,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,text enclos$ by equal signs is 9 bold face 7bold74 ,,! ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,times ,,"p ,i3 ,! ,hi/orical ,backgr\nd ( ,*ri/ianity ,! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity by ,,john ,,gre%am ,,ma*5 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,! ,presbyt]ian ,bo>d ,( ,publication & ,sabba? ,s*ool ,"w ,,cont5ts ,,page ,introduction #c ,,lesson #a4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t #e #b4 ,! ,roman ,backgr\nd ( ,*ri/ianity #aj #c4 ,! ,greek ,backgr\nd ( ,*ri/ianity #ae #d4 ,! ,jewi% ,backgr\nd ( ,*ri/ianity3 ,i4 ,pale/9ian ,judaism #ba #e4 ,! ,jewi% ,backgr\nd ( ,*ri/ianity3 ,,ii4 ,! ,judaism ( ! ,disp]sion #bf #f4 ,! ,messiah #ca #g4 ,! ,book ( ,! ,acts #cf #h4 ,! ,cross & ! ,resurrection ! ,f\ndation ( ,apo/olic ,prea*+ #da #i4 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* #df #aj4 ,! ,fir/ ,p]secution #ea #aa4 ,! ,fir/ ,g5tile ,conv]ts #ef #ab4 ,! ,conv]sion ( ,paul #fj #ac4 ,! ,*ur* at ,antio* #fg #ad4 ,! ,gospel to ! ,g5tiles #ge #ae4 ,! ,c\ncil at ,j]usalem #ha #af4 ,! ,gospel ,c>ri$ ,into ,europe #hf #ag4 ,enc\ragem5t = ,rec5t ,conv]ts #ib #ah4 ,! ,conflict ) ! ,judaiz]s #ig #ai4 ,problems ( a ,g5tile ,*ur* #ajc #bj4 ,! ,apo/le & ,8 ,m9i/ry #aji #ba4 ,! ,gospel ( ,salvation #aae #bb4 ,paul's ,j\rney to ,rome #abj #bc4 ,! ,supremacy ( ,*ri/ #abd #bd4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ #abi #be4 ,*ri/ & ,8 ,foll[]s #acc #bf4 ,tra9+ ,new ,lead]s #ach #bg4 ,a ,pres5tation ( ,jesus to ,jewi% ,*ri/ians #adg #bh4 ,a ,graphic ,sket* ( ! ,life ( ,jesus #aed #bi4 ,a ,greek ,hi/orian's ,acc\nt ( ,jesus #aeh #cj4 ,! ,te/imony ( ! ,belov$ ,disciple #afe #ca4 ,! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels #agd #cb4 ,a ,docum5t ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* #agh #cc4 ,jesus ! ,fulfillm5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t #ahd #cd4 ,*ri/ian ,=titude #ahi #ce4 ,! ,*ri/ian's ,attitude ,t[>d ,error & ,immorality #aid #cf4 ,! ,life ( ! ,*ildr5 ( ,god #aih #cg4 ,! ,messages ( ! ,liv+ ,*ri/ #bjc #ch4 ,a ,vision ( ! ,f9al ,triumph #bji #ci4 ,review #bac #dj4 ,! ,*ur* & ! ,_w #bai #da4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,message #bbe #db4 ,! ,^w & ! ,sacram5ts #bca #dc4 ,pray] #bch #dd4 ,! ,congregation #bdd #de4 ,! ,relief ( ! ,ne$y #bdi #df4 ,organiz+ = ,s]vice #bee #dg4 ,a ,mission = ! ,_w #bfa #dh4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,ideal ( ,p]sonal ,morality #bff #di4 ,*ri/ianity & ,human ,relation%ips #bga #ej4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,use ( ! ,intellect #bgg #ea4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,hope & ! ,pres5t ,possession #bhb #eb4 ,retrospect3 ! ,fir/ ,*ri/ian ,c5tury #bhg ,copyright1 #aiae1 by ,john ,gre%am ,ma*5 ,,introduction ,! g5]al purpose ( ?is c\rse ( lessons has be5 set =? 9 ! introduction to ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book4 ,!re is a t5d5cy 9 ! mod]n ,*ur* to neglect ! /udy ( ,bible hi/ory4 ,su* neglect w inevitably result 9 a loss ( p[]4 ,! gospel is a record ( some?+ t has happ5$1 & unc]ta9ty ab\t ! gospel is fatal weakness4 ,fur!rmore ! hi/orical /udy ( ! apo/olic age--t age :5 div9e revelation e/abli%$ ! great pr9ciples ( ! ,*ur*'s life--is ! be/ corrective = a ?\s& vag>ies4 ,mu* c be le>n$ f mod]n p$agogy2 b aft] all :at is absolutely fundam5tal1 bo? = tea*] & = /ud5t1 is an ord]ly acqua9tance ) ! ,bible facts4 ,! ,tea*]'s ,manual1 !re=e1 is int5d$ n m]ely to (f] sugge/ions z to me?ods ( tea*+1 b prim>ily to supplem5t ! tea*]'s k4 ,a tea*] :o kn[s only :at he actually imp>ts to ! class is inevitably dull4 ,! true tea*] br+s =? out ( 8 treasure ?+s new & old4 ,! sections 9 ! ,tea*]'s ,manual1 s9ce !y are int5d$ to be supplem5t>y1 %\ld n be read until aft] c>eful att5tion has be5 paid to ! correspond+ sections 9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book4 ,moreov]1 bo? sections toge!r are ( c\rse 9 !mselves insuffici5t4 ,!y %\ld be supplem5t$ by o!r read+4 ,sugge/ions ab\t read+ h be5 put at ! end ( e lesson4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 a few g5]al rem>ks may be made4 ,davis' ,diction>y ( ! ,bible & ,purves' ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 :i* h be5 recomm5d$ ev5 to ! /ud5t1 w be to ! tea*] almo/ invaluable4 ,! e>ne/ tea*] w also desire to ref] to good comm5t>ies on ,! ,acts4 ,! comm5t>ies :i* h be5 m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! individual lessons are bas$ ^u ! ,engli% ,bible2 b e tea*] :o has any k ( ,greek1 h[ev] slight1 %\ld use1 in/ead1 ! comm5t>y ( ,kn[l+1 9 ,! ,expositor's ,greek ,te/am5t4 ,= ! life ( ,paul1 ,lew9's ,life & ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul & ! simil> book ( ,conybe>e & ,h[son are /ill v valuable = _! vivid & ext5d$ descriptions ( ! sc5es ( ! mission>y j\rneys4 ,a simil> s]vice is r5d]$1 9 m up-to-date =m1 by ! v>i\s works ( ,ramsay4 ,/alk]'s ,life ( ,/4 ,paul is a good h&book4 ,m',clymont's ,new ,te/am5t & ,its ,writ]s conta9s in/ructive1 ?\gh v brief1 introductions to all ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books4 ,ha/+s' ,diction>y ( ! ,bible & ,diction>y ( ,*ri/ & ! ,gospels numb] among _! contributors _m writ]s ( _m op9ions4 ,!y are ri* 9 ref]5ces to ! va/ lit]ature ( mod]n ,biblical discussion4 ,! writ] ( ?is c\rse has d]iv$ in=mation f _m qu>t]s4 ,def9ite ackn[l$gm5t ( indebt$ness1 s9ce no orig9ality is claim$1 may be reg>d$ z unnecess>y4 ,x is a pleasure1 h[ev]1 to r5d] special ?anks to ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,william ,p>k ,arm/rong1 ,d4 ,d41 ( ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,sem9>y1 ^: wise c\nsel has be5 ( incalculable assi/ance at _m po9ts4 ,! actual pres5tation ( ! lessons w1 ( c\rse1 v>y accord+ to ! ne$s ( ! classes & ! pref]5ces ( ! tea*]s4 ,! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book may (t5 provide a conv5i5t ord] ( pres5tation4 ,t book is int5d$ n m]ely to be read1 b also to be /udi$4 ,x is to be reg>d$ z a sort ( outl9e ( ! c\rse4 ,! topics = /udy are int5d$ to s]ve a d\ble purpose4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y w te/ ! /ud5t's k ( ! lesson mat]ial2 9 ! second place1 !y w af=d enc\ragem5t to special inve/igation4 ,individual topics may (t5 be assign$ = ?or\gh treatm5t to individual /ud5ts1 :ile ! class z a :ole may use all ! topics z guides to a g5]al k4 ,p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! individual /ud5ts is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,in/ruction has a t5fold value :5 x is back$ by fri5d%ip4 ,! relation ( ! /ud5ts to ! ,*ur* %\ld be a matt] ( especial conc]n4 ,if any memb] ( ! class has n confess$ 8 fai? 9 ,*ri/1 ! /udy ( ?is ye> (f]s abundant opportunity = a ^w 9 season4 ,our /udy reveals ! ,*ur* z a div9e in/itution4 ,%all we !n /& alo(8 ,9 ?is c\rse ! tea*] has ! opportunity ( introduc+ "y p ( matur+ m9ds to ! hi/orical /udy ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,!re c\ld be no m inspir+ task4 ,c>ri$ ab\t ) e w9d ( doctr9e1 ! ,*ur* is sadly 9 ne$ ( an assur$ an*orage4 ,t an*orage %\ld be s\ght 9 hi/ory4 ,ignorance is weak2 s\nd k1 s\ght ) pray]1 & bless$ by ! ,_s ( ,god1 w lead to a m /alw>t & m intellig5t fai?4 ,,lesson ,i ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,?is is an introductory lesson4 ,x %\ld be us$1 fir/ ( all1 to answ] intellig5t g5]al que/ions ab\t ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,"s ( ^! que/ions w be discuss$ briefly "u ,sections #a to #c1 bel[4 ,! hi/orical /udy ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 bas$ ^u a /udy ( ! circum/ances "u :i* ! individual books 7 writt51 w probably be new to _m ( ! /ud5ts4 ,! new po9t ( view %\ld be us$ to awak5 int]e/4 ,! climax ( ! lesson %\ld1 h[ev]1 be a pres5tation ( ! unity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z ! v ,^w ( ,god to u4 ,hi/orical /udy %\ld be made--& c be made--subs]vi5t to rev]5t & ?ankful ob$i5ce4 #a4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,"n ,! ,engli% ^w te/am5t comes f a ,lat9 ^w4 ,! equival5t ,greek ^w is h>d to translate4 ,z us$ 9 ! ,greek ,bible x may mean ei!r cov5ant or te/am5t4 ,usually x %\ld probably be translat$ cov5ant4 ,! phrase new cov5ant occurs ab\t five times 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 none ( ^! passages does ! phrase ref] to ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 our s5se4 ,x designates a new relation%ip into :i* m5 h be5 receiv$ ) ,god4 ,! old cov5ant 0 made1 ?r\gh ! m$iator%ip ( ,moses1 ) ! ,hebrew nation2 ! new cov5ant1 h9t$ at 9 prophecy1 ,j]4 #ca3ca1 & in/itut$ by ! ,"l ,jesus1 ,i ,cor4 #aa3be1 0 made ) all ^?1 ( e tribe & tongue & p & nation1 :o %\ld ?r\gh fai? accept ! salvation (f]$ by ,*ri/4 ,^? :o believe become1 l ,israel ( old1 ,god's *os5 p1 & ent] into ! w>m? & joy ( ! div9e communion4 ,! names old & new cov5ants1 !n1 7 appli$ fir/ to ^! two special relation%ips into :i* ,god ent]$ ) m54 ,aft]w>ds ! names 7 appli$ to ! books 9 :i* ! conditions ( ^? relation%ips 7 set =?4 ,p]haps x w\ld h be5 bett] if we _h />t$ to say ,new ,cov5ant :]e we n[ say ,new ,te/am5t4 ,at any rate ! idea allud$ to 9 ! "n is ! inspir+ idea1 realiz$ 9 ,*ri/1 ( an alliance ) ,god4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t is ! div9e treaty by ! t]ms ( :i* ,god has receiv$ u rebels & enemies into peace ) himself4 #b4 ,,"o ,,book1 ,,or ,a ,,collection ,,( ,,books8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,new ,te/am5t may be treat$ 9 e respect z a s+le book4 ,t c\rse is adopt$ by _m ( ! mo/ devot$ lov]s ( ! ,bible4 ,by !m ! ,bible is treat$ simply z a textbook ( religion4 ,passages are quot$ indiscrim9ately f all p>ts ( x1 )\t mu* reg>d to ! context4 ,! wide diff]5ces ( =m & ( _s among ! v>i\s books are ignor$4 ,! hi/orical implications ( ! books are ( c\rse accept$ z true1 b practically !y are left q unassimilat$4 ,n[ let u be q pla9 ab\t "o ?+4 ,! m5 :o use ! ,bible 9 ?is way are "r 9 ! ma9 po9t4 ,!y treat ! ,bible z ! guide ( life = "t & = et]nity4 ,& if by ! use ( ! ,bible we c come into communion ) ,god1 we c af=d to miss a good _m o!r ?+s4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,bible is z a matt] ( fact n a m]e textbook ( religion1 & if we treat x z su* we miss mu* ( its ri*ness4 ,if ! ,bible 7 m]ely a sy/ematic treatise1 x w\ld be f> easi] to int]pret4 ,! int]pret] w\ld be sp>$ a great deal ( tr\ble1 b ! burd5 w\ld be heap$ ^u ! prea*]4 ,z x is1 ! ,bible is itself a prea*]1 because x is 9 su* close contact ) ! actual exp]i5ce ( m5 ( fle% & blood4 ,its g5]al tea*+s are giv5 u 9 l>ge measure only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( hi/ory1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( example4 ,9 ord] to arrive at ! g5]al tru?s1 !re=e1 intellectual labor is (t5 necess>y4 ,god has made ?+s h>d] = ! intellect t he may /rike home ! m surely to ! he>t4 ,if ,paul _h writt5 a sy/ematic !ology1 ! ,new ,te/am5t way ( salvation might 9 "s ways h be5 pla9] ?an x is4 ,x w\ld h be5 pla9 to ! intellect1 b x w\ld h ne$$ int]pretation to ! he>t4 ,conviction c be wr\ght only by ! imm$iate impact ( p]sonal life4 ,! !ology ( ,paul1 ( itself1 might be a dead ?+2 ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ,paul1 int]wov5 ) 8 !ology1 & b>$ be=e u 9 ! epi/les1 is irresi/ible4 ,9 ! second place1 ! hi/orical =m ( ! ,bible may be consid]$ at ! exp5se ( its spiritual cont5t4 ,! ,bible may be treat$ simply z a /orybook4 ,su* a me?od ( treatm5t is exce$+ly common to-day4 ,! ,bible z lit]ature is its slogan4 ,?is treatm5t has simply miss$ ! ma9 po9t altoge!r4 ,x is incomp>ably inf]ior to t treatm5t :i* takes ! ,bible z a m]e textbook ( religion4 ,! ,bible z an addition to ! _w's hi/ory or ! _w's lit]ature has1 inde$1 consid]able educational value4 ,b x does n give et]nal life4 ,a ?ird me?od is possible1 & t ?ird me?od is "r4 ,! hi/orical & lit]>y =m ( ! ,bible is recogniz$ to ! full4 ,b x is reg>d$ n z an end 9 itself1 b z a means to an end4 ,hi/orical /udy is necess>y n only to e/abli% to ! mod]n man ! sav+ facts ( ! gospel1 b also to d ju/ice to ! dramatic n>rative =m 9 :i* ,god has reveal$ to u 8 et]nal w4 ,x is ne>] ! tru?1 !n1 to say t ! ,new ,te/am5t is a s+le book ?an to say t x is a collection ( books4 ,its p>ts diff] widely among !mselves1 9 au?or%ip1 9 date1 9 circum/ances1 9 aim4 ,^? diff]5ces mu/ be /udi$ c>efully1 if ! full mean+ is to be obta9$4 ,b widely z ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s diff] among !mselves1 !y diff] yet f> m widely f all o!r books4 ,!y pres5t$ !mselves orig9ally to ! ,*ur* ) a div9e au?ority1 :i* is =eign to ! ord9>y writ+s ( m54 ,t au?ority has be5 confirm$ ?r\gh ! ,*ri/ian c5turies4 ,^? :o h submitt$ _! lives to ! ,new ,te/am5t h nev] be5 conf\nd$4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t has be5 to !m ! voice ( ,god4 #c4 ,,! ,,f\r ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t 7#a7 ,,! ,,gospels4--,*ri/ianity is bas$ ^u hi/orical facts4 ,attempts1 x is true1 are (t5 made to sep>ate x f hi/ory4 ,b !y are b\nd to result 9 failure4 ,give up hi/ory1 & y c reta9 "s ?+s4 ,b y c nev] reta9 a gospel4 ,= gospel means good news1 & good news means tid+s1 in=mation d]iv$ f ! witness ( o!rs4 ,9 o!r words1 x means hi/ory4 ,! "q :e!r religion c be indep5d5t ( hi/ory is really j ! old "q :e!r we ne$ a gospel4 ,! gospel is news t some?+ has happ5$--some?+ t puts a diff]5t face ^u life4 ,:at t some?+ is is told u 9 ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke & ,john4 ,x is ! life & dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 7#b7 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,acts4--,! ,book ( ,! ,acts is a hi/ory ( ! ext5sion ( ,*ri/ianity f ,j]usalem out into ! ,g5tile _w4 ,x repres5ts t ext5sion z guid$ by ! ,_s ( ,god1 & ?us exhibits ! div9e w>rant = ! acceptance ( u ,g5tiles1 & = ! developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,x provides ! outl9e ( apo/olic hi/ory )\t :i* we c\ld n und]/& ! o!r ,new ,te/am5t books1 especially ! epi/les ( ,paul4 ,x illu/rates to ! full :at has be5 said above ab\t ! value ( ! hi/orical =m 9 :i* ! ,bible tea*+ is pres5t$4 ,by read+ ?is vivid n>rative we obta9 an impression ( ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,_s :i* no sy/ematic treatise c\ld give4 7#c7 ,,! ,,epi/les4--,! ,epi/les ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are n j lit]ature put 9 an epi/ol>y =m1 b real lett]s4 ,x is true t ! addresses ( "s ( !m are v broad1 = example1 ^? ( ,james & ( ,i ,pet]2 & t "s ( !m conta9 no specific address at all1 = example1 ,hebrews & ,i ,john4 ,b ! great majority ( !m1 at lea/1 7 writt5 "u v special circum/ances & int5d$ to be read fir/ by v def9ite p4 ,! *ief lett]-writ] ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 ! apo/le ,paul4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t he us$ ! =ms ( lett]-writ+ ( 8 "t1 j z ev]yone to-day beg9s a lett] ) ,de> ,sir4 ,)9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s a great numb] ( ,greek private lett]s1 dat+ f ab\t ! "t ( ,paul1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ,egypt1 :]e !y h be5 pres]v$ by ! dry climate4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e !m ) ! lett]s ( ,paul4 ,!re are "s /rik+ simil>ities 9 language2 = bo? ^! lett]-writ]s & ,paul us$ ! natural language ( daily life r ?an ! extremely artificial language ( ! lit]ature ( t p]iod4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 also1 ,paul us$ ! same epi/ol>y =ms4 ,! diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 are ev5 m in/ructive ?an ! resemblances4 ,x is true1 ! ,paul9e epi/les are n lit]>y treatises1 b real lett]s4 ,b on ! o!r h& !y are n ord9>y private lett]s int5d$ to be read & ?r[n away1 l ! lett]s t h be5 discov]$ 9 ,egypt4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 int5d$ to be read orig9ally 9 *ur*es4 ,x is natural1 !n1 t !y %\ld h be5 writt5 9 a l(ti] /yle ?an is to be f\nd 9 m]e bus9ess communications & ! l4 ,& if ,paul uses ! epi/ol>y =ms ( 8 "t he uses !m 9 an entirely new way4 ,ev5 ! m]e op5+s ( ! epi/les are made ! vehicle ( ,*ri/ian tru?4 ,grace to y & peace f ,god our ,fa!r & ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/--!re is no?+ l t 9 contempor>y lett]-writ+4 ,! op5+s ( ! ,paul9e epi/les =m an int]e/+ /udy4 ,!y are v>i$ ) wond]ful skill to suit ! v>i$ "* & subject matt] ( ! lett]s t foll[4 ,paul is nev] m]ely =mal4 ,! lett]s ( ,paul diff] widely among !mselves4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,romans is almo/ a sy/ematic exposition ( ! plan ( salvation4 ,philemon is conc]n$ ) a little p]sonal matt] betwe5 ,paul & "o ( 8 conv]ts4 ,b ev5 :]e ,paul is mo/ !ological he is p]sonal1 & ev5 :]e he is mo/ p]sonal1 he is fai?ful to 8 !ology4 ,!ology 9 him is nev] sep>ate f exp]i5ce1 & exp]i5ce nev] sep>ate f !ology4 ,ev5 petty problems he settles always 9 ! light ( et]nal pr9ciples4 ,h5ce 8 lett]s1 ?\gh ! specific circum/ances t gave rise to !m are pa/ & gone1 w nev] be antiquat$4 7#d7 ,,! ,,apocalypse4--,! ,*ri/ian life is a life ( hope4 ,inw>dly we are free1 b our fre$om is n yet fully realiz$4 ,we are 9 dang] ( los+ our hope 9 ! trials or 9 ! m]e humdrum ( life4 ,to keep x alive1 ! ,apocalypse op5s a glori\s vision ( ! future4 ,! vision is pres5t$ 9 symbolical language4 ,x is n int5d$ to help 9 any calculation ( ! times & seasons4 ,b x %[s u ! ,lamb ^u ! ?rone--& t is en\gh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 articles on ,bible1 ,canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,cov5ant1 ,new ,te/am5t1 & ,te/am5t4 ,,lesson ,,ii ,,! ,,roman ,,backgr\nd ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,*ri/ianity is n a human product4 ,x is n to be expla9$ by :at prec$$ x on ! e>?4 ,x is a new beg9n+ 9 hi/ory1 an imm$iate ex]cise ( ! div9e p[]4 ,b ?\gh ,*ri/ianity 0 n produc$ by m51 x op]ates ^u m51 & ^u m5 subject to all ! ord9>y conditions ( e>?ly life4 ,primitive ,*ri/ianity1 !n1 :i* we %all /udy ?is ye>1 _c be und]/ood fully )\t an exam9ation ( ! hi/orical conditions "u :i* x arose4 ,9 ! class1 ! lesson %\ld probably be approa*$ ?r\gh ! ,new ,te/am5t examples ( ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* are outl9$ 9 ! lesson helps4 ,examples w be f\nd 9 ! passages assign$ 9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book1 & o!rs %\ld be s\ght = else:]e4 #a4 ,,! ,,e/abli%m5t ,,( ,,! ,,empire ,by ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/ ! p[] ( ! ,roman republic ext5d$ ar\nd ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,victories abroad1 h[ev]1 7 accompani$ by s]i\s tr\bles at home4 ,! increase ( weal? & ! importation ( slave labor _h produc$ un=tunate social conditions4 ,! realm _h become too l>ge to be adm9i/]$ adequately by ! old republican gov]nm5t4 ,individuals sometimes obta9$ practical control ( affairs1 & ! /ate 0 torn by civil w>s4 ,f9ally1 9 #di ,b4 ,c41 ,julius ,cs> ent]$ ,rome at ! head ( an army1 & ,roman lib]ty 0 at an end4 ,aft] ! assass9ation ( ,cs> 9 #dd ,b4 ,c41 !re 0 a succession ( civil w>s1 & !n1 by ! victory ( ,actium 9 #ca ,b4 ,c41 ,octavius1 :o lat] assum$ ! "n ( ,augu/us1 became sole rul]4 ,augu/us di$ 9 ,a4 ,d4 #ad4 ,subsequ5t emp]ors dur+ ! fir/ c5tury 73 ,tib]ius 7,a4 ,d4 #ad-cg71 ,caligula 7,a4 ,d4 #cg-da71 ,claudius 7,a4 ,d4 #da-ed71 ,n]o 7,a4 ,d4 #ed-fh71 ,galba1 ,o?o & ,vitellius 7,a4 ,d4 #fi71 ,vespasian 7,a4 ,d4 #fi-gi71 ,titus 7,a4 ,d4 #gi-ha71 ,domitian 7,a4 ,d4 #ha-if71 ,n]va 7,a4 ,d4 #if-ih71 ,trajan 7,a4 ,d4 #ih-aag74 #b4 ,,roman ,,adm9i/ration ,,"u ,,! ,,empire ,! g5]al advantages ( ! ,roman imp]ial gov]nm5t h be5 consid]$ 9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book4 ,x w "h be advisable to consid] "o or two features a little m 9 detail4 ,mu* ( :at foll[s c be illu/rat$ f ! ,new ,te/am5t2 = ! acqua9tance ( ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 especially ( ,luke1 ) ,roman adm9i/ration is n only accurate b also m9ute4 ,! /ud5ts %\ld be enc\rag$ to seek ,new ,te/am5t illu/rations = !mselves4 7#a7 ,,! ,,prov9ces4--,! prov9ces ( ! empire are to be di/+ui%$ f ! t]ritories ( subject k+s or pr9ces4 ,! latt] 7 q subs]vi5t to ,rome1 b 7 giv5 m indep5d5ce ( adm9i/ration4 ,a good example ( su* a subject k+1 !oretically an ally1 b 9 reality a vassal1 0 ,h]od ! ,great1 :o rul$ ov] all ,pale/9e till #d ,b4 ,c4 ,! prov9ces !mselves 7 divid$ into two great classes--imp]ial prov9ces & s5atorial prov9ces4 ,! imp]ial prov9ces 7 "u ! imm$iate control ( ! emp]or4 ,!y 7 gov]n$ by legates1 :o _h no regul> t]m ( (fice1 b s]v$ at ! emp]or's pleasure4 ,! imp]ial prov9ces 7 ^? 9 :i*1 on acc\nt ( unsettl$ conditions1 or = ! def5se ( ! empire1 l>ge bodies ( troops _h to be ma9ta9$4 ,?us1 by keep+ ! appo9tm5t ( ! legates exclusively 9 8 own h&s1 ! emp]or reta9$ ! direct control ( ! all-important p[] ( ! army4 ,a good example ( an imp]ial prov9ce is ! great prov9ce ( ,syria1 ) capital at ,antio*4 ,pale/9e 0 m or less "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,syrian legate4 ,di/ricts diff]5t f ! great imp]ial prov9ces1 b1 l !m1 "u ! imm$iate control ( ! emp]or1 7 gov]n$ by procurators4 ,judea1 f ,a4 ,d4 #f to ,a4 ,d4 #da1 & f ,a4 ,d4 #dd on1 is an example4 ,! s5atorial prov9ces 7 gov]n$ by proconsuls1 *os5 by lot f among ! memb]s ( ! ,s5ate4 ,! proconsuls s]v$ = only "o ye>4 ,ev5 ov] ^! prov9ces & _! gov]nors ! emp]or reta9$ ! fulle/ sup]visory au?ority4 ,! s5atorial prov9ces compos$ ! c5tral & m settl$ portions ( ! empire1 :]e l>ge /&+ armies w\ld n be ne$$4 ,examples are ,a*aia1 ) capital at ,cor9?1 & ,cyprus ) capital at ,paphos4 ,proconsuls ( bo? ( ^! prov9ces are m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t by "n4 7#b7 ,,local ,,gov]nm5t4--,! ,romans did n attempt to introduce p]fect uni=mity ?r\gh\t ! empire4 ,! orig9al ,greek unit ( political life 0 ! city1 & ,greek cities 7 scatt]$ ov] ! ea/ be=e ! ,roman conque/4 ,) reg>d to local affairs1 _m ( ! cities reta9$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( indep5d5ce4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve ! local peculi>ities ( ! cities describ$ 9 ,! ,acts4 ,9 addition to ! ,greek cities1 _m ( :i* 7 m or less free 9 local affairs1 _m ,roman colonies _h be5 e/abli%$ "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! empire4 ,! orig9al coloni/s 7 (t5 vet]ans ( ! ,roman armies4 ,( c\rse ! populations soon came to be mix$1 b ,roman traditions 7 cultivat$ 9 ! colonies m ?an else:]e4 ,a numb] ( ! cities ( ,! ,acts 7 colonies1 & "o1 ,philippi1 is expressly decl>$ to be su*4 ,acts #af3ab4 ,9 t city ! ,roman "* ( ! magi/rates appe>s cle>ly f ! ,lucan n>rative4 ,!re 7 prtors & lictors4 7#c7 ,,roman ,,citiz5%ip4--,be=e ,new ,te/am5t times ,roman citiz5%ip _h be5 ext5d$ to all ,italy4 ,italy1 !re=e1 0 n a prov9ce or gr\p ( prov9ces1 b 0 reg>d$ z a "p ( ,rome4 ,outside ( ,italy ,roman citiz5%ip 0 a valuable special privilege4 ,x rais$ a man above ! mass ( ! prov9cial population4 ,"s ( ! advantages ( x appe> cle>ly 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t n>rative4 ,because ,paul 0 a ,roman citiz5 he 0 legally exempt f ! mo/ degrad+ =ms ( puni%m5t1 & _h a "r to appeal to ! c\rt ( ! emp]or4 ,roman citiz5%ip 0 sometimes acquir$ by money1 b ,paul inh]it$ x f 8 fa!r4 #c4 ,,roman ,,religion ,"u ! empire1 ,rome 0 possess$ ( a /ate religion4 ,! anci5t gods ( ! republic 7 reta9$4 ,!re 7 great div9ities l ,jupit] & ,m>s1 & !re 7 numb]less private div9ities ( individual h\seholds4 ,! anci5t religion _h1 inde$1 und]gone modifications4 ,new div9ities 9 pl5ty _h be5 receiv$4 ,b ! reception ( ! new did n involve abolition ( ! old4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! gods ( o!r peoples c\ld be accept$ j because !y 7 reg>d$ z no?+ b ! ,roman gods "u diff]5t names4 ,?us1 long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 !re _h be5 a ?or\ghgo+ id5tification ( ! gods ( ,greece ) ! gods ( ,rome4 ,! ,greek ,zeus1 = example1 0 id5tifi$ ) ! ,roman ,jupit]2 ! ,greek ,ares ) ! ,roman ,m>s4 ,! gods ( c\ntries o!r ?an ,greece 7 also receiv$1 ?\gh1 z f> z ! city ( ,rome 0 conc]n$1 ) "s cons]vatism4 ,9 ! ,roman _w1 religion 0 a national affair4 ,wor%ip ( ! national gods 0 n only piety1 b also patriotism4 ,patriotism & religion 7 insep>ably connect$4 ,support ( ! gods ( ,rome1 ev5 :]e p]sonal fai? 9 !m _h be5 und]m9$1 0 consid]$ to be ! duty ( e loyal citiz54 ,! political aspect ( ,roman religion appe>s mo/ cle>ly 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,roman emp]ors4 ,?is rem>kable developm5t appe>s f ! beg9n+ ( ! empire4 ,augu/us1 inde$1 refus$ to receive div9e honors1 at lea/ 9 ! we/4 ,b 9 ! ea/ ev5 he 0 wor%ip$1 & z "t w5t on ! reluctance ( ! emp]ors disappe>$4 ,"s ( ! wor/ ( ! emp]ors 7 mo/ insi/5t ^u _! own div9ity4 ,p]haps ! fir/ impulse ( ! mod]n man is to reg>d ! ,cs> cult simply z a p>ticul>ly despicable =m ( flatt]y4 ,9 reality x 0 m ?an t4 ,x 0 n e/abli%$ by imp]ial edict4 ,x 0 n dictat$ prim>ily by s]vile fe>4 ,! ,greek inhabitants ( ! empire really reg>d$ ,augu/us z _! savi\r4 ,& s he 01 z f> z any man c\ld be4 ,he sav$ !m f ! mis]ies ( civil w>1 & f ! rapacity ( ! deg5]ate republic2 he gave !m peace & happ9ess4 ,& !y respond$ by reg>d+ him z a god4 ,to !m x 0 natural4 ,to !m x 0 no?+ new4 ,alex&] ! ,great _h be5 reg>d$ z a god long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,8 successors 9 ,syria & 9 ,egypt _h also receiv$ div9e honors4 ,to ! g5u9e ,romans1 ! ?+ did n come s easy4 ,! ,cs> cult1 at lea/ at fir/1 0 n develop$ 9 ! we/4 ,b ev5 ! ,romans c\ld wor%ip ! emp]or's g5ius or _s1 & f t to ! actual wor%ip ( ! emp]or 0 b a /ep4 ,ess5tial to ! :ole process ( deification1 bo? 9 ,rome & 9 ! ea/1 0 ! close connection 9 anci5t ?9k+ betwe5 deity & humanity1 & betwe5 religion & ! /ate4 ,if patriotism is religion1 !n ! k+ is a god4 ,! ,cs> cult 0 ! mo/ palpable incorporation ( ! /ate religion4 ,wor%ip ( ! emp]or1 !re=e1 might well be ! te/ ( loyalty to ,rome4 ,x c\ld be practic$ by skeptics & philosoph]s4 ,x c\ld be practic$ by ! devotees ( all religions--save two4 ,jews & ,*ri/ians alone c\ld n b[ at ! emp]or's %r9e1 = _! ,god 0 a ,god :o c\ld brook no rival4 ,he 0 n m]ely ! greate/ among _m4 ,he 0 ! only ,"l1 ,mak] ( heav5 & e>?4 #d4 ,,! ,,roman ,,empire ,,& ,,subsequ5t ,,hi/ory ,betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ! ,roman /ate1 ) its (ficial religion1 a life-&-dea? /ruggle 0 inevitable4 ,b 9 ! provid5ce ( ,god x 0 delay$4 ,! empire 0 us$ n to cru% ,*ri/ianity b to op5 ! _w be=e x4 ,b 0 ! empire really id5tical ) ! _w8 ,x seem$ s to ! ,romans & to ! ,greeks4 ,to !m ! empire 0 ! _w4 ,& !y 7 "r4 ,n1 ( c\rse1 9 a lit]al s5se4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 va/ civilizations--= example ! civilization ( ,*9a--7 already 9 exi/5ce4 ,!re 7 great peoples ( :om ! ,romans _h nev] he>d4 ,b ,roman arrogance has at la/ be5 v9dicat$4 ,= ,rome 0 9 reality ! key to subsequ5t hi/ory4 ,rome 0 ! p>5t ( ,europe1 & ,europe is mov+ ! _w4 ,ev5 ,*9a is at la/ be+ op5$ to ! civilization ( ,rome4 ,! ,romans 7 "r4 ,he :o c\ld ma/] ,rome w\ld be ma/]1 "o day1 ( ! _w4 ,x has be5 a long process4 ,b ,god's plans are sure4 ,*ri/ianity appe>$ at ! "o "t :5 ! _w 0 op5 be=e x4 ,by ! p[] ( ! div9e ,_s x conqu]$ ! empire4 ,! empire dom9at$ its b>b>ian conqu]ors4 ,! b>b>ians are ! p>5ts ( mod]n civilization4 ,mod]n civilization is invad+ ! e>?'s remote/ b\nds4 ,*9a1 at la/1 is )9 our k54 ,realms long clos$ h at la/ be5 op5$4 ,ano!r great opportunity6 ,an opportunity = gre$ & selfi%ness6 ,an opportunity = a dismal skepticism6 ,& an opportunity = ! ,*ur* ( ,god6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,ad5ey1 article on ,cs>2 ,gwatk91 articles on ,roman ,empire1 & ,rome4 ,ha/+s1 ,encyclopdia ( ,religion & ,e?ics3 ,iv]a*1 article on ,cs>ism4 ,we/cott1 ,! ,two ,empires1 9 ,! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,john1 pp4 #bej-bhb4 ,ramsay1 ,! ,cities ( ,/4 ,paul1 pp4 #dh-ha4 ,,lesson ,,iii ,,! ,,greek ,,backgr\nd ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,! purpose ( ! pres5t lesson is to make ! /ud5t feel t ! gospel 0 f ! beg9n+ a real gospel 9 a real _w4 ,if we isolate ! e>ly prea*+ f its environm5t1 we make x seem l an unreal ?+4 ,/udy ( ,new ,te/am5t times makes ! ,new ,te/am5t itself become a m liv+1 a m int]e/+ book4 ,9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book an outl9e ( ! ,hell5i/ic age has be5 provid$4 ,x has be5 supplem5t$ bel[ by illu/rative mat]ial4 ,b 9 ! class ! lesson c probably be be/ approa*$ f ! side ( ! ,new ,te/am5t itself4 ,9 :at languages is ! ,bible writt58 ,h[ did ! ,new ,te/am5t come to be writt5 9 ,greek8 ,:at o!r languages are m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t8 ,:at light d ^! passages %$ ^u ! l+ui/ic conditions ( ! "t8 ,:at is ! attitude ( ! apo/les t[>d ,greek ?\ght8 ,is t attitude altoge!r unfavorable1 or did ! e>ly mission>ies ev] lay hold ^u ! high] aspirations ( _! ,g5tile he>]s 7,a!ns78 ,:]e did ! mission>ies come into contact ) hea!n sup]/ition8 7,sev]al f9e examples 9 ,! ,acts74 ,:at 0 ! moral condition ( ! ,greco-,roman _w8 ,h[ 0 ! ,hell5i/ic age l our own8 ,:y did ,god s5d our ,"l j 9 ! fir/ c5tury8 ,:at 0 ! social condition ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians8 ,d y ?9k t 0 an advantage or a disadvantage8 ,:at m5 ( high] position are m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t8 ,que/ions l ^! w s]ve to relate ! g5]al expositions 9 ! lesson helps to ! ,new ,te/am5t itself4 ,! lesson helps are int5d$ to provide m]ely ! presuppositions necess>y = intellig5t /udy4 ,god work+ = real m5 9 a real _w--t is ! subject ( ! lesson4 #a4 ,,! ,,hell5i/ic ,,age ,! ,greek _w culture :i* prevail$ aft] ! conque/ ( ,alex&] 0 widely diff]5t f ! ,greek life ( ! classical p]iod4 ,! e>li] p]iod is call$ ! ,hell5ic p]iod1 ! lat] p]iod is designat$ z ,hell5i/ic4 ,:5 ,greek ?\ght made itself ma/] ( ! _w1 x became m+l$ ) numb]less =eign elem5ts4 ,! mixture appe>s mo/ cle>ly1 p]haps1 9 ! sph]e ( religion4 ,poly!ism 0 capable ( indef9ite expansion4 ,new gods c\ld easily be id5tifi$ ) ! old1 or else be receiv$ along ) !m )\t a conflict4 ,! religion ( ! ,greco-,roman _w is !re=e diff]5t f t ( anci5t ,greece4 ,x is a curi\s mixture ( ! mo/ div]se beliefs4 ,nev]!less1 ! :ole des]ves to be call$ ,hell5i/ic1 because ev5 ! mo/ /rik+ly non-,grecian elem5ts 7 usually subject$ m or less to ! subtle mold+ ( ! ,greek _s4 ,! ,hell5i/ic age us$ to be despis$1 b among mod]n s*ol>s x is com+ into its own4 ,its lit]>y products are admitt$ly inf]ior to ! glories ( ! e>li] age1 b ev5 9 lit]ature its a*ievem5ts are n to be despis$1 & 9 o!r sph]es x is supreme4 ,notably 9 ma!matics & 9 natural sci5ce x 0 ! gold5 age4 ,euclid1 ! geometrician1 liv$ ?ree c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 ,! le>n+ ( ! ,hell5i/ic age 0 c5t]$ 9 ,alex&ria 9 ,egypt1 a city :i* _h be5 f\nd$ by ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,a!ns _h1 p]haps1 ceas$ to possess ! primacy4 ,t fact is typical ( ! "t4 ,greek culture _h ceas$ to belong to ,greece 9 ! n>r[] s5se4 ,x _h become a possession ( ! _w4 ,! great libr>y ( ,alex&ria 0 a sign ( ! times4 ,! ,hell5i/ic age 0 an age ( widespread le>n+4 ,:5 ,rome became ma/] ( ! ea/]n _w1 conditions 7 n fundam5tally *ang$4 ,rome m]ely ha/5$ a process t 0 already at "w4 ,already ! nations _h be5 br\ght toge!r by ! spread ( ,greek culture2 ,roman law m]ely add$ ! additional bond ( political unity4 ,! ,roman legions 7 mission>ies ( an all-p]vad+ ,hell5ism4 ,! ,greco-,roman _w 0 a/oni%+ly mod]n4 ,x 0 mod]n 9 its cosmopolitanism4 ,9 our own "t ! nations h aga9 be5 br\ght toge!r4 ,! ext]nal ag5cies = _! weld+ are f> m p]fect to-day ?an !y 7 "u ! empire4 ,ev5 ! ,roman roads w\ld be b a poor sub/itute = ! railroad & ! telegraph & ! /eam%ip4 ,b on ! o!r h& we lack ! bond ( a common language4 ,9 "s ways ! civiliz$ _w 0 ev5 m ( a unit 9 ! fir/ c5tury ?an x is to-day4 ,! cosmopolitanism ( ! ,roman ,empire 0 a ,god-giv5 opportunity = ! ,*ur*4 ,9 a cosmopolitan age1 if a man has some?+ to say1 he w n lack = an audi5ce4 ,8 message w be und]/ood 9 "o place z well z 9 ano!r4 ,! lesson is obvi\s = ! ,*ur* ( to-day4 ,aga9 ,god has op5$ ! _w be=e u4 ,if we h a message1 9 ,god's "n let u proclaim x :ile yet !re is "t4 #b4 ,,! ,,greek ,,bible ,! ,*ur* orig9at$ 9 ,pale/9e4 ,! fir/ mission>ies 7 native ,jews4 ,yet ev5 !y _h be5 affect$ by ! cosmopolitanism ( ! "t4 ,ev5 !y c\ld use ,greek1 9 addition to _! native language4 ,& ,paul1 ! greate/ ( ! mission>ies1 ?\gh a ,jew1 0 a citiz5 ( a ,greek city4 ,! ,*ur* f ! beg9n+ 0 able to speak to ! l>g] _w4 ,"o difficulty might possibly h aris54 ,! ,*ri/ian mission 0 n c>ri$ on m]ely by ! oral ^w4 ,f ! beg9n+ ,*ri/ianity 0 a religion ) a ,book4 ,& t ,book 0 n ,greek4 ,on ! contr>y x 0 int5sely un-,grecian4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t is intol]ant ( hea!n ideas4 ,x is deeply root$ 9 ! life ( ! *os5 p4 ,h[ c\ld a ,hebrew book be us$ 9 ! ,greek _w8 ,! difficulty might h be5 s]i\s4 ,b 9 ! provid5ce ( ,god x _h be5 ov]come4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 0 a ,hebrew book1 b be=e ! ,*ri/ian era x _h be5 translat$ into ,greek4 ,f ! beg9n+ ,*ri/ianity 0 provid$ ) a ,greek ,bible4 ,x is always difficult to make a new translation ( ! ,bible4 ,e mission>y kn[s t4 ,! introduction ( a new translation takes "t4 ,x 0 =tunate1 !n1 t a ,greek-speak+ ,*ur* _h a ,greek ,bible ready to h&4 ,ev]y?+ 0 prep>$ = ! gospel4 ,god's "t _h come4 ,roman rule _h br\ght peace4 ,greek culture _h produc$ unity ( spee*4 ,!re 0 a ,greek _w1 !re 7 ,greek-speak+ mission>ies1 & !re 0 a ,greek ,bible4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury1 ! salvation t 0 ( ! ,jews c\ld become a salvation = ! :ole _w4 #c4 ,,! ,,papyri ,! _w 9 :i* ! gospel 0 proclaim$ is des]v+ ( c>eful /udy4 ,h[ %all x be inve/igat$8 ,! mo/ obvi\s way is to /udy ! lit]ature ( ! p]iod4 ,until rec5t ye>s t 0 almo/ ! only way4 ,b t me?od is p>tial at be/4 ,= lit]ature is aft] all b an imp]fect measure ( any age4 ,! society t is f\nd 9 books is an idealiz$ society1 or at any rate x is ! society ( ! great4 ,! pla9 man is unrecord$4 ,8 de$s are n deem$ wor?y ( a place 9 hi/ory4 ,)9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! pla9 p ( ! anci5t _w h come rem>kably into view4 ,!y are reveal$ to u 9 ! non-lit]>y papyri4 ,papyri are pieces ( papyrus4 ,papyrus 0 ! common writ+ mat]ial ( antiquity up to ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #cjj1 :5 vellum1 or p>*m5t1 came into g5]al use4 ,un=tunately papyrus1 :i* 0 made f ! pi? ( ! papyrus plant1 is n a v durable sub/ance1 s t anci5t papyri h be5 pres]v$ until mod]n times only "u exceptionally favorable conditions4 ,^! conditions are f\nd 9 ,egypt1 :]e ! dry climate has kept ! papyrus f dis9tegration4 ,9 ,egypt1 )9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 h be5 discov]$ l>ge numb]s ( papyrus %eets ) ,greek writ+4 ,( ^! ! lit]>y papyri conta9 simply p>ts ( books4 ,!y diff] f o!r copies ( ! works 9 "q only 9 t !y are usually old] ?an ! vellum manuscripts4 ,! non-lit]>y papyri1 on ! o!r h&1 are unique4 ,!y are private docum5ts ( all sorts--receipts1 petitions1 wills1 contracts1 c5sus returns1 & mo/ int]e/+ ( all1 private lett]s4 ,x 0 usually n int5d$ t ^! docum5ts %\ld be pres]v$4 ,!y 7 simply ?r[n away ^u rubbi% heaps or us$ z wrapp+s ( mummies4 ,!y h be5 pres]v$ only by *ance4 ,! non-lit]>y papyri are important fir/ ( all 9 ! /udy ( language4 ,!y exhibit ! language ( ev]yday life1 z di/+ui%$ f ! language ( lit]ature4 ,! language ( lit]ature always diff]s m or less f ! language us$ on ! /reet1 & ! diff]5ce 0 p>ticul>ly wide 9 ! ,greek ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod4 ,! books ( ! "t 7 model$ to a consid]able ext5t ^u ! anci5t classics1 b ! actual spok5 language _h be5 *ang+4 ,h5ce ! lit]>y language _h become exce$+ly artificial4 ,up to )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 ! lit]>y language alone c\ld be /udi$4 ,! books ( ! p]iod 7 pres]v$1 b ! language ( daily life 0 gone4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! papyri supply :at 0 lack+4 ,9 !m !re is no attempt at /yle4 ,!y are compos$ 9 ! language :i* 0 employ$ 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life & pres]ve ! actual spok5 language ( e day4 ,at ?is po9t a rem>kable fact mu/ be notic$4 ,! language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is m l ! language ( ! non-lit]>y papyri ?an x is l ! language ( contempor>y lit]ature4 ,! papyri indicate1 !re=e1 t ! ,new ,te/am5t is compos$ 9 ! natural liv+ language ( ! "t r ?an accord+ to ! canons ( an artificial rhetoric4 ,! artlessness ( ! ,new ,te/am5t has sometimes be5 reg>d$ z a reproa*4 ,in/ead1 x is a cause = rejoic+4 ,! simplicity ( ! gospel w\ld only be conceal$ by niceties ( /yle4 ,! greatness ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is indep5d5t ( lit]>y art4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to suppose t ! ,new ,te/am5t1 because x is compos$ 9 ! language ( ! p1 is *>act]iz$ by any?+ l *eapness or vulg>ity4 ,on ! contr>y its simplicity is ! noble simplicity ( tru?4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! spok5 language ( ! ,greco-,roman _w1 9 all its liv+ fre%ness1 becomes a wor?y vehicle = ! sublime/ ?\ghts4 ,! non-lit]>y papyri1 !n1 reproduce = u ! spok5 language ( ! "t z di/+ui%$ f ! artificial language ( lit]ature4 ,b t does n exhau/ _! importance4 ,!y af=d a k n only ( language1 b also ( life4 ,?r\gh !m ord9>y p are reveal$ 9 ! ord9>y relations ( e day4 ,9 !m1 ! anci5t _w has be5 made to live aga94 ,a few examples 7see ! book ( ,pr(essor ,milligan m5tion$ at ! end ( ! lesson7 w s]ve to indicate ! "* ( ! papyrus lett]s4 ,! foll[+ boy's lett] 7( ! second or ! ?ird c5tury aft] ,*ri/7 is writt5 9 v bad gramm>1 b is = t reason all ! m lifelike4 7,! translation is tak5 f ,gr5fell & ,hunt1 ,oxyrhyn*us ,papyri1 ,"p i41 p4 #ahf47 ,!on to 8 fa!r ,!on1 greet+4 ,x 0 a f9e ?+ ( y n to take me ) y to ! city6 ,if y won't take me ) y to ,alex&ria ,i won't write y a lett] or speak to y or say good-by to y2 & if y g to ,alex&ria ,i won't take y\r h& nor ev] greet y aga94 ,t is :at w happ5 if y won't take me4 ,"m said to ,ar*alaus1 ',x q upsets him to be left beh9d 7874' ,x 0 good ( y to s5d me pres5ts 444 on ! #ab?1 ! day y sail$4 ,s5d me a lyre1 ,i implore y4 ,if y don't1 ,i won't eat1 ,i won't dr9k2 !re n[6 ,! foll[+ invitation to d9n]1 ( ! second c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 ?r[s light ^u ,i ,cor9?ians 7! translation tak5 f ,pr(essor ,milligan73 ,antonius1 son ( ,ptolemu1 invites y to d9e ) him at ! table ( ! "l ,s]apis 9 ! h\se ( ,claudius ,s]apion on ! #af? at #i o'clock4 ,! "l ,s]apis is a god4 ,ev5 an ord9>y d9n] p>ty seems ?us to be reg>d$ z ! table ( ,s]apis4 ,"u su* conditions ! ,*ri/ian life mu/ h be5 h>d to lead4 ,no wond] ! ,cor9?ian ,*ri/ians _h to ask ,paul que/ions4 ,ev5 ! ord9>y affairs ( life 7 intimately connect$ ) a false religion4 ,:at %\ld ! attitude ( ! ,*ri/ians be8 ,:]e %\ld !y draw ! l9e 9 associat+ ) _! hea!n fri5ds8 #d4 ,a ,,real ,,gospel ,,9 ,a ,,real ,,_w ,! p t are introduc$ to u s intimately 9 ! papyri are probably v fair repres5tatives ( ! p among :om ! gospel 0 fir/ proclaim$4 ,9 t cosmopolitan age ! society ( ,egyptian t[ns 0 probably n s v diff]5t f t ( ,cor9?4 ,! p ( ! papyri are n ! great m5 ( ! "t2 !y are j pla9 folk4 ,b ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 also usually n ( exalt$ social position1 ?\gh !re 7 exceptions4 ,n _m wise aft] ! fle%1 n _m mighty1 n _m noble 7 call$4 ,i ,cor4 #a3bf4 ,_m ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 slaves1 _m 7 humble tradesm54 ,! same classes appe> 9 ! papyri4 ,9 ! papyri we are introduc$ into ! private lives ( ! m5 to :om ! gospel 0 proclaim$4 ,see+1 b unse51 hidd5 z by a magic cap1 we wat* !m 9 _! mo/ intimate affairs4 ,& we come away ) a new feel+ ( ! reality ( e>ly ,*ri/ian hi/ory4 ,^! m5 7 n s v diff]5t f ourselves4 ,!y 7 real m5 & wom51 liv+ 9 a real _w4 ,& !y ne$$ a real gospel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 extra volume3 ,ramsay1 article on ,religion ( ,greece1 pp4 #aji-aef1 especially pp4 #ace-aef4 ,milligan1 ,selections f ! ,greek ,papyri1 7) translations74 ,deissmann1 ,! ,philology ( ! ,greek ,bible1 pp4 #a-fc1 #add-adg4 ,ramsay1 ,! ,cities ( ,/4 ,paul1 pp4 #a-dg4 ,br[n+1 ,cleon1 7vol4 iv1 pp4 #aae-abb ( ! ,riv]side ,edition47 ,,lesson ,,iv ,,! ,,jewi% ,,backgr\nd ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,i4 ,,pale/9ian ,,judaism #a4 ,,s\rces ,! ,new ,te/am5t is "o ( ! *ief s\rces ( in=mation ab\t ! ,pale/9ian ,judaism ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,o!r important s\rces are ! works ( ,josephus1 a fir/-c5tury ,jewi% hi/orian1 & ! ,mi%na4 ,! ,mi%na is a collection ( ,jewi% int]pretations ( ! ,mosaic law4 ,9 its writt5 =m x is ?\ght to h be5 produc$ at ! end ( ! second c5tury1 b x conta9s a mass ( e>li] mat]ial :i* _h be5 pres]v$ by oral tradition4 #b4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,jewi% ,,hi/ory ,aft] ! conclusion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t p]iod ! ,jewi% nation _h und]gone important *anges4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ,judaism ( ! fir/ c5tury is to be und]/ood1 ! /ud5t mu/ h 9 m9d at lea/ a b>e outl9e ( ! hi/ory betwe5 ! ,te/am5ts4 ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory closes ) ! rebuild+ ( ! walls ( ,j]usalem & ! reorganization ( ! national life :i* took place "u ,ezra & ,nehemiah 9 ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,at t "t ,judah1 or ,judea1 0 ! only "p ( ,pale/9e :i* 0 occupi$ by ! ,jews1 & !y occupi$ x only z vassals--?\gh ) indep5d5ce 9 int]nal affairs--( ! k+s ( ,p]sia4 ,! ,p]sian dom9ion cont9u$ = ov] a c5tury4 ,!n1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 ,judea 0 conqu]$ by ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,= "s hundr$ ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,alex&]1 ! c\ntry 0 a bone ( cont5tion betwe5 ! k+s ( ,egypt & ! k+s ( ,syria--t is1 betwe5 ! ,ptolemies & ! ,seleucids4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/ ! k+ ( ,syria won a p]man5t victory4 ,"u ! ,ptolemies & at fir/ "u ! ,seleucids1 z well z "u ! ,p]sians1 ! ,jews enjoy$ a consid]able measure ( indep5d5ce 9 ! managem5t ( _! own affairs4 ,_! religion1 9 p>ticul>1 0 left q unmole/$4 ,b ! assimilation :i* 0 n be+ accompli%$ by =ce 0 be+ accompli%$ by peaceful influ5ces4 ,! all-p]vasive ,greek culture ( ! p]iod 0 mak+ itself felt 9 ,pale/9e z well z else:]e4 ,judea seem$ to be 9 dang] ( be+ ,hell5iz$4 ,"u ! reign ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes ( ,syria 7#age-afd ,b4 ,c471 h[ev]1 ! policy ( tol]ation 0 sudd5ly int]rupt$4 ,antio*us tri$ to /amp out ! ,jewi% religion by =ce4 ,! result 0 a h]oic upris+ l$ by ,matta?ias & 8 sons1 :o are call$ ! ,maccabees4 ,! tyranny ( ,antio*us _h caus$ a mighty popul> reaction aga9/ ! ,hell5iz+ p>ty among ! ,jews4 ,devotion to ! religion ( ,israel ) exclusion ( =eign influ5ces 0 ev] aft]w>ds ! dom9ant t5d5cy 9 ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,! ,maccabees 7 at fir/ wond]fully successful aga9/ ov]:elm+ odds2 & :5 ! oppos+ =ces seem$ at la/ to h become too p[]ful1 int]nal conflicts at ! ,syrian c\rt gave ! ,jewi% patriots t indep5d5ce :i* !y c\ld probably n o!rwise h ma9ta9$4 ,rul]s belong+ to ! ,maccabean dyna/y gov]n$ ! ,jewi% nation = ab\t a hundr$ ye>s1 dur+ mo/ ( :i* p]iod !y 7 indep5d5t4 ,_! t]ritory at fir/ embrac$ only ,judea1 b 0 gradually enl>g$ ov] ! o!r p>ts ( ,pale/9e4 ,galilee1 :i*--s9ce ! de/ruction ( ! nor!rn ,israeliti% k+dom c5turies be=e--_h become pr$om9antly ,g5tile1 0 ,judaiz$ "u ,ari/obulus ,i 9 #ajd-ajc ,b4 ,c4 ,be=e ! "t ( ,*ri/ x _h become ?or\ghly ,jewi%4 ,un=tunately ! worldly p[] ( ! ,maccabees _h br\ght worldl9ess ( _s4 ,! fir/ revolt _h be5 und]tak5 f a l(ty religi\s motive1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah4 ,z ! ye>s w5t on1 ! ,maccabean rul]s became increas+ly engross$ 9 ! ext5sion ( political p[]4 ,ally+ !mselves ) ! ari/ocratic p>ty among ! ,jews1 !y came to favor ! ext5sion ( ^? ,greek influ5ces--?\gh n 9 ! sph]e ( religion--:i* at fir/ !y _h oppos$4 ,"u ,que5 ,alex&ra 7#gf-fg ,b4 ,c47 x is true1 !re 0 a reaction4 ,! /rictly ,jewi%1 anti-,hell5i/ic p>ty aga9 became dom9ant4 ,b "u ,alex&ra's successors !re 0 civil /rife1 & ! all-conqu]+ ,romans f\nd ! c\ntry an easy prey4 ,pompey took possession ( ,j]usalem 9 #fc ,b4 ,c4 ,! ye>s t foll[$ saw ! gradual rise ( ! family ( ,h]od ! ,great1 :o1 z vassal ( ! ,romans1 became k+ ( all ,pale/9e 9 #cg ,b4 ,c4 & rul$ until #d ,b4 ,c4 ,h]od 0 an ,iduman1 n a g5u9e ,jew4 ,iduma1 h[ev]1 ! c\ntry to ! s\? ( ,judah1 _h be5 ,judaiz$ "s "t be=e4 ,h]od 0 at he>t a ,hell5i/4 ,he built ,greek !at]s & amphi!at]s n only 9 ! num]\s ,greek cities 9 or ne> ,pale/9e1 b also 9 ,j]usalem itself4 ,nev]!less he 0 wise en\gh to support ! ,jewi% religion & g5]ally to respect ! cu/oms ( ! p4 ,8 magnific5t rebuild+ ( ! temple 0 probably int5d$ *iefly to w9 popul> favor4 ,at ,h]od's dea?1 8 t]ritory 0 divid$ among 8 sons4 ,ar*elaus 0 giv5 ,judea1 ,antipas--! ,h]od ( ,jesus' public m9i/ry--receiv$ ,galilee & ,p]ea1 ) ! title ( ,tetr>*1 & ,philip receiv$ c]ta9 t]ritories to ! ea/ ( ,galilee4 ,ar*elaus 0 bani%$ 9 ,a4 ,d4 #f1 ,antipas 0 bani%$ 9 ,a4 ,d4 #ci1 & ,philip di$ 9 ,a4 ,d4 #cc4 ,aft] ! bani%m5t ( ,ar*elaus1 ,judea 0 adm9i/]$ by ,roman procurators till ,a4 ,d4 #da1 :5 all ,pale/9e 0 giv5 to ,h]od ,agrippa ,i4 ,acts #ab3a-d1ah-bc4 ,aft] ,a4 ,d4 #dd1 procurators 7 aga9 9 control4 ,! misgov]nm5t ( ! procurators l$ to ! great revolt 9 ,a4 ,d4 #ff4 ,aft] f\r ye>s ( w>1 ,j]usalem 0 tak5 by ! ,roman army 9 ,a4 ,d4 #gj4 ,! temple 0 de/roy$1 & ! (f]+ ( sacrifices ceas$4 ,! de/ruction ( ! temple m>ks an epo* 9 ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,h5ce=? ! national c5t] 0 gone4 ,!re 0 ano!r upris+ 9 ,a4 ,d4 #acb-ace1 b t 0 ! la/4 ,a ,g5tile city 0 erect$ on ! ru9s ( ,j]usalem1 & = a consid]able "t at lea/ ! ,jews 7 =bidd5 ev5 to ent] its prec9cts4 #c4 ,,adm9i/ration ,,& ,,p>ties ,aft] ! return f ! ,exile1 ! prie/s occupi$ a position ( lead]%ip4 ,! high prie/1 ^: (fice 0 h]$it>y1 0 practically head ( ! ,jewi% /ate4 ,) him 0 associat$ a c\ncil1 compos$ ( memb]s ( ! prie/ly ari/ocracy4 ,?is /ate ( affairs prevail$ dur+ ! ,p]sian & ,greek p]iods4 ,"u ! ,maccabees ! p[] ( ! high prie/ rea*$ its highe/ po9t4 ,= aft] a "t ! ,maccabean rul]s !mselves assum$ ! title ( high prie/1 & /ill lat] ! title ( k+4 ,! high prie/1 !n1 "u ! ,maccabees1 0 also k+4 ,"u ,h]od ! ,great1 on ! contr>y1 ! high prie/hood sank to its l[e/ ebb4 ,h]od made & unmade high prie/s at pleasure4 ,! c\ncil associat$ ) ! high prie/ 01 "u ,alex&ra1 op5$ to ! memb]s ( ! /rict anti-,hell5i/ic p>ty4 ,at ! "t ( ,*ri/ x includ$ bo? ,ph>isees & ,sadducees4 ,^! p>ties became di/9ct at ! "t ( ! ,maccabees4 ,! ,sadducees--! orig9 ( ! "n is n altoge!r cle>--7 ! ari/ocratic p>ty1 hospitable to ,greek culture4 ,! ,ph>isees 7 ! /rict ,jewi% p>ty1 devot$ to ! law1 & oppos$ to =eign influ5ces4 ,! "n ,ph>isee means sep>at$4 ,! ,ph>isees 7 sep>at$ f ! mass ( ! p by a /rict] obs]vance ( ! ,mosaic law4 ,at fir/ ! ,ph>isees support$ ! ,maccabean lead]s2 = ! ,maccabean revolt 0 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,jewi% religion4 ,b :5 ! ,maccabees became engross$ 9 worldly politics & susceptible to ,greek influ5ces ! ,ph>isees oppos$ !m4 ,at ! "t ( ,*ri/ ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ! p>ties rema9$ un*ang$4 #d4 ,,language ,"s c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 ,hebrew _h ceas$ to be ! ord9>y language ( ,pale/9e4 ,z ! language ( ! ,old ,te/am5t x cont9u$ to be /udi$4 ,old ,te/am5t passages 9 ,hebrew 7 read 9 ! synagogue4 ,hebrew 0 us$ also to "s ext5t z ! language ( le>n$ discussion4 ,b = all ord9>y purposes its place _h be5 tak5 by ,aramaic1 a language ( ! ,semitic family closely relat$ to ,hebrew4 ,at ! "t ( ,*ri/ ,aramaic 0 ! spok5 language ( ! ,pale/9ian ,jews4 ,ev5 9 ! synagogues1 ! ,old ,te/am5t passages1 aft] hav+ be5 read 9 ,hebrew1 7 translat$ orally into ! language :i* ! p c\ld und]/&4 ,b1 s9ce ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 ano!r language _h made its way into ,pale/9e along ) ,aramaic4 ,?is 0 ! ,greek4 ,! k+doms into :i* ,alex&]'s empire 0 divid$ 7 ,greek k+doms4 ,two ( !m1 ,syria & ,egypt1 bore rule alt]nately ov] ,pale/9e4 ,) ! ,greek gov]nm5t came ,greek culture & ! ,greek language4 ,!n1 "u ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 !re 0 a mighty reaction4 ,!reaft] religion1 at lea/1 0 kept altoge!r free f ,greek influ5ces4 ,9 o!r sph]es1 h[ev]1 "u ! ,maccabean k+s & /ill m "u ! ,romans1 ,greek culture effect$ an entrance4 ,at ! "t ( ,*ri/ !re 7 typical ,greek cities n only to ! ea/ ( ! ,jordan 9 ,decapolis1 :]e magnific5t ru9s ev5 to-day atte/ ! anci5t ,greco-,roman civilization1 & n only along ! coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 b ev5 )9 ! conf9es ( ,pale/9e prop]4 ,) "s tru? ,pale/9e 9 ! fir/ c5tury may be call$ a bil+ual c\ntry4 ,greek & ,aramaic 7 bo? 9 use4 ,aramaic 0 ! language ( ! mass ( ! p4 ,_m1 no d\bt1 c\ld speak no o!r language4 ,b if a man desir$ to make 8 way 9 ! _w 9 any public capacity or 9 trade he w\ld be oblig$ to le>n ! cosmopolitan language ( ! "t4 ,no d\bt v _m c\ld speak bo? languages4 ,jesus & 8 apo/les belong$ to ^? circles :i* 7 lea/ affect$ by ! encroa*m5ts ( ,greek civilization4 ,! :ole atmosph]e ( ! ,gospels is z un-,greek z c\ld be imag9$4 ,z is prov$ by ! pres5ce ( ,aramaic words ev5 9 our ,greek ,gospels1 ,aramaic 0 und\bt$ly ! language 9 :i* ! gospel 0 orig9ally proclaim$4 ,aramaic 0 ! language ( ,jesus' boyhood home1 & ,aramaic 0 ! language ( 8 int]c\rse ) ! disciples & ( 8 public prea*+4 ,x is p]fectly possible1 h[ev]1 t ev5 ,jesus may h us$ ,greek ^u r>e occasions1 = example 9 conv]sation ) ,pilate1 ! ,roman procurator4 ,8 disciples1 aft] ! resurrection1 f\nd !mselves at ! head ( a ,greek-speak+ community4 ,! e>ly ,*ur* 9 ,j]usalem 0 compos$ n only ( ,hebrews1 b also ( ,grecians1 or ,hell5i/s4 ,acts #f3a4 ,! ,hell5i/s 7 ,greek-speak+ ,jews ( ! disp]sion :o 7 soj\rn+ m or less p]man5tly 9 ! holy city4 ,! apo/les seem to h ent]$ ^u _! new functions )\t difficulty4 ,"s k ( ,greek1 no d\bt1 all ( !m br\ght ) !m f _! ,galilean homes1 & _! k w\ld be increas$ ?r\gh practice4 ,x is n surpris+ !n t sev]al ( ! orig9al apo/les & two ( ! bro!rs ( ,jesus 7 ! au?ors ( ,greek books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,riggs1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,p1 especially pp4 #aje-aaf1 #adc-aec1 #bae-bca4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 articles on ,c\ncil1 ,ph>isees1 ,sadducees1 ,synagogue1 ,s*ool1 ,scribe1 ,aramaic1 & ,hebrew4 ,! outl9e ( ,jewi% hi/ory & in/itutions :i* is provid$ 9 ! lesson helps = ?is lesson & ! foll[+ is dep5d5t especially ^u ! l>ge ,g]man "w ( ,s*r]4 ,,lesson ,v ,,! ,,jewi% ,,backgr\nd ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,,ii4 ,,! ,,judaism ,,( ,,! ,,disp]sion ,! pres5tation ( ! lesson 9 class may be begun some:at 9 ! mann] sugge/$ 9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book4 ,! /ud5t %\ld be made to appreciate ! practical problem ( a mission>y 9 a new city4 ,v>i\s solutions ( ! problem may be adopt$4 ,! mission>y may simply engage 9 conv]sation ) individuals 9 ! /reet1 or he may hire a room & adv]tise 8 prea*+4 ,9 any case ! secur+ ( an audi5ce is usually no easy matt]4 ,x is difficult to "k h[ to beg94 ,! case might naturally h be5 ! same ) ,paul & 8 companions :51 = example1 aft] ! j\rney up f ,p]ga !y arriv$ at ,pisidian ,antio*4 ,complete /rang]s 7 p]haps n mu* bett] receiv$ 9 ^? days ?an !y are n[4 ,h[ c\ld ! mission>ies get a he>+ = _! message8 ,9 "s cases1 !y might simply take _! /& 9 ! m>ket place & talk to ! pass]s-by4 ,paul tri$ t me?od 9 ,a!ns4 ,x might d :5 no?+ bett] (f]$4 ,b =tunately !re 0 usually a f> bett] opportunity4 ,! synagogue (f]$ an audi5ce4 ,:at is m1 x (f]$ j exactly ! mo/ promis+ audi5ce t c\ld possibly h be5 secur$4 ,! sc5e 9 ! synagogue at ,pisidian ,antio* is typical ( :at happ5$ aga9 & aga94 ,! /ud5t %\ld be made to appreciate ! rem>kable lib]ality & in=mality ( ! synagogue cu/oms4 ,!re seem to h be5 no set prea*]s4 ,any ,jew :o really _h a message c\ld be he>d4 ,he ne$$ only to g 9 & sit d[n4 ,acts #ac3ad4 ,paul & ,b>nabas _h no difficulty 9 mak+ _! fitness kn[n4 ,bre?r51 said ! rul]s ( ! synagogue1 if ye h any ^w ( exhortation = ! p1 say on4 ,acts #ac3ae4 ,!y _h a ^w ( exhortation inde$4 ,jesus is ! ,messiah = :om y are wait+4 ,he has di$ = y\r s9s4 ,he has ris5 f ! dead1 & is n[ alive to save y4 ,x 0 a p[]ful ^w1 & x bore fruit4 ,! native ,jews1 x is true1 soon came out 9 opposition4 ,! reasons = _! opposition are n f> to seek4 ,jeal\sy 0 an important factor4 ,*ri/ianity 0 evid5tly too radical a ?+ to be simply a sect ( ,judaism4 ,if all[$ to cont9ue1 x w\ld de/roy ! pr]ogatives ( ,israel4 ,x c\ld n be controll$4 ,its success 0 too great4 ,on t next ,sabba? 9 ,pisidian ,antio*1 almo/ ! :ole city 0 ga!r$ toge!r to he> ! ^w ( ,god4 ,! ,jewi% mission _h nev] _h a success l t4 ,:5 ! ,jews saw ! multitudes1 !y 7 fill$ ) jeal\sy4 ,*ri/ianity _h tak5 away ! h]itage ( ,israel4 ,9 "o way ! ,jewi% opposition display$ g5u9e insight into ! situation4 ,*ri/ianity 0 really de/9$ to be a fatal rival to ! old] ,judaism4 ,:at took place on a small scale at ,antio* 0 repeat$ on ! l>g] /age ( hi/ory4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ian mission began1 ,judaism 0 a successful mission>y religion4 ,soon aft]w>ds x _h )drawn hopelessly into its age-long isolation4 ,v>i\s causes contribut$ to ?is result4 ,! de/ruction ( ! national life 9 ,pale/9e & ! increas+ influ5ce ( ! /rict rabb9ical s*ools bo? _h an important "p4 ,b at lea/ "o factor 9 ! process 0 ! competition ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,*ri/ianity (f]$ ! _w ev]y?+ t ,judaism c\ld (f]1 & m4 ,x (f]$ ! k ( ! "o ,god1 & ! l(ty morality1 & ! au?oritative ,book4 ,9 addition1 x (f]$ a way ( r$emption--& ! m5 ( t "t 7 prem95tly seek]s aft] r$emption--?r\gh ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/4 ,x (f]$ all ^! ?+s1 moreov]1 )\t requir+ any rel9qui%m5t ( purely national *>act]i/ics4 ,*ri/ianity did n dem& union ) any "o race4 ,x _h a gospel = ! _w4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t ^? :o _h be5 attract$ by ,judaism n[ became adh]5ts ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,jews 7 fill$ ) envy4 ,x 0 natural f _! po9t ( view1 b x 0 a sad mi/ake4 ,_h !y !mselves accept$ ! gospel1 ! gospel w\ld h be5 to _! glory4 ,h[ glori\s 0 ! mission ( ,israel6 ,a bless+ to ! :ole _w6 ,f> bett] ?an any n>r[ p>ticul>ism6 ,b !y 7 n will+ to accept ! message4 ,nev]!less1 despite _! opposition1 ! ,*ur* %\ld n =get ! debt :i* %e owes to ,israel4 ,! disp]sion 0 l ! ,judaism ( ,pale/9e4 ,9 bo? cases ! m5 !mselves 7 oppos$ to ! gospel4 ,b 9 bo? cases !y _h pres]v$ ! deposit ( div9e tru?4 ,judaism1 despite itself1 op5$ ! way = ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,"o s]vice :i* ! disp]sion r5d]$ to ,*ri/ianity has be5 illu/rat$ by ! sc5e at ,pisidian ,antio*4 ,t s]vice 0 ! provid+ ( an audi5ce4 ,ano!r s]vice 0 ! assurance ( legal protection4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by ano!r incid5t 9 ,! ,acts--! appeal to ,gallio4 ,acts #ah3ab-ag4 ,!re ! opposition ( ! ,jews appe>s 9 all its bitt]ness4 ,no d\bt t opposition 0 a s]i\s h9drance to ! "w ( ! ,*ur*4 ,j because ,*ri/ianity 0 reg>d$ z a ,jewi% sect1 ! ,*ri/ians 7 subject to p]secution by ! ,jewi% au?orities4 ,b p]secutions by ! ,jews1 annoy+ ?\gh !y 71 7 f> less s]i\s ?an opposition on ! "p ( ! ,roman au?orities4 ,& ! latt] 01 at fir/1 conspicu\sly abs5t4 ,gallio's decision is a fair example ( ! g5]al attitude ( ! ,roman magi/rates4 ,*ri/ianity1 z a ,jewi% sect1 0 all[$ to g its way4 ,judaism1 despite itself1 af=d$ ! ,*ur* legal protection4 ,beg9n+ ) ^! two /rik+ sc5es1 ! tea*] may proce$ to ! m g5]al pres5tation ( ! lesson4 ,9 :at foll[s1 ! outl9e ( ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book w be supplem5t$ at "o or two po9ts4 #a4 ,,! ,,causes ,,& ,,ext5t ,,( ,,! ,,disp]sion ,deportations ( ,jews to =eign c\ntries took place at v>i\s times4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ^? deportations 0 c>ri$ out by ,nebu*adnezz> aft] 8 conque/ ( ,judah1 ab\t #fjj ,b4 ,c4 ,_m ( ,nebu*adnezz>'s captives did n jo9 9 ! return "u ! ,p]sian mon>*y1 b rema9$ p]man5tly 9 ! ea/ & =m$ ! nucleus ( ! l>ge ,jewi% population ( ,mesopotamia4 ,:5 ,pompey conqu]$ ,pale/9e 9 ! fir/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 he c>ri$ _m ,jews z slaves to ,rome4 ,aft]w>ds !y 7 lib]at$1 & =m$ a l>ge ,jewi% colony at ! capital ( ! empire4 ,^! are m]ely examples4 ,"p ( ! disp]sion 0 due to =cible exile4 ,o!r causes h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book4 ,x is a "q1 h[ev]1 :e!r all ( ^! causes comb9$ are suffici5t to acc\nt = ! extraord9>y gr[? ( ! disp]sion4 ,s*r] believes t ! va/ness ( ! ,jewi% population presupposes ! m]g+ ( l>ge bodies ( proselytes into ! ,jewi% p4 ,he also believes1 h[ev]1 t ^! ?or\ghgo+ conv]sions 7 less num]\s 9 ,new ,te/am5t times ?an !y _h be5 be=e4 ,h>nack calculates t at ! "t ( ! dea? ( ,augu/us !re 7 f f\r million to f\r & a half million ,jews 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 includ+ ab\t sev5 hundr$ ?\s& 9 ,pale/9e1 & t1 if t e/imate be correct1 !n ! ,jews =m$ p]haps "s sev5 p] c5t ( ! total population4 ,( c\rse1 ,h>nack is himself ! fir/ to admit t su* calculations are exce$+ly unc]ta94 ,b s mu* at lea/ is cle>--! ,jews 9 ! fir/ c5tury 7 surpris+ly num]\s4 #b4 ,,! ,,septuag9t ,,translation ,,& ,,! ,,language ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,! "n ,septuag9t1 d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w = sev5ty1 has be5 appli$ to ! ,alex&rian translation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ref]5ce to an anci5t /ory ab\t its orig94 ,accord+ to ?is /ory1 ! translation 0 made by sev5ty-two m5 summon$ f ,j]usalem by ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 k+ ( ,egypt1 9 ord] to add ! ,jewi% law to ! royal libr>y at ,alex&ria4 ,! /ory is c]ta9ly n true 9 details1 & is probably n ev5 correct 9 repres5t+ ! translation z de/9$ prim>ily = ! royal libr>y4 ,m probably ! translation 0 int5d$ = ! ,greek-speak+ ,jews ( ,egypt4 ,! ,septuag9t is a translation ( ! ,hebrew ,old ,te/am5t into ! ,greek _w language ( ! p]iod1 & into ! popul>1 spok5 =m ( t language1 n into ! lit]>y =m4 ,! translation diff]s widely 9 "* 9 ! diff]5t books1 = _m diff]5t translators _h a "p 9 x4 ,"s ( ! books are translat$ ) su* slavi% lit]alness z to be almo/ un9telligible to a ,greek4 ,ev]y:]e1 inde$1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,hebrew orig9al makes itself felt to "s degree4 ,hebrew idioms are (t5 copi$ 9 ! translation in/ead ( be+ remold$ accord+ to ! peculi>ities ( ! ,greek language4 ,! ,septuag9t ex]t$ an important influ5ce ^u ! language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! ,septuag9t 0 ! ,greek ,bible ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 & ! influ5ce ( a ,bible ^u language is v /rong4 ,a good example is af=d$ by ! influ5ce ( ! ,k+ ,james ,v]sion ^u ! :ole developm5t ( mod]n ,engli%4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t z ! ,septuag9t 0 influ5c$ by ,hebrew1 s ! language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t also displays a ,semitic color+4 ,t color+ 0 induc$ p>tly by ! ,septuag9t1 b x 0 also induc$ 9 o!r ways4 ,"p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 = example ! words ( ,jesus1 goes back ultimately to an ,aramaic orig9al4 ,all ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s except "o 7 ,jews1 & _h spok5 ,aramaic z well z ,greek4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t _! ,greek 0 influ5c$ by ! ,semitic languages4 ,?is ,semitic influ5ce ^u ! language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is n s great z 0 =m]ly suppos$1 b x _c be ignor$4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t is writt5 9 ! natural1 non-lit]>y =m ( ! ,greek _w language4 ,t is ! ma9 ?+ to be said4 ,b ^u ?is base is sup]pos$ an appreciable influ5ce ( ,hebrew & ,aramaic4 ,! importance ( ! ,septuag9t = ! e>ly ,*ri/ian mission 0 ine/imable4 ,e pione] mission>y kn[s h[ difficult x is to create ! vocabul>y necess>y to express new religi\s ideas4 ,9 ! case ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian mission1 t labor _h already be5 done4 ,x _h be5 done by ! ,jews ( ,alex&ria4 ,by ! ,septuag9t1 ! great ideas ( ! ,old ,te/am5t--& ^u ^! ideas ,*ri/ianity 0 bas$--_h already be5 put into a ,greek =m4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ne$$ only to develop :at _h be5 begun4 ,! ,*ur* made good use ( h] opportunity4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,septuag9t ^u ! religi\s vocabul>y ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s 0 pr(\nd4 ,! ,septuag9t _h provid$ a vocabul>y :i* 0 und]/ood already by great masses ( p--by ! ,jews ( ! disp]sion & by ! ho/s ( ! ,god-wor%ip]s :o att5d$ ! synagogues4 ,naturally ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies us$ ! words :i* p c\ld und]/&4 #c4 ,,conclusion ,! ,judaism ( ! disp]sion 0 a wond]ful prep>ation = ! gospel4 ,israel ought to be reg>d$ ) gratitude & sympa?y4 ,b ! ultimate object ( gratitude is ,god4 ,! ,*ur* 0 f\nd$ 9 a "t ( opportunity4 ,! ,roman ,gov]nm5t _h br\ght peace4 ,! ,greek language _h weld$ ! nations toge!r4 ,! disp]sion ( ! ,jews _h prep>$ ! way4 ,^! ?+s did n come by *ance4 ,! nations 7 in/rum5ts 9 ! h& ( ,god4 ,b in/rum5ts = :at8 ,a mighty1 age-long plan6 ,c5turies ( prep>ation6 ,at la/ ! ,savi\r came4 ,b did he come = naught8 ,or is he ,savi\r ( y & me8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,ed]%eim 7revis$ by ,:ite71 ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,nation1 pp4 #de-gi4 ,! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia3 ,re9a*1 article on ,diaspora4 ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,s*r]1 article on ,diaspora1 extra volume1 pp4 #ia-aji4 ,,lesson ,,vi ,,! ,,messiah ,! tea*+ ( ?is lesson may be begun ) ,acts #b3ag-ba4 ,surely ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s on ! day ( ,p5teco/ 0 some?+ new4 ,yet ev5 t 0 expla9$ by a ref]5ce to prophecy4 ,& ! ref]5ce is ( rem>kable aptness & beauty4 ,! ,p5teco/al spee* ( ,pet] is full ( ! appeal to prophecy4 ,prim>ily1 inde$1 ! claims ( ,jesus are support$ by ! direct te/imony to 8 resurrection4 ,)\t ! facts1 ( c\rse appeal to prophecy w\ld h be5 useless2 = x 0 j ! wond]ful correspond5ce ( ! facts ) ! prophecies t c\ld induce belief4 ,along ) ! direct te/imony to ! facts w5t ! appeal to prophecy4 ,! promis$ k+ ( ,david's l9e at la/ has come4 ,acts #b3cj2 ,,ii ,sam4 #g3ab1ac2 ,ps4 #hi3c1d2 #acb3aa4 ,& ,david's son is ,david's ,"l--,david's ,"l & ours4 ,acts #b3cd1ce2 ,ps4 #aaj3a2 comp>e ,matt4 #bb3da-df4 #a4 ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,appeal ,,to ,,prophecy ,?is spee* ( ,pet] is typical ( ! prea*+ ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,! appeal to prophecy 0 absolutely c5tral 9 ! pres5tation ( ! gospel4 ,pro( ( t fact does n ne$ to be s\ght4 ,x is writt5 pla9 on ! pages ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,old ,te/am5t prophecy 0 f\nd to apply n m]ely to "o side ( ! "w ( ,*ri/1 b to all sides4 ,israel _h look$ n m]ely = a k+1 b also = a prophet & a prie/4 ,pet]1 aft] 8 fir/ arre/1 = example1 c\ld appeal to ! notable prophecy ( ,deut]onomy3 ,a prophet %all ! ,"l ,god raise up unto y f among y\r bre?r51 l unto me4 ,acts #c3bb2 ,deut4 #ah3ae1ai4 ,! au?or ( ,hebrews c\ld appeal to ! prie/ aft] ! ord] ( ,mel*iz$ek1 ,heb4 #e3f2 ,ps4 #aaj3d1 & to ! symbolic sacrifices ( ! temple :i* f\nd _! fulfillm5t on ,calv>y4 ,! appeal to prophecy ext5d$ ev5 to ^? ?+s :i* 7 mo/ di/9ctive ( ! ,*ri/ian message4 ,i deliv]$ unto y fir/ ( all1 says ,paul1 t :i* also ,i receiv$3 t ,*ri/ di$ = our s9s accord+ to ! scriptures2 & t he 0 buri$2 & t he ha? be5 rais$ on ! ?ird day accord+ to ! scriptures4 ,i ,cor4 #ae3c1d4 ,"h ! dea? & ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ are bo? decl>$ to be accord+ to ! ,scriptures4 ,t means t !y 7 ! subject ( prophecy4 ,b ! dea? & ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ 7 ! fundam5tal elem5ts ( ! gospel4 ,! gospel1 !n1 9 ! =m ( prophecy1 is to be f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,:at ,old ,te/am5t passages has ,paul "h 9 m9d8 ,) reg>d to ! dea? = our s9s1 ! fifty-?ird *apt] ( ,isaiah 0 probably 9 8 m9d4 ,t passage 0 be+ read by ! ,e?iopian :5 ,philip met him1 & ,philip made ! passage a basis = prea*+ ab\t ,jesus4 ,acts #h3bg-ce4 ,) reg>d to ! resurrection1 x is natural to ?9k ( ,ps4 #af3aj4 ,paul himself quot$ t passage 9 8 spee* at ,pisidian ,antio*4 ,acts #ac3cd-cg4 ,! appeal to prophecy did n beg9 ) ! apo/les4 ,x 0 initiat$ by ,jesus himself4 ,to-day1 said ,jesus at ,naz>e? aft] ! read+ ( ,isa4 #fa3a1b1 ha? ?is scripture be5 fulfill$ 9 y\r e>s4 ,a l>ge claim6 ,no wond] !y f\nd x difficult to accept4 ,:5 ,john ! ,bapti/ ask$1 ,art ?\ he t come?1 or look we = ano!r8 x 0 to ! works ( ! ,*ri/ t ,jesus appeal$4 ,matt4 #aa3b-f2 ,isa4 #ce3e1f2 #fa3a4 ,^! are m]ely examples4 ,?r\gh\t1 ,jesus repres5t$ himself & 8 k+dom z ! fulfillm5t ( ! anci5t promise4 ,o fooli% m51 he said to ! disciples on ! way to ,emmaus1 & sl[ ( he>t to believe 9 all t ! prophets h spok56 ,behoov$ x n ! ,*ri/ to suff] ^! ?+s1 & to ent] into 8 glory8 ,& beg9n+ f ,moses & f all ! prophets1 he int]pret$ to !m 9 all ! scriptures ! ?+s conc]n+ himself4 ,luke #bd3be-bg4 #b4 ,,! ,,messianic ,,hope ,a ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,! ,,gospel ,:5 ! gospel 0 prea*$ to pure ,g5tiles1 a great deal ( prelim9>y labor _h to be done4 ,"u :at title %\ld ! claims ( ! ,savi\r be pres5t$8 ,*ri/ to ! ,g5tiles 0 almo/ mean+less1 till expla9$4 ,son ( ,god 0 op5 to sad misconception4 ,!re 7 sons ( ,god 9 ,greek my?ology1 b !y 7 n :at ! e>ly ,*ri/ians meant to %[ t ,jesus 04 ,^! difficulties 7 ov]come1 & spe$ily4 ,g5tile ,*ri/ians 7 imbu$ ) a l(ty & adequate conception ( ! ,"l4 ,! labor 0 great1 b x 0 glori\sly accompli%$4 ,9 ?is labor1 h[ev]1 ! mission>ies 7 assi/$ by ! synagogues ( ! ,jews4 ,9 ! synagogues1 ,*ri/ 0 no new t]m1 & no new conception4 ,9 ! synagogues1 "o proposition ne$$ fir/ to be prov$1 ,?is ,jesus 444 is ! ,*ri/4 ,acts #ag3c4 ,if t 7 prov$1 !n ! re/ w\ld foll[4 ,! ,jews knew t ! ,messiah 0 ,"l & ,ma/]4 ,id5tify ,jesus ) him1 & all ! l(ty claims ( ,jesus w\ld be sub/antiat$4 ,h[ ! id5tity 0 e/abli%$ may be obs]v$ 9 ! spee* ( ,pet] on ! day ( ,p5teco/1 or 9 ! spee* ( ,paul at ,pisidian ,antio*4 ,acts #ac3af-dc4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! synagogues attract$ n m]ely ,jews b also ,g5tiles4 ,! ,g5tile ,god-fe>]s1 z well z ! ,jews1 7 acqua9t$ ) ! ,messianic hope4 ,ev5 ! ,g5tile mission1 !re=e1 0 prep>$ = by ! prophets ( ,israel4 #c4 ,,! ,,p]man5t ,,value ,,( ,,prophecy ,! appeal to prophecy1 h[ev]1 0 n m]ely valuable to ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,x is ( abid+ wor?4 ,x repres5ts ,jesus z ! culm9ation ( a div9e purpose4 ,! hope ( ,israel 0 9 itself a pro( ( revelation1 because x 0 s unlike ! religi\s conceptions ( o!r nations4 ,! cov5ant p1 ! righte\s k+1 ! liv+ ,god1 ! _w-wide mission--t is ! glory ( ,israel4 ,! promise is itself a pro(4 ,b /ill m ! fulfillm5t4 ,! fulfillm5t 0 an unfold+4 ,wond]ful correspond5ce 9 detail--& f> m wond]ful ! correspond5ce ( ! :ole6 ,! promise 0 manifold4 ,sometimes ! ,messiah is 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,sometimes he is out ( sight4 ,sometimes !re is a human k+1 sometimes ,jehovah himself com+ to judgm5t2 sometimes a k+dom1 sometimes a new cov5ant 9 ! he>t2 sometimes a fruitful ,canaan1 sometimes a new heav5 & a new e>?4 ,b manifold ?\gh ! promise1 ,*ri/ is ! fulfillm5t ( x all4 ,h[ _m soev] be ! promises ( ,god1 9 ,*ri/ is ! yea4 ,,ii ,cor4 #a3bj4 ,!re is ! wond]4 ,9 ,*ri/ ! app>5t contradictions ( ! promise become glori\s unity1 9 ,*ri/ ! deep] my/]ies ( ! promise are reveal$4 ,*ri/ ! key/one ( ! ar*6 ,*ri/ ! culm9ation ( a div9e plan6 ,t is ! witness ( ! prophets4 ,x is a witness wor? hav+4 #d4 ,,! ,,messianic ,,hope ,,( ,,lat] ,,judaism ,aft] ! close ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! promise did n die4 ,x 0 pres]v$ 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,x cont9u$ to be ! life ( ! ,jewi% nation4 ,b x 0 n only pres]v$4 ,x 0 also int]pret$4 ,"s ( ! int]pretation 0 false1 b mu* ( x 0 true4 ,! ,jewi% int]pretation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t promise is wor?y ( att5tion4 ,:at did ! ,jews ( ! fir/ c5tury mean by ! ,messiah1 & :at did !y mean by ! ,messianic age8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y reta9$ ! hope ( a k+ ( ,david's l9e--a human k+ :o %\ld conqu] ! enemies ( ,israel4 ,:5 x 0 held 9 a "o-sid$ =m ?is 0 a dang]\s hope4 ,x l$ logically to mat]iali/ic conceptions ( ! k+dom ( ,god & to political unre/4 ,x l$ to ! ef=t ( ! ,jews to take ,jesus by =ce & make him a k+4 ,john #f3ae4 ,x l$ to ! qu>rel ( ! disciples ab\t ! *ief places 9 ! k+dom4 ,matt4 #ah3a-d2 ,m>k #i3cc-ce2 ,luke #i3df1dg4 ,?is conception ( ! ,messiah _h to be correct$ by ,jesus4 ,my k+dom is n ( ?is _w4 ,john #ah3cf4 ,yet ev5 :]e ! ,messiah 0 conceiv$ ( z an e>?ly rul]1 ! spiritual hope 0 by no means always & altoge!r lo/4 ,! ,psalms ( ,solomon1 = example1 ,ph>isaic psalms ( ! fir/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 ?\gh !y look = an e>?ly rul]1 picture him z "o :o %all rule 9 righte\sness4 ,& a righte\s k+ & taught ( ,god is he t reigne? ov] !m2 ,& !re %all be no iniquity 9 8 days 9 _! mid/1 = all %all be holy & _! k+ is ! ,"l ,messiah 7,ps4 ,sol4 xvii1 #ce1 #cf4 ,see ,ryle & ,james1 ,psalms ( ! ,ph>isees1 especially pp4 #acg-adg74 ,no iniquity 9 ! days ( ! ,messiah6 ,t is true und]/&+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ev5 jo9$ ) ! political ideal4 ,9 ! second place1 h[ev]1 ! ,messianic age is sometimes 9 lat] ,judaism conceiv$ ( z purely sup]natural4 ,! ,messiah is n an e>?ly rul]1 m]ely help$ by ,god1 b himself a heav5ly be+1 a prexi/5t ,son ( ,man1 judge ( all ! e>?4 ,! ,messianic age is u%]$ 9 n by human w>f>e1 b by a mighty cata/rophic act ( ,god4 ,n a lib]at$ ,canaan is "h ! ideal1 b a new heav5 & a new e>?4 ,?is transc5d5tal1 sup]naturali/ic =m ( ! ,messianic hope appe>s 9 ! ,book ( ,eno* & o!r apocalypses4 ,its details are fanta/ic1 b x 0 by no means altoge!r wrong4 ,9 _m respects x 0 a correct int]pretation ( ! div9e promise4 ,! new heav5s & ! new e>? are d]iv$ f ,isa4 #fe3ag4 ,! doctr9e ( ! two ages 0 accept$ by ,jesus & by ,paul--= example ,matt4 #ab3cb2 ,gal4 #a3d2 ,eph4 #a3ba4 ,! heav5ly ,son ( ,man goes back to ,dan4 #g3ac1ad4 ,! ,book ( ,eno* 0 n altoge!r wrong4 ,its use ( ! title ,son ( ,man prep>$ = ! title :i* ,jesus us$4 ,f9ally1 ! ,messianic hope 0 held 9 a pure & l(ty =m by ! poor ( ! l&--simple folk l ^? :o appe> 9 ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ,luke4 ,9 ! hymns ( ,m>y & ,za*>ias & ,simeon1 purely political & mat]iali/ic conceptions are 9 ! backgr\nd1 & ! speculations ( ! apocalypses d n appe>4 ,! highe/ elem5ts ( prophecy are made prom95t4 ,= m9e eyes h se5 ?y salvation1 :i* ?\ ha/ prep>$ be=e ! face ( all peoples2 a light = revelation to ! ,g5tiles1 & ! glory ( ?y p ,israel4 ,luke #b3cj-cb4 ,9 ^? circles1 ! hope ( ,israel burn$ /ill & pure4 ,lat] ,judaism ?us pres]v$ ! manifoldness ( prophecy4 ,!re 0 exagg]ation & !re 0 "o-sid$ness2 b 9 ,judaism z a :ole ! promise 0 pres]v$4 ,"o elem5t at mo/ 0 =gott5--! suff]+ s]vant & 8 sacrificial dea?4 ,! dea? ( ! ,messiah 0 no easy conception4 ,! disciples _h difficulty ) x4 ,:5 ,pet] he>d ( x1 he took ,jesus1 & began to rebuke him4 ,matt4 #af3bb4 ,! lesson 0 n easy1 b x _h to be le>n$4 ,& x 0 wor? le>n+4 ,! cross is ! he>t ( ! gospel4 ,?us 9 ,jesus no?+ 0 left out1 except :at 0 false4 ,! :ole promise 0 pres]v$4 ,! reveal] ( ,god1 ! rul] ( ! k+dom1 ! great high prie/1 ! human deliv]]1 ! div9e ,"l--^! are ! elem5ts ( ! promise4 ,!y f9d _! union 9 ,*ri/4 ,leave "o out1 & ! promise is mutilat$4 ,su* mutilation is popul> to-day4 ,! :ole ,*ri/ seems too wond]ful4 ,b ! ,*ur* c be satisfi$ ) no?+ less4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,bee*]1 ,! ,prophets & ! ,promise1 pp4 #agc-dbj4 ,,lesson ,,vii ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,acts ,! tea*+ ( ! lesson may be begun ) "s v simple que/ions4 ,if rightly put1 !y w op5 up a fre% way ( look+ at a ,new ,te/am5t book4 ,! way w ?us be prep>$ = consid]+ ! deep] elem5ts ( ! lesson4 ,if int]e/ c be ar\s$ 9 ! book itself1 ! cont5ts ( ! book1 9 ! lessons :i* foll[1 w be /udi$ ) mu* liveli] att5tion4 #a4 ,,au?or%ip ,:o wrote ! book ( ,! ,acts8 ,h[ d y "k8 ,! =m] "q w probably be answ]$ )\t difficulty1 b ! latt] may reveal diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,_m ( ! /ud5ts w "k t ,! ,acts 0 writt5 by ! same man z ! ,gospel ( ,luke4 ,b t does n settle ! "q4 ,h[ d y "k t ,luke 0 writt5 by ,luke8 ,! "n does n occur 9 ! ,gospel itself4 ,! title1 ,accord+ to ,luke1 0 probably add$ lat]4 ,s1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! au?or%ip bo? ( ,luke & ( ,! ,acts1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to ,*ri/ian tradition4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 tradition 9 ?is case is q unimpea*able4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 al?