butte4 7,sev5 miles 9 diamet]47 ,! meteorites or =eign bodies :i* bomb>d ! e>? may be includ$ 9 ?ree classes--meteoric irons or arosid]ites1 meteoric iron /ones or arosid]olites1 & meteoric /ones1 arolites--all conta9+ elem5ts1 ab\t tw5ty-five 9 numb]1 :i* h be5 f\nd ^u ! e>?4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s & important are silicon1 iron1 nickel1 magnesium1 sulphur1 c>bon1 & phosphorus1 :ile ! o!rs are alum9um1 antimony1 ars5ic1 calcium1 *lor9e1 *romium1 cobalt1 copp]1 hydrog51 li?ium1 manganese1 oxyg51 potassium1 sodium1 t91 & titanium4 ,hydrog5 & ! diamond h also be5 obs]v$4 ,a numb] ( int]e/+ *emical comp\nds are f\nd 9 meteorites n kn[n on ! e>?1 & a /udy ( _! "* %[s t ! conditions "u :i* ! meteors 7 =m$ 7 entirely diff]5t f ^? :i* saw ! beg9n+ ( ?+s t]re/rial4 ,9 brief1 :]e meteors 7 born !re 0 an abs5ce ( air & wat]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 at "s /age 9 ! hi/ory ( meteorites an abundance ( hydrog54 ,! meteoric irons are made up pr9cipally ( iron ) an alloy ( nickel1 & %[ a ri* cry/all9e /ructure1 ! v>i\s angles produc+ a v>iety ( =ms kn[n z ,widman/att5 figures :i* a few ye>s ago =m$ ! basis ( a s+ul> s5sation4 ,! figures 7 suppos$ to be fossil %ells & v>i\s animals ( a dim9utive size :i* once populat$ ! wreck$ _w ( :i* ! meteor 0 assum$ to be a "p4 ,^! meteoric animals f space 7 nam$ & classifi$ by sev]al obs]v]s1 :o 7 f9ally =c$ to ackn[l$ge t _! creations 7 ! fanciful m>k+s ( cry/allization4 ,ano!r class ( meteorites 7meteoric iron /ones7 may be describ$ z spongy masses ( nickelif]\s iron 9 ^: pores are f\nd gra9s ( *ryosite & o!r silicates4 ,a type ( ^! bodies is ! meteor ( ,pallas1 :i* 0 discov]$ by him 9 #aggb4 ,! ?ird class ( meteoric /ones are ^? 9 :i* ! /ony or silic\s pr$om9ates4 ,z a rule !y conta9 scatt]$ metallic gra9s1 b c]ta9 ones1 z ! arolite :i* fell at ,g>a1 ,france1 9 #ahjf1 conta9 metallic con/itu5ts4 ,! arolites pres5t an attractive appe>ance :5 made into sections1 %[+ cry/als & spl9t]like fragm5ts1 & "u ! glass seem to be made up ( _m m9ute sph]es rang+ f ^? ! size ( a *]ry d[n to o!rs invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,! m9]als prom95t 9 _! composition are *rysolite1 bronzite1 augite1 en/atite1 feldsp>1 *ronite1 etc41 %[+ a m>k$ simil>ity to ! eruptive rocks s well kn[n on ! e>?4 ,! collections ( fam\s meteorites 9 ! v>i\s museums ( ! _w h con/antly be5 exam9$ & /udi$ ) a view to det]m9e _! orig91 ! "q be+ a fasc9at+ "o to layman & sci5ti/4 ,a/ronom]s 9 ! pa/ h v>i\sly answ]$ ! "q4 ,! fly+ fragm5ts 7 believ$ by "s to be ! wreckage ( o!r worlds4 ,planets _h p]haps collid$ & be5 r5t asund] 9 =m] ages1 & space fill$ ) ! fly+ fragm5ts4 ,o!rs ?\ght t meteors 7 molt5 matt] ?r[n f ! e>? or moon4 ,all ^! !ories h be5 rel9qui%$ 9 view ( evid5ce ( a m or less conv9c+ "* po9t+ to ! conclusion t ! bomb>dm5t ( ! e>? is "o ( ! results ( ! dis9tegration ( comets4 ,9 o!r words1 comet>y matt] fly+ n always bl9dly ?r\gh space1 b 9 ! orbit ( ! comet ( :i* x orig9ally =m$ a "p1 con/itut+ ! missiles4 ,x is kn[n t ! meteors 7 =m$ 9 a region :]e air & wat] 7 abs5t4 ,x is equally evid5t t life 0 n a factor 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! bodies1 ?\gh x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ! hydroc>bons resembl+ t]re/rial bitum5s :i* are f\nd 9 "s meteorites sugge/ ! possibility ( vegetable life4 ,^! comets1 ! my/]i\s bodies :i* seem to be rov+ ?r\gh space1 misconceiv$ planets1 z x 71 =c$ into ! _w half made up1 (f] ! be/ kn[n solution1 z !y are lit]ally worlds )\t air or wat]1 envelop$ 9 a /range & ev]-*ang+ sub/itute = atmosph]e2 gho/ly worlds1 :i* seem to be drawn to ! sun1 !n ?r[n out into space aga9 to repeat ! act until ! mighty *ange f close contact ) ! fi]y mass to ! int5se cold ( di/ant realms wrecks !m1 scatt]s _! fragm5ts ?r\gh ! inf9ity ( space :]e !y =m gigantic r+s or clu/]s ( meteoric matt]1 ra9+ d[n ^u ! sun & planets & all heav5ly bodies :i* meet !m1 add+ fuel to ! =m]1 mat]ial sub/ance to ! latt]1 & 9 ! case ( ! moon pitilessly bomb>d+ h] cru/--illu/rat+ ! effect ( ! bomb>dm5t ( ! e>? 7 x depriv$ ( its atmosph]ic armor4 ,! evid5ce :i* enabl$ a/ronom]s to def9itely associate comets ) meteoric %[]s & fall+ />s leads "o into a _w ( romance4 ,s*iap>elli1 ! di/+ui%$ ,italian a/ronom]1 made ! discov]y t meteors _h a cometic orig94 ,he _h be5 calculat+ ! orbit & motion ( ! meteorites :i* produce ! ,augu/ %[]s1 :5 x occurr$ to him t !y correspond$ ) ^? ( a c]ta9 comet4 ,by foll[+ up ?is clew x 0 discov]$ t ! orbit ( ,tempel's comet correspond$ ) t ( ! meteors ( ! ,novemb] /> %[]4 ,! mo/ rem>kable evid5ce 0 t produc$ by ,biela's comet1 discov]$ 9 #ahbf4 ,x _h a revolution ab\t ! sun ( six ye>s & eight mon?s4 ,x 0 se5 9 #aggb1 #ahje1 #ahcb1 #ahde1 & #aheb4 ,! va/ mass1 :i* appe>$ to be ru%+ ar\nd ! sun ) rem>kable velocity1 became sep>at$ 9 #ahdf1 divid+ into two p>ts1 "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& or two hundr$ ?\s& miles f ea* o!r4 ,9 six ye>s ! sep>ation _h increas$ to ab\t "o & a half million miles4 ,:at mighty cataclysm 9 inf9ite space caus$ ?is rupture ! m9d ( man c n conceive1 b some?+ occurr$ :i* r5t ! arial giant asund]1 & s f> z kn[n complet$ its wreck1 z f t "t ,biela's comet has n be5 se54 ,9 #ahgb ! comet 0 look$ =1 & a/ronom]s pr$ict$ t if x did n appe> a %[] ( />s or meteors w\ld be visible--! rema9s ( ! lo/ travel] ?r\gh space--& t !y w\ld div]ge f a po9t 9 ,&rom$a4 ,?is rem>kable pr$iction 0 v]ifi$ 9 e p>ticul>4 ,:5 ! mom5t = ! appe>ance ( ! comet arriv$1 ,novemb] #bg1 #ahgb1 !re bur/ ^u ! heav5s1 n ,biela's comet1 b a m>vel\s %[] ( %oot+ />s1 :i* da%$ d[n f ! con/ellation ( ,&rom$a z pr$ict$4 ,9 #ahhe ?is 0 duplicat$1 & ! atmosph]e 0 app>5tly fill$ ) %oot+ />s4 ,biela's comet _h met disa/] 9 inf9ite space1 & ! e>? 0 be+ bomb>d$ ) ! wreckage4 ,x is difficult to compreh5d ! va/ness ( ^! clu/]s ( meteors :i* con/itute ! wreck ( comets & ! s\rce ( ! pr9cipal bomb>dm5ts4 ,?us ! ,augu/ /ream1 :i* gives u ! brilliant displays ( summ] nights1 is suppos$ to be t5 million miles 9 ?ickness1 z ! e>? da%+ ?r\gh at a rate ( two million miles a day is sev]al days 9 pass+ x4 ,we cross ! ,novemb] /ream ( meteors 9 a few h\rs1 sugge/+ a wid? ( =ty ?\s& or fifty ?\s& miles4 ,?is /ream ( metallic bodies is hundr$s ( millions ( miles 9 l5g?1 & conta9s myriads ( projectiles :i* may yet be hurl$ ^u ! e>? or "s ( ! planets ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,novemb] ,,%[] ,,( ,,meteors ,,at ,,sea ,,f ,,s&y ,,hook4 ,b "o piece ( ,biela's comet1 s f> z kn[n1 0 f\nd--a fragm5t weigh+ eight p\nds fall+ at ,mazapil1 ,mexico1 :]e x rema9s "o ( ! mo/ inspir+ & int]e/+ ( inanimate objects4 ,= ye>s ! va/ metallic mass1 ( :i* ?is piece =m$ a "p1 ru%$ ?r\gh space1 cov]+ millions ( miles2 n[ ne> ! burn+ surface ( ! sun1 n[ 9 regions ( space :]e its heat 0 sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,= ov] a c5tury ?is mon/] 0 obs]v$ by ! inhabitants ( ! e>?1 & f9ally a portion fell & human be+s h&l$ & exam9$ x4 ,! fi]y mess5g]s :i* da% d[n s+ly ^u ! e>?1 ! %[]s ( meteoric /ones :i* fla% ?r\gh our atmosph]e ) ephem]al gleams1 are1 !n1 ! rema9s ( gigantic comets :i* h be5 se5 ru%+ ) app>5t erratic c\rse ?r\gh space1 & :i* by unkn[n causes h be5 de/roy$ & n[ z meteoric clu/]s1 "o ( :i* is e/imat$ to be "o billion miles 9 l5g? & "o hundr$ ?\s& miles 9 ?ickness1 & to conta9 "o hundr$ ?\s& million meteors1 are sw++ ?r\gh space1 ) _m erratic & w&]+ =ms1 p\r+ ^u ! e>? & all ! planets ( ! sol> sy/em a mighty & cont9u\s bomb>dm5t4 ,,footnote3 #bj ,! meteors %[n 9 ! two ideal pictures are1 ( c\rse1 entirely disproportionate 9 size to ! e>? & />s4 ,if se5 by an obs]v] above ! e>?1 we might imag9e an envelope ( light ar\nd ! globe f ! cont9u\s ignition ( ! #aej1jjj1jjj1jjj or m meteors :i* x is e/imat$ /rike ! e>? e ye>2 9 :i* case1 ! /rik+ meteors w\ld be repres5t$ 9 ! illu/rations z a ?9 light l9e surr\nd+ ! atmosph]ic envelope ( ! e>?4 ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,conque/4 ,,by ,j4 ,,novic[4 ,! _s ( conque/ produces a gigantic aggregation ( calamities & suff]+s4 ,a l>ge numb] ( p]sons /ill reg>d conque/s ) a favor+ eye4 ,n[1 :at does a conque/ signify8 ,x is ! arm+ ( a b& ( soldi]s & go+ & tak+ possession ( a t]ritory4 ,al?\gh su* exp$itions may appe> useful1 lucrative1 legitimate1 & ev5 glori\s1 little reg>d is paid1 9 conduct+ !m1 to ! good ( societies2 =1 9 spite ( all euphemisms1 su* milit>y ent]prises are robb]y1 & no?+ else1 all ! "t4 ,g5]\s spirits :o talk ab\t suppress+ w> d great injury to mank9d4 ,sett+ !mselves 9 pursuit ( a *im]a1 !y ab&on ! road t leads to concrete & positive results4 ,reali/s treat ! p>tisans ( p]petual peace z ,utopian dream]s1 & refuse to foll[ !m4 ,! noble/ & mo/ g5]\s ef=ts are ?us :olly lo/4 ,! direction ( public op9ion is left to empirics & retrogrades1 to n>r[-m9d$ p1 :o are satisfi$ ) liv+ f day to day & h n ! c\rage to look ! social problems ( ! "t 9 ! face4 ,w> w nev] be aboli%$ any m ?an murd]4 ,! propag&a %\ld n be direct$ on t side4 ,! _s ( conque/ is ! ?+ to combat4 ,& ?is colossal error mu/ be f\ght n 9 ! "n ( a vague & intangible frat]nity1 b by appeal+ to ! egoi/ic int]e/ ( e "o4 ,!re w always be w>s1 because man w nev] be absolutely s\nd-m9d$4 ,at times passion & folly w prevail ov] reason4 ,b ! idea t conque/ is ! quicke/ means ( increas+ prosp]ity w n be ev]la/+1 because x is utt]ly false4 ,man acts con=mably to :at seems to be 8 int]e/4 ,! idea he has ( ?is dep5ds on 8 judgm5t1 :i* v>ies e day1 z d also 8 desires4 ,!re is only "o efficaci\s me?od ( effect+ social *anges3 x is1 to modify ! desires ( m51 to br+ !m to seek new objects1 diff]5t f ! old ones4 ,a great _m ,g]mans are say+ n[1 ,we w\ld give up ! la/ drop ( our blood r ?an surr5d] ,alsace-,lorra9e4 ,:y d !y say t8 ,because ! possession ( ! prov9ces annex$ 9 #ahga procures !m "s sort ( real or imag9>y satisfaction4 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is annexation caus$ !m extreme suff]+s1 ! ,g]mans w\ld say1 ,we w\ld give up ! la/ drop ( our blood to get rid ( ,alsace-,lorra9e4 ,n[1 if ! ,g]mans 7or any o!r p7 c\ld compreh5d h[ l>gely ! _s ( conque/ dim9i%es ! sum ( _! enjoym5t1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly express !mselves 9 language ( ! latt] sort4 ,! apo/les ( p]petual peace h !re=e tak5 ! wrong road4 ,_! ef=ts %\ld be> ^u ! s+le object ( %[+ t ! appropriation ( a neighbor's t]ritories 9 no way increases ! welf>e ( m54 ,! pessimi/s answ] u t x w take _m ye>s = ! uselessness ( conque/s to be accept$4 ,well1 !n1 man %all h to cont9ue _m ye>s 9 suff]+2 t is all !re is ( x4 ,:5 w ! day come t we %all f9d out t x is no long] advantage\s to seize a neighbor's t]ritory8 ,we d n "k4 ,! only ?+ we c affirm ) absolute c]ta9ty is1 t :5 x arrives our prosp]ity w be increas$ five or t5 fold4#ba ,?is ctesoh$onic error 7lu/ = possession7 has produc$ consequ5ces ( :i* we proce$ to speak4 ,j z individuals fancy t !y w be bett] (f ) l>g] possessions1 s peoples imag9e t _! prosp]ity & happ9ess w be 9 direct proportion to ! t]ritorial ext5t ( _! c\ntry4 ,h5ce "o ( ! sillie/ ab]rations ( ! human m9d--! fatu\s idolatry ( squ>e miles4 ,a great _m ,g]mans /ill figure x out t !y w h a l>g] sum ( happ9ess if _! c\ntry conta9s #bjh1fgj squ>e miles in/ead ( #bjc1jgj4bb ,few errors are m evid5t4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( examples to prove t ! welf>e ( citiz5s is 9 no way a function ( ! ext5t ( ! /ate4 ,if x 7 s1 ,russia w\ld be ! ri*e/ c\ntry 9 ,europe1 :ile ev]ybody kn[s x is exactly ! contr>y4 ,taxation 9 t c\ntry is pu%$ to limits t might almo/ be call$ absurd1 & = t reason ! ext5t ( ! nation is "o ( ! greate/ ob/acles to its prosp]ity4 ,z an example to illu/rate ! absurdity ( ! idolatry ( squ>e miles1 take ,cali=nia1 :i* n[ has #aeh1cfj squ>e miles1#bc & #a1bjj1jjj inhabitants4 ,if 9 ano!r c5tury ! population %\ld rise to =ty millions1 x might be exp$i5t = ! good gov]nm5t ( ^! m5 to divide ! ,/ate into sev]al4 ,if ! cons]vatives ( t p]iod %\ld decl>e t !y w\ld give ! la/ drop ( _! blood to pres]ve ! unity ( _! ,commonweal?1 !y w\ld be afflict$ ) ! squ>e-mile craze1 & z fooli% z ! ,europeans4 ,t]ritorial divisions are made = m51 n m5 = t]ritorial divisions4 ,! object enlight5$ patriots %\ld pursue is n t a c]ta9 geographical ext5t %\ld be includ$ "u "o "n or _m1 b t ! divisions %\ld con=m to ! aspirations & desires ( ! citiz5s4 ,!y %\ld impose z little re/ra9t z possible ^u ! economical & intellectual progress ( societies4 ,! inhabitants ( ! prov9ce ( ,rio ,gr&e rec5tly want$ to sec$e f ,brazil4 ,! ,gov]nm5t at ,rio ,janeiro1 afflict$ l o!r gov]nm5ts by ! squ>e-mile craze1 w\ld n cons5t to x1 & ho/ilities broke out4 ,suppose ! ,rio ,gr&ians _h be5 victori\s 9 ?is w>2 :at w\ld h be5 ! result8 ,!re w\ld h be5 elev5 /ates 9 ,s\? ,am]ica in/ead ( t54 ,no mod]n political !ori/ w\ld see ! presage ( an extraord9>y calamity 9 su* an ev5t z t4 ,! new /ate w\ld h be5 recogniz$ by ! o!r p[]s1 & ?+s w\ld h gone on z be=e4 ,b if ! c5tral ,gov]nm5t1 respect+ ! wi%es ( ! ,rio ,gr&ians1 _h cons5t$ to ! secession1 ! empirical politicians ( our "t w\ld h affirm$ t ! _w _h be5 unbalanc$4 ,yet ! situation w\ld h be5 exactly ! same 9 po9t ( t]ritorial divisions--elev5 indep5d5t /ates in/ead ( t54 ,we h !n to ?9k t1 9 ! eyes ( mod]n politicians1 ! avoidance ( a w>1 ! fact ( sp>+ hundr$s ( millions ( money & ?\s&s ( human lives1 dim9i%es weal?1 :ile ! wa/e ( capital & massacres %\ld increase x6 ,x w\ld be h>d to be less logical or m absurd4 ,! great ,nor? ,am]ican f$]ation is compos$ ( =ty-f\r ,/ates1 ( f #a1bej squ>e miles 7! size ( ,rhode ,isl&7 to #bfe1ghj squ>e miles 7! size ( ,texas74 ,if "o hundr$ ,/ates %\ld be e/abli%$ to-morr[ ( ab\t #cj1jjj squ>e miles ea*1 !re w\ld n necess>ily foll[ ei!r an increase or a dim9ution ( ! welf>e ( ! population4 ,! ,am]icans c make equally rapid progress :e!r divid$ into =ty republics or "o hundr$1 & z sl[ "u "o division z "u ! o!r4 ,weal? is n a function ( political divisions4 ,s ,europe is n[ divid$ into tw5ty-f\r indep5d5t /ates1 hav+ f #h to #b1ajj1jjj squ>e miles ( t]ritory4 ,if x 7 divid$ to-morr[ into "o hundr$ indep5d5t /ates ( #ce1jjj squ>e miles ea*1 x w\ld z easily be poor] z ri*]4 ,all w\ld dep5d ^u ! int]ior organization ( ea* ( ^! /ates1 & on ! relations :i* !y might e/abli% ) "o ano!r4 ,v few p]sons und]/& ?is tru?4 ,:5 we see ! mo/ civiliz$ nations ( ,europe imag9+ t _! welf>e dep5ds on #e1jjj or #f1jjj squ>e miles m or less1 we /& really /upefi$ be=e ! p]si/5ce ( ! anci5t r\t9es4 ,! simple dis>mam5t ( ?ree milit>y corps w\ld procure t5 times z _m b5efits = ! ,g]man p z ! possession ( ,alsace-,lorra9e4 ,9 %ort1 z long z ! false association betwe5 ! t]ritorial ext5t ( a /ate & its weal? p]si/s its progress 9 real weal? w be v sl[4 ,to return to ! _s ( conque/4 ,a great _m ?+s1 z we h %[n 9 ano!r place1 are n appropriable4 ,=eign t]ritories are n s = entire nations4 ,a milit>y *ief ) 8 /aff may be bett] (f ?r\gh ! conque/ ( a c\ntry1 b a nation nev]4 ,:5 ,william ( ,norm&y seiz$ ,engl& he committ$ an act t 0 n accord+ to 8 int]e/ z prop]ly und]/ood4 ,he de/roy$ by w> a consid]able quantity ( weal?1 & he & 8 b>ons 9 turn suff]$ by ! g5]al dim9ution ( welf>e4 ,^! suff]+s 71 h[ev]1 inf9itesimal & v h>d to appreciate4 ,true views ( ! nature ( weal? 71 moreov]1 n accessible to ! bra9s ( m5 ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,c]ta9ly1 :5 ,william & 8 army _h possess$ !mselves ( ,engl& !y exp]i5c$ an increase ( weal? t 0 v evid5t to !m4 ,! k+ _h m rev5ue2 e ,norman soldi] got l& or a rew>d 9 money1 & he became ri*] aft] ,ha/+s ?an he _h ev] be5 be=e4 ,b :at did ! ,roman p1 = example1 ga9 by ! conque/ ( ! bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean8 ,f\r or five hundr$ gr& p]sonages divid$ ! prov9cial l&s ali5at$ by ! /ate among !mselves1 b :at b5efit did ! masses d]ive f ! bloody campaigns ( ! republic8 ,! di/ribution ( ! annone1 #bhj grammes ( bread ea* a day1 giv5 to #bjj1jjj p]sons out ( ! #a1ejj1jjj inhabitants ( ! ,et]nal ,city6 ,surely ! ,romans w\ld h ga9$ a great deal m by work+ !mselves ?an by pillag+ o!r nations6 ,?+s are exactly ! same n[4 ,9 #ahga tw5ty-eight p]sons receiv$ f ! ,emp]or ,william donations =m+ a total ( #c1jjj1jjj4 ,b :at b5efit did ! ,g]man p d]ive f ! conque/ ( ,alsace-,lorra9e8 ,none4 ,divid+ ! #c1fjj1jjj acres ( t prov9ce among ! #f1djj1jjj families t 7 liv+ 9 ,g]many at ! "t ( ! ,treaty ( ,frank=t w\ld make two & a half acres ea*4 ,?is is n opul5ce4 ,( ! #e1jjj1jjj1jjj ( francs extort$ f ,france z damage = ! exp5ses ( ! w> !re rema9$ #c1hif1bej1jjj francs1 :i*1 divid$ among #f1djj1jjj families1 repres5t a ga9 ( #fji francs1 or ab\t #aba4hj p] family--h>dly en\gh to live scantily ^u = f\r mon?s2 & ?is 0 ! mo/ lucrative w> ( :i* hi/ory makes m5tion6 ,consid]1 fur!r1 at :at am\nt ( sacrifice ^! #aba4hj h be5 ga9$4 ,9 #ahgj ! milit>y exp5ses ( ! ,nor? ,g]man ,conf$]ation & ! f\r s\!rn /ates am\nt$ to #cdi1jjj1jjj francs a ye>4 ,!y n[ exce$ #gie1jjj1jjj1 & 9 ano!r ye> 7f #ahid7 w exce$ #hgj1jjj1jjj4 ,"h1 !n1 is an increase ( #eba1jjj1jjj francs1 or a *>ge ( #fj francs p] family4 ,z #fji francs1 ev5 at five p] c5t1 w only return #cj francs1 we h "h a cle> loss ( #cj francs 7or #f7 a family p] ye>4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! conque/ ( ,alsace-,lorra9e w\ld h be5 a bad speculation1 ev5 if ! ,fr5* indemnity _h be5 di/ribut$ 9 equal p>ts among all ! ,g]man families4 ,b1 9 fact1 x has n be5 s2 s t ! #fj francs ( supplem5t>y exp5diture are paid )\t any comp5sation4 ,x might be said t ! conque/ ( ,alsace-,lorra9e 0 n dictat$ solely by sordid economical consid]ations4 ,o!r int]e/s1 pur] & m elevat$1 /ir ! he>ts ( mod]n nations4 ,b we ask1 ,is x gr&1 noble1 & g5]\s to hold unwill+ populations "u ! yoke8 ,on ! contr>y1 x is mo/ base1 vile1 & degrad+4 ,x is difficult to compreh5d h[ brutal conque/ c /ill ar\se en?usiasm4 ,anci5t survivals & r\t9es mu/ = a "t h suppress$ all our reflective faculties4 ,suppose1 aga91 #c1jjj1jjj ,g]man soldi]s %\ld p5etrate into ,russia & %\ld ga9 a complete victory3 h[ w\ld !y apportion ! t]ritory8 ,! p>ts "h w\ld inde$ be l>g]--,russia conta9s #e1dga1ejj1jjj acres4 ,b a ?ird ( ?is t]ritory1 at lea/1 is des]t2 subtract+ ?is1 !re rema9 ab\t #c1fjj1jjj1jjj acres1 :i*1 divid$ among ! ,g]man families1 w\ld give ab\t #e-a_/b acres to ea*4 ,x may be ask$1 ,h[ w ! conqu]ors take possession ( ^! l&s8 ,if ea* family delegat$ only "o ( its memb]s1 t w\ld suppose an exodus ( #f1djj1jjj m51 go+ to scatt] !mselves f ! ,vi/ula to ! ,amoor4 ,:at a di/urbance s great an emigration w\ld make 9 ! economical condition ( ,g]many6 ,moreov]1 w\ld e ,g]man coloni/ be will+ to leave 8 home1 8 family1 8 bus9ess1 & all 8 *]i%$ associations1 to in/all himself on ! banks ( ! ,volga1 9 ,sib]ia1 ! ,caucasus1 or ,c5tral ,asia8 ,he w\ld acquire #e-a_/b acres1 m or less1 x is true1 b is x c]ta9 t t w\ld br+ him m ?an x w\ld take f him8 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! ,g]mans %\ld h _! %>es adm9i/]$ by ag5ts *os5 f among ! natives1 :at complications1 :at annoyances w\ld arise6 ,! ,g]mans might p]haps get rid ( ^! difficulties by sell+ _! l&s4 ,b :at price c\ld !y comm&1 ) #c1fjj1jjj1jjj acres all put into ! m>ket at once8 ,:o w\ld buy x8 ,x is only necess>y to look at ! facts at close range 7besides a mass ( difficulties we h n spok5 (7 to compreh5d t ! direct appropriation ( ! t]ritory ( "o great mod]n nation by individuals ( ano!r does n ent] into ! doma9 ( realizable ?+s4 ,! appropriation ( ! l&$ prop]ties is !re=e *im]ical4 ,! confiscation ( p]sonal goods to ! pr(it ( ! conqu]ors also (f]s insurm\ntable difficulties4 ,!re rema9 ! public ri*es4 ,few c\ntries c\ld pay indemnities ( #e1jjj1jjj1jjj francs4 ,b ev5 t colossal sum becomes absurdly insuffici5t :5 x is equally divid$ among millions ( tak]s4 ,all ?is is mo/ pla9ly evid5t1 & yet ! _s ( conque/ & ! fatu\s idolatry ( squ>e miles are m active ?an ev] 9 ! old _w ( ,europe4 ,let u see n[ :at ?is mad ab]ration co/s4 ,we w beg9 ) ! direct losses4 ,a :ole cont95t ( our globe1 twice z l>ge z ! ,european cont95t1 hav+ #h1jjj1jjj squ>e miles & #hj1jjj1jjj inhabitants--,nor? ,am]ica--is divid$ into ?ree political dom9ions3 ,canada1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,mexico4 ,z none ( ^! c\ntries covets ! t]ritory ( ! o!r1 !re are on ?is va/ cont95t only #aad1dec soldi]s & m>9es1 "o milit>y man = #gjj inhabitants1 :ile 9 ,europe !re is "o = #ajh4 ,! ,am]ican proportion w\ld give #ead1bhf m5 = all ! ,european armies4 ,z !re are no savage elem5ts 9 ,europe to be re/ra9$ by arms1 half ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont+5t ought to be en\gh to ma9ta9 int]nal ord] !re4 ,europe ne$s only #cjj1jjj soldi]s at mo/2 all ! o!rs are support$ 9 def]5ce to ! idolatry = squ>e miles4 ,?is additional milit>y =ce exce$s #c1cjj1jjj m51 & co/s #d1ejh1jjj1jjj francs 7#ija1fjj1jjj7 a ye>4 ,& ?is is ! direct loss entail$ by ! _s ( conque/2 & yet x is trifl+ z comp>$ ) ! indirect losses4 ,fir/1 !re are #c1cjj1jjj m5 "u ! flags4 ,if !y 7 n soldi]s1 & 7 foll[+ lucrative occupations & e>n+ only #a1jjj francs 7#bjj7 a head1 !y might produce #gfj1jjj1jjj4 ,! #ijj1jjj1jjj absorb$ n[ by milit>y exp5ditures w\ld br+ five p] c5t if inve/$ 9 agricultural & indu/rial ent]prises4 ,?is w\ld make ano!r #de1jjj1jjj4 ,! tw5ty-eight days ( ! res]ves are wor? at lea/ #dj1jjj1jjj4 ,"h1 !n1 is an absolutely palpable sum ( #hde1jjj1jjj4 ,b :at a numb] ( colossal losses escape all valuation6 ,capital produces capital4 ,if #a1hjj1jjj1jjj 7 sav$ e ye> f milit>y exp5ses & p\r$ into indu/rial ent]prises1 !y w\ld produce b5efits beyond our p[] to e/imate4 ,to obta9 a correct appreciation ( ! evils d]iv$ f ! _s ( conque/1 we mu/ take a glance at ! pa/4 ,we ne$ n g back ( ! middle ages1 f :i* we %all only take a few examples4 ,! de/ruction ( weal? wr\ght by w> has be5 n[h]e s frightful z 9 ,spa94 ,9 #ajgc ! ,ca/ilians tri$ to capture ,tol$o f ! ,moors4 ,) ! milit>y eng9es ( ! "t x 0 impossible to accompli% ! purpose by a direct attack on a place s admirably =tifi$ by ,nature & man2 s ! ,k+ ( ,ca/ile1 ,alfonso ,,vi1 ravag$ ! c\ntry = ?ree successive ye>s1 de/roy$ ! crops1 h>ass$ ! p & ! cattle1 &1 9 %ort1 made a des]t ar\nd ! old capital ( ! ,visigo?s4 ,f #aaaj till #ahae--sev5 hundr$ & five ye>s--!re 7 two hundr$ & sev5ty-two ye>s ( w> betwe5 ,france & ,engl&4 ,n[ ! two nations h liv$ 9 peace = eighty ye>s1 & x has n prev5t$ !m f prosp]+4 ,:at bett] pro( c\ld we h t all ! previ\s w>s 7 useless8 ,we ne$ n speak ( ! massacres ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 by :i* a ?ird ( ! population ( ,g]many p]i%$1 or ( ! frightful hecatombs ( ,napoleon ,i1 = ^! facts are 9 ev]ybody's memory4 ,we %all conf9e our att5tion to ! losses caus$ by ! _s ( conque/1 at lea/ s9ce ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,"h1 aga91 we %all proce$ by analogies4 ,f #agjj to #ahae ,engl& exp5d$ #age1jjj1jjj francs 7#ce1jjj1jjj7 a ye> = w>4 ,suppose t ! exp5ditures ( ! o!r great p[]s--,g]many 7includ+ ,prussia71 ,au/ria1 ,spa91 ,france1 & ,russia--7 simil>4 ,?is w\ld make1 )\t c\nt+ ! small] /ates1 #a1jej1jjj1jjj francs 7#baj1jjj1jjj7 = all ,europe4 ,/ill1 z w> 0 n s co/ly to ,russia or ,prussia z to ,engl&1 we w r$uce ?is figure "o f\r?4 ,we %all !n h1 betwe5 #agjj & #ahae1 an annual exp5diture ( #ghg1ejj1jjj francs 7#aeg1ejj1jjj74bd ,let u e/imate ! co/ ( ! w>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury at a slightly l[] sum1 putt+ x at only #ejj1jjj1jjj francs 7or #ajj1jjj1jjj7 a ye> = all ,europe4 ,t w\ld make #da1jjj1jjj1jjj francs 7#h1bjj1jjj1jjj71 or = ! entire p]iod f #afah to #ahae1 #aca1efb1ejj1jjj francs 7#bf1cab1ejj1jjj74 ,we h m c]ta9 data = ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! ,crimean1 ,italian1 ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 & ,am]ican ,w>s1 & ! w> ( #ahff1 co/ #df1hcj1jjj1jjj francs 7#i1cff1jjj1jjj74be ,! w> ( ,france co/ #ae1jjj1jjj1jjj francs 7#c1jjj1jjj1jjj7 at ! l[e/2 t ( #ahgg at lea/ #d1jjj1jjj1jjj francs 7#hjj1jjj1jjj74 ,add = ! w> ( ,greek indep5d5ce1 ! ,fr5* & ,au/rian exp$itions to ,spa9 & ,naples1 ! ,poli% w> ( #ahcj1 ! ,turco-,russian w> ( #ahbh-'bi1 & ! w>s ( #ahdh1 #c1jjj1jjj1jjj francs 7#fjj1jjj1jjj7 m--a v mod]ate e/imate2 we rea* a total sum ( #fh1hcj1jjj1jjj francs 7#ac1gff1jjj1jjj74 ,none ( ! extra-,european conflicts are compris$ 9 ?is figure2 nei!r ! w> betwe5 ,russia & ,p]sia 9 #ahbg1 t ( ,mehemet ,ali aga9/ ! ,turks1 ! /ruggle aga9/ ! m\nta9e]s ( ! ,caucasus & aga9/ ! ,arabs 9 ,alg]ia1 or ! ,engli% campaign 9 ,afghani/an--conc]n+ all ( :i* we h no figures4 ,c\nt+ only ! figures we h be5 able to obta91 we h = ! p]iod f #afah till our own days #bjj1cib1jjj1jjj francs 7#ej1jgh1ejj1jjj7 z ! b>e direct losses by w>1 :i* h _h to be defray$ by ! budgets ( ! diff]5t ,european /ates4 ,h[ %all we calculate ! indirect losses8 ,betwe5 #afah & #afdh ,g]many lo/ #f1jjj1jjj inhabitants4 ,! de/ruction ( prop]ty 0 prodigi\s1 ! ravages 7 frightful4 ,h[ c we repres5t !m 9 money8 ,x is absolutely impossible4 ,!re are1 too1 "s exp5ses aris+ f ! _s ( conque/ t almo/ :olly escape obs]vation4 ,we %all give only two examples ( !m4 ,! ctesoh$onic fallacy 7lu/ = possession7 rag$ 9 ! middle ages betwe5 ! ne>e/ neighbors4 ,no city c\ld (f] any security unless x 0 surr\nd$ by /rong walls4 ,s9ce ^! requir$ great exp5ditures1 !y c\ld n be rebuilt e few days4 ,= ?is reason space 0 greatly economiz$ 9 ! cities1 & _! /reets 7 v n>r[4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 :5 security _h become e/abli%$1 ! walls 7 demoli%$4 ,9 our own "t ! ne$s ( hygi5e & luxury h urg$ ! op5+ ( broad ways 9 ! anci5t ,european cities4 ,x has be5 necess>y to buy h\ses & demoli% !m 9 ord] to create ! gr& mod]n av5ues4 ,!re w\ld h be5 no walls 9 ! middle ages except = ! _s ( conque/1 & ! broad /reets w\ld h be5 e/abli%$ !n1 z has be5 done 9 ! new cities ( ,russia & ,am]ica4 ,to pi]ce ^! new av5ues1 ,p>is1 = example1 has _h to contract debts1 ! annual int]e/ on :i* am\nts to at lea/ #ej1jjj1jjj or #fj1jjj1jjj francs 7#aj1jjj1jjj to #ab1jjj1jjj74 ,?is exp5se %\ld be *>g$ to ! acc\nt ( ! _s ( conque/4 ,b nobody has ev] ?