\gh ! au?or ( ,! ,acts is n nam$ 9 ! book1 yet ! book is n an anonym\s "w4 ,und\bt$ly ! "n ( ! au?or 0 kn[n f ! beg9n+4 ,= ! book is d$icat$ to an individual1 ,!ophilus4 ,evid5tly ,!ophilus knew :o ! au?or 04 ,in=mation ab\t ! au?or c\ld ?us be _h f ! />t4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,luke did n really write ,! ,acts1 "s "o has remov$ ! "n ( ! true au?or & sub/itut$ ,luke 9 place ( x4 ,t is an exce$+ly unlikely supposition4 ,9 ! second place1 x is evid5t q indep5d5tly ( any tradition t ! book 0 writt5 by an eyewitness ( "p ( ,paul's mission>y j\rneys4 ,?is fact appe>s f ! s-call$ we-sections ( ! book4 ,9 c]ta9 portions ( ! n>rative ! au?or uses ! fir/ p]son in/ead ( ! ?ird4 ,( ?is peculi>ity !re is only "o satisfactory explanation4 ,! au?or uses ! fir/ p]son :5 he is describ+ ! exp]i5ces 9 :i* he himself _h a "p4 ,:51 = example1 ! au?or says1 n1 ,!y made a /raight c\rse to ,samo?race1 b ,we made a /raight c\rse1 ,acts #af3aa1 he means t he 0 pres5t on t voyage4 ,?is natural supposition is confirm$ by ! "* ( ! we-sections4 ,^! sections are full ( su* a weal? ( artless detail t no "o b an eyewitness c\ld possibly h writt5 !m4 ,! only possible way ( avoid+ ! conclusion t a companion ( ,paul wrote ! book ( ,! ,acts is to ma9ta9 t al?\gh su* a man wrote ! we-sections "s "o else wrote ! re/ ( ! book4 ,b t is unlikely 9 ! extreme4 ,if a lat] au?or _h be5 simply us+ z a s\rce a di>y ( a companion ( ,paul1 he w\ld surely ei!r h told u he 0 quot+1 or else h *ang$ ! fir/ p]son to ! ?ird4 ,by leav+ ! ?ird p]son 9 he w\ld simply h be5 produc+ nons5se4 ,ev]yone knew :o ! au?or ( ! book 04 ,! book is d$icat$ to a def9ite man4 ,! au?or evid5tly c\ld n h palm$ himself (f z a companion ( ,paul ev5 if he w\ld4 ,& if he desir$ to d x1 he w\ld n h *os5 ?is rem>kable way ( do+ x4 ,( c\rse if he _h be5 a m]e ?\ghtless compil] he might h copi$ 8 s\rce ) su* slavi% exactness z to leave ! we 9 )\t notic+ t 9 ! complet$ "w x w\ld produce nons5se4 ,b he 0 mo/ assur$ly n a m]e compil]4 ,if he us$ s\rces1 he did n use !m t way4 ,! book %[s a rem>kable unity ( /yle4 ,mod]n rese>* has demon/rat$ t fact beyond p]adv5ture4 ,!re is a rem>kable simil>ity ( /yle betwe5 ! we-sections & ! re/ ( ! book4 ,only "o hypo!sis1 !n1 does ju/ice to ! facts4 ,! au?or ( ! we-sections 0 also ! au?or ( ! :ole book4 ,:5 he comes to ^? p>ts ( ! n>rative 9 :i* he himself _h a "p1 he says v naturally we1 in/ead ( !y4 ,! book ( ,! ,acts1 !n1 0 writt5 by a companion ( ,paul4 ,t fact /&s firm1 ev5 ap>t f any tradition4 ,& t is ! really important fact4 ,if ! book 0 writt5 by an eyewitness1 ! p>ticul> "n ( ! eyewitness is comp>atively unimportant4 ,b ! tradition z to ! "n is )\t d\bt correct4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ reason = call+ x 9 "q4 ,:at ! book ( ,! ,acts itself says ab\t its au?or fits exactly :at ,paul says ab\t ,luke4 #b4 ,,date ,! au?or%ip ( ,! ,acts is c]ta94 ,! date1 h[ev]1 is n s cle>4 ,! book 0 writt5 by ,luke4 ,b :5 0 x writt58 ,! latt] "q _c be answ]$ ) p]fect precision4 ,at lea/1 h[ev]1 s9ce ! book 0 writt5 by ,luke1 x mu/ h be5 writt5 dur+ ! lifetime ( a companion ( ,paul4 ,a4 ,d4 #ajj1 = example1 w\ld be too late1 & ,a4 ,d4 #ij w\ld be unlikely4 ,a good deal c be said = putt+ ! date at ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #fc4 ,?is e>ly date w\ld expla9 ! abrupt end+ ( ! book4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s ?+s ab\t ,! ,acts is t ! n>rative is sudd5ly brok5 (f j at ! mo/ int]e/+ po9t4 ,! trial ( ,paul is n>rat$ at v great l5g?1 b we are n told h[ x came out4 ,! f9al decision1 ! climax ( ! :ole long n>rative1 is j at h&2 b ) reg>d to x we are left altoge!r 9 susp5se4 ,0 ,paul releas$8 ,0 he condemn$ & execut$8 ,! au?or does n say4 ,8 sil5ce requires an explanation4 ,! simple/ explanation w\ld be t ,luke wrote 8 book at ! v po9t ( "t :]e ! n>rative is brok5 (f4 ,( c\rse he c\ld n tell u any m if no?+ m _h happ5$4 ,he br\ght 8 n>rative "r up to date4 ,no?+ m 0 possible4 ,x is true1 o!r explanations may be propos$4 7a7 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 = example1 t ,! ,acts closes s abruptly because ! au?or 0 sav+ some?+ = ano!r "w4 ,z ,! ,acts is ! cont9uation ( ! ,gospel ( ,luke1 s a ?ird "w1 x is said1 0 plann$ z ! cont9uation ( ,! ,acts4 ,b ev5 s1 x seems r /range t ! au?or %\ld n h giv5 at lea/ a h9t ( ! outcome ( t trial 9 ord] to take ! edge (f our curiosity4 ,he has done some?+ l t at ! conclusion ( 8 ,gospel2 :y n also at ! conclusion ( ,! ,acts8 7b7 ,b p]haps ! end+ is n s abrupt z x looks4 ,! au?or's purpose1 x is said1 0 n to write a biography ( ,paul1 b to %[ h[ ! gospel spread f ,j]usalem to ,rome4 ,:5 ,rome 0 rea*$1 !n ! n>rative 0 brok5 (f4 ,biographical details--ev5 ! mo/ int]e/+ details ab\t ! mo/ int]e/+ "*--7 ru?lessly exclud$4 ,! plan ( ! book _h be5 accompli%$4 ,= ?is explanation !re is mu* to be said4 ,b ! tr\ble ) x is t especially 9 ! latt] "p ( ! book ! au?or z a matt] ( fact does %[ consid]able int]e/ 9 biographical details4 ,! trial & %ipwreck ( ,paul are n>rat$ ) a fullness :i* is q out ( proportion to ! re/ ( ! hi/ory4 ,aft] su* a full acc\nt ( ! trial1 x rema9s r /range t ! au?or has said n a ^w ab\t ! outcome4 ,ei!r ( ^! la/ two explanations is p]fectly possible4 ,possibly ,! ,acts 0 writt5 z late z ,a4 ,d4 #hj4 ,b ! e>ly date at lea/ expla9s ! peculi> end+ be/ ( all4 #c4 ,,s\rces ,:]e did ,luke get ! mat]ials = 8 "w8 ,did he use writt5 s\rces z well z oral in=mation8 ,! "q has be5 discuss$ at v great l5g?1 b )\t mu* uni=mity 9 ! results4 ,if he us$ writt5 s\rces1 at lea/ he us$ !m skillfully1 plac+ ^u !m ! impr9t ( 8 own /yle4 ,! book possesses g5u9e unity4 ,! really important fact ab\t ! s\rces ( ! book ( ,! ,acts is a negative fact4 ,:atev] ! s\rces 71 ! ,paul9e epi/les 7 n among !m4 ,comp>e ! passages :]e ,paul & ,luke n>rate ! same ev5ts--= example ,gal41 *s4 #a1 #b1 ) ! correspond+ passages 9 ,! ,acts--& x becomes evid5t t ! two n>ratives are entirely indep5d5t4 ,luke did n use ! ,paul9e epi/les 9 writ+ 8 book4 ,t is an exce$+ly significant fact4 ,x %[s t ,! ,acts is an indep5d5t witness4 ,:at is m1 x /r5g!ns mat]ially ! argum5t = ! e>ly date ( ,! ,acts4 ,! ,paul9e epi/les at a v e>ly "t began to be collect$ & us$ g5]ally 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ,a4 ,d4 #ajj1 = example1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 us$ by anyone :o 0 writ+ an acc\nt ( ,paul's life4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! book ( ,! ,acts does n use !m1 t book mu/ h be5 writt5 e>li]1 & probably v mu* e>li]4 ,ev5 9 ,a4 ,d4 #hj1 x w\ld p]haps h be5 /range t ! epi/les %\ld n h be5 us$4 #d4 ,,purpose ,! prop] purpose ( a hi/orian is to tell ! tru?4 ,& ,luke 0 a g5u9e hi/orian4 ,8 own acc\nt ( 8 me?od1 ,luke #a3a-d1 %[s t he knew ! mean+ ( hi/orical rese>*1 & ! "* ( 8 books be>s ?is out4 ,luke did n p]mit any desire ( putt+ ,*ri/ianity 9 a good light1 or ( def5d+ "o k9d ( ,*ri/ianity aga9/ ano!r1 to int]f]e ) ! prim>y duty ( tru?fulness4 ,t does n mean1 h[ev]1 t ! book ( ,! ,acts is l "s mod]n univ]sity diss]tations--writt5 simply & solely 9 ord] to say "s new ?+1 :e!r int]e/+ or no4 ,no great hi/orian goes to "w t way4 ,( c\rse ,luke _h an int]e/ 9 8 subject matt]4 ,( c\rse he 0 conv9c$ t ,*ri/ianity 0 a great ?+1 & 0 full ( en?usiasm 9 n>rat+ its hi/ory4 ,9 t he 0 p]fectly "r4 ,*ri/ianity really 0 a great ?+4 ,! be/ celebration ( its greatness 0 a n>ration ( ! facts4 ,*ri/ian fai? is bas$ on fact4 ,luke wrote1 n only 9 ! ,gospel b also 9 ,! ,acts1 9 ord] t 8 read]s might "k ! c]ta9ty conc]n+ ! ?+s :]e9 !y 7 in/ruct$4 ,luke #a3d4 #e4 ,,lit]>y ,,*>act]i/ics ,! au?or ( ,! ,acts 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,he 0 able to cat* ! _s ( ! primitive ,pale/9ian *ur*4 ,8 books exhibit ! influ5ce ( ! ,semitic languages4 ,b he 0 also capable ( a ,greek /yle :i* w\ld h pass$ mu/] 9 ! s*ools ( rhetoric4 ,luke #a3a-d1 = example1 is a typical ,greek s5t5ce4 ,evid5tly ,luke c\ld move ) ease 9 ! l>g] ,greek _w ( 8 "t4 ,8 ref]5ces to political & social conditions are extraord9>ily exact4 ,8 n>rative is nev] lack+ 9 local color4 ,he kn[s ! prop] titles ( ! local (ficials1 & ! peculi> quality ( ! local sup]/itions4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! %ipwreck is a m9e ( in=mation ab\t ! seaf>+ ( antiquity4 ,evid5tly he 0 a ke5 obs]v]1 & a true travel] ( a cosmopolitan age4 ,8 n>rative is *>act]iz$ by a c]ta9 delightful urbanity--an urbanity1 h[ev]1 :i* is deep5$ & ennobl$ by pr(\nd convictions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,w>field1 ,acts1 ,timo?y1 ,titus & ,philemon1 9 ,! ,temple ,bible1 pp4 i-xxvii4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,purves1 article on ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #a-h4 ,m',clymont1 ,! ,new ,te/am5t & ,its ,writ]s1 9 ,! ,guild ,text ,books1 pp4 #da-df4 ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,headlam1 article on ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,,lesson ,,viii ,,! ,,cross ,,& ,,! ,,resurrection ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,apo/olic ,,prea*+ #a4 ,,! ,,resurrection ,a ,,fact ,,( ,,hi/ory ,:i* ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t conta9 ! evid5ce = ! resurrection ( ,jesus8 ,t "q w s]ve to beg9 ! tea*+ ( ! lesson4 ,9 answ] to x1 ! /ud5ts w probably m5tion ! f\r ,gospels4 ,to ! ,gospels1 h[ev]1 %\ld be add$ especially ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,! passage 9 ,fir/ ,cor9?ians is des]v+ ( v c>eful att5tion4 ,=1 unlike ! ,gospels1 t epi/le c be dat$ to )9 a ye> or s4 ,x 0 writt5 only ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s aft] ! crucifixion4 ,ev5 ?\gh possibly "s ( ! ,gospels 7 writt5 /ill e>li]1 ! precision ) :i* ! epi/le c be dat$ makes its witness p>ticul>ly valuable4 ,fur!rmore1 ! au?or ( ! epi/le is well kn[n4 ,no "o d\bts t ,fir/ ,cor9?ians 0 writt5 by ,paul1 & ,paul is ! be/-kn[n man ( apo/olic times4 ,evid5tly 8 witness to ! facts is ( ! utmo/ value4 ,paul himself 0 a direct witness ( ! resurrection4 ,he saw ! ris5 ,"l4 ,i ,cor4 #i3a2 #ae3h4 ,9 ,i ,cor4 #ae3a-h1 h[ev]1 he does n cont5t himself ) 8 own witness1 b reproduces ! te/imony ( o!rs 9 an ext5d$ li/4 ,t te/imony _h come to ,paul by ord9>y ^w ( m\?4 ,i deliv]$ unto y fir/ ( all1 says ,paul1 t :i* also ,i receiv$4 ,9 :at foll[s !re is a li/ ( ! appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,*ri/4 ,he appe>$ to ,cephas2 !n to ! twelve2 !n he appe>$ to above five hundr$ bre?r5 at once1 ( :om ! great] "p rema9 until n[1 b "s are fall5 asleep2 !n he appe>$ to ,james2 !n to all ! apo/les2 & la/ ( all1 z to ! *ild untimely born1 he appe>$ to me also4 ,evid5tly ^! appe>ances are n conceiv$ ( m]ely z visions1 b z ev5ts 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,! m5tion ( ! burial1 v4 #d1 is a pla9 h9t t :at ,pet] & ! re/ saw 0 ! body ( ,jesus rais$ f ! tomb4 ,t view ( ! matt] is amply confirm$ 9 ! ,gospels & 9 ! book ( ,! ,acts4 ,9 ! ,gospels1 we are told t ! tomb 0 f\nd empty on ! morn+ ( ! ?ird day aft] ! crucifixion4 ,x 0 f\nd empty by "s wom5 & by ,pet] & ,john4 ,s9ce ! tomb 0 empty1 ! body :i* appe>$ to ! disciples _h "s connection ) ! body :i* _h be5 tak5 d[n f ! cross4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ,gospels & ,! ,acts make ! bodily "* ( ! appe>ances abundantly pla94 ,jesus did n m]ely appe> to ! disciples at a di/ance4 ,he walk$ ) !m on ! road to ,emmaus4 ,he broke bread ) !m4 ,he came into ! v mid/ ( !m :5 !y 7 assembl$ 9 a room4 ,?omas c\ld ev5 t\* 8 h&s & 8 side4 ,^! are m]ely examples4 ,cle>ly ! te/imony ( ! disciples is te/imony n to m]e spiritual exp]i5ces1 b to ! bodily pres5ce ( ! ,"l4 ,x may be admitt$ t ! body 0 a glorifi$ body4 ,aft] 8 resurrection ,jesus 0 fre$ f ! limitations ( 8 e>?ly life4 ,nev]!less1 he 0 n m]ely a _s4 ,luke #bd3ci4 ,!re 0 "s real1 ?\gh my/]i\s1 connection betwe5 ! glorifi$ body & ! body t _h be5 laid 9 ! tomb4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t atte/s n m]ely ! immortality ( ,jesus1 b 8 resurrection4 ,! resurrection1 9 ^! days1 is h>d to accept4 ,= x is a miracle4 ,aga9/ any miracle !re is a trem5d\s presumption4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! presumption has be5 ov]come4 ,x has be5 ov]come by ! "* ( ,jesus4 ,x is 9 ! highe/ degree unlikely t an ord9>y man %\ld rise f ! dead2 b x is n unlikely t ,jesus %\ld h ris54 ,! resurrection is unique4 ,b s is ! life ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,! two wond]s support "o ano!r4 ,expla9 away ! te/imony to ! resurrection1 & y\r task is n done4 ,y mu/ also expla9 away t s9less life4 ,if ,jesus rose f ! dead he _h a unique exp]i5ce4 ,b t is to be expect$4 ,= ,jesus himself 0 unlike any o!r ( ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,!re are my/]ies 9 8 life t h nev] be5 expla9$4 ,! resurrection ( ,jesus is a well-atte/$ fact ( hi/ory4 ,! pro( ( x is cumulative4 ,any "o ( ! pro(s might be reg>d$ z insuffici5t :5 tak5 alone1 b :5 tak5 toge!r !y are ov]p[]+4 ,! s9less1 une>?ly "* ( ,jesus sep>ates him f ! re/ ( m51 s t probabilities :i* apply to o!rs d n apply to him4 ,8 my/]i\s self-consci\sness involves s l(ty a claim1 t if he 0 n div9e he 0 a megalomaniac--he ^: calmness & /r5g? h left an impression :i* ! c5turies h done no?+ to efface6 ,! specific te/imonies to ! empty tomb & to ! pla9 bodily appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,"l are indep5d5t & v>i$4 ,f9ally1 unless ! resurrection be a fact1 ! v orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* becomes an insoluble my/]y4 ,! resurrection alone c expla9 ! sudd5 trans=mation ( a company ( weak1 disc\rag$ m5 into ! conqu]ors ( ! _w4 ,! resurrection ( ,jesus is a fact ( hi/ory4 ,x is n an aspiration ( ! he>t4 ,x comes ultimately ?r\gh ! te/imony ( ! s5ses4 ,! apo/les came =w>d ) a piece ( pla9 in=mation4 ,!y 7 witnesses to a fact 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,t fact has put a new face ^u life4 ,x is good news ( salvation4 #b4 ,,! ,,resurrection ,,confirm$ ,,by ,,exp]i5ce ,! resurrection is a fact ( hi/ory4 ,accept x z true1 & y c h hope = "t & = et]nity4 ,at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 "s m5 exp]i5ce a difficulty4 ,h[ c ! acceptance ( a hi/orical fact satisfy ! long+ ( our s\ls8 ,mu/ we /ake our salvation ^u ! intricacies ( hi/orical rese>*8 ,surely "s m imm$iate c]titude is requir$4 ,! objection w\ld be valid if hi/ory /ood alone4 ,b hi/ory does n /& alone4 ,x has suff]$ f a false isolation4 ,a ,*ri/ian c]titude t is f\nd$ solely ^u hi/ory is insuffici5t4 ,hi/ory is necess>y1 b n suffici5t4 ,we ne$ hi/ory1 b we ne$ some?+ else z well4 ,a hi/orical conviction ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus is n ! end ( fai?1 b only ! beg9n+4 ,if fai? /ops !re1 x w nev] /& ! fires ( criticism4 ,we are told t ,jesus lives4 ,s mu* is a matt] ( te/imony1 a matt] ( hi/ory4 ,if we believe ! witness1 !n we c h hope4 ,b ! religi\s problem ( our lives has n yet be5 solv$4 ,jesus lives4 ,b :at good is x to u8 ,if he lives1 we ne$ to f9d him4 ,we ne$ to f9d him1 & we c f9d him4 ,we accept ! message ( ! resurrection en\gh to make trial ( x4 ,& mak+ trial ( x1 we f9d t x is true4 ,jesus is f\nd to be alive1 = he makes answ] to our pray]1 & heals u4 ,we nev] c\ld h come to him unless we _h accept$ ! hi/orical evid5ce = ! resurrection4 ,b />t+ ) t hi/orical belief we w5t on to ! bless$ exp]i5ce ( salvation4 ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce _c d )\t hi/ory4 ,b x adds to hi/ory t directness1 t imm$iat5ess1 t simplicity ( conviction1 :i* deliv]s u f fe>4 ,we began ) hi/ory4 ,b we w5t on to exp]i5ce4 ,n[ we believe1 n because ( ?y speak+3 = we h he>d = ourselves1 & "k t ?is is inde$ ! ,savi\r ( ! _w4 #c4 ,,! ,,dea? ,jesus is alive4 ,if we f9d him1 he w heal u4 ,b h[ %all we f9d him8 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t we receive in/ruction4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t a /range fact />es u 9 ! face4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t seems f> m conc]n$ ) ! dea? ( ,jesus ?an ) ! details ( 8 life4 ,le>n$ m5 h tri$ 9 va9 to expla9 t curi\s fact4 ,9 elaborate treatises !y h s\ght ! explanation4 ,b x is really v simple4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t emphasizes ! dea? ( ,jesus because t is :at ,jesus did = u--or r1 com+ aft] 8 p]fect ob$i5ce to ! law1 x is ! culm9ation ( :at he did = u4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ,jesus' life we are told :at ,jesus did = o!rs4 ,t acc\nt is absolutely necess>y4 ,)\t x we %\ld nev] h be5 int]e/$ 9 ,jesus at all4 ,b x is to u a means to an end1 n an end 9 itself4 ,we read 9 ! ,gospel :at ,jesus did = o!rs4 ,= "o he plac$ 8 f+]s 9 ! e>s & said1 ,be op5$2 to ano!r he said1 ,arise1 take up ?y b$1 & walk2 to ano!r1 ,?y s9s are =giv54 ,^! ?+s are :at ,jesus did = o!rs4 ,b :at has he done = u8 ,! answ] ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is pla94 ,= u he does n say1 ,arise & walk4 ,= u--he di$4 ,t my/]i\s ?+ :i* 0 wr\ght on ,calv>y--t 0 8 "w = u4 ,! cross ( ,*ri/ is a my/]y4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( x !ology walks aft] all ) b trembl+1 halt+ foot/eps4 ,le>n+ w nev] unlock its mean+4 ,b to ! p5it5t s9n]1 ?\gh my/]i\s1 ?\gh full ( baffl+ riddles1 x is pla9 en\gh4 ,on ! cross ,jesus dealt ) our s94 ,our dreadful guilt1 ! condemnation ( ,god's law--x is wip$ out by an act ( grace4 ,x seem$ insep>able f u4 ,x 0 a burd5 no e>?ly fri5d c\ld be>4 ,b ,*ri/ is ,ma/] ( ! inn]mo/ secrets ( ! moral _w4 ,he has accompli%$ ! impossible1 he has borne our s9s4 ,by ! cross he has heal$ u4 ,b ?r\gh :om does he apply ! heal+ t\*8 ,?r\gh no "o1 save 8 ,_s4 ,= he is "h himself4 ,if we are seek]s = him1 !n ?is day our se>* is ov]4 ,! dea? ( ,*ri/1 9 ! mod]n ,*ur*1 is (t5 subord9at$4 ,exclusive emphasis is laid ^u ! holy example & tea*+ ( ! ,galilean prophet4 ,! mod]n !ologians w\ld be "r if !re 7 no su* ?+ z s94 ,if !re 7 no su* ?+ z guilt1 & if !re 7 no su* ?+ z a dreadful enslav+ p[] ( evil1 !n a noble ideal might be suffici5t4 ,b to talk ab\t an ideal to a man "u ! ?ralldom ( s9 is a cruel mock]y4 ,s9 may inde$ be gloss$ ov]4 ,let u make ! be/ ( our condition1 we are told1 let u d ! be/ we c1 let u simply tru/ 9 ! all-conqu]+ love ( ,god4 ,dang]\s advice6 ,by x a c]ta9 sup]ficial joy ( life may be induc$4 ,b ! joy re/s ^u an insecure f\ndation4 ,x is dang]\s to be happy on ! br9k ( ! abyss4 ,p]man5t joy c come only :5 s9 has be5 fac$ hone/ly1 & de/roy$4 ,x has be5 de/roy$ by ! dea? & resurrection ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,x is true t ,god is lov+4 ,he has manife/$ 8 love1 h[ev]1 bett] ?an by complac5cy t[>d s94 ,he has manife/$ x by ! graci\s gift ( a ,savi\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,d5ney1 ,! ,dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,orr1 ,! ,resurrection ( ,jesus4 ,craw=d1 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,holy ,scripture ,respect+ ! ,atonem5t4 ,,lesson ,,ix ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,*ur* ,! au?or ( ,! ,acts has giv5 a wond]ful picture ( ! e>ly days ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! tea*] %\ld endeavor to pres5t ! picture be=e ! m5tal vision ( ! class4 ,hi/ory %\ld n be /udi$ m]ely z a dry record ( ev5ts4 ,! ev5ts %\ld be se5 z well z und]/ood4 ,!y c be se5 by :at is call$ ! hi/orical imag9ation4 ,! t]m imag9ation (t5 conta9s a sugge/ion ( unreality4 ,b t is a second>y use ( ! ^w4 ,imag9ation means pictur+4 ,y c make a picture ( :at really happ5$ z well z ( :at happ5$ only 9 fiction4 ,! hi/orical imag9ation is a v important faculty 9 ! /ud5t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 _m p]sons x is almo/ :olly lack+4 ,b =tunately x may be acquir$4 ,9 ! lessons t foll[1 great /ress %\ld be laid ^u ! simple memoriz+ ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,advanc$ /udy1 or topical /udy1 is useless unless x is bas$ ^u an ord]ly acqua9tance ) ! cont5ts ( ,! ,acts4 ,hi/ory comes fir/--!n ! int]pretation ( ! hi/ory4 ,! dom9ant note 9 ! e>ly *apt]s ( ,! ,acts is ! note ( joy4 ,aft] ! ?ree d>k days ( disc\ragem5t1 aft] ! quiet p]iod ( wait+1 ! life ( ! ,*ur* sudd5ly bur/s =? ) p[]4 ,ev]y?+ is fre% & new4 ,difficulties & dang]s h n yet em]g$4 ,ev5 p]secution is lack+4 ,! ,*ur* enjoys favor ) ! p4 ,?\s&s are conv]t$ 9 a day4 #a4 ,,! ,,gift ,,( ,,tongues ,! gift ( tongues1 z x 0 ex]cis$ on ! day ( ,p5teco/1 is n altoge!r an isolat$ ph5om5on4 ,x appe>s also else:]e 9 ,! ,acts1 ,acts #aj3df2 #ai3f1 ?\gh x may be d\bt$ :e!r 9 all ?ree cases x assum$ exactly ! same =m4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 ,paul discusses ! gift at consid]able l5g?4 ,i ,cor41 *4 #ad4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e t passage ) ! passage 9 ! second *apt] ( ,! ,acts4 ,!re are a numb] ( resemblances betwe5 ! two4 ,bo? ,paul & ,luke repres5t ! gift ( tongues z a sup]natural ?+1 a special end[m5t f ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,bo? ,paul & ,luke1 fur!rmore1 repres5t ! gift z an ec/atic1 tempor>y expression ( spiritual exultation r ?an z a faculty int5d$ to be practically useful 9 ! "w ( ! ,*ur*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are su* m>k$ diff]5ces betwe5 ! two acc\nts z to make x evid5t t ! gift z x 0 manife/$ at ,p5teco/ 0 v consid]ably diff]5t f t :i* 0 ex]cis$ 9 ! *ur* at ,cor9?4 ,! speak+ ) tongues z ,paul describes x 0 a k9d ( ejaculation1 expressive ( ! religi\s life ( ! speak]1 b incompreh5sible to o!rs4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to make ! gift edify+ to ! congregation at l>ge !re _h to be "s "o else pres5t :o 0 9 possession ( ano!r gift1 ! gift ( int]pretation4 ,! speak+ ) tongues at ,p5teco/1 h[ev]1 0 a miracul\s use ( v>i\s languages4 ,"s h suppos$ t ,luke is describ+ r a new language1 :i* possess$ ! sup]natural quality ( be+ und]/ood by m5 ( v>i\s nationalities4 ,! mo/ natural int]pretation ( ! passage1 h[ev]1 is t :i* has j be5 sugge/$4 ,! disciples1 fill$ ) ! ,_s1 spoke "s 9 "o language & "s 9 ano!r1 or p]haps ! same individuals us$ diff]5t languages at successive mom5ts4 ,! outsid]s receiv$ v>i\s impressions ( ! /range ph5om5on4 ,"s1 mock+1 decl>$ t ! disciples 7 drunk4 ,^!1 we may suppose1 7 m5 :o came into contact ) ^? disciples :o 7 speak+ "s language kn[n only to ano!r gr\p among ! he>]s4 ,! g5]al impression seems to h be5 wond] at ! miracul\s gift4 ,! gift ( tongues provid$ an opportunity = ! fir/ ,*ri/ian prea*+4 ,9 j ?is =m x 0 p]haps nev] repeat$4 ,x 0 a unique gift provid$ = an absolutely unique occasion4 #b4 ,,! ,,spee*es ,anci5t hi/orians (t5 put imag9>y spee*es into ! m\?s ( _! *>act]s4 ,! spee*es 7 int5d$ to repres5t n :at 0 actually said b :at might h be5 said "u ! circum/ances4 ,?is proc$ure ( ! hi/orians 0 n int5d$ to deceive ! read]s4 ,x 0 m]ely a lit]>y =m1 a me?od ( vivid description4 ,luke1 h[ev]1 seems n to h all[$ himself ev5 ! lic5se :i* 0 reg>d$ z all[able by ! be/ hi/orians ( antiquity4 ,! spee*es 9 ,! ,acts are app>5tly ei!r v]batim reports ( :at 0 actually said1 or else summ>ies bas$ ^u tru/wor?y tradition4 ,if !y _h be5 compos$ freely by ! hi/orian himself _! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces & _! p]fect adaptation to diff]5t occasions w\ld be difficult to expla94 ,! spee*es ( ,pet] & ( ! e>lie/ disciples1 9 p>ticul>1 are v diff]5t f ^? ( ,paul4 ,!y conta9 a numb] ( features :i* occur ei!r n at all or only r>ely 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! designation ( ,jesus z ! ,s]vant1 = example1 a designation tak5 f ! latt] "p ( ,isaiah1 is *>act]i/ic ( ^! spee*es4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic designation ( ,jesus is ,pr9ce or ,pr9ce ( life4 ,acts #c3ae2 #e3ca4 ,9 g5]al1 ! repres5tation ( ,jesus 9 ! e>ly *apt]s ( ,! ,acts is j :at might h be5 expect$ "u ! circum/ances4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ur*'s life1 ev]y?+ is simple & easy ( compreh5sion ev5 by outsid]s4 ,! apo/les repres5t$ ,jesus fir/ z a man approv$ ( ,god by ! miracles :i* he _h wr\ght4 ,to h deliv]$ up su* a man to dea? 0 itself a griev\s s94 ,b t 0 n all4 ,?is ,jesus :o 0 crucifi$ _h be5 rais$ f ! dead2 & bo? 9 8 dea? & 9 8 resurrection he _h fulfill$ ! ,messianic pr$ictions ( ! anci5t prophets4 ,he 0 !n no?+ less ?an ! ,*ri/4 ,n[1 too1 8 p]iod ( humiliation 0 ov]4 ,he _h be5 giv5 ! full p[]s ( ,lord%ip4 ,f him _h come ! wond]-work+ ,_s4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ^! spee*es1 ?\gh !y beg9 ) :at is simple/ & easie/ ( acceptance by an outsid]1 really conta91 at lea/ 9 g]m1 ! full doctr9e ( ! div9e ,*ri/4 #c4 ,,! ,,conv]ts ,! body ( disciples :o 7 assembl$ be=e ! day ( ,p5teco/ consi/$ ( only ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty p]sons4 ,acts #a3ae4 ,aft] ! notable s]mon ( ,pet]1 :i* 0 spok5 9 explanation ( ! gift ( tongues1 ?ree ?\s& 7 conv]t$4 ,a little lat] ! ,*ur* possess$ five ?\s& m54 ,acts #d3d4 ,! outw>d sign ( conv]sion 0 baptism4 ,rep5t ye1 said ,pet]1 & be baptiz$ e "o ( y 9 ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/ unto ! remission ( y\r s9s2 & ye %all receive ! gift ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,baptism 0 n altoge!r new4 ,x _h be5 practic$ n only among conv]ts to ,judaism1 b especially by ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,*ri/ian baptism1 h[ev]1 is %>ply di/+ui%$ f ! baptism ( ,john4 ,m>k #a3g1h2 ,acts #ah3be2 #ai3a-f4 ,bo? 7 expressive ( rep5tance4 ,b ,*ri/ian baptism 0 connect$ specifically ) ,jesus1 & also ) ! be/[al ( ! ,_s4 ,baptism 0 9 ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 or into ! "n ( ! ,"l ,jesus4 ,x 0 ! sacram5t by :i* ! conv]t signifi$ 8 cleans+ f s9 & 8 entrance into t peculi>ly close relation to ,*ri/ :i* is ( ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce4 ,9 itself1 ( c\rse1 ! rite ( baptism is useless4 ,b :5 accompani$ by fai? x is a means ( real bless+4 ,baptism1 l ! o!r ,*ri/ian sacram5t1 ! ,"l's ,supp]1 0 in/itut$ by ,*ri/ himself4 ,matt4 #bh3ai4 ,9 ,! ,acts ! full tr9it>ian =mula ( baptism is n giv54 ,9 ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/ is suffici5t to designate ! sacram5t4 #d4 ,,joy ,,& ,,fe> ,! my/]i\s p[] t 0 work+ among ! disciples 0 b5efic5t4 ,x accompli%$ miracles ( heal+4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,jesus himself s n[ among 8 disciples ! ,_s ( ,god 0 manife/$ 9 ! expulsion ( demons4 ,matt4 #ab3bh2 ,acts #e3af4 ,! ,_s 0 manife/$ also 9 ! heal+ ( disease4 ,"o cure1 9 p>ticul>1 is n>rat$ ) a weal? ( vivid detail4 ,! heal+ ( ! lame man l$ to ! opposition ( ! ,sanh$r94 ,x l$ also to favor among ! p4 ,all ! p ran toge!r 9 ,solomon's por* greatly wond]+4 ,acts #c3aa4 ,pet] & ,john took no cr$it = :at !y _h done4 ,!y attribut$ ! miracle solely to ! p[] ( ,jesus4 ,x 0 ! same ,jesus aga9/ :om ! cr[d _h %\t$1 ,crucify him1 crucify him1 only a few weeks be=e4 ,surely a reason = remorse r ?an joy6 ,b ,god is graci\s4 ,?r\gh ,jesus1 ! crucifi$ ,"o1 salvation 0 (f]$ ev5 to ! murd]]s4 ,rep5tance 0 foll[$ by rejoic+4 ,! envy ( ! ,sanh$r9 0 held 9 *eck4 ,a notable miracle _h be5 wr\ght4 ,t miracle 0 n isolat$4 ,_m signs & wond]s 7 wr\ght by ! h&s ( ! apo/les4 ,! p ev5 c>ri$ out ! sick into ! /reets1 & laid !m on b$s & c\*es1 t1 z ,pet] came by1 at ! lea/ 8 %ad[ might ov]%ad[ "s "o ( !m4 ,acts #e3ab-ae4 ,p]haps we are to und]/& t t me?od ( seek+ cure 0 actually successful4 ,c]ta9ly x 0 an unusual me?od4 ,b ,god adopts unusual me?ods at unusual times4 ,he adapts 8 m]cy to ! ne$s ( m54 ,! g5]al impression left by ! e>ly *apt]s ( ,! ,acts is an impression ( light & gladness4 ,!re is opposition1 b x is p[]less aga9/ triumphant joy4 ,"o incid5t1 h[ev]1 introduces a discordant note4 ,x is ! incid5t ( ,ananias & ,sapphira4 ,! e>ly ,*ur* 0 animat$ by a _s ( self-sacrifice4 ,_m ( ! disciples sold _! possessions & devot$ ! price to ! common good4 ,"o ( ^? :o did s 0 ,joseph ,b>nabas1 :o 0 to be prom95t 9 ! subsequ5t hi/ory4 ,a c]ta9 man1 ,ananias1 h[ev]1 & ,sapphira 8 wife1 aft] !y _h sold _! possession kept back "p ( ! price4 ,9 itself t 0 n necess>ily wrong4 ,_! s9 0 ! s9 ( deception4 ,!y pret5d$ to h giv5 all1 ?\gh !y _h really giv5 only a "p4 ,a m de/ructive s9 c\ld sc>cely h be5 imag9$4 ,!y _h li$ unto ! ,holy ,_s4 ,su* conduct w\ld br+ contempt ^u ! ,*ur*4 ,ananias & ,sapphira discov]$ t ,god _c be trifl$ )4 ,& ! judgm5t wr\ght ^u !m inspir$ fe> 9 all :o he>d4 ,x is well t ?is incid5t has be5 record$4 ,x prev5ts a "o-sid$ impression ( ! ,*ur*'s life4 ,! p[] t animat$ ! ,*ur* 0 b5efic5t4 ,b x 0 also t]rible & my/]i\s & holy4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( x !re 0 joy4 ,b t joy 0 ak9 to fe>4 ,x is a fe>ful ?+ to fall into ! h&s ( ! liv+ ,god4 ,! lesson is ( p]man5t value4 ,! ,_s ( ,god mu/ be receiv$ ) joy4 ,b n ) a common joy4 ,n ) ! joy ( famili>ity4 ,b r ) ! wond]+1 trembl+ joy ( adoration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #ba-df4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 articles on ,weeks1 ,fea/ ( & ,temple4 ,! ,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools3 ,lumby1 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 #ahhj1 pp4 #a-fa4 ,! ,bible ,comm5t>y1 vol4 ii3 ,cook1 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 pp4 #cea-chf4 ,ellicott1 ,a ,new ,te/am5t ,comm5t>y = ,engli% ,read]s1 vol4 ii3 ,plumptre1 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 pp4 #a-bh4 ,rackham1 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 pp4 #a-fi4 ,^! comm5t>ies w be designat$ h]eaft] by ! names ( ! au?ors only4 ,,lesson ,x ,,! ,,fir/ ,,p]secution ,! p]secution :i* arose 9 connection ) ,/eph5 m>ks a turn+ po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,up to t "t1 ! disciples _h be5 cont5t1 = ! mo/ "p1 ) labor+ 9 ,j]usalem4 ,n[ !y 7 =c$ out into a broad] field4 ,"o result ( ! p]secution 0 ! geographical ext5sion ( ! ,*ur*4 ,ano!r result 0 p]haps ev5 m important4 ,! ext5sion caus$ by p]secution 0 n m]ely geographical2 x 0 also1 p]haps1 intellectual & spiritual4 ,! ,*ur* 0 really f ! beg9n+ 9 possession ( a new religi\s pr9ciple1 b at fir/ t pr9ciple 0 n fully und]/ood4 ,p]secution probably help$ to reveal ! hidd5 ri*es4 ,! ,ph>isees 7 ke5] ?an ! disciples !mselves4 ,ho/ility %>p5$ ! vision4 ,! disciples !mselves 7 /ill cont5t to %>e 9 ! e/abli%$ =ms ( ,jewi% wor%ip2 b ! ,ph>isees saw t !y 7 really advocates ( a new pr9ciple4 ,*ri/ianity1 unless x 7 *eck$1 w\ld sup]s$e ,judaism4 ,! ,ph>isees 7 "r4 ,jeal\s fe> detect$ :at ance/ral piety _h conceal$4 ,! ho/ility ( ! ,jews p]haps help$ to op5 ! eyes ( ! ,*ur*4 ,no d\bt1 a developm5t 0 already at "w4 ,p]secution 0 ! result z well z ! cause ( ! new fre$om4 ,/eph5 0 p]secut$ possibly j because 8 prea*+ w5t beyond t ( ,pet]4 ,) or )\t p]secution1 ! ,*ur* w\ld h transc5d$ ! b\nds ( ! old] ,judaism4 ,x conta9$ a g]m ( new life :i* 0 c]ta9 to be> fruit4 ,b p]secution ha/5$ ! process4 ,x scatt]$ ! ,*ur* abroad1 & x reveal$ ! revolution>y "* ( ! ,*ur*'s life4 ,) ! com+ ( ,jesus a new era _h begun4 ,judaism _h be=e be5 sep>ate f ! ,g5tile _w4 ,t sep>ation _h be5 due n to racial prejudice1 b to a div9e ord9ance4 ,x _h s]v$ a useful purpose4 ,jewi% p>ticul>ism %\ld nev] be despis$2 x %\ld be treat$ ) piety & gratitude4 ,x _h pres]v$ ! preci\s deposit ( tru? 9 ! mid/ ( hea!nism4 ,b its function1 ?\gh useful1 0 tempor>y4 ,x 0 a prep>ation = ,*ri/4 ,be=e ,*ri/ x 0 a help2 aft] ,*ri/ x became a h9drance4 ,p]secution 0 n ! beg9n+ ( ! new fre$om4 ,fre$om 0 bas$ ^u ! words ( ,jesus4 ,x _h become pla9] aga91 p]haps1 9 ! tea*+ ( ,/eph54 ,fur!rmore1 if fre$om 0 n begun by ! p]secution1 x 0 also n complet$ by x4 ,! emancipation ( ! ,*ur* f ,judaism 0 a sl[ process4 ,! unfold+ ( t process is n>rat$ 9 ,! ,acts4 ,ev5 aft] ! ,*ur* 0 scatt]$ abroad ?r\gh ,judea & ,sam>ia1 mu* rema9$ to be done4 ,cornelius1 ,antio*1 ,paul 7 /ill 9 ! future4 ,nev]!less1 ! dea? ( ,/eph5 0 an important ev5t4 ,x 0 by no means ! :ole ( ! process2 b x m>ks an epo*4 ,! gradual rise ( p]secution %\ld be trac$ 9 class--fir/ ! fruitless arre/ ( ,pet] & ,john & _! bold defiance2 !n ! arre/ ( ! apo/les1 ! miracul\s escape1 ! prea*+ 9 ! temple1 ! re-arre/1 ! c\nsel ( ,gamaliel1 ! sc\rg+2 !n ! prea*+ ( ,/eph5 & ! ho/ility ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,! opposition ( ! ,sadducees 0 comp>atively )\t significance4 ,! ,sadducees 7 n ,jews at he>t4 ,!y might p]secute ! ,*ur* j because ! ,*ur* 0 patriotically ,jewi%4 ,b ! ,ph>isees 7 really repres5tative ( ! exi/+ ,judaism4 ,ph>isaic p]secution meant ! ho/ility ( ! nation4 ,& x impli$ ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,*ur*4 ,if ! disciples 7 no?+ b ,jews1 :y did ! ,jews p]secute !m8 ,9 :at foll[s1 a few details w be discuss$4 #a4 ,,!udas ,,& ,,judas ,judas ! ,galilean1 m5tion$ by ,gamaliel1 ,acts #e3cg1 appe>s also 9 ,josephus4 ,8 insurrection occurr$ at ! "t ( ! great enrollm5t "u ,quir9ius1 ! ,syrian legate4 ,?is enrollm5t 0 diff]5t f t :i* br\ght ,joseph & ,m>y to ,be?lehem at ! "t ( ! bir? ( ,jesus4 ,luke #b3b-e4 ,t =m] enrollm5t occurr$ be=e ! dea? ( ,h]od ! ,great 9 #d ,b4 ,c4 ,luke #a3e2 ,matt4 #b3a4 ,! enrollm5t to :i* ,gamaliel ref]r$ 0 c>ri$ out aft] ! deposition ( ,ar*elaus 9 ,a4 ,d4 #f4 ,) reg>d to ,judas all is cle>4 ,b ,!udas is kn[n only f ,acts #e3cf4 ,! ,!udas :o is m5tion$ 9 ,josephus is diff]5t1 = 8 insurrection did n occur till ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #dd1 aft] ! "t ( ,gamaliel's spee*4 ,gamaliel 0 ref]r+ to "s insurrection ( an e>li] p]iod4 ,! "n ,!udas 0 common1 & s 7 tumults & insurrections4 #b4 ,,! ,,sev5 ,x has be5 que/ion$ :e!r ! sev5 m5 :o 7 appo9t$ to assi/ ! apo/les 7 deacons4 ,! title is n appli$ to !m4 ,! n>rative does1 inde$1 imply t !y 7 to s]ve tables1 ,acts #f3b1 & ! ,greek ^w "h translat$ s]ve is ! v]b f :i* ! ,greek n\n mean+ deacon is d]iv$2 b ! same ^w is also us$ = ! m9i/ry or s]vice ( ! ^w 9 :i* ! apo/les 7 to cont9ue4 ,v4 #d4 ,! special te*nical use ( ! ^w deacon appe>s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t only 9 ,phil4 #a3a2 ,i ,tim4 #c3h1ab4 ,comp>e ,rom4 #af3a4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh ! ^w itself does n occur 9 our passage1 x is p]haps n incorrect to say t ! sev5 7 deacons4 ,_! functions 7 practically ^? ( ! diaconate2 _! appo9tm5t1 at any rate1 %[s t ! apo/les recogniz$ ! ne$ ( "s su* (fice 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,x is n q cle> :at is meant by ! expression1 to s]ve tables4 ,! ref]5ce is ei!r to tables = food1 or else to ! money tables ( a bank]4 ,if ! =m] int]pretation be correct1 !n ! deacons 7 to att5d especially to ! managem5t ( ! common meals4 ,ev5 !n1 h[ev]1 ! expression probably ref]s indirectly to ! g5]al adm9i/ration ( *>ity1 a prom95t "p ( ! s]vice be+ m5tion$ simply z typical ( ! :ole4 #c4 ,,! ,,synagogues ,! ,greek ^w translat$ ,lib]t9es 9 ,acts #f3i comes f ! ,lat9 ^w = fre$m54 ,! fre$m5 "h m5tion$ 7 probably desc5dants ( ,jews tak5 by ,pompey z slaves to ,rome4 ,! ,jewi% oppon5ts ( ,/eph5 !re=e includ$ ,romans1 m5 ( ea/]n & middle nor? ,africa1 & m5 ( ea/]n & we/]n ,asia ,m9or4 ,^! =eign ,jews1 :5 !y settl$ 9 ,j]usalem1 _h _! own synagogues4 ,x is d\btful h[ _m synagogues are m5tion$ 9 our passage4 ,luke may mean t ea* ( ! five gr\ps _h a sep>ate synagogue1 or he may be gr\p+ ! m5 ( ,cilicia & ,asia 9 "o synagogue4 ,! word+ ( ! ,greek p]haps r favors ! view t only two synagogues are m5tion$--"o consi/+ ( ,lib]t9es & m5 ( ,cyr5e & ,alex&ria1 & ! o!r consi/+ ( ,cilicians & ,asians4 #d4 ,,! ,,spee* ,,( ,,/eph5 ,9 def5d+ himself1 ,/eph5 gave a summ>y ( ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,at fir/ sight1 t summ>y might seem to h little be>+ ^u ! specific *>ges t _h be5 made4 ,b ! hi/ory :i* ,/eph5 recit$ 0 a hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,y are de/roy+ ! div9e privileges ( ,israel--t 0 ! *>ge4 ,no1 said ,/eph51 hi/ory %[s t ! true privileges ( ,israel are ! promises ( div9e deliv]ance4 ,to !m law & temple are subord9ate4 ,f ,abraham on !re 0 a promise ( deliv]ance f ,egypt4 ,aft] t deliv]ance ano!r deliv]ance 0 promis$4 ,x is ! "o :i* 0 wr\ght by ,jesus4 ,moses1 ,god's in/rum5t 9 ! fir/ deliv]ance1 0 reject$ by 8 contempor>ies4 ,jesus1 ! great] ,deliv]]1 0 reject$ by y4 ,we disciples ( ,jesus are ! true ,israelites1 = we1 unlike y1 honor ! promises ( ,god4 ,o!r int]pretations ( ! spee* h be5 propos$4 ,= example1 "s f9d ! ma9 ?\ght ( ! spee* to be ?is3 ,! w&]+s ( ! patri>*s & ! long p]iod ( "t :i* elaps$ be=e ! build+ ( ! temple %[ t true & acceptable wor%ip ( ,god is n limit$ to any p>ticul> place4 ,at any rate1 ! spee* requires /udy--& repays x4 ,:at 0 said 9 ! la/ lesson ab\t ! spee*es ( ,! ,acts 9 g5]al applies fully to ! spee* ( ,/eph54 ,! v difficulties ( ! spee*1 z well z its o!r peculi>ities1 help to %[ t x repres5ts a g5u9e tradition ( :at1 9 a unique situation1 0 actually said4 #e4 ,,m>tyrdom ,! ^w m>tyr is simply ! ,greek ^w = witness4 ,t is ! ^w :i* is translat$ witness 9 ,acts #a3h4 ,ye %all receive p[]1 :5 ! ,holy ,_s is come ^u y3 & ye %all be my witnesses bo? 9 ,j]usalem1 & 9 all ,juda & ,sam>ia1 & unto ! utt]mo/ "p ( ! e>?4 ,!re1 ( c\rse1 !re is no special ref]5ce to dy+ = ! sake ( ,*ri/4 ,x is prim>ily ! ord9>y v]bal te/imony :i* is meant4 ,! special mean+ m>tyr is n (t5 atta*$ to ! ,greek ^w 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,probably ev5 9 ,acts #bb3bj1 :]e ! ^w is appli$ to ,/eph51 x is to be translat$ witness r ?an m>tyr4 ,m>tyrdom1 !n1 is only "o k9d ( witness+4 ,b x is a v important k9d4 ,m5 w n die = :at !y d n believe4 ,:5 ,/eph5 sank b5ea? ! /ones ( 8 enemies he 0 prea*+ a p[]ful s]mon4 ,! v fact ( 8 dea? 0 a witness to ,*ri/4 ,! mann] ( x 0 /ill m significant4 ,/eph51 cry+ 9 ! h\r ( dea?1 ,"l ,jesus1 receive my _s1 ,/eph5 dy+ ) words ( =giv5ess on 8 lips1 ,"l1 lay n ?is s9 to _! *>ge1 0 a witness inde$4 ,! ,*ur* c nev] d )\t t k9d ( witness+4 ,true1 x may n n[ (t5 appe> z actual m>tyrdom4 ,b brav]y is ne$$ z mu* z ev]--brav]y 9 bus9ess1 m5 :o w n say1 ,bus9ess is bus9ess1 b w d :at is "r ev5 9 ! face ( failure2 brav]y 9 politics1 m5 to :om righte\sness is m ?an a pose2 brav]y 9 social life1 m5 & wom5 :o w sacrifice conv5tion e "t to pr9ciple1 :o1 = example1 w ma9ta9 ! ,*ri/ian ,sabba? 9 ! face ( ridicule4 ,mod]n life af=ds pl5ty ( opportunities = c[>dice1 pl5ty ( opportunities = d5y+ ! fai? ?r\gh fe> ( m54 ,x also af=ds opportunities = brav]y4 ,y c /ill %[ :e!r y are ( ! /uff t ,/eph5 0 made (--above all1 y c %[ :e!r y are possess$ by ! same ,_s & are a s]vant ( ! same ,"l4 #f4 ,,! ,,result ,,( ,,! ,,p]secution ,! p]secution result$ only 9 ! spread ( ! gospel4 ,gamaliel 0 "r4 ,x 0 useless to fight aga9/ ,god4 ,! disciples 7 9 possession ( an inv9cible p[]1 & !y knew x f ! v beg9n+4 ,:5 ,pet] & ,john return$ f _! fir/ arre/1 ! disciples respond$ 9 a noble pray]4 ,acts #d3bd-cj4 ,h]od & ,pontius ,pilate1 ) ! ,g5tiles & ! peoples ( ,israel1 ga!r$ toge!r aga9/ ,jesus1 _h accompli%$ only :at ,god's h& & ,god's c\nsel =eorda9$ to come to pass4 ,s x w\ld be also ) ! enemies ( ! ,*ur*4 ,:5 ! disciples _h pray$1 ! place 0 %ak5 :]e9 !y 7 ga!r$ toge!r2 & !y 7 all fill$ ) ! ,holy ,_s1 & !y spake ! ^w ( ,god ) boldness4 ,! answ] to t pray] 0 prophetic ( ! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #dj-db1 #dg-ee4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 articles on ,gamaliel1 ,!udas1 ,judas 7#f71 ,deacon2 ,purves1 article on ,/eph54 ,ramsay1 ,pictures ( ! ,apo/olic ,*ur*1 pp4 #dd-fe4 ,rackham1 pp4 #fi-aaa4 ,lumby1 pp4 #fa-ig4 ,plumptre1 pp4 #bh-dg4 ,cook1 pp4 #chf-djf4 ,,lesson ,,xi ,,! ,,fir/ ,,g5tile ,,conv]ts ,?is lesson treats ( a numb] ( /eps 9 ! ext5sion ( ! gospel4 ,! beg9n+ is ! purely ,jewi% ,*ur* t is describ$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]s ( ,! ,acts2 ! goal is ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity ( ,paul4 ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity 0 n produc$ all at once4 ,! ext5sion ( ! gospel to ,g5tiles 0 a gradual process4 ,! pres5t lesson is conc]n$ only ) ! e>ly /ages4 ,! tea*] %\ld pres5t ! lesson 9 su* a way z to emphasize ! ma9 feature ( ! n>rative4 ,! ma9 feature is ! c5tral place assign$ to ! ,holy ,_s4 ,?\gh ! ext5sion ( ! gospel to ! ,g5tiles 0 a process1 t process 0 due n to m]e natural developm5t1 b to ! graci\s lead+ ( ,god4 ,z 0 obs]v$ 9 ,lesson ,x1 ,/eph5 p]haps introduc$ into ! ,*ur* a m indep5d5t attitude t[>d ! exi/+ ,judaism4 ,!re is no reason1 inde$1 to suppose t he ?\ght ei!r ( prea*+ to ,g5tiles or ( =sak+ ! c]emonial law4 ,b possibly he did v5ture to exhibit ! tempor>y & provisional "* ( ! temple wor%ip z comp>$ ) ! promises ( ,god4 ,indirectly1 !re=e1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n directly1 ,/eph5 op5$ ! way = ! ,g5tile mission4 ,! p]secution 0 ano!r /ep 9 ! process4 ,x scatt]$ ! ,jews abroad into regions :]e ,g5tiles 7 m num]\s ?an 9 ,j]usalem1 & s]v$ p]haps also to reveal to ! ,*ur* itself its incompatibility ) ,ph>isaic ,judaism4 ,! evangelization ( ,sam>ia 0 ano!r important /ep4 ,?\gh ! ,sam>itans 7 only half ,g5tiles1 !y 7 p>ticul>ly dete/$ by ! ,jews4 ,9 prea*+ to !m1 ! disciples 7 ov]com+ ,jewi% scruples1 & ?us 7 mov+ 9 ! direction ( a real ,g5tile mission4 ,! baptiz+ ( ! ,e?iopian may h be5 ano!r /ep 9 ! process4 ,! mo/ important ev5t1 h[ev]1 0 ! conv]sion ( ,cornelius & 8 h\sehold4 ,"h ! issue 0 cle>ly rais$4 ,cornelius did n1 l ! ,e?iopian1 dep>t at once aft] baptism to a di/ant home4 ,8 reception into ! ,*ur* 0 a matt] ( public k4 ,luke 0 well aw>e ( ! importance ( ! /ory ab\t ,cornelius4 ,t appe>s f ! m9ut5ess ) :i* ! /ory is n>rat$4 ,aft] x has be5 complet$ once1 x is repeat$1 at v consid]able l5g?1 z a "p ( ,pet]'s def5se at ,j]usalem4 ,! effect is z ?\gh ?is incid5t 7 heavily und]scor$4 ,! importance ( ! ,cornelius incid5t appe>s also 9 ! fact t x gave rise to criticism4 ,app>5tly ?is 0 ! fir/ s]i\s criticism :i* ! gradually wid5+ mission _h enc\nt]$ )9 ! ,*ur*4 ,!re is no sugge/ion ( su* criticism 9 ! case ( ! prea*+ 9 ,sam>ia4 ,b n[ a mu* m radical /ep _h be5 tak54 ,pet] _h eat5 ) uncircumcis$ m54 ,acts #aa3c4 ,a m s]i\s violation ( ,jewi% p>ticul>ism c\ld h>dly h be5 imag9$4 ,9 def5se1 ,pet] appeal$ simply to ! manife/ au?orization :i* he _h receiv$ f ,god4 ,t au?orization _h appe>$ fir/ ( all 9 ! visions :i* ,pet] & ,cornelius _h receiv$1 ) o!r direct manife/ations ( ! div9e w1 & also m p>ticul>ly 9 ! be/[al ( ! ,_s4 ,if ! ,_s 0 giv5 to uncircumcis$ ,g5tiles1 !n circumcision 0 no long] necess>y to memb]%ip 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! n>rative ab\t ,cornelius1 !re is a rem>kable heap+ up ( sup]natural guidance4 ,vision is add$ to vision1 revelation to revelation4 ,! reason is pla94 ,a decisive /ep 0 be+ tak54 ,if tak5 by human initiative1 x 0 op5 to criticism4 ,! sep>at5ess ( ,israel f o!r nations 0 a div9e ord9ance4 ,s9ce x _h be5 in/itut$ by ,god1 x c\ld be abrogat$ only by him4 ,true1 ,jesus _h said1 ,make disciples ( all ! nations4 ,matt4 #bh3ai4 ,b ! h[ & ! :5 _h be5 left undecid$4 ,7 ! ,g5tiles to become ,jews 9 ord] to become ,*ri/ians1 & 0 ! ,g5tile mission to beg9 at once8 ,^? 7 grave que/ions4 ,!y c\ld n be decid$ )\t div9e guidance4 ,t guidance 0 giv5 9 ! case ( ,cornelius4 ,pet]'s def5se 0 readily accept$4 ,& :5 !y he>d ^! ?+s1 !y held _! peace1 & glorifi$ ,god1 say+1 ,!n to ! ,g5tiles also ha? ,god grant$ rep5tance unto life4 ,! active opposition to ! ,g5tile mission did n arise until lat]4 ,b h[ c\ld t opposition arise at all8 ,s9ce ,god _h spok5 s cle>ly1 :o c\ld d5y to ! ,g5tiles a free entrance into ! ,*ur*8 ,aft] ! case ( ,cornelius1 h[ c\ld any possible "q arise8 ,z a matt] ( fact--?\gh x may seem /range--! acceptance ( ,cornelius did n at fir/ det]m9e ! policy ( ! ,*ur*4 ,t incid5t rema9$1 inde$1 /or$ up 9 memory4 ,x 0 appeal$ to ye>s aft]w>ds by ,pet] himself1 9 ord] to support ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity ( ,paul4 ,acts #ae3g-i1ad4 ,b s f> z ! practice ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur* 0 conc]n$1 ! ,cornelius incid5t seems to h rema9$ = a "t )\t effect4 ,! be/[al ( ! ,_s ^u ,cornelius & 8 fri5ds 0 reg>d$1 app>5tly1 z a special disp5sation :i* fix$ no prec$5t4 ,be=e engag+ 9 fur!r prea*+ to ,g5tiles1 ! ,*ur* 0 wait+1 p]haps1 = manife/ations ( ! div9e w z palpable z ^? :i* _h be5 giv5 to ,pet] & to ,cornelius4 ,?is attitude is r surpris+4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t = ! pres5t ! ,*ur* 0 fully engross$ 9 "w = ,jews4 ,und\bt$ly1 a ,g5tile "w 0 to come1 & ! ,cornelius incid5t1 z well z :at ,jesus _h said1 0 reg>d$ z prophetic ( x1 ,acts #aa3ah2 b ! "t & ! mann] ( its in/itution 7 /ill undet]m9$4 ,7 ! ,g5tile conv]ts g5]ally--:atev] might be ! special disp5sation = ,cornelius--to be requir$ to submit to circumcision & become memb]s ( ! *os5 p8 ,?is & o!r que/ions _h n yet ev5 be5 fac$4 ,engross$ = ! pres5t 9 ! ,jewi% mission1 ! ,*ur* c\ld leave ^! que/ions to ! future guidance ( ,god4 ,9 :at foll[s1 a numb] ( special po9ts w be briefly discuss$4 #a4 ,,philip ,aft] ! baptism ( ! ,e?iopian1 ! ,_s ( ! ,"l caught away ,philip2 & ! eunu* saw him no m1 = he w5t on 8 way rejoic+4 ,b ,philip 0 f\nd at ,azotus3 & pass+ ?r\gh he prea*$ ! gospel to all ! cities1 till he came to ,cs>ea4 ,! mean+ ( ^! words is n p]fectly pla94 ,are we to und]/& t ,philip 0 c>ri$ away to ,azotus by a miracle1 or is no?+ m int5d$ ?an a sudd5 dep>ture "u ! impulsion ( ! ,_s8 ,! latt] int]pretation is n at all impossible4 ,:at has be5 emphasis$ 9 ! :ole n>rative is ! /rang5ess1 ! unacc\ntabl5ess ( ,philip's movem5ts4 ,?is appe>s p>ticul>ly 9 ! sudd5 sep>ation f ! eunu*4 ,! eunu* expect$ fur!r conf]5ce ) ,philip b sudd5ly ,philip ru%$ (f1 z ?\gh snat*$ away by a high] p[]4 ,all ?r\gh ?is incid5t1 !re is some?+ /rangely sudd5 & unexpect$ ab\t ,philip's movem5ts4 ,human delib]ation evid5tly _h no "p 9 8 actions4 ,he 0 "u ! imm$iate impulsion ( ! ,_s4 ,! n>rative leaves ,philip at ,cs>ea1 & !re he appe>s ye>s aft]w>ds1 at ! "t ( ,paul's la/ j\rney to ,j]usalem4 ,acts #ba3h1i4 ,luke 0 at t "t "o ( ! company1 & may h receiv$ directly f ,philip ! mat]ials = ! n>rative 9 ! eigh? *apt] ( ,! ,acts4 ,philip appe>s 9 ,*ri/ian tradition1 b !re is "s confusion betwe5 ,philip ! evangeli/ & ,philip ! apo/le4 #b4 ,,simon ,,magus ,simon ! sorc]]1 or ,simon ,magus1 is an int]e/+ figure4 ,he has laid hold ( ! fancy ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,f 8 "n--) ref]5ce to ,acts #h3ah1ai--! ^w simony has be5 co9$ to designate ! s9 ( buy+ or sell+ any sort ( spiritual advantage4 ,simon is v prom95t 9 ,*ri/ian tradition1 :]e he is reg>d$ z ! f\nta9head ( all h]esy4 #c4 ,,cornelius ,cornelius 0 a c5turion1 or capta9 ( a company 9 ! ,roman army consi/+ ( ab\t "o hundr$ m54 ,! ,italian b& to :i* he belong$ 0 app>5tly a cohort1 compos$ ( soldi]s f ,italy4 ,cornelius 0 /ation$ at ,cs>ea1 ! resid5ce ( ! procurators ( ,judea4 ,) ! favorable description ( 8 attitude to ! ,jews & to ! ,jewi% religion1 ,acts #aj3b1 %\ld be comp>$ :at ,luke1 9 8 ,gospel1 records ab\t ano!r c5turion4 ,luke #g3d1e4 ,^! are sympa!tic pictures ( ! ,god-fe>+ adh]5ts ( ,judaism1 :o =m$ s important a class at ! "t ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian prea*+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #ei-fg1 #ia-ih4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 articles on ,sam>ia1 ,sam>itan1 ,philip 7#g71 ,simon 7#i71 ,cs>ea1 ,cornelius4 ,ramsay1 ,pictures ( ! ,apo/olic ,*ur*1 pp4 #ff-ajd4 ,rackham1 pp4 #aaa-abd1 #ada-afc4 ,lumby1 pp4 #ig-ajh1 #abb-adb4 ,plumptre1 pp4 #dg-ee1 #fc-gc4 ,cook1 pp4 #djg-dac1 #dai-dcj4 ,,lesson ,,xii ,,! ,,conv]sion ,,( ,,paul ,*ri/ianity a sup]natural ?+ & a gift ( ,god's grace--t is ! real !me ( ! lesson4 ,! !me is br\ght home by means ( an example1 ! example ( ! apo/le ,paul4 ,! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ,paul is ! mo/ /rik+ ph5om5on 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human _s4 ,x really requires no def5se4 ,give x sympa!tic att5tion1 & x is irresi/ible4 ,h[ 0 x produc$8 ,! answ] ( ,paul himself1 at lea/1 is pla94 ,accord+ to ,paul1 8 :ole religi\s life 0 due1 n to any natural developm5t1 b to an act ( ! ris5 ,*ri/4 ,t is ! argum5t ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,galatians4 ,he 0 advanc+ 9 ,judaism1 he says1 beyond 8 contempor>ies4 ,he 0 lay+ wa/e ! ,*ur*4 ,& !n sudd5ly1 :5 x 0 lea/ to be expect$1 )\t ! influ5ce ( m51 simply by ,god's good pleasure1 ,*ri/ 0 reveal$ to him1 & all 0 *ang$4 ,! sudd5ness1 ! miracul\sness ( ! *ange is ! v po9t ( ! passage4 ,^u t m>vel\s act ( ,god ,paul bases ! :ole ( 8 life "w4 ,%all ,paul's explanation ( 8 life be accept$8 ,x c be accept$ only by ! recognition ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o 0 crucifi$1 z a liv+ p]son4 ,9 an age ( d\bt1 t recognition is n always easy4 ,b if x be refus$1 !n ! :ole ( ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity is bas$ ^u an illusion4 ,t alt]native may well seem to be mon/r\s4 ,! eigh? *apt] ( ,romans has a self-evid5c+ p[]4 ,x has trans=m$ ! _w4 ,x has ent]$ into ! v fib] ( ! human _s4 ,b x crumbles to pieces if ! appe>ance on ! road to ,damascus 0 no?+ b a delusive vision4 ,let u n deceive ourselves4 ,! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ,paul & ! :ole ( our evangelical piety are bas$ ^u ! hi/orical fact ( ! resurrection4 ,b if s1 !n ! resurrection /&s firm4 ,= ! full glory ( ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity becomes a witness to x4 ,! writ] ( ! epi/le to ! ,romans mu/ be believ$4 ,b x is t writ] :o says1 ,la/ ( all 444 he appe>$ to me also4 ,! wond] ( ! conv]sion c be felt only ?r\gh an ex]cise ( ! hi/orical imag9ation4 ,imag9e ! surr\nd+s ( ,paul's e>ly life 9 ,t>sus1 live ov] aga9 ) him ! ye>s 9 ,j]usalem1 ent] ) him into 8 prospects ( a conv5tional ,jewi% c>e] & into 8 s*emes = ! de/ruction ( ! ,*ur*--& !n only c y appreciate ) him ! cata/rophic wond] ( ,*ri/'s grace4 ,!re 0 no reason = ! conv]sion ( ,paul4 ,ev]y?+ po9t$ ! o!r way4 ,b ,*ri/ *ose to make ( ! p]secutor an apo/le1 & ! life ( ,paul 0 ! result4 ,x 0 a div9e1 inexplicable act ( grace--grace to ,paul & grace to u :o are ,paul's debtors4 ,god's m]cies are (t5 ?us4 ,!y are n ( human devis+4 ,!y ent] into human life :5 !y are lea/ expect$1 ) a sudd5 blaze ( heav5ly glory4 ,9 ! review ( ,paul's e>ly life v>i\s que/ions em]ge4 ,!y mu/ at lea/ be fac$1 if n answ]$1 if ! lesson is to be vividly pres5t$4 #a4 ,,paul ,,at ,,t>sus ,9 ! fir/ place1 :at 0 ! ext5t ( ! ,greek influ5ce :i* 0 ex]t$ ^u ,paul at ,t>sus8 ,! "q _c be answ]$ ) c]ta9ty1 & widely diff]+ views are held4 ,x is altoge!r unlikely1 h[ev]1 t ! boy att5d$ any?+ l an ord9>y ,g5tile s*ool4 ,! ,jewi% /rictness ( ! family precludes t supposition1 & x is n requir$ by ! "* ( ,paul's prea*+ & writ+4 ,x is true t he occasionally quotes a ,greek poet4 ,i ,cor4 #ae3cc2 ,titus #a3ab2 ,acts #ag3bh4 ,x is true aga9 t "s passages 9 ,paul's lett]s are rhetorical--= example1 ,i ,cor4 #a3ah-be2 *4 #ac--;& t rhetoric =m$ an important "p ( ,greek tra9+ 9 ! fir/ c5tury4 ,b ,paul's rhetoric is ! rhetoric ( nature r ?an ( art4 ,exalt$ by 8 !me he falls unconsci\sly into a spl5did rhy?m ( utt]ance4 ,su* rhetoric c\ld n be le>n$ 9 s*ool4 ,f9ally1 x is true t ,paul's vocabul>y is ?\ght to exhibit "s /rik+ simil>ities to t ( ,/oic writ]s4 ,b ev5 if t simil>ity indicates acqua9tance on ! "p ( ,paul ) ! ,/oic tea*+1 su* acqua9tance ne$ n h be5 atta9$ ?r\gh a /udy ( books4 ,h[ev]1 ! importance ( ,paul's ,greek environm5t1 if x mu/ n be exagg]at$1 mu/ on ! o!r h& n be ignor$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,paul is a consummate ma/] ( ! ,greek language4 ,he mu/ h acquir$ x 9 *ildhood1 & inde$ 9 ,t>sus c\ld h>dly h fail$ to d s4 ,9 ! second place1 he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! religi\s beliefs & practices ( ! ,greco-,roman _w4 ,! spee* at ,a!ns1 ,acts #ag3bb-ca1 %[s h[ he made use ( su* k = 8 prea*+4 ,9 all probability ! fir/ impressions 7 made ^u him at ,t>sus4 ,f9ally1 f 8 home 9 ,t>sus ,paul d]iv$ t intimate k ( ! political & social relation%ips ( ! m5 ( 8 day :i*1 c\pl$ ) a native delicacy ( p]ception & f95ess ( feel+1 result$ 9 ! exquisite tact :i* he exhibit$ 9 8 mission>y & pa/oral labors4 ,! ,t>sian ,jew ( ! disp]sion 0 a g5tleman ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,t ,aramaic1 z well z ,greek1 0 spok5 by ! family ( ,paul is made probable by ,phil4 #c3e & ,,ii ,cor4 #aa3bb4 ,! ^w ,hebrew 9 ^! passages probably ref]s especially to ! use ( ! ,aramaic 7,hebrew7 language1 z 9 ,acts #f3a1 :]e ! ,hebrews 9 ! ,j]usalem *ur* are contra/$ ) ! ,grecian ,jews4 ,a ,hebrew ( ,hebrews1 !re=e1 probably means an ,aramaic-speak+ ,jew & desc5d$ f ,aramaic-speak+ ,jews4 ,9 ,acts #ba3dj2 #bb3b x is expressly record$ t ,paul made a spee* 9 ,aramaic 7,hebrew71 & 9 ,acts #bf3ad x is said t ,*ri/ spoke to him 9 ! same language4 ,conceivably1 ( c\rse1 he might h le>n$ t language dur+ 8 /ud5t days 9 ,j]usalem4 ,b ! passages j ref]r$ to make x probable t x 0 r ! language ( 8 e>lie/ home4 ,f *ildhood ,paul knew bo? ,aramaic & ,greek4 #b4 ,,! ,,inn] ,,life ,,( ,,paul ,,! ,,rabbi ,! mo/ int]e/+ "q ab\t ,paul's life at ,j]usalem conc]ns ! condition ( 8 inn] life be=e ! conv]sion4 ,paul ! ,ph>isee is an int]e/+ /udy4 ,:at 7 ?is man's ?\ghts & feel+s & desires be=e ! grace ( ,*ri/ made him ! greate/ ( ,*ri/ian mission>ies8 ,! be/ way to answ] ?is "q w\ld be to ask ,paul himself4 ,"o passage 9 ! ,paul9e epi/les has be5 reg>d$ z an answ] to ! "q4 ,t passage is ,rom4 #g3ad-be4 ,!re ,paul describes ! /ruggle ( ! man :o kn[s ! law ( ,god & desires to accompli% x1 b f9ds ! fle% too /rong = him4 ,if ,paul is !re ref]r+ to 8 pre-,*ri/ian life1 !n ! passage gives a vivid picture ( 8 fruitless /ruggle z a ,ph>isee to fulfill ! law4 ,_m int]pret]s1 h[ev]1 ref] ! passage n to ! pre-,*ri/ian life b to ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,ev5 9 ! ,*ri/ian life ! /ruggle goes on aga9/ s94 ,& ev5 if ,paul is ref]r+ to ! pre-,*ri/ian life1 he is p]haps depict+ x r z x really 0 ?an z he !n ?\ght x 04 ,! passage probably does n mean t be=e he became a ,*ri/ian ,paul 0 fully consci\s ( ! fruitlessness ( 8 endeavor to atta9 righte\sness by ! law4 ,aft]w>ds he saw t 8 endeavor 0 fruitless1 b x is d\btful h[ cle>ly he saw x at ! "t4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be a mi/ake to suppose t ,paul z a ,ph>isee 0 p]fectly happy4 ,no man is happy :o is try+ to e>n salvation by 8 works4 ,9 8 he>t ( he>ts ,paul mu/ h kn[n t 8 fulfillm5t ( ! law 0 woefully defective4 ,b su* discont5tm5t w\ld naturally lead him only f>!r on 9 ! same old pa?4 ,if 8 ob$i5ce 0 defective1 let x be m5d$ by increas+ zeal6 ,! m e>ne/ ,paul 0 ab\t 8 law righte\sness1 ! m discont5t$ he became ) 8 atta9m5ts1 s mu* ! m zeal\s did he become z a p]secutor4 ,"s h suppos$ t ,paul 0 gradually gett+ ne>] to ,*ri/ianity be=e ,*ri/ appe>$ to him--t ! ,damascus exp]i5ce only complet$ a process t _h already begun4 ,!re 7 v>i\s ?+s1 x is said1 :i* might lead ! e>ne/ ,ph>isee to consid] ,*ri/ianity favorably4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re 0 ! manife/ impossibility ( law righte\sness4 ,paul _h tri$ to keep ! law & _h fail$4 ,:at if ! ,*ri/ians 7 "r ab\t salvation by fai?8 ,9 ! second place1 !re 7 ! ,old ,te/am5t prophecies ab\t a suff]+ s]vant ( ,jehovah4 ,isa41 *4 #ec4 ,if !y ref]r$ to ! ,messiah1 !n ! cross might be expla9$1 z ! ,*ri/ians expla9$ x1 z a sacrifice = o!rs4 ,! /umbl+block ( a crucifi$ ,messiah w\ld ?us be remov$4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 !re 0 ! noble life & dea? ( ! ,*ri/ian m>tyrs4 ,^! argum5ts are n s weighty z !y seem4 ,paul's dissatisfaction ) 8 fulfillm5t ( ! law1 z has already be5 obs]v$1 might lead to a m zeal\s ef=t to fulfill ! law z well z to a rel9qui%m5t ( ! law4 ,!re seems to be no cle> evid5ce t ! pre-,*ri/ian ,jews ev] contemplat$ a dea? ( ! ,messiah l ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,on ! contr>y ! curr5t expectation ( ! ,messiah 0 diametrically oppos$ to any su* ?+4 ,& admiration ( ! ,*ri/ian m>tyrs is p]haps too mod]n & too ,*ri/ian to be attribut$ to ! ,ph>isee4 ,! fundam5tal tr\ble ) ?is :ole argum5t is t x proves m]ely t ! ,ph>isee ,paul ought to h be5 favorably impress$ ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,s he ought1 b z a matt] ( fact he 0 n s impress$1 & we h ! /ronge/ k9d ( evid5ce to prove t he 0 n4 ,! book ( ,! ,acts says s1 & ,paul says s j z cle>ly 9 8 lett]s4 ,! v fact t :5 he 0 conv]t$ he 0 on a p]secut+ exp$ition1 m ambiti\s ?an any t _h be5 attempt$ be=e1 %[s t he 0 c]ta9ly n ?9k+ favorably ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,0 he consid]+ ! possibility t ,*ri/ianity might be true8 ,0 he try+ to /ifle 8 own inw>d unc]ta9ty by ! v madness ( 8 zeal8 ,!n1 9 p]secut+ ! ,*ur*1 he 0 go+ aga9/ 8 consci5ce4 ,b 9 ,i ,tim4 #a3ac he di/9ctly says t 8 p]secut+ 0 done ignorantly 9 unbelief1 & 8 attitude is ! same 9 8 o!r epi/les4 ,if 9 p]secut+ ! ,*ur* he 0 act+ contr>y to bett] conviction1 !n t fact w\ld h con/itut$ ! *ief elem5t 9 8 guilt2 yet 9 ! passages :]e he speaks ) ! deepe/ contrition ( 8 p]secution1 t p>ticul>ly he9\s s9 is nev] m5tion$4 ,evid5tly1 :atev] 0 8 guilt1 at lea/ he did n h to reproa* himself ) ! black s9 ( p]secut+ ,*ri/'s foll[]s 9 ! face ( ev5 a half conviction4 ,accord+ly1 ! words ( ,*ri/ to ,paul at ! "t ( ! conv]sion1 ,x is h>d = !e to kick aga9/ ! goad1 ,acts #bf3ad1 d n mean t ,paul _h be5 resi/+ an inw>d voice ( consci5ce 9 n accept+ ,*ri/ be=e1 b r t ,*ri/'s w = ,paul 0 really resi/less ev5 ?\gh ,paul _h n kn[n x at all4 ,*ri/'s lov+ plan w\ld be c>ri$ out 9 ! end4 ,paul 0 de/9$ to be ! apo/le to ! ,g5tiles4 ,= him to try to be any?+ else 0 z useless & z pa9ful z x is = ! ox to kick aga9/ ! goad4 ,*ri/ w h 8 way4 ,?us be=e 8 conv]sion ,paul 0 mov+ away f ,*ri/ianity r ?an t[>d x4 ,( c\rse1 9 emphasiz+ ! sudd5ness ( ! conv]sion1 exagg]ations mu/ be avoid$4 ,x is absurd1 = example1 to suppose t ,paul knew no?+ at all ab\t ,jesus be=e ! ,damascus ev5t4 ,( c\rse he knew ab\t him4 ,ev5 if he _h be5 indiff]5t1 he c\ld h>dly h fail$ to he> ! /ory ( ! ,galilean prophet2 & z a matt] ( fact he 0 n indiff]5t b int5sely int]e/$1 ?\gh by way ( opposition4 ,^! ?+s 7 n done 9 a corn]4 ,paul 0 9 ,j]usalem be=e & aft] ! crucifixion1 if n at ! v "t itself4 ,! ma9 facts 9 ! life ( ,jesus 7 kn[n to fri5d & foe alike4 ,?us :5 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,galatians ,paul decl>es t he receiv$ 8 gospel n ?r\gh any human ag5cy b directly f ,*ri/1 he _c mean t ! ris5 ,*ri/ imp>t$ to him ! facts 9 ! e>?ly life ( ,jesus4 ,x nev] occurr$ to ,paul to reg>d ! b>e facts z a gospel4 ,he _h ! facts by ord9>y ^w ( m\? f ! eyewitnesses4 ,:at he receiv$ f ! ris5 ,*ri/ 0 a new int]pretation ( ! facts4 ,he _h kn[n ! facts be=e4 ,b !y _h fill$ him ) hatr$4 ,he _h kn[n ab\t ,jesus4 ,b ! m he _h kn[n ab\t him1 ! m he _h hat$ him4 ,& !n ,*ri/ himself appe>$ to him6 ,x might naturally h be5 an appe>ance 9 wra?1 a ?und]/roke ( ! j v5geance ( ! ,messiah4 ,probably t 0 ,paul's fir/ ?\ght :5 he he>d ! words1 ,i am ,jesus :om ?\ p]secute/4 ,b su* 0 n ! ,"l's w4 ,! purpose ( ! ,damascus wond] 0 n de/ruction b div9e fell[%ip & _w-wide s]vice4 #c4 ,,paul',s ,,exp]i5ce ,,& ,,ours ,9 "o s5se1 ! exp]i5ce ( ,paul is ! exp]i5ce ( e ,*ri/ian4 ,n1 ( c\rse1 9 =m4 ,x is a great mi/ake to dem& ( e man t he %all be able1 l ,paul1 to give day & h\r ( 8 conv]sion4 ,_m m51 x is true1 /ill h su* a def9ite exp]i5ce4 ,x is n pa?ological4 ,x may result 9 glori\s ,*ri/ian lives4 ,b x is n univ]sal1 & x %\ld n be induc$ by tactless me?ods4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,*ri/ian homes (t5 seem to gr[ up into ! love ( ,*ri/4 ,:5 !y decide to unite !mselves def9itely ) ! ,*ur*1 ! decision ne$ n necess>ily come ) angui% ( s\l4 ,x may be simply ! culm9ation ( a ,god-encircl$ *ildhood1 a recognition ( :at ,god has already done r ?an ! acquisition ( some?+ new4 ,b aft] all1 ^! diff]5ces are m]ely 9 ! mann] ( ,god's work+4 ,9 ess5ce1 true ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce is always ! same1 & 9 ess5ce x is always l ! exp]i5ce ( ,paul4 ,x is no m]e means ( mak+ bett] citiz5s1 b an end 9 itself4 ,x is no product ( man's ef=t1 b a div9e gift4 ,:atev] be ! mann] ( its com+1 x is a heav5ly vision4 ,*ri/ /ill lives 9 ! mid/ ( glory4 ,& /ill he appe>s to s9ful m5--?\gh n n[ to ! bodily eye--draw+ !m out ( s9 & mis]y & bondage to a transitory _w into communion ) ! holy & et]nal ,god4 ,! result ( ,paul's vision 0 s]vice4 ,h[ f> 8 de/9ation z apo/le to ! ,g5tiles 0 made kn[n to him at once is p]haps unc]ta94 ,x dep5ds p>tly ^u ! int]pretation ( ,acts #bf3ad-ah4 ,are ^? words int5d$ to be "p ( :at 0 spok5 at ! v "t ( ! conv]sion8 ,!re is no insup]able objection to t view4 ,at any rate1 no matt] h[ mu* or h[ little 0 reveal$ at once1 ! real purpose ( ,*ri/ 9 call+ him 0 cle>ly t he %\ld be ! lead] ( ! ,g5tile mission4 ,gal4 #a3af4 ,he 0 sav$ 9 ord] t he might save o!rs4 ,x is s normally ) e ,*ri/ian4 ,e "o ( u is giv5 n only salvation1 b also labor4 ,9 t labor we c use e bit ( prep>ation t is ours1 ev5 if x 0 acquir$ be=e we became ,*ri/ians4 ,paul1 ! apo/le1 us$ 8 ,greek tra9+ z well z 8 k ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,we c use :atev] tal5ts we possess4 ,! ,*ri/ian life is n a life ( idl5ess4 ,x is l ! life ( ! _w 9 be+ full ( labor4 ,b x diff]s f t life 9 t its labor is always wor? :ile4 ,connection ) heav5 does n mean idle contemplation1 b a vantage gr\nd ( p[]4 ,y _c move ! _w )\t a place to /&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #fh-he4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 article on ,damascus4 ,ramsay1 ,pictures ( ! ,apo/olic ,*ur*1 pp4 #aac-abj2 ,/4 ,paul ! ,travell] & ! ,roman ,citiz51 pp4 #bi-ci2 ,! ,cities ( ,/4 ,paul1 pp4 #he-bdd 7on ,t>sus74 ,conybe>e & ,h[son1 ,! ,life & ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 *s4 ii & iii4 ,lew91 ,! ,life & ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 *s4 i & iv4 ,/alk]1 ,! ,life ( ,/4 ,paul1 pp4 #a-db4 ,rackham1 pp4 #abd-ace1 #dba-dbd1 #dfb-dgj4 ,lumby1 pp4 #ajh-aaf1 #cjb-cjg1 #cdd-cdi4 ,plumptre1 pp4 #ee-fa1 #aej-aeb1 #afe-afg4 ,cook1 pp4 #dac-dag1 #dih-ejj1 #eaf-eai4 ,,lesson ,,xiii ,,! ,,*ur* ,,at ,,antio* ,*ri/ianity orig9at$ 9 an obscure corn] ( ! ,roman ,empire1 9 ! mid/ ( a v peculi> p4 ,at fir/1 x 0 entirely out ( relation to ! l>g] life ( ! "t4 ,! atmosph]e ( ! ,gospels is z un-,greek z c\ld be imag9$2 ! v conception ( ,messiah%ip is di/9ctively ,jewi%4 ,yet ?is ,jewi% sect soon ent]$ ^u ! conque/ ( ! empire1 & ! ,jewi% ,messiah became ! ,savi\r ( ! _w4 ,/>t+ f ,j]usalem1 ! new sect spread )9 a few decades almo/ to ! remote/ corn]s ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,?is rem>kable ext5sion 0 n ! "w ( any "o man or gr\p ( m54 ,x seem$ r to be due to "s my/]i\s p[] ( gr[?1 op]at+ 9 _m directions & 9 _m ways4 ,9 ?is manifold ext5sion ( ! gospel1 h[ev]1 ! c5tral ev5t ( to-day's lesson /&s out ) special cle>ness4 ,*ri/ianity began z a ,jewi% movem5t1 q incongru\s ) ! l>g] life ( ! empire4 ,:at w\ld be ! result ( its fir/ real contact ) ! culture ( ! "t8 ,?is "q 0 answ]$ at ,antio*4 ,at ,antio*1 ! pr9ciples ( ! ,g5tile mission _h to be e/abli%$ once = all--^? pr9ciples :i* h gov]n$ ! entire subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! ext5sion ( ! gospel to ! ,g5tiles 0 n a m]e ov]com+ ( racial prejudice1 = ! sep>at5ess ( ,israel _h be5 ( div9e appo9tm5t2 x involv$ r ! recognition t a new disp5sation _h begun4 ,primitive ,*ri/ianity 0 n gov]n$ m]ely by consid]ations ( practical exp$i5cy2 x s\ght ju/ification = e new /ep 9 ! guidance ( ! ,_s & 9 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! gospel4 ,! developm5t ( ^? fundam5tal pr9ciples 0 necess>y 9 ord] to %[ t ,*ri/ianity 0 really m ?an a ,jewi% sect4 ,!n z always1 religion )\t !ology w\ld h be5 a weak & flabby ?+4 ,*ri/ianity is n m]ely an in/rum5t = ! improv+ ( social conditions1 b r an answ] to ! fundam5tal que/ions ( ! s\l4 ,x c nev] d )\t ?9k+1 & ,*ri/ian ?9k+ is !ology4 ,=tunately ! *ur* at ,antio* did n long rema9 )\t a !ologian4 ,its !ologian 0 ,paul4 ,paul 0 n ! f\nd] ( ! *ur* at ,antio*2 b ! !ology ( ,paul 0 :at gave to t *ur* its really fundam5tal importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,! lesson = to-day is ( extraord9>y ri*ness & v>iety4 ,mu* c be le>n$1 = example1 f ! *>act]s ( ! /ory4 ,b>nabas1 ) 8 g5]\s recognition ( ! great man :o 0 soon to ov]%ad[ him2 ^? obscure m5 ( ,cyprus & ,cyr5e1 n ev5 m5tion$ by "n1 ^: "w at ,antio* 0 "o ( ! great turn+ po9ts ( hi/ory2 ,agabus1 ! prophet1 & ! *>itable bre?r5 ( ,antio*2 ,rhoda1 ! s]v+ girl1 & ! pray]ful assembly 9 ! h\se ( ! "m ( ,m>k--e "o ( ^! tea*es "s special lesson4 ,"o lesson1 moreov]1 may be le>n$ f !m all--,god is ! real lead] ( ! ,*ur*1 & true disciples1 ?\gh diff]5t 9 "* & 9 atta9m5ts1 are all %>]s 9 a mighty "w4 ,9 :at foll[s1 an attempt w be made to ?r[ light ^u a few ( ! hi/orical que/ions :i* are sugge/$ by ! n>rative 9 ,! ,acts1 & to picture z vividly z possible ! sc5e ( ^! /irr+ ev5ts4 #a4 ,,! ,,acts ,,& ,,! ,,paul9e ,,epi/les ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! n>rative 9 ,! ,acts & ! acc\nt :i* ,paul gives ( ! same ev5ts h caus$ consid]able difficulty4 ,?is v difficulty1 h[ev]1 is by no means an unmix$ evil2 = x %[s at lea/ t ,luke 0 entirely indep5d5t ( ! ,epi/les4 ,if he _h employ$ ! ,epi/les 9 ! composition ( 8 book he w\ld surely h avoid$ ev5 ! appe>ance ( contradict+ !m4 ,! div]g5ces betwe5 ,! ,acts & ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 !re=e1 c only mean t ,luke did n use ! ,epi/les :5 he wrote2 & s9ce ! ,epi/les came to be g5]ally us$ at a v e>ly "t1 ,! ,acts _c h be5 writt5 at s late a date z is (t5 suppos$4 ,b if ! book 0 writt5 at an e>ly "t1 !n !re is e probability t ! in=mation :i* x conta9s is d]iv$ f tru/wor?y s\rces4 ,?us ! v div]g5ces betwe5 ,! ,acts & ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 unless inde$ !y %\ld am\nt to positive contradictions1 /r5g!n ! argum5t = ! e>ly date & high hi/orical value ( ! ,lucan "w4 ,! indep5d5ce ( ,! ,acts is support$ also by ! complete abs5ce ( /rik+ v]bal simil>ity betwe5 ! n>rative 9 ,! ,acts & ! correspond+ passages 9 ! ,epi/les4 ,ev5 :]e ! details ( ! two acc\nts are simil>1 ! words are diff]5t4 ,! few unimportant co9cid5ces 9 language are altoge!r insuffici5t to ov]?r[ ?is g5]al impression ( indep5d5ce4 ,! mo/ natural supposition1 !re=e1 is t 9 ,! ,acts & 9 ! ,epi/les we h two indep5d5t & tru/wor?y acc\nts ( ! same ev5ts4 ,?is supposition is really borne out by ! details ( ! two n>ratives4 ,!re are diff]5ces1 b ! diff]5ces are only :at is to be expect$ 9 two n>ratives :i* 7 writt5 f entirely diff]5t po9ts ( view & 9 complete indep5d5ce ( "o ano!r4 ,contradictions h be5 detect$ only by press+ unduly ! language ( "o s\rce or ! o!r4 ,?us1 9 read+ ,! ,acts alone1 "o might suppose t ,paul sp5t ! :ole "t betwe5 8 conv]sion & 8 fir/ visit to ,j]usalem 9 ,damascus1 & t ?is p]iod 0 less ?an ?ree ye>s2 b ^! suppositions are only inf]5ces4 ,app>5tly ,luke 0 n aw>e ( ! j\rney to ,arabia2 b an incomplete n>rative is n necess>ily inaccurate4 ,aga91 9 ! acc\nt ( t fir/ visit to ,j]usalem1 ! read] ( ,! ,acts might naturally suppose t m ?an "o ( ! ,twelve 0 pres5t1 t ! ma9 purpose ( ! j\rney 0 r to engage 9 prea*+ ?an to make ! acqua9tance ( ,pet]1 & t ! visit la/$ long] ?an fifte5 days2 & on ! o!r h&1 ! read] ( ,galatians might p]haps suppose t in/ead ( prea*+ 9 ,j]usalem ,paul rema9$1 :ile !re1 9 /rict retirem5t4 ,aga91 h[ev]1 ^! suppositions w\ld be inf]5ces2 & ! falsity ( !m simply %[s h[ cauti\s ! hi/orian %\ld be 9 read+ betwe5 ! l9es ( a n>rative4 ,f9ally1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,paul & ,luke are ov]balanc$ by ! /rik+ & undesign$ agreem5ts4 ,9 ,galatians1 ,paul does n m5tion ! visit :i* he & ,b>nabas made 9 ,j]usalem at ! "t ( ! fam9e4 ,?is conclusion has be5 avoid$ by ^? s*ol>s :o ) ,ramsay id5tify ! fam9e visit ) ! visit m5tion$ 9 ,gal4 #b3a-aj4 ,! m usual view1 h[ev]1 is t ,gal4 #b3a-aj is to be reg>d$ z p>allel1 n ) ,acts #aa3cj2 #ab3be1 b ) ,acts #ae3a-cj4 ,! second visit m5tion$ by ,paul is ?us id5tifi$ ) ! ?ird visit m5tion$ by ,luke4 ,paul did n m5tion ! fam9e visit because1 z 0 probably admitt$ ev5 by 8 oppon5ts 9 ,galatia1 ! apo/les at ! "t ( t visit 7 all out ( ! city1 s t !re 0 no *ance ( a meet+ ) !m4 ,! subject "u discussion 9 ,galatians 0 n ,paul's life 9 g5]al1 b ! relation betwe5 ,paul & ! orig9al apo/les4 #b4 ,,! ,,prea*+ ,,to ,,greeks ,9 ,acts #aa3bj1 ! be/ manuscripts read spake unto ! ,hell5i/s in/ead ( spake unto ! ,greeks4 ,! ^w ,hell5i/ usually means ,grecian ,jew4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 if ?is ^w is to be read1 x mu/ ref] n to ,jews1 b to ,g5tiles2 = ! contra/ ) ! prea*+ to ,jews t is m5tion$ j be=e1 is ! v po9t ( ! v]se4 ,p]haps at ?is po9t ! manuscripts :i* read ,greeks 7t is1 ,g5tiles7 are correct4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! mean+ is fix$ by ! context4 ,^! ,jews ( ,cyprus & ,cyr5e1 :5 !y arriv$ at ,antio* c]ta9ly began to prea* regul>ly to ,g5tiles4 #c4 ,,pet]',s ,,escape ,,f ,,prison ,9 ,acts #ab3a-bd1 ,luke br+s ! acc\nt ( affairs 9 ,j]usalem up to ! "t :i* has already be5 rea*$ 9 ! n>rative ab\t ,antio*4 ,! j\rney ( ,b>nabas & ,paul to ,j]usalem1 ,acts #aa3cj2 #ab3be1 suppli$ ! connect+ l9k4 ,:ile ! *ur* at ,antio* 0 progress+ 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ,acts #aa3ai-cj1 a p]secution _h be5 c>ri$ on 9 ,j]usalem by ,h]od ,agrippa ,i4 ,! escape ( ,pet] is n>rat$ 9 an extraord9>ily lifelike way4 ,evid5tly ,luke 0 9 possession ( fir/-h& in=mation4 ,! vividness ( ! n>rative is v significant4 ,x %[s t ! unmi/akable tru/wor?9ess ( ,! ,acts ext5ds ev5 to ^? happ5+s :i* 7 mo/ cle>ly miracul\s4 ,! sup]natural _c be elim9at$ f apo/olic hi/ory4 #d4 ,,antio* ,antio* on ! ,orontes 0 f\nd$ by ,seleucus ,nicator1 ! fir/ mon>* ( ! ,seleucid dyna/y1 & "u 8 successors x rema9$ ! capital ( ! ,syrian k+dom4 ,:5 t k+dom 0 conqu]$ by ! ,romans1 ! political importance ( ,antio* did n suff]4 ,antio* became "u ! ,romans n only ! capital ( ! prov9ce ,syria b also ! resid5ce ( ! emp]ors & high (ficials :5 !y 7 9 ! ea/4 ,x may be reg>d$ z a sort ( ea/]n capital ( ! empire4 ,! political importance ( ,antio* 0 no great] ?an its comm]cial importance4 ,situat$ ne> ! nor!a/]n corn] ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 :]e ! ,m$it]ranean coa/ is ne>] to ! ,euphrates ?an at any o!r po9t1 :]e ! ,orontes valley provid$ easy communication ) ! ea/ & ! ,syrian gates ) ! we/1 ) a magnific5t artificial h>bor at ,seleucia1 ab\t tw5ty miles di/ant1 ,antio* naturally became ! great meet+ po9t = ! trade ( ea/ & we/4 ,x is n surpris+ t ,antio* 0 ! ?ird city ( ! empire--aft] ,rome & ,alex&ria4 ,! city 0 built on a pla9 betwe5 ! ,orontes on ! nor? & ! precipit\s slopes ( ,m\nt ,silpius on ! s\?4 ,a great wall ext5d$ ov] ! rugg$ heights ( ! m\nta9 & ar\nd ! city4 ,a magnific5t /reet l$ ?r\gh ! city f ea/ to we/4 ,! build+s 7 ( extraord9>y magnific5ce4 ,p]haps z magnific5t z ! city itself 0 ! fam\s ,daphne1 a neighbor+ %r9e & pleasure resort1 well-kn[n = its gild$ vice4 ,! dom9ant language ( ,antio*1 f ! beg9n+1 _h be5 ,greek4 ,! ,seleucids prid$ !mselves on ! ,greek culture ( _! c\rt1 & ,roman rule introduc$ no ess5tial *ange4 ,( c\rse1 along ) ! ,greek language & ,greek culture w5t a l>ge admixture ( ea/]n blood & ea/]n cu/om4 ,l ! o!r great cities ( ! empire1 ,antio* 0 a meet+ place ( v>i\s peoples1 a typical cosmopolitan c5t] ( a _w-wide empire4 ,! ,jewi% population1 ( c\rse1 0 num]\s4 ,su* 0 ! seat ( ! apo/olic mission>y *ur*4 ,almo/ lo/ at fir/ 9 ! see?+ life ( ! great city1 t *ur* 0 de/9$ to outlive all ! magnific5ce t surr\nd$ x4 ,a new se$ _h be5 implant$ 9 ! anci5t _w1 & ,god w\ld give ! increase4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #he-ij1 #ih-aaj4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 articles on ,agabus1 ,antio*1 ,arabia1 ,aretas1 ,b>nabas1 ,h]od 7#c74 ,ramsay1 ,/4 ,paul ! ,travell] & ! ,roman ,citiz51 pp4 #dj-fi2 ,pictures ( ! ,apo/olic ,*ur*1 pp4 #aba-abh4 ,lew91 ,! ,life & ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 *s4 v1 vi & vii4 ,conybe>e & ,h[son1 ,! ,life & ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 *4 iv4 ,/alk]1 ,! ,life ( ,/4 ,paul1 pp4 #dd-fc4 ,lumby1 pp4 #aaf-abb1 #adb-aee1 #cjg-cji4 ,cook1 pp4 #daf-dah1 #dcj-dcc1 #ejj1 #eja4 ,plumptre1 pp4 #fj-fb1 #gc-gi1 #aeb4 ,rackham1 pp4 #acf-ada1 #afc-ahd4 ,"p ,,ii3 ,*ri/ianity ,e/abli%$ ,among ! ,g5tiles ,! ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ! ,gospel ,,lesson ,,xiv ,,! ,,gospel ,,to ,,! ,,g5tiles ,x 0 a dramatic mom5t :5 ,paul & ,b>nabas1 ) _! help]1 set sail f ,seleucia1 on ! wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,beh9d !m lay ,syria & ,pale/9e & ! hi/ory ( ! *os5 p2 9 front ( !m 0 ! we/4 ,! religion ( ,israel _h em]g$ f its age-long seclusion2 x _h ent]$ at la/ ^u ! conque/ ( ! _w4 ,! message t cross$ ! /rait to ,cyprus 0 de/9$ to be c>ri$ ov] broad] seas4 ,a mighty ent]prise 0 begun4 ,x 0 an audaci\s ?\ght6 ,! mission>ies might well h be5 ov]p[]$ by :at lay be=e !m--by ! p[] ( a _w empire1 by ! pre/ige ( a brilliant civilization4 ,h[ insignificant 7 _! own weapons6 ,w\ld !y ev] ev5 ga9 a he>+8 ,b ?\gh ! ent]prise 0 begun 9 weakness x 0 begun 9 fai?4 ,at _! dep>ture f ,antio* ! mission>ies 7 committ$ to ! grace ( ,god4 ,! acc\nt ( ?is fir/ mission>y j\rney is "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ passages 9 ,! ,acts4 ,! int]e/ nev] flags2 incid5t foll[s incid5t 9 wond]ful v>iety4 ,9 read+ ?is n>rative1 we are transplant$ into ! mid/ ( ! anci5t _w1 we come to brea! ! v atmosph]e ( t cosmopolitan age4 ,9 ! lesson ( to-day ! tea*] has an unusual opportunity4 ,if he uses x well1 he may cause ! ,bible /ory to live aga94 ,absolutely ess5tial to t end is ! judici\s use ( a map--pref]ably some?