\ght ( attribut+ ^! #ej1jjj1jjj or #fj1jjj1jjj ( ! city budget to milit>y wa/e4 ,& h[ _m o!r cities are 9 ! same situation8 ,ano!r example3 dur+ six c5turies ,france & ,engl& 7 try+ to take prov9ces f "o ano!r4 ,h5ce a p]man5t ho/ility exi/$ betwe5 ! two nations4 ,lat] on ! circum/ances *ang$1 b by virtue ( ! r\t9e inh]5t 9 ! human m9d ! old res5tm5ts rema9$1 ?\gh ! motive = !m _h gone4 ,to ?w>t ! progress ( ,france 0 consid]$ a patriotic duty by su* ,engli% m9i/]s z ,"l ,palm]/on4 ,9 #ahee ,m4 de ,lesseps =m$ a company to con/ruct ! ,suez ,canal4 ,z ,m4 de ,lesseps 0 a ,fr5*man1 ,"l ,palm]/on & ! ,briti% ,cab9et ?\ght !mselves obligat$ to oppose 8 project1 & _! opposition co/ ab\t #bjj1jjj1jjj francs 7#dj1jjj1jjj74 ,! canal might h be5 con/ruct$ !n = t sum1 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! ma*9ations ( ! ,engli% x co/ #djj1jjj1jjj francs 7#hj1jjj1jjj74 ,:o has ev] ?\ght ( *>g+ t loss to ! acc\nt ( ! _s ( conque/8 ,nev]!less1 t is :]e x belongs4#bf ,! indirect losses ( w> defy valuation4 ,b ! matt] may be look$ at f ano!r po9t ( view3 t ( ! pr(its :i* !y prev5t be+ made4 ,! ,am]ican w> aga9/ secession co/ ! treasury ( bo? combatants #g1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,n[1 if1 )\t speak+ ( ! de/ruction ( prop]ty1#bg we only consid] ! b5efits nonrealiz$1 ! mo/ mod]ate e/imates make !m #ab1jjj1jjj1jjj = ! ye> #ahij1bh & ! figure goes on e ye> increas+ 9 geometrical progression4 ,fur!r1 ! debts mu/ be consid]$4 ,! l>ge/ proportion ( !m are consequ5ces ( ! idolatry = squ>e miles4 ,?is entails an annual exp5diture ( #fdd1hjj1jjj :i* we %\ld n h to be> 7 x n = ! ctesoh$onic fallacy4#bi ,yet ano!r factor has s f> n be5 m5tion$3 m54 ,! w>s ( ! la/ ?ree c5turies h co/1 at ! l[e/ figure1 #cj1jjj1jjj or #dj1jjj1jjj victims4 ,"s au?ors raise ?is v mod]ate e/imate to #bj1jjj1jjj p] c5tury4 ,)\t speak+ ( ! frightful suff]+s ( ^! un=tunates1 !y repres5t an enorm\s capital4#cj ,let u add1 fur!r1 t ^! m51 if !y _h n be5 kill$1 might h _h *ildr5 t n[ h no exi/5ce4 ,)\t ! w>s ( ,napoleon ,i & ,napoleon ,,iii ,europe w\ld h _h #de1jjj1jjj m inhabitants ?an x has1 & !y might h be5 produc+ #b1gjj1jjj a ye>4#ca ,we hope ! read] w admit1 aft] ^! consid]ations1 t ! indirect losses ( w> c]ta9ly exce$ ! direct ones4 ,/ill1 adh]+ to our me?od ( und]rat+ r ?an exagg]at+1 we w reg>d !m z equal4 ,we may !re=e affirm t ! _s ( conque/ has co/1 s9ce #afah1 9 ! gr\p ( ,european nations alone1 ! trifle ( #hj1aef1hjj1jjj4 ,suppose we %\ld g f>!r back--into antiquity ev58 ,imag9ation refuses to set d[n ! gigantic sums4 ,?is is n all2 ! co/ ( civil w>s has to be c\nt$1 = ! conque/ ( p[] )9 ! /ate is att5d$ by massacres :i* are (t5 n inf]ior to ^? ( =eign ones4 ,! *iefs ( ! ,roman legions cont5d+ = ! empire c>ri$ on z bloody & co/ly campaigns aga9/ _! rivals z aga9/ ! ,p>?ians or ! ,g]mans4 ,! w> betwe5 ,p>is & ,v]sailles 9 #ahga occasion$ consid]able exp5ditures1 n to speak ( ! indirect losses1 :i* 7 imm5se4 ,we are1 un=tunately1 absolutely )\t data conc]n+ ! co/ ( civil w>s1 & %all h to satisfy ourselves ) :at we h be5 able to obta9 conc]n+ =eign w>s4 #hj1aef1hjj1jjj us$ up 9 two c5turies6 ,we ne$ n g outside ( ?is = a solution ( ! social "q4 ,)\t ?is unre/rict$ wa/e ! e>? w\ld n[ h t5 times m :eat1 sug>1 l951 cotton1 meat1 wool1 etc42 !re w\ld be t5 times z _m h\ses on ! globe1 & !y w\ld be m spaci\s1 bett] w>m$1 & bett] v5tilat$2 a network ( roads1 ) frequ5t mails1 w\ld cov] ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica4 ,9 %ort1 if conque/ _h be5 consid]$ an evil1 ev5 dur+ only two c5turies1 our weal? w\ld h be5 inf9itely sup]ior to :at we n[ possess4 ,b if ! ctesoh$onic fallacy _h be5 se5 ?r\gh by ! civiliz$ societies ( ! ,roman p]iod1 ! face ( ! e>? w\ld h be5 v diff]5t f :at x is4 ,our planet w\ld h be5 completely appropriat$ to ! satisfaction ( our wants4 ,wa/e l&s w\ld h be5 till$ & swamps dri$2 ev]y:]e t a drop ( wat] c\ld be made to s]ve = irrigation x w\ld h be5 appli$ to t use4 ,magnific5t cities1 inhabit$ by active & indu/ri\s populations1 w\ld h aris5 9 num]\s places :]e n[ are f\nd only bri]s & /ones4 ,9 %ort1 we %\ld h be5 able to see m5 n[1 9 ! ye> ( grace #ahid1 z we expect to see !m 9 ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s4 ,! pa/ c n be *ang$4 ,we h laid b>e ! unhappy consequ5ces ( our anci5t errors simply 9 ord] to %[ h[ we c assure our welf>e 9 ! future4 ,z long z ! _s ( conque/ rages among m51 mis]y w be ! lot ( our species4 ,our savage & b>b>\s ance/ors did n "k :at we "k4 ,attila1 ,tam]lane1 & ev5 ,matabele1 a *ief ( our own times1 might be excus$ = fancy+ t conque/ increases ! weal? ( ! conqu]ors2 b a ,moltke & a ,pr9ce ,bism>ck c n4 ,! masses are /ill too deeply imbu$ ) milit>y va+lory4 ,happily1 !y are beg9n+ to op5 _! eyes4--,translat$ = ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly f ! book ,les ,gaspillages des ,socits ,mod]nes 7,! ,wa/es ( ,mod]n ,societies71 ,p>is1 #ahid4 ,,footnotes3 #ba ,! pessimi/s are fur!r mi/ak54 ,! idea t conque/ is disa/r\s1 ev5 to ! conqu]or1 is mu* m widespread 9 mod]n societies ?an is g5]ally ?\ght4 ,b social reflexes urge ! masses to obey _! *ief bl9dly4 ,x requires only a ,go?ic _s--l ,bism>ck1 = example--to set a :ole army 9 motion1 & make x d ?+s :i* e (fic] & e soldi] w\ld condemn z a p]sonal act4 #bb ,! diff]5ce is ! ext5t ( ,alsace-,lorra9e4 #bc ,ab\t ! ext5t ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 ,belgium1 ,holl&1 & ,switz]l& comb9$4 #bd ,see ,seeley's ,expansion ( ,engl&1 p4 #ba4 ,?is figure is v mod]ate4 ,betwe5 #ahjb & #ahac ,france alone sp5t #dih1jjj1jjj francs 7#ii1fjj1jjj7 a ye>4 ,see ,l>oque1 ,la ,gu]re et les ,armes p]man5tes1 ,p>is1 #ahgj1 p4 #bjc4 #be ,see ,p4 ,l]oy-,beaulieu1 ,re*]*es conomiques sur les ,gu]res contempora9es1 ,p>is1 p4 #aha4 #bf ,we may ref] "h to ano!r loss :i* has nev] be5 ?\ght ( till n[4 ,x 0 long fanci$ t weal? c\ld be acquir$ m rapidly by w> ?an by "w2 consequ5tly1 conque/ seem+ to be ! mo/ rapid & !re=e mo/ efficaci\s way1 0 honor$1 & labor1 appe>+ to be a sl[] process1 0 despis$4 ,9 our days a l>ge numb] ( desc5dants ( ! knights ( ! middle ages reta9 ! ideas ( _! ance/ors & look ^u labor z degrad+4 ,h5ce ?\s&s ( ari/ocrats d no?+1 b rema9 social good-=-no?+s1 ret>d+ ! increase ( weal? by _! inactivity4 #bg ,%]man1 9 8 m>* f ,atlanta to ,savannah alone1 de/roy$ m ?an #djj1jjj1jjj4 ,! cotton fam9e occasion$ by ?is w> co/ ,great ,brita9 a loss ( #dhj1jjj1jjj4 ,:o has ev] ?\ght ( *>g+ ?is aga9/ milit>ism8 #bh ,see ,e4 ,reclus1 ,n\velle geographie univ]selle 7,fr5* edition71 vol4 xvi1 p4 #haj4 #bi ,a ju/ification ( ?is figure may be f\nd 9 my ,luttes entre les socits huma9es1 p4 #bbj4 #cj ,a half million negroes are massacr$ e ye> 9 ,africa 9 ! tribal w>s1 :i* also are caus$ by ! ctesoh$onic fallacy4 ,suppose ea* "o ( !m might h e>n$ #bj a ye>4 ,capitaliz$ at f\r p] c5t1 ?is sum w\ld h am\nt$ to #djj1jjj1jjj4 #ca ,see my ,luttes1 p4 #bbh4 ,let u say1 9 pass+1 t we owe our exi/+ savag]y p>tly to ! ctesoh$onic fallacy4 ,:5 we ?9k t ! mo/ rapid way ( enri*+ ourselves is by seiz+ our neighbor's t]ritories1 ! few] def5d]s t t]ritory has1 ! bett]4 ,s all pret5d$ political g5iuses glorify !mselves on hav+ kill$ ! l>ge/ numb] ( _! fell[-m54 ,cs> boa/$ ( hav+ kill$ a million & a half ( ,gauls4 ,at ! mom5t ( writ+ ^! l9es a t]rible accid5t has occurr$ at ,sant&]4 ,hundr$s ( p]sons 7 kill$ by ! explosion ( a boat load$ ) dynamite4 ,great pity 0 express$ = ! victims4 ,collections = _! b5efit 7 tak5 9 ,france4 ,suppose ,france & ,spa9 7 n[ at w>4 ,if somebody _h bl[n up "s ?\s& ,spani>ds 9 a =tress1 we %\ld h sung ,te ,deums4 ,oh1 man's logic6 99 99 99 99 99 ,until )9 a few ye>s ! field = ! /udy ( glaci]s & _! action has be5 ! ,alps2 b n[1 z ,pr(4 ,h4,l4 ,fair*ild said 9 8 address z *airman ( ! ,geological ,section ( ! ,am]ican ,association1 ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t is recogniz$ z a field ( ! greate/ activity1 bo? 9 ! pa/ & at ! pres5t "t2 &1 moreov]1 x pres5ts types ( glaci]s n kn[n 9 ,europe4 ,x mu/ !re=e become ! ,mecca ( =eign /ud5ts ( glaci]s4 ,a ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,in/ruction4#cb ,,by ,j4 ,,norman ,,locky]1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,ii4 ,i mu/ come back f ?is excursion to call y\r att5tion to ! ye> #ahde1 9 :i* "o ( ! g]ms ( our college fir/ saw ! light4 ,:at 0 ! condition ( ,engl& 9 #ahde8 ,h] univ]sities _h deg5]at$ into hauts lyces4 ,) reg>d to ! univ]sity tea*+1 ,i may /ate t ev5 z late z ! late fifties a s5ior wrangl]--,i _h ! /ory f himself--came to ,london f ,cambridge expressly to walk ab\t ! /reets to /udy cry/als1 prisms1 & ! l 9 ! optician's w9d[s4 ,( laboratories 9 ! univ]sities !re 7 none2 ( sci5ce tea*+ 9 ! s*ools !re 0 none2 !re 0 no organization = tra9+ sci5ce tea*]s4 ,if an artisan wi%$ to improve 8 k he _h only ! moribund ,me*anics' ,in/itutes to fall back ^u4 ,! nation :i* !n 0 r5[n$ = its utilization ( wa/e mat]ial products all[$ its m5tal products to rema9 undevelop$4 ,!re 0 no m9i/] ( in/ruction1 no c\ncilors ) a k ( ! national sci5tific ne$s1 no organiz$ second>y or prim>y in/ruction4 ,we lack$ !n ev]y?+ t ,g]many _h equipp$ h]self ) 9 ! matt] ( sci5tific indu/ries4 ,did ?is matt]8 ,0 x m ?an a m]e ab/ract "q ( a want ( p]fection8 ,x matt]$ v mu*6 ,f all qu>t]s came ! cry t ! national indu/ries 7 be+ und]m9$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! m complete application ( sci5tific me?ods to ^? ( o!r c\ntries4 ,! *emical indu/ries 7 ! fir/ to feel ?is1 & because ,engl& 0 !n ! seat ( mo/ ( ! l>ge *emical works4#cc ,v few *emi/s 7 employ$ 9 ^! *emical works4 ,!re 7 9 cases "s s-call$ *emi/s at ab\t bricklay]'s wages--n mu* ( an inducem5t to /udy *emi/ry2 ev5 if !re _h be5 practical laboratories1 :]e x c\ld h be5 prop]ly le>n$4 ,h5ce1 :5 effici5t m5 7 want$ !y 7 got f abroad--i4e41 f ,g]many1 or ! ri*] ,engli% _h to g abroad !mselves4 ,at ?is "t we _h1 =tunately = u1 9 ,engl&1 9 v high place1 a ,g]man fully educat$ by all t c\ld be le>n$ at "o ( ! be/-equipp$ mod]n ,g]man univ]sities1 :]e he /udi$ bo? sci5ce & ! f9e arts4 ,i ref] to ! ,pr9ce ,consort4 ,f t ye> to 8 dea? he 0 ! f\nta9 ( our ,engli% educational r5aissance1 draw+ to himself m5 l ,playfair1 ,cl>k1 & ,de la ,be*e2 kn[+ :at we lack$1 he ?rew himself into ! brea*4 ,?is college is "o ( ! _m ?+s ! nation owes to him4 ,8 s]vice to 8 adopt$ c\ntry1 & ! value ( ! in/itutions he help$ to inaugurate1 are by no means ev5 yet fully recogniz$1 because ^? f :om national recognition full & ample %\ld h come1 71 & to a great ext5t /ill are1 ! products ( ! old sy/em ( middle-age s*ola/icism :i* 8 cle> vision recogniz$ 0 incapable by itself ( cop+ ) ! conditions ( mod]n civiliz$ communities4 ,x 0 9 ! ye> #ahde t ! influ5ce ( ! ,pr9ce ,consort began to be felt4 ,^? :o "k mo/ ( ! conditions ( sci5ce & art !n & n[1 "k be/ h[ b5eficial t influ5ce 0 9 bo? directions2 my pres5t purpose1 h[ev]1 has only ref]5ce to sci5ce4 ,! ,college ( ,*emi/ry 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahde1 fir/ z a private in/itution2 ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es 0 e/abli%$ by ! ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahea4 ,9 ! next ye>1 9 ! spee* f ! ?rone at ! op5+ ( ,p>liam5t1 h] ,maje/y spoke z foll[s3 ,! advancem5t ( ! f9e arts & ( practical sci5ce w be readily recogniz$ by y z wor?y ! att5tion ( a great & enlight5$ nation4 ,i h direct$ t a compreh5sive s*eme %all be laid be=e y hav+ 9 view ! promotion ( ^! objects1 t[>d :i* ,i invite y\r aid & co-op]ation4 ,/range words ^! f ! lips ( an ,engli% sov]eign6 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ?is c\ntry 0 made at la/ to recognize ! great factors ( a peaceful nation's prosp]ity1 & to rev]se a policy :i* has be5 z disa/r\s to u z if !y _h insi/$ ^u our naval ne$s be+ suppli$ by local ef=t z !y 7 9 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s "t4 ,engl& has practically lo/ a c5tury2 "o ne$ n be a prophet to =esee t 9 ano!r c5tury's "t our education & our sci5tific e/abli%m5ts w be z /rongly organiz$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t z ! navy itself4 ,z a "p ( ! compreh5sive s*eme ref]r$ to by h] ,maje/y1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sci5ce & ,art 0 organiz$ 9 #ahec1 & 9 ! amalgamation ( ! ,college ( ,*emi/ry & ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es we h ! g]m ( our pres5t in/itution4 ,b ?is 0 n ! only sci5ce s*ool f\nd$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,naval ,ar*itecture & ,m>9e ,eng9e]+ 0 e/abli%$ by ! dep>tm5t at ! reque/ ( ! ,lords ,commission]s ( ! ,admiralty1 ) a view ( provid+ especially = ! education ( %ipbuild+ (fic]s = h] ,maje/y's s]vice1 & promot+ ! g5]al /udy ( ! sci5ce ( %ipbuild+ & naval eng9e]+4 ,x 0 n limit$ to p]sons 9 ! ,que5's s]vice1 & x 0 op5$ on ,novemb] #a1 #ahfd4 ,! pres5t ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce 0 built = x & ! ,college ( ,*emi/ry4 ,9 #ahgc ! s*ool 0 transf]r$ to ! ,royal ,naval ,college1 ,gre5wi*1 & ?is accid5t enabl$ ! tea*+ f ,j]myn ,/reet to be transf]r$ & prop] practical in/ruction to be giv5 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,! ,lords ( ! ,admiralty express$ _! entire satisfaction ) ! mann] 9 :i* ! in/ruction _h be5 c>ri$ on at ,s\? ,k5s+ton2 & well !y might1 = 9 a memor&um submitt$ to ! ,"l ,presid5t 9 #ahhg1 ! presid5t & c\ncil ( ! ,in/itute ( ,naval ,ar*itects /ate3 ,:5 ! dep>tm5t dealt ) ! highe/ class ( education 9 naval ar*itecture by assi/+ 9 f\nd+ & by c>ry+ on ! ,s*ool ( ,naval ,ar*itecture at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ! success :i* att5d$ _! ef=ts 0 ph5om5al1 ! great majority ( ! ris+ m5 9 ! pr(ession hav+ be5 educat$ at t in/itution4 ,"h ,i aga9 po9t out1 bo? ) reg>d to ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 ! ,s*ool ( ,naval ,ar*itecture1 & ! lat] ,normal ,s*ool1 t x 0 /]n ne$ t 0 9 "q1 z 9 ,egypt 9 old times4 ,( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! college ,i ne$ say no?+ aft] ! addresses ( my colleagues1 ,pr(essors ,judd & ,rob]ts-,au/51 b ,i am anxi\s to ref] to "s p>ts ( its pres5t organization & _! effect on our national educational gr[? 9 "s directions4 ,x 0 aft] #ahgj t our in/itution gradually began to take its place z a normal s*ool--t is1 t ! tea*+ ( tea*]s =m$ an important "p ( its organization1 because 9 t ye> ! newly e/abli%$ dep>tm5ts1 hav+ f\nd t ! great national want !n 0 tea*]s ( sci5ce1 began to take /eps to secure !m4 ,exam9ations _h be5 inaugurat$ 9 #ahei1 b !y 7 = outsid]s1 conf]r+ c]tificates & a money rew>d on ! mo/ compet5t tea*]s te/$ 9 ?is way4 ,^! exam9ations 7 really controll$ by our s*ool1 = ,tyndall1 ,h(mann1 ,ramsay1 ,huxley1 & ,w>+ton ,smy?1 ! fir/ pr(essors1 7 also ! fir/ exam9]s4 ,v int]e/+ is x to look back at t fir/ ye>'s "w1 ! fir/ ca/ ( ! new educational net4 ,aft] :at ,i h said ab\t ! condition ( *emi/ry & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,college ( ,*emi/ry 9 #ahde1 y w n be surpris$ to he> t ,dr4 ,h(mann 0 ! mo/ favor$--he _h =ty-f\r /ud5ts4 ,pr(essor ,huxley f\nd "o /ud5t to tackle 8 que/ions1 & he fail$4 ,pr(essors ,ramsay & ,w>+ton ,smy? _h ?ree ea*1 b ! two ?rees only made five2 = bo? li/s 7 head$ by ! "n ( ,judd1 ,john ,w41 ,wesleyan ,tra9+ ,college1 ,we/m9/]4 ,our pres5t dean 0 caught 9 ! fir/ haul4 ,^! exam9ations 7 cont9u$ till #ahff1 & upw>d ( six hundr$ tea*]s obta9$ c]tificates1 "s ( !m 9 sev]al subjects4 ,hav+ secur$ ! tea*]s1 ! next ?+ ! dep>tm5t did 0 to utilize !m4 ,?is 0 done 9 #ahei by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! sci5ce classes ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 :i* are1 ,i ?9k1 ! only "p ( our educational sy/em :i* ev5 ! ,g]mans envy u4 ,! tea*+ might g on 9 s*ools1 attics or cell>s1 !re 0 nei!r age limit nor di/9ction ( sex or cre$4 ,let me insi/ ^u ! fact t f ! outset practical "w 0 enc\rag$ by paym5ts = app>atus1 & t latt]ly ! exam9ations !mselves1 9 "s ( ! subjects1 h be5 practical4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! numb] ( /ud5ts "u in/ruction 9 sci5ce classes "u exam9$ 9 ! fir/ ye> 9 :i* local exam9ations 7 held 0 #ddb2 ! numb] 9 #ahig 0 #bjb1dif4 ,! numb] ( c&idates exam9$ 9 ! fir/ ye> 9 :i* local exam9ations 7 held 0 #fej1 :o work$ #a1jjj pap]s2 9 #ahig ! numb] 0 #ajf1ahe1 :o work$ #aei1gbd pap]s1 *emi/ry alone s5d+ 9 #bh1hia pap]s1 ma!matics #bd1gfd1 & physiography #af1hgi4 ,! total numb] ( individual /ud5ts "u in/ruction 9 sci5ce classes "u ! dep>tm5t f #ahei to #ahig inclusive has be51 approximately1 #b1jjj1jjj4 ,( ^! ab\t #ijj1jjj came =w>d = exam9ation1 ! total numb] ( pap]s work$ by !m be+ #c1aie1agj4 ,n[ :y h ,i br\ght ^! /ati/ics be=e y8 ,because f #ahfa onw>d ! *ief rew>ds ( ! successful /ud5ts h be5 s*ol>%ips & exhibitions held 9 ?is college2 a sy/em adopt$ 9 ! hope t 9 ?is way ! numb]s ( p]fectly tra9$ sci5ce tea*]s might be increas$1 s t ! sci5ce classes ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry might g on f /r5g? to /r5g?4 ,! royal exhibitions date f #ahfc1 ! national s*ol>s f #ahhd4 ,! free /ud5t%ips 7 add$ lat]4 ,! /rict connection betwe5 ! sci5ce classes ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry & our college w be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ /atem5t1 :i* ref]s to ! pres5t "t3 ,tw5ty-"o royal exhibitions--sev5 op5 ea* ye>--f\r to ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,london1 & ?ree to ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,dubl94 ,sixty-six national s*ol>%ips--tw5ty-two op5 ea* ye>--t5able1 at ! option ( ! hold]1 at ei!r ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,london1 or ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,dubl94 ,eighte5 free /ud5t%ips--six op5 ea* ye>--to ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,london4 ,a royal exhibition entitles ! hold] to free admission to lectures & laboratories1 & to in/ruction dur+ ! c\rse = ! associate%ip--ab\t ?ree ye>s--9 ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,london1 or ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,dubl91 ) ma9t5ance & travel+ all[ances4 ,a national s*ol>%ip entitles ! hold] to free admission to lectures & laboratories & to in/ruction dur+ ! c\rse ( ! associate%ip--ab\t ?ree ye>s--at ei!r ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,london1 or ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,dubl91 at ! option ( ! hold]1 ) ma9t5ance & travel+ all[ances4 ,a free /ud5t%ip entitles ! hold] to free admission to ! lectures & laboratories & to in/ruction dur+ ! c\rse = ! associate%ip--ab\t ?ree ye>s--9 ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,london1 b n to any ma9t5ance or travel+ all[ance4 ,besides ! above /ud5ts :o h be5 successful 9 ! exam9ations ( ! sci5ce classes1 a limit$ numb] 7usually ab\t sixty7 ( tea*]s1 & ( /ud5ts 9 sci5ce classes :o int5d to become sci5ce tea*]s1 are admitt$ free = a t]m or session to ! c\rses ( in/ruction4 ,!y may be call$ ^u to pass an entrance exam9ation4 ,( ^!1 !re are two categories--^? :o come to le>n & ^? :o rema9 to tea*2 "s ( ! latt] may be associates4 ,besides all ^!1 ^? hold+ ,:itwor? s*ol>%ips--! aw>d ( :i* is decid$ by ! sci5ce exam9ations--c1 & "s d1 sp5d ! ye> cov]$ by ! exhibition at ! college4 ,9 ?is way1 !n1 is ! cole ,normale side ( our in/itution built up4 ,! numb] ( ,gov]nm5t /ud5ts 9 ! college 9 #ahgb 0 #be2 9 #ahhf x 0 #aac2 & 9 #ahig x 0 #ahf4 ,! total numb] ( /ud5ts :o pass$ ?r\gh ! college f #ahhb-'hc to #ahif-'ig1 inclusive1 0 #d1ade4 ,( ^!1 #a1iff 7 ,gov]nm5t /ud5ts4 ,! numb] :o obta9$ ! associate%ip ( ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es f #ahea to #ahha 0 #aih1 ( :om #ci 7 ,gov]nm5t /ud5ts1 & ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce & ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es f #ahhb to #ahig ! numb] 0 #ebe1 ( :om #cbc 7 ,gov]nm5t /ud5ts4 ,( ?is total ( #cfb ,gov]nm5t /ud5ts #id 7 sci5ce tea*]s 9 tra9+4 ,) reg>d to ! ,:itwor? s*ol>%ips1 :i*1 l ! exhibitions1 dep5d ^u success at ! ye>ly exam9ations ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 ,i may /ate t six h held _! s*ol>%ips at ! college = at lea/ a "p ( ! s*ol>%ip p]iod1 & ?ree o!rs 7 already associates4 ,s mu* = ! prizem5 we h ) u4 ,i next come to ! tea*]s 9 tra9+ :o come to u4 ,! numb] ( tea*]s 9 tra9+ :o h pass$ ?r\gh ! college f #ahgb to #ahig1 inclusive1 is ab\t six hundr$2 on an av]age !y att5d$ ab\t two ye>s ea*4 ,! numb] 9 ! session #ahgb-'gc1 :5 !y 7 fir/ admitt$1 0 sixte51 ! numb] 9 #ahhe-'hf 0 fifty1 & 9 #ahif-'ig sixty4 ,^! h n z a rule taught sci5ce classes previ\sly1 b be=e admission !y give an und]tak+ t !y int5d to tea*4 ,9 ! e>li] ye>s "s did n c>ry out ?is und]tak+1 d\btless because ( ! small dem& = tea*]s ( sci5ce at t "t4 ,b we h *ang$ all t4 ,) b v few exceptions1 all ! tea*]s s tra9$ n[ at once beg9 tea*+1 & n necess>ily 9 classes "u ! dep>tm5t4 ,x is wor?y ( note1 too1 t _m royal exhibition]s & national s*ol>s1 al?\gh "u no obligation to d s1 also take up sci5ce tea*+4 ,x is probable t ( all ! ,gov]nm5t /ud5ts n[ :o pass out ( ! college ea* ye> n less ?an ?ree f\r?s become tea*]s4 ,! total numb] ( tea*]s ( sci5ce engag$ 9 classes "u ! dep>tm5t alone at ! pres5t "t is ab\t six ?\s&4 ,i h n yet exhau/$ :at our college does = ! national ef=ts 9 aid+ ! tea*+ ( sci5ce4 ,:5 y1 g5tlem51 leave u ab\t ! end ( ,june = y\r well-e>n$ holidays1 a new task falls ^u y\r pr(essors 9 ! %ape ( summ] c\rses to tea*]s ( sci5ce classes br\ght up by ! dep>tm5t f all p>ts ( ! f\r k+doms to pr(it by ! weal? ( app>atus 9 ! college & museum1 & ! practical "w :i* x alone r5d]s possible4 ,! numb] ( sci5ce tea*]s :o h ?us att5d$ ! summ] c\rses rea*es #f1bjj1 b z _m ( ^! h att5d$ m ?an "o c\rse1 ! numb] ( sep>ate p]sons is n s l>ge4 ,,rese>*4--,f "t to "t balances arise 9 ! s*ol>%ip fund ow+ to "s ( ! national s*ol>%ips or royal exhibitions be+ vacat$ be=e ! full "t = :i* !y are t5able has expir$4 ,s*ol>%ips are =m$ f ^! balances & aw>d$ among ^? /ud5ts :o1 hav+ complet$ ! full c\rse ( tra9+ = ! associate%ip1 desire to /udy = ano!r ye> at ! college4 ,x is und]/ood t ! f\r? ye> is to be employ$ 9 rese>* 9 ! subject ( ! associate%ip4 ,! ga9+ ( "o ( ! ,remanet s*ol>%ips1 n m ?an two on ! av]age annually1 ref]r$ to1 furni%es really ! only means by :i* des]v+ /ud5ts are enabl$ to pursue rese>* 9 ! college2 z1 al?\gh a pr(essor has ! p[] to nom9ate a /ud5t to a free place 9 8 laboratory1 v few ( ! mo/ des]v+ /ud5ts are able to avail !mselves ( ! privilege ow+ to want ( means4 ,! dep>tm5t only v r>ely s5ds /ud5ts up z tea*]s 9 tra9+ = rese>* "w1 b only ^? :o int5d mak+ tea*+ _! pr(ession are eligible = ^! /ud5t%ips4 ,i tru/ t at "s future day1 :5 we get our new build+s--x is impossible to d m ?an we d till we get !m--m facilities = rese>* may be provid$1 & ev5 an ext5sion ( "t all[$ = x if necess>y4 ,i see no reason :y "s ( ! #ahea exhibition s*ol>%ips %\ld n be aw>d$ to /ud5ts ( ?is college1 b to be eligible !y mu/ h publi%$ a rese>*4 ,rese>* %\ld naturally =m "p ( ! "w ( ! tea*]s 9 tra9+ :o are n br\ght up "h m]ely to effect an economy 9 ! tea*+ /aff4 ,su*1 !n1 9 brief1 are "s ( our normal-s*ool attributes4 ,i ?9k any "o :o kn[s ! facts mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! organization has ju/ifi$ itself n only by :at x has done1 b also by ! outside activities x has set 9 motion4 ,x is true t ) reg>d to ! sy/em ( exam9+ s*ool c&idates by means ( pap]s s5t d[n f ,london1 ! dep>tm5t 0 anticipat$ by ! ,college ( ,preceptors 9 #ahec1 & by ,ox=d & ,cambridge 9 #aheh2 b ! action ( #ahfa1 :5 sci5ce classes op5 to ev]ybody1 0 copi$ by ,ox=d & ,cambridge 9 #ahfi4 ,! dep>tm5t's tea*]s got to "w 9 #ahfj1 b ! s-call$ ,univ]sity ,ext5sion ,movem5t dates only f #ahgc1 & only q rec5tly h summ] c\rses be5 />t$ at ,ox=d & ,cambridge4 ,! *emical & physical laboratories1 small ?\gh !y 7 9 ! dep>tm5t's s*ools1 7 9 op]ation long be=e any practical "w 9 ^! subjects 0 done ei!r at ,ox=d or ,cambridge4 ,:5 ! college laboratories began1 ab\t #ahec1 !y exi/$ practically alone4 ,f "o po9t ( view we %\ld rejoice t !y are n[ ?ird rate4 ,i ?9k x w\ld be wrong ( me n to call y\r att5tion to ! t5acity1 ! =esight1 ! skill1 ! unsw]v+ pati5ce1 exhibit$ by ^? ^u :om has fall5 ! duty ( sail+ ! good %ip ,sci5tific ,in/ruction1 laun*$1 z ,i h /at$1 out ^u a sea :i* 0 c]ta91 f ! hi/ory ,i h br\ght be=e y1 to be full ( oppos+ curr5ts4 ,i h _h a /atem5t prep>$ %[+ :at ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( our old /ud5ts & ( ^? :o h succe$$ 9 ! dep>tm5t's exam9ations are n[ do+4 ,! /atem5t %[s t ^? :o h be5 responsible = our %>e 9 ! progress ( sci5tific in/ruction h no cause to be a%am$4 ,,conclusion4--,i h ref]r$ previ\sly to ! que/ions ( second>y education & ( a true ,london ,univ]sity1 soon1 let u hope1 to be realiz$4 ,our college w be ! fir/ in/itution to ga9 f a prop] sy/em ( second>y education1 = ! reason t sci5tific /udies ga9 enorm\sly by ! results ( lit]>y culture1 )\t :i* we c nei!r le>n s ?or\ghly nor tea* s effectively z "o c\ld wi%4 ,to keep a prop] m9d-balance1 engag$ z we are "h cont9u\sly 9 sci5tific ?\ght1 lit]ature is ess5tial1 z ess5tial z bodily ex]cise1 & if ,i may be p]mitt$ to give y a little advice1 ,i %\ld say organize y\r a?letics z /ud5ts ( ! college1 & organize y\r lit]ature z individuals4 ,i d n ?9k y w ga9 s mu* by /udy+ sci5tific books :5 away f "h z y w by read+ ,engli% & =eign classics1 includ+ a l>ge numb] ( works ( imag9ation2 & /udy ,fr5* & ,g]man also 9 y\r holidays by tak+ %ort trips abroad4 ,) reg>d to ! univ]sity4 ,if x be prop]ly organiz$1 9 ! light ( ! late/ ,g]man exp]i5ce1 ) complete sci5ce & te*nical faculties ( ! highe/ ord]1 x %\ld c]ta9ly insi/ ^u annex+ ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es portion ( our in/itution2 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! s*ool is s cr$itable t ! new univ]sity = its own sake %\ld insi/ ^u su* a c\rse4 ,x w\ld be absurd1 9 ! case ( a nation :i* dep5ds s mu* on m9+ & metallurgy1 if ^! subjects 7 n taught 9 ! *ief national univ]sity1 z ! ,univ]sity ( ,london mu/ become4 ,b ! ,london ,univ]sity1 l ! ,p>is ,univ]sity1 if ! little hi/ory ( sci5ce tea*+ ,i h giv5 y is ( any value1 mu/ leave our normal college alone1 at all ev5ts till we h m ?an trebl$ our pres5t supply ( sci5ce tea*]s4 ,b :ile x w\ld be madness to aboli% su* an in/itution z our normal s*ool1 & undesirable if n impossible to graft x on ! new univ]sity1 our s*ool1 l its eld] si/] 9 ,p>is1 %\ld be enabl$ to ga9 by ea* increase 9 ! tea*+ p[] ( ! univ]sity4 ,! /ud5ts on ! sci5tific side ( ! ,p>is s*ool1 9 spite ( ! fact t _! /udies & rese>*es are look$ aft] by f\rte5 pr(essors entitl$ ,matres de ,confr5ces1 att5d c]ta9 ( ! c\rses at ! ,sorbonne & ! ,collge de ,france1 & ?is is "o ( ! reasons :y _m ( ! m5 & rese>*es :i* h enri*$ ,fr5* sci5ce hail f ! cole ,normale4 ,"o ^w m4 ,z ,i h po9t$ out1 ! ,fr5* cole ,normale 0 ! result ( a revolution2 ,i may n[ add t ,france s9ce ,s$an has be5 do+1 & 9 a trem5d\s fa%ion1 :at1 z ,i h told y1 ,prussia did aft] ,j5a4 ,let u n wait = disa/r\s defeats1 ei!r on ! field ( battle or ( indu/ry1 to develop to ! utmo/ our sci5tific e/abli%m5ts & s take our prop] & complete place among ! nations4--,nature4 ,,footnotes3 #cb ,an address deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce on ,octob] #f1 #ahih4 #cc ,p]k94 ,nature1 vol4 xxxii1 p4 #ccd4 ,,! ,,s]ies ,,me?od3 ,a ,,comp>ison4 ,,by ,,*>lotte ,,taylor4 ,broadly speak+1 !re are two me?ods :i* are us$ = ! tea*+ ( a language3 t ( ! "m & t ( ! gramm>ian4 ,! *ild le>ns its own or "m tongue f ! "m2 x le>ns a =eign tongue f a tea*]1 ^: highe/ ambition is to be a gramm>ian4 ,does ! *ild le>n bett] f ! "m or f ! gramm>ian8 ,)\t d\bt1 f ! "m1 accord+ to ! "m me?od4 ,if ?is is s1 mu/ we use ! example ( ! "m or ( ! gramm>ian :5 we are to beg9 ! tea*+ ( a =eign language8 ,is !re any reason :y a =eign tongue %\ld be o!rwise taught ?an ! "m tongue8 ,is x n at lea/ wor? ! tr\ble to try ! me?od ( ! "m1 :5 x is e day demon/rat$ t pupils :o h _h five1 six1 sev5 ye>s ( tea*+ are unable1 on leav+ s*ool1 s mu* z to und]/& :5 ! language !y h be5 /udy+ is us$ 9 conv]sation8 ,let u attempt to obta9 light on ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! two pr9cipal me?ods t exi/ = tea*+ a language4 ,:at is ! "m's me?od8 ,h[ does %e tea* ! *ild to speak8 ,fir/ let u notice t ! "m foll[s ! *ild3 %e all[s him fir/ to %[ int]e/ 9 some?+ & !n helps him to express himself4 ,"h we mu/ pause to notice t :at mo/ int]e/s ! *ild is n a ?+1 an object = itself1 b ! capacity ( ! ?+ to d some?+1 ! possibilities ( ! ?+ = ! p]=mance ( an action4 ,a "y *ild takes a ?+ 9 its h& & waves x1 or /rikes x aga9/ some?+1 or passes x f "o h& to ! o!r2 :5 x is old]1 x asks inv>iably1 ,:at =8 ,! "m names ! ?+ to ! *ild1 & also ! action t may be !re) p]=m$4 ,! *ild beg9s to play4 ,"h a specialty ( ! "m me?od comes into view4 ,! "m tells ! *ild t %e is pleas$ or displeas$ ) him1 t x makes h] happy or unhappy :5 ! *ild does ?is or t1 t %e ?9ks he is a good or a naughty boy1 etc4--all ( :i* rem>ks express h] feel+s1 h] ?\ghts1 9 contradi/9ction to ! actions :i* h occasion$ ^! feel+s & ?\ghts2 ! realm ( ! m9d z oppos$ to ! _w ( activity4 ,let u "h notice t ! spee* ( e p conta9s ^! two classifications ( words1 ! objective & ! subjective2 & inde$ x mu/ be s1 s9ce we p]=m actions & we judge ( our actions4 ,by ?is me?od ! *ild le>ns 9 ab\t a ye> f ! "t x beg9s to speak to express itself ab\t :at x does & :at x ?9ks4 ,n[ :at is ! me?od ( ! gramm>ian8 ,! *ild le>ns fir/ ! names ( ?+s t d n appeal to 8 consci\sness1 = !y d n />t f 8 po9t ( view1 b f t ( ! mak] ( a book4 ,he le>ns li/s ( words--t is1 he le>ns to "k ! symbol1 & n ! ?+2 he translates4 ,he le>ns ab\t ,cs>'s w>s & ! book ( 8 fa!r's uncle 9 :at is call$ an ex]cise4 ,= bo? ( ^! subjects he feels no int]e/1 :i* is to be expect$1 z !y are ab/ract4 ,he sees no action4 ,( ! great "p ( language1 :i* may be call$ ! spee* ( feel+1 he also le>ns only 9 ! ab/ract4 ,he reads t ,cs> 0 glad or t 8 fa!r's uncle 0 angry1 b ! happ9ess & ! ang] are outside ( 8 consci\sness2 !y h be5 pres5t$ to him by symbols1 t is1 pr9t$ words4 ,by ?is me?od ! *ild le>ns 9 ab\t f\r ye>s to read fairly well2 z a rule1 speak+ ! language is entirely out ( ! "q4 ,! pupils c n talk ( _! actions & _! feel+s1 because ^! are repres5t$ to !m by symbols1 = su* are pr9t$ words2 !y h n grasp$ !m z actualities4 ,if on go+ into a =eign c\ntry !y are able to und]/& :at is be+ said1 ! tea*] may consid] himself lucky4 ,he has done 8 utmo/ ) ! me?od he has *os5 to employ4 ,he has atta9$ some?+4 ,x rema9s true t ! "m accompli%es m 9 a %ort] "t ?an ! gramm>ian4 ,b is x p]haps possible to put ! two me?ods toge!r1 & ?us to create a me?od :i* %all conta9 ! good ( bo?8 ,we mu/ n cont9ue always to act z ! "m does1 to tea* aft] h] me?od1 or our pupils w cont9ue to talk l a *ild ( two ye>s1 & be fur!rmore unable to write at all4 ,h[ %all we manage to melt ! two into "o compact1 insep>able :ole8 ,let u imag9e a class is to take its fir/ lesson 9 ! =eign tongue4 ,fir/1 :at %all be ! matt] ( ! lesson2 !n1 h[ %all x be pres5t$8 ,we %all be c>eful to *oose a subject t c be int]e/+ to ! pupil1 h5ce a subject conta9+ activity4 ,x is n necess>y t x %\ld be any?+ a/oni%+ or unusual4 ,let u consid] ) ! pupils h[ "o op5s ! classroom door4 ,let u ask ! pupil 9 8 "m tongue h[ he does x1 c>efully draw+ 8 att5tion to ! numb] ( actions necess>y to ! accompli%m5t ( our aim1 su* z walk+1 /&+ /ill1 ext5d+ ! arm1 grasp+ ! knob1 etc41 toge!r ) ! result+ actions on ! "p ( ! door1 op5+1 sw++1 etc4 ,we w !n draw 8 att5tion to ! words ( activity1 ! v]bs1 & tell him he is go+ to le>n ^? words 9 ! new language--say ,g]man4 ,we w n[ take ! fir/ v]b necess>y to ! accompli%m5t ( our aim1 t ( walk+4 ,we w say1 :ile we walk1 su* s5t5ces z ,?is is gehe1 ,see h[ ,i gehe1 ,my feet move :5 ,i gehe1 etc4 ,we d ! same ) ea* v]b1 always ) its accompany+ action4 ,we w take ! fir/ f\r v]bs ( our subject1 repeat !m ! fir/ "t ) _m explanatory phrases1 ! second "t ) few]1 ! ?ird & la/ "t we %all simply repeat ! v]bs gehe1 /ehe /ill1 /recke aus1 fasse an1 always ) ! actions4 ,by ?is "t ! pupils w "k ^!1 !y hav+ he>d ea* "o at lea/ sev5 times4 ,we c n[ all[ !m to recite1 we /ill giv+ ! clew by ! production ( ! appropriate action4 ,hav+ taught ^! fir/ f\r v]bs1 we are n[ ready = ! full s5t5ce ,i walk t[>d ! door1 ,i /& /ill by ! door1 ,i rea* out my arm1 ,i take hold ( ! knob4 ,we c tea* ! subject i* )\t difficulty1 z x rema9s ! same 9 all ! s5t5ces4 ,let u take ! n\ns & tea* 9 ?is mann]3 ,i* gehe--po9t+--,?r1 !n a repetition ( ,?r conta9$ 9 s5t5ces describ+ x1 ) at lea/ ?ree repetitions ( ! ^w4 ,!n come ! words %[+ direction & relation4 ,if y say ,i* gehe--po9t+--,?r1 ! pupil w "k t !re is a ^w lack+1 & he w be unsatisfi$ till he kn[s x4 ,we n[ h a s5t5ce1 ,i* gehe na* d] ,?r4 ,we w tea* ! o!r s5t5ces 9 ! same way2 we w repeat ea* s5t5ce at lea/ ?ree times 9 its entirety1 & we w all[ ! pupils to recite4 ,"h x is ( int]e/ to %[ ! pupil t ! s5t5ce has sprung f ! v]b1 t ! v]b is ! g]m ( ! s5t5ce4 ,:e!r we d ?is ) ! words v]b1 s5t5ce1 g]m1 mu/ dep5d on ! capacity ( ! class4 ,x is n a "q ( words1 b ( ideas4 ,let u pres5t our subject z a liv+ ?+4 ,to supply ! pupil ) an old-fa%ion$ gramm> ex]cise is l invit+ him to make a d9n] (f papi]-ma* jo9ts & /eaks4 ,all ?is "t we h be5 consid]+ ! "p ( language :i* deals ) ! outside _w4 ,x is n[ "t to consid] h[ we %all pres5t ! "p ( language :i* deals ) ! inn] life4 ,we mu/ make ! pupil capable ( express+ 8 /ates ( m9d1 8 ?\ghts1 because ^! ?\ghts are int]e/+ to him4 ,!re is1 broadly speak+1 only "o situation 9 class ab\t :i* 8 m9d is work+3 8 own success or failure to recite4 ,h5ce1 be=e ea* recitation we %all speak a s5t5ce ( enc\ragem5t or comm&1 su* z ,please beg91 ,i ?9k y are go+ to d well4 ,aft] ea* recitation we %all speak a s5t5ce ( praise or blame1 su* z ,v good1 ,x might h be5 bett]4 ,^!1 z !y c n be express$ by actions1 may be translat$ :5 necess>y into equival5t phrases 9 ! "m tongue4 ,we %all illu/rate ea* phrase by /ories1 riddles1 quotations1 :atev] y l4 ,! pupil w be int]e/$1 & h5ce w rememb]4 ,x is n necess>y to ! acquisition ( k t ! pupil %\ld be ?or\ghly bor$ :ile try+ to le>n4 ,aft] a suffici5t numb] ( repetitions ( a phrase by ! tea*]1 x w be h&$ ov] to ! pupils1 :o w !n address to ea* o!r phrases ( enc\ragem5t1 comm&1 praise1 blame1 etc4 ,we h n[ enabl$ ! pupil to express an action & 8 ?\ght2 ! outside & ! inside _w are 82 he ne$s only to advance z he began4 ,ea* lesson proce$s 9 ?is wise3 ,,example4 ,,"p ,i4--,tea*]3 ,we %all le>n ab\t op5+ ! door4 ,g5]al subjective phrase1 ,pay att5tion4 ,explanation ( ! phrase ?r\gh /ories4 ,tea*+ ( v]bs4 ,fir/ subjective phrase be=e recitation1 ,please beg94 ,explanation ?r\gh /ories4 ,recitation4 ,fir/ subjective phrase aft] recitation1 ,v good4 ,explanations ?r\gh /ories4 ,aft] ! tea*+ ( ! s5t5ces1 ! subjective phrases are spok5 by ! pupils4 ,x lies 9 ! intellig5ce ( ! tea*] to recognize ! mom5t = introduc+ phrases4 ,! lesson !n proce$s to ! movem5ts ( ! door z ,"p ,,ii1 & to our leav+ ! door z ,"p ,,iii4 ,! s*eme is ! same4 ,all ?is is a copy 7sy/ematiz$1 ( c\rse7 ( ! me?od employ$ by ! "m4 ,n[1 fir/1 c ! gramm>ian be useful to u8 ,let u rememb] t to beg9 ) 8 me?od is to put ! c>t be=e ! horse4 ,he mu/ play ! second b also an important "p4 ,! *ild le>ns to speak fir/1 b he also le>ns to read & to write4 ,we w give ! same lesson to ! pupil 9 pr9t$ =m2 he w be ask$ to read x1 & !n to copy x or write x f dictation4 ,he w receive ! new spee* ?r\gh ! s5se ( he>+2 x w !n be communicat$ to ! sight1 & !n to ! t\*4 ,9 ?is mann] a class ( tw5ty girls ( ab\t ?irte5 ye>s _h be5 taught ,engli%4 ,aft] ab\t ?irty pr9t$ lessons _h be5 ma/]$ ) ! anecdotes1 riddles1 etc41 :i* _h occupi$ ab\t half a ,g]man s*ool ye>1 !y 7 n only able to read & write )\t _m mi/akes1 b %[$ a /rong desire to express !mselves 9 ! new tongue1 & 71 inde$1 able to d s v satisfactorily1 z comp>$ ) ! results obta9$ by ! gramm>ian aft] a sev5 ye>s' c\rse4 ,:o fir/ ?\ght ( comb9+ ! two orig9al me?ods ( language tea*+ 9 ?is way8 ,a ,fr5*man1 nam$ ,franois ,g\94 ,he gave x ! "n ( ! ,s]ies ,me?od1 because ea* lesson conta9s a s]ies ( actions4 ,aft] ! pupil has le>n$ to express himself 9 reg>d to 8 imm$iate surr\nd+s he cont9ues to le>n 9 s]ies 9 reg>d to ! lives ( animals & ( plants1 ! processes ( h\sekeep+1 travel+1 trade1 etc4 ,x is all pres5t$ simply1 b ea* has its own appropriate words & expressions4 ,z soon z ! pupil has ma/]$ ! rudim5ts he w also h ! subjective matt] pres5t$ 9 a s]ies2 9 "o lesson ! tea*] w be incl9$ to mir?1 9 ano!r to 7mock7 ang]1 9 ano!r to hope1 9 ano!r to 7mock7 despair4 ,! mo/ important result ( education be+ ! evolution ( ! "* already pres5t 9 ! *ild1 let u n consid] him a little empty jug to be fill$ ) k2 r let u seek to draw out ! ri*es ( 8 "*4 ,:5 he is able to live 9 a new language1 he w be ev] broad5$1 refre%$1 & r5ew$4 ,?is me?od1 re/+ on a psy*ological basis1 is1 ) modifications ( mann]1 :i* x rema9s ! duty ( ! tea*] to recognize1 j z good = an adult z = a *ild4 ,rules ( gramm> w be e>li] giv5 to ! adult1 because he w notice correspond5ces & diff]5ces soon] ?an ! *ild4 ,b no rule w ev] be giv5 to a pupil ( any age till he himself c appreciate its value1 till he is m5tally beg9n+ to ask :y8 ,?is que/ion+ /ate ( m9d is "o highly to be desir$1 z x is a /ate ( receptivity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! highe/ po9t yet rea*$ by a kite 0 atta9$ by ! lead] ( a t&em s5t up f ! ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory by ,messrs4 ,clayton & ,f]guson1 ,augu/ #bf?1 #ab1abd feet above ! sea1 #bgg feet high] ?an _h previ\sly be5 rea*$ by any kite4 ,! five miles ( l9e weigh$ sev5ty-five p\nds1 & ! weight ( ! :ole 0 "o hundr$ & twelve p\nds4 ,) a temp]ature ( #ge & w9d velocity ?irty-two miles an h\r on ! gr\nd1 ! temp]ature 0 #ch & ! w9d velocity ?irty-two miles an h\r at ! highe/ po9t rea*$1 :ile ! highe/ w9d velocity record$ 0 =ty miles an h\r at #aa1jjj feet4 ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,writ+ ,,9 ,,france4 ,,by ,m4 ,,gabriel ,,de ,,mortillet4 ,! anci5t ,celts & ,gauls ( ,france _h no real lett]s4 ,a few ,celtib]ian pieces ( money be> *>act]s belong+ to ! ,phnician & ,c>?ag9ian alphabets4 ,9 ,cisalp9e ,gaul we f9d ,gallic writt5 9 anci5t ,italian *>act]s4 ,! ,greeks1 :5 !y f\nd$ ,massilia & spread !mselves along ! ,m$it]ranean coa/ ( ,france1 br\ght _! language & writ+ into ! c\ntry4 ,! ,gauls took advantage ( ?is1 & _m ,gallic inscriptions 9 ,greek *>act]s occur scatt]$ ?r\gh ! s\? ( ,france1 among mu* m num]\s inscriptions 9 ! ,greek language & "*4 ,:5 ! ,romans came1 ! ,lat9 alphabet rapidly took ! place ( ! ,greek1 & ! few ,gauls t cont9u$ fai?ful to ! old tongue us$ ,lat9 *>act]s 9 engrav+ ! inscriptions !y h left u4 ,simil> *anges took place 9 ,gallic pieces ( money4 ,except+ ! ,celtib]ian co9s ) _! ,semitic leg5ds & *>act]s1 :i* are f\nd only 9 a v limit$ di/rict 9 ! s\?we/ ( ,france1 ,gallic co9s1 :5 !y h *>act]s ^u !m1 may be classifi$ z ^? ) ,greek & ^? ) ,lat9 leg5ds4 ,! =m] are v abundant 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 & ext5d1 gr[+ m r>e1 z we g on into ! c5t] & nor?4 ,gallic co9s ) leg5ds 9 ,roman *>act]s gradually become m num]\s1 & 7 g5]al aft] ! conque/ ( ,gaul by ,julius ,cs>1 "s ( ! ,gallic populations hav+ only begun to co9 money dur+ ! e>li] p]iod ( ! ,roman occupation4 ,!re are "s evid5ces ( ! use ( a symbolical & hi]oglyphical writ+ be=e alphabetical writ+4 ,on "s ( ! megali?ic monum5ts1 pr9cipally 9 ,morbihan1 /ones are f\nd be>+ incis$ engrav+s1 & sometimes sculptures 9 relief4 ,are ! engrav+s simply ornam5tal motives1 h !y a symbolical mean+1 or are !y hi]oglyphic emblems8 ,op9ions are divid$4 ,! supports ( ! l>ge & h&some dolm5 ( ! little isl& ( ,gavr9is1 ,morbihan1 are fill$ ) engrav$ l9es runn+ into "o ano!r & con=m+ to ! %ape ( ! /one or to its composition--all ! silice\s & consequ5tly v h>d p>ts be+ free f !m4 ,?is indicates a simple ornam5tation or decoration execut$ )\t any special plan made 9 advance1 accord+ to ! nature & =m ( ! /one work$ ^u4 ,yet1 among ! l9es ( ! app>5tly fanciful ornam5t a numb] ( poli%$ /one hat*ets are v di/9ctly repres5t$4 ,9 all ! o!r dolm5s ! c>v+s are mu* less num]\s & n s close4 ,sometimes !y are di/ribut$ ar\nd1 & sometimes !y are isolat$4 ,among !m we rem>k ! frequ5t repetition ( "s =ms 9 gr\ps or s+ly1 :i* sugge/ ! ?\ght ( signs ) a det]m9$ s5se4 ,^u a l>ge support ( ! dolm5 ( ! ,petit-,mont at ,arzan 7,morbihan7 !re are at ! l[] left h& ?ree crosses1 a sign ( frequ5t occurr5ce on ! megali?ic c>v+s4 ,above ^! are two v wide op5 ,u's4 ,seidl] sees 9 ^! signs lett]s ( ! ,libyan alphabet1 ! cross correspond+ to ,c1 & ! o!r sign to ,m4 ,"s p]sons h fur!r ?\ght !y c\ld di/+ui% an ,egyptian lett] 9 ! cross4 ,tak+ a m g5]al view ( ! "q1 ,let\rneau#cd has tri$ to prove t ! sculptures on ! megali?s are inscriptions1 & ! engrav$ signs correspond to lett]s ( ! anci5t alphabets1 mo/ probably ,semitic4 ,adri5 de ,mortillet answ]$ t ! ?\ght ( writ+ involv$ arrangem5t1 & no arrangem5t c\ld be pr$icat$ ( ! signs4 ,a %ort "t aft]w>d1 ,adri5 de ,mortillet1 9 a pap] on ! ,figures sculptur$ on ! ,megali?ic ,monum5ts ( ,france1 prov$ t ! figures are m or less rude designs repres5t+ a well-det]m9$ s]ies ( objects4 ,?us ! ,u's1 ) bran*es v widely sep>at$1 repres5t boats1 & are emblems ( migrations by sea2 ! crosses are %ipma/]s' /affs1 or insignia ( *iefs simil> 9 "* to bi%ops' crosses4 ,! poli%$ hat*et is frequ5tly figur$1 & (t5 ) a h&le1 & is ! emblem ( labor1 or1 m probably1 ( combat4 ,! scut*eons1 :i* are also frequ5t1 are buckl]s1 or milit>y symbols4 ,!y are usually adorn$ on ! inn] side ) a v>iety ( symbolical figures v>i\sly gr\p$1 :i* evid5tly s]v$ z ! own]'s coat ( arms1 & are ! mo/ anci5t kn[n specim5s ( ! k9d1 go+ back to ! /one age1 or at lea/ to ! transition age f /one to bronze4 ,aft] t "t ! cu/om ( putt+ _! own]s' arms ^u buckl]s spread widely4 ,x la/$ till ! end ( ! middle ages4 ,! pa9t$ vases ( classical antiquity furni% num]\s & v curi\s examples ( su* m>ks4 ,! int]pretation ( ! megali?ic sculptures may furni% probable if n c]ta9 details conc]n+ an epo* :i* is v little kn[n to u4 ,?us1 ! scut*eon ( ! dolm5 des ,m>*&s1 conta9+ f\r s]ies ( crosses1 "o above ! o!r1 & ea* s]ies divid$ into two p>ts1 fifty-six crosses 9 all1 may h be5 ! arms ( a *ief ( a p[]ful conf$]ation hav+ fifty-six less important *iefs "u 8 ord]s4 ,! supposition is confirm$ by ! dim5sions ( ! monum5t & a l>ge h&l$ hat*et engrav$ "u ! tablet betwe5 two o!r crosses4 ,ne> ! dolm5 des ,m>*&s1 & n f> f ! sea1 is ! l>ge tumulus ( ,m>ie-,hroeck1 :i* includes a small dolm5 conta9+ ri* fun]>y furni%+s4 ,9 front ( ! entrance to ! cav]n is a rectangul> slab t be>s on its face a scut*eon conta9+ two crosses1 symbolical ( p[]1 & sev]al v rudely drawn repres5tations ( boats4 ,! engrav]s ( ?is p]iod 7 n arti/s1 b /one-cutt]s1 work+ ^u a v h>d rock ) v poor tools4 ,unable to figure di/9ctly :at !y want$ to1 !y did ! be/ !y c\ld4 ,h&l$ hat*ets 7 di/ribut$ irregul>ly all r\nd ! scut*eons4 ,does n ?is epitaph seem to mean t ! tomb 0 erect$ 9 memory ( a p[]ful m>itime *ief by soldi]s1 8 companions 9 arms8 ,f ^! buckl]s we pass to g5]aliz$ fem99e repres5tations *>act]iz$ by conc5tric necklaces & pairs ( prom95t globul> brea/s4 ,su* sculptures1 :i* are repeat$ 9 v>i\s dolm5s & artificial mortu>y caves 9 ! valley ( ! ,se9e1 may be ( religi\s import4 ,!y seem to be replac$ 9 ! s\? ( ,france by attempts at /atues4 ,( su* "* are ! two sculptures ( ! dolm5 ( ,collorgues 9 ,g>d1 :i* also h ! symbolical cross on _! brea/s4 ,:atev] !y may be1 ! megali?ic engrav+s are ! e>lie/ graphic hi/orical docum5ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is !re=e important to collect & pres]ve !m4 ,!y may be divid$ into simple ornam5tal motives1 :i* may fur!r sugge/ int]e/+ resemblances2 figurative engrav+s repres5t+ kn[n & def9ite objects & =m+ commemorative pictures capable ( af=d+ important hi/orical or leg5d>y h9ts--! mo/ anci5t docum5ts 9 our ar*ives2 & symbolical engrav+s ( m difficult det]m9ation1 & indep5d5t ( any alphabet4 ,among ! specim5s ( ! la/ class1 "o sort1 ! cupule1 is extremely widespread4 ,x is a v regul>ly %ap$ hemisph]ical cup1 g5]ally repres5t$ by itself1 b sometimes m+l$ ) o!r figures1 mo/ usually occurr+ 9 gr\ps )\t arrangem5t1 b v r>ely isolat$4 ,entire surfaces are sometimes cov]$ ) ?is design4 ,x is a v anci5t design1 z su* cupules are f\nd on ! dolm5s4 ,9 ! dolm5 ( ,kriaval1 at ,locm>iqu]1 ! l[] side ( ! horizontal slab is />r$ ) num]\s cupules1 :i* ant$ate ! con/ruction ( ! monum5t1 = !y appe> on ! p>ts t re/ on ! supports4 ,!re may also1 h[ev]1 be m rec5t cupules4 ,we are totally 9 ! d>k z to :at !y repres5t4 ,cupules are sometimes cut on ! surface ( rocks 9 place4 ,engrav+s simil>ly cut h be5 designat$ sculptures on rocks1 & are f\nd almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,^? :i* h be5 mo/ /udi$ & af=d ! mo/ features ( int]e/ = u are on ! ,sc&9avian coa/s1 & ^! h be5 l>gely utiliz$ by ,adri5 de ,mortillet = ! det]m9ation ( ! figures ( megali?s4 ,we cite only "o example f ,gaul1 ! sculptures 9 ! rocks ( ! ,lago dei ,m>aviglie1 9 a lat]al valley on ! left1 go+ f ,san ,dalmazo to ,t5de1 9 ,pi$mont4 ,"s ( ! walls ( ! rock !re & l>ge surfaces ( deta*$ blocks are cov]$ ) extremely rude figures =m$ by ! accumulation ( d9ts result+ f frequ5tly repeat$ bl[s4 ,among ^! figures1 :i* are )\t ord] 9 ! gr\p+1 & 9 :i* no reg>d is paid to proportions1 are /ags1 rams1 human figur9es1 hat*ets1 pikes1 baskets1 & lance po9ts4 ,^! sculptures h be5 ascrib$ to ! neoli?ic or ! bronze age2 b ! exi/5ce ( figures ( simil> /yle on ! walls ( a lead m9e ne> ,valauri has sugge/$ t !y may be m rec5t4 ,human figur9es are num]\s1 b heads ( horn$ animals are m s4 ,"s are p]haps /ags & rams1 :ile bulls & c[s are abundant4 ,! %eph]ds are accu/om$ to take _! h]ds & keep !m = two or ?ree mon?s e ye> 9 ?is valley1 :i* is s lonely & melan*oly 9 aspect t x has be5 call$ ,valle d',enf]1 or ,hell ,valley4 ,x w\ld n be /range if ^! h]dsm51 = want ( some?