+ l>g] ?an ! small sket* map ( ! ,text ,book4 ,a travel n>rative )\t a map is a hopeless jumble4 ,! map is an aid bo? to memory & to imag9ation4 ,trac+ ! r\te ( ! mission>ies on ! map1 ! tea*] %\ld endeavor to call up ! sc5es ?r\gh :i* !y pass$4 ,! /ud5t %\ld be made to see ! wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ) ! hills ( ,cyprus beyond1 ! int]m9able /ret*es ( ! ,roman roads1 ! l(ty m\nta9s ( ! ,taurus1 ! p]ils ( riv]s & ! p]ils ( robb]s1 ! teem+ population ( ! c\ntless cities--& ?r\gh x all ! simple mission>ies ( ! cross1 almo/ unnotic$ amid ! turmoil ( ! busy _w1 b ri* 9 ! possession ( a _w-conqu]+ gospel & resi/less ?r\gh ! p[] ( ! liv+ ,god4 #a4 ,,! ,,prophets ,,& ,,tea*]s ,bo? prophecy & tea*+ 7 gifts ( ! ,_s4 ,i ,cor4 #ab3bh-ca4 ,prophecy 0 imm$iate revelation ( ! div9e plan or ( ! div9e w2 tea*+1 app>5tly1 0 logical developm5t ( ! tru? already giv54 ,:i* ( ! m5 :o are m5tion$ 9 ,acts #ac3a 7 prophets & :i* 7 tea*]s is n cle>4 ,if any division is int5d$ x is probably betwe5 ! fir/ ?ree & ! la/ two4 ,= ?is gr\p+ !re is p]haps "s slight indication 9 ! connectives t are us$ 9 ! ,greek1 b ! matt] is n c]ta94 ,p]haps all five ( ! m5 7 possess$ ( bo? gifts4 ,lucius 0 p]haps "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! *ur*1 = he came f ,cyr5e4 ,comp>e ,acts #aa3bj4 ,mana5 is an int]e/+ figure4 ,he is call$ fo/]-bro!r ( ,h]od ! tetr>*4 ,! ^w translat$ fo/]-bro!r is app>5tly sometimes us$ 9 a d]iv$ s5se1 to designate simply an intimate associate ( a pr9ce4 ,if t be ! mean+ "h1 !n at lea/ "o memb] ( ! *ur* at ,antio* 0 a man ( "s social /&+4 ,9 ,antio*1 z 9 ,cor9?1 probably n _m wise aft] ! fle%1 n _m mighty1 n _m noble 7 call$1 ,i ,cor4 #a3bf2 b 9 ,antio* z 9 ,cor9? !re 7 exceptions4 ,! ,h]od :o is "h meant is ,h]od ,antipas1 ! ,h]od ( ! ,gospels4 #b4 ,,elymas ,:5 ! ,jewi% sorc]] is fir/ m5tion$ he is call$ ,b>-,jesus--t is1 son ( ,jesus1 ,jesus be+ a common ,jewi% "n4 ,!n1 a little bel[1 ! same man is call$ ,elymas ! sorc]]1 & ! explanation is add$1 = s is 8 "n by int]pretation4 ,app>5tly ! new "n ,elymas is introduc$ )\t explanation1 & !n ! ,greek ^w = sorc]] is introduc$ z a translation ( t4 ,! ^w ,elymas is v>i\sly d]iv$ f an ,arabic ^w mean+ wise1 or an ,aramaic ^w mean+ /rong4 ,9 ei!r case ! ,greek ^w1 magos1 = :i* our ,engli% ,bible has sorc]]1 is a fair equival5t4 ,t ,greek ^w is ! ^w t appe>s also 9 ,matt4 #b3a1g1af1 :]e ! ,engli% ,bible has ,wise-m52 & words d]iv$ f ! same root are us$ to describe ,simon ( ,sam>ia 9 ,acts #h3i1aa4 ,! ^w c\ld designate m5 ( diff]5t "*4 ,"s magi might be reg>d$ z /ud5ts ( natural sci5ce2 9 o!rs1 sup]/ition & *>latanism 7 dom9ant4 #c4 ,,saul ,,& ,,paul ,at ,acts #ac3i ,luke introduces ! "n ,paul--,saul1 :o is also call$ ,paul4 ,previ\sly ! n>rative always uses ! ,jewi% "n ,saul2 aft] ?is ,paul appe>s ) equal regul>ity1 except 9 ! acc\nts ( ! conv]sion1 :]e 9 ?ree v]ses a special1 entirely un-,greek =m ( ,saul is us$4 ,acts #bb3g1ac2 #bf3ad4 ,s9ce 9 our passage 9 ! orig9al ! "n ( ! proconsul1 ,paulus1 is exactly l ! "n ( ! apo/le1 "s h suppos$ t ,paul assum$ a new "n 9 honor ( 8 di/+ui%$ conv]t4 ,t is altoge!r unlikely4 ,m probable is ! sugge/ion t al?\gh ,paul _h bo? names f ! beg9n+1 ,luke is l$ to introduce ! "n ,paul at j ?is po9t because ( ! co9cid5ce ) ! "n ( ! proconsul4 ,ev5 ?is supposition1 h[ev]1 is extremely d\btful4 ,probably ! ,roman "n1 :i* ,paul uses inv>iably 9 8 lett]s1 is introduc$ at ?is po9t simply because "h = ! fir/ "t ,paul comes prom95tly =w>d 9 a di/9ctly ,roman environm5t4 #d4 ,,paul ,,& ,,b>nabas ,connect$ ) ?is v>iation 9 "n is ! rev]sal 9 ! relation betwe5 ,paul & ,b>nabas4 ,previ\sly ,b>nabas has be5 giv5 ! priority2 b imm$iately aft] ! incid5t at ,paphos ! mission>ies are designat$ z ,paul & 8 company1 ,acts #ac3ac1 & !reaft] :5 ! two are m5tion$ toge!r1 ,paul1 except at ,acts #ad3ab1ad2 #ae3ab1be1 appe>s fir/4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,roman proconsul1 ,paul's ,roman citiz5%ip p]haps caus$ him to take ! lead2 & !n inh]5t sup]iority made 8 lead]%ip p]man5t4 #e4 ,,! ,,return ,,( ,,john ,,m>k ,! reasons = ,john ,m>k's return f ,p]ga to ,j]usalem c only be surmis$4 ,p]haps he 0 simply unwill+1 = "s reason suffici5t to him b insuffici5t to ,paul1 to und]take ! h>d%ips ( ! j\rney into ! int]ior4 ,c]ta9ly x 0 an adv5tur\s j\rney4 ,paul 0 n always an easy man to foll[4 ,! sev]ity ( ,paul's judgm5t ( ,m>k 0 n necess>ily s great z has sometimes be5 suppos$4 ,"o purpose ( ! second j\rney 0 to revisit ! *ur*es ( ! fir/ j\rney4 ,acts #ae3cf4 ,:e!r = good or = bad reasons1 ,m>k1 z a matt] ( fact1 _h n be5 ) ! mission>ies on a l>ge "p ( t fir/ j\rney1 & 01 !re=e1 unkn[n to _m ( ! *ur*es4 ,= ?is reason1 p]haps z mu* z on acc\nt ( moral objections1 ,paul consid]$ ,m>k an unsuitable help]4 ,9 8 lat] epi/les ,paul speaks ( ,m>k 9 ! mo/ cordial way4 ,col4 #d3aj2 ,philem4 #bd2 ,,ii ,tim4 #d3aa4 ,9 ! la/ passage1 he ev5 says t ,m>k 0 useful to him = m9i/]+--exactly :at he _h n be5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! second mission>y j\rney4 #f4 ,,h>d%ips ,,& ,,p]secutions ,x is evid5t f ,,ii ,cor4 #aa3bc-bg t ,luke has record$ only a small fraction ( ! h>d%ips :i* ,paul endur$ z a mission>y ( ! cross4 ,! t5d5cy to lay exagg]at$ /ress ^u m>tyrdom & suff]+1 :i* runs riot 9 ! lat] leg5ds ( ! sa9ts1 is 9 ,! ,acts conspicu\s by its abs5ce4 ,( ! trials :i* are v\*$ = by ! unimpea*able te/imony ( ,paul himself1 only a few may be id5tifi$ 9 ! ,lucan n>rative4 ,x is natural1 h[ev]1 to suppose t "s ( ! p]ils ( riv]s & p]ils ( robb]s 7 enc\nt]$ on ! j\rney ?r\gh ! defiles ( ! ,taurus m\nta9s f ,p]ga to ,pisidian ,antio*1 & ! "o /on+ :i* ,paul m5tions is cle>ly to be id5tifi$ ) ! adv5ture at ,ly/ra4 ,9 ,,ii ,tim4 #c3aa ,paul m5tions ! p]secutions at ,antio*1 ,iconium & ,ly/ra4 #g4 ,,geography ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,j\rney ,! fir/ mission>y j\rney l$ ! mission>ies into ?ree ,roman prov9ces3 ,cyprus1 ,pamphylia & ,galatia4 ,! "n ,galatia _h orig9ally designat$ a di/rict 9 ! nor? c5tral "p ( ,asia ,m9or1 :i* _h be5 coloniz$ by c]ta9 ,celtic tribes sev]al c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 ,by ! ,romans1 h[ev]1 o!r di/ricts 7 add$ to ?is orig9al ,galatia1 & 9 #be ,b4 ,c4 ! :ole complex 0 organiz$ into an imp]ial prov9ce "u ! "n ,galatia4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 !re=e1 ! "n ,galatia c\ld be us$ 9 two di/9ct s5ses4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 ! e>li]1 popul> s5se1 x c\ld designate ,galatia prop]4 ,9 ! second place1 9 ! lat]1 (ficial s5se1 x c\ld designate ! :ole ,roman prov9ce1 :i* includ$ n only ,galatia prop]1 b also p>ts ( a numb] ( o!r di/ricts1 includ+ ,phrygia & ,lycaonia4 ,( ! cities visit$ on ! fir/ mission>y j\rney1 ,pisidian ,antio*--:i* 0 call$ ,pisidian because x 0 ne> ,pisidia--& ,iconium 7 9 ,phrygia1 & ,ly/ra & ,d]be 9 ,lycaonia2 b all f\r 7 includ$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,galatia4 ,_m s*ol>s suppose t ! *ur*es 9 ^! cities 7 ! *ur*es :i* ,paul addresses 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians4 ,t view is call$ ! ,s\? ,galatian !ory4 ,o!rs--adh]5ts ( ! ,nor? ,galatian !ory--suppose t ! epi/le is address$ to *ur*es 9 ,galatia prop]1 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,roman prov9ce1 :i* 7 f\nd$ on ! second mission>y j\rney4 ,?is "q w be notic$ aga9 9 connection ) ! epi/le4 #h4 ,,"t ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,j\rney ,luke gives v little indication ( ! am\nt ( "t :i* 0 consum$ on ?is fir/ j\rney4 ,! ha/y read] probably e/imates ! "t too l[1 s9ce only a few incid5ts are n>rat$4 ,! rapidity ( ! n>rative %\ld n be mis9t]pret$ z indicat+ cursor9ess ( ! labor4 ,! passage ?r\gh ,cyprus1 ,acts #ac3f1 0 probably accompani$ by evangeliz+2 ! ext5sion ( ! gospel ?r\gh ! :ole region ( ,antio*1 v4 #di1 mu/ h occupi$ m ?an a few days2 ! /ay at ,iconium is designat$ z long "t1 ,acts #ad3c2 ! *ange ( attitude on ! "p ( ! ,ly/ran populace1 v4 #ai1 0 probably n absolutely sudd52 n only ,ly/ra & ,d]be b also ! surr\nd+ c\ntry 7 evangeliz$1 v4 #f2 & f9ally ! mission>ies c\ld h>dly h return$ to ! cities f :i* !y _h be5 driv5 out1 v4 #ba1 unless ! heat ( p]secution _h be5 all[$ to cool4 ,p]haps a full ye> w\ld n be too high an e/imate ( ! "t t 0 occupi$ by ! j\rney1 & /ill high] e/imates are by no means exclud$4 #i4 ,,! ,,sc5e ,,at ,,ly/ra ,! acc\nt ( ! incid5t at ,ly/ra is "o ( ^? inimitable bits ( n>rative :i* impr9t ^u ,! ,acts ! indisputable /amp ( hi/oricity4 ,ly/ra1 ?\gh a ,roman colony1 lay some:at (f ! beat5 track ( culture & ( trade2 h5ce ! extreme sup]/ition ( ! populace is :at might be expect$4 ,x may seem r /range t ,paul & ,b>nabas %\ld h be5 id5tifi$ ) great gods ( ,olympus r ?an ) less] div9ities or spirits1 b :o c place a limit ^u ! sup]/ition ( an uncultur$ p ( ! anci5t _w8 ,! id5tification may h be5 r5d]$ easi] by ! leg5d ( ,philemon & ,baucis1 :i* has be5 pres]v$ = u by ,ovid1 ! ,lat9 poet4 ,accord+ to t leg5d1 ,zeus & ,h]mes appe>$1 once ^u a "t1 9 human =m 9 ,phrygia1 ! same g5]al region 9 :i* ,ly/ra 0 situat$4 ,zeus & ,h]mes are ! gods ) :om ,b>nabas & ,paul 7 id5tifi$2 ! ,engli% ,bible simply sub/itutes = ^! ,greek names ! names ( ! correspond+ ,roman deities4 ,! temple ( ,zeus-be=e-!-city & ! prep>ations = sacrifices are describ$ 9 a mo/ lifelike way1 9 full accord ) :at is kn[n ( anci5t religion4 ,we f9d ourselves "h 9 a some:at diff]5t atmosph]e f t :i* prevails 9 mo/ ( ! sc5es describ$ 9 ,! ,acts4 ,x is a pagan atmosph]e1 & an atmosph]e ( rud] sup]/ition ?an t :i* prevail$ 9 ! great cities4 ,! spee* ( ,lycaonia1 v4 #aa1 is an especially *>act]i/ic t\*4 ,app>5tly ! all-p]vad+ ,greek 0 und]/ood at ,ly/ra ev5 by ! populace2 b 9 ! excitem5t ( _! sup]/ition !y fell v naturally into _! native language4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,pet]'s release f prison1 s 9 ?is incid5t1 wond]ful lifelik5ess ( description is c\pl$ ) a miracle4 ,! sc5e at ,ly/ra is un9telligible )\t ! miracul\s heal+ ( ! lame man1 ) :i* x beg9s4 ,x is impossible1 9 ,! ,acts z well z 9 ! ,gospels1 to sep>ate ! miracul\s f ! re/ ( ! n>rative4 ,! evid5t tru?fulness ( ! /ory applies to ! sup]natural elem5ts z well z to ! re/4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian mission is evid5tly real2 b x is j z evid5tly sup]natural4 ,x mov$ ?r\gh ! v>i$ sc5es ( ! real _w1 b x 0 n limit$ by ! _w4 ,x 0 animat$ by a my/]i\s1 sup]human p[]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #aaa-abb4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 articles on ,cyprus1 ,antio* 7#b71 ,iconium1 ,ly/ra1 ,d]be1 ,galatia4 ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,muir1 article on ,cyprus2 ,massie1 article on ,b>-,jesus2 ,headlam1 article on ,paulus1 ,s]gius2 ,ramsay1 articles on ,antio* 9 ,pisidia1 ,iconium1 ,ly/ra1 ,d]be1 ,galatia4 ,ramsay1 ,/4 ,paul ! ,travell] & ! ,roman ,citiz51 pp4 #fd-abi2 ,! ,cities ( ,/4 ,paul1 pp4 #bdg-dai2 ,pictures ( ! ,apo/olic ,*ur*1 pp4 #abi-aec4 ,lew91 ,! ,life & ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 *apt] viii4 ,conybe>e & ,h[son1 ,! ,life & ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 *apt]s v & vi4 ,/alk]1 ,! ,life ( ,/4 ,paul1 pp4 #fe-ga4 ,lumby1 pp4 #aee-ahc4 ,cook1 pp4 #dcg-dea4 ,plumptre1 pp4 #gi-ic4 ,rackham1 pp4 #aid-bch4 ,,lesson ,,xv ,,! ,,c\ncil ,,at ,,j]usalem ,! lesson = to-day deals ) "o ( ! mo/ important ev5ts 9 apo/olic hi/ory4 ,at ! ,j]usalem c\ncil ! pr9ciples ( ! ,g5tile mission & ( ! entire life ( ! ,*ur* 7 br\ght to cle> expression4 ,if ! orig9al apo/les _h agre$ ) ! ,judaiz]s aga9/ ,paul1 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* w\ld h be5 diff]5t4 ,!re w\ld ev5 h be5 room to d\bt :e!r ,paul 0 really a disciple ( ,jesus2 = if he 01 h[ c\ld he come to diff] s radically f ^? :om ,jesus _h taught8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ^! dire consequ5ces 7 avoid$4 ,:5 ! issue 0 made betwe5 ,paul & ! ,judaiz]s1 ! orig9al apo/les decid$ :ole-he>t$ly = ,paul4 ,! unity ( ! ,*ur* 0 pres]v$4 ,god 0 guid+ ! delib]ations ( ! c\ncil4 #a4 ,,! ,,acts ,,& ,,galatians ,! treatm5t ( to-day's lesson 9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book is bas$ ^u ! assumption t ,gal4 #b3a-aj is an acc\nt ( ! same visit ( ,paul to ,j]usalem z ! visit :i* is describ$ 9 ,acts #ae3a-bi4 ,t assumption is n univ]sally accept$4 ,"s s*ol>s id5tify ! ev5t ( ,gal4 #b3a-aj1 n ) ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil ( ,acts #ae3a-bi1 b ) ! fam9e visit ( ,acts #aa3cj2 #ab3be4 ,inde$1 "s ma9ta9 t ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians n only conta9s no acc\nt ( ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil1 b 0 actually writt5 be=e ! c\ncil 0 held--say at ,antio*1 soon aft] ! fir/ mission>y j\rney4 ,( c\rse ?is e>ly dat+ ( ,galatians c be adopt$ only 9 connection ) ! ,s\? ,galatian !ory2 = accord+ to ! ,nor? ,galatian !ory ! *ur*es address$ 9 ! epi/le 7 n f\nd$ until aft] ! c\ncil1 namely at ! "t ( ,acts #af3f4 ,und\bt$ly ! id5tification ( ,gal4 #b3a-aj ) ,acts #aa3cj2 #ab3be1 avoids "s difficulties4 ,if ,gal4 #b3a-aj be id5tifi$ ) ,acts #ae3a-bi1 !n ,paul 9 ,galatians has pass$ ov] ! fam9e visit )\t m5tion4 ,fur!rmore !re are consid]able diff]5ces betwe5 ,gal4 #b3a-aj & ,acts #ae3a-bi4 ,= example1 if ,paul is ref]r+ to ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil1 :y has he n m5tion$ ! apo/olic decree ( ,acts #ae3bc-bi8 ,^! difficulties1 h[ev]1 are n insup]able1 & !re are c\nt] difficulties aga9/ ! id5tification ( ,gal4 #b3a-aj ) ! fam9e visit4 ,"o su* difficulty is connect$ ) *ronology4 ,paul says t 8 fir/ visit to ,j]usalem took place ?ree ye>s aft] 8 conv]sion1 ,gal4 #a3ah1 &--accord+ to ! mo/ natural int]pretation ( ,gal4 #b3a--t ! visit ( ,gal4 #b3a-aj took place f\rte5 ye>s aft] ! fir/ visit4 ,! conv]sion !n occurr$ sev5te5 ye>s be=e ! "t ( ,gal4 #b3a-aj4 ,b if ,gal4 #b3a-aj describes ! fam9e visit1 !n ! "t ( ,gal4 #b3a-aj c\ld n h be5 aft] ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #df4 ,c\nt+ back sev5te5 ye>s f ,a4 ,d4 #df we %\ld get ,a4 ,d4 #bi z ! date ( ! conv]sion1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 too e>ly4 ,?is reason+1 x mu/ be admitt$1 is n q conclusive4 ,! anci5ts _h an inclusive me?od ( reckon+ "t4 ,accord+ to ?is me?od ?ree ye>s aft] #aiad w\ld be #aiaf4 ,h5ce1 f\rte5 plus ?ree might be only :at we %\ld call ab\t fifte5 ye>s1 in/ead ( sev5te54 ,fur!rmore1 ,paul may mean 9 ,gal4 #b3a t 8 conf]5ce ) ! apo/les took place f\rte5 ye>s aft] ! conv]sion r ?an f\rte5 ye>s aft] ! fir/ visit4 ,! id5tification ( ,gal4 #b3a-aj ) ! fam9e visit is n impossible4 ,b on ! :ole ! usual view1 :i* id5tifies ! ev5t ( ,gal4 #b3a-aj ) ! meet+ at ! "t ( ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil ( ,acts #ae3a-bi1 mu/ be reg>d$ z m probable4 ,! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil probably took place r\ghly at ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #di4 ,! conv]sion ( ,paul !n %\ld probably be put at ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #cb-cd4 #b4 ,,! ,,judaiz]s ,conceivably ! "q ab\t ! fre$om ( ! ,g5tiles f ! law might h aris5 at an e>li] "t2 = ,g5tiles _h already be5 receiv$ into ! ,*ur* be=e ! fir/ mission>y j\rney4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 inde$1 "s objection _h be5 rais$ to ! reception ( ,cornelius4 ,b t objection _h easily be5 sil5c$ by an appeal to ! imm$iate guidance ( ,god4 ,p]haps ! case ( ,cornelius c\ld be reg>d$ z exceptional2 & a simil> reflection might possibly h be5 appli$ to ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians at ,antio*4 ,!re seem$ to be no dang]1 at any rate1 t ! pr$om9antly ,jewi% "* ( ! ,*ur* w\ld be lo/4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 aft] a regul> ,g5tile mission _h be5 c>ri$ on ) signal success1 ! situation 0 mat]ially alt]$4 ,evid5tly ! influx ( ,g5tile conv]ts1 if all[$ to g on unh9d]$1 w\ld *ange ! :ole "* ( ! ,*ur*4 ,*ri/ianity w\ld appe> altoge!r z a new disp5sation3 ! pr]ogatives ( ,israel w\ld be gone4 ,! "q ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity _h exi/$ be=e1 b aft] ! fir/ mission>y j\rney x became acute4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 !re 0 also ano!r reason :y ! battle _h n be5 f\ght out at an e>li] "t4 ,x looks v mu* z ?\gh ?is bitt] opposition to ! ,g5tile mission _h aris5 only ?r\gh ! appe>ance ( a new elem5t 9 ! ,j]usalem *ur*4 ,7 ^! extreme legali/s1 :o object$ to ! "w ( ,paul & ,b>nabas--7 ^! m5 pres5t 9 ! ,*ur* f ! beg9n+8 ,! "q is m ?an d\btful4 ,x is m probable t ^! legali/s came into ! ,*ur* dur+ ! p]iod ( prosp]ity :i* foll[$ ^u ! p]secution ( ,/eph5 & 0 only briefly int]rupt$ by ! p]secution "u ,h]od ,agrippa ,i4 ,^! ,jewi% ,*ri/ian oppon5ts ( ! ,g5tile mission--^! ,judaiz]s--mu/ be exam9$ ) "s c>e4 ,!y are describ$ n only by ,luke 9 ,! ,acts b by ,paul himself 9 ,galatians4 ,accord+ to ,! ,acts1 "s ( !m at lea/ _h belong$ to ! sect ( ! ,ph>isees be=e !y _h become ,*ri/ians4 ,acts #ae3e4 ,! activity ( ! ,judaiz]s is describ$ by ,luke 9 complete indep5d5ce ( ! acc\nt giv5 by ,paul4 ,z usual1 ,luke cont5ts himself ) a record ( ext]nal fact1 :ile ,paul uncov]s ! deep] motives ( ! ,judaiz]s' actions4 ,yet ! facts z report$ by ,luke fully ju/ify ! h>% words :i* ,paul employs4 ,accord+ to ,paul1 ^! ,judaiz]s 7 false bre?r5 privily br\ght 91 :o came 9 privily to spy out our lib]ty :i* we h 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 t !y might br+ u into bondage4 ,gal4 #b3d4 ,by call+ !m false bre?r5 ,paul means simply t !y _h n really grasp$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! gospel--! pr9ciple ( ju/ification by fai?4 ,!y 7 /ill try+ to e>n _! salvation by _! works in/ead ( receiv+ x z a gift ( ,god4 ,at he>t !y 7 /ill ,jews r ?an ,*ri/ians4 ,!y came 9 privily into places :]e !y did n belong--p]haps ,paul means especially into ! *ur* at ,antio*--9 ord] to spy out ,*ri/ian lib]ty4 ,gal4 #b3d4 ,comp>e ,acts #ae3a4 ,! rise ( ?is ,judaiz+ p>ty is easy to und]/&4 ,9 "s respects ! ,judaiz]s 7 simply foll[+ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,by uphold+ ! ,mosaic law !y w\ld escape p]secution & ev5 obta9 honor4 ,we h se5 t x 0 ! ,jews :o in/igat$ ! e>ly p]secutions ( ! ,*ur*4 ,su* p]secutions w\ld be avoid$ by ! ,judaiz]s1 = !y c\ld say to _! non-,*ri/ian c\ntrym53 ,we are engag$ simply 9 "o =m ( ! _w-wide ,jewi% mission4 ,we are requir+ our conv]ts to keep ! ,mosaic law & unite !mselves def9itely ) ! p ( ,israel4 ,e conv]t t we ga9 is a conv]t to ,judaism4 ,! cross ( ,*ri/ t we proclaim is supplem5t>y to ! law1 n subv]sive ( x4 ,we des]ve !re=e f ! ,jews n p]secution b honor4 ,comp>e :at ,paul says ab\t ! ,judaiz]s 9 ,galatia4 ,gal4 #f3ab1ac4 #c4 ,,! ,,apo/olic ,,decree ,at fir/ sight x seems r /range t ,paul 9 ,galatians does n m5tion ! apo/olic decree4 ,"s h suppos$ t 8 words ev5 exclude any decree ( t sort4 ,9 ,gal4 #b3f ,paul says t ! pill>s ( ! ,j]usalem *ur* imp>t$ no?+ to him4 ,yet accord+ to ,! ,acts !y imp>t$ to him ?is decree4 ,! decree1 moreov]1 seems to h a direct be>+ ^u ! "q t ,paul 0 discuss+ 9 ,galatians2 = x involv$ ! imposition ( a "p ( ! c]emonial law ^u ,g5tile ,*ri/ians4 ,h[ !n1 if ! decree really 0 pass$ z ,luke says x 01 c\ld x h be5 left unm5tion$ by ,paul8 ,!re are v>i\s ways ( ov]com+ ! difficulty4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is n p]fectly c]ta9 t any ( ! prohibitions conta9$ 9 ! decree are c]emonial 9 "*4 ,?ree ( !m are probably c]emonial if ! text ( mo/ manuscripts ( ,! ,acts is correct4 ,mo/ manuscripts read1 at ,acts #ae3bi3 ,t ye ab/a9 f ?+s sacrific$ to idols1 & f blood1 & f ?+s /rangl$1 & f =nication2 f :i* if ye keep y\rselves1 x %all be well ) y4 ,"h ?+s (f]$ to idols app>5tly describes n idolatr\s wor%ip1 b food :i* _h be5 d$icat$ to idols2 & blood describes meat us$ = food )\t previ\s removal ( ! blood4 ,?is mean+ ( blood is app>5tly fix$ by ! addition ( ?+s /rangl$4 ,s9ce ?+s /rangl$ evid5tly ref]s to food1 probably ! two prec$+ expressions ref] to food also4 ,accord+ to ! great mass ( our witnesses to ! text1 !re=e1 ! apo/olic decree conta9s a food law4 ,a few witnesses1 h[ev]1 omit all ref]5ce to ?+s /rangl$1 n only at ,acts #ae3bi b also at v4 #bj & at *4 #ba3be4 ,if ?is text be orig9al1 !n x is possible to int]pret ! prohibitions z simply moral & n at all c]emonial 9 "*4 ,?+s (f]$ to idols may be int]pret$ simply ( idolatry1 & blood ( murd]4 ,b if ! prohibitions are prohibitions ( immorality1 !n !y _c be said to h imp>t$ any?+ to ,paul2 = ( c\rse he 0 z mu* oppos$ to immorality z anyone4 ,h[ev]1 ! m famili> =m ( ! text is probably correct4 ,! witnesses t omit ! ^w /rangl$ are ^? t atte/ ! s-call$ ,we/]n ,text ( ,! ,acts4 ,?is ,we/]n ,text diff]s r /rik+ly f ! m famili> text 9 _m places4 ,! "q z to h[ f> ! ,we/]n ,text ( ,! ,acts is correct is a hotly debat$ "q4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! ,we/]n read+s are usually at any rate to be discr$it$4 ,9 ! second place1 ! difficulty ab\t ! decree may be ov]come by reg>d+ ,gal4 #b3a-aj z p>allel n ) ,acts #ae3a-bi b ) ,acts #aa3cj2 #ab3be4 ,?is solution has already be5 discuss$4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! difficulty may be ov]come by t int]pretation ( ! decree :i* is propos$ 9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book4 ,! decree 0 n an addition to ,paul's gospel4 ,x 0 n impos$ ^u ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians z ?\gh a "p ( ! law 7 necess>y to salvation4 ,on ! contr>y x 0 simply an attempt to solve ! practical problems ( c]ta9 mix$ *ur*es--n ! ,paul9e *ur*es 9 g5]al1 b *ur*es :i* /ood 9 an especially close relation to ,j]usalem4 ,?is int]pretation ( ! decree is favor$ by ! difficult v]se1 ,acts #ae3ba4 ,:at ,james !re means is probably t ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians %\ld avoid ^? ?+s :i* w\ld give ! mo/ s]i\s (f5se to he>]s ( ! law4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #abe-aff4 ,lightfoot1 ,sa9t ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,galatians1 pp4 #abc-abh 7,! lat] visit ( ,/4 ,paul to ,j]usalem71 #bib-cgd 7,/4 ,paul & ! ,?ree74 ,ramsay1 ,/4 ,paul ! ,travell] & ! ,roman ,citiz51 pp4 #dh-fj1 #aeb-age4 ,lew91 ,! ,life & ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 *4 ix4 ,conybe>e & ,h[son1 ,! ,life & ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 *4 vii4 ,/alk]1 ,! ,life ( ,/4 ,paul1 pp4 #ajh-aah4 ,lumby1 pp4 #ahe-bjj4 ,cook1 pp4 #dea-deh4 ,plumptre1 pp4 #ic-aja4 ,rackham1 pp4 #bch-bei1 #bfc-bgj4 ,,lesson ,,xvi ,,! ,,gospel ,,c>ri$ ,,into ,,europe ,f ! ri* /ore ( to-day's lesson only a few po9ts c be select$ = special comm5t4 #a4 ,,titus ,,& ,,timo?y ,at ,ly/ra1 ,paul _h ,timo?y circumcis$4 ,acts #af3c4 ,?is action has be5 consid]$ /range 9 view ( ! attitude :i* ,paul _h previ\sly assum$4 ,at ,j]usalem1 only a %ort "t be=e1 he _h absolutely refus$ to p]mit ! circumcision ( ,titus4 ,evid5tly1 too1 he _h reg>d$ ! matt] z ( fundam5tal importance4 ,_h ,titus be5 circumcis$1 ! fre$om ( ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians w\ld h be5 s]i\sly endang]$4 ,! pres5ce ( ,titus at ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil is m5tion$ only by ,paul 9 ,galatians4 ,x is n m5tion$ 9 ,! ,acts4 ,inde$1 ,titus does n appe> 9 ,! ,acts at all1 ?\gh 9 ! epi/les he is r prom95t4 ,?is fact1 h[ev]1 really requires no fur!r explanation ?an t ! hi/ory ( ,luke is n int5d$ to be exhau/ive4 ,! re/ra9t ex]cis$ by ! au?or ( ,! ,acts has already be5 obs]v$1 = example1 9 a comp>ison ( ! long li/ ( h>d%ips 9 ,,ii ,cor4 #aa3bc-bg ) :at ,luke actually n>rates4 ,! help]s ( ,paul :om ,luke m5tions are usually ^? :o travel$ ) him4 ,titus 0 s5t by ,paul on at lea/ "o important mission1 ,,ii ,cor4 #g3ac1ad1 b 0 app>5tly n 8 companion on ! mission>y j\rneys4 ,luke does n conc]n himself v mu* ) ! int]nal affairs ( ! *ur*es1 & x is 9 ?is field t ,titus is especially prom95t 9 ! epi/les4 ,) reg>d to ! pres5ce ( ,titus 9 ,j]usalem1 ! diff]5t purposes ( ! n>ratives 9 ,galatians & 9 ,! ,acts mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,! non-circumcision ( ,titus1 s /rongly emphasiz$ by ,paul1 0 m]ely prelim9>y to ! public action ( ! *ur* 9 :i* ,luke 0 int]e/$4 ,luke has ?\ght x suffici5t to include ,titus "u ! c]ta9 o!r ( ! ,antio* ,*ri/ians :o w5t up ) ,paul & ,b>nabas to ,j]usalem4 ,! diff]5t policy :i* ,paul adopt$ 9 ! case ( ,timo?y1 z comp>$ ) 8 policy ab\t ,titus1 is amply expla9$ by ! wide diff]5ces 9 ! situation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :5 ,titus 0 at ,j]usalem1 ! matt] ( ,g5tile fre$om 0 9 dispute1 :]eas :5 ,timo?y 0 circumcis$ ! "q _h already be5 settl$ by a =mal pron\ncem5t ( ! ,j]usalem *ur*4 ,aft] ,paul _h won ! victory ( pr9ciple1 he c\ld af=d to make concessions :]e no pr9ciple 0 involv$4 ,timo?y 0 recogniz$ z a full memb] ( ! ,*ur* ev5 be=e 8 circumcision4 ,circumcision 0 m]ely int5d$ to make him a m effici5t help] 9 "w among ! ,jews4 ,9 ! second place--& ?is is ev5 m important--,timo?y 0 a half-,jew4 ,x is p]haps d\btful :e!r ,paul "u any circum/ances w\ld h au?oriz$ ! circumcision ( a pure ,g5tile l ,titus4 ,b ,timo?y's "m 0 ,jewi%4 ,x mu/ always be borne 9 m9d t ,paul did n dem& ! rel9qui%m5t ( ! law on ! "p ( ,jews2 & ,timo?y's p>5tage gave him at lea/ ! "r ( reg>d+ himself z a ,jew4 ,if he _h *os5 to foll[ 8 ,g5tile fa!r1 ! ,jews c\ld h reg>d$ him z a r5egade4 ,8 usefulness 9 ! synagogues w\ld h be5 lo/4 ,obvi\sly ! circumcision ( su* a man involv$ no?+ m ?an ! ma9t5ance ( ance/ral cu/om on ! "p ( ,jews4 ,:]e no pr9ciple 0 involv$1 ,paul 0 ! mo/ concessive ( m54 ,see especially ,i ,cor4 #i3ai-bc4 ,! f9al rel9qui%m5t ( ! law on ! "p ( ,jews 0 rightly left to ! future guidance ( ,god4 #b4 ,,! ,,r\te ,,?r\gh ,,asia ,,m9or ,! difficulty ( trac+ ! r\te ( ! mission>ies beyond ,ly/ra is due l>gely to ! difficulty ( ,acts #af3f4 ,a lit]al translation ( ! decisive words 9 t v]se w\ld be ei!r ! ,phrygian & ,galatian c\ntry or ,phrygia & ! ,galatian c\ntry4 ,accord+ to ! advocates ( ! ,s\? ,galatian !ory1 ! ,galatian c\ntry "h ref]s n to ,galatia prop] b to ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,roman prov9ce ,galatia4 ,! ,phrygian & ,galatian c\ntry !n p]haps means ,! ,phrygo-,galatic c\ntry1 or t "p ( ,phrygia :i* is 9 ! ,roman prov9ce ,galatia4 ,! ref]5ce !n is to ,iconium1 ,pisidian ,antio* & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry--aft] ! mission>ies _h pass$ ?r\gh ! ,lycaonian "p ( ! prov9ce ,galatia 7,d]be & ,ly/ra7 !y trav]s$ ! ,phrygian "p ( ! prov9ce4 ,! *ief objection to all su* int]pretations is f\nd 9 ! latt] "p ( ! v]se3 hav+ be5 =bidd5 ( ! ,holy ,_s to speak ! ^w 9 ,asia4 ,x looks z ?\gh ! reason :y !y pass$ ?r\gh ! ,phrygian & ,galatian c\ntry 0 t !y 7 =bidd5 to prea* 9 ,asia4 ,b ,s\? ,galatia 0 directly on ! way to ,asia4 ,! impossibility ( prea*+ 9 ,asia c\ld !re=e h>dly h be5 ! reason = pass+ ?r\gh s\? ,galatia4 ,app>5tly1 !re=e1 ! disput$ phrase ref]s r to "s region :i* is n on ! way to ,asia4 ,?is requirem5t is satisfi$ if ,galatia prop] is meant--! c\ntry 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,roman prov9ce ,galatia4 ,:5 !y got to ,pisidian ,antio*1 x w\ld h be5 natural = !m to proce$ into ! we/]n "p ( ,asia ,m9or1 into ,asia4 ,t !y 7 =bidd5 to d4 ,h5ce !y turn$ nor?1 & w5t ?r\gh ,phrygia into ,galatia prop]4 ,:5 !y got to ! bord] c\ntry betwe5 ,mysia & ,galatia prop]1 !y tri$ to cont9ue _! j\rney nor? into ,bi?ynia1 b 7 prev5t$ by ! ,_s4 ,!n !y turn$ we/1 & pass+ ?r\gh ,mysia )\t prea*+ arriv$ at la/ at ! coa/1 at ,troas4 ,no?+ is said "h ab\t prea*+ 9 ,galatia prop]4 ,b 9 ,acts #ah3bc1 9 connection ) ! ?ird mission>y j\rney1 x is said t :5 ,paul pass$ ?r\gh ! ,galatian c\ntry & ,phrygia he e/abli%$ ! disciples4 ,!re c\ld n h be5 disciples 9 ! ,galatian c\ntry1 unless !re _h be5 prea*+ !re on ! previ\s j\rney4 ,on ! ,nor? ,galatian !ory1 !re=e1 ! f\nd+ ( ! ,galatian *ur*es to :i* ! epi/le is direct$ is to be plac$ at ,acts #af3f1 & ! second visit to !m1 :i* seems to be presuppos$ by ! epi/le1 is to be put at ,acts #ah3bc4 ,if x seems /range t ,luke does n m5tion ! f\nd+ ( ^! *ur*es1 ! hurri$ "* ( ?is section ( ! n>rative mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,fur!rmore1 ! epi/le seems to imply t ! f\nd+ ( ! *ur*es 0 r incid5tal ?an an orig9al purpose ( ! j\rney2 = 9 ,gal4 #d3ac ,paul says t x 0 because ( an infirmity ( ! fle% t he prea*$ ! gospel 9 ,galatia ! =m] "t4 ,app>5tly he _h be5 hurry+ ?r\gh ! c\ntry )\t /opp+1 b be+ deta9$ by illness us$ 8 en=c$ leisure to prea* to ! inhabitants4 ,x is n impossible to und]/& h[ ,luke came to omit m5tion ( su* incid5tal prea*+4 ,on ! second mission>y j\rney att5tion is conc5trat$ on ,mac$onia & ,greece4 #c4 ,,! ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,silas ,,& ,,timo?y ,:5 ,paul w5t to ,a!ns1 ,silas & ,timo?y rema9$ beh9d 9 ,mac$onia4 ,acts #ag3ad4 ,!y 7 direct$ to jo9 ,paul aga9 z soon z possible4 ,v4 #ae4 ,9 ,acts #ah3a1e !y are said to h jo9$ him at ,cor9?4 ,! n>rative 9 ,! ,acts mu/ "h be supplem5t$ by ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians4 ,:at ,luke says is p]fectly true1 b 8 n>rative is n complete4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ natural int]pretation ( ,i ,!ss4 #c3a-e1 ,timo?y 0 ) ,paul 9 ,a!ns1 & f !re 0 s5t to ,!ssalonica4 ,! entire c\rse ( ev5ts 0 p]haps z foll[s3 ,silas & ,timo?y bo? jo9$ ,paul quickly at ,a!ns accord+ to directions4 ,!y 7 !n s5t away aga9--,timo?y to ,!ssalonica1 & ,silas to "s o!r place 9 ,mac$onia4 ,!n1 aft] ! execution ( _! commissions1 !y f9ally jo9$ ,paul aga9 at ,cor9?4 ,acts #ah3e2 ,i ,!ss4 #c3f4 ,soon aft]w>ds1 all ?ree mission>ies 7 associat$ 9 ! address ( ,fir/ ,!ssalonians4 #d4 ,,paul ,,at ,,a!ns ,9 ,a!ns ,paul prea*$ z usual 9 ! synagogue to ,jews & ,god-fe>]s2 b he also adopt$ ano!r & m unusual me?od--he simply took 8 /& )\t introduction 9 ! m>ket place1 & spoke to ^? :o *anc$ by4 ,?is me?od 0 *>act]i/ically ,greek2 x rem9ds u ( ! days ( ,socrates4 ,9 ! m>ket place1 ,paul enc\nt]$ c]ta9 ( ! ,epicurean & ,/oic philosoph]s4 ,bo? ( ^! s*ools ( philosophy _h orig9at$ almo/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 & bo? 7 prom95t 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t p]iod4 ,9 _! t5ets !y 7 v diff]5t4 ,! ,/oics 7 pan!i/s4 ,!y conceiv$ ( ! _w z a sort ( great liv+ be+ ( :i* ,god is ! s\l4 ,! _w does n exi/ ap>t f ,god & ,god does n exi/ ap>t f ! _w4 ,su* pan!ism is f> remov$ f ! ,*ri/ian belief 9 ! liv+ ,god1 ,mak] ( heav5 & e>?2 b z aga9/ poly!ism1 pan!ism & !ism h some?+ 9 common4 ,paul 9 8 spee* 0 able to />t f ?is common gr\nd4 ,9 e?ics1 ! ,/oics 7 p]haps ne>] to ,*ri/ianity ?an 9 metaphysics4 ,! highe/ good !y conceiv$ to be a life t is l$ 9 accordance ) reason--t reason :i* is ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! _w4 ,! passions mu/ be conqu]$1 pleasure is wor?less1 ! wise man is indep5d5t ( ext]nal conditions4 ,su* an e?ic work$ itself out 9 practice 9 _m admirable virtues--9 "s conception ( ! univ]sal bro!rhood ( mank9d1 9 *>ity1 9 h]oic self-d5ial4 ,b x lack$ ! w>m? & gl[ ( ,*ri/ian love1 & x lack$ ! liv+ ,god4 ,! ,epicureans 7 mat]iali/s4 ,! _w1 = !m1 0 a va/ me*anism4 ,!y believ$ 9 ! gods1 b conceiv$ ( !m z altoge!r )\t influ5ce ^u human affairs4 ,inde$1 ! deliv]ance ( man f ! fe> ( ! gods 0 "o ( ! purposes ( ! ,epicurean philosophy4 ,! ,epicureans 7 int]e/$ *iefly 9 e?ics4 ,pleasure1 accord+ to !m1 is ! highe/ good4 ,x ne$ n be ! pleasure ( ! s5ses2 inde$ ,epicurus1 at lea/1 ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool1 insi/$ ^u a calm life undi/urb$ by viol5t passions4 ,nev]!less x w readily be se5 h[ little su* a philosophy _h 9 common ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,! conditions "u :i* ,paul made 8 spee* _c be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,! difficulty arises f ! ambiguity ( ,areopagus4 ,areopagus means ,m>s' hill4 ,b ! t]m 0 also appli$ to ! c\rt :i* held at lea/ "s ( its meet+s on ! hill4 ,:i* mean+ is int5d$ "h8 ,did ,paul speak be=e ! c\rt1 or did he speak on ,m>s' hill m]ely to ^? :o 7 int]e/$8 ,on ! :ole1 x is improbable at any rate t he 0 subject$ to a =mal trial4 ,! spee* ( ,paul at ,a!ns is "o ( ! ?ree important spee*es ( ,paul1 exclusive ( 8 spee*es 9 def5se ( himself at ,j]usalem & at ,cs>ea1 :i* h be5 record$ 9 ,! ,acts4 ,^! spee*es are well *os54 ,"o ( !m is a spee* to ,jews1 ,acts #ac3af-da2 "o a spee* to ,g5tiles1 ,acts #ag3bb-ca2 & ! ?ird a spee* to ,*ri/ians1 ,acts #bj3ah-ce4 ,toge!r !y af=d a v good idea ( ,paul's me?od z a mission>y & z a pa/or4 ,z is to be expect$1 !y diff] /rik+ly f "o ano!r4 ,paul 0 l>ge en\gh to compreh5d ! wond]ful ri*ness ( ,*ri/ian tru?4 ,8 gospel 0 always ! same1 b he 0 able to adapt ! pres5tation ( x to ! "* ( 8 he>]s4 ,at ,a!ns1 an alt> inscrib$ ,,to ,,an ,,unkn[n ,,god provid$ a />t+ po9t4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* an alt> is n at all surpris+1 al?\gh only alt>s to unkn[n gods 7plural in/ead ( s+ul>7 are atte/$ else:]e4 ,p]haps ! inscription on ?is alt> indicat$ simply t ! build] ( ! alt> did n "k to :i* ( ! numb]less gods he %\ld (f] ?anks = a b5efit t he _h receiv$1 or to :i* he %\ld address a pray] to w>d (f calamity4 ,"u a poly!i/ic religion1 :]e e dep>tm5t ( life _h its own god1 x 0 sometimes difficult to pick out ! "r god to pray to = any p>ticul> purpose4 ,su* an alt> 0 at any rate an expression ( ignorance1 & t ignorance s]v$ z a />t+ po9t = ,paul4 ,y are afraid t y h neglect$ ! prop] god 9 ?is case1 says ,paul 9 effect4 ,yes1 inde$1 y h4 ,y h neglect$ a v important god inde$1 y h neglect$ ! "o true ,god1 :o made ! _w & all ?+s !re94 ,9 :at foll[s1 ,paul appeals to ! tru? conta9$ 9 ,/oic pan!ism4 ,8 words are ( peculi> int]e/ at ! pres5t day1 :5 pan!ism is rampant ev5 )9 ! ,*ur*4 ,!re is a great tru? 9 pan!ism4 ,x emphasizes ! imman5ce ( ,god4 ,b ! tru? ( pan!ism is conta9$ also 9 !ism4 ,! !i/1 z well z ! pan!i/1 believes t ,god is n f> f e "o ( u1 & t 9 him we live & move & h our be+4 ,! !i/1 z well z ! pan!i/1 c say1 ,clos] is he ?an brea?+1 & ne>] ?an h&s & feet4 ,! !i/ accepts all ! tru? ( pan!ism1 b avoids ! error4 ,god is pres5t 9 ! _w--n "o sp>r[ %all fall on ! gr\nd )\t y\r ,fa!r--b he is n limit$ to ! _w4 ,he is n j ano!r "n = ! totality ( ?+s1 b an awful1 my/]i\s1 holy1 free & sov]eign ,p]son4 ,he is pres5t 9 ! _w1 b also ,ma/] ( ! _w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #agg-aig4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 articles on ,troas1 ,philippi1 ,!ssalonica1 ,a!ns1 ,areopagus1 ,/oics1 ,epicureans1 ,cor9?1 ,gallio1 ,silas4 ,ramsay1 ,/4 ,paul ! ,travell] & ! ,roman ,citiz51 pp4 #age-bfa2 ,pictures ( ! ,apo/olic ,*ur*1 pp4 #aig-bci4 ,lew91 ,! ,life & ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 *s4 x1 xi1 & xii4 ,conybe>e & ,h[son1 ,! ,life & ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 *s4 viii1 ix1 x1 xi1 & xii4 ,/alk]1 ,! ,life ( ,/4 ,paul1 pp4 #ga-ha4 ,lumby1 pp4 #bjj-bci4 ,cook1 pp4 #deh-dgf4 ,plumptre1 pp4 #aja-abd4 ,rackham1 pp4 #bfj-bfc1 #bga-cca4 ,= in=mation ab\t ! rec5tly discov]$ ,gallio inscription1 see ,! ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,review1 vol4 ix1 #aiaa1 pp4 #bij-bih3 ,arm/rong1 ,epigraphical ,note4 ,,lesson ,,xvii ,,enc\ragem5t ,,= ,,rec5t ,,conv]ts ,! ,paul9e ,epi/les fall naturally into f\r gr\ps3 7#a7 ! epi/les ( ! second mission>y j\rney 7,fir/ & ,second ,!ssalonians72 7#b7 ! epi/les ( ! ?ird mission>y j\rney 7,galatians1 ,fir/ & ,second ,cor9?ians & ,romans72 7#c7 ! epi/les ( ! fir/ imprisonm5t 7,colossians & ,philemon1 ,ephesians & ,philippians72 7#d7 ! epi/les writt5 aft] ! p]iod cov]$ by ,! ,acts 7,fir/ ,timo?y1 ,titus & ,second ,timo?y74 ,ea* ( ^! gr\ps has its own *>act]i/ics4 ,! fir/ gr\p is *>act]iz$ by simplicity ( subject matt]1 & by a special int]e/ 9 ! second com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,! second gr\p is conc]n$ especially ) ! doctr9es ( s9 & grace4 ,! ?ird gr\p displays a special int]e/ 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/ & 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! f\r? gr\p deals ) organization1 & ) ! ma9t5ance ( s\nd in/ruction4 #a4 ,,simplicity ,,( ,,! ,,!ssalonian ,,epi/les ,! reason = ! peculi>ities ( ,fir/ & ,second ,!ssalonians has (t5 be5 s\ght 9 ! e>ly date ( ^! epi/les4 ,on ! second mission>y j\rney1 x is said1 ,paul _h n yet develop$ ! great doctr9es :i* appe> at lat] p]iods ( 8 life4 ,?is explanation may p]haps conta9 an elem5t ( tru?4 ,und\bt$ly !re 0 "s progress 9 ,paul's ?9k+4 ,n ev]y?+ 0 reveal$ to him at once4 ,! *ief cause1 h[ev]1 = ! simplicity ( ! ,!ssalonian epi/les is n ! e>ly date b ! peculi> occasion ( ^! epi/les4 ,paul is "h imp>t+ 8 fir/ writt5 in/ruction to an infant *ur*4 ,naturally he mu/ fe$ ^! rec5t conv]ts ) milk4 ,! simplicity ( ! lett]s is due n to immaturity 9 ,paul b to immaturity 9 ! ,!ssalonian *ur*4 ,aft] all1 at ! "t :5 ! ,!ssalonian epi/les 7 writt51 ! major "p ( ,paul's ,*ri/ian life--includ+ ! decisive conflict ) ! ,judaiz]s at ,antio* & ,j]usalem--lay already 9 ! pa/4 ,at any rate ! simplicity ( ! ,!ssalonian epi/les mu/ n be exagg]at$4 ,9 ^! lett]s ! great ,paul9e doctr9es1 ?\gh n discuss$ at l5g?1 are ev]y:]e presuppos$4 ,!re is ! same l(ty conception ( ,*ri/ z 9 ! o!r epi/les1 ! same emphasis ^u 8 resurrection1 ! same doctr9e ( salvation ?r\gh 8 dea?4 ,i ,!ss4 #a3aj2 #e3i1aj4 #b4 ,,! ,,second ,,com+ ,,( ,,*ri/ ,und\bt$ly ! second adv5t1 ) ! ev5ts :i* are imm$iately to prec$e x1 occupies a c5tral position 9 ! ,!ssalonian epi/les4 ,a few words ( explanation1 !re=e1 may "h be 9 ord]4 ,evid5tly ! expectation ( ,*ri/'s com+ 0 a fundam5tal "p ( ,paul's belief1 & _h a fundam5tal place 9 8 prea*+4 ,ye turn$ unto ,god f idols1 to s]ve a liv+ & true ,god1 & to wait = 8 ,son f heav5--^! words %[ cle>ly h[ ! hope ( ,*ri/'s appe>+ 0 in/ill$ 9 ! conv]ts f ! v beg9n+4 ,i ,!ss4 #a3i1aj4 ,to s]ve ! liv+ ,god & to wait = 8 ,son--t is ! sum & sub/ance ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,all ?r\gh ! epi/les ! ?\ght ( ! ,p>\sia--! pres5ce or com+--( ,*ri/ appe>s z a ma/] motive4 ,i ,!ss4 #b3ai2 #c3ac2 #d3ac to #e3aa1bc1bd2 ,,ii ,!ss4 #a3e to #b3ab4 ,?is emphasis ^u ! second com+ ( ,*ri/ is expla9$ if ,paul expect$ ,*ri/ to come 9 ! ne> future4 ,! imm95ce ( ! ,p>\sia = ,paul appe>s to be indicat$ by ,i ,!ss4 #d3ae3 ,= ?is we say unto y by ! ^w ( ! ,"l1 t we t are alive1 t are left unto ! com+ ( ! ,"l1 %all 9 no wise prec$e !m t are fall5 asleep4 ,?is v]se is (t5 ?\ght to indicate t ,paul confid5tly expect$ be=e 8 dea? to witness ! com+ ( ! ,"l4 ,app>5tly he classes himself ) ^? :o are left unto ! com+ ( ! ,"l z ov] aga9/ ^? :o w suff] dea?4 ,9 ! lat] epi/les1 x is fur!r said1 ,paul held a v diff]5t view4 ,f ,second ,cor9?ians on1 he fac$ ev] m def9itely ! ?\ght ( dea?4 ,,ii ,cor4 #e3a1h2 ,phil4 #a3bj-bf4 ,a comp>ison ( ,i ,cor4 #ae3ea ) ,,ii ,cor4 #e3a1h is ?\ght to indicate t ! deadly p]il :i* ,paul incurr$ betwe5 ! writ+ ( ! two ,cor9?ian epi/les1 ,,ii ,cor4 #a3h1i1 _h weak5$ 8 expectation ( liv+ until ,*ri/ %\ld come4 ,aft] he _h once despair$ ( life1 he c\ld h>dly expect ) su* p]fect confid5ce to escape ! exp]i5ce ( dea?4 ,! possibility ( dea? 0 too /rong to be left completely out ( sight4 ,plausible z su* a view is1 x c be held only ) c]ta9 res]vations4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we mu/ n exagg]ate ! ne>ness ( ! ,p>\sia accord+ to ,paul1 ev5 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod2 = 9 ,,ii ,!ss4 #b3a-ab ! ,!ssalonians are rem9d$ ( c]ta9 ev5ts t mu/ occur be=e ,*ri/ w\ld come4 ,! expression ( ! =m] epi/le1 ,i ,!ss4 #e3b1 t ! day ( ! ,"l w\ld come z a ?ief 9 ! night1 0 to be tak5 z a w>n+ to unbeliev]s to rep5t :ile !re 0 yet "t1 n z a gr\nd = neglect+ ord9>y provision = ! future4 ,9 ,second ,!ssalonians ,paul f9ds x necess>y to calm ! ov]/ra9$ expectations ( ! ,!ssalonian ,*ri/ians4 ,fur!rmore1 x is n only 9 ! e>li] epi/les t expressions occur :i* seem to sugge/ t ! ,p>\sia is ne>4 ,rom4 #ac3aa2 ,phil4 #d3e4 ,& !n x is evid5t f ,,ii ,cor4 #aa3bc-bi & f ,i ,cor4 #ae3cj-cb t ,paul _h und]gone dang]s be=e ! "o m5tion$ 9 ,,ii ,cor4 #a3h1i1 s t !re is no reason to suppose t t "o ev5t caus$ any sudd5 *ange 9 8 expectations4 ,la/ly1 9 ,i ,cor4 #f3ad ,paul says t ,god bo? rais$ ! ,"l1 & w raise up u ?r\gh 8 p[]4 ,if t ref]s to ! lit]al resurrection1 !n "h ,paul classes himself among ^? :o are to die2 = if he liv$ to ! ,p>\sia1 !n !re w\ld be no ne$ = him to be rais$ up4 ,x is !re=e v d\btful :e!r we c put any v def9ite *ange 9 ! apo/le's expectations z to 8 liv+ or dy+ betwe5 ,fir/ ,cor9?ians & ,second ,cor9?ians4 ,a gradual developm5t 9 8 feel+ ab\t ! matt] !re no d\bt 04 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( 8 life 8 m9d dwelt less ^u ! prospect ( dea? ?an x did aft] p]ils ( all k9ds _h made t prospect m & m imm95t4 ,b at no "t did ! apo/le reg>d ! privilege ( liv+ until ! ,p>\sia z a c]ta9ty to be put at all 9 ! same category ) ! ,*ri/ian hope itself4 ,especially ! passage 9 ,fir/ ,!ssalonians c be rightly int]pret$ only 9 ! light ( ! hi/orical occasion = x4 ,until c]ta9 memb]s ( ! *ur* _h di$1 ! ,!ssalonian ,*ri/ians _h nev] fac$ ! possibility ( dy+ be=e ! second com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,h5ce !y 7 tr\bl$4 ,w\ld ! bre?r5 :o _h fall5 asleep miss ! b5efits ( ,*ri/'s k+dom8 ,paul writes to reassure !m4 ,he does n contradict _! hope ( liv+ till ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 = ,god _h n reveal$ to him t t hope w\ld n be realiz$4 ,b he tells !m t1 suppos+ t hope to be ju/ifi$1 ev5 !n !y w h no advantage ov] _! dead bre?r54 ,he classes himself ) ^? :o 7 /ill alive & might !re=e live till ,*ri/ %\ld come1 z ov] aga9/ ^? :o 7 already dead & c\ld n !re=e live till ,*ri/ %\ld come4 ,c]ta9 passages 9 ! epi/les ( ,paul1 :i* are n conf9$ to any "o p]iod ( 8 life1 seem to %[ t at any rate he did n exclude ! v real possibility t ,*ri/ might come 9 ! ne> future4 ,at any rate1 h[ev]1 su* an expectation ( ! e>ly com+ ( ,*ri/ 0 j z f> remov$ z possible f ! expectations ( fanatical *ilia/s4 ,x did n lead ,paul to =get t ! times & ! seasons are entirely 9 ! h& ( ,god4 ,x _h no appreciable effect ^u 8 e?ics1 except to make x m int5se1 m fully gov]n$ by ! ?\ght ( ! judgm5t seat ( ,*ri/4 ,x did n prev5t him f lay+ f>-rea*+ plans1 x did n prev5t 8 develop+ a great philosophy ( future hi/ory 9 ,rom41 *s4 #i to #aa4 ,h[ f> he 0 f fall+ into ! error he combat$ 9 ,second ,!ssalonians6 ,despite 8 view ( ! tempor>y "* ( ! ?+s t are se51 h[ sane & heal?y 0 8 way ( deal+ ) practical problems6 ,he did 8 duty1 & left ! details ( ! future to ,god4 ,h5ce x is h>d to discov] :at ,paul ?\ght z to h[ soon ,*ri/ w\ld come--naturally s1 = ,paul did n try to discov] x himself4 #c4 ,,! ,,p]sons ,,associat$ ,,9 ,,! ,,address ,almo/ always o!r p]sons are associat$ ) ,paul 9 ! addresses ( ! epi/les4 ,) reg>d to ! mean+ ( ?is cu/om1 extreme views %\ld be avoid$4 ,on ! "o h&1 ^! p]sons--usually1 at any rate--_h no %>e 9 ! actual composition ( ! epi/les4 ,! epi/les be> ! impr9t ( "o /rik+ p]sonality4 ,on ! o!r h&1 association 9 ! address means some?+ m ?an t ! p]sons s nam$ s5t greet+s2 = m]e greet+s are plac$ at ! end4 ,! tru? lies betwe5 ! two extremes4 ,probably ! p]sons associat$ ) ,paul 9 ! address 7 made acqua9t$ at lea/ 9 g5]al ) ! cont5ts ( ! epi/les1 & desir$ to express _! agreem5t ) :at 0 said4 ,9 ! ,!ssalonian epi/les ,silas & ,timo?y1 :o _h _h a "p 9 ! f\nd+ ( ! ,!ssalonian *ur*1 appe> v appropriately 9 ! address4 ,a "q relat$ to t ( ! p]sons associat$ 9 ! addresses is ! "q ( ! s-call$ epi/ol>y plural4 ,! epi/ol>y plural 0 analog\s to our editorial we x 0 a usage by :i* ! writ] ( a lett] c\ld sub/itute we = ,i 9 ref]r+ to himself alone4 ,9 _m passages 9 ! lett]s ( ,paul x is exce$+ly difficult to tell :e!r a plural is m]ely epi/ol>y1 or :e!r x has "s special significance4 ,= example1 :om1 if anyone1 is ,paul includ+ ) himself 9 ! we ( ,i ,!ss4 #c3a8 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! "q (t5 is :e!r1 :5 ,paul says we1 he is ?9k+ ( ! p]sons :o 7 associat$ ) him 9 ! address ( ! epi/le4 ,on ! :ole x seems impossible to d5y t ,paul sometimes uses ! epi/ol>y plural1 ?\gh 8 use ( x is probably n s ext5sive z has (t5 be5 suppos$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #aig-bjc4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,purves 7supplem5t$71 article on ,!ssalonians1 ,epi/les to !4 ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,lock1 articles on ,!ssalonians1 ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! & ,!ssalonians1 ,second ,epi/le to !4 ,m',clymont1 ,! ,new ,te/am5t & ,its ,writ]s1 pp4 #dg-eg4 ,ramsay1 ,pictures ( ! ,apo/olic ,*ur*1 pp4 #bdj-bdf4 ,/alk]1 ,! ,life ( ,/4 ,paul1 pp4 #he-ajg4 ,ellicott1 ,a ,new ,te/am5t ,comm5t>y = ,engli% ,read]s1 vol4 iii1 pp4 #abe-agj3 ,mason1 ,! ,epi/les ( ,paul ! ,apo/le to ! ,!ssalonians4 ,! ,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools & ,colleges3 ,f9dlay1 ,! ,epi/les to ! ,!ssalonians4 ,zahn1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 i1 pp4 #aeb-afd1 #bjc-bee4 ,milligan1 ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les to ! ,!ssalonians4 ,! two la/-nam$ works are int5d$ prim>ily = ^? :o h "s k ( ,greek1 b c also be us$ by o!rs4 ,,lesson ,,xviii ,,! ,,conflict ,,) ,,! ,,judaiz]s #a4 ,,apollos ,be=e ! arrival ( ,paul at ,ephesus an important ev5t _h tak5 place 9 t city--! meet+ ( ,aquila & ,priscilla ) ,apollos4 ,apollos 0 a ,jew ( ,alex&rian desc5t4 ,he _h already receiv$ in/ruction ab\t ,jesus--p]haps 9 8 native city4 ,( all ! great cities ( ! ,roman ,empire ,alex&ria alone 0 approximately z ne> to ,j]usalem z 0 ,syrian ,antio*4 ,! f\nd+ ( ! *ur* at ,alex&ria is obscure1 b und\bt$ly x took place at a v e>ly "t4 ,at a lat] p]iod ,alex&ria 0 ( ! utmo/ importance z ! c5t] ( ,*ri/ian le>n+1 z x _h be5 already ! c5t] ( ! le>n+ ( ! pagan _w4 ,until in/ruct$ by ,aquila & ,priscilla1 ,apollos _h kn[n only ! baptism ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,app>5tly "o important ?+ t he _h lack$ 0 an acqua9tance ) ! peculi> ,*ri/ian manife/ation ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,he seems to h be5 tra9$ 9 ,greek rhetoric1 :e!r ! ^w translat$ eloqu5t 9 ,acts #ah3bd means eloqu5t or le>n$4 ,apollos did n rema9 long 9 ,ephesus1 b w5t to ,cor9?1 :]e1 z c be le>n$ f ,fir/ ,cor9?ians z well z f ,! ,acts1 8 "w 0 ( great importance4 #b4 ,,galatians ,a ,,polemic ,aft] /udy+ fir/ ! ,!ssalonian epi/les & !n ,galatians 9 succession ! /ud5t %\ld be able to =m "s conception ( ! v>iety among ! epi/les ( ,paul4 ,c]ta9ly !re c\ld be no %>p] contra/4 ,fir/ & ,second ,!ssalonians are simple1 affectionate lett]s writt5 to a y\?ful *ur*2 ,galatians is "o ( ! mo/ passionate bits ( polemic 9 ! :ole ,bible4 ,we ought to honor ,paul = 8 ang]4 ,a less] man might h tak5 a calm] view ( ! situation4 ,aft] all1 x might h be5 said1 ! obs]vance ( ,jewi% fa/s & fea/s 0 n a s]i\s matt]2 ev5 circumcision1 ?\gh useless1 c\ld d no great h>m4 ,b ,paul p5etrat$ bel[ ! surface4 ,he detect$ ! great pr9ciples t 7 at /ake4 ,! ,judaiz]s 7 disannull+ ! grace ( ,god4 #c4 ,,! ,,address4 ,,gal4 #a3a-e ,! addresses ( ! ,paul9e epi/les are nev] m]ely =mal4 ,paul does n wait = ! beg9n+ ( ! lett] prop] 9 ord] to say :at he has 9 m9d4 ,ev5 ! epi/ol>y =ms are suffus$ ) ! deepe/ religi\s feel+4 ,! op5+ ( ! pres5t lett] is anticipatory ( :at is to foll[4 ,divid+ ! op5+ into ?ree p>ts--! nom9ative 7"n & title ( ! writ]71 ! dative 7"n ( ^? to :om ! lett] is address$71 & ! greet+--x w be obs]v$ t e "o ( ^! p>ts has its peculi>ity z comp>$ ) ! o!r ,paul9e epi/les4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! nom9ative is ! rem>kable addition beg9n+ ) n f m51 :i* is a summ>y ( ! fir/ great division ( ! epi/le1 ,paul's def5se aga9/ ! p]sonal attack ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,s9ce ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians is polemic f beg9n+ to end1 x is n surpris+ t ! v fir/ ^w aft] ! b>e "n & title ( ! au?or is n4 ,paul _c m5tion 8 title apo/le--9 ! addresses ( ,fir/ & ,second ,!ssalonians he _h n ?\ght x necess>y to m5tion x at all--)\t ?9k+ ( ! way 9 :i* 9 ,galatia x 0 misrepres5t$4 ,my apo/le%ip1 he says1 came n only f ,*ri/1 b directly f ,*ri/4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! dative is its brevity--n belov$ ( ,god1 call$ to be sa9ts1 or ! l1 b j ! b>e & =mal to ! *ur*es ( ,galatia4 ,! situation 0 n "o :i* call$ = pleasant words6 ,! greet+ is ! lea/ v>i$ "p 9 ! addresses ( ! ,paul9e epi/les4 ,! long addition to ! greet+ 9 ,galatians is absolutely unique4 ,x is a summ>y ( ! second & c5tral ma9 division ( ! epi/le1 ,paul's def5se ( 8 gospel4 ,*ri/ has di$ to free y4 ,! ,judaiz]s 9 br++ y into bondage are mak+ ( none effect ! grace ( ,*ri/1 manife/$ on ! cross4 ,t is ! v core ( ! lett]4 ,9 all ( ! ,paul9e epi/les !re is sc>cely a passage m *>act]i/ic ( ! man ?an ! fir/ five v]ses ( ,galatians4 ,an ord9>y writ] w\ld h be5 m]ely =mal 9 ! address4 ,n s ,paul6 ,! exultant sup]naturalism ( ! address %\ld be notic$4 ,?is sup]naturalism appe>s1 9 ! fir/ place1 9 ! sph]e ( ext]nal hi/ory--,god ! ,fa!r1 :o rais$ him f ! dead4 ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity is bas$ ^u ! miracle ( ! resurrection4 ,sup]naturalism appe>s also1 h[ev]1 9 ! sph]e ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce--:o gave himself = our s9s1 t he might deliv] u out ( ?is pres5t evil _w4 ,*ri/ianity is no m]e easy developm5t ( ! old life1 no m]e improvem5t ( ! life1 b a new life 9 a new _w4 ,9 bo? sph]es1 sup]naturalism is be+ d5i$ 9 ! mod]n ,*ur*4 ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity is v diff]5t f mu* t is call$ ,*ri/ianity to-day4 ,f9ally1 ?is passage w s]ve to exhibit ,paul's l(ty view ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,nei!r ?r\gh man1 says ,paul1 b ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,jesus ,*ri/ is "h di/+ui%$ %>ply f m5 & plac$ cle>ly on ! side ( ,god4 ,:at is m1 ev5 ! ,judaiz]s evid5tly accept$ fundam5tally ! same view4 ,paul said1 ,n by man1 b by ,jesus ,*ri/2 ! ,judaiz]s said1 ,n by ,jesus ,*ri/1 b by man4 ,b if s1 !n ! ,judaiz]s1 no less ?an ,paul1 di/+ui%$ ,jesus %>ply f ord9>y humanity4 ,ab\t o!r ?+s !re 0 debate1 b ab\t ! p]son ( ,*ri/ ,paul appe>s 9 h>mony ev5 ) 8 oppon5ts4 ,evid5tly ! orig9al apo/les _h giv5 ! ,judaiz]s on ?is po9t no slighte/ excuse = diff]+ f ,paul4 ,! heav5ly ,*ri/ ( ,paul 0 also ! ,*ri/ ( ^? :o _h walk$ & talk$ ) ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,!y _h se5 ,jesus subject to all ! petty limitations ( human life4 ,yet !y ?\ght him div9e6 ,c\ld !y h be5 deceiv$8 #d4 ,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,! ,,epi/le4 ,,gal4 #a3f-aj ,! ?anksgiv+ = ! ,*ri/ian /ate ( ! read]s1 :i* appe>s 9 practically e o!r ( ! ,paul9e epi/les1 is "h conspicu\s by its abs5ce4 ,"h x w\ld h be5 a mock]y4 ,! ,galatians 7 on ! po9t ( giv+ up ! gospel4 ,!re 0 j a *ance ( sav+ !m4 ,! lett] 0 writt5 9 a desp]ate crisis4 ,pray ,god x might n be too late6 ,no "t "h = words ( ?anks6 ,9 vs4 #f-aj1 ,paul simply /ates ! purpose ( ! lett] 9 a few uncompromis+ words3 ,y are fall+ away f ! gospel & ,i am writ+ to /op y4 #e4 ,,paul',s ,,def5se ,,( ,,8 ,,apo/olic ,,au?ority4 ,,gal4 #a3aa to #b3ba ,aft] /at+1 ,gal4 #a3aa1ab1 ! !sis t is to be prov$ 9 ?is section1 ,paul def5ds 8 indep5d5t apo/olic au?ority by ?ree ma9 argum5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 vs4 #ac-bd1 he 0 already laun*$ ^u 8 "w z apo/le to ! ,g5tiles be=e he _h ev5 come into any effective contact ) ! orig9al apo/les4 ,be=e 8 conv]sion1 he _h be5 an active p]secutor4 ,8 conv]sion 0 wr\ght1 n1 l an ord9>y conv]sion1 ?r\gh human ag5cy1 b by an imm$iate act ( ,*ri/4 ,aft] 8 conv]sion x 0 ?ree ye>s be=e he saw any ( ! apo/les4 ,!n he saw only ,pet] 7& ,james7 & t n long en\gh to become1 z 8 oppon5ts said1 a disciple ( ^! lead]s4 ,9 ! second place1 ,gal4 #b3a-aj1 :5 he f9ally did hold a conf]5ce ) ! orig9al apo/les1 !y !mselves1 ! v au?orities to :om ! ,judaiz]s appeal$1 recogniz$ t 8 au?ority 0 q indep5d5t ( !irs1 &1 l !irs1 ( directly div9e orig94 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ,gal4 #b3aa-ba1 s indep5d5t 0 8 au?ority t on "o occasion he c\ld ev5 rebuke ! *ief ( ! orig9al apo/les himself4 ,:at ,paul said at t "t to ,pet] happ5$ to be exactly :at he want$ to say1 9 ! epi/le1 to ! ,galatians4 ,?is section1 !re=e1 =ms a transition to ! second ma9 division ( ! epi/le4 ,x has sometimes be5 ?\ght surpris+ t ,paul does n say h[ ,pet] took 8 rebuke4 ,! conclusion has ev5 be5 drawn t if ,pet] _h ackn[l$g$ 8 error ,paul w\ld h be5 sure to say s4 ,su* reason+ ignores ! "* ( ?is section4 ,9 report+ ! sub/ance ( :at he said to ,pet]1 ,paul has laid b>e ! v dep?s ( 8 own life4 ,to return1 aft] su* a passage1 to ! incid5t at ,antio* w\ld h be5 p$antic & unnecess>y4 ,long be=e ! end ( ! second *apt] ,paul has =gott5 all ab\t ,pet]1 all ab\t ,antio*1 & all ab\t ! :ole ( 8 pa/ hi/ory4 ,he is ?9k+ only ( ! grace ( ,*ri/1 & h[ "s m5 are trampl+ x "u foot4 ,o fooli% ,galatians1 to des]t s great a salvation6 #f4 ,,paul',s ,,def5se ,,( ,,8 ,,gospel4 ,,gal4 #c3a to #e3ab ,salvation _c be e>n$ by human ef=t1 b mu/ be receiv$ simply z a free gift3 ,*ri/ has di$ to save u f ! curse ( ! law3 to submit aga9 to ! yoke ( bondage is disloyalty to him--t is ! great !sis t ,paul sets out to prove4 ,he proves x fir/ by an argum5t f exp]i5ce4 ,gal4 #c3a-e4 ,y receiv$ ! ,holy ,_s1 9 palpable manife/ation1 be=e y ev] saw ! ,judaiz]s1 be=e y ev] ?\ght ( keep+ ! ,mosaic law4 ,y receiv$ ! ,_s by fai? alone4 ,h[ !n c y n[ ?9k t ! law is necess>y8 ,surely !re c be no?+ high] ?an ! ,_s4 ,9 ! second place1 !re is an argum5t f ,scripture4 ,n ^? :o dep5d ^u ! works ( ! law1 b ^? :o believe1 h ! b5efit ( ! cov5ant made ) ,abraham4 ,vs4 #f-bb4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 by ! use ( v>i\s figures1 ,paul contra/s ! =m] bondage ) ! pres5t fre$om4 ,gal4 #c3bc to #d3g4 ,! life "u ! law 0 a p]iod ( re/ra9t l t ( *ildhood1 prelim9>y to fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,! law 0 int5d$ to produce ! consci\sness ( s91 9 ord] t ! resultant hopelessness might lead m5 to accept ! ,savi\r4 ,vs4 #bc-be4 ,b n[ all ,*ri/ians alike1 bo? ,jews & ,g5tiles1 are sons ( ,god 9 ,*ri/1 & !re=e heirs ( ! promise made to ,abraham4 ,vs4 #bf-bi4 ,be+ sons ( ,god1 ) all ! glori\s fre$om ( son%ip1 ) ! ,_s cry+1 ,abba1 ,fa!r1 9 ! he>t1 h[ c we ?9k ( return+ to ! mis]able bondage ( an ext]nal & legali/ic religion8 ,gal4 #d3a-aa4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 ,paul turns away f argum5t to make a p]sonal appeal4 ,vs4 #ab-bj4 ,:at has become ( y\r devotion to me8 ,surely ,i h n become y\r enemy j because ,i tell y ! tru?4 ,! ,judaiz]s are e/rang+ y f me4 ,li/5 to me1 my spiritual *ildr51 ev5 ?\gh ,i c speak to y only ?r\gh ! cold m$ium ( a lett]6 ,9 ! fif? place1 ,paul1 9 8 p]plexity1 be?9ks himself ( "o m argum5t4 ,x is an argum5t t w\ld appeal especially to ^? :o 7 impress$ by ! ,judaiz]s' me?od ( us+ ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b x also has p]man5t validity4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple1 says ,paul1 = :i* ,i am argu+1 ! pr9ciple ( grace1 c be illu/rat$ f ! /ory ( ,i%mael & ,isaac4 ,i%mael _h e prospect ( be+ ! heir ( ,abraham4 ,x seem$ impossible = ! ag$ ,abraham to h ano!r son4 ,nature 0 on ,i%mael's side4 ,b nature 0 ov]rul$4 ,s x is to-day4 ,z f> z nature is conc]n$1 ! ,jews are ! heirs ( ,abraham--!y h all ! outw>d m>ks ( son%ip4 ,b ,god has will$ o!rwise4 ,he has *os5 to give ! inh]itance to ! heirs accord+ to promise4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! div9e *oice1 op]ative on a small scale 9 ! acceptance ( ,isaac1 is op]ative n[ on a l>ge scale 9 ! acceptance ( ! ,g5tile *ur*4 ,f9ally1 ,paul concludes ! c5tral section ( ! epi/le by emphasiz+ ! gravity ( ! crisis4 ,gal4 #e3a-ab4 ,d n be deceiv$4 ,circumcision z ! ,judaiz]s advocate x is no innoc5t ?+2 x means ! acceptance ( a law religion4 ,y mu/ *oose ei!r ! law or grace2 y _c h bo?4 #g4 ,,! ,,results ,,( ,,paul',s ,,gospel4 ,,gal4 #e3ac to #f3aj ,9 ?is ?ird ma9 division ( ! epi/le ,paul exhibits ! practical work+ ( fai?4 ,paul's gospel is m p[]ful ?an ! tea*+ ( ! ,judaiz]s4 ,try to keep ! law 9 y\r own /r5g? & y w fail1 = ! fle% is too /rong4 ,b ! ,_s is /rong] ?an ! fle%1 & ! ,_s is receiv$ by fai?4 #h4 ,,conclusion4 ,,gal4 #f3aa-ah ,?is conclud+ section1 if n ! :ole epi/le1 0 writt5 ) ,paul's own h&4 ,v4 #aa4 ,9 8 o!r lett]s ,paul dictat$ ev]y?+ b a brief clos+ salutation4 ,9 ! clos+ section1 ,paul lays ! alt]native once m be=e 8 read]s4 ,! ,judaiz]s h worldly aims1 !y boa/ ( worldly advantages2 b ! true ,*ri/ian boa/s ( no?+ b ! cross4 ,*ri/ianity1 z "h portray$1 is n ! g5tle1 easy-go+ doctr9e t is be+ mi/ak5 = x to-day4 ,x is no light ?+ to say1 ,! _w ha? be5 crucifi$ unto me1 & ,i unto ! _w4 ,b ! result is a new creature6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #bjc-bac4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 article on ,ephesus2 ,purves1 articles on ,galatia & ,galatians1 ,epi/le to ! 7supplem5t$74 ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,ramsay1 article on ,ephesus2 ,dods1 article on ,galatians1 ,epi/le to !4 ,ramsay1 ,/4 ,paul ! ,travell] & ! ,roman ,citiz51 pp4 #bfb-bhb2 ,pictures ( ! ,apo/olic ,*ur*1 pp4 #bdg-bfi1 #bic-cjj4 ,lew91 ,! ,life & ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 *s4 xii1 xiii4 ,conybe>e & ,h[son1 ,! ,life & ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 *s4 xii1 xiii1 xiv1 xv & xvi4 ,/alk]1 ,! ,life ( ,/4 ,paul1 pp4 #hb-hd1 #ajh-aah4 ,lumby1 pp4 #bci-bff4 ,cook1 pp4 #dgf-dhe4 ,plumptre1 pp4 #abd-acf4 ,rackham1 pp4 #cca-cgj4 ,m',clymont1 ,! ,new ,te/am5t & ,its ,writ]s1 pp4 #gj-gf4 ,ellicott1 ,a ,new ,te/am5t ,comm5t>y = ,engli% ,read]s1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #dai-dfh3 ,s&ay1 ,! ,epi/le ( ,paul ! ,apo/le to ! ,galatians4 ,! ,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools & ,colleges3 ,p][ne1 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians4 ,zahn1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 i1 pp4 #afd-bjb4 ,lightfoot1 ,sa9t ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,galatians4 ,! two la/-nam$ works are int5d$ prim>ily = ^? :o h "s k ( ,greek1 b c also be us$ by o!rs4 ,,lesson ,,xix ,,problems ,,( ,a ,,g5tile ,,*ur* ,*ri/ianity1 accord+ to ,paul1 is an escape f ! _w4 ,gal4 #a3d4 ,all human di/9ctions are comp>atively unimportant4 ,!re c be nei!r ,jew nor ,greek1 !re c be nei!r bond nor free1 !re c be no male & female4 ,gal4 #c3bh4 ,su* a doctr9e might seem logically to lead to fanaticism4 ,if ! ,*ri/ian is already a citiz5 ( heav51 may he n be indiff]5t to ! conditions ( life ^u ?is e>?8 ,su* a conclusion 0 altoge!r avoid$ by ,paul4 ,9 ,fir/ ,cor9?ians ,paul is reveal$ z ! mo/ practical ( m54 ,all human di/9ctions are subord9ate & second>y--& yet ^! di/9ctions are c>efully obs]v$4 ,paul 0 a man ( h]oic fai?1 b he 0 also possess$ ( admirable tact4 ,x is n t ! "o side ( ,paul's nature limit$ ! o!r2 x is n t common s5se act$ z a *eck to transc5d5tal religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! two ?+s seem$ to be 9 p]fect h>mony4 ,j because ,paul 0 inw>dly s entirely free f ! _w1 he 0 also s wise 9 deal+ ) worldly affairs4 ,! secret ( ?is h>mony 0 consecration4 ,human relation%ips1 :5 consecrat$ to ,god1 are n de/roy$1 b ennobl$4 ,!y cease1 inde$1 to be an end 9 !mselves1 b !y become a means to ,*ri/ian s]vice4 ,! ,*ri/ian man has no "r to be indiff]5t to ! _w4 ,if he is1 he is no true son ( ! ,god :o made ! _w1 & s5t ! ,"l to save x4 ,! ,*ri/ian1 l ! man ( ! _w1 is pr(\ndly int]e/$ 9 ! conditions ( life on ?is e>?4 ,only1 unlike ! man ( ! _w1 he is n helpless & p]plex$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ^? conditions2 b f 8 vantage gr\nd ( heav5ly p[]1 he %apes !m to ! div9e w4 ,he is int]e/$ 9 ! _w1 b he is int]e/$ 9 x1 n z its s]vant1 b z its ma/]4 ,s 9 ,fir/ ,cor9?ians ,paul lays hold ( c]ta9 p]plex+ practical problems ) ! sure grasp ( "o :o is call$ to rule & n to s]ve4 ,ev]y?+ t he t\*es he lifts to a high] plane4 ,9 8 h&s ev5 ! simple/ ?+s ( life receive a heav5ly significance4 ,! problems t are discuss$ 9 ,fir/ ,cor9?ians /ood 9 a special relation to ! environm5t ( ! ,cor9?ian *ur*4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 due to ! ?reat5$ intrusions ( ,greek paganism4 ,!y are closely analog\s1 h[ev]1 to ! problems :i* we h to solve to-day4 ,paganism & worldl9ess are n dead4 ,! ,*ur* /ill /&s 9 ! mid/ ( a ho/ile environm5t4 ,we c /ill use ! tea*+ ( ,paul4 ,t tea*+ w n[ be exam9$ 9 a few ( its important details4 #a4 ,,! ,,p>ties ,paul m5tions f\r p>ties t _h be5 =m$ 9 ! ,cor9?ian *ur*--a ,paul-p>ty1 an ,apollos-p>ty1 a ,cephas-p>ty & a ,*ri/-p>ty4 ,^! p>ties d n seem to h be5 sep>at$ f "o ano!r by any s]i\s doctr9al diff]5ces1 & x is impossible to det]m9e _! *>act]i/ics 9 detail4 ,9 ! section :]e ! p>ty _s is discuss$1 ,paul blames ! ,cor9?ians = intellectual pride4 ,?is fault has (t5 be5 connect$ ) ! ,apollos-p>ty4 ,apollos 0 an ,alex&rian1 & probably _h an ,alex&rian ,greek tra9+4 ,he might !re=e h unconsci\sly evok$ among "s memb]s ( ! ,cor9?ian *ur* an excessive admiration = 8 m pret5ti\s /yle ( prea*+1 :i* might h caus$ !m to despise ! simpl] mann] ( ,paul4 ,ev5 ?is mu*1 h[ev]1 is little m ?an surmise4 ,at any rate1 ,apollos %\ld n be blam$ = ! faults ( ^? :o misus$ 8 "n4 ,he is prais$ un/9t$ly by ,paul1 :o 0 ev5 desir\s t he %\ld return at once to ,cor9?4 ,i ,cor4 #af3ab4 ,paul blames ! ,paul-p>ty j z mu* z any ( ! o!r ?ree4 ,! ,pet]-p>ty 0 compos$ ( admir]s ( ,pet]1 :o _h ei!r come to ,cor9? f ! sc5e ( ,pet]'s labors else:]e1 or simply _h kn[n ( ,pet] by he>say4 ,x is unlikely t ,pet] himself _h be5 9 ,cor9?1 = if he _h ,paul w\ld probably h let ! fact appe> 9 ,fir/ or ,second ,cor9?ians4 ,! ,*ri/-p>ty is r puzzl+4 ,a comp>ison ) ! false tea*]s :o are combat$ 9 ,second ,cor9?ians has l$ "s s*ol>s to suppose t x 0 a ,judaiz+ p>ty1 :i* emphasiz$ a p]sonal acqua9tance ) ! e>?ly ,jesus z a necess>y qualification ( apo/le%ip4 ,9 t case1 h[ev]1 ,paul w\ld probably h s+l$ out ! ,*ri/-p>ty = special attack4 ,m probably ^! 7 simply m5 :o1 9 pr\d opposition to ! adh]5ts ( ,paul1 ( ,apollos & ( ,cephas1 emphasiz$ _! own indep5d5ce ( any lead] o!r ?an ,*ri/4 ,( c\rse1 ! wat*word1 ,i am ( ,*ri/1 if us$ 9 a bett] _s1 w\ld h be5 altoge!r praisewor?y1 & inde$ ,paul desires all ! p>ties to unite 9 x4 ,i ,cor4 #c3ba-bc4 ,p]haps x is a mi/ake to attribute to ^! p>ties any?+ l /ability4 ,on ! :ole1 ! passage gives ! impression t x is n ! individual p>ties t ,paul is condemn+1 b ! p>ty _s4 ,t p>ty _s 0 manife/$ by wat*words l ^? :i* are enum]at$ 9 ,i ,cor4 #a3ab1 b t t enum]ation 0 meant to be complete1 does n appe>4 ,! :ole ef=t to det]m9e ! *>act]i/ics ( ! individual p>ties--an ef=t :i* has absorb$ ! att5tion ( _m s*ol>s--%\ld p]haps be ab&on$4 ,paul's treatm5t ( ! p>ty _s exhibits 8 greatness n only z an adm9i/rator1 b also z a writ]4 ,! subject 0 c]ta9ly n inspir+2 yet "u ,paul's t\* x becomes lum9\s ) heav5ly glory4 ,! contra/ ( human wisdom ) ! message ( ! cross1 ,i ,cor4 #a3ah-ca1 :]e a spl5did rhy?m ( language mat*es ! sublimity ( ! ?\ght1 ! wond]ful description ( ! fre$om & p[] ( ! man :o possesses ! ,_s ( ,god1 ! gr& climax ( ! ?ird *apt]1 ,= all ?+s are y\rs2 :e!r ,paul1 or ,apollos1 or ,cephas1 or ! _w1 or life1 or dea?1 or ?+s pres5t1 or ?+s to come2 all are y\rs2 & ye are ,*ri/'s2 & ,*ri/ is ,god's--^! are among ! passages t c nev] be =gott54 #b4 ,,?+s ,,sacrific$ ,,to ,,idols ,! "q ( meats (f]$ to idols1 :i* ,paul discusses 9 ,i ,cor4 #h3a to #aa3a1 0 exce$+ly intricate4 ,to x ,paul applies sev]al great pr9ciples4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ian fre$om4 ,! ,*ri/ian has be5 deliv]$ f enslav+ sup]/itions4 ,idols h no p[]2 !y _c imp>t any h>mful "* to ! good ?+s :i* ,god has provid$ = ! su/5ance ( man4 ,9 ! second place1 h[ev]1 !re is ! pr9ciple ( loyalty4 ,! fact t idols are no?+ does n r5d] idol-wor%ip morally indiff]5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 idolatry is always s9ful4 ,if ! eat+ ( c]ta9 k9ds ( food "u c]ta9 conditions involves p>ticipation 9 idolatry !n x is disloyalty to ! "o true ,god4 ,! jo9t op]ation ( ! two pr9ciples ( fre$om & ( loyalty seems to lead 9 ,paul's m9d to ! foll[+ practical conclusion3--,! ,*ri/ian may eat ! meat t has be5 (f]$ to idols if x is simply put on sale 9 ! m>ket place or set be=e him at an ord9>y meal2 b he mu/ n take "p ) ! hea!n 9 specifically religi\s fea/s4 ,! :ole "q1 h[ev]1 is fur!r view$ 9 ! light ( a ?ird pr9ciple--! pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ian love4 ,ev5 ?+s t are 9 !mselves innoc5t mu/ be giv5 up if a bro!r by !m is l$ into conduct :i* = him is s94 ,*ri/ has di$ = t weak] bro!r2 surely ! ,*ri/ian1 !n1 may n de/roy him4 ,?us love1 ev5 m ?an loyalty1 limits fre$om--b x is a bless$ limitation4 ,! pr9ciples "h appli$ by ,paul to ! "q ( ! ,cor9?ian ,*ri/ians w solve _m a problem ( ! mod]n ,*ur*4 #c4 ,,spiritual ,,gifts ,! pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ian love1 ) ! relat$ pr9ciple ( tol]ation1 is appli$ also to ano!r set ( problems1 ! problems ) reg>d to ! ex]cise ( spiritual gifts4 ,! passage 9 :i* ,paul discusses ^! problems1 aside f its spiritual & moral tea*+1 is ( s+ul> hi/orical int]e/4 ,x af=ds a unique picture ( ! devotional meet+s ( an apo/olic *ur*4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ^! meet+s 0 ! en?usiasm :i* prevail$ 9 !m4 ,paul is n at all desir\s ( damp5+ t en?usiasm4 ,on ! contr>y ! gifts 9 "q 7 9 8 judgm5t really be/[$ by ! ,holy ,_s4 ,ev5 ! gift ( tongues1 :i* ,paul limits 9 its op]ation1 is 9 8 judgm5t ( g5u9e value4 ,inde$1 he himself _h ex]cis$ x ev5 m ?an ! o!r ,*ri/ians4 ,i ,cor4 #ad3ah4 ,?is la/ fact %\ld correct any unwor?y impression :i* we might h =m$ ) reg>d to ! gift4 ,if speak+ ) tongues 0 practic$ by ,paul1 !n x 0 no m]e unheal?y emotionalism4 ,we are to-day unable to und]/& x fully1 b 9 ! apo/olic ,*ur* x 0 a real expression ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce4 ,paul desires1 n to damp5 ! en?usiasm ( ! ,cor9?ian *ur*1 b m]ely to elim9ate c]ta9 h>mful by-products ( t :i* 0 9 itself altoge!r excell5t4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple :i* he applies is ! pr9ciple ( tol]ation4 ,!re is room 9 ! ,*ur* = _m diff]5t k9ds ( work]s4 ,!re are div]sities ( gifts1 b ! same ,_s4 ,! pr9ciple is (t5 neglect$ 9 ! mod]n ,*ur*4 ,tol]ation1 inde$1 is on ev]yone's lips2 b x is n ! k9d ( tol]ation t ,paul means4 ,x is (t5 no?+ m ?an indiff]5ce to ! great v]ities ( ! fai?4 ,su* tol]ation w\ld h met ) no?+ b an ana!ma f ,paul4 ,! tol]ation t ,paul is comm5d+ is a tol]ation1 n ) reg>d to matt]s ( doctr9e1 b ) reg>d to me?ods ( "w4 ,su* tol]ation is (t5 sadly lack+4 ,"s advocates ( missions ?9k t almo/ e ,*ri/ian :o /ays at home is a c[>d2 "s good1 cons]vative eld]s1 on ! o!r h&1 h little int]e/ 9 :at passes ! b\nds ( _! own congregation4 ,"s ,*ri/ians ( res]v$ habits are %ock$ at ! popul> me?ods ( ! evangeli/s2 "s evangeli/s are l\d 9 _! ignorant d5unciation ( ! ,*ri/ian s*ol>4 ,9 o!r words1 _m v dev\t ,*ri/ians ( ! pres5t day act z ?\gh !y _h nev] read ! twelf? *apt] ( ,fir/ ,cor9?ians4 ,! pr9ciple ( tol]ation1 h[ev]1 culm9ates 9 ! pr9ciple ( love4 ,if !re mu/ be a *oice betwe5 ! ex]cise ( diff]5t gifts1 !n ! *oice %\ld be 9 favor ( ^? gifts :i* are mo/ pr(itable to o!r m54 ,f9ally1 ev5 ! highe/ spiritual gifts are n indep5d5t ( reason4 ,i ,cor4 #ad3cb1cc4 ,t is a f>-rea*+ pr9ciple4 ,"s mod]n ,*ri/ians seem to ?9k t an appeal to ! inw>d voice ( ! ,_s excuses !m f li/5+ to reasonable c\nsel4 ,su* is n ! tea*+ ( ,paul4 #d4 ,,! ,,resurrection ,! error :i* is combat$ 9 ! fifte5? *apt] ( ! epi/le c\ld h>dly h be5 a d5ial1 9 g5]al1 ( cont9u$ exi/5ce aft] dea?1 b 0 r a d5ial ( ! resurrection ( ! body z ov] aga9/ ! ,greek doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,9 reply1 ,paul appeals to ! resurrection ( ,jesus4 ,! appeal w\ld seem to be futile unless ,paul means t ! resurrection ( ,jesus 0 a bodily resurrection4 ,if ! appe>ances ( ,jesus 7 no m ?an incorporeal manife/ations ( 8 _s1 !n obvi\sly ! believ] 9 a m]e immortality ( ! s\l rema9$ unrefut$4 ,9 ?is *apt] !re is an advance ov] ! simple tea*+ ( ,fir/ ,!ssalonians4 ,"h ! "* ( ! resurrection body comes into view4 ,! resurrection body w h a real connection ) ! old body--o!rwise !re w\ld be no resurrection--b ! weakness ( ! old body w be done away4 ,!re is cont9uity1 b also trans=mation4 #e4 ,,incid5tal ,,in=mation ,,ab\t ,,jesus ,c]ta9 passages 9 ,fir/ ,cor9?ians1 :i* are introduc$ only 9 an incid5tal way1 z illu/rations ( ! pr9ciples :i* are be+ appli$1 are ( ine/imable hi/orical value4 ,^! passages include n only ! great autobiographical passage 9 ! n9? *apt]1 :]e ,paul illu/rates f 8 own life ! limitation ( ! pr9ciple ( fre$om by ! pr9ciple ( love1 b also two all-important passages :i* ref] to ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ,fir/ ,cor9?ians 0 writt5 at ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #ee4 ,! elev5? *apt] ( ! epi/le gives an acc\nt ( ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's ,supp]1 9 :i* ,jesus tea*es ! sacrificial significance ( 8 dea?2 & ! fifte5? *apt] gives a li/ ( ! appe>ances ( ,jesus aft] 8 resurrection4 ,! in=mation conta9$ 9 ^! passages 0 n inv5t$ by ,paul2 inde$ he di/9ctly says t x 0 receiv$4 ,9 ,a4 ,d4 #ee1 !n1 n only ,paul1 b also ! ,*ur* g5]ally believ$ t ,jesus' dea?1 accord+ to 8 own tea*+1 0 sacrificial1 & appeal$ 9 support ( 8 resurrection to a weal? ( compet5t te/imony4 ,b f :om _h ,paul receiv$ ^! ?+s8 ,h>dly f anyone except ^? :o _h be5 ,*ri/ians be=e him--9 o!r words1 f ! ,pale/9ian *ur*4 ,we h "h an irremovable confirmation ( ! ,gospel view ( ,jesus4 ,fir/ ,cor9?ians is a hi/orical docum5t ( absolutely priceless value4 ,! incid5tal "* ( ^! hi/orical passages is especially notewor?y4 ,x %[s t ,paul knew f> m ab\t ,jesus ?an he f\nd occasion 9 ! epi/les to tell4 ,if he _h told m1 no d\bt ! ,gospel picture ( ,jesus w\ld h receiv$ confirmation ?r\gh\t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #bac-bba4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 article on ,apollos2 ,purves & ,davis1 article on ,cor9?ians1 ,epi/les to !4 ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,rob]tson1 article on ,cor9?ians1 ,fir/ ,epi/le to !4 ,m',clymont1 ,! ,new ,te/am5t & ,its ,writ]s1 pp4 #eh-fd4 ,ellicott1 ,a ,new ,te/am5t ,comm5t>y = ,engli% ,read]s1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #bha-cef3 ,%ore1 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,paul ! ,apo/le to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,! ,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools3 ,lias1 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,zahn1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 i1 pp4 #bef-cjf4 ,! ,int]national ,critical ,comm5t>y3 ,rob]tson & ,plumm]1 ,a ,critical & ,exegetical ,comm5t>y on ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,paul to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,! two la/-nam$ works presuppose a k ( ,greek4 ,,lesson ,,xx ,,! ,,apo/le ,,& ,,8 ,,m9i/ry #a4 ,,address ,,& ,,?anksgiv+4 ,,ii ,cor4 #a3a-aa ,9 ,fir/ ,cor9?ians ! obscure ,so/h5es is f\nd to be associat$ ) ,paul 9 ! address ( ! epi/le2 9 ,second ,cor9?ians x is ,timo?y1 "o ( ! be/-kn[n ( ! help]s ( ,paul4 ,ev5 if t mission ( ,timo?y to ,cor9? :i* is m5tion$ 9 ,fir/ ,cor9?ians _h result$ 9 failure1 ,timo?y's usefulness 9 ! *ur* 0 n p]man5tly affect$4 ,aft] ! address1 comes1 z is usual 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 an expression ( ?anksgiv+ to ,god4 ,?is "t1 h[ev]1 x is n ?anksgiv+ = ! ,*ri/ian /ate ( ! read]s1 b ?anksgiv+ = ,paul's own escape f dang]4 ,! abs5ce ( ?anksgiv+ = ! read]s does n mean "h1 z 9 ! case ( ,galatians1 t !re 0 no?+ to be ?ankful = 9 ! *ur* t is be+ address$1 = ! :ole fir/ section ( ! lett] is suffus$ ) a _s ( ?ankfulness = ! ,cor9?ians' return to _! true allegiance2 x means r simply t ! ?\ght ( ! deadly p]sonal dang]1 & ( ! rem>kable escape1 7 = ! mom5t 9 ! =efront ( ,paul's ?\ght4 ,ev5 t p]sonal matt]1 h[ev]1 0 us$ by ,paul to =tify 8 read]s aga9/ simil> trials1 & especially to /r5g!n /ill fur!r ! bonds ( sympa?y :i* _h at la/ be5 re/or$ betwe5 him & !m4 ,:at ?is dang] 0 f :i* ,paul _h j escap$ _c be det]m9$4 ,x is z mu* a puzzle z ! fight+ ) bea/s at ,ephesus1 :i* ,paul m5tions 9 ,i ,cor4 #ae3cb4 ,nei!r "o nor ! o!r c v well be id5tifi$ ) ! tr\ble caus$ by ,demetrius ! silv]smi?1 ,acts #ai3bc-da1 = !re ,paul does n seem to h be5 9 deadly dang]4 ,"s suppose t ! fight+ ) bea/s is lit]ally meant2 t ,paul 0 actually expos$ to ! wild bea/s 9 ! ar5a & escap$ only 9 "s rem>kable way4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ,paul does n say1 ) reg>d to ! dang] m5tion$ 9 ,second ,cor9?ians1 t x occurr$ 9 ,ephesus1 b only t x occurr$ 9 ,asia4 ,! expression1 weigh$ d[n1 9 ,,ii ,cor4 #a3h p]haps po9ts to "s =m ( illness r ?an to p]secution4 #b4 ,,! ,,apo/le ,,& ,,! ,,m9i/ry ,,( ,,reconciliation4 ,,ii ,cor4 #a3ab to #g3af ,imm$iately aft] ! ?anksgiv+ = 8 escape f dea?1 ,paul beg9s ! def5se ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,aft] ! susp5se ( ! previ\s days1 he feels ! ne$ ( review+ ! me?ods & motives ( 8 labor among ! ,cor9?ians1 9 ord] t ! la/ ve/ige ( suspicion may be remov$4 ,?is he does 9 an unre/ra9$1 cordial sort ( way1 :i* reveals ! deepe/ secrets ( 8 he>t1 & culm9ates "h & !re 9 gr& expositions ( ! v ess5ce ( ! gospel4 ,fir/1 9 j a pass+ ^w1 *4 #a3ac1ad1 he def5ds 8 lett]s aga9/ t *>ge ( obscurity or concealm5t :i* is h9t$ at else:]e 9 ! epi/le4 ,comp>e *4 #d3a-d2 #aa3f4 ,next1 he def5ds himself aga9/ ! *>ge ( fickl5ess 9 8 j\rney plans4 ,at "s "t1 probably dur+ or aft] ! unsuccessful visit allud$ to 9 *4 #b3a1 ,paul _h =m$ ! plan ( return+ to ,cor9? by ! direct r\te4 ,?is plan he _h n c>ri$ out1 & 8 ab&onm5t ( x app>5tly confirm$ ! impression ( weakness :i* _h be5 left by ! unsuccessful visit4 ,he is v bold 9 lett]s1 said 8 oppon5ts1 b :5 he is "h he is weak1 & n[ he is afraid to return4 ,x 0 a petty criticism1 & a less] man might h answ]$ x 9 a petty way4 ,b ,paul 0 able to lift ! :ole discussion to a l(ti] plane4 ,8 answ] to ! criticism 0 v simple--! reason :y he _h n return$ to ,cor9? at once 0 t he did n want to return aga9 9 grief & 9 sev]ity2 = ! sake ( ! ,cor9?ians !mselves he want$ to give !m "t to rep5t1 be=e ! f9al & fatal issue %\ld be rais$4 ,*>act]i/ically1 h[ev]1 ,paul does n cont5t himself ) ?is simple answ]2 inde$ he does n ev5 beg9 ) x4 ,a specific explanation ( ! *ange 9 8 plans w\ld h refut$ ! criticism imm$iately "u consid]ation1 b ,paul felt ! ne$ ( do+ f> m ?an t4 ,:at he desir$ to d 0 to make n only ?is criticism1 b all simil> criticisms1 impossible4 ,?is he does by ! f9e ref]5ce to ! positive "* ( 8 gospel4 ,y say t ,i am unc]ta9 9 my plans1 t ,i say yes & no 9 "o brea?4 ,well1 ! gospel t ,i prea*$1 at any rate1 0 no su* unc]ta9 ?+ z t4 ,my gospel 0 a great ',yes' to all ! promises ( ,god4 ,su* a me?od ( refutation lifts ! read] f> above all petty criticisms to ! great ?+s ( ,paul's gospel4 ,yet ?is ref]5ce to great pr9ciples is no m]e excuse to avoid ! simple "q at issue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,paul is p]fectly frank ab\t ! reason :y he _h n gone to ,cor9? z he _h int5d$4 ,x 0 out ( love to ! ,cor9?ian *ur*1 & ?is _h also prompt$ ! writ+ ( a sev]e lett]4 ,"h1 *4 #b3e-aa1 ,paul ref]s to ! (f5d] ^: case _h be5 made a te/ at ! "t ( ! rec5t pa9ful visit4 ,?is (f5d] 0 probably diff]5t f ! ince/u\s p]son :o is s /]nly dealt ) 9 ,i ,cor4 #e3a-e4 ,8 (f5se is ?\ght by _m to h be5 "s p]sonal insult to ,paul1 ,,ii ,cor4 #b3e1 b ?is is n q c]ta94 ,at any rate1 :atev] 8 orig9al (f5ce1 ,paul's dem& = 8 puni%m5t _h become a te/ ( ! loyalty ( ! *ur*4 ,at fir/ ! dem& _h be5 refus$1 b n[ ! majority ( ! congregation has agre$ & ! man himself is deeply rep5tant1 s t ,paul is only afraid le/ sev]ity may g too f>4 ,x is h>dly wor? :ile say+ t ! "* ( ,paul 0 entirely free f v9dictiv5ess4 ,:5 ! discipl9e ( ! ,*ur* w\ld p]mit x1 ,paul 0 ! fir/ to propose c\nsels ( m]cy4 ,! ref]5ce to ! epi/les ( comm5dation :i* _h be5 us$ by ,paul's oppon5ts 9 ,cor9?1 *4 #c3a1 has be5 made ! basis ( f>-rea*+ conclusions ab\t ! :ole hi/ory ( ! apo/olic age4 ,f :om c\ld ! oppon5ts h receiv$ _! lett]s ( introduction8 ,only1 x is said1 f ,pale/9e1 & probably f ! orig9al apo/les4 ,?is conclusion is ha/y1 to say ! lea/4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t n only lett]s to ! ,cor9?ian *ur* b also lett]s f ! *ur* are app>5tly 9 m9d4 ,v4 #a4 ,if1 !n1 ! ,cor9?ian *ur* _h be5 ask$ to supply ^! false tea*]s ) lett]s ( comm5dation1 p]haps ! o!r *ur*es t _h suppli$ !m ) lett]s 7 no ne>] to ,j]usalem ?an ,cor9? 04 ,! m5tion ( ^! lett]s ( comm5dation introduces "o ( ! gr&e/ passages 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,i1 says ,paul1 by way ( transition1 d n ne$ any lett]s ( comm5dation4 ,my "w is suffici5t comm5dation4 ,:at ,i h accompli%$ 9 ! he>ts ( m5 is an epi/le writt5 by ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,!n foll[s ! magnific5t exposition ( ! m9i/ry ( ! new cov5ant4 ,t m9i/ry is fir/ contra/$ ) ! old disp5sation1 p]haps ) ref]5ce to an excessive valuation1 by ! oppon5ts1 ( a cont9u$ ,judaism 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! old cov5ant 0 glori\s1 b h[ mu* m glori\s is ! new6 ,! old 0 a m9i/ry ( condemnation1 b ! new is a m9i/ry ( ju/ification4 ,! old 0 a m9i/ry ( an ext]nal law1 ! new is a m9i/ry ( ! life-giv+ p[] ( ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,!re is no reason any long] = concealm5t4 ,! ,_s br+s fre$om & op5ness & light4 ,?is treasure is held inde$ 9 e>!n vessels4 ,! rec5t dang] t ,paul has pass$ ?r\gh1 z well z ! ov]p[]+ h>d%ips ( 8 life1 make him pa9fully consci\s ( human weakness4 ,b t weakness is bless$ :i* 9 all ! full] glory reveals ! all-conqu]+ p[] ( ,god4 ,! ,*ri/ian ne$ nev] despair1 = by ! eye ( fai? he c detect ^? unse5 ?+s :i* are et]nal4 ,! pres5t body may be dissolv$1 b ! resurrection body w be ready4 ,inde$1 ev5 if ! ,*ri/ian by dea? is sep>at$ = a "t altoge!r f ! body1 he ne$ n fe>4 ,to be abs5t f ! body is to be pres5t ) ! ,"l4 ,! climax ( ! :ole glori\s passage is ! brief exposition ( ! m9i/ry ( reconciliation :i* beg9s ) *4 #e3aa4 ,"h we are introduc$ to ! secret ( ! rem>kable life :i* is reveal$ 9 ,second ,cor9?ians & 9 ! o!r epi/les ( ,paul4 ,reconciliation ) ,god ?r\gh ! dea? ( ,*ri/ 9 our behalf & 9 our /ead1 consequ5t fre$om f s9 & f ! _w1 a new & glori\s life "u ! favor ( ,god--^! are ! ?+s t ,paul exp]i5c$ 9 8 own life1 ^! are ! ?+s t he prea*$ to o!rs1 reg>dless ( all h>d%ip & criticism1 & ^! are ! ?+s1 n[ & always1 :i* conta9 ! real spr+s ( ! ,*ur*'s p[]4 ,aft] an uncompromis+ w>n+ aga9/ impurity & worldl9ess1 deliv]$ f ! l(ty vantage gr\nd t has j be5 rea*$1 ! apo/le gives expression once m to ! joy t he has receiv$ f ! good news :i* ,titus br\ght him2 & !n proce$s to an entirely diff]5t matt]4 #c4 ,,! ,,collection4 ,,ii ,cor41 *s4 #h1 #i ,two :ole *apt]s ( ! epi/le are devot$ to ! collection = ! ,j]usalem *ur*4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is matt]1 s f> z x c be trac$1 is briefly z foll[s3 ,at ! "t ( ! ,j]usalem c\ncil1 ! pill>s ( ! ,j]usalem *ur* _h reque/$ ,paul to rememb] ! ,j]usalem poor4 ,at ! "t :5 ,fir/ ,cor9?ians 0 writt51 ,paul _h already />t$ a collection = ?is purpose 9 ! *ur*es ( ,galatia1 & 9 ,fir/ ,cor9?ians he asks ! ,cor9?ians to take "p4 ,i ,cor4 #af3a-d4 ,9 ,second ,cor9?ians he ann\nces t ! *ur*es ( ,mac$onia h contribut$ b\ntifully1 ,,ii ,cor4 #h3a-e1 & urges ! cont9uance ( ! collection 9 ,cor9?4 ,f9ally1 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 :i* 0 writt5 f ,cor9? only a %ort "t aft] ,second ,cor9?ians1 he m5tions ! collection 9 ,mac$onia & ,a*aia1 ann\nces 8 int5tion ( j\rney+ to ,j]usalem ) ! gifts1 & asks ! ,roman ,*ri/ians to pray t ! m9i/ration may be acceptable to ! ,j]usalem *ur*4 ,rom4 #ae3be-bg1ca1cb4 ,) 8 cu/om>y =esight1 ,paul made c>eful provision = ! adm9i/ration ( ! gifts1 9 ord] to avoid all possible misund]/&+ or suspicion4 ,= example1 ! *ur*es are to *oose delegates to c>ry _! b\nty to ,j]usalem4 ,i ,cor4 #af3c4 ,possibly ! delegates are to be id5tifi$ ) ! p]sons :o are nam$ 9 ,acts #bj3d4 ,luke does n m5tion ! collection1 b x is allud$ to 9 ,acts #bd3ag4 ,paul's treatm5t ( ! collection 9 ,,ii ,cor41 *s4 #h1 #i1 0 n only adapt$ to accompli% its imm$iate purpose1 b also has be5 ( high value to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,^! *apt]s h assur$ to ! "r use ( weal? a place ( real dignity among ! =ms ( ,*ri/ian s]vice4 #d4 ,,! ,,oppon5ts4 ,,ii ,cor41 *s4 #aj to #ac ,! /rik+ *ange ( tone at *4 #aj3a is amply expla9$ by ! *ange ( subject4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ! epi/le1 ,paul has be5 ?9k+ ( ! return ( ! majority ( ! congregation to _! allegiance2 n[ he turns to deal ) ! false tea*]s :o h be5 caus+ all ! tr\ble4 ,x is /ill necess>y to meet _! attacks & remove e ve/ige ( influ5ce :i* !y may /ill h reta9$ ov] ! *ur*4 ,_! attack ^u ,paul 0 ( a peculi>ly mean & unwor?y "*2 ! indignation :i* ,paul displays 9 ^! *apt]s 0 fully ju/ifi$4 ,! oppon5ts 7 c]ta9ly ,jews1 & prid$ !mselves on ! fact4 ,*4 #aa3bb4 ,b x does n appe> ) c]ta9ty t !y 7 ,judaiz]s4 ,if !y 7 int5d+ to come =w>d ) any dem& ( circumcision or ( obs]vance ( ! ,mosaic law1 su* dem& 0 /ill kept 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,inde$1 !re is no indication t ! doctr9e t !y prea*$ 0 diff]5t 9 important respects f t ( ,paul4 ,9 p>ticul>1 !re is no indication t !y advocat$ a diff]5t view ab\t ,jesus4 ,"o v]se1 *4 #aa3d1 has1 inde$1 be5 reg>d$ z su* an indication1 b only by an exce$+ly d\btful int]pretation4 ,probably ! o!r ,jesus :om ! oppon5ts prea*$ exi/$ only 9 _! own claim4 ,!y said m]ely1 ,paul has kept some?+ back1 v4 #f1 m>g92 *4 #d3c2 we alone c give y adequate in=mation2 we alone c proclaim ! true ,jesus1 ! true ,_s & ! true gospel4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 !y _h no?+ new to (f]4 ,paul _h made ! :ole gospel kn[n4 ,x is fur!r n ev5 q cle> t ! oppon5ts laid /ress ^u a p]sonal acqua9tance ) ! e>?ly ,jesus1 & s play$ ! orig9al apo/les (f aga9/ ,paul4 ,! expression *iefe/ apo/les1 *4 #aa3e1 is cle>ly no?+ m ?an an ironical designation ( ! false tea*]s !mselves4 ,x is true1 ! false tea*]s claim$ to belong 9 a special s5se to ,*ri/1 * #aj3g1 & to be 9 a special s5se m9i/]s ( ,*ri/4 ,*4 #aa3bc4 ,b x is n at all cle>--despite *4 #e3af--t ! connection :i* !y claim$ to h ) ,*ri/ 0 t ( p]sonal acqua9tance1 ei!r directly or ?r\gh _! au?orities1 ) ! e>?ly ,jesus4 ,f9ally1 ^! false tea*]s _c ) any c]ta9ty be connect$ ) ! ,*ri/-p>ty ( ,fir/ ,cor9?ians4 ,! *ief value ( ! la/ f\r *apt]s ( ! epi/le is ! weal? ( autobiographical mat]ial :i* !y conta94 ,aga9/ ! insidi\s p]sonal attacks ( ! oppon5ts1 ,paul 0 oblig$ to speak ( c]ta9 p]sonal matt]s ab\t :i* he might o!rwise h be5 sil5t4 ,_h he be5 sil5t1 ! ,*ur* w\ld h be5 ! los]4 ,to "k ! inn] life ( ! apo/le ,paul is to "k ,*ri/2 = ,paul 0 9 ,*ri/ & ,*ri/ 0 9 ,paul4 ,:at c\ld comp5sate u = ! loss ( ,,ii ,cor4 #ab3g-aj8 ,?r\gh ^! words ! bodily weakness ( ,paul has =ev] be5 made pr(itable = ! /r5g? ( ! ,*ur*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #bba-bbe4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,purves & ,davis1 article on ,cor9?ians1 ,epi/les to !4 ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,rob]tson1 article on ,cor9?ians1 ,second ,epi/le to !4 ,m',clymont1 ,! ,new ,te/am5t & ,its ,writ]s1 pp4 #fe-fi4 ,beet1 ,a ,comm5t>y on ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians1 sev5? edition1 pp4 #a-bj1 #cag-edb4 ,ellicott1 ,a ,new ,te/am5t ,comm5t>y = ,engli% ,read]s1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #ceg-dag3 ,plumptre1 ,! ,second ,epi/le ( ,paul ! ,apo/le to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,! ,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools3 ,lias1 ,! ,second ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,zahn1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 i1 pp4 #cjg-cea4 ,! la/-nam$ "w presupposes a k ( ,greek4 ,,lesson ,,xxi ,,! ,,gospel ,,( ,,salvation ,! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 ?\gh x is n m]ely a sy/ematic treatise1 is m sy/ematic ?an any o!r ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,unlike ! epi/les t prec$$ x1 x 0 writt5 9 a p]iod ( comp>ative quiet betwe5 two great /ages 9 ! apo/le's "w4 ,n unnaturally1 !re=e1 x conta9s some?+ l a summ>y ( ,paul's tea*+4 ,! summ>y1 h[ev]1 does n embrace ! :ole ( ! ,paul9e !ology1 b only "o important dep>tm5t ( x4 ,! nature ( ,god1 = example1 & ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 are n discuss$ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans4 ,( c\rse ,paul held v def9ite views ^u ^! subjects1 & ^! views are presuppos$ on e page ( ! epi/le--especially ! l(tie/ possible conception ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/ lies at ! backgr\nd ( ?is entire acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s "w--b su* presuppositions d n 9 ?is epi/le receive an elaborate exposition4 ,! real subject ( ! fir/ eight *apt]s ( ,romans is n !ology 9 g5]al1 b simply ! way ( salvation4 ,h[ c man be sav$--t is ! "q :i* ,paul answ]s 9 ?is epi/le4 ,obvi\sly ! "q is ( ! utmo/ practical importance4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,romans is absolutely fundam5tal = ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,?is e/imate1 :i* 0 =m]ly a matt] ( c\rse1 has 9 rec5t ye>s un=tunately fall5 into disrepute4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 aft] all1 x is said1 is conc]n$ ) !ology1 :]eas :at we ne$ is simple fai?4 ,we mu/ return f ,romans to ! ,gospels1 f ,paul to ,*ri/4 ,! words ( ,jesus1 record$ 9 ! ,gospels1 are ?us emphasiz$ to ! prejudice ( ! tea*+ ( ! apo/le4 ,?is t5d5cy %\ld be resi/$ ) ! utmo/ firmness4 ,x is /rik+ at ! v vitals ( ! ,*ur*'s life4 ,aft] all1 ,jesus came1 z has be5 well said1 n to say some?+1 b to d some?+4 ,8 words are v preci\s1 we c\ld nev] d )\t !m2 b aft] all !y are subsidi>y to 8 de$s4 ,8 life & dea? & resurrection--^! are ! ?+s t wr\ght salvation = m54 ,& ^! great sav+ acts c\ld n be fully expla9$ till aft] !y _h be5 done4 ,= an explanation ( !m1 !re=e1 we mu/ turn n only to ! ,gospels b also to ! epi/les1 n only to ,jesus b also to ,paul4 ,paul 0 9 a special s5se our apo/le2 l u1 he _h nev] kn[n ! e>?ly ,jesus4 ,j = t reason1 ?r\gh ! div9e revelation t 0 grant$ him1 he c\ld guide all subsequ5t g5]ations to ! ris5 ,*ri/4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 m fully p]haps ?an any o!r book1 po9ts out ! mean+ ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,x does n1 inde$1 solve all my/]ies2 b x reveals en\gh to enable u to believe4 #a4 ,,! ,,edict ,,( ,,claudius ,! edict ( ,claudius :i* expell$ ! ,jews f ,rome 0 c]ta9ly n p]man5tly effective2 inde$ !re are "s indications t x 0 modifi$ almo/ z soon z x 0 issu$4 ,b al?\gh x did n keep ! ,jews out ( ,rome1 x may at lea/ h ha/5$ ! sep>ation betwe5 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,if ! conflict betwe5 ! two1 z a conflict )9 ,judaism1 _h giv5 rise to ! ho/ile edict1 !n1 z has plausibly be5 sugge/$1 ! sep>ation might be 9 ! int]e/s ( bo? p>ties4 ,if ! *ur* 7 kept sep>ate f ! synagogue1 ! ,jews w\ld be protect$ f dang]\s disord]s & f ! opposition :i* w\ld be enc\nt]$ by a new & illegal religion1 & ! ,*ri/ians1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld be protect$ f ! ,claudian edict aga9/ ! ,jews4 #b4 ,,address1 ,,?anksgiv+ ,,& ,,subject4 ,rom4 #a3a-ag ,! address ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans is rem>kable = ! long addition :i* is made to ! "n ( ! au?or4 ,paul 0 writ+ to a *ur* :i* he _h nev] se54 ,8 excuse = writ+ 0 to be f\nd only 9 ! gospel ) :i* he _h be5 intru/$4 ,at ! v />t1 !re=e1 he places 8 gospel 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x is r ! great presupposition ( ! gospel :i* is 9 m9d--,jesus ,*ri/ 9 8 d\ble nature4 ,"o :o has be5 commission$ to prea* to ! ,g5tiles ! gospel ( su* a ,*ri/ may c]ta9ly address a lett] to ,rome4 ,9 connection ) ! cu/om>y ?anksgiv+1 ,paul m5tions 8 long-*]i%$ desire ( visit+ ! ,roman ,*ri/ians4 ,he desires to imp>t unto !m "s spiritual gift--no1 he says1 r he desires to receive f !m z well z to give4 ,! correction is *>act]i/ic ( ,paul4 ,"s m5 w\ld h felt no ne$ ( mak+ x4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,paul 0 fully 9 a position to imp>t spiritual gifts4 ,b he 0 afraid 8 read]s might feel hurt--z ?\gh ! apo/le ?\ght !y c\ld make no return = ! b5efit :i* ! visit w\ld br+ !m4 ,x is an exquisite bit ( f9e disc]nm5t & delicate c\rtesy4 ,b l all true c\rtesy1 x 0 bas$ on fact4 ,paul 0 really n a man to decl9e help & com=t f ev5 ! humble/ ( ! bre?r54 ,9 vs4 #af1 #ag1 ! !me ( ! epi/le is ann\nc$--! gospel ! p[] ( ,god unto salvation1 ! gospel :i* reveals a righte\sness ( ,god t is receiv$ by fai?4 ,! mean+ ( a righte\sness ( ,god has be5 mu* disput$4 ,"s ?9k t x ref]s to ! righte\sness :i* is an attribute ( ,god4 ,m probably1 h[ev]1 x is to be int]pret$ 9 ! light ( *4 #aj3c2 ,phil4 #c3i4 ,x !n ref]s to t "r relation ( man to ,god :i* ,god himself produces4 ,!re are two ways ( receiv+ a s5t5ce ( acquittal f ,god ! ,judge4 ,"o is by keep+ ! law ( ,god p]fectly4 ,! o!r is by receiv+ ?r\gh fai? ! righte\sness ( ,*ri/4 ,! =m] is impossible because ( s94 ,! latt] has be5 made possible by ! gift ( ,*ri/4 ,z s9n]s1 we are subject to ! puni%m5t ( dea?4 ,b t puni%m5t has be5 paid = u by ,*ri/4 ,we !re=e g free2 we c />t fre%1 ) ! consci\sness ( ,god's favor4 ,we are ju/ifi$--t is1 pron\nc$ righte\s--n because we are free f s91 b because by 8 grace ,god looks n ^u u b ^u ,*ri/4 ,we h be5 pron\nc$ righte\s1 b n on acc\nt ( our own works4 ,we possess n our own righte\sness b a righte\sness ( ,god4 ,?is righte\sness ( ,god is receiv$ by fai?4 ,fai? is n a "w1 x is simply ! will+ness to receive4 ,*ri/ has promis$ by 8 dea? to br+ u to ,god4 ,we may n und]/& x all1 b is ,*ri/ to be believ$8 ,/udy ! ,gospel picture ( him1 & y w be conv9c$ t he is4 ,ju/ification by fai?1 !n1 means be+ pron\nc$ righte\s by ,god1 al?\gh we are s9n]s4 ,x might seem to be a v dang]\s doctr9e4 ,if we are pron\nc$ righte\s :e!r we are really righte\s or n1 !n may we n g on ) impunity 9 s98 ,su* reason+ ignores ! results ( ju/ification4 ,fai? br+s m ?an =giv5ess4 ,x br+s a new life4 ,9 ! new life s9 has no place4 ,! ,*ri/ian has brok5 =ev] ) 8 old slav]y4 ,?\gh p]fection has n yet be5 atta9$ 9 practice1 x has be5 atta9$ 9 pr9ciple1 & by ! p[] ( ! ,_s all s9 w f9ally be remov$4 ,! ,*ri/ian _c compromise ) s94 ,salvation is n only f ! guilt ( s91 b also f ! p[] ( x4 ,! six? *apt] ( ,romans leaves no room = moral laxness4 #c4 ,,romans ,,& ,,galatians ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ,romans ) ,galatians4 ,! subject ( ! two epi/les is ! same4 ,bo? are conc]n$ ) salvation by fai? alone1 ap>t f ! works ( ! law4 ,9 _m passages ! two are p>allel4 ,! full] exposition 9 ,romans is (t5 ! be/ comm5t>y ^u ! brief] /atem5ts ( ,galatians4 ,= example1 ! words3 ,:at !n is ! law8 ,x 0 add$ because ( transgressions--v obscure z !y /& 9 ,galatians--are expla9$ by ,rom4 #e3bj2 *4 #g4 ,9 tone1 h[ev]1 ! two epi/les are widely diff]5t4 ,galatians is writt5 9 view ( "o def9ite attack ^u ! gospel2 ,romans is a g5]al exposition summ+ up ! results ( ! conflict4 ,:5 ,paul wrote ,galatians he 0 9 ! ?ick ( ! battle2 at ! "t ( ,romans he _h f\ght 8 way ?r\gh to ! heights4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 h[ev]1 is no cold1 purely logical treatise4 ,!ology "h is int]wov5 ) exp]i5ce4 ,no exposition c d ju/ice to ?is wond]ful lett]4 ,to read ab\t x is sometimes dull2 b to read x is life4 #d4 ,,! ,,paul9e ,,philosophy ,,( ,,hi/ory4 ,rom41 *s4 #i to #aa ,*apt]s #i to #aa ( ?is epi/le are int]e/+ 9 a great _m ways4 ,!y are int]e/+1 = example1 9 _! trem5d\s conception ( ! my/]y ( ! div9e w4 ,! n9? *apt] ( ,romans is a good corrective = any c>elessness 9 our attitude t[>d ,god4 ,aft] all1 ,god is a my/]y4 ,h[ little we "k ( 8 et]nal plan6 ,we mu/ ev] tremble be=e him4 ,yet x is su* a ,god :o has invit$ u1 ?r\gh ,*ri/1 to hold communion ) himself4 ,!re is ! true wond] ( ! gospel--t x br+s u into fell[%ip1 n ) a ,god ( our own devis+1 n ) "o :o is a ,fa!r & no?+ else1 b ) ! awful1 holy1 my/]i\s ,mak] & ,rul] ( all ?+s4 ,! joy ( ! believ] is ! deepe/ ( all joys4 ,x is a joy t is ak9 to holy fe>4 ,^! *apt]s are also int]e/+ because !y atte/ ! atta*m5t ( ,paul to ! ,jewi% p4 ,:]e is !re a nobl] expression ( patriotism ?an ,rom4 #i3a-e8 ,exclusive att5tion to ! polemic passages :]e ,paul is def5d+ ! ,g5tile mission & d5y+ ! efficacy ( ! ,mosaic law1 h produc$ 9 ! m9ds ( "s s*ol>s a "o-sid$ view ( ,paul's attitude t[>d ,israel4 ,paul did n advocate ! de/ruction ( ! id5tity ( 8 p4 ,he believ$ t ev5 ! natural ,israel _h a "p to play on ! /age ( hi/ory4 ,^! *apt]s ( ,romans1 toge!r ) "s o!r passages 9 ! epi/les1 su* z ,i ,cor4 #i3bj1 confirm :at ! ,book ( ,! ,acts tells u ab\t ,paul's will+ness1 :5 no pr9ciple 0 involv$1 to con=m to ,jewi% cu/om4 #e4 ,,integrity ,,( ,,! ,,epi/le ,! g5u95ess ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans is und\bt$1 b its integrity has be5 que/ion$4 ,! epi/le 0 c]ta9ly writt5 by ,paul1 b 0 x all1 z we n[ h x1 orig9ally "p ( "o lett]8 ,by _m s*ol>s ! great] "p ( ! sixte5? *apt] is suppos$ to h orig9ally =m$ "p ( an epi/le ( ,paul writt5 n to ,rome b to ,ephesus4 ,! *ief argum5t = ?is hypo!sis is d]iv$ f ! long li/ ( names 9 *4 #af3c-ae4 ,c\ld ,paul h _h s _m p]sonal acqua9tances 9 a *ur* :i* he _h nev] visit$8 ,! argum5t is n conclusive4 ,j because ,paul c\ld n appeal 9 8 lett] to any p]sonal acqua9tance ) ! ,roman *ur* z a :ole1 x w\ld be natural = him to m5tion at lea/ all ! individuals 9 ! *ur* ) :om he /ood 9 any sort ( special relation4 ,fur!rmore1 ! frequ5cy ( travel 9 ! ,roman ,empire mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,_m p]sons :om ,paul _h met on 8 travels w\ld naturally f9d _! way to ! capital4 ,f9ally1 ,aquila & ,priscilla1 ?\gh !y _h rec5tly liv$ 9 ,ephesus1 ,i ,cor4 #af3ai1 may easily h resum$ _! =m] resid5ce 9 ,rome4 ,acts #ah3b2 ,rom4 #af3c-e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #bbf-bca4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,purves1 7supplem5t$7 article on ,romans1 ,epi/le to !4 ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,rob]tson1 article on ,romans1 ,epi/le to !4 ,m',clymont1 ,! ,new ,te/am5t & ,its ,writ]s1 pp4 #gg-hb4 ,gif=d1 ,! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,paul to ! ,romans4 ,ellicott1 ,a ,new ,te/am5t ,comm5t>y = ,engli% ,read]s1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #aic-bhj3 ,s&ay1 ,! ,epi/le ( ,paul ! ,apo/le to ! ,romans4 ,! ,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools3 ,m\le1 ,! ,epi/le ( ,paul ! ,apo/le to ! ,romans4 ,! ,int]national ,critical ,comm5t>y3 ,s&ay & ,headlam1 ,a ,critical & ,exegetical ,comm5t>y on ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans4 ,zahn1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 i1 pp4 #ceb-dch4 ,! two la/-nam$ works presuppose a k ( ,greek4 ,,lesson ,,xxii ,,paul',s ,,j\rney ,,to ,,rome ,! mat]ial ( ?is lesson is s ext5sive t only ! b>e/ summ>y c be attempt$ 9 ! class4 ,! great features ( ! n>rative %\ld be made to /& out cle>--! bitt] opposition ( ! ,jews1 ! favorable attitude ( ! ,roman au?orities1 ! j\rney to ,rome4 ,be=e ! lesson is ov] ! /ud5t %\ld h a deep] impression ( ! "* ( ,paul--8 p]fect ease & tactfulness 9 ! v>i\s relations ( life1 8 unsw]v+ boldness :]e ! gospel 0 conc]n$1 8 inexplicable p[]4 ,f9ally1 ! peculi> quality ( ! n>rative %\ld be appreciat$4 ,^! *apt]s conta9 ! two long] we-sections ( ,! ,acts4 #a4 ,,! ,,j\rney ,,to ,,troas ,at fir/ ,paul _h int5d$ to sail direct f ,cor9? to ,syria1 b a plot ( ! ,jews caus$ him to *ange 8 plan4 ,acts #bj3c4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! %ip ^u :i* he 0 int5d+ to sail may h c>ri$ non-,*ri/ian ,jews1 go+ to ! approa*+ fea/ 9 ,j]usalem1 v4 #af1 :o c\ld h done him h>m ^u ! voyage4 ,by *oos+ ! r\te ?r\gh ,mac$onia he av]t$ ! imm$iate dang]4 ,! use ( ! fir/ p]son plural beg9s aga9 at ,acts #bj3e4 ,x 0 brok5 (f at *4 #af3ag4 ,luke _h p>t$ f ,paul at ,philippi on ! second mission>y j\rney2 & x is at ,philippi t he n[ appe>s aga94 ,! foll[+ j\rneys1 9 :i* ,luke himself took "p1 are n>rat$ ) ! utmo/ vividness & m9ut5ess4 ,! n>rative am\nts practically to a di>y--9 "s sections e day is acc\nt$ =4 ,! dep>ture f ,philippi took place aft] ! days ( unleav5$ bread1 t is1 aft] ! passov] week4 ,acts #bj3f4 ,f ! acc\nt ( ! subsequ5t j\rney x is n q possible to tell :e!r ,paul actually succe$$ 9 c>ry+ out 8 plan ( be+ 9 ,j]usalem at ,p5teco/4 ,p5teco/1 x w be rememb]$1 came fifty days aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! passov] week4 #b4 ,,troas ,! description ( ! la/ ev5+ at ,troas1 :5 ,paul prolong$ 8 disc\rse 9 ! light$ room1 is "o ( ! inimitably vivid sc5es ( ,! ,acts4 ,probably we are to und]/& t ,euty*us1 :o fell d[n f a w9d[ 9 ! ?ird /ory1 0 really kill$ & n m]ely /unn$4 ,v]se #aj might seem to indicate t he 0 only /unn$1 b ! la/ words ( v4 #i po9t r to actual1 & n m]ely app>5t1 dea?4 ,! miracle is p>allel$ by ! rais+ ( ,dorcas by ,pet]4 ,acts #i3cf-db4 #c4 ,,! ,,eld]s ,,( ,,ephesus ,:5 ,paul told ! eld]s t !y w\ld see 8 face no m1 or p]haps r no long]1 ,acts #bj3be1ch1 he did n necess>ily mean t he w\ld c]ta9ly nev] return to ,ephesus4 ,= a p]iod ( ye>s1 at any rate1 he 0 int5d+ to transf] 8 labors to ! we/2 8 return to ,ephesus1 !re=e1 0 at all ev5ts unc]ta94 ,8 long activity at ,ephesus1 :i* _h occupi$ ! bett] "p ( ! pa/ ?ree ye>s1 0 = ! pres5t at an end4 ,f ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les x appe>s t z a matt] ( fact ,paul did visit ,ephesus aga9 aft] 8 release f ! fir/ ,roman imprisonm5t4 #d4 ,,arrival ,,9 ,,pale/9e ,at ,tyre & at ,cs>ea1 ,paul receiv$ w>n+s aga9/ visit+ ,j]usalem4 ,^! w>n+s came ?r\gh ! ,_s1 ,acts #ba3d1aa1 b n 9 ! s5se t ! ,holy ,_s comm&$ ,paul n to g4 ,! mean+ is t ! ,_s w>n$ him ( ! dang]s t 7 to befall him4 ,9 meet+ ^! dang]s bravely he 0 act+ 9 full accordance ) ! div9e w4 ,at ,acts #ba3ah ! use ( ! fir/ p]son plural ceases1 because ,luke _h no imm$iate "p 9 ! ev5ts t foll[$4 ,x is natural to suppose1 h[ev]1 t he rema9$ 9 ,pale/9e1 = he jo9$ ,paul aga9 9 ,cs>ea1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! j\rney to ,rome4 ,= ! ev5ts ( ,paul's imprisonm5t 9 ,j]usalem & 9 ,cs>ea he _h fir/-h& in=mation4 ,! v[ 9 :i* ,paul took "p at ! reque/ ( ,james 0 at lea/ simil> to ! ,nazirite v[ describ$ 9 ,num4 #f3a-ba4 ,n all ! details ( su* v[s are p]fectly cle>4 ,paul himself1 on 8 own acc\nt1 _h assum$ a simil> v[ on 8 second mission>y j\rney1 ,acts #ah3ah--unless inde$1 z is grammatically possible1 ! words 9 t passage ref] to ,aquila r ?an to ,paul4 ,x 0 n true1 z ! ,*ri/ians ( ,judea _h be5 l$ to ?9k1 t ,paul taught ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians ( ! disp]sion to =sake ! law ( ,moses1 ?\gh he 0 insi/5t t ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians mu/ n adopt t law4 ,x 0 n ev5 true t he himself _h altoge!r giv5 up keep+ ! law1 ?\gh ! exig5cies ( 8 ,g5tile "w requir$ him to give x up v (t51 & ?\gh he reg>d$ himself z inw>dly free f ! law4 ,8 will+ness to take "p 9 a ,jewi% v[ 9 ,j]usalem is !re=e n surpris+4 ,8 action on ?is occasion 0 fully ju/ifi$ by ! pr9ciples ( 8 conduct z describ$ 9 ,i ,cor4 #i3bj1ba4 ,! keep+ ( ! law 0 n = ,paul a means ( obta9+ salvation4 ,salvation 0 a free gift ( ,god1 ?r\gh ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,b = ! pres5t ! g5]al rel9qui%m5t ( ! law & ab&onm5t ( ! di/9ctive cu/oms ( ,judaism on ! "p ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ians 0 n requir$4 ,paul 0 will+ to leave t "q to ! future guidance ( ,god4 ,x is some:at surpris+ t ! ,book ( ,! ,acts m5tions ! great collection = ! ,j]usalem *ur* only incid5tally1 9 ! report ( a spee* ( ,paul4 ,acts #bd3ag4 ,! int]e/ ( ,luke 9 ?is "p ( ! n>rative is absorb$ 9 ! relations betwe5 ,paul & ! non-,*ri/ian ,jews & ! ,roman au?orities4 ,! int]nal affairs ( ! ,*ur* are left = ! mo/ "p out ( acc\nt4 ,! ,acts & ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 "h z s (t51 mu/ be all[$ to supplem5t ea* o!r4 ,luke gives a vivid picture ( ! ext]nal ev5ts1 & a cle> view ( ! relations ( ,*ri/ianity to ! outside _w2 :ile ,paul af=ds u a deep] insight1 9 "s respects at lea/1 into ! inw>d developm5t ( ! ,*ur*'s life4 #e4 ,,paul ,,be=e ,,agrippa ,! fam\s reply ( ,agrippa to ,paul1 ,acts #bf3bh1 is exce$+ly difficult to translate & to int]pret4 ,! translation 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion is by no means c]ta9ly correct4 ,! words may mean1 ,a little m ( ?is p]suasion w make me a ,*ri/ian6 or else1 ,y seem to ?9k t ! little p]suasion y h us$ is suffici5t to make me a ,*ri/ian4 ,9 any case1 ! s5t5ce displays a c]ta9 p]plexity on ! "p ( ! k+4 ,he c]ta9ly does n mean t he is on ! po9t ( accept+ ,*ri/ianity--8 words h a half-ironical tone--b on ! o!r h& 8 int]e/ is ar\s$4 ,! same ?+ is probably to be said = ,fe/us4 ,he said1 ,paul1 ?\ art mad2 ?y mu* le>n+ is turn+ !e mad1 b he said x ) a l\d voice z ?\gh he 7 agitat$4 ,!re 0 some?+ uncanny ab\t ?is prison]6 #f4 ,,! ,,accession ,,( ,,fe/us ,! dates ( _m ev5ts 9 ! apo/olic age h usually be5 fix$ by c\nt+ f ! accession ( ,fe/us4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 t ev5t itself _c be dat$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,"s put x z late z ,a4 ,d4 #fa1 o!rs z e>ly z ,a4 ,d4 #ee4 ,if ! date ,a4 ,d4 #fj be provisionally adopt$1 !n ,paul's arre/ 9 ,j]usalem occurr$ 9 ,a4 ,d4 #eh1 & 8 arrival 9 ,rome 9 ,a4 ,d4 #fa4 ,! conclusion ( ! n>rative 9 ,! ,acts w\ld !n fall 9 ! ye> ,a4 ,d4 #fc4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! proconsul%ip ( ,gallio n[ af=ds an additional />t+ po9t = a *ronology ( ! apo/olic age4 #g4 ,,lat] ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,j]usalem ,,*ur* ,aft] ! meet+ betwe5 ,paul & ,james1 :i* is n>rat$ 9 ,acts #ba3ag-bf1 ! ,j]usalem *ur*1 at lea/ s f> z any direct n>rative is conc]n$1 disappe>s f ! pages ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ! acc\nt ( ,paul's la/ visit1 only ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 & ! eld]s are m5tion$ z repres5tatives ( ! *ur*4 ,possibly "s ( ! twelve apo/les may be includ$ "u ! t]m eld]s1 b x is also p]fectly possible t ! apo/les 7 all out ( ! city4 ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 cont9u$ to be ! head ( ! ,j]usalem *ur* until he 0 m>tyr$--9 ,a4 ,d4 #fb1 or1 z o!rs suppose1 9 ,a4 ,d4 #ff4 ,be=e ! w> :i* culm9at$ 9 ! capture ( ,j]usalem 9 ,a4 ,d4 #gj1 ! ,*ri/ians ( ! city fl$ to ,pella beyond ! ,jordan4 ,f t "t1 on1 ?\gh ! ,*ri/ians return$ aft] ! w>1 ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity 0 q un9flu5tial4 ,! supremacy ( ! ,j]usalem *ur* 0 gone4 ,b t *ur* _h already r5d]$ a priceless s]vice4 ,x _h laid ! f\ndations ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,x _h s5t =? ! fir/ mission>ies4 ,& x _h pres]v$ ! record ( ,jesus' life4 ,! ,synoptic ,gospels1 9 sub/ance at lea/1 are a product ( ! ,j]usalem *ur*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #afj-aff1 #bca-bci4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 articles on ! _m p]sons & places m5tion$ 9 ! n>rative1 especially ,felix1 ,fe/us1 & ,h]od 7#d74 ,ramsay1 ,/4 ,paul ! ,travell] & ! ,roman ,citiz51 pp4 #bhc-cfb2 ,pictures ( ! ,apo/olic ,*ur*1 pp4 #bgj-bhe1 #caj-cfd4 ,lew91 ,! ,life & ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 vol4 ii1 *s4 ii1 iii1 iv1 v1 & vi4 ,conybe>e & ,h[son1 ,! ,life & ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 *s4 xx1 xxi1 xxii1 xxiii1 xxiv & xxv4 ,/alk]1 ,! ,life ( ,/4 ,paul1 pp4 #aba-acc4 ,lumby1 pp4 #bff-chj4 ,cook1 pp4 #dhe-ecd4 ,plumptre1 pp4 #acf-ahd4 ,rackham1 pp4 #cgj-eac4 ,,lesson ,,xxiii ,,! ,,supremacy ,,( ,,*ri/ #a4 ,,! ,,epi/les ,,( ,,! ,,?ird ,,gr\p ,) ! lesson = to-day1 we are introduc$ to ! ?ird gr\p among ! epi/les ( ,paul4 ,! epi/les ( ! second gr\p1 :i* 7 writt5 dur+ ! ?ird mission>y j\rney1 are conc]n$ ) ! problem ( s9 & salvation2 ! epi/les ( ! ?ird gr\p are int]e/+ especially = _! tea*+ ab\t ! p]son ( ,*ri/ & ab\t ! ,*ur*4 ,a p]iod ( ab\t ?ree or f\r ye>s sep>ates ! la/ epi/le ( ! second gr\p f ! fir/ epi/le ( ! ?ird4 ,mo/ ( ?is int]val _h be5 sp5t by ,paul 9 captivity4 ,und\bt$ly1 dur+ ?is p]iod ( en=c$ leisure1 !re _h be5 developm5t 9 ,paul's ?9k+1 b x is v difficult to det]m9e exactly :]e9 t developm5t consi/$4 ,! diff]5ces ( ! ?ird gr\p ( epi/les f ! second are due to ! diff]5ce 9 ! read]s at lea/ z mu* z to a diff]5ce 9 ,paul himself4 ,x is h>d to say j h[ mu* ( ,colossians & ,ephesians ,paul w\ld h be5 incapable ( writ+ dur+ ! ?ird mission>y j\rney4 ,at any rate1 ! epi/les ( ! captivity diff] f ^? ( ! =m] gr\p 9 be+ = ! mo/ "p quiet] 9 tone4 ,dur+ ! ?ird j\rney ,paul _h _h to cont9ue ! great battles ( 8 c>e] aga9/ v>i\s =ms ( ,judaiz+ error4 ,*ri/ianity at "o "t seem$ to be 9 dang] ( be+ r$uc$ to a m]e =m ( ,judaism2 ! free grace ( ,god 0 be+ des]t$ = a law religion2 fai? 0 be+ des]t$ = works4 ,9 ,galatia1 ! "q ( pr9ciple _h be5 upp]mo/2 9 ,cor9?1 ! p]sonal attack ^u ,paul4 ,ev]y:]e1 moreov]1 ! gospel ( salvation by fai? 0 expos$ to misconception4 ,pagan lic5se 0 ?reat5+ to creep into ! ,*ur*4 ,unless x c\ld be kept out1 ! legali/s w\ld h "s app>5t %[ ( reason on _! side4 ,tak+ x all 9 all1 x _h be5 a h>d battle4 ,b x _h be5 glori\sly f\ght1 & x _h be5 won4 ,n[ ,paul 0 able to turn 8 att5tion to new fields ( labor & to new problems4 #b4 ,,! ,,*ri/ology ,,( ,,colossians ,! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians is peculi>ly ,*ri/ological4 ,m fully & m expressly ?an 9 any o!r ( 8 lett]s ,paul "h develops 8 view ab\t ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 ?is tea*+ is incid5tal2 x 0 simply ,paul's way ( refut+ c]ta9 errors t _h crept into ! ,colossian *ur*4 ,except = ^? errors ,paul w\ld p]haps nev] h writt5 at l5g?1 z he does 9 ,col4 #a3ad-bc1 ab\t ! relation ( ,*ri/ to ,god & to ! _w4 ,yet 9 t case 8 own views w\ld h be5 ! same1 & !y w\ld h be5 j z fundam5tal to 8 :ole religi\s life4 ,9 ! epi/les1 :i* are writt5 to ,*ri/ians1 ,paul takes _m ?+s = grant$4 ,"s ( ! ?+s :i* are mo/ fundam5tal appe> only incid5tally4 ,j because !y 7 fundam5tal1 j because !y 7 accept$ by ev]yone1 !y did n ne$ to be discuss$ at l5g?4 ,s x is especially ) ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,f ! fir/ epi/le to ! la/1 ,paul presupposes ess5tially ! same view ( t great subject4 ,practically ev]y?+ t he says 9 ,colossians c\ld h be5 inf]r$ f scatt]$ h9ts 9 ! e>li] epi/les4 ,f ! beg9n+ ,paul reg>d$ ,jesus ,*ri/ z a man1 :o _h a real human life & di$ a real dea? on ! cross4 ,f ! beg9n+1 on ! o!r h&1 he sep>at$ ,*ri/ %>ply f m5 & plac$ him cle>ly on ! side ( ,god4 ,f ! beg9n+1 9 o!r words1 he attribut$ to him a d\ble nature--,jesus ,*ri/ 0 always 9 ,paul's ?9k+ bo? ,god & man4 ,f9ally1 ! prexi/5ce ( ,*ri/1 :i* is s /rongly emphasiz$ 9 ,colossians1 is cle>ly impli$ 9 su* passages z ,gal4 #d3d2 & 8 activity 9 creation appe>s1 accord+ to ! be/-atte/$ text1 9 ,i ,cor4 #h3f4 ,nev]!less1 ! m sy/ematic exposition 9 ,colossians is ( ! utmo/ value4 ,x s]ves to summ>ize & expla9 ! scatt]$ implications ( ! e>li] epi/les4 ,*ri/ accord+ to ,paul is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! image ( ! invisible ,god4 ,col4 #a3ae4 ,he is ! supreme ,reveal] ( ,god1 a ,reveal]1 h[ev]1 n m]ely by words b by 8 own nature4 ,if y want to "k :at ,god is1 look ^u ,*ri/6 ,9 ! second place1 he is ! fir/born ( all creation4 ,( itself t phrase might be miscon/ru$4 ,x might be ?\ght to mean t ,*ri/ 0 ! fir/ be+ t ,god creat$4 ,any su* int]pretation1 h[ev]1 is cle>ly exclud$ by ! ?ree foll[+ v]ses4 ,!re ,paul has himself provid$ an explanation ( 8 puzzl+ phrase4 ,! fir/born ( all creation means t ,*ri/1 himself uncreat$1 exi/$ be=e all creat$ ?+s2 he 0 prior to all ?+s1 &1 z befits an only son1 he possesses all ?+s4 ,inde$ he himself 0 active 9 ! creation ( all ?+s1 n only ! _w1 & m51 b also ^? angelic p[]s--?rones or dom9ions or pr9cipalities or p[]s--^u :om ! errori/s 9 ,coloss 7 incl9$ to lay too mu* emphasis4 ,he 0 ! in/rum5t ( ,god ! ,fa!r 9 creation4 ,& he 0 also ! end ( creation4 ,! _w exi/s n = its own sake1 b = ! sake ( ,*ri/4 ,especially is he ! ,head ( ! ,*ur*4 ,8 head%ip is decl>$ by 8 be+ ! fir/ to rise f ! dead into t glori\s life into :i* he w f9ally br+ all 8 disciples4 ,9 a ^w1 ! entire fulness ( ! div9e nature dwells 9 ,*ri/4 ,t ^w fulness 0 mu* misus$ 9 ! ,gno/ic speculations ( ! second c5tury4 ,x is b>ely possible t ! ^w _h already be5 employ$ 9 ! incipi5t ,gno/icism ( ! ,colossian errori/s4 ,if s1 ,paul by 8 repeat$ use ( ! ^w 9 ,colossians & ,ephesians1 is br++ 8 read]s back to a heal?i] & simpl] & gr&] conception4 #c4 ,,! ,,p]son ,,( ,,*ri/ ,,& ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,*ri/ ,9 ,col4 #a3bj-bc1 ,paul bases ^u ! prec$+ exposition ( ! nature ( ,*ri/ a noble description ( ,*ri/'s "w4 ,! "w :i* has be5 intru/$ to ,*ri/ is no?+ less ?an t ( reconcil+ ! creation unto ,god4 ,?r\gh s91 an enmity _h be5 set up betwe5 ,god & ! "w ( 8 h&s4 ,t enmity applies prim>ily ( c\rse to ! s9ful p]sons !mselves4 ,!y are "u ,god's wra? & curse4 ,s9 is n a trifle4 ,x _c simply be treat$ z ?\gh x _h nev] be54 ,if ,god be righte\s1 !n !re is su* a ?+ z a moral ord]4 ,! wra? ( ,god re/s ^u ! s9n]4 ,b by ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/1 t enmity has be5 wip$ out4 ,*ri/ has paid ! awful p5alty ( s94 ,*ri/ has br\ght ! s9n] aga9 ne> to ,god4 ,! enmity & ! foll[+ reconciliation conc]n prim>ily ! m5 :o h s9n$4 ,b !y also apply to ! :ole _w4 ,! gr\nd has be5 curs$ = man's sake4 ,! end ( ! reconciliation w be a new heav5 & a new e>?4 ,! groan+ & travail+ ( ! creation w "o day h an end4 ,comp>e ,rom4 #h3ah-be4 ,?is brief description ( ! "w ( ,*ri/ 9 ,col4 #a3bj-bb2 #b3aj-ae1 c be ri*ly p>allel$ 9 ! e>li] epi/les4 ,:at n[ ne$s to be emphasiz$ is t ! ,paul9e view ( ,*ri/'s "w dep5ds absolutely ^u ! ,paul9e view ( ,*ri/'s p]son4 ,all ?r\gh ! epi/les ( ,paul ! life & dea? & resurrection are repres5t$ z ev5ts ( a cosmic significance4 ,b !y c h su* significance only if ,*ri/ is ! k9d ( be+ t is describ$ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians4 ,! glori\s acc\nt ( salvation1 :i* runs all ?r\gh ! epi/les & =ms ! especial subject ( ! second gr\p1 is un9telligible if ,*ri/ 7 m]ely an inspir$ prophet or m]ely ! greate/ ( creat$ ?+s4 ,x becomes intelligible only if ,*ri/ is ! image ( ! invisible ,god1 ! fir/born ( all creation4 ,! my/]i\s ,*ri/ology ( ,colossians lies at ! v he>t ( ,*ri/ian fai?4 #d4 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,philemon ,! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians1 ?\gh address$ to a *ur* t ,paul _h nev] visit$1 is full ( w>m-he>t$ affection4 ,paul c\ld h>dly h be5 cold & =mal if he _h tri$4 ,he 0 a man ( great bread? ( sympa?y4 ,h5ce he 0 able to ent] ) ! deepe/ int]e/ into ! problems ( ! ,colossian ,*ri/ians--to rejoice at _! fai? & love1 to lam5t _! faults1 & to labor ) :ole-s\l$ devotion = _! spiritual pr(it4 ,! simple1 uncon/ra9$ affection ( ,paul's nature1 h[ev]1 _h fre] scope 9 ! delightful little lett] to ,philemon4 ,philemon app>5tly 0 a conv]t ( ,paul himself4 ,philem4 #ai4 ,he 0 n a man ) :om ,paul _h to be on 8 gu>d4 ,paul is p]fectly confid5t t ,philemon w fully und]/& ! motives ( 8 action & ( 8 lett]4 ,! lett] is address$ to ,philemon prim>ily1 b also to ,apphia & to ,ar*ippus & to ! *ur* 9 ,philemon's h\se4 ,we are "h introduc$ into a ,*ri/ian h\sehold ( ! apo/olic age4 ,apphia 0 probably ,philemon's wife & ,ar*ippus p]haps 8 son4 ,evid5tly ,ar*ippus held "s sort ( (fice 9 ! ,colossian *ur*4 ,say to ,ar*ippus1 says ,paul 9 a /rangely emphatic way1 at ! v end ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians1 ,take he$ to ! m9i/ry :i* ?\ ha/ receiv$ 9 ! ,"l1 t ?\ fulfill x4 ,we %\ld l to "k :at ! m9i/ry 0 :i* ,ar*ippus _h receiv$4 ,at any rate1 we hope t he fulfill$ x4 ,x 0 a solemn w>n+ :i* he receiv$--a w>n+ :i* might well h made him tremble4 ,we also may well take ! w>n+ to he>t4 ,our task ( imp>t+ ,bible tru? is no light responsibility4 ,to u also ! w>n+ comes1 ,take he$ to ! m9i/ry :i* ?\ ha/ receiv$ 9 ! ,"l1 t ?\ fulfill x4 ,! lett] is address$ n only to ,philemon & 8 family1 b also to ! *ur* :i* met 9 8 h\se4 ,?is *ur* 0 a "p ( ! ,colossian congregation4 ,9 ! e>ly days1 :5 x 0 difficult to secure meet+ places1 well-to-d ,*ri/ians frequ5tly (f]$ ! hospitality ( _! own homes4 ,a c]ta9 ,nympha or ,nymphas--! "n v>ies 9 ! manuscripts--p]=m$ ?is s]vice 9 ,laodicea1 ,col4 #d3ae1 ,aquila & ,priscilla 9 ,cor9?1 ,i ,cor4 #af3ai1 & also ,gaius 9 ! same city4 ,rom4 #af3bc4 ,! ,epi/le to ,philemon exhibits t p]fection ( c\rtesy & delicacy ( feel+ :i* has be5 obs]v$ aga9 & aga9 9 ,paul4 ,a man ( co>s] feel+ might h kept ,onesimus ) him until receiv+ ! response ( ,philemon4 ,9 t case no d\bt ,philemon w\ld h repli$ n only t ,onesimus 0 =giv51 b t ,paul might reta9 ! b5efit ( 8 s]vices4 ,b ,paul saw cle>ly t t w\ld h made ,philemon's goodness seem to be ( necessity & n ( free w4 ,philem4 #ad4 ,!re 0 only "o really f9e1 honorable1 high-ton$ way ( deal+ ) ! situation1 & t 0 ! way :i* ,paul adopt$4 ,! lett] is in=mal & affectionate4 ,!re is ev5 app>5tly a little delicate play on ! "n ,onesimus1 :i* means helpful4 ,once ,onesimus beli$ 8 "n1 b n[ he has become helpful aga94 ,philem4 #aa4 ,9 v4 #bj1 also1 :]e ,paul says1 ,let me h joy ( !e1 he uses a ^w :i* comes f ! same root z t :i* appe>s 9 ! "n ( ! slave4 ,nev]!less1 despite all in=mality1 ,paul has succe$$1 "h z always1 9 lift+ ! matt] to a l(ty plane4 ,paul 0 a man :o ennobl$ ev]y?+ t he t\*$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #bda-bdf4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 articles on ,coloss1 ,hi]apolis & ,laodicea3 ,purves1 articles on ,colossians1 ,epi/le to ! & ,philemon 7supplem5t$74 ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,ramsay1 articles on ,coloss1 ,hi]apolis1 & ,laodicea2 ,murray1 article on ,colossians1 ,epi/le to !2 ,b]n>d1 articles on ,philemon1 & ,philemon1 ,epi/le to4 ,m',clymont1 ,! ,new ,te/am5t & ,its ,writ]s1 pp4 #ia-ih4 ,ellicott1 ,a ,new ,te/am5t ,comm5t>y = ,engli% ,read]s1 vol4 iii3 ,b>ry1 ,! ,epi/les ( ,paul ! ,apo/le to ! ,ephesians1 ,philippians1 & ,colossians1 pp4 #a-h1 #if-abd2 ,! ,epi/le ( ,paul to ,philemon1 pp4 #bfe-bgd4 ,! ,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools & ,colleges3 ,m\le1 ,! ,epi/les to ! ,colossians & to ,philemon4 ,zahn1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 i1 pp4 #dci-dgi4 ,lightfoot1 ,sa9t ,paul's ,epi/les to ! ,colossians & to ,philemon4 ,! two la/-nam$ works are int5d$ prim>ily = ^? :o h "s k ( ,greek1 b c also be us$ by o!rs4 ,,lesson ,,xxiv ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,*ri/ ,! special ef=t 9 ! lessons ( ! second qu>t] has be5 to produce "s lively impression ( ! wond]ful v>iety among ! lett]s ( ,paul4 ,t v>iety is due l>gely to ! v>iety 9 ! occasions ( ! lett]s4 ,j because ,paul ent]$ ) su* sympa?y into ! v>y+ circum/ances ( 8 _m *ur*es1 ! lett]s ( ,paul reflect ! wond]ful manifoldness ( life4 ,nev]!less1 x is also an advantage t at lea/ "o lett] is l>gely indep5d5t ( any special circum/ances :atev]4 ,?is is ! case ) ! epi/le :i* is to be /udi$ to-day4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians is address$ to a def9ite gr\p ( *ur*es1 b t gr\p is address$ n ) reg>d to its own special problems1 b simply z repres5tative ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity 9 g5]al4 ,= once ,paul all[s 8 ?\ghts to fl[ un*eck$ by ! p>ticul> ne$s ( 8 read]s4 #a4 ,,/yle ,,( ,,ephesians ,! purpose ( ,ephesians1 !re=e1 is q diff]5t f ! purpose ( any o!r ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,to ! diff]5ce 9 purpose corresponds a diff]5ce 9 /yle4 ,! /yle ( ,ephesians is *>act]iz$ especially by long s5t5ces1 heap$ full ( an almo/ bewild]+ weal? ( ?\ght4 ,?is *>act]i/ic _h appe>$ to "s ext5t ev5 9 ! e>lie/ epi/les--comp>e ,,ii ,!ss4 #a3c-aj--;b 9 ,ephesians x becomes m pron\nc$4 ,ephesians #a3c-ad1 = example1 is only "o s5t5ce1 b x is a _w 9 itself4 ,app>5tly 9 ?is epi/le ,paul has all[$ 8 m9d & he>t to roam un*eck$ ov] ! :ole realm ( ! div9e economy4 ,?is fre$om might conceivably be ?\ght to involve a sacrifice ( logical symmetry & ( euphonic grace1 b at any rate x possesses a c]ta9 beauty & value ( its own4 ,ephesians may lack ! spl5did rhy?m ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,fir/ ,cor9?ians or ! eigh? *apt] ( ,romans1 b on ! o!r h& ^! trem5d\s p]iods1 ) _! heap+-up ( maje/ic phrases1 s]ve admirably to express ! bewild]m5t ( ! s\l 9 ! pres5ce ( div9e wond]s4 ,human language is inadequate to d full ju/ice to ! grace ( ,god4 ,9 ,ephesians1 we see an inspir$ apo/le /riv+ to give utt]ance 9 human language to ?+s :i* 9 _! full reality are unspeakable4 #b4 ,,colossians ,,& ,,ephesians ,! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians is /rik+ly simil> to ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians1 n only 9 ?\ght1 b also 9 _m details ( language4 ,ano!r case ( /rik+ simil>ity betwe5 two epi/les ( ,paul 0 enc\nt]$ 9 ,fir/ & ,second ,!ssalonians4 ,!re ! two simil> lett]s 7 writt5 bo? to ! same *ur*1 ?\gh at no v great int]val ( "t4 ,! simil>ity 0 due to ! desire :i* ,paul felt ( reit]at+1 ) "s additions & explanations1 ! tea*+ ( 8 =m] lett]4 ,9 ! case ( ,ephesians & ,colossians ! simil>ity is ev5 m easily expla9$4 ,^! two epi/les 7 writt5 to diff]5t *ur*es at ! same "t4 ,:at m natural ?an t ! same ?\ghts & to "s ext5t ! same words %\ld appe> 9 bo?8 ,only1 ! tea*+ :i* 9 ,colossians is direct$ aga9/ a def9ite =m ( error is 9 ,ephesians reproduc$ 9 fre]1 m g5]al =m4 ,! relation betwe5 ! two epi/les is some:at l t :i* exi/s betwe5 ,galatians & ,romans4 ,9 ,galatians1 ! doctr9e ( salvation by fai? appe>s 9 conflict ) ! oppos+ error2 9 ,romans1 ! same doctr9e f9ds expression1 b ?is "t 9 quiet]1 m sy/ematic developm5t1 aft] ! conflict is ov]4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ,galatians & ,romans is1 h[ev]1 n s close z t betwe5 ,colossians & ,ephesians--p>tly because ! contra/ ( _s is n s /rik+ 9 ! latt] case1 ,colossians be+ f> less bitt]ly polemic ?an ,galatians2 & m p>ticul>ly because a consid]able int]val sep>ates ,romans f ,galatians1 :]eas ,colossians & ,ephesians 7 dispat*$ by ! same mess5g]4 #c4 ,,! ,,address ,,( ,,ephesians4 ,,eph4 #a3a1b ,9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book1 x has be5 %[n t ! words at ,ephesus 9 ! fir/ v]se may p]haps be no "p ( :at ,paul wrote1 b a lat] addition4 ,x _c be claim$1 h[ev]1 t ! problem ( ! address has be5 completely solv$4 ,)\t ! words at ,ephesus1 ! address becomes v difficult4 ,to ! sa9ts t are & ! fai?ful 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus h>dly seems to make s5se4 ,! ,greek words might be con/ru$ p]fectly well to mean1 ,to ! sa9ts :o are also fai?ful 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 b t is a r unusual expression4 ,! sugge/ion has be5 made t 9 ! fir/ copies ( ! epi/le a blank space 0 left aft] ! sa9ts t are1 to be fill$ 9 ) ! names ( ! p>ticul> *ur*es ( ! gr\p :i* is address$4 ,e *ur* among ! gr\p w\ld ?us receive a copy ) its own "n ins]t$4 ,! hypo!sis is n altoge!r satisfactory4 ,probably we %all simply h to admit t !re is an unsolv$ problem "h4 #d4 ,,?anksgiv+ ,,= ,,! ,,plan ,,( ,,salvation4 ,,eph4 #a3c-ad ,be=e ! cu/om>y ?anksgiv+ = ! ,*ri/ian /ate ( ! read]s1 ,paul ins]ts "h1 9 accordance ) ! nature ( ?is epi/le1 a g5]al ?anksgiv+ = ! :ole ,*ur*1 :i* is appli$ especially to ! read]s only at ! v end4 ,! passage conta9s a wond]ful summ>y ( ! :ole ( salvation1 b x beg9s ) ! plan ( ,god & x closes ) ! glory ( ,god4 ,god is ! beg9n+ & end ( all ?+s4 ,8 my/]i\s decree is ! cause ( our be+ *os5 = salvation1 & 8 own glory is ! ultimate object 9 view4 ,m5 are (t5 rebelli\s aga9/ su* a ,god-c5t]$ view ( ?+s4 ,pr$e/9ation is an unpopul> doctr9e4 ,b x 0 at any rate ! doctr9e ( ,paul1 & x lay at ! roots ( 8 exp]i5ce4 ,x is sometimes h>d = u to write ,god s l>ge 9 our ?\ghts4 ,because we ?9k ( him m]ely z a some:at great] man1 we are incl9$ to reject ! doctr9e :i* attributes all ?+s to ! work+s ( 8 w & to ! fur!rance ( 8 glory4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we c\ld ?9k ( him1 n only z a p]son1 b also z an inf9ite1 et]nal & holy p]son1 !n we %\ld murmur no long]1 b %\ld1 ) ,paul1 bur/ =? 9 praise ( ! inscrutable wond] ( 8 grace4 ,! glory ( a m]ciful ,god has involv$ = its full unfold+ ! salvation ( guilty s9n]s4 ,god's glory f9ds its full expression only :5 he is reveal$ z ! ,god & ,fa!r ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 #e4 ,,?anksgiv+ ,,& ,,pray] ,,= ,,! ,,read]s4 ,,eph4 #a3ae to #b3aj ,beg9n+ ) ?anksgiv+ = ! pres5t fai? & love ( ! read]s1 ,paul passes at once to a pray] t !y may be giv5 und]/&+ to appreciate ! wond]ful salvation :i* has be5 celebrat$ 9 ! prec$+ section1 especially ! mighty ,savi\r :o has be5 be/[$ ^u ! ,*ur*4 ,!n ! greatness ( ! pres5t salvation1 n only ( ,g5tiles1 b also ( ,jews1 is celebrat$ by a contra/ ) ! previ\s condition ( s9 & mis]y4 ,! bless$ *ange has be5 due1 n to any?+ 9 man1 b simply & solely to ! grace ( ,god1 receiv$ by fai?4 #f4 ,,reception ,,( ,,! ,,g5tiles4 ,,eph4 #b3aa-bb ,"h ! contra/ betwe5 pa/ & pres5t is appli$ especially to ! ,g5tiles4 ,=m]ly !y 7 exclud$ f ! p ( ,god4 ,b n[ by ! dea? ( ,*ri/ ! middle wall ( p>tition has be5 brok5 d[n4 ,g5tiles & ,jews h n[ a common access to ! ,fa!r4 #g4 ,,! ,,m9i/ry ,,( ,,paul4 ,,eph41 *4 #c ,?is reception ( ! ,g5tiles is ! "w t has be5 intru/$ especially to ,paul4 ,x is a glori\s m9i/ry1 f> too great = human /r5g?4 ,x c be fulfill$ only ?r\gh ! grace ( ,god4 ,! full my/]y ( ,god's grace1 conceal$ = _m g5]ations1 has at la/ be5 reveal$4 ,! fir/ half ( ! epi/le is fitt+ly clos$ by a doxology4 #h4 ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,*ur*4 ,,eph41 *s4 #d to #f ,?is section may be call$ ! practical "p ( ! epi/le4 ,x exhibits ! results 9 holy liv+ :i* proce$ f ! glori\s gospel :i* has j be5 proclaim$4 ,ev5 9 ! practical "p1 h[ev]1 ! great doctr9es ( ,god's grace are s con/antly f9d+ r5ew$ expression t x is difficult to sep>ate "o "p f ! o!r4 ,paul nev] sep>at$ moral precepts f ! great tru?s :i* give !m =ce4 ,let ! read]s live l citiz5s ( ! commonweal? ( ,god1 & memb]s ( ! body ( ,*ri/6 ,naturally1 9 ?is "p ( ! epi/le ! unity ( ! ,*ur*--:i* is p]haps ! c5tral !me ( ! :ole--is especially emphasiz$4 ,! fir/ half ( ! f\r? *apt]1 = example1 is a magnific5t hymn to ,*ri/ian unity4 ,ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! directions = ! v>i\s relation%ips ( life ! great !me ( ,*ri/ & ! ,*ur*1 "u ! figure ( husb& & wife1 is br\ght aga9 into view4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #bdf-bdi4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,purves & ,davis1 article on ,ephesians1 ,epi/le to !4 ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,lock1 article on ,ephesians1 ,epi/le to4 ,m',clymont1 ,! ,new ,te/am5t & ,its ,writ]s1 pp4 #ii-ajc4 ,ellicott1 ,a ,new ,te/am5t ,comm5t>y = ,engli% ,read]s1 vol4 iii3 ,b>ry1 ,! ,epi/les ( ,paul ! ,apo/le to ! ,ephesians1 ,philippians1 & ,colossians1 pp4 #i-fj4 ,! ,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools & ,colleges3 ,m\le1 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians4 ,zahn1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 i1 pp4 #dgi-ebb4 ,rob9son1 ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians4 ,! two la/-nam$ works are int5d$ prim>ily = ^? :o h "s k ( ,greek1 b c also be us$ by o!rs4 ,,lesson ,,xxv ,,*ri/ ,,& ,,8 ,,foll[]s ,! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians is ! only "o ( ! lett]s ( ,paul :i* is address$ to an approv$ *ur* ) :om he /ood on t]ms ( untr\bl$ intimacy & affection4 ,9 ,galatians & bo? ! ,cor9?ian epi/les1 s]i\s errors 9 ! *ur*es address$1 z well z unscrupul\s p]sonal criticism1 l5d a tone ( bitt]ness to ! apo/le's words2 ,romans1 ,colossians & p]haps ,ephesians are address$ to *ur*es :i* he _h nev] se54 ,9 "s ways ! little lett] to ,philemon is v simil> to ,philippians4 ,bo? ,philippians & ,philemon display ! same p]fect confid5ce 9 ! read]s1 ! same p]fection ( c\rtesy1 ! same tone ( untr\bl$ cordiality4 ,b ,philemon is address$ prim>ily to an individual1 & ,philippians to a *ur*2 ,philemon conf9es itself almo/ exclusively to "o little p]sonal matt]1 :ile ,philippians discusses a v>iety ( topics4 ,among ! lett]s address$ to *ur*es1 p]haps ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians is m simil> to ,philippians1 at lea/ 9 tone1 ?an is any ( ! o!rs4 ,l ,philippians x is animat$ by a deep satisfaction ) ! read]s1 & a c]ta9 pleas+ simplicity ( mann]4 ,b "h aga9 ( c\rse !re are wide diff]5ces4 ,fir/ ,!ssalonians is address$ to an infant *ur*1 :i* has j pass$ ?r\gh its fir/ trial1 & ne$s ! mo/ elem5t>y in/ruction2 9 ,philippians ,paul is writ+ to old fri5ds1 to a *ur* :i* = t5 ye>s has endur$ bravely ! h>d%ips incid5t to ! ,*ri/ian pr(ession1 & has %>$ 9 fulle/ sympa?y ! joys & sorr[s ( ! apo/le's life4 ,dur+ ! t5 ye>s1 moreov]1 :i* h elaps$ betwe5 ,fir/ ,!ssalonians & ,philippians1 !re has be5 a *ange 9 ! apo/le himself1 z well z 9 8 read]s4 ,^? ye>s ( conflict & labor & m$itation & suff]+ h borne fruit 9 ! apo/le's own ?9k+4 ,8 gospel 0 ! same f ! beg9n+1 b ! expression ( x has become ri*] & matur] & nobl] ) ! advanc+ ye>s4 ,philippians is a wond]ful lett]4 ,simplicity & pr(undity are "h comb9$4 ,?is simple lett] ( ?anks1 ) its delicate c\rtesy & tactful admonition1 has engag$ ! pr(\nde/ /udy ( ! !ologians1 & t\*$ ! gr&e/ *ords ( ! ,*ri/ian he>t4 #a4 ,,! ,,address4 ,phil4 #a3a1b ,! address ( ,philippians is rem>kable because ( ! m5tion ( bi%ops & deacons1 :i* occurs 9 ?is way 9 no o!r ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,possibly1 z has be5 sugge/$1 ^! (fic]s are "h m5tion$ because !y _h _h a special "p 9 s5d+ ! gifts ( ! *ur*4 ,x is important to obs]ve t !re 0 a plurality ( bi%ops 9 ! ,philippian *ur*4 ,at a lat] "t1 :5 ! bi%ops 7 exalt$ above ! o!r presbyt]s1 !re 0 only "o bi%op 9 e *ur*4 ,9 ,! ,acts & 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 bi%op & presbyt] appe> pla9ly z no?+ m ?an two names = exactly ! same (fice4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! title apo/le1 :i* appe>s at ! beg9n+ ( all ! o!r ,paul9e ,epi/les address$ to *ur*es1 except ,fir/ & ,second ,!ssalonians1 ! two e>lie/1 is lack+ 9 ! address ( ,philippians4 ,p]haps 9 writ+ to su* a devot$ *ur* ,paul consid]$ x unnecess>y to m5tion 8 apo/le%ip z he _h regul>ly done 9 8 epi/les s9ce ! d5ial ( x 9 ,galatia4 ,on acc\nt ( ! peculi> nature ( ! ,philippian *ur*1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians p>takes some:at ( ! in=mality & intimacy ( su* a lett] z t to ,philemon1 :]e ! title is also lack+ 9 ! address4 ,v naturally ,timo?y is associat$ ) ,paul 9 ! address ( ! epi/le1 = he _h be5 "o ( ,paul's companions 9 f\nd+ ! ,philippian *ur*4 ,at :at "t ,timo?y _h come to ,rome we d n "k4 ,8 "n appe>s also 9 ! address ( ,colossians & ( ,philemon4 ,luke1 al?\gh he _h j\rney$ ) ,paul to ,rome1 & 0 9 ,rome at ! "t :5 ,colossians & ,philemon 7 writt51 ,col4 #d3ad2 ,philem4 #bd1 0 app>5tly abs5t at ! "t ( ,philippians2 = s9ce he1 l ,timo?y1 _h assi/$ 9 f\nd+ ! ,philippian *ur*1 & p]haps _h ev5 rema9$ 9 ,philippi = ye>s aft] ! dep>ture ( ! o!rs1 he w\ld probably h be5 associat$ 9 ! address1 or at lea/ w\ld h s5t greet+s1 if he _h be5 at h&4 #b4 ,,! ,,?anksgiv+4 ,phil4 #a3c-aa ,z might h be5 expect$1 ! ?anksgiv+ = ! ,*ri/ian /ate ( ! read]s is 9 ?is epi/le ( unusual cordiality4 ,9 ! m5tion ( _! fell[%ip 9 fur!rance ( ! gospel f ! fir/ day until n[1 !re is p]haps a delicate allusion to ! mat]ial assi/ance :i* !y _h s5t him f "t to "t & especially a little :ile be=e ! writ+ ( ! lett]2 b su* mat]ial assi/ance 0 = ,paul ( c\rse n ! only1 or ev5 ! pr9cipal1 manife/ation ( _! fell[%ip4 ,"h z (t51 ! ?anksgiv+ runs ov] into a pray]--& ?is "t x is a pray] ( s+ul> beauty & dep?4 #c4 ,,progress ,,( ,,affairs ,,9 ,,rome4 ,phil4 #a3ab-cj ,9 ?is section1 ,paul ha/5s to relieve ! m9ds ( 8 read]s ab\t ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ,rome4 ,ev5 8 bonds1 & ! jeal\sy ( c]ta9 prea*]s1 h result$ only 9 ! fur!rance ( ! gospel4 ,) reg>d to ! outcome ( 8 trial1 !re is e reason to be hopeful4 ,= 8 "p he w\ld pref] to dep>t & to be ) ,*ri/1 b !re is /ill "w = him to d4 ,& :e!r he is pres5t or abs5t1 let ! ,philippians give him joy by liv+ 9 a mann] wor?y ( ! gospel1 & by be+ /eadfa/ 9 ! p]secutions :i* are b\nd to come to !m z well z to him4 ,x is a high privilege n only to believe 9 ,*ri/1 b also to suff] = him4 #d4 ,,exhortation ,,to ,,unity4 ,phil4 #b3a-ah ,) ! utmo/ e>ne/ness1 ,paul "h appeals to 8 read]s to keep _! ,*ri/ian life free f selfi%ness & qu>rel+4 ,! /up5d\s ,*ri/ological passage ( ! epi/le1 vs4 #e-aa1 :i* has giv5 rise to endless discussion1 is introduc$ m]ely 9 an incid5tal way1 9 ord] to /r5g!n ! apo/le's exhortation4 ,s x is frequ5tly 9 ! lett]s ( ,paul4 ,! apo/le 0 always able to make ! pr(\nde/ v]ities ( ! fai? imm$iately effective 9 conduct4 ,!ology 9 ,paul 0 nev] divorc$ f practice4 ,! conv]se ( ! proposition1 h[ev]1 is also true4 ,if ,paul's !ology did n exi/ ap>t f practice1 nei!r did 8 practice exi/ ap>t f !ology4 ,x is ! latt] proposition :i* ne$s to be emphasiz$ to-day4 ,mod]n lib]alism has sometimes endeavor$ to reproduce ,paul's religion ap>t f 8 !ology2 b ! ef=t has result$ 9 failure4 ,! example ( ,*ri/ :i* ,paul holds up be=e 8 read]s is briefly z foll[s3 ,orig9ally ,*ri/ n only exi/$ 9 ! =m ( ,god--t is1 0 9 full possession ( ! div9e attributes--b also liv$ 9 glory1 9 a way befitt+ deity4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( keep+ hold ( ?is heav5ly glory1 he humbl$ himself by becom+ man4 ,he laid aside1 n inde$ 8 div9e attributes1 b ! enjoym5t ( 8 div9e glory4 ,he :o 0 ,"l ( all took ! =m ( a s]vant l o!r m54 ,& ev5 m4 ,8 ob$i5ce ext5d$ ev5 to dea?1 & to ! %ameful dea? ( ! cross4 ,b aft] humiliation came exaltation4 ,god gave to him a "n t is above e "n4 ,at ! "n ( ,jesus e knee %all b[1 9 e>? & 9 heav51 to ! glory ( ,god ! ,fa!r4 #e4 ,,! ,,mission ,,( ,,timo?y ,,& ,,( ,,epaphroditus4 ,phil4 #b3ai-cj ,! p]sonal appeal ) :i* ! prec$+ section clos$ leads ,paul to speak ( ! plans :i* he has = ! com=t & help ( ! read]s4 ,timo?y w be s5t z soon z ! issue ( ,paul's trial is def9itely 9 view2 ,epaphroditus w return to ,philippi at once4 #f4 ,,w>n+ ,,aga9/ ,,oppon5ts4 ,phil41 *4 #c ,! m5 :o are rebuk$ 9 v vigor\s language 9 ! =m] "p ( ?is section evid5tly plac$ an excessive emphasis ^u circumcision & connection ) ! p ( ,israel4 ,p]haps also !y 7 advocates ( a law righte\sness4 ,v4 #i4 ,! mo/ obvi\s sugge/ion is t !y 7 ,judaiz]s l ^? 9 ,galatia1 or at lea/ l ! oppon5ts ( ,paul 9 ,cor9?4 ,paul's acc\nt 9 vs4 #d-f ( ! ,jewi% advantages1 fully equal to ^? ( 8 oppon5ts1 :i* he c\nts z no?+ 9 view ( ! sup]ior advantages ( fai? 9 ,*ri/1 is /rik+ly simil> to ,,ii ,cor4 #aa3ba1bb4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,paul is "h ref]r+ to ,judaiz]s1 x looks z ?\gh !y 7 at lea/ z cauti\s z ! oppon5ts 9 ,cor9? ab\t pres5t+ ! claims ( ! law4 ,at any rate1 ! dang] ( a legali/ic propag&a ei!r 9 ,philippi or 9 ,rome does n seem to be v s]i\sly 9 view4 ,app>5tly ! acute /age ( ! ,judai/ic controv]sy is ov]4 ,x is possible t ,paul is ref]r+ to ,jews r ?an ,jewi% ,*ri/ians4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ,judaism 9 ! fir/ c5tury 0 /ill an active mission>y religion4 ,a ,jewi% propag&a1 ) /ress ^u circumcision & law righte\sness1 might conceivably become1 ev5 9 ,philippi1 :]e ! ,jews seem n to h be5 num]\s1 a s]i\s dang]1 if n to ! /ability1 at lea/ to ! rapid ext5sion1 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,f9ally1 x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! enemies ( ! cross ( ,*ri/1 ,phil4 #c3ah1 are ! same z ^? :o are combat$ 9 ! =m] "p ( ! section4 ,=tunately ^! v>i\s unc]ta9ties d n affect ! l(ty tea*+ ( ?is "p ( ! epi/le4 ,:oev] ! oppon5ts 71 :at ,paul says 9 opposition to !m is ! ?+ ( real value4 ,9 ! wond]fully t]se1 complete1 vigor\s description ( ! ,*ri/ian salvation & ( ! ,*ri/ian life :i* ,paul gives 9 *4 #c3g-ad1bj1ba1 ! long ye>s ( ! ,judai/ic controv]sy h borne glori\s fruit4 ,! f9al1 et]nal tru? ( ,god1 9 classic /atem5t1 has at la/ em]g$ triumphant f ! conflict4 #g4 ,,exhortation1 ,,ackn[l$gm5t1 ,,greet+s ,,& ,,b5$iction4 ,phil41 *4 #d ,! pr9cipal cont5ts ( ?is section h be5 discuss$ 9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book4 ,fir/ ,paul applies ! g5]al exhortation to unity1 ,phil4 #b3a-aa1 to ! case ( ,euodia & ,synty*e1 & adds c]ta9 o!r brief exhortations4 ,! true yokefell[ ( *4 #d3c probably ref]s to ,epaphroditus1 ! be>] ( ! epi/le4 ,!n1 9 a *>act]i/ically delicate & wor?y mann]1 he ackn[l$ges ! gift ( ! ,philippians4 ,next1 9 j a ^w1 he transmits1 along ) 8 own1 ! greet+s ( 8 imm$iate companions1 & ( ! ,roman *ur* 9 g5]al1 especially ( ^? memb]s :o 7 connect$1 z slaves or (ficials1 ) ! imm$iate s]vice ( ! emp]or4 ,f9ally1 ) a brief b5$iction1 ! epi/le closes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #bdi-bea4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,purves 7edit$7 article on ,philippians4 ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,gibb1 article on ,philippians1 ,epi/le to !4 ,m',clymont1 ,! ,new ,te/am5t & ,its ,writ]s1 pp4 #hc-ij4 ,ellicott1 ,a ,new ,te/am5t ,comm5t>y = ,engli% ,read]s1 vol4 iii3 ,b>ry1 ,! ,epi/les ( ,paul ! ,apo/le to ! ,ephesians1 ,philippians1 & ,colossians1 pp4 #fa-ij4 ,! ,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools & ,colleges3 ,m\le1 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians4 ,zahn1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 i1 pp4 #ebb-efd4 ,lightfoot1 ,sa9t ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,philippians4 ,! two la/-nam$ works are int5d$ prim>ily = ^? :o h "s k ( ,greek1 b c also be us$ by o!rs4 ,,lesson ,,xxvi ,,tra9+ ,,new ,,lead]s ,! emphasis :i* ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les lay ^u s\nd in/ruction & ^u ord]ly gov]nm5t is sometimes look$ ^u ) di/a/e4 ,or?odoxy & organization are ?\ght to be de/ructive ( religi\s f]vor4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 h[ev]1 ! two aspects ( ! ,*ur*'s life appe> side by side4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 en?usiasm & sanity are unit$4 ,& ! ,new ,te/am5t is "r4 ,religion is a conc]n ( e individual s\l--! f9al decision mu/ be made by e man 9 ! imm$iate pres5ce ( 8 ,god--b normally no man c d )\t association ) 8 fell[s4 ,! ,*ur* is a great p]man5t community4 ,x is n m]ely an aggregation1 b an in/itution4 ,to break away f its re/ra9ts may be attractive1 x may produce a c]ta9 tempor>y impression ( zeal & new life2 b 9 ! long run ! old way is usually be/4 ,! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 h[ev]1 are sometimes ?\ght to indicate an un=tunate *ange 9 ,paul himself z well z 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,"s /ud5ts w\ld pref] to "k only ! ,paul ( ,galatians & ,cor9?ians & ,romans4 ,?is judgm5t is "o-sid$4 ,! ,pa/orals d n contradict1 b supplem5t1 ! e>li] lett]s4 ,! e>li] p]iod1 no d\bt1 is ! m inspir+2 !re is no?+ 9 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les l ! fir/ few *apt]s ( ,fir/ ,cor9?ians1 or ! fif? *apt] ( ,second ,cor9?ians1 or ! eigh? *apt] ( ,romans4 ,^! passages are ov]p[]+ 9 ! int5sity ( _! eloqu5ce2 ! lat] lett]s are sob]]1 grav]1 m matt]-(-fact4 ,^! latt] qualities1 h[ev]1 are mu* ne$$ 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,*ur* ne$s en?usiasm2 b %e also ne$s gravity & sanity4 ,h] function is n m]ely evangeli/ic2 x is also cons]vative & educational4 ,9 bo? functions ,paul 0 a lead]4 ,! quiet gravity ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les supplem5ts ! glories ( ,galatians & ,romans4 ,only :5 ^! la/ epi/les are add$ to ! o!rs c ! _m-sid$ greatness ( ,paul be fully appreciat$4 ,exagg]ations1 moreov]1 %\ld be avoid$4 ,! sob]ness ( ! ,pa/orals is n commonplace4 ,back ( ! details ( organization1 back ( ! conc]n = s\nd in/ruction1 !re c be detect$ ?r\gh\t ! gl[ ( ! ,paul9e gospel4 ,! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 l ! o!r lett]s ( ,paul1 are a p]5nial f\nta9 ( ,*ri/ian life4 ,! ,second ,epi/le to ,timo?y 0 cle>ly ! la/ ( ! extant epi/les ( ,paul2 b ! ord] ( ,fir/ ,timo?y & ,titus _c be c]ta9ly det]m9$4 ,! difficulty ( recon/ruct+ ! hi/ory impli$ by ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les reveals anew ! supreme value ( ,! ,acts4 ,aft] ! conclusion ( ! ,lucan n>rative ! hi/orian is almo/ helpless4 ,f ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #fc on into ! second c5tury1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* is %r\d$ 9 pr(\nd d>kness1 ) gleams ( light only "h & !re4 #a4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,epi/le ,,to ,,timo?y ,at ! "t :5 ,fir/ ,timo?y 0 writt51 ,paul _h rec5tly made a j\rney to ,mac$onia4 ,i ,tim4 #a3c4 ,p]haps he _h gone ?i!r f ,ephesus1 ?\gh ! words d n make t p]fectly cle>4 ,at any rate1 he _h direct$ ,timo?y to rema9 9 ,ephesus1 :]e he hop$ to jo9 him be=e long4 ,9 case ( delay1 h[ev]1 he writes ! epi/le4 ,*s4 #c3ad1ae2 #d3ac4 ,on a previ\s occasion1 p]haps by ^w ( m\? :5 he _h be5 9 ,ephesus1 he _h w>n$ ,timo?y to put a /op to c]ta9 false tea*+ 9 ! ,*ur*1 & ! w>n+ is n[ reit]at$ 9 ! epi/le4 ,! exact nature ( ?is tea*+ is some:at difficult to det]m9e4 ,app>5tly x _h be5 conc]n$ ) ! ,jewi% law4 ,*4 #a3g-aa4 ,comp>e ,titus #a3aj1ad4 ,l ! false tea*+ at ,coloss1 x seems n to h be5 directly subv]sive ( ! tru? ( ! gospel4 ,at lea/1 h[ev]1 x div]t$ att5tion f ! great ?+s ( ! fai? to useless que/ion+s4 ,i ,tim4 #f3d4 ,! my?s & endless g5ealogies1 *4 #a3d1 comp>e #d3g1 7 p]haps elaborations ( ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory4 ,:e!r ! ascetic t5d5cy :i* is combat$ 9 *4 #d3c1h1 is connect$ ) ?is same tea*+1 is n c]ta91 b is on ! :ole p]haps probable4 ,! fir/ ref]5ce to ! false tea*+1 *4 #a3c-aj1 leads ,paul to speak ( ! norm by :i* x c\ld be combat$4 ,vs4 #aa-bj4 ,t norm 0 ! gospel ) :i* he _h be5 intru/$4 ,! be/[al ( ! gospel _h *ang$ him f a blasphem] & p]secutor into an apo/le4 ,! gospel _h be5 be/[$ purely by ! free grace ( ,*ri/1 & its cont5t 0 ! salvation :i* ,*ri/ (f]s4 ,a doxology to ,god1 v4 #ag1 is natural :5ev] t gospel is m5tion$4 ,t gospel w ov]come all error1 & if att5d$ to dilig5tly w prev5t disa/]s l t :i* has befall5 ,hym5u & ,alex&]4 ,9 ! second *apt]1 ,paul insi/s ^u gravity & ord] 9 ! public wor%ip ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! pray]s :i* are to be (f]$1 ! civil au?ority is n to be =gott51 ev5 ?\gh x be non-,*ri/ian4 ,! sympa?ies ( ! ,*ri/ian mu/ be broad4 ,god desires all m5 to come to a k ( ! tru?4 ,! highe/ regul> (fic]s ( ! ,*ur* are 9 ! ?ird *apt] call$ bi%ops4 ,x is abundantly evid5t1 h[ev]--especially f ,titus #a3e1g--t bi%op is only ano!r "n = presbyt] or eld]4 ,at a lat] "t ! t]m bi%op 0 appli$ to an (fic] :o _h ! supreme ov]sight ov] a *ur* & to :om ! eld]s 7 subject4 ,^! conditions did n prevail at ! "t ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les4 ,at fir/ sight1 inde$1 x might seem z ?\gh ,timo?y & ,titus !mselves 7 bi%ops 9 ! lat] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,b ?is also is false4 ,timo?y & ,titus d n appe> at all z (fic]s ( individual congregations4 ,!y _h ov]sight ov] a plurality ( *ur*es1 & evid5tly _! au?ority 0 special & tempor>y4 ,!y did n fill an (fice :i* 0 int5d$ to become p]man5t 9 ! ,*ur*1 b 7 simply special repres5tatives ( ! apo/le4 ,z ! apo/les _h no successors1 s no man aft] ! apo/olic age _h a "r to assume ! functions ( ,timo?y & ,titus4 ,! f\r? *apt] calls att5tion to ! revelation ( ! ,holy ,_s1 probably ?r\gh ! lips ( ,*ri/ian prophets1 t 9 ! future !re w\ld appe> apo/ates f ! fai?4 ,! errori/s :o are combat$ 9 vs4 #g-aj are app>5tly to be reg>d$ z =]unn]s1 /ill )9 ! ,*ur*1 ( ! m op5 apo/asy :i* is "o day to foll[4 ,! in/itution ( ! wid[s1 :i* is discuss$ 9 ! fif? *apt]1 is to u some:at obscure4 ,evid5tly ^? :o 7 acc\nt$ wid[s1 be+ helpless1 7 entitl$ to support by ! *ur*4 ,! necessity ( s\nd tea*+1 ) emphasis ^u ! really fundam5tal ?+s ( ! fai?1 is aga9 insi/$ ^u2 & c]ta9 false tea*]s are accus$ ( practic+ or inculcat+ piety z a means ( worldly ga94 ,*4 #f3c-aj4 ,! la/ w>n+ ( ! epi/le *>act]i/ically conc]ns va9 babbl+s & oppositions ( a s-call$ k4 ,probably ^! errors are connect$ 9 "s way ) ^? :i* are combat$ 9 ! fir/ section ( ! epi/le4 ,9 ! f9al words1 ,grace be ) y1 ! y 9 ! ,greek1 accord+ to ! be/ atte/ation1 is plural2 & 9 ! correspond+ passages at ! end ( ,titus & ( ,second ,timo?y1 x is c]ta9ly plural4 ,?is may furni% an indication--to be add$ to m g5]al consid]ations--t ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les 7 int5d$ n m]ely = ^? to :om !y are =mally address$1 b also to ! *ur*es "u _! c>e4 #b4 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,titus ,! address ( ! ,epi/le to ,titus is notewor?y = ! long addition to ! title ( ! au?or1 :i* is to be comp>$ ) ! simil> addition 9 ,romans4 ,at ! "t :5 ! epi/le 0 writt51 ,paul _h rec5tly be5 ) ,titus 9 ,crete4 ,paul _h n labor$ on t isl& be=e ! fir/ ,roman imprisonm5t4 ,8 j\rneys 9 ! ea/ betwe5 ! two imprisonm5ts !re=e involv$ some?+ m ?an ! revisitation ( =m] fields4 ,! reason :y ,titus 0 left beh9d 9 ,crete 0 some:at simil> to ! reason :y ,timo?y1 accord+ to ,fir/ ,timo?y1 0 told to rema9 9 ,ephesus4 ,titus 0 to give att5tion to organization1 & to ! ma9t5ance ( s\nd in/ruction4 ,l ,timo?y1 ,titus is giv5 ! p[] ( e/abli%+ presbyt]s1 & ( e/abli%+ !m n m]ely 9 "o *ur* b 9 v>i\s *ur*es4 ,! function ( ! presbyt] 0 t ( bi%op or ov]se]4 ,titus #a3e-g4 ,9 vs4 #i-af1 ! close connection ( organization ) s\nd doctr9e becomes p>ticul>ly app>5t4 ,"o important function ( ! presbyt]s 0 to c\nt]act ! errors :i* 7 spr++ up4 ,! acc\nt ( ! errori/s 9 ,crete is p]haps 9 "s respects cle>] ?an t :i* is giv5 ( ! relat$ ph5om5on 9 ,ephesus4 ,! false tea*]s 7 animat$ by a love ( ga94 ,v4 #aa4 ,"s ( !m 7 ,jews or proselytes4 ,v4 #aj4 ,!y _h a fondness = ,jewi% fables4 ,app>5tly1 also1 !y tri$ to atone = a lack ( real inw>d purity by an outw>d asceticism4 ,vs4 #ae1 #af4 ,!y 7 conc]n$ ) va9 que/ion+s & g5ealogies & legal disputes4 ,^! la/ are p]haps to be reg>d$ z casui/ic discussions l ^? :i* play su* a l>ge "p 9 ,jewi% tradition4 ,! ,epi/le to ,titus is some:at ri*] ?an ,fir/ ,timo?y 9 p]sonal details4 ,aft] ,titus has be5 reliev$ 9 ,crete by ,artemas or ,ty*icus1 :o may soon be s5t1 he is to jo9 ,paul 9 ,nicopolis4 ,ty*icus1 x w be rememb]$1 _h s]v$ z ,paul's mess5g] dur+ ! fir/ imprisonm5t4 ,he 0 ! be>] ( ,colossians & ,ephesians4 ,! ,nicopolis :]e ,paul is int5d+ to pass ! approa*+ w9t]1 is probably ! *ief ( ! _m cities ( t "n1 ! ,nicopolis 9 ,epirus4 ,z5as1 a lawy] o!rwise unkn[n1 & ! well-kn[n ,apollos1 :o appe>s s prom95tly 9 ,! ,acts & 9 ,fir/ ,cor9?ians1 are to be furni%$ 9 ,crete ) ev]y?+ t !y ne$ = _! fur!r j\rney4 #c4 ,,! ,,second ,,epi/le ,,to ,,timo?y ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ,timo?y & ! ,epi/le to ,titus are 9 _m respects /rik+ly simil>4 ,a c]ta9 /rong family resemblance ext5ds also to ,second ,timo?y4 ,evid5tly all ?ree ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les belong to ! same g5]al p]iod ( ,paul's life1 & 7 int5d$ to subs]ve simil> purposes4 ,second ,timo?y1 h[ev]1 z comp>$ ) ! o!r two1 exhibits "s m>k$ peculi>ities4 ,! p]sonal elem5t1 9 p>ticul>1 is 9 ?is lett] mu* m prom95t4 ,second ,timo?y conta9s a weal? ( int]e/+ biographical details ab\t ,timo?y1 ab\t ,paul1 & ab\t a v consid]able numb] ( o!r p]sons4 ,"s ( ^! la/ are kn[n only f ?is epi/le2 o!rs h be5 br\ght to our att5tion aga9 & aga94 ,9 ,second ,timo?y ,paul appe>s z a prison]1 no d\bt at ,rome4 ,?is "t !re seems to be little hope ( 8 release4 ,app>5tly 8 imprisonm5t is n ( long /&+4 ,only rec5tly he has be5 at ,cor9? & at ,miletus4 ,,ii ,tim4 #d3bj4 ,he speaks 9 "o place ( 8 fir/ def5se4 ,v4 #af4 ,"s suppose t ?is is a rem9isc5ce ( ! trial :i* _h tak5 place ye>s be=e1 dur+ ! fir/ imprisonm5t4 ,m probably x ref]s to "s prelim9>y he>+ :i* _h only rec5tly be5 held4 ,paul is oppress$ ) a s5se ( lonel9ess1 ev5 m ?an dur+ ! fir/ imprisonm5t4 ,!re 0 no "o to /& by him at 8 fir/ he>+4 ,= "o reason or ano!r1 8 intimate associates h be5 scatt]$--"s ( !m1 no d\bt1 = good & suffici5t reasons1 b ,demas1 at any rate1 out ( an unwor?y love ( ! _w4 ,luke1 =tunately1 is /ill ) him2 & ,timo?y1 ) ,m>k1 is urg$ to come be=e ! w9t]4 ,vs4 #aa1 #ba4 ,m>k seems to h *ang$ s9ce he turn$ back f ! "w at ,p]ga4 ,at ! beg9n+ he 0 rebuk$ = des]tion2 b n[ at ! end he is "o ( ! few fai?ful ones4 ,x is n q cle> :]e ,timo?y 0 :5 ! lett] 0 address$ to him4 ,! greet+ to ,priscilla & ,aquila might seem to po9t to ,ephesus4 ,!y _h liv$ !re be=e2 p]haps !y return$ ?i!r aft] a resid5ce 9 ,rome4 ,rom4 #af3c4 ,if ,timo?y 0 9 ,ephesus1 !n ,ty*icus1 :o 0 s5t ?i!r1 ,,ii ,tim4 #d3ab1 0 probably expect$ to l+] by ! way2 o!rwise 8 s5d+ w\ld be no news to ! read] ( ! lett]4 ,some?+ is to be said1 p]haps1 = ! view t ,timo?y 0 n at ,ephesus1 b p]haps at ,ly/ra1 8 orig9al home4 ,! ,second ,epi/le to ,timo?y conta9s w>n+s aga9/ false tea*+ simil> to ^? :i* appe> 9 ,fir/ ,timo?y & ,titus4 ,b ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! lett] is to be f\nd 9 ! ref]5ces to ! apo/le's own life4 ,ev5 ! w>n+s & admonitions are br\ght into relation to ^!4 ,paul does n hesitate to po9t to himself z an example = 8 belov$ foll[]s4 ,he does s1 )\t a t\* ( va9 glory1 9 ! simple consci\sness ( a div9e commission4 ,second ,timo?y is a lett] ( f>ewell1 9 :i* rem9isc5ce & exhortation are *>act]i/ically bl5d$4 ,x is a f>ewell f ! apo/le1 prim>ily = ,timo?y1 ?\gh he is expect+ to see ,timo?y aga91 b also = all ( ! ,paul9e *ur*es4 ,! lett] has tak5 deep hold ( e g5]ation 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! fitt+ end ( a life ( true s]vice1 ! calm fac+ ( dea?1 ! c]ta9ty ( heav5ly communion ) ! ,"l--^! are ! ?+s above all o!rs t h be5 le>n$ f ! la/ ( ! epi/les ( ,paul4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #beb-bfa4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,purves1 articles on ,timo?y & ,titus4 ,m',clymont1 ,! ,new ,te/am5t & ,its ,writ]s1 pp4 #ajd-aae4 ,lew91 ,! ,life & ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 vol4 ii1 *s4 vii1 viii1 ix1 x & xi4 ,conybe>e & ,h[son1 ,! ,life & ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 *4 xxvii4 ,/alk]1 ,! ,life ( ,/4 ,paul1 pp4 #acc-acf4 ,w>field1 ,acts1 ,timo?y1 ,titus & ,philemon1 9 ,! ,temple ,bible1 pp4 xxvii-xliii4 ,ellicott1 ,a ,new ,te/am5t ,comm5t>y = ,engli% ,read]s1 vol4 iii1 pp4 #aga-bfd3 ,sp5ce1 ,! ,pa/oral ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,! ,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools & ,colleges3 ,humphreys1 ,! ,epi/les to ,timo?y & ,titus4 ,zahn1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #a-acc4 ,! la/ nam$ "w is int5d$ prim>ily = ^? :o h "s k ( ,greek1 b c also be us$ by o!rs4 ,,"p ,,iii3 ,! ,pres5tation & ,def5se ( ,*ri/ianity ,,lesson ,,xxvii ,a ,,pres5tation ,,( ,,jesus ,,to ,,jewi% ,,*ri/ians ,! ,gospel ,accord+ to ,mat!w ,! ,gospel ( ,mat!w is probably1 z has be5 said1 ! mo/ important book t 0 ev] writt54 ,its importance is due to ! in=mation :i* x conta9s ab\t ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,m fully p]haps ?an any o!r "o book1 ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w has pres]v$ ! k ( ,jesus4 ,:atev] be ! future ( ! ,*ur*1 ! life ( ,jesus w n[ always rema9 ! c5tral fact ( hi/ory4 ,ev5 ! second>y influ5ce ( ,jesus is incalculable2 ev5 if none 7 left to own him z ,"l & ,ma/]1 /ill he w\ld rema9 incomp>ably ! mo/ influ5tial man t has ev] liv$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 su* a condition has nev] exi/$ & nev] w exi/4 ,f ! v beg9n+ ! life ( ,jesus made itself felt ?r\gh ^? :o accept$ him1 to ! exclusion ( all o!rs1 z ! supreme ,"l ( _! lives4 ,if ,jesus _h be5 reg>d$ m]ely z a quiet tea*] ( e?ics1 ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w nev] w\ld h be5 writt51 & probably ! v "n ( ,jesus w\ld h p]i%$4 ,! wond]ful influ5ce ( ,jesus1 :i* has trans=m$ ! _w f d>kness to light1 :i* alone gives promise ( a f9al reign ( righte\sness1 has be5 ex]t$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality1 n ( admir]s1 b ( disciples4 ,jesus has be5 a ,tea*] only because he has be5 a ,ma/]4 ,to make ,jesus ,ma/] 9 ! lives ( m5 0 ! purpose ( ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 & x is ! purpose ( our /udy ( ! book4 ,! ,gospel 0 n writt5 ) m]ely sci5tific int]e/2 x 0 n writt5 m]ely to pres]ve c]ta9 gems f ! lips ( an inspir$ tea*]4 ,! ultimate purpose ( ! book 0 to make m5 fall at ,jesus' feet ) ! words1 ,my ,"l & my ,god4 ,su* a purpose is n inconsi/5t ) ! mo/ scrupul\s tru?fulness4 ,adoration ( ,jesus c be induc$ be/ ( all1 n by fanciful elaboration1 b by sob] fact4 ,9 ! case ( ,jesus1 tru? 0 m glori\s by f> ?an ! bolde/ fiction4 ,to make ,jesus ,"l & ,savi\r is ! purpose ( our "w z tea*]s4 ,t purpose _c be atta9$ by exhortation or by ?reat5+1 b only by imp>tation ( k4 ,to "k ,jesus is to tru/ him & adore him4 ,_m read]s ( ! ,gospels nev] atta9 to ! true k4 ,_! failure is due to v>i\s causes--to moral laxness1 to preconceiv$ op9ions1 to spiritual dullness4 ,"o ob/acle1 h[ev]1 is ( a simpl] k9d4 ,"o ?