+ bett] to d1 %\ld h amus$ !mselves del9eat+ ! ?+s t 7 be=e _! eyes--! cattle1 ! m9]s1 & ?+s app]ta9+ to ! m9e4 ,z to special traits1 ! repres5tations are s badly execut$ z to leave a wide range op5 = int]pretation4--,translat$ = ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly f ! ,book ,=mation de la ,nation franaise 7,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan74 ,,footnote3 #cd ,*4 ,let\rneau4 ,alphabet ,=ms 9 ,megali?ic ,inscriptions4 ,bullet9 ( ! ,society ( ,an?ropology1 #ahic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an old ,newcom5 /eam eng9e at ,nor? ,a%ton1 ne> ,bri/ol1 ,engl&1 z describ$ by ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,pe>son 9 ! ,briti% ,association1 is /ill do+ practical "w aft] an active c>e] ( ne>ly "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 x hav+ be5 erect$ 9 #agej at a co/ ( sev5ty p\nds4 ,! pi/on is pack$ ) rope1 & has a cov]+ ( wat] on ! top to make x /eam tight4 ,! work+ ( ! eng9e is aid$ by ! vacuum =m$ by ! injection ( wat] into ! cyl9d]4 ,! old man n[ engag$ 9 work+ ?is eng9e has held 8 po/ s9ce he 0 a lad1 & 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r occupi$ ! same position4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! excavation ( ! ,roman t[n ( ,calleva ,attrebatum at ,sil*e/]1 ne> ,read+1 ,engl&1 has br\ght to light ne>ly =ty complete h\ses1 a private ba?+ e/abli%m5t1 two squ>e temples1 ! we/ gate1 a ,*ri/ian *ur* possibly ( ! f\r? c5tury1 a basilica & =um1 an ext5sive sy/em ( dye works1 a s]ies ( dra9s1 o!r works1 & a multitude ( ornam5ts & ut5sils--rema9s ( ,roman civic life & in/itutions1 complem5t+ previ\s discov]ies ( ,roman monum5ts 9 ,engl&1 :i* h be5 mo/ly milit>y4 ,,sket* ,,( ,,gabriel ,,de ,,mortillet4 ,! cole d',an?ropologie feels ) a pr(\nd emotion ! loss ( ! em95t ma/]1 "o ( its glories1 ^: labors h contribut$ 9 s l>ge a measure to honor & magnify x1 & to ext5d & confirm its legitimate au?ority1 & :o _h ! exce$+ly r>e m]it ( con/itut+ a sci5ce :i* by means ( him has become a ,fr5* sci5ce--t ( prehi/oric ar*ology4 ,su* is ! em95tly fitt+ tribute spok5 by ! pr(essors ( ! ,p>is cole d',an?ropologie ?r\gh _! ,revue ,m5suelle to ! memory ( ,gabriel de ,mortillet4 ,,l\is ,,laur5t ,,gabriel ,,de ,,mortillet 0 born at ,meylan1 ,isre1 ,france1 ,augu/ #bi1 #ahba1 & di$ ,septemb] #be1 #ahih4 ,he began 8 /udies ) ! ,jesuits at ,*ambry1 & cont9u$ !m 9 ,p>is at ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory & at ! ,cons]vatoire des ,arts et ,mti]s4 ,he 0 int]e/$ 9 ! revolution>y movem5ts ( #ahdh2 & 9 ! insurrection>y demon/ration ( ! #ac? ( ,june1 #ahdi1 :i* foll[$ ! pres5tation by ,l$ru ,roll91 on ! #aa?1 ( a resolution ( impea*m5t aga9/ ,presid5t ,l\is ,napoleon = repress+ ! republican movem5t 9 ,rome1 x 0 ) 8 help t ! em95t deputy 0 enabl$ to escape arre/4 ,9 ! same ye> he 0 condemn$ = a press (f5se & took refuge 9 ,savoy4 ,dur+ 8 exile he classifi$ ! collections ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum 9 ,g5eva2 _h *>ge ( ! arrangem5t ( ! ,museum at ,annecy 9 #ahed2 direct$ an exploitation ( hydraulic lime 9 ,italy2 & s]v$ z geological advis] 9 ! con/ruction ( ! nor!rn railways ( t c\ntry4 ,he 0 also associat$ ) ,agassiz 9 8 /udies ( ! glaci]s ( ,switz]l&4 ,he return$ to ,p>is 9 #ahfd1 & 9 #ahfg 0 *>g$ ) ! organization ( ! fir/ hall or prehi/oric dep>tm5t ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,labor at ! ,univ]sal ,exposition ( #ahfg4 ,9 #ahfh he 0 call$ to ! ,museum ( ,national ,antiquities at ,sa9t-,g]ma9-en-,laye1 :]e he cont9u$ till #ahhe4 ,x is specially m5tion$ t he c>ri$ ?is in/itution safely ?r\gh ! p]ils ( ! w> ( #ahgj-'ga4 ,:ile engag$ 9 ^! museum tasks he 0 /ruck ) ! insuffici5cy ( ! !n univ]sally accept$ paleontological & prehi/oric classifications1 & 8 att5tion became fully absorb$ 9 ! subject4 ,he held long consultations ) ,ed\>d ,l>tet1 ! em95t paleontologi/ & 8 le>n$ fri5ds conc]n+ x4 ,z a result ( ^! delib]ations1 aft] c>eful /udy ( ! =mations & specim5s1 he propos$ a s*eme ( classification 9 #ahfi1 :i* 0 complet$ at ! congress held 9 ,brussels 9 #ahgb1 & has become g5]ally accept$ 9 its fundam5tals1 aft] hav+ )/ood ! (t5-repeat$ attacks ( p]si/5t criticism1 & has receiv$ confirmation aft] confirmation f innum]able discov]ies made ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,_h 8 activity conc]n$ only ! classification ( ! diff]5t /one ages1 says ,dr4 ,capitan1 ^: eulogy ( ,m4 de ,mortillet we foll[ mo/ l>gely 9 our sket*1 de ,mortillet w\ld = t "w alone h be5 by good "r consid]$ a great man ( sci5ce4 ,actually to illum9ate a numb] ( d>k po9ts1 to gr\p a ?\s& scatt]$ facts 9 regul> ord]1 to syn!size num]\s isolat$ rese>*es1 to con/itute a cohesive !ory ( !m--t is :at de ,mortillet did4 ,?us he became long ago ! unconte/$ ma/]1 ! lead] ( a s*ool1 :o 0 able to gr\p & hold ar\nd him ! sci5tific /ud5ts & work]s ( ! entire _w4 ,m4 de ,mortillet 0 9 #ahff "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology4 ,he 0 "o ( ! fir/ pr(essors 9 ! cole d',an?ropologie f\nd$ by ,broca 9 #ahge1 ! greate/ a*ievem5t1 z he writes 9 ! preface to 8 ,=mation de la ,nation franaise1 ( ! ,association = ! ,tea*+ ( ,an?ropological ,sci5ces4 ,! s*ool 0 op5$ 9 ,novemb]1 #ahge1 9 a build+ gratuit\sly l5t x by ! cole de ,mdec9e1 to give in/ruction free ( tuition *>ges1 & 0 to be ma9ta9$ by a fund subscrib$ by an?ropological societies & private p]sons1 a gift ( fifte5 hundr$ doll>s a ye> by ,m4 ,wallon = laboratory purposes1 & a grant ( tw5ty-five hundr$ doll>s f ! ,municipal ,c\ncil ( ,p>is = ! paym5t ( pr(essors' sal>ies4 ,five c\rses ( lectures 7 to be deliv]$1 to be increas$ z ! res\rces ( ! association multipli$4 ,! association & ! s*ool 7 recogniz$ z ( public utility by a law ( #ahhi2 ! s*ool be+ ! fir/ e/abli%m5t ( private in/ruction1 ,dr4 ,capitan said 9 8 memorial address1 & up to ?is "t 7#ahig7 ! only "o t has _h t honor1 an honor t creates duties = u4 ,we are "u obligation to cl>ify & ext5d our tea*+4 ,de ,mortillet's "w 0 s true to ! s5tim5t express$ 9 ?is s5t5ce t "o ( ! *>act]i/ics attribut$ to him 9 ! %ort biography publi%$ 9 ,vaporeau's ,dictionnaire ,univ]sel des ,contempora9s is t he 0 "o ( ! m5 :o contribut$ mo/ to ! popul>iz+ ( prehi/oric /udies 9 ,france4 ,dur+ ! m ?an tw5ty ye>s ( 8 pr(essor%ip ( prehi/oric an?ropology 9 ! cole1 de ,mortillet gave preci\s in/ruction to num]\s /ud5ts1 _m ( :om1 =eign]s1 h 9 _! turns become ma/]s 9 _! own c\ntries4 ,he 0 also presid5t ( ! ,society ( ,an?ropology1 subdirector ( ! cole d',an?ropologie1 presid5t ( ! ,association = ,tea*+ ,an?ropological ,sci5ces1 & presid5t ( ! ,commission on ,megali?ic ,monum5ts--! v>i\s functions ( :i* (fices he fill$ ) rem>kable exactness & di/9ction4 ,9 all ^! important positions1 says ,dr4 ,capitan 9 8 eulogy1 de ,mortillet unfail+ly br\ght a uni=m ardor to 8 "w1 a uni=m activity1 a cle> & acute wit1 & a rem>kable precision4 ,he p]=m$ 8 num]\s duties almo/ to ! end ( 8 life4 ,only la/ mon? 7,july1 #ahih7 he made ano!r j\rney = ! execution ( a mission :i* ! commission on megali?ic monum5ts _h intru/$ to him4 ,9 connection ) ^! multif>i\s labors1 ,m4 de ,mortillet publi%$ a consid]able numb] ( memoirs & ( books ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,he 0 a trans=mi/ f ! v fir/1 & p]=m$ all 8 v>i\s rese>*es 9 ! _s ( an evolutioni/4 ,8 fir/ publications 7 on con*ology1 & num]\s memoirs betwe5 #ahea & #ahfb relat$ to subjects 9 t bran*4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod he contribut$ _m important works on ! geology & m9]alogy ( ,savoy4 ,among ^! 7 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,l& & ,fre%-wat] ,mollusks ( ,savoy & ! ,bas9 ( ,lake ,leman1 & a ,guide to ! ,travel] 9 ,savoy4 ,8 att5tion 0 aft]w>d m entirely direct$ to prehi/oric ar*ology & an?ropology1 & he publi%$ 9 #ahff a curi\s ,/udy on ! ,sign ( ! ,cross previ\s to ,*ri/ianity4 ,( ?is p]iod1 too1 are 8 ,prom5ades1 or ,walks1 9 ! ,univ]sal ,exposition ( #ahfg1 & 8 ,walks 9 ! ,museum ( ,sa9t-,g]ma91 #ahfi4 ,he f\nd$1 9 #ahfd1 ! ,recueil1 or ,collection ( ,mat]ials = ! ,positive ,hi/ory ( ,man1 :i* 0 aft]w>d cont9u$ at ,t\l\se by ,m4,e4 ,c>tailhac4 ,9 #ahgi he publi%$ a "w on pott]y m>ks--,potirs allobroges1 ou les ,sigles figul9s tudis p> les ,m?odes de l',hi/oire naturelle4 ,9 #ahha1 9 co-op]ation ) 8 son1 ,adri5 de ,mortillet1 z arti/1 he publi%$ a magnific5t illu/rat$ "w or album1 ,le ,muse ,prhi/orique 7,! ,prehi/oric ,museum72 & 9 #ahhc1 ! volume ,le ,prhi/orique 7,prehi/oric ,ar*ology72 two books :i* h tak5 rank z ma/] works4 ,a second edition ( ! ,prhi/orique appe>$ 9 #ahhe1 & at ! "t ( 8 dea? he 0 prep>+ a ?ird1 9 :i* he 0 tak+ great pa9s to br+ ! matt] up to ! pres5t condition ( ! sci5ce4 ,ano!r important "w 0 ! ,orig9es de la ,*asse et de la ,p*e 7,orig9 ( ,hunt+ & ,fi%+74 ,a consid]able numb] ( memoirs by ,m4 de ,mortillet appe>$ 9 v>i\s sci5tific j\rnals1 especially 9 ! two f\nd$ by him--,les ,matriaux p\r l',hi/oire primitive et naturelle de l',homme1 already m5tion$1 & ,l',homme1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahhd4 ,an epo* 9 ,m4 de ,mortillet's life 0 m>k$ 9 #ahgc1 :5 a discussion took place at ! ,an?ropological ,congress1 9 ,lyons1 betwe5 him & ,m4 ,abel ,hovelacque conc]n+ ! precursors ( man4 ,! rese>*es ( ! two ma/]s _h already l$ !m1 by a s]ies ( obs]vations & d$uctions1 to reg>d z c]ta9 ! geological exi/5ce ( a be+ int]m$iate betwe5 man & ! monkey1 :i* !y call$ ! ,an?ropopi!cus1 & !y 7 try+ to indicate1 hypo!tically1 its lead+ *>act]i/ics4 ,m4 de ,mortillet's reasons = believ+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ?is precursor ( man z a def9ite be+ 7 pres5t$ 9 ! ,revue d',an?ropologie1 9 an article :i* 0 translat$ & publi%$ 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,april1 #ahgi4 ,9 ?is pap] ! au?or summ>iz$ ! evid5ce1 already copi\s1 9 favor ( ! exi/5ce ( ,quat]n>y man1 & !n took up ! "q1 ,did !re exi/ 9 ! ,t]ti>y age be+s suffici5tly intellig5t to p]=m a "p ( ! acts :i* are *>act]i/ic ( man8 ,he !n review$ ! rese>*es ( ! ,abb ,b\rgeois at ,!nay 9 ! light ( a collection ( fire-m>k$ fl9ts :i* he _h exhibit$ at ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology & ,an?ropology held 9 ,p>is 9 #ahfg1 & d$uc$ f ! result t dur+ ! ,middle ,t]ti>y !re exi/$ a creature1 precursor ( man1 an an?ropopi!cus1 :i* 0 acqua9t$ ) fire1 & c\ld make use ( x = splitt+ fl9ts4 ,x also 0 able to trim ! fl9t flakes ?us produc$1 & to conv]t !m into tools4 ,?is curi\s & int]e/+ discov]y = a long "t /ood alone1 & argum5ts 7 ev5 drawn f its isolat$ position to favor ! rejection ( x4 ,=tunately1 ano!r ,fr5* obs]v]1 ,m4,j4,b4 ,rames1 has f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,aurillac 7,cantal71 9 ! /rata ( ! upp] "p ( ! ,middle ,t]ti>y--"h1 too1 9 company ) ma/odons & d9o!riums1 ?\gh ( m rec5t species ?an ^? ( ,!nay--fl9ts :i* also h be5 r$ress$ int5tionally4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! fl9ts are no long] split by fire1 b by tapp+4 ,x is some?+ m ?an a cont9uation1 x is a developm5t4 ,among ! few specim5s exhibit$ by ,m4 ,rames1 ^: discov]ies are q rec5t1 is "o :i*1 _h x be5 f\nd on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 w\ld nev] h be5 call$ 9 "q4 ,! evid5ce af=d$ by ^! fl9ts 0 confirm$ by a collection ( fl9ts f ! ,mioc5e & ! ,plioc5e ( ! valley ( ! ,tagus %[n by ,seor ,ribeiro 9 ! same exhibition1 a consid]able proportion ( :i* bore evid5ce ( int5tional *ipp+4 ,be>+ ^u ?is po9t 0 a *>t ( ! ,paloli?ic ,age 9 ,gaul1 drawn up by ,m4 de ,mortillet 9 #ahga1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit d',an?ropologie de ,p>is--! only "w ( ! k9d extant--9 :i* 7 record$ five localities 9 :i* occurr$ suppos$ traces ( man 9 ! ,t]ti>y1 =ty-"o alluvial deposits 9 ! ,quat]n>y yield+ human bones & indu/rial rema9s1 & two hundr$ & sev5ty-eight cav]ns conta9+ ,quat]n>y fauna ) traces ( prehi/oric man4 ,m4 de ,mortillet gave 9 ano!r =m 8 view ( ! sort ( creature ! hypo!tical an?ropopi!cus %\ld be 9 a pap] on ,t]ti>y ,man1 read be=e ! ,an?ropological ,section ( ! ,fr5* ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce 9 #ahhe1 :5 he said ! "q 0 n to f9d :e!r man already exi/$ 9 ! ,t]ti>y epo* z he exi/s at ! pres5t day4 ,animals v>i$ f "o geological epo* to ano!r1 & ! high] ! animals ! great] 0 ! v>iation4 ,x 0 to be inf]r$1 !re=e1 t man w\ld v>y m rapidly ?an ! o!r mammals4 ,! problem 0 to discov] 9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod an ance/ral =m ( man a pr$ecessor ( ! man ( hi/orical times4 ,!re 71 he affirm$1 unque/ionably 9 ! ,t]ti>y /rata objects :i* impli$ ! exi/5ce ( an intellig5t be+--animals less intellig5t ?an exi/+ man1 b mu* m intellig5t ?an exi/+ apes4 ,:ile ! skeleton ( ?is ance/ral =m ( man _h n yet be5 discov]$1 he _h made himself kn[n to u 9 ! cle>e/ mann] by 8 works4 ,! g5]al op9ion ( ! meet+ aft] he>+ ,m4 de ,mortillet's pap] is said to h be5 t !re c\ld be no long] any d\bt ( ! exi/5ce ( ! suppos$ ance/ral =m ( man 9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,! discov]y 9 ,java1 ann\nc$ by ,dr4 ,dubois1 9 #ahif1 ( fossil rema9s pres5t+ /ructural *>act]i/ics betwe5 ^? ( man & ^? ( ! monkey1 to :i* ! "n ,pi!can?ropus erectus 0 giv51 7 accept$ ) h>dly a "q by ,m4 de ,mortillet & 8 colleagues z confirm+ 8 views4 ,at a banquet giv5 to ,m4 de ,mortillet1 ,may #a1 #ahhd1 by a numb] ( an?ropologi/s1 :5 8 portrait 0 pres5t$ to him1 ! hall 0 decorat$ = ! occasion ) a life-size picture ( an anci5t ,gaul1 execut$ accord+ to 8 late/ rese>*es4 ,! man 0 repres5t$ z hav+ no hair on 8 body2 ) v long arms & v p[]ful muscles2 8 feet capable ( be+ us$ 9 climb+ trees1 b ) toes n opposable2 8 jaw /rongly progna?\s1 b n at all equal to t ( an an?ropoid ape2 8 bread? /rongly compress$ lat]ally & 8 abdom5 prom95t2 ! sk9 n negroid1 b ( our pres5t color2 & ! expression ( 8 face 0 ab\t z intellig5t z t ( an ,au/ralian4 ,9 8 ,le ,prhi/orique ,m4 de ,mortillet attempt$ to det]m9e h[ f> di/ant 0 ! epo* :5 ,homo sapi5s fir/ appe>$ on ! e>?1 by e/imat+ ! rate ( progression ( blocks :i* 7 c>ri$ by =m] ice fields1 z he _h obs]v$ !m 9 ,switz]l& ) ,agassiz4 ,8 conclusion 0 t m ?an two hundr$ ?\s& ye>s _h elaps$ s9ce t ev5t4 ,9 #ahid ,m4 de ,mortillet propos$ 9 ! ,socit d',an?ropologie an important re=m 9 *ronology4 ,po9t+ out ! inconv5i5ce ( us+ sev]al diff]5t eras1 su* z ! ,f\ndation ( ,rome1 ! ,flight ( ,mohamm$1 & ! ,proclamation ( ! ,fr5* ,republic1 he sugge/$ t t5 ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era be adopt$ z a g5]al />t+ po9t4 ,?is w\ld include all ,egyptian *ronology z kn[n at ! pres5t day1 & w\ld leave five ?\s& ye>s at ! disposal ( future discov]]s4 ,a _s always y\?ful1 a man ( progress1 says ,dr4 ,capitan 9 8 eulogy1 our de> ma/] kept himself fully 9 ! curr5t ) all "w relat+ to prehi/oric ar*ology4 ,he knew h[ to pr(it by :atev] w\ld contribute to p]fect 8 own "w4 ,he !re=e1 on diff]5t occasions1 modifi$ 8 classification s z to keep x up to date1 realiz+ t a classification is an admirable in/rum5t ( /udy1 :i* ought to g ?r\gh ! same evolution z ! sci5ce to :i* x is appli$4 ,?is high quality ( 8 m9d appe>s cle>ly 9 8 la/ book1 publi%$ 9 #ahig--;,=mation de la ,nation franaise 7,=mation ( ! ,fr5* ,nation74 ,?is book compris$ ! sub/ance ( 8 lectures ( ! t]m #ahhi-'ij4 ,9 publi%+ x he disav[$ all int5tion ( produc+ a new hi/ory ( ,france4 ,!re 7 en\gh ( ^! 9 all %apes & sizes1 writt5 9 ! mo/ v>i$ /yles1 ) div]se t5d5cies1 & f ! mo/ diff]5t po9ts ( view1 & !re 7 "s mo/ excell5t works among !m1 p>ticul>ly t ( ,m4 ,h5ri ,m>t91 :i* seem$ to him to conta9 all ! hi/orical in=mation kn[n4 ,b all ^! hi/ories1 ev5 t ( ,h5ri ,m>t91 al?\gh he _h be5 presid5t ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,p>is1 appe>$ to ,m4 de ,mortillet to be at fault 9 _! />t+ po9t4 ,!y gave too mu* place 9 _! beg9n+s to ! leg5d>y & ! imag9>y1 & n en\gh to natural hi/ory & pale?nology4 ,x 0 ,m4 de ,mortillet's purpose to foll[ an inv]se me?od--to reg>d direct obs]vation alone2 & he w\ld re/ only on ! imp>tial & precise discussion ( texts & facts4 ,texts1 docum5ts1 & facts1 he said1 become m & m r>e z we g back 9 "t4 ,i %all collect & exam9e !m ) ! greate/ c>e 9 ord] to make our orig9s z cle> z possible1 & to enl>ge ! scale ( our hi/ory4 ,i %all appeal 9 succession to all ! sci5ces ( obs]vation1 & :5 ,i h rec\rse to ! texts1 ,i %all subject !m to ! close/ criticism & ! mo/ complete analysis4 ,! texts on :i* hi/orians _h s f> reli$ did n g back f> en\gh4 ,!y told ( ev5ts ?ree ?\s& or1 includ+ ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphic texts1 sev5 ?\s& ye>s old1 b :at 0 ?is comp>$ ) ! imm5se lapse ( "t dur+ :i* man has liv$1 go+ back into ! ,quat]n>y epo*8 ,on ?is va/ p]iod ! texts furni% no in=mation4 ,!y 71 besides1 inaccurate1 t+$ ) fable & poetry1 ) local & p]sonal prejudice & ignorance1 ev5 z to ! times to :i* !y relate aft] hi/ory is suppos$ to h come 94 ,if we want light ^u ?is unrecord$ pa/1 we mu/ seek x by ! aid ( pale?nological data2 & an?ropology may be v advantage\sly unit$ ) pale?nology to furni% valuable in/ruction conc]n+ ! auto*?onic race ( ,france1 its developm5t1 trans=mations1 cu/oms1 & migrations1 & ! invasions x suff]$ 9 ! mo/ remote antiquity4 ,) ! aid ( ^! two sci5ces1 bo? ( :olly new orig91 we are able to trace ! e>lie/ pages ( ! hi/ory ( ,france4 ,! book beg9s ) a review ( :at ! texts af=d reg>d+ ! e>li] peoples ( ,france2 !n br+s =w>d ! evid5ce yield$ by language & ! /udy ( ! evolution ( writ+2 next pres5ts ! results ( rese>* respect+ ! precursors ( man1 ! rise & developm5t ( indu/ries1 societies1 & civilization2 & /udies ! primitive races ( p]haps two hundr$ & ?irty ?\s& or two hundr$ & =ty ?\s& ye>s ago2 _! mixture ) ! o!r races t came 9 f abroad & possess$ ! c\ntry2 &1 f9ally1 ! =mation ( ! ,fr5* population z we n[ f9d x4 ,m4 de ,mortillet's relations ) 8 pupils & ) 8 c\ntry1 & 8 private "*1 are spok5 ( 9 ! highe/ t]ms4 ,= m ?an tw5ty ye>s 8 lectures at ! cole d',an?ropologie1 treat+ ! mo/ v>i\s que/ions respect+ prehi/oric times1 attract$ l>ge & att5tive audi5ces1 (t5 includ+ /ud5ts f abroad1 :o aft]w>d became ma/]s ( ! sci5ce 9 _! own c\ntries4 ,he 0 always ready to receive work]s 9 ! sci5ce1 ev5 ! lea/ & humble/1 to be/[ advice & enc\ragem5t ^u !m1 & to give !m ! b5efit ( 8 exp]i5ce & ext5sive erudition1 & = ?is 8 pupils & fri5ds lam5t him4 ,aga9/ 8 integrity no suspicion 0 ev] brea!d4 ,9 political fai? he 0 always advanc$1 & ev] true to 8 convictions4 ,he 0 maire ( ,sa9t-,g]ma9 f #ahhb to #ahhh1 & deputy f ! dep>tm5t ( ,se9e-et-,oise f #ahhe to #ahhi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! obs]vations ( ! meteoric %[] ( ,novemb] #ac1 #ahig1 at ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory1 "o ( ! meteors appe>$1 accord+ to ! calculations1 at ! height ( #djf miles1 & disappe>$ at ! height ( #dc miles1 & at a di/ance ( #aif miles4 ,ano!r appe>$ at a height ( #ahb miles & disappe>$ at a height ( #dh miles1 & a di/ance ( #gd miles4 ,! fir/ meteor 0 r$ or orange1 or1 to ,pr(4 ,w4,h4 ,pick]+1 ! color ( a sodium flame1 & ! o!r :ite4 ,bo? p5etrat$ ! atmosph]e to ab\t ! same dep?1 & bo? 7 cle>ly ,leonids4 ,^! facts g to %[1 ,pr(essor ,pick]+ ?9ks1 t ! diff]5ce 9 color not$ is n due to a m]e graz+ ( our atmosph]e 9 "s cases1 & a correspond+ly l[ temp]ature1 b to an actual diff]5ce 9 ! *emical composition ( ! individual meteors4 ,correspond5ce4 ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,sociology4 ,editor ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly3 ,,sir3 ,may ,i be p]mitt$ a ^w ( comm5t ^u y\r editorial entitl$ ,a ,borr[$ ,f\ndation1 publi%$ 9 ! ,decemb] numb] ( ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly8 ,:atev] my read]s & review]s may h claim$ = me1 ,i myself h nev] claim$ to be ! discov]] ( ! consci\sness ( k9d4 ,n only ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 z he & y h %[n2 n only ,hegel1 z ,pr(essor ,caldwell has %[n2 b also ne>ly e philosophical writ] & psy*ologi/ f ,plato & ,ari/otle d[n to ! pres5t "t has m or less cle>ly recogniz$ ! ph5om5on ( ! consci\sness ( k9d1 al?