+ t /&s 9 ! way ( a real und]/&+ ( ! ,gospels is ! habit ( piecemeal read+4 ,we read ! ,gospels bit by bit in/ead ( all[+ ! :ole to make its impression4 ,we d n see ! wood = ! trees4 ,jesus is conceal$ f u by 8 individual acts4 ,! ,gospels %\ld be read z well z /udi$--read rapidly1 l an ord9>y book1 pref]ably 9 "s rational =m ( pr9t+ :]e v]se numb]s & all editorial matt]s are relegat$ to ! m>g9 & ! l9es /ret* across ! page4 ,^! ?+s may seem to be trivialities1 & c]ta9ly !y are n ess5tial4 ,:at is ess5tial--n 9 place ( detail$ /udy1 b 9 addition to x--is a rapid read+ ( ! ,gospels1 by :i*1 ?r\gh ! exclusion ( all non-ess5tials1 ! my/]i\s1 holy p]son ( ,jesus is br\ght simply & fre%ly be=e ! wond]+ s\l4 ,n to "k ab\t ,jesus1 b to "k him1 is ! prime object ( our /udy4 ,to "k ab\t him is a valuable "p ( education2 b to "k him is life et]nal4 #a4 ,,mean+ ,,( ,,gospel ,! ,greek ^w = gospel means good news4 ,n[h]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 h[ev]1 is t ^w appli$ to a book4 ,!re is no ref]5ce 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t to a ,gospel ( ,mat!w or ( ,m>k or ( ,luke or ( ,john4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! ^w gospel has a m g5]al ref]5ce4 ,x designates ! good news :i* lies at ! basis ( ,*ri/ian prea*+1 h[ev] t news may be kn[n4 ,*ri/ianity is bas$ ^u a piece ( in=mation4 ,! subject ( t in=mation is ! life & dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,)\t ,*ri/ we %\ld h be5 hopeless1 b ,*ri/ has sav$ u4 ,in=mation ab\t :at he has done = u1 h[ev] t in=mation be convey$1 is ! gospel4 ,?is broad use ( ! ^w gospel appe>s ev5 9 ! titles ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w1 ,gospel accord+ to ,m>k1 ,gospel accord+ to ,luke1 & ,gospel accord+ to ,john1 :i* are n due to ! orig9al au?ors ( ! books4 ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w did n orig9ally mean ! same ?+ z ,gospel ( ,mat!w4 ,x did n mean ! ,gospel :i* ,mat!w produc$1 b ! "o ,gospel ( ,jesus ,*ri/ z ,mat!w n>rat$ x4 ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke & ,john produc$ simply f\r acc\nts ( ! same ?+4 ,t common subject ( ! f\r acc\nts is ! gospel1 ! good news1 ( :at ,jesus ,*ri/ has done = 8 foll[]s4 ,at a v e>ly "t1 h[ev]1 books :i* _h ! gospel z _! subject came !mselves to be designat$ z ,gospels4 ,! usage is conv5i5t1 & w be freely adopt$ 9 ^! textbooks4 ,we may speak indiscrim9ately ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w & ( ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w4 #b4 ,,au?or%ip ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,gospel 7#a7 ,n ,indicat$ 9 ! ,gospel ,itself4--,! ,gospel ( ,mat!w %\ld be %>ply di/+ui%$ f ^? books :i* !mselves make def9ite claims z to _! au?or%ip4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 = example1 claims to h be5 writt5 by ! apo/le ,paul4 ,if x 0 n writt5 by ,paul1 x is a =g]y4 ,! book ( ,! ,acts1 also1 ?\gh x does n m5tion ! "n ( ! au?or1 claims at lea/--?r\gh ! use ( ! fir/ p]son plural--to h be5 writt5 by "s companion ( ! apo/le ,paul4 ,ev5 ! ,gospel ( ,john1 z we %all see1 really af=ds cle> indications ab\t its own au?or%ip4 ,! ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 on ! o!r h&1 lays no claim to any p>ticul> au?or%ip4 ,we might believe t x 0 writt5 by "s o!r p]son ?an ,mat!w & yet be p]fectly loyal to ! book itself4 ,! self-witness ( ! book is conf9$ m]ely to a claim ( tru?fulness4 ,if we believe t ! record :i* ! book conta9s is true1 !n we might1 9 p]fect loyalty to ! ,gospel1 believe t x 0 writt5 by "s "o l ,luke or ,m>k1 outside ( ! company ( ! apo/les4 ,su* a view1 h[ev]1 w\ld display an unreasonable di/ru/ ( ,*ri/ian tradition4 7#b7 ,papias on ! ,fir/ ,gospel4--,! e>lie/ extant in=mation ab\t ! au?or%ip ( ! ,fir/ ,gospel is to be f\nd 9 a fragm5t :i* ,eusebius1 ! *ur* hi/orian ( ! f\r? c5tury1 has pres]v$ f a lo/ "w ( ,papias4 ,papias 0 bi%op ( ,hi]apolis 9 ,asia ,m9or 9 ! =m] half ( ! second c5tury4 ,! fragm5t f ,papias1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,eusebius1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 iii1 #ci1 #af1 may be translat$ z foll[s3 ,mat!w accord+ly wrote or compil$ ! oracles 9 ! ,hebrew dialect1 & ev]yone translat$ !m z he 0 able4 ,x seems pretty evid5t t ,papias is "h ref]r+ to ! ,fir/ ,gospel4 ,"s1 inde$1 h suppos$ t he means by ! oracles a writ+ compos$ almo/ exclusively ( say+s ( ,jesus1 :i* =m$ m]ely "o ( ! s\rces ( our ,fir/ ,gospel4 ,?is view is probably incorrect4 ,papias c\ld designate ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w z ! oracles ei!r because ( ! l>ge place :i* say+s ( ,jesus h 9 ?is ,gospel1 z comp>$1 = example1 ) ! ,gospel ( ,m>k1 or else because ! :ole ,gospel1 bo? spee*es & n>rative1 0 ( div9e1 oracul> au?ority4 ,! view t accord+ to ,mat!w 9 ! anci5t title & 9 ,*ri/ian tradition means n t ,mat!w wrote ! book1 b t x is bas$ 9 "s way ultimately on 8 au?ority1 is oppos$ by ! analogy ( ,m>k4 ,z we %all see1 ! ,gospel ( ,m>k1 9 e>ly tradition1 0 ref]r$ ultimately to ! au?ority ( ,pet]2 if1 !re=e1 accord+ to 0 us$ 9 ! s5se indicat$ above1 ! ,second ,gospel w\ld h be5 call$ ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] in/ead ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,m>k4 ,! te/imony ( ,papias involves two pr9cipal ass]tions3 9 ! fir/ place1 t ,mat!w wrote ! ,fir/ ,gospel2 & 9 ! second place1 t he wrote x 9 ! ,hebrew language4 ,! =m] ass]tion1 :i* is support$ by a /rik+ cons5sus ( e>ly writ]s1 has already be5 consid]$4 ,! latt] is mu* m puzzl+4 #c4 ,,0 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,gospel ,,orig9ally ,,aramaic8 7#a7 ,mean+ ( ,hebrew4--,by ! ,hebrew dialect1 ,papias no d\bt means ,aramaic r ?an :at we call ,hebrew4 ,! t]m ,hebrew 0 appli$ to bo? ( ! two closely relat$ languages4 ,comp>e ,acts #ba3dj4 ,x is exce$+ly unlikely t a ,gospel w\ld h be5 writt5 9 ,hebrew2 = be=e ! "t ( ,*ri/ t _h ceas$ to be ! liv+ language ( ,pale/9e4 ,:at ,papias ass]ts1 !n1 is t ,mat!w wrote 9 ,aramaic4 7#b7 ,ev]yone ,translat$ ,!m z ,he ,0 ,able4--,papias ass]ts fur!r t ev]yone translat$ ! oracles z he 0 able4 ,^! words may be int]pret$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,p]haps !y mean t e man :o us$ ! orig9al ( ,mat!w _h to translate x = himself2 or p]haps t ! ,gospel 0 translat$ orally 9 ! *ur*es1 z ! ,jews translat$ ! ,hebrew ,old ,te/am5t into ,aramaic 9 ! synagogues2 or p]haps t a numb] ( writt5 translations ( ! ,gospel 7 made4 ,at any rate ,papias seems to imply t ! condition :i* he "h describes _h come to an end :5 he wrote4 ,"s "o ,greek =m ( ! ,gospel _h ga9$ g5]al acceptance2 ! "t :5 ev]yone translat$ z he 0 able 0 at an end4 7#c7 ,value ( ! ,tradition4--,! tradition ( an ,aramaic orig9al ( ,mat!w is n pres]v$ m]ely by ,papias1 b appe>s 9 a consid]able numb] ( e>ly writ]s4 ,h[ f> ! o!r writ]s are indep5d5t ( ,papias is a disput$ "q4 ,! tradition may be v>i\sly e/imat$4 ,"s h suppos$ t x is entirely correct--t our ,greek ,gospel ( ,mat!w is a translation1 by ,mat!w himself or by "s "o else1 ( an ,aramaic "w3 o!rs h suppos$ t ! tradition is altoge!r false--= example1 t an ,aramaic translation ( ! ,greek ,gospel 0 mi/ak5 = an orig9al f :i* ! ,greek ,gospel _h be5 translat$3 o!rs hold int]m$iate views--= example1 t "o ( ! s\rces ( our ,greek ,gospel 0 writt5 9 ,aramaic4 ,an important objection to ! view t !re 0 an ,aramaic orig9al ( ,mat!w is t ! ,greek ,gospel looks m l an orig9al ,greek "w ?an l a translation4 ,! tradition ( ! ,aramaic ,mat!w places be=e u "o ( ! unsolv$ problems ( ,new ,te/am5t criticism4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta9--! language ( ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 l t ( ! o!r ,gospels1 has a /rong ,aramaic color+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n require ! hypo!sis t our ,mat!w 0 translat$ f an ,aramaic orig9al4 ,und\bt$ly1 h[ev] our ,greek ,mat!w 0 writt51 !re 0 a "t 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,*ur* :5 ! tradition ( ! life ( ,*ri/ 0 c>ri$ on *iefly or :olly 9 ! ,aramaic language4 ,! words ( ,jesus1 at any rate1 z !y appe> 9 our ,gospels1 h at "s "t or o!r und]gone translation2 = ,jesus taught 9 ,aramaic4 ,! ,aramaic color+ ( ! ,gospels is "o ( ! evid5ces ( _! tru/wor?9ess4 ,?\gh writt5 9 ,greek1 !y are evid5tly root$ deep 9 ! orig9al ,pale/9ian soil4 #d4 ,,date ,! date ( ! ,gospel _c be det]m9$ ) accuracy4 ,"s indication1 h[ev]1 is af=d$ by ! ass]tion ( ,ir5u1 ( ! latt] "p ( ! second c5tury1 t ,mat!w publi%$ 8 ,gospel :ile ,pet] & ,paul 7 prea*+ at ,rome4 ,ev5 if ?is ass]tion %\ld prove n to be absolutely correct1 x w\ld exhibit an e>ly tradition = ! ye>s betwe5 ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #fj & #gj z ! date ( ! ,gospel4 ,?is tradition is confirm$ by ! widespread view among e>ly writ]s t ,mat!w 0 writt5 be=e ,m>k2 = ,m>k is n[ g5]ally admitt$ to h be5 writt5 be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 9 ,a4 ,d4 #gj4 ,!re is really no s]i\s objection to ! traditional dat+ ( ,mat!w4 ,x 0 probably writt5 9 ! sixties ( ! fir/ c5tury1 & probably1 z tradition says1 9 ,pale/9e4 ,!re are traces ( ! use ( ! ,gospel 9 writ]s ( ! e>ly half ( ! second c5tury4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no cle> indication t x 0 us$ by any ,new ,te/am5t writ]4 ,! abs5ce ( citations f our ,gospels 9 ! epi/les ( ,paul w\ld t5d to indicate t 9 ! v e>lie/ p]iod ! gospel tradition 0 c>ri$ on by ^w ( m\? r ?an by books4 #e4 ,,! ,,apo/le ,,mat!w ,9 ! f\r li/s ( ! apo/les1 ,matt4 #aj3b-d2 ,m>k #c3af-ai2 ,luke #f3ac-af2 ,acts #a3ac1 ,mat!w is designat$ by ! b>e "n1 except 9 8 own ,gospel1 :]e he appe>s z ,mat!w ! publican4 ,9 ,matt4 #i3i1 8 call is n>rat$4 ,9 ! p>allel passages 9 ,m>k & ,luke1 ,m>k #b3ad2 ,luke #e3bg1bh1 ! "n ( ! publican :o 0 call$ is giv5 only z ,levi4 ,)\t ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w we %\ld n h be5 able to id5tify ,levi & ,mat!w4 ,evid5tly ! apo/le _h two names1 z 0 ! case ) s _m o!rs ( ! p]sons m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,aft] 8 call1 ,mat!w made a great fea/ = ,jesus4 ,luke #e3bi2 comp>e ,m>k #b3ae4 ,mat!w himself1 alone among ! ,synopti/s1 does n ev5 make x p]fectly cle> t x 0 he 9 ^: h\se ,jesus sat at meat4 ,! peculi>ities ( ! ,fir/ ,gospel 9 :at is said ab\t ,mat!w become significant :5 ! au?or%ip is kn[n4 ,( c\rse ( !mselves !y w\ld be q insuffici5t to indicate :o ! au?or 04 ,! ass]tion by e>ly writ]s t ,mat!w wrote ! ,gospel1 0 bas$ n ^u indications 9 ! ,gospel itself1 b ^u indep5d5t tradition4 #f4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,g5]ation ,,( ,,jesus ,,*ri/ ,! fir/ v]se ( ! ,gospel is evid5tly bas$ ^u ! =mula1 occurr+ = ! fir/ "t at ,g54 #e3a1 :i* m>ks (f ! divisions ( ! book ( ,g5esis4 ,x is mo/ naturally reg>d$ z a head+ = ! g5ealogy t foll[s 9 ,matt4 #a3b-ag4 ,!re is only "o objection to t view4 ,9 ,g5esis ! book ( ! g5]ations ( ,adam1 or ! g5]ations ( ,%em or ! l1 introduces an acc\nt1 n ( ance/ors ( ! p]sons 9 "q1 b ( _! desc5dants4 ,9 ,matt4 #a3b-ag1 on ! contr>y1 we h an acc\nt n ( desc5dants ( ,jesus1 b ( ance/ors4 ,?is objection has l$ "s s*ol>s to reg>d ,matt4 #a3a z ! title n ( ! g5ealogy b ( ! :ole ,gospel4 ,! title w\ld !n repres5t ,jesus z ! beg9n+ ( a new race1 or ( a new p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity4 ,?is int]pretation is unnecess>ily subtle4 ,x %\ld r be admitt$ t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! phrase 9 ,g5esis & t 9 ,mat!w4 ,! diff]5ce is v natural4 ,9 ! case ( ,abraham ! desc5dants 7 9 view2 9 ! case ( ! ,messiah1 ! ance/ors4 ,adam & ,noah & ,abraham 7 be>]s ( a promise2 ,*ri/ 0 ! culm9ation4 ,g5esis looks =w>d2 ,mat!w looks back4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! use ( ! phrase is natural & significant4 ,! title1 ) ! :ole g5ealogy1 is significant ( :at is to foll[4 ,at ! v />t1 ! rul+ ?\ght ( ,mat!w's ,gospel f9ds expression4 ,jesus is son ( ,david1 & son ( ,abraham2 he is ! culm9ation ( ! div9e promise4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #bgj-bgb1 #bij-bic4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,purves 7supplem5t$71 articles on ,gospel & ,mat!w4 ,m',clymont1 ,! ,new ,te/am5t & ,its ,writ]s1 pp4 #a-bj4 ,/ev5s & ,burton1 ,a ,h>mony ( ! ,gospels4 ,ellicott1 ,a ,new ,te/am5t ,comm5t>y = ,engli% ,read]s1 vol4 i3 ,plumptre1 ,! ,gospel ,accord+ to ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,/4 ,m>k1 & ,/4 ,luke1 pp4 xli-xliii1 #a-ahf4 ,zahn1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #cfg-dbg1 #ejf-fja4 ,! la/-nam$ "w is int5d$ prim>ily = ^? :o h "s k ( ,greek1 b c also be us$ by o!rs4 ,,lesson ,,xxviii ,a ,,graphic ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,jesus ,! ,gospel ,accord+ to ,m>k ,! ,gospel ( ,m>k conta9s sc>cely any mat]ial :i* is n also conta9$ 9 "o or bo? ( ! o!r two ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,! loss ( ,m>k w\ld n dim9i% appreciably ! numb] ( facts t we "k ab\t ,jesus4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,second ,gospel is ( ! utmo/ importance2 = al?\gh x n>rates = ! mo/ "p only ! same facts z are also n>rat$ else:]e1 x n>rates !m 9 a diff]5t way4 ,inde$ ! v brevity ( ! ,gospel adds to its special value4 ,a picture is sometimes ! m impressive by be+ limit$ 9 ext5t4 ,read ! ,gospel ( ,m>k1 n piecemeal b z a :ole1 & y obta9 an impression ( ,jesus :i* c be obta9$ f no o!r book4 #a4 ,,! ,,tradition 7#a7 ,papias on ,m>k4--,z 9 ! case ( ,mat!w1 s 9 t ( ,m>k x is ,papias ( ,hi]apolis :o provides ! e>lie/ in=mation ab\t ! production ( ! ,gospel4 ,aga9 also ! words ( ,papias are quot$ by ,eusebius 7,*ur* ,hi/ory1 iii1 #ci1 #ae74 ,! passage f ,papias is z foll[s3 ,?is also ! presbyt] said3 ',m>k1 on ! "o h&1 be+ an int]pret] ( ,pet]1 wrote accurately z _m ?+s z he rememb]$1 yet n 9 ord]1 ! ?+s :i* 7 ei!r said or done by ! ,"l4' ,= nei!r did he he> ! ,"l nor did he foll[ him1 b aft]w>ds1 z ,i said1 he foll[$ ,pet]1 :o c>ri$ on 8 tea*+ z ne$ requir$ b n z ?\gh he 7 mak+ an ord]$ acc\nt ( ! oracles ( ! ,"l2 s t ,m>k committ$ no fault :5 he wrote "s ?+s z he _h rememb]$ !m4 ,= he _h "o c>e--t he %\ld n leave out any?+ ( ! ?+s t he _h he>d1 or repres5t any?+ among !m falsely4 7#b7 ,antiquity ( ! ,papian ,tradition4--,x w be obs]v$ t ,papias is "h repres5t$ z quot+ f ! presbyt]4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 x is only ! fir/ s5t5ce t is quot$2 ! re/ seems to be an explanation by ,papias himself4 ,by presbyt]1 or eld]1 ,papias means n an (fic] 9 ! ,*ur*1 b a man ( an old] g5]ation4 ,! tradition is !re=e v anci5t4 ,papias himself liv$ 9 ! =m] half ( ! second c5tury2 a man ( a /ill old] g5]ation w\ld probably h acquir$ 8 in=mation ab\t ,m>k well be=e ,a4 ,d4 #ajj4 ,su* in=mation is n to be lightly reject$4 7#c7 ,m>k an ,int]pret] ( ,pet]4--,accord+ to ! presbyt]1 ,m>k 0 an int]pret] ( ,pet]4 ,if ! ^w be tak5 /rictly x means t ,m>k translat$ ! words ( ,pet] f "o language into ano!r--probably f ,aramaic into ,greek4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 x is n probable1 9 view ( l+ui/ic conditions 9 ,pale/9e & 9 ! ,*ur*1 t ,pet] w\ld be unable to speak ,greek4 ,p]haps1 !n1 ! s5t5ce means t ,m>k 0 m]ely ! m$iator1 9 a g5]al s5se1 ( ,pet]'s prea*+4 ,he pres5t$ ! tea*+ ( ,pet] to ^? :o _h n _h ! opportunity ( he>+ x !mselves4 ,p]haps ! mean+ is t he _h done s =m]ly by ^w ( m\?4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 x is r ! ,gospel itself t is ref]r$ to4 ,by writ+ ! ,gospel ,m>k became an int]pret] or m$iator ( ! prea*+ ( ,pet]4 ,at any rate1 :atev] mean+ be giv5 to ! ^w int]pret]1 ! g5]al s5se ( ! s5t5ce--especially :5 tak5 9 connection ) ! foll[+ explanation by ,papias is fairly cle>4 ,m>k d]iv$ ! in=mation = 8 ,gospel n f p]sonal acqua9tance ) ! e>?ly ,jesus1 b f association ) ,pet]4 7#d7 ,m>k ,n ,writt5 ,9 ,ord]4--,! presbyt] said fur!r t al?\gh ,m>k wrote accurately :at he he>d f ,pet]1 he did n succe$ 9 giv+ 9 ord] an acc\nt ( ! ?+s t ,jesus did & said4 ,evid5tly ! hi/orical incomplet5ess1 ! lack ( un9t]rupt$ sequ5ce1 ( ! ,gospel ( ,m>k is "h 9 view4 ,b by :at /&>d is ! ,gospel judg$8 ,x c h>dly be by ! /&>d ( ,mat!w1 = ,mat!w pays ev5 less att5tion to temporal sequ5ce ?an ,m>k does4 ,! ord] 9 ,luke also is by no means 9 all respects m /rictly *ronological ?an t 9 ,m>k4 ,only "o /&>d satisfies ! requirem5ts ( ! presbyt]'s words--! /&>d provid$ by ! tea*+ ( ,john4 ,john 0 ! great lead] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,8 tea*+ naturally =m$ ! /&>d ( au?ority 9 t region4 ,p]haps at ! "t :5 ! presbyt] express$ 8 judgm5t on ,m>k ! ,gospel ( ,john _h already be5 writt51 s t "o ,gospel c\ld be comp>$ ) ! o!r2 p]haps1 h[ev]1 x 0 m]ely ! oral tea*+ ( ,john1 aft]w>ds embodi$ 9 ! ,gospel1 :i* af=d$ ! basis ( comp>ison4 ,! ,gospel ( ,john alone provides some?+ l a *ronological framework ( ! public m9i/ry ( ,jesus3 ,john alone m5tions ! e>ly ,judean m9i/ry2 ,john alone n>rates ! successive visits ( ,jesus to ! fea/s 9 ,j]usalem4 ,if1 z is possible1 ! presbyt] ( ,papias 0 none o!r ?an ,john himself1 !n ( c\rse ! :ole matt] becomes especially pla94 ,john knew t !re 7 important omissions 9 ! ,gospel ( ,m>k2 he probably obs]v$1 = example1 t t ,gospel if tak5 alone might readily create ! impression t ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus la/$ only "o ye> in/ead ( ?ree or f\r4 ,no d\bt he correct$ ?is impression 9 8 oral tea*+2 c]ta9ly he corrects x 9 8 ,gospel4 ,9 comm5d+ ! ,gospel ( ,m>k1 ,john w\ld naturally call att5tion to its *ronological incomplet5ess4 #b4 ,,! ,,head+ ,l ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 ! ,gospel ( ,m>k op5s n ) a s5t5ce1 b ) a head+4 ,z 9 ! =m] case1 h[ev]1 ! exact ref]5ce ( ! head+ is unc]ta94 ,! beg9n+ ( ! gospel ( ,jesus ,*ri/ may1 9 ! fir/ place1 mean m]ely1 ,"h beg9s ! gospel ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! gospel ( ,jesus ,*ri/ w\ld !n be simply ! /ory ab\t ,*ri/ t is n>rat$ 9 ! book t foll[s4 ,9 ! second place1 ! phrase may be tak5 z a description ( ! cont5ts ( ! book4 ,! :ole ( ,jesus' life w\ld !n be describ$ z ! beg9n+ ( t proclamation ( ! gospel :i* 0 aft]w>ds cont9u$ by ! apo/les & by ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! phrase may be m]ely a head+ = ! section t imm$iately foll[s1 = ,m>k #a3b-h1 or = vs4 #b-ac4 ,9 ?is case ! prea*+ ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 ) or )\t ! baptism ( ,jesus1 ! desc5t ( ! ,_s1 & ! temptation1 w\ld be describ$ z ! beg9n+ (1 z prelim9>y to1 ! proclamation ( ! gospel1 :i* is m5tion$ 9 vs4 #ad1 #ae4 ,p]haps ! fir/ int]pretation is to be pref]r$ z be+ ! simple/1 ?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t ! phrase is a little puzzl+4 #c4 ,,m>k ,,! ,,mission>y ,,gospel ,x is significant t ! ,gospel ( ,m>k beg9s n ) ! bir? & infancy ( ,jesus1 b ) ! m9i/ry ( ,john ! ,bapti/ & ! subsequ5t prea*+ ( ,jesus 9 ,galilee4 ,m>k seems to be foll[+ ) great exactness ! s*eme ( e>ly apo/olic prea*+ z x is laid d[n 9 ,acts #aj3cg-dc4 ,app>5tly ,m>k is prem95tly ! mission>y ,gospel2 x conta9s only ^? ?+s :i* _h a place 9 ! fir/ prea*+ to unbeliev]s4 ,t does n mean t ! ?+s :i* ,m>k omits are necess>ily less important ?an ! ?+s :i* x conta9s4 ,m>k gives a summ>y1 n exactly ( ! mo/ important ?+s ab\t ,jesus1 b r ( ! ?+s :i* unbeliev]s or rec5t conv]ts c\ld mo/ easily und]/&4 ,h5ce ! omission ( ! my/]y ( ! bir?1 ( ! pr(\nd tea*+ ( ! e>ly ,judean m9i/ry1 ( ! intimate in/ructions to ! disciples4 ,^! ?+s are ( fundam5tal importance4 ,b !y c be/ be und]/ood only aft] "o has fir/ acquir$ a ?or\gh grasp ( ! public m9i/ry1 & ( ! dea? & resurrection4 ,! ,second ,gospel1 judg$ by purely =mal /&>ds1 _c be call$ exactly a beautiful book4 ,x lacks ! rhy?m ( ,old ,te/am5t poetry1 & ! grace ( ! ,gospel ( ,luke4 ,b its r\gh1 vigor\s naturalness conveys a message ( compell+ p[]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,purves 7edit$7 article on ,m>k4 ,m',clymont1 ,! ,new ,te/am5t & ,its ,writ]s1 pp4 #ba-bf4 ,/ev5s & ,burton1 ,a ,h>mony ( ! ,gospels4 ,ellicott1 ,a ,new ,te/am5t ,comm5t>y = ,engli% ,read]s1 vol4 i3 ,plumptre1 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,/4 ,m>k1 & ,/4 ,luke1 pp4 #ahg-bcd4 ,! ,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools3 ,macle>1 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,m>k4 ,zahn1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #dbg-ejf1 #fja-fag4 ,! la/-nam$ "w is int5d$ prim>ily = ^? :o h "s k ( ,greek1 b c also be us$ by o!rs4 ,,lesson ,,xxix ,a ,,greek ,,hi/orian',s ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,jesus ,! ,gospel ,accord+ to ,luke ,! purpose ( ! ,gospel ( ,luke 01 ! au?or says 9 8 prologue1 t ,!ophilus might "k ! c]ta9ty conc]n+ ! ?+s :]e9 he _h be5 in/ruct$4 ,^! words involve recognition ( a fundam5tal ne$ ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* is to-day (t5 ignor$4 ,aft] int]e/ 9 ,*ri/ianity has be5 ar\s$1 aft] fai? has be5 awak5$1 ! ,*ri/ian feels ! ne$ ( a deep] intellectual gr\nd+ ( ! fai? t is 9 him4 ,?is feel+ is p]fectly legitimate2 x %\ld n be /ifl$2 ! expression ( x %\ld n be treat$ necess>ily z s9ful d\bt4 ,! treatm5t ( ^! natural que/ion+s is "o ( ! mo/ important problems t faces ! tea*]s ( ! pres5t c\rse4 ,we are deal+ ) "y m5 & wom5 ( matur+ m9ds1 _m ( :om c no long] be satisfi$ ) ! un?9k+ fai? ( *ildhood4 ,if ,*ri/ianity is to rema9 p]man5tly a =ce 9 _! lives x mu/ be relat$ to _! entire intellectual equipm5t2 x mu/ be exhibit$ z a reasonable ?+1 :i* is consi/5t ) a sane & heal?y view ( ! _w4 ,9 o!r words1 we are deal+ ) ! problem ( religi\s d\bt1 :i* is almo/ an inevitable /age 9 ! developm5t ( intellig5t ,*ri/ians ( ! pres5t day4 ,und\bt$ly ! problem is (t5 v unwisely h&l$4 ,by he>+ e natural expression ( _! d\bt unm]cifully decri$ z rebellion aga9/ ! ,^w ( ,god1 _m intellig5t "y p are be+ driv5 into hopeless e/rangem5t f ! ,*ur*4 ,x is useless to try to bully p into fai?4 ,in/ead1 we ought to le>n ! me?od ( ! ,?ird ,gospel4 ,v possibly ,luke 0 fac+ ! v same problem t is be=e u tea*]s to-day--v possibly ,!ophilus1 to :om ! ,gospel & ,! ,acts 7 d$icat$1 0 a "y man :o _h gr[n up 9 ! ,*ur* & c\ld n[ no long] be satisfi$ ) ! vague & unsy/ematic in/ruction t _h be5 giv5 him 9 *ildhood4 ,at any rate1 :e!r he 0 a "y man gr[n up 9 ! ,*ur*1 or a rec5t conv]t1 or m]ely a ,g5tile int]e/$ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 he 0 a p]son ( intellectual int]e/s1 & ^? int]e/s are treat$ by ! evangeli/ n ) contempt b ) ! utmo/ sympa?y4 ,! ,gospel 0 writt5 9 ord] t ,!ophilus might "k ! c]ta9ty ( ^? ?+s :]e9 he _h be5 in/ruct$4 ,t might be reg>d$ z ! motto = ! entire c\rse ( /udy :i* we h und]tak5 ?is ye>4 ,x %\ld be our aim to lay be=e "y p ( ! ,*ur* ! c]ta9ty ( ! ?+s :]e9 !y h be5 in/ruct$--to enable !m to sub/itute = ! unreason+ fai? ( *ildhood ! pr(\nd convictions ( full-gr[n m5 & wom54 ,moreov]1 exactly l ! au?or ( ! ,?ird ,gospel1 we are endeavor+ to accompli% ?is aim1 n by argum5t1 b by an ord]ly pres5tation ( ^? matt]s :i* h be5 fulfill$ among u4 ,a simple hi/orical pres5tation ( ! facts ^u :i* ,*ri/ianity is f\nd$ is ! sure/ safegu>d ( ,*ri/ian fai?4 #a4 ,,! ,,prologue ,alone among ! ,synopti/s ,luke gives 8 read]s "s direct in=mation ab\t ! me?ods ( 8 "w4 ,luke #a3a-d2 ,acts #a3a1b4 ,?is in=mation1 :i* 0 b>ely t\*$ ^u 9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book1 mu/ "h be consid]$ some:at m 9 detail4 7#a7 ,luke ,n an ,eyewitness f ! ,beg9n+4--,f ! prologue to ! ,gospel1 ,luke #a3a-d1 x appe>s1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ,luke 0 n an eyewitness ( ! ev5ts t he n>rates--at lea/ he 0 n an eyewitness f ! beg9n+4 7#b7 ,8 ,pr$ecessors4--,9 ! second place1 x appe>s t he _h _h pr$ecessors 9 8 task ( writ+ an acc\nt ( e>ly ,*ri/ian hi/ory4 ,app>5tly1 h[ev]1 none ( ^! previ\s works 7 produc$ by an apo/le or by an eyewitness ( ! e>?ly m9i/ry ( ,jesus4 ,! previ\s writ]s1 l ,luke himself1 7 dep5d5t ^u ! te/imony ( ! eyewitnesses4 ,! ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 !re=e1 s9ce x 0 writt5 by an apo/le1 0 n "o ( ! works to :i* ref]5ce is made4 ,?is conclusion is amply confirm$ by a comp>ison ( ,mat!w ) ,luke4 ,evid5tly1 at lea/1 ! two are entirely indep5d5t4 ,if ,luke ref]s to ! ,fir/ ,gospel 9 ! prologue1 at any rate he made no use ( x4 7#c7 ,0 ,m>k ,"o ( ! ,pr$ecessors8--,! ,gospel ( ,m>k1 on ! contr>y1 answ]s to ! description ( ! previ\s works4 ,x 0 writt5 n by an eyewitness1 b by "o :o li/5$ to eyewitnesses4 ,p]haps1 !re=e1 x 0 "o ( ! _m works to :i* ,luke ref]s4 ,if s1 x may well h be5 us$ by ,luke 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 own ,gospel4 ,?is supposition is by no means exclud$ by a comp>ison ( ! two books4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! great majority ( mod]n s*ol>s suppose t ! writ] ( ! ,?ird ,gospel made use ( ! ,gospel ( ,m>k4 ,all t c "h be ass]t$ is t ?is view1 ?\gh n requir$ by :at ,luke says 9 8 prologue1 is p]fectly consi/5t ) x4 7#d7 ,luke's ,attitude ,t[>d ! ,pr$ecessors4--,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ,luke atta*es no blame :atev] to ! ef=ts ( 8 =]unn]s4 ,:5 he says t !y _h tak5 9 h& or attempt$ to write acc\nts ( c]ta9 ?+s1 he does n imply 9 ! slighte/ t _! attempts _h be5 unsuccessful4 ,he means simply to ju/ify 8 own proc$ure by a ref]5ce to :at _h already be5 done4 ,my ef=t at writ+ an acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 he says 9 effect1 is no /range1 unhe>d-( ?+4 ,i h _h _m pr$ecessors4 ,su* a ref]5ce to ! "w ( pr$ecessors 0 9 antiquity a common lit]>y =m4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ( 8 "w1 ,luke displays ! effects ( 8 ,greek lit]>y tra9+4 ,( c\rse1 h[ev]1 al?\gh ,luke atta*es no blame to 8 pr$ecessors1 he w\ld n h und]tak5 a new "w if he _h ?\ght t ! old satisfi$ all ne$s4 ,evid5tly he hop$ to accompli% by 8 own book some?+ t 8 pr$ecessors _h n accompli%$ or _h accompli%$ only 9 "p4 7#e7 ,! ,subject ( ! ,gospel4--,f9ally1 !re=e1 ,luke in=ms 8 read]s :at 8 own peculi> me?ods & purposes 74 ,! ma9 subject ( ! ,gospel is n describ$ ) any def9it5ess 9 ,luke #a3a-d1 b x appe>s 9 ! retrospect at ! beg9n+ ( ! second "w4 ,!re ! subject ( ! ,gospel is designat$ z all t ,jesus began bo? to d & to tea*1 until ! day 9 :i* he 0 receiv$ up1 aft] t he _h giv5 comm&m5t ?r\gh ! ,holy ,_s unto ! apo/les :om he _h *os54 ,acts #a3a1b4 ,! subject ( ! ,gospel1 9 o!r words1 0 ! e>?ly life ( ,jesus4 7#f7 ,complet5ess ( ! ,n>rative4--,9 treat+ ?is subject1 ,luke _h /riv51 he says1 ,luke #a3c1 fir/ ( all = complet5ess4 ,9 8 inve/igations he _h foll[$ all ?+s f ! beg9n+4 ,?is feature appe>s pla9ly 9 ! ,gospel4 ,in/ead ( beg9n+ z ,m>k does1 ) ! public m9i/ry ( ,jesus1 ,luke fir/ gives an acc\nt ( ! bir? & infancy1 & n cont5t ) t1 he goes back ev5 to ev5ts prec$+ ! bir? n only ( ,jesus1 b also ( 8 =]unn]4 7#g7 ,accuracy4--,9 ! second place1 ,luke says t he _h /riv5 aft] accuracy4 ,"h aga9 ! ,gospel ju/ifies ! claim ( its au?or4 ,! ef=t aft] precision may be se5 p]haps especially 9 su* a passage z ,luke #c3a1b1 :]e !re is an elaborate dat+ ( ! beg9n+ ( ,john ! ,bapti/'s m9i/ry4 7#h7 ,ord]ly ,arrangem5t4--,! ef=t at ord]ly arrangem5t1 :i* =ms a ?ird "p ( ! claim :i* ! au?or makes1 01 especially 9 ! ,gospel1 limit$ by ! mat]ial t 0 at h&4 ,evid5tly 9 ,pale/9e 9 ! e>ly p]iod1 ! memory ( ! e>?ly m9i/ry ( ,jesus 0 pres]v$ n 9 a connect$ n>rative1 b 9 isolat$ anecdotes4 ,x 0 impossible1 !re=e1 ev5 = a hi/orian l ,luke to ma9ta9 a *ronological arrangem5t ?r\gh\t2 :]e *ronological arrangem5t 0 impossible he 0 oblig$ to be satisfi$ ) an arrangem5t accord+ to logical aff9ities4 ,?is logical me?od ( arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 is n resort$ to by ,luke s mu* z by ,mat!w2 & = consid]able sections ( 8 n>rative he 0 able to gratify 8 hi/orian's desire = rec\nt+ ev5ts 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y happ5$4 7#i7 ,luke a ,hi/orian4--,detail$ exam9ation ( ! prologue %\ld n be all[$ to obscure ! out/&+ fact t ! sum ( :at ,luke "h atte/s is a g5u9e hi/orical aim & me?od 9 ! composition ( 8 "w4 ,( c\rse1 hi/ory 9 ,luke's m9d did n exi/ = its own sake4 ,! ,gospel ( ,luke is n a m]e sci5tific diss]tation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! hi/ory :i* is n>rat$ 0 to ! au?or a ?+ ( supreme value4 ,b x 0 valuable only because x 0 true4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce t ,luke 0 a bad hi/orian because he 0 a good ,*ri/ian4 ,on ! contr>y1 he 0 a ,*ri/ian j because he 0 a hi/orian4 ,9 ! case ( ,jesus1 k ( ! real facts is ! sure/ way to adoration4 7#aj7 ,is ,luke #a3a-d a ,prologue to bo? ! ,gospel & ,! ,acts8--,! fir/ f\r v]ses ( ! ,gospel ( ,luke may be tak5 z a prologue ei!r to ! ,gospel alone or else to ! entire "w1 includ+ bo? ! ,gospel & ,! ,acts4 ,! latt] view1 s9ce ! subject is describ$ 9 v4 #a only 9 v broad t]ms1 is n to be ra%ly reject$4 ,no d\bt1 h[ev]1 9 ! prologue ,luke 0 ?9k+ especially ( ! =m] "p ( ! "w--! "p = :i* he 0 dep5d5t altoge!r ^u ! te/imony ( o!rs4 ,! fir/ v]ses ( ,! ,acts l9k ! two p>ts close toge!r4 ,_! connection has be5 obscur$ by ! traditional arrangem5t ( our ,new ,te/am5t books4 ,b t arrangem5t is altoge!r advisable4 ,! =m] "p ( ! ,lucan "w c]ta9ly belongs among ! ,gospels2 & ( ! ,gospels ! ,gospel ( ,john mu/ c]ta9ly be plac$ la/1 z be+ supplem5t>y to ! o!rs4 #b4 ,,typical ,,passages ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,gospel ( ,luke may p]haps be pres5t$ m vividly ?an by ! g5]al description 9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book1 by an exam9ation ( a few typical passages4 ,! two su* passages :i* we %all *oose some:at at r&om1 are ! n>rative ( ! bir? & infancy 9 ,luke #a3e to #b3eb1 & ! p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son4 ,*4 #ae3aa-cb4 ,bo? ( ^! are )\t any p>allel 9 ! o!r ,gospels4 ,mat!w provides an infancy n>rative1 b x is conc]n$ = ! mo/ "p ) ev5ts diff]5t f ^? t appe> 9 ,luke4 7#a7 ,! ,n>rative ( ! ,bir? & ,infancy4--,x has (t5 be5 obs]v$ t ! *>act]i/ic ,greek s5t5ce ( ! prologue1 ,luke #a3a-d1 is imm$iately foll[$ by ! mo/ /rongly ,hebrai/ic passage 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! ,semitic /yle ( ,luke #a3e to #b3eb becomes explicable only if ,luke 0 "h mak+ use ( ,pale/9ian s\rces1 ei!r oral or writt54 ,?is conclusion is confirm$ by ! :ole _s & sub/ance ( ! n>rative4 ,9 ?is n>rative z cle>ly z any:]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t we f9d ourselves transplant$ to ,pale/9ian soil4 ,! e>ly date ( ! n>rative is z evid5t z its ,jewi% ,*ri/ian & ,pale/9ian "*4 ,!re is "h no ref]5ce to concrete ev5ts 9 ! lat] hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,messianic prophecy appe>s 9 its ,old ,te/am5t =m uncolor$ by ! details ( ! fulfillm5t4 ,evid5tly ?is n>rative is no product ( ! ,*ur*'s fancy1 b g5u9e hi/ory told 9 ! v =ms ( spee* :i* 7 natural to ^? :o p>ticipat$ 9 x4 ,! fir/ two *apt]s ( ,luke are 9 _s really a bit ( ! ,old ,te/am5t cont9u$ to ! v ?re%old ( ! ,new4 ,^! *apt]s conta9 ! poetry ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* has tak5 deep hold ( ! he>t & fancy ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ?is section ( 8 ,gospel1 ,luke %[s himself to be a g5u9e hi/orian4 ,a biograph] is n satisfi$ ) n>rat+ ! public life ( 8 h]o1 b prefaces to 8 "w "s acc\nt ( ! family1 & ( ! bir? & *ildhood4 ,s our und]/&+ ( ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus becomes f> deep] :5 we "k t he grew up among ! simple1 dev\t folk :o are describ$ 9 ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ,luke4 ,! picture ( ,m>y 9 ^! *apt]s1 pa9t$ ) an exquisite delicacy ( t\*1 ?r[s a flood ( light ^u ! e>?ly life ( ! ,son ( ,man4 ,beauty ( detail1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be all[$ to obscure ! c5tral fact4 ,! culm9ation ( ! n>rative1 und\bt$ly1 is to be f\nd 9 ! /up5d\s my/]y ( ,luke #a3cd1ce4 ,f> f be+ an excresc5ce 9 ! n>rative1 z x has sometimes be5 repres5t$ 9 an age ( rampant naturalism1 ! sup]natural conception ( ,jesus is ! v key/one ( ! ar*4 ,9 ?is c5tral fact1 ,mat!w & ,luke1 totally indep5d5t z !y are1 are p]fectly agre$4 ,by ?is fact ,jesus is repres5t$1 m cle>ly p]haps ?an by any?+ else1 z n a product ( ! _w b a ,savi\r come f )\t4 7#b7 ,! ,prodigal ,son4--,! p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son1 simple ?\gh x is1 has (t5 be5 sadly mis9t]pret$4 ,x has be5 ?\ght to mean1 = example1 t ,god p>dons s9 on ! basis simply ( human rep5tance )\t ! necessity ( ! div9e sacrifice4 ,all su* int]pretations are wide ( ! m>k4 ,! p>able is n meant to tea* h[ ,god p>dons s91 b only ! fact t he does p>don x ) joy1 & t we ought to %>e 9 8 joy4 ,mis9t]pretation ( ! p>able has come f ! ignor+ ( its occasion4 ,! key to ! int]pretation is giv5 9 ,luke #ae3a1b4 ,jesus 0 receiv+ publicans & s9n]s4 ,in/ead ( rejoic+ at ! salvation ( ^! poor1 degrad$ sons ( ,abraham1 ! ,ph>isees murmur$4 ,9 rebuke1 ,jesus spoke ?ree p>ables4 ,"o ( !m1 ! p>able ( ! ,lo/ ,%eep1 is report$ also by ,mat!w1 *4 #ah3ab-ad2 b ! la/ two1 ! p>ables ( ! ,lo/ ,co9 & ( ! ,prodigal ,son1 appe> only 9 ,luke4 ,! tea*+ ( all ?ree ( ^! p>ables is exactly ! same4 ,! imag]y v>ies1 b ! application is con/ant4 ,t application may be express$ v simply3 ,god rejoices at ! salvation ( a s9n]2 if1 !re=e1 y are really sons ( ,god1 y w rejoice too4 ,9 ! p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son1 h[ev]1 ! application is =c$ home m poignantly ?an 9 ei!r ( ! o!r two4 ,9 t p>able alone among ! ?ree1 ! ,ph>isees c\ld see--9 ! eld] bro!r--a direct repres5tation ( !mselves4 ,! incid5t ( ! eld] bro!r1 sometimes reg>d$ z a m]e detail1 really introduces ! ma9 po9t ( ! p>able4 ,ev]y?+ else leads up to t4 ,! wond]ful description ( ! joy ( ! fa!r at ! prodigal's home-com+ is all int5d$ z a contra/ to ! *urli% jeal\sy ( ! bro!r4 ,! eld] bro!r 0 z f> z possible f %>+ 9 ! fa!r's joy4 ,t %[$ t he 0 no true son4 ,?\gh he liv$ "u ! fa!r's ro(1 he _h no real inw>d %>e 9 ! fa!r's life4 ,s x 0 ) ! ,ph>isees4 ,!y liv$ 9 ! ,fa!r's h\se2 !y 71 z we %\ld say1 memb]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b :5 salvation1 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus1 _h at la/ come to ! poor1 s9ful outca/s ( ! p1 ! ,ph>isees drew aside4 ,god rejoic$ :5 ! publicans cr[d$ 9 to ,jesus2 b ! ,ph>isees held back4 ,t %[$ t aft] all !y 7 n1 z !y ?\ght1 true sons ( ,god4 ,if !y _h be51 !y w\ld h %>$ ,god's feel+4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! p>able ends ) an invitation4 ,! eld] bro!r is n h>%ly rebuk$ by ! fa!r1 b t5d]ly urg$ to come 9 /ill4 ,w ! invitation be accept$8 ,! "q is n answ]$2 & !re lies ! cr[n+ beauty ( ! p>able4 ,! ,ph>isees are /ill giv5 a *ance4 ,w !y /ill %>e ! joy ( ,god at ! return ( 8 lo/ *ildr58 ,!y mu/ answ] ! "q = !mselves4 ,& we1 too1 h ! same "q to answ]4 ,if we are really *ildr5 ( ,god1 !n we %all n despise ! outca/s & ! s9n]s1 b %all rejoice ) him at _! salvation4 ,! p>able is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,gospel ( ,luke4 ,( c\rse1 ,luke did n compose x4 ,no?+ 9 ! ,gospels be>s m indisputably ! m>ks ( ,jesus' tea*+4 ,b f ! ri* /ore ( ,pale/9ian tradition ,luke s\ght out ^? ?+s :i* display$ sympa?y = ! d[ntrodd5 & ! sick & ! s9ful4 ,x 0 an ine/imable s]vice to ! ,*ur*4 ,%all we he$ ! message8 ,god rejoices at ! salvation ( a s9n]4 ,%all we be %>]s 9 8 holy joy8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,purves 7edit$71 article on ,luke4 ,m',clymont1 ,! ,new ,te/am5t & ,its ,writ]s1 pp4 #bg-cb4 ,/ev5s & ,burton1 ,a ,h>mony ( ! ,gospels4 ,ellicott1 ,a ,new ,te/am5t ,comm5t>y = ,engli% ,read]s1 vol4 i3 ,plumptre1 ,! ,gospel ,accord+ to ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,/4 ,m>k1 & ,/4 ,luke1 pp4 #bce-cfe4 ,zahn1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 iii1 pp4 #a-agc4 ,! la/-nam$ "w is int5d$ prim>ily = ^? :o h "s k ( ,greek1 b c also be us$ by o!rs4 ,,lesson ,,xxx ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,,! ,,belov$ ,,disciple ,! ,gospel ,accord+ to ,john #a4 ,,! ,,evangeli/ ,a ,,witness ,! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel 0 a great man4 ,he 0 great1 h[ev]1 n z a philosoph] or z a religi\s g5ius1 b z an apo/le2 n z ! orig9ator ( great ideas1 b z "o :o receiv$ ! tea*+ ( ano!r4 ,he 0 great1 n z "o :o creat$ a pr(\nd !ology1 b z "o :o c\ld und]/& ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! ,johann9e !ology is ! !ology n ( ,john b ( ,jesus4 ,s at lea/ ,john himself repres5ts x4 ,he claims to be n a !ologian1 b a witness4 ,! value ( 8 book dep5ds ^u ! tru? ( 8 witness+4 ,if ! ,johann9e picture ( ,*ri/ is ! creation ( ! au?or's g5ius1 x comm&s admiration2 b only if x is a true picture ( ! hi/oric ,jesus c x (f] et]nal life4 ,is ! ,jesus ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel fiction or fact1 a spl5did product ( religi\s g5ius or a liv+ ,savi\r8 ,few que/ions h caus$ pr(\nd] agitation 9 ! mod]n ,*ur*4 ,! "q _c be sep>at$ f ! "q ( au?or%ip4 ,cle>ly if ! book 0 writt5 by an intimate fri5d ( ,jesus1 its witness mu/ be true4 ,:o wrote ! ,f\r? ,gospel8 ,?is "q is ( vital importance4 #b4 ,,! ,,tradition ,at ! close ( ! second c5tury--! e>lie/ p]iod f :i* any really abundant ,*ri/ian lit]ature outside ( ! ,new ,te/am5t has be5 pres]v$--! tradition ab\t ! au?or%ip ( ! ,gospel 0 practically unanim\s4 ,ev5 ! "o small & un9flu5tial sect t disagre$ practically supports ! common view1 = its d5ial 0 evid5tly bas$ ^u objections to ! cont5ts ( ! ,gospel & n at all ^u any indep5d5t in=mation4 7#a7 ,ir5u & ,polyc>p4--,( ! ?ree important writ]s ( ! close ( ! second c5tury1 all ( :om atte/ ! ,johann9e au?or%ip ( ! ,gospel1 ,ir5u des]ves special m5tion4 ,ir5u sp5t 8 e>ly life 9 ,asia ,m9or1 b aft]w>ds became ! lead] ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,gaul4 ,be=e he left ,asia ,m9or he _h "s v int]e/+ associations4 ,"o ( !m 0 ) ,polyc>p1 bi%op ( ,smyrna1 :o 0 m>tyr$ 9 ,a4 ,d4 #aee4 ,polyc>p w\ld be an important figure m]ely on acc\nt ( ! e>ly p]iod 9 :i* he liv$2 b :at makes 8 te/imony supremely valuable is 8 p]sonal association ) ,john4 ,ir5u himself 9 8 e>ly y\?1 be=e he _h left ,asia ,m9or1 _h he>d ,polyc>p disc\rs+ ab\t ! ?+s he _h he>d ,john say4 ,polyc>p1 !n1 0 a p]sonal disciple ( ,john1 & ,ir5u 0 a p]sonal disciple ( ,polyc>p4 ,only "o l9k1 !re=e1 sep>at$ ,ir5u f ,john4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ,ir5u 9 8 y\? _h liv$ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ! v place ( ,john's resid5ce1 x is natural to believe t :at he he>d ,polyc>p say ab\t ,john c\ld be supplem5t$ 9 o!r ways4 ,n[ beyond any reasonable d\bt :atev]1 ,ir5u suppos$ t ! ,john ( :om he _h he>d ,polyc>p speak 0 none o!r ?an ,john ! apo/le1 ! son ( ,zeb$ee4 ,if t supposition 0 correct1 !n ! connection betwe5 ,ir5u & ! apo/le ,john 0 exce$+ly close2 & :5 ,ir5u exhibits an absolutely unwav]+ belief t ! ,f\r? ,gospel 0 writt5 by ! apo/le1 x is v unlikely t he 0 mi/ak54 ,he _h kn[n "o ( ! p]sonal disciples ( ,john2 he himself _h liv$ 9 ,asia ,m9or :]e ,john _h be5 ! well-kn[n lead] ( ! ,*ur*1 & :]e ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 no matt] :o wrote x1 0 almo/ c]ta9ly produc$4 ,:51 !re=e1 he ass]ts1 n z some?+ new1 b z a ?+ :i* he _h kn[n f ! beg9n+1 t ! ,f\r? ,gospel 0 writt5 by ! apo/le ,john1 surely he mu/ be believ$4 ,?is conclusion has be5 avoid$ by ! hypo!sis t ! ,john ab\t :om ,polyc>p spoke 0 n really1 z ,ir5u suppos$1 ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 b ano!r ,john1 a c]ta9 ,john ! presbyt]1 :o 0 n "o ( ! twelve apo/les at all4 ,! unnaturalness ( su* an hypo!sis appe>s on ! surface4 ,c\ld a native ( ,asia ,m9or :o _h repeat$ly he>d ,polyc>p speak ab\t ! ,john 9 "q1 & :o _h _m o!r opportunities = acqua9t+ himself ) ! traditions ( ! *ur* 9 ,asia ,m9or--c\ld su* a man1 toge!r ) all 8 contempor>ies1 h come to labor "u s egregi\s a misappreh5sion8 7#b7 ,o!r ,atte/ation4--,! te/imony ( ,ir5u to ! ,f\r? ,gospel is ( p>ticul> importance1 on acc\nt ( ,ir5u' connection ) ,polyc>p4 ,b x is only "o detail 9 a rem>kable cons5sus4 ,:5 ! mo/ widely sep>at$ portions ( ! ,*ur* be=e ! close ( ! second c5tury all agre$ t ! ,f\r? ,gospel 0 writt5 by ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 _! common belief c\ld n h be5 ( rec5t orig94 ,e>li] writ]s1 moreov]1 by _! use ( ! ,gospel atte/ at lea/ its e>ly date4 #c4 ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,,! ,,gospel ,,itself ,! tradition :i* attributes ! ,f\r? ,gospel to ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee is confirm$ by ! te/imony ( ! ,gospel itself4 ,al?\gh ! book does n m5tion ! "n ( its au?or x cle>ly implies :o he 04 7#a7 ,indirectness ( ! ,te/imony4--,?is te/imony ( ! ,gospel itself is all ! m valuable because x is indirect4 ,if ! "n ,john _h be5 m5tion$ at ! beg9n+1 !n x might conceivably be suppos$ t an unkn[n au?or _h desir$ to ga9 a he>+ = 8 "w by putt+ x falsely "u ! "n ( a great apo/le4 ,z x is1 ! inf]5ce t ! au?or claims to be ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 ?\gh c]ta91 does n =ce itself ^u ! c>eless read]4 ,a =g] w\ld n ?us1 by ! indirectness ( 8 claim1 h depriv$ himself ( ! b5efits ( 8 =g]y4 ,! te/imony ( ! ,gospel to its au?or mu/ n[ be consid]$4 7#b7 ,! ,au?or an ,eyewitness4--,9 ! fir/ place1 almo/ at ! v beg9n+1 we obs]ve t ! au?or claims to be an eyewitness ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,we beheld 8 glory1 he says 9 ,john #a3ad4 ,by behold+ ! glory ( ,*ri/ he evid5tly does n mean m]ely t exp]i5ce ( ,*ri/'s p[] :i* is possess$ by e ,*ri/ian4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! glory ( ,*ri/1 z x is int5d$ by ! evangeli/1 is fully expla9$ by su* passages z *4 #b3aa4 ,! miracles ( ,jesus--palpable1 visible ev5ts 9 ! ext]nal _w--are cle>ly includ$ 9 :at is meant4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 *4 #a3ad x is v specifically ! inc>nate ,*ri/ t is spok5 (4 ,! evangeli/ is describ+ ! condition ( ?+s aft] ! ,^w became fle%4 ,evid5tly1 !re=e1 x 0 ! e>?ly life ( ,jesus :i* ! evangeli/ claims to h beheld4 ,?is conclusion is confirm$ by ,i ,john #a3a-d4 ,sc>cely anyone d\bts t ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john 0 writt5 by ! man :o wrote ! ,gospel4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! au?or ( ! epi/le speaks ( t :i* we h he>d1 t :i* we h se5 ) our eyes1 t :i* we beheld1 & our h&s h&l$1 conc]n+ ! ,^w ( life1 evid5tly ^! words h significance = ! ,gospel also4 ,! au?or fairly heaps up expressions to %[1 beyond all possibility ( misund]/&+1 t he _h come into actual physical contact ) ! e>?ly ,jesus4 7#c7 ,! ,unnam$ ,disciple ( ,john #a3ce-db4--,! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 !n1 cle>ly claims to be an eyewitness ( ! e>?ly life ( ,*ri/4 ,fur!r indications id5tify him ) a p>ticul> "o among ! eyewitnesses4 ,9 ,john #a3ce-db1 an unnam$ disciple ( ,jesus is m5tion$4 ,"o ( ! two1 x is said 9 v4 #dj1 t he>d ,john speak1 & foll[$ him1 0 ,&rew1 ,simon ,pet]'s bro!r4 ,:o 0 ! o!r8 ,!re is "s reason = ?9k+ t he 0 "o ( ! two sons ( ,zeb$ee4 ,b ! matt] w become cle>] z we proce$4 ,ano!r "q is :y ?is disciple is n m5tion$ by "n4 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel is n *>y ( names4 ,:y1 !n1 is ! disciple :o appe>s s prom95tly along ) ,&rew & ,simon n m5tion$ by "n8 ,only "o plausible explanation sugge/s itself--! explanation t ! unnam$ disciple 0 ! au?or ( ! ,gospel1 :o1 ?r\gh a feel+ common 9 ! lit]ature ( antiquity1 z well z ( our own "t1 did n l to m5tion 8 own "n 9 ! c\rse ( 8 n>rative4 ,we h already obs]v$ t ! au?or claims to be an eyewitness ( ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,john #a3ad4 ,:51 !re=e1 ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! n>rative a disciple ( ,jesus is introduc$1 r my/]i\sly1 )\t a "n1 :51 fur!rmore1 ev5ts 9 :i* ?is disciple 0 imm$iately conc]n$ are n>rat$ ) unusual vividness & weal? ( detail1 vs4 #ce-db1 ! conclusion becomes v natural t ?is unnam$ disciple is none o!r ?an ! au?or himself4 7#d7 ,! ,belov$ ,disciple4--,?is conclusion1 x mu/ be admitt$1 s f> z ?is fir/ passage is conc]n$1 is no?+ m ?an a likely guess4 ,b by o!r passages x is r5d]$ almo/ c]ta94 ,9 ,john #ac3ba-be1 a disciple is m5tion$ z lean+ on ,jesus' brea/ & z be+ "o :om ,jesus lov$4 ,?is disciple is n nam$4 ,b :o 0 he8 ,evid5tly he 0 "o ( ! twelve apo/les1 = only ! apo/les 7 pres5t at ! ,supp] :i* is describ$ 9 *s4 #ac to #ag4 ,! disciple :om ,jesus lov$1 h[ev]1 0 n only among ! ,twelve2 he 0 evid5tly among ! inn]mo/ circle ( ! ,twelve4 ,su* an inn]mo/ circle appe>s cle>ly 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,x 0 compos$ ( ,pet] & ,james & ,john4 ,! belov$ disciple 0 probably "o ( ^! ?ree2 & s9ce he is cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ,pet]1 *4 #ac3bd1 he 0 ei!r ,james or ,john4 ,! introduction ( an unnam$ disciple1 :i* seem$ significant ev5 9 ,john #a3ce-db1 becomes yet f> m significant 9 ! pres5t passage4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 a consid]able numb] ( ! disciples are nam$--,pet]1 ,judas ,isc>iot1 ,?omas1 ,philip1 ,judas n ,isc>iot--yet ! disciple :o is introduc$ ) especial emphasis1 ^: v position at table is describ$ ) a weal? ( detail f> great] ?an is display$ 9 ! case ( any ( ! o!rs1 is designat$ m]ely z "o ( 8 disciples1 :om ,jesus lov$4 ,! /range omission ( ?is disciple's "n c be expla9$ only if he 0 ! au?or ( ! book4 ,cle>ly ! pa9t] has "h introduc$ a mode/ portrait ( himself 9 ! mid/ ( 8 great picture4 ,pass+ by ,john #ah3ae1af1 :]e ! o!r disciple is probably ! au?or1 & *4 #ai3bf1bg1 :]e ! repetition ( ! /range designation1 ! disciple 444 :om he ,jesus lov$1 confirms ! impressions d]iv$ f *4 #ac3ba-be1 we discov] ano!r important indication 9 *4 #ai3ce4 ,& he t ha? se5 ha? borne witness1 & 8 witness is true3 & he kn[e? t he sai? true1 t ye also may believe4 ,he t ha? se5 c sc>cely ref] to anyone o!r ?an ! belov$ disciple :o 0 m5tion$ j be=e z /&+ by ! cross4 ,9 ! pres5t v]se1 ?is belov$ disciple is repres5t$ z ! "o :o is n[ speak+4 ,! id5tification ( ! belov$ disciple ) ! au?or ( ! ,gospel1 :i* 0 impli$ be=e1 "h becomes explicit4 ,9 ,john #bj3a-aj1 ! o!r disciple :om ,jesus lov$ is ( c\rse ! same z ! "o :o appe>s 9 *4 #ac3ba-be2 #ai3bf1bg1ce4 7#e7 ,te/imony ( ! ,app5dix4--,9 ,john #ba3g1bj-bc1 ! belov$ disciple appe>s aga91 & 9 v4 #bd he is id5tifi$1 9 s _m words1 ) ! writ] ( ! ,gospel4 ,9 ?is v]se ! fir/ p]son plural is us$2 o!r p]sons seem to be associat$ ) ! au?or 9 comm5d+ ! ,gospel to ! att5tion ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is ph5om5on is expla9$ if ! tw5ty-fir/ *apt] be reg>d$ z a sort ( app5dix1 p]haps add$ at ! reque/ ( a circle ( fri5ds4 ,x w be obs]v$ t *4 #bj3cj1ca =ms a fit end+ to ! book2 :at foll[s !re=e appe>s ! m l an app5dix1 ?\gh x 0 c]ta9ly writt5 by ! au?or's own h& & publi%$ be=e 8 dea? along ) ! re/ ( ! book4 7#f7 ,:y ,are ,john & ,james ,n ,m5tion$ by ,"n8--,! conclusion ( our inve/igation is t ! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel indicates cle>ly t he 0 ei!r "o or ! o!r ( ! two sons ( ,zeb$ee4 ,?is conclusion is confirm$ by ! curi\s circum/ance t nei!r "o ( ^! m5 is m5tion$ 9 ! ,gospel by "n4 ,h[ did !y come to be omitt$8 ,!y 7 9 ! v inn]mo/ circle ( ,jesus' disciples2 _m apo/les f> less prom95t ?an !y are nam$ frequ5tly on ! pages ( ! ,gospel4 ,!re c be only "o solution ( ! problem3 "o at lea/ ( ^! m5 is1 z a matt] ( fact1 introduc$ 9 ! ,gospel z ! belov$ disciple1 & ! reason :y he is introduc$ 9 su* a curi\sly anonym\s way & :y 8 bro!r also is n nam$1 is t ! au?or felt a natural delicacy ab\t introduc+ 8 own & 8 bro!r's "n into a n>rative ( ! ,"l's life4 ,"o /atem5t t has j be5 made requires qualification3 x is n q true t ! sons ( ,zeb$ee are n designat$ by "n 9 ! ,gospel4 ,!y are n inde$ call$ by _! individual names1 b 9 *4 #ba3b1 !y are designat$ by ! "n ( _! fa!r4 ,possibly ?is slight diff]5ce ( usage betwe5 *apt] #ba & ! re/ ( ! ,gospel has some?+ to d ) ! fact t *apt] #ba seems to be an app5dix4 7#g7 ,! ,au?or ,0 ,n ,james1 b ,john4--,! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 !n1 id5tifies himself ) "o or ! o!r ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee4 ,z to :i* "o ( ! two is meant !re _c be ! slighte/ d\bt4 ,james ! son ( ,zeb$ee 0 m>tyr$ 9 ,a4 ,d4 #dd4 ,acts #ab3b4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce t ! ,f\r? ,gospel 0 n writt5 s e>ly z t2 & ,john #ba3bj-bc app>5tly implies t ! au?or liv$ to a consid]able age4 ,evid5tly1 !re=e1 x is ,john & n ,james ) :om ! au?or id5tifies himself4 7#h7 ,is ! ,gospel's ,own ,te/imony ,true8--,?us ! s+ul>ly /rong tradition :i* attributes ! ,f\r? ,gospel to ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee is support$ by ! indep5d5t te/imony ( ! book itself4 ,conceivably1 ( c\rse1 t te/imony might be false4 ,b x is v h>d to believe t x is4 ,x is v h>d to believe t ! au?or ( ?is wond]ful book1 :o despite all ! pr(undity ( 8 ideas exalts 9 a v special mann] ! importance ( simple te/imony bas$ ^u ! s5ses1 ,john #ai3ce2 ,i ,john #a3a-d1 has 9 a mann] f> subtl] & m he9\s ?an if he _h simply put a false "n at ! beg9n+ palm$ himself (f z an eyewitness ( ! ,savi\r's life4 ,_m le>n$ m5 h f\nd x possible to accept su* a view2 b ! simple read] ( ! ,gospel w always be incl9$ to diss5t4 ,! au?or ( ?is book has n>rat$ _m ?+s h>d to be believ$4 ,b !re are /ill f\nd ^? :o accept 8 solemn te/imony2 !re are /ill f\nd ^? 9 :om ! purpose ( ! book is a*iev$1 :o ?r\gh ?is ,gospel believe t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 & believ+ h life 9 8 "n4 ,john #bj3ca4 #d4 ,,traditional ,,"t ,,& ,,place ,,& ,,plan ,! tradition ab\t ! ,f\r? ,gospel is n conf9$ to ! b>e fact ( ,johann9e au?or%ip2 x has pres]v$ c]ta9 o!r v int]e/+ in=mation4 7#a7 ,! ,ephesian ,resid5ce4--,= example1 tradition repres5ts ! ,f\r? ,gospel z writt5 aft] ! o!r ?ree ,gospels & at ,ephesus4 ,! evid5ce = ! ,ephesian resid5ce ( ! apo/le ,john is s+ul>ly abundant & weighty2 & ! contr>y evid5ce :i* has be5 ?\ght to atte/ an e>ly dea? ( ,john is exce$+ly weak4 ,at fir/1 ,john1 l ! o!rs ( ! orig9al apo/les1 rema9$ 9 ,pale/9e4 ,he appe>s 9 ,j]usalem a little be=e ,a4 ,d4 #ej at ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil4 ,gal4 #b3i4 ,at "s subsequ5t "t1 p]haps at ! outbreak ( ! ,jewi% w> 9 ,a4 ,d4 #ff1 he j\rney$ to ,asia ,m9or & !re = _m ye>s 0 ! rev]$ head ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he liv$ inde$ until ! reign ( ,trajan1 :i* began 9 ,a4 ,d4 #ih4 7#b7 ,! ,gospel ( ,john ,supplem5t>y to ! ,synoptic ,gospels4--,accord+ to tradition1 ! ,gospel ( ,john 0 n only writt5 aft] ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 b 0 int5d$ to be supplem5t>y to !m4 ,?is in=mation is amply confirm$ by ! ,gospel itself4 ,evid5tly ,john presupposes on ! "p ( 8 read]s a k ( ! ,synoptic acc\nt4 ,?is expla9s 8 peculi> *oice ( mat]ial--= example1 8 omission ( mo/ ( ! ,galilean m9i/ry1 & ( su* ev5ts z ! baptism & ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,x expla9s also1 = example1 a v]se l ,john #c3bd3 ,= ,john 0 n yet ca/ into prison4 ,! ,synoptic ,gospels beg9 _! acc\nt ( ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus ) :at happ5$ aft] ! imprisonm5t ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,m>k #a3ad4 ,read]s ( ,m>k might ev5 receive ! impression t ,jesus _h n begun 8 tea*+ till aft] t "t4 ,john corrects any su* impression 9 *4 #c3bd4 ,if1 !n1 ! ,gospel ( ,john is int5d$ n to compete ) ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 b to supplem5t !m1 9 :at direction does ! supplem5t+ move8 ,:at is x t ,john adds to :at _h already be5 told8 ,"h1 aga91 tradition af=ds u useful h9ts4 ,eusebius1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\r? c5tury1 writes z foll[s 7,*ur* ,hi/ory1 iii1 #bd1 #g-ac1 translat$ by ,mc,giffert1 9 ,nic5e & ,po/-,nic5e ,fa!rs1 second s]ies1 vol4 i1 p4 #aec73 ,& :5 ,m>k & ,luke _h already publi%$ _! ,gospels1 !y say t ,john1 :o _h employ$ all 8 "t 9 proclaim+ ! ,gospel orally1 f9ally proce$$ to write = ! foll[+ reason4 ,! ?ree ,gospels already m5tion$ ,mat!w1 ,m>k & ,luke hav+ come into ! h&s ( all & into 8 own too1 !y say t he accept$ !m & bore witness to _! tru?fulness2 b t !re 0 lack+ 9 !m an acc\nt ( ! de$s done by ,*ri/ at ! beg9n+ ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,& ?is inde$ is true4 ,= x is evid5t t ! ?ree evangeli/s record$ only ! de$s done by ! ,savi\r = "o ye> aft] ! imprisonm5t ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 & indicat$ ?is 9 ! beg9n+ ( _! acc\nt4 ,= ,mat!w1 aft] ! =ty days' fa/ & ! temptation :i* foll[$ x1 indicates ! *ronology ( 8 "w :5 he says3 ',n[ :5 he he>d t ,john 0 deliv]$ up he )drew f ,judea into ,galilee4' ,m>k likewise says3 ',n[ aft] t ,john 0 deliv]$ up ,jesus came into ,galilee4' ,& ,luke1 be=e comm5c+ 8 acc\nt ( ! de$s ( ,jesus1 simil>ly m>ks ! "t1 :5 he says t ,h]od1 'add+ to all ! evil de$s :i* he _h done1 %ut up ,john 9 prison4' ,!y say1 !re=e1 t ! apo/le ,john1 be+ ask$ to d x = ?is reason1 gave 9 8 ,gospel an acc\nt ( ! p]iod :i* _h be5 omitt$ by ! e>li] evangeli/s1 & ( ! de$s done by ! ,savi\r dur+ t p]iod2 t is1 ( ^? :i* 7 done be=e ! imprisonm5t ( ! ,bapti/4 ,& ?is is indicat$ by him1 !y say1 9 ! foll[+ words3 ',?is beg9n+ ( miracles did ,jesus'2 & aga9 :5 he ref]s to ! ,bapti/1 9 ! mid/ ( ! de$s ( ,jesus1 z /ill baptiz+ 9 non ne> ,salim2 :]e he /ates ! matt] cle>ly 9 ! words3 ',= ,john 0 n yet ca/ into prison4' ,john accord+ly1 9 8 ,gospel1 records ! de$s ( ,*ri/ :i* 7 p]=m$ be=e ! ,bapti/ 0 ca/ into prison1 b ! o!r ?ree evangeli/s m5tion ! ev5ts :i* happ5$ aft] t "t4 ,"o :o und]/&s ?is c no long] ?9k t ! ,gospels are at v>iance ) "o ano!r1 inasmu* z ! ,gospel accord+ to ,john conta9s ! fir/ acts ( ,*ri/1 :ile ! o!rs give an acc\nt ( ! latt] "p ( 8 life4 ,& ! g5ealogy ( our ,savi\r accord+ to ! fle% ,john q naturally omitt$1 because x _h be5 already giv5 by ,mat!w & ,luke1 & began ) ! doctr9e ( 8 div9ity1 :i* _h1 z x 71 be5 res]v$ = him1 z _! sup]ior1 by ! div9e ,_s4 ,accord+ to ,eusebius1 !n1 ,john int5d$ to treat ! "t be=e ! imprisonm5t ( ! ,bapti/ z ! ,synopti/s treat$ ! "t aft] t ev5t4 ,we h already not$ ! elem5t ( tru? 9 ?is obs]vation4 ,( c\rse x is n ! only obs]vation t ne$s to be made4 ,mu* ( :at ,john n>rates occurr$ aft] ! imprisonm5t ( ! ,bapti/4 ,accord+ to ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ( ! close ( ! second c5tury1 :o "h reports :at _h be5 said by 8 pr$ecessors 9 ,alex&ria1 ,john1 see+ t bodily matt]s _h be5 treat$ by ! ,synopti/s1 supplem5t$ _! "w by writ+ a spiritual ,gospel4 ,9 ?is te/imony also !re is no d\bt an elem5t ( tru?4 ,x is true t ! ,f\r? ,gospel reproduces c]ta9 pr(\nd elem5ts 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus :i* 9 ! e>li] ,gospels appe> only incid5tally4 ,! oral tradition :i* =ms ! *ief basis ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels 0 root$ deep 9 ! e>lie/ mission>y activity ( ! ,*ur*4 ,especially1 p]haps1 9 ! ,gospel ( ,m>k1 b also 9 ,mat!w & ,luke1 we h = ! mo/ "p ^? facts ab\t ,jesus & ^? elem5ts ( 8 tea*+ :i* c\ld appeal at once to simple-m9d$ believ]s or to outsid]s4 ,! ,gospel ( ,john1 on ! o!r h&1 draw+1 l ! o!rs1 f ! ri* /ore ( ,jesus' tea*+ & ,jesus' p]son1 has reveal$ yet deep] my/]ies4 ,9 ?is pr(\nd book1 we h ! recollections ( a belov$ disciple1 at fir/ und]/ood only imp]fectly by ! apo/le himself1 b r5d]$ ev] cle>] by advanc+ exp]i5ce1 & firmly fix$ by be+ (t5 repeat$ 9 ! au?or's oral in/ruction ( ! ,*ur*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 article on ,john 7#g73 ,purves1 article on ,john1 ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,m',clymont1 ,! ,new ,te/am5t & ,its ,writ]s1 pp4 #cc-dj4 ,/ev5s & ,burton1 ,a ,h>mony ( ! ,gospels4 ,we/cott1 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,john3 ,! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion ) ,introduction & ,notes4 ,! ,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools3 ,plumm]1 ,! ,gospel ,accord+ to ,/4 ,john4 ,br[n+1 ,a ,dea? 9 ! ,des]t 7vol4 iv1 pp4 #aia-bjf ( ! ,riv]side ,edition74 ,zahn1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 iii1 pp4 #agd-cee4 ,! la/-nam$ "w is int5d$ prim>ily = ^? :o h "s k ( ,greek1 b c also be us$ by o!rs4 ,,lesson ,,xxxi ,,! ,,jesus ,,( ,,! ,,gospels ,x is possible to speak ( ! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels only if ! ,gospels are 9 ess5tial agreem5t4 ,if ! features ( ! f\r portraits are s diff]5t t !y nev] c\ld h be5 unit$ really 9 ! same p]son1 !n !re is no su* ?+ z a ,jesus ( ! ,gospels1 b only a ,jesus ( ,mat!w & a ,jesus ( ,m>k & a ,jesus ( ,luke & a ,jesus ( ,john4 #a4 ,,agreem5t ,,among ,,! ,,synopti/s ,among ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 at any rate1 no su* diff]5ce exi/s4 ,?\gh e "o ( ^! ,gospels possesses its own *>act]i/ics1 ! peculi>ities are almo/ negligible 9 comp>ison ) ! und]ly+ unity4 ,!re is c]ta9ly su* a ?+ z ! ,synoptic ,jesus4 ,8 words & de$s are n>rat$ 9 ea* ( ! ,gospels 9 a diff]5t selection & 9 a diff]5t /yle1 b ! *>act]i/ic features are ev]y:]e ! same4 #b4 ,,! ,,synopti/s ,,& ,,john ,) reg>d to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ! matt] is n q s pla94 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! ,synopti/s & ,john has already be5 notic$4 ,x =ces itself ^u ev5 ! mo/ casual read]4 ,diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 is n necess>ily contradiction4 ,x may be due to a diff]5ce 9 ! po9t ( view4 ,bo? ! ,synopti/s & ,john give a true picture ( ,jesus2 ! same features appe> v diff]5t :5 view$ f diff]5t angles4 #c4 ,,div9ity ,,& ,,humanity ,at any rate1 if !re is a contradiction betwe5 ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels & ! ,gospel ( ,john1 ! contradiction is by no means easy to =mulate4 ,x _c be said1 = example1 simply t ! ,synopti/s pres5t a human ,jesus & ,john a div9e ,jesus4 ,:atev] ! diff]5ces among ! f\r ,gospels1 all f\r agree at lea/ 9 two ess5tial features4 ,all f\r pres5t ,jesus1 9 ! fir/ place z a man1 & 9 ! second place z some?+ m ?an a man4 7#a7 ,humanity 9 ! ,synopti/s4--,! =m] feature is p]haps especially cle> 9 ! ,synopti/s4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 ,jesus l$ a g5u9e human life f bir? to dea?4 ,z a *ild he grew n only 9 /ature1 b also 9 wisdom4 ,he 0 subject to human p>5ts & to ! requirem5ts ( ! ,jewi% law4 ,ev5 aft] ! inauguration ( 8 m9i/ry ! human conditions ( 8 life 7 n sup]s$$4 ,he 0 ev5 tempt$ l o!r m54 ,he grew we>y & slept4 ,he suff]$ hung] & ?ir/4 ,he c\ld rejoice & he c\ld suff] sorr[4 ,he pray$1 l o!r m51 & wor%ip$ ,god4 ,he ne$$ /r5g!n+ bo? = body & = m9d4 ,no m]e semblance ( a human life is "h pres5t$1 b a g5u9e man ( fle% & blood4 7#b7 ,humanity 9 ,john4--,b if ! ,jesus ( ! ,synopti/s is a true man1 h[ is x ) ! ,jesus ( ,john8 ,does ! ,f\r? ,gospel pres5t m]ely a heav5ly be+ :o walk$ ?r\gh ! _w unt\*$ & unruffl$ by ! s9 & mis]y & weakness t surr\nd$ him8 ,only a v sup]ficial read+ c produce su* an impression4 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel inde$ lays a supreme emphasis ^u ! maje/y ( ,jesus1 ^u 8 glory z x 0 manife/$ 9 works ( p[] & atte/$ by ,god himself4 ,b side by side ) ^! features ( ! n>rative1 z ?\gh to prev5t a possible misund]/&+1 ! au?or pres5ts ! humanity ( ,jesus ) dra/ic t\*es t c sc>cely be p>allel$ 9 ! ,synopti/s !mselves4 ,x is ,john :o speaks ( ! we>9ess ( ,jesus at ! well ( ,sam>ia1 *4 #d3f2 ( ! human affection :i* he felt = ,laz>us & ,m>?a & ,m>y1 *4 #aa3c1e1cf1 & = an individual among ! disciples1 *4 #ac3bc2 ( 8 weep+1 *4 #aa3ce2 & indignant groan+1 v4 #ch2 & ( 8 deadly ?ir/4 ,*4 #ai3bh4 ,z cle>ly z ! o!r evangeli/s ,john pres5ts ,jesus z a man4 7#c7 ,div9ity 9 ,john4--,9 ! second place1 all f\r ,gospels1 if !y pres5t ,jesus z a man1 also pres5t him z some?+ f> m ?an a man4 ,) reg>d to ! ,gospel ( ,john1 ( c\rse ! matt] is unmi/akable4 ,! v fir/ v]se reads3 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w1 & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god4 ,jesus accord+ to ,john 0 pla9ly no product ( ! _w1 b ,god come 9 ! fle%4 ,john #a3ad4 ,! tea*+ ( ,jesus himself1 z x is report$ 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 is conc]n$ ) ! relation ( p]fect unity t exi/s betwe5 ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4 7#d7 ,div9ity 9 ! ,synopti/s4--,9 ! ,synopti/s ! sup]natural "* ( ,jesus is some:at less on ! surface4 ,8 tea*+1 z ! ,synopti/s report x1 is l>gely conc]n$ n directly ) 8 own p]son1 b ) ! k+dom t he came to f\nd4 ,ev5 8 ,messiah%ip is (t5 kept 9 ! backgr\nd2 ! demons are (t5 comm&$ n to reveal x4 ,a clos] exam9ation1 h[ev]1 reveals ! ess5tial unity betwe5 ! ,synopti/s & ,john4 ,if ! sup]natural "* ( ,jesus appe>s 9 ! ,synopti/s less pla9ly on ! surface1 x is really no less p]vasive at ! c5t]4 ,x does n s (t5 =m ! subject ( direct exposition1 b x is ev]y:]e presuppos$4 ,! do+ by ,jesus ( :at only ,god c d1 ,m>k #b3e1g2 ! sov]eign way 9 :i* he legislates = ! k+dom ( ,god1 ,matt4 #e3ag-dh2 8 une>?ly hol9ess & complete lack ( any consci\sness ( s92 ! b\ndlessness ( 8 dem& = ob$i5ce1 ,luke #i3eg-fb2 8 expect$ fre$om f limitations ( "t & place1 ,matt4 #bh3bj2 ! absolutely c5tral place :i* he claims = himself z rul] & judge2 ! sub/antiation ( all 8 l(ty claims by wond]ful p[] ov] ! =ces ( nature--^! are only indications *os5 almo/ at r&om ( :at is really pla9 ^u e page ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 t ! ,jesus :o is !re describ$ is no m]e human figure b a div9e ,savi\r ( ! _w4 ,! invitation ( ,matt4 #aa3bh-cj1 :i* is typical ( ! ,synoptic tea*+1 w\ld h be5 absurd on ! lips ( anyone b ! ,son ( ,god4 ,moreov]1 ! div9e nature ( ,jesus is n m]ely impli$ 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels2 !re are times :5 x ev5 becomes explicit4 ,! relation ( p]fect mutual k t exi/s betwe5 ,jesus & ! ,fa!r1 ,matt4 #aa3bg1 reveals a p]fect unity ( nature4 ,! ,jesus ( ! ,synopti/s1 z well z ! ,jesus ( ,john1 might say1 ,i & ! ,fa!r are "o4 #d4 ,,! ,,mann] ,,( ,,jesus' ,,tea*+ ,! ,synoptic ,gospels1 !re=e1 imply ev]y:]e exactly ! same ,jesus :o is m expressly pres5t$ 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john4 ,if1 !n1 !re is a contradiction betwe5 ! ,synopti/s & ,john1 x c be conc]n$ only ) ! mann] ( ,jesus' tea*+4 ,! ,synopti/s z well z ,john pres5t ,jesus z a sup]natural p]son1 x is said1 b unlike ,john !y repres5t him z keep+ 8 own p]son 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 matur] consid]ation %[s t ! diff]5ce does n am\nt to any?+ l contradiction4 ,may n ! same p]son h spok5 ! disc\rses ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel & also ^? ( ! ,synopti/s8 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus 0 v>i$1 & t ! fir/ ?ree evangeli/s conf9e !mselves almo/ exclusively to "o phase ( x4 ,9 ! public ,galilean m9i/ry1 :i* ! ,synopti/s describe1 x 0 necess>y = ,jesus to keep ev5 8 ,messiah%ip = a "t 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,publication ( x1 ow+ to ! false political conception :i* ! ,jews _h ( ! ,messiah's "w1 w\ld h be5 fatal to ,jesus' plan4 ,"h1 z s (t51 ! ,f\r? ,gospel expla9s ! o!r ?ree4 ,aft] ! fe$+ ( ! five ?\s&1 ,john tells u1 ! cr[d want$ to take ,jesus by =ce & make him a k+4 ,john #f3ae4 ,popul>ity 0 dang]\s4 ,jesus c\ld n proclaim himself publicly z ! ,messiah1 until by expla9+ ! spiritual nature ( ! k+dom he _h prep>$ ! p = ! k9d ( ,messiah :i* x 0 8 mission to be4 ,( c\rse1 x is difficult = u to und]/& at e po9t j :y ,jesus act$ z he did4 ,all t we are n[ ma9ta9+ is t ! consid]ations j adduc$1 & o!rs l !m1 %[ t x is p]fectly conceivable t ,jesus1 be=e 8 intimate disciples & 9 ,j]usalem & at a special crisis1 ,john1 *4 #f1 adopt$ a me?od ( tea*+ :i* 9 ! great] "p ( ! ,galilean m9i/ry he consid]$ out ( place4 ,!re is room 9 a true n>rative ( ,jesus' life bo? = ! ,synopti/s & = ,john4 #e4 ,,! ,,compreh5siv5ess ,,( ,,jesus ,jesus 0 _m-sid$4 ,he 0 ,lawgiv]1 he 0 ,tea*]1 he 0 ,heal]1 he 0 ,rul]1 he 0 ,savi\r4 ,he 0 man & he 0 ,god4 ,! ,gospels h pres5t$ him 9 ! ri*ness ( 8 my/]i\s p]son4 ,mod]n hi/orians are less compreh5sive4 ,!y h be5 (f5d$ at ! manifoldness ( ! ,gospel picture4 ,!y h endeavor$ to r$uce ,jesus to ! level ( :at !y c compreh5d4 ,b _! ef=t has be5 a failure4 ,aft] ! suppos$ contradictions h be5 remov$1 great] contradictions rema92 & ! result+ figure is at any rate too small to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! p>tial ,jesus ( mod]n criticism1 despite 8 comp>ative littl5ess1 is a mon/rosity2 ! compreh5sive ,jesus ( ! ,gospels1 ?\gh my/]i\s1 is a self-evid5c+ & life-giv+ fact4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,purves1 article on ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,w>field1 ,! ,"l ( ,glory1 pp4 #abe-agc4 ,rob]tson1 ,epo*s 9 ! ,life ( ,jesus4 ,/alk]1 ,! ,life ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,d5ney1 ,jesus & ! ,gospel4 ,&rews1 ,! ,life ( ,our ,"l4 ,,lesson ,,xxxii ,a ,,docum5t ,,( ,,! ,,j]usalem ,,*ur* ,! ,epi/le ( ,james #a4 ,,! ,,*ri/ianity ,,( ,,james ,! ,epi/le ( ,james has be5 call$ ! lea/ ,*ri/ian book 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,sup]ficially ?is judgm5t is true4 ,! "n ( ,jesus occurs only twice 9 ! epi/le1 ,james #a3a2 #b3a1 & !re is no specific ref]5ce to 8 life & dea? & resurrection4 ,a close exam9ation1 h[ev]1 rev]ses ! fir/ impression4 7#a7 ,james & ! ,synoptic ,disc\rses4--,9 ! fir/ place1 ! e?ical tea*+ ( ,james is p]meat$ by ! _s ( ,jesus4 ,ev5 ! =m ( ! epi/le displays a m>k$ aff9ity = ! disc\rses ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 & ! aff9ity 9 cont5t is ev5 m app>5t4 ,_m /rik+ p>allels c\ld be cit$2 b :at is m conv9c+ ?an su* details is ! indef9able _s ( ! :ole4 ,! way 9 :i* ,james treats ! covet\sness1 ! pride1 ! he>tlessness1 ! =malism1 ! pett9ess & ! meanness ( 8 read]s1 is /rik+ly simil> to ! way 9 :i* 8 ,ma/] dealt ) ! ,ph>isees4 ,james does n inde$ actually cite ! words ( ,jesus2 b ! abs5ce ( citations makes ! und]ly+ simil>ity all ! m significant4 ,! writ] ( ?is epi/le did n live at a "t :5 ! k ( ! words ( ,jesus 0 d]iv$ f books2 r he _h himself li/5$ to ! ,ma/]--ev5 ?\gh he 0 n at fir/ a disciple--& 0 liv+ 9 a community :]e ! impression ( ,jesus' tea*+ & ,jesus' p]son 0 /ill fre% 9 ! memory ( ^? :o _h kn[n him on e>?4 7#b7 ,james & ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e4--,9 ! second place1 moreov]1 ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,james is religi\s z well z e?ical4 ,( c\rse x c\ld n be l ! tea*+ ( ,jesus if x 7 m]ely e?ical2 = ev]y?+ t ,jesus taught ev5 ab\t ! simple/ matt]s ( human conduct 0 det]m9$ by ! ?\ght ( ! heav5ly ,fa!r & by ! significance ( 8 own p]son4 ,b by ! religi\s "* ( ! ,epi/le ( ,james ev5 m ?an ?is is meant4 ,l all ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,james 0 well aw>e ( ! sav+ significance ( ,jesus' dea? & resurrection4 ,= him z well z = ! o!rs1 ,jesus 0 ,"l1 *4 #a3a1 & a ,"l :o 0 possess$ ( a heav5ly glory4 ,*4 #b3a4 ,james1 z well z ! o!rs1 0 wait+ = ! second com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,*4 #e3h4 ,he does n directly ref] to ! sav+ ev5ts t =m ! sub/ance ( ,*ri/ian fai?2 b he takes !m ev]y:]e = grant$4 ,! ^w ( tru? ?r\gh :i* ! disciples h be5 =m$ by ,god1 *4 #a3ah1 ! implant$ ^w1 v4 #ba1 t ne$s ev] to be receiv$ anew1 c h>dly be any?+ else ?an ! apo/olic gospel z x 0 proclaim$ 9 ! e>lie/ spee*es ( ,pet] :i* are record$ 9 ,! ,acts1 & z x f\nd its ri* unfold+ 9 ! tea*+ ( ,paul4 ,j because t gospel 9 our epi/le is presuppos$1 x does n ne$ to be exp\nd$ 9 detail4 ,! m5 to :om ,james 0 writ+ 7 n lack+ 9 or?odoxy4 ,if !y _h be51 he w\ld h set !m "r1 & we %\ld h _h ano!r exposition ( ! gospel4 ,z a matt] ( fact _! fault 0 9 practice1 n 9 !ory2 & x is 9 ! sph]e ( practice t !y are met by ,james4 ,! epi/le w\ld be insuffici5t if x /ood alone4 ,x does n lay ! f\ndation ( ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,b x %[s h[1 ^u t f\ndation1 may be built n ! wood1 hay & /ubble ( a wordy or?odoxy1 b ! gold & silv] & preci\s /ones ( an hone/ ,*ri/ian life4 ,?is epi/le1 !n1 might be mislead+ if tak5 by itself2 b x becomes salut>y if x is und]/ood 9 its hi/orical connections4 ,f> f disp>ag+ ,*ri/ian doctr9e--z ! mod]n ,*ur* is tempt$ to suppose--x builds ^u doctr9e4 ,9 t x agrees ) ! :ole ( ! ,bible4 ,*ri/ianity1 z has be5 f9ely said1 is a life only because x is a doctr9e4 ,only ! great sav+ ev5ts ( ! gospel h r5d]$ possible a life l t :i* is describ$ 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,james4 ,& :]e ! gospel is really accept$ ) he>t z well z m9d1 t life ( love w always foll[4 #b4 ,,date ,,& ,,au!nticity ,,( ,,! ,,epi/le ,! view :i* w be held ab\t ! date ( ! ,epi/le ( ,james w dep5d v l>gely ^u ! int]pretation ( ! passage ab\t fai? & works4 ,james #b3ad-bf4 ,9 t passage1 "s ( ! same t]ms appe> z are prom95t 9 connection ) ! great ,judai/ic controv]sy 9 :i* ,paul 0 engag$ f ! "t ( ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil to ! "t ( ! ?ird mission>y j\rney4 ,?ree views h be5 held ) reg>d to ! date ( ! ,epi/le ( ,james4 ,! epi/le may be reg>d$ z writt5 7#a7 be=e ! ,judai/ic controv]sy arose1 7#b7 dur+ t controv]sy or :ile x 0 /ill fre% 9 m5's m9ds1 or 7#c7 long aft] ! controv]sy _h be5 settl$4 7#a7 ,! ,int]m$iate ,date4--,! second ( ^! ?ree views may be elim9at$ fir/4 ,?is int]m$iate view has ! advantage ( plac+ ! epi/le )9 ! lifetime ( ,james4 ,x c treat ! epi/le z au!ntic4 ,x has fur!rmore ! advantage ( expla9+ ! co9cid5ces betwe5 ,james #b3ad-bf & ,rom41 *4 #d4 ,= if ! epi/le 0 writt5 at ! v close ( ! lifetime ( ,james--say ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #fb1 or1 foll[+ ,hegesippus1 ,a4 ,d4 #ff--! au?or may h become acqua9t$ ) ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans4 ,b ! difficulties ( ?is view f> ov]balance ! advantages4 ,if ,james 0 writ+ ) ,galatians & ,romans be=e him1 !n app>5tly 9 *4 #b3bd he int5ds to contradict ^? epi/les4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 z is %[n 9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book1 he does n really contradict !m1 b is 9 p]fect h>mony ) !m4 ,he has !re=e gone out ( 8 way 9 ord] to introduce a =mal contradiction ( ! great apo/le to ! ,g5tiles al?\gh !re is no real contradiction ( mean+ at all6 ,:at c\ld he possibly ga9 by su* useless tr\ble-mak+8 ,if ,james really want$ to combat ,paul's doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai?1 he w\ld h done s v diff]5tly2 & if he did n want to combat x1 he w\ld c]ta9ly n h uselessly creat$ ! appe>ance ( do+ s4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ,james #b3ad-bf is a refutation n ( ,paul b ( a misund]/&+ ( ,paul4 ,?is also is v improbable4 ,if ! passage 0 a refutation n ( ,paul b ( a misund]/&+ ( ,paul1 :y did ,james n say s8 ,:y did he n di/+ui% ,paul cle>ly f 8 mis9t]pret]s8 ,in/ead he has indulg$ uselessly 9 a =mal contradiction ( ,paul1 & has 9 refutation ( a misund]/&+ ( ,paul n ev5 us$ ! abundant mat]ials :i* ,paul himself c\ld (f]6 ,& :]e 0 su* a misund]/&+ ( ,paul possible 9 ,jewi% ,*ri/ian circles ( ,a4 ,d4 #fb8 ,:at makes e =m ( ?is int]m$iate dat+ impossible is ! total abs5ce f ! epi/le ( any ref]5ce to ! "q ( ! conditions ^u :i* ,g5tiles 7 to be receiv$ into ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ,a4 ,d4 #fb ?is "q _h rec5tly be5 ! subject ( bitt] controv]sy4 ,at t "t no "o c\ld h t\*$ ^u ! closely relat$ topic ( fai? & works z ,james does & yet h ignor$ s completely ! controv]sial "q4 ,evid5tly1 !re=e1 ! epi/le 0 writt5 ei!r be=e ! ,judai/ic controv]sy arose or else long aft] x 0 ov]4 7#b7 ,! ,late ,date4--,! latt] view makes ! epi/le a pseudonym\s "w--x assumes t an unkn[n au?or has "h tri$ to enhance ! influ5ce ( 8 "w by putt+ x "u ! "n ( ! fir/ head ( ! ,j]usalem *ur*4 ,?is is ( itself suffici5t to refute ! late dat+4 ,= ! proc$ure ( ! suppos$ falsifi] is q incompreh5sible4 ,he has *os5 ,james z ! alleg$ au?or only because ( ! l(ty position :i* ,james held1 & yet he has designat$ him 9 ! fir/ v]se m]ely z a simple ,*ri/ian6 ,! proc$ure ( real =g]s is v diff]5t4 ,!re are also1 h[ev]1 o!r objections to ! late dat+4 ,w\ld any writ] 9 ! second c5tury1 :5 ! au?ority ( ,paul 0 well e/abli%$1 h v5tur$ to introduce su* an app>5t contradiction ( ,paul z appe>s 9 ,james #b3bd8 ,9 a writ] ( ,a4 ,d4 #aej we %\ld h _h =mal agreem5t ) ,paul & mat]ial disagreem5t2 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,james we h =mal disagreem5t & mat]ial h>mony4 ,app>5t contradiction ( expression comb9$ ) p]fect unity ( ?\ght is a sure sign ( indep5d5ce4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,james has made no use ( ! epi/les ( ,paul4 ,aga9/ ?is conclusion may be urg$ only ! co9cid5ce t ,james & ,paul bo? use ! example ( ,abraham1 & cite ! same v]se1 ,g54 #ae3f1 ) reg>d to him4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t to e ,jew ,abraham (f]$ ! mo/ obvi\s example 9 all ! ,scriptures4 ,x is possible1 too1 t ! fai? & works ( ,abraham _h 9 pre-,*ri/ian ,jewi% circles already be5 ! subject ( controv]sy4 ,fur!rmore1 ,james does n conf9e himself to ,abraham1 b introduces ,rahab also1 :o is n m5tion$ by ,paul4 ,! co9cid5ce betwe5 ,paul & ,james is q insuffici5t to ov]balance ! cle> evid5ce ( indep5d5ce4 7#c7 ,! ,e>ly ,date4--,only "o hypo!sis1 !n1 suits ! facts4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,james 0 cle>ly writt5 be=e ! ,judai/ic controv]sy became acute at ! "t ( ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil4 ,9 ! second *apt] ( ! epi/le1 ,james has us$ ! same t]ms t became prom95t 9 t controv]sy1 b he has us$ !m 9 refut+ a practical1 n a !oretical1 error--an error t is relat$ only indirectly to ! great subject ( ,galatians & ,romans4 #c4 ,,und]ly+ ,,unity ,,( ,,! ,,epi/le ,at fir/ sight ! ,epi/le ( ,james seems to possess v little unity4 ,topic foll[s topic (t5 ) little app>5t connection4 ,b ! connection betwe5 ! individual sections is clos] ?an appe>s at fir/2 & ! epi/le z a :ole possesses at lea/ a p]fect unity ( _s4 7#a7 ,reality 9 ,religion4--,! rul+ tone ( ! epi/le1 :i* may be detect$ b5ea? all ! v>y+ exhortations1 is a c]ta9 manly hone/y1 a c]ta9 fi]ce hatr$ ( all %am & cant & humbug & meanness4 ,james is a /]n advocate ( a practical religion4 7#b7 ,supremacy ( ,religion4--,x mu/ be notic$1 h[ev]1 t ! religion ( ?is writ] is none ! less religi\s because x is practical4 ,james is no advocate ( a gospel ( /reet-clean+4 ,on ! contr>y he insi/s ) *>act]i/ic vehem5ce ^u p]sonal piety4 ,! same writ] :o has be5 reg>d$ z emphasiz+ works at ! exp5se ( fai?1 :o might be hail$ z a lead] ( ^? :o w\ld make religion t]m9ate ^u man r ?an ,god1 :o might be ?