\gh ,i d n "k t any "o b myself has call$ x by j ?is phrase4 ,! only claim1 !n1 t ,i put =w>d = my own "w is t1 9 a some:at sy/ematic way1 ,i h attempt$ to use ! consci\sness ( k9d z ! po/ulate ( sociology & to int]pret m special social ph5om5a by means ( x4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i h us$ x z a f\ndation2 & ,i am n aw>e t any o!r writ] on sociology has ev] done s4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ,i feel q sure1 makes no su* claim = himself4 ,! passage :i* he & y h quot$ is tak5 f ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology2 x is n repeat$ 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 :]e1 if x _h be5 reg>d$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] z a f\ndation1 x %\ld h be5 put =w>d z ! major premise ( social !ory4 ,pass+ ov] ! consci\sness ( k9d1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has *os5 to build 8 sy/em ( sociology 9 "p ^u o!r psy*ological inductions1 9 "p ^u a biological analogy4 ,! tables ( ! ,descriptive ,sociology are arrang$ 9 accordance ) ! organic conception1 & n9e & "o half *apt]s ( ! ,inductions ( ,sociology 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology are =mulat$ 9 t]ms ( x4 ,?r\gh\t ! rema9+ p>ts ( ! ,pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 sociological ph5om5a are expla9$ 9 t]ms ( two closely correlat$ g5]alizations t are psy*ological 9 "*--namely1 fir/1 ! g5]alization t :ile ! fe> ( ! liv+ becomes ! root ( ! political control1 ! fe> ( ! dead becomes ! root ( religi\s control2 & second1 ! g5]alization t militancy & indu/rialism produce opposite effects on m9d & "*1 &1 ?r\gh !m1 on e =m ( social organization4 ,! "w t ,mr4 ,sp5c] has done 9 elaborat+ ^! explanations is ( ine/imable value1 b surely x is n an int]pretation ( society 9 t]ms ( ! consci\sness ( k9d4 ,is x !n q fair to sugge/ t ! use made ( ! consci\sness ( k9d 9 my own "w is a borr[$ f\ndation8 ,h[ev] y & ,mr4 ,sp5c] & my own read]s may answ] ?is "q1 ,i c s9c]ely subscribe to y\r affirmation t !re is mu* m 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s writ+s ?an mo/ ev5 ( 8 true/ admir]s & mo/ dilig5t read]s h ev] explor$2 & ,i %\ld be sorry to be reg>d$ z beh9d ! =emo/ 9 appreciation ( ! great "w :i* he has accompli%$ n only = philosophy 9 g5]al1 b especially = t bran* ( k :i* has engag$ my own int]e/4 ,,frankl9 ,h4 ,,gidd+s4 ,,new ,,york1 ,decemb] #ai1 #ahih4 ,pr(essor ,gidd+s1 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 spoke ( ! consci\sness ( k9d z ! new datum :i* has be5 hi!rto s\ght )\t success4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 on ! o!r h&1 %[$ t ?is 0 n a new datum1 inasmu* z he _h =mulat$ x himself 9 a "w publi%$ _m ye>s previ\sly4 ,pr(essor ,gidd+s says t ! passage to :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] ref]r$ occurr$ 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 & n 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 :]e1 if x _h be5 reg>d$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] z a f\ndation1 x %\ld h be5 put =w>d z ! major premise ( social !ory4 ,b ,pr(essor ,gidd+s surely does n =get t ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 9 lay+ out 8 sy/em ( syn!tic philosophy1 made ! :ole ( psy*ology ! basis (1 & imm$iate prep>ation =1 sociology4 ,q naturally a writ] :o is deal+ ) sociology sep>ately1 & n z "p ( a philosophical sy/em1 w f9d x necess>y 9 lay+ 8 f\ndations to fall back on data furni%$ by ! imm$iately und]ly+ sci5ce2 & ?is expla9s :y ,pr(essor ,gidd+s makes use 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology ( a datum :i*1 :e!r drawn f ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,psy*ology or n1 0 at lea/ to be f\nd !re v di/9ctly express$4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] himself says t he reg>d$ x z a prim>y datum1 & calls att5tion to ! fact t he devot$ a doz5 pages to trac+ ! developm5t ( sympa?y z a result ( greg>i\sness4 ,we are q prep>$ to recognize ! valuable use :i* ,pr(essor ,gidd+s has made ( ! doctr9e 9 "q1 & to admit t1 by ! ext5sive developm5t he has giv5 to x1 he has imp>t$ a special "* & a special int]e/ bo? to 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology & to 8 ,elem5ts ( ,sociology notic$ else:]e4--,,ed4 ,p4,s4,m4 ,,evolution ,,& ,,education ,,aga94 ,editor ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly3 ,,sir3 ,i h n be=e ?is ackn[l$g$ y\r ref]5ce to me 9 a spirit$ & in/ructive editorial t appe>$ 9 ! ,decemb] numb] ( y\r excell5t magaz9e1 because an imm$iate reply might h be5 tak5 to indicate a desire1 on my "p1 = a controv]sy1 :i* ,i expressly disclaim2 & besides1 ,i h desir$ t ! public might read & consid] y\r views dispassionately4 ,i c>e b little = ! effect ^u myself1 if ! cause ( tru? %all be mat]ially /r5g!n$4 ,i am n surpris$ t y ref] to me z ignorant1 negligible1 etc41 because x has = a long "t be5 pa9fully cle> t ! sci5tific m9d is exce$+ly s5sitive1 & :ile mu* giv5 to prais+ =be>ance & k9dness1 /ill resorts to language reasonably reg>d$ z abusive4 ,i h always f\nd ?is to be true1 & ! pres5t controv]sy is no exception to ! rule4 ,! broadly sci5tific m9d is1 alas6 too (t5 n>r[ & intol]ant 9 treat+ oppos+ views4 ,i d n wi%1 h[ev]1 to f9d fault ) ! abuse--x may prove to be good discipl9e1 & is1 !re=e1 ?ankfully accept$2 b ,i d v mu* desire to correct a mi/ak5 inf]5ce t y drew f my ref]5ce to ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,!re are "s typographical errors 9 ! quotations t y make1 :i*1 h[ev]1 d n *ange ! mean+4 ,all[ me !n to say t ,i h a great reg>d = ,mr4 ,sp5c]2 t ,i h read 8 writ+s ) mu* pr(it1 & t ,i h nev] fail$ to accord him full cr$it = ! "w he has accompli%$4 ,t ,i c n und]/& & accept all 8 tea*+s does n less5 my respect = him4 ,at ! "t t ,i made my in=mal talk to ! tea*]s ( ?is city1 ,i _h no ?\ght t my rem>ks w\ld be publi%$ or w\ld excite public criticism1 or t ,i w\ld be honor$ ) s di/+ui%$1 s critical an audi5ce1 or ,i %\ld h be5 m c>eful 9 ! use ( t]ms2 b x does seem to me t !re is no excuse = ! di/ort$ mean+ t y & o!rs h giv5 to ! quotations4 ,i ref]r$ to ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s age to %[ t we c\ld hope = no *ange 9 8 philosophy1 & ! criticism t foll[s1 if x may be /yl$ a criticism at all1 is t he has refus$ to recognize ! ,deity1 & !reby fails to bless1 *e]1 & com=t suff]+ humanity4 ,y discuss x z if ,i _h said t he _h n bett]$ ! condition ( 8 fell[s2 b t idea is n 9 ! /atem5t t y quote at all4 ,! ^w suff]+ 0 int5d$ to apply to ^? :o1 by reason ( ! mis=tunes ( ?is life1 are compell$ to look beyond !mselves & _! surr\nd+s = com=t1 & :o 9 all ages & among all peoples h turn$ _! ?\ghts t[>d a ,div9e ,be+ = com=t4 ,i m]ely int5d$ to say1 9 a v mild & h>mless way1 t ! consolations ( a religion bas$ ^u a belief 9 a ,div9e ,provid5ce are necess>y = suff]+ humanity1 & my imm$iate ref]5ce to ,c>d9al ,newman by way ( contra/ 9 almo/ ! same language cle>ly %[s ?is to be ! true mean+ ( my rem>ks4 ,! emphasis 0 on ! ^w suff]+1 :i* 0 n int5d$ to include m ?an a fraction ( mank9d4 ,i am oblig$ to y = y\r ref]5ce to ,mr4 ,glad/one1 :o 9 8 la/ illness illu/rat$ mo/ fully :at ,i _h 9 my m9d4 ,h[ev] great 8 pa91 or *e]less ! outlook1 he cont9ually ) s]5e *e]fulness murmur$1 ,i "k t my ,r$eem] live?1 & ,our ,fa!r1 etc4 ,x is p]haps unnecess>y to add t ,i am sorry t any "o has be5 l$ to believe t ,i und]rate ! value ( ! life & "w ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,please all[ me to ref] to ! /atem5t 9 y\r editorial1 ,aga9 deal+ ) ! mod]n sci5tific view1 t 9 ! developm5t ( ! human individual all antec$5t /ages ( human developm5t are 9 a mann] pass$ ?r\gh1 etc41 9 ord] t ,i may express my regret t y seem to vitiate ! =ce ( ! /atem5t altoge!r by ! use ( ! unsci5tific phrase 9 a mann]4 ,! trem5d\s consequ5ces gr[+ out ( ! view make s]i\s & exact def9ition & treatm5t imp]ative1 & ,i _h hop$ t ,i 0 ent]+ ^u a helpful discussion ( x1 b 0 greatly disappo9t$4 ,i am also unwill+ to believe t /ud5ts ( ,em]son w be easily conv9c$ t he look$ at life f a /ation>y po9t ( view1 b ,i d n feel t ,i c claim y\r valuable "t = a discussion ( ?is po9t4 ,may ,i tru/ y\r =be>ance 9 po9t+ out a manife/ misconception 9 y\r /atem5t1 ,we are n impos$ ^u by *ildi% imitations ( mature virtues8 ,! rem>k indicates t y h n be5 br\ght into imm$iate association ) s*ool *ildr5 9 a s*oolroom1 at lea/ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,i ref] v reluctantly1 b ,i tru/ )\t seem+ egotism1 to y\r rem>ks t\*+ my election to ! position :i* ,i hold4 ,i am innoc5t ( all responsibility 9 ! matt]4 ,i _h no pull 7is ! t]m sci5tific874 ,i wrote to ! bo>d decl9+ to be a c&idate4 ,i refus$ to all[ my fri5ds to speak to ! memb]s ( ! bo>d 9 my behalf2 ,i pref]r$ ! position 7,pr9cipal ( ! ,/4 ,paul ,high ,s*ool7 :i* ,i _h held = ye>s1 & ,i accept$ ! (fice ) mu* hesitation2 b ! intimation t our ,bo>d ( ,s*ool ,inspectors1 compos$ ( bus9ess m5 9 e way highly e/eem$ by ! citiz5s ( ,/4 ,paul1 & deem$ wor?y ( all confid5ce1 _h be5 actuat$ by unwor?y motives1 is entirely gratuit\s & out ( place 9 a j\rnal su* z y w\ld h u believe y\rs to be4 ,c\ld !re be (f]$ bett] evid5ce ( ha/e & unfairness ?an ?is uncall$-= assault ^u ^? ( :om y "k absolutely no?+1 & does x n %[ ! sci5tific incl9ation to h !ory ) or )\t facts1 b c]ta9ly !ory8 ,y\rs v truly1 ,a4,j4 ,,smi?1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools4 ,,/4 ,,paul1 ,,m9n41 ,janu>y #d1 #ahii4 ,we took ! report ( ,sup]9t5d5t ,smi?'s address :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,/4 ,paul pap]s4 ,if !re 7 any typographical errors 9 our quotations1 !y 7 n ( our mak+2 & ,mr4 ,smi? admits t1 su* z !y 71 !y did n affect ! s5se4 ,well1 !n1 we f\nd ,mr4 ,smi? us+ 8 position z ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools to disp>age a man :om ! sci5tific _w holds 9 ! highe/ honor1 & = :om he n[ tells u he himself has a great reg>d--^: writ+s he has read ) mu* pr(it4 ,we judg$ ! speak] by 8 own words1 & c]ta9ly drew an unfavorable inf]5ce z to 8 k & m5tal bread?4 ,if ,mr4 ,smi? did inju/ice to himself by speak+ 9 an ungu>d$ way1 or by n fully express+ 8 mean+1 t 0 n our fault2 & we d n ?9k we c prop]ly be accus$ ( hav+ laps$ into abuse4 ,! explanation he (f]s ( 8 language reg>d+ ,mr4 ,sp5c] is :olly unsatisfactory4 ,he gave 8 he>]s to und]/& t !re 0 an old man 9 ,london :o _h devot$ all 8 en]gies to creat+ a sy/em ( ?\ght :i* %\ld entirely ignore ! "n ( ! ,deity1 & ( :om1 aft] 8 dea?1 x w\ld n be rememb]$ t he _h ev] p]=m$ an act or said a ^w t bless$ or com=t$ or reliev$ 8 suff]+ fell[s4 ,! /ress1 he n[ says1 %\ld be laid on ! ^w suff]+4 ,he did n wi% to imply t ,mr4 ,sp5c] _h n bett]$ ! condition ( 8 fell[s g5]ally2 he only meant t he _h done no?+ = ! suff]+4 ,on ?is we h two rem>ks to make3 ,fir/1 x is n usual1 :5 a man is ackn[l$g$ to h giv5 a long lifetime to useful "w1 to hold him up to reprobation because he is n kn[n to h _h a special mission to ! suff]+2 &1 second1 t no man c be ( s]vice to mank9d at l>ge )\t be+ ( b5efit to ! suff]+4 ,x is ma9ly because ,mr4 ,sp5c] believes s /rongly 9 ! broad virtues ( ju/ice & humanity1 has s unb\nd$ a fai? 9 ! efficacy ( :at may be call$ a s\nd social hygi5e1 t he has _h1 comp>atively1 s little to say ^u ! topics :i* mo/ int]e/ ^? :o apply !mselves specifically1 b n always wisely1 to alleviat+ ! mis]ies & di/resses ( humanity4 ,z to ! means by :i* ,mr4 ,smi? obta9$ 8 pres5t position1 we "k no?+ beyond :at he n[ tells u4 ,we saw 8 appo9tm5t criticis$ z an unsuitable "o 9 ! ,/4 ,paul pap]s2 & 8 publi%$ rem>ks seem$ to ju/ify ! criticism4 ,!re are pulls--! ^w is sci5tific en\gh = our purpose--ev5 9 s*ool matt]s2 & x seem$ t ?is 0 j su* a case z a pull w\ld mo/ naturally expla94 ,we q accept1 h[ev]1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,smi?'s /atem5t z to ! facts2 & we s9c]ely tru/ t ! next address he deliv]s to 8 tea*]s w bett] ju/ify 8 appo9tm5t ?an did ! "o on :i* we felt x a duty to comm5t4 ,,em]son ,,& ,,evolution4 ,editor ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly3 ,,sir3 ,! editorial 9 ! ,decemb] ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly on ! relations ( ,em]son to evolution mu/ h surpris$ _m ( ! /ud5ts ( ,em]son4 ,a little ov] two ye>s ago ,moncure ,d4 ,conway po9t$ out 7,op5 ,c\rt1 #ahif7 t soon aft] 8 resignation f ! pulpit ( ! ,unit>ian ,*ur* ) :i* he 0 la/ connect$1 ,em]son taught zology1 botany1 paleontology1 & geology1 & t he 0 a pron\nc$ evolutioni/ :o us$ 9 8 lectures ! argum5t 9 favor ( evolution drawn f ! practical id5tity ( ! extremities ( ! v]tebrates4 ,t ,em]son 0 an evolutioni/ ( ! ,goe!an type is cle> f mo/ ( 8 essays4 ,9 an essay appe>+ be=e ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 he wrote z foll[s3 ,! electric ^w pron\nc$ by ,john ,hunt] a hundr$ ye>s ago1 arre/$ & progressive developm5t1 indicat+ ! way upw>d f ! invisible protoplasm to ! highe/ organisms1 gave ! poetic key to ,natural ,sci5ce1 ( :i* ! !ories ( ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ( ,ok51 ( ,goe!1 ( ,agassiz & ,ow5 & ,d>w9 9 zology & botany are ! fruits--a h9t ^: p[] is n exhau/$1 %[+ unity & p]fect ord] 9 physics4 ,! h>de/ *emi/1 ! sev]e/ analyz]1 scornful ( all b ! drie/ fact1 is =c$ to keep ! poetic curve ( ,nature1 & 8 results are l a my? ( ,!ocritus4 ,all multiplicity ru%es to be resolv$ into unity4 ,anatomy1 o/eology1 exhibit arre/$ or progressive asc5t 9 ea* k9d2 ! l[] po9t+ to ! high] =ms1 ! high] to ! highe/1 f ! fluid 9 an ela/ic sac1 f radiate1 mollusk1 articulate1 v]tebrate1 up to man2 z if ! :ole animal _w 7 only a ,hunt]ian museum to exhibit ! g5esis ( mank9d4 ,! ,d>w9 to :om ref]5ce is made 9 ?is essay is n ,*>les1 b 8 gr&fa!r1 "o ( ! poets ( evolution1 ,erasmus4 ,! essay also %[s ! belief 9 evolution held by bo? ,ow5 & ,l\is ,agassiz be=e !ological timidity made !m unprogressive4 ,! names quot$ illu/rate fur!r ! factors :i* influ5c$ ,em]son's ?\ght 9 reg>d to evolution4 ,sa9t-,hilaire gave ! c\p de grce to ,cuvi]'s fight aga9/ evolution4 ,ok5 is "o ( ! great pione]s ( evolution4 ,goe! %>es ) ,emp$ocles1 ,lucretius1 & ,erasmus ,d>w9 ! great honor ( be+ a poet ( evolution4 ,( ! f\r1 ,goe! 0 by all odds ! greate/4 ,to him1 ! doctr9e ( evolution 0 ( m importance ?an ! d[nfall ( a despot4 ,! eve ( ! ,revolution ( #ahcj f\nd him wat*+ ov] ! dispute betwe5 ,cuvi] & ,sa9t-,hilaire ) an int]e/ t obscur$ e o!r4 ',well1' rem>k$ ,goe! to ,soret1 7,conv]sations ) ,eck]mann7 ':at d y ?9k ( ?is great ev5t8 ,! volcano has bur/ =?1 all 9 flames1 & !re are no m negotiations beh9d clos$ doors4' ',a dreadful affair1' ,i answ]$1 'b :at else c\ld be expect$ "u ! circum/ances1 & ) su* a m9i/ry1 except t x w\ld end 9 ! expulsion ( ! pres5t royal family8' ',we d n seem to und]/& ea* o!r1 my de> fri5d1' repli$ ,goe!4 ',i am n speak+ ( ^? p at all2 ,i am int]e/$ 9 some?+ v diff]5t4 ,i mean ! dispute betwe5 ,cuvi] & ,ge(froy de ,sa9t-,hilaire1 :i* has brok5 out 9 ! ,academy1 & :i* is ( su* great importance to sci5ce4' ,?is rem>k ( ,goe!'s came ^u me s unexpect$ly t ,i did n "k :at to say1 & my ?\ghts = "s m9utes seem$ to h come to a complete /&/ill4 ',! affair is ( ! utmo/ importance1' he cont9u$1 '& y c n =m any idea ( :at ,i felt on receiv+ ! news ( ! meet+ on ! #ai?4 ,9 ,ge(froy de ,sa9t-,hilaire we h n[ a mighty ally = a long "t to come4 ,b ,i see also h[ great ! sympa?y ( ! ,fr5* sci5tific _w mu/ be 9 ?is affair1 =1 9 spite ( a t]rible political excitem5t1 ! meet+ on ! #ai? 0 att5d$ by a full h\se4 ,! be/ ( x is1 h[ev]1 t ! syn!tic treatm5t ( ,nature introduc$ into ,france by ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire c n[ no long] be /opp$4 ,?is matt] has n[ become public ?r\gh ! discussion 9 ! ,academy c>ri$ on 9 ! pres5ce ( a l>ge audi5ce2 x c no long] be ref]r$ to secret committees or be settl$ or suppress$ beh9d clos$ doors4' ,x is obvi\s to any read] ( ,em]son's essays t ,goe! ex]cis$ an enorm\s influ5ce ov] him1 & t ,em]son 0 mu* m 9 sympa?y ) ,goe! ?an 0 ! feti*i/ic duali/ ,c>lyle4 ,?is influ5ce ( ,goe! ov] ,em]son's views ( evolution is cle>ly evid5t 9 ! citation already made4 ,! evolution>y views ( ,em]son appe> s frequ5tly 9 8 essays t x is a/oni%+ t he %\ld h be5 misund]/ood4 ,! citation by ! ,m9neapolis cl]gyman f ! essay on ,nature t man is fall5 does n ref] to ! ,adamic fall1 b ! deg5]at+ influ5ce ( cities4 ,at ! slighte/ glance1 ! evolution>y t5d5cy ( ?is essay on ,nature is evid5t4 ,9 ! p>agraph imm$iately aft] t conta9+ ! ref]5ce to fall5 man occurs ! foll[+3 ,b tak+ timely w>n+ & leav+ _m ?+s unsaid on ?is topic1 let u n long] omit our homage to ! effici5t ,nature1 natura naturans1 ! quick cause be=e :i* all =ms flee z ! driv5 sn[s1 itself secret1 its works driv5 be=e x 9 flocks & multitudes 7z ! anci5t repres5t$ ,nature by ,proteus1 a %eph]d71 & 9 indescribable v>iety4 ,x publi%$ itself 9 creatures rea*+ f p>ticles & spicula ?r\gh trans=mation on trans=mation to ! highe/ symmetries1 arriv+ at consummate results )\t a %ock or a leap4 ,a little heat1 t is a little motion1 is all t diff]5ces ! bald dazzl+ :ite & deadly cold poles ( ! e>? f ! prolific tropical climates4 ,all *anges pass )\t viol5ce by reason ( ! two c>d9al conditions ( b\ndless space & b\ndless "t4 ,geology has initiat$ u into ! secul>ity ( ,nature & taught u to disuse our s*ool-dame measure & ex*ange our ,mosaic & ,ptolemaic s*eme = h] l>ge /yle4 ,we knew no?+ rightly = want ( p]spective4 ,n[ we le>n :at pati5t ages mu/ r\nd !mselves be=e ! rock is brok5 & ! fir/ li*5 race has dis9tegrat$ ! ?9ne/ ext]nal plate into soil & op5$ ! door = ! remote flora1 fauna1 ,c]es & ,pomona to come 94 ,h[ f> (f yet is ! trilobite1 h[ f> ! quadrup$1 h[ inconceivably remote is man6 ,all duly arrive1 & !n race aft] race ( m54 ,x is a long way f granite to ! oy/]2 f>!r yet to ,plato & ! prea*+ ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,yet all mu/ come1 z surely z ! fir/ atom has two sides4 ,x w\ld be useless to multiply citations along ?is l9e to demon/rate n only t ,em]son 0 an evolutioni/1 b t 8 :ole philosophy 0 p]vad$ by ! doctr9e4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t1 at ! "t ,em]son wrote1 evolution _h won wide favor among ?9k]s & t ! success ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species 0 an evid5ce1 n ( ! creation ( ! evolution s5tim5t by t "w1 b ( a pre-exi/+ m5tal curr5t 9 favor ( evolution4 ,v respectfully1 ,,h>riet ,c4,b4 ,,alex&]4 ,,*icago1 ,decemb] #bj1 #ahih4 ,editor's ,table4 ,,! ,,new ,,sup]/ition4 ,! dea? ( a prom95t man ( lett]s 9 ! h&s ( c]ta9 individuals ( ! ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce p]suasion has giv5 rise to a good deal ( s]i\s discussion z to ! pr9ciples & practices ( t extraord9>y sect4 ,t a consid]able numb] ( p]sons %\ld h b&$ !mselves toge!r to ignore m$ical sci5ce1 & apply ?\ght z a rem$y = all physical ills1 has excit$ no little al>m & indignation 9 v>i\s qu>t]s4 ,"s ( ! sev]e/ criticisms ( ?is outbreak ( irrationality h come f ! religi\s press1 :i* takes ! gr\nd t1 :ile ! ,bible d\btless conta9s num]\s acc\nts ( miracul\s heal+1 x nev]!less fully recognizes ! efficacy ( mat]ial rem$ies4 ,a belov$ physician is cr$it$ ) ! au?or%ip ( "o ( ! gospels & ( ! book ( ,acts4 ,an apo/le recomm5ds a fri5d to take a little w9e = 8 /oma*'s sake & 8 (t5 infirmities4 ,! man :o 0 attack$ by robb]s _h 8 w\nds treat$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! soo?+ effect ( o9tm5ts is recogniz$2 & ! di/urb+ effects ( undue indulg5ce 9 ! w9e cup are =cibly describ$4 ,! peculi> "* ( a miracle1 x is cont5d$1 lies 9 ! fact t x passes ov] natural ag5cies2 b1 because ^! may be disp5s$ ) by ,div9e ,p[]1 !y are n ! less specifically efficaci\s 9 _! own place4 ,^!1 & su* z ^!1 are ! argum5ts :i* are urg$ by ! repres5tatives ( or?odox religion aga9/ ! new h]esy1 or1 z we h call$ x1 ! new sup]/ition4 ,to argue aga9/ x on sci5tific gr\nds w\ld be almo/ too ridicul\s4 ,:5 p make a d5ial ( ! laws ( matt] ! basis ( _! cre$1 we c only leave !m to "w x out ) ,nature4 ,!y w f9d t1 l all ! _w1 !y are subject to ! law ( gravitation & to ! laws ( *emi/ry & physics4 ,if "o ( !m happ5s to be run ov] by a railway tra9 ! usual results w foll[2 & s ( a multitude ( conceivable accid5ts4 ,a ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/ :o bl[s out ! gas w be asphyxiat$ j l anybody else2 & if he walks (f ! :>f into ! wat] he w require rescue or resuscitation j z if he 7 a pla9 ,*ri/ian or a pla9 sci5ti/4 ,l ,%ylock1 he is f$ ) ! same food1 hurt ) ! same weapons1 subject to ! same diseases z ! re/ ( ! community2 & little by little ! et]nal c\rse ( ?+s w *a/ise 8 extravagant fancies into reasonable accord ) facts4 ,to tell ! tru?1 we h n mu* appreh5sion t ! heal? ( ! community w suff]1 or ! dea? rate g up1 z ! result ( ?is new craze4 ,on ! contr>y1 we r expect t any influ5ce x may h 9 ^! respects w1 on ! :ole1 be = ! bett]2 & = a v simple reason3 ,! laws ( heal? are n s difficult to ma/]1 &1 z e adh]5t ( ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce w be anxi\s to reflect cr$it on x by ! satisfactory condition ( 8 or h] p]sonal heal?1 we q believe t 9 ! new sect m diseases w be avoid$ ?an incurr$4 ,moreov]1 ! elevat$ condition ( m9d ( ^! en?usia/s makes 9 itself = heal?1 s long z x does n turn to hy/]ia4 ,we c]ta9ly c n refuse all sympa?y to p :o make x a pr9ciple to enjoy good heal?4 ,( c\rse1 if !y 7 ?or\ghly consi/5t1 !y might d mis*ief 9 direct proportion to _! numb]s4 ,a ,*ri/ian-,sci5ce s*ool bo>d :o did n believe 9 v5tilat+ or adequately w>m+ s*ool rooms1 hold+ t x made no diff]5ce :e!r ! *ildr5 brea!d pure air or air lad5 ) c>bon dioxide & ptoma9es1 or :e!r or n !y 7 expos$ to *ills & draughts1 w\ld be ab\t z mis*iev\s a body ( m5 z c\ld well be imag9$4 ,if ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce 9 ! h\se means an indiff]5ce to ! ord9>y physical safegu>ds ( heal?1 x w quickly make a v evil repute = itself4 ,b1 z we h already said1 we d n anticipate ^! results4 ,hav+ und]tak5 to avoid & to cure diseases by ?9k+ tru?1 we believe our fri5ds ( ! new p]suasion w ?9k en\gh tru? to get :at b5efit is to be got f cleanl9ess1 fre% air1 & :olesome food1--& t w be q a quantity4 ,,em]son4 ,we publi% on ano!r page a lett] f a correspond5t :o ?9ks t mu* inju/ice is done to ,em]son 9 ! rem>ks we quot$ 9 our ,decemb] numb] f ,mr4 ,j4,j4 ,*apman's rec5t volume ( essays4 ,:at ,mr4 ,*apman said 01 9 effect1 t ,em]son _h n plac$ himself 9 l9e ) ! mod]n doctr9e ( evolution--t he 0 probably ! la/ great writ] to look at life f a /ation>y /&po9t4 ,mrs4 ,alex&] says 9 reply t ,em]son 0 an evolutioni/ be=e ,d>w91 hav+ le>n$ ! doctr9e f ,goe! & made x a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( 8 philosophy4 ,no "o :o has read ,mr4 ,*apman's essay c\ld ?9k = a mom5t t !re 0 any int5tion on 8 "p to deal ung5]\sly or unfairly ) ! great writ] ( :om ,am]ica is s ju/ly pr\d2 nor w\ld _m read]s be dispos$ to "q 8 compet5ce to pron\nce a s\nd judgm5t ^u 8 subject4 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 x seems to u1 be "s way ( reconcil+ ! v]dict ( ,mr4 ,*apman ) ! claims set =? 9 our correspond5t's lett]4 ,! true /atem5t ( ! case d\btless is t ,em]son receiv$ ! doctr9e ( evolution--s f> z he receiv$ x--z a poet4 ,he welcom$ ! conception ( a gradual unfold+ ( ! univ]se1 & a gradually high] developm5t ( life2 b x dwelt 9 8 m9d r z a poetical imag9ation ?an z a sci5tific !ory4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t he 0 /ill able to speak 9 ! old absolute mann] ( _m ?+s :i* ! man ( sci5ce c only discuss f a relative /&po9t4 ,:51 = example1 ,em]son says1 ,all goes to %[ t ! s\l 9 man is n an organ1 b animates & ex]cises all ! organs2 is n a function1 l ! p[] ( memory1 ( calculation1 ( comp>ison1 b uses ^! z h&s & feet2 is n a faculty1 b a light2 is n ! intellect or ! w1 b ! ma/] ( ! intellect & ! w2 is ! backgr\nd ( our be+ 9 :i* !y lie--an imm5sity n possess$ & t c n be possess$--he may be utt]+ ! s5t5ce ( a div9e philosophy1 or ! deep intuition ( a poet2 b he is n speak+ ! language ( sci5ce1 nor ev9c+ any s5se ( ! re/rictions :i* sci5ce might place on su* expressions ( op9ion4 ,c]ta9ly he is n at ! /&po9t ( evolution2 & x is v h>d to believe t ! views he ann\nces c\ld 9 any way be h>moniz$ )1 say1 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology4 ,or take su* a passage z ! foll[+3 ,all ! facts ( ! animal economy--sex1 nutrim5t1 ge/ation1 bir?1 gr[?--are symbols ( ! passage ( ! _w into ! s\l ( man1 to suff] !re a *ange & reappe> a new & high] fact4 ,he uses =ms accord+ to ! life1 & n accord+ to ! =m4 ,?is is true sci5ce4 ,! poet alone kn[s a/ronomy1 *emi/ry1 vegetation1 & animation1 = he does n /op at ^! facts1 b employs !m z signs4 ,he kn[s :y ! pla9 or mead[ ( space 0 /rewn ) ^? fl[]s we call suns & moons & />s2 :y ! great deep is adorn$ ) animals1 ) m51 & gods2 = 9 e ^w he speaks he rides on !m z ! horses ( ?