\ght to disp>age ev]y?+ b social s]vice--?is same writ] is "o ( ! mo/ e>ne/ advocates ( pray]4 ,james #a3e-h2 #d3b1c2 #e3ad-ah4 ,?is apo/le ( works1 ?is suppos$ disp>ag] ( fai?1 is almo/ bitt] 9 8 d5unciation ( unbelief6 ,*4 #a3f-h4 ,god1 n man1 accord+ to ,james1 is ! au?or ( e p]fect gift4 ,v4 #ag4 ,pray] is ! rem$y bo? = bodily & = spiritual ills4 ,*4 #e3ad-ah4 ,james l5ds no c\nt5ance to ! mod]n disp>agem5t ( religi\s devotion4 ,! same uncompromis+ sev]ity ) :i* he la%es an inactive religion is also appli$ j z m]cilessly to an irreligi\s activity4 ,*4 #d3ac-ae4 ,james does n attack religion 9 ! int]e/s ( reality2 he attacks unreality 9 ! int]e/s ( religion4 #d4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,epi/le ,! op5+ ( ! epi/le1 l t ( ! lett]s conta9$ 9 ,acts #ae3bc-bi2 #bc3bf-cj1 is con/ruct$ accord+ to ! regul> ,greek =m4 ,aft] ! op5+1 ,james speaks fir/ ( trials or temptations4 ,rightly us$ !y w lead to p]fection4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re is /ill imp]fection1 x c be remov$ by pray] to ,god4 ,! imp]fection :i* is "h especially 9 view is an imp]fection 9 wisdom4 ,app>5tly ! read]s1 l ! ,ph>isees1 _h laid an excessive /ress ^u k4 ,! true wisdom1 says ,james1 c be obta9$ n by human pride1 z ! read]s seem to ?9k1 b only by pray]4 ,pray]1 h[ev]1 mu/ be 9 fai?--!re mu/ be no wav]+ 9 x4 ,pride1 inde$1 is altoge!r blamewor?y4 ,if !re is to be boa/+1 x %\ld c]ta9ly be n 9 e>?ly weal? b 9 ^? spiritual bless+s :i* (t5 rev]se e>?ly di/9ctions4 ,return+ to ! subject ( temptations1 ,james insi/s t 9 _! evil !y d n come f ,god1 b f ! dep?s ( man's own desires4 ,f ,god comes no evil ?+1 b e p]fect gift2 & 9 ! gospel ,god has be/[$ ^u u 8 ri*e/ bless+4 ,t gospel mu/ be receiv$ ) all dilig5ce4 ,x w exclude wra? & ins9c]ity4 ,true religion consi/s n m]ely 9 he>+ b 9 do+2 good examples ( ! ex]cise ( x are ! visitation ( ! fa!rless & wid[s & ! pres]vation ( "o's own p]sonal purity ( life4 ,fai? 9 ,*ri/1 ,james cont9ues 9 simil> ve91 excludes all undue respect ( p]sons4 ,inde$ ,god 9 8 *oice ( ^? :o %\ld be sav$ has especially favor$ ! poor4 ,! ri* z a class are r ! oppressors ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,surely !n ! ,*ri/ians %\ld n favor ri* m5 = selfi% reasons4 ,! law ( love w exclude all su* unwor?y conduct4 ,t law ( love requires an active life4 ,fai?1 if x be true fai?1 leads to works4 ,away ) a mis]able fai? t is express$ only 9 words6 ,words1 inde$1 are dang]\s4 ,! tongue is a prolific s\rce ( h>m4 ,evil spee* reveals ! deep-seat$ corruption ( ! he>t4 ,! read]s mu/ be c>eful1 !re=e1 ab\t seek+ ! "w ( a tea*]4 ,! true wisdom1 :i* fits a man to tea*1 is n ( man's acquir+1 b comes f ,god4 ,qu>rel+--:i* 0 produc$ especially by ! inord9ate ambition among ! read]s to pose z tea*]s--mu/ be c\nt]act$ by submission to ,god4 ,! con/ant ?\ght ( ,god excludes all pride 9 human plann+4 ,especially ! ri* mu/ reflect ^u ! transitor9ess ( e>?ly possessions & above all mu/ be sure t _! weal? is hone/ly ga9$4 ,f9ally1 pati5t wait+ = ! ,"l1 ! example ( ! ,old ,te/am5t sa9ts1 & ! e>ne/ practice ( pray] w make effective all ! exhortations ( ! epi/le4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #abc-ach4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,w>field1 articles on ,james & ,james1 ,epi/le (4 ,m',clymont1 ,! ,new ,te/am5t & ,its ,writ]s1 pp4 #abc-abi4 ,kn[l+1 ,! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james4 ,! ,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools3 ,plumptre1 ,! ,g5]al ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james4 ,zahn1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 i1 pp4 #gc-aea4 ,! la/-nam$ "w is int5d$ prim>ily = ^? :o h "s k ( ,greek1 b c also be us$ by o!rs4 ,,lesson ,,xxxiii ,,jesus ,,! ,,fulfillm5t ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews #a4 ,,paul ,,n ,,! ,,au?or 7#a7 ,! ,tradition4--,at ,alex&ria 9 ! latt] "p ( ! second c5tury ,paul 0 ?\ght to be ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews2 b 9 ,nor? ,africa a little lat] ,t]tullian attribut$ ! epi/le to ,b>nabas1 & 9 o!r portions ( ! ,*ur* ! ,paul9e au?or%ip 0 c]ta9ly n accept$4 ,9 ! we/1 ! ,paul9e au?or%ip 0 long d5i$ & ! inclusion ( ! epi/le 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t resi/$4 ,at la/ ! ,alex&rian view won univ]sal acceptance4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews became an accept$ "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & 0 attribut$ to ,paul4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 :o _h app>5tly receiv$ ! tradition ( ,paul9e au?or%ip f ,pantnus1 8 pr$ecessor1 himself decl>es t ,hebrews 0 writt5 by ,paul 9 ! ,hebrew 7,aramaic7 language1 & 0 translat$ by ,luke into ,greek4 ,! notion ( a translation by ,luke 0 bas$ ^u no g5u9e hi/orical tradition--,hebrews is c]ta9ly an orig9al ,greek "w--b 0 simply an hypo!sis con/ruct$ to expla9 ! peculi>ities ( ! epi/le on ! supposition t x 0 a "w ( ,paul4 7#b7 ,! ,value ( ! ,tradition4--,! tradition ( ,paul9e au?or%ip is cle>ly v weak4 ,if ,paul _h be5 ! au?or1 x is h>d to see :y ! memory ( ! fact %\ld h be5 lo/ s g5]ally 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,no "o 9 ! e>ly p]iod _h any objection to ! epi/le2 on ! contr>y x 0 v highly reg>d$4 ,if1 !n1 x _h really be5 writt5 by ,paul1 ! ,paul9e au?or%ip w\ld h be5 accept$ ev]y:]e ) avidity4 ,! negative te/imony ( ! ,roman *ur* is p>ticul>ly significant4 ,! epi/le 0 quot$ by ,clem5t ( ,rome at ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #ie2 yet at ,rome z else:]e 9 ! ,we/ ! epi/le seems nev] 9 ! e>ly p]iod to h be5 reg>d$ z ,paul9e4 ,9 o!r words1 j :]e acqua9tance ) ! epi/le c be trac$ f>!/ back1 ! d5ial ( ,paul9e au?or%ip seems to h be5 mo/ insi/5t4 ,if ,clem5t ( ,rome _h reg>d$ ,paul z ! au?or1 ! hi/ory ( ,roman op9ion ab\t ! epi/le w\ld h be5 v diff]5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 on ! supposition t !re 0 orig9ally no tradition ( ,paul9e au?or%ip1 ! subsequ5t preval5ce ( su* a tradition is easily expla9$4 ,x 0 due simply to ! evid5t apo/olic au?ority ( ! epi/le itself4 ,f ! />t1 ,hebrews 0 felt to be an au?oritative "w4 ,be+ au?oritative1 x w\ld be collect$ along ) o!r au?oritative works4 ,s9ce x 0 an epi/le1 & exhibit$ a c]ta9 ,paul9e quality ( _s & subject1 x w\ld naturally be associat$ ) ! o!r works ( ! greate/ lett] writ] ( ! apo/olic age4 ,be+ ?us includ$ 9 a collection ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 & be+ reg>d$ z ( apo/olic au?ority1 :at 0 m natural ?an to attribute x to ! apo/le ,paul8 ,su*1 v possibly1 0 ! orig9 ( ! ,alex&rian tradition4 ,?is tradition did n w9 imm$iate acceptance1 because ! re/ ( ! ,*ur* 0 /ill aw>e t ! epi/le 0 n writt5 by ,paul4 ,:at l$ to ! f9al conque/ ( ! ,paul9e tradition 0 simply ! "* ( ! book itself4 ,! "q ( ,paul9e au?or%ip1 9 ! case ( ?is book1 became connect$ ) ! "q ( apo/olic au?ority4 ,! ,*ur* _h to *oose betwe5 reject+ ! book altoge!r1 & accept+ x z ,paul9e4 ,:5 %e f9ally adopt$ ! latt] alt]native1 und\bt$ly %e *ose ! less] error4 ,x 0 an error to reg>d ! epi/le z ! "w ( ,paul2 b x w\ld h be5 a f> great] error to exclude x f ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?\gh ! book 0 n writt5 by ,paul1 x 0 writt51 if n by "o ( ! o!r apo/les1 at lea/ by an apo/olic man l ,m>k or ,luke4 ,sc>cely any book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t be>s cle>] m>ks ( true apo/olicity4 7#c7 ,int]nal ,evid5ce4--,! argum5t aga9/ ,paul9e au?or%ip :i* is d]iv$ f tradition is /rongly support$ by ! cont5ts ( ! epi/le itself4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is exce$+ly d\btful :e!r ,paul c\ld h spok5 ( himself z hav+ _h ! ,*ri/ian salvation confirm$ to him by ^? :o _h he>d ! ,"l4 ,heb4 #b3c4 ,k ( ! e>?ly life ( ,jesus 0 inde$ convey$ to ,paul by ord9>y ^w ( m\? f ! eyewitnesses2 b ! gospel itself1 z he insi/s ) vehem5ce 9 ,galatians1 0 reveal$ to him directly by ,*ri/4 ,9 ! second place1 ! /yle ( ! epi/le is v diff]5t f t ( ,paul1 be+1 z we %all see1 f> m c>efully wr\ght4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! ?\ghts develop$ 9 ,hebrews1 ?\gh und\bt$ly !y are 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 are by no means *>act]i/ically ,paul9e4 ,x is a little h>d to und]/&1 = example1 h[ ,paul c\ld h writt5 at su* l5g? ab\t ! law )\t speak+ ( ju/ification by fai? or ! reception ( ,g5tiles into ! ,*ur*4 ,?is la/ argum5t1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be exagg]at$4 ,und\bt$ly ,paul w\ld h agre$ he>tily to ev]y?+ t ,hebrews conta9s4 ,paul & ! au?or ( ?is epi/le h develop$ m]ely some:at diff]5t sides ( ! same great tru?4 #b4 ,,:o ,,0 ,,! ,,au?or8 ,if ,paul did n write ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 :o did write x8 ,prodigi\s labor has be5 exp5d$ ^u ?is "q1 b ) v little result4 ,9 anci5t times1 ,b>nabas1 ,luke & ,clem5t ( ,rome1 7 ea* reg>d$ z ! au?or4 ,( ^! ?ree views ! fir/ is mo/ probable2 ! second is exce$+ly unlikely2 & ! la/ is cle>ly impossible4 ,:oev] wrote ! epi/le1 ,clem5t c]ta9ly did n4 ,! lett] :i* we possess f 8 p5 is immeasurably inf]ior to ! apo/olic writ+s to :i* ,hebrews c]ta9ly belongs4 ,clem5t 0 a humble read] ( ,hebrews1 n ! au?or ( x4 ,lu!r 0 incl9$ to reg>d ,apollos z ! possible au?or ( ,hebrews2 & ( all ! _m sugge/ions t h be5 made1 ?is is p]haps ! be/4 ,und\bt$ly ! circum/ances & tra9+ ( ,apollos 7 9 a numb] ( respects l ^? :i* might naturally be attribut$ to ! au?or ( ! epi/le4 ,apollos 0 closely associat$ ) ,paul1 & p]haps at a lat] "t ) o!rs ( ! apo/les1 j z might be expect$ ( ! au?or ( an apo/olic "w su* z ,hebrews4 ,on ! o!r h&1 l ! au?or ( ! epi/le1 he 0 n an eyewitness ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,comp>e ,heb4 #b3d4 ,l ! au?or ( ! epi/le he 0 no d\bt acqua9t$ ) ,timo?y4 ,comp>e *4 #ac3bc4 ,he 0 an eloqu5t or le>n$ man1 ,acts #ah3bd1 :o might well h produc$ ! spl5did rhetoric ( ! epi/le4 ,he 0 a ,jew & mighty 9 ! ,scriptures1 z 0 also ! au?or ( ,hebrews4 ,he 0 a native ( ,alex&ria1 ! univ]sity city ( ! p]iod1 & ! seat ( a l>ge ,jewi% community1 :]e j t comb9ation ( ,greek rhetorical tra9+ ) ,scriptural k :i* is exhibit$ 9 ! epi/le is mo/ naturally to be s\ght4 ,^! indications1 h[ev]1 c m]ely %[ t ,apollos might conceivably h writt5 ! epi/le2 !y d n %[ t he did write x4 ,! au?or%ip ( ?is p[]ful "w w always rema9 unc]ta94 ,h[ little we "k1 aft] all1 ( ! ab\nd+ life ( ! apo/olic ,*ur*6 #c4 ,,:]e ,,7 ,,! ,,read]s8 ,9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book1 x has be5 %[n t ! read]s ( ! epi/le 7 probably memb]s ( "s r n>r[ly circumscrib$ community4 ,:]e ?is community 0 is by no means cle>4 ,! "o indication ( place :i* ! epi/le conta9s is ambigu\s4 ,9 *4 #ac3bd x is said1 ,!y ( ,italy salute y4 ,^! words may mean t ! au?or is 9 ,italy & s5ds greet+s f ! ,*ri/ians ( t c\ntry1 or !y may mean t ! au?or is outside ( ,italy & s5ds greet+s f ,italian ,*ri/ians :o happ5$ to be ) him4 ,9 ! latt] case1 probably ! read]s 7 9 ,italy2 = o!rwise !y w\ld h no special int]e/ 9 ! ,italian ,*ri/ians4 ,all t we c say is !n t ! epi/le 0 probably writt5 ei!r f ,italy or to ,italy4 ,if x 0 writt5 f ,italy1 !n s9ce ! read]s 7 ,jews1 x is natural to seek !m 9 ,pale/9e4 ,! ,pale/9ian ,*ri/ians 7 ,hebrews 9 ! n>r[]1 l+ui/ic s5se ( ! ^w1 z well z 9 ! broad]1 national s5se4 ,! anci5t head+ ( ! epi/le ?us comes to its full rights4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,pale/9ian hypo!sis faces "s r grave difficulties4 ,if ! read]s are to be s\ght 9 ,italy1 !n p]haps !y =m$ a ,jewi% ,*ri/ian community 9 ,rome or 9 "s o!r ,italian city4 ,! "q _c be settl$ ) any c]ta9ty4 ,! de/9ation ( ! epi/le is an ev5 great] riddle ?an ! au?or%ip4 #d4 ,,:5 ,,0 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,writt58 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 0 c]ta9ly writt5 be=e ,a4 ,d4 #ie1 = at ab\t t "t x 0 quot$ by ,clem5t ( ,rome4 ,! m5tion ( ,timo?y 9 *4 #ac3bc p]haps does n c>ry u mu* f>!r1 = ,timo?y1 :o 0 a gr[n man at ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #ej1 ,acts #af3a-c1 may h liv$ till ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,! epi/le1 h[ev]1 does n be> any ( ! m>ks ( late orig94 ,! "q ( date is closely connect$ ) ! "q :e!r 9 ! epi/le ! temple at ,j]usalem is reg>d$ z /ill /&+4 ,?is "q _c be settl$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,b on ! :ole ! cont9uance ( ! ,levitical c]emonies seems to be assum$ 9 ! epi/le1 & at any rate !re is no cle> ref]5ce to _! cessation4 ,probably !re=e ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 0 writt5 be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 9 ,a4 ,d4 #gj4 #e4 ,,hebrews ,a ,,lit]>y ,,"w ,! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews is a product ( consci\s lit]>y art4 ,! rhetoric ( ,paul is unconsci\s2 ev5 su* passages z ! fir/ few *apt]s ( ,fir/ ,cor9?ians or ! eigh? *apt] ( ,romans may h be5 compos$ ) ! utmo/ rapidity4 ,! au?or ( ,hebrews probably w5t diff]5tly to "w4 ,su* s5t5ces z ,heb4 #a3a-d1 ev5 9 an inspir$ writ]1 c only be ! result ( dilig5t labor4 ,by long practice ! writ] ( ,hebrews _h acquir$ t feel+ = rhy?m & balance ( phrase1 t facility 9 ! con/ruction ( smoo?-fl[+ p]iods1 :i* give to 8 epi/le its di/9ctive quality among ! ,new ,te/am5t books4 ,greek rhetoric ( ! ,hell5i/ic age1 fre$ f its holl[ artificiality1 is "h laid "u contribution = ! ,savi\r's praise4 ,! pres5ce ( su* a book 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t is highly salut>y4 ,dev\t ,*ri/ians 9 _! en?usiasm = ! simplicity ( ! gospel are sometimes 9 dang] ( becom+ "o-sid$4 ,!y are sometimes incl9$ to confuse simplicity ) ugl9ess1 & !n to prize ugl9ess = its own sake4 ,x is p]fectly true t ! value ( ! gospel is q indep5d5t ( /hetic niceties1 & t ! language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is = ! mo/ "p v simple4 ,b x is n true t ! simplicity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t has any?+ 9 common ) ! bad ta/e ( "s mod]n phraseology1 or t eloqu5ce is ( itself evil4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews %[s by a noble example t !re is su* a ?+ z ,*ri/ian art4 ,! maje/ic s5t5ces ( ?is anci5t ma/]piece1 ) _! exquisite cle>ness & liturgic rhy?m & uplift+ p[]1 h contribut$ ine/imably to ! ,*ri/ian conception ( ! ,savi\r4 ,! art ( ,hebrews is n art = art's sake1 b art = ! sake ( ,*ri/4 ,lit]>y p]fection is "h comb9$ ) pr(\nd g5u95ess & apo/olic f]vor2 art is "h ennobl$ by consecration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #afd1 #afe1 #bfe-bfg1 #bhf-bhi4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,purves1 article on ,hebrews1 ,epi/le to !4 ,m',clymont1 ,! ,new ,te/am5t & ,its ,writ]s1 pp4 #aaf-abb4 ,ellicott1 ,a ,new ,te/am5t ,comm5t>y = ,engli% ,read]s1 vol4 iii1 pp4 #bge-cdh3 ,m\lton1 ,! ,epi/le ( ,paul ! ,apo/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,we/cott1 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,zahn1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #bic-cff4 ,! two la/-nam$ works are int5d$ prim>ily = ^? :o h "s k ( ,greek1 b c also be us$ by o!rs4 ,,lesson ,,xxxiv ,,*ri/ian ,,=titude ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,pet] #a4 ,,sep>ation ,,f ,,! ,,_w ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,pet] is ! epi/le ( sep>at5ess4 ,! mod]n ,*ur* is 9 grave dang] ( =gett+ ! di/9ctiv5ess ( h] gospel & ! glori\s isolation ( h] position4 ,%e is too (t5 cont5t to be m]ely "o factor 9 civilization1 a means ( improv+ ! _w in/ead ( ! in/rum5t 9 creat+ a new _w4 ,! fir/ read]s ( ! epi/le 7 subject to a simil> dang]1 ?\gh x arose f a some:at diff]5t cause4 ,to-day we are no long] subject to p]secution2 b ! dang] is fundam5tally ! same4 ,! _w's fri5d%ip may be ev5 m disa/r\s ?an ! _w's hatr$4 ,! read]s ( ,fir/ ,pet] 7 tempt$ to rel9qui% :at 0 di/9ctive 9 _! fai? 9 ord] to avoid ! ho/ility ( _! hea!n neighbors2 we are tempt$ to d ! same ?+ because ! sup]ficial respectability ( mod]n life has put a gloss ( polite conv5tion ov] ! pr(\nd diff]5ces t divide ! inn] lives ( m54 ,we1 z well z ! fir/ read]s ( ! epi/le1 ne$ to be told t ?is _w is lo/ 9 s91 t ! blood ( ,*ri/ has ransom$ an elect race f ! city ( de/ruction1 t ! high privileges ( ! ,*ri/ian call+ dem& spotless purity & unsw]v+ c\rage4 7#a7 ,! ,"* ( ! ,p]secution4--,! "* ( ! p]secution to :i* ! read]s ( ! epi/le 7 subject$ _c be det]m9$ ) p]fect cle>ness4 ,x is n ev5 c]ta9 t ! ,*ri/ian pr(ession 9 itself 0 reg>d$ (ficially z a crime4 ,app>5tly *>ges ( positive misconduct 7 ne$$ to give c\nt5ance to ! p]secutors4 ,i ,pet] #b3ab4 ,! ,*ri/ians ne$$ to be w>n$ t !re is no h]oism 9 suff]+ if ! suff]+ is ! j puni%m5t ( misde$s4 ,*s4 #b3bj2 #d3ae4 ,:at p>ticul> *>ges 7 br\ght aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians x is ( c\rse difficult to det]m9e4 ,p]haps !y 7 sometimes *>g$ ) gross crimes su* z murd] or !ft4 ,b a m frequ5t accusation 0 probably hatr$ ( ! human race1 or ! l4 ,! ,*ri/ians 7 ?\ght to be busybodies4 ,9 sett+ ! _w to rights !y seem$ to m$dle 9 o!r p's affairs4 ,9 claim+ to be citiz5s ( a heav5ly k+dom1 !y seem$ indiff]5t or ho/ile to e>?ly relation%ips4 ,z subjects ( ! emp]or & ( 8 repres5tatives1 ! ,*ri/ians 7 ?\ght to be disloyal2 z slaves1 !y seem$ disob$i5t4 7#b7 ,duties ( ,e>?ly ,life4--,9 view ( ^! accusations1 ,pet] urges 8 read]s to avoid all improp] employm5t ( _! ,*ri/ian fre$om4 ,*ri/ian fre$om does n mean lic5se2 ,*ri/ian indep5d5ce does n mean indiff]5ce4 ,!re is no reason :y a good ,*ri/ian %\ld be a bad citiz51 ev5 ( a hea!n /ate1 *4 #b3ac-ag1 or an unpr(itable s]vant1 ev5 ( a h>% ma/]1 vs4 #ah-be1 or a qu>relsome wife1 ev5 ( an unconv]t$ husb&4 ,*4 #c3a-f4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,*ri/ians mu/ approve !mselves n only 9 ! spiritual realm1 b also 9 ! ord9>y relation%ips ( ?is life4 7#c7 ,application to ,mod]n ,conditions4--,"h aga9 ! lesson is important = ! pres5t day4 ,n[ z always f]v5t realization ( ! transc5d5t glory ( ,*ri/ianity t5ds sometimes to result 9 depreciation ( ord9>y duties4 ,m5 ( exceptional piety sometimes seem to feel t civilization is unwor?y ( _! att5tion1 ev5 if x is n actually a "w ( ,satan4 ,( all su* vag>ies ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,pet] is ! be/ corrective4 ,tru? is "h admirably gu>d$ aga9/ ! error t lurks at its root4 ,! v epi/le t emphasizes ! sep>at5ess ( ! ,*ur* f ! _w1 t tea*es ,*ri/ian p to look d[n ^u e>?ly affairs f ! vantage gr\nd ( heav51 is j ! epi/le t inculcates sob] & dilig5t conduct 9 ! v>i\s relation%ips ( e>?ly life4 ,9 ! ef=t at a high] morality1 ! simple1 humble virtues t ev5 ! _w appreciates %\ld n be neglect$2 piety %\ld involve no loss ( common s5se4 ,n[ z always ! ,*ri/ian %\ld be ready to give a reason = ! fai? t is 9 him2 n[ z always he %\ld be able to refute ! sl&]s ( ! _w2 n[ z always he %\ld comm5d 8 ,*ri/ianity by 8 good citiz5%ip4 ,only s w ! example ( ,*ri/ be fully foll[$4 ,jesus 0 9 possession ( a transc5d5t message2 b he liv$ ! life ( a normal man4 ,! ,*ri/ian1 too1 is a man ) a div9e mission2 b l 8 ,ma/] he mu/ ex]cise 8 mission 9 ! turmoil ( life4 ,he mu/ n be a spoilsport at fea/s2 8 is no des]t rle l ,john ! ,bapti/'s4 ,*ri/ianity has a mission f )\t2 b its mission is fulfill$ 9 lov+ contact ) ! _w ( m54 7#d7 ,! ,*ri/ian's ,def5se4--,! ,*ri/ians :o suff]$ p]secution %\ld fir/ ( all1 accord+ to ,pet]1 def5d !mselves to ! v be/ ( _! ability4 ,!y %\ld d _! be/ to remove di%onor f ! "n ( ,*ri/4 ,!y %\ld %[ ! baselessness ( ! accusations :i* are br\ght aga9/ !m4 ,!n1 if !y /ill suff]1 x w be cle>ly suff]+ = ,*ri/'s sake4 ,su* suff]+ is glori\s4 ,x is a te/ f :i* fai? em]ges /rong & sure1 *4 #a3g2 x is true con=mity to ! example ( ,*ri/4 ,*s4 #b3ba-bd2 #c3ah2 #d3a1ac4 #b4 ,,! ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,p]secutions ,f ! p]secutions presuppos$ 9 ,fir/ ,pet] no v c]ta9 conclusion c be drawn ) reg>d to ! date ( ! epi/le4 ,a late date has sometimes be5 inf]r$ f su* passages z ,i ,pet] #d3af4 ,*ri/ians 7 n puni%$ z ,*ri/ians1 x is said1 until ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury1 & especially no su* p]secution 0 c>ri$ out 9 ! e>ly p]iod ?r\gh\t ! :ole empire4 ,*4 #e3i4 ,?is argum5t breaks d[n at a numb] ( po9ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z has already be5 obs]v$1 x is by no means cle> t ,fir/ ,pet] presupposes a p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians simply z ,*ri/ians4 ,app>5tly special *>ges ( immorality 7 /ill 9 ! =egr\nd1 ?\gh ^! *>ges 7 (t5 m]e pretexts 9 ord] to secure ! puni%m5t ( memb]s ( ! hat$ sect4 ,9 ! second place1 x is n cle> exactly :5 ,*ri/ians fir/ began to be puni%$ z ,*ri/ians by ! ,roman au?orities4 ,und\bt$ly ! legal basis = su* p]secution 0 pres5t z soon z ,*ri/ianity began to be reg>d$ z sep>ate f ,judaism4 ,judaism _h a legal /atus2 ,*ri/ianity1 /rictly speak+1 _h none4 #c4 ,,dep5d5ce ,,& ,,orig9ality ,fir/ ,pet] is cle>ly dep5d5t ^u a numb] ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 & app>5tly also ^u ! ,epi/le ( ,james4 ,! dep5d5ce1 h[ev]1 is by no means slavi%2 ! epi/le possesses m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( its own4 ,z comp>$ ) ,paul1 = example1 ,fir/ ,pet] is some:at simpl] bo? 9 ?\ght & 9 expression4 ,no m]e imitator1 b a g5u9e p]sonality1 speaks to u f ! noble simplicity ( ^! pages4 #d4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,! ,,spee*es ,,( ,,pet] ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ?is epi/le ) ! e>ly spee*es ( ,pet] t are record$ 9 ,! ,acts4 ,"p ( ! diff]5ce--simil>ities also h be5 po9t$ out--no d\bt1 0 due to ! diff]5ce 9 ! p]sons address$4 ,9 ^? e>ly spee*es1 ,pet] 0 prea*+ to unconv]t$ ,jews1 & _h to cont5t himself ) a few out/&+ facts4 ,9 ! epi/le1 he 0 address+ ,*ri/ians1 be=e :om he c\ld lay b>e ! deep ?+s ( ! fai?4 ,nev]!less1 ! pass+ ye>s _h br\ght a *ange 9 ,pet] himself4 ,^u him z ^u ev]yone else ! mighty influ5ce ( ,paul made itself felt2 & ev5 ! revelation :i* came directly to him 0 progressive4 ,! ess5ce ( ! gospel 0 pres5t f ! beg9n+2 b ! ri* unfold+ ( x :i* appe>s 9 ,fir/ ,pet] 0 ! product ( long ye>s sp5t 9 an ev]-wid5+ s]vice4 #e4 ,,! ,,/yle ,,( ,,! ,,epi/le ,! /yle ( ,fir/ ,pet]1 ?\gh n at all rhetorical1 l t ( ,hebrews1 is smoo? & graceful4 ,x has (t5 be5 consid]$ /range t a fi%]man ( ,galilee %\ld h be5 s pr(ici5t 9 ,greek4 ,b probably we h an exagg]at$ notion ( ! pov]ty & r\ghness ( ! fir/ disciples ( ,jesus4 ,und\bt$ly !y _h n enjoy$ a rabb9ical education2 9 ! te*nical ,jewi% s5se !y 7 unle>n$ & ignorant m54 ,acts #d3ac4 ,nev]!less1 !y cle>ly did n belong at all to ! l[e/ ( ! population2 ,pet] 9 p>ticul> seems to h be5 possess$ ( consid]able prop]ty4 ,fur!rmore1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,greek culture 9 ! fir/ c5tury 0 mak+ itself felt v ext5sively 9 ,galilee4 ,no d\bt ,pet] c\ld use ,greek ev5 be=e he left ,galilee1 & 9 ! c\rse ( 8 lat] life 8 l+ui/ic atta9m5ts mu/ h be5 v greatly improv$4 ,x is by no means impossible t he wrote ,fir/ ,pet] entirely )\t assi/ance4 #f4 ,,silvanus ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to acc\nt = ! l+ui/ic excell5ce ( ?is epi/le1 & 9 p>ticul> = ! /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 x & ,second ,pet]1 a r attractive hypo!sis has be5 propos$4 ,9 ,i ,pet] #e3ab1 ,pet] says3 ,by ,silvanus1 our fai?ful bro!r1 z ,i acc\nt him1 ,i h writt5 unto y briefly4 ,und\bt$ly ^! words may designate ,silvanus m]ely z ! mess5g] :o c>ri$ ! lett] to its de/9ation4 ,comp>e ,acts #ae3bc4 ,x is also possible1 h[ev]1 t ,pet] meant to say t ,silvanus _h writt5 ! lett] "u 8 direction4 ,9 t case ! ?\ght w\ld be due altoge!r to ,pet]2 b ! =m1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 w\ld be ! "w ( ,silvanus4 ,! hypo!sis1 ( c\rse1 is only plausible1 n necess>y4 ,!re are o!r ways ( acc\nt+ = ! peculi>ities ( ! epi/le4 ,9 all probability1 ! ,silvanus ( ,fir/ ,pet] is ! same z ! ,silvanus ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les & ! ,silas ( ,! ,acts4 ,if s1 8 association ) ,pet] is altoge!r natural2 he 0 orig9ally a memb] ( ! ,j]usalem *ur*4 ,if1 9 accordance ) ! hypo!sis :i* has j be5 m5tion$1 ,silvanus 0 really conc]n$ 9 ! composition ( ! epi/le1 ! *oice ( su* a man = ! task 01 z has be5 po9t$ out by ! *ief advocate ( ! hypo!sis1 exce$+ly wise4 ,silvanus1 :o _h be5 a companion ( ,paul & 8 associate 9 f\nd+ _m ( ! *ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or1 w\ld be j ! man :o c\ld f9d ! "r tone 9 writ+ to ! *ur*es to :i* ! epi/le is address$4 #g4 ,,m>k ,! appe>ance ( ,m>k 9 ,i ,pet] #e3ac confirms ! /rong tradition :i* makes ,m>k a disciple ( ,pet] & associates him ) ,pet] 9 ! production ( ! ,second ,gospel4 ,! only two individuals :om ,pet] m5tions 9 8 ,fir/ ,epi/le 7 bo? natives ( ,j]usalem1 & bo?1 dur+ "p ( _! lives1 companions ( ,paul4 ,! unity ( ! apo/olic ,*ur* 0 pres]v$ n only by a unity ( _s1 b also by ! *ang+ associations ( ,*ri/ian work]s4 #h4 ,,=titude ,,9 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,*ur* ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,pet] has a v>i$ message to ! ,*ur* ( to-day4 ,ev5 9 its exhortations to brav]y & /eadfa/ness x is v mu* ne$$4 ,we are n subject to p]secution by ! /ate1 b /ill !re are a ?\s& circum/ances ( life 9 :i* we ne$ to humble ourselves "u ! mighty h& ( ,god1 ca/+ all our anxiety ^u him1 because he c>e? = u4 ,*4 #e3f1g4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #bfg1 #bge-bhb4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,w>field 7supplem5t$71 article on ,pet]4 ,m',clymont1 ,! ,new ,te/am5t & ,its ,writ]s1 pp4 #acj-acf4 ,ellicott1 ,a ,new ,te/am5t ,comm5t>y = ,engli% ,read]s1 vol4 iii1 pp4 #che-dcf3 ,mason1 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,zahn1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #acd-aid4 ,! la/-nam$ "w is int5d$ prim>ily = ^? :o h "s k ( ,greek1 b c also be us$ by o!rs4 ,,lesson ,,xxxv ,,! ,,*ri/ian',s ,,attitude ,,t[>d ,,error ,,& ,,immorality ,! ,second ,epi/le ( ,pet] & ! ,epi/le ( ,jude #a4 ,,au!nticity ,! ,second ,epi/le ( ,pet] & ! ,epi/le ( ,jude are among ! lea/ kn[n & mo/ s]i\sly que/ion$ p>ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,ev5 9 anci5t times _! au!nticity 0 disput$2 9 ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies !re 7 "s at lea/ :o desir$ to exclude !m f ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,^! anci5t d\bts h be5 cont9u$ 9 ! mod]n ,*ur*4 ,by v _m s*ol>s ( ! pres5t day1 ,second ,pet] & ,jude are assign$ to second-c5tury writ]s :o falsely assum$ ! names ( an apo/le & ( a bro!r ( ! ,"l4 ,aga9/ su* views z ^!1 a numb] ( argum5ts might be employ$4 ,b ! /ronge/ argum5t ( all is provid$ by ! self-witness ( ! epi/les !mselves4 ,second ,pet]1 9 p>ticul>1 n only lays claim to apo/olic au?or%ip 9 ! address1 b is writt5 ?r\gh\t 9 ! "n ( an apo/le4 ,ei!r x 0 really writt5 by an apo/le or else x 0 a delib]ate fraud4 ,! latt] alt]native is exclud$ by ! epi/le itself4 ,second ,pet] does n look at all l a pseudonym\s "w1 b is a weighty bit ( writ+1 full ( ! s9c]e/ moral e>ne/ness4 ,bo? ,second ,pet] & ,jude r+ true1 ) ! g5u9e apo/olic note4 #b4 ,,second ,,pet] ,,& ,,fir/ ,,pet] ,resemblances h (t5 be5 po9t$ out among all ?ree divisions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t mat]ial attribut$ to ,pet]4 ,second ,pet] has be5 %[n to resemble n only ,fir/ ,pet]1 b also ! spee*es ( ,pet] z !y are report$ 9 ,! ,acts4 ,su* simil>ities ( c\rse po9t to a common au?or%ip4 ,x _c be d5i$1 h[ev]1 t diff]5ces /& side by side ) ! simil>ities4 ,9 ! comp>ison ( ! epi/les ) ! spee*es1 su* diff]5ces are ( c\rse n surpris+4 ,! total diff]5ce ( subject & ! wide int]val ( "t provide an amply suffici5t explanation4 ,b h[ is x ) ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,second ,pet] & ,fir/ ,pet]8 7#a7 ,diff]5ce ( ,purpose & ,subject4--,9 ! fir/ place1 ! diff]5ce may be p>tly expla9$ by ! diff]5ce ( purpose & subject4 ,fir/ ,pet] is a pres5tation ( ! glories ( ! fai? 9 ord] to enc\rage ,*ri/ians "u trial & make !m feel _! sep>at5ess f ! _w2 ,second ,pet] is a solemn w>n+ aga9/ dang]\s p]v]t]s ( ! life ( ! ,*ur*4 7#b7 ,diff]5ce ( ,"t4--,9 ! second place1 a consid]able int]val ( "t may sep>ate ! two epi/les4 ,"h we f9d ourselves on unc]ta9 gr\nd4 ,on ! :ole x is p]haps bett] to put ! epi/les ne> toge!r at ! close ( ,pet]'s life4 7#c7 ,"w ( ,silvanus4--,9 ! ?ird place1 rec\rse may be _h to ! hypo!sis1 m5tion$ 9 ! la/ lesson1 :i* attributes a consid]able %>e 9 ! composition ( ,fir/ ,pet] to ,silvanus4 7#d7 ,conclusion4--,f9ally1 !re may be /ill fur!r possibilities ( explanation :i* _c n[ be detect$4 ,! diff]5ces ( /yle & ( ?\ght betwe5 ! two epi/les ( ,pet] are f> f suffici5t to %[ div]sity ( au?or%ip1 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t simil>ities are to be balanc$ aga9/ ! diff]5ces4 #c4 ,,value ,,( ,,second ,,pet] ,,& ,,jude ,al?\gh ,second ,pet] & ,jude are n s famili> z mo/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 yet ev5 ^! two brief epi/les h ent]$ deep into ! m9d & he>t ( ! ,*ur*4 7#a7 ,expressive ,phrases4--,ev5 ! inimitably expressive phrases & s5t5ces t h be5 d]iv$ f ! epi/les h produc$ no small enri*m5t ( ,*ri/ian life4 ,! exce$+ great & preci\s promises1 & ! p>tak]s ( ! div9e nature ( ,,ii ,pet] #a3d1 ! *a9 ( virtues 9 vs4 #e-g1 ! make y\r call+ & election sure ( v4 #aj1 ! sure ^w ( prophecy ( v4 #ai1 ! description ( inspir$ prophecy 9 vs4 #bj1 #ba--no prophecy ( ! scripture is ( any private int]pretation4 ,= ! prophecy came n 9 old "t by ! w ( man3 b holy m5 ( ,god spake z !y 7 mov$ by ! ,holy ,gho/--! vex$ 8 righte\s s\l ( *4 #b3h1 ! rail+ accusation ( v4 #aa2 ,jude #i1 ! /ir up y\r pure m9ds by way ( remembrance ( ,,ii ,pet] #c3a1 ! n will+ t any %\ld p]i%1 b t all %\ld come to rep5tance ( v4 #i1 ! fai? :i* 0 once deliv]$ unto ! sa9ts ( ,jude #c1 ! magnific5t doxology ( vs4 #bd1 #be--;a review ( ^! passages z !y appe> 9 ! ,k+ ,james ,v]sion w br+ "s realization ( ! pr(\nd influ5ce :i* ev5 ! mo/ obscure books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t h ex]t$ bo? ^u ! ,engli% language & ^u ! "* ( ,*ri/ian m54 ,! influ5ce ( ,second ,pet] & ,jude1 h[ev]1 is n m]ely ! influ5ce ( isolat$ phrases4 ,! epi/les z a :ole h a di/9ctive message = ! ,*ur*4 ,t message is tw(old4 ,x embraces 9 ! fir/ place an emphasis ^u au?ority1 & 9 ! second place an insi/5ce ^u hol9ess4 7#b 7,! ,emphasis ,^u ,au?ority4--,! adv]s>ies :o are combat$ 9 ,second ,pet] & ,jude 7 impati5t ( re/ra9t4 ,app>5tly !y di/+ui%$ !mselves1 z possess+ ! ,_s1 f ! ord9>y ,*ri/ians1 z be+ m]ely natural4 ,jude #e1 #ai2 ,,ii ,pet] #b3ab4 ,!y appeal$ to _! own deep] insight1 in/ead ( li/5+ to :at apo/les & prophets _h to say4 ,9 reply1 ,pet] & ,jude insi/$ ^u ! au?ority ( ! ,old ,te/am5t prophets1 & ^u ! au?ority ( ! apo/les1 :i* 0 ultimately ! au?ority ( ,*ri/4 ,see especially ,,ii ,pet] #c3b4 ,a simil> insi/5ce ^u au?ority is greatly ne$$ to-day4 ,aga9 m5 are incl9$ to appeal to an inw>d light z ju/ify+ fre$om f anci5t re/ra9ts2 ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness is be+ exalt$ above ! ,bible4 ,at su* a "t1 r5ew$ att5tion to ,second ,pet] & ,jude w\ld be salut>y4 ,false notions are rife to-day ) reg>d to apo/olic au?ority4 ,!y c be correct$ by our epi/les4 ,pet] z well z ,paul ex]ts 8 au?ority n 9 an (ficial or coldly ecclesia/ical way1 b ) an inimitable bro!rl9ess4 ,! au?ority ( ! apo/les is ! au?ority ( good news4 ,subjection to su* au?ority is p]fect fre$om4 ,! au?ority :i* ,pet] & ,jude urge ^u _! read]s is a d\ble au?ority--9 ! fir/ place ! au?ority ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & 9 ! second place ! au?ority ( ,*ri/ ex]t$ ?r\gh ! apo/les4 ,= u1 h[ev]1 ! two become "o4 ,! apo/les1 l ! ,old ,te/am5t prophets1 speak to u only ?r\gh ! ,bible4 ,we ne$ to le>n ! lesson4 ,a return to ! ,bible is ! deepe/ ne$ ( ! mod]n ,*ur*4 ,x w\ld mean a return to ,god4 7#c7 ,insi/5ce ,^u ,hol9ess4--,! second *>act]i/ic ( ,second ,pet] & ,jude is ! insi/5ce ^u hol9ess4 ,religion is by no means always connect$ ) goodness4 ,9 ! ,greco-,roman _w1 ! two 7 (t5 entirely sep>ate4 ,_m pagan cults conta9$ no e?ical elem5t :atev]4 ,! dang] 0 !re=e v great t ,*ri/ianity might be treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians ne$$ to be admoni%$ ev] & aga9 t _! ,god 0 a ,god ( righte\sness1 t no unclean ?+ c\ld /& 9 8 pres5ce4 ,insi/5ce ^u hol9ess is 9 itself no peculi>ity ( ,second ,pet] & ,jude4 ,x runs all ?r\gh ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,b 9 ^! epi/les x is direct$ m def9itely p]haps ?an any:]e else aga9/ ! opposite error4 ,! oppon5ts ( ,pet] & ,jude did n m]ely drift into immorality2 !y def5d$ x on !oretical gr\nds4 ,!y 7 mak+ a delib]ate ef=t to r$uce ,*ri/ianity to ! level ( a non-e?ical religion4 ,su* !oretical def5se ( immorality appe>s1 inde$1 9 a numb] ( places 9 ! apo/olic ,*ur*4 ,a c]ta9 p>ty 9 ,cor9?1 = example1 made a wrong use ( ,*ri/ian fre$om4 ,b :at is m or less incid5tal 9 ,fir/ ,cor9?ians =ms ! ma9 subject ( ,second ,pet] & ,jude4 ,*ri/ianity is "h insi/+ ^u its ?or\ghly e?ical "*4 ,at fir/ sight ! message might seem obsolete to-day4 ,we always associate religion ) morality2 we c h>dly und]/& h[ ! two ev] c\ld h be5 sep>at$4 ,x is to be fe>$1 h[ev]1 t ! dang] is n altoge!r pa/4 ,9 our ?\ghts we pres]ve ! e?ical "* ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b h[ is x ) our lives8 ,h[ is x ) our religi\s obs]vances8 ,are we n con/antly 9 dang] ( mak+ religion a m]e cult1 a m]e emotional excitem5t1 a m]e means ( ga9+ e>?ly or heav5ly advantages1 a m]e ef=t to bribe ,god by our wor%ip8 ,! dang] is always ) u4 ,we ne$ always to rem9d ourselves t ,*ri/ian fai? mu/ "w itself out 9 holy liv+4 ,pet] 9 8 second epi/le has provid$ u ) "o important means to t end4 ,x is ! ?\ght ( ,*ri/'s com+4 ,!re c be no laxness 9 moral ef=t if we rememb] ! judgm5t seat ( ,*ri/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #bfg-bgj1 #bhb-bhe4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,w>field 7supplem5t$71 article on ,jude4 ,m',clymont1 ,! ,new ,te/am5t & ,its ,writ]s1 pp4 #acg-adc4 ,ellicott1 ,a ,new ,te/am5t ,comm5t>y = ,engli% ,read]s1 vol4 iii1 pp4 #dcg-dfc1 #eje-eai3 ,plumm]1 ,! ,second ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,jude4 ,zahn1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #aid-bic4 ,! la/-nam$ "w is int5d$ prim>ily = ^? :o h "s k ( ,greek1 b c also be us$ by o!rs4 ,,lesson ,,xxxvi ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,god ,! ,epi/les ( ,john #a4 ,,au?or%ip ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,epi/le ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john does n conta9 ! "n ( its au?or4 ,accord+ to tradition1 h[ev]1 x 0 writt5 by ! apo/le ,john1 & tradition is "h support$ by ! *>act]i/ics ( ! epi/le itself4 ,! au?or ( ! epi/le 0 evid5tly ! same z ! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,! m>k$ simil>ity 9 /yle c be expla9$ 9 no o!r way4 ,ev5 ! c>eless read] obs]ves t ! /yle ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel is v peculi>4 ,%ort s5t5ces are jo9$ to "o ano!r ) ! utmo/ simplicity2 ! vocabul>y is limit$1 b conta9s expressions ( extraord9>y ri*ness2 ! total effect is s+ul>ly p[]ful4 ,^! same *>act]i/ics1 ?\gh !y are s peculi>1 appe> also 9 ! epi/le4 ,!re is ! same simplicity ( s5t5ce /ructure1 ! same use ( su* t]ms z life & light & love1 ! same indescribable _s & tone4 ,yet ! epi/le is no slavi% imitation ( ! ,gospel--diff]5ces /& side by side ) ! simil>ities4 ,^! two works are evid5tly relat$1 n z model & copy1 b z liv+ productions ( ! same rem>kable p]sonality4 #b4 ,,te/imony ,,( ,,an ,,eyewitness ,z 9 ! ,gospel1 s also 9 ! epi/le ! au?or pres5ts himself cle>ly z an eyewitness ( ! life ( ,jesus1 ,i ,john #a3a-c2 #d3ad2 z 9 ! ,gospel he lays /ress ^u simple te/imony4 ,ev5 ^? ?+s :i* h j be5 notic$ z *>act]i/ic ( 8 /yle are connect$ ultimately ) ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,9 bo? ,gospel & epi/le1 ! belov$ disciple has reproduc$ :at he he>d 9 ,galilee & 9 ,judea1 ?\gh 9 bo? he has made ! memory a liv+1 spiritual fact4 #c4 ,,de/9ation ,,& ,,date ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john is p]haps sc>cely to be call$ an epi/le at all4 ,practically all ! *>act]i/ics ( a lett] are miss+4 ,!re is no address2 !re is no greet+ at ! close2 !re are no p]sonal details4 ,! read]s are inde$ ref]r$ to 9 ! second p]son2 b prea*]s z well z lett]-writ]s say1 y4 ,fir/ ,john is a sort ( g5]al address writt5 probably to "s ext5d$ gr\p ( *ur*es4 ,^! *ur*es are probably to be s\ght 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,?r\gh\t ! epi/le ! read]s are address$ 9 a fa!rly tone4 ,see1 = example1 *4 #b3a4 ,evid5tly ! writ] 0 well kn[n z a sort ( patri>* ?r\gh\t an ext5d$ region4 ,su* conditions prevail$ 9 ,asia ,m9or aft] ! apo/le ,john _h begun to reside at ,ephesus4 ,tru/wor?y tradition z well z ! ,new ,te/am5t in=ms u ( a p]iod 9 ! apo/le's life :5 he _h outliv$ all or mo/ ( ! o!r apo/les & 0 rev]$ z ! head ( ! ,asian *ur*4 ,at "s "t )9 ?is p]iod--probably ne>] ! end ?an ! beg9n+--! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john 0 writt54 #d4 ,,! ,,false ,,tea*]s ,! =m ( error aga9/ :i* ! epi/le is direct$ becomes cle>e/1 p]haps 9 *4 #d3b1c4 ,! false tea*]s _h d5i$ t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 come 9 ! fle%4 ,?is may be int]pret$ 9 sev]al diff]5t ways4 7#a7 ,docetism4--,9 ! fir/ place1 ,john may mean t ! oppon5ts simply d5i$ ! reality ( ! e>?ly life ( ,jesus4 ,su* a =m ( error is by no means unkn[n 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x is call$ ,docetism4 ,accord+ to ,docetism ! ,son ( ,god did n really live a human life--) human suff]+s & a human dea?--b only appe>$ to d s4 7#b7 ,c]9?us4--,9 ! second place1 ! mean+ ( ! passage may be t ! oppon5ts d5i$ ! unity ( ! p]son ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,comp>e *4 #b3bb4 ,"s p]sons 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* suppos$ t !re 7 two sep>ate p]sons 9 ! figure t is describ$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,a heav5ly be+1 ! ,*ri/1 x 0 ?\ght1 unit$ himself ) ! man ,jesus at ! "t :5 ! dove desc5d$ aft] ! baptism4 ,matt4 #c3af1ag4 ,su* 0 ! view ( ,c]9?us1 :o is decl>$ by tradition to h be5 an oppon5t ( ! apo/le ,john at ,ephesus4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 !re=e1 t x 0 actually ,c]9?us1 ) 8 disciples1 :o is combat$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john4 7#c7 ,d5ial ( ! ,inc>nation4--,bo? ,c]9?us & ! ,doceti/s d5i$ ! reality ( ! inc>nation--bo? d5i$ t ! ,son ( ,god actually assum$ a human nature & liv$ a complete human life4 ,accord+ to ,c]9?us & o!rs l him1 ! ,*ri/ /ood only 9 some:at loose relation to ! man ,jesus4 ,he 0 unit$ ) him only late 9 life1 he left him be=e ! crucifixion4 ,on ?is view1 x 0 n ! ,*ri/ :o lay 9 ! mang] at ,be?lehem1 x 0 n ! ,*ri/ :o suff]$ on ! cross4 ,c]9?us1 l ! ,doceti/s1 kept ! ,son ( ,god out ( any close relation to ! _w & to u4 7#d7 ,john's ,reply4--,aga9/ "s su* view z "o ( ^!1 ,john 0 conc]n$ to e/abli% ! reality ( ! inc>nation--! tru? t ! ,^w became fle%4 ,9 ! ,gospel1 t tru? und]lies ! :ole ( ! n>rative2 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le x is directly def5d$ aga9/ ! oppos+ error4 ,x is def5d$ fir/ ( all by an appeal to :at ! writ] _h se5 & he>d4 ,we knew ,jesus 9 ,pale/9e1 says ,john 9 effect1 & we c te/ify t ,jesus himself 0 none o!r ?an ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,i ,john1 #a3a-d4 7#e7 ,john1 ! ,oppon5ts1 & ,c]9?us4--,! false tea*]s :o are combat$ 9 ! epi/le _h app>5tly )drawn f ! ,*ur* & =m$ a sep>ate sect4 ,i ,john #b3ai4 ,_! sep>at5ess ( m9d & he>t & life _h f\nd expression 9 op5 s*ism4 ,:e!r !y are to be id5tifi$ ) disciples ( ,c]9?us is at lea/ d\btful4 ,false speculation ab\t ! p]son ( ,*ri/ no d\bt assum$ _m =ms 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! fir/ c5tury4 #e4 ,,connection ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,second ,,& ,,! ,,?ird ,,epi/le ,9 ,,iii ,john #i1 ! apo/le tells ,gaius t he _h writt5 some:at unto ! *ur*4 ,?is lett] to ! *ur* may h be5 writt5 at "s previ\s "t4 ,x is also possible1 h[ev]1 t x 0 writt5 toge!r ) ! lett] to ,gaius4 ,! ,greek ^w = ,i wrote admits ( t int]pretation4 ,if t int]pretation be correct1 !n ,john p]haps means to say t al?\gh he has writt5 a lett] to ! *ur* he c\ld n 9 t lett] urge ! hospitable reception ( ! mission>ies4 ,= ! pres5t1 ! influ5ce ( ,diotrephes 0 too /rong4 ,! lett] to ! *ur* _h to be conc]n$ ) o!r matt]s4 ,if ?is view ( ! lett] m5tion$ 9 ,,iii ,john #i be adopt$1 !n ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,john corresponds to ! description4 ,! ,second ,epi/le is address$ to a *ur*1 & x is writt5 ) "s res]ve4 ,if c]ta9 ( ! *ildr5 ( ! elect lady 7 walk+ 9 tru?1 ,,ii ,john #d1 ! inf]5ce is t o!rs 7 conduct+ !mselves v diff]5tly4 ,evid5tly !re 0 dang] ( false tea*+ among ! read]s4 ,hospitality to m5 l ,demetrius & 8 companions c\ld h>dly be expect$ ( su* a *ur*4 ,if hospitality %\ld be practic$1 x 0 only too likely to be hospitality to m5 ( a v diff]5t /amp4 ,vs4 #aj1 #aa4 ,possibly1 !re=e1 ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,john is actually ! lett] t is ref]r$ to 9 ,,iii ,john #i1 a lett] to ! *ur* ( :i* ,gaius 0 a memb]4 ,?is hypo!sis is support$ by ! /rik+ =mal simil>ity ( ! two lett]s4 ,!y are ( almo/ exactly ! same l5g?2 ! op5+s & especially ! conclusions1 ,,ii ,john #ab1 #ac2 ,,iii ,john #ac1 #ad1 are c\*$ 9 almo/ exactly ! same t]ms4 ,!y look v mu* l tw9 epi/les1 writt5 on two %eets ( papyrus ( ! same size4 ,( c\rse ! hypo!sis is by no means c]ta94 ,p]haps ! lett] ref]r$ to 9 ,,iii ,john #i 0 a previ\s lett] bespeak+ hospitality1 :i* _h fail$ ( its effect4 ,:5 ! apo/le saw1 f ! answ] or lack ( answ] to ! previ\s lett]1 t ! *ur* 0 ill dispos$1 he _h rec\rse to an individual memb] ( x4 ,ev5 9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 x rema9s probable t our two epi/les 7 writt5 at ab\t ! same "t4 #f4 ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,%ort] ,,epi/les ,^! la/ two epi/les ( ,john d n des]ve ! neglect :i* !y h sometimes suff]$4 ,despite _! brevity--!y are ! %orte/ books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t--!y are in/ructive 9 a numb] ( ways4 7#a7 ,hi/orical4--,x is exce$+ly int]e/+1 = example1 to comp>e !m ) ! private lett]s ( ! same p]iod :i* h rec5tly be5 discov]$ 9 ,egypt--see ,lesson ,,iii1 ,tea*]'s ,manual1 9 ?is c\rse4 ,9 =m1 ! op5+ ( ! ,?ird ,epi/le is v mu* 9 ! mann] ( ! papyrus lett]s4 ,comp>e1 = example1 ) ,,iii ,john #a-d ! foll[+ op5+ ( a lett] ( ! second c5tury aft] ,*ri/3 ,apion to ,epima*us 8 fa!r & "l he>tie/ greet+s4 ,fir/ ( all ,i pray t y are 9 heal? & cont9ually prosp] & f>e well ) my si/] & daught] & my bro!r4 ,i ?ank ! "l ,s]apis4444 7,! translation is t ( ,pr(essor ,milligan4 ,see p4 #bj ( ,tea*]'s ,manual1 ,"p ,i1 ( ?is c\rse47 ,! diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 are ev5 m in/ructive ?an ! resemblances4 ,:at 0 said 9 ,lesson ,i ab\t ! epi/les ( ,paul applies 9 full measure to ! epi/les ( ,john4 ,ev5 ! epi/ol>y =ms are "h modifi$ s z to be ! vehicle ( a new message & a new _s4 ,fur!rmore1 ! two epi/les1 especially ,?ird ,john1 ca/ a flood ( light ^u ! int]nal developm5t ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 "o respect inde$ ! hi/orical significance ( ! ,?ird ,epi/le has sometimes be5 exagg]at$4 ,x is n true t we h "h ! em]g5ce ( ! mon>*ical episcopate--t is1 ! prem95ce ( "o presbyt]1 call$ a bi%op1 ov] 8 bro!r presbyt]s4 ,diotrephes does n appe> cle>ly z a bi%op4 ,at ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #aaj 9 ! epi/les ( ,ignatius ! episcopate is v prom95t2 b ,?ird ,john belongs to an e>li] p]iod4 ,nev]!less1 ?is concrete picture ( ! int]nal affairs ( a late fir/-c5tury *ur* is absolutely unique4 ,! p]iod is v obscure2 ^! few brief l9es illum9e x m ?an pages ( n>rative4 ,! travel+ prea*]s ( ,?ird ,john are p>ticul>ly int]e/+4 ,simil> mission>ies appe> also 9 ! ,dida*e1 a sort ( *ur* manual :i* may probably be dat$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! second c5tury4 ,9 t lat] p]iod1 h[ev]1 c>e _h to be tak5 le/ ! hospitality ( ! *ur*es %\ld be abus$4 ,b let e apo/le1 says ! writ]--! ^w apo/le is us$ 9 a v broad s5se to designate w&]+ prea*]s--:o comes to y be receiv$ z ! ,"l4 ,he %all rema91 h[ev]1 no m ?an "o day1 or if necess>y two4 ,if he rema9s ?ree days he is a false prophet4 ,su* precautions1 we may be sure1 7 n ne$$ 9 ! case ( ,demetrius & 8 companions4 7#b7 ,practical4--,despite its individual address & private "*1 ! ,?ird ,epi/le ( ,john is n an ord9>y private lett]4 ,l all ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 x has a message = ! entire ,*ur*4 ,! dev\t read] rises f ! p]usal ( x ) a m /eadfa/ devotion to ! tru? & a w>m] gl[ ( ,*ri/ian love4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #bgb-bgd1 #bid-cjh4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,purves 7supplem5t$71 article on ,john1 ,epi/les (4 ,m',clymont1 ,! ,new ,te/am5t & ,its ,writ]s1 pp4 #add-adi4 ,ellicott1 ,a ,new ,te/am5t ,comm5t>y = ,engli% ,read]s1 vol4 iii1 pp4 #dfg-ejb3 ,s9clair1 ,! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,john4 ,we/cott1 ,! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,john4 ,zahn1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 iii1 pp4 #cee-chd4 ,! two la/-nam$ works are int5d$ prim>ily = ^? :o h "s k ( ,greek1 b c also be us$ by o!rs4 ,,lesson ,,xxxvii ,,! ,,messages ,,( ,,! ,,liv+ ,,*ri/ ,! ,book ( ,revelation 7,fir/ ,lesson7 #a4 ,,! ,,apocalypse ,,& ,,! ,,gospel ,,( ,,john ,9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book x 0 ma9ta9$ t ! ,apocalypse 0 writt5 by ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee4 ,! /ronge/ objection to ?is view is to be f\nd 9 ! /rik+ diff]5ce ( language & /yle :i* exi/s betwe5 ! ,apocalypse on ! "o side & ! ,gospel & ,epi/les ( ,john on ! o!r4 ,! /yle ( ! ,apocalypse is extraord9>ily r\gh2 9 x ! mo/ elem5t>y laws ( ,greek gramm> are sometimes disreg>d$4 ,su* peculi>ities appe> sc>cely at all 9 ! ,gospel2 ! language ( ! ,gospel1 ?\gh simple1 is p]fectly grammatical4 ,?is obs]vation has l$ _m s*ol>s to decide t ! ,gospel & ! ,apocalypse nev] c\ld h be5 writt5 by ! same p]son2 ! argum5t1 inde$1 0 advanc$ z e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury by ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria4 ,^? :o ?us d5y ! unity ( au?or%ip d n all reject ei!r "o book or ! o!r z au?oritative2 "s suppose t ! ,john ^: "n appe>s 9 ! ,apocalypse1 ?\gh n ! same z ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 0 a g5u9e prophet4 ,! evid5ce1 h[ev]1 = attribut+ all ! ,johann9e books to ! son ( ,zeb$ee is exce$+ly /rong4 ,if ! ,apocalypse is to be attribut$ to "s "o else1 tradition is v s]i\sly at fault1 & x is also v difficult to see h[ ano!r ,john c\ld h introduc$ himself to ! *ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or 9 ! way t ! au?or does at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! book )\t di/+ui%+ himself f ! great] man ( ! same "n :o 0 resid+ at ,ephesus at ! v same "t4 ,! ,apocalypse mu/ !re=e be assign$ to ! son ( ,zeb$ee unless !re is absolutely unimpea*able evid5ce to ! contr>y4 ,su* evid5ce is n really =?com+4 ,! diff]5ce ( /yle betwe5 ! ,apocalypse & ! ,f\r? ,gospel is capable ( explanation4 7#a7 ,possible ,diff]5ce ( ,date4--,9 ! fir/ place1 x might be expla9$ by a wide diff]5ce ( date4 ,if ! ,apocalypse 0 writt5 at ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #fh1 !n an int]val ( "s tw5ty-five ye>s or m sep>ates x f ! ,gospel4 ,su* an int]val w\ld all[ pl5ty ( "t = ! /yle ( ! au?or to *ange4 ,:5 ! ,galilean fi%]man fir/ left 8 home 9 ,pale/9e1 8 comm& ( ! ,greek language might conceivably be slight2 :]eas aft] a long resid5ce 9 ,asia ,m9or1 z lead] ( a gr\p ( ,greek-speak+ *ur*es1 ! r\ghness ( 8 /yle w\ld be remov$4 ,h5ce ! un-,greek1 /rongly ,hebrai/ic usages ( ! ,apocalypse w\ld 9 ! ,gospel naturally give place to a correct1 ?\gh simple /yle4 ,?is hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 is beset ) s]i\s difficulties4 ,x is difficult to suppose t ! ,apocalypse 0 writt5 be=e ! clos+ decade ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,"s passages1 x is true1 h be5 /rongly urg$ 9 favor ( ! e>ly date4 ,p>ticul>ly ! ref]5ce to ! sev5 k+s 9 ,rev4 #ag3aj has be5 ?\ght by _m excell5t s*ol>s to be decisive4 ,! ref]5ce to ! sev5 hills 9 ! prec$+ v]se seems to %[ t ! bea/ repres5ts ,rome2 ! sev5 k+s !re=e naturally repres5t ,roman emp]ors4 ,! fif? emp]or1 beg9n+ ) ,augu/us1 0 ,n]o4 ,if at ! "t :5 ! book 0 writt5 five 7 fall51 "o 0 & ! o!r 0 n yet come1 v4 #aj1 ! book mu/ app>5tly h be5 writt5 "u ,n]o's successor4 ,8 successor1 ,galba1 reign$ only a few mon?s3 ! book 0 !re=e writt5 9 ,a4 ,d4 #fh or #fi4 ,or if ! v brief reigns ( ,galba1 ,o?o & ,vitellius be n c\nt$1 !n ! book 0 writt5 betwe5 ,a4 ,d4 #fi & #gi1 dur+ ! reign ( ,vespasian4 ,! passage rema9s1 h[ev]1 s obscure t x is v d\btful :e!r any "o int]pretation ( x %\ld be all[$ to ov]balance ! evid5ce = ! lat] date4 ,su* evid5ce is abundant4 ,mo/ weighty ( all1 p]haps1 is ! /rong tradition :i* places ! ,apocalypse 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ,domitian4 ,x is h>d to believe t t tradition is s]i\sly at fault4 ,! condition ( ! ,*ur*1 moreov]1 z x is presuppos$ 9 ! book1 is m naturally to be s\ght at ,a4 ,d4 #ie ?an tw5ty-five ye>s e>li]4 ,! p]secution1 = example1 :i* ! writ] describes1 seems f> m l ! p]secution "u ,domitian ?an x is l ! outbreak :i* 0 occasion$ by ! cruelty ( ,n]o4 7#b7 ,! ,diff]5ce ( ,subject4--,if ! lat] date be accept$1 !n ! ,gospel & ! ,apocalypse 7 writt5 9 ! same p]iod ( ! apo/le's life1 & ! diff]5ce ( /yle _c be expla9$ by a diff]5ce ( date4 ,ano!r explanation1 h[ev]1 is suffici5t4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two books may be expla9$ by ! total diff]5ce ( subject4 ,! ,gospel is a n>rative ( ,jesus' life1 writt5 ) abundant opportunity = reflection2 ! ,apocalypse is a record ( wond]ful visions1 :]e /yli/ic nicety w\ld h m>r$ ! imm$iat5ess ( ! revelation4 ,! v r\ghness ( ! ,apocalypse is valuable z express+ ! "* ( ! book4 ,9 ! ,gospel1 ,john br\ght to be> all 8 p[] ( reflection & ( expression2 9 ! ,apocalypse1 he wrote 9 ha/e "u ! ov]p[]+ influ5ce ( a transc5d5t exp]i5ce4 ,! grammatical irregul>ities ( ! ,apocalypse1 moreov]1 (t5 create ! impression t !y are int5tional4 ,!y belong$1 app>5tly1 to an apocalyptic /yle :i* to a c]ta9 ext5t _h already be5 =m$2 !y 7 felt to be suit$ to ! peculi> "* ( ! "w4 ,f9ally1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t side by side ) ! diff]5ces ( /yle !re are "s rem>kable simil>ities4 ,! und]ly+ unity ( ?\ght & expression po9ts to unity ( au?or%ip4 #b4 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,apocalypse 7#a7 ,a ,record ( ,visions4--,9 :at has j be5 said1 ! dom9ant peculi>ity ( ! ,apocalypse has already be5 indicat$4 ,! ,apocalypse is no c>eful lit]>y composition1 piec$ toge!r f previ\s works ( a simil> "*4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is a record ( g5u9e revelations4 ,be=e writ+1 ! se] 0 9 ! ,_s4 7#b7 ,influ5ce ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4--,nev]!less1 al?\gh ! ,apocalypse is a record ( visions1 & 0 writt5 consci\sly "u ! impulsion ( ! ,_s1 x is by no means un9flu5c$ by previ\s works4 ,to a degree t is p]haps n p>allel$ by any o!r ,new ,te/am5t book1 ! ,apocalypse is suffus$ ) ! language & ) ! imag]y ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,?\gh !re is n a s+le =mal quotation1 ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures h influ5c$ almo/ e s5t5ce ( ! book4 ,p>ticul>ly ! books ( ,ezekiel & ,daniel1 :i*1 l ! ,apocalypse1 are compos$ l>gely ( ! records ( visions1 h suppli$ mu* ( ! imag]y ( ! ,new ,te/am5t "w4 ,?is wide-spread influ5ce ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ^u ! ,apocalypse is by no means surpris+4 ,! ,apocalypse is bas$ ^u direct revelation1 b direct revelation is n necess>ily out ( relation to ev]y?+ else4 ,on ! contr>y1 x uses ! language :i* its recipi5ts c und]/&2 & "p ( ! language ( ! apo/le ,john 0 ! phraseology & imag]y ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x has already be5 h9t$ t works v simil> 9 =m to ! ,apocalypse are to be f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,?is apocalyptic =m 0 cont9u$ 9 a numb] ( ,jewi% works writt5 aft] ! conclusion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t canon4 ,sup]ficially ^! works be> consid]able resemblance to ! ,new ,te/am5t ,apocalypse2 b clos] exam9ation reveals pr(\nd diff]5ces4 ,! ,jewi% apocalypses appe>$ "u assum$ names--! mo/ important ( !m "u ! "n ( ,eno*--:ile ,john is s firmly conv9c$ ( hav+ receiv$ g5u9e revelation t he requires no su* spuri\s au?ority = 8 "w4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 our ,apocalypse & its extra-canonical ,jewi% pr$ecessors & contempor>ies is a simil>ity at mo/ ( =m2 9 _s & cont5t ! diff]5ce is incalculable4 ,unlike ^! o!r works1 ! ,apocalypse is a g5u9e prophecy4 #c4 ,,! ,,messages ,,to ,,! ,,sev5 ,,*ur*es ,! s-call$ lett]s to ! sev5 *ur*es 7 nev] int5d$ to be circulat$ sep>ately4 ,f ! beg9n+ ! lett]s =m$ "p ( ! ,apocalypse1 :i* 0 address$ to all sev5 ( ! *ur*es4 ,f ! beg9n+1 !re=e1 ea* ( ! lett]s 0 int5d$ to be read n only by ! *ur* ^: "n x be>s1 b also by all ! o!rs4 ,! sev5 *ur*es1 moreov]1 are repres5tative ( ! ,*ur* at l>ge4 ,nev]!less1 despite ! univ]sal purpose ( ! lett]s1 !y are v concrete 9 ! in=mation t !y provide ab\t ! *ur*es 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,l ! ,second & ,?ird ,epi/les ( ,john !y illum9e an exce$+ly obscure p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity4 7#a7 ,! ,angels ( ! ,*ur*es4--,"s details 9 ! lett]s1 x is true1 are to u obscure4 ,:at1 = example1 is meant by ! angels ( ! *ur*es to :i* ! sev]al lett]s are address$8 ,! ,greek ^w translat$ angel may also mean simply mess5g]4 ,conceivably1 x might designate m]ely a congregational (fic]4 ,_m h suppos$ t x designates a bi%op4 ,9 ! epi/les ( ,ignatius1 :i* 7 writt5 n v _m ye>s aft] ! ,apocalypse1 ! t]m bi%op is appli$ to an (fic] :o _h supreme au?ority ov] a congregation includ+ ! presbyt]s4 ,! appe>ance ( ^! angels or mess5g]s 9 ! ,apocalypse has be5 urg$ z pro( t ,john z well z ,ignatius recogniz$ ! in/itution ( ! episcopacy4 ,surely1 h[ev]1 ! matt] is m ?an d\btful4 ,! ,greek ^w us$1 :e!r x be translat$ angel or mess5g]1 is a v /range designation ( a bi%op4 ,moreov]1 9 ! re/ ( ! ,johann9e lit]ature !re is no recognition ( ! episcopacy4 ,9 ! ,?ird ,epi/le ( ,john1 = example1 ev5 if ,diotrephes _h set himself up z a bi%op--:i* is itself exce$+ly d\btful--8 claim is c]ta9ly n accept$ by ! apo/le4 ,on ! :ole1 x seems bett] to reg>d ! angels to :i* ! sev5 lett]s ( ! ,apocalypse are address$ m]ely z ideal repres5tatives ( ! *ur*es--repres5tatives conceiv$ ( p]haps z gu>dian angels4 ,comp>e ,matt4 #ah3aj4 7#b7 ,! ,nicolaitans4--,ano!r puzzl+ "q conc]ns ! ,nicolaitans :o appe> 9 sev]al ( ! lett]s4 ,! "n itself is obscure4 ,by tradition x is connect$ ) t ,nicolas ( ,antio* :o 0 "o ( ! sev5 m5 appo9t$ 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,j]usalem *ur* to att5d to ! adm9i/ration ( *>ity4 ,acts #f3e4 ,! tradition may possibly be correct4 ,if x is correct1 !n ,nicolas1 9 8 lat] life1 _h n ju/ifi$ ! confid5ce orig9ally repos$ 9 him4 ,at ! fir/ m5tion ( ! ,nicolaitans1 9 ! lett] to ,ephesus1 ,rev4 #b3f1 no?+ :atev] is said ab\t _! t5ets4 ,_! error1 h[ev]1 0 n m]ely !oretical1 b practical1 = x 0 _! works t ! ,"l is repres5t$ z hat+4 ,9 ! lett] to ,p]gamum1 ! ,nicolaitans are probably meant 9 v4 #ad4 ,l ,balaam1 !y entic$ ! p ( ,god to idolatry & impurity4 ,! =m :i* _! idolatry took 0 ! eat+ ( meats (f]$ to idols4 ,! "q ( meats (f]$ to idols 0 no simple matt]4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians ,paul _h p]mitt$ ! eat+ ( su* meats "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 b _h /]nly =bidd5 x :]ev] x involv$ real or suppos$ p>ticipation 9 idolatr\s wor%ip4 ,! =m 9 :i* x 0 favor$ by ! ,nicolaitans evid5tly fell "u ! latt] category4 ,9 a "t ( p]secution1 ! temptation to guilty compromise ) hea!nism mu/ h be5 insidi\s2 & also ! l[ morality ( ! ,asian cities ?reat5$ ev] & aga9 to drag ,*ri/ian p back into ! impure life ( ! _w4 ,9 ! lett] to ,?yatira1 also1 ! woman ,jezebel is app>5tly to be connect$ ) ! same sect1 = ! practical faults 9 ,?yatira & 9 ,p]gamum 7 id5tical4 ,jezebel1 ! ,pho5ician wife ( ,ahab1 01 l ,balaam1 a /rik+ ,old ,te/am5t example ( "o :o l$ ,israel into s94 ,x is significant t ! woman ,jezebel 9 ,?yatira call$ h]self a prophetess4 ,rev4 #b3bj4 ,?is circum/ance seems to indicate t ! ,nicolaitans _h excus$ _! moral laxness by an appeal to special revelations4 ,! impression is confirm$ by v4 #bd4 ,app>5tly ! ,nicolaitans _h boa/$ ( _! k ( ! deep ?+s1 & _h despis$ ! simple ,*ri/ians :o cont5t$ !mselves ) a holy life4 ,at any rate1 :atev] p>ticul> ju/ification ! ,nicolaitans advanc$ = _! immoral life1 !y c\ld n deceive ! all-se>*+ eye ( ,*ri/4 ,_! deep ?+s 7 deep ?+s1 n ( ,god1 b ( ,satan6 ,:o is meant by ! woman ,jezebel8 ,"s int]pret]s1 :o suppose t ! angel ( ! *ur* 0 ! bi%op1 reg>d ,jezebel z a designation ( ! bi%op's wife4 ,?is :ole int]pretation is1 h[ev]1 beset ) s]i\s difficulty4 ,p]haps ! woman ,jezebel does n ref] to an individual at all1 b is simply a figurative designation ( ! ,nicolaitan sect4 ,! description ( ! com+ retribution 9 vs4 #ba-bc seems to be highly figurative4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! s9 ( ! *ur*es at ,p]gamum & ,?yatira 0 n limit$ to ^? :o actually accept$ ! ,nicolaitan tea*+4 ,ev5 to endure ! pres5ce ( ! guilty sect 0 ! object ( ! ,"l's rebuke4 ,t[>d ! works ( ! ,nicolaitans only hatr$ 0 9 place4 ,rev4 #b3f4 ,t is a solemn lesson = mod]n indiff]5tism4 ,tol]ance is good2 b !re are times :5 x is a deadly s94 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,purves1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #bgd1 #cjh-cab4 ,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,purves 7supplem5t$71 article on ,revelation4 ,m',clymont1 ,! ,new ,te/am5t & ,its ,writ]s1 pp4 #aej-aee4 ,milligan1 ,lectures on ! ,apocalypse & ,discussions on ! ,apocalypse4 ,ellicott1 ,a ,new ,te/am5t ,comm5t>y = ,engli% ,read]s1 vol4 iii1 pp4 #ebc-fda3 ,c>p5t]1 ,! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john4 ,ramsay1 ,! ,lett]s to ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es ( ,asia4 ,plumptre1 ,a ,popul> ,exposition ( ! ,epi/les to ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es ( ,asia4 ,swete1 ,! ,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,john4 ,zahn1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 iii1 pp4 #chd-ddi4 ,! two la/-nam$ works are int5d$ prim>ily = ^? :o h "s k ( ,greek1 b c also be us$ by o!rs4 ,,lesson ,,xxxviii ,a ,,vision ,,( ,,! ,,f9al ,,triumph ,! ,book ( ,revelation 7,second ,lesson7 #a4 ,,! ,,int]pretations ,,( ,,! ,,apocalypse ,! int]pretations ( ! ,apocalypse may be divid$ into f\r classes4 7#a7 ,unfulfill$ ,prophecies4--,accord+ to "o me?od ( int]pretation1 ! prophecies ( ! book are all unfulfill$4 ,9 ! la/ days !re w be a mighty revival ( evil l t :i* is symboliz$ by ! dragon & ! bea/ & ! false prophet1 !re w be plagues & woes l ^? :i* are describ$ 9 connection ) ! seals & ! trumpets & ! b[ls1 & !re w be a triumph ( ,god's p & an et]nal bless$ness ( ! new ,j]usalem4 ,?is int]pretation w\ld place ! ,apocalypse out ( analogy ) ! o!r prophecies ( ! ,bible4 ,prophecy is seldom out ( all connection ) ! imm$iate pres5t4 ,ev5 :]e ! prophetic vision rea*es to ! v end ( "t1 ! fulfillm5t or ! prep>ation = ! fulfillm5t is usually repres5t$ z beg9n+ at once4 ,9 ! ,apocalypse1 z 9 o!r prophecy1 !re is evid5t ref]5ce to ! circum/ances ( ! orig9al read]s4 7#b7 ,contempor>y ,ev5ts4--,a second me?od ( int]pretation goes to an opposite extreme4 ,by ?is me?od ! prophecies ( ! book are ?\ght to be conc]n$ m]ely ) ev5ts ( ! writ]'s own age4 ,! bea/ is ! ,roman ,empire2 ,babylon is ! city ( ,rome2 ! au?or expect$ ! de/ruction ( bo? to take place )9 a few ye>s' "t4 ,9 its ?or\ghgo+ =m ?is int]pretation also is to be reject$4 ,x degrades ! ,apocalypse to ! level ( a mi/ak5 pr$iction1 & r$uces ! self-evid5c+ glories ( ! book to trivialities4 ,evid5tly ! outlook ( ! se] 0 f> broad] & f> m spiritual ?an x is repres5t$ by ! advocates ( ?is int]pretation4 7#c7 ,! ,:ole ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4--,by a ?ird me?od ( int]pretation1 ! fir/ two me?ods are comb9$4 ,! book is writt5 di/9ctly 9 view ( conditions ( ! fir/ c5tury1 its pr$ictions conc]n p>tly ! imm$iate future2 b !re is also an outlook ^u remot] ages4 ,by ?is int]pretation ! prophecies are held to provide an epitome ( ! :ole ( hi/ory f ! fir/ com+ ( ,*ri/ to 8 second com+4 7#d7 ,mixture ( ,discordant ,traditions4--,a f\r? me?od ( int]pretation1 :i* has become influ5tial 9 v rec5t ye>s1 ab&ons all hope ( discov]+ a unit>y message 9 ! book1 & proce$s to divide x into its compon5t p>ts4 ,! analysis 0 c>ri$ on fir/ by lit]>y criticism4 ,an old] "w ( ! "t ( ,n]o 0 suppos$ to h be5 revis$ at a lat] p]iod2 or non-,*ri/ian ,jewi% works 7 suppos$ to h be5 incorporat$ 9 ! pres5t "w by a ,*ri/ian compil]4 ,?is sort ( lit]>y criticism has 9 ! la/ few ye>s giv5 place sometimes to a subtl] me?od4 ,inve/igation is n[ direct$ to ! mat]ials ( :i* ! book is compos$1 :e!r ^? mat]ials 7 embodi$ 9 previ\s lit]>y works or only 9 previ\s traditions4 ,! ultimate s\rce ( mu* ( ! mat]ial is f\nd 9 ,babylonia or o!r ea/]n c\ntries2 ?is mat]ial is ?\ght to be n always 9 accord ) ! context into :i* 9 our ,apocalypse x has be5 introduc$4 ,?is me?od mu/ emphatically be reject$4 ,x conta9s1 inde$1 an elem5t ( tru?4 ,und\bt$ly ! ,apocalypse makes use ( already-exi/+ mat]ials4 ,b ^! mat]ials are1 = ! mo/ "p at lea/1 ( g5u9ely ,hebrew orig92 & !y h be5 ?or\ghly assimilat$ = ! purposes ( ! pres5t prophecy4 ,! ,apocalypse is n a compilation full ( contradictions1 b a unit>y "w1 ) "o great message = ! ,*ur*4 7#e7 ,wrong ,use ( ! ,?ird ,me?od4--,( ^! f\r me?ods ( int]pretation ! ?ird has be5 adopt$ 9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book4 ,! prophecies ( ! ,apocalypse conc]n ! entire hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,und\bt$ly ?is int]pretation is subject to abuse4 ,x has be5 employ$ 9 ! int]e/s ( special controv]sy1 z :5 ! ,prote/ants saw 9 ! sc>let woman a repres5tation ( papal ,rome4 7#f7 ,pr9ciples1 ,n ,individual ,facts4--,all su* abuses may be avoid$1 h[ev]1 if ! int]pret] w rememb] t ! book deals ) great pr9ciples1 r ?an ) individual facts4 ,! bea/ is nei!r ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 nor ! religion ( ,mohamm$1 nor ! ,turki% ,empire4 ,und\bt$ly x express$ itself 9 "s phases ( ea* ( ^? in/itutions4 ,b no "o ( !m c be id5tifi$ ) x outright4 ,! bea/ ( ! ,apocalypse is no?+ less ?an ! blatant1 godless p[] ( worldly empire1 h[ev] t p[] may be manife/$4 ,at ! "t ( ,john x 0 manife/$ especially 9 ! empire ( ,rome4 ,ev5 ,rome1 h[ev]1 _c be id5tifi$ ) ! bea/ entirely )\t qualification4 ,ev5 ,rome _h its b5efic5t side4 ,john z well z ,paul1 ev5 9 ! fire ( p]secution1 might h express$ ! ?\ght ( ,rom4 #ac3a-g4 ,pet] also wrote 9 ! mid/ ( p]secution2 yet ,pet] c\ld say1 ,be subject to e ord9ance ( man = ! ,"l's sake3 :e!r to ! k+1 z supreme2 or unto gov]nors1 z s5t by him = v5geance on evil-do]s & = praise to !m t d well4 ,i ,pet] #b3ac1ad4 ,! o!r side ( ,rome's p[]1 x is true1 0 prom95t at ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,m sy/ematically ?an be=e1 ,rome _h begun to p]secute ! ,*ur* ( ,god4 ,by ! dem& ( emp]or-wor%ip %e _h tri$ to put h] /amp ^u ! foll[]s ( ,jesus4 ,?r\gh h] prie/hood %e _h endeavor$ to lead m5 a/ray4 ,9 ^! ?+s %e 0 a manife/ation ( ! bea/4 ,z su* %e 0 execrat$ & resi/$ to ! dea? by e loyal ,*ri/ian4 ,!re c\ld be no hope ( compromise4 ,hope lay r 9 ! p[] ( ,god4 ,god w\ld give ! j rew>d2 ,god w\ld give ! f9al victory4 ,su* 0 ! message ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,! message is ( p]5nial value4 ,! bea/ is n yet dead4 ,8 me?ods are diff]5t1 b /ill he oppresses ! ,*ur*4 ,:]ev] 8 p[] is felt--:e!r 9 ru?less oppression or impi\s w>f>e or degrad+ sup]/ition--!re ! prophecy ( ,john is a com=t & an inspiration to ! p ( ,god4 ,und\bt$ly ?is me?od ( int]pretation1 :i* detects 9 ! book pr9ciples r ?an individual facts1 involves a r$uction 9 ! am\nt ( direct in=mation :i* ! ,apocalypse may be ?\ght to give4 ,a detail$ acc\nt1 :e!r ( ! progress ( ! ,*ur*1 or ( ! f9al cata/rophe1 is by ?is int]pretation no long] f\nd 9 ! book4 #b4 ,,! ,,?\s& ,,ye>s ,at "o po9t at lea/1 ?is conclusion has be5 reg>d$ by _m dev\t ,*ri/ians z involv+ a s]i\s loss4 ,t po9t is conc]n$ ) ! ?\s& ye>s ( ,rev4 #bj3a-h4 ,accord+ to ! int]pretation t has j be5 advocat$1 ! ?\s& ye>s are m]ely a symbol = ! "t ( ! pres5t ,*ri/ian disp5sation1 & ! rule :i* ! sa9ts are repres5t$ z be>+ ) ,*ri/ probably ref]s to ! condition ( ! bless$ dead up to ! f9al resurrection4 ,to _m dev\t read]s ( ! ,bible ?is int]pretation seems to be an impov]i%m5t ( ! prophet's words4 ,9 reality1 !y ma9ta91 ! passage pr$icts a return ( ,jesus to e>? be=e ! f9al judgm5t1 & a long p]iod ( 8 bless$ sway4 ,und\bt$ly ?is m lit]al int]pretation ( ! mill5nium seems at fir/ sight to be requir$ by c]ta9 phrases ( ! passage4 ,b ! highly figurative "* ( apocalyptic language mu/ always be borne 9 m9d4 ,numb]s1 9 ! ,apocalypse1 are usually symbolic2 s x may be ) ! ?\s& ye>s4 ,dur+ ! pres5t disp5sation ,satan is 9 "o s5se b\nd1 & 9 ano!r s5se he is free4 ,9 pr9ciple he has be5 conqu]$2 b 9 ! sph]e ( worldly p[] he cont9ues to "w 8 wra?ful w4 #c4 ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,hope ,"o ?+ at lea/ is cle>4 ,no int]pretation ( ! ,apocalypse is correct if x fails to d ju/ice to ! hope ( ,*ri/'s return4 ,if ! figurative int]pretation weak5s our expectation ( t dread meet+ ) ! ,"l1 !n x is untrue to ! m9d ( ! ,_s4 ,!re are difficulties connect$ ) ! idea ( a lit]al mill5nium2 b su* difficulties are inconsid]able 9 comp>ison ) ^? t result f any rationaliz+1 any expla9+ away1 ( ! univ]sal ,*ri/ian hope4 ,! ,apocalypse1 accord+ to any "r int]pretation1 is a vision ( f9al triumph4 ,t triumph is a triumph ( ,*ri/4 ,back ( all ! lurid imag]y ( ! book1 back ( ! battles & ! woes1 & back ( ! glories ( ,god's p1 /&s ! figure ( ! ,savi\r4 ,) him ! book began1 & ) him1 too1 x ends4 ,he is ! same :o liv$ ! life ( m]cy & ( glory on e>?1 ! same :o di$ = our s9s on ! cross4 ,to ! ,lamb all p[] is giv5--all p[] 9 heav5 & on e>?4 ,by him all enemies are conqu]$2 by him ! :ole e>? w be judg$4 ,to ^? :o be> ! m>k ( ! bea/ he is an ,av5g]2 to 8 ,*ur* he is an ev]-liv+ ,savi\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,! read+ sugge/$ "u ,lesson ,,xxxvii is int5d$ = bo? ( ! lessons on ! ,apocalypse4 ,,lesson ,,xxxix ,,review ,?is review lesson is fully z important z any o!r lesson ( ! fir/ ?ree qu>t]s4 ,)\t review+1 ! /udy ( hi/ory is unproductive2 only a review c make ( ! facts a p]man5t possession4 ,! /ory ( ! apo/olic age1 z x is n>rat$ 9 ! "w ( ,luke1 is really v simple2 x becomes confus+ only :5 x is imp]fectly ma/]$4 ,a little "t sp5t 9 turn+ ov] ! pages ( ! ,lucan n>rative1 or ev5 ( ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book1 w accompli% wond]s4 #a4 ,,unansw]$ ,,que/ions ,! ,new ,te/am5t acc\nt ( ! apo/olic age is inde$ only fragm5t>y4 ,_m que/ions mu/ be left unansw]$4 ,( ! orig9al twelve apo/les only ,pet] & ! sons ( ,zeb$ee & ,judas ,isc>iot receive 9 ,! ,acts any?+ m ?an a b>e m5tion2 & ev5 ! mo/ prom95t ( ^! disappe>s aft] ! fifte5? *apt]4 ,:at did ,paul d 9 ,arabia & 9 ,t>sus8 ,:at 0 ! orig9 ( ! great *ur* at ,alex&ria8 ,:o f\nd$ ! *ur* at ,rome8 ,^! que/ions1 & _m l !m1 mu/ =ev] rema9 unansw]$4 ,if1 moreov]1 ev5 ! p]iod cov]$ by ,! ,acts is obscure1 f> deep] is ! d>kness aft] ! guid+ h& ( ,luke has be5 )drawn4 ,= ! dea? ( ! apo/le ,paul1 !re is only a meag] tradition2 ! latt] ye>s ( ,pet] are ev5 m obscure4 ,= ! important p]iod betwe5 ! release ( ,paul aft] 8 fir/ ,roman imprisonm5t & ! dea? ( ! apo/le ,john at ab\t ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 any?+ l a connect$ n>rative is q impossible4 #b4 ,,! ,,n]onian ,,p]secution ,a few facts1 h[ev]1 may /ill be e/abli%$4 ,! ,roman hi/orian ,tacitus tells ( a p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians at ,rome at ! "t ( ! burn+ ( ! city 9 ,a4 ,d4 #fd4 ,! emp]or ,n]o1 suspect$ ( />t+ ! fire1 s\ght to remove suspicion f himself by accus+ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! latt] _h already become unpopul> because ( _! peculi> ways1 & 7 ?\ght to be guilty ( abom9able crimes2 b ! cruelty ( ,n]o almo/ exce$$ ! wi%es ( ! populace4 ,! ,*ri/ians 7 put to dea? "u horrible tortures4 ,_m 7 burn$1 & _! burn+ bodies s]v$ z tor*es to illum9e ! emp]or's g>d5s4 ,! behead+ ( ,paul has (t5 be5 br\ght into connection ) ?is p]secution1 b m probably x occurr$ a few ye>s lat]4 ,paul _h be5 releas$ f 8 fir/ imprisonm5t1 & 8 second imprisonm5t1 at ! "t ( ! ,n]onian outbreak1 _h n yet begun4 ,! ext5t ( ! ,n]onian p]secution _c be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 al?\gh !re 0 no sy/ematic p]secution ?r\gh\t ! empire1 ! prov9ces w\ld n be altoge!r unaffect$ by :at 0 happ5+ at ,rome4 ,! causes ( popul> & (ficial disfavor 7 always pres5t2 x requir$ only a slight occasion to br+ !m actively into play4 #c4 ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,j]usalem ,ev5 m important ?an ! ,roman p]secution ( ,a4 ,d4 #fd 0 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 9 ,a4 ,d4 #gj4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! w> :i* culm9at$ 9 t cata/rophe1 ! ,j]usalem ,*ri/ians took refuge 9 ,pella1 ea/ ( ! ,jordan2 ,j]usalem ceas$ to be ! c5t] ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,aft] ! w>1 ! ,j]usalem *ur* nev] rega9$ its old position ( lead]%ip2 & specifically ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity1 suff]+ by ! de/ruction ( ! national ,jewi% life1 ceas$ to be influ5tial 9 ,*ri/ian hi/ory4 #d4 ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,gospel ,f ! ye>s betwe5 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem & ! clos+ ye>s ( ! c5tury1 sc>cely any def9ite incid5ts c be enum]at$4 ,und\bt$ly ! mission>y activity ( ! ,*ur* 0 cont9u+2 ! gospel 0 mak+ rapid progress 9 its conque/ ( ! empire4 ,9 ?is mission>y activity probably _m ( ! twelve apo/les 7 engag$2 b details ( _! "w are n>rat$ = ! mo/ "p only 9 late tradition4 #e4 ,,john ,,at ,,ephesus ,at "s "t--:e!r be=e or aft] ,a4 ,d4 #gj is unc]ta9--! apo/le ,john w5t to ,ephesus1 & !re became ! lead] ( ! ,asian *ur*4 ,detail$ in=mation ab\t 8 position & ! *ur*es "u 8 c>e is provid$ n only 9 tru/wor?y tradition--especially t :i* comes ?r\gh ,ir5u f ,polyc>p1 ! he>] ( ,john--b also 9 ! writ+s ( ,john himself4 ,! two %ort] epi/les ( ,john1 ?\gh ea* embraces only a small page1 are extraord9>ily ri* 9 in=mation ab\t congregational matt]s1 & ev5 m in/ructive are ! sev5 messages ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,by means ( ! latt] ! moral condition ( ! *ur* 9 ,asia ,m9or is *>act]iz$ ) a vividness t is sc>cely to be p>allel$ = any o!r p]iod ( ! apo/olic age4 #f4 ,,! ,,p]secution ,,"u ,,domitian ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! resid5ce ( ,john 9 ,asia ,m9or !re 0 an important ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is 0 ! outbreak ( ! p]secution "u ,domitian--a p]secution :i* app>5tly exce$$ 9 ext5t1 if n 9 sev]ity1 e p]secution t _h prec$$ x4 ,"u ,domitian ! ,roman au?orities became def9itely ho/ile2 apo/asy f ,*ri/ 0 app>5tly dem&$ sy/ematically ( ! ,*ri/ians--apo/asy f ,*ri/ & adhesion to ! imp]ial cult4 ,! latt]1 9 ! ,apocalypse1 is repres5t$ z an example ( ! m>k ( ! bea/2 ! ,roman ,empire1 z w\ld h be5 unnatural 9 ! days ( ,paul1 appe>s 9 t book z an incorporation ( ,satanic p[]4 ,! long conflict betwe5 ! ,*ur* & ! empire _h at la/ begun4 ,:i* side w\ld be victori\s8 ,9 ! ,apocalypse ! answ] is pla94 ,! ,"l himself 0 fight+ = 8 ,*ur*6 #g4 ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,gospel ,our k ( ! apo/olic age1 ?\gh fragm5t>y1 is suffici5t--suffici5t n inde$ = a complete hi/ory1 b = ! requirem5ts ( ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! in=mation provid$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t makes up 9 quality = :at x lacks 9 quantity4 ,its extraord9>y vividness & concret5ess possesses a self-evid5c+ value4 ,! life ( ! apo/le ,paul--reveal$ ) unmi/akable fidelity--is itself a suffici5t bulw>k aga9/ hi/orical skepticism2 x involves inevitably ! sup]natural ,*ri/4 ,! gospel is no aspiration 9 ! he>ts ( dream]s2 x is a real entrance ( div9e p[] into ! tr\bl$ battle field ( human hi/ory4 ,god 0 work+ 9 ! apo/olic ,*ur*1 ,god is speak+ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t--!re is ! summation ( our /udy4 ,,"p ,,iv3 ,! ,apo/olic ,*ur* & ! ,*ur* ( ,to-,day ,,lesson ,,xl ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,! ,,_w ,! apo/olic ,*ur*1 z 0 obs]v$ 9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book1 f\nd itself f ! beg9n+ 9 ! mid/ ( an environm5t m or less actively ho/ile4 ,if we _h be5 9 ,j]usalem at ab\t ! ye> #cj1 we %\ld h obs]v$ a small gr\p ( disciples ( ,jesus1 outw>dly con=m+ to ,jewi% cu/oms1 b inw>dly q diff]5t f _! c\ntrym54 ,9 ,cor9? & 9 o!r pagan cities ( ! ,greco-,roman _w1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! ,*ur* & its environm5t 0 ev5 m /rik+2 ^! cities 7 sunk 9 sup]/ition & vice2 ! ,*ur* 0 lead+1 9 ! eyes ( ! _w1 a v peculi> life4 ,! pres5ce ( a common enemy l$ 9 ! apo/olic age to a clos] union among ! ,*ri/ians !mselves1 & s x w always be4 ,:5 ,*ri/ian p realize ! p[] ( ! enemy aga9/ :om !y are all fight+1 !n !y w h no "t to fight among !mselves4 ,! ,*ri/ian life is a w>f>e aga9/ s9--s9 9 a ?