\ght4 ,n[1 we %\ld be sorry to crumple "o leaf 9 ! laurel wrea? ( ! poet2 b is !re mu* s5se 9 say+ t he is our only a/ronom]1 or t he c\ld in=m u :y suns & planets 7 dispos$ ?r\gh space s z to make ! =ms we see8 ,we d n ?9k ,goe! held ^! ideas2 if he did1 !y 7 c]ta9ly n "p ( 8 evolution philosophy4 ,! doctr9e ( evolution is n at w>1 we tru/1 ) poetic inspiration2 b if x tea*es any?+1 x tea*es t ! _w is full ( inf9ite detail1 & t )\t a c]ta9 ma/]y ( details g5]al views are apt to be m %[y ?an solid4 ,x also br+s home to ! m9d v =cibly t "o c only be sure ( c>efully v]ifi$ facts1 &1 ev5 ( ^!1 ought n to be too sure4 ,x tea*es t "t & place & circum/ance are1 = all practical purposes1 ( ! ess5ce ( ! ?+s we h to consid]2 t no?+ is j :at x w\ld be if diff]5tly condition$4 ,!re is no?+ ( :i* ,em]son disc\rses ) s mu* positiv5ess z ! s\l1 an entity ( :i* ! s]i\s evolutioni/ c only speak ) all possible res]ve4 ,! evolutioni/ labors to con/ruct a psy*ology2 b ,em]son has a psy*ology ready-made1 & scatt]s its affirmations ) a lib]al h& ?r\gh e *apt] ( 8 writ+s4 ,t ^! are /imulat+ 9 a high degree to well-dispos$ m9ds we %\ld be sorry to d5y4 ,!y are a s\rce1 :i* = _m long ye>s w n run dry1 ( high ?\ghts & noble aspirations4 ,no "o has m wor?ily or l(tily disc\rs$ ( ! value ( life ?an has ! ,new ,engl& philosoph]2 & = ?is ! _w owes him a p]man5t debt ( gratitude4 ,b he 0 n an evolutioni/ 9 ! mod]n s5se--t is1 9 ! sci5tific s5se4 ,if1 z ,mr4 ,*apman says1 he 0 ! la/ great writ] to look at life f a /ation>y /&po9t1 !n we c only add t ! old philosophy _h a gold5 sunset 9 8 pages4 ,sci5tific ,lit]ature4 ,,special ,,books4 ,!re are a great _m diff]5t ways ( conceiv+ ! sci5ce ( society1 & until ! /udy ( ! subject is m advanc$ ?an x is z yet1 x w\ld be ra% to set up any "o me?od z sup]ior to all o!rs4 ,all t c reasonably be ask$ is t ! subject %\ld be approa*$ ) a compet5t k ( :at has previ\sly be5 ?\ght & writt5 9 reg>d to x1 t ! aspects pres5t$ %\ld possess intr9sic importance1 & t ! treatm5t %\ld be sci5tific4 ,! "w :i* ,pr(essor ,gidd+s has publi%$ "u ! title ( ,elem5ts ( ,sociology#ce fulfills ^! conditions entirely1 & we consid] x1 aft] c>eful exam9ation1 z admirably adapt$ to ! purpose x is meant to s]ve--namely1 z a text book = colleges & s*ools4 ,= use 9 s*ools--t is to say1 9 second>y s*ools ( ! ord9>y range--! treatm5t may be a little too elaborate1 b = college use we %\ld say t x is1 s f> z me?od is conc]n$1 precisely :at is want$4 ,we d n "k any o!r "w :i* gives 9 ! same compass s int]e/+ & satisfactory an analysis ( ! con/itution & developm5t ( society1 or s _m sugge/ive views z to ! spr+s ( social action & ! conditions ( social well-be+4 ,pr(essor ,gidd+s writes 9 a cle> & vigor\s /yle1 & ! c>eful /ud5t w notice _m passages m>k$ by great felicity ( expression4 ,9 a text-book design$ to attract ! "y to a subject call+ = consid]able conc5tration ( att5tion1 ?is is an advantage t c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ! writ] gives u 8 def9ition ( society z any gr\p or numb] ( individuals :o cultivate acqua9tance & m5tal agreem5t--t is to say1 l-m9d$ness4 ,! unit ( inve/igation 9 sociology is decl>$ to be ! individual memb] ( society1 or1 z ! writ] calls him1 9 relation to ! inve/igation 9 h&1 ! socius4 ,:e!r 9 /rict logic ! unit ( inve/igation 9 sociology c be ! individual1 ev5 grant+1 z mu/ be done1 t he is born social1 is a po9t on :i* we are n fully satisfi$4 ,we %\ld be dispos$ to ?9k t ! /udy ( ! individual 0 r :at ,mr4 ,sp5c] w\ld call a prep>ation = sociology ?an an integral "p ( ! sci5ce itself4 ,f a practical po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be conc$$ t a treatise on sociology w\ld beg9 some:at abruptly if x did n pres5t 9 ! fir/ place an adequate description ( ! socius1 especially sett+ =? ^? qualifications & t5d5cies :i* fit & impel him to ent] into relations ) o!r memb]s ( ! human race4 ,*apt] ,v ( ! pres5t "w deals ) ,! ,practical ,activities ( ,socii1 & %[s 9 an int]e/+ mann] :at may be call$ ! l9es ( approa* ( individuals to "o ano!r 9 society4 ,sometimes ! approa* is by means ( conflict1 & ! writ] %[s h[ ?is may be a prep>ation = peaceful relations ?r\gh ! insight x gives into oppos+ po9ts ( view4 ,he di/+ui%es betwe5 prim>y & second>y conflict--! fir/ be+ a /ruggle 9 :i* "o individual viol5tly /rives to suppress or subdue an oppos+ p]sonality1 ! second a m]e trial ( diff]+ op9ions & ta/es1 lead+ (t5 to a pr(itable readju/m5t ( individual /&po9ts4 ,*apt] ,x1 entitl$ ,! ,classes ( ,socii1 is an excell5t "o4 ,! au?or classifies socii ) ref]5ce 7#a7 to vitality1 7#b7 to p]sonality--i4e4 p]sonal res\rce & capacity--& 7#c7 to social feel+4 ,"u ! ?ird classification he di/+ui%es 7#a7 ! social class1 7#b7 ! non-social class1 7#c7 ! pseudo-social class1 & 7#d7 ! anti-social class4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ! social class1 is well *>act]iz$ z foll[s3 ,_! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic is a consci\sness ( k9d t is wide 9 its scope & /rong 9 its int5sity4 ,!y are sympa!tic1 fri5dly1 helpful1 & always int]e/$ 9 endeavor+ to p]fect social relations1 to develop ! me?ods ( co-op]ation1 to add to ! happ9ess ( mank9d by improv+ ! =ms ( social pleasure1 to pres]ve ! great social in/itutions ( ! family & ! /ate4 ,to ?is class ! entire population turns = help1 inspiration1 & lead]%ip1 = unselfi% loyalty & wise ent]prise4 ,x includes all :o 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w are philan?ropic1 all ^: self-sacrifice is direct$ by s\nd judgm5t1 all true re=m]s ^: zeal is temp]$ by common s5se & sob] pati5ce1 & all ^? :o give expression to ! ideals & aspirations ( ! community = a l>g] & bett] life4 ,! ,pre-em95t ,social ,class is fur!r discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xii2 & ! subsequ5t *apt]s1 z f> z1 & includ+1 ,,xix1 describe ! processes by :i* social results 9 ! balanc+ ( int]e/s1 e/abli%m5t ( rights1 assimilation ( *>act]s1 & g5]al improvem5t ( social conditions1 are realiz$4 ,! limits :i* exp$i5cy sets to ! pursuit ( l-m9d$ness are well %[n1 & ! advantage & necessity = social progress ( free discussion & wide tol]ation ( individual diff]5ces are /rongly insi/$ on4 ,*apt] ,,xx deals ) ,! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,society1 & conta9s ! /atem5t t f an apelike creature1 no long] p]fectly repres5t$ 9 any exi/+ species1 ! human race is desc5d$4 ,! subject ( ,democracy is well treat$ 9 a special *apt] 7,,xxiv74 ,! au?or is ( op9ion t1 if ! natural lead]s ( society d _! duty1 !y w wield a moral influ5ce t w give a "r direction to public policy1 & secure ! cont9u\s advance ( ! community 9 prosp]ity & true civilization4 ,! if is an important "o1 b ! au?or has /rong hope1 9 :i* all 8 read]s w c]ta9ly wi% to %>e1 t 9 ! ma9 ev]y?+ w turn out well4 ,! rem>ks on ! ,/ate 9 ,*apt] ,,xxiii are1 z f> z !y g1 judici\s2 b we c\ld h wi%$ t ! au?or1 :o we are sure desires to make 8 treatise z practically useful z possible1 _h dwelt some:at on ! dang]s ( ov]-legislation1 & _h br\ght into full] relief ?an he has done ! diff]5ce betwe5 /ate action & volunt>y ent]prise1 aris+ f ! fact t ! =m] always involves ! elem5t ( compulsion4 ,we pass a law :5 we c n get our neighbor to co-op]ate or agree ) u 9 some?+1 & consequ5tly resolve to compel him4 ,surely ?is consid]ation %\ld suffice to make p>simony ! fir/ pr9ciple ( legislation4 ,we agree ) our au?or t x is n well to belittle ! /ate 7page #bad71 b x is h>dly belittl+ ! /ate to wi% to be v sp>+ 9 our appeals to x = ! ex]cise ( co]cive p[]4 ,we miss also 9 ! "w be=e u su* a treatm5t ( ! family z might h be5 introduc$ into x ) advantage4 ,! family c]ta9ly has an important relation to ! individual1 & 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries x is specially recogniz$ by ! /ate4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 9 ! *apt] ( 8 ,/udy ( ,sociology entitl$ ,prep>ation 9 ,psy*ology1 has dwelt on ! encroa*m5ts ( ! /ate on ! family2 & ,mr4 ,pe>son1 9 8 ,national ,life & ,"*1 publi%$ half a doz5 ye>s ago1 s\nd$ a note ( al>m on ! same subject4 ,:at position ,pr(essor ,gidd+s w\ld h tak5 z to ! importance ( family life & ! rights & duties ( ! family we d n1 ( c\rse1 "k2 b we are dispos$ to ?9k he c\ld h increas$ ! usefulness & int]e/ ( 8 book by "s discussion ( ^! po9ts4 ,we w\ld only fur!r say t1 :ile ! book is specially int5d$ = s*ola/ic use1 x is well adapt$ = g5]al read+1 & t x c\ld n be read c>efully by any "o )\t pr(it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr(4 ,wesley ,mills holds ! op9ion t 9 ! pres5t /age ( ! /udy ( animal life1#cf facts are mu* m desirable ?an !ories4 ,exp]im5t & obs]vation mu/ g on = _m ye>s be=e g5]alizations w be wor? ! mak+4 ,putt+ ?is belief into practice1 he has br$ & re>$ a l>ge numb] ( animals1 mak+ mo/ c>eful notes on _! physical & m5tal developm5t1 & furni%es 9 8 book1 result+ f ^! /udies1 a contribution ( unque/ionable value to comp>ative psy*ology4 ,9 8 inve/igation ( ! habits ( squirrels1 he f9ds ! r$ squirrel1 or *ick>ee1 mu* m intellig5t ?an ! *ipmunk4 ,! latt] is easily trapp$1 b ! =m] pr(its by exp]i5ce & is r>ely secur$ a second "t4 ,^! little creatures are also adepts 9 feign+4 ,two examples are cit$ 9 :i* squirrels app>5tly ill recov]$ rapidly :5 left alone & made _! escape 9 vigor\s fa%ion4 ,_m in/ances ( animals %amm+ dea? are judg$ to be cases ( catalepsy induc$ by excessive fe>4 ,! *ick>ee is also cr$it$ ) "s musical capacity1 "o be+ obs]v$1 :5 excit$1 to utt] tones t 7 birdlike2 :5ce x is conclud$ likely t ?r\gh\t ! ord] ,rod5tia a g5u9e musical appreciation exi/s1 & consid]able ability 9 express+ /ates ( emotion by vocal =ms4 ,:ile exp]im5t+ ) hib]nat+ animals1 ,pr(essor ,mills kept a wood*uck 9 conf9em5t five ye>s1 & not$ t x _h a dr[sy or torpid p]iod f ,novemb] to ,april4 ,ano!r specim5 subject$ to ! same conditions did n hib]nate = an h\r dur+ ! entire season4 ,bats began to hib]nate at #de to #dj ,f41 & 7 s affect$ by temp]ature t !y c\ld be work$ l a ma*9e by v>y+ x4 ,! wood*uck1 h[ev]1 0 comp>atively indep5d5t ( heat & cold1 b v s5sitive to /orms4 ,?is is f\nd to be true ( _m wild animals1 t !y h a delicate p]ception ( meteorological conditions1 mak+ !m wis] ?an !y "k1 = !y act reflexly4 ,"s records are giv5 ( cases ( le?>gy among human be+s1 & 9 reg>d to ^!1 z well z normal sleep & hib]nation1 x is sugge/$ t _! condition+ & v>iability ?r[ great light ^u ! evolution ( function4 ,9 ord] to obs]ve closely ! psy*ic developm5t ( "y animals1 ,pr(essor ,mills rais$ families ( dogs1 cats1 *ick5s1 rabbits1 gu9ea-pigs1 & pigeons4 ,! data obta9$ by him1 giv5 9 ! =m ( di>ies ) comp>isons & conclusions1 con/itute ,"p ,,iii1 ! l>g] half ( ! book1 unque/ionably fir/ 9 importance & int]e/4 ,x is sc>cely possible to ov]value c>eful /udies l ^!1 und]tak5 n to ju/ify !ories1 b to br+ to light :atev] tru?s may be appreh5d$ ( ! nature ( gr[? & connection ( m9d & body4 ,! la/ division ( ! book conta9s ! discussions on in/9ct by ,pr(essors ,mills1 ,lloyd ,morgan1 ,baldw91 & o!rs1 fir/ publi%$ 9 ,sci5ce4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! volume1 devot$ to a g5]al consid]ation ( ! subject1 consi/s ( pap]s on me?ods ( /udy & comp>ative psy*ology :i* h appe>$ 9 v>i\s sci5tific p]iodicals1 includ+ ?is magaz9e4 ,,g5]al ,,notices4 ,9 ,f\r-,foot$ ,am]icans & _! ,k9#cg a simil> me?od is appli$ by ,mabel ,osgood ,wright to ! /udy ( animals to t :i* 0 foll[$ ) ref]5ce to orni?ology 9 ,citiz5 ,bird4 ,! subject is taught 9 ! =m ( a /ory1 ) dramatic incid5t & adv5ture1 & m9iature exploration1 & ! animals are all[$ occasionally to conv]se & express _! op9ions & feel+s4 ,! sc5e ( ! action is ,or*>d ,f>m & tw5ty miles ar\nd4 ,dr4 ,hunt] & 8 daught] & color$ mammy h return$ !re to _! home aft] sev]al ye>s ( travel1 ) two city y\?s :o h be5 invit$ to sp5d ! summ] at ! place & are told ! /ory ( ! birds4 ,ano!r family h come to make an autumn visit1 b x is arrang$ t !y %\ld sp5d ! w9t] at ! f>m4 ,:at !y did1 & h[ !y became acqua9t$ ) ! f\r-foot$ ,am]icans1 is told 9 ?is /ory4 ,mo/ ( ! common animals ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are met or describ$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! p>ty's w&]+1 z creatures ( life r ?an z 9 ! cold & =mal way ( treat+ museum specim5s1 & a great deal ( ! lore ( o!r bran*es ( natural hi/ory is introduc$1 z x w\ld naturally come 9 9 su* excursions z 7 tak54 ,! sci5tific accuracy ( ! book is assur$ by ! p>ticipation ( ,mr4 ,frank ,m4 ,*apman z editor4 ,at ! end a ,ladd] = climb+ ! ,family ,tree ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,mammals is furni%$ 9 ! %ape ( a table ( classification2 & an index ( ,engli% names is giv54 ,! illu/rations1 by ,erne/ ,seton ,?ompson1 give lifelike portraits & attitudes & are v attractive4 ,/4 ,george ,miv>t1 ^: enviable reputation z a speciali/ 9 natural hi/ory has p]haps giv5 "s ju/ification = 8 attempts at philosophy1 has rec5tly publi%$ a new philosophical "w entitl$ ,! ,gr\ndwork ( ,sci5ce#ch4 ,x is an ef=t to "w out ! ultimate facts on :i* our k1 & h5ce all sci5ce1 is bas$4 ,a %ort preface & introductory *apt] are devot$ to a /atem5t ( ! aims ( ! "w & "s g5]al rem>ks reg>d+ ! hi/ory ( ! sci5tific me?od4 ,an enum]ation ( ! sci5ces & an indication ( "s ( _! logical relations are next giv54 ,! ?ird *apt]1 entitl$ ,! ,objects ( ,sci5ce1 is giv5 up *iefly to a refutation ( idealism4 ,! me?ods ( sci5ce1 its physical1 psy*ical1 & intellectual antec$5ts1 language & sci5ce1 causes ( sci5tific k1 & ! nature ( ! gr\ndwork ( sci5ce are ! special topics ( ! rema9+ *apt]s4 ,! g5]al s*eme ( ! inquiry is bas$ on ! !ory t ! gr\ndwork ( sci5ce consi/s ( ?ree divisions4 ,! labor]s :o "w1 ! tools !y mu/ employ1 & t :i* con/itutes ! field ( _! labor4444 ,sci5ce is p>tly physical & p>tly psy*ical4444 ,! tools are ^? fir/ pr9ciples & univ]sal1 necess>y1 self-evid5t tru?s :i* lie s frequ5tly unnotic$ 9 ! human intellect1 & :i* are absolutely indisp5sable = valid reason+4444 ,! nature ( ! work]s mu/ also be notic$ z necess>ily affect+ ! value ( _! "w4444 ,&1 la/ ( all1 a few words mu/ be devot$ to ! "q :e!r !re is any &1 if any1 :at f\ndation und]ly+ ! :ole gr\ndwork ( sci5ce4 ,! result at :i* ! au?or arrives is /at$ z foll[s3 ,! gr\ndwork ( sci5ce is ! "w ( self-consci\s mat]ial organisms mak+ use ( ! m>vel\s fir/ pr9ciples :i* !y possess 9 explor+ all ! physical & psy*ical ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 :i* s5se1 intuition1 & ratioc9ation c anyh[ reveal to !m z real exi/5ces1 :e!r actual or only possible4444 ,! f\ndation ( sci5ce c only be s\ght 9 t reason :i* evid5tly to u p]vades ! univ]se1 & is t by :i* our intellect has be5 bo? produc$ & illum9$4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( in=mation1 ma9ly ( a practical "*1 has be5 ga!r$ by ,mr4 ,william ,j4 ,cl>k 9 8 book on ,comm]cial ,cuba#ci--;in=mation1 z ,mr4 ,g\ld well says 9 ! introduction he has contribut$ to ! "w1 cov]+ almo/ ! entire field ( inquiry reg>d+ ,cuba & its res\rces4 ,! data h be5 p>tly ga9$ f ! au?or's p]sonal obs]vation & dur+ 8 travels on ! isl&1 & p>tly ?r\gh labori\s & pa9/ak+ classification ( exi/+ mat]ial1 collect$ f _m & div]se s\rces4 ,! subject is sy/ematically treat$4 ,! fir/ *apt]--,h[ to ,meet ! ,resid5t ( ,cuba--relates to ! behavior ( visitors to ! isl&1 really a consid]ably m important matt] ?an x w\ld be 9 ?is c\ntry1 = ! ,spani>ds are /rict 9 _! reg>d = correct etiquette4 ,x is natural t a *apt] on ! population & its *>act]i/ics & occupations %\ld foll[ ?is4 ,ev5 m important ?an correct behavior--to any "o at lea/ b a ,spani>d--is ! subject ( climate & ! pres]vation ( heal?2 & :atev] is ( mom5t 9 relation to ^! subjects is giv5 9 ! *apt] devot$ to !m4 ,next ! geographical *>act]i/ics ( ,cuba are describ$1 & ! facilities & me?ods ( transportation & communication2 also social & political matt]s1 includ+ gov]nm5t1 bank+1 & comm]cial f9ance1 & legal & adm9i/rative sy/ems ( ! pa/ & future4 ,a *apt] is giv5 to ,animal & ,vegetable ,life1 ano!r to ,sug> & ,tobacco1 & a ?ird to ,"s ,g5]al ,/ati/ics1 aft] :i* ! sev]al prov9ces--,p9> del ,rio1 ! city & prov9ce ( ,havana 7includ+ ! ,isle ( ,p9es71 & ! prov9ces ( ,matanzas1 ,santa ,cl>a1 ,pu]to ,pr9cipe1 & ,santiago--are describ$ 9 detail1 ) _! physical *>act]i/ics1 _! agricultural or m9+ res\rces1 _! v>i\s t[ns1 & :atev] else 9 !m is ( int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( economics4 ,a ,cuban ,bus9ess ,directory is giv5 9 ! app5dix4 ,a ,collection ( ,essays is ! mode/ designation :i* ,pr(essors ,j4,c4 ,ar?ur & ,d4,t4 ,mac,dougal give to ! sci5tific pap]s includ$ 9 _! book on ,liv+ ,plants & _! ,prop]ties4#dj ,! au?ors des]ve all praise = hav+ tak5 ! pa9s )\t :i* no book compos$ ( occasional pieces c be made complete & symmetrical1 to revise & rewrite ! articles1 omitt+ p>ts less relevant 9 ! pres5t connection1 & amplify+ o!rs to meet ! dem&s ( cont9uity1 cle>ness1 & h>mony ) curr5t botanical ?\ght4 ,( ! twelve pap]s1 ^? on ! ,special ,s5ses ( ,plants1 ,wild ,lettuce1 ,univ]sality ( ,consci\sness & ,pa91 ,two ,oppos+ ,factors ( ,increase1 ,! ,"r to ,live1 & ,di/9ction betwe5 ,plants & ,animals1 are by ,pr(essor ,ar?ur2 & ^? on ,! ,developm5t ( ,irritability1 ,mimosa--a ,typical ,s5sitive ,plant1 ,! ,effect ( ,cold1 ,*lorophyll & ,gr[?1 ,leaves 9 ,spr+1 ,summ]1 & ,autumn1 & ! ,significance ( ,color1 are by ,pr(essor ,mac,dougal4 ,bas$ to a l>ge ext5t on orig9al inve/igations or c>eful /udies1 !y pres5t _m novel ?\ghts & aspects1 & con/itute an acceptable addition to popul> botanical lit]ature4 ,hav+ describ$ ! great & gr[+ int]e/ tak5 9 *ild /udy1 ,presid5t ,a4,r4 ,taylor ann\nces z ! pr9cipal aim ( 8 book1 ,! ,/udy ( ! ,*ild1#da to br+ ! subject )9 ! av]age compreh5sion ( ! tea*] & p>5t4 ,besides avoid+ z mu* z possible te*nical t]ms & sci5tific =mulas1 ! au?or has made ! desire to ann\nce new pr9ciples subs]vi5t to t ( assi/+ 8 fell[-work]s to a clos] relation%ip ) ! *ild4 ,z tea*]s & p>5ts g5]ally ?9k x extremely difficult to pursue ! /udy ( ! *ild )\t at lea/ a fair und]/&+ ( ! elem5ts ( psy*ology1 ! au?or intimates t !y (t5 =get t ! /udy w give !m t v k1 & t1 prop]ly pursu$1 x is ! be/ possible introduction to psy*ology 9 g5]al4 ,e *apt] 9 ! pres5t book1 he says1 is an attempt to organize ! k already possess$ by ^? :o "k little or no?+ ( sci5tific psy*ology1 & to assi/ !m to inquiries :i* w give a cle>] appreh5sion ( ! nature & possibilities ( ! *ild4 ,! treatise beg9s ) ! wak5+ ( ! *ild to consci\s life ?r\gh ! s5ses1 ! nature & work+s ( ea* ( :i* are describ$4 ,! bridge ov] f ! physical to ! m5tal is f\nd 9 consci\sness1 :i* = ! pres5t purpose is def9$ z ! self kn[+ its own /ates or activities4 ,! idea ( id5tity & diff]5ce arises1 symbols are inv5t$ or sugge/$1 & language is made possible4 ,! features ( language peculi> to *ildr5 are consid]$4 ,muscul> or motor control1 ! feel+s1 & ! w are treat$ z phases or factors 9 developm5t1 & _! functions are def9$4 ,! intellect & its v>i\s functions are discuss$ ) consid]able fullness2 & *apt]s on ,! ,self1 ,habit1 & ,"*2 ,*ildr5's ,in/9cts & ,plays2 ,mann]s & ,morals2 ,normals & ,abnormals2 & ,/ages ( ,gr[?1 ,fatigue ,po9t1 etc41 foll[4 ,a v satisfactory bibliography is app5d$4 ,! ,dis*>ge ( ,electricity ?r\gh ,gases#db is an expansion ( f\r lectures giv5 by ! au?or1 ,pr(4 ,j4,j4 ,?omson1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 at ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity 9 ,octob]1 #ahif4 ,"s results publi%$ betwe5 ! deliv]y & pr9t+ ( ! lectures are add$4 ,! au?or beg9s by notic+ ! contra/ betwe5 ! v>iety & complexity ( electrical ph5om5a t occur :5 matt] is pres5t 9 ! field ) _! simplicity :5 ! e!r alone is involv$2 ?us ! idea ( a *>ge ( electricity1 :i* is probably 9 _m classes ( ph5om5a ! mo/ prom95t idea ( all1 ne$ n arise1 & 9 fact does n arise1 s long z we deal ) ! e!r alone4 ,! que/ions t occur :5 we consid] ! relation betwe5 matt] & ! electrical *>ge c>ri$ by x--su* z ! /ate ( ! matt] :5 c>ry+ ! *>ge1 & ! effect produc$ on ?is /ate :5 ! sign ( ! *>ge is *ang$--are reg>d$ z among ! mo/ important 9 ! :ole range ( physics4 ,! close connection t exi/s betwe5 *emical & electrical ph5om5a indicates t a k ( ! relation betwe5 matt] & electricity w\ld lead to an increase ( our k ( electricity1 & fur!r ( t ( *emical action1 &1 inde$1 to an ext5sion ( ! doma9 ( electricity ov] t ( *emi/ry4 ,= ! /udy ( ?is relation ! mo/ promis+ c\rse is to beg9 ) t betwe5 electricity & matt] 9 ! gase\s or simpl] /ate2 & t is :at is und]tak5 9 ?is book4 ,! subject is pres5t$ "u ! ?ree g5]al head+s ) num]\s subhead+s ( ,! ,dis*>ge ( ,electricity ?r\gh ,gases1 ,photo ,electric ,effects1 & ,ca?ode ,rays4 ,= a cle> & concise pres5tation ( ! framework ( psy*ology & its basal tru?s1 ! ,/ory ( ! ,m9d#dc may be comm5d$4 ,al?\gh ! space af=d$ is only t ( a bird's-eye view1 no skeleton bri/l+ ) te*nical t]ms confronts u1 b an attractive & well-furni%$ /ructure ) glimpses ( v>i\s divisions t tempt u to fur!r exam9ation4 ,! text is simply & *>m+ly writt51 & may induce _m to se>* ! recesses ( psy*ology :o1 "u a less skillful guide1 w\ld be fright5$ away4 ,a bibliography at ! end ( ! volume supplies :at o!r direction may be ne$$ = m advanc$ /udy4 ,admirable 9 con/ruction & treatm5t z ! book is1 !re are1 h[ev]1 pa?s 9 :i* we c n foll[ :]e ,pr(essor ,baldw9 w\ld lead1 & 9 o!rs t we und]take ) him we d n recognize our surr\nd+s z ^? he describes4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! environm5t ( ! g5ius4 ,we d n f9d t he & society agree 9 reg>d to ! fitness ( 8 ?\ghts1 nor t = ! mo/ "p 8 judgm5t is at once also ! social judgm5t4 ,if su* 7 ! case1 h[ w\ld he wait = recognition1 or be muzzl$ = express+ 8 ?\ghts8 ,9 almo/ all cases x is ! /ory ( ,galileo ov] aga94 ,9 art1 sci5ce1 & social re=m he sees f> beyond 8 fell[s4 ,society c n accept him because x has n ! vision ( a g5ius4 ,he contradicts its judgm5t & is =tunate :5 he escapes ) ! "n ( crank4 ,! milit>y h]o does n ent] into ?is category3 he glorifies ! pa/ r ?an ! future2 he ju/ifies ! multitude 9 a good op9ion ( itself &1 is !re=e always receiv$4 ,! fir/ edition ( ,pr(essor ,bolton's ,catalogue ( ,sci5tific & ,te*nical ,p]iodicals#dd 0 issu$ 9 #ahhe1 & 0 int5d$ to embrace ! pr9cipal indep5d5t p]iodicals ( e bran* ( pure & appli$ sci5ce1 publi%$ 9 all c\ntries f ! rise ( ?is lit]ature to ! pres5t "t1 ) full titles1 names ( editors1 sequ5ce ( s]ies1 & o!r bibliographical details1 arrang$ on a simple plan conv5i5t = ref]5ce2 omitt+1 ) a few exceptions1 s]ials con/itut+ transactions ( le>n$ societies4 ,9 cases :]e ! sci5tific "* ( ! j\rnal or its "r to be class$ z a p]iodical 0 d\btful1 & 9 o!r debatable cases1 ! compil] foll[$ ,zu*old's maxim1 t 9 a bibliography x is mu* bett] t a book %\ld be f\nd :i* is n s\ght1 ?an t "o %\ld be s\ght = & n f\nd4 ,! new edition conta9s z ,"p ,i a repr9t f ! plates ( ! fir/ edition1 ) su* *anges necess>y to br+ ! titles d[n to date z c\ld be made )\t ov]runn+ ! plates2 & 9 ,"p ,,ii additions to ! titles ( ,"p ,i t c\ld n be ins]t$ 9 ! plates1 toge!r ) ab\t #c1fjj new titles1 br++ ! :ole numb] ( titles up to #h1dgg1 toge!r ) add5da1 rais+ ?is numb] to #h1fjc1 m9us ! numb]s #d1iee to #e1jjj1 :i* are skipp$ betwe5 ! fir/ & second p>ts4 ,*ronological tables give ! dates ( ! publication ( ea* volume ( ! p]iodicals ent]$4 ,a libr>y *eck li/ %[s 9 :at ,am]ican libr>ies ! p]iodicals may be f\nd4 ,cross-ref]5ces are freely introduc$4 ,! mat]ial = ! "w has be5 ga!r$ f all available bibliographies1 & by p]sonal exam9ation ( ! %elves & catalogues ( _m libr>ies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe1 & f responses to circul>s s5t out by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,! :ole "w is a monum5t ( prodigi\s labor indu/ri\sly & fai?fully p]=m$4 ,9 ,!ories ( ! ,w 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy#de a concise acc\nt is giv5 by ,ar*ibald ,alex&] ( ! developm5t ( ! !ory ( ! w f ! e>ly days ( ,greek ?