\s& deadly =ms4 ,9 su* a w>f>e1 if we are to be good soldi]s1 we mu/ all /& %\ld] to %\ld]4 ,! apo/olic ,*ur* 0 wag+ an audaci\s w>f>e aga9/ ! intr5*$ =ces ( hea!nism & s94 ,=tunately x _h a ,lead]2 & by t ,lead] alone x won ! victory4 ,! ,lead] 0 ,*ri/4 ,! prim>y relation ( ! soldi] is ! relation to ! comm&]2 ! relation ( ! individual soldi]s to "o ano!r is dep5d5t ^u t4 ,s we %all /udy to-day ! lord%ip ( ,*ri/2 by t /udy1 ! "w ( ! :ole qu>t] w be introduc$4 #a4 ,,t]ms ,,descriptive ,,( ,,disciple%ip ,! lord%ip ( ,*ri/ may pr(itably be /udi$ by an exam9ation ( "s ( ! v>i\s names :i* 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t are appli$ to ! ,*ur* & its individual memb]s4 ,! individual titles %\ld be /udi$ fir/4 ,aft] all1 ! ,*ur* exi/s = ! individual believ] r ?an ! individual believ] = ! ,*ur*4 ,! prim>y relation is ! relation betwe5 ,*ri/ & ! individual s\l4 ,bro!rhood comes only ?r\gh ! union ( individuals ) a common ,"l4 7#a7 ,*ri/ians4--,probably ! fir/ title t occurs to u to-day to designate ! individual memb]s ( ! ,*ur* is ! title ,*ri/ian2 yet z a matt] ( fact t title appe>s only ?ree times 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & !n only z x 0 tak5 f ! lips ( unbeliev]s4 ,9 accordance ) ! explicit te/imony ( ,acts #aa3bf1 ! "n 0 giv5 = ! fir/ "t at ,antio*2 x _h no place1 !re=e1 9 ! e>ly ,j]usalem *ur*4 ,a mom5t's ?\ght w reveal ! reason4 ,! "n ,*ri/ians w\ld h meant to a ,jew adh]5ts ( ! ,*ri/1 or ! ,messiah4 ,obvi\sly no ,jew w\ld h appli$ su* a "n specifically to ! disciples ( ,jesus2 = all ! ,jews1 9 "o s5se or ano!r1 7 adh]5ts ( ! ,messiah4 ,! ,jews 7 adh]5ts ( him by way ( anticipation2 ! disciples ?\ght he _h already appe>$2 b all e>ne/ ,jews alike w\ld h rejoic$ to be call$ by 8 "n4 ,evid5tly ! "n 0 appli$ 9 ,antio* by ! pagan population4 ,! ,*ur* _h become s cle>ly sep>ate f ,judaism t a sep>ate "n = x 0 requir$4 ,! "n ,*ri/ian sugge/$ itself v naturally4 ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 =ev] on ! lips ( ^! /range en?usia/s6 ,! ,*ri/ 0 inde$ also spok5 ( by ! ,jews1 b only c>eful obs]v]s w\ld necess>ily be aw>e ( ! fact4 ,! ,messianic hope 0 an int]nal conc]n ( ! synagogues1 ) :i* outsid]s w\ld usually h little to d4 ,! new sect1 on ! o!r h&1 br\ght ! title ,*ri/ out f its seclusion2 ,*ri/ to ^! en?usia/s 0 some?+ m ?an a title1 x 0 becom+ almo/ a prop] "n2 l ,jesus1 x 0 a designation ( ! ,f\nd] ( ! sect1 & accord+ly ! adjective d]iv$ f x c\ld be us$ to designate ! sect itself4 ,9 ,acts #bf3bh1 ! "n appe>s z us$ by ,agrippa2 9 ,i ,pet] #d3af1 also1 x is evid5tly tak5 f ! lips ( ! oppon5ts ( ! fai?4 ,! ,*ri/ians1 h[ev]1 ,pet] implies1 ne$ n be a%am$ ( ! "n :i* has be5 fa/5$ ^u !m4 ,r let !m /rive to be wor?y ( x6 ,x is ! highe/ honor to be call$ by ! "n ( ,*ri/2 & if !y are true ,*ri/ians1 _! confession w r$\nd to ! glory ( ,god4 ,9 mod]n times1 ! "n is (t5 misappli$2 ! use ( x is broad5$ & weak5$4 ,nations are decl>$ to be ,*ri/ian al?\gh only a v small p]c5tage ( _! citiz5s really des]ve ! "n2 tea*+ is call$ ,*ri/ian ?\gh x is only simil> 9 "s respects to ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/4 ,su* a use ( t]ms %\ld be avoid$ :]ev] possible2 ! orig9al poignancy ( ! designation %\ld be re/or$4 ,prop]ly speak+1 ,*ri/ian means n l ,*ri/ b subject to ,*ri/4 ,a ,*ri/ian is n "o :o admires ,*ri/ or is impress$ ) ,*ri/'s tea*+ or tries to imitate ,*ri/1 b "o to :om ,*ri/ is ,savi\r & ,"l4 ,are we will+ to be kn[n z ,*ri/ians 9 t s5se8 ,at ! "t ( ,fir/ ,pet]1 x w\ld h be5 a s]i\s "q2 an affirmative answ] w\ld h meant p]secution & p]haps dea?4 ,b x is also a s]i\s "q to-day4 ,confession ( ,*ri/ involves solemn responsibilities2 di%onor to ! ,*ri/ian means di%onor to ,*ri/2 ! unwor?y s]vant is a di%onor to 8 ,ma/]4 ,b let u n fe>2 ,*ri/ is ,help] z well z ,"l4 7#b7 ,disciples4--,! e>lie/ designation ( ! foll[]s ( ,jesus 0 disciples or le>n]s2 dur+ ! e>?ly m9i/ry p]haps sc>cely any o!r designation 0 commonly us$4 ,jesus appe>$ at fir/ z a tea*]2 ! =m ( 8 "w 0 some:at l t ( o!r tea*]s ( ! ,jews4 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh he 0 a tea*] f ! beg9n+1 he 0 also f ! beg9n+ some?+ m4 ,he _h n only au?ority1 b also p[]2 he 0 n only ,tea*]1 b also ,savi\r4 ,8 foll[]s 7 n m]ely in/ruct$1 b 7 receiv$ into fell[%ip2 & t fell[%ip made ( !m new m54 ,disciples 9 ! ,gospels is m ?an le>n]s or /ud5ts2 x is a f9e1 w>m1 ri* ^w2 ! ,tea*] 0 also ,fri5d & ,"l4 ,! same t]m 0 cont9u$ 9 ! e>ly ,pale/9ian ,*ur*1 & ! resurrection _h br\ght an incalculable enri*m5t ( its mean+4 ,! disciples 7 n m]ely ^? :o rememb]$ ! words ( ,jesus1 b ^? :o _h be5 r$eem$ by 8 blood & 7 liv+ n[ 9 ! p[] ( 8 ,holy ,_s4 ,if we use ! t]m1 let x be 9 ! same l(ty s5se4 ,let u be le>n]s1 inde$2 let u he> ! words ( ,jesus1 z !y are record$ 9 ! ,gospels2 b let u he> !m n f a dead tea*]1 b ev] anew f ! liv+ ,"l4 7#c7 ,sa9ts4--,a ?ird designation is sa9ts4 ,?is t]m is us$ z a title ( ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,acts #i3ac1cb1da2 #bf3aj1 & frequ5tly 9 ! epi/les ( ,paul & 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,its use 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t is v diff]5t f "s uses ( x t appe>$ at a lat] "t4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olics1 = example1 employ ! t]m z a title ( honor = a numb] ( p]sons c>efully limit$ by ! ,*ur*2 ,prote/ants (t5 designate by x p]sons ( exceptional purity or goodness4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 on ! contr>y1 ! title sa9ts is cle>ly appli$ to all ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ! orig9al ,greek ! ^w is exactly ! same z a ^w mean+ holy2 x is simply ! adjective holy us$ z a n\n4 ,sa9ts1 !re=e1 really means holy p]sons4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! ^w holy1 z well z ! ^w sa9t has und]gone modifications ( usage4 ,holy1 9 ! ,bible1 is n simply ano!r ^w = good or righte\s1 b expresses a some:at diff]5t idea4 ,x has ! idea ( sacr$ or sep>ate--sep>ate f ! _w4 ,god is holy n m]ely because he is good1 b because he is sep>ate4 ,und\bt$ly 8 goodness is "o attribute--p]haps ! *ief attribute--t con/itutes ! sep>at5ess2 b o!r attributes also h _! place4 ,8 omnipot5ce & 8 inf9itude1 z well z 8 goodness1 make him holy4 ,! ^w holy or sa9t z appli$ to ,*ri/ians has fundam5tally ! same mean+4 ,believ]s are holy because !y are 9 communion ) ! holy ,god & !re=e sep>ate f ! _w4 ,und\bt$ly ! mo/ obvi\s elem5t 9 _! sep>at5ess is _! goodness2 ! moral implications ( ! t]m holy are sometimes s prom95t t ! specific mean+ ( ! ^w seems obscur$4 ,b t specific mean+ is probably nev] altoge!r lo/4 ,*ri/ians are call$ sa9ts because !y are citiz5s1 n ( ! pres5t evil _w1 b ( a heav5ly k+dom4 ,! famili> ^w1 ?us int]pret$1 has a />tl+ lesson = ! mod]n ,*ur*4 ,c mod]n ,*ri/ians be call$ sa9ts1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t s5se8 ,are we really sep>ate f ! _w8 ,are we really a *os5 g5]ation1 a royal prie/hood1 an holy nation1 a peculi> p 7,a4 ,v478 ,d we really feel ourselves to be /rang]s & pilgrims 9 ! e>?8 ,or are we r salt t has lo/ its savor8 ,h we become m]g$ 9 ! life ( ! _w8 7#d7 ,bre?r54--,a f\r? designation is conc]n$1 n ) ! relation ( ! believ] to ,*ri/ or to ! _w1 b ) ! relation ( believ]s among !mselves4 ,t designation is bre?r54 ,x is a v simple ^w2 x requires little explanation2 ! ri* mean+ ( x w be unfold$ 9 ! :ole ( ?is qu>t]'s /udy4 7#e7 ,*ur*4--,aft] /udy+ ! ,new ,te/am5t t]ms t d5ote ! disciples ( ,jesus individually1 x w n[ be well to turn = a mom5t to ! *ief designation ( ! body ( disciples consid]$ z a unit4 ,t designation is *ur*1 or 9 ! ,greek =m1 ecclesia4 ,! ^w ecclesia is 9 itself a v simple t]m inde$4 ,x is d]iv$ f ! v]b call & ! preposition out4 ,an ecclesia is a body ( p]sons call$ out f _! h\ses to a common meet+ place1 9 %ort x is simply an assembly1 & an assembly ( any k9d4 ,?is simple use ( ! ^w is f\nd 9 ,acts #ai3cb1ci1da2 ! ,greek ^w :i* is !re translat$ assembly is exactly ! same ^w z t :i* is else:]e translat$ *ur*4 ,ev5 be=e ,new ,te/am5t times1 h[ev]1 ! ^w _h begun to be us$ 9 a special1 religi\s s5se4 ,"h1 z s (t51 ! ,septuag9t translation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t prep>$ ! way = ,new ,te/am5t usage4 ,9 ! ,septuag9t ! ^w ecclesia 0 us$ to d5ote ! solemn assembly ( ! p ( ,israel4 ,t assembly 0 ( c\rse religi\s z well z political2 = ,israel 0 a !ocratic nation4 ,h5ce x 0 no abrupt transition f previ\s usage :5 ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s select$ ! ^w ecclesia to d5ote ! ,*ri/ian congregation4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! ^w is us$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x designates ! body ( ,*ri/ians :o liv$ 9 any p>ticul> place4 ,s1 = example1 ! epi/les ( ,paul are address$ to individual *ur*es4 ,9 ! second place1 h[ev]1 ! ^w designates ! :ole body ( ,*ri/ians ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,?is usage is prom95t 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 b x also appe>s ev5 9 ! ,gospels1 9 ! memorable words ( ,jesus at ,cs>ea ,philippi4 ,matt4 #af3ah4 ,x is a wond]fully gr& conception :i* is ?us disclos$ by ! famili> ^w4 ,! ,*ur* is a *os5 p1 rul$ by ! ,"l himself1 a mighty army1 engag$1 n 9 e>?ly w>f>e1 b 9 a spiritual campaign ( salvation & love4 7#f7 ,! ,k+dom ( ,god4--,"o fur!r conception requires at lea/ a ^w4 ,:at is meant by ! k+dom ( ,god8 ,?is conception is evid5tly relat$ to ! conception ( ! ,*ur*1 b ! two are n id5tical4 ,! k+dom ( ,god is simply t place or t condition :]e ,god rules4 ,z ! k+dom ( ,cs> 0 ! t]ritory ov] :i* ,cs> held sway1 s ! k+dom ( ,god is ! realm :]e ,god's w is done4 ,9 "o s5se1 ( c\rse1 ! k+dom ( ,god embraces ! :ole univ]se1 = no?+ is beyond ! rea* ( ,god's p[]4 ,b 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! t]m is us$ 9 a f> deep] s5se2 x is us$ to d5ote ! realm :]e ,god's w is done1 n ( necessity1 b by will+ submission4 ,:]ev] human he>ts & wills are 9 true accord ) ! w ( ,god1 !re ! k+dom has come4 ,9 "o s5se ! k+dom ( ,god belongs to ! future age4 ,x is nev] realiz$ fully ^u e>?2 !re is "h always "s lurk+ trace ( s9ful resi/ance4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! k+dom is by no means always repres5t$ z future4 ,?\gh x has n yet be5 fully realiz$1 x is already pres5t 9 pr9ciple2 x is pres5t especially 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,*ur* gives cle>1 ?\gh imp]fect1 expression to ! idea ( ! k+dom2 ! ,*ur* is a p ^: rul] is ,god4 ,entrance into ! ,*ur* is n to be obta9$ by human ef=t2 x is ! free gift ( ,god ?r\gh ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,no o!r gift is s glori\s4 ,if we are memb]s ( t *os5 p1 we ne$ fe> no?+ 9 heav5 or on e>?4 #b4 ,,practical ,,conclusions ,two lessons %\ld be convey$ by our /udy ( to-day3 9 ! fir/ place ! lesson ( sep>at5ess1 & 9 ! second place ! lesson ( unity4 ,nei!r c be truly le>n$ )\t ! o!r4 ,!re c be no true ,*ri/ian unity if individual memb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian body make common cause ) ! unbeliev+ _w4 ,a k ( ! common enemy w draw u all into clos] fell[%ip4 ,t fell[%ip ne$ n necess>ily be express$ 9 a common organization2 b x w be express$ at lea/ 9 a common s]vice4 ,sep>at5ess f ! _w w n mean leav+ ! _w to its fate2 ! ,*ri/ian salvation w be (f]$ freely to all4 ,b ! gravity ( ! *oice %\ld nev]1 by any false urbanity1 be disguis$4 ,x is no light diff]5ce :e!r a man is )9 ! p ( ,god or )\t2 !re is a def9ite l9e ( dem>cation1 & ! pass+ ( x means ! transition f dea? into life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 articles on ,*ur*1 ,disciple1 ,*ri/ian4 ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,gay=d1 article on ,*ur*4 ,hort1 ,! ,*ri/ian ,ecclesia4 ,*>t]is1 ,! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,we/cott1 ,! ,two ,empires3 ,! ,*ur* & ! ,_w1 9 ,! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,john1 pp4 #bej-bhb4 ,! ,epi/le to ,diognetus1 introduction & translation 9 ,lightfoot1 ,! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 pp4 #dhg-dhi1 #eja-eaa4 ,erdman1 ,com+ to ! ,communion4 ,,lesson ,,xli ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,message #a4 ,a ,,philosophy1 ,,or ,a ,,te/imony8 ,9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book ! ,*ri/ian message has be5 repres5t$ z prim>ily a piece ( good news1 a /ory ( some?+ t happ5$4 ,t repres5tation does n pass un*all5g$ to-day4 ,_m suppose t ! message ( ! apo/les 0 conc]n$ simply ) reflection ^u et]nal tru?s4 ,= c5turies1 x is said 9 effect1 m5 _h be5 reflect+ ^u ! problems ( ,god & ! _w & s92 :at ! apo/les did 9 ,j]usalem & else:]e 0 simply to provide bett] in/ruction on ^! great !mes2 ,jesus _h taught m5 t ,god is a ,fa!r1 ! apo/les simply cont9u$ 8 tea*+4 ,su* a view1 ( c\rse1 c be held only by reject+ or di/ort+ ! te/imony ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,if ! book ( ,! ,acts is correct1 if ,paul is correct1 !n ! prea*+ t f\nd$ ! apo/olic ,*ur* 0 n bett] in/ruction ab\t old facts1 b in=mation ab\t a new fact4 ,be=e ,jesus came1 ! _w 0 lo/ "u s92 b ,jesus liv$ & di$ & rose aga91 & gave salvation to all :o w\ld receive4 ,accord+ to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,jesus did n come to tell m5 t !y 7 ,god's *ildr52 he came to make !m ,god's *ildr54 ,john #a3ab2 ,gal4 #d3c-e4 ,)\t him !y 7 "u ,god's wra? & curse2 b by fai? 9 him1 by acceptance ( 8 sacrifice ( himself = !m1 by receiv+ f 8 ,_s ! p[] to believe1 !y c\ld call ,god ,fa!r4 ,on ! day ( ,p5teco/ ,jesus 0 pres5t$ z m ?an a ,tea*]2 he 0 pres5t$ z a ,savi\r4 #b4 ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,message 7#a7 ,9 ! ,apo/olic ,age4--,! effects ( t pres5tation h be5 consid]$ briefly 9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book1 & :at 0 said !re might easily be supplem5t$4 ,! conv]sion ( ! ?ree ?\s& 0 only a beg9n+4 ,! new _s ( ! ,*ri/ian community1 ! bro!rly love & holy joy ( ! disciples1 inde$ ev]y?+ t w be treat$ 9 ! lessons ( ! qu>t]1 7 ! result ( a simple piece ( news4 ,by ! wise m5 ( ! _w--!n z n[--! message 0 despis$1 b ! fooli%ness ( ,god is wis] ?an m52 & ! weakness ( ,god is /rong] ?an m54 ,i ,cor4 #a3be4 ,?is lesson (f]s a s+ul> opportunity to ! tea*]4 ,! ,*ri/ian message 9 ! apo/olic ,*ur* 0 a message ( p[]4 ,! /ory ( its progress is full ( dramatic vigor2 x appeals ev5 to ! non-,*ri/ian hi/orian4 ,! /ory ( ! apo/olic age is full ( surprises--! sudd5 trans=mation ( bitt] ,jewi% enemies into humble disciples2 ! triumphant spread ( ! fai? :5 ev]y?+ seem$ oppos$2 ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ian *ur*es 9 ! v c5t]s ( pagan vice2 ! a/oni%+ly rapid prep>ation = ! conque/ ( ! empire2 & all ?is accompli%$ n by worldly wisdom1 b by simple m5 :o only _h a bit ( news--a bit ( news1 & ,god6 7#b7 ,9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4--,! triumphs ( ! gospel1 h[ev]1 7 n conf9$ to ! age ( ! apo/les4 ,! apo/olic age 0 prophetic ( ! ,*ri/ian c5turies4 ,!re 7 _m days ( d>kness2 b ! ,*ur* always em]g$ aga9 triumphant4 ,s x w be to-day4 ,god has n des]t$ 8 p2 he w atte/ 8 tru? ) ! p[] ( 8 ,_s2 !re is no room = disc\ragem5t4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 %\ld be rememb]$2 ! victories ( ! ,*ur* are victories1 n ( brilliant prea*]s1 n ( human wisdom or human goodness1 b ( ! cross ( ,*ri/4 ,"u t bann] all true conque/s move4 #c4 ,,! ,,pres5tation ,,( ,,! ,,message ,! ,*ri/ian message 0 pres5t$ 9 ! apo/olic ,*ur* 9 _m diff]5t ways4 ,! gospel 0 ev]y:]e ess5tially ! same1 b ! pres5tation ( x 0 adapt$ to ! ne$s ( p>ticul> he>]s1 & ! und]/&+ ( x became ev] m complete "u ! illum9ation ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,x is int]e/+ to collect ! v>i\s types ( mission>y spee*es t are f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 7#a7 ,! ,mission>y ,prea*+ ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4--,! e>ly *apt]s ( ,! ,acts pres]ve a numb] ( spee*es t 7 address$ to ,jews4 ,z might h be5 expect$1 ^! spee*es are int5d$ prim>ily to prove ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus4 ,if t c\ld be prov$1 !n--among ! ,jews--! re/ w\ld foll[4 ,! ,messiah%ip 0 prov$ fir/ by an appeal to ! ,scriptures1 & second by ! fact ( ! resurrection4 ,ev5 ! dea? ( ,jesus on ! cross1 :i* 0 to ! ,jews a /umbl+block1 0 pr$ict$ by ! prophets1 & s s]v$ to prove t ,jesus 0 ! promis$ ,"o4 ,! resurrection 0 also pr$ict$2 & ! resurrection 0 e/abli%$ fir/ by ! simple te/imony ( eyewitnesses & second by ! wond]ful works ( ! liv+ ,*ri/4 ,^! e>ly spee*es conta9 only a little ( ! full tru? ( ! gospel4 ,9 !m1 = example1 ! significance ( ! dea? ( ,*ri/ z an atonem5t = s9 is n fully expla9$4 ,su* omissions 7 due no d\bt to two causes4 7a7 ,limitations ,due to ! ,he>]s4--,9 ! fir/ place1 ! peculi> ne$s ( ! he>]s _h to be consid]$4 ,! he>]s 7 ,jews2 to !m ! dea? ( ! ,messiah 0 an unhe>d-( p>adox2 to !m ! cross 0 a /umbl+block4 ,be=e ! inn] mean+ ( ! crucifixion c\ld be expla9$1 obvi\sly ! objections d]iv$ f x ne$$ to be ov]come4 ,! fir/ task ( ! mission>ies 0 to %[ t ,jesus1 al?\gh he _h be5 crucifi$1 0 ! ,messiah4 ,t 0 done by an appeal to prophecy & to ! pla9 fact ( ! resurrection4 ,aft] conviction _h ?us be5 produc$1 x w\ld be "t en\gh to %[ t :at 0 at fir/ reg>d$ z a /umbl+block 0 really ! supreme act ( div9e grace4 7b7 ,limitations ,due to an ,e>ly ,/age ( ,revelation4--,! omissions 9 ! e>ly spee*es 7 due1 h[ev]1 n m]ely to ! peculi> ne$s ( ! he>]s1 b also to limitations 9 ! k ( ! apo/les4 ,*ri/ian tru? 0 n all reveal$ at once2 und\bt$ly ! full explanation ( ! cross1 ! full exposition ( ! atonem5t1 0 reveal$ only :5 ! disciples c\ld be> x4 ,su* is ! div9e me?od1 ev5 9 revelation4 ,! disciples 7 br\ght gradually1 by ! graci\s lead+ ( ! ,holy ,_s1 into ev] ri*] k ( ! tru?4 7c7 ,! ,significance ( ! ,cross4--,nev]!less1 ! meag]ness ( ! e>ly tea*+ mu/ n be exagg]at$4 ,9 ! v fir/ mission>y spee* ( ,pet]1 ,jesus 0 repres5t$ z deliv]$ up by ! det]m9ate c\nsel & =ekn[l$ge ( ,god4 ,acts #b3bc4 ,:at happ5$ by ! det]m9ate c\nsel 444 ( ,god 0 no mean+less *ance2 ! crucifixion 0 n a victory ( evil ov] ,god1 x mu/ h _h "s b5efic5t purpose4 ,fur!rmore1 ,jesus himself _h expla9$ :at t purpose 04 ,he _h spok5 ( giv+ 8 life a ransom = _m1 ,m>k #aj3de2 /ill m pla9ly1 on ! la/ solemn passov] ev5+1 he _h repres5t$ 8 dea? z sacrificial4 ,^! words 7 c]ta9ly n =gott5 9 ! ,j]usalem *ur*2 !y 7 call$ to m9d 9 ! repeat$ celebration ( ! ,"l's ,supp]1 & mu/ h =m$ ! subject ( m$itation4 ,! ,j]usalem ,*ri/ians knew t ,jesus' dea? 0 a dea? on _! behalf4 7d7 ,! ,lord%ip ( ,jesus4--,! lord%ip ( ,jesus1 moreov]1 0 fully recogniz$ f ! v beg9n+4 ,! ris5 ,*ri/ _h asc5d$ into glory1 & _h p\r$ =? 8 mighty ,_s4 ,! believ] 0 no m]e le>n] ( ! words ( a dead tea*]2 he 0 call$ into communion ) a ,"l & ,savi\r4 ,su* communion meant no?+ less ?an an entirely new life1 9 :i* s9 c\ld h no rightful place4 ,x 0 a life ( conflict1 b also a life ( hope4 ,! ,savi\r w\ld come aga9 9 l mann] z he _h gone4 ,! spiritual victory1 already won1 w\ld be p]fect$ by a f9al victory 9 e realm4 7#b7 ,! ,mission>y ,prea*+ ( ,paul4--,! gospel ( ! e>ly prea*]s 0 a glori\s message4 ,x 0 a piece ( glad tid+s1 su* z ! _w _h nev] kn[n4 ,yet ev5 great] ?+s 7 9 /ore2 ev5 m wondr\s my/]ies 7 to be reveal$4 ,!y 7 reveal$ especially ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! apo/le ,paul4 ,! gospel _h be5 prea*$ f ! beg9n+1 b mu* ( its deep] mean+ 0 res]v$ = ,paul4 7a7 ,tru? & ,error4--,9 ! tea*+ ( ,paul1 tru? became pla9] by be+ contra/$ ) error4 ,! orig9al apo/les _h really be5 tru/+ 9 ! atonem5t ( ,*ri/ = salvation2 b n[ t tru/ became pla9] & m explicit by be+ contra/$ ) works ( ! law4 ,! orig9al apo/les _h really grasp$ ! inn] significance ( ,jesus z ! fulfillm5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b n[ t significance became /ill pla9] by ! contra/ ) ,ph>isaic legality4 ,n[ at l5g? ! dea? & resurrection 7 repres5t$ %>ply & cle>ly z great repres5tative acts 9 :i* ! believ] %>es ?r\gh fai?4 ,! orig9al apo/les 7 n ov]:elm$ & confus$ by ! new revelation2 !y recogniz$ ! grace ( ,god4 ,_! p]fect agreem5t ) ,paul exhibit$ ! unity ( ! apo/olic gospel4 ,sc>cely any?+ w\ld be m int]e/+ ?an a full collection ( ! mission>y spee*es ( ,paul4 ,su* a collection1 h[ev]1 has n be5 pres]v$4 ,! writ+s t we possess f ! h& ( ,paul are n mission>y addresses1 b lett]s writt5 to ^? :o 7 already ,*ri/ians4 ,we %\ld n1 h[ev]1 compla9 ( ! provid5ce ( ,god4 ,god has n ?\ght good to give u ev]y?+1 b :at he has giv5 u is en\gh4 7b7 ,in=mation ,provid$ by ,! ,acts4--,! book ( ,! ,acts1 9 ! fir/ place1 af=ds valuable in=mation4 ,! au?or 0 int]e/$1 inde$1 *iefly 9 beg9n+s4 ,! examples ( ,paul's mission>y prea*+ :i* ,luke has pres]v$1 are p]haps prelim9>y to evangelism1 r ?an evangelism itself4 ,! spee* at ,pisidian ,antio* %[s h[ ,paul prov$ ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus4 ,9 w9n+ ! ,jews1 t pro( 0 ! fir/ /ep4 ,! ,paul9e gospel inde$ appe>s1 b x appe>s only at ! v end ( ! spee*4 ,! spee* at ,a!ns is /ill m cle>ly ( prelim9>y "*4 ,mono!ism ne$$ to be e/abli%$ be=e ! gospel ( ,*ri/ c\ld be und]/ood4 ,despite _! necess>y limitations h[ev]1 ^! spee*es are in/ructive4 ,!y %[1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ,paul adapt$ 8 prea*+ to ! ne$s ( 8 he>]s4 ,he did n prea* ! same s]mon me*anically to all4 ,he s\ght really to w9 m5 ov]1 he began ) :at 8 he>]s c\ld und]/&4 ,!y %[1 9 ! second place1 t all prelim9>y matt]s 7 kept /rictly subord9ate4 ,^! matt]s 7 n made an end 9 !mselves1 z is (t5 ! case 9 ! mod]n ,*ur*1 b 7 m]ely a means to an end4 ,no matt] :]e he began1 ,paul always proce$$ quickly to ! c5t] ( ! gospel4 ,bo? at ,pisidian ,antio* & at ,a!ns1 he ha/5$ on to ! resurrection4 7c7 ,in=mation ,provid$ by ! ,epi/les4--,! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 9 ! second place1 ?\gh !y are address$ to ,*ri/ians1 really af=d suffici5t in=mation1 at lea/ 9 outl9e1 ab\t ! mission>y prea*+ ( ,paul4 ,incid5tal ref]5ces are suffici5t to %[ at lea/ t ! cross & ! resurrection 7 ! c5t] & core ( x4 ,! ,!ssalonians1 = example1 "u ! prea*+ ( ,paul1 turn$ unto ,god f idols1 to s]ve a liv+ & true ,god1 & to wait = 8 ,son f heav51 :om he rais$ f ! dead1 ev5 ,jesus1 :o deliv]e? u f ! wra? to come4 ,?is little passage is wor? pages ( exposition4 ,prea*+ to ,g5tiles is "h review$ 9 epitome1 ?\gh ( c\rse n ) /udi$ symmetry & complet5ess4 ,! k ( ! "o true ,god =m$ ( c\rse1 = ,g5tiles1 ! />t+ po9t = all ! re/1 b f t />t+ po9t ! prea*] at once proce$$ to tell ( ! "w ( ,*ri/4 ,j z illum9at+ are passages l ,i ,cor4 #b3b2 ,gal4 #c3a4 ,9 ,cor9? ,paul knew no?+ save ,jesus ,*ri/1 & him crucifi$2 9 ,galatia ! /ory ( ! cross 0 made s pla9 t x 0 z ?\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ crucifi$ 7 held up be=e ! eyes ( ! ,galatians on a great picture or plac>d4 ,! fam\s passage 9 ,fir/ ,cor9?ians1 *4 #ae3a-h1 is1 h[ev]1 p]haps cle>e/ ( all4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ,paul _h spok5 ( ! dea? ( ,*ri/ & ! resurrection4 ,! dea?1 moreov]1 0 n pres5t$ z a m]e inspir+ /ory ( a holy m>tyrdom1 b z a dea? = our s9s2 & ! resurrection 0 support$ n prim>ily by an inw>d exp]i5ce1 b by simple te/imony4 ,apo/olic prea*+ 0 ev]y:]e ess5tially ! same4 ,! apo/les nev] began1 l _m mod]n prea*]s1 ) exhortation2 ?\gh !y proce$$ to exhortation1 !y always began ) facts4 ,:at 0 always fundam5tal 0 ! simple /ory ( ! life & dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,jesus ,*ri/ crucifi$ & ris5 0 ! subject ( ! good news t conqu]$ ! _w4 ,:5 w ! mod]n ,*ur* take up ! message ) new p[]8 ,we d n "k4 ,! times are 9 ,god's h&4 ,b :5 ! bless$ day comes1 x w be a day ( victory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,bunyan1 ,! ,pilgrim's ,progress4 ,w>field1 ,! ,savi\r ( ! ,_w1 & ,! ,p[] ( ,god ,unto ,salvation 7! latt] 9 ,! ,presbyt]ian ,pulpit74 ,hodge1 ,! ,way ( ,life4 ,,lesson ,,xlii ,,! ,,^w ,,& ,,! ,,sacram5ts ,?is lesson & ! two foll[+ are int5d$ prim>ily to enc\rage 9 ! /ud5t ! dilig5t use ( ! means ( grace4 ,! wise tea*] w keep ! practical purpose /eadily 9 view4 ,t practical purpose may n[ be exam9$ a little m 9 detail4 ,:y %\ld ! example ( ! apo/olic ,*ur* be foll[$ 9 ! matt] ( ,bible-read+1 ( ! sacram5ts1 ( pray]1 ( ,*ri/ian meet+s8 ,:at 0 ,god's purpose 9 provid+ ^! simple ex]cises ( ! ,*ri/ian life--:at b5efit d we receive f !m8 ,p]haps ! briefe/ & simple/ answ] is t we receive f !m :at is (t5 kn[n z reality 9 religion4 #a4 ,,reality ,,9 ,,religion ,_m ,*ri/ians are puzzl$ by ! lack ( ! s5se ( reality 9 _! ,*ri/ian life4 ,!y h believ$ 9 ,*ri/1 b (t5 he seems f> f !m4 ,x is n s mu* t positive d\bts h aris51 ?\gh c]ta9ly ! lack ( f]v5cy gives d\bt its opportunity4 ,r is x an inexplicable dull+ ( ! spiritual eye4 ,! gospel /ill seems wond]ful to ! intellect1 b to ! he>t x has someh[ lo/ its p[]4 7#a7 ,! ,ne$ ( ,dilig5ce4--,?is condition is due v (t5 to a neglect ( ! means ( grace1 :i* we %all /udy 9 ?is lesson & ! two lessons foll[+4 ,x is a great mi/ake to suppose t ! spiritual life is altoge!r beyond our control4 ,und\bt$ly x is in/itut$ only by an imm$iate ex]cise ( ! div9e p[]1 indep5d5t ( ! human w2 und\bt$ly ! ma9t5ance ( x w\ld be impossible )\t ! assi/ance ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,nev]!less1 9 t "w ( ma9t5ance1 we h a v def9ite "p4 ,_m ,*ri/ians suppose t any p]=mance ( religi\s ex]cises m]ely = duty's sake1 )\t imm$iate spiritual pr(it1 is a m]e =m4 ,?is supposition is errone\s4 ,n p]=mance ( religi\s ex]cises )\t spiritual pr(it1 b p]=mance ( !m )\t ! desire ( spiritual pr(it1 is =malism4 ,! appo9t$ means ( grace mu/ cont9ue to be us$ ev5 :5 no imm$iate b5efit c be disc]n$4 ,9 ! read+ ( ! ,bible1 9 pray]1 9 public wor%ip1 ! ,*ri/ian %\ld fir/ ( all d 8 duty4 ,! result may safely be left to ,god4 7#b7 ,! ,dang] ( ,neglect4--,)\t su* att5tion to duty1 ! ,*ri/ian life becomes m]ely a matt] ( incl9ation4 ,9 times ( great spiritual di/ress we call ^u ,god = com=t & help2 b 9 ! long1 level weeks ( comp>ative prosp]ity we ?9k we c d )\t him4 ,su* ?\ghts are ! height ( folly4 ,god is n our s]vant1 he is n "o :o c safely be left out ( our ?\ghts except :5 we ?9k we especially ne$ him4 ,if we neglect ,god 9 "t ( prosp]ity1 we may call 9 va9 :5 adv]sity comes4 7#c7 ,! ,rew>d ( ,duty4--,! religi\s life is n m]ely a matt] ( incl9ation2 x mu/ be dilig5tly fo/]$4 ,su* att5tion to duty1 h[ev]1 w nev] be m]ely drudg]y4 ,x may beg9 ) drudg]y1 & x may become drudg]y aga9 at times1 b if p]si/$ 91 x w be an ev]-wid5+ av5ue ( joy & p[]4 #b4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,bible ,! read+ ( ! ,bible is su* a simple ?+1 & s obvi\sly necess>y to ! ,*ri/ian life1 t x requires comp>atively little discussion4 ,despite its indisp5sabl5ess1 h[ev]1 x is be+ sadly neglect$ to-day4 ,our fa!rs le>n$ ! ,bible ) a ?or\ghness :i* to-day is almo/ unkn[n4 ,! *ange is full ( dang]4 ,a ,bible-read+ ,*ur* is possess$ ( p[]2 )\t ! ,bible ! ,*ur* loses its id5tity altoge!r & s9ks back into ! life ( ! _w4 ,! process1 un=tunately1 has gone to consid]able l5g?s4 ,h[ may x n[ be *eck$8 7#a7 ,! ,/udy ,%\ld ,be ,made ,int]e/+4--,some?+1 no d\bt1 may be done by mak+ ! /udy ( ! ,bible m int]e/+4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,bible does n yield 9 int]e/ to any o!r bran* ( k4 ,! ,bible does n m]ely pres5t spiritual tru?2 x pres5ts x 9 a wond]fully ri* & v>i$ way4 ,if ! /udy ( ! ,bible is /upid1 ! fault lies n 9 ! subject matt]1 b 9 ! /ud5t or 9 ! tea*]4 7#b7 ,! ,motive ( ,duty4--,nev]!less1 a m]e appeal to ! int]e/ ( ! /ud5ts is entirely insuffici5t4 ,aft] all1 !re is no royal road to le>n+--n to ,biblical le>n+ any m ?an to ! le>n+ ( ! _w4 ,solid education c nev] be atta9$ )\t h>d "w2 education t is easy is pretty sure to be wor?less4 ,especially at ! beg9n+ ! *ief appeal 9 education mu/ be to a s5se ( duty4 ,s x is 9 ! case ( ! ,bible4 ,! ,bible is ! ^w ( ,god2 obvi\sly x may n be neglect$4 ,let u /udy x1 !n1 prim>ily because ! /udy ( x is an obvi\s duty4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! duty w soon become a pleasure1 b let n t be ! motive4 ,let u read ! ,bible regul>ly & p]si/5tly1 9 entire indep5d5ce ( *ang+ impulse4 ,t is ! k9d ( /udy t is bless$ ( ,god4 ,sup]ficial /udy1 det]m9$ by m]e incl9ation1 may at fir/ sight seem j z good4 ,b :5 adv]sity or temptation comes1 !n ! diff]5ce appe>s4 ,x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a h\se built ^u ! s& & a h\se built ^u ! rock4 ,! two h\ses look alike1 b :5 ! ra9s desc5d & ! floods come1 "o falls & ! o!r /&s4 ,! ,*ri/ian ^: k ( ! ,bible is obta9$ by old-fa%ion$1 pati5t /udy1 nev] int]rupt$ by *ang+ incl9ation1 has dug deep & f\nd$ 8 h\se ^u ! rock4 7#c7 ,! ,example ( ! ,apo/olic ,*ur*4--,! example ( ! apo/olic ,*ur* 9 ! matt] ( ! means ( grace is especially significant4 ,9 ! apo/olic age1 x might h seem$ z ?\gh ^! simple ex]cises might be disp5s$ )4 ,:at ne$ ( regul>ly appo9t$ =ms :5 ! ,holy ,_s 0 s imm$iately manife/$8 ,yet z a matt] ( fact all ( ! ess5tial =ms ( ,*ri/ian cu/om 7 pres5t f ! beg9n+4 ,regul>ity & dilig5ce 7 *]i%$ ev5 9 ! fir/ exub]ance ( ! ,j]usalem *ur*4 ,en?usiasm ( spiritual life did n lead to ! despis+ ( ord9>y helps2 ! e>ly disciples cont9u$ /$fa/ly1 day by day1 ) "o accord 9 ! temple1 & break+ bread at home1 !y took _! food ) gladness & s+l5ess ( he>t4 ,acts #b3df4 ,! use :i* ! apo/olic ,*ur* made ( ! ,bible might seem to "s mod]n m5 p>ticul>ly surpris+4 ,a book religion1 m5 say1 is a /agnant religion2 liv+ fai? is indep5d5t ( dead docum5ts2 x is only :5 ! e>ly en?usiasm is lo/ t belief becomes cry/alliz$ 9 submission to v5]able au?ority4 ,?is sort ( religi\s philosophy %att]s on ! pla9 facts ( ! apo/olic age4 ,admitt$ly t 0 an age ( fre%ness & indep5d5ce4 ,!re nev] has be5 su* an outbur/ ( religi\s en?usiasm z t :i* plant$ ! fai? 9 ,j]usalem & c>ri$ x l wildfire ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w4 ,yet ano!r fact is equally pla9--?is wond]ful en?usiasm 0 c\pl$ ) ! utmo/ rev]5ce = a book4 ,no?+ c\ld exce$ ! unque/ion+ submission :i* ! e>ly ,*ri/ians paid to ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,! exub]ance ( apo/olic ,*ri/ianity 0 int]tw9$ ) a book religion6 ,! explanation1 ( c\rse1 is simple4 ,submission to a human book means /agnation2 b g5u9e submission to ! ,^w ( ,god means always :at x meant 9 ! apo/olic age--h]oism & victory & life4 #c4 ,,baptism 7#a7 ,baptism & ,circumcision4--,! sacram5t ( baptism _h its true/ pr$ecessor 9 circumcision1 ! ,old ,te/am5t sign ( union ) ! cov5ant p4 ,baptism z well z circumcision is a sign ( ! cov5ant1 ?\gh ! v>i$ symbolism m>ks ! advance ( ! new cov5ant ov] ! old4 7#b7 ,*ri/ian ,baptism & ! ,baptism ( ,john4--,9 =m1 moreov]1 & to a consid]able ext5t also 9 mean+1 ,*ri/ian baptism 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* 0 prep>$ = by ! baptism ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 :i* _h ev5 be5 cont9u$ by ! disciples ( ,jesus dur+ ,jesus' e>?ly m9i/ry4 ,john #d3a1b4 ,bo? ! baptism ( ,john & ,*ri/ian baptism symboliz$ cleans+ f s94 ,comp>e ,acts #b3ch ) ,matt4 #c3f1aa4 ,*ri/ian baptism1 h[ev]1 diff]$ f e rite t _h prec$$ x by its def9ite ref]5ce to ,*ri/1 & by its def9ite connection ) a new manife/ation ( ! ,holy ,_s4 7#c7 ,baptism ,into ,*ri/4--,9 ! apo/olic writ+s1 baptism is sometimes spok5 ( z a baptism into ,*ri/4 ,gal4 #c3bg2 ,rom4 #f3c4 ,! mean+ ( ?is phrase has (t5 be5 obscur$ bo? 9 translation & 9 int]pretation4 ,! phrase into ,*ri/ 9 ?is connection means some?+ m ?an ) ref]5ce to ,*ri/2 x means r into a position )9 ,*ri/4 ,! ,*ri/ian1 accord+ to a common ,paul9e expression1 is 9 ,*ri/2 he is 9 su* close union ) ,*ri/ t ! life ( ,*ri/ might almo/ be describ$ z ! atmosph]e :i* he brea!s4 ,to be baptiz$ into ,*ri/ means to come by baptism into ?is /ate ( bless$ union ) ! ,savi\r4 7#d7 ,baptism & ,fai?4--,at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 a s]i\s "q arises4 ,h[ c baptism be describ$ z ! means by :i* ! ,*ri/ian comes into union ) ,*ri/1 :5 at o!r times salvation is decl>$ to be by fai?8 ,"o solution ( ! difficulty w\ld be simply to say t baptism & fai? are bo? necess>y--a man mu/ believe if he is to be sav$1 b he mu/ also be baptiz$4 ,cle>ly1 h[ev]1 ?is view does n repres5t ! mean+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! passages :]e fai? alone is repres5t$ z ! condition ( salvation are too /rong2 especially ! vigor\s contra/ :i* ,paul sets up betwe5 fai? & works prev5ts any inclusion ( su* a "w z baptism along ) fai? z an additional condition ( acceptance ) ,god4 ,! true solution is t baptism is relat$ to fai?1 or r to ! reg5]ative "w ( ! ,holy ,_s1 z ! sign is relat$ to ! ?+ signifi$4 ,baptism repres5ts ! "w ( ! ,_s2 x is a means :i* ! ,_s uses4 ,if x /ood alone1 x w\ld be a mean+less =m1 b :5 x is repres5tative ( spiritual facts x becomes a *annel ( div9e grace4 #d4 ,,! ,,"l',s ,,supp] ,! celebration ( ! ,"l's ,supp] 9 ! ,j]usalem *ur* 0 probably connect$ 9 "s way ) ! break+ ( bread1 :i* is m5tion$ 9 ,acts #b3db4 ,e common meal 0 an expression ( ,*ri/ian communion1 b ! solemn words ( ,*ri/ at ! ,la/ ,supp] c\ld n h be5 =gott54 ,"h1 z s (t51 ! book ( ,! ,acts af=ds little in=mation ab\t ! int]nal affairs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,=tunately1 ,paul1 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 is f> m explicit1 & inf]5ces c be drawn f him ) reg>d ev5 to ,j]usalem4 ,paul repres5ts ! ,"l's ,supp]1 n z an innovation1 b z some?+ t _h be5 giv5 to ! ,cor9?ians z a matt] ( c\rse1 at ! v beg9n+ ( _! ,*ri/ian lives2 evid5tly ! sacram5t 0 celebrat$ univ]sally 9 ! *ur*es2 ,paul _h receiv$ ! acc\nt ( ! in/itution ( ! ,supp] f ! ,"l ?r\gh ! fir/ ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ,cor9?1 z 0 also probably ! case 9 ! e>ly days 9 ,j]usalem1 ! ,supp] 0 celebrat$ 9 connection ) ! common meals ( ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,c]ta9 abuses _h aris52 ! ri* br\ght food & dr9k ) !m & fea/$ luxuri\sly 9 ! pres5ce ( _! poor] bre?r52 ! spiritual significance ( ! ,supp] 0 pr(an$4 ,aga9/ su* abuses ,paul enunciates ! great pr9ciple t ! ,supp] does n "w a magical b5efit2 if p>tak5 ( irrev]5tly x br+s condemnation r ?an bless+4 ,9 ,i ,cor4 #aj3ad-bb1 ! ,"l's ,supp] appe>s z a w>n+ aga9/ p>ticipation 9 hea!n fea/s4 ,! pagan fell[ citiz5s ( ! ,cor9?ian ,*ri/ians1 by _! religi\s fea/s1 held communion ) idols2 ! ,*ri/ians _c rema9 ) !m & at ! same "t commune ) ,*ri/4 ,a man mu/ take 8 *oice--ei!r ,*ri/ or idols2 he mu/ *oose ei!r ! ,"l's ,supp] or hea!n fea/s4 ,"h ! ,"l's ,supp] appe>s especially z a sign ( communion ) ,*ri/1 z 9 *4 #aa3bf x appe>s especially z a commemoration ( 8 dea?4 ,^! two aspects ( ! ,supp]1 & _! intimate connection ) ea* o!r1 %\ld n[ be expla9$ a little m 9 detail4 7#a7 ,a ,repres5tation ( ! ,dea? ( ,*ri/4--,! ,"l's ,supp]1 z is obs]v$ 9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book1 is repres5tative ( ! dea? ( ,*ri/ on our behalf4 ,9 _m passages ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! significance ( t dea? is expla9$ 9 words2 9 ! ,"l's ,supp] x is repres5t$ 9 visible =m4 ,! ,"l's ,supp] is relat$ to ! /ory ( ! gospel1 z ! picture or ! act$ repres5tation is relat$ to ord9>y disc\rse4 ,9 ! brok5 bread & p\r$-out w9e we n only appreh5d ) ! m9d1 b actually see ! brok5 body & %$ blood ( ! ,"l4 ,( c\rse t does n mean1 z ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* tea*es1 t ! bread & w9e are actually by a miracle1 at e celebration ( ! ,supp]1 *ang$ into ! body & blood ( ,*ri/1 b only t !y repres5t !m4 ,! v simplicity ( ! sacram5t %\ld h gu>d$ aga9/ mis9t]pretation4 ,an actual image ( ! dy+ ,savi\r might lead to idolatry1 or to an ov]emphasis ^u ! details ( ! sc5e on ,calv>y2 ! simple repres5tation t ,*ri/ orda9$ is en\gh to be vivid1 )\t be+ en\gh to become mislead+4 7#b7 ,a ,repres5tation ( ,our ,union ) ,*ri/4--,! ,supp] repres5ts ! dea? ( ,*ri/ n z a m]e drama1 remote f u1 b z a dea? on our behalf4 ,9 ! ,supp] we d n m]ely witness ! break+ ( ! bread & ! p\r+ out ( ! w9e2 we p>take ( ! bread & w9e ourselves4 ,pla9ly ! symbolism means t we :o are disciples ( ,*ri/ d n m]ely admire ! holy self-sacrifice ( ,*ri/1 b r receive ! b5efits ( x4 ,we fe$ ^u ! body & blood ( ,*ri/ 9 ! high spiritual s5se t by fai? we obta9 f ,*ri/'s dea? p>don = our s9s & a fre% />t 9 ! full favor ( ,god4 ,^! b5efits we obta9 n by our own ef=ts1 b by a free gift4 ,x 0 ,*ri/ himself :o broke ! bread & p\r$ out ! w9e on ! la/ ev5+ be=e ! crucifixion2 x is also ,*ri/ :o1 ?r\gh 8 m9i/]1 at e celebration ( ! sacram5t1 is repres5t$ z (f]+ to u 8 body & blood4 ,! ,"l's ,supp]1 !re=e1 is n m]ely a commemoration ( an ev5t 9 ! pa/2 x is also ! symbol ( a pres5t fact4 ,x symbolizes ! bless$ communion ( believ]s ) "o ano!r & ) ,*ri/4 #e4 ,,! ,,sacram5ts ,,m ,,?an ,a ,,proclamation ,,( ,,! ,,gospel ,s f> we h consid]$ ! sacram5ts m]ely z "o means ( proclaim+ ! gospel4 ,! ,bible proclaims ! gospel 9 words2 ! sacram5ts proclaim x 9 pictures4 ,ev5 if t 7 all1 ! sacram5ts w\ld be ( great value4 ,by ^! symbolic actions ! gospel message atta9s a new vividness & def9it5ess4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] are m ?an peculi> ways ( mak+ a vivid pres5tation ( ! gospel4 ,!y 7 in/itut$ especially by ,*ri/1 & ! ,holy ,_s has connect$ ) !m a special bless+4 ,! ,_s c use :at means he w1 & he has *os5 to use ^!4 ,9 ! ,"l's ,supp]1 = example1 ! ,"l is really pres5t 9 ! mid/ ( 8 p4 ,he is n pres5t1 inde$1 9 a corporal & c>nal mann]2 b 8 spiritual pres5ce is a bless$ fact4 ,! sacram5ts1 !re=e1 %\ld n be neglect$4 ,9 !mselves1 :5 unaccompani$ by fai?1 !y are valueless2 & !y are n necess>y = salvation4 ,ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 !y are a *os5 means ( bless+4 ,:5 ,god wills1 o!r means c take _! place1 b "u all ord9>y circum/ances !y are us$4 ,c]ta9ly !y %\ld n be neglect$ )\t adequate cause4 ,!y h be5 provid$ by ,god1 & ,god is wis] ?an m54 ,! ,"l's ,supp] %\ld be receiv$ ) solemnity2 b sometimes "y ,*ri/ians h p]haps an exagg]at$ dread ( x4 ,! error ( ! ,cor9?ian ,*ri/ians %\ld inde$ be c>efully avoid$2 wanton c>elessness 9 ! solemn act w ( c\rse br+ ! condemnation ( ,god4 ,b ! ,supp] does n dem& p]fection1 ev5 9 fai?2 on ! contr>y x is int5d$ to help to remove imp]fection4 ,! ,"l's ,supp] is n a dang]\s bit ( magic1 :]e any little mi/ake might break ! *>m4 ,let u p>take ( x ) a simple pray]1 & leave ! results to ! goodness ( ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 article on ,"l's ,supp]2 ,purves1 article on ,baptism4 ,w4 ,w4 ,moore1 ,! ,indisp5sable ,book4 ,c&li%1 ,! ,*ri/ian ,sacram5ts 7,9 ,h&books = ,bible ,classes1 edit$ by ,dods & ,:yte74 ,lilley1 ,! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,,lesson ,,xliii ,,pray] #a4 ,,! ,,answ]] ,,( ,,pray] ,! pray]s ( ! apo/olic age reveal ) />tl+ cle>ness ! apo/olic conception ( ,god2 & "o *ief reason :y our pray]s fall %ort ( ! apo/olic /&>d is t our idea ( ,god is diff]5t4 7#a7 ,god ,is a ,p]son4--,9 ! fir/ place1 true pray] always conceives ( ,god z a ,p]son2 :]eas mu* ( mod]n religi\s ?9k+ conceives ( him z only ano!r "n = ! _w4 ,human life1 x is said1 is a "p ( ! life ( ,god2 e man1 to "s degree1 is div9e4 ,su* a philosophy makes pray] logically impossible4 ,x is impossible = u to speak to an imp]sonal _w-=ce ( :i* we ourselves are m]ely an expression2 ! p]sonal di/9ction betwe5 man & ,god is absolutely ess5tial to pray]4 ,! transc5d5ce ( ,god z ov] aga9/ ! _w is gr&ly express$ 9 ! pray] ( ! ,j]usalem *ur*1 :i* 0 /udi$ 9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book2 ! ,j]usalem ,*ri/ians address$ ,god z ! ,"l :o made ! heav5 & ! e>? & ! sea1 & all t 9 !m is4 ,acts #d3bd4 ,god1 9 o!r words1 is n ano!r "n = ! _w1 b ,creator ( ! _w4 ,he is inde$ pres5t 9 ! _w2 n a s+le ?+ t happ5s is indep5d5t ( him2 ! _w w\ld n cont9ue = a mom5t )\t ,god's su/a9+ h&4 ,b t means1 n t ,god is id5tical ) ! _w1 b t he is ,ma/] ( x4 ,god p]vades all ?+s2 he is pres5t ev]y:]e2 b he is also free4 ,t conception p]vades all ! pray]s ( ! apo/olic ,*ur*2 9 all ( !m man comes to ,god z "o p]son to ano!r4 ,god is free2 ,god c d :at he w2 ?r\gh ,*ri/ he is our ,fa!r4 ,he is n b\nd by 8 own works2 he is indep5d5t ( nature2 he w ov]rule all ?+s = ! good ( 8 *ildr54 ,su* is ! ,god t c answ] pray]4 7#b7 ,god ,is an ,inf9ite & ,holy ,p]son4--,if1 h[ev]1 ! pray]s ( ! apo/olic age conceive ( ,god z a ,p]son1 !y also conceive ( him z v diff]5t f m54 ,"h1 also1 !y provide a salut>y example = ! mod]n ,*ur*4 ,_m dev\t ,*ri/ians ( to-day1 9 avoid+ ! error :i* has j be5 describ$1 9 ?9k+ ( ,god pla9ly z a p]son1 are incl9$ to fall into ! opposite mi/ake4 ,9 _! cle> realization ( ,god z a p]son !y ?9k ( him z a p]son exactly l ourselves4 ,!y reg>d ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,god & man z a diff]5ce ( degree r ?an a diff]5ce ( k9d2 !y ?9k ( ,god z m]ely a great] man 9 ! sky4 ,! result ( su* ?9k+ is disa/r\s = pray]4 ,pray]1 to be sure1 is "h n absolutely de/roy$2 communion ) ,god rema9s possible2 b su* communion is degrad$4 ,communion loses t s5se ( my/]y & awe :i* prop]ly belongs to x4 ,man becomes too famili> ) ,god2 ,god takes m]ely ! lead+ place 9 a circle ( fri5ds2 religion desc5ds to ! plane ( o!r relation%ips4 ,pray] to su* a ,god is apt to become irrev]5t4 ,if our pray]s are to lift u fully into ! pres5ce ( ,god !y mu/ nev] lie on ! same plane ) ! communion t we enjoy ) our fell[ m51 b mu/ be fill$ ) a pr(\nd s5se ( ,god's maje/y & p[]4 ,! dang] ( p]mitt+ pray]1 on acc\nt ( its v privilege1 to become a commonplace ?+ is "o t ?reat5s u all4 ,x may be ov]come1 h[ev]1 9 ! fir/ place1 by ! contemplation ( nature4 ,! heav5s decl>e ! glory ( ,god2 & ! firmam5t %[e? 8 h&iwork--& x is a t]rible1 my/]i\s ,god t !y reveal4 ,! /up5d\s va/ness ( ! univ]se & ! baffl+ my/]y ( ! surr\nd+ inf9ity oppress ! ?\ghtful m9d ) a pr(\nd s5se ( insignificance4 ,& ,god is ! ,mak] & ,rul] ( x all1 ! ,"o 9 :om all ! my/]y f9ds its explanation6 ,su* is ! employm5t ( nature 9 ! pray] ( ! ,j]usalem *ur*4 ,acts #d3bd4 ,all ! pray]s ( ! apo/olic ,*ur* illu/rate ! pr9ciple :i* is n[ be+ emphasiz$4 ,!re is nev] any?+ trite or vulg> ab\t ! pray]s t are conta9$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 !y are all *>act]iz$ by a wond]ful dignity & rev]5ce4 ,if ! inf9ity & omnipot5ce ( ,god %\ld prev5t any irrev]5ce 9 our pray]s1 ! ?\ght ( 8 hol9ess is p]haps ev5 m ov]:elm+4 ,we are full ( impurity4 ,:o c /& be=e ! :ite light ( ,god's awful judgm5t ?rone8 7#c7 ,god ,is a ,graci\s ,p]son4--,nev]!less1 despite ! maje/y & hol9ess ( ,god1 he invites u into 8 pres5ce4 ,x is a /up5d\s wond]4 ,no reason+ c\ld h %[n x to be probable2 only ignorance c reg>d x z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,if ,god 7 only a some:at great] man1 !re w\ld h be5 comp>atively little my/]y 9 pray]2 b communion ) ! inf9ite & et]nal & holy ,"o1 ! unfa?om$ cause ( all ?+s1 is ! wond] ( wond]s4 ,x is a wond] ( ,god's grace4 ,x is too wond]ful to be true2 yet x has become true 9 ,*ri/4 ,true pray] br+s u n be=e "s ,god ( our own devis+1 be=e :om we c\ld /& 9 our own m]it )\t fe>1 b into ! dread pres5ce ( ,jehovah4 ,let u n hesitate to g2 ,god has call$ u2 he loves u z a ,fa!r1 f> m ?an we c ev] love him4 ,pray] is full ( joy2 ! joy is s great t x is ak9 to fe>4 #b4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,jesus' ,,tea*+ ,,^u ,,! ,,pray]s ,,( ,,! ,,apo/olic ,,*ur* ,9 /udy+ ! pray]s ( ! apo/olic age1 x mu/ always be rememb]$ t !y /ood ^u ! f\ndation ( ,jesus' example & precept4 7#a7 ,! ,example ( ,jesus4--,) all 8 p[] & hol9ess ,jesus 0 n above ask+ = /r5g? to p]=m 8 graci\s "w2 aft] t long1 we>y+ day 9 ,cap]naum he dep>t$ into a des]t place1 & !re pray$4 ,m>k #a3ce4 ,9 ! h\r ( agony 9 ,ge?semane1 he pray$ a truly human1 ?\gh holy1 pray]3 ,abba1 ,fa!r1 all ?+s are possible unto !e2 remove ?is cup f me3 h[beit n :at ,i w1 b :at ?\ wilt4 ,*4 #ad3cf4 ,pray]1 moreov]1 0 n some?+ :i* ,jesus res]v$ = himself2 cle>ly x 0 a privilege :i* he ext5d$ to all 8 disciples4 ,9 ! pray] t he taught 8 disciples1 he summ$ up all t our pray] %\ld be4 ,matt4 #f3i-ae4 7#b7 ,god z ,fa!r4--,"o ?+ 9 p>ticul> 0 d]iv$ by ! apo/olic ,*ur* f ,jesus--! conception ( ,god z ,fa!r4 ,?is conception appe>s 9 ! epi/les ( ,paul z a matt] ( c\rse2 evid5tly x 0 firmly e/abli%$ among ! read]s2 x no long] requir$ def5se or explanation4 ,yet x _h n lo/1 ?r\gh long repetition1 "o :it ( its fre%ness2 9 ,paul x is nev] a m]e phrase1 b always a pr(\nd spiritual fact4 ,obvi\sly ?is idea ( ! fa!rhood ( ,god 0 ( p>ticul> importance = pray]4 ,x taught ! disciples to draw ne> to ,god ) all holy rev]5ce & confid5ce1 z *ildr5 to a fa!r1 able & ready to help !m4 ,a *>act]i/ic way ( address+ ,god ev5 9 ! ,g5tile *ur*es ( ,paul 0 ,abba1 ,fa!r4 ,gal4 #d3f2 ,rom4 #h3ae4 ,! ,aramaic ^w ,abba is suffici5t to %[ t ?is hall[$ usage 0 bas$ ultimately ^u ! tea*+ & example ( ,jesus2 ! ^w 0 ! v "o t ,jesus _h us$ bo? 9 8 own pray]s1 = example 9 ,ge?semane1 ,m>k #ad3cf1 & 9 ! ,"l's ,pray] :i* he taught to 8 disciples4 7#c7 ,! ,"r ( ,son%ip4--,:at ne$s to be obs]v$ especially1 h[ev]1 is t ! "r ( address+ ,god z our ,fa!r 0 n 9 ! apo/olic ,*ur* ext5d$ to all m54 ,c]ta9ly no ju/ification = su* an ext5sion c\ld h be5 f\nd 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus2 x 0 n ! unbeliev+ multitude1 b 8 own disciples1 to :om ,jesus taught ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,matt4 #e3a2 #f3i2 ,luke #aa3a1 #b4 ,paul is ev5 m explicit2 ! cry ,abba1 ,fa!r 0 to him a pro( t a great *ange _h tak5 place1 t ^? :o _h be5 =m]ly "u bondage to ! _w _h n[ become sons ( ,god4 ,?is *ange ,paul repres5ts especially "u ! figure ( adoption1 ,gal4 #d3e2 m5 h to be adopt$ by ,god be=e !y c call ,god ,fa!r2 & adoption is accompli%$ only by ! "w ( ,*ri/4 ,vs4 #d1e4 7#d7 ,! ,int]cession ( ! ,_s4--,! cry1 ,abba1 ,fa!r c nev] be utt]$ by s9ful man alone1 b only by ! p[] ( ,*ri/'s ,_s4 ,! pray]s ev5 ( ! r$eem$ are faulty4 ,b ! ,holy ,_s takes up _! cry4 ,& 9 l mann] ! ,_s also helpe? our infirmity3 = we "k n h[ to pray z we ought2 b ! ,_s himself make? int]cession = u ) groan+s :i* _c be utt]$2 & he t se>*e? ! he>ts kn[e? :at is ! m9d ( ! ,_s1 because he make? int]cession = ! sa9ts accord+ to ! w ( ,god4 ,rom4 #h3bf1 #bg4 ,!re lies ! true gr\nd ( confid5ce 9 pray]4 ,pray] does n d]ive its efficacy f any m]it ( its own1 b only f ! goodness ( ,god4 ,let u n worry too mu* z to :e!r our pray]s are good or bad2 let !m only be simple & s9c]e2 ,god kn[s our weakness2 8 ,_s w make int]cession = u f> bett] ?an we c int]c$e = ourselves4 #c4 ,,public ,,pray]s ,,( ,,! ,,apo/olic ,,*ur* ,! few individual pray]s t h be5 pres]v$ f ! apo/olic age are = ! mo/ "p pray]s ( a m or less public "*4 ,! spontane\s outp\r+s ( ! he>ts ( individual sa9ts be=e ,god w\ld usually n be put into writ+2 ! full secrets ( ! pray] closet are kn[n to ,god alone4 7#a7 ,spontaneity & ,s9c]ity4--,nev]!less1 ! public "* ( ! pray]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t does n mean t !y are cold & =mal4 ,on ! contr>y1 at a "t :5 set liturgies _h n yet be5 =m$1 public pray] possess$ all ! spontaneity ( m private devotions2 ! ?\ght ( ! li/5+ congregation or ( a circle ( read]s did n br+ any hamp]+ re/ra9t4 ,!re is a /]l+ s9c]ity ab\t all ! pray]s or fragm5ts ( pray]s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 7#b7 ,dignity4--,! spontaneity & s9c]ity ( ! pray]s1 h[ev]1 did n involve any sacrifice ( dignity4 ,! pray] ( ! ,j]usalem congregation1 ,acts #d3bd-cj1 is a m>vel ( exalt$ spee*2 its employm5t ( ,scripture phrase is an admirable example = public pray]s ( all ages4 ,t pray] receiv$ a glori\s answ]2 inde$ ! true pray] ( ! congregation nev] rema9s unhe>d4 ,*ri/'s promise is always fulfill$2 :]e two or ?ree are ga!r$ toge!r 9 8 "n !re is he 9 ! mid/ ( !m4 ,9 ! epi/les1 !re is to be f\nd "h & !re :at may be call$1 if n ! beg9n+ ( liturgy1 at any rate mat]ial ( :i* a magnific5t liturgy c be =m$4 ,! b5$iction ( ,heb4 #ac3bj1ba1 = example1 is *>act]iz$ by a spl5did rhy?m z well z by true evangelical f]vor4 ,su* a pray] lifts ! he>ts ( ! congregation up into ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,!re is use = beauty1 ev5 9 pray]2 & ! true/ beauty is to be f\nd 9 ! pray]s ( ! ,bible4 #d4 ,,private ,,pray]s ,,( ,,! ,,apo/olic ,,*ur* ,! apo/olic guidance 9 pray] ext5ds ev5 to ^? private pray]s :i* no "o he>s except ,god4 ,9 ?is field1 ! epi/les ( ,paul are ( special value4 ,m fully ?an any o!r "o man ( ! apo/olic age1 ,paul has reveal$ ! v secrets ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce2 & t exp]i5ce is root$ 9 pray]4 ,a glance at ! beg9n+s & end+s ( ! epi/les w be suffici5t to %[ h[ fundam5tal pray] 0 9 ,paul's life2 news ( ! *ur*es 0 nev] receiv$ )\t issu+ at once 9 ?anksgiv+ or 9 int]cession1 & ,paul desires1 n m]ely ! good wi%es1 b ! pray]s1 ( 8 belov$ conv]ts4 ,paul practic$ :at he prea*$ :5 he urg$ ! ,!ssalonian ,*ri/ians to pray )\t ceas+4 ,i ,!ss4 #e3ag4 ,comp>e *s4 #a3c2 #b3ac2 ,rom4 #a3i2 ,,ii ,tim4 #a3c4 ,evid5tly1 moreov]1 he reg>d$ pray] z some?+ f> m ?an an incid5tal expression ( ! ,*ri/ian life2 he believ$ 9 its real efficacy ) ! ,rul] ( ! _w4 #e4 ,,my ,,p[] ,,is ,,made ,,p]fect ,,9 ,,weakness ,"o passage1 p>ticul>ly1 w repay special /udy4 ,9 ,,ii ,cor4 #ab3h1i1 we h in=mation ab\t ! mo/ intimate1 ! mo/ p]sonal ( ! pray]s ( ,paul4 ,! apo/le _h be5 afflict$ ) a p]si/5t illness2 x _h app>5tly hamp]$ him 9 8 "w1 & caus$ him acute di/ress4 ,9 8 tr\ble he call$ ^u ! ,"l2 & by t pray] ,paul's affliction has be5 made to r$\nd to ! la/+ in/ruction & enc\ragem5t ( ! ,*ur*4 7#a7 ,pray] ,conc]n+ ,physical ,ills4--,9 ! fir/ place1 ! pray] conc]ns n spiritual matt]s1 or ! ne$s ( ! ,*ur* at l>ge1 b a simple affair ( ! physical life4 ,z life is con/itut$ "h on e>?1 we are intimately connect$ ) ! physical _w2 ! body is necess>y to ! s\l4 ,b ,god is ,ma/] ( e>? z well z ( heav52 ev5 ! simple/ ne$s ( life may be laid be=e him 9 pray]4 ,to tea* u t1 we h "h ! example ( ,paul1 z well z ! precept ( ! ,savi\r himself4 7#b7 ,! ,answ]4--,9 ! second place1 ! pray] 0 answ]$1 & answ]$ 9 a v in/ructive way4 ,! illness 0 n remov$2 b x 0 made an in/rum5t ( bless+4 ,! purpose ( x 0 reveal$3 ,my p[]1 said ,*ri/1 is made p]fect 9 weakness4 ,physical suff]+ is wor? :ile if x leads to h]oism & fai?4 ,su* is (t5 ! ,"l's w4 ,he himself trod ! pa? ( suff]+ be=e u1 & 9 8 case z 9 ours1 ! pa? l$ to glory4 7#c7 ,! ,pray] ,address$ to ,*ri/4--,9 ! ?ird place1 ?is pray] 0 address$1 n to ,god ! ,fa!r1 b to ,*ri/4 ,comp>e ,acts #g3ei1fj4 ,)\t d\bt ! ,"l 9 ,,ii ,cor4 #ab3h1 z practically always 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 ref]s to ,*ri/4 ,usually1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 pray] is address$1 ?r\gh ,*ri/1 to ,god ! ,fa!r2 b !re is no reason :y x %\ld n be address$ to ! ,son4 ,! ,son z well z ! ,fa!r is a liv+ ,p]son2 & ! ,son z well z ! ,fa!r is ,god4 ,x is well t we h apo/olic examples = pray] address$ directly to ! ,savi\r4 ,*ri/1 to ,paul1 0 no m]e in/rum5t 9 salvation1 t _h s]v$ its purpose & 0 !n remov$2 he 0 alive & sov]eign1 & ! relation to him 0 a relation ( love4 ,9 a "t ( acute physical di/ress1 ,paul turn$ to ! ,savi\r4 ,?ree times he call$1 & !n ! answ] came4 ,! answ] w always come 9 ! ,"l's way1 n 9 ours2 b ! ,"l's way is always be/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,b]n>d1 article on ,pray] 7,,iii74 ,?omas1 ,! ,pray]s ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,,lesson ,,xliv ,,! ,,congregation #a4 ,,congregational ,,meet+s ,,9 ,,pale/9e ,9 /udy+ ! congregational meet+s ( ! apo/olic *ur*es x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,*ri/ian community 9 ,j]usalem cont9u$ = _m ye>s its p>ticipation 9 ! wor%ip ( temple & synagogue4 ,specially ,*ri/ian meet+s1 !re=e1 7 at fir/ n ! sole expression ( ! collective wor%ip ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ri/ians4 ,nev]!less1 su* meet+s 7 und\bt$ly held1 ev5 f ! beg9n+4 ,f ! days :5 ! "o hundr$ & tw5ty bre?r5 7 ga!r$ toge!r be=e ,p5teco/1 ! ,*ur* 0 n )\t "s outw>d expression ( its di/9ctive life4 7#a7 ,z ,indicat$ 9 ,! ,acts4--,! circum/ances ( su* e>ly meet+s ( ! congregation are1 h[ev]1 obscure4 ,! v consid]able numb]s ( ! conv]ts1 ,acts #b3da1dg2 #d3d2 #e3ad1 w\ld p]haps sometimes make x difficult to ga!r ! :ole congregation toge!r 9 "o place2 if1 h[ev]1 t 7 done1 x w\ld p]haps be usually 9 "s "p ( ! temple area4 ,!re seem to h be5 g5]al meet+s--= example1 ,acts #ae3a-bi--;b x is p]haps n necess>y to suppose t !y includ$ e individual memb] ( ! ,j]usalem *ur*4 ,c]ta9ly1 h[ev]1 no memb]s ( t fir/ ,*ri/ian community neglect$ ! assembl+ ( !mselves toge!r4 ,evid5tly ! s5se ( bro!rhood 0 /rongly develop$1 & evid5tly x express$ itself n only 9 ! regul> relief ( ! ne$y1 ,acts #f3a1 b also 9 meet+s = in/ruction & wor%ip & pray]4 ,*4 #b3db2 #d3bc-ca4 ,^! meet+s 7 only outw>d indications ( a wond]ful unity ( m9d & he>t4 ,*4 #d3cb4 ,! cause ( t unity 0 ! common possession ( ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,z might h be5 expect$ 9 a book :i* is int]e/$ *iefly 9 ! outw>d ext5sion ( ! k+dom1 ! book ( ,! ,acts gives u little detail$ in=mation ab\t ! conduct ( ^! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian meet+s4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 ! example ( ! ,jewi% synagogue made itself /rongly felt4 ,!re 0 no viol5t break ) ,judaism2 a new _s 0 infus$ into anci5t =ms4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ! synagogue s]vice & ev5 ! fully develop$ ,*ri/ian meet+s ( to-day 0 not$ 9 connection ) ,lesson ,,iv4 7#b7 ,z ,indicat$ 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,james4--,! ,epi/le ( ,james p]haps helps some:at to supply ! ne$ ( detail$ in=mation4 ,t epi/le1 z 0 obs]v$ 9 ,lesson ,,xxxii1 0 writt5 by ! head ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 & probably to ,jewi% ,*ri/ians be=e ,a4,d4 #di4 ,app>5tly1 !re=e1 we h 9 ,james #b3a-f "s welcome in=mation ab\t ,*ri/ian assemblies1 if n 9 ,j]usalem1 at lea/ 9 o!r ,jewi% ,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,9 v4 #b1 ! ^w synagogue is appli$ to ! meet+ :i* is describ$1 b t ^w 9 ,greek means simply ga!r+ toge!r--almo/ ! same ^w is us$ 9 ,heb4 #aj3be4 ,! use ( ! ^w by ,james %[s simply t at t e>ly "t synagogue _h n become purely a te*nical designation ( a non-,*ri/ian ,jewi% assembly4 ,s int]pret$1 ! passage 9 ,james indicates--:at might inde$ h be5 expect$--t ! e>ly ,*ri/ian meet+s 7 n always p]fect4 ,a ,ph>isaical habit ( respect ( p]sons & desire = ! *ief seats _h crept ev5 into ! ,*ur*4 ,if simil> faults appe> 9 mod]n times1 we %\ld n despair1 b %\ld fight aga9/ !m 9 ! _s ( ,james4 #b4 ,,congregational ,,meet+s ,,9 ,,! ,,paul9e ,,*ur*es ,) reg>d to ! ,paul9e *ur*es in=mation ab\t ! conduct ( religi\s s]vices is f> m abundant ?an x is ) reg>d to ! *ur*es ( ,pale/9e2 = we h "h ! ine/imable assi/ance ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 especially1 is a m9e ( in=mation2 b mu* c also be le>n$ else:]e4 7#a7 ,! ,place ( ,meet+4--,f ,! ,acts x appe>s t ,paul regul>ly began 8 "w 9 any city by prea*+ 9 ! ,jewi% synagogue1 b t ! opposition ( ! ,jews soon made x necess>y to f9d ano!r meet+ place4 ,(t51 a private h\se1 belong+ to "o ( ! conv]ts1 s]v$ ! purpose4 ,rom4 #af3bc2 ,i ,cor4 #af3ai2 ,col4 #d3ae2 ,philem4 #b4 ,sometimes !re seem to h be5 a numb] ( su* h\se-*ur*es 9 ! same city2 yet common meet+s ( all ! ,*ri/ians ( ! city seem also to be presuppos$4 ,9 ,ephesus ,paul us$ = 8 evangeli/ic "w a build+ or a room belong+ to a c]ta9 ,tyrannus1 :o 0 probably a rhetorician4 ,! erection ( build+s especially = ,*ri/ian use belongs ( c\rse to a consid]ably lat] "t4 7#b7 ,! ,"t ( ,meet+4--,! frequ5cy ( ! meet+s does n appe>1 & may well h v>i$ accord+ to circum/ances4 ,!re is "s indication1 h[ev]1 t ! fir/ day ( ! week1 ! pres5t ,sunday1 0 especially s+l$ out = religi\s s]vices4 ,i ,cor4 #af3b2 ,acts #bj3g4 ,! same day is app>5tly call$ ! ,"l's day 9 ,rev4 #a3aj4 7#c7 ,tempor>y ,gifts ( ! ,_s4--,9 ! actual conduct ( ! meet+s1 "s features appe> :i* are n to be obs]v$ 9 ! mod]n ,*ur*4 ,a numb] ( ! gifts discuss$ 9 ,i ,cor41 *s4 #ab to #ad--;= example1 miracles1 speak+ ) tongues1 ! int]pretation ( tongues1 & prophecy 9 ! /rict s5se--h become ext9ct4 ,! cessation ( !m ne$ cause no wond]2 ! apo/olic age 0 a "t ( beg9n+s1 :5 ! ,*ur* 0 be+ e/abli%$ by ! imm$iate ex]cise ( ! p[] ( ,god2 x is no wond] t at su* a "t ! ,_s manife/$ himself z he did n 9 lat] g5]ations4 ,!re is a fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! apo/olic age & all subsequ5t p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,nev]!less1 all ! ess5tial features ( our mod]n *ur* s]vices 7 pres5t f ! e>lie/ "t ab\t :i* we h detail$ in=mation4 ,! example ( ! apo/les is "h v explicit4 7#d7 ,scripture-,read+4--,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,paul9e *ur*es c]ta9ly practic$ ! read+ ( ! ,bible4 ,t w\ld be prov$ suffici5tly by ! evid5t famili>ity ( ! ,*ri/ians ) ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures2 = 9 ^? days su* famili>ity w\ld und\bt$ly be receiv$ 9 l>ge measure by hav+ ! ,bible read al\d4 ,! example ( ! synagogue w\ld also h its influ5ce4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t "s ev5 ( ! ,g5tile conv]ts 7 famili> ) ! synagogue s]vice be=e !y became ,*ri/ians4 ,b !re is also ! explicit te/imony ( ,i ,!ss4 #e3bg1 ,col4 #d3af4 ,!re ! read+ ( ,paul9e ,epi/les is specifically enjo9$4 ,! ,apocalypse also 0 cle>ly int5d$ to be read al\d4 ,rev4 #a3c2 #bb3ah4 7#e7 ,prea*+4--,9 ! second place1 !re 0 prea*+4 ,no d\bt ?is "p ( ! s]vice (t5 took a some:at diff]5t =m f t :i* x assumes to-day4 ,prophecy1 = example1 0 a k9d ( prea*+ :i* has be5 discont9u$4 ,! ex]cise ( ! gift ( tea*+ p]haps correspond$ m closely to ! s]mons ( ! pres5t day2 c]ta9ly an exposition ( ! ,scripture passages read w\ld h be5 accord+ to ! analogy ( ! ,jewi% synagogue4 ,at any rate1 9 "s =m or o!r1 !re 0 c]ta9ly in/ruction 9 ! ,scriptures & 9 ! gospel1 & exhortation bas$ ^u t in/ruction4 7#f7 ,pray]4--,9 ! ?ird place1 !re 0 pray]2 directions = public pray] are giv5 at "s l5g? 9 ,i ,tim41 *4 #b2 & !re are indications t pray] 0 practic$ also 9 ! meet+s ( ! ,cor9?ian *ur*4 ,see = example1 ,i ,cor4 #aa3d1e4 7#g7 ,s++4--,9 ! f\r? place1 !re 0 probably s++1 ?\gh ! direct in=mation ab\t ?is "p ( ! s]vice is slight4 ,see1 = example1 ,i ,cor4 #ad3bf4 ,c]ta9ly no elaborate argum5t is necess>y 9 ord] to exhibit ! ,scripture w>rant = s++ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,psalms 7 sung 9 ,old ,te/am5t times to an in/rum5tal accompanim5t1 & !re is no evid5ce t ! cu/oms ( ! ,*ur* 7 *ang$ 9 ?is respect "u ! new disp5sation4 ,inde$1 if s++ is an expression ( joy1 x w\ld seem to be especially 9 place aft] ! fulfillm5t ( ! promises has come4 #c4 ,,paul',s ,,directions ,,= ,,congregational ,,meet+s ,two features balance ea* o!r 9 ,paul's directions = ! public wor%ip ( ! ,cor9?ian *ur*4 7#a7 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,fre$om4--,9 ! fir/ place he is 9 full sympa?y ) ! fre$om & in=mality t prevail$4 ,!re seem to h be5 no set speak]s 9 ,cor9?2 e man spoke z ! _s gave him utt]ance2 ! s]vice mu/ h be5 *>act]iz$ by great v>iety4 ,?is v>iety1 ,paul says1 is n di/urb+1 because x f9ds its high] unity 9 ! ,holy ,_s4 ,!re are div]sities ( gifts1 b ! same ,_s4 ,i ,cor4 #ab3d4 7#b7 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,dignity4--,9 ! second place1 h[ev]1 ,paul has a /rong s5se ( dignity4 ,! en?usia/ic expression ( religi\s feel+ mu/ n deg5]ate into any?+ l a s5seless orgy2 spiritual gifts1 h[ev] exalt$1 are n indep5d5t ( reason4 ,! spirits ( ! prophets are subject to ! prophets2 = ,god is n a ,god ( confusion1 b ( peace4 ,i ,cor4 #ad3cb1cc4 ,let all ?+s be done dec5tly & 9 ord]4 ,v4 #dj4 ,dignity 0 to be pres]v$1 moreov]1 n m]ely 9 ! ord]+ ( ! s]vice itself1 b also 9 ! dress & behavior ( ^? :o took "p4 ,s mu* at lea/ is cle> 9 ! difficult passage1 *4 #aa3b-af4 ,app>5tly ! full equality :i* 0 grant$ to wom5 9 ! ,*ri/ian life l$ ! wom5 ( ! ,cor9?ian congregation to give a k9d ( expression to _! fre$om :i* at lea/ at t "t 0 n seemly4 ,paul detect$ ! dang] & gu>d$ aga9/ x4 ,! lesson always ne$s to be le>n$4 ,h[ev] dignity may be pres]v$ 9 detail1 9 any p>ticul> c\ntry & at any p>ticul> "t1 ! pr9ciple itself %\ld always be borne 9 m9d exactly z ,paul enunciat$ x4 ,at a lat] p]iod 9 ! apo/olic age1 ! s5se ( dignity seems to h f\nd expression 9 a quiet] sort ( religi\s s]vice ?an t :i* prevail$ at ! "t ( ,fir/ ,cor9?ians4 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ,timo?y lays great /ress ^u sobriety & gravity 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! life ( ! ,*ur*4 7#c7 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,love4--,^! two pr9ciples--! pr9ciple ( fre$om & ! pr9ciple ( dignity--are kept ea* 9 its own prop] place only :5 !y are submitt$ to ! gov]nance ( a high] pr9ciple4 ,t high] pr9ciple is love4 ,! ultimate aim ( congregational meet+s1 accord+ to ,paul1 is n ! b5efit ( ! individual1 b ! edification ( ! :ole body1 & ( ! /rang] :o may come 94 ,! man :o has ! pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ian love 9 8 he>t1 z x is gr&ly describ$ 9 ,i ,cor41 *4 #ac1 w nev] pu% himself =w>d 9 ! congregation 9 su* a way z to display 8 own spiritual gifts at ! exp5se ( o!rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he w n be incl9$ to *eck ! op]ations ( ! ,_s2 x is ! ,_s alone :o c conv]t ! /rang]1 x is ! ,_s alone :o c build up ,*ri/ian p 9 ! life ( fai? & hope & love4 ,! pr9ciple ( love is (t5 neglect$ 9 ! mod]n ,*ur*4 ,p say !y w n g to *ur* because !y get no?+ out ( x4 ,no d\bt !y are mi/ak52 no d\bt if !y did g1 ! b5efit w\ld appe> cle>ly 9 ! long run 9 _! own lives4 ,b at any rate !y h ignor$ ! highe/ motive altoge!r4 ,we %\ld g to *ur* n only to obta9 b5efit = ourselves1 b also1 & especially1 to b5efit our bre?r5 by jo9+ ) !m 9 wor%ip1 9 pray] & 9 in/ruction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible2 ,gay=d1 article on ,*ur*2 ,ad5ey1 article on ,wor%ip 79 ,n4,t474 ,*>t]is1 ,! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 pp4 #dd-ij4 ,,lesson ,,xlv ,,! ,,relief ,,( ,,! ,,ne$y ,9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book1 special emphasis 0 laid ^u ! relief ( ! ne$y z x 0 practic$ 9 ! ,j]usalem *ur*4 ,"h x may be well to supplem5t :at 0 !re said by a some:at m detail$ treatm5t ( ! great collection t 0 und]tak5 by ,paul4 ,! exposition w s]ve to illu/rate ! apo/olic pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian giv+4 #a4 ,,! ,,paul9e ,,collection ,,accord+ ,,to ,,fir/ ,,cor9?ians 7#a7 ,! ,beg9n+ 9 ,galatia & 9 ,cor9?4--,writ+ f ,ephesus dur+ 8 long /ay 9 t city1 ,acts #ai3a to #bj3a1 ,paul tells ! ,cor9?ians t he _h already giv5 directions ab\t ! collection to ! *ur*es ( ,galatia1 ,i ,cor4 #af3a2 he _h probably done s ei!r dur+ ! second visit to ,galatia1 ,acts #ah3bc1 or by lett] aft] 8 arrival at ,ephesus4 ,n[1 at any rate1 he asks ! ,cor9?ians--v simply & briefly1 & evid5tly presuppos+ previ\s in=mation on ! "p ( 8 read]s--to prosecute ! collection dur+ 8 abs5ce 9 ord] t :5 he %\ld arrive at ,cor9? ev]y?+ might be ready4 7#b7 ,lay+ 9 ,/ore on ! ,fir/ ,day ( ! ,week4--,! mann] 9 :i* ! collection 0 to be manag$ is exce$+ly int]e/+4 ,^u ! fir/ day ( ! week1 ,paul says1 let ea* "o ( y lay by him 9 /ore1 z he may prosp]4 ,i ,cor4 #af3b4 ,app>5tly no p]man5t *ur* treasury 0 us$ = ! reception ( ! gifts1 e man 0 to save 8 own money at home1 v mu* z private collection b>rels are us$ to-day4 ,! lay+ up ( ! money1 h[ev]1 0 to take place on ! fir/ day ( ! week2 we h "h probably an e>ly trace ( ! ,*ri/ian ,sabba?4 ,p]haps we may conclude t ! act ( giv+ 0 reg>d$ z a "p ( religi\s wor%ip4 ,su* a conclusion is at any rate 9 ?or\gh h>mony ) all t ,paul says ab\t ! collection4 ,"s p seem to feel t ! tak+ ( an (f]+ r m>s ! dignity ( a *ur* s]vice4 ,9 reality x has t effect only if x is execut$ 9 ! wrong _s4 ,*ri/ian giv+ is treat$ by ,paul z a legitimate "p ( ! wor%ip ( ,god4 7#c7 ,! ,delegates ( ! ,cor9?ian ,*ur*4--,:5 ,paul %\ld arrive at ,cor9?1 he 0 to receive ! collection & ei!r s5d or take x to ,j]usalem by ! help ( delegates :om ! ,cor9?ians !mselves %\ld *oose4 ,! purpose ( *oos+ ^! delegates appe>s m pla9ly 9 ,second ,cor9?ians4 #b4 ,,! ,,paul9e ,,collection ,,accord+ ,,to ,,second ,,cor9?ians 7#a7 ,! ,situation4--,aft] ! writ+ ( ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 !re _h foll[$ a p]iod ( s]i\s e/rangem5t betwe5 ,paul & ! ,cor9?ian *ur*4 ,naturally en\gh ! collection suff]$ dur+ ?is p]iod1 z did o!r ,*ri/ian activities4 ,at ! "t ( ,second ,cor9?ians1 p]haps ab\t a ye> aft] ! fir/ lett] _h be5 writt51 ,paul 0 oblig$ to rem9d 8 read]s t al?\gh !y _h begun ! "w ! ye> be=e1 mu* rema9$ /ill to be done4 ,,ii ,cor4 #h3aj2 #i3b4 ,nev]!less1 ,titus1 dur+ 8 rec5t visit to ,cor9?1 :5 ! rep5tance ( ! *ur* _h become manife/1 _h app>5tly be5 able to take ! matt] aga9 9 h&4 ,su* seems to be ! mo/ probable int]pretation ( *4 #h3f2 #ab3ah4 ,if ,titus did take up ! matt] on ! v visit :5 ! rebellion aga9/ ,paul _h be5 only ) difficulty quell$1 t is a /rik+ indication ( ! importance :i* ,paul & 8 associates attribut$ to ! collection4 ,x 0 n a matt] t c\ld wait until "s conv5i5t season2 x _h to be tak5 9 h& vigor\sly1 ev5 p]haps at ! risk ( misund]/&+ & suspicion1 ! v mom5t :5 ,paul's relation to ! *ur* became aga9 tol]ably good4 7#b7 ,c\rtesy ( ,paul4--,l all ( ,paul's managem5t ( money matt]s1 8 treatm5t ( ! collection is *>act]iz$ by admirable delicacy & tact4 ,in/ead ( b]at+ ! ,cor9?ians r\ndly = _! del9qu5cy1 z s _m mod]n organiz]s w\ld h done1 he seeks to w9 !m ov] by wor?i] me?ods4 ,he po9ts1 inde$1 to ! example ( ! ,mac$onian ,*ri/ians1 9 ord] to fire ! zeal ( ! ,cor9?ians2 ! pov]ty ( ! ,mac$onian *ur*es _h n /ood 9 ! way ( _! lib]ality2 !y _h giv5 up to _! p[] & inde$ beyond _! p[]2 !y _h giv51 n ( compulsion1 b will+ly1 d$icat+ !mselves z well z _! goods to ! ,"l4 ,,ii ,cor4 #h3a-e4 ,b ! ,cor9?ians are all[$ to draw _! own conclusion2 ,paul does n =ce x ^u !m4 ,he does n press ! matt] home brutally2 he does n put ! ,cor9?ians to %ame by expressly po9t+ out h[ mu* m g5]\sly ! poor] ,mac$onian ,*ri/ians _h contribut$ ?an !y4 ,inde$ he gives 8 read]s full cr$it2 he c\rte\sly calls _! att5tion to ! fact t x 0 !y :o _h made ! beg9n+1 v4 #aj1 & t he _h be5 able to boa/ ( !m to ! ,mac$onians1 s t _! zeal _h /irr$ up _! ,mac$onian bre?r54 ,*4 #i3a1b4 ,he appeals especially to ! pride t !y ought to feel 9 ! boa/+ :i* ,paul _h v5tur$ ^u 9 _! behalf2 ,paul _h boa/$ to ! ,mac$onians t ,a*aia _h be5 prep>$ = a ye>2 h[ sad an end x w\ld be to su* boa/+ if ,mac$onians %\ld g to ,cor9? ) ,paul & %\ld f9d t ! collection 0 n ready aft] all6 ,paul urges ! ,cor9?ians n to leave any "p ( ! "w until aft] 8 arrival2 if !y d1 !y w put bo? him & !mselves to %ame4 ,vs4 #a-e4 ,) equal delicacy ,paul h9ts t ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,cor9?ians 9 o!r directions ought to be supplem5t$ by ?is grace ( giv+4 ,! ,cor9?ians1 accord+ to ! fir/ epi/le1 _h be5 v pr\d ( _! p[] ( utt]ance & _! k2 to ^! ,paul c n[ add--aft] ! loyalty ( ! *ur* has f9ally be5 e/abli%$--e>ne/ness & love1 ,,ii ,cor4 #h3f-h2 b all ^! excell5ces w be incomplete unless !re is also lib]ality4 ,! ,*ri/ian life mu/ express itself 9 ! simpl] graces1 if ! m conspicu\s activities are to be ( g5u9e value4 7#c7 ,no ,unfair ,burd5s to ,be ,borne4--,! delicacy ( ,paul's treatm5t ( ! matt] is obs]v$ also 9 ,,ii ,cor4 #h3aj-ae2 he is c>eful to expla9 t ! ,cor9?ians are n ask$ to lay unfair burd5s ^u !mselves4 ,!re %\ld be an equality among ,*ri/ians2 x is n[ "t = ! ,cor9?ians to give r ?an to receive1 b if circum/ances %\ld *ange !y might c\nt on ! aid ( _! bre?r54 ,fur!rmore1 no "o %\ld be disc\rag$ if he c give only a little2 if ! read9ess is !re1 x is acceptable accord+ z a man ha?1 n accord+ z he ha? n4 7#d7 ,*e]ful ,giv+4--,paul urges 8 read]s1 inde$1 to be b\ntiful4 ,he t s[e? sp>+ly %all reap also sp>+ly2 & he t s[e? b\ntifully %all reap also b\ntifully4 ,,ii ,cor4 #i3f4 ,b ?is b\ntifulness 0 to be secur$1 n by press+ out ! la/ c5t1 b by promot+ real *e]fulness 9 giv+4 ,let ea* man d accord+ z he ha? purpos$ 9 8 he>t3 n grudg+ly1 or ( necessity3 = ,god love? a *e]ful giv]4 ,! ,paul9e me?od is wise/ 9 ! end4 ,m5 c seldom be bulli$ into lib]ality2 !y w give lib]ally only :5 giv+ becomes1 n a m]e duty1 b a joy4 ,*e]fulness 9 giv+1 moreov]1 possesses a value ( its own1 q aside f ! am\nt ( ! gift2 x is a true expression ( ,*ri/ian communion4 7#e7 ,! ,unity ( ! ,*ur*4--,probably ,paul desir$ to accompli% by ! collection some?+ ev5 m important ?an ! relief ( ! ,j]usalem poor4 ,_m ,pale/9ian ,*ri/ians--n only extreme ,judaiz]s1 b also app>5tly consid]able numb]s among ! rank & file--_h be5 suspici\s ( ! ,g5tile mission4 ,acts #ba3bj1ba4 ,su* suspicions w\ld be allay$ by de$s m effectively ?an by words2 a g5]\s (f]+ = ! poor ( ! ,j]usalem *ur* w\ld %[ t ,jews & ,g5tiles 7 really unit$ 9 ! bonds ( ,*ri/ian love4 ,,ii ,cor4 #i3ab-ad4 7#f7 ,! ,glory ( ,god4--,ultimately1 h[ev]1 ! purpose ( ! collection1 z ( all o!r ,*ri/ian activities1 is to be f\nd1 accord+ to ,paul1 9 ,god4 ,= ! m9i/ration ( ?is s]vice n only fille? up ! measure ( ! wants ( ! sa9ts1 b ab\nde? also ?r\gh _m ?anksgiv+s unto ,god4 ,! unity ( ! ,*ur*1 inspir+ ?\gh x is1 is desir$1 n = its own sake1 b = ! sake ( ! glory ( ,god4 ,by ! simple means ( ! collection1 ,paul hopes to pres5t a unit$ ,*ur*--unit$ 9 ?anksgiv+ & 9 love--z "s poor1 human return to him :o has grant$ u all ! unspeakable gift ( salvation ?r\gh 8 ,son4 7#g7 ,s\nd ,bus9ess ,me?ods4--,! arrangem5ts :i* ,paul made = ! adm9i/ration ( ! gifts are z in/ructive 9 _! way z are ! l(ty pr9ciples t he appli$4 ,9 ord] to avoid base suspicions1 ,,ii ,cor4 #h3bj2 #ab3af-ah1 he det]m9$ t delegates approv$ by ! ,cor9?ians !mselves %\ld c>ry ! gifts to ,j]usalem1 ,i ,cor4 #af3c1d1 & secur$ = ! prosecution ( ! "w 9 ,cor9? m5 :o _h ! full indorsem5t ( ! *ur*es4 ,,ii ,cor4 #h3af-bd4 ,! lesson is wor? le>n+4 ,x w n d to be c>eless ab\t ! money matt]s ( ! ,*ur*2 x w n d to say t ! ,*ur* is above suspicion4 ,l ,paul1 we take ?\ght = ?+s honorable1 n only 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l1 b also 9 ! sight ( m54 ,9 o!r words1 we mu/ be n only honorable 9 manag+ ! money affairs ( ! ,*ur*1 b also demon/rably honorable4 ,to t end s\nd bus9ess me?ods %\ld always be us$4 ,! acc\nts ( ! ,*ur* %\ld be audit$1 n ) less c>e1 b if any?+ ) m c>e1 ?an ^? ( ord9>y bus9ess ent]prises4 #c4 ,,! ,,paul9e ,,collection ,,accord+ ,,to ,,romans ,9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 writt5 f ,cor9? a little aft] ! "t ( ,second ,cor9?ians1 ,paul speaks ( ! collection aga94 ,rom4 #ae3bb-bi1ca4 ,he is on ! po9t ( go+ ) ! gifts to ,j]usalem1 & asks ! ,roman ,*ri/ians to pray t ! m9i/ration ( ! ,g5tiles may be acceptable to ! sa9ts4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t su* pray]s 7 unansw]$2 ,paul 0 cordially receiv$ by ! ,j]usalem ,*ri/ians1 ,acts #ba3ag-bf2 ! tr\ble :i* caus$ 8 arre/ came f non-,*ri/ian ,jews4 #d4 ,,to ,,:om ,,0 ,,relief ,,ext5d$8 7#a7 ,bread? ( ,*ri/ian ,sympa?y4--,! relief ( ! ne$y 9 ! apo/olic ,*ur*1 z x has be5 /udi$ 9 ! pres5t lesson1 conc]n$1 n outsid]s1 b ,*ri/ian bre?r54 ,?is fact c]ta9ly does n mean t ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 n>r[ 9 _! sympa?ies2 !y _h receiv$ f ,jesus ! comm& to love _! enemies1 & ! comm& 0 reit]at$ by ! apo/les4 ,rom4 #ab3bj4 ,!y 7 comm&$1 fur!rmore1 to "w t :i* is good t[>d all m54 ,gal4 #f3aj4 7#b7 ,special ,att5tion to ,*ri/ian ,bre?r54--,!re 7 reasons1 h[ev]1 :y su* good works %\ld be direct$ especially t[>d !m t are ( ! h\sehold ( ! fai?4 7a7 ,! ,special ,rights ( ,bre?r54--,9 ! fir/ place1 !re 0 a g5]al reason1 :i* applies to all ages4 ,?\gh ! ,*ur* has a duty to all m51 x has a special duty to its own memb]s2 = ,*ri/ian p to all[ _! bre?r5 to />ve is z unnatural z = a fa!r to neglect a son1 or a husb& a wife4 ,community 9 ! fai? does create a special bond1 :i* %\ld make itself felt 9 all dep>tm5ts ( life4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t 9 ! matt] ( ! collection ,paul takes altoge!r = grant$ ! "r ( ! poor sa9ts to ! support ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he does n ?9k x wor? :ile to g into details ab\t ! suff]+ ( ! ,j]usalem poor2 he does n attempt to play ^u ! sympa?ies ( 8 read]s2 he does n patroniz+ly repres5t ! recipi5ts ( ! b\nty z paup]s4 ,inde$1 ! ,j]usalem ,*ri/ians1 he tells ! ,romans1 ?\gh !y are receiv+ mat]ial aid1 are n really debtors1 b r cr$itors4 ,if ! ,g5tiles h be5 made p>tak]s ( _! spiritual ?+s1 !y owe x to !m also to m9i/] unto !m 9 c>nal ?+s4 ,rom4 #ae3bg4 ,?is attitude t[>d poor] ,*ri/ians is wor?y ( all emulation4 ,aid to ! bre?r5 is n *>ity1 9 ! degrad$ s5se :i* t f9e ^w has un=tunately assum$1 b a solemn & yet joyful duty4 ,x %\ld nev] be und]tak5 9 a patroniz+ _s1 b 9 a _s ( love t multiplies ! value ( ! gift4 7b7 ,avoidance ( ,idl5ess 9 ! ,*ur*4--,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 ! apo/olic ,*ur* did n enc\rage begg+ or paup]ism4 ,:at ! special reason 0 = ! pov]ty ( ! ,j]usalem *ur* we d n "k4 ,p]haps _m ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ri/ians _h be5 oblig$ to leave _! homes 9 ,galilee & 9 ! ,disp]sion4 ,at any rate1 we may assume t ! pov]ty ( ! *ur* 0 n due to idl5ess4 ,9 ! ,!ssalonian epi/les ,paul takes occasion to w>n 8 conv]ts aga9/ an idle life2 !y are to d _! own bus9ess & "w ) _! h&s2 if any w n "w1 nei!r let him eat4 ,i ,!ss4 #d3aj-ab2 ,,ii ,!ss4 #c3f-ae4 ,c]ta9ly ,paul 0 ! be/ example ( su* dilig5ce2 despite 8 wond]ful gifts & l(ty duties he _h made himself indep5d5t by manual labor4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ,timo?y1 moreov]1 p>ticul> precautions are tak5 aga9/ all[+ ! b\nty ( ! ,*ur* to be abus$4 ,i ,tim4 #e3c-af4 ,! treatm5t ( ! poor 9 ! apo/olic ,*ur* exhibits ev]y:]e an admirable comb9ation ( common s5se ) l(ty idealism4 7c7 ,conditions 9 ! ,apo/olic ,*ur* & ,conditions ,to-day4--,if ! gifts ( ! apo/olic ,*ur* 7 devot$ *iefly to ,*ri/ian bre?r5 r ?an to outsid]s1 t is no ju/ification = su* limitation to-day4 ,9 ! apo/olic age !re 7 special reasons :y ! ,*ur* c\ld n (t5 deal ext5sively ) ! mat]ial ne$s ( ! _w at l>ge4 ,! ,*ur* 0 exce$+ly poor2 _m ( ! conv]ts probably suff]$ s]i\s losses by ! v fact ( _! be+ ,*ri/ians2 "u su* conditions ! fir/ duty 0 obvi\sly at home4 ,conditions to-day are widely diff]5t4 ,! ,*ur* has become weal?y2 %e is well able to ext5d h] m9i/rations f> & wide4 ,only by unlimit$ bread? ( s]vice w %e really be true to ! example ( ,jesus & ( 8 fir/ disciples2 only by univ]sal helpfulness w %e be true to h] great commission4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,uhlhorn1 ,*ri/ian ,*>ity 9 ! ,anci5t ,*ur*4 ,brace1 ,ge/a ,*ri/i1 pp4 #ic-aje4 ,*>t]is1 ,! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 pp4 #ia-abi4 ,,lesson ,,xlvi ,,organiz+ ,,= ,,s]vice ,:atev] ! organization ( a body ( ,*ri/ians may be1 ! body itself is a true bran* ( ! ,*ur* if x consi/s ( ^? :o believe 9 ,*ri/4 ,nev]!less1 if ! ,*ur* is to be m ?an an aggregation ( individuals1 if x is n only to be some?+1 b also to d some?+1 x requires "s sort ( organization4 ,?is fundam5tal ne$ 0 cle>ly recogniz$ 9 ! apo/olic age2 & x 0 met by c]ta9 provisions :i* we believe ought /ill to be foll[$4 ,^! provisions1 h[ev]1 d n am\nt to any?+ l an elaborate con/itution2 !y d n h9d] adaptation to *ang+ conditions4 #a4 ,,eld]s ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,pa/oral ,,epi/les ,9 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 :i* af=d m detail$ in=mation ab\t organization ?an is to be f\nd any:]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! local *ur* is se5 to be intru/$ to a body ( eld]s1 ) :om deacons are associat$4 ,no "o ( ! eld]s1 s f> z c be detect$1 possess$ au?ority at all diff]5t 9 k9d f ! au?ority ( ! o!rs2 all _h ! function ( rul+2 all 7 ov]se]s or bi%ops ( ! *ur*4 ,! functions ( ! eld]s are n describ$ 9 detail2 b evid5tly !y _h a g5]al ov]sight ov] ! affairs ( ! congregation4 ,t is ! mean+ ( ! ^w bi%op z x is appli$ to !m4 ,"s ( !m at lea/ also labor$ 9 ! ^w & 9 tea*+1 b all seem to h be5 alike 9 _! function ( be>+ rule4 #b4 ,,eld]s ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,presbyt]ian ,,=m ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,! simil>ity ( su* an arrangem5t to our own ,presbyt]ian =m ( gov]nm5t is pla94 ,our *ur*es also are gov]n$ n by an individual1 b by a body ( eld]s :o are equal to "o ano!r 9 au?ority4 ,*ang+ conditions h ( c\rse introduc$ elaboration ( ! simple apo/olic model4 ,?us ! tea*+ function1 = example1 :i* 9 apo/olic times 0 p]haps ex]cis$ m or less in=mally by ^? ( ! eld]s :o possess$ ! gifts = x1 is n[ naturally assign$ = ! mo/ "p to m5 :o h receiv$ a special tra9+4 ,^! tea*+ eld]s 9 our *ur* are ! m9i/]s4 ,conditions h become s complex t m5 ( special tra9+1 :o devote _! :ole "t to ! "w ( ! ,*ur*1 are imp]atively requir$4 ,! pa/ors & tea*]s1 ,eph4 #d3aa1 ev5 9 ! apo/olic ,*ur*1 seem to h =m$ a fairly def9ite gr\p4 ,?is class ( gifts is ex]cis$ to-day especially by ! m9i/]s1 ?\gh simil> functions %\ld also be ex]cis$ by o!r memb]s ( ! ,*ur*4 #c4 ,,h[ ,,7 ,,eld]s ,,to ,,be ,,*os58 ,) reg>d to ! gov]nm5t ( ! apo/olic ,*ur* a numb] ( int]e/+ que/ions c nev] be def9itely answ]$4 ,= example1 h[ 7 ! eld]s to be *os58 7#a7 ,sometimes ,appo9t$ by ! ,apo/les4--,su* passages z ,acts #ad3bc2 ,titus #a3e1 d n settle ! "q4 ,accord+ to ! =m] passage1 eld]s 7 appo9t$ 9 ! *ur*es ( s\!rn ,galatia by ,paul & ,b>nabas4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! au?ority ( ! apo/les 0 peculi> & tempor>y4 ,because ! apo/les _h p[] to appo9t eld]s x does n foll[ t any individuals at a lat] "t w\ld possess a simil> p[]4 ,! situation1 at ! "t ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian mission1 0 peculi>2 small bodies ( ,*ri/ians _h j be5 rescu$ f hea!nism2 at fir/ !y w\ld ne$ a k9d ( guidance :i* c\ld aft]w>ds safely be )drawn4 ,accord+ to ,titus #a3e1 ,titus 0 to appo9t eld]s 9 ! *ur*es ( ,crete4 ,b cle>ly ,titus1 l ,timo?y1 0 m]ely a special & tempor>y repres5tative ( ! apo/le ,paul2 = ,titus to appo9t eld]s1 "u ! def9ite direction ( ,paul1 0 no m significant ?an = ,paul to appo9t !m himself4 7#b7 ,! ,"r ( ,congregational ,election4--,on ! :ole1 x may be confid5tly ma9ta9$ t ! ,presbyt]ian me?od ( *oos+ eld]s--namely ! me?od ( election by ! :ole congregation--is m 9 accordance ) ! _s ( apo/olic prec$5t ?an any o!r me?od t has be5 propos$4 ,?r\gh\t ! apo/olic ,*ur*1 ! congregation 0 evid5tly giv5 a v l>ge place 9 all dep>tm5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,! ,j]usalem congregation1 = example1 _h a decisive voice 9 *oos+ ! v fir/ ,*ur* (fic]s :o are kn[n to h be5 add$ to ! apo/les4 ,acts #f3b-f4 ,9 ,!ssalonica & 9 ,cor9? ! :ole congregation 0 active 9 ! matt] ( *ur* discipl9e4 ,,ii ,!ss4 #c3ad1ae2 ,i ,cor4 #e3c-e2 ,,ii ,cor4 #b3f4 ,! :ole congregation 0 also invit$ to *oose delegates = c>ry+ ! gifts ( ! ,cor9?ian *ur* to ,j]usalem4 ,i ,cor4 #af3c4 ,^! are m]ely examples4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 moreov]1 t ! au?ority ( ! congregation 9 ! apo/olic age 0 limit$ by ! au?ority ( ! apo/les1 :i* 0 special & tempor>y2 :5 ! apo/les %\ld be remov$1 ! congregational functions w\ld be increas$4 ,yet ev5 ! apo/les 7 exce$+ly c>eful n to de/roy ! lib]ties ( ! rank & file4 ,n[h]e 9 ! apo/olic ,*ur* 7 ! ord9>y *ur* memb]s treat$ z ?\gh !y 7 )\t rights & )\t responsibilities4 ,inde$1 ev5 :5 ! apo/les appo9t$ eld]s1 !y may h previ\sly asc]ta9$ ! pref]5ces ( ! p4 #d4 ,,! ,,apo/olic ,,prec$5t ,,& ,,dep>tures ,,f ,,x ,! presbyt]ial =m ( *ur* gov]nm5t--t is1 gov]nm5t by a body ( eld]s--:i* is f\nd 9 ! apo/olic age1 diff]s /rik+ly f c]ta9 lat] developm5ts4 ,9 sev]al p>ticul>s1 at lea/1 pr9ciples h become preval5t :i* are at v>iance ) ! apo/olic model4 7#a7 ,! ,mon>*ical ,episcopate4--,! fir/ p>ticul> conc]ns ! relation ( ! *ur* (fic]s to "o ano!r4 ,9 ! apo/olic ,*ur*1 z we h obs]v$1 !re 0 a p>ity among ! eld]s2 ! local congregation 0 gov]n$1 n by an individual1 b by a body4 ,z e>ly1 h[ev]1 z ! fir/ "p ( ! second c5tury1 a *ange _h tak5 place1 at lea/ 9 _m ( ! *ur*es4 ,! supreme au?ority _h come to be held by an individual1 call$ bi%op2 all o!r (fic]s 7 cle>ly subord9ate to him2 ! gov]nm5t ( ! local congregation 0 no long] presbyt]ial1 b mon>*ical2 ! s-call$ mon>*ical episcopate _h be5 =m$4 ,?is /ate ( affairs appe>s cle>ly 9 ! epi/les ( ,ignatius1 :i* 7 writt5 a %ort "t be=e ,a4 ,d4 #aag4 ,b all attempts to f9d traces ( ! mon>*ical episcopate 9 ! apo/olic age h result$ 9 failure4 ,! ,greek ^w episcopos1 :i* is translat$ 9 ! ,engli% ,bible--r mislead+ly1 p]haps--by bi%op1 is appli$1 n to a special (fic] /&+ above ! eld]s1 b simply to ! eld]s !mselves4 ,eld] designates ! (fice2 episcopos designates "o function ( ! (fice4 ,! latt] ^w c\ld h>dly h be5 us$ 9 ?is g5]al way if x _h already acquir$ its te*nical significance4 ,! ef=ts :i* h be5 made to discov] ref]5ces to ! (fice ( bi%op 9 ! apo/olic age are unconv9c+4 ,x is exce$+ly d\btful :e!r ! angels ( ! sev5 *ur*es to :i* messages are s5t 9 ! ,apocalypse are to be reg>d$ z *ur* (fic]s2 & ev5 if !y 7 *ur* (fic]s x is by no means cle> t !y ex]cis$ ! functions ( bi%ops4 ,und\bt$ly ,timo?y & ,titus appe> 9 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les ) functions simil> 9 _m respects to ^? ( bi%ops1 b x is also cle> t !y ex]cis$ ^? functions1 n z (fic]s ( ! ,*ur* :o might h successors1 b m]ely z tempor>y repres5tatives ( ! apo/le ,paul4 7#b7 ,! ,prie/hood ( ! ,cl]gy4--,an ev5 m important div]g5ce f apo/olic conditions conc]ns ! functions ( ! *ur* (fic]s4 ,accord+ to a !ory :i* has become widely preval5t1 c]ta9 (fic]s ( ! ,*ur* are to be reg>d$ z prie/s--t is1 !y are m$iators betwe5 ,god & man4 ,curi\sly en\gh ! ,engli% ^w prie/1 is no?+ b ano!r =m ( ! ^w presbyt]1 :i* means eld]2 presbyt] is only prie/ writ l>ge4 ,9 actual usage1 h[ev]1 prie/ means va/ly m ?an presbyt]2 x designates a man :o repres5ts m5 to ,god & m$iates ,god's actions to m54 ,s und]/ood1 ! t]m is nev] appli$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t to *ur* (fic]s z su*4 ,accord+ to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! only prie/ 79 ! /rict s5se7 "u ! new disp5sation is ,*ri/2 ,*ri/ is ! only m$iator betwe5 ,god & man1 ,i ,tim4 #b3e2 ! high-prie/hood ( ,*ri/ is elaborat$ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,9 ano!r s5se1 inde$1 all believ]s are prie/s1 ,i ,pet] #b3e1i2 ,rev4 #a3f2 #e3aj2 #bj3f2 all h ! "r ( direct access to ,god2 all are devot$ to a holy s]vice4 ,! idea ( a special prie/hood 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* is /rik+ly at v>iance ) ! apo/olic tea*+4 7#c7 ,apo/olic ,succession4--,ano!r po9t ( v>iance conc]ns ! mann] 9 :i* ! (fic]s ( ! ,*ur* %\ld receive _! au?ority4 ,by a !ory preval5t 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& & 9 ! ,prote/ant ,episcopal ,*ur* 9 ,am]ica z well z 9 ! ,greek & ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*es1 ! au?ority ( ! cl]gy has be5 receiv$ ?r\gh an unbrok5 l9e ( transmission f ! apo/les2 ! imm$iate successors ( ! apo/les receiv$ ! "r ( h&+ d[n ! commission to o!rs1 & s on ?r\gh ! c5turies2 )\t an ord9ation d]iv$ 9 ?is way no "o c be a rul] 9 ! true ,*ur*2 & )\t submission to su* regul>ly orda9$ rul]s no body ( p]sons c con/itute a bran* ( ! true ,*ur*4 ,?is !ory places a trem5d\s p[] 9 ! h&s ( a def9ite body ( p]sons ^: moral qualifications = wield+ t p[] are (t5 m ?an d\btful4 ,surely s /up5d\s a claim c be made good only by ! cle> pron\ncem5t ( a recogniz$ au?ority4 ,su* a pron\ncem5t is n to be f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce to %[ t ! apo/les provid$ = a transmission ( _! au?ority ?r\gh a succession ( p]sons4 ,on ! contr>y1 _! au?ority seems to h be5 special & tempor>y1 l ! miracul\s p[]s ) :i* !y 7 end[$4 ,! regul> *ur* (fic]s :o 7 appo9t$ 9 ! apo/olic age evid5tly possess$ no apo/olic au?ority2 h[ev] *os51 !y 7 ess5tially repres5tatives ( ! congregation4 ,a true bran* ( ! ,*ur* c\ld exi/1 at lea/ 9 !ory1 )\t any (fic]s at all1 :]ev] true believ]s 7 toge!r2 ! ,*ur* did n dep5d ^u ! (fic]s1 b ! (fic]s ^u ! ,*ur*4 #e4 ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,congregations ,,to ,,"o ,,ano!r ,s f>1 ! organization ( ! apo/olic ,*ur* has be5 consid]$ only 9 s f> z x conc]n$ ! individual congregation2 a ^w mu/ n[ be said ab\t ! relation ( ! congregations to "o ano!r4 ,t relation1 9 ! apo/olic age1 0 und\bt$ly v close4 ,! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 9 p>ticul>1 give an impression ( active int]c\rse among ! *ur*es4 ,! ,!ssalonian ,*ri/ians became an ensample to all t believe 9 ,mac$onia & 9 ,a*aia2 ! /ory ( _! conv]sion became kn[n 9 e place4 ,i ,!ss4 #a3g-aj4 ,9 ! matt] ( ! collection1 ,mac$onia /irr$ up ,a*aia1 & ,a*aia ,mac$onia4 ,,ii ,cor4 #h3a-f2 #i3a-d4 ,! fai? ( ! ,roman ,*ri/ians 0 proclaim$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w4 ,rom4 #a3h4 ,judea he>d ( ! mission>y labors ( ,paul1 ,gal4 #a3ba-bd2 fell[%ip betwe5 ,jews & ,g5tiles 0 ma9ta9$ by ! collection = ! ,j]usalem sa9ts4 ,evid5tly ! apo/olic ,*ur* 0 animat$ by a /rong s5se ( unity4 ,?is feel+ ( unity 0 ma9ta9$ especially by ! in/rum5tality ( ! apo/les1 :o1 ) _! help]s1 travel$ f "o congregation to ano!r1 & ex]t$ a unify+ au?ority ov] all4 ,c]ta9ly !re 0 no?+ l a univ]sal ,*ur* c\ncil2 ,*ri/ian fell[%ip 0 ma9ta9$ 9 a ?or\ghly in=mal way4 ,9 ord] t su* fell[%ip %\ld be p]man5t1 h[ev]1 !re w\ld obvi\sly be an increas+ ne$ = "s sort ( (ficial union among ! congregations4 ,:5 ! apo/les pass$ away1 _! place w\ld h to be tak5 by repres5tative assemblies2 increas+ complexity ( life br\ght increas+ ne$ ( organization4 ,! repres5tative assemblies ( our own ,*ur*1 !re=e1 meet an obvi\s ne$2 & bo? 9 _! free1 repres5tative "* & 9 _! unify+ purpose x may fairly be claim$ t !y are true to ! _s ( ! apo/olic age4 #f4 ,,pr9ciples ,! apo/olic prec$5t ) reg>d to organization %\ld always be foll[$ 9 _s z well z 9 =m4 ,?ree pr9ciples1 especially1 are to be obs]v$ 9 ! ,*ur* organization ( ! apo/olic age4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re 0 consid]able fre$om 9 details4 ,no ,*ri/ian :o _h gifts ( any k9d 0 ord9>ily prev5t$ f ex]cis+ !m4 ,9 ! second place1 !re 0 respect = ! con/itut$ au?ority1 :atev] x might be4 ,su* respect1 moreov]1 0 n bl9d devotion to a rul+ class1 b ! respect :i* is ennobl$ by love4 ,f9ally1 9 ,*ur* organization1 z 9 all ! affairs ( life1 :at 0 reg>d$ z really ess5tial 0 ! pres5ce ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,:5 ,timo?y laid 8 h&s ^u a new eld]1 ! act signifi$ ! be/[al (1 or ! pray] =1 div9e favor4 ,?is la/ lesson1 especially1 ne$s to be le>n$ to-day4 ,)\t ! grace ( ,god1 ! be/ ( ,*ur* organizations is m]e ma*9]y )\t p[]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,davis1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 articles on ,eld]1 ,deacon1 ,deaconess1 ,lay+ on ( ,h&s4 ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,gay=d1 article on ,*ur*2 ,gwatk91 article on ,*ur* ,gov]nm5t 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age4 ,lightfoot1 ,! ,*ri/ian ,m9i/ry1 9 ,sa9t ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,philippians1 pp4 #aha-bfi1 & 9 ,diss]tations on ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #ace-bch4 ,*>t]is1 ,! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 pp4 #a-dc1 #acj-agj1 #bje-bci4 ,falcon]1 ,f ,apo/le to ,prie/4 ,mac,pherson1 ,presbyt]ianism 79 ,h&books = ,bible ,classes74 ,,lesson ,,xlvii ,a ,,mission ,,= ,,! ,,_w #a4 ,,judaism ,,& ,,*ri/ianity ,9 tea*+ ! lesson 9 class1 x might be well simply to review ! pr9cipal /eps 9 ! geographical ext5sion ( ! apo/olic ,*ur*4 ,?is geographical advance1 h[ev]1 0 made possible only by an advance 9 pr9ciples :i* %\ld n be ignor$4 ,! really great /ep 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian mission 0 n ! progress f ,j]usalem to ,antio*1 or f ,antio* to ,asia ,m9or & to ,greece1 b ! progress f a national to a univ]sal religion4 ,judaism1 despite its mission>y activity1 always id5tifi$ ! ,*ur* m or less closely ) ! nation2 x 0 a di/9ctly national religion4 ,full union ) x meant ! ab&onm5t ( "o's own racial & national relation%ips4 7#a7 ,limitations ( ,judaism4--,! national "* ( ,judaism 0 an insurm\ntable h9drance to ! ,jewi% mission4 ,despite ! h9drance1 x is true1 ,judaism a*iev$ important conque/s2 x won _m adh]5ts ?r\gh\t ! ,greco-,roman _w4 ,^! mission>y a*ievem5ts und\bt$ly =m an eloqu5t te/imony to ! p[] ( ,israel's fai?2 despite ^? features ( ,jewi% cu/om :i* 7 repulsive to ! ,g5tile m9d1 ! belief 9 ! "o true ,god & ! l(ty e?ical ideal ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures possess$ an irresi/ible attraction = _m e>ne/ s\ls4 ,nev]!less1 s long z ,jewi% mono!ism & ,jewi% e?ics 7 c5t]$ altoge!r 9 ! life ( a v peculi> p1 !y c\ld nev] really succe$ 9 w9n+ ! nations ( ! _w4 7#b7 ,app>5t ,id5tity ( ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity4--,at fir/ x look$ z ?\gh ,*ri/ianity 7 to %>e 9 ! limitation2 x look$ z ?\gh ! disciples ( ,jesus =m$ m]ely a ,jewi% sect4 ,und\bt$ly !y w\ld br+ ! ,jewi% p to a l(ti] fai? & to a pur] life2 !y w\ld !mselves become bett] & nobl] ,jews2 b ,jews !y w\ld app>5tly always rema94 7#c7 ,! ,great ,transition4--,be=e _m ye>s _h pass$1 h[ev]1 ! limitation 0 glori\sly transc5d$4 ,*ri/ianity 0 no long] b\nd to ,judaism4 ,x became a religion = ! _w1 )9 ^: capaci\s bord]s !re 0 room = e nation & e race4 ,h[ 0 ! transition accompli%$8 ,x 0 n accompli%$ by any contemptu\s repudiation ( ! age-long exclusiv5ess ( ,israel4 ,su* repudiation w\ld h involv$ ! discr$it+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & to ! ,old ,te/am5t ! ,*ur* 0 int5sely loyal4 ,jewi% p>ticul>ism _h be5 ord]$ ( ,god2 ! ,scriptures 7 full ( w>n+s aga9/ any m+l+ ( ! *os5 p ) its neighbors4 ,jehovah _h made ( ,israel a p alone2 he _h plant$ x 9 an inaccessible hill c\ntry1 remote f ! great curr5ts ( ! _w's ?\ght & life2 he _h pres]v$ its sep>at5ess ev5 amid ! *ang+ =tunes ( captivity & w>4 ,salvation 0 to be f\nd only 9 ,israel2 ,israel 0 ! *os5 p4 ,! ,*ur* nev] ab&on$ ?is view ( ,israeliti% hi/ory4 ,yet = h]self %e transc5d$ ! p>ticul>ism t x involv$4 ,%e did s 9 a v simple way--m]ely by recogniz+ t a new era _h begun4 ,9 ! old era1 p>ticul>ism _h a rightful place2 x 0 no m]e prejudice1 b a div9e ord9ance4 ,b n[1 9 ! age ( ! ,messiah1 p>ticul>ism _h giv5 place to univ]salism2 ! religion ( ,israel _h become a religion ( ! _w4 ,:at _h =m]ly be5 "r _h n[ become wrong2 ,god himself _h u%]$ 9 a new & m glori\s disp5sation4 ,p>ticul>ism1 9 ! div9e economy1 _h s]v$ a tempor>y1 ?\gh b5efic5t1 purpose2 ,god _h sep>at$ ,israel f ! _w 9 ord] t ! preci\s deposit ( ,israel's fai?1 pure ( all hea!n alloy1 might f9ally be giv5 freely to all4 ,! recognition ( ?is wond]ful new disp5sation ( ,god 0 accompli%$ 9 two ways4 #b4 ,,! ,,div9e ,,guidance ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 accompli%$ by ! direct comm& ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,! fir/ prea*+ to ,g5tiles 0 und]tak5 n because ! mission>ies und]/ood :y x %\ld be done1 b simply because ,god comm&$4 7#a7 ,philip4--,= example1 :5 ,philip prea*$ to ! ,e?iopian--:o 0 n 9 ! /ricte/ s5se a memb] ( ! ,jewi% p--he 0 act+ n 9 accordance ) any reflection ( 8 own--a des]t road 0 a v unlikely place = mission>y s]vice--b "u ! pla9 & palpable guidance ( ! ,_s4 ,:at is emphasiz$ 9 ! :ole n>rative is ! /range1 unacc\ntable "* ( ,philip's movem5ts2 evid5tly 8 actions at su* a "t 7 n op5 to criticism2 :at ,philip did ,god did2 if ,philip prea*$ to an outsid]1 su* prea*+ 0 ,god's w4 ,acts #h3bf-dj4 7#b7 ,cornelius4--,9 ! case ( ! conv]sion ( ,cornelius & 8 fri5ds1 ,acts #aj3a to #aa3ah1 ! div9e w>rant 0 j z pla94 ,bo? ,cornelius & ,pet] act$ altoge!r 9 accordance ) ,god's guidance4 ,on ! h\setop1 ,pet]'s scruples 7 unmi/akably ov]come4 ,:at ,god ha? cleans$1 he 0 told1 make n ?\ common4 ,pet] did n fully compreh5d ! /range comm& t he %\ld eat :at ! law =bade1 & x 0 n expla9$ to him2 b at lea/ ! comm& 0 a comm& ( ,god1 & mu/ c]ta9ly be obey$4 ,! mean+ ( ! vision became cle> :5 ,cornelius' h\se 0 ent]$2 a ,g5tile _h evid5tly be5 grant$ ! (f] ( ! gospel4 ,god 0 no respect] ( p]sons4 ,f9ally ! ,holy ,_s fell on all ! ,g5tiles :o he>d ! message2 !y spake ) tongues z ! disciples _h done at ! fir/4 ,t 0 ! cr[n+ manife/ation ( ,god's w4 ,!re 0 no reason to wait = circumcision or union ) ! p ( ,israel4 ,c any man =bid ! wat]1 said ,pet]1 t ^! %\ld n be baptiz$1 :o h receiv$ ! ,holy ,_s z well z we8 ,acts #aj3dg4 ,all opposition 0 brok5 d[n2 only "o conclusion 0 possible2 ! ,j]usalem ,*ri/ians glorifi$ ,god1 say+1 ,!n to ! ,g5tiles also ha? ,god grant$ rep5tance unto life4 ,acts #aa3ah4 7#c7 ,! ,grace ( ,god 9 ! ,g5tile ,mission4--,sc>cely less palpable 0 ! div9e guidance 9 ! subsequ5t developm5ts ( ! ,g5tile mission4 ,aft] ! mom5t\s /ep ( c]ta9 unnam$ ,jews ( ,cyprus & ,cyr5e1 :o f\nd$ ! *ur* at ,antio*1 ,b>nabas _h no difficulty 9 recogniz+ ! grace ( ,god4 ,acts #aa3bc4 ,n suspicion1 b only gladness1 0 9 place4 ,:5 ,paul & ,b>nabas return$ f ! fir/ ,g5tile mission1 !y c\ld report to ! ,antio* *ur* t ,god _h pla9ly op5$ a door ( fai? unto ! ,g5tiles4 ,*4 #ad3bg4 ,if ,god _h op5$1 :o c\ld close8 ,at ! apo/olic c\ncil1 9 ! v face ( bitt] opposition1 ! same great argum5t 0 us$4 ,! mission>ies simply rehe>s$ all ?+s t ,god _h done ) !m1 *4 #ae3d1 especially :at signs & wond]s ,god _h wr\ght among ! ,g5tiles ?r\gh !m4 ,v4 #ab4 ,!re 0 only "o ?+ to be done2 ! ,g5tile mission mu/ be accept$ ) gladness z a gift ( ,god2 he t wr\ght = ,pet] unto ! apo/le%ip ( ! circumcision wr\ght = ,paul also unto ! ,g5tiles1 ,gal4 #b3h2 ,james & ,pet] & ,john c\ld recognize1 bo? 9 ! ,g5tile mission & 9 ! inn] life ( ! *ief mission>y1 ! pla9e/ possible manife/ation ( ! grace ( ,god4 ,v4 #i4 #c4 ,,reasons ,,= ,,g5tile ,,fre$om ,! ,*ur* transc5d$ ! b\nds ( ,judaism1 !n1 prim>ily because ( a direct comm& ( ,god4 ,su* comm&s mu/ be obey$ :e!r !y are und]/ood or n4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ,god did n leave ! matt] 9 su* an unsatisfactory /ate2 he reveal$ n only 8 w1 b also ! reason = x2 he %[$ n only t ! ,g5tiles mu/ be receiv$ into ! ,*ur*1 b also :y !y mu/ be receiv$4 ,! ess5ce ( ! gospel _h dem&$ ,g5tile fre$om f ! beg9n+2 ! ju/ification ( t fre$om at ! b> ( reason1 !re=e1 br\ght a cle>] und]/&+ ( ! gospel itself4 ,two contra/s1 at lea/1 enabl$ ! ,*ur* to expla9 ! reason :y ! ,g5tiles c\ld be sav$ )\t becom+ ,jews4 ,! fir/ 0 ! contra/ betwe5 fai? & works1 betwe5 grace & ! law2 ! second 0 ! contra/ betwe5 ! type & ! ?+ typifi$4 ,! =m] 0 reveal$ especially to ,paul2 ! latt] to ! au?or ( ,hebrews4 7#a7 ,! ,law & ,grace4--,salvation ?r\gh ,*ri/1 accord+ to ,paul1 is an absolutely free gift4 ,x _c be e>n$2 x mu/ simply be receiv$4 ,9 o!r words1 x comes n by works1 b by fai?4 ,! law ( ,god1 on ! o!r h&1 ( :i* ! ,mosaic law 0 ! cle>e/ embodim5t1 (f]s a diff]5t means ( obta9+ ,god's favor4 ,x simply pres5ts a s]ies ( comm&m5ts1 & (f]s salvation on condition t !y be obey$4 ,b ! tr\ble is1 ! comm&m5ts1 s9ce ! fall1 _c be obey$2 ev]yone has incurr$ deadly guilt ?r\gh 8 disob$i5ce2 ! p[] ( ! fle% is too /rong4 ,at t po9t1 h[ev]1 ,god int]v5$4 ,he (f]$ ,*ri/ z a sacrifice = s9 t all believ]s might h a fre% />t2 & he be/[$ ! ,_s ( ! liv+ ,*ri/ t all might h /r5g? to lead a new life4 ,b ,*ri/ w d ev]y?+ or no?+4 ,a man mu/ take 8 *oice4 ,!re are only two ways ( obta9+ salvation--! p]fect keep+ ( ! law1 or ! simple1 unconditional acceptance ( :at ,*ri/ has done4 ,! fir/ is exclud$ because ( s92 ! second has become a glori\s reality 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,if1 h[ev]1 salvation is ?r\gh ! free gift ( ,*ri/1 !n ! law religion has be5 sup]s$$4 ,all ^? features ( ! law :i* 7 int5d$ to make ! law palpable1 z a set ( ext]nal rules1 are abrogat$4 ,! ,*ri/ian1 inde$1 p]=ms ! w ( ,god--9 ! deepe/ s5se ,*ri/ianity only confirms ! law--b he p]=ms x1 n by slavi% ob$i5ce to a complex ( ext]nal comm&m5ts1 b by will+ submission to ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,( c\rse1 ! religion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 n1 accord+ to ,paul1 purely a law religion2 on ! contr>y ,paul quotes ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 support ( fai?4 ,b !re 0 a law elem5t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & ! law s]v$ m]ely a tempor>y1 ?\gh b5efic5t1 purpose4 ,x 0 int5d$ to deep5 ! s5se ( s9 & hopelessness1 9 ord] t f9ally salvation might be s\ght n 9 man's way b 9 ,god's4 ,! new ord] at l5g? has come2 9 ,*ri/ we are free m51 & %\ld nev] return to ! =m] bondage4 ,! middle wall ( p>tition has be5 done away2 ! ord9ances ( ! law no long] sep>ate ,jew & ,g5tile2 all alike h access ?r\gh "o ,savi\r unto ,god1 all alike receive p[] ?r\gh ! ,holy ,_s to live a life ( hol9ess & love4 7#b7 ,! ,type & ! ,fulfillm5t4--,! contra/ :i* 0 work$ out 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 0 especially a contra/ betwe5 ! sign & ! ?+ signifi$4 ,! c]emonial law1 :i* _h sep>at$ ,jew f ,g5tile1 0 int5d$ to po9t =w>d to ,*ri/2 & n[ t ! fulfillm5t has come1 :at fur!r ne$ is !re ( ! old types & symbols8 ,*ri/ is ! great ,high ,prie/2 by him all alike c ent] into ! holy place4 7#c7 ,! ,mean+ ( ! ,gospel4--,! transition f ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity1 ) all ! difficulties ( t transition1 l$ f9ally to a deep] und]/&+ ( ! gospel4 ,x %[$ once = all t ! salvation ( ! ,*ri/ians is a free gift4 ,j z ,i am1 )\t "o plea b t ?y blood 0 %$ = me--^! words are a good summ>y ( ! result ( ! ,judai/ic controv]sy4 ,! transition %[$1 fur!rmore1 :at _h really be5 felt f ! beg9n+1 t ,*ri/ 0 ! "o & all-suffici5t ,"l4 ,:5 he 0 pres5t1 no o!r prie/1 & no o!r sacrifice 0 requir$4 ,t is ! truly mission>y gospel--! gospel t w f9ally conqu] ! _w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,orr1 ,neglect$ ,factors 9 ! ,/udy ( ! ,e>ly ,progress ( ,*ri/ianity & ,! ,e>ly ,*ur*4 ,george ,smi?1 ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ,missions 79 ,h&books = ,bible ,classes74 ,,lesson ,,xlviii ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,ideal ,,( ,,p]sonal ,,morality ,9 treat+ ! lesson = to-day1 ! tea*] w be emb>rass$ by ! weal? ( 8 mat]ial4 ,x is important1 !re=e1 t ! *ief purpose ( ! lesson %\ld n be lo/ amid a mass ( details4 ,t *ief purpose is ! pres5tation ( ,*ri/ianity z some?+ t has a v def9ite & imm$iate be>+ ^u daily life4 ,*ri/ianity is fir/ ( all a piece ( good news1 a record ( some?+ t has happ5$2 b ! effect ( x1 if x be s9c]ely receiv$1 is always manife/ 9 holy liv+4 #a4 ,,! ,,example ,,( ,,jesus ,9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book1 little attempt 0 made at detail$ analysis ( ! apo/olic ideal4 ,! defect %\ld be suppli$ by c>eful att5tion to ! ,topics = ,/udy1 & also1 if possible1 by ! treatm5t ( ! lesson 9 class4 ,fir/ ( all1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be obs]v$ h[ naturally ! apo/olic pres5tation ( ! ideal gr[s out ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,! advance :i* revelation made aft] ! close ( ,jesus' e>?ly m9i/ry conc]n$ ! full] explanation ( ! means by :i* ! moral ideal is to be atta9$ r ?an additional exposition ( ! ideal itself4 ,t does n mean t ! apo/les did no m1 9 ! field ( e?ics1 ?an quote ! words ( ,jesus2 inde$ !re seem to be surpris+ly few direct quotations ( ! words ( ,jesus 9 ! apo/olic writ+s2 ! e?ical tea*+ ( ! apo/olic ,*ur* 0 no m]e me*anical repetition ( words1 b a pr(\nd application ( pr9ciples4 ,nev]!less ! tea*+ ( ,jesus 0 absolutely fundam5tal2 )\t an exam9ation ( x1 ! moral life ( ! apo/olic ,*ur* _c be fully und]/ood4 7#a7 ,! ,inexorabl5ess ( ! ,law4--,jesus _h insi/$1 = example1 ^u ! inexorabl5ess ( ! law ( ,god4 ,to ! keep+ ( ,god's comm&m5ts ev]y?+ else mu/ be sacrific$4 ,if ?y "r eye cause? !e to /umble1 pluck x out1 & ca/ x f !e3 = x is pr(itable = !e t "o ( ?y memb]s %\ld p]i%1 & n ?y :ole body be ca/ into hell4 ,matt4 #e3bi4 ,9 ?is respect ! apo/les 7 true disciples ( _! ,ma/]4 ,! ,*ri/ian1 !y insi/$1 mu/ be absolutely ru?less2 he mu/ be will+ to sacrifice ev]y?+ he has = moral purity4 ,?is ru?lessness1 h[ev]1 ?is ?or\ghgo+ devotion to moral purity1 did n mean 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 any m ?an 9 t ( ! apo/les1 t "u ord9>y conditions ! ,*ri/ian ought to )draw f ! simple pleasures t ! _w (f]s4 ,jesus himself took 8 place freely at fea/s2 s f> 0 he f lead+ a /]n1 ascetic life t 8 enemies c\ld ev5 accuse him ( be+ a w9ebibb] & a fri5d ( publicans & s9n]s4 ,! fidelity ) :i* ! apo/les foll[$ ?is "p ( _! ,ma/]'s example has be5 po9t$ out 9 ! ,/ud5t's ,text ,book4 ,! enjoyable ?+s ( ! e>? are n evil 9 !mselves2 !y are to be receiv$ ) ?anksgiv+ z gifts ( ! heav5ly ,fa!r1 & !n d$icat$ to 8 s]vice4 7#b7 ,! ,morality ( ! ,he>t4--,fur!rmore1 ,jesus1 z well z 8 apo/les1 emphasiz$ ! inw>dness ( ! moral law4 ,"h aga9 ! apo/olic ,*ur* 0 fai?ful to ,jesus' tea*+4 ,! seat ( s9 0 plac$ by ! apo/les 9 ! v c5t] ( a man's life2 ! fle% & ! ,_s wage _! w>f>e 9 ! battle field ( ! he>t4 ,see1 = example1 ,gal4 #e3af-bd4 #b4 ,,contra/s ,! %>p diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian life & ! life ( ! _w 0 set =? 9 ! apo/olic tea*+ by means ( v>i\s contra/s4 7#a7 ,dea? & ,life4--,9 ! fir/ place1 !re 0 ! contra/ betwe5 dea? & life4 ,! man ( ! _w1 accord+ to ! apo/les1 is n m]ely ill2 he is morally & spiritually dead4 ,col4 #b3ac2 ,eph4 #b3a1e4 ,!re is no hope = him 9 8 old exi/5ce2 t exi/5ce is m]ely a dea? 9 life4 ,b ,god is ,"o :o c raise ! dead2 & z he rais$ ,jesus f ! tomb on ! ?ird day1 s he raises ^? :o belong to ,jesus f ! deadness ( _! s9s2 he implants 9 !m a new life 9 :i* !y c br+ =? fruits unto ,god4 ,a moral miracle1 accord+ to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 /&s at ! beg9n+ ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce4 ,t miracle 0 call$ by ,jesus himself1 z well z by ! apo/les1 a new bir? or reg5]ation4 ,x is no "w ( man2 only ,god c raise ! dead4 ,see ,john #a3ac2 #c3a-ba2 ,i ,john #b3bi2 ,i ,pet] #a3c1bc4 7#b7 ,d>kness & ,light4--,! contra/ betwe5 d>kness & light1 also1 0 common to ! tea*+ ( ,jesus & t ( 8 apo/les4 ,x appe>s p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john1 b !re are also cle> traces ( x 9 ! ,synopti/s1 ,matt4 #e3ad-af2 ! righte\s are ! sons ( ! light4 ,luke #af3h4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ! apo/les ! contra/ appe>s 9 _m =ms4 ,ye are all sons ( light1 said ,paul1 & sons ( ! day3 we are n ( ! night1 nor ( d>kness2 s !n let u n sleep1 z d ! re/1 b let u wat* & be sob]4 ,i ,!ss4 #e3e1f4 ,ye 7 once d>kness1 b are n[ light 9 ! ,"l3 walk z *ildr5 ( light4 ,eph4 #e3h4 ,god has call$ u out ( d>kness into 8 m>vell\s light4 ,i ,pet] #b3i4 ,! contra/ s]ves admirably to repres5t ! hone/y & op5ness & cleanness ( ! true ,*ri/ian life4 7#c7 ,fle% & ,_s4--,an ev5 m important contra/ is ! contra/ ( fle% & ,_s1 :i* is exp\nd$ especially by ,paul4 ,fle% 9 ?is connection means some?+ m ?an ! bodily side ( human nature2 x means human nature z a :ole1 s f> z x is n subject$ to ,god4 ,_s also means some?+ m ?an might be suppos$ on a sup]ficial exam9ation4 ,x does n mean ! spiritual1 z di/+ui%$ f ! mat]ial1 side ( human nature2 b ! ,holy ,_s1 ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,! w>f>e1 !re=e1 betwe5 ! fle% & ! ,_s1 :i* is m5tion$ s (t5 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 is a w>f>e betwe5 s9 & ,god4 ,! fle%1 accord+ to ,paul1 is a mighty p[]1 :i* is too /rong = ! human w4 ,x is impossible = ! natural man to keep ! law ( ,god4 ,i "k1 says ,paul1 t 9 me1 t is1 9 my fle%1 dwelle? no good ?+3 = to w is pres5t ) me1 b to d t :i* is good is n4444 ,i f9d !n ! law1 t1 to me :o w\ld d good1 evil is pres5t4 ,= ,i delight 9 ! law ( ,god aft] ! inw>d man3 b ,i see a diff]5t law 9 my memb]s1 w>r+ aga9/ ! law ( my m9d1 & br++ me into captivity "u ! law ( s9 :i* is 9 my memb]s4 ,rom4 #g3ah1ba-bc4 ,9 ?is recognition ( ! p[] ( s9 9 human life1 ,paul has laid 8 f+] ^u "o ( ! deepe/ facts 9 human exp]i5ce4 ,! way ( escape1 h[ev]1 has be5 provid$2 s9 has be5 conqu]$ 9 two aspects4 ,x has be5 conqu]$1 9 ! fir/ place1 9 its guilt4 ,)\t t conque/1 ev]y?+ else w\ld be useless4 ,! dreadful subjection to ! p[] ( s91 :i* becomes s abundantly pla9 9 evil habit1 0 itself a puni%m5t = s92 be=e ! effect c be de/roy$1 ! guilt :i* caus$ x mu/ be remov$4 ,x has be5 remov$ by ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/4 ,*ri/ has di$ = u1 ! ,j = ! unju/2 ?r\gh 8 dea? we h a fre% />t1 9 ! favor ( ,god1 ) ! guilty pa/ wip$ out4 ,s9 has be5 conqu]$1 9 ! second place1 9 its p[]4 ,toge!r ) ! v implant+ ( fai? 9 our he>ts1 ! ,holy ,_s has giv5 u a new life1 a new p[]1 by :i* we c p]=m ! works ( ,god4 ,a mighty w>f>e1 inde$1 is yet be=e u2 b x is f\ght ) ! ,_s's help1 & by ! ,_s x w f9ally be won4 7#d7 ,! ,old ,man & ! ,new4--,z ! contra/ betwe5 ! fle% & ! ,_s 0 conc]n$ ) ! causes ( ! ,*ri/ian's escape f s91 s ! contra/ n[ to be consid]$ is conc]n$ ) ! effects ( t escape4 ,! ,*ri/ian1 accord+ to ,paul1 has become a new man 9 ,*ri/2 ! old man has be5 de/roy$4 ,! ,g5tiles1 he says1 are d>k5$ 9 _! und]/&+1 & ali5at$ f ,god4 ,eph4 #d3ag-ai4 ,b ye did n s le>n ,*ri/2 if s be t ye he>d him1 & 7 taught 9 him1 ev5 z tru? is 9 ,jesus3 t ye put away1 z conc]n+ y\r =m] mann] ( life1 ! old man1 t waxe? corrupt aft] ! lu/s ( deceit2 & t ye be r5ew$ 9 ! _s ( y\r m9d1 & put on ! new man1 t aft] ,god ha? be5 creat$ 9 righte\sness & hol9ess ( tru?4 ,vs4 #bj-bd4 ,comp>e ,col4 #c3e-aa4 ,?is putt+ on ( ! new man is includ$ 9 :at ,paul else:]e calls putt+ on ,*ri/4 ,gal4 #c3bg2 ,rom4 #ac3ad4 ,! true ,*ri/ian has clo!d himself ) ,*ri/2 ! l9eam5ts ( ! old s9ful nature h be5 trans=m$ into ! bless$ features ( ! ,ma/]2 look ^u ! ,*ri/ian1 & :at y see is ,*ri/6 ,?is *ange has be5 wr\ght by ,*ri/ himself2 x is no long] ,i t live1 says ,paul1 b ,*ri/ live? 9 me2 ,*ri/ f9ds expression 9 ! life ( ! ,*ri/ian4 ,x is notewor?y1 h[ev]1 t ! putt+ on ( ,*ri/1 :i* 9 ,gal4 #c3bg is repres5t$ z an accompli%$ fact1 is 9 ,rom4 #ac3ad inculcat$ z a duty4 ,x has be5 accompli%$ already 9 pr9ciple--9 8 sacrificial dea?1 ,*ri/ has already tak5 our place 9 ! sight ( ,god--b ! practical realization ( x 9 conduct is ! lifelong task :i* e e>ne/ disciple1 aid$ by ! ,holy ,_s1 mu/ prosecute ) might & ma94 #c4 ,,! ,,new ,,man ,details 9 ! "* ( ! new man1 z !y are reveal$ 9 ! apo/olic writ+s1 c "h be treat$ only v briefly4 7#a7 ,hone/y4--,c]ta9ly ! ,*ri/ian1 accord+ to ! apo/les1 mu/ be hone/4 ,hone/y is ! f\ndation ( ! virtues2 )\t x ev]y?+ else is bas$ ^u ! s&4 ,no?+ c\ld exce$ ! f9e scorn :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t heaps ^u any?+ l hypocrisy or deceit4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,james1 9 p>ticul>1 is a plea = pr(\nd reality 9 all dep>tm5ts ( life4 ,away ) all deceit6 ,! ,*ri/ian life is to be liv$ 9 ! full blaze ( ,god's sunlight4 ,_m h\rs c\ld be occupi$ 9 ! class ) ! applications ( hone/y "u mod]n conditions4 ,/ud5t life1 = example1 is full ( temptations to di%one/y4 ,to say no?+ ( out-&-out *eat+1 !re are a hundr$ ways 9 :i* ! f9e edge ( honor c be blunt$4 ,9 bus9ess life1 also1 temptations are _m2 & inde$ no "o c really escape ! te/4 ,! apo/olic example des]ves to be borne 9 m9d2 ,*ri/ian hone/y ought to be m ?an ! hone/y ( ! _w4 7#b7 ,purity4--,9 ! second place1 ! apo/olic ,*ur* pres5ts an ideal ( purity1 purity 9 ?\ght z well z 9 ^w & de$4 ,! ideal mu/ h seem$ /range to ! degrad$ populations ( ,cor9? & ,ephesus2 b x is also sadly ne$$ to-day4 ,let u n deceive ourselves4 ,he :o w\ld hold fell[%ip ) ,*ri/ mu/ put away impurity2 ,*ri/ is ! holy ,"o4 ,purity1 h[ev]1 is to be atta9$ n by unaid$ human ef=t1 b by ! help ( ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,! ,holy ,_s1 if he be admitt$ to ! he>t1 w purge x ( unclean ?\ghts4 7#c7 ,pati5ce & ,brav]y4--,9 ! ?ird place1 pati5ce & humility are prom95t 9 ! ,*ri/ian ideal4 ,^! virtues are c\pl$1 h[ev]1 ) ! mo/ vigor\s brav]y4 ,!re is no?+ weak or sickly or s5tim5tal ab\t ! ,*ri/ian "*4 ,wat* ye1 /& fa/ 9 ! fai?1 quit y l m51 be /rong4 ,i ,cor4 #af3ac4 7#d7 ,love4--,! summation ( ! ,*ri/ian ideal is love4 ,love1 h[ev]1 is m ?an a b5evol5t desire4 ,x includes purity & h]oism z well z helpfulness4 ,9 ord] to love 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se1 "o mu/ atta9 unto a fullgr[n man1 unto ! measure ( ! /ature ( ! fulness ( ,*ri/4 ,eph4 #d3ac4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible3 ,/rong1 article on ,e?ics 7,,ii74 ,kilpatrick1 ,*ri/ian ,"*4 ,bruce1 ,! ,=mation ( ,*ri/ian ,"*4 ,lu?>dt1 ,apologetic ,lectures on ! ,moral ,tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,,lesson ,,xlix ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,human ,,relation%ips #a4 ,,! ,,problem ,two app>5tly contradictory features appe> 9 ! life ( ! apo/olic ,*ur*4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re 0 an int5se o!r-worldl9ess2 ! ,*ri/ians 7 reg>d$ z citiz5s ( a heav5ly k+dom4 ,9 ! second place1 !re 0 c>eful att5tion to ! v>i\s relation%ips ( ! pres5t life2 no man 0 excus$ f homely duty4 ,! two sides ( ! picture appe> 9 ! %>pe/ colors 9 ! life ( ! apo/le ,paul4 ,no "o emphasiz$ m /rongly ?an he ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian life ) ref]5ce to ! _w2 all ,*ri/ians1 :e!r _! worldly /ation be high or l[1 are alike 9 ! sight ( ,god2 ! ,*ur* op]ates ) entirely new /&>ds ( value4 ,yet on ! o!r h&1 9 8 actual deal+ ) ! affairs ( ?is _w ,paul obs]v$ ! mo/ delicate tact2 & 9 all hi/ory x is difficult to f9d a man ) pr(\nd] natural affections4 ,:]e is !re1 = example1 a m passionate expression ( patriotic feel+ ?an t :i* is to be f\nd 9 ,rom4 #i3c8 ,i c\ld wi% t ,i myself 7 ana!ma f ,*ri/ = my bre?r5's sake1 my k9sm5 accord+ to ! fle%4 ,on ! "o h&1 !n1 ! apo/olic ,*ur* reg>d$ all e>?ly di/9ctions z tempor>y & second>y1 & yet on ! o!r h& ^? same di/9ctions 7 v c>efully obs]v$4 ,! app>5t contradiction br+s be=e u ! great "q ( ! attitude ( ,*ri/ianity t[>d human relation%ips4 ,?is "q may be answ]$ 9 "o ( ?ree ways4 #b4 ,,! ,,worldly ,,solution ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! worldly answ]4 ,! ,*ri/ian f9ds himself 9 a _w :]e 8 "t & 8 ?\ghts seem to be fully occupi$ by :at lies ne> at h&4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,god may n be d5i$1 b practically1 9 ! /ress ( m obvi\s duties1 ,god is left out ( acc\nt4 7#a7 ,practical ,*ri/ianity4--,9 its crude =m1 ( c\rse1 :]e x involves m]e engrossm5t 9 selfi% pleasure1 ?is answ] to our "q h>dly ne$s refutation4 ,obvi\sly ! ,*ri/ian _c devote himself to worldly enjoym5t2 a c>d9al virtue ( ! ,*ri/ian is self-d5ial4 ,worldl9ess 9 ! ,*ur*1 h[ev]1 may be tak5 9 a wid] s5se2 x has (t5 assum$ v allur+ =ms4 ,at ! pres5t day1 = example1 x (t5 repres5ts itself z ! only true1 ! only practical k9d ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is (t5 said t true religion is id5tical ) social s]vice1 t ! s]vice ( "o's fell[ m5 is always wor%ip ( ,god4 ,?is ass]tion involves a depreciation ( dogma 9 ! int]e/s ( practical ,*ri/ianity2 x makes no diff]5ce1 x is said1 :at a man believes1 provid$ only he engages 9 ! improvem5t ( liv+ conditions & ! promotion ( fair] laws4 7#b7 ,?is ,_w ,is ,n ,all4--,?is t5d5cy 9 ! ,*ur* really makes religion a ?+ ( ?is _w only4 ,und\bt$ly1 mu* good is be+ accompli%$ by social work]s :o h giv5 up belief 9 hi/oric ,*ri/ianity2 b x is good t does n g to ! root ( ! matt]4 ,suppose we h improv$ conditions on ?is e>?1 suppose m m5 h heal?y employm5t & an abundance ( worldly goods4 ,ev5 s ! ?\ght ( dea? _c be bani%$4 ,is ! totality ( man's happ9ess limit$ to a brief span ( life2 are we aft] all b creatures ( a day8 ,or is !re an et]nal life beyond ! grave1 ) inf9ite possibilities ( good or evil8 ,jesus & 8 apo/les & ! :ole ( ! apo/olic ,*ur* adopt$ ! latt] alt]native4 7#c7 ,! ,secul>ization ( ,religion4--,we lay our f+] "h ^u "o ( ! po9ts :]e ! mod]n ,*ur* is 9 dang] ( dep>t+ mo/ fundam5tally f ! apo/olic model4 ,religion is 9 s]i\s dang] ( be+ secul>iz$2 t is1 ( be+ reg>d$ z conc]n$ m]ely ) ?is life4 ,! only corrective is ! recov]y ( ! old conception ( ,god4 ,god is n m]ely ano!r "n = ! highe/ aspirations ( m51 he is n m]ely ! summation ( ! social =ces :i* are work+ = human bett]m5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 he is a liv+ ,p]son1 work+ 9 ! _w1 b also et]nally indep5d5t ( x4 ,y c "w = ! worldly b5efit ( y\r fell[ m5 )\t com+ into any sav+ contact ) ,god2 x does make a va/ diff]5ce :at y believe2 x makes all ! diff]5ce betwe5 dea? & life4 7#d7 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,jesus & ( ! ,apo/les4--,only "o-sid$ read+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t c f9d support = ! opposite view4 ,jesus said1 ,inasmu* z ye did x unto "o ( ^! my bre?r51 ev5 ^! lea/1 ye did x unto me1 ,matt4 #be3dj2 b ! same ,jesus also said1 ,if any man come? unto me1 & hate? n 8 own fa!r1 & "m1 & wife1 & *ildr51 & bre?r51 & si/]s1 yea1 & 8 own life also1 he _c be my disciple4 ,luke #ad3bf4 ,! giv+ ( a cup ( cold wat]1 :i* receives ! bless+ ( ,jesus1 is done = "o ( ^! little ones 444 9 ! "n ( a disciple4 ,matt4 #aj3db4 ,evid5tly ! good works ( ! ,*ri/ian are n indep5d5t ( ! attitude ( ! do] t[>d ,jesus & t[>d ,god2 ,jesus reg>ds ! p]sonal relation betwe5 himself & 8 disciples z "o :i* takes prec$5ce ( ev5 ! holie/ ( e>?ly ties4 ,f> m conv9c+1 h[ev]1 ?an any citation ( def9ite passages is ! :ole _s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t tea*+2 evid5tly bo? ,jesus & 8 e>ly disciples _h _! lives det]m9$ by ! ?\ght ( ! liv+1 p]sonal ,god1 holy & my/]i\s & indep5d5t ( ! _w4 ,social s]vice exi/s = ! sake ( ,god1 n ,god = ! sake ( social s]vice4 ,! rev]sal ( ?is relation%ip is "o ( ! mo/ di/ress+ t5d5cies ( ! pres5t day2 a /udy ( ! apo/olic ,*ur* may br+ a return to sanity & humility4 #c4 ,,! ,,ascetic ,,solution ,! second answ] to our "q is ! answ] ( ascetics ( _m diff]5t k9ds4 ,accord+ to ?is answ]1 ! relation%ip ( ! ,*ri/ian to ,god on ! "o h&1 & 8 relation%ip to 8 fell[ m5 on ! o!r1 are 9 competition4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ord] to /r5g!n ! =m]1 ! latt] mu/ be brok5 (f4 ,9 its extreme =m1 ?is way ( ?9k+ leads to ! h]mit ideal1 to ! belief t ! less a man has to d ) 8 fell[ m5 ! m he has to d ) ,god4 ,su* conceptions are n always s un9flu5tial z we are incl9$ to ?9k1 ev5 9 our ,prote/ant *ur*es4 ,mona/icism is n inde$ consi/5tly c>ri$ out1 b x is (t5 pres5t 9 _s & 9 pr9ciple4 ,"s excell5t ,*ri/ians seem to feel t :ole-he>t$1 natural int]e/ 9 e>?ly fri5ds is disloyalty to ,*ri/1 t all m5 mu/ be treat$ alike1 t admission ( "o man into ! dep?s ( ! he>t m fully ?an ano!r is contr>y to ! univ]sality ( ! gospel4 ,by su* m51 individuals are n treat$ z p]sons1 ) a value ( _! own1 b m]ely z opportunities = ,*ri/ian s]vice4 7#a7 ,?is ,solution ,defeats ,its ,own ,end4--,x is evid5t1 9 ! fir/ place1 t su* an attitude defeats its own aim4 ,evid5tly ! p[] ( a ,*ri/ian work] dep5ds p>tly at lea/ ^u 8 int]e/ 9 individuals4 ,x w n d1 = example1 = ! tea*]s 9 ?is c\rse to let _! /ud5ts say1 ,! tea*] loves ,*ri/ supremely1 b he has no int]e/ 9 me4 ,evid5tly ! p[] ( influ5c+ our fell[ m5 is l>gely increas$ by an intimate p]sonal relation%ip2 if we are to s]ve ,*ri/ by br++ m5 to 8 feet1 !n we ought n to dissolve b r to /r5g!n ! bonds ( simple affection :i* unite u to our human fri5ds4 7#b7 ,?is ,solution ,is ,oppos$ to ,apo/olic ,example4--,! example ( ! apo/olic ,*ur* po9ts 9 ! same direction2 we h already notic$ ! int5sity ( natural affection :i* 0 display$ ev5 by a man s ?or\ghly & h]oically devot$ to ,*ri/ian s]vice z 0 ! apo/le ,paul4 ,?is example might well be supplem5t$1 & supplem5t$ mo/ emphatically ( all by ! example :i* lies at ! basis ( all ( ! apo/olic ,*ur*--! example ( ,jesus himself4 ,if any man might h be5 alo( f 8 fell[ m51 x 0 ,jesus1 yet z a matt] ( fact1 he pla9ly _h 8 e>?ly fri5ds4 #d4 ,,! ,,true ,,solution ,! true solution ( ! problem is f\nd 9 consecration4 ,human relation%ips are n to be made ! sole aim ( life2 nei!r are !y to be de/roy$2 b !y are to be consecrat$ to ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,love = ,god "u normal conditions comes into no competition ) love = man1 because ,god takes a place 9 ! life :i* c nev] be fill$ by any human fri5d2 by lopp+ (f human fri5d%ips we are n devot+ ourselves m fully to ,god1 b m]ely becom+ less effici5t s]vants ( him4 #e4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,social ,,s]vice ,consecration ( human relation%ips to ,god does n involve any depreciation ( :at is kn[n to-day z social s]vice4 ,on ! contr>y x gives to social s]vice its necess>y basis & motive p[]4 ,only :5 ,god is rememb]$ is !re an et]nal outlook 9 ! bett]m5t ( human lives2 ! improvem5t ( social conditions1 :i* gives ! s\ls ( m5 a fair *ance in/ead ( keep+ !m /unt$ & balk$ by pov]ty & disease1 is se5 by him :o believes 9 a future life & a f9al judgm5t & heav5 & hell to h value n only = "t1 b also = et]nity1 n only = man1 b also = ! inf9ite ,god4 7#a7 ,society or ! ,individual8--,x is sometimes reg>d$ z a reproa* t old-fa%ion$1 evangelical ,*ri/ianity makes its fir/ appeal to ! individual4 ,! success ( c]ta9 evangeli/s has occasion$ consid]able surprise 9 "s qu>t]s4 ,ev]yone kn[s1 x is said1 t ! social gospel is ! really effective mod]n ag5cy2 yet "s evangeli/s ) only ! v crude/ possible social program are accompli%+ important & b5efic5t results6 ,! lesson may well be le>n$1 & x %\ld nev] be =gott54 ,despite ! importance ( social re=ms1 ! fir/ purpose ( true ,*ri/ian evangelism is to br+ ! individual man cle>ly & consci\sly into ! pres5ce ( 8 ,god4 ,)\t t1 all else is ( b tempor>y value2 ! human race is compos$ ( individual s\ls2 ! be/ ( social edifices w crumble if all ! mat]ials are faulty4 7#b7 ,e ,man ,%\ld ,fir/ ,correct ,8 ,own ,faults4--,! true attitude ( ! ,*ri/ian t[>d social in/itutions c be le>n$ cle>ly f ! example ( ! apo/olic ,*ur*4 ,! fir/ lesson t ! e>ly ,*ri/ians le>n$ :5 !y fac$ ! ord9>y duties ( life 0 to make ! be/ ( ! in/itutions t 7 already exi/+4 ,!re 0 no?+ directly revolution>y ab\t ! apo/olic tea*+4 ,%>p rebuke1 inde$1 0 direct$ aga9/ ! covet\sness ( ! ri*4 ,b ! significant fact is t su* d5unciations ( weal?y m5 7 address$ to ! weal?y m5 !mselves & n to ! poor4 ,9 ! apo/olic ,*ur*1 e man 0 made to "k 8 own faults1 n ! faults ( o!r p4 ,! ri* 7 rebuk$ = _! covet\sness & selfi%ness2 b ! poor 7 comm&$1 ) j z mu* vehem5ce1 to labor = _! own support4 ,if any w n "w1 said ,paul1 nei!r let him eat4 ,,ii ,!ss4 #c3aj4 ,9 %ort1 apo/olic ,*ri/ianity s\ght to remove ! evils ( an unequal di/ribution ( weal?1 n by a viol5t upris+ ( ! poor aga9/ ! ri*1 b by *ang+ ! he>ts ( ! ri* m5 !mselves4 ,mod]n re=m movem5ts are (t5 v diff]5t2 b x _c be said t ! apo/olic me?od is altoge!r antiquat$4 7#c7 ,! ,ennobl+ ( ,exi/+ ,in/itutions4--,c]ta9ly ! apo/olic me?od has be5 extraord9>ily successful2 x has accompli%$ f> m ?an c\ld h be5 accompli%$ by a viol5t re=m movem5t4 ,a good example is af=d$ by ! in/itution ( slav]y4 ,"h1 if any:]e1 we might seem to h an in/itution :i* 0 contr>y to ! gospel4 ,yet ,paul s5t back a runaway slave to 8 ma/]1 & evid5tly )\t ! slighte/ hesitation or compunction4 ,t action 0 a consi/5t c>ry+ out ( ! pr9ciple t a ,*ri/ian man1 in/ead ( seek+ an imm$iate *ange 9 8 social position1 0 fir/ ( all to le>n to make ! be/ ( :atev] position 0 8 already4 ,let ea* man abide 9 t call+ :]e9 he 0 call$4 ,wa/ ?\ call$ be+ a bonds]vant8 c>e n = x3 nay1 ev5 if ?\ can/ become free1 use x r4 ,= he t 0 call$ 9 ! ,"l be+ a bonds]vant1 is ! ,"l's fre$man3 likewise he t 0 call$ be+ free1 is ,*ri/'s bonds]vant4 ,ye 7 b\ght ) a price2 become n bonds]vants ( m54 ,bre?r51 let ea* man1 :]e9 he 0 call$1 !re9 abide ) ,god4 ,i ,cor4 #g3bj-bd4 ,! fre$om ( ! ,*ri/ian1 9 o!r words1 is entirely indep5d5t ( fre$om 9 ?is _w2 a slave c be j z free 9 ! high]1 spiritual s5se z 8 e>?ly ma/]4 ,9 ?is way ! position ( ! slave 0 ennobl$2 evid5tly ! relation ( ,onesimus to ,philemon 0 expect$ to af=d bo? slave & ma/] g5u9e opportunity = ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian "* & = ! p]=mance ( ,*ri/ian s]vice4 7#d7 ,! ,sub/itution ( ,good ,in/itutions = ,bad4--,9 ! long run1 h[ev]1 su* conceptions 7 b\nd to ex]t a p]vasive influ5ce ev5 ^u e>?ly in/itutions4 ,if ,philemon really adopt$ ! ,*ri/ian attitude t[>d "o :o 0 n[ m ?an a s]vant1 a bro!r belov$ 9 ,*ri/1 !n 9 ! c\rse ( "t he w\ld naturally desire to make ev5 ! outw>d relation%ip con=m m p]fectly to ! inw>d spiritual fact4 ,! f9al result w\ld naturally be emancipation2 & su* 0 ! actual process 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,slav]y1 moreov]1 is only an example2 a ho/ ( o!r imp]fect social in/itutions h simil>ly be5 modifi$ or remov$4 ,:at a _w ( progress1 = example1 is conta9$ 9 ,gal4 #c3bh3 ,!re c be nei!r ,jew nor ,greek1 !re c be nei!r bond nor free1 !re c be no male & female2 = ye are all "o man 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,n battles & revolutions1 ! tak+ ( cities & ! pull+ d[n ( empires1 are ! really great ev5ts ( hi/ory1 b r ! enunciation ( great pr9ciples su* z ?is4 ,ye are all "o man 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus--^! words ) o!rs l !m h mov$ armies l puppets1 & w f9ally trans=m ! face ( ! _w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,r4 ,e4 ,?ompson1 ,de ,civitate ,dei4 ,! ,div9e ,ord] ( ,human ,society4 ,cl[1 ,*ri/ 9 ! ,social ,ord]4 ,cunn+ham1 ,*ri/ianity & ,social ,que/ions4 ,s*midt1 ,! ,social ,results ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,,lesson ,l ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,intellect #a4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,culture ,! la/ two lessons h emphasiz$ ! duty ( consecration4 ,! enjoym5t ( simple1 physical bless+s1 ! opportunities af=d$ by e>?ly relation%ips1 are all to be devot$ to ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,exactly ! same pr9ciple mu/ be appli$ 9 ! lesson = to-day4 ,if physical heal? & /r5g? & ! companion%ip ( human fri5ds may be made useful 9 ! ,*ri/ian life1 surely ! same ?+ is true ( intellectual gifts4 ,! mo/ p[]ful ?+ t a man possesses is ! p[] ( 8 m9d4 ,brute =ce is comp>atively useless2 ! really great a*ievem5ts ( mod]n times h be5 accompli%$ by ! intellect4 ,if ! pr9ciple ( consecration is true at all--if x be true t ,god desires1 n ! de/ruction ( human p[]s1 b ! prop] use ( !m--!n surely ! pr9ciple mu/ be appli$ 9 ! intellectual sph]e4 ,! field %\ld n be limit$ too n>r[ly2 ) ! purely logical & acquisitive faculties ( ! m9d %\ld be includ$ ! imag9ation & ! s5se ( beauty4 ,9 a ^w1 we h to d to-day ) ! relation betwe5 culture & ,*ri/ianity4 ,= ! mod]n ,*ur* !re is no great] problem4 ,a mighty civilization has be5 built up 9 rec5t ye>s1 :i* to a consid]able ext5t is out ( relation to ! gospel4 ,great intellectual =ces :i* are rampant 9 ! _w are griev\sly p]plex+ ! ,*ur*4 ,! situation calls = e>ne/ intellectual ef=t on ! "p ( ,*ri/ians4 ,mod]n culture mu/ ei!r be refut$ z evil1 or else be made helpful to ! gospel4 ,s great a p[] _c safely be ignor$4 7#a7 ,! ,obscuranti/ ,solution4--,"s m5 9 ! ,*ur* are incl9$ to *oose a simple way out ( ! difficulty2 !y are incl9$ to reject ! :ole ( mod]n culture z ei!r evil or wor?less2 ?is wisdom ( ! _w1 !y ma9ta91 mu/ be des]t$ = ! div9e fooli%ness ( ! gospel4 ,und\bt$ly su* a view conta9s an elem5t ( tru?1 b 9 its entirety x is impracticable4 ,! a*ievem5ts ( mod]n culture are be+ made useful = ! spread ( ! gospel by ! v advocates ( ! view n[ 9 "q2 ^! a*ievem5ts1 !re=e1 _c be altoge!r ! "w ( ,satan4 ,x is inconsi/5t to use ! pr9t+ press1 ! railroad1 ! telegraph 9 ! propagation ( our gospel & at ! same "t d5\nce z evil ^? activities ( ! human m9d by :i* ^! inv5tions 7 produc$4 ,inde$1 mu* ( mod]n culture1 f> f be+ ho/ile to ,*ri/ianity1 has really be5 produc$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,su* ,*ri/ian elem5ts %\ld n be de/roy$2 ! :eat %\ld n be root$ up ) ! t>es4 7#b7 ,! ,worldly ,solution4--,if1 h[ev]1 ! ,*ri/ian man is 9 dang] ( adopt+ a negative attitude t[>d mod]n culture1 ( )draw+ f ! _w into a sort ( unheal?y1 mod]niz$1 intellectual mona/]y1 ! opposite dang] is ev5 m s]i\s4 ,! mo/ s]i\s dang] is ! dang] ( be+ s mu* engross$ 9 ! wond]ful a*ievem5ts ( mod]n sci5ce t ! gospel is altoge!r =gott54 7#c7 ,! ,true ,solution4--,! true solution is consecration4 ,mod]n culture is a /umbl+block :5 x is reg>d$ z an end 9 itself1 b :5 x is us$ z a means to ! s]vice ( ,god x becomes a bless+4 ,und\bt$ly mu* ( mod]n ?9k+ is ho/ile to ! gospel4 ,su* ho/ile elem5ts %\ld be refut$ & de/roy$2 ! re/ %\ld be made subs]vi5t2 b no?+ %\ld be neglect$4 ,mod]n culture is a mighty =ce2 x is ei!r helpful to ! gospel or else x is a deadly enemy ( ! gospel4 ,= mak+ x helpful nei!r :olesale d5unciation nor :olesale acceptance is 9 place2 c>eful discrim9ation is requir$1 & su* discrim9ation requires intellectual ef=t4 ,!re lies a supreme duty ( ! mod]n ,*ur*4 ,pati5t /udy %\ld n be ab&on$ to ! m5 ( ! _w2 m5 :o h really receiv$ ! bless$ exp]i5ce ( ! love ( ,god 9 ,*ri/ mu/ seek to br+ t exp]i5ce to be> ^u ! culture ( ! mod]n _w1 9 ord] t ,*ri/ may rule1 n only 9 all nations1 b also 9 e dep>tm5t ( human life4 ,! ,*ur* mu/ seek to conqu] n only e man1 b also ! :ole ( man4 ,su* intellectual ef=t is really necess>y ev5 to ! ext]nal advancem5t ( ! k+dom4 ,m5 _c be conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity s long z ! :ole ( _! ?9k+ is dom9at$ by ideas :i* make acceptance ( ! gospel logically impossible2 false ideas are ! greate/ ob/acles to ! reception ( ! gospel4 ,& false ideas _c be de/roy$ )\t intellectual ef=t4 ,su* ef=t is inde$ ( itself insuffici5t4 ,no man 0 ev] argu$ into ,*ri/ianity2 ! r5ew+ ( ! ,holy ,_s is ! really decisive ?+4 ,b ! ,_s works :5 & h[ he w1 & he *ooses to employ ! intellectual activities ( ,*ri/ian p 9 ord] to prep>e = 8 graci\s com+4 #b4 ,,! ,,apo/olic ,,example ,abundant support = :at has j be5 said may be discov]$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! apo/olic ,*ur*4 ,paul's spee* at ,a!ns1 = example1 %[s h[ ! ,*ri/ian prea*] exhibit$ ! connection betwe5 ! gospel & ! religi\s aspirations ( ! "t4 ,?is l9e ( ?\ght1 x is true1 0 m]ely prelim9>y2 ! ma9 ?+ ) :i* ! apo/les 7 conc]n$ 0 ! pres5tation & explanation ( ! gospel itself4 ,su* pres5tation & explanation1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly requir$ intellectual ef=t2 & ! ef=t 0 n avoid$4 ,! epi/les ( ,paul are full ( pr(\nd ?9k+2 only sup]ficiality c ignore ! apo/olic use ( ! intellect4 7#a7 ,*ri/ianity ,bas$ ,^u ,facts4--,! fundam5tal reason :y ?is intellectual activity 0 s prom95t 9 ! apo/olic age is t ! apo/les ?\ght ( ,*ri/ianity z bas$ ^u facts4 ,mod]n ,*ri/ians sometimes *]i% a diff]5t notion4 ,a false anti!sis is n[ sometimes set up betwe5 belief & practice2 ,*ri/ianity1 x is said1 is n a doctr9e1 b a life4 ,9 reality1 ,*ri/ianity is n only a doctr9e1 b nei!r is x only a life2 x is bo?4 ,x is1 z has be5 well said1 a life because x is a doctr9e4 ,:at is *>act]i/ic ( ,*ri/ianity is n s mu* t x holds up a l(ty e?ical ideal z t x provides ! p[] by :i* ! ideal is to be realiz$4 ,t p[] proce$s f ! great facts ^u :i* ,*ri/ian belief is f\nd$1 especially ! bless$ facts ( ,*ri/'s aton+ dea? & triumphant resurrection4 ,:]e belief 9 ^! facts has be5 lo/1 ! ,*ri/ian life may seem to proce$ = a "t z be=e1 b x proce$s only z a locomotive runs aft] ! /eam has be5 %ut (f2 ! mom5tum is soon lo/4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,*ri/ianity is bas$ ^u facts1 x _c d )\t ! use ( ! m9d2 :atev] may be said ( m]e emotions1 facts _c be receiv$ )\t employm5t ( ! reason4 ,*ri/ian fai? is inde$ m ?an intellectual2 x involves rejoic+ 9 ! he>t & acceptance by ! w1 b ! intellectual elem5t 9 x c nev] be remov$4 ,we _c tru/ 9 ,*ri/1 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se1 unless we are conv9c$ t he liv$ a holy life :5 he 0 on e>?1 t he claim$ ju/ly to be div9e1 t he di$ on ! cross1 & t he rose aga9 f ! dead4 7#b7 ,*ri/ianity ,involves ,!ology4--,fur!rmore1 ,*ri/ian fai? involves n only a b>e acceptance ( ^! facts1 x involves also "s explanation ( !m4 ,t explanation c nev] be complete2 ! gospel conta9s my/]ies 9 ! pres5ce ( :i* only wond]+ rev]5ce is 9 place2 b "s explanation !re mu/ be4 ,x is q useless1 = example1 to "k m]ely t a holy man1 ,jesus1 di$ on ! cross2 x is ev5 useless to "k t ! ,son ( ,god came to e>? & di$ 9 t way4 ,! dea? ( ,*ri/ has mean+ = u only because x 0 a dea? = our s9s2 ! /ory ( ! cross becomes a gospel only :5 ! bless$ mean+ ( x is expla9$4 ,! explanation ( t mean+ =ms ! subject ( a l>ge "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! apo/olic ,*ur* _h none ( our mod]n av]sion to !ology4 ,x is "t = u to return to ! apo/olic example4 ,m]e bu/l+ philan?ropy w nev] conqu] ! _w4 ,! real spr+s ( ! ,*ur*'s p[] lie 9 an inw>d1 spiritual realm2 !y c be rea*$ only by g5u9e m$itation4 ,! eigh? *apt] ( ,romans has be5 neglect$ long en\gh2 neglect ( x is br++ deadly weakness4 ,in/ead ( adapt+ h] message to ! *ang+ fa%ions ( ! "t1 ! ,*ur* %\ld seek to und]/& ! message itself4 ,! ef=t w n be easy2 9 a practical age1 hone/ ?9k+ is h>d4 ,b ! results w be pla94 ,p[] lies 9 ! deep ?+s ( ,god4 7#c7 ,! ,duty ( ,e ,man4--,! great intellectual duty ( ! mod]n ,*ur* is n conf9$ to a few m5 ( s*ol>ly ta/es4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! simple/ ,*ri/ian may h 8 "p2 :at is ne$$ fir/ ( all is common s5se4 ,by an unheal?y s5tim5talism1 old-fa%ion$ /udy has be5 discr$it$4 ,if ,god is speak+ 9 ! ,bible1 surely ! logical ?+ = u to d is to he>4 ,yet mod]n ,*ri/ians are /rangely neglectful ( ?is simple duty4 ,bible /udy is reg>d$ z ( less importance ?an social s]vice2 improvem5t ( e>?ly conditions is pref]r$ to acqua9tance ) ,god's ,^w4 ,! evil may easily be correct$1 & x may be correct$ fir/ ( all by ! old-fa%ion$ read+ ( ! ,bible4 ,t requires intellectual ef=t--!re is no use 9 turn+ ! pages if ! m9d is else:]e--b ! ef=t c be made by ! pla9 man z well z by ! s*ol>4 ,simple acqua9tance ) ! ,bible facts by ! rank & file ( ! ,*ur* w accompli% z mu* z any?+ else t[>d meet+ ! argum5ts ( oppon5ts4 ,by le>n+ :at ,*ri/ianity is1 we %all be able1 almo/ unconsci\sly1 to refute :at c be said aga9/ x4 #c4 ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,! ,,tru? ,?is intellectual ef=t1 h[ev]1 %\ld nev] be sep>at$ f practice4 ,! be/ way to fix tru? 9 ! m9d is to practice x 9 life4 ,if our /udy tea*es u t ,god is holy1 let u hate s9 z ,god hates x4 ,if we le>n t ,god is lov+1 let u love our fell[ m5 z ,god loves !m4 ,if ! ,bible tells u ( ! salvation (f]$ by ,*ri/1 let u accept x ) a holy joy1 & live 9 ! p[] ( x day by day4 ,t is ! true practical ,*ri/ianity1 a ,*ri/ianity t is bas$ solidly ^u facts4 ,conduct goes h& 9 h& ) doctr9e2 love is ! si/] ( tru?4 #d4 ,,god ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,tru? ,! ultimate ,s\rce ( all tru?1 z ( all love1 is ,god4 ,! k = :i* we are plead+ c nev] result 9 pride1 = x is a k t ,god gives1 & a k consecrat$ at e po9t to ,god's s]vice4 ,presumptu\s reliance ^u human wisdom comes f k t ignores "p ( ! facts2 true sci5ce leads to humility4 ,if we accept all o!r facts1 b ignore ! supreme fact ( ,god's love 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 !n ( c\rse our k w be "o-sid$4 ,x may succe$ 9 produc+ creature com=ts2 x may improve ! ext]nal conditions ( life ^u ?is e>?2 x may af=d purely intellectual pleasure2 b x w nev] reveal ! really important ?+s4 ,?is "o-sid$ k is :at ,paul 0 speak+ ( 9 ,i ,cor4 #a3ba :5 he said t ! _w ?r\gh its wisdom knew n ,god4 ,! true wisdom takes acc\nt ( ! fooli%ness ( ,god's message1 & f9ds t t fooli%ness is wis] ?an m54 ,! true wisdom ( ! gospel is reveal$ only ?r\gh ! ,holy ,_s2 only ! ,_s ( ,god c reveal ! ?+s ( ,god4 ,)\t ! ,_s1 ! human m9d becomes hopeless 9 dismal error2 x is ! ,_s ( tru? :o %$s ! true light ov] our pa?4 ,o grant u light1 t we may "k ,! wisdom ,?\ alone can/ give2 ,t tru? may guide :]e'er we g1 ,& virtue bless :]e'er we live4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,patton1 ,a ,summ>y ( ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e4 ,gre5e1 ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e4 ,a4 ,a4 ,hodge1 ,outl9es ( ,!ology & ,popul> ,lectures on ,!ological ,!mes4 ,,lesson ,,li ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,hope ,,& ,,! ,,pres5t ,,possession ,a type ( religi\s ef=t has become preval5t to-day :i* is direct$ *iefly to ! pres5t life2 ! improvem5t ( worldly conditions is (t5 reg>d$ z ! *ief end ( man4 ,all su* t5d5cies are /rik+ly at v>iance ) apo/olic ,*ri/ianity4 ,! apo/olic ,*ur* 0 int5sely o!r-worldly4 ,! *ief gift t ! apo/les (f]$ 0 n a bett] & m com=table life 9 ?is _w1 b an entrance into heav54 #a4 ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,only ! great outl9es ( ! ev5ts connect$ ) ! end ( ! _w are reveal$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,m9ute details _c be discov]$ except by an excessively lit]al me?od ( int]pretation1 :i* is n really 9 accord ) ! mean+ ( ! apo/olic writ]s4 ,"s h suppos$1 = example1 t !re are to be two resurrections1 fir/ a resurrection ( ! ,*ri/ian dead & long aft]w>ds a resurrection ( o!r m52 expectation ( a ?\s&-ye> reign ( ,*ri/ ^u e>? has be5 widely preval5t4 ,su* beliefs are n to be lightly reject$1 s9ce !y are bas$ ^u an int]pretation ( c]ta9 ,new ,te/am5t passages :i* is n altoge!r devoid ( plausibility2 b on ! :ole !y are at lea/ d\btful 9 view ( o!r passages1 & especially 9 view ( ! true nature ( prophecy4 ,god has reveal$1 n details to satisfy our curiosity1 b c]ta9 basal facts :i* %\ld det]m9e our lives4 ,^? basal facts1 connect$ ) ! end ( ! _w1 are a second com+ ( ,*ri/1 a resurrection ( ! dead1 a f9al judgm5t1 an et]nity ( puni%m5t = ! wick$ & ( bless+ = ^? :o h tru/$ 9 ,*ri/4 ,x is n ma9ta9$ t ^! facts /& absolutely alone2 c]ta9ly !y are fully expla9$1 at lea/ 9 _! spiritual significance2 b ! dev\t ,bible-read] %\ld be cauti\s ab\t 8 int]pretation ( details4 #b4 ,,fe> ,,& ,,joy ,! practical effect ( ! apo/olic tea*+ ab\t ! end ( ! _w %\ld be a comb9ation ( e>ne/ness ) joy4 ,a man :o lives "u ! expectation ( meet+ ,*ri/ z ,judge w des]t ! worldly /&>d ( values = a high] /&>d4 ,he w rate happ9ess & worldly spl5dor l[]1 9 ord] to place ! supreme emphasis ^u goodness4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 evil & good1 betwe5 s9 & hol9ess1 is n a trifle1 n a ?+ ( m]ely relative importance1 z _m m5 reg>d x2 x ent]s deep into ! con/itution ( ! univ]se1 x is ! "q ( really et]nal mom5t4 ,aga9 & aga91 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! ?\ght ( ,*ri/'s com+ & ( ! judgm5t :i* he w hold is made ! supreme motive to a pure & holy life4 ,! apo/olic example may well be borne 9 m9d4 ,:5 we are tempt$ to commit a mean or di%one/ or unclean act1 :5 unholy ?\ghts cr[d 9 ^u u l a noisome flood1 we _c d bett] ?an ?9k ( ! day :5 we %all /& 9 ! pres5ce ( ! pure & holy ,judge4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ?\ght ( ,*ri/'s com+ is to ! believ] ! s\rce ( inexpressible joy4 ,*ri/ has sav$ u f a t]rible abyss4 ,our joy 9 salvation is 9 proportion to our dread ( ! de/ruction f :i* we h be5 sav$4 ,to ! truly p5it5t man1 ! ?\ght ( ! righte\s ,god is full ( t]ror4 ,god is holy2 we w\ld sometimes endeavor va9ly to %r9k f 8 pres5ce4 ,yet su* a ,god has /ret*$ out 8 h& to save--!re is ! wond] ( ! gospel--& if we tru/ 9 ! ,savi\r ! la/ great day ne$ cause no fe>4 ,we are lo/ 9 s91 b ,god looks n ^u u b ^u him :o di$ to save u4 ,salvation to ! apo/olic ,*ur* meant rescue1 rescue f ! j & awful judgm5t ( ,god4 #c4 ,,! ,,int]m$iate ,,/ate ,! "t ( t judgm5t has n be5 reveal$1 b s f> z any (f] ( rep5tance is conc]n$ ! "t comes to e man at dea?4 ,"o "q ( detail _c altoge!r be ignor$4 ,:at did ! apo/les tea* ab\t ! condition ( ! believ] betwe5 dea? & ! f9al resurrection8 ,^u ?is subject1 ! ,new ,te/am5t says v little1 b x becomes cle> at lea/ t ! believ]1 ev5 :5 abs5t f ! body1 is to be pres5t ) ! ,"l1 ,,ii ,cor4 #e3h1 & t to die is to be ) ,*ri/4 ,phil4 #a3bc4 ,on ! :ole1 no bett] /atem5t ( ! apo/olic tea*+ ab\t ! int]m$iate /ate c be =mulat$ ?an t :i* is conta9$ 9 ! ,%ort] ,cate*ism3 ,! s\ls ( believ]s are at _! dea? made p]fect 9 hol9ess1 & d imm$iately pass into glory2 & _! bodies1 be+ /ill unit$ to ,*ri/1 d re/ 9 _! graves1 till ! resurrection4 ,! hope ( an imm$iate entrance into bliss at ! "t ( dea? %\ld n be all[$1 h[ev]1 to obscure ! importance ( ! resurrection4 ,! resurrection ( ! body w be necess>y to ! full enjoy+ ( ,god to all et]nity4 #d4 ,,! ,,f9al ,,bless$ness ,t enjoy+ ( ,god is no m]e selfi% pleasure2 x means fir/ ( all a triumph ( hol9ess4 ,e la/ ve/ige ( evil w be remov$4 ,no ta9t ( s9 w sep>ate ! r$eem$ creature f 8 ,god4 ,s]vice w be free & joy\s4 ,! consummation1 moreov]1 w conc]n n m]ely individuals1 b ! race2 no m]e expectation ( ! p]sonal immortality ( individuals beg9s to d ju/ice to ! apo/olic tea*+4 ,! ultimate end1 inde$1 is n our own enjoym5t1 b ! glory ( ,god4 ,"s c>nal1 mat]iali/ic conceptions ( ! future age w\ld really remove ,god f 8 own heav51 b su* is n ! tea*+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,god w be all & 9 all2 only 9 8 glory is to be f\nd ! true glory ( a r$eem$ race4 ,! p[] ( lov+ ,god is ! highe/ joy t heav5 conta9s4 #e4 ,,! ,,disp5sation ,,( ,,! ,,_s ,! pres5t age1 accord+ to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is a "t ( wait+ & /riv+2 x is relat$ to ! future glory z a battle is relat$ to ! subsequ5t victory4 ,satisfaction ) ! pres5t life1 ev5 z x is l$ by ! be/ ( ,*ri/ians1 w\ld to ! apo/les h be5 abhorr5t2 ! ,*ri/ian is /ill f> f p]fect4 ,a prime condition ( progress is a div9e discont5t4 ,jesus pron\nc$ a bless+ ^u !m t hung] & ?ir/ aft] righte\sness4 ,et]nal ?+s to u are unse52 !y c be discov]$ only by ! eye ( fai?2 we long = a "t :5 hope w be supplant$ by sight4 ,nev]!less1 !re is no room = despond5cy2 ! bless$ "t is surely com+4 ,its com+ is r5d]$ c]ta9 by ! pres5ce1 "h & n[1 ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,! ,_s may be reli$ ^u to prep>e u1 bo? 9 s\l & 9 body1 = ! glory ( heav54 7#a7 ,! ,_s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & 9 ! ,life ( ,jesus4--,! ,_s ( ,god 0 m5tion$ ev5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,at ! beg9n+ he mov$ ^u ! face ( ! wat]s1 ,g54 #a3b2 he 0 ! s\rce ( ! mighty de$s ( h]oes & ( ! prophets' inspir$ words4 ,9 ! life & tea*+ ( ,jesus1 h[ev]1 ! ,_s 0 f> m fully reveal$ ?an he _h ev] be5 reveal$ be=e4 ,he 0 ! s\rce ( ,jesus' human nature1 ,matt4 #a3ah1 #bj2 ,luke #a3ce2 he desc5d$ ^u ! newly proclaim$ ,messiah1 ,matt4 #c3af1 & 0 op]ative 9 all ! e>?ly m9i/ry ( ! ,"l4 7#b7 ,! ,_s 9 ! ,*ur*4--,= ! disciples1 h[ev]1 ! full glory ( ! ,_s's pres5ce 0 manife/$ only aft] ,jesus himself _h be5 tak5 up into heav52 ! pres5t age1 f ,p5teco/ to ! second com+ ( ! ,"l1 is peculi>ly ! disp5sation ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,discont5t ) ! ,*ur*'s imp]fections & dismay at h] _m adv]s>ies %\ld nev] cause u to lose confid5ce 9 ! "w t is be+ done by ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,x 0 exp$i5t t ,jesus %\ld g away2 ?r\gh ! o!r ,com=t] :om he has s5t1 he manife/s himself ev5 m glori\sly ?an he did to ! disciples 9 ,galilee4 7#c7 ,! ,nature ( ! ,_s4--,! apo/les nev] discuss ! nature ( ! ,holy ,_s 9 any ?or\ghly sy/ematic way4 ,b two great facts are really presuppos$ 9 ! :ole ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,holy ,_s is ,god1 & 9 ! second place he is a p]son di/9ct f ! ,fa!r & f ! ,son4 ,! div9ity ( ! ,_s appe>s1 = example1 9 ,i ,cor4 #b3aa4 ,! po9t ( t v]se is t ! ,_s is z closely relat$ to ,god z ! human _s is to a man4 ,= :o among m5 kn[e? ! ?+s ( a man1 save ! _s ( ! man1 :i* is 9 him8 ev5 s ! ?+s ( ,god none kn[e?1 save ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,! di/9ct p]sonality ( ! ,_s appe>s ) special cle>ness 9 ,rom4 #h3bf1 #bg4 ,!re ! ,_s is repres5t$ z mak+ int]cession ) him t se>*e? ! he>ts2 ! "o :o int]c$es is p]sonally di/9ct f him be=e :om he makes int]cession4 ,ev5 m conv9c+1 p]haps1 is ! great promise ( ,*ri/ 9 ,john #ad3af1 #ag1 #bf2 #ae3bf2 #af3g-ae1 :]e ! o!r ,com=t] is spok5 ( 9 cle>ly p]sonal t]ms & is di/+ui%$ bo? f ! ,fa!r & f ! ,son4 ,p]sonal di/9ctness1 h[ev]1 is n inconsi/5t ) a p]fect unity ( nature4 ,:at ! ,_s does ! ,son & ! ,fa!r d2 :5 ! o!r ,com=t] comes to ! ,*ur*1 ,*ri/ himself comes4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity is a pr(\nd my/]y1 b its my/]i\sness is no ob/acle to ! acceptance ( its tru?4 ,my/]y 9 ! dep?s ( ,god's nature is surely to be expect$4 ,?is my/]y1 taught by ! p5 ( inspir$ writ]s1 has br\ght salvation & peace into ! lives ( m54 ,di/9ctly ,tr9it>ian passages1 su* z ,matt4 #bh3ai2 ,,ii ,cor4 #ac3ad1 are m]ely ! summation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t tea*+ ab\t ,god1 & t tea*+ has work$ itself out 9 unspeakable bless+ 9 ! life ( ! ,*ur*4 7#d7 ,! ,"w ( ! ,_s4--,a complete summ>y ( ! belief ( ! apo/olic ,*ur* ab\t ! "w ( ! ,holy ,_s w\ld be impossible 9 "o brief lesson4 ,! ,*ri/ian life is begun by ! ,_s1 & cont9u$ by 8 b5efic5t p[]4 ,conv]sion1 accord+ to ,jesus & 8 apo/les1 is only ! manw>d aspect ( a pr(\nd *ange 9 ! dep?s ( ! s\l4 ,t *ange is reg5]ation1 a new bir?4 ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce is no m]e improvem5t ( exi/+ conditions1 b ! entrance ( some?+ entirely new4 ,man is n m]ely sick 9 trespasses & s9s1 b dead2 only a new bir? w br+ life4 ,t new bir? is a my/]i\s1 creative act ( ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,john #c3c-h4 ,b ! ,_s does n leave ^? :om he has reg5]at$ to walk alone2 he dwells 9 !m & enables !m to ov]come s94 ,! motive ( 8 "w is love4 ,he is no bl9d =ce1 b a lov+ ,p]son2 ! ,*ri/ian c enjoy a real communion ) him z ) ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,_s we h communion ) ,god2 ! ,p]sons ( ! ,godhead are unit$ 9 a mann] f> beyond all human analogies4 ,!re is no imp]fect m$ium sep>at+ u f ! div9e pres5ce2 by ! graci\s "w ( ! ,holy ,_s we come into vital contact ) ! liv+ ,god4 ,! ,_s is ! gr\nd & cause ( ,*ri/ian fre$om4 ,:]e ! ,_s ( ! ,"l is1 !re is lib]ty4 ,,ii ,cor4 #c3ag4 ,= z _m z are l$ by ! ,_s ( ,god1 ^! are sons ( ,god4 ,= ye receiv$ n ! _s ( bondage aga9 unto fe>2 b ye receiv$ ! _s ( adoption1 :]eby we cry1 ,abba1 ,fa!r4 ,rom4 #h3ad1 #ae4 ,?is lib]ty t ! ,_s br+s is1 h[ev]1 n a lib]ty to s92 x is lib]ation f s94 ,! body ( ! ,*ri/ian is a temple ( ! ,holy ,_s2 9 t temple only purity is 9 place4 ,! inw>d p[] ( ! ,holy ,_s 9 ! he>t is m p[]ful ?an ! law2 if a man yields to t p[] he w ov]come ! fle%2 ! law ( ,god is fulfill$ by ^? :o walk n aft] ! fle%1 b aft] ! ,_s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y4--,vos1 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,jesus ,conc]n+ ! ,k+dom ( ,god & ! ,*ur*4 ,crane1 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,jesus ,conc]n+ ! ,holy ,_s4 ,swete1 ,! ,holy ,_s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?omas1 ,! ,holy ,_s ( ,god4 ,,lesson ,,lii ,,retrospect3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,*ri/ian ,,c5tury ,! apo/olic example c be appli$ intellig5tly to ! problems ( our "t only if !re be "s und]/&+ ( ! int]v5+ c5turies4 ,we are connect$ ) ! apo/olic ,*ur* by an unbrok5 succession4 ,a /udy ( ,*ur* hi/ory w\ld help u to apply ! ,new ,te/am5t tea*+ to our own age4 ,! ,*ri/ian writ+s :i* h be5 pres]v$ f ! e>ly "p ( ! second c5tury %[ a m>k$ decl9e f ! spiritual level ( ! apo/les4 ,evid5tly ! special inspiration :i* _h made ! ,new ,te/am5t a guide = all ages _h be5 )drawn4 ,yet ! ,_s ( ,god cont9u$ to lead ! ,*ur*4 ,ev5 9 ! d>ke/ p]iods ( ,*ur* hi/ory ,god did n =get 8 p4 ,only scanty ,*ri/ian writ+s h be5 pres]v$ f ! fir/ ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! second c5tury2 ! extant works ( ! s-call$ ,apo/olic ,fa!rs & ( ! ,apologi/s are ( limit$ ext5t4 ,ab\t ! close ( ! c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! record becomes m complete4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,ir5u ( ,asia ,m9or & ,gaul1 & ,t]tullian ( ,nor? ,africa1 give a v>i$ picture ( ! ,*ri/ian life ( ! "t4 ,! ,*ur* _h ga9$ rapidly 9 influ5ce s9ce ! conclusion ( ! apo/olic age2 p]secutions _h n succe$$ 9 *eck+ h] advance4 ,f9ally1 "u ,con/ant9e1 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! f\r? c5tury1 ,*ri/ianity became ! favor$ religion ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 9 ,a4,d4 #cbe1 ! fir/ ecum5ical c\ncil1 at ,nica1 und]took ! "w ( =mulat+ ! belief ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! cre$s :i* 7 adopt$ at ! great anci5t c\ncils are accept$ to-day 9 all p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,dur+ ! same g5]al p]iod1 ! p[] ( ! bi%op ( ,rome 0 gradually increas$ until x culm9at$ 9 ! papacy4 ,aft] ! conque/ ( ! we/]n "p ( ! ,roman ,empire 9 ! fif? c5tury1 ,*ri/ianity 0 accept$ by ! b>b>ian conqu]ors1 & dur+ ! d>k ages t foll[$ ! ,*ur* pres]v$ ! light ( le>n+ & piety until a bett] day %\ld dawn4 ,dur+ ! middle ages1 ?\gh !re 0 = ! mo/ "p little orig9ality 9 ,*ri/ian ?9k+1 great s*ol>s & !ologians =m$ /rik+ exceptions to ! g5]al condition4 ,! political p[] ( ! papacy became enorm\s1 b 0 h9d]$ by ! p]sonal weakness & immorality ( _m ( ! popes4 ,! degrad$ moral & spiritual condition ( ! ,*ur* 0 c\nt]act$ "h & !re by ! e/abli%m5t ( mona/ic ord]s1 ^: purpose at ! beg9n+ 0 good1 by ! writ+s ( c]ta9 my/ics1 & by ! "w ( ! ?ree pre-re=m]s1 ,wyclif 9 ,engl&1 ,huss 9 ,bohemia & ,savon>ola 9 ,italy4 ,a g5u9e advance1 h[ev]1 did n come until ! ,re=mation ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 ,lu!r 9 ,g]many & ,zw+li 9 ,switz]l&1 almo/ at ! same "t & at fir/ indep5d5tly1 became ! lead]s 9 a mighty prote/4 ,a little lat] ,calv9 c>ri$ out ! pr9ciples ( ! ,re=mation 9 a compreh5sive !ological sy/em1 & by ! p[] ( 8 intellect & ! f]v5cy ( 8 piety ex]t$ an enorm\s influ5ce ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! ,re=mation 0 di/9ctly a religi\s movem5t1 ?\gh x _h be5 prep>$ = by t revival ( le>n+ :i* is call$ ! ,r5aissance4 ,! "w ( ,lu!r 0 a r$iscov]y ( ,paul4 ,n ! p]=mance ( a set ( ext]nal acts prescrib$ by ! ,*ur*1 b1 z ,paul taught1 ! grace ( ,god receiv$ by fai? alone1 is1 accord+ to ,lu!r1 ! means ( salvation4 ,! ,re=mation br\ght ab\t a c\nt]-re=mation 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & ! we/]n ,european _w 0 f9ally divid$ betwe5 ! two great bran*es ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,aft] a p]iod ( controv]sy & w>s betwe5 ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics1 ! ,*ur* 0 call$ ^u to fight a great battle aga9/ unbelief4 ,t battle1 begun 9 its mod]n =m ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 cont9ues unabat$ until ! pres5t day4 ,we are liv+ 9 a "t ( intellectual *anges4 ,to ma9ta9 ! tru? ( ! gospel at su* a "t & to pres5t x fai?fully & intellig5tly to ! mod]n _w is ! supreme task ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! task to "s ext5t has be5 accompli%$2 & ! mission>y movem5t ( ! n9ete5? & tw5tie? c5turies atte/s ! vitality ( ! anci5t fai?4 ,god has n des]t$ 8 ,*ur*4 ,!re are enemies )\t & )91 compromise w surely br+ disa/]2 b ! gospel ( ,*ri/ has n lo/ its p[]4 ,?is is n ! fir/ "t ( disc\ragem5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! d>ke/ h\r has always be5 foll[$ by ! dawn4 ,:o c tell :at ,god has n[ 9 /ore8 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,m9or typographical errors h be5 correct$ )\t note4 ,irregul>ities & inconsi/5cies 9 ! text h be5 reta9$ z pr9t$4