\ght d[n to ab\t ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury2 includ+1 h[ev]1 only ! !ories ( ! m important philosoph]s4 ,9 addition to contribut+ some?+ to ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 x has be5 ! au?or's purpose to introduce 9 ?is way a con/ructive explanation ( volunt>y action4 ,! acc\nt closes ) ! !ory ( ,lotze2 s9ce ! publication ( :i* ! me?ods ( psy*ology h be5 greatly modifi$1 if n revolutioniz$1 by ! developm5t ( ! evolutional & physiological sy/ems ( /udy4 ,! p>ticul> subjects consid]$ are ! !ories ( ! w 9 ! ,socratic p]iod1 ! ,/oic & ,epicurean !ories2 ! !ories 9 ,*ri/ian !ology1 9 ,briti% philosophy f ,bacon to ,reid1 ,cont95tal !ories f ,desc>tes to ,leibnitz1 & !ories 9 ,g]man philosophy f ,kant to ,lotze4 ,! au?or has tri$ to avoid obtrud+ 8 own op9ions1 express+ an individual judgm5t only on matt]s ( d\btful int]pretation2 & he recognizes t speculation & ! introspective me?od ( /udy+ ! w appe> to h almo/ rea*$ _! limits4 ,dr4 ,frank ,ov]ton's text-book ( ,appli$ ,physiology#df makes a new dep>ture f ! old me?ods ( tea*+ physiology1 9 t x beg9s ) ! cells z ! units ( life & %[s _! relations to all ! elem5ts ( ! body & all ! processes ( human action4 ,! fact ( _! fundam5tal nature & importance is emphasiz$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! relation ( oxidation--oxidation )9 ! cells--z ! ess5tial act ( respiration--to ! disappe>ance ( food1 ! production ( wa/e matt]s1 & ! developm5t ( =ce1 is dwelt ^u4 ,! influ5ce ( alcohol is discuss$ 9 all its aspects1 n 9 a sep>ate *apt]1 b :5ev] x comes 9 place 9 connection ) ! sev]al topics & subjects treat$4 ,o!r n>cotics are dealt )4 ,a *apt] on inflammation & tak+ cold is believ$ to be an entirely new feature 9 a s*ool text book4 ,summ>ies & review topics are arrang$ at ! end ( ea* *apt]2 subjects f orig9al demon/rations & ! use ( ! microscope are li/$2 & _m hygi5ic topics1 su* z air1 v5tilation1 dr9k+ wat]1 clo?+1 ba?+1 bact]ia1 etc41 are specially treat$4 ,! prom95t *>act]i/ic ( ,pr(essors ,f4,p4 ,v5able & ,j4,l4 ,h[e's text-book on ,inorganic ,*emi/ry accord+ to ! ,p]iodic ,law#dg is express$ 9 ! title1 & is ! adoption ( ! p]iodic law z ! guid+ pr9ciple ( ! treatm5t1 & ! keep+ ( x 9 ! =egr\nd ?r\gh\t4 ,s f> z ! au?ors h notic$1 ! complete introduction ( ?is sy/em has n be5 attempt$ be=e 9 any text book4 ,!y h made ! exp]im5t ( foll[+ x closely 9 _! classes1 & _! success ?r\gh sev]al ye>s has conv9c$ !m ( its value4 ,9 no o!r way h we be5 able to secure su* ?or\gh results1 bo? z to ?or\gh1 sy/ematic in/ruction & economy ( "t4 ,! task is r5d]$ easi] = bo? /ud5t & tea*]4 ,aft] ! sett+ =? ( def9itions & g5]al pr9ciples 9 ! introduction1 ! elem5ts are tak5 up & describ$ accord+ to _! places & relations 9 ! p]iodic gr\ps1 & !n _! comp\nds are describ$ successively1 ) hydrog51 ! halog5s1 oxyg51 sulphur1 & ! nitrides1 phosphides1 c>bides1 silicides1 & ! alloys4 ,! treatm5t is sy/ematic1 cond5s$1 & cle>4 ,! purpose ( ,mr4 ,john ,w4 ,troeg]'s s]ies ( ,nature-,/udy ,read]s is decl>$ by ! editor to be to supply supplem5t>y read+ = pupils :o h be5 two ye>s or m at s*ool4 ,!y are compos$1 moreov]1 ) a view to facilitat+ ! recognition 9 ! pr9t$ =m ( words already famili> to ! e>1 & to mak+ ! *ild at home ) !m4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is purpose ! au?or takes advantage ( ! *ild's fondness = mak+ obs]vations1 especially :5 att5d$ by 8 companions or eld]s4 ,9 do+ ?is ! aim has be5 kept 9 view n to we>y ! *ild ) details1 & yet to give suffici5t in=mation to lead to accurate & complete obs]vations4 ,mo/ ( ! *apt]s 9 ! pres5t volume1 ,h>old's ,rambles1 ! second ( ! s]ies1 conta9 ! in=mation glean$ dur+ walks & %ort excursions4 ,among ! subjects conc]n$ are birds1 mammals1 insects1 e>?worms1 snails1 a/ronomy1 m9]als1 plants1 grasses1 vegetables1 physics1 & features connect$ ) ! f>m4 ,^! ,nature-/udy read]s are publi%$ z a bran* ( ,appletons' ,home-,read+ s]ies4 7,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,price1 #dj c5ts47 ,ano!r ( ,appletons' ,home-,read+ ,books is ,news f ! ,birds1 :i* ! au?or1 ,le&] ,s4 ,keys]1 expla9s has be5 writt5 ) two purposes 9 m9d3 fir/1 to furni% actual in/ruction1 to tell "s new facts ab\t bird life t h n yet be5 recit$2 &1 second1 to inspire 9 read]s a ta/e = ,nature /udy4 ,x is by no means a key = ! id5tification ( ! birds2 b1 in/ead ( tell+ all t is or may be kn[n respect+ a p>ticul> bird1 ! au?or has s\ght only to recite su* incid5ts z w spur ! read] to g out into ! fields & woods & /udy ! birds 9 _! native haunts4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! au?or has giv5 a record ( 8 own obs]vations1 & n a reit]ation ( :at o!rs h said4 ,he has gone to ! birds !mselves = 8 facts1 & has made v little use ( books4 ,x has be5 ,mr4 ,erne/ ,a4 ,congdon's aim1 9 prep>+ 8 ,brief ,c\rse 9 ,qualitative ,analysis 7,new ,york3 ,h5ry ,holt2 #fj c5ts71 to r5d] x z concise z possible :ile mak+ ! lea/ sacrifice ( a /udy ( reactions & solubilities ( *emical importance4 ,! manual cov]s ! po9ts ( prelim9>y reactions on bases & acids2 s*emes ( analysis = bases & acids2 explanatory notes on ! analyses2 treatm5t ( solid sub/ances 7p[d]s1 alloys1 or metals72 & tables ( solubilities ( salts ( ! bases /udi$4 ,a compreh5sive li/ ( que/ions1 /imulative ( ?\ght1 is app5d$4 ,! book is int5d$ m]ely z a laboratory guide1 & %\ld be supplem5t$ by frequ5t quiz classes & by con/ant p]sonal att5tion4 ,! c\rse has be5 satisfactorily giv5 9 ! ,drexel ,in/itute )9 ! allott$ "t ( "o laboratory p]iod ( f\r h\rs1 & "o h\r = a lecture or quiz p] week1 dur+ ! s*ool ye> ( ?irty-two weeks4 ,le/ we ,=get is ! title :i* ,presid5t ,david ,/>r ,jordan has giv5 to 8 address be=e ! graduat+ class ( ,lel& ,/an=d ,junior ,univ]sity1 ,may #be1 #ahih--le/ we =get ! dang]s & duties & responsibilities laid ^u u by ! w> ) ,spa94 ,?\gh deliv]$ be=e ! policy ( expansion 0 fully develop$1 ! address describes ) prophetic accuracy ! dream ( imp]ialism ) :i* ! m9ds ev5 ( m5 usually sane & hone/ h become infect$1 & po9ts out a few ( ! logical results to :i* !y w\ld lead1 & ! dang]s :i* w h to be incurr$ 9 gratify+ !m4 ,we cite a few ( ! /rong po9ts made by ! au?or3 ,our "q is n :at we %all d ) ,cuba1 ,porto ,rico1 & ! ,philipp9es2 x is :at ^! prizes w d to u4 ,%all ! w> = ,cuba ,libre come to an +lori\s end8 ,if we make any?+ by x1 x w be mo/ +lori\s4 ,i believe t ! movem5t t[>d broad dom9ion1 s eloqu5tly outl9$ by ,mr4 ,olney1 w\ld be a /ep d[nw>d4 ,,publications ,,receiv$4 ,adams1 ,enos1 #bjgb ,second ,av5ue1 ,new ,york4 ,:at is ,sci5ce8 ,pp4 #ad4 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ations4 ,bullet9s4 ,delaw>e ,college3 ,no4 #da4 ,pea ,cann+ 9 ,delaw>e4 ,by ,g4,h4 ,p[ell4 ,pp4 #af4--,new ,hamp%ire ,college3 ,no4 #ee4 ,! ,fe$+ ,habits ( ! ,*ipp+ ,sp>r[4 ,by ,c4,m4 ,we$4 ,pp4 #ab2 ,no4 #ef4 ,poison\s ,prop]ties ( ,wild ,*]ry ,leaves4 ,by ,f4,w4 ,morse & ,c4,d4 ,h[>d4 ,pp4 #ab4--,new ,j]sey3 ,no4 #acj4 ,=age ,crops4 ,by ,e4,b4 ,voorhees & ,c4,b4 ,lane4 ,pp4 #bb2 ,no4 #aca4 ,fe$s ,ri* 9 ,prote91 etc4 ,by ,e4,b4 ,voorhees4 ,pp4 #ad4--,new ,york3 ,no4 #ade4 ,analysis ( ,comm]cial ,f]tiliz]s4 ,by ,l4,l4 ,van ,syke4 ,pp4 #ajj4--,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,"s ,books on ,agriculture & ,sci5ces relat$ to ,agriculture publi%$ 9 #ahif-'ih4 ,pp4 #de42 ,li/ ( ,publications relat+ to ,=e/ry 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ,libr>y4 ,pp4 #ic4 ,all51 ,w4,d41 & ,c>lton1 ,w4,n41 ,editors ,9 ,lant]n ,l&1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #a1 ,decemb] #c1 #ahih4 ,mon?ly4 ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 ,pp4 #af4 #aj c5ts4 ,amryc1 ,c4 ,pan!ism1 ! ,light & ,hope ( ,mod]n ,reason4 ,pp4 #cjb4 ,an?ropological ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ,! ,j\rnal (4 ,new ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,nos4 #a & #b1 ,augu/ & ,novemb]1 #ahih4 ,london3 ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5*1 ,trbn] ,co4 ,pp4 #bjj4 ,atk9son1 ,edw>d4 ,i4 ,! ,co/ ( a ,national ,crime4 ,,ii4 ,! ,hell ( ,w> & its ,p5alties4 ,brookl9e1 ,mass4 ,pp4 #bf4 ,babcock ,pr9t+ ,press ,manufactur+ ,company4 ,"s ,facts ab\t ,mod]n ,presses4 ,pp4 #h4 ,br9ton1 ,daniel ,g4 ,a ,record ( ,/udy on ,aborig9al ,am]ican ,languages4 ,pp4 #bd4 ,bullet9s1 ,proce$+s1 & ,reports4 ,am]ican ,society ( ,naturali/s3 ,records1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,"p #c4 ,provid5ce1 ,r4,i43 ,publi%$ by ! ,society4 ,pp4 #eh4--;,arg5t9e ,republic4 ,anales de la ,(ic9a ,meteorologica ,arg5t9a1 ,vol4 ,,xii4 ,climate ( ,asuncion1 ,p>aguay1 & ,ros>io de ,santa ,f4 ,walt] ,g4 ,davis1 ,director4 ,bu5os ,aires4 ,pp4 #fhd4--;,association ( ,economic ,entomologi/s3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,t5? ,annual ,meet+4 ,wa%+ton3 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,pp4 #ajd4--;,ill9ois ,/ate ,laboratory ( ,natural ,hi/ory3 ,bi5nial ,report ( ! ,director = #ahig-'ih4 ,urbana1 ,ill4 ,pp4 #ca1 ) plates4--,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity ,circul>s3 ,notes f ! ,biological ,laboratory1 ,novemb]1 #ahih4 ,pp4 #cd4 #aj c5ts4--,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior3 ,report = ! ,fiscal ,ye> end$ ,june #cj1 #ahih4 ,pp4 #bdb4--,wagn] ,free ,in/itute ( ,sci5ce ( ,philadelphia3 ,transactions1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,"p ,,iv1 ,april1 #ahih4 ,pp4 #aej1 ) plates4 ,de ,morgan1 ,augu/us4 ,on ! ,/udy & ,difficulties ( ,ma!matics4 ,new edition4 ,*icago3 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,company4 ,pp4 #bhh4 ,g[dy1 ,jean ,l4 ,ideals & ,programmes4 ,syracuse1 ,n4,y43 ,c4,w4 ,b>de54 ,pp4 #ajb4 #ge c5ts4 ,gr& ,view ,in/itute ,j\rnal4 ,mon?ly4 ,gr& ,view1 ,texas4 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #a1 ,octob]1 #ahih4 ,pp4 #ah4 ,h9sdale1 ,guy1 ,m4,d4 ,acromegaly4 ,detroit1 ,mi*43 ,w4,m4 ,w>r54 ,pp4 #hh4 ,holl&1 ,w4,j4 ,! ,butt]fly ,book4 ,a ,popul> ,guide to a ,k ( ! ,butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,new ,york3 ,d\bl$ay ,mc,clure ,company4 ,pp4 #chb1 ) #dh color$ plates4 #c4 ,james1 ,alice ,j4 ,cat]+ = ,two4 ,new ,york3 ,g4,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,pp4 #bib4 #a4be4 ,lagrange1 ,joseph ,l\is4 ,lectures on ,elem5t>y ,ma!matics4 ,translat$ by ,t4,j4 ,mc,cormick4 ,*icago3 ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,company4 ,pp4 #agb4 #a4 ,loomis1 ,erne/4 ,practical ,occultism4 ,*icago3 ,erne/ ,loomis ,co41 #gj ,de>born ,/reet4 ,pp4 #aee4 #a4be4 ,m]rill1 ,g4,p4 ,! ,physical1 ,*emical1 & ,economic ,prop]ties ( ,build+ ,/ones4 ,baltimore3 ,johns ,hopk9s ,press4 ,pp4 #hj4 ,national ,pure ,food & ,drug ,congress3 ,memorial to ,congress aga9/ ,adult]ations4 ,pp4 #ae4 ,ow51 ,luella ,a4 ,cave ,regions ( ! ,oz>k & ,black ,hills4 ,c9c9nati3 ,! ,editor ,publi%+ ,company4 ,pp4 #bbh4 ,payson1 ,e4,p4 ,sugge/ions t[>d an ,appli$ ,sci5ce ( ,sociology4 ,new ,york3 ,g4,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,pp4 #bcg4 ,repr9ts4 ,baldw91 ,j4 ,m>k4 ,pr9ceton ,contributions to ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #d1 ,may1 #ahih4 ,pp4 #cb4--;,br9ton1 ,daniel ,g4 ,! ,l+ui/ic ,c>tography ( ! ,*aco ,region4 ,pp4 #cj4--;,g]h>d1 ,william ,paul4 ,!at] ,sanitation4 ,pp4 #ae4--,kuh1 ,sydney1 ,m4,d4 ,! ,m$ico-,legal ,aspects ( ,hypnotism4 ,pp4 #ab4--,mc,bride1 ,t4,h4 ,public ,p>ks = ,i[a ,t[ns4 ,pp4 #h4--,macmillan1 ,conway4 ,on ! ,=mation ( ,circul> ,muskeag 9 ,tam>ack ,swamps4 ,pp4 #h1 ) #c plates4--,smi?1 ,j4,p4 ,! ,developm5t ( ,lytoc]as & ,phylloc]as4 ,san ,francisco4 ,pp4 #bd1 ) plates4--,/uv]1 ,e41 ,m4,d4 ,:at ,influ5ce d ,/imulants & ,n>cotics ex]t on ! ,developm5t ( ! ,*ild8 ,*icago4 ,pp4 #bj4--,turn]1 ,h4,w4 ,notes on ,"s ,igne\s1 ,metamorphic1 & ,s$im5t>y ,rocks ( ! ,coa/ ,ranges ( ,cali=nia4 ,*icago4 ,pp4 #af4--,wa%burn1 ,f4,l41 ,eug5e1 ,ore4 ,cont9uation ( ,exp]im5t 9 ,propagat+ ,oy/]s on ! ,oregon ,coa/1 ,summ] ( #ahih4 ,pp4 #e4 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,biology4 ,revis$ & enl>g$ edition1 #ahih4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,pp4 #gjf4 #b4 ,w9?rop1 ,alice ,wor?+ton4 ,diet 9 ,illness & ,convalesc5ce4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs4 ,pp4 #bhg4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,! ,kaol9s & ,fire ,clays ( ,europe1 & ! ,clay-work+ ,indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahig4 ,by ,he9ri* ,ries4 ,pp4 #aad2 ,bullet9 ,no4 #aej4 ,! ,educational ,s]ies ( ,rock ,specim5s collect$ & di/ribut$ by ! ,survey4 ,by ,j4,s4 ,dill]4 ,pp4 #djj2 ,no4 #aea4 ,! ,l[] ,cretace\s ,gryphz ( ! ,texas ,region4 ,by ,r4,t4 ,hill & ,t4,w4 ,vaughan4 ,pp4 #aci1 ) plates2 ,no4 #aeb4 ,catalogue ( ! ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y ,plants ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,by ,f4,h4 ,kn[lton4 ,pp4 #bdg2 ,no4 #aec4 ,a ,bibliographical ,index ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,c>bonif]\s ,inv]tebrates4 ,by ,/u>t ,well]4 ,pp4 #fec2 ,no4 #aed4 ,a ,gazette] ( ,kansas4 ,by ,h5ry ,gannett4 ,pp4 #bdf2 ,no4 #aee4 ,e>?quakes 9 ,cali=nia 9 #ahif & #ahig4 ,by ,c4,d4 ,p]r9e ,pp4 #ah2 ,no4 #aef4 ,bibliography & ,index ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,geology1 ,paleontology1 ,petrology1 & ,m9]alogy = #ahig4 ,by ,f4,b4 ,weeks4 ,pp4 #acj4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum4 ,bean1 ,b>ton ,a4 ,notes on ! ,capture ( ,r>e ,fi%es4 ,pp4 #b4--;,bean1 ,t>leton ,h4 & ,b>ton ,a4 ,notes on ,oxycoltus ,acuticeps 7,gilb]t7 f ,sitka & ,kadiak1 ,alaska4 ,pp #b4--,lucas1 ,f4,a4 ,a ,new ,snake f ! ,eoc5e ( ,alabama4 ,pp4 #b1 ) #b plates4 ,,footnotes3 #ce ,! ,elem5ts ( ,sociology4 ,by ,frankl9 ,h5ry ,gidd+s4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company1 #ahih4 ,pp4 #cec4 ,price1 #a4aj4 #cf ,! ,nature & ,developm5t ( ,animal ,intellig5ce4 ,by ,wesley ,mills1 ,f4,r4,s4,c4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #cjg4 ,price1 #b4 #cg ,f\r-,foot$ ,am]icans & _! ,k94 ,by ,mabel ,osgood ,wright4 ,edit$ by ,frank ,m4 ,*apman4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #dcb1 ) plates4 ,price1 #a4ej4 #ch ,! ,gr\ndwork ( ,sci5ce4 ,a ,/udy ( ,epi/emology4 ,by ,/4 ,george ,miv>t4 ,pp4 #cbh4 ,price1 #a4ge4 ,new ,york3 ,g4,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,london2 ,bliss1 ,s&s ,co4 #ci ,comm]cial ,cuba4 ,a ,book = ,bus9ess ,m54 ,by ,william ,j4 ,cl>k4 ,illu/rat$4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons4 ,pp4 #ead1 ) maps4 #dj ,liv+ ,plants & _! ,prop]ties4 ,a ,collection ( ,essays4 ,by ,joseph ,*>les ,ar?ur 7,purdue ,univ]sity7 & ,daniel ,trembly ,mac,dougal 7,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota74 ,new ,york3 ,bak] ,taylor4 ,m9neapolis3 ,morris ,wilson4 ,pp4 #bcd4 #da ,! ,/udy ( ! ,*ild4 ,a ,brief ,treatise on ! ,psy*ology ( ! ,*ild1 ) ,sugge/ions = ,tea*]s1 ,/ud5ts1 & ,p>5ts4 ,by ,a4,r4 ,taylor4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 7,int]national ,education ,s]ies47 ,pp4 #bae4 ,price1 #a4ej4 #db ,! ,dis*>ge ( ,electricity ?r\gh ,gases4 ,lectures deliv]$ on ! occasion ( ! ,sesquic5t5nial ,celebration ( ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity4 ,by ,j4,j4 ,?omson4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons4 ,pp4 #bjc4 ,price1 #a4 #dc ,! ,/ory ( ! ,m9d4 ,by ,james ,m>k ,baldw94 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,pp4 #bcb4 ,price1 #dj c5ts4 #dd ,a ,catalogue ( ,sci5tific & ,te*nical ,p]iodicals #affe-ahie1 toge!r ) ,*ronological ,tables & a ,libr>y ,*eck ,li/4 ,by ,h5ry ,c>r+ton ,bolton4 ,second edition4 ,city ( ,wa%+ton3 ,publi%$ by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,pp4 #abdg4 #de ,!ories ( ! ,w 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,by ,ar*ibald ,alex&]4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons4 ,pp4 #ceg4 ,price1 #a4ej4 #df ,appli$ ,physiology = ,advanc$ ,grades4 ,includ+ ! ,effects ( ,alcohol & ,n>cotics4 ,am]ican ,book ,company4 ,pp4 #dcb4 ,price1 #hj c5ts4 #dg ,inorganic ,*emi/ry accord+ to ! ,p]iodic ,law4 ,by ,f4,p4 ,v5able & ,james ,lewis ,h[e4 ,ea/on1 ,pa3 ,! ,*emical ,publi%+ ,company4 ,pp4 #bff4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce4 ,e>ly ,subm>9e ,telegraphy4--,! actual date ( ! beg9n+ ( subaque\s telegraphy 0 admitt$ by ,pr(essor ,ayrt\n1 9 a lecture deliv]$ be=e ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute 9 #ahig1 to be unc]ta94 ,b>on ,s*ill+ is said to h explod$ m9es "u ! ,neva by means ( ! electric curr5t z e>ly z #ahab2 & ?is me?od 0 us$ by ,colonel ,pasley to bl[ up ! wreck ( ! ,royal ,george at ,spi!ad 9 #ahch2 b our ,morse has ! cr$it ( hav+ fir/ us$ a wire insulat$ ) ,india rubb] "u wat]4 ,9 #ahcg1 ,:eat/one & ,cooke 7 exp]im5t+ ) l& telegraphy1 & 7 consid]+ ! possibility ( lay+ an insulat$ wire "u wat]4 ,morse's successful exp]im5ts date f #ahdb1 :5 he p]sonally laid a cable betwe5 ,ca/le ,g>d5 & ,gov]nor's ,isl& & s5t messages ov] x2 ! next morn+ x 0 brok54 ,) ! introduction ( gutta p]*a z an insulator 9 #ahdg1 subm>9e telegraphy became practicable4 ,! ,c5tral ,oceanic ,telegraph ,company _h be5 regi/]$ by ,jacob ,brett 9 #ahde1 & a cable 0 laid "u ! ,engli% ,*annel by ,brett & 8 bro!r 9 #ahej4 ,messages 7 s5t ?r\gh x1 b1 l ,morse's e>li] ef=t1 x imm$iately became sil5t4 ,bett] success att5d$ ! cable ( ! next ye>1 :i* 0 %ea!d ) iron2 & ! fir/ public subm>9e message 0 s5t ov] x ,novemb] #ac1 #ahea4 ,morse wrote ( ! possibility ( e/abli%+ electro-magnetic communication across ! ocean z e>ly z #ahdd4 ,a syndicate 0 =m$ = ?is purpose 9 #ahee1 ,cyrus ,w4 ,field be+ ! mo/ conspicu\s figure 9 x4 ,an und]/&+ 0 rea*$ ) ! ,brett company1 & ! ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company 0 =m$4 ,! fir/ ef=t to lay ! cable 0 made 9 #aheg by ! ,unit$ ,/ates frigate ,niag>a & ,h4,m4,s4 ,agamemnon1 b ! wires broke 9 deep wat] :5 ab\t a ?ird ( ! "w 0 done4 ,a cable 0 successfully laid ! next ye>1 b x di$ out 9 a mon?4 ,f9ally1 electric communication 0 p]man5tly e/abli%$ across ! ,atlantic by ! ,telegraph ,con/ruction & ,ma9t5ance ,company1 :i*1 captur+ a cable t _h be5 lo/1 soon _h two4 ,transatlantic cables h n[ become s num]\s & s regul> 9 _! work+ t ! dang] ( ev5 a tempor>y failure has become v remote4 ,! ,:ite ,lady ,m\nta94--,iztaccihuatl 7pron\nc$ ,is-tak-see-watl7 is ab\t t5 miles1 measur+ to its pr9cipal peak1 nor? ( ,popocatepetl4 ,9 %ape x consi/s ( a long1 n>r[ ridge cut into ?ree well-def9$ peaks ab\t equally di/ant f "o ano!r1 ( :i* ! c5tral is ! highe/2 & ! sn[-cov]$ peak resembles ! figure ( a woman ly+ on h] back2 :5ce ! "n ( ! m\nta91 :i* means :ite woman4 ,accord+ to ! ,aztecs1 ,dr4 ,o4,c4 ,f>r+ton1 ( ! ,field ,columbian ,museum1 tells u1 ?is woman 0 a goddess :o = "s crime _h be5 /ruck dead & doom$ to lie =ev] on ?is spot4 ,popocatepetl 0 h] lov]1 & _h /ood by h]4 ,ta/es diff] z to :e!r x or ,popocatepetl pres5ts a m /rik+ view1 b ei!r is a beautiful en\gh object to look ^u4 ,! fir/ au!nticat$ record ( an asc5t to ! summit ( ! m\nta9 is t ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,r5i]e ,:iteh\se1 :o rea*$ ! top ,novemb] #i1 #ahhi1 & f\nd !re und\bt$ evid5ce t an asc5t _h be5 made five days previ\sly by ,mr4 ,james de ,salis4 ,pr(4 ,angelo ,heilpr9 & ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,bak] attempt$ an asc5t 9 ! foll[+ ,april1 b 7 turn$ back :5 ab\t sev5ty-five y>ds bel[ ! summit1 at a height ( #af1gcj feet1 by two impassable crevasses4 ,! asc5t ( ,iztaccihuatl seems1 !re=e1 pretty g5]ally to h foil$ ^? :o h attempt$ x4 ,dr4 ,f>r+ton1 :o asc5d$ to ! ,porfirio ,diaz ,glaci] 9 ,febru>y1 #ahif1 describes ! r\te z /eep] ?an t :i* leads up to ,popocatepetl4 ,! brilliant & v>i$ flora1 picturesque b>r5ness1 & beautiful cascades l5d ev]y:]e a *>m to ! sc5e :i* contra/s favorably ) ! somb] monotony :i* *>act]izes ! r\te by :i* ,popocatepetl is asc5d$4 ,! slopes ( ! m\nta9 are cultivat$ to a consid]able height--#aj1hfj feet4 ,! l[] slopes are l>gely cov]$ ) soil1 & ! &esite rock1 ( gray & r$ colors1 diff]s completely 9 "* f t ( ,popocatepetl4 ,! aiguillelike "* ( _m ( ! spurs ext5d+ at "r angles to ! c\rse ( ! m\nta9 is a prom95t feature4 ,_m caves 9 ! rock furni% %elt] to cattle & p]sons attempt+ ! asc5t4 ,dr4 ,f>r+ton exam9$ ! ,porfirio ,diaz ,glaci]1 & conclud$ t x =m]ly _h a mu* great] ext5t ?an n[4 ,! ,adult]ation ( ,butt] ) ,glucose4--,! foll[+ is f an article by ,c4,a4 ,crampton 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society3 ,9 dome/ic practice ! addition ( sug> to butt] = purposes ( pres]vation is d\btless almo/ z old z ! art ( butt]-mak+ itself2 salt1 h[ev]1 is ! usually pref]r$ pres]vative4 ,sug> appe>s 9 sev]al ( ! v>i\s ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts = s-call$ improv+ or r5ovat+ processes = butt]1 be+ add$ to x along ) salt1 saltpet]1 & 9 "s cases sodium c>bonate4 ,)9 ! pa/ few ye>s glucose has be5 us$ 9 butt] specially prep>$ = export to tropical c\ntries1 z ! ,we/ ,indies or ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is usually put up 9 t9s1 & v>i\s means are resort$ to = prev5t+ ! decomposition ( _! goods be=e !y rea* ! consum]4 ,v l>ge quantities ( salt are us$ by ! ,fr5* export]s1 z ! foll[+ two analyses %[3 ,butt] = ,export4 ,to ,brazil4 ,to ,antilles4 ,wat] #aj4bi #aj4ai ,curd #a4bd #a4ca ,a% #aj4bi #aj4jf ,fat #gh4ah #gh4dd ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,*emical antiseptics1 borax1 salicylic acid1 etc41 are sometimes us$1 b ! me?od f\nd mo/ efficaci\s by export]s 9 ?is c\ntry seems to be ! use ( glucose 9 conjunction ) mod]ately heavy salt+4 ,! glucose us$ is a heavy1 l[-conv]t$ sirup1 kn[n z confection]s' glucose4 ,! detection ( glucose 9 butt] pres5ts no difficulty4 ,! butt] is ?or\ghly wa%$ ) hot wat]1 :i* w readily take up :atev] glucose is pres5t4 ,?is solution is !n te/$ by means ( ,fehl+'s solution4 ,! foll[+ is an analysis ( ! s-call$ beurre r\ge1 or r$ butt]1 :i* is export$ to ,guadel\pe4 ,x is a peculi> highly color$ comp\nd1 conta9+ l>ge quantities ( salt & glucose3 ,wat] #ba4fj ,curd #j4ha ,a% #af4db ,fat #ea4ae ,glucose #aj4jb ------ #ajj4jj ,decorat$ ,skulls & ! ,p[] ascrib$ to !m4--,a collection ( sixte5 skulls--eight ( m51 sev5 ( wom51 & "o ( a *ild--f ,new ,gu9ea1 is describ$ by ,george ,a4 ,dorsey 9 ! publications ( ! ,field ,columbian ,museum1 ,*icago4 ,!y 7 receiv$ f a native *ief1 :o us$ !m = ! adornm5t ( 8 h\se1 & is said to h priz$ !m z trophies ( w>4 ,!y are decorat$ 9 ! frontal region by engrav$ designs1 & ! p>ts are atta*$ to "o ano!r by v skillfully adju/$ cords4 ,! ornam5tation & ! b9d+s are ! subject ( a special comm5t by ,william ,h4 ,holmes4 ,importance is atta*$ by natives ( ,new ,gu9ea to ! pres]vation ( ! skulls ( fri5ds z mem5toes & ( foes z trophies1 & ( bo? categories on acc\nt ( ! virtue--! be/ qualities ( ! individuals ^: skulls !y are--:i* !y are suppos$ to imp>t 9 "s my/]i\s way to _! possessor4 ,h5ce special c>e is tak5 to h !m pres]v$ 9 detail1 & t no "p be lo/4 ,9 ! pres5t specim5s ! jaws 7 secur$ by fa/5+s at "r & left & 9 front4 ,! tee? 7 c>efully ti$ 91 & :5 lo/ 7 replac$ by artificial tee?4 ,a cord 0 fa/5$ ar\nd ! back mol> on "o side1 & c>ri$ along1 inclos+ ea* too? 9 turn1 9 a loop1 s z to make a v effective fa/5+ :5 ! cord 0 tightly drawn & atta*$ to ! back mol> on ! o!r side4 ,! l[] jaw 0 v firmly fa/5$ to ! skull by closely wrapp$ cords tight5$ by b9d+ ! /r&s ar\nd ! middle portion4 ,9 "s cases ^! fa/5+s are v elaborate & neat2 9 o!rs1 imp]fect & slov5ly4 ,all ! skulls 9 ! collection are decorat$ ) designs engrav$ on ! frontal bone1 & 9 "s cases ! figures run back4 ,! execution ( ! "w is n ( a v high ord]1 b is r irregul> & scrat*y4 ,ne>ly all embody easily di/+ui%$ animal =ms1 & ! m =mal or ne>ly geometric ones are probably animal d]ivatives or repres5tations ( l&1 wat]1 or natural ph5om5a4 ,!y are possibly totemic or my?ological4 ,galax & its ,aff9ities4--,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ plants ( ! ,s\!rn m\nta9 region is ! galax 7,galax aphylla71 :i* gr[s 9 ! highl&s m or less abundantly f ,virg9ia s\?w>d4 ,! slopes ( ,gr&fa!r ,m\nta91 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 are c>pet$ ) x = _m squ>e miles ( almo/ un9t]rupt$ ext5t4 ,besides be+ an attractive plant at home1 its ?ick1 lea!ry1 r\nd$ cordate leaves1 deep gre5 or crimson or mix$1 accord+ to ! season1 make x mu* 9 dem& = decoration1 & tons ( x 9 ! aggregate are %ipp$1 f places :]e x gr[s abundantly1 = t purpose4 ,its affiliations ) c]ta9 o!r ,alp9e & arctic plants are describ$ 9 a c>efully /udi$ pap] on ! ,ord] ,diap5sisce1 publi%$ by ,m>g>et ,f>sman ,boynton 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,national ,sci5ce ,club1 ,wa%+ton4 ,l9nu f\nd 9 ,lapl& a creep+ ev]gre5 h]b1 matt+ ! surface ) its /iff1 spatulate leaves1 & describ$ x 9 #agcg z ,diap5sia lapponica4 ,!n galax 0 discov]$ by ,gronovius & giv5 a place by ,l9nu--because ( its /am5s r ?an ( its natural aff9ities--along ) ,diap5sia4 ,mi*aux1 9 ! la/ decade ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 f\nd ,pyxidan!ra b>bulata1 resembl+ diap5sia1 9 ! p9e b>r5s ( ,new ,j]sey & ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,m rec5tly o!r species ( diap5sia & ,b]neuxia h be5 f\nd among ! ,himalayas1 & ,s*izocodon ( sev]al species 9 ,japan4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable discov]ies 9 ! li/ 0 t by ,mi*aux 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a ( a plant :i* 0 aft]w>d call$ ,%ortia galacifolia1 f ! resemblance ( its leaves to ^? ( galax4 ,?is plant 9 a liv+ /ate 0 !n lo/1 & :5 ,gray & ,torrey look$ = x 9 #ahca 9 va91 only "o pres]v$ specim5 ( x 0 kn[n to be extant & t 9 fruit2 & x 0 n till #ahgg t x 0 collect$1 r$iscov]$1 9 fact1 9 fl[]1 z ,gray has said1 by an h]bali/ almo/ absolutely ignorant ( botany1 :o 0 only in=m$ ( 8 good =tune on s5d+ to a botani/ "o ( ! two specim5s collect$ by him4 ,! ,%ortia1 s f> z is kn[n1 gr[s only 9 a v n>r[ di/rict1 & ^? :o "k ! place are c>eful n to direct ! public to x4 ,specim5s h be5 collect$ by a few nurs]ym51 :o cultivate x & h x = sale4 ,! plants ( ?is li/ are v>i\sly classifi$ z among "o ano!r by botani/s1 b are reg>d$ z belong+ to a common gr\p4 ,! real /ory ( _! developm5t1 says ! au?or ( ! pap]1 c be ga!r$ only 9 h9ts f _! pres5t di/ribution1 = un=tunately !y h nei!r gall]y ( ance/ral portraits nor record$ geological tree4 ,b _! ance/ors are suppos$ to h be5 pu%$ d[n by ! glaci]s & left :]e ! mod]n =ms are f\nd4 ,almo/ any:]e 9 ! boreal flora ,diap5sia lapponica may be f\nd1 :e!r 9 nor!rn ,asia1 or ,europe1 or ,am]ica1 or ev5 on ! m\nta9s ( ,labrador & 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 ! ,scot* m\nta9s1 & our own ,:ite ,m\nta9s4 ,! ,academy della ,crusca4--,= ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 says a correspond5t ( ! ,london ,a!num1 ! le>n$ body1 ! ,academy ( la ,crusca 7! bran71 ,flor5ce1 has be5 scrupul\sly sift+ ! ,italian tongue & produc+ successive editions ( its monum5tal diction>y4 ,its pres5t seat is 9 ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,m>k--,savon>ola's cloi/]--:]e x occupies ! hall beh9d ! great libr>y4 ,:5 an associate is promot$ to full memb]%ip1 8 (ficial reception is /ill accompani$ by ! traditional rite4 ,fir/1 he is solemnly conduct$ to ! ,cruscan museum1 & left to solit>y m$itation among %ovel-back$ *airs surm\nt$ by ! symbolical sieve & bookcases +5i\sly fa%ion$ 9 ! lik5ess ( corn sacks4 ,! walls are cov]$ ) ! names1 cre/s1 & mottoes ( =m] memb]s1 :o 9 pa/ times usually assum$ fanta/ic titles descriptive ( ! academy's labors4 ,"s ( ^! pr9t$ inscriptions & comical devices are m or less qua9t4 ,?us1 ,dr4 ,giulio ,maxi 9 #aeij took ! "n ( ,il ,fiorito1 or ! fl[]y "o1 ) ! device ( a basket ( :eat 9 bloom & ! motto f ,petr>* 7translation73 ,i enjoy ! pres5t & hope = bett]4 ,9 #afda ! ,s5ator ,vi]i appe>$ z ,le ,svanito1 ! evaporat$1 ) an uncork$ w9e flask1 ! /opp] beside x1 & ! motto3 ,oh1 h[ ,i long = ! m$ic9e6 ,9 #affj ! ,m>quis ,malask9i adopt$ ! title ( ,il ,pres]vato1 ! pres]v$1 ! device ( olives pack$ 9 /raw1 & ! motto f ,petr>*3 ,keep ! prize gre54 ,9 #agfd1 ! ,abbot ,giuseppe ,pelli1 surnam$ ,il ,megliorato1 ! improv$1 took ! device ( a newly inv5t$ sieve = ! bett] sift+ ( gra91 ) ! ,petr>*ian motto3 ,foll[ ! few1 & n ! ?rong4 ,9 #aggj1 ,signor ,dom5ico ,manni assum$ ! title ( ,il ,s(f]5te1 ! suff]]1 ) a /raw *air z 8 device1 & a motto f ,dante3 ,! ma/] said t ly+ 9 a fea!r b$ ,"o w\ld n come to fame--nor "u ! pl[%>e4 ,9 due "t ! new memb] is escort$ to ! hall :]e ! academy is assembl$1 & ! *ief consul1 head ( ! academy1 greets him ) a spee*1 to :i* he has to make a fitt+ reply4 ,hi/orical ,italian families are num]\sly repres5t$ on ! academy's rolls1 & among ! =eign memb]s are ! names ( ,william ,roscoe & ,mr4 ,glad/one4 ,aborig9al ,sup]/itions ab\t ,bones4--,a v int]e/+ ar*aeological site 9 ,mexico1 visit$ by ,c>l ,lumholtz & ,ale ,h$lika 9 ! fall ( #ahif1 is ne> ,zacpu1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,mi*oacan4 ,! region is m>k$ by _m /one m\nds on or ne> ! edge ( ! old fl[ ( lava1 ext5d+ = sev]al miles2 & directly above ! village /&s a l>ge /one =tress1 call$ ,el ,palacio4 ,excavat+ ne> ?is =tress1 ,mr4 ,lumholtz une>!d sev]al skeletons1 :i* _h be5 buri$ )\t any ord]1 & accompani$ by rem>kably few objects1 b "s ( ^! 7 well wor?y ( /udy4 ,! mo/ curi\s ?+s f\nd 7 "s bones1 /rangely m>k$ ) grooves across !m1 exhibit+ a little v>iety 9 arrangem5t1 b all simil>ly execut$1 & evid5tly aft] a c>efully devis$ sy/em4 ,?is feature is s f> unique 9 ar*ology1 & its purpose c z yet be only a matt] ( conjecture4 ,two ways are propos$ by ! au?or ( expla9+ x4 ,! m>k+ may h be5 an op]ation und]tak5 = ! purpose ( dispat*+ ! dead4 ,mr4 ,lumholtz is kn[+ to a belief among ! tribes ( ,mexico t ! dead are tr\blesome to ! survivors = at lea/ "o ye>1 & c]ta9 c]emonies & fea/s 9 reg>d to !m h to be obs]v$ 9 ord] to prev5t !m f do+ h>m1 & to drive !m away4 ,! ,t>ahum>es gu>d _! be] aga9/ !m1 & o!rs provide a special alt> ) food = ! dead on x at _! ra9-mak+ fea/s1 else ! spirits w\ld "w "s mis*ief4 ,among _m tribes an (f]+ is made to ! dead1 be=e dr9k+ br&y1 ( a few drops ( ! liquor4 ,a relation is also suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 disease & pa9 & ! bones ( ! deceas$ p]son4 ,a :ole class ( diseases are suppos$ to h _! seat 9 ! bones or ! m>r[ ( !m4 ,if ! disease does n yield to ! %aman's ef=ts1 & causes dea?1 ! ,indians ?9k t ! pa9 w cont9ue aft] dea? & vex ! gho/1 mak+ him malignant & tr\blesome4 ,!re=e ! pa9 mu/ be conqu]$1 & driv5 away f ! bones & ! m>r[4 ,h5ce ! m>k+s may h be5 made 9 ord] to sev] all connection betwe5 ! _s & 8 =m] life1 & f ! disease t caus$ 8 dea?4 ,! o!r explanation is t ! bones 7 tak5 f sla9 enemies = o!r purposes ?an z m]e trophies4 ,p]sonal or bodily relics are suppos$ to possess "s ( ! qualities ( ! deceas$1 & to give p[]4 ,?is view is support$ by "s obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,cu%+ relative to ,zui cu/oms2 & ! au?or is incl9$ to favor x r ?an ! o!r4 ,e/rays f ,civilization4--,a curi\s /udy ( a community ( e/rays f civilization :o are lead+ ! life ( savages is publi%$ by ,m4 ,zabor[ski 9 ! ,revue de l'cole d',an?ropologie & ,la ,nature4 ,! settlem5t is ab\t a mile f ,ezy1 on ! ea/]n edge ( ! plateau ( ,norm&y1 9 a gr\p ( caves t 7 excavat$ & us$ z w9e cell>s :51 sev]al hundr$ ye>s ago1 w9e culture fl\ri%$ 9 ! n[ uncong5ial region4 ,lat] ! spot 0 a resort = picnics till ! old build+s fell into decay1 & ab\t fifty ye>s ago x 0 giv5 up to w&]]s4 ,ab\t eighty m51 wom51 & *ildr5 live !re1 ! adults1 ?\gh n p]haps really crim9als1 hav+ be5 lo/ to society on acc\nt ( "s (f5se committ$ aga9/ x4 ,!y h no regul> means ( subsi/5ce1 are b5ea? ! tramps 9 grade1 & possess1 ) "o or two exceptions1 no articles ( prop]ty o!r ?an :at !y pick up4 ,_! b$s are wood5 bunks set ^u /ones1 fill$ ) leaves1 & ! cov]+s are wrapp+ canvas4 ,a family ( sev5 p]sons liv$ 9 "o ( ! cell>s ) only a s+le b$ ( ?is k9d4 ,_! kit*5 ut5sils are old t9 cans pick$ out ( rubbi% heaps1 & _! /oves are obta9$ 9 ! same way1 or (t5 consi/ ( plates & pieces ( iron adju/$ s z to make a sort ( fireplace4 ,!y h a well f :i* !y draw wat] ) "s old kettle susp5d$ on a hook$ /ick1 ea* family hav+ its own hook4 ,_! clo!s are rags1 p>tly cov]+ portions ( ! body1 & x is n consid]$ necess>y t ! y\ng] ones %\ld h ev5 ^!4 ,_! h\sekeep+ & _! ideas ( neatness are su* z might correspond ) ^! conditions4 ,"o woman1 "m ( f\r *ildr51 & ! only "o t 0 adequately dress$1 0 a native ( a neighbor+ village1 & _h be5 br\ght to ! cave by h] "m :5 %e 0 eight ye>s old4 ,an old man _h be5 a *>ge ^u ! t[n & 0 s5t to ! cave by ! maire to get rid ( him4 ,he _h f\nd a woman !re & _h sev]al *ildr54 ,a woman1 /ill active1 :o _h liv$ 9 ! caves ?ree ye>s1 _h *ildr5 liv+ 9 ,ezy4 ,! compla9t1 s common 9 o!r p>ts ( ,france1 t ! natural increase ( population has fail$1 does n apply to ! caves4 ,five or six ( ! families h f\r or five *ildr54 ,on ^! *ildr51 ( :om only ! mo/ vigor\s survive1 ! influ5ce ( _! debas+ mis]y & ( ! vices ( _! p>5ts impresses a common aspect4 ,_! m5tal condition has fall5 %ock+ly l[1 &1 _! physical ne$s satisfi$1 !y seem to want no?+ fur!r4 ,no attraction w induce !m to att5d s*ool1 :i* is l imprisonm5t to !m4 ,_! mode ( life & ! m>ks ( degradation 9 _! faces sep>ate !m f o!rs4 ,e>ne/ attempts to develop _! intellig5ce & moral consci\sness h be5 )\t result4 ,g]man ,s*ool ,j\rneys4--,x is v common 9 ,g]many1 says ,miss ,dodd1 ( ,ow5s ,college1 9 "o ( ! ,engli% educational reports1 to f9d def9ite tea*+ tak+ place outside ! s*ool walls--9 ! g>d5s atta*$ to ! s*ools1 & 9 ! neighbor+ =e/s1 :]e ! *ildr5 are in/ruct$ 9 obs]vation ( ! local =ms ( plant & animal life4 ,fur!r1 !y are (t5 tak5 on long] exp$itions to sp5d ! :ole day 9 ! =e/ or on ! m\nta9 ) _! tea*]s1 :o direct !m :at to see1 & h[ to see x4 ,m def9ite & m ambiti\s ?an ^! m9or excursions is ! s*ool j\rney1 :i* may la/ f ?ree days to ?ree weeks4 ,x is usually tak5 on foot1 & is z inexp5sive z possible1 ) pla9 food & simple accommodation4 ,ea* boy c>ries 8 own knapsack *>g$ ) a *ange ( und]clo?+1 t[els1 soap1 etc41 & ov]coat or umbrella2 :ile = ! common use ( ! p>ty are di/ribut$ clo!s bru%es & %oe bru%es1 ne$les1 ?read1 /r+1 & p9s1 o9tm5t = rubb+ on ! feet1 a small m$ic9e *e/1 a compass1 a field glass1 a pocket microscope1 a b>omet]1 & a tape measure4 ,! di/rict visit$ is *os5 on acc\nt ( its hi/orical associations or ! geographical illu/rations x furni%es1 or ! ri*ness & v>iety ( plant life to be /udi$4 ,con/ant pauses are made to af=d opportunities = ! exam9ation ( features invit+ /udy2 & ! sc5es visit$ are (t5 closely connect$ ) ! subjects includ$ 9 ! ye>'s "w ( ! s*ool4 ,9 a j\rney1 ( :i* ,miss ,dodd 0 a memb]1 prep>ations 7 begun ?ree mon?s be=eh&1 ) ! collection ( subscriptions1 draw+ ( road maps1 & special lessons4 ,! fifty boys f t5 to fifte5 ye>s old1 m>*$ (f 9 gr\ps ( f\r1 assort+ !mselves accord+ to _! aff9ities = companion%ip1 ) advance & re> gu>ds2 ! regions pass$ ?r\gh 7 explor$ = :at might be f\nd 9 !m2 ! roads 7 m>k$ & id5tifi$1 m\nta9s & riv]s 7 nam$1 & ! c\rses ( /reams det]m9$2 & at ea* place ( consid]able int]e/ its *>act]i/ic features & associations ( ,nature1 art1 & hi/ory 7 discuss$ & /udi$4 ,! ,hui*ol ,indians ( ,jalisco4--,! ,hui*ol ,indians ( ,mexico1 ! subject ( a /udy by ,c>l ,lumholtz1 f\r ?\s& p liv+ 9 ! m\nta9s ( nor!rn ,jalisco1 h a tradition t !y orig9at$ 9 ! s\?1 got lo/ und]nea? ! e>?1 & came =w>d aga9 9 ! ea/1 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,kikuli1 ne> ,san ,luis ,potosi4 ,franciscan mission>ies conv]t$ !m nom9ally to ,*ri/ianity1 b !re are n[ no prie/s 9 _! c\ntry1 & !re is probably no tribe 9 ,mexico :]e ! anci5t beliefs h be5 s well ma9ta9$ z ) !m4 ,_! ext]ior conditions h be5 some:at alt]$ by ! introduction ( cattle & %eep1 & cattle are n[ ! favorite animals = sacrifice at ! fea/s = mak+ ra9 dur+ ! dry season4 ,! p are heal?y1 v emotional1 easily mov$ to laught] or te>s1 imag9ative & excitable4 ,"y p %[ affection 9 public1 kiss+ or c>ess+ "o ano!r4 ,!y are k9d-he>t$ & n inhospitable to ^? :o c ga9 _! confid5ce1 b h ! reputation ( be+ want+ 9 reg>d = tru?4 ,!y live mo/ly 9 circul> h\ses made f loose /ones1 or /ones & mud1 & cov]$ ) ?at*$ ro(s4 ,_! temples1 devot$ to v>i\s gods1 are ( simil> %ape1 b mu* l>g]1 ) ! entrances t[>d sunrise4 ,outside ( ! door is an op5 space surr\nd$ by small rectangul> god-h\ses1 ) gabl$ & ?at*$ ro(s4 ,! god-h\ses are also frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! =e/s1 & are sometimes circul>4 ,!re are n9ete5 temples 9 ! c\ntry :i* are frequ5t$ at ! times ( ! fea/s1 :5 ! (ficials & _! families camp 9 ! small god-h\ses4 ,idols are n kept 9 ! temples1 b are hidd5 9 caves or 9 special build+s4 ,!re are a great _m sacr$ caves devot$ to v>i\s gods1 & g5]ally conta9+ "s pool or spr+ t gives !m sanctity1 & ! wat] ( :i* is suppos$ to h salut>y virtues4 ,mu* religi\s importance is atta*$ to ! ,kikuli cactus1 :i* produces an exhil>at+ effect on ! sy/em4 ,c]emonial arr[s are insep>ably connect$ ) _! life1 ! arr[ repres5t+ ! ,indian himself 9 8 pray]s to ! gods4 ,!y h o!r int]e/+ c]emonies & c]emonial objects1 & a curi\s sy/em ( di/ill+1 :i* ,mr4 ,lumholtz describes at l5g?4 ,h]r+s at ,d9n]4--,! food ( ! h]r+ consi/s ( small organisms1 (t5 ( microscopic dim5sions4 ,x is entirely animal1 & 9 ,europe1 accord+ to ^? :o h inve/igat$ ! matt]1 x consi/s ( copepods1 s*izopods 7%rimplike =ms71 amphipods 7s& fleas & _! allies71 ! embryos ( ga/]opods & lamellibran*ia1 & "y fi%es1 (t5 ( its own k9d4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( ab\t fifte5 hundr$ specim5s ( h]r+ at ,ea/port1 ,ma9e1 & vic9ity1 9 ! summ] & fall ( #ahic1 ,mr4 ,h4,f4 ,moore1 ( ! ,fi% ,commission1 f\nd only two k9ds ( food--copepods or r$ se$1 :i* appe>$ to con/itute ! sole food ( ! small h]r+s1 & %rimps ! pr9cipal food ( ! l>g] ones4 ,9 _m cases ! /oma*s ( ! fi% 7 d5sely gorg$ ) ^! %rimps1 :i* are extremely abundant 9 ! wat]s ( ! vic9ity4 ,except+ ! eyes & phosphoresc5t spots b5ea?1 :i* are bright r$1 ! bodies ( ! cru/aceans are almo/ transp>5t1 yet su* is ! d5sity ( ! s*ools 9 :i* !y congregate t a di/9ctly r$di% t+e is (t5 imp>t$ to ! wat]4 ,!y are v active1 & frequ5tly avoid ! ru% ( ! fi% by vigor\s /rokes ( _! p[]ful caudal paddles1 :i* ?r[ !m sev]al in*es above ! surface4 ,to capture !m requires "s address on ! "p ( ! h]r+1 & ! fi% likewise frequ5tly ?r[ !mselves almo/ cle> ( ! surface4 ,:5 fe$+ ^u copepods ! movem5ts ( ! h]r+s are less impetu\s4 ,!y swim op5-m\!d1 (t5 ) _! sn\ts at ! surface1 cross+ & recross+ on _! tracks1 & evid5tly /ra9+ out ! m9ute cru/aceans by means ( _! bran*ial sieves4 ,aft] !y h pass$ ! /age kn[n z brit1 ! h]r+s appe> to fe$ pr9cipally at night1 or if !y d s to any consid]able ext5t dur+ bright daylight x is at su* a dep? t !y escape obs]vation4 ,at night x is (t5 possible to note ! movem5ts ( ! fi% at a dep? ( sev]al fa?oms1 & at su* times ,mr4 ,moore has se5 !m swimm+ back & =?1 app>5tly scre5+ ! wat]1 _! e movem5t trac$ by a phosphoresc5t gleam1 evok$ p]haps f ! v organisms :i* !y 7 consum+4 ,! h]r+s evid5tly foll[ _! prey by night1 & ! fact t ! %rimps possess phosphoresc5t spots may expla9 ! app>5t ability ( ! fi% to cat* !m !n4 ,,m9or ,,p>agraphs4 ,! phosphoresc5ce1 :i* is s beautiful a *>act]i/ic ( c]ta9 =ms ( animal life 9 ! sea1 has be5 ! cause ( mu* speculation among ! fi%]m5 & sci5ti/s2 none ( ! propos$ !ories h be5 entirely satisfactory4 ,x is n[ /at$1 h[ev]1 t an adequate & provable cause has be5 discov]$ 9 a s-call$ species ( photo-bact]ia2 by means ( ?is g]m x is /at$ t sea wat]1 conta9+ nutri5t m$ia1 c be inoculat$ & r5d]$ phosphoresc5t2 t newly caught h]r+s ) ! sea wat] /ill fre% c be r5d]$ phosphoresc5t by a treatm5t :i* favors ! gr[? ( ! photo-bact]ia4 ,oxyg5 is an ess5tial to _! gr[?4 ,p]sonal equation 0 def9$ by ,pr(4 ,t4,h4 ,saf=d1 9 a pap] read at ! ,am]ican ,association1 z 9 reality ! "t x takes to ?9k2 & z t "t is diff]5t 9 diff]5t p]sons1 obs]vations are liable to be affect$ by x unless correct all[ance is made = x 9 ! case ( ea* "o4 ,x has be5 a subject ( discussion s9ce ! end ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! ,a/ronom] ,royal ( ,engl& dis*>g$ a good assi/ant 9 #agie1 because he 0 liable to obs]ve />s m ?an half a second too late4 ,bond1 sev]al ye>s aft]w>d1 took ! subject up & f\nd t a/ronom]s 7 liable to v>y a little 9 _! obs]vations2 "s to anticipate ! "t by a trifle1 & o!rs fall+ a little beh9d4 ,! subject has s9ce be5 /udi$ by ,pr(essor ,wundt4 ,9 ! days :5 ! eye-&-e> me?od ( obs]vation prevail$1 ! a/ronom] _h bo? to wat* 8 object & to keep note ( ! "t2 ) ! introduction ( ! *ronograph1 ! errors result+ f ?is necessity are 9 "p obviat$4 ,b error en\gh /ill exi/s to be tr\blesome4 ,! ,educational ,ext5sion ,"w 9 ,agriculture ( ,cornell ,univ]sity ,exp]im5t ,/ation is c>ri$ on by ! publication & di/ribution ( leaflets1 visitation ( tea*]s' in/itutes1 & o!r means t may br+ ! /ation 9 contact ) ! p4 ,! results ( ! "w h be5 g5]ally satisfactory4 ,eight leaflets1 on su* subjects z ,h[ a ,squa% ,plant gets out ( ! ,se$1 ,a ,*ildr5's ,g>d51 etc41 7 publi%$ la/ ye> 9 f two to six editions1 & /ill meet a lively dem&4 ,?irty ?\s& tea*]s 7 enroll$ on ! li/s z receiv+ leaflets1 or z /ud5ts ( me?ods ( pres5t+ ,nature /udy to _! pupils1 sixte5 ?\s& s*ool *ildr5 7 receiv+ leaflets suitable to !m1 & tw5ty-five hundr$ "y f>m]s 7 enroll$ 9 ! ,agricultural ,read+ ,c\rse4 ,mu* int]e/ seems to h be5 %[n by f>m]s 9 sug>-beet culture1 9 inve/igations ( :i* m ?an ?ree hundr$ ( !m are coop]at+ ) ! /ation1 & two hundr$ 9 exp]im5ts ) f]tiliz]s4 ,,notes4 ,an important feature 9 ! evolution ( trade j\rnalism is po9t$ out 9 ! presid5tial address ( ,e4,c4 ,br[n1 ( ! ,am]ican ,trade ,press ,association1 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( small trade j\rnals1 cov]+ limit$ fields4 ,su* indu/ries z brickmak+1 /5ography1 adv]tis+1 acetyl5e1 hospital practice1 etc41 are ably repres5t$ by _! respective trade j\rnals2 & ?is t5d5cy is promot$ by ! complem5t>y "o ( ! trades1 9 _! c5tralization & conc5tration1 compell+ ev5 j\rnals 9 ! same bus9ess to make _! field di/9ct & re/rict$4 ,! public dem&s specific in=mation1 n = ! purpose ( cat]+ to a pass+ int]e/1 b = its application directly 9 ! conduct ( bus9ess or ! =mation ( a policy2 & ^? trade j\rnals succe$ be/ :i* supply accurate in=mation ( value to _! read]s4 ,! asc5t ( ,mont ,blanc 0 accompli%$ betwe5 ,june #ba/ & ,septemb] #af? by "o hundr$ & n9ete5 p]sons1 elev5 ( :om 7 wom54 ,by nationality ! climb]s includ$ =ty-f\r ,fr5*m5 & elev5 ,fr5*wom51 fifte5 ,engli%m5 & "o ,engli%woman1 & fifte5 ,swiss1 ) ,g]mans1 ,am]icans1 ,belgians1 ,holl&]s1 ,iri%1 & ,russians4 ,a ,belgian lady & a ,dut* lady 7 ( ?is company4 ,a ,fr5*woman1 sev5ty-five ye>s old1 0 "o ( ! p>ty t rea*$ ! summit on "o ( ! la/ days 9 ,septemb]4 ,mr4 ,horace ,br[n1 ^: int]e/+ rese>*es on ! enzymes h attract$ mu* att5tion dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 has rec5tly ann\nc$ ! results ( "s important exp]im5ts on ! vitality ( se$s4 ,he f\nd t c]ta9 se$s subject$ to ! v l[ temp]ature ( evaporat+ liquid air1 ab\t -#aib ,c41 = "o hundr$ & t5 consecutive h\rs1 reta9$ p]fectly _! p[] ( g]m9at+4 ,! report made by ,pr(4 ,w4,a4 ,h]dman to ! ,briti% ,association conc]n+ ! liability to disease ?r\gh oy/]s recognizes ! possibility ( contam9ation ?r\gh ! proximity ( ! b$s to sewage wat]1 & recomm5ds /eps to be tak51 ?r\gh ei!r legislative control or association1 to induce ! oy/] trade to remove any possible suspicion ( contam9ation ( ! b$s2 provision = ! inspection ( =eign oy/]s or _! subjection to a qu>ant9e by deposition = a /at$ p]iod 9 ,briti% wat]s1 z already takes place 9 _m in/ances2 & ! p]iodical inspection ( ! gr\nds f :i* mussels1 cockles1 & p]iw9kles are ga!r$4 ,z ! result ( long-cont9u$ obs]vations ( annual temp]atures ! appe>ance ( ! e>lie/ leaves1 & ! return ( birds ( passage1 ,m4 ,camille ,flamm>ion has publi%$ ! conclusions t ! maximum temp]atures correspond ) abundant sun spots & ! lea/ humidity1 & ! m9imum temp]atures ) sc>city ( sun spots & great humidity2 & t sp>r[s beg9 to sit :5 horse-*e/nuts1 lilacs1 & peonies beg9 to bloom1 & ! "y are hat*$ ab\t two days aft] ^! plants are 9 full infloresc5ce4 ,m4 ,flamm>ion also believes t ! temp]atures ( ,m>* & ,april indicate ^? ( ! entire ye>4 ,little /eel capsules conta9+ a small quantity ( liquefi$ c>bonic acid are made1 ,la ,nature says1 at ,zuri*1 ,switz]l&4 ,"o ( !m is plac$ 9 ! neck ( a bottle ( wat] :i* is provid$ ) a faucet & ! capsule is prick$4 ,! c>bonic acid escapes & *>ges ! wat]1 & a bottle ( soda wat] is ! result4 ,! capsules are *eap & conv5i5t1 & are v popul> 9 ,switz]l& & ,g]many4 ,x is propos$ to erect a memorial to ,james ,cl]k ,maxwell 9 ! p>i% *ur* ( ,corsock1 ( :i* he 0 a tru/ee & eld]4 ,subscriptions may be s5t to ! ,rev4 ,george ,/imock1 ,! ,manse1 ,corsock by ,dalbeattie1 ,n4,b4 ,our obitu>y li/ includes among m5 well kn[n 9 sci5ce ! names ( ,edw>d ,dunk91 an ,engli% practical a/ronom]1 = fifty ye>s an assi/ant & "p ( ! "t *ief assi/ant at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*1 a contributor ( _m pap] on practical a/ronomy1 ag$ sev5ty-sev5 ye>s2 ,h4 ,vogel1 pr(essor ( photography1 photo-*emi/ry1 & spectroscopy 9 ! ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool1 ,b]l91 au?or ( ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,light & ,photography1 9 ! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies1 9 8 sixty-fif? ye>2 ,alex&re ,pillet1 curator ( ! ,muse ,dupuytre1 ,p>is1 & well kn[n = 8 contributions on morbid anatomy1 at ,p>is1 ,novemb] #b;d1 ag$ eighty-eight ye>s2 ,george ,t4 ,allmann1 =m]ly pr(essor ( botany 9 ,dubl9 & ( natural hi/ory 9 ,ed9burgh1 :o describ$ ! hydroids collect$ by ! ,*all5g] ,exp$ition1 & 0 au?or ( a numb] ( monographs on ! inv]tebrates1 ag$ eighty-six2 ,?omas ,s&]son ,bulm]1 inve/igator 9 ,am]ican ar*ology & e?nography1 & contributor to ,fill+'s ,bibliographies ( ,am]ican ,languages1 at ,si]ra ,blanca1 ,texas1 ,octob] #e?2 & ,dr4 ,ewald ,geissl]1 pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ! vet]9>y s*ool ( ,dresd51 ag$ fifty ye>s4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,words surr\nd$ by are italiciz$4 ,words surr\nd$ by are bold4 ,obvi\s pr9t]'s errors h be5 repair$1 o!r inconsi/5t spell+s h be5 kept1 includ+ inconsi/5t use ( hyph5 7e4g4 text book & text-book74 ,illu/rations 7 relocat$ to correspond to _! ref]5ces 9 ! text4 ,pg #efh1 ye> assum$ 9 s5t5ce 444,report = ! ,fiscal ,ye> end$ ,june #cj1 #ahih444 z ! orig9al is uncle>4